bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy‐induced sight‐threatening diabetic retinopathy in women with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Vestgaard M. , Ringholm L. , Laugesen C. S. , Rasmussen K. L. , Damm P. , Mathiesen E. R. 
Published: April 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 431–435 (2010)AbstractAims  To determine the progression of diabetic retinopathy in pregnant women with diabetes offered tight glycaemic and blood pressure control.Methods  A prospective study of 102 (87%) out of 117 consecutive pregnant women with Type 1 diabetes for median 16 years (range 1–36) and HbA1c 6.7% (4.9–10.8) in early pregnancy. Fundus photography was performed at 8 and 27 weeks. Retinopathy was classified in five stages. Diabetic macular oedema was classified as present in a mild form or as clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO). Progression was defined as at least one stage of deterioration of retinopathy and/or development of macular oedema in at least one eye. Sight‐threatening progression was defined as loss of visual acuity ≥ 0.2 on Snellen’s chart or laser treatment performed during pregnancy due to proliferative retinopathy or CSMO.Results  Diabetic retinopathy was present at inclusion in at least one eye in 64 (63%) women and proliferative retinopathy and macular oedema were present in nine and 16 women, respectively. Progression of retinopathy occurred in 28 (27%) women. Sight‐threatening progression occurred in six women; in three, visual acuity deteriorated and four required laser treatment. Sight‐threatening progression was associated with presence of macular oedema (P = 0.007), impaired visual acuity (P = 0.03) and higher blood pressure (P = 0.016) in early pregnancy, but not with HbA1c, decline in HbA1c, or prevalence of severe hypoglycaemia.Conclusions  Loss of visual acuity and the need for laser treatment during diabetic pregnancy remain clinical problems associated with presence of macular oedema, visual impairment and higher blood pressure in early pregnancy.
Prevalence and risk factors of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Maïano C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryRecent literature reviews showed that overweight and obesity represent a major health threat in adults with intellectual disability (ID). However, the current evidence around the prevalence and risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with ID remains unclear. The objective of this article was thus to review the available English‐ and French‐language studies examining the prevalence and risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in youths with ID. Ten studies providing original data on this topic were identified and included in this review. Results demonstrated that (i) overweight and obesity represent a significant secondary health problem in youths with ID; and (ii) obesity risk significantly increases with age. Considering all of the limitations of the reviewed studies (i.e. heterogeneity in sample size and in overweight and obesity classification criteria; lack of comparison group; restrictive number of risk factors examined, etc.), these findings remain preliminary and highlight the need for future research in this area.
ON THE ROAD TO PARADIS: NEW INSIGHTS FROM AMS DATES AND STABLE ISOTOPES AT LE DÉHUS, GUERNSEY, AND THE CHANNEL ISLANDS MIDDLE NEOLITHIC
Authors: SCHULTING RICK J. , SEBIRE HEATHER , ROBB JOHN E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryWe here report the results of a programme of AMS dating and stable isotope analysis on human remains from the chambered tomb of Le Déhus, Guernsey. An early use‐phase in the range 4100–3900 BC is indicated, confirming the monument's attribution to the Middle Neolithic II as defined in western France. Late Neolithic burial activity is also identified. Stable carbon isotope measurements provide little or no evidence for the consumption of marine foods, although stable nitrogen isotope values are unusually high. These results are situated in the wider context of Neolithic mortuary monuments of the Channel Islands and Normandy.
EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision
Authors: Attal N. , Cruccu G. , Baron R. , Haanpää M. , Hansson P. , Jensen T. S. , Nurmikko T. 
Published: April 2010

Background and objectives:  This second European Federation of Neurological Societies Task Force aimed at updating the existing evidence about the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain since 2005.Methods:  Studies were identified using the Cochrane Database and Medline. Trials were classified according to the aetiological condition. All class I and II randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were assessed; lower class studies were considered only in conditions that had no top‐level studies. Treatments administered using repeated or single administrations were considered, provided they are feasible in an outpatient setting.Results:  Most large RCTs included patients with diabetic polyneuropathies and post‐herpetic neuralgia, while an increasing number of smaller studies explored other conditions. Drugs generally have similar efficacy in various conditions, except in trigeminal neuralgia, chronic radiculopathy and HIV neuropathy, with level A evidence in support of tricyclic antidepressants (TCA), pregabalin, gabapentin, tramadol and opioids (in various conditions), duloxetine, venlafaxine, topical lidocaine and capsaicin patches (in restricted conditions). Combination therapy appears useful for TCA‐gabapentin and gabapentin‐opioids (level A).Conclusions:  There are still too few large‐scale comparative studies. For future trials, we recommend to assess comorbidities, quality of life, symptoms and signs with standardized tools and attempt to better define responder profiles to specific drug treatments.
Public Participation in Post‐Fordist Urban Green Space Governance: The Case of Community Gardens in Berlin
Authors: ROSOL MARIT 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article examines citizen participation in the governance of contemporary urban green space. Rather than exploring normative questions of ideal forms of participatory democracy, it focuses on changing roles and relationships between local state and non‐state actors in order to identify and explain the changing nature of participation. I argue that neoliberal urban restructuring has changed the conditions for participation and thus participation itself in fundamental ways and that we need an account of changes in statehood and governance in order to capture this conceptually. Based on the case of community gardens in Berlin, the article discusses the extent to which this changed relationship is expressed by current citizen participation as well as the potential and problems that result from it. My empirical results show the emergence of a new political acceptance of autonomously organized projects and active citizen participation in urban green space governance. The central argument of this article is that this new acceptance can be conceptualized as an expression of the neoliberalization of cities. Nevertheless, this neoliberal strategy at the same time leads to complex and contradictory outcomes and the resulting benefits are also acknowledged.Résumé Cet article examine la participation citoyenne dans la gouvernance de l'espace vert urbain contemporain. Plutôt que de s'attacher aux aspects normatifs de formes idéales de démocratie participative, il s'intéresse au changement dans les rôles et les relations entre les acteurs locaux gouvernementaux et non gouvernementaux, afin de repérer et d'expliquer la nature évolutive de la participation. La restructuration urbaine néolibérale a modifié, de manière fondamentale, les conditions de la participation et, par conséquent, la participation elle‐même. Le restituer sur le plan conceptuel implique de décrire les changements dans la nature de l'État et la gouvernance. S'appuyant sur le cas des jardins communautaires berlinois, l'article analyse la mesure dans laquelle cette relation évolutive s'exprime dans la participation actuelle des habitants, ainsi que le potentiel et les problèmes qui en découlent. Les résultats empiriques montrent l'émergence d'une nouvelle acceptation politique à l'égard de projets organisés de façon autonome et d'une participation citoyenne active dans la gouvernance de l'espace vert urbain. Selon l'argument central de cet article, cette nouvelle acceptation peut être conceptualisée comme un mode d'expression de la néolibéralisation des villes. Néanmoins, cette stratégie néolibérale conduit parallèlement à des décisions à la fois complexes et contradictoires, et les avantages qui en résultent sont également reconnus.
Responsibilities of Criminal Justice Officials
Authors: BROWNLEE KIMBERLEY 
Published: April 2010

abstractIn recent years, political philosophers have hotly debated whether ordinary citizens have a general pro tanto moral obligation to follow the law. Contemporary philosophers have had less to say about the same question when applied to public officials. In this paper, I consider the latter question in the morally complex context of criminal justice. I argue that criminal justice officials have no general pro tanto moral obligation to adhere to the legal dictates and lawful rules of their offices. My claim diverges not only from the commonsense view about such officials, but also from the positions standardly taken in legal theory and political science debates, which presume there is some general obligation that must arise from legal norms and be reconciled with political realities. I defend my claim by highlighting the conceptual gap between the rigid, generalised, codified rules that define a criminal justice office and the special moral responsibilities of the various moral roles that may underpin that office (such as guard, guardian, healer, educator, mediator, counsellor, advocate, and carer). After addressing four objections to my view, I consider specific contexts in which criminal justice officials are obligated not to adhere to the demands of their offices. Amongst other things, the arguments advanced in this paper raise questions about both the distribution of formal discretion in the criminal justice system and the normative validity of some of the offices that presently exist in criminal justice systems.
Imaging selective vulnerability in the developing nervous system
Authors: Ferriero Donna M. , Miller Steven P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWhy do cells in the central nervous system respond differently to different stressors and why is this response so age‐dependent? In the immature brain, there are regions of selective vulnerability that are predictable and depend on the age when the insult occurs and the severity of the insult. This damage is both region and cell population specific. Vulnerable cell populations include the subplate neurons and oligodendrocyte precursors early in development and the neurons closer to the end of human gestation. Mechanisms of injury include excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and inflammation as well as accelerated apoptosis. Advanced imaging techniques have shown us particular patterns of injury according to age at insult. These changes seen in the newborn at the time of injury on magnetic resonance imaging correlate well with the neurodevelopmental outcome. New questions about how the injury evolves and how the newborn brain adapts and repairs itself have emerged as we now know that injury in the newborn brain can evolve over days and weeks, rather than hours. The ability to follow these processes has allowed us to investigate the role of repair in attenuating the injury. Neurogenesis and angiogenesis exist in response to ischemic injury and can be enhanced by processes that are known to protect the brain. The injury response in the developing brain is a complex process that evolves over time and is amenable to repair.
Effect of environmental exposure to lead and tobacco smoke on inattentive and hyperactive symptoms and neurocognitive performance in children
Authors: Cho Soo‐Churl , Kim Boong‐Nyun , Hong Yun‐Chul , Shin Min‐Sup , Yoo Hee Jeong , Kim Jae‐Won , Bhang Soo‐Young , Cho In Hee , Kim Hyo‐Won 
Published: April 2010

Background:  The present study assessed the association between blood lead and urinary cotinine levels and inattentive and hyperactive symptoms and neurocognitive performance in children.Methods:  A total of 667 children (age range 8–11) were recruited from nine schools in five Korean cities. The teachers and parents completed the Korean version of the Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder Rating Scales (K‐ARS), and the children performed neurocognitive tests. Blood lead and urinary cotinine levels were then measured.Results:  The inattentive, hyperactive, and total scores of the teacher‐rated K‐ARS were positively associated with blood lead level, and the results of the continuous performance test (CPT), Stroop Color–Word Test, and Children’s Color Trails Test were inversely associated with urinary cotinine level when controlled for age, gender, father’s educational level, maternal IQ, child’s IQ, residential area, birth weight, and cotinine (for lead) or lead (for cotinine). The association between blood lead level and commission errors score on the CPT disappeared when the effect of urinary cotinine level was controlled.Conclusions:  These findings indicate that environmental exposure to tobacco smoke in children is associated with poor neurocognitive performance, and low levels of lead are associated with inattention and hyperactivity symptoms.
What adjustments, if any, do UK optometrists make to the subjective refraction result prior to prescribing?
Authors: Howell‐Duffy Chris , Umar Ghazwa , Ruparelia Neel , Elliott David B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAim:  To determine whether UK optometrists routinely prescribe the subjective refraction result, or whether adjustments are made to aid patient comfort and adaptation.Method:  A questionnaire was distributed by post and via the internet to UK optometrists. It incorporated eight case scenarios that included information regarding a patient’s age, symptoms, habitual refractive correction, subjective refraction and any other pertinent clinical information. For each case, they were asked to indicate what refractive correction they would prescribe.Results:  A total of 426 questionnaires were completed. In three cases with asymptomatic patients with negligible changes in visual acuity, about 45% of respondents indicated that they would prescribe the subjective refraction result and about 40% would prescribe the habitual correction. In a further case involving a 75 year‐old asymptomatic patient, 55% prescribed the habitual correction. In two cases with large cylinder power changes, about 40% of respondents indicated they would partially prescribe the cylinder power. However, there was a large variation in the suggested modification of sphere powers to accompany the partial cylinder changes.Conclusion:  A large sample of UK optometrists indicated that they would prescribe the subjective refraction result regardless of patient age, symptoms and difference between habitual correction and subjective refraction. Optometrists who partially prescribe, employ a wide variety of techniques including some that conflict with conventional teaching.
Fluorescein leakage of the optic disc: time course in primary open‐angle glaucoma
Authors: Plange Niklas , Kaup Marion , Doehmen Benjamin , Remky Andreas , Arend Kay Oliver 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To identify and quantify the time course of fluorescein leakage of the optic nerve head in primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) and controls.Methods:  Twenty patients with POAG (aged 58 ± 10 years) and 14 controls (aged 51 ± 12 years, p = 0.07) were included in a prospective study. Fluorescein leakage of the optic disc was quantified using digital image analysis. A new leakage ratio (fluorescence of the optic disc divided by fluorescence of the surrounding retina) was defined and fluorescein leakage was quantified at 7–8, 9–10, 11–12, and 13–14 min after injection of 2.5 cc sodium fluorescein (10%).Results:  The fluorescein leakage exhibited a significantly different time course with higher leakage ratio values in POAG compared to controls (7–8 min: 1.24 ± 0.32 vs 1.16 ± 0.12; 9–10 min: 1.37 ± 0.37 vs 1.19 ± 0.1; 11–12 min: 1.38 ± 0.36 vs 1.24 ± 0.13; 13–14 min: 1.44 ± 0.36 vs 1.27 ± 0.13; p = 0.004). The change in optic disc fluorescence from 7–8 min to 9–10 min was significantly higher in POAG compared to controls (0.13 ± 0.09 vs 0.03 ± 0.07; p = 0.002).Conclusion:  The time course of fluorescein leakage is significantly different in POAG compared to controls. This might reflect damage of the optic disc vasculature related to increased vascular permeability.
Relationship between Clinical Conditions and Use of Veterans Affairs Health Care among Medicare‐Enrolled Veterans
Authors: Petersen Laura A. , Byrne Margaret M. , Daw Christina N. , Hasche Jennifer , Reis Brian , Pietz Kenneth 
Published: April 2010

Objective. To determine how reliance on Veterans Affairs (VA) for medical care among veterans enrolled in Medicare is affected by medical conditions, access, and patient characteristics.Data Sources/Study Setting. Department of Veterans Affairs.Study Design. We examined reliance on the VA for inpatient, outpatient, and overall medical care among all VA users in fiscal years 2003 and 2004 who were also enrolled in Medicare. We calculated the marginal effects of patient factors on VA reliance using fractional logistic regression; we also analyzed overall VA reliance separately for under‐65 and age‐65+ groups. The primary focus of this analysis was the relationship between aggregated condition categories (ACCs), which represent medical conditions, and reliance on the VA.Principal Findings. Mean VA reliance was significantly higher in the under‐65 population than in the age‐65+ group (0.800 versus 0.531). Lower differential distance to the VA, and higher VA‐determined priority for health care, predicted higher VA reliance. Most individual ACCs were negatively associated with VA reliance, though substance abuse and mental health disorders were significantly associated with increased reliance on VA care. Conditions of the eyes and ears/nose/throat had positive marginal effect on VA reliance for the under 65, while diabetes was positive for age 65+. Among inpatients, veterans with ACCs for mental health conditions, eye conditions, amputations, or infectious and parasitic conditions had higher likelihood of a VA hospitalization than inpatients without these conditions.Conclusions. Many dually enrolled Veterans use both Medicare and VA health care. Age, accessibility, and priority level for VA services have a clear relationship with VA reliance. Because dual use is common, coordination of care among health care settings for such patients should be a policy priority.
Market Variations in Intensity of Medicare Service Use and Beneficiary Experiences with Care
Authors: Mittler Jessica N. , Landon Bruce E. , Fisher Elliot S. , Cleary Paul D. , Zaslavsky Alan M. 
Published: April 2010

Objective. Examine associations between patient experiences with care and service use across markets.Data Sources/Study Setting. Medicare fee‐for‐service (FFS) and managed care (Medicare Advantage [MA]) beneficiaries in 306 markets from the 2003 Consumer Assessments of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) surveys. Resource use intensity is measured by the 2003 end‐of‐life expenditure index.Study Design. We estimated correlations and linear regressions of eight measures of case‐mix‐adjusted beneficiary experiences with intensity of service use across markets.Data Collection/Extraction. We merged CAHPS data with service use data, excluding beneficiaries under 65 years of age or receiving Medicaid.Principal Findings. Overall, higher intensity use was associated (p<.05) with worse (seven measures) or no better care experiences (two measures). In higher‐intensity markets, Medicare FFS and MA beneficiaries reported more problems getting care quickly and less helpful office staff. However, Medicare FFS beneficiaries in higher‐intensity markets reported higher overall ratings of their personal physician and main specialist. Medicare MA beneficiaries in higher‐intensity markets also reported worse quality of communication with physicians, ability to get needed care, and overall ratings of care.Conclusions. Medicare beneficiaries in markets characterized by high service use did not report better experiences with care. This trend was strongest for those in managed care.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Ethanol Consumption: Perspectives From Preclinical Research
Authors: Pautassi Ricardo M. , Camarini Rosana , Quadros Isabel Marian , Miczek Klaus A. , Israel Yedy 
Published: April 2010

Background: Alcohol use disorders (abuse and dependence, AUD) are multifactorial phenomena, depending on the interplay of environmental and genetic variables.Method: This review describes current developments in animal research that may help (a) develop gene therapies for the treatment of alcoholism, (b) understand the permissive role of stress on ethanol intake, and (c) elucidate why exposure to ethanol early in life is associated with a greater risk of AUD.Results: The polymorphisms found in liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) affect the elimination of ethanol and the susceptibility to ethanol intake. A highly active ADH protects against alcoholism, an effect related to a presteady state burst in arterial acetaldehyde. Social stressors, such as repeated early maternal separation or social defeat, exert a permissive effect on ethanol intake, perhaps by altering the normal development of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. Ethanol exposure during gestation, infancy, or adolescence increases the likelihood of AUD later in life. Early perception of ethanol’s positive and negative (anti‐anxiety) reinforcing effects may play a role in this phenomenon.Conclusions: The review underscores the advantages of using preclinical animal models of AUD and highlights points of intersection between the topics to help design a more integrated approach for the study of alcohol‐related problems.
Water Consumption Based on a Disaggregated Social Accounting Matrix of Huesca (Spain)
Authors: Cazcarro Ignacio , Pac Rosa Duarte , Sánchez‐Chóliz Julio 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMaking use of the social accounting matrix (SAM) of the Spanish province of Huesca in 2002, updated following Junius and Oosterhaven's GRAS method and work by Lenzen and colleagues, we have estimated the water footprint of the region. The water footprint is defined as the volume of water needed for the production of the goods and services consumed by the inhabitants plus the direct consumption in the households. We built an open Leontief model, which gives us the water embodied in the production of goods. The valuations concern the industrial, service, and domestic sectors’ water consumption, the embodied water imported from and exported to other countries, and the agrarian water use. This agrarian sector, clearly the sector that shows the greatest water consumption, is carefully examined, so it is disaggregated for the calculations into 31 irrigation land products, dry land, and 9 livestock classifications. As a consequence, the framework enables the observation of the relationships and flows of water taking place among all the sectors and activities in the economy. Finally, we also make use of the per capita water footprint estimations to get a clear picture of how the responsibility for water use is distributed once foreign trade is taken into account.