bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaporation from a Three‐Phase Emulsion
Authors: Friberg Stig E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe evaporation path was determined for the emulsion system water, linalool and 5% Laureth 4, (L4), from the phase diagram of the components. The initial part of the evaporation took place in a two‐phase region of the emulsion and the path, expressed as fractions of the compounds, was non‐linear reflecting the changed vapour pressure of the linalool. The latter part of the evaporation, on the other hand, occurred through a three‐phase region and the path now formed a straight line. The recently introduced algebraic approach to extracting information from phase diagrams enabled presenting quantitative changes in composition, phase fractions and total content of the emulsion, as well as the vapour pressure versus different variables; including time.
Determining Surface Potential of the Bitumen‐Water Interface at Nanoscale Resolution using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Drelich Jaroslaw , Long Jun , Yeung Anthony 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the surface forces between a silicon nitride AFM tip and a deposited layer of Athabasca bitumen; the measurements were carried out in pure water (pH 6.0–6.5) and 1 mM KCl solution (pH 9). An AFM pyramidal‐shaped tip was moved stepwise using an operator‐controlled offset (10 nm per step) and the tip‐bitumen colloidal forces were measured at each location. Surface charge densities at the bitumen‐water interface were calculated from the measured colloidal forces using a theoretical model that combined both electrostatic and van der Waals forces for a conical tip‐flat substrate system. Fitted values of the bitumen surface charge density ranged from –0.002 to –0.004 C/m2 in water (pH 6.0–6.5), and –0.005 to –0.022 C/m2 in KCl solution (pH 9); the variation of local charge density along the bitumen surface appeared random. Bitumen surface potentials were also calculated from the surface charge densities using the Graham equation; the values ranged from –90 to –130 mV in water, and –45 to –110 mV in KCl solution. This study suggests the presence of bitumen surface domains of different surface charge densities/surface potentials. The domains are estimated to have characteristic sizes of 20 to 40 nm or less.
Effect of Resins on Asphaltene Self‐Association and Solubility
Authors: Yarranton Harvey W. , Fox William A. , Svrcek William Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn previous studies, asphaltenes and resins have been treated as two distinct fractions of a crude oil. The asphaltenes were assumed to be the only self‐associating fraction. However, there is evidence that resins also participate in this self‐association. In this study, molar masses of mixtures of asphaltenes and resins were measured with vapour pressure osmometry. Precipitation from the same mixtures dispersed in solutions of toluene and pentane were also measured. The data were modelled with previously developed self‐association and precipitation models. Model results with asphaltenes and resins characterized as a single distribution and as individual components are compared. The data and the modelling suggest that asphaltenes and resins are better characterized as a single distribution of self‐associating components.
Aging Effects on Surface Properties and Coalescence of Bitumen Droplets
Authors: Moran K. , Sumner R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe coalescence of emulsified bitumen droplets is examined, from the perspective of material surface properties, at temperatures of 22°C and 40°C over exposure periods of up to 8 h. The study was undertaken to better understand the nature of oil sands ore conditioning in the water‐based bitumen extraction processes of Syncrude Canada Ltd. Measurements of the bitumen droplet electrophoretic mobility showed only a slight degree of variation with temperature. The mechanical stress‐strain behaviour of the droplets was investigated using a micropipette‐based technique. These results indicate that the interfacial dilational elasticity of bitumen droplets depends on temperature and droplet age, while the tension is relatively invariant to duration of exposure. Interaction experiments between emulsified bitumen droplets quantify a coalescence probability that correlates with dilational elasticity at their surfaces.
Influence of Bubble Kinetic Energy on its Bouncing During Collisions with Various Interfaces
Authors: Zawala J. , Krasowska M. , Dabros T. , Malysa K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCollisions and bouncing of the bubbles with water/gas and water/solid interfaces occurring within a time scale of milliseconds were studied. It was shown that the bubble kinetic energy at the moment of collision has a profound influence on the bubble bouncing prior to the bubble rupture at the liquid/gas interface and attachment to the hydrophobic or remaining arrested beneath hydrophilic solid plates. The mechanism of the bubble bouncing was analyzed and degrees of exchange of the kinetic energy into the bubble surface energy were determined. It was found that in the case of solids the degree of the energy conversion was lower for the hydrophobic solid—most probably due to the presence of air.
On the Thermodynamic Stability of Liquid Capillary Bridges
Authors: Elliott Janet Aw , Voitcu Ovidiu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCapillary condensation is important in the behaviour of various materials encountered in nature and in industrial processes. The behaviour of liquid capillary bridges has mostly been investigated from a mechanical perspective, with an emphasis on computing the relevant adhesion forces. In the present paper, a thermodynamic approach is used, computing the free energy of such systems (based on numerically constructed shapes of liquid bridges) in order to determine the nature and properties of their equilibrium states. The dependence of the thermodynamic equilibrium configurations on the geometry of the system is investigated, and comparisons are made with experimental findings reported in the literature.
Effect of Operating Temperature on Water‐Based Oil Sands Processing
Authors: Long Jun , Drelich Jaroslaw , Xu Zhenghe , Masliyah Jacob H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOperating temperature is one of the most important controlling parameters in oil sands processing. Considering the massive energy consumption and green house gas emission, lowering the processing temperature is highly desirable. To achieve such an ambitious goal requires a comprehensive understanding on the role of temperature in oil sands processing. This paper provides an overview of major findings from existing studies related to oil sands processing temperature. The relation between temperature and bitumen recovery is discussed. The effect of temperature on the physiochemical properties of oil sand components, such as bitumen viscosity, bitumen surface tension and surface potentials of bitumen and solids, is analyzed. The interactions between bitumen and solids and between bitumen and gas bubbles as a function of temperature are recounted. Also discussed is the role of chemical additives in oil sand processing. It has been found that temperature affects nearly all properties of oil sands among which bitumen viscosity and bitumen‐solids adhesion impose a prominent impact on bitumen recovery. The use of selected chemical additives can reduce bitumen viscosity and/or the bitumen‐solids adhesion, and thus provide a possible way to process oil sands at a low temperature while maintaining a high bitumen recovery.
On the “Rag Layer” and Diluted Bitumen Froth Dewatering
Authors: Czarnecki Jan , Moran Kevin , Yang Xiaoli 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of rag layer were collected using multiple bench‐top, batch centrifugations with optical microslides inserted to a centrifuge cell in the last spinning. Image analysis of the samples provided data for approximate sedimentation rate analysis, based on fractal floc dimension and Smoluchowski coagulation kinetic equation. The analysis shows that, if a flocculating chemical is used as a demulsifier, overdosing will necessarily result in deterioration of the process performance. Optimization of the chemical dosage and accurate process control are thus necessary conditions to attain satisfactory dewatering process performance
Oil Sand Slurry Conditioning Tests in a 100 mm Pipeline Loop
Authors: Sanders R. Sean , Schaan Jason , McKibben Melissa M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFresh oil sand slurries were prepared and tested in a 100 mm pipeline loop at 37°C to evaluate the effects of average flow velocity, slurry air content and air injection method (bulk or continuous) on slurry conditioning, i.e., the evolution of the in‐pipe processes that promote gravity separation of bitumen‐air aggregates from the remainder of the slurry. The potential separability of the bitumen in the slurry was evaluated using a slurry Conditioning Index (CI). When no air was injected into the slurry, the slurry CI was low (≤0.1), indicating very poor conditioning. An increase in flow velocity from 2 m/s to 4 m/s and injection of 5% air (by volume) dramatically improved the slurry CI, to ∼ 0.6. The improved slurry conditioning observed at the higher velocity is explained by the increased force of fluid turbulence experienced by the particles and the greatly enhanced bitumen‐air contact.
LDA Velocity Measurements of High‐Viscosity Fluids in Mixing Vessel with Vane Geometry Impeller
Authors: Perse Lidija Slemenik , Bajcar Tom , Sirok Brane , Zumer Miha 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe object of this work was to measure the velocity field in non‐Newtonian fluids inside mixing vessel. The six‐bladed vane rotor used for mixing was designed from rotating vane geometry of a sensor system, commonly used for rheometrical measurements of complex fluids (Barnes and Nguyen, J. Non‐Newtonian Fluid Mech. 98, 1‐14 (2001); Schramm, 1994). During mixing, the viscosity was determined by measuring the torque at different impeller speeds, and compared to rheologically obtained shear dependent viscosity. The velocity field was determined by LDA measurements at twelve places inside mixing vessel. It was observed that axial and radial component of the velocity were insignificant at all measurement points. On the other hand, the results showed the periodic nature of tangential component of the velocity, which was confirmed with computer‐aided visualization method.
Gas Holdup and Solid‐Liquid Mass Transfer in Newtonian and non‐Newtonian Fluids in Bubble Columns
Authors: Ghosh U. K. , Upadhyay S. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGas holdup and surface‐liquid mass transfer rate in a bubble column have been experimentally investigated. De‐mineralized water, 0.5 and 1.0% aqueous solutions of carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), and 60% aqueous propylene glycol have been used as the test liquids. Effects of column diameter, liquid height to column diameter ratio, superficial gas velocity and liquid phase viscosity on gas holdup and mass transfer rate are studied. Generalized correlations for the average gas holdup and wall to liquid heat and mass transfer coefficients are proposed. These are valid for both Newtonian and pseudoplastic non‐Newtonian fluids.
Esterification of Acrylic Acid with 1,4‐Butanediol in a Batch Distillation Column Reactor over Amberlyst 15 Catalyst
Authors: Yang Jung‐Il , Cho Soon‐Haeng , Park Jongki , Lee Kwan‐Young 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe esterification reaction of acrylic acid (AA) with 1,4‐butanediol (BD) to produce 4‐hydroxybutyl acrylate (HBA) was carried out in a batch reactive distillation mode over the Amberlyst 15 catalyst. The reactive distillation was highly desirable to increase the reaction rate of BD and eventually to obtain the high purity of HBA because the unreacted BD was not easily separable to the produced HBA after the reaction. The reaction pressure below 760 mm Hg was used to remove the by‐product water from the reaction zone. The air‐bubbling operation was successfully applied to prevent the polymerization of reactants and products under the vacuum condition (400 ∼ 760 mm Hg). The reaction rates were strongly dependent on the reaction pressure, especially, the reaction rate of BD disappearance. The increased reaction rate of BD by the reactive distillation enabled to produce a high purity of HBA.
Heavy Metal Removal and Neutralization of Acid Mine Waste Water ‐ Kinetic Study
Authors: Ghirişan Adina L. , Drǎgan Simion , Pop Alexandru , Simihǎian Marinela , Miclǎuş Vasile 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of the apatite on the efficiency of neutralization and on heavy metal removal of acid mine waste water has been studied. The analysis of the treated waste water samples with apatite has shown an advanced purification, the concentration of the heavy metals after the treatment of the waste water with apatite being 25 to 1000 times less than the Maximum Concentration Limits admitted by European Norms (NTPA 001/2005). In order to establish the macro‐kinetic mechanism in the neutralization process, the activation energy, Ea, and the kinetic parameters, rate coefficient of reaction, kr, and kt were determined from the experimental results obtained in “ceramic ball‐mill” reactor. The obtained values of the activation energy Ea >> 42 kJ mol−1 (e.g. Ea = 115.50 ± 7.50 kJ mol−1 for a conversion of sulphuric acid ηH2SO4 = 0.05, Ea = 60.90 ± 9.50 kJ mol−1 for ηH2SO4 = 0.10 and Ea = 55.75 ± 10.45 kJ mol‐1 for ηH2SO4 = 0.15) suggest that up to a conversion of H2SO4 equal 0.15 the global process is controlled by the transformation process, adsorption followed by reaction, which means surface‐controlled reactions. At a conversion of sulphuric acid ηH2SO4 > 0.15, the obtained values of activation energy Ea < 42 kJ mol‐1 (e.g. Ea = 37.55 ± 4.05 kJ mol‐1 for ηH2SO4 = 0.2, Ea = 37.54 ± 2.54 kJ mol‐1 for ηH2SO4 = 0.3 and Ea = 37.44 ± 2.90 kJ mol‐1 for ηH2SO4 = 0.4) indicate diffusion‐controlled processes. This means a combined process model, which involves the transfer in the liquid phase followed by the chemical reaction at the surface of the solid. Kinetic parameters as rate coefficient of reaction, kr with values ranging from (5.02 ± 1.62) 10‐4 to (8.00 ± 1.55) 10‐4 (s‐1) and transfer coefficient, kt, ranging from (8.40 ± 0.50) 10‐5 to (10.42 ± 0.65) 10‐5 (m s‐1) were determined.
Characterization of Copper Foam as Catalytic Material in Ethanol Dehydrogenation
Authors: Chladek Petr , Croiset Eric , Epling William , Hudgins Robert R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCopper foam was used as a catalyst in ethanol dehydrogenation to acetaldehyde. Catalyst pretreatment, reaction temperature, liquid feed composition, and catalyst loading all affect ethanol conversion. Copper foam pretreated by oxidation yielded the highest ethanol conversion but deactivated due to copper surface reconstruction. The foam catalyst can be repeatedly reactivated by a short time exposure to air under reaction conditions. Yet, copper foam performance for ethanol dehydrogenation has been inferior in terms of activity and stability to that of supported copper catalysts.
Control of a Batch Polymerization System Using Hybrid Neural Network ‐ First Principle Model
Authors: Wei Ng Cheah , Hussain Mohamed Azlan , Wahab Ahmad Khairi Abdul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this work, the utilization of neural network in hybrid with first principle models for modelling and control of a batch polymerization process was investigated. Following the steps of the methodology, hybrid neural network (HNN) forward models and HNN inverse model of the process were first developed and then the performance of the model in direct inverse control strategy and internal model control (IMC) strategy was investigated. For comparison purposes, the performance of conventional neural network and PID controller in control was compared with the proposed HNN. The results show that HNN is able to control perfectly for both set points tracking and disturbance rejection studies.
Measurement of conatumumab‐induced apoptotic activity in tumors by fine needle aspirate sampling
Authors: Zoog Stephen J. , Ma Connie Y. , Kaplan‐Lefko Paula J. , Hawkins Jennifer M. , Moriguchi Jodi , Zhou Lei , Pan Yang , Hsu Cheng‐Pang , Friberg Greg , Herbst Roy , Hill John , Juan Gloria 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConatumumab is a monoclonal antibody specific for death receptor 5 (DR5) that activates caspases leading to DNA fragmentation and tumor‐cell death. Like other Tumor Necrosis Factor‐Related Apoptosis‐Inducing Ligand (TRAIL) receptor therapies, conatumumab is currently being evaluated in clinical trials across a variety of tumor types. However, molecular evidence of on‐target drug activity in tumors is often an elusive goal for clinical investigation. Here we evaluated a translational approach using a relevant biopsy method, fine needle aspirates (FNAs), to study the on‐target pharmacodynamics of conatumumab pre‐clinically. As detected by laser scanning cytometry, drug‐induced caspase‐3 activation in FNA biopsies of Colo205 xenografts correlated well with activated caspase‐3 in conventional section‐based samples. Furthermore, in tumor‐bearing mice, surrogate assays of serum caspase‐3/7 activity and serum drug exposure correlated with in situ caspase‐3 activation. We found that one advantage of FNA sampling over other sampling techniques was the ability to measure caspase activity on a per cell basis using DNA content information. To adapt the utility of FNAs for measuring pharmacodynamic markers in humans, detection of activated caspase‐3 was multiplexed with EpCAM to characterize mock and clinical FNAs from colorectal and nonsmall cell lung cancer patients. These data suggest that FNA sampling is a practical method to cytometrically evaluate tumors for pharmacological impact in a clinical setting. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A New Amperometric Hydrazine Sensor Based on Prussian Blue/Single‐walled Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Cong , Zhang Li , Guo Zhihua , Xu Jigui , Wang Hongyan , Shi Hongwei , Zhai Kefeng , Zhuo Xin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA slow reaction process has been successfully used to synthesize Prussian blue/single‐walled carbon nanotubes (PB/SWNTs) nanocomposites. Electrochemical and surface characterization by cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the presence of PB nanocrystallites on SWNTs. PB/SWNTs modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) exhibits efficient electron transfer ability and high electrochemical response towards hydrazine. The fabricated hydrazine sensor showed a wide linear range of 2.0×10−6–6.0×10−3 M with a response time less than 4 s and a detection limit of 0.5 μM. PB/SWNTs modified electrochemical sensors are promising candidates for cost‐effective in the hydrazine assays.
Targeting mitochondria for cancer therapy
Authors: Hockenbery David M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral recent insights into the roles of mitochondria in cancer have renewed efforts to develop nongenotoxic therapies targeting mitochondrial proteins and functions. Mitochondria are central hubs for intrinsic apoptotic pathways that are activated by cellular stress and injury, and as a consequence, cancers often have defects in these pathways. Bcl‐2, the first identified regulator of apoptotic cell deaths, was discovered as an oncogene in human cancers. BCL‐2 inhibits mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis through local effects at mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Increased expression of BCL‐2 and the related antiapoptotic proteins BCL‐XL, MCL‐1, and BCL‐W occurs in significant subsets of common cancer types (Table I) and is generally correlated with poor response. Although incomplete, the emerging understanding of BCL‐2 functions through structural, biochemical, and organelle physiology studies has provided paths for targeting BCL‐2 with small molecules. Cancer cells also exhibit metabolic differences with their normal cell counterparts, including aerobic glycolysis, known as the Warburg effect, mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization, and unusual dependence on nutrient substrates such as glucose and glutamine. This knowledge has prompted reexamination of the potential cancer selectivity of previously identified mitochondriotoxic compounds, including approved drugs for other indications, and screening programs to identify new compounds with mitochondrial activities. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
European classes for the reaction to fire performance of wood‐based panels
Authors: Östman Birgit A.‐L. , Mikkola Esko 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe classification system for the reaction to fire performance of building products in Europe has been applied to wood‐based panels as being ‘products with known and stable fire performance’. The European classification system includes two sub‐systems, one main system for all construction products except floorings and the other for flooring products. Panel properties such as density, thickness, joints and types of end‐use application including different substrates have been studied thoroughly and are included in the classification. Most wood‐based panels fall in classes D‐s2, d0 or Dfl‐s1 (for floorings). Testing has been performed according to EN 13823 SBI‐Single Burning Item test, EN ISO 9239‐1 Radiant panel test, and EN ISO 11925‐2 Small flame test. Clear relationships between the main Euroclass fire performance parameters and product parameters (such as density and thickness) have been demonstrated. Tables with reaction to fire classification of different wood‐based panels and end‐use applications have been developed in two steps, approved by the European Commission and published in their Official Journal. The table is also included in the harmonized product standard and may be used for CE‐marking. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sapphirine + quartz assemblage from the Southern Granulite Terrane, India: diagnostic evidence for ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism within the Gondwana collisional orogen
Authors: Tsunogae Toshiaki , Santosh M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA synthesis of the petrological characters of granulite facies rocks that contain equilibrium sapphirine + quartz assemblage from three localities (Rajapalaiyam, Ganguvarpatti and Panangad) in the Southern Granulite Terrane (SGT), India, provides unequivocal evidence for extreme crustal metamorphism associated with the collisional assembly of the Gondwana supercontinent during the Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian. The reaction microstructures associated with sapphirine + quartz vary among the samples, probably suggesting different tectonic conditions during the metamorphic evolution. Sapphirine and quartz in pelitic granulites from Rajapalaiyam in the Madurai Block occur as an intergrowth in poikiloblastic garnet, whereas the two minerals show host‐inclusion relationship (quartz inclusion in coarse‐grained sapphirine) in a Mg‐Al‐rich rock from Ganguvarpatti in the same block. The sapphirine–quartz association and related microstructures from the two localities are consistent with isobaric cooling from sapphirine + quartz to orthopyroxene + sillimanite + quartz fields, possibly along a counterclockwiseP‐Tpath. In contrast, sapphirine + quartz occurs as coronas around Mg‐rich (XMg ∼ 0.58) staurolite within poikiloblastic garnet in an Mg‐Al‐rich rock from Panangad in the Palghat–Cauvery Suture Zone (PCSZ). The texture suggests decompression from the stability field of Mg‐rich staurolite (P > 15 kbar) atT > 1000 °C possibly along a clockwiseP‐Ttrajectory. Such contrastingP‐Tpaths are consistent with a recent tectonic model of the SGT, according to which the metamorphism in the Madurai Block is related to heat (and fluid) input from the mantle, whereas that in the PCSZ is related to the subduction‐collision tectonics between the Madurai Block and the Dharwar Craton, where high‐pressure and ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) metamorphic rocks were extruded along the subduction channel. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.