bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
13 The Miracula Maximini
Authors: NIGHTINGALE JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
With its account of Norse destruction, lay abbots, land appropriation, negligent provosts, and a faltering ordo, the Miracula Maximini has frequently been cited as a classic account of pre-reform decay in Lotharingia during the early medieval period. However, an examination of the work as a whole provides a less linear and one-dimensional history: such problems were only one side of the coin; the other, which is equally to the fore in the Miracula, was the vigorous manner in which the pre-reform community faced up to them. Composed c.963 by a Saint-Maximin monk, Sigehard, on the orders of his abbot, the Miracula Maximini is closely bound up with the 10th-century movement of monastic reform. Like the spate of other miracula which emanated from Lotharingian reform communities in the second half of the 10th century, its purpose was to show that the abbey's patron saint was alive and active in the present age, not just the distant past.
Resistance to the Ormond Peace
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
GianBattista Rinuccini's first fourteen months in Ireland, from his arrival in October 1645 to his return to Kilkenny after the failure of the campaign against Dublin in December 1646, witnessed some of the most violent transformations of his turbulent nunciature. The backdrop to the unfolding drama both in Britain and on the continent was similarly eventful. In June 1645 the decisive parliamentary victory at the battle of Naseby irrevocably altered the course of the first English Civil War. By the time the Ormond peace was concluded in Ireland in August 1646, all the major garrisons around the royalist capital had also been taken. Rinuccini's first year in Ireland thus witnessed the effective end of the first civil war in England. Rinuccini's violent opposition to the Ormond peace represented a considerable departure from his earlier resigned attitude.
The End of the Nunciature
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
GianBattista Rinuccini's last year in Ireland has attracted more attention from Irish historians than any other year of the nunciature. To some extent, this can be attributed to the fact that this was the year which saw the emergence of the fragile royalist coalition which ultimately and unsuccessfully confronted Oliver Cromwell. Thus it marks the beginning of the end of the often confusing intricacies of confederate politics. Those same intricacies have perhaps appeared less worth unravelling because of the degree to which Cromwellian simplicity later rendered them irrelevant. To some degree the interregnum restored ‘normality’ to 17th-century Irish history by re-establishing the centrality of the relationship between a government under control from Britain and the Irish population which, during the confederate period, had been occluded by the collapse of the English state in most of the island. Rinuccini's most notable accomplishment was to impede the formation of a unified party capable of resisting the 1649 invasion.
The Nuncio, Religious Reform and the Irish Clergy
Authors: hAnnrachÁin Tadhg Ó 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The legatine synod of August 1646 proved emblematic of the manner in which the ecclesiastical aspect of GianBattista Rinuccini's mission as Ireland's nuncio developed. Originally convened to ratify the full acceptance of tridentine decrees and discipline in Ireland, it was almost entirely taken over by political events and developed into the vehicle for the clerical putsch against the government of the Supreme Council. In a similar fashion, throughout his four years in Ireland, Rinuccini was to find his role as an ecclesiastical organiser in danger of being swamped by the necessity of involving himself in confederate politics. So prominent did he become in this sphere that it is hardly surprising that the more narrowly ecclesiastical aspect of his mission has been passed over by Irish historians. Yet both Rinuccini and his superiors had originally viewed his mission as primarily one of church reform and ecclesiastical supervision and this always remained the nuncio's chief objective in Ireland.
The Admissibility of Expert Evidence: (1) Evidentiary Reliability
Authors: REDMAYNE MIKE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the rules of evidence governing the admissibility of expert evidence in criminal trials, focusing on the ways in which English evidence law does, or might, set reliability standards for the scientific techniques that form the basis of expert testimony in the courts. It argues that English law should construct a reliability-based exclusionary rule for expert evidence. It also presents admissibility rules in other countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and United States. It explores the broad differences between the English and American Law, suggesting that at least for criminal cases, Daubert is a useful tool for examining the reliability of expert evidence. It sets the stage for an evaluation of the general justifications for exclusionary rules. It presents the logic of exclusionary rules and the justification of the exclusion of expert evidence.
Conflicting Patterns in the Use and Evaluation of Language
Authors: STEVENSON PATRICK 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores some of the ways in which the ‘communicative environment’ changed in the period of Umbruch in the early 1990s, and the ways in which the Germans have adapted to life in a new‘speech ecology’, with its own inventories of linguistic forms and repertoires of speech behaviours. It is organized as follows. Section 4.2 examines the impact of different experiences of forms of everyday interaction and considers how far this represents an obstacle to the integration of east Germans into the ‘new’ German speech community. Section 4.3 investigates the more general relationship between social and linguistic mobility in Germany after unification. Section 4.4 considers research on the changing evaluations of particular linguistic varieties such as vernacular speech and standard forms in Berlin, on the ideology of standardization, and on ways in which the disparagement of linguistic varieties can function as a tool of social domination.
Surfaces and interfaces
Authors: DOBBS E. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the significance of surfaces and interfaces for the properties of the phases of the superfluid. It begins with the effects of boundary scattering, in which the concept of Andrew scattering is introduced. The next section describes the way in which this has been exploited in experiments on quasiparticle dynamics. This is followed by studies of Johnson effects. The chapter also addresses the questions: Can there be a 3He film flow, like that in a superfluid 4He? What causes the nucleation of the B phase from the supercooled A phase?
Quantifying Chaos
Authors: Hilborn Robert C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores various means of quantifying the degree of chaotic behaviour of both numerically generated time series and time series from real experiments. These methods include Lyapunov exponents, invariant probability measures, Kolmogorov–Sinai entropy, fractal dimensions, and correlation dimensions. Each method is developed mathematically and then explored using simple numerical examples. The strengths and weaknesses of each method are carefully treated, including their application to data results from measurements on real systems. For systems exhibiting the period-doubling route to chaos, the Lyapunov exponent grows in a universal way as the systems enters the chaotic regime. If the attractor for a dissipative system has a noninteger dimension (that is, a fractal dimension), then we say that the system has a strange attractor. Several methods of determining the fractal dimension of a geometric object, such as a state space attractor, are described in detail. Cantor sets are used to explore various methods of determining dimensions. The Julia set and the Mandelbrot set are introduced as examples of fractal basin of attraction boundaries.
THE INDEPENDENT PARTICLE MODEL
Authors: Casten R. F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals with the independent particle model, the basis for the multiparticle shell model, which in turn remains the standard of comparison for other models and provides the justification, rationale, and microscopic basis for macroscopic, collective models. The independent particle model is applicable in principle only to atomic nuclei with a single nucleon outside a closed shell and, even then, incorporates certain results from the shell model. A central problem of nuclear structure is to describe the motions of the individual nucleons and to deduce observed facets of nuclear excitations from this basis. Ultimately, the essential results are presented in terms of the potential of the independent particle model. This chapter also discusses nuclear potentials, the general properties of fermions in a potential, predictions of the independent particle model, mass dependence of single-particle energies, and isospin.
EVOLUTION OF NUCLEAR STRUCTURE
Authors: Casten R. F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
A focus on the excitations of a given nucleus is known as the ‘vertical’ approach to nuclear structure and has been the empirical cornerstone of nuclear physics and the inspiration for countless nuclear models. On the other hand, the ‘horizontal’ approach looks at changes in various observables across different regions of the nuclear chart (or even across the whole chart). This chapter outlines some of the elements of a horizontal approach that focuses on the evolution of the nuclear structure. This approach offers important insights not only about nuclear structure, but also phase transitions in finite nuclei, the properties of newly discovered nuclei, and the underlying shell structure. Two types of approaches, known as valence correlation schemes and correlations of collective observables, are considered. Many of these ideas are especially applicable to the new exotic nuclei that are becoming available with the advent of radioactive beams.
Energy relaxation by hot two-dimensional carriers in zero magnetic field
Authors: Kent A.J. , Wigmore J.K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the energy relaxation of two-dimensional (2-D) carriers in low-dimensional devices by the emission of acoustic and optical phonons. It starts with an introduction to the basic principles, followed by a review of the techniques used to study the energy relaxation by 2-D carriers, including transport, optical, and direct phonon emission experiments. It goes on to present, in a tutorial style, the theory of phonon emission by 2-D carriers, and compares the theoretical predictions with measurements. To explain some differences between experiment and predictions of the basic theory, the effects of acoustic anisotropy, confinement and dynamic screening, the emission of plasmon-optic phonon coupled modes and the effect of strong disorder on the acoustic phonon emission are also discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relevance of the results to the performance of practical electronic devices.
Phonon-assisted tunnelling
Authors: Ouali F.F. , Challis L.J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the roles of phonon-assisted tunnelling and, to a lesser extent, phonon scattering, in two related types of low-dimensional semiconducting structures: resonant tunnelling devices and superlattices (phonon-assisted tunnelling effects in quantum dots are discussed in Chapter 4). Phonon-assisted tunnelling describes the process in which electron or hole tunnelling is accompanied by the emission or absorption of a phonon. Phonon-assisted tunnelling by longitudinal optic phonons gives rise to satellite lines in the I(V) characteristic of the device. However, phonon-assisted tunnelling by acoustic phonons can only be seen as a change in I(V) produced by a change in the phonon occupation number, such as that resulting from an incident heat pulse. The chapter also includes brief descriptions of work on coherent phonon generation from superlattices, on the effect of surface acoustic waves on single electron transport in quantum wires, and on the role of phonon-assisted tunnelling in quantum cascade lasers.
Path integral and anomaly
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractChapter 4 presented a thorough investigation of the anomaly within perturbation theory. This chapter presents the nonperturbative view. Section 5.1 performs a chiral transformation of the path integral and finds the anomalous Ward identity. Section 5.2 regularizes the transformation Jacobian à la Fujikawa, and in this way derives the singlet anomaly; the two-dimensional case is added in Section 5.3. Section 5.4 shows the regularization independence of the anomaly and Section 5.5 discusses the conflict between gauge- and chiral symmetry in the light of an uncertainty principle. Section 5.6 demonstrates the generalization of the path integral method to non-Abelian fields leading to non-Abelian anomaly. Finally, Section 5.7 carries out the regularization of the Jacobian by means of the heat kernel method and by the zeta function procedure.
Physics in terms of differential forms
Authors: Bertlmann Reinhold A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter applies the mathematical formalism developed in Chapter 2 — essentially differential geometry and topology — to specific examples in physics. It begins with the familiar example of electrodynamics. It then turns to the Yang–Mills theory and formulates the anomalies in terms of differential forms. The chapter discusses the Dirac monopole, the Aharonov–Bohm effect, and the instantons. It demonstrates how they arise as effects of a nontrivial topology of the fields.
The future
Authors: Wilson E. J. N. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Future developments in accelerators are aimed at producing more compact sources of high energy particles. The two-beam accelerator is already a feature of the CLIC scheme for a linear collider, but more radical techniques are being studied including the use wake fields of an intense particle beam to accelerate following particles. Waves in plasma produce accelerating fields that are orders of magnitude greater than in conventional systems and can be used as the equivalent of rf cavities making the virtual photons for laser driven accelerators. Other methods of harnessing the immense energy concentration of laser fields include acceleration on the surface of gratings and by the Inverse Cerenkov effect. Astrophysics may provide the inspiration for the invention of a new accelerating principle as we study the production of extremely high energy cosmic rays.
Introduction
Authors: Ustinov Victor M. , Zhukov Alexey E. , Egorov Anton Yu. , Maleev Nikolai A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis introductory chapter considers the basic principles of operation of diode lasers. The condition of inverse population in semiconductors is derived from Fermi statistics. Light confinement in a laser cavity, including transverse and longitudinal optical modes, is discussed. Main device characteristics of a diode laser, such as light-current and current-voltage curves as well as power conversion efficiency are described in their relation with the internal parameters of the active region. Optical gain and its relationship with laser threshold are considered. Electronic structure of solid state and microscopic theory of optical gain are briefly summarized in the chapter. Size quantization in semiconductors caused by energy barriers at heterointerfaces is considered. Density of states for various types of size dimensionality is presented. Effect of the density of states in the laser active region on the gain characteristics is discussed with attention to the ideal quantum dot array.
Structural and electronic properties of self-organized quantum dots
Authors: Ustinov Victor M. , Zhukov Alexey E. , Egorov Anton Yu. , Maleev Nikolai A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter includes an overview of the basic principles of quantum-dot formation using self-organization phenomena in lattice-mismatched materials. A relationship between lattice mismatch and critical thickness for dislocation formation and island growth mode is discussed. Main structural and optical properties of self-organized quantum dots are then discussed and how they correlate to each other. Special attention is paid to the methods that allow control of the emission wavelength, localization energy, and surface density of QDs. A majority of experimental examples relates to InGaAs/GaAs material system. In addition, quantum dot formation driven by the elastic strain relaxation is reviewed for a wide class of alternative material systems, including GaSb/GaAs, InP/GaP, InGaAsN/GaAs, III-N, III-V/Si, and Ge/Si. The specific aspects of QD formation in these systems as well as the structural and optical properties are discussed.
Optical gain and threshold characteristics of a self-organized quantum dot diode laser
Authors: Ustinov Victor M. , Zhukov Alexey E. , Egorov Anton Yu. , Maleev Nikolai A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the peculiar properties of lasers based on self-organized quantum dot arrays. A correlation between density of states, saturated gain and transparency current is discussed taking into account inhomogeneous broadening and higher-energy states. Ground-to-excited state lasing transition, which is observed in QD lasers, is explained. Empirical and analytical expressions are considered, which are capable of describing gain-current relation in self-organized QD lasers in the presence of wetting layer, matrix, and excited quantum dot states. A method to prevent gain saturation by multiple stacking of quantum dots is described in connection with the effect of the QD surface density on the threshold current. The effect of temperature on the gain and threshold characteristics is also discussed in realistic QD lasers.
Quantum dot vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
Authors: Ustinov Victor M. , Zhukov Alexey E. , Egorov Anton Yu. , Maleev Nikolai A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the fabrication and performance of QD vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) as well as their possible applications. The physical fundamentals of optical microcavities and VCSELs are briefly reviewed. Some fundamental issues and specific features of QD VCSEL design and fabrication are considered. Specifically, scalability properties of QD VCSELs in comparison with quantum well structures are discussed. The effects of realistic (existing) QD active media on VCSEL design are examined. A technique of selective wet oxidation of AlGaAs alloys is described, and its use in QD VCSEL technology is justified. The current status of QD VCSELs is presented, and their possible device applications are also discussed. Advantages of InGaAs quantum dots for GaAs-based long-wavelength VCSELs are considered.
8 Dynamical diffraction in highly asymmetric coplanar and non-coplanar geometries
Authors: AUTHIER ANDRÉ 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The first part of this chapter is devoted to the derivation of the generalized dispersion equation in highly asymmetric coplanar geometries (grazing incidence or grazing emergence). The deviation from Bragg's angle of the middle of the reflection domain and the Darwin width are calculated and the generalized equation of the dispersion surface is given. The specularly and Bragg reflected intensities are then derived. The case of non-coplanar geometries is considered in the last section of the chapter and a three-dimensional representation of the dispersion surface introduced. The chapter shows how the tiepoints are obtained and the expressions of the reflected amplitudes are given.
12 Ray tracing in perfect crystals
Authors: AUTHIER ANDRÉ 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the propagation of wavefields inside the crystal close to the Bragg angle. It shows that the direction of propagation of packets of wavefields as obtained by their group velocity is identical to that of the Poynting vector. The geometrical properties of wavefields trajectories (ray tracing) within the Borrmann triangle are determined and the intensity distribution along the base of the Borrmann triangle is calculated. A detailed account of the experimental observation of the double refraction of the X-ray wavefields at the Bragg angle is given. The propagation of wavefields in finite crystals giving rise to partial reflections and interference effects is then described. The Bragg–Laue, Bragg–Bragg, and Laue–Bragg geometries are successively considered, and the formation of the Borrmann–Lehmann fringes in the latter case analyzed. In the last section, the coherence properties of X-ray sources are discussed.
Finding a pendulum’s axis of rotation
Authors: Matthys Robert James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
To determine a pendulum's axis of rotation, a small piece of paper is temporarily mounted on the front of the pendulum rod at the rod's top end, so that the paper extends up an inch or two past the suspension spring. With the pendulum stopped, two small dots (A and B) are marked on the paper about an inch directly above and another inch directly below the top end of the free unclamped part of the suspension spring. Although the one-inch dimensions are not critical, they accurately measure the actual distance between the two dots (A and B). The pendulum must be set swinging at its normal swing amplitude, and an accurate ruler (a six-inch machinist's scale calibrated in decimal inches is ideal) is used to measure the horizontal motion of each dot. The location of the axis of rotation changes slightly with the pendulum's swing amplitude.
Bob shape
Authors: Matthys Robert James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The sphere and the vertically oriented cylinder are more repeatable and predictable bob shapes than the more efficient, lower-drag prolate spheroid and football shapes. As a bob shape, prolate spheroids have low air drag for their volume, and give a high Q pendulum. Only football-shaped bobs, that is, bobs with pointed ends (120 degrees included angles) in the direction of travel give a higher Q. A prolate spheroid shape can be obtained by rotating an ellipse 360 degrees around its long axis. The improved repeatability and predictability of spheres and vertically oriented cylinders can be attributed to their not having the rotational alignment uncertainty that is present in the prolate spheroid and football bob shapes.
Rate adjustment mechanisms
Authors: Matthys Robert James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The usual coarse adjustment for trimming a pendulum's clock rate is a threaded nut beneath the bob, which moves the whole bob up and down the pendulum rod. The surface of the thread is somewhat rough, particularly if the material is invar, which machines poorly. The thread's roughness prevents any sort of smooth adjustment. Axially, 0.001 inch equals 1 second per day on a pendulum with a 2-second period. To get an adjustment sensitivity of 1 second per day, the thread must be lapped, or more correctly, rubbed smooth. And if the thread is not smooth, the whole bob weight will rest on the small raised points of the rough thread's two facing surfaces, creating high stress points and a potentially unstable joint (at the micro-inch level). Using a sleeve bushing or a thick washer of predetermined length underneath the bob as a coarse rate adjustment, and a small threaded nut at the top of the pendulum rod as a fine rate adjustment provide a better way to trim a pendulum's clock rate.