bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the subgrid variance of saturation, and its parametrization for use in a gcm cloud scheme
Authors: Cusack S. , Edwards J. M. , Kershaw R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe prediction of cloud fraction and condensate in the unified weather forecasting/climate prediction model of the UK Meteorological Office, and many other general‐circulation models, depends upon a probability distribution of a saturation variable in a grid box. A method of estimating the width of the probability distribution of the saturation variable on the scales of one grid box of the climate configuration (2.5° latitude × 3.75° longitude) has been created, using analyses from the global weather forecasting configuration (0.55° latitude × 0.833° longitude). This width was found to be potentially very variable in time at many locations, therefore the use of climatological values was inappropriate. A parametrization was created to predict the width of the probability distribution of the saturation variable for use in the climate model. the concept of this empirical parametrization was based upon a scaling relationship often observed, and which is present in the global analyses. This new statistically based parametrization replaced the standard approximation used in the Hadley Centre climate model, and significantly reduced the model's biases concerning water vapour, temperature and cloud amount in the upper troposphere.
Thermodynamic control of tropical rainfall
Authors: Raymond D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn 1987, Neelin and Held showed how, in the tropics, surface heat fluxes and infrared radiation control atmospheric convergence, and hence rainfall, by means of their joint effect on the supply of moist static energy to the troposphere. They also showed that for a given rate of supply of moist static energy, the strength of convergence is inversely proportional to a ‘gross moist stability’, which is related to the humidity of the troposphere and to the difference between the height of the environmental minimum in moist static energy and the elevation of maximum vertical mass‐flux. The present paper extends Neelin and Held's analysis to the non‐equilibrium case by invoking the somewhat speculative hypothesis that rainfall is primarily controlled by the mean saturation‐deficit of the troposphere. The relaxation time of the atmosphere to the Neelin‐Held equilibrium is found to be a strong function of the existing saturation‐deficit under this hypothesis.
On the mapping of multivariate geophysical fields: Error and variability subspace estimates
Authors: Lermusiaux P. F. J. , Anderson D. G. M. , Lozano C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA basis is outlined for the first‐guess spatial mapping of three‐dimensional multivariate and multiscale geophysical fields and their dominant errors. The a priori error statistics are characterized by covariance matrices and the mapping obtained by solving a minimum‐error‐variance estimation problem. The size of the problem is reduced efficiently by focusing on the error subspace, here the dominant eigendecomposition of the a priori error covariance. The first estimate of this a priori error subspace is constructed in two parts. For the ‘observed’ portions of the subspace, the covariance of the a priori missing variability is directly specified and eigendecomposed. For the ‘non‐observed’ portions, an ensemble of adjustment dynamical integrations is utilized, building the non‐observed covariances in statistical accord with the observed ones. This error subspace construction is exemplified and studied in a Middle Atlantic Bight simulation and in the eastern Mediterranean. Its use allows an accurate, global, multiscale and multivariate, three‐dimensional analysis of primitive‐equation fields and their errors, in real time. The a posteriori error covariance is computed and indicates complex data‐variability influences. The error and variability subspaces obtained can also confirm or reveal the features of dominant variability, such as the Ierapetra Eddy in the Levantine basin.
Three‐dimensional chemical model simulations of the ozone layer: 1979–2015
Authors: Austin John , Knight Jeffrey , Butchart Neal 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne‐year simulations of stratospheric chemistry are performed in a general‐circulation model (GCM). A fairly comprehensive description of stratospheric chemistry is included in a state‐of‐the‐art GCM which has been extended to the middle mesosphere. The predicted ozone concentration is used in the model radiation scheme, thereby coupling the dynamical and chemical processes. Simulations commence on 1 March in each of the years 1979, 1994, 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014, and consist of a 4 month spin‐up period, followed by a 1‐year integration. Past and projected values of halogen amounts and greenhouse gases (GHGs) are imposed on the model. The results for 1979–80 and 1994–95 are generally in good agreement with observations, indicating in the latter case a deep Antarctic ozone hole and some Arctic ozone loss. For the 1979 simulation only a very shallow ozone hole was simulated, in agreement with observations. In about the year 2005, the Antarctic ozone hole reaches its maximum size and globally averaged ozone reaches its minimum, depending on the month. Tropical ozone continues to decrease until about 2010. Results in the Arctic are dominated by interannual variability, but minimum ozone may not be attained until the year 2010. The results suggest that the increase in GHGs is delaying the onset of ozone recovery. Relative to 1980 conditions, the model changes in ozone result in small predicted increases in surface ultraviolet radiation in the Arctic and mid‐latitude summer but large increases in the tropics and in the Antarctic summer.
Report on the phenological observations in the British Isles from December, 1933, to November, 1934. No. 44
Authors: Clark J. Edmund , Margary Ivan D. , Cave C. J. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe weather conditions of 1334 were almost as favourable as those of the preceding exceptional year. This is less obvious in the yearly totals, but the better distribution of rainfall reacted well in mitigating the serious droughts.The conditions in the northern British districts Were again specially advantageous. Table V, p. 261, shows that the normal flowering divergence between England SW. and Scotland N., reduced to 9 days from the normal 20, was a day less than in 1933. In fact all parts south of the Humber averaged 3 days late.For the first time in our 44 years the isakairs, Fig. 4, p. 239, show all Scotland and adjacent sections of England and Ireland as early; in parts up to 10 days. The great bulk of the remainder was as much or more late. As the 8 Districts in Table VI fall chiefly in the latter, their average divergence for the 13 plants is nil against 1 1/2 + days early in Table V.As recorded on the opening page, we are deeply indebted to many helpers, apart from the year‐long alertness of our more than 500 recorders of over 16,000 observations embodied in this Report.
Configuration, air mass and rainfall
Authors: Poulter R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAfter a survey of existing literature on this subject, the following theory is developed.If a warm front, sloping at about I in 100, arrives and passes over land sloping upwards at I in 100, the rainfall will be approximately doubled; if a cold front sloping at about I in 50 arrives and passes over this land the rainfall will increase nearly 50 per cent. If, in the British Isles, France and similarly situated countries, the proportion of the annual rainfall which is associated with warm fronts is W and the proportion associated with cold fronts is C, then the ratio of annual rainfall on a slope of I in 100 facing the prevailing wind to the annual amount at the same height on level ground may be taken as I + W + 1/2C, which includes an allowance for rain in the warm sector. For a slope of n/100 where n is small, this ratio become I + n (W + 1/C). If the normal increase of rainfall with height above M.S.L. in the locality is P, the increase of rainfall with height on a slope facing the prevailing wind is P(I + n (W+1/2C)). Therefore Rh = Rc + hP (I + N (W + 1/C)). Values of P, W and C for the British Isles are given, and then leeward slopes are considered. The rate of increase per 100 feet of altitude varies from 0.4 ins. on leeward slopes to 4 or 4 1/2 inches on a windward slope of 4/100. The higher figure of 4 1/2 inches applies to the western coasts where warm front rain forms a greater proportion of the year's rain than in the south and east.
Development, Testing and Implementation of an Emergency Services Methodology in Alberta
Authors: Eliasoph Hy , Ashdown Chris 
Published: July 2010

Alberta was the first province in Canada to mandate reporting of hospital-based emergency services. This reporting is based on a workload measurement system that groups emergency visits into five discreet workload levels/classes driven by ICD-9-CM diagnoses. Other related workload measurement variables are incorporated, including admissions, transfers, maintenance monitoring, nursing and non-nursing patient support activities, trips, staff replacement, and personal fatigue and delay. The methodology used to design the reporting system has been subjected to extensive testing, auditing and refinement. The results of one year of province-wide data collection yielded approximately 1.5 million emergency visits. These data reveal consistent patterns/trends of workload that vary by hospital size and type. Although this information can assist in utilization management efforts to predict and compare workload and staffing levels, the impetus for establishing this system derived from its potential for funding hospital-based emergency services. This would be the first time that such services would be funded on a systemic, system-wide basis whereby hospitals would be reimbursed in relation to workload. This proposed funding system would distribute available funding in a consistent, fair and equitable manner across all hospitals providing a similar set of services, thus achieving one of the key goals of the Alberta Acute Care Funding Plan. Ultimately, this proposed funding methodology would be integrated into a broader Ambulatory Care Funding system currently being developed in Alberta.
Evaluation of a Hospital-Based Utilization Management Program
Authors: Cardiff Karen , Anderson Geoffrey , Sheps Samuel 
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a utilization management (UM) program designed to decrease inappropriate use of acute care hospital beds while maintaining quality of care. The measure used to define appropriateness was the ISD-A, a diagnosis-independent measurement tool which relies on severity of illness and intensity of service criteria. The outcome measures for the study included appropriate admission to hospital and continued days of stay in hospital, 30-day readmission rates and physician perceptions of the impact of the intervention on quality of care, access to services and patient discharge patterns. The sample frame for the study included two control and two intervention community hospitals, involving 1,800 patient charts. Readmission rates were determined by analyzing all separations from medical services (N=42,014) in the two experimental and two control hospitals. All physicians with admitting privileges (N=312) at the intervention hospitals were surveyed; obstetricians, pediatricians, and psychiatrists were excluded from the survey. The results of the study demonstrated that the proportion of inappropriate admissions did not decrease significantly in any of the hospitals, but there were significant decreases in inappropriate continued stay in the intervention hospitals (p < 0.05). Both intervention and one of the control hospitals had lower 30-day readmission rates in the “after” period than in the “before” period (p < 0.05). Eighty-six percent believed that there had been no adverse impact on access to care and, although 25% thought the program may have led to premature discharge, this was not supported by the readmission data.
Le Renfrew Victoria Hospital remporte le prix de la qualité décerné à des équipes de soins de santé
Authors: Penney Randy 
Published: July 2010

En juin 1994, le Renfrew Victoria Hospital a été le tout premier récipiendaire du prix de la qualité décerné à des équipes de soins de santé dans la catégorie «établissement rural». On a créé ce prix, présenté par le Collège canadien des directeurs de services de santé et 3M Soins de santé, aux établissements de soins de santé en reconnaissance des améliorations notables dans leur réseau de services réalisées en équipe. Les établissements de santé de tout le Canada furent invités à soumettre leur candidature. Cependant, seuls ont été retenus les projets ayant créé un changement important au sein d'un établissement. La demande d'admission consistait à soumettre un rapport écrit respectant plusieurs critères précis. Le projet du Renfrew Victoria Hospital concernait la création d'une unité d'hémodialyse pour les résidents du comté de Renfrew. Cet article résume les paramètres de ce prix, tels que présentés dans notre candidature.
Technology Acquisition in Canadian Hospitals: How are We Doing?
Authors: Deber Raisa , Wiktorowicz Mary , Leatt Peggy , Champagne François 
Published: July 2010

We surveyed attitudes of decision makers involved in making decisions about technology acquisition in hospitals, receiving replies from 989 (72%) anglophone respondents and 201 (68%) from francophone respondents. Respondents split on whether to try unverified procedures, strongly agreed that medical technology should be evaluated, and expressed a desire for technology assessment data. The quality of health care, need, and compatibility with the institution's role and mission were seen as the most important factors affecting acquisitions. Our study suggests that half the battle has been won; decision makers appear convinced that technologies must be evaluated. Organizational mechanisms, however, may still be required to ensure implementation.
The Medical Information Highway: Where is the Access Ramp?
Authors: Knock Marion , Newsome David , Poole Barbara 
Published: July 2010

In this article, an analogy is drawn between a health care information system and a freeway transportation system. Unfinished access ramps and disconnected road sections are likened to unlinked computer information systems. It is not until there is “connectivity” between roadways that vehicles can take advantage of the efficiencies of a freeway system or until there are comrehensive, integrated information systems that quality health care can be provided. The Greater Victoria Hospital Society used quality improvement techniques to improve the medical information highway, and theories of change management to encourage physician leaders to “buy into” the information system to produce needed change in the organization and in patient care.
Improve robustness of machine learning via efficient optimization and conformal prediction
Authors: Yan Yan 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe advance of machine learning (ML) systems in real‐world scenarios usually expects safe deployment in high‐stake applications (e.g., medical diagnosis) for critical decision‐making process. To this end, provable robustness of ML is usually required to measure and understand how reliable the deployed ML system is and how trustworthy their predictions can be. Many studies have been done to enhance the robustness in recent years from different angles, such as variance‐regularized robust objective functions and conformal prediction (CP) for uncertainty quantification on testing data. Although these tools provably improve the robustness of ML model, there is still an inevitable gap to integrate them into anend‐to‐enddeployment. For example, robust objectives usually require carefully designed optimization algorithms, while CP treats ML models as black boxes. This paper is a brief introduction to our recent research focusing on filling this gap. Specifically, for learning robust objectives, we designed sample‐efficient stochastic optimization algorithms that achieves the optimal (or faster compared to existing algorithms) convergence rates. Moreover, for CP‐based uncertainty quantification, we established a framework to analyze the expected prediction set size (smaller size means more efficiency) of CP methods in both standard and adversarial settings. This paper elaborates the key challenges and our exploration towards efficient algorithms with details of background methods, notions for robustness measure, concepts of algorithmic efficiency, our proposed algorithms and results. All of them further motivate our future research on risk‐aware ML that can be critical for AI–human collaborative systems. The future work mainly targets designing conformal robust objectives and their efficient optimization algorithms.
Tunable High‐Temperature Tunneling Magnetoresistance in All‐van der Waals Antiferromagnet/Semiconductor/Ferromagnet Junctions
Authors: Jin Wen , Li Xinlu , Zhang Gaojie , Wu Hao , Wen Xiaokun , Yang Li , Yu Jie , Xiao Bichen , Guo Fei , Zhang Wenfeng , Zhang Jia , Chang Haixin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMagnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) are widely applied in spintronic devices for efficient spin detection through the imbalance of spin polarization at the Fermi level. The van der Waals (vdW) property of 2D magnets with atomically flat surfaces and negligible surface roughness greatly facilitates the development of MTJs, primarily in ferromagnets. Here, A‐type antiferromagnetism in 2D vdW single‐crystal (Fe0.8Co0.2)3GaTe2 is reported with TN ≈ 203 K in bulk and ≈ 185 K in 9‐nm nanosheets. The metallic nature and out‐of‐plane magnetic anisotropy make it a suitable candidate for MTJ electrodes. By constructing heterostructures based on (Fe0.8Co0.2)3GaTe2/WSe2/Fe3GaTe2, a large tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) ratio of 180% at low temperature is obtained, with the TMR signal persisting at near‐room temperature 280 K. Furthermore, the TMR is tunable by the electric field, and the MTJ device operates stably with a low applied bias down to 1 mV (≈0.6 nA), highlighting its potential for energy‐efficient spintronic devices. This work opens up new opportunities for 2D antiferromagnetic spintronics and quantum devices.
S‐Scheme g‐C3N4/CdS Heterostructures Grafting Single Pd Atoms for Ultrafast Charge Transport and Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven H2 Evolution
Authors: Li Rongjie , Li Huaxing , Zhang Xidong , Liu Bowen , Wu Binglan , Zhu Bicheng , Yu Jiaguo , Liu Gang , Zheng Lirong , Zeng Qingdao 
Published: May 2024

AbstractEmerging step‐scheme (S‐scheme) heterostructures hold unique superiority in steering directional charge transport and reinforcing redox capacity, yet rational modification of S‐scheme heterostructures by single atoms (SAs) for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution is rarely reported. In this work, Pd SAs‐modulated organic–inorganic g‐C3N4/CdS S‐scheme heterostructures are designed and prepared by a one‐pot mechanochemical approach allowing for g‐C3N4 nanosheets/CdS nanoparticles to confine atomically dispersed Pd co‐catalysts. The g‐C3N4/CdS S‐scheme charge‐transfer pathway is corroborated by a combination of in situ irradiated X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray absorption fine structure identify Pd‐S3 and Pd‐N2 atomic moieties underpinned by the electronic interaction between Pd SAs and g‐C3N4/CdS heterostructures, in which the d‐band center of Pd SAs is optimized for proton adsorption thermodynamically. Further, the g‐C3N4/CdS S‐scheme heterostructures alongside Pd SAs in concert boost the rapid migration of photogenerated electrons (1.05 ps) via Pd─S and Pd─N bond‐derived channels. A maximal H2 evolution rate of 85.66 mmol h−1 g−1 is achieved by 1 wt% Pd‐20 wt% g‐C3N4/CdS hierarchical composites. This work may guide the design of high‐efficiency S‐scheme‐based photocatalysts for solar‐to‐H2 conversion and beyond.
Unveiling the Potential of Halide Perovskites for Seasonally Adaptive CO2 Photoreduction under Low Light Conditions
Authors: Tailor Naveen Kumar , Singh Shreya , Saini Saurabh K. , Kaivalya  , Afroz Mohammad Adil , Kumar Mahesh , Peter Sebastian C. , Pant Kamal Kishore , Satapathi Soumitra 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe viability of double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 in low‐light environments is studied for CO2 photoreduction. It is observed that light intensity significantly influences product formation with I0.56 depending on the overall product formation rate. The photodetection measurement reveals that photocurrent as a function of incident power follows a power law ∝ I0α with α = 0.80, which is attributed to the carrier trapping at higher light power. Furthermore, power‐dependent transient absorption spectroscopy is studied and observed that at higher fluence, carrier scattering can be dominating. Interestingly, it is found that at higher power, hot carrier relaxation dynamics are altered, and electron‐phonon coupling is enhanced, resulting in a lower carrier concentration participating in the photocatalytic reaction, which can limit charge carrier extraction and CO2 reduction. This study highlights the potential of perovskite semiconductors as promising candidates for photocatalytic reactions in low‐light conditions, broadening their applicability in real‐world scenarios.
Selective Carbon Dioxide versus Nitrous Oxide Adsorption in Cerium(IV) Bithiazole and Bipyridyl Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Pugliesi Matteo , Cavallo Margherita , Atzori Cesare , Garetto Beatrice , Borfecchia Elisa , Donà Lorenzo , Civalleri Bartolomeo , Tuci Giulia , Giambastiani Giuliano , Galli Simona , Bonino Francesca , Rossin Andrea 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe two CeIV MOFs [Ce6O4(OH)4(TzTz)6] (Ce_TzTz) and [Ce6O4(OH)4(TzTz)4(PyPy)2] (Ce_TzTz_PyPy; H2TzTz = [2,2′‐bithiazole]‐5,5′‐dicarboxylic acid, H2PyPy = 2,2′‐bipyridine‐5,5′‐dicarboxylic acid) are prepared starting from a pre‐formed [Ce6] glycinate‐capped cluster. N2 isotherms collected at 77 K revealed BET specific surface areas of 1136 and 238 m2 g−1, respectively. Their CO2 and N2O adsorption capacity is assessed at T = 273 and 298 K and p = 1 bar. Ce_TzTz shows the highest gas uptake (7.9 and 9.7 wt% at 298 K and 11.5 and 12.5 wt% at 273 K for CO2 and N2O, respectively). More interestingly, this homo‐linker MOF possesses a higher capacity, thermodynamic affinity [(Qst)CO2 = 18.2 kJ mol−1 vs (Qst)N2O = 25.4 kJ mol−1] and selectivity (IAST SN2O/CO2 = 1.6 at T = 273 K) toward N2O than the mixed‐linker sample. At variance, Ce_TzTz_PyPy shows a slightly higher capacity, thermodinamic affinity [(Qst)CO2 = 29.5 kJ mol−1 vs (Qst)N2O = 26.4 kJ mol−1] and selectivity (IAST SCO2/N2O = 1.4 at T = 298 K) toward CO2. DFT optimizations carried out on the [N2O@Ce_TzTz] and [CO2@Ce_TzTz_PyPy] systems revealed that the primary adsorption sites are the cerium ions of the [Ce6] metallic node for N2O and the thiazole N‐atoms on the TzTz linker for CO2, respectively.