bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ocean‐generated magnetic field study based on satellite geomagnetic measurements: 2. Signal inference
Authors: Golubev Yury 
Published: July 2012

The work presented here is the second part of an ocean‐generated magnetic field study and provides a procedure for inferring the ocean‐generated magnetic field from satellite geomagnetic measurements. The procedure was first tested on synthetic data. The simulation employed a hypothetical satellite measuring the magnetic field at an altitude of 400 km. The “measurements” (generated by the CM4 and CHAOS models) included the core field, the lithospheric field, the ionospheric and magnetospheric fields, the secular variation, and the ocean‐generated magnetic field. The search algorithm, as proposed in part 1, converts irregular measurements into fields on a regular grid. The filtration procedure is based on the Savitzky‐Golay algorithm. The procedure includes four steps providing seven unknown filter parameters. Parameter values were obtained by solving the problem of minimizing the spatially averaged squared residuals between the inferred field and the model field. Then, the parameters were used in the filter to infer the ocean‐generated magnetic field that was initially added to the “measurements.” The inferred signal, although spatially corrupted and having a smaller magnitude (60% of the magnitude of the initial signal), indicated the presence of magnetic anomalies within the Southern Ocean. The technique was then applied to CHAMP geomagnetic measurements. The result of filtering was clear magnetic anomalies within the Southern Ocean with a spatial character that were close to what models of the ocean‐generated magnetic field provided. The magnitude of the inferring signal was 5 nT, the corrected values were 7–8 nT, 1–2 nT larger than the modeled field magnitude. To compare the temporal variability of the inferred field with the variability of sea surface height, ten 10° by 10° areas were selected within the Southern Ocean and the root‐mean‐square of both SSH and the magnetic field were computed for each area. A comparison of the results indicated a close similarity between SSH and the magnetic field temporal variability, which allowed the identification of the inferred field as the ocean‐generated magnetic field.
Training Production of Lexical Stress in Typically Developing Children Using Orthographically Biased Stimuli and Principles of Motor Learning
Authors: van Rees Lauren J. , Ballard Kirrie J. , McCabe Patricia , Macdonald-D’Silva Anita G. , Arciuli Joanne 
Published: July 2012

Purpose

Impaired lexical stress production characterizes multiple pediatric speech disorders. Effective remediation strategies are not available, and little is known about the normal process of learning to assign and produce lexical stress. This study examined whether typically developing (TD) children can be trained to produce lexical stress on bisyllabic pseudowords that are orthographically biased to a strong–weak or weak–strong pattern (e.g.,
MAMbey
or
beDOON
), in combination with the principles of motor learning (PML).

Method
Fourteen TD children ages 5;0 (years;months) to 13;0 were randomly assigned to a training or control group using concealed allocation within blocks. A pre- to posttraining group design was used to examine the acquisition, retention, and generalization of lexical stress production.

Results
The training group learned to produce appropriate lexical stress for the pseudowords with strong maintenance and generalization to related untrained stimuli. Accuracy of stress production did not change in the control group.

Conclusion
TD children can learn to produce lexical stress patterns for orthographically biased pseudowords via explicit training methods. Findings have relevance for the study of languages other than English and for a range of prosodic disorders.
Script Training and Generalization for People With Aphasia
Authors: Goldberg Samantha , Haley Katarina L. , Jacks Adam 
Published: July 2012

Purpose
To examine the effects and generalization of a modified script training intervention, delivered partly via videoconferencing, on dialogue scripts that were produced by 2 individuals with aphasia.

Method
Each participant was trained on 2 personally relevant scripts. Intervention sessions occurred 3 times per week, with a combination of in-person meetings and videoconferencing, and lasted for 3 weeks per script. This study followed a multiple baseline design across scripts. Measures of accuracy, grammatical productivity, speaking rate, and articulatory fluency were obtained during baseline, intervention, and maintenance phases. Generalization probes were administered by challenging participants to engage in a conversation about their script topic with conversation partners who did not follow the script.

Results
Both participants showed improvement on all dependent variables for both scripts during and after the intervention phase. Generalization samples showed improved grammatical morpheme use and increased rate of speech over prebaseline samples.

Conclusion
There is evidence that script training intervention can improve accuracy, grammatical productivity, speaking rate, and articulatory fluency in script production tasks as well as in more functional conversational tasks. Videoconferencing is a viable method of conducting script training intervention when it is supported by face-to-face intervention sessions, slight modifications to the procedure, and an emphasis on self-cuing skills.
Integrating Functional Measures With Treatment: A Tactic for Enhancing Personally Significant Change in the Treatment of Adults and Adolescents Who Stutter
Authors: Ingham Roger J. , Ingham Janis C. , Bothe Anne K. 
Published: July 2012

Purpose
It is proposed that stuttering treatment, particularly for adults and adolescents who stutter, may benefit from more inventive and extensive use of functional measurement—measures that are also treatment agents. Such measures can be tailored to produce more personally significant and evidence-based treatment benefits. They may be especially useful when employed in conjunction with partial self-management and performance-contingent procedures.

Method
Previous approaches to the definition of stuttering treatment goals and the measurement of stuttering treatment outcomes are critically reviewed. Suggestions for improvements are presented within the framework of an evidence-based and relatively standardized stuttering treatment.

Results and Conclusion
Results from a review of existing literature and from 2 case studies show that 2 specific personally significant problems, saying one’s name and addressing large audiences, were improved by implementing these strategies in treatment. Functional measures directly connected to treatment, and partially self-managed performance-contingent schedules, merit further research as methodologies that are suitable for conducting personally significant and evidence-based treatments with adults and adolescents who stutter.
Stuttering and Language Ability in Children: Questioning the Connection
Authors: Nippold Marilyn A. 
Published: July 2012

Purpose
This article explains why it is reasonable to question the view that stuttering and language ability in children are linked—the so-called “stuttering–language connection.”

Method
Studies that focused on syntactic, morphologic, and lexical development in children who stutter (CWS) are examined for evidence to support the following claims: (a) that CWS, as a group, are more likely to have disordered or weak language skills (“language deficits”) than children who do not stutter (CWNS); (b) that language deficits play a causal role in the onset of stuttering; and (c) that stuttering, over time, restricts children’s language development.

Results
Analysis of the evidence suggests that CWS, like CWNS, show the full range of language abilities (high, average, low); that language deficits are not associated with stuttering onset or persistence; and that stuttering has little or no impact on language development.

Conclusions
A connection between stuttering and language ability was not supported. An alternative perspective is that CWS have a compromised motor control system that makes it difficult for them to move forward in speech and that the tie to language lies not in a deficient linguistic system but in difficulty expressing the intended meaning via a fully functional speech system.
Evidence for Parr Growth as a Factor Affecting Parr‐to‐Smolt Survival
Authors: Connor William P. , Tiffan Kenneth F. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractData collected on juvenile anadromous salmonids implanted with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags are used in mark–recapture analyses to understand the factors affecting survival of fish estimated between rearing in riverine habitat and dam passage. We estimated parr‐to‐smolt survival of PIT‐tagged naturally produced subyearling fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha to examine the previously unexplored influences of environmental and biological conditions measured prior to reservoir entry. Mean (±SE) parr‐to‐smolt survival of the early migrating cohorts was 45.4 ± 6.3% (n = 13) compared with 37.4 ± 4.7% (n = 13) for later migrating cohorts. Annual mean parr‐to‐smolt survival differed widely across years ranging from a low of 9.6 ± 0.5% (n = 2) in 2001 to a high of 81.7 ± 4.6% (n = 2) in 1999. Parr growth prior to reservoir entry and reservoir velocity provided the most information on variability in parr‐to‐smolt survival (N = 26, R2 = 0.75, corrected Akaike's information criterion [AICc] = −5.01). We suggest that parr growth and reservoir velocity were directly proportional to parr‐to‐smolt survival because fast growth and downstream movement reduces the time when fish are vulnerable to predators. The effect of reservoir velocity comports with previous published studies and supports management efforts to increase reservoir velocity. Few if any published studies explicitly relate parr growth measured on individual fish to survival estimated for their cohorts in freshwater. This study provides empirical evidence that upholds the long‐held belief that any anthropogenic activity that reduces growth of juvenile salmonids during freshwater rearing has the potential to reduce their survival.
Survival and Growth of Juvenile Pacific Lampreys Tagged with Passive Integrated Transponders (PIT) in Freshwater and Seawater
Authors: Mesa Matthew G. , Copeland Elizabeth S. , Christiansen Helena E. , Gregg Jacob L. , Roon Sean R. , Hershberger Paul K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTagging methods are needed for both adult and juvenile life stages of Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata to better understand their biology and factors contributing to their decline. We developed a safe and efficient technique for tagging juvenile Pacific lampreys with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags. We tested the short‐term survival of PIT‐tagged juvenile lampreys in freshwater at four temperatures (9, 12, 15, and 18°C) and their long‐term growth and survival in seawater. For both experiments there was little to no tag loss, and juvenile lampreys in freshwater showed high survival at all temperatures at 7 d (95–100%) and 14 d (88–100%) posttagging. Prolonged holding (40 d) resulted in significantly lower survival (28–79%) at warmer temperatures (12–18°C). For juvenile lampreys tagged in freshwater and then transitioned to seawater, survival was 97% for tagged fish until day 94, and at the end of 6 months, survival was about 58% for both tagged and control fish. About half of the tagged and control fish that survived in seawater grew, but there was no difference in growth between the two groups. In freshwater, but not in seawater, most fish that died had an aquatic fungal infection. In both experiments, survival increased with increasing fish length at tagging. Our results indicate that tags similar in size to a 9‐mm PIT tag are a feasible option for tagging metamorphosed juvenile lampreys migrating downstream and that when fungal infections are mitigated—as in seawater—long‐term (at least 6 months) survival of tagged juvenile lampreys is high.
Swimming Depth, Behavior, and Survival of Atlantic Salmon Postsmolts in Penobscot Bay, Maine
Authors: Renkawitz Mark D. , Sheehan Timothy F. , Goulette Graham S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTo gain information on postsmolt dynamics of emigrating Atlantic salmon Salmo salar through Penobscot Estuary and Penobscot Bay, Maine, we conducted a telemetry experiment in 2005. We implanted 26 salmon smolts with ultrasonic depth tags, and monitored movement activity and fish passage with linear detection arrays through 44.2 km of the estuary and 45.5 km of the bay. During daylight in the bay, greater than 95% of the detections occurred in water depths of 5 m or less, but depths to 37 m were recorded. At night, 99% of the detections were in the top 5 m of the water column and maximum depth was 9 m. Overall survival was 39% and was highest for smaller fish and those released earlier in the smolt run, when river discharge was greater. Rapid emigration (i.e., approximately 1 km/h) and preferential surface orientation improved survival. These results verify that postsmolts are primarily surface oriented in the waters of Penobscot Bay and that they may experience high rates of nearshore mortality despite their short residence time. Detailed emigration and behavioral data such as these allow scientists and managers to delineate areas of high mortality to develop strategies that improve survival, and provide marine spatial planners information to minimize impacts of coastal zone development.
Use of Radiotelemetry and Direct Observations to Evaluate Sea Lion Predation on Adult Pacific Salmonids at Bonneville Dam
Authors: Keefer Matthew L. , Stansell Robert J. , Tackley Sean C. , Nagy William T. , Gibbons Karrie M. , Peery Christopher A. , Caudill Christopher C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractManagement of protected species becomes increasingly complex when one protected population negatively affects another. This occurs along coastlines and in rivers and estuaries of the U.S. Pacific Northwest, where protected marine mammals prey on threatened and endangered Pacific salmonids Oncorhynchus spp. Over 9 years, we observed a growing aggregation of California sea lions Zalophus californianus and Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus preying upon adult Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss at Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. Both before and concurrent with the observation study, we monitored radio‐tagged salmon at Bonneville Dam and during their upriver spawning migrations. Springtime sea lion abundance steadily increased from 2002 to 2010 and the aggregation formed earlier each winter. The principal prey species in winter were resident white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus and migratory steelhead and then shifted to predominantly Chinook salmon when the spring run arrived. Observation‐based estimates of salmonid consumption from January to May varied 12‐fold among years (0.4–4.9%, mean = 2.6% of adult salmonids counted at the dam), and radiotelemetry results corroborated these estimates. The highest proportional impact was in winter and early spring. As salmonid abundance increased, per capita consumption by sea lions increased (Type II functional response) but individual salmonid risk decreased (due to prey swamping). Population‐specific risk analyses indicated predation was substantially higher for early‐timed than for late‐timed salmon populations. The most at‐risk group included Snake River and upper Columbia River Chinook salmon listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. These predation indices should help managers simultaneously tasked with salmon recovery and marine mammal management.
Largemouth Bass Selected for Differential Vulnerability to Angling Exhibit Similar Routine Locomotory Activity in Experimental Ponds
Authors: Binder Thomas R. , Nannini Michael A. , Wahl David H. , Arlinghaus Robert , Klefoth Thomas , Philipp David P. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA growing body of work is focused on attempting to understand the biological mechanism(s) by which some fish are highly vulnerable to angling while others are not. We used electromyogram telemetry to monitor routine locomotory activity of artificially selected largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in experimental ponds to test two potential explanatory hypotheses: (1) that the difference in angling vulnerability between high‐vulnerability (HV) bass and low‐vulnerability (LV) bass is related to a difference in routine activity level between the two groups, and (2) that the difference in vulnerability between HV and LV bass is related to a difference in the diel activity pattern displayed by each group (e.g., LV fish are more active at night, a time where there is typically little bass fishing effort). Neither hypothesis was supported by our results. Differences in vulnerability to angling in artificially selected lines of largemouth bass were not related to inherent differences in routine locomotory activity in our ponds. Mean daily activity levels were close to 5% of maximum swim speed in both groups, which we estimated to reflect a mean swimming distance of approximately 5,875 m (range = 1,280–9,670 m) per day. There was also no difference in the diel pattern of activity displayed by the two groups. Both HV and LV bass displayed a significant diurnal activity pattern: 16% and 19% higher activity levels during the day than at night, respectively. These results contribute to the ongoing efforts to understand the behavioral basis of vulnerability to angling in largemouth bas and other fish species.
First Report of Tobacco rattle virus Associated with Ring Spot and Line Pattern Disease of Peony in Ohio
Authors: Fisher John R. 
Published: July 2012

Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) is the type member of the Tobravirus genus which also includes pea early browning and pepper ringspot viruses. The ring spot disease of peony associated with TRV has been reported in Europe and Asia and recently in Alaska but the literature is sparse regarding reports of the disease in the US. These results represent the first confirmed report of TRV in peony in Ohio, and expand the known geographic distribution of the virus. Accepted for publication 26 June 2012. Published 11 July 2012.
Effects of Temperature and Wetness Duration on the Sporulation of Phomopsis viticola on Infected Grape Canes
Authors: Anco Daniel J. , Madden Laurence V. , Ellis Michael A. 
Published: July 2012

In 2008, research was initiated to examine effects of temperature and wetness duration on the sporulation of Phomopsis viticola on infected grape canes and to determine effects of interrupted wetness duration on sporulation. To determine effects of temperature (T) and wetness duration (WD) on sporulation, a split-plot experimental design was used, with T (5, 12, 15, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, and 35°C) assigned to whole-plots and WD (11, 23, 35, 47, and 71 h) assigned to sub-plots. Linear and nonlinear mixed models were fitted to the data. Lower and upper limits of sporulation were found to be at 5 and 35°C, respectively. Optimum sporulation was near 22°C, and sporulation increased with increasing WD. Of the examined models, a generalized Analytis Beta model fit the data best. To determine effects of wetness interruption (IWD), a split-plot was used, with T (12, 15, and 20°C) assigned to whole-plots and IWD (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h) assigned to sub-plots. Generally, sporulation declined with increasing IWD. An IWD of 12 h or more resulted in significantly and substantially less sporulation compared to the control (0 h IWD). Using a repeated-measures design, spore density and environmental data were measured in the vineyard during and following individual rain events; a preliminary model predicted the temporal trend in spore density within the vineyard fairly well (R2 = 0.719), although absolute magnitude of sporulation could not be predicted. Accepted for publication 27 April 2012. Published 23 July 2012.
An Epidemiological Comparison of the US and Canadian Plum pox virus Eradication Programs
Authors: Gougherty A. V. , Nutter F. W. 
Published: July 2012

Plum pox virus (PPV) was first detected in North America in 1999 in Pennsylvania, and the following year in Ontario, Canada. In response to these outbreaks, both countries implemented eradications programs in an effort to eradicate the virus before it could have a significant effect on the Prunus industry in their respective countries. The objectives of this study were to: (i) quantify the impact of the US and Canadian PPV eradication programs on the spatial and temporal dynamics of PPV in Pennsylvania and Ontario; and (ii) compare the detection efficiencies of the US and Canadian PPV sampling systems. Ripley's K function revealed PPV-positive Prunus blocks in Pennsylvania to be clustered between distances of 0.7 and 4.3 km in 2000, while in Ontario, PPV-positive blocks were clustered between distances of 1 and 25 km over the period 2006-2009. A simulation model was developed to determine the relative detection efficiencies of the US and Canadian PPV eradication programs. The US eradication program was found to have a detection efficiency of 71.7%, whereas the Canadian eradication program had a detection efficiency of 40.5%. The data generated in this study should help to improve the PPV eradication programs currently used in the US and Canada, as well as provide a scientific basis to evaluate future eradication programs. Accepted for publication 23 May 2012. Published 23 July 2012.
High‐resolution behavioral economic analysis of cigarette demand to inform tax policy
Authors: MacKillop James , Few Lauren R. , Murphy James G. , Wier Lauren M. , Acker John , Murphy Cara , Stojek Monika , Carrigan Maureen , Chaloupka Frank 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimsNovel methods in behavioral economics permit the systematic assessment of the relationship between cigarette consumption and price. Towards informing tax policy, the goals of this study were to conduct a high‐resolution analysis of cigarette demand in a large sample of adult smokers and to use the data to estimate the effects of tax increases in 10 US States.DesignIn‐person descriptive survey assessment.SettingAcademic departments at three universities.ParticipantsAdult daily smokers (i.e. more than five cigarettes/day; 18+ years old; ≥8th grade education); n = 1056.MeasurementsEstimated cigarette demand, demographics, expired carbon monoxide.FindingsThe cigarette demand curve exhibited highly variable levels of price sensitivity, especially in the form of ‘left‐digit effects’ (i.e. very high price sensitivity as pack prices transitioned from one whole number to the next; e.g. $5.80–6/pack). A $1 tax increase in the 10 states was projected to reduce the economic burden of smoking by an average of $530.6 million (range: $93.6–976.5 million) and increase gross tax revenue by an average of 162% (range: 114–247%).ConclusionsTobacco price sensitivity is non‐linear across the demand curve and in particular for pack‐level left‐digit price transitions. Tax increases in US states with similar price and tax rates to the sample are projected to result in substantial decreases in smoking‐related costs and substantial increases in tax revenues.