bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C virus entry into the hepatocyte
Authors: Belouzard Sandrine , Cocquerel Laurence , Dubuisson Jean 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small enveloped virus with a positive stranded RNA genome belonging to the Flaviviridae family. The virion has the unique ability of forming a complex with lipoproteins, which is known as the lipoviroparticle. Lipoprotein components as well as the envelope proteins, E1 and E2, play a key role in virus entry into the hepatocyte. HCV entry is a complex multistep process involving sequential interactions with several cell surface proteins. The virus relies on glycosaminoglycans and possibly the low-density lipoprotein receptors to attach to cells. Furthermore, four specific entry factors are involved in the following steps which lead to virus internalization and fusion in early endosomes. These molecules are the scavenger receptor SRB1, tetraspanin CD81 and two tight junction proteins, Claudin-1 and Occludin. Although they are essential to HCV entry, the precise role of these molecules is not completely understood. Finally, hepatocytes are highly polarized cells and which likely affects the entry process. Our current knowledge on HCV entry is summarized in this review.
Im Spannungsfeld von Regionalismus und nationaler Identität
Authors: Clemen Martina 
Published: November 2011

The Tension between Regionalism and National Identity When Interpreting and Mediating History in Catalan TextbooksIn den letzten Jahren ist in Spanien in den Medien eine heftig ausgetragene Kontroverse entbrannt über Deutung und Vermittlung von Geschichte an öffentlichen Schulen. Eine vergleichende Analyse von Geschichtslehrwerken (2008-2010) dreier Verlagshäuser verschiedener spanischer Regionen bestätigt die dem Beitrag vorangestellte These, dass die Darstellung und der Diskurs der spanischen Historie bewusst zum Aufbau einer nationalen katalanischen Identität eingesetzt werden. Die Divergenzen in der kulturellen bzw. geschichtlichen Perzeption werden durch einen nuancierten Sprachgebrauch, gezielte Selektion der Abbildungen und Quellen sowie strukturelle Anordnung der Schulbuchtexte sichtbar.
Dissolution Profile of Ibuprofen Solid Dispersion Prepared with Cellulosic Polymers and Sugar by Fusion Method
Authors: Saffoon Nadia , Jhanker Yeakuty Marzan , Huda Naz Hasan 
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize solid dispersions of the NSAID Ibuprofen with HPMC, HPC, icing sugar, dextrose, mannitol and lactose with the intention of improving its dissolution properties. The solid dispersions were prepared by the fusion method. Evaluation of the properties of the dispersions was performed using dissolution studies. The results obtained showed that the rate of dissolution of Ibuprofen was considerably improved when formulated in solid dispersions with HPMC and HPC. Solid dispersions with icing sugar, dextrose, mannitol and lactose showed drug retarding capability which may trigger more research in the intension of exploiting this feature to prepare sustained release dosage form. Key words: Ibuprofen; Solid dispersion; Fusion method; Dissolution rate. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v4i1.8864 SJPS 2011; 4(1): 31-37
Simultaneous Estimation of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Fenofibrate in Bulk and in Tablet Dosage Form by UV-Spectrophotometry and RP-HPLC
Authors: Karunakaran Anandakumar , Subhash Vetsa , Chinthala Ramu , Muthuvijayan Jayamaryapan 
Published: November 2011

Two methods are described for the simultaneous estimation of Rosuvastatin Calcium and Fenofibrate in binary mixture. The first method was based on UV Spectrophotometric determination of two drugs, using simultaneous equation method. It involves absorbance measurement at 243nm (λmax of Rosuvastatin Calcium) and 287nm (λmax of Fenofibrate) in methanol; linearity was obtained in the range of 1-6 μg/ml and 4-28 μg/ml for Rosuvastatin Calcium and Fenofibrate, respectively. The second method was based on HPLC separation of two drugs in reverse phase mode using Luna C18 column. Linearity was obtained in the concentration of 1-7 μg/ml and 4-28 μg/ml for Rosuvastatin Calcium and Fenofibrate, respectively. Both these methods have been successively applied to pharmaceutical formulation and were validated according to ICH guidelines. Key words: Rosuvastatin Calcium; Fenofibrate; UV Spectrophotometry; HPLC; Method validation DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v4i1.8868 SJPS 2011; 4(1): 58-63
Development of a Simple, Sensitive and Rapid Quantitative Analytical Method for Lomefloxacin by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Amran Mohammad Shah , Hossain Mohammad Rumman , Amjad Farhad Mohammad , Sultana Sania , Baki Mohammad Abdullahil , Hossain Muhammad Amjad 
Published: November 2011

An attempt has been made to develop a simple, sensitive and rapid high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method of analysis for lomefloxacin as in pharmaceutical dosage form using 0.025 M phosphoric acid and acetonitrile (80:20) as mobile phases. The mobile phase was used as solvents to dissolve lomefloxacin and 0.0122 mg/mL stock solution was prepared. Lomefloxacin solution was scanned with UV-spectrophotometer and the absorption maximum (λmax) was found to be 287 nm. This method was successfully applied to five eye drop dosage forms of lomefloxacin encoded as pp1, pp2, pp3, pp4 and pp5 marketed by five different pharmaceutical companies and the result was found to be satisfactory and reproducible. The method was validated by spiked recovery experiments and shown to be linear for lomefloxacin. The method can be used for routine analysis in both research laboratories, and pharmaceutical and chemical industries to analyze the drugs and chemicals without any interference by the excipients. Key words: Lomefloxacin; HPLC; Analysis; Reproducible. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjps.v4i1.8871 SJPS 2011; 4(1): 69-73
Towards improved archaeological archiving in Scotland
Authors: Brundle Anne 
Published: November 2011

Excavated artefacts that have clear contextual records are much more informative than those that have none. Twelve distinctive pins found scattered across a site might be taken to indicate that they were common among the people who lived there. However, if the pins were known to have been found together then a range of different interpretations might come to mind drawing information from the context in which they were found. In interpreting artefacts, understanding the find context is every bit as important as understanding the physical properties of the objects themselves. Contextual information however, may be hard to come by in the archives, or hard to understand for researchers without prior knowledge of the site. It ought to be possible to archive archaeological object and site information in such a way that researchers can navigate between artefacts, contexts, site plans and photographs. This paper proposes information groupings that might be created relatively simply in the excavation, post-excavation or archiving process in order to make research information more easily accessible than it is at present. Some changes in practice will be very simple. Others may not be so easy or so cheap, but if we do not do all that we can to create archaeological archives that are intellectually accessible then we fail the public we serve.
The Effects of an Intensive Lifestyle Modification Program on Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Aldana Steven G. , Greenlaw Roger , Salberg Audrey , Merrill Ray M. , Hager Ron , Jorgensen Rick B. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. This study evaluated the effect of the Dr. Dean Ornish Program for Reversing Heart Disease on cardiovascular disease as measured by the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery and compared this effect to outcomes from patients participating in traditional cardiac rehabilitation. Design. Randomized clinical trial. Setting. SwedishAmerican Health System. Subjects. Ninety three patients with clinically confirmed coronary artery disease were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 46) or traditional cardiac rehabilitation (n = 47). Intervention. Dr. Dean Ornish Program for Reversing Heart Disease. Measures. Ultrasound of the carotid artery and other cardiovascular risk factors were measured at baseline, 6, and 12 months. Analysis. Intent-to-treat analysis. Results. There was no significant reduction in the carotid intima-media thickness of the carotid artery in the Ornish group or the cardiac rehabilitation group. Ornish Program participants had significantly improved dietary habits (p < .001), weight (p < .001), and body mass index (p < .001) as compared with the rehabilitation group. The decrease in the number of patients with angina from baseline to 12 months was 44% in Ornish and 12% in cardiac rehabilitation. Conclusions. The Ornish Program appears to causes improvements in cardiovascular risk factors but does not appear to change the atherosclerotic process as it affects the carotid artery.
An Application of Survival Analysis to Population Health Management Program Evaluation
Authors: Long D. Adam , Perry Theodore L. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. Evaluating the financial impact of long-term lifestyle management interventions is difficult because of the variability across the program members' enrollment and participation levels. This variability is often referred to as “censored” health claims data. Survival analysis is designed to overcome censored data of various kinds (e.g., disenrollment, loss to follow-up, missing data). Design. A quasi-experimental program versus matched reference group study design was used. Participants (N = 142) in smoking cessation or weight management programs in 1997 were retrospectively matched to nonparticipants (N = 142). Setting. The study location was a regional hospital in Tennessee. Subjects. Hospital employees with health plan benefits served as subjects. Intervention. Program interventions included health risk appraisals, screenings, and telephonic health coaching for weight management and smoking cessation. Measures. The major dependent measure was paid claims information. Results. Program participants experienced more health care claims but significantly lower cost than nonparticipants. Nonparticipants averaged $40.77 more per claim than participants. Participants were less likely than nonparticipants to experience a high-cost or outlier claim event. For example, by month 72 nonparticipants had twice the probability of experiencing an outlier claim as participants. Conclusions. Effective lifestyle health management may increase low-cost health claims activity, because many patients improve at self-care. As demonstrated here, preventive initiatives result in lower cumulative costs and decrease the risk of high-cost or outlier claim events.
Surgery and Target Agents for Renal Cell Carcinoma Treatment: The Path between Proper Interaction
Authors: Ganini Carlo , Rovereto Bruno , Porta Camillo 
Published: November 2011

Background Renal cell carcinoma accounts for 3% of all solid tumors and currently causes about 3,500 deaths/year in the UK. Once an orphan disease, it has undergone an impressive change in its natural history with an improvement in overall survival, thanks to the development of new target agents. Introduction In its management, renal cell carcinoma has been treated with both surgical and medical approaches. Nowadays, many more drugs are available, especially in the metastatic setting, so that we should reconsider the peculiar role of surgery and its interaction with target agents. Conclusions Cytoreductive nephrectomy still plays a major role in the management of the disease, though no really solid data have been still obtained. Adjuvant and neoadjuvant settings, instead, are still under evaluation, especially new adjuvant therapies involving the numerous target agents we have. Finally, metastasectomy has a controversial role, with some evidence of more efficacy than the medical treatment, though it shows too many biases to be considered certain. The picture that comes out suggests a complex frame, in which we have great power to act, but in which we need to better comprehend the interactions that could be created between surgery and medical therapies, to achieve an optimal multimodal treatment for renal cell carcinoma.
Practical Roadmap and Limits to Nanostructured Photovoltaics
Authors: Lunt Richard R. , Osedach Timothy P. , Brown Patrick R. , Rowehl Jill A. , Bulović Vladimir 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe significant research interest in the engineering of photovoltaic (PV) structures at the nanoscale is directed toward enabling reductions in PV module fabrication and installation costs as well as improving cell power conversion efficiency (PCE). With the emergence of a multitude of nanostructured photovoltaic (nano‐PV) device architectures, the question has arisen of where both the practical and the fundamental limits of performance reside in these new systems. Here, the former is addressed a posteriori. The specific challenges associated with improving the electrical power conversion efficiency of various nano‐PV technologies are discussed and several approaches to reduce their thermal losses beyond the single bandgap limit are reviewed. Critical considerations related to the module lifetime and cost that are unique to nano‐PV architectures are also addressed. The analysis suggests that a practical single‐junction laboratory power conversion efficiency limit of 17% and a two‐cell tandem power conversion efficiency limit of 24% are possible for nano‐PVs, which, when combined with operating lifetimes of 10 to 15 years, could position them as a transformational technology for solar energy markets.
Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Dihydroxylation of Olefins in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Rosatella Andreia A. , Afonso Carlos A. M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe trans‐dihydroxylation of olefins occurs efficiently by aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by p‐toluenesulfonic acid at 50 °C, allowing the catalyst reuse and an outstanding substrate functional group tolerance such as tert‐butoxycarbonylamino (BocNH), benzyloxycarbonylamino (CbzNH), benzyloxy (OBn), tosyloxy (OTs), hindered ketal, (2‐trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethoxy (OSEM), benzylamino (NBz), benzyloxy (OBz) and free amino acid.
The Application of a Recyclable Organocatalytic System to the Asymmetric Domino Michael/Henry Reaction in Aqueous Media
Authors: Chintala Poornima , Ghosh Subrata K. , Long Elizabeth , Headley Allan D. , Ni Bukuo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA new type of pyrrolidine‐based organocatalyst has been developed and found to be very effective for the domino Michael/Henry reaction in aqueous solvents. For the reaction involving pentane‐1,5‐dial and various nitroolefins, good yields (65–85%) and excellent enantioselectivities (99%) were obtained using this catalyst. In addition, the catalyst could be recycled up to four times resulting in good yields and up to seven times with good enantioselectivity.
Epoxidation Processes by Pyridoxal Dioxomolybdenum(VI) (Pre)Catalysts Without Organic Solvent
Authors: Pisk Jana , Agustin Dominique , Vrdoljak Višnja , Poli Rinaldo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMolybdenum(VI) pyridoxal thiosemicarbazonato complexes have proved to be efficient catalysts in the olefinic epoxidation of cyclooctene by aqueous TBHP in the absence of an organic solvent. High activity and selectivity have been obtained with a catalyst loading of just 0.05% molybdenum in the case of one mononuclear (pre)catalyst (TOF 3360 h−1) under solvent‐free conditions. The influence of methanol on the activity and selectivity has been studied.
The evolution of menstruation: A new model for genetic assimilation
Authors: Emera Deena , Romero Roberto , Wagner Günter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWhy do humans menstruate while most mammals do not? Here, we present our answer to this long‐debated question, arguing that (i) menstruation occurs as a mechanistic consequence of hormone‐induced differentiation of the endometrium (referred to as spontaneous decidualization, or SD); (ii) SD evolved because of maternal–fetal conflict; and (iii) SD evolved by genetic assimilation of the decidualization reaction, which is induced by the fetus in non‐menstruating species. The idea that menstruation occurs as a consequence of SD has been proposed in the past, but here we present a novel hypothesis on how SD evolved. We argue that decidualization became genetically stabilized in menstruating lineages, allowing females to prepare for pregnancy without any signal from the fetus. We present three models for the evolution of SD by genetic assimilation, based on recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of endometrial differentiation and implantation. Testing these models will ultimately shed light on the evolutionary significance of menstruation, as well as on the etiology of human reproductive disorders like endometriosis and recurrent pregnancy loss.
Validity of the Korteweg–de Vries approximation for the two‐dimensional water wave problem in the arc length formulation
Authors: DÜll Wolf‐Patrick 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe consider the two‐dimensional water wave problem in an infinitely long canal of finite depth both with and without surface tension. It has been proven by several authors that long‐wavelength solutions to this problem can be approximated over a physically relevant timespan by solutions of the Korteweg–de Vries equation or, for certain values of the surface tension, by solutions of the Kawahara equation. These proofs are formulated either in Lagrangian or in Eulerian coordinates. In this paper, we provide a new proof, which is simpler, more elementary, and shorter. Moreover, the rigorous justification of the KdV approximation can be given for the cases with and without surface tension together by one proof. In our proof, we parametrize the free surface by arc length and use some geometrically and physically motivated variables with good regularity properties. This formulation of the water wave problem has already been of great usefulness for Ambrose and Masmoudi to simplify the proof of the local well‐posedness of the water wave problem in Sobolev spaces. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global well‐posedness of classical solutions with large oscillations and vacuum to the three‐dimensional isentropic compressible Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Huang Xiangdi , Li Jing , Xin Zhouping 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe establish the global existence and uniqueness of classical solutions to the Cauchy problem for the isentropic compressible Navier‐Stokes equations in three spatial dimensions with smooth initial data that are of small energy but possibly large oscillations with constant state as far field, which could be either vacuum or nonvacuum. The initial density is allowed to vanish, and the spatial measure of the set of vacuum can be arbitrarily large; in particular, the initial density can even have compact support. These results generalize previous results on classical solutions for initial densities being strictly away from vacuum and are the first for global classical solutions that may have large oscillations and can contain vacuum states. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydroalumination of Bis(alkynyl)silanes: Generation of Chelating Lewis Acids, Their Application in the Coordination of Chloride Ions and a 1,1‐Carbalumination Reaction
Authors: Uhl Werner , Heller Denis , Kösters Jutta , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich , Ghavtadze Nugzar 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTreatment of diphenyl–diethynylsilanes, (H5C6)2Si(C≡C–R′)2 (R′ = –C6H5, –4‐Me–C6H4), with two equivalents of dialkylaluminium hydrides, R2Al–H (R = –CMe3, –CH2CMe3), afforded the corresponding dialkenylsilanes (3–5) by hydroalumination. The mixed alkenyl–alkynyl compounds resulting from the reduction of only one C≡C triple bond occurred as intermediates. Two of these (1 and 2) were isolated and characterized by crystal structure determinations. They show close interactions of the α‐carbon atoms of the ethynyl groups with the coordinatively unsaturated aluminium atoms and a cis arrangement of H and Al atoms across the C=C double bonds. cis/trans Rearrangement took place upon the formation of the dialkenyl species 3–5 with an all‐trans configuration of the alkenyl groups. These compounds have two tricoordinate aluminium atoms and are ideally preorganized to be applied as chelating Lewis acids, as was shown with the chelating coordination of chloride ions (compound 6). Rearrangement and 1,1‐carbalumination was observed upon heating of a mixed alkenyl–alkynylsilane (7). A silacyclobutene derivative (8) was isolated, which has a SiC3 heterocycle and an endo‐ and an exocyclic C=C double bond. Quantum chemical calculations give insight into the reaction mechanism.
Development and application of whole-sediment toxicity test using immobilized freshwater microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata
Authors: Zhang Li-Juan , Ying Guang-Guo , Chen Feng , Zhao Jian-Liang , Wang Li , Fang Yi-Xiang 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
A method for a whole-sediment toxicity test using alginate immobilized microalgae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was developed using spiked sediments and applied to contaminated field sediment samples. For method development, a growth inhibition test (72 h) with algal beads was conducted for the sediments spiked with Cu or diuron. The method was validated by determining dose–response relationships for Cu and diuron in both fine-grained and coarse-grained sediments. The results of a spiked sediment toxicity test suggested that sediment particle size distribution (clay content) had a significant effect on the growth of P. subcapitata. The developed method using immobilized microalgae P. subcapitata beads was applied successfully in the toxicity test and toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) for the four field sediment samples. After a series of extractions with 0.01 M CaCl2 solution, acetone, and dichloromethane, the extracted sediment, which was shown to be nontoxic to algae, was used as the control and diluent for the same sediment in the whole-sediment toxicity test. The results showed that all investigated field sediment samples were found to be toxic to the immobilized algae P. subcapitata, with their median effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 41.4 to 79.0% after 72 h exposure. In the whole sediment TIE, growth of P. subcapitata was improved to varying degrees after adding zeolite, resin, or activated charcoal, suggesting different contributions to toxicity from ammonia, metals, and organic contaminants in the tested sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:377–386. © 2011 SETAC
The role of the characteristics of humic substances in binding with benzo[h]quinoline
Authors: Hsieh Ping-Chieh , Brimblecombe Peter , Lee Chon-Lin , Hsu Shih-Han 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The binding constants (KDOC) of the mixture of benzo[h]quinoline and its protonated analog, benzo[h]quinolinium, to four types of humic substances obtained from the International Humic Substances Society were determined by the fluorescence quenching method. A simple mixing model was used to eliminate the fluorescent interference from the minor analog in the solution and to deduce Kmix, which represents the overall binding as the sum of that for the individual analogs. The characteristics of humic substances, especially their hydrophobicity and aromaticity, established by principal component analysis of structural and elemental compositions, were the main determinants of the binding affinity with both benzo[h]quinoline and benzo[h]quinolinium (KBQ and ) across a range of pH values. The strongest overall affinity of benzo[h]quinoline for humic substances is observed near pH 4 and with more hydrophobic humic substances, which suggests possible choices in attempts at remediation of benzo[h]quinoline containing particles with humic substances. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:246–252. © 2011 SETAC