bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Massive scalar field quasinormal modes of a black hole in the deformed Hořava-Lifshitz gravity
Authors: Wang ChunYan , Gao YaJun 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We calculated the quasinormalmodes ofmassive scalar field of a black hole in the deformed Hořava-Lifshitz gravity with coupling constant λ = 1, using the third-order WKB approximation. Our results show that when the scalar field mass increases, the oscillation frequency increases while the damping decreases. And we find that the imaginary parts are almost linearly related to the real parts, the behaviors are very similar to that in the Reissner-Nordström black hole spacetime. These information will help us understand more about the Hořava-Lifshitz gravity.
EVALUATION OF MATERNALLY DERIVED ANTIBODIES AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS AND ITS EFFECT ON VACCINATION IN BROILER CHICKS
Authors: Jalil MA , Samad MA , Islam MT 
Published: November 2011

The study was conducted to determine the persistence of maternally derived antibody (MDA) and its effects on protection against NDV in broiler chickens and to investigate the status of humoral immune response following vaccination with BCRDV® (F-strain, lentogenic) at different ages of broiler chickens during the period from August to October, 2008. A total of 90 day-old broiler chicks of Cobb 500 strain with the history of vaccination of parent stock against Newcastle disease (ND) was divided into three groups (A, B and C). Birds of group A (n = 35) were used for the study of protection ability of MDA against NDV, the birds of group B (n = 45) were used for the measurement of humoral immune response in chickens following vaccination at different ages and birds of group C (n = 10) were used for the determination of persistence of maternally derived antibody. The level of antibody titre against NDV was determined by HI test. The protective potentiality of MDA and vaccine was determined by the rate of survivability of the chickens following challenge infection. It was observed that the MDA titre in day-old chicks was higher and gradually declined at minimal level at day 28. The MDA titre of 128 or above protected the birds following challenge infection with virulent NDV. There were significant decrease in HI titres of chickens which were vaccinated once at day 1 and day 7, and could not withstand challenge infection with virulent NDV. Single vaccination with BCRDV® at day 14 triggered the production of antibody but could not provide complete protection to the birds. The birds which were boosted with the same vaccine 7 days and 21 days after primary vaccination produced better immune response. However, the birds which were vaccinated primarily at day 1 and boosted at day 7 could not withstand the challenge completely. Of the other regimens of twice vaccination, primary vaccination at day 7 and booster dosing at day 28 was found to be the best in terms of immune response and protection potentiality. Therefore, it may be concluded that (a) The MDA titre level of 128 or above is sufficient to protect broilers against challenge with virulent NDV,( b) Primary vaccination at day 7 followed by a booster dosing at day 28 may be followed for better immune response and protection against ND in broilers.DOI: 10.3329/bjvm.v7i2.5995Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2009). 7(2) : 296 – 302
PREVALENCE OF SUBCLINICAL GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITOSIS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MILK PRODUCTION WITH THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT IN RED CHITTAGONG CATTLE
Authors: Rahman MM , Samad MA 
Published: November 2011

The prevalence of sub-clinical gastro-intestinal parasitosis and their effects on health and milk production with therapeutic management were studied in 87 Red Chittagong cattle (RCC) reared at the Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm (BAUDF), Mymensingh during the period from March to July 2008. Of the 87 RCC aged between 1 to 96 months which included 22 milch cows, 15 pregnant cows, 8 dry cows, 18 weaned calves and 24 unweaned calves. Parasitological examination of faecal samples of all the selected 87 RCC showed that 51.72% (n = 45) animals affected with different types of gastro-intestinal parasites, of which 37.93% had single, 12.64% had dual and only 1.15% animals had triple types of infection. An overall 34.48% paramphistomiasis, 25.29% balantidiasis, 2.30% toxocariasis, 2.30% strongyloidiasis, 1.15% trichuriasis and 1.15% fascioliasis was recorded in RCC. However, toxocariasis (18.75%), strongyloidiasis (18.75%) and trichuriasis (6.25%) were recorded in calves up to 6 months old, and paramphistomiasis (34.48%) and fascioliasis (1.15%) in cattle more than 6 months of age whereas balantidiasis (25.29%) was recorded in all age groups of cattle. The anthelmintic efficacy of the combined commercial preparations with Tetramisole hydrochloride 2.0g and Oxyclozanide 1.4g per bolus (Levanid®, Acme ; Tetranid®, Techno Drugs) @ 1 bolus / 100 kg body weight with a single oral dose caused 100% reduction of faecal egg count at day 7 post-treatment. A single oral dose of 1% copper sulfate solution @ 10 ml / kg and metranidazole (Flagyl®, Aventis) @ 4 mg /kg body weight resulted 100% and 42.85% reduction of Balantidium coli trophozoites, respectively. The average milk production records of RCC affected with gastro-intestinal parasitosis (1.41litre / day / animal) were compared with the mean milk production records at day 7 post-anthelmintic treatment (1.73 liter / day / animal) and results showed an average increased milk yield +0.32 litre / day / animal. This study indicates that RCC affected with sub-clinical gastro-intestinal parasitosis caused ill-health and decrease milk yield like zebu and cross-bred cattle. It may be concluded from this study that the RCC should be regularly monitored through faecal examination for the presence of gastro-intestinal parasites in order to provide rational treatment and control management to make the RCC farming profitable. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.7395 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 11-16
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF <i>ESCHERICHIA COLI</i> FROM BUFFALO CALVES IN SOME SELECTED AREAS OF BANGLADESH
Authors: Paul SK , Khan MSR , Rashid MA , Hassan J , Mahmud SMS 
Published: November 2011

The research works was conducted with a view to isolate and identify the Escherichia coli (E. coli) organism from diarrhoeic cases of buffalo reared in selected areas of Bangladesh as well the prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolated E. coli in the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh-2202 during the period from April 2008 to May 2009. A total of 50 rectal swab samples were collected from 4 different places namely Haluaghat and Boira of Mymensingh, Madupur of Tangail and Kazipur of Sirajgonj districts. The samples were aseptically carried to the laboratory of the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene and subjected to different cultural, morphological and biochemical examinations. Upon cultural, morphological and biochemical examinations 23 (45%) samples were found to be positive for E. coli. The highest prevalence was found in Haluaghat, Mymensingh (53.33%) and the lowest (40.00%) in Boira, Mymensingh and Kazipur, Sirajganj. Antibiogram study revealed that the isolated E. coli was highly sensitive to Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin, moderately sensitive to Cefalexin and Amoxicillin, and resistant to Nalidixic acid and Erythromycin. DOI = 10.3329/bjvm.v8i1.7398 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8(1): 23-26
Le social comme socio-genèse - Éléments de réflexion sur les rapports actuels de la sociologie et de la sémiotique
Authors: Ostrowetsky Sylvia , Bordreuil J.-Samuel 
Published: November 2011

Dans cet article les auteurs s'interrogent sur les nouveaux types de relations qui se nouent entre sciences du langage et sciences de la société. Consécutivement à la percée de la philosophie analytique, des sémiologies de l'énonciation, au développement du courant pragmatique il semble que la frontière qui unit et sépare les deux disciplines se soit déplacée ; d'où, sans doute, des remous de part et d'autre.
L'article s'ouvre sur l'étude croisée de la sociologie implicite des nouvelles approches linguistiques, et de la sémiotique des sociologues. Il conclut à une dissymétrie dans la manière dont les deux pôles scientifiques s'affectent l'un l'autre. Si les nouveaux courants linguistiques développent en tendance une sociologie qui diffuse autour d'un noyau central qui serait constitué par les sociabilités langagières, la sociologie, en règle générale, tend à maintenir le langage dans le ghetto de la communication, l'assignant au simple rôle de chambre d'enregistrement de rapports sociaux (d'intérêt ou de pouvoir). L'examen de l'accueil fait à la notion de performativité témoigne de cette résistance.
Pour une grande part cette réduction de la socialité du langage procède, en sociologie, d'une méfiance à l'égard du caractère micro-social des analyses en question (d'où l'insistance à thématiser le social comme extériorité englobante et donc déterminante) .
Une voie se dessine alors, qui reste, des deux côtés, à parcourir et qui tenterait d'objectiver les productions sociales, même massives (par exemple les productions architecturales) comme des procès "sémiurgique " ou "sémio-génétiques" . Dans cette perspective quelques jalons sont posés esquissant ce que pourrait être une socio-sémiotique des mouvements identitaires contemporains (régionalisme, féminisme, traditionnalisme) .
Household Smoking Restrictions and Adolescent Smoking
Authors: Fisher Laurie B. , Winickoff Jonathan P. , Camargo Carlos A. , Colditz Graham A. , Frazier A. Lindsay 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To examine the association between household smoking restrictions and adolescent smoking, controlling for parental smoking, peer smoking, and tobacco marketing. Design. Cross-sectional analysis of 1999 data from the Growing Up Today Study, a longitudinal cohort of adolescents. Setting. Self-report questionnaire. Subjects. 10,593 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Measures. The dependent variable was established smoking (smoking ≥ 100 cigarettes). Variables of interest were household smoking restrictions, parental smoking, peer smoking, and tobacco promotional item (TPI) possession. Results. Four percent of participants reported that their households permitted smoking. Parental smoking, peer smoking, and TPI possession were significantly associated with established smoking. In logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, peer smoking, and TPI possession, adolescent smoking was inversely related to the presence of a restrictive household policy (odds ratio [OR] = 0.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.48–0.93); however, when parental smoking was added to this model, the association was attenuated (OR = 0.94, CI = 0.65–1.35). When only one parent in the household smoked, smoking restrictions were more common when this parent was the father. Conclusions. Although household smoking restrictions offer health benefits, they do not appear to be associated with adolescent smoking after accounting for other factors. Prior studies did not include parental smoking, peer smoking, and marketing influences. This analytic difference may explain apparent contradictions in the literature.
Methods to Assess Neuroinflammation
Authors: Monnet‐Tschudi Florianne , Defaux Antoinette , Braissant Olivier , Cagnon Laurène , Zurich Marie‐Gabrielle 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNeuroinflammation is observed in many brain pathologies: in neurodegenerative diseases and multiple sclerosis as well as in chemically induced lesions. It is characterized by the reactivity of microglial cells and astrocytes, activation of inducible NO‐synthase (i‐NOS), and increased expression and/or release of cytokines and chemokines. Clearly, cell‐to‐cell signaling between the different brain cell types plays an important role in the initiation and propagation of neuroinflammation, but despite the growing list of known molecular actors, the underlying pathways and the sequence of events remain to be fully elucidated. The present chapter presents an example of how to assess neuroinflammation in complex brain tissues, using aggregating brain cell cultures as an in vitro model. This three‐dimensional cell culture system provides optimal cell‐to‐cell interactions crucial for histotypic cellular maturation and control of neuroinflammatory processes. The techniques described here comprise immunocytochemistry to assess the reactivity of microglia and astrocytes and the expression of cytokines; quantitative RT‐PCR to measure the mRNA expression of cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐1ra, TGF‐β, IL‐15, IFN‐γ), chemokines (ccl5, cxcl1, cxcl2), and i‐NOS; and immunoblotting to assess MAP kinase pathway activation (phosphorylation of p38 and p44/42 MAP kinases). Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 50:12.19.1‐12.19.20. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CO2‐Laser‐Induced Growth of Epitaxial Graphene on 6H‐SiC(0001)
Authors: Yannopoulos Spyros N. , Siokou Angeliki , Nasikas Nektarios K. , Dracopoulos Vassilios , Ravani Fotini , Papatheodorou George N. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe thermal decomposition of SiC surface provides, perhaps, the most promising method for the epitaxial growth of graphene on a material useful in the electronics platform. Currently, efforts are focused on a reliable method for the growth of large‐area, low‐strain epitaxial graphene that is still lacking. Here, a novel method for the fast, single‐step epitaxial growth of large‐area homogeneous graphene film on the surface of SiC(0001) using an infrared CO2 laser (10.6 μm) as the heating source is reported. Apart from enabling extreme heating and cooling rates, which can control the stacking order of epitaxial graphene, this method is cost‐effective in that it does not necessitate SiC pre‐treatment and/or high vacuum, it operates at low temperature and proceeds in the second time scale, thus providing a green solution to EG fabrication and a means to engineering graphene patterns on SiC by focused laser beams. Uniform, low–strain graphene film is demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion‐mass spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Scalability to industrial level of the method described here appears to be realistic, in view of the high rate of CO2‐laser‐induced graphene growth and the lack of strict sample–environment conditions.
Electrical and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene/multiwall carbon nanotube nanocomposites prepared by melt‐blending
Authors: Singh Brajesh K. , Kar Prativa , Shrivastava Nilesh K. , Banerjee Susanta , Khatua Bhanu B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe electrical properties in polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanocomposites are governed not only by the degree of dispersion but also to a greater extent on the aspect ratio of the CNTs in the final composites. Melt‐mixing of polymer and CNTs at high shear rate usually breaks the CNTS that lowers the aspect ratio of the nanotubes. Thus, homogeneous dispersion of CNTs while retaining the aspect ratio is a major challenge in melt‐mixing. Here, we demonstrate a novel method that involves melt‐blending of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) and in situ polymerized polystyrene (PS)/multiwalled CNT (MWCNT) nanocomposites, to prepare electrically conducting ABS/MWCNT nanocomposites with very low CNT loading than reported. The rationale behind choosing PS/MWCNT as blending component was that ABS is reported to form miscible blend with the PS. Thus, (80/20 w/w) ABS/(PS/MWCNT) nanocomposites obtained by melt‐blending showed electrical conductivity value ≈1.27 × 10−6 S cm−1 at MWCNT loading close to 0.64 wt %, which is quite lower than previously reported value for ABS/MWCNT system prepared via solution blending. Scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicated the formation of homogenous and miscible blend of ABS and PS. The high temperature (100°C) storage modulus of ABS (1298 MPa) in the nanocomposites was increased to 1696 MPa in presence of 0.64 wt % of the MWCNT. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Study of iPP crosslinking by means of dynamic and steady rheology measurements
Authors: Khellaf S. , Khoffi F. , Tabet H. , Lallam A. , Bouhelal S. , Cagiao M. E. , Benachour D. , BaltáCalleja F. J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe crosslinking of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) using crosslinking agents (CAs) based on a peroxide/sulfur/accelerator system is a very attractive new method that has been reported recently. The present work deals with the study of the dynamic rheological behavior of iPP during and after the crosslinking process. The influence of the CA concentration and the processing temperature T on the rheological behavior of the iPP was analyzed. The kinetics of the crosslinking reaction was established using the technique described by G. A. Harpell and D. H. Walrod. This reaction is found to be of order one. At T = 180°C, the crosslinking reaction was faster. By varying the crosslinking agent content, different crosslinking degrees of iPP, expressed by the corresponding gel content, are achieved. On the other hand, the modified polypropylene exhibits an unexpected viscosity‐shear rate pattern, which describes the reverse crosslinking reaction mainly occurring by the opening of the bridges of the new interpenetrating network (IPN) formed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Will second‐generation ethanol be able to compete with first‐generation ethanol? Opportunities for cost reduction
Authors: Stephen James D. , Mabee Warren E. , Saddler Jack N. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe production costs of a lignocellulosic ethanol process, both currently and projected for 2020, were compared to a corn ethanol process, to determine its economic competitiveness. A techno‐economic model was used to estimate the current production costs for a base‐case, 50 ML yr‐1 softwood facility, as well as providing a basis for cost‐reduction test cases assessing different feedstock, scaling, enzyme, and coproduct options. The progress ratio indicated that lignocellulosic ethanol could be competitive with corn ethanol by 2020, based on volumes mandated by 2007 EISA. However, cost reductions must occur across all components of the production process. The ambitious cellulase enzyme cost reductions that have been projected were shown to be challenging as cellulase costs still need to be significantly lower than those of amylase enzymes on a unit‐of‐protein basis. Opportunities for capital cost reduction relative to first‐generation plants were primarily restricted to the pre‐treatment/hydrolysis unit operations, with operational conditions such as the severity of pre‐treatment and hydrolysis residence times, significantly influencing operating costs. Alternative operating strategies, such as maximizing hydrolysis rate with shorter residence times rather than maximizing ethanol yield and using the unhydrolyzed residue for heat and power production, showed some promise. Increasing the size of the facility to 1 BL yr‐1 output substantially reduced the per unit capital costs, but not to a level competitive with an average (150 ML yr‐1) corn ethanol facility. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A high‐order alternating direction implicit method for the unsteady convection‐dominated diffusion problem
Authors: Ma Yanbao , Sun Chien‐Pin , Haake David A. , Churchill Bernard M. , Ho Chih‐Ming 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYA high‐order alternating direction implicit (ADI) method for solving the unsteady convection‐dominated diffusion equation is developed. The fourth‐order Padé scheme is used for the discretization of the convection terms, while the second‐order Padé scheme is used for the diffusion terms. The Crank–Nicolson scheme and ADI factorization are applied for time integration. After ADI factorization, the two‐dimensional problem becomes a sequence of one‐dimensional problems. The solution procedure consists of multiple use of a one‐dimensional tridiagonal matrix algorithm that produces a computationally cost‐effective solver. Von Neumann stability analysis is performed to show that the method is unconditionally stable. An unsteady two‐dimensional problem concerning convection‐dominated propagation of a Gaussian pulse is studied to test its numerical accuracy and compare it to other high‐order ADI methods. The results show that the overall numerical accuracy can reach third or fourth order for the convection‐dominated diffusion equation depending on the magnitude of diffusivity, while the computational cost is much lower than other high‐order numerical methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid pressure–density‐based algorithm for the Euler equations at all Mach number regimes
Authors: Xisto C. M. , Páscoa J. C. , Oliveira P. J. , Nicolini D. A. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYIn the present work, we propose a reformulation of the fluxes and interpolation calculations in the PISO method, a well‐known pressure‐correction solver. This new reformulation introduces the AUSM+ − up flux definition as a replacement for the standard Rhie and Chow method of obtaining fluxes and central interpolation of pressure at the control volume faces. This algorithm tries to compatibilize the good efficiency of a pressure based method for low Mach number applications with the advantages of AUSM+ − up at high Mach number flows. The algorithm is carefully validated using exact solutions. Results for subsonic, transonic and supersonic axisymmetric flows in a nozzle are presented and compared with exact analytical solutions. Further, we also present and discuss subsonic, transonic and supersonic results for the well known bump test‐case. The code is also benchmarked against a very tough test‐case for the supersonic and hypersonic flow over a cylinder. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing emissions of active pharmaceutical ingredients from manufacturing facilities: An environmental quality standard approach
Authors: Murray-Smith Richard J , Coombe Vyvyan T , Grönlund Marie Haag , Waern Fredrik , Baird James A 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) residues have been found to be widespread in the aquatic environment, albeit in most cases at trace levels, with the route to the environment predominantly being via therapeutic use and subsequent excretion to sewer. Although manufacturing discharges may be a low overall contributor to environmental concentrations, they need to be managed effectively so that they do not adversely affect the local receiving environment. In order to achieve this, a risk-based approach is proposed that identifies the long-term and short-term concentrations, referred to as environmental reference concentrations (ERCs) and maximum tolerable concentrations (MTCs), respectively, of an API which should not be exceeded in the aquatic environment receiving effluent from pharmaceutical manufacturing sites. The ERC approach is based on established environmental quality standard concepts currently used in much national and international legislation. Building on these concepts, the approach takes into account indirect exposure of potential consumers such as fish-eating mammals and humans, as well as primary producers (e.g., algae) and primary and secondary consumers (e.g., invertebrates and fish). Although chronic toxicity data are preferred for ERC derivation, acute data, with appropriate considerations of uncertainty, may be used when chronic data are not available. This approach takes all available information into account, particularly for older established medicines that may predate current regulatory requirements for environmental data, and consequently helps prioritize resources for environmental testing. The ERC approach has been applied to 30 of AstraZeneca's APIs. Merits of the approach are discussed together with opportunities for potential future refinement. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 320–330. © 2011 SETAC