bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential heat shock protein localization in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Dempsey Nina C , Leoni Francesca , Ireland H Elyse , Hoyle Christine , Williams John H H 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Levels of Hsp90 and Hsp27 in CLL patients correlate with stage of disease or apoptosis, while Hsp72 in serum is affected by corticosteroid treatment.
Mechanisms behind carcinogenesis and resistance of tumor cells to treatment regimes remain elusive. The major stress proteins Hsp72, Hsp90, and Hsp27 are credible candidates to provide this resistance, as their overexpression in many cancer types is well documented. In addition to being present inside tumor cells, where they confer resistance to apoptosis, Hsp72, in particular, is presented externally, embedded in the cell membrane of cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the localization of Hsp72, Hsp90, and Hsp27 in leukocytes from patients with CLL and age-matched control subjects. CLL patients were found to express significantly higher levels of iHsp90 (CLL=2463 MFI; control=748 MFI) and iHsp27 (CLL=2190 MFI; control=1031 MFI) in lymphocytes than that expressed by lymphocytes from control subjects. Furthermore, expression of iHsp90 was shown to be related to stage of disease, and expression of iHsp27 correlated with levels of active caspase-3. Patients were found to express very high levels or very low levels of sHsp72 and iHsp72 in CD5+/CD19+ cells, although surface and intracellular datasets did not correlate. Levels of extracellular Hsp72 circulating in the serum were found to correlate with internal levels of Hsp72 and were also found to be significantly lower in patients receiving corticosteroid treatment than in patients not receiving corticosteroid treatment. Finally, analysis of the number of circulating Tregs revealed significantly elevated numbers in CLL patients compared with control subjects.
Planning the Location of Stop Smoking Services at the Local Level: A Geographic Analysis
Authors: Tomintz Melanie N. , Clarke Graham P. , Rigby Janette E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSmoking is one of the major causes of premature death and its negative effects on a person's health are a global issue. Therefore, the United Kingdom has introduced new policies aimed at reducing the proportion of smokers from 26% in 2005 down to 21% by 2010. One mechanism to meet this policy target is the provision of stop smoking services. This article aims to estimate the Leeds smoking population at the small area level and especially to highlight the distribution of hard-to-reach groups such as heavy smokers (> 20 cigarettes/day) and pregnant women who smoke. Then optimal location strategies are discussed in relation to stop smoking services. The findings show the importance of adding a spatial component to find out where the smoking population or specific subgroups of smokers are to support policymakers or healthcare planners who are responsible for the planning process of the services.
Development and Evaluation of a Physician-Led Smoking Cessation Intervention for Low-Income Chinese Americans
Authors: Kwong Kenny , Ferketich Amy K. , Wewers Mary Ellen , Shek Amy , Tsang Thomas , Tso Alan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article describes a culturally and linguistically relevant, physician-led smoking cessation intervention that was delivered to the Chinese American community in New York City. Data were collected from a convenience sample of 115 participants (94% male) at a clinical site of a community health centre. The smoking intervention program included pharmacological treatments and brief cessation counselling, education and support by the physician and the health educator. Process data included the drop-out rate, number of visits completed and use of pharmacotherapy. Outcome data included self-reported and biochemically verified (expired carbon monoxide) smoking status at week 12. In the process evaluation, valuable information about the components of interventions that worked well and challenges participants faced during their quit attempts was gathered from participants, doctors and the health educator. Sixteen participants (13.9%) successfully quit smoking. Chinese male smokers face many daunting challenges that prevent them from regularly attending a smoking cessation program. Despite these challenges, they appeared to benefit from brief interventions, although the cessation rate was modest at best. This information should be incorporated into future design of smoking cessation programs to address required behavioural change in this population.
Bedouin Youth in Israel: Gender-Related Smoking and Non-Smoking Attitudes and Behaviour
Authors: Isralowitz Richard , Reznik Alexander , Sussman Steven 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Bedouin are Muslim Arabs who have inhabited the Negev desert region of Israel under nomadic and seminomadic conditions for centuries. Today, the majority are living in urban settings with high levels of unemployment, poverty, and problem behaviour. Limited research exists of Bedouin youth, specifically their smoking attitudes and behaviour. This study examined 293 male and female high school-age youth with the WHO-CDC Global Youth Tobacco Survey instrument. Chi square and regression analyses were performed. Parent smoking behaviour, smoking if offered a cigarette, likelihood of smoking during the next 12 months and 5 years, and smoking behaviour among friends are significant factors that influence smoking regardless of gender status. Regression analysis shows cigarette use is influenced by gender status, parent(s) smoking behaviour, smoking behaviour among friends, being offered a cigarette by a friend, and the perception of males who smoke as being a positive social image. Smoking is a public health problem and cessation interventions are needed for Bedouin youth. Additional research with practical implications should focus on the high rate of tobacco use among males, the relation between psychosocial factors and smoking behaviour in urban and rural settings and the impact of formal education and community-based activities on smoking prevention and cessation.
Quality of End-of-Life Care Between Medical Oncologists and Other Physician Specialists for Taiwanese Cancer Decedents, 2001–2006
Authors: Liu Tsang-Wu , Chen Jen-Shi , Wang Hung-Ming , Wu Shiao-Chi , Hung Yen-Ni , Tang Siew Tzuh 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Assess indicators for poor quality end-of-life cancer care in the last month of life.Compare the differing perspectives of physicians of various specialties regarding palliative chemotherapy and the use of life-sustaining treatments for terminally ill cancer patients.Evaluate the benefits and detriments of administering chemotherapy close to death.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.
Oncologists play a significant role in cancer care throughout the cancer trajectory and have traditionally emphasized underuse of procedures/treatments with well-established effectiveness as the source of poor care quality with little attention to overusing end-of-life (EOL) care. The purpose of this population-based study was to compare the quality of EOL care between medical oncologists and other physician specialists.

Methods.
This retrospective cohort study compared indicators of poor quality EOL care by examining administrative data for 204,850 Taiwanese cancer decedents in 2001–2006.

Results.
Taiwanese cancer patients whose primary physician was a medical oncologist were significantly more likely than patients of other physician specialists to receive chemotherapy and to spend &gt;14 days in a hospital in the last month of life. However, they were significantly less likely than patients of other physician specialists to visit the emergency room (ER) more than once and to use intensive care unit (ICU) care, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), intubation, and mechanical ventilation in the last month of life.

Conclusion.
The quality of EOL cancer care in Taiwan varied significantly by physician specialty. Cancer decedents cared for by medical oncologists were more likely to receive chemotherapy and prolonged hospitalization but less likely to have multiple ER visits, ICU care, or undergo CPR, intubation, or mechanical ventilation in the last month of life than patients of other physician specialists.
A Possible Inflammatory Role of Twist1 in Human White Adipocytes
Authors: Pettersson Amanda T. , Laurencikiene Jurga , Mejhert Niklas , Näslund Erik , Bouloumié Anne , Dahlman Ingrid , Arner Peter , Rydén Mikael 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE
Twist1 is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in murine brown and white adipose tissue (WAT) and negatively regulates fatty acid oxidation in mice. The role of twist1 in WAT is not known and was therefore examined.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The expression of twist1 was determined by quantitative real-time PCR in different tissues and in different cell types within adipose tissue. The effect of twist1 small interfering RNA on fatty acid oxidation, lipolysis, adipokine secretion, and mRNA expression was determined in human adipocytes. The interaction between twist1 and specific promoters in human adipocytes was investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and reporter assays.

RESULTS
Twist1 was highly expressed in human WAT compared with a set of other tissues and found predominantly in adipocytes. Twist1 levels increased during in vitro differentiation of human preadipocytes. Gene silencing of twist1 in human white adipocytes had no effect on lipolysis or glucose transport. Unexpectedly, and in contrast with results in mice, twist1 RNA interference reduced fatty acid oxidation. Furthermore, the expression and secretion of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were downregulated by twist1 silencing. ChIP and reporter assays confirmed twist1 interaction with the promoters of these genes.

CONCLUSIONS
Twist1 may play a role in inflammation of human WAT because it can regulate the expression and secretion of inflammatory adipokines via direct transcriptional effects in white adipocytes. Furthermore, twist1 may, in contrast to findings in mice, be a positive regulator of fatty acid oxidation in human white adipocytes.
Is There a Link Between Components of Health-Related Functioning and Incident Impaired Glucose Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes?
Authors: Tapp Robyn J. , O'Neil Adrienne , Shaw Jonathan E. , Zimmet Paul Z. , Oldenburg Brian F. ,   on behalf of the AusDiab Study Group
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine the longitudinal association of components of health-related functioning (HRF) with incident impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The Australian Diabetes Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) study is a national, longitudinal study of adults aged ≥25 years from 42 randomly selected areas of Australia. Diabetes status was defined using the World Health Organization criteria, and HRF was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire in 1999–2000 and 2004–2005.

RESULTS
Incident impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were associated with increased bodily pain at baseline compared with those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (IFG P = 0.005, IGT P &lt; 0.004, and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes P = 0.005), after adjustment. In addition, those with incident IGT and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes had significantly reduced physical functioning, general health, mental health, and vitality at baseline compared with those with NGT. After we controlled for factors associated with incident diabetes, those in the lowest quartile of the physical component summary scale at baseline had at least a 50% higher risk of progression to impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes 5 years later.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings show that incident IFG, IGT, and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes are associated with reduced HRF independent of cardiovascular disease and that this is evident before the onset of these conditions. If future health promotion campaigns are to effectively target those at high risk of developing diabetes, an understanding of the process of declining health before onset of the disease is essential.
Minimal Contribution of Fasting Hyperglycemia to the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Subjects With Normal 2-h Plasma Glucose
Authors: Abdul-Ghani Muhammad A. , Stern Michael P. , Lyssenko Valeriya , Tuomi Tiinamaija , Groop Leif , DeFronzo Ralph A. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVETo assess the relative contribution of increased fasting and postload plasma glucose concentrations to the incidence of type 2 diabetes in subjects with a normal 2-h plasma glucose concentration.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA total of 3,450 subjects with 2-h plasma glucose concentration &lt;140 mg/dl at baseline were followed up in the San Antonio Heart Study (SAHS) and the Botnia Study for 7–8 years. The incidence of type 2 diabetes at follow-up was related to the fasting, 1-h, and 2-h plasma glucose concentrations.RESULTSIn subjects with 2-h plasma glucose &lt;140 mg/dl, the incidence of type 2 diabetes increased with increasing fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 1-h and 2-h plasma glucose concentrations. In a multivariate logistic analysis, after adjustment for all diabetes risk factors, the FPG concentration was a strong predictor of type 2 diabetes in both the SAHS and the Botnia Study (P &lt; 0.0001). However, when the 1-h plasma glucose, but not 2-h plasma glucose, concentration was added to the model, FPG concentration was no longer a significant predictor of type 2 diabetes in both studies (NS). When subjects were matched for the level of 1-h plasma glucose concentration, the incidence of type 2 diabetes markedly increased with the increase in 1-h plasma glucose, but the increase in FPG was not associated with a significant increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes.CONCLUSIONSAn increase in postload glycemia in the normal range is associated with an increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. After controlling for 1-h plasma glucose concentration, the increase in FPG concentration is not associated with an increase in the incidence of type 2 diabetes.
Pediatric Endocrinologists' Management of Children With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Wong Kam , Potter Amy , Mulvaney Shelagh , Russell William E. , Schlundt David G. , Rothman Russell L. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE
To understand physician behaviors and attitudes in managing children with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A survey was mailed to a nationwide sample of pediatric endocrinologists (PEs).

RESULTS
A total of 40% of PEs surveyed responded (211 of 527). Concordance with current monitoring guidelines varied widely, ranging from 36% (foot care) to 93% (blood pressure monitoring). Given clinical vignettes addressing hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and microalbuminuria, only 34% of PEs were fully concordant with current treatment guidelines. Reported barriers included concerns about patient adherence, insufficient scientific evidence about treatment, and lack of familiarity with current recommendations. Providers aged ≤45 years or in clinical practice &lt;10 years reported significantly more aggressive management behaviors and had higher concordance with guidelines.

CONCLUSIONS
Screening and management of pediatric type 2 diabetes varied widely among PEs, suggesting opportunities for quality improvement. More aggressive management of type 2 diabetes among younger providers may be related to recent training when type 2 diabetes was more common.
Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Holzinger Ulrike , Warszawska Joanna , Kitzberger Reinhard , Wewalka Marlene , Miehsler Wolfgang , Herkner Harald , Madl Christian 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the impact of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on glycemic control and risk of hypoglycemia in critically ill patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total 124 patients receiving mechanical ventilation were randomly assigned to the real-time CGM group (n = 63; glucose values given every 5 min) or to the control group (n = 61; selective arterial glucose measurements according to an algorithm; simultaneously blinded CGM) for 72 h. Insulin infusion rates were guided according to the same algorithm in both groups. The primary end point was percentage of time at a glucose level &lt;110 mg/dl. Secondary end points were mean glucose levels and rate of severe hypoglycemia (&lt;40 mg/dl).

RESULTS
Percentage of time at a glucose level &lt;110 mg/dl (59.0 ± 20 vs. 55.0 ± 18% in the control group, P = 0.245) and the mean glucose level (106 ± 18 vs. 111 ± 10 mg/dl in the control group, P = 0.076) could not be improved using real-time CGM. The rate of severe hypoglycemia was lower in the real-time CGM group (1.6 vs. 11.5% in the control group, P = 0.031). CGM reduced the absolute risk of severe hypoglycemia by 9.9% (95% CI 1.2–18.6) with a number needed to treat of 10.1 (95% CI 5.4–83.3).

CONCLUSIONS
In critically ill patients, real-time CGM reduces hypoglycemic events but does not improve glycemic control compared with intensive insulin therapy guided by an algorithm.
Dietary Patterns and Risk for Diabetes
Authors: Erber Eva , Hopping Beth N. , Grandinetti Andrew , Park Song-Yi , Kolonel Laurence N. , Maskarinec Gertraud 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE
The high diabetes incidence among Japanese Americans and Native Hawaiians cannot be explained by BMI. Therefore, we examined the influence of three dietary patterns of “fat and meat,” “vegetables,” and “fruit and milk” on diabetes risk in the Hawaii component of the Multiethnic Cohort with 29,759 Caucasians, 35,244 Japanese Americans, and 10,509 Native Hawaiians.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Subjects aged 45–75 years completed a baseline food frequency questionnaire. After 14 years of follow-up, 8,587 subjects with incident diabetes were identified through self-reports or health plan linkages. Risk was assessed using Cox regression stratified by age and adjusted for ethnicity, BMI, physical activity, education, total energy, smoking, alcohol intake, marital status, and hypertension.

RESULTS
Fat and meat was significantly associated with diabetes risk in men (hazard ratio 1.40 [95% CI 1.23–1.60], Ptrend &lt; 0.0001) and women (1.22 [1.06–1.40], Ptrend = 0.004) when extreme quintiles were compared. Except in Hawaiian women, the magnitude of the risk was similar across ethnic groups although not always significant. After stratification by BMI, fat and meat remained a predictor of disease primarily among overweight men and among overweight Japanese women. Vegetables lowered diabetes risk in men (0.86 [0.77–0.95], Ptrend = 0.004) but not in women, whereas fruit and milk seemed to be more beneficial in women (0.85 [0.76–0.96], Ptrend = 0.005) than in men (0.92 [0.83–1.02], Ptrend = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS
Foods high in meat and fat appear to confer a higher diabetes risk in all ethnic groups, whereas the effects of other dietary patterns vary by sex and ethnicity.
Association of the TNF-α-C-857T Polymorphism With Resistance to the Cholesterol-Lowering Effect of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Takahashi Toru , Takahashi Kazuma , Yamashina Mitsuhiro , Maesawa Chihaya , Kajiwara Takashi , Taneichi Haruhito , Takebe Noriko , Kaneko Yoshihito , Masuda Tomoyuki , Satoh Jo 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE
An association of the C-857T polymorphism of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene promoter region with LDL cholesterol levels has been reported. This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between the TNF-α-C-857T polymorphism and LDL cholesterol levels according to statin treatment in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
DNA was obtained from 322 Japanese subjects (160 male and 162 female) with type 2 diabetes, and TNF-α-C-857T polymorphisms were determined by direct sequencing. Serum LDL cholesterol was measured by a direct method.

RESULTS
Although serum LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the T carriers (C/T + T/T) than in the non–T carriers (C/C) (3.14 ± 0.86 vs. 2.89 ± 0.75 mmol/l, P &lt; 0.05), there was no difference in LDL cholesterol levels between the non–T carriers and the T carriers in statin-untreated subjects (2.87 ± 0.73 vs. 2.89 ± 0.76 mmol/l, NS), whereas in statin-treated subjects, LDL cholesterol levels were significantly higher in the T carriers than in the non–T carriers (3.43 ± 0.89 vs. 2.90 ± 0.78 mmol/l, P = 0.0007). There were no differences in HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels between the non–T carriers and the T carriers in both statin-treated and -untreated subjects. The percent decrease in LDL cholesterol levels after administration of statins was significantly smaller in the T carriers compared with the non–T carriers (27.6 vs. 36.4%, P = 0.031).

CONCLUSIONS
The mutant allele of the C-857T promoter polymorphism of the TNF-α gene may predispose to resistance to the LDL cholesterol–lowering effect of statins and could be one of the markers used to predict the efficacy of statins.
Relative MV-algebras and relative homomorphisms
Authors: Nola Antonio , Lettieri Ada 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In this paper we define the notion of relative subalgebra of an MV-algebra A. A particular case of this notion is the notion of interval subalgebra of A; this has been already studied in the literature.
Applying these notions, two new categories denoted as r
and int
are introduced. In both cases the objects are MV-algebras, but the homomorphisms are defined by means of relative subalgebras or by interval subalgebras, respectively. The relations occurring between these categories and the category of all MV-algebras with usual homomorphisms are investigated. The main results of the paper deal with one-generated free MV-algebras in the variety generated by the finite chains S
i, i ⩽ p (p varying over the set of all positive integers) and their relations to certain relative subalgebras of the cyclic free MV-algebra.
Stance Marking and Register in Middle English Charms
Authors: Alonso-Almeida Francisco 
Published: December 2009

Stance Marking and Register in Middle English Charms
This paper explores the expression of stance in a corpus of Middle English charms of the fifteenth century. All the charms have a healing function, and they are used whenever standard herbal remedies are ineffective. The sources from where the texts have been taken are various, all of them from edited printed material. The study of language use and the expression of personal attitude and evaluation have been studied earlier, both synchronically (Chafe 1986; Hunston 1994) and diachronically (Kytö 1991; Salager-Meyer - Defyves 1998). However, to my knowledge, the medieval English charm has not been the object of any previous account. This study of stance in charms has implications for language register, and shows both the relationship of the authors and their texts, and the authors and their audience.