bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of dietary protein and energy intakes on growth hormone, insulin, glucose tolerance and fatty acid synthesis in young wether sheep
Authors: Waghorn G. C. , Flux D. S. , Ulyatt M. J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA group of 16 Romney wether sheep fitted with rumen and abomasal cannulae and aged 11 to 12 months was allocated to either high or low crude protein (CP) pelleted diets (220 (HP) and 120 (LP) g CP per kg) to give four daily intakes of dry matter (356, 711, 1067 and 1422 g) within each diet, giving two sheep per treatment. Diets were given hourly for 40 days during which time growth rates, plasma concentrations of insulin (I) and growth hormone (GH) were determined, a glucose tolerance test was performed and relative rates of fatty acid (FA) synthesis were determined.Live-weight changes ranged from –46 to 215 g/day and wool growth ranged from 86 to 210 mg per 100 cm2daily.Plasma GH concentrations were significantly higher (P< 0·001) in sheep given LP diets (21·2 (s.e. 4·2) μg/1) than in those given HP diets (10·1 (s.e. 1·8) μg/1) and negatively correlated with both energy (E) (r= –0·62;P< 0·01) and nitrogen (N) (r= –0·63;P< 0·01) intakes which proportionately accounted for 0·47 of the variance in plasma GH concentration (P< 0·01). Plasma I concentrations were higher (P< 0·05) in sheep given HP diets (2·77 (s.e. 0·34) μg/1) than in sheep given LP diets (1·86 (s.e. 0·23) μg/1). Intakes of E and N proportionately accounted for 0·38 of variance in I concentration which was primarily determined by N intake.After intravenous infusion of glucose (150 mg/min) for 30 min, significant differences in the rate at which plasma glucose and I concentrations declined to pre-infusion levels were evident with different daily intakes of the pelleted diets.Synthesis of FA in adipose tissue was on average 1·7 times more rapid in sheep given HP than in sheep given LP diets (P< 0·05) and increased approximately three-fold with increasing intake. Partial correlations showed differences in E and N intakes were able to account for 0·73 (P< 0·01) of the variance in FA synthesis rates, with N intake having a greater influence than E intake (partial correlations:r= 0·53;P< 0·05 andr= 0·35;P> 0·05 respectively).
The influence of dietary protein intake during lactation on the reproductive performance of sows
Authors: MacPherson R. M. , Elsley F. W. H. , Smart R. I. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. Forty-five Large White gilts were given 2·20 kg daily of a diet containing 14·0% crude protein during three successive pregnancies. During a 6-week lactation they received 5·30 kg daily of one of three diets containing 19·0% (HP), 16·5% (MP) or 14·0% (LP) crude protein.2. Daily milk yield was estimated on the 10th, 20th, 30th and 40th day of lactation. Milk samples were obtained from the same sows for the determination of protein, fat, lactose and total solids on the 11th, 21st, 31st and 41st day.3. One sow and litter from each treatment in each lactation was placed in metabolism cages during lactation and estimates of nitrogen and dry matter excretion obtained.4. As the concentration of protein in the diet decreased the average 42-day gain in litter weight from birth increased significantly in the first lactation. This trend continued in the second lactation although it was not significant but did not appear in the third.5. There was no marked difference in daily milk yield between treatment groups.6. There was a significantly greater loss of live weight by the sows on the lower levels of protein in the first lactation. These differences were not significant in the second and third lactations.
The effects of dietary supplementation with lysine and methionine on body and tissue composition in the pig
Authors: Ostrowski H. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYA feeding trial was conducted on 24 individually-fed pigs given either a diet containing plant protein with insufficient Iysine and methionine or the same diet with optimal Iysine and methionine levels. Supplementation of the diet with synthetic amino acids significantly improved daily live-weight gain, feed conversion, nitrogen balance, loin eye muscle area and total yield of lean muscle.Pigs receiving insufficient Iysine and methionine were characterized by lower haemoglobin and creatinine values accompanied by a decreased level of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase.There were highly significant differences in the blood and liver Iysine levels of the two treatments, and significant differences in the fresh muscle and in the pressed muscle juice Iysine levels.The ratios between liver and blood Iysine levels and between dietary or muscle Iysine levels and % of nitrogen retention were calculated and found to be the same on both treatments.The accumulation of Iysine in liver and muscle was linearly related to the blood Iysine level and to N retention and Iysine intake.
A note on some aspects of rumen fermentation in Holstein calves changed from an all-concentrate diet to high levels of molasses/urea and forage
Authors: Elías A. , Preston T. R. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYTwo changeover treatments were studied over a 5-week period in eight early-weaned concentrate-fed Holstein calves of initial weight 160 kg. Fresh forage was given ad libitum for one week (A) or two weeks (B); calves on the latter treatment also had 500 g daily of maize meal. All calves received 300 g/100 kg live weight of a protein supplement and had free access to sodium and phosphorus-rich minerals. A rumen inoculation was given after seven days of forage feeding, at which point a liquid molasses/urea mixture was introduced, first in small amounts and then after a further seven days ad libitum. The forage was then restricted to 3 kg/100 kg live weight. Both treatments were effective in raising rumen pH and buffering capacity to the point of allowing the establishment and maintenance of protozoa, chiefly Entodinium and Isotricha spp. Protein N as a percentage of the total N of rumen contents was about 90 with the all-concentrate diet, fell to 35 with the roughage diets and then rose again to 80–90 by the end of the experiment.
A study of protein utilization by weaned lambs
Authors: Robinson J. J. , Forbes T. J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYFifty weaned store lambs approximately 7-month-old were used in an experiment designed to assess their protein requirements and utilization. At the beginning of the experiment a random sample of 10 animals were slaughtered and their loin joints analysed. The remaining 40 were allocated at random to four dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) comprising four crude protein intakes at a constant energy intake. The experiment was divided into two periods. During period 1 (48 days) the dietary crude protein intakes were 58 (T1), 111 (T2), 170 (T3), and 198 (T4) g/day with a mean digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of 578 g/day. During period 2 (55 days) the corresponding crude protein intakes were 89, 157, 215, 251 and the DOMI was 678 g/day.Digestibility and nitrogen balance trials were carried out on two animals from each treatment in period 1 and on six animals on each treatment in period 2. At slaughter the loin joints from five animals on each dietary treatment were chemically analysed.The only significant effect on live-weight gain of varying protein intake was a lower gain on the lowest protein intake (T1) in period 1. It was estimated that the optimum ratio of digestible protein intake (g) to digestible energy intake (meals) for live-weight gain in period 1 was approximately 30 : 1 and in period 2 approximately 21 : 1. There was a significant increase in killing-out percentage with increasing crude protein intake. The digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen increased with increasing crude protein intake. There was a significant quadratic relationship between the apparently digested nitrogen intake in g/day (X) and nitrogen retained in g/day (Y). The regression equation wasY= −0·008X2+ 0·537X+ 0·682Liver copper levels decreased with increasing crude protein con-centration in the diets.
A note on the protein requirement for maintenance of adult rams
Authors: Singh Manohar , Mahadevan V. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYNitrogen balance studies of latin square design were conducted on six adult rams receiving diets with approximately 4, 8 and 16% crude protein. The diets were almost isocaloric and contained groundnut cake, wheat bran, maize starch, and chopped wheat straw. Metabolic faecal and endogenous urinary N were 0·24 ± 0·003 g/100 g dry-matter intake and 0·038 ± 0·01 g/kg body weight per day. Biological value, true digestibility and coefficient of net utilization were 86·9 ± 8·68, 93·4 ± 1·94 and 79·6 ± 2·47, respectively.Daily digestible crude protein requirements for maintenance estimated by the factorial method (0·875 + 0·;06 g/kg W0·734) and from N balance and the net utilization of protein (0·893 + 0·03 g/kg W0·734) were similar but slightly higher than the requirement estimated from N balance alone (0·738 ± 0·04 g/kg W0·734). All values are lower than the conventional recommendations.
Photoperiodism in the ewe: 4. A note on the effect on onset of oestrus in Clun Forest ewes of applying the same decrease in daylength at two different times of the year
Authors: Ducker M. J. , Bowman J. C. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYExperiments were carried out with Clun Forest ewes to determine the effect on the onset of oestrus of applying the same abrupt decrease in daylength at two different times of the year. An abrupt decrease in daylength of 3·75 hr was applied to the ewes on 1 July 1968 and on 24 April 1969. The mean number of days from the commencement of the light treatment to the onset of oestrous activity was 59·5 and 87·0 days, respectively. It is concluded that the time of year at which the light treatments were applied, or the previous light treatment of the Clun Forest ewes, or both, significantly (P<0·001) affected the date of onset of oestrus.
A note on the repeatability of parameters of the lactation curve in cattle
Authors: Wood P. D. P. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYA study of 1567 lactations of 336 Friesian cows in 10 herds has been undertaken to establish to what extent the shape of the lactation curve varies between parities, cows and herds, and to assess the importance of variations in seasonality from year to year, with particular reference to herd production forecasts.In general, cows calving the same parity at the samé time of year showed similar curves, modified only by total yield and abnormal seasonality of production. Production forecasts based on month/parity subclasses are therefore adequate, provided due account is taken of extréme variations in weather conditions or forage growth.
The selection of dairy bulls for artificial insemination
Authors: Hinks C. J. M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYA numerical model of AI selection procedures has been constructed in an attempt to assess the efficiency of current selection methods and to examine possibilities for their improvement. The results indicate that (1) present selection methods are relatively efficient in their utilization of test resources, but much less efficient in their usage of tested bulls. Additional investments in bull testing are likely to profit the dairy industry. (2) The main effects of improved bull utilization are (a) to permit increases in selection pressure with no increase in cost over current selection procedures and (b) to extend the limits to profitable selection. (3) The adoption of alternative stud management systems, in which bulls are slaughtered early in life, are likely to require excessively large investments in semen processing and storage.
An experiment on the selection of bacon pigs by high and low carcass densities
Authors: Hale R. W. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYSelection based on average carcass densities of sibs was effective in breeding for leanness and for fatness in Large White pigs. Four herds were established for the five-year experiment, in which 615 pigs were slaughtered at bacon weights. Responses were obtained with both feeding to appetite and restricted feeding, but it was not possible to decide which was the preferable method.
A note on feed-lot performance of Grey Shirazi sheep
Authors: Ghorban K. , Mozafar A. A. , Sefidbakht N. , Simhaee E. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIdentical group-feeding experiments (each of 90 days duration) were conducted in the summer and in the winter of 1968. The purpose was to study the feed-lot performance of the Grey Shirazi breed on high- and low-concentrate diets with or without diethylstilboestrol (DES) in two different seasons of the year. Lambs on the high-concentrate diet gained more than those on the low-concentrate diet both in summer and in winter. On both diets lambs performed better under cold than under warm conditions. There was no difference when DES was given orally with the above two rations.
Growth of pigs fed cool whey at two ambient temperatures
Authors: Holmes C. W. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. Two experiments have been performed to compare the performance of pigs given cool ‘whey’ (15°C) with that of pigs fed warm ‘whey’ (40°C). Pigs were penned individually and the ‘whey’ was reconstituted from concentrated materials.2. In both experiments pigs offered cool ‘whey’ grew at a slower rate and required more dry matter/kg live-weight gain than pigs offered warm ‘whey’; the differences in rate of gain were 11 % at 16°C air temperature in Experiment 1 and 5% at 22°C air temperature in Experiment 2.3. It was estimated that the ‘heat of warming’ for the cool ‘whey’ might have accounted for its entire effect on rate of gain.
Reproductive performance and growth of Shorthorn purebred and crossbred cows
Authors: Fahmy M. H. , Lalande G. , Hidiroglou M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYData were obtained from 27 pure Shorthorn, 22 Angus × Shorthorn, 31 Charolais × Shorthorn and 27 Hereford × Shorthorn cows, during 10 years. Angus × Shorthorn cows required the least number of services per conception (1·17), had the shortest average gestation lengths (280·6 days), and had a calving percentage of 88·2% and birth weight of calf of 29·8 kg. The respective figures for Charolais × Shorthorn were 1·21 services, 281·6 days, 88·3% (the highest) and 32·9 kg (the heaviest), for Hereford × Shorthorn 1·23 services, 283·6 days, 84·4% and 31·6 kg, and for pure Shorthorn 1·20 services, 282·2 days, 82·7% and 29·6 kg. Average calf weight at birth increased with the advance in age of cow up to 5 years, then showed little change. Seventy-two per cent of the crossbred cows calved for the first time at 2 years old compared with 65% of the Shorthorns. On the other hand, Shorthorn cows had the highest twinning percentage (2·9%) and the lowest single calf mortality at birth (1·4%). The maximum body weights of Angus, Charolais, and Hereford crossbreds and Shorthorn cows were 576·8, 655·8, 6254 and 553·8 kg respectively at 7–8 years of age.
Freeze-branding of young beef animals
Authors: Day Norman , Jenkinson D. McEwan , Walker-Love J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe effects of freeze-branding young beef animals using two coolants were investigated and an attempt was made to avoid hide damage.1. Branding with irons cooled in liquid nitrogen gave good markings but resulted in severe hide damage.2. CO2-branding caused much less hide damage but gave fewer legible brands.3. Legible brands with both coolants always resulted in some marking of the hide.4. Branding on the jaw provided a satisfactory means of identification without loss of hide value.
Crossbreeding beef cattle in Western Uganda. 1. Performance of Ankole, Boran and Zebu Cows
Authors: Trail J. C. M. , Sacker G. D. , Fisher I. L. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIn a new ranching area of Uganda recently cleared of trypanosomiasis, with a high level of disease control, adequate water supplies and extensive grazing on free range, three dam breeds, the indigenous Ankole and Zebu, and the Boran from Kenya, were mated to Boran, Angus and Red Poll sires.Under artificial insemination, at least 10 % fewer cows were detected on heat than under natural service, and 15% fewer artificially inseminated cows actually produced calves than did naturally served cows. The introduced Boran females were not inferior in calving percentage to the indigenous Ankole and Zebu.Relationships between dam body weight and progeny performance were investigated. The introduced Boran breeding cows were able to maintain their body weight as least as well as the indigenous Ankole and Zebu cows. While cows which calved regularly and reared their calves could not maintain body weight, it was found that heavier cows conceived at a higher rate than lighter cows, cows heavier at parturition weaned heavier calves than lighter cows, and cows that reared heavier calves lost more, or gained less, body weight than cows that reared lighter calves. It was therefore indicated that investigations into the reduction of lactation stress on cows by such methods as earlier weaning of calves, mating at the most suitable time of year, and possible nutritional supplementation at a stage in the cycle, should be commenced.
Response to within-family selection in a small closed pig herd
Authors: MacIver R. M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYTwo lines of Large White pigs were selected for increased rate of growth and decreased backfat thickness respectively over five generations. Each line was bred from four boars, each mated to four gilts per generation, these being selected on a within-family basis to minimize inbreeding. Response to selection was measured by direct comparison with contemporary control stock. The control line, originating from the same foundation stock as the selection lines, consisted of 15 groups of one boar and two gilts, mating between groups being designed to reduce the rate of inbreeding.Over three generations the control stock exhibited random variation in the traits measured except rate of daily live-weight gain and backfat thickness ‘K’. The evidence suggests that the time trend in these was mainly, if not entirely, non-genetic in nature.The low rate of progress achieved in both lines is ascribed to the selection method adopted and to losses of potential breeding stock. It is concluded that the success of such a small-scale breeding operation is dependent on achieving optimum husbandry conditions, and even then it cannot achieve the same rate of progress as in larger herds. The necessity of using a control strain to assess genetic progress in experiments of this nature is emphasized.
The effect of pattern of food intake in pregnancy upon sow productivity
Authors: Elsley F. W. H. , Bathurst E. V. J. , Bracewell A. G. , Cunningham J. M. M. , Dent J. B. , Dodsworth T. L. , MacPherson R. M. , Walker N. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYSeven research and teaching centres have co-operated in an experiment involving 154 sows. The experiment compared the effect of feeding four different patterns of feed intake during pregnancy upon reproductive performance of sows. In each case approximately 220 kg of feed were given during each gestation according to four patterns of intake designated Constant (C), Low-High (L-H), High-Low (H-L) and High-Low-High (H-L-H). During lactation all animals were given a daily ration of 3·7 kg of feed for litters of five pigs or less, and 0·4 kg for each additional piglet. Wherever possible the sows remained on the same nutritional regimes for three parities.Although the pattern of feed intake slightly affected the live-weight changes of the sows during the course of pregnancy, the treatments had no significant effects on overall change in weight of the sows in pregnancy or in lactation in any of the three parities. The live weights of the sows at the end of the third parity were very similar for all treatment groups.The patterns of feed intake had no appreciable or significant effect on the numbers of pigs born, their average weight at birth or upon the numbers of pigs which survived to weaning at 6 weeks or their live weight. The health and breeding regularity of the sows were also unaffected by the treatments.There were differences between the centres in many of the variables which were compared, but there was no evidence of any important centre × treatment interactions.It is concluded that, at the levels of intake given in pregnancy and lactation in this experiment, there are no beneficial or detrimental effects of changing the pattern of intake during pregnancy.
The influence of environmental temperature and plane of nutrition on heat losses from groups of growing pigs
Authors: Close W. H. , Mount L. E. , Start I. B. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. Rates of heat loss from 12 groups of pigs were measured over 4-week periods in a large direct calorimeter equipped as a pig pen.2. The levels of feeding in different groups were 34, 39, 45 and 52g/kg body weight per day, and the calorimeter temperatures were 7°, 12°, 20° and 30°C.3. At 12°, 20° and 30°C the rates of heat loss were related to the level of feeding.4. At 7°C the mean rate of heat loss was higher than at the other temperatures, and was not related to the level of feeding.
A note on dried poultry manure in the diet of the growing pig
Authors: Perez-Aleman S. , Dempster D. G. , English P. R. , Topps J. H. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYDried poultry manure, produced locally by sterilization and drying, was evaluated as an addition to a conventional diet, at levels of 10, 20 and 30%, for growing pigs from 23 to 85 kg live weight. The 32 pigs remained healthy and the dried manure had no apparent adverse effect on the carcasses.There were significant linear relationships between the amount of manure added to the conventional diet and growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and certain carcass characteristics. For every 10% addition of manure, growth was reduced by 0·02 kg/day, feed conversion efficiency by 0·25 units and killing-out percentage by 0·96. The dried manure contained about 30% crude protein and was a rich source of minerals.
Changes in plasma and milk tocopherol levels in beef cattle turned out to pasture
Authors: Hidiroglou M. , Jenkins K. J. , Wauthy J. M. , Proulx J. E. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYChanges in tocopherol concentrations in the milk of Shorthorn cows, and blood of their calves associated with a change from a winter diet of hay to lush spring pasture were examined. During the winter feeding period the tocopherol levels in the colostrum (108 μg/100 ml) and milk (40 μg/100 ml) were low. A significant increase occurred in the milk tocopherol concentrations after the cows were turned out to spring pasture. Immediately before the animals were turned out to pasture the tocopherol levels were lower in calves with high serum levels of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, indicative of muscular dystrophy. Plasma tocopherol levels in all calves increased throughout the grazing period, reaching a maximum average value of 919 μg tocopherol/100 ml after 63 days. Six Limousin × Shorthorn calves out of a total of 41 died with nutritional muscular dystrophy but no mortalities occurred among 26 purebred Shorthorn calves.