bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S
impson,
A
.
B
. (1843–1919)
Authors: King Paul L. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Albert Benjamin Simpson was born in 1843 in Toronto, Canada. Graduating from Knox Seminary in Toronto, Simpson became a successful Presbyterian pastor in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Louisville, Kentucky; and New York City. In 1874 after reading the book
The Higher Christian Life
by W. E. Boardman, a leader in the Higher Life and Keswick holiness movements, he experienced what he identified as a sanctifying baptism of the Holy Spirit.
Slain in the Spirit
Authors: Althouse Peter 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Sometimes called “resting in the Spirit,” “falling under the power,” and “overcome by the Spirit” this is a phenomenon in Pentecostal and Charismatic circles, in which an individual falls under the influence of the Spirit. Although a relatively recent phenomenon and usually described by the social sciences as the result of autosuggestion, peer pressure, trance possession, or an intense desire for an experiential encounter with transcendence, evidence for the phenomenon can be found in mystical Christianity and other religions (Alexander 2002: 1072–1073).
Slavery, Abolition of
Authors: Schmidt Alvin J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Slavery is virtually as old as human life. It was operative in Africa and in the Middle East before it made its way to Europe. By the time of Christ, slaves made up an estimated 75 percent of the population in ancient Athens and well over half the Roman population. Slavery was also widely practiced by many tribes of the American Indians long before Columbus set foot on the shores of the New World. With few exceptions, kings and philosophers approved of it. For instance, Aristotle (384–322
bc
), the influential Greek philosopher, saw it as natural, expedient, and morally just. The first major questioning of slavery began with Christianity.
S
myth,
J
ohn (
c
.1570–1612)
Authors: Lee Jason K. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Born in Sturton‐le‐Steeple, Nottinghamshire, John Smyth received his Bachelor and Master degrees from Christ's College, Cambridge and served as a fellow at the college from 1594 to 1598. An ordained Anglican minister, Smyth held Puritan views and was elected city lecturer of Lincoln in 1600. In 1607 he and others formed a covenanted congregation in Gainsborough.
Social Gospel
Authors: Fannin Coleman 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe social gospel was a diverse, loosely connected movement emphasizing the direct application of Christian principles to social problems. It arose in the late 19th century, peaked before World War I, was echoed by the New Deal and the civil rights movement, and continues to impact contemporary groups. Although centered in Protestantism in the United States, the social gospel was also part of the reforming spirit of its era and influential in Canada and Great Britain and among Roman Catholics. Much of the movement was a response to the immediate challenges of industrialization, but its advocates also displayed a sincere piety and a commitment to usher in the Kingdom of God through working for social progress.
Social Justice
Authors: Burns Lanier 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Social justice is concerned with fairness or equity in relationships. The subject is usually treated as a broad subcategory of moral philosophy. It reflects principles and practices of equitable relationships in societies that are based on traditional precedents and are usually encoded in laws. Principles tend to be consistent in this universal subject, but broad distinctions are drawn on the basis of their source or authority, sacred texts in religious views versus social order or consensus in nonreligious approaches. For example, all viewpoints emphasize a “golden rule,” a mutual reciprocity among people who share goods and interests in sources as diverse as Matthew 7:12 (and Synoptic parallels) and Immanuel Kant's “categorical imperative.” In a similar way, Aristotle's principle of impartiality has been nuanced through western history in terms of social equality, merit, and need.
Southern Baptist Convention
Authors: Mullin Miles S. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Founded in 1845, the Southern Baptist Convention currently boasts over 16 million members in more than 42,000 churches, marking it as the largest Protestant denomination in the United States. Conservative in theology, congregational in polity, and cooperative in missions, the SBC fields over 10,000 missionaries globally — approximately half in North America and half in international fields. The convention also operates six seminaries, a publishing and resource entity, a financial resources group, and the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, which addresses moral, social, and public policy issues.
Southernization of Christianity
Authors: Maclean Iain S. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The southernization of Christianity refers to the shift in world Christian population from traditionally Christian Western Europe and the North Americas (the “North”) to the East and the southern hemisphere (the “South”). In the 1900s most of the world's Christians lived in Europe and North America, while today the majority of Christians live in the global South. This will increasingly be the case in the future, marking a rapid and dramatic change, largely determined by birth rates and immigration trends. The fact that the majority of Christian countries will no longer be in Western Europe but in the South, including Nigeria, Ethiopia, Brazil, and South Korea, will probably determine the structures, beliefs, and mores of a changed universal church. Europe will cease to be the traditional Christian center and the role of North America, though still dominant in terms of Christian numbers, will be greatly reduced. This entry sets out the demographics both positive and negative that support this shift, then gives a brief outline of theological and ethical implications for the emerging churches of the global South as well as for the once dominant churches of the North.
S
purgeon,
C
harles
H
addon (1834–1892)
Authors: McDonald Larry S. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
British. Born in Kelvedon, Essex, on June 19, 1834 to John, an Independent minister, and Eliza Spurgeon. He was the first born of seventeen of whom nine died in infancy. Although he lacked formal theological education, at 19 he became the pastor of the historic and famous New Park Street Baptist Church in London which eventually became the Metropolitan Tabernacle. Out of his preaching at this church Spurgeon developed a ministry with such spiritual depth and vitality that it still impacts the world today, earning him the nickname, “Prince of Preachers.”
A
nthony,
S
aint (
c
.250–356)
Authors: Beiting Christopher J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Egyptian hermit and monastic, popularly (and incorrectly) regarded as the founder of Egyptian monasticism. His biography was written by St. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, and was extraordinarily popular in its day and afterwards. As a result, Anthony became one of the most influential figures in the development of Christian monasticism.
B
ede,
S
aint (672/673–735)
Authors: Gonzalez Yolanda J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Little is known about the English saint, the Venerable Bede, as he left behind no personal account, nor did his contemporaries celebrate him by recording his biographical material. The information we do have comes from his influential work,
Ecclesiastical History of the English People
. There we learn that he spent nearly all his life in the Benedictine monasteries of St. Peter at Wearmouth and St. Paul at Jarrow. At 19, he was ordained as a deacon, and at 30, he became a priest. He devoted his life to teaching and studying a wide variety of subjects including Latin, Greek, the scriptures, Roman law, poetic arts, and mathematical computation. As a result, St. Bede was able to provide the Anglo‐Saxon church, still in its infancy, with valuable materials.
B
onaventure,
S
aint (1217–1274)
Authors: Jeffrey David Lyle 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Doctor of the Church, Cardinal Bishop of Albano, Minister General of the Franciscan Order and one of the greatest of medieval theologians, Bonaventure was born near Viterbo in Italy. His name was John of Fidanza, but he attracted the nickname from an apparently miraculous recovery from illness during his youth — a cure attributed to St. Francis (
O buona ventura
). He studied with the Order of Friars Minor at Bagnorea in about 1225–1235, then was sent to study in Paris under the great Alexander of Hales from 1236 to 1242, becoming licensed as
magister
in 1248. During this period his other great teacher was Albert the Great. He lectured in Paris until 1256. Along with his famous colleague, Thomas Aquinas, he was made Regent Master of the University on August 12, 1257, a few months after he had been elected Minister General of the Franciscan Order. Alexander of Hales was so struck by his purity of life that he wrote of his student that he seemed “to have escaped the curse of Adam's sin.”
P
aul,
S
aint
Authors: Deibert Richard I. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

In what may be the most ironic contrition in history, Paul writes, “I am the least of the apostles, unworthy to be called an apostle” (1 Cor. 15:9). This “least” apostle's name is affixed to 13 of the 21 letters of the New Testament and this “unworthy” apostle is responsible for Christianity's early foothold across the Mediterranean world. John Chrysostom, Patriarch of Constantinople, lauded Paul's enduring stature three centuries later: “As a wall built of diamond, so his writings fortify all the churches of the known world, and he as a most noble champion stands in the midst” (
Priesthood
, Book IV.7 (NPNF
1
9:68)).
S
ergius,
S
aint (1314–1392)
Authors: Foltz Bruce V. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
St. Sergius of Radonezh (1314–1392), sometimes called “the Abbot of Russia,” played a key role in three important aspects of the founding of Russian civilization: its unification under the leadership of Moscow, its liberation from Mongol domination, and most importantly, the rebirth of the monasticism that was to have such a profound effect upon Russian thought and culture.
Stained Glass
Authors: Moore R. Kelvin 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
People have made glass for over 3,500 years. The initial discovery of glass has been lost in anti‐quity. Pliny maintained that Phoenician sailors discovered glass after building a fire on a beach. Supposedly, as these sailors observed, the sand melted, pooled, and hardened, into glass. The origins of stained glass remain obscure as well. Some historians point to Middle Easterners as the first to develop stained glass. Middle Eastern craftsmen desired to allow light to enter a building through small openings. Next, these craftsmen filled the openings with small pieces of colored glass. Others interpret history to indicate that northern European people produced stained glass originally. Regardless of the origin of stained glass, dating before the 11th century and appearing simultaneously in several European countries, religious fervor prompted the extensive use of stained glass in churches. As Christianity expanded and churches became centers of learning, Christian artisans filled worship centers with sculptures, mosaics, and stained glass. One of the oldest stained glass windows ever discovered was unearthed from a cemetery in northern France and dates from the 9th century. Excavations in Germany have discovered stained glass windows dating from the 9th and 10th centuries. Many historians maintain that the windows in Augsburg Cathedral (Augsburg, Germany) date to 1065 (others date these same windows about 1135) and are the oldest complete examples of stained glass. But by the time of the Augsburg monks, the technique they used to make their windows was highly developed. With the emergence of Gothic architecture in France in the 10th century, religious structures grew substantially in size, including windows. Builders desired to fill these large windows with glass and color. With the erection of new churches, stained glass workers established their workshops on site, oftentimes locating furnaces at the edge of forests. With the completion of one project, stained glass workers packed their tools and took their skills to other job sites. Eventually, stained glass workers branched off across Europe, stopping where their skills could be exercised. Art historians refer to the 12th and 13th centuries as the golden age of stained glass. After a fire in 1194, artists and clergy spent 30 years designing and building 173 windows in Chartres Cathedral (Chartres, France). No other cathedral possesses such a quantity of stained glass as Chartres Cathedral. Ultimately, in the 14th century, and as a part of the Renaissance movement, artists established stained glass studios in fixed locations. While the exact origin of stained glass remains ambiguous, the connection between Christianity and stained glass remains irrefutable. Stained glass workers brought their talents to the service of the church, so much so, that historians often refer to stained glass as “cathedral glass,” because of the widespread use of the glass in church windows.
S
tanford,
C
harles
V
illiers (1852–1924)
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
One of the major figures in Anglican Church music in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Stanford became professor of music at the Royal College of Music in 1883 and professor of music at Cambridge University from 1887. He was the teacher of several generations of British composers, including Ralph Vaughan Williams and Herbert Howells. He also conducted the London Bach Choir and composed for all the English choral festivals. He was knighted in 1902.
Stations of the Cross
Authors: Gillman John 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The Stations of the Cross, also known as the Way of the Cross (Latin
via crucis
), is a popular devotion that recalls several significant events during Jesus' last journey from his sentence to his death and burial. The historical route taken by Jesus, different from the
Via Dolorosa
(Way of Sorrows) followed by pilgrims in Jerusalem today, probably originated at the Herodian palace where Pilate condemned Jesus and concluded at Golgotha where Jesus died on the cross (Murphy‐O'Connor 1996). The Church of the Holy Sepulcher, traditionally held to be situated on this latter site, is the place where the last five stations are commemorated.
S
travinsky,
I
gor (1882–1971)
Authors: Stoltzfus Philip 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Igor Stravinsky, Russian composer, was born in Oranienbaum, Russia on June 17, 1882, the son of a singer at the imperial opera house, St. Petersburg's Mariinsky Theater. He read law at St. Petersburg University but his true love was music, leading him to study composition with Rimsky‐Korsakov.
S
trong,
A
.
H
. (1836–1921)
Authors: Dockery David S. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Augustus Hopkins Strong was one of the most influential Baptist theologians of the 20th century. His early theological formation was shaped by the New Divinity School at Yale University, where he completed his undergraduate degree in 1857. The bright young graduate pursued his seminary work at Rochester Theological Seminary, where he later served so effectively as professor and president from 1871 to 1911.
S
trong,
J
osiah (1847–1916)
Authors: Patterson James Anthony 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

American. Born in Naperville, Illinois, to Josiah and Elizabeth Strong. He was a descendant of Elder John Strong, one of the early settlers in 17th century Puritan Massachusetts. Josiah's parents moved the family to Hudson, Ohio, in 1852. He spent the remainder of his childhood there and experienced an evangelical conversion at the First Congregational Church as a young teen. Afterward he attended Western Reserve College in the same town. Following graduation in 1869, he enrolled at Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati. Not long after ending his studies at Lane in 1871, he married Alice Bisbee. Daughters Elsie and Margery later provided useful information on these early years in an unpublished manuscript,
Josiah Strong: Social Pioneer
.
S
tylites,
S
ymeon (
c
.390–459)
Authors: McGuckin John Anthony 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Late antique Syrian Christian saint and pillar‐dweller (
style
) from which derives his name. Symeon was the first, and remains the most famous, of the stylite ascetics. He lived for 37 years exposed to the elements in a life of ascetical penance, perched on top of columnar stone drums. The resistance of the stylite saints to the elements (burning sun and freezing cold and rain in winter) was a dramatic sign of their renunciation of earthly comfort for the sake of attaining the kingdom of heaven. In the wider context of late antique Roman imperial society (which still included numerous pagans in the rural hinterland at this period), the extreme ascetic lifestyle of the stylite also signaled the adoption of the life of the philosopher: for whom the “despising” of the world was by then a trope common to both pagan and Christian. Such figures were widely accepted as mediators and intercessors (both political and religious) in the often chaotic political environment of that era. Symeon and the other stylites who came after him were usually attended by disciples who sent up food for the recluse and controlled the people who came to seek his advice and prayers.
Sunday Schools
Authors: DuPree Sherry Sherrod 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRobert Raikes (1735–1811) is traditionally credited as the pioneer of Sunday Schools. His first school, founded in 1780, was for the children of chimney sweeps in Sooty Alley, Gloucester, England. The school was opposite the city prison in a poor area where there were many orphans and working parents. Raikes was able to use his position as proprietor and editor of theGloucester Journalto publicize his Sunday School. After his first editorial in 1783, Sunday Schools spread with astonishing rapidity.
S
winburne,
R
ichard
G
ranville (
b
. 1934)
Authors: Geivett R. Douglas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Christian philosopher and theologian educated at Oxford University and later a research fellow at the Universities of Oxford and Leeds in the history and philosophy of science. He has held university posts in England at Hull (1963) and Keele (1972). In 1985 he was appointed to the Nolloth Professorship of the Philosophy of the Christian Religion at Oxford University. Subsequent to his retirement in 2002, he has continued to write and lecture worldwide.
S
wiss Christianity
Authors: Schirrmacher Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Founded in 1291 as a confederation and since 1848 a federal state of cantons, Switzerland was for centuries a Christian nation with roughly half the population Catholic and half Protestant. However, the latter dominated politics, especially as the larger cities of Bern, Zurich, Basle, and Geneva were traditionally Protestant, even though, after many clashes and wars between Catholic and Protestant cantons, the 1848 constitution successfully established peaceful coexistence. Thus there is no federal religion, but most of the cantons have an established Catholic or Protestant state church.
Symbols
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Symbols are the second language of the church. Christianity is rich in symbols and images because words are inadequate to convey its message. Christianity is full of paradoxes and multilayered ideas which challenge human understanding. The cross is an example. It is the most revered and powerful symbol of the Christian faith, yet it is a symbol of shame, humiliation, and death. But it evokes and encapsulates the entire gospel with just two lines, one horizontal and one vertical. Symbols illustrate the correspondence between the natural and the spiritual. Everything in life stands for something bigger than itself and everything illustrates something else. Thus a bird is not merely a bird and a plant is not merely a plant. They prefigure something and their meaning is found not merely in themselves but in what they stand for. Nothing is too lowly that it does not have meaning. Symbols thus illustrate the interconnectedness of life.
Systematic Theology
Authors: Estes Douglas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Systematic theology is the study of God organized around pre‐selected principles that highlight the relationships between various elements of biblical and natural truth, and in turn, the study immerses these truths within a specific cultural context. The term “systematic theology” originated in the 16th century with the work of German theologian Bartholomäus Keckermann (1572–1609); however, the idea goes back to the very beginning of Christianity. “Theology” is the study of God, or more accurately from its Platonic origin, a conversation or discussion about God. “Systematic” describes the parameters of the discussion — it is not simply an attempt at an all‐encompassing method, but more importantly, a structured development of the conversation about God. Since systematic theology studies God in relationship to and alongside of truth revealed in the arts and sciences, it is often considered the pinnacle of theological scholarship.
T
allis,
T
homas (1505–1585)
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Tallis was the English composer and organist who composed for the Anglican liturgy. For 48 years he was the organist at the Chapel Royal, a position to which he was appointed in 1543. In 1575 he and William Byrd were granted a royal privilege to print music.
T
atian
Authors: Amar Joseph P. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Tatian was born in Syria or Mesopotamia early in the 2nd century. He studied under Justin Martyr, returned to the east c.170, and became associated with ascetical tendencies that thrived in the region. His only work that has survived in its entirety is a treatise,
Against the Greeks
(
Pros Hellenas
), in which he develops his critique of pagan Greek culture which he contrasts with the Christian understanding of God and humanity.
Tenth Century Christianity
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The 10th century was a landmark in Christian history. At this point, the Islamic expansion which had started in earlier centuries had resulted in more than 50 percent of the original homelands of Christianity having been converted to Islam. All of North Africa and most of the Middle East were now part of what eventually came to be called the Fertile Crescent, where Islam was supreme. As a result, Christianity was becoming a western or European religion. However, in terms of numbers, Christianity became the religion with the most followers and it would retain this status for the succeeding centuries.
T
eresa of Ávila (1515–1582)
Authors: Harvey D. , Egan S.J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Teresa of Ávila (1515–1582) is one of the preeminent female mystics in the Christian tradition. Such was her contemplative prowess that in 1970, Pope Paul VI solemnly declared Teresa “Doctor of the Roman Catholic Church” — a title she and Catherine of Siena were simultaneously the first women to bear. Teresa claimed that her eminent learning came from God — not from a formal education — which, in any case, she lacked.