bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of echodensities in tuberculous pericardial effusion using fractal geometry: a proof of concept study
Authors: Ntsekhe Mpiko , Mayosi Bongani M , Gumbo Tawanda 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to quantify the heterogeneous distribution of echodensities in the pericardial fluid of patients with tuberculous pericarditis using echocardiography and fractal analysis, and to determine whether there were differences in the fractal dimensions of effusive-constrictive and effusive non-constrictive disease.

Methods
We used fractal geometry to quantify the echocardiographic densities in patients who were enrolled in the
I
nvestigation of the
M
anagement of
P
ericarditis
i
n
Africa
(IMPI Africa) Registry. Sub-costal and four chamber images were included in the analysis if a minimum of two clearly identified fibrin strands were present and the quality of the images were of a standard which allowed for accurate measurement of the fractal dimension. The fractal dimension was calculated as follows: Df = limlog N(s)/[log (l/s)], where Df is the box counting fractal dimension of the fibrin strand, s is the side length of the box and N(s) is the smallest number of boxes of side length s to cover the outline of the object being measured. We compared the fractal dimension of echocardiographic findings in patients with effusive constrictive pericarditis to effusive non-constrictive pericardial effusion using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney test.

Results
Of the 14 echocardiographs from 14 participants that were selected for the study, 42.8% (6/14) of images were subcostal views while 57.1% (8/14) were 4-chamber views. Eight of the patients had tuberculous effusive constrictive pericarditis while 6 had tuberculous effusive non-constrictive pericarditis. The mean fractal dimension Df was 1.325 with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.146. The measured fibrin strand dimension exceeded the topological dimension in all the images over the entire range of grid scales with a correlation coefficient (r2) greater than 0.8 in the majority. The fractal dimension of echodensities was 1.359 ± 0.199 in effusive constrictive pericarditis compared to 1.330 ± 0.166 in effusive non-constrictive pericarditis (p = 0.595).

Conclusions
The echocardiographic densities in tuberculous pericardial effusion have a fractal geometrical dimension which is similar in pure effusive and effusive constrictive disease.
Novel Solid-state Photochromic Reaction of Azobenzene Derivative Controlled by Appended Photoreactive Group
Authors: Sekine Akiko , Yamagiwa Hiroki , Uekusa Hidehiro 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Photochromic solid-state trans–cis isomerization of the 4-aminoazobenzene moiety was observed for the first time in (trans-4-aminoazobenzene)(β-cyanoethyl)bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt(III) after β–α isomerization of the β-cyanoethyl group on exposure to UV light. The UV spectra revealed that β–α isomerization occurred first, followed by the trans–cis transformation. When the crystal was exposed to visible light, only the β–α isomerization of the cyanoethyl group occurred, with retention of the single-crystal form. The crystal structure before and after the β–α photoisomerization showed that the isomerization is important in this photochromic trans–cis transformation.
Novel pathological abnormalities of deep brain structures including dysplastic neurons in anterior striatum associated with focal cortical dysplasia in epilepsy
Authors: Kaido Takanobu , Otsuki Taisuke , Kakita Akiyoshi , Sugai Kenji , Saito Yoshiaki , Sakakibara Takafumi , Takahashi Akio , Kaneko Yuu , Saito Yuko , Takahashi Hitoshi , Honda Ryoko , Nakagawa Eiji , Sasaki Masayuki , Itoh Masayuki 
Published: July 2012

Object
Some patients are not seizure free even after epileptogenic cortical resection. The authors recently described a case of frontal lobe epilepsy cured after the resection of periventricular white matter and striatum, in which dysplastic neurons were revealed. The authors attempted to confirm similar cases.

Methods
They reviewed the records of 8 children with frontal lobe epilepsy who had daily (7) or monthly (1) seizures and underwent resections including deep brain structures.

Results
Five patients underwent multiple resections. Neuroimaging of the deep structures showed the transmantle sign in 3 patients, ictal hyperperfusion in 6, reduced iomazenil uptake in 2, and spike dipole clustering in 6. All patients became seizure free postoperatively. Focal cortical dysplasia of various types was diagnosed in all patients. Dysmorphic neurons were found in the cortex and subcortical white matter of 5 patients. The striatum was verified in 3 patients in whom dysmorphic neurons were scattered. In the periventricular white matter, prominent astrocytosis was evident in all cases.

Conclusions
Pathological abnormalities such as dysmorphic neurons and astrocytosis in deep brain structures would play a key role in epileptogenesis.
Workdays lost due to occupational injuries among young workers in Brazil
Authors: Santana Vilma S. , Villaveces Andrés , Bangdiwala Shrikant I. , Runyan Carol W. , Albuquerque‐Oliveira Paulo Rogério 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe severity of non‐fatal work‐related injuries has seldom been examined among young workers. We estimated the extent and distribution of workdays lost due to non‐fatal work injuries using compensation data.MethodsData are from the Brazilian Institute of Social Insurance, for 2006. The study population is comprised of all insured workers of age 16–24. Descriptive statistics reflect workdays lost due to health‐related disability, according to sex, age group, wage, and trade.ResultsOut of 4.8 million insured workers ages 16–24 years, we estimated 1,282,940 workdays lost. We observed a larger number of median workdays lost among males age 20–24 in retail and service trades (83 days) and among 16–19‐year‐old females in the agriculture/fish/forestry/cattle (142 days).ConclusionsYoung workers experience a heavy burden of work‐related injuries. Disability workdays may compromise school attendance and performance. Other potential impacts affect productivity and social insurance costs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:917–925, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Case report: Noonan syndrome with multiple giant cell lesions and review of the literature
Authors: Karbach Julia , Coerdt Wiltrud , Wagner Wilfried , Bartsch Oliver 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNoonan syndrome with multiple giant cell lesions (NS/MGCL) was recently shown to be a phenotypic variation within the syndromes of the Ras/MAPK pathway and not an independent entity as previously thought. Here we report on a 13‐year‐old boy with a typical phenotype of NS including atrial septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, short stature, and combined pectus carinatum/excavatum, pronounced MGCL of both jaws, and a de novo mutation in PTPN11, c.236A>G (which predicts p.Q79R). Mutations in PTPN11 are the most frequent cause of NS and p.Q79R is a recurrent mutation in exon 3. Including this patient, 24 patients with molecularly confirmed NS, LEOPARD, or CFC/MGCL syndrome have been reported to date, of these 21 patients have PTPN11, SOS1, or RAF1 mutations and three have BRAF or MAP2K1 mutations, confirming that MGCL is a rare complication of the deregulated RAS/MAPK pathway. In all patients, the lesions of the mandible and to a lesser extent of the maxilla were first noted between ages 2 and 19 years (median 11 years), and were combined with enlargement of the jaws in 11/24 patients (46%). In this case and, with one exception (mutation not reported), all previous cases the NS/MGCL was caused by known mutations in the PTPN11, SOS1, RAF1, BRAF1, and MAP2K1 genes that were previously reported with RASopathies without MGCL. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Additivity Rule of the Partial Molal Volume. 1. Its Validity for a Series of Normal Alkane Liquids
Authors: Yoshimura Y. , Osugi J. , Nakahara M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA critical test of the additivity rule of the partial molal or molal volume (Ṽ) at constant temperature and pressure, expressed by Ṽ = αn + β where n is the carbon number, has been made for a wide range of n‐alkanes at a variety of temperatures and pressures. In the pure liquid state the additivity rule is obeyed approximately well by the higher n‐alkanes but broken by the lower ones having the boiling point close to the temperature of interest, and in solution at infinite dilution it is obeyed much more accurately by both high and low n‐alkanes. These facts indicate that the additivity rule holds more accurately for the configurational partial molal volume than for the partial molal volume itself. The virial theorem for classical fluids is applied here to separate the overall partial molal volume into the translational and configurational components; the translational contribution is proved to be the isothermal compressibility multiplied by the gas constant and temperature. The parameter a decreases slightly and linearly and the parameter β decreases significantly and nonlinearly as temperature is lowered or pressure is increased.
Current‐Voltage Relationship for a Neutral Membrane
Authors: Seshadri M. S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMembrane The legitimacy of the electroneutrality assumption is examined by means of a perturbative approach originally due to MacGillivray. This approach envisages division of the membrane into three regions, a core region and two boundary layers. The Nernst‐Planck‐Poisson equations are solved in each of the three regions and the solutions matched by employing an asymptotic matching principle. This procedure is worked out in detail for a neutral membrane permeable to two ionic species of opposite valencies. A current‐voltage relationship is derived. The question of the core electroneutrality is discussed at length.
Untersuchungen über die Trägheitskräfte der beweglichen Ionen in festen Ionenleitern. α‐AgI als Modellsubstanz
Authors: Betsch M. , Rickert H. , Wagner R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRods of silver iodide with silver electrodes at both ends were decelerated by letting them drop from different heights at a temperature of 170°C to a plastic material on the ground. In the moment of striking the ground the forces of inertia of the mobile silver ions caused voltage pulses, which were proportional to the velocity before striking and to the length of the silver iodide rods and which could be calculated using the mass and electrical charge of the silver ions. Calculated and measured voltage pulses were in agreement within the accuracy of measurement of 1%.
Thermodynamic Relations Between Component Activities and Gas Solubilities in Binary Metallic Systems
Authors: Frohberg Martin G. , Anik Sabri 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe relationship between the component activities and gas solubilities of binary metallic melts was derived from the ternary Gibbs‐Duhem equation. The thermodynamic behaviour of the alloys was interpreted by means of atomic interactions. Excess free energies in the liquid range for the systems Al‐Co, Al‐Ni, Co‐Ge, Co‐Si, Fe‐Ge, Ge‐Ni and Ni‐Si were calculated at 1600 °C from their known hydrogen solubilities.
Selection and Coexistence in a Bioreactor
Authors: Buchholtz F. , Schneider F. W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe bioreactor (continuous flow stirred tank reactor) has become an ubiquitous experimental device that also allows the study of selection, bistability or coexistence of competing species in the laboratory. The steady state solutions (and relaxation times of two mechanisms) of a number of simple mechanisms are calculated that contain two competing autocatalytic steps followed by a third step. For simplicity the third step is chosen to be either a first order conversion between the rival species (mechanism II), an additional autocatalytic conversion (mechanism III), or an annihilation step between the two species (mechanism IV). Selection may be displayed by all mechanisms studied, coexistence only by mechanisms II and III, whereas IV shows bistability where either one of two steady states are reached depending upon initial concentrations. A number of relevant biological systems are described and qualitatively compared with theory.
The Dynamics of Atom Recombination and Dissociation
Authors: Sceats Mark G. , Dawes Judith M. , Mark Rodger P. , Millar David P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThere are complex mechanisms which underlie the apparently simple processes of molecular dissociation and radical recombination in dense fluids. In this paper we consider aspects such as the role of metastable deep electronic traps and electronic surface hopping. The result is an analytic model which predicts trap lifetimes and bimolecular recombination rates of iodine over a range of fluid densities from low density gas phase to liquids under high pressure. The inputs into the model are simply the potential surfaces and the friction which governs the motion of an isolated atom in the fluid.
CO2 Laser‐Induced Photodesorption of Physisorbed Ammonia from Cu(100) Single Crystal
Authors: Hussla Ingo , Chuang T. J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractInfrared laser‐induced photodesorption of physisorbed NH3 from Cu(100) single crystal is achieved via resonant pulsed CO2 laser excitation of the symmetric deformation mode δ3 and‐detected by time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Photofragmentation and photoionization at increased laser intensities are also observed.
Experimental Studies of Population Distributions Produced by Infrared Multiphoton Absorption
Authors: Brown Trevor C. , King Keith D. , Zellweger Jean‐Michel , Barker John R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPopulations of vibrationally excited 1,1,2‐trifluoroethane molecules have been prepared using a CO2 laser. The characteristics of the populations are being investigated through the use of three experimental techniques: collision‐free multiphoton dissociation, optoacoustic measurements of absorbed laser energy, and infrared fluorescence from the excited molecules. A single Master Equation is used to simulate all three experiments and infer the population distributions formed by multiphoton absorption. From this treatment, information will be obtained on collisional energy transfer and on the effects of vibrational energy on bimolecular reactions.
Surface Tension Driven Convection in Chemical and Biochemical Solution Layers
Authors: Müller Stefan C. , Plesser Theo , Hess Benno 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe formation of regular spatial patterns due to hydrodynamic flow is observed in thin layers of solutions containing protein, cytoplasma, or other biochemical or chemical compounds including the Belousov‐Zhabotinsky reaction mixture. Optical transmission and dark‐field methods are combined with digital video techniques for quantitative recording of two‐dimensional intensity distributions. The theoretical basis for the role of gradients in surface tension as the driving force for the onset of convection in layers with a liquid/gas interface is outlined. Critical thresholds in chemical composition for pattern occurrence are determined experimentally.
1H NMR Studies on the Motion of Guanidinium Ions and Dipolar‐Quadrupolar Cross Relaxations in Crystalline Guanidinium Tetrachloro‐ and Tetrabromometallates Including Au(III), Pt(II), or Pd(II) as Central Metal Ions
Authors: Furukawa Yoshihiro , Gima Shin‐Ei , Nakamura Daiyu 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe temperature dependences of proton spin‐lattice relaxation times T1 at various Larmor frequencies and of 1H NMR second moments at 40 MHz were determined for (guH)AuCl4, (guH)AuBr4, (guH)2PtCl4, (guH)2PtBr4, (guH)2PdCl4, and (guH)2PdBr4, where guH indicates a guanidinium cation [C(NH2)3]+. A solid‐solid phase transition between stable phases was located for (guH)AuCl4, (guH)AuBr4, and (guH)2PtBr4 at 363, 387, and 359 K, respectively. The high‐temperature phases of the three complexes were easily supercooled. For (guH)AuBr4, another phase transition between substable phases was found at 218 K. From the measurements of 1H T1, the motional parameters for the C3 reorientation of the D3h cation in the all complexes studied were evaluated. Below room temperature, (guH)2PtCl4 and (guH)2PdCl4 yielded unusual temperature dependences of 1H T1 unexplainable by the usual BPP theory. Moreover, the 1H T1 values in this temperature region depended strongly and in an anomalous manner on the 1H Larmor frequency employed. These unusual temperature and frequency dependences of 1H T1 can be explained as that the 1H T1 values are drastically affected by the temperature‐variable quadrupolar relaxation of chlorine nuclei in the complex anions through dipolar‐quadrupolar cross relaxation between 1H and chlorine nuclei. The frequency dependence of 1H T1 of (guH)2PtCl4 and (guH)2PdCl4 determined at various temperatures was analyzed by the Kimmich method and it revealed that the onset of anionic motion, presumably the 90° reorientation of the anion approximately as a whole about its C4 axis occurs near 200 and 250 K, respectively, with a rather small activation energy of ca. 30 kJ mol−1 for both complexes. The correlation time of chlorine nuclei for the C4 reorientation of the anions obtained at various temperatures indicated that the fade‐out phenomenon of 35Cl NQR signals observed for these complexes can be explained by the life‐time broadening. From the frequency dependence of 1H T1, the quadrupole coupling constant of chlorine nuclei for both complexes could be roughly estimated at higher temperatures where no signals could be detected by the usual NQR technique because of the fade‐out phenomenon. For (guH)AuCl4, unusual temperature and frequency dependences of 1H T1 attributable to the cross relaxation between 1H and chlorine nuclei were also observed above ca. 300 K and below ca. 230 K.
Defect Structure and Transport Properties of Manganese Oxides: (I) The Nonstoichiometry of Manganosite (Mn1‐ΔO)
Authors: Keller M. , Dieckmann R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe deviation from stoichiometry Δ in manganosite (Mn1‐ΔO) has been studied thermogravimetrically as a function of oxygen activity between 900 and 1400°C. Two formal fits of the deviation from stoichiometry as a function of oxygen activity and temperature are reported. From the experimental data, it is concluded that cation vacancies and holes are the predominant defect species over most or all of the manganosite stability range at high temperatures. The electrical conduction and cation diffusion in manganosite are analyzed briefly with regard to the defect structure of this oxide.
The Electrochemical Behaviour of Manganese(II)‐Hydroxide and Manganese(II)‐Hydroxide/Aluminum Hydroxide
Authors: Bauer Jürgen , Buss Dieter H. , Glemser Oskar 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThrough computer control, precipitated manganese(II)‐hydroxide and manganese(II)‐hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide are investigated as positive electrodes for secondary cells in aqueous potassium hydroxide solution with regard to charge capacity and cycling behaviour. Pure Mn(OH)2 is oxidizable to MnO1.21, the discharge capacity qd lies between 17.2 and 24.0 in mAh/g; ca. 50 cycles are measured during decreasing discharge capacity. Manganese(II)‐hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide takes up comparatively more charge with better Faraday‐efficiency and can reach the oxidation stage MnO1.48. The determined maximal discharge capacity qd with 121 mAh/g is also much greater than with Mn(OH)2; with decreasing discharge capacity 60–70 cycles are observed. The electrochemical properties are influenced by the pH value of the precipitation medium.
Polymere als Träger und Speicher von Informationen
Authors: Kämpf G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDie technologische Entwicklung in den 80er und 90er Jahren wird weltweit durch Fortschritte der Mikroelektronik, im besonderen der Informationsspeicherung und ‐verarbeitung, bestimmt sein. Fortschritte in der Informationsspeicherung sind direkt verknüpft mit der Technik, große Datenmengen auf kleinstem Raum irreversibel oder — vorzugsweise — reversibel zu speichern. Durch Bereitstellung und systembezogene Anpassung intelligenter spezieller Polymerwerkstoffe könnte die Entwicklung fortschrittlicher löschbarer Speicher hoher Speicherdichte initiiert werden. Die weltweit beobachtbaren Aktivitäten auf diesem interessanten Gebiet stehen noch am Anfang; sie lassen sich derzeit in folgende Entwicklungsrichtungen differenzieren:— Löschbare Speicher auf Basis von Photopolymeren, von kristallisierfähigen Polymeren, von ferroelektrischen Polymeren, von Polymeren mit flüssigkristallinen Seitenketten.— Nicht selektiv löschbare Speicher mit 2‐dimensionaler Speicherung über Ort und Frequenz durch „photochemisches Lochbrennen”︁, mit 3‐dimensionaler Speicherung über Volumen‐Hologramme.— Entwicklung molekular‐elektronischer Schalt‐ und Speicherelemente über den gezielten Einbau von Molekülgruppen mit bistabilen Zuständen sowie mit Donator‐ resp. Akzeptor‐Eigenschaften.Im Fortschrittsbericht wird über den derzeitigen Stand der Technik referiert und an Hand eines kritischen Vergleichs der verschiedenen Entwicklungsarbeiten versucht, die mögliche zukünftige Bedeutung polymerer Speicher höchster Datendichte in Konkurrenz zu den etablierten Technologien abzuschätzen.
Compound Membranes of Linearly Polymerized and Cross‐Linked Macrolipids with Phospholipids: Preparation, Microstructure and Applications
Authors: Sackmann E. , Egg P. , Fahn C. , Bader H. , Ringsdorf H. , Schollmeier M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMethods for the assembly and for studying the structural and dynamic properties of partially polymerized membranes are described. Mixtures of two classes of polymerizable amphiphiles with diacyl phosphatidylcholines are studied: (1) phosphatidylcholines carrying a diacetylene group per chain (abbreviated as (m,n)‐DIINPC (where m + n + 6 equals number of C‐Atoms per chain) and (2) a phospholipid‐like molecule with a polymerizable methacryl ligand connected to the phosphate head group via (CH2CH2O)m spacers which is abbreviated as (m.n)‐POMECY (n = number of C‐atoms per chain). — Phase diagrams of the lipid mixtures are established by static light scattering in combination with freeze fracture electron microscopy. The latter technique is also used to study the microscopic organization of the components before and after polymerization. Measurements of lateral diffusion by the photobleaching technique allow to determine (1) the fraction of lipid polymerized and (2) the liquidus and solidus lines of individual vesicles. — By suitable choice of the chain lengths of the components, giant vesicles with DIINPC's can be prepared in such a way that they are stable against transitions into the solid state which is a prerequisite for polymerization of this lipid. For that, use is made of the domain‐like lateral organization of the lipid components. The cross‐linked DIINPC‐domains exhibit a structure reminiscent of a two‐dimensional sponge with inclusions (microdomains) of monomeric lipid embedded into the network. The mechanical stability of the vesicles against repeated transitions through the phase changes is established by phase contrast microscopy and the tightness by a fluorescence technique. By absorption spectroscopy the existence of a “red” and a “white” species of macrolipid is established. — The mixed vesicles with POMECY exhibit a much mechanical stability against phase changes but are less tight with respect to leakage of small dye molecules. By freeze fracture electron microscopy the degree of polymerization was estimated to N ⌣︁ 100. These membranes behave as two‐dimensional macromolecular solutions up to about 10 mole‐% of the polymerizable component. Above this limit lateral decomposition into a dilute solution and a two‐dimensional polymer melt occurs.