bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of a Periarticular Tibial Fracture in a Foal with a Hybrid External Fixator
Authors: DE GODOY ROBERTA FERRO , FILGUEIRAS RICHARD R. , GONTIJO LÍLIAN A. , XIMENES FÁBIO HENRIQUE BEZERRA , DE GOUVÊA LIANA VILLELA , DA SILVA PEREIRA CRISTIANE , ALMEIDA RICARDO M. , LEITE CECI RIBEIRO , NETO ANTÔNIO RAPHAEL T. , BORGES JOSÉ RENATO JUNQUEIRA 
Published: June 2009

Objective—To report repair of a right proximal tibial Salter‐Harris type II fracture in a foal with a hybrid external fixator (HEF).Study Design—Case report.Animals—A 5‐month‐old male foal.Methods—After open surgical reduction, an HEF built with wires, 2 half‐rings, 3 half‐threaded connecting rods, and Schanz pins was used to stabilize the fracture.Results—Immediately after surgery, the foal had relatively good weight bearing. The HEF was removed at 60 days after radiographic confirmation of healing.Conclusions—HEF can be used to stabilize a proximal tibial Salter‐Harris type II fracture in a 5‐month‐old foal.Clinical Relevance—HEF should be considered as another option for repair of proximal tibial Salter‐Harris type II fractures in foals.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Postantibiotic Effect of Amikacin for Equine Isolates of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro
Authors: CARON JOHN P. , BOLIN CAROLE A. , HAUPTMAN JOSEPH G. , JOHNSTON KIMBERLY A. 
Published: June 2009

Objective— To report the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amikacin sulfate for equine clinical isolates of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and characterize the initial kill and duration of the postantibiotic effect (PAE) for selected strains.Study Design— Experimental study.Methods— Isolates of MRSA (n=35) had their amikacin MIC determined using the E‐test agar diffusion method. Two isolates with MICs>256 μg/mL limit were further characterized using broth macrodilution. Six distinct isolates with amikacin MICs of 32, 48, 128 (2 isolates) and 500 (2 isolates) μg/mL had PAE determinations made over a range of amikacin concentrations from 31.25–1000 μg/mL using standard culture‐based techniques.Results— Median MIC of the 35 isolates was 32 μg/mL (range 2 to >256 μg/mL). Mean PAE of selected MRSA strains had an overall mean (all amikacin doses) of 3.43 hours (range 0.10–9.57 hours). PAE for MRSA exposed to amikacin at 1000 μg/mL was 6.18 hours (range 3.30–9.57 hours), significantly longer than that for all other concentrations (P<.0001). There was no statistically significant effect of isolate MIC on PAE.Conclusions— Isolates had a wide range of MIC; however, growth of all 6 selected strains were inhibited within the range of concentrations tested, including 2 strains with MICs of 500 μg/mL. PAE duration was not influenced by the MIC of amikacin but was significantly longer with treatment at 1000 μg/mL than at lower concentrations.Clinical Relevance— Clinical isolates of MRSA are susceptible to amikacin at concentrations achieved by regional perfusion: however, the modest duration of PAE observed suggest that further laboratory and in vivo evaluation be conducted before recommending the technique for clinical use.
Sinoscopic Treatment of Rostral Maxillary and Ventral Conchal Sinusitis in 60 Horses
Authors: PERKINS JUSTIN D. , WINDLEY ZOË , DIXON PADRAIC M. , SMITH MATTHEW , BARAKZAI SAFIA Z. 
Published: June 2009

Objective—To evaluate the use of sinoscopy for detection and treatment of ventral conchal sinus (VCS) and/or rostral maxillary sinus (RMS) disease in horses.Study Design—Case seriesAnimals—Horses (n=60) with suspected paranasal sinus disease.Methods—Horses were evaluated by sinoscopy through a conchofrontal sinus (CFS) portal with ventral conchal bulla (VCB) fenestration. Other endoscopic sinus approaches and adjunctive diagnostic tests; oral examination, computed tomography, radiography, scintigraphy and endoscopic examination of the upper portion of the respiratory tract were used in some horses.Results—The CFS approach permitted adequate observation of the RMS and VCS in 53 horses (88%). Hemorrhage caused by VCB fenestration prevented examination of the RMS and/or VCS in 12 horses (21%). Observation of lesions was possible in all horses diagnosed with neoplasia, sinus cysts, and progressive ethmoidal hematomas. Endoscopy of the paranasal sinuses was useful diagnostically in 82% of horses with primary sinusitis. Other diagnostic modalities were usually required to confirm a diagnosis of dental sinusitis.Conclusions—Trephination into the CFS with VCB fenestration is a minimally invasive technique that provides consistent access to the RMS and VCS. It facilitates diagnosis of many sinus disorders and endoscopically guided treatment of many horses with sinus cysts and primary sinusitis, in combination with sinus lavage.Clinical Relevance—Many diseases affecting the RMS and VCS can be diagnosed and resolved endoscopically using a CFS approach with VCB fenestration, thus avoiding the need for osteoplastic sinus surgery and its associated risks and complications.
Identification of 14 new alleles at the fucosyltransferase 1, 2, and 3 loci in Styrian blood donors, Austria
Authors: Matzhold Eva Maria , Helmberg Wolfgang , Wagner Thomas , Drexler Camilla , Ulrich Silvia , Winkler Alexandra , Lanzer Gerhard 
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND:Genes for fucosyltransferases 1 (FUT1:H), 2 (FUT2:Secretor), and 3 (FUT3:Lewis) encode enzymes crucial for ABH and Lewis blood group antigen synthesis. They are highly polymorphic and ethnically and geographically specific.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:Genetic variations and allele frequencies of FUT1, FUT2, and FUT3 encoding regions and flanking sequences were analyzed in 100 Styrian blood donors by systematic sequencing. Haplotypes were verified with sequence‐specific primers. To identify discrepancies, serologically determined ABO and Lewis blood groups were correlated to respective genotypes.RESULTS:Two novel FUT1 alleles were defined by 9C>T (silent) and 991C>A (P331T) mutations, the latter located in the catalytic domain of the enzyme. Five new alleles of FUT2 were found: three were characterized by new variants and two resulted from new combinations of known polymorphisms. The new 412G>A (G138S) mutation also is located in the catalytic domain. A new nonsecretor allele, based on the presence of 428G>A (nonsense), was found. Another FUT2 allele may have resulted from an intragenic crossover event. FUT3 analysis revealed seven novel alleles, partly based on the new mutations 41G>A (R14H), 1060C>G (R354G), 735G>C (silent), and 882C>T (silent). While 41G>A is placed in the cytoplasmic domain and functional, 1060C>G is placed in the catalytic domain.CONCLUSION:Multiple common and sporadic sequence variations including 14 new alleles at FUT1, FUT2, and FUT3 loci were identified. Four novel mutations result in amino acid substitution in the protein. Three of them are predicted to have adverse effects on the enzyme activity. A novel nonsecretor allele was found.
Feasibility and Safety of Using an Esophageal Protective System to Eliminate Esophageal Thermal Injury: Implications on Atrial‐Esophageal Fistula Following AF Ablation
Authors: ARRUDA MAURICIO S. , ARMAGANIJAN LUCIANA , BIASE LUIGI DI , RASHIDI RASSOLL , NATALE ANDREA 
Published: June 2009

Background:
Ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) requires energy delivery in close proximity to the esophagus (Eso) which has accounted for the LA‐Eso fistula, a rare but life‐threatening complication.
Purpose:
We evaluated an Eso cooling system to protect the Eso during RF ablation.
Methods and Results:
An “in vitro” heart‐Eso preparation was initially used to test a temperature‐controlled fluid‐circulating system (EPSac [esophageal protective system]—RossHart Technologies Inc.) and an expandable compliant Eso sac during cardiac RF delivery (4 mm tip, perpendicular to the heart, 15 g pressure) at 25, 35, and 45 W, 100 ± 5 Ω for 30 seconds with the EPSac at 25, 15, 10, and 5°C. All cardiac lesions were transmural. Eso thermal injury could only be avoided with the EPSac at 10 and 5°C. The system was then tested in 6 closed chest dogs, each receiving 12 RFs (LA aiming at the Eso) for 30 seconds: without EPSac (control) at 35 W (1 dog); at 45 W with EPSac at 25°C (1 dog), 10°C (2 dogs), and 5°C (2 dogs). The EPSac volume was intentionally increased to displace the Eso toward the LA (2 dogs 5 and 10°C). Eso injured control and EPSac at 25°C; Eso spared EPSac at 5 and 10°C, without Eso displacement. Shallow external Eso injury noted when intentionally displacing the Eso toward the LA.
Conclusions:
The EPSac spares the Eso from collateral thermal injury. It requires circulating fluid at 5 or 10°C and a compliant sac to avoid displacement of the Eso. Its safety and efficacy remain to be demonstrated in patients undergoing AF ablation.
Transesophageal Echocardiography for the Prevention of Embolic Complications After Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: MICHAEL KEVIN A. , REDFEARN DAMIAN P. , BARANCHUK ADRIAN , BIRNIE DAVID , GULA LORNE J. , STERNS LAURENCE , PANTANO ALFREDO , MACLE LAURENT , VEENHUYZEN GEORGE , VERMA ATUL , MANGAT IQWAL , SAPP JOHN , MORILLO CARLOS A. 
Published: June 2009

Background:
Thromboembolic complications during left‐sided ablations range between 1.5 and 5.4%. Preprocedural TEE has been used to exclude the presence of left atrial thrombi in order to minimize risk. The use of TEE is empiric and it has not been evaluated in contemporary practice.
Methods and Results:
A multicenter national survey describing the practice at 11 Canadian teaching hospitals. A total of 2,225 patients underwent elective catheter ablation for symptomatic AF. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was used either routinely or selectively as a preablative strategy in patients. There were 996 patients in a routine preprocedure TEE strategy and 1,190 in a selected TEE strategy; 1 center (n = 39 patients) did not perform TEE. Twelve of 996 (1.2%) in the routine unselected cohort had thrombi identified. TEEs were performed in 200 of 1,190 in the selected cohort; 4 (2.0%) left atrial thrombi were observed; there was no significant difference in the prevalence of thrombi (P = 0.34). A total of 11 embolic events occurred inclusive of all groups. There was no difference in event rates between the 2 strategies (0.6% and 0.4%, P = 0.54). Events were unrelated to AF duration (persistent vs paroxysmal, r = 0.03, N = 2,225, P = 0.9).
Conclusion:
The selection criteria employed to perform TEEs did not increase the chance of identifying LA thrombi in a patient cohort with primarily nondilated left atria and paroxysmal AF. The overall thromboembolic event rate was low (0.49%) and was not significantly different between the 2 TEE strategies.
Effect of Electrode Orientation on Lesion Sizes Produced by Irrigated Radiofrequency Ablation Catheters
Authors: WOOD MARK A. , GOLDBERG SCOTT M. , PARVEZ BABAR , PATHAK VISHESH , HOLLAND KRISTEN , ELLENBOGEN AMY L. , HAN FREDERICK T. , ALEXANDER DANIEL , LAU MELISSA , RESHKO LEONID , GOEL ANEESH 
Published: June 2009

Background:
Irrigated radiofrequency (RF) ablation catheters may produce different lesion sizes dependent upon the electrode orientation to the tissue. This study examined the effect of irrigated electrode orientation on the lesion size and explores a potential mechanism for this effect.
Methods and Results:
Lesions were created in isolated porcine myocardium using an open irrigation, closed irrigation, and nonirrigated RF catheter (all 3.5–4 mm tips). Lesions were created with the electrodes with all permutations of electrode orientation (vertical or horizontal), contact pressure (6 or 20 g), and saline superfusate flow (0.2 or 0.4 m/sec) over tissue interface. The effect of electrode irrigation without RF delivery on tissue temperature was assessed with intramyocardial temperature probes and infrared thermal imaging. For both irrigated catheters, the horizontal orientation produced 25–30% smaller lesion volumes than the vertical orientation despite equal or greater power deliveries. The horizontal orientation produced larger lesion volumes for the nonirrigated catheter. Higher superfusate flow rates were associated with decreased lesion volumes for the irrigated catheters but greater lesion volumes for the nonirrigated catheter. Catheter irrigation alone without RF delivery reduced intramyocardial temperatures up to 4.9°C and the horizontal orientation produced a 2‐fold greater area of tissue cooling than the vertical orientation.
Conclusion:
Horizontal electrode orientations reduce lesion volumes for irrigated RF catheters. This effect may be in part due to greater areas of active tissue cooling in the horizontal orientation.
The global crisis, social protection and jobs
Authors: STIGLITZ Joseph 
Published: June 2009

Abstract.Policy responses to the global financial meltdown of 2008 and the collapse of aggregate demand have largely been driven by domestic interests. Resurgent protectionism, bank bail‐outs and national‐level stimulus packages are distorting competition and incentives to the detriment of developing countries, much‐needed spending on social protection and, ultimately, rapid global economic recovery. Warning against underestimation of the job‐destruction potential of the current crisis, the author argues for a truly global stimulus package, together with a rethink of economic paradigms and regulatory policies, financial assistance to developing countries, a less constraining IMF, and stronger social protection as an automatic stabilizer of economies.
Student labour and academic proficiency in international perspective
Authors: POST David , PONG Suet‐Ling 
Published: June 2009

Abstract.Based on the 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study, the authors find that negative associations between student employment and academic achievement are stronger in some countries than in others – differences likely to result from country‐specific work opportunities and needs. Turning to the 2004 Educational Longitudinal Survey of the United States for causality, they observe a curvilinear association between employment and math proficiency: working up to ten hours per week has a modest positive effect, 10–19 hours has no effect, and 20 hours or more has a substantial negative effect. The possible endogeneity of work‐hours is then tested with instrumental variables.
Technological change and income distribution in Europe
Authors: PERUGINI Cristiano , POMPEI Fabrizio 
Published: June 2009

Abstract.This article provides empirical evidence of the link between technological change and overall income inequality in 14 EU countries. The analysis begins by testing the skill‐biased technological change (SBTC) hypothesis in sectors with different levels of technology intensity. After confirming the skill complementarity of technology and the predominantly skill‐replacing character of investment, the analysis turns to sectoral changes in skilled‐labour demand as a possible determinant of income inequality. It finds a non‐linear relationship between SB TC and inequality in five of the eight sectors considered, suggesting an inverted U‐shaped pattern that can be explained by stages in labour demand and supply adjustments over time.
Transnational collective bargaining in Europe: The case for legislative action at EU level
Authors: Ales Edoardo 
Published: June 2009

Abstract.Since the second half of the 1990s, cross‐sectoral, sectoral and company‐level bargaining has developed into a key movement in transnational industrial relations in the European Union. Originally stimulated by EU institutions, these forms of bargaining have since progressed autonomously. At present, it is difficult to say exactly what effect, if any, they can have on individual working conditions. Based on a 2005 report to the European Commission, this paper argues for EU legislative action to create an optional framework for transnational collective bargaining, in the form of a Council regulation to be adopted under the social and economic cohesion chapters of the EU Treaty.
Core labour standards under the Administration of George W. Bush
Authors: Candland Christopher 
Published: June 2009

Abstract.Outside of the International Labour Organization, the United States uses two main channels to promote labour standards internationally: bilateral or regional trade agreements and “labour diplomacy”. Examining developments in these areas between 2001 and 2008, the author argues that the Bush Administration weakened the United States' capacity to uphold internationally recognized core labour standards. Although it concluded an unprecedented number of free trade agreements, their labour clauses are largely devoid of meaningful enforcement mechanisms – suggesting a closer connection with general foreign policy objectives than with concern for workers' rights. Furthermore, the work of the Federal Advisory Committee on Labor Diplomacy was eventually suspended.
Labour statistics: The boundaries and diversity of work
Authors: Bollé Patrick 
Published: June 2009

Abstract.The 18th International Conference of Labour Statisticians was convened at the end of 2008. Its agenda featured, inter alia, the measurement of working time, child labour, decent work, labour underutilization and volunteer work. Here, the author reports on conceptual and definitional innovations in these areas, especially in regard to the boundaries of the concept of work. One such innovation – particularly useful for the measurement of working time and child labour – is a move to take account of domestic work and volunteer work for households.
Crisis mundial, protección social y empleo
Authors: STIGLITZ Joseph 
Published: June 2009

Resumen.Las políticas adoptadas frente a la crisis financiera mundial que estalló en 2008 promueven casi exclusivamente los intereses nacionales. El proteccionismo y los planes nacionales de salvamento de bancos y de reactivación económica están distorsionando la competencia en detrimento de los países en desarrollo, de la protección social y de la meta de una recuperación rápida. Y tal vez haya una destrucción de empleos excepcional. El autor aboga por que se adopte un plan mundial de reactivación económica. Defiende también una reconsideración de las ideas y reglamentaciones económicas y de la asistencia al mundo en desarrollo, una actitud menos exigente del Fondo Monetario Internacional y el apoyo a la protección social para que actúe como estabilizador.
La «externalización» del derecho del trabajo
Authors: OJEDA AVILÉS Antonio 
Published: June 2009

Resumen.El intenso proceso de reajuste del derecho del trabajo, que durante tres decenios ha parecido a los especialistas que significaba una fragmentación y, peor aún, una disgregación de esta materia en campos cada vez más alejados entre sí, comienza a adquirir un enfoque unitario que podría alcanzar una nueva dimensión estructural en pocos años. El movimiento expansivo le lleva a invadir territorios ajenos que parecen poner enpeligro su identidad y sus fronteras tradicionales, aunque está desembocando en una simbiosis que es fruto de influencias recíprocas. En el presente estudio se analizan seis líneas de expansión observadas en los países europeos y en algunos americanos y asiáticos.
Los estudiantes que trabajan y su rendimiento escolar
Authors: POST David , PONG Suet‐Ling 
Published: June 2009

Resumen.El Estudio Internacional de Tendencias en Matemáticas y Ciencias de 2003 revela que el trabajo del estudiante merma más su rendimiento escolar en unos países que en otros. Es probable que las diferencias se deban a las circunstancias nacionales en cuanto a necesidades y posibilidades de trabajo. Los autores, basándose en una encuesta estadounidense de 2004, confirman que el trabajo influye en el rendimiento en matemáticas: trabajar hasta diez horas por semana tiene consecuencias positivas ligeras, mientras que hacerlo de veinte horas en adelante tiene un efecto negativo considerable. Después someten aprueba laposible endogeneidad de la decisión de trabajar.
La Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación y el régimen sindical argentino
Authors: Goldin Adrián 
Published: June 2009

Resumen.El monopolio sindical establecido por ley en la Argentina ha empezado a quebrarse gracias a un fallo de la Corte Suprema. A juicio de ésta, el sindicato que logra la condición de «más representativo» adquiere un cúmulo excesivo defacultades y privilegios respecto de los demás sindicatos. Ello es contrario al principio de «organización sindical libre y democrática» que se proclama en el artículo 14 bis de la Constitución argentina y a la doctrina de los órganos de control de la OIT. En esta sentencia histórica, la Corte reconoce jerarquía constitucional al Convenio de la OIT sobre la libertad sindical (núm. 87), y deja en claro que rechaza la unidad impuesta por la ley, pero no la decidida libremente por los trabajadores.
Las normas fundamentales del trabajo durante la Administración de George W. Bush
Authors: Candland Christopher 
Published: June 2009

Resumen.Fuera de la Organización Internacional del Trabajo, los Estados Unidos se valen sobre todo de dos medios para promover el cumplimiento internacional de las normas del trabajo: los tratados comerciales, sean bilaterales o regionales, y la «diplomacia laboral». En un análisis de lo ocurrido en este ámbito entre 2001 y 2008, el autor sostiene que la Administración de G. W. Bush ha debilitado la capacidad de los Estados Unidos para fomentar las normas fundamentales del trabajo. Aunque el país suscribió en ese período más tratados de libre comercio que nunca, las cláusulas laborales de los mismos carecen de mecanismos de seguimiento y fiscalización verdaderamente eficaces; elloparece indicar que responden más a los objetivos generales de la política exterior que a la defensa de los derechos de los trabajadores. Además, la labor del Consejo Consultivo en Diplomacia Laboral acabó siendo suspendida.
Estadísticas laborales. Fronteras y diversidad del trabajo
Authors: Bollé Patrick 
Published: June 2009

Resumen.La 18.a Conferencia Internacional de Estadísticos del Trabajo, reunida a finales de 2008, estudió los problemas que plantea la medición del tiempo de trabajo, el trabajo infantil, el trabajo decente, el grado de infrautilización de lamano de obra, el trabajo voluntario, etc. El autor analiza las innovaciones aprobadas por los especialistas en el plano de los conceptos y definiciones, sobre todo con respecto a los límites de la propia noción de trabajo. Así, por ejemplo, contabilizar el trabajo no remunerado realizado en el hogar es muy importante para hacer una buena medición del tiempo total que dedica una persona a trabajar y del trabajo infantil.
Prenatal growth, postnatal growth and trait anxiety in late adulthood – the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Lahti J. , Räikkönen K. , Pesonen A.‐K. , Heinonen K. , Kajantie E. , Forsén T. , Osmond C. , Barker D. J. P. , Eriksson J. G. 
Published: June 2009

Lahti J, Räikkönen K, Pesonen A‐K, Heinonen K, Kajantie E, Forsén T, Osmond C, Barker DJP, Eriksson JG. Prenatal growth, postnatal growth and trait anxiety in late adulthood – the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study.Objective:  Trait anxiety may predispose to anxiety disorders and cardiovascular events. We tested whether prenatal growth or postnatal growth from birth to 11 years of age and in adulthood predict trait anxiety in late adulthood.Method:  Women (n = 951) and men (n = 753) reported trait anxiety using the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale at an average age of 63.4 years and growth was estimated from records.Results:  Higher trait anxiety was predicted by smaller body size at birth, in infancy and in adulthood. Moreover, faster growth particularly from seven to 11 years of age and slower growth between 11 and 63 years predicted higher trait anxiety.Conclusion:  We found a pattern of pre‐ and postnatal growth that predisposed to higher trait anxiety in late adulthood. This pattern resembles that found to increase the risk of cardiovascular events and, thus, points to a shared common origin in a suboptimal prenatal and childhood developmental milieu.