bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of fracture resistance in simulated immature teeth using resilon and ribbond as root reinforcements – An in vitro study
Authors: Hemalatha Hiremath , Sandeep Metgud , Kulkarni Sadanand , Yakub Shoeb Sheikh 
Published: June 2009

Abstract –  Background/Aim:  To compare the reinforcement and strengthening ability of resilon, gutta‐percha, and ribbond in endodontically treated roots of immature teeth.Material and Methods:  Sixty five freshly extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were prepared with a Peeso no. 6 to simulate immature teeth (Cvek’s stage 3 root development). After instrumentation, each root was irrigated with sodium hypochlorite and with ethylene diamino tetra acetic acid to remove the smear layer. To simulate single visit apexification technique a 4–5 mm white Pro Root mineral trioxide aggregate plug was placed apically using schilder carrier. The teeth were divided into three experimental groups and one control group. Group I – control group (root canals instrumented but not filled); Group II – backfilled with thermoplastisized gutta‐percha using AH plus sealer; Group III – reinforced with Resilon using epiphany sealer; Group IV – reinforced with Ribbond fibers using Panavia F luting cement. A Universal Testing Machine was used to apply a load, at the level of the lingual cementoenamel junction with a chisel‐shaped tip The peak load to fracture was recorded and statistical analysis was completed using student’s t‐test.Results:  Values of peak load to fracture were 1320.8, 1604.88, 1620, and 1851newtons for Group I to Group IV respectively. The results of student’s t‐test, revealed no significant difference (P > 0.05,) between Group II and Group III. Comparison between Group IV and Group III and between Group IV and Group II revealed highly significant difference (P > 0.001).Conclusions:  Teeth reinforced with Ribbond fibers using Panavia F luting cement showed the highest resistance to fracture. Resilon could not strengthen the roots and showed no statistically significant difference when compared with thermopasticised gutta‐percha in reinforcing immature tooth when tested with universal testing machine in an experimental model of immature tooth.
siRNA‐mediated gene silencing in the salivary gland using in vivo microbubble‐enhanced sonoporation
Authors: Sakai T , Kawaguchi M , Kosuge Y 
Published: June 2009

Objectives:  siRNA‐induced gene silencing in the salivary gland using microbubble‐enhanced sonoporation was used to develop an in vivo gene knockdown technique.Methods:  siRNA targeting rat glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenas (GAPDH) was mixed with echo‐enhanced microbubbles and reverse‐injected into rat parotid glands using transdermal ultrasound. To compare direct and transdermal ultrasound efficiencies, an incision was made on the lateral neck to expose the parotid glands for direct application. The efficiency of gene suppression was determined using quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction 24–72 h after siRNA delivery. Cytotoxicity was assessed using histological analysis.Results:  Expression of rat GAPDH in the parotid glands was silenced 48 h after siRNA was delivered by ultrasound (frequency: 1 MHz; intensity: 2 W cm−2; exposure time: 2 min). High‐intensity ultrasound induced tissue damage and apoptotic change. Echo‐enhanced microbubbles significantly improved siRNA‐induced gene silencing by 10–50%. Compared with transdermal application, direct‐exposure ultrasound was only slightly effective, and no significant difference in gene expression was observed.Conclusion:  The results indicate that microbubble‐enhanced sonoporation can yield in vivo siRNA gene silencing in the rat parotid gland. This technique could be applied to provide gene knockdown organs for functional genomic analyses and to develop siRNA‐based gene therapy.
COMPOSITION AND PASTING PROPERTIES OF STARCH FROM TWO COCOYAM CULTIVARS
Authors: MEPBA HORSFALL. D. , EBOH LUCY , EKO CHRISTIANAH B. , UKPABI UKPABI J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT The composition and pasting properties of starches from two cocoyam cultivars were evaluated and compared with cassava starch. The starch, amylose and amylopectin contents of Xanthosoma and Colocasia cultivars ranged from 79.2 to 79.8%, 23.3–23.6%, 56.1–56.2% and 77.6–77.8%, 25.4–25.7%, 52.1–52.2%, respectively. The Xanthosoma and Colocasia starches had significantly low levels (0.12–0.24%) of lipid, with trace concentrations of crude fiber. Manihot utilissima had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher starch and amylopectin but lower amylose contents than Colocasia and Xanthosoma starches. Average granule sizes of Xanthosoma and Colocasia starches ranged from 4.3 to 5.6 µm and 2.5–3.4 µm, respectively. Xanthosoma and Colocasia starches showed restricted swelling and solubility patterns with high initial gelatinization temperatures ranging from 78.3 to 78.5C and 74.6–74.8C, respectively. Between 19.0–19.2% and 16.8–17.1% soluble carbohydrates were obtained from Xanthosoma and Colocasia starches, respectively, at 95C. The Xanthosoma starches had higher peak, hot paste and cooked paste viscosities and stability than Colocasia starches.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study shows that the application of cocoyam starches in food would depend largely on the knowledge of their physicochemical properties which differed with the cultivars. The properties of importance include composition, granular characteristics, swelling, solubility and pasting characteristics. The low lipid content of Xanthosoma and Colocasia starches was important to their functionality because lipid complexes with carbohydrates and reduce swelling and solubility of starches by restricting gelatinization. Xanthosoma starches had significantly higher amylopectin but lower amylose contents than Colocasia starches. The relatively high amylose contents and smaller granular characteristics were associated with the low swelling and solubility patterns of starches from both cultivars. Xanthosoma starch had higher solubilities than Colocasia starch at higher temperatures (80–95C). Xanthosoma brasillience and Xanthosoma sagittifolium starches had superior viscosity stabilities than Colocasia antiquorum and Colocasia esculenta starches, and would be useful in baked products like biscuits, cakes and breads. C. esculenta and C. antiquorum starches would be desirable in sauces, soups and as thickeners in products requiring continuous heating and stirring where viscosity is not desired.
EFFECT OF A DEFICIT IRRIGATION REGIME ON THE QUALITY OF WINES MADE FROM WHITE GRAPES (VITIS VINIFERA L.) GROWN IN SEMIARID AREAS
Authors: LÓPEZ MARÍA‐ISABEL , SÁNCHEZ MARÍA‐TERESA , RAMÍREZ PILAR , MORALES JOSÉ 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT The dependence of wine quality on the irrigation management strategies in Vitis vinifera L. was tested from 1999 to 2002. A drip‐irrigation experiment was performed on white grapes of the cultivars Baladí, Airén, Montepila, Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains and Pedro Ximénez, grafted and vineyard‐planted in 1995 in Cabra (Cordoba, Spain). Treatments consisted of a nonirrigated control and an experimental deficit irrigation, in which water was applied from fruit set until near harvest. A total of 19 analytical parameters were measured, including alcohols, total phenol content and optical density as well as ethanol, pH, total acidity and dry extract. Wines were evaluated for their visual characteristics, aroma, taste and finish. The irrigation treatment contributed to a higher dry extract, and an increase in malic acid and potassium in wines. There was a decrease in pH, isobutanol and isoamyl alcohols with increasing water application. Sensory evaluation ranked irrigated over nonirrigated wines with the only exception of the wines of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains. The main defects of nonirrigated wines were attributed to visual characteristics and poorer taste quality.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSProper irrigation management, i.e., optimizing both the timing and the amount of water supplied, plays a significant role in wine quality and is especially important in arid and semiarid areas. The aim of this study was to ascertain the effect of irrigation in wine quality. In this study, irrigation was applied only during periods in which water stress might affect production and harvest quality. The chemical results ranked irrigated over nonirrigated wines and Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains over other cultivars, regarding their quality. Sensory evaluation ranked irrigated over nonirrigated wines with the only exception of the wines of Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains. Therefore, deficit irrigation during berry development and ripening appears to be a promising technique for the production of quality young wines in semiarid achieving a compromise between aroma and taste quality.
Management control of a meal experience: comments on the Five Aspects Meal Model
Authors: Jönsson Peter , Knutsson Hans 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Five Aspects Meal Model (FAMM) is a structured approach towards explaining what makes up an entire meal experience. One aspect in particular, the management control system, has a clear potential of being developed to increase the practical impact of the model. Scholars suggest that the management control system aspect works backstage, where matters of computer work, handling statistics, marketing, work organization and dealing with labour law constitute the essence of management control. Management control, however, is widely treated in other fields of research predominantly as a means for influencing behaviour and implementing strategy. The paper discusses the concept of management control and suggests an extended view on the management control system aspect of the FAMM. The upshot is that the management control system aspect could be viewed as a means to influence all the other four aspects through behavioural control of decision‐making.
Noun Incorporation: Essentials and Extensions
Authors: Massam Diane 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of the principal debates in the literature on noun incorporation, citing key examples and references. There has been much discussion about which constructions can rightly fall under the term ‘noun incorporation’; for example, compounding, denominal, deverbal, light verb, conflation, and narrow scope indefinite constructions have all been treated as noun incorporation constructions. In addition, there has been much discussion about where in the grammar noun incorporation should be handled: the lexicon or the syntax. This debate has shifted with the development of theories without a clear lexicon–syntax division. In the early studies, the main focus was on the morphology of noun incorporation, but in recent years, the focus has shifted to understanding the semantics of the construction, including semantic incorporation, pseudo noun incorporation, detransitivizing, and noun stripping constructions. In addition, there have been many empirical studies over the years exploring subject and modifier incorporation, incorporation of larger phrases and other topics. Noun incorporation studies also intersect with other areas such as bare nominals, complex predicates, possessor raising constructions, and classifier systems. These issues are reviewed in this paper.
Extralysosomal Protein Degradation in Myofibrillar Myopathies
Authors: Olivé Montse 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMyofibrillar myopathies (MFMs) are a group of heterogeneous muscle disorders morphologically defined by the presence of foci of dissolution of the myofibrils, accumulation of the products of myofibrillar degradation and ectopic expression of multiple proteins. MFMs represent the paradigm of conformational protein diseases of skeletal and cardiac muscles. Protein aggregation in MFMs is now considered to be the result of a failure of the extralysosomal proteolytic degradation system. Several factors including mutant proteins, aggresome formation and oxidative stress may compromise the ubiquitin–proteasome system, promoting the accumulation of potentially toxic protein aggregates within muscle cells.
Quaternary Volcanic‐Related Acid Hydrothermal Alteration in the Ugusu Silica Stone Deposit, Western Izu Peninsula, Central Japan: Geology and Alteration
Authors: Hamasaki Satoshi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAcid alteration areas accompanying Quaternary volcanoes are widespread in the western Izu Peninsula, central Japan. The Ugusu alteration area is the largest among them and is mined for “silica stone” at the silica body in the core of the alteration area. Silica zone defined by previous studies is subdivided into highly leached brecciated silica zone and residual silica zone, which extend along a NNW‐SSE–NNE‐SSW direction of fractures/faults. Fe‐rich, alunite, advanced argillic alteration, and intermediate argillic alteration zones occur toward the outside surrounding the two silica zones. The ascent of acid hydrothermal fluid would be responsible for the silica zones and surrounding alteration zones at an earlier stage, while the hydrothermal brecciation and silica veins were caused by a limited supply of silica‐saturated fluids at later stages. Based on the available mineral stability relations and fluid inclusion thermometries, the formation temperatures are estimated to be: >300°C for the residual silica zone; >290°C for the diaspore association in the advanced argillic alteration zone; and <260°C for the kaolinite association in the intermediate argillic alteration zone. The later stage quartz druses have been formed at 200–260°C. The Ugusu–Fukata acid hydrothermal systems were active at 1.5–1.2 Ma, which were temporally related to the Tanaba Andesite volcanism. Hydrothermal system at the Seikoshi gold–silver deposit survived until 0.7 Ma after the volcanism. In the western half of the Izu Peninsula, subduction of the Philippine Sea plate underneath the Suruga Trough caused nearly N–S‐trending maximum horizontal compressive stress (σHmax) and the resultant formation of similarly trending alteration areas and Au‐Ag vein‐type deposits in the Ugusu‐Toi‐Seikoshi area. From a practical viewpoint, at the Ugusu silica stone deposit, the fracture‐controlled vertical morphology of the silica body provides an important guide for exploration. Because the alteration zones occur both in the lower and upper sides of the silica bodies, it is important to make sure to which side the alteration zones correspond.
Alteration Mechanisms of Chromian‐Spinel during Serpentinization at Wadi Sifein Area, Eastern Desert, Egypt
Authors: Khalil Khalil I. , El‐Makky Ahmed M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWadi Sifein podiform chromite deposits, Central Eastern Desert of Egypt, are hosted by fully serpentinized peridotite that is a part of the dismembered Pan‐African ophiolite complexes. Relics of primary minerals and the chemical characters indicate that the ophiolitic rocks were derived from depleted mantle peridotite of harzburgite and subordinate dunite compositions. The mantle rocks were initially formed at a mid‐oceanic ridge and subsequently thrust at a supra‐subduction zone. The chromite mineralization at Wadi Sifein area displays either pod‐shaped bodies with massive and lumpy chromitite appearance or dissemination of chromian‐spinel in serpentinite matrix. The podiform chromitite exhibits a very limited compositional range in terms of Cr# [Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio] and Mg# [Mg/(Mg + Fe) atomic ratio]. The chromian‐spinel, however, frequently displays optical and geochemical zoning. Four zones can be identified from core to edge: inner core representing the original composition of the chromian‐spinel; narrow Cr‐rich ferritchromit zone; wide ferritchromit zone; and outer Cr‐magnetite/magnetite zone. The zonation of chromian‐spinel is interpreted to be a result of serpentinization rather than magmatic or metamorphic processes. The geochemical data obtained from the chromitite and chromian‐spinel was statistically processed using discriminant and R‐mode factor analyses. Two trends, minor and major, were achieved considering the formation of ferritchromit. The minor trend is controlled by the redistribution of trivalent cations, where Cr2O3 increased on the expense mainly of Al2O3 and to less extent Fe2O3 to form zone II during the peak of serpentinization. The major trend of alteration, however, is explained by the exchange between Mg‐Fe2+ rather than Cr, Al, and Fe3+ to form zone III. Kammererite formation was accompanied the formation of zones III and IV at a 314°C temperature of formation.
Regional examination shows potential for native feedstock options for cellulosic biofuel production
Authors: STORK JOZSEF , MONTROSS MICHAEL , SMITH RAY , SCHWER LAURA , CHEN WEI , REYNOLDS MEGAN , PHILLIPS TIMOTHY , COOLONG TIMOTHY , DEBOLT SETH 
Published: June 2009

AbstractKentucky, as with many regions around the globe, has a relatively long growing season with significant rainfall that could produce sizeable quantities of perennial herbaceous and woody biomass on land that does not compete with food crops. Additionally, there are limited options for renewable power production from low carbon sources such as solar‐photovoltaic, wind and hydroelectric. Recent studies have shown that producing renewable energy from perennial cellulosic crops, as opposed to starch‐based biofuel crops, will have a carbon‐mitigating outcome. Currently, there is a lack of data regarding regionally suitable genotypes. Herein, we establish baseline values for multiple entry selections of three native C4 grass species, switchgrass (SW) (Panicum virgatum L.), eastern gamagrass (EG) (Trispicum dactyloides L.) and big bluestem (BB) (Andropogon gerardii Vitman). Yield potential examined over 7 years showed that environment, species and entries had a significant impact on yield, but EG had higher total yield over the duration of the study. Cellulosic biofuel potential was examined by measurement of saccharification efficiency, relative lignocellulosic energy density, cellulose content and lignin content during three growing seasons. EG had significantly higher digestibility rate than SW and BB. Underlying this was a negative correlation between lignification and saccharification efficiency. However, higher lignin content and higher cellulose content among SW entries resulted in higher energy density relative to EG and BB. These data reveal that locally bred EG varieties were most suited to cellulosic ethanol production under the growing conditions of central Kentucky, USA, compared with SW and BB and suggest the importance of regional examination.
CMTM3, Located at the Critical Tumor Suppressor Locus 16q22.1, Is Silenced by CpG Methylation in Carcinomas and Inhibits Tumor Cell Growth through Inducing Apoptosis
Authors: Wang Yu , Li Jisheng , Cui Yan , Li Ting , Ng Ka Man , Geng Hua , Li Henan , Shu Xing-sheng , Li Hongyu , Liu Wei , Luo Bing , Zhang Qian , Mok Tony Shu Kam , Zheng Wei , Qiu Xiaoyan , Srivastava Gopesh , Yu Jun , Sung Joseph J.Y. , Chan Anthony T.C. , Ma Dalong , Tao Qian , Han Wenling 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Closely located at the tumor suppressor locus 16q22.1, CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing member 3 and 4 (CMTM3 and CMTM4) encode two CMTM family proteins, which link chemokines and the transmembrane-4 superfamily. In contrast to the broad expression of both CMTM3 and CMTM4 in normal human adult tissues, only CMTM3 is silenced or down-regulated in common carcinoma (gastric, breast, nasopharyngeal, esophageal, and colon) cell lines and primary tumors. CMTM3 methylation was not detected in normal epithelial cell lines and tissues, with weak methylation present in only 5 of 35 (14%) gastric cancer adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry showed that CMTM3 protein was absent in 12 of 35 (34%) gastric and 1 of 2 colorectal tumors, which was well correlated with its methylation status. The silencing of CMTM3 is due to aberrant promoter CpG methylation that could be reversed by pharmacologic demethylation. Ectopic expression of CMTM3 strongly suppressed the colony formation of carcinoma cell lines. In addition, CMTM3 inhibited tumor cell growth and induced apoptosis with caspase-3 activation. Thus, CMTM3 exerts tumor-suppressive functions in tumor cells, with frequent epigenetic inactivation by promoter CpG methylation in common carcinomas. [Cancer Res 2009;69(12):5194–201]
Microalterations of Inherently Unstable Genomic Regions in Rat Mammary Carcinomas as Revealed by Long Oligonucleotide Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization
Authors: Adamovic Tatjana , McAllister Donna , Guryev Victor , Wang Xujing , Andrae Jaime Wendt , Cuppen Edwin , Jacob Howard J. , Sugg Sonia L. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The presence of copy number variants in normal genomes poses a challenge to identify small genuine somatic copy number changes in high-resolution cancer genome profiling studies due to the use of unpaired reference DNA. Another problem is the well-known rearrangements of immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes in lymphocytes (a commonly used reference), which may misdirect the researcher to a locus with no relevance in tumorigenesis. We here show real gains of the IgG heavy chain V gene region in carcinogen-induced rat mammary tumor samples after normalization to paired mammary gland, a tissue without lymphocyte infiltration. We further show that the segmental duplication region encompassing the IgG heavy chain V genes is a copy number variant between the susceptible (SS) and the resistant (BN) to mammary tumor development inbred rat strains. Our data suggest that the already inherently unstable genomic region is a convenient target for additional structural rearrangements (gains) at the somatic level when exposed to a carcinogen (7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene), which subsequently seem to benefit tumor development in the mammary gland of the susceptible strain. Thus, the selection of an appropriate reference DNA enabled us to identify immunoglobulin genes as novel cancer targets playing a role in mammary tumor development. We conclude that control DNA in array-based comparative genomic hybridization experiments should be selected with care, and DNA from pooled spleen (contains immature lymphocytes and is used as reference in animal studies) or blood may not be the ideal control in the study of primary tumors. [Cancer Res 2009;69(12):5159–67]
Therapeutic Potential of “Rexinoids” in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Tanaka Takemi , De Luca Luigi M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a combinatorial partner for one third of the 48 human nuclear receptor superfamily members and acts as a master coordinator of nuclear receptor signaling pathways involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation. Thus, ligand-dependent simultaneous activation of multiple pathways is an attractive strategy for molecular-targeted therapy of neoplastic disease. However, clinical trials in RXR-targeted molecular therapy with the RXR ligand (rexinoid) have yielded disappointing outcomes. In this review, we discuss a possible mechanism underlying the loss of sensitivity to rexinoid therapy. [Cancer Res 2009;69(12):4945–-47]