bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Energy Fluxes in Built-Up Downtown Areas and Variations across the Urban Area, for Use in Dispersion Models
Authors: Hanna Steven , Marciotto Edson , Britter Rex 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSurface energy fluxes, at averaging times from 10 min to 1 h, are needed as inputs to most state-of-the-art dispersion models. The sensible heat flux is a major priority, because it is combined with the momentum flux to estimate the stability, the wind profile, and the turbulence intensities. Because of recent concerns about dispersion in built-up downtown areas of large cities, there is a need to estimate sensible heat flux in the midst of tall buildings. In this paper, the authors work with some high-quality and relevant but arguably underutilized data. The results of analysis of urban heat flux components from 10 locations in suburban and built-up downtown areas in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, during the Joint Urban 2003 (JU2003) field experiment are presented here. At street level in the downtown area, in the midst of tall skyscrapers, the ground heat flux and the sensible heat flux are relatively large and the latent heat flux is relatively small when compared with concurrent fluxes observed in the upwind suburban areas. In confirmation of measurements in other cities, the sensible heat flux in the downtown area is observed to be slightly positive (10–20 W m−2) at night, indicating nearly neutral or slightly unstable conditions. Also in agreement with observations in other cities is that the ground heat flux in the downtown area has a magnitude that is 3 or 4 times that in suburban or rural areas. These results should permit improved parameterizations of sensible heat fluxes in the urban downtown area with tall buildings.
Spatial Patterns of Modeled Climate Feedback and Contributions to Temperature Response and Polar Amplification
Authors: Crook Julia A. , Forster Piers M. , Stuber Nicola 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Spatial patterns of local climate feedback and equilibrium partial temperature responses are produced from eight general circulation models with slab oceans forced by doubling carbon dioxide (CO2). The analysis is extended to other forcing mechanisms with the Met Office Hadley Centre slab ocean climate model version 3 (HadSM3). In agreement with previous studies, the greatest intermodel differences are in the tropical cloud feedbacks. However, the greatest intermodel spread in the equilibrium temperature response comes from the water vapor plus lapse rate feedback, not clouds, disagreeing with a previous study. Although the surface albedo feedback contributes most in the annual mean to the greater warming of high latitudes, compared to the tropics (polar amplification), its effect is significantly ameliorated by shortwave cloud feedback. In different seasons the relative importance of the contributions varies considerably, with longwave cloudy-sky feedback and horizontal heat transport plus ocean heat release playing a major role during winter and autumn when polar amplification is greatest. The greatest intermodel spread in annual mean polar amplification is due to variations in horizontal heat transport and shortwave cloud feedback. Spatial patterns of local climate feedback for HadSM3 forced with 2 × CO2, +2% solar, low-level scattering aerosol and high-level absorbing aerosol are more similar than those for different models forced with 2 × CO2. However, the equilibrium temperature response to high-level absorbing aerosol shows considerably enhanced polar amplification compared to the other forcing mechanisms, largely due to differences in horizontal heat transport and water vapor plus lapse rate feedback, with the forcing itself acting to reduce amplification. Such variations in high-latitude response between models and forcing mechanisms make it difficult to infer specific causes of recent Arctic temperature change.
Keeping the Faith: The Ambivalent Commitments of Friedrich Engels
Authors: Boer Roland 
Published: March 2011

The importance of the early religious commitment of Friedrich Engels, who had such an ambiguous effect on world history, is often recognised but rarely analysed. This article offers a critical treatment of the formative religious experience of the young Engels. His was a (Calvinist) Reformed upbringing and the faith he inherited was taken up with a zeal and exuberance he would later transfer to communism. In the early part of the article, this exuberance is balanced with Engels’s increasing frustrations with the narrow piety of his home town in Wuppertal, a frustration enhanced by his increasing engagement with critical biblical analysis in Germany at the time. The second half of the study deals with two features that would stay with Engels: his sense of the political ambivalence of Christianity, torn between reaction and revolution (as he saw it embodied in his formidable minister, F. W. Krummacher); and his intimate knowledge of the Bible, which would lead to a life-long practice of citing biblical passages at will. In the end, Engels may have lost his Christian faith, but he could not evict Christianity from his life and thought, returning to it again and again to explore its revolutionary potential. L’influence exercée par Friedrich Engels sur l’histoire mondiale demeure ambiguë. Souvent reconnues par les chercheurs, les convictions religieuses du jeune Engels ont rarement été analysées. Cet article offre un regard critique sur l’expérience religieuse du jeune Engels. À la longue, il transformera en communisme la foi calviniste dans laquelle il a été formé, une foi qu’il a assumée avec zèle et exubérance. Dans la première partie de l’article, nous verrons que cette exubérance a été freinée par ses frustrations grandissantes devant la piété étroite de sa ville natale, Wuppertal; des frustrations exacerbées par son engagement avec la nouvelle critique biblique allemande. La suite de l’article traite de deux aspects qu’Engels retient tout au long de sa vie: la conviction que le christianisme (tel qu’il le voyait incarné chez son redoutable curé, F. W. Krummacher) était politiquement ambivalent, divisé entre réaction et révolution; et sa connaissance intime de la Bible, qui lui a permis tout au long de sa vie de citer des passages bibliques à volonté. Même si, à la longue, Engels a perdu sa foi chrétienne, il n’arrivait pas à évincer de sa vie et de sa pensée le christianisme et il y est retourné incessamment dans le but d’en exploiter le potentiel révolutionnaire.
Do Declining Private Insurance Coverage Rates Influence Pediatric Hospital Charging Practices?
Authors: Hains David S. , Reagan Patricia B. , Smoyer William E. 
Published: March 2011

Objective: To analyze trends in primary payer composition for pediatric hospitalizations and insurance coverage rates from 2000 to 2006 and possible effects on hospital charging practices. Design: We documented national trends in hospital charge-to-cost ratios and primary payer mixes for pediatric discharges from 2000 to 2006 using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Kid’s Inpatient Database (KID). We then performed regression analyses at the hospital level to analyze associations between pediatric insurance coverage rates and hospital charge-to-cost ratios. Results: We found pediatric inpatient charge-to-cost ratios increased dramatically during study period. Charge-to-cost ratios were higher for hospitals located in states with either higher uninsurance rates or a public-private coverage mix that was skewed towards public coverage. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of both important changes in pediatric health insurance distribution in the United States and hospital charging practices.
Diabetes Educators in Safety-Net Practices
Authors: Kahn Linda S. , Glaser Kathryn , Fox Chester H. , Patterson Adam 
Published: March 2011

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the issues and challenges faced by certified diabetes educator (CDE) trainees in providing diabetes self-management education to patients in safety-net practices. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with CDE trainees and a CDE mentor in 2 primary care practices. Transcripts were analyzed using a content-driven immersioncrystallization approach to identify major themes. Results Four major themes emerged from the qualitative interview data: (1) patient recruitment approaches, (2) patient barriers to attending diabetes education classes, (3) teaching challenges, and (4) CDE integration into the practices. Conclusions This study underscores the need for diabetes educators and other health education professionals to be creative and flexible in delivering self-management education to patients in underserved settings. The complexity of diabetes care and the self-care responsibilities placed on the patient reinforce the need for a team approach such as that proposed in the medical home model and should include certified diabetes educators.
Luhmann’s system theory in social work: Criticism and reflections
Authors: Kihlström Anita 
Published: March 2011

• Summary: In this article Luhmann’s functionalist systems theory is examined and its relevance to social work questioned. What does the theory focus on? How does it understand the individual? What kind of communication does it involve? The answers draw on the theory of communicative action and the Swedish welfare model. • Findings: When using Luhmann’s systems theory social work will be reduced to an instrumental process. It implies that neither ethical nor moral arguments from outside will be able to influence the work. However, a citizen-oriented social service has to be attentive to the difficulties confronting individuals in their daily life. But, the communication model used in this theory limits the role of the individual by reducing mutual dialogues to one-sided information, supported by codes. This attitude is in opposition to demands for recognition and social support. Thus, Luhmann’s systems theory needs to be carefully considered when used in modern social work. • Applications: The analysis will increase and update the knowledge of some limitations with Luhmann’s functionalist systems theory used in social work
Measuring social workers’ judgements: Why and how to use the factorial survey approach in the study of professional judgements
Authors: Wallander Lisa 
Published: March 2011

• Summary: The factorial survey approach, which was first introduced in the social sciences around the beginning of the 1980s, constitutes an advanced method for measuring human judgements of people or social situations. At the general level, this quasi-experimental approach involves presenting respondents with vignettes (fictive descriptions), in which selected characteristics describing the vignette ‘person’ or ‘situation’ are simultaneously manipulated. The aim of this article is to present a conceptual and an analytical framework for factorial survey studies of professional judgements in social work. • Findings: In the first part of the article, I develop and discuss the proposition that this approach may be used in order to study the contents of professional judgements about the diagnosis and treatment of clients. The ‘contents’ is discussed in terms of knowledge assumptions that practitioners explicitly and tacitly use as a basis for their professional judgements. Second, I outline a strategy for modelling social workers’ judgements. This modelling strategy proceeds from the possibilities afforded by multilevel regression analysis. • Applications: Findings from analyses of factorial survey data may reveal both professional agreement and disagreement in practitioners’ judgements. While results that reveal high levels of disagreement in judgements about what constitutes a particular diagnosis or about which intervention is the most suitable for a particular client may raise questions as regards the ‘professionalism’ of practitioners’ judgements, results that reveal professional agreement in diagnostic and treatment assumptions may be transformed into hypotheses that can be tested further in research.
Social work as a practice of freedom
Authors: Hyslop Ian 
Published: March 2011

• Summary: In the second decade of the 21st century, the development of social work is of vital moment. For the past 30 years the social space within which social workers practise has been reduced via the managerial technologies of the neoliberal era. At a time when the parameters of practice are increasingly constrained it is incumbent upon us to critically reconsider the notion that social work is aligned with social justice and human emancipation. In order to champion the voice of social work it is first necessary to examine what it is that this voice has to say: to reflect upon the possibilities intrinsic to social work. • Findings: The following discussion examines the emergence of social work as a child of modernity and the heritage of the Enlightenment. It is contended that the development of social work has mirrored contradictions inherent to modernity. It is argued that social work is characterized by a particular interstitial positioning that offers a unique experience of these contradictions. The conflicted nature of practice can generate resilient action for both workers and clients, and potentially facilitates processes of resistance and change, individually and socio-politically. • Applications: An appreciation of the epistemic possibilities of social work may help inform a commitment to emancipatory practice. Recognition of the unique vision that social work has to offer represents the unrealized potential of the social work project. The development of effective organization and advocacy to this end remains the challenge for theory, practice, and education in the coming decade.
Concussions Involving 7 or More Days Out in the National Football League
Authors: Casson Ira R. , Viano David C. , Powell John W. , Pellman Elliot J. 
Published: March 2011

Background: Positions, signs, symptoms, and medical management of National Football League players with concussions involving 7 or more days out (7+) from play were compared for two 6-year study periods (2002-2007 vs 1996-2001). Hypothesis: More players were held out 7+ days in the 2002-2007 period without significant difference in concussion signs and symptoms. Study Design: Cohort. Methods: From 1996 through 2007, National Football League team physicians reported concussion signs and symptoms, medical action taken, and follow-up management. Results: During the 2002-2007 period, 143 (16.7%) and 33 (3.86%) concussed players were out 7+ days and 21+ days, respectively, compared with 73 (8.2%) and 7 (0.79%) in the 1996-2001 period, a significant difference ( z = 5.39, P < .01). The positions with the highest fraction of 7+ days out were the quarterback (24.5% vs 16.1%), linebacker (19.7% vs 4.6%), and wide receiver (19.5% vs 8.2%) in the later versus earlier period. The player positions with the highest odds for being out 7+ days were quarterback (odds ratio = 1.80 vs 4.02), linebacker (odds ratio = 1.28 vs 0.65), and wide receiver (odds ratio = 1.25 vs 1.15). The highest incidence of 7+ days out occurred after passing plays (32.2% vs 37.0%), followed by kickoffs (18.9% vs 21.9%). The majority of players with 7+ days out were removed from the game on the day of injury (74.8% vs 72.6%); a smaller fraction were returned to play on the day of injury in the later 6 years (3.5% vs 6.8%). Conclusions: The positions with the highest odds for being out 7+ days with concussion were quarterbacks, linebackers, and wide receivers. In the more recent 6-year period, more players were managed conservatively by being held out 7+ days, even though the signs and symptoms of their concussions were similar to those in the earlier period.
Asthma Diagnosis, Knowledge and Awareness among Recreational Endurance Athletes
Authors: Shendell Derek G. , Alexander Melannie S. , Lorentzson Lauren , Kelly Sarah W. , Zimmerman Ralph (Chip) D. , Goodfellow Lynda T. 
Published: March 2011

Objective: Limited research exists on recreational-level competitors regarding asthma and/or comorbidity. The present purpose was to conduct a study in conjunction with the 2008 ING Georgia Marathon and Half-Marathon in Atlanta. Methods: The authors conducted an online secure survey in winter 2008 using PsychData, using previously validated questions from other research and national surveys. Data were summarized from participating recreational athletes on sociodemographic attributes; training locations; participant and family member diagnosis of asthma; and participant knowledge and awareness of signs, symptoms, and management. Results: There were 1151 participants (99.4%) who provided informed consent and then answered the survey (more than 10% of initially registered athletes); 7 athletes (0.6%) did not consent. There were complete data for 1138 participants (98%). Most participants were women (56.2%), white (88.2%), and of a relatively higher socioeconomic status than the general population. Most participants (96.2%) were running either a full marathon (29.8%) or half-marathon (66.4%), as opposed to walking or participating as a wheelchair athlete. About 1 in 8 participants (12.1%) reported physician-diagnosed asthma. Clinically, whereas 84.6% correctly knew that an asthma action plan can prevent hospitalizations due to asthma, only 18% reported that they had such a plan. Moreover, only 24.8% had ever been asked to demonstrate medication use (controller and/or rescue inhaler), and only 2 people performed daily peak flow measurements. Conclusions: In a study of physically active white adults of higher socioeconomic status, 12.1% reported asthma. As such, this study identified the need for potential improvements in asthma management via written asthma action plans and demonstration of peak flow monitoring and medication use.
Single-cell phospho-specific flow cytometric analysis demonstrates biochemical and functional heterogeneity in human hematopoietic stem and progenitor compartments
Authors: Gibbs Kenneth D. , Gilbert Penney M. , Sachs Karen , Zhao Feifei , Blau Helen M. , Weissman Irving L. , Nolan Garry P. , Majeti Ravindra 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The low frequency of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in human BM has precluded analysis of the direct biochemical effects elicited by cytokines in these populations, and their functional consequences. Here, single-cell phospho-specific flow cytometry was used to define the signaling networks active in 5 previously defined human HSPC subsets. This analysis revealed that the currently defined HSC compartment is composed of biochemically distinct subsets with the ability to respond rapidly and directly in vitro to a broader array of cytokines than previously appreciated, including G-CSF. The G-CSF response was physiologically relevant—driving cell-cycle entry and increased proliferation in a subset of single cells within the HSC compartment. The heterogeneity in the single-cell signaling and proliferation responses prompted subfractionation of the adult BM HSC compartment by expression of CD114 (G-CSF receptor). Xenotransplantation assays revealed that HSC activity is significantly enriched in the CD114neg/lo compartment, and almost completely absent in the CD114pos subfraction. The single-cell analyses used here can be adapted for further refinement of HSPC surface immunophenotypes, and for examining the direct regulatory effects of other factors on the homeostasis of stem and progenitor populations in normal or diseased states.
Evolution of major milk proteins in Mus musculus and Mus spretus mouse species: a genoproteomic analysis
Authors: Boumahrou Nisrine , Bevilacqua Claudia , Beauvallet Christian , Miranda Guy , Andrei Sanda , Rebours Emmanuelle , Panthier Jean-Jacques , Bellier Sylvain , Martin Patrice 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundDue to their high level of genotypic and phenotypic variability,Mus spretusstrains were introduced in laboratories to investigate the genetic determinism of complex phenotypes including quantitative trait loci.Mus spretusdiverged fromMus musculusaround 2.5 million years ago and exhibits on average a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in every 100 base pairs when compared with any of the classical laboratory strains. A genoproteomic approach was used to assess polymorphism of the major milk proteins between SEG/Pas and C57BL/6J, two inbred strains of mice representative ofMus spretusandMus musculusspecies, respectively.ResultsThe milk protein concentration was dramatically reduced in the SEG/Pas strain by comparison with the C57BL/6J strain (34 ± 9 g/Lvs. 125 ± 12 g/L, respectively). Nine major proteins were identified in both milks using RP-HPLC, bi-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-Tof mass spectrometry. Two caseins (β and αs1) and the whey acidic protein (WAP), showed distinct chromatographic and electrophoresis behaviours. These differences were partly explained by the occurrence of amino acid substitutions and splicing variants revealed by cDNA sequencing. A total of 34 SNPs were identified in the coding and 3'untranslated regions of the SEG/PasCsn1s1(11),Csn2(7) andWap(8) genes. In addition, a 3 nucleotide deletion leading to the loss of a serine residue at position 93 was found in the SEG/PasWapgene.ConclusionSNP frequencies found in three milk protein-encoding genes betweenMus spretusandMus musculusis twice the values previously reported at the whole genome level. However, the protein structure and post-translational modifications seem not to be affected by SNPs characterized in our study. Splicing mechanisms (cryptic splice site usage, exon skipping, error-prone junction sequence), already identified in casein genes from other species, likely explain the existence of multiple αs1-casein isoforms both in SEG/Pas and C57BL/6J strains. Finally, we propose a possible mechanism by which the hallmark tandem duplication of a 18-nt exon (14 copies) may have occurred in the mouse genome.