Investigation of SAGD Steam Trap Control in Two and Three Dimensions
Authors: Edmunds N. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Steam trap production control, i.e., producing fluids to maintain BHT just below the boiling point of water, has been traditionally recommended for SAGD operations. In this work a numerical investigation of the relationships between producing steam trap sub cool setting and related parameters of interest such as fluid level, pressure, production rate, and steam/oil ratio is reported for a prototype Athabasca reservoir.
It is found that steam trap dynamics are rather more complex than previously imagined. In three dimensions and the real world, for example, inflow temperature can and does vary significantly along the well according to local conditions, resulting in 3D simulations predicting somewhat poorer performance than equivalent 2D cases. The findings have implications to many aspects of SAGD engineering including process optimization, forecasting, completion design and installation, production operations, and performance analysis.

Introduction
Optimum SAGD requires that the steam chamber be kept well drained, so that liquid does not accumulate over the producer but neither is steam produced. According to Butler, the analogy of this fundamental operation to that of an industrial steam trap was part of the earliest concept, prior to any testing or calculation:
"It was thought that if (oil and condensate) were not removed too quickly, then the tendency of the steam to flow directly to the production well...could be reduced or possibly even eliminated. This is analogous to the ability of a steam trap to allow the flow of condensate from the bottom of a steam-heated radiator without allowing significant bypassing of steam(1)." Since then (1978), many eloquent rehashing of the function and necessity of proper production control have been published. The literature is however thin on specifics of implementation and operation, regardless of whether the subject was an analysis, a numerical study, a physical model, or a field test.
Real steam traps are used for steam heating control in refineries and other process plants. They are mainly of two types, float and thermodynamic. The float type operates directly on the condensate-steam interface, letting liquid out but retaining vapor, like a toilet float. The thermodynamic type sits downstream from and below the actual interface, and merely infers its nearness by comparing the local temperature and pressure with the steam saturation curve. The proper temperature setting, and often the provision of a heat sink by removal of insulation from the condensate leg, are critical for proper and stable operation of a thermodynamic trap.
In Butler's analytical models(2,3), the producing boundary condition is implicit in the geometrical assumption that the steam zone is anchored at the production well. These models provide no guidance on implementing production control.
In scaled physical models, production control has largely been done manually based on visual observation of the actual steam level. In the case of atmospheric models, simple gravity has sufficed to drain liquids(3). In one case, the production line temperature was monitored to assist in steady control: Joshi and Trelkeld(4) reported production temperatures about 20 °C below steam temperatures were generally sufficient to establish a definite liquid leg above the producer, with no short circuiting of steam.