bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agronomic, Chemical, Physical, and Visual Characteristics of Hand‐Suckered vs. Maleic Hydrazide‐Treated Flue‐Cured and Burley Tobaccos1
Authors: Seltmann Heinz , Nichols Beryl C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRemoval of the developing inflorescence (topping) in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) production will result in higher leaf yield and increased alkaloid content. Unfortunately, topping will remove axillary bud (sucker) inhibition. To achieve the higher yields and alkaloid content growers must control the development of suckers through manual or chemical means. Because hand‐suckering is a menial task, the use of maleic hydrazide (MH) rapidly became the cultural practice to control sucker growth, but its use was severely questioned by the industry. The Regional Tobacco Growth Regulator Committee was established in 1963 to evaluate tobacco treated with various experimental chemical sucker‐controlling agents as alternatives to MH. Regional committee test data accumulated from 1963 through 1981 by federal and state researchers were used to compare cured leaf from MH‐treated plants with hand‐suckered plants, the control treatments. Yield and value per hectare were higher from the use of MH while dollars per 100 kg were the same for both kinds of treatments in both classes of tobacco. Tobacco leaf experts were able to visually differentiate between MH‐treated and hand‐suckered flue‐cured but not burley tobaccos. Chemical analyses indicated that percent total alkaloids and percent total ash were less in MH‐treated flue‐cured and burley tobaccos. Alkalinity of water soluble ash increased from MH treatment. Total volatile bases minus nicotine (as ammonia) decreased significantly in flue‐cured tobacco from MH treatment while the increase found in burley from MH treatment was not. Maleic hydrazide treatment significantly increased per cent reducing sugars in flue‐cured tobacco, but had no effect on percent total N in burley. Physical analyses indicated that values for filling capacity were significantly lower and equilibrium moisture content significantly higher in MH‐treated tobaccos.
Leaf Area, Light Interception, and Yield Estimates from Spectral Components Analysis1
Authors: Wiegand C. L. , Richardson A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlants integrate the soil and aerial environments and express their development, stress response, and yield capabilities through the canopies achieved. The identities (1n LAI)/VI × Yield/(ln LAI) = Yield/VI [1] (1n LAI)/VI × IPAR/(ln LAI) = IPAR/VI, [2] where VI denotes any one of several spectral vegetation indices available; LAI is leaf area index; IPAR is intercepted photosynthetically active radiation; and yield is grain yield help interpret the information conveyed by canopies. Our objective herein was to test Eq. [1] and [2] term by term. LANDSAT multispectral scanner (MSS) spectral and field‐measured LAI data for 32 grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) fields in Hidalgo County, Tex., for the years 1973,1975, and 1976 are the exemplary data used. The predominant soil types at the nonirrigated sites were McAllen (fine‐loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Aridic Ustochrepts) and Brennan (fine loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Aridic Haplustalfs) fine sandy loams, whereas the irrigated sites were typified by Hidalgo (fine‐loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Calciustolls) sandy clay loam and Raymondville (fine, mixed, hyperthermic Vertic Calciustolls) clay loam. The IPAR vs LAI relation used was from the latest version of the sorghum growth and yield crop (SORGF) model. Each of the equation terms as well as the relation between yield and IPAR is illustrated. All were highly significant with coefficients of determination, r2, that ranged from 0.53 C 0.83. The IPAR vs LAI relations from the literature can be used in Eq. [1] to estimate IPAR from VI if LAI and VI were observed. The right hand side of Eq. [1] and [2] imply that even though the instantaneous VI relate to IPAR and yield, cumulative IPAR or cumulative VI for the season or for a period around maximum canopy development might relate even better. The fit of the relations to data from multiple weather years, irrigated and dryland plantings, across genotypes, and for differing planting configurations helps underscore the generality of the relationships and emphasizes the imformation inherent in crop canopy observations. Such spectral observations provide at alternative way of acquiring LAI or IPAR needed for large‐scale use of agrometeorological crop models and for independent estimates of phytomass and grain yield.
Tall Fescue Response and Soil Properties Following Soil Amendment with Tannery Wastes1
Authors: Stomberg A. L. , Hemphill D. D. , Volk V. V. , Wickliff C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField plots were established in 1978 and 1979 on a Willamette sil (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic pachic Ultic Argixeroll) in western Oregon to evalute the effects of chrome tannery wastes on tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) and soil properties. Three rates of waste material were applied each year, N, Ca, Mg, Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn in soils and plants were analyzed to relate plant elemental concentrations and yield to elemental application and availability. Soil and fescue Cu, Zn, and Mg concentrations varied only slightly with waste application in either year. Soil total Cr levels increased as much as sevenfold with waste treatment; however, fescue Cr concentrations increased only slightly or not at all with waste application. The Mn concentration of tall fescue grown on waste‐treated soils decreased compared to that of fescue grown on unamended soil in 1978 but increased with waste application in 1979, reflecting increased soil pH with waste application in 1978 but a decrease in 1979. Both fescue and soil Ca concentrations usually increased with waste application. Soil and fescue N concentrations and soil electroconductivity increased with waste application with the effect still observable 1 year after application. Fescue yields were greatest on soils treated with the highest rates of waste. Yields increased with waste treatment up to 3 years after application. With the exception of stand establishment problems, no detrimental effects of tannery waste on tall fescue were noted in 3 years of study.
Fall No‐Till Seeding of Alfalfa into Tall Fescue as Influenced by Time of Seeding and Grass and Insect Suppression1
Authors: Rogers D. D. , Chamblee D. S. , Mueller J. P. , Campbell W. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigher nitrogen and pasture renovation costs have increased interest in no‐till seeding of legumes into grass pastures, but improved technology is needed for direct establishment of legumes in grass sods. This study was undertaken to quantify and evaluate the effects of seeding date, sward suppression, and insect pests on fall no‐till establishment of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Arc) into tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)‐dominant swards. Six field experiments of 1 year duration each were conducted during a 5‐year period on either a Typic Hapludult or Ultic Hapludalf soil in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ion) for grass suppression and granular carbofuran (2,3‐dihydro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐7‐benzofuranyl methylcarbarnate) for insect control either were not applied or were applied at 0.28 and 3.7 kg active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1, respectively, at two seeding dates (early September and mid‐October) in a 23 factorial combination. Three additional sodsuppression treatments (two trials) included (1) application of paraquat to 13 cm‐wide bands over 25.4‐cm rows at 0.28 kg a.i. ha−1, (2) broadcast application of glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine] at 3.4 kg a.i. ha−1, and (3) post‐sowing clipping and removal of the fescue regrowth. Insects prevalent during establishment were identified and measurements were made of alfalfa stands, insect damage, winter survival, and dry matter production. Seasonal yields of September seeded alfalfa were increased 76 and 20% by sward and insect suppression during establishment, respectively (average six experiments). Insect damage was greater in early September plantings than in mid‐October plantings. Sward suppression and insect control interacted accumulatively under conditions of intensive insect feeding and moisture stress during establishment. Even though 50 to 100% of October‐seeded alfalfa in control plots had not advanced beyond the two‐trifoliolate‐leaf stage of development by early December, good winter survival occurred. We conclude that suppression of tall fescue was essential for best establishment and 1st‐year production of alfalfa and that insect control must be practiced in September no‐till plantings of alfalfa in some years.
Transpiration Efficiency in Relation to Nutrient Status1
Authors: Walker G. K. , Richards J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany experiments have shown a linear relationship between plant biomass and water use. Despite this, it is thought that general nutrient deficiency lowers transpiration efficiency. Since little attention has been given to the effects of specific nutrients, a study was designed to examine the effects of a single nutrient, K, on the transpiration efficiency of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). In addition, maize (Zea mays L.) biomass and water‐use data obtained in 1911 by Montgomery and Kiesselbach, at a range of nutrient levels, were reanalyzed to further assess nutrient effects on transpiration efficiency. In a greenhouse study, ‘Banner’ alfalfa was grown, in pots, in a range of soils varying widely in K status but otherwise adequately fertilized. A sand mulch was used to minimize evaporation from the pots. Evapotranspiration (determined by weighing) and biomass data were collected over seven regrowth cycles. At every harvest there was a wide range in tissue K status, but only at harvest four did transpiration efficiency appear reduced by restricted K supply. Biomass and evapotranspiration remained well correlated and linearly related for every harvest, despite the increasing occurrence of severe K deficiency as the experiment progressed. Transpiration efficiency did fall substantially for the last two harvests, possibly in response to the lower (winter) light regime under which those harvests were made. Although not applicable to a specific nutrient, Montgomery and Kiesselbach's maize data yield similar results, and do not suggest that nutrient deficiency leads to lower transpiration efficiency.
Chaff Feed Quality of Winter Wheat, Spring Wheat, Barley, and Oat Cultivars1
Authors: White Larry M. , Bergman Jerald W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLittle data exist regarding differences in chaff (i.e., glums, lemma, palea, and awns when present) feed quality among cultivars of small grains although large amounts are fed to livestock each year. This study was conducted to determine if in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD), and concentration (conc) of ash, crude protein (CP), and P differed significantly among chaff from 19, 22, and 17 cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. durum Desf.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and oat (Avena sativa L.), respectively, grown on an irrigated site ( fine montmorillonitic soil, Typic Argiborolls) and among 16 cultivars of winter wheat grown on a dryland site (fine‐loamy, mixed Typic Argiborolls) near Sidney, MT for 2 years. Correlation of heading date, plant height, grain test weight, and grain yield with chaff IVOMD were calculated to determine if high chaff IVOMD was negatively correlated with agronomic traits important in grain production. Typical chaff piles were also sampled to determine the content of true chaff, weed seed, and grain in them. Chaff IVOMD, ash, and CP levels differed as much or more among cultivars of each species as between the 2 years. Chaff IVOMD differed by 84,136, 106, and 56 g kg−1; chaff ash by 45, 68, 52, and 49 g kg−1; chaff CP by 17, 25, 41, and 26 g kg−1 among cultivars of winter wheat, spring wheat, barley, and oat, respectively. The chaff P (without high P fertilization) conc differed by 0.3, 1.7, 1.7, and 2.4 g kg−1 among cultivars of winter wheat, spring wheat, barley, and oat, respectively. High P fertilization and variation between years increased chaff P conc of barley, spring wheat, and oat 0.5,1.5, and 2.5 times, respectively. High chaff IVOMD was generally not negatively correlated with agronomic traits important in grain production. Typical chaff piles of winter wheat, spring wheat, barley, and oat consisted of 898, 58, and 44 g kg−1 of true chaff, weed seed, and cereal grain, respectively.
Dris Norms for 11 Nutrients in Corn Leaves1
Authors: Elwali A. M. O. , Gascho G. J. , Sumner M. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFertilizer accounts for nearly one‐half of the total cash expenses of growing corn (zea mays L.) in Georgia. Recommendations are usually made with the assumption of favorable climatic conditions, a practice that can result in serious problems to farmers in years of unfavorable climatic conditions. This is especially true on deep sands where nutrient‐holding capacity is low. One possible way of reducing the risk and increasing fertilizer efficiency is to apply moderate amounts of fertilizer initially and make corrections in the growing season as indicated by foliar analysis. Results of foliar analyses are usually interpreted on the basis of the Critical Nutrient Level (CNL) approach. Recently, the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was found to be an effective approach for interpreting foliar values and guiding corrections in the growing season for sugarcane (trispecies hybrid of Saccharum). The present study was conducted to determine the DRIS reference norms for 11 nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B). A data base of approximately 10 000 observations of leaf nutrient concentrations and yield of corn grown in several states and countries was used to establish the norms on corn leaves. They should be useful in diagnosis of nutrient imbalance in order to make adjustments in the nutritional status of corn plants.
Soil Moisture Effect on Potassium Uptake by Corn1
Authors: Mackay A. D. , Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil moisture influences K uptake by corn (Zea maysL.) by affecting root growth rate and the rate of K diffusion in soil. The extent each affects K uptake has not been resolved. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soil moisture on each of the parameters of a mechanistic‐mathematical model that simulates K uptake by corn. Corn was grown for 7, 14, and 21 days at three volumetric soil moisture levels, 0.22 (M0), 0.27 (M1), and 0.32 (M2), the water held at potentials of −7.5, −33, and −170 kPa, respectively, with three soils (S0and S1, Raub, fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Aquic Argiudolls, and S2, Chalmers, fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquolls, silt loams; S0was low in K, S1and S2were medium in K), in 3‐L pots in a controlled‐climate chamber. Root growth and K uptake by corn were measured. Raising soil moisture from M0to M1increased shoot K uptake by 81, 70, and 68%, with the S0,, S1, and S2soils, respectively. Raising soil moisture further, from M1to M2resulted in a further increase of 13% in K uptake by corn with the S0soil but small decreases of 13 and 8%, with the S1and S2soils, respectively. Raising moisture from M0to M1also increased root growth, however a further increase to M2decreased root growth. There was a relation between root surface area and K uptake, but this varied with soil. The relation between mean K influx and K uptake (r= 0.85**, significant at the 0.01 level), however, was independent of soil. Soil moisture did not significantly (P<0.05) affect K influx. Raising soil moisture from M0to M2, increased the effective diffusion coefficient, De, for K an average of 2.1 times across the three soils. When all the data were used in the simulation model, calculated K uptake (y) in mmol pot−1agreed with observed K uptake (x) by corn (y= 0.9x‐ 0.08; r= 0.95**), indicating that the model is a useful method for studying the effect of soil moisture on each of the mechanisms involved in K uptake by corn.
Conventional and No‐Till Establishment of Ladino Clover as Influenced by Time of Seeding and Insect and Grass Suppression1
Authors: Rogers D. D. , Chamblee D. S. , Mueller J. P. , Campbell W. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRequirements for establishing ladino clover (Trifolium repensL.) into pastures may differ markedly between conventional and no‐till systems. Objectives of this study were to compare effects of pesticides and seeding date on fall establishment of ‘Tillman’ ladino clover seeded with tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.) in conventionally prepared seedbeds and sod‐seeded into tall fescue‐dominant swards on a Typic Hapludult soil in Piedmont North Carolina. Effects of grass suppression were studied in no‐till plantings by either applying or not applying paraquat (1,1'‐dimethyl‐4,4'‐bipyridinium ion). Carbofuran (2,3‐dihydro‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐7‐benzofuranyl methylcarbamate) either was not applied or was applied for insect control at two seeding dates (early September and mid‐October) in four trials and at one seeding date (31 August) in a fifth trial. Clover stand reductions by insect and/or mollusk pests were much greater in notill plantings than in conventional plantings. Clover stands from notill seedings in late August were destroyed in one trial by slugs (Derocerus laeveMull.), but were largely unaffected in prepared seedbeds. Insecticide moderately increased clover densities and yields of September conventional plantings in three of five trials. September‐seeded clover damaged by insect and/or mollusk pests 10 to 15 days after emergence averaged 67 and 23% in no‐till and conventional plantings, respectively. Insecticide alone or with paraquat was required in September no‐till plantings to produce clover yields approximately equal to or exceeding those of the check in September conventional plantings. Mid‐October conventional plantings of clover usually failed to survive the winter due to frost heaving, yet survived well in the no‐till plantings. We conclude that insecticides are usually necessary for successful establishment of ladino into tall fescue swards in early September, but may not be needed as often in prepared seedbeds.
Soybean Response to Rhizobium japonicumStrain, Row Orientation, and Irrigation1
Authors: Hunt P. G. , Sojka R. E. , Matheny T. A. , Wollum A. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStresses or environmental differences associated with soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] row configuration and drought could affect selection and symbiotic performance of Rhizobium japonicumstrains and subsequent growth and yield of soybean. The present field studies were conducted in 1981, 1982, and 1983 to assess the response of soybean nodulation, growth, and yield to R. japonicumstrains, row orientation, and irrigation. Strains USDA3I1b110 (110), NC1004 (04), and B587 (587) of R. japonicumwere compared to indigenous populations in a Norfolk loamy sand (fine loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Paleudult). Soybean cultivars ‘Davis,’ ‘Braxton,’ and ‘Coker 338’ were grown with and without irrigation, with east/west and north/south row orientations, and with inoculation variables. The seasonal weather was different for air temperature, rainfall, and solar radiation; and soil temperatures were generally 1 to 5 °C lower for north/south‐oriented than east/west‐oriented rows at depths of 5 and 15 cm. Nodular occupancies of inoculated strains were increased by inoculation in 1981 and 1982, but not in 1983. No significant differences in N concentration or total N of soybean shoots were found in any year. Yet, a strain ✕ row orientation interaction occurred for seed yield in all 3 yr, and a strain by irrigation interaction occurred in 1983. Seed yield of soybean inoculated with strain 04 or 110 were significantly different for row orientation; differences ranged from 0.24 to 0.43 Mg ha−1for irrigated soybean. Soybean inoculated with 587 was not significantly different in seed yield for row orientation. It was concluded that environmental differences induced by row orientation influence some R. juponicumstrains in soybean more than others, particularly under irrigated conditions.
Soybean Growth as Influenced by Planting Date, Cultivation, and Weed Removal1
Authors: Horn Paul W. , Burnside Orvin C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKnowledge of weed interference is important for designing weed control systems for agronomic crops. Research was initiated to determine the critical periods of weed interference in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] and the minimum weed removal requirements needed to achieve optimum seed yields. In a field infested with mainly broadleaf weeds, a 4‐week weed‐free period after planting was needed to achieve optimum yields in early and late planted soybean grown on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll). Plots cultivated about 3 and 5 weeks after planting required only one handhoeing 2 weeks after planting to obtain optimum soybean yields. Weeds left 4 weeks before removal, but not 6 weeks, did not reduce soybean yields in early or late planted soybean. Results indicate that if soybeans are kept weed‐free the first 4 weeks after planting or if weeds are not left undisturbed longer than 4 weeks after planting, optimum soybean yields should occur.
Estimating Ammonia Flux: A Comparison Between the Integrated Horizontal Flux Method and Theoretical Solutions of the Diffusion Profile1
Authors: McInnes K. J. , Kissel D. E. , Kanemasu E. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEstimating the loss of N fertilizer as ammonia from the ground to the atmosphere via the integrated horizontal flux method (IHF) generally requires measurement of the mean atmospheric ammonia density and the mean wind speed at five or more heights. Using acid traps as a means of measuring ammonia density at that many heights over long periods of time proves laborious, and a way of reducing the number of heights is desirable. This paper presents an application of an analytical solution of the diffusion equation for local advection to the estimation of the loss of ammonia from a small circular (20 m radius) plot fertilized with 200 kg N/ha urea‐ammonium nitrate solution. Predicted ammonia density profile shapes agree well with those measured at the center of the plot. The estimated fluxes obtained from the “theoretical profile shape” solution (TPSP) show much less variation than those from a recently proposed single‐height method (TPSW), when compared with estimates from the IHF method using mean wind speed and mean ammonia density at five heights. The ratios of FTPSP/FIHFwere found to be generally > 1 under unstable atmospheric conditions and < 1 under stable conditions. The advantages of TPSP over TPSW are that samples may be taken where the error to magnitude of measurement ratio is smaller and the solution is simple to calculate for any size plot, provided an estimate of atmospheric stability may be made.