bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein polymorphism in two populations of the wild quail Coturnix coturnix japonica
Authors: Kimura Masao , Oniwa Kiyoko , Ito Shinichi , Isogai Iwahiro 
Published: August 2010

SummaryTo evaluate genetic variability in two populations of the wild quail Cofurnix coturnix japonica, proteins and enzymes were examined by starch gel electrophoresis.Rare variants so far not observed in domestic quail were found in the following five enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase, acid phosphatase, pancreatic esterase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase. The proportion of polymorphic loci (Ppoly) and the expected average heterozygosity (H) in one of the two populations were estimated to be 0.484 (15/31) and 0.085, respectively. Those in another population were 0.433 (13/30) and 0.086, respectively. The genetic distance (Nei, 1975) between the two wild quail populations was D= 0.0074. D values of 0.0321 and 0.0189 were estimated between the laboratory quail population previously examined (Kimura et al., 1982) and each of these two wild populations.
Horse haemoglobin phenotyping by agarose gel isoelectric focusing comparison of Thoroughbreds with other Equidae*
Authors: R. Osterhoff D. , Groenewald J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBy using isoelectric focusing in thin agarose slab gels 1049 Thoroughbred, 82 Nooit‐gedachter, 45 Percheron and 244 horses of other breeds were examined. The numbers of other Equidae tested were 107 donkeys, 50 mules, 4 common zebras (Equus burchelli boehmi) and 8 mountain zebras (Equus zebra hartmannae). Phenotypic data are presented for all tested animals and gene frequencies are calculated for the horses.
Comparison of ELY‐2.1 with blood group and ELY‐1 markers in the horse*
Authors: Bailey Ernest , Henney Pamela J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe distribution of ELY‐2 was compared to the distribution of blood group factors Aa, Ab, Ac, Ae, Ca, Da, Db, Dc, Dd, De, Df, Dh, Dk, Ka, Pa, Pb, X, Qa, Qc, Ua, and W in 2465 American Standardbred horses and to ELY‐1 in 193 American Standardbred horses. The distribution patterns were different in each case. The segregation of ELY‐2.1 and factors at the A, C, D, K, P, Q, U and T (W) blood group loci and at the ELA locus indicated that ELY‐2.1 is not a product of any of those loci. No segregation data were available for the ELY‐I locus. Family studies indicated that the gene for ELY‐2.1 is not sex‐linked.
Joint Report of the Second International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse, held 3–8 October 1982
Authors: Bailey E. , Antczak D.F. , Bernoco D. , Bull R.W. , Fister R. , Guerin G. , Lázary S. , Matthews S. , McClure J. , Meyer J. , Mottironi V.D. , Templeton J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe Second International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse was held 3–8 October 1982. At this workshop, the 6 specificities identified at the first workshop were confirmed and an additional 5 new specificities were identified and given workshop nomenclature. Four of the new specificities, products of the ELA locus, were named ELA‐W7, W8, W9, and W10. An additional specificity, designated ELY‐2.1, is the product of a locus independent of the ELA locus.Cell isolation methods were compared at this workshop, Technical variation in methods clearly affected reactivity of many reagents. However, when highly selected reagents were used, antigen assignment did not differ regardless of the cell isolation method. Based on the comparison of methods, isolation procedures in which thrombin was used were more effective than those relying on carbonyl iron or slow centrifugation.
The transfer of bovine J blood group activity to erythrocytes: chemical nature of transferable and of non‐transferable J1
Authors: Wagner R. , Wrenger M. , Oulevey J. , W. Thiele O. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe bovine J blood group substance exists as a glycosphingolipid (ceramide deca‐hexoside as well as ceramide dodecahexoside) and as a glycoprotein. The lipidic form occurs in erythrocyte membranes, both forms are found in serum. The lipidic J substances were isolated from erythrocytes and from serum, and identified by thin‐layer chromatography with lipidic J substances isolated from spleen. The glycoprotein nature of the non‐lipidic J of serum was evident by pronase‐catalysed hydrolysis yielding J‐active glycopeptides of lower molecular weights. The lipidic J was completely extracted from lyophilized stroma with chloroform/methanol. From lyophilized serum, however. it was completely extracted only in the presence of water, indicating different binding partners in serum and in erythrocyte membranes.The J lipid was incorporated as intact molecule into the erythrocyte membrane by a simple incubation technique. The incorporation was inhibited by various glyc‐erophospholipids (called blockers). The J glycoprotein could not be transferred to the erythrocyte membrane.Three methods are descrjbed which are suitable for the preparation of a blocker‐free fraction enriched with J lipids from J‐positive serum.
The estimation of blood group gene frequencies: a note on the allocation method
Authors: Andersson Leif 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe principles for estimating gene frequencies in complex blood group systems by the allocation method are discussed. This numerical method is simpler than the maximum likelihood method, but gives the same estimate. It is shown that there are some cases in which the application of a previous description of the method gives incorrect results. The principles are discussed for how family information may be included in the estimation process in order to obtain more precise estimates.
Preliminary report on two new plasma protein polymorphisms in the goose (Anser anser)
Authors: Kuryl Jolanta , Gasparska Jolanta 
Published: August 2010

SummaryTwo‐dimensional agarose gel (pH 8.6)‐horizontal poly acrylamide gel (pH 9.0) electrophoresis of plasma proteins in the goose was done. This method resulted in improved separation of proteins in the pre‐transferrin and transferrin regions. Preliminary evidence was presented for the existence of two new plasma protein poly morphisrns.
Evaluation of linkage between the R‐O‐i and C blood group systems in sheep
Authors: Nguyen T. C. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryLinkage between the C and I blood group loci in sheep was demonstrated by lod score analysis of data from double backcross matings. The recombination frequency between the I locus and the gene coding for the Cb red cell antigen was estimated to be 0.09 with a standard error of 0.04.
Genetic variation of haemoglobin α‐ and βchains in rabbits detected by iso electric focusing and reversed‐phase chromatography
Authors: Andersson Leif , Bengtsson Sven , Hellman Ulf , Källman Ivan , Ranje Camilla 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPrevious studies on the amino acid sequences and on the amino acid composition of peptides revealed genetic polymorphism both of the haemoglobin α‐chain (Hbα) and β‐chain (Hbβ) in rabbits. In this study, rabbit haemolysates were analysed by isoelectric focusing in a narrow pH range (6.7–7.7) and by reversed‐phase chromatography. Two variants were found for both Hbα and Hbβ. The two methods detected the same variants in this material. Inheritance data were consistent with the hypothesis that the observed Hbα and Hbβ variants were each controlled by two codominant, auto somal alleles. Haemoglobin polymorphism appears to be frequent in domestic rabbits since both variants of each chain were observed in all the three breeds studied.
Preliminary evidence of segregation distortion in the SLA system
Authors: Philipsen Merete , Kristensen Birte 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe segregation of 11 well‐defined SLA haplotypes was investigated in 40 Land‐race and 48 Large White Danish and Swiss litters. Among the 11 haplotypes, the segregation of one (SLA 20–8.2.11) deviated significantly from the expected 1: 1 segregation ratio in back‐cross families. Tests indicated that these families were homogeneous with respect to segregation distortion, although the distortion was more pronounced in litters sired by heterozygous Danish boars than by heterozygous Swiss boars and Danish and Swiss sows. The data presented do not allow any definite conclusion about the cause of the segregation distortion. The possibility of the distortion being caused either by a complex similar to the T/t‐complex found in mouse and contemplated in man or directly by the SLA region is discussed.
A comparison of bovine lymphocyte antigens
Authors: Stear M. J. , Lyons I. , Dufty J. H. , Nicholas F. W. , Brown S. C. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn Canberra, 31 antigens have been described on the surface of bovine lymphocytes. Seven antigens are subgroups of other antigens. Eleven antigens are similar to the eleven antigens which have been described in Melbourne. Fourteen antigens are similar to twelve international‐workshop antigens and two European‐workshop antigens.
Three phenotypes of glucosephosphate isomerase in sheep: improved staining recipe
Authors: Manwell Clyde , Baker C. M. Ann , Graydon Russell J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryContrary to results published recently, we observe three, rather than two, phenotypes for the enzyme glucosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.9) from sheep. The phenotypic electro phoretic patterns conform to the patterns observed for this dimeric enzyme in other species. Genotype frequencies in a flock of South downs do not deviate significantly from those predicted under the assumption of the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. A remarkable observation is that the electro phoretically distinct phenotypes of GPI are largely or entirely obliterated by the addition of 1–10 mmol/1 MgCl2 to the electro phoretic buffers. Modification of the usual staining recipe for GPI result in greater resolution and shorter staining times.
Association of the M blood group system with bovine mastitis*
Authors: Larsen B. , Jensen N.E. , Madsen P. , Nielsen S.M. , Klastrup O. , Madsen P.S. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAssociations of the 11 bovine blood group systems with mastitis were examined in Red Danish dairy cattle. The mastitis status was followed during three lactational periods. A significant effect of the M blood group system on mastitis incidence was observed in the first and second lactation periods and a lower frequency of mastitis is found among animals lacking the M' factor as compared to those having the M' blood group factor. The significance of these results are discussed in view of the close relation between the M blood group system and the bovine lymphocyte antigens (BoLA), and the expected effect of eliminating the M' gene from the breed is estimated.Among the remaining 10 blood group systems, the T' system was the only system showing an overall effect on mastitis, and only in first and third lactation. However, the T' system was inconsistent with regard to the effect of the T' gene on the various mastitis diagnoses.
Effects of lanreotide, a somatostatin analogue, on postprandial gastric functions and biliopancreatic secretions in humans
Authors: Lamrani A. , Vidon N. , Sogni P. , Nepveux P. , Catus F. , Blumberg J. , Chaussade S. 
Published: August 2010

Aims Lanreotide is a novel synthetic somatostatin analogue. A long‐acting formulation of lanreotide has been shown to be effective for the treatment of gastroentero‐pancreatic hormone‐producing tumours but effects on postprandial digestive and absorptive functions remain obscure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of intravenous lanreotide on gastric and biliopancreatic secretions in man as well as the absorption of nutrients and the duodeno‐caecal transit time after ingestion of an homogenized meal (500 kcal, 55% carbohydrates, 15% proteins, 30% lipids). Methods Eight healthy male volunteers were studied on two occasions within a 2 weeks interval, using a perfusion method. They received in single‐blind and random order continuous i.v. infusion of either placebo or lanreotide (100 μg h−1 after a bolus of 100 μg 15 min before the beginning of the study). Results Lanreotide significantly decreased gastric acid secretion (90%) for the initial 3 h period. Gastric emptying was not significantly molfied by lanreotide infusion. Compared with placebo, lanreotide almost completely abolished both bile salts and lipase responses to the meal. It largely increased the duodeno‐caecal transit time and decreased significantly the duodenal absorption of carbohydrates and triglycerides. Conclusions Since lanreotide has powerful effects on gastrointestinal functions, it could be useful in the prevention or in the treatment of pancreatic and bowel fistulas as well as short bowel syndrome.
Effect of Anapsos (Polypodium leucotomos extract) on in vitro production of cytokines
Authors: Sempere J. M. , Rodrigo C. , Campos A. , Villalba J. F. , Diaz J. 
Published: August 2010

Aims The aim of the study was to test the immunomodulating capacity of Anapsos, Polypodium leucotomos extract, in vitro in an attempt to explore how this extract acts from an immunological point of view and thus to identify a common link capable of explaining most of its effects. Methods Polypodium leucotomos rhizomes were harvested in Guatemala and the extract, Anapsos, obtained. Mononuclear cells were obtained by density gradent centrifugation from healthy donors, and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin or Pokeweed with and without Anapsos and with Anapsos alone. Cell proliferation was determined by thymidine incorporation. Cells were also stimulated and the following cytokines determined by ELISA at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h: IL‐lP, TNF‐a, IL‐2, INF‐8, IL‐4 and IL‐10. Results Anapsos, Polyodium leucotomos extract, has a modulating effect on the in vitro production and release of cytoknies by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy subjects. At doses effective in vivo, Anapsos can stimulate PBMNc proliferation, delay IL‐1β secretion and at the same time increase that of IL‐2, IL‐10, and INF‐γ. Conclusions Anapsos may have an antagonistic effect on some of the cytokines released on cell stimulation with LPS and/or PHA, which suggests that this product has a pleiotropic effect on different populations in the immune system.
Development of prescribing indicators for elderly medical inpatients
Authors: Oborne C. Alice , Batty Gwenno M. , Maskrey Vivienne , Swift C. G. , Jackson S. H. D. 
Published: August 2010

Aims To identie and improve suboptimal prescribing for elderly patients we have developed a number of prescribing indicators which focus on areas of concern and allow evaluation of the benefit of interventions. We report here on fourteen indcators. Methods The indicators are of three types: a) purely descriptive with no attempt to define optimal values, e.g. number of items prescribed per patient; b) based on unnecessary or potentially harmful prescribing, e.g. duplication; c) assessing the appropriateness of prescribing specific drugs or combinations e.g. digoxin and warfarin/aspirin in atrial fibrillation (AF). Appropriateness was defined on the basis of objective research findings and involved comparing individual patient clinical records to criteria for appropriate prescribing. Prescribing and personal data were collected for medical inpatients aged 65 years or over in 19 hospitals in England and Wales. A total of 1686 patients were included, median age 81 years, 41% were male. Results Patients were prescribed 11 475 items, mean 4.6 regular items per patient. Completion of drug allergy/sensitivity statements varied from 3 to 93% between units. Use of generic name and specification of a maximum frequency of administration for‘as required’medicines were more consistent, ranging from 76–94% and 52–81% respectively. Little duplication of therapy was seen. Benzohazepines were prescribed for 22% patients, but were appropriate in only approximately one third of these. Of the 2% patients prescribed an angiotensin convecting enzyme inhibitor with a potassium‐sparing diuretic or potassium supplement, prescription of the combination was appropriate in 84%. Coprescription of steroids with β2‐adrenoceptor agonists appeared excessive in 67% patients receiving a β2‐adrenoceptor agonist, as only 51% had documented evidence of steroid responsiveness or another indication for steroids. Stroke prophylaxis in AF was inadequate: 22% patients prescribed digoxin also received warfarin or aspirin 300 mg whereas 64% should have received the coprescription. Conclusions These prescribing indicators are sensitive to inappropriate prescribing for elderly medical inpatients and cover a wide range of therapeutic areas. They should enable changes in prescribing quality to be measured objectively. Interhospital variation in casemix resulted in substantial differences in the proportion of patients in whom it would have been appropriate to prescribe specific drugs or combinations and prevented derivation of reference ranges of optimal prescribing for four indicators.
Renal excretion and pharmacokinetics of foscarnet in HIV sero‐positive patients: effect of probenecid pretreatment
Authors: Noonnohamed F. H. , Youle M. S. , Higgs C. J. , Gazzard B. G. , Lant A. F. 
Published: August 2010

Aims The present study was undertaken to test whether the anti‐viral agent foscarnet undergoes sipficant tubular secretion, by using probenecid, an inhibitor of the organic acid secretory pathway in the proximal segment of the nephron. Methods The pharmacokinetics and renal excretion of foscarnet (90 mg kg−1 infused over 2 h) have been investigated, in the absence and presence of probenecid pretreatment (1 g twice daily for 3 days) in a group of 10 HIV seropositive patients. Results Mean (± s.d.) peak plasma concentrations were 904 ± 65 μm (foscarnet) and 862 ± 97 μm (foscarnet + probenecid) whilst the plasma AUC values were 3326 ± 451 μm h and 3133 ± 476 μm h respectively. Terminal elimination half‐life remained unchanged at 5.6 ± 0.7 h and the respective volumes of distribution at steady state were 23 ± 31 (foscamet) and 25 ± 31 (foscamet + probenecid). Mean total body clearance was 110 ± 17 ml min−1 (foscarnet) and 113 ± 13 ml min−1 (foscarnet + probenecid) and the corresponding renal clearances of foscarnet were 102 ± 5 ml min−1 and 105 ± 5 ml min−1 respectively. There were no significant differences in the total amount of foscarnet excreted by the kidney with 95 ± 5% (foscarnet) and 91± 6% (foscarnet + probenecid) of the intravenous dose excreted within 24 h. Glomerular filtration rates at 109 ± 12 ml min−1 (foscarnet) and 100 ± 13 ml min−1 (foscarnet + probenecid) and respective creatinine clearances at 120 ±15 and 119 ± 10 ml min−1 remained unchanged throughout the study. Conclusion The study shows that foscarnet is not transported via the probenecid‐sensitive organic acid secretory pathway in the proximal tubule; the renal elimination of foscarnet is via glomerular filtration.
The effect of intravenous aminophylline on essential tremor
Authors: Buss D. C. , Marshall R. W. , Milligan N. , McQueen I. , Compston D. A. S. , Routledge P. A. 
Published: August 2010

Aims The effects of intravenous aminophylline (375 mg) or placebo (saline) were studied in 10 patients with benign essential tremor. Methods This was a single‐blind crossover study. Patients received aminophylline by i.v. infusion over 15 min or sahne at least 1 week apart. Tremor was measured by a peizoresistive accelerometer at 15 min intervals predose and up to 2 h. Plasma theophylline concentrations were measured by h.p.1.c. Results Tremor power was significantly greater following aminophylline (5.67–6.2 Hz) than placebo (5.6–5.9 Hz). Conclusions We conclude that intravenous aminophylline potentiates benign essential tremor when given acutely by the intravenous route in the doses required to achieve therapeutic benefits in asthma.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling of the three‐step metabolism of pyrimidine using13C‐uracil as anin vivoprobe
Authors: Ito Suminobu , Kawamura Takeshi , Inada Makoto , Inoue Yoshiharu , Hirao Yukihiro , Koga Toshihisa , Kunizaki Jun‐ichi , Shimizu Takefumi , Sato Hitoshi 
Published: August 2010

AimsApproximately 80% of uracil is excreted as β‐alanine, ammonia and CO2via three sequential reactions. The activity of the first enzyme in this scheme, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), is reported to be the key determinant of the cytotoxicity and side‐effects of 5‐fluorouracil. The aim of the present study was to re‐evaluate the pharmacokinetics of uracil and its metabolites using a sensitive assay and based on a newly developed, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model.Methods[2–13C]Uracil was orally administrated to 12 healthy males at escalating doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg, and the concentrations of [2–13C]uracil, [2–13C]5,6‐dihydrouracil and β‐ureidopropionic acid (ureido‐13C) in plasma and urine and13CO2in breath were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatograph–isotope ratio mass spectrometry, respectively.ResultsThe pharmacokinetics of [2–13C]uracil were nonlinear. The elimination half‐life of [2–13C]5,6‐dihydrouracil was 0.9–1.4 h, whereas that of [2–13C]uracil was 0.2–0.3 h. The AUC of [2–13C]5,6‐dihydrouracil was 1.9–3.1 times greater than that of [2–13C]uracil, whereas that of ureido‐13C was 0.13–0.23 times smaller. The pharamacokinetics of13CO2in expired air were linear and the recovery of13CO2was approximately 80% of the dose. The renal clearance of [2–13C]uracil was negligible.ConclusionA PBPK model to describe13CO2exhalation after orally administered [2–13C]uracil was successfully developed. Using [2–13C]uracil as a probe, this model could be useful in identifying DPD‐deficient patients at risk of 5‐fuorouracil toxicity.
Effects of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of acebutolol
Authors: Lilja Jari J. , Raaska Kari , Neuvonen Pertti J. 
Published: August 2010

AimsWe aimed to investigate effects of grapefruit juice on acebutolol pharmacokinetics.MethodsIn a randomized cross‐over study, 10 healthy subjects ingested 200 mL grapefruit juice or water three times daily for 3 days and twice on day 4. On day 3, each subject ingested 400 mg acebutolol with grapefruit juice or water. The concentrations of acebutolol and its metabolite diacetolol were measured in plasma and urine up to 33 h.ResultsGrapefruit juice decreased the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of acebutolol by 19% from 872 ± 207 ng mL−1to 706 ± 140 ng mL−1(95% CI on the difference −306, −26.4;P < 0.05), and the area under the concentration time curve (AUC0−33 h) by 7%, from 4498 ± 939 ng mL−1 h to 4182 ± 915 ng mL−1h (95% CI −609, −23.0;P < 0.05). The half‐life (t1/2) of acebutolol prolonged from 4.0 to 5.1 h (P < 0.05). The time to peak concentration and the amount of acebutolol excreted into urine (Ae) were unchanged. TheCmax, AUC0−33 h, and Ae of diacetolol were decreased by 24% (P < 0.05), 18% (P < 0.05), and 20% (P < 0.01), respectively, by grapefruit juice.ConclusionGrapefruit juice caused a small decrease in the plasma concentrations of acebutolol and diacetolol by interfering with gastrointestinal absorption. The interaction between the grapefruit juice and acebutolol is unlikely to be of clinical significance in most of the patients.