bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of marine isoprene‐degrading communities
Authors: Alvarez Laura Acuña , Exton Daniel A. , Timmis Kenneth N. , Suggett David J. , McGenity Terry J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIsoprene is a volatile and climate‐altering hydrocarbon with an atmospheric concentration similar to that of methane. It is well established that marine algae produce isoprene; however, until now there was no specific information about marine isoprene sinks. Here we demonstrate isoprene consumption in samples from temperate and tropical marine and coastal environments, and furthermore show that the most rapid degradation of isoprene coincides with the highest rates of isoprene production in estuarine sediments. Isoprene‐degrading enrichment cultures, analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and by culturing, were generally dominated by Actinobacteria, but included other groups such as Alphaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, previously not known to degrade isoprene. In contrast to specialist methane‐oxidizing bacteria, cultivated isoprene degraders were nutritionally versatile, and nearly all of them were able to use n‐alkanes as a source of carbon and energy. We therefore tested and showed that the ubiquitous marine hydrocarbon‐degrader, Alcanivorax borkumensis, could also degrade isoprene. A mixture of the isolates consumed isoprene emitted from algal cultures, confirming that isoprene can be metabolized at low, environmentally relevant concentrations, and suggesting that, in the absence of spilled petroleum hydrocarbons, algal production of isoprene could maintain viable populations of hydrocarbon‐degrading microbes. This discovery of a missing marine sink for isoprene is the first step in obtaining more robust predictions of its flux, and suggests that algal‐derived isoprene provides an additional source of carbon for diverse microbes in the oceans.
Shifts between Nitrospira‐ and Nitrobacter‐like nitrite oxidizers underlie the response of soil potential nitrite oxidation to changes in tillage practices
Authors: Attard E. , Poly F. , Commeaux C. , Laurent F. , Terada A. , Smets B. F. , Recous S. , Roux X. Le 
Published: October 2009

SummaryDespite their role in soil functioning, the ecology of nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria, NOB, and their response to disturbances such as those generated by agricultural practices are scarcely known. Over the course of 17 months, we surveyed the potential nitrite oxidation, PNO, the abundance of the Nitrobacter‐ and Nitrospira‐like NOB (by quantitative PCR) and the community structure of the Nitrobacter‐like NOB (by PCR‐DGGE and cloning‐sequencing targeting the nxrA gene) in soils for four treatments: after establishment of tillage on a previously no‐tillage system, after cessation of tillage on a previously tillage system, and on control tillage and no‐tillage systems. Key soil variables (moisture, organic carbon content and gross mineralization – i.e. ammonification – measured by the 15N dilution technique) were also surveyed. PNO was always higher for the no‐tillage than tillage treatments. Establishment of tillage led to a strong and rapid decrease in PNO whereas cessation of tillage did not change PNO even after 17 months. PNO was strongly and positively correlated to the abundance of Nitrobacter‐like NOB and was also strongly related to gross mineralization, a proxy of N‐availability; in contrast, PNO was weakly and negatively correlated to the abundance of Nitrospira‐like NOB. Selection of a dominant population was observed under no‐tillage, and PNO was loosely correlated to the community structure of Nitrobacter‐like NOB. Our results demonstrate that Nitrobacter‐like NOB are the key functional players within the NOB community in soils with high N availability and high activity level, and that changes in PNO are due to shifts between Nitrospira‐like and Nitrobacter‐like NOB and to a weaker extent by shifts of populations within Nitrobacter‐like NOB.
Molecular dissection of bacterial acrylate catabolism – unexpected links with dimethylsulfoniopropionate catabolism and dimethyl sulfide production
Authors: Todd Jonathan D. , Curson Andrew R. J. , Nikolaidou‐Katsaraidou Nefeli , Brearley Charles A. , Watmough Nicholas J. , Chan Yohan , Page Philip C. B. , Sun Lei , Johnston Andrew W. B. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA bacterium in the genus Halomonas that grew on dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) or acrylate as sole carbon sources and that liberated the climate‐changing gas dimethyl sulfide in media containing DMSP was obtained from the phylloplane of the macroalga Ulva. We identified a cluster that contains genes specifically involved in DMSP catabolism (dddD, dddT) or in degrading acrylate (acuN, acuK) or that are required to break down both substrates (dddC, dddA). Using NMR and HPLC analyses to trace 13C‐ or 14C‐labelled acrylate and DMSP in strains of Escherichia coli with various combinations of cloned ddd and/or acu genes, we deduced that DMSP is imported by the BCCT‐type transporter DddT, then converted by DddD to 3‐OH‐propionate (3HP), liberating dimethyl sulfide in the process. As DddD is a predicted acyl CoA transferase, there may be an earlier, unidentified catabolite of DMSP. Acrylate is also converted to 3HP, via a CoA transferase (AcuN) and a hydratase (AcuK). The 3HP is predicted to be catabolized by an alcohol dehydrogenase, DddA, to malonate semialdehyde, thence by an aldehyde dehydrogenase, DddC, to acyl CoA plus CO2. The regulation of the ddd and acu genes is unusual, as a catabolite, 3HP, was a co‐inducer of their transcription. This first description of genes involved in acrylate catabolism in any organism shows that the relationship between the catabolic pathways of acrylate and DMSP differs from that which had been suggested in other bacteria.
The Influence of Technological Knowledge Base and Organizational Structure on Technology Collaboration
Authors: Zhang Jing , Baden‐Fuller Charles 
Published: October 2009

abstractThis study investigates how an incumbent company's internal characteristics influence its propensity to form learning alliances. A firm may be reluctant to enter a research alliance when it has deep knowledge in a certain technological field due to concerns about knowledge leakage and the low possibility of being able to learn much from collaboration. On the contrary, when the firm has a broad knowledge base, it may have high propensity to enter alliances due to more self‐confidence in its ability to learn fast from partners. In addition, we argue that when a firm concentrates its R&D at a central location, this neutralizes the positive and negative influences of the two knowledge base features on alliance formation. We tested and found support for the hypotheses using a database of 1550 alliances undertaken by 78 large incumbent pharmaceutical, chemical, and agro‐food companies active in the biotechnology sector during 1993–2002.
The Ghetto, the Hyperghetto and the Fragmentation of the World
Authors: AGIER MICHEL 
Published: October 2009

AbstractReflecting on Loïc Wacquant's Urban Outcasts, my observations focus on two points: the ghetto and the hyperghetto. On the one hand, over and above the France–USA comparison, the text suggests that ‘the ghetto’ is a relative urban position, not one that establishes an identity. Within that framework, some French banlieues or Palestinian refugee camps are in a position of urban, social and political relegation that is well conveyed by the term ‘ghetto’ or ‘ghettoization’. On the other hand, if we are agreed that it is distance from the state that constitutes the ghetto, then transference of this notion of relegation to the global scale is a possible definition of ‘the hyperghetto’.Résumé À propos de Urban Outcasts (Parias urbains), ce commentaire s'attache à deux aspects: le ghetto et l'hyperghetto. D'une part, au‐delà de la comparaison entre la France et les États‐Unis, le texte présente le ghetto comme une position urbaine relative, et non identitaire. Dans ce cadre, certaines ‘banlieues’ françaises ou des camps de réfugiés palestiniens sont dans une position de relégation urbaine, sociale et politique qui est bien rendue par le concept de ghetto ou ‘ghetto‐isation’. D'autre part, si l'on convient que c'est la distance à l'État qui fait le ghetto, alors une mondialisation de cette figure de la relégation est une définition possible de l'hyperghetto.
Guidelines for practical use of MAL‐PDT in non‐melanoma skin cancer
Authors: Christensen E , Warloe T , Kroon S , Funk J , Helsing P , Soler AM , Stang HJ , Vatne Ø , Mørk C 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMethyl aminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy is increasingly practiced in the treatment of actinic keratoses, Bowen’s disease and basal cell carcinomas. This method is particularly suitable for treating multiple lesions, field cancerization and lesions in areas where a good cosmetic outcome is of importance. Good treatment routines will contribute to a favourable result. The Norwegian photodynamic therapy (PDT) group consists of medical specialists with long and extensive PDT experience. With support in the literature, this group presents guidelines for the practical use of topical PDT in non‐melanoma skin cancer.
Quantifying the information needs of doctors in the UK using clinical librarians
Authors: Davies Karen 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground and objectives:  The main objective of this paper is to determine the frequency of doctors’ clinical information needs using Clinical Librarians as data collectors, focusing on the UK acute sector. Additionally, the frequency of questions followed‐up by Clinical Librarians was determined. The information needs of doctors have been investigated in other countries, particularly the USA, but not in the UK. Clinical Librarians have not been utilized as data collectors in any previous studies.Method:  Clinical Librarians counted clinical questions posed by doctors in clinical settings.Results:  The Clinical Librarians counted 286 questions from 655 doctors discussing 1210 patient cases. This represents approximately one question for every four patients.Conclusion:  Clinical Librarians can collect data to identify the number of information needs doctors have, but this was more successful when the Clinical Librarian was experienced and an established part of the clinical team.
Semi‐automating the manual literature search for systematic reviews increases efficiency
Authors: Chapman Andrea L. , Morgan Laura C. , Gartlehner Gerald 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground:  To minimise retrieval bias, manual literature searches are a key part of the search process of any systematic review. Considering the need to have accurate information, valid results of the manual literature search are essential to ensure scientific standards; likewise efficient approaches that minimise the amount of personnel time required to conduct a manual literature search are of great interest.Objective:  The objective of this project was to determine the validity and efficiency of a new manual search method that utilises the scopus™ database.Methods:  We used the traditional manual search approach as the gold standard to determine the validity and efficiency of the proposed scopus method. Outcome measures included completeness of article detection and personnel time involved. Using both methods independently, we compared the results based on accuracy of the results, validity and time spent conducting the search, efficiency.Results:  Regarding accuracy, the scopus method identified the same studies as the traditional approach indicating its validity. In terms of efficiency, using scopus led to a time saving of 62.5% compared with the traditional approach (3 h versus 8 h).Conclusions:  The scopus method can significantly improve the efficiency of manual searches and thus of systematic reviews.
Nitric oxide and cyclic nucleotide signal transduction modulates synaptic vesicle turnover in human model neurons
Authors: Tegenge Million Adane , Stern Michael , Bicker Gerd 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe human Ntera2 (NT2) teratocarcinoma cell line can be induced to differentiate into post‐mitotic neurons. Here, we report that the human NT2 neurons generated by a spherical aggregate cell culture method express increasing levels of typical pre‐synaptic proteins (synapsin and synaptotagmin I) along the neurite depending on the length of in vitro culture. By employing an antibody directed against the luminal domain of synaptotagmin I and the fluorescent dye N‐(3‐triethylammoniumpropyl)‐4‐(4‐(dibutylamino)styryl)pyridinium dibromide, we show that depolarized NT2 neurons display calcium‐dependent exo‐endocytotic synaptic vesicle recycling. NT2 neurons express the neuronal isoform of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), the major receptor for nitric oxide (NO). We tested whether NO signal transduction modulates synaptic vesicle turnover in human NT2 neurons. NO donors and cylic guanosine‐monophosphate analogs enhanced synaptic vesicle recycling while a sGC inhibitor blocked the effect of NO donors. Two NO donors, sodium nitroprusside, and and N‐Ethyl‐2‐(1‐ethyl‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐nitrosohydrazino) ethanamine evoked vesicle exocytosis which was partially blocked by the sGC inhibitor. The activator of adenylyl cyclase, forskolin, and a cAMP analog induced synaptic vesicle recycling and exocytosis via a parallel acting protein kinase A pathway. Our data from NT2 neurons suggest that NO/cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways may facilitate neurotransmitter release in human brain cells.
Petrology of coesite‐bearing eclogite from Habutengsu Valley, western Tianshan, NW China and its tectonometamorphic implication
Authors: LÜ Z. , ZHANG L. , DU J. , BUCHER K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCoesite inclusions in garnet have been found in eclogite boudins enclosed in coesite‐bearing garnet micaschist in the Habutengsu Valley, Chinese western Tianshan, which are distinguished from their retrograde quartz by means of optical characteristics, CL imaging and Raman spectrum. The coesite‐bearing eclogite is mainly composed of porphyroblastic garnet, omphacite, paragonite, glaucophane and barroisite, minor amounts of rutile and dotted (or banded) graphite. In addition to coesite and quartz, the zoned porphyroblastic garnet contains inclusions of omphacite, Na‐Ca amphibole, calcite, albite, chlorite, rutile, ilmenite and graphite. Multi‐phase inclusions (e.g. Czo + Pg ± Qtz, Grt II + Qtz and Chl + Pg) can be interpreted as breakdown products of former lawsonite and possibly chloritoid. Coesite occurs scattered within a compositionally homogenous but narrow domain of garnet (outer core), indicative of equilibrium at the UHP stage. The estimate by garnet‐clinopyroxene thermometry yields peak temperatures of 420–520 °C at 2.7 GPa. Phase equilibrium calculations further constrain the P–T conditions for the UHP mineral assemblage Grt + Omp + Lws + Gln + Coe to 2.4–2.7 GPa and 470–510 °C. Modelled modal abundances of major minerals along a 5 °C km−1 geothermal gradient suggests two critical dehydration processes at ∼430 and ∼510 °C respectively. Computed garnet composition patterns are in good agreement with measured core‐rim profiles. The petrological study of coesite‐bearing eclogite in this paper provides insight into the metamorphic evolution in a cold subduction zone. Together with other reported localities of UHP rocks from the entire orogen of Chinese western Tianshan, it is concluded that the regional extent of UHP‐LT metamorphism in Chinese western Tianshan is extensive and considerably larger than previously thought, although intensive retrogression has erased UHP‐LT assemblages at most localities.
Triassic eclogite from northern Vietnam: inferences and geological significance
Authors: NAKANO N. , OSANAI Y. , SAJEEV K. , HAYASAKA Y. , MIYAMOTO T. , MINH N. T. , OWADA M. , WINDLEY B. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract The first finding of low‐temperature eclogites from the Indochina region is reported. The eclogites occur along the Song Ma Suture zone in northern Vietnam, which is widely regarded as the boundary between the South China and Indochina cratons. The major lithology of the area is pelitic schist that contains garnet and phengite with or without biotite, chloritoid, staurolite and kyanite, and which encloses blocks and lenses of eclogite and amphibolite. The eclogites commonly consist of garnet, omphacite, phengite, rutile, quartz and/or epidote with secondary barroisite. Omphacite is commonly surrounded by a symplectite of Na‐poor omphacite and Na‐rich plagioclase. In highly retrograded domains, diopside + tremolite + plagioclase symplectites replace the primary phases. Estimated peak‐pressure metamorphic conditions based on isochemical phase diagrams for the eclogites are 2.1–2.2 GPa and 600–620 °C, even though thermobarometric results yield higher pressure and temperature conditions (2.6–2.8 GPa and 620–680 °C). The eclogites underwent a clockwise P–T trajectory with a post‐peak‐pressure increase of temperature to a maximum of >750 °C at 1.7 GPa and a subsequent cooling during decompression to 650 °C and 1.3 GPa, which was followed by additional cooling before close‐to‐isothermal decompression to ∼530 °C at 0.5 GPa. The surrounding pelitic schist (garnet–chloritoid–phengite) records similar metamorphic conditions (580–600 °C at 1.9–2.3 GPa) and a monazite chemical age of 243 ± 4 Ma. A few monazite inclusions within garnet and the cores of some zoned monazite in garnet–phengite schist record an older thermal event (424 ± 15 Ma). The present results indicate that the Indochina craton was deeply (>70 km) subducted beneath the South China craton in the Triassic. The Silurian cores of monazite grains may relate to an older non‐collisional event in the Indochina craton.
The heterogeneity of causes and courses of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Steinhausen H‐C. 
Published: October 2009

Objective:  Attention‐deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a frequent mental disorder with onset in childhood and persistence into adulthood in a sizeable number of people. Despite a rather simple clinical definition, ADHD has many facets because of frequent co‐morbid disorders and varying impact on psychosocial functioning. Thus, there is considerable heterogeneity in various domains.Method:  A review of recent research findings in: i) selected domains of aetiology reflecting the role of genes, brain structures and functioning and the interplay of causal factors and ii) clinical heterogeneity in terms of co‐morbidities, gender effects, courses and outcomes.Results:  Molecular genetic studies have identified a number of candidate genes which have a small effect on behavioural variation in ADHD. In the most recent Genome Scan Meta Analysis of seven ADHD linkage studies, genome‐wide significant linkage was identified on chromosome 16. The volume of both the total brain and various regions including the prefrontal cortex, the caudate nucleus and the vermis of the cerebellum is smaller in ADHD. Functional MRI has documented a specific deficit of frontostriatal networks in ADHD. Integrative aetiological models have to take the interaction of gene and environment on various dysfunctions into account. Clinical heterogeneity results from frequent associations with various co‐morbidities, the impact of the disorder on psychosocial functioning, and gender effects. Partly, these effects are evident also in the course and outcome of ADHD.Conclusion:  ADHD is a chronic mental disorder with a complex aetiology. So far, various neurobiological factors have been identified that need to be studied further to better understand their interaction with environmental factors. The clinical presentation and the long‐term course of ADHD are manifold.
Lithium response across generations
Authors: Grof P. , Duffy A. , Alda M. , Hajek T. 
Published: October 2009

Objective:  To describe and integrate observations from bipolar patients responsive to lithium stabilization and their children.Method:  Selected findings are described from the clinical and biological investigations of adults meeting research criteria for bipolar disorder and for responsiveness to lithium stabilization; and from prospective studies of the children of lithium responders and non‐responders.Results:  Response to prophylactic lithium identifies a valid subtype of bipolar disorder, however the search for biological markers of lithium response, while promising, has so far remained inconclusive. Adult responders to lithium stabilization exhibit definable clinical features which are also observable in their affected children. In prospective studies the children of bipolar parents develop symptoms earlier than reported previously, with marked differences between the offspring of lithium responders and non‐responders. The illness evolves in predictable clinical stages, first from non‐specific sleep and anxiety disorders to mood symptoms and then, often starting in adolescence, major depressive and later activated episodes.Conclusion:  Investigating and comparing unequivocal responders and non‐responders to long‐term lithium treatment and their offspring is a fertile research strategy for addressing a multitude of clinical and research questions.
From age correction to genome‐wide association
Authors: Cohen‐Woods S. , Schosser A. , McGuffin P. 
Published: October 2009

Objective:  Eric Strömgren was one of the pioneers of psychiatric genetics and family studies. There has now been an explosion of interest in this field and research progress, including linkage and association studies, whole genome genotyping, copy number variants and epigenetics is reviewed here.Method:  An overview of this area of psychiatric research is presented and discussed based on the relevant literature aiming at giving a recent status of the progress.Results:  Broadly speaking linkage and association are complementary approaches used to locate genes contributing to the genetic aetiology of psychopathology. Linkage can be detected over comparatively large distances, however power is problematic when searching for quantitative trait loci with small effect sizes. In contrast, association studies can detect small effects but only over very small distances. Therefore, while several genome‐wide linkage studies in psychiatric disorders have been performed, the majority of association studies have investigated specific functional candidate genes.Conclusion:  Due to very recent technological advancements, genome‐wide association studies have now become possible and have identified some completely novel susceptibility loci. Other recent advances include the discovery of epigenetic phenomena and copy number variants.