bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oriented layers of cellulose fibres for deuteration and infra‐red dichroism studies
Authors: Cumberbirch R. J. E. , Spedding H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is described for the preparation of an oriented sample of regenerated cellulose fibres thin enough to permit examination, after deuteration in situ, of the infra‐red dichroism of the important hydroxyl stretching region. Relevant spectra are given in the region 2150–3650 cm.−1 The extension of this method to cotton is discussed.
One‐step catalytic conversion of ethanol to butadiene in the fixed bed. I. Single‐oxide catalysts
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Ganguly N. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn exhaustive investigation has been carried out on the one‐step catalytic conversion of ethanol to butadiene in the presence of a large number of single‐oxide catalyst systems.The oxides of aluminium, magnesium, iron (III), zirconium and thorium, prepared by calcining the precipitate obtained on addition of aqueous ammonia or ammonium carbonate to a solution of the appropriate nitrate, had good catalytic activity, the process yield of butadiene from ethanol being 24.0, 27.4, 29.8, 35.5 and 31.1%, respectively, under optimum conditions, which were: temperature 400–500°; ethanol feed rate 1.256–1.875 ml./h./g. of catalyst.The process yield of butadiene decreased with the water content of the feed.
Spectrophotometric analysis of long‐chain amines by a dye‐extraction method
Authors: Mukerjee Ashoka , Mukerjee Pasupati 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dye‐extraction method for amines and substituted amines is capable of quantitative determination of pure amines and their mixtures in microgram quantities, determination of approximate equivalent weights, and detection of the nature of the amine species.
Spontaneous ignition in carbon adsorption beds
Authors: Boden N. , Cullis C. F. , Fish A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome laboratory experiments are described which were designed to elucidate the cause of spontaneous ignition phenomena occurring when air is admitted to solvent‐impregnated carbon adsorption beds. Four types of carbon have been used, together with two organic solvents, ethanol and benzene. The experimental results show no evidence of heterogeneous catalysis by elementary carbon of the oxidation of these substrates. They suggest, on the other hand, that the phenomenon is generally due to exothermic reaction between carbon and oxygen which is strongly catalysed by any metal oxide impurities present; the resulting rapid and considerable increases of temperature enable homogeneous reaction to occur between the solvent and oxygen, leading to spontaneous ignition.
Rheology and structure of mixtures of road tar and bitumen
Authors: Berneis K. , Wood L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiscontinuities previously observed in the softening point and insoluble matter curves of tar‐bitumen systems have been investigated by carrying out a number of flow tests and viscosity measurements over a wide temperature range. The results provide evidence that stable mixtures comprising up to 60% bitumen are thixotropic at and below the softening temperature, due possibly to a marked association of certain tar components. With bitumen in greater excess the higher‐molecular‐weight hydrocarbons and oxygen‐containing compounds of the tar are pepsised by the bitumen. It is suggested that phase inversion occurs at a composition of about 50% by volume of each component.
Cathodic protection against dezincification
Authors: Crennell J. T. , Sawyer L. J. E. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract(1) Naval Brass or H.T. Brass may be protected against dezincification in sea‐water by cathodic protection at a potential of −0.60V (relative to silver‐silver chloride).(2) The progress of dezincification beneath an already dezincified layer of metal can be arrested at the same potential.
Reactions between solids. III. Uncatalysed, catalysed and inhibited reaction of potassium perchlorate with polydivinylbenzene
Authors: Patai S. , Albeck M. , Cross H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solid‐solid reaction between potassium perchlorate and a crosslinked divinylbenzene–ethylstyrene copolymer was studied under various conditions of temperature, compounding pressure, grain size and reactant ratio. The same reaction was also investigated in the presence of a large variety of added substances, some of which acted as catalysts and others as inhibitors. An empirical rate equation is proposed, which fits the experimental curves. The mechanism of the reaction and the action of catalysts and inhibitors is discussed.
Hydration of calcium sulphate hemihydrate. I. Kinetics of the reaction
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Surkevicius H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe hydration of finely divided calcium sulphate hemihydrate in concentrated aqueous suspensions was studied under isothermal and adiabatic conditions. The reactions in both cases were strongly self‐accelerating and followed similar courses either when accelerated or unmodified. The kinetics approximated to those of an ideal system proposed previously to explain the kinetics of setting of calcined gypsum. With the inhibited reaction, agreement with the behaviour of the ideal system was not so close. The relationship between the kinetics of the isothermal and adiabatic hydrations is discussed.
Hydration of calcium sulphate hemihydrate. II. Acceleration by neutral salts
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Surkevicius H. , Lardner K. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the effects of accelerating salts on the hydration of calcium sulphate hemihydrate. Univalent cations could be arranged in the following order of effectiveness Li+ < Na+, NH, < K+ > Rb+ > Cs+. Anions tested showed the following order of effectiveness. CI−, Br−, I−, CNS−, NO < F− < SO.
Vapour‐liquid equilibria: Systems benzene‐methyl isobutyl carbinol and cyclohexane‐methyl isobutyl carbinol
Authors: Rao G. Jayarama , Dakshinamurty P. , Rao C. Venkata 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIsobaric vapour liquid equilibria of the binary systems benzene‐methyl isobutyl carbinol and cyclohexane‐methyl isobutyl carbinol at 760 mm. total pressure have been determined with a modified Colburn still. The vapour‐liquid equilibrium results of both the systems are satisfactorily correlated with Wohl's three‐suffix Margules equations.
Solubility of strontium sulphate in water and aqueous solutions of hydrogen chloride, sodium chloride, sulphuric acid and sodium sulphate by the radiotracer method
Authors: Lucchesi P. J. , Whitney E. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractValues are given for the solubility of strontium sulphate in a number of electrolyte solutions, as determined by a radiotracer method with the salt labelled with 89Sr or 35S.
Rapid method for detecting the presence of deleterious organic matter in soil‐cement
Authors: Sherwood P. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of cement‐stabilised soils for constructing road bases is dependent upon the availability of soils which are free from organic matter. This organic matter can prevent the normal hardening of the cement. A simple, reliable test for detecting the presence of organic matter is described, which is based on the measurement of the pH of the soil‐cement mixture 1 h. after being mixed.A study was made of the factors that required control so that only the type of soil would affect the pH results under the conditions of the test. Under these standardised conditions it was found that the pH of the soil‐cement in the early stages of hydration was related to its later compressive strength. It was concluded that the measurement of the pH of soil‐cement could be used to find the presence of deleterious organic matter in soils.
Effect of glass on corrosion reactions in fused chlorides
Authors: Edeleanu C. , Gibson J. G. , Littlewood R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorrosion testing frequently requires the use of an inert container material and, for tests in fused chlorides, glass or silica containers have commonly been used. The present work shows that such containers can have a marked effect on corrosion reactions in fused chlorides, and this has two important implications: (1) test results obtained in glass apparatus may not be directly applicable to plant where an all‐metal system is in contact with a fused chloride; (2) test results obtained in all‐metal apparatus may not be directly applicable to plant containing glass or ceramic components as well as metal.
Stepwise coalescence of a single droplet at an oil‐water interface
Authors: Jeffreys G. V. , Hawksley J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experimental investigation of the behaviour of a single droplet at an oil water interface has shown that coalescence takes place stepwise. The number of steps appears to depend on the ratio of the viscosity of the phases and the experimental distribution of coalescence times has been correlated by an equation of the type In (N/No) = — K(t—to)n as proposed by Gillespie & Rideal and not by In(N/No)= — αtn as suggested by Elton & Picknett.
Reactions of aminoalkyl silicates with oxirane compounds
Authors: Emblem H. G. , Hurt N. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReactions between several aminoalkyl silicates and oxirane compounds are described. Ethyl (ethanolamine) polysilicate, prepared from ethyl polysilicate and ethanolamine, reacts with propylene oxide to give products which gel when mixed with water. In contrast, products obtained by reacting monoethanolamine orthosilicate or 2‐aminobutyl orthosilicate with oxirane compounds are stable in aqueous solution. If the aminoalkyl silicate contains unsubstituted organic groups, a self‐condensation of the reaction product is possible. The properties of the various reaction products are given and related to present knowledge of the behaviour of organic silicates. The reaction mechanism is discussed in relation to the known reaction of amines with oxirane compounds. Possible stuctures of the products obtained in the self‐condensation reaction which can occur in compounds containing unsubstituted organic groups are considered.
Epoxidation of ethylenic linkages by chromic acid. I. Oxidation of 1,1,2‐triphenylpropene‐1 by chromic oxide
Authors: Moussa G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe oxidation of 1,1,2‐triphenylpropene‐1 by chromic oxide in acetic anhydride gives 1,2‐epoxy‐1,1,2‐triphenylpropane with fission products and 2,3,3‐triphenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐al. The epoxide is relatively stable towards aqueous sulphuric acid.Chromic acid in aqueous sulphuric acid brings about oxidative fission of the double bond together with the formation of the above unsaturated aldehyde.A mechanism for the epoxidation of olefins in chromic acid is discussed.
The composition and crystallography of an anhydrous calcium aluminosulphate occurring in expanding cement
Authors: Halstead P. E. , Moore A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe existence of a compound of composition 4CaO,3A12O3, SO3 is confirmed and the structure, which has body‐centred cubic symmetry, is deduced to be of the ‘ultramarine’ type. The high‐temperature stability of the compound is discussed, together with its potential applications in an expanding cement.
Influence of some conditions of calcination on the reactivity of calcium sulphate hemihydrate
Authors: Ridge M. J. , Surkevicius H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the influence of temperature and of some other conditions in the calcination of gypsum on the properties of the product. No anhydrite was detected in the product of still calcination carried out at temperatures up to 200°, but calcination at 143° and above in a rotary calciner leads to appreciable rates of transformation to anhydrite. The formation of anhydrite appears to be catalysed by water vapour, and initiated to some extent by friction of the grains.The reactivity of the product of still calcination of the sample of gypsum studied appeared to be independent of the duration of calcinations taking more than 10 h., and was at a minimum for calcination at about 150°. The reactivity of the product of rotary calcination varied in a more complicated manner. In general, the higher the temperature of preparation the greater was the reactivity of hemihydrate. Anhydrite appears to offer favourable sites for the formation of gypsum nuclei and its formation tends to be associated with a more reactive product. However, it is evident that mechanisms other than the formation of anhydrite produce sites for the nucleation of gypsum and this matter is discussed.
The influence of pH on the surface characteristics of silica gel soaked in aqueous solutions
Authors: Dollimore D. , Heal G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen silica gel is soaked in solutions of pH between 0.43 and 11.2 its surface characteristics are altered. The general effect is to diminish the surface area as measured by low‐temperature nitrogen‐adsorption. The original surface area of the silica gel was 685 m.2/g. and the largest diminution occurred on soaking at pH 11.2. when a product with an area of 328 m.2/g. was produced. Pore size distribution curves show a trend towards loss of smaller pores and growth of larger ones. The particle size of the various samples, as measured by hindered settling and sedimentation balance techniques, indicated a growth of particle size under those conditions where increase in the average radius of the pores was recorded. These effects are described in terms of movement of silica from large to small pores, and to the external surface, where it cements particles together.
Surface properties of hydrolysed titania. I. Titania prepared from titanium tetra‐alkoxides
Authors: Harris M. R. , Whitaker G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of active titania have been prepared by the hydrolysis with steam of several titanium tetra‐alkoxides under neutral ion‐free conditions, and their surface properties studied by nitrogen adsorption at − 195.8°. It is shown that for a series of normal alkoxides hydrolysed from solution in either benzene or the parent alcohol, the product has a stable surface area close to 300 m.2 g.−1, being porous with a mean pore radius of about 20 A. No appreciable ageing was observed except when the titania gel was kept in contact with the boiling mother‐liquor. By hydrolysis in acidic and basic media and subsequent alteration of the pH, a variation in pore size was obtained.
Selective ion‐exchanger based on a phenylfluorone derivative
Authors: Seidl J. , Štamberg J. , Hrbková E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new type of selective ion‐exchanger was prepared by condensation of resorcylfluorone with formaldehyde. The structure units of fluorone, retain their ability for binding germanium even after their incorporation into the three dimensional macrormolecular matrix. The ion‐exchange resin formed in this way sorbs germanium selectively even from concentrated solution of acids and salts, e.g. from azeotropic hydrochloric acid. The desorption of germanium can be carried out by elution with water. This procedure may be used for separating germanium from arsenic and iron (and from further elements) in chloric acid solution the germanium being finally isolated as dioxide in a very pure form.
The immersion wheel‐tracking test
Authors: Mathews D. H. , Colwill D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe main features of the Immersion Wheel‐tracking test and its use as a laboratory tool in the study of bituminous binder/aggregate adhesion are described. The importance of various factors, including the procedure for preparing the test specimens, control of the temperature of the water bath and the effect of the depth of immersion of the samples in the bath are discussed. Finally, some consideration is given to the practical significance of the results of the test in relation to the stripping of binders from aggregates on the road.
REACTIONS IN HEATED LIME‐ALUMINA MIXTURES
Authors: Williamson J. , Glasser F. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults of heating five lime‐alumina mixtures for 3–120 h. at temperatures from 1045° to 1405° are presented. The mixtures were prepared from mixtures of CaCO3 (calcite) and α‐Al2O3 and also from co‐precipitated hydroxide gels. Significant departures from equilibrium were noted. In general the gel mixtures approached the equilibrium state more rapidly. Unstable 5CaO,3Al2O3 was not detected. Previous interpretations of X‐ray diffraction patterns of heated lime‐alumina mixtures are shown to be in error. The mechanism of the reaction cannot be uniquely determined from a study of the bulk reaction products.
The promotion of dropwise condensation by montan wax. I. Heat transfer measurements
Authors: Watson R. C. H. , Birt D. C. P. , Honour C. W. , Ash B. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA hydrophobic surface has been produced on condenser tube surfaces by injection of montan wax and related chemicals into the‐condensing steam. The extent and duration of the increase in the overall heat‐transfer coefficient of the condenser, that results from the condensation of steam in discrete drops on the hydrophobic surface, have been measured. It is shown that the most successful dropwise condensation promoters are those waxes with the highest proportion of acidic groups, and that these are most effective when used with copper or copper alloy condenser tubes.
Extraction of lanthanons with alkali metal amalgams. II. A counter‐current process for the extraction of samarium or ytterbium
Authors: Barrett M. F. , Topp N. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique is described for the continuous extraction of samarium or ytterbium from rare earth concentrates. Extraction is carried out in a packed column by passing a solution of a lanthanon concentrate countercurrent to a dilute sodium amalgam. A samarium or ytterbium amalgam is formed which flows to a second column, where the rare earth is stripped from the amalgam with hydrochloric acid.Factors controlling the efficiency of the process are discussed.
Dissolution rates of uranium dioxide sintered pellets in nitric acid systems
Authors: Taylor R. F. , Sharratt E. W. , De Chazal L. E. M. , Logsdail D. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dissolution process for sintered uranium dioxide into nitric acid falls into two regimes of behaviour which depend on the overall transfer rate. The critical dissolution rate is approximately 8 mg. cm.−2 min−1, its precise value depending upon the solvent composition. Below this critical value there is a large degree of chemical kinetic control, the dissolution rate being proportional to the cube of nitric acid concentration, the experimental activation energy being 15 kcal. mole−1. Above the critical value the process appears to be controlled by the diffusion of a nitric acid species as the transfer rate is directly proportional to acid concentration with an activation energy of about 4 kcal. mole−1.In addition, the reaction is autocatalysed by the nitrite product so that forced convection can reduce rates by a factor of four times, and nitrite neutralisers can reduce them by a factor of one hundred times.To a first approximation the dissolution rate depends simply on the total nitrate concentration although polyvalent nitrates and, in particular, ferric nitrate, tend to accelerate the reaction.
Ultra‐violet spectroscopic determination of phenolic antioxidants in stabilised lanolin
Authors: Lee S. , Puttnam N. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn ultra‐violet spectroscopic method is described for the determination of the antioxidant Topanol OC (2,6‐di‐t‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol) in stabilised Lanolin. The determination is based on the corrected absorbance at 283.5 mμ and the interfering absorptions arising from the Lanolin are removed by compensation with a standard Lanolin solution.
Evolution of volatile hydrocarbons from coal
Authors: Girling G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe products in the range C4 to C10 obtained from a series of coals by heating in stages from ambient temperature up to 700° have been analysed by gas‐liquid chromatography. Aliphatic and aromatic compounds are evolved even below 100°. The rates of evolution do not increase regularly with temperature, but show two distinct maxima. Coals of different rank, and different macerals of the same coal, are compared.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. IX. Hydration of magnesium oxide
Authors: Glasson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMagnesium oxide samples differing widely in surface activity (specific surface 10–180 m.2 g.−1) have been ‘dry’ hydrated by exposure to water vapour at 22° and ‘wet’ hydrated by liquid water at 22° and 95°.The rates of hydration differ considerably, the reaction generally proceeding inwards from the outside of each oxide crystallite by an advancing interface mechanism. Changes in surface area and crystal structure resemble those during the hydration of lime. The more active magnesias age (agglomerate) rapidly in both ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ hydrations, unless the relative water vapour pressures are low; even then, the very slow completion of the hydration ultimately produces considerable ageing.The less active magnesias ‘dry’ hydrate slowly like the less active limes, with splitting of the larger original crystallites increasing the total number present. ‘Wet’ hydration at 22° proceeds with some ageing of the hydroxide, even during the earlier stages and this becomes much greater later. At the higher hydration temperature, 95°, the product ages more rapidly, but the much greater hydration rate produces a time lag in the recrystallisation of the newly‐formed magnesium hydroxide to its normal structure. Later, expansion splits the aged material as the recrystallisation is completed, with the hydration becoming slow and irregular. Magnesias and limes prepared from their respective carbonates at 1000° therefore show similar hydration characteristics.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. X. Production of activated alkaline earth carbonates
Authors: Glasson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of calcium, strontium and barium carbonates differing widely in surface activity have been prepared by calcining the oxalates, formates and acetates in vacuo and in air at a series of temperatures between 300° and 600° or 650°.Decomposition of the organo‐metallic salts results in several‐fold increases in specific surface, especially in vacuo, as the newly‐formed carbonates recrystallise to very small individual crystals having the normal lattice structure. The products of maximum activity are obtained at or near the temperature at which decomposition is practically completed within the fixed time (5h.). The activity of the carbonate obtained from each oxalate is usually much higher than that from the corresponding formate and acetate, which require preliminary reaction between separate anions before decomposition.The activated carbonates all sinter on further calcination, the calcium carbonate sintering more rapidly than the strontium carbonate and still more so than the barium carbonate. Hence, calcination at the higher temperatures ultimately produces barium carbonate of greater activity than strontium carbonate and calcium carbonate.The reactivities of the carbonates in the ketonisation of acetic acid vapours are compared and discussed in relation to the temperature conditions.
An approach to applicable inorganic polymers. II. Pyrolytic and other reactions of B‐trichloro‐R‐triarylborazoles
Authors: Gerrard W. , Mooney E. F. , Pratt D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe evolution of hydrogen chloride during the pyrolysis of certain B‐trichloro‐N‐triarylborazoles, (ClBNAr)3, at temperatures up to about 500°, points to the formation of boron‐carbon bonds, thereby effecting polycondensation. Formation of arylamine hydrochloride and arylaminoboron dichloride and infra‐red studies point to borazole‐ring fission, and polycondensation in a linear sense. The polymeric residue, liquid above about 300°, was a hard solid at room temperature, soluble in certain organic solvents, but was susceptible to hydrolysis. The material became solid above 500°, and was then insoluble and of considerable hydrolytic and oxidative stability.Replacement of chlorine in the chloroborazoles by alkyl groups, hydrogen, amino and alkylamino groups is considered with reference to hydrolytic stability and future pyrolytic studies.