bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pontifical Encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943) and Principle of Interpretation Bible
Authors: Slivka Daniel 
Published: July 2010

Pontifical Encyclical Divino Afflante Spiritu (1943) and Principle of Interpretation Bible
Divino Afflante Spiritu (Inspired by the Divine Spirit) is an encyclical letter issued by Pope Pius XII on September 30, 1943. It inaugurated the modern period of Roman Catholic Bible studies by permitting the limited use of modern methods of biblical criticism. The Catholic bible scholar Raymond E. Brown described it as a 'Magna Carta for biblical progress'. The first purpose of the encyclical was to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the issuing of Providentissimus Deus by Pope Leo XIII in 1893, which had condemned the use of higher criticism. In the encyclical, Pius XII noted that since then, advances had been made in archeology and historical research, making it advisable to further define the study of the Bible. In his encyclical the Pope stressed the importance of diligent study of these original languages and other cognate languages, so as to arrive at a deeper and fuller knowledge of the meaning of the sacred texts. Catholic translations of the Bible have been based directly on the texts found in manuscripts in the original languages, taking into account also the ancient translations that sometimes clarify what seem to be transcription errors in those manuscripts, although the Latin Vulgate remains the official Bible in the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church. The Holy Scripture as a source of revelation was getting more often towards the believers at the beginning of last century. Interest in individual aspects of biblical text meant many difficulties for the Church. On the other end it brought great interest in Bible. Also new movements in Church and Magisterium explications helped it. Convocation of Second Vatican council vouched Catholics interest in positive changes in various Church ranges. It led to ratification the constitutions, edicts and declarations.
Study of bone mineral density in resident doctors working at a teaching hospital
Authors: Multani SK , Sarathi V , Shivane V , Bandgar TR , Menon PS , Shah NS 
Published: July 2010

Context:
The erratic lifestyle of resident doctors may affect their serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25-(OH)D] levels and bone mineral density (BMD).

Aim:
To study BMD and the effect of environmental factors on it in resident doctors.

Settings and Design:
Prospective, cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary healthcare centre.

Materials and Methods:
BMD was obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and was correlated with various factors including weight, height, body mass index (BMI), sun exposure, physical activity, parathyroid hormone, 25-(OH)D, dietary factors.

Statistical Analysis:
SPSS software Version 10 (Unpaired t test was used to compare BMD of different groups and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to calculate correlation).

Results:
Two hundred and fourteen apparently healthy resident doctors were enrolled in the study. Based on Caucasian normative data, osteopenia was noted in 104 (59.7%) males and 27 (67.5%) females. Thirty-two (18.39%) males and five (12.5%) females had osteoporosis. The BMD values of males were 0.947±0.086, 0.911±0.129 and 1.016±0.133 at lumbar spine, femur neck and total hip while those in females were 0.981±0.092, 0.850±0.101 and 0.957±0.103 respectively. BMD of our cohort was lesser by 12.5-18.2% and 4.2-14.5% than the Caucasian and available Indian figures, respectively. BMD had significant positive correlation with weight, height, BMI, physical activity, and dietary calcium phosphorus ratio. 25-(OH)D levels were insufficient in 175 (87.5%) subjects but had no correlation with BMD.

Conclusions:
Young healthy resident doctors had significantly lower BMD, contributors being lower BMI, lower height, reduced bioavailability of dietary calcium and inadequate physical activity. Deficiency of vitamin D did not contribute to low BMD.
Liposomal amphotericin B (FungisomeTM) for the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV/AIDS patients in India
Authors: Jadhav MP , Bamba A , Shinde VM , Gogtay N , Kshirsagar NA , Bichile LS , Mathai D , Sharma A , Varma S , Digumarathi R 
Published: July 2010

Background:
There is need to investigate the use of liposomal amphotericin B in cryptococcal meningitis in India.

Aims:
To compare the efficacy, safety, duration of treatment and cost of two doses of liposomal amphotericin B (Amp B) (FungisomeTM) in cryptococcal meningitis in HIV/AIDS patients.

Settings and Design:
Prospective, randomized, multicenter study in tertiary care hospitals across India.

Materials and Methods:
Adult patients with culture-proven cryptococcal meningitis with HIV/AIDS were randomized to receive either 1 (Group A) or 3 mg/kg/day of Fungisome (Group B). Clinical efficacy and tolerability, laboratory evaluations and mycological response were assessed daily, twice weekly and weekly respectively. The patients were assessed at four and eight-week follow-up.

Statistics:
We calculated average and standard deviation for the various parameters.

Results:
The time to show clinical response was 13.66 days (1 mg) and 9.55 days (3 mg). In Group B (n=6 complete response), 50% patients responded within one week by microbial conversion, 83% in two weeks and 100% in three weeks. Patients with 1 mg dose (n=4 complete response), none showed microbial conversion within one week, 75% responded in two weeks, whereas one patient took four weeks. The average duration of treatment was 36.5±14.4 and 26.5±5.89 (S.D.) days in 1 and 3 mg/kg/day respectively. Drug was tolerated with little renal, hepatic or hematological toxicity. The cost was found to be 3.81 lacs and 1.74 lacs with 3mg/kg/day and 1mg/kg/day respectively.

Conclusion:
Higher dose showed better efficacy and quicker microbial conversion of Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (cerebrospinal fluid) than 1 mg/kg/day. It shortened the duration of treatment in days by 27% while drug cost almost doubled (Clinical trial registration number: ISRTCN 52812742)
Clinical profile of primary hyperparathyroidism from western India
Authors: Gopal RA , Acharya SV , Bandgar T , Menon PS , Dalvi AN , Shah NS 
Published: July 2010

Background:
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has a variable clinical presentation and symptomatic PHPT is still the predominant form of the disease in India. Data from western India is lacking.

Aim:
To present the clinical profile of PHPT from western India.

Settings and Design:
This retrospective study was conducted at a tertiary care referral center.

Materials and Methods:
We analyzed the clinical presentation, biochemical, radiological features, and operative findings in adult patients with PHPT (1986-2008) and compared with our published data of children and adolescent patients with PHPT.

Statistical Analysis:
was done with SPSS 16 software.

Results:
Seventy-nine patients (F: M-2:1) with age ranging from 21 to 55 years (mean 33.5±8.82) were analyzed. Skeletal manifestations (75.5%), renal calculi (40.5%) and proximal muscle weakness (45.5%) were the most common symptoms of presentation with mean duration of symptoms being 33.70 (median: 24, range 1-120) months. Biochemical features included hypercalcemia (total corrected calcium 12.55±1.77 mg/dl), low inorganic phosphorus (1.81±0.682 mg/dl), elevated total alkaline phosphatase (mean: 762.2; median: 559; range: 50-4930IU/L) and high parathyroid hormone (PTH) (mean±SD: 866.61±799.15; median: 639.5; range: 52-3820 pg/ml). Preoperative localization was achieved in 74 patients and single adenoma was found during surgery in 72 patients. Hungry bone disease was seen in 30.3% and transient hypoparathyroidism developed in 62% patients. In comparison to PHPT in children there were no significant differences with regard to clinical, laboratory and radiological features.

Conclusions:
PHPT in western India is symptomatic disorder with skeletal and renal mani-festations at a much younger age. Clinical profile of PHPT in children is similar to that of adults.
The Uto‐Aztecan premolar among North and South Amerindians: Geographic variation and genetics
Authors: Delgado‐Burbano Miguel E. , Scott G. Richard , Turner Christy G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Uto‐Aztecan premolar (UAP) is a dental polymorphism characterized by an exaggerated distobuccal rotation of the paracone in combination with the presence of a fossa at the intersection of the distal occlusal ridge and distal marginal ridge of upper first premolars. This trait is important because, unlike other dental variants, it has been found exclusively in Native American populations. However, the trait's temporal and geographic variation has never been fully documented. The discovery of a Uto‐Aztecan premolar in a prehistoric skeletal series from northern South America calls into question the presumed linguistic and geographic limits of this trait. We examined published and unpublished data for this rare but highly distinctive trait in samples representing over 5,000 Native Americans from North and South America. Our findings in living Southwest Amerindian populations corroborate the notion that the variable goes beyond the bounds of the Uto‐Aztecan language family. It is found in prehistoric Native Americans from South America, eastern North America, Northern and Central Mexico, and in living and prehistoric populations in the American Southwest that are not members of the Uto‐Aztecan language stock. The chronology of samples, its geographic distribution, and trait frequencies suggests a North American origin (Southwest) for UAP perhaps between 15,000 BP and 4,000 BP and a rapid and widespread dispersal into South America during the late Holocene. Family data indicate that it may represent an autosomal recessive mutation that occurred after the peopling of the Americas as its geographic range appears to be limited to North and South Amerindian populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gellan–adipic acid blends crosslinked by means of a dehydrothermal treatment
Authors: Barbani Niccoletta , Coluccio Maria Laura , Cristallini Caterina , Guerra Giulio D. , Rosellini Elisabetta 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBlends of gellan gum (GE) and adipic acid (ADA), at various ratios, were manufactured in the form of films by casting from aqueous solutions and crosslinked by a dehydrothermal treatment (DHT). The materials, before and after DHT, were characterized by both physicochemical tests and cellular adhesion and growth on the film surfaces. The total reflection and spotlight Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and optical and scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of both GE‐rich and ADA‐rich regions and the formation of ester groups after DHT. Differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that the crosslinking by DHT made the materials more thermally stable. The swelling in water, which diminished in the films subjected to DHT, confirmed that the crosslinking enhanced the whole stability of the material. DMA also showed that the behavior of the GE–ADA blends was quite similar to that of some living tissues, such as the skin. The cell cultures indicated that the materials, especially that with a 6 : 10 ADA‐to‐GE ratio, were very able to promote cellular adhesion and proliferation. In conclusion, the GE–ADA crosslinked blends appeared very suitable for a use as biomaterials; in particular, the cell cultures indicated that they might be useful as scaffolds for tissue reconstruction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Structural changes induced by the deamidation and isomerization of asparagine revealed by the crystal structure of Ustilago sphaerogena ribonuclease U2B
Authors: Noguchi Shuji 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnder physiological conditions, the deamidation and isomerization of asparagine to isoaspartate (isoAsp) proceeds nonenzymatically via succinimide. Although a large number of proteins have been reported to contain isoAsp, information concerning the three‐dimensional structure of proteins containing isoaspartate is still limited. We have crystallized isoAsp containing Ustilago sphaerogena ribonuclease U2B, and determined the crystal structure at 1.32 Å resolution. The structure revealed that the formation of isoAsp32 induces a single turn unfolding of the α‐helix from Asp29 to Asp34, and the region from Asp29 to Arg35 forms a U‐shaped loop structure. The electron density map shows that isoAsp32 retained the L‐configuration at the Cα atom. IsoAsp32 is in gauche conformation about a CαCβ bond, and the polypeptide chain bends by ∼90° at isoAsp32. IsoAsp32 protrudes from the surface of the protein, and the abnormal β‐peptide bond in the main‐chain and α‐carboxylate in the side‐chain is fully exposed. The structure suggests that the deamidation of the Asn and the isoAsp formation in proteins could confer immunogenicity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 1003–1010, 2010.
Hindered settling in non‐newtonian power law liquids
Authors: Chhabra R. P. , Unnikrishnan A. , Nair V. R. Unnikrishnan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNew experimental results on the hindered settling of model glass bead suspensions in non‐Newtonian suspending media are reported. The data presented encompass the following ranges of variables: 7.38 × 10−4 ≤ Re1∞ ≤ 2; 0.0083 ≤ d/D ≤ 0.0703; 0.13 ≤ C ≤ 0.43 and 1 ≥ n ≥ 0.8. In these ranges of conditions, the dependence of the hindered settling velocity on concentration is adequately represented by the corresponding Newtonian expressions available in the literature. The influence of the power law flow behaviour index is completely embodied in the modified definition of the Reynolds number used for power law liquids.
CFD Simulation of Solids Suspension in Mixing Vessels
Authors: Kee Nicholas C. S. , Tan Reginald B. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA CFD approach for predicting minimum impeller speed (Njs) to achieve complete off‐bottom solids suspension in mechanically‐agitated vessels is presented. The method is based on observing the simulated transient profiles of solids volume fraction for the layer of cells adjacent to the vessel floor and has been shown to be reliable and robust. Predicted Njs values for typical impeller systems were compared with well‐known empirical correlations and good agreement was obtained.
Concept for Scale‐up of Solids Suspension in Stirred Tanks
Authors: Kraume Matthias , Zehner Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA relationship describing the suspension of particulate solids in a propeller loop reactor is derived and applied by analogy to the corresponding process in stirred tanks. According to this equation, the ratio of minimum power input for suspension to settling power under the conditions of laminar flow, is inversely proportional to the tank diameter. In contrast, the power ratio remains constant for fully turbulent flow. The observations presented explain the fact that numerous authors have reported various scale‐up rules which range between these two extremes. The scale‐up procedure is demonstrated for a 21 m3 full‐scale tank.
Tracer Dispersion in Stirred Tank Reactors: Asymptotic Properties and Mixing Characterization
Authors: Giona Massimiliano , Paglianti Alessandro , Cerbelli Stefano , Pintus Sandro , Adrover Alessandra 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article addresses the characterization of dispersion and homogenization phenomena in stirred vessels through the analysis of dispersion curves that can be obtained experimentally by means of conductivity measurements. New insights on mixing conditions can be achieved from the analysis of the qualitative and asymptotic properties of tracer dispersion curves. The results obtained are interpreted in the context of the spectral approach to the advection‐diffusion equation. It is shown that any flow model aimed at reproducing the experimentally determined dispersion curves must be at least two‐dimensional. Convection‐enhanced dispersion associated with the spectral structure of the advection‐diffusion equation is addressed.
Assessing the Performance of Model Predictive Controllers
Authors: Patwardhan Rohit S. , Shah Sirish L. , Qi Kent Z. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPerformance assessment of model predictive controllers is a problem of significant industrial relevance. Model predictive controllers belong to a class of linear time‐varying controllers, which compute the future control actions by minimizing a constrained, time‐varying objective function. In this work we propose a performance statistic that takes into account the time‐varying and constrained nature of model predictive control. The proposed measure compares the achieved objective function with its design value, online. Analytical expressions are derived to calculate the expected value of the design objective function under closed loop conditions. Simulation and industrial case studies are used to illustrate the applicability of the proposed metric.
Interrelations between Rheology and Phase Behaviour in Partially Miscible Blends: The Case of Polydimethylsiloxane/Polyethylmethylsiloxane (PDMS/PEMS)
Authors: Chopra Divya , Kontopoulou Marianna , Vlassopoulos Dimitris , Hatzikiriakos Savvas G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rheological study of the phase behaviour and the dynamics in the immiscible region of a model partially miscible Upper Critical Solution Temperature (UCST) blend was carried out by using a series of nearly monodisperse polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) of varying molecular weights blended with polyethylmethylsiloxane (PEMS). The complete phase diagram was established through steady shear rheology, optical microscopy and light scattering. The UCST, interfacial tension and morphology of these blends are very sensitive to the molecular weight of the constituents. Partial miscibility was observed only when the Mw of PDMS was sufficiently low. The viscoelastic behaviour in the phase separated region can be modeled successfully using the Palierne model.
Stagnation‐point Flow towards a Stretching Surface
Authors: Mahapatra Tapas R. , Gupta Anadi S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn exact similarity solution of the Navier‐Stokes equations is obtained. The solution represents steady axisymmetric stagnation‐point flow towards a stretching surface. It is shown that the flow displays a boundary‐layer structure when the stretching velocity of the surface is less than the free stream velocity. On the other hand, an inverted boundary layer is formed when the surface stretching velocity exceeds the free stream velocity. Temperature distribution in the flow is found when the surface is held at a constant temperature. It turns out that when the surface temperature exceeds the ambient temperature, heat flows from the surface to the fluid near the stagnation point but further away from the stagnation point, heat flows from the fluid to the stretching surface.
Hydrogen Production from Partial Oxidation and Steam Reforming of N‐octane Over Alumina‐supported Ni and Ni‐Pd Catalysts
Authors: Zhang Jinchang , Wang Yanhui , Wu Diyong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHydrogen production by partial oxidation and steam reforming (POSR) of n‐octane was investigated over alumina‐supported Ni and Ni‐Pd catalysts. It showed that Ni‐Pd/Al2O3had higher activity and hydrogen selectivity than the nickel catalyst under the experimental conditions, which indicated Ni‐Pd/Al2O3could be an effective catalyst for the production of hydrogen from hydrocarbons.
Mixing in Bubble Column Reactors: Role of Unsteady Flow Structures
Authors: Buwa Vivek V. , Ranade Vivek V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGas‐liquid flows in bubble column reactors are inherently unsteady. In the present work, we have characterized dynamics of gas‐liquid flow in rectangular bubble columns and studied the role of unsteady flow structures in liquid phase mixing using experiments and CFD simulations. The need for considering the unsteady nature of gas‐liquid flows was demonstrated by using mixing simulations carried out with transient and time‐averaged flow. A new methodology of using a computationally amenable 'multiple snapshots' approach, which can adequately account for dynamics of underlying flow, is proposed. CFD simulations were carried out to study the influence of superficial gas velocity and height‐to‐width ratio on mixing time. The predictions were compared with mixing time measured using conductivity probes. The present work gives useful insights into the mixing process in inherently unsteady flows.
Dynamics of Bubble Growth and Detachment from Rigid and Flexible Orifices
Authors: Loubière Karine , Hébrard Gilles , Guiraud Pascal 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to understand how and why the orifice nature (rigid or flexible) governs bubble generation. The differences in orifice nature and properties have strong consequences on the bubbles generated. Indeed, the dynamics of the formation and the nature of the detached bubbles are fundamentally different depending on whether the bubbles are generated from the rigid orifice or from the flexible orifice.
Performance of Multi‐Plunging Jet Absorber Using Liquid Jets Containing Small Solute Bubbles
Authors: Ide Mitsuharu , Uchiyama Hiroki , Ishikura Toshifumi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of structural factors in nozzles having a gas sucking type bubble generator and the number of nozzles for a multi‐plunging jet absorber using liquid jets containing small solute bubbles on gas‐liquid interfacial area and mass transfer were investigated. It was found that the volumetric liquid phase mass transfer coefficient (kLa)T of the absorber increased with increasing nozzle number. The mass transfer performance of this absorber was comparable to that of other high performance gas‐liquid contacting devices. A two‐region model was found to be applicable to the mechanism of liquid phase mass transfer in the multi‐plunging jet absorber.
Intensification of Slurry Bubble Columns by Vibration Excitement
Authors: Ellenberger Jürg , Krishna Rajamani 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe show that application of low‐frequency vibrations, in the 30 to 60 Hz range, to the liquid phase of an air — water — silica catalyst slurry bubble column causes significant enhancement of both gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient over a wide range of superficial gas velocities. The increase in the gas holdup is attributed mainly to a significant reduction in the rise velocity of the bubble swarm due to the generation of standing waves in the column. Furthermore, application of vibrations to the liquid phase serves to stabilize the homogenous bubbly flow regime and delay the onset of the churn‐turbulent flow regime.
Modelling of Gas‐Liquid/Gas‐Liquid‐Solid Flows in Bubble Columns: Experiments and CFD Simulations
Authors: Rampure Mohan R. , Buwa Vivek V. , Ranade Vivek V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGas‐liquid/gas‐liquid‐solid systems are widely used in the chemical process industry for a variety of applications. In the present work, we have characterized the dynamics of gas‐liquid/gas‐liquid‐solid flows in cylindrical bubble columns using experiments and CFD simulations. The low frequency oscillations corresponding to the local re‐circulatory flow were characterized using wall pressure fluctuation measurements. Eulerian‐Eulerian two‐/three‐phase simulations were carried out with a focus on characterizing the dynamic properties of gas‐liquid/gas‐liquid‐solid flows. The effects of superficial gas velocity,H/Dratio and solid loading on the dynamic and time‐averaged flow behavior were studied experimentally and computationally. The simulated results were compared with the experimental measurements. The results presented are useful for understanding the dynamics of gas‐liquid/gas‐liquid‐solid flows in bubble columns and provide a basis for further development of CFD models for three‐phase systems.