bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indian Macropsinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). II. Species described by W. L. Distant and descriptions of new species from the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Viraktamath  
Published: March 2011

AbstractMacropsis orientalis (Distant), M. lovedalensis (Distant) and Pedionis garuda (Distant) are redescribed and illustrated. Ten new species are described and illustrated: Macropsis campbelli n.sp., M. linnavuorii n.sp. (from Tamil Nadu: Kodaikanal), M. ceylonica n.sp. (from Sri Lanka), M. irenae n.sp. (from Nepal: Sarankot), M. sundara n.sp. (from Karnataka: Bangalore), Pedionis curvata n.sp., P. palniensis n.sp. (from Kodaikanal), P. serrata n.sp. (from Munnar), Varicopsella elegans n.sp. (from Uttar Pradesh: Nainital District and West Bengal: Kalimpong) and Pediopsoides (Sispocnis) sharmai n.sp. (from Jammu and Kashmir: Kishtawar). Their relationship with related species is discussed.
The female of Elachista nielswolffi Svensson, 1976 (Lepidoptera: Elachistidae)
Authors: Karvonen Jaakko , Kyrki Jorma 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe previously unknown female genitalia of Elachista nielswolffi Svensson, 1976 are described from one female specimen collected in Finnish Lapland together with 13 males. The species is new to the Finnish fauna. The biotope is described.
A new name and some new synonyms of Palaearctic Sciomyzidae (Diptera)
Authors: Rozkošný Rudolf 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCoremacera fabricii, nom.n. is suggested as a new name for Coremacera cincta (Fabricius) described originally as Musca cincta Fabricius and preoccupied by Musca cincta Müller. The diagnostic characters of Melina alpina Frey are completed and the species is referred to the genus Pherbellia R.-D. The following synonymy is stated on the basis of the type specimen examinations: Phaeomyia pictifrons Becker = Pelidnoptera fuscipennis (Meigen), Sciomyza conjungens Enderlein = Pherbellia alpina (Frey), Ditaenia uliginosa Enderlein = Pherbellia brunnipes (Meigen), Sciomyza atripedella Boheman = Pherbellia griseola (Fallén), Dasypleura latigena Enderlein and Dasypleura palaestinensis Enderlein = Pherbellia pilosa (Hendel). The detailed study of the original descriptions and figures published by Harris (1780) resulted in establishing the oldest name Elgiva solicita (Harris), comb.n. for Elgiva sundewalli Kloet & Hincks, 1945 and into a further three synonyms: Musca crocus Harris = Knutsonia albiseta (Scopoli), Musca tristis Harris = Coremacera marginata (Fabricius) and Musca varicus Harris = Limnia unguicornis (Scopoli). Musca punctata Fabricius (= Pherbellia schoenherri (Fallén)) represents only a primary homonym of Musca punctata Poda.
Amazonian Tanytarsini II. Description of Caladomyia n.gen. and eight new species (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Säwedal Lars 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCaladomyia n.gen. and the new species C. adalberti, C. castelnaui, C. humboldti, C. kraussi, C. mulleri, C. ortoni, C. poppigi, C. spixi, are described. The genus is divided into two species-groups, the spixi- and the orellanai-groups, containing 8 and 10 species, respectively. The species of the former group is treated in this paper. The orellanai-group will be treated in a separate paper. Morphologically some of the species are very similar. This, together with the minuteness of the species, makes them taxonomically difficult. The pupal exuvium of one species, C. spixi, is known. No females and larvae are known. A key to the males of the genus is presented. Notes on the ecology of the species are given. The known distributional area of the genus is the Amazon area with 18 species known at present. Two species - not discussed here - are known from the Southern part of the Nearctic region. In connection with the study of geographical distribution and phylogenetical relationships of the genus Caladomyia, two paratypes of the African species Tanytarsus bifurcus Freeman, 1958, were studied.
New and little-known Indian Asilidae (Diptera) V The genera Laphria, Maira and Orthogonis, with descriptions of nine new species
Authors: Parui  , Joseph  
Published: March 2011

AbstractLaphria orientalis n.sp., L. assamensis n.sp., L. luteopilosa n.sp., L. indica n.sp., L. nathani n.sp., L. keralaensis n.sp., L. frommeri n.sp., Maira delfinadoi n.sp., and Orthogonis andamanensis n.sp., are described and illustrated. Keys to the Indian species of Laphria Meigen and Maira Schiner are given.
The identity of Alucita parvella Fabricius, 1794 (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Sattler Klaus 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe type-series of Alucita parvella Fabricius, 1794, has been examined. A lectotype is designated and the species is placed in the genus Taygete Chambers, 1873. Epithectis xylochroa Meyrick, 1926, is recognized as a new synonym of T. parvella.
Alluaudomyia fuscitarsis n.sp. and Stilobezzia ensistyla n.sp. from India (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Chatterjee  , Chaudhuri  , Gupta S. K. Das 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTwo new species are described and figured: Alluaudomyia fuscitarsis n.sp. and Stilobezzia ensistyla n.sp. A third species, A fuscipes Wirth & Delfinado is also recorded for the first time from Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Japan's Foreign Aid after the San Francisco Peace Treaty
Authors: Katada Saori N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe year 2001 marks the fifty-year anniversary of the San Francisco Peace Conference that concluded the U.S. occupation of Japan, and defined the future course of Japan's foreign relations with the rest of the world, particularly with Asia. During these fifty years, Japan transformed itself from a war-devastated nation of poverty and instability to the second richest economy of the world after the United States. Japan's foreign relations with Asia remains of critical importance, and Japan's foreign aid, the largest of the world in the past decade, contributed significantly in shaping the relationship.
To Reconstruct the Medieval: Rural Reconstruction in Interwar China and the Rise of an American Style of Modernization, 1921–1961
Authors: Ekbladh David 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe concept of modernization exerted a powerful influence over international affairs in the twentieth century. It offered not only a way of understanding the profound global transformations of the period but also a means of influencing the course and pace of those changes. While the preoccupation with the causes and consequences of modernity can be traced back at least to the nineteenth century, .modernization. as a school of thought and a set of practices is usually understood to be a decidedly post–World War II phenomenon. Many scholars have interpreted the rise of modernization as a response to the imperatives of the Cold War and the great postwar wave of decolonization, and have therefore located the origins of this concept in the years after 1945.
Crisis and Confrontation: Chinese-American Relations during the Eisenhower Administration
Authors: Zhai Qiang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe 1950s was a decade of crisis and confrontation between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the United States. Considering China as a major threat to U.S. interests in East Asia and the Pacific, the Eisenhower administration adopted a policy of political isolation, economic embargo, and military containment against the PRC. Leaders in Beijing viewed the United States as a primary enemy hostile to China's revolution and its unification with Taiwan. They maintained an intense anti-American campaign throughout the decade. How did this condition of hostility come about? How did policymakers in Washington and Beijing view each other? What objectives did the Eisenhower administration plan to achieve in pursuing a policy of toughness against the Chinese Communists? And how did Mao Zedong and his associates react to American pressure and antagonism? This essay will use recently released American and Chinese documents to answer those questions.
U.S. Strategic Debates over the Defense of Japan: Lessons for the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Shibayama Futoshi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWhat is the current meaning of Japan's military power and what contribution has that power made to America's strategic position in East Asia, even the world, over the past fifty-five years? Could there have been an alternative to Japanese rearmament? Answers to these and other related questions lie in the American debates on the nature of Japan's defense situation in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Regional and global strategic circumstances have obviously changed over the past half-century, just as have weapons systems themselves. Strategic controversies from 1945, however, endure as the fundamental framework for considering Japanese military power and its possible alternatives.
Negotiating the Cold War: The United States and the Two Koreas
Authors: Lee Steven Hugh 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSince December 1997, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of Korea (ROK), and the United States have met in a series of talks aimed at promoting peace and stability on the Korean peninsula and in the region. According to a November 1998 U.S. Department of Defense report, the discussions have created a “diplomatic venue for reducing tensions and ultimately replacing the Armistice Agreement with a permanent peace settlement.”1 Amidst the tragic human suffering which has occurred in North Korea, there have been some encouraging developments on the peninsula. The 1994 Agreed Framework between the United States and North Korea placed international controls on North Korea’s atomic energy program and cautiously anticipated the normalization of U.S.-DPRK relations. Since assuming power in early 1998, South Korean President Kim Dae Jung has vigorously pursued a policy of engagement with P’yo¨ngyang, known as the “sunshine policy.” Over the past decade, North Korea has also reoriented its foreign policy. In the early 1990s, the regime’s social and economic crisis led to a rethinking of its autarkic economic system. By early 1994, the state had created new free trade zones and relatively open foreign investment laws.2 By complying with the Agreed Framework, the DPRK has also shown a willingness to work with the international community on sensitive issues affecting its internal sovereignty and ability to project power beyond its borders.
Historical Wrongs and Human Rights in Sino-Foreign Relations: The Legacy of Extraterritoriality
Authors: Scully Eileen P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the battle for universal human rights, it may be said that sovereignty has become “the last refuge of scoundrels.” Certainly, this is the prevailing verdict of Western liberal activists with regard to the invocations of absolute self-determination and noninterference by authoritarian regimes in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Indonesia, Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. These Asia- Pacific governments have defended their heavy-handed response to internal dissent with the position that “State sovereignty is the basis for the realization of citizens’ human rights. If the sovereignty of a state is not safeguarded, the human rights of its citizens are out of the question.”
Systemic Lock: The Institutionalization of History in Post- 1965 South Korea–Japan Relations
Authors: Lynn Hyung Gu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLegal and diplomatic guidelines for relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea (ROK) have been in place since the Treaty of Normalization and accompanying Agreements of June 1965. Tokyo and Seoul have also cultivated extensive economic ties. Since 1965, Japan has been a major supplier of technology and capital for Korea, while Korea has consistently been among the top four export markets for Japan. Unlike relations between other neighboring countries in Asia (such as China and Vietnam, Vietnam and Cambodia, China and India, India and Pakistan, or South and North Korea), there have been no wars or military conflicts between South Korea and Japan since 1945.
Chinese Americans and U.S.-China Relations in the Twenty-first Century: Applications of Cross-national Competence to Interdependent Resource-Consumption Challenges
Authors: Koehn Peter H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe arrival of the new millennium offers a wake-up interval during which scholars, public-policy makers, media representatives, cultural leaders, and the attentive public could fruitfully take a fresh look at U.S.-China interactions in light of the global changes that have altered the underlying context of this crucial relationship in fundamental, but widely unappreciated, ways. Four developments are particularly illuminating in understanding the extent to which prevailing twentieth-century perspectives on U.S.-China relations no longer are tenable. First, the well-being of the peoples of both countries increasingly is determined by their collective responses to challenges that involve linked rather than separate destinies. Second, nongovernmental actors, operating along and across the U.S.-China frontier, have become major players in the evolving relationship. Their influence rivals and, at times, overshadows that of state agents. Third, the worldwide skill revolution has dramatically enhanced the ability of individuals, acting singly and through local communities and organized collectivities, to shape the outcome of transnational relations. Finally, an impressive number of Chinese Americans in all walks of life are endowed with cross-national competencies that can reduce friction between the two states and promote the realization of mutually beneficial outcomes.
China's 1905 Anti-American Boycott: A Nationalist Myth?
Authors: Meissner Daniel J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOn 10 May 1905, the Shanghai Chamber of Commerce called a boycott against American goods and services. Notices of compliance soon began arriving at Shanghai from guilds in China's major cities and as far away as the Straits Settlement and San Francisco. Aroused by patriotic passion, students and workers soon joined the movement, organizing boycott meetings and demonstrations, circulating anti-American placards, and editorializing in China's emerging liberal press. Chinese brokers canceled orders for American products, shop owners destroyed stocks of American merchandise, laborers left American firms, domestics walked out of American homes, and dockhands refused to unload American goods. For several months, the boycott spread in range and depth of commitment until rigorous suppression by central and local authorities under pressure from the foreign Powers brought the movement to an end.
Competing Images and American Official Reconsiderations of China Policy, 1961&–1968
Authors: Goh Evelyn 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn February 1972, President Richard Nixon made a historic visit to the People”s Republic of China (PRC), marking a Sino-American rapprochement and the beginning of the route to normalization of relations. This came more than twenty years after mainland China turned Communist and fought American-led United Nations forces in Korea. Thereafter, the United States had sought to ”contain“. Communist China by means of bilateral alliances and military bases in East Asia, and to isolate it by refusing to recognize the Communist regime. The next twenty years were marked by American opposition to UN membership for the PRC, three crises in the Taiwan Strait, much offensive rhetoric, and a proxy war in Vietnam. Thus it appeared in 1972 that Nixon had executed a dramatic reversal of U.S. China policy in ending this hostile estrangement.
Le Duan, the American War, and the Creation of an Independent Vietnamese State
Authors: Asselin Pierre 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSince the end of the Vietnam War thirty years ago, Western scholars have made countless attempts at explaining that conflict's course and rationalizing its outcome. These attempts have considered a wide variety of elements ranging from the personalities of those involved in the decision- making process in Washington to the technologies used by American forces against their enemies in Indochina. Ironically, few scholars have considered the element that may have been most important in determining the outcome of the war, mainly the North Vietnamese leadership. As a result, little is known about the nature of that leadership. For many Western scholars, Ho Chi Minh inspired the North Vietnamese war effort, Vo Nguyen Giap coordinated it, and Pham Van Dong, as prime minister of the Democratic Republic of (North) Vietnam (DRVN), supervised the implementation of Ho and Giap's policies. That others may have been involved and influential in the decision-making process in Hanoi is rarely considered in Western scholarship. We accept the notion that the Ho-Giap-Dong axis led the effort against the United States, and the zeal of the North Vietnamese people carried Hanoi to victory.
Introduction: Framing the Asia Pacific War with an Even Hand
Authors: West Philip 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe powerful hold the glory of war has on the human imagination is good news for book publishers, filmmakers, and creators of video games—not to mention those invested in military enterprises whose vastness lies almost beyond comprehension. They enjoy economic, political, and cultural markets that seem only to expand with the passing of time. For the purposes of this special issue, that steady and expanding market is bad news because our hope is that governments and people in general will learn from the lessons of war and spend less time on the glory of its violence. We aspire to work with an even hand and begin with an awareness just how blinded we can be by human nature to the realities and memories of war of .the other side.. We also believe that including more attention to the human dimensions of war in our teaching and writing—while placed within the familiar military and historical contexts—will soften the powerful hold that war has on the way we see ourselves and others. The selected letters and diaries introduced in this special issue are offered as a starting point and framework to do just that.
Memories of Japan’s Lost War
Authors: Cook Haruko Taya 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOn 28 March 1999, Japanese Prime Minister Obuchi Keiz&o dedicated a major new building in Tokyo named the Sh&owakan. In his brief remarks, Obuchi reminded his audience that the generation that experienced the hardships of wartime and endured the immediate postwar era is now aging. He reiterated in tones of regret .”the experiences of those times are eroding.“ The prime minister of Japan stated that, ”In order to accurately convey the experiences and facts of that era, the need for historical documents and materials is thus made even more acute. ”1 Costing nearly 12.3 billion yen, or more than U.S.100 million, and taking two decades from its inception to this day of dedication, the Sh&owakan is to be the repository and site for the display of such materials.
Foreword: The War in My Diaries and Memories
Authors: Iriye Akira 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDuring the war, I was a grade school pupil in Tokyo. Our teachers encouraged us to keep a diary, and I did. Unfortunately, it is now lost, and I did not resume my diary writing until 19 August 1945. I have kept most of my diary entries since then. But I wish I had written down something on 15 August 1945 to record my reaction to the emperor’s radio broadcast, announcing that he had decided to accept the Potsdam Declaration. Between 19 August 1944 and 31 July 1945, I was in Nagano Prefecture, having been evacuated from the city to that mountainous province in order to avoid air raids that were expected to commence at any moment. I wrote home many letters from Nagano, but they too have been lost.
“Friendship First”: China's Sports Diplomacy during the Cold War
Authors: Wang Guanhua 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Cold War was an era of ideological conflict and hostility between socialist and capitalist countries. In this period of intense political animosity, the People's Republic of China (PRC) advocated the ideal of .friendship first. in sport. While the so-called .ping-pong diplomacy. of 1971 is well known because it contributed to détente between the PRC and the United States,1 there has been no comprehensive examination of China's Cold War sports policy as a whole. This study addresses this gap.
A Reexamination of the “Shock of Hiroshima”: The Japanese Bomb Projects and the Surrender Decision
Authors: Grunow Tristan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOn 6 August 1945, at exactly 8:15 a.m., the first atomic bomb in history was dropped on Hiroshima, Japan. Along with the Soviet entrance into the war on 8 August, the atomic bomb was one of the “twin shocks” that finally compelled Emperor Hirohito to make the decision to surrender. The real “shock” of Hiroshima, however, was not the introduction of a “new and most cruel bomb,” as Hirohito described the atomic bomb in his 15 August radio broadcast announcing the decision to surrender. Rather, it was the capability of the United States to produce the rumored .super weapon. that Japan’s own top atomic scientists had repeatedly deemed impossible, the latest instance of such denial coming only several weeks earlier on 21 July 1945—five days after the Manhattan Project’s successful Trinity atomic test at Alamogordo, New Mexico.
A Century-old “Puzzle”: The Six Companies' Role in Chinese Labor Importation in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Qin Yucheng 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUniversity of Hawaii at Hilo In 1864, Win Kang embarked on a steamship for California from an interior town near Canton in China, the first member of the Kang family to emigrate. He was sick, and had no friends on the ship or in California. When the steamship landed in San Francisco, about a thousand Chinese went aboard, including a secretary from the Ning Yeung huiguan or Ning Yeung Company who wanted to see if there were any countrymen from his district of China. Ning Yeung huiguan was just one of the huiguan in San Francisco. The secretary found Win Kang and took him to the company hall on Broadway. In the huiguan house, he was fed and nursed for about two weeks until he regained his health. He then went to the temple on the upper floor of the huiguan building and made thank-offerings to the gods. In the next few years, the secretary helped him to find a job, defended him in court, prosecuted the man who robbed him in a Barbary Coast alley, adjudicated a dispute he had with another Chinese, and helped prove that he was innocent of robbery charges (it turned out that the culprit was his employer's son). He paid the huiguan 5 or 6 for the assistance he received when he was sick.
Resistance in Japanese Prison Camps during World War II
Authors: La Forte Robert S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWhen instructing men who might become prisoners of war, Article 3 of the United States Armed Forces Code of Conduct, issued in 1955, states in part: “If I am captured I will continue to resist by all means available. I will make every effort to escape and aid others to escape.” No such code existed in World War II.