bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second World War Identities
Authors: Ugolini Wendy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
‘Second World War Identities’ analyses the subjectivities of those who served in the 99th (London Welsh) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment and the 46th (Liverpool Welsh) Royal Tank Regiment through an examination of original wartime letters. It highlights the tensions within the subjectivities of some English Welsh recruits between wartime constructions of ‘home’ as ‘a mythic place of desire’ (Wales) and ‘home’ as the ‘lived experience of a locality’ (England). It examines narratives of filiation, suggesting that patrilineal ties compelled some English-born men to volunteer for Welsh regiments. This chapter provides a case study of siblings Geraint and Mary Eluned Clement Davies who both died whilst serving in the British Forces. It also analyses the life writing of a number of English men and women with Welsh ties who registered as conscientious objectors, reflecting upon the ways in which individuals made use of their Welsh affinities when formulating their opposition to war.
Fiscal Policy
Authors: Ltaifa Nabil Ben , Callen Tim 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the substantial progress Saudi Arabia has made with respect to fiscal reforms. The non-oil revenues base has been broadened, domestic energy prices raised, expenditure management strengthened, fiscal transparency improved, and the institutional basis and analysis of fiscal policy strengthened. The authors highlight that key challenges remain, of which oil price volatility is of prime importance. Ensuring fiscal sustainability in the medium to long term means that efforts to raise new sources of revenue, contain government spending, improve its efficiency, and strengthen the overall management of government finances, assets, and liabilities will need to continue. The authors assert that getting the pace of fiscal adjustment right will be critical. Too rapid an adjustment will stall growth and too slow an adjustment will expose the fiscal position to the vicissitudes of oil prices. Moreover, a more effective tax system is required. Revenue reforms should introduce a progressive tax system, the authors argue, with income and property taxes supplemented by excises on high-end consumption goods. Strengthening the medium-term orientation of the budget process and reducing the procyclicality of fiscal policy are essential. Transparency is needed in numerous extra-budgetary institutions and state-owned enterprises which currently remain outside the budget process, such as the Public Investment Fund.
The New Industries
Authors: Diwan Kristin , Fallin Larry 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses how the Saudi leadership under the direction of Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman is promoting tourism, the arts, and entertainment. While these new industries are drivers for economic diversification they simultaneously require profound social and cultural changes. This makes them key instruments in the Kingdom’s new global positioning and sociocultural opening in addition to its economic ambitions. Clearly the new leadership is embracing the opportunity to remake law, culture, as well as vast landscapes, and Saudi Arabia’s orientation in the world. This is a younger and more globally oriented Kingdom, and tourism, accompanied by new entertainment and creative ventures, is central to its new national presentation. The promise of these new industries is built from their previous neglect; both non-religious tourism and entertainment were discouraged under Saudi Arabia’s earlier religious-sanctioned order.
Conclusion
Authors: Sfakianakis John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Since 2016, Saudi Arabia has undergone a sea change that is arguably irreversible. Sweeping reforms have awakened the economy, politics, and society. It is still uncertain if these reforms will be sufficient to bring the necessary income in a post-hydrocarbon world. Yet Saudi Arabia is trying to direct change to its economy, as this is the key piece of the puzzle it has the power to control. Saudi Arabia is making whopping and eager bets. Similar bets were made in the past; however, this time, they are greater in magnitude and have galvanized the support of the entire state machine to support its pledges financially. The changes are all-encompassing and involve a complex redrawing of the political, economic, religious, and social maps. Saudi Arabia’s grand reform experiment is a lesson in the fine balancing act required of one of the world’s largest economies and most significant energy providers. Although predicting a country’s future economic trajectory is a near impossible task, Saudi Arabia has been taking all the right steps after decades of dormancy to transition to a more secure and remunerative post-oil economy.
The Taba Arbitration (Egypt–Israel, 1986–1988)
Authors: Siniver Asaf 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the arbitration between Egypt and Israel over Taba. Following the historic peace treaty between the two rivals in 1979, Israel completed its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula by 1982, except for a small area around the sea resort of Taba. After four years of failed bilateral negotiations and US mediation to settle the dispute, and with the future of the peace treaty on the line, in 1986 the parties agreed to submit their dispute to an arbitration panel. The tribunal ruled overwhelmingly in favour of Egypt’s position, and despite fears that the Israeli government would repudiate the award, it proceeded to implement it in good faith. This case illustrates the power of the domestic cover explanation behind the decision to pursue arbitration, as well as the benefits of a sequential approach to dispute settlement as framed by the ‘past failures’ explanation.
The South China Sea Arbitration (China–the Philippines, 2013–2016)
Authors: Siniver Asaf 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the failure of arbitration to settle the dispute between the Philippines and China over historical rights and maritime entitlements in the South China Sea. This case is unique to the other cases in two important ways: first, this dispute was not referred to an ad hoc tribunal but instead was constituted under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) acting as registry. Second, whereas in the other cases both parties to the dispute agreed to arbitration, here China adopted from the outset a position of non-acceptance of the arbitration initiated by the Philippines and non-participation in the proceedings of the tribunal. As such, this case represents the most extreme example of state defiance of arbitration, not only on procedural grounds but as a principled objection, and therefore raises important questions about the limits of arbitration (and international law more broadly) as an effective method to settle interstate territorial disputes.
Alien Structure
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Philosophers have defended many different views on what reality is like. But despite their differences, the views share the same basic structure. The world is basically a world of objects, having properties and standing in relations. This structure mirrors the structure of basic sentences of the languages we use. But what other kinds of languages can there be? And might the world be such that another kind of language best represents it? That is, can there be alien languages and alien metaphysical structure? This book sharpens these claims, and defends the possibility of alien languages and alien metaphysical structure. The book raises novel questions going to the heart of language and metaphysics, sharpens them, and proposes radical answers. Along the way, it discusses different kinds of work in contemporary philosophy of language, linguistics, and metaphysics, and the relevance of this work to the topic of the alien.
Ontological Categories
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on linguistic characterizations of the ontological categories of object, property, and relation. The focus is on three views, the Fregean view, the Russellian view, and the view proposed by Bob Hale. Offering these characterizations provides one way of sharpening the question of alien metaphysical structure: alien ontological categories can be characterized in terms of alien linguistic categories. The chapter defends the legitimacy of these kinds of characterizations of the ontological categories against various objections and compares some other kinds of characterizations. It also compares and contrasts the different linguistic characterizations, as well as some corresponding quasi-linguistic characterizations.
Radical Metaphysics
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
It may be thought that the idea of alien metaphysical structure is not anything new, but that many philosophical theories involve postulating what is here discussed under that label. This chapter discusses a number of theories of the relevant kind. These include ontological nihilism, trope theory, and ontic structural realism. In connection with ontological nihilism, it is discussed whether so-called feature-placing languages should count as alien languages. Special attention is paid to the ways in which certain views in philosophy of science can seem to imply that reality has alien structure. The main conclusion is that as they stand, the theories discussed do not—or in some cases do not obviously—involve postulating anything alien. This is compatible with there being alternative, perhaps better, versions of these theories that do postulate alien structure.
The great lignite hunt
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Starting towards the end of the Eocene, a great NNE oriented crack began to open and turn into a broad rift valley, around the modern course of the River Rhine where it forms the France-Germany border. This rifting and extension by around 5km continued through the Oligocene. To accommodate this opening in the plate the extension passed to the southwest along a series of rifted basins in south central France into the Mediterranean. To the northwest through the Netherlands, displacement was carried along WNW strike-slip faults and NNW trending extensional faults. This tectonic pattern continued offshore East Anglia and into northern England. While the whole of Britain and Ireland remained a thickly forested landmass, by the end of the Oligocene around 25 million years ago, the combination of two sets of strike-slip faults oriented NE-SW and NNW-SSE created a series of lake basins running from Brittany to the Hebrides, with their locations influenced by the sites of the former volcanoes. The most distinctive feature of the geology of these basins is the presence of thick deposits of lignite reflecting anaerobic conditions. The tectonics of this 800km line of lake basins is linked with what was happening beneath the Norwegian Sea where a rotation in the spreading direction had caused the transform fault located to the west of the Shetlands to become jammed, forcing up two ranges of seafloor mountain ranges absorbing 4km of collision. By the end of the Oligocene this brought seafloor spreading almost to a halt and led to a reconfiguration of spreading ridges and transform faults that could bypass the blocked transform.
Dambusters
Authors: Muir-Wood Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Charles Lyell, following the original idea of Robert Hooke, believed that only earthquakes accompanied land uplift. However, after hearing persistent stories that there was long-term aseismic uplift proceeding around the coasts of the Gulf of Bothnia, in 1835 he made a visit to Sweden and returned convinced that uplift was in fact proceeding at up to 10mm per year. The explanation for this only emerged towards the end of the 19th century – that a former ice sheet, more than a kilometre thick had weighed down on the mantle and that we were now observing the recovery of a bowl of subsidence. Over the past 2,5 million years of the Pleistocene, there have been a succession of ice ages and ice sheet advances across the North Sea and all down the Hebrides and the Irish Sea. These ice advances have transformed the landscape principally by blocking rivers passing to the north and east, creating vast lakes that have then eroded new outlets to the south and west. By this means, the Thames River formerly began in west Wales, but its headwaters were captured by the River Severn. The largest of all these transformations was in the southern North Sea four hundred and fifty thousand years ago. An ice-dammed lake developed in which water levels rose to more than 30 metres above sea-level before flowing over the hills that ran between Kent and France, creating enormous waterfalls that carved great chasms down to 140m below sea-level and opening what was at first a gorge that soon widened into the Straits of Dover. In northern Scandinavia a series of great earthquakes, leaving prominent fault scarps happened as the ice receded, probably triggering the collapse of the continental shelf margin of mid-Norway generating a tsunami that was at its highest in the Shetlands and west Norway.
The Instruction of Spiritual Children
Authors: Aalders Cynthia 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Through the exchange of letters, diaries, and poetry women communicated religious ideas and encouraged the spiritual development of much-loved children. While historians have privileged the role of parents and church leaders in providing religious education, this chapter demonstrates that a range of female relatives and friends—notably aunts and single women—played vital roles in the religious instruction of children. Looking beyond the home and nuclear family also reinforces the importance of literary interactions as an ongoing, innovative means of instruction. Indeed, the transmission of spiritual ideals and the formation of the young owed as much to women’s instruction through life writings as to more formal and well-known activities, including catechisms, hymns, and Sunday School. The spiritual theme of holy living had particular meaning for women endeavouring to teach children how to order their lives.
Solitons, Instantons, and Twistors
Authors: Dunajski Maciej 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Most nonlinear differential equations arising in natural sciences admit chaotic behaviour and cannot be solved analytically. Integrable systems lie on the other extreme. They possess regular, stable, and well-behaved solutions known as solitons and instantons. These solutions play important roles in pure and applied mathematics as well as in theoretical physics where they describe configurations topologically different from vacuum. While integrable equations in lower space-time dimensions can be solved using the inverse scattering transform, the higher-dimensional examples of anti-self-dual Yang-Mills and Einstein equations require twistor theory. Both techniques rely on an ability to represent nonlinear equations as compatibility conditions for overdetermined systems of linear differential equations.
Expertise
Authors: Farina Mirko , Lavazza Andrea , Pritchard Duncan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A concise introduction to the volume is offered. The main themes in the contemporary philosophical treatment of expertise are discussed, along with the general significance of the topic, both within philosophy and beyond. Brief summaries are then offered of the papers that are included in the volume. The discussion of the volume papers corresponds to the six sections into which they are organized within the volume. These are: expertise and trust; situated and group expertise; expertise and public policy; expertise and virtue; expertise about value; and new directions.
Authority, Legitimacy, and the Expert-Layman Problem
Authors: Origgi Gloria 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Expertise is ubiquitous in contemporary societies. We are epistemically dependent on the knowledge of experts on many different issues. This poses several problems for democracy. Where do the authority and legitimacy of expertise come from? Experts are not elected: they are appointed by governments or recruited by media for their opinion on important issues such as health, security, and environment. Their opinion is preferred to that of average citizens and is used by governments for prescribing policies that impact the whole society (see the restriction measures taken by most governments during COVID-19). In this chapter, I analyze the role of experts in democracy and obstacles to their acceptance by the citizens, given that they violate two principles of democracy: neutrality, that is, the idea that the State should not prefer a specific opinion on the others, and equality, that is, one person, one vote, independently of their cognitive capacities.
Studies of Expertise and Experience
Authors: Collins Harry , Evans Robert 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Studies of expertise and experience (SEE) combines sociology and philosophy to understand expertise as a collective achievement that individuals acquire via socialisation. We set out the fundamental tenets of SEE and explore its implications for the use of scientific expertise in contemporary societies. We argue that the social constructivists accounts of science developed in science and technology studies (STS) provide the best descriptions of scientific practice but that their over-interpretation risks dissolving the boundary between expert and non-expert, effectively supporting populist dystopias in which opinions and the power of vested interests displace science. Recent events have made these problems as real and salient as the concerns about technocracy that have animated the STS literature for many decades. In response, we argue that science is, and must remain, distinguishable from politics and that it is scientific values that justify the use and central importance of scientific expertise.
Experts in Aesthetic Value Practices
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Work on aesthetic value appeals to expertise in three different ways. On traditional approaches, expert aesthetic judges either provide authoritative access to aesthetic value or they constitute it. On a third, new approach, aesthetic values are relative to social practices, and aesthetic expertise determines which practices are the ones that we belong to. Aesthetic experts, on this approach, are neither guides to aesthetic value nor those whose responses constitute aesthetic value. This paper offers a defence of this innovative third approach to the relationship between aesthetic value and aesthetic expertise.
Civil Society and Activism in the Middle East
Authors: Sika Nadine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This book analyses the impact of repression on civil society activism in the Middle East through the cases of Egypt and Jordan. It argues that authoritarian regimes’ repressive strategies towards civil society actors vary depending on an authoritarian regime’s recent historical experience with regime breakdown and/or continuity. Authoritarian regimes that go through breakdown and that transition from one autocratic rule to another increase repression against all civil society actors in an effort to pre-empt large-scale mobilization. This instils fear into civil society actors, who as a result either disengage from civic and political activism or turn to different forms of participation, such as social entrepreneurship. On the other hand, long-standing authoritarian regimes that have not faced breakdown utilize targeted repression and co-ptation strategies while tolerating civic and political activism, as well as some forms of contentious activities. Civil society actors in these regimes are able to grasp political opportunities to mobilize for demonstrations at certain times and in certain spaces, and to develop coalition partnerships to push the regime to advance some reforms and change.
Widespread Repression and Political Threats against Civil Society in Egypt
Authors: Sika Nadine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the case of Egypt through answering to the question of why did the regime increase its repressive strategies against all civil society actors in the aftermath of the January 25 uprising? How did the political context develop political threats constraining civil society’s ability to build coalition partnerships and networks, or to mobilize for certain campaigns advocating for socioeconomic or political change? This chapter argues that, in their attempt to demobilize the public, regimes undergoing autocratization processes after breakdown like Egypt deem it necessary to utilize widespread repressive measures to demobilize the public and to avert any attempt at mobilization, even small-scale mobilization.
Activism and Demobilization in Egypt
Authors: Sika Nadine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter zooms in on the Egyptian regime’s repressive strategies against the ‘politicized’ civil society actors, namely human rights organizations, independent activists, student unions, political parties, and movements. The chapter engages with debates pertaining to the conflict–dissent nexus in social movement studies. It demonstrates that in the short run, a regime undergoing an authoritarian regime-building process increases its repressive measures: widespread repression against all civil society activists and targeted repression against politicized civil society actors. These strategies instil fear and in turn have the effect of demobilizing the public. When a political opportunity is prevalent for mobilization, activists utilize it to their advantage; however, mobilization processes under extreme repression become fewer in number and shorter in duration. This chapter zooms in on the political opposition and shows how, in addition to using widespread repression against all civil society actors, targeted repression is utilized against political opposition in an effort to demobilize the public.
Conclusion
Authors: Sika Nadine 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The conclusion compares and contrasts the different regime strategies and repertories of repression and concession towards civil society actors in Egypt and Jordan. It further discusses the mobilization and demobilization strategies of civil society actors in both countries. It draws some conclusions on the region and suggests further research directions for contentious politics in authoritarian regimes. It the question of why authoritarian regimes utilize different repressive strategies towards civil society actors and how these actors respond to these strategies. The chapter demonstrates that repressive strategies towards civil society actors vary in authoritarian regimes, depending on the regime’s recent experience with breakdown and/or continuity.
Unjust Enrichment: History and Theory
Authors: Virgo Graham 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the history behind the development and recognition of the Law of Unjust Enrichment. It also considers the justifications for the recognition of the Law of Unjust Enrichment and responds to academic criticism of this body of law. The origins of the Law of Unjust Enrichment are traced back to the forms of action and the implied contract theory and its subsequent rejection. The late recognition of unjust enrichment is examined. Different theories for the recognition or rejection of unjust enrichment are considered and are found wanting. Preference is expressed for the role of unconscionability as a justifying reason for the recognition of unjust enrichment. The function and role of unjust enrichment in practice is assessed, particularly what is the underlying cause of action and what needs to be proved to establish a claim in unjust enrichment.