bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on leakage current of pn diode on GaN substrate at reverse bias
Authors: Sugimoto Masahiro , Kanechika Masakazu , Uesugi Tsutomu , Kachi Tetsu 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we studied on a leakage current of a pn diode on a GaN substrate isolated by a mesa structure at a reverse bias. The leakage current flowed at a surface of the mesa sidewall across the pn junction. Results of scanning capacitance microscopy and scanning spread resistance microscopy indicated that the surface of the mesa sidewall in the p type region changed to a depleted or a n‐‐layer. Results of auger electron spectroscopy indicated that a concentration of nitrogen decreased near the surface of the mesa sidewall. From these results, we estimated the leakage current was caused by a change of the p type region at the surface of the mesa sidewall to the depleted or n‐‐layer by inductively coupled plasma dry etching, which was used to form the mesa structure. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical and optical properties of GaN studied by surface photovoltage and photoluminescence
Authors: Foussekis M. A. , Baski A. A. , Reshchikov M. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe have studied the electrical and optical properties of undoped and Si‐doped n ‐type GaN layers grown on c ‐plane sapphire by Kelvin probe and photoluminescence (PL) techniques. The maximum SPV value of ∼0.7 eV indicates that the band bending decreased by this amount. The PL intensity depended on ambient and surface treatments such as cleaning, storage in air ambient, and extended UV exposure. Interestingly, variations in PL intensity, at least for n ‐type GaN, were too large to be explained solely by changes in depletion region width under illumination. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultrahigh‐speed growth of GaN by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Yoshida Takehiro , Oshima Yuichi , Watanabe Kazutoshi , Tsuchiya Tadayoshi , Mishima Tomoyoshi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe demonstrate the ultrahigh‐speed growth of thick GaN layers by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) and present an investigation of the properties of the resulting GaN crystals. A series of GaN layers with a thickness of around 700 μm were grown homoepitaxially on freestanding GaN substrates at various growth rates ranging from 107–1870 μm/h, using a conventional atmospheric HVPE reactor. The growth rate increased almost linearly with the feed rate of source materials, reaching 1870 μm/h when the HCl flow rate is 650 sccm. The surfaces of all the homoepitaxial layers were specular, and no cracks or pits were observed. The X‐ray rocking curve measurement showed that the full width at half maximum values did not depend on the growth rate, and had small values of 23–30 arcsec for (0002) reflections and 39–58 arcsec for (30‐32) reflections. Plan‐view cathodoluminescence imaging revealed that the dislocation density had virtually no dependence on the growth rate and had small values of around 3 × 106 cm‐2 even at the highest growth rate (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Control of in‐plane epitaxial relationship of c ‐plane AlN layers grown on a ‐plane sapphire substrates by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Tajima Jumpei , Togashi Rie , Murakami Hisashi , Kumagai Yoshinao , Takada Kazuya , Koukitu Akinori 
Published: April 2011

AbstractControl of the in‐plane epitaxial relationship of a c ‐plane AlN layer grown at 1450 °C by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on an a ‐plane sapphire substrate is achieved. In addition, two in‐plane epitaxial relationships are compared. It was possible to grow a c ‐plane AlN layer on an a ‐plane sapphire substrate with selectable in‐plane matching: AlN [10$ \bar 1 $0]//sapphire [0001] could be obtained by growing an intermediate AlN layer at 1065 °C, whereas AlN [11$ \bar 2 $0] // sapphire [0001] could be grown on the intermediate AlN layer at a low temperature of 700 °C. The full‐width at half‐maximums of X‐ray rocking curves for the (0002) and (10$ \bar 1 $0) planes were respectively 313.2 and 543.6 arcsec from the AlN layer with the AlN [10$ \bar 1 $0]//sapphire [0001] relationship and 428.4 and 788.0 arcsec from the AlN layer with the AlN [11$ \bar 2 $0] // sapphire [0001] relationship. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantification of scar margin in keloid different from atrophic scar by multiphoton microscopic imaging
Authors: Zhu Xiaoqin , Zhuo Shuangmu , Zheng Liqin , Jiang Xingshan , Chen Jianxin , Lin Bifang 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMultiphoton microscopy (MPM) was applied to examine the marginal region at dermis of keloid compared with atrophic scar. High‐resolution large‐area image showed an obvious boundary at the scar margin and different morphological patterns of elastin and collagen on the two sides, further visualized by the focused three‐dimensional images. Content alteration of elastin or collagen between the two sides of boundary was quantified to show significant difference between keloid and atrophic scar. Owing to the raised property of keloid with overproduced collagen on the scar side, the content alteration was positive for elastin and negative for collagen. On the contrary, the content alteration was negative for elastin and positive for collagen in the atrophic scar case due to the atrophic collagen on the scar side. It indicated that examination of the scar margin by MPM may lead a new way to discriminate different types of scars and better understand the scarring mechanisms. SCANNING 33:
195–200, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Smelting‐Reduction Export Gas as Syngas in the Chemical Industry
Authors: Wall Doris , Kepplinger Werner , Millner Robert 
Published: April 2011

AbstractExport gases from iron‐making processes are typically used as an energy source for heat and power generation within the iron and steel industry, although their calorific value is comparatively low. The fact that COREX® and FINEX® smelting‐reduction export gases typically consist of the major syngas‐components CO and H2 (approx. 50% of gas composition), makes them attractive for utilization in the direct reduction of iron ores and in the chemical synthesis industry. This paper will discuss the required process steps for converting smelting‐reduction export gases into synthesis gas (syngas) using the example of methanol production. The calculated CO2‐balance shows promising results for chemical utilization of COREX® export gas compared to energy utilization in conventional or combined power plants.
Study on Mitigating Center Macro‐Segregation During Steel Continuous Casting Process
Authors: Long Mujun , Chen Dengfu 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the current paper, Methods of enlarging the area for the distribution of segregation solutes were introduced to mitigate center macro‐segregation in steel billets and steel slabs during continuous casting process, which cost less and have significant effect. The location of center macro‐segregation is relative to the shape of liquid‐core at the solidification end during steel continuous casting. A method of dissymmetrical cooling on different surfaces, by which the area for the precipitation of segregation solutes was enlarged, was introduced to mitigate the center macro‐segregation in billets during continuous casting process. Method of optimizing the uniformity of solidified shell in the transverse direction was introduced to mitigate the center macro‐segregation in steel slabs. The uniform cooling intensity along the transverse direction guaranteed a regular solidification end in the continuous casting slab, which aided in the effective application of dynamic soft reduction technology. A relevant 2‐D heat transfer model was developed for the optimization of uniform solidification. The current method was applied to the industrial slab continuous casting using the heat transfer model. The results indicated a better industrial slab quality with much less center macro‐segregation after the use of the method.
Fish Oil Supplementation During Lactation: Effects on Cognition and Behavior at 7 Years of Age
Authors: Cheatham Carol L. , Nerhammer Anne Sofie , Asserhøj Marie , Michaelsen Kim F. , Lauritzen Lotte 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEarly accumulation of n‐3 long‐chain PUFA (LCPUFA) in the brain may contribute to differences in later cognitive abilities. In this study, our objective was to examine whether fish oil (FO) supplementation during lactation affects processing speed, working memory, inhibitory control, and socioemotional development at 7 years. Danish mothers (n = 122) were randomized to FO [1.5 g/d n‐3 LCPUFA] or olive oil (OO) supplementation during the first 4 months of lactation. The trial also included a high‐fish intake (HFI) reference group (n = 53). Ninety‐eight children were followed‐up with an assessment of processing speed, an age‐appropriate Stroop task, and the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire at 7 year. A group effect of the intervention (FO vs. OO) was found in prosocial behavior scores; this negative effect was carried by the boys. Exploratory analyses including all participants revealed the speed of processing scores were predicted by maternal n‐3 LCPUFA intake during the intervention period (negative relation) and maternal education (positive relation). Stroop scores indicative of working memory and inhibitory control were predicted by infant erythrocyte DHA status at 4 months of age (negative relation). Early fish oil supplementation may have a negative effect on later cognitive abilities. Speed of processing and inhibitory control/working memory are differentially affected, with speed of processing showing effects of fish oil intake as a whole, whereas inhibitory control/working memory was related more specifically to DHA status.
Clinicoradiological manifestations of paraganglioma syndromes associated with succinyl dehydrogenase enzyme mutation
Authors: Barber Brendan , Ingram Mark , Khan Sameer , Bano Gul , Hodgson Shirley , Vlahos Ioannis 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Background
Paragangliomas are rare tumours derived from the autonomic nervous system that have increasingly been recognised to have a genetic predisposition. Mutations of the enzyme succinyl dehydrogenase (SDH) have proven to result in paraganglioma formation. There are four subunits (A through D) that form the enzyme complex and are associated with different genophenotypic expressions of disease. SDHB and SDHD mutations are more common, whereas SDHA and SDHC mutations are rare. Patients with SDHB mutations are prone to extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas, malignant disease and extra-paraganglial neoplasia, whereas SDHD mutations have a greater propensity for multiple, benign head and neck paragangliomas.

Methods
Diagnosis of a sporadic paraganglioma or pheochromocytoma should lead to a full genetic workup of the patient and family if SDH mutations are found.

Results
Further annual screening will be required depending on the mutation, which can have a significant impact on radiologists and the resources of the radiology department.

Conclusion
We present our imaging experience with a series of patients with proven SDH mutations resulting in paragangliomas with a review of the literature.
Endometrial ablation with the NovaSure system in Iran
Authors: Asgari Zahra , Moini Ashraf , Samiee Haydeh , Tehranian Afsaneh , Mozafar‐Jalali Sima , Sabet Somayeh 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the rate of response to treatment with the NovaSure endometrial ablation device among Iranian women with menorrhagia.MethodsTwenty 35–50‐year‐old women with menorrhagia who were referred to Arash Hospital, Tehran, Iran, in 2008 were enrolled. They underwent endometrial ablation via the NovaSure system and were followed‐up for 2 years.ResultsThe incidence of amenorrhea was 30.0% at the end of the 2‐year follow‐up period. Hypomenorrhea was reported by 40.0% of women. The mean number of days of bleeding per month decreased significantly, from 30.0 ± 6.4 days before treatment to 3.1 ± 2.6 days after 2 years (P < 0.001). The severity of bleeding decreased significantly within 2 years after treatment (P < 0.001). In total, 85.0% of women were satisfied and 90.0% had responded to treatment—as defined by amenorrhea, hypomenorrhea, or return to normal menstruation.ConclusionThe NovaSure system is effective and should be considered by gynecologists for the treatment of menorrhagia.
A Decision-Tree Approach to the Interpretation of Archaeological Data
Authors: Marshall Anne , Marshall Garry 
Published: April 2011

SummaryA number of techniques capable of generating descriptions of data have been developed in the area of Artificial Intelligence. Their suitability for use with a data set compiled to record the details of Anglo-Saxon structures in Britain is considered. An appropriate method which describes the data by means of decision trees is chosen and, after some adaptation, is used to generate descriptions of this data in the form of decision trees. The resulting descriptions compare favourably with interpretations obtained by archaeological analysis.
Excavation and Survey at St Patrick's Chapel and St Peter's Church, Heysham, Lancashire, 1977–8
Authors: Potter T. W. , Andrews R. D. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThis paper reports excavations in 1977 and 1978 at the chapel and adjoining cemetery of St Patrick's, Heysham, and an architectural survey of the nearby church of St Peter's. The chapel initially comprised a single-celled, stone-built structure, plastered inside and out. Associated with it were pieces of painted plaster, two bearing letters, and, in all probability, a stone carved with a bird's head, perhaps of late seventh- to late eighth-century date. The chapel was subsequently enlarged. One burial included a bone comb of Anglo-Scandinavian type, and calibrated radiocarbon dates for three skeletons range between AD 960 and 1185.This report was submitted for publication in March 1992.
The Fifteenth-Century Garner at Leadenhall, London
Authors: Samuel Mark 
Published: April 2011

Excavation and observations from 1984–6 on the Leadenhall Court site in the City of London revealed elements of the fifteenth-century market building known as ‘The Leadenhall’. The truncated foundations were located in various areas of the site; 177 medieval moulded stones were found reused in later cellar walls; and a fragment of the west wall survived to its full height of 11.17m encased between Victorian buildings. The recording and subsequent study of these features, together with a reassessment of such plans and drawings of the building as have survived, established the ground plan of the quadrangle and chapel, and made possible a complete reconstruction of the north range of this important civic building. The methodology used in the reconstructions is described with particular emphasis upon the analysis of the moulded stones. In conclusion, both the design of the structure and the documentary sources are studied to show how it may have been intended to function.The arcaded ground floor functioned as part of a common market, while the upper floors were intended to be a granary. For convenience, however, this dual-purpose building is referred to as the ‘garner’ throughout the text.
A Decorated Iron Age Copper Alloy Knife from Hertfordshire
Authors: Megaw Ruth , Megaw Vincent , Niblett Rosalind 
Published: April 2011

One of the objects on display in the ‘Celtic Iron Age’ gallery of the British Museum is so small that in fact it may not be immediately appreciated for what it is – a cast bronze knife with exquisite curvilinear decoration which measures a mere 11omm in length (figs Ia−b2a−c).To date only the briefest of descriptions of the knife have appeared in print accompanied by illustrations which, it must be said, hardly do it justice.2 Thus, some further notes may be added to draw further attention to one of the miniature insular masterpieces of what, despite the best efforts of many, is still widely termed ‘early Celtic art’.
Fieldwork at Great Langdale, Cumbria, 1985-1987: Preliminary Report
Authors: Bradley Richard , Edmonds Mark 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThe Lake District mountains have long been known as the source of Neolithic artefacts belonging to petrological group VI. The study of their wider distribution has played a central part in investigations of the ‘axe trade’. Unfortunately, it is not clear that all Group VI axes originated in this area and in any case it is now known that there is no direct relationship between different fall-off patterns and the processes that led to their creation. At the same time, it is not possible to compare work at Neolithic flint mines with current knowledge of how non-flint axes were distributed. Recent fieldwork, in the wake of a survey carried out by the National Trust and the Cumbria and Lancashire Archaeological Unit, has tried to investigate the ways in which stoneworking at Great Langdale was organized and the relationship between methods of exploiting the raw materials on site and changes in the distribution of Cumbrian axes across Britain as a whole. This has involved experimental archaeology, technological analysis, environmental investigations and small-scale excavation. This work has resulted in the recognition of two distinct modes of production. These are discussed in relation to the environmental history of the surrounding region.
Roman Cineraria in ‘Monumenta Mattheiana’ and the Collection of Henry Blundell at Ince
Authors: Davies Glenys 
Published: April 2011

SummaryMany of the ash chests collected by Henry Blundell for Ince Blundell Hall (Lancashire) came from the Mattei collection. By comparing the engravings in Monumenta Mattheiana (1778) with those published in 1803 by Blundell we can see what restorations and other changes were carried out between these dates. However, in one respect these changes are not as radical as it might seem, since apparent changes to the inscriptions are in fact merely the result of mistakes made in the production of the Monumenta Mattheiana engravings.
Serjeant Knight's Discourse on the Cross and Flags of St George (1678)
Authors: Knighton C S , Wilson Timothy 
Published: April 2011

In January 1678 John Knight, the Serjeant Surgeon of Charles II, sent to Samuel Pepys a ‘Discourse containing the History of the Cross of St. George, and its becoming the Sole Distinction = Flag, Badge or Cognizance of England, by Sea and Land’. Knight argued that St George's cross should become the dominant feature in English flags and supported his argument with a history of the cross.A manuscript copy of this discourse, with Knight's original drawings, survives in the Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge, and is published here. A brief biography of Knight is presented and an account of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century controversies about St George. The latter was an issue which caused acrimony between Royalists and Puritans. An Appendix reconstructs Knight's library, principally consisting of books concerning heraldry, topography and history.
‘Greater and More Splendid’: Some Aspects of Romanesque Durham Cathedral
Authors: Jarrett Michael G. , Mason Howard 
Published: April 2011

Preliminary study for a group of perspective reconstruction drawings of the exterior of Durham Cathedral has led to a reappraisal of the original design and of its progress towards completion. The west towers may be fifty or more years earlier than the generally accepted date of c. 1200, preceding the Galilee chapel. The paired eastern towers strongly suggest links with the ‘imperial’ churches of the Rhineland, and are not readily paralleled in Normandy. Some English churches with eastern towers are listed, indicating that they were not especially rare.Durham was built on the largest scale to house the body and shrine of St Cuthbert. It was an avant-garde showpiece indicating the wealth and importance of its bishop and monastic community at both English and European levels.
Some Eighteenth Century Ferryhouses in Appin, Lorn, Argyll: the Development of the Single-Storeyed Mortared Stone Cottage in the West Highlands
Authors: MacKie Euan W. 
Published: April 2011

The evolution of the single-storeyed mortared stone cottage in the western highlands of Scotland seems to mirror that of the upper strata of late seventeenth and eighteenth century clan society in the region, and in particular to reflect a little of the disintegration of that society after the two failed Stuart uprisings and its consequent gradual integration with the lowland economy. An analysis of the architectural history of the Ferry House (let to the ferryman as a combined inn and home for his family) at Port Appin provides a foundation for the survey. The earliest part of the building, probably thatched, may well date from the 1740s but already it had lintelled hearths with flues in each gable wall - a lowland urban feature. A major extension with a slate roof was built in about 1770 and the earlier part was probably also slated at this time and subdivided inside to provide rooms for wealthier guests. Thereafter only relatively minor internal improvements were made, in the newer half, until the early 1950s when piped water was introduced and a separate bathroom and kitchen built. The cottages were sold to incomers not long after.A study of other ferries in the area confirms that mortared cottages almost identical to those in Port Appin, and in identical situations, are still to be found at two of these. The one on the south side of the abandoned Rugarve ferry over Loch Creran can also be dated to between about 1750 and 1770 from historical evidence. Also at Rugarve, on the north side, are the remains of a more primitive thatched drystone cottage, probably an early ferry house, which is smaller than the others and lacks hearths with chimneys.
The Congresbury Carvings – An Eleventh-century Saint's Shrine?
Authors: Oakes Catherine M , Costen Michael 
Published: April 2011

The discovery of a small group of sculpted fragments at Congresbury in Somerset seven years ago set in motion a period of research, reflection and analysis that has given rise to this paper. It opens with an account of the circumstances of their discovery and a description of their appearance. Then follows a proposed date and provenance. It is suggested that the quality of the sculptures and the evident scale of the monument to which they once belonged indicate a structure and a site of high status, possibly the shrine of the Welsh missionary saint Cyngar, whose cult enjoyed some popularity in the high and late Middle Ages. A review of the history of the site and evidence from its placename and from archaeological investigations corroborate this thesis.The style of the sculptures when compared with dated manuscript illuminations and with sculptural fragments surviving from Anglo-Saxon Wessex is in line with a late tenth- to mid-eleventh-century dating. The historical circumstances of Congresbury at this time further suggest that this date may be narrowed down to the period between 1033 and 1060. The original structure of the shrine to which the fragments may have belonged is considered in the light of contemporary documentary evidence and research carried out on the remains of comparable shrine structures.