bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From State Terrorism to State Errorism: Post-Pinochet Chile's Long Search for Truth and Justice
Authors: Wyndham Marivic , Read Peter 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Patio 29 lies in the northern sector of Santiago's General Cemetery. To the naked eye, it is a grim unweeded field of some twelve hundred rusted tin crosses. But to the families of the 1,197 detained-disappeared during Augusto Pinochet's brutal dictator-ship, Patio 29 is both a site of horror and a site of hope. Its story begins in September-December 1973 when 320 early victims of the repression were brought there in makeshift wooden crates that held as many as three bodies each, and buried in unmarked graves. A few years later, two hundred of those graves were exhumed by the military, and the remains presumably cremated. For another decade, the mass grave remained silent, yielding few of its secrets to the families' demands to know: Where are they? Today, nineteen years into the so-called transition to democracy, Patio 29—the most important single finding in relation to Chile's detained-disappeared—still refuses to reveal the identities of those victims, pressing upon the government of Michelle Bachelet a new question: Who are they? First state terror, now state error have conspired to make Patio 29 one of Chile's principal horror-cum-hopescapes.
Introduction
Authors: Keene Judith 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This special issue of The Public Historian will examine what is a pressing, pervasive, traumatic, and very public contemporary issue in which history and historians are heavily involved in many countries around the globe. Authors will investigate a range of issues around the state involvement in death, including the role of the state as perpetrator and its responsibilities to the victims and their families; the process and significance of exhumation, of identification, and of repatriation; the status of refugees and displaced peoples who die when legally stateless and so without state protection; the differing transnational stances in tracing and punishing the perpetrators; the fraught issue of personal and official reparation; and the role and efficacy of international justice.
Where are the Bodies? In the Ground
Authors: Wright Richard 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The subject of this essay is the judicial context of bodies from mass graves. I shall discuss topics that exemplify the power that flows from being able to display bodies to courts. By contrast, and where there are no bodies to show, a lazy prosecution case can be weakened by the unnecessary lack of material evidence. Particularly vulnerable are cases that depend on the statements of eye-witnesses. I shall discuss efforts by revisionists to protect their positions. These efforts include denying that there are any bodies as well as claims that the number of bodies is less than expected and that the bodies are attributable to unrelated events. These discussions will be illustrated with critical evidentiary photos.
Non-syndromic congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: clinical presentation and genotype–phenotype relationships
Authors: Brioude Frédéric , Bouligand Jérôme , Trabado Séverine , Francou Bruno , Salenave Sylvie , Kamenicky Peter , Brailly-Tabard Sylvie , Chanson Philippe , Guiochon-Mantel Anne , Young Jacques 
Published: March 2010

Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) results from abnormal gonadotropin secretion, and it is characterized by impaired pubertal development. CHH is caused by defectiveGNRHrelease, or by a gonadotrope cell dysfunction in the pituitary. Identification of genetic abnormalities related to CHH has provided major insights into the pathways critical for the development, maturation, and function of the reproductive axis. Mutations in five genes have been found specifically in Kallmann's syndrome, a disorder in which CHH is related to abnormalGNRHneuron ontogenesis and is associated with anosmia or hyposmia.In combined pituitary hormone deficiency or in complex syndromic CHH in which gonadotropin deficiency is either incidental or only one aspect of a more complex endocrine disorder or a non-endocrine disorder, other mutations affectingGNRHand/or gonadotropin secretion have been reported.Often, the CHH phenotype is tightly linked to an isolated deficiency of gonadotropin secretion. These patients, who have no associated signs or hormone deficiencies independent of the deficiency in gonadotropin and sex steroids, have isolated CHH. In some familial cases, they are due to genetic alterations affectingGNRHsecretion (mutations inGNRH1,GPR54/KISS1RandTAC3andTACR3) or theGNRHsensitivity of the gonadotropic cells (GNRHR). A minority of patients with Kallmann's syndrome or a syndromic form of CHH may also appear to have isolated CHH, but close clinical, familial, and genetic studies can reorient the diagnosis, which is important for genetic counseling in the context of assisted reproductive medicine.This review focuses on published cases of isolated CHH, its clinical and endocrine features, genetic causes, and genotype–phenotype relationships.
Creating Efficient Portfolios that Match Competing Corporate Strategies
Authors: Willigers B.J.A. , Majou F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The process of portfolio optimization provides guidance to decision makers on how to manage an asset base given corporate objectives, market conditions, and organizational capability. Many applications in the oil and gas industry are based upon Markowitz’s efficient portfolio theory. In the standard implementation of this framework, an efficient portfolio is defined as one that yields the highest value given a specific degree of risk.
A corporate decision maker will aim, however, to select a portfolio that meets several often competing objectives, i.e., maximize portfolio value while minimizing capital expenditure. The optimal portfolio choice given one constraint is typically not optimal given one of the competing constraints. This requires the portfolio manager to identify and select those portfolios that best meet all corporate constraints. Deciding which portfolio to develop is often compounded by there being several portfolios having similar economic characteristics. However, these portfolios can generally be differentiated by strategy, which may depend on non-financial attributes such as the geographic location of the assets or on geological settings that might require different engineering expertise.
In this study, a large set of exploration portfolios and their attributes have been simulated. Through applying a series of simple and transparent filters, a few portfolios can be identified that meet all the corporate constraints. After a shortlist has been created, the portfolios can easily be characterized by strategy and the tradeoffs between them can be assessed.
An Update on the Use of Reservoir Analogs for the Estimation of Oil and Gas Reserves
Authors: Sidle R.E. , Lee W. J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Since a prior paper on analogy for estimating petroleum reserves (Hodgin and Harrell 2006), new dimensions of this topic have emerged. This paper provides updated guidance for analogy use and explains new concepts for the application of analogy in reserves estimation and classification.
Reserves evaluators using engineering and geoscience techniques now have new petroleum reserves rulesthat include the use of analogy. In 2007, the SPE finalized the Petroleum Resource Management System (PRMS) instructions and, in late 2008, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) published updated regulations on reserves reporting. Recent papers (Lee 2009 and Etherington 2009) provide good summaries of the updated SEC rules and a comparison to PRMS. This paper will provide guidance to aid understanding of and compliance with these rules as related to the use of analogs.
The paper provides interpretations of new analogy-related terminology and the related reserves rules. It also gives examples of how these interpretations can be applied to common reserves estimation situations where analogy is used. The paper also addresses new concepts of how analogies can be shown as valid and adjusted for minor differences in the comparison of target field to analogy field.
The recent publication of the US SEC reserves reporting rules, which draw partially from the SPE PRMS, has increased interest in deeper understanding of both these SEC rules and PRMS. This paper will assist those who develop and use petroleum reserves data in understanding how the use of analogy can contribute to reliable reserves estimates and proper classification.
A Survey of Stranded Gas Resources and Estimates of Development and Production Costs
Authors: Attanasi Emil D. , Freeman Philip A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Two important factors in the expected future growth of global gas markets are (1) the move by many industrialized countries from coal-fired electricity generation to natural gas in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and (2) the industrialization of the heavily populated Asian countries of India and China. This paper surveys discovered or known gas in stranded gas accumulations and provides estimates of the cost of developing and producing stranded gas in selected countries likely to supply the growing European import market via pipeline and/or liquefied natural gas. Gas supplies to this market can be significantly augmented by the development of stranded gas. Globally, the distribution of stranded gas is uneven, with a handful of countries endowed with a disproportionate share of the gas. The cost component of the paper focuses on stranded conventional gas accumulations in Africa, and South America that have at least 50 billion cubic feet of recoverable gas. The results of the analysis are presented as resource cost quantity functions. The delivered cost of the identified gas is found to depend critically on the natural gas liquids content, the prevailing prices of liquids, size of gas accumulation, and its location. The implications of the analysis are discussed in terms of the projected increase in gas import demands of European gas markets. Finally the diversity of the geographical distribution of stranded gas provides one obstacle to the exertion of market power by the Gas Exporting Countries Forum and reduces the probability of the formation of a gas-producing country cartel similar to OPEC.
Hydrocarbon Maturation: Integrating Reserves Management and Corporate Planning
Authors: MacDonald Doug , McVean Jason 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between the reserves management and corporate planning components of a company's business processes, and the techniques that can be implemented to facilitate better decision making and more accurate reporting.
Reserves and resources management and corporate planning are related in two major aspects: Reserve volumes and replacement ratios are important key performance indicators (KPIs) for most corporations. As such, decisions regarding corporate planning should take the reserve volumes, as well as the resource volumes that may become reserves in the future, into consideration.Once these corporate plans have been made, the reserves volumes (both current and projected) should reflect the impact of the corporate plan, for example, volume changes from acquisitions, divestitures, and exploration and development plans.
A changing reserves profile might have impacts on financial aspects of the business such as contracts, loans, and other accounting items. Using the reserves forecast in these calculations instead of the static, current reserves volumes would result in more accurate calculations and an improved planning process.
In order to model changes in reserves volumes over time, a stage gate type of process can be used. As certain events occur in the development plan, for example project approval, capital expenditure, or production start, this process would flag a predetermined change in the categorization of certain volumes. If the projected reserves volumes do not meet the corporate goals, a review of the corporate strategy may be needed.
Knowing the reserve and resource volume profile expected in the future is important for supporting better decision making today. This is especially true when considering volumes that, although they can not be reported as proved reserves today, may well be ready for reporting as proved reserves in the future. This is relevant whether or not a company is required to report its reserves to a regulatory body, for example, The Security Exchange Commission (SEC), as all stakeholders have an interest in understanding the status and certainty of a company’s resources.
Companies that employ robust planning techniques and integrate hydrocarbon maturation into their planning process should be able to clearly demonstrate their improved planning efficiency and are likely to deliver improved financial results.
Case Study: Resource Play Risked Evaluation Approach for the Full Life Development of a South Texas Opportunity
Authors: Kechemir Kossila , Tyler Peter 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Deriving a risked development plan for a resource play has typically involved looking at several development scenarios and well counts separately and then tying these together in some form of decision tree approach to come up with the total risked evaluation. This approach often causes problems for the infrastructure and midstream groups as they are asked to provide strategies for various reservoir options that are not easily visualized. A new approach described in this Case Study involves the use of an integrated toolset that allowed for several completely different development scenarios to be analyzed that were based on a risked evaluation of the play. The ease in which the development scenarios are combined allowed the team to quickly determine a range of possible outcomes and clearly understand the medium to long-term capital requirements of the opportunity. The visual nature of the outcome improved the decision makers’ overall understanding of the development.
For this specific South Texas resource play opportunity, the extent of the formation was poorly defined and only seismic and analogy data were available to define a range of possible reservoir characteristics. Based on analogous data, several different potential reservoir production models were defined and the extent of the reservoir estimated. These assumptions were then turned into various realizable development options including their economic values.
The process and workflow of how the production options were turned into economic models is the focus of this paper. By creating a network flow diagram of the options, decision makers were able to better understand the range of possible outcomes; including the capital and infrastructure requirements of the options. This approach significantly improved the communication with the team and significantly reduced the development option preparation time. By facilitating more engaged discussions around the development options, the entire team was able to better evaluate the opportunity and the capital requirements. Although this was a relatively small opportunity (9 wells maximum), the same approach is equally applicable to the major unconventional resources being developed worldwide.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of gallic acid in Alchemilla vulgaris, Allium ursinum, Acorus calamus and Solidago virga-aurea by chip-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Condrat Dumitru , Mosoarca Cristina , Zamfir Alina , Crişan Florin , Szabo Maria , Lupea Alfa 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This study presents the results obtained from qualitative and quantitative analysis of gallic acid from hydro-alcoholic extracts (methanol, ethanol) of plants from Plantae regnum. Plant qualitative analysis was performed using a novel mass spectrometric (MS) method based on fully automated chip-nanoelectrospray ionization (nanoESI) high capacity ion trap (HCT) while quantitative analysis was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These methods were applied to Alchemilla vulgaris — common lady’s-mantle (aerial part), Allium ursinum — bear’s garlic (leaves), Acorus calamus — common sweet flag (roots), Solidago virga-aurea — goldenrod (aerial part). Obtained results indicated that methanol extracts (96%, 80%) have a gallic acid content ranging between 0.0011–0.0576 mg mL−1 extract while the ethanol extracts (96%, 60%) exhibit a gallic acid concentration that varies between 0.0010–0.0182 mg mL−1 extract.
Efficient Lewis acid-assisted Brønsted acid (LBA) catalysis in the iron-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction of indoles
Authors: Jiang Zhen-Yu , Wu Ji-Rong , Li Li , Chen Xi-Huai , Lai Guo-Qiao , Jiang Jian-Xiong , Lu Yixin , Xu Li-Wen 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Lewis acid-assisted Brønsted acid (LBA) catalysis was proposed for the iron-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with chalcones. This proposal was supported by the ESI-MS and cyclic voltammetry. The addition of acac to the iron-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with chalcones created a powerful catalytic system, which makes the alkylation reactions occur easily under mild conditions.
First-principles study of electronic and optical properties of BaS, BaSe and BaTe
Authors: Feng Zhenbao , Hu Haiquan , Lv Zengtao , Cui Shouxin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The optimized crystal structure, energy band structures, density of states (DOS) and optical properties of BaX (X=S, Se and Te) were investigated by the full potential linearized augmented plane wave plus local orbitals method (FP-LAPW+lo). The exchange-correlation potential was treated using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). We have used also Engel and Vosko GGA (EV-GGA) formalism to improve the band gap results. The calculated results such as band gaps, dielectric constants and reflectivity spectra showed good agreement with the experimental data. The effect of the spin-orbit coupling (SOC) on the optical properties was also studied and found to be very small, especially in the low-energy region.
Generalized and potential symmetries of the Rudenko-Robsman equation
Authors: Boldea Afrodita 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe paper presents a concrete study of the existence of generalized and potential symmetries for the 1+1 dimensional version of the Rudenko-Robsman equation, an interesting fourth-order partial differential equation that describes the evolution of nonlinear waves in a dispersive medium. As the main results, the existence of a two-parameter algebra of generalized symmetries and of an infinite-dimensional algebra when potential symmetries are taken into account is proven.
The efficiency of immunoenzyme assay in the diagnosis of lambliosis
Authors: Miladinovic Tasic Natasa , Tasic Suzana , Tasic Ivan 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the difference in efficiency of direct immunoenzyme-linked assay (EIA) and conventional microscopy (CM) plus conventional concentration technique (CCT) using comparative analysis in the diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic lambliosis when only one stool sample is to be tested. The study enrolled 577 examinees: 208 patients and 369 asymptomatic examinees. Lambliosis was diagnosed using CM plus CCT (three stool samples) and direct EIA (the first sample). All statistical parameters of the EIA method were 100% in the patients with symptoms of infection. In addition to that, in the group of asymptomatic carriers of Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) some very high values of these parameters were recorded too, with sensitivity and negative predictive value being both at 100%. In contrast to the EIA method, CM plus CCT of the first stool sample demonstrated significantly lower sensitivity (66.67%) compared to the reference standard. The study did not demonstrate any statistically significant differences in diagnostic efficiancy between the EIA testing of one stool sample and CM plus CCT (p<0.05). However, the observed difference in diagnostic efficiency between the methods was very close to the cut-off value for statistical significance (p=0.06).
Molecular systematics: A synthesis of the common methods and the state of knowledge
Authors: San Mauro Diego , Agorreta Ainhoa 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe comparative and evolutionary analysis of molecular data has allowed researchers to tackle biological questions that have long remained unresolved. The evolution of DNA and amino acid sequences can now be modeled accurately enough that the information conveyed can be used to reconstruct the past. The methods to infer phylogeny (the pattern of historical relationships among lineages of organisms and/or sequences) range from the simplest, based on parsimony, to more sophisticated and highly parametric ones based on likelihood and Bayesian approaches. In general, molecular systematics provides a powerful statistical framework for hypothesis testing and the estimation of evolutionary processes, including the estimation of divergence times among taxa. The field of molecular systematics has experienced a revolution in recent years, and, although there are still methodological problems and pitfalls, it has become an essential tool for the study of evolutionary patterns and processes at different levels of biological organization. This review aims to present a brief synthesis of the approaches and methodologies that are most widely used in the field of molecular systematics today, as well as indications of future trends and state-of-the-art approaches.
Spectrophotometric quantification of fluoxetine hydrochloride: Application to quality control and quality assurance processes
Authors: Amin Alaa , Ahmed Ibrahim , Dessouki Hassan , Mohamed Hassan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSimple and rapid spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the microdetermination of fluoxetine HCl. The proposed methods are based on the formation of ion-pair complexes between fluoxetine and bromophenol blue (BPB), bromothymol blue (BTB), bromocresol green (BCG), and bromocresol purple (BCP) which can be measured at optimum λmax. Optimization of reaction conditions was investigated. Beerșs law was obeyed in the concentration ranges of 0.5–8.0 μg mL−1, whereas optimum concentration as adopted from the Ringbom plots was 0.7–7.7 μg mL−1. The molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, and detection limit were also calculated. The most optimal and sensitive method was developed using BCG. The correlation coefficient was 0.9988 (n = 6) with a relative standard deviation of 1.25, for six determinations of 4.0 μg mL−1. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the determination of fluoxetine hydrochloride in its dosage forms and in biological fluids (spiked plasma sample) using the standard addition technique.
Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Erodium species: E. ciconium L., E. cicutarium L., and E. absinthoides Willd. (Geraniaceae)
Authors: Stojanović-Radić Zorica , Čomić Ljiljana , Radulović Niko , Dekić Milan , Ranđelović Vladimir , Stefanović Olgica 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe present study gives results of chemical composition analyses and antimicrobial activity testing of three Erodium species: E. ciconium L., E. cicutarium L., and E. absinthoides Willd. Essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation from air-dried entire plants and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. A total of 209 different compounds were identified: 162 for E. cicutarium, 107 for E. ciconium, and 79 for E. absinthoides. Antimicrobial activity (broth microdilution method) of the oils was screened against a panel of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria and a number of fungi. Moderate susceptibility of all tested strains was observed. Determined MIC values were 0.156–5 mg mL−1 (bacterial strains) and 0.039–0.325 mg mL−1 (fungal strains). Major component of the most active oil, palmitic acid, was also tested for activity together with stearic and myristic acids.