bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of Initial Seed Moisture and Imbibitional Temperature on Germination and Productivity of Soybean1
Authors: Hobbs P. R. , Obendorf R. L. 
Published: July 2010

This study compared the interaction of seed moisture and imbibition temperature of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to (i) optimum survival and seedling growth, (ii) soaking injury to seeds, (iii) quantity of organic leachates from germinating seeds, and (iv) growth and yield under field conditions.Thirteen to 14% seed moisture (dry weight basis) was the lowest moisture content resulting in optimum protection against chilling temperatures during imbibition in both ‘Chippewa 64’ and ‘Acme’ soybean varieties. With seed moisture at 5%, exposure to chilling during imbibition or during seed soaking resulted in decreased survival and seedling vigor. The combination of anaerobically soaking 5%‐moisture seeds at 5 C was nearly fatal. Transverse cracks and yellowing and browning of cotyledons were observed after cold or warm imbibition of 5 but not 13% moisture seeds. Soaking of 5% moisture seeds increased the visible injury to cotyledons. The loss of survival after soaking low‐moisture seeds at 5 C was greater than the additive effects of chilling and soaking. Loss of sugars and ninhydrin positive materials as leachate was primarily a function of cold temperature during imbibition, but 13% initial seed moisture gave little protection against loss of leachates. After a severe reduction in survival from imbibitional chilling of 5% moisture seeds, surviving plants of the Acme variety were shorter, produced fewer fruits and seeds, and yielded less grain and stover under field conditions. Losses were avoided by equilibrating seeds to 13% moisture before imbibition.
Protein, Oil, and Fatty Acid in Developing Soybean Seeds1
Authors: Rubel A. , Rinne R. W. , Canvin D. T. 
Published: July 2010

We followed the deposition of protein, oil and fatty acids in developing seeds of ‘Acme,’ ‘Chippewa,’ and ‘Harosoy 63’ soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] to gain a better insight to the accumulation of these components. Nonprotein N and protein N were estimated by micro‐Kjeldahl procedure. Oil was determined by NMR, while fatty acids were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography.At approximately 25 days after flowering the composition of the seeds was about 30% protein and 5% oil; however, this represents only 2% of the total protein and 1% of the oil in the mature seed.From 24 to 40 days after flowering, oil percentage increased rapidly to 20%, which represents 30% of the total oil in the mature seed. The percentage of palmitic, stearic, and linolenic acid in the oil decreased, while the percentage of oleic and linoleic acid increased during this period. Although the percent values of the fatty acids changed markedly, actual amounts of all fatty acids increased. Percent nonprotein N decreased slightly, while percent protein N showed a concommittant rise from 24 to 40 days after flowering.During the remainder of the deevlopment (about 25 days) of the soybean seed, percent values of the components remained essentially constant. During this time, however, 70% of the total protein, oil, palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were synthesized, and 65% of the total stearic acid and 50% of the total linolenic acid also were synthesized.
Effect of Temparature Preconditioning and Cultivar on Ryegrass (Lolium sp.) Seed Dormancy1
Authors: Wiesner Loren E. , Grabe Don F. 
Published: July 2010

This study was conducted to determine if cultivar differences in seed dormancy existed in ryegrass (Lolium sp.), and whether seasonal differences in dormancy could be related to temperature during the seed development period.Field‐grown ryegrass cultivars differed in degree of seed dormancy when grown under the same field environment. ‘Gulf,’ ‘Florida Rust‐Resistant,’ and ‘Magnolia’ annual and ‘NK‐100,’ ‘Manhattan,’ ‘Atempo,’ ‘Petra,’ and ‘Pelo’ perennial ryegrass cultivars were considered dormant. ‘Obahikari’ annual and ‘Verna Pajdjerg’ and ‘Linn’ perennial ryegrass cultivars were nearly nondormant.Temperature preconditioning during seed development and maturation affected the degree of dormany present in freshly harvested seed. These studies were conducted using a detached culm technique in growth chamber and greenhouse facilities. The dormancy response of Gulf seed produced on detached culms was similar to that of seeds from intact plants, lending validity to the use of this technique. Gulf seeds developed at low temperatures were dormant, but those developed at high temperatures were nondormant. The duration of exposure to different temperatures and the stage of development at which the seeds were exposed to high or low temperature also influenced the degree of dormancy. Exposure to 1 week of low temperature during ripening increased seed dormancy, but at anthesis reduced dormancy. Extended periods of low temperature during seed development increased seed weight. Seed weight was reduced when seeds were exposed to high temperatures during the 2nd week of seed development.A multi‐temperature technique was used to characterize the degree of dormancy present in the seeds.
Comparison of S1 and Open‐Pollination Progenies of Astragalus cicer L. for Certain Agronomic Characters1
Authors: Townsend C. E. 
Published: July 2010

Self‐ (S1) and open‐pollination (O.P.) progenies of 24 self‐compatible S0 plants of cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) were evaluated in the field for forage yield, height, spread, vigor score, and date of flowering. One generation of inbreeding had such a deleterious effect on plant vigor that paired S1 and O.P. progenies could be differentiated visually. Forage yields of the S1 progenies were approximately 50% of the forage yields of O.P. progenies. Considerable variation occurred among S0 plants for inbreeding depression. Inbreeding delayed flowering approximately 10 days in the seedling year, but there was little difference between the S1 and O.P. progenies for mean date of flowering in subsequent growth periods. There was no relationship between the self‐compatibility of the S0 parents and forage yields of their S1 and O.P. progenies.There were significant differences among S0 parents for general combining ability. Open‐pollination progenies of several S0 plants with average vigor performed better than similar progenies of S0 plants with excellent vigor.Simple correlation coefficients between forage yield, height, spread, vigor score, and date of flowering were highly significant. The associations between vigor score and forage yield were the highest with coefficients of —0.93, —0.91, and —0.92 for the one harvest in 1970 and the first and second harvests in 1971, respectively.
Multiple Cottonseed Treatments: Effect of Sequence of Application of Pesticides on Germination, Seedling Growth, and Survival1
Authors: Ranney C. D. , Heartley W. H. 
Published: July 2010

This study evaluates the effect of the sequence of application of pesticides used as seed treatments on germination, seedling growth, and field survival of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). In separate tests three protectant fungicides, 2‐(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (Busan 72), pentachloronitrobenzene + 5‐ethoxy‐3‐trichloromethyl‐ l,2,4‐thiadiazole (Terracoat L21), or bis(dimethylthiocarbamyl) disulfide (thiram) were used with the systematic fungicide l,4‐dichloro‐2,5‐dimethoxybenzene (chloroneb) and the systemic insecticide 0,0‐diethyl S [2‐(ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorodithioate (disulfoton), and were applied in all feasible combinations of the various pesticides. Evaluations included germination tests at standard conditions, at constant 20 C, and a constant 30 C. Dry weight transfer (DWT) determinations were made at 20 and 30 C, and seedling survival in the field at Stoneville, Miss. 42 days after planting.In all three studies the results indicated that the sequence of pesticide treatment affected subsequent performance of cottonseed. In the case of Terracoat L21, only seedling survival in the field was not significantly affected by the sequence of pesticide application. ‘Traditional’ sequence of application — protectant fungicide followed by the systemic fungicide and then by the systemic insecticide — was the best sequence with these pesticides. When Busan 72 was used, alternative sequences proved to be more effective. When thiram was used, application of disulfoton first, irrespective of the application sequence of the other pesticides, reduced seedling survival and germination values at 20 C. Our results indicate that any change in pesticide usage, where multiple pesticides are used for seed treatment, may require a change in the sequence of pesticide application to obtain optimum results. In some instances, germination values may be affected to the point that treated seed would be rejected for certification and possible sale because of substandard germination, whereas untreated seed would have been acceptable.
Dry Matter Accumulation Patterns in Determinate and Indeterminate Soybeans1
Authors: Egli D. B. , Leggett J. E. 
Published: July 2010

Comparisons were made of the accumulation of dry matter in the various plant components of a determinate (D66‐5566) strain had an indetermate (‘Kent’) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivar using field‐grown plants for 2 years at Lexington, Ky. Kent and D66‐5566 are of similar maturity and yielding ability.At initial flowering D66‐5566 had reached 84% of its maximum height, compared with 64% for Kent. At this point the stem dry weight of D66‐5566 was 67% of the maximum compared with 30% for Kent. Although stem elongation of the determinate type was nearly complete when flowering began, it continued to increase in dry weight.At initial flowering Kent had produced 58% of its total vegetative material, compared to 78% for D66‐5566. Both types produced very little vegetative growth after a measurable amount of dry weight had accumulated in the pods and seeds. Kent produced more vegetative material during flowering and pod set, and the potential for competition for photosynthate between reproductive and vegetative growth was greater.The rate of accumulation of dry matter in the pods and seeds was greater for D66‐5566 than Kent in 1970, but there was no significant difference in 1971. The rates of both types were greater in 1970 than 1971, although grain yields were greater in 1971 than 1970. The length of the effective filling period, i.e., the grain yield divided by the rate of grain filling, was longer for both types in 1971 than 1970, and was thus positively associated with grain yields.
Photosynthetic Responses to CO2 and Light by Maize and Wheat Leaves Adjusted for Constant Stomatal Apertures1
Authors: Akita Shigemi , Moss Dale N. 
Published: July 2010

Previously we found that maize (Zea mays L.) leaf stomata were more responsive to changes in light intensity on CO2 concentration than were the stomata of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This study was undertaken to determine how the photosynthetic light and CO2 responses were affected by this differential stomatal sensitivity. Measurements of net photosynthesis and leaf diffusive resistances were made in various CO2 concentrations and light intensities on attached, mature leaves on 40‐ to 60‐ day‐old potted maize and wheat plants grown in a glasshouse. The data for each leaf were adjusted to a constant leaf diffusive resistance according to the diffusive equation for photosynthesis as given by Gaastra.The results showed that “apparent Km's” for CO2 response by whole maize leaves had large errors due to a changing leaf diffusive resistance as the CO2 concentration changed. The initial slope of the light response curves were greater for maize than for wheat when corrected for the changes in stomatal apertures caused by the treatment.
Resistance to Water Flow in Vigna sinensis L. (Endl.) at High Rates of Transpiration1
Authors: Hailey James L. , Hiler Edward A. , Jordan Wayne R. , van Bavel C. H. M. 
Published: July 2010

Recent studies support conflicting views concerning the validity of using an Ohm's Law analogy to describe liquid water flow through plants during transpiration. The results of these studies are compared with a common base; however, complete interpretation is difficult because most of the data are in a range of transpiration rates less than could be expected in a normal field environment.Results of experiments with southern peas [Vigna sinensis L. (Endl.)] are presented in which high rates of transpiration were attained. Plants were studied in both the vegetative and the reproductive stages. In all experiments a linear relation between leaf water potential and transpiration rate was evident. This implies that the plant resistance to flow was constant, and hence, that an Ohm's Law analogy is valid for the transpiration rate range studied. Effects of plant age on the resistance to flow are discussed.
Yield, Yield Component and Fiber Property Variation of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Within and Among Environments1
Authors: Meredith William R. , Bridge R. R. 
Published: July 2010

We evaluated the performance of four cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars when grown under four environments at Stoneville, Mississippi. Each variety was harvested by hand at approximately weekly intervals, averaging nine harvests per environment. We obtained estimates of yield, seven yield components, and seven fiber properties for each harvest.Generally for the first two harvest weeks cotton bolls opened at a relatively slow rate, approximately 10 kg/ha per day. This was usually followed by 4 weeks of a greater rate of opening, approximately 24 kg/ha per day. After this period the rate of opening decreased substantially to approximately 7 kg/ha per day.The most important cultivar ✕ harvest interactions were for yield, number of bolls, and rate of boll opening. These interactions were related most to the distribution of yield within environments. Lint percentage was lowest for the early harvest, whereas boll size and seed index values became smaller as the season advanced. Lint index was highest for the middle harvests. There was no consistent seasonal trend in number of seed per boll.Cultivars were the most important source of variability for fiber properties. Yarn strength, 50% and 2.5% span length, length uniformity, fiber strength, and Micronaire were usually lower for the last two harvest dates. Lower quality fiber and low yield potential in the last two harvests suggest that early season production would be advantageous to the cotton industry.The implications of this study pertaining to sampling for yield, yield components, and fiber properties are discussed.
The Relationship Between F2 and Selected F3 Progenies in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)1
Authors: Meredith William R. , Bridge R. R. 
Published: July 2010

Yield, components of yield, and fiber determinations of five parental lines of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and their 10 F2 hybrids were made at Stoneville, Mississippi in 1968. These results were then related to the 1969 F3 performance at the same location of eight random, eight high yield, and eight high strength selections from each cross.The linear correlation coefficient for the F2 and mean F3, yield was 48 and not significant. The F2 hybrids, therefore, gave little information regarding which cross to use when selecting for lint yield. However, high correlations between the F2 and F3 for lint percent, seed index, and fiber length, strength, and elongation were detected. The performance of F2 was a good indication of these traits.Differences in yield, lint percent, seed index, fiber length, and fiber strength among the three selection types were observed. The yield selections produced 5.7% more lint than the random and strength selections. However, the increased yield was partially at the expense of fiber properties. The average length and strength of the fiber quality selections were slightly greater (1.0%) than the random entries. There was no significant difference in yield between the random and high strength selections.
Path Coefficient Analysis of Seed Yield Components in Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)1
Authors: Pandey J. P. , Torrie J. H. 
Published: July 2010

Seven soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars grown at three different seeding rates were studied in 1969, 1970, and 1971 to determine the influence of seeding rate on components of seed yield. A correlation and path coefficient analysis was made to determine the direct and indirect effects of seed components on seed yield. Pods per unit area and seeds per pod had the greatest effect on seed yield in five and four of the nine sets of data, respectively.The soybean was found to have the ability to compensate for differences in stand. Compensation was accomplished primarily through number of pods per plant. In general, yield components were negatively associated with each other.
Evaluation of Wax Coatings for Improving Sugarbeet Storage1
Authors: Wyse R. E. , Dilley D. R. 
Published: July 2010

The effect of paraffin and a commercial wax coating on the respiration rate and weight loss of large and small sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) roots was determined.Wax coatings on sugarbeets were most beneficial in reducing respiration rates under conditions where rates were high and gaseous diffusion became a dominant factor in regulating respiration rates. The respiration rate of the beet root was primarily a function of the internal oxygen concentration for a given size of beet.The internal oxygen concentration reflects the resistance of the beet to gaseous diffusion and surface area. The sensitivity of the internal oxygen concentration to increased diffusion resistance makes surface coating appear to be a practical method of lowering internal 02 and thus reducing respiration losses.The observation that wax coatings reduce desiccation and respiration rates suggests that spraying surface beets with a wax coating and then covering them with straw may prevent desiccation on the surface of commercial storage piles and thus reduce sucrose losses.
Relations Between Alpha‐amylase Activity and Growth of Rice Seedlings1
Authors: Williams John F. , Peterson Maurice L. 
Published: July 2010

A study was made of possible relationships between alpha‐amylase activity (referred to as “activity”) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedling vigor, particularly as to stand establishment from water‐sown seeds. Relationships between activity and seedling weight (wt) during germination were noted for different cultivars and under different temperature and oxygen conditions.The r values for activity ✕ wt for ‘IR‐8’ and ‘Italica Livorno’ were highly significant (0.99 and 0.96 respectively) from the 3rd through the llth days of germination. These two cultivars differed widely in seed weight, enzyme activity, and seedling weight increases. The r value among 20 cultivars was 0.60, significant at the 0.05 level. The range in activity units was from 121.2 (for Italica Livorno) to 16.2 (for ‘Colusa’). A comparison of activity units at 30 C on rice germinated on moist blotters, under water, and in a N2 atmosphere showed that submergence had little effect on activity but the oxygen‐free atmosphere cut AU in half. These same conditions greatly suppressed seedling weights. Low temperatures (18 C) severely reduced AU and weight. It was concluded that alpha‐amylase activity was not an important limitation to seedling development of water‐sown rice under cold‐water conditions.
Breeding Methods for Improving Yield and Fiber Quality of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)1
Authors: Culp T. W. , Harrell D. C. 
Published: July 2010

In the introgression of Gossypium arboreum L. ✕ G. thurberi Tod. fiber strength to medium staple Upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.), we have been most successful with the pedigree method of hybridization and selection. Hybridization is required for the recombination of genes for high lint yield and fiber strength or length, and selection is necessary to locate the desirable recombinants in segregating populations.In 25 years of selection within breeding lines after the F5 generation, only two highly desirable recombinants, Earlistaple‐7 and Pee Dee 4381‐54, have been found. Yield improvement in Earlistaple‐7 is attributed to fusarium wilt resistance rather than to recombination of genes for lint yield and fiber quality. We cannot rule out the possibility of intercrossing or outcrossing in the isolated seed increase of Pee Dee 4381 from which Selection‐54 was obtained.Random intermating, backcrossing, and composite‐crossing also were tried as methods to improve yield and fiber quality of Upland cotton. A valuable breeding line (Q) was developed by three cycles of backcrossing to three G. hirsutum parents (with selection only for high lint percentage) and a composite‐cross of progenies from each of these backcross populations. No desirable recombinants were found with random intermating. Failure of this method was attributed to: 1) broad germplasm pools, 2) nonelimination of undesirable plants from the populations, and 3) study of small populations of 10,000 plants.We believe that any breeding method that gives maximum combinations of genes for yield and fiber quality is desirable, and selection of promising recombinants in early generations is necessary to maintain populations of practical size.
Success in Hybridizing and Selfing Trifolium repens at Different Temperatures1
Authors: Gibson Pryce B. , Chen Chi‐Chang 
Published: July 2010

Seasonal variation in successful hybridization of Trifolium repens L. (2n = 32) motivated this study on the effect of different temperatures on white clover seed yields from cross‐ and self‐pollinations.Plants of a T. repens clone were grown at temperatures of 15, 20, 25, and 30 C. Self‐compatibility was determined at each temperature by rolling the heads between the thumb and fingers. Plants at each temperature were cross‐pollinated with pollen from a T. repens plant of a different genotype and with pollen from a 32‐chromosome, F1 hybrid from the cross T. uniflorum L. (2n =32) ✕ autotetraploid T. occidentale Coombe (2n = 32).Self‐pollinations resulted in no seed at 15 and 20 C, a few at 25 C, and more at 30 C. Intraspecific and interspecific cross‐pollinations at 25 C resulted in the highest seed production.Seed from the interspecific cross were planted and the plants classified cytologically for hybridity. Plants from seed produced at 15 and 20 C were all hybrids; plants from seed produced at 25 C were 80% hybrids; and plants from seed produced at 30 C were 17% hybrids. The higher temperatures, although favoring seed production, increased the probability of selfing.
Modification of the Variety Cross Diallel Model for Evaluating Cycles of Selection1
Authors: Hammond J. J. , Gardner C. O. 
Published: July 2010

A general model for the analysis of variety cross diallels was modified for use when the populations represent different cycles of selection from one parent variety. The a and d parameters in the improved populations are functions of a and d in the parent variety assuming negligible mutation effects. The modified model permits the simultaneous estimation of a polynomial regression in a and in d. The regression equation in homozygous effects (a) is a direct measure of weighted average change in gene frequency, and the equation in heterozygous effects (d) is a measure of the approach to fixation of the favorable alleles. If favorable genes are dominant, the first derivative of the equation in heterozygous effects evaluated at zero gives the cycle at which the weighted average gene frequency will be 0.5.A parent population and selected cycles of selection were generated on an IBM 360 computer to illustrate the theory. Crosses and related populations were generated according to the Gardner‐Eberhart model and estimates obtained were compared to known parametric values. From the idealized diallel and related populations, change in gene frequency was determined as well as time to fixation and expected response at the endpoint of selection, when gene frequencies are changing at a linear rate.