bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of alternative food on cannibalism and herbivore suppression by carabid larvae
Authors: FRANK STEVEN D. , SHREWSBURY PAULA M. , DENNO ROBERT F. 
Published: January 2010

1. Predator and alternative food density are important factors influencing herbivore suppression by generalist predators. Herbivore suppression can be reduced if predators forage preferentially on alternative foods. Cannibalism can increase at high predator densities, further reducing herbivore suppression. However, complex interactions are possible, as alternative food can increase predator abundance and survival restoring top‐down effects on herbivores.2. In two species of carabid larvae (Poecilus chalcites and Anisodactylus ovularis), we studied how alternative foods (fly pupae and grass seeds) and predator density affect predation of black cutworm larvae and how alternative foods affect cannibalism among carabid larvae.3. Adding alternative food to microcosms generally reduced total predation of cutworms. However, the strength of this effect was dependent on carabid species, larval density, and food type.4. Increasing larval density from one to three per microcosm reduced per‐capita predation by both species irrespective of alternative food treatment.5. Alternative food reduced cannibalism in both carabid species and increased survival of carabid larvae in field plots, such that twice as many were captured in plots subsidised with pupae than plots with no alternative food.6. These results provide new insight into the complex interactions that influence predator survival and herbivore suppression in resource diverse habitats by demonstrating the primacy of intraguild interactions among carabid larvae.
Mutual mate choice by mountain pine beetles: size‐dependence but not size‐assortative mating
Authors: REID MARY L. , BARUCH ORIT 
Published: January 2010

1. Mutual mate choice may be rare, occurring when both sexes invest heavily in reproduction, mating opportunities are abundant, and individuals differ in quality.2. Mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) appear to meet the conditions for mutual mate choice. We introduced males to females in breeding sites and observed the occurrence and speed of a male entering a female's gallery. We tested for consequences of mutual mate choice, namely condition‐dependent choosiness and assortative mating.3. Males were more likely to enter a female's gallery when the gallery was in a smaller tree with less resin production and when the gallery was larger. Female body size and condition did not influence the probability of entry. Larger males were less likely to enter a gallery than were smaller males, probably because of size‐dependent choosiness rather than physical limitations.4. Small males took longer to enter galleries of large females than of small females, whereas large males entered as quickly into galleries of large females as small females. This suggests size‐dependent choosiness by females.5. No assortative mating by body size was detected, probably because males appeared to choose on the basis of female‐associated resources rather than on female traits.
Intra‐specific host preference for Littoraria filosa by the dipteran parasitoid Sarcophaga megafilosia: the consequences of attacking individuals outside the preferred size range
Authors: MCKILLUP STEPHEN C. , MCKILLUP RUTH V. 
Published: January 2010

1. The marine snail, Littoraria filosa, lives on the leaves and trunks of mangroves. Populations of L. filosa are annual when its dipteran parasitoid Sarcophaga megafilosia is present, but perennial in its absence.2. The size distribution of naturally occurring parasitised L. filosa suggests S. megafilosia has a distinct preference for snails with shells ≥ 10 mm long but, paradoxically, most individuals ≥ 18 mm long disappear from annual populations in late spring/early summer without appearing in the parasitised cohort.3. When S. megafilosia was offered an unrestricted size range of L. filosa, only individuals >10 mm long were attacked and those from 19 to 20 mm long were preferred.4. In no‐choice experiments, L. filosa <10 mm long were parasitised but pupation did not occur. For L. filosa >23 mm long, most attacked snails succeeded in ejecting the parasitoid larva but often lost their grip on the wall or ceiling of the cage and fell. Littoraria filosa is unlikely to survive such dislodgement from mangrove trees.5. These results can explain the different size distributions of live and parasitised snails in the field, including the disappearance of large snails that do not subsequently appear in the parasitised cohort. However, this does not explain the preference by S. megafilosia for L. filosa around 19–20 mm for which more than 50% of attacks failed. This preference may be also determined by increased parasitoid fecundity and longevity as snail size increases.6. If small differences in host size affect parasitoid fitness, it may help explain why attempts at biological control using known parasitoids of an exotic species are often ineffective or unsuccessful.
Host genotype affects the relative success of competing lines of aphid parasitoids under superparasitism
Authors: VORBURGER CHRISTOPH , EUGSTER BETTINA , VILLIGER JÖRG , WIMMER CORINNE 
Published: January 2010

1. In solitary parasitoids, only one individual can complete development in a given host. Therefore, solitary parasitoids tend to prefer unparasitised hosts for oviposition, yet under high parasitoid densities, superparasitism is frequent and results in fierce competition for the host's limited resources. This may lead to selection for the best intra‐host competitors.2. Increased intra‐host competitive ability may evolve under a high risk of superparasitism if this trait exhibits genetic variation, and if competitive differences among parasitoid genotypes are consistent across environments, e.g. different host genotypes.3. These assumptions were addressed in the aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) and its main host, the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae (Scopoli) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Three parthenogenetic lines of L. fabarum were allowed to parasitise three aphid clones singly and in all pairwise combinations (superparasitism). The winning parasitoid in superparasitised aphids was determined by microsatellite analysis.4. The proportions of singly parasitised aphids that were mummified were similar for the three parasitoid lines and did not differ significantly among host clones.5. Under superparasitism, significant biases in favour of one parasitoid line were observed for some combinations, indicating that there is genetic variation for intra‐host competitive ability. However, the outcome of superparasitism was inconsistent across aphid clones and thus influenced significantly by the host clone in which parasitoids competed.6. Overall, this study shows that the fitness of aphid parasitoids under superparasitism is determined by complex interactions with competitors as well as hosts, possibly hampering the evolution of improved intra‐host competitive ability.
Site selection and resource depletion in black‐tailed godwits Limosa l. limosa eating rice during northward migration
Authors: Lourenço Pedro M. , Mandema Freek S. , Hooijmeijer Jos C.E.W. , Granadeiro José P. , Piersma Theunis 
Published: January 2010

Summary 1. During migratory stopovers, animals are under strong time stress and need to maximize intake rates. We examine how foragers react to resource depletion by studying the foraging ecology and foraging site selection of black‐tailed godwits Limosa l. limosa staging in rice fields during their northward migration stopover (January–March 2007). 2. We analysed godwit abundance and foraging behaviour, sampled the availability of rice in the fields and used the functional response model to predict the giving‐up density (GUD) of rice kernels when godwits should give up a rice field. Sightings of individually colour‐marked birds were used to verify whether individuals moving between rice fields confirmed the predicted GUD. 3. Black‐tailed godwit intake rates at different rice densities fitted Holling’s functional response curve. The predicted GUD of rice necessary to balance allometric estimates of daily energy expenditure (DEE) and measured time budgets were confirmed by GUD measured in the field. 4. Individually marked birds moved towards rice fields with higher rather than lower rice densities more often than randomly expected. These birds increased the measured intake rates after this move. 5. Godwit foraging caused a decrease in the rice density of individual fields during the stopover period. Despite this, overall intake rates remained constant as godwits reacted to resource depletion by moving to a new foraging site as soon as their intake rate falls below the required levels to achieve DEE.
Analysis of learners' navigational behaviour and their learning styles in an online course
Authors: Graf S. , Liu T.‐C. , Kinshuk  
Published: January 2010

AbstractProviding adaptive features and personalized support by considering students' learning styles in computer‐assisted learning systems has high potential in making learning easier for students in terms of reducing their efforts or increasing their performance. In this study, the navigational behaviour of students in an online course within a learning management system was investigated, looking at how students with different learning styles prefer to use and learn in such a course. As a result, several differences in the students' navigation patterns were identified. These findings have several implications for improving adaptivity. First, they showed that students with different learning styles use different strategies to learn and navigate through the course, which can be seen as another argument for providing adaptivity. Second, the findings provided information for extending the adaptive functionality in typical learning management systems. Third, the information about differences in navigational behaviour can contribute towards automatic detection of learning styles, helping in making student modeling approaches more accurate.
Fracture behaviour of cracked carbon nanotube‐based polymer composites: Experiments and finite element simulations
Authors: KURONUMA Y. , SHINDO Y. , TAKEDA T. , NARITA F. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the fracture behaviour of cracked carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based polymer composites by a combined numerical–experimental approach. Tensile tests were conducted on single‐edge cracked plate specimens of CNT/polycarbonate composites at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K), and the critical loads for fracture instabilities were determined. Elastic–plastic finite element simulations of the tests were then performed to evaluate the J‐integrals corresponding to the experimentally determined critical loads. Scanning electron microscopy examinations were also made on the specimen fracture surfaces, and the fracture mechanisms of the CNT‐based composites were discussed.
Bone mineral content and prostate cancer risk: data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
Authors: Loeb Stacy , Carter H. Ballentine , Schaeffer Edward M. , Ling Shari M. , Kettermann Anna , Ferrucci Luigi , Metter E. Jeffrey 
Published: January 2010

Study Type – Aetiology (inception cohort) Level of Evidence 2bOBJECTIVETo determine whether there might be differences in bone mineral content (BMC) between men who develop life‐threatening prostate cancer and those who do not, as bone is a common site of prostate cancer metastases.SUBJECTS AND METHODSFrom 1973 to 1984, BMC was serially measured in 519 participants (778 observations) as part of a longitudinal study of ageing. We examined the association between serial BMC measurements with the development of overall and high‐risk prostate cancer over the next one to three decades. For all prostate cancer cases, BMC was censored at the time of diagnosis.RESULTSDuring a median (range) overall follow‐up of 21.1 (0.2–35.0) years after the last BMC measurement, 76 (14.6%) men were later diagnosed with prostate cancer (18 high‐risk and 58 not high‐risk). BMC declined with age to a greater extent in healthy controls than among men diagnosed with prostate cancer (P = 0.018, likelihood ratio test), and tended to decline less in high‐risk than non‐high‐risk cases.CONCLUSIONThe distribution of BMC was significantly different between men who did and did not develop prostate cancer, over an extended follow‐up. Specifically, BMC appeared to decline to a greater extent with age among healthy controls than in men with prostate cancer, especially high‐risk disease. The biology underlying the lesser decline in BMC among men with prostate cancer remains unclear, but suggests that host factors in the bony milieu might be associated with prostate cancer development and progression.
Laparoscopic vs open retropubic intrafascial nerve‐sparing radical prostatectomy: surgical and functional outcomes in 300 patients
Authors: Greco Francesco , Wagner Sigrid , Hoda M. Raschid , Kawan Felix , Inferrera Antonino , Lupo Antonio , Reichelt Olaf , Jurczok Andreas , Hamza Amir , Fornara Paolo 
Published: January 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo evaluate the surgical and functional outcomes in nerve‐sparing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (nsLRP) and retropubic nsRP (nsRRP).PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween January 2005 and November 2007, 150 nsLRP and 150 nsRRP were performed at our clinic. Demographic data, variables before and after surgery, and outcomes, were compared.RESULTSThe operative duration was 165 min for nsLRP and 120 min for nsRRP. Although the nsLRP group had a lower frequency of positive margins, the difference was not statistically significant. At 1 year after surgery, complete continence was reported in 97% of patients who had nsLRP and in 91% who had nsRRP (P= 0.03). At that time, 66% of patients in the nsLRP and 51% in the nsRRP group reported being able to engage in sexual intercourse (P < 0.05). There were no statistical differences in surgical trauma in both groups.CONCLUSIONOur study showed that nsLRP performed by expert surgeons results in better functional outcomes for continence and potency than for nsRRP. There was no significant difference between the surgical techniques in surgical trauma.
Environmental factors covary with plant diversity–productivity relationships among Chinese grassland sites
Authors: Ma Wenhong , He Jin‐Sheng , Yang Yuanhe , Wang Xiangping , Liang Cunzhu , Anwar Mohammat , Zeng Hui , Fang Jingyun , Schmid Bernhard 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTAim Our objective was to document the general relationship between plant species richness (SR) and above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP) at different spatial scales and the environmental influence on this relationship.Location Temperate and alpine grasslands of China.Methods We investigated SR and ANPP at 321 field sites (1355 plots) across the widely distributed temperate and alpine grasslands of China. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions were used to test SR–ANPP relationships among site means. Plot‐level data of SR and ANPP were analysed with general linear models (GLMs) and the correlation between SR and ANPP was decomposed into covariance components to test the influence of climatic variables, region, vegetation type and remaining variation among sites on SR, ANPP and their relationship.Results We found positive linear relationships between SR and ANPP among sites in both the alpine and temperate grassland regions and in different grassland vegetation types of these biomes. Environmental gradients such as growing‐season precipitation affected both SR and ANPP in parallel. However, after removing the among‐site environmental variation, residual SR and ANPP were no longer correlated at the pooled within‐site level.Main conclusions The positive SR–ANPP relationship across large‐scale environmental gradients among sites was most likely the result of climatic variables influencing SR and ANPP in parallel. Our results suggest that in China's natural grasslands there is no direct relationship between SR and ANPP, presumably because the pool of available species for local community assembly is large, in contrast to experiments where species pools are artificially reduced.
Union absorptions in times of restructuring: the importance of attitude towards merger in predicting post‐merger attachment levels
Authors: Baraldi Stephan , Sverke Magnus , Chaison Gary 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTUnions frequently restructure through merger, most often in the form of absorptions involving one bigger union absorbing a smaller one. However, the individual‐level effects of merger resulting in big amorphous organisations remain unclear. In this article, we highlight the role of the individual member in union absorptions, and investigate the relative importance of being a member of a large absorbing union or a small absorbed union, as well as the attitude of members towards merger in predicting post‐merger member attachment. The results from longitudinal data before and after absorption showed that members' attitude towards merger significantly predicted the members' attachment levels after absorption—this was, however, not the case for union commitment. We also uncovered a significant interaction indicating that the effect of members' attitude towards merger was more strongly related to perceptions of union support and instrumentality among members of the absorbed union.
The Breadth of Glory: A Trinitarian Eschatology for the Earth through Critical Engagement with Hans Urs von Balthasar
Authors: DEANE‐DRUMMOND CELIA 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article asks to what extent non‐human creatures might share in eschatological promises of wonder in the mode of glory understood in a trinitarian perspective. Widening Hans Urs von Balthasar's notion of theodrama raises important theological questions about the meaning and significance of creation. Balthasar portrays creation as imago Trinitatis. I argue that the way he envisages trinitarian notions of difference, sexuality and freedom is anthropocentric and androcentric, straining his analogy of being between creator and created. I propose a more qualified trinitarian eschatology that is more modest in its epistemological claims, but more inclusive in relation to creaturely beings.
Trinity and Creation
Authors: WEBSTER JOHN 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA theology of creation requires clarity about trinitarian doctrine, especially the relation of the one divine essence to the three persons, the distinction between immanent and transitive acts, and the indivisibility of God's outer works. The triune God is one undivided essence in an irreducible threefold personal modification. The persons of the godhead are distinguished from each other by mutual relations and by each person's proper characteristics; these relations constitute God's immanent perfection anterior to creation. The work of creation is a non‐necessary, novel and voluntary work of the Trinity. As an outer work it demonstrates God's unity: the work of creation is not divisible into three distinct actions. But distinct and eminent appropriation of specific acts to specific persons is permissible if each person is understood as a mode of the one divine essence. Creation is thus a common work of the undivided three‐in‐one; there are not three creators, but three who create.
Trinity and Church: Trinitarian Perspectives on the Identity of the Christian Community
Authors: SAROT MARCEL 
Published: January 2010

AbstractStarting from practical problems with praying and living a Christian life, the author argues that God's relationship with the Christian community has primacy over God's relationship with individual believers. When we conceive of the Christian community as being the body of Christ, we can uphold the high Christian ideals of prayer and living a Christian life without making them unattainable: these ideals are ideals for the community rather than for individual persons within the community. Next, the author argues that being the body of Christ is given to the Christian community not as a possession but as a task to fulfil through the power of the Holy Spirit. Finally, he shows how, in becoming the body of Christ through the Spirit, the Christian community is drawn up into the trinitarian community. He concludes that the identity of the Christian church cannot be fully understood apart from the Trinity.
Magnetic resonance imaging performed on a hydrated mummy of medieval Korea
Authors: Shin Dong Hoon , Lee In Sun , Kim Myeung Ju , Oh Chang Seok , Park Jun Bum , Bok Gi Dae , Yoo Dong Soo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPrevious investigations have shown that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be employed as an efficient non‐invasive diagnostic tool in studies on Egyptian mummies. MRI, moreover, because it produces especially clear images of well‐hydrated tissue, could be a particularly effective diagnostic option for mummies that still retain humidity within tissues or organs. Therefore, in the present study, we tested MRI on a 17th century mummy, one of the most perfectly preserved ‘hydrated mummies’ ever found in Korea, in order to determine the quality of images that could be obtained. We found that the diagnostic value of an MRI scan of the hydrated mummy was not inferior to that of a computed tomography scan. The T1‐ and T2‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR) signals showed unique patterns not easily obtained by computed tomography, the resultant MR images revealing the organ specificities clearly. Overall, the quality of the MR images from the hydrated mummy was superb and the scientific value of MRI in the study of hydrated mummies should not be underestimated.
Using a Hierarchical Model to Estimate Risk‐Adjusted Mortality for Hospitals Not Included in the Reference Sample
Authors: Clark David E. , Hannan Edward L. , Raudenbush Stephen W. 
Published: January 2010

Objective. To provide a method for any hospital to evaluate patient mortality using a hierarchical risk‐adjustment equation derived from a reference sample.Data Source. American College of Surgeons National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB).Study Design. Hierarchical logistic regression models predicting mortality were estimated from NTDB data. Risk‐adjusted hospital effects obtained directly from models using standard software were compared with approximations derived from a summary equation and data from each individual hospital.Principal Findings. Theoretical approximations were similar to results using standard software.Conclusions. To allow independent verification, agencies using reference databases for hospital mortality “report cards” should publish their risk‐adjustment equations. Similar hospitals not in the reference database may also use the published equations along with the approximations described to evaluate their own outcomes using their own data.