bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRIVATISATION AND EFFICIENCY IN THE UK WATER INDUSTRY: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS*
Authors: Hunt Lester C. , Lynk Edward L. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTSThe post‐privatisation structure of the UK water industry involves the separation of environmental services from other outputs previously produced under an integrated system by the publicly‐owned water authorities. This paper examines the extent to which the integrated authorities benefitted from joint production. Estimating a dynamic multi‐product cost function from pooled cross‐section, time‐series quality adjusted data drawn from the accounts of the water authorities for the period 1979/80–1987/88, prior to privatisation, significant elements of joint production are found. Divestiture of the industry, arguably justified on other criteria, implies the loss of substantial areas of cost complimentary.
GRANT EQUIVALENT EXPENDITURE ON INDUSTRIAL SUBSIDIES IN THE POST‐WAR UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Wren Colin 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe paper constructs a consistent series for UK central government expenditure on industrial subsidies over the post‐war period, valuing incentives in grant equivalent terms from the position of a firm undertaking investment appraisal. The analysis includes direct subsidy payments, as well as tax allowances, and provides a disaggregation between those subsidies available on a national, regional and sectoral or firm specific basis. A time‐series analysis of the assembled data shows important differences between these components, with regional assistance performing a long‐run distributive role, while other elements perform a stabilisation function. The short‐run patterns are broadly constant across governments, but the long‐run relationships exhibit structural breaks related to both political and economic events.
AVERAGE EARNINGS, MINIMUM WAGES AND GRANGER‐CAUSALITY IN AGRICULTURE IN ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: Tiffin Richard , Dawson P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Agricultural Wages Board (AWB) for England and Wales sets minimum wages, hours and overtime rates. Post‐war average earnings have always exceeded minimum wages. This paper examines the relationship between average earnings and minimum wages from 1948–1993 for regular whole‐time males using cointegration analysis. The results imply the existence of such a relationship, and that earnings Granger‐cause minimum wages. The AWB therefore has been reactive having had no impact on average earnings.
Testing for Multicointegration in Panel Data with Common Factors*
Authors: Berenguer‐Rico Vanessa , Carrion‐i‐Silvestre Josep Lluís 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses the concept of multicointegration in a panel data framework and builds upon the panel data cointegration procedures developed in Pedroni [Econometric Theory (2004), Vol. 20, pp. 597–625]. When individuals are either cross‐section independent, or cross‐section dependence can be removed by cross‐section demeaning, our approach can be applied to the wider framework of mixed I(2) and I(1) stochastic processes. The paper also deals with the issue of cross‐section dependence using approximate common‐factor models. Finite sample performance is investigated through Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, we illustrate the use of the procedure investigating an inventories, sales and production relationship for a panel of US industries.
Testing for a Change in Persistence in the Presence of a Volatility Shift*
Authors: Cavaliere Giuseppe , Robert Taylor A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe consider the impact of a break in the innovation volatility process on ratio‐based persistence change tests. We demonstrate that the ratio statistics used do not have pivotal limiting null distributions and that the associated tests display a considerable degree of size distortion with size approaching unity in some cases. In practice, therefore, on the basis of these tests the practitioner will face difficulty in discriminating between persistence change processes and processes which display a simple volatility break. A wild bootstrap‐based solution to the identified inference problem is proposed and is shown to work well in practice.
Simulation‐based Finite Sample Linearity Test against Smooth Transition Models*
Authors: González Andrés , Teräsvirta Timo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we use Monte Carlo (MC) testing techniques for testing linearity against smooth transition models. The MC approach allows us to introduce a new test that differs in two respects from the tests existing in the literature. First, the test is exact in the sense that the probability of rejecting the null when it is true is always less than or equal to the nominal size of the test. Secondly, the test is not based on an auxiliary regression obtained by replacing the model under the alternative by approximations based on a Taylor expansion. We also apply MC testing methods for size correcting the test proposed by Luukkonen, Saikkonen and Teräsvirta (Biometrika, Vol. 75, 1988, p. 491). The results show that the power loss implied by the auxiliary regression‐based test is non‐existent compared with a supremum‐based test but is more substantial when compared with the three other tests under consideration.
Effects of pea aphid secondary endosymbionts on aphid resistance and development of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi: a correlative study
Authors: Nyabuga Franklin N. , Outreman Yannick , Simon Jean‐Christophe , Heckel David G. , Weisser Wolfgang W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to reduce parasite‐induced mortality, hosts may be involved in mutualistic interactions in which the partner contributes to resistance against the parasite. The pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Hemiptera: Aphididae), harbours secondary bacterial endosymbionts, some of which have been reported to confer resistance against aphid parasitoids. Although this resistance often results in death of the developing parasitoid larvae, some parasitoid individuals succeed in developing into adults. Whether these individuals suffer from fitness reduction compared to parasitoids developing in pea aphid clones without symbionts has not been tested so far. Using 30 pea aphid clones that differed in their endosymbiont complement, we studied the effects of these endosymbionts on aphid resistance against the parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), host–parasitoid physiological interactions, and fitness of emerging adult parasitoids. The number of symbiont species in an aphid clone was positively correlated with a number of resistance measurements but there were also clear symbiont‐specific effects on the host–parasitoid interaction. As in previous studies, pea aphid clones infected with Hamiltonella defensa Moran et al. showed resistance against the parasitoid. In addition, pea aphid clones infected with Regiella insecticola Moran et al. and co‐infections of H. defensa–Spiroplasma, R. insecticola–Spiroplasma, and R. insecticola–H. defensa showed reduced levels of parasitism and mummification. Parasitoids emerging from symbiont‐infected aphid clones often had a longer developmental time and reduced mass. The number of teratocytes was generally lower when parasitoids oviposited in aphid clones with a symbiont complement. Interestingly, unparasitized aphids infected with Serratia symbiotica Moran et al. and R. insecticola had a higher fecundity than unparasitized aphids of uninfected pea aphid clones. We conclude that in addition to conferring resistance, pea aphid symbionts also negatively affect parasitoids that successfully hatch from aphid mummies. Because of the link between aphid resistance and the number of teratocytes, the mechanism underlying resistance by symbiont infection may involve interference with teratocyte development.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: an overview of their presence and distribution in different inflammatory skin diseases, with special emphasis on Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin and cutaneous lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tomasini Dario , Mentzel Thomas , Hantschke Markus , Cerri Amilcare , Paredes Bruno , Rütten Arno , Schärer Leo , Kutzner Heinz 
Published: July 2010

Background: Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) play a pivotal role in the induction of autoimmune diseases and other skin diseases. The present study focuses on the distribution patterns of PDC in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE) and Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate (LI) of the skin and compares them with other skin diseases. The goal was to scrutinize the involvement of PDC in LI, and to show that PDC present a specific pattern of distribution in various cutaneous disorders. Methods: 353 skin biopsies of LE (various subtypes), LI, and other inflammatory skin diseases as well as two halo melanocytic nevi and 10 epithelial tumors were immunohistochemically investigated for the presence of PDC by employing antibodies against CD123 and CD2AP. Results: PDC were constantly detected as distinct perivascular and periadnexal clusters in LE and LI. In other forms of dermatitis, PDC could be found as single cells or scattered throughout the infiltrate or beneath the epidermis. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the distribution of PDC in tumid LE and LI is identical, and this observation suggests that both designations signify one disease. The distinct PDC arrangement in LE represents as useful diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis with other forms of dermatitis.Tomasini D, Mentzel T, Hantschke M, Cerri A, Paredes B, Rütten A, Schärer L, Kutzner H. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: an overview of their presence and distribution in different inflammatory skin diseases, with special emphasis on Jessner's lymphocytic infiltrate of the skin and cutaneous lupus erythematosus.
Citric acid treatment of necrotizing fasciitis: a report of two cases
Authors: Nagoba Basavraj S , Gandhi Rajan C , Wadher Bharat J , Gandhi Sanjay P , Selkar Sohan P 
Published: July 2010

Necrotizing fasciitis is a destructive invasive infection of skin, subcutaneous tissue and deep fascia, with relative sparing of muscle. It is a life‐threatening condition.Here we report two cases of necrotizing fasciitis, which were not responding to conventional antibiotic therapy and local wound care after aggressive debridement. These two cases were treated simply by local application of 3% citric acid. Thus, citric acid was used to compliment wound management following surgical treatment with antibiotics.
Audit of patients with mesothelioma treated with pemetrexed in a single institution in Western Australia
Authors: HASANI Arman , FEENEY Kynan , NOWAK Anna , MILLWARD Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMalignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a devastating malignancy that until recently has had no effective treatment. Pemetrexed in combination with cisplatin entered routine clinical practice following reports of efficacy in 2003. We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients with malignant mesothelioma at a single institution treated with pemetrexed in any combination or as monotherapy between 2004 and 2007. During this period, 62 patients received pemetrexed‐based chemotherapy for MPM, most of whom were male (87%), treated in the palliative setting (84%) and received pemetrexed in combination with a platinum agent (95%). Pemetrexed was found to be well tolerated and produced clinical benefit and response rates similar to other published studies for its use in MPM in the phase IV or community practice settings. Patients with progressive disease as their best radiological response had very poor outcomes, while patients with stable disease had similar outcomes to those with responses. We confirmed that survival after commencement of pemetrexed‐based chemotherapy remains under one year in this group of patients, somewhat less than the survival reported in phase III trials that currently inform clinical decision making. Further research is required to identify those patients who might benefit from pemetrexed based on molecular predictive markers.
TRENDS IN FARM LABOUR: FARM LABOUR IN ONTARIO
Authors: Anderson W. J. , LANE S. H. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA shortage of farm labour in Ontario which developed during World War II and which has continued since, has tended to offset the trend toward larger farm business units. In other words it seems probable that the average size of farm unit in Ontario would have been larger had farmers been able to obtain the quantity and quality of help they deemed necessary for the best operation of their farms. This conclusion assumes, of course, that any increase in size of farm which has resulted from increased mechanization (which has also been encouraged by a scarcity of farm labour) has been more than offset by the inability of farmers to obtain adequate labour. This assumption is partly justified by the fact that 50 percent of the farmers who reduced their crop acreage to lessen their dependence on labour also purchased machinery. Similarly, 20 percent of the farmers who reduced their livestock numbers because of a labour shortage also installed electricity or water pressure systems.Since the average level of mechanization does not appear to be excessive, further mechanization where practical should not only reduce farm labour requirements but should aid farmers in obtaining and retaining satisfactory hired help.Attention to living and working conditions, particularly food, lodging and hours of work are very important in promoting good operator‐labourer relationships. Reasonable wages are also important but wages that are higher than typical for the quality of help employed are not likely to aid the farmer in retaining satisfactory hired help.Since a shortage of seasonal labour is the most aggravating farm labour problem at the present time, farmers should give serious consideration to changing their farm organization so that more year‐round and less casual labour is required. Since the seasonal nature of farm production is such that some variation in labour requirements throughout the year is bound to exist, further study of methods whereby potential seasonal farm workers and farmers may be brought together is suggested.The importance of operating the farm in an efficient businesslike manner so that farmers' sons, as well as other farm labourers, are attracted to farm employment cannot be over‐emphasized.
FINANCING BEGINNING FARMERS
Authors: CALDWELL H. W. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe problem of financing beginning fanners has become more complex with the disappearance of agricultural frontiers. At present due to high prices, and more machines and equipment being used to replace scarce labour, the amount of capital required to start farming has greatly increased. Refinancing the business every generation necessitates having a supply of capital available at all times but in larger amounts under present conditions. However, a word of caution might not be amiss. When money is borrowed, caution is always desirable but especially so when prices, incomes and debts are high. If credit is available in too large amounts and too easy to obtain, the beneficial results of such policy can be lost through capitalization into higher land values. Even if this capitalization does not take place, large debts may cause distress and discouragement in periods when price relationships are unfavourable. Governments have recognized the need for more adequate credit facilities for farmers and have attempted in many instances to provide the necessary capital for meeting the increased need.
CURRENT PRACTICES IN THE MARKETING OF COMMERCIAL POTATOES IN ALBERTA AND SOME SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE AGRICULTURAL: MARKETING RESEARCH1
Authors: DARCOVICH WM. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThis paper has indicated that recent developments in the potato industry have led to a division of some of the more important marketing services like storage and grading between farmers and wholesalers. This paper also has indicated possible future areas of research in marketing. One of the important areas is in the measurement of the relative efficiency of the marketing services performed by wholesalers and farmers in the potato industry. Other important areas include the continuation of descriptive research, namely, the description of the marketing function, marketing margin, and demand functions for those commodities where such description is lacking or has become out‐dated. This paper also has stressed the need to apply the theories of marginal productivity and of monopsonistic and monopolistic competition to the measurement of resource efficiency in marketing.
Prospects and Potentials in Canadian Beef Production*
Authors: Slen S. B. , Cameron M. A. 
Published: July 2010

The production technology available to the Canadian beef industry comprises a much broader range than is generally recognized. It includes forest and pasture improvement, new grading standards, cross breeding, performance testing, use of bull and dairy beef, artificial insemination, introduction of new breeds, use of new physiological and nutritional knowledge, environmental control, and others. This article appraises the prospect for Canadian beef production moving onto a new technology base, and combining this technology with competent management and promotion in order to meet the demands for beef in the 1980“s. PERSPECTIVES ET POSSIBILITÉS DE PRODUCTION DU BOEUF AU CANADA–La technologie de production à la disposition de l'industrie canadienne du boeuf comprend une gamme beaucoup plus et éndue qu'on le pense en général. Elle comprend ‘amélioration des forêts et des pâturages, les nouvelles normes de classification, le métissage, les assais de rendement, l'usage de la viande de taureaux et de vaches laitières, l'insémination artificieile, l'introduction de nouvelles races, l'utilisation de nouvelles connaissances physiologiques et nutritives, le contrôle écologique et autres. Cet article évalue les perspectives du déplacement de la production canadienne de boeuf à une nouvelle base technologique, et la combinaison de cette technologie à une gestion et promotion compétentes pour répondre à la demande en boeuf au cour des années 1980.
Alternative Methods of Marketing Livestock1
Authors: Hawkins M.H. 
Published: July 2010

This paper attempts to establish a set of criteria, against which current or potential livestock marketing systems can be evaluated. The approach is straightforward, and the concepts are not profound. The author attempts to simplify current marketing efficiency requirements and to blend these economic criteria with the systems approach to marketing that is presently being developed in the business schools.QUELQUES SOLUTIONS CONCERNANT LA COMMERCIALISATION DU BETAIL – Le présent mémoire essaie d‘établir un ensemble de critères selon lesquels les systèmes présents et futurs de mise en marche“ des bestiaux peuvent être évalues. L'approche est directe et les concepts ne sont pas fouillés. L'auteur essaie de simplifier les besoins courants d'une mise en marché efficace et de relier ces entères économiques à l'approche systématique de la mise en marché qu'on élabore présentement dans les écoles commerciales.
The Demand for Agricultural Economists by Canadian Universities and Governments*
Authors: Gilson J. C. 
Published: July 2010

The author reviews the recent history of public support for agricultural economics in Canada, and reports on a survey of present and projected needs for agricultural economists in public institutions. An overall growth in staff requirements of 130 per cent is foreseen from 1969–1975, with the largest increases occurring at the Master's (200 per cent) and PhD. (300 per cent) levels. Areas which are expected to grow especially rapidly include marketing, natural resources, regional development, and interdisciplinary studies.LA DEMANDE EN ÉCONOMISTES AGRICOLES PAR LES UNIVERSITÉS ET GOUVERNEMENTS CANADAIEN5 – L'auteur examine la récente histoire de tappui du public pour l'éiconomie agricole au Canada, et présente un rapport sur un relevé des besoins presents et futurs d'économistes agricoles dans les institutions publique. On prévoit un accroissement général de 130% des besoins en personnel de 1969 à 1975, les plus forts augmentations se sltuant aux niveau de la mattrise (200%) et du doctoral (300%). Les domaines où on s'attend à une croissance particuliegrement rapide comprennent la mise en marché, les ressources naturelles, le développment régional et les études interdisciplinaires.
Minimum Resource Requirements for Specified Resource Returns on Ontario Farms
Authors: Brooks Scott E. , Constable G. A. 
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses one phase of the background research for the Ontario Special Committee on Farm Income. The specific research area is that reported in Chapter 3 of “The Challenge of Abundance”, The Farm As A Production Unit.Research was undertaken by the Committee to develop ‘benchmark farms'.These benchmarks were interpreted as the minimum resources (labour, capital and management) required by a farmer in order to obtain certain specified returns to those resources. ‘Benchmark farms’ were used in policy formulation in a number of ways. Comparisons between the existing farms and farming industry and the ‘benchmarks’ indicated the size and nature of the adjustment problem in Ontario. Moreover, by varying prices and input‐output coefficients used in the models, the sensitivity of the simulated farms to changes in technology and cost‐price relationships was studied.Six of the major farm types in Ontario were chosen and linear programming models developed to determine minimum resource requirements for specified rates of return to labour, capital and management.MINIMUM DES RESOURCES NÉCESSAIRES POUR RAPPORTER UN REVENU SPECIFIQUE SUR LES FERMES EN ONTARIO – Ce document exprime une des étapes des origines de la recherche pour la Commission spéciale du revenu agricole en Ontario. Cette recherche est expliquée dans le chapitre 3 et elle s'intitule “The Challenge of Abundance”, The Farm As A Production Unit.La Commission a entrepris une minimisation dans la recherche afin d'aider le développement de ces fermes échantillons en fonction d'un revenu donné pour les fermes de l'Ontario. Ces fermes échantillons étaient recueillies parmi les mains prospères (main‐d'oeuvre, capital et terrain); un certain résultat était retiré de ces fermes. Le développement de ces fermes échantillons a été utile de plusieurs façons. Elles ont indiqué la grandeur et la nature des ajustements nécessaires dans l'industrie agricole de l'Ontario en permettant une comparaison entre chacune de ces fermes et aussi en rapport avec l'industrie telle qu'elle existe actuellement dans la province. En plus, il était possible d'étudier les effets de changements des prix et des coefficients intrants et extrants sur la rentabilité de ces fermes échantillons.Les chercheurs ont choisi six types de fermes parmi les plus importantes en Ontario. En utilisant les techniques de programmation linéaire; ils ont pu démontrer le niveau des ressources minima nécessaires pour obtenir un revenu adéquat.