bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE RELATION BETWEEN DICTYOSOME AND CONTRACTILE VACUOLE IN SPONGES
Authors: Lutfy R. G. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS1. In the freshwater sponge Ephydatia, the osmiophile dictyosomes of the choanocytes are intimately related to the contractile vacuoles and show a great deal of morphological variation. In many cases the contractile vacuole itself possesses an osmiophile cortex. The condition here bears a general resemblance to the osmiophile vacuole‐reservoir complex of some flagellates.2. In the marine sponge Grantia, the osmiophile dictyosomes still show morphological variations. The vacuoles or chromophobe areas of the dictyosomes increase in size under the effect of hypotonic solutions. However, in ordinary or control material, the vacuoles show quantitative variations, though to a much lesser extent.3. The inference to be drawn from the above‐mentioned facts is that the sponge choanocyte dictyosome might be engaged in osmo‐regulation.4. From electron microscope work on the contractile vacuole cortices of protozoans, the parabasals of flagellates and the dictyosomes of Grantia choanocytes, it is quite clear that these structures have one thing in common, i.e. the presence in all of them of double lamellæ or flattened closed vesicles, a character which they share with the metazoan Golgi apparatus.
A SIMPLE PHOTOMULTIPLIER PHOTOMETER
Authors: Barer R. , Underwood R. G. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe great sensitivity of photomultipliers offers many advantages over photocell‐amplifier systems for the measurement or comparison of low levels of illumination. However, a highly stabilized power supply is generally considered to be essential. Tests have shown that for many purposes such supplies are not necessary. A simple and compact instrument based on a non‐stabilized power supply has been developed. An important feature is the incorporation of a device for ensuring that the same total voltage is applied to the photomultiplier every time a reading is taken. The instrument can thus be regarded as manually stabilized. It has found widespread applications as an exposure meter in phase‐contrast, interference, fluorescence and electron microscopy, and can be used as the basis for many types of instruments in which the measurement of very low light intensities is required.
COMPLEMENTARY LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE INVESTIGATIONS ON THE HABIT AND STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO LONG CHAIN COMPOUNDS
Authors: Keller A. , Bassett D. C. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe paper is divided into three parts. It begins by comparing the relative merits of the optical and electron microscopes in the study of crystals, being particularly concerned with the problem of examining specimens in all dimensional ranges. Special attention is given to the discussion of electron diffraction, especially to diffraction effects observed in images, e.g. Bragg fringes and moiré patterns and the methods of identifying the Bragg reflections contributing to them (i.e. dark ground and ghost image techniques). In the second part of the paper, the use of the techniques described is illustrated in the field of polymer morphology. A brief review is given of the subject, emphasizing the special role that co‐ordinated optical and electron microscopy has played in its establishment. Spherulites, sheaves and fibrils, and single crystals are discussed. In these last, the phenomenon of folded molecular chains and its necessary consequence of distinct crystal sectors are introduced. Finally, some new work is presented concerning the effects of changing the temperature during the growth of polymer single crystals. Such treatment produces various striking growth habits for which some explanation is offered. More importantly, these habits provide new information concerning the growth of fold‐containing crystals.
Preputial skin and glands in Ceratotherium and Diceros
Authors: CAVE A. J. E. , AUMONIER F. J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe histology of the preputial skin and its appendages is described in the two African rhinoceros forms Ceratotherium and Diceros. Apocrine sweat glands occur in both. A feature of the Ceratotherium penis is the presence of distinctive surface papillae which are the mouths of eccrine sweat glands whose secretory tubules are embedded in a mass of subepidermal lymphoid tissue, an arrangement hitherto unrecorded for any mammal.
A theoretical assessment of a proposed technique of stereo‐tomography
Authors: LATHAM R. V. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe concept of stereo‐tomography is discussed with reference to a proposed experimental system built around the point‐projection X‐ray microscope. In this technique, the finite layer thickness of a conventional tomograph, fixed by the required optical resolution, is viewed stereoscopically. Using a simplified theory, relations are established between the experimental parameters to give the resolution obtainable for a required layer thickness and also the magnification requirements to satisfy the minimum condition for stereo‐acuity. A qualitative discussion of the main distortions to be found in the final image is included.
Ambulatory high‐resolution manometry, lower esophageal sphincter lift and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation
Authors: Mittal R. K. , Karstens A. , Leslie E. , Babaei A. , Bhargava V. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground  Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) lift seen on high‐resolution manometry (HRM) is a possible surrogate marker of the longitudinal muscle contraction of the esophagus. Recent studies suggest that longitudinal muscle contraction of the esophagus induces LES relaxation.Aim  Our goal was to determine: (i) the feasibility of prolonged ambulatory HRM and (ii) to detect LES lift with LES relaxation using ambulatory HRM color isobaric contour plots.Methods  In vitro validation studies were performed to determine the accuracy of HRM technique in detecting axial movement of the LES. Eight healthy normal volunteers were studied using a custom designed HRM catheter and a 16 channel data recorder, in the ambulatory setting of subject’s home environment. Color HRM plots were analyzed to determine the LES lift during swallow‐induced LES relaxation as well as during complete and incomplete transient LES relaxations (TLESR).Key Results  Satisfactory recordings were obtained for 16 h in all subjects. LES lift was small (2 mm) in association with swallow‐induced LES relaxation. LES lift could not be measured during complete TLESR as the LES is not identified on the HRM color isobaric contour plot once it is fully relaxed. On the other hand, LES lift, mean 8.4 ± 0.6 mm, range: 4–18 mm was seen with incomplete TLESRs (n = 80).Conclusions & Inferences  Our study demonstrates the feasibility of prolonged ambulatory HRM recordings. Similar to a complete TLESR, longitudinal muscle contraction of the distal esophagus occurs during incomplete TLESRs, which can be detected by the HRM. Using prolonged ambulatory HRM, future studies may investigate the temporal correlation between abnormal longitudinal muscle contraction and esophageal symptoms.
Local adaptation and matching habitat choice in female barn owls with respect to melanic coloration
Authors: DREISS A. N. , ANTONIAZZA S. , BURRI R. , FUMAGALLI L. , SONNAY C. , FREY C. , GOUDET J. , ROULIN A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLocal adaptation is a major mechanism underlying the maintenance of phenotypic variation in spatially heterogeneous environments. In the barn owl (Tyto alba), dark and pale reddish‐pheomelanic individuals are adapted to conditions prevailing in northern and southern Europe, respectively. Using a long‐term dataset from Central Europe, we report results consistent with the hypothesis that the different pheomelanic phenotypes are adapted to specific local conditions in females, but not in males. Compared to whitish females, reddish females bred in sites surrounded by more arable fields and less forests. Colour‐dependent habitat choice was apparently beneficial. First, whitish females produced more fledglings when breeding in wooded areas, whereas reddish females when breeding in sites with more arable fields. Second, cross‐fostering experiments showed that female nestlings grew wings more rapidly when both their foster and biological mothers were of similar colour. The latter result suggests that mothers should particularly produce daughters in environments that best match their own coloration. Accordingly, whiter females produced fewer daughters in territories with more arable fields. In conclusion, females displaying alternative melanic phenotypes bred in habitats providing them with the highest fitness benefits. Although small in magnitude, matching habitat selection and local adaptation may help maintain variation in pheomelanin coloration in the barn owl.
Predictors of postoperative sore throat in intubated children
Authors: Calder Alyson , Hegarty Mary , Erb Thomas O. , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryBackground:  The incidence of postoperative sore throat (POST) following intubation is not well defined in the pediatric population. The etiology is multifactorial and includes impairment of subglottic mucosal perfusion and edema as a result of the pressures exerted by cuffed or uncuffed tubes.Aim:  To determine the incidence of, and risk factors for, POST in intubated children undergoing elective day‐case surgery.Methods:  Five hundred patients aged 3–16 years were studied prospectively. Endotracheal tube (ETT) choice (cuffed or uncuffed) was left to the anesthetist. The cuff was inflated either until loss of audible leak or to a determined pressure using a cuff manometer. The research team then measured the cuff pressure (CP). POST incidence and intensity was determined by interviewing patients prior to discharge from the same day procedure unit. Chi‐square testing and stepwise logistic regression were used to determine the predictors of POST.Results:  Of the 111 (22%) children developed a sore throat, 19 (3.8%) a sore neck, and 5 (1%) a sore jaw. 19% of patients with cuffed ETTs complained of sore throat compared with 37% of those intubated with an uncuffed ETT. The incidence of POST increased with CP; 0–10% at 0 cmH2O, 4% at 11–20 cmH2O, 20% at 21–30 cmH2O, 68% at CP 31–40 cmH2O, and 96% at CP >40 cmH2O. The ETT CP and use of uncuffed ETTs were univariate predictors of POST.Conclusions:  Children intubated with uncuffed ETTs are more likely to have POST. ETT CP is positively correlated with the incidence of POST. When using cuffed ETTs, CP should be routinely measured intraoperatively.
Weight loss and African–American women: a systematic review of the behavioural weight loss intervention literature
Authors: Fitzgibbon M. L. , Tussing‐Humphreys L. M. , Porter J. S. , Martin I. K. , Odoms‐Young A. , Sharp L. K. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe excess burden of obesity among African–American women is well documented. However, the behavioural weight loss intervention literature often does not report results by ethnic group or gender. The purpose of this article is to conduct a systematic review of all behavioural weight loss intervention trials published between 1990 and 2010 that included and reported results separately for African–American women. The criteria for inclusion included (i) participants age ≥18 years; (ii) a behavioural weight loss intervention; (iii) weight as an outcome variable; (iv) inclusion of African–American women; and (v) weight loss results reported separately by ethnicity and gender. The literature search identified 25 studies that met inclusion criteria. Our findings suggest that more intensive randomized behavioural weight loss trials with medically at‐risk populations yield better results. Well‐designed and more intensive multi‐site trials with medically at‐risk populations currently offer the most promising results for African–American women. Still, African–American women lose less weight than other subgroups in behavioural weight loss interventions. It is now critical to expand on individual‐level approaches and incorporate the biological, social and environmental factors that influence obesity. This will help enable the adoption of healthier behaviours for this group of women disproportionately affected by obesity.
The Factor Content of Heterogeneous Firm Trade
Authors: Kancs d’Artis , Ciaian Pavel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe present paper studies the factor content of heterogenous firm trade in the presence of market imperfections and transaction costs. The conceptual framework builds on a relative factor endowment model, which we extend to account for firm heterogeneity and transaction costs. Using a large panel of firm‐level data for the EU, we are able to examine not only the aggregate factor content of trade but also to identify differences in the factor of trade between heterogenous firms. Our empirical results suggest that because of transaction costs and market imperfections, the factor content of agricultural trade is heavily distorted in the CEE transition economies. To increase the gains of trade and the employed factor rewards, the policy should first address the transaction costs and market imperfections.
The Iconography of Punishment: Execution Prints and the Death Penalty
Authors: Carrabine Eamonn 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe last couple of decades have seen a remarkable cultural turn in the sociology of punishment. In a field dominated by approaches emphasising class control and disciplinary power, it is no longer possible to ignore the force of representation. This article develops a cultural analysis of punishment through two iconic examples. The first is an 18th‐Century engraving byWilliamHogarth and the second is a 20th‐CenturyAndyWarhol screen print. Each sheds light on the social and political conditions existing at the time the work was produced and condensed important disputes over the meaning of punishment.
Dartmoor: Penal and Cultural Icon
Authors: Barton Alana , Brown Alyson 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDartmoor is one of the oldest British prisons still in use. Opened in 1809, it quickly gained a brutal reputation that its later history has done little to dispel. The image of Dartmoor has loomed large in England's penal and cultural past and endures because of its combination of particular architecture, topography and inmate population as well as its unique capacity to invoke, within the public consciousness, an idealised and even mythical representation of all prisons. This article examines how a combination of physical and expressive factors has established and perpetuated the brutal, yet ‘darkly glamorous’, image of Dartmoor prison and its prisoners.
Linezolid versus Vancomycin Antibiotic Lock Solution for the Prevention of Nontunneled Catheter‐related Blood Stream Infections in Hemodialysis Patients: A Prospective Randomized Study
Authors: Sofroniadou Sofia , Revela Ioanna , Smirloglou Despina , Makriniotou Ioanna , Zerbala Sinodi , Kouloubinis Alexandros , Samonis George , Iatrou Christos 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe use of antibiotic lock solutions (ALSs) for the prevention of catheter‐related blood stream infections (CRBSIs) is a promising option. The efficacy and safety of linezolid as ALS were evaluated in a randomized double‐blind prospective study where 131 patients who required nontunneled catheter (NTC) for hemodialysis (HD) were randomized to receive an ALS with either (A) unfractionated heparin (2000 U/ml) alone as a catheter lock control, (B) vancomycin (5 mg/ml) + heparin (2000 U/ml), or (C) linezolid (2 mg/ml) + heparin (2000 U/ml). The primary endpoint of the study was CRBSI. A total of 152 NTCs were inserted in 131 patients. The linezolid‐locked group did not present any infective episode (CRBSI rate = 0/1000 catheter days) compared with 2 episodes in the vancomycin‐locked group (CRBSI rate = 1.21/1000 catheter days, p = 0.1021) and 11 episodes in the heparin‐locked group (CRBSI rate = 6.7/1000 catheter days, p = 0.0001). Median number of catheter days was greater in group C (median = 38) compared with group B (median = 36, p = 0.0415) and with group A (median = 34, p = 0.0036). No side effects and no resistant organisms were recorded with the use of linezolid ALS. Linezolid appears to be a safe and effective ALS, preventing CRBSI and prolonging the survival of the catheter in HD patients.
J‐tip guide wire entrapment within the heart during central venous catheterization
Authors: Kang Seok Hui , Park Won Kyu , Do Jun Young , Cho Kyu Hyang , Park Jong Won , Yoon Kyung Woo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA 55‐year‐old female was hospitalized for melena. The patient was suspected of having uremia symptoms. Use of a tunneled cuffed hemodialysis catheter of the right internal jugular vein was planned. At one point, the wire could not be extracted or advanced. In addition, whenever the guide wire was manipulated, ventricular premature rhythms developed. Fluoroscopy revealed knotting of the guide wire in the right ventricle. A 7 French guiding catheter was inserted along the guide wire, which loosened the knotting of the guide wire. The present case shows that entrapment within the heart can develop due to use of a J‐tip guide wire. If a guide wire cannot be removed despite several attempts with gentle pressure, this event should be ruled out by fluoroscopy and chest X‐ray. Using of straight or curved guide wire and real‐time surveillance using fluoroscopy or electrocardiography may be important to prevent this complication.
Indian and lesbian and what came next: Affect, commensuration, and queer emergences
Authors: DAVE NAISARGI N. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTIn this article, I demonstrate how a new social world of lesbian activists emerged in India around the text of a sign reading “Indian and Lesbian,” which was held aloft at a demonstration and then pictured in newspapers the following morning. I argue that the efficacy of this sign lay not in its commensuration of “Indian” and “lesbian” but, rather, in its introduction of an incommensurability that now had to be resolved. I understand incommensurability as affect, or the participation of the unknown in the world of norms such that something new emerges that struggles between multiplication and closure.
A comparative study of the ground nests of Centris flavifrons and Centris aethiocesta (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae)
Authors: Vinson S. B. , Frankie G. W. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe nests of Centris aethiocesta Snelling and Centris flavifrons (Friese) are described and compared to published accounts of C flavofasciata. The three are ground nesting solitary bee species in Costa Rica. Centris aethiocesta, like previously published C. flavofasciata, prefers the beach strand, although C. aethiocesta nests in more shaded areas. Centris flavifrons nests are constructed in the dry forest savanna, often in small depressions. All three construct one cell per tunnel, with the tunnel of completed nests filled with soil. Tunnels of completed nests of C. aethiocesta are unbranched; tunnels of C. flavifrons have 6 to 10 side tunnels also filled with soil, while only one side tunnel is published for C. flavofasciata.
Retention force of plastic clips on implant bars: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bayer Stefan , Komor Nathalie , Kramer Annina , Albrecht Dominic , Mericske‐Stern Regina , Enkling Norbert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectivesRetention of overdentures is important for patients’ satisfaction. The study tested whether the clinical performance of retentive clips made of poly‐ether‐ether‐ketone (PEEK) is superior to those made of poly‐oxy‐methylene (POM).MethodsA total of 30 patients received complete dentures with round bars (SFI‐Bar) on two implants in a chairside technique. Two types of clip matrices (PEEK/POM) were used in a split‐mouth technique. Retention forces were measured separately for both materials at baseline when the dentures were inserted and after 1, 3 and 6 months. The measurement was performed extraorally and intraorally by using a measuring stylus equipped, respectively, with an opposing matrix or bar part. Simultaneously, at each point in time the patient and the dentist judged the retention either to be good, or to be too high or too low. Statistical analysis involved performance of global non‐parametric testing of dependence of retention force on time and material was performed with Brunner–Langer model; non‐parametric 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsAt baseline the median force for POM matrices was 6.89N (95% CI: 6.50–8.21) and for PEEK matrices 7.17N (95% CI: 6.97–7.93). After 6 months, the retention of POM decreased to 5.53N (95% CI: 4.81–7.00) and of PEEK to 6.42N (95% CI: 5.15–7.51). The retention force changed significantly over time (P = 0.004) without differences between POM and PEEK (P = 0.135). No significant alteration of the retention force over time was measured at the bar (P = 0.289). Retention was estimated to be good with 90% at baseline and with 80% after 6 months, equally by patients and dentist.ConclusionsPOM as well as PEEK material fulfills the requirements of retentive clips on round bars.
The influence of double flask investing on tooth displacement in dentures processed by microwave irradiation
Authors: Farias Neto Arcelino , dos Santos Sousa Rodrigo L. , Rizzatti‐Barbosa Célia M. 
Published: November 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00587.xThe influence of double flask investing on tooth displacement in dentures processed by microwave irradiationObjective:  This study evaluated the influence of the bimaxillary flask (BMF) and two different investing materials on first molar inclination in dentures processed by microwave irradiation.Background:  The BMF may minimise tooth displacement, saving time and improving occlusion.Methods and materials:  Forty pairs of dentures were randomised into four groups: stone wall in monomaxillary flask; silicone wall in BMF; stone wall in BMF; acrylic resin retentions and silicone in BMF. Dentures were processed by microwave irradiation. Two referential points were established on tooth surface. A microscope and a digital pachymeter were used to measure the distance between these points, and the angles α (right maxillary molar), β (left maxillary molar), α′ (right mandibular molar) and β′ (left mandibular molar) were calculated by the law of cosines. Data were submitted to Kruskal–Wallis (5% significance).Results:  No difference was observed among the groups (p > 0.05). In the intra‐group analysis, α was significantly different for groups I, II and III; α′, for groups II and IV; β, for all groups; β′, for groups III and IV.Conclusion:  First molar inclination was similar for monomaxillary and BMFs. The use of stone or silicone as investing materials presented the same effect on tooth inclination.
Perception: A Concept Analysis
Authors: McDonald Susan M. 
Published: November 2011

PURPOSE:  Concept analysis methodology by Walker and Avant (2005) was used to define, describe, and delimit the concept of perception.DATA SOURCE:  Nursing literature in the Medline database was searched for definitions of “perception.”DATA SYNTHESIS:  Definitions, uses, and defining attributes of perception were identified; model and contrary cases were developed; and antecedents, consequences, and empirical referents were determined.CONCLUSIONS:  An operational definition for the concept was developed.IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE:  Nurses need to be cognizant of how perceptual differences impact the delivery of nursing care. In research, a mixed methodology approach may yield a richer description of the phenomenon and provide useful information for clinical practice.