bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The PPE18 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Interacts with TLR2 and Activates IL-10 Induction in Macrophage
Authors: Nair Shiny , Ramaswamy Poongothai A. , Ghosh Sudip , Joshi Dhananjay C. , Pathak Niteen , Siddiqui Imran , Sharma Pawan , Hasnain Seyed E. , Mande Shekhar C. , Mukhopadhyay Sangita 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The pathophysiological functions of proline-glutamic acid (PE)/proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) family of proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are not well understood. In this study, we demonstrate that one of the PPE proteins, PPE18 can stimulate macrophages to secrete IL-10, known to favor a Th2 type response. The recombinant PPE18 was found to specifically interact with the TLR2 leading to an early and sustained activation of p38 MAPK, which is critical for IL-10 induction. In silico docking analyses and mutation experiments indicate that PPE18 specifically interacts with the leucine rich repeat 11∼15 domain of TLR2 and the site of interaction is different from that of a synthetic lipopeptide Pam3CSK4 known to activate predominantly ERK 1/2. When PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages were infected with a mutant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain lacking the PPE18, produced poorer levels of IL-10 as compared with those infected with the wild-type strain. In contrast, an M. smegmatis strain overexpressing the PPE18 induced higher levels of IL-10 in infected macrophages. Our data indicate that the PPE18 protein may trigger an anti-inflammatory response by inducing IL-10 production.
A Rice-Based Oral Cholera Vaccine Induces Macaque-Specific Systemic Neutralizing Antibodies but Does Not Influence Pre-Existing Intestinal Immunity
Authors: Nochi Tomonori , Yuki Yoshikazu , Katakai Yuko , Shibata Hiroaki , Tokuhara Daisuke , Mejima Mio , Kurokawa Shiho , Takahashi Yuko , Nakanishi Ushio , Ono Fumiko , Mimuro Hitomi , Sasakawa Chihiro , Takaiwa Fumio , Terao Keiji , Kiyono Hiroshi 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We previously showed that oral immunization of mice with a rice-based vaccine expressing cholera toxin (CT) B subunit (MucoRice-CT-B) induced CT-specific immune responses with toxin-neutralizing activity in both systemic and mucosal compartments. In this study, we examined whether the vaccine can induce CT-specific Ab responses in nonhuman primates. Orally administered MucoRice-CT-B induced high levels of CT-neutralizing serum IgG Abs in the three cynomolgus macaques we immunized. Although the Ab level gradually decreased, detectable levels were maintained for at least 6 mo, and high titers were rapidly recovered after an oral booster dose of the rice-based vaccine. In contrast, no serum IgE Abs against rice storage protein were induced even after multiple immunizations. Additionally, before immunization the macaques harbored intestinal secretory IgA (SIgA) Abs that reacted with both CT and homologous heat-labile enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and had toxin-neutralizing activity. The SIgA Abs were present in macaques 1 mo to 29 years old, and the level was not enhanced after oral vaccination with MucoRice-CT-B or after subsequent oral administration of the native form of CT. These results show that oral MucoRice-CT-B can effectively induce CT-specific, neutralizing, serum IgG Ab responses even in the presence of pre-existing CT- and heat-labile enterotoxin-reactive intestinal SIgA Abs in nonhuman primates.
Histone Acetyltransferase Cofactor Trrap Is Essential for Maintaining the Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Pool
Authors: Loizou Joanna I. , Oser Gabriela , Shukla Vivek , Sawan Carla , Murr Rabih , Wang Zhao-Qi , Trumpp Andreas , Herceg Zdenko 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The pool of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, which provide life-long reconstitution of all hematopoietic lineages, is tightly controlled and regulated by self-renewal and apoptosis. Histone modifiers and chromatin states are believed to govern establishment, maintenance, and propagation of distinct patterns of gene expression in stem cells, however the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a role for the histone acetytransferase cofactor Trrap in the maintenance of hematopietic stem/progenitor cells. Conditional deletion of the Trrap gene in mice resulted in ablation of bone marrow and increased lethality. This was due to the depletion of early hematopoietic progenitors, including hematopoietic stem cells, via a cell-autonomous mechanism. Analysis of purified bone marrow progenitors revealed that these defects are associated with induction of p53-independent apoptosis and deregulation of Myc transcription factors. Together, this study has identified a critical role for Trrap in the mechanism that maintains hematopoietic stem cells and hematopoietic system, and underscores the importance of Trrap and histone modifications in tissue homeostasis.
Antiphospholipid antibodies in young Indian patients with stroke
Authors: Mishra MN , Rohatgi S 
Published: October 2009

Background:
Stroke may be caused by antiphospholipid antibodies (APL), especially in young persons without other risk factors.

Aim:
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of two clinically significant APL-anticardiolipin antibody (ACL) and lupus anticoagulants (LA) in young patients presenting with sudden neurological deficit.

Settings and Design:
A case-control study performed in a large tertiary care government hospital.

Materials and Methods:
Ten milliliters of blood was collected from 51 consecutive young patients (age less than 45 years) diagnosed as ischemic stroke and 50 healthy age- and sex-matched controls.

Statistical Analysis:
Statistical analysis was done using Epi InfoTM 6 software.

Results:
Overall, the risk factor profile was: Smoking (23.5%), positive family history (13.7%), hyperlipidemia (8%), and diabetes mellitus (3.6%). APL (LA and ACL) were present in 29.4% of the samples and in 4% of controls. The 'P' value for ACL and LA was 0.03 and 0.02 respectively, but the maximum level of ACL was 25 GPL units only. One-fourth of the patients were smokers and one-sixth had a family history of thrombosis (P = 0.048 and 0.036, respectively).

Conclusions:
APL, positive family history and smoking were significantly associated with stroke in the young. We advocate screening for APL in all young patients with stroke.
Microwave Parametric Amplifiers
Authors: Faber Marek T. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAn outline of the development of microwave parametric amplifiers (paramps) is presented as an introduction. The principle of their operation is explained leading to the classification of parametric amplifiers and frequency converters. (Photoparametric amplification is also referenced.) Varactor diodes are briefly presented in order to discuss in greater detail the operation of the most significant type of paramp—the nondegenerate parametric amplifier—including gain, noise, bandwidth, and stability. Degenerate, multiple‐idler and traveling‐wave parametric amplifiers are also discussed. Then the construction of a 3.25‐GHz nondegenerate parametric amplifier is presented as a representative example.
Automation
Authors: Considine D.M. , Considine Glenn D. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Advantages/Limitations of Automation

Applications for Automation Technology

Scientific Foundation for Automation

Contributions of Automation to Engineering and Science

Status of Automation—1990s

Technologies Closely Coupled with Automation

CAD
(Computer‐Aided Design)

CAM
(Computer‐Aided Manufacturing)

Bridging
CAD
and
CAM
Systems

CIM
(Computer‐Integrated Manufacturing)

FMS
(Flexible Manufacturing System)

Motion Control Systems
Bioprocess Engineering (Biotechnology)
Authors: Ladisch Michael R. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

New Biotechnology

Growth of the Fermentation Industries

Growth of the Antibiotic/Pharmaceutical Industry

Growth of the Amino Acid/Acidulant Fermentation Industry

Growth of the Biopharmaceutical Industry

Growth of Industrial Enzymes

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (
PCR
)

Impacts of Biotechnology on Drug Discovery and Biology

Bioprocess Engineering and Economics

Bioseparations and Bioprocess Engineering
Internet (The History)
Authors: Kleinrock Leonard , Kahn Robert E. , Clark David D. , Cerf Vinton G. , Leiner Barry M. , Lynch Daniel C. , Roberts Lawrence G. , Wolff Stephen 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOrigins of the InternetThe Initial Internetting ConceptsProving the IdeasTransition to Widespread InfrastructureThe Role of DocumentationFormation of the Broad CommunityCommercialization of the TechnologyHistory of the FutureConclusion
Liquid Crystal Display Technology
Authors:   Stanford Resources, Inc.
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Liquid Crystal Displays

Basis of
LCD
Operation

LCD
Addressing Schemes

Twisted‐Nematic (
TN
)
LCD
Operation

Multiplexed
TN
‐
LCD
Operation

Passive Matrix
LCD
Operation

Active Matrix Addressed
LCD
s

Other Performance Issues

Amorphous Silicon (a‐Si) Thin‐Film Transistors

Polycrystalline Silicon (Poly‐Si) Thin‐Film Transistors

High‐Temperature Poly‐Si

Low‐Temperature Poly‐Si

Single‐Crystal Silicon Transistors for Displays

Cadmium Selenide (
Cd
Se
) Thin‐Film Transistors

Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Display (
FLCD
)

Polymer‐Dispersed Liquid Crystal Display (
PDLCD
)

Electronically Controlled Birefringence (
ECB
) Liquid Crystal Displays

Dynamic Scattering Mode (
DSM
) Liquid Crystal Display

Guest‐Host (
GH
) Liquid Crystal Display

Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display

Liquid‐Crystal‐on‐Silicon (
LCOS
) Devices

Reflective and Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays

Liquid Crystal Materials

Surface Alignment Materials

Color Filters for Displays

Polarizers and Film Compensators for Liquid Crystal Displays
Alkaliphiles
Authors: Horikoshi Koki 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Alkaliphiles grow optimally or very well at pH values above 9, often between 10 and 12, but cannot grow, or grow only slowly, at more neutral pH values. The enzymology, physiology, ecology, molecular biology and genetics of alkaliphiles, as well as industrial applications of these microorganisms have been investigated extensively and several enzymes have been put to use on an industrial scale.
Archaeal Ecology
Authors: Ferrera Isabel , Takacs‐Vesbach Cristina D , Reysenbach Anna‐Louise 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Archaea represent one of the three domains of life and are distinguished from the Bacteria and Eukarya phylogenetically and biochemically. As a group, the Archaea are physiologically diverse and inhabit a wide range of ecosystems, including the most extreme environments on Earth, where they contribute to global energy cycles.
Biogeochemical Cycles
Authors: Oren Aharon 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Many of the chemical elements are constantly taken up, excreted and/or transformed by living organisms. This is true for those elements that constitute a significant part of the biomass on Earth (carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus) as well as for many other elements present in small amounts in living cells, such as iron and many other metals. The biogeochemical cycles qualitatively and quantitatively describe the cycling of the elements between the abiotic terrestrial, marine and atmospheric environment and the biota.
Zygomycota and Glomeromycota
Authors: Moore‐Landecker Elizabeth 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe phylum Zygomycota is an ecologically diverse and economically important group of fungi, containing two classes, the Zygomycetes and Trichomycetes. The phylum Glomeromycota, a group of mycorrhizal fungi, is derived from the Zygomycota.
Bacterial Evolution
Authors: Maniloff Jack 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Earth formed about 4600 million years ago and, 400–700 million years later, chemical evolution began, leading to living entities with metabolic pathways, catalysts, information storage molecules and, finally, membrane‐enclosed ‘organisms’. Evolution continued, with high levels of mutation and lateral gene transfer, to produce microbial anaerobic heterotrophs, autotrophs, lithotrophs, phototrophs (anoxygenic and later oxygenic) and, by 2200 million years ago, aerobes.
Gram‐type Positive Bacteria
Authors: Wiegel Juergen , Byrer Dorothy E , Onyenwoke Rob 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Gram‐type positive bacteria, composed of the two phyla
Firmicutes
and
Actinobacteria
, are characterized by the presence of a thick peptidoglycan layer and the absence of lipopolysaccharide and an outer membrane. Though closely related phylogenetically, these bacteria are diverse in habitat, metabolism and medical and industrial importance. Although not observed for all, the
Firmicutes
(low G+C mol% group) represent endospore‐formers while the
Actinobacteria
(high G+C mol% group) taxa form actinospores (
Actinoplanes
), conidiospores (
Streptomyces
) or hyphae‐fragmentation into short cells without formation of conidia (
Nocardia
).
Complement: The Alternative Pathway
Authors: Zipfel Peter F , Skerka Christine 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The alternative pathway of complement is a powerful and evolutionarily old defence system of innate immunity that inactivates invading microorganisms and modified self cells. For survival in an immunocompetent host, pathogenic microbes must provide means to interfere with alternative pathway activation at their surface. Recent evidence shows that mutations and sequence variations of important regulators of this pathway cause a variety of disease including age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) of the eye and kidney diseases in the form of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN).
Viruses of the Archaea
Authors: Basta Tamara , Garrett Roger A , Prangishvili David 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDouble‐strandeddeoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) viruses that infect members of the third domain of life, the Archaea, are diverse and exceptional in both their morphotypes and their genomic properties. The majority of characterized species infect hyperthermophilic hosts and carry morphological features which have not been observed for viruses from the other domains of life, the Bacteria and the Eukarya. This exceptional status of the archaeal viruses is reinforced by the finding that a large majority of their predicted genes yield no sequence matches in public sequence databases, and their functions remain unknown. One of the viruses, the bicaudavirus ATV (Acidianustwo‐tailed virus), is quite unique in that it undergoes a major morphological change, growing long tail structures, extracellularly. A small minority of archaeal viruses, which exclusively infect mesophilic or moderately thermophilic hosts, are morphologically similar to head‐tail DNA viruses of bacteria.
RNA
Interactions in
m
RNA
Splicing
Authors: Newman Andrew J 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Complex ribonucleoprotein machines called spliceosomes remove introns from nuclear messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) precursors by mRNA splicing. A dynamic network of RNA interactions in the spliceosome plays crucial roles in splice site recognition and provides a structural framework for the catalytic steps of mRNA splicing.
Fc Receptors
Authors: Boross Peter , van de Poel Kees , Van de Winkel Jan GJ , Leusen Jeanette HW 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Receptors for the Fc region of immunoglobulins link humoral responses to cellular activities within the immune system. Leucocyte Fc receptors exist as hetero‐oligomeric complexes with unique ligand‐binding α chains and promiscuous accessory subunits.
Centromeres
Authors: Kalitsis Paul 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe centromere is a eukaryotic chromosomal substructure that ensures the accurate segregation of newly replicated chromosomes to daughter cells. It carries out this essential cell cycle process via multiple functions such as, spindle microtubule attachment, mitotic checkpoint control, sister‐chromatid cohesion and release and cytokinesis. This article explores the structure and function of the centromere in many well‐studied eukaryotic organisms.
Bacterial Fermentation
Authors: Müller Volker 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Under anaerobic conditions, in the dark and in the absence of electron acceptors, organic compounds are catabolized by strictly anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria by internally balanced oxidation–reduction reactions, a process called fermentation. In fermentation, the organic compound serves as both electron donor and acceptor, and adenosine triphosphate is synthesized by substrate‐level phosphorylation.
Human Chromosome Evolution
Authors: Holmquist Gerald P , Wienberg Johannes 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
During mammalian genome evolution, nuclear DNA content remained more or less unchanged and the chromosomal banding pattern was maintained with the exception of occasional chromosomal rearrangements. Chromosomal rearrangements occur frequently in individuals but only occasionally are they fixed into the common karyotype of a new species. The fixed rearrangements are passed on during evolution and unambiguously reveal how mammalian species are related to each other.
Molecular Phylogeny Reconstruction
Authors: Kumar Sudhir , Filipski Alan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMolecular phylogenetics deals with the inference of evolutionary relationships among individuals, populations, species and higher taxonomic entities using molecular data. By modelling patterns of molecular change in protein anddeoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) sequences over time, scientists now routinely reconstruct evolutionary histories of species and evaluate confidence levels of the inferences. Molecular phylogenetic inferences have been not only supportive of traditional phylogenies, but also instrumental in resolving some difficult questions regarding branching orders within many evolutionary lineages. Because of the vast and growing databases of molecular sequence information, this area promises to be an important key to understanding the history and relationships of all life forms on this planet.
Sequencing the Human Genome: Novel Insights into its Structure and Function
Authors: Kehrer‐Sawatzki Hildegard , Cooper David N 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The availability of the human genome sequence has had an enormous impact on biomedical research. New discoveries emanating directly from the elucidation of the human genome sequence have included the unexpectedly low total number of genes, the existence of numerous transcribed but noncoding sequences and the multiplicity of low‐copy repeats and segmental duplications. The Human Genome Project has also spawned new research projects such as Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) and Haplotype Map (HapMap) which together are helping to reveal the remarkable complexity of the human genome. Finally, comparison of the human genome sequence with the genome sequences of other higher organisms has opened up numerous research avenues in evolutionary biology.
Apical Meristems
Authors: Francis Dennis 
Published: October 2009

AbstractApical meristems are regarded generically, as the growing tips of the higher plant. However, neither the shoot apical meristem (SAM) nor the root apical meristem (RAM) is apical, the former is protected by young unexpanded leaves and the RAM by the root cap. The SAM is an exponentially growing morphogenetic centre, it initiates leaves, flowers, nodes and internodes and in culture can regenerate a whole plant. Genes that regulate the SAM include the homeodomain genes,WUSCHEL(WUS),SHOOTMERISTEMLESS(KNOTTED), KNOTTED‐like genes and the WUS‐relatedWOX9together with the nonhomeodomainCLAVATAgene family. Leaf initiation, an event characterized by an early change in the plane of cell division on the flanks of the SAM, is characterized by the expression ofMGOUNwhileAINTEGUMENTAexpression is restricted to the primordium. The RAM shows steady‐state growth kinetics and roots in culture form more roots.QUIESCENT CENTRE HOMOBOX(QHB) is a gene expressed in the quiescent centre, a population of slowly dividing founder cells that is located at the pole of the RAM.QHBmay function in a manner analogous toWUS. However,ROOTMERISTEMLESSis a nonhomeodomain gene that is also central to normal function of theRAM.
Archaeal Chromosome
Authors: Lundgren Magnus 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The Archaea is one of the three domains of life, and the least known. Sequencing of many archaeal chromosomes has shown that archaea display many eukaryotic features, despite sharing their appearance and range of genome size with bacteria. Chromatin organization, replication and transcription are similar to eukaryotes while operon organization and transcription regulation are similar to bacteria.
Implantable Pumps and Ports
Authors: Buchwald Henry , Rohde Thomas D 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

An implantable pump is a device that can be implanted within the body to deliver a drug or other substance to the same location or another site in the body. In addition to a reservoir and pumping mechanism, an implantable pump usually has a refill septum so that it can be refilled

in situ

and a catheter for remote delivery; an implantable port also has a refill septum and a delivery catheter but lacks a reservoir and an intrinsic pump.
Foraging
Authors: Roitberg Bernard D , Roitberg Gabi 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This article deals with foraging theory, a subdiscipline of Behavioural Ecology that elucidates why and how animals exploit food. In particular, it seeks to explain the adaptive significance of foraging strategies wherein individuals employ particular suites of tactics that lead to maximizing Darwinian fitness via accessing and assimilating foodstuffs. These rules involve methods that animals use for searching for foodstuffs as well as for discriminating among foodstuffs based upon energetic profitability.
Max Planck Gesellschaft/Society
Authors: Hergersberg Peter 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

The Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science is an independent, nonprofit, research organization. It supports excellence in research, principally in its own Institutes. Max Planck Institutes carry out basic research in the public interest in the natural, biological and social sciences, as well as in the humanities. Although it is largely financed by the state, the Max Planck Society is not a state institution, but a registered society. The members of the Max Planck Society include more than 840 Supporting Members, the Honorary Members and the

ex officio

members. Scientific Members appointed to the Max Planck Society are also members of the association and are, generally, Directors at the Max Planck Institutes.
Cold‐shock Response in Microorganisms
Authors: Schumann Wolfgang , Inouye Masayori , Phadtare Sangita 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Several species of bacteria are capable of mounting what is known as the cold‐shock response. This is induced upon a sudden decrease in external temperature and results in the transiently enhanced synthesis of a set of proteins, termed cold‐shock proteins, which allow the bacteria to adapt to low temperature.
Philosophy of Ecology
Authors: Taylor Peter J 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A key challenge in conceptualizing ecological complexity is to allow simultaneously for particularity, contingency and structure – structure, moreover, that changes, is internally differentiated, and has problematic boundaries. Given that all organisms – humans included – live in dynamic ecological contexts, philosophy of ecology raises more general questions about conceptualizing the positionality of humans and other organisms in their intersecting worlds.
Collectins
Authors: Ip WK Eddie , Takahashi Kazue 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Collectins are proteins of the innate immune system, circulating pattern‐recognition molecules involved in recognizing and clearing pathogens and dying or damaged cells of self in an antibody‐independent manner. Collectins consist of a cysteine‐rich domain, a collagen‐like domain, a neck region and a carbohydrate‐recognition domain that bind certain molecular motifs exposed on the surface of pathogens and diseased or damaged cells.