bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjusted Scaling of FDG Positron Emission Tomography Images for Statistical Evaluation in Patients With Suspected Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Buchert Ralph , Wilke Florian , Chakrabarti Bhismadev , Martin Brigitte , Brenner Winfried , Mester Janos , Clausen Malte 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTBackground and Purpose. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) gained increasing acceptance for the voxel‐based statistical evaluation of brain positron emission tomography (PET) with the glucose analog 2‐[18F]‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucose (FDG) in patients with suspected Alzheimer's disease (AD). To increase the sensitivity for detection of local changes, individual differences of total brain FDG uptake are usually compensated for by proportional scaling. However, in cases of extensive hypometabolic areas, proportional scaling overestimates scaled uptake. This may cause significant underestimation of the extent of hypometabolic areas by the statistical test. Methods. To detect this problem, the authors tested for hyper metabolism. In patients with no visual evidence of true focal hypermetabolism, significant clusters of hypermetabolism in the presence of extended hypometabolism were interpreted as false‐positive findings, indicating relevant overestimation of scaled uptake. In this case, scaled uptake was reduced step by step until there were no more significant clusters of hypermetabolism. Results. In 22 consecutive patients with suspected AD, proportional scaling resulted in relevant overestimation of scaled uptake in 9 patients. Scaled uptake had to be reduced by 11.1%± 5.3% in these cases to eliminate the artifacts. Adjusted scaling resulted in extension of existing and appearance of new clusters of hypometabolism. Total volume of the additional voxels with significant hypometabolism depended linearly on the extent of the additional scaling and was 202 ± 118 mL on average. Conclusions. Adjusted scaling helps to identify characteristic metabolic patterns in patients with suspected AD. It is expected to increase specificity of FDGPET in this group of patients.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Thalamus in Essential Tremor Patients
Authors: Kendi Ayşe Tuba Karagülle , Tan Funda Uysal , Kendi Mustafa , Erdal Haydar Hüseyin , Tellioglu Serdar 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTBackground and Purpose. Although essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders, its pathogenesis remains obscure. The ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (VIM nucleus) is suggested to play an important role in the occurrence of disease. In this study, the authors investigated the presence of biochemical or metabolic alterations in the thalamus of patients with ET using magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy. Methods. The study group included 14 patients with ET who suffered from tremor predominantly in their right arm and 9 healthy controls. All patients and controls were right handed. Following conventional cranial MR imaging, single voxel protonMRspectroscopy of the thalamus involving the VIM nuclei was performed bilaterally in both the patients with ET and controls. Metabolite peaks of choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and Nacetylaspartate (NAA) were obtained from each spectroscopic volume of interest. The right and left thalamic NAA/Cr and Cho/ Cr ratios were compared first within the patient group and then between the control and patient groups. The differences in age and spectroscopic data between groups were assessed using the Mann‐Whitney U test, whereas the comparison within groups between left thalamus and right thalamus was done by the Wilcoxon test. Results. In patients with ET, the NAA/Cr ratio of the right thalamus was found to be significantly higher than the NAA/Cr ratio of the left thalamus (P= .02). However, NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios were found to be similar (P > .05) when we compared the control and patient groups for the right thalamus and then the left thalamus. Conclusion. These data present preliminary evidence for metabolic alterations of the contralateral thalamus (namely, low NAA/Cr ratio) in ET patients with predominantly involved right arm. However, the series is small and further data are necessary to clear the subject adequately.
Bolivie: entre changement et inertie. Emploi et protection sociale ces vingt dernières années
Authors: WANDERLEY Fernanda 
Published: November 2009

Résumé.En 2006, avec l'arrivée au pouvoir du Mouvement pour le socialisme d'Evo Morales, la Bolivie entre dans une nouvelle période de son histoire. C'est une étape de réformes politiques et économiques ayant pour objectif de faire mieux que le modèle néolibéral en vigueur dans le pays depuis 1985, et de réorganiser l'Etat conformément à la nouvelle Constitution de 2008. L'auteure analyse l'évolution du régime de l'emploi et de la protection sociale des années quatre‐vingt et quatre‐vingt‐dix ainsi que les difficultés qui demeurent pour construire une stratégie de développement favorable à l'emploi et à l'égalité.
Targeting histone deacetylases in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Schneider Günter , Krämer Oliver H. , Fritsche Petra , Schüler Susanne , Schmid Roland M. , Saur Dieter 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Introduction
The HDAC family
HDAC inhibitors
HDAC expression in PDAC
HDACs control proliferation of PDAC cells
HDACs control apoptosis and mediate therapeutic resistance
HDACs, EMT and metastasis of PDAC
Concluding remarks
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a dismal disease with a median survival below 6 months and a 5‐year survival rate below 1%. Effective therapies for locally advanced or metastatic tumours are missing and curatively resected patients relapse in over 80% of the cases. Although histone deacetylases (HDACs) are involved in the control of proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration and angiogenesis of cancer cells, knowledge about the expression patterns and functions of individual HDAC isoenzymes in pancreatic cancer is sparse. This review summarizes the roles of HDACs as novel therapeutic targets and the molecular mode of action of HDAC‐inhibitors (HDACI) in PDACs. Success of HDACI in clinical settings will depend on an increased knowledge of HDAC functions as well as on a better understanding of the mode of action of HDACI. Pre‐clinical experimental data that constitute the basis for rational therapeutic strategies to treat PDAC are described here. Translating these rational‐based therapies into the clinic will finally increase our chance to establish an effective HDACI‐containing combination therapy effective against PDAC.
Altered distribution of tight junction proteins after intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats
Authors: Li Qiurong , Zhang Qiang , Wang Chenyang , Liu Xiaoxiang , Qu Linlin , Gu Lili , Li Ning , Li Jieshou 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTight junction (TJ) disruptions have been demonstrated both in vitro and more recently in vivo in infection. However, the molecular basis for changes of TJ during ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury is poorly understood. In the present study, intestinal damage was induced by I/R in an animal model. As assessed by TUNEL and propidium iodide uptake, we showed that I/R injury induced apoptosis as well as necrosis in rat colon, and the frequency of apoptotic and necrotic cells reached the maximum at 5 hrs of reperfusion. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that claudins 1, 3 and 5 are strongly expressed in the surface epithelial cells of the colon; however, labelling of all three proteins was present diffusely within cells and no longer focused at the lateral cell boundaries after I/R. Using Western blot analysis, we found that distribution of TJ proteins in membrane microdomains of TJ was markedly affected in I/R injury rats. Occludin, ZO‐1, claudin‐1 and claudin‐3 were completely displaced from TX‐100 insoluble fractions to TX‐100 soluble fractions, and claudin‐5 was partly displaced. The distribution of lipid raft marker protein caveolin‐1 was also changed after I/R. I/R injury results in the disruption of TJs, which characterized by relocalization of the claudins 1, 3 and 5 and an increase in intestinal permeability using molecular tracer measurement. I/R injury altered distribution of TJ proteins in vivo that was associated with functional TJ deficiencies.
Effect of diabetes and metabolic control on de novo bone formation following guided bone regeneration
Authors: Retzepi Maria , Lewis Mark P. , Donos Nikolaos 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate histologically and morphometrically the effect of experimental diabetes and metabolic control on de novo bone formation following guided bone regeneration (GBR).Methods: Thirty‐five Wistar rats were allocated in three experimental groups: (a) uncontrolled, streptozotocin‐induced diabetes (D); (b) insulin‐controlled diabetes (CD); (c) healthy (H). A standardised titanium microimplant with sandblasted and acid‐etched surface was placed into the inferior border of the mandible bilaterally. On the test site, the microimplant was covered with a titanium reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane securely fixed in the mandible according to the GBR principle. The contralateral site served as control. Following 90 days of healing, undecalcified sections were prepared and planimetric measurements of the per cent vertical height of newly formed bone and the per cent new bone‐to‐implant contact were performed.Results: In all experimental groups, at the GBR treated sites, significant neo‐osteogenesis was observed. The vertical height of the newly formed bone and per cent bone‐to‐implant contact were not statistically significantly different among the H (51.3±7.2% and 50±6.8%), D (30.5±13.4% and 35±16.8%) and CD (41.6±8.3% and 39.9±6.5%) groups. However, uncontrolled diabetes was related to higher outcome variability and increased rate of infectious complications. In the control sites, marginal bone loss was observed in the D group, whereas, in the H and CD groups, minimal new bone formation was observed.Conclusions: Significant de novo bone formation can be achieved via GBR treatment even in the presence of uncontrolled diabetes, although less predictably compared with the healthy status. Insulin‐mediated metabolic control may reverse these adverse effects.To cite this article: Retzepi M, Lewis MP, Donos N. Effect of diabetes and metabolic control on de novo bone formation following guided bone regeneration. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2009; 71–79.
Intra‐category determinants of global self‐rating of oral health among the elderly
Authors: Kim Hae‐Young , Patton Lauren L. 
Published: November 2009

Kim H‐Y, Patton LL. Intra‐category determinants of global self‐rating of oral health among the elderly. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 68–76. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  Global self‐ratings of oral health (GSROH) have been used in population surveys to assess oral health status. The aim of this study was to assess various candidate predictors for each response level (very poor, poor, fair, and good/very good) of GSROH among Korean elders. Data from a national representative sample of Korean adults aged 65 years and over was analyzed. The mean age of the 1173 subjects was 72.7 years and 60.2% were women. After bivariate analysis, a generalized multinomial logit model with individual slope parameters was performed. Only 29.5% of elders rated their oral health as good or very good, while 53.1% assessed their oral health as poor or very poor. Significant determinants for GSROH for elders (including dentate and edentulous) were difficulty chewing, concern about oral health, the number of missing teeth, and denture state. Income and education were not significant determinants. The number of decayed teeth was an additional determinant in the model for the dentate only subgroup. The indicator demarcating response at a good/very good oral health level compared with poorer oral health levels for all (dentate and edentulous) elders was not reporting having much difficulty chewing. Experiencing loss of 10 or more teeth and being concerned about their oral health distinguishes those in the poor or very poor GSROH levels from the others. For dentate elders, having untreated dental caries was also distinguishing for those reporting very poor oral health. Public health programs aimed at correcting significant chewing functional difficulties in the elderly, by restoring or replacing missing teeth, may alleviate the oral health concerns and improve the overall oral health of the elderly.
De novo intraepidermal epithelioid melanocytic dysplasia: an emerging entity
Authors: Magro Cynthia M. , Crowson A. Neil , Mihm Martin C. , Kline Mitchell 
Published: November 2009

De novo intraepidermal epithelioid melanocytic dysplasia represents a distinctive form of intraepidermal melanocytic dysplasia. Although these lesions are atypical, they are not diagnostic of melanoma. They are considered a part of the atypical mole phenotype and may define a point in the natural course of melanomagenesis.Magro CM, Crowson AN, Mihm MC, Kline M. De novo intraepidermal epithelioid melanocytic dysplasia: an emerging entity of diagnostic and clinical importance.
Vorinostat enhances the antimyeloma effects of melphalan and bortezomib
Authors: Campbell Richard A. , Sanchez Eric , Steinberg Jeffrey , Shalitin Dror , Li Zhi‐Wei , Chen Haiming , Berenson James R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Examine the antitumor activity of the histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat’s antitumor activity against multiple myeloma (MM) using cell lines and a murine xenograft model.Methods:  RPMI8226, U266, and MM1S cells were cultured for 48 h in the presence of media, vorinostat, melphalan, or bortezomib alone, or combinations of vorinostat with melphalan or bortezomib. Cell proliferation was measured using the MTS [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfphophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium, inner salt] assay. Severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing LAGκ‐1B tumors were treated with vorinostat [30, 60, or 100 mg/kg daily for five consecutive days per week (qd×5d), 100 or 300 mg/kg daily for 2 d/wk (qd×2d)], melphalan (1, 3, or 10 mg/kg qd×1d), bortezomib (0.25 or 0.5 mg/kg qd×2d), or combinations thereof for 35 d. Tumor growth was determined via measurement of human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) levels and tumor volume.Results and Conclusions:  Vorinostat enhanced the anti‐MM effects of melphalan and bortezomib in vitro. Synergism was observed with vorinostat and melphalan in RPMI8226 and U266 cell lines. Vorinostat 100 mg/kg in combination with melphalan 3 mg/kg resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth in vivo, compared with control (tumor volume P = 0.0001; hIgG P = 0.0001), single‐agent vorinostat (tumor volume P = 0.0025; hIgG P = 0.0137), and single‐agent melphalan (tumor volume P = 0.0043; hIgG P = 0.0426). Vorinostat also enhanced the antimyeloma effects of bortezomib in vivo. Vorinostat enhances the anti‐MM activity of melphalan and bortezomib in vitro and in vivo. This study provides rationale for further evaluation of vorinostat in combination with chemotherapeutic agents and bortezomib for the treatment of MM.
The Geometry of Hobbits: Homo Floresiensis and Human Evolution
Authors: Jungers William , Baab Karen 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Until quite recently modern humans shared the earth with now extinct relatives—Neanderthals and others—in Europe and Asia. Homo floresiensis—dubbed the “hobbits” in the popular press—is the most recent, and the most surprising, addition to the human family tree. Were the tiny hobbit people of Flores dwarfed descendents of known species, modern humans suffering from a skull-shrinking genetic disease or a new species entirely? William Jungers and Karen Baab look at the time, the space and the body-shape of the astonishing hobbits.
Residents at the University of Maryland Medical System Provide Insight to Learning Infrapubic Approach for IPP Surgery: Relative Benefits but Novel Challenges Exposed in First 15 Cases
Authors: Kramer Andrew , Chason Judd 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Emphasis should be placed on assessing resident education. At our institution, the trans-scrotal (TS) approach for inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) surgery has been widely taught, with infrapubic (IP) approach recently introduced. Feedback and trends on learning a new implant technique is assessed.

Aim
The aim is to understand the advantages and pitfalls of a surgical approach through residents in training. This will provide insight into resident education for teaching physicians and a framework for understanding how to teach the two approaches.

Main Outcome Measures
The outcomes measured will be the residents’ reflection on the ease of different steps of the infrapubic procedure upon finishing 15 sequential cases as well as feeling about the end result and time it took to complete the operation.

Methods
Two senior residents with experience of over 100 TS implants recorded impressions on their first 15 infrapubic IPP cases via questionnaire. IPP was compared with TS with regard to reservoir, cylinder, pump placement, surgical exposure, and resident involvement. Scores of 1–5 were given, with 1 implying harder or more difficult, 3 the same, and 5 better or easier.

Results
Proximal dilatation and cylinder placement remained superior for the IP approach, but distal cylinder placement posed major challenges for the IP surgery. Pump placement was more difficult and remained so for the IP approach, yet reservoir placement was similar. Residents’ sense of involvement was superior early on for the IP procedure. Operating room time improved steadily for the IP approach and ultimately was faster than implants placed trans-scrotally.

Conclusion
The IP approach is quickly learned by residents. Resident placement with the IP approach offers no advantage for the experienced resident. Pump placement and distal dilatation began and remain challenging. Location of corporotomy is the most challenging component and dictates difficulty of dilatation. Residents gain early confidence with the IP approach.
Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors and Female Sexual Response: Faulty Protocols or Paradigms?
Authors: Chivers Meredith L. , Rosen Raymond C. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTIntroductionPhosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5), such as sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil, have revolutionized the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Few successes, in contrast, have been reported for the use of these agents in treatment of sexual arousal problems in women.AimTo review research examining efficacy of PDE5 in women, critique the methods and models employed, and integrate the findings within a broader, gender-specific understanding of female sexual response.MethodsA conceptual and methodological review of all published studies examining PDE5 efficacy in female samples.Main Outcome MeasuresStudy methods, populations, outcome measures, study results.ResultsA total of 16 studies were reviewed. Studies using self-reported measures of sexual functioning showed mixed results whereas studies examining physiological effects of PDE5 on genital vasocongestion consistently report significant effects on genital sexual response.ConclusionsThe lack of efficacy of PDE5 treatment in women is likely attributable to gender differences in the concordance between physiological and psychological components of sexual response. Discordance between genital and subjective measures of sexual response in women may be augmented by PDE5 effects on genital vasocongestion in some populations, rendering successful treatment unlikely via pharmacological treatment alone.
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF GALLIC ACID EXTRACTION FROM JATROPHA CURCAS LINN. LEAVES USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE WITH METHANOL CO‐SOLVENT
Authors: MANPONG PATUMPORN , DOUGLAS SUPAPORN , DOUGLAS PETER L. , PONGAMPHAI SUWASSA , TEPPAITOON WITTAYA 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe leaves of Jatropha curcas Linn. contain antioxidant, anticancer and anti‐HIV compounds. This research investigated the extraction of the phenolic compound, gallic acid (GA), from Jatropha curcas Linn. leaves using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) and methanol co‐solvent. The SCCO2 pilot plant extractor, which was 10 times the capacity of a lab scale unit, was designed and built by our research group using a hydraulic pump instead of high pressure pump. The operating pressure was varied from 20 to 40 MPa; the temperature was varied from 40 to 60C; the particle size was varied from 10 to 40 mesh and the modifier concentration was varied from 0 to 70% (v/v) aqueous methanol. An orthogonal L9 (3)4 experimental design was applied to determine the optimal extracting condition and the effect of the parameters. The largest extraction yield from the experiment was 75.39 mg/kg dry weight of leaves at 40 MPa, 50C and 10–16 mesh particles using a 70% (v/v) methanol modifier. However, from the analysis of L9 (3)4, the optimal operating conditions were at 20 MPa, 50C and 10–16 mesh particles using a 70% (v/v) methanol modifier. It was found that temperature, particle size and modifier concentration had a statistically significant influence (at 85% confidence level) on the GA extraction yield. The fact that pressure was not found to be statistically significant is possibly due to the difficulty in controlling pressure in the pilot plant.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA pilot plant scale supercritical fluid extraction unit, which was 10 times the size of typical laboratory units, was designed and built in our lab using a low cost hydraulic pump to replace a high pressure pump. The pilot plant was able to reasonably extract gallic acid from the leaves of Jatropha curcas Linn. Preliminary experiments resulted in an optimal set of operating conditions which can be used as a starting point in future work. The system will eventually be instrumented and controlled to access operating data as well as maintain the operation of the extractor at desired set‐points. The advantage of using SCCO2 for the extraction is to achieve pure quality product. Gallic acid, which is one of the phenolic compounds in physic nut leaves, is characterized by various properties such as anti‐inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticancer, antioxidant and antiviral agent.