bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of population‐specific Demirjian curves in the estimation of dental age of Saudi children
Authors: BAGHDADI ZIAD D. , PANI SHARAT C. 
Published: September 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 125–131Background.  The Demirjian eight‐stage method is one of the principal methods used to quantify the degree of maturity from age 3 to 17.Aim.  The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of dental age of different population‐specific curves, derived using the Demirjian method, to the chronological age of Saudi children aged between 4 and 14.Design.  Panoramic radiographic records of 176 children (91 boys and 85 girls), without any history of systemic disease, were assessed using the Demirjian method, and the dental age was calculated using curves designed for French‐Canadian, Belgian, Kuwaiti, and Saudi children. The difference from chronological age (DA–CA) for each curve was then statistically compared using ANOVA, and each of the curves was compared to the chronological age using multinomial regression modelling.Results.  The results suggest that although population‐specific curves are more accurate in the prediction of age, a considerable variation within each population still exists.Conclusions.  The Demirjian method offers great scope in fields that require the study of the pattern of growth rather than the accuracy of age estimation.
Forest composition in Mediterranean mountains is projected to shift along the entire elevational gradient under climate change
Authors: Ruiz‐Labourdette Diego , Nogués‐Bravo David , Ollero Helios Sáinz , Schmitz María F. , Pineda Francisco D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim  Species distribution models have been used frequently to assess the effects of climate change on mountain biodiversity. However, the value and accuracy of these assessments have been hampered by the use of low‐resolution data for species distributions and climatic conditions. Herein we assess potential changes in the distribution and community composition of tree species in two mountainous regions of Spain under specific scenarios of climate change using data with a high spatial resolution. We also describe potential changes in species distributions and tree communities along the entire elevational gradient.Location  Two mountain ranges in southern Europe: the Central Mountain Range (central west of the Iberian Peninsula), and the Iberian Mountain Range (central east).Methods  We modelled current and future distributions of 15 tree species (Eurosiberian, sub‐Mediterranean and Mediterranean species) as functions of climate, lithology and availability of soil water using generalized linear models (logistic regression) and machine learning models (gradient boosting). Using multivariate ordination of a matrix of presence/absence of tree species obtained under two Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios (A2 and B2) for two different periods in the future (2041–70 and 2071–2100), we assessed the predicted changes in the composition of tree communities.Results  The models predicted an upward migration of communities of Mediterranean trees to higher elevations and an associated decline in communities of temperate or cold‐adapted trees during the 21st century. It was predicted that 80–99% of the area that shows a climate suitable for cold–wet‐optimum Eurosiberian coniferous and broad‐leaved species will be lost. The largest overall changes were predicted for Mediterranean species found currently at low elevations, such as Pinus halepensis, Pinus pinaster, Quercus ilex ssp. ballota and Juniperus oxycedrus, with sharp increases in their range of 350%.Main conclusions  It is likely that areas with climatic conditions suitable for cold‐adapted species will decrease significantly under climate warming. Large changes in species ranges and forest communities might occur, not only at high elevations within Mediterranean mountains but also along the entire elevational gradient throughout this region, particularly at low and mid‐elevations. Mediterranean mountains might lose their key role as refugia for cold‐adapted species and thus an important part of their genetic heritage.
Pharmacokinetics of spinosad and milbemycin oxime administered in combination and separately per os to dogs
Authors: HOLMSTROM S. D. , TOTTEN M. L. , NEWHALL K. B. , QIAO M. , RIGGS K. L. 
Published: September 2011

Holmstrom, S. D., Totten, M. L., Newhall, K. B., Qiao, M., Riggs, K. L. Pharmacokinetics of spinosad and milbemycin oxime administered in combination and separately per os to dogs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap 35, 351–364.Pharmacokinetic (PK) studies were conducted to determine the potential PK interactions when spinosad and milbemycin oxime (MBO) are administered simultaneously. Investigations used commercial MBO tablets (C‐MBO; Interceptor® Flavor Tabs, active ingredient MBO, Novartis Animal Health, Greensboro, NC, USA), novel‐source (Elanco) MBO (E‐MBO) in a gelatin capsule, spinosad API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient using registered manufacturing process) in a gelatin capsule, spinosad tablets (Comfortis® chewable beef flavored tablets, active ingredient spinosad, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA), and the recently registered spinosad + E‐MBO combination tablets (Trifexis™ chewable beef flavored tablets, active ingredients E‐MBO and spinosad, Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA). Regardless of the source of MBO, in the presence of spinosad, greater systemic exposure of MBO was obtained as compared to MBO administered alone. Target animal safety studies conducted with dose multiples of spinosad and MBO indicate the increased exposure of MBO does not have implications on adverse clinical reactions. Further research is required to determine whether the higher levels of MBO have any implications for improved effectiveness as compared to C‐MBO. Effectiveness studies conducted with 0.5 mg/kg of E‐MBO in combination tablets demonstrated noninterference against C‐MBO with both products achieving >99% effectiveness against the dose‐limiting nematode, Ancylostoma caninum. No statistical differences were detected in the PK of MBO when comparing animals receiving E‐MBO (without spinosad) and C‐MBO. Also, the PK of spinosad was unaltered when co‐administered with MBO.
Evolution of an incised valley coastal plain estuary under low sediment supply: a ‘give‐up’ estuary
Authors: COOPER J. ANDREW G. , GREEN ANDREW N. , WRIGHT C. IAN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe literature on incised river valley sedimentology is dominated by studies of sediment‐rich systems in which the valley has been filled during and/or shortly after drowning. In contrast, the Holocene evolution of the Kosi Lagoon, South Africa (an incised coastal plain river valley) took place under very low sedimentation rates which have produced a distinctive stratigraphy and contemporary sedimentary environments. The findings are based on a synthesis of the results of studies of seismic stratigraphy, sediment distribution, morphodynamics and geomorphology. Barrier migration was prevented by a high pre‐Holocene dune barrier against which Holocene coastal deposits accumulated in an aggradational sequence. Holocene evolution of the back barrier involved: (i) drowning of the incised valley; (ii) wave‐induced modification of the back‐barrier shoreline leading to segmentation during the highstand; and (iii) marine sedimentation adjacent to the tidal inlet. Segmentation has divided the estuary into a series of geochemically and sedimentologically distinctive basins connected by channels in the estuarine barriers. The seismic stratigraphy of the back barrier essentially lacks a transgressive systems tract, shoreline modification and deposition having been accomplished during the highstand. The lack of historical geomorphological change suggests that the system has achieved morphological equilibrium with ambient energy conditions and low sediment supply. This study presents a classification for estuarine incised valley fills based on the balance between sea‐level rise and sedimentation in which Kosi represents a ‘give‐up’ estuary where much of the relict incised channel form is drowned and preserved. It exhibits a fundamentally different set of evolutionary processes and stratigraphic sequences to those of the better known incised valley systems in which sedimentation either keeps pace with sea‐level (‘keep‐up’ estuaries) or occurs after initial drowning (‘catch‐up’ estuaries).
The link between grain‐size components and depositional processes in a modern clastic lake
Authors: XIAO JULE , CHANG ZHIGANG , FAN JIAWEI , ZHOU LANG , ZHAI DAYOU , WEN RUILIN , QIN XIAOGUANG 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIt is widely recognized that lake sediment grain‐size distributions tend to be polymodal and consist of two or more grain‐size components. However, for specific cases, the genesis of each component usually is poorly understood. In this study, the grain‐size components of the surface sediments of Hulun Lake, Inner Mongolia, were partitioned using the log‐normal distribution function method and the relationship between the identity of each grain‐size component and the hydraulic condition of the lake was investigated in order to relate the constituent components to specific depositional processes in the lake. The data indicate that the modern clastic sediments of Hulun Lake contain six distinct unimodal grain‐size distributions representing six grain‐size components. Each of the components retains its identity including modal size, manner of transportation and environment of deposition, although the relative percentage varies with the hydraulic conditions throughout the lake. These components are specified from fine to coarse modes as long‐term suspension clay, offshore‐suspension fine silt and medium to coarse silt, and nearshore‐suspension fine sand, saltation medium sand and traction coarse sand. The percentage contribution of several grain‐size components interpreted as being indicative of nearshore environments is shown to be correlated negatively with water depth across the modern lake bed; this suggests that the proportion of these components in core data might be useful as a proxy for water depth. This possibility was tested using a sediment core from Hulun Lake where high percentages of the nearshore grain‐size components were found to be correlated with low regional precipitation reconstructed from the pollen profile of the same core. The coincidence of two independent proxies does not only demonstrate the validity of log‐normal distribution function in partitioning polymodal sediments but reveals the potential of lake sediment grain‐size components for the research of lake‐level fluctuations during the geological past.
Establishment of diagnostic criteria for feline nonflea‐induced hypersensitivity dermatitis
Authors: Favrot Claude , Steffan Jean , Seewald Wolfgang , Hobi Stefan , Linek Monika , Marignac Geneviève , Olivry Thierry , Beco Luc , Nett Claudia , Fontaine Jacques , Roosje Petra , Bergvall Kerstin , Belova Svetlana , Koebrich Stefanie , Pin Didier , Kovalik Marcel , Meury Sabrina , Wilhelm Sylvia 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHypersensitivity dermatitides (HD) are commonly seen in cats, and they are usually caused by environmental, food and/or flea allergens. Affected cats normally present with one of the following clinical reaction patterns: head and neck excoriations, usually symmetrical self‐induced alopecia, eosinophilic skin lesions or miliary dermatitis. Importantly, none of these clinical presentations is considered to be pathognomonic for HD skin diseases, and the diagnosis of HD is usually based on the exclusion of other pruritic diseases and on a positive response to therapy. The objectives of this study were to propose sets of criteria for the diagnosis of nonflea‐induced HD (NFHD). We recruited 501 cats with pruritus and skin lesions and compared clinical parameters between cats with NFHD (encompassing those with nonflea, nonfood HD and those with food HD), flea HD and other pruritic conditions. Using simulated annealing techniques, we established two sets of proposed criteria for the following two different clinical situations: (i) the diagnosis of NFHD in a population of pruritic cats; and (ii) the diagnosis of NFHD after exclusion of cats with flea HD. These criteria sets were associated with good sensitivity and specificity and may be useful for homogeneity of enrolment in clinical trials and to evaluate the probability of diagnosis of NFHD in clinical practice. Finally, these criteria were not useful to differentiate cats with NFHD from those with food HD.
Differential expression of interleukin‐32 in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps
Authors: Keswani A. , Chustz R. T. , Suh L. , Carter R. , Peters A. T. , Tan B. K. , Chandra R. , Kim S.‐H. , Azam T. , Dinarello C. A. , Kern R. C. , Schleimer R. P. , Kato A. 
Published: September 2011

To cite this article: Keswani A, Chustz RT, Suh L, Carter R, Peters AT, Tan BK, Chandra R, Kim S‐H, Azam T, Dinarello CA, Kern RC, Schleimer RP, Kato A. Differential expression of interleukin‐32 in chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps. Allergy 2012; 67: 25–32.AbstractBackground:  Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by local inflammation of the upper airways and sinuses and is frequently divided into polypoid CRS (CRSwNP) and nonpolypoid CRS (CRSsNP). However, the mechanism of inflammation in CRS has still not been fully elucidated. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of interleukin‐32 (IL‐32), a recently discovered proinflammatory cytokine, in CRS.Methods:  We collected nasal epithelial cells and nasal tissue from patients with CRS and control subjects. We assayed mRNA for IL‐32 by real‐time PCR and measured IL‐32 protein using ELISA, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry.Results:  The expression of mRNA for IL‐32 was elevated in epithelial cells from uncinate tissue from patients with CRSsNP compared with patients with CRSwNP (P < 0.05), control subjects (P = 0.06), and epithelial cells from nasal polyp (NP) tissue (P < 0.05). Production of IL‐32 was induced by IFN‐γ, TNF, and dsRNA in primary airway epithelial cells. In whole‐tissue extracts, the expression of IL‐32 protein was significantly elevated in patients with CRSwNP compared with patients with CRSsNP and control subjects. Immunohistochemistry data showed that IL‐32 was detected in mucosal epithelial cells and inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. Levels of IL‐32 were correlated with the levels of CD3 and macrophage mannose receptor in NP tissue. Immunofluorescence data showed IL‐32 co‐localization with CD3‐positive T cells and CD68‐positive macrophages in NPs.Conclusion:  Overproduction of IL‐32 may be involved in the pathogenesis of CRS, although the role of IL‐32 in the inflammation in CRSsNP and CRSwNP may be different.
Higher in vitro resistance to oxidative stress in extra‐pair offspring
Authors: LOSDAT S. , HELFENSTEIN F. , SALADIN V. , RICHNER H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOxidative stress is considered to act as a universal physiological constraint in life‐history evolution of animals. This should be of interest for extra‐pair paternity behaviour, and we tested here the prediction that offspring arising from extra‐pair matings of female great tits show higher resistance to oxidative stress than within‐pair offspring. Resistance to oxidative stress, measured as the whole blood resistance to a controlled free‐radical attack, was significantly higher for extra‐pair offspring as predicted although these were not heavier or in better body condition than within‐pair offspring. Since resistance to oxidative stress has been suggested to enhance survival and reproductive rates, extra‐pair offspring with superior resistance to oxidative stress, be it through maternal effects or paternal inheritance, may achieve higher fitness and thus provide significant indirect fitness benefits to their mothers. In addition, because oxidative stress affects colour signals and sperm traits, females may also gain fitness benefits by producing sons that are more attractive (sexy‐sons hypothesis) and have sperm of superior quality (sexy‐sperm hypothesis). Heritability of resistance to oxidative stress as well as maternal effects may both act as proximate mechanisms for the observed result. Disentangling these two mechanisms would require an experimental approach. Future long‐term studies should also aim at experimentally testing whether higher resistance to oxidative stress of EP nestlings indeed translates into fitness benefits to females.
Politics, welfare regimes, and population health: controversies and evidence
Authors: Muntaner Carles , Borrell Carme , Ng Edwin , Chung Haejoo , Espelt Albert , Rodriguez‐Sanz Maica , Benach Joan , O’Campo Patricia 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn recent years, a research area has emerged within social determinants of health that examines the role of politics, expressed as political traditions/parties and welfare state characteristics, on population health. To better understand and synthesise this growing body of evidence, the present literature review, informed by a political economy of health and welfare regimes framework, located 73 empirical and comparative studies on politics and health, meeting our inclusion criteria in three databases: PubMed (1948‐), Sociological Abstracts (1953‐), and ISI Web of Science (1900‐). We identified two major research programmes, welfare regimes and democracy, and two emerging programmes, political tradition and globalisation. Primary findings include: (1) left and egalitarian political traditions on population health are the most salutary, consistent, and substantial; (2) the health impacts of advanced and liberal democracies are also positive and large; (3) welfare regime studies, primarily conducted among wealthy countries, find that social democratic regimes tend to fare best with absolute health outcomes yet consistently in terms of relative health inequalities; and (4) globalisation defined as dependency indicators such as trade, foreign investment, and national debt is negatively associated with population health. We end by discussing epistemological, theoretical, and methodological issues for consideration for future research.
A retrospective cohort study of dermatological problems observed in paediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Prashanth G.P. , Pai V.V. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  Dermatological manifestations are often encountered in paediatric intensive care units (PICU). Spectrum of dermatological problems that may arise in critically ill children in intensive care unit remains unknown.Objectives  The aim of this study was to find out the burden of dermatological problems and to describe the proportional distribution of paediatric dermatoses in ICU set‐up.Methods  In a retrospective cohort study, we analysed all types of paediatric dermatological conditions manifesting in children admitted to a tertiary level ICU in South India.Results  During the study period of 25 months, 1180 new cases were admitted to PICU. A total of 318 children with 361 skin manifestations were observed. Majority of the skin lesions were minor and were secondary to systemic disease. Infection was the leading cause of dermatoses in ICU. Dengue infection was detected in 64% of total cases included in the study. Stevens–Johnson syndrome was the only primary dermatological condition leading to PICU admission in the present cohort.Conclusions  The spectrum and proportional distribution of skin conditions in children differ from adult ICU‐data. Further large‐scale investigations are needed to define the characteristics and distribution of infections along with other disease conditions leading to ICU‐admissions and mortality among critically ill paediatric patients.
Rational choice and the political bases of changing Israeli counterinsurgency strategy1
Authors: Brym Robert J. , Andersen Robert 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIsraeli counterinsurgency doctrine holds that the persistent use of credible threat and disproportionate military force results in repeated victories that eventually teach the enemy the futility of aggression. The doctrine thus endorses classical rational choice theory's claim that narrow cost‐benefit calculations shape fixed action rationales. This paper assesses whether Israel's strategic practice reflects its counterinsurgency doctrine by exploring the historical record and the association between Israeli and Palestinian deaths due to low‐intensity warfare. In contrast to the expectations of classical rational choice theory, the evidence suggests that institutional, cultural and historical forces routinely override simple cost‐benefit calculations. Changing domestic and international circumstances periodically cause revisions in counterinsurgency strategy. Credible threat and disproportionate military force lack the predicted long‐term effect.
Tightening the focus: moral panic, moral regulation and liberal government1
Authors: Hier Sean P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to tighten the focus of moral panic studies by clarifying and elaborating on an analytical framework that conceptualizes moral panic as a form of moral regulation. The first part of the article explains why moral panic should be conceptualized as a form of moral regulation. The second part presents a rejoinder to Critcher's (2009) critique of the widening focus of moral panic studies. The third part elaborates on the conceptual relationship between the sociologies of moral panic and moral regulation by offering fresh insights into the sociological and political importance of moral panic as a technique of liberal government.
The stress regime of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
Authors: BELL J. S. , GRASBY S. E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAll available information relevant to in situ stress orientations and magnitudes in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) were examined to provide a better understanding of how regional stress fields may affect geothermal development. The smallest principal stress is horizontal over most of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin, and it varies in magnitude across the region. Horizontal stress trajectories show that SHmax axes are generally aligned SW–NE. A total of 1643 measurements of microfracture and minifracture closure pressures, leak‐off pressures and fracture breakdown pressures have been harnessed to map SHmin gradients across the basin at depths of 156–500, 500–1000, 1000–4185 and 2000–4185 m. Vertical stress magnitudes, calculated in 91 wells, showed that at constant depth, SV increases towards the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Resultant regional stress maps show consistent trends in orientation of stress axes. As a result, predictions can be made that propagation axes of subsurface hydraulic fractures will be dominantly SW–NE, except over the Peace River Arch area, where they will trend more towards SSW–NNE. Engineered geothermal systems in the WCSB can be optimised by drilling horizontal wells parallel to SHmin.