bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Oxidative Stability of Polyfluorenes for Direct Thermal Lithography
Authors: Han Xu , Chen Xiwen , Gordon Terry , Holdcroft Steven 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA homopolymer of 9,9′‐bis[4‐(2‐(2‐tetrahydropyranyloxy)ethoxy)phenyl]fluorene and its copolymers with 3,4‐benzothiadiazole and 4,7‐di(3(4‐n‐octylphenyl)‐2‐thienyl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole were synthesized to produce a series of thermally reactive blue, green, and red luminescent polymers. Thermolytic removal of the tetrahydropyran (THP) group from polymer films, rendered the films insoluble due to the formation of hydroxyl groups on the termini of side chains. Thermal removal of the THP was lowered by up to 200 °C, when acid is present in the films. These polymers were found applicable to patterning by NIR direct thermal lithography, in conjunction with a NIR dye and thermal acid generator. The presence of the phenyl groups at the 9‐site carbon was found necessary to eliminate fluorenone formation, and enhance the colour purity of the material.magnified image
Anti‐obese property of fucoxanthin is partly mediated by altering lipid‐regulating enzymes and uncoupling proteins of visceral adipose tissue in mice
Authors: Woo Myoung‐Nam , Jeon Seon‐Min , Shin Young Chul , Lee Mi‐Kyung , Kang Mi Ae , Choi Myung‐Sook 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis study investigated the anti‐obesity effects of fucoxanthin in diet‐induced obesity mice fed a high‐fat diet (20% fat, wt/wt). The mice were supplemented with two doses of fucoxanthin (0.05 and 0.2%, wt/wt) for 6 wk. Fucoxanthin significantly lowered body weight and visceral fat‐pads weights compared with the control group without altering food intake. In epididymal adipose tissue of fucoxanthin‐fed mice, adipocyte sizes and mRNA expression of lipogenic and fatty acid β‐oxidation enzymes were significantly altered in a dose‐dependent manner. Plasma leptin level was significantly lower in the fucoxanthin groups than in the control group, while the adiponectin level was elevated. Fucoxanthin significantly down‐regulated various lipogenic enzyme activities in epididymal adipose tissue with a simultaneous decrease in fatty acid β‐oxidation activity. The 0.2% fucoxanthin supplement led to increase mRNA expression of uncoupling protein‐1 (UCP‐1) and UCP‐3 in brown adipose tissue and that of UCP‐2 in the epididymal white adipose tissue. However, the 0.05% fucoxanthin only elevated UCP‐1 mRNA expression in epididymal white adipose tissue. These results suggest that the anti‐obesity effect of fucoxanthin could be mediated by altering lipid‐regulating enzymes and UCPs in the visceral fat tissues and plasma adipokine levels.
Pharmacokinetics & neurophysiology
Authors: Davis Andrew S. , Salpekar Jay A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMedications administered in clinical practice obtain their therapeutic effect only to the extent that the drug is present in the appropriate concentration at the desired site. To achieve this goal, the prescribing clinician must be aware of how a drug may interact with the physiology of the patient. Pharmacokinetics is the study of this process with a focus on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of the drug. This article reviews these four processes with a discussion of the effects of route of administration. Emphasis is given to the differences between pediatric and adult populations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Training school psychologists in psychopharmacology consultation
Authors: Roberts Holly J. , Floress Margaret T. , Ellis Cynthia R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe number of children taking psychotropic medications has dramatically increased in recent years. These children typically take medication during school hours, thereby making the school setting an optimal venue in which evaluate the effectiveness of medications. Given their training in data‐based decision making, intervention, and assessment, school psychologists should be involved in the evaluation of medication effectiveness in children at school. However, many school psychology programs do not offer formal training in psychopharmacology. This article describes the American Psychological Association and National Association of School Psychologists standards for psychopharmacology training. Additionally, the article details how school psychologists can use the behavioral consultation model, described by Kratochwill & Bergan (1990) to evaluate the effectiveness of medications. Legal and ethical considerations are also discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Atypical and typical antipsychotics in the schools
Authors: Noggle Chad A. , Dean Raymond S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe use of antipsychotic medications within the school‐age population is rapidly increasing. Although typical antipsychotics may be used in rare cases, this influx is largely secondary to the availability of the atypical antipsychotics. Reduction of possible adverse effects and increased efficacy represent the primary basis for the atypical antipsychotics' popularity over traditional agents. Although these agents, as their name suggests, are most commonly used to alleviate positive, as well as some negative, symptoms of psychotic manifestations, empirical evidence has suggested their efficacy in the treatment of other presentations. These include bipolar disorder, Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and other disruptive behavior disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, anorexia nervosa, and tic disorders. Discussion of antipsychotic agents and their use in these presentations is offered. Information on positive and negative outcomes, including school impact, is provided. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanowires for optoelectronic device applications
Authors: Gao Q. , Joyce H. J. , Paiman S. , Kang J. H. , Tan H. H. , Kim Y. , Smith L. M. , Jackson H. E. , Yarrison‐Rice J. M. , Zhang X. , Zou J. , Jagadish C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGaAs and InP based nanowires were grown epitaxially on GaAs or InP (111)B substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using Au nanoparticles as catalyst. In this paper, we will give an overview of nanowire research activities in our group. In particular, the effects of growth parameters for GaAs and InP nanowires on the crystal quality were studied in detail. We demonstrated the ability to obtain defect‐free GaAs nanowires via either two‐temperature procedure, or by controlling V/III ratio or growth rate. The crystal structure of InP nanowires, ie, WZ or ZB, can also be engineered by just controlling the V/III ratio. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effectiveness of modified pushover analysis procedure for the estimation of seismic demands of buildings subjected to near‐fault earthquakes having forward directivity
Authors: Mortezaei A. , Ronagh H. R. , Kheyroddin A. , Amiri G. Ghodrati 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNear‐fault ground motions with long‐period pulses have been identified as being critical in the design of structures. These motions, which have caused severe damage in recent disastrous earthquakes, are characterized by a short‐duration impulsive motion that transmits large amounts of energy into the structures at the beginning of the earthquake. In nearly all of the past near‐fault earthquakes, significant higher mode contributions have been evident, resulting in the migration of dynamic demands (i.e., drifts) from the lower to the upper stories. Due to this, the static nonlinear pushover analysis (PA) (which utilizes a load pattern proportional to the shape of the fundamental mode of vibration) may not produce accurate results when used in the analysis of structures subjected to near‐fault ground motions. The objective of this paper was to improve the accuracy of the pushover method in these situations by introducing a new load pattern into the common pushover procedure. Several PAs are performed for six existing reinforced concrete buildings that possess a variety of natural periods. Then, a comparison is made between the PA results (with four new load patterns) and those of FEMA‐356 with reference to nonlinear dynamic time‐history analyses. The comparison shows that, generally, the proposed pushover method yields better results than all FEMA‐356 PA procedures for all investigated response quantities, and is a closer match to the nonlinear time‐history responses. In general, the method is able to reproduce the essential response features providing a reasonable measure of the likely contribution of higher modes in all phases of the response. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Support vector machine based semi‐active control of structures: a new control strategy
Authors: Li Chunxiang , Liu Qing 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe present paper presents the support vector machine (SVM)‐based semi‐active control algorithm used for designing general dampers for multistorey structures under earthquakes. First, the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) controller for the numerical model of a multistorey structure formulated using the dynamic dense method is obtained by using the classic LQR control theory. Then, a SVM model is designed and trained to emulate the performance of the LQR controller. Likewise, this SVM model comprises the observers and controllers of the control system. Finally, in accordance with the features of general semi‐active dampers, a SVM‐based semi‐active control strategy is put forward. More specifically, an online auto‐feedback semi‐active control strategy is developed and then realized by resorting to SVM. In order to numerically verify the control effectiveness of the present control strategy, the time history analysis has been implemented to a structure with general dampers designed by the SVM‐based semi‐active control algorithm. In numerical simulations, four seismic waves including the El Centro, Hachinohe and Kobe waves, as well as the Shanghai artificial wave, whose peak ground accelerations are all scaled to 0.1 g, are taken into consideration. Comparative results demonstrate that general semi‐active dampers designed using the SVM‐based semi‐active control algorithm is capable of providing higher level of response reduction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear low‐density polyethylene/(soya powder) blends containing polyethylene‐g‐(maleic anhydride) as a compatibilizer
Authors: Sam S.T. , Ismail H. , Ahmad Z. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBlends were made from linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and various amounts of soya powder. The soya powder content was varied from 5 to 20 wt%. Polyethylene‐g‐(maleic anhydride) (PE‐g‐MA) was used as a compatibilizer. Tensile strength and elongation at break (EB) decreased with increasing soya powder content. However, Young's modulus increased with the incorporation of soya powder. The addition of PE‐g‐MA as a compatibilizer increased the tensile strength, EB, and modulus of the blends. The interfacial adhesion between soya powder and LLDPE was improved by the incorporation of PE‐g‐MA, as demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy. Increasing the content of soya powder reduced the crystallinity of the LLDPE phase. The addition of PE‐g‐MA had no significant effect on melting temperature, but the degree of crystallinity of the LLDPE was increased. The thermal stability of the blends was determined by using thermogravimetric analysis. Thermal stability decreased with increasing soya powder loading. However, the addition of PE‐g‐MA slightly increased the thermal stability of LLDPE/(soya powder) blends. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effective monitoring and control—centralized schemes in third generation router based WiMAX mesh network
Authors: Xiao Jun , Xiong Naixue , Vasilakos Athanasios V. , Pan Yi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWireless monitoring and control technique is vital to improve the performance of wireless networks, e.g., helping improve the efficiency of scheduling. In this paper, we focus on two centralized algorithms based on IEEE 802.16 standard to adopt effective monitor and control mechanism to do the scheduling and channel assignment in WiMAX mesh networks. The base station (BS) monitors the subscriber stations (SSs) and gathers their requests, and then controls the SSs under the direction of the centralized algorithm. The IEEE 802.16 standard proposes two kinds of scheduling algorithms in WiMAX mesh networks, centralized and distributed algorithms. The centralized solution is more convenient to monitor and control a WiMAX mesh network since the central node is the unique monitor and controller. This paper mainly introduces two schemes working in a centralized mode. They are working in a tree search active link selection (TSALS) fashion and a link search active link selection (LSALS) fashion. In these schemes, each node is equipped with a third generation (3G) mesh router, which owns two relay transceivers and can be tuned among multiple channels. The major goal of our solution is to reduce the length of scheduling under an interference‐aware restriction. The feasibility and efficiency of our proposal are testified through extensive simulations. The result justifies that our algorithms provide much higher performance than the previous ones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corridors, local food resources, and climatic conditions affect the utilization of the urban environment by the Black‐headed Gull Larus ridibundus in winter
Authors: Maciusik Bogumiła , Lenda Magdalena , Skórka Piotr 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBlack‐headed Gulls Larus ridibundus (BHGs) in urban areas are a public nuisance. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the occurrence and abundance of the BHG foraging in urban areas in winter. The study was conducted in the city of Krakow (southern Poland) in four easily identifiable urban habitats: (1) areas with blocks of flats, (2) areas with congested housing, (3) detached single‐family housing and (4) green areas. In each of these four habitats, 60 small (1‐ha) plots were randomly chosen, and the bird's presence and abundance were noted. Results revealed that birds occurred most frequently and in the largest numbers in plots with blocks of flats and green areas as well as plots located close to rivers and water reservoirs. This highlights the importance of ecological corridors and stepping‐stones for the presence of this species in the city. Food resources had no effect on the presence of the gulls but the abundance of the species was positively correlated with the number of litter‐bins. This indicates that local food resources could be more important than large landfills for this species in urban habitats during winter. No human disturbance indices had an effect on the occurrence and abundance of the BHG. Higher temperature and lack of snow cover positively affected utilization of the urban habitats by the species that indicates that global warming may speed up synurbanization of the BHG. To control the number of BHGs in urban areas, we suggest preventing access to local food resources by placing litter bins with waste baskets that are inaccessible to animals. Also, the public should behave appropriately towards gulls and refrain from feeding them intentionally.
High-Tech Home Care – von der Intensivstation ins Wohnzimmer
Authors: Ewers Michael 
Published: October 2009

EinleitungPatienten in kritischen Gesundheitssituationen und solche mit therapeutisch-technischem Unterstützungsbedarf sollen auch in Deutschland vermehrt im häuslichen Umfeld versorgt werden. Die Voraussetzungen der alsHigh-Tech Home Care (HTHC)oderHospital-at-Home (H@H)international bekannten Versorgungsform und die mit dem Transfer der Medizintechnik von der Intensivstation ins Wohnzimmer verbundenen (un-)erwünschten Effekte – besonders für die Nutzer – erfahren aber noch selten die notwendige Aufmerksamkeit.
Application of thermomagnetic analysis to picroilmenite investigation
Authors: Ibragimov Sh.Z. , Mishenin S.G. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Picroilmenite samples from five kimberlite pipes of the Yakutian kimberlite province have been studied. Point microprobe analyses of two mutually perpendicular profiles of each sample were carried out to study the compositional inhomogeneity of picroilmenite. Thermomagnetic curves were also recorded for each sample. A model for the processing of thermomagnetic curves is proposed on the basis of the relationship between the Curie point of picroilmenite and the content of the hematite end-member. The compositions determined by the thermomagnetic curves and microprobe analysis are rather similar. The conclusion has been drawn that thermomagnetic analysis can be used for the rapid determination of the picroilmenite composition. The possibilities and restrictions of this method are shown.
Petromagnetic parameters of bottom sediments as indicators of the climatic and environmental changes in the central zone of the Sea of Okhotsk during the last 350 kyr
Authors: Malakhov M.I. , Gorbarenko S.A. , Malakhova G.Yu. , Harada N. , Vasilenko Yu.P. , Bosin A.A. , Gol’dberg E.L. , Derkachev A.N. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBottom sediments from the central zone of the Sea of Okhotsk were preliminarily dated. The petromagnetic parameters of two groups of samples formed at cold and warm climatic stages were studied. Warm oxygen isotopic stages and substages were characterized by the coexistence of pseudo-single-domain allogenic magnetite and predominant magnetite and greigite (pyrrhotite) grains subject to biologic control. At cold stages, sediments containing a mixture of pseudo-single-domain and multidomain terrigenous magnetite particles accumulated. The petromagnetic curves agree with the normalized standard oxygen isotopic curve over the last 350 kyr of the column section.
Electrochemical effects in rocks: petroleum exploration and engineering–geological applications
Authors: Shigaev V.Yu. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The use of electrochemical effects in petroleum exploration and engineering–geological applications is discussed with reference to the Zhirnovsky oil and gas field where mobile forms of metals are 1.5–2 times above the background. Electrochemical stiffening applied to Maastrichtian shales, which are sliding planes of landslides in the Lower Volga area, increased their stiffness by a factor of 2 or more.
A comparison of salmonella serotypes found in the faeces of gulls feeding at a sewage works with serotypes present in the sewage
Authors: Fenlon D. R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe numbers of salmonella serotypes in raw sewage, sewage sludge and final effluent at a sewage treatment works were determined. Resting gulls which had previously been feeding on the sewage were disturbed and individual faecal samples tested for the presence of salmonellae. The serotypes were compared with those in the sewage. Six serotypes were isolated from the sewage, Salmonella Stanley being found in all types of sample. Eleven of the twenty gull faeces samples were positive for salmonellae, a carriage rate of 55%. Seven serotypes were found, S. stanley being most frequent. Three serotypes were found in both sewage and gull faeces.
The incidence of scarlet fever
Authors: Perks Elizabeth M. , Mayon-White Richard T. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThis study attempted to find the incidence of scarlet fever in the Oxford region, including the proportion of patients from whomStreptococcus pyogenescould be isolated. General practitioners collected throat swabs from patients with suspected scarlet fever. The swabs were examined for viral and bacterial pathogens. Children admitted to hospital were used as controls. Twenty-five of 105 patients with suspected scarlet fever grewStr. pyogenes; M type 4 was the commonest type. The clinical diagnosis of scarlet fever was not always confirmed by throat culture. The annual incidence of scarlet fever was estimated to be 0·3 cases per 1000 per year.
The herring gull Larus argentatus as a carrier of salmonella
Authors: Butterfield Jennifer , Coulson J. C. , Kearsey Susan V. , Monaghan Patricia , McCoy J. H. , Spain G. E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe proportion of salmonella carriers among town-nesting herring gulls increased significantly from 2·1% in 1975–6 to 8·4% in 1979. The range of serotypes carried by herring gulls was similar to that causing infection in man, and it is likely that the gulls ingest these serotypes when feeding at untreated sewage outfalls on the coast. This is supported by the proportion of salmonella carriers being higher among first-year birds (9·7%) than among older birds (2·0%), as it is known that higher proportions of immature herring gulls feed on the coast. Herring gulls carrying salmonellas appeared healthy at the time of capture and at a later date it was assumed that they were not themselves infected. However, their habit of congregating in large numbers on reservoirs and rubbish tips and also at resting sites on farmland often far from feeding and roosting areas, multiplies thejpollution problem and increases the potential health hazard for both man and farm stock. Herring gulls feed at a variety of sites and fly many miles from food source to food source and from feeding areas to the roost. Thus, even within the same day, there is the possibility of the transfer of salmonellas over a much wider area than previously considered.
Pen and field trials of a new anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Bradfield A. , Swinney T. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe efficacy of flocoumafen, a novel anticoagulant rodentide, was evaluated in feeding tests on confined and free-living populations of house mice (Mus musculus L.). In four pen trials, family groups of laboratory-reared wild mice were conditioned to feeding on plain foods and then offered flocoumafen at 0.005% in pinhead oatmeal bait. All 68 mice, comprising juvenile and adult animals, died within 10 days.Ten field trials were carried out, using the same formulated poison bait, against mice infesting farm buildings. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, ranged between 87–1 and 100%.The performance of flocoumafen is compared with that of difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum used at the same concentration in oatmeal bait. Flocoumafen gave an equally effective but quicker kill of mice. It is concluded that flocoumafen is a promising new rodenticide for the control of M. musculus.
Occurrence of a nonplasmid-located determinant for gentamicin resistance in strains ofStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Witte W. , Dünnhaupt K. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe occurrence of resistance to gentamicin in strains ofStaphylococcus aureuswith different phage patterns in two hospitals is described. The data suggest transfer of gentamicin resistance between different strains. In the strains investigated the determinant for resistance to gentamicin (parallel resistance to kanamycin and tobramycin) is located on the chromosome. The transfer of this resistance determinant in a mixed culture of donor and recipient cellsin vitrois mediated by transduction because it is dependent upon lysogenicity of the donor for a serogroup-B phage and because it can be inhibited by γ-globulin. The transfer is always associated with lysogenization of the recipient cells by this phage.