bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Genus
Lonsdaleia and Dibunophyllum Rugosum
(McCoy)
Authors: Smith Stanley 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

Lonsdaleia
is a genus of the Rugose Corals of colonial habit belonging to the Clisiophyllidæ;
Dibunophyllum rugosum
is also a colonial coral and a member of the same family; but the other species of the genus
Dibunophyllum
are, with very rare exceptions, simple corals. My reasons for including a description of
Dibunophyllum rugosum
in a communication primarily dealing with
Lonsdaleia
are—the fact that the former was originally described by McCoy as
Lonsdaleia rugosa,
and that considerable confusion has arisen between it and the fasciculate forms of
Lonsdaleia
.

An acknowledgment of thanks is due, in the first place, to those gentlemen who have generously assisted me with the material of research. To Dr. A. Smith Woodward, Dr. F. L. Kitchin, Prof. T. McK. Hughes, and Mr. Leonard Gill, I am indebted for the use of specimens preserved in the British Museum (Natural History), the Museum of Practical Geology, the Sedgwick Museum (Cambridge), and the Hancock Museum (Newcastle-upon-Tyne). I am under special obligation to Dr. Smith Woodward and Prof. Hughes for access to the holotypes of species named by Phillips, Lonsdale, and McCoy. For placing at my disposal the results of their own collecting, I thank Mr. John Bishop, Mr. R. G. Carruthers, Mr. C. H. Cunnington, Mr. J. A. Douglas, Prof. E. J. Garwood, Prof. O. T. Jones, Mr. T. Herdman, Dr. Wheelton Hind, Prof. S. H. Reynolds, Prof. T. F. Sibly, Mr. C. T. Trechmann, Dr. A. Vaughan, Dr. A. Wilmore, and Dr. D. Woolacott.
I have myself
The Geology of the District between Abereiddy and Abercastle (Pembrokeshire)
Authors: Cox Arthur Hubert 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The area with, which this paper is mainly concerned is a strip of country about 5 miles long, bordering on the north-western coast of Pembrokeshire. The eastern end of this strip is about 6 miles south-west of Fishguard, while its western end lies some 4 miles north-east of St. David's. The country is represented on the 6-inch Ordnance Survey Maps, Pembrokeshire Sheets 8 S.W. & S.E., 15 N.W. & N.E., and comes within Sheet 40 (Old Series) of the 1-inch Geological Survey Map.
The district is one of low relief, lying as it does for the greater part between the 100- and the 300-foot contour-lines. The ground rarely falls below the former level, and accordingly the very irregular coast-line is largely formed by precipitous cliffs. The valleys are broad, and choked with Drift or alluvium; and, as the watershed (the average elevation of which is between 300 and 400 feet) lies only about 2 miles south of the coast, the few north-ward-flowing streams have very short courses and little or no erosive power. The streams are hence almost lost in boggy ground. The surface configuration has no very direct bearing on the geological structure, while inland exposures are poor and none too plentiful.
The district is several miles distant from the nearest railway. The population is scanty, and the only industry, apart from farming, is that connected with the diabase- or ‘granite’-quarries at Porth Gain, where there is a small harbour, the only one now used on this
The Paradoxidian Fauna of a Part of the Stockingford Shales
Authors: Illing Vincent Charles 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction and Previous Literature.
The strata which form the subject of this paper make up a small part of the Cambrian succession cropping out near Nuneaton, in the very heart of the Midlands. Here, an inlier of Cambrian age forms a narrow belt of country about 9 miles long, running in a general north-westerly and south-easterly direction, between the towns of Atherstone and Bedworth. On the north-eastern side lies the rolling plain of down-thrown Trias, while on the opposite, or south-western side, the highly-dipping Cambrian shales are unconformably overlain by the Coal Measures.
In the early Geological Survey publication of 1859, by H. H. Howell, these lower strata were not differentiated from the overlying Carboniferous System. The Lower Cambrian Quartzites were correlated with the Millstone Grit Series, while the immediately overlying shales were included in the Coal-Measure Shales proper. The next noteworthy contribution was the brilliant work of Samuel Allport in 1879, on the intrusive igneous rocks. To these he applied the term ‘diorites,’ distinguishing them from the doleritic type that usually occurs in the Carboniferous of the Midlands.
However, it was not until 1882 that Prof. Charles Lapworth and W. J. Harrison, noting the similarity of the quartzites of Lickey and Hartshill, investigated the area, and proved the bedded nature of the Lower Caldecote igneous rocks. Finally, by the discovery of Cambrian Lingulæ in the overlying shales at Stockingford Cutting, Prof. Lapworth was able to establish the true age of these beds. The same author divided the succession
The Inferior Oolite and Contiguous Deposits of the Doulting-Milborne-Port District (Somerset)
Authors: Richardson Linsdall 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
In a paper communicated to the Society in 1907, I gave an account of the Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of the district between Bath and Doulting. In another paper, also communicated to this Society, but fourteen years earlier, Mr. S. S. Buckman described the same series as developed in the neighbourhood of Sherborne. Between these two districts, however, is one concerning the Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of which comparatively little has been published. The object of the present paper is to make good this deficiency.
(i) Previous Literature.—The earliest reference to the Inferior Oolite and contiguous deposits of this district is contained in Conybeare & Phillips, ‘Outlines of the Geology of England & Wales’ 1822. These authors, however, only note (p. 255) that
‘Doulting hill is celebrated for its quarries of the Inferior Oolite, which here affords a valuable freestone,’
and describe the course of the main escarpment to the south—past Bruton, Castle Cary, and the Cadburys to Yeovil.
Sir Henry De la Beche gave a generalized section of the Jurassic rocks at Scale Hill, near Batcombe, a village between Doulting and Bruton (see map, fig. 1, p. 488). He estimated the thickness of the Inferior Oolite there at 55 feet, remarking that the upper part was ‘rubbly limestone’ and the lower part ‘oolitic [limestone].’ It is interesting to notice, in view of the occurrence of a clay-bed immediately below the Inferior Oolite in the railway-cutting at Doulting, that De la Beche also observed ‘thin seams
The Accessory Minerals of the Granitic Rocks of theEnglish Lake District
Authors: Rastall R. H. , Wilcockson W. H. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
For some time past both of us have been engaged in investigating the mineral composition of certain sands and sandstones. These researches, although quite independent, were carried on in the same laboratory, and in both cases similar problems were encountered as to the derivation of certain minerals, notably those that frequently occur as accessories in igneous rocks. It was found desirable, therefore, to make a study of these minerals in their original habitat: for this purpose certain typical granites and other rocks were treated by the methods described in the following pages, and the accessory minerals were isolated for detailed study and comparison. The results obtained were so interesting, and in some instances so unexpected, that it was determined to make a joint study of the accessory minerals of some well-defined group of rocks. For various reasons, the granitic intrusions of the English Lake District seemed to offer a promising field. In nearly all instances abundant material was already available, collected at various times within the last twelve years, in the course of work already published and for various other purposes.
The most important intrusions of the Lake District are, as is well known, the granites of Shap, Skiddaw, and Eskdale, and the Buttermere-Ennerdale granophyre. Most of these possess numerous apophyses, some acid, others more basic in character, as well as, in some instances, interesting variations within the mass of the rock. The intrusions generally known as the ‘microgranites’ or ‘felsites’ of Threlkeld and St. John's Vale, being
The Picrite-Teschenite Sill of Lugar (Ayrshire)
Authors: Tyrrell George Walter 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The association of teschenite and ultrabasic rocks (picrite and peridotite) in a single rock-body has now been established for several occurrences in the lowlands of Scotland. The Barnton occurrence, near Edinburgh, has been described by Sir Archibald Geikie,1 by Mr. J. Henderson & Mr. J. G. Goodchild, and by Mr. H. W. Monckton. At Blackburn, near Bathgate, occurs a picrite, which has been described by the first-named writer as a lava, but has recently been shown to be intrusive and associated with teschenite by the officers of the Geological Survey of Scotland. The famous picrite of Inchcolm, in the Firth of Forth, is well known from the descriptions of several observers. Dr. R. Campbell and Mr A. Stenhouse, however, in a recent detailed investigation of the island, have shown that at both the upper and lower contacts the picrite passes into teschenite. On the west coast, Dr. J. D. Falconer has described a picrite-teschenite sill at Ardrossan, intrusive into the Carboniferous Limestone Series: here again the ultrabasic rock occupies the central part of the mass. Recently the late R. Boyle drew attention to still another occurrence at Lugar, near Old Cumnock (Ayrshire). He described the passage of dolerite and basalt [teschenite] through doleritic picrite [theralite] to ‘segregated’ masses of peridotite or picrite. The ultrabasic rock occurs in the central parts of the mass, find passes gradually to less basic varieties towards both upper and lower contacts. A picrite associated with teschenite has-been discovered by Mr. E. M. Anderson
The Morphology and Development of the Ammonite Septum
Authors: Swinnerton Henry Hurd , Trueman Arthur Elijah 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

Several years ago one of us noted with particular interest the appearance of the sutures upon some badly-weathered ammonites. They were characterized by an absence of frilling and a simplicity of curvature strongly suggestive of the early stages in development. A preliminary enquiry was immediately made into the development of the sutures of
Dactylioceras
, and into the changes produced in the adult suture by filing the surface away in imitation of the process of weathering. This made it evident that the similarity already noted was not merely superficial, but had a widely-extended significance. It was with the view of establishing the extent and limitations of this similarity, as determined by variations in the shape of the whorl in different ammonites, that the present investigation was undertaken.

As the work advanced, the problem resolved itself into a study of the morphology and development of the septum as opposed to the suture-fine. The value of the latter has long been recognized, and a distinguished succession of workers, including Sowerby, Hyatt, Neumayr, and Buckman, have made very effective use of it in solving problems of ammonite affinities. On the other hand, and apart from the suture-line, the septum itself has been comparatively neglected, and much of the information which exists concerning it must be gleaned from figures, frequently undiscussed.
There has also been a limited discussion upon the mechanical conditions which have been concerned in modelling the septum, and upon the relations of newly-formed septa to their predecessors.
II. Methods of
The Carboniferous Limestone bordering the Leicestershire Coalfield
Authors: Parsons Leonard Miles 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
The area containing eight inliers of Lower Carboniferous rocks with which this paper deals is situated north and east of Ashby-de-la-Zouch. These inliers of Avonian rocks lie within a radius of 6 miles from Ashby-de-la-Zouch, and the area forms a quadrant with the line Ashby-Ticknall as the south-to-north radius, and the line from Ashby passing through Thringstone as the west-to-east radius.
The westernmost inliers, Ticknall and Calke, are in Derbyshire, as is also part of the Dimminsdale inlier. The Heath End stream which flows through the last inlier is there the county boundary. The eastern side of Dimminsdale and all of the remaining inliers, from Breedon to Grace Dieu inclusive, are situated in Leicestershire.
The Carboniferous Limestone of the area has been mentioned but briefly in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey, and the relations of the Lower Carboniferous to the Millstone Grit have not been definitely stated.

The original survey of the district was made by Edward Hull, and his results were published in 1860.
1
His map shows a ninth Carboniferous Limestone inlier situated north of Breedon-on-the-Hill, and south-east of Melbourne, but no description of it is given in the Memoir, and it is not shown in maps published more recently by the Geological Survey.

In the same Memoir (1860) a list of fossils obtained from Breedon and Breedon Cloud is given; but Hull considered the two Breedons to be alike stratigraphically, and the names of the fossils from the two places were put together
The Carboniferous Limestone Series on the South-Eastern Margin of the South Wales Coalfield
Authors: Dixey Frank , Sibly Thomas Franklin 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The outcrop of Carboniferous Limestone which is the subject of this communication extends from the valley of the Ewenny River about 3 miles east of Bridgend (Glamorgan) to the valley of the Ebbw River at Risca (Monmouth), a distance of about 19 miles from west-south-west to east-north-east.
1
It lies on the south-eastern margin of the South Wales coal-basin, and belongs in its western portion to the northern limb of the Cardiff-Cowbridge anticline (see map, fig. 1, p. 112).

The area within which this outcrop is comprised was mapped by the officers of H.M. Geological Survey (Dr. A. Strahan, Mr. R. H. Tiddeman, and Mr. T. C. Cantrill), in the course of the re-survey of the South Wales Coalfield, and the results were embodied in the official maps and memoirs.
2
The present paper supplements the description of the Carboniferous Limestone Series given in those publications, in the light of recent researches on the Carboniferous rocks of this country and Belgium by the late Dr. A. Vaughan and others.

The nature and significance of the broad variations shown by the Carboniferous Limestone Series in the extensive South Wales outcrops have been admirably defined by Dr. Strahan in the following words:—
‘The Carboniferous Limestone Series presented a succession of stages in development. The fullest development was exhibited in the southernmost occurrences, as regarded both the sequence and the thickness of zones. A second stage, showing an incomplete sequence and considerable attenuation, with indications of near-shore origin, was presented along parts of the
On the Occurrence of Extensive Deposits of High-Level Sands and Gravels resting upon the Chalk at Little Heath near Berkhamsted
Authors: Gilbert Charles Jesse 
Published: October 2009

The deposits hereafter described occur at Little Heath, on the north-east side of the valley of the Bulbourne, near Berkhamsted, at 550 feet above sea-level and in latitude 51° 45′ 45″ N.; longitude 0° 31′ 30″ W. (See D on the map, p. 34.) They rest upon the Chalk of the extensive tableland, which, gradually rising towards the north, culminates at the scarp of the Chiltern Hills. This scarp hereabouts has an average height of about 700 feet, but rises at the Ivinghoe Beacon to 808 feet.
The section to which attention is specially directed occurs in a pit that has been recently opened on Little Heath Common by the Heinel Hempstead Corporation, with the permission of Lord Brownlow, for obtaining supplies of road-metal.

A generalized section of this pit shows the following beds in descending order:—

Thickness in feet.

6. Surface-soil, with bleached Reading pebbles…bout
2

5. Pebbly clay and other glacial deposits, varying from
2 to 20

4. Stratified loamy sand
5 to 6

3. Stratified coarse gravel
17

2. Dark clay, with black-coated unworn flints and small well-rounded pebbles
6 inches

1. Chalk.

No. 6. Surface-soil, with bleached Heading pebbles.—This appears to be made up of a portion of the underlying beds, which has become disintegrated.
No. 5. The Glacial deposits.—These are somewhat
On a Deposit of Interglacial Lœss, and some Transported Preglacial Freshwater Clays on the Durham Coast
Authors: Trechman Charles Taylor 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction. The object of this paper is to describe some phenomena connected with the earlier Glacial deposits that are exposed on the Durham coast. The beds to which attention is more particularly directed form part of, or are connected with, a recently-discovered deposit of Scandinavian Drift. They comprise the following:—

(1)
A bed of material that, in chemical, physical, and stratigraphical characters, presents every appearance of complete identity with the true loess of the European Continent.

(2)
Some deposits of brown, grey, and bluish clay containing a varied assortment of organic remains, including shells of non-marine mollusca, ostracod valves, mammalian bones and teeth, trees, seeds, mosses, and other plant-remains: the whole having been transported by the advancing Scandinavian ice-sheet.

Both the above-mentioned deposits, in common with other phenomena connected with the earliest advance of the Scandinavian ice-sheet, are preserved in Preglacial hollows, valleys, and fissures in the Magnesian Limestone. All of them are earlier than, and completely underlie the later local Glacial accumulations, to which I gave the appellation of Main Drift, and containing local English and Scottish erratics. These erratics are completely wanting in the underlying earlier deposits with which this paper deals.
A few words in recapitulation of matter already published are necessary, in explanation of the peculiar features and mode of occurrence of the bed of Scandinavian Drift which is exposed on the Durham coast. Up to the year 1914, when I investigated and described this bed
A Rift-Valley in Western Persia
Authors: Shand S. James 
Published: October 2009

A rift-valley so small that its whole extent can be surveyed from the top of one of the bounding walls, so free from soil and vegetation that each fault can be traced by the eye and its hade and displacement measured directly, and so perfectly preserved that the fault-scarps retain the grooves produced by the friction of the sliding rocks, is surely a structure of no little interest. If the valley which I have to describe were in Europe instead of Persia, I do not doubt that it would attract its geological pilgrims and supply illustrations for the text-books for many years to come.
Asmari Mountain, near the oilfields of Maidan-i-Naftun in the Bakhtiari country of Western Persia, is an inlier of Oligocene limestone among the beds of the Fars System (Miocene). The only division of the latter system that comes into the question is the lower or gypsum series, consisting of bedded gypsum with intercalated shales and a few thin limestones. These beds are locally conformable to the Asmari Limestone, although the higher members of the system overlap the lower. The mountain is a ‘whaleback,’ 16 miles long and 3 wide at the middle, formed by a simple symmetrical anticline plunging at both ends. The northwestern end plunges rather steeply, and shows no abnormal structures; but the south-eastern end disappears more gradually, the axis dipping some 5° or 6° only, and here for a distance of 3 miles the fold has collapsed along its length, letting the gypsum-beds down
The Petrography of the Millstone Grit of Yorkshire
Authors: Gilligan Albert 
Published: October 2009

The term ‘Millstone Grit’ is applied to a series of beds which attain a thickness of 5500 feet in Lancashire, consisting of conglomerates, grits, sandstones, and shales with occasional thin impure limestones and beds of chert. It occupies a position in the geological sequence between the Yoredale or Pendleside Group and the Coal Measures. For the purposes of this investigation the base of the Millstone Grit in West and North-West Yorkshire has been taken at the base of the Ingleborough Grit, following the precedent of the Geological Survey as pointed out in the Memoir on the Ingleborough District, 1890, pp. 74–75. Since this is a coarse grit, easily traceable on account of its lithological characters and the bold escarpments to which it gives rise, it forms a good datum-line. The top of the series has been taken at the top of the Hough liock, where it can be seen to be overlain by the Lower Coal Measures, as at Whitehall Quarries, Horsforth, near Leeds. However, as no questions of correlation are involved in this work, the exact delimitations of the various beds is a matter of minor importance.
The Millstone Grit Series covers an area in Yorkshire alone of no less than 840 square miles, and is important physiographically, as it forms the capping of most of the hills of the Pennine Chain, such as Mickle Fell. Whernsicle, Ingleborough, Penygent, etc., and by its presence there preserves the more easily denuded strata below from a more rapid destruction.
Economically the
On
Syringothyris
Winchell, and certain Carboniferous Brachiopoda referred to
Spiriferina
D'Orbigny
Authors: North Frederick John 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In this paper an attempt is made to remove the uncertainty which has hitherto existed in the naming of the British species of
Syringothyris
and of certain Carboniferous brachiopoda referred to the genus
Spiriferina
.

Recent zonal work on the Carboniferous Limestone has demonstrated the desirability of (1) a more accurate knowledge of the essential characters of
Syringothyris
, and (2) of distinguishing names for the forms occurring at various horizons. In the case of the Spiriferids with a lamellose surface-ornament, it has been customary to refer them all to
Spiriferina
, because there was no other genus for their reception—although it had long been recognized that few, if any of them, really belonged to that genus.

When this investigation was commenced some years ago, it was intended to deal exhaustively with all the British Carboniferous shells referred to
Syringothyris
and
Spiriferina
, together with the relation of the latter to their pre-Carboniferous and post-Carboniferous representatives, and a preliminary paper dealing with the generic characters of
Syringothyris
was published in 1913.
1
Since that time, however, various circumstances have prevented its completion; and, when I resumed the work after returning to civil life, it seemed desirable to publish the results already obtained, leaving certain undecided matters relating to the extra-Carboniferous forms to be dealt with in a subsequent paper.

As it now stands, the paper includes:—

(1)

A general account of the genus
Syringothyris
.

(2)
A discussion of the British species of that genus and their classification: the detailed consideration