bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contextualism
Authors: Hayes Steven C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Contextualism is a philosophy of science based on modern variants of American pragmatism. The core analytic unit of contextualism or pragmatism is the ongoing act in context: the common sense situated action. It is doing as it is being done, such as in hunting, shopping, or making love. This has sometimes been termed the “historical act,” but not in the sense of a thing done in the past. Rather, the term “historical act” recognizes that acts occur not just in a current situational context, but also as part of a stream of purposive acts in an individual's life. In practical terms, contextualists (1) focus on the whole behavioral event, (2) are continuously sensitive to the role of context in understanding the nature and function of this event, and (3) maintain a firm grasp on a pragmatic truth criterion. Contextualism is commonly distinguished from mechanism, formism, teleological perspectives, organicism, and other broad philosophical approaches.
Contingency Tables
Authors: Wearden Stanley 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

A contingency table is an array of counts or frequencies arranged in a two‐way table usually consisting of
r
≥ 2 rows and
c
≥ 2 columns. The name comes about from the statistical test used to determine if the relative frequency for a cell in the table is contingent on the marginal frequencies for the row and column in which it's found. Hence, the null hypothesis is one of independence,

, and the alternative is association,

. The test of significance is called “contingency chi square” and is computed with the following formula:

urn:x-wiley:9780470479216:media:corpsy0226:xm3
Conversion Disorder
Authors: Roelofs Karin , Spinhoven Philip 
Published: January 2010

AbstractConversion disorder is a mental disturbance in which patients present with neurological symptoms such as paralysis, numbness, or blindness, but for which no neurological or other organic explanation can be identified. Instead, psychological mechanisms are believed to cause the symptoms. Conversion symptoms were initially described in the context of hysteria. The term “conversion disorder” was originated by the physicians Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, who suggested that negative emotions were repressed and “converted” into physical symptoms. Other adjectives frequently used to describe conversion symptoms are “psychogenic,” “pseudoneurological,” or “medically unexplained” bodily symptoms. Known for millennia, this disorder has always been subject to debate and conceptual confusion. This is reflected, for example, in the manner in which the disorder is currently classified within the two major current nosologies. In theInternational Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems(ICD‐10: WHO, 1992) conversion disorder is a dissociative disorder; in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM‐IV‐TR: APA, 2000) it is a type of somatoform disorder.
Coping Behavior
Authors: Tennen Howard , Litt Mark D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCoping refers to the thoughts and behaviors people use to deal with stressful situations. Although most psychologists limit the concept of coping to conscious and intentional efforts to manage stressful encounters, some theorists have argued that more automatic and unintentional ways of dealing with stressful circumstances should also be included within the coping rubric.
Coping Skills Training
Authors: Litt Mark D. , Tennen Howard 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCognitive‐behavioral therapy is among the most influential theories in psychology today. The foundation of this theory is the idea that the person plays a key role in controlling his or her own emotional well‐being and health. According to cognitive behavioral theory, adaptational outcomes are in part a function of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that ameliorate or exacerbate psychological distress. To the extent that maladaptive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are learned, they can also be unlearned or replaced.
Creative Thinking
Authors: Kaufman James C. , Plucker Jonathan A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCreativity is among the most promising and optimistic aspects of the human experience; few constructs have the capacity to benefit people's experiences as comprehensively. This potential ranges from the very personal—arts‐based therapeutic interventions, well‐designed museum installations and programs—to the societal—educating more creative scientists, creating a national strategy to enhance the arts, producing unique solutions to diplomatic and military problems. Increasingly, our colleagues in other countries are seizing on the potential benefits of an increased focus on creativity, as are many of their ministries of education and culture (e.g., Kaufman & Sternberg, 2006). The question is not “In what areas can creativity be useful?” but rather “How does creativity apply in each and every area?”
Criminal Responsibility
Authors: Zapf Patricia A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The issue of criminal responsibility, or insanity, has to do with an individual's mental state at the time of the offense. The basic philosophy—which stems back to the earliest recordings of Hebrew law and is still in effect throughout the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, England, Wales, and other countries—is that to convict a person charged with a crime, he or she must be considered responsible for his or her criminal behavior. That is, the criminal behavior must have been a product of free will. If a defendant's behavior was not a product of free will, then he or she should not be held responsible for the crime.
Criminology
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Criminology is the scientific study of crime and criminal behavior. It encompasses criminal law, the measurement of crime, theories of criminal offending, types of offenders, and society's responses to offenders. Criminology is an interdisciplinary field, drawing from many disciplines including psychology, psychiatry, sociology, biology, public health, law, political science, criminal justice, economics, and geography.
Crisis Intervention
Authors: Wiger Donald E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A crisis is a collapse in one's ability to solve problems or cope with a situation in which the person's existing strategies for coping do not work. Whether a crisis is situational or developmental, the person in crisis is not able to regain homeostasis or balance by the usual means of coping typically employed. The term crisis is easily misunderstood if one views it in terms of an event or situation. In mental health terms, a crisis is not the traumatic event, but rather a person's reaction to it. The same event could be devastating for one individual and not affect another.
Cross‐Cultural Psychology
Authors: Takooshian Harold 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCross‐cultural psychology is the scientific study of human behavior across cultural or national boundaries (Adler & Gielen, 2002). It is based on the two premises that (1) our culture deeply impacts all aspects of our psyche, including perception, cognition, development, personality, abnormality, and social behavior; and (2) for scientific psychology to be accurate, it must study these cultural variations rather than overlook them.
Culture and Depression
Authors: Lawal‐Solarin Foluso M. Williams 
Published: January 2010

AbstractUnderstanding the relationship between culture and depression is crucial to effectively assessing and treating this disorder in all populations. Traditional conceptualizations of depression tend to minimize or totally ignore the role of cultural factors in the experience, expression, course, and treatment of depressive symptoms. As a result, most assessment techniques and therapeutic approaches lack empirical support in the treatment of cultural minorities. Therefore, it is important to realize and compensate for the limitations of such approaches with this population. This article identifies and discusses cultural factors that are particularly relevant in the assessment and treatment of depressive disorders. General guidelines for work with depressed individuals from cultural minority groups are also discussed.
Culture and Psychotherapy
Authors: Leong Frederick T. L. , Lannert Brittany K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn its broadest sense, culture refers to the sum of socially learned behaviors, attitudes, values, symbols, systems of thought, and concepts of the universe that distinguish one individual or group of people from another. Culture is both universal and particular; no individual is immune from the effects of culture or is totally dominated by it. A growing movement toward including multicultural perspectives in the development, evaluation, and provision of psychotherapy seeks to recognize the fundamental importance of culture in shaping the incidence, expression, and subjective interpretation of psychological distress, as well as remedy the significant deficits of established therapeutic methods and practices developed according to White European‐American, middle‐class norms and perspectives.
Current Psychotherapies
Authors: Wedding Danny 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Psychotherapy cannot be defined with any precision, and it is not entirely clear when a supportive conversation becomes counseling or when counseling becomes psychotherapy. Raymond Corsini (1914–2008), until his recent death one of the world's leading psychotherapy scholars, defined psychotherapy as follows:

Psychotherapy is a formal process of interaction between two parties, each party usually consisting of one person but with the possibility that there may be two or more people in each party, for the purpose of amelioration of distress in one of the two parties relative to any or all of the following areas of disability or malfunction: cognitive functions (disorders of thinking), affective functions (suffering or emotional discomforts), or behavioral functions (inadequacy of behavior). The therapist who takes part in this interaction has some theory of personality's origins, development, maintenance, and change, applies some method of treatment logically related to the theory, and has professional and legal approval to act as a therapist. (Corsini, 2008, p. 1)
Dance/Movement Therapy
Authors: Serlin Ilene A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Celebrating its 40th year as an organized healthcare profession, dance/movement therapy is one of the original mind/body therapies. Integrating ancient healing practices of movement, meditation, and imagery, it is uniquely suited to take its place as a cost‐effective, interpersonal practice in a newly reinvented healthcare system. This article explores the history of dance/movement therapy and its current modes of practice as a psychodynamic, growth‐oriented, and international healthcare profession.
Deafness and Hearing Loss
Authors: Albertini John A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Estimates of the prevalence of hearing loss vary widely within and across countries. As one indicator, over 30 million Americans (10% of the population) have significant, chronic hearing losses, and almost 2 million are deaf in both ears. Variation in the degree of hearing loss, age of hearing loss onset, and the etiologies of the losses influence the way and extent to which deafness affects psychological functioning.
Delusional Disorder
Authors: Bowie Christopher R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Several definitions of delusions have been advanced. Common features of these descriptions include the presence of a false belief or set of beliefs that fall outside of a person's cultural or subcultural values and are held with extraordinary conviction. The beliefs are held in spite of being unsubstantiated, in the face of evidence to the contrary, and/or in opposition to the beliefs of almost all others. Delusions are differentiated from other erroneous thoughts such as phobias and obsessions in that they are illogical, accepted by the individual as true, held with tenacity, and often implausible.
Dependent Personality Disorder
Authors: Bornstein Robert F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSome people are overly dependent, unable to make decisions on their own, needing frequent advice and reassurance, and alienating those around them with neediness and clinging insecurity. Studies show that when dependent personality traits become rigid and inflexible they can have myriad negative effects on social and occupational functioning (Bornstein, 1993, 2005). When dependency is both intense and pervasive, adversely affecting many different aspects of a person's life, it may indicate the presence of dependent personality disorder (DPD).
Depersonalization Disorder
Authors: Blanco‐Campal Alberto 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Depersonalization (DP) is classified in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM‐IV‐TR) as a dissociative disorder defined as “persistent or recurrent experiences of feeling detached from, and as if one is an outside observer of, one's mental processes or body (e.g. feeling like one is in a dream)” (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000, p. 532). DP commonly co‐occurs with the phenomena of derealization (DR), defined as “the sense that the external world is strange or unreal” (APA, 2000, p. 530).
Depressive Personality Disorder
Authors: Huprich Steven K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSince 1994, the American Psychiatric Association has been considering the proposal of Depressive Personality Disorder (DPD) for inclusion in future editions of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition(DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, [APA], 1994). The disorder and related syndromes have had a rich history in the history of philosophy, disease classification, and psychiatry, going back to the Greek philosophers who described melancholic character as one of four basic character types. According to the DSM‐IV (APA, 1994) and DSM‐IV‐TR (APA, 2000), individuals are diagnosed with DPD when they meet five of the seven following criteria: (1) usual mood is joyless, cheerless, and dysphoric; (2) the self‐concept centers around feelings of worthlessness and the individual has low self‐esteem; (3) the individual is self‐critical; (4) the individual broods or worries frequently; (5) the individual is negative or critical of others; (6) the individual is pessimistic; and (7) the individual often feels guilty or remorseful. DSM‐IV (APA, 1994) states that this disorder is not to be diagnosed when these criteria “occur exclusively during Major Depressive Episodes” of if they are “better accounted for by Dysthymic Disorder” (APA, 1994, p. 733).
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (
DSM
‐
IV
‐
TR
)
Authors: Segal Daniel L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, fourth edition, text revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000) is a compendium of mental disorders, a listing of the criteria used to diagnose them, and a detailed system for their definition, organization, and classification. Put simply, it is the primary diagnostic manual for mental health professionals in the United States and much of the Western world. Diagnosis refers to the identification and labeling of a mental disorder by examination and analysis. Mental health professionals diagnose individuals based on the symptoms that they report experiencing and the signs of illness with which they present. The DSM‐IV‐TR aids professionals in understanding and diagnosing mental disorders through its provision of explicit diagnostic criteria and an official classification system.
Diagnostic Classification
Authors: Widiger Thomas A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM) is the classification of psychopathology developed under the authority of the American Psychiatric Association (APA). The current version of this diagnostic manual is DSM‐IV‐TR (APA, 2000), standing for the fourth edition, text revision. Included within are the diagnostic criteria for such mental disorders as major depressive disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse, schizophrenia, mental retardation, pedophilia, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder, mathematics disorder, stuttering, dissociative identity disorder, borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, pathological gambling, frotteurism, nightmare disorder, and many others.
Dialogical Self
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In its original formulation, the dialogical self is conceived of as a dynamic multiplicity of I‐positions in the landscape of the mind. These I‐positions are involved in processes of mutual dialogical relationships that are intensely interwoven with external dialogical relationships. In this conception, the I is always bound to particular positions in time and space but has the possibility to move from one position to the other in accordance with changes in situation and time. The I fluctuates among different and even opposed positions and has the capacity to imaginatively endow each position with a voice, so that dialogical relations between positions can develop. The voices behave like interacting characters in a story, involved in a process of question and answer, agreement and disagreement. They all have a story to tell about their own experiences from their own perspective. As different voices, these characters exchange information about their respective Me's, creating a complex, narratively structured self. In this multiplicity of positions, some positions are more dominant than others, so that the voices of the less dominant positions are subdued (Hermans, 1996; Hermans, Kempen, & Van Loon, 1992).
Dual Relationships
Authors: Zur Ofer 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In psychotherapy, dual relationships, or multiple relationships, refer to situations in which multiple roles exist between a therapist and a client. These are situations in which therapists have additional relationships with their clients beyond the clinical‐therapeutic ones. Examples of dual relationships arise when a therapist's client is also the therapist's student, employee, colleague or friend (Zur, 2007).
Ecological Psychology
Authors: Mace William M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

This article describes James J. Gibson's ecological approach to psychology as it developed. Gibson's system evolved as an approach to visual perception, but the consequences have extended far beyond vision—first to other modalities (Gibson, 1966; Turvey, 1996), then to action, cognition, social psychology, and movement science, to name a few. Part of the range of ecological psychology can be seen in the list of books in the series,
Resources for Ecological Psychology
(see Heft, 2001).
Ego Development
Authors: Noam Gil G. , Malti Tina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The ego development concept was first introduced in psychoanalytic thinking. Using Freud's so‐called structural model distinguishing between id, superego, and ego, an American group of psychoanalysts developed a branch of theory and practice that came to be known as “ego psychology” (Hartmann, 1964). The term
ego development
has been used with various meanings. Whereas Freud viewed the ego as a weak rider of the powerful id and the strict superego, the more pragmatic line of U.S. psychoanalysis led clinicians and theorists to stress the ego's conscious elements of decision making, choice, and competence. In general, the ego has been utilized as a broad descriptive term for all ego function in the psychoanalytic tradition or, most prominently, as the changing organization of an individual's central frame regarding the psychosocial realm or psychosocial developmental tasks.
Ego Psychology
Authors: Lettieri Richard 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe ego psychological approach to understanding mental life has evolved considerably since Freud created the discipline of psychoanalysis in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Contemporary ego psychologists have a different theoretical and clinical perspective than did Freud or early psychoanalytic theorists. As in all areas of scholarship and clinical practice, ego psychologists have evolved in their understanding of motivation and behavior and have integrated new findings from psychoanalytic practice and research, and from the cognate disciplines. This article relates the early theory of psychoanalysis and ego psychology and then presents its more contemporary edition, referred to as modern conflict theory or modern structural theory.
Elder Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Heiser Deborah , Brownell Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Elder abuse does not discriminate. Older adults from all walks of life, regardless of socioeconomic status, religious affiliation, race, or ethnicity, have been mistreated and abused. It is difficult to determine the prevalence of elder abuse. First, it is not a single easily measurable phenomenon. There are seven types of elder abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, financial abuse, neglect, abandonment, and self‐neglect. We do not know the exact prevalence of elder abuse, because it is often underreported and often unidentified. The National Center on Elder Abuse (2005) estimated that as many as 2 million elders have been mistreated.
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Hermida Adriana P. , McDonald William M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective somatic treatments for major depression and mania. For major depression, the remission rates in patients undergoing ECT are as high as 80%, even including those patients who previously failed multiple medication trials. The response to ECT is also faster than with medications, often occurring in the first three to five treatments.
Electroencephalography
Authors: Thibodeau Ryan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
First demonstrated by the German psychiatrist and neurologist Hans Berger in 1924 (Karbowski, 2002), electroencephalography (EEG) is the measurement of brain electrical activity via recording electrodes placed on the scalp. Rhythmic variations in this electrical activity assume the form of waves that vary with respect to two key parameters: frequency (the speed of the wave cycles) and amplitude (the size of the wave). A number of distinct rhythms, based on these parameters and denoted using Greek letters, have been identified and are systematically related to variations in consciousness. For instance, the delta rhythm consists of very tall, slow waves that are apparent during deep sleep. The alpha rhythm consists of shorter, faster waves that are apparent during states of relaxation. The beta rhythm consists of short, very fast waves that are apparent during periods of effortful cognitive exertion.
Emotion Regulation
Authors: McRae Kateri , Gross James J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Emotion regulation refers to influencing which emotions one has, when one has them, and how one experiences and expresses these emotions. This includes attempts to change the magnitude and/or duration of behavioral, experiential, and/or physiological aspects of the emotional response. Emotion‐regulatory processes may be either automatic or controlled, or conscious or unconscious, and they may dampen, intensify, or maintain positive or negative emotion, depending on one's goals.
Emotions
Authors: Aldao Lia , Mennin Douglas S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Over the last 10 years, the field of psychology has witnessed an increased interest in emotional processes. This interest has been fueled by considerable advances in (1) understanding and investigating structural components of emotion (e.g., neurobiology); (2) functional roles of emotions in development, cognition, memory, and attention; and (3) the relevance of these processes to health outcomes such as psychopathology and the promotion and treatment of mental health.