bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Bursaphelenchus thailandae on Pinus densiflora in Korea
Authors: Han H. , Chung Y.-J. , Shin S.-C. 
Published: June 2010

A survey of nematodes on Pinus densiflora in Namyangju City, Gyeonggi Province, Korea was conducted in 2008. Namyangju is located in an area with pine wilt caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and monitoring of wilt has been conducted periodically. Nematodes were extracted from wood chips by the Baermann's funnel method and were cultured on a medium of Botrytis cinerea. During the survey, B. xylophilus and B. thailandae were detected. B. thailandae was found in 20% of the trees tested and usually was found alone without B. xylophilus. Population density of B. thailandae ranged from 8,000 to 15,000 nematodes per 100 g of wood chips. The species was identified by morphology and molecular characterization. B. thailandae was differentiated from B. xylophilus by slight swellings of the stylet knobs, protruding vulval flaps and pointed tail in females, and the male spicule with distinctive shading in the dorsal region. Morphometric data was obtained by measurements of 20 females and 10 males: female, body length = 951.3 ± 56.6 μm, a = 31.8 ± 1.9, b = 10.8 ± 0.9, c = 23.4. ± 0.8, V = 76.2 ± 0.8, stylet length = 14.5 ± 0.6 μm, length of postuterine sac = 90.3 ± 13.5 μm; male, body length = 838.0 ± 71.5 μm, a = 31.1 ± 2.1, b = 5.2 ± 0.5, c = 30.4 ± 2.7, stylet length = 13.5 ± 1.1 μm, spicules length = 16.5 ± 0.7 μm. Measurements were compared with the original description of B. thailandae reported by Braasch and Braasch-Bidasak (1), which showed that the Korean isolate was larger in most body sizes. For molecular diagnosis, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and D2-D3 rDNA were amplified by PCR (US/PTC-0220; Bio Rad, Hercules, CA). The sequences of ITS and D2-D3 rDNA of B. thailandae from P. densiflora showed 98 and 99% homology to those of B. thailandae from GenBank Accession Nos. AM157746 and DQ497184, respectively. B. thailandae was originally described on Pinus merkusi in Pai, North Thailand (1) while Ningbo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau in China reported a detection of B. thailandae in the imported packaging wood from Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Italy, and the United States (2). However, packaging wood is a circulating product and the establishment of B. thailandae in those countries is not confirmed. The pathogenicity of B. thailandae on coniferous trees remains to be determined. To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. thailandae on P. densiflora in a natural area in Korea. References: (1) H. Braasch and R. Braasch-Bidasak. Nematology 4:853, 2002. (2) J. Gu et al. For. Pathol. 36:323, 2006.
Time-resolved remote Raman study of minerals under supercritical CO
2
and high temperatures relevant to Venus exploration
Authors: Sharma Shiv K. , Misra Anupam K. , Clegg Samuel M. , Barefield James E. , Wiens Roger C. , Acosta Tayro 
Published: June 2010

We report time-resolved (TR) remote Raman spectra of minerals under supercritical CO
2
(approx. 95 atm pressure and 423 K) and under atmospheric pressure and high temperature up to 1003 K at distances of 1.5 and 9 m, respectively. The TR Raman spectra of hydrous and anhydrous sulphates, carbonate and silicate minerals (e.g. talc, olivine, pyroxenes and feldspars) under supercritical CO
2
(approx. 95 atm pressure and 423 K) clearly show the well-defined Raman fingerprints of each mineral along with the Fermi resonance doublet of CO
2
. Besides the CO
2
doublet and the effect of the viewing window, the main differences in the Raman spectra under Venus conditions are the phase transitions, the dehydration and decarbonation of various minerals, along with a slight shift in the peak positions and an increase in line-widths. The dehydration of melanterite (FeSO
4
· 7H
2
O) at 423 K under approximately 95 atm CO
2
is detected by the presence of the Raman fingerprints of rozenite (FeSO
4
· 4H
2
O) in the spectrum. Similarly, the high-temperature Raman spectra under ambient pressure of gypsum (CaSO
4
· 2H
2
O) and talc (Mg
3
Si
4
O
10
(OH)
2
) indicate that gypsum dehydrates at 518 K, but talc remains stable up to 1003 K. Partial dissociation of dolomite (CaMg(CO
3
)
2
) is observed at 973 K. The TR remote Raman spectra of olivine, α-spodumene (LiAlSi
2
O
6
) and clino-enstatite (MgSiO
3
) pyroxenes and of albite (NaAlSi
3
O
8
) and microcline (KAlSi
3
O
8
) feldspars at high temperatures also show that the Raman lines remain sharp and well defined in the high-temperature spectra. The results of this study show that TR remote Raman spectroscopy could be a potential tool for exploring the surface mineralogy of Venus during both daytime and nighttime at short and long distances.
The effect of stopping smoking on perceived stress levels
Authors: Hajek Peter , Taylor Tamara , McRobbie Hayden 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAims  Many smokers believe that smoking helps them to cope with stress, and that stopping smoking would deprive them of an effective stress management tool. Changes in stress levels following long‐term smoking cessation are not well mapped. This longitudinal project was designed to provide more robust data on post‐cessation changes in perceived stress levels by following a cohort of smokers admitted to hospital after myocardial infarction (MI) or for coronary artery bypass (CAB) surgery, as such patients typically achieve higher continuous abstinence rates than other comparable samples.Design  A total of 469 smokers hospitalized after MI or CAB surgery and wanting to stop smoking were seen in the hospital and completed 1‐year follow‐ups. Ratings of helpfulness of smoking in managing stress at baseline, smoking status (validated by salivary cotinine concentration) and ratings of perceived stress at baseline and at 1‐year follow‐up were collected.Findings  Of the patients, 41% (n = 194) maintained abstinence for 1 year. Future abstainers and future smokers did not differ in baseline stress levels or in their perception of coping properties of smoking. However, abstainers recorded a significantly larger decrease in perceived stress than continuing smokers, and the result held when possible confounding factors were controlled for (P < 0.001).Conclusions  In highly dependent smokers who report that smoking helps them cope with stress, smoking cessation is associated with lowering of stress. Whatever immediate effects smoking may have on perceived stress, overall it may generate or aggravate negative emotional states. The results provide reassurance to smokers worried that stopping smoking may deprive them of a valuable coping resource.
Anti‐drink driving reform in Britain, c. 1920–80
Authors: Luckin Bill 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAim  The goal of this report is to provide a framework for understanding and interpreting political, scientific and cultural attitudes towards drink driving in 20th‐century Britain. Exploring the inherent conservatism of successive governments, Members of Parliament (MPs) and the public towards the issue during the interwar years, the contribution seeks to explain the shift from legislative paralysis to the introduction of the breathalyser in 1967.Design  Based on governmental, parliamentary and administrative records, the report follows a mainly narrative route. It places particular emphasis on connections between post‐war extra‐parliamentary and parliamentary movements for reform.Setting  The paper follows a linear path from the 1920s to the 1970s. Britain lies at the heart of the story but comparisons are made with nations—particularly the Scandinavian states—which took radical steps to prosecute drinking and dangerous drivers at an early date.Findings  The report underlines the vital post‐war role played by Graham Page, leading parliamentary spokesman for the Pedestrians' Association; the centrality of the Drew Report (1959) into an ‘activity resembling driving’; the pioneering Conservative efforts of Ernest Marples; and Barbara Castle's consolidating rather than radically innovative activities between 1964 and 1967.Conclusion  Both before and after the Second World War politicians from both major parties gave ground repeatedly to major motoring organizations. With the ever‐escalating growth of mass motorization in the 1950s, both Conservative and Labour governments agonized over gridlock and ‘murder on the roads’. Barbara Castle finally took decisive action against drink drivers, but the ground had been prepared by Graham Page and Ernest Marples.
Cellular and transcriptional responses of wheat during compatible and incompatible race‐specific interactions with Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici
Authors: BOZKURT TOLGA O. , MCGRANN GRAHAM R.D. , MACCORMACK RUTH , BOYD LESLEY A. , AKKAYA MAHINUR S. 
Published: June 2010

SUMMARYThe initial stages of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (the causal agent of yellow rust in wheat) infection triggered a hypersensitive cell death (HCD) response in both compatible and Yr1‐mediated incompatible interactions, although the response was earlier and more extensive in the incompatible interaction. Later stages of fungal development were only associated with an HCD response in the incompatible interaction, the HCD response being effectively suppressed in the compatible interaction. Cell autofluorescence was seen in mesophyll cells in direct contact with fungal infection hyphae (primary HCD) and in adjacent mesophyll cells (secondary HCD), indicating the activation of cell‐to‐cell signalling. Microarray analysis identified a number of defence‐related transcripts implicated in Yr1‐mediated resistance, including classical pathogenesis‐related (PR) transcripts and genes involved in plant cell defence responses, such as the oxidative burst and cell wall fortification. A quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction time course analysis identified a number of defence‐related genes, including PR2, PR4, PR9, PR10 and WIR1 transcripts, associated with the latter stages of Yr1‐mediated resistance. A meta‐analysis comparison of the Yr1‐regulated transcriptome with the resistance transcriptomes of the race‐specific resistance gene Yr5 and the race‐nonspecific adult plant resistance gene Yr39 indicated limited transcript commonality. Common transcripts were largely confined to classic PR and defence‐related genes.
Evaluation of the McGrath® Series 5 videolaryngoscope after failed direct laryngoscopy*
Authors: Noppens R. R. , Möbus S. , Heid F. , Schmidtmann I. , Werner C. , Piepho T. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryUnanticipated difficulties during tracheal intubation and failure to intubate are among the leading causes of anaesthesia‐related morbidity and mortality. Using the technique of video laryngoscopy, the alignment of the oral and pharyngeal axes to facilitate tracheal intubation is unnecessary. In this study we evaluated the McGrath® Series 5 videolaryngoscope for tracheal intubation in 61 patients who exhibited Cormack and Lehane grade 3 or 4 laryngoscopies with a Macintosh laryngoscope. Using the McGrath resulted in an improved glottic view, compared to Macintosh laryngoscope. Laryngoscopy was improved by one grade in 10%, by two grades in 80% and by three grades in 10% of cases (p < 0.0001). The success rate for intubation was 95% with the McGrath. These results suggest that the McGrath videolaryngoscope can be used with a high success rate to facilitate tracheal intubation in difficult intubation situations.
The addition of cyclophosphamide to lenalidomide and dexamethasone in multiply relapsed/refractory myeloma patients; a phase I/II study
Authors: Schey Stephen A. , Morgan Gareth J. , Ramasamy Karthik , Hazel Beth , Ladon Dariusz , Corderoy Sophie , Jenner Matthew , Phekoo Karen , Boyd Kevin , Davies Faith E. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryWe report the results of a Phase I/II dose escalation study to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of cyclophosphamide when combined with lenalidomide and dexamethasone in relapsed/refractory myeloma. Thirty‐one patients were enrolled in cohorts of 3, at five dose levels of cyclophosphamide to a maximum of 700 mg on days 1 and 8 of a 28‐d cycle. Patients received lenalidomide 25 mg days 1–21 and dexamethasone 20 mg orally days 1–4 and 8–11. The MTD was 600 mg cyclophosphamide, days 1 and 8. Grade 3/4 haematological complications occurred in 26% of patients, grade 3/4 infection in 3% (both at 700 mg cyclophosphamide), with thromboembolic complications in 6% of patients. Overall complete response (CR) rate was 29%, very good partial response rate 7% and partial response rate 45% giving an overall response rate of 81%. After 21 months median follow‐up, projected 2‐year progression‐free survival was 56%, with 80% overall survival at 30 months. Ten further patients were treated at MTD with a 40% CR rate. No dose reductions for any study drugs or deaths occurred during cycles 1–9. Lenalidomide, cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone is a safe, effective combination in relapsed myeloma inducing a high response rate, warranting further investigation in phase III trials.
Cytotoxicity of the anti‐CD22 immunotoxin HA22 (CAT‐8015) against paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Mussai Francis , Campana Dario , Bhojwani Deepa , Stetler‐Stevenson Maryalice , Steinberg Seth M. , Wayne Alan S. , Pastan Ira 
Published: June 2010

SummaryAcute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) remains the most frequent cause of cancer‐related mortality in paediatrics and outcome is poor for patients who have high‐risk ALL or relapse. HA22 (CAT‐8015) is an immunotoxin composed of an anti‐CD22 variable fragment linked to a 38 kDa truncated protein derived from Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Using a bone marrow mesenchymal cell culture assay to support ALL cell viability, we investigated the in vitro cytotoxicity of HA22 against ALL blasts from newly diagnosed (n = 13) and relapsed patients (n = 22). There was interpatient variability in sensitivity to HA22. Twenty‐four of 35 patient samples tested were sensitive (median 50% lethal concentration 3 ng/ml, range 1–80 ng/ml). Blasts from the other 11 patients were not killed by 500 ng/ml HA22. The median 50% lethal concentration was 20 ng/ml for all patients. There was no significant difference in HA22 sensitivity between diagnosis and relapse samples but peripheral blood ALL blasts were more sensitive to HA22 than those from bone marrow (P = 0·008). Thus, HA22, at concentrations achievable in patients, is highly cytotoxic to B‐lineage ALL cells. These results provide a strong rationale for clinical testing of this agent in children with drug‐resistant ALL and offers the potential to reduce morbidities of treatment while improving outcome.
Aren't they just black kids? Biracial children in the child welfare system
Authors: Fusco Rachel A. , Rauktis Mary E. , McCrae Julie S. , Cunningham Michael A. , Bradley‐King Cynthia K. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTIn the USA, African‐American children are overrepresented in the child welfare system. However, little is known about the child welfare system experiences of biracial children, who are predominately both White and African‐American. To better understand this population, data from public child welfare in a US county were used to examine biracial children in the child welfare system. Results showed significant racial differences between children in the child welfare system. Despite the common belief that biracial children will have experiences similar to African‐American children, the child welfare system seems to view them differently. Biracial children are more likely to be referred, rated as high risk and investigated compared with White or African‐American children. Their mothers were younger, and were more often assessed as having physical, intellectual or emotional problems. These caregivers were also considered to have lower parenting skills and knowledge compared with White or African‐American caregivers. Although the disproportionate representation of African‐American children in the system has been well documented, this study provides evidence that biracial children are also overrepresented. Despite the fact that this is a rapidly growing population in the USA, there is little research available about biracial children and their families.
Efficacy, safety, and immunological effects of a 2‐year immunotherapy with Depigoid® birch pollen extract: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Höiby A.‐S. , Strand V. , Robinson D.S. , Sager A. , Rak S. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryBackground
Rhinoconjunctivitis due to birch pollen sensitization is common in Northern Europe. A depigmented polymerized birch pollen extract – Depigoid® has been developed for immunotherapy.Objective
To evaluate its clinical efficacy, safety, and effects on immunological parameters.Methods
Sixty‐one patients aged 7–69 years were included in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) using depigmented polymerized birch pollen extract. SCIT consisted of four increasing doses at 7‐day intervals, followed by maintenance injections of 500 DPP (corresponding to 30 μg Bet v1 before depigmentation) at 6‐week intervals for 18 months. The primary outcome was the combined symptom and medication score during the 2006 birch pollen season. The frequency of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)producing IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐12, and IL‐13 was assessed in a subgroup of patients by ELISPOT assay.Results
After 18 months of treatment, the median combined symptom and medication score (upper/lower quartile) of treated patients was significantly lower than those on placebo: 8.0 (5.8–10.3) and 12.6 (8.6–16.2), respectively (P=0.004). Systemic reactions occurred in 29 patients (12 active, 17 placebo), were grades 1 or 2, and none required specific treatment. After 18 months of treatment, mean serum concentrations of specific IgE increased significantly in both groups (P<0.0001) whereas serum concentrations of both specific IgG1 and IgG4 only increased significantly in the SCIT group (P=0.002) and not in the placebo group. The seasonal increase in numbers of IL‐4‐ and IL‐13‐producing PBMC was blunted by immunotherapy.Conclusions
SCIT with depigmented polymerized birch pollen extract significantly reduced symptom and medication scores when compared with the placebo, was well tolerated, and resulted in immunological changes comparable with those of native pollen extracts. Cite this as: A.‐S. Höiby, V. Strand, D.S. Robinson, A. Sager and S. Rak, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1062–1070.
Marked response to imatinib mesylate in metastatic acral lentiginous melanoma on the thumb
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Harada K. , Ando N. , Kawamura T. , Shibagaki N. , Shimada S. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
We report a case of melanoma that had a marked response to treatment with imatinib mesylate (IM). The patient was a 61-year-old man who presented with a small red nodule on the thumb and destruction of the nail plate. On histological examination, this lesion was diagnosed as a melanoma, and computed tomography revealed lymph-node swelling in the left axilla and nodules in both lung fields. Although the patient received intratumoral injections of interferon-β and systemic administration of dacarbazine, both primary and metastatic lesions increased in size. Immunochemistry detected a KIT mutation, which was confirmed by DNA sequencing analysis, and patient was given IM. Within 2 weeks of starting the IM regimen, the size of the nodule on the nail plate markedly decreased, and the axillary lymph-node swelling and lung-nodule formation regressed. This case suggests that IM may be a promising treatment option for KIT mutation-positive melanoma.
Cardiac hormones inhibit proliferation of pancreatic cancer but not normal cells
Authors: Skelton William P. , Pi Guillermo , Lenz Anne , Sun Ying , Vesely David L. 
Published: June 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (8): 706–712AbstractBackground  Four cardiac hormones, i.e. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), vessel dilator, long‐acting natriuretic peptide (LANP) and kaliuretic peptide (KP), have anticancer effects both in vitro and in vivo. The sustained decrease in number of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells for 3 days secondary to the four hormones noted previously suggests a decrease in proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells not eliminated after initial treatment.Materials and methods  Four cardiac hormones were evaluated for their ability to directly decrease proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells with comparison of their effects on proliferation on normal human lung, kidney, prostate and endothelial cells.Results  ANP, LANP, vessel dilator and KP decreased the proliferation of viable human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells by 39%, 73%, 26% and 32% respectively at their 0·01 μM concentrations compared with the proliferation of untreated pancreatic cancer cells. Maximal inhibition of proliferation (81%) occurred with LANP at its 0·1 μM concentration in dose‐response studies. At these same concentrations, there was no decrease in proliferation of human kidney, lung, prostate or endothelial cells compared with untreated kidney, lung, prostate or endothelial cells.Conclusion  Four cardiac hormones have strong anti‐proliferative effects on human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells while sparing human kidney, lung, prostate and endothelial cells from a similar strong anti‐proliferative effect. This anti‐proliferative effect on pancreatic cancer cells helps to explain why human pancreatic cancers in vivo treated with the cardiac hormones decrease to less than 10% of the volume of untreated pancreatic cancers as they proliferate less.
The effects of diel changes in circulation and mixing on the longitudinal distribution of phytoplankton in a canyon‐shaped Mediterranean reservoir
Authors: VIDAL JAVIER , MORENO‐OSTOS ENRIQUE , ESCOT CARMELO , QUESADA RUBEN , RUEDA FRANCISCO 
Published: June 2010

Summary1. The near‐surface distribution of phytoplankton cells along the thalweg of a canyon‐shaped reservoir (El Gergal, southern Spain) during two surveys is described and interpreted as the result of time‐varying large‐scale circulation patterns, vertical mixing processes and the physiological capacity of algal cells to regulate its position in the water column.2. Vertical gradients of chlorophyll‐a concentration developed in the water column during the day but disappeared at night, as a result of the shoaling and deepening of the diurnal mixed layer (dml). The changes in the depth of the dml are largely controlled in El Gergal by convectively driven mixing processes. The longitudinal circulation changes, in turn, as a result of weak and diurnal land‐sea breezes. The distribution of algal cells was patchy at all times but did not change during any of the surveys.3. An expression is proposed to estimate time scales for the development of horizontal patchiness TP based on simple concepts of transport. It is shown that TP is in the order of a week, indicating that horizontal patchiness does not respond immediately to hourly changes in the controlling factors. The magnitude of TP, though, depends on how the vertical distribution of chlorophyll‐a and longitudinal currents change on subdiurnal time scales. In particular, TP is sensitive to the lag existing between the momentum and heat fluxes through the free surface, driving circulation and vertical mixing.