bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of the Calcium‐Aluminum Exchange System for the Effect of Acid Precipitation on Soils
Authors: Reuss J. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalcium‐aluminum exchange isotherms were generated for three common ion exchange equilibrium equations, and their implications relative to the probable effects of acid rainfall are examined. The equations examined were those of Gaines and Thomas (1953), Vanselow (1932), and Gapon (1933), using selectivity coefficients Kgt, Kv nd Kgp, respectively, covering the range likely to be found in soils. These isotherms, shown as fraction Al in solution as a function of the charge fraction compensated by exchangeable Ca2+ (E*Ca), are affected by solution concentration but are independent of cation exchange capacity. At least within the range of log Kgt values from 1 to 3, the isotherms generated from the Gaines‐Thomas and Vanselow equations are almost identical when Kv = 0.316 Kgt. The shape of the isotherm generated by the Gapon equation, however, is somewhat different. Using the Gaines‐Thomas equation, the system was expanded to include the Al(OH) 2+, Al(OH)2+, and H+ ions. Examination of these curves suggests that for most soils, solutions will be dominated by Ca2+ or other basic cations, as long as E*Ca is above ≈0.15. The change from Ca2+ to Al3+ domination is quite abrupt and will usually occur at E*Ca values between 0.05 and 0.15. These results are useful in predicting the changes in Ca‐Al balance in soil solutions and leachates over time as a result of H2SO4 and/or SO2 impacts.
Waterhyacinths for Water Quality Improvement and Biomass Production
Authors: Reddy K. R. , Sutton D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper discussed the potential use of waterhyacinth [Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms] for biomass production and for nutrient removal from wastewaters. Warm climates in tropical and subtropical areas are conducive for establishing wastewater treatment systems and biomass production farms with waterhyacinth. Sources of nutrients available to culture waterhyacinths include sewage effluent, agricultural drainage water, runoff from animal waste operations, methane digestor effluent, and water from eutrophic lakes and rivers.Growth rates of waterhyacinths were found to be influenced by the nutrient composition of the water, plant density, solar radiation, and temperature. Annual yields of waterhyacinth biomass were found to range from 47 to 106 Mg dry wt ha−1 y−1, with approximately 50% of the biomass produced during May through August. About 35 to 50% of the total biomass was roots when plants were cultured in nutrient‐poor waters (eutrophic lake water and drainage effluents), while 14 to 25% of the total biomass was roots for the plants grown in nutrient‐rich waters (sewage effluent). Waterhyacinth systems were found to be more efficient in N removal (70–80% reduction) than in P removal (40–50% reduction).A pond with a surface area of 2.65 ha and 1.0 m in depth containing 15 to 30 kg wet wt of waterhyacinth per square meter (750–1500 g dry wt m−2) and a detention period of 7 d is adequate to treat 3785 m3 d−1 [million gallons per day (mdg)] of sewage effluent. This hypothetical system would achieve 70 to 80% N removal, 40 to 50% P removal, and would produce a biomass yield of 690 to 1060 kg dry wt d−1 (13–20 g dry wt m−2 d−1). The biomass upon anaerobic digestion would yield 180 to 280 m3 of methane/d. This is equivalent to 549 to 843 GJ ha−1 of energy from waterhyacinth produced at a rate of 48 to 73 Mg dry wt ha−1 y−1.
Influence of Simulated Acidic Rain on Bacterial Speck of Tomato
Authors: Bisessar S. , Palmer K. T. , Kuja A. L. , Linzon S. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmbient rain in southern Ontario has a volume‐weighted average pH of approximately 4.2. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill var. ‘Chico III’) seedlings were exposed to simulated acidic rain in specially designed chambers. The inoculum of Pseudomonas tomato (Okabe) Alstatt, causal agent of bacterial speck, was sprayed on plants before or after exposure to acidic rain of pH 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5, as well as on plants not exposed to the simulated acidic rain. Speck symptoms (small, dark, brown spots with yellow halos) were found on all inoculated plants. Exposure of plants to simulted acidic rain inhibited speck development, but the inhibition was greater on plants exposed to acidic rain after inoculation than on those exposed to acidic rain before inoculation. Spot necrosis, a typical response to acidic rain, occurred on up to 15 to 20% of the leaf area on all tomato plants treated with acidic rain at pH 2.5. Plants also showed a decrease in growth (height and fresh and dry weights) with an increase in rain acidity. Leaves injured by simulated acidic rain and examined histopathologically displayed cellular malformations including hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Pseudomonas tomato failed to grow on acidified King B medium or Difco nutrient broth adjusted to pH 3.5 or lower.
Sequential Extraction of Soil Heavy Metals Following a Sludge Application
Authors: Chang A. C. , Page A. L. , Warneke J. E. , Grgurevic E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo soils treated with a composted sludge and two liquid sludges annually for 7 consecutive years and cropped to barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) each year were sampled at 4‐week intervals following planting in 1981. The soils were Greenfield sandy loam (coarse‐loamy, mixed, thermic, Typic Haloxeralf) and Domino loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, thermic, Xerollic Calciothid). Barley tissue samples were also obtained at the time of each soil sampling. Soils were fractionated with a sequential extraction procedure to determine the distribution of solid‐phase chemical forms of the sludge‐borne heavy metals. In untreated soils, essentially all of the heavy metals were present in either the sulfide‐residue form (for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) or the carbonate form (for Cd and Pb). With sludge treatment, every extracted fraction showed increases in the amounts of heavy metals. However, the most significant increases occurred in the carbonate fraction and, sometimes, in organically bonded fractions as well. There was little indication that the distribution pattern of the solid‐phase heavy metals in the sludge‐treated soils changed with time from planting to harvesting. The Cd and Zn concentrations in barley grown in the sludge‐treated soil were consistently higher than those in the nonsludged control. The rate of Cd and Zn uptake was rapid during early stages of plant growth. However, the rate of Cd and Zn uptake by barley progressively decreased with plant development. As a result, the part of the plant that developed at the later stages of plant growth (e.g., the barley grain) always contained less Cd and Zn than those that developed earlier. Since the percentage of Cd and Zn in each extracted fraction did not change appreciably throughout the growing season, the differential Cd and Zn uptake by barley with plant development cannot be related to the chemical transformation of solid‐phase heavy metals in the soil during the growing season.
Atmospheric Deposition and Roof‐Catchment Cistern Water Quality
Authors: Young Edward S. , Sharpe William E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe water quality in 40 roof‐catchment cistern systems in rural Clarion and Indiana Counties, Pa. was studied to determine the impact of atmospheric deposition. Roof‐catchment cisterns are open to atmospheric contaminants such as the toxic metals Pb and Cd, and corrosive acid components present in acid precipitation.Bulk precipitation samples failed to meet the drinking water standard for Pb on several occasions and were consistently quite corrosive. Mean Pb, Cd, and Cu concentrations were well below drinking water limits for all cistern water samples. Cistern water was corrosive in all but a few cases, as indicated by the Langelier saturation index, although not as corrosive as the bulk precipitation due to the dissolution of CaCO3 from cistern walls and floors. Vinyl‐lined cisterns contained water nearly as corrosive as the incoming precipitation.Seventy percent of the systems on one or more occasions exhibited cistern bottom sediment/water Pb or Cd concentrations that exceeded the drinking water limits. This indicated that metals deposited on roof catchments were accumulating at the bottom of the cisterns. Standing tap water samples exhibited high Pb and Cu concentrations. Nine of the forty systems studied produced standing tap water Pb concentrations that averaged above the drinking water standard. The mean Pb, Cd, and Cu concentrations of running tap water samples all fell below the drinking water standards. Atmospheric deposition of Pb and its infusion into tap water as a corrosion product pose a significant health threat to users of roof‐catchment cistern systems in western Pennsylvania.
Plant‐Soil Interactions of Chromium
Authors: James Bruce R. , Bartlett Richmond J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn (Zea mays L. ‘N6A4C2’) and dwarf horticultural beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘common’) were grown in the growth chamber in a Typic Eutrochrept A horizon soil amended with Cr(OH)3, tannery effluent, and tannery sewage sludge each at two levels, with and without citric acid added. Water‐soluble Cr(VI) and Cr(III) were measured in unplanted soils periodically during the growth period and in bulk and rhizosphere soils of the planted treatments at harvest. Plant tops and roots were analyzed for dry weight and Cr.Soil separated from bean roots after 46 d of growth in a 10‐mmol Cr(OH)3 kg−1 soil treatment contained less soluble Cr(VI) and more soluble Cr(III) than unplanted soil receiving the same Cr(III) treatment. The bean roots and tops in this treatment had higher levels of Cr than did plants grown in unamended soil. The level of Cr in bean roots after 46 d was highly correlated (r2 = 0.99) with Cr(VI) levels in unplanted soils 1 to 3 d after seeding. Adding citric acid to the soil significantly increased Cr levels in bean shoots and roots grown in the Cr(OH)3 treatment. Compared with controls, levels of Cr in bean tops were not increased in treatments with tannery effluent (0.5 and 1.0 mmol Cr(III) kg−1 nor with tannery sewage sludge (1.0 and 10 mmol Cr(III) kg−1), but root levels were increased in these treatments.Dry matter yields of corn roots and shoots were lowered in the 10‐mmol Cr(OH)3 treatments more than were yields of beans. Chromium levels in the roots and tops were increased in these treatments, especially if citric acid was added.
A Chlorophyll a Trophic Status Classification System for South African Impoundments
Authors: Walmsley R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChlorophyll a data from 24 South African impoundments were examined with the objective of developing a trophic status classification system. For the combined data set, standard deviation of the mean annual chlorophyll a concentration displayed an almost 1:1 linear relationship to the mean, indicating a wide annual variation in chlorophyll a for most impoundments. There appeared to be no common seasonal pattern to the occurrence of chlorophyll a maxima and minima, leading to the conclusion that trophic status was best described by a statistical parameter based on annual data (notably the mean value). Statistically significant empirical formulae that relate both the maximum value and the frequency of occurrence of specific chlorophyll a ranges to the mean annual value were established, and their potential use in the assessment of trophic status and impoundment management is described.
Dissolved Mineral Salts Derived from Mancos Shale
Authors: Evangelou V. P. , Whittig L. D. , Tanji K. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Mancos shale, a sedimentary Upper Cretaceous marine formation exposed over extensive areas in the Upper Colorado River Basin, is recognized as a major contributor to the dissolved mineral salt load in the Colorado River system. It contains gypsum and alkaline earth carbonates, and its clay mineralogy is mica, kaolin, smectite, and interstratified mica‐vermiculite.Selected surface samples of partially weathered Mancos shale were also found to contain from 281 to 345 g/kg clay (< 2 µm diam) and to exhibit cation exchange capacities (CEC) ranging from 13.25 to 19.96 cmol kg−1.Water suspension extracts from partially weathered shale (1:5 and 1:10 shale/water ratios) were saturated with respect to gypsum [electrical conductivity (EC) values up to 3.16 dS m−1 and soluble Ca and SO4 up to 25.90 and 40.95 mmol (± L−1, respectively]. Additional Na, K, and Mg released by water indicated sources of soluble ions other than gypsum. Water extracts from unweathered shale yielded much higher quantities of Na (and higher Mg in most cases) than did comparable extracts from partially weathered shale. Barium chloride released larger quantities of Mg from both partially weathered and unweathered shale and larger quantities of Na from unweathered shale than did water at comparable dilutions.The data substantiate the important role of the cation exchange complex in retention and release of soluble ions in Mancos shale. Sodium and magnesium were preferentially adsorbed by phyllosilicates within the shale and Ca was precipitated as calcite and gypsum following emergence after deposition in the Cretaceous sea. This cycle is essentially reversed in the present environment. Dispersed gypsum and alkaline earth carbonates provide soluble Ca to displace adsorbed Na and Mg that add to the dissolved mineral salt load of the Colorado River system.
Nitrogen Availability from Potato‐Processing Wastewater for Growing Corn
Authors: Smith J. H. , Hayden C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA line source sprinkler was used to irrigate corn (Zea mays L.) plots with potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)‐processing wastewater in 1979, 1980, and 1981. Nitrogen applications ranged from about 4 to 600 kg/ha. Corn yields were measured for each row, the grain and stalks were analyzed for total N, and N uptake was calculated. The plots were split by years, one‐third of the area was fertilized with wastewater 3 y, one‐third 2 y, and one‐third 1 y. This allowed evaluation of current and residual value of wastewater fertilization. Corn responded well to wastewater fertilization, with N applications in the wastewater increasing corn yields with increasing increments of N up to about 200 to 250 kg/ha annually, and corn grain yields ranged up to about 12 Mg/ha. Yield comparisons were made with plots fertilized with ammonium nitrate fertilizer. We determined that potato‐processing wastewater N was almost equal to ammonium nitrate N for growing corn. Wastewater applications that will apply approximately 200 to 250 kg N/ha annually should be optimum for growing corn on this soil. Wastewater N from potato processing has good residual and carry‐over for 1 y but under conditions of this experiment did not carry over for more than 1 y. Whether the excess N was lost from denitrification or leaching was not determined.
Fractionation, Characterization, and Speciation of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge and Sludge‐Amended Soils: A Review
Authors: Lake D. L. , Kirk P. W. W. , Lester J. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe speciation of heavy metals in soils determines the availability of metals for plant uptake and the potential for contamination of groundwater following the application of municipal sewage sludge to agricultural land. Methods used to characterize heavy metals in the solid phase of sludges and sludge‐amended soils include chemical extractions, elutriation, and filtration, while chromatographic techniques and computer calculations are frequently applied to the solution phase. Such studies have shown metals to be predominantly associated with the solid phase; soluble and exchangeable species generally represent < 10% of total metals. Speciation in sludge‐amended soils initially reflects that of the sludge itself, although changes with time have been observed. It is apparent, however, that more refined interpretation of analytical data obtained by current speciation techniques is required to further characterize heavy metals. In addition, certain techniques used to speciate metals in other matrices may have applications for sludges and sludge‐amended soils.
Distribution of Nitrogenous Compounds in a Rhodic Paleudult Following Heavy Manure Application
Authors: Cooper J. R. , Reneau R. B. , Kroontje W. , Jones G. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAgriculture faces the problem of animal manure disposal while maintaining crop yields and soil water quality. There is an economic advantage of manure disposal at elevated rates close to the source. This in turn increases the potential for groundwater contamination. This study was conducted to determine the effect of high rates of cattle and poultry manure application on the N balance and on the distribution of NH4+, NO3−, NO2−, and total N to a depth of 6 m in a Davidson clay loam soil (Rhodic Paleudult, clayey, kaolinitic, thermic). Average dry weights of manure added per year (from 1972 to 1976) were 32, 61, and 121 Mg ha−1 for cattle and 94 and 184 Mg ha−1 for poultry waste. In addition to manure treatments, a fertilizer treatment and a control were also present. A N balance showed that while 36% of the inorganic fertilizer N applied was removed by the crop, with manure application < 10% of the total was crop recovered. The percentage of the total N in the upper 6 m of the soil profile generally decreased with increased manure N application, although N present increased with increased N applications. The unrecovered N, attributed primarily to denitrification losses, increased with increased N application and ranged from 6% for the fertilizer check to 58% for the highest rate of poultry manure. The primary inorganic N component in the soil profile was NO3−‐N and the zone of maximum accumulation is between 2 and 2.5 m. The organic N fractions remaining in the soil profile could be adequately estimated using existing decay constants. The present study shows that the most feasible means of determining the quantity of manure to apply for crop growth and simultaneously reduced N leaching would be the use of decay series for manure decomposition combined with an estimate of atmospheric loss.
Effects of Forest Clearcutting in New England on Stream Chemistry
Authors: Martin C. Wayne , Noel Diane S. , Federer C. Anthony 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifferences in stream chemistry between recently clearcut and nearby uncut watersheds were generally small in a wide variety of soil and forest types throughout New England. Water samples were collected during six periods of the year in 1978 and 1979 from 6 entirely clearcut, 32 partially clearcut, and 18 uncut watersheds. The largest differences that could be attributed to harvesting occurred in entirely clearcut watersheds, especially in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. In one area of the White Mountains, inorganic N was 4 times higher (2 mg/L), and Ca was 2 times higher (4 mg/L) in streams from a clearcut watershed than in a nearby uncut watershed. Elsewhere, only minor changes in stream chemistry resulted from cutting; the amount of the cutting response was of the same magnitude as natural variations among streams draining similar watersheds. Clearcutting less than entire watersheds, patch and strip cuts, and buffer strips along streams all appear to reduce the magnitude of changes in stream chemistry.
Drip Irrigation of Cotton with Treated Municipal Effluents: I. Yield Response
Authors: Bielorai H. , Vaisman I. , Feigin A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA long‐term drip irrigation experiment was conducted on a grumusol (Typic chromoxerent) soil at Zor'a, Israel in 1978, 1979, and 1980 to study the influence of municipal effluent on the growth, yield, and line quality of drip‐irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) var. ‘Acala SJ‐2.’Two sources of irrigation water were used: (i) municipal effluent and (ii) fresh water. The N concentration in the effluent was about 50 mg/L during the 3 years of experimentation. The treatments included three seasonal amounts of effluent and fresh water application: 350, 440, 515 mm; and five levels of N: 0, 90, 150, 180, and 230 kg ha−1 (average of the 3 years), added to the fresh water only, via the drip system. The cotton plants irrigated with effluent grew taller, with more vegetative growth than did the plants irrigated with fresh water.The seed cotton yield obtained in 1978 was relatively low as a result of excessive vegetative growth and lodging of the plants. In the 1978 season, the seed cotton yield averaged 4.35 and 4.04 Mg ha−1 for the effluent and freshwater treatments, respectively. When growth was retarded in the 1979 and 1980 seasons by delaying irrigation and adjusting fertilizer management, average yields increased to 4.95 and 4.57 Mg ha−1 for the two water qualities, respectively. Lint percentage was 39.0 and 40.2 for the effluent and freshwater treatments, respectively. The lint quality, as determined by strength, length, and micronaire was the same for cotton irrigated with effluent as for cotton irrigated with fresh water. Municipal effluent can be used effectively as a source of irrigation water and plant nutrients, and with appropriate management, high production can be obtained. Drip irrigation increases irrigation and fertilization efficiency and minimizes ecological hazards.
Drip Irrigation of Cotton with Treated Municipal Effluents: II. Nutrient Availability in Soil
Authors: Feigin A. , Vaisman I. , Bielorai H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe suitability of sewage effluent for drip irrigation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) growing on a deep calcareous clay soil (Typic Chromoxererts) was studied during three seasons. Secondary effluent was compared with freshwater at three application rates, the average of which for the three seasons were: low (350 mm yr−1), standard (440 mm yr−1), and high (515 mm yr−1). Fertilizer was applied with the fresh water in order to deliver amounts of nutrients (average for the 3 years) equivalent to those in the effluent that contained 150, 180, and 230 kg N; 32, 37, and 46 kg P; and 80, 100, and 120 kg K ha−1 yr−1 for the three rates, respectively. In addition, the standard amount of fresh water was given with half the quantity of fertilizer, and without fertilizer.The concentration of available N and P in soil was increased greatly in all effluent and fertilizer‐amended freshwater treatments, while available K in the soil was increased to a lesser extent. In general, at equivalent application levels, no significant differences in the level of available N, P, and K in the soil or in their uptake by plants, were detected between effluent and fertilizer‐amended fresh water, although dry matter yield as well as N, P, and K accumulation were greater in the high‐application‐rate effluent treatment. The distribution of NO3‐N in the soil profile was controlled by drip irrigation and practically no build‐up of NO3− was detected below the 0‐ to 0.6‐m depth layer during the irrigation period (in summer). However, during the rainy, winter season, heavy losses of residual NO3‐N occurred, probably mainly through leaching.