bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between Sense of Coherence and toothbrushing behaviours in Iranian adolescents in Mashhad
Authors: Dorri Mojtaba , Sheiham Aubrey , Hardy Rebecca , Watt Richard 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to assess the association between Sense of Coherence (SOC) and toothbrushing behaviours in Iranian adolescents in Mashhad.Materials and Methods: A representative stratified random sample of 1054 grade 6 Iranian students, living in Mashhad, answered a 37‐item questionnaire with questions on socio‐demographic characteristics, frequency of toothbrushing behaviours and Antonovsky's 13‐item SOC scale. Binary logistic regression was used to test the association between SOC and toothbrushing behaviours.Results: Higher SOC scores were significantly associated with more frequent toothbrushing behaviours (p=0.01). This positive association remained significant after adjusting for sex and father's education level (p=0.01). When testing this association for the boys and girls separately, the association was significant only for girls (p=0.02). However, the interaction between sex and SOC was not significant (p=0.56). The association between toothbrushing and sex remained significant after adjusting for SOC (p<0.001). Boys had a significantly stronger SOC than girls (p=0.04).Conclusions: SOC was associated with toothbrushing frequency in Iranian adolescents in Mashhad. SOC did not fully explain the sex difference in toothbrushing behaviours.
Verruciform xanthoma in the setting of cutaneous trauma and chronic inflammation: report of a patient and a brief review of the literature
Authors: Cumberland Lara , Dana Ali , Resh Brooke , Fitzpatrick James , Goldenberg Gary 
Published: December 2009

We report a rare case of multiple, co‐exisitng verruciform xanthomas (VXs) of the anogenital region in the setting of cutaneous trauma. VX is a rare benign mucocutaneous neoplasm that typically presents as a solitary lesion with a predilection for the oral cavity, although extra‐oral lesions have been reported involving the vulva, scrotum, penis, anal region and extremities. The etiology and pathogenesis of VX have yet to be determined; however, recent literature has reported that multifocal cutaneous VX are frequently associated with pre‐existing inflammatory processes. A significant number of VXs of the skin have been found to co‐exist with cutaneous disorders including graft vs. host disease, discoid lupus erythematosus, pemphigus vulgaris, and recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. Therefore, we speculate severe cutaneous trauma and chronic inflammation may induce epithelial keratinocytes to respond aberrantly leading to epidermal hyperplasia and foamy cell formation characterizing the VX lesion.Cumberland L, Dana A, Resh B, Fitzpatrick J, Goldenberg G. Verruciform xanthoma in the setting of cutaneous trauma and chronic inflammation: report of a patient and a brief review of the literature.
Understory vegetation response to mechanical mastication and other fuels treatments in a ponderosa pine forest
Authors: Kane Jeffrey M. , Varner J. Morgan , Knapp Eric E. , Powers Robert F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractQuestions:What influence does mechanical mastication and other fuel treatments have on: (1) canopy and forest floor response variables that influence understory plant development; (2) initial understory vegetation cover, diversity, and composition; and (3) shrub and non‐native species density in a second‐growth ponderosa pine forest.Location:Challenge Experimental Forest, northern Sierra Nevada, California, USA.Methods:We compared the effects of mastication only, mastication with supplemental treatments (tilling and prescribed fire), hand removal, and a control on initial understory vegetation response using a randomized complete block experimental design. Each block (n=4) contained all five treatments and understory vegetation was surveyed within 0.04‐ha plots for each treatment.Results:While mastication alone and hand removal dramatically reduced the midstory vegetation, these treatments had little effect on understory richness compared with control. Prescribed fire after mastication increased native species richness by 150% (+6.0 species m2) compared with control. However, this also increased non‐native species richness (+0.8 species m2) and shrub seedling density (+24.7 stems m2). Mastication followed by tilling resulted in increased non‐native forb density (+0.7 stems m2).Conclusions:Mechanical mastication and hand removal treatments aided in reducing midstory fuels but did not increase understory plant diversity. The subsequent treatment of prescribed burning not only further reduced fire hazard, but also exposed mineral soil, which likely promoted native plant diversity. Some potential drawbacks to this treatment include an increase of non‐native species and stimulation of shrub seed germination, which could alter ecosystem functions and compromise fire hazard reduction in the long‐term.
Possible involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase in the maintenance of metaphase II attest in porcine oocytes matured in vitro
Authors: ITO Junya , SHIMADA Masayuki , KASHIWAZAKI Naomi 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTIt has been reported that phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)‐protein kinase B (PKB) pathway plays a crucial role in the meiotic resumption and progression to the metaphase II (MII) stage of oocytes. However, the role of this pathway in meiotic arrest at the MII stage (cytostatic activity) is not well understood. In this study the effect of a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, on the MAPK and p34cdc2 kinase activities of matured porcine oocytes was examined. After maturation culture, both the MAPK and p34cdc2 kinase activities in the oocytes were gradually decreased in a time‐dependent manner. Although 25 µmol/L LY294002 did not affect either the MAPK or p34cdc2 kinase activities, 50 µmol/L LY294002 suppressed the PKB phosphorylation and slightly decreased MAPK activity, but not the p34cdc2 kinase activity. Therefore the effect of 10 µmol/L Ca2+ ionophore which was reported as inducing a transient decrease of p34cdc2 kinase but not MAPK activities, was also examined in LY294002‐treated oocytes. By additional treatment with LY294002 after Ca2+ ionophore, both the MAPK and p34cdc2 kinase activities were decreased in a time‐dependent manner, concomitantly with improvement of pronuclear formation. Therefore, we concluded that PI3K is involved in the maintenance of MAPK activity in matured porcine oocytes.
MULTIPLEX PCR FOR DIRECT IDENTIFICATION OF THERMOPHILIC CAMPYLOBACTER, C. JEJUNI, C. COLI, C. LARI AND C. UPSALIENSIS AND SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF CDTB GENE
Authors: WISESSOMBAT SUEPTRAKOOL , INTHAGARD JITWADEE , KITTINIYOM KANOKWAN , SRIMANOTE POTJANEE , WONGLUMSOM WIJIT , VORAVUTHIKUNCHAI SUPAYANG PIYAWAN 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay has been developed for the identification of the four thermophilic Campylobacter commonly associated with human gastroenteritis including C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari and C. upsaliensis. The best combination of primers and the annealing temperature of multiplex PCR were examined. Detection limit was 2 × 105 cfu and 100 ng of DNA or whole‐cell suspension. The multiplex PCR was applied for the direct detection and differentiation of Campylobacter species in 33 human and 45 chicken caeca isolates. Of the 78 specimens evaluated by the multiplex PCR, 55 (70.5%) were identified as C. jejuni, 18 (23.0%) as C. coli and 5 (6.41%) as a mixed infection with both species. Comparison of hippurate test and multiplex PCR demonstrated five (6.41%) isolates with false‐positive hippurate enzymic activity and three (3.85%) with false‐negative activity. cdtB gene was detected in 100% and 38.9% of C. jejuni and C. coli, respectively. This multiplex PCR was found to be rapid, easy to perform and had a high sensitivity and specificity, even with mixed cultures. The system is useful for the detection of the presence of cdtB gene that is responsible for toxin activity in Campylobacter.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSOur multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows in a single tube PCR, the identification of the four clinically important Campylobacter species, with a simultaneous detection of the cdtB gene. The PCR works well in our hands with both purified genomic DNA and whole‐cell suspension. This should greatly speed up identification by replacing the current biochemical phenotypic schemes. In addition, the system can detect the presence of cdtB gene that encodes the cytolethal‐distending toxin activity.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SPOT‐TITER CULTURE ASSAY FOR QUANTIFYING BACTERIA AND VIRAL INDICATORS
Authors: BECK N.K. , CALLAHAN K. , NAPPIER S.P. , KIM H. , SOBSEY M.D. , MESCHKE J.S. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT The spread‐plate and double agar layer (DAL) methods are common for the enumeration of bacteria and viral indicators (bacteriophages). However, they may become cumbersome in large matrix experiments or when the titer of the organism varies by several orders of magnitude. A bacterial spot‐titer assay has been available for decades but has not been adapted to bacteriophages and has rarely been applied to the analysis of environmental samples. In this study, a spot‐titer culture‐based method was investigated for bacteria and bacteriophages. The method involves spot‐plating replicate 10‐µl volumes of several sample dilutions on a single plate, incubating, and counting colonies or plaques. Parallel assays of laboratory cultures and environmentally isolated organisms show that the spot‐titer method is equally straightforward and statistically comparable to the spread‐plate and DAL methods (R2 = 0.989 for laboratory strains and R2 = 0.972 for environmental samples), while more cost‐ and labor‐efficient.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe spread‐plate and double agar layer (DAL) methods currently used for enumeration of bacteria and viral indicators, may become labor‐ and resource‐intensive (culture media, plates, technician time and incubator space) in large matrix experiments, which are often needed in the laboratory to evaluate environmental conditions. The spot‐titer method has several advantages over the spread‐plate and DAL methods: (1) it requires less time to dispense spots than to spread the microbe; (2) it uses fewer materials (15–20% of the laboratory supplies as the traditional methods); (3) it requires less effort; and (4) since the sample is distributed in distinct spots, colony/plaque counting is faster and less labor intensive. The spot‐titer method was found to economize resources without sacrificing accuracy or precision, and is a practical method for routine use in large matrix experiments (e.g., survival or disinfection studies) and enumeration of high‐titer environmental samples.
USE OF LOOP‐MEDIATED ISOTHERMAL AMPLIFICATION ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF VIBRIO ANGUILLARUM O2β, THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF VIBRIOSIS IN ATLANTIC COD, GADUS MORHUA
Authors: KULKARNI AMOD , CAIPANG CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE A. , BRINCHMANN MONICA F. , KORSNES KJETIL , KIRON VISWANATH 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT A loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)‐based assay for the detection of Vibrio anguillarum O2β, the causative agent of vibriosis in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, was developed. Five sets of primers targeting the flanking regions of the genes, hemolysin and amiB, which encodes the peptidoglycan hydrolase N‐acetylmuramoyl‐L‐alanine amidase of the pathogen were designed. The primers were specific for the detection of Vibrio anguillarum O2β with no cross reactions to other bacterial pathogens commonly infecting Atlantic cod, e.g., Yersinia ruckeri, Francisella piscicida, Aeromonas salmonicida and some endogenous bacteria found in the gut of Atlantic cod. The detection limit of the assay was 10 pg of bacterial DNA/mL or 10 fg of bacterial DNA per LAMP reaction; however, the sensitivity of the reaction decreased by 3‐log dilution in the presence of 1 mg/mL of mucus samples as inhibitors. Nevertheless, the assay can be potentially used as a direct and nondestructive method to detect the pathogen in the fish, thus making the assay less time‐consuming. These results suggest that the LAMP assay is a specific and sensitive molecular method to detect vibriosis in Atlantic cod and will be helpful for routine surveillance programs in aquaculture systems.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSLoop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), a potential diagnostic technique performed under isothermal conditions without the use of any sophisticated equipment, can be used for the rapid and early detection of Vibrio anguillarum 02β causing vibriosis in Atlantic cod. The developed assay is highly sensitive and can be used to detect the pathogen prior to the onset of infection, thus, immediate measures can be applied to prevent heavy losses of the cultured stock.
AN INNOVATIVE MICROPLATE ASSAY TO FACILITATE THE DETECTION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN PLANT EXTRACTS
Authors: SULTANBAWA Y. , CUSACK A. , CURRIE M. , DAVIS C. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT A microplate assay was modified for the detection of antimicrobial activity in plant extracts. The aim was to develop an in vitro assay that could rapidly screen plant extracts to provide quantitative data on inhibition of microbial growth. A spectrophotometric assay using a microplate with serial dilutions of the plant extract and the bacteria was developed. Two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, were used for this study. Essential oils, oregano (Origanum vulgare) and lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), and three active components carvacrol, thymol and citral were evaluated. The reproducibility of the assay was high, with correlation coefficients (r2) of the replicates of lemon myrtle and oregano with S. aureus and E. coli between 0.9321 and 0.9816. Similarly, r2 values for carvacrol, thymol and citral were between 0.8455 and 0.9814. This assay could also be used to measure antimicrobial activity in plant extracts which vary in pH and color.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research could be used for the quantitative determination of antimicrobial activity in plant extracts. As inhibition of growth is expressed as a percentage from 0 to 100, this method could also be used to study synergies within plant extracts to enhance antimicrobial activity for future studies. When plant extracts are used in food as natural preservatives, the challenge is to use a concentration that does not interfere with the flavor of the food product. In general, the amount of plant extract required to extend the storage life of food is greater than that required to produce an acceptable flavor. The advantage of knowing the percent inhibition relates to the effect of synergies where the inhibitions less than 100% can be enhanced with other antimicrobial plant extracts, thereby reducing the amount of plant extract required.
EFFECTS OF EXTRUSION ONκ‐CARRAGEENAN/AGAR MIXED GEL TYPE
Authors: KIM KEEHYUK , LEE SEUNG JU 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTκ‐Carrageenan and agar have a slight mutual thermodynamic incompatibility. Therefore, this study examined the effects of extrusion on the synergy ofκ‐carrageenan and agar mixed gels using mathematical mixture rules for modulus and gel time. Unlike the non‐extruded mixed gels, the extruded mixed gels did not follow the rule for a phase‐separated gel type. The changing pattern of gel time with the varying proportion of the two components of the extruded mixed gels was also different than that of the extruded mixed gels. The extrusion specific mechanical energy showed a sudden change at the proportion of the two components where a phase inversion of a phase‐separated mixed gel occurs. The polydispersity index (Mw/Mn) determined by gel permeation chromatography system suggested that the extruded agar underwent some structural changes.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSExtrusion is one of the more versatile bioprocessing technologies, and it is effective in converting food materials in the physicochemical properties. This study attempted to modify the mixed gel properties using the extrusion process. The findings revealed that the extrusion process caused a change in the mixed gel type ofκ‐carrageenan/agar, shifting from a phase‐separated gel to another gel type without phase inversion. This difference can be applied to produce a new mixed gel product.
PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF EGG YOLK AND EGG YOLK SUBSTITUTES IN A MODEL MAYONNAISE SYSTEM
Authors: HERALD THOMAS J. , ABUGOUSH MAHMOUD , ARAMOUNI FADI 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT Physical and sensory properties of several commercially available egg alternatives in a mayonnaise formulation were compared with a control formulation using whole egg. The egg alternatives included modified corn starch (MCS), wheat protein (WP), whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein isolate (WPI), WPI‐gum blend (WPI‐GB) and WPC‐fenugreek gum blend (WPC‐FGB). These egg alternatives were evaluated at 100% and 50% replacement. At 100% replacement, all egg alternatives except WPI exhibited significantly higher emulsion stability compared with the control. WPI‐GB, WPC‐FGB and WP at 100% exhibited significantly higher viscosity than the control. When used at 50% replacement an antagonistic relationship with egg yolk was observed for viscosity and firmness. At 100% replacement, WPI exhibited significantly higher firmness value than the control. Descriptive and consumer panels reported that MCS and WPC‐FGB exhibited attributes similar, if not better than, the control. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe egg alternatives were used to replace egg as a functional ingredient in a model mayonnaise system. These alternatives can deliver functionality at a lower cost and can be incorporated to produce a suitable mayonnaise system especially modified corn starch and blends of whey protein concentrate‐fenugreek gum blend. These results may help producers in formulating a new mayonnaise type.
European Food Marketing: Understanding Consumer Wants – The Starting Point in Adding Value to Basic Food Products La commercialisation des aliments en Europe : comprendre des désirs des consommateurs – point de départ pour ajouter de la valeur aux produits alimentaires de base Lebensmittelhandel in Europa: Das Verständnis der Kundenwünsche ist Voraussetzung für zusätzliche Wertschöpfung bei Grundnahrungsmitteln
Authors: Hughes David 
Published: December 2009

SummaryEuropean Food Marketing: Understanding Consumer Wants – The Starting Point in Adding Value to Basic Food ProductsEuropean consumers have been in sombre mood as they battle to make ends meet in an economic recession. Yet, for many countries, the past 50 years or so has been a halcyon period of economic growth and, in real terms, declining food prices. Apart from lower food prices, attributes of convenience, health, pleasure and more esoteric social elements such as animal welfare‐friendliness and environmental sustainability are increasingly important to consumers in their food choices. With higher household incomes has come an increasingly segmented food market, as businesses seek to differentiate their products from competitors to earn a premium above the basic commodity price. In an increasingly competitive European and global market, whether the firm is small or large, the first step in successful product differentiation requires an insightful understanding of the drivers of consumer purchase and consumption behaviour. These have fundamental commercial importance in the marketing strategy of any business. Yet, a surprising number of businesses in the food and beverage industry know very little about who buys and consumes their products. In the 21st century, the primacy of consumers and citizens will be substantially more ‘front and centre’ than in the previous 50 years of production‐driven agricultural and food policy.
Increasing Children’s Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Lessons from advertising Augmenter la consommation de fruits et légumes des enfants : Leçons tirées de la publicité Steigerung des Obst‐ und Gemuseverzehrs bei Kindern: Was können wir van der Werbung lernen?
Authors: Hartmann Monika , Maschkowski Gesa 
Published: December 2009

SummaryIncreasing Children’s Fruit and Vegetable Consumption: Lessons from advertisingScientific evidence shows that a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (F&V) is one of the essentials for lowering the risks of chronic diseases including obesity. Nevertheless, children and adolescents in particular fail to meet public health guidelines with regard to an adequate intake of these food items. Based on the Motivation–Ability–Opportunity framework this article provides a brief discussion of the multiple interdependent factors influencing children’s decisions to consume F&V. Advertising and promotion of food aimed at children by commercial enterprises is of great relevance in this regard. Research provides substantial evidence that it plays a direct as well as indirect role in influencing children’s nutritional behaviour by appealing to their personal and social needs and desires. Such advertising to children, however, exists almost exclusively for food of poor nutritional quality thus encouraging and maintaining unhealthy food behaviour. As it is difficult privately to differentiate F&V products, this leads to the question of whether there should be more publicly‐funded generic advertising for F&V to children that makes use of the same marketing strategies applied by commercial advertising. However, even if advertising of F&V increases in quantity and quality, success might be modest as long as there is no change in the overwhelming amount and variety of environmental cues promoting unhealthy dietary behaviour amongst children.
Comparative genomic analyses identify the Vibrio harveyi genome sequenced strains BAA‐1116 and HY01 as Vibrio campbellii
Authors: Lin Baochuan , Wang Zheng , Malanoski Anthony P. , O'Grady Elizabeth A. , Wimpee Charles F. , Vuddhakul Varaporn , Alves Jr Nelson , Thompson Fabiano L. , Gomez‐Gil Bruno , Vora Gary J. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThree notable members of the Harveyi clade, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, are best known as marine pathogens of commercial and medical import. In spite of this fact, the discrimination of Harveyi clade members remains difficult due to genetic and phenotypic similarities, and this has led to misidentifications and inaccurate estimations of a species' involvement in certain environments. To begin to understand the underlying genetics that complicate species level discrimination, we compared the genomes of Harveyi clade members isolated from different environments (seawater, shrimp, corals, oysters, finfish, humans) using microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and multilocus sequence analyses (MLSA). Surprisingly, we found that the only two V. harveyi strains that have had their genomes sequenced (strains BAA‐1116 and HY01) have themselves been misidentified. Instead of belonging to the species harveyi, they are actually members of the species campbellii. In total, 28% of the strains tested were found to be misidentified and 42% of these appear to comprise a novel species. Taken together, our findings correct a number of species misidentifications while validating the ability of both CGH and MLSA to distinguish closely related members of the Harveyi clade.