bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Babylonian texts from the folios of Sidney Smith. Part four: two old Babylonian letters
Authors: George Andrew R. 
Published: June 2011

Résumé Dans cet article sont publiées les copies par le regretté Sidney Smith de deux lettres paléo-babyloniennes, la première étant accompagnée d’une édition commentée ; il s’agit de l’ordre de prêter une certaine quantité de briques à un tiers. Cette lettre a été envoyée par Damiq-Marduk à Marduk-dayyān, qui sont probablement les personnes de ce nom connues par leur implication dans la culture de palmiers de la région du Yahrurum inférieur pendant le règne de Samsu-iluna de Babylone. La lettre se signale par son emploi de l’expression akkadienne bēl ṣibûtim , que l’on propose ici de comprendre comme désignant un homme d’affaires.
Hittite āššweni
Authors: Alexandrov Boris Е. , Sideltsev Andrej V. 
Published: June 2011

Résumé L’article est consacré à l’analyse de la forme verbale āššweni et de son contexte dans la lettre KBo 18.28+ (Face i 4’-12’). Selon les auteurs āššweni est une dérivation du verbe āšš- « être bon ». Ils avancent les arguments favorisant l’interprétation de cette forme comme partie d’une construction quasi-sériale avec le sens de ‘(faire, i. e. conclure, un accord) d’une manière amicale’. L’analyse des formes tiya (l. 11’), tekri- (l. 9’) et la délimitation du discours direct dans ce passage difficile constituent d’autres points de discussion. En ce qui concerne le cadre historique de la lettre étudiée, on suit la proposition de J. Miller de l’attribuer à la correspondance royale hittite-assyrienne et on examine les diverses possibilités d’identification de son auteur et de son destinataire.
La « sainte offrande » de Nergal-Ēreš à Aššur et Adad en 775. Une interprétation de l'inscription votive de la masse d'armes ASS 10274 (VA 5929)
Authors: Niederreiter Zoltán 
Published: June 2011

Résumé Cet article porte en premier lieu sur l’inscription votive et la carrière de Nergal-ēreš qui était gouverneur, l’un des plus éminents de l’Assyrie sous le règne d’Adad-nērārī III et de Salmanazar IV. La tête de masse d’armes, Ass 10274 (VA 5929), de Nergal-ēreš porte cette inscription de trois lignes dont une partie a été publiée par E. Weidner (1939-41). La présente étude essaye de faire paraître pour la première fois l’inscription complète dont un passage rend compte de la « sainte offrande » qui fait l’objet de l’interprétation qui suit. Il s’agit des « 650 bœufs, 6000 moutons, 3000 ( mesures de) farine (et) 1400 ( mesures de) vin » qui furent faite à Aššur et Adad par Nergal-ēreš en 775, année où il fut éponyme pour la deuxième fois. C’est la dernière source datable de la carrière du gouverneur Nergal-ēreš, dont l’aspect exceptionnel renouvelle les recherches sur le rôle des éponymes et la situation politique de son époque au point de vue d’Aššur, la capitale du culte.
FcR-Independent Effects of IgE and IgG Autoantibodies in Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: Messingham Kelly N. , Srikantha Rupasree , DeGueme Amy M. , Fairley Janet A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a subepidermal blistering disease characterized by IgE and IgG class autoantibodies specific for 180-kDa BP Ag 2 (BP180), a protein involved in cell-substrate attachment. Although some direct effects of BP IgG have been observed on keratinocytes, no study to date has examined direct effects of BP IgE. In this study, we use primary cultures of human keratinocytes to demonstrate Ag-specific binding and internalization of BP IgE. Moreover, when BP IgE and BP IgG were compared, both isotypes stimulated FcR- independent production of IL-6 and IL-8, cytokines critical for BP pathology, and elicited changes in culture confluence and viability. We then used a human skin organ culture model to test the direct effects of these Abs on the skin, whereas excluding the immune inflammatory processes that are triggered by these Abs. In these experiments, physiologic concentrations of BP IgE and BP IgG exerted similar effects on human skin by stimulating IL-6 and IL-8 production and decreasing the number of hemidesmosomes localized at the basement membrane zone. We propose that the Ab-mediated loss of hemidesmosomes could weaken attachment of basal keratinocytes to the basement membrane zone of affected skin, thereby contributing to blister formation. In this article, we identify a novel role for IgE class autoantibodies in BP mediated through an interaction with BP180 on the keratinocyte surface. In addition, we provide evidence for an FcR-independent mechanism for both IgE and IgG class autoantibodies that could contribute to BP pathogenesis.
Determination of Maximum Scan Rate for Linear Polarization Measurements
Authors: Townley D. W. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Circuit analysis techniques are used to determine the maximum scan rate for linear polarization measurements of corrosion rates. The analysis is validated by measurements on dummy cells. The results are compared with the criterion presently used, and it is shown that the present criterion is incorrect. Conclusions are also drawn about the proper procedure for making linear polarization measurements.
Failure Analysis in Concrete Structures: A Comparison of Field Data with Results from Laboratory Exposures
Authors: Borgard B. , Ramirez C. , Somayaji S. , Jones D. , Keeling D. , Heidersbach R. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The corrosion of metals in reinforced concrete structures is a multibillion dollar problem that affects construction, transportation, housing, and many other industries. This report compares the widely-reported literature on salt-related corrosion with results of exposures involving no exposure to salt. Laboratory exposure results are compared with results from actual structures. The results indicate that structural cracking is far more important as a cause of corrosion than is commonly assumed.
Effect of Elemental Sulfur on Corrosion in Sour Gas Systems
Authors: Schmitt G. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The corrosive interaction of wet elemental sulfur with construction materials is reviewed, emphasizing effects of alloy composition (carbon steels, ferritic steels, austenitic steels, ferritic-austenitic [duplex] steels, Ni- and Co-base alloys, and titanium and its alloys), medium composition (salts, partial pressures of H2S and CO2, and acetic acid), and environmental conditions (temperature 20 to 250°C, stress). A summary of relevant physical and chemical properties of elemental sulfur is given to provide the fundamental basis for the understanding of sulfur corrosion. The different corrosion mechanisms found in the literature are critically discussed. Considering all data available, a mechanism is proposed explaining the electrochemical role of sulfur in the (physically) dissolved, solid, and liquid states. Methods for corrosion protection are outlined for carbon steels and corrosion-resistant alloys (CRA).
Incremental Damage Formulation and Its Application to Assess IGSCC Growth of Circumferential Cracks in a Tube
Authors: Garud Y. S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Recent cracking indications in the roll-transition (RT) zone of steam-generator tubes of several pressurized water reactors emphasize the greater need for quantitative assessment of the cracking response, especially for the safe and economic continued operation of the reactors. To address this need, the author recently proposed and examined a strain rate-based incremental damage formulation using the concept of an effective stress. Details of the formulation and its application to the tube cracking phenomenon are presented in this paper.
The crack growth model consists of a set of constitutive relations for the material deformation (including creep), an effective stress relation that couples the local and nominal deformation responses and accounts for the crack size and its growth rate, and the corrosion damage relation in terms of the local strain rate and environmental parameters. In this model, the crack initiation and propagation phases do not need to be treated separately; nor is it a requirement to assume a pre-existing crack or a crack-like defect. The formulation allows determination of the instantaneous crack growth rate based on the CERT data. Its application to the RT cracking is illustrated with simplifying assumptions for the state of stress and the shape of crack likely to exist in the RT zone; influence of the stress and temperature on the crack growth response is evaluated. Practical implications of both the modeling approach and the results of its application are briefly discussed.
Microstructure, Growth Kinetics, and Corrosion Resistance of Hot-Dip Galvanized Zn-5% Al Coatings
Authors: Rocha L. A. , Barbosa M. A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Several characteristics of Zn-5% A1 coatings—namely microstructure, growth kinetics, and electrochemical behavior—have been studied. A ZnCl2-based flux for the production of Zn-5% Al coatings by a dry hot-dip galvanizing process, developed in this work, produced coatings with good adhesion and without bare spots. The coating thickness is practically independent of the immersion time (between 1 and 600 seconds). The formation of an intermetallic compound on the surface of the steel during the first moments of contact with the molten bath is responsible for this behavior. Electrochemical tests in a 0.1 M NaCl deaerated solution have shown that the corrosion potential is ca. 400 mV anodic in relation to the corrosion potential of the steel and that preferential dissolution of zinc occurs during anodic polarization, resulting in a surface enrichment of aluminum.
One-month-old infants show visual preference for human-like feature
Authors: Sanefuji Wakako , Wada Kazuko , Yamamoto Tomoka , Shizawa Miho , Matsuzaki Junko , Mohri Ikuko , Ozono Keiichi , Taniike Masako 
Published: June 2011

Infants’ behaviors toward humans differ from those toward objects since early development. Previous studies have mainly investigated the role of motion for the distinction between human and non-human objects, although physical appearance is another crucial factor. The present study investigated one-month-old infants’ responses to the still-image of human faces and non-human objects including face-like pattern (doll and object), using this infant-control preferential looking procedure. The results revealed the infants’ preference for human faces over objects including face-like patterns but no such preferences for humans over dolls. The infants preferred faces resembling human faces in the absence of motion information. Such preferences for human-like features supplement evidence on the first step of early social cognition, which is important in human communication.
Revisiting Race and the Benefit of RAS Blockade in Heart Failure
Authors: Shen Li , Lee Matthew M. Y. , Jhund Pardeep S. , Granger Christopher B. , Anand Inder S. , Maggioni Aldo P. , Pfeffer Marc A. , Solomon Scott D. , Swedberg Karl , Yusuf Salim , McMurray John J. V. 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceConcerns have arisen that renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers are less effective in Black patients than non-Black patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).ObjectiveTo determine whether the effects of RAS blockers on cardiovascular outcomes differ between Black patients and non-Black patients with HFrEF.Data SourcesMEDLINE and Embase databases through December 31, 2023.Study SelectionRandomized trials investigating the effect of RAS blockers on cardiovascular outcomes in adults with HFrEF that enrolled Black and non-Black patients.Data Extraction and SynthesisIndividual-participant data were extracted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses Independent Personal Data (PRISMA-IPD) reporting guidelines. Effects were estimated using a mixed-effects model using a 1-stage approach.Main Outcome and MeasureThe primary outcome was first hospitalization for HF or cardiovascular death.ResultsThe primary analysis, based on the 3 placebo-controlled RAS inhibitor monotherapy trials, included 8825 patients (9.9% Black). Rates of death and hospitalization for HF were substantially higher in Black than non-Black patients. The hazard ratio (HR) for RAS blockade vs placebo for the primary composite was 0.84 (95% CI, 0.69-1.03) in Black patients and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.67-0.79) in non-Black patients (P for interaction = .14). The HR for first HF hospitalization was 0.89 (95% CI, 0.70-1.13) in Black patients and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.56-0.69) in non-Black patients (P for interaction = .006). Conversely, the corresponding HRs for cardiovascular death were 0.83 (95% CI, 0.65-1.07) and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.77-0.93), respectively (P for interaction = .99). For total hospitalizations for HF and cardiovascular deaths, the corresponding rate ratios were 0.82 (95% CI, 0.66-1.02) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.66-0.80), respectively (P for interaction = .27). The supportive analyses including the 2 trials adding an angiotensin receptor blocker to background angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment (n = 16 383) gave consistent findings.Conclusions and RelevanceThe mortality benefit from RAS blockade was similar in Black and non-Black patients. Despite the smaller relative risk reduction in hospitalization for HF with RAS blockade in Black patients, the absolute benefit in Black patients was comparable with non-Black patients because of the greater incidence of this outcome in Black patients.
Domain-Specific Physical Activity and Stroke in Sweden
Authors: Viktorisson Adam , Palstam Annie , Nyberg Fredrik , Berg Christina , Lissner Lauren , Sunnerhagen Katharina S. 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceAssociations of domain-specific physical activity with stroke incidence and poststroke outcomes have not been extensively studied using long-term, population-based data.ObjectiveTo investigate associations of leisure time, work time, transport, and household physical activity with stroke incidence and death or dependency in activities of daily living (ADL) 3 months after stroke.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe prospective, population-based Interplay Between Genetic Susceptibility and External Factors (INTERGENE) cohort study was conducted among a random sample of individuals from an urban-rural area covering western Sweden; 3614 individuals aged 24 to 77 years were examined in 2001 to 2004, and 1394 individuals were reexamined in 2014 to 2016. The median (range) follow-up was 20.0 years (56 days to 21.9 years). Data were analyzed from September through October 2023.ExposurePhysical activity levels were self-reported for leisure time, work time, transportation, and household domains. The mean number of steps taken over a 6-day period was collected in a subgroup of participants using a sealed pedometer.Main Outcomes and MeasuresFollow-up for stroke incidence and mortality rates continued until December 31, 2022. The composite outcome of death or ADL dependency was assessed at 3 months after stroke.ResultsAmong 3614 individuals (mean [SD] age, 51.4 [13.1] years; 1910 female [52.9%]); 269 individuals (7.4%) developed stroke, of whom 120 individuals (44.6%) were dead or ADL dependent at 3 months. Intermediate (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.54; 95% CI, 0.38-0.77) and high (aHR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.31-0.73) levels of leisure time physical activity were associated with a reduced incidence of stroke compared with low levels, as was an intermediate level of physical activity in transportation (aHR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.52-0.93). High levels of leisure time physical activity were also associated with a reduced risk of poststroke death or ADL dependency (adjusted odds ratio, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.16-0.71) compared with low levels. Work time and household physical activity were not associated with stroke incidence or stroke outcomes. In exploratory subgroup analyses, there were interactions between physical activity and smoking (current smoking or smoking in the past year associated with stroke risk only in participants with low or intermediate physical activity: aHR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.72-3.15) and family history of stroke (first-degree relative with a history of stroke associated with stroke risk only in participants with low or intermediate physical activity: aHR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.27-2.38).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, leisure time and transport-related physical activities were associated with a reduced risk of stroke. A high level of leisure time physical activity was also associated with a lower risk of death or ADL dependency 3 months after stroke.
Dosimetric characterization for GRID collimator‐based spatially fractionated radiation therapy: Dosimetric parameter acquisition and machine interchangeability investigation
Authors: Xu Zhengzheng , Balik Salim , Woods Kaley , Shen Zhilei , Cheng Chihyao , Cui Jing , Gallogly Haihong , Chang Eric , Lukas Lauren , Lim Andrew , Natsuaki Yutaka , Ye Jason , Ma Lijun , Zhang Hualin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study is to characterize the dosimetric properties of a commercial brass GRID collimator for high energy photon beams including 15 and 10 MV. Then, the difference in dosimetric parameters of GRID beams among different energies and linacs was evaluated.MethodA water tank scanning system was used to acquire the dosimetric parameters, including the percentage depth dose (PDD), beam profiles, peak to valley dose ratios (PVDRs), and output factors (OFs). The profiles at various depths were measured at 100 cm source to surface distance (SSD), and field sizes of 10 × 10 cm2 and 20 × 20 cm2 on three linacs. The PVDRs and OFs were measured and compared with the treatment planning system (TPS) calculations.ResultsCompared with the open beam data, there were noticeable changes in PDDs of GRID fields across all the energies. The GRID fields demonstrated a maximal of 3 mm shift in dmax (Truebeam STX, 15MV, 10 × 10 cm2). The PVDR decreased as beam energy increases. The difference in PVDRs between Trilogy and Truebeam STx using 6MV and 15MV was 1.5% ± 4.0% and 2.1% ± 4.3%, respectively. However, two Truebeam linacs demonstrated less than 2% difference in PVDRs. The OF of the GRID field was dependent on the energy and field size. The measured PDDs, PVDRs, and OFs agreed with the TPS calculations within 3% difference. The TPS calculations agreed with the measurements when using 1 mm calculation resolution.ConclusionThe dosimetric characteristics of high‐energy GRID fields, especially PVDR, significantly differ from those of low‐energy GRID fields. Two Truebeam machines are interchangeable for GRID therapy, while a pronounced difference was observed between Truebeam and Trilogy. A series of empirical equations and reference look‐up tables for GRID therapy can be generated to facilitate clinical applications.
Ultrasensitive, Highly Stable, and Stretchable Strain Sensor Using Gated Liquid Metal Channel
Authors: Yao Bin , Lü Xiaozhou , Wang Yanwei , Bai Nini , Chen Congyi , Wang Shaowei , Su Haijun , Zhang Yunke 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDeveloping stretchable strain sensors with high sensitivity and stability is crucial for various applications such as prosthetic hands, human health monitoring, and human‐machine interactions. However, achieving these qualities simultaneously remains challenging. Here, an inherently stretchable strain sensor is presented that integrates ultrahigh sensitivity and robust stability, enabling stretch, press, or bend sensing capabilities. This sensor employs a softer elastomeric channel filled with liquid metal (LM) as the conductive path. A stiffer elastomer convex integrated into the channel serves as a strain‐manipulated gate, controlling opening gap of electrical current flow path. During deformation, the softer elastomer undergoes cross sectional reduction due to the Poisson effect, while the stiffer convex gate retains its geometry. This heterogeneous deformation behavior leads to significant contraction or closure of the LM channel, resulting in increased resistance and a remarkable enhancement in sensitivity by more than two orders of magnitude. The all‐soft design maintains exceptional stability even under extended or repetitive substantial deformations. With the ability to monitor subtle and large human body movements, detect grip actions of soft grippers reliably, and monitor the gradual and extended growth process of plants, this sensor holds significant potential for advancements in flexible electronics.
Visible‐Light Manipulated Reversible and Ultralong Phosphorescence of Carbon Dots Through Dynamic Cross‐Linking
Authors: Zhang Tao , Wang Meiyan , Liu Lele , Li Zijian , Bi Hong 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDynamic organic room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials are highly promising for various applications. However, developing photo‐responsive RTP systems with simple fabrication, high reversibility, and visible‐light responsiveness presents a significant challenge. Herein, in situ embedding of boron‐doped carbon dots (B‐CDs) in amorphous polymer (pPBA) is achieved by a two‐step polymerization and carbonization process. Impressively, the B‐CDs@pPBA composite exhibits visible‐light‐activated ultralong RTP with full reversibility and a lifetime on–off ratio exceeding 280. By correlating photophysical properties with structural characterization results, it is concluded that photoinduced intensifying of the crosslinking between B‐CDs and pPBA is responsible for the dynamic RTP. More interestingly, the B‐CDs@pPBA film is found to display bending actuation and reversible deformable behavior upon light exposure. Finally, potential applications of such photo‐responsive systems in programmable information storage and encryption are demonstrated. This research may pave a new way for the development of dynamic RTP nanomaterials and promote their use in a wide range of promising applications.
Lowering Charge Transport Barriers by Eliminating the Electric Double Layer Residues to Reconstruct Adjacent SnO2 Nanocrystals for High‐Efficiency Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Linghui , Ma Hongru , Ying Zhehan , Dong Qingshun , Yuan Mengmeng , Rong Shiqi , Wang Zhiyong , Wang Shuhong , Li Siao , Zhang Jie , Cao Dequan , Han Wenqi , Yan Ying , Tian Wenming , Bian Jiming , Shi Yantao 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe sol–gel method is efficient and cost‐effective for synthesizing SnO2 sol, wherein SnO2 nanocrystallites (NCs) are stabilized by electric double‐layer of solvated ions tightly bound to their surface. However, this strong binding makes the removal of electric double‐layer residues from the SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) to be difficult at low temperatures. This hinders both the close contact and subsequent growth among adjacent SnO2 NCs, leading to severe carriers scattering at grain boundary, adversely affecting the electrical properties of SnO2 ETL. Herein, SnO2 sol is synthesized via an ethanol‐based sol–gel method and aqueous ammonia (NH3·H2O) is introduced to effectively clean stubborn electric double‐layer residues within the SnO2 ETL at a low temperature (80 °C). Removing residues reduces the gap among adjacent SnO2 NCs and promotes further reconstructed growth through oriented attachment (OA), thereby reducing the number of grain boundaries. Hence, the energy barriers for electron transport decrease within the SnO2 ETL. Furthermore, MHP prepared on the treated ETL has fine‐tuned energy level alignment, improving the electron extraction capacity. Consequently, flexible perovskite solar cells (f‐PSCs) incorporating this ETL achieved a notable increase in power conversion efficiency, rising from 19.16% to 23.71%, as well as superior mechanical stability.