bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved two layer model for horizontal slurry pipeline flow
Authors: Gillies R. G. , Shook C. A. , Wilson K. C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA model for predicting head losses for coarse‐particle or settling slurries has been obtained. Experimental data for isothermal flows of sand, gravel and coarse coal slurries in pipes of industrial scale have been used to obtain the correlations in the model.The model differs from previous versions in the way it deals with the concentration of the lower layer and in the role ascribed to the finest (–74 μm) particles. The fraction of contact load, which contributes sliding friction at the pipe wall, is found to be primarily a function of the ratio of the mean flow velocity to the settling velocity of the mass median particle size in the (+74 μm) fraction. The correlations are restricted to mixtures containing less than 35% (+ 74 μm) particles by volume.
Evaluation of a hollow fiber oxygenator for use in bubble—free mammalian cell bioreactors
Authors: Kalogerakis Nicolas , Behie Leo A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe oxygen transfer capabilities of a hollow fiber oxygenator for intended use in bubble‐free aerated bioreactors have been evaluated experimentally. The oxygenator (480 mL), which is the main component of an artificial heart/lung unit used routinely in cardiopulmonary bypass procedures, was assessed for use in a recycle stream to determine if the oxygen requirements in bubble‐free hybridoma cell bioreactors could be supported on a large scale. Oxygen transfer to simulated medium in a 15 L bioreactor was found to depend primarily on the liquid recirculation rate (1 to 5 L/min) and was not seriously affected by the air flowrate in the oxygenator (0.5 to 15 L/min). Based on the experimentally determined mass transfer coefficient across the membrane, it was found that the oxygenator could support a 100 L fermentor at an average cell density of 2xl06 cells/mL with a specific uptake rate of 4.8 mgO2/(109 cells ‐ h).Furthermore, if oxygen enriched air were to be used in the oxygenator, a single unit could support cell densities beyond 8xl06cells/mL in a 100 L working volume fermentor.
Hydrodynamics in down flow jet loop reactor
Authors: Velan M. , Ramanujam T. K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGas holdup and liquid circulation time were measured in a down flow jet loop reactor for air–water system. It was observed that the circulation time decreases with an increase in nozzle diameter, draft tube to column diameter ratio and liquid velocity. Th gas holdup increases with an increase in gas and liquid velocities. The optimum draft tube to column diameter ratio was found to be 0.438. Correlations for gas holdup and circulation time involving operational and geometrical variables are presented.
Continuous and oscillatory flow properties of concentrated coal/water suspensions
Authors: Lapasin Romano , Pricl Sabrina 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA Theological characterization of coal/water suspensions has been carried out under continuous and oscillatory flow conditions. Shear stress ‐ shear rate data were correlated with the Shangraw‐Grim‐Mattocks (SGM) equation. The analysis of the SGM parameters indicated that a limiting concentration ϕ0 exists above which the suspensions exhibit plastic behavior and suggested that a strong particle aggregation still occurs at high rates of shear. Oscillatory flow tests revealed marked non‐linear viscoelastic properties and analogies were found between the continuous and oscillatory flow behaviors of the coal/water suspensions, particularly under limiting flow conditions.
The maximum spoutable bed heights of water‐spouted fine particle systems
Authors: Çeçen Ayşe 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe maximum spoutable bed height of systems of fine glass spheres spouted with water is studied in a flat based, semi‐circular column of 80 mm diameter using glass spheres of diameters 0.300, 0.377, and 0.450 mm.A new correlation is proposed to predict the maximum spoutable bed height in water spouted fine particle systems. The same correlation is suggested for use with air spouted fine particles larger than 0.5 mm. It is concluded that in fine particle systems the jet penetration is significantly lower than that in coarse particle systems. The influence of the column diameter on the maximum spoutable bed height is also decreased significantly compared to coarse particle systems. Data reported in the literature for other water spouted fine particle systems agree with the correlation proposed in this work.
Experimental studies on flow boiling in inclined tubes: In the regions encountered in solar collectors
Authors: Maddi M. K. , Rao D. P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFlow boiling in inclined tubes is encountered in solar collectors, but there is no literature on inclined flow boiling on which to base their design. Experimental studies have been carried out on heat transfer, pressure drop and flow maps for flow boiling of water in a circular tube. The angle of inclination was varied from 0° to 90°. The inclination was found to influence the transport processes in the bubbly and the intermittent flow regimes. The correlation of Chen (1966) has been extended to correlate the heat‐transfer data to account for the angle of inclination. The Baroczy (1965) and the Lockhart‐Martinelli (1949) correlations were adapted to correlate the frictional pressure gradient in the inclined flow boiling. The observed flow patterns were presented as flow maps.
The solubility of hydrogen sulfide in mixtures of n‐Hexadecane and n‐Eicosane
Authors: Feng G.‐X. , Mather A. E. , Carroll J. J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe solubility of hydrogen sulfide in mixtures of n‐hexadecane and n‐eicosane was measured at a temperature of 323 K (50°C) for three isobars at 1, 2 and 3 MPa. The solubility data show a maximum as a function of the hydrocarbon composition.
Effects of additives on oxidation characteristics of palm oil‐based trimethylolpropane ester in hydraulics applications
Authors: Alias Nor Halaliza , Yunus Robiah , Idris Azni , Omar Rozita 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHydraulic fluids represent one of the most important groups of industrial lubricants. Increasing attention to environmental issues drives the lubricant industry to choose vegetable‐based hydraulic fluids which are biodegradable as compared to mineral‐based fluids. However, the lubricating properties of vegetable oil, such as poor oxidative stability and high pour point, have hindered their use. In this study, trimethylolpropane ester, which was derived from palm‐based methyl ester, was used as the base hydraulic fluid. The purpose of the study was to determine the optimum formulation for palm oil‐based synthetic lubricants by using suitable additives that can improve the oxidative stability and viscosity in accordance with the standard regulations for hydraulic fluid applications. The oxidative stability of the oil was evaluated by total acid number (TAN) and viscosity tests. In general, base oil without additive began to degrade after 200 h. The formulated oil, on the other hand, was quite stable even after 800 h of operation. The best formulation was obtained using 1.0% of either additive A or additive B. Both TAN and viscosity values were found to increase with increasing heating temperature. Meanwhile, the results have also shown that additive A performs better than additive B. After 800 h of exposure, the final TAN value for the formulated oil was only at 0.32 as compared to 4.88 mg KOH/g for the oil without additive. However, the kinematic viscosity of the oil at 40 and 100 °C was almost unchanged as compared to the oil without additive.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted 3‐Iodopyrans by Electrophilic Cyclization
Authors: Xie Yong‐Xin , Yan Ze‐Yi , Wang Dan‐Zhu , Wu Lu‐Yong , Qian Bo , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA variety of polysubstituted 3‐iodopyrans were readily prepared in good to excellent yield under mild reaction conditions by the reaction of alkynyl carboxamides with ICl, I2, and NIS. The products obtained from this process are versatile materials that can be used to construct other complex functionalized pyran structures of importance. The occurrence of the pyranyl group in both natural products and pharmaceuticals confers important value to this study. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Binding of Nucleotides and Nucleosides to Per(6‐guanidino‐6‐deoxy)cyclodextrins in Solution
Authors: Aggelidou Chrysie , Mavridis Irene M. , Yannakopoulou Konstantina 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe binding of α‐, β‐, and γ‐per(6‐guanidino‐6‐deoxy)cyclodextrins (ag, bg, and gg, respectively) with nucleotides (5′‐dAMP, 5′‐AMP, and 5′‐dCMP) and nucleosides (2′‐dA and 2′‐dC) was studied with NMR spectroscopy in aqueous solution. Nucleotides formed strong complexes with bg and gg (not ag) through ditopic binding. Multiple Coulombic attractive forces between the guanidino groups and the single phosphate group of the nucleotides drove inclusion of the entire ribose ring into the cavity, in both deoxy‐ and ribonucleotides, whereas the base moiety was only partially included. In contrast, no interaction was observed between guanidino cyclodextrins and nucleosides. The prevailing stoichiometries in all nucleotide/bg and nucleotide/gg complexes were 1:2, except for 5′‐dAMP/bg where oligomeric aggregates formed. The anti orientation of the nucleotides was preserved upon inclusion. The populations of conformers due to ribose pucker, 2′‐endo (S) and 3′‐endo (N), were practically undisturbed by inclusion. Interestingly, in the nucleotide/bg complexes at 278 K two nucleotide conformers were observed with distinctly different signals in slow mutual exchange owing to cavity restriction and a slow ribose pucker rate, which resulted in the observation of 3′‐endo (N) conformer separate from 2′‐endo (S) conformer for the first time.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Recent Advances in Organoselenium Chemistry (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 11/2009)
Authors: Freudendahl Diana M. , Shahzad Sohail A. , Wirth Thomas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe cover picture shows the Earth rising above the Moon's horizon taken in June 1969 from the Apollo 11 spacecraft. As Selene is the goddess of the moon in Greek mythology, some very recent news on selenium chemistry is shown on the Post‐It and much more is contained in the Microreview entitled Recent Advances in Organoselenium Chemistry by T. Wirth et al. on p. 1649 ff. The X‐ray structures of a selenium‐containing macrocycle (left structure, Kamigata et al.[13]) and a selenirenium ion (right structure, Poleschner et al.[67b]) shown in the foreground are taken from the literature references.
Studies on ketene and its derivatives. LXXXIII. Reaction of diketene with isoquinolinium and pyridinium methylide derivatives
Authors: Kato Tetsuzo , Chiba Takuo , Tanaka Shigeru 
Published: March 2009

AbstractReaction of isoquinolinium bis(ethoxycarbonyl)methylide (I) with diketene gave diethyl 1‐acetyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐2‐oxopyrrolo[2,1‐α]isoquinoline‐3,3‐dicarboxylate (VI), which on hydrolysis with dilute hydrochloric acid afforded ethyl 1‐acetyl‐2‐hydroxypyrrolo[2,1‐α]isoquinoline‐3‐carboxylate (IX) and ethyl 3‐methylpyrrolo[2,1‐α]isoquinoline‐3‐carboxylate (X). On the other hand, isoquinolinium cyanoethoxycarbonylmethylide (IIa) reacted with diketene to give isoquinolinium cyano(3‐ethoxycarbonyloxy‐3‐butenoyl)methylide (XIIIa) which was isomerized to isoquinolinium cyano(3‐ethoxycarbonyloxy‐2‐butenoyl)methylide (XIII). Similarly, reactions of isoquinolinium cyanomethoxycarbonylmethylide (IIb) and pyridinium cyanoalkoxycarbonyl‐methylide (IIIa,b) with diketene gave rise to the corresponding cyano(3‐alkoxycarbonyloxy‐3‐butenoyl)methylides (XIIb, XVIa,b).
N‐alkoxydipyrrylmethenes
Authors: Abramovitch R. A. , Amarnath V. , Kress R. , Molina G. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract2‐Cyano‐N‐hydroxypyrroles are O‐alkylated and the nitrile function reduced to the corresponding aldehyde with diisobutylaluminum hydride. Condensation with pyrroles in the presence of hydrogen bromide gives the difficultly purified N‐alkoxydipyrrylmethanes.
Synthèse de l'analogue sélénié de la sérotonine
Authors: Laitem Léopold , Thibaut Philippe , Christiaens Léon 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNous déerivons une synthèse univoque du β‐aminoéthyl‐3 hydroxy‐5 benzo[b]sélénophène (sélénosérotonine). L'application de la réaction de Wittig à des sélénoindoxyles convenablement substitués s'est avérée une voie rapide et rentable d'accès à des amines de ce type.
Attempted synthesis of 1,4‐benzodiazepine comprising an additional ring at the 1–3 position
Authors: Klein Joseph , Golik Uri 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwo possible synthetic routes leading to 1,4‐benzodiazepine derivatives comprising an additional heterocyclic ring at position 1–3 have been studied. The first approach (scheme 1) consisted in subjecting intermediates VII and XII to the Bischler‐Napieralski reaction while the second one (scheme 2) was based on intramolecular dehydration of amino ketone (XIX); both routes did however fail to yield the expected product XIII.
Synthesis of morphine‐d5 and codeine‐d8
Authors: Lawson John A. , DeGraw Joseph I. , Anbar Michael 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of morphine labeled with deuterium in the N‐methyl group and at positions 1 and 6 is described. Reduction of N‐carboethoxy‐1‐bromonorcodeinone (IV) with lithium aluminum deuteride in tetrahydrofuran‐d5 yielded the codeine‐d5. O‐Demethylation with sodium propylmercaptide‐dimethyl formamide afforded morphine‐d5, which could be remethylated with perdeuterioiodomethane to give codeine‐d8. The labeled compounds are useful as standards for field ionization mass spectrometric analysis.
Synthesis of 1‐alkyl‐5‐phenyl‐4(1H)pyrimidinones
Authors: Beck James R. , Gajewski Robert P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract1‐Alkyl‐5‐phenyl‐4(1H)pyrimidinones are readily synthesized by condensing β‐(dimethylamino)‐N‐[(dimethylamino)methylene] atropamides with methyl or ethyl amine. The latter compounds are prepared from phenylacetamides and dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal.
An easy method for the preparation of 4‐acylisoxazoles from C(α),O‐dianions of oximes
Authors: Sandifer Ronda M. , Shaffer Lynn M. , Hollinger Wayne M. , Reames David C. , Beam Charles F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeveral C(α),O‐dilithiooximes of aromatic ketones were condensed with aroyl chlorides. The presumed diacyl intermediates were not isolated, and the reaction mixtures containing them were acid‐cyclized to give 4‐acylisoxazoles in 22–62% yield.
Synthèse d'amines hétérocycliques, cancérostatiques potentiels
Authors: Thang Do Cao , Jacquignon Pierre , Dufour Michel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNous décrivons la nitration de différents composés hétérocycliques renfermant deux atomes d'azote intranucléaires. Les structures des amines résultant de la réduction des dérivés nitrés sont précisées; les composés aminés sont actuellement testés comme cancérostatiques.
The synthesis of the benzyltetrahydropyrans
Authors: Woodyard James D. , Corbin Dale H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe 2‐benzyl‐, 3‐benzyl‐ and 4‐benzyltetrahydropyrans have been prepared via the reaction of benzylsodium with 2‐chloro‐, 3‐bromo‐ and 4‐chlorotetrahydropyran in 49, 29 and 27% yields, respectively. The structures of these compounds were substantiated from their nmr, mass spectra and analytical data.
Photochemie von 2,5‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐onen
Authors: Daniil Dimitra , Meier Herbert 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOxidation of cycloalkanone semicarbazones with lead tetraacetate leads to 2,5‐dihydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐ones, which under photolytic conditions eliminate nitrogen, carbon‐monoxide and carbon dioxide. Cycloalkanones and azines are generated depending upon the solvent.
Epidemiology and genetic variability of human metapneumovirus during a 4‐year‐long study in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Oliveira Danielle B.L. , Durigon Edison L. , Carvalho Ariane C.L. , Leal Andréa L. , Souza Thereza S. , Thomazelli Luciano M. , Moraes Claudia T.P. , Vieira Sandra E. , Gilio Alfredo E. , Stewien Klaus E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEpidemiological and molecular characteristics of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) were compared with human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) in infants and young children admitted for acute lower respiratory tract infections in a prospective study during four consecutive years in subtropical Brazil. GeneScan polymerase chain assays (GeneScan RT‐PCR) were used to detect hMPV and hRSV in nasopharyngeal aspirates of 1,670 children during January 2003 to December 2006. hMPV and hRSV were detected, respectively, in 191 (11.4%) and in 702 (42%) of the children admitted with acute lower respiratory tract infections at the Sao Paulo University Hospital. Sequencing data of the hMPV F gene revealed that two groups of the virus, each divided into two subgroups, co‐circulated during three consecutive years. It was also shown that a clear dominance of genotype B1 occurred during the years 2004 and 2005, followed by genotype A2 during 2006. J. Med. Virol. 81:915–921, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fatal ongoing human cytomegalovirus reactivation during high‐dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Focosi Daniele , Sordi Elisabetta , Papineschi Federico , Benedetti Edoardo , Galimberti Sara , Petrini Mario 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) reactivation can cause a wide range of complications in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, ranging from pneumonia to graft failure. Although reactivations are usually seen in the early post‐transplant period, ongoing and untreated HCMV reactivation at the time of high‐dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell support is an exceedingly rare circumstance whose consequences remain largely unknown. This case report describes a patient who underwent high‐dose melphalan and autologous transplantation with unknown active HCMV replication. J. Med. Virol. 81:857–860, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Benefits of increasing the dose of influenza vaccine in residents of long‐term care facilities: A randomized placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Cools Herman J.M. , Gussekloo Jacobijn , Remmerswaal Joyce E.M. , Remarque Ed J. , Kroes Aloys C.M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIncreased vaccine doses and mid‐season boosting may increase the proportion of residents with protective immunity from influenza in long‐term care facilities. In a multi‐center study (1997–1998), 815 residents from 14 long‐term care facilities were assigned at random to receive 15 or 30 µg of inactivated influenza vaccine, followed by a 15 µg booster vaccine or a placebo vaccine at Day 84. Seroresponses were re‐analyzed by hemagglutination‐inhibition (≥4‐fold titer increases, protective titer ≥40, geometric mean titers. Forty percent of the participants had pre‐vaccination titers ≥40. At Day 25 after vaccination, this increased to 66.3% after a 15 µg dose versus 73.3% after a dose of 30 µg (P = 0.049). Participants receiving a 30 µg dose followed by a 15 µg booster showed more ≥4‐fold titer increases at Day 109 (43.6% vs. 35.4%, P = 0.003) and protective titers ≥40 (74.2% vs. 64.6%, P = 0.041), compared to those receiving only a 15 µg dose. Differences were most apparent in participants with low pre‐vaccination titers. Booster vaccination after an initial 15 µg dose of the vaccine did not increase the protective rate (61.9% vs. 63.9% after placebo). The number of participants needed to vaccinate to protect one additional resident by a dose of 15 µg was 4, by a dose of 30 µg 3, and 15 when using a 30 µg dose instead of 15 µg. Doubling the dose of influenza vaccine increased protection‐related responses among residents of long‐term care facilities, especially in those with low pre‐vaccination titers. J. Med. Virol. 81:908–914, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiological, clinical, and molecular features of norovirus infections in western India
Authors: Chhabra Preeti , Dhongade Ramchandra K. , Kalrao Vijay R. , Bavdekar Ashish R. , Chitambar Shobha D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe study was conducted to investigate the molecular epidemiology of noroviruses (NoVs) from western India. A total of 830 fecal specimens were collected during July 2005–June 2007 from children, ≤7 years of age suffering from acute gastroenteritis in Pune, Nagpur, and Aurangabad cities. All the specimens were subjected to RT‐PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for detection and characterization of Genogroup I (GI) and GII NoVs. NoV positivity varied between 6.3% and 12.6% in different cities with the predominance of GII (96.6%). NoV infections were very common in the patients ≤2 years of age. A majority (55%) of the patients suffered from severe disease, however, vomiting was not experienced in 35%. Coinfections with rotaviruses were found in 10% cases. Summer month seasonality supported NoV infections in western India. The phylogenetic analysis of partial RNA polymerase and VP1 (capsid) genes identified 2 GI (GI. 2 and GI.6) and 5 GII (GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.8, and GII.14) genetic clusters with possible occurrence of “2007 new‐variant” of GII.4. Six different combinations of RdRp and capsid genes (GII.b/GII.3, GII.b/GII.4, GII.d/GII.3, GII.b/GII.18, GII.1/GII.12 and GII.3/GII.13) were also identified. GII.4 (52%) prevailed in 2005–2006 while the predominance of probable recombinant NoV strains (58%) was noted in 2006–2007 with the contribution of GII.b/GII.3 at 79% level. GII.b/GII.18 type identified in 37% infections in 2005–2006 was completely replaced by GII.b/GII.3 type in 2006–2007. This is the first report that highlights the norovirus epidemiology and strain diversity demonstrating possible circulation of new variants in patients with acute gastroenteritis from western India. J. Med. Virol. 81:922–932, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship between PTSD symptom factors and emotion
Authors: Milanak Melissa E. , Berenbaum Howard 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom factors and two facets of emotion were examined. Emotional congruence effects were examined using an affective priming word pronunciation (naming) task, and negative affect was measured using self‐report. Current PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale in 95 adults with trauma histories. Two alternative PTSD symptom factor structures were examined, one of which included an emotional numbing factor, and one of which included a dysphoria factor. Emotional congruence effects were significantly associated with an emotional numbing factor, but not with any other PTSD factors. Negative affect was significantly associated with a dysphoria factor, but not with any other PTSD factors.