bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrusion of Ptolemaic Reality on Cultic Practices in Qoh 4:17
Authors: Pinker Aron 
Published: March 2011

A new interpretation is offered for Qoh 4:17 that highlights the Sitz im Leben of the Ptolemaic regime. Qoh 4:17, though couched in cultic terms and with a Temple setting, contains allusions to the Ptolemaic reality of spies and informers who helped the Ptolemaic administration exact heavy taxes. It is shown that this dual level (cultic and non-cultic) meaning persists in the unit Qoh 4:17-5:6.
To See or Not To See. The Polysemy of the Word עין in the Isaac Narratives (Gen 17-35)
Authors: Vermeulen Karolien 
Published: March 2011

This article discusses the polysemy of the word עיןin the Isaac narratives (Gen 17-35). The word's given ambivalent nature is exploited on every level. It fits the major themes in the Isaac story as well as the small nuances in individual sentences. As such it illustrates the potential power of polysemy and its multiple, so to say polysemous, role in biblical narrative.
Mixing
Authors: Erwin Lewis 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn polymer processing, mixing significantly affects materials properties, processibility, and cost. Mixing processes include blending with other polymers, incorporating reinforcing materials, adding chain extenders or stabilizers to control a reaction, incorporating additives to improve flame retardance or corrosive resistance, and thermal homogenization. Mixing is often performed in a continuous mode such as extrusion. This article reviews characterization of mixing and mixtures, decoupling, deformations, the kinematics of interfacial growth, mixing as a function of strain, mixing in interrupted shear, and other topics.
Chromatography in Process Analysis
Authors: Clemons Jerry M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractProcess chromatography is an analytical technique that provides for the on‐line separation and measurement of the components of a mixture in a chemical process. The chromatographic analyzers utilized for on‐line analysis must operate in a continuous and automatic manner, taking a fixed quantity of sample, separating the chemical components using adsorption or partitioning columns, and measuring the concentration of each with a detector. The chromatograph provides both quantitative results, by measuring the area of the peak generated as the components pass through the detector, and qualitative results based on the retention time, which is measured from injection to detection.The most commonly used process chromatographic analyzer is the process gas chromatograph because of its many applications in the hydrocarbon processing industry. A variety of valve, column, and detector configurations are available for these analyses, from parts per million to percent levels. All samples must be in gas phase or must be liquids that can be vaporized prior to analysis. The analyzers are controlled using a cyclic timing device that switches valves and columns as the components pass through the system to provide the necessary separation. This time cycle is a limitation of the technique for applications requiring continuous or very fast analysis times. Even with these limitations, the advantages of cost, flexibility, sensitivity, and reliability have made process gas chromatography (PGC) the most widely used analytical technique for on‐line process control.
Solid‐state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Polymorphic Materials
Authors: Vogt Frederick G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSolid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique for the analysis of polymorphs, which are molecules that exist in different crystalline phases. In this review, applications of SSNMR to polymorphism and related phenomena in a variety of chemical systems are discussed, including pharmaceuticals, food materials, explosives, dyes and pigments, biomolecules, inorganic materials, and organometallic compounds. The advantages of SSNMR are highlighted in relation to other analytical techniques, such as diffraction methods. The SSNMR techniques commonly used to analyze these systems and probe aspects of their polymorphic structure are reviewed, and illustrative examples from each class are given. In recent years, increasingly sophisticated SSNMR methods have been applied to the analysis of polymorphism, including 2‐D correlation methods, methods that measure chemical shift tensors, methods that extract quadrupolar parameters at high static field strengths, and computational methods that assist in interpreting and understanding the experimental data in relation to crystal structure. Multicomponent crystals including salts, solvates, and cocrystals also display polymorphism, and are often included with polymorphs in investigations of supramolecular chemistry and crystal engineering. The relationship between crystalline and amorphous materials is also discussed to emphasize the applicability of the analytical technique and the complementary information often obtained. Finally, the importance of SSNMR within multidisciplinary studies of polymorphism using other techniques is emphasized.
Spinal cerebrospinal fluid volume in healthy elderly individuals
Authors: Edsbagge M. , Starck G. , Zetterberg H. , Ziegelitz D. , Wikkelso C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe amount of spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be of importance for the understanding of CSF dynamics, CSF biomarker analyses as well as for the amount and effect of anaesthesia using intrathecally administered drugs. However, knowledge of spinal CSF volumes is scarce. The main purpose of this article is to present data on spinal CSF volumes. In total, 22 healthy individuals aged between 64 and 76 years underwent MR imaging with a 3D balanced turbo field echo pulse sequence, which provided high contrast between spinal cord, CSF and the extradural surroundings. The entire spinal CSF volume, the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral CSF volumes and the spinal cord volume were calculated. The total spinal CSF volume was 81 ± 13 ml (range 52–103 ml). The amount of CSF in the cervical region was 19 ± 4 ml, in the thoracic region 38 ± 8 and in the lumbosacral region 25 ± 7 ml. There was no difference between genders nor was there any correlation with height. The volume of the spinal cord was 20 ± 3 ml. The results present new magnetic resonance imaging‐based data on the spinal CSF volume in healthy elderly individuals. Clin. Anat. 24:733–740, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biosynthesis of Vitamin B2: A Unique Way to Assemble a Xylene Ring
Authors: Fischer Markus , Bacher Adelbert 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe biosynthesis of one riboflavin (vitamin B2) molecule requires one molecule of GTP and two molecules of ribulose 5‐phosphate as substrates. In the final step, the tricyclic isoalloxazine chromophore, which is the hallmark of flavocoenzymes, arises from a highly unusual dismutation of bicyclic 6,7‐dimethyl‐8‐ribityllumazine that is catalyzed by riboflavin synthase but can also proceed without catalysis. The reaction proceeds via a pentacyclic adduct of two 6,7‐dimethyl‐8‐ribityllumazine molecules, whose cleavage into riboflavin and a pyrimidine derivative (by a sequence of two elimination steps) is mechanistically straightforward. Recently, the formation of the pentacyclic adduct has been proposed to involve a hydride transfer step followed by a [4+2] cycloaddition. Surprisingly, two different classes of riboflavin synthases utilize different diastereomers of the pentacyclic adduct, but the newly generated chiral centers are lost upon the intermediates' subsequent fragmentation.
Biphenyl Sulfonylamino Methyl Bisphosphonic Acids as Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Bone Resorption
Authors: Rubino Maria Teresa , Agamennone Mariangela , Campestre Cristina , Campiglia Pietro , Cremasco Viviana , Faccio Roberta , Laghezza Antonio , Loiodice Fulvio , Maggi Dariana , Panza Emilia , Rossello Armando , Tortorella Paolo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA number of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), proteins important in the balance of bone remodeling, play a critical role both in cancer metastasis and in bone matrix turnover associated with the presence of cancer cells in bone. Here, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new class of MMP inhibitors characterized by a bisphosphonate function as the zinc binding group. Since the bisphosphonate group is also implicated in osteoclast inhibition and provides a preferential affinity to biological apatite, the new molecules can be regarded as bone‐seeking medicinal agents. Docking experiments were performed to clarify the mode of binding of bisphosphonate inhibitors in the active site of MMP‐2. The most promising of the studied bisphosphonates showed nanomolar inhibition against MMP‐2 and resulted in potent inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro.
Cigarette smoking and subtypes of bladder cancer
Authors: Jiang Xuejuan , Castelao J. Esteban , Yuan Jian‐Min , Stern Mariana C. , Conti David V. , Cortessis Victoria K. , Pike Malcolm C. , Gago‐Dominguez Manuela 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThere is little information regarding associations between suspected bladder cancer risk factors and tumor subtypes at diagnosis. Some, but not all, studies have found that bladder cancer among smokers is often more invasive than it is among nonsmokers. This population‐based case‐control study was conducted in Los Angeles, California, involving 1,586 bladder cancer patients and their individually matched controls. Logistic regression was used to conduct separate analyses according to tumor subtypes defined by stage and grade. Cigarette smoking increased risk of both superficial and invasive bladder cancer, but the more advanced the stage, the stronger the effect. The odds ratios associated with regular smokers were 2.2 (95% confidence intervals, 1.8–2.8), 2.7 (2.1–3.6) and 3.7 (2.5–5.5) for low‐grade superficial, high‐grade superficial and invasive tumors respectively. This pattern was consistently observed regardless of the smoking exposure index under examination. Women had higher risk of invasive bladder cancer than men even they smoked comparable amount of cigarettes as men. There was no gender difference in the association between smoking and risk of low‐grade superficial bladder cancer. The heterogeneous effect of cigarette smoking was attenuated among heavy users of NSAIDs. Our results indicate that cigarette smoking was more strongly associated with increased risk of invasive bladder cancer than with low‐grade superficial bladder cancer.
Pathway analysis of gene expression in local lymph nodes draining skin exposed to three different sensitizers
Authors: Ku Hyun‐Ok , Jeong Sang‐Hee , Kang Hwan‐Goo , Son Seong‐Wan , Yun So‐mi , Ryu Doug‐Young 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTGenomic analysis in the local lymph node assays (LLNAs) is useful for assessing skin sensitization of chemicals and providing insights into mechanisms of sensitization. In this study, we collected 1406 genes from previous microarray findings, validated changes in their expression by RT‐PCR analysis in local lymph nodes draining skin exposed to different sensitizers, and interpreted their biological function through pathway‐based genomic analysis, in which 468 genes were identified as being in the KEGG pathway database. The top‐ranked functions (P < 0.01) identified as being affected by the sensitizers were associated with aspects of cell growth, such as DNA replication, cell cycle regulation and pyrimidine metabolism. All the sensitizers tested (DNCB, OXA and TDI) induced significant up‐regulation of Psme4, which is associated with DNA replication; Tfdp1, which is related to cell cycle regulation; and Dut, which is involved in pyrimidine metabolism. Specific changes were also shown in functional categories related to the immune response, including cytokines and their receptors. Genes identified in these functional categories, such as Ccl21c, Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Ifng and Il12rb1, were found to have functional relevance. These findings may enhance our understanding and assessment of chemical sensitizers, and enable us to distinguish sensitizers from irritants and to classify chemicals as contact sensitizers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Staphylococcus aureus with a fluorescence in situ hybridization that does not require lysostaphin
Authors: Lawson Thomas S. , Connally Russell E. , Iredell Jonathan R. , Vemulpad Subramanyam , Piper James A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTo detect with whole‐cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Staphylococcus aureus is typically permeabilized with lyozyme and lysostaphin. We tested whether it was feasible to detect S. aureus and differentiate it from Staphylococcus epidermidis with lysozyme‐only permeabilization. We compared lysozyme permeabilizationto S. aureus permeabilized with lysozyme in combination with lysostaphin. It was determined that S. aureus treated with agarose, methanol, and lysozyme could be detected with FISH. The 1 hr protocol is a useful alternative to conventional FISH. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 25:142–147, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by gouty tophus of the flexor tendons of the fingers: Sonographic features
Authors: Therimadasamy Aravindakannan , Peng Yeong Pin , Putti Thomas Choudary , Wilder‐Smith Einar Patrick Vincent 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe report the case of a 23‐year‐old male presenting with carpal tunnel syndrome and a swelling over the flexor surface of the wrist. MRI findings were initially suggestive of a median nerve schwannoma but sonography (US) showed a heterogenous mass infiltrating the flexor tendons of the fingers and displacing the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. US findings were confirmed by surgical exploration, which revealed a gouty tophus of the flexor tendons of the fingers at the wrist with secondary median nerve displacement and compression. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2011.
Isocyanide‐based three‐component synthesis of functionalized 5‐alkylimino‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐3,4‐dicarboxylate and their conversion to substituted furanones
Authors: Hossaini Zinatossadat , Hamadi Hosein , Charati Faramarz Rostami , Khoobi Mehdi , Shafiee Abbas 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe zwitterionic 1:1 intermediates formed from alkyl isocyanides and acetylenic esters are trapped by alkyl bromides to form 5‐alkylimino‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐3,4‐dicarboxylate in relatively good yields at room temperature under solventless conditions. Hydrolysis of these compounds by HCl (5%) produced substituted furanones. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Evaluation of the PROMIS physical function item bank in orthopaedic patients
Authors: Hung Man , Clegg Daniel O. , Greene Tom , Saltzman Charles L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe patient‐reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) physical function item bank v1 (PPFIB) contains 124 item response theory (IRT) calibrated items (Rose et al. 2008. J Clin Epidemiol 61:17–33). We report the psychometric properties of these items within an outpatient, orthopaedic patient population. In particular, we investigated whether a single unidimensional IRT scale can adequately define physical function of patients presenting with primarily upper or lower extremity orthopaedic complaints. We conducted a prospective study at an orthopaedic outpatient clinic to collect data from 865 adult patients with all 124 PROMIS physical function items and seven demographic items. Items were evaluated by a Rasch model. Total variance (60.6%) across the 124 items was explained by a single Rasch dimension. The variance explained by the second dimension was 7.7%, reflecting differential item functioning in the upper and lower extremity patients. The upper extremity physical function items had a pronounced ceiling effect. A single physical function dimension accounts for most of the item variance in the PPFIB, suggesting that the items are measuring predominately one single construct. Separate subscales for lower versus upper extremities, especially with additional items at the upper trait level of the upper extremity subscale, may further enhance evaluation of physical function in orthopaedic patients. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:947–953
Optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Gallwas Julia K.S. , Turk Lisa , Stepp Herbert , Mueller Susanna , Ochsenkuehn Robert , Friese Klaus , Dannecker Christian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesOptical coherence tomography (OCT) permits high‐resolution imaging of tissue subsurfaces up to 2 mm in depth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of OCT in the characterization of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and to distinguish between different CIN grades.Study Design/Materials and MethodsColposcopy‐guided OCT images were taken from unsuspicious and suspicious areas in women with suspected CIN. Each woman then underwent directed biopsies. All OCT images were separately evaluated by two blinded investigators and later compared to the corresponding histology based on a 6‐grade classification (normal, inflammation, CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, squamous carcinoma). Sensitivity and specificity of OCT in detecting CIN were determined. To assess the interobserver agreement, kappa coefficients were calculated from the ratings of each investigator for each OCT image seen.ResultsA total of 210 OCT images were compared with the corresponding histology in 120 women undergoing colposcopy for suspected CIN. Sensitivity calculated for both investigators was 98% and 96% respectively with the threshold at CIN1 and 86% and 84% respectively with the threshold at CIN2. Thirty nine (38) false positive results reduced the specificity to 39% and 41% respectively with the threshold at CIN1. Defining the threshold at CIN2 the specificity increased to 64% and 60% respectively. Unweighted kappa from a dichotomous classification with the threshold at CIN1 was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54–0.84) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.51–0.73) with the threshold at CIN2.ConclusionOCT is highly sensitive in identifying pre‐invasive and invasive cancer of the uterine cervix. Improvements in resolution and the development of new light sources and optics may improve the specificity as well as the differentiation of cervical dysplasia. The interobserver agreement was substantial. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:206–212, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exact solutions for one‐dimensional consolidation of single‐layer unsaturated soil
Authors: Shan Zhendong , Ling Daosheng , Ding Haojiang 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYBased on the Fredlund consolidation theory of unsaturated soil, exact solutions of the governing equations for one‐dimensional consolidation of single‐layer unsaturated soil are presented, in which the water permeability and air transmission are assumed to be constants. The general solution of two coupled homogeneous governing equations is first obtained. This general solution is expressed in terms of two functions psi1 and ψ2, where ψ1 and ψ2, respectively, satisfy two second‐order partial differential equations, which are in the same form. Using the method of separation of variables, the two partial differential equations are solved and exact solutions for three typical homogeneous boundary conditions are obtained. To obtain exact solutions of nonhomogeneous governing equations with three typical nonhomogeneous boundary conditions, the nonhomogeneous boundary conditions are first transformed into homogeneous boundary conditions. Then according to the method of undetermined coefficients and exact solutions of homogenous governing equations, the series form exact solutions are put forward. The validity of the proposed exact solutions is verified against other analytical solutions in the literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local cross‐sector partnerships
Authors: Cairns Ben , Harris Margaret 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe focus in this article on the challenges local governmental (municipal) and third‐sector (nonprofit) organizations face when they seek to work collaboratively or in partnership. We build on the findings of an action research project to draw out the practical implications of cross‐sector working for the organizations involved. We describe jointly agreed suggestions for tackling the challenges that emerged when third‐sector organizations and local governmental agencies themselves worked collaboratively in a search for mutually acceptable solutions. Finally, we draw out learning points on cross‐sector working for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers.
Understanding and preventing the formation of deformed polymer particles during synthesis by a seeded polymerization method
Authors: Srisopa Anong , Imroz Ali A. M. , Mayes Andrew G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUniformly sized porous polymer particles with different polarity namely poly(divinylbenzene), poly(vinyl acetate‐co‐divinylbenzene), poly(ethylene dimethacrylate), and poly (glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) were prepared in the micron‐size range by a seeded polymerization method. Parameters affecting the particle morphologies including monomer mixture content, porogen content, and polystyrene (PS) seed latexes were varied, and the morphologies of the resulting particles were investigated by scanning electron and confocal microscopy. The results obtained indicated that the particle shape depended dominantly on the molecular weight of the PS seed template. Deformed particles, including collapsed spheres and spheres with holes were obtained when high molecular weight PS seeds were used, whereas well‐defined polymer particles were produced easily by using low molecular weight seeds. The use of 1,1‐diphenylethylene as a chain terminator during seed polymerization is proposed in this work as an efficient method to lower molecular weight of PS in seed particles while keeping seed size small. This low molecular weight seed template retained its spherical geometry after swelling and polymerization with different second stage monomers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Thin Metal Film Deposition on Microparticles Trapped in RF Magnetron Discharge Plasma
Authors: Rudavets Alexander G. , Ryabinkin Alexey N. , Serov Alexander O. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe present the technique for metal film deposition on spherical microparticles in plasma trap. An RF magnetron discharge was applied both to sputter Ag or Cu electrodes and to confine the microparticles in the immediate proximity to the sputtered area. We estimated the stopping power of Ar buffer gas on the sputtered atoms in van der Waals collisions which provide a main thermalization channel with cross‐section of the order of magnitude larger than for the hard sphere collision model. During our deposition experiments the microparticles were trapped close to the border zone of ballistic bombardment by the sputtered atoms. The deposition rate was of the order of 10−1 nm · s−1, the coatings have continuous surface with uniform thickness.
magnified image