bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the significance of the fluidized flow regime for avalanche hazard mapping
Authors: Issler Dieter , Gauer Peter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObservational and experimental evidence suggests that it is important to explicitly account for the fluidized flow regime in avalanche hazard mapping due to its high mobility, intermediate density and high velocity. We explore the differences from conventional runout modelling by implementing an extension of the Norem–Irgens–Schieldrop (NIS) rheology in a simple mass-point model. When the dispersive stresses and the excess pore pressure equal the overburden pressure, the flow height increases and the density diminishes until a new equilibrium is reached, determined by the different density dependencies of the two parameters of the dispersive stresses. Fluidization requires sufficiently steep terrain; when it occurs it leads to substantially higher velocities than compared to the dense-flow regime. The model parameters are strongly constrained by their physical meaning and vary little between widely different avalanches. However, in all test cases we obtained better agreement between simulated and observed runout distances and pressure effects than with conventional models.
Influence of Sewage Sludge and Nitrogen Fertilization on Growth, Nutrient Content and Heavy Metal Uptake by Rice Straw
Authors: Kabir MK , Ullah SM , Jahan S , Ullah M Bashir , Kamal ATMM 
Published: March 2009

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of sewage sludge and nitrogen fertilization on the growth, yield, nutrient and heavy metal uptake into rice straw (Oriza setiva L cv. BRRI dhan-36). There were five 5 treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4) consisting of 5 levels of sewage sludge (0, 60, 120, 200 and 300 t/ha) and 5 levels of nitrogen (280, 49, 35, 28 and 21 kg/ha). In the experiment the highest height of the rice plant (97.33 cm per plant) and number (55.00) of tillers per four plants were recorded with the treatment, 300 t/ha sewage sludge plus 21 kg/ha nitrogen. The length of spikelet was significantly high in all treatments compared to the treatment, 300 t/ha sewage sludge plus 21 kg/ha nitrogen. On the other hand, both the fresh and dry weight of rice straw was significantly high in the aforesaid treatment compared to the other treatments. The contents of N, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb in rice straw increased significantly with increasing sewage sludge levels and were observed high at the treatment, 300 t/ha sewage sludge plus 21 kg/ha nitrogen, but the amount of P and Mn uptake decreased significantly with increasing sewage sludge levels showing an antagonistic effect. Cr, Cd and Ni contents were below detectable level. Key words: Sewage sludge, Fertilization, Rice straw, Nutrient, Heavy metal Â doi: 10.3329/bjsir.v43i4.2248 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(4), 571-580, 2008
Tetrasomy 13q mosaicism associated with phylloid hypomelanosis and precocious puberty
Authors: Dhar Shweta U. , Robbins‐Furman Patricia , Levy Moise L. , Patel Ankita , Scaglia Fernando 
Published: March 2009

AbstractVarious forms of pigmentary dysplasias have been known to be associated with chromosomal mosaicism. One of these disorders, known as phylloid hypomelanosis, has been found to be predominantly associated with abnormalities in chromosome 13. Most of the reported literature involves mosaic trisomy 13 with clinical evidence of abnormal pigmentation in the form of leaf‐like or oblong achromic macules following Blaschko's lines. Here, we report on an 8‐year‐old girl with phylloid hypomelanosis and precocious puberty who was found to have mosaicism for tetrasomy 13q in the form of inverted dup(13)(q21) on her skin fibroblasts as well as peripheral blood karyotype. A higher resolution (244K) chromosomal microarray was done on DNA from skin fibroblasts confirming the breakpoint and gain of distal 13q, which made her tetrasomic for 13q21‐qter. This is the first‐ever reported association of tetrasomy 13q with phylloid hypomelanosis and precocious puberty. Our report further emphasizes the need to exclude any type of abnormalities of chromosome 13 in patients with phylloid hypopigmentation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positive association between the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and bipolar disorder in the Han Chinese population
Authors: Xu Jie , Liu Yun , Wang Peng , Li Sheng , Wang Yabing , Li Jun , Zhou Daizhan , Chen Zhuo , Zhao Teng , Wang Ting , Xu He , Yang Yifeng , Feng Guoyin , He Lin , Yu Lan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is the most widely distributed neurotrophin in the central nervous system (CNS), and services many biological functions such as neural survival, differentiation, and plasticity. Previous studies have suggested that the Val66Met (also known as rs6265 or G196A) variant of BDNF is associated with bipolar disorder (BPD), but the results have been inconclusive. We therefore genotyped the Val66Met polymorphism in a Han Chinese population sample (498 cases and 501 control subjects). We found that the BDNF genotype is associated with BPD in this population (χ2 = 9.4666, df = 2, P = 0.00884). Furthermore, our data suggested that the Met allele rather than the Val allele increased the risk for BPD in our Han population (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.070–1.950; P = 0.016). Further studies are necessary to elucidate the involvement of the BDNF gene in the pathophysiology of BPD. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chirality Change of Chloronitrobenzene on Au(111) Induced by Inelastic Electron Tunneling
Authors: Simic‐Milosevic Violeta , Meyer Jörg , Morgenstern Karina 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChiralitätschamäleon: Durch inelastisches Elektronentunneln lassen sich einzelne Chlornitrobenzol(ClNB)‐Moleküle, die in zufälliger Verteilung auf Au(111) adsorbiert wurden, in eine gewünschte enantiomere Form (r oder l, siehe STM‐Bilder und Kugel‐Stab‐Modelle) und einen bestimmten Rotationszustand überführen. Weil sich die Schwellenspannungen für den Wechsel der Chiralität (260 mV) und die Rotation (380 mV) deutlich unterscheiden, können beide Prozesse getrennt ausgelöst werden.magnified image
Direct anti‐Selective Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich‐Type Reactions of α‐Ketoanilides for the Synthesis of γ‐Amino Amides and Azetidine‐2‐amides
Authors: Xu Yingjie , Lu Gang , Matsunaga Shigeki , Shibasaki Masakatsu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBreaking with convention: A homodinuclear nickel complex derived from a biphenyldiamine‐based Schiff base catalyzed an anti‐selective Mannich‐type reaction of α‐ketoanilides (see scheme) to afford unique building blocks for the synthesis of azetidine‐2‐amides and α‐hydroxy γ‐amino amides. This approach stands in contrast to conventional Mannich‐type reactions for the synthesis of β‐amino carbonyl compounds. o‐Ns=o‐nitrobenzenesulfonyl.magnified image
Antiquarian teratology books available in reprint form
Authors: Beckwith J. Bruce 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeveral reprint editions of antiquarian books dealing with malformations have been published in recent years, but their existence is not widely known. Original editions of these works are rare, expensive, and not available in most institutional libraries, which makes these reprints especially welcome. Several currently available works of potential interest to teratologists are described and critiqued. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response of a concentrated monoclonal antibody formulation to high shear
Authors: Bee Jared S. , Stevenson Jennifer L. , Mehta Bhavya , Svitel Juraj , Pollastrini Joey , Platz Robert , Freund Erwin , Carpenter John F. , Randolph Theodore W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThere is concern that shear could cause protein unfolding or aggregation during commercial biopharmaceutical production. In this work we exposed two concentrated immunoglobulin‐G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody (mAb, at >100 mg/mL) formulations to shear rates between 20,000 and 250,000 s−1 for between 5 min and 30 ms using a parallel‐plate and capillary rheometer, respectively. The maximum shear and force exposures were far in excess of those expected during normal processing operations (20,000 s−1 and 0.06 pN, respectively). We used multiple characterization techniques to determine if there was any detectable aggregation. We found that shear alone did not cause aggregation, but that prolonged exposure to shear in the stainless steel parallel‐plate rheometer caused a very minor reversible aggregation (<0.3%). Additionally, shear did not alter aggregate populations in formulations containing 17% preformed heat‐induced aggregates of a mAb. We calculate that the forces applied to a protein by production shear exposures (<0.06 pN) are small when compared with the 140 pN force expected at the air–water interface or the 20–150 pN forces required to mechanically unfold proteins described in the atomic force microscope (AFM) literature. Therefore, we suggest that in many cases, air‐bubble entrainment, adsorption to solid surfaces (with possible shear synergy), contamination by particulates, or pump cavitation stresses could be much more important causes of aggregation than shear exposure during production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 936–943. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pre‐steady state kinetics of ATP hydrolysis by Na,K‐ATPase
Authors: Manzoor Nikhat , Haque Mohammad M. , Khan Luqman A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFast reaction kinetics of ATP hydrolysis by Na,K‐ATPase has been investigated by following absorption pattern of pH sensitive dye in stopped flow spectrophotometer. Distinct pre‐steady state phase signal could be recorded with an initial decrease in acidity followed by increase in acidity. Average half time for H+ absorption and peak alkalinity was, respectively, 30 ms and 60 ms. Under optimal Na+ (120 mM) and K+ (30 mM) concentrations, magnitude of both H+ absorption and H+ release are found to be about 1.0 H+/ATPase molecule. H+ absorption and release decreased with decrease in Na+ concentration, H+ release was more affected. Both H+ absorption and H+ release are found to be independent of K+ concentration in the pre‐steady state phase. No H+ absorption or release was observed following mixing of either ADP, Na+ or K+ alone with ATPase. Effect of delayed mixing of Na+ or K+ on two phases of pre‐steady state cycle indicates that ATP hydrolytic cycle starts without K+ ions if optimal Na+ is present. ATP hydrolytic cycle does not start in the absence of Na+ ions. Results obtained have been interpreted in terms of an extended kinetic scheme for Na,K‐ATPase. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat transfer characteristics of coal‐water mixtures
Authors: Saeki Takashi , Usui Hiromoto 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe heat transfer coefficient for the laminar flow of the coal‐water mixture (CWM) in a round tube was measured in a preheater which included three inner pipes of radii 5 mm and an outer pipe of radius 40 mm and a length of 1.8 m. It was found that the heat transfer coefficient for the CWM could be estimated from a Newtonian correlation within the experimental error. Furthermore, theremal conductivities of CWMs from thirteen kinds of coals have been measured. A simple and accurate method to predict the thermal conductivity of coal is proposed in this study.
Analyse des interactions fluide‐paroi dans un système ouvert a partir de la connaissance de la distribution des temps de sejour. Application aux dépôts d'aérosols par thermophorèse
Authors: Zoulalian A. , Albiol T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDans un système matériel ouvert dont on connaǐt la distribution des temps de séjour, il est possible, en utilisant le modèle de micromélange de Zwietering, de préciser le résultat d'une interaction physique linéaire fluide‐paroi pour la phase fluide mais aussi pour des particules transportées par le fluide.Cette méthodologie est appliquée aux dépǒts d'aérosols par thermophorèse au sein de conduites cylindriques dont la température de paroi est constante.L'interprétation de résultats expérimentaux obtenus en écoulement laminaire et turbulent montre que, pour des nombres de Knudsen compris entre 0.2 et 1.0, le coefficient de thermophorèse doit ětre évalué par la relation de Talbot.Enfin, il existe probablement un régime d'écoulement intermédiaire entre l'écoulement laminaire et l'écoulement turbulent totalement établi pour lequel la masse d'aérosols déposée simultanément par thermophorèse et par turbulence devient minimale.
Experimental and mathematical studies of natural convection for solid‐salt dissolution in water
Authors: Hameed M. S. , Batta F. Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe phenomena of natural convection caused by a concentration gradient usually creates currents as a result of buoyancy forces. These forces are formed from the combined effect of a fluid density gradient and the body force (gravitational force). The above phenomenon was studied experimentally in a circular glass column of 0.08 m diameter and 1 m length. This column was erected vertically and filled with distilled water with a salt bag placed on top of it and partially immersed in water. The dissolution mechanism was then modelled and a finite difference method was used to solve the formulated equations by using the implicit scheme of MacCormack (Anderson et al., 1984). The experimental results and the numerical predictions are represented graphically and give compatible agreement.
Optimal design of n membrane reactors in series using michaelis‐menten kinetics
Authors: Prazeres D. M. F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExact analytical expressions are derived for the optimal design (minimum overall reaction volume) of N perfectly mixed membrane reactors in series carrying out an enzyme catalysed reaction with Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. These equations enable the direct calculation of the smallest total reactor volume (holding time) needed for a given overall conversion degree, as well as the individual reactor volume and conversion degrees. Results are compared with the ones obtained with a series of N CSTRs and with a plug flow reactor. The theoretical superiority of membrane reactors versus CSTRs is demonstrated.
Fractional gas hold‐up in gas inducing type of mechanically agitated contactors
Authors: Saravanan K. , Joshi J. B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFractional gas hold up was measured in gas inducing type of mechanically agitated contactors (GIMAC) with single and multiple impellers. Three vessels of 0.57, 1.0 and 1.5 m i.d. were used. For the multiple impeller system, six different impeller designs were employed. The impeller speed was varied in the range of 0.30 to 15.45 s−1. The ratio of impeller diameter to tank diameter (D/T), the submergence (S) of the upper impeller, the clearance of the lower impeller from the tank bottom (C1) and the impeller spacing (C3) were varied over a wide range. The design of the lower impeller was optimized in terms of diameter (D), blade width (W), blade angle (Bø), number of blades (nb) and the blade thickness (tb). An optimum design has been proposed for the multiple impeller system. Rational correlations have been proposed.
The solubility of HCFC22, CFC114 and HFC152A in n‐hexadecane
Authors: Wahlström Årsa , Vamling Lennart 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe solubilities of chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC22), 1, 2‐dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC114) and 1,1‐difluoroethane (HFC 152a) in n‐hexadecane have been measured at temperatures between 303. 15 and 343. IS K and Henry's constants have been derived. The measurements were made with two different methods, a GLC method and an isochoric method. In general the results of the methods differ less than their combined margin of error, which is estimated to be less than 5% for the GLC method and less than 2% for the isochoric method.
Composition modulation of the fischer‐tropsch synthesis over a supported cobalt catalyst
Authors: Khodadadi A. A. , Hudgins R. R. , Silveston P. L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDifferent cycling strategies are explored to see if carbon chain growth can be enhanced and methane formation suppressed. Of the strategies considered, bang‐bang cycling between H2 and CO feeds substantially increased the consumption of CO and H2, but the formation of higher hydrocarbons and olefins was reduced. The best strategy for longer chain hydrocarbons suitable for jet or diesel fuels was found to be cycling between syngas mixtures. None of the cycling strategies was able to produce C8+ or low‐molar mass olefin yields that matched yields found in steady‐state operation.
Drop volumes and terminal velocities in aqueous two phase systems
Authors: Bhavasar P. M. , Jafarabad K. R. , Pandit A. B. , Sawant S. B. , Joshi J. B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe terminal velocities and sizes of drops in aqueous two‐phase systems formed by PEG (4000)‐sodium sulphate‐water, PEG (6000)‐sodium sulphate‐water and PEG (4000)‐dextran‐water were measured. Nozzle sizes were varied from 1.0 to 2.5 mm and the drops were formed of both light and heavy phases.Based on video photographic analysis for drop formation, the shape of the drop during formation was found to have an important bearing on the drop volume. Therefore a generalised model was developed using the video photographic measurements. A correlation was developed for the terminal velocities of the drops in aqueous two phase systems, which covers Morton numbers from 0.00211 to 11050 and Eötvös numbers from 0.091 to 288.
Liquid spouting of pulp fibers in a conical vessel
Authors: Al‐Jabari M. , Van De Ven T. G. M. , Weber M. E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPulp fibers can be spouted in water in a conical vessel. The entities which are spouted are fiber flocs rather than individual fibers. Synthetic fibers, which do not flocculate, cannot be spouted. For comparison, rigid spherical particles were spouted with water in the same conical vessel. Liquid spouting of rigid particles was similar to gaseous spouting. For pulp spouting, the minimum spouting velocity is proportional to the mass of fibers in the bed and inversely proportional to the diameter of the inlet. For rigid particles, the minimum spouting velocity is proportional to the height of the bed and inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the inlet. A model for the minimum spouting velocity was developed for pulp spouting.
Dépôt chimique CVD de silicium dopé in situ au phosphore. Partie 2: Analyse théorique et modélisation
Authors: Tounsi Adnen , Duverneuil Patrick , Couderc Jean‐Pierre , Scheid Emmanuel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLa modélisation du comportement d'un réacteur de CVD permet d'une part de mieux comprendre les mécanismes complexes impliqués et d'autre part de déterminer les conditions permettant de réaliser des dépǒts conformes aux spécifications requises industriellement. Cette démarche est appliquée au cas du dépǒt de silicium polycristallin dopé in situ au phosphore. Elle a permis l'élaboration d'un modèle représentatif de l'opération de dépǒt qui prédit correctement les surépaisseurs de dépǒt dues au silylène. Le contrǒle de l'opération de dépǒt résulte principalement de la concentration en phosphine d'alimentation et de la géométrie de la zone d'entrée où se forme le silylène.
Extraction equilibrium of m‐cresol by tri‐n‐octylamine sulfate salts
Authors: Wang Maw‐Ling , Liu Biing‐Lang , Lin Ying‐I 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe influence of the extraction conditions on the distribution coefficient of m‐cresol were investigated. The equilibria of m‐cresol extraction from an aqueous solution by the tri‐n‐octylamine sulfate salts (TOA salts) in an organic solvent were examined. Sulfuric acid first reacted with tri‐n‐octylamine (TOA) to form TOA salts; then m‐cresol was extracted into the organic phase from the aqueous phase by the TOA salts. The model of the equilibrium of the chemical reaction of TOA and sulfuric acid to form the TOA salts was constructed by modifying the Wilson model (Wilson, 1967). The predictions of the developed model were fairly consistent with the experimental data, and it was applied to the reaction systems in benzene at various temperatures to predict the extraction of m‐cresol. The number of water molecules associated with the various TOA salts, which reflect the extraction capability of m‐cresol, was determined.
Chlorine dioxide delignification kinetics and eop extraction of softwood kraft pulp
Authors: Tessier Patrick , Savoie Martin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA kinetic model for 100% chlorine dioxide delignification based on experimental data is presented. From the unbleached kappa number, chlorine dioxide charge and reaction time, the model predicts kappa, brightness and residuals after the first bleaching stage. The model consists of two ordinary differential equations representing the slow and fast reactions of lignin with chlorine dioxide. In addition we found that the relationship between the chlorine dioxide consumption and the kappa number decrease was linear in the range studied and independent of the unbleached pulp kappa number.
Kinetics of hydrogen peroxide bleaching of ALCELL® derived pulp
Authors: Ni Y. , Dixon C. , Ooi T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this study, a kinetic model of the final bleaching stage with hydrogen peroxide in a totally chlorine free (TCF) bleaching sequence for ALCELL® processed pulp was developed. The model was based on the rate of chromophore destruction characterized by the decrease in the light absorption coefficient of bleached pulp at 457 nm, CK. Based on the fact that the chromophore destruction proceeds rapidly in an initial phase followed by a much slower reaction during which a “floor‐level” chromophore concentration is approached asymptotically, we propose that the hydrogen peroxide stage of the ALCELL® derived pulp in the studied TCF sequence consists of two distinct phases. The initial phase is a very fast reaction. The rate equation of the second phase was determined as:

which is valid in a pH range of 10.5 to 11.5 and a temperature range of 60 to 92.5°C.
Optimization of an alkaline peroxide interstage treatment of jack pine (Pinus banksiana lamb.) using a D‐optimal design
Authors: Lanouette R. , Valade J. L. , Thibault J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFor many decades, the utilization of jack pine in the pulp and paper industry has attracted considerable interest but without any major breakthrough. However, in the past few years the emergence of new technologies has provided hope for its potential use. One of these technologies consists in the addition of hydrogen peroxide within the thermomechanical pulping process. To study the influence of numerous process parameters on the interstage treatment of jack pine and to optimize this complex process, a D‐optimal experimental design was conducted. A total of 7 variables were considered.It was found that to maximize the properties of the fibres and the resulting paper, a temperature of 115°C with a narrow plate gap at the first refining stage and a high consistency at the second stage had to prevail. A sodium hydroxide treatment radically improved the fibre bonding properties without affecting the tear strength but at the expense of a loss of 4,6 points in ISO brightness. Validation trials allow to draw some conclusions on the advantages and shortcomings of this type of experimental design. This design is efficient, provided sufficient information is available to target likely interactions. Otherwise, a screening design would be required thus increasing the total cost of the study.