bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of growth temperature on the morphology and phonon properties of InAs nanowires on Si substrates
Authors: Li Tianfeng , Chen Yonghai , Lei Wen , Zhou Xiaolong , Luo Shuai , Hu Yongzheng , Wang Lijun , Yang Tao , Wang Zhanguo 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Catalyst-free, vertical array of InAs nanowires (NWs) are grown on Si (111) substrate using MOCVD technique. The as-grown InAs NWs show a zinc-blende crystal structure along a < 111 > direction. It is found that both the density and length of InAs NWs decrease with increasing growth temperatures, while the diameter increases with increasing growth temperature, suggesting that the catalyst-free growth of InAs NWs is governed by the nucleation kinetics. The longitudinal optical and transverse optical (TO) mode of InAs NWs present a phonon frequency slightly lower than those of InAs bulk materials, which are speculated to be caused by the defects in the NWs. A surface optical mode is also observed for the InAs NWs, which shifts to lower wave-numbers when the diameter of NWs is decreased, in agreement with the theory prediction. The carrier concentration is extracted to be 2.25 × 1017 cm-3 from the Raman line shape analysis. A splitting of TO modes is also observed.

PACS: 62.23.Hj; 81.07.Gf; 63.22.Gh; 61.46.Km
Transcriptional responses of the nerve agent-sensitive brain regions amygdala, hippocampus, piriform cortex, septum, and thalamus following exposure to the organophosphonate anticholinesterase sarin
Authors: Spradling Kimberly D , Lumley Lucille A , Robison Christopher L , Meyerhoff James L , Dillman James F 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the acute toxicity of organophosphorus nerve agents is known to result from acetylcholinesterase inhibition, the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of neuropathology following nerve agent-induced seizure are not well understood. To help determine these pathways, we previously used microarray analysis to identify gene expression changes in the rat piriform cortex, a region of the rat brain sensitive to nerve agent exposure, over a 24-h time period following sarin-induced seizure. We found significant differences in gene expression profiles and identified secondary responses that potentially lead to brain injury and cell death. To advance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in sarin-induced toxicity, we analyzed gene expression changes in four other areas of the rat brain known to be affected by nerve agent-induced seizure (amygdala, hippocampus, septum, and thalamus).MethodsWe compared the transcriptional response of these four brain regions to sarin-induced seizure with the response previously characterized in the piriform cortex. In this study, rats were challenged with 1.0 × LD50sarin and subsequently treated with atropine sulfate, 2-pyridine aldoxime methylchloride, and diazepam. The four brain regions were collected at 0.25, 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after seizure onset, and total RNA was processed for microarray analysis.ResultsPrincipal component analysis identified brain region and time following seizure onset as major sources of variability within the dataset. Analysis of variance identified genes significantly changed following sarin-induced seizure, and gene ontology analysis identified biological pathways, functions, and networks of genes significantly affected by sarin-induced seizure over the 24-h time course. Many of the molecular functions and pathways identified as being most significant across all of the brain regions were indicative of an inflammatory response. There were also a number of molecular responses that were unique for each brain region, with the thalamus having the most distinct response to nerve agent-induced seizure.ConclusionsIdentifying the molecular mechanisms involved in sarin-induced neurotoxicity in these sensitive brain regions will facilitate the development of novel therapeutics that can potentially provide broad-spectrum protection in five areas of the central nervous system known to be damaged by nerve agent-induced seizure.
The interaction between different types of activated RAW 264.7 cells and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha
Authors: He Zhongshi , Zhang Hui , Yang Chunxu , Zhou Yajuan , Zhou Yong , Han Guang , Xia Ling , Ouyang Wen , Zhou Fuxiang , Zhou Yunfeng , Xie Conghua 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundTwo major ways of macrophage (MΦ) activation can occur in radiation-induced pulmonary injury (RPI): classical and alternative MΦ activation, which play important roles in the pathogenesis of RPI. MΦ can produce chemokine MΦ inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), while MIP-1α can recruit MΦ. The difference in the chemotactic ability of MIP-1α toward distinct activated MΦ is unclear. We speculated that there has been important interaction of MIP-1α with different activated MΦ, which might contribute to the pathogenesis of RPI.MethodsClassically and alternatively activated MΦ were produced by stimulating murine MΦ cell line RAW 264.7 cells with three different stimuli (LPS, IL-4 and IL-13); Then we used recombinant MIP-1α to attract two types of activated MΦ. In addition, we measured the ability of two types of activated MΦ to produce MIP-1α at the protein or mRNA level.ResultsChemotactic ability of recombinant MIP-1α toward IL-13-treated MΦ was the strongest, was moderate for IL-4-treated MΦ, and was weakest for LPS-stimulated MΦ (p < 0.01). The ability of LPS-stimulated MΦ to secrete MIP-1α was significantly stronger than that of IL-4-treated or IL-13-treated MΦ (p < 0.01). The ability of LPS-stimulated MΦ to express MIP-1α mRNA also was stronger than that of IL-4- or IL-13-stimulated MΦ (p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe chemotactic ability of MIP-1α toward alternatively activated MΦ (M2) was significantly greater than that for classically activated MΦ (M1). Meanwhile, both at the mRNA and protein level, the capacity of M1 to produce MIP-1α is better than that of M2. Thus, chemokine MIP-1α may play an important role in modulating the transition from radiation pneumonitis to pulmonary fibrosisin vivo, through the different chemotactic affinity for M1 and M2.
Anti-cancer natural products isolated from chinese medicinal herbs
Authors: Tan Wen , Lu Jinjian , Huang Mingqing , Li Yingbo , Chen Meiwan , Wu Guosheng , Gong Jian , Zhong Zhangfeng , Xu Zengtao , Dang Yuanye , Guo Jiajie , Chen Xiuping , Wang Yitao 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
In recent years, a number of natural products isolated from Chinese herbs have been found to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis, suppress angiogenesis, retard metastasis and enhance chemotherapy, exhibiting anti-cancer potential both in vitro and in vivo. This article summarizes recent advances in in vitro and in
vivo research on the anti-cancer effects and related mechanisms of some promising natural products. These natural products are also reviewed for their therapeutic potentials, including flavonoids (gambogic acid, curcumin, wogonin and silibinin), alkaloids (berberine), terpenes (artemisinin, β-elemene, oridonin, triptolide, and ursolic acid), quinones (shikonin and emodin) and saponins (ginsenoside Rg3), which are isolated from Chinese medicinal herbs. In particular, the discovery of the new use of artemisinin derivatives as excellent anti-cancer drugs is also reviewed.
Rumination-focused cognitive–behavioural therapy for residual depression: phase II randomised controlled trial
Authors: Watkins Edward R. , Mullan Eugene , Wingrove Janet , Rimes Katharine , Steiner Herbert , Bathurst Neil , Eastman Rachel , Scott Jan 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundAbout 20% of major depressive episodes become chronic and medication-refractory and also appear to be less responsive to standard cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT).AimsTo test whether CBT developed from behavioural activation principles that explicitly and exclusively targets depressive rumination enhances treatment as usual (TAU) in reducing residual depression.MethodForty-two consecutively recruited participants meeting criteria for medication-refractory residual depression were randomly allocated to TAU v. TAU plus up to 12 sessions of individual rumination-focused CBT. The trial has been registered (ISRCTN22782150).ResultsAdding rumination-focused CBT to TAU significantly improved residual symptoms and remission rates. Treatment effects were mediated by change in rumination.ConclusionsThis is the first randomised controlled trial providing evidence of benefits of rumination-focused CBT in persistent depression. Although suggesting the internal validity of rumination-focused CBT for residual depression, the trial lacked an attentional control group so cannot test whether the effects were as a result of the specific content of rumination-focused CBT v. non-specific therapy effects.
Admission Proinsulin Is Associated with Mortality in Patients with Admission Hyperglycemia during Acute Coronary Syndrome: Results from a Pilot Observational Study
Authors: Farhan Serdar , Jarai Rudolf , Tentzeris Ioannis , Freynhofer Matthias K , Brozovic Ivan , Vogel Birgit , Kautzky-Willer A , Wascher Thomas , Wojta Johann , Huber Kurt 
Published: July 2011

BACKGROUND
Acute hyperglycemia (AHG) is associated with mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The extent to which hyperproinsulinemia contributes to worse clinical outcomes for this specific patient population is unknown.

METHODS
We included 308 consecutive ACS patients who underwent coronary angioplasty in this pilot observational study. Patients were separated into 3 groups: patients with proven diabetes mellitus (DM group) (n =55), nondiabetic patients with a normal glucose concentration at admission (NAG group) (n =175), and nondiabetic patients with AHG at presentation (AHG group) (n =78). Blood samples for glucose, insulin, and proinsulin measurements were obtained at admission. The primary end point of the study was all-cause mortality, which was assessed at a mean follow-up of 19 months (interquartile range, 12–28 months).

RESULTS
Patients in the AHG and DM groups had significantly (P =0.048) higher all-cause mortality compared with the NAG group. A univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that the proinsulin concentration was significantly associated with all-cause mortality for all study participants (hazard ratio, 1.013; 95% CI, 1.002–1.024; P =0.023). AHG patients with increased proinsulin concentrations showed a mortality rate similar to that of DM patients but had a significantly higher mortality rate than patients with AHG and a low proinsulin concentration (χ2 =7.57; P =0.006) and patients with NAG (with or without increased proinsulin) [χ2 =7.66 (P =0.006) and 13.98 (P &lt; 0.001), respectively]. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that the concentrations of glucose and proinsulin at admission were significant (P =0.002) predictors of all-cause mortality.

CONCLUSIONS
An increased proinsulin concentration may be a marker for mortality in ACS patients with hyperglycemia at admission and without known diabetes. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of metabolic parameters such as proinsulin.
Processing and characterization of poly(ethylene oxide)/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Ratna Debdatta 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
In recent years, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) has gained two very important applications namely: 1) as solid polymer electrolytes for use in battery, supercapacitor and fuel cell, 2) as a crystallizable switching segment for shape memory polymer (SMP) systems. The common problem for all the applications is linked with the poor mechanical properties of PEO. Hence nanoreinforcement of PEO has been investigated to develop PEO based materials suitable for various applications. PEO/clay nanocomposites have been made by using a solution intercalation method or a melt mixing route. The nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and evaluated for their rheological and dynamic mechanical properties, Since PEO is sensitive to thermo-oxidative degradations, the effect of processing temperature on rheological properties was also investigated. The detailed processing and characterization of PEO/clay nanocomposites will be discussed in the present paper.
Combined energy production in the North Great Plain Region
Authors: Kulcsár B. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
As a part of a broad-scale study, this paper examines the current use and utilization potentials of renewable energies in the North Great Plain Region. Due to its structural properties, geographical situation, climate and morphology, the Region sees a most favourable situation in the field of geothermal energy, biomass and solar energy. The analyses having been performed so far support the assumption that agricultural combined energy production has significant potentials in rural development. With the combined exploitation of the renewable energy potential, agriculture in the North Great Plain Region may provide fir the energy demands of its own activities and the local surroundings. Agriculture as the local energy provider may create a new source of incomes in the sector seeing a shortage of financial resources, as well as an opportunity of breakthrough for rural communities.
Image-based motion planning for two mobile robots in an environment with obstacles by using cellular neural networks
Authors: Ţepelea L. , Gavriluţ I. , Gacsádi A. , Tiponuţ V. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The paper presents an image-based algorithm for motion-planning of two mobile robots moving to the same target in an environment with obstacles. Due to parallel computing, the Cellular Neural Networks (CNN) techniques ensure the images processing in real-time and represent an advantageous solution for autonomous mobile robots guidance. The path planning algorithm can be improved increasing the speed of image processing, using advanced type of the CNN implementation and it can be extended for three or more robots.
Mortality among Infants Born with Orofacial Clefts in a Single Cleft Network
Authors: Kang Sok-Leng , Narayanan Chidambara Subramanian , Kelsall Wilf 
Published: July 2011

Objective To determine mortality rate and cause of death in infants born with orofacial clefts. Methods Retrospective case note review of all children with orofacial clefts within the East of England Cleft Network who have died. Results Between 2002 and 2010, of 638 children born with orofacial clefts, 23 died at a median age of 5 months (range, 1 day to 4 years). The overall mortality rate was 36 per 1000 cleft births. A total of 21 deaths were in the isolated cleft palate group, with a calculated death rate of 68.1 per 1000. One child each from the cleft lip and the cleft lip and palate groups died. Of the children who died, 21 (91%) had other structural abnormalities. Of these children, 19 (83%) died before their first birthday. The causes of death were mainly due to associated congenital anomalies (61%) and infection (17%). Conclusions Children born with cleft palate have a 15-fold increase in mortality compared with the regional East of England infant mortality rate and at least a 10-fold increase when compared with other clefts. Pediatricians should be involved in the care of these complicated patients.
Bacterial Leakage in Implants With Different Implant–Abutment Connections: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Assenza Bartolomeo , Tripodi Domenico , Scarano Antonio , Perrotti Vittoria , Piattelli Adriano , Iezzi Giovanna , D'Ercole Simonetta 
Published: July 2011

Background: Two‐piece implants present gaps and cavities between the implant and the abutment, and these hollow spaces can act as a trap for bacteria. The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the migration of two different microbial species from the inside to the outside of the implant–abutment assembly in three different connection types.Methods: A total of 30 implants (10 implants per group) were used. The implants presented a screwed trilobed connection (group 1), a cemented connection (group 2), and an internal conical connection (group 3). The inner parts of five implants, per group, were inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa suspension and the remaining five implants, per group, with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The penetration of bacteria into the surrounding solution was determined by the observation of turbidity of the broth.Results: In group 1, bacterial contamination was found in six of 10 implants. In group 2, no contaminated samples were found. In group 3, bacterial contamination was found in one implant of 10. Statistically significant differences were detected between group 1 versus group 3 (P <0.05) and between group 1 versus group 2 (P <0.01), whereas no significant differences were found when comparing group 2 versus group 3 (P >0.05).Conclusion: The present study confirms previous results about the hermeticity of the cement‐retained implant–abutment assembly, the very low permeability to bacteria of the conical implant–abutment connection, and the high prevalence of bacterial penetration of screw‐retained implant–abutment assemblies.
Public Health and Medicine in an Age of Energy Scarcity: The Case of Petroleum
Authors: Schwartz Brian S. , Parker Cindy L. , Hess Jeremy , Frumkin Howard 
Published: July 2011

Petroleum supplies have heretofore been abundant and inexpensive, but the world petroleum production peak is imminent, and we are entering an unprecedented era of petroleum scarcity.This fact has had little impact on policies related to climate, energy, the built environment, transportation, food, health care, public health, and global health. Rising prices are likely to spur research and drive efficiency improvements, but such innovations may be unable to address an increasing gap between supply and demand.The resulting implications for health and the environment are explored in the articles we have selected as additional contributions in this special issue. Uncertainty about the timing of the peak, the shape of the production curve, and decline rates should not delay action. The time for quick, decisive, comprehensive action is now.
High Burden of Homelessness Among Sexual-Minority Adolescents: Findings From a Representative Massachusetts High School Sample
Authors: Corliss Heather L. , Goodenow Carol S. , Nichols Lauren , Austin S. Bryn 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. We compared the prevalence of current homelessness among adolescents reporting a minority sexual orientation (lesbian/gay, bisexual, unsure, or heterosexual with same-sex sexual partners) with that among exclusively heterosexual adolescents. Methods. We combined data from the 2005 and 2007 Massachusetts Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a representative sample of public school students in grades 9 though 12 (n = 6317). Results. Approximately 25% of lesbian/gay, 15% of bisexual, and 3% of exclusively heterosexual Massachusetts public high school students were homeless. Sexual-minority males and females had an odds of reporting current homelessness that was between 4 and 13 times that of their exclusively heterosexual peers. Sexual-minority youths’ greater likelihood of being homeless was driven by their increased risk of living separately from their parents or guardians. Conclusions. Youth homelessness is linked with numerous threats such as violence, substance use, and mental health problems. Although discrimination and victimization related to minority sexual orientation status are believed to be important causal factors, research is needed to improve our understanding of the risks and protective factors for homelessness and to determine effective strategies to prevent homelessness in this population.
Racial Discrimination, Psychological Distress, and Self-Rated Health Among US-Born and Foreign-Born Black Americans
Authors: Krieger Nancy , Kosheleva Anna , Waterman Pamela D. , Chen Jarvis T. , Koenen Karestan 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. We investigated associations among racial discrimination, psychological distress, and self-rated health among US-born and immigrant Black Americans. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a cohort of employed working-class Black Americans (193 US-born, 275 foreign-born). Results. Both US-born and foreign-born Black participants had high levels of exposure to poverty (51% and 57%, respectively) and racial discrimination (76% and 60%) and reported high levels of severe psychological distress (14% and 16% had a Kessler 6 [K6] score of 13 or greater); 17% and 7% reported fair or poor health. After controlling for relevant covariates, their risk parameters for racial discrimination (high vs no exposure) were 4.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.3, 5.6) and 3.3 (95% CI = 2.1, 4.5), respectively, for continuous K6 score; corresponding odds ratios for severe psychological distress were 6.9 (95% CI = 1.4, 35.7) and 6.8 (95% CI = 2.5, 18.3). No associations existed between racial discrimination and self-reported health, suggesting that an underlying propensity to report adversity does not account for our psychological distress findings. Conclusions. Our results attest to the salience of racial discrimination, nativity, and socioeconomic position in understanding the experiences and psychological health of Black Americans.
Social and Physical Contexts of Schools and Neighborhoods: Associations With Physical Activity Among Young People in New Zealand
Authors: Utter Jennifer , Denny Simon , Robinson Elizabeth , Ameratunga Shanthi , Milfont Taciano L. 
Published: July 2011

Objectives. We sought to determine the association between school- and neighborhood-level characteristics and physical activity among young people. Methods. We collected the data as part of Youth’07, a nationally representative survey of the health and well-being of high school students in New Zealand. In total, 9107 students from 96 schools participated (63% response rate). Students answered questions about their schools (e.g., support for physical activity) and neighborhoods (e.g., community cohesion, disintegration, safety, and recreational facilities). We created school-level measures by aggregating the students’ reports within their schools and we created neighborhood-level measures by aggregating the students’ reports of their neighborhoods to the census area unit of their residential address. We conducted analyses by using cross-classified random-effects models controlling for individual variables, with school and neighborhoods treated as random effects. Results. Schools characterized by high sports team participation and neighborhoods characterized by high social connections were positively associated with student physical activity. We observed few other significant characteristics of school and neighborhood environments. Conclusions. Our findings highlight that opportunity for sports participation and strong social connections in neighborhoods are particularly important for youths’ physical activity.