bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological correlates of emotional lability in children with ADHD
Authors: Banaschewski Tobias , Jennen‐Steinmetz Christine , Brandeis Daniel , Buitelaar Jan K. , Kuntsi Jonna , Poustka Luise , Sergeant Joseph A. , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J. , Frazier‐Wood Alexis C. , Albrecht Björn , Chen Wai , Uebel Henrik , Schlotz Wolff , van der Meere Jaap J. , Gill Michael , Manor Iris , Miranda Ana , Mulas Fernando , Oades Robert D. , Roeyers Herbert , Rothenberger Aribert , Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph , Faraone Stephen V. , Asherson Philip 
Published: August 2012

Background:  Emotional lability (EL) is commonly seen in patients with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The reasons for this association remain currently unknown. To address this question, we examined the relationship between ADHD and EL symptoms, and performance on a range of neuropsychological tasks to clarify whether EL symptoms are predicted by particular cognitive and/or motivational dysfunctions and whether these associations are mediated by the presence of ADHD symptoms.Methods:  A large multi‐site sample of 424 carefully diagnosed ADHD cases and 564 unaffected siblings and controls aged 6–18 years performed a broad neuropsychological test battery, including a Go/No‐Go Task, a warned four‐choice Reaction Time task, the Maudsley Index of Childhood Delay Aversion and Digit span backwards. Neuropsychological variables were aggregated as indices of processing speed, response variability, executive functions, choice impulsivity and the influence of energetic and/or motivational factors. EL and ADHD symptoms were regressed on each neuropsychological variable in separate analyses controlling for age, gender and IQ, and, in subsequent regression analyses, for ADHD and EL symptoms respectively.Results:  Neuropsychological variables significantly predicted ADHD and EL symptoms with moderate‐to‐low regression coefficients. However, the association between neuropsychological parameters on EL disappeared entirely when the effect of ADHD symptoms was taken into account, revealing that the association between the neuropsychological performance measures and EL is completely mediated statistically by variations in ADHD symptoms. Conversely, neuropsychological effects on ADHD symptoms remained after EL symptom severity was taken into account.Conclusions:  The neuropsychological parameters examined, herein, predict ADHD more strongly than EL. They cannot explain EL symptoms beyond what is already accounted for by ADHD symptom severity. The association between EL and ADHD cannot be explained by these cognitive or motivational deficits. Alternative mechanisms, including overlapping genetic influences (pleiotropic effects) and/or alternative neuropsychological processes need to be considered.
An ERP study of coreference in Spanish: Semantic and grammatical gender cues
Authors: Silva‐Pereyra Juan , Gutierrez‐Sigut Eva , Carreiras Manuel 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe report two event‐related potentials (ERPs) experiments aimed to investigate the roles played by semantic and syntactic information during pronoun resolution. The first experiment was designed to show that ambiguity of the pronoun (e.g., word class ambiguity) makes an important contribution to the pattern observed in previous ERP studies. As expected, the results showed a different ERP pattern for ambiguous and nonambiguous pronouns. The second experiment analyzed pronoun resolution when gender agreement and animacy were manipulated, using only unambiguous pronouns. Results showed P600 effects at 500 to 700 ms and at 700 to 900 ms. Amplitude of the second window was significantly greater for animate than for inanimate antecedents. The modulation of the agreement effect by animacy suggests that repair processes after grammatical disagreement detection are influenced by semantics.
Frontotemporal anatomical connectivity and working‐relational memory performance predict everyday functioning in schizophrenia
Authors: Hanlon Faith M. , Houck Jon M. , Klimaj Stefan d. , Caprihan Arvind , Mayer Andrew R. , Weisend Michael P. , Bustillo Juan R. , Hamilton Derek A. , Tesche Claudia D. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractHippocampal (relational memory) and prefrontal cortex (PFC; working memory) impairments have been found in patients with schizophrenia (SP), possibly due to a dysfunctional connection between structures. Neuroanatomical studies that describe reduced fractional anisotropy (FA) in the uncinate fasciculus support this idea. The dysconnection hypothesis in SP was investigated by examining frontotemporal anatomical connectivity (uncinate fasciculus FA) and PFC‐hippocampal memory and their relationship with each other and everyday functioning. PFC‐hippocampal memory was examined with two working‐relational memory tasks: transverse patterning and a virtual Morris water task. SP exhibited a performance deficit on both tasks and had lower FA in bilateral uncinate fasciculus than healthy volunteers. Lower frontotemporal anatomical connectivity was related to lower working‐relational memory performance, and both predicted worse everyday functioning.
The cellular form of the prion protein is involved in controlling cell cycle dynamics, self‐renewal, and the fate of human embryonic stem cell differentiation
Authors: Lee Young Jin , Baskakov Ilia V. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPrion protein (PrPC), is a glycoprotein that is expressed on the cell surface. The current study examines the role of PrPC in early human embryogenesis using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and tetracycline‐regulated lentiviral vectors that up‐regulate or suppresses PrPC expression. Here, we show that expression of PrPC in pluripotent hESCs cultured under self‐renewal conditions induced cell differentiation toward lineages of three germ layers. Silencing of PrPC in hESCs undergoing spontaneous differentiation altered the dynamics of the cell cycle and changed the balance between the lineages of the three germ layers, where differentiation toward ectodermal lineages was suppressed. Moreover, over‐expression of PrPC in hESCs undergoing spontaneous differentiation inhibited differentiation toward lineages of all three germ layers and helped to preserve high proliferation activity. These results illustrate that PrPC is involved in key activities that dictate the status of hESCs including regulation of cell cycle dynamics, controlling the switch between self‐renewal and differentiation, and determining the fate of hESCs differentiation. This study suggests that PrPC is at the crossroads of several signaling pathways that regulate the switch between preservation of or departure from the self‐renewal state, control cell proliferation activity, and define stem cell fate.
Lies, Damned Lies and Statistics? Nineteenth Century Crime Statistics for England and Wales as a Historical Source
Authors: Walliss John 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCriminal statistics for England and Wales have been collected since 1810, presenting the historian of crime with a wealth of information on crime and criminality in the nineteenth century. Contemporary commentators as well as historians, however, have raised a number of questions about both the reliability and validity of the statistics, with some suggesting that they can tell us little or nothing about crime in the period. This article reviews this debate, describing both the development of criminal statistics over the course of the nineteenth century and examining the debate among historians about their relative utility in constructing an image of crime and criminality in the period.
Effects of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation and Aerobic Exercise Training on Arterial Stiffness and Autonomic Functions in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Dobšák Petr , Tomandl Josef , Spinarova Lenka , Vitovec Jiri , Dusek Ladislav , Novakova Marie , Jarkovsky Jiri , Krejci Jan , Hude Petr , Honek Tomáš , Siegelova Jarmila , Homolka Pavel 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNeuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of leg muscles has been introduced in clinical practice as a rehabilitation (RHB) method in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF); however, the role of NMES on the reduction of arterial stiffness and autonomic disbalance in these patients has not yet been studied. Sixty‐one patients with stable CHF (mean age 58.9 [2.1] years; mean ejection fraction 31 [4.2]%, New York Heart Association II–III) were randomly assigned into two groups. Patients in (i) exercise training group (ET; n = 30) underwent 12 weeks of bicycle ET (3 × 40 min/week); (ii) group NMES (n = 31) performed 12 weeks of NMES of quadriceps and calf muscles (frequency 10 Hz, mode “20 s on–20 s off,” intensity 60 mA), 2 × 60 min/day. Noninvasive assessment of arterial stiffness was done using the cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI). CAVI and heart rate variability (HRV) and were evaluated before and after RHB program. Both types of RHB reduced significantly CAVI (ET from 9.6 [0.2] to 8.9 [0.2], P < 0.012; NMES from 9.3 [0.2] to 8.7 [0.2], P < 0.013), increased high frequency (HF) component of HRV (+65.6%; P = 0.001) and decreased ratio of low frequency (LF) component with HF component (LF/HF ratio) in group ET (−39.8%; P < 0.001). Changes of HRV parameters in group NMES were not significant; however, a marked tendency to autonomic stabilization was present. Both types of RHB led also to significant increase of (ET from 18.7 [0.7] to 20.8 [0.7] mL/kg/min, P <  0.004; NMES from 17.3 [0.7] to 19.0 [0.7] mL/kg/min, P <  0.001). ET or NMES has been shown to improve significantly arterial stiffness and to stabilize autonomic balance.
Membrane Transport of Several Ions During Peritoneal Dialysis: Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Galach Magda , Waniewski Jacek 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPeritoneal dialysis utilizes a complex mass exchange device created by natural permselective membranes of the visceral and abdominal muscle tissues. In mathematical modeling of solute transport during peritoneal dialysis, each solute is typically considered as a neutral, independent particle. However, such mathematical models cannot predict transport parameters for small ions. Therefore, the impact of the electrostatic interactions between ions on the estimated transport parameters needs to be investigated. In this study, transport of sodium, chloride, and a third ion through a permselective membrane with characteristics of the peritoneal transport barrier was described using two models: a model with the Nernst–Planck (NP) equations for a set of interacting ions and a model with combined diffusive and convective transport of each ion separately (DC). Transport parameters for the NP model were calculated using the pore theory, while the parameters for the DC model were estimated by fitting the model to the predictions from the NP model. Solute concentration profiles in the membrane obtained by computer simulations based on these two models were similar, whereas the transport parameters (diffusive mass transport parameters and sieving coefficients) were generally different. The presence of the third ion could substantially modify the values of diffusive mass parameter for sodium and chloride ions estimated using the DC model compared with those predicted by NP. The extent of this modification depended on the molecular mass and concentration of the third ion, and the rate of volumetric flow. Closed formulas for the transport parameters of the DC model in terms of the NP model parameters, ion concentration profiles in the membrane, and volumetric flow across the membrane were derived. Their reliable approximations, which include only boundary ion concentrations instead of spatial intramembrane concentration profiles, were formulated. The precision of this approximation was demonstrated by numerical simulations of the investigated three‐ion system. Our modeling demonstrated that the fitted transport parameters depend not only on ion molecular weight but also on the characteristics and concentration of all other ions in the fluid as well as on the fluid flow rate through the membrane. Therefore, theoretical predictions of ion transport parameters need to take into account multi‐ionic character of dialysis and body fluids. The transport parameters estimated using the DC model for one ion may vary with the ionic composition, ion concentrations in the fluids, and volumetric flow and may not reflect the theoretical description of diffusive and convective characteristics of single ion.
Reevaluation of the Harboe Assay as a Standardized Method of Assessment for the Hemolytic Performance of Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Chan Chris H.H. , Hilton Andrew , Foster Graham , Hawkins Karl 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe Harboe spectrophotometric assay is regarded as one of the safest and most reproducible methods for measuring plasma free hemoglobin (pfHb). However, there is still some ambiguity in the application of the assay when assessing the hemolytic performance of ventricular assist devices (VADs). The purpose of this study was to reexamine and compare values of pfHb obtained using different concentrations of plasma diluent (Na2CO3) as cited by various studies such that a standard practice may be recommended for the application of the Harboe assay in the hemolytic evaluation of VADs, allowing reliable comparisons to be made between laboratories. As a means to examine the Harboe assay, a BioMedicus BPX‐80 was tested using both whole blood and a washed suspension of red blood cells (RBCs). Results show that for whole blood, the pfHb may be underestimated by 13–23%, dependent upon the concentration of Na2CO3 diluent solution. This trend was not observed for the washed suspension of RBCs. Furthermore, it is shown that the concentration of diluent influences the stability of a sample. The results of this study show that the problems associated with the incongruity of pfHb readings are a direct result of the precipitation of proteins from the plasma under alkaline conditions; as the molarity of the diluent controls pH, it becomes essential to use the appropriate concentration of Na2CO3 diluent in order to avoid turbidity of the solution and the consequent misrepresentation of pfHb values. Such standardization is pertinent when measuring the very low levels of pfHb observed during the in vivo testing of modern ventricular assist devices.
Miniaturization of Mechanical Circulatory Support Systems
Authors: Giridharan Guruprasad A. , Lee Thomas J. , Ising Mickey , Sobieski Michael A. , Koenig Steven C. , Gray Laman A. , Slaughter Mark S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractHeart failure (HF) is increasing worldwide and represents a major burden in terms of health care resources and costs. Despite advances in medical care, prognosis with HF remains poor, especially in advanced stages. The large patient population with advanced HF and the limited number of donor organs stimulated the development of mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices as a bridge to transplant and for destination therapy. However, MCS devices require a major operative intervention, cardiopulmonary bypass, and blood component exposure, which have been associated with significant adverse event rates, and long recovery periods. Miniaturization of MCS devices and the development of an efficient and reliable transcutaneous energy transfer system may provide the vehicle to overcome these limitations and usher in a new clinical paradigm in heart failure therapy by enabling less invasive beating heart surgical procedures for implantation, reduce cost, and improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Further, it is anticipated that future ventricular assist device technology will allow for a much wider application of the therapy in the treatment of heart failure including its use for myocardial recovery and as a platform for support for cell therapy in addition to permanent long‐term support.
Multifactorial etiology of interictal behavior in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Helmstaedter Christoph , Witt Juri‐Alexander 
Published: August 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Based on discussions on the so called “epileptic personality” in patients with epilepsy, interictal behavioral impairments in frontal and temporal lobe epilepsies were examined in a multivariate approach that took demographic, clinical, and neuropsychological determinants into consideration.Methods:  A total of 428 patients with epilepsies originating from the temporal (TLE; 84%) or frontal (FLE; 16%) lobes were examined in regard to personality (Fragebogen zur Persönlichkeit bei zerebralen Erkrankungen [FPZ], a clinical personality questionnaire) and mood (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI I]). Prevalence of impaired behavioral domains was determined. Etiologically relevant determinants of behavioral problems were identified via multiple regression analyses.Key Findings:  Elevated depression scores (BDI) were evident in 42% of the patients, and not different in TLE and FLE. In regard to personality, introversion together with low mood, sociability, and self‐determination, as well as problems with interpersonal communication were frequent. The TLE group tended to show greater neuroticism and introversion, while FLE appeared more associated with behavioral aspects of an organic psychosyndrome. Multivariate analyses revealed demographic characteristics (age, gender, education), clinical aspects (psychiatric history, affected hemisphere, mesial pathology, seizure frequency, cognitive functions), and treatment (antiepileptic drug treatment) as relevant determinants, explaining up to 30% of the behavior.Significance:  Behavioral abnormalities in patients with frontal or temporal lobe epilepsy are common but on the average mostly mild. Within a multivariate etiological model, localization (mesial yes/no) and lateralization (left > right) dependent behavioral problems in TLE and FLE seem to be overshadowed by other variables, of which patients’ and their families’ psychiatric history, patient characteristics and pharmacological treatment appear of major importance. Better education and cognitive capabilities may be discussed as protective features.
Teratogenesis in repeated pregnancies in antiepileptic drug‐treated women
Authors: Vajda Frank J. E. , O’Brien Terence J. , Lander Cecilie M. , Graham Janet , Roten Annie , Eadie Mervyn J. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Considerable information is now available concerning the risk of teratogenesis in the individual pregnancy exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, there is comparatively little information available concerning the risk in the subsequent pregnancies of women who continue to take the AED associated with a fetal malformation in a previous pregnancy. This article addresses this matter.Methods:  Analysis of data concerning fetal abnormalities in 1,243 women who had 2,637 pregnancies between mid‐1999 and 2010 recorded in the Australian Register of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy. Of the 2,637 pregnancies, 1,114 had been completed before initial enrolment in the Register.Key Findings:  Women taking any AED who had given birth to a malformed baby in their first enrolled pregnancy and who continue taking the same drug were at increased risk of having a malformed offspring in their next pregnancy (35.7% vs. 3.1%; odds ratio [OR] 17.6; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 4.5–68.7). Among these women, those taking valproate (VPA) were more likely to have malformed fetuses in their next pregnancies than those who had taken VPA without fetal abnormalities (57.2% vs. 7.0%, OR 17.8; 95% CI 2.7, 119.1). There were similar although not statistically significant trends in those who had taken AEDs other than VPA. Similar, although again not statistically significant, trends were found, when considering the pairings of the most recent preenrollment pregnancy and the following one. If a woman had two or more pregnancies that resulted in AED‐associated fetal malformation, the types of malformation were often different.Significance:  Women whose last pregnancy resulted in a fetal malformation have a substantially increased risk of having further malformed fetuses if they become pregnant again while taking the same AED, particularly VPA. This suggests that maternal factors, perhaps genomic, predispose to at least VPA‐associated malformations. This knowledge, together with information about the outcome of any previous pregnancy, should help in advising women with AED‐treated epilepsy who plan further pregnancies.
Prevalence of Frailty in Community‐Dwelling Older Persons: A Systematic Review
Authors: Collard Rose M. , Boter Han , Schoevers Robert A. , Oude Voshaar Richard C. 
Published: August 2012

ObjectivesTo systematically compare and pool the prevalence of frailty, including prefrailty, reported in community‐dwelling older people overall and according to sex, age, and definition of frailty used.DesignSystematic review of the literature using the key words elderly, aged, frailty, prevalence, and epidemiology.SettingCross‐sectional data from community‐based cohorts.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling adults aged 65 and older.MeasurementsIn the studies that were found, frailty and prefrailty were measured according to physical phenotype and broad phenotype, the first defining frailty as a purely physical condition and the second also including psychosocial aspects.ResultsReported prevalence in the community varies enormously (range 4.0–59.1%). The overall weighted prevalence of frailty was 10.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.5–10.9; 21 studies; 61,500 participants). The weighted prevalence was 9.9% for physical frailty (95% CI = 9.6–10.2; 15 studies; 44,894 participants) and 13.6% for the broad phenotype of frailty (95% CI = 13.2–14.0; 8 studies; 24,072 participants) (chi‐square (χ2) = 217.7, degrees of freedom (df)=1, P < .001). Prevalence increased with age (χ2 = 6067, df = 1, P < .001) and was higher in women (9.6%, 95% CI = 9.2–10.0%) than in men (5.2%, 95% CI = 4.9–5.5%; χ2 = 298.9 df = 1, P < .001).ConclusionFrailty is common in later life, but different operationalization of frailty status results in widely differing prevalence between studies. Improving the comparability of epidemiological and clinical studies constitutes an important step forward.
Communicating with Clinicians: The Experiences of Surrogate Decision‐Makers for Hospitalized Older Adults
Authors: Torke Alexia M. , Petronio Sandra , Purnell Christianna E. , Sachs Greg A. , Helft Paul R. , Callahan Christopher M. 
Published: August 2012

ObjectivesTo describe communication experiences of surrogates who had recently made a major medical decision for a hospitalized older adult.DesignSemistructured interviews about a recent hospitalization.SettingTwo hospitals affiliated with one large medical school: an urban public hospital and a university‐affiliated tertiary referral hospital.ParticipantsSurrogates were eligible if they had recently made a major medical decision for a hospitalized individual aged 65 and older and were available for an interview within 1 month (2–5 months if the patient died).MeasurementsInterviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using methods of grounded theory.ResultsThirty‐five surrogates were interviewed (80% female, 44% white, 56% African American). Three primary themes emerged. First, it was found that the nature of surrogate–clinician relationships was best characterized as a relationship with a “team” of clinicians rather than individual clinicians because of frequent staff changes and multiple clinicians. Second, surrogates reported their communication needs, including frequent communication, information, and emotional support. Surrogates valued communication from any member of the clinical team, including nurses, social workers, and physicians. Third, surrogates described trust and mistrust, which were formed largely through surrogates' communication experiences.ConclusionIn the hospital, surrogates form relationships with a “team” of clinicians rather than with individuals, yet effective communication and expressions of emotional support frequently occur, which surrogates value highly. Future interventions should focus on meeting surrogates' needs for frequent communication and high levels of information and emotional support.