bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental health promotion of Iranian university students: the effect of self‐esteem and health locus of control
Authors: MOSHKI M. , AMIRI M. , KHOSRAVAN S. 
Published: October 2011

Accessible summary
The students are exposed to various problems that particularly their mental health is much affected.
For promoting mental health in students, approaches could be strengthened through their empowerment and participation in group discussion.
To improve the self‐esteem and health locus of control predictors led to their mental health promotion among university students.
AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self‐esteem and health control belief on promoting students' mental health. In so doing, 144 students from two medical universities in the north‐east of Iran were recruited into study. They were pair‐matched and randomly assigned to case and control groups. The data were collected through Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire‐28, Multidimensional Health Locus of Control and Rosenberg's Self‐Esteem Scales. The results showed that there were significant differences between the groups before and after the intervention. The external components of health locus of control (chance and powerful others) showed a significant decrease but the internal health locus of control and self‐esteem revealed a significant increase after the intervention (P < 0.0001). Moreover, the students' mental health had a significant increase after 3 months of intervention (P < 0.0001). The findings emphasize that the programme can improve the health locus of control beliefs, self‐esteem and mental health promotion of the students. This will require additional monitoring and uninterrupted attempts to be effective.
Myelodysplastic syndrome in New Zealand and Australia
Authors: Rodger E. J. , Morison I. M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundMyelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), a haematological disorder of the elderly, has been formally classified as a neoplastic disease for 10 years.AimsOur aim was to collate national cancer registry incidence data to describe the epidemiology of MDS in New Zealand.MethodsThe New Zealand Cancer Registry has now reported five complete years of incidence data, the last three of which were used for analysis. For the years 2005–2007, age–sex specific and age‐standardised MDS incidence rates from New Zealand were compared with those from Australia. Age‐standardised incidence rates were calculated by the direct standardisation method and standardised rate ratios were compared at the 5, 1 and 0.1% levels.ResultsDiagnoses of MDS represented 1.3% of total cancer registrations in New Zealand and 1.0% in Australia. In both New Zealand and Australia, 86–87% of MDS cases were diagnosed in individuals ≥60 years of age, the incidence increased significantly with age, and males had a significantly higher age‐standardised incidence rate (P < 0.001) than females. The incidence rate for New Zealand males was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than Australian males. In both New Zealand males and females, the age‐standardised incidence rate of MDS was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than most other haematological neoplasms.ConclusionsIn New Zealand and Australia, MDS is a common haematological neoplasm. The marked difference between male and female incidence rates, especially with advancing age, may provide insights into the causes of this disease.
The Moral Problem of Risk Impositions: A Survey of the Literature
Authors: Hayenhjelm Madeleine , Wolff Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper surveys the current philosophical discussion of the ethics of risk imposition, placing it in the context of relevant work in psychology, economics and social theory. The central philosophical problem starts from the observation that it is not practically possible to assign people individual rights not to be exposed to risk, as virtually all activity imposes some risk on others. This is the ‘problem of paralysis’. However, the obvious alternative theory that exposure to risk is justified when its total benefits exceed its total costs faces the standard distributional challenges of consequentialism. Forms of contractualism have been proposed as a solution, but how exactly such theories can be formulated remains problematic, especially when confronted with the difficult cases of mass, novel, risk such as climate change.
Yamaguchi fox–pigeon imitation test (YFPIT) for dementia in clinical practice
Authors: YAMAGUCHI Haruyasu , TAKAHASHI Satoshi , KOSAKA Kenji , OKAMOTO Koichi , YAMAZAKI Tsuneo , IKEDA Masaki , OSAWA Makoto , AMARI Masakuni , HARIGAYA Yasuo , AWATA Shuichi , MAKI Yohko 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground:  In out‐patient clinics, having simple procedures to check for signs of dementia is invaluable. In the present study, we evaluated the imitation of hand gestures to detect visuomotor deficits in dementia in clinical practice.Methods:  In all, 1219 subjects were enrolled in the present study, including 497 with Alzheimer's disease (AD), 98 with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), 71 with other types of dementia diseases, 175 with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of 0.5, and 378 normal controls. All subjects were aged 65 years or older. Subjects were recruited from 10 clinics and two communities. Visuomotor function was evaluated by the Yamaguchi fox–pigeon imitation test (YFPIT), which consists of a simple one‐handed sign for ‘fox’ and a complex two‐handed sign for ‘pigeon’, a rapid, game‐like test with low psychological burden.Results:  The success rate (successful/total) for imitating the ‘pigeon’ hand gesture was reduced as the severity of the dementia increased: 85.7% in normal controls, 60.6% in CDR 0.5 (mild cognitive impairment), 39.2% in CDR 1 (mild dementia), 21.2% in CDR 2 (moderate dementia), and 5.7% in CDR 3 (severe dementia). The success rate for imitating the ‘pigeon’ hand gesture was higher in patients with DLB than AD within the CDR 1 group (51.2% vs 35.4%, respectively), but lower for patients with DLB than AD within the CDR 2 group (12.5% vs 24.4%, respectively). The success of imitating the hand gesture for ‘fox’ was similar for patients with AD and DLB. Of those subjects who failed to imitate the hand gesture for ‘pigeon’, 49.5% of those with AD showed the palm–palm pattern (both palms facing outward), suggesting deficits of perspective conversion from the first‐person to the third‐person. Conversely, 52.8% of patients with DLB showed a dorsum–dorsum pattern (both dorsa facing outwards), suggesting deterioration of visual attention and recognition.Conclusion:  In conclusion, the YFPIT is a useful test to detect visuomotor deficits in dementia that can differentiate between AD and DLB.
Pharmacotherapy and clinical characteristics of ultra‐high‐risk for psychosis according to conversion status: a naturalistic observational study
Authors: Kim Euitae , Jang Joon Hwan , Park Hye‐Yoon , Shim Geumsook , Hwang Jae Yeon , Kim Sung Nyun , Kwon Jun Soo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAim: To explore the differences in pharmacotherapy and clinical characteristics of individuals at ultra‐high‐risk (UHR) for psychosis according to the conversion status, we analyzed the data for UHR patients seen at the Seoul Youth Clinic.Methods: This was a naturalistic observational study. We obtained clinical data, including demographic data, presenting complaint, duration of psychiatric symptoms, diagnosis and scores on clinical rating scales from individual records in the Seoul Youth Clinic. Prescription data were obtained from electronic medical records.Results: As of April 1, 2010, a total of 78 people were registered as being UHR for psychosis in the Seoul Youth Clinic. Patients commonly presented with paranoid ideas and anxiety. On entry to the Seoul Youth Clinic, 81% of the UHR group were diagnosed as having psychiatric disorders according to DSM‐IV criteria. Of the 67 individuals who did not drop out of the Seoul Youth Clinic, 14 converted to psychosis. The mean time to conversion was 412 days post baseline examination. The mean duration of psychiatric symptoms before clinic presentation was shorter in the converter group than in the non‐converter group. There were no differences in baseline scores on clinical rating scales between the two groups. Antipsychotics were commonly prescribed for UHR patients in the Seoul Youth Clinic, with the converter group exposed to antipsychotics for a longer period and at higher doses than the non‐converter group.Conclusions: In a naturalistic setting, the different pattern of exposure to antipsychotics between the converter and non‐converter groups calls attention to the effects of antipsychotics on conversion to psychosis.
The Earliest Ascidiate Carpel and Its Implications for Angiosperm Evolution
Authors: WANG Xin , HAN Gang 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:According to the classic doctrine of angiosperm evolution, the archetype carpel in angiosperms is of plicate form. However, this concept is facing increasing challenges from the systematics based on molecular data, which now takes ascidiate carpel as ancestral. This reorientation in evolutionary thinking cannot be fully achieved unless there is supporting fossil evidence. Here a fruit, named Liaoningfructus, is reported from the famous Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, 125 Ma), which yielded several pioneer angiosperms in the past decades. The configuration of the fruit suggests that the carpel giving rise to the fruit is most likely ascidiate, favoring the above reorientation. There are two seeds in the fruit, and at least one of them is served by a vascular bundle arising from the bottom of the fruit, implying a basal placentation in the former carpel, which again is different from the classic thinking. This discovery not only enhances the diversity of angiosperms in the Yixian Formation, but also accelerates the on‐going switching of thinking on angiosperm evolution.
Molar Tooth Structure: a Contribution from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation, Tianjin City, North China
Authors: MEI Mingxiang , TUCKER Maurice E. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:Molar‐tooth (MT) structure is an enigmatic sedimentary structure consisting of variously‐shaped cracks and voids filled with a characteristically uniform, equant calcite microspar. It is globally distributed but temporally restricted to rocks from Neoarchean to Neoproterozoic age. The origin of MT structures has been debated for more than a century and the topic continues to be highly contentious. Some features of MT structure occurring in micritic limestones of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation (ca. 1500 Ma to ca. 1400 Ma), Jixian section, Tianjin City, North China show that: 1) there is a definite interface or lining, rich in organic material and pyrite, between the MT crack‐filling calcite microspar and the micritic host rock, which is also rich in organic matter; 2) the micritic host rocks are notable for the absence of stromatolites and microbial laminites; 3) distinctive conglomeratic lag deposits made up of intraclasts of MT microspar result from storm reworking of the MT structures; 4) the MT structure is associated with possible algal megafossils such as Chuaria; 5) the MT microspar is made up of the larger calcite crystal and the MT crack is marked by the diversity of configurations; 6) both the TOC content and the carbon‐isotopic value (δ13CPDB) among the host rock, the MT microspar and the possible algae fossil are obviously different. For the forming mechanism of the Gaoyuzhuang MT structure, these features can still indicate that: A) the MT microspar was formed by rapid precipitation and lithification; B) the MT microspar precipitated directly within the cracks; C) the decomposition of organic matter within the host micrite might be the chief mechanism producing gas bubbles; D) microscale gas‐sediment interaction led to the generation of the MT cracks and the precipitation of microspar therein; E) the MT cracks might represent the track of migration and expansion of gas bubbles, and that the recrystallization of host micrites cannot be eliminated during forming process of the MT microspar; F) the MT structure is occurred in early diagenetic period; and G) the formation of MT microspars is a complex diagenetic process. Therefore, model of the microbially‐induced gas‐bubble expansion and migration is the best interpretation for the formation of the MT structure. Effectively, MT structures are a type of sedimentary structure that is formed in the early diagenetic period and is related to microbial activities and organic matter degradation.
Fractal Characteristics of Coal Pores Based on Classic Geometry and Thermodynamics Models
Authors: CAI Yidong , LIU Dameng , YAO Yanbin , LI Junqian , LIU Junlai 
Published: October 2011

Abstract:To better understand the characteristics of coal pores and their influence on coal reservoirs, coal pores in eight main coalfields of North China were analyzed by mercury porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fractal characteristics of coal pores (size distribution and structure) were researched using two fractal models: classic geometry and thermodynamics. These two models establish the relationship between fractal dimensions and coal pores characteristics. New results include: (1) SEM imaging and fractal analysis show that coal reservoirs generally have very high heterogeneity; (2) coal pore structures have fractal characteristics and fractal dimensions characteristic of pore structures are controlled by the composition (e.g., ash, moisture, volatile component) and pore parameters (e.g., pore diameter, micro pores content) of coals; (3) the fractal dimensions (D1 and D2) of coal pores have good correlations with the heterogeneity of coal pore structures. Larger fractal dimensions correlate to higher heterogeneity of pore structures. The fractal dimensions (D1 and D2) have strong negative linear correlations with the sorted coefficient of coals (R2=0.719 and 0.639, respectively) that shows the heterogeneity of coal pores; (4) fractal dimension D1 and petrologic permeability of coals have a strong negative exponential correlation (R2=0.82). However, fractal dimension D2 and petrologic permeability of coals have no obvious correlation; and (5) the model of classic geometry is more accurate for fractal characterization of coal pores in coal reservoirs than that of thermodynamics by optimization.
Zero, one, or in between: evaluation of alternative national and entity‐level accounting for bioenergy
Authors: Bird David Neil , Pena Naomi , Frieden Dorian , Zanchi Giuliana 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAccounting for bioenergy's carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as done under the Kyoto Protocol (KP) and European Union (EU) Emissions Trading Scheme, fails to capture the full extent of these emissions. As a consequence, other approaches have been suggested. Both the EU and United States already use value‐chain approaches to determine emissions due to biofuels – an approach quite different from that of the KP. Further, both the EU and United States are engaged in consultation processes to determine how emissions connected with use of biomass for heat and power will be handled under regulatory systems. The United States is considering whether CO2 emissions from biomass should be handled like fossil fuels. In this context, this article reviews and evaluates the three basic bioenergy accounting options.

CO2 emissions from bioenergy are not counted at the point of combustion. Instead emissions due to use of biomass are accounted for in the land‐use sector as carbon stock losses – a combustion factor (CoF) = 0 approach;
CO2 emissions from bioenergy are accounted for in the energy sector – a CoF = 1 approach; and
End users account for all or a specified subset of CO2 emissions, regardless of where geographically these emissions occur – 0 < CoF < 1.
Following short descriptions of the basic options, this article discusses variations to these options and uses numerical examples to illustrate the impacts of approaches at a local and international level. Finally, the alternative accounting systems are evaluated against general criteria and for impacts on selected stakeholder goals. General criteria considered are: (a) comprehensiveness, (b) simplicity, and (c) scale independence. Stakeholder goals reviewed are: (a) stimulation of rural economies, (b) food security, (c) GHG reductions, and (d) preservation of forests.
Paradoxical Rising Cytomegalovirus Antigenemia during Preemptive Ganciclovir Therapy in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Park So-Youn , Lee Sang-Oh , Choi Sang-Ho , Kim Yang Soo , Woo Jun Hee , Sung Heungsup , Kim Mi-Na , Kim Dae-Young , Lee Jung-Hee , Lee Je-Hwan , Lee Kyoo-Hyung , Kim Sung-Han 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT

Preemptive ganciclovir (GCV) therapy is adopted increasingly in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HCT) recipients, but occasional cases of increasing cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigenemia levels occur during preemptive GCV therapy. This prospective study investigated the incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of paradoxical responses during GCV therapy. Adult patients receiving allogeneic HCTs during a 24-month period were enrolled. Patients were prospectively monitored for CMV antigenemia once a week until 3 months after engraftment. Paradoxical responders were defined as patients exhibiting CMV antigenemia levels elevated from the baseline after the first week of preemptive GCV therapy. Of 252 HCT recipients, 97 (38%) received preemptive GCV therapy due to CMV infection. Of these 97 patients, 23 (24%) were classified as paradoxical responders. Risk factors for paradoxical response were a low white blood cell (WBC) count (
P
= 0.02) and a prolonged duration of CMV antigenemia (
P
= 0.04) before preemptive therapy. There were no significant differences in rates of successful viral clearance and secondary episodes of CMV infection between paradoxical responders (87% [20/23] and 26% [6/23]) and nonparadoxical responders (95% [70/74] and 23% [17/74], respectively). However, breakthrough CMV disease during preemptive GCV therapy was significantly more frequent in paradoxical responders (17% [4/23]) than in nonparadoxical responders (3% [2/74],
P
= 0.03). Paradoxical responses occurred in one-quarter of the HCT recipients receiving preemptive GCV therapy. A low WBC count and a long duration of CMV antigenemia before GCV therapy were associated with paradoxical responses, and breakthrough CMV disease during preemptive GCV therapy occurred more frequently in paradoxical responders.
Cathepsin Cleavage Potentiates the Ebola Virus Glycoprotein To Undergo a Subsequent Fusion-Relevant Conformational Change
Authors: Brecher Matthew , Schornberg Kathryn L. , Delos Sue E. , Fusco Marnie L. , Saphire Erica Ollmann , White Judith M. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
Cellular entry of Ebola virus (EBOV), a deadly hemorrhagic fever virus, is mediated by the viral glycoprotein (GP). The receptor-binding subunit of GP must be cleaved (by endosomal cathepsins) in order for entry and infection to proceed. Cleavage appears to proceed through 50-kDa and 20-kDa intermediates, ultimately generating a key 19-kDa core. How 19-kDa GP is subsequently triggered to bind membranes and induce fusion remains a mystery. Here we show that 50-kDa GP cannot be triggered to bind to liposomes in response to elevated temperature but that 20-kDa and 19-kDa GP can. Importantly, 19-kDa GP can be triggered at temperatures ∼10°C lower than 20-kDa GP, suggesting that it is the most fusion ready form. Triggering by heat (or urea) occurs only at pH 5, not pH 7.5, and involves the fusion loop, as a fusion loop mutant is defective in liposome binding. We further show that mild reduction (preferentially at low pH) triggers 19-kDa GP to bind to liposomes, with the wild-type protein being triggered to a greater extent than the fusion loop mutant. Moreover, mild reduction inactivates pseudovirion infection, suggesting that reduction can also trigger 19-kDa GP on virus particles. Our results support the hypothesis that priming of EBOV GP, specifically to the 19-kDa core, potentiates GP to undergo subsequent fusion-relevant conformational changes. Our findings also indicate that low pH and an additional endosomal factor (possibly reduction or possibly a process mimicked by reduction) act as fusion triggers.
Factors That Influence the Efficacy of Stretching Programs for Patients With Hypomobility
Authors: Jacobs Cale A. , Sciascia Aaron D. 
Published: October 2011

Context: Passive stretching exercise protocols, as part of outpatient treatment or home exercise programs, are used to improve hypomobility. Despite the cosmopolitan use of stretching exercises, little is known about the forces being applied to the joint during these routine treatments. Type of Study: Clinical review. Evidence Acquisition: Articles were identified using MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases, with searches initially limited to those articles published after 1995. Seminal articles that were referenced were also included. Results: Many factors contribute to the clinical success of a stretching program, including the frequency, intensity, and duration of the stretching exercises, as well as patient- and joint-specific factors. Conclusions: The goal of a stretching protocol is to maximize total end-range time both in the clinic and at home. Higher intensity, prolonged, and frequent stretching (10- to 15-minute bouts, 3 to 6 times per day) used as an adjunct to high-grade mobilizations may be beneficial for certain hypomobility conditions.
Intra-articular Lidocaine Injection for Shoulder Reductions
Authors: Waterbrook Anna L. , Paul Stephen 
Published: October 2011

Context: The shoulder is the most commonly dislocated joint, and shoulder dislocations are very common in sports. Many of these dislocations present to the office or training room for evaluation. Usual practice is an attempt at manual reduction without analgesia and then transfer to the emergency department if unsuccessful. The clinical efficacy of intra-articular lidocaine for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations in the outpatient setting was examined. Evidence Acquisition: An OVID MEDLINE search (1966-present) was performed using the keywords shoulder, reduction, and analgesia as well as shoulder, intra-articular, and lidocaine. Search limits included articles in the English language. Bibliographic references from these articles were also examined to identify pertinent literature. Results: Six randomized controlled clinical trials were identified that directly addressed this clinical technique. Although the reduction techniques used in these studies were not controlled, there was no statistically significant difference in success rates between groups. The complication rate, length of stay, and costs were significantly less in the intra-articular lidocaine group when compared with the intravenous sedation group. Conclusions: According to current evidence, the use of intra-articular lidocaine injection for reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations is not harmful and is likely advantageous in the outpatient clinical setting.