bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF METHOD OF PRESERVATION OF PULP ON THE QUALITY OF CARBONATED AND NONCARBONATED BEVERAGES PREPARED FROM PEACH FRUIT
Authors: ARORA SHEETU , AGGARWAL POONAM 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT Peach pulp preserved by different methods, i.e., processing at 100C for 30 min, potassium metabisulphite (KMS; 2,000 ppm), sodium benzoate (750 ppm) and mixture of KMS and sodium benzoate (1,000 and 375 ppm) had no significant effect on total soluble solids (TSS), acidity, TSS : acid ratio, pH of carbonated as well as noncarbonated beverages. Carbonated beverages prepared from pulp with 750 ppm of sodium benzoate retained significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher carbon dioxide (CO2) content and CO2 gas : volume during storage. Color of the beverages prepared from peach pulp containing KMS was better but the beverages prepared from peach pulp preserved by processing and addition of sodium benzoate were organoleptically more acceptable. Both carbonated and noncarbonated drinks remained organoleptically acceptable throughout storage. Suspension of carbonated beverages was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher during storage as compared with noncarbonated beverages.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSPeaches are valued as a table fruit for a short period of time from end of April to end of May. The acceptability and utilization of this fruit can be increased by processing it into delicious carbonated and noncarbonated beverages. This will provide nutritious drink to the consumers and also help in increasing the fruit cultivation resulting in good returns to the growers. This study will also help to give a fillip to the establishment of a peach beverage industry world wide.
The Impact of School Socioeconomic Status on Student Lunch Consumption after Implementation of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy*
Authors: Cullen Karen Weber , Watson Kathleen B. , Fithian Ashley R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: This study compares the impact of the Texas Public School Nutrition Policy on lunch consumption of low‐ and middle‐income students in sixth through eighth grades.METHODS: Students in 1 middle socioeconomic status (SES) and 1 low SES school completed lunch food records before (2001/2002) and after (2005/2006) implementation of the Texas policy. Students recorded amount and source of foods/beverages consumed. Two‐way analyses of variance with year and school SES as factors were performed to compare consumption by school SES before and after implementation of the Texas policy.RESULTS: Regardless of year, the low SES group consumed less fat, sweetened beverages, and candy and more vitamin C and calcium than the middle SES group. There were more significant improvements in dietary patterns for the middle SES school students post‐policy, particularly from the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) meal. The middle SES school students reported significantly higher percentages of less healthy items from home post‐policy.CONCLUSIONS: Overall, low SES school students consumed more healthy lunches at school compared with middle SES school students, and the Texas policy improved middle SES school student dietary intakes. Whether the dietary behaviors in school influence dietary intake for the entire day is unknown.
The Impact of Nutrition Standards on Competitive Food Offerings and Purchasing Behaviors of High School Students
Authors: Snelling Anastasia M. , Kennard Teha 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: With adolescent obesity rates on the rise, the school food environment is receiving closer scrutiny. This study looks at the effects of nutrient standards as part of a wellness policy that was implemented in 3 public high schools in 1 county, by analyzing the nutritional value of competitive food offerings and purchases before and after the development of the standards.METHODS: All food offerings and purchases were labeled based on their nutritional density using a stoplight approach of green, yellow, and red colors for the pre‐ and post‐ period. The stoplight approach to ranking foods is on a continuum of nutrient density, with green foods being the healthiest choices and red foods offering minimal nutrient density.RESULTS: Results showed that after the implementation of the standards, red foods made up 30% of offerings, down from 48% of offerings prior to the existence of the guidelines. The proportion of red food purchases also decreased, from 83% to 47%. Additionally, yellow food offerings increased from 18% to 48% and purchases increased from 6% to 34%.CONCLUSION: Results indicate that the nutrient standards as part of the wellness policy contributed to a positive shift in the nutritional value of competitive food purchases and offerings.
Clustering of Internet Risk Behaviors in a Middle School Student Population
Authors: Dowell Elizabeth B. , Burgess Ann W. , Cavanaugh Deborah J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Internet safety is a growing public concern especially among adults and youth who live in an “instant messaging” world of technological communication. To better understand how early adolescents are using the Internet, a study was undertaken to more clearly identify the online general use, safety knowledge, and risk behaviors of middle school students.METHODS: This exploratory study adapted from Finkelhor et al's (2000) Youth Internet Safety Survey to identify the usage and characteristics of online youth, solicitation of youth, and searching for pornography or delinquent behaviors. The 404 students who were recruited from public and parochial schools consisted of both boys and girls with a mean age 12 years.RESULTS: These students reported the beginnings of high‐risk Internet behavior, specifically, giving out personal information, using the Internet to harass or embarrass another person, and for a small number of students, chatting with strangers and starting relationships. The students who posted their picture online were more likely to have sent their picture to someone, made rude comments to others, played online jokes, harassed or embarrassed someone, and sought out pornographic sites.CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that middle school students who are early adolescents are beginning risky behaviors on the Internet. Risk‐taking behavior is not unique to adolescents, but the consequences can be detrimental to their development. Educators, clinicians, health care providers, and other professionals need to be informed of Internet behaviors in order to assess for children at risk, to make referrals, intervene, and to educate parents.
Development and Reliability of Items Measuring the Nonmedical Use of Prescription Drugs for the Youth Risk Behavior Survey: Results From an Initial Pilot Test
Authors: Howard Melissa M. , Weiler Robert M. , Haddox J. David 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to develop and test the reliability of self‐report survey items designed to monitor the nonmedical use of prescription drugs among adolescents.METHODS: Eighteen nonmedical prescription drug items designed to be congruent with the substance abuse items in the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Youth Risk Behavior Survey were constructed, reviewed by a panel of experts, and then examined to assess reliability using a test‐retest survey design.RESULTS: Simple kappa (κ) coefficients for 14 of the 18 items demonstrated “substantial” or “almost perfect” reliability. Three items had coefficients within the “fair” or “moderate” ranges and 1 item fell within in the “poor” range. Of the 10 items for which weighted κ coefficients were calculated, 6 items fell within the “almost perfect” or “substantial” ranges. Three fell within the “moderate” range and 1 fell within the “poor” range.CONCLUSIONS: Based on the expert panel review and the findings from our study, most of the 18 items developed to measure nonmedical use of prescription drugs among adolescents appear valid and reliable. The nonmedical use of prescription drugs ranks fourth among the most abused class of drugs by adolescents after alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana, respectively. The CDC should consider expanding the surveillance of these specific health‐risk behaviors that are assuming new importance by including the items described in this article in future national surveys.
Penalized Regression with Ordinal Predictors
Authors: Gertheiss Jan , Tutz Gerhard 
Published: October 2009

SummaryOrdered categorial predictors are a common case in regression modelling. In contrast to the case of ordinal response variables, ordinal predictors have been largely neglected in the literature. In this paper, existing methods are reviewed and the use of penalized regression techniques is proposed. Based on dummy coding two types of penalization are explicitly developed; the first imposes a difference penalty, the second is a ridge type refitting procedure. Also a Bayesian motivation is provided. The concept is generalized to the case of non‐normal outcomes within the framework of generalized linear models by applying penalized likelihood estimation. Simulation studies and real world data serve for illustration and to compare the approaches to methods often seen in practice, namely simple linear regression on the group labels and pure dummy coding. Especially the proposed difference penalty turns out to be highly competitive.
Mitochondrial DNA barcoding detects some species that are real, and some that are not
Authors: DASMAHAPATRA KANCHON K. , ELIAS MARIANNE , HILL RYAN I. , HOFFMAN JOSEPH I. , MALLET JAMES 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMimicry and extensive geographical subspecies polymorphism combine to make species in the ithomiine butterfly genus Mechanitis (Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae) difficult to determine. We use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) barcoding, nuclear sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) genotyping to investigate species limits in this genus. Although earlier biosystematic studies based on morphology described only four species, mtDNA barcoding revealed eight well‐differentiated haplogroups, suggesting the presence of four new putative ‘cryptic species’. However, AFLP markers supported only one of these four new ‘cryptic species’ as biologically meaningful. We demonstrate that in this genus, deep genetic divisions expected on the basis of mtDNA barcoding are not always reflected in the nuclear genome, and advocate the use of AFLP markers as a check when mtDNA barcoding gives unexpected results.
Lattice corneal dystrophy, gelsolin type (Meretoja’s syndrome)
Authors: Carrwik Christian , Stenevi Ulf 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  This paper reviews current knowledge about the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and treatment of lattice corneal dystrophy, gelsolin type (LCD2, Meretoja’s syndrome).Methods:  Material is derived from literature searches, a case study of a Finnish patient living in Sweden, and interviews in Helsinki with Professor Ahti Tarkkanen and Dr Sari Kiuru‐Enari, both of whom have extensive first‐hand experience in treating patients with the disease.Results:  The disease is now reported from several countries in Europe, as well as Japan, the USA and Iran. Treatment is symptomatic and is based on eye lubrication combined with rigorous monitoring of intraocular pressure to reduce corneal haze and postpone the need for keratoplasty. When systemic symptoms occur, the ophthalmologist should consult other specialists.Conclusions:  The disease is probably under‐reported and is almost certainly to be found in more countries, including Sweden. Every ophthalmologist should be vigilant and consider this diagnosis when discovering a corneal lattice dystrophy, especially because the disease is an inherited, lifelong chronic condition with systemic symptoms.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Urtoxazumab, a Humanized Monoclonal Antibody, against Shiga-Like Toxin 2 in Healthy Adults and in Pediatric Patients Infected with Shiga-Like Toxin-Producing
Escherichia coli
Authors: López Eduardo L. , Contrini Maria M. , Glatstein Eduardo , González Ayala Silvia , Santoro Roberto , Allende Daniel , Ezcurra Gustavo , Teplitz Eduardo , Koyama Tamotsu , Matsumoto Yoichi , Sato Hiroaki , Sakai Kazuaki , Hoshide Satoru , Komoriya Keiji , Morita Takuya , Harning Ronald , Brookman Sheldon 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Shiga-like toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
(STEC) infection causes diarrhea, which is often bloody and which can result in potentially life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). Urtoxazumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the Shiga-like toxin 2 (Stx2) produced by STEC, has been developed as a promising agent for the prevention of HUS. Single randomized, intravenous, double-blind, placebo-controlled doses of urtoxazumab were administered to assess its safety and pharmacokinetics in healthy adults (0.1 to 3.0 mg/kg of body weight) and STEC-infected pediatric patients (1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg). No dose-related safety trends were noted, nor were antiurtoxazumab antibodies detected. The disposition of urtoxazumab showed a biexponential decline, regardless of the dose. In healthy adults, the mean terminal elimination half-life was consistent across the dose groups and ranged from 24.6 days (3.0-mg/kg dose group) to 28.9 days (0.3-mg/kg dose group). The mean maximum serum drug concentration (
C
max
) ranged from 2.6 μg/ml at 0.1 mg/kg to 71.7 μg/ml at 3.0 mg/kg. The disposition of urtoxazumab following the administration of doses of 1.0 and 3.0 mg/kg in pediatric patients showed mean
C
max
s of 19.6 and 56.1 μg/ml, respectively. Urtoxazumab was well tolerated, appears to be safe at doses of up to 3.0 mg/kg, and is a potential candidate for the prevention of HUS in pediatric patients.
Structure of the Heme Biosynthetic
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Porphobilinogen Synthase in Complex with the Antibiotic Alaremycin
Authors: Heinemann Ilka U. , Schulz Claudia , Schubert Wolf-Dieter , Heinz Dirk W. , Wang Yang-G. , Kobayashi Yuichi , Awa Yuuki , Wachi Masaaki , Jahn Dieter , Jahn Martina 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

The recently discovered antibacterial compound alaremycin, produced by
Streptomyces
sp. A012304, structurally closely resembles 5-aminolevulinic acid, the substrate of porphobilinogen synthase. During the initial steps of heme biosynthesis, two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid are asymmetrically condensed to porphobilinogen. Alaremycin was found to efficiently inhibit the growth of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Using the newly created heme-permeable strain
Escherichia coli
CSA1, we are able to uncouple heme biosynthesis from bacterial growth and demonstrate that alaremycin targets the heme biosynthetic pathway. Further studies focused on the activity of alaremycin against the opportunistic pathogenic bacterium
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. The MIC of alaremycin was determined to be 12 mM. Alaremycin was identified as a direct inhibitor of recombinant purified
P. aeruginosa
porphobilinogen synthase and had a

K
i

of 1.33 mM. To understand the molecular basis of alaremycin's antibiotic activity at the atomic level, the
P. aeruginosa
porphobilinogen synthase was cocrystallized with the alaremycin. At 1.75-Å resolution, the crystal structure reveals that the antibiotic efficiently blocks the active site of porphobilinogen synthase. The antibiotic binds as a reduced derivative of 5-acetamido-4-oxo-5-hexenoic acid. The corresponding methyl group is, however, not coordinated by any amino acid residues of the active site, excluding its functional relevance for alaremycin inhibition. Alaremycin is covalently bound by the catalytically important active-site lysine residue 260 and is tightly coordinated by several active-site amino acids. Our data provide a solid structural basis to further improve the activity of alaremycin for rational drug design. Potential approaches are discussed.
Relative Contributions of Active Mediated Transport and Passive Diffusion of Fluoroquinolones with Various Lipophilicities in a Calu-3 Lung Epithelial Cell Model
Authors: Brillault Julien , De Castro Whocely Victor , Couet William 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe transport characteristics of six fluoroquinolones (FQs) with various lipophilicities were compared in a Calu-3 cell model. For each FQ, an active polarized transport was observed in the direction of the apical side. However, the apparent permeability of FQs resulted from active transport and passive diffusion that were highly variable between compounds and mainly governed by lipophilicity. Therefore, active transport was predominant for compounds with relatively low lipophilicity but minor for FQs with higher lipophilicity.
Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance: a Multifaceted Threat
Authors: Strahilevitz Jacob , Jacoby George A. , Hooper David C. , Robicsek Ari 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAlthough plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) was thought not to exist before its discovery in 1998, the past decade has seen an explosion of research characterizing this phenomenon. The best-described form of PMQR is determined by theqnrgroup of genes. These genes, likely originating in aquatic organisms, code for pentapeptide repeat proteins. These proteins reduce susceptibility to quinolones by protecting the complex of DNA and DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV enzymes from the inhibitory effect of quinolones. Two additional PMQR mechanisms were recently described.aac(6′)-Ib-crencodes a variant aminoglycoside acetyltransferase with two amino acid alterations allowing it to inactivate ciprofloxacin through the acetylation of its piperazinyl substituent.oqxABandqepAencode efflux pumps that extrude quinolones. All of these genes determine relatively small increases in the MICs of quinolones, but these changes are sufficient to facilitate the selection of mutants with higher levels of resistance. The contribution of these genes to the emergence of quinolone resistance is being actively investigated. Several factors suggest their importance in this process, including their increasing ubiquity, their association with other resistance elements, and their emergence simultaneous with the expansion of clinical quinolone resistance. Of concern, these genes are not yet being taken into account in resistance screening by clinical microbiology laboratories.
Basic Concepts of Microarrays and Potential Applications in Clinical Microbiology
Authors: Miller Melissa B. , Tang Yi-Wei 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARY

The introduction of in vitro nucleic acid amplification techniques, led by real-time PCR, into the clinical microbiology laboratory has transformed the laboratory
detection
of viruses and select bacterial pathogens. However, the progression of the molecular diagnostic revolution currently relies on the ability to efficiently and accurately offer multiplex detection and characterization for a variety of infectious disease pathogens. Microarray analysis has the capability to offer robust multiplex detection but has just started to enter the diagnostic microbiology laboratory. Multiple microarray platforms exist, including printed double-stranded DNA and oligonucleotide arrays, in situ-synthesized arrays, high-density bead arrays, electronic microarrays, and suspension bead arrays. One aim of this paper is to review microarray technology, highlighting technical differences between them and each platform's advantages and disadvantages. Although the use of microarrays to generate gene expression data has become routine, applications pertinent to clinical microbiology continue to rapidly expand. This review highlights uses of microarray technology that impact diagnostic microbiology, including the detection and identification of pathogens, determination of antimicrobial resistance, epidemiological strain typing, and analysis of microbial infections using host genomic expression and polymorphism profiles.
Dengue Virus Pathogenesis: an Integrated View
Authors: Martina Byron E. E. , Koraka Penelope , Osterhaus Albert D. M. E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYMuch remains to be learned about the pathogenesis of the different manifestations of dengue virus (DENV) infections in humans. They may range from subclinical infection to dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and eventually dengue shock syndrome (DSS). As both cell tropism and tissue tropism of DENV are considered major determinants in the pathogenesis of dengue, there is a critical need for adequate tropism assays, animal models, and human autopsy data. More than 50 years of research on dengue has resulted in a host of literature, which strongly suggests that the pathogenesis of DHF and DSS involves viral virulence factors and detrimental host responses, collectively resulting in abnormal hemostasis and increased vascular permeability. Differential targeting of specific vascular beds is likely to trigger the localized vascular hyperpermeability underlying DSS. A personalized approach to the study of pathogenesis will elucidate the basis of individual risk for development of DHF and DSS as well as identify the genetic and environmental bases for differences in risk for development of severe disease.
Antibacterial-ResistantPseudomonas aeruginosa: Clinical Impact and Complex Regulation of Chromosomally Encoded Resistance Mechanisms
Authors: Lister Philip D. , Wolter Daniel J. , Hanson Nancy D. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTreatment of infectious diseases becomes more challenging with each passing year. This is especially true for infections caused by the opportunistic pathogenPseudomonas aeruginosa, with its ability to rapidly develop resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. Although the import of resistance mechanisms on mobile genetic elements is always a concern, the most difficult challenge we face withP. aeruginosais its ability to rapidly develop resistance during the course of treating an infection. The chromosomally encoded AmpC cephalosporinase, the outer membrane porin OprD, and the multidrug efflux pumps are particularly relevant to this therapeutic challenge. The discussion presented in this review highlights the clinical significance of these chromosomally encoded resistance mechanisms, as well as the complex mechanisms/pathways by whichP. aeruginosaregulates their expression. Although a great deal of knowledge has been gained toward understanding the regulation of AmpC, OprD, and efflux pumps inP. aeruginosa, it is clear that we have much to learn about how this resourceful pathogen coregulates different resistance mechanisms to overcome the antibacterial challenges it faces.