bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability of the solar wind suprathermal electron strahl
Authors: Anderson B. R. , Skoug R. M. , Steinberg J. T. , McComas D. J. 
Published: March 2012

At suprathermal energies, interplanetary electrons commonly exhibit a magnetic field‐aligned beam referred to as the strahl. The finite strahl width is a consequence of competition between magnetic focusing as the interplanetary field weakens with distance from the Sun, and particle scattering acting to broaden the strahl along its propagation path. We present a statistical survey of the strahl using ACE Solar Wind Electron, Proton, and Alpha Monitor (SWEPAM) measurements from 1998 to 2002. A systematic fitting algorithm was applied to pitch angle distributions to identify unidirectional or counterstreaming strahl features and to quantify beam widths and intensities. The analysis indicated that a strahl is present ≥75% of the time, while counterstreaming strahls were observed about 10% of the time. The strahl width ranges from 5° to 90°; importantly, the strahl cannot be characterized by any typical width. Within counterstreaming intervals the strahl peak intensity anticorrelates with beam width while the integrated fluxes of the two simultaneously observed strahls are similar, within a factor of 2 for 75% of counterstreaming periods. Observations are consistent with a model in which integrated strahl flux leaving the corona varies over a limited range, but the degree of beam scattering along the propagation path to 1 AU varies widely. The difference between two concurrent counterstreaming strahls is likely due to different scattering profiles along the different legs of a closed field line loop, both rooted in similar coronal regions. Narrow strahls (<20°) are strongly associated with counterstreaming intervals, as well as high‐speed streams. Strahl width can either increase or decrease with energy.
Relaxation from upwelling: The effect on dissolved oxygen on the continental shelf
Authors: Send Uwe , Nam SungHyun 
Published: March 2012

Continental shelves in upwelling regimes are subject to sequences of upwelling and relaxation events, each on timescales of order 1 week typically. These episodes have pronounced impacts on the temperature and density structure on the shelves and also on the along‐shore and cross‐shore flow regimes. It had previously been demonstrated that relaxation phases advect warm water along shore (poleward) from regions of less intense upwelling, thus adding to the heat balance in upwelling locations and providing a rectification of oscillating heat fluxes. In the current paper it is shown that relaxations also modify the dissolved oxygen (DO) budget of the lower layers. On a narrow shelf, this provides enhanced DO values due to near‐surface exposure, while on a wide shelf decreased DO concentrations are created due to oxygen consumption on the inner shelf. The resulting variations along the coast can lead to along‐shore advection of high or low DO during a relaxation event. Observations are presented from moorings off San Diego and Del Mar, which show large departures from density‐correlated DO values during relaxations and which support the proposed mechanisms.
Measured current and close electric field changes associated with the initiation of upward lightning from a tall tower
Authors: Zhou Helin , Diendorfer Gerhard , Thottappillil Rajeev , Pichler Hannes , Mair Martin 
Published: March 2012

We examine in detail the simultaneous lightning current waveforms, close electric field changes, and lightning location system data for upward lightning discharges initiated from the Gaisberg Tower (GBT) from 2005 to 2009. Out of 205 upward flashes, most of them (87% or 179/205) were initiated from the tower top without any nearby preceding lightning activity (called “self‐initiated”), whereas 26 upward flashes (13%) were initiated from the tower top with immediately preceding nearby lightning activity (called “nearby‐lightning‐triggered”), including 15 positive ground flashes, one negative ground flashes, and 10 cloud discharges. The possible reasons for self‐initiated upward flashes dominating at the GBT could be the field enhancement due to the Gaisberg Mountain above the surrounding terrain and low altitude of charge region during non‐convective season (September to March), since we note that self‐initiated lightning at the GBT occurred predominantly (79% or 142/179) during non‐convective season. On the other hand the majority (85% or 22/26) of nearby‐lightning‐triggered upward flashes at the GBT occurring during convective season (April to August) and 80 nearby‐lightning‐triggered upward flashes out of 81 upward flashes observed at the ten tall towers in Rapid City in South Dakota of USA occurring during summer seasons, could be due to the result of high altitude of charge region. The triggering flashes were detected to be within 1 and 18 km distance and the time intervals between them and upward lightning initiation are in the range of 0.3 to 90.7 ms.
The Effects of Modified Melodic Intonation Therapy on Nonfluent Aphasia: A Pilot Study
Authors: Conklyn Dwyer , Novak Eric , Boissy Adrienne , Bethoux Francois , Chemali Kamal 
Published: March 2012

Objective
Positive results have been reported with melodic intonation therapy (MIT) in nonfluent aphasia patients with damage to their left-brain speech processes, using the patient’s intact ability to sing to promote functional language. This pilot study sought to determine the immediate effects of introducing modified melodic intonation therapy (MMIT), a modification of MIT, as an early intervention in stroke patients presenting with Broca’s aphasia.

Method
After a randomized controlled single-blind design, 30 acute stroke survivors with nonfluent aphasia were randomly assigned to receive MIT treatment or no treatment. A pre/post test, based on the responsive and repetition subsections of the Western Aphasia Battery, was developed for this study.

Results

After 1 session, a significant within-subject change was observed for the treatment group’s adjusted total score (
p
= .02), and a significant difference between groups was found for adjusted total score (
p
= .02) favoring the treatment group. The treatment group also showed a significant change in their responsive subsection scores (
p
= .01) when their pre-tests from Visit 1 to Visit 2 were compared, whereas the control group showed no change, suggesting a possible carry-over effect of MIT treatment.

Conclusion
This study provides preliminary data supporting the possible benefits of utilizing MMIT treatment early in the recovery of nonfluent aphasia patients.
Vowel Category Formation in Korean–English Bilingual Children
Authors: Lee Sue Ann S. , Iverson Gregory K. 
Published: March 2012

Purpose
A previous investigation (Lee & Iverson, 2012) found that English and Korean stop categories were fully distinguished by Korean–English bilingual children at 10 years of age but not at 5 years of age. The present study examined vowels produced by Korean–English bilingual children of these same ages to determine whether and when bilinguals establish distinct vowel categories across their 2 languages.

Method
Both English and Korean vowels produced by 40 Korean–English bilingual children (5 and 10 years of age) were examined in terms of 1st formant frequency (F1) and 2nd formant frequency (F2), vowel duration, and F1 and F2 formant trajectories.

Results
Formant frequencies of vowels produced by the bilingual children were similar to those of monolingual English and Korean children. The bilinguals distinguished vowel categories across languages using both the assimilation and dissimilation mechanisms as identified by Flege, Schirru, and MacKay (2003).

Conclusions
Vowel categories developed earlier than stops in bilingual children because vowels were typically acquired earlier than consonants. The results of this study suggest that detailed phonetic categories do not form across the board and that bilingual children may invoke multidimensional representations of phonetic categories.
Acoustics of Clear Speech: Effect of Instruction
Authors: Lam Jennifer , Tjaden Kris , Wilding Greg 
Published: March 2012

Purpose
This study investigated how different instructions for eliciting clear speech affected selected acoustic measures of speech.

Method
Twelve speakers were audio-recorded reading 18 different sentences from the Assessment of Intelligibility of Dysarthric Speech (Yorkston & Beukelman, 1984). Sentences were produced in habitual, clear, hearing impaired, and overenunciate conditions. A variety of acoustic measures were obtained.

Results
Relative to habitual, the clear, hearing impaired, and overenunciate conditions were associated with different magnitudes of acoustic change for measures of vowel production, speech timing, and vocal intensity. The overenunciate condition tended to yield the greatest magnitude of change in vowel spectral measures and speech timing, followed by the hearing impaired and clear conditions. SPL tended to be the greatest in the hearing impaired condition for half of the speakers studied.

Conclusions
Different instructions for eliciting clear speech yielded acoustic adjustments of varying magnitude. Results have implications for direct comparison of studies using different instructions for eliciting clear speech. Results also have implications for optimizing clear speech training programs.
Prisonhouses
Authors: Steedman Carolyn 
Published: March 2012

Those who live in retirement, whose lives have fallen amid the seclusion of schools and other walled-in and guarded dwellings, are liable to be suddenly and for a long while dropped out of the memory of their friends, the denizens of a freer world … there falls a stilly pause, a wordless silence, a long blank of oblivion. Unbroken always is this blank, alike entire and unexplained. The letter, the message once frequent, are cut off, the visit, formerly periodical, ceases to occur; the book, paper, or other token that indicates remembrance, comes no more. Always there are excellent reasons for these lapses if the hermit but knew them. Though he is stagnant in his cell, his connections without are whorling in the very vortex of life … The hermit – if he be a sensible hermit – will swallow his own thoughts, and lock up his own emotions during these weeks of inward winter… (Charlotte Brontë, Villette, 1979: 348)
Reactive polymer enables efficient in vivo bioorthogonal chemistry
Authors: Devaraj Neal K. , Thurber Greg M. , Keliher Edmund J. , Marinelli Brett , Weissleder Ralph 
Published: March 2012

There has been intense interest in the development of selective bioorthogonal reactions or “click” chemistry that can proceed in live animals. Until now however, most reactions still require vast surpluses of reactants because of steep temporal and spatial concentration gradients. Using computational modeling and design of pharmacokinetically optimized reactants, we have developed a predictable method for efficient in vivo click reactions. Specifically, we show that polymer modified tetrazines (PMT) are a key enabler for in vivo bioorthogonal chemistry based on the very fast and catalyst-free [4 + 2] tetrazine/
trans
-cyclooctene cycloaddition. Using fluorescent PMT for cellular resolution and
18
F labeled PMT for whole animal imaging, we show that cancer cell epitopes can be easily reacted in vivo. This generic strategy should help guide the design of future chemistries and find widespread use for different in vivo bioorthogonal applications, particularly in the biomedical sciences.
The taxonomy of the genus Capsicum.
Authors: Eshbaugh W. H. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter covers the origin, evolution, taxonomy and geographical distribution (once endemic to the Americas, but is now distributed throughout the world, including Asia and Africa) of domesticated and wild Capsicum species, including C. annuum var. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, C. baccatum var. pendulum and C. pubescens. A key to the domesticated species of Capsicum is presented.
Tissue culture of Capsicum species.
Authors: Santana-Buzzy N. , Bello-Bello J. J. , Iglesias-Andreu L. , Zúñiga-Aguilar J. J. , Canto-Flick A. , Avilés-Viñas S. A. , Lecona-Guzmán C. A. , Solís-Marroquín D. , Gómez-Uc E. , Balam-Uc E. , Arcos-Ortega G. F. , Mijangos-Cortés J. O. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter focuses on various aspects of the in vitro culture of pepper (Capsicum spp.), including the effects of genotype and explant on regeneration ability, the physiological changes that occur during in vitro organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis, and the application of in vitro culture in pepper genetic improvement through haploid culture and genetic engineering.
Transplanters for use in pepper production.
Authors: Kumar G. V. P. , Hifjur Raheman Hifjur Raheman 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter describes the components (trash cutting devices, furrow openers, soil covering and soil packing devices, planting unit, and seedling pick-up unit) and functions of transplanters used in pepper (Capsicum spp.) production, and provides an overview of recent advances in the design of transplanters, and on the transplanting requirements of peppers and mechanical transplanters.
Pepper fertilization and irrigation management.
Authors: Santos B. M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter briefly discusses the major physiological functions of macronutrients and micronutrients in plants (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum, chlorine and nickel), and describes symptoms of deficiency in these nutrients. The nutritional and water requirements of pepper (Capsicum spp.), and factors affecting fertilizer application and irrigation practices in pepper production are also covered.
Cropping systems for field production.
Authors: Kahn B. A. , Leskovar D. I. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of several components of cropping systems for the production of peppers (Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens) in the field. Soil preparation (bedding and mulching), plant density and spacing, plant management (use of row covers and low tunnels, pruning, and plant training and support), and specialized cropping systems (systems that modify tillage, intercropping, and ratoon cropping) are specifically covered.
Postharvest requirements of peppers.
Authors: Gil M. I. , Tudela J. A. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter discusses the following aspects of postharvest handling of pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruits: pre-sizing, sorting and selection; pre-cooling; storage conditions; postharvest quality losses; water loss; decay; prevention of postharvest quality losses; controlled atmosphere and modified atmosphere packaging; and preparation of fresh-cut peppers.
Effects of Decelerating and Accelerating Flows on Juvenile Salmonid Behavior
Authors: Enders Eva C. , Gessel Michael H. , Anderson James J. , Williams John G. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMigratory and resident fish species have evolved inherent flight responses to avoid potentially harmful situations. At many dams, fish screens or other structures have been installed to guide fish away from turbines or attract them to routes that will result in higher survival. Avoidance responses of fish to rapidly decelerating and accelerating flows at these structures have been repeatedly observed and can result in ineffective fish guidance. By using controlled flume experiments, we analyzed the avoidance behavior of actively migrating spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha smolts in relation to flow decelerations and accelerations. As smolts drifted into areas with decreasing velocities, they actively swam into the current; the larger was the change in water velocity with distance (spatial velocity gradient [SVG]), the faster was the swimming speed exhibited by smolts. Under accelerating flows, the response velocity varied significantly with flow conditions, but the median SVG at which smolts displayed an avoidance response was similar over all flows tested. For both decelerating and accelerating flows, the avoidance response occurred at an SVG of approximately 1 cm·s−1·cm−1. We suggest that this threshold is in part fixed by the energetically optimum swimming speed of the fish (∼1 body length/s).
Why Do People Let Their Long‐term Care Insurance Lapse? Evidence from the Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Li Yong , Jensen Gail A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper empirically analyzes how often and why individuals drop their long‐term care insurance (LTCI) coverage, using data from the 2002‐2008 Health and Retirement Study. It finds that over a two‐year period 13% of LTCI policies lapse. It also finds that the probability of an LTCI lapse increases with a lack of consumer knowledge about their policy's benefit provisions, with prior encounters with the long‐term care system, with less expensive policies, and with less generous policies. These findings raise the possibility that some policyholders may not understand their coverage limitations, and learn about them only after actually using long‐term care services. Greater consumer awareness of LTCI policy features and limitations may help reduce lapse rates and increase the stability of the LTCI market.
First Report of Rust Caused by Pucciniastrum circaeae on Fuchsia × hybrida in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Gilardi G. , Ortu G. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: March 2012

Fuchsia is a genus of flowering plants that is native to South America and New Zealand and belongs to the family Onagraceae. In September 2011, 2-year-old potted plants of Fuchsia × hybrida, cv. Citation, in a garden located near Biella (northern Italy) showed signs and symptoms of a previously unknown disease. Typically, infected plants showed leaf chlorosis followed by the appearance of necrosis on the adaxial leaf surfaces, while the abaxial surfaces showed orange uredinia irregularly distributed. As the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and wilted. Affected plants showed a progressive phylloptosis and also flowering was negatively affected. Urediniospores were globose, yellow to orange, and measured 14.6 to 25.9 (average 19.6) μm. Teliospores were not observed. Morphological characteristics of the fungus corresponded to those of the genus Pucciniastrum. DNA extraction and PCR amplification were carried out with Terra PCR Direct Polymerase Mix (Clontech, Saint Germain-en-Laye, France) and primers ITS1/ITS4 (4). A 700-bp PCR product was sequenced and a BLASTn search (1) confirmed that the sequence corresponded with a 96% identity to Pucciniastrum circaeae. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned the GenBank Accession No. JQ029688. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying leaves of healthy 1-year-old potted Fuchsia × hybrida plants with an aqueous suspension of 1 × 103 urediniospores ml–1. The inoculum was obtained from infected leaves. Plants sprayed only with water served as controls. Three plants were used for each treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 4 days after inoculation and maintained outdoors at temperatures ranging between 18 and 25°C. Lesions developed on leaves 20 days after inoculation with the urediniospore suspension, showing the same symptoms as the original plants, whereas control plants remained healthy. The organism that was recovered from the lesions after inoculation was the same as the one obtained from the diseased plants. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice with similar results. The presence of P. fuchsiae, later identified as P. epilobii, was repeatedly reported in the United States (3). P. epilobii and P. circaeae have closely related hosts and morphologically similar urediniospores. These species were reported to form a single group in molecular phylogenetic trees (2). This is, to our knowledge, the first report of P. circaeae on Fuchsia × hybrida in Italy. References: (1) S. F. Altschul et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997 (2) Y. M. Liang et al. Mycoscience 47:137, 2006. (3) L. B. Loring and L. F. Roth. Plant Dis. Rep. 48:99, 1964. (4) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
On the relation between seismic interferometry and the simultaneous‐source method
Authors: Wapenaar Kees , van der Neut Joost , Thorbecke Jan 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTIn seismic interferometry the response to a virtual source is created from responses to sequential transient or simultaneous noise sources. Most methods use crosscorrelation, but recently seismic interferometry by multidimensional deconvolution (MDD) has been proposed as well. In the simultaneous‐source method (also known as blended acquisition), overlapping responses to sources with small time delays are recorded. The crosstalk that occurs in imaging of simultaneous‐source data can be reduced by using phase‐encoded sources or simultaneous noise sources, by randomizing the time interval between the shots, or by inverting the blending operator. Seismic interferometry and the simultaneous‐source method are related. In this paper we make this relation explicit by deriving deblending as a form of seismic interferometry by MDD. Moreover, we discuss a deblending algorithm for blended data acquired at the surface.
Addition of time‐dependent covariates to a survival model significantly improved predictions for daily risk of hospital death
Authors: Wong Jenna , Taljaard Monica , Forster Alan J. , Escobar Gabriel J. , van Walraven Carl 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRational, aims and objectives  The study aims to determine the extent to which the addition of post‐admission information via time‐dependent covariates improved the ability of a survival model to predict the daily risk of hospital death.Method  Using administrative and laboratory data from adult inpatient hospitalizations at our institution between 1 April 2004 and 31 March 2009, we fit both a time‐dependent and a time‐fixed Cox model for hospital mortality on a randomly chosen 66% of hospitalizations. We compared the predictive performance of these models on the remaining hospitalizations.Results  All comparative measures clearly indicated that the addition of time‐dependent covariates improved model discrimination and prominently improved model calibration. The time‐dependent model had a significantly higher concordance probability (0.879 versus 0.811) and predicted significantly closer to the number of observed deaths within all risk deciles. Over the first 32 admission days, the integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were consistently above zero (average IDI of +0.0200 and average NRI of 62.7% over the first 32 days).Conclusions  The addition of time‐dependent covariates significantly improved the ability of a survival model to predict a patient's daily risk of hospital death. Researchers should consider adding time‐dependent covariates when seeking to improve the performance of survival models.