bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Accumulation of Soil Organic Matter from Wood Chips
Authors: Salomon Milton 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made in cylinders to measure the effect of incorporating 10 tons of pine and oak chips per acre to a Merrimac sandy loam. The influence of such factors as level of nitrate nitrogen, soil reaction, and size of wood chips, were investigated.Using nitrate nitrogen depression as a measure of rate of decomposition, it was found that oak chips decomposed more rapidly than pine chips. This was supported by annual sieving experiments. These measurements showed significantly less oak chips remaining at the end of 12 and 24 months than pine chips.Although 55 to 85% of the wood chips decomposed, organic matter accumulation proved to be meager. No significant differences due to treatments were found. There was some indication that soils at pH 5.0–5.5 accumulated somewhat greater amounts of organic matter than those at pH 6.0–6.5.The relationship between carbon, as determined by the chromic acid titration method, and total carbon, did not change appreciably after 2 years of wood chips decomposition. There was no significant difference in the amount of chromic acid oxidizable carbon due to treatment.The effect of various treatments upon total soil nitrogen was small. No constant relationship could be found, in spite of wide differences in the amount of soluble nitrogen added to the soils. Although the carbon‐nitrogen ratios of the soils generally widened, increases were small.Soil reaction did not change appreciably due to additions of wood chips. Ammonia accumulations were negligible.After 2 years of decomposition, 150 pounds of nitrogen gave highly significant increases in the yields of beets and spinach. Wood chip residues did not depress plant growth. Small chips resulted in significantly higher yields than treatments containing large chips.An auxiliary study showed that 100 and 150 pounds of nitrate nitrogen added to beets and spinach, respectively, overcame any depressing effect of additions of 10 tons of small pine chips. With low available nitrogen, wood chips depressed the growth of beets and spinach. This was not true after 12 months of decomposition.
Stubble‐Mulch Tillage in New York
Authors: Free George R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to report on progress made in adapting stubble‐mulch tillage for use under the cool, humid conditions of New York State. Comparisons of stubble‐mulch plowing and disking with turn plowing over a period of 7 years in New York State have been presented and discussed. Over most of the period, and for all crops studied except hay, both kinds of stubble‐mulch tillage resulted in significantly lower yields than those resulting from turn plowing. During the last year of the comparison, however, an improved technique of stubble‐mulch plowing using an improvised plow operating on the tandem and double‐cut principle gave results fully as satisfactory as turn plowing. Soil penetrometer and moisture data showed that the new stubble‐mulch plowing technique produced a seedbed as loose as that obtained by turn plowing and also resulted in moisture conservation through concentration of crop residues on the surface. At the same time, there were indications that disking resulted in a seedbed more difficult to penetrate with the penetrometer and also one from which moisture was used inefficiently for crop production and lost by excessive evaporation regardless of the presence of a residue mulch.
Effect of Potash Fertilization on Yield, Stalk Breakage and Mineral Composition of Corn
Authors: Wittels H. , Seatz L. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA corn hybrid with known susceptibility to stalk breakage was grown to determine the influence of time and rate of potash fertilization at two rates of nitrogen on yield, amount of stalk breakage, and on the potassium and calcium composition of portions of the plants sampled periodically during the growing season.Certain of the potash‐treated plots yielded significantly more than the no‐potash plots, but the trend was not consistent.Stalk breakage was reduced by potash applications at the high nitrogen level, but not at the low nitrogen level. At the high nitrogen level up to 40 pounds K2O per acre reduced stalk breakage and higher rates had no further affect.The potash content of the plants was directly related to the rate of potash applied and for each treatment was approximately the same at the two nitrogen levels. Three methods of potash application showed no difference in their effect on the factors studied. A reciprocal relation was noted between the potassium and calcium content of the plants. A tendency toward cation equivalent constancy at the later stages of growth was observed.
Properties of Soil Aggregates: I. Relation to Size, Water Stability and Mechanical Composition
Authors: Garey C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMaterial from three different soils in Arkansas was sieved through a series of standard screens and material collected from each of the sized aggregates separated. This was collected in two forms: (a) by dry screening, and (b) by wet screening in water. Mechanical analysis, exchange capacity and organic matter were determined for the water‐stable aggregates for each of the sizes separated and related to the same properties of the whole soil.Results indicate that the properties of the individual waterstable aggregates are somewhat different from those of the whole soil. The smaller aggregates of 0.15 −0.42 mm in diameter tend to contain a larger content of clay and organic matter than do the large aggregates or the whole soil. Also the aggregates larger than 0.42 mm possess lower exchange capacities than does the whole soil. A shielding of the effect of clay inside the aggregates is indicated by the lack of uniform ratio of clay to cation exchange capacity. This ratio is generally larger in the aggregates than in the whole soil.A theory indicating the formation of aggregates from small secondary particles by cementation with clay and organic matter to account for the differences observed is proposed.
Distribution of Phosphorus in Some Genetically Related Loess‐Derived Soils
Authors: Godfrey Curtis L. , Riecken F. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe total and organic phosphorus were determined in five virgin‐like loess‐derived soil profiles occurring along a traverse from southwestern Iowa to northern Missouri. The soils studied were representatives of the Prairie (Brunizem)3, Wiesenboden, and Planosol great soil groups. The time of soil weathering was assumed to have been the major soil formation variable affecting the soils investigated. The degree of soil profile development in southwestern Iowa had been found previously to increase maximally in a southeasternly direction from the major source of loessial material at the Missouri River.The total phosphorus was found to decrease in the profiles along the traverse in relation to the degree of profile development, and the vertical distribution was found to vary in a systematic manner also. The action of soil weathering was found to have reduced the amount of phosphorus in the A horizons of the soils in relation to the amount found in the C horizons. The phosphorus measured on the B horizons was less than in the A or C horizons and decreased along the traverse to a minimum in the Haig profile (maximal Wiesenboden) and then increased slightly in the Planosol soils.The organic phosphorus was found to decrease also in relation to the degree of soil profile development along the traverse and to decline vertically in the profiles at a progressively greater rate with each succeeding more strongly developed profile.The data indicate a definite relationship between the amount and distribution of phosphorus and the stage of soil development exhibited in each of the profiles studied.
Changes in the Criteria Used in Soil Classification Since Marbut
Authors: Whiteside E. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe changes in the criteria used in soil classification since Marbut's time are presented. These changes are of three kinds: additions to the list of properties used, refinements of the properties formerly used, and deletions from the list of properties formerly used. The additional properties now being used are mostly properties of the whole soil body. Most important among these are the properties which are independent variables of the soil system. The introduction of these independently variable properties of the soil body, for use in soil classification, presents the poignant possibility of fusing the genetic and descriptive systems of soil classification without abandoning the premise that soils should be classified on the basis of their properties. The affect of the above changes in soil classification on the definition of the soil individual — the soil type — and its nomenclature are discussed.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Cation Contents of Bromegrass
Authors: Russell J. S. , Bourg C. W. , Rhoades H. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHeavy applications of nitrogen fertilizer produce large increases in growth of bromegrass on nitrogen deficient soils in eastern Nebraska. Such a marked effect of nitrogen fertilizer upon growth may also be reflected in the composition of the forage according to results obtained on Rokeby soils at Lincoln, Nebr. Rates of 0, 60, 120 and 240 lbs. N/acre were applied to a sodbound field of Lincoln bromegrass. Yields of forage and plant samples were obtained four times during the growing season during one year, and once at the regular time of harvesting hay during other years.Plant samples were analyzed for nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. There was a general decrease in percentage of all elements throughout the growth period sampled, although the trends varied with the element and with the treatment. Nitrogen percentage was higher for fertilized than nonfertilized bromegrass at all stages of growth. During early stages of growth, phosphorus percentage was greater in the fertilized than the nonfertilized forage, but at final harvest there was a tendency for the reverse to be true. There was a noticeable increase in potassium percentage with some decreases in percentages of calcium and magnesium due to fertilization. The increase in potassium percentage was, however, greater than the decreases in calcium and magnesium percentages so that there was an increase in milliequivalents of total cations.
Solution‐Culture Studies of Nitrite Toxicity to Plants
Authors: Bingham Frank T. , Chapman H. D. , Pugh A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolution‐culture studies of the toxicity of nitrites to plants were undertaken, using several rapidly growing species as indicator plants. Three to four weeks' growth of the test plants in complete nutrient solutions containing graded amounts of nitrous acid (varying nitrite and pH levels) disclosed that growth inhibition in the pH 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 solutions was related to the undissociated nitrous acid fraction. Experiments with tomato plants suggested that a given concentration of nitrous acid is less injurious to the plant when the nitrogen assimilable by the plant is supplied as nitrate rather than as ammonium.
Factors Affecting the Foliar Absorption of N15 Labeled Urea by Tobacco
Authors: Volk Richard , McAuliffe Clayton 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSingle leaves of Dixie Bright 101 tobacco plants grown in sand culture in the greenhouse were sprayed with N15 labeled urea. Up to 5 mg. of the 15 mg. of nitrogen applied was absorbed by the leaf within 24 hours, and by 6 hours a portion of this nitrogen had been translocated to every plant part. One‐half of the absorbed nitrogen was translocated from the sprayed leaf by 24 hours, chiefly to adjacent leaves, the meristem and root.The absorption of urea was nearly identical through the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Absorption decreased with increasing vertical leaf position with the exception of the uppermost leaves and irrespective of the leaf area. Leaf maturity had little effect if the relative leaf position was the same. However, very young plants did absorb more nitrogen than more mature plants.Damaging the epidermal hairs by gentle brushing with a camel's hair brush increased absorption of urea tenfold. Such brushing ruptured the impermeable cutinized layer of the epidermal hairs permitting the urea solution to come into direct contact with the epidermal cell wall.Absorption of urea over a four hour period was found to be 3 to 10 times greater during the night than during the day. Absorption was also 3 times greater in the morning than in the afternoon. This suggests that internal factors in the leaf which undergo diurnal fluctuations may play an important role in foliar absorption of urea.The absorption of urea from buffered solutions was a function of both pH and the buffer system used. With phosphate buffer, absorption increased as pH increased from 6 to 8.Absorption of urea was decreased as the concentration of sucrose in the urea spray solution was increased. A one molar sucrose solution decreased urea absorption by one‐half. It is postulated that sucrose may reduce the absorption of urea by competing with urea during process of absorption, by decreasing the rate of diffusion of urea toward the absorption surface, or by inhibiting urease activity.
Forest Floor in the Piedmont Region of South Carolina
Authors: Metz Louis J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe annual litter fall, weight of forest floor, and organic matter incorporation in the surface foot of mineral soil are reported for three pine, three pine‐hardwood, and three hardwood stands in the South Carolina Piedmont.The litter fall for the stands averaged 4,400 pounds per acre, of which 3,500 pounds was leaf material. The weight of the forest floor was greatest in the pine stands and least in the hardwoods. The forest floor weight, expressed on a volatile matter basis, ranged from 6,160 pounds per acre in an old hardwood stand to 16,430 pounds in a 40‐year‐old shortleaf pine stand. The organic matter content in the surface foot of mineral soil ranged from 83,550 pounds per acre in the old hardwood stand to 25,780 pounds in a young loblolly pine plantation. The weight of the forest floor and organic matter in the mineral soil show that decomposition is more rapid beneath hardwood stands.The forest floors are classified as to humus type and the discussion presented shows some practical application of the information to forest management work.
Surface Accumulations of Nitrates and Other Soluble Salts in California Orange Orchards
Authors: Harding Robert B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation presented shows that in furrow‐irrigated California orange orchards, as much as 3 tons of soluble salts per acre, representing 800 lbs. of nitrogen as well as other necessary plant nutrients, may accumulate in the upper 6 inches of the interfurrow ridges as a result of capillary conduction. These accumulations have little chance of being of benefit to the trees under present cultural practices. Factors controlling the rate of surface concentration of salts are rate of evaporation, amount of irrigation, kind and amount of soluble salts available as source material, type and shape of furrow, and soil texture and profile characteristics. Surface salt concentrations have been shown to be greater in orchards that are not tilled than in those that are tilled.Laboratory leaching studies indicate that when water is applied to areas of high salt concentration, the initial outflow is not so concentrated as may be suggested by analysis of the saturation extracts. These data also indicate that a considerable amount of water must pass through the soil before any apparent reduction in salinity of the leachate is obtained.From the information available to date, a number of suggestions are made regarding cultural operations which should be considered in this problem. Further study should be directed toward management practices which will lessen these surface concentrations.
The Effect of Synthetic Conditioners on Some Phases of Soil Structure and Erodibility by Wind
Authors: Chepil W. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBeginning in 1951, a series of experiments was initiated on several soils for the primary purpose of determining the value of VAMA (a modified vinyl acetate maleic acid compound), and HPAN (a hydrolized polyacrylonitrile), for controlling erosion of soil by wind.VAMA increased substantially the proportion of water‐stable aggregates in all soils tested and decreased the proportion of fine water‐dispersible particles < 0.02 mm. in diameter. From this standpoint VAMA may be considered a very effective soil aggregating agent. However, the great majority of the water‐stable aggregates formed by VAMA were of the size erodible by wind.VAMA applied to the surface of the ground, or mixed with the soil, generally increased the crodibility by wind. The soils treated with VAMA were loose and friable and had a granular surface. The untreated soils were more or less cemented together and had a distinctly developed surface crust. The crust was resistant to wind erosion despite its unfavorable characteristics otherwise.VAMA was beneficial for producing good soil tilth and for increasing soil permeability. Both of these characteristics tend to reduce erosion by water and increase crop yields.VAMA was incorporated into the soil more conveniently as dust than as spray.HPAN applied on top of the ground was ineffective in controlling erosion of soil by wind as early as one week after the application. Erosion, in fact, was increased in some cases due to the application of HPAN.
Effect of Rate and Placement of Superphosphate on the Yield and Phosphorus Absorption of Legume Hay
Authors: Lawton K. , Tesar M. B. , Kawin B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was undertaken to determine the effect of superphosphate topdressing on the yield and phosphorus content of legume and legume‐grass hay. Radioactive superphosphate containing 20% P2O5 was broadcast in the early spring on established meadows at five locations in central Michigan.A significant yield response of first cutting hay was obtained on all fields as a result of topdressed applications of 80 and 120 pounds of P2O5per acre. The hay which was thus treated contained appreciably more phosphorus than did that which was grown on untreated plots or where only 40 pounds of P2O5 was applied.The absorption of fertilizer phosphorus was low in hay grown on two soils and relatively high in hay from the remaining locations. As the rate of broadcast superphosphate increased, the percentage of plant phosphorus derived from fertilizer in forage plants also increased. The recovery of fertilizer phosphorus by first‐cutting hay from two locations was low, but was as high as 15% in hay from the other areas. As the rate of broadcast superphosphate increased, the percentage of recovery of applied phosphorus decreased.The percentage of phosphorus in hay derived from superphosphate placed at various depths in two soils was related to depth of fertilizer placement. Absorption of fertilizer phosphorus was highest at the surface or 3‐inch depth; intermediate at the 6‐inch depth; and low for the 12‐, 24‐, and 36‐inch placement. In an alfalfa‐bromegrass meadow where the fertilizer was applied broadcast, the bromegrass obtained a greater percentage of its phosphorus from the fertilizer than did alfalfa. However, at the 3‐ and 6‐inch depths, the alfalfa absorbed two to three times as much phosphorus as did the bromegrass.
Characterization of Some Halomorphic Soils and Their Normal Associates in the Yakima Valley
Authors: Anderson James U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was made of four soils—Naches, a Brown; Fiander, a Solonetz; and Umapine and Ahtanum, Solonchak soils. These occur in close association in the Yakima River Valley of south central Washington in poorly defined zones which parallel the lower edge of the alluvial fan on which the soils are found. Areas of pure soil types are extremely small. Studies made of transects across soil boundaries indicate that materials from which these soils were formed were heterogeneous, and that soil morphology has been greatly influenced by parent material differences.Resalinization has occurred to varying degrees since the beginning of irrigation in the Yakima Valley. The concentrations of soluble and exchangeable cations in the soils vary not only between series but also within a series, chiefly as a function of positions on the alluvial fan.
The Physical and Mineralogical Properties of Related Minnesota Prairie Soils
Authors: Arneman Harold F. , McMiller P. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe morphological, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of soils are to a considerable extent attributable to the amount of water that enters the soil. The Clarion, Nicollet, and Webster soils in south central Minnesota were investigated. These soils are members of a catena developed on calcareous glacial till of Wisconsin age (Mankato substage). Three profiles of each series from widely scattered areas were studied.The study revealed that the (1) color of the soil is directly related to drainage; (2) there was little or no accumulation of clay in the B horizons of any of the soils; (3) the surface soil of the Clarion series is the most highly weathered horizon as indicated by a relatively low content of apatite and orthoclase, a high content of garnet, and the presence of kaolinite in the coarse clay fraction; (4) the high cation exchange capacity of all soils is not attributed entirely to organic matter but more particularly to the high montmorillonite content of the clay fraction; and (5) the observable and distinguishable properties of the soils of the three series are chiefly morphological rather than chemical or mineralogical.
Transformations of Sawdust in the Course of its Decomposition Under the Influence of Coprinus ephemerus
Authors: Davey Charles B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSawdusts of jack pine, sugar maple, and red oak were treated with anhydrous ammonia, neutralized with H3PO4, enriched with K2SO4, and inoculated with Coprinus ephemerus. Compost mixtures were prepared in earthenware jars in greenhouse cultures at 2‐week intervals to permit simultaneous analysis of composts at various stages of decomposition.The results of chromatographic analysis indicated that C. ephemerus is not selective in its sugar utilization, although it consumes hemicellulose somewhat earlier than alpha‐cellulose. A chromatogram of the hydrolysate of C. ephemerus showed almost exclusively glucose.The course of fermentation of pine and maple sawdust was characterized by a decrease in the cold water extractables and the alcohol‐benzene solubles. Oak sawdust, however, gained in alcohol‐benzene solubles. Both oak and maple sawdust showed an appreciable loss of holocellulose and lignin methoxyls, but a considerable increase in lignin and base exchange capacity. Pine sawdust attained a nearly 100% increase in base exchange capacity but failed to reveal a clear picture of transformations in its structural building blocks. The consistent increase in the base exchange capacity in decomposed sawdust of all types investigated assures the values of the organism in the preparation of soil‐improving organic fertilizers.