bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tomato yellow leaf curl viruses: ménage à trois between the virus complex, the plant and the whitefly vector
Authors: DÍAZ‐PENDÓN JUAN ANTONIO , CAÑIZARES M. CARMEN , MORIONES ENRIQUE , BEJARANO EDUARDO R. , CZOSNEK HENRYK , NAVAS‐CASTILLO JESÚS 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYTomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting tomato crops in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. Here, we focus on the interactions through recombination between the different begomovirus species causing TYLCD, provide an overview of the interactions with the cellular genes involved in viral replication, and highlight recent progress on the relationships between these viruses and their vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.Taxonomy:  The tomato yellow leaf curl virus‐like viruses (TYLCVs) are a complex of begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) including 10 accepted species: Tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus (TYLCAxV), Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Guangdong virus (TYLCGuV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (TYLCIDV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLVKaV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (TYLCMalV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV). We follow the species demarcation criteria of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the most important of which is an 89% nucleotide identity threshold between full‐length DNA‐A component nucleotide sequences for begomovirus species. Strains of a species are defined by a 93% nucleotide identity threshold.Host range:  The primary host of TYLCVs is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but they can also naturally infect other crops [common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chilli pepper (C. chinense) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)], a number of ornamentals [petunia (Petunia×hybrida) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora)], as well as common weeds (Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium). TYLCVs also infect the experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana.Disease symptoms:  Infected tomato plants are stunted or dwarfed, with leaflets rolled upwards and inwards; young leaves are slightly chlorotic; in recently infected plants, fruits might not be produced or, if produced, are small and unmarketable. In common bean, some TYLCVs produce the bean leaf crumple disease, with thickening, epinasty, crumpling, blade reduction and upward curling of leaves, as well as abnormal shoot proliferation and internode reduction; the very small leaves result in a bushy appearance.
Developmental variation in resistance and tolerance in a multi‐host–parasite system
Authors: Rohr Jason R. , Raffel Thomas R. , Hall Callyn A. 
Published: March 2010

Summary 1. Organisms can protect themselves against parasitism by reducing either parasite burden (resistance) or damage caused by parasites at a given burden (tolerance), but little is known about resistance and tolerance to multiple parasites among wild animal populations and species. The fitness effects of parasitism can be broken down into two components: (i) cost of parasite exposure, the difference in fitness between organisms that were not exposed to parasites and those that were exposed but not infected, and (ii) tolerance, the change in host fitness as a function of parasite burden. For amphibians, a taxon that is being decimated by disease, knowing which species and ontogenetic stages are least resistant or least tolerant to which parasites would help target research and management efforts. 2. We reared American toad (Bufo americanus) and green frog (Rana clamitans) tadpoles in a common garden environment and quantified survival and trematode burdens after exposure to 20 Echinostoma trivolvis, Ribeiroia ondatrae or plagiorchid trematode cercariae. 3. All three trematodes caused significant B. americanus mortality, but R. ondatrae was the only species to induce significant mortality of R. clamitans and was the most deadly of the parasites. Young tadpoles had greater parasite‐induced mortality than older tadpoles. 4. Mortality patterns were driven by B. americanus having lower resistance and a higher cost of parasite exposure than R. clamitans, older tadpoles having higher tolerance than younger tadpoles, B. americanus and R. clamitans exhibiting lower resistance and a higher cost of parasite exposure, respectively, to R. ondatrae relative to the other tested trematodes, and skin‐penetrating trematodes inducing a higher cost of parasite exposure than non‐skin‐penetrators. Host size was not predictive of resistance but was a positive predictor of the cost of resistance and tolerance; however, size alone could not fully account for host differences in tolerance. 5. Interactions among developmental stage and host and trematode species emphasize the plasticity and context‐dependency of defence strategies and the importance of considering resistance and tolerance to multiple parasites in wild host species.
Phylogeographic analysis detects congruent biogeographic patterns between a woodland agamid and Australian wet tropics taxa despite disparate evolutionary trajectories
Authors: Edwards Danielle L. , Melville Jane 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim  To test the congruence of phylogeographic patterns and processes between a woodland agamid lizard (Diporiphora australis) and well‐studied Australian wet tropics fauna. Specifically, to determine whether the biogeographic history of D. australis is more consistent with a history of vicariance, which is common in wet tropics fauna, or with a history of dispersal with expansion, which would be expected for species occupying woodland habitats that expanded with the increasingly drier conditions in eastern Australia during the Miocene–Pleistocene.Location  North‐eastern Australia.Methods  Field‐collected and museum tissue samples from across the entire distribution of D. australis were used to compile a comprehensive phylo‐geographic dataset based on c. 1400 bp of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), incorporating the ND2 protein‐coding gene. We used phylogenetic methods to assess biogeographic patterns within D. australis and relaxed molecular clock analyses were conducted to estimate divergence times. Hierarchical Shimodaira–Hasegawa tests were used to test alternative topologies representing vicariant, dispersal and mixed dispersal/vicariant biogeographic hypotheses. Phylogenetic analyses were combined with phylogeographic analyses to gain an insight into the evolutionary processes operating within D. australis.Results  Phylogenetic analyses identified six major mtDNA clades within D. australis, with phylogeographic patterns closely matching those seen in many wet tropics taxa. Congruent phylogeographic breaks were observed across the Black Mountain Corridor, Burdekin and St Lawrence Gaps. Divergence amongst clades was found to decrease in a north–south direction, with a trend of increasing population expansion in the south.Main conclusions  While phylogeographic patterns in D australis reflect those seen in many rain forest fauna of the wet tropics, the evolutionary processes underlying these patterns appear to be very different. Our results support a history of sequential colonization of D. australis from north to south across major biogeographic barriers from the late Miocene–Pleistocene. These patterns are most likely in response to expanding woodland habitats. Our results strengthen the data available for this iconic region in Australia by exploring the understudied woodland habitats. In addition, our study shows the importance of thorough investigations of not only the biogeographic patterns displayed by species but also the evolutionary processes underlying such patterns.
Birds and ants provide complementary seed dispersal in a neotropical savanna
Authors: Christianini Alexander V. , Oliveira Paulo S. 
Published: March 2010

Summary 1. A substantial portion of the crop of fruiting trees falls beneath parent plants as a result of dispersal failure. Such diaspores are considered as waste because the likelihood of plant recruitment is usually very small close to parent trees. However, many animals may rescue fallen diaspores and provide them with another chance of dispersal and establishment. 2. We investigated the effectiveness of two broad types of seed dispersal vectors for the regeneration of Xylopia aromatica in the Brazilian cerrado savanna: birds that remove diaspores from plant canopies and ants that harvest diaspores on the ground under the parent plant (as rescuers) or from bird feces (as secondary dispersers). 3. Birds removed a mean of 32% of the crop from plant canopies, but removal was independent of crop size. A large part of the crop (mean of 25%) landed beneath parent plants or was dropped after manipulation by vertebrate frugivores as viable diaspores. Ants from at least five genera removed most fallen diaspores (up to 83%) within 24 h. Ants influenced the fate of a large amount of the crop, and for some trees ants removed as many diaspores as birds. 4. Large ants rescued some diaspores to distances beyond the parent plant crown, but birds may remove diaspores 40‐fold farther. However, seedlings of X. aromatica were only found close to nests of large ants, probably due to diaspore rescuing and/or directed secondary dispersal by certain ant groups following primary dispersal by birds. Although an unknown percentage of seeds was lost to granivorous ants, diaspore removal by ants potentially enhances the likelihood of plant recruitment due to distance‐related benefits and directed dispersal to ant nests, while birds play a premier role in long‐distance seed dispersal and metapopulation dynamics. 5. Synthesis. Birds and ants provide complementary seed dispersal at different spatial scales to X. aromatica. Since ants remove most fallen diaspores beneath parent plants, the use of diaspore removal rates from plant canopy as a surrogate of plant fitness may be misleading. By acting as secondary dispersers, ants may also provide a fine‐tuned dispersal following long‐distance dispersal by birds (i.e. diplochory).
Tree diversity promotes insect herbivory in subtropical forests of south‐east China
Authors: Schuldt Andreas , Baruffol Martin , Böhnke Martin , Bruelheide Helge , Härdtle Werner , Lang Anne C. , Nadrowski Karin , Von Oheimb Goddert , Voigt Winfried , Zhou Hongzhang , Assmann Thorsten 
Published: March 2010

Summary 1. Insect herbivory can strongly affect ecosystem processes, and its relationship with plant diversity is a central topic in biodiversity–functioning research. However, very little is known about this relationship from complex ecosystems dominated by long‐lived individuals, such as forests, especially over gradients of high plant diversity. 2. We analysed insect herbivory on saplings of 10 tree and shrub species across 27 forest stands differing in age and tree species richness in an extraordinarily diverse subtropical forest ecosystem in China. We tested whether plant species richness significantly influences folivory in these highly diverse forests or whether other factors play a more important role at such high levels of phytodiversity. 3. Leaf damage was assessed on 58 297 leaves of 1284 saplings at the end of the rainy season in 2008, together with structural and abiotic stand characteristics. 4. Species‐specific mean damage of leaf area ranged from 3% to 16%. Herbivory increased with plant species richness even after accounting for potentially confounding effects of stand characteristics, of which stand age‐related aspects most clearly covaried with herbivory. Intraspecific density dependence or other abiotic factors did not significantly influence overall herbivory across forest stands. 5. Synthesis. The positive herbivory–plant diversity relationship indicates that effects related to hypotheses of resource concentration, according to which a reduction in damage by specialized herbivores might be expected as host plant concentration decreases with increasing plant diversity, do not seem to be major determinants for overall herbivory levels in our phytodiverse subtropical forest ecosystem. We discuss the potential role of host specificity of dominant herbivores, which are often expected to show a high degree of specialization in many (sub)tropical forests. In the forest system we studied, a much higher impact of polyphagous species than traditionally assumed might explain the observed patterns, as these species can profit from a broad dietary mix provided by high plant diversity. Further testing is needed to experimentally verify this assumption.
The population biology of the early spider orchid Ophrys sphegodes Mill. III. Demography over three decades
Authors: Hutchings Michael J. 
Published: March 2010

Summary 1. Compared to animals, long‐term, large‐scale demographic studies based on plants are scarce. A 32‐year plant‐based demographic study of the rare early spider orchid Ophrys sphegodes is presented, covering periods of management by cattle grazing (1975–1979) and sheep grazing (1980–2006). 2. Annual recruitment exceeded mortality under sheep grazing, but numbers of emergent plants did not increase for many years. Eventually, following rapid population increase, numbers fluctuated strongly, with high recruitment in 1 year followed by heavy mortality the next. 3. The population’s distribution between different life states varied considerably, even between consecutive years with identical management. On average, almost 30% of plants were dormant. Most dormant periods lasted <4 years (c. 78% were ≤ 2 years), but dormancy of up to 8 years was recorded. 4. Most orchids had short lives from first to last appearance, but some lived for >20 years. Age‐specific survivorship data yielded a half‐life of 2.25 years. 5. Peak flowering date advanced by 0.5 day year−1 during the study. Flowering was earlier after warmer years and later after winters with more frosts. Inflorescence height and leaf number were positively correlated with rainfall during inflorescence extension, but negatively correlated with temperature and sunshine hours over up to a year before flowering. Higher temperature was associated with less of the population flowering and more being vegetative. The proportion in dormancy was unaffected by climatic variables. 6. Annual recruitment and mortality were positively correlated with temperature in the previous year, and annual recruitment was positively correlated with the number of flowering plants in each of the two previous years. In most years, <1 plant was recruited per flowering plant in each of the two previous years. 7. Despite a dramatic increase in the number of emergent plants c. 10 years after management changed to sheep grazing, and large numbers of emergent plants thereafter, mortality greatly exceeded recruitment over the last 10 years of this study. 8. Synthesis. Conservation of orchids like O. sphegodes, which have numerous ‘weedy’ life‐history characteristics, is heavily reliant on appropriate management. Although previous management prescriptions for conservation remain valid, some site disturbance will be beneficial to recruitment.
Characterization of susceptibility and carrier status of burbot, Lota lota (L.), to IHNV, IPNV, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Aeromonas salmonicida and Renibacterium salmoninarum
Authors: Polinski M P , Fehringer T R , Johnson K A , Snekvik K R , LaPatra S E , LaFrentz B R , Ireland S C , Cain K D 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this study, susceptibility and potential carrier status of burbot, Lota lota, were assessed for five important fish pathogens. Burbot demonstrated susceptibility and elevated mortality following challenge with infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) by immersion and to Aeromonas salmonicida by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. IHNV persisted in fish for at least 28 days, whereas A. salmonicida was not re‐isolated beyond 17 days post‐challenge. In contrast, burbot appeared refractory to Flavobacterium psychrophilum following intramuscular (i.m.) injection and to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) by immersion. However, i.p injection of IPNV resulted in re‐isolation of virus from fish for the duration of the 28 day challenge. Renibacterium salmoninarum appeared to induce an asymptomatic carrier state in burbot following i.p. injection, but overt manifestation of disease was not apparent. Viable bacteria persisted in fish for at least 41 days, and bacterial DNA isolated by diagnostic polymerase chain reaction was detected from burbot kidney tissue 90 days after initial exposure. This study is the first to investigate susceptibility of burbot to selected fish pathogens, and this information will aid in efforts to culture and manage this species.
Light and nitrogen competition limitLolium perennein experimental grasslands of increasing plant diversity
Authors: Roscher C. , Kutsch W. L. , Schulze E.‐D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPositive species richness effects on aboveground community productivity in experimental grasslands have been reported to correlate with variable responses of individual species. So far, it is largely unknown whether more complete use of resources at the community level correlates with resource limitation of particular species and may explain their decreasing performance with increasing plant diversity. Using the subordinate grass speciesLolium perenneL. as a model, we monitored populations in 82 experimental grasslands of different plant diversity (Jena Experiment) from year 2 to 6 after establishment, and measured ecophysiological leaf traits related to light and nutrient acquisition and use. Population and plant individual sizes ofL. perennedecreased with increasing species richness. A decrease in transmitted light with increasing species richness and legume proportion correlated with increasing specific leaf area (SLA). Despite this morphological adaptation to lower light availability, decreasing foliar δ13C signatures with increasing species richness and low variation in leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll concentrations suggested a low capacity ofL. perennefor adjustment to canopy shade. Leaf nitrogen concentrations and foliar δ15N signatures indicated a better N supply in communities with legumes and a shift in the uptake of different N forms with increasing species richness. Leaf blade nitrate and carbohydrate concentrations as indicators of plants nutritional status supported that light limitation with increasing species richness and legume proportions, combined with a N limitation in communities with increasing proportions of non‐legumes, correlated with the decreasing performance ofL. perennein communities of increasing plant diversity.
Shrinking genomes? Evidence from genome size variation inCrepis(Compositae)
Authors: Enke N. , Fuchs J. , Gemeinholzer B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLarge‐scale surveys of genome size evolution in angiosperms show that the ancestral genome was most likely small, with a tendency towards an increase in DNA content during evolution. Due to polyploidisation and self‐replicating DNA elements, angiosperm genomes were considered to have a ‘one‐way ticket to obesity’ (Bennetzen & Kellogg 1997). New findings on how organisms can lose DNA challenged the hypotheses of unidirectional evolution of genome size. The present study is based on the classical work of Babcock (1947a) on karyotype evolution withinCrepisand analyses karyotypic diversification within the genus in a phylogenetic context. Genome size of 21Crepisspecies was estimated using flow cytometry. Additional data of 17 further species were taken from the literature. Within 30 diploidCrepisspecies there is a striking trend towards genome contraction. The direction of genome size evolution was analysed by reconstructing ancestral character states on a molecular phylogeny based on ITS sequence data. DNA content is correlated to distributional aspects as well as life form. Genome size is significantly higher in perennials than in annuals. Within sampled species, very small genomes are only present in Mediterranean or European species, whereas their Central and East Asian relatives have larger 1C values.
The spectrum of clinical paediatric endocrinology: 28 years of referrals to an individual consultant
Authors: Thomsett Michael J 
Published: March 2010

Aim:  To review referrals throughout the career of an individual paediatric endocrinologist.Methods:  A retrospective cohort study in metropolitan clinics in Queensland analysed details of all 9062 patients aged <18 years referred between January 1980 and December 2007 to determine the proportion of diagnoses in major disease categories and changes in referral patterns over time.Results:  Short stature (29%), type‐1 diabetes mellitus (20%) and pubertal disorders (12%) accounted for most cases, with thyroid disorders (7%), obesity (6%), tall stature (5%) and hypothalamic‐pituitary disorders (4%) the next commonest. An organic cause for short stature, early puberty, late puberty, tall stature and obesity was found in 39%, 32%, 19%, 15% and 6% of cases, respectively. Boys were more likely to present with short stature or delayed puberty, and girls with tall stature and early puberty. Substantially fewer boys than girls were diagnosed in infancy with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, suggesting that some may be dying undiagnosed. Comparisons between 1980 and 1984, and 2000–2004 revealed increases in the percentage of referrals for type‐1 diabetes mellitus (particularly in the young), early puberty, hypothalamic‐pituitary and bone disorders, and decreases in those for short and tall stature.Conclusions:  Disorders of growth and puberty accounted for 52% of referrals and many have an organic cause. A neonatal screening programme for congenital adrenal hyperplasia is overdue. Changing attitudes to short and tall stature and a profound increase in new cases of diabetes mellitus indicate that substantially greater resources for treatment of childhood diabetes mellitus will be required in future.
Risk factors and clinical management of haemorrhage after open nephron‐sparing surgery
Authors: Huber Johannes , Pahernik Sascha , Hallscheidt Peter , Sommer Christof Matthias , Hatiboglu Gencay , Haferkamp Axel , Hohenfellner Markus 
Published: March 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo identify risk factors for relevant haemorrhage after open nephron‐sparing surgery (NSS) for renal cell carcinoma, and to evaluate its clinical management.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe evaluated bleeding complications after open NSS in 196 consecutive cases (193 patients) at our institution. The median (range) age of the patients was 64 (3–91) years and the tumour diameter was 2.7 (0.5–11.8) cm. Sex, age, body mass index, imperative vs elective indication, year of surgery, multifocality, tumour diameter and malignant vs benign pathology were tested exploratively and significant variables entered in a multivariate model. The clinical management of haemorrhage after NSS was analysed.RESULTSBleeding required conservative (six), interventional (six) or surgical (three) therapy in 15 of the 196 cases (8%). Imperative indication (P= 0.043) and multifocality (P= 0.039) were independent risk factors in a multivariate model. Compared with superselective percutaneous transarterial embolization (TAE), surgery as a primary therapeutic option was more likely within 24 h after NSS (P= 0.012). Bleeding was finally controlled in all patients, while the kidney was preserved in 11 patients. There was only a minor decline of renal function at the 3‐month follow‐up.CONCLUSIONSWe identified multifocal tumours and imperative indication as risk factors for haemorrhage after NSS. The management was very successful, relying on TAE as an effective and safe treatment for bleeding after NSS. In rare cases of severe bleeding surgical exploration is unavoidable, with a lower chance of kidney preservation.