bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Geology of Cape Breton
Authors: Brown Richard , Lyell Charles 
Published: October 2009

I Propose, in the following pages, to give a slight general sketch of the geology of Cape Breton, from notes made at various times, some so far as 15 years back, and collected more with a view to professional pursuits, than for the purposes of geological research.
The island of Cape Breton is separated from Nova Scotia by the Gut of Canso, and is about 120 miles in length from north to south, and 90 miles wide from Scatari on the Atlantic shore to Port Hood on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. A range of highlands, commencing at Cape North, continues to St. Ann's on the east shore, and to Margarie on the west shore, both distant from Cape North about 60 miles, and presents, with few interruptions, bold and precipitate cliffs to the ocean. These highlands attain their greatest elevation near the shore, constituting a table-land from 15 to 20 miles in breadth, and 600 to 1000 feet in height, in most places incapable of cultivation. Part of this table-land is covered with a stunted growth of spruce and fir trees, and the remainder is principally rocky and barren moorland, which affords a scanty supply of moss for a few herds of wild deer.
From Margarie to Port Hood the country is elevated, but undulating, being intersected by several small rivers running through valleys of great fertility.
Notice concerning the Tertiary Deposits in the south of Spain
Authors: Smith James 
Published: October 2009

In the bay of Gibraltar, immediately to the north of the plain which separates the fortress from the Spanish territory, we meet with a series of low swelling hills of yellow rubbly sandstone, the beds dipping to the S.W. at an angle of 12°, and abounding in marine tertiary fossils. Of these fossils, there is only a small variety, and of many of the species I could only find casts; but these were sufficient to furnish an important link, connecting distant deposits; for upon comparing them with the specimens in the Society's Museum, illustrative of Col. Silvertop's account of the tertiary formation of Murcia and Grenada, and Lieut. Spratt's paper on the Geology of Malta, I find that the three deposits are identical.
I have also observed tertiary beds at Cadiz, and between Xeres and Seville, which, I am satisfied, belong to the same deposit; and Mr. Sharpe, in his paper on the Geology of Lisbon, has assigned reasons, with which I entirely agree, for considering that the tertiary beds of the Tagus coincide with those of the south of Spain.
On the Discovery of the Fossil Remains of Bidental and other Reptiles in South Africa
Authors: Bain Andrew Geddes 
Published: October 2009

The district in which these fossils were found is on the eastern frontier of the Cape Colony in South Africa, about 500 miles east of Cape Town. No granite has been observed here, and the lowest rocks are stratified, and in consequence of the dip, though variable, tending on the whole towards the interior of the country, the lower members of them are those nearest the coast.
A red quartzose crystalline sandstone is described by the author as the fundamental rock, and as alternating with a talcose slate. This sandstone is assumed to be of the carboniferous period, vegetable impressions, apparently of a Lepidodendron, having been found in it, and it is traced by the author towards the west, parallel to the coast to within 50 miles of the Cape.
Over this there occurs a rock, called by the author a claystone porphyry, containing fragments of the sandstone; next an argillaceous slate, alternating with sandstone and containing thin laminæ of limestone, and at a little distance is a stratum full of vegetable remains.

Further to the north is a ferruginous sandstone with argillocalcareous nodules, in which nodules were found the, remains of reptiles characterised by the author as
Bidental
, and described by Professor Owen in the subsequent memoir.
Geological Features of the Country round the Mines of the Taurus in the Pashalic of Diarbekr described from Observations made in the Year 1843
Authors: Smyth Warington W. 
Published: October 2009

In that part of Asiatic Turkey, where the provinces of Anatolia, Armenia, Kurdistan, and Mesopotamia unite, the chain of the Taurus is bounded on the one side by the Euphrates and on the other by the Tigris, and this district, being now out of the way of the main roads of commerce, has until within a few years been almost entirely neglected.
The interest, however, attached to these regions in the present precarious state of the Ottoman- empire, and the difficulty of obtaining information concerning them, will excuse the imperfect condition of the sketch now offered of the geographical and geological configuration of the country; but I have to regret that my absence during some years from England prevented my being acquainted with the valuable information to be obtained from the published routes of Messrs. Brant and Ainsworth.
The line of road which I took enabled me to complete the section of the country in a direct line from the Euphrates to the town of Sivas, and a Stay of some weeks put it in my power to obtain some interesting details concerning the important mines of copper at Arghaneh Maden, and of silver at Kebban Maden, as well as others more or less neglected, which lie in various parts of Armenia and the N. E. of Asia Minor.
Observations on the White Limestone and other Eocene or Older Tertiary Formations of Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia
Authors: Lyell Charles 
Published: October 2009

The tertiary deposits occupying a lower position than the Miocene strata described in the last paper, were first referred by Mr. Conrad to the Eocene period, in the “Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences” for 1830. Some of these strata have been observed by Mr. Conrad on the Potomac at Fort Washington in Maryland (“Fossil Tertiary Shells,” p. 30.); but the most northern which I myself examined were in Virginia, at Richmond, at Petersburg, and at several points on the James River. The formation in this region consists in great part of greensand and marl, containing green earth, so precisely like that which characterises the cretaceous strata of New Jersey, that were it not for the distinctness of the fossil shells, it would be impossible in many places to separate these deposits by mere reference to their mineral composition.
Farther south, in N. and S. Carolina, and in Georgia, the eocene formation acquires a larger development and a new mineral type, consisting of highly calcareous white marl and white limestone, and passing upwards, especially in Georgia, into red and white clays, ferruginous sands, with associated layers of burrstone and siliceous rock.
On the relation of the New Red Sandstone to the Carboniferous Strata in Lancashire and Cheshire.
Authors: Binney E. W. 
Published: October 2009

Latterly much attention has been devoted by English geologists in endeavouring to trace the upper boundary of the carboniferous strata, and to show the connexion of the latter with the beds of the overlying new red sandstone formation. This subject, although it has often been treated upon, still possesses great interest, as by it alone can we obtain certain information with regard to the probable extent of our valuable coal-fields, all of which, on their dip, disappear under the new red sandstone.
At the Manchester meeting I had the pleasure of showing to some of the members of the British Association an excavation exhibiting the lower new red sandstone in contact with the coal-measures. In the present paper it is my intention to describe all the similar sections that I have met with in the counties of Lancaster and Chester. Before doing this, however, it will be desirable to give a general sketch of both the new red sandstone and carboniferous groups on the west of the penine chain. The new red sandstone formation occupies nearly the whole of the county of Chester, and a considerable portion of Lancashire.

It may be conveniently divided into—The deposits marked
a
and
b
, so far as they are yet known, have been found too be conformable to each other, but there is reason for believing that the latter deposit is not always conformable to the underlying waterstones. The last-named beds also are conformable to the upper new red sandstone, can be seen at
On the Scratched Boulders and Rocks of the Coal-field of Scotland.
Authors: Smith James 
Published: October 2009

The phænomenon of scratched boulders has of late attracted attention from its supposed connexion with glacial action; but before the researches of Professor Agassiz had excited so much interest on the subject, it had been but little attended to. When he visited Scotland in 1840, with the object of searching for proofs of the former existence of glaciers in that country, and their connexion with the erratic blocks and the so-called diluvium or till, his attention was immediately arrested by the striæ which were observed upon some of the blocks. He however admitted to me then, as he has since done in his paper on the subject, that the deposit in which these boulders occurred “was not produced by true glaciers, although intimately connected with the phænomena of ice.” He also states, in the above-quoted paper, that “the erratic blocks in Switzerland are always angular,” which is just what might have been expected if they were transported by ice, whether upon glaciers or icebergs. The erratic blocks in Scotland, on the other hand, are rounded, and we have two problems to solve,—how have they been rounded? and how have they been scratched? Before attempting to answer these questions, it is necessary that we should be made acquainted with all the circumstances under which these blocks are found; we can then compare the facts with proposed solutions, and by excluding those which are inconsistent with well-established facts, be driven at last to that solution which explains them all.
Every person has
On the Geology of the Island of St. Mary's, one of the Azores.
Authors: Hunt T. Carew 
Published: October 2009

The island of St. Mary's, the easternmost of the Azores, is about seven miles in length from east to west, and five in breadth from north to south, and is divided naturally into a plain and an elevated district, which, taken together, mark its aspect from the sea. The plain occupies about one-third part on the west side of the island, the other part being formed of an elevated ridge running from north-west to south-east, which rises to a double peak (Pico Alto) 1889 feet above the sea, and of which the sides decline on the north, east and south to mural cliffs of considerable height.
The base appears to be a dark blue compact basalt, containing minute crystals of olivine. This basalt has in some parts assumed a contorted columnar structure and near the town of Villa do Porto a distinct prismatic character. Above this bed is a coarse red wacké, passing to a cellular brown amygdaloid, its softer parts thickly imbedded with splendent crystals of augite, and the cells of the harder mostly filled with arragonite in three varieties of crystallization, and carbonate of lime. In both are occasional imperfect crystals of hornblende. This would seem to be the second bed of the island, and to it succeed deposits of marine shells of variable thickness, in which the most conspicuous shells are the lesser and greater scallop, mixed in parts with an arenaceous cement and rounded nodules of basalt, breccia and amygdaloid, and interstratifled with films and layers
Description of some Fossil Fruits from the Chalk Formation of the South-east of England.
Authors: Mantell Gideon Algernon 
Published: October 2009

The small number of plants hitherto discovered in the Chalk formation of England renders any addition to the Cretaceous flora important; I am therefore induced to lay before the Society descriptions and figures of three fruits from the Chalk and Lower greensand of Kent and Sussex, that an authentic record may be preserved of these unique and interesting relics.
1. Zamia Sussexiensis, Mantell. Plate II. fig. 1. from the lower greensand at Selmeston, Sussex.
More than twenty years since I discovered a deposit of calcareous wood in the strata of greensand near Willingdon, a village about three miles to the north-west of Easrbourn, in the country of Sussex : a similar accumulation of fossil wood occurs in a sand-bank in the adjacent parish of Selmeston, at the junction of the lower green-sand with the gault, and is described in my ‘Fossils of the South Downs’ (p.76). The specimens collected from these localities consist of waterworn fragments of stems and braches, which are generally more or less perforated by boring mollusca.

The structure of the wood is decidely coniferous : transverse sections present concentric circles and medullary rays, and a reticulated surface composed of distinct cellules, varying in form from the circular to the elliptical. In a longitudinal division the tubes or woody fibres are seen to be uniform, and to have their walls studded with nearly circular dises or areolé disposed in double rows, the discs being irregularly alternate, as in the recent
Araucaria
. In a few examples spiral vessels
A Stratigraphical Account of the Section from Atherfield to Rocken-end in the Isle of Wight.
Authors: Fitton Wm. H. 
Published: October 2009

The south coast of the Isle of Wight, it is well known, exhibits the whole series of deposits from the chalk down to the Wealden; the section, especially of the lower greensand near Atherfield, being of greater thickness than any other in England, while it is continuously exposed and accessible in all its parts. The object of the present communication is to describe this remarkable section anew; the author stating, that from the time and labour recently employed in extending his collection of the fossils, he believes it to be the most complete that has yet been brought together. The description is illustrated by a sectional drawing, and by a tabular list of the strata and of the fossils, so arranged that the succession of the beds and stratigraphical place or places of every species may be seen at one view. Such a document being a picture of nature, and representing only what has been actually observed, suggests of itself various general views respecting the order and distribution of the fossils, and may be employed as a test of the soundness of speculations connected with them; and it is shown that some of the opinions expressed in former numbers of this Journal derive support from the more extensive series of facts thus displayed.
The fossils here enumerated contain a very large number of those considered as characteristic of the corresponding groups on the continent of Europe, to which, in Switzerland and France, the name of ‘Neocomian’ has been applied ;
On the circumstances and phænomena presented by the Granite of Lundy Island, and of Hestercombe in the Quantock Hills, compared with those which characterise the Granites of Devon and Cornwall.
Authors: Williams D. 
Published: October 2009

The author commenced by referring to two former papers read before the Society, in which he pointed out the condition of mountain limestone and new red sandstone at their contact with trap-rocks, and expressed his opinion that the trap was itself in great measure or entirely an altered condition of the rock which it seems to penetrate. He now states that he has found very numerous instances of similar reciprocal effects or mutual metamorphism in Devonshire and Cornwall, whenever the sedimentary strata are intersected by dykes of igneous rock, or contain it in an imbedded form, but that very different effects are observable when these strata have been invaded by so-called granite veins or vein-like processes. He proposes therefore to select two instances in confirmation of the evidence formerly adduced, and he wishes these two to be taken merely as examples. He considers the hypothesis of injection insufficient to account for the phænomena presented by the amygdaloidal traps and their association with the new red sandstone in the quarries about Exeter, Crediton and Tiverton.
The granite or syenite of Hestercombe in the Quantocks was first described, many years ago, by Mr. L. Horner. It is true dyke extending at first for about a quarter of a mile in a direction north-east by east and south-west by west, cutting the slate-rocks obliquely. It may then be traced by the rubby tillage land above in a direction due west, as far as a little glen and rivulet about a furlong and a
On the Occurrence of Nodules (called Petrified Potatoes) found on the Shores of Lough Neagh in Ireland
Authors: Buckland  
Published: October 2009

The author stated that these peculiar nodules seem to be limited in their occurrence to the space between high and low water on the margin of Lough Neagh. Their average size is from two to three inches in diameter; they are irregularly spherical or suboval, with the surface occasionally indented. They are composed of a grey marlstone interspersed with black and green sand. They effervesce with acids.
Extraneous fragments occasionally project from them and are half imbedded in their sides. On being broken they are found to be intersected with cracks, like septaria, probably the result of desiccation, and subsequently filled by crystalline carbonate of lime.
The author explains the origin of these stones by referring to the analogous concretions of clay described by him many years ago, and occurring on the sea-shore at Lyme Regis. These latter are coprolitic, containing within them undigested scales and bones of fishes; but the Lough Neagh stones, although only containing fragments of stone, are, like these marine Bezoars of Lyme, formed by the rolling action of the waves of the lake on balls of clay, which gather up any extraneous substance that may come within their adhesive contact.
They have been subsequently hardened by exposure to the drying action of sun and wind in summer, and afterwards have again undergone attrition by the waves when the waters of the lake have once more reached them, perhaps at the return of winter.
On the Classification of the Fossiliferous Slates of Cumberland, Westmoreland and Lancashire (being a Supplement to a paper read to the Society, March 12, 1845)
Authors: Sedgwick A. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction.—An abstract of my former memoir on this subject having been published in the first volume of the Geological Journal*, I am spared the necessity of entering on many details by way of introduction. Since however the subject before me is one of great complexity, I may be permitted to enumerate the results I before arrived at, and to illustrate them by sections.
The general section through the great Cumbrian cluster of mountains gives us three distinct groups of slate rocks.
III. Upper system of slates, with a few calcareous bands full of fossils, the whole deposit more or less fossiliferous.
II. Green roofing slate and contemporaneous porphyry, &c.
I. Skiddaw slate, the lower part of which is metamorphic. The superficial extent of these three groups is represented on the maps of Cumberland and Westmoreland which I have had the honour to present to the Society, and the lowermost (I .) has no exact parallel in Wales. The one marked II. is put on the parallel of the Snowdonian slates, but in Cumbria contains no fossils. The next (I I I .) commences with beds of the age of the Caradoc sandstone, and ends with rocks obviously of the age of the Upper Ludlow rocks and tilestone of the Silurian system: it therefore includes the whole or nearly the whole of that system. The subdivisions of this great physical group (I I I .) were described in detail in the paper just alluded to, and were in the following order
On the Tertiary or Supracretaceous Formations of the Isle of Wight as exhibited in the Sections at Alum Bay and White Cliff Bay
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

In the London tertiary district there are but few good sections of the middle and upper Eocene strata; and there is no part of it in which the order of superposition is so well shown, or can be so conveniently studied, as in the coast sections of Hampshire and of the Isle of Wight. Owing to this better and more permanent stratigraphical evidence, it may be desirable, before treating of the London tertiaries, to fix the subdivisions of the contemporaneous Hampshire series, in order that they may serve as types and points of reference. I therefore beg to submit to the Society the following observations made in the autumn of 1839, which I should have brought forward at an earlier period, had I not hoped to have rendered them more complete by a further examination of the district, which however I have not had leisure since to resume.
The general details of this subject are well known. I will briefly note the results obtained by former observers, and then examine in succession the development and nature of the organic remains, conjointly with the changes of lithological characters and of dip, and I hope these may tend to remove some of the uncertainty and doubt which seem still to exist, particularly on the continent, on the subject of the fauna of these strata, and on the period of the disturbance by which they have been affected. Their age and synchronism with the Paris groups also require, I think, some material revision.
Contributions to the Geology of North Wales
Authors: Sharpe Daniel 
Published: October 2009

The author made a tour in North Wales, having two objects principally in view: the first, to classify the stratified rocks of that country; the second, to ascertain what are the beds that lie below the Silurian rocks of Sir R. Murchison, and whether those beds contain any organic remains.
After first observing the structure of those parts of the country where the order of superposition in the beds was already known, he proceeded to examine other districts where the arrangement of the rocks is more obscure and complicated.
Upper Silurian Rocks.—Llangollen district
He began by studying the Llangollen district, described by the late Mr. Brown. He agrees that geologist in referring the Upper Silurian rocks in that neighbourhood, partly to the Ludlow and partly to the Wenlock series of Sir R. Murchison.

Ludlow series. — This series, in descending order, consists of

1.
Thin, grey, micaceous beds, containing Terebratula navicula, Leptæna lata, several species of Cypricardia, and other fossils

2.
Liver-coloured shales.

3.
Blue shale

The distinction which exists in the English border countries, between the Upper and Lower Ludlow beds, cannot her be made out; nor is there any trace of the Aymestry limestrone. There are so few fossils in the greater part of the Ludlow amd Wenlock series in North Wales, that it is by differences of colour or minieral composition that one is often obliged to distinguish them. The Ludlow series is of soft texture, is