bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing environmental governance research: the example of forest cover change studies
Authors: TACCONI LUCA 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYEnvironmental problems are often complex and it is widely recognized that they cannot be satisfactorily addressed by single disciplines. The review of forest cover change studies points to the need to carry out research integrating economic, political, social and environmental aspects. Existing interdisciplinary study areas, namely ecological economics, political ecology, sustainability science and Earth system governance do not yet fully integrate all the required aspects. This paper points out that the establishment of greater synergies between those study areas would be beneficial in developing the broader study area of environmental governance. A definition of environmental governance as a subject of study is developed. Lack of an all encompassing theory of environmental governance is highlighted, while the improbability of such a theory is acknowledged. In relation to normative work, the refinement of principles of good environmental governance could support the design and prioritization of policies. Empirical research needs to include the testing of hypotheses arising from theoretical developments, assessment of policy uptake and new exploratory research. Methodologically, environmental governance might start from an interdisciplinary approach followed by further integration leading to a transdisciplinary study area that uses a mixed methods research approach.
The classification of the sciences and the quest for interdisciplinarity: a brief history of ideas from ancient philosophy to contemporary environmental science
Authors: TROMPF G. W. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYBurgeoning acquisition of information about the workings, scope and diversities of the cosmos put serious pressure on 19th-century European intellectuals to classify branches of human knowledge. A challenge presented itself not only to order different subject-areas and disciplines intelligently, or assess them according to apparent degrees of certitude, but also to discover some synthesizing principle by which all the distinctive methods of approaching the world might be viewed in interrelationship. This review shows that such endeavours to classify and unify were traditional procedures, with deep roots going back to antiquity, and they brought coherence to academic programmes through the centuries. As a mark of European modernity, there was a tendency to establish more rational, scientific and secular principles of order, and the consequent tensions between positivistic and holistic styles of approach to science have continued since. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, it is also recognized, the constant subdividing of academic agendas has made the work of classification much less manageable and attractive. If traditional principles to express the unity of knowledge were philosophical, or, in the case of the medieval universities, evoked the oneness of the divine Creation, it is intriguing how planetary survivalism in the present time has pushed environmental science centre-stage as a pivotal point of activity encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration. If varying consideration has been granted to practical subjects (for example agriculture) in the history of knowledge classification, their importance has been clarified by current biospheric predicaments.
Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in children aged 2–16 years in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: KHAN M. I. , OCHIAI R. L. , SOOFI S. B. , VON-SEIDLEIN L. , KHAN M. J. , SAHITO S. M. , HABIB M. A. , PURI M. K. , PARK J. K. , YOU Y. A. , ALI M. , NIZAMI S. Q. , ACOSTA C. J. , BRADLEY-SACK R. , CLEMENS J. D. , BHUTTA Z. A. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYWe analysed the data from the control group in a typhoid vaccine trial in Karachi to assess the differences in individual-, household- and cluster-level characteristics for developing typhoid fever. The annual incidence of typhoid in children aged 2–16 years in the control arm of the vaccine trial was 151/100 000 population. After adjustment, the risk of typhoid was lower with increasing age [risk ratio (RR) 0·89, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·83–0·95], was higher with an increase in population density (RR 1·13, 95% CI 1·05–1·21) and was lower in the households using a safe drinking-water source (RR 0·63, 95% CI 0·41–0·99). Typhoid fever affects younger children living in areas of high population density and lack of access to safe water in Pakistan. A combination of environmental and biological interventions is required to prevent the continued epidemiological and economic impact of typhoid fever in high-risk areas of Pakistan.
Decreasing prevalence of brucellosis in red deer through efforts to control disease in livestock
Authors: SERRANO E. , CROSS P. C. , BENERIA M. , FICAPAL A. , CURIA J. , MARCO X. , LAVÍN S. , MARCO I. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYWhen a pathogen infects a number of different hosts, the process of determining the relative importance of each host species to the persistence of the pathogen is often complex. Removal of a host species is a potential but rarely possible way of discovering the importance of that species to the dynamics of the disease. This study presents the results of a 12-year programme aimed at controlling brucellosis in cattle, sheep and goats and the cascading impacts on brucellosis in a sympatric population of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Boumort National Game Reserve (BNGR; NE Spain). From February 1998 to December 2009, local veterinary agencies tested over 36 180 individual blood samples from cattle, 296 482 from sheep and goats and 1047 from red deer in the study area. All seropositive livestock were removed annually. From 2006 to 2009 brucellosis was not detected in cattle and in 2009 only one of 97 red deer tested was found to be positive. The surveillance and removal of positive domestic animals coincided with a significant decrease in the prevalence of brucellosis in red deer. Our results suggest that red deer may not be able to maintain brucellosis in this region independently of cattle, sheep or goats, and that continued efforts to control disease in livestock may lead to the eventual eradication of brucellosis in red deer in the area.
Moments musicaux: high culture in the Paris Commune
Authors: MORDEY DELPHINE 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDuring the Paris Commune of 1871, four spectacular concerts took place at the Tuileries Palace. Although the musical genre most often associated with the Communards is popular song, these Tuileries concerts primarily featured instrumental works and operatic numbers. Indeed, during much of their short reign the Communards sought to nurture elite music, in particular through attempts to control the Paris Opéra and its repertory. This article treats the Tuileries concerts as a starting point for understanding the Commune's brief direction of the Opéra, exploring ways in which the movement's attitude towards elite music at both venues engaged with a number of its central preoccupations. It suggests that Communards, often depicted as merely destructive, were anxious to rehabilitate their reputation and legitimise their status through the appropriation of high culture.
‘Now I come to you, ladies, after so much time’: Cleopatra, Maria d'Aragona and anintermediofor the Duchess of Alba
Authors: TREADWELL NINA 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDuring March 1588, Maria d'Aragona, the Marchesa of Vasto, sponsored a set of fourintermediat her palazzo in Chiaia, Naples. The centrepiece of the entertainment was theintermedioentitled ‘Queen Cleopatra on her Ship’. This article explores d'Aragona's role as sponsor of the entertainment, particularly in relation to her interest in the historical figure of Cleopatra. Drawing on sources that informed perceptions of the Egyptian queen during the early- to mid-Cinquecento, it will be shown that within a performance context governed by a strong-willed female patron, the often negatively depicted Cleopatra could be cast as a positive role model, particularly for d'Aragona-related noblewomen who themselves had experienced strong female mentorship and enjoyed the relative autonomy of widowhood. D'Aragona's decision to cast the NeapolitanvirtuosaEufemia Jozola as Cleopatra reinforced the female-orientated nature of theintermedio, and sheds new light on mid-Cinquecento Neapolitan performance practice.
Elsa's reason: On beliefs and motives in Wagner'sLohengrin
Authors: CHRISSOCHOIDIS ILIAS , HUCK STEFFEN 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOnce Wagner's most popular opera,Lohengrinhas suffered scholarly neglect in the post-war period. This essay re-engages with the work from the novel perspective of game theory analysis. Centring on Elsa's breach of theFrageverbot, it offers a close epistemological study of the opera's main characters. As an alternative to traditional interpretations of the heroine's fatal decision, we propose a complex and psychologically more compelling account. Elsa asks the forbidden question because she needs to confirm Lohengrin's belief in her innocence, a belief that Ortrud successfully erodes in Act II. This interpretation reveals Elsa as a rational individual, upgrades the dramatic significance of the Act I combat scene, and, more broadly, signals a return to a hermeneutics of Wagnerian drama.
Lessons from inter-stage cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in predicting survival for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Hughes Marina L. , Tsang Victor T. , Kostolny Martin , Giardini Alessandro , Muthurangu Vivek , Taylor Andrew M. , Brown Katherine 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis study describes single-unit experience and explores risk stratification, with protocolised inter-stage cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Survival was retrospectively analysed among the cohort of locally followed survivors of Norwood Stage I procedure, who underwent magnetic resonance imaging under general anaesthesia from 2003 to 2008. This included 32 patients: 17 with Sano conduit and 15 with arterio-pulmonary shunt. The median (inter-quartile range) age and weight at scan were 3.1 (2.6–4.6) months and 5.0 (4.5–5.3) kilograms, respectively. Using morphologic definitions, the median coarctation index was 0.71 (0.57–0.83). The degree of proximal right and left pulmonary artery narrowing was 25% (14–44%) and 25% (11–50%), respectively. The median right ventricular ejection fraction was 54% (48–59%). The ejection fraction was not related to the coarctation index or to pulmonary artery narrowing. Patients were followed up for a median of 19.2 (10.8–46.0) months, during which 13 (41%) had an intervention in addition to routine Norwood Stage II surgery and seven died. Risk of death was related to reduced right ventricular ejection fraction, with a hazard ratio of 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.85–0.98, p = 0.02), and the cumulative number of focal stenoses of neo-aortic arch and pulmonary arteries (hazard ratio 2.71, 95% confidence interval 1.14–6.44, p = 0.02). Conclusions: In addition to comprehensive three-dimensional morphologic imaging, inter-stage cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides a ventricular functional index that may predict outcome in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Measures to preserve right ventricular systolic function and relieve stenoses are paramount within the complex management strategies for these patients.
EARLY DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS DEBATES REVISITED
Authors: ALACEVICH MICHELE 
Published: May 2011

Development economics in its early years created the image of a fierce fight between advocates of contrasting theories or approaches—“balanced growth” vs. “unbalanced growth,” or “program loans” vs. “project loans.” This view has the merit of highlighting such conflicts in great detail; yet, it fails to take into account the reality of development economics as it was practiced in the field. This paper reassesses these old conflicts by complementing the traditional focus on theoretical debates with an emphasis on the practice of development economics.A particularly interesting example is the debate between Albert Hirschman, one of the fathers of the “unbalanced growth” approach, and Lauchlin Currie, among the advocates of “balanced growth,” on how to foster iron and steel production in Colombia in the 1950s. An analysis of the positions held by these two economists shows that they were, in fact, much less antithetical than is usually held, and, indeed, were in some fundamental aspects surprisingly similar.Debates among development economists during the 1950s thus must be explained—at least partially—as the natural dynamics of an emerging discipline that took shape when different groups tried to achieve supremacy—or at least legitimacy—through the creation of mutually delegitimizing systemic theories.
AN ECONOMIC APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF LAW IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY: GAETANO FILANGIERI AND LA SCIENZA DELLA LEGISLAZIONE
Authors: SIMON FABRIZIO 
Published: May 2011

This work presents the elements of economic analysis of law that occur in the thought of Gaetano Filangieri. In the pages of La Scienza della Legislazione the Neapolitan writer develops a utilitarian and economic investigation that pays attention to the judgments individuals make over social phenomena at the margin point. A proof of this development can be found in the explanation of the principle of decreasing marginal utility, argued in Head XXXI of Book III, which represents one of the most effective demonstrations that can be found before the end of nineteenth-century literature. The most remarkable fact is that, of all the five parts that compose the Filangierian work, the most rich in economic arguments is dedicated to “Criminal Laws.”This article will point out this and other innovative results of the Filangerian analysis, and will also offer a reconstruction of the economic theory on crime and punishment presented in La Scienza della Legislazione. Filangieri’s criminal doctrine represents a significant example of the Enlightenment antecedents of “law and economics,” as well as the better known contributions made by Beccaria and Bentham.
Intakes and perceived home availability of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit and vegetables as reported by mothers, fathers and adolescents in the HEIA (HEalth In Adolescents) study
Authors: Bjelland Mona , Lien Nanna , Grydeland May , Bergh Ingunn H , Anderssen Sigmund A , Ommundsen Yngvar , Klepp Knut-Inge , Andersen Lene F 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), fruit and vegetables (FV) among adolescents and their parents and to explore differences in the perceived availability by gender and parental education.DesignBaseline data from the HEIA (HEalth In Adolescents) study.SettingData on intake of SSB were collected assessing frequency and amounts, whereas consumption of FV was assessed on the basis of frequency. Further, perceived availability at home and at school (taken from home) was reported.SubjectsParticipants were 1528 Norwegian adolescents aged 11 years, as well as 1200 mothers and 1057 fathers.ResultsThe adolescents’ intake of SSB was low on weekdays but doubled during weekend days. This pattern was observed among parents as well. There were significant differences in intake between boys, girls, mothers and fathers, except for vegetables. Fathers reported the lowest frequency of FV intake. Compared with adolescents, mothers reported lower availability of SSB and higher availability of FV. Compared with their sons, fathers reported higher availability of vegetables and lower availability of sugar-sweetened fruit drinks at school. Significant differences in adolescents’ intake of SSB and in the perceived availability of both SSB and FV by parental education were found.ConclusionsThe intake of SSB was higher during weekend days than during weekdays, whereas the frequency of FV intake was low. Differences in adolescents’ perceived availability of both SSB and FV on the basis of parental education were found, whereas the differences in intake were significant only for SSB. Increasing parental awareness of availability and their potential as role models across parental gender and educational level could improve adolescents’ dietary habits.
Electron Drift and Diffusion in Parahydrogen at 77°K
Authors: Crompton RW , McIntosh AI 
Published: May 2011

This paper reports a series of experiments to measure electron diffusion and drift in pure parahydrogen at 77° K. Tables of data are given for the electron drift velocity W in the range 1.2 X l0−19 ≤ E/N ≤ 9.5 x l0−17 V cm2 and for the ratio of diffusion coefficient to mobility D/μ for 2 X 10−20 ≤ E/N ≤ 6 X 10−17 V cm2. As expected, these data are indistinguishable from the data for normal hydrogen in the thermal region and at the higher values of E/N where vibrational excitation is the dominant process controlling the electron energy distribution. However, at intermediate values of E/N, the values of W and D/μ differ by more than 10 and 20% respectively from the corresponding values in normal hydrogen, demonstrating the influence of the difference in the statistical weights of the rotational levels in the two gases.
Morphine
Authors: Fallon Marie , McConnell Sandra 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Morphine is considered the first line strong opioid for cancer pain and can be administered via different routes. Patients, carers and health care professionals’ concerns regarding morphine must be addressed to allow successful pain management. Morphine is metabolized in the liver and is therefore susceptible to interactions with other drugs. Morphine metabolites are excreted by the kidney and may accumulate in renal impairment. Adverse effects of morphine may be managed by dose reduction, change in route of administration, opioid switching and/or symptomatic measures.
Parenteral opioids
Authors: Johnson Jeremy R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOpioids can be administered parenterally when the oral route is not suitable. Continuous subcutaneous infusion is safe, comfortable and effective. Morphine and diamorphine are the commonly used World Health Organization (WHO) step III opioids. Other strong opioids can be given via continuous subcutaneous infusion. Equianalgesic tables should be used with caution. When converting between different formulations and routes, err on the side of caution, monitor the patient and retitrate as necessary.
Ectopic expression of the p23 silencing suppressor of Citrus tristeza virus differentially modifies viral accumulation and tropism in two transgenic woody hosts
Authors: FAGOAGA CARMEN , PENSABENE‐BELLAVIA GIOVANNI , MORENO PEDRO , NAVARRO LUÍS , FLORES RICARDO , PEÑA LEANDRO 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYCitrus tristeza virus (CTV), a phloem‐restricted closterovirus infecting citrus, encodes three different silencing suppressors (p25, p20 and p23), one of which (p23) is a pathogenicity determinant that induces aberrations resembling CTV symptoms when expressed ectopically in transgenic citrus hosts. In this article, the effect of p23 ectopic expression on virus infection was examined in sweet orange (SwO), a highly susceptible host, and sour orange (SO), which severely restricts CTV cell‐to‐cell movement. Transgenic plants of both species ectopically expressing p23, or transformed with an empty vector, were graft inoculated with the mild CTV isolate T385 or with CTV‐BC1/GFP, a clonal strain derived from the severe isolate T36 carrying the gene for the green fluorescent protein (GFP). CTV distribution in infected tissues was assessed by direct tissue blot immunoassay and fluorescence emission, and virus accumulation was estimated by quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. CTV accumulation in p23‐expressing and control SwO plants was similar, whereas the viral load in transgenic SO expressing p23 was 10–105 times higher than in the cognate control plants. Although few infection foci composed of a single cell were observed in the phloem of CTV‐infected control SO, the number of foci in p23‐expressing plants was higher and usually comprised two to six cells, indicating viral cell‐to‐cell movement. CTV was detected in mesophyll protoplasts and cells from infected SO and SwO expressing p23, but not in similar protoplasts and cells from infected control plants. Our results show that the ectopic expression of p23 enables CTV to escape from the phloem and, in addition, facilitates systemic infection of the resistant SO host. This is the first report of a viral‐encoded protein that enhances virus accumulation and distribution in woody hosts.
Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults
Authors: Vernon G. , Baranova A. , Younossi Z. M. 
Published: May 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34: 274–285SummaryBackground  Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of chronic liver disease, and its worldwide prevalence continues to increase with the growing obesity epidemic. This study assesses the epidemiology of NAFLD in adults based on clinical literature published over the past 30 years.Aim  To review epidemiology and natural history of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults based on clinical literature published over the past 30 years.Methods  An in‐depth search of PubMed (1980–2010) was based on five search terms: ‘non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease’ OR ‘non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis’ OR ‘fatty liver’ OR ‘steatosis’ AND ‘incidence’ [MeSH Terms] OR ‘prevalence’ [MeSH Terms] OR ‘natural history’. Studies of paediatric cohorts were excluded. Articles were categorised by topic and summarised, noting generalisations concerning their content.Results  Four study categories included NAFLD incidence, prevalence, risk factors and natural history. Studies related to NAFLD prevalence and incidence indicate that the diagnosis is heterogeneous and relies on a variety of assessment tools, including liver biopsy, radiological tests such as ultrasonography, and blood testing such as liver enzymes. The prevalence of NAFLD is highest in populations with pre‐existing metabolic conditions such as obesity and type II diabetes. Many studies investigating the natural history of NAFLD verify the progression from NASH to advanced fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Conclusions  Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common cause of elevated liver enzymes. Within the NAFLD spectrum, only NASH progresses to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. With the growing epidemic of obesity, the prevalence and impact of NAFLD continues to increase, making NASH potentially the most common cause of advanced liver disease in coming decades.
The mediating role of hyperactivity and inattention on sex differences in paediatric injury risk
Authors: Karazsia B. T. , Guilfoyle S. M. , Wildman B. G. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground  Extensive research suggests that risk of injury is higher among young boys versus young girls. The present study examined a mediational model to identify mechanisms that may explain differences in injury risk.Methods  Reports of child behaviour and two indices of injury risk among 114 children in early childhood were obtained from parents in community‐based paediatric medical centres.Results  Regression analyses and post‐hoc examination of indirect effects supported a mediation model in which the relationship between child sex and child injury risk was explained by hyperactivity and inattention.Conclusions  Interventions that promote child well‐being by targeting constellations of externalizing behaviour problems may simultaneously decrease paediatric injury risk.