bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOME CAUSEWAYS ON SAND FOUNDATIONS ACROSS RIVERS IN INDIA AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT TO SUBMERSIBLE BRIDGES. (INCLUDES PLATES).
Authors: GUPTA R B B B 
Published: June 2009

Synopsis. This Paper outlines the gradual development of vented causeways on sand foundations on the Grand Trunk Road across Indian rivers which are not snow-fed; such rivers have their sources in, and flow through, the old geological formation south of the Indo-Gangetic plain, the sand of their beds being of a coarse and heavy variety. Descriptions are given of the Sone, the Leelajan, and the Butane causeways. The latest designs of causeway, introduced in Bihar by the Author, and exemplified in the construction of the Subarnarekha and Torpa causeways, are described. The theoretical aspects of the designs are then discussed, with special reference to their stability against scour under foundation, safe bearing-pressure distribution, scour on the downstream side, and horizontal pressure due to moving water; formulae used in calculations are also noted. Costs of the two recently constructed works are given. The causeways are submerged on only a few occasions annually for brief periods and are, in effect, submersible bridges. In conclusion, it is suggested that this type of design be adopted for rapid construction when the plant and equipment required for high-level bridges with deep pier foundations are not available and where uninterrupted traffic is not essential.
BOND IN PRE-STRESSED CONCRETE.
Authors: ARMSTRONG W E I 
Published: June 2009

Synopsis. Existing literature on pre-stressed concrete failed to provide sufficient information on certain points which, basically, me dependent on the bond in pre-stressed concrete. Experiments were carried out, therefore, to investigate those points by further examination of the subject of the pre-stressed-concrete bond; those experiments are described in this Paper. The Paper enumerates the points which were investigated and, after dealing briefly with the variables concerned in the pre-stressed-concrete bond, describes the materials and apparatus used in the experiments, the methods of carrying out the tests and, finally, the experiments carried out, first on the materials and then on the test specimens and beams. A summary of the main conclusions reached is given at the end of the Paper.
EXTRACTION OF WATER FROM RIVERS IN INDIA FOR WATER-SUPPLY AND INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES.
Authors: BERRY W J 
Published: June 2009

Synopsis. Works for the intake of water from rivers in India for waterworks, power stations, and textile factories have to be designed to cope with the extreme variations in the flow conditions in such rivers; in fact, during the dry season it is often exceedingly difficult to obtain an adequate supply without sustaining heavy recurring expenditure. Several types of intake in general use are mentioned in the Paper, and it is shown that some are very inefficient when judged by their ability to admit the cleanest water during the monsoon and sand-free water during the dry season. These factors have to be considered in addition to head losses between river-level and the pumps, since, apart from the additional wear and tear in the pumping plant, the disposal of great quantities of silt and sand from the settling tanks at a large works over period of years can become quite a serious problem. In the latter part of the Paper a new type of intake is described, and it is claimed that, when used under suitable conditions, it has a much higher efficiency, judged by the standards laid down above, than many other types.
Modeling Exposure to Persistent Chemicals in Hazard and Risk Assessment
Authors: Cowan-Ellsberry Christina E , McLachlan Michael S , Arnot Jon A , MacLeod Matthew , McKone Thomas E , Wania Frank 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Fate and exposure modeling has not, thus far, been explicitly used in the risk profile documents prepared for evaluating the significant adverse effect of candidate chemicals for either the Stockholm Convention or the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. However, we believe models have considerable potential to improve the risk profiles. Fate and exposure models are already used routinely in other similar regulatory applications to inform decisions, and they have been instrumental in building our current understanding of the fate of persistent organic pollutants (POP) and persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals in the environment. The goal of this publication is to motivate the use of fate and exposure models in preparing risk profiles in the POP assessment procedure by providing strategies for incorporating and using models. The ways that fate and exposure models can be used to improve and inform the development of risk profiles include 1) benchmarking the ratio of exposure and emissions of candidate chemicals to the same ratio for known POPs, thereby opening the possibility of combining this ratio with the relative emissions and relative toxicity to arrive at a measure of relative risk; 2) directly estimating the exposure of the environment, biota, and humans to provide information to complement measurements or where measurements are not available or are limited; 3) to identify the key processes and chemical or environmental parameters that determine the exposure, thereby allowing the effective prioritization of research or measurements to improve the risk profile; and 4) forecasting future time trends, including how quickly exposure levels in remote areas would respond to reductions in emissions. Currently there is no standardized consensus model for use in the risk profile context. Therefore, to choose the appropriate model the risk profile developer must evaluate how appropriate an existing model is for a specific setting and whether the assumptions and input data are relevant in the context of the application. It is possible to have confidence in the predictions of many of the existing models because of their fundamental physical and chemical, mechanistic underpinnings and the extensive work already done to compare model predictions and empirical observations. The working group recommends that modeling tools be applied for benchmarking PBT and POPs according to exposure–emissions relationships and that modeling tools be used to interpret emissions and monitoring data. The further development of models that combine fate, long-range transport, and bioaccumulation should be fostered, especially models that will allow time trends to be scientifically addressed in the risk profile.
Revisiting Bioaccumulation Criteria for POPs and PBT Assessments
Authors: Gobas Frank APC , de Wolf Watze , Burkhard Lawrence P , Verbruggen Eric , Plotzke Kathleen 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Scientists from academia, industry, and government reviewed current international regulations for the screening of commercial chemicals for bioaccumulation in the context of the current state of bioaccumulation science. On the basis of this review, several recommendations were proposed, including a scientific definition for “bioaccumulative substances,” improved criteria for the characterization of bioaccumulative substances (including the trophic magnification factor and the biomagnification factor), novel methods for measuring and calculating bioaccumulation properties, and a framework for screening commercial chemicals for bioaccumulative substances. The proposed framework for bioaccumulation screening improves current practices by reducing miscategorization, making more effective use of available bioaccumulation data that currently cannot be considered, reducing the need for animal testing, providing simpler and cheaper test protocols for animal studies in case animal studies are necessary, making use of alternative testing strategies, including in vitro and in silico metabolic transformation assays, and providing a scientific foundation for bioaccumulation screening that can act to harmonize bioaccumulation screening among various jurisdictions.
Environmental Persistence of Organic Pollutants: Guidance for Development and Review of POP Risk Profiles
Authors: Boethling Robert , Fenner Kathrin , Howard P , Klečka Gary , Madsen Torben , Snape Jason R , Whelan Mick J 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Environmental persistence is an important property that can enhance the potential of a chemical substance to exert adverse effects and be transported to remote environments. The persistence of organic compounds is governed by the rates at which they are removed by biological and chemical processes, such as biodegradation, hydrolysis, atmospheric oxidation, and photolysis. The persistence workgroup in a recent Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Pellston workshop (Pensacola, FL, USA, January 2008) focused on evaluating persistence of organic compounds in environmental media (air, water, soil, sediment) in terms of their single-medium degradation half-lives. The primary aim was to provide guidance to authors and reviewers of chemical dossiers for persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances (PBTs) proposed for action. A second objective was to provide a summary of the current state of the science with respect to POP fate assessment. Assessing the persistence of chemical substances in the environment is not straightforward. A common misconception is that, like many chemical properties, environmental persistence is an inherent property of the substance and can be readily measured. In fact, rates of degradation of a substance in the environment are determined by a combination of substance-specific properties and environmental conditions. This article addresses how persistence can be evaluated based on an assortment of supporting information. Special attention is given to several critical issues, including transformation products, nonextractable residues, and treatment of uncertainty and conflicting data as part of a weight-of-evidence assessment.
Use of Measurement Data in Evaluating Exposure of Humans and Wildlife to POPs/PBTs
Authors: Swackhamer Deborah L , Needham Larry L , Powell David E , Muir Derek CG 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) recognized that POPs resist degradation, undergo long-range transport, and accumulate in remote ecosystems. The Stockholm Convention also acknowledged that indigenous communities, particularly in the Arctic, were at risk because of the biomagnification of POPs and contamination of their traditional foods. This recognition was largely based on environmental monitoring data and demonstrates the need to have adequate guidance on data collection and use. Although long-range transport, persistence, and bioaccumulation models are important for screening potential POPs and for assessing human exposure, environmental measurement data are needed to confirm predictions. Indeed the Stockholm Convention (Annex E) requires monitoring data for assessing “exposure in local areas and, in particular, as a result of long-range environmental transport.” However, there is relatively little guidance available on the most appropriate environmental measurement approaches, particularly for new candidate POPs, and on how to create a weight of evidence based on such data. We provide guidance on how to assess existing data that have been generated by monitoring programs and individual studies on the exposure of top predators and humans to candidate or potential POPs, as well as considerations for collecting new additional data. Our overall recommendation for assessing exposure in humans and top predators is to use or obtain direct measurements of the compound of concern from a significantly and uniquely exposed population (indigenous populations, remote populations), as well as data demonstrating biomagnification within food webs and time trends if possible. These data must be from the appropriate sample matrix type, collected and analyzed using accepted methodologies, reviewed for quality assurance, and interpreted correctly in order to be used to assess exposure.
Evaluation of Bioaccumulation Using In Vivo Laboratory and Field Studies
Authors: Weisbrod Annie V , Woodburn Kent B , Koelmans Albert A , Parkerton Thomas F , McElroy Anne E , Borgå Katrine 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
A primary consideration in the evaluation of chemicals is the potential for substances to be absorbed and retained in an organism's tissues (i.e., bioaccumulated) at concentrations sufficient to pose health concerns. Substances that exhibit properties that enable biomagnification in the food chain (i.e., amplification of tissue concentrations at successive trophic levels) are of particular concern due to the elevated long-term exposures these substances pose to higher trophic organisms, including humans. Historically, biomarkers of in vivo chemical exposure (e.g., eggshell thinning, bill deformities) retrospectively led to the identification of such compounds, which were later categorized as persistent organic pollutants. Today, multiple bioaccumulation metrics are available to quantitatively assess the bioaccumulation potential of new and existing chemicals and identify substances that, upon or before environmental release, may be characterized as persistent organic pollutants. This paper reviews the various in vivo measurement approaches that can be used to assess the bioaccumulation of chemicals in aquatic or terrestrial species using laboratory-exposed, field-deployed, or collected organisms. Important issues associated with laboratory measurements of bioaccumulation include appropriate test species selection, test chemical dosing methods, exposure duration, and chemical and statistical analyses. Measuring bioaccumulation at a particular field site requires consideration of which test species to use and whether to examine natural populations or to use field-deployed populations. Both laboratory and field methods also require reliable determination of chemical concentrations in exposure media of interest (i.e., water, sediment, food or prey, etc.), accumulated body residues, or both. The advantages and disadvantages of various laboratory and field bioaccumulation metrics for assessing biomagnification potential in aquatic or terrestrial food chains are discussed. Guidance is provided on how to consider the uncertainty in these metrics and develop a weight-of-evidence evaluation that supports technically sound and consistent persistent organic pollutant and persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemical identification. Based on the bioaccumulation information shared in 8 draft risk profiles submitted for review under the United Nations Stockholm Convention, recommendations are given for the information that is most critical to aid transparency and consistency in decision making.
Multimedia Partitioning, Overall Persistence, and Long-Range Transport Potential in the Context of POPs and PBT Chemical Assessments
Authors: Scheringer Martin , Jones Kevin C , Matthies Michael , Simonich Staci , van de Meent Dik 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
For the identification and assessment of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) chemicals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs), overall persistence (Pov) and long-range transport potential (LRTP) are important indicators. In this article we first give an overview of methods to determine Pov and LRTP and discuss the influence of multimedia partitioning of semivolatile organic chemicals (SOCs) on Pov and LRTP. Next, we summarize the most important features of various multimedia fate and transport models that can be used to calculate Pov and LRTP. Complementary to environmental fate models, field data provide important empirical information about the spatial distribution and time trends of SOC concentrations in the environment. We discuss the role of field data in the estimation of Pov and LRTP and give an overview of important field studies showing the levels and trends of various groups of chemicals in different parts of the world. Then, we address key topics in the field of PBT and POP assessment that require further research, such as the formation of transformation products, the influence of atmospheric aerosols on the degradation and transport of SOCs, and the effect of long-range transport by ocean currents. In addition, we describe the most important types of uncertainty associated with estimates of Pov and LRTP, which are mainly uncertainty of chemical property data and uncertainty of the design of environmental fate models. Finally, we illustrate the characterization of SOCs in terms of Pov and LRTP with the example of the consensus model for Pov and LRTP Tool that is provided by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Use of (Eco)toxicity data as screening criteria for the identification and classification of PBT/POP compounds
Authors: Solomon Keith R , Dohmen Peter , Fairbrother Anne , Marchand Marcelle , McCarty Lynn 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Characterization of “significant adverse ecotoxicological effects” of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) presents particular challenges. In the various international conventions on POPs and persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances, guidance on classification is not detailed and, in some cases, is unclear. This paper focuses on several key issues in relation to selection of assessment endpoints, use of appropriate effect measures, and uncertainty in the face of limited data. Because POPs are persistent and bioaccumulative, measures of effect should be based not on concentrations in environmental matrices but rather on residues in the body of the organism or in tissues that are causally linked to adverse responses. To obtain these data, currently used toxicity testing methods may need to be modified or substantiated by toxicokinetic information to ensure that substances with POP-like properties are adequately characterized. These data can be more easily matched to environmental monitoring measurements of body or tissue residues for the purposes of assessing whether adverse effects occur in the environment. In the face of persistence and accumulation in the food chain, and considering the extent and suitability of available data, a suitable policy on the use of uncertainty factors may need to be applied when making judgments about toxicity. This paper offers guidance that can be used to identify candidate POPs that have the potential to cause significant adverse effects in the ecosystem.
Integrated Approach to PBT and POP Prioritization and Risk Assessment
Authors: van Wijk Dolf , Chénier Robert , Henry Tala , Hernando Maria D , Schulte Christoph 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
This article summarizes discussions at the SETAC Pellston Workshop on “Science-Based Guidance and Framework for the Evaluation and Identification of PBTs and POPs” and provides an overview of other articles from that workshop that are also published in this issue. Identification of persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic substances (PBTs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and evaluation of their impact are more complicated than those for other chemicals and remain a challenge. The main reason for this is that PBT substance and POP assessment is associated with higher uncertainty and generally requires more data. However, for some data-rich PBTs and POPs, that identification and assessment of impact are feasible has been clearly demonstrated. New scientific developments and techniques are able to significantly increase the certainty of the various elements of PBT and POP assessment, and the current scientific literature provides many successful and illustrative examples that can be used as methodologies to build on. Applying multiple approaches for assessment is advisable, because it will reduce uncertainty and may increase confidence and improve the quality of decision-making.
Introduction to Special Series: Science-Based Guidance and Framework for the Evaluation and Identification of PBTs and POPs
Authors: Klečka Gary M , Muir Derek CG , Dohmen Peter , Eisenreich Steve J , Gobas Frank APC , Jones Kevin C , Mackay Donald , Tarazona José V , van Wijk Dolf 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
There is a growing sense of urgency among scientists and environmental policy-makers concerning the need for improving the scientific foundation supporting international regulations for identifying and evaluating persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) substances and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment. The current national and international regulations define PBTs and POPs in terms of fairly strict criteria that are based on the state of the science in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Since then, an evolution in the state of the science has produced new insights into PBT substances and an array of new methods to identify PBT chemicals. The development of regulatory criteria has not kept up with the rapid development in environmental chemistry and toxicology, and as a result, scientists often find themselves in the situation where guidance on PBT and POPs criteria is limited and, in some respects, out of date. With this background, a Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Pellston Workshop brought together experts from academia, government, and industry to reach consensus on the significance of advancements in our understanding of the behavior and potential impact of POPs and PBTs in the environment, the current understanding of the state of the science, as well as recommendations for policy-makers to improve and coordinate national and international regulations on this issue. The workshop builds on the outcome of a previous Pellston workshop, held in 1998, which focused on the evaluation of persistence and long-range transport of organic chemicals in the environment, and is linked to other recent Pellston workshops, among them the Tissue Residue Approach for Toxicity Assessment workshop held in 2007. The results of this workshop are conveyed in a series of 9 articles, published in this issue of Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, and describe the coordination of science, regulation, and management needed to more effectively achieve a common goal of managing chemicals on our planet.