bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can the nutrient dynamics of a northern hardwood forest explain variation in its trophic structure?
Authors: Stange Erik , Ayres Matthew 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods:
A time series of Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillar) abundance and biomass in the northern hardwood forests of central New Hampshire, USA, shows large interannual fluctuations in aggregated caterpillar biomass (52-fold variation in mg caterpillars/ 8000 leaves) that were spatially correlated across a regional landscape. Primary production of these mature forests has not varied over this period, and many hundreds of Lepidoptera species share comparatively few host plants. Therefore, interannual changes in nutritional quality of even one host plant species may be capable of generating correlated population dynamics for many species in the Lepidoptera community. We tested the hypothesis that variation in soil nutrient availability influences foliar chemistry and ultimately produces a bottom-up force capable influencing the aggregated biomass of the forest's dominant herbivores.

Results/Conclusions:
Over a period of four years, measures of nutritional quality for herbivores in three of the forest's four dominant understory tree species (Acer saccharum, Acer pensylvanicum, and Viburnum alnifolium) displayed considerable variation that was consistent across the landscape. Foliar nitrogen (N) content and two metrics of secondary metabolite concentration—total phenolics and condensed tannin—all varied by up to 20% among years. Resin bag extracts of NH4+, NO2- /NO3- and PO4+ showed soil mineral nutrient availability displayed six-fold variation that was consistent with the pattern in foliar N, and a whole tree in situ fertilization experimental manipulation produced rapid effects on foliar chemistry. Finally, variation in the forewing lengths of free-flying moths showed an interannual concordance among species within the group of early season feeders that was also consistent with patterns in foliar quality—suggesting collections of species experience correlated variations in larval growth performance.
Psychological mindedness and therapist attributes
Authors: Daw Becky , Joseph Stephen 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground to study: Psychological Mindedness (PM) involves an interest in and ability to extract and make sense of psychological information (thoughts, feelings and behaviours) from a situation. The nature of the psychotherapeutic role and training demands therapists think about motives, distortions and inner experiences of others. Aims: This study empirically examined the association between PM and adaptive therapist attributes, clinician empathy, self understanding and the therapeutic relationship in practitioners. Method: Forty eight therapists responded to a postal questionnaire. Results: Statistically significant correlations were found between adaptive therapist attributes; empathy, the therapeutic relationship and level of self‐understanding and PM.
Woody biomass estimation of Tarchonanthus camphoratus in three woodland stands at Naivasha, Kenya
Authors: Kiruki Harun , Njung’e Joseph , Kiyiapi James 
Published: October 2009

RésuméL’on a développé des équations individuelles pour la biomasse des arbres d’une forêt de Tarchonanthus et on a testé leur applicabilité dans trois bosquets de Tarchonanthusà Naivasha, au Kenya, en se basant sur les mesures d’arbres abattus. Trois forêts homogènes identifiées au moyen d’une classification automatique (cluster analysis) ont constitué les unités d’échantillonnage de base. Quarante‐cinq T. camphoratus de diverses classes de diamètre (de 2 à 28 cm) ont été sélectionnés et coupés dans les trois types de bosquets. Les relations alternatives ont été analysées et l’on a présenté les quatre meilleurs modèles (Tableaux 1 & 2). Pour tester l’exactitude des modèles développés, 15 arbres supplémentaires ont été coupés dans chaque bosquet et l’on a calculé leur poids sec que l’on a comparé avec le poids sec estimé. Pour chaque modèle, une validation fut faite par bosquet dans le but de déterminer si chaque modèle particulier s’appliquait à un bosquet spécifique ou à tous les types de bosquets. Le meilleur modèle, basé sur un R2; ajusté, une erreur standard de l’estimation et une distribution des résidus, est présenté et comparé avec les équations qui existaient au préalable. Le modèle utilise la transformation racine carrée de la biomasse. On en conclut que le modèle présenté ici peut être utilisé pour estimer la biomasse des arbres dans toutes les forêts dominées par T. camphoratus, qui, en de nombreux endroits, produisent des bosquets quasi purs, excluant toute autre espèce ligneuse. Le fait que l’exactitude de l’estimation ait eu tendance à varier légèrement d’un bosquet à l’autre suggère que le modèle ne peut s’appliquer qu’à cette forêt et à d’autres dont la structure n’est pas significativement différente.
Daily and hourly movement of male desert‐dwelling elephants
Authors: Leggett Keith 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe daily and hourly movements of eight male desert‐dwelling elephants of various ages (12–45 years old) were determined hourly by global positioning system (GPS)/telemetry collars during the wet, cold dry and hot dry seasons of 2006 in northwest Namibia. The average daily movement in the wet season was greater than that observed during either the cold dry or the hot dry seasons. A similar difference was also observed for the movement rates, with the highest average rate of hourly movement recorded during the wet season. The diurnal movements (both distance and rate) were greater than those in the nocturnal hours during the wet season, whilst during the cold dry and hot dry season the reverse was true. The daily cycle of movement also changed seasonally, with greatest movement rates observed during the wet season between 11.00–20.00 hours, during the cold dry season between 14.00–21.00 hours; and between 04.00–11.00 hours during the hot dry season. Periods of decreased movement rates were observed between 09.00–10.00 and 02.00–03.00 hours in the wet season; 03.00–06.00 and 11.00–13.00 hours in the cold dry season; and 01.00–03.00 and 12.00–14.00 hours during the hot dry season.
Participatory wildlife surveys in communal lands: a case study from Simanjiro, Tanzania
Authors: Msoffe Fortunata U. , Ogutu Joseph O. , Kaaya John , Bedelian Claire , Said Mohammed Y. , Kifugo Shem C. , Reid Robin S. , Neselle Moses , Van Gardingen Paul , Thirgood Simon 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIt is widely accepted that protected areas alone are not sufficient to conserve wildlife populations particularly for migratory or wide‐ranging species. In this study, we assess the population density of migratory species in the Tarangire–Simanjiro Ecosystem by conducting a ground census using DISTANCE sampling. We focus on the Simanjiro Plains which are used as a dispersal area by wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and zebra (Equus burchellii). We demonstrate that DISTANCE sampling can provide precise estimates of population density and is an affordable method for monitoring wildlife populations over time. We stress the importance of involving local communities in monitoring programmes across landscapes that incorporate communal lands as well as protected areas.
Home range, core areas and movement in the ‘critically endangered’ kipunji (Rungwecebus kipunji) in southwest Tanzania
Authors: De Luca Daniela W. , Picton Phillipps Guy , Machaga Sophy J. , Davenport Tim R. B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractUnderstanding how threatened forest primates use a heterogeneous landscape is essential to ensuring their survival. Kipunji (Rungwecebus kipunji) are ‘critically endangered’, arboreal monkeys restricted to two sites in Tanzania. Over 90% of the population lives in the degraded Rungwe‐Kitulo forests of the Southern Highlands. In this study, we present the first comprehensive investigation into daily path length and home range size of kipunji, based on data from four groups followed simultaneously over 70 consecutive days on Mt. Rungwe. The mean daily distance travelled was 1293 m (SE 150.82), and daily distance was not significantly correlated to group size. Using fixed kernel density estimation, an area enclosing 90% of the home range calculated using the ‘reference’ method as a smoothing parameter, measured a mean of 306.18 ha (SE 67), and the core area (50% use) was 86.55 ha (SE 18.73). Using the ‘least‐squares cross validation’ method, the mean home range and core area were 205.45 ha (SE 57.02) and 55.45 ha (SE 14.23) respectively. Home range overlap was extensive, although contact between groups was rare, with >97.30% of all observations within 20 min separated by >250 m. The data strongly suggest that kipunji are not territorial.
Insights in the exhumation history of the NW Zagros from bedrock and detrital apatite fission‐track analysis: evidence for a long‐lived orogeny
Authors: Homke Stéphane , Vergés Jaume , Van Der Beek Peter , Fernàndez Manel , Saura Eduard , Barbero Luis , Badics Balazs , Labrin Erika 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTWe present the first fission‐track (FT) thermochronology results for the NW Zagros Belt (SW Iran) in order to identify denudation episodes that occurred during the protracted Zagros orogeny. Samples were collected from the two main detrital successions of the NW Zagros foreland basin: the Palaeocene–early Eocene Amiran–Kashkan succession and the Miocene Agha Jari and Bakhtyari Formations. In situ bedrock samples were furthermore collected in the Sanandaj‐Sirjan Zone. Only apatite fission‐track (AFT) data have been successfully obtained, including 26 ages and 11 track‐length distributions. Five families of AFT ages have been documented from analyses of in situ bedrock and detrital samples: pre‐middle Jurassic at ∼171 and ∼225 Ma, early–late Cretaceous at ∼91 Ma, Maastrichtian at ∼66 Ma, middle–late Eocene at ∼38 Ma and Oligocene–early Miocene at ∼22 Ma. The most widespread middle–late Eocene cooling phase, around ∼38 Ma, is documented by a predominant grain‐age population in Agha Jari sediments and by cooling ages of a granitic boulder sample. AFT ages document at least three cooling/denudation periods linked to major geodynamic events related to the Zagros orogeny, during the late Cretaceous oceanic obduction event, during the middle and late Eocene and during the early Miocene. Both late Cretaceous and early Miocene orogenic processes produced bending of the Arabian plate and concomitant foreland deposition. Between the two major flexural foreland episodes, the middle–late Eocene phase mostly produced a long‐lasting slow‐ or nondepositional episode in the inner part of the foreland basin, whereas deposition and tectonics migrated to the NE along the Sanandaj‐Sirjan domain and its Gaveh Rud fore‐arc basin. As evidenced in this study, the Zagros orogeny was long‐lived and multi‐episodic, implying that the timing of accretion of the different tectonic domains that form the Zagros Mountains requires cautious interpretation.
Advances in the understanding of cobalamin assimilation and metabolism
Authors: Quadros Edward V. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe haematological and neurological consequences of cobalamin deficiency define the essential role of this vitamin in key metabolic reactions. The identification of cubilin‐amnionless as the receptors for intestinal absorption of intrinsic factor‐bound cobalamin and the plasma membrane receptor for cellular uptake of transcobalamin bound cobalamin have provided a clearer understanding of the absorption and cellular uptake of this vitamin. As the genes involved in the intracellular processing of cobalamins and genetic defects of these pathways are identified, the metabolic disposition of cobalamins and the proteins involved are being recognized. The synthesis of methylcobalamin and 5′‐deoxyadenosylcobalamin, their utilization in conjunction with methionine synthase and methylmalonylCoA mutase, respectively, and the metabolic consequences of defects in these pathways could provide insights into the clinical presentation of cobalamin deficiency.
Genome wide DNA‐profiling of HIV‐related B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Capello Daniela , Scandurra Marta , Poretti Giulia , Rancoita Paola M. V. , Mian Michael , Gloghini Annunziata , Deambrogi Clara , Martini Maurizio , Rossi Davide , Greiner Timothy C. , Chan Wing C. , Ponzoni Maurilio , Moreno Santiago M. , Piris Miguel A. , Canzonieri Vincenzo , Spina Michele , Tirelli Umberto , Inghirami Giorgio , Rinaldi Andrea , Zucca Emanuele , Favera Riccardo D. , Cavalli Franco , Larocca Luigi Maria , Kwee Ivo , Carbone Antonino , Gaidano Gianluca , Bertoni Francesco 
Published: October 2009

SummaryNon‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) represent a frequent complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To elucidate HIV‐NHL pathogenesis, we performed a genome‐wide DNA profiling based on a single nucleotide polymorphism‐based microarray comparative genomic hybridization in 57 HIV‐lymphomas and, for comparison, in 105 immunocompetent diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (IC‐DLBCL). Genomic complexity varied across HIV‐NHL subtypes. HIV‐Burkitt lymphoma showed a significantly lower number of lesions than HIV‐DLBCL (P = 0·032), whereas the median number of copy number changes was significantly higher in Epstein–Barr virus negative (EBV‐) HIV‐DLBCL (42·5, range 8–153) compared to EBV+ cases (22; range 3–41; P = 0·029). Compared to IC‐DLBCL, HIV‐DLBCL displayed a distinct genomic profile with no gains of 18q and specific genetic lesions. Fragile sites‐associated genes, including FHIT (FRA3B), WWOX (FRA16D), DCC (FRA18B) and PARK2 (FRA6E) were frequently inactivated in HIV‐NHL by interstitial deletions, and a significantly higher prevalence of FHIT alterations was observed in HIV‐DLBCL compared to IC‐DLBCL. The same genes involved by fragile site deletions were also frequently affected by aberrant methylation of regulative regions.
Zinc-ion binding and cytokine activity regulation pathways predicts outcome in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Achiron A , Gurevich M , Snir Y , Segal E , Mandel M 
Published: October 2009

SummaryMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease characterized by an unpredictable clinical course with intermittent relapses that lead over time to significant neurological disability. Clinical and radiological variables are limited in the ability to predict disease course. Peripheral blood genome scale analyses were used to characterize MS patients with different disease types, but not for prediction of outcome. Using complementary-DNA microarrays we studied peripheral-blood gene expression patterns in 53 relapsing–remitting MS patients. Patients were classified into good, intermediate and poor clinical outcome established after 2-year follow-up. A training set of 26 samples was used to identify clinical outcome differentiating gene-expression signature. Supervised learning and feature selection algorithms were applied to identify a predictive signature that was validated in an independent group of 27 patients. Key genes within the predictive signature were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in an additional 10 patients. The analysis identified 431 differentiating genes between patients with good and poor clinical outcome (change in neurological disability by the expanded disability status scale was −0·33 ± 0·24 and 1·6 ± 0·35, P = 0·0002, total number of relapses were 0 and 1·80 ± 0·35, P = 0·00009, respectively). An optimal set of 29 genes was depicted as a clinical outcome predictive gene expression signature and classified appropriately 88·9% of patients. This predictive signature was enriched by genes related biologically to zinc-ion binding and cytokine activity regulation pathways involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Our findings provide a basis for monitoring patients by prediction of disease outcome and can be incorporated into clinical decision-making in relapsing–remitting MS.
Evaluation of T cell immune responses in multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients toMycobacterium tuberculosistotal lipid antigens
Authors: Shahemabadi A S , Hosseini A Zavaran , Shaghsempour S , Masjedi M R , Rayani M , Pouramiri M 
Published: October 2009

SummaryMycobacterium tuberculosis lipid antigens produce significant T cell responses in healthy tuberculin reactor [purified protein derivative (PPD-positive] individuals. In the present study, proliferation and interferon (IFN)-γ/interleukin (IL)-4 responses were analysed to M. tuberculosis total lipid antigens in T lymphocytes from 25 patients with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The obtained results were compared with those of 30 asymptomatic healthy PPD-positive and 30 healthy tuberculin skin test negative (PPD-negative) subjects. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and T cells (CD4+ and CD8+) were stimulated using autologous immature dendritic cells. Proliferation responses were assessed using 3–{4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl}–2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). IFN-γ/IL-4 concentrations in the supernatant of the CD4+ and CD8+T cells were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Proliferation assay showed that the peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ T cells from the MDR-TB patients responded significantly less to the M. tuberculosis total lipid antigens than to the CD4+ T cells in the PPD-positive subjects. Total lipid antigen-specific proliferative responses in the CD8+ T cells from the MDR-TB patients were minimally detected and the responses were similar to those of the PPD-positive subjects. IFN-γ production by the CD4+ T cells stimulated by total lipid antigens from the MDR-TB patients was decreased significantly compared with the PPD-positive individuals, whereas IL-4 production in the patients was elevated. IFN-γ and IL-4 production in the CD8+ T cells of the MDR-TB patients was similar to those of the PPD-positive subjects. In conclusion, it is suggested that stimulated CD4+ T cells by M. tuberculosis total lipid antigens may be shifted to T helper 2 responses in MDR-TB patients.
Internal prostaglandin synthesis augments osteoprotegerin production in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated by lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Kiji M , Nagasawa T , Hormdee D , Yashiro R , Kobayashi H , Noguchi K , Nitta H , Izumi Y , Ishikawa I 
Published: October 2009

SummaryPeriodontitis is an inflammatory bone disease caused by Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. Osteoclast differentiation is regulated by the balance between receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG). The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanism of OPG production in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from periodontopathic bacteria. The expressions of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) and TLR-4 in HGF were examined using flow-cytometry. HGF were stimulated with whole cell extracts or LPS from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis with or without polymyxin B, a LPS inhibitor. In addition, HGF were stimulated with LPS, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), various agonists of PGE receptors (EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4 agonists) with or without indomethacin (IND), a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor. OPG and PGE2 production was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HGF expressed both TLR-2 and TLR-4. Both A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis LPS augmented OPG expression in HGF. Whole cell extracts from A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis augmented OPG production by HGF; the augmentation was suppressed by polymyxin B. IND suppressed OPG production in LPS-stimulated HGF. PGE2 stimulated HGF to produce OPG. EP1 and EP2 agonists, but not EP3 and EP4 agonists, increased OPG production by HGF. These results suggest that LPS-induced OPG production by HGF is regulated via EP1 and/or EP2 receptors by endogenously generated PGE2.
Identification of prediabetes in first-degree relatives at intermediate risk of type I diabetes
Authors:   Belgian Diabetes Registry, Truyen I , De Grijse J , Weets I , Kaufman L , Pipeleers L , Nanos N , Decochez K , Hilbrands R , Kaufman J-M , Keymeulen B , Mathieu C , Van Gaal L , Pipeleers D G , Gorus F K 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Prevention trials of type I diabetes are limited by recruitment of individuals at high risk of the disease. We investigated whether demographic and biological characteristics can identify rapid progressors among first-degree relatives of known patients at intermediate (&lt; 10%) 5-year risk. Diabetes-associated antibodies, random proinsulin : C-peptide (PI/C) ratio and HLA DQ genotype were determined (repeatedly) in 258 islet antibody-positive IA-2Antibody-negative (Abpos/IA-2Aneg) normoglycaemic first-degree relatives. During follow-up (median 81 months), 14 of 258 Abpos/IA-2Aneg relatives developed type I diabetes; 13 (93%) of them had persistent antibodies conferring a 12% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5–19%] 5-year risk of diabetes. In Abpos/IA-2Aneg relatives with persistent antibodies (n = 126), the presence of ≥ 1 HLA DQ susceptibility haplotype in the absence of a protective haplotype (P = 0·033) and appearance on follow-up of a high PI/C ratio (P = 0·007) or IA-2A-positivity (P = 0·009) were identified as independent predictors of diabetes. In persistently antibody-positive relatives with HLA DQ risk a recurrently high PI/C ratio or development of IA-2A identified a subgroup (n = 32) comprising 10 of 13 (77%) prediabetic relatives and conferred a 35% (95% CI: 18–53%) 5-year risk. Under age 15 years, 5-year progression (95% CI) was 57% (30–84%) and sensitivity 62%. In the absence of IA-2A, the combination of antibody persistence, HLA DQ risk and elevated PI/C ratio or later development of IA-2A and young age defines a subgroup of relatives with a high risk of type I diabetes (≥ 35% in 5 years). Together with initially IA-2A-positive relatives these individuals qualify for standardized beta cell function tests in view of prevention trials.
Hypothermic preservation of lung allograft inhibits cytokine-induced chemoattractant-1, endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 expression
Authors: Hanusch C , Nowak K , Gill I S , Törlitz P , Rafat N , Mueller A M , Van Ackern K C , Yard B , Beck G C 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Organ dysfunction is a major clinical problem after lung transplantation. Prolonged cold ischaemia and reperfusion injury are believed to play a central role in this complication. The influence of cold preservation on subsequent warm reperfusion was studied in an isolated, ventilated and perfused rat lung. Rat lungs were flushed with cold Perfadex-solution and stored at 4°C for different time periods. Thereafter lungs were perfused and ventilated for up to 3 h. Physiological parameters, production of inflammatory mediators and leucocyte infiltration were measured before and after perfusion. Lungs subjected to a cold ischaemia time of up to 6 h showed stable physiological conditions when perfused for 3 h. However, cold-ischaemia time beyond 6 h resulted in profound tissue oedema, thereby impairing ventilation and perfusion. Warm reperfusion and ventilation per se induced a strong inflammatory response, as demonstrated by a significant up-regulation of chemokines and adhesion molecules (cytokine-induced chemoattractant-1, intracellular adhesion molecule and endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule), accompanied by enhanced leucocyte infiltration. Although the up-regulation of inflammatory mediators was blunted in lungs that were subjected to cold ischaemia, this did not influence leucocyte infiltration. In fact, cold ischaemia time correlated with leucocyte sequestration. Although cold preservation inhibits the expression of inflammatory mediators it does not affect leucocyte sequestration during warm reperfusion. Cold preservation might cause impairment of the endothelial barrier function, as evidenced by tissue oedema and profound leucocyte infiltration.