bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE LEVEL OF RESERVE PROTEIN AS THE PROXIMATE FACTOR CONTROLLING THE TIMING OF BREEDING AND CLUTCH‐SIZE IN THE RED‐BILLED QUELEA QUELEA QUELEA
Authors: Jones P. J. , Ward P. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYChanges in the fat and flight muscle protein reserves of adult Red‐billed Queleas Quelea quelea were followed in two colonies in Tanzania and Botswana. At the start of a breeding attempt the protein reserves were higher that at any other time of the year, particularly in females which had heavier flight muscles (non‐fat dry weight) than did the (larger) males at that time. The pre‐breeding increase in the labile component of the muscle protein (the actual protein reserve) is calculated at 80% for females, but only 14% for males. The fat reserve was only increased slightly at the beginning of the breeding attempt.In both sexes, though for different reasons, the protein and fat reserves fell rapidly during the first few days of the attempt, in some individuals to dangerously low levels. During the incubation period there was rapid recovery while the situation during the rearing period appeared to vary between colonies.It is proposed that the proximate control of breeding is provided by the individual's own body condition, and particularly the state of its protein reserves. No environmental releasers are required for the birds to breed at the appropriate time of the year.Individual females producing two, three and four egg clutches differed in the rate at which their reserves fell during egg formation. The results are used to support the view that in this quelea the actual clutch‐size produced on any occasion is the largest the female can produce before becoming too enfeebled. Thus, clutch‐size appears to be determined phenotypically downward from a maximum which is indirectly under genetic control.
Constraints on, and determinants of, the annual number of breeding attempts in the multi‐brooded Black RedstartPhoenicurus ochruros
Authors: WEGGLER MARTIN 
Published: August 2010

With reference to models predicting patterns of reproduction in multi‐brooded species, I analysed some of the factors potentially affecting the number of breeding attempts per season made by female Black RedstartsPhoenicurus ochrurosin the central Swiss Alps. The maximum number of successful broods per female per season was three, the median two. The proportion of females initiating only a single clutch per season varied from 16 to 58% over 10 years. Variation in the frequency of single brooding between years was positively related to the date of the onset of breeding. Egg‐laying started after a temperature‐related threshold value was crossed in April. Females frequently re‐nested before fledglings of the previous brood were independent. Short interbrood intervals were associated with triple brooding. The interbrood interval shortened during the breeding season. Intra‐individual variation in the number of breeding attempts per season was partitioned according to female age, laying date of the season's first egg (standardized in relation to the median date of first laying within a year) and the occurrence of breeding failures before the ultimate nesting attempt. However, mortality during the season often terminated breeding early, in particular among novice breeder females. Seasonal reproductive success increased linearly with each additional breeding attempt. The productivity of a breeding attempt was independent of the time in the season. Increased reproductive effort affected neither current or future survival nor reproduction of females. The reproductive patterns and trade‐offs in multi‐brooded Black Redstarts contrast in many aspects with those found in single‐brooded species. They are in accordance with models predicting that multi‐brooded species are selected to start breeding as early as possible, continue breeding for as long as conditions are suitable, and save time by overlapping broods.
Combining input‐output analysis and micro‐simulation to assess the effects of carbon taxation on Spanish households
Authors: Labandeira Xavier , Labeaga José 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper explores the effects of a tax levied on Spanish energy‐related CO2 emissions. After justifying the relevance of carbon taxation in the Spanish context, we consider the introduction of a product (fossil‐fuel) tax with a rate obtained through the ‘actual damage cost’ method. Our empirical analysis proceeds in two stages. First, we employ an input‐output demand model to calculate the price changes after the introduction of carbon taxation. In a second stage, simulation with Spanish household micro‐data for 1994 yields the environmental and economic effects of a Spanish carbon tax. We find a limited short‐run reaction to the carbon tax, which hampers its environmental success. The carbon tax burden is, however, significant, with a proportional distribution across households.
The Proposed State Second Pension
Authors: Agulnik Phil 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe UK government has recently proposed radical changes in second‐tier pension provision, with the existing State Earnings‐Related Pension Scheme (SERPS) being replaced by a new State Second Pension (SSP). This paper sets out how the proposed scheme differs from its predecessor and describes the distributional effects of this reform. It shows that the SSP greatly increases the pension entitlements of low earners while maintaining existing benefit levels for higher earners. However, the higher contributions needed to pay for the new scheme mean that, after taking financing into account, people earning more than around £12,000 a year will lose out. Because of the upper limit to National Insurance contributions for employees, these losses will be greatest for people earning at the contribution ceiling.
Government Failure in Urban Transportation
Authors: Winston Clifford 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper assesses governmental performance in its investment, provision and regulation of urban transportation. Attention is given to public bus and rail transit and road transportation. Evidence based on urban transport in US cities reveals substantial allocative and technical inefficiencies that have led to large public transit deficits and severe highway congestion.I argue that it is futile to expect public officials to remedy the situation by pursuing more efficient policies such as congestion pricing and weighing costs and benefits when deciding transit service. The problem is that urban transportation policy is largely shaped by entrenched political forces that inhibit constructive change. The only realistic way to improve the system is to shield it from those influences and expose it to market forces by privatising it. This position is supported by empirical evidence based on simulations for the US and the UK's early experience with privatisation.
Targeting welfare in Italy: old problems and perspectives on reform
Authors: Baldini Massimo , Bosi Paolo , Tosi Stefano 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper has two principal objectives. Using a tax‐benefit microsimulation model and the 1998 micro data of the Bank of Italy survey of household income and wealth, we first study the distributional effects of the current Italian income maintenance system and highlight its main defects and limitations, concerning in particular its unequal coverage of the population and its low efficiency in fighting poverty. The second aim is to describe and analyse the reforms recently implemented in this field; in particular, the Italian government has reformed the targeting criteria and introduced three new cash transfers. We describe these reforms both in their institutional characteristics and in their likely distributional consequences, and examine whether and to what extent they are able to overcome the shortcomings of the current system.
The tax treatment of UK defined contribution pension schemes
Authors: Booth Philip , Cooper Deborah 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe paper aims to clarify the tax status of pension schemes in the UK and, by using economic and other arguments, to establish a theoretical benchmark that could be considered the ‘appropriate’ tax regime for pension saving. We consider existing tax regimes for saving (such as the ‘ISA’ regime) and theoretical regimes (such as a pure expenditure tax and a comprehensive income tax) and we compare the costs different tax regimes impose on defined contribution pension schemes.We conclude that an expenditure tax is an appropriate benchmark tax regime for pension saving, and that other tax regimes impose additional financial as well as administrative costs.
Left out in the cold? New energy tariffs, low‐income households and the fuel poor
Authors: Bennett Matthew , Cooke Dudley , Waddams Price Catherine 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwo new gas tariffs were introduced in 2000, with contrasting effects. One abolished a fixed standing charge, while the other, specifically targeted at low‐income consumers, introduced a preset charge, independent of fuel consumption, for eligible consumers. We analyse the effect of the abolition of the standing charge on different household groups, including the fuel poor, the current focus of government and regulatory policy. We find that while low‐income groups have benefited more than others from abolition of the standing charge, the fuel poor have gained less than average. We contrast this with the other targeted preset charge scheme.
Targeting fuel poverty in England: is the government getting warm?
Authors: Sefton Tom 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the cost‐effectiveness of the new Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (HEES), a key component of the UK government's Fuel Poverty Strategy. The impact on the fuel poverty gap is simulated using data on a large‐scale and representative sample of households in England. The scope for improving the scheme's targeting is considered by examining the optimal allocation of grants between households. The extent to which these potential gains might be achieved in practice using pragmatic criteria for distributing grants, and the implications of taking into account the dynamics of fuel poverty and the self‐selection of grant applicants, are also explored. The current scheme is unlikely to have a very significant impact on fuel poverty, and considerable gains could be achieved by redesigning HEES, although the paper also highlights the difficulties involved in efficient targeting, including some additional complications not encountered in the analysis of more traditional anti‐poverty measures.
Simplifying the personal income tax system: lessons from the 1998 Spanish reform
Authors: Levy Horacio , Mercador‐Prats Magda 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGovernments often try to reduce the complexity of personal income tax systems by decreasing the number of tax filings. The 1998 reform of the Spanish income tax system has followed this approach by adjusting withholding on earned income to the income tax liability. In this paper, we assess to what extent the reform has fulfilled its purposes, making use of a micro‐simulation tax‐benefit model for Spain, ESPASIM. The number of individuals exempt from filing a tax return has been reduced to around half of the total number of taxpayers. However, the quantity of tax returns sent to the tax administration has not changed so much because the new withholding system adjusts taxes for only 29 per cent of those exempt. Moreover, the new system increases the overall excess of tax withholding by 1.5 billion euro. We also study alternative reforms that could achieve better results than the one implemented.
The Distribution of Wealth of Older Self‐Employed Britons
Authors: Parker Simon C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLittle is known about the wealth of older self‐employed people, despite growing interest in this labour market group. This paper utilises the British Retirement Survey to fill the gap by providing novel estimates of their lifetime wealth. The findings dispel the idea that the self‐employed live in poverty; indeed, they seem to be a relatively wealthy group, holding a broad spread of assets and subject to moderate lifetime wealth inequality. These findings may help inform modelling of retirement behaviour of this group, as well as pension policy design.
Social Security Design in the UK: What is optimal?
Authors: Miles David , Sefton James 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper uses a simple model of how households at different points on the income distribution make decisions about saving and labour supply to illustrate some of the problems government faces in designing social security systems. We show simulation results, which highlight the costs and benefits of alternative pension and income support regimes, and analyse what is happening in the UK in the light of the results.
Does Privatisation Matter? The Long‐Term Performance of British Telecom over 40 Years
Authors: Florio Massimo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we offer and discuss new evidence on the performance of British Telecom (BT) before and after privatisation. We use a unique data‐set based on company accounts over 40 years (1960–99) and original additional company data on several variables. We focus particularly on output, prices, revenues, costs, employment, productivity, profits and investment. Our key findings are that operating profits (i.e. gross profits before interest and tax) were remarkably stable before and after divestiture, and that ownership change per se had little discernible impact on productivity trends, particularly between 1984 and 1991. Major changes in performance after 1991 were, however, related to variations in financial arrangements, competition and regulatory pressure. This allows us to regard the BT case history as a natural experiment on the relative importance of privatisation, liberalisation and regulation.
Comparing Investments in New Transport Infrastructure: Roads versus Railways?
Authors: Affuso Luisa , Masson Julien , Newbery David 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper contributes to the debate on investment in transport infrastructure and the allocation of public funds between road and railway projects. We model the two options and provide a consistent framework to appraise investment in typical new inter–urban road and rail projects. Our results suggest that road improvements have substantially higher returns than railway schemes. These findings cast doubt on the rationale of the new transport policy for the UK, which proposes to allocate more public funds to the (private) railways than total new investment in strategic roads.
Some Uses of Calcium Alginate Rayon
Authors: JOHNSON A. , SPEAKMAN J. B. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryCalcium alginate rayon, which is readily spun, possesses satisfactory elastic properties for weaving and knitting, but is dissolved by dilute solutions of alkali. After a number of alkali‐resistant alginate rayons had been developed9, attention was turned to the possibility of using calcium alginate rayon to produce special types of fabric by taking advantage of its defect. With the help of the rayon, simplified methods of making crêpes, astrakhans and pile fabrics have been evolved, and new methods of ornamentingtextile materials developed. In addition, a general method of making fabrics composed of entirely twistless yarns has been discovered. The special merit of these processes is that they can be carried out with all ordinary types of textile fibre, without introducing an extra process into the finishing routine, because calcium alginate rayon can be removed from fabrics by a normal scouring process.
Dyeing Unions containing Acrylic Fibres
Authors: Kramrisch B. 
Published: August 2010

Meetings of the Midlands Section held at the College of Technology, Leicester, on 1st October 1958, Mr, A. S. Cluley in the chair; of the Bradford Junior Branch held at the Bradford Institute of Technology on 6th November 1958, Mr. R. S. Harding in the chair; of the One‐day Conference of the West Riding Section held at the Bradford Institute of Technology on 7th November 1958, Mr. R. Heaton in the chair; of the Northern Ireland Section held in the Grosvenor Booms, Belfast, on 9th December 1958, Mr. W. J. Macnab in the chair; of the Scottish Section held at the St. Enoch Hotel, Glasgow, on 13th January 1959, Mr. W. G. B. Grant in the chair; and of the Scottish Junior Branch held at the Technical College, Paisley, on 11th March 1959, Mr. C. McNeil in the chairMethods of producing solid dyeings, two‐colour effects, and reserve effects on unions containing the acrylic fibres Orion 42, Courtelle, and Acrilan 16 and the acrylic eopolymer Acrilan along with wool, cotton, and cellulosic rayons are described. Reference is made also to the dyeing of unions of Acrilan with silk, nylon, Acrilan 16, Courtelle, and Orion 42 and furthermore unions of the latter three fibres with cellulose triacetate.
Fibre‐surface Contaminants on Wool and Their Effect on Shrinkproofing
Authors: Faenworth A. J. 
Published: August 2010

Normally processed wool fabric contains a small amount (about. 0.5–1%) of wax (shown by Täuber to be strongly adsorbed components of wool wax) which is removed by extraction with alcohols but. not by many other solvents. This wax contaminant affects resin adhesion, some shrinkproofing reactions, and dyeing rates. Ethanolic solutions of reducing agents and aqueous solutions of oxidising agents are able to shrinkproof unextracted fabric, despite the presence of residual wax. Their effectiveness is not due to removal of the natural contaminant during treatment.Small amounts of lubricant‐type surface contaminants, applied after mild chemical shrinkproofing treatments, restore the felting power of the treated wool. The effect appears to be due to modification of frictional properties by a lubricating action, although the restoration of the felting power occurs without alteration of the frictional coefficients measured by the capstan method. This raises doubts as to the relationship between such measurements and felting mechanism. More severe shrinkproofing treatments are generally unaffected by contaminants applied after treatment. Deliberately applied contaminants present before treatment can prevent the shrinkproofing reaction from occurring with both oxidising and reducing agents.
Testing and Analysis of Fibres and Finishes
Authors: LINDLEY F. W. 
Published: August 2010

Presented at a Symposium on ‘Modern Methods of Control in Dyeing and Finishing’ held by the Scottish Region in the Royal College of Science and Technology, Glasgow, on 3rd April 1964, Mr D. B. F. McAndrew in the chairAt every stage of textile processing and use it is an advantage to know the identity of the materials being dealt with. The paper refers to established schemes for fibre identification and outlines some of the techniques that can be used to identify fibres. It is emphasised that many fibres can be identified by fairly simple tests needing only inexpensive equipment. The effects of finishing treatments on the results of fibre identification should always be taken into account. Identification of textile finishing agents is becoming more and more difficult. New processes are continually being developed, but here again much can be done with simple equipment, using the procedures laid down in a number of identification schemes. Several schemes are based on extraction in a range of solvents, each of which is known to attack a certain group of finishes. An alternative scheme can be applied when only a small amount of fabric is available. In some instances the simple schemes for identification of fibres and finishes are not adequate and more complex methods must be used. Infrared analysis is growing in importance in dealing with these more difficult cases.
Package Dyeing of Carpet Yarns
Authors: Limbert Kenneth 
Published: August 2010

Presented at the half‐day symposium ‘Package Dyeing ‐ A Growth Area in Dyeing’, held by the Manchester Region, at Lancashire County Cricket Club, Old Trafford, Manchester, on 2 October 1974.Platt Longclose equipment for dyeing carpet yams in package form is described. The economic advantages of package dyeing in comparison with hank dyeing are indicated.
A Technical and Economic Appraisal of Yarn Package Dyeing
Authors: Chaplin H. , Park J. , Thompson T. M. 
Published: August 2010

A technical and economic appraisal has been made of dyeing a variety of yarns in package form. The philosophy of package dyeing has been discussed and package presentation has been considered. Future developments in the package dyehouse have been outlined together with possible processing routes.Although this study is concerned only with package dyeing, it is felt that some of the conclusions reached may, unfortunately, be equally valid for other sections of the UK dyeing and finishing industry.Greenfield studies have been undertaken, allowing for a number of processing options, from which detailed costings have been prepared. Based on these and taking current market conditions into consideration, the future of the yarn commission dyer seems uncertain. A greenfield dyehouse may only be feasible if it is used to service a yam production facility manufacturing high revenue products by modern techniques. Elimination of processes, especially winding, is essential.
Biodegradability of Azo and Triphenylmethane dyes by Pseudomonas pseudomallei 13NA
Authors: Yatome Chizuko , Ogawa Toshihiko , Koga Daishuke , Idaka Eiichi 
Published: August 2010

Biodegradability of dyes by Pseudomonas pseudomallei 13NA was examined by spectrophotometric and thin layer chromatographic methods. The results are summarized as follows:

Pseudomonas pseudomallei 13NA intact cells were responsible for the decolorization of p–aminoazobenzene, C. I. Acid Orange 7, C. I. Acid Orange 12, C. I. Acid Orange 20, C. I. Acid Red 88, C. I. Direct Red 28, C. I. Direct Yellow 4, C. I. Basic Violet 1, C. I. Basic Violet 3 and C. I. Basic Orange 21.
The half–decolorization time of the azo dyes used in this experiment showed good correlation with their molecular weights.
The detection of the reaction products of p–aminoazobenzene and C. I. Basic Violet 3 was examined by spectrophotometric and thin layer chromatographic methods. The results indicate the possibility of biodegradation of these dyes by Pseudomonas pseudomallei 13NA.
Factors Affecting Dye Transfer in Conventional Printing with Disperse Dyes
Authors: Biedermann W , Ischi A 
Published: August 2010

The conventional printing of polyester materials with disperse dyes and alginate thickeners has been studied. The factors governing dye transfer were investigated using isolated films of the thickener. Alginates block dye transfer completely. Special geometrical conditions in the thickener layer are postulated and substantiated to explain the printing process (G model, d/l ratio). A major factor is direct contact between dye and substrate.The geometrical model explains only some of the facts. At high concentrations of dye, structural changes (S effect), also reported by other authors, are observed in the alginate la yer. These changes make it easier for the dye to escape from inside the layer. Fixation accelerants are especially useful for demonstrating the S effect.The S concept is corroborated by kinetic observations and by the evidence of a system of channels inside the print film. Light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to identify the film structures and localise the dye.