bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The origin and population dynamics of annually re-occurring Paratanytarsus grimmii (Diptera: Chironomidae) colonising granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers used in potable water treatment
Authors: Olsen A. , Leadbeater B.S.C. , Callow M.E. , Holden J.B. , Bale J.S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractVarious sampling techniques were employed to study the population dynamics and identify the origin of annually re-occurring infestations of Paratanytarsus grimmii in granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorbers. Larvae overwintered in all adsorbers studied and are the main source of endemic persistent infestations. Significant differences in larval densities were identified between the down-flow cell (mean of 61 larvae per 0.3 l of GAC) and the up-flow cell (mean of 14 larvae per 0.3 l of GAC) of each adsorber. Larvae were distributed uniformly with no significant difference in density at any depth through the 2-m carbon column. Application of anaerobic treatment as a control measure was ineffective at low temperatures due to a slow down in chironomid metabolism. During summer months, ovipositing females have access to all locations within the GAC adsorber building by flight, leading to immediate re-colonisation of anaerobically-treated adsorbers. Regeneration of GAC in individual cells served only to reduce larval numbers but not remove them completely, particularly when only one of the two cells is regenerated at any one time.
Host races of the pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisumdiffer in male wing phenotypes
Authors: Frantz A. , Plantegenest M. , Simon J.-C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe evolution of reproductive isolation without geographic isolation (sympatric speciation) has recently gained strong theoretical and empirical supports. It is now widely admitted that many host-specific phytophagous insect species have arisen through shifting and adapting to new plants. The pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisumhas received considerable attention in this context and is now considered as a probable case of incipient sympatric speciation through host specialization. In Europe, three host races have been described so far, one on annual plants (pea and broad bean) and two on perennial plants (red clover and alfalfa, respectively). These host races are genetically differentiated and exhibit strong ecological specialization affecting their preferences and performances on alternative plants. Here, we investigate whether other life-history traits of ecological importance are associated with host specialization in the species. In particular, becauseA. pisumshows a genetically determined male wing variation, we tested if its host races also differ in their proportion of winged/wingless male phenotypes. We used a large collection of pea aphid lineages sampled on pea, broad bean, red clover and alfalfa and analyzed their male production by placing them in conditions inducing the sexual phase inA. pisum. Striking differences in the frequency of male dispersal genotypes were found between host populations; aphids producing winged males were in high proportion among lineages from annual hosts, while those producing wingless males were in high proportion on perennial ones. The evolutionary maintenance and ecological consequences of this association between habitat specialization and male wing variation are discussed.
Determinants of fruit and vegetable intake in England: a re-examination based on quantile regression
Authors: Boukouvalas Georgios , Shankar Bhavani , Bruce Traill W 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the sociodemographic determinants of fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption in England and determine the differential effects of socio-economic variables at various parts of the intake distribution, with a special focus on severely inadequate intakes.DesignQuantile regression, expressing F&V intake as a function of sociodemographic variables, is employed. Here, quantile regression flexibly allows variables such as ethnicity to exert effects on F&V intake that vary depending on existing levels of intake.SettingThe 2003 Health Survey of England.SubjectsData were from 11 044 adult individuals.ResultsThe influence of particular sociodemographic variables is found to vary significantly across the intake distribution. We conclude that women consume more F&V than men; Asians and blacks more than whites; co-habiting individuals more than single-living ones. Increased incomes and education also boost intake. However, the key general finding of the present study is that the influence of most variables is relatively weak in the area of greatest concern, i.e. among those with the most inadequate intakes in any reference group.ConclusionsOur findings emphasise the importance of allowing the effects of socio-economic drivers to vary across the intake distribution. The main finding, that variables which exert significant influence on F&V intake at other parts of the conditional distribution have a relatively weak influence at the lower tail, is cause for concern. It implies that in any defined group, those consuming the least F&V are hard to influence using campaigns or policy levers.
Effects of rhubarb on migration of rat hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Lin Yun‐Lian , Wu Ching‐Fen , Huang Yi‐Tsau 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground and Aims:  In chronic liver injury, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) acquire an activated phenotype, migrate to the injured region in response to chemotactic factors, and produce extracellular matrix proteins including collagen. In this study, we investigated the effects of rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L.) on transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1‐induced expressions of α‐smooth‐muscle actin (SMA) and collagen, and the migration of HSCs.Methods:  HSC‐T6, a cell line of rat HSCs, was used in the in vitro experiments. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and Sircol red assay were used to detect the expressions of α‐SMA and collagen, respectively. HSC‐T6 migration was assayed with a transwell apparatus. Phosphorylations of Smad2/3 and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38, and c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), were analyzed with Western blotting. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 activity was examined by gelatin zymography.Results:  The results revealed that a rhubarb extract concentration‐dependently attenuated TGF‐β1‐induced α‐SMA and collagen expressions and migration of HSCs. The inhibitory effect of rhubarb was associated with (i) down‐regulation of the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and JNK, and (ii) attenuation of MMP‐2 activity. Within the working concentrations used, the rhubarb extract did not affect cell viability of HSCs.Conclusion:  The results suggest that rhubarb attenuated TGF‐β1‐mediated migration of HSCs possibly by interfering with Smad2/3 phosphorylation, the MAPK pathway, and MMP‐2 activity.
Admissions of all gestations to a regional neonatal unit versus controls: 2‐year outcome
Authors: Darlow Brian A , Horwood L John , Wynn‐Williams M Beth , Mogridge Nina , Austin Nicola C 
Published: March 2009

Aims:  To assess neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years for neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions compared with controls, and to trial a parent‐reporting scheme.Methods:  All infants admitted to the NICU at Christchurch Women's Hospital over a 12‐month period and whose parents were domiciled in a defined geographical region were eligible for study, together with every eighth term infant not admitted (to a total of 300). Parents completed a two‐page questionnaire on their child's 2nd birthday. All infants <28 weeks gestation and a random 300 NICU admissions and 108 controls underwent a paediatric examination and Bayley II assessment at 2 years of age.Results:  A total of 387 NICU infants (86% eligible) and 306 controls were enrolled. At 2 years of age, 276 NICU infants (89% survivors) and 94 controls (87%) had some follow up. For infants of <33 weeks, 33–36 weeks, ≥37 weeks gestation and controls, the percentage >1 SD below the mean on the Bayley Mental Development Index scales were 33.3, 36.5, 44.6 and 24.1, respectively (P= 0.03); on the Psychomotor Developmental Index scales were 30.0, 29.1, 41.1 and 19.5 (P= 0.02) and the percentage with any cerebral palsy were 11.1, 2.8, 5.2 and 1.2.Conclusions:  At 2 years of age, NICU graduates have more developmental problems than controls across a range of measures. In many cases, term NICU graduates have the least favourable outcome. There was only moderate agreement between parents' reporting of moderate or severe developmental disability by means of a questionnaire, compared with professionals (kappa statistic 0.38), with parents tending to underestimate problems.
Impact of implant support for mandibular dentures on satisfaction, oral and general health‐related quality of life: a meta‐analysis of randomized‐controlled trials
Authors: Emami Elham , Heydecke Guido , Rompré Pierre H. , De Grandmont Pierre , Feine Jocelyne S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to examine systematically the data published on the efficacy of mandibular implant‐retained overdentures from the patient's perspective.Material and methods: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and The Cochrane Systematic Reviews Database were searched and complemented by hand searching. All randomized‐controlled trials published in English or French up to April 2007 were included, in which conventional dentures and mandibular implant overdentures in adult edentulous individuals were compared. The outcomes of interest were patient satisfaction, oral and general health‐related quality of life. Random effects models were used to pool the effect sizes (ES) of all included studies.Results: Ten publications of seven randomized‐controlled trials were identified and eight were included in the meta‐analysis. When compared with mandibular conventional dentures, implant overdentures were rated to be more satisfactory at a clinically relevant level [pooled ES 0.80, z=3.56, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.36–1.24, P=0.0004], but a statistical heterogeneity was found (χ2=31.63, df=5, P<0.00001, I2=84%). The pooled ES for oral health quality of life was −0.41 (z=1.31, 95% CI, −1.02 to 0.20; P=0.19, χ2=11.53, df=2, P<0.003, I2=83%). There was a lack of evidence to show the impact of mandibular implant overdenture on perceived general health.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, although mandibular implant‐retained overdentures may be more satisfying for edentulous patients than new conventional dentures, the magnitude of the effect is still uncertain. There is a need for additional evidence including cost‐effectiveness analyses on the impact of mandibular implant overdentures and conventional dentures.
Comparative study of four retentive anchor systems for implant supported overdentures – retention force changes
Authors: Bayer Stefan , Steinheuser Daniela , Grüner Manfred , Keilig Ludger , Enkling Norbert , Stark Helmut , Mues Sebastian 
Published: March 2009

Objectives:  Wear of attachments leads to a loss of retention and potentially reduces the function of complete dentures. This study evaluated the retention force changes of different prefabricated attachment systems for implant‐supported overdentures to estimate the wear constancy and applicability in clinical practice.Methods:  Four prefabricated attachment systems were tested [Group SG: retentive ball attachment (Straumann, Switzerland) with gold matrix, Group ST: retentive ball attachment (Straumann, Switzerland) with titanium spring matrix, Group IB: UNOR i‐Ball with Ecco matrix (UNOR, Switzerland) and Group IMZ: IMZ®‐TwinPlus ball attachment with gold matrix (DENTSPLY Friadent, Germany)]. Ten samples of each system were subjected to 10 000 insertion‐separation cycles.Results:  Results showed that all types of attachments showed wear, which led to a loss of retention force after an initial increase at the beginning of the wear simulation. Attachments with a plastic retention insert or gold matrices underwent the smallest changes in retention force. The titanium spring system showed the largest changes in retention force and a greater variation between the different cycles and specimen. This behaviour is probably caused by a large fitting tolerance of the titanium spring.Conclusions:  Attachment systems which possess a male and female component of different material composition are preferable. They show smaller changes in the retention force. For retention force increase and wear compensation, an attachment system should be adjustable.
Challenges posed to the traceability of weaner pigs following live auction
Authors: Sithole F , Toribio J , Schembri N , Holyoake PK 
Published: March 2009

Objectives   To gather demographic data on live pig sales through a peri‐urban saleyard in Camden, New South Wales, and to demonstrate the difficulties in tracing the subsequent movements of pigs, particularly weaner pigs.Procedure   Records of pig sales held weekly at the Camden saleyards for the 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 financial years were analysed. Saleyard data on a number of variables were entered into a purpose‐designed database. Distributions of pig sales according to pig class (weaner/porker/baconer/backfatter), purchaser type (butcher/non‐butcher), and transaction type (cash/account) were determined.Results   More weaners (3192 in 2003/2004 and 3940 in 2004/2005) were sold than any other class of pig, accounting for 45% of the total pigs sold during this period. During 2003/2004, 3802 pigs were bought by 329 non‐butcher purchasers including 1631 weaners (43%) purchased by 153 non‐butchers (47%). The majority of these non‐butchers during the study period (86%) paid cash for their pigs and did not provide the necessary information to allow the end destination of pigs to be determined. Location data was available for all vendors but only 25% of purchasers.Conclusions   This study highlights the challenges posed in tracing movement of pigs following sale by auction. A high proportion of weaners sold at this peri‐urban saleyard would not have been slaughtered immediately. This study highlights the potential difficulties in tracing pig movements after sale, for disease control purposes. We recommend that legislation be amended requiring the identification of weaner pigs sold live at auction in all states of Australia and the recording of the property identification code of all vendors and purchasers of pigs sold live at auction.
Strategic use of crutching and dicyclanil to protect unmulesed sheep against breech strike
Authors: James PJ , Cramp AP , Winkleman J , Mcphie R , Brown GW 
Published: March 2009

Objective   To test strategies for the application of dicyclanil and mid‐season crutching to maximise protection of unmulesed sheep against breech strike.Procedure   Three hundred and eighty unmulesed Merino weaners were randomly allocated to four groups either left untreated or treated by different strategies with 50 g/L dicyclanil. Treatments included breech treatment alone and breech plus body treatment, with two application times, immediately after shearing and 6 weeks after crutching or shearing. To assess protection, larval implants with newly hatched Lucilia cuprina larvae were applied to 10 different sheep from each group at 3, 4, 5 and 6 months after crutching and shearing and assessed for the development of strike at 48 hours. The concentration of dicyclanil was measured in wool samples clipped from the breeches of the test sheep.Results   All dicyclanil treatments gave significant reduction in strike in comparison to controls up until 4 months after crutching but protection in the sheep treated immediately after shearing had waned at 5 months. Treating at 6 weeks after crutching provided significant reduction (P < 0.05) in strike for 6 months. Results for strike incidence immediately after shearing and concentration of dicyclanil in the breech wool also suggested improvements in protection by delaying treatment for 6 weeks.Conclusion   In most environments it should be possible to protect unmulesed sheep against breech strike with a carefully planned integrated control program incorporating strategically timed crutching, shearing and dicyclanil application. Delaying treatment with dicyclanil to at least 6 weeks after shearing or crutching increased the protection provided in comparison to treatment immediately after shearing.
Pulsed laser treatment of gold and black gold thin films fabricated by thermal evaporation
Authors: NovotnÃ½ Michal , Fitl PÅ™emysl , Sytchkova Anna , BulÃ­Å™ JiÅ™Ã­ , Lanaok Jan , Pokorna Petr , Najdek David , Boan Jia 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The effect of pulsed laser treatment of metal, and metal blacks, was studied. Gold and black gold thin films were fabricated by thermal evaporation of gold in a vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere respectively. Black gold films were grown in a nitrogen atmosphere at pressures of 200 Pa and 300 Pa. UV pulsed laser radiation (Î» = 266 nm, Ï„ = 4 ns), with fluence ranging from 1 mJÂ·cmâˆ’2 to 250 mJÂ·cmâˆ’2 was used for the film treatment in a vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere. The nitrogen pressure was varied up to 100 kPa. Surface structure modifications were analyzed by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used for chemical characterization of the samples. A significant dependence of the film optical and structural properties on laser treatment conditions (laser fluence, ambient pressure and number of applied pulses) was found. The threshold for observable damage and initiation of changes of morphology for gold and black gold surfaces was determined. Distinct modifications were observed for fluences greater than 106 mJÂ·cmâˆ’2 and 3.5 mJÂ·cmâˆ’2 for the gold and black gold films respectively. Absorbtivity of the black gold film is found to decrease with an increase in the number of laser pulses. Microstructural and nanostructural modifications after laser treatment of the black gold film were observed. EDX analysis revealed that no impurities were introduced into the samples during both the deposition and laser treatment.
Orientation relationship and interfaces in Ni and Co-YSZ cermets prepared from directionally solidified eutectics
Authors: Larrea Angel , Laguna-Bercero Miguel , PeÃ±a JosÃ© , Merino Rosa , Orera VÃ­ctor 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Textured Ni-YSZ and Co-YSZ (YSZ: cubic yttria stabilized zirconia) cermets prepared by reduction of directionally solidified NiO-YSZ and CoO-YSZ oxide eutectics respectively display a self-organized microstucture formed by âˆ¼400 nm wide alternating lamellae of YSZ and porous metal suitable for electrochemical applications. The electrochemical properties of the cermets depend on their microstructure. We have analyzed the orientation relationships and interfaces both of the oxide composites and cermets using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-ray pole figures and Electron Back-Scattering Diffraction. In spite of the similar crystal structure, growth habits and orientation relationships of NiO-YSZ and CoO-YSZ are different. Also the crystallographic behaviour, when cermets are produced, differs. However the metal-YSZ interfaces are about the most stable ones giving good metal-ceramic adhesion. Due to their lamellar microstructure and good metal-ceramic adhesion these composites present long-term stability at working conditions, which makes them good candidates to be used as anodes in solid oxide fuel cells or electrolyzers.
Theoretical modelling of surface phonons
Authors: Srivastava Gyaneshwar , TÃ¼tÃ¼ncÃ¼ Huseyin 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We present a mini review of progress made towards theoretical modelling of surface phonons. We outline the essential ingredients of two theoretical methods, viz. an adiabatic bond charge method for semiconductor surfaces and the ab-initio density-functional perturbation method for solid surfaces in general. From the results of theoretical calculations we establish trends and criteria for the existence of localized phonon modes on group-IV(001) and III-V(110) semiconductor surfaces. We further obtain signatures of characteristic vibrational modes which develop during dissociative molecular adsorption on Si(001) surfaces. The results are compared with available experimental measurements. Some remarks are forwarded regarding manipulation of surface phonon modes for scientific advances and technological applications.
Back to the Concrete: A Pragmatist Response to Oppression
Authors: Morse Donald 
Published: March 2009

Back to the Concrete: A Pragmatist Response to Oppression
Pragmatism is a vital tool for society today, both because it addresses our more pressing social problems and because it advances beyond other available solutions. As a good deal of recent European philosophy has shown, as in the cases of Adorno and Agamben, for example, our social life is mediated by abstractions that oppress us. With its focus on the immediacy of experience, pragmatism enables us to overcome these abstractions and return to concrete life in a liberating way. I argue against Agamben, however, that the return to concrete life amounts to anarchism. I show that it leads to liberalism instead, along the lines laid out by Dewey in Liberalism and Social Action, in which freed individuality is compatible with the exercise of social intelligence and planning.
Rortyian Hope
Authors: Sanders Mark 
Published: March 2009

Rortyian Hope
This is a paper about Richard Rorty's notion of hope, and the role that it plays in breaking down Rorty's public/private distinction, and connecting philosophy to politics. The argument that philosophy can be engaged in and with the social-political world is one that is coherent with Rorty's position if philosophy is understood as striving towards its goals with a sense of contextualism and fallibilism. Placing Rorty within the tradition of the classic pragmatists, James and Dewey, I will argue that pluralism can and should serve as a contextual foundation for liberalism. Through an examination and analysis of Rorty's liberal ironist and anti-foundationalism, I will explore how Rortyian hope can be understood as socially and politically transformative, transforming our conception of knowledge from one based on certainty to one based on fallibility.
Rorty on Science and Politics
Authors: Kremer Alexander 
Published: March 2009

Rorty on Science and Politics
In my paper I will prove my overall thesis that Rorty consistently enforces his politically saturated liberal ironic standpoint in the fields of science and politics from his "Contingency" book (1989). As a neopragmatist thinker he gives priority to politics in the sense of a liberal democracy over everything else. Even philosophy as "cultural politics" serves this purpose. He did not want to create a detailed political philosophy, but the main motive of his philosophy is political. He is charged with complacency, relativism and misinterpreting traditional pragmatism, but I show that this is mistaken. Rorty offers "only" a non-systematic, but logical and permanently developed interpretation of our present world on the basis of knowledge he appropriated and improved by building bridges between pragmatism, analytic and continental philosophy. I will analyze briefly in the first part his neo-pragmatist thoughts on science in connection with his political views. In the second part I will interpret Rorty as a liberal ironist who regards almost everything as contingent, except democracy. He outlines a liberal utopia that means first of all a just society in a Rawlsian sense, but he also develops his idea further in a neo-pragmatic way.