bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General Relativity and the Einstein Equations
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
General Relativity has passed all experimental and observational tests to model the motion of isolated bodies with strong gravitational fields, though the mathematical and numerical study of these motions is still in its infancy. It is believed that General Relativity models our cosmos, with a manifold of dimensions possibly greater than four and debatable topology opening a vast field of investigation for mathematicians and physicists alike. Remarkable conjectures have been proposed, many results have been obtained but many fundamental questions remain open. This book overviews the basic ideas in General Relativity, introduces the necessary mathematics and discusses some of the key open questions in the field.
Lorentz Geometry
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a survey of the basic definitions of Riemannian and Lorentzian differential geometry used in this book. The first nine sections use the simplest formulations, in local coordinates, as they are needed for the first five chapters and physical applications. The later sections contain material used in the following, more advanced, chapters. Topics covered include manifolds, differential mappings, vectors and tensors, pseudo-Riemannian metrics, Riemannian connection, geodesics, curvature, geodesic deviation, maximum length and conjugate points, linearized Ricci and Einstein tensors, and second derivative of the Ricci tensor.
General Relativity and Einstein's Equations
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of Newton's gravity law. It then covers general relativity, observations and experiments, Einstein's equations, field sources, Lagrangians, fluid sources, Newtonian approximation, Minkowskian approximation, high-frequency gravitational waves, and coupled electromagnetic and gravitational waves.
Cosmology
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the cosmological principle. It then covers isotropic and homogeneous Riemannian manifolds, Robertson-Walker spacetimes, Friedmann-Lemaître models, homogeneous non-isotropic cosmologies, Bianchi class I universes, Bianchi type IX, the Kantowski-Sachs models, Taub and Taub NUT spacetimes, locally homogeneous models, and recent observations and conjectures.
Other Hyperbolic-Elliptic Well-Posed Systems
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents well-posed hyperbolic or hyperbolic-elliptic systems that lead to the same local existence andgeometric uniqueness theorems as the wave gauge choice. However, these different formulations may be important in numerical studies or global existence proofs. Topics covered include Leray-Ohya non-hyperbolicity of Rij = 0, wave equation for K, fourth-order non-strict and strict hyperbolic systems, first-order hyperbolic systems, Bianchi-Einstein equations, Bel-Robinson tensor and energy, and Bel-Robinson energy in a strip.
Progressive Waves
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter draws on the treatment of progressive waves for non-linear equations used in Sections III.12 and III.13 to construct weak gravitational and electromagnetic waves on a given electrovac Einsteinian spacetime. Topics covered include quasilinear systems, quasilinear first-order systems, progressive waves in relativistic fluids, quasilinear quasidiagonal second-order systems, non quasidiagonal second-order systems, fields and equations, and strong gravitational waves.
Global Hyperbolicity and Causality
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents the general properties of global Lorentzian geometry used in the global in time Einsteinian dynamics. Topics covered include the global existence of Lorentzian metrics, time orientation, futures and pasts, causal structure of Minkowski spacetime, causal structures on general spacetimes, topology on a space of paths, global hyperbolicity, strong and stable causalities, Cauchy surface, globally hyperbolic Einsteinian spacetimes, and strong cosmic censorship.
Stationary Spacetimes and Black Holes
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents the proofs of fundamental uniqueness theorems for complete stationary solutions of the vacuum, or electrovac, solutions of the Einstein equations. It studies the properties of the Kerr stationary black hole, of which the Schwarzschild black hole is a particular case. It surveys the history of the research on the uniqueness theorem for 3+1-dimensional stationary black holes which was pictured by J. A. Wheeler using the picturesque phrase 'black holes have no hair'.
Global Existence Theorems: Asymptotically Euclidean Data
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter shows how the Penrose transform can be used to prove global existence of solutions of various semilinear field equations. It outlines the foundation points of Friedrich's conformal system, and explains how a conformal transformation of a future causal cone in Minkowski spacetime of dimension greater than or equal to six on to another such light cone gives a global existence theorem of solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations with small data which are Schwarzschild outside of a compact set. The chapter indicates some of the arguments of the book Non-Linear Stability of Minkowski Space, and states some further properties proved in another book by Nicolo and Klainerman. Finally, it sketches the main steps of the proof by Lindblad and Rodnianski of the global existence in wave coordinates, for small initial data.
Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis book develops a viable cosmopolitan model of global justice that takes seriously the equal moral worth of persons, yet leaves scope for defensible forms of nationalism and for other legitimate identifications and affiliations people have. The book addresses two prominent skeptics about global justice: those who doubt its feasibility and those who believe that cosmopolitanism interferes illegitimately with the defensible scope of nationalism by undermining goods of national importance, such as authentic democracy or national self‐determination. The model addresses concerns about implementation in the world, showing how we can move from theory to public policy that makes progress toward global justice. It also makes clear how legitimate forms of nationalism are compatible with commitments to global justice. The book is divided into three central parts. In the first, the book defends a cosmopolitan model of global justice. In the second, which is largely concerned with public policy issues, it argues that there is much we can and should do toward achieving global justice. The book addresses several pressing problems, discussing bo theoretical and public policy issues involved with each. These include tackling global poverty, taxation reform, protection of basic liberties, humanitarian intervention, immigration, and problems associated with global economic arrangements. In the third part, the book shows how the discussion of public policy issues can usefully inform our theorizing; in particular, it assists our thinking about the place of nationalism and equality in an account of global justice.
A Cosmopolitan Model of Global Justice: The Basic Framework
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter develops and defends a novel cosmopolitan model of global justice. The model includes the view that global justice requires all to be adequately positioned to enjoy the prospects for a decent life, so that all are enabled to meet basic needs, basic liberties are protected, and there are fair terms of co‐operation in collective endeavors. This also calls on us to ensure that there are social and political arrangements that can underwrite these important goods. (Later chapters discuss the kinds of reforms necessary to secure the elements of global justice.) The chapter also considers whether we should endorse a principle promoting global equality of opportunity or a global difference principle. The chapter argues that securing decent opportunities for all should be a key focus of accounts of global justice, and that a global difference principle is not superior to the principles of global distributive justice she endorses. The chapter compares the account with capabilities and human rights approaches.
Global Governance and the Nationalist Challenge: What Does Authentic Democracy Require?
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe account introduced in Chapter 3 has implications for sovereignty and governance and these are discussed in this chapter. In addition, the chapter argues that: equitable global governance is a requirement of pursuing global justice in a fair and even‐handed way, and that models of global governance (such as the Cosmopolitan Democracy project of David Held) can be defended in light of nationalist concerns (such as those presented by Will Kymlicka) that democracy cannot be achieved at the global level. A major challenge facing global governance arrangements is to ensure they are effective yet accountable. A system of governance that both effectively attends to people's interests and is suitably accountable can claim to have good democratic credentials on the “Responsive Democracy” view discussed.
Global Poverty, Taxation, and Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHow could we move closer to achieving global justice? In chapters 5 through 9 the case against the feasibility skeptic builds, as we see that there is much we can do that would constitute real progress toward global justice. This chapter discusses global poverty, global public goods, and taxation reform. At least 25% of the world's population is currently unable to meet their basic needs. Our neglect of various global public goods means that this situation is likely to deteriorate in the future. The chapter discusses how we can make genuine progress with respect to global poverty and the protection of global public goods by presenting considerations in favor of major taxation and accounting reform, which would enable developing countries better to help themselves. The chapter includes critical discussion of some well‐known taxes such as Thomas Pogge's Global Resource Tax, a Carbon Tax, and the Tobin Tax.
Basic Liberties and Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAbout 56% of the world's population does not currently enjoy adequate protection for their basic liberties. The chapter argues that various institutions play a central role in fortifying basic freedoms, such as press freedom and the architecture of international justice. The emphasis is on how we can build local capacity to protect basic freedom by supporting organizations and institutions (such as Reporters without Borders or the International Criminal Court) that can shore up local press freedom and domestic legal justice. Further defense of the value of basic liberties is offered. The chapter also shows that we can identify what basic freedoms are important to protect, we can justify why their protection is important, and we can monitor whether more or fewer people are enjoying the important freedoms.
The Global Economic Order and Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by arguing that the link between free trade and poverty reduction is not as straightforward as some believe. Though there is a role for trade liberalization, its pace, sequencing and other complementary policies are also crucial to its success. Special and differential treatment can be justified for vulnerable, developing nations. The chapter considers what economic justice requires. Rejecting Kapstein's model, it argues for an alternative account of economic justice, according to which the international community makes it possible for each country to have reasonable opportunities to achieve the kind and level of economic activity necessary to sustain the goals of global justice introduced in Chapter 3. The chapter discusses ways in which we can discharge this obligation and also ways in which the global economic order can assist in improving working conditions and wages, through programs such as “Just Linkage”, advocated by Barry and Reddy.
What Do We Owe Co‐nationals and Non‐nationals? Why the Liberal Nationalist Account Fails and How We Can Do Better
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter constitutes the first part of a detailed discussion on how the model of global justice developed in this book can adequately accommodate nationalism. For many people, individual identity crucially depends on national, cultural, ethnic, or religious identity. Are such affinities and partialities compatible with global justice? Chapter 10 begins by examining nationalism and indicates how the cosmopolitan model of global justice developed in this work can accommodate people's legitimate attachments and allows ample space for them. The focus of this chapter is on the question of what we owe co‐nationals and non‐nationals. This issue is crucial in determining whether liberal nationalist views are ethically defensible. The chapter examines the most developed accounts offered by the leading liberal nationalists (Yael Tamir and David Miller) and shows how those accounts fail. The chapter indicates why the account developed in the book is more promising.
Equality, Cosmopolitanism, and Global Justice
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that the model of global justice developed in this book adequately reflects our moral equality and also can defensibly claim to be cosmopolitan. The chapter begins by considering the kind of equality a model of global justice should reflect. An account of relational equality (in general) and democratic equality (in particular) is endorsed. There are problems and opportunities extending such an account from the domestic to the global sphere, which are addressed. It is argued that the account captures our equality better than rival conceptions (such as those that reflect a commitment to a global difference principle, global equality of opportunity, or global basic income). Altogether the account shows strong support for our equal moral worth and supports our equality on multiple levels, as is shown using examples. The kind of cosmopolitanism endorsed is also located using familiar distinctions and introducing some new ones.
Introduction
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the study of comparative law, tracing the development of European and American law specialists' interest in Japanese law. It then discusses anti-positivism in Japanese law. Judges in Japan are fairly active in creating law, and may even go further than the judges in the Anglo-American jurisdictions in some respects. In cases where there seems to be no alternative way to achieve an equitable solution, the court may even deviate from the wording of statutory law rather than adhering to the literal interpretation of the statutes.
The History of Modern Japanese Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the history of modern Japanese law. It discusses the three stages wherein foreign law was received. The first stage was in the 7th and 8th centuries, when Japan imported the Chinese political and legal system. The second stage occurred between the overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate in the mid-19th century and the early 20th century, when the industrialization of Japan was accomplished. The third stage began after the Second World War and continued during the period of the Allied occupation.
The Sources of Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the sources of Japanese law. Japanese law is primarily based on codified laws. Unlike the Anglo-American system, statute law plays the primary role in the Japanese system. Major statutes which set out the basic legal framework in a certain area are denoted as codes. There are six major Codes: the Constitution, the Civil Code, the Criminal Code, the Commercial Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure, and the Code of Civil Procedure. Statutory laws, delegated legislation, international treaties, judge-made law, circulars (tsutatsu), administrative guidance, local regulations, and customary law are discussed.
The Legal Profession
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the legal profession in Japan. Judges, public prosecutors, and attorneys form a distinct group of professions called the hōsō. All members of the hōsō are required to pass the same uniform State examination and are trained in the Legal Research and Training Institute for one year. Judges, public prosecutors, attorneys, para-legals, foreign attorneys, and the uniform state examination and legal training are discussed.
Anti-Monopoly Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Japan's Anti-Monopoly Law. Topics discussed include the historical background of the law, an outline of the law, private monopolization, prevention of excessive concentration of economic power, unfair trade practices, problems of keiretsu (companies linked together by continuous business relations), application of the Anti-Monopoly Law on international transactions, and procedures and sanctions.
Challenging Health Economics
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This book mounts a critique of current health economics and provides a new way of looking at the economics of health and health care. It argues that health economics has been too dominated by the economics of health care and has largely ignored the impact of poverty, inequality, poor housing, and lack of education on health. It is suggested that some of the structural issues of economies, particularly the individualism of neo liberalism which is becoming more and more pervasive across the globe, need to be addressed in health economics. The book instead proposes a form of collective decision making through communitarianism, placing value on participation in public life and on institutions, such as health care. It is envisaged this form of decision making can be used at the local, national, or global levels. For the last, this would mean a major revamp of global institutions like the World Bank and the IMF. Examples of the impact of the new paradigm on health policy in general but also more specifically on priority setting and equity are included.
Why a New Paradigm?
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the reasons why there is a need to change health economics. It identifies some problems with the current paradigm. Among these is that there are the problems that arise from health economics not recognising that the hospital is a social institution; and the non-recognition by most health economists of the social nature of prevention and public health, and the need for such activities to be underpinned by community values rather than individual values. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Some Problems in Existing Health Economics
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates how health economics has had only limited success in policy and in practice. Debates about choices of health care systems, priorities for resource use, alternative funding mechanisms, how to pay hospitals and general practitioners, how to price pharmaceuticals, etc., are all issues on which health economics ought to be making a significant impact. Where there have been contributions, they have been more limited than might have been hoped or expected.
The Lack of a Comprehensive Paradigm
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines how health economists have dealt with the recognition that the market for health care fails. It examines the reasons for such failure and suggests that too little attention has been given to the formulation of values, with issues around asymmetry of information overly dominating the thinking on market failure. It considers two other key issues around market failure: externalities and public goods. The chapter highlights the problems in conventional health economics in restricting itself to using the values of individuals qua individuals and in being consequentialist; both of these restrictions being true of welfarism as well as of extra-welfarism. It argues that there has been no real attempt to date to provide a comprehensive alternative health economics paradigm in the wake of market failure.
The Need for a New Paradigm
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the need for a shift in the health economics paradigm. It identifies the requirements of a new paradigm shift which includes a move from individuals' values to citizens' and community values; the acceptance of both health care systems and public health as social institutions; and a shift away from the property rights currently in the hands of medical associations and individual doctors to investing power in the community whose health is at stake, whose health service it is, and who are members of the population whose public health it is.
Building the Base for the New Paradigm
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins to build the new paradigm. First, it sets the stage by introducing the ‘expressive theory’ of Elizabeth Anderson (1993), which revolves around a rejection of consequentialism and especially the context-free monistic value systems of both welfarism and extra-welfarism. It also addresses two issues that are important to any communitarian-based approach to values. The first looks at preferences, the elicitation of preferences, and the impact of reflection on such preferences. The second considers the extent to which preferences elicited in a group may be different from the aggregation of the preferences of the individual members of the group.
Communitarianism
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the philosophy of communitarianism, arguing that this can be used as a basis for the values on which to build the proposed new paradigm for health economics. It points to the emphasis that communitarians place on public life and community in general, and the fact that people are not free floating atoms but members of communities, citizens with identities that are in part formed by their social setting.
A future health policy: nationally and internationally
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines how public health and healthcare might be better delivered, both at a national level and globally. It looks at health policy globally, going beyond considerations of formal health care policy. It examines how to overcome some of the problems created by neo-liberalism. In doing so, it uses the model of a national health policy as developed by Navarro (2007) but modifies this to a more global level. It argues for eschewing not just neo-liberalism but any hegemonic system, suggesting that the links between culture and health point to the need to preserve the diversity of cultures across the globe.
Priority Setting Under the New Paradigm
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter shows how the new paradigm provides a more acceptable value base for both the public and the health policy makers, alters the distribution of property rights, and increases the probability that recommendations from priority setting exercises, such as with programme budgeting and marginal analysis. It demonstrates that the problems of lack of ‘credible commitment’ can be overcome by bringing in players who do have an interest in organizational efficiency and who are likely to be present for the long term. The most obvious group that meets these characteristics is the community that is to be served by the organization.