bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Bologna Process: From a European Law Perspective
Authors: Garben Sacha 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Bologna Process, an intergovernmental process of voluntary policy convergence towards a common higher education structure, poses several concerns from a European law perspective. The Bologna Process takes place outside the institutional framework of the EU, while there would have been legal competence to enact the content of the Bologna Declaration as a Community measure. Hence it could be argued that Member States have straddled the borders of loyal cooperation by avoiding the institutional framework of the EC with its built‐in checks and balances. They have obstructed the Community in the attainment of its tasks, which stands in tense relation to Article 10 EC. Moreover, there exist several other objections against the Bologna Process, particularly in terms of democracy, transparency and efficiency. The Bologna Process resembles a deal done in a smoke‐filled room, and its voluntary character combined with a lack of coordination prevents its effective implementation.
A prospective study of acute movement disorders in children
Authors: DALE RUSSELL C , SINGH HARRY , TROEDSON CHRISTOPHER , PILLAI SEKHAR , GAIKIWARI SHILPA , KOZLOWSKA KASIA 
Published: February 2010

Aim  The purpose of this study was to report a prospective cohort of children with acute‐onset movement disorders.Method  We report on 52 individuals (31 females, 21 males; mean age 6y 5mo, range 2mo–15y) with acute‐onset movement disorders managed at a busy tertiary paediatric referral hospital over a 40‐month period.Results  In descending order of frequency, the movement disorders reported were chorea, dystonia, tremor, myoclonus, and parkinsonism. It was possible to divide the participants into three groups: (1) those with inflammatory or autoimmune disorders (n=22), (2) those with non‐inflammatory disorders (n=18), and (3) those with psychogenic disorders (n=12). The inflammatory or autoimmune aetiologies included N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor encephalitis (n=5), opsoclonus–myoclonus syndrome (n=4), Sydenham chorea (n=3), systemic lupus erythematosus (n=3), acute necrotizing encephalopathy (n=3), and other types of encephalitis (n=4). Other important non‐inflammatory movement disorder aetiologies included drug‐induced movement disorder (n=6), post‐pump chorea (n=5), metabolic (n=3) and vascular (n=2) disease. The participants with psychogenic movement disorders (n=12) were all over 10 years of age and were more likely to be female. Tremor and myoclonus were significantly over‐represented in the psychogenic movement disorder subgroup. The outcomes of the total cohort were variable, and included full recovery, severe morbidity, and death.Interpretation  Acute‐onset movement disorders in children are important and may be treatable. Management should focus upon identifying the cause and treating the underlying disease process, as symptomatic treatment of the abnormal movements is variably effective.
Resolving Darwin’s naturalization conundrum: a quest for evidence
Authors: Thuiller Wilfried , Gallien Laure , Boulangeat Isabelle , De Bello Francesco , Münkemüller Tamara , Roquet Cristina , Lavergne Sébastien 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAim  The study of biological invasions has long considered species invasiveness and community invasibility as separate questions. Only recently, there is an increasing recognition that integrating these two questions offers new insights into the mechanisms of biological invasions. This recognition has renewed the interest in two long‐standing and seemingly contradictory hypotheses proposed by Darwin: phylogenetic relatedness of invaders to native communities is predicted to promote naturalization because of appropriate niche‐adaptation but is at the same time predicted to hamper naturalization because of niche overlap with native species. The latter is known as Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis.Location  Global.Methods and Results  We review the studies that have tested these hypotheses and summarize their largely inconsistent outcomes. We argue that most of the inconsistency arises from discrepancies in the applied conceptual frameworks and analytical approaches and not from different model organisms and different ecological contexts. First, observed patterns and results can be seriously flawed by different spatial and phylogenetic scales, which do not equally reveal community assembly mechanisms. Second, different studies have used different metrics, which may test for different specific hypotheses. Thus, we propose a set of metrics derived from the alpha niche concept to measure invaders relatedness to native communities. Finally, approximating species niche differentiation from phylogenetic relatedness is not exempt of assumptions, and invasive species naturalization may result from various ecological mechanisms of biotic resistance that are not necessarily revealed by species phylogeny alone.Main conclusions  The quest for resolving the conundrum of Darwin’s naturalization hypothesis will only be successful if appropriate scales, metrics and analytical tests are thoroughly considered. We give several recommendations and suggest, whenever possible, to use trait‐based measurements of species dissimilarity as the most promising avenue to unravel the mechanisms driving alien species invasions.
Dopaminergic and non‐dopaminergic pharmacological hypotheses for gait disorders in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Devos David , Defebvre L. , Bordet R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGait disorders form one component of the axial disorders observed in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Indeed, short steps with a forward‐leaning stance are diagnostic criteria for PD in the early stages of the condition. Gait disorders also represent a major source of therapeutic failure in the advanced stages of PD (with the appearance of freezing of gait and falls) because they do not respond optimally to the two hand late‐stage therapeutics – levodopa and electrical subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation. The late onset of doparesistance in these disorders may be linked to propagation of neurodegeneration to structures directly involved in gait control and to non‐dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems. The coeruleus locus (a source of noradrenaline) is rapidly and severely affected, leading to a major motor impact. The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) and lateral pontine tegmentum (rich in acetylcholine) are both involved in gait. Degenerative damage to the serotoninergic raphe nuclei appears to be less severe, although serotonin‐dopamine interactions are numerous and complex. Lastly, dopaminergic depletion leads to glutamatergic hyperactivity of the efferent pathways from the the STN to the PPN. However, the relationships between the various parkinsonian symptoms (and particularly gait disorders) and these pharmacological targets have yet to be fully elucidated. The goal of this review is to develop the various pathophysiological hypotheses published to date, in order to underpin and justify ongoing fundamental research and clinical trials in this disease area.
Dietary restriction affects lifespan but not cognitive aging in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Burger Joep M.S. , Buechel Séverine D. , Kawecki Tadeusz J. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryDietary restriction extends lifespan in a wide variety of animals, including Drosophila, but its relationship to functional and cognitive aging is unclear. Here, we study the effects of dietary yeast content on fly performance in an aversive learning task (association between odor and mechanical shock). Learning performance declined at old age, but 50‐day‐old dietary‐restricted flies learned as poorly as equal‐aged flies maintained on yeast‐rich diet, even though the former lived on average 9 days (14%) longer. Furthermore, at the middle age of 21 days, flies on low‐yeast diets showed poorer short‐term (5 min) memory than flies on rich diet. In contrast, dietary restriction enhanced 60‐min memory of young (5 days old) flies. Thus, while dietary restriction had complex effects on learning performance in young to middle‐aged flies, it did not attenuate aging‐related decline of aversive learning performance. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that, in Drosophila, dietary restriction reduces mortality and thus leads to lifespan extension, but does not affect the rate with which somatic damage relevant for cognitive performance accumulates with age.
Posterior glucose hypometabolism in Lafora disease: Early and late FDG‐PET assessment
Authors: Jennesson Melanie , Milh Mathieu , Villeneuve Nathalie , Guedj Eric , Marie Pierre‐Yves , Vignal Jean‐Pierre , Raffo Emmanuel , Vespignani Hervé , Mancini Josette , Maillard Louis 
Published: February 2010

SummaryEstablishing an early diagnosis of Lafora disease (LD) is often challenging. We describe two cases of LD presenting as myoclonus and tonic–clonic seizures, initially suggesting idiopathic generalized epilepsy. The subsequent course of the disease was characterized by drug‐resistant myoclonic epilepsy, cognitive decline, and visual symptoms, which oriented the diagnosis toward progressive myoclonic epilepsy and, more specifically, LD. Early in the evolution in the first case, and before histopathologic and genetic confirmation of LD in both cases, [18]Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) revealed posterior hypometabolism, consistent with the well‐known posterior impairment in this disease. This suggests that FDG‐PET could help to differentiate LD in early stages from other progressive myoclonic epilepsies, but confirmation is required by a longitudinal study of FDG‐PET in progressive myoclonic epilepsy.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 is associated with cognitive outcome in infantile spasms
Authors: Riikonen Raili S. , Jääskeläinen Jarmo , Turpeinen Ursula 
Published: February 2010

SummaryPurpose:  The molecular mechanisms that lead to long‐term consequences of infantile spasms (IS) are poorly understood. Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) is regulated by insults that might be stressful to the brain, and is crucial for early brain development. The aim of the present study was to correlate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of IGF‐1 with antecedent insults and cognitive outcome.Methods:  We studied CSF IGF‐1 and the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations in infants with idiopathic IS (IIS), symptomatic IS (SIS), and controls.Results:  Infants with IIS had CSF IGF‐1 concentrations similar to those of the control children, but children with SIS had markedly low CSF IGF‐1 concentrations. In addition, CSF ACTH concentrations were significantly lower in the children with SIS than in those with IIS. High CSF IGF‐1 concentrations were associated with an idiopathic etiology, absence of early (pre‐ or perinatal) insults or stress, normal brain imaging studies, good response to ACTH therapy, and favorable cognitive outcome. Low CSF IGF‐1 concentrations were associated with low CSF ACTH concentrations, a history of early insults or stress, cerebral atrophy, poor response to therapy, and poor cognitive outcome.Discussion:  In children with IS, insults or stress in early life may affect the synthesis of IGF‐1, which might play a role in the reduction of certain cognitive functions.
Adverse effects of valproate on bone: Defining a model to investigate the pathophysiology
Authors: Senn Susan M. , Kantor Susan , Poulton Ingrid J. , Morris Margaret J. , Sims Natalie A. , O’Brien Terence J. , Wark John D. 
Published: February 2010

SummaryPurpose:  Bone disease and fractures are common with chronic antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize adverse bone effects of valproate and to identify mouse strains either resistant or sensitive to these effects.Methods:  Seven mouse strains (n = 40/strain; 10/diet) were screened for the effect of chronic (8 weeks) valproate treatment (0, 2, 4, and 6 g/kg food) on total bone mineral content (BMC, by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry). In a confirmatory study the effect of valproate (0 or 4 g/kg food) over 16 weeks was assessed in five of the mouse strains (n = 60/strain; 30/diet) identified in the screening phase as either sensitive or resistant. Ex vivo volumetric bone measures and structural changes were assessed using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and histomorphometry.Results:  Chronic valproate treatment reproducibly affected bone in C3H/HeJ mice, with a 9.1% (p < 0.01) reduction in total BMC and a 10.7% (p < 0.01) reduction in trabecular volumetric density, indicating a sensitive strain to AED‐induced bone loss. Histomorphometry was consistent, revealing reductions in trabecular volume (19.6%, p < 0.05) and number (14.3%, p < 0.04), and a 19.9% (p < 0.05) increase in trabecular separation. In contrast the A/J mice were reproducibly resistant to the bone effects.Conclusion:  Mouse strains sensitive and resistant to the adverse bone effects of chronic valproate treatment were identified. The strain‐specific effects suggest a role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of AED‐induced bone disease. This novel model provides a new, powerful tool to investigate the pathophysiology and therapy of AED‐associated bone disease.
Respiratory changes with seizures in localization‐related epilepsy: Analysis of periictal hypercapnia and airflow patterns
Authors: Seyal Masud , Bateman Lisa M. , Albertson Timothy E. , Lin Tzu‐Chun , Li Chin‐Shang 
Published: February 2010

SummaryPurpose: The rate of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) approaches 9 per 1,000 patient‐years in patients with refractory epilepsy. Respiratory causes are implicated in SUDEP. We reported that ictal hypoxemia occurs in one‐third of seizures in localization‐related epilepsy. We now report on respiratory changes in the ictal/postictal period including changes in end‐tidal CO2(ETCO2) that correlate directly with alveolar CO2, allowing a precise evaluation of seizure‐related respiratory disturbances.Methods: One hundred eighty‐seven seizures were recorded in 33 patients with localization‐related epilepsy, with or without secondarily generalized convulsions, undergoing video‐electroencephalography (EEG) telemetry with recording of respiratory data.Results: The ictal/postictal ETCO2increase from baseline was 14 ± 11 mm Hg (11, −1 to 50) [mean ± standard deviation (SD) (median, range)]. ETCO2peak was at or above 50 mm Hg with 35 of 94 seizures, 60 mm Hg with 15, and 70 mm Hg with five seizures. Eleven of the 33 patients had seizures with ETCO2elevation above 50 mm Hg. The duration of ictal/postictal ETCO2increase above baseline was 424 ± 807 s (154, 4 to 6225). The duration of ictal apnea was 49 ± 46 s (31, 6–222); most ictal apneic events were central. Oxygen desaturation to 60% or less occurred with 10 seizures, including five that did not progress to generalized convulsions. Respiratory rate and amplitude increased postictally. The peak ictal ETCO2change and duration of change were not associated with apnea duration or seizure duration. Peak ETCO2change was significantly associated with contralateral seizure spread.Conclusions: Severe and prolonged increases in ETCO2occur with seizures. Postictally, respiratory effort is not impaired. Ictally triggered ventilation–perfusion inequality from pulmonary shunting or transient neurogenic pulmonary edema may account for these findings.
The Repetition‐Break Plot Structure: A Cognitive Influence on Selection in the Marketplace of Ideas
Authors: Loewenstein Jeffrey , Heath Chip 
Published: February 2010

AbstractUsing research into learning from sequences of examples, we generate predictions about what cultural products become widely distributed in the social marketplace of ideas. We investigate what we term the Repetition‐Break plot structure: the use of repetition among obviously similar items to establish a pattern, and then a final contrasting item that breaks with the pattern to generate surprise. Two corpus studies show that this structure arises in about a third of folktales and story jokes. An experiment shows that jokes with this structure are more interesting than those without the initial repetition. Thus, we document evidence for how a cognitive factor influences the cultural products that are selected in the marketplace of ideas.
Using the Hands to Identify Who Does What to Whom: Gesture and Speech Go Hand‐in‐Hand
Authors: So Wing Chee , Kita Sotaro , Goldin‐Meadow Susan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn order to produce a coherent narrative, speakers must identify the characters in the tale so that listeners can figure out who is doing what to whom. This paper explores whether speakers use gesture, as well as speech, for this purpose. English speakers were shown vignettes of two stories and asked to retell the stories to an experimenter. Their speech and gestures were transcribed and coded for referent identification. A gesture was considered to identify a referent if it was produced in the same location as the previous gesture for that referent. We found that speakers frequently used gesture location to identify referents. Interestingly, however, they used gesture most often to identify referents that were also uniquely specified in speech. Lexical specificity in referential expressions in speech thus appears to go hand‐in‐hand with specification in referential expressions in gesture.
The Semantics of Prosody: Acoustic and Perceptual Evidence of Prosodic Correlates to Word Meaning
Authors: Nygaard Lynne C. , Herold Debora S. , Namy Laura L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis investigation examined whether speakers produce reliable prosodic correlates to meaning across semantic domains and whether listeners use these cues to derive word meaning from novel words. Speakers were asked to produce phrases in infant‐directed speech in which novel words were used to convey one of two meanings from a set of antonym pairs (e.g., big/small). Acoustic analyses revealed that some acoustic features were correlated with overall valence of the meaning. However, each word meaning also displayed a unique acoustic signature, and semantically related meanings elicited similar acoustic profiles. In two perceptual tests, listeners either attempted to identify the novel words with a matching meaning dimension (picture pair) or with mismatched meaning dimensions. Listeners inferred the meaning of the novel words significantly more often when prosody matched the word meaning choices than when prosody mismatched. These findings suggest that speech contains reliable prosodic markers to word meaning and that listeners use these prosodic cues to differentiate meanings. That prosody is semantic suggests a reconceptualization of traditional distinctions between linguistic and nonlinguistic properties of spoken language.
Mental Health Clinicians’ Beliefs About the Biological, Psychological, and Environmental Bases of Mental Disorders
Authors: Ahn Woo‐kyoung , Proctor Caroline C. , Flanagan Elizabeth H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe current experiments examine mental health clinicians’ beliefs about biological, psychological, and environmental bases of the DSM‐IV‐TR mental disorders and the consequences of those causal beliefs for judging treatment effectiveness. Study 1 found a large negative correlation between clinicians’ beliefs about biological bases and environmental/psychological bases, suggesting that clinicians conceptualize mental disorders along a single continuum spanning from highly biological disorders (e.g., autistic disorder) to highly nonbiological disorders (e.g., adjustment disorders). Study 2 replicated this finding by having clinicians list what they thought were the specific causes of nine familiar mental disorders and rate their bio–psycho–environmental bases. Study 3 further found that clinicians believe medication to be more effective for biologically based mental disorders and psychotherapy to be more effective for psychosocially based mental disorders. These results demonstrate that even expert mental health clinicians make strong distinctions between psychological and biological phenomena.
Probabilistically Valid Inference of Covariation From a Singlex,yObservation When Univariate Characteristics Are Known
Authors: Doherty Michael E. , Anderson Richard B. , Kelley Amanda M. , Albert James H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractParticipants were asked to draw inferences about correlation from singlex,yobservations. In Experiment 1 statistically sophisticated participants were given the univariate characteristics of distributions ofxandyand asked to infer whether a singlex, yobservation came from a correlated or an uncorrelated population. In Experiment 2, students with a variety of statistical backgrounds assigned posterior probabilities to five possible populations based on singlex, yobservations, again given knowledge of the univariate statistics. In Experiment 3, statistically naïve participants were given a problem analogous to that given in Experiment 1, framed verbally. Experiment 4 replicated Experiment 3 but added an “impossible to determine” response option. Models that rely on computing sample correlations make no predictions about these investigations. From a Bayesian perspective, participants’ inferences in all four experiments tended to make probabilistically valid inferences as long as the single datum was directional. The results are discussed in light of the Brunswikian notion of vicarious functioning.
Computational Models for the Combination of Advice and Individual Learning
Authors: Biele Guido , Rieskamp Jörg , Gonzalez Richard 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDecision making often takes place in social environments where other actors influence individuals' decisions. The present article examines how advice affects individual learning. Five social learning models combining advice and individual learning‐four based on reinforcement learning and one on Bayesian learning‐and one individual learning model are tested against each other. In two experiments, some participants received good or bad advice prior to a repeated multioption choice task. Receivers of advice adhered to the advice, so that good advice improved performance. The social learning models described the observed learning processes better than the individual learning model. Of the models tested, the best social learning model assumes that outcomes from recommended options are more positively evaluated than outcomes from nonrecommended options. This model correctly predicted that receivers first adhere to advice, then explore other options, and finally return to the recommended option. The model also predicted accurately that good advice has a stronger impact on learning than bad advice. One‐time advice can have a long‐lasting influence on learning by changing the subjective evaluation of outcomes of recommended options.
The Role of Moral Commitments in Moral Judgment
Authors: Lombrozo Tania 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTraditional approaches to moral psychology assumed that moral judgments resulted from the application of explicit commitments, such as those embodied in consequentialist or deontological philosophies. In contrast, recent work suggests that moral judgments often result from unconscious or emotional processes, with explicit commitments generated post hoc. This paper explores the intermediate position that moral commitments mediate moral judgments, but not through their explicit and consistent application in the course of judgment. An experiment with 336 participants finds that individuals vary in the extent to which their moral commitments are consequentialist or deontological, and that this variation is systematically but imperfectly related to the moral judgments elicited by trolley car problems. Consequentialist participants find action in trolley car scenarios more permissible than do deontologists, and only consequentialists moderate their judgments when scenarios that typically elicit different intuitions are presented side by side. The findings emphasize the need for a theory of moral reasoning that can accommodate both the associations and dissociations between moral commitments and moral judgments.