bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Increases Leukocyte–Endothelial Interactions in Human Endothelial Cells via Promotion of Expression of Adhesion Molecules
Authors: Cheng Qiang , McKeown Sonja J. , Santos Leilani , Santiago Fernando S. , Khachigian Levon M. , Morand Eric F. , Hickey Michael J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been shown to promote leukocyte–endothelial cell interactions, although whether this occurs via an effect on endothelial cell function remains unclear. Therefore, the aims of this study were to examine the ability of MIF expressed by endothelial cells to promote leukocyte adhesion and to investigate the effect of exogenous MIF on leukocyte–endothelial interactions. Using small interfering RNA to inhibit HUVEC MIF production, we found that MIF deficiency reduced the ability of TNF-stimulated HUVECs to support leukocyte rolling and adhesion under flow conditions. These reductions were associated with decreased expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, IL-8, and MCP-1. Inhibition of p38 MAPK had a similar effect on adhesion molecule expression, and p38 MAPK activation was reduced in MIF-deficient HUVECs, suggesting that MIF mediated these effects via promotion of p38 MAPK activation. In experiments examining the effect of exogenous MIF, application of MIF to resting HUVECs failed to induce leukocyte rolling and adhesion, whereas addition of MIF to TNF-treated HUVECs increased these interactions. This increase was independent of alterations in TNF-induced expression of E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1. However, combined treatment with MIF and TNF induced de novo expression of P-selectin, which contributed to leukocyte rolling. In summary, these experiments reveal that endothelial cell-expressed MIF and exogenous MIF promote endothelial adhesive function via different pathways. Endogenous MIF promotes leukocyte recruitment via effects on endothelial expression of several adhesion molecules and chemokines, whereas exogenous MIF facilitates leukocyte recruitment induced by TNF by promoting endothelial P-selectin expression.
Cutting Edge: Type I IFN Reverses Human Th2 Commitment and Stability by Suppressing GATA3
Authors: Huber Jonathan P. , Ramos Hilario J. , Gill Michelle A. , Farrar J. David 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
T helper 2 cells regulate inflammatory responses to helminth infections while also mediating pathological processes of asthma and allergy. IL-4 promotes Th2 development by inducing the expression of the GATA3 transcription factor, and the Th2 phenotype is stabilized by a GATA3-dependent autoregulatory loop. In this study, we found that type I IFN (IFN-α/β) blocked human Th2 development and inhibited cytokine secretion from committed Th2 cells. This negative regulatory pathway was operative in human but not mouse CD4+ T cells and was selective to type I IFN, as neither IFN-γ nor IL-12 mediated such inhibition. IFN-α/β blocked Th2 cytokine secretion through the inhibition of GATA3 during Th2 development and in fully committed Th2 cells. Ectopic expression of GATA3 via retrovirus did not overcome IFN-α/β–mediated inhibition of Th2 commitment. Thus, we demonstrate a novel role for IFN-α/β in blocking Th2 cells, suggesting its potential as a promising therapy for atopy and asthma.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Activates Human Macrophage Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Linking Mannose Receptor Recognition to Regulation of Immune Responses
Authors: Rajaram Murugesan V. S. , Brooks Michelle N. , Morris Jessica D. , Torrelles Jordi B. , Azad Abul K. , Schlesinger Larry S. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhances its survival in macrophages by suppressing immune responses in part through its complex cell wall structures. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a nuclear receptor superfamily member, is a transcriptional factor that regulates inflammation and has high expression in alternatively activated alveolar macrophages and macrophage-derived foam cells, both cell types relevant to tuberculosis pathogenesis. In this study, we show that virulent M. tuberculosis and its cell wall mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan induce PPARγ expression through a macrophage mannose receptor-dependent pathway. When activated, PPARγ promotes IL-8 and cyclooxygenase 2 expression, a process modulated by a PPARγ agonist or antagonist. Upstream, MAPK-p38 mediates cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation, which is required for PPARγ ligand production. The induced IL-8 response mediated by mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan and the mannose receptor is independent of TLR2 and NF-κB activation. In contrast, the attenuated Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin induces less PPARγ and preferentially uses the NF-κB–mediated pathway to induce IL-8 production. Finally, PPARγ knockdown in human macrophages enhances TNF production and controls the intracellular growth of M. tuberculosis. These data identify a new molecular pathway that links engagement of the mannose receptor, an important pattern recognition receptor for M. tuberculosis, with PPARγ activation, which regulates the macrophage inflammatory response, thereby playing a role in tuberculosis pathogenesis.
Free Pre-Lie Algebras are Free as Lie Algebras
Authors: Chapoton Frédéric 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe prove that the -module PreLie is a free Lie algebra in the category of -modules and can therefore be written as the composition of the -module Lie with a new -module X. This implies that free pre-Lie algebras in the category of vector spaces, when considered as Lie algebras, are free on generators that can be described using X. Furthermore, we define a natural filtration on the -module X. We also obtain a relationship between X and the -module coming from the anticyclic structure of the PreLie operad.
Consistent DNA Hypermethylation Patterns in Laryngeal Papillomas
Authors: Stephen Josena K , Chen Kang Mei , Shah Veena , Schweitzer Vanessa G , Gardner Glendon , Benninger Michael S , Worsham Maria J 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIntroductionThis study examined the contribution of promoter hypermethylation to the pathogenesis of respiratory papillomatosis (RP), including recurrences (RRP) and progression to squamous cell carcinoma (SSC).Materials and methodsA retrospective cohort of 25 laryngeal papilloma cases included 21 RRP, two of which progressed to SCC. Aberrant methylation status was determined using the multigene (22 tumor suppressor genes) methylation-specific multiplex ligationdependent probe amplification assay and confirmed using methylation specific PCR.ResultsTwenty genes had altered DNA methylation in 22 of 25 cases. Aberrant methylation ofCDKN2BandTIMP3was most frequent. Promoter hypermethylation ofBRCA2, APC, CDKN2AandCDKN2Bwas detected in 2 RRP cases with subsequent progression to SCC. Of the 25 cases, 22 were positive for HPV-6, 2 for HPV-11 and 1 for HPV-16 and 33.ConclusionConsistent aberrant methylation of multiple tumor suppressor genes contributes to the pathogenesis of laryngeal papillomas. Persistent aberrant DNA methylation events in 2 RRP cases that progressed to cancer indicate an epigenetic monoclonal progression continuum to SCC.
An Attempt to Introduce Neurological Test for Fetus Based on 3D and 4D Sonography
Authors: Miskovic Berivoj , Ahmed Badreldeen , Younis Moayyad , Abo-Yaquab Salwa , Saleh Huda , Shaddad Afaf Naim , Bahar Awatif Juma Al , Khenyab Najat 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFetal neurology is a new challenging field. Brain damage often originates in fetal life. Early identification of this damage has implications for perinatal management; moreover documentation of such lesions is essential in case of litigation. In the last two decades, fetal imaging with 2-dimensional ultrasounds and conventional magnetic resonance imaging have made a major contribution in the identification of classic brain lesions and malformations. However, it is only recently with diffusion weight imaging that the whole spectrum of perinatal white matter injuries has been described in the neonate. The recent advances of 3DUS and 4DUS in exploring fetal motor behavior should support a better clinical description of the full spectrum of fetal damage. New neurological test (KANET) of the fetus recently suggested by us (Kurjak et al 2008) might be helpful in the assessment of fetal neurobehavior.
Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: Murotsuki Jun 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Ultrasonography is a well-established imaging modality for evaluation of gynecologic tumors. In recent years, more sophisticated technologies like the use of intravascular contrast agents led to an improvement in the ability of the practitioner to differentiate benign from malignant masses. When we consider the safety of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in obstetrics and gynecology, we must discuss about the effect of ultrasound contrast media on embryo and fetus. The use of ultrasound contrast media in pregnant women always concerns in the obstetricians because of the principle of not exposing a fetus to any drug. Therefore, the literature was reviewed for information about those safety and efficacy because of the uncertainty about the use of contrast media during pregnancy. Based on the limited information available, mutagenic and teratogenic effects have not been described after administration of ultrasound contrast media. No effect on the fetus has been seen after contrast media. The small potential risk associated with the nonthermal bioeffects via acoustic cavitation may be considered to prohibit the use in first trimester pregnant women. In previous studies including human trials, no evidence of adverse effect was reported. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography could prove a useful adjunct in multiple gestations and in evaluation of uteroplacental circulation. It appears to be very promising potential in obstetrics.
Ultrasound Evaluation of Pregnancy in the First Trimester
Authors: Graham George M 
Published: June 2010

AbstractImprovements in ultrasound technology, including transvaginal sonography and higher frequency probes, have led to a better understanding of early pregnancy development. These advances and the increasing availability of ultrasound allow women to have an earlier and more accurate assessment of their pregnancy. First trimester sonographic signs have been identified that can be used to reassure women that their pregnancy is progressing normally or counsel them that their pregnancy will fail. In addition, first trimester ultrasound can accurately predict the type of twinning in multiple gestations, allowing for appropriate counseling and management.ObjectivesKnow the first trimester ultrasound findings of a normal intrauterine pregnancyUnderstand the ultrasound findings that diagnose an early pregnancy failureKnow the ultrasound criteria used to diagnose a multifetal gestation
Further Experience in the Clinical Assessment of Fetal Neurobehavior
Authors: Zalud Ivica , Perva Sejfulah , Honemeyer Ulrich , Al-Noobi Madeeha , Luetic Ana Tikvica , Talic Amira , Tomasovic Sanja , Zaputovic Sanja 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRecent development of three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional ultrasound (4D) provided us with new possibilities to study fetal movements and behavior. Many studies have been conducted in order to provide information on specific movement pattern appearance in normal and high-risk fetus. This was the base for multicenter study on use of new scoring system for fetal neurobehavior which purpose is to recognize fetuses with increased risk for poor neurological outcome. The purpose of this paper is to give brief review on the use of 3D and 4D ultrasound in the assessment of fetal behavior.ObjectivesDefine possibilities to study fetal movements and behavior by 3D and 4D ultrasoundDecribe new scoring system for neurobehavior in fetuses with increased risk for poor neurological outcomeSummarize behavioral perinatology research and potential clinical applications
Anatomical Analysis of the Frontal Recess Cells in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery-An Indian Perspective
Authors: Agarwal AK , Passey JC , Kaul JM 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSurgery of the frontal sinus has gone a full circle from intranasal procedures to destructive and disfiguring external operations and now back to intranasal procedures but with endoscopes. Endoscopic surgery of the frontal sinus has always been a challenging experience because of the narrowness of the area, poor visibility, variable anatomy and encroachment by accessory cells such as agger nasi, frontal, intersinus septal cells on the drainage pathway. With the developments in optical aids such as endoscopes, which provide an angled view, better and brighter illumination, sophistication in the designs of instrumentation and development of imaging techniques, a renewed interest has been created in this area, but the knowledge of anatomy of this area is poor and does not meet the demands of the present day endoscopic surgeon. Moreover, no studies are available on Indian subjects.Our main interest in the present study was to study the various air cells which encroach the area of frontal recess and would need surgical removal to provide a good drainage and ventilation.
Towards the Understanding of Sinonasal Anatomical Variations - A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Sahni Daisy , Mehta Rupa , Aggarwal Anjali 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA thorough understanding of the sinonasal anatomy is required for the performance of a safe and successful surgery. With the aim to identify the variations in sinonasal anatomy in north Indian population twenty fresh cadaveric heads were dissected by messerklinger technique to identify various sinonasal anatomic variations in north Indian population. The variations in the key landmarks of nose and paranasal sinuses during endoscopic sinus surgery were noted and compared with other studies. Identification and differentiation of the normal and the abnormal sinonasal anatomic variations helps in preventing complications and giving optimum surgical results.
Giant Esthesioneuroblastoma: Is There Any Scope of Endoscopic Approach?
Authors: Grover Mohnish , Mehta Rupa , Gupta Ashok K , Virk Ramandeep S , Grover Gogia 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEsthesioneuroblastoma is a rare neoplasm of nose & paranasal sinuses and anterior skullbase. Management includes either radiotherapy or surgery or both. Surgical management can be done by external neurosurgical approach (i.e. craniofacial resection) or endoscopic approach. In the present case report we present our experience of the management of an extensive esthesioneuroblastoma kadish stage C treated by endoscopic excision and postoperative radiotherapy.
Varied Presentations of Inverted Papilloma
Authors: Mallina S , Vivekanandan Anitha 
Published: June 2010

AbstractInverted papillomas form about 0.4 to 5% of nasal tumors. They usually present as unilateral firm, bulky, red and vascular masses. We present three cases which were initially diagnosed as a maxillary mucocele, pansinusitis and antrochoanal polyp based on clinical and radiological findings. It is important to keep the diagnosis of inverted papilloma in mind in unilateral diseases of the paranasal sinuses as a more radical approach is required.
Extramedullary Plasmacytoma of Nasal Cavity: A Rare Entity
Authors: Verma PC , Rawat Digvijay Singh , Grover Mohnish 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Extramedullary plasmacytoma is a rare plasma cell proliferative disorder arising outside the bone marrow. It shows a predilection for the head and neck region. They commonly involve the mucosa associated lymphoid tissues of upper airways. Common sites are nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses followed by nasopharynx, tonsils and oropharynx. We report a case of an isolated lesion in the right nasal cavity in an elderly male in which surgical excision is followed by postoperative radiotherapy.
Spinal Network Development
Authors: Sillar Keith T , McLean David L 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article is a review of research into the development of the spinal networks that control rhythmic locomotor movements. By the time they reach adulthood, most animals display a complex repertoire of characteristic motor behaviours that are essential for their survival. One such behaviour is locomotion, which involves rhythmically repeating movements of the body or appendages, produced by the coordinated contractions of different skeletal muscle groups. Muscle contractions are generated by bursts of action potentials in motorneurons (MNs) whose firing patterns are controlled by networks of interneurons that reside principally in the spinal cord and hindbrain. This article provides an overview of current knowledge on the development of the neuronal networks that control locomotion.Key Concepts:Locomotion in vertebrates involves rhythmic contractions of functionally antagonistic pairs of muscles.The locomotor rhythm is generated by networks of neurons in the central nervous system, often called central pattern generators (CPGs).The neural networks responsible for locomotion arise early in vertebrate development, often before birth or hatching.Locomotor network development precedes the emergence of the behaviours the networks will eventually control.Neural mechanisms for locomotor rhythm generation appear to be similar across a range of species.The basic rhythm is generated by glutamate‐mediated excitation and glycine‐mediated inhibition.The motor output generated by immature locomotor networks often lacks the flexibility required of adult behaviour.During locomotor network maturation there is a sequence of changes in the properties of and connections between spinal neurons.During development, locomotor networks are progressively influenced by neuromodulatory systems, many of which originate from nuclei in the brainstem.Serotonin released from neurons of the raphe nuclei in the brainstem appears to be a particularly important neuromodulator.The way in which additional components are added sequentially to locomotor networks in different species ensures the motor output matches the development stage‐specific behavioural requirements of the host organism.
Immunological Discrimination between Self and Nonself
Authors: Defaweux Valérie , Heinen Ernst 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Immunological self–nonself discrimination capacity is acquired during lymphopoiesis, formation of mature lymphocytes in the primary lymph organs and during immunopoiesis, the immune responses in the peripheral lymph organs. It rests on specific antigen recognition by B‐ and T cells, but, the innate immune defence system ensures antigen presentation and the delivery, or not, of associated co‐stimulatory signals leading to immune responses or tolerance. Thus both, the acquired and the innate immune defences, play determinant roles in the immunological discrimination. Whether caused by infection or by other factors, alterations of lymphocytes or of antigen presentation can perturb self‐tolerance and trigger autoimmune reactions.

Key Concepts:

Self–nonself discrimination rests on both the natural and specific immune defences.

During lymphopoiesis, recognition of antigen by immature B‐ or T cells leads to clonal deletion.

During immunopoiesis, the development of immune responses or of tolerance largely depends on the cells’ environment leading or not to co‐stimulatory signals.

Lymphocytes ensure specific recognition; accessory cells detect internal or external danger signals, emit co‐stimulatory signals and control lymphocyte activation or death.
Dendritic Cells (T‐lymphocyte Stimulating)
Authors: Girolomoni Giampiero , la Sala Andrea 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the principal antigen‐presenting cells for T lymphocytes, and direct both the quality and the quantity of the immune responses. DCs in peripheral tissues continuously sample the surrounding environment and migrate to regional lymph nodes where they present the antigens captured in the periphery to naïve T lymphocytes. By expressing high levels of co‐stimulatory molecules essential for naïve T‐cell activation, DCs efficiently direct expansion and then differentiation of antigen‐specific effector T cells. In addition DCs, by secreting different cytokines at the time of antigen presentation, provide an additional signal instructing naïve T cells to differentiate into diversely specialised subsets for appropriate adaptive immune response. Given the central role in the activation and regulation of immune responses DCs represent an ideal target for immune system manipulation aimed at either boost responses to pathogens and tumoural cells or reducing self‐harmful autoimmune reactions.

Key Concepts:

Dendritic cells are components of the innate immune system specialised in antigen presentation and cytokine secretion.

Dendritic cells efficiently capture molecules in the surrounding environment including foreign and self‐antigens.

Dendritic cells are activated by molecules signalling infection or tissue injury.

Molecules associated with potentially pathogenic organisms are recognised by Toll‐like receptors expressed by dendritic cells.

Dendritic cells have the unique ability to prime naïve T lymphocyte to proliferate and differentiate into effector T cells.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells’ primary task is the rapid and abundant release of type I interferons, in response to viral infection.