bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in the Yield of Tea. I. The Experimental Errors of Field Experiments with Tea
Authors: Eden T. 
Published: March 2009

1. A uniformity trial of 144 plots of mature tea plucked on 42 occasions is examined with a view to determining an adequate technique for field experiments.2. Yields are expressed as dry matter; the necessity for, and accuracy of, this procedure is examined.3. Using the latin square and statistical analysis of variance, a maximum diminution of error up to the plot sizes of acre is found; the elimination of positional variance is shown to be inferior to that generally obtained on annual crops in temperate climates, but this inferiority corresponds with similar experience on other tropical crops.
A note on the value of uniformity trials for subsequent experiments
Authors: Sanders H. G. 
Published: March 2009

The question attacked is whether soil variations are sufficiently constant from year to year to give useful corrections to the yields of experimental plots from their yields under previous uniformity trials, and the data investigated were the published results of uniformity trials carried out on two fields at Aarslev (Denmark) between 1906 and 1911. In one case the plots did tend to keep constant in their relative yields, and the precision of an experiment would be increased by nearly 150 per cent. if the regression on the mean yield in the three previous years were used: with the other field, however, the plots showed no constancy in yield (when the variation due to strips was taken out as in modern experimental methods), and consequently previous uniformity trials could give no assistance.The work described here was done whilst I was enjoying the hospitality of the Rothamsted Laboratory: it gives me much pleasure to acknowledge my great indebtedness to Dr R. A. Fisher, F.R.S., who suggested the problem, and guided my unsteady steps throughout.
Sulphur as a soil fungicide against the potato wart disease organism
Authors: Roach W. A. 
Published: March 2009

(1) Thiosulphuric acid has been shown to exist in a free state.(2) It is relatively stable in dilute solution; an M/200 solution is only half decomposed at the end of 1 day and an M/400 solution at the end of 10 days only.(3) This degree of stability is sufficient to account for the fungicidal action of acidified thiosulphate solutions in terms of the liberated thiosulphuric acid.(4) It can be calculated that it is only necessary to assume 6 per cent. of the minimum quantity of sulphur found effective against Wart Disease in the field to be in the form of thiosulphuric acid over a period of 10 days in order to account for its toxicity.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer applied to winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) on soil mineral nitrogen after harvest and on the response of a succeeding crop of winter wheat to nitrogen fertilizer
Authors: Shepherd M. A. , Sylvester-Bradley R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSoil mineral nitrogen (Nmin) was measured to 90 cm at a total of 12 sites in the UK in the autumn after an oilseed rape experiment, which measured responses to fertilizer N. On average, Nmin, increased by 15 kg/ha per 100 kg/ha fertilizer nitrogen (N) applied to the rape, up to the economic optimum amount of N (Nmin). There were larger increases in Nmin where fertilizer applications exceeded Nopt, thus super-optimal fertilizer applications disproportionately increased the amount of nitrate likely to leach over-winter. The small effects of sub-optimal N on Nmin were associated with large increases in N offtake by the oilseed rape, whereas the larger effects of super-optimal N on Nmin were associated with only small increases in N offtake. Over 70% of the variation in autumn Nmin was explained by the previous rape's N fertilizer rate and the topsoil organic matter content.Nitrogen applied to the rape increased grain yields of the succeeding wheat crops when no further fertilizer N was applied to the wheat. It was concluded that N applied to oilseed rape significantly affected Nmin after harvest, and these effects were not completely nullified by leaching over-winter, so soil N supply to the succeeding wheat crop was significantly increased. Responses in grain yield indicated that each 100 kg/ha N applied to the rape provided N equivalent to c. 30 kg/ha for the following cereal. Each 1% of soil organic matter further contributed N to the wheat, equivalent to 25 kg/ha.It is important to ensure that oilseed rape receives no more than the optimum amount of fertilizer N if subsequent leaching is to be minimized. Reductions below optimum amounts will have only a small effect on leaching. Substantial changes in the economic optimum N for rape production should be accompanied by adjustment in fertilizer N application to following wheat crops. Fertilizer recommendation systems for wheat should take account of the fertilizer N applied to the preceding oilseed rape and the topsoil organic matter content.
Village Elections and Redistribution of Political Power and Collective Property
Authors: Yao Yusheng 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study of competitive elections in a northern China village identifies two contradictions: one between villagers and village officials, the other between village elite and those seeking power. The one between villagers and the old leadership in the village focuses on the latter's corruption and bad governance, which had led to serious erosion and unfair distribution of the collective property. The one between villagers and the new leadership lies in the latter's failure to address the problems left by the old leadership. Both led to popular discontent and fuelled political participation. The contradiction between elite members focuses on competing for political office, which has resulted in the formation of factions and factionalism in both election and post-election politics and has become a salient feature of the village politics. The investigation of this village with governing problems found that free elections have brought about a radical redistribution of political power, but little satisfaction to villagers because their deep-seated desire for a fair redistribution of the collective property remains unfulfilled.
Women's Participation in Village Autonomy in China: Evidence from Zhejiang Province
Authors: Guo Xiajuan , Zheng Yongnian , Yang Lijun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDrawing on the data collected from three surveys in China's Zhejiang province during the period from 1999 to 2006, this article attempts to examine women's political participation in village autonomy and village elections in China. The data show that while men and women have obtained a very similar level of self-awareness and motivation in terms of political participation, China's patriarchal system, embedded in various forms of mindset and political practice, continues to constrain rural women's political involvement in a substantial way. The gender gap remains and the proportion of rural women in local power structures is declining. The article explains both the similarities and differences between men and women in rural political participation, and identifies some major causes for the decline of women's share in grassroots leading positions. It shows that there is no causal linkage between economic development and the improvement of women's political participation, and that the lack of political and other systematic supports leads to the low proportion of women in local power structures.
The law of military occupation put to the test of human rights law
Authors: Campanelli Danio 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis article outlines the debate on the general relationship between the law of armed conflicts and human rights and examines particularly the applicability of human rights during military occupation. Complementarity and compatibility should be evaluated case by case, on the basis of the rules making up each of these regimes and any exceptions that these rules contain. The different interests and values at stake – the interests of the occupying forces and those of the civilian population, the protection of human rights and the derogations necessary to maintain order – reveal many grey areas that still exist in the interaction between human rights law and the law of military occupation.
Auditory Evoked Potentials and Cochlear Implants: Research Findings and Clinical Applications in Children
Authors: Purdy Suzanne C , Gardner-Berry Kirsty 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAuditory evoked potentials can be used to objectively assess hearing sensitivity, central auditory processing, and neural encoding of speech sounds up to the level of the auditory cortex. Evoked potentials have been of interest to clinicians and researchers in the cochlear implant field for a long time because of their potential for objectively predicting cochlear implant outcomes, as well as improving candidacy determination, and implant programming. Neural response telemetry and intra-operative electrical auditory brainstem recording have been routinely performed by implant programs for many years. Recently, there has been great interest in potential clinical applications of cortical auditory evoked potentials in the implant field. Research and clinical applications are reviewed and case studies are presented that illustrate clinical applications of cortical evoked potentials in children before and after implantation.
Infrapopliteal angioplasty with a long over-the-wire (OTW) balloon in the treatment of severe limb ischemia in diabetic patients: A retrospective study
Authors: Wang Jue , Zhu Yue-Qi , Zhao Jun-Gong , Wang Jian-Bo , Cheng Ying-Sheng , Li Ming-Hua , Wang Wu , Zhang Pei-Lei , Du Zhuo-Ying 
Published: March 2009

Background: The use of short balloons in the treatment of infrapopliteal arterial occlusive disease in diabetic patients often has a poor clinical outcome. Purpose: To retrospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy of a long over-the-wire (OTW) balloon as a primary percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) treatment for diabetic infrapopliteal severe limb ischemia. Material and Methods: Infrapopliteal PTA with a long OTW balloon was performed between April 2007 and March 2008 in 34 patients (53 limbs), including a total of 119 lesions. Patient age was 71.8±7.4 years. All patients had limb ischemic symptoms. Angiography was retrospectively analyzed, and every lesion categorized and classified according to its length and severity. The mean follow-up period was 7.4±2.6 months. Lower-limb magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) was performed every 3 months during follow-up, and clinical data were collected. Results: Altogether, 92% of patients were successfully treated. Ankle-brachial index (ABI) and transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2) improved from 0.50±0.18 and 18.85±12.08 mmHg, respectively, before the procedure to 0.81±0.12 and 39.85±12.67 mmHg, respectively, after the procedure. At the end of follow-up, 29 patients had maintained a stable outcome. Five patients had symptom recurrence, and three of them underwent a second PTA. Two major amputations and four minor amputations were performed, with a 94% limb salvage rate and 59% patency rate. Conclusion: Infrapopliteal PTA with a long OTW balloon was feasible, with encouraging midterm outcome, in the treatment of severe limb ischemia in diabetic patients in this single-center case series. Further research is warranted to evaluate long-term outcome.
The Myoendothelial Junction: Breaking through the Matrix?
Authors: HEBERLEIN KATHERINE R. , STRAUB ADAM C. , ISAKSON BRANT E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTWithin the vasculature, specialized cellular extensions from endothelium (and sometimes smooth muscle) protrude through the extracellular matrix where they interact with the opposing cell type. These structures, termed myoendothelial junctions, have been cited as a possible key element in the control of several vascular physiologies and pathologies. This review will discuss observations that have led to a focus on the myoendothelial junction as a cellular integration point in the vasculature for both homeostatic and pathological conditions and as a possible independent signaling entity. We will also highlight the need for novel approaches to studying the myoendothelial junction in order to comprehend the cellular biology associated with this structure.
EU FOOD SAFETY POLICY
Authors: Holm Lotte , Halkier Bente 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT
Food safety is a vital concern and a salient regulatory arena, with important implications for consumers, producers and retailers of food. Following the BSE crisis in 1996, and with the alleged aim to restore consumer confidence in food, national and fragmented food safety regulations across Europe were transformed into a new European-wide food regulatory system. This included a new legal and regulatory framework, a new institutional set-up of public authorities, and new roles for public and private actors. The article analyses how the division of responsibilities for food safety has changed both across the EU as a whole and, more specifically, in six European countries. Based on seven case studies, which were prepared as part of a comparative research project, TRUSTINFOOD, the article analyses how core principles of the new EU food safety policy was put into practice in Denmark, Germany, Italy, Norway, Portugal and the UK. The article demonstrates how changes in regulatory practices in EU and the six countries converge with respect to formal regulatory framework and diverge with respect to practical implementation and institutional reform. It is a shared perspective to restore consumer confidence by enhancing institutional independence, transparency and consumer agency, but conditions for this differ between the countries. The structure of food markets and the political agendas around food issues continue to vary in different national contexts but the new food safety policy may further the development of the single European market and thus promote changes within the food production systems in Europe.
The development and evaluation of a three-dimensional, echo-integration method for estimating fish-school abundance
Authors: Nishimori Yasushi , Iida Kohji , Furusawa Masahiko , Tang Yong , Tokuyama Kozo , Nagai Sanae , Nishiyama Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Nishimori, Y., Iida, K., Furusawa, M., Tang, Y., Tokuyama, K., Nagai, S., and Nishiyama, Y. 2009. The development and evaluation of a three-dimensional, echo-integration method for estimating fish-school abundance. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1037–1042. A three-dimensional, echo-integration method (3DEI) which uses scanning-sonar observations of a fish school to estimate its backscattering cross section (σbss = Nσbs) was developed. Coupled with a modelled estimate of the average backscattering cross section of individual fish (σbs), the 3DEI theoretically allows estimation of the number of fish in a school (N). To test the practicality of the method, measurements were made of a metal sphere simulating fish, and several spheres simulating a fish school. The 3DEI correctly measured the σbss of each target. Next, the 3DEI was applied to echo data from a herring school in the Norwegian Sea, to estimate its σbss. Several values of σbs were estimated with a prolate-spheroid model, each assuming different distributions of fish orientations relative to the sonar beam. Dividing the 3DEI-estimated σbss by these modelled σbs shows that the resulting estimates of N were closer to the skipper's estimate than those estimated using the apparent school volume. The 3DEI measurements of σbss, modelled σbs, and resulting accuracy of N depend largely on the assumed orientations of the fish relative to the acoustic beam.
A Mycorrhizal-Specific Ammonium Transporter from Lotus japonicus Acquires Nitrogen Released by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
Authors: Guether Mike , Neuhäuser Benjamin , Balestrini Raffaella , Dynowski Marek , Ludewig Uwe , Bonfante Paola 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In mycorrhizal associations, the fungal partner assists its plant host by providing nitrogen (N) in addition to phosphate. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have access to inorganic or organic forms of N and translocate them via arginine from the extra- to the intraradical mycelium, where the N is transferred to the plant without any carbon skeleton. However, the molecular form in which N is transferred, as well as the involved mechanisms, is still under debate. NH4 + seems to be the preferential transferred molecule, but no plant ammonium transporter (AMT) has been identified so far. Here, we offer evidence of a plant AMT that is involved in N uptake during mycorrhiza symbiosis. The gene LjAMT2;2, which has been shown to be the highest up-regulated gene in a transcriptomic analysis of Lotus japonicus roots upon colonization with Gigaspora margarita, has been characterized as a high-affinity AMT belonging to the AMT2 subfamily. It is exclusively expressed in the mycorrhizal roots, but not in the nodules, and transcripts have preferentially been located in the arbusculated cells. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant complementation has confirmed its functionality and revealed its dependency on acidic pH. The transport experiments using Xenopus laevis oocytes indicated that, unlike other plant AMTs, LjAMT2;2 transports NH3 instead of NH4 +. Our results suggest that the transporter binds charged ammonium in the apoplastic interfacial compartment and releases the uncharged NH3 into the plant cytoplasm. The implications of such a finding are discussed in the context of AM functioning and plant phosphorus uptake.
In-Depth Proteome Analysis of Arabidopsis Leaf Peroxisomes Combined with in Vivo Subcellular Targeting Verification Indicates Novel Metabolic and Regulatory Functions of Peroxisomes
Authors: Reumann Sigrun , Quan Sheng , Aung Kyaw , Yang Pingfang , Manandhar-Shrestha Kalpana , Holbrook Danielle , Linka Nicole , Switzenberg Robert , Wilkerson Curtis G. , Weber Andreas P.M. , Olsen Laura J. , Hu Jianping 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPeroxisomes are metabolically diverse organelles with essential roles in plant development. The major protein constituents of plant peroxisomes are well characterized, whereas only a few low-abundance and regulatory proteins have been reported to date. We performed an in-depth proteome analysis of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf peroxisomes using one-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. We detected 65 established plant peroxisomal proteins, 30 proteins whose association with Arabidopsis peroxisomes had been previously demonstrated only by proteomic data, and 55 putative novel proteins of peroxisomes. We subsequently tested the subcellular targeting of yellow fluorescent protein fusions for selected proteins and confirmed the peroxisomal localization for 12 proteins containing predicted peroxisome targeting signals type 1 or 2 (PTS1/2), three proteins carrying PTS-related peptides, and four proteins that lack conventional targeting signals. We thereby established the tripeptides SLM&gt; and SKV&gt; (where &gt; indicates the stop codon) as new PTS1s and the nonapeptide RVx5HF as a putative new PTS2. The 19 peroxisomal proteins conclusively identified from this study potentially carry out novel metabolic and regulatory functions of peroxisomes. Thus, this study represents an important step toward defining the complete plant peroxisomal proteome.
HER2 overexpression correlates with survival after curative resection of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Komoto Masahiro , Nakata Bunzo , Amano Ryosuke , Yamada Nobuya , Yashiro Masakazu , Ohira Masaichi , Wakasa Kenichi , Hirakawa Kosei 
Published: March 2009

HER2 overexpression has been linked to clinical outcomes in several solid tumors, such as breast cancer. However, the correlation between HER2 overexpression and survival in pancreatic carcinoma remains unclear. The impact of HER2 overexpression on survival in pancreatic ductal cancer was examined. Immunohistochemical staining of 129 pancreatic cancers without hematogenous metastases or peritoneal dissemination treated by macroscopically curative resection were analyzed in association with survival data. To determine HER2 overexpression in this pancreatic cancer series, the polyclonal antibody included in HercepTest, which is used worldwide for clinical examination of HER2 overexpression in breast cancer, was used. Immunoreactivity was classified according to the scale presented in the HercepTest Scoring Guidelines. Twenty‐two cases (17.1%) had a score of 0, 28 cases (21.7%) had of a score of 1+, 41 cases (31.8%) had a score of 2+, and 38 cases (29.4%) had a score of 3+. Therefore, HER2 overexpression (score 2+ or 3+) was observed in 79 cases (61.2%). Patients with HER2 overexpression tumors had significantly shorter survival times than those with HER2 normal expression (score 0 or 1+) tumors (median survival time, 14.7 vs 20.7 months, respectively; P = 0.0078 on the log‐rank test). On multivariate survival analysis, HER2 overexpression remained an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 1.806; P = 0.0258). A significant percentage of pancreatic cancers were demonstrated to have HER2 overexpression, and overexpression of this tyrosine kinase receptor proved to be an independent factor for a worse prognosis. These results should encourage further investigation of treatments using new molecular targeting agents against HER2 protein to improve the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1243–1247)
Meta‐analysis: yield of diagnostic tests for coeliac disease in dyspepsia
Authors: FORD A. C. , CHING E. , MOAYYEDI P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryBackground  The prevalence of coeliac disease (CD) may be increased in individuals with dyspepsia, but evidence is conflicting.Aims  To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies reporting prevalence of CD in dyspepsia.Methods  MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL were searched up to February 2009. Case series and case‐control studies applying serological tests and/or distal duodenal biopsy for CD to unselected adults with dyspepsia were eligible. Prevalence of positive coeliac serology and biopsy‐proven CD were pooled for all studies and compared between cases and controls using an odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).Results  Fifteen studies were identified. Prevalence of positive coeliac serology was higher in cases with dyspepsia (7.9%) compared with controls (3.9%), but not significantly so (OR for positive endomysial antibodies or tissue transglutaminase 1.89; 95% CI 0.90–3.99). Prevalence of biopsy‐proven CD following positive serology was also higher (3.2% in cases vs. 1.3% in controls), but again this was not statistically significant (OR 2.85; 95% CI 0.60–13.38). Prevalence of biopsy‐proven CD was 1% in ten studies performing duodenal biopsy first‐line.Conclusion  Prevalence of biopsy‐proven CD in subjects with dyspepsia was 1% and was higher than in controls, although this difference was not statistically significant.