bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On some Perched Blocks and associated Phenomena
Authors: Hughes Thomas McKenny 
Published: October 2009

It is important to record any facts which may throw light on the conditions which prevailed immediately after the age of extreme cold which is commonly spoken of as the Glacial Period.
In the north of England round the Lake Mountains we have many opportunities of examining details where the physical geography is so marked that we may often feel considerable confidence in the interpretation we put upon some of the facts observed. But even there we meet with curious phenomena upon the exact explanation of which we cannot yet with safety insist. Among these is the manner of occurrence of certain perched blocks.
Perched blocks we will define to be masses of rock placed in more or less elevated positions at which they could not have arrived by any of the ordinary operations of nature now in action in that locality. We wish by this to exclude all “tumblers” or masses which have fallen from the cliffs above, such as the “Bowder Stone,” in Borrodale, and also rocks trundled along by the mountain-torrents, which often in storm are swollen to the size of great rivers and leave small deltas of loose material or isolated blocks in positions we should never believe them capable of reaching as we watch the silvery trickling thread of water in fair weather.
Some perched blocks may have been dropped off the margin of glacier-ice; some may have been floated on coast-ice or bergs. Among the perched blocks there are some, too, which all would
On certain Eocene Formations of Western Servia
Authors: Griffiths A. B. 
Published: October 2009

The formation described, consisting of shales containing paraffin wax, is met with near the river Golabara,in the west of Servia, and is known to extend over about 30 square miles of country. It forms cliffs rising about 200 feet above the surrounding plains; these show numerous very thin layers of white and grey shale, sometimes separated by thin beds of whitish clay containing rock-salt. The whole geology of the district closely resembles that of the paraffin and salt districts of Galicia. The shales are very rich in paraffin, are entirely free from bituminous impurities, and have no odour. The paraffin in these deposits is probably of vegetable origin, produced by natural distillation of the old Brown Coals which abound in the vicinity.
On analysis the paraffin shale gave by distillation 2 per cent. of a semisolid hydrocarbon, resembling ozokerite wax, which, when extracted with benzoline, gave 1·75 per cent. of wax. The analysis gave:—
The old Brown Coals of the vicinity (which contain more or less rhombie iron pyrites, often in rather large macles) gave on analysis :—
The quantity of ash amounts to between 5 and 7 per cent.; it consists chiefly of alumina, magnesia, lime, iron-oxide, and silica.

The argillaceous deposits of' the neighbourhood, from which the paraffin shales were formed, are evidently of marine origin and contain abundance of fossils belonging to the genera
Ostrea
,
Cerithium
,
Cyrena
,
Nautilus
, and
Voluta
, besides numerous Nummulites and abundance of marine Diatomaceæ, the assemblage indicating an Upper Eocene age. Remains of
Evidence of Glacial Action in the Carboniferous and Hawkesbury Series, New South Wales
Authors: David T. W. Edgworth 
Published: October 2009

Introductory.
The series of rocks in New South Wales which are coal-bearing, or intimately connected with the coal-bearing division, and are referable to the Mesozoic and Palæozoic eras, have been classed provisionally by the Government Geologist, Mr. C. S. Wilkinson, F.G.S., F.L.S., &c., as follows:—
Evidence of ice-action has been observed in the Carboniferous Marine series (No. 4), and phenomena which appear to be referable to a similar agency in the Hawkesbury series (No. 8).

I. C
arboniferous glacial beds
.

References by previous observers to Glacial Beds of Carboniferous etge in Australia.
The first description of boulder-beds in Hew South Wales, so far as I am aware, is that given by the late Dr. T. Oldham*, quoted by R. D. Oldham in the ‘Records of the Geological Survey of India,’ vol. xix. part i. 1886, p. 43. With reference to the Carboniferous marine beds at Wollongong, Dr. Oldham says :--" And still further, many of the lower beds of the Australian group, there so abundantly rich in marine fossils, are very similar to many of the beds in the Indian Talchlr series. There is the same mixture of pebbles and large rolled masses in a matrix of fine silt ; and much of this silt is of exactly the same peculiar bluish-green tint so characteristic of these beds in this country, and which when once seen ,can never be mistaken," &c.
Dr. Oldham, however, does not suggest a glacial origin for this formation. The next account of Carboniferous (?) Boulder-beds is
Further Notes on the Results of some Deep Borings in Kent
Authors: Whitaker William 
Published: October 2009

I
ntroductory
R
emarks

The primary object of my paper read to the Society in 1886 was to describe the boring at Chatham, which had reached Oxford Clay; but the paper was extended, to include other borings in Kent which had passed through the Chalk, and had not been brought to the notice of geologists.
Since then further and fuller information has come to hand with regard to two of these borings, and another deep work has been carried through the Chalk and the Gault into the Lower Greensand.
I have thought it well therefore to send this supplementary paper to the Society, especially as one of the borings, at Dover, has now thrown fresh light on that important and interesting subject, the underground geology of the London Basin. It was originally meant to incorporate these notes with others descriptive of deep borings in Surrey; but as those borings are not yet finished, and as there is a special interest in the Dover boring, it seems better to let the Surrey borings stand over, and to place the new Kentish information in the hands of the Society at once.
With regard to the doubt as to the depth of the second Chatham boldng, expressed on p. 30, it should be noted that whilst this depth is rightly made 965 feet from the surface, yet it is only 963 from the point from which the measurements were made, the coping level being 18 inches below the surface. 20 feet therefore wouldseem to be
On the Leaf-beds and Gravels of Ardtun, Carsaig, &c., in Mull
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie 
Published: October 2009

The Ardtun leaf-beds have once before formed the subject of a communication to this Society. Its author was the Duke of Argyll, and its interest exceptional, as it once for all fixed the age of the great Trap formation of the Inner Hebrides; and geologists learned that, even since a period so recent as the Tertiary, beds of most stubborn rock, exceeding 1000 feet in thickness, had been denuded and abraded until, over extensive areas, little more than the merest vestiges of them remained. The value of this discovery to the geologist can hardly be overestimated, for the data then furnished materially assisted to determine the age of the Traps stretching from Antrim to Greenland.
The fossil plants, to which so much importance attached, were briefly described in this paper by Edward Forbes, and all the most characteristic forms were figured. He inclined to the idea that they might be of Miocene age, but did not commit himself definitely ; while the Duke of Argyll, even though author of the paper, refrained from expressing any opinion. Prof. Heer, however, who was then describing the Miocene flora of (Eningen, pronounced them to be Miocene; and the weight of his authority has been such, that no serious attempt has ever been made to reexamine the evidence on which his opinion was based. This ruling was extended to the fossil plant-beds of Greenland, with the result that a vast series of physical changes, which extended over the entire Tertiary period, have been crowded
On Tertiary Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from New Zealand
Authors: Waters Arthur Wm. 
Published: October 2009

The Chilostomata have already been described in this volume of the Journal, p. 40, and therefore it is not necessary to repeat particulars about the localities.
This part I have kept back, hoping that the results of the ‘ Challenger’ Expedition might throw some light upon this unsatisfactory suborder; but Mr. Busk's second part of the Report is a great disappointment in this respect, as only thirty-three species are recorded, and these are for the most part well known and common. In fact, the results of this great expedition do not seem, so far as the Cyclostomata are concerned, to exceed what I presume a specialist might, after a storm, collect in a few morning walks in the neighbourhood of the Sydney Harbour.
We do not seem to make much progress with the discouraging Cyclostomata, or to obtain fresh characters upon which classifications can be based, and in fact there are a few New-Zealand fossils concerning which I cannot pronounce a definite opinion as to whether they really belong to the Bryozoa or not. However, although not satisfied with our means of classification, any fossils which can be readily recognized should be described, as, besides being useful stratigraphically, fuller acquaintance may gradually set us in the right lines.

I would propose that we should divide the Cyclostomata into two subdivisions, namely, first, the
Parallelata
, or those in which the surface of the zoarium is to a considerable extent formed of the lateral walls of the zoceeia, of which
Crisia
,
Entalophora
, Diastopora
On the London Clay and Bagshot Beds of Aldershot
Authors: Lyons H. G. 
Published: October 2009

A residence in Aldershot has furnished me with facilities for observing numerous sections and exposures of the Bagshot Beds in the immediate neighbourhood of the North and South Camps, which
appear to me to bear strongly on the questions relating to the stratigraphy of the Bagshot area which have been raised of late.
I first propose to discuss one particular section which has been very differently interpreted by different observers.&
The section is one through Thorn and Redan Hills to the east of South Camp, and, as shown in fig. 1, is drawn in a direction N. 14° E. and S. 14° W., thus giving nearly the true dip of the beds, which dip slightly E. of N.

Commencing at the North end of the section (which is drawn on the scale of 4″ to one mile horizontal and 8″ to one mile vertical), the Pebble-bed, which I take as the line of division between the Upper and Middle Bagshot, occurs behind the Commissariat Stores, as described by Mr. Monckton (
loc. cit.
p. 410).

This bed of rolled black flint-pebbles can be traced round the east slope of the hill past the Magazine and the Cemetery, at each of which places it can be seen
in situ
, to the brow of the hill on which the Cambridge tIospital stands. Here the bed has rather thinned and the pebbles are imbedded in a more clayey bed than at the Commissariat Stores.

Walking down the road leading from the eastern end of
On Nepheline-Rocks in Brazil, with Special Reference to the Association of Phonolite and Foyaite
Authors: Derby Orville A. 
Published: October 2009

The nepheline-rocks heretofore recognized in Brazilian territory are the phonolites and associated basalts of Fernando Noronha, a deep-sea island off the north-eastern shoulder of the continent, in lat. 3° 5′ S., long. 32° 24′ 19″ W., the volcanic nature of which appears to have been first recognized by Darwin in the ‘Voyage of the Beagle’. Recently a single small pebble from the little-known island of Trinidade, in lat. 20° 31′ S., long. 29° 19′ W., has come into my hands, showing that phonolite of somewhat different character from that of Fernando Noronha occurs at that place also.
Recent investigations have shown that nepheline-rocks of a somewhat different character are also abundantly developed on the mainland, and in such favourable conditions as to throw light on the relations of the granitic type of foyaite or elmolite-syenite to the other members of the group. The localities in which they have thus far been recognized are situated in the Provinces of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Minas Geraes, and their relative position and relation to the main orographie lines of the region in which they occur are shown in the accompanying sketch map (fig. 1). Three of these localities, Campo Grande, Cabo Frio, and the peak of Tingua, are in the immediate vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, the latter being in the Serra do Mar range, the two former among its foot-hills. Further south another set of localities occurs in the same range in the valley of the river Iguapé. In the
On some Occurrences of Piedmontite-Schist in Japan
Authors: Kotô Bundjiro 
Published: October 2009

As already stated in a former paper, the occurrence of manganepidote or piedmontite is often associated with glaucophane-bearing rocks in the crystalline-schist system in Japan. The rock which contains piedmontite as an essential component is well characterized in outward appearance, being of a dark violet colour; hence it is locally named the ‘murasaki’ or violet rock, and it is most typically developed in the Island of Sikoku, especially in the neighbourhood of the city of Tokusima.
The first specimen that came under my notice was brought from Mount Otakisan, one mile to the south-west of the last-named city; and many localities have since been added to the list of places where it occurs, so that we are now able to trace out the geological horizon of the piedmontite-bearing rock everywhere within the crystalline-schist system of that island. The rock is, however, not exclusively confined to this region. It also has a wide distribution in the provinces of Musasi and Kozuké, on the main island, Honsiû.
The piedmontite is associated with fine quartz-grains; and by the parallel position of the former, the rock itself assumes a schistose structure, a vertical section presenting a regularly banded appearance resulting from the alternation of fine piedmontite layers with those of quartz.
The accessory components are muscovite (hydrous mica of Prof. Bonney†), greenish-yellow garnet, rutile, some felspars (probably orthoclase), blood-red iron-glance, and also opaque crystals of the same mineral. This is the typical piedmontite-sehist. In the glaucophane-bearing rocks‡ manganepidote also makes its appearance, but it
On the Alleged Conversion of Crystalline Schists into Igneous Rocks in County Galway
Authors: Callaway C. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction.
The theory of the metamorphism of aqueous deposits into granite and other igneous rocks has been maintained by most Irish geologists, and is set forth with much detail in the elaborate memoirs of the Irish Geological Survey* on the district between Galway and Westport. It therefore seemed to me, after some preliminary work in Donegal†, that the Connemara region would probably afford rich material for the determination of the question. In this hope I was not disappointed; but while working at the relations between the igneous and the metamorphic rocks, another problem, the origin of the schists themselves, began to emerge. The result of my inquiries was a singular reversal of the theory I was examining. I found, not that the igneous rocks had been formed out of schists, but that some, at least, of the schists had been formed out of igneous rocks. The Galway region has, indeed, been most fruitful in suggestion, and has supplied me with a clue to the origin of some of the less complex gneisses.
I have to acknowledge my obligations to Profi Bonney, F.R.S., who has been kind enough to look through my microscopic slides, and to give me his opinion on critical points.
In discussing the origin of the igneous rocks, it will be desirable to state briefly the evidence upon which the theory of the Irish Survey has been based. I will give the chief points, as far as possible, in the words of the Survey Memoirs†
Of the granite
On the Remains of Fishes from the Keuper of Warwick and Nottingham
Authors: Newton E. T. 
Published: October 2009

At the meeting of the British Association which took place last September, at Birmingham, the Rev. P. B. Brodie called attention to some specimens of fishes which he had obtained from the Upper Keuper of Shrewley. The specimens, which he has kindly sent to me for examination, are, unfortunately, very fragmentary, but still many of their characters can be deciphered; and seeing that Ganoid fish-remains from these deposits are of such rare occurrence, it is very desirable to place on record any fresh evidence which may be brought to light. Portions of seven specimens have been found, the best preserved (Pl. XXII. fig. 1) showing the left side of the body, minus the head and nearly the whole of the tail, but with parts of the dorsal, pectoral, ventral, and anal fins preserved
in situ
, with one or two rays of the tail-fin. In its present condition the specimen measures one inch and a half in length.

The second specimen (fig. 2) seems to include the whole of a fish; but it is so curved round, twisted, and crushed, that its form is well-nigh obliterated. When perfect, it probably measured two inches and a half in length. The large fulcra of the tail-fin are well seen from above; but with the exception of one or two plates, probably belonging to the head, little of the structure can be made out.
The third specimen (fig. 3) appears to be a head with the right pectoral fin and a portion of the
Notes on some Polyzoa from the Lias
Authors: Walford Edwin A. 
Published: October 2009

The Polyzoa of the Lias at present known seem to be restricted to the genera
Stomatopora, Proboscina, Spiropora, Neuropora, Lichenopora, Semimulticlausa, Diastopora
(
Berenicea
being by later systematists classed with the
Diastoporæ
), and the genus it is now proposed to add, viz.
Tubulipora
.

History
In ‘Morris's Catalogue of British Fossils,’ published in 1854, there is no record of Polyzoa from the Lias ; but the steadily accumulating records of palmontological work enabled Mr. R. Etheridge, F.R.S., in 1882, in his Presidential Address to the Geological Society to tabulate three genera and six species. Vine in the British Association Report for the same year reviews but three genera and four species. French and German authors have, however, increased the number. Although Deslongchamps, having turned over his Neuropora to the Spongidse, mentions but two genera, representing as many species, Haime can add but one species more, saying, at the end of his admirable monograph, “on ne eonnait encore aueun bryozoaire dans le lias moyen ni dans le lias supdrieur.” Terquem and Pierre in 1865 recognize, in addition to some forms previously described by Fromentel, three genera new to the Lower Lias, and add also six new species: a few years later Dumortier catalogues in his list of fossils from the several divisions of the Lias of the Rhone basin seven species, of which four are new. Their occurrence in the Lias of Germany appears to be very rare, for Quenstedt and Oppel mention but one species.
The rarity of Polyzoa in
On the Superficial Geology of the Southern Portion of the Wealden Area
Authors: Elsden J. Vincent 
Published: October 2009

Introductory.
More than thirty years have elapsed since Sir Roderick Murchison published his well-known paper “On the Distribution of the Flint Drift of the S.E. of England on the Flanks of the Weald and over the Surface of the North and South Downs”. The observations contained in that paper are stated by the author to be far from complete, and offered chiefly to elicit further inquiry and discussion. Since that time the 6-inch Ordnance maps of this area have been completed, and the superficial deposits of a considerable portion of the district mapped by the Geological Survey. No detailed description, however, of the nature and extent of the various drift-gravels of the southern portion of the Wealden area has been published since the completion of the accurately contoured maps of the Ordnance Survey. Apart from the importance attaching to any new investigations relating to the question of Wealden denudation, the superficial deposits of the area under consideration are of interest on account of their extremely scanty occurrence, many of the drift-beds to be hereafter described consisting of nothing more than a thin coating of flinty loam, or of the mere fragmentary remains of old beds of gravel. But in all cases the limits of these beds are sharply defined, and their relation to the present contours easily established. The following observations are offered as the result of a somewhat detailed examination of a considerable part of this area during the year 1886, but the investigation has of necessity been limited
Note on some Dinosaurian Remains in the Collection of A. Leeds, Esq., of Eyebury, Northamptonshire
Authors: Hulke J. W. 
Published: October 2009

In a short visit which I made with Dr. Woodward in May 1886 to Eyebury to see the very rich and highly instructive collection of Saurian fossils made by Mr. A. Leeds from the Kimmeridge Clay of Northamptonshire, two series of remains arrested our attention by the close resemblances they bore to those of the Wealden
Ornithopsis
, H. G. Seeley, to
Omosaurus
, R. Owen, and to certain of the American Jurassic Dinosaurs described and figured by Prof. O. C. Marsh. We had not at that time with us on the spot the materials for instituting an exhaustive comparison, but on a second visit to Eyebury, recently made, I took with me Sir R. Owen's and Prof. O. C. Marsh's memoirs, and with these by me I re-examined the two series of fossils. The results of this renewed inquiry are so interesting that I venture to bring them under the notice of the Geological Society

Part I.—Ornithopsis Leedsii.

Synonyms :
Eucamerotus
, Hulke ;
Cetiosaurus
, R. Owen, partim ;
Getiosaurus
, Phillips, partim;
Ghondrosteosaurus
, R. Owen,partim;
Bothrospondylus
, R. Owen, partim.

The remains in Mr. Leeds's collection referable to this Dinosaur, or to a very nearly allied form, comprise several vertebrm, ribs, both pubes, both ischia, the right ilium, and many small fragments too imperfect for reunion and identification.
Vertebræ.—All the vertebræ are, I think, referable to the trunk ; they comprise four centra, and some portions of neural arches and processes. All the centra are much crushed and distorted, and they have lost
Notes on the Metamorphic Rocks of South Devon
Authors: Raisin Catherine A. 
Published: October 2009

There are scanty notices, by De la Beche and other earlier writers, of this southernmost part of Devonshire ; but later it has been very fully described by Professor Bonney ~; and taking his paper as a guide, I was able during two visits to obtain some knowledge of the district. I have ventured to think that a few supplementary details might be of some slight interest.

I. B
oundary
of S
laty
and
M
etamorphic
S
eries

As I had not time to visit thoroughly all parts of the district, I tried primarily to make an examination of the exposures in the vicinity of the junction of the slaty and the metamorphic series. Here I was anxious to arrive independently at a conclusion on the question whether metamorphism had affected a continuous series of beds, or whether the southern rocks had the character of a separate and probably much older formation. :Hence, before visiting any of the sections already described, I made expeditions to two localities on the shores of the estuary north of Portlemouth, where I found exposures, m one place quite, in the other nearly, continuous from Devonian to metamorphic rocks. had no real difficulty in deciding when I had passed from one formation to the other, and the opinion then formed as to the complete distinctness of the two series was confirmed by further examination in the field and by the microscope.
Along the southern boundary of the slaty rocks, I visited the cliff exposures of the eastern and western