bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NF‐κB is activated in oesophageal fibroblasts in response to a paracrine signal generated by acid‐exposed primary oesophageal squamous cells
Authors: Green Nicola H. , Huang Qizhi , Corfe Bernard M. , Bury Jonathan P. , MacNeil Sheila 
Published: June 2011

SummaryOesophageal exposure to duodenogastro‐oesophageal refluxate leads to reflux oesophagitis and is implicated in the development of Barrett’s metaplasia (BM). NF‐κB signalling in epithelial cells is associated with the activation of transcription factors believed to be central to BM development, whilst NF‐κB activation in fibroblasts plays a critical role in matrix remodelling. Our aim was to study the effects of acid exposure on NF‐κB activation in primary human oesophageal fibroblasts (HOFs) and primary and immortalized oesophageal squames and to investigate any epithelial/stromal interactions in the response of these cells to acid. Primary HOFs and primary and immortalized oesophageal epithelial cells were exposed to acid (pH 7 – pH 4 ≤ 120 min) in single or pulsed treatments. Conditioned medium from epithelial cells following acid exposure was also applied to fibroblasts. Cell viability was determined by MTT‐ESTA. NF‐κB activation was determined by cellular localization of NF‐κB/p65 visualized by immunofluorescence. Conditioned medium from oesophageal epithelial cells, subjected to pH 5 pulsatile exposure, activated NF‐κB in fibroblasts, with some inter‐patient variability, but these conditions did not directly activate NF‐κB in the epithelial cells themselves. Significant NF‐κB activation was seen in the epithelial cells but only with greater acidity and exposure times (pH 4, 60–120 min). Our findings show that acid exposure can cause indirect activation of stromal cells by epithelial–stromal interactions. This may contribute to the pathogenesis of oesophageal diseases, and the inter‐patient variability may go some way to explain why some patients with reflux oesophagitis develop BM and others do not.
The effects of giving pacifiers to premature infants and making them listen to lullabies on their transition period for total oral feeding and sucking success
Authors: Yildiz Aynur , Arikan Duygu 
Published: June 2011

Aim and objective.  This research aimed to assess the effect of giving pacifiers to premature infants and making them listen to lullabies on the transition period to total oral feeding, their sucking success and their vital signs (peak heart rate, respiration rate and oxygen saturation).Background.  It is very important that preterm infants start oral feeding as soon as possible to survive and get healthy quickly. Previous studies have shown that by using some external stimuli, premature babies can move to oral feeding at an earlier period than 34th gestational week, have increased daily weight gain and be discharged from hospital earlier.Design.  In this quasi‐experimental and prospective study, 90 premature infants were studied with 30 premature infants allocated to each of pacifier, lullaby and control groups.Method.  The research was conducted at a neonatal intensive care clinic and premature unit of a university hospital in the east of Turkey between December 2007–January 2009. The data were collected through demographic information form for premature infants, the LATCH Breastfeeding Charting System and patient monitoring.Results.  We found that the group who proceeded to the oral feeding in the shortest period was the pacifier group (p < 0·05), followed by the lullaby group and the control group, respectively (p > 0·05). We also found that the highest sucking success was achieved by infants in the pacifier group (p < 0·05) followed by the lullaby group (p > 0·05).Conclusion.  These results demonstrate that giving pacifiers to premature infants and making them listen to lullabies has a positive effect on their transition period to oral feeding, their sucking success and vital signs (peak heart rate and oxygen saturation).Relevance to clinical practice.  Neonatal intensive care nurses can accelerate premature infants’ transition to oral feeding and develop their sucking success by using the methods of giving them pacifiers and making them listen to lullabies during gavage feeding.
Measures of linkage disequilibrium among neighbouring SNPs indicate asymmetries across the house mouse hybrid zone
Authors: WANG LIUYANG , LUZYNSKI KEN , POOL JOHN E. , JANOUŠEK VÁCLAV , DUFKOVÁ PETRA , VYSKOČILOVÁ MARTINA M. , TEETER KATHERINE C. , NACHMAN MICHAEL W. , MUNCLINGER PAVEL , MACHOLÁN MILOŠ , PIÁLEK JAROSLAV , TUCKER PRISCILLA K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTheory predicts that naturally occurring hybrid zones between genetically distinct taxa can move over space and time as a result of selection and/or demographic processes, with certain types of hybrid zones being more or less likely to move. Determining whether a hybrid zone is stationary or moving has important implications for understanding evolutionary processes affecting interactions in hybrid populations. However, direct observations of hybrid zone movement are difficult to make unless the zone is moving rapidly. Here, evidence for movement in the house mouseMus musculus domesticus × Mus musculus musculushybrid zone is provided using measures of LD and haplotype structure among neighbouring SNP markers from across the genome. Local populations of mice across two transects in Germany and the Czech Republic were sampled, and a total of 1301 mice were genotyped at 1401 markers from the nuclear genome. Empirical measures of LD provide evidence for extinction and (re)colonization in single populations and, together with simulations, suggest hybrid zone movement because of either geography‐dependent asymmetrical dispersal or selection favouring one subspecies over the other.
TCP14 and TCP15 affect internode length and leaf shape in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kieffer Martin , Master Vera , Waites Richard , Davies Brendan 
Published: June 2011

SummaryTCP transcription factors constitute a small family of plant‐specific bHLH‐containing, DNA‐binding proteins that have been implicated in the control of cell proliferation in plants. Despite the significant role that is likely to be played by genes that control cell division in the elaboration of plant architecture, functional analysis of this family by forward and reverse genetics has been hampered by genetic redundancy. Here we show that mutants in two related class I TCP genes display a range of growth‐related phenotypes, consistent with their dynamic expression patterns; these phenotypes are enhanced in the double mutant. Together, the two genes influence plant stature by promoting cell division in young internodes. Reporter gene analysis and use of SRDX fusions suggested that TCP14 and TCP15 modulate cell proliferation in the developing leaf blade and specific floral tissues; a role that was not apparent in our phenotypic analysis of single or double mutants. However, when the relevant mutants were subjected to computer‐aided morphological analysis of the leaves, the consequences of loss of either or both genes became obvious. The effects on cell proliferation of perturbing the function of TCP14 and TCP15 vary with tissue, as has been suggested for other TCP factors. These findings indicate that the precise elaboration of plant form is dependent on the cumulative influence of many TCP factors acting in a context‐dependent fashion. The study highlights the need for advanced methods of phenotypic analysis in order to characterize phenotypes and to construct a dynamic model for TCP gene function.
Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta: A rare association with the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine
Authors: Gunatheesan Shyamalar , Ferguson John , Moosa Yaaseen 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThe aetiology of pityriasis lichenoides (PL) is unknown. One major pathogenic theory suggests that PL is a lymphoproliferative disease or inflammatory reaction triggered by an antigenic stimulus, such as a virus or other infectious agent. We report the second case of PL et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA) occurring after measles vaccination and the first following the combined measles, mumps, rubella vaccination.
Comparison of the use of 5‐fluorouracil and bevacizumab in primary trabeculectomy: results at 1 year
Authors: Jurkowska‐Dudzińska Justyna , Kosior‐Jarecka Ewa , Żarnowski Tomasz 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  The present study compared the effects of adjuvant bevacizumab and 5‐fluorouracil on the efficacy and safety of trabeculectomy.Design:  A nonrandomized, prospective, interventional case study.Participants:  A total of 62 patients in two groups undergoing primary trabeculectomy.Methods:  In Group 1 (21 primary open‐angle glaucoma, nine pseudoexfoliative glaucoma), trabeculectomy was performed with an adjuvant 5% solution of 5‐fluorouracil administered for 4 min, intraoperatively. In Group 2 (21 primary open‐angle glaucoma, 11 pseudoexfoliative glaucoma), trabeculectomy was enhanced with 1.25 mg of bevacizumab applied subconjunctivally immediately before and after surgery and again 1 and 7 days after surgery.Main Outcome Measures:  Intraocular pressure, best corrected visual acuity, visual field index, bleb morphology, cornel endothelial cell count.Results:  Mean intraocular pressure was 28.0 ± 8.0 mmHg before 5‐fluorouracil‐augmented trabeculectomy and 27.8 ± 9.5 mmHg before bevacizumab‐augmented trabeculectomy. After 12 months, mean intraocular pressure was 13.6 ± 4.4 mmHg in the 5‐fluorouracil group and 14.7 ± 4.7 mmHg in the bevacizumab group. A 30% reduction of initial intraocular pressure was attained in 86.7% of patients in the 5‐fluorouracil group and 78.1% of patients in the bevacizumab group at the end of follow up. No significant differences were noted between the two studied groups with respect to corneal endothelial density, visual field indices and postoperative complications.Conclusions:  The 12‐month intraocular pressure results showed no significant differences between the two groups of patients after bevacizumab or 5‐fluorouracil to augment trabeculectomy. However, to obtain successful intraocular pressure control more patients in bevacizumab group needed medical therapy.
Probing basal ganglia functions by saccade eye movements
Authors: Watanabe Masayuki , Munoz Douglas P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe basal ganglia (BG) are a group of subcortical structures involved in diverse functions, such as motor, cognition and emotion. However, the BG do not control these functions directly, but rather modulate functional processes occurring in structures outside the BG. The BG form multiple functional loops, each of which controls different functions with similar architectures. Accordingly, to understand the modulatory role of the BG, it is strategic to uncover the mechanisms of signal processing within specific functional loops that control simple neural circuits outside the BG, and then extend the knowledge to other BG loops. The saccade control system is one of the best‐understood neural circuits in the brain. Furthermore, sophisticated saccade paradigms have been used extensively in clinical research in patients with BG disorders as well as in basic research in behaving monkeys. In this review, we describe recent advances of BG research from the viewpoint of saccade control. Specifically, we account for experimental results from neuroimaging and clinical studies in humans based on the updated knowledge of BG functions derived from neurophysiological experiments in behaving monkeys by taking advantage of homologies in saccade behavior. It has become clear that the traditional BG network model for saccade control is too limited to account for recent evidence emerging from the roles of subcortical nuclei not incorporated in the model. Here, we extend the traditional model and propose a new hypothetical framework to facilitate clinical and basic BG research and dialogue in the future.
The neural control of fast vs. slow vergence eye movements
Authors: Cullen Kathleen E. , Van Horn Marion R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWhen looking between targets located in three‐dimensional space, information about relative depth is sent from the visual cortex to the motor control centers in the brainstem, which are responsible for generating appropriate motor commands to move the eyes. Surprisingly, how the neurons in the brainstem use the depth information supplied by the visual cortex to precisely aim each eye on a visual target remains highly controversial. This review will consider the results of recent studies that have focused on determining how individual neurons contribute to realigning gaze when we look between objects located at different depths. In particular, the results of new experiments provide compelling evidence that the majority of saccadic neurons dynamically encode the movement of an individual eye, and show that the time‐varying discharge of the saccadic neuron population encodes the drive required to account for vergence facilitation during disconjugate saccades. Notably, these results suggest that an additional input (i.e. from a separate vergence subsystem) is not required to shape the activity of motoneurons during disconjugate saccades. Furthermore, whereas motoneurons drive both fast and slow vergence movements, saccadic neurons discharge only during fast vergence movements, emphasizing the existence of distinct premotor pathways for controlling fast vs. slow vergence. Taken together, these recent findings contradict the traditional view that the brain is circuited with independent pathways for conjugate and vergence control, and thus provide an important new insight into how the brain controls three‐dimensional gaze shifts.
Mechanisms for generating and compensating for the smallest possible saccades
Authors: Hafed Ziad M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMicrosaccades are small eye movements that occur during gaze fixation. Although taking place only when we attempt to stabilize gaze position, microsaccades can be understood by relating them to the larger voluntary saccades, which abruptly shift gaze position. Starting from this approach to microsaccade analysis, I show how it can lead to significant insight about the generation and functional role of these eye movements. Like larger saccades, microsaccades are now known to be generated by brainstem structures involved not only in compiling motor commands for eye movements, but also in identifying and selecting salient target locations in the visual environment. In addition, these small eye movements both influence and are influenced by sensory and cognitive processes in various areas of the brain, and in a manner that is similar to the interactions between larger saccades and sensory or cognitive processes. By approaching the study of microsaccades from the perspective of what has been learned about their larger counterparts, we are now in a position to make greater strides in our understanding of the function of the smallest possible saccadic eye movements.
Binocular coordination of eye movements – Hering’s Law of equal innervation or uniocular control?
Authors: King W. M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe neurophysiological basis for binocular control of eye movements in primates has been characterized by a scientific controversy that has its origin in the historical conflict of Hering and Helmholtz in the 19th century. This review focuses on two hypotheses, linked to that conflict, that seek to account for binocular coordination – Hering’s Law vs. uniocular control of each eye. In an effort to manage the length of the review, the focus is on extracellular single‐unit studies of premotor eye movement cells and extraocular motoneurons. In the latter half of the 20th century, these studies provided a wealth of neurophysiological data pertaining to the control of vergence and conjugate eye movements. The data were initially supportive of Hering’s Law. More recent data, however, have provided support for uniocular control of each eye consistent with Helmholtz’s original idea. The controversy is far from resolved. New anatomical descriptions of the disparate inputs to multiply and singly innervated extraocular muscle fibers challenge the concept of a ‘final common pathway’ as they suggest there may be separate groups of motoneurons involved in vergence and conjugate control of eye position. These data provide a new challenge for interpretation of uniocular premotor control networks and how they cooperate to produce coordinated eye movements.
Cortico‐basal ganglia mechanisms for overcoming innate, habitual and motivational behaviors
Authors: Isoda Masaki , Hikosaka Okihide 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMost of the human behaviors are executed automatically under familiar circumstances. These behaviors are prepotent in that they take precedence over any other potential alternatives. Yet, humans are also capable of engaging cognitive resources to inhibit such a prepotent behavior and replace it with an alternative controlled behavior in response to an unforeseen situation. This remarkable capability to switch behaviors in a short period of time is the hallmark of executive functions. In this article, we first argue that the prepotent automaticity could emerge at least in three different domains – innate, habitual and motivational. We then review neurophysiological findings on how the brain might realize its switching functions in each domain, primarily by focusing on the monkey oculomotor system as the experimental model. Emerging evidence now suggests that multiple neuronal populations in the shared cortico‐basal ganglia network contribute to overriding prepotent eye movement, be its origin innate, habitual or motivational. This consideration suggests the general versatility of the cortico‐basal ganglia network as the neural mechanism whereby humans and other animals keep themselves from becoming subservient to reflex, habit and motivational impulses.
Contribution of the central thalamus to the generation of volitional saccades
Authors: Tanaka Masaki , Kunimatsu Jun 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLesions in the motor thalamus can cause deficits in somatic movements. However, the involvement of the thalamus in the generation of eye movements has only recently been elucidated. In this article, we review recent advances into the role of the thalamus in eye movements. Anatomically, the anterior group of the intralaminar nuclei and paralaminar portion of the ventrolateral, ventroanterior and mediodorsal nuclei of the thalamus send massive projections to the frontal eye field and supplementary eye field. In addition, these parts of the thalamus, collectively known as the ‘oculomotor thalamus’, receive inputs from the cerebellum, the basal ganglia and virtually all stages of the saccade‐generating pathways in the brainstem. In their pioneering work in the 1980s, Schlag and Schlag‐Rey found a variety of eye movement‐related neurons in the oculomotor thalamus, and proposed that this region might constitute a ‘central controller’ playing a role in monitoring eye movements and generating self‐paced saccades. This hypothesis has been evaluated by recent experiments in non‐human primates and by clinical observations of subjects with thalamic lesions. In addition, several recent studies have also addressed the involvement of the oculomotor thalamus in the generation of anti‐saccades and the selection of targets for saccades. These studies have revealed the impact of subcortical signals on the higher‐order cortical processing underlying saccades, and suggest the possibility of future studies using the oculomotor system as a model to explore the neural mechanisms of global cortico‐subcortical loops and the neural basis of a local network between the thalamus and cortex.
The role of the lateral intraparietal area in orienting attention and its implications for visual search
Authors: Bisley James W. , Mirpour Koorosh , Arcizet Fabrice , Ong Wei S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOrienting visual attention is of fundamental importance when viewing a visual scene. One of the areas thought to play a role in the guidance of this process is the posterior parietal cortex. In this review, we will describe the way the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of the posterior parietal cortex acts as a priority map to help guide the allocation of covert attention and eye movements (overt attention). We will explain the concept of a priority map and then show that LIP activity is biased by both bottom‐up stimulus‐driven factors and top‐down cognitive influences, and that this activity can be used to predict the locus of covert attention and initial saccadic latencies in simple visual search tasks. We will then describe evidence for how this system acts during covert visual search and how its activity could be used to optimize overt visual search performance.
Parietofrontal circuits in goal‐oriented behaviour
Authors: Medendorp W. Pieter , Buchholz Verena N. , Van Der Werf Jurrian , Leoné Frank T. M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractParietal and frontal cortical areas play important roles in the control of goal‐oriented behaviour. This review examines how signal processing in the parietal and frontal eye fields is involved in coding and storing space, directing attention and processing the sensorimotor transformation for saccades. After a survey of the functional specialization of these areas in monkeys, we discuss homologous regions in the human brain in terms of topographic organization, storage capacity, target selection, spatial remapping, reference frame transformations and effector specificity. The overall picture suggests that bottom‐up sensory, top‐down cognitive signals and efferent motor signals are integrated in dynamic sensorimotor maps as part of a functionally flexible parietofrontal network. Neuronal synchronization in these maps may be instrumental in amplifying behaviourally relevant representations and setting up a functional pathway to route information in this parietofrontal circuit.
Tonic and phasic components of eye movements during REM sleep in the rat
Authors: Sánchez‐López Alvaro , Escudero Miguel 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPhasic oculomotor activity is one of the features identifying rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Recently, it has been shown in cats that, despite bursts of complex two‐component rapid eye movements, the eyes tend to maintain a nasal and downward rotation during REM sleep. Although the function of eye movements during sleep remains elusive, it is important to know whether the characteristics of eye movements during sleep are species‐specific in mammals. In this work, quantitative characteristics of eye movements, recorded by the scleral search coil technique, were studied during wakefulness and sleep in rats. During wakefulness, rats performed conjugated saccades at a very low rate and some eye movements associated to blinking and gnawing. Throughout non‐REM sleep, eye movements were slow, mostly unconjugated and the eyes maintained a divergence in the horizontal plane. The beginning of REM sleep was characterized by a convergence and downward rotation of the eyes, which tended to persist until the end of REM sleep. Rapid eye movements, isolated and monocular at the beginning, became complex and organized in high‐frequency bursts. These results demonstrate that, despite the difference in extraocular anatomy and visuomotor strategies between frontal‐ and lateral‐eyed species, eye movements during REM sleep in rats are very similar to those described in cats. This suggests that the mechanisms generating eye movements during REM sleep are largely conserved in mammals.