bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serotypes of sex pili
Authors: Lawn A. M. , Meynell Elinor 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThere are situations in which direct observation of the attachment of antibody molecules may be the simplest method of detecting antigen-antibody reactions. Applied to the study of the sex pili determined by a number of transmissible bacterial plasmids, the method has distinguished four serotypes in the F-like class and two in the I-like class. Antibody was usually attached haphazardly to the pili; however, in a few cases a regular periodicity could be observed. When few antibody molecules were attached, they could frequently be individually resolved and in certain antibody-pilus combinations large antibody molecules, tentatively identified as IgM, could be seen to predominate.
A simplified method for the detection of rubella-specific IgM employing sucrose density fractionation and 2-mercaptoethanol
Authors: Caul E. O. , Smyth G. W. , Clarke Suzanne K. R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA simplified method for the detection of rubella-specific IgM in sera was developed involving HAI tests on only one fraction from a sucrose density gradient with and without treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol (2 ME). Slight trailing of IgG into the IgM fraction was shown to occur in patients with high titres of both IgG and IgM, but this could be detected by the 2ME treatment and did not affect the results.By this test, rubella-specific IgM was found in all of 54 patients with a rash and a rise of rubella HAI antibodies. When the antigen and serum were incubated for 1 hr. before adding the RBC, specific IgM was found in all 51 sera taken between 5 and 40 days after onset, and in about half the sera taken between 42 and 77 days, but in none of 16 people known to have possessed rubella antibodies at least a year previously. When antigen and serum were incubated for 18 hr. before adding the RBC, specific IgM was found in all of 21 sera taken between 2 and 49 days after onset, and in 6 of 11 sera taken between 50 and 117 days, but not in 9 people known to have possessed rubella antibodies at least a year before. The method has been found to be very useful in detecting recent rubella among patients in early pregnancy.
Field trials of calciferol combined with warfarin against wild house-mice (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Smith F. J. , Swinney T. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA combination of calciferol (vitamin D2) and warfarin, each at 0·025% in medium oatmeal bait, failed to control six of seven house-mouse (Mus musculus L.) populations infesting urban and farm buildings. In three further treatments with both calciferol and warfarin at 0·05 % in dehusked canary seed bait plus 5% corn oil, mortality, estimated from the consumption of pre- and post-treatment census bait, ranged between 94·2 and 97·4%. Finally, among sixteen treatments done with calciferol at 0·1% and warfarin at 0·025% in various cereal baits, the best results (97·0–100%) were obtained in six treatments where the bait-base was whole canary seed; this was so whether the poison bait was applied directly or after a 3-day pre-baiting period. It is concluded that calciferol at 0·1 % plus warfarin at 0·025 % is an effective combination against house-mice, especially when used with whole canary seed. The role played by warfarin in the poison mixture needs to be investigated further.
Phage types of Staphylococcus aureus in one hospital 1961–72
Authors: Williams R. E. O. , Dean Beverly A. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryBetween 1961 and 1972, 4547 independent strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from one hospital were examined for phage type. After 1967 there was a decline in the number of strains received, which we consider reflects a decline in the number of infections in the hospital, and which was largely accounted for by a great reduction in the number of strains in four ‘epidemic’ types. Overall, the number of multiple-resistant staphylococci received also declined; this was in part due to the decline in the epidemic types and in part to a reduction in the proportion of multiple-resistant strains of all types.
Spread of Escherichia coli colonizing newborn babies and their mothers
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. , Teoh-Chan Ching Haan , Chandler Mary E. , O'Farrell Sheila M. , Rahamim Layla , Shaw Elizabeth J. , Shooter R. A. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryMost babies are colonized by the predominant strains of Escherichia coli present in their own mother's faecal flora. Those babies who did not acquire their maternal faecal flora acquired strains of E. coli belonging to a small number of the possible serotypes. Moreover, the same serotypes were found in several babies and other mothers, suggesting spread within the ward. These few strains included some of the O groups which had previously commonly been found as urinary pathogens. These strains may have increased potentialities for colonization of human bowel. Antigenic and biochemical variation was observed among the strains.
Immunity to influenza in ferrets
Authors: McLaren C. , Potter C. W. , Jennings R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe degree of immunity due to cross-reactions between antibody to influenza virus A/Hong Kong/1/68 and A/England/42/72 was studied in ferrets. Ferrets were immunized with the viruses by either live infection or by inoculation with inactivated virus vaccines. The vaccines were given with Freund's incomplete adjuvant or were given to ferrets previously infected with influenza virus A/PR/8/34. As a result of these immunizations the animals all produced similar titres of serum HI antibody to the immunizing virus, although the degree of crossreaction with the other virus strain was variable. After immunization the animals were challenged by infection with an A/Eng/42/72-like virus and their degree of immunity was measured. It was found that the greatest immunity was in ferrets previously infected with the homologous A/Eng/42/72 virus. Animals previously infected with A/HK/68 virus also showed a measurable degree of immunity to A/Eng/42/72 infection, and this was greater than that found in animals given inactivated virus vaccines. The immunity produced by the vaccines was approximately equal, regardless of which vaccine or method of immunization was used. Thus, live infection produced a more effective, broader immunity than did the use of inactivated virus vaccines.
An analysis of the susceptibilities of several populations ofRattus norvegicusto warfarin
Authors: Brooks Joe E. , Bowerman Alan M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAn analysis was made of the dose-response of several populations ofRattus norvegicusfed upon baits containing 0·005% warfarin for various numbers of days. Warfarin-susceptible populations fell within a narrow range, with LFP50s and LFP98s (lethal feeding periods in days to obtain 50% and 98% mortalities respectively) of up to 3·0 and 5·0 days respectively. The probability of an individual rat from these populations surviving a six-day feeding period was estimated at 0·003 or less. Populations with responses falling beyond these limits were regarded as warfarin-resistant.Six of nine populations ofR. norvegicus, from England, Germany and the United States, were determined to be warfarin-susceptible within the narrow limits given above. In all six cases, no animals survived the six-day WHO feeding test for anticoagulant susceptibility. In three populations from the United States, where rats survived six days feeding, their population responses clearly fell outside the measures given above. It is suggested, tentatively, that anticoagulantresistant Norway rat populations be defined as those whose LFP50 and LFP98 exceeds 3·0 and 5·0 days respectively, and in which the probability of an individual animal surviving a six-day feeding upon 0·005% warfarin is 0·01 or more.
Mycoplasmacidal activity of bovine milk for T-mycoplasmas
Authors: Brownlie J. , Howard C. J. , Gourlay R. N. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryNormal bovine milk and whey was mycoplasmacidal for 6 of the 13 strains of bovine T-mycoplasmas examined. Thein vitroassay used also demonstrated no killing of the human, canine and simian T-mycoplasma strains after 4 hr. incubation. However, there appeared to be some cow-to-cow variation in possession of this activity, and followingE. coliendotoxin stimulation of the mammary gland the activity was considerably reduced.Whey from three normal cows was fractionated on a Bio-Gel A 1·5 m. column and the mycoplasmacidal activity of the resulting five peaks assayed. Only the second peak, peak B, contained activity and was characterized as the only peak containing bovine IgA. The active component in whey, however, was found to be heat stable at 60° C. for 60 minutes and to pass through a dialysis membrane. This is inconsistent with it being immunoglobulin.
Serological comparison and haemagglutinating activity ofMycoplasma dispar
Authors: Howard C. J. , Gourlay R. N. , Collins Jacqueline 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA comparison of twelve strains ofMycoplasma disparby the metabolism inhibition and indirect haemagglutination tests has shown them to form a serologically homogeneous group of micro-organisms. The twelve strains vary in their haemagglutinating activity against erythrocytes from different animal species, and certain of the strains can be distinguished by the erythrocytes they agglutinate. Haemagglutination may thus provide a method by which certain strains can be typed. The erythrocyte receptor site does not appear to contain sialic acid and is not sensitive to proteolytic enzymes. On the mycoplasma cell two attachment sites have been demonstrated. One, by which it attaches to sheep and bovine erythrocytes, is a protein or contains a protein moiety. The chemical nature of the other attachment site, by whichM. disparattaches to rabbit erythrocytes, is unknown.
A Guinea-pig Epizootic Associated with an Organism of the Food-poisoning Group but probably caused by a Filter-passer
Authors: Petrie G. F. , O'Brien R. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. An epizootic killing 90% of a stock of 500 guinea-pigs has been described; cultures from these guinea-pigs frequently gave an organism indistinguishable by cultural or serological tests from the B. aertryck and the B. suipestifer.2. This organism was highly pathogenic when inoculated subcutaneously into guinea-pigs and of low pathogenicity when given to them with food.3. Healthy contacts put with animals infected subcutaneously or fed with the bacillus did not die.4. Sterile filtrates of organs of guinea-pigs of the infected stock administered by different methods frequently killed.5. The evidence definitely suggests that the essential infecting agent in the epizootic was a filter-passer.
Plague Conditions in an Urban Area of Kenya (Nairobi Township)
Authors: Roberts J. Isgaer 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. The physical, climatic and economic conditions in Nairobi township are briefly discussed. The factor which appears to be most closely related with the incidence of plague is rainfall. A growing season producing, mainly by virtue of ample rainfall, large crops of cereals, which for various reasons may be kept in storage for long periods and become easily available to the rat population, is invariably followed by plague.2. The numbers of Indians and Africans are given together with the incidence of the disease in these two types and the localities where the disease originates and persists.3. The distribution of rat and flea species is outlined and shows an irregular distribution of the species of Xenopsylla. The rat population during outbreaks shows a higher density than during quiescent periods, but not such as to indicate that numerical strength alone is the main factor causing outbreaks of plague in the Rattus population. Higher flea populations follow high densities in the rat population.4. Attention is drawn to the area where plague originates and persists and to the mixed flea population of the locality. Pumwani and Pangani with almost pure cheopis colonies do not figure in early outbreaks and in them the disease ceases much earlier, but they suffer heavily during epidemics.Outbreaks of plague in Nairobi are associated with grain storage areas and negligence and improvidence are important contributory factors.5. The results of the survey have enabled some advance to be made in understanding the distribution of the two main species of Xenopsylla. All Rattus living in earth burrows have been found infested with Xenopsylla cheopis, and Rattus living in roofs or walls with Xenopsylla brasiliensis. These facts explain why such places as Pumwani with its African population has a cheopis colony and the K.A.R. lines have brasiliensis. In the Indian Bazaar with varied facilities for nesting, there is a mixed population of fleas.The application of these facts to rural areas explains why brasiliensis is almost the sole ectoparasite of Rattus living in thatched roof habitations, and why field rodents such as Mastomys coucha and Arvicanthis abyssinicus living underground are hosts to Xenopsylla cheopis.
A Simple Method for the Preservation of Sera by Desiccation in the Frozen State Without the use of Refrigerants
Authors: Greaves R. I. N. , Adair Muriel E. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA simple process is described for the desiccation of antisera after freezing by rapid evaporation. Freezing has been brought about by the rapid evaporation which takes place in a high vacuum in the presence of P2O5. The violent frothing which takes place when serum is exposed to a high vacuum has been controlled by a preliminary evacuation of the serum in the absence of the drying agent.No special apparatus except an efficient high vacuum pump is necessary for this process.This process has been applied for the preservation of (a) anti-horse serum, anti-ox serum, anti-human serum, anti-human globulin and anti-crystalline human albumin sera; (b) anti-sheep cell haemolysin; (c) guinea-pig complement; (d) variousSalmonellaantisera.Preliminary experiments are described of the application of this method to the drying of bacteria.We desire to thank Dr P. Hartley for his valuable advice and for showing us his paper prior to publication.
Studies on the significance of “Vi Antigen” in the Mechanism of Typhoid Infection in Mice
Authors: Ørskov J. , Kauffmann F. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryWe have been able to confirm all the experimental results of Felix and his collaborators in regard to the Vi antigen and its significance in mouse infections. In the interpretation of some of the findings we are, however, not quite in agreement with Felix.When large doses of living V forms of typhoid bacilli are injected into the mouse they cause acute intoxication followed by death within 2 days—if the animals die. Surviving animals are clinically healthy after this time, often earlier, but they are nevertheless found to be massively infected in the organs and blood for several days.When smaller, non-intoxicating, doses are used it is not possible to demonstrate any difference between the V form and the W form of the same strain in regard to the severity of the infection they cause; so that we may conclude that the Vi antigen plays no part in the virulence of the typhoid bacillus in the mouse. (Remember in this connexion that the dysentery bacillus is also very toxic for mice injected in large doses, while its virulence, i.e. the ability to grow in the mouse is = 0; but when rapidly fatal doses are used a massive growth of dysentery bacilli can also be demonstrated here, the cause being that the natural immunity has become partly neutralized by the intoxication.)Like Felix we find that only the V form can be used both for active vaccination and the production of sera which protect against lethal doses of V forms in mouse experiments. We consider that this is due to the antitoxic effect. Our experiments show that the anti-bacterial effect in vaccination experiments differs little whether the V or the W form is used as vaccine, so long as the vaccinal effect is tested with non-toxic doses of bacilli. As shown in earlier experiments, the bactericidal effect in actively vaccinated animals is often a relatively slow process.Only the Vi antibody containing sera can protect prophylactically with certainty against the toxic effect of living typhoid bacilli. On the other hand; the bactericidal effect prophylactically of 0 and 0 + Vi sera is very similar when tested against non-toxic doses of “virulent” typhoid bacilli.The therapeutic value of potent Vi sera under the experimental conditions given was nil.
The Sterilization of Anti-typhoid Vaccine
Authors: Schütze Harry 
Published: May 2009

Our knowledge of the antigens of the typhoid bacillus has recently been enlarged by the investigations of Felix & Pitt (1934).It has been recognized that the Vi antigen, newly established by these workers, is not only a very important factor in immunity, but also apparently a more labile substance than the O antigen hitherto regarded as the portion of the typhoid soma vitally concerned with the production of prophylactic immunity.
Effects of Partial Obstruction of the Airways of the Lungs and the Influence of Sources of Heat
Authors: Hill Leonard 
Published: May 2009

Physiologists have recognized for a long time that stuffiness in a close atmosphere is not due to diminution of oxygen or excess of carbon dioxide in the air breathed, or to any other impurity in the air. Such feelings are now shown to be due to the effect of longer infra-red rays on the skin, and are accompanied by a reflex narrowing of the air-ways of the nose and lungs. These effects are set aside by cool air acting on the skin and in many people also by shorter infra-red rays from bright sources of heat. This is why some people are much more comfortable with a bright source of heat than with a dark or dull red one. When people go out of doors to get a “breather”, or stand before an open window during physical exercises, they are instinctively using the stimulus of cold to widen their air-tubes. In open air treatment, and when sleeping with an open window, the same effect is obtained.All rooms should be adequately ventilated with cool air to prevent stuffy feelings, and keep the air-ways open. Such ventilation will, at the same time, sweep away infection spread by “carriers”.Partial obstruction of the air-tubes hinders the passage of blood through the lungs; it is this which causes failure of breathing when the obstruction is considerable.Bleeding is of value because it relieves to a certain extent the impeded circulation.Breathing through a narrow tube can be used as a test of fitness. An airway gauge has been designed for making such a test.
The spread of infantile gastro-enteritis in a cubicled ward
Authors: Rogers K. B. 
Published: May 2009

The type strains ofBact. coli, described by Bray (1945), Giles & Sangster (1948), Gileset al.(1949), Tayloret al.(1949), Smith (1949) and Rogers (1951b), because of their very intimate association with epidemic infantile gastro-enteritis, have been used as indicator organisms to show that the method of cross-infection of epidemic gastro-enteritis is very like that of the cross-infection of burns.It has been shown how a cubicle becomes widely contaminated within 18 hr. and that type strains ofBact. coliwill remain viable in dust for at least 27 days. Communal articles used throughout a ward are blamed for the inter-cubicle spread in a divided ward.The intimate association of the α- and β-types ofBact. coliwith outbreaks of gastro-enteritis is demonstrated, and figures are given to show how these outbreaks prolong the patient's stay in hospital and waste valuable hospital space.
A hospital outbreak of typhoid fever. Bacteriological and serological investigations
Authors: Jones A. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. An account is given of the finding of 19 symptomless excreters ofSalm. typhiand of 15 incubating cases (‘precocious carriers’) in the course of repeated examination of the faeces of 435 staff and patients at the hospital.2. In a comparison of the frequency of isolation ofSalm. typhifrom the faeces it was found that the the selenite F enrichment method was more efficient than enrichement in Kauffmann 's tetrathionate broth, and that both methods were superior to direct plating on desoxycholate citrate agar.3. Examination of sera from cases of typhoid fever showed that, in some cases, H- and O-agglutinin titres which would normally be regarded as ‘diagnostic’ may be reached well within the first week of illness.4. Measures are described which were taken to exclude connexion between this outbreak and (a) a chronic carrier found during investigation of the hospital milk supply, and (b) the incidence of typhoid fever at another hospital.5. A case of typhoid fever at Shrewsbury is described which was probably infected by an abortive missed case. Attempts to make a retrospective bacteriological or serological diagnosis of the latter were unsuccessful.6. An account is given of the use of the sewage-pad method in an attempt to trace the source of infection in the case of a sewer worker who developed typhoid fever 14 months after the main epidemic and was probably infected by an intermittent carrier at the hospital.
Bacteriophage, virulence and agglutination tests with a strain of Salmonella typhi of low virulence
Authors: Felix A. , Anderson E. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. The low Vi-antigen content and low mouse virulence of freshly isolated cultures of the Oswestry strain of Salm. typhi reflected its low virulence for man. This is additional evidence of the association between the degree of virulence of Salm. typhi and its Vi-antigen content.2. The prediction that the epidemic caused by this typhoid strain of low mouse virulence would resemble a paratyphoid-B outbreak more closely than an average typhoid outbreak proved to be correct.3. Sera from convalescent patients in this typhoid outbreak showed significant Vi-agglutinin titres in spite of the low Vi-antigen content of freshly isolated cultures.4. The nutritional requirements of the Oswestry strain were unusual, and its sensitivity to the specific Vi-typing phages was variable. This caused considerable difficulty in the typing of the cultures.5. Additional tests of identity had to be employed in order to distinguish the epidemic strain from other strains of the same Vi-phage type isolated in the vicinity. Colony size, colonial morphology, biochemical reactions and sensitivity to anti-O bacteriophage served as useful ancillary criteria.