bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calling Patterns in Male Responses to Conspecific Playbacks in the Johnstone’s Whistling Frog Eleutherodactylus johnstonei
Authors: Tárano Zaida , Fuenmayor Eloisa 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVocal interactions are common in chorusing frogs. Changes in the calling patterns of Eleutherodactylus johnstonei males were analyzed by recording their responses to playbacks of conspecific calls repeated at fixed periods (long: 1.7 s, short: 0.98 s). The call period and timing, estimated through the onset response time, were determined for each male. Males reduced and regularized the period of their calls in response to both stimuli, regardless of their absolute and relative period (i.e., the difference between the male’s period and the stimulus period). Males avoided initiating their calls during ongoing stimuli, but did not time their calls in the silent gap between successive stimuli in ways that reduced the probability of overlap: the proportion of calls without overlap did not depart from random expectations when the silent gap was long, and was smaller than expected when the gap was short. This result indicated that males react to the presence of the virtual competitor but not to its particular characteristics. Fixed responses have been described in other anurans, and often relate to trade‐offs between female attraction, male competition, predator attraction, and depletion of energy reserves. Lack of coordination with the stimuli, beyond inhibition of calling during an ongoing stimulus, also indicates somewhat rigid vocal strategies, at least under the experimental conditions. Results from the short period trials suggested a compromise between maintaining a call period and avoiding call overlap. Whether female behavior is influenced by call interference and whether males pay selective attention to distant males instead of to close neighbors must be investigated to better understand the vocal behavior of E. johnstonei.
Does Manipulation by the Parasitoid WaspCotesia glomerata(L.) Cause Attachment Behaviour of Host Caterpillars on Cocoon Clusters?
Authors: Tanaka Shingo , Ohsaki Naota 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSome parasitoid wasps appear to control the behaviour of their hosts. However, altered behaviours of parasitised hosts are not necessarily caused by parasitoids but are sometimes the result of traumatic side effects of parasitism. However, it was difficult for us to discriminate the cause of host’s behaviours between manipulation by parasitoids and traumatic side effects. Larvae of the parasitoid waspCotesia glomerataform cocoon clusters after egression from the parasitised host caterpillarPieris brassicae. Following parasitoid egression, host caterpillars survive for several days and remain near the cocoon clusters. These caterpillars may repel solitary pteromalid hyperparasitoid wasps,Trichomalopsis apanteloctena, that attempt to parasitise freshC. glomeratapupae. We allowed hyperparasitoids to attack cocoon clusters in the field and laboratory and then assessed the costs and benefits toC. glomerataof attachment by the parasitised caterpillars. The eclosion success ofC. glomeratain cocoon clusters with attached caterpillars was higher than that in clusters without attached caterpillars in both field and laboratory experiments. This difference was attributed to shorter hyperparasitoid visits to cocoon clusters with attached host caterpillars. However, large cluster size was potentially costly for host attachment, because the duration of host caterpillar attachment decreased with increasing numbers ofC. glomerataper caterpillar. This trade‐off may be related to shortages of fat body resources, which are shared between the development of wasp larvae and the survival of host caterpillars. Therefore, we concluded that caterpillar attachment satisfied some requirements of host manipulation byC. glomerata.
Past Experiences Affect Interaction Patterns Among Foragers and Hive‐Mates in Honeybees
Authors: Grüter Christoph , Farina Walter M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSocial insect colonies face the challenge of adjusting the behavior of individuals performing various tasks to a changing environment. It has been shown in several species that characteristics of interaction patterns between nestmates provide social information that allows individuals to adjust their behavior in adaptive ways. A well‐studied example is the modulation of recruitment by dancing in honeybees (Apis mellifera) in response to the time, the foragers have to search for unloading partners and the number of unloading bees. Here we tested if experiences that hive bees acquired during past social interactions affect interactions with the incoming foragers. Bees returning with food containing a floral scent that was familiar to the hive bees from previous interactions had more food receivers during unloading and more followers during dancing displays compared with foragers returning with food containing a novel scent or unscented food. We also confirm that the number of receivers during food unloading is positively related to the motivation to dance immediately after unloading. Our results show that prior social experiences affect the ways in which individuals interact in the context of honeybee nectar collection and, therefore, how learning in hive bees contributes to the organization of this collective task.
Effect of welding processes on fatigue crack growth behaviour of AISI 409M ferritic stainless steel joints fabricated using duplex stainless steel fillers
Authors: LAKSHMINARAYANAN A. K. , SHANMUGAM K. , BALASUBRAMANIAN V. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe present investigation aims to study the effect of welding processes such as shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) on fatigue crack growth behaviour of the ferritic stainless steel (FSS) conforming to AISI 409M grade. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material and AISI 2209 grade duplex stainless steel (DSS) was used as filler metal, for preparing single pass butt welded joints. Centre cracked tensile (CCT) specimens were used to evaluate the fatigue crack growth behaviour. From this investigation, it is found that the GTAW joints showed superior fatigue crack growth resistance compared with SMAW and GMAW joints. The reasons for the superior performance were discussed in detail.
Analysis of apparent fracture toughness of a thick‐walled FGM cylinder with two diametrically opposed edge cracks
Authors: AFSAR A. M. , SONG J. I. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the analysis of apparent fracture toughness of a thick‐walled functionally graded material (FGM) cylinder with two diametrically opposed edge cracks emanating from the inner surface of the cylinder. The crack surfaces and the inner surface of the cylinder are subjected to an internal pressure. The incompatible eigenstrain developed in the cylinder due to non‐uniform coefficient of thermal expansion after cooling from sintering temperature is taken into account. Based on a generalized method of evaluating stress‐intensity factor developed in our previous study, an approach is presented to evaluate apparent fracture toughness. To demonstrate the approach, some numerical results of apparent fracture toughness are presented for a TiC/Al2O3 FGM cylinder. The effects of material distribution, cylinder wall thickness, application temperature and number of cracks on apparent fracture toughness are investigated in details. It is found that all these factors play an important role in controlling apparent fracture toughness of a thick‐walled FGM cylinder.
Brittle failures from U‐ and V‐notches in mode I and mixed, I + II, mode: a synthesis based on the strain energy density averaged on finite‐size volumes
Authors: LAZZARIN P. , BERTO F. , ELICES M. , GÓMEZ J. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTA large bulk of static test results carried out on notched specimens are presented in a unified way by using the mean value of the strain energy density (SED) over a given finite‐size volume surrounding the highly stressed regions. In plane problems, when cracks or pointed V‐notches are considered, the volume becomes a circle or a circular sector, respectively, with RC being the radius. RC depends on the fracture toughness of the material, the ultimate tensile strength and the Poisson's ratio. When the notch is blunt, the control area assumes a crescent shape and RC is its width as measured along the notch bisector.About 900 experimental data, taken from recent literature, are involved in the local SED‐based synthesis. They have been obtained from (a) U‐ and V‐notched specimens made of different materials tested under mode I loading; (b) U‐ and V‐notched specimens made of polymethyl‐metacrylate (PMMA) and an acrylic resin, respectively, tested in mixed, I + II, mode; (c) U‐notched specimens made of ceramics materials tested under mode I.The local SED values are normalized to the critical SED values (as determined from unnotched specimens) and plotted as a function of the R/RC ratio. A scatter band is obtained whose mean value does not depend on R/RC, whereas the ratio between the upper and the lower limits are found to be about equal to 1.6. The strong variability of the non‐dimensional radius R/RC (ranging here from about zero to around 1000) makes stringent the check of the approach based on the mean value of the local SED on a material‐dependent control volume.
Does intrafascial dissection during nerve‐sparing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy compromise cancer control?
Authors: Neill Mischel G. , Louie‐Johnsun Mark , Chabert Charles , Eden Christopher 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVETo assess whether oncological outcomes are compromised by adopting the curtain dissection (CD) technique (high incision of the peri‐prostatic fascia) during nerve‐preserving radical prostatectomy (RP).PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 973 laparoscopic RPs (LRPs) were performed or supervised by one surgeon between March 2000 and October 2007 for cT1–3 N0M0 prostate cancer, of which 510 included bilateral neurovascular bundle preservation. A CD technique was used in 240 men and a standard dissection (StD) technique was used in 270, considered the control group. The technique was extraperitoneal, used five ports and included preservation of the seminal vesicle tips. Thermal energy was not used posterior or lateral to the prostate in either group. Patient, operative and oncological outcome variables were compared using an independent‐sample t‐test if continuous or with Fisher’s exact test for rates.RESULTSPatient and cancer characteristics before LRP were similar for the CD and StD groups, and there were no significant perioperative differences either. Positive margins occurred in 11.7% of the CD group and 11.1% of the StD group (P = 0.95). At a mean (range) follow‐up of 11.7 (3–24) months for the CD group and 13.1 (3–24) months for the StD group, biochemical recurrence rates were 0% and 1.1%, respectively (P = 0.30). Potency (CD, 62%; StD, 61%; P = 0.89) and continence rates (StD, 97%; CD, 98%; P = 0.83) were comparable between the groups, but there was a statistically significant earlier return to continence in the CD group (P < 0.001 at 3 months).CONCLUSIONSFor carefully selected men there appears to be no compromise in cancer control with intrafascial dissection in the short term. However, equally there appears to be no significant improvement in potency after LRP. The earlier return to continence after intrafascial nerve‐sparing suggests reduced dissection of periurethral supports rather than preservation of additional autonomic nerve fibres.
Incidental prostate cancer at radical cystoprostatectomy: implications for apex‐sparing surgery
Authors: Gakis Georgios , Schilling David , Bedke Jens , Sievert Karl D. , Stenzl Arnulf 
Published: July 2009

Study Type – Therapy (case series)  Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo analyse retrospectively the clinicopathological features of incidental prostate cancer in patients undergoing radical cystoprostatovesiculectomy (RCP) for invasive bladder cancer, as recent studies suggest that prostatic apex‐sparing surgery in patients undergoing RCP improves urinary continence and erectile function after surgery, but in those with incidental prostate cancer, leaving the apical region endangers the oncological outcome.PATIENTS AND METHODSFrom 2004 to 2007, at our institution, 95 men had RCP for invasive bladder cancer. We reviewed their clinicopathological variables, especially apical involvement, and the course of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels before and after surgery. We compared clinically significant and insignificant prostate cancers.RESULTSOf the 95 patients, 26 had incidental prostate cancer (mean age 68 years, range 53–80) on definitive histological examination. The mean (sd, range) preoperative PSA level in all 26 men was 3.6 (0.8, 0.2–14) ng/mL, but six of the 26 patients had preoperative PSA levels of >4 ng/mL and one other had suspicious findings on a digital rectal examination. Involvement of the apex was histologically confirmed in seven of the 26 patients (27%), including four with significant prostate cancer (P = 0.039). Preoperative PSA levels did not differ significantly between the seven patients with significant and 19 with insignificant prostate cancer, but seven patients with apical involvement had significantly higher PSA levels before RCP than the 19 who did not (P < 0.04). PSA levels after RCP remained below the limit of detection in all patients over a mean (range) follow‐up 14.3 (3–32) months.CONCLUSIONIn our series, preserving the apex of the prostate to decrease morbidity after RCP carried a 7.3% risk (seven of 95 patients) of leaving significant cancer in the residual prostatic tissue. No preoperative clinical value could exclude apical involvement. Therefore, our findings stress the oncological need for a careful and complete excision of the prostate during RCP.
The presence of prostate cancer on saturation biopsy can be accurately predicted
Authors: Ahyai Sascha A. , Isbarn Hendrik , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Chun Felix K.H. , Reichert Mathias , Walz Jochen , Steuber Thomas , Jeldres Claudio , Schlomm Thorsten , Heinzer Hans , Salomon Georg , Budäus Lars , Perrotte Paul , Huland Hartwig , Graefen Markus , Haese Alexander 
Published: July 2009

Study Type – Diagnostic (non‐consecutive) Level of Evidence 3bOBJECTIVETo improve the ability of our previously reported saturation biopsy nomogram quantifying the risk of prostate cancer, as the use of office‐based saturation biopsy has increased.PATIENTS AND METHODSSaturation biopsies of 540 men with one or more previously negative 6–12 core biopsies were used to develop a multivariable logistic regression model‐based nomogram, predicting the probability of prostate cancer. Candidate predictors were used in their original or stratified format, and consisted of age, total prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, percentage free PSA (%fPSA), gland volume, findings on a digital rectal examination, cumulative number of previous biopsy sessions, presence of high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on any previous biopsy, and presence of atypical small acinar proliferation (ASAP) on any previous biopsy. Two hundred bootstraps re‐samples were used to adjust for overfit bias.RESULTSProstate cancer was diagnosed in 39.4% of saturation biopsies. Age, total PSA, %fPSA, gland volume, number of previous biopsies, and presence of ASAP at any previous biopsy were independent predictors for prostate cancer (all P < 0.05). The nomogram was 77.2% accurate and had a virtually perfect correlation between predicted and observed rates of prostate cancer.CONCLUSIONSWe improved the accuracy of the saturation biopsy nomogram from 72% to 77%; it relies on three previously included variables, i.e. age, %fPSA and prostate volume, and on three previously excluded variables, i.e. PSA, the number of previous biopsy sessions, and evidence of ASAP on previous biopsy. Our study represents the largest series of saturation biopsies to date.
Biochemical recurrence rate in patients with positive surgical margins at radical prostatectomy with further negative resected tissue
Authors: Rabbani Farhang , Vora Kinjal C. , Yunis Luis Herran , Eastham James A. , Guillonneau Bertrand , Scardino Peter T. , Touijer Karim 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVETo determine the biochemical recurrence (BCR) rate in patients with positive surgical margins (PSMs) on the prostate specimen who have additional negative tissue resected from that site (M+ −), compared to patients with negative margins (M−) and those with persistent PSM (M+), as those with PSM at radical prostatectomy (RP) are at greater risk of BCR, and in some instances where suspicious tissue is noted in the prostate bed or when frozen‐section analysis shows PSM, additional tissue is resected from the suspect site of the PSM.PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween January 1999 and June 2007, 4217 consecutive patients underwent open or laparoscopic RP with no previous radiotherapy or hormonal therapy. The median (interquartile range) follow‐up was 37.4 (21.1–60.7) months.RESULTSPathological organ‐confined (OC) cancer was present in 2901 men, of whom 2659 had M−, 216 had M+, and 26 had M+ −. Extracapsular extension (ECE) alone with no seminal vesicle or lymph node involvement was present in 843 men, of whom 657 had M−, 174 had M+ and 12 had M+ −. For patients with OC cancer, the 36‐month actuarial BCR‐free probability was 97.9% (95% confidence interval 97.3–98.5) for M−, vs 89.0 (84.1–93.9)% for M+ vs 100% for M+ −. For patients with ECE, the 36‐month actuarial BCR‐free probability was 83.7 (80.0–87.4)% for M− vs 73.7 (66.1–81.3)% for M+ vs 90.0 (71.4–100)% for M+ −. The main limitation of the study was its retrospective nature, with the reason for resection of additional tissue not always well documented.CONCLUSIONSWhile the few patients with PSMs and further negative resected tissue limited the statistical analysis, it would appear that in these patients the disease behaves as in those with negative margins.
36‐month‐olds conceal visual and auditory information from others
Authors: Melis Alicia P. , Call Josep , Tomasello Michael 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBy three years of age, children are skilled at assessing under which circumstances others can see things. However, nothing is known about whether they can use this knowledge to guide their own deceptive behaviour. Here we investigated 3‐year‐olds’ ability to strategically inhibit or conceal forbidden actions that a nearby adult experimenter could see or hear. In the first experiment, children were more likely to disobey the adult when she did not have visual access to their activities than they were when she was looking at them. In the second experiment, in which the adult could never see the child, children refrained from making noise when engaging in a prohibited action that the adult might hear. These results suggest that by three years of age children use their knowledge of others’ perceptual states to decide whether it is safe to commit a transgression and, moreover, actively conceal perceptual cues that could reveal to others their ongoing transgression.
The neural basis of speech parsing in children and adults
Authors: McNealy Kristin , Mazziotta John C. , Dapretto Mirella 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWord segmentation, detecting word boundaries in continuous speech, is a fundamental aspect of language learning that can occur solely by the computation of statistical and speech cues. Fifty‐four children underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while listening to three streams of concatenated syllables that contained either high statistical regularities, high statistical regularities and speech cues, or no easily detectable cues. Significant signal increases over time in temporal cortices suggest that children utilized the cues to implicitly segment the speech streams. This was confirmed by the findings of a second fMRI run, in which children displayed reliably greater activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus when listening to ‘words’ that had occurred more frequently in the streams of speech they had just heard. Finally, comparisons between activity observed in these children and that in previously studied adults indicate significant developmental changes in the neural substrate of speech parsing.
Children’s attention to sample composition in learning, teaching and discovery
Authors: Rhodes Marjorie , Gelman Susan A. , Brickman Daniel 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo studies compared children’s attention to sample composition – whether a sample provides a diverse representation of a category of interest – during teacher‐led and learner‐driven learning contexts. In Study 1 (n = 48), 5‐year‐olds attended to sample composition to make inferences about biological properties only when samples were presented by a knowledgeable teacher. In contrast, adults attended to sample composition in both teacher‐led and learner‐driven contexts. In Study 2 (n = 51), 6‐year‐olds chose to create diverse samples to teach information about biological kinds to another child, but not to discover new information for themselves, whereas adults chose to create diverse samples for both teaching and information discovery. Results suggest that how children approach the interpretation and selection of evidence varies depending on whether learning occurs in a pedagogical or a non‐pedagogical context.
HUMAN DIGNITY IN INTERNATIONAL POLICY DOCUMENTS: A USEFUL CRITERION FOR PUBLIC POLICY?
Authors: DE MELO‐MARTÍN INMACULADA 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTCurrent developments in biomedicine are presenting us with difficult ethical decisions and raising complex policy questions about how to regulate these new developments. Particularly vexing for governments have been issues related to human embryo experimentation. Because some of the most promising biomedical developments, such as stem cell research and nuclear somatic transfer, involve such experimentation, several international bodies have drafted documents aimed to provide guidance to governments when developing biomedical science policy. Here I focus on two such documents: the Council of Europe's Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being and the Additional Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being.I argue that by using human dignity as a criterion to determine the permissibility of particular human embryo research practices, these documents cannot aid in identifying research that would be contrary to human dignity. Thus, they fail to guide public policy on embryo experimentation. Their use of human dignity as a criterion makes their task of offering guidance unfeasible because the concept as used in these documents is too vague and is applied in contradictory ways. I discuss the main goals of these documents and their claims in relation to human embryo research. I then discuss how they have influenced public policy in several countries. Finally, I show that although these Council of Europe treaties attempt to serve as public policy guides in the area of embryo research, they fail to do so.