bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Explainability of Deep Learning for Polarimetric Radar Rainfall Estimation
Authors: Li Wenyuan , Chen Haonan , Han Lei 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMachine learning‐based approaches demonstrate a significant potential in radar quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) applications. In contrast to conventional methods that depend on local raindrop size distributions, deep learning (DL) can establish an effective mapping from three‐dimensional radar observations to ground rain rates. However, the lack of transparency in DL models poses challenges toward understanding the underlying physical mechanisms that drive their outcomes. This study aims to develop a DL‐based QPE system and provide a physical explanation of radar precipitation estimation process. This research is designed by employing a deep neural network consisting of two modules. The first module is a quantitative precipitation estimation network that has the capability to learn precipitation patterns and spatial distribution from multidimensional polarimetric radar observations. The second module introduces a quantitative precipitation estimation shapley additive explanations method to quantify the influence of each radar observable on the model estimate across various precipitation intensities.
Impacts of the Mesoscale Ocean‐Atmosphere Coupling on the Peru‐Chile Ocean Dynamics: Impact of the Thermal Feedback
Authors: Oerder Vera , Colas François , Echevin Vincent , Masson Sebastien , Lemarié Florian , Renault Lionel 
Published: June 2024

AbstractConsequences of the mesoscale Thermal FeedBack (TFB) on the ocean dynamics are studied in the South‐East Pacific (SEP) using a high‐resolution regional ocean–atmosphere coupled model. Three simulations are compared: the first one is a fully coupled simulation. In the second one, the TFB has been removed with an online smoothing of the Sea Surface Temperature (SST) conditions used by the atmosphere. In the third one, to disentangle the impact of the nearshore and the offshore TFB, the smoothing is only applied in the offshore region. In the SEP, the coastal upwelling cold tongue constitutes a permanent mesoscale SST pattern. We show that this SST pattern alters the coastal wind structure, reducing the coastal upwelling‐favorable wind intensity. So, the nearshore TFB reduces the coastal surface current and the vertical velocities. As a result, the Eddy Kinetic Energy (EKE) generation by baroclinic conversion is also weakened. In the offshore region, on the contrary, the oceanic mean state is not affected by the TFB and only the EKE is weakened. Composites above the coherent eddies show that the heat flux response to the mesoscale SST anomalies is responsible for the mesoscale activity weakening over the whole studied area. Although the wind response to the SST anomalies has a very weak mean impact on the EKE generation through wind work, we show that it strongly modifies the mean oceanic vertical velocity anomalies over the coherent eddies.
Human Impacts Dominate Global Loss of Lake Ecosystem Resilience
Authors: Han Yaoyao , Lin Qi , Huang Shixin , Du Chenliang , Shen Ji , Zhang Ke 
Published: June 2024

AbstractStrengthening aquatic resilience to prevent adverse shifts is critical for preserving global freshwater biodiversity and advancing Sustainable Development Goals. Nonetheless, understanding the long‐term trends and underlying causes of lake ecosystem resilience at a global scale remains elusive. Here, we employ an innovative framework, integrating satellite‐derived water quality indices with early warning signals and machine learning techniques, to investigate the dynamics of resilience in 1,049 lakes worldwide during 2000–2018. Our results indicate that 46.7% of lakes are experiencing a significant decline in resilience, particularly since the early 2010s, closely associated with higher human population density and anthropogenic eutrophication. In contrast, most lakes situated in alpine regions exhibit an increase in resilience, probably benefiting from climate warming and wetting. Together, this study provides a novel way to monitor lake resilience and predict undesired transitions, and reveals a widespread erosion in the ability of lakes to withstand stressors associated with global change.
Impacts of Assimilating All‐Sky FY‐4A AGRI Satellite Infrared Radiances on the Prediction of Super Typhoon In‐Fa During the Period With Abnormal Changes
Authors: Xu Dongmei , Zhang Xuewei , Min Jinzhong , Shen Feifei 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe capabilities of assimilating the all‐sky Fengyun‐4A Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager (AGRI) infrared radiances (IR) are completed by including hydrometers in the observation operator, its adjoint, and tangent linear model. This allows the three‐dimensional variational data assimilation model to include cloud‐precipitation information from infrared IR observations. Advanced as the all‐sky data assimilation methodologies are, the assimilation of cloudy scene IR radiances for tropical cyclone (TC) systems has not led to consistently better results, especially for the intensity of TCs. This work explores the effects of all‐sky AGRI radiance assimilation on a Super Typhoon In‐Fa (2106) during its stage experiencing abnormal changes in the intensity and the track. It is shown that the all‐sky assimilation of AGRI two channels 9–10 brings no obviously better TC forecasts than the all‐sky AGRI single‐channel assimilation does. Besides, the O − B (observation minus background) bias was corrected to be even larger with the variational bias correction method for the pixels with relatively lower or higher cloud impact. This indicates that traditional bias correction schemes with linear fitting functions are suboptimal if the relations between the predictor and O − B biases are non‐linear. When the conventional observation and IR radiances are assimilated in two steps, the wind in the inner‐core region is better described to properly capture the changes in the typhoon intensity. Generally, the analyses and forecasts of Typhoon In‐Fa from experiments with the all‐sky IR observations are enhanced compared to those with only the clear‐sky IR observations.
Histone H1x in mouse ventral hippocampus associates with, but does not cause behavioral adaptations to stress
Authors: Kim R. Kijoon , Truby Natalie L. , Silva Gabriella M. , Picone Joseph A. , Miller Cary S. , Baldwin Amber N. , Neve Rachael L. , Cui Xiaohong , Hamilton Peter J. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPrior research has identified differential protein expression levels of linker histone H1x within the ventral hippocampus (vHipp) of stress-susceptible versus stress-resilient mice. These mice are behaviorally classified based on their divergent responses to chronic social stress. Here, we sought to determine whether elevated vHipp H1x protein levels directly contribute to these diverging behavioral adaptations to stress. First, we demonstrated that stress-susceptible mice uniquely express elevated vHipp H1x protein levels following chronic stress. Given that linker histones coordinate heterochromatin compaction, we hypothesize that elevated levels of H1x in the vHipp may impede pro-resilience transcriptional adaptations and prevent development of the resilient phenotype following social stress. To test this, 8–10-week-old male C57BL/6 J mice were randomly assigned to groups undergoing 10 days of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) or single housing, respectively. Following CSDS, mice were classified as susceptible versus resilient based on their social interaction behaviors. We synthesized a viral overexpression (OE) vector for H1x and transduced all stressed and single housed mice with either H1x or control GFP within vHipp. Following viral delivery, we conducted social, anxiety-like, and memory-reliant behavior tests on distinct cohorts of mice. We found no behavioral adaptations following H1x OE compared to GFP controls in susceptible, resilient, or single housed mice. In sum, although we confirm elevated vHipp protein levels of H1x associate with susceptibility to social stress, we observe no significant behavioral consequence of H1x OE. Thus, we conclude elevated levels of H1x are associated with, but are not singularly sufficient to drive development of behavioral adaptations to stress.
Realization of monolayer ZrTe5 topological insulators with wide band gaps
Authors: Xu Yong-Jie , Cao Guohua , Li Qi-Yuan , Xue Cheng-Long , Zhao Wei-Min , Wang Qi-Wei , Dou Li-Guo , Du Xuan , Meng Yu-Xin , Wang Yuan-Kun , Gao Yu-Hang , Jia Zhen-Yu , Li Wei , Ji Lianlian , Li Fang-Sen , Zhang Zhenyu , Cui Ping , Xing Dingyu , Li Shao-Chun 
Published: June 2024

AbstractTwo-dimensional topological insulators hosting the quantum spin Hall effect have application potential in dissipationless electronics. To observe the quantum spin Hall effect at elevated temperatures, a wide band gap is indispensable to efficiently suppress bulk conduction. Yet, most candidate materials exhibit narrow or even negative band gaps. Here, via elegant control of van der Waals epitaxy, we have successfully grown monolayer ZrTe5 on a bilayer graphene/SiC substrate. The epitaxial ZrTe5 monolayer crystalizes in two allotrope isomers with different intralayer alignments of ZrTe3 prisms. Our scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy characterization unveils an intrinsic full band gap as large as 254 meV and one-dimensional edge states localized along the periphery of the ZrTe5 monolayer. First-principles calculations further confirm that the large band gap originates from strong spin−orbit coupling, and the edge states are topologically nontrivial. These findings thus provide a highly desirable material platform for the exploration of the high-temperature quantum spin Hall effect.
Postmortem imaging reveals patterns of medial temporal lobe vulnerability to tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Ravikumar Sadhana , Denning Amanda E. , Lim Sydney , Chung Eunice , Sadeghpour Niyousha , Ittyerah Ranjit , Wisse Laura E. M. , Das Sandhitsu R. , Xie Long , Robinson John L. , Schuck Theresa , Lee Edward B. , Detre John A. , Tisdall M. Dylan , Prabhakaran Karthik , Mizsei Gabor , de Onzono Martin Maria Mercedes Iñiguez , Arroyo Jiménez Maria del Mar , Mũnoz Monica , Marcos Rabal Maria del Pilar , Cebada Sánchez Sandra , Delgado González José Carlos , de la Rosa Prieto Carlos , Irwin David J. , Wolk David A. , Insausti Ricardo , Yushkevich Paul A. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractOur current understanding of the spread and neurodegenerative effects of tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) during the early stages of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is limited by the presence of confounding non-AD pathologies and the two-dimensional (2-D) nature of conventional histology studies. Here, we combine ex vivo MRI and serial histological imaging from 25 human MTL specimens to present a detailed, 3-D characterization of quantitative NFT burden measures in the space of a high-resolution, ex vivo atlas with cytoarchitecturally-defined subregion labels, that can be used to inform future in vivo neuroimaging studies. Average maps show a clear anterior to poster gradient in NFT distribution and a precise, spatial pattern with highest levels of NFTs found not just within the transentorhinal region but also the cornu ammonis (CA1) subfield. Additionally, we identify granular MTL regions where measures of neurodegeneration are likely to be linked to NFTs specifically, and thus potentially more sensitive as early AD biomarkers.
Gedatolisib shows superior potency and efficacy versus single-node PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in breast cancer models
Authors: Rossetti Stefano , Broege Aaron , Sen Adrish , Khan Salmaan , MacNeil Ian , Molden Jhomary , Kopher Ross , Schulz Stephen , Laing Lance 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The PI3K, AKT, and mTOR (PAM) pathway is frequently dysregulated in breast cancer (BC) to accommodate high catabolic and anabolic activities driving tumor growth. Current therapeutic options for patients with hormone receptor (HR) + / HER2- advanced BC (ABC) include PAM inhibitors that selectively inhibit only one PAM pathway node, which can lead to drug resistance as cells rapidly adapt to maintain viability. We hypothesized that gedatolisib, which potently inhibits all Class I PI3K isoforms, as well as mTORC1 and mTORC2, may be more effective in BC cells than single-node PAM inhibitors by limiting adaptive resistances. By using multiple functional assays, a panel of BC cell lines was evaluated for their sensitivity to four different PAM inhibitors: gedatolisib (pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor), alpelisib (PI3Kα inhibitor), capivasertib (AKT inhibitor), and everolimus (mTORC1 inhibitor). Gedatolisib exhibited more potent and efficacious anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects regardless of the PAM pathway mutational status of the cell lines compared to the single-node PAM inhibitors. The higher efficacy of gedatolisib was confirmed in three-dimensional culture and in BC PDX models. Mechanistically, gedatolisib decreased cell survival, DNA replication, cell migration and invasion, protein synthesis, glucose consumption, lactate production, and oxygen consumption more effectively than the other PAM inhibitors tested. These results indicate that inhibition of multiple PAM pathway nodes by a pan-PI3K/mTOR inhibitor like gedatolisib may be more effective at inducing anti-tumor activity than single-node PAM inhibitors. A global Phase 3 study is currently evaluating gedatolisib plus fulvestrant with and without palbociclib in patients with HR+/HER2− ABC.
Effect of artificial gravity on neurocognitive performance during head-down tilt bedrest
Authors: Tölgyesi Borbála , Altbäcker Anna , Barkaszi Irén , Stuckenschneider Tim , Braunsmann Leonard , Takács Endre , Ehmann Bea , Balázs László , Abeln Vera 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis study evaluated the acute and chronic effects of intermittent and continuous Artificial Gravity (AG) on cognitive performance during 60 days of Head-down tilt bedrest (HDTBR), a well-established ground-based spaceflight analogue method. Participants were randomly assigned to three groups: intermittent AG, continuous AG, and HDTBR control group without AG exposure. Task performance and electrophysiological measures of attention and working memory were investigated during Simple and Complex tasks in the Visual and the Auditory modality. Compared to baseline, faster reaction time and better accuracy was present during HDTBR regarding the Complex tasks, however, the practice effect was diminished in the three HDTBR groups compared to an ambulatory control group. Brain potentials showed a modality-specific decrease, as P3a was decreased only in the Auditory, while P3b decreased in the Visual modality. No evidence for acute or chronic AG-related cognitive impairments during HDTBR was found.
Capturing carbon dioxide from air with charged-sorbents
Authors: Li Huaiguang , Zick Mary E. , Trisukhon Teedhat , Signorile Matteo , Liu Xinyu , Eastmond Helen , Sharma Shivani , Spreng Tristan L. , Taylor Jack , Gittins Jamie W. , Farrow Cavan , Lim S. Alexandra , Crocellà Valentina , Milner Phillip J. , Forse Alexander C. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractEmissions reduction and greenhouse gas removal from the atmosphere are both necessary to achieve net-zero emissions and limit climate change1. There is thus a need for improved sorbents for the capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, a process known as direct air capture. In particular, low-cost materials that can be regenerated at low temperatures would overcome the limitations of current technologies. In this work, we introduce a new class of designer sorbent materials known as ‘charged-sorbents’. These materials are prepared through a battery-like charging process that accumulates ions in the pores of low-cost activated carbons, with the inserted ions then serving as sites for carbon dioxide adsorption. We use our charging process to accumulate reactive hydroxide ions in the pores of a carbon electrode, and find that the resulting sorbent material can rapidly capture carbon dioxide from ambient air by means of (bi)carbonate formation. Unlike traditional bulk carbonates, charged-sorbent regeneration can be achieved at low temperatures (90–100 °C) and the sorbent’s conductive nature permits direct Joule heating regeneration2,3 using renewable electricity. Given their highly tailorable pore environments and low cost, we anticipate that charged-sorbents will find numerous potential applications in chemical separations, catalysis and beyond.
Global shortfalls in documented actions to conserve biodiversity
Authors: Senior Rebecca A. , Bagwyn Ruby , Leng Danyan , Killion Alexander K. , Jetz Walter , Wilcove David S. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThreatened species are by definition species that are in need of assistance. In the absence of suitable conservation interventions, they are likely to disappear soon1. There is limited understanding of how and where conservation interventions are applied globally, or how well they work2,3. Here, using information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List and other global databases, we find that for species at risk from three of the biggest drivers of biodiversity loss—habitat loss, overexploitation for international trade and invasive species4—many appear to lack the appropriate types of conservation interventions. Indeed, although there has been substantial recent expansion of the protected area network, we still find that 91% of threatened species have insufficient representation of their habitats within protected areas. Conservation interventions are not implemented uniformly across different taxa and regions and, even when present, have infrequently led to substantial improvements in the status of species. For 58% of the world’s threatened terrestrial species, we find conservation interventions to be notably insufficient or absent. We cannot determine whether such species are truly neglected, or whether efforts to recover them are not included in major conservation databases. If they are indeed neglected, the outlook for many of the world’s threatened species is grim without more and better targeted action.
Senescent glia link mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid accumulation
Authors: Byrns China N. , Perlegos Alexandra E. , Miller Karl N. , Jin Zhecheng , Carranza Faith R. , Manchandra Palak , Beveridge Connor H. , Randolph Caitlin E. , Chaluvadi V. Sai , Zhang Shirley L. , Srinivasan Ananth R. , Bennett F. C. , Sehgal Amita , Adams Peter D. , Chopra Gaurav , Bonini Nancy M. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSenescence is a cellular state linked to ageing and age-onset disease across many mammalian species1,2. Acutely, senescent cells promote wound healing3,4 and prevent tumour formation5; but they are also pro-inflammatory, thus chronically exacerbate tissue decline. Whereas senescent cells are active targets for anti-ageing therapy6–11, why these cells form in vivo, how they affect tissue ageing and the effect of their elimination remain unclear12,13. Here we identify naturally occurring senescent glia in ageing Drosophila brains and decipher their origin and influence. Using Activator protein 1 (AP1) activity to screen for senescence14,15, we determine that senescent glia can appear in response to neuronal mitochondrial dysfunction. In turn, senescent glia promote lipid accumulation in non-senescent glia; similar effects are seen in senescent human fibroblasts in culture. Targeting AP1 activity in senescent glia mitigates senescence biomarkers, extends fly lifespan and health span, and prevents lipid accumulation. However, these benefits come at the cost of increased oxidative damage in the brain, and neuronal mitochondrial function remains poor. Altogether, our results map the trajectory of naturally occurring senescent glia in vivo and indicate that these cells link key ageing phenomena: mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid accumulation.
Single-cell nascent RNA sequencing unveils coordinated global transcription
Authors: Mahat Dig B. , Tippens Nathaniel D. , Martin-Rufino Jorge D. , Waterton Sean K. , Fu Jiayu , Blatt Sarah E. , Sharp Phillip A. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractTranscription is the primary regulatory step in gene expression. Divergent transcription initiation from promoters and enhancers produces stable RNAs from genes and unstable RNAs from enhancers1,2. Nascent RNA capture and sequencing assays simultaneously measure gene and enhancer activity in cell populations3. However, fundamental questions about the temporal regulation of transcription and enhancer–gene coordination remain unanswered, primarily because of the absence of a single-cell perspective on active transcription. In this study, we present scGRO–seq—a new single-cell nascent RNA sequencing assay that uses click chemistry—and unveil coordinated transcription throughout the genome. We demonstrate the episodic nature of transcription and the co-transcription of functionally related genes. scGRO–seq can estimate burst size and frequency by directly quantifying transcribing RNA polymerases in individual cells and can leverage replication-dependent non-polyadenylated histone gene transcription to elucidate cell cycle dynamics. The single-nucleotide spatial and temporal resolution of scGRO–seq enables the identification of networks of enhancers and genes. Our results suggest that the bursting of transcription at super-enhancers precedes bursting from associated genes. By imparting insights into the dynamic nature of global transcription and the origin and propagation of transcription signals, we demonstrate the ability of scGRO–seq to investigate the mechanisms of transcription regulation and the role of enhancers in gene expression.
Structure and topography of the synaptic V-ATPase–synaptophysin complex
Authors: Wang Chuchu , Jiang Wenhong , Leitz Jeremy , Yang Kailu , Esquivies Luis , Wang Xing , Shen Xiaotao , Held Richard G. , Adams Daniel J. , Basta Tamara , Hampton Lucas , Jian Ruiqi , Jiang Lihua , Stowell Michael H. B. , Baumeister Wolfgang , Guo Qiang , Brunger Axel T. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSynaptic vesicles are organelles with a precisely defined protein and lipid composition1,2, yet the molecular mechanisms for the biogenesis of synaptic vesicles are mainly unknown. Here we discovered a well-defined interface between the synaptic vesicle V-ATPase and synaptophysin by in situ cryo-electron tomography and single-particle cryo-electron microscopy of functional synaptic vesicles isolated from mouse brains3. The synaptic vesicle V-ATPase is an ATP-dependent proton pump that establishes the proton gradient across the synaptic vesicle, which in turn drives the uptake of neurotransmitters4,5. Synaptophysin6 and its paralogues synaptoporin7 and synaptogyrin8 belong to a family of abundant synaptic vesicle proteins whose function is still unclear. We performed structural and functional studies of synaptophysin-knockout mice, confirming the identity of synaptophysin as an interaction partner with the V-ATPase. Although there is little change in the conformation of the V-ATPase upon interaction with synaptophysin, the presence of synaptophysin in synaptic vesicles profoundly affects the copy number of V-ATPases. This effect on the topography of synaptic vesicles suggests that synaptophysin assists in their biogenesis. In support of this model, we observed that synaptophysin-knockout mice exhibit severe seizure susceptibility, suggesting an imbalance of neurotransmitter release as a physiological consequence of the absence of synaptophysin.