bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Vertebrate Horizons in China*
Authors: Young C. C. 
Published: August 2010

The nine levels of vertebrate fauna described above have either been recorded or extensively worked within the last few years. The Triassic, Miocene, Cyprinidæ, Base of the Pleistocene and the Anyang fauna are new while the remaining four have been recorded earlier. Nevertheless, a considerable number of additional facts both geographically and palæontologically were reported. In Figure 1, I give a sketch showing the various levels recognized after 1920. With the almost continuous excavation carried in Choukoutien as well as in other parts, it has become possible to trace the Cenozoic sequence from the Upper Miocene to prehistórical time with the exception of a few gaps only. Material derived from those new levels have been described in various recent publications, or else are being such studied and prepared for description as for instance, the Sauropoda of Sinkiang and Szechuan ; additional mammalian collection of Yuanchü; the Miocene mammals of Shanwang; the fishes of Locality 14 of Choukoutien und of the Yûshê basin ; and the large collection of material recovered from Locality 13 and the Upper Cave of Choukoutien.From the accompanying Plate, it is evident that during the last six years surveys have been considerably extended to the south and west. We now have a Theromorpha‐ and dinosaurian fauna extending as far as to Sinkiang and western Szechuan as also the fissure and cave d epe «its in Yunnan and Kwangsi. The extension (distribution) of Mongolian early Tertiary mammals to the Huangho and Yangtze Valleys is of particular
Interactions of the Transmembrane Polymeric Rings of the Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Type III Secretion System
Authors: Sanowar Sarah , Singh Pragya , Pfuetzner Richard A. , André Ingemar , Zheng Hongjin , Spreter Thomas , Strynadka Natalie C. J. , Gonen Tamir , Baker David , Goodlett David R. , Miller Samuel I. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is an interspecies protein transport machine that plays a major role in interactions of Gram-negative bacteria with animals and plants by delivering bacterial effector proteins into host cells. T3SSs span both membranes of Gram-negative bacteria by forming a structure of connected oligomeric rings termed the needle complex (NC). Here, the localization of subunits in the
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium T3SS NC were probed via mass spectrometry-assisted identification of chemical cross-links in intact NC preparations. Cross-links between amino acids near the amino terminus of the outer membrane ring component InvG and the carboxyl terminus of the inner membrane ring component PrgH and between the two inner membrane components PrgH and PrgK allowed for spatial localization of the three ring components within the electron density map structures of NCs. Mutational and biochemical analysis demonstrated that the amino terminus of InvG and the carboxyl terminus of PrgH play a critical role in the assembly and function of the T3SS apparatus. Analysis of an InvG mutant indicates that the structure of the InvG oligomer can affect the switching of the T3SS substrate to translocon and effector components. This study provides insights into how structural organization of needle complex base components promotes T3SS assembly and function.

IMPORTANCE
Many biological macromolecular complexes are composed of symmetrical homomers, which assemble into larger structures. Some complexes, such as secretion systems, span biological membranes, forming hydrophilic domains to move substrates across lipid bilayers. Type III secretion systems (T3SSs) deliver bacterial effector proteins directly to the host cell cytoplasm and allow for critical interactions between many Gram-negative pathogenic bacterial species and their hosts. Progress has been made towards the goal of determining the three-dimensional structure of the secretion apparatus by determination of high-resolution crystal structures of individual protein subunits and low-resolution models of the assembly, using reconstructions of cryoelectron microscopy images. However, a more refined picture of the localization of periplasmic ring structures within the assembly and their interactions has only recently begun to emerge. This work localizes T3SS transmembrane rings and identifies structural elements that affect substrate switching and are essential to the assembly of components that are inserted into host cell membranes.
Immunologic Consequences of Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3 Activation in Human Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Albesiano Emilia , Davis Meghan , See Alfred P. , Han James E. , Lim Michael , Pardoll Drew M. , Kim Young 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Paracrine cross-talk between tumor cells and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment underlies local mechanisms of immune evasion. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), which is constitutively activated in diverse cancer types, is a key regulator of cytokine and chemokine expression in murine tumors, resulting in suppression of both innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. However, the immunologic effects of STAT3 activation in human cancers have not been studied in detail. To investigate how STAT3 activity in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) might alter the tumor microenvironment to enable immune escape, we used small interfering RNA and small-molecule inhibitors to suppress STAT3 activity. STAT3 inhibition in multiple primary and established human squamous carcinoma lines resulted in enhanced expression and secretion of both proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Although conditioned medium containing supernatants from human HNSCC inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced dendritic cell activation in vitro, supernatants from STAT3-silenced tumor cells reversed this immune evasion mechanism. Moreover, supernatants from STAT3-silenced tumor cells were able to stimulate the migratory behavior of lymphocytes from human peripheral blood in vitro. These results show the importance of STAT3 activation in regulating the immunomodulatory mediators by human tumors and further validate STAT3 as a promising target for therapeutic intervention. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6467–76. ©2010 AACR.
Fluorescence-Based Codetection with Protein Markers Reveals Distinct Cellular Compartments for Altered MicroRNA Expression in Solid Tumors
Authors: Sempere Lorenzo F. , Preis Meir , Yezefski Todd , Ouyang Haoxu , Suriawinata Arief A. , Silahtaroglu Asli , Conejo-Garcia Jose R. , Kauppinen Sakari , Wells Wendy , Korc Murray 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Purpose: High-throughput profiling experiments have linked altered expression of microRNAs (miRNA) to different types of cancer. Tumor tissues are a heterogeneous mixture of not only cancer cells, but also supportive and reactive tumor microenvironment elements. To clarify the clinical significance of altered miRNA expression in solid tumors, we developed a sensitive fluorescence-based in situ hybridization (ISH) method to visualize miRNA accumulation within individual cells in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. This ISH method was implemented to be compatible with routine clinical immunohistochemical (IHC) assays to enable the detection of miRNAs and protein markers in the same tissue section for colocalization and functional studies.
Experimental Design: We used this combined ISH/IHC assay to study a subset of cancer-associated miRNAs, including miRNAs frequently detected at low (miR-34a and miR-126) and high (miR-21 and miR-155) levels, in a panel of breast, colorectal, lung, pancreas, and prostate carcinomas.
Results: Despite the distinct histopathologic alterations of each particular cancer type, general trends emerged that pinpointed distinct source cells of altered miRNA expression. Although altered expressions of miR-21 and miR-34a were manifested within cancer cells, those of miR-126 and miR-155 were predominantly confined to endothelial cells and immune cells, respectively. These results suggest a heterogeneous participation of miRNAs in carcinogenesis by intrinsically affecting cancer cell biology or by modulating stromal, vascular, and immune responses.
Conclusions: We described a rapid and sensitive multicolor ISH/IHC assay and showed that it could be broadly applied as an investigational tool to better understand the etiologic relevance of altered miRNA expression in cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 16(16); 4246–55. ©2010 AACR.
Converging Evidence for Efficacy from Parallel EphB4-Targeted Approaches in Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Spannuth Whitney A. , Mangala Lingegowda S. , Stone Rebecca L. , Carroll Amy R. , Nishimura Masato , Shahzad Mian M.K. , Lee Sun-Joo , Moreno-Smith Myrthala , Nick Alpa M. , Liu Ren , Jennings Nicholas B. , Lin Yvonne G. , Merritt William M. , Coleman Robert L. , Vivas-Mejia Pablo E. , Zhou Yue , Krasnoperov Valery , Lopez-Berestein Gabriel , Gill Parkash S. , Sood Anil K. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
EphB4 is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an important role in neural plasticity and angiogenesis. EphB4 is overexpressed in ovarian cancer and is predictive of poor clinical outcome. However, the biological significance of EphB4 in ovarian cancer is not known and is the focus of the current study. Here, we examined the biological effects of two different methods of EphB4 targeting (a novel monoclonal antibody, EphB4-131 or siRNA) using several ovarian cancer models. EphB4 gene silencing significantly increased tumor cell apoptosis and decreased migration (P &lt; 0.001) and invasion (P &lt; 0.001). Compared with controls, EphB4 siRNA–1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine alone significantly reduced tumor growth in the A2780-cp20 (48%, P &lt; 0.05) and IGROV-af1 (61%, P &lt; 0.05) models. Combination therapy with EphB4 siRNA–1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine and docetaxel resulted in the greatest reduction in tumor weight in both A2780-cp20 and IGROV-af1 models (89–95% reduction versus controls; P &lt; 0.05 for both groups). The EphB4-131 antibody, which reduced EphB4 protein levels, decreased tumor growth by 80% to 83% (P &lt; 0.01 for both models) in A2780-cp20 and IGROV-af1 models. The combination of EphB4-131 and docetaxel resulted in the greatest tumor reduction in both A2780-cp20 and IGROV-af1 models (94–98% reduction versus controls; P &lt; 0.05 for both groups). Compared with controls, EphB4 targeting resulted in reduced tumor angiogenesis (P &lt; 0.001), proliferation (P &lt; 0.001), and increased tumor cell apoptosis (P &lt; 0.001), which likely occur through modulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling. Collectively, these data identify EphB4 as a valuable therapeutic target in ovarian cancer and offer two new strategies for further development. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(8); 2377–88. ©2010 AACR.
Improving Extraseasonal Summer Rainfall Prediction by Merging Information from GCMs and Observations
Authors: Lang Xianmei , Wang Huijun 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A new prediction approach for summer (June–August) rainfall in China was designed by considering both preceding observations and numerically predicted summer rainfall through a multivariate linear regression analysis. First, correlation analyses revealed close relationships between summer rainfall in parts of China with the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO), the Arctic Oscillation (AO), and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the preceding winter (December–February). The Huang-Huai Valley, two subregions of the Jiang-Huai Valley, the southern Yangtze River, south China, and southeastern Xinjiang were then chosen as targets for their regional climate characteristics. Following this, an extraseasonal (one season in advance) regression prediction model for regionally averaged summer rainfall was constructed by using these three climate factors and a 3-month lead-time forecast of summer rainfall, undertaken by an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) forced by observed SSTs, as predictors region by region. To improve the accuracy of prediction, the systematic error between the original regression model’s results and its observational counterparts, averaged for the last 10 yr, was corrected. Using this new approach, real-time prediction experiments and cross-validation analyses were performed for the periods 2002–07 and 1982–2007, respectively. It was found that the new prediction approach was more skillful than the original or corrected GCM prediction alone in terms of sign, magnitude, and interannual variability of regionally averaged summer rainfall anomalies in all regions. The preceding observations were the major source of the prediction skill of summer rainfall in each region, and the GCM predictions added additional prediction skill in the western Jiang-Huai Valley and southeastern Xinjiang, in both of which the GCM prediction was used as a predictor.
Traumatic Bone Bruises in the Athlete’s Knee
Authors: DeAngelis Joseph P. , Spindler Kurt P. 
Published: August 2010

Context: Mobile water within the bone marrow is a physiological phenomenon that is identifiable on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and signal changes can result from blood pooling, reactive hyperemia, edema, and microfracture. When these MR lesions are associated with an acute traumatic event, the findings are referred to as bone bruises and so represent a unique manifestation of injury. This review discusses bone bruises in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears, patella dislocations, occult fractures, and contusions. Methods: A PubMed search of the literature from 1982 to December 2009 was conducted with the terms knee and bone bruise. Results: Bone bruises are associated with ACL tears, patella dislocations, occult fractures, and contusions. For each injury, a unique pattern of bone bruising is found on MR imaging, which results from the acute trauma. When acute trauma produces a subchondral lesion with low T1-weighted and high T2-weighted signal intensity, the resulting bony contusion is best described as a bone bruise. Conclusions: Bone marrow edema is identified using MR imaging and may result from traumatic or atraumatic causes. Bone bruises can be characterized by their pattern at presentation, by the mechanism of injury, and by their associated injuries. This type of bone edema can accompany contact and noncontact ACL ruptures as well as patella dislocations. Although increased marrow edema can be associated with an occult fracture, the long-term significance of these lesions is unclear.
Is the presence of abnormal prion protein in the renal glomeruli of feline species presenting with FSE authentic?
Authors: Lezmi Stéphane , Baron Thierry GM , Bencsik Anna A 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
In a recent paper written by Hilbe et al (BMC vet res, 2009), the nature and specificity of the prion protein deposition in the kidney of feline species affected with feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) were clearly considered doubtful. This article was brought to our attention because we published several years ago an immunodetection of abnormal prion protein in the kidney of a cheetah affected with FSE. At this time we were convinced of its specificity but without having all the possibilities to demonstrate it. As previously published by another group, the presence of abnormal prion protein in some renal glomeruli in domestic cats affected with FSE is indeed generally considered as doubtful mainly because of low intensity detected in this organ and because control kidneys from safe animals present also a weak prion immunolabelling. Here we come back on these studies and thought it would be helpful to relay our last data to the readers of BMC Vet res for future reference on this subject.
Here we come back on our material as it is possible to study and demonstrate the specificity of prion immunodetection using the PET-Blot method (Paraffin Embedded Tissue - Blot). It is admitted that this method allows detecting the Proteinase K (PK) resistant form of the abnormal prion protein (PrPres) without any confusion with unspecific immunoreaction. We re-analysed the kidney tissue versus adrenal gland and brain samples from the same cheetah affected with TSE using this PET-Blot method. The PET-Blot analysis revealed specific PrPres detection within the brain, adrenal gland and some glomeruli of the kidney, with a complete identicalness compared to our previous detection using immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, these new data enable us to confirm with assurance the presence of specific abnormal prion protein in the adrenal gland and in the kidney of the cheetah affected with FSE. It also emphasizes the usefulness for the re-examination of any available tissue blocks with the PET-Blot method as a sensitive complementary tool in case of doubtful PrP IHC results.
Neuroprotection resulting from insufficiency of RANBP2 is associated with the modulation of protein and lipid homeostasis of functionally diverse but linked pathways in response to oxidative stress
Authors: Cho Kyoung-in , Yi Haiqing , Tserentsoodol Nomingerel , Searle Kelly , Ferreira Paulo A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
Oxidative stress is a deleterious stressor associated with a plethora of disease and aging manifestations, including neurodegenerative disorders, yet very few factors and mechanisms promoting the neuroprotection of photoreceptor and other neurons against oxidative stress are known. Insufficiency of RAN-binding protein-2 (RANBP2), a large, mosaic protein with pleiotropic functions, suppresses apoptosis of photoreceptor neurons upon aging and light-elicited oxidative stress, and promotes age-dependent tumorigenesis by mechanisms that are not well understood. Here we show that, by downregulating selective partners of RANBP2, such as RAN GTPase, UBC9 and ErbB-2 (HER2; Neu), and blunting the upregulation of a set of orphan nuclear receptors and the light-dependent accumulation of ubiquitylated substrates, light-elicited oxidative stress and Ranbp2 haploinsufficiency have a selective effect on protein homeostasis in the retina. Among the nuclear orphan receptors affected by insufficiency of RANBP2, we identified an isoform of COUP-TFI (Nr2f1) as the only receptor stably co-associating in vivo with RANBP2 and distinct isoforms of UBC9. Strikingly, most changes in proteostasis caused by insufficiency of RANBP2 in the retina are not observed in the supporting tissue, the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Instead, insufficiency of RANBP2 in the RPE prominently suppresses the light-dependent accumulation of lipophilic deposits, and it has divergent effects on the accumulation of free cholesterol and free fatty acids despite the genotype-independent increase of light-elicited oxidative stress in this tissue. Thus, the data indicate that insufficiency of RANBP2 results in the cell-type-dependent downregulation of protein and lipid homeostasis, acting on functionally interconnected pathways in response to oxidative stress. These results provide a rationale for the neuroprotection from light damage of photosensory neurons by RANBP2 insufficiency and for the identification of novel therapeutic targets and approaches promoting neuroprotection.
Predictors of Chemotherapy Patients' Intentions to Engage in Medical Error Prevention
Authors: Schwappach David L.B. , Wernli Martin 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background.
Patients can make contributions to the safety of chemotherapy administration but little is known about their motivations to participate in safety-enhancing strategies. The theory of planned behavior was applied to analyze attitudes, norms, behavioral control, and chemotherapy patients' intentions to participate in medical error prevention.

Methods.
A quantitative, cross-sectional survey study among chemotherapy patients treated at the oncology/hematology department of a large regional hospital was conducted. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were used to investigate the relationship between patients' responses to measures of attitudes, norms, and behavioral control and their intentions.

Results.
Four hundred seventy-nine patients completed the survey (52% response rate). Attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms explained 62% of the variance in intentions to engage in error monitoring and reporting. Perceived behavioral control (β = 0.476), norms relating to patients' relatives (β = 0.343), and instrumental attitudes (β = 0.281) were the strongest (direct) predictors of patients' intentions. Experiential attitudes had the smallest effect on intentions (β = 0.178). Subjective norms relating to expectations attributed to oncology staff had strong direct and indirect effects on patients' intentions (total effect, 0.382).

Conclusions.
Patients acknowledge the benefit of error monitoring and reporting and anticipate positive outcomes of involvement, but their valuations of the process of engaging in error prevention are less positive. Behavioral control and perceptions of staff approval are central for patients. Involvement of cancer patients in safety requires oncologists to address their patients' normative and control beliefs through education and proactive approval of patient engagement.
Advertising Collusion in Retail Markets
Authors: Bagwell Kyle , Lee Gea M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
We analyze non-price advertising by retail firms, when the firms are privately informed about their respective costs of production. In a static advertising game, an advertising equilibrium exists in which lower-cost firms select higher advertising levels. In this equilibrium, informed consumers rationally employ an advertising search rule in which they buy from the highest-advertising firm since lower-cost firms also select lower prices. In a repeated advertising game, colluding firms face a trade-off: the use of advertising can promote productive efficiency, but only if sufficient current or future advertising expenses are incurred. At one extreme, if firms pool at zero advertising, they sacrifice productive efficiency but also eliminate current and future advertising expenses. Focusing on symmetric perfect public equilibria for the repeated advertising game, we establish conditions under which optimal collusion entails pooling at zero advertising. More generally, full or partial pooling is observed in optimal collusion. Such collusive agreements reduce consumer welfare, since they restrict informed consumers' ability to locate the lowest available price in the market.