bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australian Aboriginal Activism in Interwar Britain and Europe: Anthony Martin Fernando
Authors: Paisley Fiona 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article reflects on the limits of the archives in the recovery of indigenous lives. An Australian Aboriginal activist and traveller in interwar Britain and Europe, Anthony Martin Fernando was an outspoken protestor of Aboriginal conditions while in Australia but mostly from overseas. He demonstrated outside Australia House in the 1920s, planned to approach the League of Nations, and was an advocate of a form of direct international mandate over land reserved for Aboriginal occupation in Australia. Much is still unknown about his life, but new information shows that he was also, among other things, a labourer in Trieste, Vienna, and Rome, a manservant in London, a civilian internee in Austria during the First World War, an interviewee of the Swiss progressive press in the interwar years, and a speaker at Hyde Park Corner. Information about his life story has been gained through wide‐ranging archival research, and, perhaps most remarkably, recent contact with two families that employed him in England. More than a life shaped by tragedy, yet it was the tragic nature of colonisation and its genocidal effects that drove his life's work.
Retrospective Analysis of 32 Pediatric Patients with Anticonvulsant Hypersensitivity Syndrome (ACHSS)
Authors: Newell Brandon D. , Moinfar Maryam , Mancini Anthony J. , Nopper Amy Jo 
Published: April 2009

Abstract: Objectıve: To review 32 pediatric patients with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome.Design: Retrospectively, data and photographs were collected on 32 patients who had been diagnosed with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome.Setting: The sections of dermatology at Children’s Memorial Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, and Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics in Kansas City, Missouri.Main Outcome Measures: Presentation, implicated medications, laboratory evaluations, complications, treatment and outcome.Results: The mean age of all patients with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (ACHSS) was 8.9 years. The mean duration of anticonvulsant therapy before onset of symptoms was 3 weeks. Phenytoin, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital were the most commonly implicated medications. Lamotrigine, oxcarbamazepine, and primidone were implicated in some of our patients. Fever and rash were seen in all patients, while lymphadenopathy was found in 84.4% of patients. Hematologic abnormalities were seen in 93.8% and hepatic involvement was seen in 90.4% of cases, representing the two most commonly involved systems. Atypical lymphocytosis and eosinophilia was seen in 72% and 56% of patients, respectively. Renal and pulmonary involvement were each seen in 15.6% of cases. Systemic steroids were used in 59.4% of ACHSS patients; 16% of patients received intravenous immunoglobulin. No deaths were reported in our group of pediatric patients.Conclusions: The ACHSS is a distinct clinical entity which may occur in pediatric patients treated with anticonvulsants, and may have potentially life‐threatening consequences. Involvement of multiple organ systems, including the hematologic, hepatic, renal, and pulmonary systems was common. Treatment varied widely, but ranged from supportive care to systemic corticosteroids.
The Glycine Reuptake Inhibitor Org 25935 Interacts With Basal and Ethanol‐Induced Dopamine Release in Rat Nucleus Accumbens
Authors: Lidö Helga Höifödt , Stomberg Rosita , Fagerberg Anne , Ericson Mia , Söderpalm Bo 
Published: April 2009

Background:  The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) projection from the ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens (nAc), a central part of the reward system, is activated by ethanol (EtOH) and other drugs of abuse. We have previously demonstrated that the glycine receptor in the nAc and its amino acid agonists may be implicated in the DA activation and reinforcing properties of EtOH. We have also reported that the glycine transporter 1 inhibitor, Org 25935, produces a robust and dose‐dependent decrease in EtOH consumption in Wistar rats. The present study explores the interaction between EtOH and Org 25935 with respect to DA levels in the rat nAc.Methods:  The effects of Org 25935 (6 mg/kg, i.p.) and/or EtOH (2.5 g/kg, i.p.) on accumbal DA levels were examined by means of in vivo microdialysis (coupled to HPLC‐ED) in freely moving male Wistar rats. The effect of Org 25935 on accumbal glycine output was also investigated.Results:  Systemic Org 25935 increased DA output in a subpopulation of rats (52% in Experiment 1 and 38% in Experiment 2). In Experiment 2, EtOH produced a significant increase in DA levels in vehicles (35%) and in Org 25935 nonresponders (19%), whereas EtOH did not further increase the DA level in rats responding to Org 25935 (2%). The same dose of Org 25935 increased glycine levels by 87% in nAc.Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that Org 25935, probably via increased glycine levels, (i) counteracts EtOH‐induced increases of accumbal DA levels and (ii) increases basal DA levels in a subpopulation of rats. The results are in line with previous findings and it is suggested that the effects observed involve interference with accumbal GlyRs and are related to the alcohol consumption modulating effect of Org 25935.
MitochondrialS‐Adenosyl‐l‐Methionine Transport is Insensitive to Alcohol‐Mediated Changes in Membrane Dynamics
Authors: Fernández Anna , Colell Anna , Caballero Francisco , Matías Nuria , García‐Ruiz Carmen , Fernández‐Checa José C. 
Published: April 2009

Background: Alcohol‐induced liver injury is associated with decreasedS‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine (SAM)/S‐adenosyl‐l‐homocysteine (SAH) ratio and mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) depletion, which has been shown to sensitize hepatocytes to tumor necrosis factor (TNF).Aims: As the effect of alcohol on mitochondrial SAM (mSAM) has been poorly characterized, our aim was to examine the status and transport of mSAM in relation to that of mGSH during alcohol intake.Methods: Sprague–Dawley rats were pair fed Lieber–DeCarli diets containing alcohol for 1 to 4 weeks and liver fractionated into cytosol and mitochondria to examine the mSAM transport and its sensitivity to membrane dynamics.Results: We found that cytosol SAM was depleted from the first week of alcohol feeding, with mSAM levels paralleling these changes. Cytosol SAH, however, increased during the first 3 weeks of alcohol intake, whereas its mitochondrial levels remained unchanged. mGSH depletion occurred by 3 to 4 weeks of alcohol intake due to cholesterol‐mediated impaired transport from the cytosol. In contrast to this outcome, the transport of SAM into hepatic mitochondria was unaffected by alcohol intake and resistant to cholesterol‐mediated perturbations in membrane dynamics; furthermore cytosolic SAH accumulation in primary hepatocytes by SAH hydrolase inhibition reproduced the mSAM depletion by alcohol due to the competition of SAH with SAM for mitochondrial transport. However, alcohol feeding did not potentiate the sensitivity to inhibition by SAH accumulation.Conclusions: Alcohol‐induced mSAM depletion precedes that of mGSH and occurs independently of alcohol‐mediated perturbations in membrane dynamics, disproving an inherent defect in the mSAM transport by alcohol. These findings suggest that the early mSAM depletion may contribute to the alterations of mitochondrial membrane dynamics and the subsequent mGSH down‐regulation induced by alcohol feeding.
Protective Effect of Vitamin E Against Ethanol‐Induced Hyperhomocysteinemia, DNA Damage, and Atrophy in the Developing Male Rat Brain
Authors: Shirpoor Alireza , Salami Siamak , Khadem‐Ansari Mohammad Hassan , Minassian Syranush , Yegiazarian Marine 
Published: April 2009

Background: Chronic alcoholism leads to elevated plasma and brain homocysteine (Hcy) levels, as demonstrated by clinical investigations and animal experiments. It has been posited that elevated levels of Hcy mediate DNA damage, brain atrophy, and excitotoxicity. The current study sought to elucidate the effect of vitamin E on ethanol‐induced hyperhomocysteinemia, DNA damage, and atrophy in the developing hippocampus and cerebellum of rats.Methods: Pregnant Wistar rats received ethanol with or without vitamin E from gestation day 7 throughout lactation. Weight changes in the brain, hippocampus and cerebellum, DNA damage, and Hcy levels in the plasma, hippocampus, and cerebellum of male offspring were measured at the end of lactation.Results: The results revealed that along with a significant decrease in brain, cerebellum, and hippocampus weights in animals that received alcohol, the levels of DNA damage and Hcy significantly increased. Significant amelioration of brain atrophy and DNA damage as well as restoration of the elevated level of Hcy to that of controls were found in vitamin E‐treated rats.Conclusions: These findings strongly support the idea that ethanol intake by dams during pregnancy and lactation induces Hcy‐mediated oxidative stress in the developing hippocampus and cerebellum of offspring rats, and that these effects can be alleviated by vitamin E as an antioxidant.
N‐Acetylcysteine Improves Group B Streptococcus Clearance in a Rat Model of Chronic Ethanol Ingestion
Authors: Tang Sonja M. , Gabelaia Levan , Gauthier Theresa W. , Brown Lou Ann S. 
Published: April 2009

Background:  Sepsis is the most common risk factor associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and results in a 40–60% mortality rate due to respiratory failure. Furthermore, recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that a history of alcohol abuse increases the risk of ARDS by 3.6‐fold. More recently, group B streptococcus (GBS) infections in nonpregnant adults have been increasing, particularly in alcoholics where there is an increased risk of lobular invasion and mortality. We have shown in an established rat model that chronic ethanol ingestion impaired macrophage internalization of inactivated infectious particles in vitro and enhanced bidirectional protein flux across the alveolar epithelial‐endothelial barriers, both of which were attenuated when glutathione precursors were added to the diet. We hypothesized that chronic ethanol ingestion would increase the risk of infection even though GBS is less pathogenic but that dietary N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), a glutathione precursor, would improve in vivo clearance of infectious particles and reduce systemic infection.Methods:  After 6 weeks of ethanol feeding, rats were given GBS intratracheally and sacrificed 24 hours later. GBS colony‐forming units were counted in the lung, liver, spleen, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Acute lung injury in response to GBS was also assessed.Results:  Chronic ethanol exposure decreased GBS clearance from the lung indicating an active lung infection. In addition, increased colonies formed within the liver and spleen indicated that ethanol increased the risk of systemic infection. Ethanol also exacerbated the acute lung injury induced by GBS. NAC supplementation normalized GBS clearance by the lung, prevented the appearance of GBS systemically, and attenuated acute lung injury.Conclusions:  These data suggested that chronic alcohol ingestion increased the susceptibility of the lung to bacterial infections from GBS as well as systemic infections. Furthermore, dietary NAC improved in vivo clearance of GBS particles, attenuated acute lung injury, and disseminated infection.
Proopiomelanocortin Peptides Are Not Essential for Development of Ethanol‐Induced Behavioral Sensitization
Authors: Sharpe Amanda L. , Low Malcolm J. 
Published: April 2009

Background:  Behavioral sensitization is a result of neuroadaptation to repeated drug administration and is hypothesized to reflect an increased susceptibility to drug abuse. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derived peptides including β‐endorphin and α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone have been implicated in development of behavioral sensitization and the reinforcing effects of alcohol and other drugs of abuse. This study used a genetically engineered mouse strain that is deficient for neural POMC to directly determine if any POMC peptides are necessary for the development of ethanol‐induced locomotor sensitization.Methods:  Adult female mice deficient for POMC in neurons only (Pomc−/−Tg/Tg, KO) and wildtype (Pomc+/+Tg/Tg, WT) littermates were injected once daily with either saline or ethanol (i.p.) for 12 to 13 days. On ethanol test day (day 13 or 14) all mice from both treatment groups received an i.p. injection of ethanol immediately before a 15‐minute analysis of locomotor activity. Blood ethanol concentration (BEC) was measured on ethanol test day immediately following the test session. Baseline locomotor activity was measured for 15 minutes after a saline injection 2 days later in both groups.Results:  There was no significant difference in BEC between genotypes (WT = 2.11 ± 0.06; KO = 2.03 ± 0.08 mg/ml). Both WT and nPOMC‐deficient mice treated repeatedly with ethanol demonstrated a significant increase in locomotor activity on test day when compared to repeated saline‐treated counterparts. In addition, mice of both genotypes in the repeated saline groups showed a significant locomotor stimulant response to acute ethanol injection.Conclusions:  Central POMC peptides are not required for either the acute locomotor stimulatory effect of ethanol or the development of ethanol‐induced locomotor sensitization. While these peptides may modulate other ethanol‐associated behaviors, they are not essential for development of behavioral sensitization.
Nitric Oxide‐Mediated Intestinal Injury Is Required for Alcohol‐Induced Gut Leakiness and Liver Damage
Authors: Tang Yueming , Forsyth Christopher B. , Farhadi Ashkan , Rangan Jayanthi , Jakate Shriram , Shaikh Maliha , Banan Ali , Fields Jeremy Z. , Keshavarzian Ali 
Published: April 2009

Background: Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) requires endotoxemia and is commonly associated with intestinal barrier leakiness. Using monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells as an in vitro barrier model, we showed that ethanol‐induced intestinal barrier disruption is mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) upregulation, nitric oxide (NO) overproduction, and oxidation/nitration of cytoskeletal proteins. We hypothesized that iNOS inhibitors [NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME),l‐N6‐(1‐iminoethyl)‐lysine (l‐NIL)] in vivo will inhibit the above cascade and liver injury in an animal model of alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH).Methods: Male Sprague–Dawley rats were gavaged daily with alcohol (6 g/kg/d) or dextrose for 10 weeks ± l‐NAME,l‐NIL, or vehicle. Systemic and intestinal NO levels were measured by nitrites and nitrates in urine and tissue samples, oxidative damage to the intestinal mucosa by protein carbonyl and nitrotyrosine, intestinal permeability by urinary sugar tests, and liver injury by histological inflammation scores, liver fat, and myeloperoxidase activity.Results: Alcohol caused tissue oxidation, gut leakiness, endotoxemia, and ASH.l‐NIL andl‐NAME, but not thed‐enantiomers, attenuated all steps in the alcohol‐induced cascade including NO overproduction, oxidative tissue damage, gut leakiness, endotoxemia, hepatic inflammation, and liver injury.Conclusions: The mechanism we reported for alcohol‐induced intestinal barrier disruption in vitro — NO overproduction, oxidative tissue damage, leaky gut, endotoxemia, and liver injury — appears to be relevant in vivo in an animal model of alcohol‐induced liver injury. That iNOS inhibitors attenuated all steps of this cascade suggests that prevention of this cascade in alcoholics will protect the liver against the injurious effects of chronic alcohol and that iNOS may be a useful target for prevention of ALD.
Do Higher Real Minimum Wages Lead to More High School Dropouts? Evidence from Maryland Across Races, 1993–2004
Authors: Crofton Stephanie O. , Anderson William L. , Rawe Emily C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe explore whether higher levels of the real minimum wage have differing effects on high school dropout rates across students of various races and ethnicities (whites, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians). Using a panel of data across Maryland counties and annual observations in 1993–2004, we found higher real minimum wages to be associated with higher dropout rates for Hispanic students, but not for other races and ethnicities. We used a variety of model specifications and explanatory variables, including real income, the unemployment rate, teen pregnancy rates, and educational attainment among adults. Several of our findings are broadly consistent with commonly reported sociological observations regarding how behavioral choices may be affected by different levels across races and ethnicities of cultural integration of recent immigrants, family cohesiveness, the value placed on education, small business ownership, and hourly (vs. salaried) employment.
Home Ownership and School Outcomes of Children: Evidence from the PSID Child Development Supplement
Authors: Mohanty Lisa L. , Raut Lakshmi K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUsing the PSID Child Development Supplement (CDS) and the corresponding PSID main data sets, we examine whether home ownership has positive effects on the academic achievement of children after correcting for selectivity bias and controlling for home environment, neighborhood quality, residential stability, and income. While we find no independent effects of home ownership, there are positive significant effects of home environment, neighborhood quality, and residential stability on the reading and math performance of children between the ages of three and twelve. The main policy implication of our study is that improvement of a child's home environment, residential stability, and the quality of the neighborhood is more important than ownership of a home to achieve better child outcomes. Subsidized home ownership can lead to better child outcomes to the extent that it places a child in a better home environment, in a more stable residence, and in a better neighborhood.
The Impact of American Politics on Perceptions of Women's Golfing Abilities
Authors: Arthur Michelle M. , Van Buren III Harry J. , Del Campo Robert G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe examine the relationship between political environments and perceptions of women's physical abilities. Using a sample of 496 golf courses located in the United States, we find a significant relationship between state political affiliations, ratings of senators and congressional representatives on a liberal to conservative continuum, and perceptions of gendered physical abilities. Institutional theory is presented as an explanation for the regional variation in perceptions of women's golfing abilities. Implications and results are discussed. Suggestions for further research are presented.
Migration and the Tiebout‐Tullock Hypothesis Revisited
Authors: Cebula Richard J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study investigates, using state‐level data for the period 2000–2005, the Tiebout hypothesis (as extended by Tullock) of “voting with one's feet.” This analysis differs from previous related studies not only in its adoption of more current migration and other data but also in other ways. First, unlike most earlier related studies, it includes a separate measure of the overall cost of living; second, it examines per pupil (rather than per capita) outlays on public primary and secondary education; and third, in addition to property taxes, it also focuses on per capita state income tax burdens. Inclusion of the last of these variables in the analysis is based on studies that have found the existence of a state income tax to have influenced migration patterns and other studies that have found higher state income tax levels to have resulted in reduced per capita income growth over time. Moreover, including both property tax burdens and income tax burdens broadens the scope of the hypothesis. Strong empirical support for the Tiebout‐Tullock hypothesis (as interpreted here) is obtained for the study period.
An Introduction to Destructive Coordination
Authors: Vahabi Mehrdad 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Polanyi (1944, [1957]1968) has distinguished three “patterns of social integration,” namely, “reciprocity,”“redistribution,” and “exchange.” This triad has provided the starting point for most subsequent discussion. Our purpose is to introduce a further type of coordination, the “destructive mode of coordination.” This mode achieves coordination by intimidation, threat, and the use of non‐institutionalized coercive means. Resources and human efforts are allocated in order to appropriate what other people produce. Two simple examples provide an introductory illustration: traffic circles (roundabouts) and prisons. Appropriation through pirating provides a further example of destructive coordination. More specifically, biopiracy (blood patenting) is discussed in order to clarify the relationship between destructive coordination and the institutionalization of property rights. Finally, we focus on the role of destructive coordination as a transitional mechanism that is supported by the institutional vacuum, ultimately yielding to other modes of coordination.
Real‐Time Realities: The Application of Commercial Information Technology to Combat Control Systems
Authors: ZILIC ANTHONY M. , BARON NEIL T. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Navy is steward to the most lethal arsenal of national and combat power ever amassed. The command responsibilities associated with such destructive force require us to always be in complete positive control over these weapons. The Navy, to meet this mission requirement, traditionally developed its systems using special purpose technology to achieve “Deterministic Control.” Control system technologies are fielded in all aspects of shipboard combat systems with specific challenges in timing and safety in the surface anti‐air warfare systems, the submarine launched ballistic missile systems, and air launched missile systems. Today's naval combat system is a highly complex, computer‐based control system that is evolving within the framework of the commercial computer industry. This paper will briefly describe some critical and unique characteristics of a large‐scale digital weapon control system and identify emerging technologies that have the potential to respond to the Navy's warfighting needs.
Structuring a Flexible, Affordable Naval Force to Meet Strategic Demand in the 21st Century
Authors: MORELAND JAMES D. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract“While defending our homeland and defeating adversaries in war remain the indisputable ends of seapower, it must be applied more broadly if it is to serve the national interest.” This concept from A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower (Conway et al. 2007), stresses the importance of protecting the interests of the United States while promoting security, stability, and trust. This paper explains the challenges faced by the naval enterprise, methods for improving our force planning and acquisition processes, and the need for naval capabilities to be transformed through the co‐evolution of technology and organizational cultures. A force structure framework that provides a flexible, adaptive, and affordable force without regard to the future state of the world is a critical requirement in the “Next Navy” and the “Navy after Next.” The agility, scalability, and flexibility of an adaptive force provide commanders a range of options when responding to a crisis situation. This paper will identify characteristics and capabilities required to address the range of threats that exist today as well as threats expected in future environments.