bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inkjet Printing of Enzymes for Glucose Sensors
Authors: Cook Christopher , Wang TianMing , Derby Brian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDrop on demand inkjet printing is a potential method for depositing enzymes onto electrodes for sensor applications. This technology offers drop sizes in the region of picolitres and allows a production rate up to 200 mm/s. This enables not only a more rapid method of device prototyping but also a method for possible miniaturization of the sensors themselves. However, previous work [1] has indicated that inkjet printing may cause a drop in the retained activity of the enzyme.Here we assess the criticality of this drop in activity and how it may have been influenced by changes to the protein structure during printing. The enzyme used is glucose oxidase and the test methods include; protein analysis, in the form of analytical ultra-centrifugation and circular dichroism, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and phase contrast microscopy, to analyse the surface topology of the electrodes and contact angle analysis, to assess the degree of spreading and the interactions between the drops and the electrode surface.With glucose oxidase there is no change in the conformation, structure or hydrodynamic radius of the protein after printing. The analysis of the electrode surface shows a relatively smooth surface that is made up of individual graphite flakes laid down by a screen printing method. When contact angle and spreading analysis is carried out it demonstrates reliability in the printing process as well as a drop in the sessile volume of the drop in conjunction with a growth in the base diameter of the drop as expected. It also demonstrates a fairly quick rate of evaporation of the drop. Upon the addition of surfactants to the solution the spreading is seen to be more extensive in relation to the surfactant concentration, although some initial reduction in experienced at low concentrations which may be due to the absorption into the carbon surface.
Study of Biosensors Based on Fe Nanowires
Authors: hao Yang , Yuquan Chen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAnodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template was prepared by using anodizing voltage step-decreasing method after two-step oxide method. Based on AAO template, Fe nanowires arrays were electrochemically deposited. Fe nanowires were coated by chitosan. Fe nanowires/chitosan was synthesized by glutaraldehyde as cross-linking reagent. By crosslinking α-human chorionic gonadotropin (α-HCG), biological probes with Fe nanowires/chitosan/antibody were prepared. An easy operating, easy taking and rapid reacting magnetic detecting system was developed after optimizing the geometry parameters of detect coil. Different concentration samples with 1, 2 and 5 g(Fe)/L were detected. The results show that the sensitivity of system is 0.2 g(Fe)/L and can be improve better.
Complications and Solutions in Presurgical Nasoalveolar Molding Therapy
Authors: Levy-Bercowski Daniel , Abreu Amara , DeLeon Eladio , Looney Stephen , Stockstill John , Weiler Michael , Santiago Pedro E. 
Published: September 2009

Objective: To outline three main categories of nasoalveolar molding complications, describe their etiologies and manifestations, and prescribe preventive and palliative therapy for their proper management. Estimates of the incidence of each complication also are provided. Materials and Methods: Data were collected retrospectively from the charts of 27 patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate treated by the first author (D.L.-B.) at the University of Puerto Rico (n  =  12) and the Medical College of Georgia (n  =  15). Confidence intervals for the true incidence of each complication were calculated using exact methods based on the binomial distribution. A significance level of .05 was used for all statistical tests. Results: Of the soft and hard tissue complications considered, only one (tissue irritation) had an estimated incidence greater than 10%. Compliance issues were of greater concern, with an estimated incidence of 30% for broken appointments and an estimated incidence of 26% for removal of the nasoalveolar molding appliance by the tongue. Conclusions: Although benefits outnumber the complications, it is important to address all complications in order to prevent any deleterious outcomes.
Searching for Genes for Cleft Lip and/or Palate Based on Breakpoint Analysis of a Balanced Translocation t(9;17)(q32;q12)
Authors: Machida Junichiro , Félix Têmis M. , Murray Jeffrey C. , Yoshiura Koh-ichiro , Tanemura Mitsuyo , Kamamoto Munefumi , Shimozato Kazuo , Sonta Shin-ichi , Ono Takao 
Published: September 2009

Objective: Identification of the breakpoints of disease-associated chromosome rearrangements can provide informative clues to a positional cloning approach for genes responsible for inherited diseases. Recently, we found a three-generation Japanese family segregating balanced chromosome translocation t(9;17)(q32;q12). One of the subjects had cleft lip and palate. We examined whether regions near the breakpoint could be associated with cleft lip and/or palate. Methods: We determined the breakpoints involved in the translocation by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis and subsequent long-range polymerase chain reaction. In order to study the role of these disrupted regions in nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate, we performed mutation analysis and a haplotype-based transmission disequilibrium test using tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the flanking regions of the breakpoints in white and Filipino nonsyndromic cleft lip and/or palate populations. Results: Sequence analysis demonstrated that two genes, SLC31A1 (solute carrier family 31 member 1) on chromosome 9 and CCL2 (chemokine ligand 2) on chromosome 17, were rearranged with the breaks occurring within their introns. It is interesting that SLC31A1 lies closed to BSPRY (B-box and SPRY domain), which is a candidate for involvement with cleft lip and/or palate. Some of the variants in BSPRY and CCL2 showed significant p values in the cleft lip and/or palate population compared with the control population. There was also statistically significant evidence of transmission distortion for haplotypes on both chromosomes 9 and 17. Conclusions: The data support previous reports that genes on chromosomal regions of 9q and 17q play an important role in facial development.
Volumetric Assessment of Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting Using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Oberoi Snehlata , Chigurupati Radhika , Gill Pawandeep , Hoffman William Y. , Vargervik Karin 
Published: September 2009

Objective: To assess the radiographic outcome of secondary alveolar bone grafting in individuals with nonsyndromic unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate using cone beam computed tomography. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the University of California at San Francisco Center for Craniofacial Anomalies on 21 consecutive nonsyndromic complete cleft lip and palate individuals between 8 and 12 years of age who required alveolar bone grafting. Seventeen unilateral and four bilateral cleft lip and palate individuals had preoperative and postoperative cone beam computed tomography scans that were analyzed using Amira 3.1.1 software. Results: The average volume of the preoperative alveolar cleft defect in unilateral cleft lip and palate was 0.61 cm3, and the combined average volume of the right and left alveolar cleft defects in bilateral cleft lip and palate was 0.82 cm3. The average percentage bone fill in both unilateral cleft lip and palate and bilateral cleft lip and palate was 84%. The outcome of alveolar bone grafting was assessed in relation to (1) type of cleft, (2) size of preoperative cleft defect, (3) presence or absence of lateral incisor, (4) root development stage of the maxillary canine on the cleft side, (5) timing, and (6) surgeon. None of these parameters significantly influenced the radiographic outcome of alveolar bone grafting. Conclusions: Secondary alveolar bone grafting of the cleft defect in our center was successful, based on radiographic outcome using cone beam computed tomography scans. Volume rendering using cone beam computed tomography and Amira software is a reproducible and practical method to assess the preoperative alveolar cleft volume and the adequacy of bone fill postoperatively.
Bacterial Penetration Through Antibiotic‐Loaded Guided Tissue Regeneration Membranes
Authors: Cheng Chi‐Fang , Lee Ya‐Yun , Chi Lin‐Yang , Chen Yen‐Ting , Hung Shan‐Ling , Ling Li‐Jane 
Published: September 2009

Background: This study compared bacterial penetration through guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membranes impregnated with antibiotics.Methods: Three barrier membranes, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane, collagen membrane, and glycolide fiber composite membrane, were loaded with amoxicillin or tetracycline. The penetration of Streptococcus mutans and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) through the GTR membranes was achieved using a device consisting of an inner tube and an outer bottle filled with culture media.Results: The penetration of S. mutans or A. actinomycetemcomitans into the inner tubes significantly decreased with all of the antibiotic‐loaded membranes compared to membranes without antibiotics. However, differences were found in the behavior of the three membranes. The antibiotic‐loaded ePTFE membranes showed the best barrier effect. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of tetracycline on S. mutans was greater than that of amoxicillin for all GTR membranes. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of tetracycline on A. actinomycetemcomitans was lower than that of amoxicillin with the glycolide fiber membrane.Conclusions: The results showed that penetration of S. mutans and A. actinomycetemcomitans through amoxicillin‐ or tetracycline‐loaded ePTFE membrane, glycolide fiber membrane, and collagen membrane was delayed and/or reduced. Thus, incorporation of an antibiotic into the membrane may be of value when controlling membrane‐associated infection during GTR therapy.
Correlation of Gingival Crevicular Fluid Interleukin‐18 and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 Levels in Periodontal Health and Disease
Authors: Pradeep A.R. , Daisy Happy , Hadge Parag , Garg Garima , Thorat Manojkumar 
Published: September 2009

Background: Interleukin (IL)‐18 is a proinflammatory cytokine of the IL‐1 superfamily and is unique, with the capacity to induce T‐helper (Th)1 or Th2 differentiation depending on the immunologic context. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 is a CC chemokine responsible for chemotaxis of monocytes. A previous study showed the induction of MCP‐1 by IL‐18 in mice macrophages. The present study was carried out to examine the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of IL‐18 and MCP‐1 in periodontal health and disease and to evaluate any correlation between IL‐18 and MCP‐1 GCF levels.Methods: Sixty subjects (30 males and 30 females; age range: 26 to 49 years) participated in the study. The subjects were initially divided into three groups, consisting of 20 subjects in each group, based on the gingival index, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (AL), and radiologic parameters (bone loss): healthy (group 1), gingivitis (group 2), and periodontitis (group 3), whereas patients in group 3 after treatment constituted group 4. GCF samples were collected from all of the groups to estimate the levels of IL‐18 and MCP‐1 using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The mean IL‐18 and MCP‐1 concentrations in GCF were highest in group 3 (330.61 pg/μl and 73.3 pg/μl, respectively). The results suggest that IL‐18 and MCP‐1 levels increased in GCF from periodontal health to disease and decreased after periodontal therapy. Levels of IL‐18 and MCP‐1 positively correlated with PD and clinical AL in group 3. In addition, IL‐18 and MCP‐1 levels significantly correlated with each other in groups 2, 3, and 4.Conclusions: GCF IL‐18 and MCP‐1 concentrations increased in periodontal disease compared to health and correlated positively with the severity of disease. Further, based on the positive correlation of IL‐18 and MCP‐1 found in this study, it can be proposed that IL‐18 may promote an inflammatory response by the induction of MCP‐1 production and the subsequent recruitment and activation of circulating leukocytes at the inflammatory site.
How did they get here? The biogeography of the marine molluscs of the Azores
Authors: Ávila Sérgio P. , Marques Da Silva Carlos , Schiebel Ralf , Cecca Fabbrizzio , Backeljau Thierry , De Frias Martins António M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The geographical location of the Azores, midway between Europe and America, poses problems relative to their colonization and the biogeographic affinity of the biota presently living there. In the way of the Gulf Stream, originating off American shores, the Azorean biota, marine and terrestrial alike is predominantly European. To explain this distributional paradigm the present study investigates the Neogene fossil record of Santa Maria, Azores in order to establish the biogeographical relationships of the Pleistocene to Recent littoral molluscan fauna of this archipelago. The bulk of the Azorean malacofauna, both in the Pleistocene (71.3%) and in Recent times (75.6%) is biogeographically related with the eastern Atlantic, and that the Pleistocene (Eemian) fossil fauna is basically the same as the Recent fauna, with a few losses of tropical species and of shallow water bivalves associated to fine sand substrates.
It is hypothesized that during Pleistocene glacial-interglacial cycles, short-duration events have occurred during which short-lived oceanic currents must have been established, especially during or shortly after glacial terminations. During these short-term events, the arrival of species to the Azores may have been increased and facilitated by temporary sea-surface currents that no longer exist now. Probable routes of dispersal to the archipelago of the Azores are also discussed, as well as the possible influence of the Pleistocene glaciations in the shallow water marine molluscs of these islands.
Late Silurian and Early Devonian Beyrichioidea from Gondwana and Perigondwanan terranes and their palaeobiogeographical implications
Authors: Dojen Claudia 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The Late Silurian to Early Devonian palaeogeography and the question whether there has been a large and deep Rheic Ocean between Laurussia and Gondwana is still a matter of discussion. It has been assumed in many papers that the Rheic Ocean formed a palaeogeographical barrier and, therefore, Gondwana had no common beyrichioidean ostracode faunas with Laurussia before the Emsian. The appearance of ostracodes (particularly the beyrichioideans) in Gondwana at this time should testify the closure of the Rheic Ocean. Although some palaeogeographic reconstructions consider common ostracodes in Laurussia and the Perigondwanan areas Armorica and Perunica in the Lochkovian, they do not refer to occurrences in Gondwana. However, several publications describe late Silurian to Pragian beyrichioideans from Gondwana and adjoined Terranes (Perigondwana), thus questioning the existence of the Rheic Ocean at this time. This paper aims to summarize the occurrences of common beyrichioidean ostracodes from (Peri-)Gondwana and Laurussia in an attempt to provide a reliable data source for future work. The occurrences of beyrichioideans from North Africa, South America, southeastern Turkey, Ibero-Armorica, and the Ossa Morena Zone (Spain) are reviewed and their ages are partially re-dated through correlation with other faunas. The presented results indicate that shallow marine migration paths must have existed, thus strengthening the arguments against the Rheic Ocean.
Pacific elements in the Caribbean Neogene gastropod fauna: the source-sink model, larval development, disappearance, and faunal units
Authors: Landau Bernard , Marques Da Silva Carlos , Vermeij Geerat 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A key fact in the history of Neogene Caribbean marine molluscs is the disappearance of the “paciphile” taxa that occurred throughout Tropical America during the Miocene and the Pliocene, but subsequently suffered a range contraction, and became largely or entirely restricted to the eastern Pacific portion of their original distribution. What forces led to the disappearance of these paciphile taxa in the Atlantic portion of their original distribution is at present unclear, as there seem to be no obvious common environmental factor or ecological requirements uniting this paciphilic assemblage of taxa. It is suggested that for paciphile species the emergence of the isthmus during the Late Pliocene cut off the source populations of the planktonically-dispersing molluscs dependent on Pacific source populations. The sink populations thus became stranded on the Atlantic coast of South America and elsewhere in the Caribbean, where they became unsustainable and eventually disappeared. A reappraisal of all known paciphile species indicates an inferred planktotrophic larval development, which supports this hypothesis.
Paciphiles did not disappear simultaneously, but seem to have suffered a steep decline during the Late Pliocene. A revision of all known gastropod paciphile generic, subgeneric and specific taxa allowed us to recognise three Gatunian Neogene Paciphile Molluscan Units (GNPMU). GNPMU 1 is characterized by the highest number of paciphile taxa. This unit is already in place in the Early Miocene and ends at the beginning of the Late Pliocene. GNPMU 2 is characterized by an impoverished number of paciphilic elements, devoid of the two largest paciphilic groups; the cancellarids and the muricids. This unit straddled the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary and ends during the Early Pleistocene. GNPMU 3 is characterized by the absence of any paciphilic elements in their assemblages, and runs into Recent times.
Based on these paciphile generic, subgeneric and specific taxa, for the Gatunian Province, two pulses of local disappearance from the Atlantic portion of their original distribution can be identified. The first marked by the overall decrease in Atlantic paciphile diversity and the total disappearance of all the paciphilic cancellarids and muricids, roughly corresponding with the timing given for the closure of the CAS. The second marked by the complete disappearance of all paciphiles from the Atlantic roughly coincides with the total closure of all connections between the Atlantic and Pacific.
Subcutaneous vs Submuscular Ulnar Nerve Transposition in Moderate Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Jaddue Dhia A.K , Saloo Salwan A , Sayed-Noor Arkan S 
Published: September 2009

Background:The surgical treatment of Cubital tunnel syndrome (CubTS) is still a matter of debate. No consensus exists about the necessity of anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve after decompression. However, this technique is fairly common in clinical practice.Material and Methodology:In the present study we compared the operative technique (incision length, operative time), postoperative care (postoperative pain and complications) and the outcome between subcutaneous transposition and submuscular transposition of the ulnar nerve as two surgical modalities in treating moderate CubTS.Between March 2004 and March 2007, twenty six patients with moderate CubTS (according to Dellon’s grading system) were stratified according to age and gender into these two surgical techniques. The two groups were prospectively followed up 2 weeks, 6 months and 12 months postoperatively by the same observer and the operation outcome was assessed using the Bishop rating system.Results:We found that the subcutaneous transposition of the ulnar nerve was associated with shorter incision, shorter operative time, less postoperative pain, less postoperative complication and better outcome compared with the submuscular transposition.Conclusion:The authors recommend the subcutaneous technique when considering anterior transposition of the ulnar nerve in treating moderate CubTS.
Vertical Integration and Sabotage with a Regulated Bottleneck Monopoly
Authors: Bustos Alvaro E , Galetovic Alexander 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
We study the vertical integration and sabotage decisions of a regulated bottleneck monopoly that sells "access" to independent firms and may own a subsidiary downstream. We extend the literature in four directions by: (i) endogenizing vertical integration and linking it with the intensity of vertical economies or diseconomies à la Kaserman and Mayo (1991); (ii) systematically studying how vertical economies and diseconomies affect the intensity of sabotage; (iii) showing that the intensity of sabotage is determined by either a standard Lerner condition augmented by the direct cost of sabotage or a relation between the market share of the subsidiary and the elasticity of the derived demand for access; and (iv) systematically examining the welfare effect of vertical integration.
Advanced Glycation End Products in Extracellular Matrix Proteins Contribute to the Failure of Sensory Nerve Regeneration in Diabetes
Authors: Duran-Jimenez Beatriz , Dobler Darin , Moffatt Sarah , Rabbani Naila , Streuli Charles H. , Thornalley Paul J. , Tomlinson David R. , Gardiner Natalie J. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to characterize glycation adducts formed in both in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins of endoneurium from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and in vitro by glycation of laminin and fibronectin with methylglyoxal and glucose. We also investigated the impact of advanced glycation end product (AGE) residue content of ECM on neurite outgrowth from sensory neurons.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Glycation, oxidation, and nitration adducts of ECM proteins extracted from the endoneurium of control and STZ-induced diabetic rat sciatic nerve (3–24 weeks post-STZ) and of laminin and fibronectin that had been glycated using glucose or methylglyoxal were examined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Methylglyoxal-glycated or unmodified ECM proteins were used as substrata for dissociated rat sensory neurons as in vitro models of regeneration.

RESULTS
STZ-induced diabetes produced a significant increase in early glycation Nε-fructosyl-lysine and AGE residue contents of endoneurial ECM. Glycation of laminin and fibronectin by methylglyoxal and glucose increased glycation adduct residue contents with methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone and Nε-fructosyl-lysine, respectively, of greatest quantitative importance. Glycation of laminin caused a significant decrease in both neurotrophin-stimulated and preconditioned sensory neurite outgrowth. This decrease was prevented by aminoguanidine. Glycation of fibronectin also decreased preconditioned neurite outgrowth, which was prevented by aminoguanidine and nerve growth factor.

CONCLUSIONS
Early glycation and AGE residue content of endoneurial ECM proteins increase markedly in STZ-induced diabetes. Glycation of laminin and fibronectin causes a reduction in neurotrophin-stimulated neurite outgrowth and preconditioned neurite outgrowth. This may provide a mechanism for the failure of collateral sprouting and axonal regeneration in diabetic neuropathy.