bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons from Nature—Biomimetic Approaches to Minerals with Complex Structures
Authors: Sommerdijk Nico A.J.M. , Cölfen Helmut 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn biology, organic-inorganic hybrid materials are used for several purposes, in particular, for protection and mechanical support. These materials are generally optimized for their function through precise control over the structure, size, shape, and assembly of the component parts and can be superior to many synthetic materials. The shapes and forms of minerals encountered in nature strongly contrast with those that are generally formed in a synthetic environment. According to current understanding, this is achieved through different modes of control: their shape can be controlled by restricting their growth to a confined space or by influencing their preferred direction of growth; in addition, for crystalline materials, polymorph selection and oriented nucleation are achieved through specific interactions between a template or additive and the developing nucleus. Also, controlled arrangement of nanoparticles into superstructures can lead to a complex structure. The understanding and, ultimately, the mimicking of these processes will provide new synthetic routes to specialized organic-inorganic hybrid materials. On the other hand, transformation of existing complex hierarchical natural structures such as wood or diatom frustules into other materials using shape-preserving chemistry is another approach toward minerals with complex biomimetic structure. The theme topic in this issue will focus on recent biomimetic and bioinspired approaches used to achieve control over the shape and organization of mineral and organic-inorganic hybrid materials. The different contributions will also highlight the advantages of these methods for advanced materials synthesis, and possible applications will be discussed.
Templating Approaches Using Natural Cellular Plant Tissue
Authors: Greil Peter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBiological preforms such as plant tissue offer a novel approach for manufacturing biomorphous ceramics with an anisotropic cellular micro- and macrostructure pseudomorphous to the natural template structure. Mimicking the hierarchical microstructure of the native template at different length scales from large vessels (mm) down to a cell wall microstructure (μm to nm) offers the possibility to tailor the local strut microstructure in biomorphous ceramics in order to improve mechanical properties at low density. Mineralization may be achieved by intercalation of the cell walls with an inorganic, metal organic, or organometallic sol. Heating above the pyrolysis temperature of the hydrocarbons forming the cell wall material in an inert atmosphere finally results in a positive replica of the cellular structure with a metal oxide/carbon composite forming the cell walls. Amorphous, nano- or microcrystalline C/Si-O-C(-N) composite materials are obtained by infiltration with a low viscosity preceramic polymeric precursor, such as polycarbosilane, -silazane, -siloxane, or a copolymer or mixture thereof. Pyrolysis into a biocarbon template and subsequent metal alloy melt or vapor infiltration and reaction at high temperatures above 1000°C is an alternate way to produce single and multiphase carbides and composites.
Biorenewable Multiphase Polymers
Authors: Robertson Megan L. , Hillmyer Marc A. , Mortamet Anne-Cécile , Ryan Anthony J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHybrid macromolecules composed of two or more covalently connected segments have the ability to self-assemble into nanostructured materials. These fascinating materials are used in applications ranging from footwear to bitumen modification to microelectronics. The number of technologies that utilize or could benefit from multiphase polymers is expanding at a rapid rate. This growth is due to the development of simple scalable synthetic technologies, a deeper understanding of their structure-property relationships, and their effectiveness as low-level additives. As industrial uses of self-assembled polymers become more prevalent, there will be a heightened focus on alternative preparative approaches that do not rely on petroleum feedstocks. Therefore the development of biorenewable multiphase polymers is an important research endeavor. In this article, we will explore the synthesis, self-assembly, and properties of renewable block and graft copolymers that contain aliphatic polyesters, as well as bio-sourced segmented polyurethanes. These two classes of multiphase polymers are the most promising and practical candidates for implementation in the next generation of sustainable materials.
Bacterial Nanocellulose as a Renewable Material for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Gatenholm Paul , Klemm Dieter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNanocellulose, such as that produced by the bacteria Gluconacetobacter xylinus (bacterial cellulose, BC), is an emerging biomaterial with great potential as a biological implant, wound and burn dressing material, and scaffolds for tissue regeneration. BC has remarkable mechanical properties despite the fact that it contains up to 99% water. The water-holding ability is the most probable reason why BC implants do not elicit any foreign body reaction. Moreover, the nanostructure and morphological similarities with collagen make BC attractive for cell immobilization and cell support. The architecture of BC materials can be engineered over length scales ranging from nano to macro by controlling the biofabrication process. This article describes current and future applications of BC in the biomedical field.
Factors Influencing the Periodontal Referral Process
Authors: Park Christina H. , Thomas Mark V. , Branscum Adam J. , Harrison Ershal , Al‐Sabbagh Mohanad 
Published: February 2011

Background: General dental practitioners (GPs) assess the periodontal status of patients and make decisions to treat patients or refer them to a periodontist. There is little information available regarding this process. The purpose of this study is to identify significant factors that GPs consider important in selecting a particular periodontist. The findings were compared and contrasted with responses of periodontists to gain perspectives from both groups involved in the referral process.Methods: Data from an online cross‐sectional survey of GPs (n = 533) and periodontists (n = 533) who practice in the southeastern region of the United States (from the databases of the American Dental Association and American Academy of Periodontology member directories) were obtained.Results: The specialist's clinical skill was identified as the most important factor influencing periodontal referrals by GPs, whereas periodontists identified a previous positive experience between a GP and periodontist as the most important factor. In a descending order of importance, the top three rating averages (rated out of five) by GPs were clinical skill (4.84), a previous positive experience between a GP and periodontist (4.57), and communication (4.52). The top three factors of periodontists were a previous positive experience between a GP and periodontist (4.66), communication (4.40), and the likelihood of a good patient and periodontist rapport (4.29).Conclusions: The periodontist's clinical skill was chosen by GPs as the primary factor influencing the referral decisions of GPs. Periodontists perceived a previous positive experience between the GP and periodontist as the most influential factor. Further studies are required to gain more insight into the referral process.
Hard and Soft Tissue Changes After Crestal and Subcrestal Immediate Implant Placement
Authors: Koh Richard U. , Oh Tae‐Ju , Rudek Ivan , Neiva Gisele F. , Misch Carl E. , Rothman Edward D. , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: February 2011

Background: The purpose of this study is to assess the influence of the placement level of implants with a laser‐microtextured collar design on the outcomes of crestal bone and soft tissue levels. In addition, we assessed the vertical and horizontal defect fill and identified factors that influenced clinical outcomes of immediate implant placement.Methods: Twenty‐four patients, each with a hopeless tooth (anterior or premolar region), were recruited to receive dental implants. Patients were randomly assigned to have the implant placed at the palatal crest or 1 mm subcrestally. Clinical parameters including the keratinized gingival (KG) width, KG thickness, horizontal defect depth (HDD), facial and interproximal marginal bone levels (MBLs), facial threads exposed, tissue–implant horizontal distance, gingival index (GI), and plaque index (PI) were assessed at baseline and 4 months after surgery. In addition, soft tissue profile measurements including the papilla index, papilla height (PH), and gingival level (GL) were assessed after crown placement at 6 and 12 months post‐surgery.Results: The overall 4‐month implant success rate was 95.8% (one implant failed). A total of 20 of 24 patients completed the study. At baseline, there were no significant differences between crestal and subcrestal groups in all clinical parameters except for the facial MBL (P = 0.035). At 4 months, the subcrestal group had significantly more tissue thickness gain (keratinized tissue) than the crestal group compared to baseline. Other clinical parameters (papilla index, PH, GL, PI, and GI) showed no significant differences between groups at any time. A facial plate thickness ≤1.5 mm and HDD ≥2 mm were strongly correlated with the facial marginal bone loss. A facial plate thickness ≤2 mm and HDD ≥3 were strongly correlated with horizontal dimensional changes.Conclusions: The use of immediate implants was a predictable surgical approach (96% survival rate), and the level of placement did not influence horizontal and vertical bone and soft tissue changes. This study suggests that a thick facial plate, small gaps, and premolar sites were more favorable for successful implant clinical outcomes in immediate implant placement.
A Clinical and Histologic Evaluation of Gingival Fibroblasts Seeding on a Chitosan‐Based Scaffold and Its Effect on the Width of Keratinized Gingiva in Dogs
Authors: Lotfi Ghogha , Shokrgozar Mohammad Ali , Mofid Rasoul , Abbas Fatemeh Mashhadi , Ghanavati Farzin , Bagheban Alireza Akbarzadeh , Shariati Ramin Pajoum 
Published: February 2011

Background:Finding biocompatible matrix materials capable of enhancing the procedures of gingival augmentation is a major concern in periodontal research. This has prompted the investigation of a safe grafting technique by means of synthetic or natural polymers. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of a gingival fibroblast cultured on a naturally derived (i.e., chitosan‐based) scaffold on the width of keratinized gingiva in dogs.Methods:Gingival fibroblasts were cultured from a small portion of hard palates of five dogs. A bilayered chitosan scaffold was seeded with the gingival fibroblasts and transferred to dogs. Surgery was performed bilaterally, and the regions were randomly divided into two groups: chitosan only (control site) and chitosan + fibroblast (test site). Periodontal parameters, including probing depth and width of keratinized and attached gingiva, were measured at baseline and 3 months after surgery. A histologic evaluation was also performed on the healed grafted sites.Results:Comparison of width of keratinized and attached gingiva in control and test sites showed that the mean width of keratinized and attached gingiva increased in each group after surgery. However, the difference between control and test groups was not statistically significant. Concerning the existence of the keratinized epithelium, exocytosis, and epithelium thickness, no significant difference was observed in test and control sites. The difference was significant in relation to rete ridge formation.Conclusion:The tissue‐engineered graft consisting of chitosan + fibroblast was applied to gingival augmentation procedures and generated keratinized tissue without any complications usually associated with donor‐site surgery.
Caries Risk and Periodontitis in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Fadel Hani T. , Al‐Kindy Khalid A. , Mosalli Mohammed , Heijl Lars , Birkhed Dowen 
Published: February 2011

Background: There is considerable variation in studies on the oral health of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The aims of this investigation are to study the caries risk profile using the Cariogram computer program and the periodontal disease severity in patients with CAD.Methods: A total of 127 participants (54 test and 73 control) were included. Participants were asked about their general health and daily habits. Clinical examinations, radiographs, and salivary sampling were performed. Cariologic data were entered into the computer program for risk‐profile illustration. The onset of CAD conditions was also documented.Results: Compared with controls, participants with CAD consumed less sugar, used fluoride toothpaste less frequently, and had significantly less favorable periodontal parameters (P <0.005). Generally, differences in cariologic parameters between the two groups were not significant. Significantly more participants with CAD exhibited low salivary‐secretion rates than controls. The actual chance (percentage) of avoiding new cavities according to the Cariogram was low in the test and control groups (31% and 40%, respectively; P <0.05). Only gingival recession was correlated with the onset of CAD.Conclusions: Test and control groups had a relatively high caries risk. More severe periodontal disease was observed in participants with CAD.
Clinical and Patient‐Centered Outcomes After Minimally Invasive Non‐Surgical or Surgical Approaches for the Treatment of Intrabony Defects: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Ribeiro Fernanda V. , Casarin Renato C.V. , Palma Maria A.G. , Júnior Francisco H.N. , Sallum Enilson A. , Casati Márcio Z. 
Published: February 2011

Background: The present study aims to compare the performance of minimally invasive non‐surgical and surgical approaches for the therapy of intrabony defects.Methods: Twenty‐nine patients who presented with intrabony defects were randomly assigned to: 1) a minimally invasive non‐surgical technique (MINST) group, or 2) minimally invasive surgical technique (MIST) group. The chair time of each therapeutic procedure was calculated. The probing depth (PD), position of the gingival margin (PGM) and relative clinical attachment level (RCAL) were evaluated at 3 and 6 months after treatments. The patient perception of discomfort/pain experienced during and after therapy and patient satisfaction regarding treatments were also evaluated.Results: Significant PD reductions, RCAL gains, and no changes in the PGM were obtained at 3 and 6 months in MINST and MIST groups (P <0.05). No differences were observed between groups at any time points (P >0.05). Patient‐oriented outcomes did not demonstrate differences between therapeutic approaches (P >0.05). Significant higher chair times were required in the MIST group than in the MINST group (P <0.05).Conclusions: Minimally invasive non‐surgical and surgical approaches were successfully used for the treatment of intrabony defects and achieved periodontal health in association with negligible morbidity and suitable patient satisfaction. However, non‐surgical therapeutic modality presented an advantage in terms of a reduction of treatment chair time.
Empirical Derivation to Improve the Definition of the Metabolic Syndrome in the Evaluation of Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Authors: Wildman Rachel P. , McGinn Aileen P. , Kim Mimi , Muntner Paul , Wang Dan , Cohen Hillel W. , Ogorodnikova Alexandra D. , Reynolds Kristi , Fonseca Vivian 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
To examine whether a quantitatively derived metabolic syndrome definition predicts incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events better than do existing definitions.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data were pooled from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, Cardiovascular Health, and Framingham Offspring studies (n = 20,581). Incident coronary heart disease and stroke events were ascertained over 9 years.

RESULTS
The sensitivity for incident CVD events was higher and the specificity lower for the empirically derived versus the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III, International Diabetes Federation (IDF), or Harmonized metabolic syndrome definitions (sensitivity/specificity 0.65/0.53 vs. 0.53/0.63, 0.51/0.66, and 0.64/0.56, respectively), resulting in no overall improvement in discrimination. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for incident CVD events were similar across definitions and were 1.7 (95% CI 1.6–1.9) for ATP III, 1.8 (1.6–2.0) for IDF, 1.9 (1.7–2.0) for Harmonized, and 1.7 (1.6–1.9) for the empirically derived definition.

CONCLUSIONS
Empirical derivation of the metabolic syndrome definition did not improve CVD discrimination or risk prediction.
Diagnosis of the Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated With Disproportionately High Levels of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein in Non–Hispanic Black Adolescents
Authors: DeBoer Mark D. , Gurka Matthew J. , Sumner Anne E. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Whereas it is known that the metabolic syndrome (MetS) has a paradoxically lower prevalence in non–Hispanic black adolescents than in non–Hispanic whites or Hispanics, the relative severity of MetS by race/ethnicity is unknown. Inflammation, indicated by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), is a key factor linking MetS to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Our goal was to determine whether elevations of hsCRP vary by race/ethnicity among adolescents with MetS.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2008) and evaluated adolescents (age 12–19 years) using a pediatric/adolescent adaptation of the ATP III definition of MetS. We used linear regression to evaluate the interaction between MetS status and ethnicity with respect to hsCRP concentration.

RESULTS
For male and female adolescents, MetS was associated with elevated hsCRP levels compared with adolescents without MetS. However, the elevation in hsCRP between adolescents with and without MetS was greater in non–Hispanic blacks compared with that in non–Hispanic whites (P = 0.04) but not that in Hispanics (P = 0.18). hsCRP concentrations correlated with individual MetS components similarly among all ethnicities. In an evaluation of adolescents diagnosed with MetS, non–Hispanic blacks had higher BMI and more hypertension than other ethnicities but there were no other racial/ethnic differences in the features of MetS.

CONCLUSIONS
Non–Hispanic black adolescents have a greater differential in hsCRP between those with and those without MetS than the differential in non–Hispanic whites but not that in Hispanics. Therefore, even though MetS has a low prevalence in non–Hispanic blacks, MetS is a particularly good indicator of inflammation in non–Hispanic black adolescents.
Urine C-Peptide Creatinine Ratio Is a Noninvasive Alternative to the Mixed-Meal Tolerance Test in Children and Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Besser Rachel E.J. , Ludvigsson Johnny , Jones Angus G. , McDonald Timothy J. , Shields Beverley M. , Knight Bridget A. , Hattersley Andrew T. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Stimulated serum C-peptide (sCP) during a mixed-meal tolerance test (MMTT) is the gold standard measure of endogenous insulin secretion, but practical issues limit its use. We assessed urine C-peptide creatinine ratio (UCPCR) as an alternative.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Seventy-two type 1 diabetic patients (age of diagnosis median 14 years [interquartile range 10–22]; diabetes duration 6.5 [2.3–32.7]) had an MMTT. sCP was collected at 90 min. Urine for UCPCR was collected at 120 min and following a home evening meal.

RESULTS
MMTT 120-min UCPCR was highly correlated to 90-min sCP (r = 0.97; P &lt; 0.0001). UCPCR ≥0.53 nmol/mmol had 94% sensitivity/100% specificity for significant endogenous insulin secretion (90-min sCP ≥0.2 nmol/L). The 120-min postprandial evening meal UCPCR was highly correlated to 90-min sCP (r = 0.91; P &lt; 0.0001). UCPCR ≥0.37 nmol/mmol had 84% sensitivity/97% specificity for sCP ≥0.2 nmol/L.

CONCLUSIONS
UCPCR testing is a sensitive and specific method for detecting insulin secretion. UCPCR may be a practical alternative to serum C-peptide testing, avoiding the need for inpatient investigation.
The Greek Patristic Testimonia Presented at the Council of Florence (1439) in Support of the Filioque Reconsidered
Authors: Alexakis Alexander 
Published: February 2011

REB 58 2000 France p. 149-165
Alexander Alexakis, The Greek Patristic Testimonia Presented at the Council of Florence (1439) in Support of the Filioque Reconsidered. — The Union of the Churches effected at the Council of Ferrara-Florence was the result of discussions and negociations, based largely on the writings of early fathers. This paper argues that the Greek patristic testimonia that were presented by the Latins in support of the Filioque had been collected by the Greek followers of Maximos the Confessor back in the mid-7th century AD in the times of Pope Theodore (643-649 AD).
Petite note lexicographique sur la monère et l'hénère
Authors: Failler Albert 
Published: February 2011

REB 58 2000 France p. 269-271
Albert Failler, Petite note lexicographique sur la monère et l'hénère. — Le mot ένήρης (bateau à un rang de rames) est rarement utilisé par les auteurs anciens et suppléé le plus souvent par son synonyme μονήρης. Les quelques occurrences attestées ont été le plus souvent affectées, aussi bien dans les manuscrits que dans les éditions, d'un esprit doux, alors que l'esprit rude s'impose. C'est le cas pour les deux emplois du terme dans le Livre VII de l'Histoire de Georges Pachymérès.
Un nouveau manuscrit grec illustré du Physiologus : au sujet d'une récente étude sur ce texte
Authors: Lazaris Stavros 
Published: February 2011

REB 58 2000 France p. 277-281
St. Lazaris, Un nouveau manuscrit grec illustré du Physiologus : au sujet d'une étude récente sur ce texte. — L'auteur signale la présence d'un manuscrit du Physiologus conservé au Centre Ivan Dujčev à Sofia et qui n'a pas été pris en considération dans une récente étude de ce texte.
La mission du moine Sophonias en Italie et le mariage de Michel IX Palaiologos
Authors: Failler Albert 
Published: February 2011

REB 60 2002 France p. 151-166
Albert Failler, La mission du moine Sophonias en Italie et le mariage de Michel IX Palaiologos. — Georges Pachymérès présente une relation brève et obscure de la mission accomplie par le moine Sophonias en Italie pour négocier le mariage de Michel IX Palaiologos avec Catherine de Courtenay. Les pourparlers n'aboutirent pas, et le jeune empereur fut bientôt marié à la sœur du roi d'Arménie, Rita, qui devint l'impératrice Marie. Le séjour de Sophonias dans le royaume de Naples est attesté également par un grand nombre d'actes de la chancellerie angevine, qui contiennent des informations plus précises sur la date, les circonstances et le but de l'ambassade. Ces documents invitent à placer le mariage de Michel IX avec la princesse arménienne en janvier 1296 plutôt qu'en janvier 1295, sans apporter toutefois une preuve décisive en ce sens.