bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamic stretching of single cells for large population mechanical phenotyping
Authors: Gossett Daniel R. , Tse Henry T. K. , Lee Serena A. , Ying Yong , Lindgren Anne G. , Yang Otto O. , Rao Jianyu , Clark Amander T. , Di Carlo Dino 
Published: May 2012

Cell state is often assayed through measurement of biochemical and biophysical markers. Although biochemical markers have been widely used, intrinsic biophysical markers, such as the ability to mechanically deform under a load, are advantageous in that they do not require costly labeling or sample preparation. However, current techniques that assay cell mechanical properties have had limited adoption in clinical and cell biology research applications. Here, we demonstrate an automated microfluidic technology capable of probing single-cell deformability at approximately 2,000 cells/s. The method uses inertial focusing to uniformly deliver cells to a stretching extensional flow where cells are deformed at high strain rates, imaged with a high-speed camera, and computationally analyzed to extract quantitative parameters. This approach allows us to analyze cells at throughputs orders of magnitude faster than previously reported biophysical flow cytometers and single-cell mechanics tools, while creating easily observable larger strains and limiting user time commitment and bias through automation. Using this approach we rapidly assay the deformability of native populations of leukocytes and malignant cells in pleural effusions and accurately predict disease state in patients with cancer and immune activation with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 86%. As a tool for biological research, we show the deformability we measure is an early biomarker for pluripotent stem cell differentiation and is likely linked to nuclear structural changes. Microfluidic deformability cytometry brings the statistical accuracy of traditional flow cytometric techniques to label-free biophysical biomarkers, enabling applications in clinical diagnostics, stem cell characterization, and single-cell biophysics.
Evaluating the Participation of the Unemployed in Undeclared Work
Authors: Williams Colin C. , Nadin Sara 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper evaluates critically the major competing perspectives regarding the participation of the unemployed in undeclared work. These are firstly, the ‘marginalisation’ perspective which holds that the unemployed disproportionately participate in and gain from undeclared work, and secondly, the ‘reinforcement’ perspective which holds that the unemployed benefit less from undeclared work than those in declared employment, meaning that undeclared work reinforces, rather than reduces, the inequalities produced by the declared realm. Reporting the results of a 2007 Eurobarometer survey on undeclared work comprising 26,659 face-to-face interviews conducted in the 27 member states of the European Union, the finding is that the marginalisation perspective is applicable to Southern Europe and the reinforcement perspective to Nordic nations. However, in East-Central Europe and Western European nations, as well as the EU-27 as a whole, the marginalisation and reinforcement perspectives are not mutually exclusive but co-exist; the unemployed are more likely to participate in undeclared work but receive significantly lower earnings and gain less from undeclared work than those working undeclared who are in declared jobs. The outcome is a call for a new ‘reinforced marginalisation’ perspective which holds that the unemployed disproportionately engage in undeclared work but their participation reinforces their marginalised position relative to the employed. The paper then seeks tentative explanations for these findings.
Indentation-based methods to assess fracture toughness for thin coatings
Authors: Chen Jinju 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
There are many techniques to determine fracture toughness. Experimental simplicity and amenability to materials evaluation are features of general indentation testing. Sometimes indentation is the only practical means of obtaining fundamental information on critical lifetime-limiting damage modes in some ceramics and coatings. Fracture patterns are dependent on the indenter geometry and material properties. The analysis of interfacial toughness by indentation has been well documented. However, no such comprehensive review is available for the analysis of fracture toughness for thin coatings based on (nano)indentation. Therefore, this paper tends to fill this gap. The mechanisms of various crack patterns and existing models used to determine the fracture toughness have been discussed in this study.
A wide-angle dual-band infrared perfect absorber based on metal–dielectric–metal split square-ring and square array
Authors: Lee H M , Wu J C 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The optical properties of a dual-band plasmonic absorber are delineated numerically by employing a finite element method. Based on a metal–dielectric–metal scheme, the key structure consists of a lossless dielectric layer that is sandwiched by a silver split square-ring enclosing a silver square array and ground silver plane. The simulation results clearly show that near-perfect absorption efficiency can be realized for two absorption bands in the near-infrared wavelength range. The near-perfect absorption bands exhibit polarization insensitivity and wide-angle incidence. Notably, the absorption band is independently governed by the size of each part of the patterned films where the silver split square-ring determines the shorter wavelength band and the silver square determines the longer wavelength band, respectively. The repositioning of two near-perfect absorption peaks possesses a linear relationship that is related to the dimensions of the patterned silver layer. This allows for a flexible reconfigurability over the entire near-infrared regime.
A novel plasmonic resonance sensor based on an infrared perfect absorber
Authors: Li Guanhai , Chen Xiaoshuang , Li Oupeng , Shao Chengxue , Jiang Yuan , Huang Lujun , Ni Bo , Hu Weida , Lu Wei 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
We present an infrared perfect absorber model composed of gold nanobars and a photonic microcavity. The inevitable losses in metamaterials are taken as an advantage for high absorbance efficiency. By adjusting the structural geometry, the device can be used for refractive index sensing. In our calculation with a spacer thickness H = 90 nm it can yield more than 99% absorbance in the near-infrared frequency region. The full-width at half-maximum can be realized up to an extremely narrow value of 40.8 nm and the figure of merit can be obtained as high as 357. For sensing applications with a perfect absorber, our work can serve as a model of coupling between the localized surface plasmon within nanoparticles and the propagating surface plasmon along the planar metal layer. The novel concept has great potential to maintain its performance of localized surface plasmon in practical applications.
Anomalous bias-stress-induced unstable phenomena of InZnO thin-film transistors using Ta2O5 gate dielectric
Authors: Xu Wangying , Dai Mingzhi , Liang Lingyan , Liu Zhimin , Sun Xilian , Wan Qing , Cao Hongtao 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
InZnO thin-film transistors using high-κ Ta2O5 gate dielectric are presented and analysed. The large capacitance coupling effect of amorphous Ta2O5 results in fabricated devices with good electrical properties. However, an anomalous negative threshold voltage (V
th) shift under positive bias stress is observed. It is suggested that electron detrapping from the high-κ Ta2O5 dielectric to the gate electrode is responsible for this V
th shift, which is supported both by the logarithmical dependence of the V
th change on the duration of the bias stress and device simulation extracted trapped charges involved.
Novel growth of CuO-functionalized, branched SnO2 nanowires and their application to H2S sensors
Authors: Kim Sang Sub , Na Han Gil , Choi Sun-Woo , Kwak Dong Sub , Kim Hyoun Woo 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A novel growth method for CuO-functionalized, branched tin oxide (SnO2) nanowires was developed on the basis of a Cu-triggered tip-growth vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) process during annealing of Cu-coated SnO2 nanowires. The variation in annealing temperature changed the morphology, in which higher temperatures (⩾500 °C) are favourable for the formation of branches. From the observation of tip nanoparticles, we revealed that the growth of branches at 500 and 700 °C was dominated by base-growth and tip-growth VLS processes, respectively. The tip nanoparticles at 700 °C were mainly comprised of a CuO phase. We have demonstrated the potential applicability of the CuO-functionalized, branched SnO2 nanowires to H2S sensors. CuO functionalization significantly enhanced the response to H2S. In sharp contrast, it degraded the response to NO2, suggesting their selective sensing performance to H2S.
Evaluation of macroscopic polarization and actuation abilities of electrostrictive dipolar polymers using the microscopic Debye/Langevin formalism
Authors: Capsal Jean-Fabien , Lallart Mickaël , Galineau Jeremy , Cottinet Pierre-Jean , Sebald Gaël , Guyomar Daniel 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Electrostrictive polymers, as an important category of electroactive polymers, are known to have non-linear response in terms of actuation that strongly affects their dynamic performance and limits their applications. Very few models exist in the literature, and even fewer are capable of making reliable predictions under an electric field. In this paper, electrostrictive strain of dipolar polymeric systems is discussed through constitutive equations derived from the Boltzmann statistics and Debye/Langevin formalism. Macroscopic polarization is expressed as a function of the inherent microscopic parameters of the dielectric material. Electrostrictive strain, polarization and dielectric permittivity are described well by the model in terms of dipole moment and saturation of dipole orientation, allowing the physical definition of the electrostrictive coefficient Q. Maxwell forces generated by dipolar orientation inducing surface charges are also used to explain the electrostrictive strain of polymers. The assessment of this analysis through a comparison with experimental data shows good agreement between reported values and theoretical predictions. These materials are generally used in low-frequency applications, thus the interfacial phenomena that are responsible for low saturation electric field should not be omitted so as not to underestimate or overestimate the low electric field response of the electrostrictive strain.
THE NEXT GENERATION VIRGO CLUSTER SURVEY (NGVS). I. INTRODUCTION TO
THE SURVEY*
Authors: Ferrarese Laura , Côté Patrick , Cuillandre Jean-Charles , Gwyn S. D. J. , Peng Eric W. , MacArthur Lauren A. , Duc Pierre-Alain , Boselli A. , Mei Simona , Erben Thomas , McConnachie Alan W. , Durrell Patrick R. , Christopher Mihos J. , Jordán Andrés , Lançon Ariane , Puzia Thomas H. , Emsellem Eric , Balogh Michael L. , Blakeslee John P. , van Waerbeke Ludovic , Gavazzi Raphaël , Vollmer Bernd , Kavelaars J. J. , Woods David , Ball Nicholas M. , Boissier S. , Courteau Stéphane , Ferriere E. , Gavazzi G. , Hildebrandt Hendrik , Hudelot P. , Huertas-Company M. , Liu Chengze , McLaughlin Dean , Mellier Y. , Milkeraitis Martha , Schade David , Balkowski Chantal , Bournaud Frédéric , Carlberg R. G. , Chapman S. C. , Hoekstra Henk , Peng Chien , Sawicki Marcin , Simard Luc , Taylor James E. , Brent Tully R. , van Driel Wim , Wilson Christine D. , Burdullis Todd , Mahoney Billy , Manset Nadine 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS) is a program that uses the
1 deg2 MegaCam instrument on the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope
to carry out a comprehensive optical imaging survey of the Virgo cluster, from
its core to its virial radius—covering a total area of 104 deg2—in
the u*griz bandpasses. Thanks to a dedicated
data acquisition strategy and processing pipeline, the NGVS reaches a
point-source depth of g ≈ 25.9 mag (10σ) and a surface
brightness limit of μ
g
∼ 29 mag arcsec−2
(2σ above the mean sky level), thus superseding all previous optical studies of
this benchmark galaxy cluster. In this paper, we give an overview of the
technical aspects of the survey, such as areal coverage, field placement, choice
of filters, limiting magnitudes, observing strategies, data processing and
calibration pipelines, survey timeline, and data products. We also describe the
primary scientific topics of the NGVS, which include: the galaxy luminosity and
mass functions; the color–magnitude relation; galaxy scaling relations; compact
stellar systems; galactic nuclei; the extragalactic distance scale; the
large-scale environment of the cluster and its relationship to the Local
Supercluster; diffuse light and the intracluster medium; galaxy interactions and
evolutionary processes; and extragalactic star clusters. In addition, we
describe a number of ancillary programs dealing with “foreground” and
“background” science topics, including the study of high-inclination
trans-Neptunian objects; the structure of the Galactic halo in the direction of
the Virgo Overdensity and Sagittarius Stream; the measurement of cosmic shear,
galaxy–galaxy, and cluster lensing; and the identification of distant galaxy
clusters, and strong-lensing events.
Short-term, Mild Hypothermia Can Increase the Beneficial Effect of Permissive Hypotension on Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats
Authors: Li Tao , Lin Xiulai , Zhu Yu , Li Lijie , Liu Liangming 
Published: May 2012

Background
Our previous and other studies have shown that hypotensive or hypothermic resuscitation have beneficial effects on uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. Whether hypothermia can increase the beneficial effect of hypotensive resuscitation on hemorrhagic shock is not known.

Methods
Two-hundred and twenty Sprague-Dawley rats were used to make uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. Before bleeding was controlled, rats received normotensive or hypotensive resuscitation (target mean arterial pressure at 80 or 50 mmHg) in combination with normal (37°C) or mild hypothermia (34°C) (phase II). After bleeding was controlled, rats received whole blood and lactated Ringer's solution resuscitation for 2 h (phase III). The animal survival, blood loss, fluid requirement, cardiac output, and coagulation functions, as well as vital organ function, mitochondrial function, and energy metabolism of liver, kidney and intestines, were noted.

Results
Short-term, mild hypothermia before bleeding was controlled increased the beneficial effect of hypotensive resuscitation. Hypothermia further decreased blood loss, oxygen consumption, and functional damage to the liver, kidney, and intestines during hypotensive resuscitation, protected mitochondrial function and energy metabolism (activity of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase), and further improved survival time and survival rate (hypothermic/hypotensive combined group: survival rate, 9/10; survival time, 616 min; normothermic/normotensive group: 1/10, 256 min; hypothermic/normotensive group: 4/10, 293 min). Hypothermia slightly inhibited coagulation function.

Conclusion
Mild hypothermia before bleeding is controlled can increase the beneficial effect of hypotensive resuscitation on uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. The mechanism underlying the benefits of short-term hypothermia may be related to the decrease in oxygen consumption and metabolism, and protection of mitochondrial and organ functions.
Effect of sub‐core scale heterogeneities on acoustic and electrical properties of a reservoir rock: a CO2 flooding experiment of brine saturated sandstone in a computed tomography scanner
Authors: Alemu Binyam L. , Aker Eyvind , Soldal Magnus , Johnsen Øistein , Aagaard Per 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe effect of sub‐core scale heterogeneity on fluid distribution pattern, and the electrical and acoustic properties of a typical reservoir rock was studied by performing drainage and imbibition flooding tests with CO2 and brine in a laboratory. Moderately layered Rothbach sandstone was used as a test specimen. Two core samples were drilled; one perpendicular and the other parallel to the layering to allow injection of fluids along and normal to the bedding plane. During the test 3D images of fluid distribution and saturation levels were mapped by an industrial X‐ray CT‐scanner together with simultaneous measurement of electrical resistivity, ultrasonic velocities as well as amplitudes.The results showed how the layering and the flooding direction influenced the fluid distribution pattern and the saturation level of the fluids. For a given fluid saturation level, the measured changes in the acoustic and electrical parameters were affected by both the fluid distribution pattern and the layering orientation relative to the measurement direction. The P‐wave amplitude and the electrical resistivity were more sensitive to small changes in the fluid distribution patterns than the P‐wave velocity. The change in amplitude was the most affected by the orientation of the layering and the resulting fluid distribution patterns. In some instances the change due to the fluid distribution pattern was higher than the variation caused by the change in CO2 saturation. As a result the Gassmann relation based on ‘uniform' or ‘patchy' saturation pattern was not suitable to predict the P‐wave velocity variation. Overall, the results demonstrate the importance of core‐imaging to improve our understanding of fluid distribution patterns and the associated effects on measured rock‐physics properties.
True amplitude elastic Gaussian beam imaging of multicomponent walkaway vertical seismic profiling data
Authors: Protasov M.I. , Tcheverda V.A. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTWe develop the true‐amplitude prestack migration of multicomponent data based on the use of elastic Gaussian beams for walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) acquisition systems. It consists in a weighted summation of multishot data with specific weights, computed by tracing elastic Gaussian beams from each imaging point of the target area towards the sources and receivers. Each pair of beams may be connected with either a pair of P‐rays (PP‐image) or the P‐ray towards sources and the S‐ray to receivers (PS‐image) and is uniquely determined by dip (the angle of the bisector between the rays and the vertical direction) and opening (the angle between the rays) angles. Shooting from the bottom towards the acquisition system helps to avoid well‐known troubles, in particular multipathing for the imaging conditions in complex velocity models. The ability to fix the dip angle and implement summation over opening angles leads to the so‐called selective images that contain mostly interfaces with desired slopes. On the other hand, a set of images computed for a range of opening angles by summation over all available dip angles is used as input of an AVO‐like inversion procedure for the recovery of elastic parameters.The feasibility of this imaging procedure is verified by synthetic data for 2D realistic elastic models.
Transposon proliferation in an asexual parasitoid
Authors: KRAAIJEVELD KEN , ZWANENBURG BRECHTJE , HUBERT BENJAMIN , VIEIRA CRISTINA , De PATER SYLVIA , Van ALPHEN JACQUES J. M. , Den DUNNEN JOHAN T. , De KNIJFF PETER 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe widespread occurrence of sex is one of the most elusive problems in evolutionary biology. Theory predicts that asexual lineages can be driven to extinction by uncontrolled proliferation of vertically transmitted transposable elements (TEs), which accumulate because of the inefficiency of purifying selection in the absence of sex and recombination. To test this prediction, we compared genome‐wide TE load between a sexual lineage of the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina clavipes and a lineage of the same species that is rendered asexual by Wolbachia‐induced parthenogenesis. We obtained draft genome sequences at 15–20× coverage of both the sexual and the asexual lineages using next‐generation sequencing. We identified transposons of most major classes in both lineages. Quantification of TE abundance using coverage depth showed that copy numbers in the asexual lineage exceeded those in the sexual lineage for DNA transposons, but not LTR and LINE‐like elements. However, one or a small number of gypsy‐like LTR elements exhibited a fourfold higher coverage in the asexual lineage. Quantitative PCR showed that high loads of this gypsy‐like TE were characteristic for 11 genetically distinct asexual wasp lineages when compared to sexual lineages. We found no evidence for an overall increase in copy number for all TE types in asexuals as predicted by theory. Instead, we suggest that the expansions of specific TEs are best explained as side effects of (epi)genetic manipulations of the host genome by Wolbachia. Asexuality is achieved in a myriad of ways in nature, many of which could similarly result in TE proliferation.
Role of Advanced Glycation Endproducts and Potential Therapeutic Interventions in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Mallipattu Sandeep K. , He John C. , Uribarri Jaime 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIt has been nearly 100 years since the first published report of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) by the French chemist Maillard. Since then, our understanding of AGEs in diseased states has dramatically changed. Especially in the last 25 years, AGEs have been implicated in complications related to aging, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. Although AGE formation has been well characterized by both in vitro and in vivo studies, few prospective human studies exist demonstrating the role of AGEs in patients on chronic renal replacement therapy. As the prevalence of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in the United States rises, it is essential to identify therapeutic strategies that either delay progression to ESRD or improve morbidity and mortality in this population. This article reviews the role of AGEs, especially those of dietary origin, in ESRD patients as well as potential therapeutic anti‐AGE strategies in this population.
The Effect of Early Postpartum Home Visits by Health Visitors: A Natural Experiment
Authors: Kronborg Hanne , Væth Michael , Kristensen Ingeborg 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess if the absence of early home visits influenced the mothers’ breastfeeding duration and use of medical services.DesignData from mothers who had given birth during a strike period were compared with data from a reference period with usual work practice.SampleThe study included 3,834 newborn and 375 health visitors, 75 of whom worked during the strike period.InterventionAll families were offered nonstandardized home visits after discharge in the reference period. During the strike, the service was based on individual risk assessment.ResultsOverall, no difference in breastfeeding duration between the two periods was seen, but unvisited mothers in the strike period had shorter durations of full breastfeeding than a comparable group of mothers in the reference period (p < .005). Moreover, mothers in the strike period reported a significantly higher use of medical services. The mothers’ needs for postnatal visits differed depending on parity: primiparae underlined uncertainty, multiparae underlined previous breastfeeding experience. Mothers had missed out on guidance on all areas of the health visitors’ service.ConclusionNonstandardized home visits by health visitors were associated with a longer breastfeeding duration. The postnatal visits depended on parity and unmet needs increased the use of medical services.