bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective in-patient cohort study of moves between levels of therapeutic security: the DUNDRUM-1 triage security, DUNDRUM-3 programme completion and DUNDRUM-4 recovery scales and the HCR-20
Authors: Davoren Mary , O'Dwyer Sarah , Abidin Zareena , Naughton Leena , Gibbons Olivia , Doyle Elaine , McDonnell Kim , Monks Stephen , Kennedy Harry G 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
We examined whether new structured professional judgment instruments for assessing need for therapeutic security, treatment completion and recovery in forensic settings were related to moves from higher to lower levels of therapeutic security and added anything to assessment of risk.

Methods
This was a prospective naturalistic twelve month observational study of a cohort of patients in a forensic hospital placed according to their need for therapeutic security along a pathway of moves from high to progressively less secure units in preparation for discharge. Patients were assessed using the DUNDRUM-1 triage security scale, the DUNDRUM-3 programme completion scale and the DUNDRUM-4 recovery scale and assessments of risk of violence, self harm and suicide, symptom severity and global function. Patients were subsequently observed for positive moves to less secure units and negative moves to more secure units.

Results
There were 86 male patients at baseline with mean follow-up 0.9 years, 11 positive and 9 negative moves. For positive moves, logistic regression indicated that along with location at baseline, the DUNDRUM-1, HCR-20 dynamic and PANSS general symptom scores were associated with subsequent positive moves. The receiver operating characteristic was significant for the DUNDRUM-1 while ANOVA co-varying for both location at baseline and HCR-20 dynamic score was significant for DUNDRUM-1. For negative moves, logistic regression showed DUNDRUM-1 and HCR-20 dynamic scores were associated with subsequent negative moves, along with DUNDRUM-3 and PANSS negative symptoms in some models. The receiver operating characteristic was significant for the DUNDRUM-4 recovery and HCR-20 dynamic scores with DUNDRUM-1, DUNDRUM-3, PANSS general and GAF marginal. ANOVA co-varying for both location at baseline and HCR-20 dynamic scores showed only DUNDRUM-1 and PANSS negative symptoms associated with subsequent negative moves.

Conclusions
Clinicians appear to decide moves based on combinations of current and imminent (dynamic) risk measured by HCR-20 dynamic score and historical seriousness of risk as measured by need for therapeutic security (DUNDRUM-1) in keeping with Scott's formulation of risk and seriousness. The DUNDRUM-3 programme completion and DUNDRUM-4 recovery scales have utility as dynamic measures that can off-set perceived 'dangerousness'.
Investigation of phase composition and nanoscale microstructure of high-energy ball-milled MgCu sample
Authors: Ma Zongqing , Liu Yongchang , Yu Liming , Cai Qi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe ball milling technique has been successfully applied to the synthesis of various materials such as equilibrium intermetallic phases, amorphous compounds, nanocrystalline materials, or metastable crystalline phases. However, how the phase composition and nanoscale microstructure evolute during ball milling in various materials is still controversial due to the complex mechanism of ball milling, especially in the field of solid-state amorphization caused by ball milling. In the present work, the phase evolution during the high-energy ball milling process of the Mg and Cu (atomic ratio is 1:1) mixed powder was investigated. It was found that Mg firstly reacts with Cu, forming the Mg2Cu alloy in the primary stage of ball milling. As the milling time increases, the diffracted peaks of Mg2Cu and Cu gradually disappear, and only a broad halo peak can be observed in the X-ray diffraction pattern of the final 18-h milled sample. As for this halo peak, lots of previous studies suggested that it originated from the amorphous phase formed during the ball milling. Here, a different opinion that this halo peak results from the very small size of crystals is proposed: As the ball milling time increases, the sizes of Mg2Cu and Cu crystals become smaller and smaller, so the diffracted peaks of Mg2Cu and Cu become broader and broader and result in their overlap between 39° and 45°, at last forming the amorphous-like halo peak. In order to determine the origin of this halo peak, microstructure observation and annealing experiment on the milled sample were carried out. In the transmission electron microscopy dark-field image of the milled sample, lots of very small nanocrystals (below 20 nm) identified as Mg2Cu and Cu were found. Moreover, in the differential scanning calorimetry curve of the milled sample during the annealing process, no obvious exothermic peak corresponding to the crystallization of amorphous phase is observed. All the above results confirm that the broad halo diffracted peak in the milled MgCu sample is attributed to the overlap of the broadened peaks of the very small Mg2Cu and Cu nanocrystalline phase, not the MgCu amorphous phase. The whole milling process of MgCu can be described as follows:Mg+Cu→Mg2Cu+Cu→Mg2Cunanocrystal+Cunanocrystal.
Study of the omnidirectional photonic bandgap for dielectric mirrors based on porous silicon: effect of optical and physical thickness
Authors: Ariza-Flores Augusto David , Gaggero-Sager Luis Manuel , Agarwal Vivechana 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
We report the theoretical comparison of the omnidirectional photonic bandgap (OPBG) of one-dimensional dielectric photonic structures, using three different refractive index profiles: sinusoidal, Gaussian, and Bragg. For different values of physical thickness (PT) and optical thickness (OT), the tunability of the OPBG of each profile is shown to depend on the maximum/minimum refractive indices. With an increase in the value of the maximum refractive index, the structures with the same PT showed a linear increment of the OPBG, in contrast to the structures with the same OT, showing an optimal combination of refractive indices for each structure to generate the maximum OPBG. An experimental verification was carried out with a multilayered dielectric porous silicon structure for all the three profiles.
Exploring the interaction between SNP genotype and postmenopausal hormone therapy effects on stroke risk
Authors: Huang Ying , Ballinger Dennis G , Stokowski Renee , Beilharz Erica , Robinson Jennifer G , Liu Simin , Robinson Randal D , Henderson Victor W , Rossouw Jacques E , Prentice Ross L 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Background
Genome-wide association studies have identified several genomic regions that are associated with stroke risk, but these provide an explanation for only a small fraction of familial stroke aggregation. Genotype by environment interactions may contribute further to such an explanation. The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) clinical trial found increased stroke risk with postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) and provides an efficient setting for evaluating genotype-HT interaction on stroke risk.

Methods
We examined HT by genotype interactions for 392 SNPs selected from candidate gene studies, and 2,371 SNPs associated with changes in blood protein concentrations after hormone therapy, in analyses that included 2,045 postmenopausal women who developed stroke during WHI clinical trial and observational study follow-up and one-to-one matched controls. A two-stage procedure was implemented where SNPs passing the first stage screening based on marginal association with stroke risk were tested in the second stage for interaction with HT using case-only analysis.

Results
The two-stage procedure identified two SNPs, rs2154299 and rs12194855, in the coagulation factor XIII subunit A (F13A1) region and two SNPs, rs630431 and rs560892, in the proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) region, with an estimated false discovery rate <0.05 based on interaction tests. Further analyses showed significant stroke risk interaction between these F13A1 SNPs and estrogen plus progestin (E+P) treatment for ischemic stroke and for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke combined, and suggested interactions between PCSK9 SNPs with either E+P or estrogen-alone treatment.

Conclusions
Genotype by environment interaction information may help to define genomic regions relevant to stroke risk. Two-stage analysis among postmenopausal women generates novel hypotheses concerning the F13A1 and PCSK9 genomic regions and the effects of hormonal exposures on postmenopausal stroke risk for subsequent independent validation.
Type II NKT cells facilitate Alum-sensing and humoral immunity
Authors: Shah Hemangi B , Devera T Scott , Rampuria Pragya , Lang Gillian A , Lang Mark L 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Type II NKT cells contribute to Alum-enhanced T helper-2 type responses.
Alum-based adjuvants facilitate vaccine-driven humoral immunity, but their mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Herein, we report that lack of type II NKT cells is associated with intact, mature B cells but dampened humoral immunity following immunization with Alum-adsorbed T-dependent antigen. Type II NKT cells facilitated production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and antibody by LN and splenocyte cultures following Alum/antigen administration in vivo and antigen restimulation in vitro. Addition of IL-4 and IL-5 to type II NKT-deficient cultures restored in vitro antibody production. Intracellular staining revealed that Alum-primed type II NKT cells coordinated IL-4 secretion by T cells. Alum did not significantly affect CD1d expression in vivo, but addition of CD1d-blocking mAb diminished cytokine production and in vitro antibody production. Type II NKT cells therefore function as part of the Alum-sensing apparatus and in a CD1d-dependent manner, facilitate TH2-driven humoral immunity. This may have important consequences for understanding the mechanism of action of Alum-containing vaccines.
Identification of Common and Distinctive Mechanisms of Resistance to Different Anti-IGF-IR Agents in Ewing's Sarcoma
Authors: Garofalo Cecilia , Mancarella Caterina , Grilli Andrea , Manara Maria Cristina , Astolfi Annalisa , Marino Maria Teresa , Conte Alexia , Sigismund Sara , Carè Alessandra , Belfiore Antonino , Picci Piero , Scotlandi Katia 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIGF system contributes significantly to many human malignancies. Targeting IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) has been reported to be active against several tumors, but particular efficacy was observed only against a minority of Ewing's sarcoma patients. Identification of mechanisms of acquired resistance to anti-IGF-IR agents is mandatory to individualize their use in clinics and optimize cure costs. In this study, we compared gene expression profiles of cells made resistant with three different anti-IGF-IR drugs (human antibodies AVE1642, Figitumumab, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor NVP-AEW541) to highlight common and distinctive mechanisms of resistance. Among common mechanisms, we identified two molecular signatures that distinguish sensitive from resistant cells. Annotation analysis indicated some common altered pathways, such as insulin signaling, MAPK pathway, endocytosis, and modulation of some members of the interferon-induced transmembrane protein family. Among distinctive pathways/processes, resistance to human antibodies involves mainly genes regulating neural differentiation and angiogenesis, whereas resistance to NVP-AEW541 is mainly associated with alterations in genes concerning inflammation and antigen presentation. Evaluation of the common altered pathways indicated that resistant cells seem to maintain intact the IGF-IR internalization/degradation route of sensitive cells but constantly down-regulated its expression. In resistant cells, the loss of proliferative stimulus, normally sustained by IGF-I/IGF-IR autocrine loop in Ewing's sarcoma cells, is compensated by transcriptional up-regulation of IGF-II and insulin receptor-A; this signaling seems to favor the MAPK pathway over the v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 pathway. Overall, complexity of IGF system requires analytical evaluation of its components to select those patients that may really benefit from this targeted therapy and support the idea of cotargeting IGF-IR and insulin receptor-A to increase the efficacy.
Observations of mean and turbulent flow structure in a free‐floating macrophyte root canopy
Authors: Downing‐Kunz Maureen A. , Stacey Mark T. 
Published: July 2012

Lay AbstractFree‐floating aquatic plants, or macrophytes, often grow in dense mats, and their feathery, unanchored roots form canopies below the water surface that can affect water flow and water quality. This study examines the physical interactions of an invasive species of free‐floating macrophyte, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), and the surrounding water to better understand how free‐floating macrophyte root canopies affect hydrodynamics. Experiments in an open‐channel flow chamber were conducted to examine the flow fields through and around root canopies. Acoustic Doppler velocity measurement revealed that water flow was deflected around the root canopy and was reduced within the canopy. Interestingly, the vertical pattern of the velocity in the roots was similar to what has been observed in leaf canopies of terrestrial and submerged aquatic vegetation. In these cases, an unstable velocity profile (one with an inflection point) gives rise to water column turbulence, which was observed at distances >50% of the length of the root canopy, culminating in a large wake region immediately downstream. Although mixing caused by turbulence increased outside the root canopy, it did not increase within the canopy, and so there was limited exchange of water between the root canopy and the open water. Because of this, we expect the time that water resides within the root canopy to be dominated by the slow mean flow velocity, rather than turbulence. This result helps to explain why the root canopies of free‐floating macrophytes can suffer from low levels of dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) and poor water quality, and suggests ways in which to improve the operational efficiency of natural water treatment systems relying on these types of plants.
Sca-1 is involved in the adhesion of myosphere cells to αVβ3 integrin
Authors: Penvose Ashley , Westerman Karen A. 
Published: July 2012

Summary
A myosphere cell is a unique type of muscle stem cell that is able to maintain its pre-myogenic state in culture over time. These cells are propagated in culture as free-floating, non-adherent spheres. We believe that the 3-dimensional adhesive cell-cell interactions involved in maintaining the sphere-like myosphere structures are also involved in maintaining their longevity in culture. We found that Sca-1, which is highly expressed by myosphere cells, plays a role in the growth and the formation of the myospheres. In comparing adhesion molecules expressed by 3-dimensionally grown myosphere cells to those expressed by 2-dimensionally grown primary myoblasts, we found that there was a distinct difference in the expression of β3 integrin. Upon further investigation we discovered that there is an adhesive interaction between Sca-1+ cells and αVβ3 integrin. Here we show that Sca-1+ cells (myosphere cells and NIH3T3 cells) adhere to αVβ3 integrin and that Sca-1− cells (primary myoblasts) do not adhere. The interaction between Sca-1 and αVβ3 integrin was confirmed using antibody blocking, shRNA knockdown of Sca-1 in Sca-1+ cells, and by expressing Sca-1 cDNA in Sca-1− cells, which demonstrated that the level of adhesion of these cells to αVβ3 integrin was dependent on the presence of Sca-1. Additionally, we found that the co-expression of Sca-1 and β3 resulted in significantly greater adhesion of Sca-1+ cells to αVβ3 integrin. In conclusion, our data indicate that Sca-1 is involved in maintaining the 3-dimensional myosphere cell-cell contacts and that Sca-1 is involved in the binding of cells to αVβ3 integrin.
Electromagnetic fields at 2.45 GHz trigger changes in heat shock proteins 90 and 70 without altering apoptotic activity in rat thyroid gland
Authors: Misa Agustiño María José , Leiro José Manuel , Jorge Mora María Teresa , Rodríguez-González Juan Antonio , Jorge Barreiro Francisco Javier , Ares-Pena Francisco José , López-Martín Elena 
Published: July 2012

Summary
Non-ionizing radiation at 2.45 GHz may modify the expression of genes that codify heat shock proteins (HSP) in the thyroid gland. Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, we studied levels of HSP-90 and HSP-70. We also used hematoxilin eosin to look for evidence of lesions in the gland and applied the DAPI technique of fluorescence to search for evidence of chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation in the thyroid cells of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Fifty-four rats were individually exposed for 30 min to 2.45 GHz radiation in a Gigahertz transverse electromagnetic (GTEM) cell at different levels of non-thermal specific absorption rate (SAR), which was calculated using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) technique. Ninety minutes after radiation, HSP-90 and HSP-70 had decreased significantly (P&lt;0.01) after applying a SAR of 0.046±1.10 W/Kg or 0.104±5.10−3 W/Kg. Twenty-four hours after radiation, HSP-90 had partially recovered and HSP-70 had recovered completely. There were few indications of lesions in the glandular structure and signs of apoptosis were negative in all radiated animals. The results suggest that acute sub-thermal radiation at 2.45 GHz may alter levels of cellular stress in rat thyroid gland without initially altering their anti-apoptotic capacity.
ZNRF2 is released from membranes by growth factors and, together with ZNRF1, regulates the Na+/K+ATPase
Authors: Hoxhaj Gerta , Najafov Ayaz , Toth Rachel , Campbell David G. , Prescott Alan R. , MacKintosh Carol 
Published: July 2012

Summary
Here, we describe a phosphorylation-based reverse myristoyl switch for mammalian ZNRF2, and show that this E3 ubiquitin ligase and its sister protein ZNRF1 regulate the Na+/K+ pump (Na+/K+ATPase). N-myristoylation localizes ZNRF1 and ZNRF2 to intracellular membranes and enhances their activity. However, when ZNRF2 is phosphorylated in response to agonists including insulin and growth factors, it binds to 14-3-3 and is released into the cytosol. On membranes, ZNRF1 and ZNRF2 interact with the Na+/K+ATPase α1 subunit via their UBZ domains, while their RING domains interact with E2 proteins, predominantly Ubc13 that, together with Uev1a, mediates formation of Lys63-ubiquitin linkages. ZNRF1 and ZNRF2 can ubiquitylate the cytoplasmic loop encompassing the nucleotide-binding and phosphorylation regions of the Na+/K+ATPase α1 subunit. Ouabain, a Na+/K+ATPase inhibitor and therapeutic cardiac glycoside, decreases ZNRF1 protein levels, whereas knockdown of ZNRF2 inhibits the ouabain-induced decrease of cell surface and total Na+/K+ATPase α1 levels. Thus, ZNRF1 and ZNRF2 are new players in regulation of the ubiquitous Na+/K+ATPase that is tuned to changing demands in many physiological contexts.
Spectra and Mean Association Number of Porphyrin J Aggregate
Authors: Matsuzawa Hideyo , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Maeda Tadakazu 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The mean association number of a porphyrin J aggregate matured in acidic aqueous media (dye concentration, 7.9 × 10−6 M; 0.094 M HClO4; 20 °C) was determined to be 440 by measurements of the sedimentation and diffusion constants on ultracentrifuge. The aggregate forms in a rod-shaped microcrystalline consisting of more than 400 stacked porphyrins which grows for a period of two days in acidic aqueous solutions. MCD (magnetic circular dichroism) B-term extrema and hypochromic reduction observed with J- and H-bands in aggregate were elucidated on the basis of structure of J aggregate. The Stokes shift and bandwidths observed with J bands were also discussed using motional narrowing model. The characteristic J peak appears in an earlier stage of dye association (Dm, m &lt; 10–12), while the transition energy as well as the bandwidth remains unchanged during aggregate growth (DN, 20 &lt; N &lt; 500). The second-order rate law of the association of precursor oligomers reveals the molar absorbance in JB peak (εJB) decreases with increasing association number N (N-dependent hypochromism, εJB/M−1 cm−1 = 0.5 × 106 + 1.65 × 107/N), which makes possible to determine N. Mean association numbers N = 400–500 can be predicted for the molar absorbance varying with mean association number N.
Monodisperse Activated Carbon Spheres from Colloidal Carbon Spheres by Steam Activation and Their Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Wu Yongjian , Jin Quan , Xie Chunlin , Cui Jianghu , Liu Yingliang 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Monodisperse activated carbon spheres (ACSs) with high specific Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area were prepared from colloidal carbon spheres (CCSs) by steam activation. The effects of the gasification time on the surface properties of ACSs were investigated. The results exhibited that ACSs have a high specific surface area (2870 m2 g−1) and a large total pore volume (1.456 cm3 g−1). The electrochemical measurements were conducted by cyclic voltammetry. The results demonstrated that the specific capacitance of electrode material reaches 229 F g−1 at a sweep rate of 2 mV s−1.
Primary pulmonary cryptococcosis: evaluation of CT characteristics in 26 immunocompetent Chinese patients
Authors: Qu Yanjuan , Liu Guobing , Ghimire Prasanna , Liao Meiyan , Shi Heshui , Yang Guifang , Xu Liying , Wang Guanliang 
Published: July 2012

Background Discrepancies still exist in the diagnosis of primary pulmonary cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients. Purpose To describe and evaluate radiological manifestations of pulmonary cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients. Material and Methods Twenty-six histopathologically confirmed cases of pulmonary cryptococcosis were analyzed for clinical, pathological, and CT characteristics. Necessary statistical tests for differences in CT presentations and correlation analysis between clinical and CT characteristics were performed. Results The patients' ages ranged from 24 to 79 years, with 20 men and six women. Eighteen patients were symptomatic, with cough as the most common symptom ( n = 14, 53.8%). Nodules ( n = 21, 80.8%) were the most common CT findings. Eight cases presented with solitary and nine with multiple nodules, while 13 cases presented with irregular and 19 with ill-defined nodules. The halo sign was demonstrated, encompassing nodules in 14 of the 21 patients. Lesions were mainly localized in the lower lobes of the lungs ( n = 15, 57.7%) with peripheral distribution ( n = 18, 69.2%). Ground-glass opacities (GGOs) were more easily detected in older patients (66.7%, P <0.01). No significant differences in CT abnormalities were found between male and female patients. Conclusion Primary pulmonary cryptococcosis in immunocompetent patients exhibits certain CT characteristics. The typical presentation includes multiple nodules with the halo sign scattered in the peripheral field in the lower lobes of the bilateral lungs. This could contribute to diagnosis of the disease entity. However, vigilance should be exercised when facing GGOs, with or without nodules, in older patients.