bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making a Better Living from Caregiving: Comparing Strategies to Improve Wages for Care Providers*
Authors: BOURGEAULT IVY LYNN , KHOKHER PATRICIA 
Published: July 2010

Plusieurs stratégies ont été utilisées implicitement ou explicitement afin d'améliorer le taux de rémunération des prestataires de soins, pour la plupart des femmes. Ces tactiques comprennent: élever les titres de compétences requis pour exercer la profession; organiser et syndicaliser; exiger la parité salariale; solliciter du financement public pour leurs services. Alors que plusieurs chercheurs ont étudié le processus et les effets de ces stratégies sur les sciences infirmieres, très peu d'études semblables ont été réalisées auprès d'autres prestataires. Dans cet article, les auteures ont entrepris l'examen comparatif de l'efficacité des quatre stratégìes énumérées ci‐dessus pour atteindre les taux de rémunération appropriés en sciences infirmières, dans la profession de sage‐femme et en puèriculture.Several strategies have been employed either implicitly or explicitly to improve the remuneration levels of largely female care providers; these tactics include increasing entry‐to‐practice credentials; organizing and unionizing; seeking pay equity considerations; and seeking public funding for their services. While many scholars have investigated the process and effects of these strategies for nursing, there has been very little similar research conducted concerning other care providers. In this paper, we undertake a comparative examination of the effectiveness of the four aforementioned strategies in achieving appropriate levels of remuneration within nursing, midwifery and child care.
Gender and the Limits of Social Capital*
Authors: BEZANSON KATE 
Published: July 2010

Dans cet article, l'auteure examine l'intensification de l'intérêt envers le concept de capital social dans la politique publique au Canada et considère que ce concept est assez prometteur, en même temps qu'il entraînera des problèmes considérables, pour les femmes. Elle explique les paramètres du concept de capital social et tente de l'approfondir à l'aide de questions féministes essentielles sur l'économie politique. Cette approche jette les bases de la tâche primordiale d'associer un sexe au capital social, de telle sorte que les résultats des politiques dans le contexte canadien n'augmentent pas le fardeau du travail social et de prestation de soins de groupes déjà surcharges.This paper considers the rise in Canadian public policy interest in the concept of social capital, and suggests that the concept holds some promise, along with considerable problems, for women. It elucidates the parameters of the concept of social capital and attempts to deepen it with critical feminist political economy questions. It begins the crucial task of gendering social capital so that policy outcomes in the Canadian context do not increase the burden of social and caring work onto already overburdened groups.
Comparison of paraspinal muscle injury in one‐level lumbar posterior inter‐body fusion: modified minimally invasive and traditional open approaches
Authors: Fan Shun‐wu , Hu Zhi‐jun , Fang Xiang‐qian , Zhao Feng‐dong , Huang Yue , Yu He‐jun 
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To determine differences in paraspinal muscle injury between a modified minimally invasive approach (MMIA) and a traditional operative approach (TOPA) for one‐level instrumented posterior lumbar inter‐body fusion (PLIF).Methods:  From March 2006 to May 2008, a consecutive series of 91 patients who underwent a one‐level instrumented PLIF procedure using one of two different approaches (MMIA in 41 patients and TOPA in 50), and who were operated on by one group of surgeons at a single institution, was studied. The following data were compared between the two groups: surgical time, blood loss, and changes in postoperative serum concentration of creatinine kinase (CK). More than 1 year post operation, low back pain was evaluated by a visual analog scale (VAS) and the Oswestry disability index (ODI). Some patients were also evaluated by MRI to allow comparison of the preoperative and postoperative cross sectional area (CSA) and fat degeneration grades at the operative level.Results:  There was no statistically significant difference in surgical time, but blood loss, serum concentration of CK, and scores of the VAS and ODI were markedly less in the MMIA group compared with the TOPA group. In the TOPA group, the postoperative CSA of the multifidus muscles was significantly smaller than it was pre‐operatively. In contrast, there was no significant difference between the pre‐ and post‐operative CSA of the multifidus muscles in the MMIA group. There was more fatty infiltration postoperatively than preoperatively in both the TOPA and MMIA groups, the increase in fatty infiltration being greater in the TOPA than in the MMIA group.Conclusion:  Compared with TOPA, MMIA can significantly lessen paraspinal muscle injury, and reduce the incidence of low back pain.
Finite element analysis of the screw in percutaneous axial lumbosacral interbody fusion
Authors: Xu Hong‐guang , Yang Xiao‐ming , Wu Tian‐liang , Wang Hong , Chen Xue‐wu , Wang Ling‐ting , Jin Song , Liu Ping 
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To establish a three‐dimensional finite element model of the L5/S1 motion segment with percutaneous axial lumbosacral screw and analyze the biomechanical stress on the screw.Methods:  With the help of related software and the Mechanical Virtual Human of China, a three‐dimensional finite element model was established. Three different loading conditions on the screw were analyzed with this model.Results:  Peak stresses on the screw under three loading conditions were 175.334 MPa, 183.765 MPa and 146.237 MPa, respectively. Generally, stress values were relatively low. The stress values were relatively high at the point of interbody fusion and middle part of the screw, all the highest values being localized to the upper and lower threads closest to the middle part. Comparison among the three conditions showed that torque load was the greatest, followed by vertical load, with lateral bending being the least.Conclusion:  Percutaneous axial lumbosacral screw easily meets normal loading conditions and may be an effective method for lumbosacral fusion.
Long‐term outcome of giant cell tumors of bone around the knee treated by en bloc resection of tumor and reconstruction with prosthesis
Authors: Yu Xiu‐chun , Xu Ming , Song Ruo‐xian , Fu Zhi‐hou , Liu Xiao‐ping 
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To study the long‐term outcomes and complications of giant cell tumors around the knee treated with en bloc resection and reconstruction with prosthesis.Methods:  From January 1991 to March 2005, 19 patients (11 men, 8 women, average age 35.4 years) were treated in our hospital with en bloc resection and reconstruction with domestic prosthesis (15 hinge knee and 4 rotating‐hinge knee). The distal femur was involved in 12 and the proximal tibia in 7 cases. Nine tumors were primary and 10 recurrent. All cases were Campanacci grade III. The affected limb functions were evaluated by the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society scoring system.Results:  All patients underwent operation successfully with no complications. The mean follow‐up time was 128.9 months (60 to 216 months). Apart from one patient who underwent amputation because of wound infection two years after reoperation, the range of knee motion of 18 patients was 30°–110°. The mean functional score of the affected limb was 22.7 (15 to 27 points). The length of the lower extremities was equal in nine cases; the affected limb was 2–9 cm shorter in the other ten cases. Prosthesis fracture and loosening developed in one, prosthesis aseptic loosening in three, and delayed deep infection and prosthesis loosening in two cases. The prosthesis loosening rate was 31.6%. One patient developed a proximal femur fracture.Conclusion:  En bloc resection and reconstruction with prosthesis is a feasible method for treating giant cell tumor of bone around the knee. Complications related to the prosthesis, mainly prosthesis loosening and limb shortening, increase gradually with longer survival time.
Long term efficacy of minimal incision osteotomy for hallux abducto valgus
Authors: Sun Wei‐dong , Wen Jian‐min , Hu Hai‐wei , Sun Yong‐sheng , Sang Zhi‐cheng , Jiang Ke‐wei , Liang Zhao , Cheng Ting , Lin Xin‐xiao , Wu Xia‐bo , Dai He‐ling 
Published: July 2010

Objective:  To observe and evaluate the long‐term results of minimal incision osteotomy for hallux abducto valgus.Methods:  From February 1995 to May 1999, 372 cases (705 feet) with hallux abducto valgus were treated with minimal incision osteotomy. Seventy‐nine patients (150 feet) were followed up for more than five years (mean 7.5; range, 5.3–13.2 years) after surgery. The preoperative and postoperative hallux abducto valgus angles (HVA), intermetatarsal angles (IMA), tibial sesamoid position (TSP), American Orthopaedic Foot And Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, range of movement of the first metatarsophalangeal joint and lateral metatarsalgia were observed, measured and evaluated.Results:  Based on clinic curative effect evaluation criterion, 56 feet (37.3%) were excellent, 88 feet (58.7%) good, 6 feet (4.0%) fair. The postoperative mean AOFAS score was 84.20 ± 4.32 points. The mean HVA decreased from 33.28o to 12.31o and the mean IMA1‐2 from 11.75o to 6.80o. The TSP was corrected from an average preoperative grade of 4.29 to a grade of 3.07 by final follow‐up. There was no nonunion or delayed union, no avascular necrosis, no infection, and no hallux varus. Numbness in the big toe was found in 4 feet (2.7%). The range of motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint decreased from 70.20o to 69.53o. Of 97 feet (64.7%) with pre‐operative 2–5 metatarsalgia, this had disappeared in 35 feet, improved in 54 feet and was aggravated in 8 feet postoperatively.Conclusion:  Minimal incision osteotomy is a simple and reliable technique for treating hallux abducto valgus with minimal complications.
Fixed Posterior Dislocation following Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
Authors: Charalambous Charalambos P. , Saidapur Shivappa K. , Alvi Farhan , Birch Ann , Tsiouri Chrysi , Ravenscroft Matthew J. , Trail Ian A. 
Published: July 2010

Background Posterior dislocation is a rare complication of total shoulder arthroplasty usually occurring as a result of mal-positioning of the humeral or glenoid components, or due to soft tissue imbalance or deficiency. Methods We used the database of a tertiary referral centre in the UK to identify three patients who had revision surgery following a total shoulder arthroplasty for posterior instability. Results We report three cases of fixed posterior dislocation of the shoulder following total shoulder arthroplasty. Discussion Revision surgery resolved instability and pain in two cases, but was associated with poor function.
Arthroscopic Treatment of Traumatic Posterior Shoulder Instability in Athletes
Authors: Ejnisman Benno , Monteiro Gustavo Cará , Andreoli Carlos Vicente , De Castro Pochini Alberto , Levy Siqueira Karina , Cohen Moises 
Published: July 2010

Background Unidirectional traumatic posterior shoulder instability is a specific diagnosis that differs from the more common posteroinferior or multidirectional instabilities. The treatment usually requires a surgical procedure. Methods We treated 21 shoulders in 20 patients. The average age was 29.38 years (range 20 years to 53 years). All patients were involved in recreational sports. The mean follow-up was 28 months (range 12 months to 70 months). Results The postoperative clinical evaluation was based on the Rowe score. Twenty patients were considered to demonstrate excellent results and one patient was considered to show a regular result. Twenty patients were able to return to recreational sports at the same level. One patient returned to sport at a lower level and required playing adaptations. Conclusion In our series of 21 shoulders, pain was the major symptom in 15 patients with posterior labral detachment after a traumatic event. By contrast to classic Bankart lesion, which usually results in instability, the posterior labral detachment produced pain as the major symptom in this series of patients.
The Effect of Bone Mineral Density on Anchor Function and Its Implication on the Pull-out Strength of Trans-osseous Sutures and Ultrafix Rotator Cuff Anchors
Authors: Pace Alistair , Brousil James , Neumann Lars , Wallace Angus , Manning Paul A. 
Published: July 2010

Background An experimental study was carried out to assess the influence of Bone Mineral Density (BMD) of the humeral head, neck and greater tuberosity in seven pairs of fresh frozen humeri on the pull out strength of the Ultra-Fix Anchor (Stryker, Inc, USA) and the standard intra-osseous sutures used to repair rotator cuff tears. Method An anchor and a transosseous suture were placed in a trough, created with a 6 mm burr in the cuff footprint of each humeral head by the same specialist shoulder surgeon (L.N.). The technique for intra-osseous suture and anchor localisation were standardised using a 5 Metric (No 2) braided polyester suture (Ethibond, Ethicon, UK). Both fixation methods were subjected to tensile testing with the humeri mounted at 30° of abduction corresponding to the direction of anatomical pull of the supraspinatus muscle. Results and discussion There was a significant linear correlation (p = 0.007) between Ultra-fix anchor pull-out strength and humeral head BMD as well as between bone suture failure strength and humeral neck BMD (p = 0.015) There was no correlation between the BMD of the greater tuberosity and failure strengths of both fixation methods. (p = 0.23 for anchor and p = 0.29 for bone suture) The Ultra-fix anchor was significantly stronger in pull-out when compared to the bone suture (p = 0.05). Conclusion The mean pull-out strength of the Ultrafix rotator cuff anchor is significantly higher when compared to the traditional bone suture technique for anchorage into a proximal humerus trough (141.7 N and 111.6 N, respectively).There is a significant correlation between the total BMD of the proximal humerus (head, neck and greater tuberosity regions) and the pull-out strength of both the anchor (p = 0.039) and bone sutures (p = 0.024).
Inhalational Botulism in Rhesus Macaques Exposed to Botulinum Neurotoxin Complex Serotypes A1 and B1
Authors: Sanford Daniel C. , Barnewall Roy E. , Vassar Michelle L. , Niemuth Nancy , Metcalfe Karen , House Robert V. , Henderson Ian , Shearer Jeffry D. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

A recombinant botulinum vaccine (rBV A/B) is being developed for protection against inhalational intoxication with botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) complex serotype A, subtype A1 (BoNT/A1), and BoNT serotype B, subtype B1 (BoNT/B1). A critical component for evaluating rBV A/B efficacy will be the use of animal models in which the pathophysiology and dose-response relationships following aerosol exposure to well-characterized BoNT are thoroughly understood and documented. This study was designed to estimate inhaled 50% lethal doses (LD
50
) and to estimate 50% lethal exposure concentrations relative to time (LCt
50
) in rhesus macaques exposed to well-characterized BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1. During the course of this study, clinical observations, body weights, clinical hematology results, clinical chemistry results, circulating neurotoxin levels, and telemetric parameters were documented to aid in the understanding of disease progression. The inhaled LD
50
and LCt
50
for BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1 in rhesus macaques were determined using well-characterized challenge material. Clinical observations were consistent with the recognized pattern of botulism disease progression. A dose response was demonstrated with regard to the onset of these clinical signs for both BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1. Dose-related changes in physiologic parameters measured by telemetry were also observed. In contrast, notable changes in body weight, hematology, and clinical chemistry parameters were not observed. Circulating levels of BoNT/B1 were detected in animals exposed to the highest levels of BoNT/B1; however, BoNT/A1 was not detected in the circulation at any aerosol exposure level. The rhesus macaque aerosol challenge model will be used for future evaluations of rBV A/B efficacy against inhalational BoNT/A1 and BoNT/B1 intoxication.
Molecular Epidemiological Evaluation of the Recent Resurgence in Mumps Virus Infections in Ireland
Authors: Carr Michael J. , Moss Eibhlín , Waters Allison , Dean Jonathan , Jin Li , Coughlan Suzie , Connell Jeff , Hall William W. , Hassan Jaythoon 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease; however, outbreaks have been reported in a number of countries with childhood immunization programs, particularly among young adults at the tertiary stage of education. We have retrospectively investigated the epidemiological, virological, and serological factors associated with mumps cases identified in Ireland from 2004 to 2009. Genetic analysis of mumps virus strain variability demonstrated that a single genotype, genotype G, was circulating, and it was also detected in cerebrospinal fluid samples obtained from patients with meningitis. We observed that younger individuals were disproportionately affected with neurological sequelae following mumps virus infection, and the average age of patients with mumps virus RNA detected in cerebrospinal fluid was 19.25 years (median, 19 years; range, 14 to 24 years). Our analysis showed a 4-fold rise in mumps cases in 2008-2009 and an increased incidence in infection in those ≥30 years of age. Over a 6-year period (2004 to 2009), a total of 7,805 serum samples were investigated; of this number, 1,813 (23%) were positive for mumps virus-specific IgM. We observed a strong bias for acute mumps virus infection in males compared to females (
P
< 10
−32
) that was independent of vaccination status.
Specific, Sensitive, and Rapid Diagnosis of Active Toxoplasmosis by a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method Using Blood Samples from Patients
Authors: Lau Yee Ling , Meganathan Puviarasi , Sonaimuthu Parthasarathy , Thiruvengadam Girija , Nissapatorn Veeranoot , Chen Yeng 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), a rapid nucleic acid amplification method, was developed for the clinical diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Three LAMP assays based on the
SAG1
,
SAG2
, and
B1
genes of
Toxoplasma gondii
were developed. The sensitivities and specificities of the LAMP assays were evaluated by comparison with the results of conventional nested PCR. The LAMP assays were highly sensitive and had a detection limit of 0.1 tachyzoite, and no cross-reactivity with the DNA of other parasites was observed. Blood was collected from 105 individuals to test the LAMP assays: 40 patients with active toxoplasmosis, 40 negative controls, and 25 patients with other parasitic infections. The
SAG2
-based LAMP (
SAG2
-LAMP) had a greater sensitivity (87.5%) than the
SAG1
-LAMP (80%),
B1
-LAMP (80%), and nested PCR (62.5%). All the LAMP assays and nested PCR were 100% specific. This is the first report of a study which applied the LAMP method to diagnose toxoplasmosis from human blood samples. Due to its simplicity, sensitivity, and specificity, LAMP is suggested as an appropriate method for routine diagnosis of active toxoplasmosis in humans.
Ability of
Bacillus cereus
Group Strains To Cause Food Poisoning Varies According to Phylogenetic Affiliation (Groups I to VII) Rather than Species Affiliation
Authors: Guinebretière Marie-Hélène , Velge Philippe , Couvert Olivier , Carlin Frédéric , Debuyser Marie-Laure , Nguyen-The Christophe 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Cytotoxic activity levels of culture filtrates and toxin distributions varied according to the phylogenetic group (I to VII) within the
B
acillus
cereus
group, suggesting that these groups are of different clinical significance and are more suitable than species affiliations for determining food poisoning risk. A first-line, simple online tool (https://
www.tools.symprevius.org/Bcereus/english.php
) to assign strains to the different phylogenetic groups is presented.
The Viral Replication Complex Is Associated with the Virulence of Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Dortmans J. C. F. M. , Rottier P. J. M. , Koch G. , Peeters B. P. H. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus ([NDV] also known as avian paramyxovirus type 1) can be discriminated from low-virulence strains by the presence of multiple basic amino acid residues at the proteolytic cleavage site of the fusion (F) protein. However, some NDV variants isolated from pigeons (pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 [PPMV-1]) have low levels of virulence, despite the fact that their F protein cleavage sites contain a multibasic amino acid sequence and have the same functionality as that of virulent strains. To determine the molecular basis of this discrepancy, we examined the role of the internal proteins in NDV virulence. Using reverse genetics, the genes encoding the nucleoprotein (NP), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), and large polymerase protein (L) were exchanged between the nonvirulent PPMV-1 strain AV324 and the highly virulent NDV strain Herts. Recombinant viruses were evaluated for their pathogenicities and replication levels in day-old chickens, and viral genome replication and plaque sizes were examined in cell culture monolayers. We also tested the contributions of the individual NP, P, and L proteins to the activity of the viral replication complex in an
in vitro
replication assay. The results showed that the replication proteins of Herts are more active than those of AV324 and that the activity of the viral replication complex is directly related to virulence. Although the M protein affected viral replication
in vitro
, it had only a minor effect on virulence.
Viral Mutation Rates
Authors: Sanjuán Rafael , Nebot Miguel R. , Chirico Nicola , Mansky Louis M. , Belshaw Robert 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Accurate estimates of virus mutation rates are important to understand the evolution of the viruses and to combat them. However, methods of estimation are varied and often complex. Here, we critically review over 40 original studies and establish criteria to facilitate comparative analyses. The mutation rates of 23 viruses are presented as substitutions per nucleotide per cell infection (s/n/c) and corrected for selection bias where necessary, using a new statistical method. The resulting rates range from 10
−8
to10
−6
s/n/c for DNA viruses and from 10
−6
to 10
−4
s/n/c for RNA viruses. Similar to what has been shown previously for DNA viruses, there appears to be a negative correlation between mutation rate and genome size among RNA viruses, but this result requires further experimental testing. Contrary to some suggestions, the mutation rate of retroviruses is not lower than that of other RNA viruses. We also show that nucleotide substitutions are on average four times more common than insertions/deletions (indels). Finally, we provide estimates of the mutation rate per nucleotide per strand copying, which tends to be lower than that per cell infection because some viruses undergo several rounds of copying per cell, particularly double-stranded DNA viruses. A regularly updated virus mutation rate data set will be available at
www.uv.es/rsanjuan/virmut
.