bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Questioning the impact of the ‘graduatization’ of the managerial labour force upon the management of human resources in the Scottish hotel industry
Authors: Ingram Arthur , Jamieson Roddy , Lynch Paul , Bent Richard 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper outlines the findings of a questionnaire survey returned by 125 Scottish hotels from a sample of 500 small and middle‐sized enterprises. We asked questions on the level of impact that hospitality graduates have had upon human resource management practices within individual units. The research reports that, although the cumulative graduatization of the managerial workforce appears to be under way, the main route to a permanent management post still remains one of practical work experience, rather than the attainment of a hospitality‐related degree. Although manpower planning is widely used by line managers for managing the conditions of local/external labour markets and operatives’ jobs, there is less evidence of a systematic approach to the management of graduate careers/skills or of the management of internal job structures and labour market processes in order to improve the quality of customer service. Our work suggests a need for smaller hotels to strike a fresh balance between traditional operationally driven approaches to people management and strategic human resource management frameworks.
The retailing environment in Ireland and its effect on the chilled ready meal market
Authors: Reed Zandra , McIlveen Heather , Strugnell Christopher 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFood retailing in the island of Ireland has experienced a number of changes with the relatively recent arrival of the UK multiples. This preliminary study examined retailing developments in Ireland focusing on the chilled ready meal sector and on an identification of the factors that influence chilled food choice. Interviews, supermarket analysis, consumer focus groups and questionnaires revealed that the chilled ready meal market was experiencing a period of growth assisted by the arrival of the UK multiples, but there was great potential to further expand the market. Convenience was cited as the primary reason for purchase of chilled ready meals but taste continued to play an important role in chilled food choice. Retailers must respond by informing and educating consumers about their product offerings. In addition, they must listen to the unique needs and wants of consumers on this island to assist in the development and provision of a range of chilled ready meals suitable for the Irish market‐place.
Computerized electronic temperature control system for thermal efficiency during baking in food research
Authors: Viljoen D. L. , Muller M. , De Swardt J. B. , Sadie A. , Vosloo M. C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA more sophisticated temperature control system than the capillary thermostat in conventional electric ovens is necessary for laboratory research on foods. The aim of the study was to develop a computerized temperature control system (CTCS) for conventional electric ovens and to determine whether the CTCS could effect comparable and consistent results in two ovens with regard to oven and product characteristics of baked products. No significant differences were found between the two ovens with regard to average oven temperature, texture and height of products. In most instances there were also no significant differences between the ovens with regard to instrumental colour measurement and moisture loss. The regression results also illustrated the effectiveness of the CTCS, i.e. that an increase in set oven temperature of 1°C has a significant effect on specific oven and product characteristics. The CTCS therefore significantly improved the reproducibility of quality characteristics of baked products. Thus, more consistent and repeatable results can be obtained to improve the reliability of consumer‐driven food research.
Good practice in multicultural integration work in Finland: collaborative learning in culturally sensitive projects
Authors: Janhonen‐Abruquah Hille , Palojoki Päivi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFinland is undergoing a rapid change from a homogenous culture to a heterogeneous culture. With immigrants from all over the world making Finland their home, a lot of multicultural integration work is needed. Collaborative learning in peer groups can work as a useful framework for enhancing tolerance toward differences, and consumer education and home economics education offer a fruitful setting for this kind of collaborative teaching of tolerance. In particular, the practical nature of consumer education and home economics makes it suitable to teach multiculturalism in a daily life setting. In this study, 10 integration projects in Finland were examined through a qualitative summary to reveal the key elements in successful multicultural integration work. The focus was on multicultural, collaborative interactions. The results show that problems are bound to arise when people from different cultures meet. Daily life situations, culturally unequal settings, poor participation and a lack of real interaction between different cultural groups can be problematic. These problems need to be overcome before the richness of different cultures can be revealed. People need to learn how to use the tools of multicultural and collaborative learning before the group can act successfully.
Interdependence between consumption in the North and sustainable communities in the South
Authors: Shanahan Helena , Carlsson‐Kanyama Annika 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe issues we want to address and discuss in this article are related to the interdependence between consumption in households in high‐income countries and life in the low‐income countries, seen in a sustainable perspective. In the consumer society the underlying premise is that ever‐escalating consumption is accepted, even desirable. During the past decade, an increasing critique of consumer lifestyle has come from environmentalists, who argue that the resource use to maintain a consumer lifestyle is putting too hard a burden on the ecosystems. We give examples of the abundant evidence of interdependence between North and South at global levels, such as climate change and appropriation of ecosystem capacities, and related to specific types of consumption such as clothing, flowers, food and cosmetics. We argue that the loss of feedback to individual households in the North is a serious barrier for change towards more sustainable consumption habits, and raise a question about how impacts of production and consumption can be communicated to consumers. On the basis of previous and ongoing research, we highlight some impacts of positive and negative labelling schemes as well as extended environmental information.
Phylogenetic patterns differ for native and exotic plant communities across a richness gradient in Northern California
Authors: Cadotte Marc W. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Seabloom Eric W. , Cavender‐Bares Jeannine , Harpole W. S. , Cleland Elsa , Davies Kendi F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim Increasingly, ecologists are using evolutionary relationships to infer the mechanisms of community assembly. However, modern communities are being invaded by non‐indigenous species. Since natives have been associated with one another through evolutionary time, the forces promoting character and niche divergence should be high. On the other hand, exotics have evolved elsewhere, meaning that conserved traits may be more important in their new ranges. Thus, co‐occurrence over sufficient time‐scales for reciprocal evolution may alter how phylogenetic relationships influence assembly. Here, we examined the phylogenetic structure of native and exotic plant communities across a large‐scale gradient in species richness and asked whether local assemblages are composed of more or less closely related natives and exotics and whether phylogenetic turnover among plots and among sites across this gradient is driven by turnover in close or distant relatives differentially for natives and exotics.Location Central and northern California, USA.Methods We used data from 30 to 50 replicate plots at four sites and constructed a maximum likelihood molecular phylogeny using the genes:matK,rbcl,ITS1and5.8s. We compared community‐level measures of native and exotic phylogenetic diversity and among‐plot phylobetadiversity.Results There were few exotic clades, but they tended to be widespread. Exotic species were phylogenetically clustered within communities and showed low phylogenetic turnover among communities. In contrast, the more species‐rich native communities showed higher phylogenetic dispersion and turnover among sites.Main conclusions The assembly of native and exotic subcommunities appears to reflect the evolutionary histories of these species and suggests that shared traits drive exotic patterns while evolutionary differentiation drives native assembly. Current invasions appear to be causing phylogenetic homogenization at regional scales.
Change in reflections of physiotherapy students over time in clinical placements
Authors: Wessel Jean , Larin Hélène 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPhysiotherapy programmes are expected to develop reflective practitioners. Research has indicated that the reflections of senior students and clinicians are different from students beginning their clinical experience. However, most of these studies are cross‐sectional in nature. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the changes in the reflections of a group of physiotherapy students from their first to their third clinical placements. Subjects were 15 female students (mean age: 20.1 years) in an undergraduate physiotherapy programme in the United Arab Emirates. They wrote weekly entries in a journal during their first and third clinical placements. They described an event, their reaction to it and how it might affect their future behaviour. Two evaluators independently read and coded the content of all journals, and then worked together to categorize the data, rate the level of reflection of each weekly entry and develop themes. The levels of reflection and the themes from the two time periods were compared. Quotes from individual students from both time periods illustrated the changes in reflections. Students’ highest level of reflection for each entry ranged from level 1 (only described the event) to level 4 (gained a new understanding), with a slightly higher mean level of reflection during the third clinical placement. Themes derived from the journals were Professional behaviour, Learning, Self‐development, and Ethical issues, in the first placement, and Communication, Ethics, Learning, and Scope of practice, in the third placement. In the latter placement, students were more confident and more focused on the client compared with their first placement. Although the overall themes were somewhat similar in the first and third clinical placements, students broadened their perception of the roles and responsibilities of physiotherapists and of the ultimate impact of their actions on the patient.
Team working but no blurring thank you! The importance of team work as part of a teaching ward experience
Authors: Wakefield Ann , Boggis Caroline , Holland Mark 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article examines the theme of teamwork emergent from qualitative data amassed during a small‐scale research project. The study was intended to establish whether it was feasible to introduce an educational teaching ward within the medical and nursing undergraduate curriculum. The study took place on a general medical ward at one of the hospital sites linked to the University of Manchester. During the project, students were encouraged to work as teams to share their knowledge and skills related to practice. From the recorded interview data and facilitator/researcher reflective diary notes, it soon became apparent that despite enjoying the opportunity to engage in collaborative working and learning, the students felt that there could be too much sharing. For this reason, the students made it very clear that interprofessional education was not the panacea, given that it could result in professionals losing their distinct identity. Moreover, the students felt that as each profession has a different role, different job and different agenda, a large proportion of the teaching should remain discipline specific. Hence, the article closes by considering why a blurring of the professional boundaries was not perceived to be a wholly positive educational outcome by the students.
Practical training as a means of reflecting on practice: an evaluation of a vocational and education and training programme for rescue officers
Authors: Aarkrog Vibe 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn a revision of a vocational and education and training (VET) programme for rescue officers, practical training in the rescue company was supplemented with periods of training in hospital wards. The purposes of this were to teach the rescue officers basic nursing and to qualify them to inform the patients in the ambulances about the procedures at the hospital. An evaluation of the revised programme showed that these two purposes were fulfilled. However, the trainees also described another kind of outcome, which could be called awareness of own practice. The practical training in the hospital seems to provide a profitable space for reflection. In this article, the trainees’ learning from their practical training in the hospitals is investigated in order to explain why the hospital succeeds as a space for reflection.
A BOUNDED INDEX TEST TO MAKE ROBUST HETEROGENEOUS WELFARE COMPARISONS
Authors: Decoster André , Ooghe Erwin 
Published: September 2010

Fleurbaey et al. (2003) develop a bounded dominance test to make robust welfare comparisons, which is intermediate between Ebert's (1999) cardinal dominance criterion—generalized Lorenz dominance applied to household incomes, divided and weighted by an equivalence scale—and Bourguignon's (1989) ordinal dominance criterion. In this paper, we develop a more complete, but less robust bounded index test, which is intermediate between Ebert's (1997) cardinal index test—an index applied to household incomes, divided and weighted by the equivalence scale—and a (new) sequential index test—an index applied to household incomes of the most needy only, the most and second most needy only, and so on. We illustrate the power of our test to detect welfare changes in Russia using data of the RLMS‐surveys.
Factors Influencing Adolescents' Decision Not to Smoke
Authors: Kulbok Pamela A. , Rhee Hyekyun , Botchwey Nisha , Hinton Ivy , Bovbjerg Viktor , Anderson Nancy Lois Ruth 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
Objective: Although adolescents ultimately make their own decisions to smoke or not to smoke, social, economic, and environmental circumstances shape their choices. Most research on prevention of youth tobacco use focuses on predictors of smoking initiation. In this study, we explored nonsmoking attitudes, beliefs, and norms from the perspective of 16–17‐year‐old nonsmokers.Design: This qualitative study targeted nonsmoking youths because most social policy in the arena of tobacco prevention aims to support adolescents who are tobacco free.Sample: Participants were 39 nonsmokers recruited from youth organizations in an urban community and included 22 African Americans (12 females; 10 males) and 17 Caucasian Americans (10 females; 7 males).Methods: A health behavior framework guided the development of semistructured questions on attitudes, beliefs, and norms associated with nonsmoking, used in eight in‐depth group interviews.Results: Concerns for health and addiction, a positive self‐image, and perceived confidence, emerged as factors affecting participants' decisions not to smoke. The approval of parents and friends, and personal beliefs further reinforced adolescents' nonsmoking decisions.Conclusions: There were more commonalities than differences in nonsmoking attitudes across gender and race. Future studies of youth tobacco prevention should employ multifaceted approaches targeting adolescents' attitudes, families, and peer networks.
Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms Among Norwegian Adults Aged 20–50
Authors: Augestad Liv Berit , Slettemoen Ragnhild Prytz , Flanders William Dana 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
Introduction: To analyze the association between physical activity (PA) and occurrence of depressive symptoms in The Nord‐Trøndelag Health Survey (HUNT 1 1984–1986, HUNT 2 1995–1997).Methods: In this prospective follow‐up study, we studied men and women who were 21–40 years old in HUNT 1, and participated in HUNT 2. The sample consisted of 3,353 women and 3,308 men. We used logistic regression and calculated odds ratios (OR) to assess the association between physical activity and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale depression subscale [HADS‐D]). Confounding was addressed by excluding those with relevant health conditions and adjustment.Results: Among women 272 (8.1%) and among men 293 (8.9%) scored higher than 8 on the HADS‐D scale. We found a higher mean on HADS‐D in men and women who were inactive. Men participating in low PA had significantly lower scores on depression (OR=0.63, confidence interval [CI]=0.43–0.93, p=.02) than inactive men. Women participating in medium PA had significantly lower scores on depression (OR=0.69, CI=0.49–0.97, p=.03) than inactive women.Conclusions: Young men and women who exercised were less likely to have a high depression score, compared with inactive people. Our prospective, observational study included a large population and indicated some significant associations between physical activity and depression.
The Mixed Evidence for Brief Intervention in Emergency Departments, Trauma Care Centers, and Inpatient Hospital Settings: What Should We Do?
Authors: Field Craig A. , Baird Janette , Saitz Richard , Caetano Raul , Monti Peter M. 
Published: September 2010

Background:  This qualitative review is based on a symposia presented at the 2009 annual conference of the Research Society on Alcoholism (Baird et al., 2009; Field et al., 2009; Monti et al., 2009; Saitz et al., 2009a). The purpose is to describe the mixed evidence supporting brief interventions in the emergency department, trauma care, and in‐patient medical care settings; examine potential moderators of treatment outcome in light of the mixed evidence; and identify methods to move the research and practice of brief interventions beyond their current state.Methods:  By drawing upon existing reviews and selected individual studies, we provide examples that reflect the current complexity of research in this area and propose steps for advancing the field.Results:  Emergency departments, inpatient hospital settings, and trauma care settings represent three unique contexts within which brief interventions have been tested. While the general efficacy of brief alcohol interventions in these settings has been recognized, the evidence is increasingly mixed. Recent studies investigating potential moderators of treatment outcomes suggest that a more sophisticated approach to evaluating the effectiveness of brief interventions across varying patient populations is needed to further understand its effectiveness.Conclusions:  Current dissemination efforts represent a significant advance in broadening the base of treatment for alcohol problems by providing an evidence‐based intervention in health care settings and should not be curtailed. However, additional research is required to enhance treatment outcomes, refine current practice guidelines, and continue to bridge the gap between science and practice. Given the current state of research, a multisetting clinical trial is recommended to account for potential contextual differences while controlling for study design.
Autoimmune Hepatitis Induced by Syngeneic Liver Cytosolic Proteins Biotransformed by Alcohol Metabolites
Authors: Thiele Geoffrey M. , Duryee Michael J. , Willis Monte S. , Tuma Dean J. , Radio Stanley J. , Hunter Carlos D. , Schaffert Courtney S. , Klassen Lynell W. 
Published: September 2010

Background and aims:  Aldehydes that are produced following the breakdown of ethanol (acetaldehyde) and lipid peroxidation of membranes (malondialdehyde) have been shown to bind (adduct) proteins. Additionally, these two aldehydes can combine (MAA) on nonsyngeneic and syngeneic proteins to initiate numerous immune responses to the unmodified part of the protein in the absence of an adjuvant. Therefore, these studies provide a potential mechanism for the development of antigen‐specific immune responses resulting in liver damage should syngeneic liver proteins be adducted with MAA.Methods:  This study sought to test whether MAA‐modified syngeneic liver cytosolic proteins administered daily in the absence of adjuvant into C57BL/6 mice abrogates tolerance to initiate a MAA‐induced autoimmune‐like hepatitis.Results:  In mice immunized with MAA‐modified cytosols, there was an increase in liver damage as assessed by aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase levels that correlated with liver pathology scores and the presence of the pro‐fibrotic factors, smooth muscle actin, TGF‐β, and collagen. IgG antibodies and T‐cell proliferative responses specific for cytosolic proteins were also detected. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines were produced in the livers of animals exposed to MAA‐modified cytosols. Finally, transfer of immunized T cells to naïve animals caused biochemical and histological evidence of liver damage.Conclusions:  These data demonstrate that a disease with an autoimmune‐like pathophysiology can be generated in this animal model using soluble MAA‐modified syngeneic liver cytosols as the immunogen. These studies provide insight into potential mechanism(s) that the metabolites of alcohol may play in contributing to the onset of an autoimmune‐like disease in patients with alcoholic liver disease.
Comparison of Computer Assisted Surgery with Conventional Technique for Treatment of Abaxial Distal Phalanx Fractures in Horses: An In Vitro Study
Authors: ROSSOL MELANIE , GYGAX DIEGO , ANDRITZKY‐WAAS JULIANE , ZHENG GUOYAN , LISCHER CHRISTOPH J. , ZHANG XUAN , AUER JOERG A. 
Published: September 2010

Objective— To (1) evaluate and compare computer‐assisted surgery (CAS) with conventional screw insertion (conventional osteosynthesis [COS]) for treatment of equine abaxial distal phalanx fractures; (2) compare planned screw position with actual postoperative position; and (3) determine preferred screw insertion direction.Study design— Experimental study.Sample population— Cadaveric equine limbs (n=32).Methods— In 8 specimens each, a 4.5 mm cortex bone screw was inserted in lag fashion in dorsopalmar (plantar) direction using CAS or COS. In 2 other groups of 8, the screws were inserted in opposite direction. Precision of CAS was determined by comparison of planned and actual screw position. Preferred screw direction was also assessed for CAS and COS.Results— In 4 of 6 direct comparisons, screw positioning was significantly better with CAS. Results of precision analysis for screw position were similar to studies published in human medicine. None of evaluated criteria identified a preferred direction for screw insertion.Conclusion— For abaxial fractures of the distal phalanx, superior precision in screw position is achieved with CAS technique compared with COS technique.Clinical Relevance— Abaxial fractures of the distal phalanx lend themselves to computer‐assisted implantation of 1 screw in a dorsopalmar (plantar) direction. Because of the complex anatomic relationships, and our results, we discourage use of COS technique for repair of this fracture type.