bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UK copyright post-Brexit: The perduring legacy of CJEU case law
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 shows how the UK’s tenure as an EU Member State has profoundly changed that country’s copyright system. The impact of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) remains strong well after the completion of Brexit. More in detail, this chapter explores the extent to which this country’s copyright law has been shaped, not just by EU legislation, but also and most importantly by the CJEU’s interpretation of the EU acquis. Further to an overview of the default changes that the departure from the EU/EEA would have on any Member State, the analysis turns to the UK and the type of relationship that it has shaped with the EU going forward. The discussion subsequently moves on to reviewing the impact of CJEU case law on foundational aspects of UK copyright, including subsistence requirements and subject matter categorization, liability types, standards of infringement, exceptions and limitations, and enforcement (with particular regard to website blocking jurisprudence). More recent domestic case law further shows that, even in instances in which UK courts could have in principle ‘departed’ from CJEU case law, they have so far refused to do so. Overall, the UK experience does suggest that a clean break between a departing Member State and EU copyright law—standing compliance with international law provisions—might be possible in principle, but hardly realistic/feasible in a short- and medium-term perspective, especially lacking legislative amendment and/or repeal of the relevant domestic statutes.
Transient study using LoTSS – framework development and preliminary results
Authors: de Ruiter Iris , Meyers Zachary S , Rowlinson Antonia , Shimwell Timothy W , Ruhe David , Wijers Ralph A M J 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a search for transient radio sources on time-scales of seconds to hours at 144 MHz using the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS). This search is conducted by examining short time-scale images derived from the LoTSS data. To allow imaging of LoTSS on short time-scales, a modern imaging procedure and fast filtering strategy are introduced. This includes sky model source subtraction, no cleaning or primary beam correction, a simple source finder, fast filtering schemes, and source catalogue matching. This new strategy is first tested by injecting simulated transients, with a range of flux densities and durations, into the data. We find the limiting sensitivity to be 113 and 6 mJy for 8 s and 1 h transients, respectively. The new imaging and filtering strategies are applied to 58 fields of the LoTSS survey, corresponding to LoTSS-DR1 (2 per cent of the survey). One transient source is identified in the 8 s and 2 min snapshot images. The source shows 1 min duration flare in the 8 h observation. Our method puts the most sensitive constraints on/estimates of the transient surface density at low frequencies at time-scales of seconds to hours; &lt;4.0 × 10−4 deg−2 at 1 h at a sensitivity of 6.3 mJy; 5.7 × 10−7 deg−2 at 2 min at a sensitivity of 30 mJy; and 3.6 × 10−8 deg−2 at 8 s at a sensitivity of 113 mJy. In the future, we plan to apply the strategies presented in this paper to all LoTSS data.
Synchronous or metachronous breast and colorectal cancers in younger-than-average-age patients: a case series
Authors: Silverstein Jordyn , Wright Francis , Stanfield Dalila , Chien Amy Jo , Wong Jasmine M , Park John W , Blanco Amie , Van Loon Katherine , Atreya Chloe E 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
The incidence of breast and colorectal cancer (CRC) in younger-than-average-age patients is rising and poorly understood. This is the largest study on patients with both cancers who are less than 60 years old and aims to characterize demographic, clinicopathologic, and genetic features and describe therapeutic dilemmas and management strategies.

Materials and Methods
This is a retrospective medical records review of patients at the University of California San Francisco with both primary breast and CRC before age 60.

Results
Fifty-one patients were identified; 41 had detailed medical records. Median age of diagnosis with breast cancer was 43 (range 27-59) and CRC was 50 (28-59). Most were Caucasian (38, 74.5%) and never smokers (23, 56.1%); about half were current alcohol consumers (20, 48.8%) and about one-third had sedentary jobs (14, 34.1%). Average BMI was 25.8 (range: 14-49), and 30% were overweight or obese. Breast was the first cancer diagnosed in 36 patients (70.6%) and 44 (86.3%) had a metachronous CRC diagnosis. Breast cancer was early stage (0-2) in 32 (78.0%) patients whereas CRC was split between early stage (1-2) in 14 (34.1%) and later stage (3-4) in 19 (46.2%). Ten patients (24.3%) had a known germline mutation, although 23 (56.1%) had a family history of cancer in a first-degree relative.

Conclusion
Younger patients with both breast and CRC are a unique cohort, often without known risk factors. Alcohol consumption and sedentary jobs were the most common risk factors, and about one-quarter had a known genetic predisposition. Comanagement of both cancers requires individualized, multidisciplinary care.
Optimization of Vancomycin Initial Dosing Regimen in Neonates Using an Externally Evaluated Population Pharmacokinetic Model
Authors: Blouin Mathieu , Métras Marie-Élaine , El Hassani Mehdi , Yaliniz Aysenur , Marsot Amélie 
Published: June 2024

Background:
Vancomycin therapeutic monitoring guidelines were revised in March 2020, and a population pharmacokinetics-guided Bayesian approach to estimate the 24-hour area under the concentration–time curve to the minimum inhibitory concentration ratio has since been recommended instead of trough concentrations. To comply with these latest guidelines, we evaluated published population pharmacokinetic models of vancomycin using an external dataset of neonatal patients and selected the most predictive model to develop a new initial dosing regimen.

Methods:
The models were identified from the literature and tested using a retrospective dataset of Canadian neonates. Their predictive performance was assessed using prediction- and simulation-based diagnostics. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to develop the initial dosing regimen with the highest probability of therapeutic target attainment.

Results:
A total of 144 vancomycin concentrations were derived from 63 neonates in the external population. Five of the 28 models retained for evaluation were found predictive with a bias of

15% and an imprecision of

30%. Overall, the Grimsley and Thomson model performed best, with a bias of −0.8% and an imprecision of 20.9%; therefore, it was applied in the simulations. A novel initial dosing regimen of 15 mg/kg, followed by 11 mg/kg every 8 hours should favor therapeutic target attainment.

Conclusions:
A predictive population pharmacokinetic model of vancomycin was identified after an external evaluation and used to recommend a novel initial dosing regimen. The implementation of these model-based tools may guide physicians in selecting the most appropriate initial vancomycin dose, leading to improved clinical outcomes.
Enzymatic Debridement (Nexobrid) on Burned Hands: Retrospective Review from a Burn Referral Center in Spain
Authors: Lin Wu Zhan Q. , Bulla Antonio , Aguirrezabala del Río Jon A. , Rivas Nicolls Danilo A. , Aguilera Sáez Jorge , Serracanta Domènech Jordi , Barret Juan P. 
Published: June 2024

Background:
In deep burns, the gold standard of treatment is surgical debridement and coverage, but in hands, this may lead to poor aesthetic and functional results due to the complexity of this anatomical area. Enzymatic debridement (Nexobrid) allows for the preservation of the dermal remnant and reduces the number of skin grafts when compared with surgical excision. The study aimed to analyze the patients with intermediate second-degree or deeper burns in hands who required surgical treatment after Nexobrid and those who avoided it.

Methods:
A descriptive retrospective study of all patients who underwent Nexobrid following hand burns between May 2015 and April 2020 treated in Vall d’Hebrón University Hospital was conducted. After the enzymatic debridement, the burn unit team determined if the burn required conservative treatment or surgery, based on the characteristics of the wound bed.

Results:
A total of 202 hands were collected. Most hands included in this study had deep second-degree burns (122; 60.4%). Almost half of the hands underwent surgery (99; 49%), and most had deep second-degree burns (61; 61.62%). During follow-up, 24 hands required surgery for sequelae (11.88%) and 62 did not undergo follow-up (30.69%). In the group that needed sequelae surgery, 21 needed surgery after Nexobrid and three of them were healed with conservative treatment after Nexobrid (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Nexobrid decreases the number of surgical procedures in deep burns of the hand because more conservative attitudes are adopted. Also, it seems to reduce the need of surgery due to burn sequelae.
Atopic dermatitis in women: special considerations in the childbearing years
Authors: Valentini Rodolfo , Shahriari Mona 
Published: June 2024

Background:
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory dermatoses in adults. Women are disproportionately impacted by AD and report significant impacts on quality of life compared to men.

Objective:
Given the absence of formal guidelines for the treatment of AD in women of childbearing age, we will review special considerations for treating women of childbearing age with AD to ensure consistent care and optimal outcomes for these patients.

Methods:
PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant articles from database inception through May of 2023.

Results:
There are several treatments including topical therapies, systemic therapies, and phototherapy that are considered safe during preconception, pregnancy and breastfeeding. Given the negative consequences of uncontrolled AD for both the mother and the unborn baby, the risks and benefits of potential therapies should be reviewed with all women of childbearing age suffering from AD.

Limitations:
The gold standard in recommending therapies is randomized controlled trials; however, pregnant and lactating women are often excluded from these trials.

Conclusion:
Through shared decision-making between the dermatologist, obstetrician, and patient, the risks and benefits of any therapy should be thoroughly discussed and considered with all women of childbearing age, to optimize care and outcomes for this unique population.
Central corneal thickness in new cases of dry eyes: A case-control study
Authors: Ghimire Rekha , Kaiti Raju , Dahal Manish , Marasini Sanjay 
Published: June 2024

Significance
Loss of homeostasis and chronic inflammation result in ocular surface damage in dry eyes, which is also associated with corneal thinning in established cases. Yet, the correlation between corneal thickness and new cases of dry eyes remains inadequately supported by evidence.

Purpose
This study aimed to compare the central corneal thickness of new cases of dry eyes to that of age- and gender-matched controls.

Methods
A total of 45 dry eye patients were compared with 61 age- and gender-matched non–dry eye individuals. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to evaluate symptoms, and the central corneal thickness was measured with a Nidek CEM-530 specular microscope. Patients were grouped based on disease severity (OSDI scores), and the clinical findings were compared between groups for slit-lamp examinations, Schirmer's I test, and tear film breakup time.

Results
The median age of patients was 25.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 20.0 to 32.0) and 27.0 (IQR, 20.0 to 32.0) years in the control and dry eye groups, respectively (p=0.63). The median (IQR) values of the OSDI scores, tear film breakup time scores, and Schirmer's test measurements in the control groups were 10.4 (8.3 to 10.4), 12.0 (11.0 to 14.0) seconds, and 16.0 (13.5 to 19.5) mm, respectively, which differed from the dry eye groups (p<0.0001). These values in the dry eye group were 29.1 (25.0 to 39.5), 4.0 (3.0 to 8.0) seconds, and 8.0 (3.5 to 11.0) mm, respectively. Patients with dry eyes had lower central corneal thickness than controls (p<0.01). The mean ± standard deviation central corneal thicknesses in patients with dry eyes and the control group were 520.3 ± 26.8 and 545.3 ± 18.8 μm, respectively.

Conclusions
The central corneal thickness in dry eyes was significantly reduced compared with the control group. These findings may be useful in monitoring and managing dry eyes and should be considered in intraocular pressure measurements and refractive surgical procedures.
Optics of spectacle lenses intended to treat myopia progression
Authors: Atchison David A. , Charman W. Neil 
Published: June 2024

SIGNIFICANCE
This is a review of the optics of various spectacle lenses that have been used in myopia control over the last 60 years, with emphasis on approximately the last 15 years.
Myopia has become an increasing health problem worldwide, particularly in some East Asian countries. This has led to many attempts to slow its progression in children and reduce its endpoint value. This review is concerned with the optics of spectacle lenses for use in myopia control, from bifocal lenses to multisegment and diffusion optics lenses. Treatments are based on theories of the onset or progression of myopia. These include the hypotheses that eye growth and myopia in susceptible children may be stimulated by (1) poor accommodation response and the consequent hyperopic defocus with near vision tasks, (2) relative hyperopic peripheral refraction, and (3) high retinal image contrast as occurs in urban environments. Using spectacle lenses to slow myopia progression has a history of about 60 years. The review is laid out in approximately the order in which different types of lenses have been introduced: bifocals, conventional progressive addition lenses, undercorrection with single-vision lenses, specialized progressive addition lenses, defocus-incorporated multiple segments, diffusion optics, and concentric bifocals. In the review, some of the lenses are combined with an eye model to determine refractive errors for peripheral vision for the stationary eye and for foveal vision for the rotating eye. Numbers are provided for the reported success of particular designs in retarding myopia progression, but this is not an epidemiological paper, and there is no critical review of the findings. Some of the recent treatments, such as multiple segments, appear to reduce the eye growth and myopia progression by better than 50% over periods of up to 2 years.
Periareolar Skin-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Implant-Based Reconstruction
Authors: Zarei Melika , Carlson Grant W. 
Published: June 2024

Introduction
Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) is often used when tumor location prohibits performing a nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM). We examined a square excision of the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) and an X-shaped purse string closure after implant-based reconstruction.

Methods
A retrospective review was performed on patients undergoing periareolar SSM and immediate implant-based reconstruction from January 2015 through December 2022, specifically identifying those patients who had square NAC excision and skin closure.

Results
Twenty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria. They underwent 54 periareolar SSM and immediate implant-based reconstruction (bilateral 25, unilateral 4). Indications for surgery were cancer (30) and prophylactic (24; 2 patients had bilateral cancer). Reconstructive methods included tissue expander (TE) (36 [66.7%]) and direct-to-implant (DTI) (18 [33.3%]). The mean mastectomy weights and final implant sizes were similar between the 2 groups. Overall wound complications occurred in 13 (24.1%) of the breasts: mastectomy skin flap necrosis (MSFN; 10 [18.5%]) and infection (3 [5.6%]). Reconstructive failure occurred in 3 cases: TE, 1 (infection); DTI, 2 (MSFN/exposure). MSFN by reconstructive method: TE, 4 (11.1%); DTI, 6 (33.3%) (P = 0.05, comparing MSFN rates between TE and DTI methods). The mean initial TE fill volume was 247.1 cc; mean implant size in the DTI group was 417.8 cc (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions
The square NAC excision and closure can minimize the surgical incision in implant reconstruction. Two-stage TE reconstruction permits lower initial fill volumes, which reduces the risk of MSFN after box to X closure of SSM and implant-based reconstruction. It is useful in small- to moderate-sized breasts with mild ptosis in patients who are not candidates for NSM.
Local Infiltration Anesthesia Versus Ultrasound-Guided Pectoralis (PEC1) + Serratus Anterior Plane (SAP) Blocks on Postanesthetic Care Unit Pain Control in Patients Undergoing Primary Submuscular Augmentation Mammoplasty
Authors: Heffern Jadyn N. , Puyana Salomon , Hajebian Hooman H. , Kresofsky Kevin , Chaffin Abigail E. , Lindsey John T. 
Published: June 2024

Background
Ultrasound-guided regional field blocks are not widely used in outpatient plastic surgeries. The efficacy of truncal blocks (PEC1 + SAP) has not been established in plastic surgery. The purpose of this study was to analyze the outcomes of these newer anesthetic techniques compared with traditional blind local anesthetic infiltration in patients undergoing breast augmentation.

Methods
This retrospective institutional review board-approved cohort study compared the outcomes of the different practices of 2 plastic surgeons at the same accredited outpatient surgery center between 2018 and 2022. Group 1 received an intraoperative blind local infiltration anesthetic. Group 2 underwent surgeon-led, intraoperative, ultrasound-guided PEC1 (Pectoralis 1) + SAP (serratus anterior plane) blocks. Patients who underwent any procedure other than primary submuscular augmentation mammoplasty were excluded from the study. The outcomes measured included operative time, opioid utilization in morphine milligram equivalents (MME), pain level at discharge, and time spent in the post anesthetic care unit (PACU).

Results
Sixty patients met the inclusion criteria for each group for a total of 120 patients. The study groups were similar to each other. Patients receiving PEC1 + SAP blocks (group 2) had significantly lower average MME requirements in the PACU (3.04 MME vs 4.52 MME, P = 0.041) and required a shorter average PACU stay (70.13 minutes vs 80.38 minutes, P = 0.008). There were no significant differences in the pain level at discharge, operative time, or implant size between the 2 groups.

Conclusions
Surgeon-led, intraoperative, ultrasound-guided PEC1 + SAP blocks significantly decreased opioid utilization in the PACU by 33% and patient time in the PACU by 13%, while achieving similar patient pain scores and operating times.
The First 100 Seconds of Sleep of rEEGs Can Be a Reliable Scoring Method for D/EE-SWAS
Authors: Kulkarni Neil , Klamer Brett , Drees Michael , Twanow Jaime D. 
Published: June 2024

Purpose:
Developmental/epileptic encephalopathy with spike wave activation with sleep, formerly known as electrical status epilepticus in sleep, is an electrographic pattern in which the interictal epileptiform activity is augmented by transition to sleep. Recent studies demonstrate the utility of the first 100 seconds of sleep of long-term monitoring (LTM) as a scoring method for electrical status epilepticus in sleep. Our aim was to measure the reliability of the spike-wave index (SWI) of the first 100 seconds of sleep of routine EEG (rEEG) as a tool for diagnosis of developmental/epileptic encephalopathy with spike wave activation with sleep.

Methods:
Approximately three hundred forty LTMs were reviewed, and 25 studies from 25 unique patients had comparable rEEGs. Two neurophysiologists calculated the SWI of the first 100 seconds of spontaneous stage II non-random eye movement sleep, the first 5-minute bin of sleep, and three separate 5-minute bins throughout sleep in LTM. This was compared to the SWI of the first 100 seconds of sleep in rEEG. Agreement was analyzed using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC).

Results:
Using 50% as a diagnostic cut-off, we observed moderate agreement between the SWI of the first 100 seconds of sleep of rEEG and three bin LTM (CCC = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.88–0.97). Agreement was slightly higher for the comparison to first bin LTM SWI (CCC = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92–0.98) and first 100 seconds LTM SWI (CCC = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92–0.98).

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates the first 100 seconds of sleep of rEEG technique as a time efficient diagnostic tool for patients with concern for developmental/epileptic encephalopathy with spike wave activation with sleep.
The Effect of Remimazolam on Seizure Profile, Hemodynamics, and Recovery in Patients With Electroconvulsive Therapy Comparison With Propofol and Etomidate
Authors: Park Insun , Kim Hyeong Geun , Do Sang-Hwan , Hwang Jung Won , Yoon In-Young , Hong Jung Kyung , Ryu Jung-Hee 
Published: June 2024

Objectives
To compare seizure-related, hemodynamic, and recovery outcomes when using remimazolam for ECT with those of other anesthetics, specifically propofol and etomidate.

Methods
A total of 49 patients who underwent 405 ECT treatment sessions under general anesthesia were retrospectively analyzed. Remimazolam, propofol, and etomidate were used for 93, 138, and 174 ECT sessions, respectively. The primary outcome was durations of motor and electroencephalogram (EEG) seizure activity, whereas secondary outcomes included hemodynamics (ie, mean arterial pressure [MAP] and heart rate [HR] at various time points from induction to postanesthesia care unit [PACU] discharge), antihypertensive drugs administration after electrical stimulus, and recovery profiles (ie, length of PACU stay and incidence of postictal confusion).

Results
Durations of motor and EEG seizures were shorter for remimazolam than etomidate (motor, P < 0.001; EEG, P = 0.003) but similar compared with propofol (motor, P = 0.191; EEG, P = 0.850). During seizure, remimazolam showed a comparable MAP and HR to etomidate (MAP: P = 0.806; HR: P = 0.116). The antihypertensive drug use was lowest for remimazolam (6.8%), followed by propofol (35.6%) and etomidate (65.6%), and the mean length of PACU stay was comparable for remimazolam (19.7 min), propofol (22.8 min), and etomidate (24.5 min). The occurrence of postictal confusion did not differ among the 3 agents (P > 0.050).

Conclusions
Remimazolam is a promising anesthetic option for ECT because of its comparable seizure profiles, stable hemodynamics, and comparable PACU stay when compared with propofol and etomidate without additional adverse events.
Activity-dependent diffusion trapping of AMPA receptors as a key step for expression of early LTP
Authors: Nowacka Agata , Getz Angela M. , Bessa-Neto Diogo , Choquet Daniel 
Published: June 2024

This review focuses on the activity-dependent diffusion trapping of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs) as a crucial mechanism for the expression of early long-term potentiation (LTP), a process central to learning and memory. Despite decades of research, the precise mechanisms by which LTP induction leads to an increase in AMPAR responses at synapses have been elusive. We review the different hypotheses that have been put forward to explain the increased AMPAR responsiveness during LTP. We discuss the dynamic nature of AMPAR complexes, including their constant turnover and activity-dependent modifications that affect their synaptic accumulation. We highlight a hypothesis suggesting that AMPARs are diffusively trapped at synapses through activity-dependent interactions with protein-based binding slots in the post-synaptic density (PSD), offering a potential explanation for the increased synaptic strength during LTP. Furthermore, we outline the challenges still to be addressed before we fully understand the functional roles and molecular mechanisms of AMPAR dynamic nanoscale organization in LTP.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Long-term potentiation: 50 years on’.