bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rebuilding Haiti: Lessons from Post‐Conflict Experiences
Authors: Kozul‐Wright Richard , Fortunato Piergiuseppe , Paunovic Igor 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe earthquake that struck Haiti in January 2010 tipped the country into a state of socioeconomic despair from which it will be difficult to escape without a fresh start, made not only by its own political and economic elites, but also by the international community. Making a fresh start will require an honest assessment of Haiti’s predicament and a bold vision of its future prospects. By this, lessons can usefully be drawn from the experiences of countries emerging from a period of conflict. From this perspective, Haiti needs to move beyond the neoliberal consensus which has dominated policy since the overthrow of the Duvalier regime and adopt a more integrated policy approach to creating jobs, boosting economic security, diversifying economic activity and repairing a dangerously frayed social contract. Such an approach critically depends on establishing a developmental state with an inclusive national agenda that can move Haiti out of an initial and unavoidable state of aid dependence to effective mobilization of domestic resources. For the international community, the Marshall Plan offers useful lessons in forging a more effective development partnership to support such a state‐building exercise and the efforts at recovery and rebuilding.Policy Implications
State building is an integral part of development policy in countries adjusting to large external shocks.
It is a mistake to privilege a set of predetermined policy instruments to be used to manage the adjustment to external shocks, regardless of actual circumstances.
Mobilizing domestic resources is key to sustainable long‐term growth and development, including in countries recovering from crisis.
Distributional issues are an integral part of successful strategies to improve domestic resource mobilization.
Avoiding dual public sectors is essential for effective state building in countries receiving large aid inflows.
The Marshall Plan continues to hold lessons for how the international community should behave towards countries recovering from large shocks and crises.
Competition and Cooperation between Europe and China in the Wind Power Sector
Authors: Lema Rasmus , Berger Axel , Schmitz Hubert , Song Hong 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThis paper uses a value chain lens to examine the prospects for competition and cooperation between Europe and China in the global wind power sector. Drawing on insights from fieldwork conducted in 2010 combined with secondary industry data, we find that Chinese and European industries are developing distinct models of industrial‐technological organisation. The usual headlines emphasising Sino‐European competition or conflict fail to capture the complexity of current reality. While competition among lead firms is increasing, there are also considerable prospects for increased collaboration between firms across the value chains. China, Europe and the world can benefit from such collaboration to drive down the costs of the technology, improve quality, enhance innovation capabilities and make wind power a more credible energy option for the world. Policy initiatives in and between China and Europe have a big role to play in securing mutually beneficial relationships for the future.
A software‐based x‐ray scatter correction method for breast tomosynthesis
Authors: Jia Feng Steve Si , Sechopoulos Ioannis 
Published: November 2011

Purpose:To develop a software‐based scatter correction method for digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) imaging and investigate its impact on the image quality of tomosynthesis reconstructions of both phantoms and patients.Methods:A Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of x‐ray scatter, with geometry matching that of the cranio‐caudal (CC) view of a DBT clinical prototype, was developed using the Geant4 toolkit and used to generate maps of the scatter‐to‐primary ratio (SPR) of a number of homogeneous standard‐shaped breasts of varying sizes. Dimension‐matched SPR maps were then deformed and registered to DBT acquisition projections, allowing for the estimation of the primary x‐ray signal acquired by the imaging system. Noise filtering of the estimated projections was then performed to reduce the impact of the quantum noise of the x‐ray scatter. Three dimensional (3D) reconstruction was then performed using the maximum likelihood‐expectation maximization (MLEM) method. This process was tested on acquisitions of a heterogeneous 50/50 adipose/glandular tomosynthesis phantom with embedded masses, fibers, and microcalcifications and on acquisitions of patients. The image quality of the reconstructions of the scatter‐corrected and uncorrected projections was analyzed by studying the signal‐difference‐to‐noise ratio (SDNR), the integral of the signal in each mass lesion (integrated mass signal, IMS), and the modulation transfer function (MTF).Results:The reconstructions of the scatter‐corrected projections demonstrated superior image quality. The SDNR of masses embedded in a 5 cm thick tomosynthesis phantom improved 60%–66%, while the SDNR of the smallest mass in an 8 cm thick phantom improved by 59% (p < 0.01). The IMS of the masses in the 5 cm thick phantom also improved by 15%–29%, while the IMS of the masses in the 8 cm thick phantom improved by 26%–62% (p < 0.01). Some embedded microcalcifications in the tomosynthesis phantoms were visible only in the scatter‐corrected reconstructions. The visibility of the findings in two patient images was also improved by the application of the scatter correction algorithm. The MTF of the images did not change after application of the scatter correction algorithm, indicating that spatial resolution was not adversely affected.Conclusions:Our software‐based scatter correction algorithm exhibits great potential in improving the image quality of DBT acquisitions of both phantoms and patients. The proposed algorithm does not require a time‐consuming MC simulation for each specific case to be corrected, making it applicable in the clinical realm.
Complete Genome Sequence of NBRC 3288, a Unique Cellulose-Nonproducing Strain of
Gluconacetobacter xylinus
Isolated from Vinegar
Authors: Ogino Hidetaka , Azuma Yoshinao , Hosoyama Akira , Nakazawa Hidekazu , Matsutani Minenosuke , Hasegawa Akihiro , Otsuyama Ken-ichiro , Matsushita Kazunobu , Fujita Nobuyuki , Shirai Mutsunori 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT

Gluconacetobacter xylinus
is involved in the industrial production of cellulose. We have determined the genome sequence of
G. xylinus
NBRC 3288, a cellulose-nonproducing strain. Comparative analysis of genomes of
G. xylinus
NBRC 3288 with those of the cellulose-producing strains clarified the genes important for cellulose production in
Gluconacetobacter
.
The Influence of Realia on Biblical Depictions of Childbirth
Authors: Viezel Eran 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
As is well-known, the first part of a newborn’s body to emerge during a standard birth is the head. In a breech birth, which is much more rare, the baby enters the world bottom-first. There is no evidence at all of babies exiting the womb with their arms outstretched. Yet biblical accounts of childbirth contain explicit and implicit descriptions of the hand as the first limb to emerge from the womb. In this note, I argue that this erroneous depiction is a reflection of the real life situation of the biblical authors. Since men were not present at childbirth, their knowledge of the process was limited and stereotyped. In contrast, men were very familiar with the birthing of sheep and cattle. Typically, the front legs of a newborn sheep or calf emerge before the body. Male biblical authors relied upon their knowledge of the birthing of sheep and cattle to describe the births of human infants, mistakenly supposing that these two different processes were identical.
Love’s Wisdom: The Authority of Scripture’s Form and Content for Faith’s Understanding and Theological Judgment
Authors: Vanhoozer Kevin J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This essay asks whether the Bible’s authority is a matter of (propositional) content as well as (poetic) form. It extends Martha Nussbaum’s work on the importance of literature for ethics by examining the effect of the “ancient quarrel” between philosophers and poets on the relationship of biblical literature to theology. Biblical authority involves not only revealed information but also large-scale patterns of information processing, like narrative, a cognitive strategy for grasping meaningful wholes. Scripture’s literary forms perform a pedagogical function, helping disciples to make right judgments about the theodrama, and hence serve as a means of sapiential formation.
The Authority of Scripture in the Early Zurich Reformation (1522-1540)
Authors: Opitz Peter 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The decisive impulse of the Zurich Reformation was not a particular theological tenet or the religious experience of one single reformer. It was the discovery of the authority of God’s Word. This discovery was essentially a liberating experience. Scripture was experienced as the place for encountering the living God, who is intrinsically a gracious God, and who correspondingly makes his will known to people. Given the circumstances of early modernity, it was, however, consequent and inevitable that in the process of restructuring a Christian society and church according to God’s Word the Bible became the authoritative scripture.
Roma Expulsions and Discrimination: The Elephant in Brussels
Authors: O’Nions Helen 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article will critically examine the treatment of migrant Roma in Western Europe, particularly Italy and France, in the light of the obligations under the EU Citizenship Directive 2004/38. The role of the political institutions will be considered, especially the European Commission, who have yet to take a decisive position on the Roma expulsions and on the wider issue of Roma discrimination in Europe. It is argued that the focus on non-discrimination cannot address the entrenched inequality which characterises the Roma’s situation in Europe. Furthermore, that the comparative disadvantage experienced by Europe’s Roma communities constitutes a major human rights crisis which has so far been sidelined by Brussels. A European strategy is urgently required, which demands leadership from the Commission and the full participation of Roma representatives.
Mission as Ascetic Experience: Hesychasm and the Anthropology of Sergei Horujy for Mission Theology
Authors: Elliott Curtis 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This article traces the development of hesychasm, a common prayer practice in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, from the fourth century A.D. to the present and proposes an understanding of missional theology that is grounded in hesychast theological anthropology.
The theological foundation of hesychasm rests upon the view that humanity is open to the transformative union with God through prayer. This foundation reformulates the conception of mission theology as an in-depth ascetic experience of God’s presence that encompasses the various manifestations of human missional experience. The paper interacts with the development of hesychast doctrine from the fourth century in the African desert, to its formulation by Gregory Palamas in the fourteenth century, and finally culminating in the contemporary philosophical writings of Sergei Horujy. Horujy is a physicist at Moscow State University and an Orthodox theologian. His synergistic school of anthropology conceives of humanity as consisting of a triple border: ontological, ontic, and virtual. He is deeply indebted to Gregory Palamas’ distinction between essence and energies, that is, between God’s core being and his manifestations as experienced in hesychast prayer practice. Horujy applies this distinction, particularly the “energies,” as a way to conceive theological anthropology. His own project in part critiques the modern and postmodern crisis of the human subject and in part redefines the complex humanity around a spiritual core. Incorporating Horujy’s synergistic anthropology into a theology of mission means viewing humanity’s potential for union with God as both a process and outcome for mission practice. Mission can no longer be viewed as an appendage of the Christian life, but is actually a means of experiencing union with God.
Tropical Tropospheric-Only Responses to Absorbing Aerosols
Authors: Persad Geeta G. , Ming Yi , Ramaswamy V. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAbsorbing aerosols affect the earth’s climate through direct radiative heating of the troposphere. This study analyzes the tropical tropospheric-only response to a globally uniform increase in black carbon, simulated with an atmospheric general circulation model, to gain insight into the interactions that determine the radiative flux perturbation. Over the convective regions, heating in the free troposphere hinders the vertical development of deep cumulus clouds, resulting in the detrainment of more cloudy air into the large-scale environment and stronger cloud reflection. A different mechanism operates over the subsidence regions, where heating near the boundary layer top causes a substantial reduction in low cloud amount thermodynamically by decreasing relative humidity and dynamically by lowering cloud top. These findings, which align well with previous general circulation model and large-eddy simulation calculations for black carbon, provide physically based explanations for the main characteristics of the tropical tropospheric adjustment. The implications for quantifying the climate perturbation posed by absorbing aerosols are discussed.
Phosphorylation of the myosin IIA tailpiece regulates single myosin IIA molecule association with lytic granules to promote NK-cell cytotoxicity
Authors: Sanborn Keri B. , Mace Emily M. , Rak Gregory D. , Difeo Analisa , Martignetti John A. , Pecci Alessandro , Bussel James B. , Favier Rémi , Orange Jordan S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that provide critical defense against virally infected and transformed cells. NK-cell cytotoxicity requires the formation of an F-actin rich immunologic synapse (IS), as well as the polarization of perforin-containing lytic granules to the IS and secretion of their contents at the IS. It was reported previously that NK-cell cytotoxicity requires nonmuscle myosin IIA function and that granule-associated myosin IIA mediates the interaction of granules with F-actin at the IS. In the present study, we evaluate the nature of the association of myosin IIA with lytic granules. Using NK cells from patients with mutations in myosin IIA, we found that the nonhelical tailpiece is required for NK-cell cytotoxicity and for the phosphorylation of granule-associated myosin IIA. Ultra-resolution imaging techniques demonstrated that single myosin IIA molecules associate with NK-cell lytic granules via the nonhelical tailpiece. Phosphorylation of myosin IIA at residue serine 1943 (S1943) in the tailpiece is needed for this linkage. This defines a novel mechanism for myosin II function, in which myosin IIA can act as a single-molecule actin motor, claiming granules as cargo through tail-dependent phosphorylation for the execution of a pre-final step in human NK-cell cytotoxicity.
Energy efficiency of near infrared cobalt luminscence in ZnSe:Co determined by a photoacoustic method
Authors: Chrobak Ł. , Maliński M. , Strzałkowski K. , Zakrzewski J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe paper presents results of computations of the energy efficiency of the cobalt luminescence in ZnSe:Co determined by the photoacoustic method. The transmission spectra, photoacoustic experimental and theoretical spectra, and the frequency dependence on the photoacoustic amplitude characteristics are presented. From them, the energy efficiency of Co2+ the near infrared luminescence (3200 nm) was computed in the frame of new proposed photoacoustic model of computations of the luminescence energy efficiency.
Effect of Health Lifestyle Pattern on Dietary Change
Authors: O'Halloran Peggy , Lazovich DeAnn , Patterson Ruth E. , Harnack Lisa , French Simone , Curry Sue J. , Beresford Shirley A. A. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To examine the effect of lifestyle on the effectiveness of a low-intensity dietary intervention. Design. A secondary data analysis was performed using data from the Eating Patterns Study, a randomized controlled trial that found that self-help materials with physician advice was effective in changing dietary intake and behavior. Setting. Primary care clinics in a large health maintenance organization. Subjects. A total of 2111 patients with a routine scheduled appointment with their primary care physicians. Measures. Participants were grouped into one of six health lifestyle patterns based on similarities in baseline measures of alcohol intake, smoking, diet quality, and exercise. Within each lifestyle pattern, changes from baseline in usual fat and fiber intake (based on a food frequency) and a fat and fiber behavior score were compared at 3 months and 12 months for intervention vs. control participants. Intervention. Self-help materials delivered by a physician with advice to change diet. Results. Intervention participants in the fitness lifestyle group made the largest changes relative to controls for each dietary outcome at 3 and 12 months. For intervention participants defined by their alcohol intake or current smoking, either no changes in diet were observed compared with controls, or early changes were not sustained over time. Intervention-control comparisons within the remaining lifestyle patterns showed smaller dietary changes compared with the fitness lifestyle. This finding was similar to previously published results. Conclusions. This randomized controlled trial had limited power to detect subgroup differences; however, these results suggest that lifestyle patterns may be useful in the development of effective, targeted interventions to change behavior.
Changes in Health Risks among the Participants in the United Auto Workers—General Motors LifeSteps Health Promotion Program
Authors: Yen Louis , Edington Marilyn Pearce , McDonald Timothy , Hirschland David , Edington Dee W. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To examine health risk changes among participants of a multicomponent worksite health promotion program. Design. A study using health risk changes among health risk appraisal (HRA) participants linked to program participation records. Baseline risk and participation in multiple programs were examined in relation to risk change in multivariate models. Setting. Worksite health promotion programming sponsored by the United Auto Workers (UAW) and General Motors (GM). Subjects. Active employees (12,984) who voluntarily participated in an HRA in each of two program years. Intervention. The nationwide program was a mailed HRA and a 1-800 nurse line. A pilot program (implemented in two cities) added screening, wellness programs, a materials resource, and, for high risk participants, health coaching and vouchers for medical office visits. Measures. Using 13 selected health risk factors from the HRA, changes in overall health risks were measured as program outcomes in three ways: one-directional, net, and risk status change. Results. A greater decrease in the number of health risks was observed with increased program participation. The decrease was significantly related to the number of baseline risk factors and eligibility for high risk programs. Associated with program participation, the number of people at low risk status increased from 70.1% to 71.3% at year 2 among nationwide participants and from 52.4% to 58.9% among pilot participants. Conclusions. Participation was associated with a significant impact on health risk. Baseline risk of participants and eligibility for high risk programs were necessary factors to control when measuring program effects on health risk changes.
Effects of an Osteoporosis Prevention Program Incorporating Tailored Educational Materials
Authors: Blalock Susan J. , DeVellis Brenda M. , Patterson Carol C. , Campbell Marci K. , Orenstein Dianne R. , Dooley Mary Anne 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To evaluate the effects of two interventions on calcium intake and exercise and assess whether intervention effects varied as a function of participants' stage of change. Design. The study used a 2 by 2 factorial research design. Baseline, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up data were collected. Setting. Twelve counties in western North Carolina. Subjects. Of 714 women recruited, 547 (76.6%) completed all data collection procedures. Intervention. One intervention, conducted at the individual level, compared the effects of tailored vs. nontailored educational materials. The tailored educational intervention was delivered via two packets of written materials and one telephone counseling session. The written materials and counseling session were tailored according to participants' current calcium intake and exercise level, perceived adequacy of these behaviors, stage of change, behavioral goals, and perceived barriers to change. A community-based intervention was also evaluated. This intervention, implemented in 6 of the 12 counties, included establishing an Osteoporosis Resource Center, conducting a workshop on osteoporosis prevention, and offering free bone density screening. Measures. Outcome measures were calcium intake and exercise level. Stage of change was assessed as a moderating variable. Results. Irrespective of intervention group, among women not consuming adequate calcium at baseline, intake increased an average of about 500 mg/d over the course of the study. Changes involving exercise were more modest. Repeated measures regression analyses were used to evaluate intervention effects. The effect of the tailored educational intervention varied, in appropriate ways, among women in different stages of change at baseline ( F2, 527 = 6.37, p < .002). Among women in the Engaged stage, the tailored intervention was associated with a greater increase in calcium intake. In contrast, among women who were obtaining adequate calcium at baseline (i.e., Action stage), the tailored intervention appeared to forestall inappropriate increases in calcium intake. The community-based intervention had no consistent effects on calcium intake, either alone, or in combination with the tailored intervention. Finally, neither intervention had an effect on exercise, either alone or in combination. Conclusions. Limited support for the superiority of tailored vs. nontailored educational interventions was found. The differential effects observed could be due to the telephone counseling received by women in the Tailored Education Group, however.