bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical description of thermal transport in graphene: The issues of phonon cut‐off frequencies and polarization branches
Authors: Nika Denis L. , Pokatilov Evghenii P. , Balandin Alexander A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe discuss theoretical approaches for description of the phonon thermal transport in graphene and identify open questions and problems. Specifically, we show that due to a fundamental ambiguity in the definition of the intrinsic thermal conductivity of two‐dimensional (2‐D) systems the calculations that use an arbitrary low‐bound cut‐off for the phonon frequency in the thermal conductivity integral lead to erroneous results. The problem of the relative contributions of the longitudinal acoustic (LA), transverse acoustic (TA), and out‐of‐plane phonon polarization branches to thermal transport in graphene is also discussed. Theoretical thermal conductivity data for graphene, obtained by different approaches, are compared with those for carbon nanotubes.
Combined effects of intense laser field and applied electric field on exciton states in GaAs quantum wells: Transition from the single to double quantum well
Authors: Duque C. A. , Mora‐Ramos M. E. , Kasapoglu E. , Sari H. , Sökmen I. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe effects of intense laser radiation on the exciton states in GaAs‐Ga1–xAlxAs quantum wells are studied with the inclusion of applied dc electric fields oriented along the growth direction of the system. The calculations are made within the effective mass and parabolic band approximations. The intense laser effects have been included along the lines of the Floquet method, modifying the confinement potential associated to the heterostructure. The results for the exciton binding energy, the energy of the exciton‐related photoluminescence peak, and the carriers overlap integral are presented for several configurations of the quantum well size, the strength of the applied electric fields, and the incident laser radiation.
Physical background of electron backscattering
Authors: Niedrig H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe parameters governing electron backscattering from thin films and from bulk solids are reviewed: Atomic scattering cross‐section, atomic number, single/multiple scattering, film thickness, scattering angular distribution, angle of incidence, diffraction effects. Their influence on some important contrast mechanisms due to backscattered electrons in scanning electron microscopy (thickness contrast, Z/material contrast, tilting/topography contrast, crystal orientation contrast) is discussed. The most frequently used backscattering electron detection systems are briefly described.
Auger microanalysis in a conventional scanning electron microscope
Authors: Holm R. , Reinfandt B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe have coupled an Auger spectrometer to a conventional scanning electron microscope. Specimens were examined without an ultrahigh vacuum by maintaining a high partial pressure of argon in the vicinity of the specimen. It was possible to examine the specimens by means of both Auger and x‐ray microanalysis. Sputtering profiles could be recorded by removing surface layers by ion bombardment. Examples of the application of the method are drawn from studies of surface layers on metals, and are compared with XRMA results.
Ion damage to the specimen in the SEM studied by the EBIC technique
Authors: Wells O. C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper reports ion damage to Si and GaAs diodes during examination in the SEM as revealed by the electron beam induced conductivity (EBIC) technique. Also reported here is the emission of energetic negative ions having a mass‐to‐charge ratio of 32 from the lanthanum hexaboride electron gun. It is believed that these ions are (O2)−, although the possibility that they might be S− cannot be ruled out. These ions give rise to damaged regions of the specimen which are circular in shape and which have a diameter related to that of the beam‐limiting aperture in the SEM final lens. It is presumed that this problem can be avoided, if necessary, by the use of an ion trap at some point in the electron column.
The “SOMSEM”—An SEM‐based scanning optical microscope
Authors: Maher E. F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNo one form of microscopy is ideal for all applications and, in general, significant advances are made by correlating several techniques. In this paper, a scanning optical microscope is discussed which is based on the SEM and is entirely compatible with it. This new hybrid instrument, known as the SOMSEM, has been demonstrated using a converted SEM specimen stage and a standard Cambridge Stereoscan 250 Mk II microscope. The operating principles have been verified, and silicon MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) devices have been successfully imaged using the OBIC (optical beam induced current) mode thus avoiding electron beam damage. Potential applications and future developments are briefly discussed.
Scanning optical microscopy
Authors: Wilson T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe scanning optical microscope, provides new information about a wide variety of specimens. The confocal mode provides a form of super‐resolution and allows the depth of field of the microscope to be tuned at will, and extended, in principle, without limit. The instrument is particularly advantageous for the study of materials and devices, especially semiconductors. The image is built up on a cathode ray tube display by mechanically scanning the object across a focussed spot.
Crystal formation of polyisobutylene induced at metallic interface
Authors: Matsuda Yasuhiro , Iida Kazuhiro , Tasaka Shigeru 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTPolyisobutylene (PIB) is used as a nonpolar adhesive, but its mechanism of adhesion is still under discussion. Because the adhesion process of PIB requires no chemical reactions, the changes of physical properties induced at the interface play important roles in the mechanisms of the adhesion. PIB is known as an amorphous polymer, but can be crystallized by external stimulus such as stretching. Differential scanning calorimetry was carried out for thin films of PIB contacting with silver to investigate the interfacial properties and their contribution to the mechanism of adhesion. An endothermic peak appeared at the temperature which has been reported to be the melting point of PIB crystals, and this peak became clearer by thinning the PIB film. This thermal behavior can be explained by the crystal formation of PIB at the metallic interface. The formation of the crystals of PIB may contribute the good adhesive behavior of PIB. The rubbery amorphous phase of PIB with the glass transition temperature lower than room temperature can be spread on the surface, and the induced rigid crystalline phase prevent PIB from flowing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of virtual resistor in power electronic converter on subsynchronous oscillation damping
Authors: Rizqiawan Arwindra , Fujita Goro , Funabashi Toshihisa , Nomura Masakatsu 
Published: October 2011

AbstractVirtual impedance concept provides the impedance effects without need to put real physically impedance in the circuit. In power system, oscillation will not occur as long as the impedance seen by turbine‐generator set is ‘passive’. In order to ensure the impedance is seen as ‘passive’ by the turbine‐generator set, a series resistor can be placed in the system. This paper proposes implementation of virtual resistor concept in grid connected power electronic converter to replaced the aforementioned series resistor, then analyze its impact on subsynchronous oscillation phenomena. It can be shown that virtual resistor can improve the negative region of converter input admittance. Moreover, it also gives us better damping in system involving grid connected inverter. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design of PSO‐based fuzzy logic controller for single axis magnetic levitation system
Authors: Hussein Basheer Noaman , Sulaiman Nasri , Raja Ahmad R. K. , Marhaban Mohammad Hamiruce 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this paper, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is proposed to design an optimal robust fuzzy logic controller (FLC). The objective of this paper is to design a nonlinear optimal robust controller for the single axis magnetic levitation system with high accuracy. PSO algorithm is applied to search globally optimal parameters of FLCs. Three different FLCs are designed. First, proportional derivative (PD)‐like FLC. Second, the FLC is based on the PSO algorithm to find the optimal range of the eight linguistic membership functions (FLC1 with PSO algorithm). Finally, the FLC is based on the PSO algorithm to find the optimal range and shape of the four linguistic membership functions (FLC2 with PSO algorithm). The performances of three different FLCs are compared. Simulation results show that PSO‐based optimal FLCs find the optimal range and shape of the four linguistic membership functions and achieved better performance than the other proposed controllers, minimizing 48 fuzzy rules. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Photocatalytic TiO2 films deposited by different methods
Authors: Vergöhl Michael , Althues Holger , Frach Peter , Glöß Daniel , Graumann Tobias , Hübner Christof , Neumann Frank , Neubert Thomas , Schottner Gerhard , Song Do‐Keun 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPhotocatalytic TiO2 layers are deposited with different methods available within the Fraunhofer Photocatalysis Alliance. These are: Magnetron sputtering, evaporation, sol‐gel, laquer coating, and CVD. The photocatalytic activity under UV illumination is determined by decomposition of stearic acid. The optical properties of the films are compared and discussed.
Ionenstrahlpolieren von feinoptischen Substraten
Authors: Nestler Matthias , Demmler Marcel , Zeuner Michael , Kiontke Sven 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDie steigenden Anforderungen an die Polierfehlerkorrektur in der Optikindustrie führen zur Entwicklung von innovativen Anlagenkonzepten, die den hohen Standards gerecht werden und gleichzeitig effektive Durchsatzraten gewährleisten.Die Autoren dieses Artikels präsentieren ein fortschrittliches neues Anlagensystem für den kommerziellen Optikmarkt, welches anlagentechnische Neuerungen mit einem ausgefeilten Prozessfluss verbindet. Einsparungen von unnötigen mechanischen Komponenten, der Einsatz einer Doppelschleuse und ein modifizierbarer Strahldurchmesser führen zu einer Bearbeitungsgenauigkeit besser als λ/50. Das Anlagensystem eignet sich für diverse Materialien in der Herstellung von optischen Bauteilen mit sphärischen und asphärischen Konturen sowie jeglichen Freiformflächen und ist mit einer eigens dafür entwickelten Software ausgestattet. [1]
The Northeast Arran Trough, the Corrie conundrum and the Highland Boundary Fault in the Firth of Clyde, SW Scotland
Authors: YOUNG G. M. , CALDWELL W. G. E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTwo strikingly different successions of Lower Carboniferous (mainly Tournaisian) sedimentary rocks are closely juxtaposed on the NE coast of the island of Arran, SW Scotland. Near the village of Corrie a thin succession (~ 17 m) of Tournaisian rocks is preserved, whereas in the neighbouring Fallen Rocks–Laggan area, correlative rocks are > 300 m in thickness. These contrasting successions are separated by the Laggan Fault, which is a landward extension of the submarine Brodick Bay Fault, marking the SW boundary of the Northeast Arran Trough. The contrasting thickness and stratigraphy of the two sequences of sedimentary rocks result from juxtaposition of shoulder and trough deposits along the Laggan–Brodick Bay Fault. Although originally a normal, basin-defining fault, later sinistral movements caused significant displacement of the NE Arran Trough, together with a segment of the Highland Boundary Fault, from their original positions. The most northerly occurrence of the Highland Boundary Fault on Arran is thought to be the truncated northern end of the Corloch Fault. To the SW the surface trace of the Highland Boundary Fault is largely obscured by a Palaeogene granite body but it is present on the west side of the island, near Dougrie. The Highland Boundary Fault appears to be displaced to the south, in Kilbrannan Sound, by a series of NW-trending sinistral transcurrent faults. Thus the ‘anomalous’ trend of the Highland Boundary Fault and narrowing of the Midland Valley of Scotland in the Firth of Clyde area may be explained by later fault movements and intrusion of the Palaeogene North Arran Granite Pluton.
Development of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for rapid genotyping ofEhrlichia ruminantiumand its application to infectedAmblyomma variegatumcollected in heartwater endemic areas in Uganda
Authors: NAKAO RYO , MORRISON LIAM J. , ZHOU LIJIA , MAGONA JOSEPH W. , JONGEJAN FRANS , SUGIMOTO CHIHIRO 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe rickettsial bacteriumEhrlichia ruminantiumis the causative agent of heartwater, a serious tick-borne disease in ruminants. The genetic diversity of organisms in the field will have implications for cross-protective capacities of any vaccine developed, and for an effective vaccine design strategy proper genotyping and understanding of existing genetic diversity in the field is necessary. We searched for variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) loci for use in a multi-locus VNTR analysis (MLVA). Sequencing analysis of 30 potential VNTRs using a panel of 17 reference strains from geographically diverse origins identified 12 VNTRs with allelic profiles differing between strains. Application of MLVA to 38E. ruminantium-infectedAmblyomma variegatumcollected from indigenous cattle in 6 different districts of Uganda identified 21 MLVA types. The discriminatory power of MLVA was greater than that ofmap1PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, with which only 6 genotypes were obtained. The high discriminatory power as well as cost- effective performance of MLVA provide the potential for this technique to be applied in the future with respect to optimizing vaccine trials by identifying local strain diversity, and also raise the possibility of exploring the association betweenE. ruminantiumgenotypes and phenotypes such as pathological outcome in the ruminant host.
Digital platform-based multi-domain virtual prototype simulation on a high-speed parallel manipulator
Authors: Zhiyong Yang , Wenhao Feng , Jiang Wu , Tian Huang 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents how to build an all-digital co-simulation platform of a mechtronic system so as to reduce the burden and error of system modeling. In the construction of a platform, a driving system, including a motor, a pulse-width modulation (PWM) and a controller, is simulated using Matlab/Simulink. The behavior of the mechanism is analyzed using the ADAMS software. By the proper interface function for the real-time communication between two parts of the models, a virtual working environment is established. Finally, a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller verifies the validity of the digital platform.
Metric Diophantine approximation and Hausdorff dimension on manifolds
Authors: Dodson M. M. , Rynne B. P. , Vickers J. A. G. 
Published: October 2011

In this paper we discuss homogeneous Diophantine approximation of points on smooth manifolds M in ℝk. We begin with a brief survey of the notation and results. For any x,y ∈ℝk, let.
A large deviation local limit theorem
Authors: Doney R. A. 
Published: October 2011

The following elegant one-sided large deviation result is given by S. V. Nagaev in [2].Theorem 0. Suppose that {Sn,n ≤ 0} is a random walk whose increments Xi are independent copies of X, where(X) = 0 andPr{X > x} ̃ x−αL(x) as x→ + ∞,and where 1 < α < ∞ and L is slowly varying at ∞. Then for any ε > 0 and uniformly in x ≥ εnPr{Sn > x} ̃ n Pr{X > x} as n→∞.It is the purpose of this note to point out that for lattice-valued random walks there is an analogous local limit theorem.
SOWING THE BLOOD WITH THE MAIZE: ZAPOTEC EFFIGY VESSELS AND AGRICULTURAL RITUAL
Authors: Sellen Adam T. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper examines how maize and blood were central elements in ancient Zapotec religious practices and how they were conceptually linked. I analyze the iconography of different types of Classic period Zapotec ceramic effigy vessels. Using a comparative approach, I identify elements that frequently appear on the urns, such as maize plants in different stages of growth, or representations of the milpa. Framing these observations with early colonial historical accounts and ethnographic studies, I suggest that the main theme involved in these ancient representations was fertility, maintained by a sacred pact forged between humans and their deities that required sacrifice through bloodletting. The drawing and offering of blood insured a cycle of sustained and abundant growth for their most important crop: maize. Though many advances have been made in recent years regarding Zapotec iconography, I will offer some new interpretations regarding specific forms represented on the urns.
SHIFTING PATTERNS OF OBSIDIAN EXCHANGE IN POSTCLASSIC OAXACA, MEXICO
Authors: Levine Marc N. , Joyce Arthur A. , Glascock Michael D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we present a diachronic analysis of obsidian procurement patterns during the Postclassic period in the Lower Río Verde region of Oaxaca. The study is based on x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and visual analysis of obsidian artifacts from excavated household contexts at Early Postclassic (a.d.800–1100) Río Viejo and Late Postclassic (a.d.1100–1522) Tututepec (Yucu Dzaa). We report the presence of at least six sources of obsidian imported to the lower Río Verde region in the Early Postclassic, whereas during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries of the Late Postclassic, the local assemblage was dominated by obsidian from Pico de Orizaba and Pachuca. Changes in obsidian procurement patterns in the lower Río Verde region through time are interpreted in light of sociopolitical change at the local, regional, and macroregional scales. The study represents the most detailed analysis of Postclassic period obsidian exchange yet reported from Oaxaca.
KEEPING ABREAST OF THE MAYA: A STUDY OF THE FEMALE BODY IN MAYA ART
Authors: Stone Andrea J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses the importance of female breasts in gender construction in Maya art and explains artistic conventions and choices in their deployment. The visual analysis focuses on Late Classic pictorial vases and ceramic figurines. Rather than reflecting a natural body, the female breast was filtered through a cultural lens that drove its highly conceptual rendering in Maya art, mirrored in a breast hieroglyph. Through the principle of contrast, including morphology and absence vs. presence of breasts in specific pictorial contexts, Maya artists constructed female personae varying in age, class, supernatural status, and gender ambiguity. In order to flesh out the layered meaning of the breast, the paper turns to ethnographic studies of modern Maya medicine concerning the hot-cold system. It is argued that ethnographic data on women's bodies in medical discourse shed light on how the breast served as an index of age-based female stereotypes.
Visualization of co-localization in Aβ42-administered neuroblastoma cells reveals lysosome damage and autophagosome accumulation related to cell death
Authors: Soura Violetta , Stewart-Parker Maris , Williams Thomas L. , Ratnayaka Arjuna , Atherton Joe , Gorringe Kirsti , Tuffin Jack , Darwent Elisabeth , Rambaran Roma , Klein William , Lacor Pascale , Staras Kevin , Thorpe Julian , Serpell Louise C. 
Published: October 2011

Aβ42 [amyloid-β peptide-(1–42)] plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease and is known to have a detrimental effect on neuronal cell function and survival when assembled into an oligomeric form. In the present study we show that administration of freshly prepared Aβ42 oligomers to a neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell line results in a reduction in survival, and that Aβ42 enters the cells prior to cell death. Immunoconfocal and immunogold electron microscopy reveal the path of the Aβ42 with time through the endosomal system and shows that it accumulates in lysosomes. A 24 h incubation with Aβ results in cells that have damaged lysosomes showing signs of enzyme leakage, accumulate autophagic vacuoles and exhibit severely disrupted nuclei. Endogenous Aβ is evident in the cells and the results of the present study suggest that the addition of Aβ oligomers disrupts a crucial balance in Aβ conformation and concentration inside neuronal cells, resulting in catastrophic effects on cellular function and, ultimately, in cell death.
β2‐Adrenergic receptor‐induced transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor via Src kinase promotes rat cardiomyocyte survival
Authors: Chen Hao , Ma Ning , Xia Jing , Liu Jinfen , Xu Zhiwei 
Published: October 2011

AbstractChronic stimulation of the β‐AR (adrenergic receptor) promotes apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, which is implicated in cardiac dysfunction. β1‐AR and β2‐AR are the main subtypes of β‐AR that exert distinct effects on the survival of cardiomyocytes. To clarify the physiological roles of β1‐AR and β2‐AR in cardiomyocytes, the effects of β1‐AR or β2‐AR knockdown on the survival of H9c2 cardiomyocytes was investigated. Knockdown of β2‐AR, but not β1‐AR, suppressed the phosphorylation of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and PDGFR (platelet‐derived growth factor receptor) induced by ISO (isoprenaline). The EGFR inhibitor, AG1478, attenuated ERK (extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase) activation and partially decreased cell survival. Pretreatment with AG1296, a PDGFR inhibitor, abolished ISO‐induced Akt (also known as protein kinase B) phosphorylation and led to a decrease in cell viability. In addition, the Src tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PP2, blocked ISO‐mediated both Akt and ERK activation and heavily suppressed viability. Accordingly, in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, the β2‐AR inhibitor, but not the β1‐AR inhibitor, abrogated the transactivation of EGFR and PDGFR, which was respectively related to Akt and ERK activation. The results show that β2‐AR transactivates PDGFR and EGFR, thereby promoting survival of cardiomyocytes.
Possible interaction between B1 retrotransposon‐containing sequences and βmajor globin gene transcriptional activation during MEL cell erythroid differentiation
Authors: Vizirianakis Ioannis S. , Tezias Sotirios S. , Amanatiadou Elsa P. , Tsiftsoglou Asterios S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRepetitive sequences consist of >50% of mammalian genomic DNAs and among these SINEs (short interspersed nuclear elements), e.g. B1 elements, account for 8% of the mouse genome. In an effort to delineate the molecular mechanism(s) involved in the blockade of the in vitro differentiation program of MEL (murine erythroleukaemia) cells by treatment with methylation inhibitors, we detected a DNA region of 559 bp in chromosome 7 located downstream of the 3′‐end of the βmajor globin gene (designated B1‐559) with unique characteristics. We have fully characterized this B1‐559 region that includes a B1 element, several repeats of ATG initiation codons and consensus DNA‐binding sites for erythroid‐specific transcription factors NF‐E2 (nuclear factor‐erythroid‐derived 2), GATA‐1 and EKLF (erythroid Krüppel‐like factor). Fragments derived from B1‐559 incubated with nuclear extracts form protein complexes in both undifferentiated and differentiated MEL cells. Transient reporter‐gene experiments in MEL and human erythroleukaemia K‐562 cells with recombinant constructs containing B1‐559 fragments linked to HS‐2 (hypersensitive site‐2) sequences of human β‐globin gene LCR (locus control region) indicated potential cooperation upon erythropoiesis and globin gene expression. The possible interaction between the B1‐559 region and βmajor globin gene transcriptional activation upon execution of erythroid MEL cell differentiation programme is discussed.