bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transition From Intravenous to Subcutaneous Insulin
Authors: Avanzini Fausto , Marelli Giuseppe , Donzelli Walter , Busi Giovanna , Carbone Stefania , Bellato Laura , Colombo Elena Lucia , Foschi Roberto , Riva Emma , Roncaglioni Maria Carla , De Martini Mario ,   on behalf of the Desio Diabetes Diagram Study Group
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
The study objectives were 1) to assess the effectiveness and safety of a standardized protocol for the transition to subcutaneous insulin and oral feeding in diabetic or hyperglycemic patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who were receiving intravenous insulin and glucose at the time of the transfer from the intensive cardiac care unit to a general ward and 2) to identify predictors of transition outcome.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a prospective observational study. The protocol specifies that patients receive a 100% of their daily subcutaneous insulin requirement from the first day of oral feeding, calculated from the intravenous insulin rate during the final 12 h divided into two: 50% basal and 50% prandial.

RESULTS
In 142 patients (93 male, 49 female, age range 47–88 years, 135 with known diabetes) the first day after transition, 44.8% of blood glucose (BG) measurements were within the strict range of 100–140 mg/dL before meals and 100–180 mg/dL after meals, and 70.8% were within the broader ranges of 80–160 mg/dL and 80–200 mg/dL, respectively. Pre- or postprandial hypoglycemia (BG &lt;70 mg/dL) occurred in 11 patients (7.7%) on the first day and in 38 patients (26.8%) on the first 3 days after transition. Old age, high doses of intravenous insulin, and wide BG variations in the 24 h before insulin infusion was stopped were predictive of poor BG control after transition.

CONCLUSIONS
This study shows the effectiveness and safety of a standardized protocol for the transition from intravenous to subcutaneous insulin in patients with ACS when regular oral feeding was resumed.
Hyperglycemia and Death in Cystic Fibrosis–Related Diabetes
Authors: Adler Amanda I. , Shine Brian , Haworth Charles , Leelarathna Lalantha , Bilton Diana 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Diabetes is common in cystic fibrosis and increases the risk of death, yet the role of hyperglycemia remains unproven. An association between glycemia and mortality would provide compelling evidence to support glucose lowering in cystic fibrosis–related diabetes (CFRD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using the U.K. Cystic Fibrosis Registry, we analyzed longitudinal data from 2006 to 2009 in 520 individuals with diabetes. We tested the association between HbA1c and mortality.

RESULTS
During a median follow-up of 2 years, 36 patients died. The median value of HbA1c was higher in those who died (7.3%) than in those who did not (6.7%). An HbA1c value of ≥6.5% was associated with a threefold increased risk of death (hazard ratio 3.2 [95% CI 1.4–7.3]; P = 0.005) independent of potential confounders.

CONCLUSIONS
Hyperglycemia trebles the risk of death in patients with CFRD. These findings provide epidemiologic support for continued efforts to improve glycemic control.
Four Weeks of Treatment With Liraglutide Reduces Insulin Dose Without Loss of Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetic Patients With and Without Residual β-Cell Function
Authors: Kielgast Urd , Krarup Thure , Holst Jens Juul , Madsbad Sten 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of 4 weeks of treatment with liraglutide on insulin dose and glycemic control in type 1 diabetic patients with and without residual β-cell function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Ten type 1 diabetic patients with residual β-cell function (C-peptide positive) and 19 without (C-peptide negative) were studied. All C-peptide–positive patients were treated with liraglutide plus insulin, whereas C-peptide–negative patients were randomly assigned to liraglutide plus insulin or insulin monotherapy. Continuous glucose monitoring with identical food intake and physical activity was performed before (week 0) and during (week 4) treatment. Differences in insulin dose; HbA1c; time spent with blood glucose &lt;3.9, &gt;10, and 3.9–9.9 mmol/L; and body weight were evaluated.

RESULTS
Insulin dose decreased from 0.50 ± 0.06 to 0.31 ± 0.08 units/kg per day (P &lt; 0.001) in C-peptide–positive patients and from 0.72 ± 0.08 to 0.59 ± 0.06 units/kg per day (P &lt; 0.01) in C-peptide–negative patients treated with liraglutide but did not change with insulin monotherapy. HbA1c decreased in both liraglutide-treated groups. The percent reduction in daily insulin dose was positively correlated with β-cell function at baseline, and two patients discontinued insulin treatment. In C-peptide–positive patients, time spent with blood glucose &lt;3.9 mmol/L decreased from 3.0 to 1.0 h (P = 0.03). A total of 18 of 19 patients treated with liraglutide lost weight during treatment (mean [range] −2.3 ± 0.3 kg [−0.5 to −5.1]; P &lt; 0.001). Transient gastrointestinal adverse effects occurred in almost all patients treated with liraglutide.

CONCLUSIONS
Treatment with liraglutide in type 1 diabetic patients reduces insulin dose with improved or unaltered glycemic control.
Increased Risk of Hypertension After Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Tobias Deirdre K. , Hu Frank B. , Forman John P. , Chavarro Jorge , Zhang Cuilin 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Whether a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of hypertension after the index pregnancy is not well established.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We investigated the association between GDM and subsequent risk of hypertension after the index pregnancy among 25,305 women who reported at least one singleton pregnancy between 1991 and 2007 in the Nurses’ Health Study II.

RESULTS
During 16 years of follow-up, GDM developed in 1,414 women (5.6%) and hypertension developed in 3,138. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model showed women with a history of GDM had a 26% increased risk of developing hypertension compared with those without a history of GDM (hazard ratio 1.26 [95% CI 1.11–1.43]; P = 0.0004). These results were independent of pregnancy hypertension or subsequent type 2 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that women with GDM are at a significant increased risk of developing hypertension after the index pregnancy.
Pharmacokinetics of Switching Unboosted Atazanavir Coadministered with Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate from 400 Mg Once Daily to 200 Mg Twice Daily in HIV-Positive Patients
Authors: Bonora Stefano , de Requena Daniel Gonzalez , D'Avolio Antonio , Calcagno Andrea , Tettoni Mariacristina , Siccardi Marco , Baietto Lorena , Simiele Marco , Trentini Laura , Perri Giovanni Di 
Published: May 2011

Background Use of unboosted atazanavir (ATV) with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), although attractive from a clinical view point, has not been tested in trials and is not currently recommended because of the risk of suboptimal ATV pharmacokinetics (PK). In order to improve ATV exposure, plasma and intracellular (IC) PK of ATV in patients administered with ATV 400 mg once daily and TDF/emtricitabine (FTC) and switched to ATV 200 mg twice daily were studied. Methods On day 0, 10 subjects on ATV 400 mg plus TDF/FTC once daily underwent intensive plasma and IC PK evaluation and bilirubin measurement. Patients were subsequently switched to ATV 200 mg twice daily for 10 days. On day 11, they once again underwent intensive PK and bilirubin evaluation. Results Switch to 200 mg twice daily led (in plasma) to a significant increase of the observed concentration at the end of dosing interval (Ctrough; ratio twice daily/ once daily 2.20; P=0.005), with a decrease from 60% to 20% of suboptimal values, a significant decrease of the maximum concentration (Cmax; ratio twice daily/once daily 0.47; P=0.022), whereas no differences of other PK parameters or bilirubin were observed. IC ATV concentrations at 400 once daily showed higher Ctrough (ratio peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs]/plasma 2.86; P=0.005) and longer half-life (ratio PBMCs/ plasma 1.44; P=0.007) as compared with plasma. After the switch, IC ATV accumulation showed changes similar to plasma. Conclusions Switch to 200 mg twice daily appeared to optimize plasma and IC ATV PK, by increasing the determinant of efficacy (Ctrough) and decreasing Cmax, without significant effect on total ATV plasma exposure and bilirubin. Dosage of 200 mg might provide an option to patients showing suboptimal ATV exposure with standard unboosted dosing.
La disgrâce du chef. Mobilisations populaires arabes et crise du leadership
Authors: Camau Michel 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Côté jardin, un pouvoir personnel fort, généralement centré sur le clan voire sur la famille ; côté cours, une figure charismatique, ou qui se veut telle, en parfaite symbiose avec un peuple soumis au verbe du chef : tel est le mythe qui a volé en éclat dans tout le monde arabe à la suite du « printemps des peuples » de cet hiver 2011. On ne peut en effet comprendre ce qui s’est joué et continu de l’être dans le rapport que les peuples construisent aujourd’hui avec le pouvoir, sans revenir sur ce qu’a pu représenter la figure du chef dans les imaginaires, depuis le type idéal nassérien jusqu’à ces dictateurs vieillissants dépourvus d’aura comme de légitimité dont les masques grotesques viennent de leur être arrachés...
Maroc : une révolution royale ?
Authors: Tourabi Abdellah , Zaki Lamia 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Les revendications de réforme constitutionnelle et de réduction des inégalités portées par le mouvement du 20 février se sont focalisées de façon inédite sur la monarchie. Ces revendications sont toutefois affaiblies par la fragmentation du champ politique, tandis que se recompose une expression protestataire. Les horizons marocains sont contrastés, entre anticipation d’une contagion des révoltes, négociation avec les acteurs et répression. Ils doivent être resitués dans une double particularité dans le monde arabe : l’importance de longue date du champ associatif et des mobilisations et les essais d’ouverture démocratique.
Les politiques euro-méditerranéennes à la lumière du printemps arabe
Authors: Schäfer Isabel 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Dès le lancement du Processus de Barcelone en 1995, le Partenariat euro-méditerranéen s’était donné comme objectif de réduire le fossé politique, économique et culturel entre les deux rives de la Méditerranée. Quinze ans plus tard, du haut de la « forteresse Europe », nous regardons interloqués les sociétés arabes se soulever et s’emparer d’une souveraineté longtemps confisquée, mais sans recourir à notre aide et presque malgré nous, trop occupés que nous étions à nous barricader contre clandestins et terroristes. Cet aveuglement trouve son origine dans l’échec d’un projet original que les politiques n’ont pourtant pas su ni voulu faire fructifier.
Les États-Unis face aux révolutions démocratiques arabes
Authors: Golub Philip S. 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Dans un discours important prononcé au Caire le 4 juin 2009, Barack Obama tendait la main au monde arabo-islamique en appelant à mettre un terme « au cycle de suspicion et de discorde » entre les États-Unis et les sociétés plurielles islamiques. Soulignant que les tensions du présent « étaient enracinées dans des forces historiques » telles que le colonialisme et la guerre froide, il en appelait à un « effort soutenu d’écoute (...) et de respect mutuel ». Aujourd’hui, les États-Unis, puissance externe dominante au Moyen-Orient et dans le Golfe depuis 1945, tentent de s’adapter aux révolutions démocratiques arabes afin de préserver leurs positions. Or l’héritage est lourd et les révolutions ébranlent l’ordre régional américain.
Internet-Enabled User Interfaces for Distance Learning
Authors: Liu Wei , Teh Keng Soon , Peiris Roshan , Choi Yongsoon , Cheok Adrian David , Mei-Ling Charissa Lim , Theng Yin-Leng , Nguyen Ta Huynh Duy , Qui Tran Cong Thien , Vasilakos Athanasios V. 
Published: May 2011

The advent of Internet technologies since decades ago has propelled distance learning drastically. In this modern world, knowledge develops so fast that the amount of intellectual information that needs to be learnt before it becomes obsolete again is so huge. Distance learningthrough the use of Internet technologies has the advantage of being able to get across the information to the students remotely and effortlessly. The other advantage, which is the main focus of this paper, is that students are able to learn from their instructors on an entirely new media platform - the Internet-enabled and tangible user interface. This paper discusses how to use two main new media: multi-modal Internet technologies, namely remote physical interface and remote augmented reality technology in distance learning.
Adaptive Learning Organizer for Web-Based Education
Authors: Yessad Amel , Faron-Zucker Catherine , Dieng-Kuntz Rose , Laskri Med Tayeb 
Published: May 2011

Adaptive learning support for learners becomes very important in the context of increasing re-use of resources from heterogeneous and distributed learning repositories. This paper presents OrPAF, an Adaptive Educational Hypermedia (AEHS) and web-based System which integrates semantic web models and technologies in order to achieve interoperability with e-learning systems. The key feature of OrPAF is the construction of adaptive hypermedia courses: both the course structure and the course content are dynamically generated and adapted to learners. We experimented the realized prototype on learners in order to evaluate the usability of OrPAF and the conceptual capabilities developed by the learners who used it.
Student and Faculty Use and Perceptions of Web 2.0 Technologies in Higher Education
Authors: Ajjan Haya , Hartshorne Richard , Ferdig Richard E. 
Published: May 2011

In this chapter, the authors provide evidence for the potential of Web 2.0 applications in higher educationthrough a review of relevant literature on educational technology and social networking. Additionally, the authors report the results and implications of a study exploringstudent and faculty awareness of the potential of Web 2.0technologies to support and supplement classroom instruction in higher education. Also, using the decomposed theory of planned behavior as the theoretical foundation, the authors discuss factors that influence student andfaculty decisions to adopt Web 2.0 technologies. The chapter concludes with a list of recommendations for classroom use of Web 2.0 applications, as well as implications for policy changes and future research.
Teaching Dimension in Web-Based Learning Communities
Authors: Pozzi Francesca 
Published: May 2011

The article tackles the issue of the teaching dimension in computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) contexts. In particular, it describes two Web-based courses that were held in 2006—one by the Istituto Tecnologie Didattiche – CNR and one by the University of Genoa, which, while sharing the socioconstructivist theoretical framework, adopt different approaches as far as theteaching dimension is concerned: While in the former course tutors were asked to cover all the functions typically required by e-tutors, in the latter, experience functions were distributed across a variety of actors. The aim of the work is to foster reflections about strong points and weaknesses of the two approaches, thus leading to considerations concerning the applicability of the models even in contexts different from the original ones.
The Impact of Sociocultural Factors in Multicultural Communication Environments
Authors: Ragusa Angela T. 
Published: May 2011

Changes in the availability and quality of communicationtechnology have revolutionized, and fundamentally altered, learning environments. As citizens of the “Information Age,”the breadth and impact of global communication are triggering unprecedented transformation of social structures and institutions. This chapter explores theimpact of commodification on education when institutions of higher education sell knowledge as a commercial good. Thecontemporary phenomenon of distance education is increasingly offered and purchased by an international market which experiences heightened pressure for standardization from the global citizens it serves. It is argued here that technological changes necessitate reevaluation of communication processes, discursive practices, and organizational policies. To stay competitive and produce quality products for increasingly international audiences, institutions must create well-articulated policies. By providing insight on the impact multiple socio-cultural and communicative norms have on virtual communication, this research uses qualitative discursive analysis of caseexamples to examine how variance in the structure and delivery of virtual communication environments at a leadingdistance education university in Australia affects student satisfaction, perception, and learning outcomes. Whereas previous research fails to include a theoretical or conceptual framework, this work draws upon interdisciplinary work from the fields of sociology,education, and science and technology studies. How “cyberspace” changes interaction rituals, masks cultural norms, and alters entrenched social expectations by creating new sensitivities is discussed, along with theramifications of variation in technological availability, competence, and expectations in global classrooms. In sum, ideas for informing change in policy, administration, and the delivery of distance education and virtualcommunication in global environments are discussed to equip leaders and participants with skills to foster effective communicative and interaction strategies.
Fatigue Life Extension by Ultrasonic Peening for Offshore Structures: As-built Weld Quality and Overloads During Remaining Service Life
Authors: Martinez Luis Lopez , Hedmar Malcolm 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The fatigue life extension procedure by ultrasonic peening uses FEA to assess the critical weld details and to define the location and extension of the areas to be treated. However, FEA models do not take into account variations in as-built weld quality. Areas with moderate level of stresses but showing varying weld quality might benefit of ultrasonic peening treatment as much as areas with the highest stresses. The ultrasonic peening procedure takes into account certain weld parameters originating in the as-build quality so these can be improved during the application of the treatment in order to achieve full benefit.
As-build weld quality has a great influence on the fatigue life of offshore structures. Hence the fatigue life extension procedure needs to address the implications of a low as-build weld quality previous to the application of the ultrasonic peening procedure. When as-built weld quality limits the targeted fatigue life, ultrasonic peening could enhance the fatigue strength up to a desired level. For weld details which have already consumed half of their fatigue life ultrasonic peening can reset the clock to zero.
The increased fatigue resistance due to ultrasonic peening treatment is partly based on the introduction of compressive stresses. Extreme load conditions could redistribute the compressive stresses and therefore it is necessary to verify if the improvement would be still present during the remaining service life of the installation. Therefore fatigue testing with compressive preloads has been carried out on ultrasonic peening treated specimens.
Despite the extreme low weld quality, the ultrasonic peening improved weld details, showed a factor 2 in fatigue life extension which is a value presented in literature as a lower band for the improvement. This improvement is estimated to be unchanged even if overloads could relax the induced compressive stresses.
The poor weld quality have reduced the level of improvement to a factor 2 in life and therefore it is recommended an improvement of weld angle by machining before the application of ultrasonic peening when required.
For structural details with low as-built weld quality ultrasonic peening treatment could be the only solution left to enhance the fatigue life avoiding weld repair.
The economical benefits due to reduced weld repair and/or maintenance on offshore installations as a result of the ultrasonic peening treatment include:Restore the fatigue strength for structural details with poor weld qualityAvoidance of a long term plan for extensive weld repair or hot workAvoidance of long and unscheduled operational disruptionsIncreased structural safety for the installation during the remaining service life
Understanding Engineering Challenges Posed by Natural Hydrocarbon Infiltration and the Development of Authigenic Carbonate
Authors: Thomas Stephen , Hill Andrew John , Clare Michael Andrew , Shreeve James William , Unterseh Stephan 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Infiltration of shallow soils by naturally occurring hydrocarbons has been documented in several deepwater environments worldwide. The potential for significant soil modification, such as the development of authigenic carbonates and alteration of the generally expected background geotechnical properties may provide constraints to flowline routing, foundation installation and engineering lifetime performance. This paper presents a review of the current state of knowledge of the authors with special reference to recent investigations in deepwater offshore Angola, and a suggested method for identification, characterization and prediction.
Interpretation of 3D exploration seismic, enhanced by AUV (Chirp) data facilitates an initial identification of areas prone to hydrocarbon infiltration and the vertical and spatial extent of potential soil modification. A first pass geotechnical characterisation is developed by targeted seabed CPTs and soil sampling. The generation of an integrated predictive model requires a multidisciplinary advanced testing programme, including geophysical, geotechnical, geochemical and geological analyses.
Once the extent, nature, and formative processes of hydrocarbon-related soil modification are understood, an assessment can be made of the challenges posed to a field development. This provides the necessary input to foundation and /or routing feasibility and determines if there is requirement to mitigate, through avoidance or design.

Introduction
Recent deepwater discoveries of natural hydrocarbon extrusions, such as seeps and mounds, have been made in various offshore settings including: Escanaba Trough, Northeast Pacific (Koski et al., 2002); Gulf of Mexico, USA (Canet et al., 2006); Porcupine Trough, offshore western Ireland (Naeth et al., 2006); offshore California, USA (Naehr et al., 2000; Lorenson et al., 2009); Australian Shelf, Timor Sea (O'Brien et al., 2002). This list is by no means exhaustive, but serves to illustrate the global distribution of such occurrences and that their profusion may be more significant than previously thought (Figure 1). In many instances, occurences of carbonate (or carbonate-rich claystone) are found in association with hydrocarbon infiltrations such as in the Nile Delta, Egypt (Wheeler and Satdnitskaia, 2011), offshore Trinidad (Deville, 2008), Sea of Marmara (Zitter et al., 2008), Guaymas Basin, California (Paull et al., 2007) and offshore Oregon, USA (Johnson et al, 2008). These are believed to be have been formed in situ (or authigenic) by post-depositional, diagenetic processes that have utilised hydrocarbon that has been introduced to the shallow subsurface by natural seepage.