bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromatographic fingerprinting and related chemometric techniques for quality control of traditional Chinese medicines
Authors: Liang Yizeng , Xie Peishan , Chau Footim 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDevelopment of chromatographic fingerprint (CF) and related chemometric methods and their applications to quality control of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) were discussed. CF is essentially a kind of quality control method for TCMs (or Chinese herbal medicines). Also, it is a quality‐relevant‐data high‐throughput and integral tool to explore chemically the complexity of TCMs. With the help of chemometrics, some difficulties in evaluation and analysis of CFs, such as calculation of information content, peak alignment, pattern analysis, deconvolution of overlapping peaks,etc.could be well solved. To further explore TCMs synergic quality, intensive study of CF coupled with chemometrics will create the possibility to achieve the aim to reveal the working mechanisms of TCMs and to further control and strengthen TCMs' intrinsic quality in a comprehensive manner.
Application of gold nanoparticles in separation sciences
Authors: Sýkora David , Kašička Václav , Mikšík Ivan , Řezanka Pavel , Záruba Kamil , Matějka Pavel , Král Vladimír 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe review article is devoted mainly to the description of applications of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in separation sciences, especially in electromigration and chromatographic techniques. The applications of GNPs in particular separation methods, CE, microchip CE, MEKC, CEC, HPLC and GC, are classified according to the molecular size of the analytes from low‐molecular‐mass compounds via medium sized substances to biopolymers (proteins and nucleic acids). A very recent and promising utilization of GNPs for sample preparation, preconcentration and preseparation of selected analytes from complex matrices is presented as well. Moreover, in two introductory sections, typical preparation procedures of the GNPs and their modifications are presented and physico‐chemical and analytical methods employed for characterization of the native and modified GNPs are briefly introduced.
Role of glycolipids in breadmaking
Authors: Selmair Patrick L. , Koehler Peter 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn wheat flour used for breadmaking, glycolipids are essential “endogenous surfactants” (1). Bread volume and crumb structure of wheat flour‐based bakery products are influenced by glycolipids, without the decisive mode of action being conclusively known. Little information on how glycolipids from other plant sources perform as wheat flour improvers is available. In this paper we review our work done on revealing the baking performance of the four major glycolipid classes present in commercial lecithins (sterol glucosides (SG), acylated sterol glucosides (ASG), cerebrosides and digalactosyl diacylglycerides (DGDG). Our purpose is to better understand the role of these substances in the baking process. Our results suggest that there are two groups of glycolipids with excellent baking performance. Both groups were found to have an impact on the dough liquor rather than on the gluten‐starch matrix. The cerebrosides and DGDG most likely influenced the overall baking result by directly stabilizing the dough liquor/gas cell interface, while ASG and SG did this indirectly through a synergistic effect with a dough liquor constituent, most probably the endogenous flour lipids.
Production and utilization of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)
Authors: Ab Gapor Md Top  
Published: January 2010

AbstractPFAD (palm fatty acid distillate) is a by‐product of physical refining of crude palm oil products and is composed of free fatty acids (81.7%), glycerides (14.4%), squalene (0.8%), vitamin E (0.5%), sterols (0.4%) and other substances (2.2%). PFAD is used in the animal feed and laundry soap industries as well as a raw material for the oleochemicals industry. Vitamin E, squalene and phytosterols are value‐added products which could be extracted from PFAD and are of potential value for the nutraceutical and cosmetic industries.
Systematic MALDI‐TOF CID Investigation on Different Substituted mPEG 2000
Authors: Knop Katrin , Jahn Burkhard O. , Hager Martin D. , Crecelius Anna , Gottschaldt Michael , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) 2000 (mPEG 2000) samples were substituted via esterification reactions to convert the hydroxyl end group of the mPEG into potential initiators for the cationic ring opening polymerization of 2‐oxazolines. These substitution products were investigated by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS); in addition, detailed MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐collision induced dissociation (CID) MS studies were performed to introduce this method as complementary structural characterization tool allowing the detailed analysis of the prepared macromolecules. The CID of the macroinitiators revealed 1,4‐hydrogen and 1,4‐ethylene eliminations forming very regular fragmentation patterns which showed, depending on the end groups, different fragmentation series. Furthermore, very pronounced McLafferty + 1 rearrangements (1,5 hydrogen‐transfer) of the introduced ester end groups were observed leaving the mPEG molecule as neutral acid. This incisive loss revealed the exact molar mass for each end group and, therefore, represents an important tool for end group determination of functionalized polymers.magnified image
Recent advances toward the inhibition of mAG and LAM synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Umesiri Francis E. , Sanki Aditya K. , Boucau Julie , Ronning Donald R. , Sucheck Steven J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDrug‐resistant forms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) are increasing worldwide, underscoring the need to develop new drugs to treat the disease. One of the factors that make tuberculosis difficult to treat is the unique architecture of the mycobacterial cell wall. In this review, we catalogue the enzymes involved in the synthesis of the mycolylarabinogalactan (mAG), a key structural component of the mycobacterial cell wall. In addition, we review the enzymes required for the synthesis of the related lipoarabinomannan (LAM), a structure that possesses immunomodulatory properties. The integrity of the mAG and LAM is critical to the viability of mycobacteria, and many of the established antimycobacterial agents target enzymes critical to the synthesis of the mAG and LAM. Recently, new enzymes catalyzing synthetic steps in the synthesis of the mAG and LAM have been characterized and their substrate specificity determined. In this report, we review recent efforts to characterize the enzymes involved in mAG and LAM synthesis and describe the compounds used to inhibit the enzymes or characterize their catalytic activity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 2, 290–326, 2010
Glycan and lectin microarrays for glycomics and medicinal applications
Authors: Katrlík Jaroslav , Švitel Juraj , Gemeiner Peter , Kožár Tibor , Tkac Jan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThree different array formats to study a challenging field of glycomics are presented here, based on the use of a panel of immobilized glycan or lectins, and on in silico computational approach. Glycan and lectin arrays are routinely used in combination with other analytical tools to decipher a complex nature of glycan‐mediated recognition responsible for signal transduction of a broad range of biological processes. Fundamental aspects of the glycan and lectin array technology are discussed, with the focus on the choice and availability of the biorecognition elements, fabrication protocols, and detection platforms involved. Moreover, practical applications of both technologies especially in the field of clinical diagnostics are provided. The future potential of a complementary in silico array technology to reveal details of the protein–glycan‐binding profiles is discussed here. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 2, 394–418, 2010
Needing a large DIEAP flap for unilateral breast reconstruction: Double‐pedicle flap and unipedicle flap with additional venous discharge
Authors: Salgarello Marzia , Barone‐Adesi Liliana , Sturla Marcella , Masetti Riccardo , Mu Lanhua 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground:In selected cases a four zone‐deep inferior epigastric artery perfortor (DIEAP) flap is needed for unilateral breast reconstruction. It may happen in patients with a midline scar of the abdomen or with minimal abdominal tissue, as well as in case the recipient site needs a big amount of tissue for the breast reconstruction. The purpose of this paper is to describe two options: to raise an unipedicle DIEAP flap including large size medially located perforator/s with an additional venous outflow, or to raise a double‐pedicle DIEAP flap.Methods:Since 2000 34 cases of unilateral breast reconstruction with a four‐zone unipedicle DIEAP flap (two cases) or a double‐pedicle DIEAP flap (32 cases) have been performed. Preoperative examination of the superficial and deep epigastric vascular system with color doppler sonography (CDS) and/or multidetector‐row CT (MDCT) were performed to assess the dominant abdominal perforator/s. If one or two large size, medially located perforators were identified and the superficial venous system showed vascular connections between right and left hemiabdomen, it was possible to use an unipedicle four‐zone DIEAP flap with an additional anastomosis of the superficial vein. If this specific vascular situation did not exist, a double‐pedicle DIEAP flap was raised.Results:There were no major complications, and very satisfactory results have been obtained.Conclusions:This retrospective study showed that both options of raising a large DIEAP flap for unilateral breast reconstruction, namely unipedicled flap based on large medial perforator/s plus additional venous discharge or double‐pedicle flap, are safe. Preoperative examination of the dominant perforator/s with CDS and/or MDCT is mandatory in both cases. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 2010.
Synthesis of hydrophilic microspheres with LCST close to body temperature for controlled dual‐sensitive drug release
Authors: Spizzirri U. Gianfranco , Iemma Francesca , Puoci Francesco , Xue Feng , Gao Wei , Cirillo Giuseppe , Curcio Manuela , Parisi Ortensia I. , Picci Nevio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNovel stimuli‐responsive hydrophilic microspheres were prepared by free radical polymerization of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methacrylic acid (MA), as hydrophilic monomers, and N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) and N,N′‐ethylenebisacrylamide (EBA), as thermo‐sensitive monomer and crosslinker, respectively. Hydrophilic comonomers were introduced in the macromolecular network to synthesize materials with tunable thermal behavior. In addition, by introducing in the polymerization feed both a hydrophilic and a pH‐sensitive monomer, such as MA, dual stimuli‐responsive (pH and temperature) hydrogels were synthesized. The incorporation of monomers in the network was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, while the network density and the shape of hydrogels was found to strictly depend on the concentration of monomers in the polymerization feed. Thermal analyses showed negative thermo‐responsive behavior with pronounced water affinity of microspheres at a temperature lower than lower critical solution temperature (LCST). In our experiment, the LCST values of the hydrogels were in the range 34.6–37.5°C, close to the body temperature, and the amount of hydrophilic moieties in the polymeric network allows to collect shrinking/swelling transition temperatures higher than the LCST of NIPAAm homopolymers. In order to test the preformed materials as drug carriers, diclofenac diethylammonium salt (DDA) was chosen and drug entrapment percent was determined. Drug release profiles, in media at different temperature and pH, depend on hydrogels crosslinking degree and drug–bead interactions. By using semi‐empirical equations, the release mechanism was extensively studied and the diffusional contribute was evaluated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medication use in early pregnancy‐prevalence and determinants of use in a prospective cohort of women
Authors: Cleary Brian J. , Butt Hajeera , Strawbridge Judith D. , Gallagher Paul J. , Fahey Tom , Murphy Deirdre J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPurposeTo examine the extent, nature and determinants of medication use in early pregnancy.MethodsWe reviewed early pregnancy medication use, as reported to a midwife at the booking interview, in women delivering between 2000 and 2007 in a large maternity hospital in Dublin, Ireland (n = 61 252).ResultsExcluding folic acid, at least one medication was reported in 23 989 (39.2%) pregnancies. Over the counter (OTC) medications were reported in 11 970 (19.5%) pregnancies, illicit drugs or methadone in 545 (0.9%) and herbal medicines/supplements in 352 (0.58%). FDA category D and X medications were reported by 1532 (2.5%) and 1987 (3.2%) women. Asthma, depression and hypertension were among the most commonly reported chronic medical disorders. Medications with potential for foetal harm were reported by 86 (15.7%) women treated for depression and 68 (20%) women treated for hypertension. Factors associated with reporting the use of medications with potential for foetal harm included unplanned pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–1.52), booking at less than 12 weeks gestation (aOR 1.83, 95%CI 1.58–2.13), being above 25 years of age, unemployed (aOR 2.58, 95%CI 2.03–3.29), nulliparous (aOR 1.41; 95%CI 1.22–1.63), single (aOR 1.28; 95%CI 1.06–1.54) or smoking during pregnancy (aOR 1.96, 95%CI 1.67–2.28).ConclusionsWomen frequently report medication use in early pregnancy. Women and prescribers need to be aware of the lack of pregnancy safety data for many medications, and the need for pre‐pregnancy planning. Prescribers should ensure that optimal medications are used when treating women of childbearing potential with chronic medical disorders. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer‐based fluorescence sensors incorporating chiral binaphthyl and benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazole moieties for Hg2+ detection
Authors: Huang Xiaobo , Meng Jie , Dong Yu , Cheng Yixiang , Zhu Chengjian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThree chiral polymers P‐1, P‐2, and P‐3 could be obtained by the polymerization of (R)‐6,6′‐dibutyl‐3,3′‐diiodo‐2, 2′‐binaphthol (R‐M‐1), (R)‐6,6′‐dibutyl‐3,3′‐diiodo‐2,2′‐bisoctoxy‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (R‐M‐2), and (R)‐6,6′‐dibutyl‐3,3′‐diiodo‐2,2′‐bis (diethylaminoethoxy)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (R‐M‐3) with 4,7‐diethynyl‐benzo[2,1,3]‐thiadiazole (M‐1) via Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira reaction, respectively. P‐1, P‐2, and P‐3 can show pale red, blue–green, and orange fluorescence. The responsive optical properties of these polymers on various metal ions were investigated by fluorescence spectra. Compared with other cations, such as Co2+, Ni2+, Ag+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+, Hg2+ can exhibit the most pronounced fluorescence response of these polymers. P‐1 and P‐2 show obvious fluorescence quenching effect upon addition of Hg2+, on the contrary, P‐3 shows fluorescence enhancement. Three polymer‐based fluorescent sensors also show excellent fluorescence response for Hg2+ detection without interference from other metal ions. The results indicate that these kinds of tunable chiral polybinaphthyls can be used as fluorescence sensors for Hg2+ detection. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 997–1006, 2010
Proline‐based polymeric monoliths: Synthesis, characterization, and applications as organocatalysts in aldol reaction
Authors: Garg Dipti , Ahn J.‐H. , Chauhan Ghanshyam S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractProline‐based polymer monoliths were synthesized via green protocol using lipase‐catalyzed esterification of methacrylic acid and 4‐hydroxyproline. Prolinyl methacrylate thus prepared was polymerized in situ as crosslinked monolith. The monolith was characterized by various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and nitrogen analysis and used as catalyst in aldol reactions. The swelling behavior of the monolith was also studied as function of various external parameters like pH and temperature. The monoliths synthesized with 1% crosslinker was selected as candidate monolith for use as catalyst in aldol reaction, which was studied as a function of time, temperature, substrate structure, and amount of water:EtOH. The catalysts exhibited high efficiency in the cross aldol reaction, especially with the aromatic substrates having electron withdrawing substituent, and also good activity retention was observed when recycleability was studied up to five cycles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1007–1015, 2010
Kinetics of the radical copolymerization of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate with tert‐butyl α‐trifluoromethacrylate
Authors: Boschet Frédéric , Kostov Georgi , Ameduri Bruno , Yoshida Toru , Kawada Kosuke 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe radical copolymerization of two different methacrylate monomers, 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) and tert‐butyl α‐trifluoromethacrylate (TBTFMA) in solution was investigated. The resulting statistic poly(TFEMA‐co‐TBTFMA) copolymers were characterized by NMR spectroscopy to assess their compositions. The kinetics of copolymerization enabled one to determine the reactivity ratios of both comonomers according to the methods of Fineman‐Ross, Kelen‐Tüdos, and extended Kelen‐Tüdos. Excellent correlations were found between these methods leading to the following reactivity ratios: rTFEMA = 4.87 ± 1.50 and rTBTFMA = 0.10 ± 0.02 at 74 °C. These values indicated that the structure of the copolymers was composed of poly(TFEMA) micro‐blocks separated by one TBTFMA unit. Both yields and molecular weights (ranging between 1,000 and 12,000 g/mol) increased with the TFEMA content. The thermal stability of these (co)polymers showed that the decomposition temperature at 10% weight loss increased both with TFEMA content and increasing molecular weights of the poly(TFEMA‐co‐TBTFMA) copolymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1029–1037, 2010
Chromatographic performance of molecularly imprinted polymers: Core‐shell microspheres by precipitation polymerization and grafted MIP films via iniferter‐modified silica beads
Authors: Barahona Francisco , Turiel Esther , Cormack Peter A. G. , Martín‐Esteban Antonio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this work, two different surface imprinting formats have been evaluated using thiabendazole (TBZ) as model template. The first format is a thin film of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) grafted from preformed silica particles using an immobilized iniferter‐type initiator (inif‐MIP). The second format is molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres with narrow particle size distribution and core‐shell morphology prepared by precipitation polymerization in a two‐step procedure. For the latter format, polymer microspheres (the core particles) were obtained by precipitation polymerization of divinylbenzene‐80 (DVB‐80) in acetonitrile. Thereafter, the core particles were used as seed particles in the synthesis of MIP shells by copolymerization of DVB‐80 and methacrylic acid in the presence of TBZ in a mixed solvent porogen (acetonitrile/toluene). The materials were characterized by elemental microanalysis, nitrogen sorption porosimetry and scanning (and transmission) electron microscopy. Thereafter, the imprinted materials were assessed as stationary phases in liquid chromatography. From this study it can be concluded that grafted MIP beads can be obtained in a simple and direct manner, consuming only a fraction of the reagents used typically to prepare imprinted particles from a monolithic imprinted polymer. Such materials can be used in the development of in‐line molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction methods. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1058–1066, 2010
Multifunctional poly(2,5‐benzimidazole)/carbon nanotube composite films
Authors: Kang Ji‐Ye , Eo Soo‐Mi , Jeon In‐Yup , Choi Yeong Suk , Tan Loon‐Seng , Baek Jong‐Beom 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe AB‐monomer, 3,4‐diaminobenzoic acid dihydrochloride, was recrystallized from an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution and used to synthesize high‐molecular‐weight poly(2,5‐benzimidazole) (ABPBI). ABPBI/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites were prepared via in situ polymerization of the AB‐monomer in the presence of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) or multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) in a mildly acidic polyphosphoric acid. The ABPBI/SWCNT and ABPBI/MWCNT composites displayed good solubility in methanesulfonic acid and thus, uniform films could be cast. The morphology of these composite films was studied by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The results showed that both types of CNTs were uniformly dispersed into the ABPBI matrix. Tensile properties of the composite films were significantly improved when compared with ABPBI, and their toughness (∼200 MPa) was close to the nature's toughest spider silk (∼215 MPa). The electrical conductivities of ABPBI/SWCNT and ABPBI/MWCNT composite films were 9.10 × 10−5 and 2.53 × 10−1 S/cm, respectively, whereas that of ABPBI film was 4.81 × 10−6 S/cm. These values are ∼19 and 52,700 times enhanced by the presence of SWCNT and MWCNT, respectively. Finally, without acid impregnation, the ABPBI film was nonconducting while the SWCNT‐ and MWCNT‐based composites were proton conducting with maximum conductivities of 0.018 and 0.017 S/cm, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1067–1078, 2010
Biocompatible and pH‐responsive triblock copolymer mPEG‐b‐PCL‐b‐PDMAEMA: Synthesis, self‐assembly, and application
Authors: Zhang Wenling , He Jinlin , Liu Zhuang , Ni Peihong , Zhu Xiulin 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA series of well‐defined amphiphilic triblock copolymers [polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether]‐block‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (mPEG‐b‐PCL‐b‐PDMAEMA or abbreviated as mPEG‐b‐PCL‐b‐PDMA) were prepared by a combination of ring‐opening polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization. The chemical structures and compositions of these copolymers have been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis. The molecular weights of the triblock copolymers were obtained by calculating from 1H NMR spectra and gel permeation chromatography measurements. Subsequently, the self‐assembly behavior of these copolymers was investigated by fluorescence probe method and transmission electron microscopy, which indicated that these amphiphilic triblock copolymers possess distinct pH‐dependent critical aggregation concentrations and can self‐assemble into micelles or vesicles in PBS buffer solution, depending on the length of PDMA in the copolymer. Agarose gel retardation assays demonstrated that these cationic nanoparticles can effectively condense plasmid DNA. Cell toxicity tests indicated that these triblock copolymers displayed lower cytotoxicity than that of branched polyethylenimine with molecular weight of 25 kDa. In addition, in vitro release of Naproxen from these nanoparticles in pH buffer solutions was conducted, demonstrating that higher PCL content would result in the higher drug loading content and lower release rate. These biodegradable and biocompatible cationic copolymers have potential applications in drug and gene delivery. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1079–1091, 2010