bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of soil disturbance and biocides on nematode communities and extracellular enzyme activity in soybean cyst nematode suppressive soil
Authors: Neher Deborah , Bao Yong , Chen Senyu 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSoybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, remains a major yield-limiting pathogen of soybean. Natural suppression of SCN exists and becomes increasingly attractive; however, ecological mechanisms leading to the suppressive state are rarely studied. A glasshouse experiment was performed to determine the effects of soil disturbance and biocides on nematode community and extracellular enzyme activities in the SCN-suppressive soil collected in 2007 and 2008. Soil disturbance was simulated by passing soil through a sieve (aperture 5 mm) and compared with no-disturbance (non-sieve) treatment. Composition of microbial communities was manipulated by applying captan (fungicide), streptomycin (bactericide), captan plus streptomycin, or no biocide. SCN egg population density, proportion of second-stage juveniles (J2) parasitised by fungi, nematode communities in the soil, and plant weight in each pot were determined 70 days after planting soybean. In addition, the activities of six selected hydrolytic and oxidative extracellular enzymes representing cellulase, chitinase, serine protease, collagenase and peroxidase were measured. Soil disturbance resulted in an increase in SCN egg population density and reduction in the proportion of J2 parasitised by fungi. Biocide treatments increased SCN egg population density and the proportion of J2 parasitised by fungi at the end of experiment. Values of nematode community diversity index decreased and dominance and maturity indices increased in the disturbed soil compared with the no-disturbance treatment. Biocide treatments reduced maturity index values exclusively. With soil disturbance, the activity of extracellular enzyme L-proline aminopeptidase activity declined to less than half of that under no-disturbance in 2007. This experiment showed that both bacteria and fungi were potentially involved in the soil suppressiveness to SCN: soil disturbance and biocide application may reduce natural soil suppressiveness that was potentially associated with soil nematode community diversity and microbial enzyme activities.
Effects of the Mixed Layer Time Variability on Kinematic Subduction Rate Diagnostics
Authors: Da Costa Maria Valdivieso , Mercier Herlé , Treguier Anne Marie 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
An eddy-resolving primitive equation general circulation model is used to estimate water-mass subduction rates in the North Atlantic Ocean subtropical gyre. The diagnostics are based on the instantaneous kinematic approach, which allows the calculation of the annual rate of water-mass subduction at a given density range, following isopycnal outcrop positions over the annual cycle. It is shown that water-mass subduction is effected rapidly (∼1–2 months) as the mixed layer depth decreases in spring, consistent with Stommel’s hypothesis, and occurs mostly over the area of deep late-winter mixed layers (≥150 m) across the central North Atlantic in the density range 26 ≤ σ ≤ 27.2. Annual subduction rates O(100–200 m yr–1) are found south and east of the Gulf Stream extension in the density range of subtropical mode waters from roughly 26.2 to 26.6. In the northeastern part of the subtropical gyre, annual subduction rates are somewhat larger, O(250 m yr–1), from a density of about 26.9 east of the North Atlantic Current to 27.4 (upper cutoff in this study). The overall basin-integrated subduction rate for subtropical mode waters (26.2 ≤ σ ≤ 26.6) is about 12.2 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), comparable to the total formation rate inferred from the surface density forcing applied in the model of roughly 11 Sv in this density range. In contrast, basin-integrated rates for denser central water (26.8 ≤ σ ≤ 27.2) provide a vanishingly small net subduction. In this range, eddy correlations (&lt;30 days) between the surface outcrop area and the local subduction rate counteract the net subduction by the mean flow (deduced from monthly averaged model fields). Comparison with estimates of the annual subduction rate based on the annual mean velocity and late-winter mixed layer properties alone, as is usual in climatological and coarse-resolution model analyses, indicates a mismatch of at least 8 Sv in the density range where the model forms subtropical mode water. This mismatch is primarily due to time-varying mixed layer processes rather than small-scale mixing not resolved explicitly by the model. Our diagnostics based on the instantaneous kinematic approach provide a more complete picture of the water-mass formation process than diagnostics based only on air–sea flux or late-winter mixed layer model data. They reveal the crucial importance of both the seasonal mixed layer cycle and mesoscale eddies to the overall formation rate and provide thus a valuable tool for the analysis of water-mass formation rates in eddy-resolving numerical simulations at basin scale.
The Role of Wave-Induced Coriolis–Stokes Forcing on the Wind-Driven Mixed Layer
Authors: Polton Jeff A. , Lewis David M. , Belcher Stephen E. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The interaction between the Coriolis force and the Stokes drift associated with ocean surface waves leads to a vertical transport of momentum, which can be expressed as a force on the mean momentum equation in the direction along wave crests. How this Coriolis–Stokes forcing affects the mean current profile in a wind-driven mixed layer is investigated using simple models, results from large-eddy simulations, and observational data. The effects of the Coriolis–Stokes forcing on the mean current profile are examined by reappraising analytical solutions to the Ekman model that include the Coriolis–Stokes forcing. Turbulent momentum transfer is modeled using an eddy-viscosity model, first with a constant viscosity and second with a linearly varying eddy viscosity. Although the Coriolis–Stokes forcing penetrates only a small fraction of the depth of the wind-driven layer for parameter values typical of the ocean, the analytical solutions show how the current profile is substantially changed through the whole depth of the wind-driven layer. It is shown how, for this oceanic regime, the Coriolis–Stokes forcing supports a fraction of the applied wind stress, changing the boundary condition on the wind-driven component of the flow and hence changing the current profile through all depths. The analytical solution with the linearly varying eddy viscosity is shown to reproduce reasonably well the effects of the Coriolis–Stokes forcing on the current profile computed from large-eddy simulations, which resolve the three-dimensional overturning motions associated with the turbulent Langmuir circulations in the wind-driven layer. Last, the analytical solution with the Coriolis–Stokes forcing is shown to agree reasonably well with current profiles from previously published observational data and certainly agrees better than the standard Ekman model. This finding provides evidence that the Coriolis–Stokes forcing is an important mechanism in controlling the dynamics of the upper ocean.
Drug Use, Intoxication and Offence Type in Two Groups of Alleged Offenders in Perth: A Pilot Study
Authors: Loxley Wendy 
Published: January 2011

The study consisted of two cross-sectional surveys, conducted with a) community based juveniles and adults under suspicion of having committed an offence ( n = 90) and b) adults remanded in custody in Perth prisons ( n = 76). The focus of this paper is on describing the drug use and criminal histories of respondents as a context for examining their use of drugs in the period immediately preceding an alleged offence, and the relationships between drug use preceding the offence, and offence type. There were high rates of use of most drug classes in both study groups and most respondents could be characterised as polydrug users. Community respondents reported that they had an average of 14 convictions and remand respondents an average of 33.5 convictions. In both study groups the majority of reported offences were breaking and entering or burglary. Almost all respondents reported that they had been using at least one drug in the 48 hours before the most recent alleged offence(s) took place. Between half and two thirds considered themselves to have been intoxicated before the offence(s), and almost one in three stated that they had been in withdrawal in the 6 hours before the alleged offence(s). The relationship between use of specific drug classes, intoxication and withdrawal in the six hours before the most recent alleged offence and the nature of those offences was assessed with bivariate analyses. It was found that the majority of such relationships were between heroin and property offences. The results are discussed in terms of the representativeness of the study groups, and the need for replication with larger and more representative samples is emphasised.
Policing the periphery: The development of scottish policing 1795–1900
Authors: Carson W G 
Published: January 2011

Abstract This article, which is in two parts, addresses a much neglected topic — the early development of policing in Scotland. In Part I, the remarkably early growth of Scottish policing will be mapped out, and the way in which some distinctive features of the term's earliest usage carried over into the nineteenth century police form will be examined. Analytical emphasis in the first part of the article will be upon the forces giving rise to the conditions under which the institution of police could emerge, how the penetration of capitalist relations into Scotland made policing an attractive urban and rural possibility. An attempt will also be made to break through the explanatory nihilism of some recent historians who perceive so much local diversity and uneveness in the history of policing and criminal justice during the nineteenth century that they are driven effectively to abandon all overarching structural explanation. Instead of surrendering to the temptations of descriptive empiricism implicit in such elevation of diversity to analytical preeminence, this article will attempt to analyse the interplay between macro-structural factors and local exigencies in such a way that some sense can be made of diversity itself. The second part of the article will be devoted to the other side of the relationship between Scottish policing and the society in which it emerged, to the ways in which policing contributed to the formation of social relations appropriate to a society moving rapidly into the phase of industrial capitalism.
Contamination Theory and Unpaid Community Work
Authors: Trotter Christopher 
Published: January 2011

Community work has been available as a sentencing disposition in Australia for about 15 years. Little is known, however, about the relative impact of different types of community work placements on offenders. There is some evidence that when offenders are placed on worksites with other offenders, they may be influenced by those offenders and in turn become more criminal. On the other hand, offenders who are placed on worksites where they either work on their own, or alongside members of the community, may be influenced in a more prosocial direction. This study considers this issue and finds that offenders placed on worksites with other offenders are more likely to commit breaches of their orders in comparison to those placed on individual worksites. Whilst those placed on group worksites are more likely to be high risk offenders, the differences remain significant, even when the levels of risk are taken into account.
Regulating Markets for Stolen Property
Authors: Freiberg Arie 
Published: January 2011

Each year, in Australia, property estimated to be valued at between two and three billion dollars is stolen from homes, shops, cars, factories and warehouses. Little of this property is recovered and returned to its owners or retained by burglars and thieves for their personal use. The remainder is sold or bartered, but the nature and extent of the re-distributional system for stolen property is little understood. This article is an attempt to understand property as a market for goods and services, which, like any other market, is subject to the influences of supply and demand and government regulation. First, it aims to analyse the interactions between the parties in marketing terms by regarding the participants not as individual burglars, thieves, receivers and accessories, as but as suppliers, distributors, retailers and purchasers. Secondly, it argues that current public knowledge of markets for stolen goods and their dynamics are impoverished. Finally, it suggests that a broad range of regulatory strategies can be brought to bear on these markets in order to influence the behaviour of actors within them.
Policing, Accountability and Citizenship in the Market State
Authors: Davids Cindy , Hancock Linda 
Published: January 2011

This paper investigates trends in the reform agenda for Victoria Police. These include the implementation of the concept of user pays, outsourcing of ‘non–core’ services, expanded privatisation, corporate sponsorship, customer service, flatter management structures, fixed term contracts for senior officers, and performance targets — changes identified with 1990s economic rationalism, managerialism and the market model. With implications for similar trends internationally, the paper unpacks what these reforms mean in terms of relationships between the community and police (including services, management, and organisation). It raises questions related to what constitutes core tasks of the state, state accountability to the public, public safety, the social costs of economic rationalism, managerialism and the microeconomic reforms of the 1990s. These signal shifts in governance, and changes in the relationship between the citizen and the state.
Criminology, Genocide and the Forced Removal of Indigenous Children from their Families
Authors: Cunneen Chris 
Published: January 2011

This article argues that understanding the nature of genocide in its various manifestations goes to the core of developing a ‘postcolonial’ criminology. Ultimately, the fact of genocide involves a re-theorising of the ‘colonial question’ in criminology. It involves a shift in the focus from Indigenous people as the object of inquiry usually as offenders, to the survivors of systematic crimes against humanity. Certainly in the Australian context, the greatest crime that has been committed on the continent since European conquest was genocide. Genocide also demands a rethinking of the criminalization process, particularly in relation to ‘crimes of the state’. How can the state be held responsible? What form can responsibility take, and what type of reparations are commensurate with the nature of the offence? Genocide against Indigenous peoples also inevitably leads us to the issue of preventing human rights abuses and respecting the existing and emerging rights of Indigenous peoples. The cultural and physical survival of Indigenous peoples is ultimately dependent on self-determination. Again this poses quite specific questions for criminological theory and practice. How do we theorise the interrelationships between Indigenous modes of governance and law, with imposed extraneous models, and what are the policy implications of those interrelationships? The questions that are raised imply a very different approach to one which continually sees Indigenous people as a function of offending, imprisonment and so forth.
Potential Benefits and Costs of Concurrent Task Engagement to Maintain Vigilance
Authors: Atchley Paul , Chan Mark 
Published: December 2010

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the nature of concurrent task interference during a vigilance task and to determine whether a concurrent task improves performance with decreased vigilance. Background: Research has repeatedly shown that engaging in a cell phone conversation while driving increases the risk of getting into crashes. At the same time, it has also been found that task monotony could lead to an increase in crash risk. There is evidence that suggests that engaging in a concurrent task reduces the effects of monotony, leading to an improvement in vigilance task performance. Method: A monotonous drive in a driving simulator was used to investigate the effects of a concurrent verbal task. Three task conditions were used: no verbal task, continuous verbal task, and late verbal task. Results: When engaged in a secondary verbal task, drivers showed improved lane-keeping performance and steering control when vigilance was lowest. Conclusion: A strategically placed concurrent task can improve performance when vigilance is at its lowest. Application: There is potential for the design of a countermeasure system that can be strategically activated by an automated system monitoring driver performance.
The Effect of Concurrent Bandwidth Feedback on Learning the Lane-Keeping Task in a Driving Simulator
Authors: de Groot Stefan , de Winter Joost C. F. , García José Manuel López , Mulder Max , Wieringa Peter A. 
Published: December 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether concurrent bandwidth feedback improves learning of the lane-keeping task in a driving simulator. Background: Previous research suggests that bandwidth feedback improves learning and that off-target feedback is superior to on-target feedback. This study aimed to extend these findings for the lane-keeping task. Method: Participants without a driver’s license drove five 8-min lane-keeping sessions in a driver training simulator: three practice sessions, an immediate retention session, and a delayed retention session 1 day later. There were four experimental groups ( n = 15 per group): (a) on-target, receiving seat vibrations when the center of the car was within 0.5 m of the lane center; (b) off-target, receiving seat vibrations when the center of the car was more than 0.5 m away from the lane center; (c) control, receiving no vibrations; and (d) realistic, receiving seat vibrations depending on engine speed. During retention, all groups were provided with the realistic vibrations. Results: During practice, on-target and off-target groups had better lane-keeping performance than the nonaugmented groups, but this difference diminished in the retention phase. Furthermore, during late practice and retention, the off-target group outperformed the on-target group. The off-target group had a higher rate of steering reversal and higher steering entropy than the nonaugmented groups, whereas no clear group differences were found regarding mean speed, mental workload, or self-reported measures. Conclusion: Off-target feedback is superior to on-target feedback for learning the lane-keeping task. Application: This research provides knowledge to researchers and designers of training systems about the value of feedback in simulator-based training of vehicular control.
The Effect of Prior Task Loading on Mental Workload
Authors: Morgan Justin F. , Hancock Peter A. 
Published: December 2010

Objective: This study examined how transitions in task demand during a driving and navigation task manifested themselves as delayed adaptation in driver mental workload. Background: A delayed reaction to changes in demand levels, termed hysteresis, has been identified in a number of settings. However, little research has specifically examined the driving task for hysteresis effects. Method: A total of 32 drivers completed drives while using a navigation system that would fail within the drive. Subjective mental workload was recorded prior to and following system failure as well as at the conclusion of the drive. Results: Results indicated that a gradual reduction in overall mental workload across trials and a lagged recovery to reduction in task demand was present within trials. Analysis of the mental workload subscales within trials indicated that this effect was produced by the mental effort component of workload. Conclusion: A moderate hysteresis effect is present in mental workload transitions within the driving task. Although subjective mental workload decreases across trials, the magnitude of the lagged recovery within trials remains unchanged. Application: Scaling of in-vehicle information is beneficial with respect to driver mental workload. Display and communication technologies designers should consider not only the immediate task demand but also the driver’s task demand history when determining what and how to provide information.
Extensive Neck Node Metastases (N3) in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma
Authors: Jones Andrew S. , Goodyear Paul W. , Ghosh Samit , Husband David , Helliwell Tim R. , Jones Terry M. 
Published: December 2010

ObjectiveHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients with N3 neck disease at presentation are the minority. Prognosis for such patients is poor, but there is disagreement about which treatment policy is best adopted. The aim of this study was to identify which groups of patients are best offered radical treatment, examining factors of association, prognosis, and survival.Study DesignProspective cohort study.SettingRegional tertiary head and neck cancer unit.Subjects and MethodsData were collected prospectively from patients treated for HNSCC with N3 nodal disease between 1975 and 2005. The data collected included age, sex, tumor TNM stage, histological grade, treatment, and survival. Odds ratio was used to calculate whether each parameter was statistically significant. Tumor‐specific and observed survival curves were also calculated.ResultsA total of 275 patients had N3 disease. Multivariate analysis confirmed that advanced disease at the primary site (odds ratio = 4.6, P =. 0261) mitigated against curative treatment. Comparison of tumor‐specific survival between curative and palliative treatment strategies suggests that aggressive treatment is associated with greatly improved survival (median survival = 1.45 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23‐1.67 years; 5‐year survival = 26.6%, CI = 17.14%‐36.06%) compared with those treated palliatively (median survival = 3.18 months, CI = 3.06‐3.30 months; no 5‐year survivors; P <. 0001).ConclusionA major factor in determining treatment strategies for N3 disease HNSCC is the extent of disease at the primary site. These data suggest that aggressive treatment of the neck improves survival and should be considered in these patients.