bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purinergic Signaling Regulates Cell Proliferation of Olfactory Epithelium Progenitors
Authors: Hassenklöver Thomas , Schwartz Peter , Schild Detlev , Manzini Ivan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the olfactory epithelium (OE) continuous neurogenesis is maintained throughout life. The OE is in direct contact with the external environment, and its cells are constantly exposed to pathogens and noxious substances. To maintain a functional sense of smell the OE has evolved the ability to permanently replenish olfactory receptor neurons and sustentacular cells lost during natural turnover. A cell population residing in the most basal part of the OE, the so-called basal cells (BCs), keep up this highly regulated genesis of new cells. The population of BCs is thought to include both the stem cells of the OE and various progenitor cells. In recent years a number of regulatory factors that positively and/or negatively regulate the proliferation within the OE have been identified, but a thorough comprehension of the complex interplay of these regulatory factors and the role of the different epithelial cell types is still illusive. Combining labeling techniques, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, functional calcium imaging, and a bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, we show for the first time that purinergic receptors are expressed in BCs of the OE of larval Xenopus laevis and that nucleotide-induced Ca2+ signaling in these cells is involved in the regulation of the cell turnover in the OE. Our data contribute to a better understanding of the regulation of the cell turnover in the OE in particular and also of how the proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells is regulated in general.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Energy efficient scheduling for downlink elastic traffic in wireless networks
Authors: Lee Jongwook , Bahk Saewoong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn wireless networks, maximizing throughput and minimizing energy consumption are two conflicting objectives. For elastic traffic, it is the total completion time, not the delay constraint of a single packet or the short‐term throughput requirement, that directly affects the quality‐of‐service (QoS). At the same time, the energy consumption should be minimized in order to prolong the battery lifetime of the mobile station (MS). In this paper, we propose energy efficient schedulers that consider throughput and energy saving simultaneously. Through extensive simulations, we compare the proposed schemes with the conventional scheme where a mobile terminal stays awake until all the pending packets are completely serviced. The simulation results show that our schemes outperform the conventional one in terms of utility, i.e., user satisfaction, which is defined as inversely proportional to the multiplication of weighted service completion time and energy consumption. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dopaminergic signals in primary motor cortex
Authors: Luft Andreas R. , Schwarz Stefanie 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBrainstem monoamine areas such as the ventral tegmental area (VTA) send dopaminergic projections to the cerebral cortex that are widely distributed across different cortical regions. Whereas the projection to prefrontal areas (PFC) has been studied in detail, little is known about dopaminergic projections to primary motor cortex (M1). These projections have been anatomically characterized in rat and primate M1. Primates have even denser dopaminergic projections to M1 than rats. The physiological role, the effects of dopaminergic input on the activity of M1 circuits, and the behavioral function of this projection are unknown. This review explores the existing anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioral evidence on dopaminergic projections to M1 and speculates about its functional role. The projection may explain basic features of motor learning and memory phenomena. It is of clinical interest because of its potential for augmenting motor recovery after a brain lesion as well as for understanding the symptomatology of patients with Parkinson's disease. Therefore, targeted investigations are necessary.
Motor Learning of a Gait Pattern to Reduce Forefoot Plantar Pressures in Individuals with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: York Robyn M. , Perell‐Gerson Karen L. , Barr Michele , Durham Jayson , Roper Janice M. 
Published: May 2009

ObjectiveTo examine the role of visual feedback in the reduction of plantar pressures through teaching a “new” gait pattern to diabetic peripheral neuropathy subjects. Immediate, next day, and 1‐week retention were studied to determine if motor pattern changes could occur.DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingVA Urban Healthcare System.ParticipantsTwenty‐nine community‐dwelling older adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy volunteered.InterventionsSubjects were randomized into feedback and no‐feedback groups. All subjects received instruction and 2 days of practice and returned for a 1‐week retention test. Instruction to pull the leg forward from the hip to initiate swing rather than push off the ground with the foot while walking was given to all subjects. The feedback group received visual feedback regarding peak plantar pressures after each practice trial. The no‐feedback group received no feedback.Main Outcome MeasuresPeak plantar pressures in the forefoot region for immediate retention (retention 1), next day retention (retention 2), and long‐term retention (1‐week retention).ResultsPeak plantar pressures were significantly (P < .01) reduced from baseline to retention 2 testing at the first metatarsal area in the feedback group. The feedback group walked significantly (P < .01) slower at retention 1 and 1‐week testing compared with baseline.ConclusionsIndividuals with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were unable to use a “new” strategy gait pattern to reduce peak plantar pressures long term (1 week). The use of visual feedback following the trial did not assist in the learning of a new walking pattern.
Knee Extensor Strength Does Not Protect Against Incident Knee Symptoms at 30 Months in the Multicenter Knee Osteoarthritis (MOST) Cohort
Authors: Segal Neil A. , Torner James C. , Felson David T. , Niu Jingbo , Sharma Leena , Lewis Cora E. , Nevitt Michael 
Published: May 2009

ObjectiveKnee extensor weakness has not been associated consistently with the risk for incident knee pain. Additionally, the balance of hamstring‐to‐quadriceps strength (H:Q ratio) may affect risk and has not been studied. The authors determined whether knee extensor weakness or muscle imbalance is a risk factor for development of frequent knee pain or stiffness and whether the effect is modified by lower limb alignment.DesignObservational study.SettingCommunity.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling adults ages 50‐79 years with or at risk of knee osteoarthritis based on obesity, knee injury, or surgery. A total of 1269 knees from women and 1006 knees from men without frequent knee symptoms at baseline and with 15‐ or 30‐ month follow‐up outcome data were included.Assessment of Risk FactorsIsokinetic knee extensor and flexor strength as well as radiographic hip‐knee‐ankle alignment were measured at baseline. H:Q ratio was dichotomized, with normal being considered to be ≥0.6.Main Outcome MeasurementsFrequent knee symptoms at 15‐ or 30‐month follow‐up (frequent knee pain, aching, or stiffness on most days of the past month reported at both telephone contact just before and at visit).ResultsMean ± SD age was 62.2 ± 8.0 years and mean body mass index (BMI) was 30.1 ± 5.4 kg/m2. Mean peak knee extensor strength (KES) was 132.6 ± 42.4 and 76.9 ± 25.3 N·m in men and women, respectively. Approximately 50% of knees in men and 59% of knees in women had an H:Q ratio <0.6. A total of 307 of 2275 eligible knees developed frequent knee symptoms at follow‐up. Logistic regression controlling for age, BMI, femoral neck bone mineral density, activity score, and baseline Kellgren Lawrence grade revealed that neither KES nor H:Q ratio predicted the development of knee symptoms in gender‐stratified or combined analyses. These results were unaffected by adjusting for lower limb alignment.ConclusionsNeither concentric quadriceps strength nor H:Q ratios predicted the development of frequent knee symptoms at 15‐ or 30‐month follow‐up in this cohort.
Jurassic hot-spring activity in a fluvial setting at La Marciana, Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: GUIDO DIEGO M. , CAMPBELL KATHLEEN A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSilicified rocks at La Marciana farm, Deseado Massif, Argentinean Patagonia, represent an ancient hot-spring discharging into an active fluvial setting. Their fortuitous burial–erosion history and minimal post-depositional structural modification provide an unparalleled view of a complete, exhumed, late Jurassic geothermal landscape, and thus an opportunity to illuminate hot-spring geological context and palaeoenvironmental gradients. Geological mapping, stratigraphy and petrography revealed hydrothermal eruption events, the spring vent source, structural relationships, dimensions of the discharge apron, and hot-spring facies distributions. Remarkable similarities to Quaternary analogues from the Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, and Yellowstone National Park, USA, are apparent with respect to scale, spatial distribution of facies, and types of microbial and other palaeoenvironmentally significant fabrics.
GLADSTONE AND SLAVERY
Authors: QUINAULT ROLAND 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTWilliam Gladstone's views on slavery and the slave trade have received little attention from historians, although he spent much of his early years in parliament dealing with issues related to that subject. His stance on slavery echoed that of his father, who was one of the largest slave owners in the British West Indies, and on whom he was dependent for financial support. Gladstone opposed the slave trade but he wanted to improve the condition of the slaves before they were liberated. In 1833, he accepted emancipation because it was accompanied by a period of apprenticeship for the ex-slaves and by financial compensation for the planters. In the 1840s, his defence of the economic interests of the British planters was again evident in his opposition to the foreign slave trade and slave-grown sugar. By the 1850s, however, he believed that the best way to end the slave trade was by persuasion, rather than by force, and that conviction influenced his attitude to the American Civil War and to British colonial policy. As leader of the Liberal party, Gladstone, unlike many of his supporters, showed no enthusiasm for an anti-slavery crusade in Africa. His passionate commitment to liberty for oppressed peoples was seldom evident in his attitude to slavery.
In VitroStudies onProteusOrganisms of Animal Origin
Authors: Phillips J. E. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. Thein vitroproperties of 214 strains ofProteusorganisms isolated from dogs, cats, cattle, pigs, birds and other domestic and captive wild animals were examined.2. The majority of strains wereP. mirabilis, 23% beingP. vulgarisand 4·7%P. morganii.3.P. vulgariswas found more frequently in pigs and cattle than in other animals.4. Biochemical varieties of theProteusgroup occurring in man have been found in animals.5. The action ofProteusstrains on red blood cells was examined and strain differences observed.
Bacteriophage Typing ofShigella Sonneiand its Limitations in Epidemiological Investigation
Authors: Tee G. H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAn investigation into the classification of strains ofShigella sonneiby the method of phage-typing (using unadapted bacteriophages) is described.829 strains, obtained during 3 years from twelve regions in England (including Monmouthshire) were examined by a standard technique. There were fifty-two outbreaks (involving 587 strains) from which two or more strains were isolated.Results confirmed the finding by Hammarström in Sweden that such classification was possible, strains falling into twenty phage-types of which thirteen were found more than once. All strains were typable, 74% belonging to the same type. In forty-seven outbreaks the phage-type was uniform, the commonest type occurring in thirty-eight of these. In five outbreaks the phage-type was not uniform.It is concluded that this method of phage-typing, because of evidence of type instability and because the majority of strains belong to the same phage-type, has little practical value as a routine procedure in the control of Sonne dysentery in this country.
Thermal Sensations of Workers in Light Industry in Summer. A Field Study in Southern England
Authors: Hickish D. E. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryWorkers in factories and a postal sorting office were questioned concerning their subjective thermal sensations, and the replies assessed according to a scale of standard sensations. Measurements of the thermal environment were made concurrently. The investigation was confined to workers engaged in light or sedentary activity during summer months in southern England.The upper limit of the comfort zone is determined in terms of the temperatures at which more than 20% of people questioned experienced thermal discomfort.Discontinuities in the linear relationships between thermal sensation, described on a numerical scale, and the thermal indices of the environment are shown to occur under conditions which suggest the onset of sweating beneath the clothing. The comfort zone is also determined in terms of these critical temperatures.The regression constants relating thermal sensation to thermal conditions are determined, and the optimum conditions for comfort are deduced. The accuracy of prediction of thermal sensation from thermal measurements is examined.The importance of clothing in requirements for thermal comfort is illustrated in two ways. Postal workers wearing regulation uniform were found to require conditions cooler than those required by factory workers wearing clothing of their own choosing. Male and female factory workers were found to require thermal conditions not significantly different, this being attributed to their selection of clothing appropriate to their personal thermal requirements.I am indebted to Prof. G. P. Crowden for granting facilities for this research and for encouragement throughout. Dr T. C. Angus and Dr T. Bedford gave valuable advice, and Mr P. J. Williams rendered technical assistance. The co-operation of the managements and workers at the factories was greatly appreciated.
Concentration of Diphtheria Antitoxin in the Blood of Young Adults
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Barr Mollie , Billings Kathleen , Butler N. R. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. The diphtheria antitoxin titres of several thousand samples of cord blood have been analysed with relation to the histories of the mothers.2. Among mothers without histories of diphtheria or of immunization those born in 1933 or later showed a higher degree of natural immunity.3. The distribution of antitoxin titres among mothers who had suffered from diphtheria was similar to the average distribution among the unimmunized.4. The differences in proportions with any antitoxin in different groups of unimmunized mothers were almost entirely made up of those with titres above 0·04 and below 1·0 unit per ml.5. Among the artificially immunized mothers there were many more with low titres, i.e. below 0·04, and a few more with high titres, i.e. over 1·0, than among the unimmunized.6. Mothers immunized between the ages of 9 and 14 with the peak at 11 or 12 years showed the highest immunity rate.7. The greatest number of high titres occurred among recovered cases subsequently immunized.
Electrophoretic and Immunological Studies on Sera from Calves from Birth to Weaning II. Electrophoretic and Serological Studies with Special Reference to the Normal and Induced Agglutinins toTrichomonas Foetus
Authors: Pierce A. E. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. The lacto-globulin in bovine colostral whey, and the γ globulin in the serum contain the normal and induced agglutinins to the protozoonTrichomonas foetus.2. A decline in γ globulin in sera from cattle approaching calving may be associated with the concentration of the lacto-globulin in the udder.3. The elimination of the passive normal and induced agglutinins acquired by the neonatal calf was logarithmic. The autogenous production of γ globulin by the calf occurred soon after birth, resulting in an apparent decline in the rate of elimination of the lacto-globulins.4. The autogenous production of γ globulin was not necessarily accompanied by that of detectable normal agglutinin.5. Calves injected withT. foetusantigen within the first 3 weeks of life, and in which there was evidence of autogenous γ globulin, developed normal autogenous but not induced agglutinins.6. Calves which received colostrum containing maternal induced and normal agglutinins, calves partially deprived of colostrum, and calves immunized in early life, produced the normal autogenous agglutinin between the 30th and 60th days, reaching the normal adult titre of 1/48–1/96.7. The properties of the normal agglutinins were investigated. They possess some characteristics significantly different from those of the induced agglutinins. These suggested that the normal agglutinins were γ globulin molecules with an ‘accidental’ genetic configuration complementary toT. foetus.The author wishes to thank Dr M. Robertson, F.R.S., and Sir Alan Drury, F.R.S. for their interest and encouragement during the course of this work, and Dr R. C. Campbell for the statistical analysis.
Staphylococcal Food Poisoning Associated with Spray-Dried Milk
Authors: Anderson P. H. R. , Stone Doris M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryEight explosive outbreaks of food poisoning, occurring in school canteens in England during 1953 and affecting 1190 known cases, are described. The clinical features were characteristic of the toxin type of illness. No deaths occurred.The food causing all of these outbreaks was prepared from spray-dried skim milk powder. It was not subsequently heat-treated and was usually consumed 3–4 hr. after preparation.The spray-dried milk powder proved to contain a high content of bacteria, including large numbers ofStaph. aureus, of a phage pattern often associated with food poisoning. The assumption was therefore made that these outbreaks were caused by staphylococcal enterotoxin.Because the food was often consumed within 3–4 hr. of reconstitution of the milk powder—before, in fact, the staphylococci had had time to grow—it is concluded that the poisoning must have been due mainly to pre-formed toxin.Consideration is given to the opportunities for the formation of toxin in a spray-drying plant, and reasons are brought forward for believing that it is formed mainly in the balance tank where the warm milk is kept, sometimes for several hours, before passing into the final drying chamber.The processing of the milk and the precautions for preventing contamination of the finished product are discussed.
The Toxin of the Bacillus Enteritidis of Gärtner
Authors: Cathcart E. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. Cultures of Gärtner's bacillus grown on broth do not excrete any large amount of toxin into the fluid medium.2. Suspension in broth made from ordinary agar cultures and killed by means of heat (30 mins. at 60°C.) are fairly toxic.3. The most toxic preparations were obtained by autolysis of the bacilli, especially in the presence of toluol.4. Cultures grown on agar and killed by means of chloroform vapour lose their toxicity to a considerable extent.5. Autolysis takes place best in the presence of distilled water or of normal saline.6. Autolysed material sterilised by heat is more toxic than the filtrate obtained from the same digest.7. Shaking the bottles during the process of autolysis increases the yield of toxic substances.8. Gärtner toxin withstands heating to 100°C. for 30 mins.9. Paratyphoid B. bacillus cultures on autolysis yield a filtrate quite as toxic as those from the Gärtner bacillus itself.10. Paratyphoid toxin is also heat resistant (100° for 30 mins.).11. A colon bacillus gave a toxin which was fatal to mice. It was not heat resistant.12. Feeding experiments with Gärtner-infected meat, both cooked and uncooked, proved successful.13. So far as the present experiments go the connection between virulence and toxicity does not appear to be very definite.14. The Gärtner bacillus contains a toxin of the endotoxin type as is shown in comparing results 1 and 3. This toxin gives rise to very definite clinical symptoms of which the gluing together of the eyelids and the prolonged narcosis before death are the most notable. The post-mortem signs have much in common with those arising from other intestinal intoxications.
A Contribution to the Bacteriology of Milk
Authors: Macconkey Alfered 
Published: May 2009

With ordinary care and cleanliness it is possible to obtain milk which, when freshly drawn, contains less than 1500 organisms per cubic centimetre.Freshly drawn milk should not contain gas-forming organisms in at least 50 c.c.Gas-forming organisms are present in milk owing to contamination with faecal material. Of these organisms the B. oxytocus perniciosus, the B. neapolitanus and the B. coli communis occur in greatest number in fresh milk, while the B. cloacae and B. lactis aerogenes appear at a later stage.Out of 107 non-chromogenic lactose fermenters isolated from milk only one bacillus gave the reactions of the B. acidi lactici (Hüppe); while the B. Grünthal, B. pneumoniae (Friedländer), and the B. coscoroba have not been met with once.Finally, I desire to enter a plea for the substitution of certain fermentation reactions in the place of some of the tests now usually employed, in the routine examination of water and food-stuffs, to identify these organisms. At present bacteriologists make use of some, or all, of the following tests:1. Morphology.2. Motility.3. Staining by Gram's method.4. Character of the growth on nutrient gelatin.5. Liquefaction of gelatin.6. Action on milk.7. Foemation of indol.8. Fermentation of glucose.9. Fermentation of lactose.10. Fermentation of cane sugar.11. Action on neutral-red.All the organisms mentioned in Tables I and II produced clotting in milk, fermented glucose, gave the neutral-red reaction, had much the same morphology, and the growths on agar and gelatin did not afford any assistance towards differentaniting between them.I would therefore suggest that instead of five of the tests, Nos. 4, 6, 7, 8, and 11, we should substitute the following:Fermentation of dulcit,Fermentation of adonit,Fermentation of inulin,Vodes and Proskauer's reaction, as by so doing we should get a finer differentiation without increase in work and we should not be classing as B. coli organisms which may have little in common with, and have a distribution entirely different from that of the B. coli communis.