bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of chromatic components on facial skin whiteness
Authors: Yoshikawa Hironobu , Kikuchi Kumiko , Yaguchi Hirohisa , Mizokami Yoko , Takata Sadaki 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAlthough the color measurement of facial skin becomes more common in dermatology and cosmetics, little is known about the relationship between subjective color perception and colorimetric values in facial skin. In this study, the possible relationships among perceived whiteness and the metric lightness, chroma and hue angle of Japanese females' facial skin color were investigated. First, the perceived brightness of the facial skin of Japanese females was evaluated visually and compared with metric lightness, chroma and hue angle, and the effect of hue and chroma on the perceived brightness was discussed. Second, a psychophysical experiment on the whiteness of the facial images and synthesized skin color plate images was conducted for examining the effect of hue and chroma on the perceived whiteness more precisely and independently. The results of two experiments showed that in regard to the facial skin color of the Japanese female, metric lightness disagrees with perceived whiteness or brightness in a narrow lightness range. The reddish facial skin color appeared brighter or whiter than that of a yellowish one in high lightness regions, and the low‐chroma facial skin color appeared brighter or whiter than a high‐chroma one. However, in the color plate images, a change in perceived whiteness by hue could not be confirmed, and the change in perceived whiteness by chroma was weaker than that from facial images. These results indicated that a higher‐level process of face recognition affected whiteness perception, and the criterion of facial skin whiteness was determined by facial skin color distribution. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011;
Low temperature polycrystalline silicon film formation by metal induced crystallization with nickel salt derived by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
Authors: Yang Mingfei , Sun Xiao Wei , Yu Hong Yu , Li Junshuai , Hu Junhui 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSolution‐based nickel induced crystallization of amorphous silicon (a‐Si) films was performed. The nickel solution was prepared by dissolving (CH3CO2)2Ni in deionized water and applied uniformly on a‐Si films by low‐cost ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Crystallization could be realized for a‐Si films coated with a 0.2 M nickel solution and annealed at 500 °C. The effect of substrate temperature during nickel solution deposition was analyzed. Micro‐Raman and x‐ray diffraction measurement show that a‐Si is fully crystallized at 550 °C for 7 h with a nickel concentration of 0.8 M. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exposure of high index facets in KDP crystals
Authors: Ding Jianxu , Wang Shenglai , Xu Xinguang , Gu Qingtian , Cheng Xiufeng , Liu Guangxia , Liu Wenjie , Sun Yun 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA series of KDP crystals doped with WO42‐ additive was grown by using rapid growth method. WO42‐ additive inhibited the growth of (100) faces and made (100) faces tapering. With high additive concentration, two adjacent (100) faces twisted towards their intersecting crystal edge and (100) faces became twisting. Moreover, high index facets of (512) were exposed when the additive concentration was 500 ppm. The element analysis suggested that WO42‐ was prone to being incorporated with (100) face. The growth kinetics of (100) face testified that WO42‐ played an inhibited role. The AFM investigation on (100) face indicated WO42‐ could impede step bunching. High concentration of WO42‐ could kink the terrace of the macro‐steps and create another series of macro‐steps. The motion direction of the new creative steps was vertical to that of the original steps. When the motions of the vertical steps were both inhibited by WO42‐, the steps would become tapering and (100) face would twist, which ultimately led to the exposure of (512) facets. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Children's noncompliance during saliva collection predicts measures of salivary cortisol
Authors: Kaitz Marsha , Sabato Reut , Shalev Idan , Ebstein Richard , Mankuta David 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSalivary cortisol has been useful for evaluating children's physiological responses to stress and for identifying factors that predict their magnitude and duration. However, results have been somewhat equivocal across studies, and this has motivated researchers to identify sources of variance and error. Here, we examined the prevalence of preschoolers' noncompliance during saliva collection and aimed to learn about noncompliant children in terms of their hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal function, behavior in other situations, and symptoms of behavioral problems. Results were based on measures of cortisol, children's behavior during saliva collection and a mother–child teaching interaction, and ratings of problem behavior by teachers and parents. Results show that 12% (21/174) of the sample was noncompliant on at least one of the collection trials. Children, who were noncompliant but did not outright refuse saliva collection, had higher cortisol than did compliant children. Children who were noncompliant during saliva collection were likely to be noncompliant during the teaching episode, and they were perceived as having more internalizing symptoms than compliant children. These results suggest that children's noncompliance during saliva collection can be a source of nonrandom missing data or extreme cortisol values, which should be considered in future studies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:113‐123, 2012.
The development of the uncanny valley in infants
Authors: Lewkowicz David J. , Ghazanfar Asif A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWhen adults view very realistic humanoid robots or computer avatars they often exhibit an aversion to them. This phenomenon, known as the “uncanny valley,” is assumed to be evolutionary in origin, perhaps tapping into modules for disgust or attractiveness that detect violations of our normal expectations regarding social signals. Here, we test an alternative hypothesis that the uncanny valley is developmental in origin and, thus, that specific early experience with real human faces leads to its eventual emergence. To test this idea, we measured visual preferences in response to all possible pairs of a human face, realistic avatar face, and an unrealistic avatar face in groups of 6‐, 8‐, 10‐, and 12‐month‐old infants. Consistent with the developmental hypothesis, we found that the uncanny valley effect emerges at 12 months of age suggesting that perceptual experience with real human faces is critical to its emergence. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:124‐132, 2012.
Power smoothing and MPPT for grid‐connected wind power generation with doubly fed induction generator
Authors: Kai Takaaki , Tanaka Yuji , Kaneda Hirotoshi , Kobayashi Daichi , Tanaka Akio 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRecently, doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) and synchronous generators have been applied mostly to wind power generation, and variable speed control and power factor control have been implemented for high efficiency of wind energy capture and for high quality of power system voltage. In variable speed control, the wind speed or generator speed is used for maximum power point tracking. However, the properties of wind generation power fluctuations due to wind speed variation have not yet been investigated for those forms of control.The authors discuss power smoothing by these forms of control for DFIG interconnected to a 6.6‐kV distribution line. The performance is verified by means of the power PSCAD/EMTDC system simulation software for actual wind speed data and is investigated by using an approximate equation for wind generation power fluctuations as a result of wind speed variation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(2): 10–18, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20958
Influence of quadrature‐axis reactance of large turbine generator on operation
Authors: Hiramatsu Daisuke , Uemura Yoichi , Uemoto Shinji , Okumoto Junji , Imai Takehiko , Kakiuchi Mikio , Nagakura Ken , Fujita Masafumi , Otaka Toru 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTwo‐pole large generators are extensively used in power utilities. Growing demand for electric power in recent years has led to substantial increases in the capacity of generators. In line with this trend, our company has manufactured two‐pole turbine generators in the 900,000‐kVA to 1,200,000‐kVA classes. As the capacity of generators becomes larger, equivalent circuits are increasingly expected to improve their precision in estimating operation characteristics. The Park model has been widely used as an equivalent circuit model. The Park model with quadrature axis transient reactance \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$x_{q}^{\prime}$\end{document} is claimed to be useful for accurately estimating the load rejection characteristics of turbine generators. However, it is difficult to measure \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$x_{q}^{\prime}$\end{document}, few studies based on measured data have appeared. As one of the few examples, we have conducted a measured data on a 500,000‐kVA‐class generator. Recently, the authors obtained test data on \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$x_{q}^{\prime}$\end{document} of a 900,000‐kVA‐class generator. In this study, based on these data, we studied the effect of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amsmath}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage{amsfonts}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$x_{q}^{\prime}$\end{document} using the finite element method and a transient analysis program (EMTP‐ATP). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 17–27, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21099
Coarse‐grained analysis of crystalline defects caused by ion beam irradiation: The PM (pixel mapping) method
Authors: Nakagawa S. T. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe have proposed a numerical methodology called the pixel mapping (PM) method which is based on crystallography. The PM method can characterize various types of defects in 24 prototype crystals listed in the Strukturbericht database. It identifies point defects, linear defects, planar defects (including antiphase domains in compound crystals), and also structure change (including amorphization). The long‐range order (LRO) parameter has been defined as a set of LRO components for each prototype. A further advantage of the PM method results from its coarse‐grained viewpoint. This allows us to specify the Miller index of a planar defect with the areal density or crystallographic direction of a linear defect. Using PM we found a tetrahedral antisite cluster, (CSi(SiC)4), in 3C‐SiC due to ion irradiation. The bonding directions from the central to the surrounding atoms were all in the <111> direction. We examined the reason why such a cluster was formed. Whenever this type of cluster was formed, collapse of LRO preceded, where large numbers of complexes of antisites–vacancy pairs emerged. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 54–61, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21151
High‐brightness electron sources for a next‐generation light source based on an energy recovery linac
Authors: Iijima Hokuto , Nagai Ryoji , Nishimori Nobuyuki , Hajima Ryoichi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA high‐brightness electron source of ultrasmall emittance and high average current is one of the most important components for next‐generation light sources based on an energy‐recovery linac (ERL). Such a high‐brightness electron source can be realized by a DC photocathode gun driven by laser pulses tailored in the temporal and spatial dimensions. We propose a novel photocathode based on a quantum cascade laser (QCL). Since the ultrafast response of photoelectron emission from QCL is compatible with the tailored laser pulses, it is a candidate electron source for ERLs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 46–53, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21154
Emergence of opinion leaders based on agent model and its impact on stock prices
Authors: Misawa Tadanobu , Suzuki Kyoko , Okano Yoshitaka , Shimokawa Tetsuya 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe development of information technology has made it possible to obtain large amounts of information easily. Thus it appears likely that the impact on a society of word‐of‐mouth information communication and the like has been growing. In this paper, we propose a model of the emergence of opinion leaders based on word of mouth in an artificial stock market. The process of emergence of opinion leaders and the impact of opinion leaders on stock prices are verified by simulation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(2): 32–40, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21163
Reassuring evacuation guidance with mobile terminal communication and RFID system in absence of power supply
Authors: Ishii Hisashi , Harada Fumiko , Takada Hideyuki , Shimakawa Hiromitsu 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a method which aims to allow people inside a building to evacuate when a disaster occurs. In particular, it is very difficult for them to evacuate safely in blackout conditions with servers down. In the proposed method, passive RFID tags are placed on the walls of the building and each evacuee carries a mobile terminal that is battery‐powered and equipped with an RFID reader‐writer. This device finds evacuation routes based on the information from passive RFID tags touched by the evacuee. The method identifies safety of evacuation routes from the movement of people who have evacuated safely. Mobile terminal communication and RFID tags achieve sharing of information on safe routes among many evacuees. An experiment was conducted, letting people evacuate by two routes in an actual building, and giving about half of them mobile terminals. We easured the increases in the blood pressure and heart rates of the evacuees before and after the evacuation. In both routes, the rates of increase of these two characteristics in the evacuees with terminals were smaller than those in the evacuees without terminals, demonstrating that the proposed method provides assurance to evacuees. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(2): 19–31, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21165
Evaluation of the influence of the time‐varying electromagnetic component in M‐EMS on flow at the free surface
Authors: Satou Shoji , Fujisaki Keisuke 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn the continuous casting process, the surface quality of the steel is as important as its productivity. The surface quality is mostly decided in the molten metal flow during the initial solidification stage, which progresses at the free surface of the molten steel. To improve the surface quality, this flow must be controlled. M‐EMS generates a time‐varying electromagnetic force, which helps to control the shape of the free surface. In this paper, we evaluate the possibility of controlling the flow at the free surface by MHD calculations. The results show a slight possibility for the flow at the free surface to be controlled. Although the free surface variation in a pulsed EMC process, which controls the shape of the free surface using the time‐varying electromagnetic force component, depends on electromagnetic force, the time‐varying component in the M‐EMS depends on the velocity of the molten metal. Since there is a first‐order lag between the electromagnetic force and this velocity, free surface variation in M‐EMS does not linearly depend on the time‐varying electromagnetic component. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 62–68, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21167
Neutralization by a corona discharge ionizer in nitrogen atmosphere
Authors: Ikeuchi Toru , Takahashi Kazunori , Ohkubo Takahiro , Fujiwara Tamiya 
Published: July 2011

AbstractElectrostatic neutralization of multilayer‐loading silicon wafers is demonstrated using a corona discharge ionizer in a nitrogen atmosphere, where AC and DC voltages are applied to two needle electrodes for generation of negative‐ and positive‐charged particles, respectively. We observe that the surface potential of the silicon wafer decreases from ±1 kV to ±20 V within 3 seconds. The density profiles of the charged particles generated by the electrodes are experimentally and theoretically investigated in nitrogen and air atmospheres. Our results show the possibility that the negative‐charged particles contributing to the electrostatic neutralization are electrons and negative ions in nitrogen and air atmospheres, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 1–8, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21179
Several modeling methods for representation of AC magnetic properties of electrical steel sheets taking account of skin effect
Authors: Nagano Tetsushi , Matsuo Tetsuji , Shimasaki Masaaki 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSeveral homogenized models are compared for accurate representation of the AC magnetic properties of silicon steel sheets. Two of them are the generalized Pry and Bean models, which have a parameter for the frequency dependence of eddy‐current loss. The third model assumes a quadratic distribution of the magnetic flux density along the thickness direction. The other model is an extension of the linear magnetization model. Numerical simulations show that the third model yields inaccurate BH loops whereas the other models accurately represent BH loops. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 177(3): 9–16, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21180
Structural Characterization and Photoluminescent Properties of (La1–xSmx)2Ti2O7 Solid Solutions Synthesized by a Sol–Gel Route
Authors: Shao Zhenmian , Saitzek Sébastien , Blach Jean‐François , Sayede Adlane , Roussel Pascal , Desfeux Rachel 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA series of compounds with the general formula (La1–xSmx)2Ti2O7 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) has been synthesized by a sol–gel method and characterized by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These compounds are structurally isomorphic to perovskite‐type La2Ti2O7 until a substitution rate of x = 0.8. Above this substitution rate (x > 0.8), a biphasic mixture is obtained between the substituted perovskite layered phase and the pyrochlore Sm2Ti2O7 phase. The unusual phosphor (La1–xSmx)2Ti2O7 has been elaborated and its luminescent properties were investigated for low rates of substitution. The emission and excitation spectra were used to study the luminescent properties. The (La1.9Sm0.1)2Ti2O7 powders emit bright red­–orange lightunder UV excitation. The emission properties show thatLa2Ti2O7 is a suitable host where the La3+ ions can be substituted by other trivalent lanthanide ions that induce luminescence properties in the visible region and lead to phosphor materials. The electronic structure calculations of (La1.9Sm0.1)2Ti2O7 shows that this compound is an insulator with a band gap of about 2.77 eV. The valence band mainly consists of oxygen states with hybridized titanium and samarium states; whereas, the conduction band mainly consists of titanium states with hybridized lanthanum and samarium states.
Decolorization of a reactive dye solution and treatment of a textile wastewater by electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation: Techno‐economic comparison
Authors: Yuksel Ebubekir , Gurbulak Ercan , Eyvaz Murat 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this study, the effects of operational parameters such as initial pH, current density, electrolysis time, and initial dye concentrations on the decolorization of Reactive Yellow 135 (RY 135) solutions and the treatment of a textile wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC) with aluminum electrodes were investigated separately. Total organic carbon (TOC) and dye removal ratios were used to measure the treatment efficiency. Energy and electrode consumptions were calculated per m3 of dye solution and per kg of pollutant removed. Amount of sludge produced after EC was also reported per m3 of dye solution. For a complete technical analysis, chemical coagulation experiments with aluminum salts were also carried out. Different direct and indirect cost items including energy, sacrificial electrodes, labor, sludge handling and disposal, maintenance, and depreciation costs have been considered in the calculation of the total operating cost. Under the optimum parameters found in this study, 0.23 $/m3 of total operating cost was acquired with 81% of COD, 85% of TOC, 93.7% of turbidity, and 97.1% of TSS removal efficiencies in treatment of the textile wastewater with EC. 0.11 kWh/m3 of energy and 0.03 kg/m3 of aluminum were consumed while 0.15 kg/m3 of sludge were produced in the process. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Biosorption of 2,4‐d, 2,4‐DP, and 2,4‐DB from aqueous solution by using thermophilic anoxybacillus flavithermus and analysis by high‐performance thin layer chromatography: Equilibrium and kinetic studies
Authors: Ozdemir Sadin , Bekler Fatma Matpan , Okumus Veysi , Dundar Abdurrahman , Kilinc Ersin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this study, the potential biosorption characteristics of the thermophilic Anoxybacillus flavithermus (A. flavithermus) was investigated for the removal of the chlorophenoxy acid derivates, namely, 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4‐D), 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy propanoic acid (2,4‐DP or dichlorprop), and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy butyric acid (2,4‐DB). The experiments were performed for the simultaneous biosorption of the studied pesticides. Optimum biosorption conditions were determined as a function of contact time, pH of the solution, amount of biomass, and initial pesticides concentrations. The concentrations of the pesticides in the remaining solutions were simultaneously analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography. The optimum parameters were found as pH: 4.0 for biosorption medium, 60 min of contact time, 50 mg of bacteria, and 50 mg L−1 of initial pesticides concentrations. Langmuir and Freundlich models were applied to describe the biosorption isotherm of the pesticides by A. flavithermus as biomass. Biosorption of pesticides on to A. flavithermus showed pseudo first‐order rate kinetics at different initial concentration of pesticides and different temperatures. The experimental adsorption data were fitted both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. Fourier‐transform Infrared spectroscopy was used to understand the bonding mechanism of pesticides to biosorbent and surface functionality of the biosorbent The highest pesticide uptake was calculated from Langmuir isotherm and found to be 24.15 mg g−1 for 2,4‐D. Among the studied pesticides, 2,4‐DP showed difference adsorption behavior. According to in your comments the reason of this that 2,4‐DP contain an asymmetric carbon atom, which provide a molecular chirality. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011