bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of intestinal metaplasia in gastric cardia and Barrett's esophagus
Authors: MIAO Qi , PENG Yan Shen , CAI Gan Hui , CHEN Xiao Yu 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:  To evaluate and compare the pathological features and immunostaining pattern (cytokeratin 7 (CK‐7), mucin core peptide 1 (Muc‐1)) in Barrett's esophagus (BE) and cardiac intestinal metaplasia (CIM).METHODS:  According to endoscopic diagnosis, patients with gastric cardiac inflammation and BE were selected from March 2008 to February 2009 in Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Those patients who had histological findings of intestinal metaplasia (82 cases of CIM and 64 special type BE) were enrolled in our study. Hematoxylin–eosin, periodic acid‐Schiff and Alcian blue staining and an immunohistochemical examination (CK‐7, Muc‐1) were undertaken in all of them.RESULTS:  Squamous mucosa overlying the columnar crypts with intestinal metaplasia, also called buried metaplasia, was often found in the BE group (56.2%), mainly as an incomplete type (85.9%). Inflammation in the gastric antrum was more severe in the CIM group (45.1% vs 26.6%), in contrast, esophagitis was more severe in the BE group (53.1% vs 35.4%). CK‐7 was highly expressed in the BE group (84.4%) in contrast to the CIM group (37.8%). There was no difference in the expression of Muc‐1 in these two kinds of intestinal metaplasia (14.1% vs 19.5%).CONCLUSIONS:  Buried intestinal metaplasia, mainly as an incomplete type, is the major predominant type of BE. The degree of inflammation in the gastric antrum and esophagus can differentiate BE from CIM to some extent. CK‐7 immunohistochemical staining can help identify BE and CIM but Muc‐1 cannot.
Preliminary experimental research on the mechanism of liver bile secretion stimulated by peppermint oil
Authors: ZONG Lei , QU Ying , LUO Di Xiang , ZHU Zhi Yong , ZHANG Sheng , SU Zhi , SHAN Jian Cheng , GAO Xiao Ping , LU Lun Gen 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the choleretic effect and molecular mechanisms of action of peppermint oil (PO), the main component of Danshu capsules (Sichuan Jishengtang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pengzhou, Sichuan Province, China).METHODS:  Bile secretion was measured by biliary drainage in rats. Total bile acids, total cholesterol and bilirubin in bile were determined. Cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels were assessed in HepG2 cells (a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).RESULTS:  PO significantly promoted bile and bile acid secretion in rats. It also increased bile acid efflux and decreased cholesterol levels (P < 0.01) in bile. In HepG2 cells the mRNA levels of CYP7A1 and FXR were significantly upregulated after treatment with PO.CONCLUSIONS:  PO stimulates bile fluid secretion and thus has a choleretic effect. PO might play a role in upregulating CYP7A1 and FXR mRNA levels, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms are related to gene expression involved in bile acid synthesis.
Interpersonal Goals and Close Relationship Processes: Potential Links to Health
Authors: Canevello Amy , Crocker Jennifer 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA substantial body of empirical evidence suggests that social relationships buffer people from poor health. We review a program of research demonstrating how interpersonal goals create relationship processes that shape the quality of close relationships, which we argue may have consequences for own and others’ health. Self‐image goals to construct, maintain, and defend desired images of the self create negative interpersonal dynamics that undermine close relationships and mental health, while compassionate goals to support others’ well‐being create positive interpersonal dynamics that promote close relationships and mental health. We discuss the potential implications of social goals and close relationship processes for health. Finally, we suggest that exploring the independent benefits of giving and receiving in close relationships may inform how social relationships affect health and well‐being.
A summary of the 2010 Dunning Symposium: the practice of dentistry for the 21st century
Authors: Lamster Ira B. , Formicola Allan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe 15th Dunning Symposium was held on November 29 and 30, 2010 in conjunction with the Greater New York Dental meeting in New York City. Since the first symposium in 1981, the symposia have addressed major issues in the field of dentistry that impact on the oral health of the public. The theme for this symposium dealt with how the practice of dentistry would emerge given healthcare reform legislation, opportunities for dentists to become more engaged in the primary care of patients, trends in dental education, and the addition of a mid‐level practitioner. The audience, consisting of dental school deans and leaders in state and national dental associations, completed a pre‐symposium questionnaire to gauge their opinions on key issues and then, after the presentations, participated in breakout sessions that discussed the implications of the presentations. This paper is a summary of the Dunning Symposium.
Dentists provide effective supervision of Alaska's dental health aide therapists in a variety of settings
Authors: Williard Mary E. , Fauteux Nicole 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectives: This paper examines the supervisory relationships between Alaska's dental health aide therapists (DHATs) and their supervising dentists to gain insight into how DHATs are being deployed and supervised to increase access while ensuring safety and quality.Methods: Telephone interviews were conducted with four DHATs, their supervising dentists, and the dental directors at three health corporations in geographically distinct areas of Alaska. Follow‐up questions were submitted and responded to via e‐mail.Results: This article profiles three DHATs and their supervising dentists, and offers observations on how dentists supervise and work in a team format with DHATs.Conclusions: DHATs practice as part of a care team, with dentists providing direct, indirect, and general supervision. Both DHAT training, with its mandatory preceptorship, and the group practice model are designed to assure that DHATs provide safe, competent, and appropriate care within their limited scope of practice. The presence of DHATs allows dentists on the care team to play roles commensurate with the full extent of their training. Tribal health organizations in Alaska are deploying these providers safely and effectively in a variety of roles, according to regional needs and preferences. This suggests the model's potential adaptability to settings outside Alaska.
Training new dental health providers in the United States
Authors: Edelstein Burton L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectives: Introduction of dental therapists in the United States involves a wide range of issues including permissive governmental policymaking; determinations of their education, supervision, and deployment; their acceptance by dentists and the public; financing of their services; and, most fundamentally, their training. This contribution re‐releases and updates the executive summary of an extensive report comparing therapists' training across five industrialized countries and comparing therapists' training to that of conventional U.S. dental providers.Methods: Literature reviews, web searches, key informant interviews, and program document reviews.Results: Internationally, three‐year training programs that dually qualify trainees as hygienists and therapists dominate. There are marked differences between non‐US and US‐based therapist training programs and between US‐based programs. Reported goals of establishing dental therapists include expanding the availability of basic dental services to underserved disadvantaged subpopulations; potentially reducing costs of basic care; and enhancing the roles of dentists in providing the most sophisticated care, serving the most complex patients, and managing an expanded dental team. Criteria for establishing training programs include program length, supervisory arrangements, recruitment and incentives, deployment, educational costs, curriculum, oversight, and accreditation.Conclusion: International experiences can well inform US policy on training of dental therapists.
A simple and accurate method to sex savannah, forest and asian elephants using noninvasive sampling techniques
Authors: AHLERING MARISSA A. , HAILER FRANK , ROBERTS MELISSA T. , FOLEY CHARLES 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe report the development of a reliable and efficient method for molecular sexing of all extant elephant taxa. We developed primers that amplify two short Y‐specific fragments (SRY1 and AMELY2) and one longer X‐specific fragment (PLP1), developed from elephant sequences in one multiplex PCR. All fragments were designed to be short (<200 basepairs) for use with degraded DNA and to be 50 basepairs apart to optimize visualization on agarose gels or as electropherograms. The multiplex PCR method matched sexes for at least 97.9% of the noninvasive savannah elephant samples and produced the expected female/male banding patterns for 14 African forest and 11 Asian elephant samples. We found this method to be more robust, efficient and less prone to contamination than previously developed sexing methods for elephants.
Comparing and combining distance‐based and character‐based approaches for barcoding turtles
Authors: REID B. N. , LE M. , McCORD W. P. , IVERSON J. B. , GEORGES A. , BERGMANN T. , AMATO G. , DESALLE R. , NARO‐MACIEL E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMolecular barcoding can serve as a powerful tool in wildlife forensics and may prove to be a vital aid in conserving organisms that are threatened by illegal wildlife trade, such as turtles (Order Testudines). We produced cytochrome oxidase subunit one (COI) sequences (650 bp) for 174 turtle species and combined these with publicly available sequences for 50 species to produce a data set representative of the breadth of the order. Variability within the barcode region was assessed, and the utility of both distance‐based and character‐based methods for species identification was evaluated. For species in which genetic material from more than one individual was available (n = 69), intraspecific divergences were 1.3% on average, although divergences greater than the customary 2% barcode threshold occurred within 15 species. High intraspecific divergences could indicate species with a high degree of internal genetic structure or possibly even cryptic species, although introgression is also probable in some of these taxa. Divergences between species of the same genus were 6.4% on average; however, 49 species were <2% divergent from congeners. Low levels of interspecific divergence could be caused by recent evolutionary radiations coupled with the low rates of mtDNA evolution previously observed in turtles. Complementing distance‐based barcoding with character‐based methods for identifying diagnostic sets of nucleotides provided better resolution in several cases where distance‐based methods failed to distinguish species. An online identification engine was created to provide character‐based identifications. This study constitutes the first comprehensive barcoding effort for this seriously threatened order.
Guidelines for estimating repeatability
Authors: Wolak Matthew E. , Fairbairn Daphne J. , Paulsen Yale R. 
Published: June 2011

Summary1. Researchers frequently take repeated measurements of individuals in a sample with the goal of quantifying the proportion of the total variation that can be attributed to variation among individuals vs. variation among measurements within individuals. The proportion of the variation attributed to variation among individuals is known as repeatability and is most frequently estimated as the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The goal of our study is to provide guidelines for determining the sample size (number of individuals and number of measurements per individual) required to accurately estimate the ICC.2. We report a range of ICCs from the literature and estimate 95% confidence intervals for these estimates. We introduce a predictive equation derived by Bonett (2002), and we test the assumptions of this equation through simulation. Finally, we create an R statistical package for the planning of experiments and estimation of ICCs.3. Repeatability estimates were reported in 1·5% of the articles published in the journals surveyed. Repeatabilities tended to be highest when the ICC was used to estimate measurement error and lowest when it was used to estimate repeatability of behavioural and physiological traits. Few authors report confidence intervals, but our estimated 95% confidence intervals for published ICCs generally indicated a low level of precision associated with these estimates. This survey demonstrates the need for a protocol to estimate repeatability.4. Analysis of the predictions from Bonett’s equation over a range of sample sizes, expected repeatabilities and desired confidence interval widths yields both analytical and intuitive guidelines for designing experiments to estimate repeatability. However, we find a tendency for the confidence interval to be underestimated by the equation when ICCs are high and overestimated when ICCs and the number of measurements per individual are low.5. The sample size to use when estimating repeatability is a question pitting investigator effort against expected precision of the estimate. We offer guidelines that apply over a wide variety of ecological and evolutionary studies estimating repeatability, measurement error or heritability. Additionally, we provide the R package, icc, to facilitate analyses and determine the most economic use of resources when planning experiments to estimate repeatability.
Reservations about preservations: storage methods affect δ13C signatures differently even in closely related soil fauna
Authors: Krab Eveline J. , Van Logtestijn Richard S. P. , Cornelissen Johannes H. C. , Berg Matty P. 
Published: June 2011

Summary1. Studies of stable isotope signatures can reveal and quantify trophic carbon transfer between organisms. However, preservation of the samples before analysis cannot always be avoided. Some preservation agents are known to alter tissue δ13C values considerably, but we do not yet understand how variation in such preservation artefacts may be determined by variation in body traits of different invertebrate species and life stage.2. Here, we tested the effect of four different preservation methods on13C signatures of two morphologically and ecologically distinct springtails,Folsomia candidaandOrchesella cincta. These springtails were fed on the fungusCladosporium cladosporioidesgrown on either a C3 or a C4 carbon source, resulting in springtails with two contrasting initial δ13C values. Subsequently, these springtails were preserved for 46 days. In addition, a juvenile–adult comparison was made forF. candida.3. Freeze‐drying and subsequent dry storage did not affect13C signatures of either species; nor did killing springtails with liquid nitrogen and storing them at −80 °C. Preservation in 70% ethanol slightly depleted δ13C values of adultF. candidabut not ofO. cincta. In contrast, storage in saturated salt solution depleted both species considerably. Life stage affected preservation success significantly; storage in 70% ethanol depleted adultF. candidabut not its juveniles. Initial δ13C values of the springtails did not interact with preservation artefacts, suggesting that the shifts in δ13C values are caused by effects of the preservative on the animal tissue rather than by its remainders.4. We recommend freeze‐drying as a preservation method. However, our results suggest that interspecific differences (e.g. in body size and cuticle thickness) as well as intraspecific difference (e.g. life stage‐dependent changes in the proportion of fat reserves) are important determinants of preservation effects on13C signatures. This makes interpreting stable isotope data obtained from preserved springtails relatively difficult, especially when natural13C abundances are used to study trophic interactions or interspecific functional differences. We predict that such complications also apply to other invertebrate taxa and types.
THE MEANING OF ‘ODI ET AMO’ IN CATULLUS 85
Authors: ARKINS BRIAN 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this note is categorically to reject the translation ‘I hate and I love’. This false translation has become canonical, but it will not do. In a number of poems (72, 75, 76, 85), Catullus explores the paradox that, on the one hand, Lesbia's infidelity has led him to desire her more physically, and, on the other hand, to feel less affection for her. The verbs odi et amo sum up this paradox. For odi can mean ‘detest’ or ‘loathe’, as well as ‘hate’; amo can mean ‘desire’ or ‘lust for’, as well as ‘love’. This gives the translation ‘I loathe her, I lust for her’; a more subtle and a more interesting paradox than ‘I hate and I love’.
WAR, SLAVERY, AND EMPIRE IN ROMAN IMPERIAL ICONOGRAPHY
Authors: DE SOUZA PHILIP 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This paper discusses the theme of defeated and captured enemies in Roman art based on a selection of examples from the imperial period. It argues that the relative prominence and frequency of such images can be correlated with historical texts and documents to demonstrate that the taking of captives for enslavement was a significant aim of Roman warfare. Examples of similar iconography from other ancient cultures, in particular the Neo-Assyrian Empire, are compared to suggest that a preference for motifs celebrating the acquisition of slaves through warfare is a general characteristic of the commemorative art of ancient imperial cultures.
MAPPING PLINY'S WORLD: THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SOLINUS
Authors: BRODERSEN KAI 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Gaius Iulius Solinus is the author of a late antique work entitled Collectanea rerum mirabilium or Polyhistor which is mainly based on Pliny' Natural history. Solinus has long been maligned as ‘Pliny's ape’, and considered to be materially irrelevant, ‘as we still have his sources'. A fresh look, however, shows his achievement: he has condensed the material and thus created a manageable work which was to become the foremost geography for a millennium. And while his sources present geographical data as a strict periplus, Solinus can be seen changing the mode of description from line to area (thus ignoring the linear mode required by the periplus), adding neighbours and directions, emphasizing the concept of plaga, and innovatively using ‘Mediterranean’ and the ‘Orient’. Ultimately, his work appears to represent the juncture from a linear text to a map showing areas: Solinus really is mapping Pliny's world.
ANONYMI CHRISTIANI TRACTATUS DE FIGURIS SENTENTIARUM ET VERBORUM (NOTA MARGINALIS IN PARIS. 1741)
Authors: JAEWON AHN 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Nota Marginalis is written in the form of commentary outside the main text of Alexander (5. Alexandri opusculum de figuris sententiarum atque elocutionis [106v]) in cod. Paris. 1741. The documentation of N.M. itself might have been made in the 13th century. The text consists of 47 epitomes, which are grouped according to word figure and sentence figure. The method of defining the figure is identical to that of Paris. 2087: the examples are Christian and identical to those of 2087. Thus, there is no doubt that N.M. belongs to the tradition of Paris. 2087. The sequence of epitomes, however, differs from that of 2087, because N.M. is recorded according to the sequence of Paris. 1741: the scribe of N.M. may have tried to address the lack of Christian examples in Paris. 1741. As for authorship, it is not easy to know who the author is, but on this question, I have found an interesting example from Basil of Caesarea (AD 330–379). Based on this, I would like to suggest that the author of N.M. might be a student of Basil, who was an excellent teacher of rhetoric. From this, it can be assumed that N.M. might have been composed in the 5th century.
Detection of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome
mec
Type XI Carrying Highly Divergent
mecA
,
mecI
,
mecR1
,
blaZ
, and
ccr
Genes in Human Clinical Isolates of Clonal Complex 130 Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Shore Anna C. , Deasy Emily C. , Slickers Peter , Brennan Grainne , O'Connell Brian , Monecke Stefan , Ehricht Ralf , Coleman David C. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Methicillin resistance in staphylococci is mediated by penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP 2a), encoded by
mecA
on mobile staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
) elements. In this study, two clonal complex 130 (CC130) methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) isolates from patients in Irish hospitals were identified that were phenotypically PBP 2a positive but lacked
mecA
by conventional PCR and by DNA microarray screening. The isolates were identified as methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
using the GeneXpert real-time PCR assay. Whole-genome sequencing of one isolate (M10/0061) revealed a 30-kb SCC
mec
element encoding a class E
mec
complex with highly divergent
blaZ-mecA-mecR1-mecI
, a type 8 cassette chromosome recombinase (
ccr
) complex consisting of
ccrA1-ccrB3
, an arsenic resistance operon, and flanking direct repeats (DRs). The SCC
mec
element was almost identical to that of SCC
mec
type XI (SCC
mec
XI) identified by the Sanger Institute in sequence type 425 bovine MRSA strain LGA251 listed on the website of the International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements. The open reading frames (ORFs) identified within SCC
mec
XI of M10/0061 exhibited 21 to 93% amino acid identity to ORFs in GenBank. A third DR was identified ca. 3 kb downstream of SCC
mec
XI, indicating the presence of a possible SCC remnant. SCC
mec
XI was also identified in the second CC130 MRSA isolate by PCR and sequencing. The CC130 MRSA isolates may be of animal origin as previously reported CC130
S. aureus
strains were predominantly from bovine sources. The highly divergent nature of SCC
mec
XI relative to other SCC
mec
elements indicates that it may have originated in another taxon.