bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and expression analysis of components involved in rice Xa21‐mediated disease resistance signalling
Authors: Bai H. , Lan J. P. , Gan Q. , Wang X. Y. , Hou M. M. , Cao Y. H. , Li L. Y. , Liu L. J. , Hao Y. J. , Yin C. C. , Wu L. , Zhu L. H. , Liu G. Z. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRice Xa21 gene encodes a receptor‐like kinase that confers broad‐spectrum resistance against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Recently, a number of genes involved in the Xa21‐mediated disease resistance pathway have been identified. Based on our previous data and the literature, we chose 16 candidate proteins and made corresponding antibodies. Using Western blotting, we systematically investigated the expression profile of the proteins in Xa21‐mediated disease resistance response. We found nine proteins with altered expression. We further compared their expression in resistance, susceptible and mock responses, and found that GST expression was up‐regulated during the resistance process, indicating GST is a positive regulator in resistance responses. ATPsB expression was down‐regulated during both the resistance and susceptible response processes, although it was higher in the resistance response than that in the susceptible response. The total amount of MYB, GAPDH, CatB, Trx and NB‐ARC proteins was lower in the resistance than in the susceptible response, but their abundance per unit bacteria in the resistance response was still higher than in the susceptible response, suggesting that these proteins might be positive regulators in the resistance response. In addition, expression of another ERF was induced by inoculation with bacterial blight pathogen, and expression of Zf‐LSD1 was activated by wounding stress alone. Interestingly, most proteins showed similar altered expression patterns in the resistance and susceptible responses, but differed to some extents, implying that both responses might share common molecular mechanisms. This study revealed evidence of resistance‐related protein expression, providing a foundation for better understanding of their functions.
How common is the ability of extrafloral nectaries to produce nectar droplets, to secrete nectar during the night and to store starch?
Authors: Gaffal K. P. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEvidence in favour of the ability of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) to form nectar drop(let)s, secrete extrafloral nectar (EFNec) also during the night and store starch was compiled in order to refute controversial assertions. Not only were more than 150 reports of direct observations of EFNec drop(let)s found, but also 90 studies which suggest that EFNec secretion is copious enough to form drop(let)s automatically by forces of physics (surface tension strength), provided nectar accumulation is not interrupted by predatory animals. Twenty direct observations of nocturnal production of EFNec sufficiently proved that it is not always produced during the day. Additionally, numerous observations of the nocturnal activities of nectar consumers on EFNs indirectly indicated very common nocturnal secretion of EFNec. Although there is an early report of a starch‐containing EFN from 1881 (Trelease), few similar observations in other EFNs followed. Nevertheless, four studies have described the disappearance of stored starch during secretion and senescence of the EFNs. Referring back to an apparent relationship between the degradation of starch stored in a floral nectary and programmed cell death, at least in EFNs with transient storage of starch, a similar relationship cannot be excluded.
Interactive effects of mechanical stress, sand burial and defoliation on growth and mechanical properties in Cynanchum komarovii
Authors: Xu L. , Yu F.‐H. , Werger M. , Dong M. , Anten N. P. R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn drylands, wind, sand burial and grazing are three important factors affecting growth and mechanical properties of plants, but their interactive effects have not yet been investigated. Plants of the semi‐shrub Cynanchum komarovii, common in semi‐arid parts of NE Asia, were subjected to brushing, burial and defoliation. We measured biomass allocation and relative increment rates of dry mass (RGRm), height (RGRh) and basal diameter (RGRd). We also measured the stem mechanical properties, Young’s modulus (E), second moment of area (I), flexural stiffness (EI) and breaking stress (σb), and scaled these traits to the whole‐plant level to determine the maximum lateral force (Flateral) and the buckling safety factor (BSF). Brushing increased RGRm; neither burial nor defoliation independently affected RGRm, but together they reduced it. Among buried plants, brushing positively affected stem rigidity and strength through increasing RGRd, E, I and EI, and at whole plant level this resulted in a larger BSF and Flateral. However, among unburied plants this pattern was not observed. Our results thus show that effects of mechanical stress and grazing on plants can be strongly modified by burial, and these interactions should be taken into account when considering adaptive significance of plant mechanical traits in drylands.
Visual and chemical cues affecting the detection rate of the emerald ash borer in sticky traps
Authors: Domingue M. J. , Lelito J. P. , Fraser I. , Mastro V. C. , Tumlinson J. H. , Baker T. C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractUsing sticky traps, we compared the efficacy of chemical and visual lures, both alone and in combination, for improving the detection of populations of the emerald ash borer (EAB),Agrilus planipennis. Ash leaflets to which EAB visual decoys were pinned and coated with sticky material were able to trap EAB with as high a rate of detection as large sticky visually unbaited ‘prism traps’ currently used in wide‐scale EAB surveillance programs in North America, in a high‐density area. Both the sticky leaf traps and prism traps captured more EAB when a point source of plant odours, either manuka or phoebe oil, was deployed with the trap. For the sticky leaf traps, the shape of the EAB visual decoy lure was found to be important in optimizing the detection rate. Either an entire dead beetle or else two elytra placed side by side to mimic a resting beetle resulted in optimal trap performance. When two elytra were placed end to end or else other body parts were deployed, the traps lost their efficacy. Small green plastic surfaces to which EAB visual decoys were pinned were found to be fairly good substitutes for live ash leaflets, but the rate of beetle detection was reduced significantly from that of the ash leaflet plus EAB decoy. Throughout all experiments, a clear male bias occurred in sticky leaf traps when EAB visual decoys were placed on the traps. The implications of these findings for developing new trapping designs for EAB and other forest buprestids are discussed.
Simvastatin exerts cardioprotective effects and inhibits the activity of Rho‐associated protein kinase in rats with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Li Chuan‐Bao , Li Xiao‐Xing , Chen Yu‐Guo , Gao Hai‐Qing , Bao Mei‐Cheng , Zhang Juan , Bu Pei‐Li , Zhang Yun , Ji Xiao‐Ping 
Published: June 2012

Summary

Insulin resistance (IR) is crucially involved in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MS). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of simvastatin on IR in rats with MS.

A rat model of MS was established and myocardial damage was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Twenty‐two MS rats were divided into two groups of 11 rats each: (i) an MS group; and (ii) a simvastatin‐treated MS. Ten Wistar rats were used as controls. The phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT‐1), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS‐1) and Akt were analysed by immunohistochemistry and western blotting.

Insulin resistance‐induced MS was associated with a significant increase in Rho kinase (ROCK) activity and inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐K)/Akt pathway. Decreased levels of phosphorylated (p‐) MYPT‐1 and p‐IRS‐1 (Ser307) and increased levels of p‐Akt were found in hearts from the MS + simvastatin compared with the MS group. These results suggest that simvastatin reduces ROCK activity and increases Akt activity.

Simvastatin exerts cardioprotective effects and improves IR, which can be attributed, at least in part, to the inhibition of ROCK and activation of PI3‐K/Akt.
Body image of children and adolescents with cancer: A metasynthesis on qualitative research findings
Authors: Lee Mei‐Yin , Mu Pei‐Fan , Tsay Shwu‐Feng , Chou Shin‐Shang , Chen Yu‐Chih , Wong Tai‐Tong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractChildren and adolescents with cancer are confronted with many challenges. This review considered studies that used qualitative methods to examine the body image experience of children and adolescents with cancer. A systematic literature search of English and Chinese databases was undertaken, covering the period between 1960 and October 2010. Qualitative research findings were extracted and pooled using the Joanna Briggs Institute Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument. Eight papers met the inclusion criteria. The derived four metasyntheses included being distanced from the body, loss of self‐identity, self‐protective strategies and support, and getting rid of the shackles of the body. In conclusion, children and adolescents with cancer also experience various problems associated with changes in their body image. Repeated courses of treatment lead to loss of a normal, orderly life, and might even result in changes in interpersonal interactions. In response to body image change, individuals with cancer develop self‐protective, coping strategies. Children and adolescents who experience life‐threatening cancer come to face body image change positively, and might hold a confident attitude toward their future.
Individual's perspective of local community environment and health indicators in older adults
Authors: Giraldez‐Garcia Carolina , Forjaz Maria João , Prieto‐Flores Maria‐Eugenia , Rojo‐Perez Fermina , Fernandez‐Mayoralas Gloria , Martinez‐Martin Pablo 
Published: June 2012

Aim:  This study evaluated the relationship between individual's perspective of local community environment and health in older people.Methods:  A survey about quality of life in older adults in Spain was applied to a representative sample of 1106 community‐dwelling people (mean age ± SD = 72.07 ± 7.83 years, 43.67% males). Local community (Community Wellbeing Index, neighborhood problems, time in the neighborhood), psychosocial and sociodemographic measures were considered. Four health outcomes (self‐perceived health status, functional independence, depression and number of chronic medical conditions) were studied. Multivariate logistic analyses were carried out.Results:  At least two local community measures were independently associated with each health outcome. Satisfaction with community services significantly contributed to all models; it was positively related with self‐rated health and functional independence, and negatively associated with depression and chronic medical conditions.Conclusion:  The individual's perspective of the local community environment was associated with health outcomes in older adults. This can be useful in the development of policies committed to promoting social integration and active aging in the community. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 13: 130–138.
Development and characterization of attenuated metabolic mutants of Bordetella bronchiseptica for applications in vaccinology
Authors: Yevsa Tetyana , Ebensen Thomas , Fuchs Barbara , Zygmunt Beata , Libanova Rimma , Gross Roy , Schulze Kai , Guzmán Carlos A. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryBordetella bronchiseptica is an important pathogen causing a number of veterinary respiratory syndromes in agriculturally important and food‐producing confinement‐reared animals, resulting in great economic losses annually amounting to billions of euros worldwide. Currently available live vaccines are incompletely satisfactory in terms of efficacy and safety. An efficient vaccine for livestock animals would allow reducing the application of antibiotics, thereby preventing the massive release of pharmaceuticals into the environment. Here, we describe two new potential vaccine strains based on the BB7865 strain. Two independent attenuating mutations were incorporated by homologous recombination in order to make negligible the risk of recombination and subsequent reversion to the virulent phenotype. The mutations are critical for bacterial metabolism, resistance to oxidative stress, intracellular survival and in vivo persistence. The resulting double mutants BB7865 risA aroA and BB7865 risA dapE were characterized as promising vaccine candidates, which are able to confer protection against colonization of the lower respiratory tract after sublethal challenge with the wild‐type strain.
Vagrancy as a Penal Problem: The Logistics of Administering Punishment in Late‐Nineteenth‐Century Canada
Authors: RANASINGHE PRASHAN 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThere exists a voluminous literature on the history of vagrancy and vagrancy legislation. However, virtually all of its focus has been on the manifestations of vagrancy as a social problem. What has not received attention is another important aspect to this history, one that finds its roots and geneses directly out of its construction as a social problem. This is the problem associated with the logistics surrounding the administration of punishment within correctional institutions, what I call vagrancy as a penal problem. The day‐to‐day operations of the criminal justice system, especially that part which was responsible for the administration of punishment, were immensely burdened because of the sheer number of vagrants who came through the system. This created logistical problems with respect to housing, classifying, maintaining and regulating prisoners, and especially with respect to vagrants, putting them to hard labour. This paper seeks to elucidate the penal problem of vagrancy by narrating the voices of the personnel who worked in correctional institutions.
(Social) Democracy in the Blood? Civic and Ethnic Idioms of Nation and the Consolidation of Swedish Social Democratic Power, 1928–1932
Authors: SCHALL CARLY ELIZABETH 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper attempts to explain Swedish Social Democrats' consolidation of power between 1928 and 1932 through an examination of idioms of nation. Qualitative analysis of articles and editorials from a Social Democratic and a liberal newspaper is carried out. The analysis focuses on how civic, ethnic and, a mixed civic‐ethnic idiom of nation were deployed in order to expand the Social Democrats' electoral base. The Social Democrats could combine egalitarianism/democracy with ethnic nationalism because ethnic bases for the nation weremoreinclusive than other, especially class, bases available to them. Two challenges for the literature on nationalism and the welfare state are raised: (1) the civic‐ethnic distinction must be rethought to accommodate the Swedish case, wherein ethnic nationalism was used for “civic” ends; and (2) the focus on the Social Democrats as promoting working class interests may be misplaced given the party's mobilization on the basis ofnation.
Unstructured Light Fields
Authors: Davis Abe , Levoy Marc , Durand Fredo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe present a system for interactively acquiring and rendering light fields using a hand‐held commodity camera. The main challenge we address is assisting a user in achieving good coverage of the 4D domain despite the challenges of hand‐held acquisition. We define coverage by bounding reprojection error between viewpoints, which accounts for all 4 dimensions of the light field. We use this criterion together with a recent Simultaneous Localization and Mapping technique to compute a coverage map on the space of viewpoints. We provide users with real‐time feedback and direct them toward under‐sampled parts of the light field. Our system is lightweight and has allowed us to capture hundreds of light fields. We further present a new rendering algorithm that is tailored to the unstructured yet dense data we capture. Our method can achieve piecewise‐bicubic reconstruction using a triangulation of the captured viewpoints and subdivision rules applied to reconstruction weights.
Data Driven Surface Reflectance from Sparse and Irregular Samples
Authors: Ruiters Roland , Schwartz Christopher , Klein Reinhard 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn recent years, measuring surface reflectance has become an established method for high quality renderings. In this context, especially non‐parametric representations got a lot of attention as they allow for a very accurate representation of complex reflectance behavior. However, the acquisition of this data is a challenging task especially if complex object geometry is involved. Capturing images of the object under varying illumination and view conditions results in irregular angular samplings of the reflectance function with a limited angular resolution. Classical data‐driven techniques, like tensor factorization, are not well suited for such data sets as they require a resampling of the high dimensional measurement data to a regular grid. This grid has to be on a much higher angular resolution to avoid resampling artifacts which in turn would lead to data sets of enormous size. To overcome these problems we introduce a novel, compact data‐driven representation of reflectance functions based on a sum of separable functions which are fitted directly to the irregular set of data without any further resampling. The representation allows for efficient rendering and is also well suited for GPU applications. By exploiting spatial coherence of the reflectance function over the object a very precise reconstruction even of specular materials becomes possible already with a sparse input sampling. This would be impossible using standard data interpolation techniques. Since our algorithm exclusively operates on the compressed representation, it is both efficient in terms of memory use and computational complexity, depending only sub‐linearly on the size of the fully tabulated data. The quality of the reflectance function is evaluated on synthetic data sets as ground truth as well as on real world measurements.
SimpleFlow: A Non‐iterative, Sublinear Optical Flow Algorithm
Authors: Tao Michael , Bai Jiamin , Kohli Pushmeet , Paris Sylvain 
Published: June 2012

AbstractOptical flow is a critical component of video editing applications, e.g. for tasks such as object tracking, segmentation, and selection. In this paper, we propose an optical flow algorithm called SimpleFlow whose running times increase sublinearly in the number of pixels. Central to our approach is a probabilistic representation of the motion flow that is computed using only local evidence and without resorting to global optimization. To estimate the flow in image regions where the motion is smooth, we use a sparse set of samples only, thereby avoiding the expensive computation inherent in traditional dense algorithms. We show that our results can be used as is for a variety of video editing tasks. For applications where accuracy is paramount, we use our result to bootstrap a global optimization. This significantly reduces the running times of such methods without sacrificing accuracy. We also demonstrate that the SimpleFlow algorithm can process HD and 4K footage in reasonable times.
Rasterized Bounding Volume Hierarchies
Authors: Novák Jan , Dachsbacher Carsten 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe present the rasterized bounding volume hierarchy (RBVH), a compact data structure that accelerates approximate ray casting of complex meshes and provides adjustable level of detail. During construction, we identify subtrees of BVHs containing surfaces that can be represented by height fields. For these subtrees the conventional ray‐surface intersection, which possibly involves a large number of triangles, is replaced by a simple ray marching procedure to find the intersection with the surface. We describe GPU algorithms for construction, ray casting, and data querying of the RBVH that achieve comparable or higher performance than state of the art acceleration structures for triangle meshes. Moreover, RBVHs provide an inherent surface parameterization for storing data on the surfaces and natively handle triangle and point‐based surface representations. We also show that RBVHs support adaptive level‐of‐detail and can be combined with traditional BVHs to handle complex scenes.
Practical Spectral Photography
Authors: Habel Ralf , Kudenov Michael , Wimmer Michael 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe introduce a low‐cost and compact spectral imaging camera design based on unmodified consumer cameras and a custom camera objective. The device can be used in a high‐resolution configuration that measures the spectrum of a column of an imaged scene with up to 0.8 nm spectral resolution, rivalling commercial non‐imaging spectrometers, and a mid‐resolution hyper spectral mode that allows the spectral measurement of a whole image, with up to 5 nm spectral resolution and 120×120 spatial resolution. We develop the necessary calibration methods based on halogen/fluorescent lamps and laser pointers to acquire all necessary information about the optical system. We also derive the mathematical methods to interpret and reconstruct spectra directly from the Bayer array images of a standard RGGB camera. This objective design introduces accurate spectral remote sensing to computational photography, with numerous applications in color theory, colorimetry, vision and rendering, making the acquisition of a spectral image as simple as taking a high‐dynamic‐range image.
Data‐Driven Estimation of Cloth Simulation Models
Authors: Miguel E. , Bradley D. , Thomaszewski B. , Bickel B. , Matusik W. , Otaduy M. A. , Marschner S. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractProgress in cloth simulation for computer animation and apparel design has led to a multitude of deformation models, each with its own way of relating geometry, deformation, and forces. As simulators improve, differences between these models become more important, but it is difficult to choose a model and a set of parameters to match a given real material simply by looking at simulation results. This paper provides measurement and fitting methods that allow nonlinear models to be fit to the observed deformation of a particular cloth sample. Unlike standard textile testing, our system measures complex 3D deformations of a sheet of cloth, not just one‐dimensional force‐displacement curves, so it works under a wider range of deformation conditions. The fitted models are then evaluated by comparison to measured deformations with motions very different from those used for fitting.
Automatically Rigging Multi‐component Characters
Authors: Bharaj Gaurav , Thormählen Thorsten , Seidel Hans‐Peter , Theobalt Christian 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRigging an arbitrary 3D character by creating an animation skeleton is a time‐consuming process even for experienced animators. In this paper, we present an algorithm that automatically creates animation rigs for multi‐component 3D models, as they are typically found in online shape databases. Our algorithm takes as input a multi‐component model and an input animation skeleton with associated motion data. It then creates a target skeleton for the input model, calculates the rigid skinning weights, and a mapping between the joints of the target skeleton and the input animation skeleton. The automatic approach does not need additional semantic information, such as component labels or user‐provided correspondences, and succeeds on a wide range of models where the number of components is significantly different. It implicitly handles large scale and proportional differences between input and target skeletons and can deal with certain morphological differences, e.g., if input and target have different numbers of limbs. The output of our algorithm can be directly used in a retargeting system to create a plausible animated character.