bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les abus de pouvoir et de fonction en droit pénal canadien
Authors: Jodouin André 
Published: July 2012

This paper was originally given at the Congrès Henri Capitant to an audience composed mainly of Continental jurists. It deals with abuse of power in the context both of crime and of criminal process.
The relative extension of the concept as a criminal qualification and the clear sanctions provided by the Code are contrasted with the permis-sivity of the law relating to the occurence in the criminal process, of different instances of abuse.
L'arbitre de griefs, instrument efficace de contrôle des abus de pouvoirs de l'employeur ?
Authors: Dubé Jean-Louis 
Published: July 2012

In theory, recourse to the grievance arbitration would appear to be an efficient means of controlling the abuse of powers (i.e. violations of the collective agreement) by the employer. Indeed, experience has borne out the truth of this affirmation. Mainly due to the management rights principle however, there still remain several important lacunae in this regard.
On the one hand, by invoking the so-called management rights principle as a favorite means for circumscribing the arbitrator's jurisdiction, the Supreme Court of Canada has greatly diminished the efficacy of the arbitration process. This has occured primarily through the quashing of arbitration decisions either on the basis of error of law or else by limiting the arbitrator's discretion in disciplinary cases.
On the other hand, it would be just as harmful to the efficiency of the arbitration process if arbitrators themselves were to abuse the management rights principle in interpreting and applying collective agreements. In general, arbitrators have proved to be highly conscious of this problem. By the same token, arbitrators have been faced with the problem of whether or not to discipline acts of insubordination even though employees may have been provoked by an abuse of authority on the part of the employer.
All in all, arbitrators, by their attitude, appear to manifest a desire of ensuring the efficient functioning of the arbitration process, without acting to the detriment of management rights. In this regard, the Supreme Court of Canada, with the notable exception of Chief Justice Laskin, would seem to be fighting a rear-guard action by continually emphasizing management rights.
L'abus de pouvoir des représentants légaux dans le droit familial du Québec
Authors: Brière Germain 
Published: July 2012

In order to determine the nature of the abuse of power of the legal representatives in Quebec family law, one must identify the different cases of legal representation and study the powers of the different representatives.
Tutorship is the mechanism for the protection of the non emancipated minor. As a rule, the tutor represents his pupil in civil acts; but in some cases he has no power to act, in other cases he must get the judge's authorization, while in a third category of cases he must comply with special formalities. Consequently, there can be absence of power, misappropriation of power, bad utilization of power or dereliction of duty.
Curatorship is used for different kinds of interdicted persons. The powers and liabilities of the curator to an interdicted person are generally the same as those of the tutor.
The legal mandate of the married woman is the power to represent her husband for the current needs of the household and the maintenance of the children. In this case, the abuse mainly takes the form of an excess of power.
The effects of the abuse of power must primarily be considered in the relations between the represented person and his legal representative; we must ask ourselves if the legal representative is liable for damages, if his acts can be annulled and if there can be withdrawal from office. There are also effects to be considered in the relationship between the legal representative and the third persons, as well as in the relationship between the represented person and the third parties.
Secession and International Law - Some Economic Problems in Relation to State Succession
Authors: Arbour J.-Maurice 
Published: July 2012

Le 15 novembre 1976, le Parti Québécois prenait le pouvoir au Québec. Puisque l'objectif majeur du gouvernement Lévesque est de conduire la province de Québec vers les chemins de l'indépendance, il convient d'ores et déjà de s'interroger sérieusement sur l'agenda d'éventuelles négociations entre, d'une part, un gouvernement mandaté pour faire la sécession et, d'autre part, une équipe de négociateurs représentant le reste du Canada. Sans doute, l'un des points cruciaux d'un tel agenda serait la question du partage de l'actif et du passif de la Couronne aux droits du Canada. L'étude qui suit n'a pas d'autre objectif que d'analyser les données pertinentes du droit international sous ce rapport.
Dans un premier chapitre, l'auteur examine le sort théorique que pourrait connaître la propriété publique fédérale sise dans les limites géographiques du Québec. L'enquête démontre deux choses. Premièrement, l'actif passe automatiquement à l'État nouveau et point n'est besoin, à cet égard, de la conclusion d'un accord spécial. Deuxièmement, l'actif passe automatiquement à l'État nouveau, sans compensation aucune, à moins, bien entendu, que les parties ne se mettent d'accord sur le principe d'une compensation quelconque.
Dans un second chapitre, l'auteur s'intéresse à la question de savoir si l'État nouveau serait obligé, en vertu du droit international, à assumer une part quelconque de la dette publique canadienne. L'analyse démontre que la pratique des États, dans son ensemble, ne reconnaît pas l'existence d'une telle obligation, bien qu'elle ait sanctionné le principe d'une répartition à diverses occasions. Toutefois, des considérations de justice et d'équité ont conduit la plupart des publicistes à reconnaître l'existence d'une obligation morale à la charge de l'État nouveau.
En droit strict, il semblerait donc que le Québec n'aurait rien à débourser pour l'actif qu'il recevrait automatiquement et n'aurait rien à débourser, également, au chapitre de la dette publique fédérale. Toutefois, l'examen minutieux du fondement de ces curieuses solutions traditionnelles, selon lesquelles l'État sécessionniste succéderait à l'actif et non pas au passif de l'État prédécesseur, amène l'auteur à plaider pour une solution plus logique et plus juste aussi. Le problème réel, à ce niveau, consiste cependant à élaborer des critères de répartition qui seraient justes et équitables pour les deux parties en présence; à cet égard, la pratique internationale n'offre pas de solution magique et tout laisse croire que la méthode la plus sûre est encore celle qui tiendrait compte d'indicateurs économiques.
La Charte de la langue française
Authors: Prujiner Alain 
Published: July 2012

This paper inderlines in a cursory way some questions of interpretation that seem to arise from Quebec's new Charter of the French Language.
The Charter breaks new ground in legal terminology. Some of the new terms and phrases introduced raise definitional problems, notably the concept of a "business undertaking".
The task of specifying the meaning of words and phrases used in the Charter has been left to the Cabinet, through an usually wide delegation of regulation-making power. However, the reconstructed French Language Board (Office de la langue française) has also been granted significant regulation-making authority, which may in some cases overlap with that of the Cabinet.
The nature and extent of rights and obligations that seem to arise under the Charter may be difficult to ascertain. In particular, the effect or provisions as to the language of standard form contracts, and the manner of enforcing them, seem fraught with uncertainty.
While the Charter obviously confirm the principles underlying the previous Official Language Act of 1974, it achieves greater clarity and consistency in stating those policies. In some respects, it allows for more flexibility than the earlier Act.
The enforcement provisions of the Charter place greater emphasis on coercive action as regards the language of business. The Charter also breaks new ground by introducing a form of joint management of language conditions at work.
In order to allow innovations to settle down, it is suggested that uncertainties be resolved by accumulated experience rather than through over-hasty amending legislation.
La Cour suprême et les communications
Authors: Langlois Raynold 
Published: July 2012

On November 30th, 1977, the Supreme Court rendered two important decisions which put an end to the provincial claims for jurisdiction on cable distribution undertakings. On January 19, 1978, the Supreme Court rendered a third judgment dealing with provincial consumer protection legislation affecting broadcasting undertakings.
These three judgments although flowing from unrelated matters, must be read together. They confirm that the federal power over radiocommunications is exclusive. Any service which is connected thereto such as the distribution of programming by means of cables form and integral part of the broadcasting system and, as a result, falls under the federal power. The fact that the cable distribution service is owned and operated by a different person and that it has its own infrastructure is immaterial. The question is : what is the service being rendered. If, as the Court found in the case, the service is mainly to facilitate the public's assess to broadcasting, then it is an integral part thereof.
The Court found, however, that a province could control advertising even where it was destined for broadcasting so long as the regulation was directed at the manufacturer and not the broadcaster. It is unclear, however, whether this power would survive the adoption by Parliament of conflicting legislation on the same subject matter.
The Canadian Constitutional Tradition : A Brief Glimpse from an American Point of View
Authors: Hudon Edward G. 
Published: July 2012

Cet article exprime le point de vue d'un juriste américain sur la tradition constitutionnelle du Canada. L'auteur y compare le développement de la tradition constitutionnelle au Canada et aux Etats-Unis. En particulier, il retrace les événements qui ont orienté cette évolution au Canada depuis 1760.
Pour un Américain, les problèmes constitutionnels que soulèvent au Canada la langue et l'éducation sont sans doute les plus intéressants et les plus difficiles à saisir. Selon l'auteur, il est impossible de comprendre l'état actuel de ces questions sans en connaître les racines historiques.
Le but poursuivi par l'A.A.N.B. de 1867, plus clairement encore que la constitution des Etats-Unis, était de lier fermement les unes aux autres des entités politiques jusque-là autonomes. L'auteur fait valoir que ce but a en fait été beaucoup plus largement atteint aux Etats-Unis qu'au Canada. En dépit des textes — l'alinéa introductif de l'art. 91 de l'A.A.N.B. et les 9e et 10e amendements à la constitution des Etats-Unis —, le fédéralisme américain est aujourd'hui beaucoup plus centralisé que le fédéralisme canadien.
L'auteur compare enfin les garanties des droits de l'homme dans les deux pays. Il constate que la Déclaration canadienne des droits n'est qu'une loi fédérale ordinaire, qui n'existe que depuis I960, alors qu'aux Etats-Unis le Bill of Rights fait partie de la constitution depuis 1791. Il observe cependant que l'existence du Bill of Rights n'a pas empêché certaines violations des droits de l'homme de se produire aux Etats-Unis aussi bien qu'au Canada avant l'adoption de la Déclaration canadienne des droits.
Les réactions de la doctrine à la création du droit par les juges : le droit des entreprises
Authors: Antaki Nabil N. 
Published: July 2012

This paper attempts to survey the present state of the law and current trends in legal literature as regards the concept of enterprise in Quebec law.
The legal concept of enterprise does not carry the same meaning for all legal scholars in Quebec. A more traditional group restricts it to cases where some type of legal entity is created as a subject of rights and liabilities. A modernist group is prepared to give legal recognition to the enterprise as the basic economic unit, having rights and duties on a broad societal scale. This latter approach, closer to the realities of economics, is obviously followed in federal and Quebec legislation, whether protective or interventionist, with the result that conflicting definitions of the enterprise have been used for many different purposes.
Through an increasing body of published writings, Quebec legal scholars have been contributing to the rationalization and harmonization of commercial law in relation to the concept of enterprise. Judicial adherence to traditional views has sometimes prevented or slowed down the implementation of rules suggested by scholars. In some cases, though, bold judicial pronouncements have met with unqualified approval from the writers. In certain areas, administrative bodies such as regulatory agencies have clearly outdone the regular courts at creative and effective law-making.
In spite of shortcomings on the part of legal writers, legislators and judges, a concept of enterprise is gradually emerging as the key element in the development of a more realistic system of commercial law.
Les réactions de la doctrine à la création du droit par les juges en droit international privé
Authors: Groffier Éthel 
Published: July 2012

Although scholarly writing is still a relatively recent phenomenon in Québec private international law, it has often been strongly critical of judicial decisions which attempt to formulate or reformulate non-codal conflicts rules.
Two trends are discernible : the defence of the civilian origin of Québec law against the imposition of common law rules which are not in harmony with the policy of the system ; and the advocacy of a modernization of existing solutions as well as the introduction of techniques and approaches such as material rules and rules of immediate application.
Les critères de répartition des normes entre la loi et le règlement
Authors: Alarie Jean , Boisvert Guy 
Published: July 2012

Various groups and institutions are concerned about the proliferation of regulations. There is fear of an overflow into the regulatory field of standards that belong to the legislative domain. It therefore seems appropriate to draw up criteria for assigning standards to the respective areas of statutes and regulations.
The logic for apportioning standards might be based on the principle that the placing of a standard in the hierarchy of unilateral normative instruments is directly related to the scope of its object and inversely related to its degree of intervention in the activity subjected to it.
Before deciding to put a standard into a statute or to provide that it be enacted later under regulation-making authority, it is advisable to assess its degree of generality in relation to the concepts that surround it in the legislative draft, and also to measure its degree of materiality, i.e. the extent to which it embodies Government intervention in the activity that it is proposed to regulate.
From a practical standpoint, however, the impact of the political environment on legislative drafting must not be ignored. Allowing for the influence of policy and politics on the design of the statute-regulations complex, three contiguous but distinct normative areas may be identified: standards that must belong to the domain of statutes ; standards that may be apportioned to either the domain of statutes or that of regulations ; and standards that would normally belong to the domain of regulations.
The model suggested is not absolute and is liable to be modified by space and time considerations ; however, reference to it might help to rationalize the delegation of regulation-making authority.
Les preuves de la filiation
Authors: Pineau Jean 
Published: July 2012

In adopting Bill 89, the National Assembly, while retaining most of the wording of the rules proposed by the Civil Code Revision Office, has changed their order and arrangement. This may entail substantive alterations.
The first part of this paper shows that, on a first reading at least, the new provisions display some consistency.
The terms « legitimacy » and « legitimate » are no longer used; children are treated alike, especially as regards the manner of proof whether they be born from wedlock or not.
Maternity and paternity may now be proved by similar means. The various modes of proof are now hierarchically listed : first come acts of birth, followed in sequence of subsidiarity by possession of status, presumption as to the husband's paternity, and recognition. The traditional presumption is therefore significantly downgraded.
In litigated cases, the action to disavow paternity is now open not only to the mother's husband, but also to the mother herself. Status may be challenged and a different one may be sought whenever the act of birth and possession of status are not congruent. Biological truth is given precedence over the protection of legitimacy
In the second part of the paper, however, some inconsistencies in the new provisions are brought out. They relate mainly to two issues.
The new provisions purportedly make no distinction between the proof of maternity and that of paternity. Yet, while maternity may be proved directly, the proof of paternity must remain somewhat uncertain, hence the use of presumptions. Most useful among these is the presumption as to the husband's paternity : yet the new provisions confine it to a very subsidiary role. According to the new scheme of rules, it is questionable whether anyone other than the mother's husband may rely on them to disavow paternity when his name appears on the act of birth.
The new provisions also purport to abandon the concept of legitimacy. This, it might be claimed, entails the abandonment of marriage itself. Yet, not only does the new Code preserve marriage, but it also denies recognition to the union de fait. Neither have the presumption as to the husband's paternity, or the disavowal of children, been eradicated from the new provisions.
The paper concludes by foreseeing many difficulties in the application of the new rules as to the proof of paternal filiation.
Le bilinguisme judiciaire dans les juridictions fédérales
Authors: Patry Réjean 
Published: July 2012

This article examines in detail the bilingual system of justice presently in effect in Canada's federal courts. The author first discusses the effect ot the Official Languages Act (1969) and the recent constitutional reforms on the status of the French and English languages before the nation's courts. He affirms that both languages are indeed equal in the eyes of the law — in theory, at least. In practice, however, he shows that this balance is slightly modified
Le projet de loi n° 106 et les droits de la personnalité : perspective et analyse prospective
Authors: Deleury Édith 
Published: July 2012

Bill 106 the purpose of which was to add the reformed Law of Persons to the Civil Code of Québec has been strongly criticized. Originally tabled in Parliament on November 17, 1982, a new draft has been prepared. The author thinks it fitting to give an overview of the main amendments proposed in this first draft and emphasizes the first title : « Les droits de la personnalité ».
Remarques sur le nouveau droit de la famille et le droit des successions
Authors: Castelli Mireille D. 
Published: July 2012

Recent changes in Family Law have indirectly brought on changes in the law of successions. On two points, however, proposed solutions are uncertain.
The first point involves adoption and the relative scope of Articles 626 and 623 of the Québec Civil Code. Do the effects of the adoption go back in time to the day that the placement application for adoption was filed in the event that one of the adopters is deceased some time between the petition for placement and the application for adoption ?
The second point concerns the effects of natural filiation. Does Article 594 of the Québec Civil Code eliminate all differences between the two kinds of filiation ?
Faut-il réformer la Cour suprême du Canada ?
Authors: Grandpré Louis-Philippe de 
Published: July 2012

The author deals with the question of the Supreme Court's entire jurisdiction over all subject matters. Is the amount of work, especially with the arrival of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, too much for the Court to handle ? He also questions the number of judges, their nomination process, the inequity of their remuneration and the problems inherent in a dual judicial system.
The thrust of the article is that it is not the Supreme Court that is in need of reform, but rather the attitude that the government has towards it.
Cour suprême, Cour d'arbitrage ou Cour constitutionnelle ?
Authors: Delpérée Francis 
Published: July 2012

The comparative analysis of political societies can provide some models for those who are concerned with the reform of an institution. Three comparative models are presented here in the context of the discussion about the role and organization of the Supreme Court of Canada : the American model of a Supreme Court, the Belgian model of an Arbitration Court, and the German model of a Federal Constitutional Court. The different types of jurisdiction of these Courts as well as the different modes of designation of their members are discussed.
Le droit étatique des minorités religieuses
Authors: Zylberberg Jacques 
Published: July 2012

For religious minorities, freedoms are best guaranteed by the principle of non-interference, a kind of « right to indifference ». There is no question of denying the existence of oppressed groups, but rather of being opposed to some « class » right for religious groups.
The author highlights from the time of Roman history onwards the emancipation and repression of individuals and groups in areas of freedom of conscience and religious practice.
He is quite critical towards our era as he underscores the deficiencies in the Canadian and Québec charters in coming to grips with legislative discrimination. According to his conclusions, the non-separation of Church and State and the introduction of statutes on minorities perpetuates discriminated-against minorities.
La « minorité » en tant que force politique dans le système politique occidental
Authors: Contogeorgis Georges 
Published: July 2012

In this paper the author questions the future of minorities as a political force. He notes in this respect that religion no longer plays a preponderant role in occidental societies as a mobilizing force for autonomous action. Religious minorities no longer succeed in intervening in politics.
The author underscores the contrast with the prevailing situation in Eastern socialist societies where the Church is the only institution that can stand up to the State which tends to monopolize politics. He also raises the problems caused by the coexistence of religious and linguistic or ethnic groups.
L'aspect politique et collectif
Authors: Leslie Peter M. 
Published: July 2012

The Director of the Institute for Intergovernmental Relations herein underscores the fact that neither the protection of human rights nor political sovereignty can fully ensure the rights of national or ethnic minorities. He points out to this effect that the doctrine of liberalism is deficient due to its superficial apprehension of the relationship between the individual and the collectivity. As for the principle of sovereignty, it too fails on the level of social theory.
The author proposes as a solution to the problem of ethnic minorities various elements. First, he suggests federalism, but mainly the instigation of a new political formula as a complement to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The purpose of this formula would be to define and ensure the rights of ethnic minorities through the drafting of standards of conduct, partial self-goverment and the establishing of intergovernmental accords.