bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the origin, homologies and evolution of primate facial muscles, with a particular focus on hominoids and a suggested unifying nomenclature for the facial muscles of the Mammalia
Authors: Diogo R. , Wood B. A. , Aziz M. A. , Burrows A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe mammalian facial muscles are a subgroup of hyoid muscles (i.e. muscles innervated by cranial nerve VII). They are usually attached to freely movable skin and are responsible for facial expressions. In this study we provide an account of the origin, homologies and evolution of the primate facial muscles, based on dissections of various primate and non‐primate taxa and a review of the literature. We provide data not previously reported, including photographs showing in detail the facial muscles of primates such as gibbons and orangutans. We show that the facial muscles usually present in strepsirhines are basically the same muscles that are present in non‐primate mammals such as tree‐shrews. The exceptions are that strepsirhines often have a muscle that is usually not differentiated in tree‐shrews, the depressor supercilii, and lack two muscles that are usually differentiated in these mammals, the zygomatico‐orbicularis and sphincter colli superficialis. Monkeys such as macaques usually lack two muscles that are often present in strepsirhines, the sphincter colli profundus and mandibulo‐auricularis, but have some muscles that are usually absent as distinct structures in non‐anthropoid primates, e.g. the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi, levator labii superioris, nasalis, depressor septi nasi, depressor anguli oris and depressor labii inferioris. In turn, macaques typically lack a risorius, auricularis anterior and temporoparietalis, which are found in hominoids such as humans, but have muscles that are usually not differentiated in members of some hominoid taxa, e.g. the platysma cervicale (usually not differentiated in orangutans, panins and humans) and auricularis posterior (usually not differentiated in orangutans). Based on our observations, comparisons and review of the literature, we propose a unifying, coherent nomenclature for the facial muscles of the Mammalia as a whole and provide a list of more than 300 synonyms that have been used in the literature to designate the facial muscles of primates and other mammals. A main advantage of this nomenclature is that it combines, and thus creates a bridge between, those names used by human anatomists and the names often employed in the literature dealing with non‐human primates and non‐primate mammals.
Carbetocin versus syntometrine for the third stage of labour following vaginal delivery—a double‐blind randomised controlled trial
Authors: Su LL , Rauff M , Chan YH , Mohamad Suphan N , Lau TP , Biswas A , Chong YS 
Published: June 2009

Objective  Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage is essential in the pursuit of improved health care for women. However, limited literature is available for comparing the use of oxytocin agonist carbetocin with syntometrine in women undergoing vaginal deliveries. We aimed to compare intramuscular carbetocin with intramuscular syntometrine for the routine prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in women who deliver vaginally.Design  Prospective double‐blind randomised controlled trial.Setting  Tertiary referral centre.Population  Pregnant women with no contraindication for vaginal delivery recruited from January 2005 to April 2008.Methods  Participants were randomised to receive either syntometrine or carbetocin during the third stage of labour.Main outcome measures  Primary outcome measure was postpartum haemorrhage requiring additional uterotonics. Secondary outcome measures were the incidence of postpartum haemorrhage (≥500 ml), severe postpartum haemorrhage (≥1000 ml) and adverse effects profile.Results  Women in the carbetocin group (13.5%) and in the syntometrine group (16.8%) had postpartum haemorrhage requiring additional uterotonics (P = 0.384). 1.6% of women in each group had postpartum haemorrhage (P = 1.0) and the estimated blood loss during the third stage of labour was similar between the two groups (P = 0.294). Women who had syntometrine were four times more likely to experience nausea (RR = 4.2; 95% CI 2.2–7.8) and vomiting (RR = 4.3; 95% CI 1.9–9.5) compared with women who had carbetocin. Tremor, sweating, retching and uterine pain were also more likely in the syntometrine group compared with the carbetocin group (P < 0.05).Conclusions  Carbetocin has an efficacy similar to syntometrine for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage, but is associated with less adverse effects.
Risk factors for RhD immunisation despite antenatal and postnatal anti‐D prophylaxis
Authors: Koelewijn JM , de Haas M , Vrijkotte TGM , van der Schoot CE , Bonsel GJ 
Published: June 2009

Objective To identify risk factors for Rhesus D (RhD) immunisation in pregnancy, despite adequate antenatal and postnatal anti‐D prophylaxis in the previous pregnancy. To generate evidence for improved primary prevention by extra administration of anti‐D Ig in the presence of a risk factor.Design Case–control study.Setting Nation‐wide evaluation of the Dutch antenatal anti‐D‐prophylaxis programme.Population Cases: 42 RhD‐immunised parae‐1, recognised by first‐trimester routine red cell antibody screening in their current pregnancy, who received antenatal and postnatal anti‐D Ig prophylaxis (gifts of 1000 iu) in their first pregnancy. Controls: 339 parae‐1 without red cell antibodies.Methods Data were collected via obstetric care workers and/or personal interviews with women.Main outcome measure Significant risk factors for RhD immunisation in multivariate analysis.Results Independent risk factors were non‐spontaneous delivery (assisted vaginal delivery or caesarean section) (OR 2.23; 95% CI:1.04–4.74), postmaturity (≥42 weeks of completed gestation: OR 3.07; 95% CI:1.02–9.02), pregnancy‐related red blood cell transfusion (OR 3.51; 95% CI:0.97–12.7 and age (OR 0.89/year; 95% CI:0.80–0.98). In 43% of cases, none of the categorical risk factors was present.Conclusions In at least half of the failures of anti‐D Ig prophylaxis, a condition related to increased fetomaternal haemorrhage (FMH) and/or insufficient anti‐D Ig levels was observed. Hence, RhD immunisation may be further reduced by strict compliance to guidelines concerning determination of FMH and accordingly adjusted anti‐D Ig prophylaxis, or by routine administration of extra anti‐D Ig after a non‐spontaneous delivery and/or a complicated or prolonged third stage of labour.
The value of customised centiles in assessing perinatal mortality risk associated with parity and maternal size
Authors: Gardosi J , Clausson B , Francis A 
Published: June 2009

Objective  We wanted to compare customised and population standards for defining smallness for gestational age (SGA) in the assessment of perinatal mortality risk associated with parity and maternal size.Design  Population‐based cohort study.Setting  Sweden.Population  Swedish Birth Registry database 1992–1995 with 354 205 complete records.Method  Coefficients were derived and applied to determine SGA by the fully customised method, or by adjustment for fetal sex only, and using the same fetal weight standard.Main outcome measure  Perinatal deaths and rates of small for gestational age (SGA) babies within subgroups stratified by parity, body mass index (BMI) and maternal size within the BMI range of 20.0–24.9.Results  Perinatal mortality rates (PMR) had a U‐shaped distribution in parity groups, increased proportionately with maternal BMI, and had no association with maternal size within the normal BMI range. For each of these subgroups, SGA rates determined by the customised method showed strong association with the PMR. In contrast, SGA based on uncustomised, population‐based centiles had poor correlation with perinatal mortality. The increased perinatal mortality risk in pregnancies of obese mothers was associated with an increased risk of SGA using customised centiles, and a decreased risk of SGA using population‐based centiles.Conclusion  The use of customised centiles to determine SGA improves the identification of pregnancies which are at increased risk of perinatal death.
Love of Nurse Plants is Not Enough for Restoring Oak Forests in a Seasonally Dry Tropical Environment
Authors: Badano Ernesto I. , Pérez Delfina , Vergara Carlos H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe highest concentration of oak species in the world occurs in Mexico, but human activities have strongly degraded these oak forests. Mexican oaks have high economic, social, and cultural value, and restoring these forests is of paramount importance for the people of Mexico. Here, we propose a method for restoring oak forests using native shrubs that colonize degraded areas as nurse plants for oak seedlings. To test the viability of this proposal, seedling transplant experiments were performed in a degraded area near a protected oak forest relict. Two pioneer shrubs were identified as potential nurse species:Mimosa luisanaandSeneciosp. The target oak species wasQuercus castanea. Oak seedlings were located beneath the canopies of both shrubs and in the surrounding area without shrub cover. Water is a limiting resource for oak establishment in seasonally dry environments; therefore, we included irrigation systems in our experimental design to determine whether the combination of nurse plants plus watering led to higher rate of survival than the presence of nurse species alone. Seedling survival without watering was less than 20% both beneath nurse species and in the surrounding habitat. When water was supplied, survival rate beneath nurse species increased up to 58% while survival in the surrounding habitat did not differ from that observed in treatments without watering. Our results indicate that survival rate of oak seedlings is increased by the presence of nurse plants only when water is supplied. This suggests that restoration of oak forests in these degraded areas requires both nurse plants and watering.
Clinical effectiveness of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of periodontitis
Authors: Polansky Raoul , Haas Michael , Heschl Alexander , Wimmer Gernot 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim: A randomized‐controlled clinical pilot trial was designed to evaluate photodynamic therapy (PDT) for its bactericidal potential and clinical effect in the treatment of periodontitis.Material and Methods: Fifty‐eight subjects with chronic periodontitis were included. Each subject exhibited at least three active periodontal pockets 5 mm or deeper, bleeding on probing and the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Subjects were randomly assigned to a control group treated by subgingival ultrasound only or to a study group additionally treated by PDT. Baseline clinical values of gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depths and clinical attachment levels were recorded and re‐evaluated 90 days later. Pathogen screening for P. gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola was conducted at baseline as well as 10, 42 and 90 days after treatment.Results: P. gingivalis was significantly reduced in both groups (laser group: p=0.020; control group: p=0.042). No significant reductions of T. forsythia and T. denticola were observed in either group. For the microbial parameters, no significant difference was found between the laser and the control group. All clinical parameters were significantly reduced in both groups after treatment. The mean probing pocket depths decreased from 5.79 to 4.55 mm in the laser group and from 5.54 to 4.51 in the control group. The intergroup difference was not significant (p=0.82). Bleeding on probing was reduced from 100% evaluated at baseline to 47% in the laser group and 59% in the control group. The intergroup difference was not significant (p=0.28). No significant differences were observed in any other parameters.Conclusion: Application of a single cycle of PDT was not effective as an adjunct to ultrasonic periodontal treatment. There were no extra reductions in pocket depths and bleeding on probing. With regard to eradicating bacteria, however, there are no additional effects as compared with conventional treatment alone.
Periodontal wound healing/regeneration following implantation of recombinant human growth/differentiation factor‐5 (rhGDF‐5) in an absorbable collagen sponge carrier into one‐wall intrabony defects in dogs: a dose‐range study
Authors: Kim Tae‐Gyun , Wikesjö Ulf M. E. , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Chai Jung‐Kiu , Pippig Susanne D. , Siedler Michael , Kim Chong‐Kwan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim: Recombinant human growth/differentiation factor‐5 (rhGDF‐5) is being evaluated as a candidate therapy in support of periodontal regeneration. The objective of this study was to evaluate cementum and alveolar bone formation, and aberrant healing events following surgical implantation of rhGDF‐5 in an absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) carrier using an established periodontal defect model.Materials and Methods: Bilateral 4 × 5 mm (width × depth), one‐wall, critical‐size, intrabony periodontal defects were surgically created at the mandibular second and fourth pre‐molar teeth in 15 Beagle dogs. Five animals received 1 μg/defect and five animals 20 μg/defect rhGDF‐5 in unilateral defect sites. Contralateral sites received treatments reported elsewhere. Five animals received rhGDF‐5/ACS with 0 (buffer control) and 100 μg/defect rhGDF‐5 in contralateral defect sites. The animals were euthanized at 8 weeks post‐surgery for histologic and histometric evaluation.Results: Surgical implantation of rhGDF‐5 stimulated significant periodontal regeneration. Cementum formation was significantly enhanced in sites implanted with rhGDF‐5 (1 and 100 μg) compared with control (p<0.05). Similarly, bone formation height was significantly greater in sites receiving rhGDF‐5 (1 and 100 μg) compared with control (p<0.05). There were no significant or remarkable differences in bone and cementum formation within the selected dose interval (1, 20 and 100 μg rhGDF‐5). None of the control or the rhGDF‐5 sites exhibited root resorption, ankylosis, or other aberrant tissue reactions.Conclusion: Surgical implantation of rhGDF‐5/ACS may be used safely to support periodontal wound healing/regeneration in intrabony periodontal defects without complications.
A new method to assess and measure palatal masticatory mucosa by cone‐beam computerized tomography
Authors: Barriviera Maurício , Duarte Wagner Rodrigues , Januário Alessandro Lourenço , Faber Jorge , Bezerra Ana Cristina Barreto 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to apply a novel method to obtain high‐quality images by cone‐beam computerized tomography (CBCT) that consistently allowed the determination of the dimensions of the palatal mucosa.Materials and Methods: Thirty‐one patients participated in this study. At the time of the CBCT scanning, the patients wore a plastic lip retractor and wooden spatulas to retract soft tissues away from the teeth and gingiva. The thickness of the palatal mucosa was obtained at forty different locations on each patient.Results: Retraction of the lips and cheek allowed a clear observation and measurements of the thickness of the palatal masticatory mucosa. The average thickness of the palatal mucosa was 2.92 mm in the canine area, 3.11 mm at the first pre‐molar, 3.28 mm at the second pre‐molar, 2.89 mm at the first molar and 3.15 mm at the second molar. Statistical differences were observed at different ages and heights of measurements.Conclusions: A new non‐invasive method to consistently obtain high‐quality images of the palatal masticatory mucosa is described. Measurements of this mucosa could be obtained at different locations on the palate.
Evaluation of nano‐technology‐modified zirconia oral implants: a study in rabbits
Authors: Lee Jaebum , Sieweke Janet H. , Rodriguez Nancy A. , Schüpbach Peter , Lindström Håkan , Susin Cristiano , Wikesjö Ulf M. E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to screen candidate nano‐technology‐modified, micro‐structured zirconia implant surfaces relative to local bone formation and osseointegration.Materials and Methods: Proprietary nano‐technology surface‐modified (calcium phosphate: CaP) micro‐structured zirconia implants (A and C), control micro‐structured zirconia implants (ZiUnite™), and titanium porous oxide implants (TiUnite™) were implanted into the femoral condyle in 40 adult male New Zealand White rabbits. Each animal received one implant in each hind leg; thus, 20 animals received A and C implants and 20 animals received ZiUnite™ and TiUnite™ implants in contralateral hind legs. Ten animals/group were euthanized at weeks 3 and 6 when biopsies of the implant sites were processed for histometric analysis using digital photomicrographs produced using backscatter scanning electron microscopy.Results: The TiUnite™ surface demonstrated significantly greater bone–implant contact (BIC) (77.6±2.6%) compared with the A (64.6±3.6%) and C (62.2±3.1%) surfaces at 3 weeks (p<0.05). Numerical differences between ZiUnite™ (70.5±3.1%) and A and C surfaces did not reach statistical significance (p>0.05). Similarly, there were non‐significant differences between the TiUnite™ and the ZiUnite™ surfaces (p>0.05). At 6 weeks, there were no significant differences in BIC between the TiUnite™ (67.1±4.2%), ZiUnite™ (69.7±5.7%), A (68.6±1.9%), and C (64.5±4.1%) surfaces (p>0.05).Conclusion: TiUnite™ and ZiUnite™ implant surfaces exhibit high levels of osseointegration that, in this model, confirm their advanced osteoconductive properties. Addition of CaP nano‐technology to the ZiUnite™ surface does not enhance the already advanced osteoconductivity displayed by the TiUnite™ and ZiUnite™ implant surfaces.
Tooth loss and cognitive impairment
Authors: Grabe Hans Joergen , Schwahn Christian , Völzke Henry , Spitzer Carsten , Freyberger Harald Juergen , John Ulrich , Mundt Thorsten , Biffar Reiner , Kocher Thomas 
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjectives: Chronic subclinical inflammation may elevate the risk of cognitive impairment. Periodontitis is associated with subclinical inflammation and accounts in part for tooth loss. The hypothesis was tested that periodontitis and tooth loss as a proxy of chronic periodontitis is associated with cognitive impairment in the elderly.Subjects and Methods: The population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania comprises 1336 subjects (60–79 years). Cognitive impairment was assessed with the Mini‐Mental Status Examination (MMSE). Tobit regression analyses were adjusted for potential confounders.Results: A decreased number of teeth was associated with lower MMSE scores in females (p<0.001) and males (p=0.007) in age‐adjusted models. In the fully adjusted models, tooth loss was associated with cognitive impairment in females (p=0.002) but not in males (p=0.825).Conclusions: A significant association between tooth loss and cognitive impairment was found in females that was not accounted for by potential confounders. Former periodontitis may account for this association as periodontitis was frequently the cause for tooth extractions.
A randomized clinical trial of autologous platelet‐rich plasma in the treatment of mandibular degree II furcation defects
Authors: Pradeep Avani Rangaraju , Pai Sujatha , Garg Garima , Devi Prapulla , Shetty Sharath Kumara 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim: A combined technique using a platelet‐rich plasma (PRP)/bovine porous bone mineral/guided tissue regeneration membrane was found to be an effective modality for the treatment of mandibular grade II furcation defects. To elucidate the role played by each component, the present randomized, double‐blind study is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of autologous PRP alone in the treatment of mandibular degree II furcation defects compared with open flap debridement (OFD).Material and Methods: Using a split‐mouth design, 40 mandibular degree II furcation defects were treated either with autologous PRP or OFD. Plaque index, sulcus bleeding index, vertical probing depth, relative vertical and horizontal clinical attachment level and gingival marginal level were recorded at baseline and 6 months post‐operatively. Vertical and horizontal defect depths were also recorded using spiral computed tomography.Results: A statistically significant difference was observed in all the clinical and radiographic parameters at the sites treated with PRP as compared with those with OFD. However, all the furcation defects retained their degree II status.Conclusion: Despite a significant improvement, lack of complete closure of furcation defects implies a limited role of autologous PRP as a regenerative material in the treatment of furcation defects, necessitating further long‐term studies.
Periodontal health and lateral lower lip piercings: a split‐mouth cross‐sectional study
Authors: Vilchez‐Perez Miguel Angel , Angeles Fuster‐Torres Ma , Figueiredo Rui , Valmaseda‐Castellón Eduard , Gay‐Escoda Cosme 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim: To assess periodontal health of individuals with a lateral lower lip piercing and describe associated periodontal, dental and mucosal complications.Material and Methods: A split‐mouth study was performed in a sample of 50 patients with a lateral lower lip piercing who attended the Periodontal Pathology and Surgery Unit of the Dental School of the University of Barcelona. The patients underwent periodontal, dental and mucosal examination on both the piercing and the control sides.Results: Piercing users were predominantly women (78%), with a mean age of 21.3 years (SD=4.4). The amounts of keratinized and attached gingiva were significantly lower on the piercing side, and the prevalence of gingival recession was higher (p=0.012). The canine and first bicuspid teeth were the most affected. Tooth fractures and cracks were more frequent on the piercing side (20%) when compared with the control (4%). Mucosal alterations were found in seven patients.Conclusions: The use of lateral lower lip piercings enhances gingival recession and reduces the amounts of keratinized and attached gingiva. These ornaments are also associated with tooth fractures and cracks.
Cyanobacteria contain a structural homologue of the Hfq protein with altered RNA‐binding properties
Authors: Bøggild Andreas , Overgaard Martin , Valentin‐Hansen Poul , Brodersen Ditlev E. 
Published: June 2009

Hfq proteins are common in many species of enterobacteria, where they participate in RNA folding and translational regulation through pairing of small RNAs and messenger RNAs. Hfq proteins share the distinctive Sm fold, and form ring‐shaped structures similar to those of the Sm/Lsm proteins regulating mRNA turnover in eukaryotes. However, bacterial Hfq proteins are homohexameric, whereas eukaryotic Sm/Lsm proteins are heteroheptameric. Recently, Hfq proteins with poor sequence conservation were identified in archaea and cyanobacteria. In this article, we describe crystal structures of the Hfq proteins from the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Anabaena PCC 7120 at 1.3 and 2.3 Å resolution, respectively, and show that they retain the classic Sm fold despite low sequence conservation. In addition, the intersubunit contacts and RNA‐binding site are divergent, and we show biochemically that the proteins bind very weakly to known Escherichia coli Hfq target RNAs in vitro. Moreover, when expressed in E. coli, the proteins cannot mediate Hfq‐dependent RNA regulation. It therefore appears that the cyanobacterial proteins constitute a specialized subfamily of Hfq proteins that bind relatively weakly to A/U‐rich tracks of regulatory RNAs. The results have implications for our understanding of the evolution of the Sm fold and the Hfq proteins in the bacterial kingdom in general. Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7101375: Ana‐Hfq (uniprotkb:Q8YVD1) and Ana‐Hfq (uniprotkb: Q8YVD1) physically interact (MI:0915) by x‐ray crystallography (MI:0114)
MINT‐7101369: Syn‐Hfq (uniprotkb:P74112) and Syn‐Hfq (uniprotkb: P74112) physically interact (MI:0915) by x‐ray crystallography (MI:0114)