bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3.4 Fusion of EEG and fMRI by Parallel Group ICA
Authors: Calhoun Vince D. , Eichele Tom 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Independent component analysis (ICA) is increasingly utilized as a tool for evaluating the hidden spatiotemporal structure contained within brain imaging data. This chapter first provides a brief overview of ICA and how ICA is applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. It then discusses group ICA and the application of group ICA for data fusion, with an emphasis on the methods developed within our group. It also discusses, within a larger context, the many alternative approaches that are feasible and currently in use.
Self-Control Over Automatic Associations
Authors: Gonsalkorale Karen , Sherman Jeffrey W. , Allen Thomas J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Processes that permit control over automatic impulses are critical to a range of goal-directed behaviors. This chapter examines the role of self-control in implicit attitudes. It is widely assumed that implicit attitude measures reflect the automatic activation of stored associations, whose expression cannot be altered by controlled processes. We review research from the Quad model (Sherman et al., 2008) to highlight the importance of two self-control processes in determining the influence of automatically activated associations. The findings of this research indicate that processes relating to detecting appropriate responses and overcoming associations contribute to performance on implicit attitude measures. These two processes work together to enable self-control of automatic associations; one process detects that control is needed, and the other process overcomes the associations to permit correct behavior. Implications for understanding self-control dilemmas are discussed.
The Power of Planning: Self-Control by Effective Goal-striving
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M. , Gawrilow Caterina , Oettingen Gabriele 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAs highlighted by Kurt Lewin, goal attainment is not yet secured solely by forming strong commitments to highly desirable and feasible goals. There is always the subsequent issue of implementing a set goal, and one wonders what people can do to enhance their chances of being successful at this second phase of goal pursuit. A promising answer seems to be the following: People may plan out in advance how they want to solve the problems of goal implementation. But what are these problems? There are at least four problems that stand out. These problems include getting started with goal striving, staying on track, calling a halt, and not overextending oneself. We will describe research showing that making if–then plans (i.e., form implementation intentions) on how to deal with these problems indeed facilitates solving the crucial problems of goal implementation. Thereafter, we will ask whether implementation intentions foster goal attainment even under conditions that are commonly viewed as not amenable to self-regulation attempts, such as succeeding on an intelligence test or overcoming spider phobia. Finally, we will report research showing that implementation intentions can even foster goal-striving in those samples (e.g., children with ADHD) that are known to suffer from impaired action control.
Implicit Control of Stereotype Activation
Authors: Moskowitz Gordon B. , Li Peizhong 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Control typically is conceived of as a set of conscious responses to an activated goal and the subsequent attempts at goal pursuit. Control includes the self-regulatory steps one initiates by conscious willing to address a selected goal and to allow one to pursue that goal. However, these attempts to compensate for a desired end state that is not yet achieved are not limited to conscious acts of deliberation, planning, and the resulting behavior. Implicit cognition plays an important role in preparing the individual to act, in allowing the individual both to detect goal-relevant stimuli in the environment and to process goal-relevant stimuli in a fashion that will facilitate goal achievement and shield one from distractions that could potentially derail attempts at self-control. Such automatic thought includes processes of spreading activation and inhibition as well as attentional selectivity. Evidence in support of such automatic processes of self-control is provided from the domain of stereotype control and the preconscious cognitive operations that result when one attempts to regulate the goal to be egalitarian and non-stereotypic in one's dealings with others.
Ego Depletion and the Limited Resource Model of Self-Control
Authors: Mead Nicole L. , Alquist Jessica L. , Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPeople break diets, procrastinate in the face of looming deadlines, imbibe too much alcohol the night before a midterm, struggle to save money, and lash out at loved ones and family members. They do all these things despite their best intentions not to. Why do people engage in such personally, interpersonally, and socially destructive behaviors? This chapter suggests that a major reason why people fail at self-control is because it relies on a limited resource. We define self-control as the capacity to alter one's responses; it is what enables people to forego the allure of short-term pleasures to institute responses that bring long-term rewards. One of the core functions of self-control may be to facilitate culture, which often requires that people curtail selfishness for the sake of effective group functioning. The first part of the chapter gives an overview of how self-control operates, including the possible biological basis of self-control. It covers a substantial body of literature suggesting that self-control operates on a limited resource, which becomes depleted with use. The second part of the chapter reviews the benefits of good self-control and the costs of bad self-control across a large variety of domains, such as consumption, self-presentation, decision making, rejection, aggression, and interpersonal relationships.
Walking the Line between Goals and Temptations: Asymmetric Effects of Counteractive Control
Authors: Fishbach Ayelet , Converse Benjamin A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Research on counteractive control explores the processes that individuals employ to increase the motivational strength of their high-order goals and decrease the motivational strength of their low-order temptations. In this chapter, we first describe the basic assumption of counteractive control theory: that self-control is an instrumental response to motivational conflicts. People only exercise self-control when a significant conflict is expected between high- and low-order motives. We then describe how self-control operations bolster the motivational strength of goal pursuit via one path and asymmetrically undermine the motivational strength of temptation pursuit via a second path. Next, we discuss the specific self-control strategies, including those that modify the choice situation, shift attainment expectations, and change the psychological representation of choice alternatives. We further distinguish between explicit self-control operations that rely on conscious processing, and implicit operations that do not require explicit consideration. We end with a broader discussion of the conditions under which goals and temptations appear to be in conflict or not.
Seeing the Big Picture: A Construal Level Analysis of Self-Control
Authors: Fujita Kentaro , Trope Yaacov , Liberman Nira 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPeople frequently make decisions and act in a manner contrary to their goals and values. These self-control failures are widely prevalent, troubling, and implicated in some of the most pressing social issues, ranging from obesity and addiction to environmentalism and poor financial planning. Given humans' remarkable intellectual and reasoning capacities, why do people fail to express their admirable aims in their everyday lives? This chapter briefly reviews several prominent theoretical accounts that have been proposed to explain self-control failures. It then describes and reviews supporting evidence for an emerging new perspective inspired by construal level theory (Liberman, Trope, & Stephan, 2007; Trope & Liberman, 2003). Drawing from decades of research indicating the central role of people's subjective construals in judgment and decision making (e.g., Griffin & Ross, 1991), we propose that self-control is a construal-dependent phenomenon. That is, whether one chooses to act in a manner consistent with one's global goals and values depends on how one has subjectively interpreted and constructed the event in his or her mind. Construal level theory suggests that people's subjective mental construals can differ in abstractness. Whereas low-level construals highlight the idiosyncratic, incidental, concrete, local features of an event, high-level construals extract the core, central, abstract, and global features. Self-control conflicts occur when the behavioral connotations of these two construals are mutually exclusive. The preferred action depends on which construal people adopt at the time of decision making. This chapter discusses how this proposed construal level perspective relates to extant theoretical perspectives, reviews supporting empirical evidence, and discusses the implications for our understanding of self-control.
From Stimulus Control to Self-Control: Toward an Integrative Understanding of the Processes Underlying Willpower
Authors: Kross Ethan , Mischel Walter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSelf-control is fundamental to human survival and success in the modern world. Consequently, a critical challenge is to understand the processes that underlie it. The main goal of this chapter is to address this issue to demystify the self-control construct. The chapter begins with the assumption that to make sense of the psychological processes that enable self-control it is first necessary to understand how they operate within the larger cognitive affective processing system guiding people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Mischel & Shoda, 1995, 1998; Shoda & Mischel, 1998). We begin by briefly describing this system and discussing its value for conceptualizing self-control dynamics. Drawing primarily from research on delay of gratification in children (Mischel, Shoda, & Rodriguez, 1989) and recent work that has begun to link this research with findings at the cognitive and neural levels of analysis the chapter then describes the psychological processes that enable people to effectively exert self-control. The second half of the chapter transitions from reviewing prior research on delay of gratification to current work examining how findings revealed from this paradigm generalize to different kinds of situations that require self-control. The chapter concludes by discussing how future research on self-control may benefit from work that bridges different levels of analysis.
Self-Control in Groups
Authors: Levine John M. , Alexander Kira , Hansen Thomas 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews theoretical and empirical work on self-regulation at the group level of analysis. We examine how groups exert control over their members and how members respond to these control efforts. The first section of the chapter focuses on groups as agents of control. Following a discussion of the functions that groups serve, we examine how groups use norms and roles to control their members. The second section of the chapter focuses on individuals as targets of control. Here we examine two opposing ways in which individuals respond to perceived group pressure: capitulation and resistance. We conclude by examining two implicit assumptions underlying our analysis of group control—that groups initiate control for their own ends and that members view such control as an unwelcome constraint. Using the example of social support groups, we discuss the relationship between self- and group-control when individuals seek group help in regulating their behavior.
Teleological Behaviorism and the Problem of Self-Control
Authors: Rachlin Howard 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Problems of self-control as well as social cooperation may be seen as conflicts not between internal spiritual or neurological entities, but between highly valued overt behavioral patterns of differing temporal extents or social distances. For example, an alcoholic must choose between having a drink now—valuable in the short run—and being healthy, performing well at work, maintaining satisfying social relationships, etc. —valuable in the long run. The essential question addressed in this chapter is how the latter may come to dominate the former within a person's lifetime. A behavioral evolutionary process is proposed by which valuable temporally or socially extended behavior patterns evolve over an individual lifetime from simpler, shorter patterns. It is argued that complex patterns, such as social cooperation over long periods, arise from simpler patterns in behavioral evolution analogously to the way complex structures, such as the human eye, arise from simpler structures in biological evolution. The idea that complex, long-term behavioral patterns in conflict with short-term patterns, if they are not inherited in toto, must be generated by an internal and autonomous spiritual, neurological, or cognitive process is compared to creationism in biological evolution. The role of delay and social discount functions in measuring the extent of coherent behavioral patterns is explicated. Finally, the chapter examines several implications of teleological behaviorism for practical behavioral control.
The Promise of Preschool
Authors: Rose Elizabeth 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
How did the United States move from seeing preschool as a way to give the nation's poorest children a “head start” to seeing preschool as the beginning of public education for all children? Advocates and policymakers have recently had remarkable success at expanding preschool in many parts of the country, and are gaining support for federal action as well. Yet questions still remain about the best ways to shape policy that will fulfill the promise of preschool. The Promise of Preschool investigates how policy choices in the past forty‐five years—such as the creation of Head Start in the 1960s, efforts to craft a child care system in the 1970s, and the campaign to reform K‐12 schooling in the 1980s—helped shape the decisions that policymakers are now making about early education. In addition to exploring the sources of today's preschool movement, the book also examines policy questions such as, should preschool be provided to all children, or just to the neediest? Should it be run by public schools, or incorporate private child care providers? What are the most important ways to ensure educational quality? By looking at these policy issues through the lens of history, the book offers a unique perspective on this important area of education reform, and explores how an understanding of the past can help spur debate about today's decisions.
Chapter 3 Separate Strands
Authors: Rose Elizabeth 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The education reform movement of the 1980s drew preschool closer to the world of public education, leading to the spread of public pre‐kindergarten programs. Research on the long‐term benefits of quality preschool for disadvantaged children put preschool education on the national agenda of K‐12 education reform and bolstered the fortunes of the Head Start program. At the same time, advocates also pushed child care back onto the federal agenda, prompting unprecedented political debate over children's policy and securing a new federal commitment to supporting child care for low‐income families. Some reformers urged bringing preschool “into the education tent,” seeing the public K‐12 system as a more secure home for early childhood education. Nevertheless, the relationship between private providers and public school educators was often marked by mistrust and competition.
Chapter 5 Preschool for All
Authors: Rose Elizabeth 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Inspired by the success of preschool in these states, advocates, foundation leaders, and business allies built a movement for universal preschool. Rather than continuing to push for the expansion of targeted programs like Head Start, they shifted to a universal strategy, believing that a program that served middle‐class families would ultimately build more enduring political support. The involvement of the Pew Charitable Trusts served as a catalyst, pouring funding into selected state campaigns, bringing together different constituencies across the country, and focusing unprecedented attention on pre‐kindergarten as a solution to educational and social problems. Support for expanding preschool relied on a strong research base that documented the promise of preschool for improving the life chances of disadvantaged children. But the movement's vision of providing “preschool for all” was challenged, both by those who preferred to target scarce resources to the neediest children, and by critics who feared increasing government's role in raising children in general.
Chapter 7 Mixed Blessings
Authors: Rose Elizabeth 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Public preschool is being organized and delivered through a combination of private providers and public schools; several states have opted to build on the patchwork of existing programs, allowing private and community‐based providers as well as schools to deliver pre‐kindergarten. Policymakers in states like New York, New Jersey, Georgia, and Florida have looked for ways to combine, through a mixed public‐private system, the best of both worlds: the universal access, stable funding, and educational standards of public schools, and the flexibility, diversity, and responsiveness to families of existing early childhood programs. However, weaving together these different strands of the early childhood world is a complicated task, requiring that those who shape and implement policy pay careful attention to the details that can strengthen the patchwork on which they rely.
Silencing the Self Across Cultures
Authors: Jack Dana C. , Ali Alisha 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This international volume offers new perspectives on social and psychological aspects of the complex dynamic of depression. The 21 contributors from 13 countries—Australia, Canada, Finland, Germany, Haiti, India, Israel, Nepal, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Scotland, and the United States—represent contexts with very different histories, political and economic structures, and gender role disparities. Authors use Silencing the Self theory, which details the negative psychological effects when individuals silence themselves in close relationships and the importance of the social context in precipitating depression. This book breaks new ground by demonstrating that the linkage of depressive symptoms with self-silencing occurs across a range of cultures. Chapters offer evidence regarding why women’s depression is more widespread than men’s and why the treatment of depression lies in understanding that a person’s individual psychology is inextricably related to the social world and to close relationships. Several chapters describe the transformative possibilities of community-driven movements for disadvantaged women that support healing through a recovery of voice, and describe the need for systemic and structural changes to counter violations of human rights as a means of reducing women’s risk of depression. Chapters also discuss health-related aspects of self-silencing, including eating disorders, treatment for cardiovascular disease, HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, and self-care for women in cancer treatment. Bringing the work of these researchers together in one collection furthers international dialogue about critical social factors that affect the rising rates of depression around the globe.
Chapter 2 The Social Causes of Women's Depression: A Question of Rights Violated?
Authors: Astbury Jill 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationships between women's depression and various human rights violations that cross cultures. The author contends that a human rights framework should be applied in analyzing factors that precipitate women's depression and that such a framework can expose the social realities that put women's psychological health at risk. Although some social factors have been explored in previous research on women's depression, there has been a lack of research specifically focused on human rights violations as social determinants of depression and related conditions. This chapter describes various types of violations including war-related acts, sexual violence, unjust work practices, and injuries to human dignity to demonstrate the social factors that can assist in explaining women's significantly higher rates of depression as compared with men's. It also provides a framework for examining how self-silencing relates to women's social inequality and human rights violations.
Chapter 5 Women's Self-Silencing and Depression in the Socio-cultural Context of Germany
Authors: Zoellner Tanja , Hedlund Susanne 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores how the construct of self-silencing can contribute to our understanding of the effects of socio-cultural expectations placed on German women. The authors provide historical and social perspectives on the experiences of German women to illustrate the explanatory role of self-silencing theory for depression. The chapter describes German values regarding women's mothering roles (e.g., self-sacrifice and selflessness) and relates those values to risk factors for self-silencing and depression, presenting evidence that the Silencing the Self Scale distinguishes between depressed women, agoraphobic women, and healthy women. The authors also examine self-silencing, attachment styles and effects of violence on depression. They suggest that the experience of violence is an underlying factor for both self-silencing and mental health problems in women, and emphasize the importance of the trend in Germany toward increased public awareness of the damaging effects of violence against women.[Q1]
Chapter 8 Silencing the Self across Generations and Gender in Finland
Authors: Hautamäki Airi 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines generational differences and gender differences in self-silencing amidst changing social values in Finland. Finnish women have historically taken part in the labor market outside of the home and have been breadwinners for many generations. In recent decades, there has been an even more pronounced movement away from traditional gender roles in Finnish families, with women often sharing many childcare and household tasks with men. Given this social and historical context, the author investigates whether younger generations of Finnish women differ from older Finnish women on self-silencing, and whether Finnish men and women differ on self-silencing. The chapter reports the author's findings that show younger women scoring lower than older women, and men scoring higher than women on self-silencing. These findings are discussed in light of social expectations for women in Finnish society, and in light of the social dictates that lead Finnish men to be relationally and emotionally distant.