bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling time-dependent mechanical behaviour of softwood using deformation kinetics
Authors: Engelund Emil Tang , Svensson Staffan 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The time-dependent mechanical behaviour (TDMB) of softwood is relevant, e.g., when wood is used as building material where the mechanical properties must be predicted for decades ahead. The established mathematical models should be able to predict the time-dependent behaviour. However, these models are not always based on the actual physical processes causing time-dependent behaviour and the physical interpretation of their input parameters is difficult. The present study describes the TDMB of a softwood tissue and its individual tracheids. A model is constructed with a local coordinate system that follows the microfibril orientation in the S2 layer of the cell wall. The inclination of the local system to the global coordinate system reflects the microfibril angle of the tracheid. Normal excitations in the local system perform linear elastically, whereas shearing excitation in the local system produces both elastic and inelastic responses. The results of the model are compared with experimental results of different types. It was observed that the model is able to describe the results. Moreover, to some surprise, the introduction of only elastic and viscous properties on the microscopic scale leads to an apparent macroscopic viscoelasticity, i.e., the time-dependent processes are to a significant degree reversible.
A Review of Pb-Free High-Temperature Solders for Power-Semiconductor Devices: Bi-Base Composite Solder and Zn–Al Base Solder
Authors: Takaku Y. , Ohnuma I. , Yamada Y. , Yagi Y. , Nakagawa I. , Atsumi T. , Shirai M. , Ishida K. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Pb-base high-temperature solders (mass % Sn=5–10, melting point (m.p.)=300–310°C) are widely applied under severe conditions, although the harmful nature of Pb is recognized. Bi-base alloys (m.p. of Bi=270°C), Zn-base alloys (m.p. of Zn=420°C), and several Au-base eutectic alloys (m.p. of Au-20Sn and Au-3.6Si=280 and 363°C, respectively) are proposed as candidates for Pb-free high-temperature solders. This paper reviews the features of Bi-base composite solders containing reinforcement particles of a superelastic Cu–Al–Mn alloy in a Bi matrix to relax thermal stress and to prevent the propagation of cracks, and Zn–Al base solders, which have high stability and high reliability enough to be utilized in practical applications under severe thermal cycle tests between −40 and 230°C more than 2000 cycles.
Estimating Demand for Urban Fisheries Management: an Illustration of Conjoint Analysis as a Tool for Fisheries Managers
Authors: Mahasuweerachai Phumsith , Boyer Tracy A. , Balsman Dane M. , Shoup Daniel E. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This paper illustrates the use of discrete-choice analysis, a nonmarket valuation technique, for assessing the effect of different management or fishing site quality variables on demand for urban fisheries. The study was carried out in three fishing ponds that are a part of the Close-to-Home Fishing Program in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area. We found that, on average, anglers were willing to pay more for physical infrastructure improvements, such as flush toilets ($3.81/year) and docks ($1.28/year), than for having larger channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus stocked (.23/year for a 4-in increase). Willingness to pay for improvements to the ponds was less for minority anglers than for other anglers. Having relative values for potential management changes for a fishery helps to inform fisheries managers about what characteristics are valued most by anglers, allowing managers to better serve the anglers' interest and to justify the costs of implementing these changes.
Dynamics of Fishing Gear and Spatial Allocation of Fishing Effort in a Multispecies Fleet
Authors: Monroy Carmen , Salas Silvia , Bello-Pineda Javier 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Optimization of fishing effort allocation and efficient deployment of fishing gear are necessary for successful management of multispecies fisheries. Campeche Bank, located in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico, provides an opportunity to understand fishing effort and fishing gear dynamics through the analysis of the fishing operations of a semi-industrial fleet and obtain insights into how to identify management units for these types of fisheries. We analyzed the operation of this fleet over 4 years by splitting it into groups and then fully describing the behavior of each one. Our analysis was based on two data sets, including records from logbooks (8,390 fishing trips) and interviews with skippers from fishing vessels at the landing ports (882 trips). We used multivariate statistical techniques (SIMPER, hierarchical cluster analysis, and nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis) to define targeted species and define the groups (métiers). Geographical information systems tools helped us to identify the spatial distribution of fishing effort by gear on an annual and monthly basis. We identified four different groups that resulted from the combination of fishing gear, target species, and fishing zones. Shifting behavior between gears and target species was a fishing strategy developed by several vessels, and technological interactions were evident between two gear types that employ longlines. Spatial allocation of fishing effort indicated a preference for certain fishing zones by vessels that operated two of the four gears. This pattern was consistent throughout the years studied; however, monthly differences did exist. The results provide information to identify management units in multispecies fisheries through the identification of métiers and the understanding of fishing strategies.
Factors Influencing Impingement at 15 Ohio River Power Plants
Authors: King Ronald G. , Seegert Greg , Vondruska Joe , Perry Elgin S. , Dixon Douglas A. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Impingement abundance monitoring was conducted at 15 Ohio River power plants as part of the Ohio River Ecological Research Program. Impingement rates were compared with environmental, power plant design, and operational factors that varied within and among the power plants, including water temperature, river flow and stage, change in flow and stage during the sampling events, volume of cooling water pumped, design pumping capacity, approach velocity, location of the intakes along the river, intake type, and intake configuration. The study demonstrated similarities in species composition, size distributions, and seasonal patterns over nearly 1,400 river kilometers of the Ohio River, results that were consistent with studies conducted nearly 30 years earlier. Dramatic annual differences in impingement rates during the 2-year study indicated that impingement is largely a function of the recruitment levels of juvenile gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, threadfin shad D. petenense, and freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, measures that fluctuate widely in the Ohio River based on long-term monitoring data and unpredictably based on current knowledge of the impingement process. The study also showed that most physical variables had little or no effect on impingement rates. Water temperature was identified through multiple regression analyses as the most important physical variable, with impingement tending to increase during the winter. Actual pumping rate during sampling events—the only factor evaluated that is under the direct control of the participating power plants—was one of the least important factors affecting impingement rates.
Matching Management to Biological Scale: Connectivity among Lacustrine Brook Trout Populations
Authors: Addison Peter A. , Wilson Chris C. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Determining appropriate spatial scales for managing fisheries is a key element of sustainable management. For inland fisheries, management or harvest regulations are often implemented as general regional guidelines or on a lake-by-lake basis. Wild lacustrine brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis from four waterbodies in the Galipo River watershed of Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, were used as a model system to determine the extent of population structure among lakes and to identify appropriate scale(s) for managing inland brook trout fisheries. Individual multilocus genotypes were measured using 10 microsatellite loci and were used to characterize movement and gene flow among lakes. Both population- and individual-based analyses showed very little genetic structure among all pairs of waterbodies, suggesting high levels of movement and gene flow between all pairs of lakes. Varying levels of limited genetic structure between pairs of lakes indicate that gene flow may not be uniform within the study system. These results suggest that contrary to previous studies, local watersheds may be the most appropriate management scale for lacustrine brook trout populations in watersheds where physical characteristics provide the potential for migration and gene flow.
Comparison of Electrofishing and Snorkeling Mark–Recapture Estimation of Detection Probability and Abundance of Juvenile Steelhead in a Medium-Sized River
Authors: Korman Josh , Decker A. Scott , Mossop Brent , Hagen John 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
We compared nighttime electrofishing- and snorkeling-based mark–recapture methods for estimating the detection probability and abundance of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Cheakamus River, British Columbia. The reliability of abundance estimates largely depends on the precision and accuracy of detection probability (the fraction of marked individuals detected) as well as a few key assumptions of closed population models that we evaluated in this study. There was minimal bias (−2.5%) in diver estimates of the fork lengths of juvenile steelhead, and the relationship between measured and estimated fork lengths was very precise (r2 = 95%). With a hierarchical Bayesian model, estimates of the detection probability for smaller juveniles (40–60 mm) ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 with electrofishing and were near zero with snorkeling. In contrast, snorkeling-based detection probability was 0.6 and independent of size for larger juvenile steelhead (&gt;60 mm) and much greater than that with electrofishing. These results provide strong evidence that there is considerable individual heterogeneity in detection probability driven by fish size for both methods. Owing to these differences, the abundance of age-0 steelhead based on snorkeling was underestimated by 50%, but that of larger, age-1 fish was unbiased and more precise (10-fold) than that based on electrofishing. The use of electrofishing during marking resulted in a substantive reduction in snorkeling-based detection probability during recapture, but the converse was not true. Thus, there is strong evidence of behavioral heterogeneity in detection probability induced by electrofishing, but only when snorkeling is used to detect fish during recapture. The differences in detection probabilities among size-classes and sampling methods were probably driven by differences in concealment behavior, spatial distribution, and fright responses to sampling. Our results indicate that snorkeling is the better way to estimate abundance for larger juvenile steelhead, whereas electrofishing is preferred for smaller fish.
Effectiveness of Night Snorkeling for Estimating Steelhead Parr Abundance in a Large River Basin
Authors: Hagen John , Decker Scott , Korman Josh , Bison Robert G. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The refinement of methodologies for estimating the abundance of juvenile salmonids in small streams has been an important area of fisheries research, but the development of methods suitable for larger streams has received insufficient attention. Using a novel approach for obtaining marked populations of fish, we evaluated the effectiveness of night snorkeling counts for estimating the abundance of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss parr in streams within a large river basin. Sampled streams ranged from headwater tributaries with wetted widths of less than 10 m to a large, main-stem river with a wetted width approaching 100 m. Estimates of snorkeling detection probability for steelhead parr were consistently high (overall mean = 0.65) and exhibited moderately low variability among sites (coefficient of variation = 0.24). Detection probability exhibited a dome-shaped relationship to fork length and declined with increasing cross-sectional site area. The high and relatively consistent detection probabilities we estimated indicate that night snorkeling can be an effective technique for estimating the basinwide abundance of steelhead parr.
Evaluating Surrogacy of Hatchery Releases for the Performance of Wild Yearling Chinook Salmon from the Snake River Basin
Authors: Buchanan Rebecca A. , Skalski John R. , Giorgi Albert E. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The combined juvenile and adult detections of Snake River yearling Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha implanted with passive integrated transponder tags migrating through the hydroelectric facilities in the Federal Columbia River Power System were analyzed using the ROSTER statistical release–recapture model. This model was used to estimate the downriver survival of smolts, ocean survival, adult passage success, and smolt-to-adult ratios (SARs) for wild and hatchery-reared Chinook salmon released as yearlings in the Snake River basin from 1996 through 2004. Estimates from wild and hatchery release groups were compared to assess the extent to which hatchery stocks may be used as surrogates for endangered wild stocks. Wild release groups included both spring and summer Chinook salmon runs, while hatchery release groups were separated by run (spring versus summer). Overall, there was a significant difference between estimates from wild release groups and hatchery spring-run release groups for all survival measures except ocean survival but not between wild release groups and hatchery summer-run release groups. Estimates of adult passage success and SAR were significantly higher for wild groups than for hatchery spring groups. There was high correlation (r &gt; 0.8) between estimates from wild fish and both spring and summer hatchery fish for all measures except adult passage success within a calendar year. It appears that hatchery summer Chinook salmon stocks from the Snake River basin may be used as surrogates for wild stocks for measuring survival on large temporal and spatial scales (e.g., annual basinwide measures). Because of differences between survival estimates from wild fish and hatchery spring fish, hatchery spring Chinook salmon may be used as an index for trends in the survival of wild stocks but not as direct surrogates.
Comparison of Mortality and Diet Composition of Pellet-Reared Advanced-Fingerling and Early-Cohort Age-0 Wild Largemouth Bass through 90 Days Poststocking at Lake Seminole, Florida
Authors: Pouder William F. , Trippel Nicholas A. , Dotson Jason R. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Advanced-fingerling Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus (N = 18,263; mean total length = 77 mm) reared on pellet feed specifically formulated for largemouth bass were tagged with coded wire tags and stocked on 28 May 2008 in a 162-ha lobe of hypereutrophic Lake Seminole (283 ha) in Pinellas County, Florida. We compared mortality and diet composition of stocked advanced-fingerling and early-cohort wild age-0 largemouth bass through 90 d poststocking. Our mortality estimates were similar for stocked (84%) and early-cohort age-0 wild largemouth bass (95%) based on the slope of a catch curve. We used a percent similarity index (PSI) to evaluate the diet composition of stocked and early-cohort wild age-0 largemouth bass. Diet composition was generally similar between stocked and wild fish, although the greatest dissimilarity occurred at 7 d poststocking (PSI = 0.48). Pearson chi-square analysis indicated that early-cohort age-0 wild largemouth bass had a significantly higher frequency of diets containing fish than stocked largemouth bass and that stocked fish had a significantly higher frequency of empty stomachs at 7 d poststocking. An inability to transition to natural prey, stresses from the stocking process, and/or other factors not measured in this study (e.g., predation) probably contributed to the mortality of stocked fish through 90 d poststocking. We recommend that hatchery managers and biologists conduct further research on the hatchery fish rearing protocol (e.g., transition to natural prey and habitat complexity in raceways) that may lead to increased survival of stocked advanced-fingerling largemouth bass.
Modified Sampling Design for Age-0 Fish Electrofishing at Beach Habitats
Authors: Janáč Michal , Jurajda Pavel 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Fright bias can cause misleading results when sampling age-0 fish in beach habitats. In this study, different sampling methods were tested to reduce fright bias. Experiments using video recordings demonstrated that efficiency was 13% for extension pole electrofishing (EPE), 47% for thrown anode electrofishing (TAE), and 100% for pre-positioned anode electrofishing (PAnE). We propose a modified PAnE design for sampling age-0 fish that would not be excessively time consuming. The modified PAnE sampling design was then tested against EPE, TAE, and fine-mesh seine netting (SN). We found that PAnE sampled significantly more species and individuals than EPE and TAE. Assemblage structure sampled by PAnE differed significantly from that sampled by EPE, TAE, and SN; the difference was more substantial relative to SN than to EPE or TAE. Assemblages sampled by EPE and TAE had a lower representation of common bleak Alburnus alburnus, white-fin gudgeons Gobio albipinnatus, common dace [also known as Eurasion dace] Leuciscus leuciscus, and roach Rutilus rutilus compared with PAnE. Assemblages sampled by SN had a lower representation of white-fin gudgeons, chub [also known as European chub] L. cephalus, common barbels Barbus barbus, and common nase Chondrostoma nasus compared with PAnE. No difference was found in length distributions of fish captured by PAnE and the other methods. Although the modified PAnE design demonstrated significantly reduced time consumption, it was still more time consuming than the other sampling methods. The apparent advantages of PAnE were its high relative efficiency (higher number of fish/min of sampling relative to the other methods) and its minimization of the bias and selectivity caused by the investigator's presence or action.
A Regional Approach for Monitoring Salmonid Status and Trends: Results from a Pilot Study in Coastal Mendocino County, California
Authors: Gallagher Sean P. , Wright David W. , Collins Barry W. , Adams Peter B. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In coastal California, many evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, coho salmon O. kisutch, and steelhead O. mykiss are listed under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). Monitoring species status at the ESU or ESU subdivision scale requires specialized sampling. The purposes of this study were (1) to evaluate abundance estimated from a generalized random tessellation stratified (GRTS) design and compare the results with those from a more intensive stratified random monitoring program and (2) to evaluate the statistical power of the design to detect population trends. This 3-year pilot study considered five Mendocino County streams as an example region of coastal California to evaluate a two-stage sampling approach for monitoring regional escapement. Under this scheme, regional redd surveys (stage 1) were conducted in stream reaches in a GRTS sampling design. Ten percent of anadromous habitat was sampled in year 1 and 10–35% in years 2 and 3. Spawner:redd ratios were derived from smaller-scale census watersheds (stage 2) where “true” escapement was estimated using capture–recapture methods. Regional escapement was then estimated from expanded redd counts, calibrated by spawner:redd ratios. As an alternative, more intensive method for estimating escapement, three survey streams were also sampled in a stratified random design. The results, added to counts from the census basins, produced more rigorous “sum-of-streams” estimates for comparison with the GRTS sampling. Redd counts and the resulting escapement estimates were reliable for regional monitoring. The GRTS and sum-of-streams estimates overlapped, and the variation in the 95% confidence intervals did not change after 15%. Our results suggest that a sample size of 15% or 41 or more reaches (whichever results in fewer survey reaches) should have adequate precision and statistical power to detect regional trends in salmon populations. We recommend that this monitoring approach be applied at regional spatial scales consistent with ESA recovery planning efforts.
Performance of Spawner Survey Techniques at Low Abundance Levels
Authors: Gallagher Sean P. , Adams Peter B. , Wright David W. , Collins Barry W. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Population monitoring is essential to know whether coastal California's Endangered Species Act–listed Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, coho salmon O. kisutch, and steelhead O. mykiss stocks are progressing toward recovery. In coastal California, salmonids are at the southern edge of their range, and this one of many reasons they are not abundant. This provides unique challenges for monitoring, as different survey methods will result in estimates with different levels of accuracy and precision, which are important for evaluating population trends. For this study we intensively monitored three Mendocino County watersheds to evaluate the reliability of two-stage data for monitoring regional escapement. Under this scheme, regional spawning surveys (stage 1) were calibrated with data from intensively monitored watersheds (stage 2), where escapement was estimated using capture–recapture methods, redd counts, and fish counts. The objective of the study was to evaluate the quality of the stage 2 data for calibrating regional surveys. We evaluated the precision of live-fish capture–recapture estimates and compared these estimates with estimates derived from spawning survey data using carcass capture–recapture, area under the curve (AUC), and redd counts. Live-fish capture–recapture produced escapement estimates with narrower 95% confidence bounds where permanent structures were used to capture fish. Redd counts converted to fish numbers using spawner: redd ratios were chosen for the regional salmonid monitoring method because they were reliable, economical, and less intrusive. Converted redd counts were statistically and operationally similar to live-fish capture–recapture estimates but required fewer resources. The AUC estimates were less reliable than converted redd counts and live-fish capture–recapture methods due to the sensitivity of the estimates of residence time and observer efficiency. Finally, we found that carcass capture–recapture methods were operationally unsuccessful in coastal California streams. On the basis of our results, we recommend that annual spawner: redd ratios from intensively monitored watersheds be used to calibrate redd counts for regional status and trend monitoring of California's coastal salmonids.