bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES OF THE BRAIN, SENSE ORGANS AND LIGHT SENSITIVITY OF A BLIND CAVE FISH (TYPHLOGARRA WIDDOWSONI) FROM IRAQ
Authors: MARSHALL N. B. , THINES G. L. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The structures of the brain and sense organs of Typhlogarra widdowsoni, a blind cave fish from Iraq, are described and compared with those of Garra rufa, the nearest related species.
In Typhlogarra the optic lobes and eyes are very regressed. Only the lateral parts of the optic tectum are developed and these incompletely. The optic nerves do not connect with the brain and the different parts of the eye are not easily recognisable.
Experiments on the light sensitivity showed that Typhlogarra is slightly photonegative, but indifferent to the wave length. It is quite unlike Caeco‐barbus geertsi, a, blind cave fish from the Belgian Congo, which is markedly photonegative. Other differences in behaviour are also considered
More general comparison of Typhlogarra with other blind species re‐emphasises that such fishes are remarkably diverse in their biology.
SOME VARIATIONS IN THE MAXILLARY NERVE OF PRIMATES
Authors: ASHTON E. H. , OXNARD C. E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The maxillary nerve has been dissected throughout its course in representatives of the Prosimii (tree shrew, lemur, loris and galago); the Ceboidea (New World monkeys); the Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys), and the Hominoidea (chimpanzee, orang‐utan and man).
The maxillary trunk gives off the zygomatic and superior dental nerves before splitting at a variable point into nasal and labial divisions. The first is distributed to the side and vestibule of the nose and supplies the rhinarium if present. The second is distributed to the mystical vibrissae (if present) and to the skin of the cheek and upper lip—some of its branches being faaciculated with twigs of the facial nerve.
In the Prosimii, where a rhinarium is associated with an uncomplicated facial musculature, the nasal division is the bigger. Relatively few fibres of the labial division are fasciculated with twigs of the seventh nerve.
In monkeys where the rhinarium has disappeared and the facial musculature has increased in complexity, the labial division is the bigger and more of its fibres are associated with twigs of the facial nerve. In certain New World monkeys (Lagothrix, Saimiri and Ateles) many of these presumably proprioceptive fibres travel via the zygomatico‐facial nerve.
The further elaboration of the facial musculature in apes results in still more fibres being fasciculated with twigs of the seventh nerve, while in man, the trend continues further and the infraorbital plexus is more extensive than in any lower primate.
SHELL FORM, PALLIAL ATTACHMENT AND THE LIGAMENT IN THE BIVALVIA
Authors: Owen Gareth 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYExamples are given to show how in the Bivalvia, (a) changes in the form of the mantle/shell may affect the position of the adductor muscles, and (b) secondary extension of the primary ligament may limit the extent of pallial attachment in the anterior and posterior embayments of the mantle.Secondary extension of the ligament may take place by periostracum or by fusion layer but it is probable that only fusion layer is of functional significance. Where the outer surfaces of the outer folds of the mantle margins anterior and posterior to the mantle isthmus are fused, as in the formation of fusion layer, there is an accompanying loss of pallial attachment and in most, if not all bivalves, the pallial line extends to the anterior and posterior ends of the functional ligament whether this consists of primary ligament only, as in Mytilus edulis, or of primary ligament secondarily extended by fusion layer, as in Anodonta cygnea. The extent of the pallial muscles in the anterior and posterior embayments is therefore of use in distinguishing between (a) fusion of the inner surfaces of the outer folds (i.e. when the two valves are joined by periostracum) and (b) fusion of the outer surfaces of the outer folds (i.e. when the two valves are joined by fusion layer).Elongation of the mantle/shell on either side of the demarcation line results in a corresponding extension of the region of cross fusion of the pallial muscles in the anterior and posterior embayments. For functional reasons the adductor muscles develop new the anterior and posterior margins of the shell and as a result, in many bivalves pallial attachment extends beyond the adductors to the anterior and posterior ends of the functional ligament. This feature of pallial attachment in the Bivalvia appears to have been overlooked.
Observations on the Anatomy of a rare Cephalopod (Gonatus fabricii)
Authors: Hoyle William E. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.In addition to the general sketch of the anatomy of an interesting form, the preceding pages record the existence of several tracts of cartilage hitherto unobserved in the Cephalopoda, and give details regarding the structure of the pen‐sac and the development of the pen, as well as new facts regarding the structure of the funnel‐organ. The genus Gonatus is regarded as being somewhat more nearly related to Onychoteuthis than to Enoploteutkis, but as much further removed from both than they are from each other. The creation of the sub‐family Gonatidæ is held to be justified.
8. On the Segmentation of the Occipital Region of the Head in the Batrachia Urodela
Authors: F.Z.S. Edwin S. Goodrich M.A. F.R.S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The chief contents of this paper may be summarised as follows. Three occipital segments occur in the head of Amblystoma. Of the three somites developed in these, the first forms no muscle and disappears early the second forms a myotome divided into dorsal and ventral portions, of which the former alone persists, fusing with the myotome next behind. The myotome of the third segment persists dorsally, that of the first trunk‐segment combines with it to form the temporal longitudinal muscle supplied in the adult by the first spinal nerve. The glosso‐pharyngeal nerve belongs to the first metaotic segment and has no ventral root. To the second segment belongs the vagus root, with which seems to be combined the ganglia of the next two nerves. No ventral root was found in the second segment; but a ventral root occurs in the Iast metaotic segment in early stages of development. The first spinal issues from between the skull and first neural arch as a ventral root only; it joins the second spinal to form the hypoglossal nerve supplying muscles derived from ventral outgrowths of the second. third, and fourth myotomes. The basilar plate of the skull is formed by a backward growth of the trabeculæ: meeting a forward growth of the base of the orcipital arches. It fuses with the auditory capsules, and with the praæoccipital arches developed in the septum between the first and second myotomes. The occipital arches arise in the septum between the second and third myotomes. There is no evidence of the disappearance of segments behind the vagus, and no valid objection to the view that the hind limit of the skull may shift backwards or forwards in the course of phylogeny. At the same time there is no reason to suppose that the ancestors of the Amphibia had more than three occipital segments, when the occipital condyle became clearly defined.
Structure of the Alimentary Canal of the Stick‐Insect, Bacillus rossii Fabr.; with a Note on the Parthenogenesis of this Species
Authors: Cameron Alred E. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The alimentary canal of B. rossii presents us with much that is of interest. Its rectilineal shape is what we would naturally expect from the narrow elongated form of the insect. But the absence of a gizzard, together with the rudimentary digestive cæca and the presence of tubular filiform organs at once arrest attention. The anterior portion of the mid‐gut is puckered owing to the isolation of the circular muscle‐bundles. The Malpighian tubes are curiously grouped in bundles of from three to six, each bundle opening into the gut by a common duct. The small intestine is separated from the rectum by six powerful pyramidal valves. The internal wall of the crop telescopes into the lumen of the mid‐gut, and the telescoped portion is reflected on itself in a curious manner.The fact that the males of B. rossii are disappearing points to parthenogenesis not being the primitive method of reproduction, but suggests that the species has become adapted to it through the failure of sexual reproduction.
On the Nature of the Lateral Muscle in Teleostei.
Authors: Shann Edward W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The body‐wall of a Teleostean fish is composed on either side of a series of transverse muscles (myomeres) divided from one another by fasciæ of connective‐tissue (myocommata).For practical purposes these may be regarded collectively as forming a single lateral muscle.
The lateral muscle is composed of a single layer, which varies considerably in thickness in different parts of the body.
In its primary condition, such as obtains in the caudal region, it is divided into two symmetrical longitudinal moieties, which are separated by a horizontal septum passing from beneath the lateral line to the vertebral column.
The dorsal moiety is marked externally by a series of backwardly directed >‐shaped bands. By joining the apices of these >'s an imaginary line is formed dividing the dorsal moiety into a (dorsal) mesio‐dorsal portion and a (ventral) latero‐dorsal portion. In the mesio‐dorsal portion the muscle‐fibres run from above anteriorly to below posteriorly; in the latero‐dorsal portion they take the opposite inclination.Internally the mesio‐dorsal portion is recognised as a series of incomplete hollow pyramids, or cones, whose apices are directed posteriorly; while the latero‐dorsal portion is composed of a series of complete hollow pyramids, or cones, whose apices are directed forwards.The ventral moiety is likewise divided into a (dorsal) lateroventral portion and a (ventral) mesio‐ventral portion. The fibres of the latter, at first oblique, as they approach the middle line become straight, and resemble a rectus.
The above divisions of the dorsal and ventral moieties suffice for descriptive purposes; but, pending further evidence, they must be regarded as essentially empirical in nature.
Small cylindrical longitudinal muscles are frequently cut off from the mesio‐dorsal portion, along the mid‐dorsal line in the interspaces of the dorsal fins. These are the supracarinales of Owen.Similar muscles are frequently cut off from the mesio‐ventral portion along the mid‐ventral line. These are the infracarinales of Owen.
A small muscle, whose fibres are usually distinguished by their red colour, is cut off from the latero‐dorsal portion and occupies the slope of the furrow in which the lateral nerve is situated.A corresponding muscle is cut off from the latero‐ventral portion immediately below the lateral line.
A Monograph of Orycteropus afer.—II. Nervous System, Sense‐organs and Hairs
Authors: Sonntag Charles F. , Woollard H. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The external and internal anatomy of the brain have been described.
Characters suggesting Ungulate affinities have been found in the gyrus ambiens, in the fissuration of the cortex and in the distribution of the cortical areas.
Despite the high degree of osmatism, the brain as shown by the amount of cortical differentiation is by no means a very primitive one. On the other hand, it is much nearer the generalized type of Proto‐Oarnivore or Ungulate brain than is Sus communis, for instance.
The brain of Orycteropus has advanced sufficiently far from the generalized type to suggest that it was advancing along the line of the Ungulates.
The anterior olfactory nucleus appears to be the same structure which previous writers called the olfactory peduncle with its prolongation into the bulb. Since its cell type differs from the other secondary olfactory centres, and it is continuous with the cellular laminæ of the bulb, it more properly belongs to this structure than to the olfactory cortex.
It is thought that the wide extent and pattern of the secondary olfactory cortex needs no other explanation than the response to the macrosmatism.
The constitution of the amygdaloid nucleus conforms to the account given by Johnstone for other mammals.
38. On Marine Chironomidæ (Diptera); with Descriptions of a New Genus and four New Species from Samoa
Authors: Edwards F. W. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A general review is given of our present knowledge concerning marine midges in various parts of the world. These belong to several genera, and appear to have been derived from different branches of one tribe (Orthocladiariæ) of the family Chironomidæ. Some of the flies remain unmodified and may be found flying over rocks and seaweed; others have vestigial wings in one or both sexes, and these are found only at extreme low tides running on exposed rocks or over the surface of pools; none are truly submarine. The larvæ of these various species occur in all tidal zones, sometimes even those below the limit of exposure by the lowest tides. Among these species two new ones are described from British coasts and one from East Africa.Four new marine species are described from Samoa. One of these is known only from adult males captured on the wing, and belongs to the genus Clunio, hitherto believed to be solely European. The other three, of which both larvæ and adults were obtained, belong to a different tribe (Chironomariæ), and were taken among Halophila, a higher plant which grows in sea water on the reef. Two of these are normal air‐living flies, and are referred to the genus Tanytarsus. The third is submarine in all stages, and shows remarkable structural adaptations to this life. The male has greatly reduced wings and bare antennæ; it swims actively with its long legs. The female is without antennæ, mouth‐parts, wings, halteres, or functional legs, the front legs not even existing as vestiges. This submarine insect is described as a new genus and species, Pontomyia nutans, and reasons are given for believing that it has been derived directly from one of the species of Tanytarsus with which it is associated.
42. Growth‐changes in the Skull of the Baboon, Papio porcarivs*
Authors: Zuckerman S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
The prosthion‐inion length, the transverse diameter, and the basi‐bregmatic height continue to increase from birth until a time considerably subsequent to the eruption of the permanent teeth.
The varying proportions of face to cranium at the different stages of growth are demonstrated in the text and diagrams.
Virtually all the cranial sutures of the Baboon skull, unlike those of the higher anthropoids, are never completely occluded, even in the aged male.
The basicranial axis and its angles are of a type which finds its closest counterpart in those of the anthropoids.
The spheno‐maxillary angle in the Baboon has an average value of 90° 30′, and is therefore well within the human range. This angle, far from being “the most important angular measurement by which prognathism can be represented” (Duckworth), is worthless as a criterion of prognathism. It does, however, indicate the degree of “subgnathism.”
The spheno‐maxillary angle in the Baboon does not increase with the eruption of the permanent teeth and with the growth of the muzzle. This lack of increase during growth is explained by a downward rotation of the muzzle upon the basi‐cranial axis.
Flower's gnathic index is shown to be a reasonable criterion of the degree of prognathism in the Baboon skull.
Prognathism in the Baboon has been studied by means of the facial triangle (text‐fig. 7 and Table III.), which, in my opinion, expresses most clearly its nature and degree.
The growth‐changes in the cephalic index, temporal lines temporal fossæ, nuchal area, occipital plane, base of skull, and palatal and alveolar dimensions are of a nature comparable with the growth‐changes in the higher anthropoids.
An increase of 22 per cent. occurs in the volume of the endocranial cavity in the male Baboon, and 4 per cent. in the female, between the period of milk dentition and maturity.
This later brain‐growth takes place chiefly in the temporal lobes and cerebellum, and very slightly in the length and breadth of the cerebrum. No growth at all takes place in the height of the cerebrum above the subcerebral plane after the period of the milk dentition.
In conclusion I wish to express my indebtedness to Professor M. R. Drennan for his kindly advice and criticism during the progress of the investigation, and to Professor Raymond A. Dart, of the University of the Witwatersrand, for reading a draft of the paper and for valuable advice.
The Morphology of the Isopod Head.—Part I. The Head of. Ligia oceaniaa.
Authors: Jackson Harold G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
The external and internal features of the head of Ligia oceanica are described, and a terminology proposed for them and for similar structures in all terrestrial Isopods.
The 1st thoracic somite is shown to be distinctly demarcated from the head in this genus.
The “maxillosternal” framework and the endophragmal skeleton is described and its morphology discussed.
The mechanism and structure of the appendages of the head is described and compared with that of other Isopods.
The musculature of the head is described and its bearing on the form of the head and mechanism of the appendages is discussed.
The Biology ofDinocampus(Perilitus)rutilusNees, a Braconid Parasite ofSitona lineataL.—Part I.
Authors: Jackson Dorothy J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A review is given of the literature on the parasitism of Braconids of the generaDinocampusandPerilitus. The records at present available show that these insects are parasites of beetals, usually of the adult insect, but occasionally of the Iarva also.Dinocampus(Perilitus)rutilusis a prasite of adult weevils ofSitona lineata, and has also been obtained fromS. hispidula.This Braconid is common throughout the British Isles and is widely distributed in Europe.Both sexes are equally numerous, but parthenogenesis may occur. Only males have been reared from unmated females.The adult Braconids lived in Captivity usually about a fortnight, but a few survived for three or four weeks.The female effect oviposition in the apex of the abdomen of the host. pursuing the beetle assiduously until her. task is accomplished.The egg, when laid, is very small, but, after oviposition, the chorion expands and the egg enlarges to a remarkable degree, attaining to over a thousand times its original size.During the development of the embryo a cellular membrane may be distinguished immediately beneath the chorion, and the cells of this membrane increase in size as the larva develops.When fully formed, the larva ruptures the chorion and becomes free in the abdomen of the host.At the same time the cells of the embryonic membrane commence to dissociate and to become dispersed thronghout the bodycavity of the beetle.They assume a globular form and become of an opaque white colour, due to the presence of fatty matter, whicli they absorb from the body‐fluid of the host.As the larva grows, the cells increase in size and their nuclei become of irregulnr shape.In their later stages the cells of the embryonic membrane consist almost entirely of globules of a fatty nature. The membiaries of the cells become much stretched and rupture with the least pressure, so that the fatty contents are discharged into the body‐fluid of the beetle.When the Braconid larva is young, as many as 600 or 700 dissocaiated cells of the embryonic membrane have been counted within the body of the host, but as the larva grows the cells diminish in number.The dissociated cells of the embryonic membrane with their ingested fatty contents constitute the principal food of the larva in its later stages. Their remains may be found in numbers within the mid‐gut of the full‐grown larva.If the parasite larva happens to die when still young, the cells of the embryonic membrane dissociate and continue to develop, sometimes attaining to an abnormally large size.Clomparatively few observations have been made in regard to the dissociation of the embryonic membrane in other parasitic Hymenoptera, and, while opaque white globnles have been recorded as occurring in certain parasitized insects, they have usually been mistaken for “disorganised fat‐body” of the host.
10. On the Larva of the Poisonous Chrysomelid Beetle of N'gamiland, Africa
Authors: Maulik S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The larva has well‐developed spots and patches on the ventral surface only.
The head is well developed, without ocelli, and with normal mouth‐parts.
The legs are well developed; the tibia is produced into a blunt knob at the point of its articulation with the femur.
The tibia has at its apex a pad‐like structure and a strong claw.
A neat oval cocoon is formed of little bits of gravel in which the larva pupates.
The larva is able to live in the cocoon for a considerable period of time without turning into a pupa.
Outside the cocoon the larva rapidly degenerates and dies.
15. The Menstrual Cycle of the Primates.‐Part III. The Alleged Breeding‐season of Primates, with special reference to the Chacma Baboon (Papio porcarius)
Authors: Zuckerman S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.During March, April, and May of 1930 observations were made in South Africa on the Chacma Baboon (Papio porcarius).Baboon packs, in which were nursing females as well as females with sexual skin swelling, were seen in the Eastern and Western Provinces.On May 4th twelve females belonging to the same pack were killed near Grahamstown, in the Eastern Province. Four were non‐pregnant: one of these was menstruating, one was in the pre‐ovulation, and two in the post‐ovulation phase of the cycle. Five were pregnant: the first of these had an embryo 2·5 mm. in length, the second one of 16·5 mm., the third one of 19 mm., the fourth one of 65 mm., and the fifth an apparently full‐term male fœtus with a crown‐rump length of 230 mm. Three were lactating, and their babies were caught alive.Data are provided regarding the times of milk‐tooth eruption in baboons, indicating that two of the babies were about two months old and the third about four months.A complete reproductive cycle in the baboon—the shortest interval of time between two births by the same female—is approximately a year. The females shot on May 4th were representative of practically all stages of the cycle.This proves that the Chacma Baboon has no demarcated breeding season, but that it can give birth at any time of the year.The question of the breeding of other Old World primates is discussed. Records of monkey births in captivity indicate that most Old World primates can conceive at any time.The possibility that there exists a seasonal variation in the monkey's conceptility rate does not conflict with the underlying fact that, the baboon, and probably most other Old World primates, has no demarcated breeding‐season. There is a fundamental distinction between mammals with a fixed anœstrus, like the ferret, and mammals like the baboon that have no anœstrus.
Note on the Spinal Accessory Nerve of Long‐necked Ungulates.
Authors: Howell A. Brazier , Straus William L. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.In a llama the spinal portion of the accessory nerve was grossly absent. The sterno‐cephalic muscle was innervated by the second cervical nerve and, presumably, also by a branch from the bulbar portion of the accessory nerve.Consideration of the literature indicates that the gross morphology of the accessory nerve and its relation to the sterno‐cephalic and brachio‐cephalic muscles are extremely variable features in the longest‐necked ungulates (giraffe, camel, llama).Bibliography.