bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tapping the magnetosphere
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Scientists may have found a way to tap the earth's magnetosphere to help power global communications. A team of scientists and engineers from Lockheed's Palo Alto Research Laboratory, from Stanford University, and from the U.S. Office of Naval Research reported at the recent AGU Fall Meeting/ASLO Winter Meeting that they have confirmed a long‐held theory that man‐made very low frequency (VLF) radio waves move along the earth's magnetic field lines to great altitudes within the magnetosphere and dislodge electrons into the ionosphere. The confirmation of the theory aids in the understanding of communication disturbances caused by increased sunspot activity and broadens the potential for advancement in new forms of radio communication.The magnetosphere is the region of space where the earth's geomagnetic field is confined by the solar wind. The ionosphere, closer to the earth than the magnetosphere, is that part of the earth's atmosphere that contains free, electrically charged particles.
IAHS notes
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Nominations from national committees and commissions for the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) elections—to be held in Hamburg, F.R.G., during the XVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, August 15–27, 1983—should be submitted as soon as possible to J. C. I. Dooge, Department of Civil Engineering, University College, Upper Merion Street, Dublin 2, Ireland. Dooge is chairman of the IAHS nominations panel. Others on the panel are Dr. Bogoiavlensky, N.B. Ayibotele, Dr. Rodier, and Mark Meier.In addition, nominations from national committees for the 1983 International Hydrology Prize will be open until April 1. Nominations should contain a statement (up to 1000 words) describing the qualifications and merits of the candidate. By definition, candidates should have made an outstanding contribution to the advancement of hydrology. Send nominations to IAHS Secretary General John C. Rodda, Institutes of Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon OX10 8BB, UK.
Alfred Wegener Conference
Authors: Fuchs K. , Wänke H. 
Published: October 2011

From August 28–31, 1982, the Alfred Wegener‐Stiftung held its 1st Alfred Wegener Conference on ‘Geophysical, Geochemical and Petrological Evidence on Deformation and Composition of the Continental Subcrustal Lithosphere’ at Seeheim/F.R. Germany. It was convened by K. Fuchs (University of Karlsruhe) and H. Wanke (Max‐Planck‐Institut Mainz).The main results and questions from this conference may be summarized as follows: Geophysical, petrological, and geochemical models of the earth's continental lithosphere have been refined recently so far that they are no longer independent of one another. From an analysis of xenoliths the compositions proposed for this part of the earth were confronted with seismic velocities measured in situ at depth. Both observations are not compatible unless seismic anisotropy is present in the upper mantle. Triaxial anisotropy was also required in the asthenosphere from a world‐wide inversion of surface wave data. Seismic anisotropy was recognized as a possible tracer of mantle convection. Whether it signifies a paleomotion or is generated by recent flow patterns depends on a number of material parameters that require future research in the field, in the laboratory, and in numerical modeling, e.g., experiments on stress relations at low strain rates, on seismic velocities and their partial derivatives at seismic frequencies under upper‐mantle conditions, and on field experiments to map anisotropy in the mantle and lower crust. The conference showed that geophysical, petrological, and geochemical models can and should be integrated, since they offer mutual constraints.
IGY commemorated
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Resolved, That the House of Representatives commemorates the 25th Anniversary of the beginning of the International Geophysical Year [IGY], and reaffirms the commitment of the House of Representatives to a new, vigorous era of international cooperation in all the sciences.The House of Representatives unanimously passed this resolution, H.R. 514, just before the close of the 97th Congress. The resolution ‘mentions just a fraction of the scientific advancements achieved during the 18‐month period of IGY,’ Tim Wirth (D.‐Colo.) told colleagues in the House. He introduced the resolution last June and testified before the House Science and Technology Committee on behalf of the resolution (Eos, August 24, 1982, p. 617).
Glomar Challenger finds ophiolite
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) hole 504B located in the eastern equatorial Pacific, 201 km south of the Costa Rica Rift (CRR), is unique in several ways. Hole 504B extends 1.35 km below the seafloor, which is at a depth of 3.46 km; it has penetrated seismic layers 2A, 2B, and part of 2C and for the first time has provided a very complete section; and it has bottomed in what has been interpreted as a true ophiolite complex. These results constitute for the first time long awaited confirmation of accepted models upon which most oceanic crust theory has been based.A recent report of DSDP Hole 504B noted that ‘… one is led to question the validity of using ophiolite as models of ocean crust’ (Nature, December 16, 1982). That statement was representative of the state of uncertainty that existed before the hole was drilled. The drill site is located on magnetic anomaly 3′, which has an age estimate of 6.2 m.y. The location, south of the CRR, lies on the easternmost arm of the Galapagos Spreading Center, ideally situated over ophiolite lithostratigraphy, if most current models of the oceanic crust are correct. Hesitation with the acceptance of these models has arisen in recent years from the rarity of dredged and drilled rocks that can be positively identified as being samples of an ophiolite complex. Hole 504B, being along the southern flank of the CRR, should be a good test case.
New computer at NCAR
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Atmospheric scientists who have had to postpone analysis of their data for the lack of computer resources may not have to wait much longer. The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) has awarded a $4 million contract to Cray Research, Inc., for the installation of a second CRAY‐1A computer system at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). A one‐million word CRAY system will be installed at the NCAR facility in Boulder, Colo., in the second quarter of 1983, according to a Cray spokesman.‘Machines of the capability of the CRAY‐1 have made possible many important advances in the atmospheric sciences,’ said Wilmot N. Hess, NCAR director and president of the AGU Atmospheric Sciences section. ‘In the areas of climate research, oceanography, severe storms, and sun‐earth relationships, both speed and memory are of critical importance. Our first CRAY‐I [purchased in 1977] opened many research doors for us and our university colleagues. The second CRAY will serve many scientists who are waiting for additional resources,’ he added.
Proceedings of the Third Symposium on Polar Meteorology and Glaciology
Authors: Ohtake Takeshi 
Published: October 2011

The symposium was held on January 13–14, 1981, at the National Institute of Polar Research in Tokyo. The proceedings consist of 29 research papers. The papers are further divided into major groups of POLEXSouth, POLEX‐North, Antarctic aerosols, Antarctic precipitation physics, Lidar observation, atmospheric circulation, oxygen isotopes, and glaciological studies in the Antarctica.The first seven papers report the meteorological observations at Syowa Station (69°00′S, 39°35′E) and Mizuho Station (70°42′S, 40°20′E, 2230 m MSL, 270 km inland from Syowa Station). Two papers by Yamanouchi et al. are concerned with radiometric measurements at Syowa and column water vapor amount at Mizuho. The total precipitable water at Mizuho in summer was 0.15 g/cm2 , and some diurnal variations were observed. The seven papers mainly describe the methods and preliminary results of meteorological observations as related to the POLEX‐South project. Further interpretation, statistics, and discussions of the results are left for the future. The purpose of the observations aims at studying the heat budget of the eastern Antarctica.
Tectonophysique et Géodynamique: Une Synthése Géologie Structurale‐Géophysique Interne
Authors: Le Pichon Xavier 
Published: October 2011

Lliboutry is an imaginative physicist with a vast scientific knowledge. On most problems that he discusses, he likes to formulate his own solutions, and he formulates them with frankness and, often, abruptness. I was, thus, curious to read his new textbook, which is for geological as well as geophysical university students.I must say that I was not disappointed. This is an original and interesting book, and I know of no equivalent. It has an excellent table of contents: earthquakes and structure of the earth; earth magnetic field; remanent magnetization; seafloor spreading; subduction; present plate kinematics; past plate kinematics; nature of crust and mantle; isostasy, low velocity zone, and heat flow; vertical motion; elastic and plastic deformations and ruptures; mechanical properties of plates and mantle; nature of lower mantle and differentiation of crust and hot spots; driving mechanisms; tectonic mechanisms; and orogenesis. There is a limited amount of mathematics. Consequently, geologists should not find it too hard reading, although the demonstrations may be too concise for most students in geology. On the other hand, the geological vocabulary is very limited, and each new term is introduced by a short explanation. No previous knowledge of any geology or geophysics is assumed. References are given in an abbreviated form within the text, and there is a combined subject‐author index. The book is well illustrated, mostly with generally well‐chosen figures from major papers.
Another option for ocean drilling
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

After reviewing long‐range plans for crustal studies, a National Science Foundation (NSF) advisory group unanimously agreed that the most economic and favorable platform for scientific ocean drilling would be neither the Glomar Explorer nor the Glomar Challenger. The group's choice: to lease a commercial drilling ship.Unlike previous groups, the NSF Ad Hoc Advisory Group on Crustal Studies, chaired by AGU President‐elect Charles Drake, examined ocean drilling while considering other crustal studies and budget projections. The Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD) (Eos, December 22, 1981, p. 1197), the National Science Board (Eos, April 6, 1982, p. 219), and a National Research Council committee (Eos, November 2, 1982, p. 835) all chose the Glomar Explorer as the desired option; however, they weighed alternatives based only on the scientific merits of drilling and did not look at crustal studies as a whole or look at budget projections.
The uses of color
Authors: Morse S. A. 
Published: October 2011

Color graphics in AGU publications may be valuable aids to communication, but care will have to be taken to assure that they really contain extra information instead of the same old information in a sexier package. Can anyone tell me, for example, why the essentially monochrome, yellow‐red (left) false color image on the cover of Eos, December 7, 1982, contains more information than a good black and white version would?Further, any graphical display, whether in color or not, ought to be described in comprehensible terms. The caption to the cited cover of Eos was, I found, confusing in the original version in Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) (so much so that I offer a translation1 for the interested reader). The excerpted caption in Eos is all the more confusing for lack of context and illustrates the dangers of excerpting without editing.
Wet January for nation's streams
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The nation's streamflow picture was generally wetter than usual in January, except in the East, according to a check by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Department of the Interior.USGS hydrologists said that more than 80% of the key index gaging stations across the country reported average or above‐average streamflow during January. Of the stations reporting below average streamflow, most were in the eastern part of the country, with small, dry areas reported in Kansas, Nebraska, Texas, and Ohio. In the eastern United States—from Maine south to Florida and west to Pennsylvania and Tennessee—21 of the 65 key index stations reported streamflow that was much below average for the month, within the lowest 25% of record.
XANES: Solid state mineral analysis
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Researchers in the field of mineral physics have become aware of new analytical techniques for studying the electronic structure of solids; one such technique is the X ray absorption fine structure (XFAS) method. In this technique the fine structure of the X ray K‐edge, for example, can b e employed as a critical probe of t h e intricacies of a crystal structure (P. A. Lee, P. H. Citrin, P. Eisenberger, and B. M. Kincaid, Rev. Mod. Phys., 53, 799, 1981).A similar, related technique, X ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES), is a relatively unknown method of studying the electronic structure of solids. XANES is new, and due to its complex nature, data on all but very simple solids have not yet been applied rigorously. Among the first XANES results on minerals is the recent study reported by G. Knapp, B. Veal, H. Pan, and T. Klipper (Solid State Comm. 44, 1343, 1982) on perovskites, magnesiowustites, and other 3d oxides in the zircon and spinel groups. The interpretation of these results is still semiquantitative, being based on ground state and basic selection rule considerations. The results show, however, a strong correlation between near‐edge spectra and crystal structure.
The role of science in the public arena
Authors: Weissman Arthur B. 
Published: October 2011

The AGU Congressional Science Fellowship offers scientists a very special opportunity to become directly involved in public policy making at the federal level. As this year's AGU Congressional Science Fellow, I have been working for Senator Christopher J. Dodd (D‐Conn.) as his legislative assistant for environment and energy matters. I would like to describe some of my impressions so far regarding the role of science in public policy.My sudden transition from academic science to the political arena highlighted for me the differences between the two, which are striking and at times disconcerting. Academic scientists, laden with teaching and often administrative responsibilities, are fond of complaining of the lack of time for creative research and thinking. But, for the most part, they are in an environment which supports and encourages research and independent thinking. In the political world such words as ‘professor’ and ‘research’ can be pejorative or, at best, quaint; professors and research reports may be taken seriously only when they support a given political viewpoint.
Field research support
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Center for Field Research is seeking research projects eligible for support by Earthwatch. Earthwatch is a private, volunteer research corps that enables qualified members of the public to join research expeditions both as coworkers and as patrons helping to underwrite expedition costs. To qualify for selection by the center, projects must be designed to make effective use of nonspecialists in field assignments.Each year, the center selects for support by Earthwatch up to 100 significant projects each year in the sciences and humanities. Current priorities for support include volcanology, climatology, glaciology, oceanography, and research in Latin America (especially that which illuminates interdependencies between North and South America).
Research funds
Authors: Altrock Richard C. 
Published: October 2011

Joseph Walder's rambling diatribe against accepting research funds from the Department of Defense (Eos, December 28, 1982, p. 1346) deserves some rebuttal. In particular, I would like to respond to his question, ‘Does acceptance of financial support from military sources make individuals and institutions dependent clients of the Pentagon?’ The answer is: of course not, unless they want to be.As an Air Force scientist and research contract manager, I can state categorically that we put no pressure upon our contractors to become our ‘clients.’ Indeed, we caution them not to become too dependent upon Air Force funds for continued funding of research projects, due to year‐to‐year changes in programs of interest to the Air Force and availability of funds. The only ‘control’ that we exert over contractors is their voluntary agreement to perform the work that they have unilaterally proposed to do by submitting an unsolicited proposal to us. These proposals are reviewed in‐house, and funding is determined purely on relevance, availability of funds, and our estimate of the quality of the proposed research (investigators, facilities, etc.).
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 8(2), February 28, 1983, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete Long Valley, Colima, and Langila reports are included; the earthquake report is an excerpt.The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E83‐003 at $2.50 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give volume and issue numbers and issue date) through AGU Separates; $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price is $18.00 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a United States address; $28.00 (U.S.) if mailed elsewhere. Order must be prepaid.
Climatic Geomorphology
Authors: Grove A. T. 
Published: October 2011

Although this book opens with a map of the world showing the continents divided into 10 morphoclimatic regions, this is not simply a text book on geomorphology organized climatically. Rather it is a dissertation which attempts to provide an explanation for the morphology of the earth. L. C. King had the same ambition, as had W. Penck and, more diffidently, W. M. Davis. One may continue to be impressed by the clarity and visual attractiveness of Davis's exposition, though dissatisfied with the integration of its elements; W. Penck's ideas, notably his mechanism for piedmont stairway development, are more difficult to appreciate; King's explanation of upland plains in terms of scarp retreat over immense distances as the result of uplift generated by the disruption of the continents fails to convince most geomorphologists.A basic problem to be solved is the means by which the land surface is lowered to produce extensive plains developed on solid rock, which may then be dissected, with the preservation of extensive fragments apparently little modified.
Salton sea minerals
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

The long‐held notion that precious metals, minerals, and other useful substances can be extracted from natural waters is starting to become realized at several locations of geothermal brines. In a recent study by A. Maimoni of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory it was determined that there is a high potential for minerals recovery from the hot brines of a 1000‐MWe geothermal power station at the Salton Sea geothermal field in southern California. The study estimated that the revenue from the minerals could substantially exceed that from the power station (Geothermics, 11, 239–258, 1982).According to the study, ‘A 1000‐MWe power plant could recover 14–31% of the U.S. demand for manganese.’ In the example of lithium production, such a geothermal plant could produce 5–10 times the annual world output of lithium. Large quantities of lead and zinc could be extracted, as well as significant amounts of gold, platinum, and silver. The chemical composition of the brines is incredibly complex, however, for reasons not currently understood.
Scorecard on winter weather forecast
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A comparison of the observed temperatures and precipitation for this past winter (maps on left) with predicted temperatures and precipitation (maps on right) shows that the National Weather Service (NWS) temperature prediction was below par, but that the NWS precipitation forecast was ‘quite good,’ according to Don L. Gilman, chief of the NWS long‐range forecast branch. The predictions, issued November 29, 1982 (Eos, December 14, 1982, p. 1211), covered December, January, and February.NWS long‐range forecasters had thought that frigid Arctic air would swoop far south to bring below‐normal temperatures to the western United States. Instead, an east Pacific trough, which may have been the strongest since 1900, brought a strong influx of air from the west, according to Gilman. The intense, low‐pressure anomaly in the east Pacific, with the strong westerly winds, teamed with heavy rains south and southwest of Hawaii and warm equatorial Pacific waters to bring warm, wet air to the western United States. The results (see maps): Throughout most of the country, observed temperatures were above normal (A) or normal (N), while observed precipitation was heavy (H) o r normal (no code). Below‐normal temperatures (B) occurred only in a portion of the southcentral U.S. and the Florida Keys. Light precipitation (L) fell over two patches in the northern plains, in the Appalachian region, and along the Maine coast.
Isotope fractionation
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

A rash of new controversy has emerged around the subject of mass‐independent isotope fractionation effects, particularly in the case of the oxygen isotopes. To be sure, the controversy has been around for awhile, but it has been given new impetus by the results of a recent study by Mark H. Thiemens and John E. Heidenreich III of the University of California, San Diego (Science, March 4, 1983).Gustav Arrhenius has been trying to convince the planetary science community that chemical effects in isotope fractionation processes could explain observations in meteorites that appear to be outside of the traditionally understood mass‐dependent fractionations (G. Arrhenius, J . L. McCrumb, and N. F. Friedman, Astrophys. Space Sci, 65, 297, 1974). Robert Clayton had made the basic observations of oxygen in carbonaceous chondrites that the slope of the δ17 versus δ18 line was 1 instead of the slope of ½ characteristic of terrestrial rocks and lunar samples (Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci., 28, 501, 1978). The mass‐independent effects were ascribed to the apparent contribution of an ancient presolar system component of O16.
NSF graduate awards
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Of the 450 college students offered fellowships by the National Science Foundation (NSF) this year for graduate study in 1983–1984 in the natural and social sciences, mathematics, and engineering, 40 plan to pursue graduate studies in earth, ocean, or space sciences. None of the 50 science students awarded NSF minority graduate fellowship awards plans to study in the geophysics‐related sciences.Each fellowship, awarded for 3 years of graduate study, provides a stipend of $6,900 per year for full‐time graduate study. An annual cost‐of‐education allowance of $4,000 is provided by NSF in lieu of all tuition and fees to the institution selected by each fellow for graduate study. The fellowships may be used over 5 years to permit students to incorporate teaching or research assistantships into their education during periods in which they are not receiving their fellowship stipends.