bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residual Currents Induced by Asymmetric Tidal Mixing in Weakly Stratified Narrow Estuaries
Authors: Cheng Peng , Valle-Levinson Arnoldo , de Swart Huib E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Residual currents induced by asymmetric tidal mixing were examined for weakly stratified, narrow estuaries using analytical and numerical models. The analytical model is an extension of the work of R. K. McCarthy, with the addition of tidal variations of the vertical eddy viscosity in the longitudinal momentum equation. The longitudinal distribution of residual flows driven by asymmetric tidal mixing is determined by the tidal current amplitude and by asymmetries in tidal mixing between flood and ebb. In a long channel, the magnitude of the residual flow induced by asymmetric tidal mixing is maximum at the estuary mouth and decreases upstream following the longitudinal distribution of tidal current amplitude. Larger asymmetry in tidal mixing between flood and ebb produces stronger residual currents. For typical tidal asymmetry, mixing is stronger during flood than during ebb and results in two-layer residual currents with seaward flow near the surface and landward flow near the bottom. For reverse tidal asymmetry, mixing is weaker during flood than during ebb and the resulting residual flow is landward near the surface and seaward near the bottom. Also, the residual flow induced by tidal asymmetry has the same order of magnitude as the density-driven flow and therefore is important to estuarine dynamics. Numerical experiments with a primitive-equation numerical model [the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)] generally support the pattern of residual currents driven by tidal asymmetry suggested by the analytical model.
Near-Surface Air Temperature Retrieval Derived from AMSU-A and Sea Surface Temperature Observations
Authors: Jackson Darren L. , Wick Gary A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A 10-m air temperature (Ta) retrieval using Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit A (AMSU-A) and satellite-derived sea surface temperature (Ts) observations is presented. The multivariable linear regression retrieval uses AMSU-A brightness temperatures from the 52.8- and 53.6-GHz channels and satellite-derived daily sea surface temperatures to determine Ta. A regression error of 0.83°C using 841 matched satellite and ship observations demonstrates a high-quality fit of the satellite observations with in situ Ta. Validation of the retrieval using independent International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Dataset (ICOADS) ship and buoy observations results in a bias of −0.21°C and root-mean-square (RMS) differences of 1.55°C. A comparison with previous satellite-based Ta retrievals indicates less bias and significantly smaller RMS differences for the new retrieval. Regional biases inherent to previous retrievals are reduced in several oceanic regions using the new Ta retrieval. Satellite-derived Ts–Ta data were found to agree well with ICOADS buoy data and were significantly improved from previous retrievals.
Quantitative Precipitation Estimation in the CASA X-band Dual-Polarization Radar Network
Authors: Wang Yanting , Chandrasekar V. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This paper presents the sensing aspects and performance evaluation of the quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) system in an X-band dual-polarization radar network developed by the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) Engineering Research Center. CASA’s technology enables precipitation observation close to the ground and QPE is one of the important applications. With expanding urbanization all over the world, vulnerability to floods has increased from intense rainfall such as urban flash floods. The QPE products that are derived at high spatiotemporal resolution, which is enabled by the deployment of a dense radar network, have the potential to improve the prediction of flash-flooding threats when coupled with hydrological models. Derivation of QPE from radar observations is a challenging process, in which the use of dual-polarization radar variables is advantageous. At X band, the specific differential propagation phase (Kdp) between the orthogonal linear polarization states is particularly appealing. The Kdp field is robustly acquired using an adaptive estimation method, and a simple R(Kdp) relation is used to perform precipitation estimation in this X-band radar network. Radar observations and QPE from multiyear field experiments are used to demonstrate the performance of rainfall estimation from the single-parameter Kdp-based rainfall product. The operational feasibility of radar QPE using an X-band radar network is critically assessed.
An Undular Bore and Gravity Waves Illustrated by Dramatic Time-Lapse Photography
Authors: Coleman Timothy A. , Knupp Kevin R. , Herzmann Daryl E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
On 6 May 2007, an intense atmospheric undular bore moved over eastern Iowa. A “Webcam” in Tama, Iowa, captured dramatic images of the effects of the bore and associated gravity waves on cloud features, because its viewing angle was almost normal to the propagation direction of the waves. The time lapse of these images has become a well-known illustration of atmospheric gravity waves. The environment was favorable for bore formation, with a wave-reflecting unstable layer above a low-level stable layer. Surface pressure and wind data are correlated for the waves in the bore, and horizontal wind oscillations are also shown by Doppler radar data. Quantitative analysis of the time-lapse photography shows that the sky brightens in wave troughs because of subsidence and darkens in wave ridges because of ascent.
HF Radar Performance in a Low-Energy Environment: CODAR SeaSonde Experience on the West Florida Shelf*
Authors: Liu Yonggang , Weisberg Robert H. , Merz Clifford R. , Lichtenwalner Sage , Kirkpatrick Gary J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThree long-range (5 MHz) Coastal Ocean Dynamics Application Radar (CODAR) SeaSonde HF radars overlooking an array of as many as eight moored acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) have operated on the West Florida Shelf since September 2003 for the purpose of observing the coastal ocean currents. HF radar performance on this low-energy (currents and waves) continental shelf is evaluated with respect to data returns, the rms differences between the HF radar and the ADCP radial currents, bearing offsets, and radial velocity uncertainties. Possible environmental factors affecting the HF radar performance are discussed, with the findings that both the low-energy sea state and the unfavorable surface wave directions are the main limiting factors for these HF radar observations of currents on the WFS. Despite the challenge of achieving continuous backscatter from this low-energy environment, when acquired the data quality is good in comparison with the ADCP measurements. The rms differences range from 6 to 10 cm s−1 for hourly and from 3 to 6 cm s−1 for 36-h low-pass-filtered radial currents, respectively. Bearing offsets are in the range from −15° to +9°. Coherent variations of the HF radar and ADCP radial currents are seen across both tidal and subtidal frequency bands. By examining the HF radar radial velocities at low wave energy, it is found that the data returns decrease rapidly for significant wave heights smaller than 1 m, and that the rms differences between the HF radar and ADCP radials are degraded when the significant wave height is smaller than 0.3 m.
Intercomparison of Ground-Based Velocity Track Display (GBVTD)-Retrieved Circulation Centers and Structures of Hurricane Danny (1997) from Two Coastal WSR-88Ds
Authors: Murillo Shirley T. , Lee Wen-Chau , Bell Michael M. , Barnes Gary M. , Marks Frank D. , Dodge Peter P. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A plausible primary circulation and circulation center of a tropical cyclone (TC) can be deduced from a coastal Doppler radar using the ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) technique and the GBVTD-simplex algorithm. The quality of the retrieved primary circulation is highly sensitive to the accuracy of the circulation center that can only be estimated from the degree of scattering of all possible centers obtained in GBVTD-simplex analyses from a single radar in real TCs. This study extends previous work to examine the uncertainties in the GBVTD-simplex-derived circulation centers and the GBVTD-derived primary circulations in Hurricane Danny (1997) sampled simultaneously from two Doppler radars [Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Dopplers (WSR-88Ds) in Mobile, Alabama, and Slidell, Louisiana] for 5 h.
It is found that the mean difference between the individually computed GBVTD-simplex-derived centers is 2.13 km, similar to the estimates in previous studies. This value can be improved to 1.59 km by imposing time continuity in the radius of maximum wind, maximum mean tangential wind, and the center position in successive volumes. These additional physical criteria, not considered in previous work, stabilized the GBVTD-simplex algorithm and paved the way for automating the center finding and wind retrieval procedures in the future.
Using the improved set of centers, Danny’s axisymmetric tangential wind structures retrieved from each radar showed general agreement with systematic differences (up to 6 m s−1) in certain periods. The consistency in the wavenumber-1 tangential winds was not as good as their axisymmetric counterparts. It is suspected that the systematic differences in the axisymmetric tangential winds were caused by the unresolved wavenumber-2 sine components rather than from the relatively small cross-beam mean wind components in Danny.
Evaluation of WRF Model Simulations of Tornadic and Nontornadic Outbreaks Occurring in the Spring and Fall
Authors: Shafer Chad M. , Mercer Andrew E. , Leslie Lance M. , Richman Michael B. , Doswell Charles A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Recent studies, investigating the ability to use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to distinguish tornado outbreaks from primarily nontornadic outbreaks when initialized with synoptic-scale data, have suggested that accurate discrimination of outbreak type is possible up to three days in advance of the outbreaks. However, these studies have focused on the most meteorologically significant events without regard to the season in which the outbreaks occurred. Because tornado outbreaks usually occur during the spring and fall seasons, whereas the primarily nontornadic outbreaks develop predominantly during the summer, the results of these studies may have been influenced by climatological conditions (e.g., reduced shear, in the mean, in the summer months), in addition to synoptic-scale processes.
This study focuses on the impacts of choosing outbreaks of severe weather during the same time of year. Specifically, primarily nontornadic outbreaks that occurred during the summer have been replaced with outbreaks that do not occur in the summer. Subjective and objective analyses of the outbreak simulations indicate that the WRF’s capability of distinguishing outbreak type correctly is reduced when the seasonal constraints are included. However, accuracy scores exceeding 0.7 and skill scores exceeding 0.5 using 1-day simulation fields of individual meteorological parameters, show that precursor synoptic-scale processes play an important role in the occurrence or absence of tornadoes in severe weather outbreaks. Low-level storm-relative helicity parameters and synoptic parameters, such as geopotential heights and mean sea level pressure, appear to be most helpful in distinguishing outbreak type, whereas thermodynamic instability parameters are noticeably both less accurate and less skillful.
Modeling Extreme Rainfall, Winds, and Surge from Hurricane Isabel (2003)
Authors: Lin Ning , Smith James A. , Villarini Gabriele , Marchok Timothy P. , Baeck Mary Lynn 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Landfalling tropical cyclones present major hazards for the eastern United States. Hurricane Isabel (September 2003) produced more than $3.3 billion in damages from wind, inland riverine flooding, and storm surge flooding, and resulted in 17 fatalities. Case study analyses of Hurricane Isabel are carried out to investigate multiple hazards from landfalling tropical cyclones. The analyses focus on storm evolution following landfall and center on simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). WRF simulations are coupled with the 2D, depth-averaged hydrodynamic Advanced Circulation Model (ADCIRC), to examine storm surge in the Chesapeake Bay. Analyses of heavy rainfall and flooding include an examination of the structure and evolution of extreme rainfall over land. Intercomparisons of simulated rainfall from WRF with Hydro-NEXRAD rainfall fields and observations from rain gauge networks are presented. A particular focus of these analyses is the evolving distribution of rainfall, relative to the center of circulation, as the storm moves over land. Similar analyses are carried out for the wind field of Hurricane Isabel as it moves over the mid-Atlantic region. Outer rainbands, which are not well captured in WRF simulations, played a major role in urban flooding and wind damage, especially for the Baltimore metropolitan region. Wind maxima in outer rainbands may also have played a role in storm surge flooding in the upper Chesapeake Bay.
Using the 21 June 2008 California Lightning Outbreak to Improve Dry Lightning Forecast Procedures
Authors: Wallmann James , Milne Rhett , Smallcomb Christopher , Mehle Matthew 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
An anomalous lightning event occurred on 20–21 June 2008 in central and northern California. Most of the thunderstorms produced frequent lightning with little precipitation, resulting in over 1500 new fires. Many of these fires became large, and massive firefighting efforts continued through August in order to contain all the fires. This event was not well forecast, with only isolated lightning strikes expected. Several computer model forecast parameters pointed toward the impending lightning outbreak, including satellite and lightning observations, as well as model data from 19 June. An existing procedure to forecast dry thunderstorms showed the strong possibility of a thunderstorm outbreak over California. This procedure proved to be helpful, but has been modified to better handle moisture advection and low-level forcing, which provides a more comprehensive framework for forecasting potential dry thunderstorm outbreaks.
Algorithm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a position statement of Brazilian Diabetes Society
Authors: Lerario Antonio C , Chacra Antonio R , Pimazoni-Netto Augusto , Malerbi Domingos , Gross Jorge L , Oliveira José EP , Gomes Marilia B , Santos Raul D , Fonseca Reine MC , Betti Roberto , Raduan Roberto 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The Brazilian Diabetes Society is starting an innovative project of quantitative assessment of medical arguments of and implementing a new way of elaborating SBD Position Statements. The final aim of this particular project is to propose a new Brazilian algorithm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, based on the opinions of endocrinologists surveyed from a poll conducted on the Brazilian Diabetes Society website regarding the latest algorithm proposed by American Diabetes Association /European Association for the Study of Diabetes, published in January 2009.
An additional source used, as a basis for the new algorithm, was to assess the acceptability of controversial arguments published in international literature, through a panel of renowned Brazilian specialists. Thirty controversial arguments in diabetes have been selected with their respective references, where each argument was assessed and scored according to its acceptability level and personal conviction of each member of the evaluation panel.
This methodology was adapted using a similar approach to the one adopted in the recent position statement by the American College of Cardiology on coronary revascularization, of which not only cardiologists took part, but also specialists of other related areas.
Prohormones for prediction of adverse medical outcome in community-acquired pneumonia and lower respiratory tract infections
Authors: Schuetz Philipp , Wolbers Marcel , Christ-Crain Mirjam , Thomann Robert , Falconnier Claudine , Widmer Isabelle , Neidert Stefanie , Fricker Thomas , Blum Claudine , Schild Ursula , Morgenthaler Nils G , Schoenenberger Ronald , Henzen Christoph , Bregenzer Thomas , Hoess Claus , Krause Martin , Bucher Heiner C , Zimmerli Werner , Mueller Beat ,   the ProHOSP Study Group
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Introduction
Measurement of prohormones representing different pathophysiological pathways could enhance risk stratification in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and other lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI).

Methods
We assessed clinical parameters and five biomarkers, the precursor levels of adrenomedullin (ADM), endothelin-1 (ET1), atrial-natriuretic peptide (ANP), anti-diuretic hormone (copeptin), and procalcitonin in patients with LRTI and CAP enrolled in the multicenter ProHOSP study. We compared the prognostic accuracy of these biomarkers with the pneumonia severity index (PSI) and CURB65 (Confusion, Urea, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, Age 65) score to predict serious complications defined as death, ICU admission and disease-specific complications using receiver operating curves (ROC) and reclassification methods.

Results
During the 30 days of follow-up, 134 serious complications occurred in 925 (14.5%) patients with CAP. Both PSI and CURB65 overestimated the observed mortality (X2 goodness of fit test: P = 0.003 and 0.01). ProADM or proET1 alone had stronger discriminatory powers than the PSI or CURB65 score or any of either score components to predict serious complications. Adding proADM alone (or all five biomarkers jointly) to the PSI and CURB65 scores, significantly increased the area under the curve (AUC) for PSI from 0.69 to 0.75, and for CURB65 from 0.66 to 0.73 (P < 0.001, for both scores). Reclassification methods also established highly significant improvement (P < 0.001) for models with biomarkers if clinical covariates were more flexibly adjusted for. The developed prediction models with biomarkers extrapolated well if evaluated in 434 patients with non-CAP LRTIs.

Conclusions
Five biomarkers from distinct biologic pathways were strong and specific predictors for short-term adverse outcome and improved clinical risk scores in CAP and non-pneumonic LRTI. Intervention studies are warranted to show whether an improved risk prognostication with biomarkers translates into a better clinical management and superior allocation of health care resources.

Trial Registration
NCT00350987.
Independent Adjudication of Symptomatic Heart Failure With the Use of Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide Followed by Trastuzumab Adjuvant Therapy: A Combined Review of Cardiac Data From the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-31 and the North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831 Clinical Trials
Authors: Russell Stuart D. , Blackwell Kimberly L. , Lawrence Julia , Pippen John E. , Roe Matthew T. , Wood Freda , Paton Virginia , Holmgren Eric , Mahaffey Kenneth W. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose An independent Adjuvant Cardiac Review and Evaluation Committee (ACREC) systematically reviewed cases of symptomatic heart failure events to uniformly define the cardiac event rate across two large trials (National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project [NSABP] B-31 and North Central Cancer Treatment Group [NCCTG] N9831) that assessed the addition of trastuzumab to standard adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients and Methods The committee was composed of six independent oncologists and cardiologists. A retrospective review of patients with a cardiac event was performed by the primary investigators of the trials. The ACREC prospectively established criteria for determining a symptomatic heart failure event. Recovery status was determined from documented resolution of signs and symptoms. Potential risk factors were also assessed. Results Medical records for a total of 173 patients were reviewed: 40 in the chemotherapy-alone arm and 133 in the trastuzumab arm. Trastuzumab-treated patients had a 2.0% incidence of symptomatic heart failure events compared with 0.45% in the chemotherapy-alone arm. Complete or partial recovery was observed in 86.1% of trastuzumab-treated patients with symptomatic heart failure events. Of five patients who died, only one patient had received trastuzumab. Independent predictors for cardiac events were age older than 50 years, a low ejection fraction at the start of paclitaxel treatment, and trastuzumab treatment. Conclusion The incidence of symptomatic heart failure events is 2.0% in patients treated with adjuvant trastuzumab, and the majority of these patients recover with appropriate treatment.
Room Temperature Liquid Porphyrins
Authors: Maruyama Sumio , Sato Kenta , Iwahashi Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The syntheses of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(3,4,5-trialkoxyphenyl)porphyrins, which exhibit fluid state behavior at room temperature, are reported. The thermal and rheological measurements indicate that they behave like liquid at 25 °C (298 K).
Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Diaryl Selenides. Elucidation of Cu(I)-catalyzed Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Beletskaya Irina P , Sigeev Alexander S , Peregudov Alexander S , Petrovskii Pavel V , Khrustalev Victor N 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A novel microwave-assisted cross-coupling of trialkyltin arylselenides 1 with arylbromides using [(phen)CuI]2 afforded unsymmetrical diarylselenides 3 in high to excellent yields. A plausible catalytic cycle for Cu(I)-catalysed cross-coupling has been proposed. A key intermediate in this catalytic cycle was synthesized and its structure was determined by X-ray diffractometry.
Direct Synthesis of Acyl Azides from Carboxylic Acids Using 2-Azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium Chloride
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Tashiro Norifumi , Takamoto Yusuke , Okauchi Tatsuo 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Acyl azides were directly synthesized from carboxylic acids by the treatment with 2-azido-1,3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (ADMC, 1) and amine. This procedure resulted in acyl azides in good yields and was applied to the amidation of amino acid derivatives without racemization of the products.
Theoretical Studies of the Mechanism of Proton Transfer at the Surface of Zirconium Phosphate
Authors: Ogawa Takaya , Ushiyama Hiroshi , Yamashita Koichi , Lee Ju-Myeung , Yamaguchi Takeo 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The mechanism of proton transfer on the surface of zirconium phosphate monohydrate, α-Zr(HPO4)2·H2O (ZrP), has been first investigated by quantum chemistry calculation. The reaction paths and the activation energies along the paths are examined, and the effects of ZrP surface and phosphate groups on the proton conductivity are discussed.
A New Ring-opening Chromene Molecule: Colorimetric Detection of Cyanide Anion
Authors: Huo Fang-Jun , Su Jing , Sun Yuan-Qiang , Yin Cai-Xia , Chao Jian-Bin 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A new cyanide anion colorimetric probe was developed using a chromene derivative, 7-nitro-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[b]chromen-1-one (1). The molecule exhibited much higher selectivity and sensitivity for detecting cyanide anion compared with other anions, F−, Cl−, Br−, I−, SCN−, AcO−, NO3−, ClO4−, SO42−, PO43−, SO32−, CO32−, and C2O42−, in aqueous media through a visual color change from colorless to yellow. The mechanism was proposed to be a novel chromene ring-opening, resulting from a nucleophilic attack on the probe 1 by CN− anion.
The Question of Authority: Deracinating Race, Repositioning Religion, and Regenerating Gender in the History of African American Islam
Authors: Hicks Rosemary 
Published: June 2010

A review essay devoted to Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection by
Sherman A. Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2005. 256 pages. Hb.
$29.95/£22.50, ISBN-13: 9780195180817.