bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Access block and ED overcrowding
Authors: Forero Roberto , Hillman Kenneth M , McCarthy Sally , Fatovich Daniel M , Joseph Anthony P , Richardson Drew B 
Published: April 2010

AbstractProspective and retrospective access block hospital intervention studies from 1998 to 2008 were reviewed to assess the evidence for interventions around access block and ED overcrowding, including over 220 documents reported in Medline and data extracted from The State of our Public Hospitals Reports. There is an estimated 20–30% increased mortality rate due to access block and ED overcrowding. The main causes are major increases in hospital admissions and ED presentations, with almost no increase in the capacity of hospitals to meet this demand. The rate of available beds in Australia reduced from 2.6 beds per 1000 (1998–1999) to 2.4 beds per 1000 (2002–2007) in 2002, and has remained steady at between 2.5–2.6 beds per 1000. In the same period, the number of ED visits increased over 77% from 3.8 million to 6.74 million. Similarly, the number of public hospital admissions increased at an average rate of 3.4% per year from 3.7 to 4.7 million. Compared with 1998–1999 rates, the number of available beds in 2006–2007 is thus similar (2.65 vs 2.6 beds per 1000), but the number of ED presentations has almost doubled. All patient groups are affected by access block. Access block interventions may temporarily reduce some of the symptoms of access block, but many measures are not sustainable. The root cause of the problem will remain unless hospital capacity is addressed in an integrated approach at both national and state levels.
The Emergency Medicine Capacity Assessment Study: Anticipated impact of a major increase in intern numbers in Australian ED
Authors: Weiland Tracey J , Mackinlay Claire , Jelinek George A 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective:  To identify emergency medicine (EM) staff perceptions of EM intern rotation, the capacity of ED to accept an increase in intern numbers of 70%, attitudes of staff towards the increase, and its anticipated impact on management of ED, patient care and learning opportunities.Method:  A semistructured telephone interview was conducted with ED Directors, Directors of Emergency Medicine Training (DEMT), advanced trainees and interns in EM from a stratified sample of city, metropolitan and rural/provincial public hospitals in Australia.Results:  Ninety‐five interviews were completed with 100% participation from ED Directors. Most participants agreed that the ED rotation should remain compulsory for full medical registration, 67% disagreed that they would like 70% more interns in their ED; most ED Directors and DEMT indicated this could not occur without problems. Most felt it would be difficult for existing numbers of consultants and registrars to supervise 70% more interns, and more interns would not improve patient wait times and ED length of stay. Almost two‐thirds felt the increase in interns would decrease their exposure to procedures; most Directors and DEMT felt that an increase in medical students would affect their ability to take medical elective students (78%) and Australian Medical Council observers (70%).Conclusion:  The increase in interns peaking in 2012 represents a significant change to the health system that will challenge the capacity of ED. Although ED internship is perceived as an indispensable learning opportunity, maintaining the ED experience with a rapid influx of interns will not occur without problems.
An intervention to encourage ambulance paramedics to bring patients' own medications to the ED: Impact on medications brought in and prescribing errors
Authors: Chan Esther W , Taylor Simone E , Marriott Jennifer , Barger Bill 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective:  To undertake and evaluate a multifaceted intervention to encourage paramedics to bring patients' own medications (POM) to the ED.Method:  Adult patients were enrolled in each of the pre‐intervention (March 2006) and post‐intervention (December 2006) periods if they were brought to ED by ambulance, taking four or more medications, admitted to hospital and were not referred to a pharmacist prior to the admission medication chart being written. ED pharmacists determined patients' regular medication and details of medications brought in by ambulance. Medication charts were assessed for discrepancies related to medications taken prior to presentation. These were recorded as errors if a change was made to the medication chart after discussion with the prescriber. The intervention, conducted in October and November 2006, involved meetings with Metropolitan Ambulance Service* team managers and dissemination of promotional material. Paramedics of the Metropolitan Ambulance Service were participants for the intervention. Main outcome measures were: percentage of regular medications incorrectly prescribed; and percentage of POM brought to ED by paramedics.Results:  One hundred patients were enrolled in each of the pre‐ and post‐intervention periods. The percentage of regular medications incorrectly prescribed significantly decreased from 18.9% (151/800, 95% CI 16–22%) to 8.8% (73/834, 95% CI 7–11%) in the pre‐ and post‐intervention periods, respectively (P < 0.001). Pre‐intervention, paramedics brought some or all POM to ED in 67.0% (67/100, 95% CI 57–76%) of cases compared with 87.0% (87/100, 95% CI 78–93%) of cases, post‐intervention.Conclusion:  The multifaceted intervention encouraging paramedics to bring POM to ED was effective. POM were brought into ED more frequently and prescribing errors reduced.
Accuracy of interpretation of arterial blood gases by emergency medicine doctors
Authors: Austin Kelly , Jones Peter 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIntroduction:  It is not currently known how accurately emergency medicine (EM) doctors interpret arterial blood gases (ABG). The present study explores this question.Methods:  A prospective, cross‐sectional study of EM doctors was undertaken. An ABG interpretation test was completed by participants. Scores were compared with ‘expert level’ scores. Confidence with ABG interpretation and satisfaction with ABG training was investigated using a 10 cm visual analogue scale.Results:  A total of 37 consultants and 43 EM trainees were analysed. Consultant's and trainee's ABG interpretation scores were 31 (95% CI 29–32.8) and 29.4 (95% CI 27.6–31.2), respectively (‘expert level’= 40). Consultants scored better than trainees for knowledge of ABG equations; with mean scores of 3.65 (95% CI 3.08–4.22) and 2.51/6 (95% CI 1.87–3.15), respectively, P= 0.01. Trainee satisfaction with ABG training was moderate. Consultants were more confident with ABG interpretation than trainees, but their confidence was not correlated to their score on the test (r= 0.15, P= 0.38).Conclusion:  Neither group performed to the predefined ‘expert level’. There was a trend to improved interpretation with progression through ACEM training. There is scope to improve the training given to EM trainees in ABG interpretation and to incorporate ABG interpretation into consultant continuing education.
Flood fatalities in contemporary Australia (1997–2008)
Authors: FitzGerald Gerry , Du Weiwei , Jamal Aziz , Clark Michele , Hou Xiang‐Yu 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective:  Flood is the most common natural disaster in Australia and causes more loss of life than any other disaster. This article describes the incidence and causes of deaths directly associated with floods in contemporary Australia.Methods:  The present study compiled a database of flood fatalities in Australia in the period of 1997–2008 inclusive. The data were derived from newspapers and historic accounts, as well as government and scientific reports. Assembled data include the date and location of fatalities, age and gender of victims and the circumstances of the death.Results:  At least 73 persons died as a direct result of floods in Australia in the period of 1997–2008. The largest number of fatalities occurred in New South Wales and Queensland. Most fatalities occurred during February, and among men (71.2%). People between the ages of 10 and 29 and those over 70 years are overrepresented among those drowned. There is no evident decline in the number of deaths over time. 48.5% fatalities related to motor vehicle use. 26.5% fatalities occurred as a result of inappropriate or high‐risk behaviour during floods.Conclusion:  In modern developed countries with adequate emergency response systems and extensive resources, deaths that occur in floods are almost all eminently preventable. Over 90% of the deaths are caused by attempts to ford flooded waterways or inappropriate situational conduct. Knowledge of the leading causes of flood fatalities should inform public awareness programmes and public safety police enforcement activities.
Psychobiological Correlates of Women’s Sexual Interest as Perceived by Patients with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Bandini Elisa , Fisher Alessandra , Elisa Maseroli , Boddi Valentina , Balercia Giancarlo , Sforza Alessandra , Forti Gianni , Mannucci Edoardo , Maggi Mario 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTIntroductionWe have recently reported that the perceived loss of a partner’s sexual desire is independently associated with an increased incidence of major cardiovascular events in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). No study has ever evaluated the specific impact of men’s perception of women’s sexual desire on male sexual function and lifestyle attitudes in ED subjects.AimTo evaluate the clinical correlates of the perception of a partner’s sexual desire [hypoactive sexual desire (HSD)] in a consecutive series of subjects seeking medical care for ED.MethodsA consecutive series of 2,303 heterosexual male patients (mean age 58.1 ± 10.5) was studied.Main Outcome MeasuresPatients were interviewed with the Structured Interview on Erectile Dysfunction (SIEDY) structured interview. They also completed the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire, a brief questionnaire for the screening of the symptoms of mental disorders.ResultsAmong the patients studied, 458 (19.9%) reported a mild loss of their partner’s desire, 302 (13.1%) a moderate reduction of libido, while 118 (5.1%) complained of a complete absence of sexual interest on the part of their partner. After adjustment for confounding factors, the perceived women’s HSD was associated with different sexual, lifestyle, and relational factors. In particular, more extra-marital affairs, a longer and more hostile couple relationship, as well as a stressful job and both alcohol and smoking abuse were all significantly associated with perceived women’s HSD. In addition, the perceived women’s moderate to severe HSD was significantly associated with severe ED and less frequent sexual intercourse. Finally, partner HSD was significantly associated with a stepwise increase of free-floating anxiety and depressive symptoms (adj. r = 0.081, P &lt;0.05 and 0.158, P &lt;0.0001, respectively).ConclusionsPerceived sexual interest (éros) on the part of the woman can be seen for men not only as a fun and enjoyable behavior, but also a safe strategy for improving a man’s overall health and life expectancy.
Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Clinical Hypothyroidism and Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Authors: Atis Gokhan , Dalkilinc Ayhan , Altuntas Yuksel , Atis Alev , Caskurlu Turhan , Ergenekon Erbil 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Hypothyroidism is a common hormonal disorder in women that may affect the phases of female sexual function.

Aim
To investigate female sexual function in patients with clinic hypothyroidism and subclinic hypothyroidism.

Methods
A total of 25 women with clinic hypothyroidism (group 4), 25 women with subclinic hypothyroidism [thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) value ≤10 mU/L (group 2), TSH value &gt;10 mU/L (group 3)], and 20 age matched voluntary healthy women controls (group 1) were included in the study. All the subjects were evaluated with a detailed medical and sexual history, including a female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire for sexual status and the Beck Depression Inventory for psychiatric assessment.

Main Outcome Measures
The levels of serum TSH, thyroid hormones, prolactin (PRL), free testosterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, lipid profile, and blood glucose were measured.

Results
Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) was diagnosed in 14 of 25 patients (56%) in group 4, in 6 of 11 patients (54.6%) in group 3, in 2 of 14 patients (14.6%) in group 2, and while only 3 of 20 the control group of women (15%) had FSD (P = 0.006). The mean total FSFI scores were 23.9 in the group 4, 26.03 in the group 3, 29.2 in the group 2, and 32.30 in the control group (P &lt;0.0001). The mean BDI score for clinic hypothyroidic patients was significantly greater than the scores for the control group and for the group 2 (P = 0.017 and P = 0.043, respectively). The mean PRL levels for patients in group 4 and group 3 were found to be significantly higher than the level for controls (P &lt;0.0001), whereas other serum hormone levels were not different among groups.

Conclusions
A significant percent of women with clinic hypothyroidism and subclinic hypothyroidism with TSH values &gt;10 mU/L had sexual dysfunction. Hyperprolactinemia, hyperlipidemia, and depression were associated with FSD in clinic hypothyroidism. Different than clinic hypothyroidism depression was not associated with FSD in subclinic hypothyroidism with TSH values &gt;10 mU/L.
Epidemiology of influenza‐like illness in the Amazon Basin of Peru, 2008–2009
Authors: Forshey Brett M. , Laguna‐Torres Victor A. , Vilcarromero Stalin , Bazan Isabel , Rocha Claudio , Morrison Amy C. , Stoddard Steven T. , Alegre Yuri , Gomez Jorge , Scott Thomas W. , Kochel Tadeusz J. 
Published: April 2010

Please cite this paper as: Forshey et al. (2010) Epidemiology of influenza‐like illness in the Amazon Basin of Peru, 2008–2009. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(4), 235–243.Background  Data addressing the incidence and epidemiology of influenza and influenza‐like illness (ILI) in tropical regions of the world is scarce, particularly for the neotropics of South America.Methods  We conducted active, population‐based surveillance for ILI across 45 city blocks within the Amazon Basin city of Iquitos, Peru. Demographic data and household characteristics were collected for all participants, and participating households were visited three times weekly to inquire about ILI (fever plus cough or sore throat) among household residents. Nasal and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from participants with ILI and tested for influenza virus infection.Results  Between May 1, 2008 and July 8, 2009, we monitored 10,341 participants for ILI for a total of 11 569·5 person‐years. We detected 459 ILI episodes, with 252 (54·9%) of the participants providing specimens. Age‐adjusted incidence of ILI was estimated to be 46·7 episodes/1000 person‐years. Influenza A and B viruses were detected in 25 (9·9%) and 62 (24·6%) specimens of ILI patients, respectively, for an estimated age‐adjusted incidence rate of 16·5 symptomatic influenza virus infections/1000 person‐years. Risk factors for ILI included age, household crowding, and use of wood as cooking fuel. For influenza virus infection specifically, age and use of wood as a cooking fuel were also identified as risk factors, but no effect of household crowding was observed.Conclusions  Our results represent the initial population‐based description of the epidemiology of ILI in the Amazon region of Peru, which will be useful for developing region‐specific strategies for reducing the burden of respiratory disease.
Les croque‐morts des arts
Authors: Sasportes José 
Published: April 2010

Résumé José Sasportes dresse un portrait de différents «« croque‐morts de l’art » pour défendre l’idée que l’UNESCO n’est pas une agence funéraire. Il s’est interrogé sur la question d’un épuisement de la confiance dans le pouvoir de l’art et de la capacité d’institutions comme l’UNESCO à le soutenir. De tout temps, de grands esprits se sont inquiétés du devenir des arts. Des écrivains comme Tolstoï et Valéry ont exprimé des doutes sur l’art de leur époque, tout en reconnaissant son rôle essentiel (faire de l’utile avec de l’inutile, d’après Paul Valéry). Force est de constater qu’en dépit du nombre croissant des manifestations artistiques et du développement de l’enseignement dans les sociétés modernes, au sein desquelles le rôle de l’art s’élargit à de multiples domaines, notamment thérapeutiques (thérapie par l’art, la musique, la danse, etc.), il existe des zones d’ombre. La multiplication des échanges, le mécénat et la diversification des soutiens financiers ne constituent pas une garantie de la vitalité des arts.
De l’autonomie à l’auto‐transcendance de l’art africain contemporain : résistance, mutation et refondation
Authors: Mixinge Adriano 
Published: April 2010

Résumé Adriano Mixinge s’interroge sur les critères et les processus de légitimation de l’art africain, en relevant les spécificités de sa dynamique. L’existence, d’une part, au sein des sociétés occidentales, d’instances de reconnaissance tels que les galeries et les musées, et, de l’autre, le désir des artistes d’être acceptés par une audience internationale, conditionnent la mise en scène des expressions artistiques africaines et des expositions consacrées à l’art africain. Dans le contexte postcolonial et de la mondialisation croissante, l’auteur analyse le parcours de l’autonomie à l’auto‐transcendance de l’art africain comme une « traversée », par le biais de la réflexion théorique et critique dont il est l’objet, ainsi que les nouvelles manières d’appréhender l’art et l’esthétique. En somme, pour l’art africain, « l’art peut encore tout ».
On the value and limitations of financial accounting*
Authors: BENSTON GEORGE J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Accounting as a means to an end, rather than as an end in itself, is the basic concept on which this essay is based. The ends that accounting serves are control, information for decisions, and an overview, or conspectus, of the enterprise. For these purposes, traditional, transactions‐based accounts are useful, because they yield trustworthy reports of resource flows into and out of an enterprise. Government intervention has emphasized and extended the inherent and cost‐determined limitations of traditional accounting. Though such critics as Professor Chambers are upset at this situation, they have not shown how or which change would be beneficial, net of costs, to users. Exit values, in particular, are not the philosopher's stone that Professor Chambers seeks. As this essay shows, neither these nor other measures of economic values fulfill Professor Chambers' demands. Though traditional accounting has its limitations, they are debilitating only when one holds unrealistic expectations. While I doubt that the benefits from changes such as those suggested by Professor Chambers would exceed their costs, this is an empirical question on which research would be desirable.Résumé. Cet essai se base sur le concept fondamental selon lequel la comptabilité constitue un moyen pour arriver à une fin, plutôt qu'une fin en soi. Assurer le contrôle, fournir des informations pour la prise de décisions et donner un aperçu général ou vue d'ensemble, de l'entreprise, telles sont les fins de la comptabilité. A ces fins, les comptes traditionnels basés sur les opérations s'avèrent utiles parce qu'ils fournissent des rapports fidèles des flux internes et externes des ressources d'une entreprise. L'intervention gouvernementale a souligné et accentué les lacunes reliées aux coûts inhérents à la comptabilité traditionnelle. Bien que des critiques telle celle du professeur Chambers s'offusquent de cette situation, elles n'ont pas encore démontré comment ou quel changement serait profitable, déduction faite des coûts, aux usagers. Les valeurs de sortie, en particulier, ne représentent pas la pierre philosophale que cherche le professeur Chambers. Comme le révèle cet essai, aucune mesure des valeurs économiques ne satisfait les exigences du professeur Chambers. Quoique la comptabilité traditionnelle ait ses limites, elles ne s'avèrent embarassantes que lorsque notre attente est irréaliste. Même si je doute que les avantages des changements suggérés par le professeur Chambers puissent dépasser leurs coûts, on soulève ici un problème empirique pour lequel des recherches seraient souhaitables.
Auditors and deceptive financial statements: Assigning responsibility and blame*
Authors: GAA JAMES C. , SMITH CHARLES H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. Public accountants (auditors) who do not prepare the financial statements of their clients are not directly responsible for them. However, if the statements are deceptive, then the question of their indirect responsibility arises. The various kinds of defenses that auditors might present for being excused from responsibility, and/or blame, are examined and evaluated. Relevant parts of the codes of ethics of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario (ICAO) and the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants are compared on this basis. The ICAO Code is a better codification of auditors' obligations regarding deceptive financial statements. One implication of the analysis is that the issue of the independence of auditors is more complex than the codes suggest, and needs further clarification.Résumé. Les experts‐comptables (vérificateurs) ne sont pas directement responsables des états financiers de leurs clients qu'ils ne préparent pas. Cependant, si les états financiers sont trompeurs, alors la question de leur responsabilité indirecte se pose. Les différentes sortes de défenses que les vérificateurs pourraient présenter pour ne pas être tenus responsables et/ou blâmés sont examinées et évaluées. Les parties pertinentes des codes de déontologie de l'Institut des comptables agréés de l'Ontario et de l'American Institute of Certified Public Accountants sont comparées sur cette base. Le code de déontologie de l'Institut des comptables agréés de l'Ontario est une meilleure codification des obligations du vérificateur en ce qui a trait aux états financiers trompeurs. Une implication de l'analyse, est que la notion de l'indépendance des vérificateurs est plus complexe que ne le suggèrent les codes et demande d'être clarifiée.
Interpretation of uncertainty expressions*
Authors: CHESLEY G.R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract. The accounting and auditing profession makes extensive use of words to communicate levels of uncertainty in both formal and informal situations ranging from Handbook pronouncements to working papers to everyday communications. Yet the accounting literature does not present research on the level of ambiguity in interpretations of such communications or the factors that could potentially influence this ambiguity.This paper provides an extensive and detailed examination of the ambiguity of interpretations in the communication of uncertainty using a vocabulary familiar to accountants and auditors. Average probability levels were computed from responses to various commonly used words. Further analyses of interpretations were undertaken by comparing different methods of responding to the communications, using a variety of ways of assessing the impact on interpretations and comparing the responses of various subject groups.The studies used various experimental designs in order to provide the internal validity necessary to interpret research results. The external validity was obtained by using common words, reasonably sophisticated subjects, observations at various times and by comparing with the results of experiments in other settings.This paper demonstrates that ambiguity exists and that this ambiguity is reasonably stable for the vocabulary of the accountant. Also ambiguity can be increased by the use of difficult response modes by the interpreter but it cannot easily be reduced.