bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiologic Relationships Between A1C and All-Cause Mortality During a Median 3.4-Year Follow-up of Glycemic Treatment in the ACCORD Trial
Authors: Riddle Matthew C. , Ambrosius Walter T. , Brillon David J. , Buse John B. , Byington Robert P. , Cohen Robert M. , Goff David C. , Malozowski Saul , Margolis Karen L. , Probstfield Jeffrey L. , Schnall Adrian , Seaquist Elizabeth R. ,   for the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Investigators
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
Randomized treatment comparing an intensive glycemic treatment strategy with a standard strategy in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial was ended early because of an unexpected excess of mortality in the intensive arm. As part of ongoing post hoc analyses of potential mechanisms for this finding, we explored whether on-treatment A1C itself had an independent relationship with mortality.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 10,251 with mean age 62 years, median duration of diabetes 10 years, and median A1C 8.1%) were randomly assigned to treatment strategies targeting either A1C &lt;6.0% (intensive) or A1C 7.0–7.9% (standard). Data obtained during 3.4 (median) years of follow-up before cessation of intensive treatment were analyzed using several multivariable models.

RESULTS
Various characteristics of the participants and the study sites at baseline had significant associations with the risk of mortality. Before and after adjustment for these covariates, a higher average on-treatment A1C was a stronger predictor of mortality than the A1C for the last interval of follow-up or the decrease of A1C in the first year. Higher average A1C was associated with greater risk of death. The risk of death with the intensive strategy increased approximately linearly from 6–9% A1C and appeared to be greater with the intensive than with the standard strategy only when average A1C was &gt;7%.

CONCLUSIONS
These analyses implicate factors associated with persisting higher A1C levels, rather than low A1C per se, as likely contributors to the increased mortality risk associated with the intensive glycemic treatment strategy in ACCORD.
Aldose Reductase Gene Polymorphisms and Diabetic Retinopathy Susceptibility
Authors: Abhary Sotoodeh , Burdon Kathryn P. , Laurie Kate J. , Thorpe Stacey , Landers John , Goold Lucy , Lake Stewart , Petrovsky Nikolai , Craig Jamie E. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
Aldose reductase (ALR) is involved in diabetic microvascular damage via the polyol pathway. A recent meta-analysis found genetic variation in the ALR gene (AKR1B1) to be significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). We investigated the genetic association of AKR1B1 with DR.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study enrolled 909 individuals with diabetes. Participants were genotyped for an AKR1B1 (CA)n microsatellite and 14 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms, and ophthalmological assessment was performed.

RESULTS
A total of 514 individuals were found to have DR. rs9640883 was significantly associated with DR (P = 0.0005). However, AKR1B1 variation was not independently associated with DR development after adjusting for relevant clinical parameters. rs9640883 was associated with duration of diabetes (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION
Many previous reports have failed to account for known risk factors for DR. The commonly reported association of AKR1B1 with DR may be due to an association of the gene with younger age at onset of diabetes.
Dietary Phylloquinone and Menaquinones Intakes and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Beulens Joline W.J. , van der A Daphne L. , Grobbee Diederick E. , Sluijs Ivonne , Spijkerman Annemieke M.W. , van der Schouw Yvonne T. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones intakes are related to risk of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used data from a prospective cohort study in 38,094 Dutch men and women, aged 20–70 years. Dietary phylloquinone and menaquinones intakes were assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Diabetes case patients were ascertained mainly via self-report and verified against medical records.

RESULTS
During 10.3 years of follow-up, 918 incident cases of diabetes were documented. In a multivariate model adjusting for diabetes risk factors and dietary factors, phylloquinone intake tended to be associated (P = 0.08) with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.81 (95% CI 0.66–0.99) for the highest versus the lowest quartile. For menaquinones intake, a linear, inverse association (P = 0.038) with risk of type 2 diabetes was observed with an HR of 0.93 (0.87–1.00) for each 10-μg increment in the multivariate model.

CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that both phylloquinone and menaquinones intakes may be associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.
Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Europeans in Relation to Fasting and 2-h Plasma Glucose Levels Within a Normoglycemic Range
Authors: Ning Feng , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Pyörälä Kalevi , Onat Altan , Söderberg Stefan , Qiao Qing ,   for the DECODE Study Group
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To study mortality in relation to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-h plasma glucose levels within the normoglycemic range.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data from 19 European cohorts comprising 12,566 men and 10,874 women who had FPG &lt;6.1 mmol/l and 2-h plasma glucose &lt;7.8 mmol/l at baseline examination were analyzed. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for deaths from cardiovascular disease (CVD), non-CVD, and all causes were estimated for individuals whose 2-h plasma glucose &gt; FPG (group II) compared with those whose 2-h plasma glucose ≤ FPG (group I).

RESULTS
A total of 827 (246) CVD and 611 (351) non-CVD and 1,438 (597) all-cause deaths occurred in men (women). Group II was older and had higher BMI, blood pressure, and fasting insulin than group I. The multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for CVD, non-CVD, and all-cause mortality were 1.22 (1.05–1.41), 1.09 (0.92–1.29), and 1.16 (1.04–1.30) in men and 1.40 (1.03–1.89), 0.99 (0.79–1.25), and 1.13 (0.94–1.35) in women, respectively, for group II as compared with group I. HRs were 1.25 (1.05–1.50), 1.09 (0.89–1.34), and 1.18 (1.03–1.35) in men and 1.60 (1.03–2.48), 1.05 (0.78–1.42), and 1.18 (0.93–1.51) in women, respectively, after additional adjustment for fasting insulin in a subgroup of individuals.

CONCLUSIONS
In individuals with both FPG and 2-h plasma glucose within the normoglycemic range, high 2-h plasma glucose was associated with insulin resistance and increased CVD mortality.
Exenatide Affects Circulating Cardiovascular Risk Biomarkers Independently of Changes in Body Composition
Authors: Bunck Mathijs C. , Diamant Michaela , Eliasson Bjorn , Cornér Anja , Shaginian Rimma M. , Heine Robert J. , Taskinen Marja-Riitta , Yki-Järvinen Hannele , Smith Ulf 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To study the effect of exenatide on body composition and circulating cardiovascular risk biomarkers.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (N = 69) were randomized to exenatide or insulin glargine and treated for 1 year. Body composition was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Additionally, body weight, waist circumference, and cardiovascular biomarkers were measured.

RESULTS
Treatment with exenatide for 1 year significantly reduced body weight, waist circumference, and total body and trunkal fat mass by 6, 5, 11, and 13%, respectively. In addition, exenatide increased total adiponectin by 12% and reduced high-sensitivity C-reactive protein by 61%. Insulin glargine significantly reduced endothelin-1 by 7%. These changes were statistically independent of the change in total body fat mass and body weight.

CONCLUSIONS
Exenatide treatment for 1 year reduced body fat mass and improved the profile of circulating biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. No significant changes were seen with insulin glargine except a trend for reduced endothelin-1 levels.
Diabetic Foot Prevention
Authors: Lavery Lawrence A. , Hunt Nathan A. , LaFontaine Javier , Baxter Cory L. , Ndip Agbor , Boulton Andrew J.M. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the frequency of foot prevention strategies among high-risk patients with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Electronic medical records were used to identify 150 patients on dialysis and 150 patients with previous foot ulceration or amputation with 30 months follow-up to determine the frequency with which patients received education, podiatry care, and therapeutic shoes and insoles as prevention services.

RESULTS
Few patients had formal education (1.3%), therapeutic shoes/insoles (7%), or preventative podiatric care (30%). The ulcer incidence density was the same in both groups (210 per 1,000 person-years). In contrast, the amputation incidence density was higher in the dialysis group compared with the ulcer group (58.7 vs. 13.1 per 1,000 person-years, P &lt; 0.001). Patients on dialysis were younger and more likely to be of non-Hispanic white descent (P = 0.006) than patients with a previous history of ulcer or amputation.

CONCLUSIONS
Prevention services are infrequently provided to high-risk patients.
Family history of hypertension as an important risk factor for the development of severe preeclampsia
Authors: BEZERRA PATRICIA C.F.M. , LEÃO MARCOS D. , QUEIROZ JOSÉ W. , MELO EDAILNA M.D. , PEREIRA FLÁVIO V.M. , NÓBREGA MARIA HEBE , JERONIMO ANA K. , FERREIRA LEONARDO C. , JERÔNIMO SELMA M.B. , DE ARAÚJO ANA CRISTINA P.F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective. To determine the risk of preeclampsia in a population with respect to maternal and sister histories of chronic hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia. Design. A case‐control study of severe preeclampsia. Setting. Maternity hospital in Natal, Brazil. Participants. A total of 412 subjects were enrolled, 148 cases and 264 controls. Main outcome measures. Personal and familial histories of hypertensive disorders. Odds ratio estimates of preeclampsia with respect to family history of hypertensive diseases. Results. Women with a history of hypertensive disorders were more frequent in the case group (p = 0.001). Women whose mothers had a history of hypertension (p = 0.003), preeclampsia (p = 0.007) or eclampsia (p = 0.038) were at increased risk of severe preeclampsia. The risk of preeclampsia was greater when the woman had a sister with a history of hypertension (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.60–4.21, p < 0.001), preeclampsia (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.58–3.45, p < 0.001), or eclampsia (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.28–5.16, p = 0.008). The risk of preeclampsia was also higher for women who had both a mother and sister with a history of hypertension (OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.65–8.09, p = 0.001). Conclusions. A family history of hypertensive disorders increased the risk of eclampsia and hemolysis elevated liver enzymes and low platelet (HELLP) syndrome in a Brazilian population.
Regulation of progesterone receptor A and B expression in human preterm, term, and postterm placental villi
Authors: ZIYAN JIANG , HUAIBIN REN , XIAOTIAN MA , GUANGTONG SHE , XIAOQING CHEN , ZIJIANG DONG , ZIYUE JIANG , WE DE , LIZHOU SUN 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective. The progesterone receptor (PR)‐A/B ratio in the myometrium is reported to be closely related to labor onset. This might represent a potential target for therapeutic interventions for postterm and preterm deliveries, though the mechanisms currently remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation mechanism of PR‐A and B expression in human preterm, term, and postterm placental villi. Design. Experimental study. Setting. People's Hospital of Jiangsu Province, China. Population. Singleton women of preterm (PRNIL, not in labor, n = 10), term (TNIL, not in labor, n = 10; TIL, in labor, n = 10), and postterm (PONIL, not in labor, n = 10) cesarean deliveries. Methods. The PR‐A/PR‐B mRNA and protein ratios were analyzed using real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and western blots in villi from preterm, term, postterm groups. PONIL and PRNIL villi were incubated with prostaglandin F2α (PG) and indomethacin for 72 hours, respectively, and the PR‐A/PR‐B mRNA and protein ratios and p38 signaling pathway were explored. Results. The PR‐A/PR‐B ratio was highest in TIL, followed by PRNIL, PONIL and TNIL. Indomethacin significantly up‐regulated PR‐B expression, thereby decreasing the PR‐A/PR‐B ratio (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, PG reduced the expression of PR‐B and increased PR‐A, leading to a significant increase in the PR‐A/PR‐B ratio (p < 0.05). We also determined that the PR‐A/PR‐B ratio was mediated through the activation of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase. Conclusion. These results demonstrate that the PR‐A/PR‐B ratio plays a key role in the mechanisms regulating preterm, term, and postterm deliveries.
Is ‘MILD’ sleep‐disordered breathing in women really mild?
Authors: ANTTALAINEN ULLA , POLO OLLI , SAARESRANTA TARJA 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) consists of episodes of periodic obstructive or central sleep apnea and partial upper airway obstruction. The first two are well recognized and diagnosed, although still underdiagnosed. Traditionally, research in SDB has focused mainly on male patients with obstructive sleep apnea using apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) as a measure of severity. This has led to overrating of AHI as the only marker of SDB and underestimating of SDB in women. However, recently, partial upper airway obstruction has been acknowledged to be pathological and it may cause symptoms of SDB. There is a growing body of evidence that women suffer from SDB more than thought before and they especially have partial upper airway obstruction. Co‐morbidities such as cardiovascular diseases seem to be more prevalent in patients with SDB. This commentary points out some differences of SDB between genders in terms of symptoms and findings and emphasizes the clinical relevance of partial upper airway obstruction, especially in women.
Interaction between oxidative stress and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with severity of coronary artery calcification in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Rho Young Hee , Chung Cecilia P. , Oeser Annette , Solus Joseph F. , Gebretsadik Tebeb , Shintani Ayumi , Raggi Paolo , Milne Ginger L. , Stein C. Michael 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that oxidative stress is increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) due to increased inflammation and contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.MethodsThe independent association between urinary F2‐isoprostane excretion, a measure of oxidative stress, and RA was tested using multiple linear regression models in 169 patients with RA and 92 control subjects, frequency matched for age, race, and sex. The relationship between F2‐isoprostane excretion and coronary calcium, a marker of atherosclerosis, was examined in multivariable proportional odds logistic regression models that also assessed the interactions between oxidative stress and low‐density lipoprotein and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.ResultsF2‐isoprostane excretion was significantly higher in patients with RA (median 2.75 [interquartile range (IQR) 1.60–4.06] ng/mg creatinine) than in control subjects (median 1.86 [IQR 1.25–2.62] ng/mg creatinine; adjusted P = 0.006). In patients with RA, F2‐isoprostanes were positively correlated with body mass index (P < 0.001), but not with disease activity or mediators of inflammation such as the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints or serum tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin‐6, and C‐reactive protein concentrations in adjusted multivariable models (P > 0.05 for all). In patients with RA, F2‐isoprostanes significantly modified the effect of HDL cholesterol on coronary calcification (P = 0.02 for interaction) after adjustment for age, sex, and race. As F2‐isoprostane levels increased, HDL lost its protective effect against coronary calcification.ConclusionOxidative stress measured as F2‐isoprostane excretion was higher in patients with RA than in control subjects. Among patients with RA, higher F2‐isoprostane excretion and HDL cholesterol concentrations interacted significantly and were positively associated with the severity of coronary calcification.
Photoswitches: From Molecules to Materials
Authors: Russew Maria‐Melanie , Hecht Stefan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSmall organic molecules, capable of undergoing efficient and reversible photochemical reactions to switch them between (at least) two (meta)stable isomers associated with markedly different properties, continue to impact the materials world. Such photoswitches are being implemented in a variety of materials for applications ranging from optical devices to “smart” polymers. All approaches exploit the photoswitching molecular entities as gates, which translate an incoming light stimulus to trigger macroscopic property changes of the materials. In this progress report, the most promising recent examples in this field are highlighted and put in perspective. Moving from supramolecular systems in solution to surfaces and finally to bulk materials, important design concepts are discussed, emphasizing both the challenges as well as the great promise of such truly advanced materials.
Pericytes and vessel maturation during tumor angiogenesis and metastasis
Authors: Raza Ahmad , Franklin Michael J. , Dudek Arkadiusz Z. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDespite promising results in preclinical and clinical studies, the therapeutic efficacy of antiangiogenic therapies has been restricted by a narrow focus on inhibiting the growth of endothelial cells. Other cell types in the tumor stroma are also critical to the progression of cancer, including mural cells. Mural cells are vascular support cells that range in phenotype from pericytes to vascular smooth muscle cells. Although the role of pericytes and pericyte‐like cells in the pathophysiology of cancer is still unclear, evidence indicates that aberrations in pericyte–endothelial cell signaling networks could contribute to tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. The purpose of this review is to evaluate critically recent evidence on the role of pericytes in tumor biology and discuss potential therapeutic targets for anticancer intervention. Am. J. Hematol. 85:593–598, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and mechanical properties of crosslinked 1,2,3‐triazole‐polymers as potential propellant binders
Authors: Wang Ling , Song Yuming , Gyanda Reena , Sakhuja Rajeev , Meher Nabin K. , Hanci Sureyya , Gyanda Kapil , Mathai Sindhu , Sabri Firouzeh , Ciaramitaro David A. , Bedford Clifford D. , Katritzky Alan R. , Duran Randolph S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThirteen triazole polymers were prepared as potential rocket propellant binders by the reactions of various diacetylenes and diazides. The reaction of E300 dipropiolate (1) with diazide (2) obtained from tetraethylene glycol was selected to study the effects of concentration of the tetraacetylene functionalized crosslinker (3) on the mechanical properties of resulting triazole polymers. The modulus of the polymers increased, whereas the strain (% elongation at failure) decreased with increasing percentage of crosslinker. The resulting triazole polymers also showed that the desired mechanical properties could be obtained by adjusting the crosslinker concentration during the polymerization. Addition of 43 wt % aluminum filler did not significantly affect the strain. The modulus of these triazole polymers was comparable with typical polyurethane elastomeric matrices for rocket propellants. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of carbon black addition and its phase selective distribution on the stress relaxation behavior of filled thermoplastic vulcanizates
Authors: Le Hai Hong , Heidenreich Daniel , Kolesov Igor S. , Ilisch Sybill , Radusch Hans‐Joachim 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe long term mechanical behavior of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) based on polypropylene (PP) and ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) and different types and concentrations of carbon black (CB) has been characterized by means of stress relaxation experiments. Evaluation of the relaxation curves was carried out using the two‐component model allowing a division of the initial stress into different stress components which are caused by different networks available in TPV. The discussion focussed on the background of the stress components, which are originated by the CB addition, the non‐relaxing stress components σ, and σ, as well as the relaxing stress components ΔσCB(polymer‐layer) and ΔσCB(network). It was found that the concentration and type of CB as well as the phase specific CB distribution strongly affect the non‐relaxing and relaxing stress components. Up to a CB concentration of 9% in the EPDM phase the composite behaves as a thermo‐rheologically simple material because the impact of CB addition on the α‐relaxation of the crystalline PP phase is still negligible. A master curve was created by the horizontal shift of the relaxing stress curves ΔσComp(t) to a reference curve. At higher local CB loadings the additional relaxation processes induced by CB addition overlap with the α‐relaxation, thus, no master curve could be made in that case. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Nonlinear optical studies on new conjugated poly{2,2l‐(3,4‐ dialkoxythiophene‐2,5‐diyl) bis[5‐(2‐thienyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole]}s
Authors: Hegde Pramod Kumar , Adhikari A. Vasudeva , Manjunatha M. G. , Sandeep C. S. Suchand , Philip Reji 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThree new donor–acceptor type poly{2,2l‐(3,4‐ dialkoxythiophene‐2,5‐diyl)bis[5‐(2‐thienyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole]}s (P1, P2, and P3) were synthesized starting from thiodiglycolic acid and diethyl oxalate through multistep reactions. The polymerization was carried out using chemical polymerization technique. The optical and charge‐transporting properties of the polymers were investigated by UV‐visible, fluorescence emission spectroscopic and cyclic voltammetric studies. The polymers showed bluish‐green fluorescence in solutions. The electrochemical band gaps were determined to be 2.03, 2.09, and 2.17 eV for P1, P2, and P3, respectively. The nonlinear optical properties of new polymers were investigated at 532 nm using single beam Z‐scan and degenerate four‐wave mixing (DFWM) techniques with nanosecond laser pulses. The polymers exhibited strong optical limiting behavior due to “effective” three‐photon absorption. Values of the effective three‐photon absorption (3PA) coefficients, third‐order nonlinear susceptibilities (χ(3)), and figures (F) of merit were calculated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010