bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential changes in outdoor thermal comfort conditions in Gothenburg, Sweden due to climate change: the influence of urban geometry
Authors: Thorsson Sofia , Lindberg Fredrik , Björklund Jesper , Holmer Björn , Rayner David 
Published: September 2010

AbstractQuantitative information about outdoor thermal comfort, on various temporal and spatial scales, is required to design better cities and mitigate heat problems not only in warm but also in temperate climates. The overall objective of this study is to explore the augmentation of global/regional climate changes by urban features such as geometry in a compact mid‐rise high‐latitude city (Gothenburg). The magnitude of spatial and temporal variations of intra‐urban mean radiant temperatures (Tmrt) is quantified using the SOLWEIG (SOlar and LongWave Environmental Irradiance Geometry) model. Hourly time resolution, statistically downscaled meteorological data, based on the ECHAM5‐GCM under the A1B emission scenario is used to simulate changes in Tmrt and physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) at the 2080–2099 time horizon.Results show that urban geometry causes large intra‐urban differences in Tmrt, on hourly, daytime and yearly time scales. In general, open areas are warmer than adjacent narrow street canyons in summer, but cooler in winter. According to the ECHAM5‐based scenario, the daytime Tmrt will increase by 3.2 °C by the end of this century. This is 0.4° more than simulated increase in air temperature (2.8 °C) and is mainly a result of decreases in summer cloudiness. Occasions of strong/extreme heat stress are expected to triple. This equates to 20–100 h a year, depending on geometry. Conversely, the number of hours with strong/extreme cold stress decreases by 400–450 h. Furthermore, the number of hours with no thermal stress increases by 40–200 h a year.The study confirms the potential for using geometry to mitigate daytime thermal stress. A densely built structure mitigates extreme swings in Tmrt and PET, improving outdoor comfort conditions both in summer and in winter. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of including information on either Tmrt or thermal comfort in climate scenarios to describe the combined effects of changes in multiple climate variables and to more realistically measure the impact on humans. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Formation of the Upper Pleistocene terraces of Lake Van (Turkey)
Authors: Kuzucuoğlu Catherine , Christol Aurélien , Mouralis Damase , Doğu Ali‐Fuat , Akköprü Ebru , Fort Monique , Brunstein Daniel , Zorer Halil , Fontugne Michel , Karabiyikoğlu Mustafa , Scaillet Stéphane , Reyss Jean‐Louis , Guillou Hervé 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSedimentological and geomorphological studies of terraces around Lake Van (1647 m) provided a preliminary framework for lake‐level variations. The elevations of terraces and past lake level were measured with a differential global positioning system. A chronology is developed using 234U/230Th dating of travertines, 39Ar/40Ar dating of pyroclastites and 14C dating of organic matter. Facies and stratigraphic correlations identify four transgressions (C1′, C1″, C2′ and C2″), each followed by a regression which ended with low lake levels that caused river incision and terrace formation. Evidence of the oldest transgression (C1′) is found in the uppermost reaches of valleys up to 1755 m, an altitude higher than the present lake threshold (1736 m). This C1′ transgression may be related to pyroclastic flows which dammed an outlet located in the western part of the lake basin and which is dated to before 105 ka. After 100 ka, a second transgression (C1″) reached 1730/1735 m, possibly related to a younger ignimbrite flow, in association with high water inflow (warm and/or wetter conditions). The two younger transgressions reached 1700–1705 m. The first one (C2′) is dated to 26–24.5 cal. ka BP and the second one (C2″) to 21–20 cal. ka BP. Available data suggest that the long‐term lake‐level changes responded mainly to climate oscillations. Additional events such as river captures caused by volcanic falls filling valleys, tectonism, erosion and karstic diversion may have impacted these long‐term lake‐level changes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Raman spectroscopic study of the igneous rocks on Marion Island: a possible terrestrial analogue for the geology on Mars
Authors: Prinsloo Linda C. , Colomban Philippe , Brink Johan D. , Meiklejohn Ian 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe geology of Marion Island is typical of the oceanic volcanoes forming the Hawaiian archipelago, which is generally seen as an analogue for the geology on Mars. Because of the cold climate, the relatively young igneous rocks on Marion Island exhibit no visible alteration from the original rocks, and we used Raman spectroscopy to study examples of the igneous rocks on the island as potential model substances for the parent material on Mars. Three types of volcanic material were studied: namely, a grey lava (270 000–70 000 BP) as well as black lava and red scoriae cones, both formed at a later date (12 000 BP to present). A few Raman spectra of volcanic ash from the island are included for comparison purposes. The basic elemental content of the three different lavas are the same by X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), but there is a variation in the relative amounts of crystalline and amorphous phases present in X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data and Raman measurements, which can be related to cooling rate and oxidising conditions during the formation process. Fosterite, sanidine, labrodorite, anorthite and diopside were identified in the grey lava. In the black lava, broad bands in the spectra indicated the presence of many amorphous phases, but fosterite, anorthite, diopside, magnetite and ulvöspinel could be identified through their Raman spectra. In the red scoriae, fosterite, anorthite, diopside, hematite and pseudobrookite were identified, the last two minerals acting as colouring agent. Haematite was also identified as a thin layer covering feldspar glass. The spectra of the volcanic ash vary much and represent a variety of amorphous/glassy phases. This study emphasises the strength of Raman spectroscopy to identify a whole range of disordered phases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New evidences of in situ laser irradiation effects on γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles: a Raman spectroscopic study
Authors: El Mendili Y. , Bardeau J.‐F. , Randrianantoandro N. , Gourbil A. , Greneche J.‐M. , Mercier A.‐M. , Grasset F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe nature of the physical mechanisms responsible for the structural modification of the γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles under laser irradiation has been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. In situ micro‐Raman measurements were carried out on as‐prepared γ‐Fe2O3 nanoparticles about 4 nm in size as a function of laser power and on annealed γ‐Fe2O3 particles. A baseline profile analysis clearly evidenced that the phase transition from maghemite into hematite is caused by local heating due to laser irradiation with an increase of grain size of nanoparticles. This increasing was clearly determined by X‐ray diffraction from 4 nm in nanoparticles up to more than 177 nm beyond 900 °C in a polycrystalline state. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of crystalline perfection degree of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes: correlations between thermal kinetic analysis and micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Santangelo S. , Messina G. , Faggio G. , Lanza M. , Milone C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCommercially available and laboratory‐prepared multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are systematically investigated by the use of micro‐Raman spectroscopy (MRS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and complementary techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)) with the aim of establishing a standardised post‐growth diagnostic protocol for the assessment of their overall crystalline quality. By studying a set of ‘reference’ samples, clear correlations are evidenced between the Raman graphitisation indexes (D/G, G′/G and G′/D intensity ratios) commonly adopted to describe the crystalline arrangement of nanotubes, and their reactivity towards oxygen, as measured by the apparent activation energy needed for their oxidation, inferred from the kinetic analysis in quasi‐isothermal conditions. The higher the crystalline perfection degree, the higher the energy needed for oxidising them. The efficacy of the found correlations in indirectly assessing the reactivity of nanotubes prepared under different conditions is successfully demonstrated by the use of a second set of samples. The physical meaning and range of validity of the shown correlations are further discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of chemical modification in single human keratinocyte cells exposed to low doses of chlorpyriphos by Raman micro‐spectroscopy
Authors: Perna G. , Lasalvia M. , D'Antonio P. , L'Abbate N. , Capozzi V. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRaman micro‐spectroscopy can be used to investigate biological single cells exposed to different chemicals. Since chronic exposure at low doses of pesticides can promote several diseases, the investigation of cellular changes induced by exposure to non‐cytotoxic doses of pesticides is of increasing interest. The efficiency of Raman micro‐spectroscopy to detect chemical modification in normal human keratinocytes induced by exposure to non‐cytotoxic doses of chlorpyriphos, an organophosphate pesticide present in many plant‐protection products, was investigated. Such modification affects mainly proteineous components (both single amino acids and amide linkages between amino acids) of the nucleus, cellular membranes and cytoplasm as well as the nucleic acid component of the nucleus. Chemical modifications are already detectable after 24 h exposure of keratinocytes at a chlorpyriphos concentration of 10−6 M, which is three orders of magnitude lower than the cytotoxic concentration (10−3 M). Heavy damage to the lipid component occurs after exposure to the nearly cytotoxic concentration (10−4 M). Atomic force microscopy images of keratinocyte cells exposed for 24 h to various chlorpyriphos concentrations show a progressive deterioration of the morphology of cellular membrane as the chlorpyriphos concentration increases. The results of this work may have wide applications in the monitoring of molecular changes in single human cells exposed to toxic agents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversed‐phase HPLC of peptides: Assessing column and solvent selectivity on standard, polar‐embedded and polar endcapped columns
Authors: Mant Colin T. , Cepeniene Dziuleta , Hodges Robert S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe desired to evaluate the chromatographic selectivity for peptides of silica‐based RP high‐performance liquid chromatography stationary phases with various modifications (polar embedding and polar endcapping on C18 columns; ether‐linked phenyl column with polar endcapping) compared with n‐alkyl (C18, C8) and aromatic phenylhexyl columns. Thus, we have designed and synthesized two series of synthetic peptide standards with the sequence Gly–Gly–Leu–Gly–Gly–Ala–Leu–Gly–X–Leu–Lys–Lys–amide, where the N‐terminal either contains a free α‐amino group (AmC series) or is Nα‐acetylated (AcC series) and where position X is substituted by Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Phe or Tyr. These represent series of peptides with single substitutions of n‐alkyl (Gly<Ala<Val<Ile in order of increasing hydrophobicity), alkyl versus aromatic side‐chains (Phe, Tyr) and a side‐chain also with polar character (Tyr). Peptide mixtures were run on all columns at pH 2 (linear gradients of ACN or methanol in aqueous mobile phases). Our initial results clearly demonstrate the useful complementarity of different RP high‐performance liquid chromatography packing materials, with peptide mixtures showing profound selectivity differences between n‐alkyl versus polar‐embedded and polar endcapped C18 stationary phases. In addition, changing the polarity of the RP matrix in combination with changing the polarity of the mobile phase (ACN versus methanol) is shown to be synergistic to maximize selectivity of peptide separations.
Laser assisted septal cartilage reshaping (LASCR): A prospective study in 12 patients
Authors: Leclère Franck M. , Petropoulos Ioannis , Buys Bruno , Mordon Serge 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesOccurring in one‐third of the population, nasal obstruction is the most common complaint in an average rhinologic practice. The etiology is usually a deviation of the nasal septum, although other conditions, such as turbinate hypertrophy, can also cause nasal obstruction. Our team has already demonstrated that laser assisted cartilage reshaping can be used effectively for the correction of ear protrusion. This study aims to evaluate laser assisted septal cartilage reshaping (LASCR) to treat septal deviation.Study DesignBetween March 2009 and September 2009, 12 patients (8 males, 4 females—mean age: 23 years) underwent LASCR for treatment of septal deviation. The mean NOSE score was 11.6. Preoperative examination included rhinomanometry and nasal endoscopy to exclude inferior turbinate or adenoid hypertrophy. Both sides of the septum were irradiated using a 1,540 nm laser connected to a 4 mm spot handpiece with integrated cooling (fluence: 50 J/cm2). Contact cooling made the treatment tolerable, but topical anesthesia was still required. Immediately after the procedure, an internal splint was inserted into the nostril and kept for 7 days. The NOSE score was calculated at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months post‐procedure and a rhinomanometry was carried out at 3 months.ResultsThe entire procedure took an average of 20 minutes. For all procedures, there were no lesions of the septal mucosa. Three months post‐op, mean NOSE score improved from 11.6 to 5.3. Rhinomanometry assesses an increase in airflow (+19%) and improvement to air inflow resistance (−16%), confirming a subjective improvement. In seven adults, the expected septal reshaping was achieved. In five adults, incomplete septum reshaping was observed. In three patients it was correlated to anatomical variations: a thick septum in two cases and a long septum in one case. In the remaining two patients, it was due to insufficient fluence. In these cases, insufficient local anesthesia did not allow us to finish the procedure and the patients received a fluence of 30 J/cm2 only. Those patients were re‐treated at 3 months at 50 J/cm2 fluence and all achieved suitable reshaping.ConclusionLASCR is a safe and less morbid approach to surgical septoplasty. Since significant variability in the cartilaginous elements of the nose is the rule rather than the exception, some improvements in the technique are still required. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:693–698, 2010 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The immunosuppressive pipeline: Meeting unmet needs in liver transplantation
Authors: Selzner Nazia , Grant David R. , Shalev Itay , Levy Gary A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Liver transplantation is now recognized as the treatment of choice for end-stage liver failure. Its success can be attributed largely to the generation of selective immunosuppressive agents, which have resulted in a dramatic reduction in the incidence of acute rejection and improvements in the short- and long-term outcomes of patients. However, the unresolved limitation of current immunosuppressive agents is long-term toxicity, which results in increases in the incidence and severity of cardiovascular, neurological, and renal diseases. Our recent understanding of the pathways of cell activation has resulted in the development of a new generation of immunosuppressive agents that may address the challenges facing transplantation today and allow the minimization or substitution of existing agents. Furthermore, advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance and the identification of biomarker signatures hold the promise that in some patients transplantation may be able to be performed without the need for long-term immunosuppression (tolerance). Liver Transpl 16:1359–1372, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
Blood Compatibility and Permeability of Heparin‐Modified Polysulfone as Potential Membrane for Simultaneous Hemodialysis and LDL Removal
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Jun , Guduru Deepak , Xu Zhi‐Kang , Vienken Jörg , Groth Thomas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHeparin was covalently immobilized on PSf membranes to obtain a dialysis membrane with high affinity for LDL. WCA and streaming potential measurements were performed to investigate wettability and surface charge of the membranes. The morphology of the membranes was investigated by SEM. An ELISA was used to measure the adsorption and desorption of LDL on plain and modified PSf. Blood compatibility was studied by measurement of thrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, kallikrein activity and platelet adhesion. It was found that the blood compatibility of the membrane was improved by covalent immobilization of heparin at its surface. However, PSf‐Hep membrane showed higher flux recovery after BSA solution filtration, which revealed antifouling property of PSf‐Hep membranes.
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A Novel Crystallization Scheme in Poly[styrene‐block‐(ferrocenyl dimethylsilane)] Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Xu Jianjun , Bellas Vasilios , Jungnickel Bernd , Stühn Bernd , Rehahn Matthias 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIsothermal crystallization of the poly(ferrocenyl dimethylsilane) (PFDMS) segments in a poly[styrene‐block‐(ferrocenyl dimethylsilane)] (PS‐b‐PFDMS) diblock copolymer of lamellar micro‐morphology has been investigated. The PFDMS is shown to crystallize in a confined and grain‐by‐grain fashion. Here a ‘grain’ is defined as an ensemble of stacked lamellae wherein the PFDMS crystallization spreads quickly but stops at its surroundings. Such crystallization propagates not only along the PFDMS lamellae but across the amorphous PS layers as well. We suggest that conformational changes in the PS as induced by the PFDMS crystallization (‘squeezing transfer’) are responsible for the latter pathway of the crystallization's spread.magnified image
Catechol‐O‐methyltransferase val158met and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hoogland Jeroen , de Bie Rob M.A. , Williams‐Gray Caroline H. , Muslimović Dino , Schmand Ben , Post Bart 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCognitive dysfunction is one of the most incapacitating non‐motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Some cognitive deficits are thought to be related to abnormal dopamine homeostasis. The latter is influenced by catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), an enzyme that degrades dopamine. Previous research suggests a relationship between the COMT val158met functional polymorphism (SNP) and measures of executive function. We evaluated this hypothesis in a cohort of PD patients with an extensive neuropsychological test battery. Cognitive assessment and COMT genotyping were performed in 153 early PD patients from outpatient clinics general hospitals in the Netherlands. Our results do not support a direct effect of COMT val158met genotype on performance on neuropsychological measures of attention and executive function, but they suggest that genotype may interact with dopaminergic medication use to influence cognitive ability. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
NMR spectral assignment of 2α‐ and 3β‐methylhopanes and evidence for boat conformation in D ring of 17α(H),21α(H)‐hopanes
Authors: Kildahl‐Andersen Geir , Nytoft Hans Peter , Johansen Jon Eigill 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe full 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift assignment of 2α‐methyl‐17α(H),21β(H)‐hopane is presented. This compound is formed in mature sediments from biogenic sources of 2β‐methyl‐17β(H),21β(H)‐hopanoids, which include several cyanobacteria. In addition, full 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift data of all four 17,21 isomers of 3β‐methylhopane have been assigned. The thermodynamically most stable 3β‐configuration corresponds to that found in bacterial sources. The data presented here suggest minor corrections to the 13C chemical assignments reported earlier for 17α(H)‐hopanes. Moreover, spectral evidence indicates an unexpected ring‐D boat conformation of 17α(H),21α(H)‐hopanes, which may serve to explain the steric strain reported for this isomer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feasibility of Tubular Microreactors for Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Yadav Arvind Kumar , de la Cal José Carlos , Barandiaran María Jesús 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe viability of a tubular microreactor for the production of polymer dispersions by emulsion polymerization was investigated. The reactor setup and operational conditions necessary to reach a very stable reactor operation were determined. It was found that stability of pre‐emulsion plays a very important role in achieving steady‐state performance. Further, the flow pattern of the microreactor was characterized, observing that the dispersion model can be used because of the effect of the radial molecular diffusion. Finally, a comparative study of the styrene emulsion polymerization in microreactor and batch laboratory reactor was performed. Similar kinetics and properties were achieved, indicating enough mixing in the microreactor.
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Transurethral prostate magnetic resonance elastography: Prospective imaging requirements
Authors: Arani Arvin , Plewes Donald , Chopra Rajiv 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTissue stiffness is known to undergo alterations when affected by prostate cancer and may serve as an indicator of the disease. Stiffness measurements can be made with magnetic resonance elastography performed using a transurethral actuator to generate shear waves in the prostate gland. The goal of this study was to help determine the imaging requirements of transurethral magnetic resonance elastography and to evaluate whether the spatial and stiffness resolution of this technique overlapped with the requirements for prostate cancer detection. Through the use of prostate‐mimicking gelatin phantoms, frequencies of at least 400 Hz were necessary to obtain accurate stiffness measurements of 10 mm diameter inclusions, but the detection of inclusions with diameters as small as 4.75 mm was possible at 200 Hz. The shear wave attenuation coefficient was measured in vivo in the canine prostate gland, and was used to predict the detectable penetration depth of shear waves in prostate tissue. These results suggested that frequencies below 200 Hz could propagate to the prostate boundary with a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 60 and an actuator capable of producing 60 μm displacements. These requirements are achievable with current imaging and actuator technologies, and motivate further investigation of magnetic resonance elastography for the targeting of prostate cancer. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.