bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution of flying Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in a rice warehouse
Authors: Ho S.H. , Boon K.S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe vertical and horizontal distribution of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) in a rice warehouse was studied using flight traps hung around selected stacks of bagged rice. Traps hung at 4 m or higher from the floor caught more T. castaneum than other insect species in the warehouse. At 6 m height, the traps caught mainly this species and were easy to maintain. The horizontal distribution pattern of T. castaneum sampled at 6 m was not homogeneous. The factors influencing distribution are discussed.
Parasitoids of the African stem borer, Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in South Africa
Authors: Kfir Rami 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEighteen parasitoids were recorded from the African stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), on maize and grain sorghum, in Delmas and Cedara, South Africa. In Delmas, larval parasitism on both crops fluctuated below 20% with occasional peaks of 40–60%. In Cedara, larval parasitoids were active throughout the season with peaks of 75% and 60% parasitism during January and March-April, respectively on the ratoon crop, and 20% in May on the crop. Pupal parasitism peaked in Cedara at 100% during February-March, and at 80% during November, when parasitoids attacked pupae that formed after B. fusca larvae had emerged from diapause and pupated. In Delmas activity by pupal parasitoids was negligible. The egg parasitoids, Telenomus busseolae Gahan (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and Trichogrammatoidea lutea Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), were rare. The larval parasitoid, Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was active throughout the season and was by far the most abundant, emerging from about 90% of parasitized larvae. Its cocoons were often attacked by Aphanogmus fijiensis (Ferrière) (Hymenoptera: Ceraphronidae). Second in abundance among the larval parasitoids was Bracon sesamiae Cameron (Braconidae) whose cocoons were attacked in turn by Eurytoma braconidis Ferrière (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae). Eurytoma braconidis was reared also from cocoons of Euvipio sp. and Aleiodes sp. (both Braconidae). All other larval parasitoids were rare. Procerochasmias nigromaculatus (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) was the most abundant pupal parasitoid. Trichogrammatoidea lutea, Glyptapanteles maculitarsis (Cameron) (Braconidae) and Odontepyris transvaalensis (De Buysson) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) have not been recorded before from B. fusca. Some considerations and proposals for introductions of parasitoids into South Africa against B. fusca are discussed.
Feeding activities of Cicadulina mbila (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on different host-plants
Authors: Mesfin T. , Den Hollander J. , Markham P. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe probing activities of the most important leafhopper vector of maize streak virus, Cicadulina mbila (Naudé) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) were studied on different host-plants. Host preference was determined by giving the insects a choice of six plants, Digitaria sanguinalis, Zea mays, Zea perennis, Paspalum conjugatum, Oryza sativa and Saccharum officinarum (all Gramineae). Cicadulina mbila showed a strong preference for D. sanguinalis. Histological examination of plant tissues for salivary sheaths was used to reveal the preferred tissue. Cicadulina mbila tended to ingest from the phloem of its preferred hosts, and switch to mesophyll or xylem tissue on less preferred hosts. The suitability of each host was assessed by measuring the weight gain and amount of honeydew produced on each host by newly emerged adult females. Both parameters were greatest on the preferred host. Probing behaviour was also monitored electronically by recording the different waveform patterns produced when insects were probing, ingesting or not probing on the selected hosts. Cicadulina mbila probed less frequently, ingested longer and spent less time in non-probing activities on its preferred host, D. sanguinalis, although these responses were similar on maize and sugarcane. Rice induced poor probing responses and altered behaviour. This interpretation of the waveforms was supported by histological examination. As maize streak virus (MSV) is not found in phloem sieve elements, prolonged ingestion from sieve cells would not account for efficient acquisition from maize, which would require ingestion from other types of cells. D. sanguinalis was the host in which most ingestion from the phloem occurred, but it is the poorest source of MSV.
Smicronyxspecies (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), economically important seed predators of witchweeds (Strigaspp.) (Scrophulariaceae) in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Anderson D. M. , Cox M. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe taxonomy of three species ofSmicronyxthat are potential biocontrol agents of witchweeds (Strigaspp.) in West Africa is revised. The two most abundant species are identified asSmicronyx(Afrosmicronyx) umbrinusHustache and S.(Smicronyx) guineanusVoss. A third species is described asSmicronyx (Afrosmicronyx) dorsomaculatusCox,sp. n.Diagnostic descriptions and a key, to separate adults of the three species from each other and fromSharpia bellaFaust, are presented. Mature larvae of the threeSmicronyxspecies are separated through a key and diagnoses. A lectotype is selected forSmicronyx umbrinus. All available host and distribution data are summarized for each species.
Mating combinations of control and ivermectin-fed dung flies Neomyia cornicina (Diptera: Muscidae): effects on mating behaviour, oviposition and ovarian development
Authors: Gover Jane , Strong Les 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe dung fly Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius) fed on either control dung or dung containing 0.15 μg g−1 ivermectin were mated in the following combinations: (a) control male × control female, (b) control male × ivermectin-fed female, (c) ivermectin-fed male × invermectin-fed female and (d) ivermectin-fed male × control female. Frequency and duration of mating attempts by males during 10 min mating trials were significantly higher when males were placed with control females, irrespective of male treatment. There was no significant difference between groups in the frequency and duration of all other behaviours observed. There was a significant effect of mating combination on the percentage of females that laid eggs, with most laying in groups where females were controls (groups a and d). There was also significant effect of mating combination on the time to first oviposition, with control females mated with control males (group a) laying earliest. Egg batch size was unaffected by treatment group. At the end of the experiment, all females were dissected and the number, size and yolk content of the terminal oocytes were measured. There was no effect of treatment group on any of these parameters. Results of this study indicate that female exposure to ivermectin was of greater importance than male exposure in altering male mating behaviour and reducing fecundity. Ivermectin in cattle dung could therefore lower reproductive output of this species even when only one of a pair was exposed to the drug.
Biosystematics of theCotesia flavipesspecies complex (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): morphometrics of selected allopatric populations
Authors: Kimani-Njogu Susan W. , Overholt William A. , Woolley James , Walker Annette 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMorphometric studies of allopatric populations of theCotesia flavipesspecies complex representing three putative species;C. flavipesCameron,C. sesamiae(Cameron) andC. chilonis(Matsumura), were conducted. Sixteen characters were measured. Principal component analysis separated the complex into three somewhat overlapping groups that corresponded well with previous concepts of the species. Canonical variate analysis separated the complex into three distinct clusters with populations from Africa together, populations from Asia and the Neotropics forming a second cluster, and material from China and Japan forming a third cluster. The Mahalanobis squared distances between the three clusters were nearly equal. Results support recognition of three species in theC. flavipescomplex.
The effect of constitutive resistance in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and Scots pine (P. sylvestris) on oviposition by three pine feeding herbivores
Authors: Trewhella K. E. , Leather S. R. , Day K. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe acceptance of different provenances or seed origins of lodgepole pine Pinus contorta and Scots pine P. sylvestris as suitable oviposition sites was found to vary as a function of both tree age and insect species. Experiments on seedling lodgepole pine revealed that the pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer Geoffroy (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae), and the larch bud moth, Zeiraphera diniana Guennée (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), preferred more southerly provenances of lodgepole pine. The pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea Denis & Schiffermüller (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), however, preferred more northerly provenances. On mature lodgepole pine however, P. flammea exhibited a host change, preferring the more southerly provenances. Neodiprion sertifer showed a similar preference on both seedling and mature provenances. The results of this study suggest that some provenances of lodgepole pine become more resistant to attack by P. flammea as they mature, while others become more susceptible. This may be related to the feeding, strategies of the two insects: P. flammea larvae feed on current year foliage while N. sertifer feeds only on previous year foliage. It is possible that the mechanism for chemical defence of new shoots changes as the trees mature, and to a varying degree in different provenances, while defence of the previous years foliage remains unchanged. Results also indicate that odour alone as opposed to odour plus visual stimulation may invoke different ovipositional behaviour in N. sertifer.
Geographic variation within populations of Panolis flammea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Britain
Authors: Wainhouse D. , Jukes M. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGel electrophoresis was used to study isoenzyme variation in Panolis flammea Denis Schiffermüller from a total of eight forest sites in England and Scotland dominated by either Scots or lodgepole pine. Four polymorphic loci (esterase, malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) were examined in adult moths. Most of the genotype frequencies conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations. An estimate of standardized gene frequency variance (Fst=0.109 ±0.032) indicated that there was significant genetic differentitation between populations. There was in addition a latitudinal cline in allele frequency at the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus. The possible role of variation between P. flammea populations in contributing to regional differences in pest status is briefly discussed.
In the Belgian Congo
Authors: Gahan C. J. 
Published: July 2009

Tragocephala maynei, sp. nov.T. nobili (Fab.) affinis, sed differt capitis medio haud vittato, elytris prope basin non transversim fasciatis. Capite inter antennas sat lato fere piano, margine antica frontis genarumque et macula pone oculum coeruleis; prothorace utrinque ante tuberculum lateralem ochreo-fulvo fasciato, basi lateraliter coerulescente; elytris nigro-velutinis, utrisque maculis quatuor ochreo-fulvis notatis: macula prima ad latus paullo pone humerum, secunda transversa et tertia parva rotunda obliquiter positis pone medium, quarta transversa paullo ante apicem; macula infra humerum, puncta postero-laterali, et macula minuta ad suturam vix ante apicem coerulescentibus; corpore inferiore pedibusque coerulescentibus, nigro fasciatis et maculatis; antennis (♀) paullo pone medium elytrorum transeuntibus, scapo ad apicem angustim cicatricoso; prosterno sat lato, antice verticali et transversim truncato, mesosterno antice late rotundato; femoribus brevibus subclavatim incrassatis.
The Effect of intermittent Starvation upon the Development of Larvae of the Meadow Moth (Loxostege sticticalis, L.)
Authors: Skoblo J. S. 
Published: July 2009

1. When studying the effect of intermittent starvation upon the length of development of the larval phase it is necessary to carry out experiments with each stage separately. Ignoring this factor and carrying out experiments on the larval phase as a whole results in serious errors.2. The shorter the periods of feeding and consequently the longer starvation periods during each 24 hours the stronger their effect upon the length of development of each stage.3. More than 50 per cent. of larvae fed only for 2 hours a day and starved for 22 hours accomplish their complete metamorphosis and produce moths that are fully capable of living.4. The length of development of each stage depends upon the feeding regime during the previous stage. Using the same starving regime, development of the last stage is the longer the earlier the stage at which larvae were subjected to this regime.5. At different stages of development larvae react differently to the same starvation regime. Thus starving for 12 hours a day increases the duration of the development of the 3rd stage by 104 per cent. ; that of the 4th stage does not increase at all, while the development of the 5th stage increases only by 31 per cent.6. Nature of food greatly influences the length of development under conditions of intermittent starvation. Starving for 8 hours a day when feeding larvae on wormwood results in greater increase of development than starving for 12 hours a day when feeding on goose-foot.7. All factors influencing the development of the larval phase result in decreasing the weight of the pupae. Decrease in weight of pupae is the greater the longer the starvation periods and the earlier larvae were subjected to starvation effect. Nature of food also highly affects the weight of pupae.8. Intensity of feeding during feeding periods of starving larvae does not decrease as compared to control. With very strongly starving larvae intensiveness of feeding even increases.9. There is no direct proportion between the quantity of excrement passed, that is amount of food consumed and the weight of pupae. The longer the development, the more there are feeding periods and consequently the more excrement passed. Owing to the lengthening of development the most part of substances consumed are spent on vegetative functions ; therefore there cannot exist direct connection between the number of excrement passed and the weight of pupae.
The Biology of Microplectron fuscipennis, Zett. (Chalcid.), a Parasite of the Pine Sawfly (Diprion sertifer, Geoff.)
Authors: Morris K. R. S. , Cameron E. 
Published: July 2009

Cocoons of Diprion sertifer, Geoffr., containing nearly eight millions Microplectron fuscipennis, Zett., were collected in Europe in 1934 and despatched to Canada for the control of the Spruce Sawfly, Diprion polytomum, Htg.This parasite is widely distributed throughout Europe as a primary parasite of several species of pine sawflies of the genus Diprion.A full account of the biology and a detailed description of the various stages is given.In the laboratory it was reared in large numbers on the cocoons of D. polytomum from Canada.Its chances of success in Canada depend on its acclimatisation and the accessibility and quantity of host material. Its tremendous fecundity and rapid rate of increase are greatly in its favour.
The bactericidal Properties of Excretions of the Maggot ofLucilia sericata
Authors: Simmons S. W. 
Published: July 2009

The excretions of the blowfly maggot,Lucilia sericata, have been found to contain a potent bactericide, and the technique for the collection of this material is given. There is evidence that other insects besides the one investigated may also produce this substance.The active principle is not destroyed by autoclaving at 10 pounds' pressure for 20 minutes and desiccation does not inactivate it.The bactericidal action of the substance was demonstrated by tests on seven species of bacteria, most of which are of aetiological importance in osteomyelitis and other suppurative infections. The lethal action against such organisms seems to be an important factor in the good results obtained with maggot therapy.The work seems to open a field in which interesting investigations could be conducted with possibilities of producing other new and useful disinfectants from living organisms.
Acarine and Nosema Diseases of Honeybees in Britain, 1925–47
Authors: Morison Guy D. , Jeffree E. P. , Murray L. , Allen M. Delia 
Published: July 2009

Between 1925 and 1947, 9,929 samples of bees from Great Britain were examined for acarine and Nosema diseases. There was a significantly lower incidence of acarine disease in English samples than in Scottish ones, but a somewhat higher incidence of Nosema disease in England than in Scotland was not significant. A decrease in the incidence of acarine disease over the 22 years was highly significant in both England and Scotland, although the rate of decrease was not significantly different between the two countries.The average incidence of acarine disease during each month of the year was at its lowest in April, May and June, while Nosema disease reached its maximum in these three months and fell to a minimum in the autumn. Data on the seasonal incidence of Nosema disease in an apiary in Scotland between 1948 and 1953 show a similar distribution to that for Great Britain. Eesults on the incidence of both diseases throughout the year are compared with those of other authors, and possible reasons for the seasonal fluctuations are discussed.
Some Effects of the British Climate and Constant Temperatures on the Life-cycle of Ephestia cautella (Walker)
Authors: Burges H. D. 
Published: July 2009

The effect of temperature on the life-cycle of Ephestia cautella (Wlk.) has been investigated, with emphasis on the effects of constant low temperatures and of the variable conditions of the English winter. The humidity was never low enough to have any effect on survival.The total life-cycle (egg laid to adult) takes about 64 days at 20°C. and about 41–45 days at 25°C. on a wheatfeed-glycerine mixture.The lowest temperatures at which the major changes in the life-cycle can be completed are:— hatching, 10° to 13°C; pupation, 8·5°C; and the change to adult, 10° to 13°C.Large larvae are more resistant to cold than smaller larvae or eggs. The shortest exposures necessary to prevent large larvae from becoming adult are about one day at –1°C., five days at 0°C, 32 days at 5°C., or 83 days at 10°C.Pupae can become adult at slightly lower temperatures than large larvae and also they can survive slightly longer exposures at – 1°C.Adult moths live for a mean of 18 days at about 10°C. Below this temperature adult life is shortened by cold, until at – 1°C. moths survive for only one or two days. Adult life is also shortened at temperatures above 10°C., presumably by increased metabolism. At 35°C. adults live about three days. Copulation is infrequent at 13°C. and below, and few fertile eggs are laid at these temperatures. The highest number of eggs are laid at temperatures between 20°C. and 33°C.
The Leucoptera Leaf Miners of Coffee on Kilimanjaro. II.—Leucoptera caffeina Wshbn.
Authors: Notley F. B. 
Published: July 2009

A description is given of the bionomics of Leucoptera caffeina Wshbn. in the Kilimanjaro District, Tanganyika, and of the characters that distinguish it in its various stages from L. coffeella (Guér.), together with the results of population studies of the former insect and its parasites in both shaded and unshaded coffee in 1938–40.During the 1939 outbreak, the numbers of eggs per tree, and the number of live pupae present in samples of about 100 cocoons (estimated from te number of moths and parasites emerging) showed large fluctuations. The times between peak numbers approximated to the total life-cycle, indicating that at any moment one developmental stage was dominant.
Seasonal and weather factors influencing the annual flight cycle of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and its predator Teretriosoma nigrescens (Coleoptera: Histeridae) in Benin
Authors: Borgemeister C. , Meikle W. G. , Scholz D. , Adda C. , Degbey P. , Markham R. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInvestigations were carried out in southern Benin on the annual flight cycle and the effects of weather variables on the flight activity of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) and its natural enemy, Teretriosoma nigrescens Lewis. Two seasonal peaks in flight activity of P. truncatus were observed, one between the end of December and the beginning of January and a second one between May and June. Teretriosoma nigrescens showed a single delayed peak in June, approximately six weeks after the major peak of P. truncatus. Flight activity of P. truncatus was only weakly associated with weather characteristics (standardized regression coefficient for mean daily temperature b = 0.18, t = 2.87, P < 0.05)), whereas for T. nigrescens it was associated with precipitation (standardized regression coefficient for accumulated rainfall during the trapping period b = 0.38, t = 4.76, P < 0.05). The possibility that one of the P. truncatus peaks was associated with dispersal from crowded maize stores and the other with the search for natural woody host plants is discussed.
The flight activity and infectivity of the major leafhopper vectors (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of rice tungro viruses in an irrigated rice area in the Philippines
Authors: Chancellor T. C. B. , Cook A. G. , Heong K. L. , Villareal S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe flight activity of each of the three major leafhopper vectors of rice tungro viruses, Nephotettix virescens (Distant), N. nigropictus (Stål) and Recilia dorsalis (Motschulsky) was closely associated with rice cropping periods and was influenced by crop growth stage and season. Leafhopper flight was influenced by changing levels of illumination at dusk and dawn and, for R. dorsalis only, was significantly affected by moon phase. Recilia dorsalis was the dominant species caught in suction traps at 0.75 m and 1.5 m and an upwardly-directed light trap at 4.0 m, whereas N. virescens was the most abundant species caught on sticky yellow traps at the height of the canopy. Infectivity tests on migrant leafhoppers caught in upwardly-directed light traps showed that N. virescens was the most common transmitter of rice tungro viruses. Infective leafhoppers were recorded at the end of dry seasons and during wet seasons in 1991 and 1992. The risk of tungro disease incidence was very low early in the 1991 dry season, when aerial abundance of leafhoppers was small and no infective individuals were recorded.
The influence of temperature on egg mortality in the budmoth Zeiraphera diniana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and its role in determining the regional abundance of an important forest pest
Authors: Day K. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe range of the moth Zeiraphera diniana Guénée and the regions where high population densities are infrequent and unpredictable are thought to be determined by high temperatures during egg pre-diapause. Exposure of eggs to incubation temperatures known to be optimal for Z. diniana elsewhere resulted in a pre-diapause mortality of 13% which corresponds to known rates of egg mortality in British forests. Evidence suggests that high temperature and its duration are both important determinants of pre-diapause egg mortality which, if experienced in forest conditions, may prevent populations from reaching outbreak levels. Historical records of outbreaks were associated with lower than average August temperature. However, high temperatures on their own are unlikely to determine the range of the insect in Britain since a high proportion of eggs survives extremes; more than 70% of British eggs survived 24 h exposure to a temperature of 30°C. Variations in egg mortality among families of moths suggests a genetic basis for differences in thermal tolerance. Furthermore, there may be selection for thermally-tolerant eggs in British forest environments and this could be connected with other forms of genetic differentiation in budmoth populations.