bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kripke's Argument Against Materialism
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends Saul Kripke's argument. The basic principle underlying the argument is that if a sentence contains only terms that pick out their referents essentially then, if the sentence expresses a necessary truth, it is impossible for people in our epistemic situation to be mistaken in asserting the sentence. It seems clear that people in our epistemic situation might be mistaken in asserting the sentences that materialists assert as necessary truths. The option available to materialists is to claim that physicalist terms do not pick out their referents essentially. But that leads to an implausible view of physical reality akin to idealism.
You are Simple
Authors: Barnett David 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that unlike your brain, you are not composed of other things: you are simple. The argument centers on what he takes to be an uncontroversial datum: for any pair of conscious beings, it is impossible for the pair itself to be conscious. Consider for instance the pair comprising you and me. You might pinch your arm and feel a pain. I might simultaneously pinch my arm and feel a qualitatively identical pain. But the pair we form would not feel a thing. For pairs of people are themselves incapable of experience. What explains this datum? The following exhaust the reasonable options: (1) Pairs of people lack a sufficient number of immediate parts. (2) Pairs of people lack immediate parts of the right nature. (3) Pairs of people lack immediate parts capable of standing in the right sorts of relations to each other and their environment. (4) Pairs of people have no essential structure (they are mere collections of their two immediate parts). Finally, (5) pairs of people have proper parts. The chapter defends (5). The defense rests in part on an argument that no combination of (1)-(4) can explain the datum.
An Argument from Transtemporal Identity for Subject–Body Dualism
Authors: Nida‐Rümelin Martine 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSubject body dualism is the view that conscious individuals (including human and non-human animals) are neither identical nor constituted by material things. An argument in favor of subject body dualism is developed which is based on a description of conceptual features of first person thought. This chapter argues that certain central conceptual features of first person thought carry over to the way we conceive of the future and the past of other conscious individuals and their identity across time. These conceptual features are deeply incorporated into the way we perceive each other and into our emotional attitudes. An indirect argument for subject body dualism is developed which is distinct from conceivability arguments: any alternative to subject body dualism implies that we suffer from a permanent and ubiquitous illusion in our cognitive and emotional life. The version of subject body dualism defended has no religious motivation, presupposition or consequences.
Burge's Dualism
Authors: Kobes Bernard W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDualist themes in Burge's philosophy of mind are gathered and articulated. Burge's anti-individualism yields an argument against token-identity theory; his reflections on mental causation have a dualist flavor; and he doubts that the relation of mental events to neural events is one of composition or constitution. This chapter argues that compositional materialism about representational mental events would be false just in case a ‘mathematical archangel’, starting from a base of fundamental material facts, could not discern as causally salient the neural event underlying a representational event prior to identifying the representational mental event as such and its causal relations. Burge's doubts about neural composition of the mental could thus be empirically confirmed.
Nonreductive Physicalism or Emergent Dualism? The Argument from Mental Causation
Authors: O'Connor Timothy , Churchill John Ross 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter presents a version of the causal exclusion challenge to non-reductive physicalism, one that is explicitly directed at non-reductive physicalists who adopt an ontology of causal powers. After reviewing some considerations in favor of a causal powers metaphysic, it presents its exclusion argument and defends it against recent attempts by Shoemaker and Gillett to overcome exclusion without sacrificing causal powers or non-reductive physicalism. The lesson is that if irreducible mental properties are to be efficacious in a way that is consonant with a causal powers metaphysic, these properties cannot be the realized entities postulated by the non-reductive physicalist. The chapter ends with a sketch of an alternative to non-reductive physicalism that preserves both the causal powers ontology and the irreducibility and efficacy of mental properties. On this alternative, mental properties are unrealized, ontologically emergent features of their subjects.
Dualistic Materialism
Authors: Almog Joseph 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends a position that is both dualistic (recognizing the distinctness and the difference in nature between mental and physical events) and materialistic (in the sense of positing a natural or essential connection between the two types of phenomena). It insists that our common sense (or ‘marketplace’ view embraces both a duality and a necessary connection intuition, unlike either substance dualism or philosophical materialism. On this chapter's view, there can be (contra Hume) necessary connections between distinct existences, whenever the distinct existences have correlative or coordinated natures. The chapter provides examples from mathematics of correlated natures linking distinct numbers or sets to one another, or sets to non-sets (such as singleton sets and their members). The correlated natures of biological species and their individual members provides another example. The chapter argues that since there is only one cosmos, the nature of each type and token must be correlated with that of the generative process responsible for its coming into being, providing just the sort of necessary connection between mental and physical phenomena required by common sense.
Against Methodological Materialism
Authors: Menuge Angus J. L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract‘Nature’ is ambiguous and may or may not include teleological causes. Materialism, however, clearly states that all phenomena can be explained by undirected causes. Methodological materialism (MM) unequivocally denies the legitimacy of teleological explanation and thereby excludes any form of Intelligent Design from science. When enforced as a policy of science education, MM silences those teachers who wish to present evidence challenging the adequacy of undirected causes. Apologists for MM provide a number of supporting rationales. It is claimed that design: is objectionably unobservable, violates a ‘publicity’ condition on scientific evidence, precludes general, law-based explanation, is a ‘science stopper’, is an argument from ignorance, fails to provide a mechanism, is ‘intractable’, is not ‘controllable’, is empirically sterile, makes no practical difference to science, and, in any case, has been decisively refuted. This chapter argues that none of these claims is a good reason to exclude design from science. It suggests that both Methodological Materialism and Methodological Design can have provisional value, but that the best overarching principle for science is Methodological Realism: allowing the iconoclastic nature of reality itself to judge the effectiveness of our provisional methodologies.
Materialism Does Not Save the Phenomena—and the Alternative Which Does
Authors: Meixner Uwe 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter offers a version of Cartesian dualism that draws on the resources of a Husserlian account of intentionality. For example, it argues that ‘I can locate myself at the point in space from which I am looking at the world (my ‘center of perspective’)’. It relies on empirical phenomenology to show that this location that does not correspond to my body or any part of it. Phantom sensations provide confirming evidence. Next, the chapter uses the example of blurred (versus sharp) vision to provide evidence of qualitative properties that cannot be instantiated within the physical world. Finally, it argues that the self's endurance through calls for explanation in terms of patterns of psychophysical causation or interaction.
1 Introduction
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Why is it important to study the genesis of bills of rights? Alongside symbolizing a society's understandings of some of its most important rights and values, this chapter argues that a bill of rights has significant direct effects at least within advanced democracies with an adequate ‘support structure’ for rights litigation. It sum, the presence and type of bill of rights can critically effect whether power is constituted and controlled via ordinary political institutions (political constitutionalism) or whether decisions are controlled through a legalized judicial process (legal constitutionalism). Despite this, the socio‐political origins of bills of rights have rarely been systematically studied. This chapter forwards the case for studying the historically largely common but recently highly divergent experiences of four Westminster democracies (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom) in order to build up an understanding of bill of rights genesis in internally stable, advanced democratic settings. The chapter also provides a brief outline of the postmaterialist trigger thesis explanation which developed out of this study.
2 The origins of bills of rights: concepts and comparative development
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter defines bills of rights as instruments giving an overarching legal status to a broad set of fundamental human or civil rights. It then argues that, despite this common shape, bills of rights differ significantly in terms of their designed strength and nature. This divergence can be usefully captured by the variable of bill of rights institutionalization (BORI). This new quantifiable measure is based on the instrument's legal status, its rigidity, and the scope of its rights protection. BORI scores are calculated for thirty‐six democracies and correlated against a number of possible determinants of bill of rights outcomes. Not adopting a bill of rights during political transition (e.g. independence) and having a British heritage are both strongly correlated with low BORI scores. All the Westminster democracies – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom – share both these characteristics. The chapter closes by providing a précis three factors which make close qualitative study of these four cases particularly interesting: (a) very low average BORI scores, (b) a common trend towards adoption of a bill of rights, and (c) substantial divergence in BORI between the cases.
3 Theorizing the origins of bills of rights
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The first part of this chapter explores in detail the Postmaterialist Trigger Thesis (PTT) explanation of bill of rights genesis in internally stable, advanced democracies. It argues that, as a result of postmaterialist socio‐economic change, background pressure for a bill of rights has increased. Nevertheless, by enhancing judicial power, the bill of rights genesis continues to conflict with the prima facie positional interests of the political elite. Therefore, the supply of a bill of rights also requires a contingent political trigger which provides actors with an immediate rationale for change. Two such triggers – the ‘aversive’ and the ‘threat to political stability’ – are outlined. The second part of the chapter explores existing theories in the literature which relate to, but may also conflict with, the PTT. Specific theories discussed include, in relation to the background pressure aspect of the PTT, constructivist theory, institutionalist theory, transnational diffusion theory, and the Knowledge Class Thesis, and, in relation to the contingent trigger or supply‐side aspects, neo‐marxist theory, Political Insurance Thesis, and the Hegemonic Preservation Thesis.
4 Canada and the Canadian Bill of Rights Act (1960)
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter forwards a new socio‐political explanation for the genesis of the Canadian Bill of Rights Act (CBORA) (1960). Following a brief chronological overview, the first part of the chapter explores the origins of increased social support for a bill of rights in Canada from the mid‐1930s onwards. It argues that demands for such an instrument arose out of the civil libertarian and social equality communities and that these communities were given added political saliency by the gradual postmaterialization of the Canadian economy and society. Nevertheless, this factor alone, cannot explain the precocious development of such pressures in Canada vis‐à‐vis other Westminster democracies. Explanations of this which focus either on international human rights developments or on the federal features of the Canadian political system are rejected. By contrast, it is found that Canada's particularly close cultural and people‐to‐people linkages with the bill of rights‐infused United States did prove important. The final part of the chapter explores the immediate political origins of CBORA. It is found that this was fuelled by the ‘aversive’ response of key Progressive Conservatives to the perceived abuses of procedural rights and other guarantees under the previous Liberal Government. Combined with the social forces already mentioned, the nature and strength of this trigger strongly influenced both the substantive content and statutory structure of CBORA.
5 Canada and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982)
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the socio‐political genesis of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982). The first part of the chapter examines the immediate political origins of this instrument. It is found that, as an elite federal political project, the Charter was triggered by a felt need to create a new unifying institution to counter the centrifugal forces of Québécois nationalism. The powerful, largely self‐interested, and prospective nature of this ‘threat to political stability’ trigger encouraged elites to push for a fully constitutional instrument, something which was largely achieved. This trigger also led to a substantive focus on protecting rights integral to building up a pan‐Canadian identity including, most particularly, intra‐provincial anglophone and francophone linguistic rights. The second part of the chapter explores background social pressure for a constitutional bill of rights during this time. It is found that civil libertarians and social equality seekers, both given added political saliency by the continuing postmaterialization of the Canadian economy and society, were critical advocates of a constitutional bill of rights, helping the federal government defeat counter‐mobilization by recalcitrant provincial premiers. In turn, these groups critically structured many of the most important substantive aspects of the Charter. The chapter closes by considering the origins of the aboriginal rights protections and the absence of a right to private property within the Charter.
6 New Zealand and the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act (1990)
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the socio‐politics of bill of rights debates and outcomes in New Zealand. The first part of the chapter focuses on the unsuccessful proposals for a bill of rights in the late 1950s and early 1960s. This debate was triggered politically by a felt need to strengthen institutional checks following abolition of the upper house. However, the trigger was very weak and never pointed specifically to the need for a bill of rights. Meanwhile, strong social support for such an instrument was confined to the neo‐liberal Constitutional Society. Postmaterialist rights groups were ill‐developed and, in any case, largely adhered to traditional Westminster precepts. The second part examines the very different debate of the 1980s which led to the statutory New Zealand Bill of Rights Act (NZBOR). This was politically prompted by a more focused ‘aversive’ reaction against the perceived authoritarianism of Robert Muldoon's National administration. Meanwhile, postmaterialist rights groups were not only better developed by this stage but also more open to formalizing rights guarantees. Nevertheless, the relatively weak, backward‐looking nature of the political trigger combined with a continued societal belief in parliamentary sovereignty shaped and limited the nature of reform. Both parts of the chapter include detailed discussion of the particular role of the Māori including analysis of the failure to include special protections for indigenous rights with NZBOR.
8 Australia and the failure of national bill of rights genesis
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the contours of bill of rights debates and outcomes in Australia. The first part of the chapter demonstrates that, similarly to the situation in other Westminster democracies, pressure for a bill of rights has been emerged from the 1960s from a constituency of civil liberty and social equality seekers, given added political saliency by the postmaterialization of the Australian economy and society. The second part then explores the puzzle of why, uniquely, no such initiatives have proved successful. An explanation based on the alleged special weakness of background pressure for such a reform is rejected. Instead, it is argued that two features of Australian politics have blocked the supply of a bill of rights in this case. Firstly, Australia's strong institutional fragmentation compared at least with the United Kingdom and New Zealand have raised the bar which elite supporters of a bill of rights have to surpass in order to bring this project to fruition. Secondly, and more importantly, during relevant periods of its history, Australia has lacked a clear political trigger providing elites and others with an immediate impetus for change. The chapter closes with a brief consideration of the prospects for bill of rights genesis, following the return of the Rudd Labor Government in 2007.
4 The Body Politic: The Ethics of Responsibility and the Responsibility of Ethics
Authors: O'Brien Eugene 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ethical implications of the choice made by Antigone in terms of loyalty to her family or loyalty to her polis. It does this through the prism of Jacques Derrida's ideas on responsibility and irresponsibility. For Derrida, to be responsible to one is of necessity to be irresponsible to the other, so the choice made by Antigone is a synecdoche of the ethical dilemma of all such choices. Examples are adduced in the chapter to underline this point: the invasion of Iraq and the war in Afghanistan, the Northern Irish IRA hunger striker Francis Hughes, Robert McCartney, murdered by the IRA in Belfast.
7 One Amongst Many: The Ethical Significance of Antigone and the Films of Lars Von Trier
Authors: Neill Calum 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Like Sophocles' Antigone, the work of Lars von Trier is often called upon to illustrate a point regarding ethics. Among those who so use these works are many Lacanians, such as Žižek, and, indeed, Lacan himself draws on Antigone in The Ethics of Psychoanalysis. What needs to be clarified, however, is that Lacan does not, in his discussion of ethics, point to Antigone as an example of the ethical. Rather, he utilizes Antigone to discuss how ethics functions always subjectively. That is to say, for Lacan, key to understanding ethics is an understanding of the act in relation to desire. In drawing this lesson out of Lacan's seminar, Lacan's notion of ethics, his treatment of Antigone, and also, by extension, what it is that makes von Trier's films so ethically significant and amongst the most important film works of our time, can be better understood.
10 Antigone and the Law: Legal Theory and the Ambiguities of Performance
Authors: Tindemans Klaas 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the importance of a legal‐theoretical framework for any dramaturgy for performances of Antigone, probably Sophocles' most discussed tragedy today. Her ‘unwritten laws’ have been, in various stages in the history of legal thinking, quoted to underpin very different theories: principles of natural law, outlines of a constitutional framework, or a purely formal ‘transcendental category’ in Kant's sense. This dramaturgy should reflect upon the gap between the legalistic framework in ancient Athens and modern concepts of jurisprudence. Recent productions of Sophocles' Antigone in Flanders and the Netherlands, representative of contemporary theatrical practices, are analysed from this point of interest. The central inquiry in this respect deals with the way a legal‐philosophical argument generates a theatrical plus‐value of performances. Does the concept of law matter on stage today, as it obviously did in the case of Antigone's persona in ancient Athens?
12 Antigone with(out) Jocaste
Authors: Ettinger Bracha L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The chapter is the third in a series of essays the author has dedicated to Antigone, starting from 1996. This chapter deals with the mother‐and‐daughter matrixial web, and more specifically with the question of the psychic scars left inside the particular Jocaste‐with‐Antigone matrixial web. As a result of tears in this (Jocaste‐with‐Antigone) particular web, the womb‐space turns into a grave‐space. The chapter addresses Lacan's Seminar VII on Ethics and Judith Butler's Antigone's Claim. The author argues that this foreclosed maternal instance stands for the foreclosure of traces of child abandonment (of Jocaste's abandonment of Oedipus). This leads to further elaboration of what Ettinger has elsewhere named the Primal fantasy of the Abandoning Mother. This Primal fantasy is placed in relation to what she has seen as the two other Primal fantasies concerning the maternal figure: the Devouring Mother and the Not‐enough Mother. This chapter examines the possibility of the resultant feminine sacrifice (Antigone's burial alive and Jocaste's suicide: a mother‐and‐daughter destruction, to the glorifying of the death drive, etc.) being transformed into psychic feminine solace in the service of Life. Ettinger elaborates the potentiality for an analytical working‐through of transgenerational trauma in the case of Jocaste‐with‐Antigone.
14 Antigone and her Brother: What Sort of Special Relationship?
Authors: Torrance Isabelle 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The Antigone who is familiar from Sophocles, and from later interpretations, is often held up as a positive model for courageous action against an oppressive régime. However, there is a disturbing quality to Antigone's relationship with her brother, Polyneices, which is apparent even in Sophocles and has often been underplayed. This chapter draws attention to several ancient representations of Antigone's relationship with Polyneices, from authors such as Euripides, Seneca, and Statius. These are used to contextualize later receptions of Antigone's legacy in France, in Jean de Rotrou's seventeenth‐century Antigone and André Gide's twentieth‐century Œdipe, in order to highlight an alternative presentation of Antigone as a deeply troubled young woman whose all but incestuous relationship with her brother causes her to reject the natural course of married life.