bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Appendix.—Description of Specimens sent by Mr. Stow
Authors: Jones T. Rupert 
Published: October 2009

In a letter, dated October 10, 1871, Mr. G. W. Stow states that, after a three week's visit to the Vaal-River Diamond-fields, he feels Certain the description given of the diamond-gravels in the foregoing paper is correct, and that no other agency than that advocated in it could have formed the accumulation of boulder-drift, the river-deposits being distinct.
In determining the nature of these specimens, Thomas Davies, Esq., F.G.S., of the British Museum, has kindly given mo his assistance.

No. 1.
From Gong-gong
. See page 7.

Washed, coarse, agate gravel†, containing:—
Veined Jasper, one pebble.
Yellow and white Quartz, several pebbles.
Agate, various, and largely predominating; rounded and subangular, mostly polished or glazed.

No. 2.
From Cawood's Hope
. See page 6.

Two rolled pieces of fossil Wood.

No. 3.
From Pniel
. See page 7.

Washed agate gravel*, containing:—
Lydite, rounded (pebbles).
Jasper and Quartzite, subangular and much worn (more than in the gravel from Klip drift).
Fossil Wood, much rolled, one piece.
One fragment of Quartz, off a worn crystal.
Agate, various; subangular and rounded; largely predominating.

No. 4.
From Pniel
. See page 7.

Some unwashed ochreous agate gravel. (Not nearly so ochreous as some sent from the Klip-drift diggings by Mr. E. T. Cooper and Dr. G. Grey; ‘Mining Journal,’ March 4, 1871.)

No. 5.
From Pniel
. Page 7.

A small weathered subangular block of light-greenish Amygdaloidal Greenstone, weathering brown.

No. 6.
From Pniel
. Page 7.

Another, similar, but of a dull-greenish tint. Both are studded with chalcedonic Agates.
Notes on some Fossils from the Devonian Rocks of the Witzenberg Flats, Cape Colony
Authors: Jones T. Rupert 
Published: October 2009

Through the courtesy of Mr. G. S. Hayward, of Edmonton, and Mr. Rudler, of the Geological-Survey Museum, I have had the opportunity of examining some fossils from the Tulbagh Division, Cape Colony, and wish now to point out the interest they have for South-African geologists.
They were sent to England by Mr Thomas Hayward, of Witzenberg, and were found, some on the surface, and some in the shafts made in the search for coal and other minerals on the Witzenberg Flats, in the south-western part of the Tulbagh Division, on two farms belonging to Mr. Louw, who, I am informed, has gone to considerable expense in his endeavours to develope the resources of the Colony.
The above-mentioned flats constitute a valley, sharply elliptical in outline, between the Witzenbergen on the west and the Schurftebergen on the east. It is about 6000 Cape roods long from north to south, and about 1500 broad across the middle. The shafts were made on the Flakte farm, at the foot of the Schurftebergen, at about 300 Cape roods from the Government boundary-line along these hills. In one shaft, at 35 feet depth, were found hard and soft, earthy, purplish strata, with clay bands, and a hard, mottly-grey schist, full of casts of Encrinital joints and stems.

In the other shaft, at 50 feet, was soft dark-grey mudstone, with obscure casts of
Orthis palmata
and Trilobites; and at 50 to 67 feet similar rock, with casts of
Phacops africanus
*,
Homalonotus Herschelii
, and
Spirifer antarcticus
, also
On the Geology of Fernando Noronha (S. lat. 3° 50′, W. long. 32° 25′)
Authors: Rattray Alexander 
Published: October 2009

Although the visit of H.M.S ‘Bristol’ to Fernando Noronha, situated in the South Atlantic, was limited to one full day, the following notes on the geology of the seldom visited group, of which, it forms by far the largest, may be of some interest. So little known are these islands, except to whalers, and the Brazilians, who have converted them into a penal settlement, that the present Admiralty chart, an imperfect one from French authorities, dates as far back as 1735. The chief object of the ‘Bristol's’ visit was to ascertain the height of the principal peak (one of singular shape) and the nature of the anchorage, &c.
Fernando Noronha itself is about four miles long, and on an average one mile broad, and consists chiefly of an undulating plateau from 100 to 300 feet above the sea-level, sloping steeply towards sandy beaches and bays, or ending in bold bluffs or cliffs and rising occasionally into what the inhabitants term “mountains,” of which there are four or five, from 500 to 700 feet high. At the eastern end of Noronha lie the remaining islets, five or six in number, chiefly small and almost unused.
The surface rock of the group appears to consist of a very coarse conglomerate, composed of large rounded basaltic boulders and pebbles, enclosed in a hard dark-red clayey matrix, of which (disintegrated) the abundant and highly fertile soil apparently consists, dry and fissured during the sultry season, but soft, tenacious, and muddy during the heavy rains
On the presence of a Raised Beach on Portsdown Hill, near Portsmouth, and on the occurrence of a Flint Implement on a high level at Downton
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

A few years ago* I traced the well-known old beach of Brighton past Arundel to Chichester and Bourne Common—a distance of 42 miles. At Brighton it is only from 8 to 12 feet above the level of the present beach; near Arundel it attains a height of 100 feet, near Chichester possibly of 130 feet, and at Bourne Common of 140 feet. Westward of this point it had been found on the east coast of the Isle of Wight; but I failed to detect it at any point inland, or at any considerable elevation.
I now beg to call attention to an interesting section which I have more recently observed at a spot 10 miles westward of Bourne Common, and 5 miles inland. It is a mile and a half E.N.E. from Fareham, on the right-hand side of the lane leading from East Cams to Nelson's Monument, which stands on the western extremity of Portsdown Hill. This hill, as is well known, is a bare narrow chalk ridge, running 6 miles from east to west, and rising in the midst of a lower surrounding Tertiary area to a height of from 300 to 400 feet. The subangular flint-gravel of Chichester, Havant, and Portmouth ranges up to the southern foot of the hill, to a height of about 40 feet above the sea-level. It may be seen in a pit by the side of the railway half a mile west of Porchester station.
Above this lower level the slope of the
Remarks on the Greenland Meteorites
Authors: Nordenskiöld A. E. 
Published: October 2009

The meteorites which I discovered at Ofivak, in Greenland, in 1870, most of which have now been brought home by the expedition of this year under the command of Baron v. Otter, seem to have formed the principal masses of an enormous meteoric fall, which took place during the Miocene period, extending over an immense area (some 200 English miles) not only of the region occupied by the Greenland basalt, but also where the country is composed of granite-gneiss.
The native iron is very variable in appearace; but as far as I yet can judge, it is free from silicates, notwithstanding that pieces of basalt (apparently?) are imbedded in the exterior of the blocks, apparently filling cavities in the outer surface of the original meteorites.
The basalt at a distance from this locality does not contain any native iron; it is only in the immediate vicinity of the iron masses themselves that native iron along with pebbles is found in the basalt, which at this place is clearly seen to be a subsequently consolidated basalt-tuff and not congealed lava.
That this iron is of eruptive origin appears impossible to me, because:—(1) the iron, upon being heated, evolves gaseous matter even up to as much as 100 times the volume of the iron itself; (2) it contains distinct isolated paritcles of sulphide of iron, which are imbedded in the rest of the mass of iron, which in itself is free or nearly free from sulphur; (3) the external form of the
On some Undescribed Fossils from the Menevian Group
Authors: Hicks Henry 
Published: October 2009

In continuation of the descriptions of the fossils from the Menevian group which have at different times appeared in the ‘Journal’ of the Geological Society, I propose now to add those forms, which though frequently referred to in our communications, have hitherto remained undescribed. So far as present researches have gone, these will also complete the fauna of the Menevian group as exhibited in Wales. The additions made to the fauna of the Cambrian rocks (Longmynd and Menevian groups) by these researches, include no less than fifty-two new species, belonging to twenty-three genera. The following Table shows to what orders these belong, and in what proportion they occur in these early rocks.
If we now add to these the annelids which had been previously discovered in these rocks we have at least seven orders represented in this fauna, the earliest at present known. These same groups are also more or less present and tend to characterize these early deposits wherever found: but no country has up to the present time produced a more varied fauna or a greater richness in types than England. Scandinavia has a larger number of species, but not so many groups. On referring to the Tables in M. Barrande's excellent work on Trilobites, lately published, we find the following results given, with reference to those forms discovered in the lowest or Paradoxides zones in different parts of the world. The groups are those given by him in the Tables.
From this Table it will be observed
Memoranda on the most recent Geological Changes of the Rivers and Plains of Northern India, founded on accurate Surveys and the Artesian-well Boring at Umballa, to show the practical application of Mr. Login's theory of the abrading and transporting power of water to effect such changes
Authors: Login T. 
Published: October 2009

In the appendix attached to this paper will be found a detailed report of the progress made in boring at Umballa; and to illustrate it a section has been made from the published maps of the Grand Trigonometrical Survey of India. From the latter a correct idea can be formed of the shape of the plains of Northern India; while the former gives the nature of the soil below the Himalayan range here at Umballa.
The section passes through the centre of the Doab, commencing at the Military Station of Meerut, and running in nearly a direct north line for 44 miles to where it meets the Dehra and Saharunpore road at 8½ miles beyond the latter station. It then passes along this road in a north-easterly direction, rather oblique to the general fall of the country, where it reaches the foot of the Sewaliks, and passes up the bed of a mountain-torrent, along which the road to the hill sanatorium of Mussoorie runs, passing through the town of Dehra.
This section is therefore some 70 miles east of Umballa, which, again, is about 27 miles west of the watershed line separating the drainage of the Indus from that of the Gangetic valley.
Judging from reviews of the Rigvedas, or ancient Hindoo writings, though the total rainfall is probably the same now as it was 2000 years ago (the sun's heat and the area of sea and land being probably the same), yet from the probably wooded state of the
How the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy were formed
Authors: Nicol James 
Published: October 2009

In a paper on the “Origin of the Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,” read before the Society and published in the Quarterly Journal for August 1869, I described some physical facts which appeared to me to place their marine origin beyond doubt. So far. as I am aware, no attempt has been made to answer that argument.
But I have been asked “to explain the extraordinary coincidence of the sea-level with five (four) successive cols.” It has been further asked how, if the same sea filled Glen Roy and Glen Gloy, it formed a road in the latter and none in the former glen; why are the lines of partial occurrence even in this region—the highest limited to Glen Gloy, the second and third almost to Glen Roy, whilst the fourth extends round both Glen Roy and Glen Spean? If all the time the same sea filled all these glens, and was liable to the same oscillations of level, why has it formed roads in one or two of them only, not in all? Why are not the second and third roads as well seen in Glen Spean as in Glen Roy, and the Glen-Gloy line not in one only but in all the three? These questions plainly need to be answered; and the answer, in my opinion, forms the key to the whole of the phenomena.
Facts stated in my former paper proved that, shortly before the formation of the roads, this part of Scotland was submerged in the
On the Wealden as a Fluvio-lacustrine Formation, and on the relation of the so-called “Punfield Formation” to the Wealden and Neocomian
Authors: Meyer C. J. A. 
Published: October 2009

Amongst the suggestions which have from time to time been offered in explanation of the origin of the Wealden strata of the south-east of England, the one which has hitherto obtained the most favour amongst geologists is that of their accumulation as the delta of some great river open to the sea.
That these strata are mainly of fluviatile origin can hardly be doubted; that they formed the delta of a single river is not so certain; and with respect to their mode of accumulation, it is at least open to question whether they do not represent, as a whole, a lacustrine rather than an estuarine deposit.
It may seem at first sight of little consequence which of these views is held to be correct. I shall attempt to show, however, that the question is one of real importance, not only as regards the history of the Wealden strata themselves, but with respect also to the relation of the Wealden beds to certain Neocomian strata with which they were, no doubt, in part coeval.
To the fluvio-lacustrine origin of the Wealden strata which I propose to advocate, many objections may of course be raised; but these I shall not anticipate, the objections to their purely fluviatile or estuarine origin appearing to me to be of greater weight. The exceedingly quiet deposition of much of the sedimentary strata, the almost total absence of shingle, the prevalence, both numerically and specifically, of such species of mollusca as delight most in quiet waters
Notice of some of the Secondary Effects of the Earthquake of 10th January, 1869, in Cachar
Authors: Oldham  , Mallet Robert 
Published: October 2009

The following communication has been delayed in being brought before the Geological Society in the expectation of receiving further facts from Dr. Oldham, or that he would publish a substantive account of his own results after his examination of the earthquake-region.
The latest communications received, however,by the writer from Dr. Oldham render it doubtful whether he will be able, consistently with the pressure of his official duties, to pursue the subject further; and as the facts which he has collected and well explained, of the production of enormous earth-fissures as effects of this earthquake, are of great importance, the writer has deemed it best to place them on record now, and to add to Dr. Oldham's account some remarks of his own as to the very striking secondary effects of this earthquake.
Cachar, the site of the earthquake of the 10th January, 1869, is a British Province of Eastern India, about 110 miles in length from north to south, by 60 or 70 miles in width.
Its boundaries on the north and south are Assam and Tipperah (an independent state), and on the east and west Munnepoor and Silhet respectively.
It is hill-surrounded, except on the south and west, and consists chiefly of extensive plains, through which many large and small rivers wind and wander through ever changing courses in deep muddy beds, in which they rise from 25 to 35 feet in the rains.
The chief river is the Barak, which is navigable for great distances, the Juroo and
Notes on the Geology of the Colony of Queensland
Authors: Daintree R. 
Published: October 2009

The accompanying geological map of Queensland (Pl. IX.) may be accepted as giving the approximate areas and rough outlines of the geological structure and rock-systems developed in that Colony, and is appended for that purpose only. It will necessarily be open to criticism in matters of detail; but the general features of the geological grouping may be relied on. The section (Fig. l) from Townsville to the Mackinlay range shows all the geological formations in Queensland, north of 20° S. lat.
In a newly settled Colony the first object of the geologist is the determination of those districts in which the best land or available mineral wealth is to be obtained, accuracy in detail and purely scientific investigation being deferred to an often remote future.

Fig. 1.–
Sketch section from Townsville to the McKinlay Range.
(See line on Map.)

I collected the following data whilst prosecuting the search for new gold-fields, on behalf of the Queensland Government, in the northern portion of their territory, as also from the official reports of the Geologist of Southern Queensland, and other trustworthy sources.
The consideration and history of the different; formations will be taken in their sequence of time, as far as the stratified or sedimentary rocks are concerned. The igneous rocks will be described under the various groups of Granitic, Trappean, and Volcanic.

Alluvial.

Fluviatile or freshwater deposits skirt all the present water-courses; but the accumulations are insignificant on the eastern water-shed, except near the embouchures of large rivers, such as the Burdekin
Notes on Sand-Pits, Mud-discharges, and Brine-Pits met with during the Yarkand Expedition of 1870
Authors: Henderson George 
Published: October 2009

Whilst accompanying Mr. T. D. Forsyth to Yarkand in the summer of 1870, we came upon extensive tracts of ground indented with very remarkable circular pits, which I was very much puzzled to account for.
Where first seen, they appeared like the holes made in washing for gold, as practised both in Tibet and Yarkand; but there was none of the excavated material to be seen round their margins, and they were a hundred miles or more from any human habitation; besides, they were much too regular in size and shape to be thus accounted for.
I noted at the time every circumstance which I thought likely to give a clue to the manner of their formation; but, from the rapidity of our progress (15 to 30 miles a day), my notes were necessarily very imperfect. I have formed, however a theory regarding them, which Mr. Etheridge considers feasible; and he has asked me to give the result of my observations to the Geological Society.
After crossing the Karakoram watershed, at an altitude of 19,600 feet above the sea-level, we came to a plateau elevated about 18,000 feet above the sea, and which sloped very gently towards the plains of Central Asia, with the Kuen-Lun range, 20,000 to 24,000 feet high, intervening between us and these plains.
After two days' march (50 miles) we came to a number of limestone ridges, rising from 200 to 500 feet above the plain, with wide valleys between them; and in one these valleys
A Report on the Tin-discoveries in Queensland
Authors: Gregory T. F. 
Published: October 2009

Sir,—In pursuance of the instructions conveyed in your memoradum dated 18th ult., I have have honour to furnish, for the information of His Excellency the Governor, A Report on the Tin-fields at the head of the Severn river, in the district of Darling Downs, South
The general geographical area of the stanniferous country within the Colony of Queensland, so far as is at present known, appears to be comprised within the following limits. Commencing on the main dividing range between the eastern and western waters at Lucky Valley Goldfields, near the head of the Condamine river, the northern boundary extends in a west-south-westerly direction for about twenty-five miles, passing fifteen miles south of the town of Warwick to the head of Pike's Creek, on the Pikedale Run; tin-ore are distributed is that comprised by the watershed of the Severn river down to Ballandean Station, with the exception of about six miles of the extreme southern head of Quart-pot Creek and Accommodation Creek, both of which have hitherto not been found to yield payable ore.
The richest deposits have been found in the stream-beds and fluviatile flats on their banks, the payable ground varying from a few yards to 5 chains in width, occasionally broken by rocky bars; but even in these instances large deposits are frequently lodged in the pockets and crevices between the granite boulders. The aggregate length of these alluvial bands may be taken as about one hundred and forty miles on the Severn waters, with about thirty
On the Geology of the Thunder-Bay and Shabendowan Mining Districts on the North Shore of Lake Superior
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne 
Published: October 2009

Having recently had an opportunity of accompanying an exploring party to the north of Lake Superior, I take this occasion to give a brief geological account of the mining-districts of Thunder Bay and Shabendowan, both of which are likely to become ultimately of great importance. Though as yet very imperfectly explored, and still more imperfectly opened up and developed, the entire north shore of Lake Superior has already been shown to be intersected by numerous metalliferous veins, and promises to equal in richness the most celebrated mining-regions of the North American continent. At present, however, I shall confine my attention to the silver-bearing district of Thunder Bay, and the auriferous region which surrounds Lake Shabendowan.
Thunder Bay, Black Bay, and Neepigon Bay are three remarkable bays on the north shore of Lake Superior, almost shut off from the main lake by islands, and assuming more or less the character of independent lakes. The first of these is the most westerly, and is a beautiful sheet of water, about 28 miles in length and 12 miles across. On its northern shore are situated the settlements of Fort William and Prince Arthur's Landing, the ibrmer a Hudson's Bay port of comparative antiquity, the latter a newly established town, destined to be the centre of the silver-mining district. The chief river flowing into Thunder Bay is the Kaministiquia, a large and important stream, which drains a series of lakes lying to the north of Lake Superior, and which debouches into the latter at
On the Phosphatic Nodules of the Cretaceous Rock of Cambridgeshire
Authors: Fisher O. 
Published: October 2009

On the twenty-second of January 1868, during the discussion upon Mr. Judd's paper on the Speeton Clay, I was much struck with an observation by Prof. Phillips, that our ignorance of the origin of the phosphatic nodules occurring at many horizons was a reproach to geology. A very short time afterwards the subject was proposed for the Sedgwick prize at Cambridge for 1871; but no essay was sent in. I live in the midst of the so-called Coprolite pits of Cambridgeshire, and have had my attention directed to them continuously for some time, and in May last I communicated to the Society a paper respecting them, with diagrams kindly drawn for me by Mr. Martin, of Christ's College. In consequence, however, of information which has since come to my knowledge, I was led to obtain permission to withdraw this paper, which I now offer afresh, with such alterations and additions as seem to be required.
The Cambridgeshire phosphatic nodules, as is well known, are extracted by washing from the stratum (seldom much exceeding a foot in thickness) lying at the base of the lower chalk, and resting immediately, without any passage-bed, upon the Gault. There is, however, a gradual passage upwards from the nodule-bed into the lower chalk or clunch. The average yeild is abour 300 tons per acre; and the nodules are worth about 50 shillings a ton. The diggers usually pay about £140 an acre for the priveledge of digging, and return the land at the end of