bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A qualitative inquiry into consumer beliefs about the causes of mental illness
Authors: BAKER A. E. Z. , PROCTER N. G. 
Published: July 2012

Accessible summary
People with a mental illness hold a range of beliefs about factors or situations which may cause mental illness.
Several losses are suggested as possible causes of mental illness, particularly social losses such as the death of a loved one or loss of a nurturing relationship in childhood because of abuse.
Mental health professionals should be aware of, and willing to engage in discussions about the diverse range of explanatory models for mental illness.
AbstractThis paper examines consumer or service user beliefs about the causes of mental illness. It presents a qualitative, participatory action research study involving semi‐structured in‐depth interviews with 16 people who had been diagnosed with a mental illness and attended a community mental health centre in metropolitan South Australia. Inductive thematic analysis was undertaken, with a range of beliefs about the possible cause of mental illness identified. Findings are organized within two key areas: social or environmental factors and physical or biological factors. The social or environmental category included varied situations, clustered under the subcategories of: stress during childhood, events in adulthood and religious beliefs. Physical or biological factors included beliefs that mental illness was inherited, caused by brain malfunction or chemical imbalance. Of note, one‐third of consumer participants who discussed possible causes of mental illness identified multiple potential causes. Implications for service delivery, specifically related to therapeutic trust and engagement, are also considered.
Comparison of calculations to estimate gastric emptying half‐time of solids in humans
Authors: Zinsmeister A. R. , Bharucha A. E. , Camilleri M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground  Measuring solid gastric emptying (GE) at 4 h is used to identify gastroparesis. GE half‐time (GE T1/2) is useful to assess overall and early GE.Aim  To examine the validity of hourly imaging as a measurement of GE T1/2 compared with estimates from more detailed imaging.Methods  155 human subjects (99 female, 56 male) underwent scintigraphic GE of a solid–liquid meal. We calculated the GE T1/2 using linear interpolation based on a full set of abdominal images obtained over 4 h, and the GE T1/2 based on images at 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after the meal with interpolation of data.Key Results  Differences in GE T1/2 values (entire set of scan times compared with just the hourly scans) were small [overall median (5th, 95th percentiles) = −0.2[−7.5, 4.6] min] with slightly greater differences in males compared with females. The agreement between the two methods was very high [concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) (95% CI) = 0.993 (0.990, 0.995)] and a Bland–Altman plot indicated the variation in the results between the two methods did not change appreciably across the range of GE studied (within ±10 min for all but four subjects). Calculated GE T1/2 values, omitting the 3‐h data from the hourly measurements, were associated with similar high accuracy overall and for fast GE, but were less accurate with slow GE.Conclusions & Inferences  Results of GE T1/2 solids, using hourly imaging over 4 h, are accurate in the range 75–235 min which reflects the typical range of GE of solids in health and disease.
Across breed multi‐trait random regression genomic predictions in the Nordic Red dairy cattle
Authors: Makgahlela M.L. , Mäntysaari E.A. , Strandén I. , Koivula M. , Nielsen U.S. , Sillanpää M.J. , Juga J. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe current study evaluates reliability of genomic predictions in selection candidates using multi‐trait random regression model, which accounts for interactions between marker effects and breed of origin in the Nordic Red dairy cattle (RDC). The population structure of the RDC is admixed. Data consisted of individual animal breed proportions calculated from the full pedigree, deregressed proofs (DRP) of published estimated breeding values (EBV) for yield traits and genotypic data for 37 595 single nucleotide polymorphic markers. The analysed data included 3330 bulls in the reference population and 812 bulls that were used for validation. Direct genomic breeding values (DGV) were estimated using the model under study, which accounts for breed effects and also with GBLUP, which assume uniform population. Validation reliability was calculated as a coefficient of determination from weighted regression of DRP on DGV (), scaled by the mean reliability of DRP. Using the breed‐specific model increased the reliability of DGV by 2 and 3% for milk and protein, respectively, when compared to homogeneous population GBLUP. The exception was for fat, where there was no gain in reliability. Estimated validation reliabilities were low for milk (0.32) and protein (0.32) and slightly higher (0.42) for fat.
A retrospective survey of the ocular histopathology of the pinniped eye with emphasis on corneal disease
Authors: Miller Sarah , Colitz Carmen M. H. , St. Leger Judy , Dubielzig Richard 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjective  A retrospective review of globes from 70 pinnipeds submitted to the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin (COPLOW) describing the type and frequency of ocular disease.Animals studied  The study included 50 California sea lions, four animals listed only as ‘sea lion’, nine Northern elephant seals, five harbor seals, 1 Northern fur seal, and 1 Hooded seal.Procedures  Globes were classified by microscopic findings. Categories were not mutually exclusive.Results  The largest category was corneal disease (63 globes from 40 pinnipeds). The second largest was cataractous changes (35 globes from 23 pinnipeds). Additional ocular diseases included traumatic ocular injuries (nine globes from eight animals), phthisis bulbi (nine globes from eight pinnipeds), neoplasia (nine globes from six adult California sea lions), amyloid deposition in the corneal stroma, ciliary body, or both locations (five globes from four pinnipeds), and fungal disease (three globes from two pinnipeds). Pinnipeds with corneal disease were further categorized: stromal pathology (39 globes from 27 pinnipeds); epithelial pathology (37 globes from 27 pinnipeds); Descemet’s pathology (11 globes from eight pinnipeds); endothelial attenuation or absence (33 globes from 22 pinnipeds); presence of retrocorneal membranes (15 globes from 10 pinnipeds); anterior synechia (eight globes from six animals), and keratitis (seven globes from five pinnipeds).Conclusions  This is the first report of ocular amyloid in pinniped eyes. All cases of neoplasia were in a pattern suggesting metastatic disease. In this study, there was a higher prevalence of ocular disease in captive pinnipeds, particularly in the posterior cornea.
Long‐term effects of the Diabetes Prevention Program interventions on cardiovascular risk factors: a report from the DPP Outcomes Study
Authors:   The Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study Research Group; prepared on behalf of the DPPOS Research Group, Orchard T. J. , Temprosa M. , Barrett‐Connor E. , Fowler S. E. , Goldberg R. B. , Mather K. J. , Marcovina S. M. , Montez M. , Ratner R. E. , Saudek C. D. , Sherif H. , Watson K. E. 
Published: July 2012

Diabet. Med. 30, 46–55 (2013)AbstractAims  Whether long‐term cardiovascular risk is reduced by the Diabetes Prevention Program interventions is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the long‐term differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors and the use of lipid and blood pressure medications by the original Diabetes Prevention Program intervention group.Methods  This long‐term follow‐up (median 10 years, interquartile range 9.0–10.5) of the three‐arm Diabetes Prevention Program randomized controlled clinical trial (metformin, intensive lifestyle and placebo), performed on 2766 (88%) of the Diabetes Prevention Program participants (who originally had impaired glucose tolerance), comprised a mean of 3.2 years of randomized treatment, approximately 1‐year transition (during which all participants were offered intensive lifestyle intervention) and 5 years follow‐up (Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study). During the study, participants were followed in their original groups with their clinical care being provided by practitioners outside the research setting. The study determined lipoprotein profiles and blood pressure and medication use annually.Results  After 10 years’ follow‐up from Diabetes Prevention Program baseline, major reductions were seen for systolic (−2 to −3) and diastolic (−6 to −6.5 mmHg) blood pressure, and for LDL cholesterol (−0.51 to −0.6 mmol/l) and triglycerides (−0.23 to −0.25 mmol/l) in all groups, with no between‐group differences. HDL cholesterol also rose significantly (0.14 to 0.15 mmol/l) in all groups. Lipid (P = 0.01) and blood pressure (P = 0.09) medication use, however, were lower for the lifestyle group during the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study.Conclusion  Overall, intensive lifestyle intervention achieved, with less medication, a comparable long‐term effect on cardiovascular disease risk factors, to that seen in the metformin and placebo groups.
Does headCTscan pathology predict outcome after mild traumatic brain injury?
Authors: Lannsjö M. , Backheden M. , Johansson U. , af Geijerstam J. L. , Borg J. 
Published: July 2012

Background and purposeMore evidence is needed to forward our understanding of the key determinants of poor outcome after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI). A large, prospective, national cohort of patients was studied to analyse the effect of headCTscan pathology on the outcome.MethodsOne‐thousand two‐hundred and sixty‐two patients withMTBI(GlasgowComaScale score 15) at 39 emergency departments completed a study protocol including acute headCTscan examination and follow‐up by theRivermeadPostConcussionSymptomsQuestionnaire and theGlasgowOutcomeScaleExtended (GOSE) at 3 months afterMTBI. Binary logistic regression was used for the assessment of prediction ability.ResultsIn 751 men (60%) and 511 women (40%), with a mean age of 30 years (median 21, range 6–94), we observed relevant or suspect relevant pathologic findings on acuteCTscan in 52 patients (4%). Patients aged below 30 years reported better outcome both with respect to symptoms andGOSEas compared to patients in older age groups. Men reported better outcome than women as regards symptoms (OR0.64,CI0.49–0.85 for ≥3 symptoms) and global function (OR0.60,CI0.39–0.92 forGOSE1–6).ConclusionsPathology on acuteCTscan examination had no effect on self‐reported symptoms or global function at 3 months afterMTBI. Female gender and older age predicted a less favourable outcome. The findings support the view that other factors than brain injury deserve attention to minimize long‐term complaints afterMTBI.
Auto‐amplification of cortisol actions in human carotid atheroma is linked to arterial remodeling and stroke
Authors: Ayari Hanène , Legedz Liliana , Lantelme Pierre , Feugier Patrick , Randon Jacques , Cerutti Catherine , Lohez Olivier , Scoazec Jean‐Yves , Li Jacques Yuan , Gharbi‐Chihi Jouda , Bricca Giampiero 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHigh cortisol and aldosterone levels increase cardiovascular risk, but the respective roles of each hormone within the arterial wall remain controversial. We tested the hypothesis that cortisol production within the arterial wall may contribute to atherosclerotic remodeling and act through illicit activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). Gene expression studies of the corticoid system components and marker genes of the atherosclerotic process in human carotid atheroma plaque and nearby macroscopically intact tissue (MIT) were considered together with clinical data and compared with pharmacological stimulations of human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in contractile or lipid‐storing phenotypes. The components of corticoid production and action were present and active within the human carotid wall and VSMCs. Atheroma plaque and lipid‐storing VSMCs expressed 11β‐hydroxysteroid deshydrogenase‐1 (11β‐HSD1) at two‐ to tenfold higher levels than MIT or contractile VSMCs. The 11β‐HSD1 expression was stimulated by cortisol and cortisone, especially in lipid‐storing VSMCs. MR mRNA level was lower in atheroma and lipid‐storing VSMCs and downregulated via MR by fludrocortisone and cortisol. Cortisol upregulated collagen1 and MCP‐1 mRNAs via the glucocorticoid receptor (GRα), in both VSMC phenotypes, whereas fludrocortisone stimulated the collagen1 expression only in lipid‐storing VSMCs. The GRα mRNA level in MIT was higher in patients with previous stroke and correlated positively with the collagen1 mRNA but negatively with diastolic blood pressure. Local cortisol production by 11β‐HSD1, and its action via high parietal GRα could be relevant from the first step of atherosclerotic remodeling and auto‐amplify with transdifferentiation of VSMCs during atheroma progression.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN EDROPHONIUM (TENSILON) AND ACETYLCHOLINE AT THE MOTOR END‐PLATE
Authors: KATZ B. , THESLEFF S. 
Published: July 2012

The effect of edrophonium (3‐hydroxy‐phenyl‐dimethylethylammonium chloride) on the motor end‐plate and its interaction with acetylcholine and carbachol has been investigated. Use was made of intracellular recording of membrane potential and of ionophoretic micro‐application of drugs from single and twin‐pipettes.Small doses of edrophonium potentiate the depolarizing effect of acetylcholine, but not that of carbachol. This action can be observed with doses of edrophonium which have no depolarizing effect by themselves. Large doses of edrophonium have some depolarizing action and, at the same time, inhibit depolarizations produced by carbachol. After treatment with neostigmine, edrophonium fails to potentiate the acetylcholine response. The observations are in agreement with the view that the principal action of edrophonium on the neuromuscular junction is that of a potent and rapidly acting anticholinesterase.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF ANALGESICS ON PAIN THRESHOLD, RESPIRATORY FREQUENCY AND GASTROINTESTINAL PROPULSION
Authors: GREEN A. F. 
Published: July 2012

In the rat, the ratio of the analgesic to the respiratory depressant potency was the same for morphine, codeine, diamorphine, methadone, dipipanone, piperidylisomethadone, phenadoxone, dextromoramide, and propoxyphene. The relative respiratory depressant activity of pethidine tended to be less, but the difference was not significant. The ratio of the analgesic dose to the dose preventing transport of a charcoal meal in the rat was about the same for morphine, codeine, pethidine, methadone, phenadoxone, dimethylthiambutene, and propoxyphene; the relative activities of these compounds in inhibiting the peristaltic reflex of the isolated guinea‐pig ileum were also similar. However, because of differences in the slopes of regression lines in the charcoal meal test, some compounds (for example, morphine) had a greater effect on gastrointestinal propulsion than others (for example, pethidine) when given at moderate analgesic dose levels.In studies of the effects of intracisternal morphine in the rat, effects on the spinal reflex of the tail were to some extent dissociated from effects on the threshold for a squeak response. Further, the delaying of transport of a charcoal meal paralleled depression of respiratory rate, and this is evidence for the participation of a central as well as a peripheral action in the effect of morphine on the gastrointestinal tract. The delay in propulsion was reduced by nalorphine and increased by atropine and two general anaesthetic substances, but was unaffected by a number of other pharmacological agents.
ACTIONS OF SOME ANALOGUES OF TRYPTAMINE ON THE ISOLATED RAT UTERUS AND ON THE ISOLATED RAT FUNDUS STRIP PREPARATIONS
Authors: BARLOW R. B. , KHAN I. 
Published: July 2012

Some 3‐(2‐dialkylaminoethyl)‐, 3‐(2‐alkylaminoethyl)‐, and 3‐(2‐dialkylaminoethyl)‐2‐methylindoles have been synthesized and tested, along with 5‐benzyloxygramine, 5‐benzyloxy‐3‐(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)‐, 3‐(2‐aminopropyl)‐ and 3‐(2‐aminobutyl)‐indoles, on the rat uterus and rat fundus strip. 5‐Benzyloxy‐3‐(2‐dimethylaminoethyl)indole, even though it contains an ethylene side‐chain, was a less potent antagonist of 5‐hydroxytryptamine than was 5‐benzyloxygramine. The remaining compounds were still less active. There are differences between the ability of some of them to antagonize 5‐hydroxytryptamine and to antagonize tryptamine. 3‐(2‐Dimethylaminoethyl)‐2‐methylindole, in particular, shows a considerable degree of specific antagonism of 5‐hydroxytryptamine on both tissues.Nearly all the compounds stimulate the preparations, some combining antagonism of 5‐hydroxytryptamine at low concentrations with stimulant activity at higher concentrations. The most active compound is 3‐(2‐dipropylaminoethyl)indole. On the rat fundus strip this has, on a molar basis, 1/40th of the stimulant activity of 5‐hydroxytryptamine, and is 20 times as active as tryptamine: on the rat uterus it is only 1/200th as active as 5‐hydroxytryptamine, and equal in activity to tryptamine.
Effect of prostaglandins E1 and E2 on intestinal motility in the guinea‐pig and rat
Authors: BENNETT A. , ELEY K. G. , SCHOLES G. B. 
Published: July 2012

. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 affected intestinal activity both in vitro and in vivo.
. Serosal application of prostaglandin to guinea‐pig isolated ileum stimulated the longitudinal muscle but reduced peristaltic contractions of the circular muscle and the propulsion of fluid through the gut. Intraluminal application had little effect.
. Injection of prostaglandin into the bloodstream of anaesthetized rats stimulated the longitudinal muscle of the ileum and increased the intraluminal pressure. A similar response sometimes occurred in the guinea‐pig, but in general the effect was variable.
. Release of prostaglandin in the gut wall, but probably not into the blood or into the lumen of the gut, may play a part in controlling intestinal motility.
Effects of nicotine on electrocortical activity and acetylcholine release from the cat cerebral cortex
Authors: ARMITAGE A. K. , HALL G. H. , SELLERS C. M. 
Published: July 2012

The effects of small amounts of nicotine on electrocortical activity and central acetylcholine (ACh) release have been studied on anaesthetized cats.
The most common effect of nicotine given intravenously in a dose of 2 μg/kg every 30 sec for 20 min was to cause desynchronization of the electrocorticogram, indicating cortical activation, and an increase in the release of cortical ACh.
A larger dose given less frequently (4 μg/kg every min for 20 min) caused, in some experiments, an increase and in others a decrease in cortical activity. Such changes were accompanied respectively by an increase or decrease in cortical ACh output.
The amounts of nicotine that affected the electrocorticogram and ACh release are probably similar to those absorbed by the cigarette smoker who inhales.
The effects of nicotine on the electrocorticogram were transient, but the effects on ACh were prolonged. This suggests that at least two pathways are involved in the nicotine response.
Some studies on cytisine and its methylated derivatives
Authors: BARLOW R. B. , McLEOD L. J. 
Published: July 2012

In mice cytisine hydrochloride is less toxic intravenously than nicotine hydrogen tartrate, but more toxic by intraperitoneal or oral administration. Compared with cytisine, caulophylline hydrogen iodide is one‐fifth to one‐tenth as toxic and caulophylline methiodide is less than one‐thirtieth as toxic.
The surprising low oral toxicity of cytisine and nicotine may be ascribed to the method of administration; if the drug is placed directly in the stomach there is no possibility of absorption through buccal mucous membranes.
The peripheral effects of nicotine, cytisine and caulophylline are similar, though on some preparations those of nicotine last longer. In most tests cytisine is active in doses from a quarter to three‐quarters of those of nicotine, caulophylline in doses from 10 to 20 times those of cytisine. Caulophylline methiodide is virtually inactive.
Cytisine and caulophylline may differ from nicotine in their central effects.
Cytisine and caulophylline are active as the cations. The pKa of cytisine is 7.92 and that of caulophylline is 7.04; the difference accounts, in part, for the weaker activity of caulophylline. The caulophylline ion is generally one‐sixth to one‐third as active as the cytisine ion.
The introduction of the second methyl group to form the quaternary salt does not appear to cause a dramatic change in the conformation of the molecule. Caulophylline methiodide appears to be feebly active because it has feeble affinity.
Study on some selective β‐adrenoreceptor blocking effects of 1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐1‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl isopropylaminoethane (α‐methyl INPEA)
Authors: SOMANI PITAMBAR 
Published: July 2012

. The effect of methyl substitution in the α‐carbon position of the ethanolamine side chain of INPEA was investigated on its β‐adrenoreceptor blocking activity in the isolated turtle heart and anaesthetized cats.
. In the turtle heart preparation, the pA2 value for erythro‐α‐methyl INPEA was 5·3, as compared with 6·9 for INPEA, while threo‐α‐methyl INPEA was extremely weak and its pA2 value could not be determined.
. In the intact cat experiments, α‐methyl INPEA produced a competitive blockade of the peripheral vasodilator effect of isoprenaline in doses ranging from 5 to 20 mg/kg. However, this agent had a minimal effect on the cardiac stimulant effect of the catecholamine.
. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the β‐adrenoreceptors comprise a family of nonhomogeneous receptors and a selective blockade of only some, but not all, responses mediated through their activation can be achieved by specific molecular modification of the β‐adrenoreceptor blocking agents.
The pulmonary and systemic circulatory response to dopamine infusion
Authors: HARRISON D. C. , PIRAGES SUELLEN , ROBISON SHERILYN C. , WINTROUB B. U. 
Published: July 2012

. The pulmonary and systemic circulatory responses to dopamine infused at 8, 15, 25 and 30 μg/kg per min were studied in eight mongrel dogs.
. Mean pulmonary artery pressure, mean left atrial pressure, mean aortic pressure, mean aortic flow and the electrocardiogram were monitored in open‐chest preparations. Pulmonary vascular resistance, systemic vascular resistance and stroke volume were calculated.
. Significant increases in mean pulmonary and aortic pressures were noted at dopamine infusions of 25 and 30 μg/kg per min. The left atrial pressure fell significantly at 15 μg/kg per min and rose significantly at 30 μg/kg per min. Mean aortic flow increased at all four doses, while heart rate showed no change. Pulmonary vascular resistance did not change significantly at any dose level, but systemic vascular resistance fell slightly at 8 and 15 μg/kg per min and rose significantly at 30 μg/kg per min. Stroke volume was significantly elevated at infusions of 25 and 30 μg/kg per min.
. The systemic circulatory response to dopamine is similar to that described by previous investigators.
. The increased pulmonary pressures without change in resistance suggest a dopamine‐induced increase in smooth muscle tension in the pulmonary vasculature.