bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
H5N1 Avian Influenza in Cats: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management
Authors: Thiry Etienne , Addie Diane , Belák Sándor , Boucraut-Baralon Corine , Egberink Herman , Frymus Tadeusz , Gruffydd-Jones Tim , Hartmann Katrin , Hosie Margaret J , Lloret Albert , Lutz Hans , Marsilio Fulvio , Pennisi Maria Grazia , Radford Alan D , Truyen Uwe , Horzinek Marian C 
Published: May 2009

Overview Avian influenza is a disease of birds, caused by a type A influenza virus. The subtype H5N1 avian influenza occurs primarily in birds and infection varies from mild disease with little or no mortality to a highly fatal, rapidly spreading epidemic (highly pathogenic avian influenza). It is extremely rare for cats to be infected and there are only very few confirmed reports of the disease in cats in Europe. Infection Cats can be infected via the respiratory and oral routes (eg, by eating infected birds). The key precondition for infection is that the cat lives in an area where H5N1 virus infection has been confirmed in birds. Additionally, the cat should have had outdoor access to an environment where waterfowl is present, or contact with poultry or uncooked poultry meat, or close contact with an H5N1 -infected, sick cat during the first week of infection. Clinical suspicion Clinical signs in cats may include fever, lethargy, dyspnoea, conjunctivitis and rapid death. Neurological signs (circling, ataxia) have also been recorded. Diagnosis The veterinary authorities should be notified. Oropharyngeal, nasal and/or rectal swabs or faecal samples of suspected cases should be submitted for PCR and/or virus isolation. Post-mortem samples of lung and mediastinal lymph nodes should be obtained. Particular care should be taken when handling the cat and/or samples. Disease management The virus is sensitive to all standard medical disinfectants. Cats with suspected H5N1 infection should be kept in strict isolation. Owners should be advised to confine the cat to a separate room prior to bringing it to the veterinary clinic.
Bergman-type operators in tubular domains over symmetric cones
Authors: Sehba Benoit F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe study the boundedness properties of Rudin–Forelli-type operators associated to tubular domains over symmetric cones. As an application, we give a characterization of the topological dual space of the weighted Bergman space $\smash{A_{\nu}^{p,q}}$.
Equivalent weights and standard homomorphisms for convolution algebras on ℝ+
Authors: Grabiner Sandy 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe take a second look at two basic topics in the study of weighted convolution algebras L1(ω) on ℝ+. An early result showed that one could replace the weight $\omega$ with a very well-behaved weight without changing the space L1(ω) as long as L1(ω) was an algebraffi We prove the analogous result for measure algebras when M(ω) is an algebraffi This allows us to preserve not only the norm topology but also the relative weak* topology on L1(ω). A homomorphism between weighted convolution algebras is said to be standard if it preserves generators of dense principal ideals. The original proofs of standardness and its variants are all based on finding the generator of a particular strongly continuous convolution semigroup. In this paper we give much simpler direct proofs of these results. We also improve the statement and proof of the theorem, giving useful properties equivalent to the standardness of a homomorphism.
Characterizing warped-product Lagrangian immersions in complex projective space
Authors: Bolton J. , Montealegre C. Rodriguez , Vrancken L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractStarting from two Lagrangian immersions and a horizontal curve in S3(1), it is possible to construct a new Lagrangian immersion, which we call a warped-product Lagrangian immersion. In this paper, we find two characterizations of warped-product Lagrangian immersions. We also investigate Lagrangian submanifolds which attain at every point equality in the improved version of Chen's inequality for Lagrangian submanifolds of ℂPn(4) as discovered by Opreaffi We show that, for n≥4, an n-dimensional Lagrangian submanifold in ℂPn(4) for which equality is attained at all points is necessarily minimal.
Slicing surfaces and the Fourier restriction conjecture
Authors: Nicola Fabio 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe deal with the restriction phenomenon for the Fourier transform. We prove that each of the restriction conjectures for the sphere, the paraboloid and the elliptic hyperboloid in ℝn implies that for the cone in ℝn+1. We also prove a new restriction estimate for any surface in ℝ3 locally isometric to the plane and of finite type.
Amenability of ultrapowers of Banach algebras
Authors: Daws Matthew 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe study when certain properties of Banach algebras are stable under ultrapower constructions. In particular, we consider when every ultrapower of $\mathcal{A}$ is Arens regular, and give some evidence that this is so if and only if $\mathcal{A}$ is isomorphic to a closed subalgebra of operators on a super-reflexive Banach space. We show that such ideas are closely related to whether one can sensibly define an ultrapower of a dual Banach algebraffi We study how tensor products of ultrapowers behave, and apply this to study the question of when every ultrapower of $\mathcal{A}$ is amenable. We provide an abstract characterization in terms of something like an approximate diagonal, and consider when every ultrapower of a C*-algebra, or a group L1-convolution algebra, is amenable.
Rousseau and the Problem of Self-Knowledge
Authors: Storey Benjamin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFrom the beginning of his career in theFirst Discourseto its end in theReveries of the Solitary Walker, Rousseau makes clear that the problem of self-knowledge is a central problem—perhapsthecentral problem—that his thought seeks to address. This essay studies Rousseau's thought in the light of that problem. I argue that attention to the problem of self-knowledge is essential to understanding the rank order of Rousseau's five major human types—the citizen, natural man, the bourgeois, Emile, and Jean-Jacques. I further argue that self-knowledge remains stubbornly problematic even for Rousseau's most exemplary figures—the solitary walker of theReveriesand Emile. The persistence of the problem of self-knowledge in Rousseau's thought makes it clear that he was more concerned with presenting a comprehensive depiction of human problems than he was with teaching us how to solve them.
For and Against Ownership: William Godwin's Theory of Property
Authors: Lamb Robert 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article offers an interpretation of British philosopher William Godwin's theory of property ownership, as outlined in hisEnquiry Concerning Political Justice. Godwin's work can be read as presenting an incoherent account of property rights, which, on the one hand, justifies its existence on seemingly utilitarian grounds while, on the other, impugns its legitimacy on egalitarian grounds. But the contradiction apparent in Godwin's position is actually illusory and can in fact be plausibly interpreted as comprising a coherent two-level understanding of political morality, wherein the right to own private property is best comprehended as a “right to do wrong.”
The Islamization of Central Asia in the Sāmānid era and the reshaping of the Muslim world
Authors: Tor D. G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Sāmānid-era drive to Islamize Central Asia led not only to increased Islamic influence within the steppes, but, concomitantly, to the transformation of internal Muslim political life. Developments within the Muslim oecumene that were shaped or influenced by thisDrang nach Ostenrange from the legitimizing of the political fragmentation of the Persianate Dynastic period to changes in Muslim military culture and practice, the successful religious conversion of the Turkic steppe; and growing Turkic influence inside the Sāmānid realms, culminating not only in the downfall of the Sāmānids, but in the end of the era of Iranian political and military dominance and the beginning of a millennium of Turkic political hegemony.
Effect of caring for an older person on women's lifetime participation in work
Authors: MASUY AMANDINE JASMINE 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the relationship between informal care and ending paid work for working women of three age groups (up to 30, 31–49 and 50 or more years) in 1995 in Belgium. It explores the effect of being a carer for older adults on the probability of ceasing to work. Most particularly, it focuses on the effect of the care intensity in the different age groups. The analyses use data from theEuropean Community Household Panel(ECHP). A sample of 24,592 working women living in 11 European countries was followed from 1995 to 2001. Multivariate analyses for the entire sample show that the simple fact of caring or not did not influence the probability of ceasing work, but that providing light care had a negative effect, suggesting the presence of a respite effect. As for the effects specific to each age group, caring did not have any effect for women aged 31 to 49 years, but for the other two age groups, women who provided light care were less likely to cease work than those not caring for an older person. In contrast, providing heavy care increased the probability of ceasing work, but only for those aged 50 or more years. The findings suggest that studies of and policies related to informal care and its consequences should give more attention to age group differences.
Pattern of participation in leisure activities among older people in relation to their health conditions and contextual factors: a survey in a Swedish urban area
Authors: PAILLARD-BORG STEPHANIE , WANG HUI-XIN , WINBLAD BENGT , FRATIGLIONI LAURA 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study is to describe the pattern of participation in leisure activities in an older population in relation to contextual factors as well as to mental and physical health. A cohort of 1,623 participants aged 75 or older living in Stockholm, Sweden was asked to list all the leisure activities they were engaged in. These were successively organised into 31 major categories and further grouped into mental, social, physical, productive and recreational types. The pattern of participation was examined in relation to age, gender, contextual factors (education, social network) and health status (depressive symptoms, cognitive impairment, dementia, somatic diseases and physical limitation). In spite of their advanced age, the majority of the population was active, as 70 per cent had participated in at least one activity. Reading (19%) was the most prevalent individual activity, and mental activities (43%) the most prevalent activity type. Older age, female gender, low education status, having a poor or limited social network, mental disorders, and physical limitation, were all factors correlated with a decreased engagement in ‘at least one activity’. Contextual factors and health-related factors were related to the five activity types in different ways. The pattern of participation in leisure activities is associated with multiple factors and their recognition is essential to the facilitation of an active lifestyle in the older population.
Association of bone and joint diseases with health-related quality of life among older people: a population-based cross-sectional study in rural Bangladesh
Authors: RANA AKM MASUD , WAHLIN ÅKE , STREATFIELD PETER KIM , KABIR ZARINA NAHAR 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis study examined the cross-sectional association of bone and joint diseases with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among 850 randomly sampled people aged 60 or more years in a rural area of Bangladesh. Information about arthritis, back and joint pain was collected through self-reports and two physicians' assessments at a health centre. Health-related quality of life was measured using a multi-dimensional generic instrument designed for older people that has questions on the construct's physical, psychological, social, economic, spiritual and environmental dimensions. Bivariate analyses showed that the most negative effects of bone and joint diseases were on the physical and psychological dimensions. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that joint pain, whether doctor-diagnosed or self-reported, and self-reported back pain were all associated with lower HRQoL scores and accounted for almost 20 per cent of the variation (adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, household size, income, expenditure and occupation). The analyses further revealed that women with self-reported back pain had significantly lower psychological, environmental and overall HRQoL scores than equivalent men, while self-reported joint pain was associated with significantly lower scores only for the environmental dimension. The strong association of bone and joint diseases with HRQoL underscores the importance of regarding these illnesses as public health problems.
Does the population density of primate species decline from centre to edge of their geographic ranges?
Authors: Fuller H. L. , Harcourt A. H. , Parks S. A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:It has long been suggested that species might exhibit their highest densities at the centre of their geographic range and decline in density towards their range limits. If true, this pattern would have important implications for ecological theory and for conservation management. However, empirical support for this pattern remains equivocal. Furthermore, most research on this topic has emphasized temperate taxa, as is true of much of ecology. Therefore, we here test for a decline in population density from centre to edge of the geographic range of a tropical taxon, primates. In the literature we found data on 30 species and 27 genera from a total of 115 studies with duration of at least 3 mo. Mixed-effects linear models and Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank tests indicated no centre–edge gradient in primate densities. However, densities were significantly lower in more disturbed sites, independent of position in the geographic range.
Do dragonflies migrate across the western Indian Ocean?
Authors: Anderson R. Charles 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:In the tropical Indian Ocean, the Maldive Islands lack surface freshwater, so are unsuitable for dragonfly reproduction. Nevertheless, millions of dragonflies (Insecta, Odonata; mostly globe skimmer, Pantala flavescens) appear suddenly every year starting in October. Arrival dates in the Maldives and India demonstrate that the dragonflies travel from southern India, a distance of some 500–1000 km. Dates of arrival and occurrence coincide with the southward passage of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Circumstantial evidence suggests that the dragonflies fly with north-easterly tail winds, within and behind the ITCZ, at altitudes over 1000 m. It is proposed that this massive movement of dragonflies is part of an annual migration across the western Indian Ocean from India to East Africa. Arrival dates in the Seychelles support this hypothesis. Dragonflies also appear (in smaller numbers) in the Maldives in May, with the onset of the southwest monsoon, suggesting a possible return migration from Africa. These proposed migrations of dragonflies, regularly crossing 3500 km or more of open ocean, were previously unknown. It is known that these dragonflies exploit ephemeral rain pools for reproduction; the monsoons and ITCZ bring not only alternating, seasonal rains to India and Africa, but also appropriate winds for dragonflies to follow those rains. Several bird species migrate from India across the western Indian Ocean to wintering grounds in Africa. They do so at the same time as the dragonflies, presumably taking advantage of the same seasonal tail winds. Many of these birds also eat dragonflies; the possible significance of this was not previously appreciated.
Importance of nurse logs as a substrate for the regeneration of pioneer tree species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama
Authors: Sanchez Evelyn , Gallery Rachel , Dalling James W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:Fallen tree trunks (‘nurse logs’) are important recruitment sites for trees in temperate forest, however nurse log use is seldom reported in tropical forests. We predicted that logs should be important for the regeneration of small-seeded tropical pioneer species because surface leaf litter and competition with established vegetation reduces the establishment success of these species from soil seed banks. In a survey on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we found that pioneer seedlings were present on logs in 40 of 95 recent treefall gaps. In gaps where seedlings were present on logs, seedling density was not significantly different from adjacent areas of soil. However, species composition was significantly different; logs were disproportionately colonized by smaller-seeded and wind-dispersed species. In growing-house experiments using 12 species, we found that wood substrate had little effect on seed germination. In contrast, seedling growth was 50% lower on decayed wood than soil. Furthermore, species growth rates on wood were not significantly correlated with growth rates in soil (df = 10, r = 0.48). If establishment on logs eventually leads to recruitment to the forest canopy, then logs may promote the maintenance of diversity by favouring a different group of species from those that recruit in soil.
Microbial activity in contrasting conditions of soil C and N availability in a tropical dry forest
Authors: Montaño Noé Manuel , Sandoval-Pérez Ana Lidia , García-Oliva Felipe , Larsen John , Gavito Mayra E. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract:We studied the relationships between soil nutrient availability and microbial biomass and activity of two contrasting soil conditions in a tropical deciduous forest in western Mexico. Hilltops have higher pH, water, dissolved organic C, and ammonium concentrations than hillslopes. Our main hypothesis was that soil microbial biomass, microbial activity and bacterium species richness would be higher in soils with high availability of nutrients. Fifteen soil cores, 0–5 cm depth, were taken in the dry, early rainy and rainy season, from each of the ten replicate plots in hilltop and hillslope positions located on three contiguous small watersheds. We measured moisture, C, N and P availability, potential C mineralization, net nitrification, microbial biomass and culturable heterotrophic and nitrifying bacteria in composite samples from each plot. Microbial biomass, species richness of culturable heterotrophic bacteria and C mineralization were significantly higher on hilltops than on hillslopes. Net nitrification was, in contrast, significantly higher on hillslopes than on hilltops and counts of culturable nitrifying bacteria were also significantly higher in the rainy-season samples. Hilltops and hillslopes had low similarity in composition of culturable heterotrophic bacterial species, particularly during the rainy season. The results suggested that C and N availability and seasonal changes in soil moisture are important controlling factors for some soil culturable-bacterial species, which may affect both C mineralization and nitrification in these tropical deciduous forest soils.
ELECTRIC CHARGING OF DUST AGGREGATES AND ITS EFFECT ON DUST COAGULATION IN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS
Authors: Okuzumi Satoshi 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT
Mutual sticking of dust aggregates is the first step toward planetesimal formation in protoplanetary disks. In spite that the electric charging of dust particles is well recognized in some contexts, it has been largely ignored in the current modeling of dust coagulation. In this study, we present a general analysis of the dust charge state in protoplanetary disks, and then demonstrate how the electric charging could dramatically change the currently accepted scenario of dust coagulation. First, we describe a new semianalytical method to calculate the dust charge state and gas ionization state self-consistently. This method is far more efficient than previous numerical methods, and provides a general and clear description of the charge state of a gas–dust mixture. Second, we apply this analysis to compute the collisional cross section of growing aggregates taking their charging into account. As an illustrative example, we focus on early evolutionary stages where the dust has been thought to grow into fractal (D ∼ 2) aggregates with a quasi-monodisperse (i.e., narrow) size distribution. We find that, for a wide range of model parameters, the fractal growth is strongly inhibited by the electric repulsion between colliding aggregates and eventually “freezes out” on its way to the subsequent growth stage involving collisional compression. Strong disk turbulence would help the aggregates to overcome this growth barrier, but then it would cause catastrophic collisional fragmentation in later growth stages. These facts suggest that the combination of electric repulsion and collisional fragmentation would impose a serious limitation on dust growth in protoplanetary disks. We propose a possible scenario of dust evolution after the freezeout. Finally, we point out that the fractal growth of dust aggregates tends to maintain a low ionization degree and, as a result, a large magnetorotationally stable region in the disk.
Alignment of the UMLS semantic network with BioTop: methodology and assessment
Authors: Schulz Stefan , Beisswanger Elena , van den Hoek László , Bodenreider Olivier , van Mulligen Erik M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Motivation: For many years, the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) semantic network (SN) has been used as an upper-level semantic framework for the categorization of terms from terminological resources in biomedicine. BioTop has recently been developed as an upper-level ontology for the biomedical domain. In contrast to the SN, it is founded upon strict ontological principles, using OWL DL as a formal representation language, which has become standard in the semantic Web. In order to make logic-based reasoning available for the resources annotated or categorized with the SN, a mapping ontology was developed aligning the SN with BioTop.
Methods: The theoretical foundations and the practical realization of the alignment are being described, with a focus on the design decisions taken, the problems encountered and the adaptations of BioTop that became necessary. For evaluation purposes, UMLS concept pairs obtained from MEDLINE abstracts by a named entity recognition system were tested for possible semantic relationships. Furthermore, all semantic-type combinations that occur in the UMLS Metathesaurus were checked for satisfiability.
Results: The effort-intensive alignment process required major design changes and enhancements of BioTop and brought up several design errors that could be fixed. A comparison between a human curator and the ontology yielded only a low agreement. Ontology reasoning was also used to successfully identify 133 inconsistent semantic-type combinations.
Availability: BioTop, the OWL DL representation of the UMLS SN, and the mapping ontology are available at http://www.purl.org/biotop/.
Contact: stschulz@uni-freiburg.de