bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Focal ischemia causes an extensive induction of immediate early genes that are sensitive to MK-801.
Authors: Collaço-Moraes Y , Aspey B S , de Belleroche J S , Harrison M J 
Published: June 2011

There is strong evidence to implicate glutamate in the cerebral damage caused by ischemia. In this study we investigated the role of glutamate receptors in mediating effects of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) on immediate early gene expression in the rat by quantitation of mRNA levels.
The effect of MCAO on the induction of immediate early genes was studied in five regions, both ipsilateral and contralateral to the occlusion: the "core" ischemic area of the cortex in the central region of the middle cerebral artery territory, the surrounding area, frontal cortex, occipital cortex, and hippocampus. Levels of c-fos, c-jun, zif-268, and krox-20 mRNA were measured by Northern and slot blot analysis.
A large induction of c-fos mRNA was obtained in all four cortical regions ipsilateral to the occlusion, with the greatest effect detected in the core area. Little effect was detected in the ipsilateral hippocampus and in all contralateral regions. Pretreatment with MK-801 (3 mg/kg) largely inhibited the induction of c-fos mRNA, indicating that the induction was mediated through an N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptor. MCAO also produced a significant induction of c-jun and zif-268 mRNA in ipsilateral cortical regions.
These results indicate that MCAO causes a profound modulation of the expression of multiple genes in an extensive area of cerebral cortex extending beyond the immediate area supplied by the middle cerebral artery. The marked effect of MK-801 indicates the potential importance of glutamate antagonists in restricting the widespread deleterious effects of glutamate.
Bilateral distal upper limb amyotrophy and watershed infarcts from vertebral dissection.
Authors: Pullicino P 
Published: June 2011

Vertebral artery disease may give rise to lower motor neuron deficits, but the pathogenesis is unknown. I describe a man with a right vertebral artery dissection who developed bilateral distal upper extremity amyotrophy. He had symmetrical bilateral focal hyperintensites of the anterior cervical spinal cord on magnetic resonance imaging, compatible with watershed infarction.
A 39-year-old man developed sudden vertigo, chest and bilateral arm pain, bilateral arm weakness, and wasting involving muscles innervated by the sixth cervical to the first thoracic spinal cord segments. Magnetic resonance imaging showed an extensive right vertebral artery dissection and a right posterior inferior cerebellar infarct. Magnetic resonance scans showed a small focal hyperintensity in the region of each anterior horn, extending from the mid to lower cervical spinal cord. Minimal recovery of function was present after 3 months.
Unilateral vertebral artery dissection may give rise to disabling bilateral upper extremity amyotrophy. Watershed infarction within the anterior spinal artery territory, involving both anterior horns, appears to be the mechanism of the lower motor neuron injury.
A Model for Experimental Cerebral Arterial Spasm
Authors: Kuwayama Akio , Zervas Nicholas T. , Belson Roger , Shintani Akira , Pickren Kenneth 
Published: June 2011

Vasospasm of the basilar artery of the dog was induced by subarachnoid injection of arterial blood through the cisterna magna. Cerebral angiography was employed to evaluate quantitative assessment of the spasm. Chronic vasospasm was successfully induced in 100% of surviving dogs.
Biphasic vasoconstriction was observed. The acute phase occurred within 30 minutes after the blood injection and tended to abate. Chronic spasm was demonstrated on the second day's angiograms and persisted to the seventh day in some cases. Etiology of the chronic spasm using this model is now under investigation.
Vasospasm was not due to alterations in blood gas concentration or blood pressure, to increased CSF pressure or to injury from contrast medium or direct trauma. The primacy of blood as the offending agent is strongly suggested.
Hemolobin and the Risk of Cerebral Infarction: The Framingham Study
Authors: KANNEL WILLIAM B. , GORDON TAVIA , WOLF PHILIP A. , MCNAMARA PATRICIA 
Published: June 2011

Risk of cerebral infarction over 16 years was ascertained in 5,185 men and women classified according to their hemoglobin, blood pressure and cigarette habit on entry to the Framingham Study. Within the normal range of hemoglobin values, risk was found to be proportional to the blood hemoglobin concentration in both sexes.
Men with hemoglobin values of 15 gm or greater and women with 14 gm or more had twice as many cerebral infarctions as did their cohorts with lower values. The risk of initial development of 82 cerebral infarctions was also strikingly related to antecedent blood pressure status in both sexes and to the cigarette habit in men. When allowance is made for associated blood pressure and cigarette habit--factors found to correlate with both blood hemoglobin values and incidence of cerebral infarction--hemoglobin level had only a modest residual effect, no longer statistically significant.
The pathogenetic, preventive and therapeutic implications of the interrelationship of blood hemoglobin, blood pressure and the cigarette habit and their association with cerebral infarction require further exploration.
Survey of Stroke Epidemiology Studies
Authors: KULLER LEWIS H. , COOK LEONARD P. , FRIEDMAN GARY D. 
Published: June 2011

The Committee on Criteria and Methods of the Epidemiological Council of the American Heart Association conducted a survey of epidemiological studies of stroke. A questionnaire was sent to investigators who were involved in stroke epidemiological research. Forty studies have been reviewed.
Stroke epidemiological studies include a wide range of populations and geographic areas of the United States. Of the 12 prospective studies only five were primarily stroke-oriented, while the remaining initially involved the study of coronary artery disease.
Relatively few stroke studies identify cases by clinical examination at the time of the stroke; most depend on examination sometime after the stroke, review of hospital records, physician's reports and patient interviews. In relatively few of the studies are the cases being examined by a neurologist.
There is a need for better methods of stroke-case ascertainment, for standardized diagnostic techniques that can be used in field studies, and for the evaluation of specific disabilities following a stroke.
Effects of Blood Gases on the Pressure-Flow Relationships in Canine Cerebral Circulation
Authors: IWABUCHI TAKAYUKI , KUTSUZAWA TAKASHI , IKEDA KYUHEI , NAKAMURA TAKASHI 
Published: June 2011

The effects of the arterial oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide pressure on the pressure-flow relationships in cerebral circulation were studied in 22 dogs. The cerebral blood flow was observed with stepwise lowering of the systemic arterial blood pressure by controlled bleeding in normoxic normocapnic, normoxic hypocapnic, normoxic hypercapnic, hypoxic hypocapnic and hypoxic normocapnic animals. The autoregulation of cerebral blood flow occurred in the animals in which the arterial oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide pressure were above 90%, and between 20 and 46 mm Hg, respectively.
When the arterial oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide pressure were maintained between 17% and 40%, and 34 and 47.5 mm Hg, or above 92%, and between 65 and 82 mm Hg, respectively, almost complete loss of autoregulation was observed. However, autoregulation revived in breathing air at about 30 minutes after autoregulation had been lost during severe hypoxia or hypercapnia, which was induced for about 30 minutes. This suggests that a hypoxic or hypercapnic situation for about 30 minutes does not irreversibly damage the autoregulatory mechanism.
Dexamethasone as Treatment in Cerebrovascular Disease. 1. A Controlled Study in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: TELLEZ HENRY , BAUER RAYMOND B. 
Published: June 2011

Dexamethasone and a placebo were compared as treatment for 40 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Of 19 patients receiving dexamethasone, 17 (89.5%) died during their hospital admission. Of 21 patients receiving a placebo, 16 (76.2%) died. The mortality rate was 100% in 15 patients in the dexamethasone-treated group who were in coma or deep stupor on admission, and the mortality rate was 92% in 12 patients with similar levels of consciousness who received a placebo.
Several parameters of the neurological examination showed an improved quality of survival in the Decadron®-treated group, but this was found only at certain days in the study. No overall statistically significant difference was found between the two therapies.
Comparison of Care and Cost Outcomes for Stroke Patients With and Without Home Care
Authors: BRYANT NANCY H. , CANDLAND LOUISE , LOEWENSTEIN REGINA 
Published: June 2011

This study was undertaken to compare care and cost outcomes of stroke patients who received home care with those who did not receive home care at St. Luke's Hospital Medical Center, New York, New York.
Twenty-five home care stroke patients were matched by age and sex with 25 comparable stroke patients receiving no home care during 1971.
After nine months' follow-up, stroke patients who received home care had shorter hospital stays (average, ten days less), overall costs greatly reduced (average, $3,450 for home care patients versus $8,300 for comparison group), fewer readmissions for recurring strokes, and fewer deaths (two versus nine). At the end of nine months, home care patients were located as follows: 20 at home, two on home care, one in a nursing home, and two were dead. The comparison group showed: eight at home, one at an extended-care facility, seven in nursing homes, and nine were dead. The differences in care and cost outcomes between these two groups have considerable implications for patients, hospitals, physicians, and third party payers.
Cigarette Smoking and Strokes
Authors: NOMURA ABRAHAM , COMSTOCK GEORGE W. , KULLER LEWIS , TONASCIA JAMES A. 
Published: June 2011

Utilizing a defined general population, two investigations were conducted in Washington County, Maryland. In the eight-year mortality study, the relative risk of stroke among cigarette smokers was only 0.85 as compared to nonsmokers. In the two-year morbidity investigation, limited to stroke cases occurring after the age of 50, it appears that the association of cigarette smoking to strokes in the older age groups is at most very small.
In atherosclerotic strokes, there may be an association with cigarette smoking, but only in the younger age groups, as suggested by two other studies. In order to investigate this possibility a retrospective case/control study of young cases is recommended. If there is no age dependency of atherosclerotic strokes, this implies that cigarette smoking may not be associated with the atherosclerotic process in cerebral and coronary arteries.
Headache and Transient Ischemic Attacks
Authors: GRINDAL ALAN B. , TOOLE JAMES F. 
Published: June 2011

Headache occurring in association with episodes of transient cerebral ischemia has not been emphasized as part of the symptom complex.
In an effort to ascertain the frequency and characteristics of these headaches and to determine whether there is any localizing, diagnostic, or prognostic significance to them, the records of 240 TIA patients were reviewed.
We concluded that headache is a prominent symptom in 25% of patients with TIA and that there were no distinguishing population characteristics, arteriographical findings or prognostic features among patients whose TIAs were accompanied by headache. The locations and temporal relationships of headache occurring in cases of carotid and vertebrobasilar TIA also were compared.
Carotid Arterial Elastic Hyperplasia in a Newborn
Authors: THOMPSON JOEL A. , GRUNNET MARGARET L. , ANDERSON ROBERT E. 
Published: June 2011

Cerebrovascular insufficiency in infancy and childhood is well documented and has a diverse and often unknown etiology. Reported here is a polycythemic, microcephalic infant girl of 43 weeks' gestation with bilateral cerebral infarction occurring in the perinatal period. Infarction was the result of bilateral carotid artery stenosis produced by massive reduplication of the internal elastic lamina. Review of the literature failed to reveal any reports of similar arterial lesions. The angiographical picture was also unique.
The etiology of this unusual defect is not known, but we believe the problem was congenital perhaps due to an intrauterine infectious process.
Role of Jagged1 in Arterial Lesions After Vascular Injury
Authors: Wu Xiaojing , Zou Yunzeng , Zhou Qi , Huang Lan , Gong Hui , Sun Aijun , Tateno Kaoru , Katsube Ken-ichi , Radtke Freddy , Ge Junbo , Minamino Tohru , Komuro Issei 
Published: June 2011

Objective—
Impaired regeneration of endothelial cells (EC) and overactivity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are hallmarks of the arterial lesions associated with aging. The occurrence of 2 opposing cellular processes in the same arterial milieu makes pharmaceutical treatment difficult to develop. We previously reported that endothelial expression of a Notch ligand (Jagged1) was reduced in aged animals and that growth of the neointima was enhanced in these animals.

Methods and Results—

Similar to aged animals, Tie2-cre
+
Jagged1
lox/+
mice (with heterologous knockout of Jagged1 in EC) showed exaggerated intimal and medial thickening after carotid artery ligation. Unexpectedly, these mice showed little increase of Jagged1 expression not only in EC but also in VSMC, in contrast to a significant upregulation of Jagged1 in wild-type arteries after ligation. Coculture of VSMC with Jagged1-null EC resulted in the transition of VSMC from the contractile to the synthetic phenotype, along with decreased Jagged1 expression by VSMC. Conversely, overexpression of Jagged1 by EC or VSMC was shown to prevent the unfavorable phenotypic transition of VSMC, under both monoculture and coculture conditions.

Conclusion—
These findings suggest a unidirectional effect of Jagged1 on both EC and VSMC that contributes to inhibition of arterial lesions after vascular injury. Our data also indicate that Jagged1 may be a novel therapeutic target for aging-related vascular diseases.
Bariatric Surgery Reduces Visceral Adipose Inflammation and Improves Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetic Mice
Authors: Zhang Hanrui , Wang Yong , Zhang Jing , Potter Barry J. , Sowers James R. , Zhang Cuihua 
Published: June 2011

Objective—
Bariatric surgery is emerging as an effective method to alleviate a multitude of medical conditions associated with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the effects and mechanisms of bariatric surgery on visceral fat inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. We hypothesize that bariatric surgery ameliorates interferon-γ–mediated adipose tissue inflammation/oxidative stress and improves endothelial function in type 2 diabetic mice.

Methods and Results—

Control mice (m Lepr
db
) and diabetic mice (Lepr
db
) were treated with either sham surgery or improved gastric bypass surgery and then were evaluated at 5, 10, 20, and 30 days to assess postsurgical effects. Surgery reduced body weight, abdominal adiposity, blood glucose level, and food intake in Lepr
db
. The surgery-induced decrease in visceral adiposity was accompanied by amelioration of T-lymphocytes and macrophage infiltration, as well as reduction in the expression of interferon-γ and other inflammatory cytokines in the mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) of Lepr
db
mice. Furthermore, surgery improved endothelium-dependent, but not endothelium-independent, vasorelaxation in small mesenteric arteries (SMA) of Lepr
db
mice. The improvement in endothelial function was largely attenuated by nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) incubation. Interferon-γ treatment increased the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α in the MAT of control mice and incubation of SMA of control mice with tumor necrosis factor-α caused impairment of endothelial function. Superoxide production in MAT/SMA and nitrotyrosine protein level in SMA were elevated in diabetic mice. Surgery reduced MAT/SMA oxidative stress in Lepr
db
mice.

Conclusion—
The amelioration of adipose tissue inflammation and the improvement of endothelial function may represent important mechanisms that result in cardiovascular benefits after bariatric surgery.
Simplified Modified Rankin Scale Questionnaire
Authors: Bruno Askiel , Akinwuntan Abiodun E. , Lin Chen , Close Brian , Davis Kristin , Baute Vanessa , Aryal Tia , Brooks Desiree , Hess David C. , Switzer Jeffrey A. , Nichols Fenwick T. 
Published: June 2011

Background and Purpose—
The simplified modified Rankin Scale questionnaire (smRSq) enables a reliable and rapid determination of the modified Rankin Scale score after stroke. We test the reliability and validity of a slightly revised smRSq.

Methods—
Fifty consecutive outpatients 4.83±3.00 months after stroke were scored with a slightly revised smRSq by 3 raters selected consecutively from a list of 10: 4 stroke faculty, 3 neurology residents, 2 medial students, and 1 stroke research coordinator. Two ratings were in person within 20 minutes of each other and 1 was by telephone 1 to 3 days later. The telephone rating also included a quality of life scale, the Short-Form-12v2. Each rater was blinded to the other raters' scores.

Results—

The average estimated time to administer the smRSq was 1.29 minutes (range, 0.50 to 2.25 minutes). The in-person raters agreed 78% (κ=0.71; CI, 0.57 to 0.86 and weighted κ [κ
w
]=0.86; CI, 0.79 to 0.94). The first in-person and telephone raters agreed 82% (κ=0.76; CI, 0.63 to 0.90 and κ
w
=0.87; CI, 0.79 to 0.95). The second in-person and telephone rates agreed 82% (κ=0.77; CI, 0.63 to 0.90 and κ
w
=0.89; CI, 0.82 to 0.96). The smRSq correlated with the physical (
r
=−0.50,
P
=0.005) than the mental (
r
=−0.36,
P
=0.048) components of the Short-Form-12v2.

Conclusions—
The slightly revised smRSq appears to be useful in clinical stroke; it has excellent reliability in person and by telephone, can usually be administered in <1.5 minutes by a wide variety of raters, and correlates with quality of life.
Acute Physiology of Stroke Score
Authors: Johnston Karen C. , Yan Guofen 
Published: June 2011

Background and Purpose—
The Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation score for critically ill patients has provided a method of predicting outcome using major physiological variables. We hypothesized that a physiology score for stroke patients (Acute Physiology of Stroke Score [APSS]) when added to a validated clinical prediction model would improve outcome prediction.

Methods—
The APSS was developed and validated using multivariable logistic regression. It was added to a previously validated clinical model to assess for increased area under the curve in predicting 3-month outcome.

Results—
The bootstrap-validated bias-corrected area under the curve for just the APSS predicting alive/dead at discharge was 0.753. The clinical model area under the curve ranged from 0.77 to 0.88 and the addition of the APSS resulted in areas under the curve of 0.77 to 0.89.

Conclusions—
These data suggest that the APSS is related to 3-month clinical outcome in patients with ischemic stroke. However, the APSS adds no clinically relevant additional predictive value when added to our previously validated clinical prediction model.
A theoretical model to calculate the distribution of air age in general ventilation system
Authors: Li Xianting , Cai Hao , Li Rongying , Zhao Yang , Ma Xiaojun , Shao Xiaoliang 
Published: June 2011

Air age is a widely used concept to evaluate indoor air quality. Available models of air age distribution apply only to simple ventilation systems with one room or one air handling unit (AHU). Furthermore, these models would be computationally intensive for complex ventilation systems since a large number of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations or iterations would be required. This study presents a theoretical model which is capable of calculating the air age distribution in a wide variety of ventilation systems with recirculation. The model was validated by combining tracer gas experiments and CFD simulation and demonstrated by a case study using a recirculation ventilation system with multiple AHUs and rooms. A comparison between the model and the conventional iterative method indicated that for complex ventilation systems the model has a potential to significantly reduce the CPU-time requirements and allows additional new scenarios to be tested without further CFD simulations. Practical applications: The theoretical model presented can be used to obtain the distribution of air age in a wide variety of ventilation systems with recirculation and much more computationally efficient than the conventional iterative method. The model can be a useful tool to evaluate and improve a wide range of indoor environments, which are ventilated by a variety of practical ventilation systems that utilise fresh and return air mixing.
Induction of inflammatory cytokines and toll-like receptors in chickens infected with avian H9N2 influenza virus
Authors: Nang Nguyen Tai , Lee Joo Sub , Song Byung Min , Kang Young Myong , Kim Hyun Soo , Seo Sang Heui 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
H9N2 influenza virus is endemic in many Asian countries and is regarded as a candidate for the next human pandemic. Knowledge of the induction of inflammatory responses and toll-like receptors (TLRs) in chickens infected with H9N2 is limited. Here, we show that H9N2 induces pro-inflammatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor-beta 3; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; interferon-alpha, -beta, and gamma; and TLR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 15 in trachea, lung, and intestine of infected chickens. In the lung, TLR-15 was dominantly induced. Taken together, it seems that H9N2 infections efficiently induce inflammatory cytokines and TLRs in trachea, lung and intestine of chickens.
Intraocular nematode with diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis: case report
Authors: Yusoff Munira , Alwi Azma-Azalina Ahmad , Said Mariyani Mad , Zakariah Sakinah , Ghani Zulkifli Abdul , Zunaina Embong 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
Live intraocular nematode is a rare occurrence. Nematode can migrate actively within the eye, creating visual symptoms and damaging ocular tissue.

Case presentation
A 26-year old man presented with painless reduced vision of the left eye for one week duration. It was associated with floaters. Visual acuity on the left eye was hand movement. Anterior segment examination was normal with normal intra-ocular pressure. Fundus examination showed a live nematode lying subretinally at the macular area with macular oedema and multifocal chorioretinal lesions at peripheral retina. There was no vitritis, vasculitis or any retinal hemorrhage. Systemic examination revealed normal findings and laboratory studies only showed leucocytosis with normal eosinophil count and negative serum toxocara antibody. The diagnosis of introcular nematode with diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis was made. He was treated with oral anti-helminths and a course of oral steroid at a reducing dose. The nematode had died evidenced by its immobility during the treatment and finally disintegrated, leaving macular oedema with mottling appearance and mild hyperpigmentation. Multifocal chorioretinal lesions had also resolved. However despite treatment his visual acuity during follow-up had remained poor.

Conclusions
Cases of intraocular nematode, though not commonly encountered, continue to present the ophthalmologist with the problem of diagnosis and management and hence poorer prognosis to the patient.