bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A technique for tethering females of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to evaluate pheromone control methods
Authors: McVeigh E. M. , McVeigh L. J. , Cavanagh G. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA fast and simple method of preparing virgin females of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) for exposure in the field is described. Low predation rates were achieved by tethering the moths on a short (20 cm) piece of cotton thread directly to the plants and by keeping unnecessary daytime exposure to a minimum. Consistently high levels of successful mating were recorded in both berseem and cotton fields in Egypt, suggesting the suitability of the tethering technique for measuring reduction of mating levels in pheromone control trials.
The bionomics of Psectrosema spp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) reared from galls on Tamarix spp. in Pakistan
Authors: Habib R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe galls induced on Tamarix spp. in Pakistan by six species of Psectrosema are described, and the known host ranges and geographical distributions of these species are given, together with information on seasonal biology and adult behaviour based on field surveys and laboratory observations. Parasitic Hymenoptera and other insects associated with the galls are listed.
Laboratory assessment of resistance to commercial insecticide formulations in two strains of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Dictyo-ptera: Blattellidae)
Authors: Barson G. , Renn N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe survivors of field treatments of Blattella germanica (L.) with ben-diocarb (strain D) and malathion (strain H) in the UK were bred in the laboratory. The resistance of these two strains to commercial formulations of bendiocarb, dioxacarb, propoxur, lindane, dieldrin, malathion, diazinon, fenitrothion, pirimiphos-methyl and permethrin was assessed in 24-h exposures on treated glass plates. Resistance in terms of knockdown or mortality was demonstrated for bendiocarb, dioxacarb and dieldrin in both strains, for malathion in strain H and, marginally, for permethrin in strain D. Selection with bendiocarb in strain D produced a x4 and x3 increase in resistance to bendiocarb at the LC50 and KD50 levels, respectively. There was no significant cross-resistance to propoxur, but cross-resistance to dioxacarb was evident at the LC50 and KD50 but not the 95 % levels. There was little or no cross-resistance in strain D to diazinon, pirimiphos-methyl or fenitrothion. In strain H, malathion selection increased resistance to malathion at the 50% but not the 95% levels, and there was no evidence of cross-resistance to diazinon, pirimiphos-methyl or fenitrothion. Some cockroaches from strains D and H were able to recover from knockdown during and after exposure to the carbamates and permethrin. There was no recovery from the organophosphorus or organochlorine insecticides.
Determining the age of adults of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Mail T. S. , Chadwick J. , Lehane M. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA preliminary investigation to find an easily assayable biochemical character, varying reproducibly with age which would give a more accurate assessment of insect age than the best methods then available, had revealed the fluorescent eye pigments, the pteridines, as a promising candidate. Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) was chosen as a model. Double-blind laboratory experiments in which the age post-eclosion of females was predicted from a standard laboratory curve of pteridine accumulation with age post-eclosion, showed the method to be accurate on average to ±1·49 days. Further laboratory experiments defined the relationships between temperature and pteridine accumulation in males and females of S. calcitrans such that the method could be modified for field use. Field observations in the UK indicated that the temperature of adults in the wild is determined by ambient temperature, the number of sunlight hours and the flies' own physiological and/or behavioural capabilities. From this information, equations for the accumulation of pteridines with temperature and age post-eclosion in males and females of S. calcitrans were constructed. To test the accuracy of these equations, approximately 19 600 marked flies of known age were released in a farmyard; 126 females were recaptured over 22 days and 90 males over 19 days. The average errors of predicted age using the pteridine accumulation method were ±190 days for females and ±137 days for males over the life-span of the recaptured insects.
A comparison of the Diptera caught in Manitoba traps with those caught from cattle and other parts of the field ecosystem in northern England
Authors: Ball S. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractManitoba traps were used in a pasture field in northern England between June and October in 1980 and 1981.Samples of Diptera were also collected from cattle, cow dung, the field surface and from flowers in the hedges. A comparison of these samples, using multivariate similarity coefficients, showed that the Manitoba trap and cattle samples were most similar. There were 12 weeks in the two years during which both Manitoba trap and cattle samples were obtained, and the accumulated catches for this period were compared. They consisted mainly of cattle-visiting species, the proportion being greatest in the Manitoba trap samples (97%). Non-cattle-visiting species in the cattle sample (25%) consisted mainly of dung flies and species associated with the field surface. It is suggested that these were taken accidentally in proportion to their abundance around the cattle. There were some differences in the proportions of various species between the samples from cattle and the Manitoba trap, and the sex ratio of the three most abundant species was significantly higher in the traps. An experiment in which a large electrocuting grid was used to intercept flies travelling towards artificial bait as used in Manitoba traps, showed that the proportion of the two most abundant species differed significantly from a sample obtained from a nearby Manitoba trap. No such difference was observed in the sex ratios of these species.
The biology and economic importance of rice aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae): a review
Authors: Yano Kôji , Miyake Toshiro , Eastop V. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biology and economic status of aphids attacking rice throughout the world is reviewed, as is the literature concerning other aphids found in or near irrigated rice fields but not usually infesting rice. Altogether, 37 species of aphids belonging to seventeen genera are considered. The aphids are dealt with in two similar–sized groups according to their feeding sites, namely root–feeding and leaf–, stem– and ear–feeding species.Aphis craccivoraKoch andMyzus persicae(Sulz.) are regarded as ‘occasional rice aphids’ as they are found on rice occasionally but do not regularly infest rice plants.A. gossypüGlov. is treated as a ‘rice aphid’ although its occurrence on rice plants is also sporadic. In addition to the literature survey, additional information is given based on field collections and observations, on the rice aphid component of more than 18 000 aphids trapped in yellow pan traps, on the natural enemies reared and collected and from laboratory experiments in Japan. Unpubished information was also extracted from the data labels of the British Museum (Natural History) aphid collection. The ecological relationships between rice aphids and aphids associated with weeds near irrigated rice fields in the Yamaguchi area of Japan is discussed. Three of the rice aphids were found on 22 species of weeds and the three ‘occasional rice aphids’ also occured on 22 species of weeds. A total of 43 species of weeds harboured aphids.
The response of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) to water
Authors: Mary Stubbs , Robert Griffin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperiments were carried out to determine whether Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) was attracted to water on a wick suspended in an arena. When insects were preconditioned at 25, 50, 75 or 100% RH, they were attracted to the water source. Those preconditioned at 50% RH gave the greatest response and those preconditioned at 100% RH, the least. Measurement of the humidity changes in the arena caused by adding a wick containing 5 Μ1 of water showed that the gradient between the edge and centre was steepest at the start of an experiment when insect activity was also greatest. About 30 min after a wick had been placed in the arena, virtually all the water (about 94%) had evaporated, the humidity had equalised over the arena and the insects were no longer attracted to the wick. This behavioural response is discussed in relation to the insects' environment.
Hymenopterous parasitoids of stem-boring Diptera (e.g. Oscinella frit (L.)) in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in Britain
Authors: Moore D 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA study was made at Hurley in southern England of the hymenopterous parasitoids of the stem-boring larvae of Oscinella spp. and Geomyza tripunctata Fall, in perennial ryegrass plants {Lolium perenne) taken from swards managed in different ways. Six species of parasitoids were identified after their emergence from stem-borer pupae; four of these were also identified in the parasitoid larval form parasitising stem-borer larvae. Parasitism exceeded 45% during 1980 but was only about 20% in 1981. Of the species of Oscinella, larvae of O. frit (L.) were always the most highly parasitised and those of O. vastator (Curt.) the least, irrespective of their frequency of occurrence. G. tripunctata also showed less parasitism than O. frit. The braconid Chasmodon apterus (Nees) was responsible for 95 % of the parasitism in 1980 and 85% in 1981. The higher parasitism in 1980 probably resulted from greater synchrony between the populations of the adults of C. apterus and those of the stem-boring larvae. Samples from eight other sites in the UK gave results similar to those obtained from Hurley.
Response of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) to some potential attractants
Authors: Dean G. J. , Satasook C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn laboratory and field studies in southern England, the responses of adults of Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) to various test materials were compared. Although the chrysopid, especially females, were especially attracted to hydrolysed and oxidised L- and D-tryptophan, they are unlikely to be attracted to crops by these compounds in Britain in sufficient numbers to control infesting aphids.
Sandflies (Diptera: Phlebotominae) and leishmaniasis in Kuwait
Authors: Lane R. P. , Al-Taqi M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA survey of the phlebotomine sandflies in and around Kuwait City (Kuwait) was made during May and June 1981. Three species were found associated with human habitations: Phlebotomus papatasi (Scop.), P. alexandri Sinton and Sergentomyia antennata (Newst.). Sandflies were more abundant in newly developed areas on the periphery of the city than in the central or well-established areas. The five species in the phlebotomine fauna of Kuwait are reviewed and compared with those in adjacent countries. The relationship between the distribution of sandflies and building development is discussed and related to the recent increases in leishmaniasis cases in Kuwait. It is suggested that P. papatasi is the local vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Collective orientation by nocturnally migrating Australian plague locusts, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae): a radar study
Authors: Drake V. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe collective orientation of Chortoicetes terminifera (Wlk.) migrating at night in New South Wales was studied with a radar. Measurements of the distribution of insect echoes on the radar's plan-position-indicator display provide information about the variation of both the direction and the degree of orientation with both height and time. A quantitative analysis procedure used in a detailed study of one particularly interesting series of observations is described. It was found that collective orientation occurred frequently, and that it sometimes became very well-developed. The direction of orientation remained approximately constant for long periods, but did not appear to be consistently related to any obvious directional cue; changes in direction were observed on occasions, however, and one such change was clearly associated with a change in the direction of the wind. The degree of collective orientation was a rather more variable quantity than the direction, and increases in degree were sometimes associated with increases in the number of locusts arriving at the observation site.
Some factors influencing variability in water-trap catches of Tipula spp. (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Authors: Blackshaw R. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperiments were undertaken in July and August 1982 in Northern Ireland to examine the effects of some factors which could influence the number of craneflies caught by water traps. Tipula paludosa Mg. and T. oleracea L. were caught, but the latter only in small numbers. Catches of males of T. paludosa, but not of females, decreased as the height of the trap walls increased. All catches were larger in traps of greater diameter. A significant colour preference was found for males of T. paludosa, in the order green > red > yellow > white > blue > black. Increasing the number of traps per unit area increased the mean catch per trap. It is concluded that the attraction of traps for craneflies, if any, is only slight and that the insects may descend randomly over traps so that greater numbers are caught in wide, low-walled traps. Catch is possibly greatest in green traps because of an inability of craneflies to distinguish them from grass.
Effects of introduced dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) on the breeding and abundance of the Australian bushfly, Musca vetustissimaWalker (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Hughes R. D. , Tyndale-Biscoe Marina , Walker Josephine 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn laboratory experiments in Australia under standard conditions, densities of the dung beetle Euoniticellus intermedius (Reiche) exceeding 150/1-litre pad of cattle dung were shown to suppress breeding of Musca vetustissima Wlk. The experiments also suggested that it was the effect of dung disturbance on the survival of eggs of the fly that led to suppression. Natural vaiation in the quality of cattle dung obscured but did not alter the effects of high beetle densities. The mobility of M. vetustissima in particular, obscured the relationship of its abundance to dung beetle numbers in the field in 1974–75 and 1975–77 an intial high level of flies was apparently reduced and suppressed by a seasonally late but otherwise similar level of beetle attack on dung pads.
Large-scale field propagation and the purification of the granulosis virus of the potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidotera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Matthiessen J. N. , Christian R. L. , Grace T. D. C. , Filshie B. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractApproximately 300 000 larvae of Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) infected with granulosis virus were collected from virus-treated potato crops in Western Australia. Modified crop culture and releases of laboratory-reared adults were used to boost the natural populations. Virus was applied as an aqueous suspension of pulverised diseased larvae. Infested foliage was collected into large polythene bags; the larvae were forced from their mines by heat and collected by washing in water. Collection and extraction took 100 h; field propagation of virus is thus inexpensive. The purification of the virus was carried out by differential centrifugation and separation on sucrose gradients. A total of 35 g of pure freeze-dried material containing approximately 1·35×1015 particles was obtained.
In vitro maintenance of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Bauer B. , Aigner H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA silicone membrane was developed to meet the feeding requirements of Glossina palpalis palpalis (R.-D.). Starting with a total of 1050 females, a self-sustaining colony fed on defibrinated pig blood was established. The colony performance in terms of mean daily mortality, mean pupal weight and fecundity was evaluated. With the exception of June 1976, the mean daily mortality ranged between 0·40% and 1·20%. During June 1976, bacterial infections caused a sudden increase in mortality. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. were predominant in the gut of dead and diseased flies. Pure cultures of either organism caused the same symptoms in teneral flies within one week after uptake of an infected blood-meal. The weight of the offspring significantly decreased with increasing female age. Starting with a mean pupal weight of 30 mg there was a decrease of 4–6 mg over a period of 90 days. The innate capacity for increase in numbers (r-) was calculated based on data from 340 females. The value of rm = 0·0095 would result in a 32-fold increase of the colony in one year.
The field biology of the adult sheep headfly, Hydrotaea irritans (Fallén) (Diptera: Muscidae), in south-western Scotland
Authors: Berlyn A. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdults of Hydrotaea irritans (Fall.) in south-western Scotland were caught in a Manitoba trap and a black suction trap baited with carbon dioxide. Trapped flies were dissected to investigate their reproductive condition, their blood feeding activity and whether they were newly emerged. Trapping of the first gravid females in August was accompanied by a sharp decline in adult activity. The proportions of females in the various ovarian categories suggested that there is a preliminary phase before host-seeking begins, attraction to animals during most of the cycle and a behavioural change at the end. Females with eggs at stages I, II and III accounted for 94% of all females caught; the only females with blood in the gut were in these categories. Some males also were obviously blood-fed. There was a single mating period lasting five weeks. Inseminated females were first trapped in the third week of July, when the numbers of males started to decline, and within five weeks all females trapped were found to have been inseminated. After this, no more males were caught. Only females with eggs in stages later than stage II of the first ovarian cycle were inseminated. H. irritans was univoltine, with two but not three complete ovarian cycles during the summer. There was no difference in feeding or reproductive development between flies from the two traps.
Differential response to oviposition site by feral and domestic populations ofAedes aegypti(L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Leahy Sister M. G. , VandeHey R. C. , Booth K. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLow fecundity in the laboratory was found in populations ofAedes aegypti(L.) exhibiting Black tergite (Bt), a phenotype characteristic of the feralA. a. formosus(Wlk), whereas high fecundity was found in six domestic populations ofA. a. aegyptiin which the phenotype was absent. An investigation of the cause of low oviposition by the feral population indicated that behavioural differences in mating and feeding were not responsible; egg retention was identified as the major factor. Introduction into laboratory procedure of a variable simulating the feral environment,i.e., coconut-shell infusion at the oviposition site, induced a highly significant increase in feral fecundity both through its chemical constituents and visual attraction. Differential response to oviposition site is discussed in relation to the evolution of subspecies ofA. aegypti.
The distribution and biology of Eldana saccharinaWalker (Lepidoptera Pyralidae) and its relationship to other stem-borers in Uganda
Authors: Girling D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAll available records showed that Eldana saceharina Wlk. occurs in wild plants in all suitable areas of Africa south of the Sahara. Until a few years ago, it was only of economic importance in West Africa as an occasional pest of maize and sugar-cane, but a crop-feeding form has recently appeared in East Africa. Biological studies were carried out in the field and laboratory at Kawanda, Uganda, between 1970 and 1972 using natural and artificial larval diets. The life-cycle lasted 2–3 months, depending on temperature, and the number of larval instars depended partly on the diet. The adults lived for two weeks, during which time the females each laid 400–600 eggs. The majority of eggs and small larvae were taken by ants, but sufficient larvae survived to cause considerable damage. The pupae and larger larvae lacked efficient natural enemies in East Africa, and the introduction of parasites is suggested to prevent serious crop damage. The relatively evenly spread rainfall at Kawanda allowed maize to be planted every month so that field populations of E. saccharina and the other stem-borers Chilo partellus (Swinh.), Busseola fusca (Fuller) and Sesamia calamistis Hmps. could be studied throughout the year. Collections from maize, sorghum and sugar-cane showed that, although the four species attack the same host-plants, they occupy different ecological niches.
The role of non-dipterous insects in the pollination of cocoa in Brazil
Authors: Winder J. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField collections in Bahia State, Brazil, of open cocoa flowers from an untreated plantation and one treated with insecticide and fungicide showed that Homoptera, including the cicadellidXesrocephalus ancoriferLinnavuori, the aphididToxoptera aurantii(Boy.), and species of Pseudococcidae and Margarodidae (Coccoidea), constituted 96% of the total number of insects collected. In the untreated area,Wasmannia rochaiFord formed 22% of the ants collected andBrachymyrmex pictusMayr,Crernatogaster ? parabioticaForel,Iridomyrmexsp.,Pheidolesp. andSolenopsissp., a further 48%, whereas in the treated area, 47% wereC. parabiotica, 14%W. rochaiand 9%B. heeriForel. There was evidence of a mosaic distribution pattern for the ant species. No cocoa pollen was found on any of the insects collected. Total pollination ranged between 7·4 and 8·1 % and effective pollination between 3·7 and 2·8 % in the treated and untreated areas, respectively. Approximately 76% of the pollen masses were stylar, with 38% of the ball type and 54% of the smear type, whereas the 16% stigmatic pollen masses consisted of 63% ball and 29% smear types; 44% of the stigmatic pollinations were effective, compared with only 33 % of the stylar ones. Some quadrats were more attractive to pollinators than others, and there was a significant positive correlation between percentage effective pollination and insolation, probably due to the favourable effect of sunshine onForcipomyiaactivity.
Destruction of eggs as an alternative to chemical control of the grasshopper pest Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) in Nigeria
Authors: Page W. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractZonocerus variegatus (L.) is a chronic but relatively minor pest of crops in West Africa, and expensive control measures are not generally warranted. Egg pods, which take approximately six months to develop, are deposited in highly aggregated sites found scattered throughout cultivated areas. To test the feasibility of reducing populations in large areas by digging up the egg pods, two areas, of 18·5 and 20 ha, were selected near Ibadan, Nigeria, for investigation. Egg-laying sites were identified by observation and the egg pods subsequently dug up. There were on average one or two sites, 5·7 m2 in area, per hectare. Counting the following season's hatching populations in the two areas showed that the potential hatches had been reduced by 83 and 91%, respectively. Control by community self-help is suggested, where individual farmers identify and dig up laying sites on their own land, exposing the egg pods to desiccation on the soil surface. If this was carried out by all the farmers in an area, populations of Zonocerus could be reduced and crop damage minimised. Such control can be carried out at little or no cost and with very little labour.