bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Sexual Risk Behaviors And STDs During Young Men’s Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Dariotis Jacinda K. , Sifakis Frangiscos , Pleck Joseph H. , Astone Nan M. , Sonenstein Freya L. 
Published: January 2011

CONTEXT: Racial and ethnic health disparities are an important issue in the United States. The extent to which racial and ethnic differences in STDs among youth are related to differences in socioeconomic characteristics and risky sexual behaviors requires investigation.
METHODS: Data from three waves of the National Survey of Adolescent Males (1988, 1990–1991 and 1995) were used to examine 1,880 young men’s history of STDs and their patterns and trajectories of sexual risk behavior during adolescence and early adulthood. Multinomial and logistic regression analyses were conducted to test whether racial and ethnic differences in STDs are due to the lower socioeconomic status and higher levels of risky sexual behavior among minority groups.
RESULTS: Young black men reported the highest rates of sexual risk and STDs at each wave and across waves. Compared with white men, black and Latino men had higher odds of maintaining high sexual risk and increasing sexual risk over time (odds ratios, 1.7–1.9). In multivariate analyses controlling for socioeconomic characteristics, black men were more likely than white men to have a history of STDs (3.2–5.0); disparities persisted in analyses controlling for level of risky sexual behavior.
CONCLUSIONS: Race and ethnicity continue to differentiate young black and Latino men from their white peers in terms of STDs. Prevention programs that target different racial and ethnic subgroups of adolescent men and address both individual‐ and contextual‐level factors are needed to curb STD incidence.
Total Mortality by Transferrin Saturation Levels: Two General Population Studies and a Metaanalysis
Authors: Ellervik Christina , Tybjærg-Hansen Anne , Nordestgaard Børge G 
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUNDThere is evidence for increased mortality in patients with clinically overt hereditary hemochromatosis. Whether increased transferrin saturation (TS), as a proxy for iron overload is associated with increased mortality in the general population is largely unknown.METHODSWe examined mortality according to baseline TS in 2 Danish population–based follow-up studies (the Copenhagen General Population Study and the Copenhagen City Heart Study) comprising a total of 45 159 individuals, of whom 4568 died during up to 18 years of follow-up, and in a metaanalysis comprising the present studies and an additional general population study.RESULTSIn combined studies, the cumulative survival was reduced in individuals with TS ≥50% vs &lt;50% (log-rank P &lt; 0.0001). Multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios for total mortality for TS ≥50% vs &lt;50% were 1.4 (95% CI 1.2–1.6; P &lt; 0.001) overall, 1.3 (1.1–1.6; P = 0.003) in men, and 1.5 (1.1–2.0; P = 0.005) in women. Results were similar if the 2 studies were considered separately. A stepwise increased risk of total mortality was observed for stepwise increasing levels of TS (log-rank P &lt; 0.0001), with the highest risk conferred by TS ≥80% vs TS &lt;20% with a hazard ratio of 2.2 (1.4–3.3; P &lt; 0.001). The population-attributable risk for total mortality in the combined studies in individuals with TS ≥50% vs &lt;50% was 0.8%. In metaanalysis, the odds ratio for total mortality for TS ≥50% vs &lt;50% was 1.3 (1.2–1.5; P &lt; 0.001) under the fixed-effects model.CONCLUSIONSIndividuals in the general population with TS ≥50% vs &lt;50% have an increased risk of premature death.
Different progestins in the treatment of endometriosis – are there relevant differences?
Authors: Schweppe Karl-Werner 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Oral progestins without an estrogen component have been described to be effective in the treatment of endometriosis. Several different substances have been tested, which are on the one hand derivatives of the natural progesterone or of the C-17-OH-progesteron, or on the other hand derivatives of C-19-nortestosteron. Their common characteristic is the secretory transformation of estrogen primed uterine endometrium for which different dosages are necessary because of their different biological activities. They are different with regard to their profile and potency of action on hypothalamicpituitary axis, metabolic processes, breast tissue and genital organs. They are effectively similar with regard to endometriosis related complaints if sufficient doses are administered. No effects are noted on reduced fertility in endometriotic patients and the data are inconsistent concerning direct effects on the endometriotic cells.
Progestogens for treatment and prevention of pregnancy disorders
Authors: Schindler Adolf E. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Progesterone appears to be the dominant hormone not only establishing a proper secretory endometrial development but also adequate decidualization to establish pregnancy and sustain pregnancy development. Progesterone is the natural immunoregulator to control the maternal immune system and not to reject the allogeneic fetus. There are two sources of progesterone: corpus luteum first and placenta later. Three progestogens can be used in pregnancy: (i) progesterone (per os, intravaginal and intramuscular), (ii) dydrogesterone (per os), and (iii) 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate (intramuscular). There are three indications, for which these progestogens can be clinically used either for treatment or prevention: (i) first trimester threatened and recurrent (habitual) abortion, (ii) premature labor/premature birth, and (iii) pre-eclampsia (hypertension in pregnancy). The available data are limited and only partially randomized. In threatened abortion the use of progesterone, dydrogesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate leads to a significant improved outcome, when at the time of threatened abortion a viable fetus has been ascertained by ultrasound. For prevention of recurrent abortion there are also some data indicating a significant effect compared with women without progestogen treatment. Prevention of preterm birth by progestogens (progesterone vaginally, orally and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate intramuscularly) was significantly effective. The main study groups include pregnant women with a previous history of premature birth. However, also in women with shortened cervix use of progesterone seems to be helpful. The studies done so far in women with risk factors for pre-eclampsia or established pre-eclampsia were based on parenteral progesterone application. However, new studies are urgently needed.
Progesterone, progestins and psychosomatic health of women
Authors: Bitzer Johannes 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Psychosomatics as a medical perspective and discipline focuses on the interaction of physical and mental health in the specific life situation of a patient, taking into account the physical and emotional well-being, role functioning, satisfaction with the partner and family relationship, as well as sexual function and satisfaction. There are two important effects of progesterone on the combined physical, mental and sexual well-being of the climacteric patient. The first is the antiestrogenic effect of progesterone on the peripheral physical level which not only protects the endometrium against overstimulation but also reduces individual suffering from heavy bleeding, breast tension, bloating and general discomfort. The second effect is due to the complex action of progesterone in the brain. Studies using different progestins in different dosages and in different regimens show contradictory results. Some studies demonstrate an increase in depressed mood and reduced well-being while using synthetic progestins. Other studies, however, indicate an anxiolytic and sometimes antidepressant effect of progesterone and progesterone-like progestins with an improvement of emotional well-being and quality of life. In the individual patient, the positive or negative emotional and mental state can be conditioned by various pathways of progesterone and progestins. The antiestrogenic effect can attenuate the psychotropic effect of estradiol (E2) on the brain, thus reducing emotional well-being. Progesterone interacting with many brain areas can have a mood stabilizing and anxiolytic effect through the action on the GABA receptor. This effect seems to be strongest when using natural progesterone and the effect varies considerably among different progestins and different dosages due to metabolic pathways involving the production of allopregnanolone or other metabolites. In conclusion, the positive anxiolytic and sedative effects of progesterone on the central nervous system depend on the type of progestogen, the dosage, the timing of application, the combination with estrogen, etc. Progesterone and progestins have important potential to maintain or improve the psychosomatic health of women. Their use must, however, be tailored to specific symptom clusters and to the individual's pre-existing psychosomatic health status.
Progestogen effects at vascular level: the endothelial cells
Authors: Mannella Paolo , Simoncini Tommaso , Genazzani Andrea Riccardo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Progesterone and progestogens are active molecules on the cardiovascular system. However, their action is not as well-characterized as the effects of estrogens. Data of the last clinical trials suggest the possibility of harmful cardiovascular effects of progestogens, and the debate on the role of progesterone and progestins on the vascular wall is open. From an experimental point of view, each progestogen presents typical effects on the cardiovascular system and their administration results in diverse modifications of the effects of estrogens, sometimes acting synergically, others being neutral or antagonizing effects of estrogens. In this paper, we review the most important data from in vivo and in vitro studies which have been published on the effects of progesterone and progestogens on vascular cells. Endothelium is a target tissue for sex steroids and progesterone is able to regulate endothelial cell function and morphology. Even if the perfect molecule does not exist, the understanding of the molecular basis of each progestogen in vascular tissue is therefore of paramount importance for the most appropriate use with an optimal cardiovascular profile.
Determining 241Pu in environmental samples: case studies in alpine soils
Authors: Corcho Alvarado J. A. , Chawla F. , Froidevaux P. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
A procedure was developed for determining 241Pu activity in environmental samples. This beta emitter isotope of plutonium was measured by ultra low level liquid scintillation, after several separation and purification steps that involved the use of a highly selective extraction chromatographic resin (Eichrom-TEVA). Due to the lack of reference material for 241Pu, the method was nevertheless validated using four IAEA reference sediments with information values for 241Pu. Next, the method was used to determine the 241Pu activity in alpine soils of Switzerland and France. The 241Pu/239,240Pu and 238Pu/239,240Pu activity ratios confirmed that Pu contamination in the tested alpine soils originated mainly from global fallout from nuclear weapon tests conducted in the fifties and sixties. Estimation of the date of the contamination, using the 241Pu/241Am age-dating method, further confirmed this origin. However, the 241Pu/241Am dating method was limited to samples where Pu-Am fractionation was insignificant. If any, the contribution of the Chernobyl accident is negligible.
Chromatographic generator systems for the actinides and natural decay series elements
Authors: McAlister Daniel R. , Horwitz E. Philip 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This work describes chromatographic radionuclide generator systems for the production of actinides and natural decay series elements. The generator systems begin with alpha emitting parent radioisotopes with half-lives (T
1/2) of greater than one year and produce alpha or beta emitting radioisotopes with half-lives of hours to days. Chromatographic systems were chosen to minimize radiolytic damage to chromatographic supports, preserve the parent activity for repeated use, provide high purity daughter radionuclide tracers, and to minimize or eliminate the need for evaporation of solutions of the parent or daughter nuclides. Useful secondary separations involving the daughters of the initial parent radionuclide are also described. Separation systems for 210Bi, 210Po, 211Pb, 212Pb, 223Ra, 224Ra, 225Ra, 225Ac, 227Th, 228Th, 231Th, 234Th, and 239Np are outlined in detail.
Metal ion selectivities of the highly preorganized tetradentate ligand 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxamide with lanthanide(III) ions and some actinide ions
Authors: Merrill Danielle , Hancock Robert D. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Metal ion complexing properties of the ligand PDAM (1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxamide) are reported in relation to its possible use as a functional group for solvent extractants in the separation of Am(III) from Ln(III) (lanthanide) ions. PDAM is only slightly water soluble, but variation of the intense π–π* transitions in the UV spectrum of 2×10−5 M PDAM solutions as a function of pH or metal ion concentration allowed for the determination of the protonation constant (pK) and logK
1 values with metal ions. The pK of PDAM is 0.6±0.1 in 1.0 M NaClO4, the lowest for any 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) derivative (in contrast, pK phen=5.1), which is attributed to the electron-withdrawing properties of the amide substituents of PDAM. The weak proton basicity of PDAM may be an important factor in its use as the functional group of a solvent extractant from acidic solutions. The formation constants are determined by UV-Visible spectroscopy for the Ln(III) ions from La(III) to Lu(III) (excluding Pm(III)), as well as for Y(III), Sc(III), Th(IV), and the UO2
2+ cation in 0.1 M NaClO4 at 25 °C. The logK
1 values for the Ln(III) ions show only small changes from La(III) to Lu(III) (both have logK
1 = 3.80). The amide O-donors (oxygen donors) of the amide groups of PDAM appear to cause considerable stabilization of the complexes of PDAM as compared to those of phen, consistent with the idea that the neutral O-donor is a strong Lewis base towards large metal ions such as the Ln(III) ions. A reviewer has pointed out that the amide groups would also stabilize the complexes of PDAM by virtue of the chelate effect, in that PDAM is tetradentate, while phen is only bidentate. The small change in complex stability for PDAM complexes in passing from La(III) to Lu(III) is rationalized in terms of the idea that neutral O-donors stabilize the complexes of the large La(III) ion more than the smaller Lu(III) ion, offsetting the greater affinity of Lu(III) than La(III) for N-donor ligands. The complexes of Th(IV), Sc(III), and the UO2
2+ cation with PDAM have logK
1 values slightly higher than those of the Ln(III) cations, while Y(III) forms a slightly less stable complex. The best-fit size of metal ion for coordination with PDAM is analyzed using molecular mechanics calculations. A fluorescence study shows that the free ligand PDAM fluoresces very strongly, but that the Ln(III) cations quench the fluorescence of PDAM rather than produce a chelation enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) effect as Ln(III) ions do with other phen-based tetradentate ligands. Possible reasons for the lack of a CHEF effect with PDAM are discussed.
Australian Experience in Water and Energy Footprints
Authors: Apostolidis Nicholas 
Published: January 2011

Introducing water and energy footprint considerations into decision making provides water managers an opportunity to drive better water and energy efficiency outcomes. In Australia severe water shortages, combined with community concerns with climate change, have driven water managers to look closer at the nexus between water and energy use. The two are closely related and will play an important role in the shape of the water industry in future in Australia and around the world.
The following paper provides a snapshot of the energy and water footprints associated with different elements of the water cycle in Australia. The objective is to provide a more holistic view of the nexus between energy and water. It is important to recognize however that focusing on energy and water efficiency alone is not enough. Environmental, economic and social issues must also be considered, otherwise it will lead to sub optimal outcomes and will fail to gain appropriate community support.
Managing the Risk of Emerging Algae Toxins in Drinking Water: Development of a Targeted Analytical Approach
Authors: Janex-Habibi M.-L. , Baudin I. , Bruchet A. , Esperanza M. , Courtois S. , Decottignies V. , Constans L. , Chrupalla S. , Bréhé M. , Lengronne M. , Brient L. 
Published: January 2011

The objective of the study was to identify appropriate analytical scenarios to assess the release of emerging toxins in water resources and manage the risk for drinking water. A comprehensive toolbox was developed for the monitoring of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in ten water resources used for drinking water production and known for regular algae blooms. Six toxins - microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, anatoxins, nodularin, saxitoxin and BMAA - were targeted. High performance HPLC-MS/MS methods were implemented in parallel with rapid kits and a real-time PCR method was developed to identify specifically the microcystin producing species. Those analytical methods were found in good agreement and very sensitive and selective.
Low levels of eutrophication were obtained during those campaigns leading to limited occurrence of toxins. Results obtained on one site are detailed in this paper.
Finally, recommendations could be drawn to manage the risk related to various emerging algae toxins, based on the use of a phycocyanin probe on-site as early-warning system. When a threshold value is reached, treatment and monitoring strategies are implemented in parallel.
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment as a Solution for Challenging Environments
Authors: Djonoputro Enrico Rahadi , Blackett Isabel , Weitz Almud 
Published: January 2011

Across East Asia many of the poorest communities live on marginal land or over water. Owing to adverse topological, geographic and climatic conditions, neither conventional nor most of the well known ‘alternative’ low cost sanitation options are feasible at affordable prices for poor communities or governments.
A recent study in Indonesia has started to develop a typology of challenging environments for sanitation as a means to: assess the scale of the challenges; understand the specific issues involved in improving sanitation; identify, develop, improve or adapt sanitation technologies to cope with different environments; and to disseminate the results in the study countries, regionallyand beyond.
Four main challenging environment types were identified: coastal & estuaries: rivers and riverbanks, swamps and high water tables, and flood prone areas. Generally, challenging areas in addition to the limitation on conventional and low cost sanitation technologies were found to have the following characteristics:Open defecation into water is a common practiceCommunities use polluted surface and groundwater sources for domestic activities: bathing, washing, children playing, defecating (directly or indirectly), and even sometimes for cookingHouse patterns are unplanned and the areas may be densely populated by poor householdsOccupation is illegal or semi-legalThere is a lack of adequate access for de-sludging vehicles, due to narrow paths made of wooden planks, andHousehold access to clean water is a limited an therefore a high priority than sanitation
The review of both technical and non-technical aspects of sanitation in these challenging environments confirmed the difficulties in implementing affordable sanitation options. Decentralized wastewater treatment systems from in-house or communal toilet facilities, are however options which have considerable potential in these areas, especially for overhanging houses, houses built on stilts and in-land houses.
Emergency Sanitation
Authors: Haucke Joerg , Kreutzer Gert 
Published: January 2011

The increasing number of natural disasters and other emergency situations must lead to a reevaluation with regards to the supply of essentials for affected people, especially in the field of water and sanitation. Emergency sanitation facilities have to be wisely planned and implemented in time in order to reduce the risks of outbreaks of communicable diseases in shelters or temporary settlements.
The presented technical solutions for post-disaster sewage are based on a compact-sized combination of mechanical sedimentation and anaerobic biological wastewater treatment processes. Using different types of prefabricated components, these systems are designed to meet the unique logistical requirements of disaster scenarios.
An important “lesson learnt” from past experiences is the need to reduce the wastewater volume from shelters, as transport and space for appropriate treatment are always a limiting factor.
The applied wastewater treatment following DEWATS-principles will allow a reduction of BOD and COD of over 90%. In order to accelerate the startup, anaerobic sludge from existing plants will be injected into the reactors.
Investment costs are below 5 $ per connected person and the maximum response time after identification of the location in demand until the start of operation is 5 days.
Some Challenges for DEWATS Approaches in South Africa
Authors: Eales Kathy 
Published: January 2011

SA has set bold targets to ensure universal access to water and sanitation by 2014. One consequence of South Africa's comparative wealth is that government has substantial fiscal resources to fund rapid infrastructure development and service upgrading and subsidise a portion of the recurrent costs of water and sanitation services for low income households. More than 70% of the population now has at least a VIP toilet, and about 56% have sewered flush toilets.
Government's commitment to improving sanitation services does not yet align with the municipal capacity to run sewered sanitation with centralised wastewater treatment as the default in all urban settlements. Decaying networks, sewer spills and rising levels of wastewater treatment failure are polluting South Africa's water systems and, in time, could compromise national water security in a context of growing scarcity.
South Africa urgently needs to find lower cost, less skills-intensive ways of treating wastewater that have a reduced risk of failure and which meet people's need for robust, sustainable services. DEWATS approaches have significant merit.
Implementation of DEWATS approaches in South Africa must take account of three main challenges:▪ The willingness of South African municipalities to consider alternatives to conventional sewering and wastewater treatment▪ The nutrient load of the final treated effluent, given the importance of safe-guarding river water quality in a context of growing water scarcity▪ Partnering and co-management dynamics in a context of state-centric supply-side service provision
The paper reviews each in the context of a leading innovator in sanitation improvement in South Africa, eThekwini Metro Municipality. In 2010, the Metro will test the technical limits of DEWATS treatment efficacy at a purpose-built research site. The results will inform the utility's decision about whether to proceed with DEWATS from a technical perspective, and if so, how.