bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frontières et indépendances en Afrique subsaharienne
Authors: Awenengo Dalberto Séverine 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Cet article propose une série de réflexions sur les frontières africaines au moment des indépendances qui émergent de la mise en perspective des différents travaux présentés lors du colloque « Frontières et indépendances » (Paris, mai 2010). Renouvelant l’approche scientifique de ce champ, il revisite les historicités et les intelligibilités plurielles des questions territoriales qui se sont posées dans les années 1950-1960 et permet d’éclairer certains des enjeux sociaux, politiques et stratégiques de l’Afrique subsaharienne contemporaine.
L'Afrique post-indépendances : 50 ans de crises ?
Authors: Véron Jean-Bernard 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Madagascar en est à sa quatrième crise politique depuis l’indépendance. Bien que différentes les unes des autres, elles ont un certain nombre de traits communs, au nombre desquels des affrontements circonscrits à une petite élite politico-économique pour la conquête du pouvoir et, a contrario , la quasi-exclusion des populations malgaches. Il convient également de noter que, sous la crise politique, couve une crise structurelle de type économique et social qui est le fruit des échecs de développement de la Grande Île.
Écritures de lumière Der Prozess ­ The Trial
Authors: Löwy Michael 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Littérature et cinéma constituent deux langages distincts, irréductibles. Leur grammaire, leur lexique, leur syntaxe sont radicalement différents. Toute image, et a fortiori toute succession d'images est nécessairement, inévitablement, « infidèle » au texte. Dans son film The Trial Orson Welles s'est approprié du roman de Kafka ­ Le Procès ­ pour le récréer dans ses propres termes. Le roman n'exprime pas un message politique ou doctrinaire, mais plutôt un certain état d'esprit anti-autoritaire. On retrouve, sous une autre forme, et avec d'autres moyens esthétiques, ce même état d'esprit dans le film.
Seed Abundance for Waterfowl in Wetlands Managed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources
Authors: Stafford Joshua D. , Yetter Aaron P. , Hine Christopher S. , Smith Randolph V. , Horath Michelle M. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Managed wetlands on public lands in Illinois, United States, provide foraging habitats for migrating and wintering waterfowl. However, few studies have estimated abundances of waterfowl foods in mid-migration regions of North America, yet such information is needed to inform management and conservation decision-making. During 2005–2007, we used a multistage sampling design to estimate moist-soil plant seed production (kg/ha, dry mass) and energetic carrying capacity at sites managed by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and modeled variation in seed biomass. Average seed biomass among all sites ranged from 1,030.0 ± 64.1 (SE) kg/ha in 2005 to 501.5 ± 124.1 kg/ha in 2007. Our overall estimate (2005–2007) of moist-soil plant seed biomass was precise (691.3 ± 56.4 kg/ha; CV: 8.2%), equaling 5,128 energetic use-days/ha. This value was similar to or slightly greater than previous estimates from other regions of North America and exceeded the estimate used the Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region Joint Venture for waterfowl conservation planning (514 kg/ha). We formulated eight models to predict abundance of moist-soil plant seeds within sampled wetlands. The best approximating model included the number of desirable plant species within wetlands and study year. The second best model included the categorical effect of management intensity and indicated that, although variable, actively managed wetlands produced about 240 kg/ha more seed than those that were passively managed. As with other regions, wetland management practices that encourage diverse plant communities over monotypes and growth of early successional plants should yield substantial increases in waterfowl food abundances at Illinois Department of Natural Resources sites, especially given that only 27% of our study wetlands were actively managed. Such efforts would also help reduce deficits in energetic carrying capacity identified by the Upper Mississippi River and Great Lakes Region Joint Venture.
p16INK4a immunocytochemistry on cell blocks as an adjunct to cervical cytology: Potential reflex testing on specially prepared cell blocks from residual liquid-based cytology specimens
Authors: Shidham Vinod B. , Mehrotra Ravi , Varsegi George , D'Amore Krista L. , Hunt Bryan , Narayan Raj 
Published: March 2011

Background:
p16 INK4a (p16) is a well-recognized surrogate molecular marker for human papilloma virus (HPV) related squamous dysplasia. Our hypothesis is that the invasive interventions and related morbidities could be avoided by objective stratification of positive cytologic interpretations by p16 immunostaining of cell block sections of cytology specimens.

Materials and Methods:
Nuclear immunoreactivity for p16 was evaluated in cell block sections in 133 adequate cases [20 negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, 28 high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 50 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 21 atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H), and 14 atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS)] and analyzed with cervical biopsy results.

Results:
(a) HSIL cytology (28): 21 (75%) were p16 positive (11 biopsies available — 92% were positive for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 and above) and 7 (25%) were p16 negative (3 biopsies available — all showed only HPV with small atypical parakeratotic cells). (b) LSIL cytology (50): 13 (26%) cases were p16 positive (12 biopsies available — all were CIN1 or above) and 37 (74%) were p16 negative (12 biopsies available — all negative for dysplasia. However, 9 (75%) of these biopsies showed HPV). (c) ASC-H cytology (21): 14 (67%) were p16 positive (6 biopsies available — 5 showed CIN 3/Carcinoma in situ/Ca and 1 showed CIN 1 with possibility of under-sampling. Cytomorphologic re-review favored HSIL) and 7 (33%) were p16 negative (5 biopsies available — 3 negative for dysplasia. Remaining 2 cases — 1 positive for CIN 3 and 1 showed CIN 1 with scant ASC-H cells on cytomorphologic re-review with possibility under-sampling in cytology specimen). (d) ASCUS cytology (14): All (100%) were p16 negative on cell block sections of cervical cytology specimen. HPV testing performed in last 6 months in 7 cases was positive in 3 (43%) cases.

Conclusion:
p16 immunostaining on cell block sections of cervical cytology specimens showed distinct correlation patterns with biopsy results. Reflex p16 immunostaining of cell blocks based on the algorithmic approach to be evaluated by a multiinstitutional comprehensive prospective study is proposed.
Increasing Dialysis Access Options in Lower Extremity: Retroperitoneal Approach for External Iliac Artery-Vein Arteriovenous Graft
Authors: Colvard Benjamin D. , Anaya-Ayala Javier E. , Palacios-Reyes Deborah , Cheema Zulfiqar F. , Smolock Christopher J. , Davies Mark G. , Peden Eric K. 
Published: March 2011

Background Exhaustion of upper extremity dialysis access options is becoming more prevalent due to the longer survival of this patient population. In addition, central venous occlusive disease (CVOD) increases the risk of losing access viability in the ipsilateral extremity. Purpose We describe a novel technique of lower extremity arteriovenous graft (AVG) placement in which the external iliac artery and vein are utilized, as illustrated in 2 selected cases. Methods Two dialysis patients presented with exhausted upper extremity access options and bilateral intrathoracic CVOD. In patient 1, a venogram demonstrated complete occlusion of the left common iliac vein and severe stenosis of the right common femoral vein, rendering these unsuitable for access creation. In patient 2, with a history of peripheral arterial disease, an arteriogram revealed that the common and superficial femoral arteries were inadequate for access creation bilaterally. A retroperitoneal approach was utilized for a right external iliac artery and vein arteriovenous graft tunneled under the inguinal ligament to the anterior thigh. Results Adequate thrill and uneventful postoperative course were observed in both cases. At 10 months, patient 1 has done well on hemodialysis without the need for further intervention. Patient 2 has only recently had the procedure and is not yet using her graft. Conclusions As the number of patients requiring lower extremity vascular access increases, new surgical techniques will become available to handle the clinical and anatomic challenges encountered in this population.
Total brain white matter is a major determinant of IQ in adolescents born preterm
Authors: Northam Gemma B. , Liégeois Frédérique , Chong Wui K. , S. Wyatt John , Baldeweg Torsten 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveIn preterm infants, white matter (WM) abnormalities detected on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term‐age are associated with early developmental delay. We set out to study this association in adolescents born pre‐term, by examining intellectual outcome in relation to markers of brain injury, focusing on the effects of WM reduction.MethodsSeventy‐nine participants were recruited and assessed at a mean age of 16 years: 49 adolescents born preterm (<32 weeks' gestation) with a wide spectrum of brain injuries (including 22 with no identifiable brain injury at birth) and 30 term‐born controls. Data collected included: brain MRI scans, full‐scale intelligence quotient (IQ) scores, educational attainments, and behavioral scores. Measures of WM reduction included total volume, cross‐sectional area of the corpus callosum (CC), and ventricular dilatation. Cerebellar volumes and neuroradiological ratings were also included.ResultsWM volume and IQ were reduced in the preterm groups (both with and without brain injury). Total WM volume and CC area jointly explained 70% of IQ variance in the adolescents born preterm, irrespective of the presence or severity of brain abnormalities detected at birth or on follow‐up MRI. This relationship was not seen in controls. Importantly, correlations were also found with real‐world measures of academic achievement and behavioral difficulties.InterpretationPreterm birth has a long‐term effect on cognition, behavior, and future academic success primarily as a consequence of global brain WM reduction. This emphasizes the need for early therapeutic efforts to prevent WM injury and promote or optimize its development in preterm neonates. Ann Neurol 2011
Diagnosing cerebral aneurysms by computed tomographic angiography: Meta‐analysis
Authors: Menke Jan , Larsen Jörg , Kallenberg Kai 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveCerebral aneurysms can cause substantial morbidity and mortality, specifically if they rupture, leading to nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This meta‐analysis summarizes evidence about the accuracy of noninvasive computed tomographic (CT) angiography for diagnosing intracranial aneurysms in symptomatic patients.MethodsFour databases including PubMed were searched without language restrictions from January 1995 to February 2010. Two independent reviewers selected and extracted 45 studies that compared CT angiography with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and/or intraoperative findings in patients suspected of having cerebral aneurysms. Data from eligible studies were used to reconstruct 2 × 2 contingency tables on a per‐patient basis in at least 5 diseased and 5 nondiseased patients, with additional data on a per‐aneurysm basis when available.ResultsThe 45 included studies generally were of high methodological quality. Among the 3,643 patients included, about 86% had nontraumatic SAH, and 77% had cerebral aneurysms. Overall, CT angiography had a pooled sensitivity of 97.2% (95% confidence interval, 95.8–98.2%) for detecting and specificity of 97.9% (95.7–99.0%) for ruling out cerebral aneurysms on a per‐patient basis. On a per‐aneurysm basis, the pooled sensitivity was 95.0% (93.2–96.4%), and the specificity 96.2% (92.9–98.0%). The diagnostic accuracy of CT angiography with 16‐ or 64‐row multidetector CT was significantly higher than that of single‐detector CT, especially in detecting small aneurysms of ≤4mm in diameter.InterpretationCT angiography has a high accuracy in diagnosing cerebral aneurysms, specifically when using modern multidetector CT. In the future, CT angiography may increasingly supplement or selectively replace DSA in patients suspected of having a cerebral aneurysm. ANN NEUROL 2011
The complex world of oligodendroglial differentiation inhibitors
Authors: Kremer David , Aktas Orhan , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Küry Patrick 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMyelination is a central nervous system (CNS) process wherein oligodendrocyte‐axon interactions lead to the establishment of myelin sheaths that stabilize, protect, and electrically insulate axons. In inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), the degeneration and eventual loss of functional myelin sheaths slows and blocks saltatory conduction in axons, which results in clinical impairment. However, remyelination can occur, and lesions can be partially repaired, resulting in clinical remission. The recruitment and activation of resident oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) play a critical role in the repair process because these cells have the capacity to differentiate into functional myelinating cells. Mature oligodendrocytes, however, are thought to have lost the capacity to develop new myelin sheaths and frequently undergo programmed cell death in MS. The endogenous capacity to generate new oligodendrocytes in MS is limited, and this is predominantly due to the presence of inhibitory components that block OPC differentiation and maturation. Here, we present an overview of recently identified negative regulators of oligodendroglial differentiation and their potential relevance for CNS repair in MS. Because currently available immunomodulatory drugs for MS mainly target inflammatory cascades outside the brain and fail to repair existing lesions, achieving more efficient lesion repair constitutes an important goal for future MS therapies. Ann Neurol 2011;69:602–618
A new graphical approach for simultaneous targeting and design of a paper recycling network
Authors: Kit Soh Guan , Wan Alwi Sharifah Rafidah , Manan Zainuddin Abdul 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRising demand for paper has resulted in increased number of trees being chopped around the world. The loss of forest lands due to rampant tree cutting has caused a steady increase in the earth's temperature, changed the weather pattern and ultimately threatened the world's ecosystems. One way to mitigate these problems is through efficient paper recycling. To ensure that maximum recycling is achieved, proper mixing of different types of paper of different fiber contents should be considered. This work presents a new generic graphical method for simultaneous targeting and designing of a maximum paper recycling network. The first step is to establish the maximum paper recycling target using a graphical approach called the source–sink composite curves. Next, source–sink allocation curve and network allocation diagram are constructed to design the maximum paper recovery network. The graphical tool allows a designer to graphically visualize, explore, evolve and systematically select the best paper recycling network. Application of the method in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia campus yields a new fresh fiber target of 1464 tons/year. This is a potential reduction in 43.7% fresh fiber and translates into an annual reduction in 38 622 chopped trees and a potential savings of up to 4.5 GWh of electricity and 30.1 × 103 m3 of water. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐phase extraction and pre‐concentration of trace metals in natural waters using indigenously synthesized chelating resin and their subsequent determination by ICP‐OES
Authors: Waqar Farhat , Jan Saida , Hakim Muhammad , Mohammad Bashir , Ghaffar Abdul , Yawar Wasim 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA laboratory made chelating resin based on immobilization of fluorinated β‐diketone group on styrene divinyl benzene was employed for the extraction and pre‐concentration of trace metals in natural water samples before their determination by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES). Extraction efficiency of the resin toward metal ions was examined by column procedure. Various experimental parameters consisting pH, sample loading flow rate, eluent concentration/volume and breakthrough limits were investigated for the effective uptake of metals on the resin. The resin capacity at pH (9) was found to be 10.20, 9.13, 7.47, 8.67, 3.12, 6.45 and 9.80 mg g−1 for Cd (Cadmium), Co (Cobalt), Fe (Iron), Mn (Manganese), Mo (Molybdenum), Ni (Nickel) and Zn (Zinc), respectively. The method was applied for the extraction/pre‐concentration of Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni and Zn in natural water samples and their subsequent determination was carried out by ICP‐OES. Percentage recoveries obtained for the selected metals except Mo were ≥ 95% under similar experimental conditions with < 5% relative standard deviation. Alkali/alkaline earth metals, the major matrix ions were not retained on the resin, the resin is selective for trace metals, therefore it is suitable for the extraction of these metals in natural water samples for environmental and health‐related studies. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploration of dual optimal conditions for COD and nitrogen removal in an MBR
Authors: Lim JungJin , Lee YouLim , Ataei Abtin , Yoo ChangKyoo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMembrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been increasingly used for wastewater treatment in last decade. MBR process has several characteristics such as high sludge retention time, high mixed liquor concentration and accumulation of soluble microbial products. Although activated sludge models (ASMs) have been developed for conventional activated sludge process, applying the ASM model to MBR process seems to be proper. In this study, a model‐based systematic approach that can find optimal operational conditions for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen removal was explored to a MBR process. To enhance the modeling performance of the ASM, the precise influent characterization for MBR process was performed by using a respirometry. The optimization results in MBR plant showed that the removal efficiencies of COD and nitrogen in the plant were greatly improved to 88.10 and 62.67%, respectively. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life expectancy, standardized mortality ratios, and causes of death in six rheumatic diseases in Hong Kong, China
Authors: Mok C. C. , Kwok C. L. , Ho L. Y. , Chan P. T. , Yip S. F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the life expectancy, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs), and causes of death in 6 groups of patients from Hong Kong with different rheumatic diseases.MethodsPatients with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), systemic vasculitis (SV), or systemic sclerosis (SSc) registered in 37 public hospitals between 1999 and 2008 were identified in the hospital registry. SMRs were calculated by comparing the mortality rate in patients with each disease with that in the general population. Life expectancy was calculated by abridged life‐table analysis, and the causes of death were compared.ResultsIn 2008, data on 8,367 RA, 5,243 SLE, 2,154 AS, 1,636 SV, 778 PsA, and 449 SSc patients were available in our registry. The age‐ and sex‐adjusted SMRs were highest for SLE (5.25 [95% confidence interval 4.79–5.70]), SSc (3.94 [95% confidence interval 3.20–4.68]), and SV (2.64 [95% confidence interval 2.36–2.93]). In female patients, the loss in life expectancy was greatest for SSc (34.1 years), SV (19.3 years), and SLE (19.7 years). In male patients, the loss in life expectancy was highest for SV (28.3 years), SLE (27 years), and SSc (16 years). There were 2,486 deaths during the study period (1999–2008), and the principal causes were infections (28%), cardiovascular complications (18%), cancer (16%), and disease activity (7%). Infection was the leading cause of death in SLE, RA, AS, and PsA, whereas deaths from disease‐related activity and cardiovascular complications were most frequent in SSc. Cancer was the most common cause of death in SV.ConclusionOur findings indicate that patients with SLE, RA, AS, PsA, SV, and SSc have increased mortality rates and reduced life expectancy. SLE has the highest adjusted SMR, and female SSc patients have the greatest loss in life expectancy. Infection is the leading cause of death, followed by cardiovascular complications and malignancies.
A novel concept combining experimental and mathematical analysis for the identification of unknown interspecies effects in a mixed culture
Authors: Schmidt Julia K. , Riedele Christian , Regestein Lars , Rausenberger Julia , Reichl Udo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBacteria in natural habitats only occur in consortia together with various other species. Characterization of bacterial species, however, is normally done by laboratory testing of pure isolates. Any interactions that might appear during growth in mixed‐culture are obviously missed by this approach. Existing experimental studies mainly focus on two‐species mixed cultures with species specifically chosen for their known growth characteristics, and their anticipated interactions. Various theoretical mathematical studies dealing with mixed cultures and possible interspecies effects exist, but often models cannot be validated due to a lack of experimental data. Here, we present a concept for the identification of interspecies effects in mixed cultures with arbitrary and unknown single‐species properties. Model structure and parameters were inferred from single‐species experiments for the reproduction of mixed‐culture experiments by simulation. A mixed culture consisting of the three‐species Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cepacia, and Staphylococcus aureus served as a model system. For species‐specific enumeration a quantitative terminal restriction length polymorphism (qT‐RFLP) assay was used. Based on models fitted to single‐species cultivations, the outcome of mixed‐culture experiments was predicted. Deviations of simulation results and experimental findings were then used to design additional single‐cell experiments, to modify the corresponding growth kinetics, and to update model parameters. Eventually, the resulting mixed‐culture dynamics was predicted and compared again to experimental results. During this iterative cycle, it became evident that the observed coexistence of P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia in mixed‐culture chemostat experiments cannot be explained on the basis of glucose as the only substrate. After extension of growth kinetics, that is, for use of amino acids as secondary substrates, mixed‐culture simulations represented the experimental findings very well. According to the model structure, as motivated by single‐species experiments, the growth of P. aeruginosa and B. cepacia on glucose and amino acids could be assumed to be independent of each other. In contrast, both substrates are taken up simultaneously by S. aureus. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1900–1911. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.