bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between urine cotinine levels, continuous performance test variables, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disability symptoms in school-aged children
Authors: Cho S.-C. , Hong Y.-C. , Kim J.-W. , Park S. , Park M.-H. , Hur J. , Park E.-J. , Hong S.-B. , Lee J.-H. , Shin M.-S. , Kim B.-N. , Yoo H.-J. , Cho I.-H. , Bhang S.-Y. , Han S.-K. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundWe examined the cross-sectional relationship between environmental tobacco smoke exposure, continuous performance test (CPT) measures, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or learning disability symptoms in school-aged children.MethodIn total, 989 children (526 boys, mean age 9.1 ± 0.7 years), recruited from five South Korean cities participated in this study. We used urine cotinine as a biomarker for environmental tobacco smoke exposure, and obtained the children's scores on a CPT. Parents completed the Korean versions of the ADHD Rating Scale – IV (ADHD-RS) and Learning Disability Evaluation Scale (LDES). Using generalized linear mixed model (GLMM), we assessed the associations between urine cotinine concentrations, neuropsychological variables, and symptoms of ADHD and learning disabilities. Additionally, we conducted structural equation models to explore the effects' pathways.ResultsAfter adjusting for a range of relevant covariates, GLMM showed urinary cotinine levels were significantly and positively associated with CPT scores on omission errors, commission errors, response time, and response time variability, and with parent- and teacher-rated ADHD-RS scores. In addition, urine cotinine levels were negatively associated with LDES scores on spelling and mathematical calculations. The structural equation model revealed that CPT variables mediated the association between urine cotinine levels and parental reports of symptoms of ADHD and learning disabilities.ConclusionsOur data indicate that environmental exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with ADHD and learning disabilities in children, and that impairments in attention and inhibitory control probably mediate the effect.
Marketing foods to children through product packaging: prolific, unhealthy and misleading
Authors: Mehta Kaye , Phillips Clare , Ward Paul , Coveney John , Handsley Elizabeth , Carter Patricia 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate marketing techniques used on the packaging of child-oriented products sold through supermarkets.DesignFood and beverage products which met criteria for ‘marketed to children’ were recorded as child-oriented. The products were analysed for food categories, nutritional value, and type and extent of marketing techniques used.SettingA major supermarket chain in Adelaide, South Australia.SubjectsChild-oriented food and beverage products.ResultsOne hundred and fifty-seven discrete products were marketed to children via product packaging; most (75·2 %) represented non-core foods, being high in fat or sugar. Many marketing techniques (more than sixteen unique marketing techniques) were used to promote child-oriented food products. Claims about health and nutrition were found on 55·5 % of non-core foods. A median of 6·43 marketing techniques per product was found.ConclusionsThe high volume and power of marketing non-core foods to children via product packaging in supermarkets should be of concern to policy makers wanting to improve children's diet for their health and to tackle childhood obesity. Claims about health or nutrition on non-core foods deserve urgent attention owing to their potential to mislead and confuse child and adult consumers.
Relationship between markers of inflammation and anaemia in children of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Shinoda Naomi , Sullivan Kevin M , Tripp Katie , Erhardt Jürgen G , Haynes Bridgette MH , Temple Victor J , Woodruff Bradley 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the association of the acute-phase protein biomarkers, C-reactive protein (CRP) and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), with anaemia in children aged 6–59·9 months in Papua New Guinea.DesignA nationally representative household-based cross-sectional survey of children aged 6–59·9 months was used to assess the relationships between various combinations of elevated CRP (>5 mg/l) and AGP (>1·2 g/l) with anaemia. Logistic regression was used to determine if other factors, such as age, sex, measures of anthropometry, region, urban/rural residence and household size, modified or confounded the acute-phase protein–anaemia association.SettingPapua New Guinea.SubjectsA total of 870 children aged 6–59·9 months from the 2005 Papua New Guinea National Micronutrient Survey were assessed.ResultsThe following prevalence estimates were found: anaemia 48 %; elevated CRP 32 %; and elevated AGP 33 %. Children with elevated CRP had a prevalence of anaemia of 66 % compared with children with normal CRP who had a prevalence of 40 %. Corresponding estimates for AGP were 61 % and 42 %, respectively. Similar results were found with combinations of elevated CRP and AGP. The higher prevalence of anaemia in children with elevated CRP and/or AGP was still present after controlling for confounders.ConclusionsElevated levels of CRP and AGP were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of anaemia in the children surveyed. There are no expert group recommendations on whether to or how to account for markers of inflammation in presenting results on anaemia prevalence. Additional research would be helpful to clarify this issue.
Iodine status of pregnant women in a population changing from high to lower fish and milk consumption
Authors: Gunnarsdottir Ingibjorg , Gustavsdottir Anita G , Steingrimsdottir Laufey , Maage Amund , Johannesson Ari J , Thorsdottir Inga 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectivesPregnancy is one of the most critical periods for iodine deficiency. The aim of the present study was to assess the iodine status and dietary intake of pregnant women in a population changing from high to lower consumption of milk and fish.DesignCross-sectional observational study. Urine samples were collected for measuring urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and creatinine, and blood samples for measuring serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Frequency of consumption of selected food and beverages was obtained through a semi-quantitative validated FFQ. The difference in the distribution of UIC, ratio of iodine to creatinine (I:Cr) and TSH between groups following recommendations on fish and dairy product intake or not (fish ≥2 times/week as a main meal, diary products ≥2 portions/d) was assessed.SettingPrimary Health Care of the Capital Area, Reykjavik, Iceland.SubjectsRandomly selected pregnant women (19–43 years old,n162).ResultsThe median UIC was 180 μg/l, I:Cr 173 μg/g and TSH 1·5 mmol/l. Women who did not consume fish ≥2 times/week and also did not consume dairy products in line with the recommended intake level of ≥2 portions/d had median UIC of 160 μg/l (I:Cr 149 μg/g) compared with 220 μg/l (I:Cr 190 μg/g) in the group following both the recommendations for fish and those for dairy products. Use of dietary supplements in the two groups was similar.ConclusionsIodine status in the population studied was within the optimal range (150–249 μg/d) defined by the WHO.
Multiphase flow dynamics of pyroclastic density currents during the May 18, 1980 lateral blast of Mount St. Helens
Authors: Esposti Ongaro T. , Clarke A. B. , Voight B. , Neri A. , Widiwijayanti C. 
Published: May 2012

The dynamics of the May 18, 1980 lateral blast at Mount St. Helens, Washington (USA), were studied by means of a three‐dimensional multiphase flow model. Numerical simulations describe the blast flow as a high‐velocity pyroclastic density current generated by a rapid expansion (burst phase, lasting less than 20 s) of a pressurized polydisperse mixture of gas and particles and its subsequent gravitational collapse and propagation over a rugged topography. Model results show good agreement with the observed large‐scale behavior of the blast and, in particular, reproduce reasonably well the front advancement velocity and the extent of the inundated area. Detailed analysis of modeled transient and local flow properties supports the view of a blast flow led by a high‐speed front (with velocities between 100 and 170 m/s), with a turbulent head relatively depleted in fine particles, and a trailing, sedimenting body. In valleys and topographic lows, pyroclasts accumulate progressively at the base of the current body after the passage of the head, forming a dense basal flow depleted in fines (less than 5 wt.%) with total particle volume fraction exceeding 10−1 in most of the sampled locations. Blocking and diversion of this basal flow by topographic ridges provides the mechanism for progressive current unloading. On ridges, sedimentation occurs in the flow body just behind the current head, but the sedimenting, basal flow is progressively more dilute and enriched in fine particles (up to 40 wt.% in most of the sampled locations). In the regions of intense sedimentation, topographic blocking triggers the elutriation of fine particles through the rise of convective instabilities. Although the model formulation and the numerical vertical accuracy do not allow the direct simulation of the actual deposit compaction, present results provide a consistent, quantitative model able to interpret the observed stratigraphic sequence.
Characteristics of a plasma sheath in a magnetic dipole field: Implications to the solar wind interaction with the lunar magnetic anomalies
Authors: Wang X. , Horányi M. , Robertson S. 
Published: May 2012

The solar wind interaction with the lunar surface, especially in regions of crustal magnetic anomalies, remains of great interest for in situ plasma measurements. Small‐ scale laboratory experiments cannot reproduce the conditions near the lunar surface, but provide a unique opportunity to identify and examine several of the physical processes. We study plasma interaction with a magnetic dipole field at an insulating surface in order to understand the effect of crustal magnetic anomalies on the solar wind–lunar surface interaction. In our experiments, electrons are magnetized with gyroradii r smaller than distances from the surface d (r < d) but ions remain unmagnetized with r > d. The measured potential distribution shows a non‐monotonic sheath above the surface and variations on the surface along the axis of the dipole field. The surface near the center of the dipole is charged more positively by ions as the electrons are magnetically shielded away. A potential minimum is found in the shielding region between the surface and the bulk plasma due to collisional and magnetic mirror trapping effects. Potential variations on the surface are the result of the inhomogeneity of the dipolar field, showing an enhancement of the electric field at the cusps. Enhanced electric fields in the regions of magnetic anomalies on the lunar surface may enhance the transport of small‐sized charged dust particles, possibly explaining the formation of the lunar swirls.
Equatorial plasma bubble zonal velocity using 630.0 nm airglow observations and plasma drift modeling over Ascension Island
Authors: Chapagain Narayan P. , Taylor Michael J. , Makela Jonathan J. , Duly Timothy M. 
Published: May 2012

We present OI (630.0 nm) airglow image data from Ascension Island (geographic: 7.9°S, 14.4°W; dip latitude: 16°S) in the southern Atlantic Ocean taken with the Utah State University all‐sky CCD camera during 20 March to 7 April 1997 in order to study plasma bubbles occurring in the low‐latitude nighttime ionosphere. The initial plasma bubble onset occurs in the early evening hours at ∼19:15–20:00 LST and is followed by eastward propagation with an average speed of ∼90–120 m/s prior to local midnight, rapidly decreasing around the midnight and postmidnight periods. The Ascension results are compared with similar observations from Christmas Island in order to examine the longitudinal variations of EPB development and propagation. The observed EPB velocities from Ascension Island are also compared with the results of a plasma drift model. In a case study during the night of 4–5 April, the velocity reveals unusual latitudinal shear, up to 0.12 m/s/km, with a reversal to westward flow at low latitudes while eastward flow is maintained at higher latitudes. Consequently, the bubble rotates counterclockwise and tilts eastward, significantly away from alignment with the geomagnetic field lines. The westward reversal of the drift motion near the geomagnetic equator is most likely the result of a reversal in the F region dynamo or from a large increase in the altitude of the shear node in the F region plasma drift at the geomagnetic equator.
Active deformation near the Nicoya Peninsula, northwestern Costa Rica, between 1996 and 2010: Interseismic megathrust coupling
Authors: Feng Lujia , Newman Andrew V. , Protti Marino , González Víctor , Jiang Yan , Dixon Timothy H. 
Published: May 2012

We use campaign and continuous GPS measurements at 49 sites between 1996 and 2010 to describe the long‐term active deformation in and near the Nicoya Peninsula, northwestern Costa Rica. The observed deformation reveals partial partitioning of the Cocos‐Caribbean oblique convergence into trench‐parallel forearc sliver motion and less oblique thrusting on the subduction interface. The northern Costa Rican forearc translates northwestward as a whole ridge block at 11 ± 1 mm/yr relative to the stable Caribbean. The transition from the forearc to the stable Caribbean occurs in a narrow deforming zone of ∼16 km wide. Subduction thrust earthquakes take 2/3 of the trench‐parallel component of the plate convergence; however, surface deformation caused by interseismic megathrust coupling is primarily trench‐normal. Two fully coupled patches, one located offshore Nicoya centered at ∼15 km depth and the other located inland centered at ∼24 km depth, are identified in Nicoya with the potential to generate an Mw 7.8 1950‐type earthquake. Another fully coupled patch SE of Nicoya coincides with the rupture region of the 1990 Nicoya Gulf earthquake. Interface microearthquakes, non‐volcanic tremor, low‐frequency earthquakes, and transient slow‐slip events generally occur in the intermediately to weakly coupled regions.
The development of the copula in Child English
Authors: Becker Misha 
Published: May 2012

The dissertation summarized here provides an account of the fact that young children acquiring English (around age 2) often produce utterances like (1), in which they omit a form of the copula, be.

(1)I in the kitchen.

Childrens production of forms like (1) is interesting for two main reasons: firstly, utterances like these do not occur in the input (adult English); secondly, childrens omission of the copula conforms to a systematic pattern (it is neither across the board, nor haphazard). In particular, children omit the copula far less frequently in utterances like (2).

(2)Hes a dog.

The difference between the constructions in (1) and (2) can be characterized in terms of the well-known semantic stage-level/individual-level contrast. That is, a location such as in the kitchen denotes a stage-level property of the subject; a predicate such as a dog denotes an individual-level property of the subject. I argue for a syntactic difference between stage- and individual-level predicates: stage-level predicates contain additional functional structure (AspP) that individual-level predicates lack. Cross-linguistic support for this proposal is provided.
As for why children acquiring English omit the copula in main clauses, I link this to the fact that non-finite main clauses are permitted in child English. I define finiteness in terms of a binding relation between an abstract Tense Operator (TOP) (located in CP) and Infl. In certain grammars (among them child English) TOP may bind Asp instead of Infl, if Asp is projected in the particular clause. However, this binding relation does not result in the clause being finite. Since Asp is projected in clauses with stage-level predicates, but not in those with individual-level predicates, it follows that stage-level predicates may occur in non-finite clauses while individual-level predicates occur with a finite clause. Coupled with the hypothesis that an overt copula is finite (in the sample studied here it is inflected over 99% of the time) and an omitted copula indicates non-finiteness, the pattern of copula omission and production in child English is accounted for.
Commitment: The term and the notions
Authors: De Brabanter Philippe , Dendale Patrick 
Published: May 2012

This volume brings together thoroughly reworked versions of a selection of papers presented at the conference The Notion of Commitment in Linguistics, held at the University of Antwerp in January 2007. It is the companion volume to a collection of essays in French to be published in Langue Française and devoted to La notion de prise en charge. Commitment is a close counterpart toprise en charge, and two contributors, Celle and Lansari, use it essentially as a translation of the French term. However, commitment and its verbal cognates (to commit NP to and to be committed to) do not cover the exact same range of meanings as prise en charge. For a thorough assessment of the French term, we refer readers to the introduction to the Langue Française volume. In the present article, we focus entirely on commitment.
The term is widely used in at least three major areas of linguistic enquiry:1 studies on illocutionary acts, studies on modality and evidentiality, and the formal modelling of dialogue/argumentation. In spite of its frequent use, the notion has rarely been theorised and has never been the subject of a monograph or a specialised reader. In keeping with this is the fact that none of the many dictionaries and encyclopaedias of linguistics or philosophy that we have consulted devotes a separate entry to it.
Section 1 of this introduction briefly reviews what commitment means in the three fields just mentioned. Now and then, with respect to a particular issue, pointers are given to which articles in this collection have something to say about the issue. In section 2, we take a lexical and syntactic look at the ways in which the contributors to the present volume use the term. In section 3, we outline each of the contributions, with a focus on the role that commitment plays in them.
Epistemic marking in Ika (Arwako)
Authors: Bergqvist Henrik 
Published: May 2012

The paper describes epistemic marking in Ika (Arwako-Chibchan, Colombia) and proposes an analysis in terms of a typologically unusual pattern called conjunct/disjunct, which has been attested for a small number of Asian and South American languages. Canonically, conjunct occurs with first person subjects in statements and with second person in questions, as opposed to any other combination of subject and sentence-type, which is disjunct.
The pattern found in Ika both conforms to expectations and, at the same time, contributes to a more nuanced analysis of the functional motivations of the conjunct/disjunct pattern. In Ika, conjunct marking encodes the speaker’s direct access to an event that involves either (or both) of the speech participants. In addition, conjunct/disjunct marking interacts predictably with a second set of epistemic markers that encode asymmetries in the epistemic authority of the speaker and the addressee. The analysis builds on first-hand data but remains tentative, awaiting further investigation.
The Efficacy of Reservoir Flow Regulation for Cooling Migration Temperature for Sockeye Salmon in the Nechako River Watershed of British Columbia
Authors: Macdonald J. S. , Morrison J. , Patterson D. A. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Since the early 1980s, a water temperature management program has been in existence on the Nechako River system in central British Columbia, Canada. The program releases water based on anticipated meteorological conditions in an attempt to prevent temperature from exceeding a specified threshold of 20°C downstream during a period when spawning migrations of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka are in the Nechako River. Since the inception of the program, this threshold has been exceeded only rarely; however, the variables that influence water temperature and that are used to manage water releases in the Nechako River watershed have not been subject to an independent analysis. Increasing demand for water at other times of year and a desire to restore a more natural hydrograph to the river to meet other ecological demands have impelled this analysis. A principal components analysis that examined the factors contributing to river temperature demonstrated that the summer controlled flow releases accounted for 24% of the temperature variability and were probably a factor in maintaining compliance with the program's temperature threshold. Furthermore, during most summers, the Nechako River provided a cooling influence to input from the Stuart River tributary in a downstream reach that is used by the majority of the migrating sockeye salmon. Water temperature has a modest influence on prespawning mortality (up to 22% of the variability), suggesting that attempts to reduce summer water temperatures through releases in the upper Nechako River watershed can mitigate against poor spawning success of sockeye salmon populations that migrate through the lower reaches of the system.
Received April 19, 2011; accepted December 9, 2011
Flexible-meccano: a tool for the generation of explicit ensemble descriptions of intrinsically disordered proteins and their associated experimental observables
Authors: Ozenne Valéry , Bauer Frédéric , Salmon Loïc , Huang Jie-rong , Jensen Malene Ringkjøbing , Segard Stéphane , Bernadó Pau , Charavay Céline , Blackledge Martin 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) represent a significant fraction of the human proteome. The classical structure function paradigm that has successfully underpinned our understanding of molecular biology breaks down when considering proteins that have no stable tertiary structure in their functional form. One convenient approach is to describe the protein in terms of an equilibrium of rapidly inter-converting conformers. Currently, tools to generate such ensemble descriptions are extremely rare, and poorly adapted to the prediction of experimental data.
Results: We present flexible-meccano—a highly efficient algorithm that generates ensembles of molecules, on the basis of amino acid-specific conformational potentials and volume exclusion. Conformational sampling depends uniquely on the primary sequence, with the possibility of introducing additional local or long-range conformational propensities at an amino acid-specific resolution. The algorithm can also be used to calculate expected values of experimental parameters measured at atomic or molecular resolution, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and small angle scattering, respectively. We envisage that flexible-meccano will be useful for researchers who wish to compare experimental data with those expected from a fully disordered protein, researchers who see experimental evidence of deviation from ‘random coil’ behaviour in their protein, or researchers who are interested in working with a broad ensemble of conformers representing the flexibility of the IDP of interest.
Availability: A fully documented multi-platform executable is provided, with examples, at http://www.ibs.fr/science-213/scientific-output/software/flexible-meccano/
Contact: martin.blackledge@ibs.fr