bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What constitutes a translation graduate school in South Korea?
Authors: Park Ocksue 
Published: June 2012

South Korea is the first country where the translation education has operated at a postgraduate level in Asia. The first graduate school, the Graduate School of Interpretation and Translation, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, operated at 1979. As of 2006, there are ten translation and/or interpreting departments at graduate level in South Korea.
The curriculum of translation graduate schools in South Korea should be examined from a theoretical standpoint. This article is the answer of what constitutes a translation graduate school in South Korea in terms of its title, its commencement date, type of school, division of departments, admission requirements, and the duration of the programme and what is an appropriate curriculum for a translation graduate school in South Korea.
For this study, I have conducted interviews with heads of translation departments at South Korea’s graduate schools in the first place, with a view to establish the real situation of graduate schools that teach translation in South Korea.
I adopted Renfer’s model for analysing the programme of the graduate schools. Renfer (1991) presents four basic programme models of translator and/or interpreter education training for western countries such as Two-tier system, Parallel translator and interpreter training model, Y model, and Postgraduate interpreter training or intensive on-the-job training in international organisations.
The results of the data analysis are discussed, and lastly suggestions for translation students to develop and improve their translation skills are presented.
Unstressed periphrastic do — from Southwest England to Newfoundland?
Authors: Wagner Susanne 
Published: June 2012

This article discusses possible reasons for the (near-)absence of a feature from Newfoundland Vernacular English (NVE) that was present in both of its major donor dialects, namely the varieties of Southwest (SW) England and Ireland. Unstressed periphrastic do, the feature under investigation, is used as a tense carrier and marker of habituality in Southwestern dialects and — in a more restricted context — in Irish English (IrE). Modern NVE shows only traces of periphrastic do. All of these uses are (a) of IrE origin and (b) recessive (cf. e.g. Clarke 2004b: 305). If all settlers had used the feature at the time they emigrated to Newfoundland, it is extremely unlikely that it should have been lost in NVE, one of the most conservative varieties of English, but maintained, at least to a certain extent, in the much less conservative modern varieties of SW English and IrE.

This paper suggests possible stages of the life of periphrastic do in Newfoundland. With the help of evidence from literature on SW English dialects from the 19th and 20th centuries, it is argued that it is unlikely that all settlers were do users when arriving in Newfoundland. Moreover, a competing variant, generalized verbal ‑s, a pattern typical of NVE to the present day, existed in some of the settlers’ grammars (both SW English and IrE). It is assumed that periphrastic do, if it ever existed in NVE in those uses typical of SW English dialects, has been eradicated through contact with dialects that either used generalized ‑s or a more standard system.
Was privatisation necessary and did it work? The case of South Africa
Authors: Pitcher Anne 
Published: July 2012

‘Why structural adjustment is necessary and why it doesn't work’ published by Gavin Williams in ROAPE in 1994, highlighted the paradoxical nature of structural adjustment policies. Drawing on Williams's insights, this article examines the adoption and outcome of privatisation policies in South Africa from 1994 to 2010. The paper makes two claims that reinforce Williams's earlier arguments. First, privatisation was central to the effort by the post-apartheid government to secure a marriage between the state and capital through the expansion of black ownership. Yet, second, concerns over employment equity, preferential procurement, and unemployment forced the state to depend on parastatals after the turn of the century and in doing so, to abandon the privatisation of state assets. State-owned enterprises have now become an integral component of the state's developmental project in South Africa.
[Est-ce que la privatisation était nécessaire et a-elle fonctionné ? Le cas de l'Afrique du Sud]. « Pourquoi l'adaptation structurelle est-elle nécessaire et pourquoi cela ne fonctionne pass », publié par Gavin Williams dans ROAPE en 1994, souligna le caractère paradoxal des politiques d'ajustement structurel. S'appuyant sur les idées de Williams, cet article analyse l'adoption et les résultats des politiques de privatisation en Afrique du sud de 1994 à 2010. Le document émet deux demandes qui renforcent les arguments antérieurs de Williams. Tout d'abord, la privatisation était au centre de l'effort consenti par le gouvernement postapartheid afin de garantir un lien entre l'État et le capital grâce à l'extension de la propriété noire. Cependant, en second lieu, les préoccupations concernant l'équité sur l'emploi, les marchés préférentiels et le chômage obligèrent l'État à dépendre des sociétés paraétatiques à la fin du siècle et, ce faisant, de renoncer à la privatisation des actifs de l'État. Les entreprises d'État sont à présent devenues une partie intégrante du projet de développement de l'État en Afrique du Sud.

Mots-clés : le néolibéralisme ; la privatisation ; l'état de développement ; l'Afrique du Sud
ON THE SPECTRAL SHAPE OF RADIATION DUE TO INVERSE COMPTON SCATTERING CLOSE TO THE MAXIMUM CUTOFF
Authors: Lefa E. , Kelner S. R. , Aharonian F. A. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
The spectral shape of radiation due to inverse Compton scattering is analyzed in the Thomson and the Klein–Nishina regime for electron distributions with exponential cutoff. We derive analytical, asymptotic expressions for the spectrum close to the maximum cutoff region. We consider monoenergetic, Planckian, and synchrotron photons as target photon fields. These approximations provide a direct link between the distribution of parent electrons and the upscattered spectrum at the cutoff region.
Improved memory behaviour of single-walled carbon nanotubes charge storage nodes
Authors: Alba-Martin Maria , Firmager Timothy , Atherton Joseph , Rosamond Mark C , Ashall Daniel , Ghaferi Amal Al , Ayesh Ahmad , Gallant Andrew J , Mabrook Mohammed F , Petty Michael C , Zeze Dagou A 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
To investigate their memory behaviours, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were embedded in the floating gate of a hybrid metal–insulator–semiconductor structure using layer-by-layer deposition, and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) as the dielectric. Unlike longer SWCNT-based structures, shortened SWCNTs were shown to exhibit reliable and large memory windows by virtue of a better encapsulation which reduces charge leakage. The capacitance–voltage characteristics of the devices were consistent with electron injection into the SWCNT charge storage elements (in the floating) from the top electrode through the PMMA, using localized defects and crossing the PMMA energy barrier. In terms of material formulation, a combination of SWCNTs dispersed in sodium dodecyl sulfate and polyethyleneimine used as charge storage elements in the floating gate was shown to lead to repeatable and reliable memory characteristics. Fast switching and very large memory windows (∼7 V) exhibiting high charge density (2.6 × 1012 cm−2) and charge retention in excess of ∼76% were achieved under a ±10 V sweep voltage range. These results suggest that SWCNTs could lead to improved memory behaviour with the potential for application in plastic electronics.
Upper bounds for the number of number fields with alternating Galois group
Authors: Larson Eric , Rolen Larry 
Published: June 2012

Let

N
(
n
,

A
n

,
X
)

N(n, A_n, X)

be the number of number fields of degree

n
n

whose Galois closure has Galois group

A
n

A_n

and whose discriminant is bounded by

X
X

. By a conjecture of Malle, we expect that

N
(
n
,

A
n

,
X
)
∼

C
n

⋅

X

1
2

⋅
(
log
⁡
X

)

b
n

N(n, A_n, X)\sim C_n\cdot X^{\frac {1}{2}} \cdot (\log X)^{b_n}

for constants

b
n

b_n

and

C
n

C_n

. For

6
≤
n
≤
84393

6 \leq n \leq 84393

, the best known upper bound is

N
(
n
,

A
n

,
X
)
≪

X

n
+
2

4

N(n, A_n, X) \ll X^{\frac {n + 2}{4}}

, by Schmidt’s theorem, which implies there are

≪

X

n
+
2

4

\ll X^{\frac {n + 2}{4}}

number fields of degree

n
n

. (For

n
>
84393

n > 84393

, there are better bounds due to Ellenberg and Venkatesh.) We show, using the important work of Pila on counting integral points on curves, that

N
(
n
,

A
n

,
X
)
≪

X

n
2

−
2

4
(
n
−
1
)

+
ϵ

N(n, A_n, X) \ll X^{\frac {n^2 - 2}{4(n - 1)}+\epsilon }

, thereby improving the best previous exponent by approximately

1
4

\frac {1}{4}

for

6
≤
n
≤
84393

6 \leq n \leq 84393

.
Review article: non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and osteoporosis – clinical and molecular crosstalk
Authors: Yilmaz Y. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryBackgroundLow bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in both paediatric and adult patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The mechanisms behind the reduced BMD in NAFLD are still not completely understood.AimTo provide a critical overview of the pathophysiological pathways linking NAFLD, reduced BMD and osteoporosis, with a special focus on the alterations of soluble mediators which could link fat accumulation in the liver with bone health. The MEDLINE database was searched by a combination of keywords: non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease OR hepatic steatosis OR metabolic syndrome OR insulin resistance AND bone mineral density OR osteoporosis OR bone AND biomarkers OR serum marker.ResultsSeveral factors that may influence bone mineralisation and the increased risk of osteoporosis in NAFLD can be discussed. These include the release of cytokines from the inflamed liver which may influence the bone microenvironment, vitamin D deficiency, and limited physical activity. Circulating markers of bone metabolism, including osteopontin, osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin and fetuin‐A, have been found to be altered in patients with NAFLD.ConclusionA better understanding of the mechanisms that link bone metabolism and the liver may open a new frontier to fight two highly prevalent conditions like NAFLD and osteoporosis.
Haemodynamics in women with untreated pre‐eclampsia*
Authors: Dennis A. T. , Castro J. , Carr C. , Simmons S. , Permezel M. , Royse C. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThis study aimed to compare the haemodynamics in healthy pregnant women with the haemodynamics in women with untreated pre‐eclampsia, to determine the cardiovascular reason for hypertension in pre‐eclampsia. 40 women with untreated pre‐eclampsia, 40 matched healthy pregnant women and 20 non‐pregnant women were studied using transthoracic echocardiography. Untreated pre‐eclampsia demonstrated (mean (SD), healthy non‐pregnant vs healthy pregnant vs untreated pre‐eclampsia) increased cardiac output (3400 (752) vs 4109 (595) vs 4789 (1416) ml.min−1, p = 0.002), increased stroke volume (53 (10) vs 53 (8) vs 59 (13) ml, p = 0.04), increased fractional shortening (35 (5) vs 35 (7) vs 41 (8) %, p = 0.006), increased fractional area change (57 (7) vs 57 (9) vs 65 (9) %, p = 0.002) and increased systemic vascular resistance (2116 (457) vs 1613 (315) vs 2016 (625) dyne.s.cm−5, p = 0.001). Mitral E/septal e′ was higher (6.0 (1.1) vs 6.7 (1.3) vs 10.4 (2.4), p = 0.002) and left atrial size increased (3.2 (0.3) vs 3.8 (0.4) vs 4.0 (0.4) cm, p = 0.002). Hypertension in untreated pre‐eclampsia is due to increased cardiac output and mild vasoconstriction, with increased inotropy and reduced diastolic function.
Management of pre‐eclampsia: issues for anaesthetists
Authors: Dennis A. T. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryPre‐eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Substandard care is often present and many deaths are preventable. The aim of this review is to summarise the key management issues for anaesthetists in the light of the current literature. A systematic literature search of electronic databases was undertaken including MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library using the key words obstetrics, pregnancy, pregnancy complications, maternal, pre‐eclampsia, preeclampsia, cardiac function, haemodynamics, haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets (HELLP), eclampsia, anaesthesia, anesthesia, neuraxial. Relevant Colleges and Societies websites were examined for pertinent guidelines. The disease is defined within the context of hypertensive diseases, and early recognition of pre‐eclampsia and its complications, as well as multidisciplinary expert team management is highlighted. Accurate monitoring and recording of observations including the use of transthoracic echocardiography is discussed. The importance of the treatment of systolic blood pressure > 180 mmHg and the use of intravenous antihypertensive medication as well as the use of parenteral magnesium sulphate for the treatment and prevention of eclampsia is emphasised . Restricted intravenous fluid therapy and avoidance of ergometrine is discussed. Neuraxial analgesia and anaesthesia, and general anaesthesia for birth is summarised as well as postpartum management including analgesia, thromboprophylaxis, management of acute pulmonary oedema and the use of pharmacological agents in the setting of breastfeeding.
Multidisciplinary guidelines for the management of tracheostomy and laryngectomy airway emergencies
Authors: McGrath B. A. , Bates L. , Atkinson D. , Moore J. A. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryAdult tracheostomy and laryngectomy airway emergencies are uncommon, but do lead to significant morbidity and mortality. The National Tracheostomy Safety Project incorporates key stakeholder groups with multi‐disciplinary expertise in airway management. , the Intensive Care Society, the Royal College of Anaesthetists, ENT UK, the British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, the College of Emergency Medicine, the Resuscitation Council (UK) the Royal College of Nursing, the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists, the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Respiratory Care and the National Patient Safety Agency. Resources and emergency algorithms were developed by consensus, taking into account existing guidelines, evidence and experiences. The stakeholder groups reviewed draft emergency algorithms and feedback was also received from open peer review. The final algorithms describe a universal approach to managing such emergencies and are designed to be followed by first responders. The project aims to improve the management of tracheostomy and laryngectomy critical incidents.
Mitochondrial DNA D‐loop sequence variation in maternal lineages of Iranian native horses
Authors: Moridi M. , Masoudi A. A. , Vaez Torshizi R. , Hill E. W. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryTo understand the origin and genetic diversity of Iranian native horses, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D‐loop sequences were generated for 95 horses from five breeds sampled in eight geographical locations in Iran. Sequence analysis of a 247‐bp segment revealed a total of 27 haplotypes with 38 polymorphic sites. Twelve of 19 mtDNA haplogroups were identified in the samples. The most common haplotypes were found within haplogroup X2. Within‐population haplotype and nucleotide diversities of the five breeds ranged from 0.838 ± 0.056 to 0.974 ± 0.022 and 0.011 ± 0.002 to 0.021 ± 0.001 respectively, indicating a relatively high genetic diversity in Iranian horses. The identification of several ancient sequences common between the breeds suggests that the lineage of the majority of Iranian horse breeds is old and obviously originated from a vast number of mares. We found in all native Iranian horse breeds lineages of the haplogroups D and K, which is concordant with the previous findings of Asian origins of these haplogroups. The presence of haplotypes E and K in our study also is consistent with a geographical west–east direction of increasing frequency of these haplotypes and a genetic fusion in Iranian horse breeds.
Tumourigenic characteristics of embryonal carcinoma cells as a model for studying tumour progression of human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Yang S. , Lin G. , Deng L. , Lu G.‐X. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to compare tumourigenic characteristics of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) and embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs) to identify a robust and simple model for studying certain aspects of cell transformation and tumourigenesis, in tumour progression of HESCs.Materials and methods
SSEA‐3 positive ECCs (NTERA‐2) cells were identified and compared to HESCs (ch
HES‐20) in terms of pluripotency and differentiation capacity, growth characteristics, gene expression profiles and signalling pathways.ResultsOur results showed that NTERA‐2 cells shared similarities in expression markers of pluripotency to ch
HES‐20 cells. However, NTERA‐2 cells also expressed some markers of differentiation and had a tendency to differentiate towards ectodermal endpoints. We identified NTERA‐2 cells with higher S‐phase fraction in cell cycle distribution, anti‐apoptosis markers and robust self‐renewal ability, compared to ch
HES‐20 cells. Microarray analysis and real‐time PCR results showed that some oncogenes were up‐regulated and tumour‐suppression genes were down‐regulated, whereas pluripotency‐related genes were up‐regulated and differentiation‐related genes were down‐regulated, and that Wnt and Notch signalling pathways were activated during progression from ES cells to EC cells.ConclusionTumourigenic characteristics of ECCs may provide a valuable insight into possible tumour progression of HESCs.
Histopathological study comparing upstream binding factor expression and AgNOR staining
Authors: Torres‐Montaner A. , Huq M. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
AgNOR staining has been in past years, the subject of numerous publications, which have failed to reach agreement regarding its usefulness as a proliferation marker. This silver staining method does not react with NORs (actual chromosome regions containing rRNA (ribosomal RNA) genes), but with proteins associated with them, whose quantity increases in parallel with ribosome biogenesis. The transcription factor UBF (upstream binding factor) is associated with NORs and has an important regulatory role in rRNA synthesis as cofactor of RNA polymerase I. Recent research has revealed an additional cytoarchitectural function of UBF in decondensing r‐chromatin (ribosomal‐chromatin). Immune detection of UBF expression and AgNOR counts are closely correlated as both techniques identify substrates in or closely adjacent to NORs. However, contrary to AgNOR dots, the UBF signal disappears in cells which undergo apoptosis or terminal differentiation. These features imply that UBF evaluation would reflect tumour cell proliferation (growth fraction) more accurately than AgNOR counts. Here we also show that immunohistochemical staining of UBF may reveal distinct active NORs with open, decondensed chromatin and we hypothesize that the large stretches of decondensed r‐chromatin revealed by UBF staining may correspond to clusters seen after silver staining and, conversely, shorter areas of decondensed r‐chromatin should match the small AgNOR grains typically found in some tumour types. The length of decondensed r‐chromatin may be a reflection of the ratio of active to silent r‐RNA genes.
Trait sorting in Daphnia colonising man‐made lakes
Authors: ALLEN MICHAEL R. , THUM RYAN A. , VANDYKE JESSICA N. , CÁCERES CARLA E. 
Published: June 2012

Summary1. We used a zooplankton metacommunity to ask how dispersal, genetic drift and selection act to determine the local and regional distributions of trait variation. Since the formation of the lakes 80 years ago, cladoceran species have sorted into local assemblages that cluster by lake depth. Given this species sorting, we ask whether intraspecific variation in an ecologically important phenotypic trait – body size – has sorted as well.2. We quantified changes in body size through time by measuring ephippia from D. pulicaria, D. dentifera and D. ambigua recovered from sediment cores from two lakes. We then estimated mean body size of contemporary populations of two competing species, Daphnia pulicaria and D. dentifera, in a laboratory common garden experiment. Finally, we used microsatellite loci to characterise genetic diversity and gene flow among local sites in the metacommunity.3. Body size was variable both within and among years for the three species of Daphnia examined using sediment cores. For two lakes where we examined body size distributions through time, we observed a significant shift in body size of the first species to arrive after colonisation by other Daphnia species, which suggests selection has occurred historically.4. Despite heritable variation in body size in the laboratory, evidence for trait sorting was only found for D. pulicaria, which was larger in deeper lakes. Mean body size varied among lakes, but did not sort relative to depth for D. dentifera.5. Microsatellite data indicated that neutral genetic diversity was low in the region; only 27% of the individuals assayed were unique multi‐locus genotypes. We also found significant patterns of isolation by distance for both species. However, population structure was stronger in D. dentifera than in D. pulicaria. Hence, we conclude that a limited number of colonists have successfully invaded this metacommunity, and those genotypes arriving in this new region have experienced significant dispersal limitation among local sites.6. Overall, while dispersal and selection have clearly led to the development of predictable community assemblages related to depth in this metacommunity, the distribution of phenotypic traits within species can differ substantially even between two trophically similar species. Our results highlight the complex roles of colonisation history, dispersal, selection and stochasticity in determining inter‐ and intra‐specific patterns in metacommunities.
A fast integral equation solver for 3D induction well logging in formations with large conductivity contrasts
Authors: Nie Xiao Chun , Yuan Ning , Liu Richard 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTSimulation of induction logging responses in formations with large conductivity contrasts is an important but challenging problem due to the singularity of a linear system caused by large contrasts. Also, three‐dimensional (3D) analysis of complex geophysical structures usually encounters high computational demands. In this paper, a pre‐corrected fast Fourier transform (pFFT)‐accelerated integral equation method is applied to overcome these difficulties. In the approach, the entire formation is included in the solution domain. The volume integral equation is set up in the region based on the fact that the total field is the summation of the excitation field and the secondary field. The emitted field by the transmitter coil (treated as a magnetic dipole) is regarded as the excitation of the system. Then the method of moments (MoM) is used to solve the integral equation. To reduce the high computational requirements of the MoM, the pFFT method is used to speed up the solution of the matrix equation and reduce the memory requirement as well. The resultant method is capable of computing induction logging problems involving large and complex formations. For problems with high conductivity contrasts, the solution of the matrix equation usually converges very slow or even fails to converge due to the large condition number of the coefficient matrix. To overcome this difficulty, an incomplete LU pre‐conditioner is used to significantly speed up the convergence of the matrix equation, thus further reducing the computation time. Numerical results show that the present method is efficient and flexible for 3D simulation of induction logging and is specifically superior for problems with high conductivity contrasts.