bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An outbreak of Salmonella saint-paul infection associated with beansprouts
Authors: O'Mahony M. , Cowden J. , Smyth B. , Lynch D. , Hall M. , Rowe B. , Teare E. L. , Tettmar R. E. , Rampling A. M. , Coles M. , Gilbert R. J. , Kingcott E. , Bartlett C. L. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn March 1988, there was an outbreak of infection by a strain of Salmonella saint-paul with a distinctive antigenic marker. A total of 143 reports were received between 1 March and 7 June. Preliminary investigations suggested that raw beansprouts were a possible source of infection and a case-control study confirmed the association. S. saint-paul of the epidemic type was isolated from samples of beansprouts on retail sale in different cities in the United Kingdom and from mung bean seeds on the premises of the producer who was most strongly associated with cases. In addition, Salmonella virchow PT34 was isolated from samples of raw beansprouts and was subsequently associated with seven cases of infection. Four other serotypes of salmonella were also isolated from beansprouts. On 8 April the public were advised to boil beansprouts for 15 seconds before consumption, and the premises of the one producer associated with many cases were closed. As a result of these actions there was a significant decrease in the number of infections with S. saint-paul.
Serologically proven acute rubella infection in patients with clinical diagnosis of dengue
Authors: Bustos J. , Hamdan A. , Loroño M. A. , Montero M. T. , Gómez B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPatients with a clinical diagnosis of dengue but negative by serological testing were studied for rubella infection. Paired sera were obtained from 69 patients during an outbreak in Yucatán, México. The presence of specific anti-viral IgM in the acute sera was considered as diagnostic for rubella infection. The immunoglobulin was determined by measuring the difference in the inhibition of hemagglutination between the non-reduced and the reduced fractionated sera. Immunoglobulins were separated by sucrose density centrifugation. Acute rubella infection was found in 7 (10·1%) of the patients. These results demonstrate active rubella infection in patients clinically diagnosed as dengue.
Diffusion weighted imaging of the uterus: regional adc variation with oral contraceptive usage and comparison with cervical cancer
Authors: Messiou Christina , Morgan Veronica A , de Silva Sonali S , Ind Thomas E , deSouza Nandita M. 
Published: May 2009

Background: There is growing interest in diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cervical carcinoma but normal uterine appearances and effects of the oral contraceptive pill (OCP) have not been described. Purpose: To establish apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values for normal regions of uterus, determine the effect of the OCP on these values, and compare them with ADCs from cervical cancer. Material and Methods: Twenty-seven premenopausal women (19 taking the OCP) with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) were studied with T2W and diffusion weighted MRI (DW-MRI). Regions of interest were drawn on ADC maps by visual matching with T2W images on different zones of the uterus and values compared between women not taking and taking the OCP. A further group of 25 women with clinically obvious tumors of the cervix were also studied with T2W and DW-MRI and ADC values of tumor were compared with ADC values of cervical epithelium and stroma. Results: The ADC values of adjacent zones of the uterus and cervix were significantly different from one another ( P<0.001). The junctional zone was seen as a band of restricted diffusion between endometrium and outer myometrium. The ADC value of the junctional zone of the uterus was significantly greater ( P<0.001) in patients taking the OCP than those patients not taking the OCP. There was no significant affect of the OCP on the ADC values of other uterine zones. Conclusion: The zonal anatomy of the uterus is well demonstrated by DW-MRI with hormonal effects secondary to the OCP affecting junctional zone alone. ADC of cervical tumor is significantly different to cervical epithelium and stroma indicating a role in cervical cancer detection and local staging.
The acoustic characteristics of three jellyfish species: Nemopilema nomurai, Cyanea nozakii, and Aurelia aurita
Authors: Hirose Miyuki , Mukai Tohru , Hwang Doojin , Iida Kohji 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Hirose, M., Mukai, T., Hwang, D., and Iida, K. 2009. The acoustic characteristics of three jellyfish species: Nemopilema nomurai, Cyanea nozakii, and Aurelia aurita. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1233–1237. Reports about jellyfish damaging nets and reducing fish catches are increasing, and data on the abundance and distribution of various jellyfish species are needed to forecast where and when their blooms will happen. Acoustic techniques can be used to obtain this information if the acoustic characteristics of the targets are known. This is a study of acoustic scattering from three jellyfish species: Nemopilema nomurai (order Rhizostomeae), Cyanea nozakii (Semaeostomeae), and Aurelia aurita (Semaeostomeae). Target strength (TS) at 38, 120, and 200 kHz, specific density, and sound speed were measured with live specimens. Specific densities were measured using the displacement–volume–weight and the dual-density methods. The sound speeds were estimated using the time-of-flight method. The reduced TS (RTS), i.e. the TS normalized by bell area, was smaller for N. nomurai (bell diameter range 19–38 cm) than for C. nozakii (bell diameter range 30–40 cm), and the differences in RTS between the species were 17.8, 12.6, and 5.8 dB at 38, 120, and 200 kHz, respectively. The respective sound-speed contrast h and density contrast g were 1.0008 ± 0.009 (mean ± s.d.) and 1.004 ± 0.015 for N. nomurai; 1.038 and 1.073 for one C. nozakii; and 1.0001 ± 0.025 and 0.989 ± 0.019 for A. aurita.
Spatial diversity of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) spawning areas
Authors: Hay Douglas E. , McCarter P. Bruce , Daniel Kristen S. , Schweigert Jacob F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHay, D. E., McCarter, P. B., Daniel, K. S., and Schweigert, J. F. 2009. Spatial diversity of Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) spawning areas. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1662–1666. Eastern Pacific herring spawn in intertidal and shallow subtidal areas. Spawning sites are conspicuous: milt turns coastal waters white, sometimes for distances of many kilometres. This attribute has enabled biologists to document spawning distributions for more than 70 years throughout the 29 500 km coastline of western Canada. Spawning distributions and spatial diversity have varied over time. When aggregated over 70 years (1938–2007), spawning occurred along 5574 km or ∼20% of the total coastline. Cumulative annual spawn length ranges from 131 (in 1966) to 770 km (in 1992). We examined annual changes in spawn distribution using spatial units of variable size, ranging in area from a maximum of >1000 km2 to a minimum of <0.1 km2. Assessment of spatial diversity varied with the size of the spatial unit. Spatial diversity estimated from small spatial units (area <0.1 km2) was significantly correlated with spawning-stock biomass (SSB). In contrast, there was no correlation, and sometimes opposite temporal trends, between SSB and all larger spatial units (mean area >0.3 km2). The choice of spatial scale can affect the results from analyses of other factors, such as SSB, that could affect spatial diversity of spawning areas.
CD3 expression distinguishes two γδT cell receptor subsets with different phenotype and effector function in tuberculous pleurisy
Authors: Yokobori N , Schierloh P , Geffner L , Balboa L , Romero M , Musella R , Castagnino J , De Stéfano G , Alemán M , de la Barrera S , Abbate E , Sasiain M C 
Published: May 2009

SummaryTuberculous pleurisy is a naturally occurring site of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Herein, we describe the expression of activation, natural killer (NK) and cell migration markers, as well as effector functions from γδT cells in peripheral blood (PB) and pleural effusion (PE) from tuberculosis patients (TB). We observed a decreased percentage of circulating γδT from TB patients and differential expression of NK as well as of chemokine receptors on PB and PE. Two subsets of γδT cells were differentiated by the CD3/γδT cell receptor (γδTCR) complex. The γδTCRlow subset had a higher CD3 to TCR ratio and was enriched in Vδ2+ cells, whereas most Vδ1+ cells belonged to the γδTCRhigh subset. In PB from TB, most γδTCRhigh were CD45RA+CCR7- and γδTCRlow were CD45RA+/−CCR7+CXCR3+. In the pleural space the proportion of CD45RA-CCR7+CXCR3+ cells was higher. Neither spontaneous nor Mtb-induced interferon (IFN)-γ production was observed in PB-γδT cells from TB; however, PE-γδT cells showed a strong response. Both PB- and PE-γδ T cells expressed surface CD107a upon stimulation with Mtb. Notably, PE-γδTCRlow cells were the most potent effector cells. Thus, γδT cells from PB would acquire a further activated phenotype within the site of Mtb infection and exert full effector functions. As γδT cells produce IFN-γ within the pleural space, they would be expected to play a beneficial role in tuberculous pleurisy by helping to maintain a T helper type 1 profile.
Adenoid cystic pattern in follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a report of four cases
Authors: Mandal S. , Jain S. 
Published: May 2009

S. Mandal, and S. Jain Adenoid cystic pattern in follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a report of four casesObjective:  An adenoid cystic pattern in thyroid tumours is a rare finding that may be seen in papillary carcinoma of thyroid (PCT), the follicular variant of PCT (FV‐PCT), a rare cribriform‐morular variant of papillary carcinoma of thyroid (CMV‐PCT) and follicular carcinoma. There is little published cytological literature describing these patterns. We report four cases of PCT with this unusual pattern.Methods:  Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology was performed on four patients with a neck lump using a 22‐G needle; smears were stained with Giemsa and Papanicolaou stains. Immunocytochemical staining for thyroglobulin was done in all cases.Results:  The patients were female and ranged in age from 18 to 46 years. They presented with a gradually increasing mass in the neck. FNA smears in all cases showed nuclear features of PCT. There were also prominent follicular areas with hyaline globules in some of the cell clusters reminiscent of adenoid cystic carcinoma and, in places, morula‐like groups of neoplastic cells were also seen. Immunocytochemistry for thyroglobulin was positive in all cases but negative in the hyaline globules.Conclusions:  Adenoid cystic areas with morula‐like groups in PCT are a rare finding. Cytopathologists and clinicians should be aware of these distinct features in thyroid tumours to avoid diagnosing metastatic adenoid cystic carcinoma. It is also important to rule out CMV‐PCT since that variant is mostly associated with familial adenomatous polyposis, although sporadic occurrence is known.
Effects of recent climate change on phytoplankton phenology in a temperate lake
Authors: MEIS S. , THACKERAY S. J. , JONES I. D. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. A number of long‐term studies have shown that spring biological events have advanced in recent decades and that this is a response to climate change. In lentic systems, changes in phytoplankton phenology have been attributed to various directly climate‐related processes including changes in the onset and duration of thermal stratification, earlier ice‐break up and increased water temperature. Both indirect climatic drivers and non‐climate drivers such as elevated grazing pressure and nutrient enrichment can also affect phenology.2. This study investigated whether phenological trends in phytoplankton could be detected in a relatively short time series in a shallow, ice‐free, polymictic lake with a high annual discharge and whether any such trends could be causally explained.3. It was found that the centre of gravity of the spring chlorophyll a bloom advanced significantly by 1.6 days per year over a 15‐year period. This was accompanied by a significant increase in water temperature of 0.12 °C per year which is high compared to published rates of change over longer time series. No direct effects of ice cover, stratification or water discharge rates could be linked to the advancement of the spring bloom. Instead, the shift in timing was attributed to an advance in the timing of the dominant spring diatom, Aulacoseira spp., instigated by a temperature‐driven increase in replication rate leading to an earlier onset of silica (SiO2) limitation.
Priming of immune responses against transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP)‐deficient tumours: tumour direct priming
Authors: Li Xiao‐Lin , Zhang Dongqing , Knight David , Odaka Yoshinobu , Glass Jonathan , Mathis J. Michael , Zhang Qian‐Jin 
Published: May 2009

SummaryWe previously showed that introduction of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) 1 into TAP‐negative CMT.64, a major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC‐I) down‐regulated mouse lung carcinoma cell line, enhanced T‐cell immunity against TAP‐deficient tumour cells. Here, we have addressed two questions: (1) whether such immunity can be further augmented by co‐expression of TAP1 with B7.1 or H‐2Kb genes, and (2) which T‐cell priming mechanism (tumour direct priming or dendritic cell cross‐priming) plays the major role in inducing an immune response against TAP‐deficient tumours. We introduced the B7.1 or H‐2Kb gene into TAP1‐expressing CMT.64 cells and determined which gene co‐expressed with TAP1 was able to provide greater protective immunity against TAP‐deficient tumour cells. Our results show that immunization of mice with B7.1 and TAP1 co‐expressing but not H‐2Kb and TAP1 co‐expressing CMT.64 cells dramatically augments T‐cell‐mediated immunity, as shown by an increase in survival of mice inoculated with live CMT.64 cells. In addition, our results suggest that induction of T‐cell‐mediated immunity against TAP‐deficient tumour cells could be mainly through tumour direct priming rather than dendritic cell cross‐priming as they show that T cells generated by tumour cell‐lysate‐loaded dendritic cells recognized TAP‐deficient tumour cells much less than TAP‐proficient tumour cells. These data suggest that direct priming by TAP1 and B7.1 co‐expressing tumour cells is potentially a major mechanism to facilitate immune responses against TAP‐deficient tumour cells.
Characterization of the proteasomeβ2 subunit gene and its mutant allele in the tephritid fruit fly pest, Anastrepha suspensa
Authors: Nirmala X. , Zimowska G. J. , Handler A. M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn Drosophila melanogaster the β2 proteasome subunit gene, Prosβ2, was first identified as a dominant temperature sensitive mutant, DTS‐7, that causes pupal lethality at 29 °C but allows survival to adulthood at 25 °C. To explore the use of proteasome mutations for a conditional lethal system in insect pests, we identified and isolated the β2 subunit gene of the 20S proteasome from the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa. The caribfly ortholog AsProsβ2 was isolated from pupal cDNA by 5′ and 3′ RACE. The AsProsβ2 protein has high amino acid sequence similarity to predicted insect Prosβ2 subunits and homologs from yeast and mammals, and it contains the well conserved amino acids that confer catalytic activity and substrate specificity. AsProsβ2 is a single copy gene and its RNA accumulates throughout all developmental stages of the caribfly. For functional studies a point mutation, analogous to the Prosβ21 mutation in D. melanogaster, was introduced into AsProsβ2 to create an aberrant protein with a Gly170Arg substitution. Consistent with the DTS‐7 mutation, transgenic insects carrying the mutant allele undergo normal metamorphosis at the permissive temperature (25 °C) but at the non‐permissive temperature (29 °C) they exhibit effective pupal lethality. This is the first report of a functional characterization of a Prosβ2 cognate based on the creation of a dominant temperature‐sensitive mutation. This type of temperature‐dependent lethality could be used for biological control, where transgenic insects are reared to adulthood at 25 °C or lower and then released into the field where ambient temperatures averaging 29 °C or greater cause lethality in their progeny.
Characterization and influences of classical insect hormones on the expression profiles of a molting carboxypeptidase A from the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
Authors: Sui Y‐P. , Liu X‐B. , Chai L‐Q. , Wang J‐X. , Zhao X‐F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMolting is a very important physiological behavior to arthropods. During molting, integument apolysis occurs, which is the digestion and absorption of the old endocuticle for new cuticle formation. Proteases play critical roles in this process. Molting carboxypeptidase A (Ha‐CPA) is characterized from Helicoverpa armigera. The Ha‐CPA transcript was mainly present in the integument from the 5th instar larvae. In the integument, the transcription level of the gene reached its peak at the 5th instar molting stage and the 6th instar prepupal stage, respectively. The examination of immunohistochemistry revealed that Ha‐CPA could distribute into the molting fluid in the molting‐ and prepupal‐stage larvae. The expression of Ha‐CPA could be up‐regulated by 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E). These facts indicate that Ha‐CPA participates in the apolysis of the integument during larval molting and metamorphosis.
The major antennal chemosensory protein of red imported fire ant workers
Authors: González D. , Zhao Q. , McMahan C. , Velasquez D. , Haskins W. E. , Sponsel V. , Cassill A. , Renthal R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSome chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are expressed in insect sensory appendages and are thought to be involved in chemical signalling by ants. We identified 14 unique CSP sequences in expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. One member of this group (Si‐CSP1) is highly expressed in worker antennae, suggesting an olfactory function. A shotgun proteomic analysis of antennal proteins confirmed the high level of Si‐CSP1 expression, and also showed expression of another CSP and two odorant‐binding proteins (OBPs). We cloned and expressed the coding sequence for Si‐CSP1. We used cyclodextrins as solubilizers to investigate ligand binding. Fire ant cuticular lipids strongly inhibited Si‐CSP1 binding to the fluorescent dye N‐phenyl‐naphthylamine, suggesting cuticular substances are ligands for Si‐CSP1. Analysis of the cuticular lipids showed that the endogenous ligands of Si‐CSP1 are not cuticular hydrocarbons.
The genomic legacy from the extinct Lepus timidus to the three hare species of Iberia: contrast between mtDNA, sex chromosomes and autosomes
Authors: MELO‐FERREIRA J. , ALVES P. C. , FREITAS H. , FERRAND N. , BOURSOT P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractExtensive interspecific genetic introgression is often reported, and appraising its genomic impact can serve to determine whether it results from selection on specific loci or from demographic processes affecting the whole genome. The three species of hares present in the Iberian Peninsula harbour high frequencies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Lepus timidus, an arctic/boreal species now extinct in the region. This could result from the invasive replacement of L. timidus by the temperate species during deglaciation but should then have left traces in the nuclear genome. We typed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) discovered by sequencing 10 autosomal loci, two X‐linked and one Y‐linked in species‐wide samples of the four taxa. Based on lineage‐diagnostic SNPs, we detected no trace of L. timidus sex chromosomes in Iberia. From the frequencies of inferred haplotypes, autosomal introgression into L. granatensis appeared mostly sporadic but always widespread instead of restricted to the north as mtDNA. Autosomal introgression into Iberian L. europaeus, inhabiting the Pyrenean foothills, was hardly detectable, despite quasi‐fixation of L. timidus mtDNA. L. castroviejoi, endemic to the Cantabrian Mountains and fixed for L. timidus mtDNA, showed little traces of autosomal introgression. The absence of sex‐chromosome introgression presumably resulted from X‐linked hybrid male unfitness. The contrasting patterns between the autosomes and mtDNA could reflect general gender asymmetric processes such as frequency‐dependent female assortative mating, lower mtDNA migration and higher male dispersal, but adaptive mtDNA introgression cannot be dismissed. Additionally, we document reciprocal introgression between L. europaeus and both L. granatensis in Iberia and L. timidus outside Iberia.
Auxin transport‐feedback models of patterning in plants
Authors: SMITH RICHARD S. , BAYER EMMANUELLE M. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTMany patterning events in plants are regulated by the phytohormone auxin. In fact, so many things are under the influence of auxin that it seems difficult to understand how a single hormone can do so much. Auxin moves throughout the plant via a network of specialized membrane‐bound import and export proteins, which are often differentially expressed and polarized depending on tissue type. Here, we review simulation models of pattern formation that are based on the control of these transporters by auxin itself. In these transport‐feedback models, diversity in patterning comes not from the addition of more morphogens, but rather by varying the mechanism that regulates the transporters.
Separating the influence of resource ‘availability’ from resource ‘imbalance’ on productivity–diversity relationships
Authors: Cardinale Bradley J. , Hillebrand Helmut , Harpole W. S. , Gross Kevin , Ptacnik Robert 
Published: May 2009

AbstractOne of the oldest and richest questions in biology is that of how species diversity is related to the availability of resources that limit the productivity of ecosystems. Researchers from a variety of disciplines have pursued this question from at least three different theoretical perspectives.Species energy theoryhas argued that the summed quantities of all resources influence species richness by controlling population sizes and the probability of stochastic extinction.Resource ratio theoryhas argued that the imbalance in the supply of two or more resources, relative to the stoichiometric needs of the competitors, can dictate the strength of competition and, in turn, the diversity of coexisting species. In contrast to these, the field ofBiodiversity and Ecosystem Functioninghas argued that species diversity acts as an independent variable that controls how efficiently limited resources are utilized and converted into new tissue. Here we propose that all three of these fields give necessary, but not sufficient, conditions to explain productivity–diversity relationships (PDR) in nature. However, when taken collectively, these three paradigms suggest that PDR can be explained by interactions among four distinct, non‐interchangeable variables: (i) the overall quantity of limiting resources, (ii) the stoichiometric ratios of different limiting resources, (iii) the summed biomass produced by a group of potential competitors and (iv) the richness of co‐occurring species in a local competitive community. We detail a new multivariate hypothesis that outlines one way in which these four variables are directly and indirectly related to one another. We show how the predictions of this model can be fit to patterns of covariation relating the richness and biomass of lake phytoplankton to three biologically essential resources (N, P and light) in a large number of Norwegian lakes.