bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Novel Oral Formulations Prepared via Hot Melt Extrusion for Targeted Delivery of Photosensitizer to the Colon
Authors: Cassidy Corona M. , Tunney Michael M. , Caldwell Deborah L. , Andrews Gavin P. , Donnelly Ryan F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractColon‐residing bacteria, such as vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Bacteroides fragilis, can cause a range of serious clinical infections. Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) may be a novel treatment option for these multidrug resistant organisms. The aim of this study was to formulate a Eudragit®‐based drug delivery system, via hot melt extrusion (HME), for targeting colonic release of photosensitizer. The susceptibility of E. faecalis and B. fragilis to PACT mediated by methylene blue (MB), meso‐tetra(N‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl)porphine tetra‐tosylate (TMP), or 5‐aminolevulinic acid hexyl‐ester (h‐ALA) was determined, with tetrachlorodecaoxide (TCDO), an oxygen‐releasing compound, added in some studies. Results show that, for MB, an average of 30% of the total drug load was released over a 6‐h period. For TMP and h‐ALA, these values were 50% and 16% respectively. No drug was released in the acidic media. Levels of E. faecalis and B. fragilis were reduced by up to 4.67 and 7.73 logs, respectively, on PACT exposure under anaerobic conditions, with increased kill associated with TCDO. With these formulations, photosensitizer release could potentially be targeted to the colon, and colon‐residing pathogens killed by PACT. TCDO could be used in vivo to generate oxygen, which could significantly impact on the success of PACT in the clinic.
Patterns of postoperative pain medication prescribing after invasive dental procedures
Authors: Barasch Andrei , Safford Monika M. , McNeal Sandre F. , Robinson Michelle , Grant Vivian S. , Gilbert Gregg H. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTWe investigated disparities in the prescription of analgesics following dental procedures that were expected to cause acute postoperative pain. Patients over the age of 19 years who had been treated by surgical and/or endodontic dental procedures were included in this study. We reviewed 900 consecutive charts and abstracted data on procedures, patients, and providers. We used chi‐square and logistic regression models for analyses. There were 485 White subjects, 357 African American subjects included in this review; 81% of the African American and 78% of White patients received a postoperative narcotic prescription (p= .56). In multivariate regression models, patients over age 45 (p= .003), those with insurance that covered medication and those with preexisting pain (p= .004) were more likely to receive narcotic analgesics. Students prescribed more narcotics than residents (p= .001). No differences were found by race in prescribing analgesics.
Posterior segment diseases
Authors: NELL B. , WALDE I. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryDiseases of the vitreous, fundus and optic nerve are described and illustrated according to their ophthalmological appearance. Vitreal alterations are commonly of developmental, degenerative, age related, traumatic or inflammatory origin and of minor clinical relevance. In contrast, those affecting the fundus, may be accompanied by visual deficits or blindness. Fundic lesions of inflammatory (multifocal or peripapillary chorioretinitis, haemorrhage, retinal detachment) and traumatic origin have to be differentiated from congenital (congenital stationary night blindness, colobomatous defects, retinal dysplasia), degenerative (cystic retinal degeneration), metabolic (equine motor neuron disease), neoplastic and age related alterations (senile retinopathy). Inflammation (acute neurochorioretinitis) and ischaemia (ischaemic neuro‐chorioretinopathy) involving the optic nerve will lead to blindness. The optic disc can be aplastic/hypoplastic or excavated due to coloboma or glaucoma, affected by ligation of the carotid and palatine arteries. Optic disc masses may arise due to inflammation, severe systemic haemorrhage, neoplasia or trauma. Lesions of the retrobulbar optic nerve can be caused by Borna virus infection, fungal granuloma, toxic insult, halicephalobiasis, trauma, severe blood loss and infection of the sphenopalatine sinus.
Molecular Characterization of Tomato Leaf Curl China Virus, Infecting Tomato Plants in China, and Functional Analyses of Its Associated Betasatellite
Authors: Yang Xiuling , Guo Wei , Ma Xinying , An Qianli , Zhou Xueping 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

A novel tomato-infecting begomovirus from Guangxi province, China, was identified and characterized, for which the name
Tomato leaf curl China virus
(ToLCCNV) was proposed. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses of the virus genomic sequences suggested that ToLCCNV may have arisen by recombination among
Tomato leaf curl Vietnam virus
(ToLCVV),
Tomato leaf curl Gujarat virus
(ToLCGV), and an unknown virus. A betasatellite molecule was found to be associated with ToLCCNV (ToLCCNB), and its complete nucleotide sequences were determined. Infectious clones of ToLCCNV and ToLCCNB were constructed and then used for agro-inoculation of plants; ToLCCNV alone infected
Nicotiana benthamiana
,
Nicotiana glutinosa
,
Petunia hybrida
, and
Solanum lycopersicum
plants, but no symptoms were induced. ToLCCNB was required for induction of leaf curl disease in these hosts. The βC1 protein of ToLCCNB was identified as a suppressor of RNA silencing and accumulated primarily in the nucleus. Deletion mutagenesis of βC1 showed that the central part of βC1 (amino acids 44 to 74) was responsible for both the suppressor activity and nuclear localization.
Construction and Application of a Functional Library of Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenases from the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Nazir K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain , Ichinose Hirofumi , Wariishi Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

A functional library of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases from
Aspergillus oryzae
(AoCYPs) was constructed in which 121 isoforms were coexpressed with yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Using this functional library, novel catalytic functions of AoCYPs, such as catalytic potentials of CYP57B3 against genistein, were elucidated for the first time. Comprehensive functional screening promises rapid characterization of catalytic potentials and utility of AoCYPs.
Electrosynthesis of Organic Compounds from Carbon Dioxide Is Catalyzed by a Diversity of Acetogenic Microorganisms
Authors: Nevin Kelly P. , Hensley Sarah A. , Franks Ashley E. , Summers Zarath M. , Ou Jianhong , Woodard Trevor L. , Snoeyenbos-West Oona L. , Lovley Derek R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Microbial electrosynthesis, a process in which microorganisms use electrons derived from electrodes to reduce carbon dioxide to multicarbon, extracellular organic compounds, is a potential strategy for capturing electrical energy in carbon-carbon bonds of readily stored and easily distributed products, such as transportation fuels. To date, only one organism, the acetogen
Sporomusa ovata
, has been shown to be capable of electrosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to determine if a wider range of microorganisms is capable of this process. Several other acetogenic bacteria, including two other
Sporomusa
species,
Clostridium ljungdahlii
,
Clostridium aceticum
, and
Moorella thermoacetica
, consumed current with the production of organic acids. In general acetate was the primary product, but 2-oxobutyrate and formate also were formed, with 2-oxobutyrate being the predominant identified product of electrosynthesis by
C. aceticum. S. sphaeroides
,
C. ljungdahlii
, and
M. thermoacetica
had high (>80%) efficiencies of electrons consumed and recovered in identified products. The acetogen
Acetobacterium woodii
was unable to consume current. These results expand the known range of microorganisms capable of electrosynthesis, providing multiple options for the further optimization of this process.
Nanometer-Scale Visualization and Structural Analysis of the Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Structure of Gallionella ferruginea Twisted Stalks
Authors: Suzuki Tomoko , Hashimoto Hideki , Matsumoto Nobuyuki , Furutani Mitsuaki , Kunoh Hitoshi , Takada Jun 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

The so-called Fe/Mn-oxidizing bacteria have long been recognized for their potential to form extracellular iron hydroxide or manganese oxide structures in aquatic environments. Bacterial species belonging to the genus
Gallionella
, one type of such bacteria, oxidize iron and produce uniquely twisted extracellular stalks consisting of iron oxide-encrusted inorganic/organic fibers. This paper describes the ultrastructure of
Gallionella
cells and stalks and the visualized structural and spatial localization of constitutive elements within the stalks. Electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis showed the export site of the stalk fibers from the cell and the uniform distribution of iron, silicon, and phosphorous in the stalks. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy revealed that the stalk fibers had a central carbon core of bacterial exopolymers and that aquatic iron interacted with oxygen at the surface of the carbon core, resulting in deposition of iron oxides at the surface. This new knowledge of the structural and spatial associations of iron with oxygen and carbon provides deeper insights into the unique inorganic/organic hybrid structure of the stalks.
Community Structures of Fecal Bacteria in Cattle from Different Animal Feeding Operations
Authors: Shanks Orin C. , Kelty Catherine A. , Archibeque Shawn , Jenkins Michael , Newton Ryan J. , McLellan Sandra L. , Huse Susan M. , Sogin Mitchell L. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

The fecal microbiome of cattle plays a critical role not only in animal health and productivity but also in food safety, pathogen shedding, and the performance of fecal pollution detection methods. Unfortunately, most published molecular surveys fail to provide adequate detail about variability in the community structures of fecal bacteria within and across cattle populations. Using massively parallel pyrosequencing of a hypervariable region of the rRNA coding region, we profiled the fecal microbial communities of cattle from six different feeding operations where cattle were subjected to consistent management practices for a minimum of 90 days. We obtained a total of 633,877 high-quality sequences from the fecal samples of 30 adult beef cattle (5 individuals per operation). Sequence-based clustering and taxonomic analyses indicate less variability within a population than between populations. Overall, bacterial community composition correlated significantly with fecal starch concentrations, largely reflected in changes in the
Bacteroidetes
,
Proteobacteria
, and
Firmicutes
populations. In addition, network analysis demonstrated that annotated sequences clustered by management practice and fecal starch concentration, suggesting that the structures of bovine fecal bacterial communities can be dramatically different in different animal feeding operations, even at the phylum and family taxonomic levels, and that the feeding operation is a more important determinant of the cattle microbiome than is the geographic location of the feedlot.
Crystal Structure of Archaeoglobus fulgidus CTP:Inositol-1-Phosphate Cytidylyltransferase, a Key Enzyme for Di-
myo
-Inositol-Phosphate Synthesis in (Hyper)Thermophiles
Authors: Brito José A. , Borges Nuno , Vonrhein Clemens , Santos Helena , Archer Margarida 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Many
Archaea
and
Bacteria
isolated from hot, marine environments accumulate di-
myo
-inositol-phosphate (DIP), primarily in response to heat stress. The biosynthesis of this compatible solute involves the activation of inositol to CDP-inositol via the action of a recently discovered CTP:inositol-1-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (IPCT) activity. In most cases, IPCT is part of a bifunctional enzyme comprising two domains: a cytoplasmic domain with IPCT activity and a membrane domain catalyzing the synthesis of di-
myo
-inositol-1,3′-phosphate-1′-phosphate from CDP-inositol and
l
-
myo
-inositol phosphate. Herein, we describe the first X-ray structure of the IPCT domain of the bifunctional enzyme from the hyperthermophilic archaeon
Archaeoglobus fulgidus
DSMZ 7324. The structure of the enzyme in the apo form was solved to a 1.9-Å resolution. The enzyme exhibited apparent

K
m

values of 0.9 and 0.6 mM for inositol-1-phosphate and CTP, respectively. The optimal temperature for catalysis was in the range 90 to 95°C, and the

V
max

determined at 90°C was 62.9 μmol · min
−1
· mg of protein
−1
. The structure of IPCT is composed of a central seven-stranded mixed β-sheet, of which six β-strands are parallel, surrounded by six α-helices, a fold reminiscent of the dinucleotide-binding Rossmann fold. The enzyme shares structural homology with other pyrophosphorylases showing the canonical motif G-X-G-T-(R/S)-X
4
-P-K. CTP,
l
-
myo
-inositol-1-phosphate, and CDP-inositol were docked into the catalytic site, which provided insights into the binding mode and high specificity of the enzyme for CTP. This work is an important step toward the final goal of understanding the full catalytic route for DIP synthesis in the native, bifunctional enzyme.
Are Human Rights Wrong? A Human-Language Ethic Approach to Global Poverty
Authors: Weidel Timothy A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this article, I offer an alternative approach to global poverty by challenging the current ethic of human rights. I argue for what I see as a true human-language ethic, influenced by Marx, which appeals to the claim that global poverty not only directly harms the poor, but actually harms everyone. As human beings, we all have needs that we must satisfy in order to survive. Contrary to human rights’ treatment of individuals as atomistic beings, I argue that a sense of community and connection to the global poor is necessary to meet their (as well as our) human needs. In addition, since labor is a necessary vehicle for meeting such needs, the poor must have access to means of employment. They (and we) must dialogue and labor to meet the needs of all human beings.
Kantian Beneficence and the Problem of Obligatory Aid
Authors: Stohr Karen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCommon sense tells us that in certain circumstances, helping someone is morally obligatory. That intuition appears incompatible with Kant's account of beneficence as a wide imperfect duty, and its implication that agents may exercise latitude over which beneficent actions to perform. In this paper, I offer a resolution to the problem from which it follows that some opportunities to help admit latitude and others do not. I argue that beneficence has two components: the familiar wide duty to help others achieve their ends and a narrow duty to avoid indifference to others as end-setters. Although we are not always required to help, we are always required not to be indifferent. When helping someone is the only way not to be indifferent to a person, helping him/her is obligatory. My account avoids certain difficulties with other proposed solutions and can also address an important concern about proximity.
Fifteen Years of the Human Dimension in Bosnia and Herzegovina — The Ebb and Flow of State-building
Authors: Perry Valery 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article will consider one narrow aspect of the post-Dayton reform process in BiH — the role of the OSCE Mission to BiH in supporting reforms in the 'human dimension'. It will not be a comprehensive review of the Mission's activities on the ground; other such summaries have been conducted, including in the pages of this journal's predecessor. It will instead briefly consider the political environment in BiH 15 years after the war, the continued human dimension efforts of the Mission, and reflections on the scope and limits of such a field Mission in the broader political arena.
Cetuximab Therapy for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Reeves Travis D. , Hill Elizabeth G. , Armeson Kent E. , Gillespie M. Boyd 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo review the current state of the data on the use of cetuximab in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Data SourcesThe National Center for Biotechnology Information’s PubMed and the Cochrane collection.Review MethodsSearch terms included cetuximab and head and neck cancer. These results were reviewed, and a second search was performed using limits: meta‐analysis, randomized controlled trial, and clinical trial.ResultsThe literature search yielded 412 articles. Fifteen were identified for analysis. For patients with recurrent/metastatic disease who received combination chemotherapy in phase I/II trials, the overall response (OR) was 18.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.4%‐27.0%). Phase III trial data for combination chemotherapy in recurrent/metastatic disease showed OR to be 17.0% (95% CI, 12.6%‐21.4%) for platinum‐based regimens and 34.2% (28.6%‐39.7%) for platinum‐based regimens with cetuximab. For this same group, the estimated aggregate hazard ratio comparing platinum‐based therapy plus cetuximab to platinum therapy alone was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.78‐1.54), indicating no significant improvement in overall survival in the aggregate analysis. Combination chemoradiation with cetuximab in both phase I/II trials and the single phase III trial shows enhanced responsiveness, but the data are difficult to interpret because it is not used with standard‐of‐care regimens for advanced‐stage disease.ConclusionEarly evidence has shown cetuximab to be effective in the treatment of HNSCC, and it should be used to enhance, but not replace, current treatment paradigms until further phase III data are available.
Impact of exercise testing mode on exercise parameters in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Beckers Paul J , Possemiers Nadine M , Van Craenenbroeck Emeline M , Van Berendoncks An M , Wuyts Kurt , Vrints Christiaan J , Conraads Viviane M 
Published: March 2011

Aim: To verify the impact of testing mode on maximal, sub-maximal parameters and on cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) derived prognostic markers in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Method: 55 patients (age 60.3 years ±11.1) with CHF (ejection fraction 26 %±8) underwent a maximal CPET on a bicycle and on a treadmill, in a random order, within one week. Maximal, sub-maximal parameters and CPET derived prognostic markers were compared. Results: VO2peak and VO2peak corrected for lean body mass were significantly higher on treadmill compared to bicycle (+11%, p < 0.0001). This was also the case for the following sub-maximal parameters; heart rate, workload and VO2 at ventilatory anaerobic threshold and VO2 at the respiratory compensation point (RCP). In contrast, both VE/VCO2 slopes (start to RCP and start to end test) were similar. Time to ½ VO2peak was longer and circulatory power was higher on the treadmill compared to exercise testing on the bicycle. Conclusion: The results of the present study suggest that the mode of exercise testing significantly affects absolute values for VO2peak but does not greatly impact the prognostic utility of the VE/VCO2 slope in patients with moderate to severe CHF. Besides the consequences of these findings in terms of prognostication, testing mode should be taken into consideration when exercise prescription is based on VO2peak.
Antimicrobial peptides from amphibians
Authors: Xiao Yao , Liu Cunbao , Lai Ren 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIncreased prevalence of multi-drug resistance in pathogens has encouraged researchers to focus on finding novel forms of anti-infective agents. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) found in animal secretions are components of host innate immune response and have survived eons of pathogen evolution. Thus, they are likely to be active against pathogens and even those that are resistant to conventional drugs. Many peptides have been isolated and shown to be effective against multi-drug resistant pathogens. More than 500 AMPs have been identified from amphibians. The abundance of AMPs in frog skin is remarkable and constitutes a rich source for design of novel pharmaceutical molecules. Expression and post-translational modifications, discovery, activities and probable therapeutic application prospects of amphibian AMPs will be discussed in this article.
Interactions of natural polyamines with mammalian proteins
Authors: Schuster Inge , Bernhardt Rita 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe ubiquitously expressed natural polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are small, flexible cationic compounds that exert pleiotropic actions on various regulatory systems and, accordingly, are essentially involved in diverse life functions. These roles of polyamines result from their capability to interact with negatively charged regions of all major classes of biomolecules, which might act in response by changing their structures and functions. The present review deals with polyamine-protein interactions, thereby focusing on mammalian proteins. We discuss the various modes in which polyamines can interact with proteins, describe major types of affected functions illustrated by representative examples of involved proteins, and support information with respective structural evidence from elucidated three-dimensional structures. A specific focus is put on polyamine interactions at protein surfaces that can modulate the aggregation of proteins to organized structural networks as well as to toxic aggregates and, moreover, can play a role in important transient protein-protein interactions.
Embryonic stem cells: protein interaction networks
Authors: Miang-Lon Ng Patricia , Lufkin Thomas 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEmbryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into nearly all cell types. However, the molecular mechanism of its pluripotency is still unclear. Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog are important factors of pluripotency. Oct3/4 (hereafter referred to as Oct4), in particular, has been an irreplaceable factor in the induction of pluripotency in adult cells. Proteins interacting with Oct4 and Nanog have been identified via affinity purification and mass spectrometry. These data, together with iterative purifications of interacting proteins allowed a protein interaction network to be constructed. The network currently includes 77 transcription factors, all of which are interconnected in one network. In-depth studies of some of these transcription factors show that they all recruit the NuRD complex. Hence, transcription factor clustering and chromosomal remodeling are key mechanism used by embryonic stem cells. Studies using RNA interference suggest that more pluripotency genes are yet to be discovered via protein-protein interactions. More work is required to complete and curate the embryonic stem cell protein interaction network. Analysis of a saturated protein interaction network by system biology tools can greatly aid in the understanding of the embryonic stem cell pluripotency network.