bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Looking for problems: A systems approach to hominin palaeocommunities from Plio‐Pleistocene Africa
Authors: Winder I. C. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper evaluates the potential contribution(s) of faunal analysis to hominin palaeoecology at regional and continental scales, through an explicit investigation of the values, methods and conceptual frameworks of palaeoanthropology and their compatibility with real data structures. It employs a problem‐framing method developed in policy‐relevant science to establish a suitable research design for ‘large scale’ faunal analysis, before testing the method in a pilot study of 48 faunal assemblages from the African Plio‐Pleistocene. Hitherto, taphonomic bias has discouraged attempts to study faunal assemblages on large spatiotemporal scales, and most scientists have restricted their work to the smaller (site or local) scale and/or a subset of the total fauna. Furthermore, palaeoanthropological studies of fauna tend to address pre‐determined questions through analysis of statistical outputs (patterns), rather than investigating the limitations and potential of the data through exploratory work. This paper, despite identifying a number of inherent constraints on palaeocommunity analysis at the large scale—including a clear tendency towards the segregation of faunal assemblages along taphonomic and geographic lines—successfully defines palaeocommunities and identifies systematic variation in their distribution in several regional datasets and at the continental scale. It suggests that the potential viability of faunal analyses for a given project could be made empirically testable, and further work on the lines defined here might provide insight into the impacts of taphonomy and ecology at the large scale. Although there are conceptual and methodological problems associated with large‐scale faunal analyses, this paper suggests that they could provide some insight into hominin environments, evolutionary ecology and biogeography as part of a holistic, multi‐scale approach to our lineages' history. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 2500‐year record of marine resource use on Ulong Island, Republic of Palau
Authors: Ono Rintaro , Clark Geoffrey 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThe paper reports fish bone and shellfish assemblages from Ulong Island in the Rock Islands of Palau, western Micronesia dating from ∼3100 to 500BP. Use of marine resources in early prehistory appears to have been highly localised with increasing capture of outer‐reef/pelagic taxa including shark and tuna after 1000BP. Local stocks of large Tridacnids were depleted during initial human use of Ulong Island, and there is a size decrease inScarussp. remains consistent with pressure on the inshore fishery, especially after establishment of permanent stonework villages in late prehistory. Comparison of archaeological assemblages of fish bone from other Rock Islands dated to after 2000BPindicate that the captured fish species and major capture methods differ between sites and likely reflect local marine environments at each location. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Senescent mesenchymal cells accumulate in human fibrosis by a telomere‐independent mechanism and ameliorate fibrosis through matrix metalloproteinases
Authors: Pitiyage Gayani Nadika , Slijepcevic Predrag , Gabrani Aliya , Chianea Yaghoub Gozaly , Lim Kue Peng , Prime Stephen Stewart , Tilakaratne Wanninayake Mudiyanselage , Fortune Farida , Parkinson Eric Kenneth 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFibrosis can occur in many organs, where it is a debilitating and preneoplastic condition. The senescence of activated fibroblasts has been proposed to ameliorate fibrosis via the innate immune system but its role in humans has not been investigated. The availability of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) biopsies at different stages of disease progression allowed us to test the hypothesis that senescent fibroblasts accumulate with the progression of human fibrosis in vivo, and also to examine the mechanism of senescence. We tested the hypothesis that senescent cells may ameliorate fibrosis by increasing the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We have used a combination of in situ immunodetection techniques, drug treatments, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and enzyme‐linked absorbance assays on tissue samples and fibroblast cultures. We report a novel panning technique, based on fibronectin adhesion rates, to enrich and deplete senescent cells from fibroblast populations. Senescent fibroblasts, as determined by the presence of senescence‐associated heterochromatic foci, accumulated with OSMF progression (R2 = 0.98) and possessed a reduced replicative lifespan in vitro. Unlike wounds, however, OSMF fibroblasts were quiescent in vivo and consistent with this observation, possessed functional telomeres of normal length. Senescence was associated in vivo and in vitro with oxidative damage, DNA damage foci and p16INK4A accumulation and required the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), perhaps from damaged mitochondria, but not the continuous presence of the disease stimulus (areca nut and tobacco), the tissue environment or other cell types. Depletion of OSMF fibroblasts of senescent cells showed that these cells accounted for 25–83 times more MMP‐1 and ‐2 than their presenescent counterparts. The results show that the accumulation of senescent fibroblasts in human fibrosis occurs by a telomere‐independent mechanism involving ROS and may locally ameliorate the condition by the increased expression of MMPs prior to clearance by the immune system. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic indices for hospital mortality among Libyan diabetic patients
Authors: Abduelkarem AR , El‐Shareif HJ , Sharif SI 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe pattern of diabetic deaths in the medical wards of Tripoli Medical Centre was retrospectively studied. During a three‐year period, 575 diabetic deaths occurred, accounting for 26.2% of all medical deaths. The mean age at death was 65.33±12.7 years. Cardiovascular disease (183 [31.8%]), cerebrovascular accidents (102 [17.7%]) and infection (83 [14.4%]) were the most common complications associated with diabetic deaths. Other causes were malignancy (10%), liver cirrhosis (5.6%), and acute diabetic complications (5%). Forty‐five (7.8%) deaths unaccountable for may be due to other unknown causes.Factors predictive of mortality, such as admission diagnosis of hyperosmolar non‐ketotic state, cerebrovascular disease, acute coronary syndromes or infection were associated with poor prognosis. Admission hyperglycaemia, old age, renal dysfunction and prior stroke were also associated with poor admission outcome. The excess mortality, mainly due to atherosclerotic complications, is potentially preventable through implementation of serious approaches to the management of cardiovascular risk factors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Are blood ketones a better predictor than urine ketones of acid base balance in diabetic ketoacidosis?
Authors: Mackay L , Lyall MJ , Delaney S , McKnight JA , Strachan MWJ 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDetection of ketonaemia is a key factor in diagnosing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Measurement of urinary ketones via the nitroprusside reaction is the most commonly employed diagnostic test; however, near patient testing of blood ketones is now widely available. In the clinical setting we wished to compare the utility of urine and blood ketone measurements to predict acid base balance and need for admission in patients with type 1 diabetes.A retrospective study was performed on 52 patients referred to the metabolic or acute receiving units of a teaching hospital. Urine and capillary ketone measurements, blood gas analysis and/or venous bicarbonate measurement were analysed together with the clinical outcome of either admission or discharge of the patient.Capillary β‐hydroxybutyrate measurement gave a strong negative correlation (r ‐0.771; p<0.001) with serum bicarbonate concentration. Urine ketone measurement showed a weaker negative correlation (r ‐0.493; p<0.001) with bicarbonate levels. There was no difference in the ability to predict hospital admission between blood ketone measurement and urine ketone measurement )positive predictive value 84.6% [95% confidence interval 73.2–95.9%] vs positive predictive value 75.0% [95% confidence interval 62.2–87.8%], respectively).The findings of this study suggest that blood ketone measurement is a better predictor of acid base status than urine ketone measurement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Catamenial hyperglycaemia: an important cause of recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Sennik DK , Clark J , Foster K , Zachariah S 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe report the case of a female patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus with recurrent episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA ) despite previously good control and treatment with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII ). It was noted that her episodes of uncontrolled hyperglycaemia with DKA were occurring monthly and before her menstrual periods. This effect required an increase in her basal insulin infusion rate by as much as four‐fold. The phenomenon of DKA associated with the menstrual cycle has been recognised previously and is termed ‘catamenial’ DKA. We discuss the prevalence, possible causes and clinical management of catamenial DKA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons.
Correlation between circulatory, local prostatic, and intra‐prostatic androgen levels
Authors: Olsson Mats , Ekström Lena , Guillemette Chantal , Belanger Alain , Rane Anders , Gustafsson Ove 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDTestosterone is converted to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in the prostate. DHT and androgen metabolites are inactivated by uridine diphospho (UDP)‐glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) enzymes. Here we have studied the influence of the prostate gland on the systemic levels of DHT. Moreover, genetic variation in androgen metabolizing UGT enzymes and the intra‐prostatic levels of glucuronidated DHT metabolites were investigated.METHODSWe collected peripheral serum, serum from the local prostatic veins and prostatic tissue from 25 patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. The serum and intra‐tissular level of different androgen metabolites were determined by immunological assays and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GCMS), respectively.RESULTSWe found a significant positive correlation between the local prostatic serum DHT levels and (a) prostate weight and (b) circulatory serum levels. There were no correlation between in intra‐prostatic hormonal levels and local DHT serum levels. The DHT metabolite 3α‐diol‐17‐glucuronide and 3α‐diol‐3‐glucuronide were significantly associated with UGT2B17 deletion and UGT2B15 Asp85Tyr polymorphisms, respectively.CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that local prostatic DHT production has an influence on systemic serum DHT levels. Moreover, our results support the evidence that the prostate is the main DHT producer and that UGTs are important in the intra‐prostatic regulation of androgens. Prostate 71: 909–914, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The integration of process safety into a chemical reaction engineering course: Kinetic modeling of the T2 incident
Authors: Willey Ronald J. , Fogler H. Scott , Cutlip Michael B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe explosion and subsequent death of four people at the T2 Laboratories, chemical facility in Jacksonville, Florida, USA, in 2007 has resulted in the United States Chemical Safety Board finding that undergraduate chemical engineering students do not receive adequate knowledge in the hazards associated with chemical processing. This article summarizes the events that led up to the T2 tragedy. A reactor engineering analysis of the event is presented that can be used in a chemical reaction engineering classroom to demonstrate the hazards involved when dealing with exothermic reactions and methods to mitigate. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Effect of applied stresses on domain‐wall propagation in glass‐coated amorphous microwires
Authors: Blanco Juan M. , Zhukova Valentina , Ipatov Mihail , Zhukov Arcady 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this work we study the effect of applied stresses on magnetic‐domain propagation in magnetic amorphous Fe‐Co based microwires using Sixtus–Tonks‐like experiments. The dependence of domain‐wall (DW) velocity, v, measured by the above‐mentioned method shows a roughly linear dependence on applied magnetic field, H. We experimentally studied the effect of applied stresses on single DW dynamics in a number of Fe‐Co rich microwires. Quite fast DW propagation (v up to 2500 m/s at H about 30 A/m) has been observed in low magnetostrictive Co56Fe8Ni10Si10B16 microwires. Applied and internal stresses result in decreasing of DW velocity. The observed dependences have been discussed considering the magnetoelastic contribution to the DW mobility.
Magneto‐optical garnets for integrated optoelectronic devices
Authors: Wehlus T. , Körner T. , Leitenmeier S. , Heinrich A. , Stritzker B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOne of the efforts of integrated optics is the integration of macroscopic optical components such as an optical isolator on a single chip. Therefore magneto‐optically active materials with high Faraday rotations are needed. Bismuth iron garnet (BIG) Bi3Fe5O12 is known for its high Faraday rotation at room temperature, but it forms in a non‐thermodynamic way and only grows on garnet substrates like gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) Gd3Ga5O12. Our ambition was to investigate the possibility of depositing such an integrated optical device based on magneto‐optical BIG. A general overview of our extensive fundamental research is given in this paper. We first analysed the growth mechanisms of BIG on GGG, especially the nucleation process and the film growth which are important for BIG film synthesis. Then we worked on a garnet buffer system to enable film formation on other substrate materials like silicon or fused silica. To obtain the optical constants of the deposited material, a fitting algorithm was implemented. It calculates the optical properties of material stacks from transmission measurements. Furthermore, we wanted to vary the lattice constants of the garnets for a better adaption to the substrates. Because different rare earth elements have different atomic radii, it should be possible to vary the lattice constant by incorporating these atoms in the crystal. Therefore a number of rare earth doped garnets were produced and their film properties were analysed. During the buffer development we found an oscillatory effect in the Faraday rotation, which was examined in detail.
Spin‐free quantum chemistry: What one can gain from fock's cyclic symmetry
Authors: Luzanov A. V. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe spin‐free wave function due to Fock (Zh Eksp Teor Fiz, 1940, 10, 961) is re‐examined with a stress on the reduced density matrix (RDM) theory. The key notion of the Fock approach is the cyclic symmetry of wave functions. It is a specific algebraic identity involving transpositions of numbers taken from two different columns of the corresponding Young tableau. We show first how to construct symmetry adapted states by accounting for high‐order cyclic symmetry conditions. For Young's projectors, it gives a new expression including nothing but antisymmetrizers. Next, transforming the Fock spin‐free state by a duality operator (the star operator in exterior algebra), we arrive at the representation closely related to spin‐flip models. In such spin‐flip models, a coupling operator is the basic object for which we show that the cyclic symmetry is transformed into a tracelessness of the coupling operator. The main results are related to the spin‐free theory of spin properties. In particular, the theorem previously stated (Luzanov and Whyman, Int J Quantum Chem, 1981, 20, 1179) is refined by an explicit general representation of spin density operators through spin‐free (charge) RDMs. Some applications implicating high‐order RDMs (collectivity numbers, the unpaired electron problem, cumulant spin RDMs, spin correlators, etc.) are also considered. For spin‐free RDM components, a new projection procedure without constructing any symmetry adapted state is proposed. An unsolved problem of constructing orthogonal representation matrices within the Fock theory is raised. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
The effect of ionization and CH3 ligand for hydrogen storage in Co‐ and Ni‐based organometallic compounds
Authors: Guo Jing‐Hua , Zhang Hong , Miyamoto Yoshiyuki , Cheng Xin‐Lu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMaximum capacities of the hydrogen storage in organometallic compounds consisting of Co and Ni atoms bound to CmHm ring (m = 4, 5; capped type) were, respectively, found as 3.48 and 3.49 wt % (Guo et al., Struct Chem, 2009, 20, 1107). Here, we extend this study to structures having a transition metal (TM) inserted in CmHm ring (inserted type), having TM located on either a C4H or a C5H molecule, and the CH3 ligand bound to the organometallic compounds. We find that for the CoC4H4 and NiC4H4 complexes, the capped types are 1.39 eV and 1.41 eV higher in energy than the inserted types, respectively, while the ground states for CoC5H5 and NiC5H5 complexes are found to be the capped type, which are lower than the inserted types, respectively, by 1.27 eV and 1.31 eV. The maximum capacity of hydrogen storage reached 5.13 wt % for both of CoC4H(H2)3 complex and the inserted‐type CoC4H4(H2)3 complex with a reasonable binding energy (0.3–1.0 eV per H2). The positively charged C4H4 and C5H5 molecules do not only improve the capacity of hydrogen storage but also make all H2 adsorbing in molecular form and keep the adsorption energy in an ideal range. After adding the CH3 ligand to the compounds, the average adsorption energy of H2 decreased to an ideal range 0.61–0.94 eV per H2 and the stability of the compounds is also improved. Finally, we analyze the HOMO–LUMO gaps and display the kinetic stability when H2 was added to organometallic compounds. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Sigma, pi, and delta wavefunction forms for the hydrogen molecule
Authors: Datta Sumita , Alexander S. A. , Coldwell R. L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUsing variational Monte Carlo methods, we examine simple, explicitly‐correlated trial wavefunction forms for the X1Σ, B1Σ, a3Σ, b3Σ, I1Πg, C1Πu, i3Πg, c3Πu, J1Δg, and j3Δg states of the hydrogen molecule. The energies produced by our best wavefunctions are slightly above the best values in the literature. When we combine our trial wavefunction forms with the generalized Feynman‐Kac path integral method, our results are in excellent agreement with the best nonrelativistic values for these systems except for the I1Πg state. Our best energy for this state, −0.65951554(6), is lower by several microhartrees than that obtained by Wolniewicz [J Mol Spectrosc 1995, 169, 329]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Rapid screening and identification of caffeic acid and its esters inErigeron breviscapusby ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Liao Shang‐Gao , Zhang Li‐Juan , Li Cui‐Bing , Lan Yan‐Yu , Wang Ai‐Min , Huang Yong , Zhen Lin , Fu Xiao‐Zhong , Zhou Wen , Qi Xiao‐Lan , Guan Zhi‐Zhong , Wang Yong‐Lin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCaffeic acid and its esters (CAEs) are widely distributed in the plant kingdom and have been reported to elicit a wide range of exceptional biological activities. Present methods for screening and characterization of CAEs normally need the use of liquid chromatography diode‐array detection/multistage mass spectrometry (LC‐DAD/MSn). In this report, a rapid and efficient method coupling ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with fragment‐targeted multi‐reaction monitoring (MRM) has been developed for screening CAEs in a crude extract ofErigeron breviscapus, while a UPLC/quasi‐MSnmethod has been applied in the structural identification of these compounds. Furthermore, a simple quasi‐UPLC/MS/MS method based on in‐source collision‐induced dissociation (CID) has been proposed for rapid identification of the CAEs. As a result, a total of more than 34 CAEs were detected and their structures characterized. Nine of them were reported fromE. breviscapusfor the first time. Applications of these strategies in the chemical investigation of an injection ofE. breviscapusresulted in the identifications of 16 CAEs. These strategies, if appropriate modifications are made, will be very useful in screening and characterization not only of CAEs, but of other structural types of compounds in various complex matrices. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray tandem quadrupole fragmentation of quinolone drugs and related ions. On the reversibility of water loss from protonated molecules
Authors: Neta Pedatsur , Godugu Bhaskar , Liang Yuxue , Simón‐Manso Yamil , Yang Xiaoyu , Stein Stephen E. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSelected reaction monitoring (SRM) of quinolone drugs showed different sensitivities in aqueous solution vs. biological extract. The authors suggested formation of two singly protonated molecules with different behavior, one undergoing loss of H2O and the other loss of CO2, so that SRM transitions might depend on the ratios of these forms generated by the electrospray. These surprising results prompted us to re‐examine several quinolone drugs and some simpler compounds to further elucidate the mechanisms. We find that the relative contributions of loss of H2O vs. loss of CO2 in tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) experiments depend not only on molecular structure and collision energy, but also, in certain cases, on the cone voltage. We further find that many product ions formed by loss of H2O can reattach a water molecule in the collision cell, whereas ions formed by loss of CO2 do not. Since reattachment of H2O can occur after water loss in the cone region and prior to selection of the precursor ion, this effect leads to the dependence of MS/MS spectra on the cone voltage used in creating the precursor ion, which explains the formerly observed effect on SRM ratios. Our results support the earlier conclusion that varying amounts of two ions of the same m/z value are responsible for problems in the analysis of these drugs, but the origin is in dehydration/rehydration reactions. Thus, SRM transitions for certain complex compounds may be comparable only when monitored under equivalent ion‐forming conditions, including the voltage used in the production of the protonated molecules in the electrospray ionization (ESI) source. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of fluoride pretreatment on primary and permanent tooth surfaces by acid‐etching
Authors: Choi Samjin , Cheong Youjin , Lee Gi‐Ja , Park Hun‐Kuk 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis study observed the effect of fluoride application on a 37% phosphoric acid etching for 20 s of the enamel surfaces of primary and permanent teeth based on a clinical protocol employed in dental hospitals, through atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Enamel samples were prepared from 84 exfoliated and noncarious teeth. Primary (groups 1–4) and permanent (groups 5–8) tooth samples were assigned randomly to one of eight groups based on the timing of acid‐etching with 37% phosphoric acid after an acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) treatment. Groups 1 and 5 received no fluoride application. Groups 2–4 and 6–8 were pretreated with fluoride and received acid‐etching 2 weeks later (groups 2 and 6), 1 week later (groups 3 and 7), and immediately (groups 4 and 8). The acid‐etching process led to a significant increase in roughness (p<0.0001), and the APF treatment led to a decrease in primary and permanent tooth surface roughness (p<0.005). An acid‐etching procedure 2 weeks after performing an APF pretreatment might be recommended to obtain the maximum enamel adhesion of a resin composite. SCANNING 32: 375–382, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.