bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulations of the Effect of Conical Dimension on the Hydrodynamic Behaviour in Spouted Beds
Authors: Yurong He , Guangbo Zhao , Bouillard Jacques , Huilin Lu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe flow behaviours of gas‐solids were predicted by means of a hydrodynamic model of dense gas‐solid flow in spouted beds. Constitutive equations describing the particulate solids pressure and viscosity were implemented into a hydrodynamic simulation computer program. The effect of operating conditions (inclined angle and gas spouting velocity) on particle velocity and concentration in the spout, annulus and fountain regions were numerical studied. Both vertical and horizontal particle velocities increased with increasing spouting gas velocity. The diameter of the spout increases with decreasing the inclination angle. As the inclination angle is set greater than 60°, the spout cross‐section starts becoming bottlenecked, limiting the upwards flow of solids.
Removal of SO2 in Semi‐Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization Process with a Powder‐Particle Spouted Bed
Authors: Nakazato Tsutomu , Liu Yunyi , Kato Kunio 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSemi‐dry flue gas desulfurization was investigated with several kinds of SO2 sorbents, such as slaked lime, limestone, Mg(OH)2 and concrete pile sludge, in a powder‐particle spouted bed. Slurry droplets including sorbent fine particles were fed to a spouted bed of coarse inert particles spouted with hot gas containing SO2. SO2 removal efficiency was strongly affected by the approach to saturation temperature, Ca/S molar ratio and particle size of sorbent. Slaked lime showed the highest desulfurization efficiency. In this process, despite very short gas residence time, more than 90% SO2 removal was easily achieved by choosing appropriate conditions.
The Use of a Population Balance Model in the Study of Inoculation of Soybean Seeds in a Spouted Bed
Authors: Duarte Claudio R. , Murata Valéria V. , Barrozo A. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe coating of soybean seeds with bacteria and micronutrients favours the vigorous growth of the plant, dispensing with the use of ammoniacal fertilizers. The optimum thickness of the coating should allow the fundamental gaseous interchanges for the germination and the ideal conditions for the activity of the bacteria. The objective of this work was to simulate dynamic mass distribution of soybean seeds covered with bacteria and macronutrients in spouted bed through a specific program developed in Maple V®. The validation of the model is done through 16 experiments carried out in a spouted bed with spray at the top.
Effect of the Equipment Configuration and Operating Conditions on Process Performance and on Physical Characteristics of the Product During Coating in Spouted Bed
Authors: Publio M. C. P. , Oliveira W. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of the configuration and operating conditions on the performance of the spouted bed tablet coating process have been studied. The configuration parameters analyzed were the ratio between the draft tube diameter and the inlet orifice diameter, dT/di, and the conical base angle, γ. To analyze the equipment performance the adhesion coefficient, η, and the increase rate of the tablet mass, K1, were measured as a function of the mass flow rate of the coating material, Ws, of the ratio between the mass feed flow rate of coating suspension relative to mass feed flow rate of the spouting gas, W*s/W*g, of the air flow rate relative to minimum spouting, Q/Qms, and of the feed flow rate of atomising air, Wat. Procedures for the evaluation of the growth kinetics and for measuring the product uniformity are presented.
Drying of Liquid Feedstocks in a Spout‐Fluid‐Bed with Draft‐Tube Submerged in Inert Solids: Hydrodynamics and Drying Performance
Authors: Osorio‐Revilla G , Elías‐Serrano R , Gallardo‐Velázquez T 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA spout‐fluid bed with draft tube submerged in a bed of polypropylene beads was used for drying maltodextrin solutions. The hydrodynamics of the dryer were studied by determining the annular air flow vertical profile at different spouting velocities, using an additional air flow rate through the annulus equivalent to 0.5 Umf. The drying performance of the dryer was studied through the determination of several dryer response parameters (product moisture, evaporative capacity and volumetric evaporative capacity). These parameters were compared with those obtained in a conventional spouted bed with inert solids and a spray dryer.
Analysis and Interpretation of Multiple Radioactive Particle Tracking Data on Laboratory Scale Air/Polyethylene Fluidized Beds
Authors: Schober Loni , Kantzas Apostolos 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMultiple radioactive particle tracking is a noninvasive technique used to study flow phenomena within gas‐solid fluidized beds. Five tagged polyethylene particles were added to a fluidized bed and tracked using two gamma cameras set perpendicular to one another. One camera collected x‐z particle locations and the other collected y‐z particle locations, while both cameras collected particle count rate values. The x‐z and y‐z particle movement information was combined to form three‐dimensional particle trajectories, and in turn used to calculate instantaneous flow information. The information from the five particles was then averaged and used to calculate three‐dimensional information regarding solid circulation parameters.
Pressure Fluctuation Analysis of Laboratory Scale Air/Polyethylene Fluidized Beds
Authors: Schober Loni , Kantzas Apostolos , Hugo Ron 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifferential pressure fluctuations were studied along the wall of a laboratory scale column filled with a polyethylene resin. Air flow rates to the column were varied in order to examine the changes in wall pressure with respect to superficial gas velocity. Statistical and spectral analysis was used to study the periodic features of column wall pressure measurements in the dense region of a fluidized bed. From the analysis, it is evident that multiple flow regimes exist in the column. These flow regimes are dependent upon the height above the distributor. Results also show a significant peak developing at 1 Hz as superficial gas velocity increases.
Factors Affecting Stable Operation of Counter‐current Multistage Fluidized Bed of Solid‐liquid System — Dimensions of Downspout
Authors: Tokuyama Hideaki , Natsume Masayuki , Nii Susumu , Kawaizumi Fumio , Takahashi Katsuroku 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor the effective use of an ion exchange resin, a counter‐current multistage fluidized bed has been developed. An appropriate design of the downspout, which works to let particles flow down to next stage, is essential to obtain a stable resin flow. From an experimental study on the particle holdup and pressure drop in the multistage fluidized bed, a method to determine the downspout size has been developed. The relation between the liquid velocity within the downspout and the superficial liquid velocity has been derived from considering the pressure balance between the part of the fluidized bed and that of the downspout.
Emulsion Analysis in a Gas/Liquid/Liquid Reactor With Top Blowing
Authors: Martín Margarita , Rendueles Manuel , Díaz Mario 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTop blowing is a common operation in metallurgical oxidation processes such as those found in steel production. One advantage of this kind of blowing is the absence of any submerged element in the melt. The analysis of fluidynamics and mass transfer usually requires the employment of cold models. Thus, a GLL' cold model of a steel converter was accordingly designed that illustrated the presence of emulsions likewise reported in real reactors. The characteristics of this system were studied, namely the kinetics of emulsion formation and destruction. A model was subsequently elaborated for the stages of emulsion formation and destruction.
Reverse Micellar Extraction of Lysozyme Using Two Dialkyl Sodium Phosphinates
Authors: Shin Youn‐Ok , Vera Juan H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extraction of lysozyme was studied using di‐(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl) sodium phosphinate, R2POONa, and di‐(2,4,4‐trimethylpentyl) sodium dithiophosphinate, R2PSSNa. For a R2POONa reverse micellar system, all lysozyme was removed from the aqueous phase when the pH of the aqueous solution was set below the pI of the protein. The extraction of lysozyme into a R2PSSNa reverse micellar system was independent of the pH of the aqueous phase. A solubilization limit of lysozyme exists in the R2POONa reverse micellar phase. The lysozyme recovery was 70% from the R2POONa reverse micellar phase, and less than 10% from the R2PSSNa reverse micellar phase.
A Laboratory Reactor for Gas‐Phase Olefin Polymerization
Authors: Mannan Tariq M. , Hammawa Hassan , Lynch David T. , Wanke Sieghard E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new reactor system for gas‐phase ethylene/α‐olefin polymerization is described. Good gas‐phase temperature control at high polymerization rates was achieved with the 2‐L semi‐batch reactor. Ethylene/1‐hexene and ethylene polymerization results showing the effects of operating conditions on temperature profiles are presented. Good gas‐phase temperature control is required to obtain reliable activity profiles. A gas‐sampling and analysis system, which allows relatively rapid (< 3 min) and accurate determination of ethylene/1‐hexene contents in the gas‐phase of the reactor, is also described. Rapid and reliable hydrogen contents were also measured with this relatively inexpensive system.
A Model for Residence Time Distribution of Solids in a Rotary Kiln
Authors: Dinesh V Loni , Sai P. S. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA five‐parameter model for residence time distribution of low‐density particles in a bed of high‐density particles in a rotary kiln is derived based on combinations of flow regimes in several sub‐regions. The parameters of the model are the number of turnover stages, the cascade volume fraction, the Peclet number, the dead volume fraction in cascade region, and the cross‐flow ratio. The effect of feed rate of solids, rotational speed and inclination of the kiln on the model parameters is evaluated.
Development of a Continuous High‐Efficiency Laboratory Fibre Fractionator
Authors: Young Edmond , Olson James A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study proposes to develop a continuous, high‐efficiency laboratory fibre fractionator capable of producing large quantities of well‐fractionated fibres. The concept requires modifying a conventional Bauer‐McNett classifier to include feedback and continuous feed flows. A computer model of the proposed fractionator was first constructed using Simulink in MATLAB. Simulations were performed to study effects of six system parameters on two fractionation characteristics. Results indicated that while large screen apertures led to higher cut‐off length, they also resulted in less distinct separation. Simulations were validated with experimental tests performed on a prototype fractionator. Excellent agreement was found between experiment and simulation.
Bubble Formation at a Rotating Cylindrical Surface in Cross‐Flowing Liquid
Authors: Machniewski Piotr M. , Bi&&num;324; Andrzej K. , Evans Geoffrey M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA novel method of gas sparging from a rotating cylinder is proposed, which prevents against formation of large attached gas cavities in cross‐flowing liquids including those flowing downwards. Experimental and theoretical results regarding critical rotation speed necessary to remove the attached cavity, bubble formation process and size distribution of the produced bubbles in a low viscosity system (air‐water) are presented in this study.
Gas‐Liquid Mass Transfer in Pulp Retention Towers
Authors: Rewatkar Vilas B. , Bennington Chad P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe volumetric gas‐liquid mass transfer rate, kLa, was measured under batch conditions in a 0.28 m diameter laboratory‐scale retention column. Tests on water, and on unbleached kraft (UBK) pulp suspensions (mass fractions, Cm from 0.013 to 0.09) were made with air or nitrogen sparged through the column at superficial gas velocities between 0.0015 to 0.05 m/s. kLa varied with suspension mass concentration and superficial gas velocity, initially decreasing with increasing mass concentration, reaching a minimum between Cm = 0.03 and 0.06, and then increasing. The minimum in kLa coincided with a change in hydrodynamics within the column, from bubble column behaviour below Cm = 0.03 to porous solid behaviour above Cm = 0.06.
Continuous Toluene Vapor Remediation in a Well‐Mixed Bioreactor
Authors: Bi Yonghong , Hill Gordon A. , Sumner Robert J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMass transfer and bioremediation of toluene from a contaminated air stream has been investigated using a continuous flow, stirred tank bioreactor. The toluene mass transfer coefficients varied from 3.1 to 3.8 h−1 as the agitation speed increased from 300 to 600 rpm. Using a pure culture, toluene could not be continuously bioremediated as a sole substrate. When ethanol was used as a cosubstrate, toluene was continuously captured and bioremediated at rates up to 90 mg/L·h with removal efficiencies up to 90%, while ethanol was simultaneously degraded at rates up to 250 mg/L·h. Using benzyl alcohol as the cosubstrate, toluene removal efficiencies were above 97% at continuous loading rates of 90 mg/L·h and benzyl alcohol loading rates up to 300 mg/L·h.
Effect of Inlet Type on Shear Stress and Mixing in an Annular Photobioreactor Involving a Swirling Decaying Flow
Authors: Pruvost Jérémy , Legrand Jack , Legentilhomme Patrick , Muller‐Feuga Arnaud 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImprovement of mixing can lead to an enhancement of photobioreactors productivity, provided that the adverse effect of shear forces is kept below the fragility‐ threshold of cells. Implementation of a swirling decaying flow induced by a tangential inlet in an annular photobioreactor was investigated. The study focused on a compromise solution between the mixing and the resulting shear stress, and various hydrodynamical characteristics were measured for five types of tangential inlets and three Reynolds number values. Comparison with a pseudo‐axial flow induced by a radial inlet indicates that swirling flows are suitable in the particular application of microalgal cultures.
Study of Tire Particle Mixing in a Moving and Stirred Bed Vacuum Pyrolysis Reactor
Authors: Yang Jin , Gupta Murlidhar , Roy Xavier , Roy Christian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper studies the motion of scrap tire shreds in a moving and stirred bed vacuum pyrolysis reactor. The reactor configuration is a novel concept. The pattern and the residence time distribution (RTD) of the particle motion in the reactor were investigated using tracers, for different feed rates and blade speeds. It was shown that the particle motion in the reactor is plug flow nature with intermediate dispersion (σ2 = 0.02—0.055). The mean residence time is in the range of 7—23 min, depending on the speed of the blades and the feed rate. The ratio of mean particle speed and the speed of blades vm/vb varied between 0.03 and 0.07.
Separation and Characterisation of Problematic Solids from Athabasca Oil Sands and Waste Unit Samples
Authors: Tu Yun , Li Zaifeng , Pleizier Gerry , Ng Samson , Chung Keng H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTraditionally, Athabasca oil sands have been classified by bitumen and fines (<44 µm) contents. However, these markers do not always identify ores with poor processing characteristics. Consequently, there is a need to discover other characteristics to define problem ores. Here we describe a separation scheme for oil sands solids fractions based on their physical and surface properties. Clay material (<3 µm) and its ultra‐fine (<0.3 µm) component are of particular interest. Settling tests on ultra‐fine clay suspensions confirm that this fraction is the major cause of sludging during primary bitumen separation. Waste units, or barren oil sands, are shown to be a major source of this component.
Assessment of Bitumen Re c overy from the Athabasca Oil Sands Using a Laboratory Denver Flotation Cell
Authors: Zhou Z , Kasongo T , Xu Z , Masliyah J 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA methodology was developed in this study to evaluate the effect of operating parameters on the processability of oil sands using small‐scale laboratory experimental devices. By subtracting bitumen recovered to the froth by entrainment with water, the concept of “true flotation recovery” is proposed to describe bitumen recovery resulting from bitumenbubble attachment. The experimental results indicated that “true flotation recovery” is a more sensitive and meaningful marker than overall bitumen recovery to evaluate the processability of oil sands using small‐scale laboratory test units.
Factors Governing Friction Losses in Self‐lubricated Transport of Bitumen Froth: 1. Water Release
Authors: Sanders R Sean , Ko Taehwan , Bai Runyuan , Joseph Daniel D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSyncrude Canada Ltd. transports bitumen froth, a viscous intermediate product of the oil sand extraction process, 35 km via pipeline. Pipeline transport is feasible because some of the water that occurs naturally in the froth forms a thin lubricating layer around a bitumen‐rich core, thereby greatly reducing friction losses and transportation costs. In this paper, the effect of froth composition (namely, water content) on the formation of the lubricating layer is reported. Tests were conducted with a 25 mm diameter pipe loop and a concentric cylinder froth rheometer. Measurements of pressure gradient and water holdup (free water fraction), along with visual observations, showed that froth containing a lower total water content yielded less free water to the lubricating layer. In the froth rheometer, the conditions for which stable, self‐lubricated flow could be maintained were comparable to those required to maintain self‐lubricated flow in the 25 mm pipe loop.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Coalescence Processes in Oil Sands Slurries
Authors: Friesen Waldemar I. , Dabros Tadeusz 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConditioning of an oil sand slurry is a critical step in the extraction of bitumen from oil sand ore. To model the conditioning process, a constant‐number Monte Carlo algorithm is used to simulate the mean‐field kinetics of coalescing bitumen drops and air bubbles. The coalescence rate of drops and bubbles is described by the model of Coulaloglou and Tavlarides (1977). Simulations yield results that are consistent with aerated bitumen drop sizes and conditioning times reported in the literature. The effects of turbulent energy, bitumen concentration, and initial bitumen drop size on the evolution of drop size distributions are investigated.
Rate of Bitumen Film Transfer from a Quartz Surface to an Air Bubble as Observed by Optical Microscopy
Authors: Lelinski Dariusz , Drelich Jaroslaw , Miller Jan D. , Hupka Jan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of bitumen transfer from a bitumen‐coated quartz plate to a gas bubble surface in aqueous alkaline solutions was recorded photographically. During bitumen spreading, a bulk layer followed the formation of thin bitumen films (precursor films). The bulk layer spread at the bubble surface with a velocity of about one order of magnitude less than the velocity of the precursor film. The energy of activation for spreading of the bulk layer varied from about 66 to 123 kJ/mol depending on the stage of bitumen spreading but remained constant at about 105 kJ/mol for the precursor film. Results are discussed with respect to fundamental issues associated with flotation recovery of heavy oils.
Breaking Water‐in‐Bitumen Emulsions using Polyoxyalkylated DETA Demulsifier
Authors: Xu Yuming , Wu Jiangying , Dabros Tadek , Hamza Hassan , Wang Sanyi , Bidal Marianne , Venter Johann , Tran Tom 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdding demulsifier is currently the most widely used method for breaking water‐in‐oil emulsions. Experimental demulsifiers based on DETA with various PO and EO contents were synthesized and their RSN values were determined. The dehydration efficiency of these demulsifiers was measured in diluted bitumen using both gravitational settling and centrifugation tests. The results indicate that some of the DETA products could perform potentially at least as well or better than the demulsifier currently used in a commercial plant. RSN values are correlated very well with EO and PO numbers. Optimal dehydration efficiency is in the RSN range of 18 to 22, which corresponds to a PO‐to‐EO ratio in the range of 1 to 1.8.
A Novel Approach for Resolving Reverse Emulsions in SAGD Production Systems
Authors: Bosch Ron , Axcell Eric , Little Virgil , Cleary Robert , Wang Sanyi , Gabel Robert , Moreland Bill 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe standard method for water clarification in SAGD operations involved the injection of latex polymers to break produced reverse emulsions. Operationally, this resulted in large quantities of oil in the water downstream of the first oil and water separation vessel. Problems occurred because this generated large amounts of oily solids and emulsion. This slop material represented a significant additional expenditure. Champion developed a novel approach to treat these systems and reduce slop. This program has been very successful in removing oil from the water stream during primary separation, thus reducing costs associated with reprocessing slop oil, and resulting in greater oil recovery.
The Conductivity and Dielectric Behavior of Solutions of Bitumen In Toluene
Authors: Chow Ross S. , Tse Daniel L. , Takamura Koichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe conductivity and dielectric constant of solutions of bitumen in toluene were determined for bitumens of differing asphaltene content. The results show that the conductivity is primarily controlled by the asphaltene content while the dielectric constant can be described in terms of the polarity and concentration of the various fractions of the bitumen. It is demonstrated that it is possible to determine bitumen content of a solution of bitumen in toluene by measuring the conductivity.
Bubble Size Distributions for Dispersed Air &&num;0150; Water Flows in a 100 mm Horizontal Pipeline
Authors: Sanders R. Sean , Razzaque M. Mahbubur , Schaan Jason , Nandakumar K. , Masliyah Jacob H. , Afacan Artin , Liu Shijie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe bubble size distributions of air dispersed in water flowing in a 100 mm horizontal pipeline were studied. Size distributions were obtained with a high‐speed digital camera at axial positions 0.5, 15.3 and 42.3 m from the air injection point. Air was injected into the pipeline through a narrow tube extending into the pipe, perpendicular to the pipe axis. The effects of average water velocity, air concentration, and injection nozzle diameter on the evolution of bubble size distribution with axial pipe position were studied. For the lowest air concentration of 0.07%, equilibrium bubble size distributions were dependent only on water velocity. Nozzle injection diameter did not affect the downstream bubble size distributions at air concentrations of 0.07% and 0.3%. Levich's break‐up theory was found to over‐predict the experimental dmax for each test condition.