bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Markers Obtained by Microdialysis can Detect Secondary Intestinal Ischemia: An Experimental Study of Ischemia in Porcine Intestinal Segments
Authors: Birke‐Sorensen Hanne , Andersen Niels Trolle 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe free intestinal flap has become a recognized part of the surgical armamentarium for the reconstruction of the cervical esophagus and in the treatment of severe short bowel syndrome. However, the intestinal flap is difficult to monitor postoperatively and is susceptible to ischemia. Entire avoidance of neglected ischemia and false alarms require a monitoring system with sensitivity and specificity of 100%. The aim of this study was to investigate the value of microdialysis (MD) as a monitoring method for detecting ischemia in intestinal transplants.MethodsIn 12 pigs the entire small intestine was divided into three segments, each isolated on a vascular pedicle consisting of one artery and one vein. For metabolic monitoring of the intestinal segments, one CMA 63 MD catheter was placed in each segment in the mesentery just at the border of the intestinal wall. After 1 h of arterial ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion, the three intestinal segments in each pig were allocated to arterial ischemia, venous ischemia, or no ischemia. A total of 10 control segments, 10 segments with arterial ischemia, and nine segments with venous ischemia were provided for evaluation of metabolic changes.ResultsOne hour of secondary ischemia induced considerable metabolic changes, with a decrease in the concentration of glucose (CGlucose) followed by an increase in the concentration of lactate (CLactate) as well as in the lactate:pyruvate (L/P) and lactate:glucose (L/G) ratios. The changes became even more pronounced after 1½ h when the L/P and L/G ratios had increased 9 and 30 times, respectively, in the ischemic segments and without overlap in values between the ischemic and the nonischemic segments. When using CGlucose < 0.2 mmol/l or L/G > 50 as cutoff levels for detection of ischemia, a sensitivity and a specificity of 100% could be achieved. An increase in CGlucose of more than 2 mmol/l, after the infusion of glucose, could be used as a challenge test to exclude ischemia.ConclusionsA monitoring system based on the determination of the CGlucose and CLactate by using microdialysis can be used for positive differentiation between ischemic and nonischemic intestinal segments.
Management of the Retained Knife Blade
Authors: Sobnach Sanju , Nicol Andrew , Nathire Hassed , Kahn Delawir , Navsaria Pradeep 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe retained knife blade is an unusual and spectacular injury. The aim of this study was to review our experience with the management of such injuries.MethodsA retrospective chart review of patients with retained knife blades treated at Groote Schuur Hospital Trauma Centre from January 1996 to December 2007 was undertaken.ResultsThirty‐three patients with retained knife blades were identified. Site of wound entry was the thorax in 13 patients (40%), the neck and back in 7 patients (21%) each, upper and lower extremities in 4 (12%), and the face and abdomen in 1 patient (3%) each. Thirty patients (91%) were hemodynamically stable on admission; two (6%) presented with wound abscesses, and one patient (3%) with active bleeding required emergency surgery. All 33 blades were extracted after clinical and radiological assessment. Simple withdrawal of the blade was possible in 19 cases (58%) and the likelihood of post‐extraction bleeding was only 5%. Thirteen patients (40%) required an open surgical approach through dissection of the entry wound, laparotomy, or thoracotomy. Video‐assisted thoracoscopic removal was used in one case. Retained thoracic blades were significantly associated with postoperative sepsis (P = 0.0054). There were no deaths.ConclusionsAll impacted knife injuries require careful clinical and radiological assessment. Simple withdrawal can be performed safely in the emergency room provided potential life‐threatening vascular and solid organ injuries have been excluded. There should be a low threshold for investigating and treating patients with retained intrathoracic blades for postoperative sepsis.
A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid β‐oxidation
Authors: Houten Sander Michel , Wanders Ronald J. A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOver the years, the mitochondrial fatty acid β‐oxidation (FAO) pathway has been characterised at the biochemical level as well as the molecular biological level. FAO plays a pivotal role in energy homoeostasis, but it competes with glucose as the primary oxidative substrate. The mechanisms behind this so‐called glucose–fatty acid cycle operate at the hormonal, transcriptional and biochemical levels. Inherited defects for most of the FAO enzymes have been identified and characterised and are currently included in neonatal screening programmes. Symptoms range from hypoketotic hypoglycaemia to skeletal and cardiac myopathies. The pathophysiology of these diseases is still not completely understood, hampering optimal treatment. Studies of patients and mouse models will contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis and will ultimately lead to better treatment.
Fatty Acyl‐CoA Reductase and Wax Synthase from Euglena gracilis in the Biosynthesis of Medium‐Chain Wax Esters
Authors: Teerawanichpan Prapapan , Qiu Xiao 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEuglena gracilis, a unicellular phytoflagellate, can accumulate a large amount of medium‐chain wax esters under anaerobic growth conditions. Here we report the identification and characterization of two genes involved in the biosynthesis of wax esters in E. gracilis. The first gene encodes a fatty acyl‐CoA reductase (EgFAR) involved in the conversion of fatty acyl‐CoAs to fatty alcohols and the second gene codes for a wax synthase (EgWS) catalyzing esterification of fatty acyl‐CoAs and fatty alcohols, yielding wax esters. When expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), EgFAR converted myristic acid (14:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) to their corresponding alcohols (14:0Alc and 16:0Alc) with myristic acid as the preferred substrate. EgWS utilized a broad range of fatty acyl‐CoAs and fatty alcohols as substrates with the preference towards myristic acid and palmitoleyl alcohol. The wax biosynthetic pathway was reconstituted by co‐expressing EgFAR and EgWS in yeast. When myristic acid was fed to the yeast, myristyl myristate (14:0–14:0), myristyl palmitoleate (14:0–16:1), myristyl palmitate (14:0–16:0) and palmityl myristate (16:0–14:0) were produced. These results indicate EgFAR and EgWS are likely the two enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of medium‐chain wax esters in E. gracilis.
Effects of decontaminated fish oil or a fish and vegetable oil blend on persistent organic pollutant and fatty acid compositions in diet and flesh of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Sprague Matthew , Bendiksen Eldar Å. , Dick James R. , Strachan Fiona , Pratoomyot Jarunan , Berntssen Marc H. G. , Tocher Douglas R. , Bell John Gordon 
Published: March 2010

The health benefits of seafood are well documented and based on the unique supply ofn-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA). Aquaculture now contributes about 50 % of food-grade seafood globally and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a rich source ofn-3 HUFA. However, salmon and other oily fish can accumulate lipophilic persistent organic pollutants (POP), including dioxins (PCDD/F), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), derived largely from feed. In the present study, triplicate groups of salmon, of initial weight 0·78 kg, were fed one of three experimental diets for 11 weeks. The diets were coated with either a northern fish oil (FO) with a high POP content (cNFO), the same oil that had been decontaminated (deNFO) or a blend of southern fish oil, rapeseed and soyabean oils (SFO/RO/SO). Dietary PCDD/F+dioxin-like PCB (DL-PCB) concentrations were 17·36, 0·45 and 0·53 ng toxic equivalents (TEQ)/kg, respectively. After 11 weeks, the flesh concentrations in fish fed the cNFO, deNFO and SFO/RO/SO diets were 6·42, 0·34 and 0·41 ng TEQ/kg, respectively. There were no differences in flesh EPA and DHA between fish fed the cNFO or deNFO diets although EPA and DHA were reduced by 50 and 30 %, respectively, in fish fed the SFO/RO/SO diet. Thus, decontaminated FO can be used to produce salmon high inn-3 HUFA and low in POP. Salmon produced using deNFO would be of high nutritional value and very low in POP and would utilise valuable fish oils that would otherwise be destroyed due to their high pollutant concentrations.
Relative efficacy of casein or soya protein combined with palm or safflower-seed oil on hyperuricaemia in rats
Authors: Lo Hui-Chen , Wang Yao-Horng , Chiou Hue-Ying , Lai Shan-Hu , Yang Yu 
Published: March 2010

Diets that ameliorate the adverse effects of uric acid (UA) on renal damage deserve attention. The effects of casein or soya protein combined with palm or safflower-seed oil on various serum parameters and renal histology were investigated on hyperuricaemic rats. Male Wistar rats administered with oxonic acid and UA to induce hyperuricaemia were fed with casein or soya protein plus palm- or safflower-seed oil-supplemented diets. Normal rats and hyperuricaemic rats with or without allopurinol treatment (150 mg/l in drinking water) were fed with casein plus maize oil-supplemented diets. After 8 weeks, allopurinol treatment and soya protein plus safflower-seed oil-supplemented diet significantly decreased serum UA in hyperuricaemic rats (one-way ANOVA;P < 0·05). In addition, soya protein and casein attenuated hyperuricaemia-induced decreases in serum albumin and insulin, respectively (two-way ANOVA;P < 0·05). Safflower-seed oil significantly decreased serum TAG and UA, whereas palm oil significantly increased serum cholesterol, TAG, blood urea N and creatinine. However, soya protein significantly decreased renal NO and nitrotyrosine and palm oil significantly decreased renal nitrotyrosine, TNF-α and interferon-γ and increased renal transforming growth factor-β. Casein with safflower-seed oil significantly attenuated renal tubulointerstitial nephritis, crystals and fibrosis. Comparing caseinv.soya protein combined with palm or safflower-seed oil, the results support that casein with safflower-seed oil may be effective in attenuating hyperuricaemia-associated renal damage, while soya protein with safflower-seed oil may be beneficial in lowering serum UA and TAG.
Effect of diet, sex and age on fatty acid metabolism in broiler chickens:n-3 andn-6 PUFA
Authors: Poureslami R. , Raes K. , Turchini G. M. , Huyghebaert G. , De Smet S. 
Published: March 2010

The PUFA metabolism in broiler chicken was studied through the whole body fatty acid balance method. Four dietary lipid sources (palm fat, Palm; soyabean oil, Soya; linseed oil, Lin; fish oil, Fish) were added at 3 % to a basal diet containing 5 % palm fat. Diets were fed to female and male birds from day 1 to either day 21 or day 42 of age. Birds fed the Lin diet showed a significantly higher 18 : 2n-6 accumulation compared with the other diets (85·2v.73·6 % of net intake), whereas diet did not affect 18 : 3n-3 accumulation (mean 63 % of net intake). Bioconversion of 18 : 2n-6 significantly decreased in the order Palm>Lin>Soya>Fish (4·7, 3·9, 3·4 and 1 % of net intake, respectively). The 18 : 3n-3 bioconversion on the Palm and Soya diets was similar and significantly higher than in broilers on the Lin diet (9·1v.5·8 % of net intake). The β-oxidation of 18 : 2n-6 was significantly lower on the Lin diet than on the other diets (10·8v.23·3 % of net intake), whereas β-oxidation of 18 : 3n-3 was significantly higher on the Fish diet than on the other diets (41·5v.27·3 % of net intake). Feeding fish oil suppressed apparent elongase and desaturase activity, whereas a higher dietary supply of 18 : 3n-3 and 18 : 2n-6 enhanced apparent elongation and desaturation activity on the PUFA involved in then-3 andn-6 pathway, respectively. Accumulation of 18 : 2n-6 and 18 : 3n-3 increased and β-oxidation decreased with age. Sex had a marginal effect on the PUFA metabolism.
The soyabean isoflavone genistein modulates endothelial cell behaviour
Authors: Sandoval Marisa J. , Cutini Pablo H. , Rauschemberger María Belén , Massheimer Virginia L. 
Published: March 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate the direct action of the phyto-oestrogen genistein (Gen) on vascular endothelial behaviour, either in the presence or absence of proinflammatory agents. In rat aortic endothelial cell (EC) cultures, 24 h of treatment with Gen significantly increased cell proliferation in a wide range of concentration (0·001–10 nm). This mitogenic action was prevented by the oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182780 or by the presence of the specific NO synthase inhibitorl-nitro-arginine methyl ester. When monocytes adhesion to EC was measured, Gen partially attenuated leucocyte adhesion not only under basal conditions, but also in the presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The effect of the phyto-oestrogen on the expression of EC adhesion molecules was evaluated. Gen down-regulated the enhancement in mRNA levels of E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin elicited by the proinflammatory agent bacterial LPS. The regulation of EC programmed death induced by the isoflavone was also demonstrated. Incubation with 10 nmGen prevented DNA fragmentation induced by the apoptosis inductor H2O2. The results presented suggest that Gen would exert a protective effect on vascular endothelium, due to its regulatory action on endothelial proliferation, apoptosis and leucocyte adhesion, events that play a critical role in vascular diseases. The molecular mechanism displayed by the phyto-oestrogen involved the participation of the ER and the activation of the NO pathway.
Effect of vitamin D, calcium and multiple micronutrient supplementation on vitamin D and bone status in Bangladeshi premenopausal garment factory workers with hypovitaminosis D: a double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled 1-year intervention
Authors: Islam Md Zahirul , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Viljakainen Heli T. , Akhtaruzzaman Mohammad , Jehan Atia H. , Khan Habib Ullah , Al-Arif Ferdaus Ahmad , Lamberg-Allardt Christel 
Published: March 2010

Due to little outdoor activity and low dietary intake of vitamin D (VD), Bangladeshi low-income women are at risk for osteoporosis at an early age. The present study assessed the effect of VD, Ca and multiple micronutrient supplementation on VD and bone status in Bangladeshi young female garment factory workers. This placebo-controlled 1-year intervention randomly assigned 200 apparently healthy subjects (aged 16–36 years) to four groups: VD group, daily 10 μg VD; VD and Ca (VD-Ca) group, daily 10 μg VD+600 mg Ca; multiple micronutrient and Ca (MMN-Ca) group, 10 μg VD and other micronutrients+600 mg Ca; a placebo group. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25OHD), intact parathyroid hormone (S-iPTH), Ca, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase were measured. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. All measurements were made at baseline and at 12 months. Significantly (P < 0·001) higher S-25OHD concentrations were observed in the supplemented groups than in the placebo group after the intervention. Supplementation had an effect (P < 0·001) on S-iPTH in the VD-Ca and MMN-Ca groups compared with the placebo group. Bone mineral augmentation increased at the femur in the supplemented groups. Supplementation with VD-Ca should be recommended as a strategic option to reduce the risk of osteomalacia and osteoporosis in these subjects. MMN-Ca may have analogous positive health implications with additional non-skeletal benefits.
What's in a Name? Graffiti on Funerary Pottery
Authors: Biddulph Edward 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTFascicules 7 and 8 of Roman Inscription of Britain II, dealing with samian and coarse pottery respectively, contain some 60 examples of graffiti associated with funerary contexts. Most graffiti are personal names and traditionally these were thought to record the names of the deceased. Analysis has revealed, however, that the names are more likely to be those of mourners or gift-givers. This is suggested by case-endings (graffiti that indicate possession are relatively few), the presence of multiple names in single graves, and the observation that many names were inscribed on ancillary vessels, rather than cinerary urns.
Reminiscence and mental health: a review of recent progress in theory, research and interventions
Authors: WESTERHOF GERBEN J. , BOHLMEIJER ERNST , WEBSTER JEFFREY DEAN 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis article explores recent progress in theory, research and practical applications of reminiscence. It first describes the evidence for reminiscence as a naturally occurring process, and discusses the different functions of reminiscence and their relationships with mental health and lifespan processes. Three basic types of reminiscence that relate to mental health are specified: conversations about autobiographical memories and the use of personal recollections to teach and inform others have social functions; positive functions for the self include the integration of memories into identity, recollections of past problem-solving behaviours, and the use of memories to prepare for one's own death; negative functions for the self are the use of past memories to reduce boredom, to revive bitterness, or to maintain intimacy with deceased persons. It is proposed that in interventions the three types are addressed differently: simple reminiscence stimulates social reminiscence and bonding and promotes positive feelings; life review uses the positive functions to enhance personal wellbeing; and life-review therapy seeks to reduce the negative uses and thereby alleviate symptoms of mental illness. Studies of the effectiveness of interventions have provided some evidence that interventions are effective in relation to their goals. The review closes with recommended directions for future reminiscence research.
Beowulf off the map
Authors: Hiatt Alfred 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis essay uses maps that have illustrated Beowulf since Klaeber's edition as a starting point for an exploration of spatial representation in the poem. It is argued that modern maps do not offer particularly useful tools for understanding the poem, and that ‘chorography’, that is, the description of regional space, may be a more accurate term for analysis of Beowulf than ‘geography’. The poem presents a topography intimately connected to the interrelations of different peoples, and the frequent movement between past, present and future times. The final section of the article considers the postmedieval reception of spatial reference in Beowulf, disputes the presence of an Anglo-Saxon ‘migration myth’ in the poem, and raises some implications for genre that result from spatial analysis.
Anosognosia in Alzheimer’s disease: The role of impairment levels in assessment of insight across domains
Authors: LEICHT HANNA , BERWIG MARTIN , GERTZ HERMANN-JOSEF 
Published: March 2010

AbstractImpaired insight for deficits (anosognosia) is common in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it has not yet been determined clearly (a) whether different methods for assessing insight are comparable, and (b) whether anosognosia affects different domains to different degrees (domain-specificity). Impaired insight was investigated in 32 patients with AD, who were each accompanied by a caregiver. Anosognosia was assessed by a global clinical rating, questionnaire discrepancies (patientvs.caregiver) covering different domains, and performance discrepancies (self-assessmentvs.performance) based on four neuropsychological tests which were compared with those of a healthy control sample. The results of clinical rating and questionnaire discrepancies were closely correlated, but performance discrepancies showed no association with the other methods. Anosognosia was present in the majority of the sample, and occurred across domains. The domains corresponding to core deficits in AD (recent memory, activities of daily living) appeared especially prone to anosognosia. However, results do not suggest that anosognosia itself is domain-specific. Rather, it appears that insight may be invariant, while differences in patient-caregiver discrepancies arise largely from different degrees of deficit across domains. (JINS, 2010,16, 463–473.)
Is the behavior rating inventory of executive function more strongly associated with measures of impairment or executive function?
Authors: MCAULEY TARA , CHEN SHIRLEY , GOOS LISA , SCHACHAR RUSSELL , CROSBIE JENNIFER 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) is commonly used in the assessment of children and adolescents presenting with a wide range of concerns. It is unclear, however, whether the questionnaire is more closely related to general measures of behavioral disruption and impairment or to specific measures of executive function. In the present study, associations between the Behavioral Regulation Index and Metacognition Index of the BRIEF and cognitive, behavioral, and academic measures were examined in a sample of clinic-referred youth (n= 60) and healthy youth (n= 37) 6–15 years of age. Measures included ratings of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms in youth, ratings of how well youth functioned in their everyday environments, youth’s scores on measures of reading and math, and youth’s scores on measures of inhibition, performance monitoring, and working memory. Although both BRIEF indices were strongly related to parent and teacher ratings of behavioral disruption and impairment, neither was associated with youth’s scores on the performance-based tasks of executive function. These findings support the use of the BRIEF as a clinical tool for assessing a broad range of concerns, but raise questions about the relation of the BRIEF to performance-based tasks that are commonly used to assess executive function. (JINS, 2010,16, 495–505.)
Verbal learning differences in chronic mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: GEARY ELIZABETH K. , KRAUS MARILYN F. , PLISKIN NEIL H. , LITTLE DEBORAH M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFollowing mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), a percentage of individuals report chronic memory and attention difficulties. Traditional neuropsychological assessments often fail to find evidence for such complaints. We hypothesized that mild TBI patients may, in fact, experience subtle cognitive deficits that reflect diminished initial acquisition that can be explained by changes in cerebral white matter microstructure. In the data presented here, a sample of nonlitigating and gainfully employed mild TBI patients demonstrated statistically significant differences from age and education matched control participants in performance on the first trial of a verbal learning task. Performance on this trial was associated with reduced fractional anisotropy in the uncinate fasciculus and the superior longitudinal fasciculus providing an anatomical correlate for the cognitive findings. Mild TBI patients were not impaired relative to control participants on total learning or memory composite variables. Performance on the first learning trial was not related to any psychological variables including mood. We concluded that patients with mild TBI demonstrate diminished verbal learning that is not often interpreted in standard neuropsychological assessment. (JINS, 2010,16, 506–516.)