ЭКОЛОГО-ЛЕСОВОДСТВЕННЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОГО ВОЗОБНОВЛЕНИЯ СОСНЫ НА ГАРЯХ ЛЕСНОГО СРЕДНЕГО ЗАВОЛЖЬЯ
Authors: Денисов С.А. , Домрачева З.Н. , Демичева Н.В. 
Published: February 2025

Сделан обзор работ по естественному восстановлению сосны на гарях лесного Среднего Заволжья, обобщающий эколого-лесоводственные особенности этого процесса. Рассмотрена роль гидротермического режима почв в накоплении всходов и самосева сосны на открытых песчаных почвах, роль коры и восходящего тока пасоки в защите камбия от высоких температур. Показана роль массы шишек сосны в защите семян от перегрева при пожарах. Рассмотрены общие закономерности хода восстановления сосны на гарях в условиях боров и суборей. Показано, что сценарии лесовосстановления на крупных гарях 1921, 1972 и 2010 годов во многом повторяются. Предложено рассматривать временное преобладание лиственных на крупных гарях, при достаточном количестве сосны, как естественную и необходимую фазу постпирогенной реабилитации экотопа. Предложено использовать апробированный дистанционный мониторинг за лесовосстановлением и формированием молодняков с помощью БПЛА, позволяющий получать оперативную и детальную информацию для планирования лесохозяйственных уходов.
Introduction. Ecological and silvicultural peculiar features of natural regeneration of pine trees on the fire-sites of Middle Trans-Volga Region are the key to the choice of a method of reforestation after periodic large fires. The goal of this research is to generalize the ecological and forestry particularities of natural regeneration of pine trees on the large fire-sites in coniferous forests and subors of Middle Trans-Volga Region for reforestation. Pine forests and the process of natural forest regeneration on large fire-sites of 1921, 1972 and 2010 in coniferous and subor forest site types of Middle Trans-Volga Region and the branch of the PSUT "Educational and Experimental Forestry" are the object of the research. The literature on forest restoration on the fire-sites of 1921, 1972 and 2010 was used for the research. Publications of authors of the research were also used. Results and discussion. The initial stage of formation of a woody phytocenosis on fire-sites is associated with germination of seeds and the life of seedlings in the extreme hydrothermal regime of soils. The soil humidity is close to the wilting moisture and the temperature of soil level is close to +60oC. Adaptation of pine to these conditions consists of rapid growth of roots and the move of root xylem sap. A sufficient number of seeds for pine restoration after fires is provided with the protection of covering scales of cones. Pine seeds in large cones are better protected from high temperature. This can be considered as one of the evolutionary particularities of pine which ensures the formation of mixed pine-deciduous young forests with further pine dominance on poor soils. Conclusion. The increasing frequency of droughts poses the challenge for adapting of forest plantations establishment technologies to the changing climate. The lack of undergrowth in the felled areas of the dead stands immediately after fires poses the challenge for developing of the technologies of felling and clearing of slashes that ensure the effective restoration of pine trees on the fire-sites from the preserved seeds. It is important to focus on the forests of the future, which determines the choice of the method of reforestation on the fire-sites. A systematic approach to demutation processes on the fire-sites demonstrates that the temporary predominance of deciduous trees on the large fire-sites with a sufficient amount of pine, is a natural and necessary phase of post-pyrogenic rehabilitation of the ecotope.