bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anticipating Retirement: The Formation of Narratives Concerning an Occupational Transition
Authors: Jonsson Hans , Kielhofner Gary , Borell Lena 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This study is the first part of a longitudinal investigation of the retirement process. This stage of the inquiry concerned how older persons anticipate their retirement.
Method. Thirty-two workers were randomly selected from all workers age 63 years in a suburb of Stockholm. They participated in semistructured interviews about their work and their expectations for retirement.
Results. The participants’ narratives illustrated the complex work of interpreting the past and expected meaning in one’s occupational life. The narratives, which anticipated widely different future trajectories, revealed many of the challenges and dilemmas of anticipating retirement and the close association of work experience to expectations for retirement. In particular, the narratives highlighted the participants’ concerns about maintaining the quality of experience in activity. The findings also demonstrate the process by which persons anticipate and make choices about life change.
Conclusions. People anticipate retirement through volitional narratives in which they link together past, present, and future. Understanding this volitional process of interpreting, anticipating, and making choices is important to understanding how people adapt to life changes.
Forced Use of the Upper Extremity in Cerebral Palsy: A Single-Case Design
Authors: Crocker Michelle D. , MacKay-Lyons Marilyn , McDonnell Elizabeth 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. Muscle imbalance and poor control of movement can have an impact on the daily occupational functioning of children with cerebral palsy. When one side of the body functions better than the other children will often prefer to use the less-involved upper extremity for completion of play and self-care activities because they have learned that the other hand does not function as effectively. This study examined a method purported to overcome this learned nonuse other affected upper extremity by directing the child’s attention to this extremity and increasing his or her motivation to use it. The research hypothesis was that restriction other less-involved hand with a resting splint would result in increased use of the more-involved hand in a child with spastic cerebral palsy.
Method. Initially, two children with cerebral palsy participated in this single-subject, ABA design study, but only one subject complied with the splint-wearing schedule and completed the study. This subject was a 2-year-old girl with greater involvement of the right side than the left. During the experimental phase, she wore a resting splint on her less-involved hand for most of the waking hours of the day to restrict its use. Data were collected over a 7week period (2 weeks presplinting, 3 weeks splinting, 2 weeks postsplinting) and at a 6-month follow-up. Use of the more-involved extremity was measured through analysis of her performance during 15-min Videotaped sessions of free play, administration of items from the Peabody Developmental Fine Motor Scales, and completion of a daily finger-feeding task.
Results. An improvement in quality, quantity, and variety of use of the more-involved extremity after splinting, with some continuing improvement evident at follow up, was found. The subject had increased voluntary control other more-involved arm and hand and used them more spontaneously for completion of daily occupations.
Conclusions. Although the results of this single-case design are encouraging, further research with a randomized, controlled design is necessary to determine the effectiveness of the forced-use technique with a larger population.
Development of a Post-Offer Screening Tool for Patient Support Services
Authors: Laflin Krystal , Aja Diane , Banasiak Nanci 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. The purpose of our project was to develop a post-offer screening tool that demonstrates interrater reliability, predictive validity, and face validity and that accurately represents the physical demands of the patient support services (lifting team) job at our health care facility.
Methods. The screening tool, which consists of 11 static and dynamic tasks, was developed, using the 13 incumbent staff members of the patient support services department, to determine whether the criteria established for each task matched the physical abilities of at least 80% of the total group tested. Test-retest design was used for this study. Intraclass correlation coefficients and the Kappa statistic were used to calculate interrater reliability. Face validity was determined through the Job Similarity Questionnaire completed by all subjects.
Results. Subjects did not meet criteria established for the static knee pull and the knuckle-to-elbow lift tasks, resulting in modification of these two criteria. Interrater reliability ranged from .22 for the maximum static pull wall task to .94 for the left-hand grip strength task. Face validity ranged from 53.9% to 92.4%.
Conclusion. Although face validity of the Job Similarity Questionnaire represented a wide range, we believe that the results were homogeneous enough to continue with the screening tool unchanged, except for lowering the expected outcome on two tasks. Interrater reliability was established for 75% of the tasks. The lack of variation of data for the other 25% prevented statistical analysis of those tasks but confirmed that all staff members met the physical criteria.
Occupational Therapy’s Link to Vocational Reeducation, 1910–1925
Authors: Gutman Sharon A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The development of occupational therapy is rooted in early 20th century medical reform. During the early 1910s, several members of the medical profession, human service workers, and the larger American society were increasingly disturbed by medical practices that did not consider the individual’s personal experience of disability. Occupational therapy was developed, in part, out of this desire to provide persons with treatment that helped them to function in their communities despite their disability. Early occupational therapy leaders envisioned the fledgling profession as a societal service capable of assisting persons with disabilities to return to both work and community life. Vocational reeducation was initially considered to be an integral component of occupational therapy in the years from 1910 to 1920. However, the profession’s early link to vocational reeducation was challenged by vocational technical trainers during World War I. To prevent occupational therapy from being subsumed by vocational technical training, the early occupational therapy leaders implemented several strategies: adoption of physician prescription for all occupational therapy services, delivery of occupational therapy services primarily within hospital settings, and dissociation from vocational reeducation services. Reasons accounting for why the early occupational therapy leaders abandoned their initial commitment to vocational reeducation are explored Suggestions about how this decision has affected present-day practice are also offered.
Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Mother–Infant Interaction: Implications for Occupational Therapy Intervention
Authors: Miller Heather 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The literature from multiple disciplines on in utero cocaine exposure and mother–infant interaction and attachment was examined for possible relationships and implications for occupational therapists. Maternal cocaine use and neurobehavioral deficits in neonates prenatally exposed to cocaine may result in interactional difficulties between mother and infant. Knowledge of child development, sensory regulation, and infant cues will enable therapists to assist the mother in creating positive interactive experiences between herself and her child.
Helping Clients Develop Hopes for the Future
Authors: Spencer Jean , Davidson Harriett , White Virginia 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The purposes of this article are (a) to examine cognitive, emotional, and spiritual aspects of hope as reflected in the literature; (b) to describe three clinical approaches that have been used in occupational therapy to engage clients in development of hopes for the future; and (c) to consider practical issues that have been raised by therapists seeking to incorporate development of hopes in their practice. Literature from health care and the social sciences indicates that cognitive, emotional, and spiritual aspects of hope are interwoven in a complex process that evolves over time after major loss. Three alternative clinical strategies for collaborating with clients in developing hopes are reviewed, including a goal-setting and goal-attainment approach, an occupational change approach, and a life history approach. These clinical strategies are illustrated by the stories of an elderly mental health client, an adult rehabilitation client, and an adolescent orthopedic client, which are drawn from research in which the authors have been involved. Discussion of issues involved in incorporating hope work into daily practice is based on the experiences of practicing therapists who participated in a workshop. These include pragmatic issues of documentation and reimbursement of this aspect of practice as well as clinical issues of how to develop hopes among clients who appear hopeless.
Effects of Object Characteristics on Female Grasp Patterns
Authors: Fuller Yvonne , Trombly Catherine A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This study determined which object characteristics had an effect on grasp when adult women took a drink from a cup.
Method. Thirty women aged 20 to 45 years (M = 27.6years) were randomly assigned to a sequence for each of three experiments. The first experiment tested the grasp pattern used for cups of same height and weight but with different-sized handles. The second experiment tested the grasp pattern for cups of varied height but with same-sized handles and same weight. The third experiment tested the grasp pattern for cups of varied weight but with same-sized handles and same height. The grasp patterns were recorded by a videocamera placed across from the subjects.
Results. The number of fingers placed through the handle was found to be significantly greater for the cup with a larger handle than for the cups with the smaller handles when cup size and weight were held constant, X2(2) = 49.8, P &lt; .001. No significant difference was found in the number of supporting fingers for varying cup heights or weights.
Conclusion. The results support other research that has stated that handle size accounted for the change in grasp pattern. Because motor performance is affected by the object characteristics as well as personal abilities, adaptation of characteristics, such as handle size, for persons with limited hand use may provide an environment that evokes more optimal performance.
Factor Analysis on the Sensory Profile From a National Sample of Children Without Disabilities
Authors: Dunn Winnie , Brown Catana 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to identify relationships in the 125 items of the revised Sensory Profile, a tool designed to assess children’s responses to commonly occurring sensory events.
Method. Parents of 1,115 children ages 3 to 10 years and without disabilities completed the Sensory Profile. The parents reported the percentage of time their children engaged in each of the 125 behaviors listed on the profile.
Results. Factor analysis revealed nine discreet factors that indicate sensory modulation and responsiveness: sensory seeking, emotionally reactive, low endurance/tone, oral sensory sensitivity, inattention/distractibility, poor registration, sensory sensitivity, sedentary, and fine motor/perceptual.
Conclusions. In addition to the traditional method of organizing sensory history information by sensory system, we may need to consider a person’s thresholds to sensory events as well as his or her responsiveness to sensation. Because the Sensory Profile factors in these children without disabilities are similar to patterns observed in children with various disabilities, it may be that some sensory processing problems are related to intensity or duration of behaviors as they begin to interfere with functional performance in daily life.
In-Hand Manipulation in Young Children: Rotation of an Object in the Fingers
Authors: Pehoski Charlane , Henderson Anne , Tickle-Degnen Linda 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to look at the development of two in-hand skills of rotation. Three questions were asked: (a) Do boys, and girls, performance differ significantly? (b) Does performance improve with age? and (c) Can periods of rapid improvement with age be seen on the tasks presented?
Method. The in-hand manipulation skill of rotation was measured in 154 right-handed children between the ages of 3-0 years and 6-11 years as well as in 13 adults. The participants were videotaped as they either turned over small pegs in a pegboard or rotated a peg in their fingertips. The number of pegs dropped when turning and placing them back in the board, the number of times a peg could be rotated in the fingertips, the time it took to complete each task, and the methods participants used to accomplish the two tasks were recorded from the videotapes.
Results. The results indicated no differences between the performance of boys and girls on any of the variables studied, but performance did change with age, and periods of rapid change were identified. Further, when compared on methods used, the children did not achieve the same speed or consistency as the adult participants.
Conclusion. The development of in-hand manipulation skills of rotation involves improvement in the dimensions of speed, method, and consistency. Observation of these skills in a child can add to a therapist’s understanding of the child’s fine motor abilities. The variability in children’s performance needs to be considered in both evaluation and treatment planning.
Comparison of the Performance of Younger and Older Adults on Three Versions of a Puzzle Reproduction Task
Authors: Katz Noomi , Champagne Deryl , Cermak Sharon 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. Because constructional ability is a crucial perceptual-motor skill that relates to daily functioning, it should be accurately assessed in clients with neurological dysfunction. This study examined three versions of the Puzzle Reproduction task (a constructional ability task) of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) in order to determine whether a reduced detail version of the task would be easier (i.e., require less time to complete) than the original version and whether a subplacement version would be more difficult to perform (i.e., require more time to complete) than the original version. In addition, the study examined whether older adult subjects would perform more slowly than younger adult subjects.
Method. Seventy-two right-handed adults with no disabilities were divided into two age groups: 18 to 30 years old (n = 36) and 58 to 70 years old (n = 36). Each subject was tested on one of three versions of the LOTCA Puzzle Reproduction task (i.e., original, subplacement, simplified).
Results. For the older subjects, the simplified version of the task required significantly less time than the original version, although there was not a significant time difference between the original and subplacement versions. For the younger subjects, the subplacement version required significantly more time than the original version, but there was no significant time difference between the original and simplified versions. Results also indicated that older subjects took significantly longer to perform all three versions of the task than did the younger subjects.
Conclusion. The findings support the use of the simplified version of the LOTCA Puzzle Reproduction task with older adults or with persons with major cognitive perceptual difficulties. Further studies of the level of difficulty of the subplacement version are needed to examine whether this version is more sensitive to constructional deficits in a sample of persons with neurological impairments because even mild constructional deficits have been shown to relate to disabilities in daily functioning.
Skill Acquisition and Competency Testing for Physical Agent Modality Use
Authors: Cornish-Painter Camille , Peterson Cindee Q. , Lindstrom-Hazel Debra K. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. The use of physical agent modalities is not considered an entry-level skill and requires postprofessional education, according to the American Occupational Therapy Association. The purpose of this survey was to determine how occupational therapy practitioners who use physical agent modalities are trained.
Method. Two hundred fifty occupational therapists were randomly selected from the American Occupational Therapy Association’s Physical Disabilities Special Interest Section. The practitioners were surveyed about their use of, education in, competency testing for, and opinions on eight physical agent modalities.
Result. Results were based on 100 responses (40% response rate). Of the eight modalities, the most commonly used were hot and cold packs, and the least were transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulators. The most common means of education was on-the-job training, and the least common was higher level accredited education. A majority (71) of respondents reported that no competency testing was being performed at their facilities. In the remaining facilities (29), the majority performed competency tests with no routine frequency, using no particular guidelines for testing and no formal methods for maintaining standards for physical agent modality use. Eighty-five respondents indicated they would be interested in attending continuing education programs on the use of physical agent modalities, and 88 believed that functional activities should follow the use of physical agent modalities within the same treatment session.
Conclusion. The occupational therapy profession may need specific educational and competency guidelines to assure the qualifications of therapists using physical agent modalities.
In-Hand Manipulation in Young Children: Translation Movements
Authors: Pehoski Charlane , Henderson Anne , Tickle-Degnen Linda 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to look at the development of in-hand translation skills in young children; that is, the child’s ability to move a small object from the fingers into the palm and from the palm to the fingers. Three questions were asked: (a) Do boys’ and girls’ performance differ significantly? (b) Does the performance of the children improve with age? and (c) Can periods of rapid improvement with age be seen on the tasks presented?
Method. In-hand manipulation translation was measured with a pegboard task for 154 right-handed children between 3-0 years and 6-11 years of age and 13 adults. Participants were videotaped as they picked up two to five pegs, one at a time; stored them in the hand; and moved the pegs out of storage to place them in the pegboard. The number of pegs handled in each trial as well as the methods used to move the peg to and from the palm were recorded.
Results. Boys and girls did not show significant differences in their performance, but when slight differences did occur ,they favored the girls. Age was found to be a significant factor in both the number of pegs handled and the method used in handling them. The older children tended to place more pegs successfully and were more likely to use the methods most commonly used by the adults. A major finding was the marked difference in how the children solved the problem of moving the peg in and out of the palm compared with the adults. The adults used gravity to assist the movement of the peg; the children tended to use methods that allowed them to maintain contact with the peg throughout the movement.
Conclusion. In-hand manipulation translation skills appear to have a long developmental course. Children are closer to adults in their ability to perform the task than in the methods that they use. This study shows the importance observing how children perform tasks, not just whether they complete the tasks. Differences in the methods used help to determine efficiency. Observation of these skills in children may expand a therapist’s understanding of children’s fine motor abilities.
Health and the Human Spirit for Occupation
Authors: Yerxa Elizabeth J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The relationship between engagement in occupation and healthfulness is explored. Health is viewed not as the absence of organ pathology, but as possession of a repertoire of skills that enables people to achieve their vital goals in their own environments. This sort of health, reflecting adaptability and a good quality of life, is possible for all people, including those with chronic impairments.
Theoretical and research literature from an array of disciplines explores the influences of occupation on various aspects of health. These include interests, satisfaction in everyday doing, balance, the latent consequences of work, and transcendence. Support is provided for a relationship between activity level and survival. To improve the life opportunities of those they serve, occupational therapists need to become ardent students of life’s daily activities, grappling with the ambiguity and complexity of occupation, the occupational human, and the contexts in which occupation takes place.
Personal Projects: A Useful Approach to the Study of Occupation
Authors: Christiansen Charles H. , Little Brian R. , Backman Catherine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A comprehensive and useful understanding of human occupation requires research methods that capture its individual dimensions while permitting analyses within and across groups. In this article we describe the construct of personal projects and the research method of personal projects analysis. Both have their origins in studies of personality and have been used successfully to link individual traits and context-based, goal-directed behavior to well-being and other variables. The appropriateness and relevance of this approach for studies of occupation and occupational therapy are considered.
The Value of Occupation as the Core of Treatment: Sandy’s Experience
Authors: Jackson Jeanne 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Since 1917, when the occupational therapy profession was first established, the therapeutic value of occupation has been questioned, researched, valorized, and even trivialized. This article discusses one typical occupation-centered treatment, namely a community outing, the shopping spree. The purpose is to articulate the value of occupation-centered intervention and particularly (a) its importance for building rapport between patient and therapist so that genuinely meaningful treatment can be carried out; (b) its role in providing opportunities for patients to imagine futures through felt meanings and future images; and (c) its integrative qualities with respect to identities and performance components.