bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eye movements of laterally eyed birds are not independent
Authors: Voss Joe , Bischof Hans-Joachim 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMost birds have laterally placed eyes with two largely separated visual fields. According to studies in pigeons laterally eyed birds move their eyes independently in most situations, eye coordination just occurred during converging saccades towards frontal stimuli. Here we demonstrate for the first time that laterally eyed zebra finches show coordinated eye movements,regarding direction and amplitude. Spontaneous and visually elicited movements of the two eyes were recorded simultaneously, using a newly developed eye tracking system. We found that, if one eye moves in a certain direction, the other eye simultaneously performs a counter-movement in the opposite direction. Based on these data we developed a hypothesis of how laterally eyed birds cope with the situation in which the left and right eye simultaneously obtain images with different content. We suggest that the counter-movements maintain the spatial relationship of the two visual fields. `Oculospatial constancy', as we call it, facilitates the combination of the left and right visual percept on the level of peripheral or unattended viewing, and the localization of appearing stimuli within the whole visual field. As soon as two visual stimuli simultaneously appear in the left and right visual field,the birds decide on one stimulus and direct the fovea of the appropriate eye towards it for high resolution analysis, the other eye simultaneously performing a counter-saccade. This leads to the assumption that, in contrast to simultaneous peripheral perception with two eyes, the processing of foveal information is possible only for one eye at one time.
Sympathetic outflow activates the venom gland of the snakeBothrops jararacaby regulating the activation of transcription factors and the synthesis of venom gland proteins
Authors: Luna Milene S. A. , Hortencio Thiago M. A. , Ferreira Zulma S. , Yamanouye Norma 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe venom gland of viperid snakes has a central lumen where the venom produced by secretory cells is stored. When the venom is lost from the gland,the secretory cells are activated and new venom is produced. The production of new venom is triggered by the action of noradrenaline on bothα 1- and β-adrenoceptors in the venom gland. In this study, we show that venom removal leads to the activation of transcription factors NFκB and AP-1 in the venom gland. In dispersed secretory cells,noradrenaline activated both NFκB and AP-1. Activation of NFκB and AP-1 depended on phospholipase C and protein kinase A. Activation of NFκB also depended on protein kinase C. Isoprenaline activated both NFκB and AP-1, and phenylephrine activated NFκB and later AP-1. We also show that the protein composition of the venom gland changes during the venom production cycle. Striking changes occurred 4 and 7 days after venom removal in female and male snakes, respectively. Reserpine blocks this change,and the administration of α1- and β-adrenoceptor agonists to reserpine-treated snakes largely restores the protein composition of the venom gland. However, the protein composition of the venom from reserpinized snakes treated with α1- or β-adrenoceptor agonists appears normal, judging from SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. A sexual dimorphism in activating transcription factors and activating venom gland was observed. Our data suggest that the release of noradrenaline after biting is necessary to activate the venom gland by regulating the activation of transcription factors and consequently regulating the synthesis of proteins in the venom gland for venom production.
Cardiopulmonary effects of diazepam-ketamine-isoflurane or xylazine-ketamine-isoflurane during abdominal surgery in foals
Authors: Kerr Carolyn L. , Bouré Ludovic P. , Pearce Simon G. , McDonell Wayne N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate cardiopulmonary effects of anesthetic induction with diazepam and ketamine or xylazine and ketamine, with subsequent maintenance of anesthesia with isoflurane, in foals undergoing abdominal surgery.
Animals—17 pony foals.
Procedures—Foals underwent laparotomy at 7 to 15 days of age and laparoscopy 7 to 10 days later. Foals were randomly assigned to receive diazepam, ketamine, and isoflurane (D/K/Iso; n = 8) or xylazine, ketamine, and isoflurane (X/K/Iso; 9) for both procedures.
Results—During anesthesia for laparotomy, cardiac index, and mean arterial blood pressure ranged from 110 to 180 mL/kg/min and 57 to 81 mm Hg, respectively, in the D/K/Iso group and 98 to 171 mL/kg/min and 50 to 66 mm Hg, respectively, in the X/K/Iso group. Cardiac index, heart rate, and arterial blood pressures were significantly higher in the D/K/Iso group, compared with the X/K/Iso group. During anesthesia for laparoscopy, cardiac index and mean arterial blood pressure ranged from 85 to 165 mL/kg/min and 67 to 83 mm Hg, respectively, in the D/K/Iso group, and 98 to 171 mL/kg/min and 48 to 67 mm Hg, respectively, in the X/K/Iso group. Heart rates and arterial blood pressures were significantly higher in the D/K/Iso group, compared with the X/K/Iso group. There were no significant differences between groups during either experimental period for percentage end-tidal isoflurane, arterial blood gas partial pressures, or pH values.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Anesthesia of foals for abdominal surgery with D/K/Iso was associated with less hemodynamic depression than with X/K/Iso.
Influence of early conditioning exercise on the development of gross cartilage defects and swelling behavior of cartilage extracellular matrix in the equine midcarpal joint
Authors: Kim Woong , Kawcak Chris E. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Firth Elwyn C. , McArdle Brian H. , Broom Neil D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the influence of early conditioning exercise on the development of gross cartilage defects and swelling behavior of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) in the midcarpal joint of horses.
Animals—12 Thoroughbreds.
Procedures—6 horses underwent early conditioning exercise from birth to 18 months of age (CONDEX group), and 6 horses were used as control animals (PASTEX group). The horses were euthanized at 18 months of age, and the midcarpal joints were harvested. Gross defects of the cartilage surface were classified and mapped. Opposing surfaces of the third and radial carpal bones were used to quantify swelling behavior of the cartilage ECM.
Results—A wide range of gross defects was detected in the cartilage on the opposing surfaces of the bones of the midcarpal joint; however, there was no significant difference between the CONDEX and PASTEX groups. Similarly, no significant difference in swelling behavior of the cartilage ECM was evident between the CONDEX and PASTEX groups.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In the study reported here, we did not detect negative influences of early conditioning exercise on the prevalence of gross defects in cartilage of the midcarpal joint or the quality of the cartilage ECM as defined by swelling behavior. These results suggested that early conditioning exercise may be used without negative consequences for the midcarpal joint and the cartilage ECM of the third and radial carpal bones.
Pancreatic response in healthy dogs fed diets of various fat compositions
Authors: James Fleur E. , Mansfield Caroline S. , Steiner Jörg M. , Williams David A. , Robertson Ian D. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective—To indirectly assess the pancreatic response in healthy dogs that were fed diets of different fat compositions with or without supplemental pancreatic enzymes and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs).
Animals—10 healthy adult dogs.
Procedures—Dogs were fed 4 diets once in random order at 1-week intervals; food was withheld from the dogs for ≥ 12 hours prior to the feeding of each diet. Diets A and B contained 16% and 5% crude fat, respectively; diet C was composed of diet A with pancreatic enzymes; and diet D was composed of diet B with pancreatic enzymes and MCTs. Serum canine trypsin–like immunoreactivity (cTLI) and canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) concentrations were measured before (0 hours) and at 1 to 2 and 6 hours after feeding. Serum gastrin concentration was measured at 0 hours and at 5 to 10 minutes and 1 to 2 hours after feeding. A gastrin assay validation study was performed to confirm accuracy of test results in dogs. Data were analyzed by use of a repeated-measures general ANOVA.
Results—Serum cTLI, cPLI, or gastrin concentrations in the dogs did not differ among the different diets fed, among dogs, or over time. When multiple comparisons were analyzed, diet D caused the least amount of measurable pancreatic response, although this difference was not significant.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results did not indicate a significant effect of dietary fat content or addition of supplemental MCT oil or pancreatic enzymes in diets on serum cTLI, cPLI, or gastrin concentrations in healthy dogs.
Effects of long-term extracorporeal blood perfusion of the distal portion of isolated equine forelimbs on metabolic variables and morphology of laminar tissue
Authors: Patan Bianca , Budras Klaus-Dieter , Licka Theresia F. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective—To establish an ex vivo model of blood perfusion in the distal portion of isolated equine forelimbs that closely represents the in vivo situation in the laminar tissue of the hoof.
Sample Population—18 forelimbs collected from 9 healthy adult horses following slaughter at a licensed abattoir.
Procedures—The distal portion of isolated equine forelimbs from 9 horses were perfused under physiologic conditions over a period of 6, 8, and 10 hours with autologous blood. To determine cell viability in perfused tissues, indicators for metabolism (lactate generation and glucose and oxygen consumption) as well as indicators for cell damage (potassium concentration and lactate dehydrogenase activity) were examined at 1-hour intervals from samples of the perfusate. Weight gain in the forelimb was used to determine the edema index. After perfusion, light and electron microscopic examinations of laminar tissue specimens were performed.
Results—During hemoperfusion of the isolated forelimbs, mean ± SD glucose consumption was 197.4 ± 65.1 mg/h, lactate generation was 1.84 ± 0.79 mmol/h, and oxygen consumption was 6.4 × 10−6 ± 8.9 × 10−5 mL·g−1·min−1. Neither an efflux of potassium into the perfusate nor a relevant increase of the lactate dehydrogenase activity was detected, indicating low amounts of cellular damage in the perfused tissues. Weight gain of forelimbs was 1.02 ± 0.95%. Histologic and ultrastructural appearance of the laminar tissue revealed no signs of tissue damage.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Isolated equine limbs were perfused under physiologic conditions over a period of ≤ 10 hours without structural damage to the laminar tissue.
Effects of adjunct electroacupuncture on severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy because of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease
Authors: Laim Annina , Jaggy André , Forterre Franck , Doherr Marcus G. , Aeschbacher Gina , Glardon Olivier 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective—To compare severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy because of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease treated with a combination of conventional analgesics and electroacupuncture (EAP) or with conventional analgesics alone.
Design—Controlled clinical trial.
Animals—15 dogs undergoing surgery because of acute thoracolumbar disk disease.
Procedures—Dogs were alternately assigned to treatment (conventional analgesics and adjunct EAP) and control (conventional analgesics alone) groups. Analgesic treatment was adjusted as necessary by the attending clinician, who was not aware of group assignment. Pain scores were assigned 1, 3, and 12 hours after surgery and every 12 hours thereafter for 72 hours by the same individual who performed acupuncture treatments.
Results—Total dose of fentanyl administered during the first 12 hours after surgery was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group, but dosages of analgesics administered from 12 through 72 hours after surgery did not differ between groups. Pain score was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group 36 hours after surgery, but did not differ significantly between groups at any other time.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results provided equivocal evidence that adjunct EAP might provide some mild benefit in regard to severity of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy because of acute thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease.
Equal contribution of increased intracranial pressure and subarachnoid blood to cerebral blood flow reduction and receptor upregulation after subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Ansar Saema , Edvinsson Lars 
Published: May 2009

Object
Cerebral ischemia remains the key cause of disability and death in the late phase after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and its pathogenesis is still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the change in intracranial pressure or the extravasated blood causes the late cerebral ischemia and the upregulation of receptors or the cerebral vasoconstriction observed following SAH.

Methods
Rats were allocated to 1 of 3 experimental conditions: 1) cisternal injection of 250 μl blood (SAH Group), 2) cisternal injection of 250 μl NaCl (Saline Group), or 3) the same procedure but without fluid injection (Sham Group). Two days after the procedure, the basilar and middle cerebral arteries were harvested, and contractile responses to endothelin (ET)–1 and 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) were investigated by means of myography. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the mRNA levels for ETA, ETB, and 5-HT1 receptors. Regional and global cerebral blood flow (CBF) were quantified by means of an autoradiographic technique.

Results
Compared with the sham condition, both SAH and saline injection resulted in significantly enhanced contraction of cerebral arteries in response to ET-1 and 5-CT. Regional and global CBF were reduced both in the Saline and SAH groups compared with the Sham Group. The mRNA levels for ETB and 5-HT1B receptors were upregulated after SAH and saline injection compared with the sham procedure. The effects in all parameters were more pronounced for SAH than for saline injection.

Conclusions
This study revealed that both the elevation of intracranial pressure and subarachnoid blood per se contribute approximately equally to the late CBF reductions and receptor upregulation following SAH.
The role of adenosine in hypercarbic hyperemia: in vivo and in vitro studies in adenosine 2A receptor knockout and wild-type mice
Authors: Miekisiak Grzegorz , Yoo Kristen , Sandler Adam L. , Kulik Tobias B. , Chen Jiang-Fan , Winn H. Richard 
Published: May 2009

Object
The authors tested the hypothesis that adenosine, acting through the A2A receptor, is not involved in hypercarbic hyperemia by assessing the effects of increased PaCO2 on cerebral blood flow (CBF) in vivo in wild-type and A2A receptor knockout mice. In addition, they evaluated the effect of abluminal pH changes in vitro on the diameter of isolated perfused penetrating arterioles harvested from wild-type and A2A receptor knockout mice.

Methods
The authors evaluated in a blinded fashion the CBF response during transient (60-second) hypercapnic (7% CO2) hypercarbia in anesthetized, ventilated C57Bl/6 wild-type and adenosine A2A receptor knockout mice. They also evaluated the hypercarbic response in the absence and presence of the nonselective and selective adenosine antagonists.

Results
Cerebral blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. There were no differences between the CBF responses to hypercarbia in the wild-type and the knockout mice. Moreover, the hypercarbic hyperemia response was not affected by the adenosine receptor antagonists. The authors also tested the response to alteration in abluminal pH in isolated perfused, pressurized, penetrating arterioles (average diameter 63.3 ± 3.6 μm) harvested from wild-type (6 mice) and knockout (5 mice) animals. Arteriolar dilation in response to a decrease in abluminal pH, simulating the change in vivo during hypercarbia, was similar in wild-type (15.9 ± 2.6%) and A2A receptor knockout (17.7 ± 1.3%) mice. With abluminal application of CGS 21680 (10−6 M), an A2A receptor agonist, wild-type arterioles dilated in an expected manner (9.8 ± 0.7%), whereas A2A receptor knockout vessels had minimal response.

Conclusions
The results of the in vivo and in vitro studies in wild-type and A2A receptor knockout mice support the authors' hypothesis that hypercarbic vasodilation does not involve an adenosine A2A receptor–related mechanism.
Hemorrhage rates after external ventricular drain placement
Authors: Gardner Paul A. , Engh Johnathan , Atteberry Dave , Moossy John J. 
Published: May 2009

Object
External ventricular drain (EVD) placement is one of the most common neurosurgical procedures performed. Rates and significance of hemorrhage associated with this procedure have not been well quantified.

Methods
All adults who underwent EVD placement at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center between July 2002 and June 2003 were evaluated for catheter-associated hemorrhage. Patients without postprocedural imaging were excluded.

Results
Seventy-seven (41%) of 188 EVDs were associated with imaging evidence of hemorrhage after either placement or removal. Most of these were insignificant, punctate intraparenchymal, or trace subarachnoid hemorrhages (51.9%). Thirty-seven (19.7%) were associated with larger hemorrhages, which were divided into 3 groups according to volume of hemorrhage: 16 patients (8.5%) had < 15 ml of hemorrhage, 20 (10.6%) had hemorrhages of > 15 ml or associated intraventricular hemorrhage, and in 1 case there was a subdural hematoma that required surgical evacuation. No hemorrhages larger than punctate or trace were seen after EVD removal. Hemorrhage was associated with 44.3% of EVDs placed in an intensive care unit compared with 34.8% in EVDs placed in the operating room (p > 0.10).

Conclusions
External ventricular drain placement has a significant risk of associated hemorrhage. However, the hemorrhages are rarely large and almost never require surgical intervention. There is a favorable trend, but no significant risk reduction when EVDs are placed in the operating room rather than the intensive care unit.
Time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography imaging of a residual arteriovenous malformation nidus after Onyx embolization for stereotactic radiosurgery planning
Authors: Loy David N. , Rich Keith M. , Simpson Joseph , Dorward Ian , Santanam Lakshmi , Derdeyn Colin P. 
Published: May 2009

This report demonstrates that time-of-flight (TOF) MR angiography is a useful adjunct for planning stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) of large arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) after staged embolization with Onyx.
Onyx (ethylene vinyl copolymer), a recently approved liquid embolic agent, has been increasingly used to exclude portions of large AVMs from the parent circulation prior to SRS. Limiting SRS to regions of persistent arteriovenous shunting and excluding regions eliminated by embolization may reduce unnecessary radiation doses to eloquent brain structures. However, SRS dosimetry planning presents unique challenges after Onyx embolization because it creates extensive artifacts on CT scans, and it cannot be delineated from untreated nidus on standard MR sequences.
During the radiosurgery procedure, MR images were obtained using a GE Signa 1.5-T unit. Standard axial T2 fast spin echo high-resolution images (TR 3000 msec, TE 108 msec, slice thickness 2.5 mm) were generated for optimal visualization of brain tissue and AVM flow voids. The 3D TOF MR angiography images of the circle of Willis and vertebral arteries were subsequently obtained to visualize AVM regions embolized with Onyx (TR 37 msec, TE 6.9 msec, flip angle 20°).
Adjunct TOF MR angiography images demonstrated excellent contrast between nidus embolized with Onyx and regions of persistent arteriovenous shunting within a large AVM prior to SRS. Additional information derived from these sequences resulted in substantial adjustments to the treatment plan and an overall reduction in the treated tissue volume.
Serum and cerebrospinal fluid C-reactive protein levels as predictors of vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Fountas Kostas N. , Tasiou Anastasia , Kapsalaki Eftychia Z. , Paterakis Konstantinos N. , Grigorian Arthur A. , Lee Gregory P. , Robinson Joe Sam 
Published: May 2009

Object
Cerebral vasospasm is a common and potentially devastating complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Inflammatory processes seem to play a major role in the pathogenesis of vasospasm. The Creactive protein (CRP) constitutes a highly sensitive inflammatory marker. The association of elevated systemic CRP and coronary vasospasm has been well established. Additionally, elevation of the serum CRP levels has been demonstrated in patients with aSAH. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the possible relationship between elevated CRP levels in the serum and CSF and the development of vasospasm in patients with aSAH.

Methods
. A total of 41 adult patients in whom aSAH was diagnosed were included in the study. Their demographics, the admitting Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, Hunt and Hess grade, Fisher grade, CT scans, digital subtraction angiography studies, and daily neurological examinations were recorded. Serial serum and CSF CRP measurements were obtained on Days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9. All patients underwent either surgical or endovascular treatment within 48 hours of their admission. The outcome was evaluated using the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the modified Rankin Scale.

Results
The CRP levels in serum and CSF peaked on the 3rd postadmission day, and the CRP levels in CSF were always higher than the serum levels. Patients with lower admission GCS scores and higher Hunt and Hess and Fisher grades had statistically significantly higher levels of CRP in serum and CSF. Patients with angiographic vasospasm had higher CRP measurements in serum and CSF, in a statistically significant fashion (p < 0.0001). Additionally, patients with higher CRP levels in serum and CSF had less favorable outcome in this cohort.

Conclusions
Patients with aSAH who had high Hunt and Hess and Fisher grades and low GCS scores showed elevated CRP levels in their CSF and serum. Furthermore, patients developing angiographically proven vasospasm demonstrated significantly elevated CRP levels in serum and CSF, and increased CRP measurements were strongly associated with poor clinical outcome in this cohort.