bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of Oraqix versus TAC(a) for placement of orthodontic temporary anchorage devices
Authors: Kwong Thomas S. , Kusnoto Budi , Viana Grace , Evans Carla A. , Watanabe Keiko 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Objective:
To test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the actions and effectiveness of topical anesthetics TAC Alternate (TAC(a)) and Oraqix in placing temporary anchorage devices (TADs).

Materials and Methods:
Each topical anesthetic was placed on opposing sides in the maxilla or mandible using blinded applicators for 3–9 minutes followed by the TAD placement. A total of 21 patients ranging from 10–25 years old were studied. During the procedure the primary investigator (PI) used the sound, eye, and motor scale to measure the movements elicited by the patient. The PI also noted the time taken for the topical anesthetic to be effective and the amount that was applied. Following the placement of the TADs, the patients were given the Wong-Baker FACES Scale and the Visual Analog Scale to rate the degree of discomfort. The nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to test the effectiveness of the treatments based on the three ordinal scales, the dosage, and the onset time.

Results:
The time it took for the TAC(a) to provide adequate anesthesia averaged 4.43 minutes and for Oraqix the time was 6.33 minutes (P  =  .00). The minimum dosage of TAC(a) to provide adequate anesthesia averaged 0.25 mL, and for Oraqix the minimum dosage averaged 0.31 mL (P  =  .00).

Conclusions:
The hypothesis was rejected. TAC(a) was more effective than Oraqix in placing TADs with a recommended dose of 0.20–0.30 mL and a minimum application time of 3 minutes.
Glucose Transporter-1 in the Hypothalamic Glial Cells Mediates Glucose Sensing to Regulate Glucose Production In Vivo
Authors: Chari Madhu , Yang Clair S. , Lam Carol K.L. , Lee Katie , Mighiu Patricia , Kokorovic Andrea , Cheung Grace W.C. , Lai Teresa Y.Y. , Wang Penny Y.T. , Lam Tony K.T. 
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE
Circulating glucose inhibits glucose production in normal rodents and humans, but this glucose effectiveness is disrupted in diabetes due partly to sustained hyperglycemia. We hypothesize that hyperglycemia in diabetes impairs hypothalamic glucose sensing to lower glucose production, and changes of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1) in the hypothalamic glial cells are responsible for the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia in vivo.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We tested hypothalamic glucose effectiveness to increase hypothalamic glucose concentration and lower glucose production in rats induced with streptozotocin (STZ) uncontrolled diabetes, STZ and phlorizin, and whole-body and hypothalamic sustained hyperglycemia. We next assessed the content of glial GLUT1 in the hypothalamus, generated an adenovirus expressing GLUT1 driven by a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter (Ad-GFAP-GLUT1), and injected Ad-GFAP-GLUT1 into the hypothalamus of rats induced with hyperglycemia. Pancreatic euglycemic clamp and tracer-dilution methodologies were used to assess changes in glucose kinetics in vivo.

RESULTS
Sustained hyperglycemia, as seen in the early onset of STZ-induced diabetes, disrupted hypothalamic glucose sensing to increase hypothalamic glucose concentration and lower glucose production in association with reduced GLUT1 levels in the hypothalamic glial cells of rats in vivo. Overexpression of hypothalamic glial GLUT1 in STZ-induced rats with reduced GLUT1 acutely normalized plasma glucose levels and in rats with selectively induced hypothalamic hyperglycemia restored hypothalamic glucose effectiveness.

CONCLUSIONS
Sustained hyperglycemia impairs hypothalamic glucose sensing to lower glucose production through changes in hypothalamic glial GLUT1, and these data highlight the critical role of hypothalamic glial GLUT1 in mediating glucose sensing to regulate glucose production.
Modernism at a Crossroad: The Spadina Expressway Controversy in Toronto, Ontario ca. 1960–1971
Authors: Robinson Danielle 
Published: May 2011

Abstract: The Spadina Expressway controversy in Toronto, Ontario, was sparked by a proposal to run an expressway into the heart of the city. The dispute was part of a broader movement against high modernist planning that swept American and Canadian cities in the 1960s and 1970s. Frustrated by unresponsive politicians and civic officials, citizen activists challenged authorities with an alternate vision for cities that prioritized the safeguarding of the urban environment by preserving communities, preventing environmental degradation, and promoting public transit. By the latter half of the 1960s, citizen activists were no longer fighting alone, as some politicians and civil servants also turned against more traditional modes of city planning. This politicization of urban planning and transportation schemes culminated in the defeat of expressway networks in cities across Canada and the United States, including the Spadina Expressway in 1971. A landmark decision and important precursor to the municipal reform movement that would follow, the legacy of the Spadina episode was nevertheless mixed.
Chloroplast microsatellite markers in Liriodendron tulipifera (Magnoliaceae) and cross‐species amplification in L. chinense
Authors: Yang Ai‐Hong , Zhang Jin‐Ju , Yao Xiao‐Hong , Huang Hong‐Wen 
Published: May 2011

• Premise of the study: A set of cpSSR markers were developed for the tree genus Liriodendron L. to investigate population genetic structure and phylogeographic history.• Methods and Results: Primers were designed directly from the chloroplast genome sequences of Liriodendron tulipifera. Among the 55 cpSSR markers tested, 11 polymorphic markers were identified in L. tulipifera. The number of alleles in the population tested ranged from two to five, and the unbiased haploid diversity per locus ranged from 0.074 to 0.644. Eighteen primer pairs generated polymorphic amplification in L. chinense. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to seven, and the unbiased haploid diversity per locus was from 0.250 to 0.964.• Conclusions: cpSSR markers developed here will be useful for phylogeography and population genetics studies of Liriodendron.
Theorising equality in education: What can be learnt from the field of additional support needs?
Authors: Riddell Sheila , Stead Joan , Weedon Elisabet , Wright Kevin 
Published: May 2011

Résumé	L’article porte sur les conséquences de la Loi écossaise sur l’Éducation (2004), favorisant l’accompagnement éducatif des élèves en difficultés d’apprentissage, y compris en raison de leur milieu défavorisé. L’objectif est redistributif mais la loi n’est pas appliquée. Alors que les enfants ayant des besoins d’accompagnement supplémentaires ont plus de chances d’habiter dans des quartiers défavorisés, ils sont plus identifiés comme atteints de troubles du comportement que comme présentant une dyslexie, un syndrome d’Asperger, un déficit de l’attention ou une hyperactivité. La redistribution massive des ressources susceptibles d’apporter une valeur ajoutée aux zones les plus défavorisées n’a pas lieu. Ainsi le droit statutaire à assistance, reconnu à l’enfant diagnostiqué comme ayant besoin d’accompagnements supplémentaires, est accordé de façon disproportionnée aux parents de milieu favorisé.	Les auteurs soulignent que les réformes au coup par coup ne règlent pas les injustices structurelles qui perpétuent les inégalités, que le travail éducatif informel, en famille, est inséparable du genre et des classes sociales. Or ce travail d’affection et d’éducation informel n’est ni nommé ni analysé comme ressource éducative dans la plupart des études alors qu’il joue un rôle crucial dans la réussite scolaire.
Quitter sa profession pour reprendre la PME familiale
Authors: Deschamps Bérangère , Chalus-Sauvannet Marie-Christine 
Published: May 2011

Résumé En ces temps de crise économique et parfois aussi de crise personnelle, devenir le successeur dans l’entreprise familiale peut constituer un enjeu pour des enfants qui s’étaient éloignés de celle-ci et n’avaient pas manifesté à ce jour d’intérêt pour elle. Cet article approfondit trois histoires d’enfants qui ont succédé à leurs parents alors qu’ils n’avaient jamais envisagé cette perspective. Ces successeurs inattendus justifient leur réorientation par deux facteurs : une occasion qui se présente alors même qu’ils se remettent en question sur le plan professionnel et une réorientation professionnelle qui accroît leur liberté d’action. Par la suite, nous abordons la façon dont les parents et les autres parties prenantes tendent à réagir face aux enfants successeurs inattendus et nous concluons avec des conseils visant à favoriser la réussite de ces successeurs.
Québec : cinquante ans d'évolution au prisme des réformes (1961-2010)
Authors: Turgeon Jean , Jacob Robert , Denis Jean-Louis 
Published: May 2011

Résumé Depuis cinquante ans, les réformes ont été nombreuses et pratiquement continues dans le système de santé québécois. Quatre grandes phases de cette évolution sont distinguées : 1961-85, prise en charge du système par l’État et bureaucratisation de la gouverne ; 1985-2000, technocratisation et démocratisation ; 2000-07, poussée manégérialiste ; 2007-10, tentation du privé. Les modifications de structure ont largement dominé et affichent une continuité en faveur d’une gestion intégrée et d’une responsabilité populationnelle. Des aspects importants comme le statut des médecins et les modalités de paiement des dispensateurs ont cependant peu évolué. Aujourd’hui, après tous ces exercices, la performance du système est toujours perçue comme insatisfaisante et les solutions demeurent difficiles à saisir. La présence plus marquée des idéologies n’est donc guère surprenante et celle de la privatisation, plus récente, fait l’objet d’un regain d’intérêt.
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Targeting of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor Limits Neuroinflammation in a Murine Model of Pneumococcal Meningitis
Authors: Chauhan Vinita S. , Kluttz John M. , Bost Kenneth L. , Marriott Ian 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that the tachykinin substance P (SP) can augment inflammatory immune responses within the CNS. We have recently demonstrated that resident CNS cells express high-affinity receptors for this neuropeptide (neurokinin-1 receptors [NK-1R]), and we have shown that SP can significantly augment glial inflammatory responses to clinically relevant Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, we provided evidence that endogenous SP/NK-1R interactions are an essential component in the initiation and/or progression of CNS inflammation following in vivo exposure to these pathogens. In this study, we demonstrate that SP similarly enhances inflammatory glial responses to the major Gram-positive causative agent of bacterial meningitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and show that endogenous SP/NK-1R interactions play a critical role in the development of CNS inflammation in an in vivo model of pneumococcal meningitis. Importantly, we provide the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that pharmacological targeting of the NK-1R not only prevents the development of damaging inflammation when administered prophylactically, but can also limit or reverse neuroinflammation associated with an established streptococcal CNS infection when delivered therapeutically. We show that an NK-1R antagonist attenuates increases in CNS inflammatory cytokine levels and decreases in immunosuppressive cytokine production associated with an ongoing S. pneumoniae infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate that such a therapeutic intervention reverses infection-associated gliosis and demyelination in the absence of changes in CNS bacterial burden. Together, these results suggest that targeting SP/NK-1R interactions is a strategy worthy of further study for the treatment of microbially induced neuroinflammation.
Pregnancy Related Complications in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, An Egyptian Experience
Authors: Hendawy S.F. , Abdel-Mohsen D. , Ebrahim S.E. , Ewais H. , Moussa S.H. , Khattab D.A. , Mohamed N.A. , Samaha H.E. 
Published: May 2011

Background Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) has a tendency to occur in women in their reproductive years, causing complications during pregnancy and labour. Conversely, pregnancy can cause flares of disease activity, often necessitating immediate intervention. Aim of study to study pregnancy related complications in patients with SLE. Patients and methods The study included 48 SLE pregnant females. 27 patients with 38 pregnancies, their data viewed retrospectively from medical records, and 21 patients with 21 pregnancies followed up prospectively. The laboratory data included ANA, DNA, APL antibodies and anti Ro/SSA. The disease activity was calculated according to the Systemic Lupus Activity Measure. Ultrasound was performed to confirm gestational age and assess for the presence of any congenital fetal malformations, and then repeated monthly to detect any abnormality including intrauterine growth restriction. At 30 weeks gestation and onwards, assessment of fetal wellbeing including daily fetal kick chart and once weekly non stress test was performed. Doppler blood flow velocimetry was done for those with abnormal fetal heart rate pattern. After labour, the neonate was examined for complications including complete heart block and neonatal lupus. Results Anti dsDNA was found in 95% of the patients, anti Ro/SSA in 6% and anti APL in 30%. 57% of the patients followed up prospectively had active disease in the 1st trimester, 24% in the 2nd and 62% in the 3rd trimester. The most common maternal complication was preeclampsia 33%, followed by spontaneous abortion 20%. Prematurity was the most common fetal complication 37%, followed by intrauterine growth restriction 29%. 2 neonates were born with congenital heart block and 1 with neonatal lupus. Conclusion Pregnancy in SLE patients is associated with a higher risk of obstetric complications affecting both the mother and the fetus. Preeclampsia was the most common complication followed by prematurity. Preeclampsia was significantly associated with third trimester disease activity.
Pediatric Microbial Keratitis: A Tertiary Hospital Study
Authors: Song Xiusheng , Xu Lingjuan , Sun Shiying , Zhao Jing , Xie Lixin 
Published: May 2011

Purpose To study the predisposing factors, clinical and microbiologic characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of pediatric microbial keratitis. Methods The medical records of 80 eyes with (nonviral) microbial keratitis in 76 children aged 16 years or younger were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic features, predisposing factors, clinical features, etiologic microorganisms, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Results Seventy-six patients met the inclusion criteria of this study, and the male to female ratio was 1.9:1. The average age of the children was 8.9±5.7 years, and the mean duration of symptoms was 12.5±9.8 days. The most common predisposing factor was trauma (58.8%). Thirty-nine (48.8%) of 80 cases were culture positive. Bacterial isolates were observed in 21 cases, being headed by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and fungi were found in 19 cases, with Fusarium sp. the predominant pathogen. Fifty-nine cases required surgery intervention. Fifty of the 58 examined eyes achieved best-corrected visual acuity of 20/200 or better at the final follow-up. Conclusions The most common risk factor for childhood microbial keratitis was corneal trauma. The most frequent bacteria isolated were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, whereas the predominant fungi isolated were Fusarium species. Early diagnosis, intensive drug therapy, and timely surgical intervention may effectively improve the prognosis of pediatric microbial keratitis.
Ação do laser de baixa potência sobre proteínas morfogenéticas em defeitos ósseos
Authors: Quezini Simone Garcia , Carvalho Paulo de Tarso Camillo de 
Published: May 2011

Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a ação do Laser AsGaAl, 650 nm, sobre as BMPs em defeitos ósseos induzidos em fêmures de ratos. Método: Os fêmures de 12 ratos Wistar foram submetidos a defeitos ósseos produzidos por uma broca diamantada, divididos em dois grupos: 1 (BMP e laser) e 2 (BMP). Após o defeito, utilizou-se no grupo 1 o laser AsGaAl, 650 nm, sobre o defeito, por 21 dias consecutivos. Compararam-se as neoformações ósseas no grupo BMP+LLLT, (p0,0001), entre o período de 7 a 21 dias, e no BMP (p0,0001). Resultados: A comparação intergrupos mostrou ganho significativo no 7º dia, para o grupo BMP+LLLT (p0,0001), para o 14º dia, com diferença de BMP+LLLT (p0,0001) e para o 21º dia, (p0,0001) em relação ao grupo BMP. Conclusão: Concluímos que a associação da aplicação do laser de baixa potência e a substância osteoindutora alcançou melhor resultado do que apenas o uso das BMPs.
Estudo comparativo da ação do laser GaAlInP e do gerador de alta frequência no tratamento de feridas cutâneas em ratos: estudo experimental
Authors: Sá Hoctávio Pereira de , Nunes Hyezio De Moura , Santo Luanna Anielle Evangelista do , Júnior Geraldo Cardoso de Oliveira , Silva José Mário Nunes da , Carvalho Kelsyanne De Castro , Alves Wellington Dos Santos 
Published: May 2011

Introdução: Na fisioterapia, utilizam-se vários tratamentos para acelerar o processo cicatricial, tais como a radiação com laser e o gerador de alta frequência. Objetivo: Avaliar a ação do laser GaAlInP e do gerador de alta frequência no tratamento de feridas cutâneas. Método: Realizou-se uma ferida cutânea em 24 ratos Wistar, utilizando um punch com 8 mm de diâmetro. Posteriormente, os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: A, controle; B, laser GaAlInP; C, gerador de alta frequência, e D, laser GaAlInP + gerador de alta frequência, sendo o laser GaAlInP de 670nm, 6 J/cm² e 120 segundos e o gerador de alta frequência com intensidade de 80% e 120 segundos. Resultados: Observou-se relevância significativa (p0,05) entre os grupos B e C em comparação com o A. Destacou-se o grupo D, em que se obteve p0,01, pois ele se mostrou expressivamente significativo, quando comparado ao controle. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a terapêutica combinada (laser GaAlInP + gerador de alta frequência) foi eficaz para abreviação do processo cicatrical.
Time‐of‐Flight Studies of Electron‐Collection Kinetics in Polymer:Fullerene Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Morfa Anthony J. , Nardes Alexandre M. , Shaheen Sean E. , Kopidakis Nikos , van de Lagemaat Jao 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe charge‐collection dynamics in poly(3‐hexylthiophene:[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) bulk heterojunctions are studied in thick (>1 μm) devices using time‐of‐flight measurements and external quantum‐efficiency measurements. The devices show Schottky‐diode behavior with a large field‐free region in the device. Consequently, electron transport occurs by diffusion in the bulk of the active layer. At high applied biases where the depletion region spans the entire active layer, normal time‐of‐flight transients are observed from which the electron mobility can be determined. Here, the electron mobility follows Poole–Frenkel behavior as a function of field. At lower applied biases, where the depletion region only spans a small portion of the active layer, due to a high density of dark holes, the recombination kinetics follow a first‐order rate law with a rate constant about two orders of magnitude lower than that predicted by Langevin recombination.
Oxadiazoline and Ketoimine Palladium(II) Complexes as Highly Efficient Catalysts for Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Fernandes Ricardo R. , Lasri Jamal , da Silva M. Fátima C. Guedes , Palavra António M. F. , da Silva José A. L. , da Silva João J. R. Fraústo , Pombeiro Armando J. L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe [2+3] cycloaddition of nitriles (RCN) with 2,2‐dimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrole 1‐oxide, in the presence of palladium dichloride (PdCl2) gives the corresponding 2,3‐dihydro[1.2.4]oxadiazole (Δ4‐1,2,4‐oxadiazoline) palladium(II) complexes 1–4 in good yields. However, the Pd(II)‐assisted reaction of pentafluorobenzonitrile with the same pyrroline N‐oxide gives a mixture of oxadiazoline 5, ketoimine 6 and pyrrolylbenzamide‐ketoimine 7 Pd(II) complexes, which affords upon heating in refluxing acetone the unprecedented fused tricyclic ketoimine complex 8 as the exclusive product. Under heating, compounds 5 and 7 transform to 6, the latter undergoing intramolecular cyclization by nucleophilic attack of the amino moiety to the ortho carbon of the pentafluorophenyl ring leading ultimately to 8. The compounds were characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR, ESI+‐MS, elemental analyses and, in the cases of 3, 6, 7 and 8, also by X‐ray diffraction analyses. The catalytic properties of the Pd complexes were evaluated in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions, using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a green solvent. Cross‐couplings of aryl halides with phenylboronic acid give the desired biaryl products in quantitative yields, in a short reaction time, for substrate‐to‐catalyst molar ratios as high as 4.0⋅104.
Phenols and Tertiary Amines: An Amazingly Simple Hydrogen‐Bonding Organocatalytic System Promoting Ring Opening Polymerization
Authors: Thomas Coralie , Peruch Frédéric , Deffieux Alain , Milet Anne , Desvergne Jean‐Pierre , Bibal Brigitte 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA simple and easily available organocatalytic system was developed for the polymerization of lactide. In partnership with tertiary amines, phenol derivatives were demonstrated to be excellent single H‐bonding catalysts with high conversion within 24 h. In particular, ortho‐, meta‐ and meta,meta′‐trifluoromethylphenols revealed an amazing capacity for triggering the controlled ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide, through a fitted hydrogen‐bond with the monomer.
Association study of Nogo‐related genes with schizophrenia in a Japanese case–control sample
Authors: Jitoku Daisuke , Hattori Eiji , Iwayama Yoshimi , Yamada Kazuo , Toyota Tomoko , Kikuchi Mitsuru , Maekawa Motoko , Nishikawa Toru , Yoshikawa Takeo 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMany studies have suggested that myelin dysfunction may be causally involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Nogo (RTN4), myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) and oligodendrocyte myelin glycoprotein (OMG) all bind to the common receptor, Nogo‐66 receptor 1 (RTN4R). We examined 68 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (51 with genotyping and 17 with imputation analysis) from these four genes for genetic association with schizophrenia, using a 2,120 case–control sample from the Japanese population. Allelic tests showed nominally significant association of two RTN4 SNPs (P = 0.047 and 0.037 for rs11894868 and rs2968804, respectively) and two MAG SNPs (P = 0.034 and 0.029 for rs7249617 and rs16970218, respectively) with schizophrenia. The MAG SNP rs7249617 also showed nominal significance in a genotypic test (P = 0.017). In haplotype analysis, the MAG haplotype block including rs7249617 and rs16970218 showed nominal significance (P = 0.008). These associations did not remain significant after correction for multiple testing, possibly due to their small genetic effect. In the imputation analysis of RTN4, the untyped SNP rs2972090 showed nominally significant association (P = 0.032) and several imputed SNPs showed marginal associations. Moreover, in silico analysis (PolyPhen) of a missense variant (rs11677099: Asp357Val), which is in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs11894868, predicted a deleterious effect on Nogo protein function. Despite a failure to detect robust associations in this Japanese cohort, our nominally positive signals, taken together with previously reported biological and genetic findings, add further support to the “disturbed myelin system theory of schizophrenia” across different populations. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.