bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brood pheromone suppresses physiology of extreme longevity in honeybees (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Smedal B. , Brynem M. , Kreibich C. D. , Amdam G. V. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARY
Honeybee (Apis mellifera) society is characterized by a helper caste of essentially sterile female bees called workers. Workers show striking changes in lifespan that correlate with changes in colony demography. When rearing sibling sisters (brood), workers survive for 3-6 weeks. When brood rearing declines, worker lifespan is 20 weeks or longer. Insects can survive unfavorable periods on endogenous stores of protein and lipid. The glyco-lipoprotein vitellogenin extends worker bee lifespan by functioning in free radical defense, immunity and behavioral control. Workers use vitellogenin in brood food synthesis, and the metabolic cost of brood rearing (nurse load) may consume vitellogenin stores and reduce worker longevity. Yet, in addition to consuming resources, brood secretes a primer pheromone that affects worker physiology and behavior. Odors and odor perception can influence invertebrate longevity but it is unknown whether brood pheromone modulates vitellogenin stores and survival. We address this question with a 2-factorial experiment where 12 colonies are exposed to combinations of absence vs presence of brood and brood pheromone. Over an age-course of 24 days, we monitor the amount of vitellogenin stored in workers' fat body (adipose tissue). Thereafter, we track colony survival for 200 days. We demonstrate that brood rearing reduces worker vitellogenin stores and colony long-term survival. Yet also, we establish that the effects can result solely from exposure to brood pheromone. These findings indicate that molecular systems of extreme lifespan regulation are integrated with the sensory system of honeybees to respond to variation in a primer pheromone secreted from larvae.
Isoform- and cell-specific function of tyrosine decarboxylase in theDrosophilaMalpighian tubule
Authors: Blumenthal Edward M. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYThe biogenic amine tyramine (TA) is a potent diuretic factor when applied to the Malpighian tubule (MT) of Drosophila melanogaster, stimulating both urine production and transepithelial chloride conductance. Isolated MTs can respond not only to TA but also to its precursor, tyrosine; this observation led to the proposal that MTs are able to synthesize TA from applied tyrosine through the action of the enzyme tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC). In the current study it is shown that the non-neuronal isoform of TDC, Tdc1, is expressed in the principal cells of the MT. A mutant allele of Tdc1, Tdc1f03311, was identified that reduced expression of the mature Tdc1 transcript by greater than 100-fold. MTs isolated from Tdc1f03311 homozygous flies showed no significant depolarization of their transepithelial potential (TEP) or diuresis in response to tyrosine while retaining normal sensitivity to TA. By contrast, a previously identified null mutant allele of the neuronal TDC isoform Tdc2 had no effect on either tyrosine or TA sensitivity. To determine in which cell type of the MT Tdc1 expression is required, flies were generated carrying a UAS-Tdc1 transgene and cell-type-specific Gal4 drivers on a Tdc1f03311 homozygous background. Rescue of Tdc1 expression in principal cells fully restored sensitivity to tyrosine whereas expression of Tdc1 in stellate cells had no rescuing effect. It is concluded that synthesis of TA by Tdc1 in the principal cells of the MT is required for physiological responses to tyrosine. TA synthesis in the MT is the first reported physiological role for Drosophila Tdc1.
France sets standards for practice of aesthetic surgery
Authors: Fogli Alain 
Published: November 2009

Dr Alain Fogli is a member of the ISAPS Specialty Promotion Committee and ISAPS National Secretary for France. Dr Fogli has been Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Syndicate of Plastic Surgery in France for over five years. The National Syndicate is a National Union whose purpose is to protect the specialty and the Syndicate has an official spokesperson for the Government. Members of the Board of Directors are elected by French plastic surgeons. The changes initiated in France were in response to extensive publicity about cosmetic surgery that drew attention to the lack of traditional safeguards for patients. It became necessary for the Government to learn more about the field of cosmetic surgery, including its financial and safety aspects. The Government initiated an inquiry and the Syndicate was subsequently invited to participate in the writing new regulations. Dr Fogli and Dr Hepner met with the Health Minister to assist in formulating the regulations and the final proposition was put to Parliament and passed into Law. The regulations are also designed to monitor the practice of cosmetic surgery and to avoid possible abuse.
Clinical risk in cosmetic surgery
Authors: Bradbury Eileen 
Published: November 2009

Psychological issues are central to cosmetic surgery procedures. Motivation is driven by the aim of achieving improved psychological and social wellbeing. A poor technical outcome will undermine those aims in the normal population, but for those vulnerable individuals with underlying psychopathology or personality disorders, the risk to their psychological state can be significant. Some patients will always be at psychological risk, whatever the technical outcome, and are less able to make an informed consent to treatment. This paper describes the types of psychological risk associated with specific procedures, and the psychiatric conditions most commonly found in the cosmetic surgery population. Clinical guidelines are given for both patient and practitioner. Prospective patients are give advice on how to reduce their exposure to psychological risk, and practitioners are given guidelines on the selection of patients for procedures, and ways of developing referral pathways to mental health services where appropriate.
Inception and Evolution of Nitrogen Sorption Hysteresis Loops by Thermally-Induced Nanopore Drilling in TiO2 Xerogel Microspheres: UV Photoreduction of Methyl Orange
Authors: Velásquez Celso , Ojeda M. Luisa , Campero Antonio , Sánchez-Mondragón J. Javier , Esparza J. Marcos , Rojas Fernando 
Published: November 2009

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) microspheres were prepared via a sol–gel route and the textural properties of these substrates developed through thermal treatment performed between 100 °C and 500 °C which led to the decomposition of organic groups and sintering between microparticles. The annealed TiO2 microglobules enclosed a nanopore network consisting of alternating bulges and throats. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms of the TiO2 xerogels treated at 100 °C and 500 °C possessed very narrow hysteresis loops, whereas the corresponding adsorption isotherms of the TiO2 microglobular samples annealed at 200–400 °C showed well-defined hysteresis cycles. The UV catalytic photoreduction of Methyl Orange solutions in the presence of porous TiO2 microspheres occurred to a significant extent regardless of the annealing temperature employed; anatase was present between 200 °C and 500 °C while the appearance of rutile started from 350 °C onwards. Electron release took place from the external area of the microglobules rather than from the surface of the internal pores of the microspheres; as a consequence, significant photocatalytic activity was displayed by all the samples. Two concomitant effects influenced the properties of a given TiO2 sample: (i) an increase in the annealing temperature led to a higher crystallinity; and (ii) the surface area and porosity decreased with temperature due to increased sintering.
Decay susceptibility of Amazon wood species from Brazil against white rot and brown rot decay fungi 10th EWLP, Stockholm, Sweden, August 25–28, 2008
Authors: Carneiro Jane Silveira , Emmert Luciano , Sternadt Gerson H. , Mendes Julio César , Almeida Getúlio F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A total of 28 tropical Amazon woods – many of them rarely used – from Tapajós National Forest, Pará state, Brazil, were tested for their natural resistance against the decay fungi: Ganoderma applanatum, Trametes versicolor, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Meruliporia incrassata, and Gloeophyllum trabeum. The wood resistance classification was made according to the ASTM D 2017-81 method. High variability on susceptibility to wood decay fungi was found. Their mean weight losses varied from 0.6% to 45.6%. Highly resistant species include: Astronium gracile, Bagassa guianensis, Caryocar villosum, Claricia racemosa, Diplotropis purpurea, Dipteryx odorata, Hymenaea courbaril, Manilkara huberi, Mezilaurus itauba, Sextonia rubra, Tabebuia incana, and Vatairea paraensis. The following wood species are less durable: Brosimum parinarioides, Jacaranda copaia, Laetia procera, Pouteria pachycarpa, Virola caducifolia, and Trattinnickia rhoifolia. Meruliporia incrassata caused extensive weight losses in most of the investigated Amazon wood species.
5-Phenyl-2-(benzalhydrazonyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, potential trypanocidal agents: consistent dimer formation via N–H · · · N intermolecular hydrogen bonds
Authors: Carvalho Samir A. , Harrison William T. A. , Fraga Carlos A. M. , da Silva Edson F. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M. S. V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The molecular and crystal structures of a series of 5-Ph-2-(arylCH=NNH)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles [2: aryl = 4-XC6H4 (X = H [2a], 4-Cl [2b], 4-Br [2c], 4-F3CO [2d], 2-HO [2e], 2-HO-3-MeO [2f] as well as [5-Ph-2-(4-HOC6H4CH=NNH)-1,3,4-thiadiazole]3(H2O)2] [(2g)3 · 2 (H2O)] are reported. The compounds were prepared as part of a study on typanocide reagents as possible treatments for Chagas‘ disease. The asymmetric unit of [(2g)3 · 2 (H2O)] consists of three independent molecules and two water molecules, in contrast to the single molecules comprising the asymmetric units of 2a–2f. In all cases, N–H · · · N intermolecular hydrogen bonding results in the formation of dimers linked by R2
2(8) rings. As well as the hydrogen-bonded dimers, the molecules of 2a–2f are also linked by other weak interactions including aromatic π–π stacking and C–H · · · X bonds.
Role of Acculturation Research in Advancing Science and Practice in Reducing Health Care Disparities Among Latinos
Authors: Zambrana Ruth E. , Carter-Pokras Olivia 
Published: November 2009

An impressive body of public health knowledge on health care disparities among Latinos has been produced. However, inconclusive and conflicting results on predictors of health care disparities remain. We examined the theoretical assumptions and methodological limitations of acculturation research in understanding Latino health care disparities, the evidence for socioeconomic position as a predictor of health care disparities, and the effectiveness of cultural competency practice. Persistent use of culture-driven acculturation models decenters social determinants of health as key factors in health disparities and diminishes the effectiveness of cultural competency practice. Social and economic determinants are more important predictors than is culture in understanding health care disparities. Improvements in the material conditions of low-income Latinos can effectively reduce health care disparities.
The Importance of Geographic Data Aggregation in Assessing Disparities in American Indian Prenatal Care
Authors: Johnson Pamela Jo , Call Kathleen Thiede , Blewett Lynn A. 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We sought to determine whether aggregate national data for American Indians/Alaska Natives (AIANs) mask geographic variation and substantial subnational disparities in prenatal care utilization. Methods. We used data for US births from 1995 to 1997 and from 2000 to 2002 to examine prenatal care utilization among AIAN and non-Hispanic White mothers. The indicators we studied were late entry into prenatal care and inadequate utilization of prenatal care. We calculated rates and disparities for each indicator at the national, regional, and state levels, and we examined whether estimates for regions and states differed significantly from national estimates. We then estimated state-specific changes in prevalence rates and disparity rates over time. Results. Prenatal care utilization varied by region and state for AIANs and non-Hispanic Whites. In the 12 states with the largest AIAN birth populations, disparities varied dramatically. In addition, some states demonstrated substantial reductions in disparities over time, and other states showed significant increases in disparities. Conclusions. Substantive conclusions about AIAN health care disparities should be geographically specific, and conclusions drawn at the national level may be unsuitable for policymaking and intervention at state and local levels. Efforts to accommodate the geographically specific data needs of AIAN health researchers and others interested in state-level comparisons are warranted.
Exploring the “Bisexual Bridge”: A Qualitative Study of Risk Behavior and Disclosure of Same-Sex Behavior Among Black Bisexual Men
Authors: Malebranche David J. , Arriola Kimberly Jacob , Jenkins Tyrrell R. , Dauria Emily , Patel Shilpa N. 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We explored factors influencing sexual behavior, disclosure of same-sex behavior, and condom-use practices among Black bisexual men. Methods. We conducted semistructured interviews with 38 Black men in Atlanta, Georgia, who reported having had oral, vaginal, or anal sex with both men and women in the prior 6 months. Results. Participants described approaches to disclosure of same-sex behavior as part of a complex decisional balance influenced by both situational and individual factors and ranging from full disclosure to total secrecy. Influences on sexual behavior and condom-use practices included: (1) type of relationship, (2) gender-specific considerations, (3) perceptions of comfort or trust, and (4) fear of disease or pregnancy. Conclusions. Disclosure of same-sex behavior was not a major influence on the sexual behavior and condom-use practices of the Black bisexual men in our study, who demonstrated heterogeneity in approaches to sexual behavior, disclosure of same-sex behavior, and condom-use practices. Additional research is needed to assess the social determinants of sexual risk for this population. Future HIV-prevention efforts should include initiatives to encourage accuracy in risk assessment and in taking sexual histories in clinical settings.
Sexual Risk Taking Among Transgender Male-to-Female Youths With Different Partner Types
Authors: Wilson Erin C. , Garofalo Robert , Harris D. Robert , Belzer Marvin 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We examined associations between partner types (categorized as main, casual, or commercial) and sexual risk behaviors of sexually active male-to-female (transgender female) youths. Methods. We interviewed 120 transgender female youths aged 15 to 24 years recruited from clinics, community-based agencies, club and bar venues, referrals, and the streets of Los Angeles, California, and Chicago, Illinois. Results. Sexual risk behaviors varied by partner type. Transgender female youths were less likely to use condoms during receptive anal intercourse with their main partner and were less likely to use condoms with a main partner while under the influence of substances. Youth participants were also more likely to talk to a main partner about their HIV status. Our data identified no demographic or social factors that predicted condom use during receptive anal intercourse by partner type. Conclusions. Research and interventions that focus on understanding and mitigating risk behaviors by partner type, especially those that tackle the unique risks incurred with main partners, may make important contributions to risk reduction among transgender female youths.
Support for Smoke-Free Policies: A Nationwide Analysis of Immigrants, US-Born, and Other Demographic Groups, 1995–2002
Authors: Osypuk Theresa L. , Acevedo-Garcia Dolores 
Published: November 2009

Objectives. We examined whether support for tobacco control policies varies by demographic group, including nativity status (i.e., immigrant versus US born). Methods. We analyzed 1995 to 2002 data from the Current Population Survey Tobacco Use Supplement (n = 543 951). The outcome was a summary attitudinal measure assessing support of smoking bans in 4 of 6 venues. Results. US-born respondents, smokers, male respondents, Native Americans, Whites, and those who were unmarried, of lower socioeconomic status, and whose workplaces and homes were not smoke free were less likely to support smoking bans. Immigrants exhibited stronger support for banning smoking in every venue, with a generation-specific gradient in which support eroded with increasing assimilation to the United States. Levels of support were more than twice as high among immigrants as among US-born respondents (odds ratio [OR] = 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.08, 2.23). Naturalized citizens displayed higher support than US-born citizens, which may be relevant for mobilization of the electorate. Differences in population composition and contexts (e.g., smoke-free workplaces) only partially accounted for immigrants' stronger level of support. Conclusions. Immigrants and their children may be valuable tobacco control allies given their supportive attitudes toward smoke-free policies.
Schools of Public Health and the Health of the Public: Enhancing the Capabilities of Faculty to Be Influential in Policymaking
Authors: Longest Beaufort B. , Huber George A. 
Published: November 2009

Faculty members of schools of public health contribute to better health largely through their teaching, research, and community service roles. We suggest attention to another role: exerting their influence to ensure effective public health policy. Using recent actions taken at the University of Pittsburgh's Graduate School of Public Health as a template, we describe some of the key steps that public health schools can take to help their faculties be more influential in public health policy. These steps include (1) building infrastructures to support and facilitate this role, (2) teaching faculty members how to be more influential in the policy arena, and (3) aligning incentives and rewards for faculty who contribute to improved public health by influencing the formation and implementation of public health policy.
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate Effectiveness of Registered Dietitian–Led Diabetes Management on Glycemic and Diet Control in a Primary Care Setting in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Meng-Chuan , Hsu Chih-Cheng , Wang Huan-Sen , Shin Shyi-Jang 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
In this randomized controlled trial we evaluated the effect of registered dietitian–led management of diabetes on glycemic control and macronutrient intake in type 2 diabetic patients in primary care clinics in Taiwan and studied the association between changes in macronutrient intake and glycemic measures.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We recruited 154 adult patients with type 2 diabetes and randomly assigned them to a routine care control group (n = 79) or a registered dietitian–led intervention group (n = 75) who received on-site diabetic self-management education every 3 months over 12 months.

RESULTS
Over the 1-year period, neither the intervention group (n = 75) nor the control group (n = 79) had significant changes in A1C, whereas the intervention patients with poorly controlled baseline A1C (≥7%) (n = 56) had significantly greater improvements in A1C and fasting plasma glucose than the control subjects (n = 60) (−0.7 vs. −0.2%, P = 0.034; −13.4 vs. 16.9 mg/dl, P = 0.007) during the same period. We also found significant net intervention-control group differences in overall energy intake (−229.06 ± 309.16 vs. 56.10 ± 309.41 kcal/day) and carbohydrate intake (−31.24 ± 61.53 vs. 7.15 ± 54.09 g/day) (P &lt; 0.001) in patients with poorly controlled A1C. Multivariable adjusted modeling revealed an independent association between changes in carbohydrate intake and A1C in the intervention group (n = 56; β = 0.10, SEM = 0.033, P = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS
On-site registered dietitian–led management of diabetes can improve glycemic control in patients with poorly managed type 2 diabetes in primary care clinics in Taiwan. A reduction in carbohydrate intake may improve glycemic status.
U-500 Regular Insulin
Authors: Davidson Mayer B. , Navar Maria D. , Echeverry Diana , Duran Petra 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
To describe the clinical experience and the pharmacokinetics of U-500 regular insulin in severely insulin-resistant obese type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients requiring &gt;200 units of insulin with A1C levels &gt;8.0% were switched to U-500 regular insulin. For the pharmacokinetic study, fasting subjects received 100 units of U-500 regular insulin subcutaneously, and samples drawn before and every 30–60 min for glucose, insulin, and C-peptides until glucose fell below 100 mg/dl.

RESULTS
U-500 regular insulin doses were adjusted using the same approach as for adjusting NPH insulin doses. Mean values at baseline and at minimum A1C levels were, respectively, A1C 9.9 and 7.1%, 3.2 and 3.3 units/kg, and weight 98.6 and 102.8 kg. Pharmacokinetically, insulin concentrations rose briskly by 30 min and remained elevated for at least 7 h.

CONCLUSIONS
Uncontrolled severely insulin-resistant obese type 2 diabetic patients can be satisfactorily controlled with U-500 regular insulin.
Early Glucose Abnormalities in Cystic Fibrosis Are Preceded by Poor Weight Gain
Authors: Hameed Shihab , Morton John R. , Jaffé Adam , Field Penny I. , Belessis Yvonne , Yoong Terence , Katz Tamarah , Verge Charles F. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE
Progressive β-cell loss causes catabolism in cystic fibrosis. Existing diagnostic criteria for diabetes were based on microvascular complications rather than on cystic fibrosis–specific outcomes. We aimed to relate glycemic status in cystic fibrosis to weight and lung function changes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We determined peak blood glucose (BGmax) during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) with samples every 30 min for 33 consecutive children (aged 10.2–18 years). Twenty-five also agreed to undergo continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) (Medtronic). Outcome measures were change in weight standard deviation score (wtSDS), percent forced expiratory volume in 1 s (%FEV1), and percent forced vital capacity (%FVC) in the year preceding the OGTT.

RESULTS
Declining wtSDS and %FVC were associated with higher BGmax (both P = 0.02) and with CGM time &gt;7.8 mmol/l (P = 0.006 and P = 0.02, respectively) but not with BG120 min. A decline in %FEV1 was related to CGM time &gt;7.8 mmol/l (P = 0.02). Using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to determine optimal glycemic cutoffs, CGM time above 7.8 mmol/l ≥4.5% detected declining wtSDS with 89% sensitivity and 86% specificity (area under the ROC curve 0.89, P = 0.003). BGmax ≥8.2 mmol/l gave 87% sensitivity and 70% specificity (0.76, P = 0.02). BG120 min did not detect declining wtSDS (0.59, P = 0.41). After exclusion of two patients with BG120 min ≥11.1 mmol/l, the decline in wtSDS was worse if BGmax was ≥8.2 mmol/l (−0.3 ± 0.4 vs. 0.0 ± 0.4 for BGmax &lt;8.2 mmol/l, P = 0.04) or if CGM time above 7.8 mmol/l was ≥4.5% (−0.3 ± 0.4 vs. 0.1 ± 0.2 for time &lt;4.5%, P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
BGmax ≥8.2 mmol/l on an OGTT and CGM time above 7.8 mmol/l ≥4.5% are associated with declining wtSDS and lung function in the preceding 12 months.