bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tropisetron in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Shiina Akihiro , Shirayama Yukihiko , Niitsu Tomihisa , Hashimoto Tasuku , Yoshida Taisuke , Hasegawa Tadashi , Haraguchi Tadashi , Kanahara Nobuhisa , Shiraishi Tetsuya , Fujisaki Mihisa , Fukami Goro , Nakazato Michiko , Iyo Masaomi , Hashimoto Kenji 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are associated with psychosocial deficits that are primarily responsible for the poor long-term outcome of this disease. Auditory sensory gating P50 deficits are correlated with neuropsychological deficits in attention, one of the principal cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia. Our studies suggest that the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) agonist tropisetron might be a potential therapeutic drug for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Therefore, it is of particular interest to investigate the effects of tropisetron on the cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia.

Methods
A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of tropisetron in patients with schizophrenia was performed. A total of 40 patients with chronic schizophrenia who had taken risperidone (2 to 6 mg/day) were enrolled. Subjects were randomly assigned to a fixed titration of tropisetron (n = 20, 10 mg/day) or placebo (n = 20) in an 8-week double-blind trial. Auditory sensory gating P50 deficits and Quality of Life Scale (QLS), Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores were measured.

Results
In all, 33 patients completed the trial. Tropisetron was well tolerated. Administration of tropisetron, but not placebo, significantly improved auditory sensory gating P50 deficits in non-smoking patients with schizophrenia. The score on the rapid visual information processing (sustained visual attention) task of CANTAB was significantly improved by tropisetron treatment. Total and subscale scores of PANSS were not changed by this trial. QLS scores in the all patients, but not non-smoking patients, were significantly improved by tropisetron trial.

Conclusions
This first randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial supports the safety and efficacy of adjunctive tropisetron for treatment of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
First evidence of overlaps between HIV-Associated Dementia (HAD) and non-viral neurodegenerative diseases: proteomic analysis of the frontal cortex from HIV+ patients with and without dementia
Authors: Zhou Li , Diefenbach Eve , Crossett Ben , Tran Sieu L , Ng Thomas , Rizos Helen , Rua Rejane , Wang Bin , Kapur Amit , Gandhi Kaushal , Brew Bruce J , Saksena Nitin K 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe pathogenesis of HIV-associated dementia (HAD) is poorly understood. To date, detailed proteomic fingerprinting directly from autopsied brain tissues of HAD and HIV non-dementia patients has not been performed.ResultHere, we have analyzed total proteins from the frontal cortex of 9 HAD and 5 HIV non-dementia patients. Using 2-Dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2-DIGE) to analyze the brain tissue proteome, 76 differentially expressed proteins (p < 0.05; fold change>1.25) were identified between HAD and HIV non-dementia patients, of which 36 protein spots (based on 3D appearance of spots on the images) were chosen for the mass spectrometry analysis. The large majority of identified proteins were represented in the energy metabolic (mitochondria) and signal transduction pathways. Furthermore, over 90% of the protein candidates are common to both HAD and other non-viral neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease. The data was further validated using specific antibodies to 4 proteins (CA2, GS, CKMT and CRMP2) by western blot (WB) in the same samples used for 2D-DIGE, with additional confirmation by immunohistochemitsry (IHC) using frontal lobe tissue from different HAD and HIV+ non-dementia patients. The validation for all 4 antibodies by WB and IHC was in concordance with the DIGE results, lending further credence to the current findings.ConclusionThese results suggest not only convergent pathogenetic pathways for the two diseases but also the possibility of increased Alzheimer's disease (AD) susceptibility in HAD patients whose life expectancy has been significantly increased by highly active antiretroviral therapy.
Posttraumatic growth, posttraumatic stress disorder and resilience of motor vehicle accident survivors
Authors: Nishi Daisuke , Matsuoka Yutaka , Kim Yoshiharu 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Although some previous studies have suggested that posttraumatic growth (PTG) is comprised of several factors with different properties, few have examined both the association between PTG and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and between PTG and resilience, focusing on each of the factors of PTG. This study aimed to examine the hypothesis that some factors of PTG, such as personal strength, relate to resilience, whereas other factors, such as appreciation of life, relate to PTSD symptoms among Japanese motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors.

Methods
This cross-sectional study was performed with 118 MVA survivors at 18 months post MVA. Data analyzed included self-reporting questionnaire scores on the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), the Impact of Event Scale- Revised (IES-R), and the Sense of Coherence (SOC) scale, which is one of the most widely used scales for measuring resilience. Correlations between scores on the PTGI and IES-R, the PTGI and SOC scale, and the IES-R and SOC scale were established by calculating Spearman's correlation coefficients.

Results
PTGI was positively correlated with both SOC and PTSD symptoms, in spite of an inverse relationship between SOC and PTSD symptoms. Relating to others, new possibilities, and personal strength on the PTGI were correlated positively with SOC, and spiritual change and appreciation of life on the PTGI were positively correlated with PTSD symptoms.

Conclusions
Some factors of PTG were positively correlated with resilience, which can be regarded as an outcome of coping success, whereas other factors of PTG were positively correlated with PTSD symptoms, which can be regarded as signifying coping effort in the face of enduring distress. These findings contribute to our understanding of the psychological change experienced by MVA survivors, and to raising clinicians' awareness of the possibility that PTG represents both coping effort coexisting with distress and outcome of coping success.
Vascular health, diabetes, APOE and dementia: the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study
Authors: Llewellyn David J , Lang Iain A , Matthews Fiona E , Plassman Brenda L , Rogers Mary AM , Morgenstern Lewis B , Fisher Gwenith G , Kabeto Mohammed U , Langa Kenneth M 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Introduction
Evidence from clinical samples and geographically limited population studies suggests that vascular health, diabetes and apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE) are associated with dementia.

Methods
A population-based sample of 856 individuals aged 71 years or older from all contiguous regions of the United States received an extensive in-home clinical and neuropsychological assessment in 2001-2003. The relation of hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, medication usage, and APOE ε4 to dementia was modelled using adjusted multivariable logistic regression.

Results
Treated stroke (odds ratio [OR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0, 7.2), untreated stroke (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.7, 7.3), and APOE ε4 (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.7, 4.5) all increased the odds of dementia. Treated hypertension was associated with lower odds of dementia (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3, 1.0). Diabetes and heart disease were not significantly associated with dementia. A significant interaction was observed between APOE ε4 and stroke (P = 0.001).

Conclusions
Data from the first dementia study that is representative of the United States population suggest that stroke, the APOE ε4 allele and their interaction are strongly associated with dementia.
Histidine-rich glycoprotein functions cooperatively with cell surface heparan sulfate on phagocytes to promote necrotic cell uptake
Authors: Poon Ivan K H , Parish Christopher R , Hulett Mark D 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
HRG enhances the phagocytosis of necrotic cells via a heparan sulfate-dependent pathway that is inhibitable by heparin.
Dying cells, such as apoptotic and necrotic cells, are cleared rapidly from the site of cell death to prevent the exposure of intracellular antigenic and immunostimulatory molecules that may cause tissue injury or facilitate the development of autoimmune diseases. For the immune system to recognize and remove dying cells efficiently, professional phagocytes use a variety of mechanisms that distinguish healthy cells from dying cells. HRG, a relatively abundant heparin/HS-binding protein in human plasma, has been shown recently to tether IgG specifically to necrotic cells and aid the phagocytic uptake of necrotic cells via a FcγRI-dependent pathway. In this study, we provide direct evidence that HRG can function cooperatively with cell surface HS on the monocytic cell line THP-1 to promote necrotic cell removal. In addition, we found that the presence of heparin can markedly inhibit HRG-enhanced necrotic cell clearance by THP-1 cells, possibly by blocking the ability of HRG to interact with necrotic cells as well as THP-1 cells. Thus, these data suggest that HRG can aid the phagocytosis of necrotic cells via a HS-dependent pathway, and this process can be regulated by the presence of certain HRG ligands, such as heparin.
WNT5A Regulates Chondrocyte Differentiation through Differential Use of the CaN/NFAT and IKK/NF-κB Pathways
Authors: Bradley Elizabeth W. , Drissi M. Hicham 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAlthough genetic evidence demonstrated a requirement for Wnt5a during cartilage development, little is known about the mechanisms underlying Wnt5a-regulated chondrocyte growth and differentiation. We therefore investigated the signaling pathways by which Wnt5a influences chondrogenesis and differentiation to hypertrophy. Wnt5a treatment of chondroprogenitor cells increased chondrocyte hypertrophy and was associated with an increase in nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and a decrease in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. In contrast, Wnt5a inhibited chondrocyte hypertrophy. This inhibition of hypertrophy occurred with the reciprocal signaling activation, in that a decrease in NFAT and an increase in NF-κB activation was observed. Furthermore, the increase in chondroprogenitor cell differentiation with Wnt5a treatment was blocked by calmodulin kinase or NFAT loss of function. In addition, the repression of chondrocyte hypertrophy observed was abrogated by NF-κB loss of function. Activation of the NFAT pathway downstream of Wnt5a also negatively regulated NF-κB activity, providing evidence of antagonism between these two pathways. Mechanistically, Wnt5a acts to increase chondrocyte differentiation at an early stage through calmodulin kinase /NFAT-dependent induction of Sox9. Conversely, Wnt5a represses chondrocyte hypertrophy via NF-κB-dependent inhibition of Runx2 expression. These data indicate that Wnt5a regulates chondrogenesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy in a stage-dependent manner through differential utilization of NFAT- and NF-κB-dependent signal transduction.
Light-Controlled Selective Metal Deposition on a Photochromic Diarylethene Film—Toward New Applications in Electronics and Photonics—
Authors: Sesumi Yusuke , Yokojima Satoshi , Nakamura Shinichiro , Uchida Kingo , Tsujioka Tsuyoshi 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Selective metal deposition controlled by light irradiation was achieved for Zn, Mg, and Mn on a photochromic diarylethene (DAE) film; metal vapor atoms were deposited only on the colored film but not on the uncolored film. The deposition properties of the metals were strongly dependent on the deposition rates. Fine metal patterns were produced by laser scanning and a conventional vacuum-evaporation method without a shadow mask. Multiple-metal pattern preparation of Zn, Mg, and Mn via a maskless evaporation in a single vacuum process was also demonstrated.
Turning the Educability Narrative: Samuel A. Kirk at the Intersection of Learning Disability and “Mental Retardation”
Authors: Danforth Scot , Slocum Laura , Dunkle Jennifer 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
It is often assumed that current disability constructs exist in conceptual isolation from one another. This article explores the tangled historical relationship between “mental retardation” and learning disability in the writings and speeches of special education pioneer Samuel A. Kirk. Beginning in the 1950s, Kirk repeatedly told an educability narrative that described children with low IQ scores as capable students worthy of instruction. However, when he tried to clearly distinguish between the new learning disability construct and the older mental retardation, Kirk altered his standard tale. True intellectual potential then shifted to the learning disability, leaving mental retardation doubly stigmatized as the disorder of educational infertility.
Adaptive Behavior Among Adults With Intellectual Disabilities and Its Relationship to Community Independence
Authors: Woolf Steve , Woolf Christine Merman , Oakland Thomas 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This study examined relationships between general adaptive behavior and the degree of community independence displayed by 272 adults with intellectual disabilities. Specifically, the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System—Second Edition (ABAS-II; Harrison & Oakland, 2003) was completed for each participant and compared with actual levels of work and residential independence. The participants' adaptive behavior accounted for 40%–43% of the variance in their work and residence independence. The results from this field-based study indicated that participants who displayed higher levels of adaptive behavior generally worked and lived more independently. Participants with the lowest general adaptive behavior required the highest degree of community supports. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Factors Influencing Membership of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and U.S. Geological Survey Biologists in the American Fisheries Society
Authors: Lauber T. Bruce , Taylor Eric J. , Knuth Barbara A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Membership in scientific societies is an avenue biologists may use to enhance their professional capabilities. We studied factors influencing federal biologists' membership in scientific societies, including the American Fisheries Society. We conducted an Internet survey of 3,755 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and 932 U.S. Geological Survey professionals. A greater proportion of U.S. Geological Survey biologists (90.2%) than U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists (51.8%) were members of scientific societies. The factors most consistently correlated with membership in the American Fisheries Society included minimal external constraints, supervisor support, and membership of friends, peers, and supervisors in scientific societies. These results suggest that membership in scientific societies is influenced by the organizational culture of agencies. Agencies seeking to increase their employees' membership in scientific societies will be most successful if they create a culture in which involvement in scientific societies is expected and in which supervisors also participate.
“Even the Evil Need a Place to Live”: Wild Salmon, Salmon Farming, and Zoning of the Icelandic Coastline
Authors: Gudjonsson Sigurdur , Scarnecchia Dennis L. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In this article, we provide an historical overview of Icelandic Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming, wild stock management, and the often dichotomous philosophical bases for these activities. We then discuss how Iceland has sought to balance the benefits of salmon farming with the benefits of and risk to wild stock management, valuable recreational fisheries, and protection of native wild fish fauna. Under regulations enacted in 2001 and expanded in 2004, the coastline is zoned with respect to salmon cage-rearing; cage-rearing is not permitted in the bays and fjords into which the most valuable salmon rivers drain. The zoning is provided as a compromise between opposing views. As experience is gained from salmon farming in designated areas, this information will be used to plan future development of the cage rearing industry in Iceland.
Fish Traits: A Database of Ecological and Life-history Traits of Freshwater Fishes of the United States
Authors: Frimpong Emmanual A. , Angermeier Paul L. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The need for integrated and widely accessible sources of species traits data to facilitate studies of ecology, conservation, and management has motivated development of traits databases for various taxa. In spite of the increasing number of traits-based analyses of freshwater fishes in the United States, no consolidated database of traits of this group exists publicly, and much useful information on these species is documented only in obscure sources. The largely inaccessible and unconsolidated traits information makes large-scale analysis involving many fishes and/or traits particularly challenging. We have compiled a database of &gt; 100 traits for 809 (731 native and 78 nonnative) fish species found in freshwaters of the conterminous United States, including 37 native families and 145 native genera. The database, named Fish Traits, contains information on four major categories of traits: (1) trophic ecology; (2) body size, reproductive ecology, and life history; (3) habitat preferences; and (4) salinity and temperature tolerances. Information on geographic distribution and conservation status was also compiled. The database enhances many opportunities for conducting research on fish species traits and constitutes the first step toward establishing a central repository for a continually expanding set of traits of North American fishes.
The Adopt-a-Herring Program as a Fisheries Conservation Tool
Authors: Frank Holly J. , Mather Martha E. , Muth Robert M. , Pautzke Sarah M. , Smith Joseph M. , Finn John T. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Successful conservation depends on a scientifically literate public. We developed the Adopt-A-Herring program to educate nonscientists about fisheries and watershed restoration. This interactive educational and outreach project encouraged coastal residents to be involved in local watershed restoration. In the northeastern United States, river herring (Alosa spp.) are an important component of many coastal watersheds and often are the object of conservation efforts. In order to understand river herring spawning behavior and to improve the effectiveness of restoration efforts, our research tracked these fish via radiotelemetry in the lpswich River, Massachusetts. In our Adopt-A-Herring Program, participating stakeholder organizations adopted and named individual tagged river herring and followed their movements online. We also made information available to our adopters on our larger research goals, the mission and activities of other research and management agencies, examples of human actions that adversely affect watersheds, and opportunities for proactive conservation. Research results were communicated to adopters through our project web page and end-of-season summary presentations. Both tools cultivated a personal interest in river herring, stimulated discussion about fisheries and watershed restoration, educated participants about the goals and methods of scientists in general, and initiated critical thinking about human activities that advance or impede sustainability.
Guidelines for Propagation and Translocation for Freshwater Fish Conservation
Authors: George Anna L. , Kuhajda Bernard R. , Williams James D. , Cantrell Mark A. , Rakes Patrick L. , Shute J. R. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Reestablishment of locally extinct populations and augmentation of declining populations are management activities used with increasing frequency in the conservation of imperiled fishes in the United States. Unfortunately, these options were not always carefully or appropriately used in past cases, partly owing to a lack of guidelines that address scientifically-based protocols for propagation, translocation, reintroduction, and augmentation (PTRA). PTRA programs are an important management tool for the recovery of imperiled fishes when undertaken with careful planning, including everything from determining that PTRA is necessary to incorporating knowledge of life history and genetics into the PTRA plan. In addition, PTRA programs must also assemble advisory groups, obtain funding and permitting, construct and maintain propagation facilities, and raise community awareness of the program. Because such diverse skills are needed, successful PTRA programs should prepare for long-term partnerships to achieve the goal of recovery.
Factors Influencing Tropical Island Freshwater Fishes: Species, Status, and Management Implications in Puerto Rico
Authors: Neal J. Wesley , Lilyestrom Craig G. , Kwak Thomas J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Anthropogenic effects including river regulation, watershed development, contamination, and fish introductions have substantially affected the majority of freshwater habitats in Europe and North America. This pattern of resource development and degradation is widespread in the tropics, and often little is known about the resources before they are lost. This article describes the freshwater resources of Puerto Rico and identifies factors that threaten conservation of native fishes. The fishes found in freshwater habitats of Puerto Rico represent a moderately diverse assemblage composed of 14 orders, 29 families, and 82 species. There are fewer than 10 species of native peripherally-freshwater fish that require a link to marine systems. Introductions of nonindigenous species have greatly expanded fish diversity in freshwater systems, and native estuarine and marine species (18 families) also commonly enter lowland rivers and brackish lagoons. Environmental alterations, including land use and development, stream channelization, pollution, and the impoundment of rivers, combined with nonnative species introductions threaten the health and sustainability of aquatic resources in Puerto Rico. Six principal areas for attention that are important influences on the current and future status of the freshwater fish resources of Puerto Rico are identified and discussed.
Differential Incorporation of Natural Spawners vs. Artificially Planted Salmon Carcasses in a Stream Food Web: Evidence from δ15N of Juvenile Coho Salmon
Authors: Shaff Courtney D. , Compton Jana E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Placement of salmon carcasses is a common restoration technique in Oregon and Washington streams, with the goal of improving food resources and productivity of juvenile salmon. To explore the effectiveness of this restoration technique, we measured the Δ15N of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) as an index of the incorporation of salmon-derived nutrients (SDN) in streams with varying amounts of natural spawners and artificially placed carcasses. Although Δ15N of juvenile coho salmon increased with salmon carcass mass in the stream channel, this relationship was only significant for natural spawners. Artificially placed carcasses did not appear to increase SDN utilization by juvenile coho salmon. Possible explanatory factors include the restricted spatial and temporal distribution of carcasses, general absence of eggs, and lack of substrate bioturbation associated with artificially placed carcasses. Our study suggests that artificially placed carcasses at the levels added in the Oregon Coast Range may not directly mimic the role of natural spawners in stream foodwebs.