bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population Structure With Localized Haplotype Clusters
Authors: Browning Sharon R , Weir Bruce S 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe propose a multilocus version of FST and a measure of haplotype diversity using localized haplotype clusters. Specifically, we use haplotype clusters identified with BEAGLE, which is a program implementing a hidden Markov model for localized haplotype clustering and performing several functions including inference of haplotype phase. We apply this methodology to HapMap phase 3 data. With this haplotype-cluster approach, African populations have highest diversity and lowest divergence from the ancestral population, East Asian populations have lowest diversity and highest divergence, and other populations (European, Indian, and Mexican) have intermediate levels of diversity and divergence. These relationships accord with expectation based on other studies and accepted models of human history. In contrast, the population-specific FST estimates obtained directly from single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) do not reflect such expected relationships. We show that ascertainment bias of SNPs has less impact on the proposed haplotype-cluster-based FST than on the SNP-based version, which provides a potential explanation for these results. Thus, these new measures of FST and haplotype-cluster diversity provide an important new tool for population genetic analysis of high-density SNP data.
Exposure to Antibiotics in a United States-Mexico Border Birth Cohort
Authors: Broussard Cheryl S. , Goodman Karen J. , Nurgalieva Zhannat Z. , Fischbach Lori A. , Gold Benjamin D. 
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The goal was to compare the frequency of children's antibiotic intake, emphasizing antibiotics with anti-Helicobacter pylori effects, in El Paso, Texas, and Juarez, Mexico.

METHODS:
Hispanic children were enrolled prenatally at mother-child clinics in El Paso, and Juarez, in 1998–2000, to identify determinants of H pylori infection. During follow-up examinations targeted every 6 months from 6 to 84 months of age, caretakers reported medication use during the preceding interval. Courses of any systemic and H pylori-effective antibiotics were compared for US and Mexican children.

RESULTS:
Antibiotic data were available for 602 children, from 2938 follow-up visits. Overall antibiotic intake was higher in Juarez, where 84% of children received ≥1 course during the follow-up period (52% of visits), compared with El Paso, where 76% of children received ≥1 course (40% of visits). In contrast, the intake of H pylori-effective antibiotics was higher in El Paso, where 65% of children received ≥1 course during the follow-up period (27% of visits), compared with Juarez, where 44% of children received ≥1 course (16% of visits). Of H pylori-effective courses, 94% contained amoxicillin and 2% each clarithromycin, metronidazole, and furazolidone; uses were primarily for throat and ear infections, diarrhea, and cold/flu.

CONCLUSIONS:
Pediatric antibiotic use was higher in Mexico than on the US side of the border. Apparent misuse of H pylori-effective antibiotics was more frequent in Juarez but also occurred in El Paso. Such misuse of antibiotics may lead to drug resistance and may impair the control of H pylori infection in this region.
Effect of Various Risk/Benefit Trade-offs on Parents’ Understanding of a Pediatric Research Study
Authors: Tait Alan R. , Zikmund-Fisher Brian J. , Fagerlin Angela , Voepel-Lewis Terri 
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVES:Informed decision-making requires that parents and research subjects understand the risks and benefits of a study, yet research suggests that comprehension of these elements is often poor. This study was designed to examine the effect of factors including manipulation of risk/benefit trade-offs, numeracy, and sociodemographics on parents’ understanding of risks and benefits.METHODS:A total of 4685 parents completed an Internet survey in which they were randomly assigned to receive information about the risks and benefits of a hypothetical pain treatment study presented in 1 of 4 scenarios. Parents’ gist (essential) and verbatim (exact) understanding and their perceptions of the risks and benefits were compared across scenarios. The effects of parental sociodemographics and numeracy were also examined.RESULTS:Participants who were randomly assigned to consider a research study that offered the possibility of improved outcomes had higher gist and verbatim understanding of the information than participants who were considering studies that offered only reductions in the risk for adverse effects. Furthermore, these parents perceived the risks of the study to be significantly lower compared with the scenarios that offered the same risks but less benefit. White race, college education, and higher numeracy all were associated significantly with improved gist and verbatim understanding.CONCLUSIONS:Research studies that offer only improved outcomes to participants may be evaluated more thoroughly than those that offer only reduced risks, and individual characteristics significantly moderate parents’ ability to comprehend risk/benefit information. These results are important toward developing strategies to improve the ways in which risks and benefits are communicated to parents and research subjects.
Unilateral Hearing Loss Is Associated With Worse Speech-Language Scores in Children
Authors: Lieu Judith E. C. , Tye-Murray Nancy , Karzon Roanne K. , Piccirillo Jay F. 
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVE:To determine whether children with unilateral hearing loss (UHL) demonstrate worse language skills than their siblings with normal hearing, and whether children with UHL are more likely to receive extra assistance at school.PATIENTS AND METHODS:We conducted a case-control study of 6- to 12-year-old children with UHL compared with sibling controls (74 pairs, n = 148). Scores on the oral portion of the Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS) were the primary outcome measure. Multivariable analysis was used to determine whether UHL independently predicted OWLS scores after we controlled for potential confounding variables.RESULTS:Children with UHL had worse scores than their siblings on language comprehension (91 vs 98; P = .003), oral expression (94 vs 101; P = .007), and oral composite (90 vs 99; P &lt; .001). UHL independently predicted these OWLS scores when multivariable regression was used with moderate effect sizes of 0.3 to 0.7. Family income and maternal education were also independent predictors of oral expression and oral composite scores. No differences were found between children with right- or left-ear UHL or with varying severity of hearing loss. Children with UHL were more likely to have an individualized education plan (odds ratio: 4.4 [95% confidence interval: 2.0–9.5]) and to have received speech-language therapy (odds ratio: 2.6 [95% confidence interval: 1.3–5.4]).CONCLUSIONS:School-aged children with UHL demonstrated worse oral language scores than did their siblings with normal hearing. These findings suggest that the common practice of withholding hearing-related accommodations from children with UHL should be reconsidered and studied, and that parents and educators should be informed about the deleterious effects of UHL on oral language skills.
Do Infants Fed From Bottles Lack Self-regulation of Milk Intake Compared With Directly Breastfed Infants?
Authors: Li Ruowei , Fein Sara B. , Grummer-Strawn Laurence M. 
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVE:
How breastfeeding reduces the risk of childhood obesity is unclear, and 1 hypothesis pertains to the ability of breastfed infants to self-regulate. We studied whether infants' self-regulation of milk intake is affected by feeding mode (bottle versus breast) and the type of milk in the bottle (formula versus expressed breast milk).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Participants in the 2005–2007 Infant Feeding Practices Study II received monthly questionnaires during their infant's first year, and compete data were available for 1250 infants. We tested the impact of feeding mode and type of milk during early infancy on self-regulation during late infancy.

RESULTS:
Although only 27% of infants fed exclusively at the breast in early infancy emptied the bottle or cup in late infancy, 54% of infants who were fed both at the breast and by bottle did so, and 68% of those who were fed only by bottle did so. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that infants who were bottle-fed more intensively early in life were ∼71% or 2 times more likely to empty the bottle or cup later in life than those who were bottle-fed less intensively (⅓–⅔ or ⅔ of milk feeds given by bottle versus &lt; ⅓ of milk feeds). When feeding formula and expressed milk were considered separately, similar dose-response relationships were observed.

CONCLUSIONS:
Infants who are bottle-fed in early infancy are more likely to empty the bottle or cup in late infancy than those who are fed directly at the breast. Bottle-feeding, regardless of the type of milk, is distinct from feeding at the breast in its effect on infants' self-regulation of milk intake.
Delivering training in ‘Sounds of English’: An Ongoing Action Research Project
Authors: Miller Kate 
Published: May 2010

This paper started as a narrative about ELT training in Far West, Nepal but is now taking its place as an Action Research project. I removed ‘Far West' from the title because I will argue that this approach is appropriate to all levels of ELT in all areas. I will state my arguments for justification of the structured teaching of sounds, pronunciation, to teachers. I will then go on to share how I planned and delivered the content of my programme, followed by reflection on my/our input as trainers, what we learned from the experience, and what we need to improve to take this training forward. Key words: Action research, pronunciation, phonemics, phonics, IPA DOI: 10.3126/nelta.v14i1.3095 Journal of NELTA Vol.14, No 1&2, 2009 December Page: 91-100
Measurement of the lattice misfit of Pt–Al–Cr superalloy by convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED)
Authors: Nikulina Elizaveta , Völkl Rainer , Glatzel Uwe 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Convergent beam electron diffraction is a well known technique for measuring local lattice parameters with high accuracy. In this work we investigate the possibility of applying convergent beam electron diffraction to a Pt-based superalloy. The measurements were made at room temperature and at – 170 °C along the [9 2 27] zone axis. It is shown that despite strong dynamic effects and inelastic scattering, the lattice parameter in this orientation can be determined with acceptable accuracy of 0.1 – 0.3 pm.
Enrichment of boron at grain boundaries of platinum-based alloys determined by electron energy loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope
Authors: Preußner Johannes , Fleischmann Ernst , Völkl Rainer , Glatzel Uwe 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPolycrystalline platinum-based alloys show very good creep properties at high temperatures. Small amounts of boron (less than 1 at.%) considerably increase the creep strength. Transmission electron microscopy measurements were conducted to localize the element boron in the samples. With image electron energy loss spectroscopy spectra were extracted revealing an enrichment of B at grain boundaries. The boron distribution was plotted with the three window method.
Oxidation behaviour of TiAl-based intermetallic coatings on γ-TiAl alloys
Authors: Braun Reinhold , Fröhlich Maik , Leyens Christoph 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
TiAl-based intermetallic layers with additions of Ag, Cr, Y and Hf were deposited on γ-TiAl specimens using magnetron sputtering. The oxidation behaviour of the coated Ti-45Al-8Nb (at.%) alloy was investigated at 850 °C and 900 °C under cyclic oxidation conditions in air. The ternary Ti-50Al-2Ag (at.%) coating did not provide oxidation protection to the substrate material at 850 °C. Two-phase γ-TiAl + Ti(Cr, Al)2 Laves coatings exhibited high oxidation resistance at 900 °C for up to 1000 cycles of 1 h dwell time at high temperature. During thermal exposure phase dissolution and transformation occurred. The slow oxide growth rates observed for the Ti – Al – Cr intermetallic layers were associated with the formation of a thin continuous alumina top scale established by the Laves, B2 and Z-phases. Small additions of hafnium and yttrium improved the oxidation resistance. In contrast, Ti – Al – Cr – Ag coatings exhibited poor oxidation behaviour at 900 °C.
Oxidation and fatigue behaviour of γ-TiAl coated with HIPIMS CrAlYN/CrN nanoscale multilayer coatings and EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings
Authors: Braun Reinhold , Schulz Uwe , Leyens Christoph , Hovsepian Papken E. , Ehiasarian Arutiun P. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
CrAlYN/CrN nanoscale multilayer coatings were deposited on γ-TiAl substrate material using high power impulse magnetron sputtering technology. The nitride coating provided effective oxidation protection to γ-TiAl at 850 °C for exposure time periods exceeding 2 000 cycles of 1 h dwell time at high temperature in air. High oxidation resistance was also observed at 900 °C. After exposure to air at 850 °C for 300 h, coated tension specimens exhibited a reduction in fatigue strength of about 70 MPa compared to the bare γ-TiAl alloy. Zirconia topcoats produced by electron-beam physical vapour deposition were well adherent to the CrAlYN/CrN coating with an oxy-nitride overcoat. When thermally cycled at 900 °C, the lifetime of this thermal barrier coating system on γ-TiAl exceeded 1 000 1 h cycles. Below cracks in the nitride coating, the substrate was oxidised and protrusions of an outer oxide scale with columnar structure formed.
Effect of martensite volume fraction on mechanical properties of dual-phase treated AISI-4012 sheet steels
Authors: Aksakal B. , Karaca F. , Arikan R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Hot rolled AISI-4012 sheet steels have been heat treated to obtain a ductile dual phase microstructure. The specimens were heat treated in the ferrite (α) and austenite (γ) phase region at temperatures of 740, 760, 790 and 820 °C and corresponding time intervals of 15, 30, 60 and 90 min and then quenched into water. Hardness measurements, tensile, bending, and impact tests were performed in order to determine the mechanical properties of the dual phase steel. These were examined with respect to the martensite volume fraction. Both the flow and tensile stresses increased whereas elongation decreased with increasing dual phase treatment temperature and martensite volume fraction. The optimum mechanical properties and the appropriate dual-phase microstructure are achieved at 740 and 760 °C annealing with subsequent water quenching. From examinations it was deduced that ductile fracture occurred in the tested samples.
Human Lung Mast Cells Mediate Pneumococcal Cell Death in Response to Activation by Pneumolysin
Authors: Cruse Glenn , Fernandes Vitor E. , de Salort Jose , Pankhania Depesh , Marinas Marta S. , Brewin Hannah , Andrew Peter W. , Bradding Peter , Kadioglu Aras 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMast cells are emerging as contributors to innate immunity. Mouse mast cells have a pivotal role in protection against bacterial infection, and human cord blood-derived mast cells reduce bacterial viability in culture. The objectives of this study were to determine whether human lung mast cells (HLMCs) might be protective against pneumococcal lung infection through direct antimicrobial activity. Tissue-derived HLMCs and the human mast cell lines HMC-1 and LAD2 were cocultured with wild-type and mutant pneumococci, and viability and functional assays were performed. Mast cells were also stimulated with purified pneumolysin. HLMCs killed wild-type serotype-2 (D39) pneumococci in coculture but had no effect on an isogenic pneumolysin-deficient (PLN-A) pneumococcus. D39 wild-type, but not PLN-A pneumococci, induced the release of leukotriene C4 from human mast cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was not accompanied by histamine release. Stimulation of mast cells with sublytic concentrations of purified pneumolysin replicated this effect. Furthermore, pneumolysin induced the release of the cathelicidin LL-37 from HLMCs, purified LL-37 reduced pneumococcal viability, and neutralizing Ab to LL-37 attenuated mast cell-dependent pneumococcal killing. In addition, at high concentrations, all pneumococcal strains tested reduced HLMC viability through a combination of pneumolysin and H2O2-dependent mechanisms. HLMCs exhibit direct antimicrobial activity to pneumococci through their activation by pneumolysin. This antimicrobial activity is mediated, in part, by the release of LL-37 from HLMCs. This suggests that mast cells provide an early warning system and potentially limit pneumococcal dissemination early in the course of invasive pulmonary pneumococcal disease.
Homeostatic Expansion and Phenotypic Conversion of Human T Cells Depend on Peripheral Interactions with APCs
Authors: Onoe Takashi , Kalscheuer Hannes , Chittenden Meredith , Zhao Guiling , Yang Yong-Guang , Sykes Megan 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Immune recovery in lymphopenic hosts depends largely on homeostatic peripheral expansion, especially when thymopoiesis is insufficient, as is often the case in human adults. Although it has been well studied in mice, the study of homeostatic peripheral expansion of human T cells has been limited by the lack of an appropriate in vivo model. In this study, we use T cell-deficient humanized mice and an adoptive transfer approach to demonstrate that two distinct proliferative responses of autologous T cells occur in vivo in a lymphopenic setting. Human naive CD4 and CD8 T cells that undergo rapid proliferation acquire a memory-like phenotype and the ability to rapidly produce IFN-γ, whereas those undergoing slow proliferation retain naive phenotypic and functional characteristics. Recovery of both populations depends on the extent of human non-T cell chimerism in the periphery of recipient humanized mice. Furthermore, memory conversion of CD4 and CD8 T cells correlates with the level of human CD14+ and CD19+ chimerism in recipient mice, respectively, suggesting that different types of APCs support memory conversion of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Because lymphopenia affects clinical outcomes, this model, which will allow detailed investigation of the effects of lymphopenia in patients, is of clinical significance.
Nonlinear Multipoint Boundary Value Problems for Second Order Differential Equations
Authors: Jankowski Tadeusz 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this paper we shall discuss nonlinear multipoint boundary value problems for second order differential equations when deviating arguments depend on the unknown solution. Sufficient conditions under which such problems have extremal and quasi-solutions are given. The problem of when a unique solution exists is also investigated. To obtain existence results, a monotone iterative technique is used. Two examples are added to verify theoretical results.
Periods of Modular Forms and Imaginary Quadratic Base Change
Authors: Trifković Mak 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLet f be a classical newform of weight 2 on the upper half-plane , E the corresponding strong Weil curve, K a class number one imaginary quadratic field, and F the base change of f to K. Under a mild hypothesis on the pair (f, K), we prove that the period ratio is in ℚ. Here ΩF is the unique minimal positive period of F, and ΩE the area of E(ℂ). The claim is a specialization to base change forms of a conjecture proposed and numerically verified by Cremona and Whitley.
Ab Initio Guided Design of bcc Ternary Mg–Li–X (X = Ca, Al, Si, Zn, Cu) Alloys for Ultra‐Lightweight Applications
Authors: Counts William Art , Friák Martin , Raabe Dierk , Neugebauer Jörg 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAb initio calculations are becoming increasingly important for designing new alloys as these calculations can accurately predict basic structural, mechanical, and functional properties using only the atomic composition as a basis. In this paper, fundamental physical properties (like formation energies and elastic constants) of a set of bcc Mg–Li and Mg–Li‐based compounds are calculated using density functional theory (DFT). These DFT‐determined properties are in turn used to calculate engineering parameters such as (i) specific Young's modulus (Y/ρ) or (ii) shear over bulk modulus ratio (G/B) differentiating between brittle and ductile behavior. These parameters are then used to identify those alloys that have optimal mechanical properties for lightweight structural applications. First, in case of the binary Mg–Li system, an Ashby map containing Y/ρ versus G/B shows that it is not possible to increase Y/ρ without simultaneously increasing G/B (i.e., brittleness) by changing only the composition of a binary alloy. In an attempt to bypass such a fundamental materials‐design limitation, a set of Mg–Li–X ternaries (X = Ca, Al, Si, Cu, Zn) based on stoichiometric Mg–Li with CsCl structure was studied. It is shown that none of the studied ternary solutes is able to simultaneously improve both specific Young's modulus and ductility.
Strength Effects in Micropillars of a Dispersion Strengthened Superalloy
Authors: Girault Baptiste , Schneider Andreas S. , Frick Carl P. , Arzt Eduard 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe present paper investigates the uniaxial compression behavior of highly alloyed, focused ion beam (FIB) manufactured micropillars, ranging from 200 up to 4000 nm in diameter. The material used was the Ni‐based oxide‐dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy Inconel MA6000. Stress–strain curves show a change in slip behavior comparable to those observed in pure fcc metals. Contrary to pure Ni pillar experiments, high critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) values were found independent of pillar diameter. This suggests that the deformation behavior is primarily controlled by the internal obstacle spacing, overwhelming any pillar‐size‐dependent mechanisms such as dislocation source action or starvation.
STED Microscopy to Monitor Agglomeration of Silica Particles Inside A549 Cells
Authors: Schübbe Sabrina , Cavelius Christian , Schumann Christian , Koch Marcus , Kraegeloh Annette 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe widespread use of engineered nanomaterials increases the exposure of the materials to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to know how these materials interact with cells. One approach is to trace particles by fluorescent labeling. The aim of the present work was to study the behavior of silica particles in A549 cells. For the first time, we applied stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy for this approach. Therefore, SiO2 particles conjugated with Atto647N were prepared by L‐arginine‐catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane. The Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles exhibit a mean size of 128 ± 7 nm and a zeta‐potential of −11 mV in cell culture medium. STED microscopy enables subdiffraction resolution imaging of single Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles not only in pure solution but also in a cellular environment. To visualize Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles inside A549 cells, the membrane was labeled and image stacks, that give three‐dimensional information, were taken after 5, 24, and 48 h exposure of particles to cells. During this incubation period, an increase in particle uptake was observed and STED micrographs allowed us to evaluate the agglomeration of Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles inside A549 cells. Our results show that STED microscopy is a powerful technique to study particles in a cellular environment.