bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HLA-B35 Upregulates Endothelin-1 and Downregulates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Lenna Stefania , Townsend Danyelle M. , Tan Filemon K. , Kapanadze Bagrat , Markiewicz Malgorzata , Trojanowska Maria , Scorza Raffaella 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The presence of the HLA-B35 allele has emerged as an important risk factor for the development of isolated pulmonary hypertension in patients with scleroderma, however the mechanisms underlying this association have not been fully elucidated. The goal of our study was to determine the molecular mechanisms that mediate the biological effects of HLA-B35 in endothelial cells (ECs). Our data demonstrate that HLA-B35 expression at physiological levels via adenoviral vector resulted in significantly increased endothelin-1 (ET-1) and a significantly decreased endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), mRNA, and protein levels. Furthermore, HLA-B35 greatly upregulated expression of chaperones, including heat shock proteins (HSPs) HSP70 (HSPA1A and HSPA1B) and HSP40 (DNAJB1 and DNAJB9), suggesting that HLA-B35 induces the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response in ECs. Examination of selected mediators of the unfolded protein response, including H chain binding protein (BiP; GRP78), C/Ebp homologous protein (CHOP; GADD153), endoplasmic reticulum oxidase, and protein disulfide isomerase has revealed a consistent increase of BiP expression levels. Accordingly, thapsigargin, a known ER stress inducer, stimulated ET-1 mRNA and protein levels in ECs. This study suggests that HLA-B35 could contribute to EC dysfunction via ER stress-mediated induction of ET-1 in patients with pulmonary hypertension.
Transgenic Expression of TGF-β on Thyrocytes Inhibits Development of Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Increases Regulatory T Cells in Thyroids of NOD.H-2h4 Mice
Authors: Yu Shiguang , Fang Yujiang , Sharp Gordon C. , Braley-Mullen Helen 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Transgenic NOD.H-2h4 mice expressing TGF-β under control of the thyroglobulin promoter were generated to assess the role of TGF-β in the development of thyrocyte hyperplasia. In contrast to nontransgenic littermates, which develop lymphocytic spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (L-SAT), all TGF-β transgenic (Tg) mice given NaI water for 2–7 mo developed thyroid lesions characterized by severe thyroid epithelial cell hyperplasia and proliferation, with fibrosis and less lymphocyte infiltration than in nontransgenic mice. Most Tg mice produced less anti-mouse thyroglobulin autoantibody than did wild type (WT) mice. T cells from Tg and WT mice were equivalent in their ability to induce L-SAT after transfer to SCID or TCRα−/− mice. WT lymphocytes could transfer experimental autoimmune thyroiditis or L-SAT to Tg mice, indicating that the transgenic environment did not prevent migration of lymphocytes to the thyroid. Thyroids of Tg mice had higher frequencies of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) compared with nontransgenic WT mice. Transient depletion of Tregs by anti-CD25 resulted in increased infiltration of inflammatory cells into thyroids of transgenic mice. Treg depletion also resulted in increased anti-mouse thyroglobulin autoantibody responses and increased expression of IFN-γ and IFN-γ–inducible chemokines in thyroids of Tg mice. The results suggest that spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis is inhibited in mice expressing transgenic TGF-β on thyrocytes, at least in part, because there is an increased frequency of Tregs in their thyroids.
A New Approach to Postpartum Rounds: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care Improves Efficiency
Authors: Segel Sally , Hashima Jason , Gregory William Thomas , Edelman Alison , Li Hong , Guise Jeanne-Marie 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Objective
At our institution, traditional postpartum rounds were time consuming and inefficient with a low percentage (approximately 12%) of patients meeting the goal of being discharged by 11:00 am. A patient-centered collaborative care (PCCC) initiative was implemented to improve discharge efficiency, staff communication, and patient satisfaction. We investigated whether this paradigm shift to PCCC could improve clinical inefficiencies and timely discharge.

Methods
The PCCC rounding system was created by a representative group of physicians, residents, nurses, case managers, and social workers. An intervention study was conducted to examine the impact of PCCC during which physicians, residents, medical students, nurses, case managers, and social workers made rounds together. Efficiency data were collected for patients whose infants were delivered by the obstetric service for a 1-month period before and 6 months after implementing PCCC. Comparisons were made on the time of discharge and whether Foley catheter removal affected discharge time. χ2 test, Wilcoxon 2-sample test, and Pearson correlation coefficient were used where appropriate.

Results
Three hundred five patients were included in this analysis, of which 156 participated in traditional postpartum rounds and 149 in PCCC rounds. Discharge efficiency significantly improved with PCCC rounds, with 20.8% of patients being discharged by 11:00 am as compared to 11.5% for traditional postpartum rounds (P  =  .03). Early Foley catheter removal was significantly associated with time to discharge order (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.22; P  =  .01) and discharge time (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.28; P  =  .002).

Conclusions
Patient-centered collaborative care rounds improve the efficiency of postpartum care and discharge time.
A Simplified Observation Tool for Residents in the Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Gigante Joseph , Swan Rebecca 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education promotes direct observation of residents as a key assessment tool for competency in patient care, professionalism, and communication skills. Although tools exist, validity and reliability have not been demonstrated for most, and many tools may have limited feasibility because of time constraints and other reasons. We conducted a study to measure feasibility of a simplified observation tool to evaluate these competencies and provide timely feedback.MethodsIn the pediatric resident continuity clinic of a large children's hospital, we used a direct observation form with a 3-point scale for 16 items in the domains of patient care, professionalism, and communication skills. The form was divided by portion of visit, with specific items mapped to 1 or more of the competencies, and was used to provide direct oral feedback to the resident. Faculty and residents completed surveys rating the process (ease of use, satisfaction, and self-assessed usefulness) on a 5-point Likert scale.ResultsThe study encompassed 89 surveys completed by attending physicians; 98% (87 of 89) of the time the form was easy to use, 99% (88) of the time its use did not interfere with patient flow, and 93% (83) of the observations provided useful information for resident feedback. Residents completed 70 surveys, with the majority (69%, 48) reporting they were comfortable about being observed by an attending physician; 87% (61) thought that direct observation did not significantly affect their efficiency. Ninety-seven percent of the time (68) residents reported that direct observation provided useful feedback.ConclusionThe data suggest the form was well-received by both faculty and residents, and enabled attending physicians to provide useful feedback.
Efficacy and Efficiency of Webcast Orientations Versus Live Resident Orientations: Results of a 2-Year Survey
Authors: Andolsek Kathryn M. , Murphy Gwen , Pinheiro Sandro , Petrusa Emil , Tuck Tammy , Weinerth John 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundBeginning a graduate medical education training program is associated with a steep learning curve for incoming residents.ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and efficiency of live versus webcast formats for Institutional Orientation.MethodsThis 2-year non-blinded study, with a nonrandomized cohort, compares outcomes for trainees oriented Summer 2005 in a ‘‘live-lecture’’ format with trainees oriented Summer 2006 using a webcast format. Outcomes include posttest success, the time required, presentation quality and utility, and cost.ResultsIn 2005, 249 trainees attended the live orientation. Of the 211 who completed the posttest; 132 (63%) passed it within 3 attempts. Of the 241 trainees in 2006, 236 completed the posttest. Of these, 215 (91%) passed it within 3 attempts. Compared to the live-lecture cohort, the webcast cohort rated the posttest as more difficult. Despite performing better, significantly fewer trainees in the webcast cohort rated the posttest as “appropriate” (χ2 =  5 28.57, df 5 1, P , .001). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups on their perceptions of quality and utility of the presentations. While the first year cost of the webcast exceeded that of live lectures, the amortized cost was nearly identical to the live-lecture costs.DiscussionAs corroborated by resident comments, the web-based approach was more effective because it provided trainees flexibility regarding when to study, options on how to view the material, and opportunities to review it if needed for mastery. We plan to continue using the webcast strategy, revising the content as needed.
Primary Production of Continental Shelf Waters off New York1
Authors: RYTHER JOHN H. , YENTSCH CHARLES S. 
Published: March 2010

The chlorophyll‐radiation method of measuring primary production, described earlier by the authors, was employed on six oceanographic cruises during 1956–7, each occupying 25 stations across the continental shelf off New York. The relationship photosynthesis/ hour (opt. light):chlorophyll a, using the oxygen production method, was found to agree with that determined earlier from culture and harbor water experiments, despite wide variations of temperature, nutrients, and the abundance of phytoplankton. The same ratio, with photosynthesis measured by C14 uptake, was extremely variable and usually lower than that obtained by oxygen‐production photosynthesis values.Estimates of daily production beneath a square meter of sea surface by the chlorophyll‐radiation method and in situ C14 values agreed within reasonable limits in 75% of the measurements; for the remainder of the times the C14 values were consistently lower.Daily production throughout the year ranged roughly from 0.20 to 1.00 g carbon/m2/day within the whole area studied. Estimated annual production decreased in a seaward direction from 160 g carbon/m2/year in the shallow coastal waters to 100 g carbon/m2/year on the continental slope. These values are intermediate between Riley’s estimates for Long Island Sound and the Sargasso Sea.
Sun‐Orientation and Homing in Fishes1
Authors: HASLER A. D. , HORRALL R. M. , WISBY W. J. , BRAEMER W. 
Published: March 2010

The white bass, Roccus chrysops, has two principal spawning grounds 1.6 km apart on the northern shore of Lake Mendota. Fish displaced from these spawning grounds return faithfully to their respective spawning sites, and of 1366 fish marked and displaced to mid‐lake, a distance of 2.4 km, 181 were recaptured in fyke nets and less than 9% erred by being recaptured at the net on the other spawning ground. Fish released at the spawning ground were not recaptured in greater percentage than those displaced and released in mid‐lake.Fish to which floats were attached for direct tracing moved generally north from the center of the lake when released on clear days. Moreover, fish released between the two spawning grounds also moved north on clear days. On cloudy days, however, or if blinded with eyecaps, they moved at random. Unexplained is how they differentiate between the two spawning areas; apparently it is by means other than with the aid of the sun.A laboratory analysis of the sun‐compass mechanism was made. An immature specimen of Lepomis macrochirus was trained, at a specific time of day, to find cover in one of sixteen boxes of a circular tank. When trained, the fish entered the training box in a consistent compass‐direction at any time of day. Under an overcast sky the choices were completely unoriented. When tested under an artificial sun, (light bulb), this fish responded as though it were the real sun, at that time of day and sought cover in the “artificial” direction, reaffirming the presence of a biological clock. White bass were also successfully trained to a compass‐direction under the natural sun.Lepomis gibbosus was tested with another method. It too has a sun‐compass mechanism.These field and laboratory experiments suggest strongly that the sun serves as the point of reference, and that the animal compensates for its movement by a biological chronometer.
The Production of Extracellular Carbohydrates by Some Marine Flagellates1
Authors: GUILLARD ROBERT R. L. , WANGERSKY PETER J. 
Published: March 2010

Extracellular carbohydrate production during the growth of bacteria‐free cultures of the marine flagellates Isochrysis galbana, Monochrysis lutheri, Prymnesium parvum, Dunaliella euchlora, Pyraminomonas sp., Rhodomonas (?) sp., and Chlamydomonas sp. was followed by the N‐ethyl carbazole method.Carbohydrate production did not parallel cell numbers during exponential growth of any of these organisms; maximum concentrations during this phase were under 3 mg/L. Carbohydrates accumulated in all stationary cultures (having 106–107 cells/ml), to the greatest extent in Prymnesium cultures, which attained 123 mg/L. Isochrysis and Monochrysis produced 25 and 16 mg/L, respectively, while the others had under 10 mg/L even when cell disintegration was evident.Aging cultures (not all bacteria‐free) of 4 diatoms, 2 dinoflagellates, 2 additional green algae, and a cyanophyte were assayed. Concentrations ranged from 1.5 to 60 mg/L.This suggests that the organisms studied contribute significant free carbohydrates only during late bloom conditions, when algae are abundant and under physiological circumstances resembling stationary or declining culture.
The Distribution of the Planktonic Chaetognatha in the Pacific and their Relationship to the Water Masses1
Authors: BIERI ROBERT 
Published: March 2010

The geographic extents of 27 species of Chaetognatha in the Pacific have been inferred from analyses of 2,900 plankton samples taken at more than 900 stations.Two species of chaetognaths—Sagitta elegans and S. maxima—are found in the Pacific only in the Subarctic Water Mass. Four species—Sagitta enflata, S. hexaptera, S. pacifica, and Pterosagitta draco—occur in the Pacific Equatorial and Central Water Masses. Seven species—Sagitta robusta, S. regularis, S. ferox, Krohnitta pacifica, Sagitta bedoti, S. neglecta, and S. pulchra—occur in the Equatorial and Western Central Water Masses. The latter three species appear to be disjunct equatorial species that are absent from the central equatorial Pacific. Sagitta pseudoserratodentata occupies the North Pacific Central Water Mass. S. californica, essentially a warm‐water cosmopolite, is very rare in the Equatorial Water Mass. The Peru and California Currents are inhabited by Sagitta friderici. A close relative, S. crassa, lives in the coastal waters of Japan. Sagitta minima, Sagitta species (serratodentata group), Sagitta decipiens, S. lyra, and Krohnitta subtilis, species which have their maximum abundance at about 200 meters (somewhat deeper than all of the preceding), appear to be limited in the north at about 45° N. Lat. Sagitta planctonis, S. macrocephala, and Eukrohnia fowleri, living primarily at depths of 500 meters and greater, have been taken in the present study as far north as 55° N. Lat., both in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. The very deep living species, Heterokrohnia mirabilis, was taken at a single station in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. The sharpest chaetognath boundary yet found in the Pacific occurs in the Eastern Pacific at 18° to 20° N. Lat. and is associated with pronounced temperature, oxygen, and probably salinity gradients.Species distributions analogous to those of the Chaetognatha are found in the euphausiids, copepods, and dinoflagellates among other groups of organisms.
The Summer Standing Crop of Fish on a Shallow Bermuda Reef1
Authors: BARDACH JOHN E. 
Published: March 2010

Repeated estimates of reef fishes by visual counts were made on a shallow isolated Bermuda reef with a surface of approximately one hectare (2.5 acres). A standing crop of 490 kg was found in midsummer.Comparisons between the fish fauna of this reef and more extended reef areas indicate that carnivorous reef fishes predominate on isolated reefs, while herbivores become more prevalent on large browsing areas. Available information on the yearly growth rates of Bermuda reef fishes suggests a relatively high overall efficiency of utilization of incident solar energy (ca. 0.0014%). The similarity of isolated reefs to ponds is discussed.
An Investigation of the Circulation over Second Point Bar, Lake Mendota
Authors: CLARKE DAVID B. , BRYSON REID A. 
Published: March 2010

The flow of water in the middle and surface layers around and over a lake bar was examined in terms of horizontal and vertical velocities, and divergence. These quantities were mapped and the patterns correlated with the general current velocity, wind conditions, and obstruction by the bar.1) The bar caused two types of flow around it. In the unstratified layer above the thermocline the flow continued right over the bar, although the exact pattern of motion depended upon the current speed and the geography of the bar.2) In the thermocline there was a strong tendency for the water to flow around the bar, although considerable upwelling and sinking of the layer occurred. Helical rotors appeared on either side of the bar.3) Internally consistent and detailed patterns of circulation were observed on a small scale without excessive expenditure of time or money.
Lake Water and Sediment
Authors: HAYES F. R. , MACAULAY M. A. 
Published: March 2010

In defining the ability of a lake to produce a crop, one begins by taking a unit area for measurement, which is tantamount to saying that productivity is proportional to area. The productivity per unit area, P, has been stated by Hayes to be inversely related to depth, being where m is the mean depth in meters. P will have to be multiplied by a factor K which defines the crop, whether fish, plankton, etc. It is further necessary to recognize that lakes, like farms, are sometimes on good land, sometimes on poor. This important variant may be given numerical expression as a quality index, QI, which is supposed to tell what a given lake could produce if it were considered as of standard depth 5 m. QI was previously determined for a number of lakes on the basis of fish population, factored for length of food chain. It is made to fluctuate around unity so that K is given a value of unity for fish. Finally there is a reducing correction b to be applied to certain measurements on bog lakes, which have, for example, high oxygen consumption and bacterial counts but support few fish. The bog factor may be a function of color. The foregoing considerations lead to the equation

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno1959430291:lno1959430291-math-0002

If a measurement were made on fish in a lake of 5 m depth, P would be the same as QI, all other terms having become unity.Measurements are given of the oxygen consumption of water over mud in undisturbed profundal Jenkin cores from 16 east coast Canadian lakes. These are compared with artificial cores made by plunging a Jenkin tube into the mud of a dredge sample, and also with surface mud packed by centrifuge in bottles. All three methods gave the same values. On four lakes the field hypolimnetic deficit was compared with the laboratory tests. The mean oxygen consumptions were indistinguishable, but the field results did not arrange the lakes in the same order as laboratory tests and are judged to be related to basin dimensions rather than to productivity. Laboratory tests appear to be more accurate than field tests and of wider applicability, e.g., to unstratified lakes or bog lakes. In laboratory tests a water blank is subtracted so that consumption can be obtained for mud surface only.For 9 lakes a regression is calculated between oxygen consumption and QI for fish. The relation is highly significant and is given as

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno1959430291:lno1959430291-math-0003

where the units of oxygen consumption are mg used per cm2 mud surface per day.
Lake Water and Sediment
Authors: HAYES F. R. , ANTEIONY E. H. 
Published: March 2010

Procedures are given and field apparatus described for use of the millipore filter technique for lake water and sediment bacteria. Agar plate and filter procedures give the same counts using a supplemented sodium caseinate medium. Direct counts were higher than colony counts by factors from 59 to 233, with a mean of 111. Cultures made on lake sediment extract in agar were inferior to the caseinate medium in unproductive lakes, but when taken from productive lake soils they were adequate to produce colony growth. Several hundred quadruplicate tests were studied to establish errors, which had two components: the theoretical error of a Poisson series which depends on the number of colonies on a filter, and a handling error which is ±9%. Combining the above errors with the natural variability of profundal sediment from station to station and visit to visit, and expressing the standard error of the mean as a per cent, the expectations are: one visit to take one core at each of four profundal stations comprising the top two or three cm will yield, on quadruplicate plates, an error of ±130%. Hence, while a single visit may set a quite useful maximum it cannot be used to set a minimum. In the procedure adopted four field trips as above were made, by which the error was reduced to ±36%.Shallow cores, down to 15 cm or more, were sectioned. Surface scrapings did not yield the very high counts that others have reported. There was no significant decline in numbers down to about 5 cm, which comprises Naumann’s “actual” layer. Below this a decline sets in upon entering the “historical” layer. Deep cores were taken on two lakes down to base gravel presumed 15,000 yr old. There was a decline with depth which appeared to be logarithmic, although the deep counts were too close to zero to prove it.The authors’ counts, supplemented by those of Henrici and McCoy, are plotted against other measurements thought to be related to productivity, namely methyl orange alkalinity, conductivity, and (in paper V of the series) oxygen consumption over mud. A good regression is observed in all clear‐water lakes. However, brown‐water lakes, although low in alkalinity and conductivity, have high bacterial counts. In these lakes there is a good correlation of bacterial count with water color. This provides a possible basis for stating what part of the bacterial count of any lake is to be attributed to bog. By subtraction of the bog fraction the real or useful measurement as indicative of productivity is obtained.