bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D Hollow Microspheres Assembled from 1D Polyaniline Nanowires through a Cooperation Reaction
Authors: Zhu Ying , Ren Guanqiao , Wan Meixiang , Jiang Lei 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNovel 3D hollow spheres (diameter ≈525 nm, thickness ≈70 nm) self‐assembled from 1D PANI nanofibers (diameter ≈17 nm) with conductivity of 1.11 × 10−1 S · cm−1 are synthesized template‐free by using FeCl3 and salicylic acid as the oxidant and dopant, respectively. In this method, the reaction of aniline with FeCl3 and SA to form conductive PANI and the reaction of SA with FeCl3 to produce a color complex, assigned as Fe(OR)2+, wherein OR represents the ionized phenol, coexist. The coexistence of two reactions results in a cooperative effect of the micelle, where aniline/SA acts as as a soft template of the nanofibers and the color complex as a soft‐template of the spheres, to allow the self‐assembly of complex micro/nanostructures via hydrogen bonding as the driving force.magnified image
Vitrification and Devitrification during the Non‐Isothermal Cure of a Thermoset. Theoretical Model and Comparison with Calorimetric Experiments
Authors: Fraga Iria , Montserrat Salvador , Hutchinson John M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe processes of vitrification and devitrification that occur during the non‐isothermal cure of a cross‐linking system are studied in terms of their dependence on frequency. Experimental results are obtained by TOPEM, a new multi‐frequency temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) technique, and a simulation with MATLAB was used to model the vitrification and devitrification times as a function of the frequency and heating rate. Simulations were made for five different velocities of scan. Other parameters, such as the exponents in the Kamal equation, λ in the DiBenedetto equation, and the activation energy for the frequency dependence of Tg, were also considered. The experimental and simulated results were found to be in good agreement and some advantages of the TOPEM technique are discussed.magnified image
Finite volume distance field and its application to medial axis transforms
Authors: Xia Hao , Tucker Paul G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAccurate and efficient computation of the nearest wall distance d (or level set) is important for many areas of computational science/engineering. Differential equation‐based distance/level set algorithms, such as the hyperbolic‐natured Eikonal equation, have demonstrated valuable computational efficiency. Here, in the context, as an ‘auxiliary’ equation to the main flow equations, the Eikonal equation is solved efficiently with two different finite volume approaches (the cell‐vertex and cell‐centered). The application of the distance solution is studied for various geometries. Moreover, a procedure using the differential field to obtain the medial axis transform (MAT) for different geometries is presented. The latter provides a skeleton representation of geometric models that has many useful analysis properties. As an alternative to other methods, the current d‐MAT procedure bypasses difficulties that are usually encountered by pure geometric methods (e.g. the Voronoi approach), especially in three dimensions, and provides better accuracy than pure thinning methods. It is also shown that the d‐MAT approach provides the potential to sculpt/control the MAT form for specialized solution purposes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the decomposition of generalized eigenproblems for the free vibration analysis of cyclically symmetric finite element models
Authors: Koohestani K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFree vibration analysis is a major part of any dynamic analysis. Natural frequencies and related mode shapes may be obtained from free vibration analysis as the solutions of generalized eigenproblems. Although the eigensolutions of large‐scale structures require large computational efforts, these solutions may be achieved simply for symmetric structures. We present an efficient method for the decomposition of generalized eigenproblems related to finite element models with cyclic symmetry (having nodes at the axis of symmetry) into eigensubproblems with significantly smaller dimensions. This decomposition is obtained by block diagonalization of a matrix with a special pattern known as a block circulant, using the concept of the Kronecker product and similarity transformations. The proposed method is applied to three finite element models discretized by triangular and four‐node quadrilateral plate and shell elements, and its efficiency, accuracy and simplicity are evaluated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medizinische Chemie der Wirkstoffe gegen Malaria. Wirk‐ und Resistenzmechanismen
Authors: Schlitzer Martin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDas Arsenal, das zum medikamentösen Kampf gegen die Malaria‐Parasiten zur Verfügung steht, ist vergleichsweise begrenzt. Es handelt sich um die 4‐Aminochinoline Chloroquin und Amodiaquin, die Arylaminoalkohole Chinin, Mefloquin und Lumefantrin, das Endoperoxid Dihydroartemisinin und seine beiden Prodrugs Artemether und Artesunat, die Antifolat‐Kombination Sulfadoxin/Pyrimethamin, sowie das 8‐Aminochinolin Primaquin. Relativ neu und mit einem neuartigen Wirkprinzip ist die Kombination Atovaquon/Proguanil. Auch manche Antibiotika, vor allem Doxycyclin und Clindamycin, töten die Parasiten.
Affen, Menschen und Malaria. Affenmalaria – auch für den Menschen gefährlich!
Authors: Schlitzer Martin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMalaria ist eine der am weitesten verbreiteten Infektionserkrankungen unter den Wirbeltieren. Sie befällt Vögel, Reptilien und Säugetiere, unter diesen vorwiegend Nager und Primaten. Heute sind mehr als 30 Spezies der Gattung Plasmodium bekannt, die Primaten befallen, davon sind vier Spezies (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale und P. malariae) die Malaria‐Parasiten des Menschen.
Erfolgreiches Konzept: Proteasen als Zielstrukturen für Antiinfektiva. Neue Angriffspunkte in der Infektionstherapie
Authors: Schirmeister Tanja , Welker Armin 
Published: October 2009

AbstractVirale Serin‐ und Cystein‐Proteasen, die das große virale Vorläuferprotein in strukturelle und nicht‐strukturelle Proteine spalten, sind neue Zielenzyme antiviraler Arzneistoffe. Eine Hemmung der Proteasen verhindert die Replikation der Viren. Beispiele für neue antivirale Arzneistoffe in der klinischen Prüfung sind die gegen die HCV‐Protease gerichteten Peptidylketoamide Telaprevir und Boceprevir oder die makrozyklischen Sulfonamide TMC‐435350 und ITMN‐191. Protozoen und Parasiten exprimieren ein ganzes Arsenal an Proteasen, sehr häufig Aspartat‐ und Cystein‐Proteasen, die essenzielle Rollen bei der Invasion in die Wirtszellen, beim Katabolismus der Wirtsproteine (z.B. Hämoglobinabbau als Aminosäurequelle), der Differenzierung, der Freisetzung aus den Wirtszellen und der Ausschaltung der Immunantwort des Wirtes spielen. Ein irreversibler Hemmstoff in präklinischer Entwicklung mit antitrypanosomaler und antischistosomaler Wirkung ist das Vinylsulfon CRA‐3316 und davon abgeleitete reversible Thiosemicarbazon‐Derivate.
Neue Hoffnung auf eine Malaria‐Impfung
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMalaria ist auch heute noch weltweit eine der am weitesten verbreiteten parasitären Erkrankungen, insbesondere in Afrika südlich der Sahara. Sie verursacht jährlich 300 Millionen Neuerkrankungen und 1 bis 3 Millionen Tote, zumeist unter Kindern im Alter unter 5 Jahren.
Comparative proteome and transcriptome analyses of embryonic stem cells during embryoid body‐based differentiation
Authors: Fathi Ali , Pakzad Mohammad , Taei Adele , Brink Thore C. , Pirhaji Leila , Ruiz Guifré , Sharif Tabe Bordbar Mohammad , Gourabi Hamid , Adjaye James , Baharvand Hossein , Hosseini Salekdeh Ghasem 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGene expression analyses of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) will help to uncover or further define signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance of self‐renewal and pluripotency. We employed a 2‐DE‐based proteomics approach to analyze human ESC line, Royan H5, in undifferentiated cells and different stages of spontaneous differentiation (days 3, 6, 12, and 20) by embryoid body formation. Out of 945 proteins reproducibly detected on gels, the expression of 96 spots changed during differentiation. Using MS, 87 ESC‐associated proteins were identified including several proteins involved in cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, transcription, translation, mRNA processing, and protein folding. Transcriptional changes accompanying differentiation of Royan H5 were also analyzed using microarrays. We developed a comprehensive data set that shows the use of human ESC lines in vitro to mimic gastrulation and organogenesis. Our results showed that proteomics and transcriptomics data are complementary rather than duplicative. Although regulation of many genes during differentiation were observed only at transcript level, modulation of several proteins was revealed only by proteome analysis.
An environmentally benign room temperature aqueous homo‐ and copolymerization of styrene and methylmethacrylate catalyzed by [Cp2TiCl2]/NaBPh4
Authors: De Sudip K. , Bhattacharjee Manish 
Published: October 2009

Abstract[Cp2TiCl2] has been found to be an effective precatalyst for room temperature aqueous homo‐ and copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene in the presence of a cocatalyst, NaBPh4 and an emulsifier, sodium n‐dodecyl sulfate. The polymers obtained are of high molecular weight with low molecular weight distribution. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6496–6503, 2009
Are o‐nitrobenzyl (meth)acrylate monomers polymerizable by controlled‐radical polymerization?
Authors: Schumers Jean‐Marc , Fustin Charles‐André , Can Aydin , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S. , Gohy Jean‐François 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe report on the controlled‐radical polymerization of the photocleavable o‐nitrobenzyl methacrylate (NBMA) and o‐nitrobenzyl acrylate (NBA) monomers. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), and nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) have been evaluated. For all methods used, the acrylate‐type monomer does not polymerize, or polymerizes very slowly in a noncontrolled manner. The methacrylate‐type monomer can be polymerized by RAFT with some degree of control (PDI ∼ 1.5) but leading to molar masses up to 11,000 g/mol only. ATRP proved to be the best method since a controlled‐polymerization was achieved when conversions are limited to 30%. In this case, polymers with molar masses up to 17,000 g/mol and polydispersity index as low as 1.13 have been obtained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6504–6513, 2009
Copper catalyzed atom transfer radical copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate
Authors: Haloi Dhruba J. , Roy Santanu , Singha Nikhil K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis investigation reports the atom transfer radical copolymerization (ATRcP) of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and 2‐ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA). Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) has easily transformable pendant oxirane group and poly(2‐ethylhexyl acrylate) (PEHA) has very low Tg. They are the important components of coating and adhesive materials. Copolymerization of GMA and EHA was carried out in bulk and in toluene at 70 °C at different molar feed ratios using CuCl as catalyst in combination with 2,2′‐bypyridine (bpy) as well as N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyl diethylenetriamine (PMDETA) as ligand. The molecular weight (Mn) and the polydispersity index (PDI) of the polymers were determined by GPC analysis. The molar composition of the copolymers was determined by 1H NMR analysis. The reactivity ratios of GMA (r1) and EHA (r2) were determined using Finemann‐Ross and Kelen‐Tudos linearization methods and those had been compared with the literature values for conventional free radical copolymerization. The thermal properties of the copolymers were studied by DSC and TGA analysis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6526–6533, 2009
Comparison of surface confined ATRP and SET‐LRP syntheses for a series of amino (meth)acrylate polymer brushes on silicon substrates
Authors: Ding Shijie , Floyd J. Alaina , Walters Keisha B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA series of poly(amino (meth)acrylate) brushes, poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA), poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate) (PDMAEA), poly(2‐(tert‐butylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PTBAEMA), has been synthesized via surface‐confined controlled/living radical polymerizations using surface‐confined initiator from silane self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on silicon (Si) wafer substrates. Chemical methods and efficacies for two types of living radical polymerization, atom transfer radical (ATRP) and single electron transfer (SET‐LRP), are described and contrasted for the surface confined polymerization of poly(amino (meth)acrylate)s. Effects of solvent, catalyst/ligand system, and temperature on polymerization success were examined. Chemical compositions after each reaction step were characterized with FTIR spectroscopy, contact angle goniometry, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy while the SAM and polymer brush thicknesses were measured with spectroscopic ellipsometry. For the first time, this study demonstrates successful surface‐confined polymerization of a series of poly(amine (meth)acrylate) brushes from Si‐SAM substrates using a copper metal electron donor catalyst. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6552–6560, 2009
Kinetic study of H‐atom transfer in imidazoline‐, imidazolidine‐, and pyrrolidine‐based alkoxyamines: Consequences for nitroxide‐mediated polymerization
Authors: Edeleva Mariya V. , Kirilyuk Igor A. , Zubenko Dmitry P. , Zhurko Irina F. , Marque Sylvain R. A. , Gigmes Didier , Guillaneuf Yohann , Bagryanskaya Elena G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe H‐atom transfer reaction was studied for a series of imidazoline, imidazolidine, and pyrrolidine‐based alkoxyamines containing either isobutyrate‐2‐yl or 1‐phenylethyl alkyl fragments. The CO bond homolysis rate constants and activation energies were determined by 1H NMR product analysis as a function of temperature. Inter‐ and intramolecular H‐atom transfer reactions were distinguished by examination of alkoxyamine thermolysis products in the absence and in the presence of a radical scavenger (thiophenol or deuterated styrene). A correlation between the structure of the nitroxyl fragment of alkoxyamine and the H‐transfer reaction was found. The high steric demands of the substituents on the nitroxyl part of the isobutyrate‐2‐yl alkoxyamine decrease both types of reaction. For alkoxyamines containing the 1‐phenylethoxyamines, neither inter‐ nor intramolecular H‐atom transfer was observed. Controlled polymerization of methylmethacrylate initiated with imidazoline‐based alkoxyamine was observed, although the polymer obtained was not living. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6579–6595, 2009
Facile synthesis of well‐defined pH‐liable Schiff‐base‐type photosensitive polymers via visible‐light‐activated ambient temperature RAFT polymerization
Authors: Luo Qing , Zheng Haimei , Peng Ye , Gao Huan , Lu Lican , Cai Yuanli 
Published: October 2009

AbstractInspired by the structure character and photosensitive molecular mechanism of natural rhodopsin or bacteriorhodopsin, a novel pH‐liable photosensitive polymer whose chromophores directly bind with Schiff base linkages was designed. Accordingly, 2‐((3‐phenylallylidene)amino)ethyl methacrylate (PAAEMA), 2‐((3‐(4‐fluorophenyl)allylidene)amino)ethyl methacrylate (FPAAEMA), and 2‐((3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)allylidene)amino)ethyl methacrylate (MPAAEMA) monomers were synthesized. These monomers were polymerized upon irradiating with mild visible light at ambient temperature. The results indicate that Schiff base linkages of these monomers are stable under such mild polymerizing conditions, and the weak absorption of dithioester functionalities in the visible wave range leads to a rapid and well‐controlled RAFT polymerization. The polymerization rate slows down but initialization period significantly shortens on increasing the feed molar ratio of monomer. The pendant electron‐withdrawing‐group‐substituted chromophore improves the reactivity of monomer, but electron‐donating‐group‐substituted chromophore significantly inactivates monomer. Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) may well incorporate in this polymer via RAFT random copolymerization of PAAEMA and GMA monomers due to the comparable reactivity ratios of this monomer pair. PolyMPAAEMA exhibits reversible fluorescence emitting or quenching upon deprotonating or protonating the Schiff base linkages. This fluorescence behavior may be of interest in the fabrication of pH‐responsive photosensors, light modulators, or actuators. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6668–6681, 2009
E‐glass/DGEBA/m‐PDA single fiber composites: New insights into the statistics of fiber fragmentation
Authors: Kim Jaehyun , Leigh Stefan , Holmes Gale 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe interfacial shear strength is a critical parameter for assessing composite performance and failure behavior. This parameter is usually obtained from a single‐fiber fragmentation test that induces sequential fracture with increasing strain of a single embedded fiber with output being the distribution of fragment lengths. An exact analytical form for the expected fragment length distribution is still not known. Such data are often fit empirically to Weibull, shifted‐exponential, or lognormal distribution functions. In this report, new insights into the sequential fiber fracture process are provided by detailed analyses of the fiber break locations along the length of the embedded fiber. From this approach, the high degree of uniformity of the break coordinate loci strongly suggests that there can be no mechanistic rationale for the use of the Weibull, or lognormal, or exponential functions to fit the fragment lengths. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 2301–2312, 2009
The role of appearance investment in the adjustment of women with breast cancer
Authors: Moreira Helena , Silva Sónia , Canavarro Maria Cristina 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjective: Appearance investment can be considered an important factor in the explanation of individual differences in adjustment to breast cancer. This study aims to analyze the role of this variable on a set of adjustment outcomes, namely, quality of life (QOL), emotional adjustment (depression and anxiety) and fear of negative evaluations. The differential role of motivational salience facet of appearance investment (MS; the individual's efforts to be or feel attractive), conceptualized as a protective factor, and of self‐evaluative salience facet (SES; the importance an individual places on physical appearance for their definition of self‐worth), conceptualized as a vulnerability factor, is explored.Methods: This cross‐sectional study included 117 Portuguese breast cancer patients (mean age=52.47; SD=8.81), on average 2.32 months (SD=2.17) post‐diagnosis. Appearance investment was measured by the ASI‐R; QOL by the WHOQOL‐bref; emotional adjustment by the HADS; and fear of negative evaluations by the FNE (Portuguese versions). Several hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted for each outcome, using investment facets as a predictor variable.Results: Both facets of investment contributed to the explanation of social (p⩽0.001) and psychological (p⩽0.001) QOL and also depression (p⩽0.001), with SES being associated with poorer results and MS with better outcomes. SES also predicted higher levels of fear of negative evaluations (p⩽0.001).Conclusions: This study provided significant information about the role of appearance investment in the adjustment of breast cancer patients and added empirical support to SES‐MS distinction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highlights of the flame acceleration in a confined nonuniform H2/O2/N2 mixture
Authors: Daubech J. , Sochet I. , Proust Ch. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGaseous explosion models generally assume the gas mixture to be uniform. However, in a real explosion, the vapor cloud may not be homogeneous, and repartitioning of the reactivity inside the cloud can be subject to wide spatial variations. In this work, experimental tests were run to study the flame propagation and acceleration in nonuniform mixtures. Experiments were performed in a long vertical confined tube with a square cross section, composed of four equal sections. A gate valve separated the tube into two parts, and the composition of the gases was different on each side of the valve. The opening of the valve permitted the mixing of gases by molecular diffusion. For nonuniform mixtures, a mode of propagation identical to that seen in uniform mixtures was observed; however, a third phase of propagation was found, in which the flame velocity increased strongly. This increase occurred with higher hydrogen concentration in an upward‐propagating flame. A concentration gradient can appreciably modify the trajectory and acceleration of a flame. Here, however, the incidence of pressure effects remained modest, since the combustion was confined and the final pressure depended mainly on the quantity of reactants available. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009.
Catching Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) with pheromone‐baited traps: optimal trap type, colour, height and distance to infestation
Authors: Chen Guofa , Zhang Qing‐He , Wang Yanjun , Liu Guang‐Tian , Zhou Xiaoming , Niu Jingfu , Schlyter Fredrik 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Field trapping experiments were carried out to evaluate effective trap characteristics for maximising Ips duplicatus (Sahlberg) catches in pheromone‐baited traps in China.RESULTS: Window‐slot and cross‐barrier traps had significantly higher catches than multiple‐funnel traps. The colour of window‐slot traps showed a significant effect on catches, with dark colours (black and red) being more effective than light colours, especially white and yellow. Window‐slot traps at a 1.5–2.0 m level caught more beetles than those at either ground level (0–0.5 m) or at 3.5–4.0 m. Ips duplicatus can be attracted to pheromone‐baited traps over a distance of > 100 m from the forest edge in an open grassy field. There was a strong diurnal pattern of flight activity, with catches on window‐slot traps occurring during the daytime with one broad peak at mid‐ to late afternoon. The seasonal flight activity of I. duplicatus as monitored by pheromone‐baited window‐slot traps during 2007–2008 indicated that three major flight peaks occurred in early June, late June–early July and late July respectively, suggesting the existence of a potential second generation.CONCLUSION: The optimal trap characteristics will improve the performance of pheromone‐baited traps as a critical monitoring or mass‐trapping tool to combat outbreaks of this pest species. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry