bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imprensa imparcial versus Imprensa formadora de opinião?
Authors: Santos Cynthia Adrielle da Silva , Costa Alessandra 
Published: May 2024

Este artigo tem por objetivo compreender a construção histórico-discursiva (AHD) do Jornal Folha de S.Paulo acerca da sua atuação como grande imprensa na ditadura civil-militar brasileira. Para constituir o corpus da pesquisa, foram analisados 7.021 editoriais publicados entre janeiro/1961 e dezembro/1988. Com base nas estratégias discursivas de nomeação, predicação, argumentação, representação e intensificação observou-se, ao longo dos 28 anos pesquisados, a oscilação entre duas construções discursivas aparentemente dicotômicas: Imprensa imparcial versus Imprensa formadora de opinião. Esse resultado explicita a atuação da imprensa na sociedade como um significativo ator político sempre vinculado ao contexto histórico e aos seus interesses empresariais.
One-dimensional infiltration in a layered soil measured in the laboratory with the mini-disk infiltrometer
Authors: Autovino Dario , Bagarello Vincenzo , Caltabellotta Gaetano , Varadi Florina Kati , Zanna Francesco 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Layered soils can consist of a thin little permeable upper layer over a more permeable subsoil. There are not many experimental data on the influence of this upper layer on infiltration. The mini-disk infiltrometer set at a pressure head of –3 cm was used to compare infiltration of nearly 40 mm of water in homogeneous loam and clay soil columns with that in columns made by a thin layer (1 and 3 cm) of clay soil over the loam soil. For each run, the Horton infiltration model was fitted to the data and the soil sorptivity was also estimated by considering the complete infiltration run. For the two layered soils, the estimates of initial infiltration rate and decay constant were similar but a thicker upper layer induced 2.4 times smaller final infiltration rates. Depending on the infiltration parameter and the thickness of the upper layer, the layered soils were characterized by 2.2–6.3 times smaller values than the loam soil and 2.2–6.6 higher values than the clay soil. Sorptivity did not differ between the homogeneous clay soil and the layered soil with a thick upper layer and a thin layer was enough to induce a decrease of this hydrodynamic parameter by 2.5 times as compared with that of the homogeneous loam soil. Even a thin upper layer influences appreciably infiltration and hydrodynamic parameters. Layering effects vary with the thickness of the upper layer and the considered parameter. The applied experimental methodology could be used with other soils and soil combinations.
Flow over thin-plate weirs with a triangular notch – influence of the relative width of approach channel with a rectangular cross-section
Authors: Pospíšilík Šimon , Zachoval Zbyněk , Gabriel Pavel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The article deals with the determination of the influence of the relative width of an approach channel with a rectangular cross-section on the discharge of clean water flowing over thin-plated weirs with a triangular notch and zero height of the weir above the bottom of the approach channel. To evaluate the influence, the Kindsvater-Shen equation was modified by introducing the basic effective discharge coefficient and the coefficient of the relative width of the approach channel. The coefficient of the relative width of the approach channel was determined based on the evaluation of data from three extensive experimental research investigations. It is valid for the entire possible range of relative widths of the approach channel and for the range of notch angles from 5.25° to 91.17°. The relative error of discharge determination is approximately up to ±2% over the entire range of discharges used in the conducted experimental research. The evaluation made it possible to determine the boundary distinguishing the partially contracted weirs from the fully contracted weirs in terms of impact on discharge.
The Regional Economic Foundations of European Identity
Authors: Kley Florian K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The question of whether there is increasing social integration among EU citizens in Europe as a spill ‑over effect of the ongoing process of system integration, as expected by utilitarian perspectives on integration, has been discussed in many contri‑ butions so far. In particular, the question of how the economic strength and develop‑ ment of macro ‑units affects European social integration has gained new momentum after the 2004 enlargement, when economically weaker ECE countries became part of the EU. In this contribution, I focus on the impact of regional economic strength and development on European social integration. I analyse the relationship between the economic situation and development of NUTS‑1 regions and individual European identity using Eurobarometer data for the years 2004, 2010 and 2015. Using descrip‑ tive and multivariate quantitative approaches, I show that regional economic strength is weakly correlated with European identity, although not significant in multivariate models. However, citizens who believe that the EU is an economic advantage are more likely to identify as Europeans and are more prevalent in regions with higher economic growth. I conclude that convincing citizens of the economic benefits of EU membership could result in increased European social integration in the long run.
Poland’s Governmental Response to the European Green Deal: Discursive Strategies prior to the Russian Invasion of Ukraine in February 2022
Authors: Dulak Michał , Kułakowska Małgorzata 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Although Poland’s energy mix is becoming ‘greener’ each year, the coun‑ try’s energy production is still dominated by coal. This affects several important spheres: financial, socioeconomic and political. Therefore, the aim of the article is to explain Poland’s response to adaptational pressure stemming from the European Green Deal (EGD) by reconstructing discursive strategies related to the topics of decarbonisa‑ tion and green transformation. We perceive the EGD as a regulatory initiative, whose purpose is to incorporate formal rules and European norms in the domestic discourse and public policies. In order to induce such a change, the European Commission influ‑ ences the ‘utility calculations’ used by member states. However, at the same time, some member states need to deal with problems caused by misfits between their energy sector’s capabilities and expectations of the EGD. In Poland’s case, the significant fields of misfits refer to national emission targets, obligations resulting from the EU Emis‑ sion Trading System and the Fit for 55 reform package. Using discourse analysis, we have reconstructed a governmental narrative on the transformation based on elec‑ tion manifestos, selected ministerial documents and social media posts from the years 2019–2021. As the government aims to present itself as defenders of Polish national interests, climate‑related policies are seen as a threat. There is a clear focus on energy sovereignty and security issues, while challenges related to global warming are absent from the political communication. As the situation at the Belarussian border developed and the danger connected with Russian politics became clearer, the concept of being a defender acquired more meanings.
Searching for A Better Educational System: Language Planning in Competency-Based School Curriculum
Authors: Rushiti Rozana , Kananaj Anila 
Published: May 2024

Purpose: The new European school curriculum focuses on innovation, competency-based learning and the integration of technology as ways to increase the quality of education and better prepare students for the challenges of the 21st century. This study investigates the effects of implementation of this curriculum, highlighting its benefits and potential challenges, especially in relation to the standard language.

Theoretical Framework: The new European pre-university curriculum is explored in interdisciplinary approach, integrating the latest theories in teaching methodology with language planning and technology. Synthesizing the existing literature serves as a prerequisite for the analysis performed on the empirical research.

Methodology: The impact of the implementation of the competence-based curriculum in Albanian school education are analyzed theoretically and empirically, emphasizing the advantages and shortcomings compared to the previous curriculum.

Findings: The increase in the quality of school education is evident with the implementation of the new European curriculum, which prioritizes student-centered learning by incorporating technology into different learning scenarios. As shown by international evaluations such as Pisa, slow steps have been made in the national curriculum, which calls for further reforms by the educational authorities.

Research Practical and Social Implication: The new national curriculum improves student outcomes and aligns with wider educational goals within the EU, influencing national identity and global social cohesion, which are important research areas.

Originality/Value: This study values the competency-based curriculum as a necessity for preparing European students for a globally competitive world, pointing out some areas for improvements.
CORREDORES ECOLÓGICOS: UMA ESTRATÉGIA PARA A CONSERVAÇÃO DA BIODIVERSIDADE NA BACIA DO RIO MOJU, AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA
Authors: Braga Thaís Gleice Martins , Gonçalves Mariane Furtado , Paiva Paula Fernanda Pinheiro Ribeiro , Silva Júnior Orleno Marques da 
Published: May 2024

Objetivo: Com a utilização do sensoriamento remoto e de sistemas de informações geográficas, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar áreas com potencial para corredores ecológicos.

Referencial teórico: Esse estudo foi conduzido com base nas reflexões teóricas acerca das questões ambientais, da relação sociedade e natureza. Foram abordadas as temáticas sobre corredores ecológicos, áreas de proteção ambiental, áreas de reservas legal e bacias hidrográficas.

Método: Para modelar o corredor ecológico de modo a conectar os fragmentos presentes na área de estudo, considerou-se as seguintes informações temáticas: cobertura vegetal e uso do solo, declividade da área, áreas de Preservação Permanentes e áreas de Reserva Legal. Foram definidos índices de dificuldades (pesos), sendo os maiores pesos aqueles que apresentam maior dificuldade de interligar os fragmentos florestais.

Resultados e conclusão: Ao final obteve-se como resultados as matrizes temáticas de custo com a dificuldade da instalação dos corredores ecológicos, considerando o uso e cobertura do solo, áreas de reserva legal e áreas de proteção permanente. Espera-se que a pesquisa contribua para ações de planejamento de ações integradas que incluam gestores públicos e comunidade para que se promovam medidas de adequação ambiental.

Implicações da pesquisa: Esta pesquisa contribuirá para medidas em políticas públicas, auxiliando a tomadas de decisão para melhoria ambiental na bacia do Rio Moju, Amazônia Brasileira.

Originalidade/valor: Tem importância socioambiental e científico, pois contribui para redução do processo de fragmentação florestal da paisagem, melhorando os processos ecológicos e físicos da dinâmica inerente à BH do Rio Moju.
INOVATIVAN PRISTUP FINANSIRANJU I RAZVOJU STARTAPA U USLOVIMA PERMAKRIZE
Authors: Borocki Milica 
Published: May 2024

U ovom radu su predstavljeni rezultati istraživanja za odabranu poslovnu ideju (aplikacija za pružanje informacija o pravilnoj primeni lekova) startapa u fazi osnivanja: diferenciranje ciljne grupe za jedinstveni proizvod/proces/uslugu (predstavljenu kroz Lean Canvas poslovni model), izvori i načini finansiranja, faze daljeg razvoja startapa u uslovima permakrize uzimajući u obzir inovativan pristup kao savremen, održiv i tržišno prihvatljiv.
GENERISANJE SJERPINSKI FRAKTALA UZ POMOĆ PAJTON (Python) PROGRAMSKOG JEZIKA
Authors: Šimunović Milica 
Published: May 2024

Polazeći od osnovnih koncepata fraktala u uvodu, u radu je opisana teorijska osnova fraktala koja obuhvata istoriju, fraktalnu dimenziju, klasifikaciju fraktala i metode za njihovo generisanje. Pokazane su praktične primene, analiziran je fraktalni fenomen u prirodi i upotreba fraktala u računarskoj grafici. Metodologija i alati korišćeni u istraživanju uključuju programski jezik Pajton (orig. Python) i Gugl Kolab (orig. Google Colaboratory). Generisani su Sjerpinski (orig. Sierpinski) trougao, tepih i Mengerov (orig. Menger) sunđer. Prikazani su rezultati i data je uporedna analiza rezultata. Na osnovu izvršenih istraživanja i dobijenih rezultata, zaključuje se da se uz pomoć metoda računarske grafike mogu generisati kompleksni oblici, kao što su fraktali.
تصحيحات ابن عقيل النحوية في شرحه على الفية ابن مالك
Authors: احمد مروان شبيب 
Published: May 2024

الحمدُ لله ربَّ العالمين والصلاة والسلام على اشرف خلق الله محمد (صلى الله عليه وسلم) اما بعد:-
مما لاشك فيه ان النحو العربي من اعظم العلوم العربية منزلةً ,واكثرها نفعاً , اذ به يُفصح اللسان ويترفع شأن صاحبه بالبيان. وقد الف علماءنا الافاضل في مختلف العلوم ومنها خاصة (علم النحو), ولم يقتصروا على التقعيد و ووضع الاصول والاسس النحوية بل ذهبوا الى ابعد من ذلك, إذ بداوا باخذ المذهب النحوي الخاص به والذي يستسيغه على وفق المدرسة او الاستاذ او ما يتناوله من علم من خلال المؤلفات التي تخص تلك المدرسة النحوية او المذهب النحوية, وكذلك صار الواحد منهم يخصص له منهجه في طريقة تاليفه للكتب او من خلال طرحه للاراء النحوية , فنرى العالم يرد على استاذه او على صاحبه من خلال استعماله للمصطلحات. فمن خلال البحث في كتب التراث اللغوي استوقني كتاب مهم وهو في متناول الجميع هو (شرح ابن عقيل على الفية ابن مالك) اذ وجدتُ فيه الجهود الكبيرة لابن عقيل, فنراه تارة يحلل واخرى يوجه وثالثة يرد على ما ذكره بعض العلماء مستعملا من تلك المصطلحات (صحح) ومشتاقاتها.
نظريّة الشّعر عند الوحيد الأزديّ
Authors: صالح حسين خلف 
Published: May 2024

إشارات النظرية النقدية تكاد تكون مبثوثة في شروح الشعر وفي الاتجاهات التي حددت مساره ، فالنظرية معناها طاقة الشعرية العربية التي تحول الشعر الى قوة كامنة مخزونة في الشعر فهي العمود الذي يتكأ عليه الشعر .
ولما كان الشعر هو الميدان الارحب فان الوحيد جعله في تحريك نظريته ، فحركة الشعر وإنتاجه يمثل بعدًا ستراتيجيًا في حركة الشعرية . ينطلق البحث من أسئلة مفادها : كيف نظر الوحيد الازدي الى الشعر عامة وشعر المتنبي خاصة ؟ مدى خروج المتنبي عن جادة الصواب (حسب رأي الوحيد) في نظريته الشعرية؟
وبعيدًا عن الوجوه التي تحدث عنها الوحيد الازدي تجاه ابن جني والمتنبي واحتمالات الإساءة إليهما والتي لا تعني بحثنا نستطيع أن نزعم أن منهجية اكتشاف قوانين النظرية الشعرية عنده هي صورة تكشف عن منهجية الوحيد ورؤيته للشعر من خلال المؤثرات والحقائق والقوانين والظواهر والمدلولات والاسس والمنطلقات التي توزعت على شعر المتنبي .
ومنهجيتي التي فرضتها لنفسي : أن امسح ( اقيس) شعر المتنبي ؛ لأكتشف مقدارًا كبيرًا من توجهات الوحيد ومحاولات ترتيبها في أنساق النظرية .
الـدّرْسُ النّحـْوِيُّ في كِتَابِ شَـرْحِ لامِـيّةِ العـَرَبِ لعَـبْـدِ اللـهِ بـنِ الحُـسَـيـْنِ العـُكْـبـُرِيّ (538 ــ 616 هــ)
Authors: قـاسم عـلـي أكـرم 
Published: May 2024

الحَمْـدُ لله والصَّلاة والسَّلام عـلى رَسولِ الله وآله ومَنْ وَالاهُ و بعـد ..
فممّا يَتميز به كتاب شَرحِ لامـية العـربِ لأبي البقاءِ عـبدِ الله بن الحُسين العـُكبري مِنْ بين الكتبِ التي تناولتِ اللّامـيّة بالشّرح والأعْـرَابِ الإيجازِ والاختصارِ ومِنْ ظـواهـِرِ ذلكَ الايجازِ عـدم التّرجـيحِ عـند ذِكر الآراءِ المُختلفة ، وتَـرك الإشارة إلى كَثيرٍ مِنَ المسائل الخلافية بين البَصريين والكُوفيين ويلحظ تجاوزه لكثير مِنَ الألفاظ اللغَوية التي تحتاجُ إلى إيضاحِ معـناها مكتفياً بالأعـرابِ ، والبحثِ محاولةً للكشفِ عَـنْ جُهودِ العُـكبريِّ النّحويةِ بتحليلِ بعضِ أهـم ملامِح مَنهج العـُكبري في هـذا الاعـراب الموجزِ لأبياتِ لامـيّةِ العـربِ .
إنّ العـُكبري يعـد أحد أهـم النّحاة البصريين ، إذ قامت جـُل توجيهاته على المذهـب البصري ، فضلا عن إكثاره من مصطلحاتهم وأتضح مدى شغف العـُكبري بالإعراب إذ أولاه اهتماماً واضحاً فكان وسيلته لتفسير الألفاظ والكشف عن المعاني فأكثر من التّخريجات الإعرابية التي استندت في بعض الأحيان إلى السِّياق ، كما أهتم بالعـِلل والعـَوامل والمصطلحات والتّأويلات وقد تناول هذه المسائل من غير ترجيح لجانب منها دون آخر إلاّ إشارات في مواضع متفرقة ولا يعود هذا لضعف في شخصيته أو قلة في إطلاعه إنّما لأنّه ألزَم نفسه في هـذا الشرح بالاختصار والإيجاز.
الثقة بالنفس لطلبة قسم التربية الخاصة بجامعة دهوك
Authors: عبد الله غريبة هادي 
Published: May 2024

هدفت الباحثة التعرف على مستوى الثقة بالنفس لدى طلاب الكلية التربية الأساس التربية الخاصة. وكذلك إيجاد دلالة الفروق ذات الدلالة الاحصائية في الثقة بالنفس لدى الطلاب التربية الخاصة تبعا للمتغيرات (النوع لاجتماعي، الحالة الاجتماعية، المرحلة، السكن). تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي المقارن، كما بلغ المجتمع الدراسة(282) طالبا وبلغت العينة (100) طالب و تم اختيارهم بالطريقة العشوائية من بين الطلاب الذين يدرسون في التربية الخاصة. اعتمدت الباحثة على المقياس الذي أعده (البياتي-2006) لقياس مستوى الثقة بالنفس و الذي يتكون من (50) فقرة علما بأن بدائل الاجابة عن فترات المقياس في (دائما، احيانا ، ابدا)، حيث عولجت البيانات الواردة بالبحث إحصائيا باستخدام الاختبار التائي لعينة واحدة، و التائي لعينتين مستقلتين، و تحليل التباين انوفة ومعامل ألفا كرونباخ، من خلال الحقيبة الاحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS). فأظهرت النتائج، أن مستوى الثقة بالنفس لدى أفراد عينة البحث كان في المستوى المتوسط و كذلك عدم وجود فروق ذات دلالة احصائية تبعاً لمتغيرات الديمغرافية ( النوع الاجتماعي) .بينما توجد فروق ذات دلالة احصائية تبعاً لمتغير الديمغرافية ( الحالة الاجتماعية) كان لصالح المتزوجين. وفي ضوء النتائج قدم البحث بعض التوصيات و المقترحات.
Random forests to predict survival of octogenarians with brain metastases from nonsmall‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Song Lijun , Wang Yu , Li Xue , Liu Yi , Yin Bingyi , Li Daorui , Lin Hongsheng , Zhang Yuqi 
Published: May 2024

Background: To create and validate nomograms for the personalized prediction of survival in octogenarians with newly diagnosed nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with sole brain metastases (BMs). Methods: Random forests (RF) were applied to identify independent prognostic factors for building nomogram models. The predictive accuracy of the model was evaluated based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, C‐index, and calibration plots. Results: The area under the curve (AUC) values for overall survival at 6, 12, and 18 months in the validation cohort were 0.837, 0.867, and 0.849, respectively; the AUC values for cancer‐specific survival prediction were 0.819, 0.835, and 0.818, respectively. The calibration curves visualized the accuracy of the model. Conclusion: The new nomograms have good predictive power for survival among octogenarians with sole BMs related to NSCLC.
DESENVOLVIMENTO PROFISSIONAL DOCENTE EM CONTEXTOS DE INCERTEZAS: INQUIETAÇÕES E PROBLEMATIZAÇÕES
Authors: Moreira Cruz Lilian , Gracia Ferreira Lúcia 
Published: May 2024

Este artigo tem como objetivo problematizar o Desenvolvimento Profissional Docente – DPD, tendo como pano de fundo algumas inquietações advindas do campo político e do contexto da pandemia da Covid-19. Para isso, assentamos a pesquisa em uma abordagem qualitativa, sendo do tipo descritiva exploratória. Nesta direção, fizemos um recorte temporal, tendo o início a Constituição Federal de 1988 até o contexto pós-pandemia, ou seja, analisamos um movimento de 34 anos de algumas conquistas e perdas dos/as profissionais da educação brasileira, para isso, nos debruçamos nos marcos legais e discussões teóricas de estudiosos/as como Tardif (2014), Ferreira (2014; 2020), Cruz, Barreto, Ferreira (2020), Marcelo Garcia (1999; 2009), Day (2001; 2005), Oliveira-Formosinho (2009), Imbernón (2009; 2011), Vaillant (2014) etc. Os dados revelam que durante a pandemia, os/as professores/as foram impactados não apenas pela crise sanitária, mas também por uma crise política. Na primeira, faltou suporte pedagógico, tecnológico, humano, político, social, financeiro, psicológico, entre outros. Essa carência resultou em implicações negativas para o DPD, incluindo o adoecimento dos/as professores/as diante das exigências das aulas remotas e do aumento da carga de trabalho. Na segunda, observamos a perda de autonomia devido às reformas educacionais, a falta de formação contínua em tecnologia e a erosão salarial devido à inflação, entre outros desafios. Como resultado, o DPD foi afetado por uma combinação de fatores oriundos de contextos políticos, sociais, econômicos e organizacionais, resultando na precarização do trabalho docente e desencadeando processos de desprofissionalização e proletarização dos/as professores/as. Portanto, torna-se evidente a necessidade crucial de adotar políticas públicas educacionais para apoiar os professores e minimizar os danos durante cenários de crises. Oferecer suporte direto às atividades dos/as professores/as em circunstâncias adversas pode ser considerado uma estratégia eficaz para mitigar os efeitos negativos dessas situações, as quais tendem a comprometer os processos de DPD.
O MÉTODO AUTOBIOGRÁFICO E SUA DIMENSÃO FORMATIVA NA PESQUISA SOBRE ALFABETIZAÇÃO EM CLASSES MULTISSERIADAS
Authors: Silva Júnior Dilmar Rodriges , Nascimento Francilane Sousa Cravalho , Lima Maria Divina Ferreira 
Published: May 2024

A presente pesquisa tem por objeto de estudo: o método autobiográfico como elemento de formação no processo de alfabetização em classes multisseriadas. Parte da seguinte questão-problema: Como se caracterizam suas rotinas na alfabetização de crianças em classe multisseriada na escola do campo? Tem por objetivo: caracterizar as rotinas de alfabetização em classes multisseriadas em escolas do campo. A pesquisa fundamenta-se na concepção de alfabetização em classes multisseriadas como uma modalidade educacional marcada por singularidades inerentes à identidade e à cultura dos povos do campo. Sobre as classes multisseriadas, entende que são contextos que oferecem a primeira etapa do ensino fundamental (1º ao 5º ano), em um espaço único de aprendizagem, para atendimento de alunos que se encontram em diferentes séries ou anos escolares. No que concerne aos aspectos metodológicos, trata-se de um estudo orientado pelos princípios do método autobiográfico, consolidado por meio da pesquisa narrativa, conforme as proposições de Dominicé (1988) e Ferraroti (2010). A produção das narrativas ocorreu por meio de entrevistas narrativas a partir dos pressupostos de Schultze (1992). Participaram da pesquisa, (03) três alfabetizadoras que atuam em uma escola de classes multisseriadas, de uma escola do campo, da rede municipal de ensino da cidade de Caxias/MA (locus da investigação). O método autobiográfico nesse estudo, considera a dimensão do reconhecimento da subjetividade das professoras alfabetizadoras e suas contribuições no processo educacional de crianças residentes no campo ao longo do tempo.
Human Resource Development and Organisational Performance in Government-Sponsored Youth Empowerment Organizations in Kenya
Authors: Okongo Fredrick Otieno , Riungu Festus , Nzioki Susan 
Published: May 2024

Purpose: Government-sponsored Youth Empowerment organisations (GSYEOs) are designed to skill, prepare, and empower the youths toward poverty eradication, formal employment, and self-reliance. However, poverty and unemployment among the youths in Kenya seem to be on an onward trajectory. Yet, scarce research has been conducted on the influence of strategic direction on the performance of GSYEOs. This study examines the influence of strategic direction and the performance of GSYEOs in Kenya, which is anchored on strategic leadership theory and measured using the Balance Score Card framework.
Design/Methodology/Approach: A descriptive research design was utilised, a random sample of five GSYEOs with a total population of 1089 employees was adopted, and a sample of 109 was derived. Simple analysis results show that the relationship between organisational performance and Human Resource Development is statistically significant as (p<0.05), 65.0% of the variation in the organisational performance can be explained by the regression model (R2=0.65, ΔR2=0.644, F(1,64) =118.748, P<0.05). Results showed that that 65% was a good fit for the organisational performance.
Implications/Originality/Value: The study recommends that the Government of Kenya allocate and prioritise funding for capacity building in Government-Sponsored Youth Empowerment Organizations.