bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and fungicidal activity of tubulin polymerisation promoters. Part 1: pyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazines
Authors: Crowley Patrick J , Lamberth Clemens , Müller Urs , Wendeborn Sebastian , Nebel Kurt , Williams John , Sageot Olivia‐A , Carter Neil , Mathie Tanya , Kempf Hans‐Joachim , Godwin Jeremy , Schneiter Peter , Dobler Markus R 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The excellent fungicidal activity of [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines suggested the search for further analogues with improved properties.RESULTS: A series of novel trisubstituted pyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazines has been designed and prepared as 6,6‐biheterocyclic analogues of related 5,6‐bicyclic [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines. Their fungicidal activity was evaluated against the plant pathogens Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici (Eriks.) CO Johnston (wheat brown rust), Mycosphaerella graminicola (Fuckel) Schroter (Septoria tritici Rob., leaf spot of wheat) and Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr (Pyricularia oryzae Cav., rice blast). Structure–activity relationship studies revealed the advantage of a fluoro substituent in position 6 and of a secondary amine in position 8.CONCLUSION: 8‐Amino‐7‐aryl‐6‐halogen‐substituted pyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazines have been prepared as 6,6‐biheterocyclic analogues of similarly substituted triazolopyrimidine fungicides. A concise four‐step synthesis route has been worked out to prepare these novel compounds from commercially available starting materials. [(R)‐(1,2‐Dimethylpropyl)]‐[6‐fluoro‐7‐(2,4,6‐trifluorophenyl)pyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazin‐8‐yl]amine showed excellent activity against three economically important phytopathogens. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Dimensions and dynamics of irregular migration
Authors: Koser Khalid 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis contribution critically reviews existing data and other recent sources to provide an overview of the dimensions and dynamics of contemporary irregular migration. First it considers the utility and uses of irregular migrant statistics, considering their inherent inaccuracy, their inability to distinguish different types of irregular migrant, the way that data is collected, and the purposes to which it is put. The second section reviews the conceptual and practical challenges associated with counting irregular migrants. Conceptual challenges include: differentiating stocks from flows, addressing the variety of routes into irregularity, distinguishing migrant smuggling from human trafficking, separating asylum from aggregate statistics, and acknowledging that migrants' legal status can change quickly. Practical challenges associated with a series of direct and indirect methods for collecting statistics (including national censuses) are reviewed, and the difficulty for researchers to access official statistics highlighted. The third section presents estimates of the scale and scope of irregular migration, and data from regularisation programmes in various high‐income countries. The fourth section reviews explanations for irregular migration, distinguishing macro‐level explanations that focus on structural causes from meso‐level explanations concerned with the role of policies and intermediaries, and also notes the shortage of micro‐level explanations concerned with individual and family decision‐making. The final section considers the consequences of irregular migration, with a particular focus on security. The review suggests that while irregular migration can undermine state sovereignty, the implications of irregular migration for the ‘human security’ of those involved should not be underestimated. The conclusion considers some implications for future research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A tale of networks and policies: prolegomena to an analysis of irregular migration careers and their developmental paths
Authors: Cvajner Martina , Sciortino Giuseppe 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn recent decades, large‐scale irregular migration flows and systems have developed across Europe. Although such systems involve most European countries and are often treated as being similar, their structures and dynamics are quite different. Some irregular migration systems have developed through clandestine entries, while other systems are almost entirely the result of overstaying. Some systems have been structured around a sequence of self‐contained spells of irregular work, while others have involved long‐term irregular residence. Some have coupled specific flows with specific niches in the occupational structures, while others have shown no significant connections with specific sectors of employment. This paper is based on what has been learned from an immigrant life‐history project carried out in Italy in recent years, and describes three different types of irregular migratory systems that are themselves rooted in three different kinds of migration careers: atomistic, volume‐based and structured. The paper argues that the distinction between different irregular migration systems is crucial both for structural and developmental analysis. Differences in the structure of irregular migration systems should also be taken into account in the analyses of the impact of different migration control policies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enrichment of silicon for a better kilogram
Authors: Becker P. , Pohl H.‐J. , Riemann H. , Abrosimov N. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA metrological challenge is currently underway to replace the present definition of the kilogram by the mass of a certain number of silicon atoms. A prerequisite for this is that the Avogadro constant, NA, which defines the number of atoms in a mole, is determined with a relative uncertainty of better than 2 × 10−8. Silicon crystals are used for this determination, the difficulty arising thereby is the measurement of the average molar mass of natural Si. Consequently, a worldwide collaboration has been launched to produce ∼5 kg of 28Si single crystal with an enrichment factor greater than 0.99985 and of sufficient chemical purity so that it can be used to determine NA with the targeted relative measurement uncertainty mentioned above. In the following, the development and first successful tests of all technological steps are reported, and the new equipment for the production of high‐purity 28Si with an enrichment of not less than 0.9999 is described. All steps are defined by a Technical Road Map (TRM28) mandatory for all partners, and all key results are measured by calibrated and certified means, e.g. the C content of the final material is less than 1015 atoms/cm3 and the specific resistance is in the range from 400 to 1000 Ωcm. New applications based on this highly enriched and purified 28Si, and on 29Si and 30Si monocrystals produced in parallel, are reported briefly in the fields of solid state spectroscopy, spintronics, quantum computing, cooling of highly loaded SYS optics, superlattice structure (SLS), terahertz laser.
Sustainable production and the performance of South African entrepreneurs in a global supply chain. The case of South African table grape producers
Authors: Ras Peter J. , Vermeulen Walter J. V. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractGlobal trade is strongly growing and becoming connected to the issue of sustainable development in business practices. In recent years this has resulted in businesses on the demand side formulating sets of requirements for suppliers on their performance on corporate social responsibility and sustainable production. In doing this, value systems of the industrialized world are forwarded towards developing countries. It is seen as a way to complement poor sustainability policies on practices in these countries. This relatively new phenomenon of promoting sustainable development through market interactions is quite remarkable. Why would economic actors take up such public interests (abating environmental degradation and social injustice)? From the perspective of developing countries on the supply side of global value chains, being able to commit to such business‐to‐business standards requires developing world producers to possess certain qualities and capacities. This article reflects on this issue, identifying essential capacities, drawn from literature on (sustainable) entrepreneurship. It develops a model explaining business performance with characteristics of entrepreneurship. The model is tested in practice using data on exporters of table grapes in South Africa. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Transaction cost implication of private branding and empirical evidence
Authors: Chen Shih‐Fen S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBranding and transaction cost economics represent two research streams that rarely cross paths in the literature. In this study, I explore the transaction cost implication of private branding, a practice whereby products supplied by unaffiliated manufacturers are sold under private brands owned by retailers. The main thesis is that private branding can preempt a special case of asset specificity called brand specificity, where retailers also invest in the marketing of an outsourced product, but subsequent reputation effects (positive or negative) are specific to the manufacturer who brands the product. Retailers, thus, will not be fully motivated to optimize their investment in product marketing unless they take over the branding right. With potential barriers to private branding being controlled, data obtained from a national chain reveal that the retailer deploys its marketing resources according to the branding status of a product, implying that private branding can deflect the transaction cost of solving the brand specificity problem. The results offer new theoretical insights into branding and transaction cost analysis. This efficiency‐based approach to private branding also provides practitioners with useful guidelines for crafting a branding strategy that will facilitate cooperation between manufacturers and retailers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multilevel framework of firm boundaries: firm characteristics, dyadic differences, and network attributes
Authors: Yang Haibin , Lin Zhiang (John) , Lin Ya (Lisa) 
Published: September 2009

AbstractExtending prior firm boundary research that tends to focus on economic explanations and rely on atomistic assumptions, we propose a multilevel framework by bridging the resource‐based view and the social network perspective, with their respective emphases on the importance of firms' internal resource endowments and external resource opportunities. Specifically, we argue that firms' boundary choices can be better understood by considering the tension between the need for external resources and the need for risk controls, affected by internal and external resource factors at three important levels: firm characteristics, dyadic differences, and network attributes. We also explore firms' boundary choices under two conditions: whether to initiate external relationships (non‐partnering vs. partnering) and whether to pursue either alliances or acquisitions if external relationships are needed. Our analyses of the United States computer industry over a nine‐year span largely support our theoretical framework and demonstrate the importance of unique factors at and across individual, dyadic, and network levels in understanding firms' boundary choices. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global Anesthesia Workforce Crisis: A Preliminary Survey Revealing Shortages Contributing to Undesirable Outcomes and Unsafe Practices
Authors: Dubowitz Gerald , Detlefs Sarah , Kelly McQueen K. A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe burden of disease, disability, and mortality that could be averted by surgery is growing. However, few low and middle income countries (LMICs) have the infrastructure or capacity to provide surgical services to meet this growing need. Equally, few of these countries have been assessed for key infrastructural capacity including surgical and anesthesia providers, equipment, and supplies. These assessments are critical to revealing magnitude of the evolving surgical and anesthesia workforce crisis, related morbidity and mortality, and necessary steps to mitigate the impact of the crisis.MethodsA pilot Internet‐based survey was conducted to estimate per‐capita anesthesia providers in LMICs. Information was obtained from e‐mail respondents at national health care addresses, and from individuals working in‐country on anesthesia‐related projects.ResultsWorkers from 6 of 98 countries responded to direct e‐mail inquiries, and an additional five responses came from individuals who were working or had worked in‐country at the time of the survey. The data collected revealed that the per‐capita anesthesia provider ratio in the countries surveyed was often 100 times lower than in developed countries.ConclusionsThis pilot study revealed that the number of anesthesia providers available per capita of population is markedly reduced in low and lower middle income countries compared to developed countries. As anesthesia providers are an integral part of the delivery of safe and effective surgical care, it is essential that more data is collected to fully understand the deficiencies in workforce and capacity in low and middle income countries.
Variation in seed germination between populations of five sub‐alpine woody species from eastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau following dry storage at low temperatures
Authors: Wang Ju Hong , Baskin Carol C. , Chen Wei , Du Guo Zhen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEffects of cold‐dry storage on dormancy break and viability were determined for seeds of the five sub‐alpine woody species Philadelphus incanus, Berberis vernae, Berberis dubia, Betula utilis, and Picea purpurea collected along an altitudinal gradient on the eastern part of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau in China. Germination tests were conducted at 20/5°C for seeds stored dry at ambient room temperature for 4 weeks and then at 3–4°C for 0, 6, 12, and 24 weeks. Dormancy break during dry storage, i.e., afterripening, was indicated by an increase in germination percentages and rates. Duration of cold‐dry storage and altitude of seed collection had significant effects on germination. With an increase in duration of storage, germination percentages and rates of P. incanus and B. vernae increased with a decrease in altitude of seed collection, while they increased with an increase in altitude for seeds of B. utilis and P. purpurea. Seeds of B. dubia did not exhibit changes in germination percentages and rates with altitude because a high number of seeds remained dormant during storage. Seed viability after 24 weeks of storage ranged from high (88, 93.3, 92.7%) for B. utilis to low (15% for high altitude) for P. incanus. The potential for dormancy break to occur during cold‐dry storage should be considered when studies on basic seed dormancy are conducted or when seeds from various locations are stored prior to propagating plants from them.
A comparison of percutaneous and mini-open techniques of Achilles tenotomy: An experimental study in rats
Authors: Dogan Ahmet , Uzumcugil Onat , Sarisozen Bartu , Ozdemir Bulent , Akman Y. Emre , Bozdag Ergun , Sunbuloglu Emin , Bozkurt Erol 
Published: September 2009

Purpose To investigate the effect of Achilles tenotomy performed percutaneously and by mini-open methods on tendon healing and final strength. Materials and methods In two groups, each consisting of 14 rats, percutaneous and mini-open techniques in Achilles tenotomy were compared in terms of biomechanical, histological and gross properties. Results In the gross evaluation, it was observed that an obvious thickening and adhesion to the subcutaneous tissue of the healing tendon were observed in nearly all rats in which the mini-open technique was performed. In the biomechanical analysis, there was no significant difference between percutaneous and mini-open groups and between operated and intact Achilles tendons in both groups, in terms of tendon strength ( P > 0.05). In the histological evaluation, irregularity in the parallel pattern of the collagen fibres, emergence of a non-specific collagenous tissue formation and infiltration of mild mononuclear inflammatory cells were reported. These changes were more marked in the rats in which the percutaneous technique was performed. Conclusion Mini-open technique for Achilles tenotomy may be considered as an alternative method of treatment to apply the tenotomy technique in a secure way. Clinical relevance There are two basic advantages of Achilles tenotomy performed by the mini-incision open technique: (1) a complete tenotomy is guaranteed, as it has to be in the original Ponseti technique, (2) iatrogenic neuro-vascular injury risk is nearly completely avoided due to the subparatenon exploration of the tendon and direct visual observation during the transection. The mini-open technique may only be used in cases in which a vascular compromise is clinically suspected or confirmed by Doppler ultrasonography and/or arteriography. On the other hand, the technique may be performed in all cases routinely by the choice of the surgeon.
Transmission héréditaire de l’information épigénétique par le gamète mâle
Authors: Grandjean V. 
Published: September 2009

Résumé
Comment est déterminé un phénotype ? Historiquement, on pensait que ce dernier résultait de l’information génétique reçue par les parents. Mais de nombreuses études ont révélé l’existence de modifications épigénétiques qui ne sont pas portées sur la séquence nucléotidique d’un gène, mais dont la présence est indispensable à l’expression normale d’un gène. Point important, ces modifications épigénétiques peuvent être héritées par les enfants, indiquant clairement que le gamète femelle mais aussi le gamète mâle contiennent des informations épigénétiques transmissibles à la descendance.
Spontaneous onset of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
Authors: de Rooij Annetje M. , Perez Roberto S.G.M. , Huygen Frank J. , van Eijs Frank , van Kleef Maarten , Bauer Martin C.R. , Van Hilten Jacobus J. , Marinus Johan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractComplex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) usually develops after a noxious event, but spontaneous onsets have been described in 3–11% of the cases. The existence of spontaneous‐onset CRPS is highly debated and the aim of the present study was therefore to compare the phenotypic characteristics of CRPS patients with a spontaneous onset, with those of patients with a trauma‐induced onset.Data of 537 CRPS patients followed up at four departments of anesthesiology were analyzed and comprised 498 (93%) patients with and 39 (7%) patients without a known eliciting event. There where no significant differences between the two groups in gender, or in onset in upper or lower limb or left or right side of the body. Compared to CRPS patients with a trauma‐induced onset, spontaneous‐onset cases were on average 9 years younger at disease onset and had a 1.4 years longer median disease duration. No significant differences in frequency were found for any of the 34 compared signs and symptoms when the effect of multiple testing was controlled. In conclusion, CRPS may develop both with and without a precipitating noxious event, with both groups exhibiting a largely similar clinical presentation. Spontaneous‐onset CRPS patients generally develop the syndrome at a younger age, possibly indicating a susceptibility to develop the condition. The longer disease duration in spontaneous‐onset cases may reflect a more gradual disease onset, poorer prognosis, or a delay in diagnosis, possibly as a result of reluctance to make this diagnosis in the absence of a clear initiating event.
Epidural space and regional anesthesia
Authors: De Andrés José , Reina Miguel Angel , Prats Alberto 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEpidural fat provides sufficient cushion for the pulsatile movements of the dural sac, protects nerve structures, facilitates the movement of the dural sac over the periosteum of the spinal column during flexion and extension, and forms a pharmacologic reservoir of lipophilic substances. Root cuffs have a cellular component that affects the passage of substances injected epiduraly or near the intervertebral foramen, depending on the site of injection, preganglionar, postganglionar or ganglionar. We found fat inside root cuffs but not within the dural sac. Fat in this location may have affect kinetics of lipophilic drugs injected near nerve root cuffs. Ultrastructural morphology of the cellular component at preganglionar level may help explain unexpected subdural blockade after injection of local anesthetic via transforaminal route. Other morphological aspects of nerve root cuffs help to understand the function of the blood‐nerve barrier.Based in this anatomical knowledge, we can speculate on the possible anesthetic implications of epidural fat in terms of the pharmacokinetics of drugs injected into the epidural space and the tasks of locating the epidural space and inserting an epidural catheter during anesthetic procedures.
Pain and rheumatology: An overview of the problem
Authors: Montecucco Carlomaurizio , Cavagna Lorenzo , Caporali Roberto 
Published: September 2009

AbstractActually pain is a very important health problem, affecting the majority of people, leading to a significant worsening of patients quality of life and being responsible for a large amount of both medical resources’ expenses and indirect costs. Between the different causes of pain, rheumatic conditions are predominant; in fact diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), fibromyalgia (FM) and extra‐articular rheumatisms (EARs) are not only frequently observed, but are also invariably associated with pain occurrence. According to the wide range of rheumatic diseases described, pain expression is complex and not univocal, being influenced not only by the underlying disease, but also by other factors. Generally, 3 rhythms of pain presentation are described in rheumatic conditions: the “inflammatory” rhythm, characteristic of chronic arthritis, the “mechanic” one, characteristic of degenerative joint's diseases such as OA, and the “fibromyalgic” one, described in patients affected by FM; however also a true “neuropathic” pain may be present in these patients. This classification may be useful in the initial screening of the diseases potentially underlying to a painful syndrome, and in the follow‐up of patients once established the diagnosis. With this paper we describe the different aspect and the burden of pain in different rheumatic diseases.
Analysis of a population of patients who were referred to a second level pain center: Clinical and demographic characteristics
Authors: Bonezzi C. , Pitino E. , Allegri M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPain is the symptom that leads most patients to ask for medical intervention; if not controlled, pain may become a very costly item in the Italian Health Care system. Proper referral to a second level specialist pain center can extensively decrease the duration of a painful condition, prevent the onset of more pain and of the so‐called pain syndromes, and also reduce the improper use of analgesic drugs or pain surgery. Patients should be referred to a specialist pain center when their pain is uncontrolled.In this observational study we analyzed the clinical and demographic data of a population referred for the first time to a specialist pain center (Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, Pavia) in the year 2008 to define patient characteristics and to understand who makes referrals and after which kind of pharmacological and interventional treatment.Our results indicate that in Italy patients are referred to a pain center very late, which increases the duration of pain syndromes and the cost of pain management.