bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of 5 % Potassium Hydroxide Solution Versus 0.05% Tretinoin Cream for Molluscum Contagiosum in Children
Authors: Rajouria E A , Amatya A , Karn D 
Published: June 2012

Background Molluscum contagiosum is one of the commonest cutaneous viral infections in children. All treatment modalities are associated with substantial pain, tissue destruction, and frequent recurrence. Objectives To compare the efficacy and side effects of KOH 5% solution with tretinoin 0.05% cream for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children. Methods Fifty patients were randomly divided into 2 groups; 25 each for 5% KOH solution and 0.05% tretinoin cream. The given medication was applied at bed time over molluscum lesions. The assessment of response and side effects were performed weekly for 4 weeks. Results At the end of 4 weeks, the mean lesion count decreased from 9.48±3.00 SD to 1.67±0.58 SD and from 8.35±2.82 SD to 2.00±1.00 SD in patients treated with 5% KOH solution and 0.05% tretinoin cream respectively. Conclusion The result of both KOH and tretinoin showed good response, well tolerated by children but between the two, KOH showed fast recovery and most lesions were resolved before 4 week. The side effects could be minimized if applied as stated above. On the other hand, tretinoin showed delayed response and even some of lesion extended beyond 4 week but the side effect were less, and hence can be used in recurrent cases.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i4.6347 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(4):291-4
Qualitative Research and Its Place in Health Research in Nepal
Authors: Van Teijlingen E , Simkhada B , Porter M , Simkhada P , Pitchforth E , Bhatta P 
Published: June 2012

There has been a steady growth in recent decades in Nepal in health and health services research, much of it based on quantitative research methods. Over the same period international medical journals such as The Lancet, the British Medical Journal (BMJ), The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and the Journal of Family Planning & Reproductive Health Care and many more have published methods papers outlining and promoting qualitative methods. This paper argues in favour of more high-quality qualitative research in Nepal, either on its own or as part of a mixed-methods approach, to help strengthen the country’s research capacity. After outlining the reasons for using qualitative methods, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the three main approaches: (a) observation; (b) in-depth interviews; and (c) focus groups. We also discuss issues around sampling, analysis, presentation of findings, reflexivity of the qualitative researcher and theory building, and highlight some misconceptions about qualitative research and mistakes commonly made.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i4.6350 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(4):301-5
Adjunctive Orthodontic Treatment with Lingual Orthodontic System
Authors: Kafle D , Humagain M , Upadhaya C 
Published: June 2012

The lingual orthodontic therapy though started in 1972, could not be popular till the beginning of 1990. In Nepal it does not have a history of more than a year. It is started in Dhulikhel Hospital for the first time in Nepal. Usually orthodontic therapy is meant for putting braces on the labial surface of the teeth which is called labial orthodontic system. Lingual orthodontic system is a purely invisible kind of orthodontic therapy in which braces are placed behind the teeth. The advantages of lingual orthodontic therapy are: invisibility, better biomechanics and improved patient compliance. On the other hand it is difficult to master and costlier than labial orthodontics. We have presented six adjunctive orthodontic cases treated by lingual system with the same end result comparable to labial orthodontic system. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i4.6351 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(4):306-9
Fresh Print in Canada
Authors: Alvarez Natalie 
Published: June 2012

Fresh Print in Canada (Introduction to Views and Reviews), by Natalie AlvarezBienvenue (Review of Erin Hurley, National Performance: Representing Quebec from Expo 67 to Céline Dion), by Jen HarvieCanada's Feminist Past, Present, and Future (Review of Shelley Scott, Nightwood Theatre: A Woman's Work Is Always Done), by Kim SolgaTaking Root, Routing Talk: Charting the Terrain of Asian Canadian Theatre (Review of Nina Lee Aquino and Ric Knowles, eds., Asian Canadian Theatre: New Essays on Canadian Theatre), by Parie LeungA Cautionary Tale of Performance Ethnography (Review of Magdalena Kazubowski-Houston, Staging Strife: Lessons from Performing Ethnography with Polish Roma Women), by Brian Rusted
Coupling ice flow models of varying orders of complexity with the Tiling method
Authors: Seroussi Helene , Ben Dhia Hachmi , Morlighem Mathieu , Larour Eric , Rignot Eric , Aubry Denis 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIce flow numerical models are essential for predicting the evolution of ice sheets in a warming climate. Recent research emphasizes the need for higher-order and even full-Stokes flow models, instead of the traditional shallow-ice approximation, whose assumptions are not valid in certain critical areas. These higher-order models are, however, computationally intensive and difficult to use at the continental scale. Here we present a new technique, the Tiling method, to couple ice flow models of varying orders of complexity. The goal of the method is to limit the spatial extent of where higherorder models are applied to reduce the computational cost, while maintaining the model precision. We apply this method on synthetic geometries to demonstrate its practical use. We first use a geometry for which all models yield the same results to check the consistency of the method. Then we apply our method to a geometry for which a full-Stokes model is required in the vicinity of the ice front. Our results show that the hybrid models present significant improvements over mono-model approaches and reduce computational times.
Exosomes Isolated from Mycobacteria-Infected Mice or Cultured Macrophages Can Recruit and Activate Immune Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Singh Prachi P. , Smith Victoria L. , Karakousis Petros C. , Schorey Jeffery S. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
More than 2 billion people are infected with Mycobacterium. tuberculosis; however, only 5–10% of those infected will develop active disease. Recent data suggest that containment is controlled locally at the level of the granuloma and that granuloma architecture may differ even within a single infected individual. Formation of a granuloma likely requires exposure to mycobacterial components released from infected macrophages, but the mechanism of their release is still unclear. We hypothesize that exosomes, which are small membrane vesicles containing mycobacterial components released from infected macrophages, could promote cellular recruitment during granuloma formation. In support of this hypothesis, we found that C57BL/6 mouse-derived bone marrow macrophages treated with exosomes released from M. tuberculosis-infected RAW264.7 cells secrete significant levels of chemokines and can induce migration of CFSE-labeled macrophages and splenocytes. Exosomes isolated from the serum of M. bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin–infected mice could also stimulate macrophage production of chemokines and cytokines ex vivo, but the level and type differed during the course of a 60-d infection. Of interest, the exosome concentration in serum correlated strongly with mouse bacterial load, suggesting some role in immune regulation. Finally, hollow fiber-based experiments indicated that macrophages treated with exosomes released from M. tuberculosis-infected cells could promote macrophage recruitment in vivo. Exosomes injected intranasally could also recruit CD11b+ cells into the lung. Overall, our study suggests that exosomes may play an important role in recruiting and regulating host cells during an M. tuberculosis infection.
IFN-γ–Producing CD4+ T Cells Promote Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Modulating CD8+ T Cell Accumulation within the Brain
Authors: Villegas-Mendez Ana , Greig Rachel , Shaw Tovah N. , de Souza J. Brian , Gwyer Findlay Emily , Stumhofer Jason S. , Hafalla Julius C. R. , Blount Daniel G. , Hunter Christopher A. , Riley Eleanor M. , Couper Kevin N. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
It is well established that IFN-γ is required for the development of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection of C57BL/6 mice. However, the temporal and tissue-specific cellular sources of IFN-γ during P. berghei ANKA infection have not been investigated, and it is not known whether IFN-γ production by a single cell type in isolation can induce cerebral pathology. In this study, using IFN-γ reporter mice, we show that NK cells dominate the IFN-γ response during the early stages of infection in the brain, but not in the spleen, before being replaced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Importantly, we demonstrate that IFN-γ–producing CD4+ T cells, but not innate or CD8+ T cells, can promote the development of ECM in normally resistant IFN-γ−/− mice infected with P. berghei ANKA. Adoptively transferred wild-type CD4+ T cells accumulate within the spleen, lung, and brain of IFN-γ−/− mice and induce ECM through active IFN-γ secretion, which increases the accumulation of endogenous IFN-γ−/− CD8+ T cells within the brain. Depletion of endogenous IFN-γ−/− CD8+ T cells abrogates the ability of wild-type CD4+ T cells to promote ECM. Finally, we show that IFN-γ production, specifically by CD4+ T cells, is sufficient to induce expression of CXCL9 and CXCL10 within the brain, providing a mechanistic basis for the enhanced CD8+ T cell accumulation. To our knowledge, these observations demonstrate, for the first time, the importance of and pathways by which IFN-γ–producing CD4+ T cells promote the development of ECM during P. berghei ANKA infection.
Innate Instruction of CD4+ T Cell Immunity in Respiratory Bacterial Infection
Authors: Trunk Gerhard , Oxenius Annette 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The innate immune system recognizes invading microbes via conserved pattern recognition receptors and uses inflammatory signals to concert adaptive defense mechanisms. However, microbial and host parameters involved in CD4 T cell priming and direction of Th1, Th2, and Th17 differentiation in the context of infections with complex pathogens in vivo are incompletely understood. In this study, we used Legionella pneumophila, which triggers membrane-bound and cytosolic pattern recognition receptors, to study the innate instruction of adaptive immunity. Upon airway infection, T cells were primed exclusively in the lung-draining lymph nodes and differentiated into Th1/Th17 effector cells upon arrival in the lung. Although engagement of membrane-bound pattern recognition receptors was sufficient for initial T cell activation and proliferation, cytosolic pattern recognition was required for effector T cell differentiation. In the absence of cytoplasmic pattern recognition, MyD88 was key for T cell priming, whereas, in its presence, MyD88-mediated signals were crucial for Th17 differentiation. Specifically, cytosolic sensing of Legionella-derived flagellin, inflammasome activation, and IL-1 signaling contributed to Th17 development. In the absence of TLR signaling, a simultaneous Th1/Th2 response developed that was independent of the inflammasome–IL-1 axis. Collectively, these data illustrate the important role for various pattern recognition receptors triggered by complex pathogens and how they each instruct specific differentiation programs in responding CD4 T cells.
Medium-Term Outcome in Patients Treated with Total Hip Arthroplasty Using a Modular Femoral Stem
Authors: Dagnino Augusto , Grappiolo Guido , Benazzo Franco M. , Learmonth Ian D. , Spotorno Lorenzo , Portinaro Nicola 
Published: June 2012

The clinical, radiographic and quality of life results of total hip arthroplasty using the MODULUS cementless modular femoral stem were reviewed. 48 patients who had a total hip arthroplasty using the MODULUS femoral stem were identified. Six had bilateral procedures, resulting in 60 hips with complete clinical and radiographic data. Mean age at implantation was 50 years (range 33 to 82). Mean follow-up was 59 months (range 50 months to 73). There were two early post-operative dislocations (within 2 days). One patient required further surgery to remove heterotopic bone. Mean Harris Hip Score increased from 37 points preoperatively (range, 7 to 66) to 89 points at final review (range, 65 to 100 points). Radiographic evaluation revealed that all implants were stable without evidence of osteolysis but three patients (5%) exhibited heterotopic ossification. Quality of life was evaluated with the SF36. The physical component increased from 29.2 points (range, 18.5 to 46.0) to 51.7 points (range 42.9 to 60.6) and the mental component from 375 points (range, 19.5 to 50.0) to 50 points (range 32,8 to 62.0).
Cyst Volume in the Acetabulum and Femoral Head Decreases after Periacetabular Osteotomy
Authors: Mechlenburg Inger , Nyengaard Jens R. , Gelineck John , De Raedt Sepp , Søballe Kjeld 
Published: June 2012

In a series of 26 consecutive patients scheduled for periacetabular osteotomy (PAO), we examined how many had acetabular or femoral head cysts, investigated whether the volume of the cysts changed after PAO, calculated the precision of the method applied and scored their hip symptoms. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed before PAO and at 1 and 2 1/2 years post-operatively. The number of cysts was noted and the total cyst volume in each patient was estimated with a design-based stereological method and the precision of the method was calculated. The patients filled out The Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) four years after PAO. Preoperatively, 12 patients had acetabular or femoral head cysts (22 cysts), 1 year postoperative, 15 patients had cysts (23 cysts) and 2 1/2 years postoperative, 15 patients had cysts (18 cysts). Mean total acetabular cyst volume per patient decreased significantly from 1 year (1.96 cm3, SD 3.97) to 2 1/2 years (0.96 cm3, SD 1.70) after PAO (p= 0.04). The Limits Of Agreement for measurement of cyst volume was ± 1.73 cm3. The mean subscore for Pain was 75, Symptoms 75, ADL 83, Sport/recreation 63 and Quality Of Life 62. The number of patients having cysts did not change notably after PAO. But the mean total cyst volume/patient decreased significantly between 1 and 2 1/2 years after PAO. The PAO patients rated their hip comparable to the scores for patients six months after total hip replacement.
Input and Output Legitimacy of Multi-Stakeholder Initiatives
Authors: Mena Sébastien , Palazzo Guido 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT:In a globalizing world, governments are not always able or willing to regulate the social and environmental externalities of global business activities. Multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSI), defined as global institutions involving mainly corporations and civil society organizations, are one type of regulatory mechanism that tries to fill this gap by issuing soft law regulation. This conceptual paper examines the conditions of a legitimate transfer of regulatory power from traditional democratic nation-state processes to private regulatory schemes, such as MSIs. Democratic legitimacy is typically concerned with input legitimacy (rule credibility, or the extent to which the regulations are perceived as justified) and output legitimacy (rule effectiveness, or the extent to which the rules effectively solve the issues). In this study, we identify MSI input legitimacy criteria (inclusion, procedural fairness, consensual orientation, and transparency) and those of MSI output legitimacy (rule coverage, efficacy, and enforcement), and discuss their implications for MSI democratic legitimacy.
Le rapport entre la musique contemporaine vénézuélienne dite « savante » et les musiques populaire et folklorique
Authors: Rugeles Alfredo 
Published: June 2012

Dans cet article, le compositeur et chef d’orchestre Alfredo Rugeles montre que le rapport entre la musique contemporaine dite savante et les musiques populaire et folklorique est une réalité bien concrète au Venezuela.
Après avoir rappelé les principaux jalons de l’histoire de la composition en son pays, l’auteur cite de nombreux exemples de collaboration entre compositeurs de musique savante et interprètes de musique populaire. Il dresse la liste des principaux compositeurs du Venezuela, les regroupant selon leur appartenance à une génération, à une école ou à un courant stylistique. Il brosse également le tableau de la situation actuelle en plus de répertorier les différentes maisons d’enseignement et professeurs auprès desquels les jeunes compositeurs reçoivent leur formation ainsi que les différents festivals où leurs oeuvres sont présentées au public.
La Dream House ou l’idée de la musique universelle
Authors: Stévance Sophie 
Published: June 2012

En 1966, le compositeur américain La Monte Young et la plasticienne Marian Zazeela développaient l’idée de la Dream House, une installation construite pour durer à partir d’un assemblage de sons électroniques et de lumières colorées. Depuis 1993, et à la suite de multiples créations mondiales plus ou moins prolongées, une Dream House permanente est installée à la MELA Foundation. Après une présentation du dispositif, cet article propose de réfléchir sur l’attitude compositionnelle de Young et Zazeela à partir du mécanisme mental par lequel nous percevons les sons. Plus qu’une conception synesthésique, l’idée générale de ce projet d’envergure semble avant tout reposer sur la question du son continu, elle-même entraînant des phénomènes autrement plus complexes, comme l’exploration de nouveaux « états de conscience » et la quête d’une musique universelle. Il s’agit alors d’aborder les modalités de diffusion de la Dream House d’un point de vue systémique (du grec systêma : « ensemble organisé »), relatif à une approche holistique et interactive entre les constituants sonore et visuel, pour comprendre l’apparition de réactions psychoacoustiques sur le sujet immergé dans un tel environnement.
L’atelier d’un réalisateur en informatique musicale
Authors: Donin Nicolas , Theureau Jacques 
Published: June 2012

Cet entretien avec Gilbert Nouno interroge le travail quotidien d’un assistant musical (ou réalisateur en informatique musicale). En février 2007, Nouno achevait une collaboration avec Xavier Dayer pour son oeuvre Delights (pour choeur, ensemble et électronique) et poursuivait une collaboration au long cours avec Jonathan Harvey à l’occasion de deux oeuvres : Wagner Dream et une nouvelle oeuvre pour orchestre. Ces projets impliquent des modalités de collaboration variées (périodicité, type d’implication du compositeur dans l’informatique, etc.) et divers usages du logiciel Max/MSP et de programmes associés. Nouno évoque également des interactions avec Pierre Boulez, Michael Jarrell et Marc Monnet. Enfin sont interrogées la variabilité, la plasticité, voire la précarité de l’activité de réalisateur en informatique musicale (et de son atelier).
La 25e édition du FIMAV
Authors: Beaucage Réjean 
Published: June 2012

L’expression « musique actuelle » a pris un sens particulier au Québec, mais ce sens, tout en faisant consensus autour d’un répertoire relativement bien défini, reste flou en raison de l’extraordinaire diversité de ce même répertoire. Cependant, fidèle au corpus qu’elle décrit, l’expression évolue avec lui, plutôt que d’être restée figée dans le temps autour d’un répertoire originel, et la tenue de la 25e édition du Festival international de musique actuelle de Victoriaville (FIMAV), en mai 2008, fournit à l’auteur l’occasion d’en proposer une description.
L’élaboration du matériau musical dans les dernières oeuvres vocales de Claude Vivier
Authors: Levesque Patrick 
Published: June 2012

Les mêmes principes stylistiques animent les cinq dernières oeuvres vocales de Claude Vivier (Lonely Child, Bouchara, Prologue pour un Marco Polo, Wo bist du Licht !, Trois airs pour un opéra imaginaire). Le concept de dyade, soit un intervalle formé d’une note de basse et d’une note mélodique, joue un rôle primordial dans l’élaboration du matériau musical. Les mélodies sont construites à partir de bassins de hauteurs d’inspiration diatonique. Généralement soutenus par une note de basse, ils peuvent être décalés par rapport à celle-ci, ou encore varier de façon à créer un univers polytonal. L’harmonie repose largement sur des algorithmes de construction spectrale précis. La présentation de ces spectres sonores varie d’oeuvre en oeuvre. L’analyse réductionnelle révèle que le déploiement des oeuvres est sous-tendu par des pratiques harmoniques diatoniques, sinon franchement tonales.
Dire la banlieue en littérature québécoise. La soeur de Judith de Lise Tremblay et Le ciel de Bay City de Catherine Mavrikakis
Authors: Laforest Daniel 
Published: June 2012

La banlieue est un point aveugle dans l’historiographie littéraire québécoise autant que dans le panorama des approches critiques qui s’y rattachent. Certes les écrivains la représentent ; ils l’ont fait de plus en plus ces dix ou quinze dernières années avec l’arrivée à maturité d’une génération qui en a connu les formes canoniques du boom d’après–guerre. Mais il n’existe pas de problème spécifique de la banlieue. Elle est pensée hâtivement comme un décor caricatural propre à la critique de la conformité américaine, ou bien elle est estompée par l’éclat d’une ville centrale littéraire dans laquelle on a précipité tous les signes de la modernité et du cosmopolitisme. À cet égard les études littéraires québécoises ont beaucoup à rattraper quant à la réalité du développement périurbain depuis 1945. Cet article propose une avenue en ce sens avec l’étude de deux romans d’importance publiés récemment : La soeur de Judith de Lise Tremblay et Le ciel de Bay City de Catherine Mavrikakis. Deux romans qui se détournent de la banlieue comme décor, et qui tentent de donner une forme littéraire à l’expérience même du développement périphérique.
Compositeurs chinois en Europe : entretiens avec Chen Qigang et Wen De-Qing
Authors: Donin Nicolas 
Published: June 2012

Entretiens réalisés à Paris, en février 2002, avec Chen Qigang et Wen De-Qing, compositeurs chinois nés dans les années 1950 et vivant maintenant respectivement à Paris et à Genève. Tous deux sont partis en Europe passée la trentaine; leurs parcours n’en sont pas moins très différents l’un de l’autre. Nicolas Donin les questionne sur leur cheminement et leur musique, s’efforçant de leur faire mettre en lumière la part de contingence et la part de volonté dans les ruptures — géographie et esthétique — qui ont jalonné leur vie de musicien.
La chronologie des oeuvres de Claude Vivier
Authors: Mijnheer Jaco , Desjardins Thérèse 
Published: June 2012

On ne disposait pas, jusqu’à présent, d’une liste systématique des oeuvres de Vivier établie selon les critères de la musicologie historique : en se fondant sur les manuscrits et de nombreux documents d’archives, les auteurs portent à 49 le nombre d’oeuvres du compositeur et proposent une datation rigoureuse des pièces.
Chronique des disques québécois
Authors: Leroux Robert 
Published: June 2012

Dans cette nouvelle rubrique qui deviendra régulière, les parutions québécoises en musique contemporaine font l’objet d’évaluations critiques : œuvres pour percussion, musique à l’Université Laval de Québec, œuvres pour voix seule, musiques improvisées et électroacoustiques, les disques parus à l’occasion de l’anniversaire de Francis Dhomont et les deux premiers disques du NEM.
De Toronto : la diversité des styles
Authors: Olds David 
Published: June 2012

Le regard « étranger » est parfois celui qui permet, par comparaison, de cerner la spécificité d’une pratique en un lieu donné. Ces deux textes témoignent de la perception qu’on se fait, au Canada anglais et dans le Groupe de musique expérimentale de Bourges, de la richesse et de la variété de la production électroacoustique québécoise.