bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fear as an Everyday Problem
Authors: Villarreal Ana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes a novel approach to the study of fear as an everyday problem with broad consequences for inequality. It examines the “logistics of fear,” or the strategies people employ to bind fear on an everyday basis, through the story of a public schoolteacher who significantly reconfigured her life after surviving a shooting. It then introduces the “defended city” to highlight how fear can prompt the concentration of urban wealth and private use of public security. In Monterrey, Mexico, as a violent turf war erupted in the 2010s, the local business elite—one of the wealthiest in Latin America—called on each other to stay and defend the metropolis. Nonetheless, one municipality was secured with more resources than the rest. As the urban wealthy regrouped within the municipality of San Pedro, which became a defended city, they reconcentrated public and private resources, deepening inequalities outside and within.
Inhabitations (Derrida and David Lynch)
Authors: Holland Timothy 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the applicability of deconstruction through the detours of David Lynch’s cinematic media. Despite evident dissimilarities, Derrida and Lynch can be viewed to take on the traditions they inherit through their projects by moving within and dislocating received structures. Both therefore remain committed to traditions while restaging their nontraditionality, exposing them to their limits. The title of the chapter cites Derrida’s elaboration of this gesture in Of Grammatology as a matter of inhabiting structure “in a certain way,” which contrasts the figure of opposition and application from a position presumed to be beyond or outside. The chapter goes on to analyze the worlds, homecomings, families, and speech acts of Lynch’s cinematic corpus, as well as the ambivalence of the term “Lynchian” and the centrality of sound in his work. It concludes with a close reading of the music video “Crazy Clown Time” as an instance of Lynch’s approach to the intermediality of cinema, a medium that moves between media while exhibiting their own perversity and heterogeneity.
The Grey Zone and Hybrid Conflict
Authors: Marsh Christopher 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to explore the phenomenon of the ‘grey zone’, including the related but distinct concepts of political warfare and hybrid conflict. Particular attention is paid to how these concepts relate to each other, even overlap, and yet describe discrete phenomena in the field of international relations. The chapter begins with an attempt to identify the grey zone and then explore Russian and Chinese activities in this realm. It then continues by seeking to define hybrid threats and distinguishing between the two concepts. Next, the concept of political warfare is explored as a possible replacement for the grey zone, though it is ultimately shown that the two terms are distinct and ‘political warfare’ as a term is problematic. Finally, in the conclusion, the author argues for greater clarity in the use of the terms while still arguing for the grey zone as a useful concept.
We Have Met the Grey Zone and He Is Us
Authors: MacIntosh Duncan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Grey zone attacks tend to paralyze response. This is so because of the inherently dilemmatic structure of certain choice scenarios and because grey zone attacks are designed to exploit our uncertainty and ambivalence about how much value we do or should place on the items that get attacked. This chapter brings standard strategies in decision theory to bear on these problems. It also offers some innovations. The first is the idea that we can subject to rational evaluation not only choice of action given our values but also the values themselves. A second innovation is that we can in effect create bright lines out of nothing to guide decision where it is better to make some decision than none. The final innovation is that we can find it rational to commit to being trustworthy and inclusive even with no capacity to enforce against failures of constructive response to such overtures from others.
Rethinking Coercion in Cyberspace
Authors: Kilovaty Ido 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
International law prohibits external intervention in the domestic and external affairs of another state, rooted in principles of territorial sovereignty, sovereign equality, and political independence. While the principle of non-intervention is understood by many to be a bedrock principle of international law, its precise scope and constitutive elements are contested at this time. Today’s world is undergoing rapid technological and geopolitical changes that place the principle of non-intervention, as it was understood for decades, in the grey zone of international law. This chapter analyses the constitutive elements of non-intervention and examines how socio-technological transformations challenge its foundations. It argues that socio-technological changes pose a significant threat to the survival of the non-intervention principle, leaving its utility unclear, its meaning unfixed, and its legitimacy a paramount principle of international law open to question. The chapter concludes by exploring future trajectories and challenges for non-intervention in this changing landscape of international relations.
In Pursuit of Geopolitical Advantage
Authors: Griffith Melissa K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
While we know a great deal about the dynamics of conflict and war, we know far less about the dynamics of strategic competition that occurs in the grey zone below the threshold of military confrontation. Yet, it is here that geopolitical competition between States takes on unique features and poses unique policy challenges. While cyber operations can, have, and will continue to be used alongside kinetic means in periods of armed conflict, much of the activity observed to date has occurred outside this context and without triggering open military confrontation. The chapter argues that grey zone cyber operations are distinguished by critical interconnectedness, pervasive malicious activity, and operational flexibility, setting them apart from historical intelligence contests and episodic military confrontations. Consequently, cyber operations redefine the importance of sustained competition below the threshold of war and call for a wider range of defensive policies.
Lawfare, China, and the Grey Zone
Authors: Kittrie Orde F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Law is becoming an increasingly powerful and prevalent weapon of war. Lawfare, the use of law as a weapon of war, is particularly useful in the grey zone. The world’s preeminent practitioner of lawfare in the grey zone is the People’s Republic of China. Although the United States is a far more law-oriented society, with a higher proportion of its best minds entering the legal field, China is currently waging lawfare far more diligently and systematically than is its American competitor. This chapter develops these points to provide an overview of lawfare and China’s doctrine and practice in this area. Individual sections focus in more detail on China’s long-standing use of maritime and other access-denial lawfare against the United States and its allies, efforts to use lawfare to shape the future of information technologies, the critical role that civilian information technologies are likely to play during a period of heightened tensions short of kinetic conflict, and China’s grey zone use of its trade regulatory authorities to pursue military policy objectives.
The Maritime Domain
Authors: Letts David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The maritime domain has been subject to a number of activities, in a variety of regions throughout the world, that could be characterized as grey zone operations in recent years. This chapter attempts to define the essential components of maritime hybrid threats, the maritime grey zone, and operations that occur in that zone, looking at a number of examples to inform this analysis. The chapter also assesses how the law of the sea deals with hybrid threats and maritime grey zone activity, again using case studies to illustrate the issues. Finally, the chapter considers elements of the actions of powerful States that have used hybridity and grey zone operations to achieve their aims, provides some observations regarding whether there is a unique element about the maritime domain that makes it particularly susceptible to these types of activities, and considers the necessity of new solutions and responses to counter the impact of these activities.
Hybrid and Grey Zone Operations in Outer Space
Authors: Zwart Melissa de 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Outer space has become a unique environment for grey zone operations. As space has grown from a domain accessible only to a small group of space powers to a vital sphere of commercial and military operations, there is increasing scope for tension. The chapter begins by identifying key attributes of space operations which make it susceptible to grey zone operations, then provides an overview of the relevant international space law and an analysis of the Artemis Accords process. Turning to the key threat to the continued use of the space domain, destructive ASAT tests, leads on to the discussion of the push for the development of norms of responsible behaviour in order to avoid the continuation of destructive behaviours in space. Finally, the chapter discusses these developments in the context of how we can better identify and manage these grey zone threats to ensure continued access to space.
Lying in the Grey Zone
Authors: Wheatley Steven 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the role and legal status of State lying in grey zone conflicts, focusing on States lying to other States in their inter-State communications. The chapter begins by examining the utility of State lying in grey zone conflicts, looking at the example of Russia’s 2014 annexation of Crimea. While there is presently no international law prohibition on State lying, the chapter argues that we should extend the existing laws on insincere State utterances to include lying by States. Because the existing laws are explained by the principle of good faith, the proposed prohibition on State lying would only apply when States are coordinating plans of action, creating problems for its application in grey zone conflicts. The chapter looks to resolve some of these difficulties, before concluding with a summary of the argument.
A Grey Zone Analytic Framework for Military Operations
Authors: Nix Maegen , Chang Welton 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Grey zone operations conducted to further political objectives are a vital component of conflict strategies adopted by competing State and non-State actors. The lack of a commonly accepted methodology to assess and understand how grey zone operations relate to and are executed as a part of adversarial strategic campaigns increases the risk that States will not be prepared for the outbreak of more conventional kinetic conflict. Parties therefore need to manage and counter adversary grey zone operations before security risks rise to a critical level. This chapter contributes to these efforts by addressing specific grey zone examples that focus on the use of military and paramilitary forces to capture military thinking about grey zone operations and campaigns, providing an analytical framework for comparative operational lines of effort.
Legal Resilience
Authors: Sari Aurel 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the utility of resilience thinking at the intersection between international law and contemporary security threats. Specifically, it asks what benefits, if any, the notion of resilience may offer for addressing the legal challenges associated with grey zone conflict and hybrid threats. The chapter reviews the key features of resilience thinking and its reception in legal doctrine to formulate a definition of ‘legal resilience’. It then turns to assessing the utility of legal resilience in the context of grey zone conflict and hybrid threats, suggesting that the notion offers certain analytical and normative benefits that are worth pursuing. To realize these benefits, the chapter calls on open societies and institutions to develop ‘legal resilience strategies’ to serve as conceptual and policy frameworks to resist, recover from, and adapt to disturbances in the legal domain in a more comprehensive and systematic fashion. The final section offers some concluding thoughts.
Security Assistance by Liberal Democracies
Authors: Regan and Mitt , Harrison Sarah 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Providing security assistance to partner States by liberal democracies has the potential to serve as an effective instrument of competition in the grey zone. It ideally can extend donor State influence while avoiding direct intervention and confrontation with adversaries. At the same time, liberal democracies face challenges in ensuring that such assistance effectively meets their security needs in ways that are consistent with liberal democratic values. This chapter argues that navigating these challenges requires liberal democracies to be sensitive to the practical demands of enhancing partner State capabilities and the values that may be in tension as they attempt to do so. To assist with this, the chapter develops a framework for identifying the pertinent challenges and appreciating the trade-offs that they may require.
Legal Resilience from a Finnish Perspective
Authors: Ferm Tiina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses legal resilience from the Finnish perspective in the context of countering and responding to hybrid threats. Following Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine, the security environment of Finland deteriorated significantly. Finland is preparing for the possibility of becoming a target of exceptional, extensive, and multifaceted hybrid influence in activities the short and long term. The chapter examines how Finland has been proactively addressing gaps in its domestic legislation with the aim of mitigating vulnerabilities, for example, by adding hybrid threats to the basis for emergency conditions in the Emergency Powers Act. The chapter reviews some of the key steps taken by Finland to establish the necessary legal and operative tools to respond to hybrid threats. It also argues that Finland’s comprehensive security concept provides an example of how one nation is preparing for hybrid threats and organizing the activities of its competent authorities to this end.
The Path to Legal Resilience
Authors: Mosquera Andrés B. Muñoz , Perrin Jean Emmanuel , Sergis Panagiotis , Benítez, and Rodrigo Vázquez , Toscano Borja Montes 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes a closer look at the idea of legal resilience and the steps necessary to put the notion into practice. In the context of hybrid threat scenarios, legal resilience serves as an overarching goal and conceptual framework to respond to hostile legal operations with the aim of preventing or mitigating their adverse effects and, ultimately, to uphold the rules-based international order. The chapter focuses on the steps taken within Allied Command Operations to put legal resilience into effect by developing procedures and guidelines for the conduct of legal operations. After highlighting the overarching need for legal interoperability in a multinational alliance such as NATO, the chapter discusses to tools developed to identify hostile legal actions and the various supporting measures, such as training, undertaken to enhance NATO’s ability to anticipate, respond to, and deter adversaries engaged in hostile legal activities against it.
Introduction
Authors: Chilton Adam , Rozema Kyle 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the goals and philosophy of this book. It first describes the litigation over the constitutionality of partisan gerrymandering of electoral districts in the United States, which ultimately culminated in a Supreme Court justice calling the empirical evidence in the case “sociological gobbledygook.” It then explains that the goal of this book is to explain the empirical methods that many lawyers are quick to dismiss as gobbledygook. It also explains that this book will try to accomplish that goal while omitting the formulas and equations found in other books, instead focusing on explaining the intuition and logic of common empirical methods. This chapter concludes with a roadmap of the topics that will be covered in the subsequent chapters of the book.
Data and Statistics
Authors: Chilton Adam , Rozema Kyle 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basics of data and statistics. It first defines important concepts that are relevant for understanding empirical methods, including statistic, data, data analysis, and empirical work. Beyond introducing these concepts, it describes that the most common statistics involve measures summarizing either the center of data or the spread of data. It also demonstrates how plotting the distribution of data can reveal important patterns that common statistics can miss. Finally, it describes how these concepts serve as key building blocks for hypothesis testing and assessing statistical significance, which make it possible to test whether differences in outcomes between groups are likely to be non-random.
Causal Inference and Experiments
Authors: Chilton Adam , Rozema Kyle 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins the main inquiry of the remaining chapters of the book: causal inference, which is the attempt to determine whether one variable causes changes in another variable. The chapter first describes how causal inference requires an explicit counterfactual and how a research design is a way of setting up the counterfactual to be studied. It then demonstrates why the gold standard to make causal inferences is an experiment. Finally, it introduces a figurative kind of experiment, known as a natural experiment, that is the focus of later chapters and is more commonly used to study the law.
Why Christian Perspectives Are Not Welcomed
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the reasons that Christian perspectives are not welcome in dominant academic culture. The historical explanation for mainstream college and university culture not specifically bringing the Christian perspective into fields like politics, history, sociology, psychology, economics, and literature is that a broadly Christian ethos—the assumption, for instance, that there was a Creator who authorized moral law—was largely taken for granted until about the end of the nineteenth century. Then, in the twentieth century an essentially secular ethos—no assumption, for instance, of a Creator or transcendent authorization of moral tradition—came to be taken for granted. In neither setting was there much encouragement for mainstream academics to reflect on what difference Christian outlooks would make in their various fields. Today there is no realistic prospect for the reestablishment of the dominance of Christianity in America’s leading universities. Yet the biases against speaking about Christian perspectives persist. In effect, in place of a Protestant establishment we now have a virtual establishment of nonbelief.
The Arguments for Silence
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of why the “science versus religion” stereotype is so deeply etched in the minds of many academics. It then turns to how religious expressions are susceptible to restrictions in the name of multiculturalism. This is particularly true in classrooms where religious expression has widely been discouraged for most of this century. The chapter also considers how religious expression suffered from the old liberalism that dominated most of twentieth-century intellectual life, one of which is the rise of the dogma of “separation of church and state.” Each of these presents a prejudice that is difficult to surmount. Nevertheless, on examination, they prove to be just that: prejudices. None of them carries the compelling weight that would justify the widespread assumption that an explicit religious perspective is inappropriate.
Christian Scholarship and the Rules of the Academic Game
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that while it is certainly true that some religious believers wish to destroy the pluralistic academy, there are many other religious viewpoints, including some theologically conservative ones, which harbor no such desire. For instance, it is perfectly possible to hold an Augustinian view that faith in God, rather than faith in self or material contingency, should shape one’s essential vision of reality and yet to support the rules of liberal society as a God-given means for accomplishing some limited but immensely valuable goals. The main problem is how to balance the advocacy implicit in all scholarship with academic standards that are scientific or “reasonable” in the sense of being accessible to people from many different ideological camps. Traditional religious viewpoints can be just as hospitable to scientifically sound investigation as many other viewpoints, all of which are ultimately grounded in some faith or other. Hence, religious perspectives ought to be recognized as legitimate in the mainstream academy so long as their proponents are willing to support the rules necessary for constructive exchange of ideas in a pluralistic setting.
What Difference Could It Possibly Make?
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter responds to some of the most significant questions that are likely to be raised regarding the possibility or advisability of developing identifiably Christian scholarship. It also sketches some of the types of ways in which we should expect Christian perspectives to have real impact. It is argued that moral judgments are not the whole of Christian influence on scholarship, but rather part of a larger pattern of values that will set a scholar’s academic agenda. Christian commitments make a difference to scholarship because scholars are whole people and the various aspects of their belief systems are interrelated. Many particular aspects of a Christian scholar’s work will look much like the work of a colleague who has another nontheistic set of commitments. Yet the relative importance that we assign to things, the central questions we ask about them, and the assumptions that lie behind these questions will all vary according to what makes up our larger picture of reality.
The Positive Contributions of Theological Context
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
While God and theology should be considered as factors in our scholarship, we do not want to reduce our subjects to just their theological dimensions. Such theological principles, important as they are, are just one point of reference that we should take into account in thinking about the significance of our work. Thus, Christians can do the bulk of their academic work according to the standards and perspectives of their discipline, just as long as they are willing to keep in mind the context of theological concerns and be open to reflecting on their implications for larger questions. Because there are many Christian theologies and many academic disciplines, it is impossible to present a simple set of rules for how theology might be integrated with other scholarship. This chapter considers a few examples based on some of the most common Christian points of doctrine. These include creation, the incarnation, the Holy Spirit, and the human condition.