bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dichelesthium oblongum (Copepoda: Dichelesthiidae) infestation in wild-caught Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus
Authors: Fast Mark D. , Sokolowski Mark S. , Dunton Keith J. , Bowser Paul R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Fast, M. D., Sokolowski, M. S., Dunton, K. J., and Bowser, P. R. 2009. Dichelesthium oblongum (Copepoda: Dichelesthiidae) infestation in wild-caught Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 2141–2147. Atlantic sturgeon were sampled in autumn 2007 and 2008 along the New York Bight. The fish were examined for the presence of external parasites, and blood, fin, and opercula biopsies were collected for subsequent serum analysis and histopathological evaluation. Dichelesthium oblongum, a parasitic copepod, was observed on 93% of the sturgeon sampled (77 out of 83) between Rockaway and Jones Beaches, NY, and Sandy Hook, NJ. During the course of the examinations, grossly visible lesions associated with the attachment and feeding of juvenile stages of D. oblongum were noted on the operculum, pectoral, dorsal, and anal fins of infested fish. Significant differences were observed between the level of infestation and serum chemistry across sampling sites, such that the most heavily infested fish were caught off Jones Beach (15.8 ± 2.79 lice fish−1), higher infestations than at Rockaway Beach (8.86 ± 0.89 lice fish−1) and Sandy Hook (5.31 ± 1.40 lice fish−1). Animals from Jones Beach also indicated ion loading (i.e. sodium, calcium, and magnesium), possibly as a result of stress or water loss through D. oblongum infestation compromising the epithelial barrier. The interaction of the environment and parasite with host life-history characteristics are discussed in terms of their ecological significance to this threatened fish species.
Coherence, correspondence, and the renaissance of morphology in phylogenetic systematics
Authors: Assis Leandro C. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe decline in morphological phylogenies has become a pronounced trend in contemporary systematics due to a disregard for theoretical, methodological, conceptual, and philosophical approaches. The role and meaning of morphology in phylogenetic reconstruction and classification have been undermined by the following: (i) the ambiguous delineation of morphological characters; (ii) the putative “objectivity” of molecular data; (iii) that morphology has not been included in data matrices; (iv) that morphology has been mapped onto molecular cladograms; and (v) a separation of a paradigmatic relationship among morphology, phylogeny, and classification. Historical/philosophical arguments including the synthesis of coherence (coherentism) and correspondence (foundationalism) theories—i.e. “foundherentism” as a theory of epistemic justification—provide support for a renaissance of morphology in phylogenetic systematics. In the language of systematics, coherence theory corresponds to the logical/operational congruence of character states translated into a hierarchical/relational system of homologues and monophyletic groups as natural kinds. Correspondence theory corresponds to the empirical/causal accommodation of homologues and monophyletic groups as natural kinds grounded in the concept of semaphoront, and in developmental biology, genetics, inheritance, ontogenesis, topology, and connectivity. The role and meaning of morphology are also discussed in the context of separate and combined analyses, palaeontology, natural kinds, character concepts, semaphoront, modularity, and taxonomy. Molecular systematics suffers from tension between coherence and correspondence theories, and fails to provide a pragmatic language for predicates in science and in everyday life. Finally, the renaissance of morphology is not only dependent on a scientific/philosophical perspective but also depends on political, economic, social, and educational reforms in contemporary systematics. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
Clinical trial: music reduces anxiety levels in patients attending for endoscopy
Authors: EL‐HASSAN H. , MCKEOWN K. , MULLER A. F. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground  Patients attending for endoscopy are generally anxious and worried.Aims  To examine whether music reduced anxiety levels in patients attending for endoscopic procedures.Methods  Prospective randomized controlled trial of 180 patients (M:F 81:99). The effect of age (≤ or >51 years) and procedure (gastroscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy) on anxiety levels (state‐trait anxiety inventory) on arrival in the unit and immediately before the endoscopy procedure, after listening to music or no music (control group) for the same period.Results  At baseline, anxiety levels were not influenced by age (≤51 years, n = 56:42.21 ± 9.18; >51 years, n = 124:39.99 ± 10.13 (P = 0.15) or procedure: gastroscopy, n = 87:39.43 ± 9.9, flexible sigmoidoscopy/colonoscopy: n = 93:41.86 ± 9.75 (P = 0.98). No difference was found in anxiety scores in the control group (n = 88) at baseline and immediately pre‐endoscopy (P = 0.243), but music led to a significant reduction in anxiety scores (n = 92), which was maintained for all age groups irrespective of procedure (all P < 0.0001).Conclusions  Anxiety levels in patients attending for endoscopy were not influenced by age or procedure, but were significantly reduced by listening to music compared to controls. The availability of music within the endoscopy unit is a simple strategy that will improve the well‐being of patients.
Clinical trial: long‐term use of proton pump inhibitors in primary care patients – a cross sectional analysis of 901 patients
Authors: REIMER C. , BYTZER P. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground  The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is extensive. While the incidence of new treatments remains stable, the prevalence of long‐term treatment is rising. Studies have shown that up to 70% of patients on chronic acid suppression lack a verified indication for treatment.Aims  To investigate primary care patient characteristics associated with long‐term use of PPIs.Methods  A cross‐sectional analysis of 42 634 patients registered with 22 general practitioners was performed. Patients with prescriptions of ≥120 tablets/year were defined as long‐term users. A survey of a subgroup of patients without verified indication was performed.Results  In all, 901 (2.1%) patients were long‐term treated. Verified indications for treatment were identified for 247/901 (27%). An upper GI endoscopy had been performed in 418 patients (46%). Of the 194/654 without verified indication who participated in the survey, 71% reported heartburn/acid regurgitation as the reason for therapy. On‐demand therapy was reported by 43/194 (22%) and previous attempts to withdraw by 119/194 (61%).Conclusions  The prevalence of PPI long‐term treatment among primary care patients is 2.1%. The main reason for treatment is reflux symptoms or verified GERD. Rationalization of use of PPIs is possible as daily treatment without attempts to discontinue is frequently observed.
Clinical pharmacy‐led disease and medicine management programme for patients with COPD
Authors: Khdour Maher R. , Kidney Joseph C. , Smyth Bronagh M. , McElnay James C. 
Published: July 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The concept of self‐management plans for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is derived from their success in asthma management.• It is believed that selected people with COPD may benefit from the early intervention that comes from following self‐management plans, which may prevent a crisis and possibly the need for hospital admission.• There is little published information on clinical pharmacist‐led disease and patient self‐management in the area of COPD care. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • A structured education programme led by a clinical pharmacist for patients with COPD was associated with a reduction in both hospitalization and emergency department visits and an improvement in patients' adherence to treatment regimens and health‐related quality of life (excluding physical activity).• The intervention programme was tailored and individualized based on a preliminary assessment of individual patient needs.• Education about self‐management in COPD patients should be explicit, tailored to individual needs, and on a continuous basis.AIMThe aim was to investigate the impact of a disease and medicine management programme, focusing on self‐management in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).METHODSOne hundred and seventy‐three patients (mean age 67 years; 54% female) were recruited; 86 patients were randomly assigned to an intervention group and 87 to a usual care (control) group. Intervention patients received education on disease state, medications and breathing techniques. Patients were given booklets and a customized action plan (antibiotic and oral steroid to be initiated promptly by patients for exacerbations). Patients were followed up at 6 and 12 months during a scheduled visit. The St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), COPD Knowledge and Morisky adherence questionnaires were administered to all patients at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Outcome measures included hospital admissions, emergency department (ED) visits, health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and medication adherence.RESULTSOver the 12‐month period in the intervention group, ED visits decreased by 50% (P= 0.02) and hospitalization by approximately 60% (P= 0.01). On the SGRQ, differences reached statistical significance on the symptom (−7.5; P= 0.04) and impact (−7.4; P= 0.03) subscales but not on the physical activity subscale. There was a significant difference between the intervention and usual care groups regarding knowledge scores (75.0 vs. 59.3; P= 0.001) and good adherence to medication (77.8% vs. 60.0%, P= 0.019). There was no significant difference regarding smoking between study groups.CONCLUSIONSThe clinical pharmacy‐led management programme can improve adherence, reduce the need for hospital care in patients with COPD and improve aspects of their HRQoL.
Structurally diverse peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor agonists induce apoptosis in human uro‐epithelial cells by a receptor‐independent mechanism involving store‐operated calcium channels
Authors: Chopra B. , Georgopoulos N. T. , Nicholl A. , Hinley J. , Oleksiewicz M. B. , Southgate J.  
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectives: Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are implicated in epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation, but investigation has been confounded by potential off‐target effects of some synthetic PPAR ligands. Our aim was to determine mechanisms underlying the pro‐apoptotic effect of synthetic PPAR agonists in normal human bladder uro‐epithelial (urothelial) cells and to reconcile this with the role of PPARs in urothelial cytodifferentiation.Materials and methods: Normal human urothelial (NHU) cells were grown as non‐immortal linesin vitroand exposed to structurally diverse agonists ciglitazone, troglitazone, rosiglitazone (PPARγ), ragaglitazar (PPARα/γ), fenofibrate (PPARα) and L165041 (PPARβ/δ).Results: NHU cells underwent apoptosis following acute exposure to ciglitazone, troglitazone or ragaglitazar, but not fenofibrate, L165041 or rosiglitazone, and this was independent of ERK or p38 MAP‐kinase activation. Pro‐apoptotic agonists induced sustained increases in intracellular calcium, whereas removal of extracellular calcium altered the kinetics of ciglitazone‐mediated calcium release from sustained to transient. Cell death was accompanied by plasma‐membrane disruption, loss of mitochondrial membrane‐potential and caspase‐9/caspase‐3 activation. PPARγ‐mediated apoptosis was unaffected following pre‐treatment with PPARγ antagonist T0070907 and was strongly attenuated by store‐operated calcium channel (SOC) inhibitors 2‐APB and SKF‐96365.Conclusions: Our results provide a mechanistic basis for the ability of some PPAR agonists to induce death in NHU cells and demonstrate that apoptosis is mediatedviaPPAR‐independent mechanisms, involving intracellular calcium changes, activation of SOCs and induction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Missing siblings: seeking more adequate social responses
Authors: Clark Julie , Warburton Jeni , Tilse Cheryl 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the experience of family and friends when a young adult goes missing, less is known about how siblings make sense of the experience. Police assistance to locate the missing person may be sought but there is little recognition of going missing or missingness as a social issue, and there is little or no adequate social response to the needs of those left behind. This paper links knowledge of siblings, loss and grief to an understanding of this phenomenon. It presents the methodology and findings of an exploratory, qualitative study into the experiences of nine adult siblings of long‐term missing people in Australia and presents the themes drawn from their accounts. The themes are briefly elaborated using direct quotations from participants in the study and represented in a diagram. The paper seeks to develop greater understanding of the inter‐relationship between missingness and other social issues, to give voice to the views of participants and to encourage practitioners to engage more purposefully in work with family and friends affected by this issue. Some implications for social work practice are presented.
Broken circles to a different identity: an exploration of identity for children in out–of‐home care in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Moss Michelle 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTChild protection manuals and literature emphasize that developing a sense of identity is one of the most important elements in achieving good outcomes for children in out‐of‐home care. Yet, the very issue of identity raises questions that many child protection workers are ill‐equipped to answer. In practice, life story book work based on developmental theories has been utilized by child protection workers and foster carers as a response to a sense of ‘lost identity’ for children in out‐of‐home care. However, Indigenous and psychological concepts of identity may have little in common.Current theories of identity development in children lack evidence from the children and young people themselves in informing these notions, which have been criticized as adult‐centric. Developmental theories may also be problematic for children from non‐Western cultural groups. This research was undertaken in a regional area of Queensland, Australia where the majority of children in the child protection system who are identified as Indigenous, come from two or more cultural backgrounds. The research presented in this paper firstly explores identity issues for children and young people in foster care from their own perspective using narrative art therapy. Secondly, the research views identity from the perspective of professionals working in child protection and out‐of‐home care.
Bangladeshi families living in hardship: findings from research using a life‐history approach
Authors: Dyson Claire , Gorin Sarah , Hooper Carol‐Ann , Cabral Christie 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTWhilst there are many commonalities in the experience of living in hardship, there are also many ways in which the experience of poverty varies. This paper draws on findings from life‐history interviews about parenting and children's well‐being which were undertaken with 70 low‐income households including nine Bangladeshi families living in London. The paper explores the ways in which the experience of Bangladeshi families was similar to and different from the sample as a whole, discusses the intersection of culture, class, gender and ethnicity in the experience of living in poverty and how this impacted on parents' ability to access support. The findings show the many and complex ways poverty impacts on families' lives and suggest that many of the barriers for Bangladeshi families' to accessing services that have previously been identified still exist. The findings highlight the importance of social workers having the space to reflect on and develop their own practice in order to avoid oversimplistic assumptions about the experiences of Bangladeshi families and the need for home‐visiting services so practitioners can develop relationships and build the confidence of the most socially excluded parents.
Caveolin‐1 is a novel immunohistochemical marker to differentiate epithelioid mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Amatya Vishwa Jeet , Takeshima Yukio , Kohno Hidekazu , Kushitani Kei , Yamada Taketo , Morimoto Chikao , Inai Kouki 
Published: July 2009

Aims:  The incidence of mesothelioma is increasing in Europe, Japan and other developing countries. There is difficulty in the accurate diagnosis of mesothelioma and its differentiation from lung adenocarcinoma. Mesothelioma shows a complex immunohistochemical profile. Therefore, the use of a immunohistochemical panel that includes both positive and negative mesothelial markers has become a general rule for its accurate diagnosis. However, they are still not sufficient. The aim was to assess the diagnostic utility of caveolin‐1 (Cav‐1), which is expressed in endothelial cells, alveolar type I pneumocytes and mesothelial cells, as a novel positive marker of mesothelioma.Methods and results:  An immunohistochemical study of 80 cases of epithelioid mesothelioma and 80 cases of lung adenocarcinoma was performed for the analysis of the expression of Cav‐1 and other markers. Cav‐1 expression with a membranous and/or cytoplasmic pattern was found in all of the epithelioid mesothelioma. Of these, 42 cases (52.5%) showed Cav‐1 expression in >50% of tumour cells, 34 cases (42.5%) in 6–50% of tumour cells, and four cases (5.0%) in <5% of tumour cells. In contrast, only six cases (7.5%) of lung adenocarcinoma showed focal Cav‐1 expression in the cytoplasm of the tumour cells. The sensitivity and specificity of Cav‐1 expression for the differentiation of epithelioid mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma were 100 and 92.5%, respectively. This is comparable or even superior to that of currently available positive markers such as calretinin or D2‐40.Conclusions:  Cav‐1 is a novel immunohistochemical marker for the differentiation of epithelioid mesothelioma from lung adenocarcinoma.
Expression and prognostic significance of cyclin B1 and cyclin A in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Cooper Wendy A , Kohonen‐Corish Maija R J , McCaughan Brian , Kennedy Catherine , Sutherland Robert L , Lee Cheok Soon 
Published: July 2009

Aims:  Aberrant expression of cell cycle regulators has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many neoplasms, including non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim was to examine the expression and prognostic value of cyclin B1 and cyclin A, key regulators of the G2/M checkpoint of the cell cycle, in NSCLC and bronchial precursor lesions.Methods and results:  Immunohistochemical expression of cyclin B1 and A was examined in 90 cases of stage I–II primary NSCLC and bronchial precursor lesions using tissue microarrays. Increased cyclin B1 and A expression was found in 40.9 and 58.9% of NSCLC cases, respectively, and was significantly higher in primary NSCLC, lymph node metastases and some bronchial precursor lesions compared with normal bronchial epithelium. Increased expression of cyclin A and cyclin B1 correlated with tumour type, poorly differentiated tumours and male gender. A significant association was found between increased cyclin B1 expression and reduced survival using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. On multivariate analysis, cyclin B1 was not an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.067). Cyclin A expression was not associated with survival.Conclusions:  Cyclin B1 and cyclin A are aberrantly expressed in NSCLC and some precursor lesions. Cyclin B1, but not cyclin A, shows some promise as a potential prognostic marker in NSCLC.
Role of a fetal defence mechanism against oxidative stress in the aetiology of preeclampsia
Authors: Wruck Christoph Jan , Huppertz Berthold , Bose Patrick , Brandenburg Lars‐Ove , Pufe Thomas , Kadyrov Mamed 
Published: July 2009

Aims:  Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress may play a key role in the aetiology of preeclampsia (PE). The aim of this study was to elucidate the placental defence mechanisms employed against oxidative stress and, in particular, the specific role of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2).Methods and results:  Expression of Nrf2 in third‐trimester placental tissue was compared in preeclamptic and normal gestation‐matched controls. PE was associated with increased Nrf2 activity within cytotrophoblastic nuclei. Nrf2 expression was restricted to proliferative and early post‐proliferative cytotrophoblast only. Syncytiotrophoblast was immunonegative for Nrf2 in both controls and preeclamptic placentas.Conclusions:  Nrf2 is exclusively active within cytotrophoblast, strongly suggesting that these cells are the origin of Nrf2‐dependent gene products. Syncytiotrophoblast is transcriptionally inactive; therefore in times of oxidative stress essential cytoprotective enzymes must be derived from the cytotrophoblast. Excessive cytotrophoblastic turnover causes disproportionate release of toxic placental factors, manifesting as PE and endangering maternal health. Increased cytotrophoblastic proliferation/fusion could thus be interpreted as a fetal defence mechanism, initiated in response to the requirements of vulnerable syncytiotrophoblast. We therefore propose a direct relationship between fetal defence against oxidative stress and consequent placental toxicity as part of the aetiology of this complex maternal disease.
Localization of root canal orifices in mandibular second molars in relation to occlusal dimension
Authors: Gorduysus O. , Nagas E. , Cehreli Z. C. , Gorduysus M. , Yilmaz Z. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim  To evaluate the localization and distribution of canal orifices of mandibular second molar teeth in relation to the mesio‐distal and bucco‐lingual dimensions of coronal tissue.Methodology  Fifty extracted mandibular second molar teeth were embedded into plaster blocks with their vertical axes aligned perpendicular to the horizontal plane. The teeth were photographed digitally from the occlusal aspect under 12 × magnification. Thereafter, the occlusal halves of crowns were sectioned off to expose the root canal orifices. The teeth were than photographed under the same magnification, after which the pre‐ and post‐sectioning images of each specimen were stacked into a single file. To plot the coordinate of each canal orifice, a 0.5‐mm grid analytical plane was mounted digitally on the stack so that the x‐ and y‐axes of the plane were superimposed on the mesiodistal and buccolingual axes (bisectors) of the tooth crowns. Localization and distribution of the coordinates of the canal orifices were evaluated using the chi‐square test (P = 0.05).Results  Only one tooth displayed a single root canal orifice, located in the mesiobuccal‐distolingual ‘centre’ of the occlusal surface. The majority of mandibular second molars had three orifices (72%), followed by those with two (16%) and four (10%). The distal canal was located lingual to the centre of the occlusal plane.Conclusion  The distal canal was located lingual to the centre of the occlusal plane of mandibular second molars. The possibility of observing more divergent localizations and orifice numbers should not be overlooked in clinical practice.