bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 The Ground for Divorce under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1937
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The 1937 Act introduced some additional grounds for divorce, but the process was still complex and difficult — requiring for example strict proof that one of the specified ‘offences’ had been committed, and also evidence that the parties had not ‘colluded’ in concocting a case. All this gave rise to much legal difficulty and the courts had to grapple with issues such as whether the fact that a man was insane (and thus not liable under the criminal law) also meant that he could not be guilty of the ‘offence’ of cruelty. And what degree of bad behaviour would give husband or wife the legal right to leave his or her spouse? This had to be distinguished from the ‘ordinary wear and tear of married life’.
8 The Family Justice Process 1900–1970
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The decision to grant a divorce was regarded as so important that only the High Court had the power to do so. But while this not only made the process very expensive, increasing demand (especially in war-time) led to the High Court being over-loaded. At the end of World War II, the Denning Committee insisted that it would be wrong to allow ‘inferior courts’ (such as the county court) to have the power to deal with divorce, but recommended that country court judges should be appointed as ‘Commissioners’s itting in divorce cases as if they were in the High Court. At the same time, there was compelling evidence that orders made by Magistrates’ Courts led to great hardship, and measures were taken to introduce what was described as conciliation into those proceedings.
9 Irretrievable Breakdown as the Ground for Divorce: The Divorce Reform Act 1969
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In 1969, Parliament passed the Divorce Reform Act, which was supposedly based on the principle that the fact that a marriage had irretrievably broken down should be a sufficient and exhaustive ground for divorce. But the process which led to this legislation — still in force in the twenty-first century — was lengthy and complex. Firstly there was a Royal Commission (which, once again, was divided); then a group appointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury gave its backing to the principle of ‘irretrievable breakdown’ as the only grounds for divorce; then the Law Commission considered that proposal, and a ‘compromise’ was reached. Eventually, after much manoeuvring, parliamentary approval was given, and the Bill was enacted. But what did it really mean? Did ‘easier divorce’ jeopardise the financial position of vulnerable women or the welfare of children? Criticism of the working of the law led to the passing of the Family Law Act 1996, but this has never been brought into force.
12 The Ending of Relationships by Death: The Financial Consequences
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Far more marriages end by death than divorce. But English law has traditionally adopted the principle of freedom of testation. What should happen if a testator’s will makes inadequate provision for family and dependants? Many people do not leave wills: the law prescribes how their property should be split up in that case. Only in 1938 did Parliament legislate to give the court powers to override the terms of a valid will or the statutory provisions for intestate distribution; but these proved inadequate to deal with the situations which could arise — especially post-World War II for non-marital families and in situations involving more than one marriage.
Cretan Women
Authors: Armstrong Rebecca 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book studies in detail the representations of Pasiphae, Ariadne, and Phaedra in Latin poetry. It investigates both the literary history of the myths (the Greek roots, the interactions between Roman versions) and their cultural resonance. In addition to close readings of the major treatments of each woman's story (in Catullus, Virgil, Ovid, and Seneca), the book offers extended thematic explorations of the importance of memory, wildness, and morality in the myths. By extending the net to encompass three women (all from the same ill-fated family), the book gives a clear picture of the complexity and fascinating interconnectedness of myths and texts in Ancient Rome.
Introduction
Authors: ARMSTRONG REBECCA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of Cretan myths. It then turns to the subject of this book: the myths of the Cretan women, Pasiphae, Ariadne, and Phaedra. An outline of the myths, Cretan women and Greek poets, Roman poets and the appeal of Crete are discussed. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Ariadne and Ovid
Authors: ARMSTRONG REBECCA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the depiction of Ariadne by Ovid. Ovid gives extended attention to the story of Ariadne in three of his works, following later events along the narrative line in later poems, moving from Ariadne freshly deserted in Heroides 10, to the approach of Bacchus in Ars Amatoria 1, to a later moment when she finds herself deserted once more, this time by her divine husband, in Fasti 3.2 Although the same, or similar, elements naturally recur in all three episodes, there is a palpable sense of difference and of development which can be perceived in Ariadne's movement from a well-known mythical figure speaking for herself, through an incarnation as didactic exemplum, and into the realization of a future life which, it turns out, cannot escape from its troubled past even whilst theoretical happiness and immortality beckon.
Terminal Problems
Authors: West Stephanie 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Closure has received increased attention since the publication of Frank Kermode's The Sense of an Ending (1967) and Barbara Herrnstein Smith's Poetic Closure (1968); many classicists owe to Don Fowler's work (Fowler (1989), (1997) = (2000), 239-83, 284-307) a heightened awareness of the topic's importance. This has led to some reluctance to acknowledge that quite a significant proportion of the major works of classical literature lack a marked conclusion. This chapter surveys lengthy narratives of various types and makes a few general observations. The desirability of unambiguous closure was plainly not self-evident. Early hexameter poetry exemplifies the unmarked ending; its techniques for concluding episodes are also appropriate for transitions. A listening audience would have only a very approximate idea when the bard might be expected to end his performance, and an experienced performer would himself be guided by the response of his audience in deciding when to stop and how to bring his performance to a close in a manner which would stimulate a desire for a further instalment. A strongly marked conclusion to a long narrative, summing up the significance of a long series of heroic actions, did not fit the circumstances in which our epics took shape and Herodotus pioneered European historiography.
The Monster and the Monologue: Polyphemus from Homer to Ovid
Authors: Hutchinson G. O 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The colourful career of the Cyclops in literary history strikingly exemplifies the complexities of Homeric reception. This chapter illustrates the value of narratological strategies, which have made such a vast contribution to the understanding of classical literature. It also suggests the value of extending narratology, and integrating it further with other types of criticism.
Low Words in High Places: Sex, Bodily Functions, and Body Parts in Homeric Epic and Other Higher Genres
Authors: Bain David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines six topics which, although they feature in higher literature, might be thought both beneath the dignity of their genres and to entail in consequence the use of indecorous vocabulary, for they involve passages in which cow dung, breasts, farting, animal sexuality, infantile incontinence, and urination are mentioned. It shows that writers in the higher genres were capable of dealing with such apparently intractable topics while both preserving the dignity of the diction and without having to resort to vulgarisms. In the case of those passages where epic is involved, the chapter scrutinizes Wackernagel's suggestion that epic, or more particularly Homeric epic, shows more ‘Dezenz’ than other branches of high literature. In his view of Homer he had a predecessor in Athenaeus (or a source of Athenaeus).
Housman’s Greek
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers Housman's writings in Greek. Before his election to the Chair of Latin at University College, London, in 1892, Housman wrote as much on Greek as on Latin. In his candidature for the Latin Chair he offered himself, if he were unsuccessful, as a candidate for the Chair of Greek, which was also vacant. After 1892 he wrote little on Greek, and, when asked why, he replied ‘I found that I could not attain to excellence in both’. But the little that he did write fostered in the minds of some of his contemporaries a belief in the continued excellence of his Greek.
Greek Tragedy: Text and Context
Authors: Garvie A. F 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Recent scholarship has insisted that, if we are to understand Greek tragedy correctly, we must get behind our own modern cultural assumptions, and recognize that it was written for an audience with a very different cultural background. That means that the proper way to study it is in the context of 5th-century Athenian civic democratic ideology. Few indeed have seriously questioned the ‘historicist’ approach to Greek tragedy. Conversely, the idea that it means almost as much to us in the 21st century as it did to the original audience, because human nature does not radically change from one generation to another, tends to be seen as old-fashioned, and ‘universalist’ has become almost a derogatory label. This chapter shows that there is still something to be said for the ‘universalist’ approach, and that the ‘historicist’ approach, if it is carried too far, can lead to wrong interpretations of a play. The two approaches can be combined, and the question is really one of priority.
‘Darkness, my Light’: Enigmatic Ajax
Authors: Instone S. J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores one dimension of the play, Ajax. The oddities of the play revolve around two central themes — life and death — or, more particularly, the value of being alive and the value of being dead. The cohesion of the play becomes more apparent, and some of the oddities mentioned less odd, if one sees Sophocles' depiction of Ajax as intending to suggest that a certain type of life is no better than death and that in some circumstances death can create a sort of ‘life’. Seen in this light, the apparently sharp distinction between life and death becomes less sharp, and Ajax's death becomes less of a dividing point in the play. The chapter shows how the text both of the Ajax and of other plays of Sophocles draws attention to this blurring of life and death.
Some Poetic Connections of Lycophron’s Alexandra
Authors: Hollis Adrian 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
It is not surprising that, of all the issues raised by the Alexandra, scholars should have devoted most time and effort to historical and geographical problems — to the identification of kings and political leaders lying behind the poet's riddles (e.g., 1441 ‘the Thesprotian and Chalastrean lion’, 1444 ‘the wolf of Galadra’), to Lycophron's account of the West and its relation to Timaeus, and, above all, his prophecy of Rome's future greatness (1226-30). All of these have been vigorously disputed, and three positions maintained: (a) the work should be ascribed in its entirety to Lycophron of Chalcis (first half of the 3rd century BC), said by external evidence to have been a member of the Pleiad, who came to Alexandria and helped to arrange the comic poets for the Library; (b) because of the historical references and the political understanding which it displays, the Alexandra could not have been composed before the second century BC, and therefore must come from the pen of ‘another Lycophron’, or else have been mistakenly ascribed to the famous Lycophron, so that we do not know the real author's name; (c) the main part of the Alexandra does indeed belong to the third century and Lycophron of Chalcis, but at least two passages (1226-80 and 1446-50) were added in the second century BC. This chapter attempts to place the Alexandra in the context of other Hellenistic poetry.
Thinking Responsibly about the Subject of Subjects
Authors: CLAPHAM ANDREW 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter revisits the question of what or who is a subject of international law. It suggests that the notion of subjects of international law is not helpful and proposes that international law is capable of granting rights and demanding obligations for any entity and the scope of those rights and obligations will depend in part on the capacity of the entity to bear them.
The Origins of Dispute: Blood and Earth
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The distinction between material and symbolic or psychological factors in unravelling the genealogy of disputes in traditional societies is largely artificial. The word credit applied to both reputation and financial solvency; its essence is captured by the French proverb ‘A good name is sufficient treasure’. Credit is both real and imagined. Nevertheless, clarity requires the origins of conflict to be divided into material and cultural factors. This chapter looks at disputes and violence related to kinship, land and property, and inheritance in France, along with marriage and succession, litigation, prelates, benefices, and tithes.
The Origins of Dispute: Status and Honour
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Honour is not simply a moral code regulating conduct, like magic or Christianity, it is a world view. Since physical courage and unwillingness to accept humiliation are essential to male honour, masculinity is closely associated with the right to violence. The French word for affront, injure, captures the sense of aggression and violence inherent in the impugning of honour: to take blood was an escalation of the exchange but it was not disproportionate to the initial offence. If pride and hubris were possessed in inverse proportion to wealth, then violence was often the only adequate means of gaining recognition of one's status. This chapter discusses disputes in France arising from social status and honour, honour as public property, and public proofs of status or recognition of honour among nobles.
Escalation: From Verbal Duel to Vindicatory Exchange
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Feud is often used as a convenient shorthand for its most violent manifestation, the vengeance killing. In early modern France, however, feuding was concerned as much with lawsuits and arbitration as with bloodletting. Crucial to modern understandings of the feud has been the relationship of hostility between rival groupings that was characterised by exchanges of defiance, antagonism, and coldness that escalated over time into public insults and attacks on property. Feuding did not necessarily involve bloodshed between the parties: a response had to be carefully considered, balancing the obligation to repair an injury against the implications of excessive force. This chapter discusses the role of insult in the narrative of dispute and the escalation of verbal duelling to vindicatory violence. It examines how insults trigger threats, intimidation, and displays of force, and how the parties to a feud exchanged attacks on property and servants. Lordship and protection, maiming, and humiliation are also examined.
Conspiracy
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Counsel is one of the most important, least understood, and most elusive elements of politics in early modern France. Table talk in all households revolved around plots and schemes designed to further the lineage at the expense of one's neighbour. Plots were disguised as fair duels or chance encounters. Behind much of the surviving evidence of face-to-face killing in this period lies the hidden history of calculation and conspiracy. One of the best documented vengeance killings of the 17th century involving two feuding families provides a good opportunity to explore the dynamics of family decision making and group solidarity. This chapter also discusses ambush and surprise attacks, use of disguise and concealment to commit crime, and escape of those who committed the crime.
The Rage of the Gods
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Where vengeance killings or duels took place in the full glare of the public gaze they were thereby legitimised. The ritual elements of combat have been exaggerated, but it is undoubtedly true that public acts of vindicatory violence contained a performative element. In France, verbal duelling was often the preliminary to an act of violence and when combatants stood face to face exchanges introduced the action. The rules of mounted combat were different from those on foot. Flight was obviously more of a possibility on horse than on foot, and a good horse could be a life-saver — making the horse itself a target. The festive and ceremonial calendar provided other opportunities for highly public demonstrations of power through display, intimidation, and violence. This chapter also examines the tendency of the victor to deprive the victim of the comforts of faith and subject him to humiliation, along with the desecration of the loser's dead body.
Peace
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The law was feared but widely despised, and not just because of its inefficiency and cost: peace was a Christian obligation and litigation best avoided. Repression had its limits and the law maintained order by promoting equilibrium: mediation and arbitration were encouraged by the ubiquity of royal letters of pardon. Mercy was a sovereign duty and a pillar of royal authority. Letters of remission proper were issued by the petty chanceries attached to Parlements for minor crimes and cases of accidental death and self-defence. Secondly, there were pardons or abolitions issued by the grand chancery under the aegis of the chancellor. Those who received remissions had immediate relief from criminal proceedings, which were suspended. This chapter also discusses reconciliation and settlement for cases except murder, along with reparation and satisfaction, in early modern France.
Violence and Royal Authority in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Unlike his predecessor, King Henri IV of France was a man whom even his enemies could respect; a fearless warrior and bon viveur who placed politics above religious scruple. Indeed after the final submission of the League in 1598, many former enemies became his comrades in debauchery. He was an active and efficient peacemaker, intervening personally in disputes, reviving the authority of the constable, promulgating two edicts against duelling, and sponsoring the idea of publicly funded attorneys for the poor. Yet there is compelling evidence for the continuation of feuding and the rise in the incidence of duels involving the nobles. This chapter examines violence and how royal authority in France intervened in feuds during the 17th century, violent acts committed by the noblesse de robe, violence against fiscal officials, and the king's concern for the repression of the injustice and oppression of the grandees.
The Plurinational State: A Normative Challenge
Authors: TIERNEY STEPHEN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses the continued resilience of nationalism and national identity and explores how theorists of nationalism from the liberal tradition have constructed an argument to the effect that sub-state national societies constitute a discrete category of policy. The liberal nationalist argument defended in this first part of the book is that their historical and societal particularity, coupled with the dissatisfaction felt by many sub-state national societies with regard to their current institutional arrangements, entitles these societies to distinctive constitutional accommodation within the host states, in particular, by way of recognition, representation, and autonomy. This chapter develops two additional parts of this argument which build upon the notion of sub-state national societies as a particular type of polity. In constructing this argument, the chapter critiques the failure of traditional liberalism to recognize the role played by sub-state national societies in the lives of their members, and its tendency to stereotype sub-state nationalism in a negative way.
Sub-state National Societies and Contemporary Challenges to the Nation-state
Authors: TIERNEY STEPHEN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter illustrates that sub-state national societies in states such as Canada, Spain, and the UK are fully engaged with the modern challenges which face any polity in the age of ‘late sovereignty’, where the power of the nation-state is declining but where it still retains considerable resilience. The chapter addresses the way in which contemporary sub-state national demands for better constitutional accommodation require to be located within the context of a global political and legal environment which is itself rapidly changing. It also considers the ways in which sub-state national societies challenge the normative underpinning of constitutional praxis in plurinational states, focusing on the controversy surrounding the question of ‘sovereignty’ in these states.
The Process of Constitutional Change in Plurinational States
Authors: TIERNEY STEPHEN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter addresses the processes by which constitutions have recently been amended in plurinational states. It considers the process of constitutional change in terms of two sets of important relationships. The first, which recalls the principles of self-determination, representation, recognition, and reciprocity, is the set of relationships between the sub-state national society and the host state. The second set of important relationships concerns the interaction of government and citizen.
Meanings of Manhood in Early Modern England
Authors: Shepard Alexandra 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book explores the diverse and varied meanings of manhood in early modern England, and their complex and often contested relationship with patriarchal principles, in order to add a new dimension to our understanding of gender relations. Using social, political, and medical commentary, alongside evidence of social practice derived from court records, the book argues that patriarchal ideology contained numerous contradictions, and that, while males were its primary beneficiaries, it was undermined and opposed by men as well as women. Patriarchal concepts of manhood existed in tension both with anti-patriarchal forms of resistance and with alternative codes of manhood, which were sometimes primarily defined independently of patriarchal imperatives. As a result the differences within each sex, as well as between them, were intrinsic to the practice of patriarchy and the social distribution of its dividends in early modern England.