bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Safety Programs: Implications Affecting Use of Child Restraints
Authors: Hoadley Michael R. , Macrina David M. , Peterson Fred L. 
Published: October 2009

Automobile deaths have been identified as the leading cause of death for children between the ages of one and fourteen. Those children who are unrestrained as passengers are at particularly high risk to injury and death. School health and safety programs need to include an understanding of this problem and implement efforts to increase restraint usage.A study of parental seatbelt and child passenger restraint use was conducted to identify frequency of use and behavioral and attitudinal factors influencing use of child restraints.Self‐reported data of driver seat‐belt use at all times was 19.0%, and the use of a child restraining device was 49.6%. Data recorded in a previous observational study noted a driver seatbelt usage rate of 14.2% and use of a child restraining device at 25.6%. Major reasons for non‐use of seatbelts by drivers included discomfort and restricted movement. Reasons for non‐use of child restraints focused upon the dislike and discomfort of the child for the restraint.
Issues and Problems Related to the Research on Teenage Fathers: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Robinson Bryan E. , Barret Robert L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAlthough there are few research studies on adolescent fatherhood, recently sufficient investigations have occurred to merit a critical analysis. In general, research in this area is marred by certain methodological deficiencies. Research in adolescent pregnancy generally ignores the fathers involved, and data on teenage fathers are often inferred or confounded by the use of biased report techniques. Retrospective and post hoc analyses often render inaccurate conclusions, and sampling methods generate unrepresentative subject pools. This article will demonstrate the ways these issues contaminate knowledge about teenage fathers.
Teen Advocate Program
Authors: Miller Louise M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe South Bay Free Clinic's Teen Advocate Program is comprised of three basic components: Clinic duties, outreach and CARE‐line. The ten Teen Advocates (TA's) spend a total of ten hours per week divided among these activities. In the Clinic, they perform such duties as intake, blood pressure and hematocrit measurement, exam room assistance, birth control raps and answering the phones. Outreach consists mainly of speaking informally with their peers at school, home, parties or wherever young people congregate. Occasionally, TAs speak formally in high school classrooms or at youth‐serving agency meetings (e.g. YWCA). They also distribute evaluation forms for each group presentation given. The CARE‐line, a health information and referral helpline for teenagers, is staffed by Teen Advocates Monday‐Thursday, 4–8 p.m. Adult volunteer supervisors provide necessary support and guidance for the teen listeners.
Part II. Evaluation Component: School Nurse Achievement Program
Authors: Smith Ann N. , Goodwin Laura D. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe School Nurse Achievement Program is a national continuing education course for school nurses to increase and improve their services for disabled children. It is currently being developed under the auspices of the Department of Education, Office of Special Education in conjunction with the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing. A description of a national needs survey of school nurses and resulting program goals, curriculum development, and course administration in twelve states appeared in last month's Journal. Formative and summative evaluation studies to aid in curriculum development and to examine changes in the school nurses' activities are described in Part II of this article.
Reduction of Teenage Pregnancy As A Rationale For Sex Education: A Position Paper
Authors: Dunn Patricia 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThere is little doubt that the present level of interest in initiating sex education programs in the schools stems from the effort to reduce the teenage pregnancy rate.While one can hardly challenge the respectability of the goal to reduce teenage pregnancy, the writers take the view that the focus on reducing teenage pregnancy may be counter‐productive to the establishment of effective sex education programs in school for the following reasons.1. It promotes a narrow and incorrect understanding of human sexuality and sex education.2. It creates misunderstanding of what constitutes a comprehensive sex education program.3. Because the focus is on the junior/senior high youngster the assumption is left that sexuality occurs only between grades six and twelve.4. It focuses primarily on the female and provides little education for the male.5. It implies that the majority of teenagers want sex and not babies.6. It implies that advocating sexual restraint is moralizing (and moralizing is bad) but teaching students that they should use contraceptives to avoid pregnancy is not moralizing.7. The contraception approach presents human sexuality as a negative behavior because it conveys the impression that sex will get you into trouble if you do not know what to do.
Social and Affective Factors Associated with Adolescent Pregnancy
Authors: Smith Peggy B. , Weinman Maxine L. , Mumford David M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTPerceptions associated with pregnancy, including life‐expectations, desire for pregnancy and knowledge of the menstrual cycle were assessed in a sample of urban adolescents 13 to 18 years old. Data was obtained from 104 primiparous teens in their second and third trimester of pregnancy. The majority of adolescents, although experiencing an unplanned pregnancy, perceived minimal negative social consequences associated with the pregnancy. Although more than 82% of all teens were aware of where to get birth control, they demonstrated no deep understanding of the menstrual cycle and its relationship to intercourse and only 11% used effective contraception. Of the birth control non‐users 74% of the girls reported they did not want to get pregnant. In spite of unprotected coitus, most girls were surprised at conception.
Immittance Screening For Aural Problems in School Children
Authors: McDermott John C. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe predominant aural health problem in school‐age children is middle ear inflammation with effusion. The conventional hearing screening method has ineffectively detected half of those school children with middle ear problems. Acoustic immittance measurements, recently added to the audiologist's battery of tests, effectively and economically screens middle ear effusion. Unfortunately, acoustic immittance does not screen hearing sensitivity as does the conventional pure‐tone sweep check. This article describes the principles of acoustic immittance and compares it with pure‐tone audiometry; discusses current immittance screening practices; and outlines how acoustic immittance can be included in a school hearing conservation program.
Health Education For Prospective Teachers: Is It Effective?
Authors: Meyer Virginia Young 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTProspective teachers enrolled in a health education and drug abuse course at Sonoma State University were given a pre‐ and post‐course student opinion survey questionnaire. Data from the survey supports the conclusion that the more a prospective teacher knows about health education the more assured that person will be in teaching the subject and in dealing with pupils who have medical problems.
Meal and Snacking Patterns of Students
Authors: Singleton Nan , Rhoads Dianne S. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTA 1981 survey of 3,309 students in grades 3–12 enrolled in 135 Louisiana schools was used to determine their meal and snacking patterns. The data were analyzed according to three grade divisions: elementary, 3–6; junior high, 7–8; and senior high, 9–12.An analysis of variance was computed with grade division as the independent variable. Students' responses to questions concerning the consumption of meals, snacks and vitamin supplements, and tasting new, unfamiliar or disliked food were the dependent variables.A majority of students consumed three meals daily; however, breakfast was frequently skipped. Breakfast was usually eaten at home; 15% ate the school breakfast. Most students consumed the school lunch; many reported tasting new, unfamiliar or disliked food as part of these meals. Students snacked, most doing so in the afternoon. Students in grades 9–12 consumed significantly more snacks than their counterparts. Many snacks were purchased at school, primarily from a concession stand. Almost 50% took a vitamin supplement.
Teaching Proper Health Habits to Mainstreamed Students Through Positive Reinforcement
Authors: Salend Spencer J. , Mahoney Sandra 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe following descriptive case studies illustrate the effectiveness of the school nurse in teaching proper hygiene habits to two mainstreamed students. Data were taken on the two mainstreamed students' ability to exhibit clean hands, face and teeth. The results show that the positive reinforcement program initiated by the school nurse was effective in increasing the students' ability to demonstrate appropriate hygiene habits. Implications for the role of the school nurse in mainstreaming are discussed.
The Use of Prescribed Medication in the Schools: A Status Report on the State Policies and Guidelines
Authors: Courtnage Lee 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe increased use of medication in school systems and the broadened responsibility of educators for the medical/health related needs of students have created a number of concerns. Examples of issues facing school personnel include liability risks, designation of persons to administer medication and drug management procedures to safeguard students receiving drugs during the school day. A review of the literature indicates a paucity of legal documents and policies regarding the use of medication in schools. This study investigates existing state laws, regulations, attorneys general opinions and guidelines concerning the management of medication in the school system. The results show that: (a) the majority of states do not have legislation, regulations or other directives with force of law; (b) major policy statements found most often in legal documents were designated persons permitted to administer drugs, physician's approval, parent's authorization and liability; and (c) many states have apparently deferred policy making to the schools, and have developed state department guidelines to assist local school officials. The major policy and guideline statements may be considered as recommendations for adoption by states wanting to establish responsibility for policy making at the state and local school level.
Update: Mitral Valve Prolapse Syndrome
Authors: Crase Darrell 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTA contemporary “in” diagnosis in the field of cardiology is the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. This abnormality is evident in populations ranging from very young children to older adults. It is being recognized with increasing frequency among college and university students. In many cases, the syndrome is of limited consequence, while in others, it may be life threatening. This paper (1) defines what it is, (2) reports on its occurrence, (3) depicts some relationships with related health entities and (4) discusses certain implications for health professionals and heart health education.
Secondary School Students' Attitudes and Beliefs about Breastfeeding
Authors: Ellis Donelda J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe incidence and prevalence of breastfeeding has increased in the United States and Canada in the past decade, but in spite of its known benefits it is often abandoned before infants are two months of age. Society lacks the attitudes and knowledge necessary for breastfeeding success. A survey of the knowledge, beliefs and attitudes of 409 secondary school students in British Columbia, Canada, revealed misconceptions about the nature of breastfeeding. A high percentage felt it was unacceptable in social situations. The findings point to a need for the integration of information about breastfeeding into school health programs, biology, home economics/nutrition and family life/sexuality courses. Increased knowledge and discussion to foster positive attitudes could increase breastfeeding duration among parents in the future.
A Study of the High School Principal's Role in Health Education
Authors: Davis Janet Haggerty 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe role of the principal in secondary school health education is explored in this paper. Using the social process theory, the ideal role is developed through a review of current literature and the actual role through a survey of high school principals and health education teachers in Chicago. A consensus regarding the role functions of the principal related to school health education as perceived by principals, health education teachers and authorities in school administration was revealed. The principal's role is one of leadership related to curriculum and instruction. The physical education teacher was responsible for health education in all the schools. No consensus emerged regarding the priority of health education within the school.
The Relative Importance of Parental Attitudes and Behavior Upon Youth Smoking Behavior
Authors: Nolte Ann E. , Smith Becky J. , O'Rourke Thomas 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to assess the relative importance of parental attitudes about smoking and parental smoking behavior as factors associated with youth smoking behavior. Knowledge of the relative importance of each variable could enhance antismoking educational efforts. Data were collected from 5,409 central Illinois school‐age youth in grades 7–12. Data were analyzed by sex. A variety of attitudinal, behavioral and behavior intention questions relative to risk factors, including smoking, were developed. Specific questions about parental attitudes, parental behavior, and the youth's smoking behavior were included. Descriptive and chi‐square statistical analyses were utilized. Results indicate that both factors are significantly associated with youth smoking behavior. However, it appears that parental attitudes may exert a more significant impact than parental behavior. Whereas parental behavior seems to be associated with a doubling of the youth smoking rate, it appears that parental attitude is associated with an approximately fourfold increase. These results need to be interpreted within the larger context that a number of variables, and not just smoking attitudes and parental behavior have been found to be associated with youth smoking behavior. However, within this overall context it appears that parental attitude toward youth smoking is a more significant factor associated with youth smoking behavior than parental behavior. As such, those involved with youth antismoking educational efforts may find it helpful to include this factor.
Multi‐matrix Sampling: A Valuable Data Collection Method for Health Educators
Authors: Gold Robert S. , Basch Charles E. , McDermott Robert J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTSurvey research in health education, as in other disciplines, attempts to provide estimates of population parameters from which inferences important to program delivery can be made. This article examines the utility of multi‐matrix sampling as a technique in health education research that permits quality collection of large quantities of data without lengthy questionnaires or excessive time demands on respondents. The advantages and limitations of multi‐matrix sampling are delineated through a hypothetical example.
Unplanned Nutrition Education in the Schools: Sugar in Elementary Reading Texts
Authors: D'Onofrio Carol N. , Singer Rosalind 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAnalysis of food content in 1,666 readers, prereaders and reading workbooks for grades K‐3 revealed an undue emphasis upon sweets in both words and pictures. Cake alone accounted for one of every 12 food appearances. While fruits and vegetables were pictured slightly more often than sugar‐rich foods, they were related to actual food consumption far less frequently than sweets. By publisher, other food groups accounted for 10% or less of all food pictures and 15% or less of all food words. Snacks, treats and parties appeared more often as occasions for eating than regular meals, excluding picnics. Families were rarely presented eating together and little attention was devoted to the nutritional value of food. Knowledge children acquire from the media and other sources before attending school has been identified as a force counteracting nutrition education, but unintended messages conveyed in K‐3 readers also may work against the promotion of healthy eating habits. Reading texts should be screened for nutritional content before adoption and revised to reduce the appearance of sweets in accord with national dietary goals. Nutrition eduation must extend beyond teaching the basic four food groups to help children recognize how their food choices are affected by environmental influences, inside as well as outside of school.
Assessing Gender Differences in College Cigarette Smoking Intenders and Nonintenders
Authors: Page Randy M. , Gold Robert S. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTVariations in cigarette smoking patterns between men and women have led to the speculation that there may be systematic gender differences which account for these patterns. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether such gender differences exist in beliefs about the consequences of smoking, evaluations of those consequences, one's normative beliefs and one's motivations to comply among 221 college‐age students. These subcomponents of Fishbein's model of behavioral intentions were tested with multivariate analysis procedures. Significant gender differences found in beliefs about the consequences of smoking, normative beliefs concerning smoking, and motivations to comply indicate that educational and treatment programs should address members of the two sexes in different ways.
The Effects of Self‐Care Instruction on Locus of Control in Children
Authors: Blazek Brodie , McClellan Muriel S. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effects of self‐care instruction on locus of control in fifth grade children. Forty‐two fifth graders attending an upper middle‐class Southwestern school were randomly assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. Children in the experimental group participated in a program adapted from the Health PACT program developed by Igoe1 and designed to show children how to become managers in their own health care. Children in the control group attended a health discussion. The results of this study suggest that participation in self‐care instruction can increase the extent to which children view health event outcomes as being due to their actions. This research provides direct implications that schools should adopt classes encouraging children to become managers in their own health care.
Health Behavior Survey of California School Health Educators
Authors: Nakamura Raymond M. , Lescault Charleen M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this survey was to assess the health behaviors of California School Health Association members to determine whether or not these individuals utilized their professional knowledge to maintain themselves at a high level of health and consequently act as positive role models in the school health program. The survey was designed to investigate behavior patterns in categories relating to nutrition, drugs, exercise, risk and medical profiles. A questionnaire was designed to determine what percent of the respondents practiced positive health behaviors. The survey results provide strong evidence that the majority of those surveyed practiced what they have learned and teach. Sound nutritional habits were exhibited. Reasonable drug and risk taking behavior was practiced. ***Excellent medical profiles also were maintained. Exercise was a basic component to most of the respondents lives, however, increased participation and regular exercise programs could be improved. The results showed good overall health practices, making CSHA members potentially good role models.
Teacher Stress and Burnout: Implications for School Health Personnel
Authors: Belcastro Philip A. , Gold Robert S. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTRecent literature indicates teachers experience considerable stress in the workplace, and that such stress is associated with an increased frequency of physical illnesses and somatic complaints. This study was conducted to identify the relationship between reported levels of stress and somatic complaints and selected illnesses. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Teacher Somatic Complaints and Illness Inventory were distributed to 428 teachers in public schools in Southern Illinois. The MBI yields data allowing classification of teachers into two groups according to degrees of work related stress. A discriminant analysis was performed to examine the ability to discriminate between these groups based on their reported patterns of somatic complaints and illnesses. More than 11% of those responding to the study were classified as burned out according to conservative criteria for classification. The conclusion that burnout represents a health risk to teachers in this study has implications for school health personnel. Since school health personnel have experience in educating people about physiological and psychological factors that threaten health, and have experience in motivating individuals to take positive action regarding their health, they can provide teachers with information and skills to cope with occupational stress.
Rx for OTC Users: Improved Health Education
Authors: Shands Virginia P. , Goff Linda Dysart , Goff David H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTA survey of college students' perceptions and understanding of the directions, cautions and warnings affixed to or accompanying over‐the‐counter medicines was conducted during 1980–81 at the University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi. The questionnaire asked students to list the OTC products they use and to define or recognize definitions for pertinent terminology. The present paper concludes there is compelling need for increased emphases on health education at all educational levels, particularly as related to self‐medication practices, and that on‐going programs should be examined for relevance.
Anorexia and the Adolescent
Authors: McNab Warren L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAnorexia nervosa or self‐starvation is a disease that can lead to lifelong problems or death. A problem primarily affecting young women, anorexia is occurring at a rapidly increasing rate in the United States. In today's society, thinness is perpetuated in all aspects of life; the result of this initial dieting in combination with a low self‐concept and self‐esteem appear to be factors related to this disease. This article defines anorexia nervosa, explains physical and psychological problems resulting from the disease and emphasizes the role health professionals have in the prevention and early recognition of anorexia nervosa in the adolescent.