bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Routine administration of oral polio vaccine in a subtropical area. Factors possibly influencing sero-conversion rates
Authors: Swartz T. A. , Skalska Paulina , Gerichter C. G. , Cockburn W. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPoliomyelitis is an important problem of public health in warm-climate countries. Studies of serological responses to vaccination in these countries have given conflicting results but in many investigations the rates have been considerably less than in countries with temperate climates. In this study three possible factors influencing sero-conversion were investigated – the season of the year when vaccine was given, the social status of the mother (as indicated by the number of years of schooling) and the presence of non-poliomyelitis viruses (NPV) in the gut when vaccine was given.Over 200 children about 2 months of age were included in the study. Each was given three doses of trivalent vaccine at 6-week intervals.The sero-conversion rates of the groups fed in winter were excellent but were slightly less good in summer. The differences were greatest in children in the lower socio-economic groups and in children excreting other enteroviruses.The conclusions are that, provided a potent vaccine is used, the factors which diminish the effectiveness of immunization in warm-climate countries can be overcome: (1) by giving three doses of trivalent vaccine; (2) by beginning vaccination at the earliest possible age (when enteroviruses are fewest); (3) by concentrating special attention on the lower socio-economic groups and if necessary by giving a reinforcing dose several months after the third dose has been given – preferably in the colder months.
The serum and conjunctival antibody response to trachoma in Gambian children
Authors: Collier L. H. , Sowa J. , Sowa Shiona 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNinety-nine young Gambian children were studied for 61 weeks. About half of them had trachoma at the outset, and 80 % of the remainder acquired the disease while under observation. IgG trachoma antibody in the serum and IgG and IgA antibodies in the conjunctival secretions (CS) were titrated by an indirect immunofluorescence method. In serum samples obtained in capillary tubes the mean titre was slightly higher than in samples collected on filter paper. Sorum antibody at titres ↛ 1/10 was invariably associated with a clinical diagnosis of trachoma; it increased both in frequency and titre as the disease progressed, and was present in about half of those with Tr II. In CS, IgG antibody was present less often and at lower titres than in serum, and IgA antibody was detected even less frequently. There was some evidence of correlation between the titres of IgG and IgA antibodies in CS, but none for a relationship between the titres of the antibodies in serum and those in CS. Antibodies were almost never present in the absence of conjunctival follicles, but their titres were unrelated to the degree of follicular hyperplasia; there was no obvious relationship between the serological findings and corneal lesions. In children diagnosed clinically as trachoma, serum antibody was present in almost all those with conjunctival inclusions, and in a proportion of inclusion-negative subjects; the mean titre was much higher in the inclusion-positive group.These findings do not settle whether CS antibodies are made locally, or are derived partly or wholly from the blood. They suggest that the indirect immunofluorescence test may be a useful diagnostic aid in trachoma, particularly in view of the rarity of false positive reactions; but there is at present little to choose between it and complement-fixation tests in terms of sensitivity.
The role of serum haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody in protection against challenge infection with influenza A2 and B viruses
Authors: Hobson D. , Curry R. L. , Beare A. S. , Ward-Gardner A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe intranasal inoculation of volunteers with living partially attenuated strains of influenza A and B viruses offers a new opportunity to determine the protective effect of serum haemagglutin-inhibiting antibody against a strictly homologous virus, under conditions where the time and dosage of the infective challenge can be controlled, the scoring of proven infections can be more precise and higher rates of infection can be achieved than in most natural epidemics.In 1032 adult volunteers, whose serum HI antibody titre was determined immediately before virus challenge, there was a consistent inverse quantitative relationship between the HI titre and the likelihood of infection. The PD50 (50 % protective dose) of HI antibody was 1/18–1/36, but an unusual finding was that volunteers with no detectable pre-challenge antibody often seem to be less susceptible to infection than those with pre-challenge antibody in low titre.In one group of volunteers challenged with an influenza B strain there was no evidence that pre-challenge antibody titres against viral neuraminidase had any significant protective effect against challenge infection.
Anticoagulant resistance in wild Norway rats in New York
Authors: Brooks J. E. , Bowerman A. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from several habitats were tested for their susceptibility and resistance to warfarin. Animals were fed 0·005% warfarin in ground oatmeal for periods varying from 1 to 12 days. Rats having no prior exposure to anticoagulants were shown to be susceptible, none having survived a 6-day feeding period. Resistant rats were found on two farms where anticoagulant materials had been used intensively for about 20 years.
Mortality from cancer and cardiovascular diseases in the county boroughs of England and Wales classified according to the sources and hardness of their water supplies, 1958–1967
Authors: Stocks Percy 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRelative rates of proportionate mortality from cancer of six sites based on total cancer deaths and the proportions expected in all towns, and from four types of cardiovascular disease based on total deaths from all causes, have been related in the 80 county boroughs of England and Wales to the sources of water supply and to the average hardness of water in. the towns. The sources of water, from upland surfaces, artesian wells and rivers, were classified in eight groups, and significant associations were found for cancers of the stomach, oesophagus, prostate, male bladder and female breast, and for hypertensive and chronic rheumatic heart disease. No associations were apparent with intestinal cancer, vascular disease of the nervous system or arteriosclerotic heart disease. Hardness or softness of the water was classified in seven groups and significant associations were found for the same diseases as for source of water, none being evident for coronary disease.
California encephalitis virus endemicity in the Yukon Territory, 1972
Authors: McLean D. M. , Clarke Alison M. , Goddard E. J. , Manes A. S. , Montalbetti C. A. , Pearson R. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSera from 218 of 1574 (14%) small mammals collected in the Yukon Territory between 14 May and 13 August 1972 neutralized a Yukon strain of California encephalitis virus (snowshoe-hare subtype). These included 133 of 319 (42%) snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus), 84 of 1243 (7%) ground squirrels (Citellus undulatus) and 1 of 12 (8%) tree squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). California encephalitis virus (snow-shoe hare subtype) was isolated from four pools of unengorged Aedes communis mosquitoes collected near Whitehorse (61° N., 135° W.) and on one occasion each from pools of the same species collected at Hunker Creek (64° N., 138° W.) and at mile 125, Dempster Highway (66° N., 138° W.) during July 1972. Replication of a Yukon strain of California encephalitis virus was observed in wild-caught Culiseta inornata and Aedes canadensis mosquitoes after intrathoracic injection and holding at temperatures of 80°, 50° and 40° F.
Observations on the microbiological flora of canned Parma ham
Authors: Cragg J. , Andrews A. V. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA significant proportion of a consignment of branded Parma Ham was found to have ‘blown’ tins; the associated bacterial flora was therefore investigated. No Salmonella or Shigella were found. Clostridium welchii type A and Clostridium bifermentans were isolated in moderate numbers only from enrichment cultures of the ham. Staphylococcus spp. and coryneform bacteria were obtained from all tins and Group D streptococci were present in a few. No food-poisoning cases were associated with this ham.
Diphthericin types, bacteriophage types and serotypes ofCorynebacterium diphtheriaestrains isolated in Australia
Authors: Gibson L. F. , Colman G. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA dipthericin typing scheme has been constructed using 441 strains ofCorynebacterium diptheriaeisolated in eastern Australia from 1962 to 1971. Ten types have been distinguished using seven strains ofC. diphtheriaeand two strains ofC. belfantias indicators of the diphthericins produced by the newly isolated strains. Strains grouped into types L2, L3 and L3awere found only in Melbourne and types L1 and L4 were predominant in Sydney. Type L5 strains were isolated intermittently throughout the period of study and were found in all eastern states. Numerical analysis of the characteristics of the strains suggests that associations exist between, on the one hand, diphthericin type and, on the other hand, bacteriophage type, serotype and biochemical activity.
The ecology of Whataroa virus, an alphavirus, in South Westland, New Zealand
Authors: Miles J. A. R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe findings of a survey on the ecology of an alphavirus over the years 1964–9 are reviewed. Evidence is presented to show that wild birds constitute a vertebrate reservoir of the virus and that mosquitoes, primarily Culiseta tonnoiri and Culex pervigilans, which are both endemic New Zealand species, are responsible for summer transmission.Serological evidence of infection was obtained in all years and evidence is presented to indicate that the virus is enzootic rather than being reintroduced each spring. The number of birds with antibody increased before mosquitoes became active in the spring and possible explanations of this are discussed.The mean temperature in the hottest month in the study area is substantially below that in other areas with enzootic mosquito-borne viruses and experimental studies showed that Whataroa virus was able to replicate more rapidly in mosquitoes at low temperatures than any arboviruses previously studied.The main natural focus of infection appeared to be in a modified habitat and the introduced song thrush (Turdus philomelos) to be the main vertebrate reservoir host.
Sources of contamination of cooked, ready-to-eat cured and uncured meats
Authors: Dempster J. F. , Reid S. N. , Cody O. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryForty-five samples of unsliced, cooked, ready-to-eat meats on sale in retail premises and supermarkets were examined. Thirty-six (80%) hadEscherichia coliI and 21 (47%) had coagulase positive staphylococci in numbers ranging from 1 to > 1000/100 cm.2. Twenty-one samples containedClostridiumspp. in numbers from 1 to > 100/100cm.2. Of the 45 samples tested, 11 (factory-produced) and 7 (home-produced) were examined after cooking but before being offered for sale. Cooked hams were contaminated after handling in a factory, as were samples of canned corned beef after sale and exposure for 24 hr. Some sources of contamination were: (a) raw beef, (b) factory and shop surfaces and equipment, and (c) workers' hands. Curing brines used in retail shops and supermarkets to produce corned beef were a potent source of contamination. The effect of holding cooked meats at ambient temperature on their spoilage (22° C) and food-poisoning (37° C) microflora was demonstrated.
Toxoplasma antibodies in immigrants from Hong Kong
Authors: Seah S. K. K. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe sera of 200 Chinese adults recently immigrated to Canada from Hong Kong were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. It was found that the total incidence was 18·0%. This is significantly lower than that of the indigenous population of the same age groups in this area.
The airborne excretion by pigs of swine vesicular disease virus
Authors: Sellers R. F. , Herniman K. A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe air of loose-boxes holding pigs affected with swine vesicular disease was sampled for virus. In the multistage impinger virus to a titre of 102·6TCID50 was associated with particles greater than 6 μm., 101·6with particles 3–6 μm. and 101·4or less with particles less than 3 μm. In the noses of workers in contact with the pigs for periods not less than 5 min., virus to a titre of 102·4TCID50 was found. Virus was recovered from the air for 2–3 days during the disease and maximum titre in pigs infected by injection or by contact occurred on the second to third day after generalization of the lesions. The amounts of virus were about 160-fold less than those recovered from pigs affected with foot-and-mouth disease, and the quantity and time of excretion suggest that the source of swine vesicular disease virus in the aerosol may be from the lesions and skin rather than from the respiratory tract.
The origin of O serotypes of Escherichia coli in babies after normal delivery
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. , Breadon Alwena , Faiers Mary C. , O'Farrell Sheila M. , Shooter R. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA total of 2525 strains of Escherichia coli were isolated from the faeces of 33 mothers, the faeces of their babies and the mucus extracted from the babies' mouths after delivery. Of these strains 1832 could be O-serotyped with 150 O antisera. E. coli were isolated from 28 babies and the same serotypes as were found in their mothers were found in 22 of them. E. coli was isolated from only 14 of the mucus specimens but in 12 of these at least one of the serotypes present was subsequently found in the babies' stools.
Immunity to influenza in ferrets: VII. Effect of previous infection with heterotypic and heterologous influenza viruses on the response of ferrets to inactivated influenza virus vaccines
Authors: McLaren C. , Potter C. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNormal ferrets did not produce serum antibody following immunization with 200 i.u. of inactivated A/Hong Kong/68 influenza virus vaccine and were found to be susceptible to subsequent challenge infection with A/Hong Kong/68 virus. High titres of virus were recovered from nasal washings collected 3 days after infection, serum antibody was produced, increased nasal protein was detected and HI antibody was detected in nasal washings. Ferrets infected with influenza virus A/PR/8/34 7 weeks before immunization with inactivated A/HK/68 virus did, however, produce serum HI antibody to A/HK/68 virus. This antibody conferred partial immunity to challenge infection with A/HK/68 virus, as shown by decreased titres of virus in nasal washings and reduced levels of nasal protein. Previous infection of ferrets with influenza virus B/Ann Arbor/66 did not result in the production of serum antibody to A/HK/68 virus following immunization with A/HK/68 vaccine and the animals were completely susceptible to subsequent challenge infection with A/HK/68 virus. Differences in the amount of nasal protein and nasal antibody produced after A/HK/68 infection were also found in ferrets previously infected with either A/PR/8/34 or B/AA/66 virus, compared with normal ferrets.
ExperimentalSalmonellainfection in calves. 1. The effect of stress factors on the carrier state
Authors: Grønstøl H. , Osborne A. D. , Pethiyagoda S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFour calves were infected with 2·4 × 108S. dublinand penned separately. Fluctuations in environmental temperature did not affect the symptoms of the disease or the duration of excretion. Faecal samples were superior to rectal swabs for detecting excretors.After transport stress,Salmonellawas isolated from several organs at slaughter in an excreting calf, and uninoculated control calves became cross-infected. During slaughter, carcasses became contaminated on their surfaces. From one contaminated carcassSalmonellawas recovered after chilled storage at 0° C. for 1 week and also after freezing at − 20° C. for 1 month.
Isolation of a virus responsible for an outbreak of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis in Morocco
Authors: Nejmi S. , Gaudin O. G. , Chomel J. J. , Baaj A. , Sohier R. , Bosshard S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn epidemic of acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis occurred in Morocco in 1970–1. It was caused by an enterovirus which appeared to be a new antigenic type similar to a virus isolated in South East Asia during the same period.
The bacteriological examination of urine: a computer-aided study
Authors: Meers P. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFor 6 months details of every patient who had his or her urine sent to a laboratory for bacteriological examination and the result of such examination were entered on a computer-card. A total of 15,606 cards were completed with information in code recording the sex and age of a patient, the origin of the request, the presence or absence in the urine of an excess of protein or cells, the culture result and the name of any significant organism isolated together with its sensitivity to various antimicrobial drugs. This information was interrelated in a computer, and in some cases the resulting numerical details were expressed as rates so as to eliminate the effect of uneven sex and age distribution. In this way the occurrence of urinary tract infection and the type of infecting organism in persons of either sex at various ages was examined according to whether the patient was in hospital or general practice. The sensitivity pattern of each type of significant organism isolated was established according to its source. The association between patients of either sex and various ages who had, or did not have, bacteriologically evident infections and the presence in their urine of an inflammatory exudate was investigated. Finally, the capacity of each type of infecting organism to produce such an exudate was estimated.It was shown that hospital and general practice experience of urinary tract infections differed widely, with regard both to the age and sex distribution of those suffering from it, and to the causative organisms concerned and their sensitivities to antimicrobial drugs. It is suggested that these differences were so great that conclusions drawn from any study of this subject conducted in one of the two areas cannot be applied to the other, and that those derived from a mixture of the two will vary according to the relative sizes of each of the components.
Serological evidence of infection with Tana and Yaba pox viruses among several species of monkey
Authors: Downie A. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSera from cynomolgus monkeys from Malaysia, from Indian rhesus monkeys, from various species of monkeys from Africa and from South America have been examined for neutralizing antibody to Tanapox and Yaba viruses. No antibody was found to either virus in the sera of rhesus monkeys or South American monkeys. A certain proportion of sera from cynomolgus monkeys and various species of African monkey showed antibody to one or other of the viruses, but few of the positive sera showed antibody to both. The results would seem to suggest that infection with the two viruses is endemic in African and Malaysian monkeys but does not occur or is very rare in Indian rhesus and New World monkeys.
The epidemiology ofSalmonella dublininfection in a dairy herd: II. Serology
Authors: Lawson G. H. K. , McPherson E. A. , Wooding P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA number of serological tests were evaluated in a study ofSalmonella dublininfection in a dairy herd. None of the tests used detected either of the two carrier animals from whichSalmonella dublinwas isolated at slaughter 7 and 17 months after the herd infection. The complement fixation tests used proved to be a better guide to the presence of recent herd infection than the conventional ‘0’ or ‘H’ agglutination tests.
Hazards involved in the use of furazolidone for the prevention of salmonellosis in broiler chickens
Authors: Rantala Marjatta , Nurmi E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe purpose of this work was to study the effects of interrupted, continuous and post-salmonella inoculation treatment with furazolidone in the feed on the colon-ization of Salmonella infantis in the intestines of chickens, as well as the influence of furazolidone in vitro on the effect of a mixed culture used for the prevention of salmonellosis in chickens.It was shown that chickens given interrupted treatment with 0·01% furazoli-done had significantly more salmonellas in the caeca than either chickens fed continuously with this drug or chickens without any treatment. The use of 0·01% furazolidone after inoculation with Salmonella infantis had no effect on Salmonella infantis in the caeca of chickens.The mixed bacterial culture from the normal intestinal flora lost its preventive effect on salmonellosis when cultured with 0·01% furazolidone.
Serotypes of trachoma agent isolated in The Gambia: with an observation on the relation between serotype and morphology
Authors: Sowa J. , Collier L. H. , Sowa Shiona 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOf 60 TRIC agents isolated from Gambian children with trachoma, 25 were serotype 1 and the remainder type 2. There was a pronounced difference in the proportions of these types in the two villages studied. In the village with a predominance of type 2 strains, TRIC agents remained confined to 2 adjacent compounds over a 14 month observation period. All 19 type 1 strains examined were characterized by the appearance in yolk sac smears of compact aggregates of elementary bodies; such aggregates were seen in only 2 of 35 type 2 strains, and may reflect a chemical difference in the surface of the elementary bodies or in a substance elaborated during their replication.
Myxomatosis: some observations on breeding the European rabbit fleaSpilopsyllus cuniculi(Dale) in an animal house
Authors: Sobey W. R. , Menzies W. , Conolly Dorothy 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRabbit fleas for use in Myxomatosis investigations have been successfully bred on rabbits in an animal house. The timing of emergence appeared to be governed by a biological timing control interacting with different forms of disturbance. Yield was found to be related to litter size, the time the doe and her kittens were removed from the nest, the number of fleas put onto a doe before littering and the mean ambient temperature to which the doe was exposed in the week pre-partum. The survival rate of fleas in storage was affected by temperature, the degree of crowding, moisture content of the containers, whether fleas were fed or unfed and the source of fleas in terms of emergence times.
A possible relation between human pathogenicity of smallpox vaccines and virus growth at elevated temperatures
Authors: Baxby Derrick 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSeven smallpox vaccines of known human pathogenicity were tested for their ability to produce pocks on the chick chorioallantois at 39·7° C. Significant differences were found and the more pathogenic strains produced pocks with greater efficiency at 39·7° C. than did strains of average or low pathogenicity.