bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free flap options for reconstruction of complicated scalp and calvarial defects: Report of a series of cases and literature review
Authors: Chang Kao‐Ping , Lai Ching‐Hung , Chang Chih‐Hau , Lin Chih‐Lung , Lai Chung‐Sheng , Lin Sin‐Daw 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:The advent of free tissue transfer has offered several options that allow the restoration of both the structural and functional defects of the scalp and calvaria caused by malignant tumors or sequelae after trauma. This study aims to investigate the free flap options for complicated scalp and calvarial reconstructions.Methods:There were 12 free tissue transfers used to reconstruct scalp and calvarial defects in this study, with nine acute or subacute wounds resulting from trauma or cranietomy, two congenital hydrocephalus post ventriculo‐peritoneal shunting and one primary cancer. They consisted of five fasciocutaneous flaps (four anterolateral thigh fasciocutaneous flaps and one deep inferior epigastric perforator flap) and seven myocutaenosu flaps (five anterolateral thigh myocutaneous flaps and two rectus abdominis myocutaneous flaps).Results:The overall flap success rate was 100%. There were no major complications except for one where wound dehiscence was caused by hematoma accumulation and was healed by local debridement. All donor sites underwent primary closure except for three receiving split‐thickness skin grafting after bulky anterolateral thigh flap harvest. No major donor‐site morbidity was observed except for one patient with some graft loss.Conclusions:With its evident structural and functional advantages, fasciocutaneous flaps were suitable for larger scalp defect only and myocutaneous flaps can be considered as an excellent reconstructive option for complicated scalp and calvarial defects, especially where dead space coexists. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 2010.
Extended exhaled nitric oxide analysis in field surveys of schoolchildren: A pilot test
Authors: Linn William S. , Rappaport Edward B. , Berhane Kiros T. , Bastain Tracy M. , Salam Muhammad T. , Gilliland Frank D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractExtended exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) analysis can distinguish proximal and distal airway contributions to FeNO. Thus, it has the potential to detect effects of different environmental influences, allergic phenotypes, and genetic variants on proximal and distal airways. However, its feasibility in field surveys has not been demonstrated, and models for estimating compartmental NO contributions have not been standardized. In this study we verified that extended NO tests can be performed by children in schools, and assessed different analytical models to estimate bronchial flux and alveolar NO concentration. We tested students at a middle school, using EcoMedics NO analyzers with ambient NO scrubbers, at flows of 50 (conventional), 30, 100, and 300 ml/sec, with 2–3 trials at each flow. Data from 65 children were analyzed by two linear and four nonlinear published models, plus a new empirical nonlinear model. Bronchial NO flux estimates from different models differed in magnitude but were strongly correlated (r ≥ 0.95), and increased in subjects with allergic asthma. Alveolar concentration estimates differed among models and did not consistently show the same effects of allergy or asthma. A novel index of nonlinear behavior of NO output versus flow was significantly related to asthma status, and not strongly correlated with bronchial flux or alveolar concentration. Field‐based extended NO testing of children can yield useful information about NO in different regions of the respiratory tract that is not obtainable from conventional FeNO. Extended NO analysis holds promise for investigating environmental and genetic determinants of regional airway inflammatory states. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:1033–1042. ©2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innovation objectives, knowledge sources, and the benefits of breadth
Authors: Leiponen Aija , Helfat Constance E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractGiven the inherent risk of innovative activity, firms can improve the odds of success by pursuing multiple parallel objectives. Because innovation draws on many sources of ideas, firms also may improve their odds of successful innovation by accessing a large number of knowledge sources. In this study, we conduct one of the first firm‐level statistical analyses of the impact on innovation of breadth in both innovation objectives and knowledge sources. The empirical results suggest that broader horizons with respect to innovation objectives and knowledge sources are associated with successful innovation. We do not find diminishing returns to breadth in innovation objectives, which suggests that firms may tend to search too narrowly. We interpret these results in light of well‐known cognitive biases toward searching in relatively familiar domains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Details and acceptability of a nutrition intervention programme designed to improve the contents of children’s packed lunches
Authors: Cleghorn Christine L , Evans Charlotte EL , Kitchen Meaghan S , Cade Janet E 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the ‘Smart Lunch Box’ intervention and provide details on feedback from the participants on the acceptability and usability of the intervention materials.DesignA cluster randomised controlled trial, randomised by school. English schools were stratified on percentage free-school-meals eligibility and attainment at Key Stage 2. A ‘Smart Lunch Box’ with supporting materials and activities on healthy eating was delivered to parents and children via schools in the intervention group. Feedback forms containing information on a total of fifteen intervention items were filled out by the parents and/or children participating in the intervention and were collected after each of the three phases of the intervention.SettingEighty-nine primary schools in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, randomly selected; forty-four schools in the intervention arm.SubjectsA total of 1294 children, aged 9–10 years, took part in the trial. Of the 604 children in the intervention arm, 343 provided feedback after at least one of the three phases.ResultsA median of twelve items out of a total of fifteen were used by responders. The two intervention items most likely to be used were the individual food boxes and the cooler bags. Whether a participant liked an item significantly affected whether they used it for all items except the cooler bag, fruity face and individual food boxes.ConclusionsPractical intervention items aimed at parents are likely to be used in the longer term and therefore may be appropriate for use in an intervention strategy to improve packed lunches.
Early growth and markers of cardiovascular risk in Keralan children in the Integrated Child Development Scheme
Authors: Brown Nick , Sasidharan Chaniyil Krishnan , Fisher David 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveLow birth weight is associated with increased lifelong morbidity. Kerala has a renowned, low-cost, maternal–child health system in which is couched universal access to the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS), central to which is community-based maternal–infant nutritional supplementation. We assessed whether children in this environment showed enhanced birth weight and postnatal growth and whether the evolution of early markers of CVD was attenuated in comparison to contemporaries from other states.DesignA part retrospective, part prospective cohort study in which children (n 286) born in 1998–2000 in Calicut were identified from Anganwadi records. They were traced at 6 years and underwent full anthropometry and blood pressure measurements at 6 and 8 years.ResultsMean birth weight (2·86 (sd 0·40) kg) was greater than in Indian contemporaries but consistently <−1sd below the National Center for Health Statistics reference median throughout childhood. Birth weight significantly predicted body mass (BMI) at 8 years. Lower birth weight was strongly predictive of a higher waist:hip ratio (WHR) indicative of adverse central (coelomic) fat distribution (P < 0·01). Faster weight gain in infancy was weakly predictive of a lower WHR (P = 0·59), but faster late childhood growth at 6–8 years was non-significantly predictive of adverse WHR.ConclusionsAt 8 years of age, children in Calicut participating in the ICDS have greater birth weight and relative attenuation of the evolution of early CVD markers compared with children in apparently comparable states. The relative contributions of the ICDS and other factors inherent to Kerala cannot be inferred from the present study.
Neural network dysfunction in bipolar depression: clues from the efficacy of lamotrigine
Authors: Large Charles H. , Daniel Elena Di , Li Xingbao , George Mark S. 
Published: September 2009

One strategy to understand bipolar disorder is to study the mechanism of action of mood-stabilizing drugs, such as valproic acid and lithium. This approach has implicated a number of intracellular signalling elements, such as GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β), ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase)/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) or protein kinase C. However, lamotrigine does not seem to modulate any of these targets, which is intriguing given that its profile in the clinic differs from that of valproic acid or lithium, with greater efficacy to prevent episodes of depression than mania. The primary target of lamotrigine is the voltage-gated sodium channel, but it is unclear why inhibition of these channels might confer antidepressant efficacy. In healthy volunteers, we found that lamotrigine had a facilitatory effect on the BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) response to TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) of the prefrontal cortex. This effect was in contrast with an inhibitory effect of lamotrigine when TMS was applied over the motor cortex. In a follow-up study, a similar prefrontal specific facilitatory effect was observed in a larger cohort of healthy subjects, whereas valproic acid inhibited motor and prefrontal cortical TMS-induced BOLD response. In vitro, we found that lamotrigine (3–10 μM) enhanced the power of gamma frequency network oscillations induced by kainic acid in the rat hippocampus, an effect that was not observed with valproic acid (100 μM). These data suggest that lamotrigine has a positive effect on corticolimbic network function that may differentiate it from other mood stabilizers. The results are also consistent with the notion of corticolimbic network dysfunction in bipolar disorder.
The role of lithium in modulation of brain genes: relevance for aetiology and treatment of bipolar disorder
Authors: Fatemi S. Hossein , Reutiman Teri J. , Folsom Timothy D. 
Published: September 2009

Bipolar disorder is a debilitating disorder of the brain with a lifetime prevalence of 1.0% for bipolar I, 1.1% for bipolar II disorder and 2.4–4.7% for subthreshold bipolar disorder. Medications, including lithium, have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of bipolar disorder, but their molecular targets and mode of action are largely unknown. A few studies have begun to shed light on potential targets of lithium treatment that may be involved in lithium's therapeutic effect. We have recently conducted a microarray study of rat frontal cortex following chronic treatment (21 days) with lithium. Chronic treatment with lithium led to a significant (at least 1.5-fold) down-regulation of 151 genes and up-regulation of 57 genes. We discuss our results in the context of previous microarray studies involving lithium and gene-association studies to identify key genes associated with chronic lithium treatment. A number of genes associated with bipolar disorder, including Comt (catechol-O-methyltransferase), Vapa (vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein A), Dtnb (dystrobrevin β) and Pkd1 (polycystic kidney disease 1), were significantly altered in our microarray dataset along with genes associated with synaptic transmission, apoptosis and transport among other functions.
Prehistory of Presocratic Philosophy in an Orientalizing Context
Authors: Burkert Walter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Philosophy up to now is bound to a chain of tradition that starts with Greek texts about 2,400 years ago: the works of Plato and Aristotle have been studied continuously since then; they were transmitted to Persians and Arabs and back to Europe and are still found in every philosophical library. Plato, in turn, was not an absolute beginning; he read and criticized Heraclitus, Parmenides, Anaxagoras, Empedocles, Protagoras, and other sophists; Aristotle read and criticized Plato and everything else he could find, up to Anaximander. Even if philosophy is anything but certain about its own identity, the definition of philosophy is inseparably bound to the Greek fundaments. Nobody has been able to reinvent philosophy because it has always been there.
Two Problems in Pythagoreanism
Authors: Huffman Carl 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Recently, the Pythagoreans have received rather more attention, both in their own right and as part of the developing picture of Presocratic thought, than they received for much of the twentieth century. Thanks to these studies, a new and more complicated picture is emerging. This article refines this picture critically examining Aristotle's claims about Pythagorean influence on Plato, along with the related question of who among early Greek thinkers actually counts as a Pythagorean. It provides a reminder that Aristotle's account of the history of earlier thought is always a history of just a part of the philosophy of his predecessors, and makes clear that the eagerness with which some present-day scholars find Pythagorean influence on later thought may be misplaced.
Leucippus's Atomism
Authors: Graham Daniel W. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The founder of atomic theory, according to Aristotle and Theophrastus, is Leucippus. His very existence has been called into question. Three of the best minds of nineteenth-century scholarship were embroiled in a vehement debate on this question, which thereupon became a cause célèbre, with scholars weighing in on both sides for the next half century. Ultimately this debate seems to have ended in stalemate and exhaustion rather than in any clear-cut decision. After briefly reviewing the debate, this article argues that there are indications of an atomic theory different from Democritus's that can plausibly be attributed to Leucippus. It considers indications that the atomic theory was known in the mid-fifth century, and then tentatively explores Leucippus's contributions to atomism in a way that will illuminate Democritus's contributions.
Classical Representations and Uses of the Presocratics
Authors: Palmer John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Anyone interested in the influence of Presocratic thought may be tempted to begin with Plato and Aristotle. There is, however, sufficient evidence of Presocratic influence among the sophists to make it clear that this temptation should be resisted. Some traces of this earlier influence may be found in Plato and Aristotle themselves, and this fact should serve as a reminder that their own involvement with Presocratic philosophy did not take place in a vacuum but will have been conditioned or mediated by previous developments. This article deals with classical thinkers (including Plato and Aristotle) who interpreted, wrote about, and preserved the Presocratics, pointing out that just as one must read the Presocratics through the filters of Plato and Aristotle and their successors and commentators, Plato and Aristotle were influenced by the already burgeoning tradition of historiography that developed in the late fifth and fourth centuries.
Material Culture
Authors: Kieschnick John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAttention to material culture reveals generally shared responses across cultures to size, light, and representations of the human form. Even without specific cultural knowledge, monumental sculpture tends to provoke a sense of awe and small dark spaces a sense of foreboding and mystery. For this reason, whether for small-scale studies of individual practices or events or for comparative religion on a grander scale, attention to material culture has great explanatory potential. Before returning to the value of an appreciation of objects for understanding emotion and religion, this article presents a brief introduction to the term “material culture” and problems specific to the study of the material culture of religion. It then looks at intense emotions in extraordinary contexts, including the ecstasy of a shaman in trance, the anger of a crowd driven to violence, the weeping of saints, and the wonder of devotees in the presence of the miraculous. The article also considers objects that play a role in more pedestrian, though not necessarily less important, feelings.
Hope
Authors: Miller W. Watts 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWriting during the occupation of France in the 1940s, the French Catholic philosopher Gabriel Marcel sees the core authentic form of hope as “I hope in thee for us.” A strength of Marcel's account is that it drives home the importance of hope-in and hope-for, against preoccupation with hope-that. The trouble is that he then marginalizes hope-that, in a worry over its vulnerability to defeat and in a quest for an absolute hope. Marcel in fact emphasizes and interlinks two quite general hopes-that—rock-bottom hope that all is not lost, and transcendent hope of salvation. He also sees imprisonment—by illness, in a land under occupation, in an actual jail—as a paradigmatic case of hope's struggle against despair. Accordingly, there are important similarities with Emile Durkheim's classic account of the two main modern routes to suicide. One is the egoism of a cold intellectual atomistic world of the self, cut off from the warmth of social feelings. The other is the anomie of a raging bonfire of desires, impossible to dampen down and bring under conscious control.
Love
Authors: Martin Nancy M. , Runzo Joseph 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLove lies at the heart of the religious life, as a principle mode of relationship between the human and the transcendent, as a guiding motivation for the moral life, and, for many, as a defining attribute of the transcendent. Among all the emotions, love is the most transformative. Yet the transformative power of love can be highly disruptive, contravening the careful conceptual apparatus of religion, undermining institutional religious authority, and upsetting social expectations and hierarchies. And if the power of the emotion of love is not harnessed for self-transformation, then rather than enhancing the other-regarding perspective prescribed by religion, this emotion can increase attachment, partiality, and self-centeredness. In theistic traditions such as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Baha'i, bhakti Hinduism, and Sikhism, love is considered an essential defining attribute of God and a definitive mode—if not the single definitive mode—of relationship between humans and the divine. This article discusses the nature of love and emotion, love as an attribute of the transcendent, and love as the response to the transcendent.
Religious Hatred
Authors: Corrigan John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHate as an emotion, while not exactly the same in all instances, manifests in certain ways regardless of whether the context is religion, ethnicity, sexuality, gender, or other kinds of difference. Religious ideologies and institutions historically have served as backgrounds that condition the performance of hatred by individuals and groups. Some religious hatred arises from intellectual cultures characterized by an absolutizing worldview, in which reality is parsed into clearly bounded categories of holy and unholy, good and evil, saved and damned. Religion is a marker of group identity, and is frequently interwoven with other aspects of identity, including nationalistic, ethnic, and cultural elements. Religious hatred, accordingly, is sometimes mixed with hatred having to do with ethnicity or nationalistic fervor. Religious hatred is most easily observed in violence, and it is through violence that it is most effectively expressed. In the history of religious hatred in the West, Judaism shares the center stage with Christianity and Islam. Religious hatred is not limited to monotheistic religions.
Friedrich Schleiermacher and Rudolf Otto
Authors: Mariña Jacqueline 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTwo names often grouped together in the study of religion are Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1884) and Rudolf Otto (1869–1937). Central to their understanding of religion is the idea that religious experience, characterized in terms of feeling, lies at the heart of all genuine religion. In his book On Religion, Schleiermacher speaks of religion as a “sense and taste for the Infinite.” In The Christian Faith, Schleiermacher grounds religion in the immediate self-consciousness and the “feeling of absolute dependence.” Influenced by Schleiermacher, Otto also grounds religion in an original experience of what he calls “the numinous,” which can only be grasped through states of feeling. This article discusses the views of Otto and Schleiermacher on religion as feeling. It examines how both men conceived of feeling, the reasons they believed religion had to be understood in its terms, and the common threads linking their perspectives. It also considers Schleiermacher's interpretation of religious feeling as transcendental experience.
Constructionism and Its Critics
Authors: Kloos John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSince the 1970s, social scientists increasingly have cast human emotions in the arenas of culturally or linguistically constructed expression. A wide spectrum of theoretical terminology has been employed, including “constructionism” and “constructivist.” This essay reviews constructionist theories that bear on the study of religion and emotion. It analyzes constructionist theories as both determinist and relativist. It focuses on the recent historical ethnographic work of an important anthropologist of emotion, William M. Reddy. It also examines how religious emotions get constructed and what forms serve to give them expression. Generally, religious ritual is a form that can function in such a way so that the emotional lows of loss and grief are made less low. Conversely, ritual can heighten the feelings of joy and happiness at times of celebration. The construction of ritual form reflects specific religious traditions, yet cultures also share more broadly emotional forms for handling death, birth, marriage, and personal formation.
Introduction
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article is concerned with basic topics as well as new areas containing themes and problems that have significant implications for broader social issues. It studies the move from epistemological questions about the nature and structure of thinking in the life sciences to more social questions about the implications of the life sciences for living in society. There is a discussion about how biologists think about evolution which emerges from the varied lives of individual. There are topics by leading contributors that tackles to what extent chance factors play a significant role in the history and development of organisms, the problem of animal behavior, and many more. It seems students of science are realizing that the language of science is no trivial matter and that the words, can have significant effects and the extent to which it is accepted or rejected.