bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of the dopamine 1 and dopamine 5 receptors increase skeletal muscle mass and force production under non-atrophying and atrophying conditions
Authors: Reichart Deborah L , Hinkle Richard T , Lefever Frank R , Dolan Elizabeth T , Dietrich Jeffrey A , Sibley David R , Isfort Robert J 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundControl of skeletal muscle mass and force production is a complex physiological process involving numerous regulatory systems. Agents that increase skeletal muscle cAMP levels have been shown to modulate skeletal muscle mass and force production. The dopamine 1 receptor and its closely related homolog, the dopamine 5 receptor, are G-protein coupled receptors that are expressed in skeletal muscle and increase cAMP levels when activated. Thus we hypothesize that activation of the dopamine 1 and/or 5 receptor will increase skeletal muscle cAMP levels thereby modulating skeletal muscle mass and force production.MethodsWe treated isolated mouse tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscles in tissue bath with the selective dopamine 1 receptor and dopamine 5 receptor agonist SKF 81297 to determine if activation of skeletal muscle dopamine 1 and dopamine 5 receptors will increase cAMP. We dosed wild-type mice, dopamine 1 receptor knockout mice and dopamine 5 receptor knockout mice undergoing casting-induced disuse atrophy with SKF 81297 to determine if activation of the dopamine 1 and dopamine 5 receptors results in hypertrophy of non-atrophying skeletal muscle and preservation of atrophying skeletal muscle mass and force production.ResultsIn tissue bath, isolated mouse TA and MG muscles responded to SKF 81297 treatment with increased cAMP levels. Treating wild-type mice with SKF 81297 reduced casting-induced TA and MG muscle mass loss in addition to increasing the mass of non-atrophying TA and MG muscles. In dopamine 1 receptor knockout mice, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus muscle mass and force was not preserved during casting with SKF 81297 treatment, in contrast to significant preservation of casted wild-type mouse EDL and soleus mass and EDL force with SKF 81297 treatment. Dosing dopamine 5 receptor knockout mice with SKF 81297 did not significantly preserve EDL and soleus muscle mass and force although wild-type mouse EDL mass and force was significantly preserved SKF 81297 treatment.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate for the first time that treatment with a dopamine 1/5 receptor agonist results in (1) significant preservation of EDL, TA, MG and soleus muscle mass and EDL muscle force production during periods of atrophy and (2) hypertrophy of TA and MG muscle. These effects appear to be mainly mediated by both the dopamine 1 and dopamine 5 receptors.
Virus-derived transgenes expressing hairpin RNA give immunity to Tobacco mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus
Authors: Hu Qiong , Niu Yanbing , Zhang Kai , Liu Yong , Zhou Xueping 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
An effective method for obtaining resistant transgenic plants is to induce RNA silencing by expressing virus-derived dsRNA in plants and this method has been successfully implemented for the generation of different plant lines resistant to many plant viruses.

Results
Inverted repeats of the partial Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) movement protein (MP) gene and the partial Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) replication protein (Rep) gene were introduced into the plant expression vector and the recombinant plasmids were transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation was carried out and three transgenic tobacco lines (MP16-17-3, MP16-17-29 and MP16-17-58) immune to TMV infection and three transgenic tobacco lines (Rep15-1-1, Rep15-1-7 and Rep15-1-32) immune to CMV infection were obtained. Virus inoculation assays showed that the resistance of these transgenic plants could inherit and keep stable in T4 progeny. The low temperature (15℃) did not influence the resistance of transgenic plants. There was no significant correlation between the resistance and the copy number of the transgene. CMV infection could not break the resistance to TMV in the transgenic tobacco plants expressing TMV hairpin MP RNA.

Conclusions
We have demonstrated that transgenic tobacco plants expressed partial TMV movement gene and partial CMV replicase gene in the form of an intermolecular intron-hairpin RNA exhibited complete resistance to TMV or CMV infection.
Bone Mass in Subjects with Klinefelter Syndrome: Role of Testosterone Levels and Androgen Receptor Gene CAG Polymorphism
Authors: Ferlin Alberto , Schipilliti Mirko , Vinanzi Cinzia , Garolla Andrea , Di Mambro Antonella , Selice Riccardo , Lenzi Andrea , Foresta Carlo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a chromosomal alteration characterized by supernumerary X-chromosome(s), primary hypogonadism, decreased pubertal peak bone mineral density (BMD), and accelerated bone loss during adulthood. Decreased bone mass has been traditionally related to low testosterone levels. However, testosterone replacement therapy does not necessarily increase bone mass in these patients, and low BMD can be observed also in patients with normal testosterone levels. The androgen receptor (AR) gene CAG polymorphism seems to modulate the sensitivity to testosterone and previous studies have related it to some clinical aspects of KS, to include BMD, gynecomastia, testes and prostate volume, and hemoglobin concentration.

Objective:
To analyze the relation between bone mass, testosterone, and AR CAG polymorphism in men with KS.

Design:
Cross-sectional cohort study.

Setting:
University department.

Patients:
One hundred twelve consecutive treatment-naïve 47,XXY Klinefelter patients (mean age 33.5 ± 4.7 yr) and 51 age-matched normal male controls.

Main Outcome Measures:
Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, CAG repeat length polymorphism, X-chromosome inactivation, and testosterone levels.

Results:
Forty-nine of 112 KS subjects (42.5%) had low bone mass (osteopenia or osteoporosis). Lumbar and/or femoral T-scores were lower in KS patients compared with controls. No significant relationship was observed between testosterone levels and bone parameters, and the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis was similar in subjects with normal and low testosterone levels (43.7% and 40.5%, respectively). The mean CAG repeat length calculated after X-chromosome inactivation analysis showed no differences between patients with normal and low bone mass.

Conclusions:
Testosterone levels and AR CAG polymorphism are not associated with bone mass phenotype in KS.
Adsorption of Lead(II) Ions onto Magnetite Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Xue Song , Lu Hai Jie , Zhu Lei , Liu Fei , Ren Jun Jun 
Published: January 2011

Magnetite nanoparticles were applied for the removal of lead(II) ions from aqueous solution as a function of pH, contact time, supporting electrolyte concentration and initial analytical Pb(II) ion concentration. The highly crystalline nature of the magnetite structure with pore diameters of ca. 10 nm was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The surface area was determined as 115.3 m2/g. The surface chemical properties of magnetite in aqueous solution at 25 °C were investigated. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the adsorption kinetics and adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) ions by the magnetite nanoparticles. The adsorption of Pb(II) ions was mainly governed by surface complexation, with the adsorption process being pH-dependent. In NaCl solutions, Pb(II) ion adsorption increased with increasing ionic strength; however, in NaClO4 solutions, Pb(II) ion adsorption exhibited little dependence on the ionic strength of the solution. Kinetic studies were performed to understand the mechanistic steps involved in the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetic data for Pb(II) ions were best fitted by the fractional power equation. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were applicable to the equilibrium adsorption process and the corresponding constants were evaluated. The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was found to be 0.1105 mmol/g for Pb(II) ions at a pH value of 5.0 and at 25 °C.
Sonic Quality in the Living Environment Traditional and Recent Urban Structures: Learning from the Past
Authors: Debache-Benzagouta Samira 
Published: January 2011

During the last 50 years, most Islamic countries have lost their urban and architectural heritage; they opted for a contemporary urban structure imported from Western countries; and, as a result, they lost their identity and missed the opportunity to preserve their valuable Islamic architectural heritage. Our cities are losing their historic styles and the impact of modernisation has led to a rupture of continuity between the inherited morphology and more recent urban structure. On the other hand, Western designers are impressed by Medinas and old cities; they are seeking and investigating established techniques and ways of construction which have proved their effectiveness and success. It seems that we have forgotten that traditional architecture proved its effectiveness in reducing heat, cold, noise, humidity, etc., inside buildings; that is an important message for modern designers. Our architectural heritage is a force that should link and connect past, present and future communities. This study investigates the acoustic comfort and design intentions of the traditional house; it compares techniques used for reducing noise in traditional local buildings and modern apartments and identifies how to integrate sonic quality to architectural design. This may provide an alternative approach for designers and developers who are able to create architecture that will be the heritage of tomorrow. Our research focuses on objective sound levels, in different indoor and outdoor spaces. In conjunction with these measures, we correlate the use patterns in different zones of the buildings and the effect of noise on the inhabitants. Our intention is to present a multidisciplinary study on sonic quality in housing and public spaces and to promote traditional ways of construction.
Coercive Forms of Sexual Risk and Associated Violence Perpetrated by Male Partners of Female Adolescents
Authors: Silverman Jay G. , McCauley Heather L. , Decker Michele R. , Miller Elizabeth , Reed Elizabeth , Raj Anita 
Published: January 2011

CONTEXT: Partner violence is associated with STDs among female adolescents, but the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Sexually coercive and deceptive behaviors of male partners that increase female STD risk may be factors in this relationship.
METHODS: A sample of 356 females aged 14–20 who attended adolescent health clinics in Greater Boston between April and December 2006 were assessed for physical and sexual violence perpetrated by male partners and for exposure to sexual risk factors. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between intimate partner violence and standard sexual risk behaviors (e.g., multiple partnerships) and coercive or deceptive sexual risk factors (e.g., coerced condom nonuse).
RESULTS: More than two‐fifths of the sample had experienced intimate partner violence. In adjusted analyses, adolescents reporting intimate partner violence were more likely than others to report standard sexual risk behaviors—multiple partners, anal sex and unprotected anal sex (odds ratios, 1.7–2.2). They also were more likely to report coercive or deceptive sexual risk factors—partner sexual infidelity, fear of requesting condom use, negative consequences of condom request, and coerced condom nonuse (2.9–5.3).
CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of intimate partner violence against young women attending adolescent clinics strongly indicates the need to target this population for abuse‐related interventions. This need is underlined by the observed association between partner violence and sexual risk involving coercion or deception by male partners. Clinic‐based STD and pregnancy prevention efforts should include assessment of sexual risk factors that are beyond the control of young women, particularly for those experiencing abuse.
Polycrystalline Modeling of the Effect of Texture and Dislocation Microstructure on Anisotropic Thermal Creep of Pressurized Zr-2.5Nb Tubes
Authors: Li W. , Holt R. A. , Tracy S. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
We have investigated the thermal creep of cold-worked Zr-2.5Nb tubes for a range of textures and stress states. The creep tests were performed on internally pressurized thin-wall standard (ratio of axial and transverse stress R≈0.5) and end-loaded (ratio of axial and transverse stress, 0.25&lt;R&lt;0.75) capsules 10 mm in diameter×40 mm long×0.5 mm wall-thickness at a stress of 300 MPa at 350°C where dislocation creep is the dominant operating mechanism. The tests showed an obvious correlation of anisotropic creep with the texture under different stress states. A self-consistent visco-plastic polycrystalline model based solely upon crystallographic texture showed a poor correlation with experimental results for radial basal textures, similar to that found previously for in-reactor creep. Hence texture alone is not sufficient to accurately predict the creep anisotropy. A modified self-consistent model is introduced to take into account different pre-existing anisotropic dislocation distributions (from cold-work) in different crystal orientations. Much better agreement with the experimental creep anisotropy was found, indicating that individual dislocation distributions in grains with different orientations are important in controlling the creep anisotropy. The predicted effect on creep anisotropy of introducing dislocation structures by a radically different strain path is very large.
Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome in 83 patients: novel HESX1 mutation and severe hormonal prognosis in malformative forms
Authors: Reynaud R , Albarel F , Saveanu A , Kaffel N , Castinetti F , Lecomte P , Brauner R , Simonin G , Gaudart J , Carmona E , Enjalbert A , Barlier A , Brue T 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundPituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a particular entity in the population of patients with hypopituitarism. Only rare cases have a known genetic cause.Objectivesi) To compare subgroups with or without extra-pituitary malformations (EPM) in a cohort of PSIS patients to identify predictive factors of evolution, ii) to determine the incidence of mutations of the known pituitary transcription factor genes in PSIS.Study designWe analyzed features of 83 PSIS patients from 80 pedigrees and screened HESX1, LHX4, OTX2, and SOX3 genes.ResultsPSIS had a male predominance and was rarely familial (5%). Pituitary hypoplasia was observed only in the group with EPM. Multiple hormone deficits were observed significantly more often with versus without EPM (87.5 vs 69.5% respectively). Posterior pituitary location along the stalk was a significant protective factor regarding severity of hormonal phenotype. A novel HESX1 causative mutation was found in a consanguineous family, and two LHX4 mutations were present in familial PSIS.ConclusionPSIS patients with EPM had a more severe hormonal disorder and pituitary imaging status, suggesting an antenatal origin. HESX1 or LHX4 mutations accounted for <5% of cases and were found in consanguineous or familial cases.
Cohesin Plays a Dual Role in Gene Regulation and Sister-Chromatid Cohesion During Meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Lin Weiqiang , Wang Mian , Jin Hui , Yu Hong-Guo 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Sister-chromatid cohesion mediated by cohesin ensures proper chromosome segregation during cell division. Cohesin is also required for postreplicative DNA double-strand break repair and gene expression. The molecular mechanisms of these diverse cohesin functions remain to be elucidated. Here we report that the cohesin subunits Scc3 and Smc1 are both required for the production of the meiosis-specific subunit Rec8 in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using a genetic approach, we depleted Scc3 and Smc1 independently in cells that were undergoing meiosis. Both Scc3- and Smc1-depleted cells were inducible for meiosis, but the REC8 promoter was only marginally activated, leading to reduced levels of REC8 transcription and protein production. In contrast, the expression of MCD1, the mitotic counterpart of REC8, was not subject to Scc3 regulation in vegetative cells. We provide genetic evidence to show that sister-chromatid cohesion is not necessary for activation of REC8 gene expression. Cohesin appears to positively regulate the expression of a variety of genes during yeast meiosis. Our results suggest that the cohesin complex plays a dual role in gene regulation and sister-chromatid cohesion during meiotic differentiation in yeast.
Augmented Annotation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Genome Reveals Additional Genes Required for Growth and Viability
Authors: Bitton Danny A , Wood Valerie , Scutt Paul J , Grallert Agnes , Yates Tim , Smith Duncan L , Hagan Iain M , Miller Crispin J 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Genome annotation is a synthesis of computational prediction and experimental evidence. Small genes are notoriously difficult to detect because the patterns used to identify them are often indistinguishable from chance occurrences, leading to an arbitrary cutoff threshold for the length of a protein-coding gene identified solely by in silico analysis. We report a systematic reappraisal of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome that ignores thresholds. A complete six-frame translation was compared to a proteome data set, the Pfam domain database, and the genomes of six other fungi. Thirty-nine novel loci were identified. RT-PCR and RNA-Seq confirmed transcription at 38 loci; 33 novel gene structures were delineated by 5′ and 3′ RACE. Expression levels of 14 transcripts fluctuated during meiosis. Translational evidence for 10 genes, evolutionary conservation data supporting 35 predictions, and distinct phenotypes upon ORF deletion (one essential, four slow-growth, two delayed-division phenotypes) suggest that all 39 predictions encode functional proteins. The popularity of S. pombe as a model organism suggests that this augmented annotation will be of interest in diverse areas of molecular and cellular biology, while the generality of the approach suggests widespread applicability to other genomes.
Transcriptional Networks for Alcohol Sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Morozova Tatiana V , Mackay Trudy F C , Anholt Robert R H 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Understanding the genetic architecture of polygenic traits requires investigating how complex networks of interacting molecules mediate the effect of genetic variation on organismal phenotypes. We used a combination of P-element mutagenesis and analysis of natural variation in gene expression to predict transcriptional networks that underlie alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster. We identified 139 unique P-element mutations (124 in genes) that affect sensitivity or resistance to alcohol exposure. Further analyses of nine of the lines showed that the P-elements affected expression levels of the tagged genes, and P-element excision resulted in phenotypic reversion. The majority of the mutations were in computationally predicted genes or genes with unexpected effects on alcohol phenotypes. Therefore we sought to understand the biological relationships among 21 of these genes by leveraging genetic correlations among genetically variable transcripts in wild-derived inbred lines to predict coregulated transcriptional networks. A total of 32 “hub” genes were common to two or more networks associated with the focal genes. We used RNAi-mediated inhibition of expression of focal genes and of hub genes connected to them in the network to confirm their effects on alcohol-related phenotypes. We then expanded the computational networks using the hub genes as foci and again validated network predictions. Iteration of this approach allows a stepwise expansion of the network with simultaneous functional validation. Although coregulated transcriptional networks do not provide information about causal relationships among their constituent transcripts, they provide a framework for subsequent functional studies on the genetic basis of alcohol sensitivity.
An Accurate Sequentially Markov Conditional Sampling Distribution for the Coalescent With Recombination
Authors: Paul Joshua S , Steinrücken Matthias , Song Yun S 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The sequentially Markov coalescent is a simplified genealogical process that aims to capture the essential features of the full coalescent model with recombination, while being scalable in the number of loci. In this article, the sequentially Markov framework is applied to the conditional sampling distribution (CSD), which is at the core of many statistical tools for population genetic analyses. Briefly, the CSD describes the probability that an additionally sampled DNA sequence is of a certain type, given that a collection of sequences has already been observed. A hidden Markov model (HMM) formulation of the sequentially Markov CSD is developed here, yielding an algorithm with time complexity linear in both the number of loci and the number of haplotypes. This work provides a highly accurate, practical approximation to a recently introduced CSD derived from the diffusion process associated with the coalescent with recombination. It is empirically demonstrated that the improvement in accuracy of the new CSD over previously proposed HMM-based CSDs increases substantially with the number of loci. The framework presented here can be adopted in a wide range of applications in population genetics, including imputing missing sequence data, estimating recombination rates, and inferring human colonization history.
Otitis Media with Effusion and Hearing Loss in Chinese Children with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Kwan Wendy M.Y. , Abdullah Victor J. , Liu Kelvin , Van Hasselt C. Andrew , Tong Michael C.F. 
Published: January 2011

Objective To determine the incidence of otitis media with effusion and the associated hearing loss, the rate of ventilation tube insertion, and complications of ventilation tube insertion in Chinese cleft palate patients. Design Retrospective review in a tertiary care hospital in Hong Kong. Patients A total of 104 consecutive patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate who were born between January 1996 and January 2006. Results The incidence of otitis media with effusion in Chinese cleft palate patients for the first 2 years after birth was 76.1%. Of these patients, 16.9% had otitis media with effusion associated with a moderate hearing loss (40 decibels hearing level [dBHL]). Approximately half (53.2%) of our patients had ventilation tube insertion. Complications including retraction, tympanosclerosis, and perforation of the tympanic membrane were found in 15.7% of all ears with otitis media with effusion and ventilation tube insertion. Conclusions The high incidence of otitis media with effusion in cleft palate infants found in this study is consistent with that reported in the Western literature. A small but significant proportion of otitis media with effusion was associated with moderate hearing loss that truly required surgical treatment. Cleft palate children are much more likely to develop otitis media with effusion than normal children, and they develop the condition at an earlier age. A protocol for the treatment of otitis media with effusion in cleft palate patients and further prospective studies are warranted.