bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flexural Strength of Interim Resin Materials for Fixed Prosthodontics
Authors: Nejatidanesh Farahnaz , Momeni Glareh , Savabi Omid 
Published: June 2009

Abstract Purpose: Flexural strength of interim materials is of particular concern with long‐span fixed partial dentures (FPDs) or in areas of heavy contact. The purpose of this study was to compare the flexural strength of seven resins used to fabricate interim fixed prostheses. Materials and Methods: Ten identical 25 × 2 × 2 mm specimens were made from seven interim materials (N = 70) (Trim, Acropars, Protemp 3 Garant, Unifast LC, TempSpan, Tempron, Duralay) according to ADA specification #27. After 14 days’ storage in artificial saliva and thermocycling for 2500 cycles (5˚C to 55˚C), a standard three‐point bending test was conducted on the specimens with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.75 mm/min. The mean values of flexural strength of each interim material were calculated. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal‐Wallis and Mann‐Whitney U‐test, and the significance level was set at α= 0.05. Results: The lowest and highest flexural strengths were found for Trim from ethyl methacrylate resins and TempSpan from bis‐acryl resins, respectively. The mean rank of flexural strength of the studied materials was TempSpan = 66.3, Protemp 3 Garant = 53.4, Tempron = 47.5, Duralay = 38.3, Unifast LC = 24.1, Acropars = 17.9, and Trim = 5.9. There was no significant difference between Tempron and Protemp 3 Garant, but the other resins were significantly different. Conclusions: Bis‐acryl interim materials exhibited higher flexural strength than the methacrylate resins tested in this study. These higher values should be considered in making interim fixed prostheses, especially when long‐term use or long‐span FPDs are planned.
The Change in Retentive Values of Locator Attachments and Hader Clips over Time
Authors: Evtimovska Elizabeta , Masri Radi , Driscoll Carl F. , Romberg Elaine 
Published: June 2009

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine early changes in retentive values of implant overdenture attachments during multiple pulls. Materials and Methods: Two implant attachment systems (Hader bar and clip, Locator system) were used in this study. The experimental groups were divided into yellow Hader clips, white Locator attachments, and green Locator attachments. Each group consisted of 21 matrix attachments. The attachments were placed into a custom‐made acrylic resin block seated passively on another acrylic block containing a Hader bar or two Locator abutments with different angulations. Each attachment was subjected to 20 consecutive pulls using a universal testing machine. The peak load‐to‐dislodgement of the attachments after each pull was documented, and the percent reduction of the peak load‐to‐dislodgement was calculated. One‐way ANOVA and Tukey's honestly significant difference test were used for data analyses. A p≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: There was a significant difference in the percent reduction in peak load‐to‐dislodgement between the attachments after the first pull (p= 0.005) and after the final pull (p= 0.0001). The yellow Hader clips exhibited the least percent reduction in peak load‐to‐dislodgement (6.50 ± 3.59%) after the first pull, followed by the white Locator attachments (8.60 ± 4.42%); the green Locator attachments exhibited the greatest reduction (11.05 ± 4.94%). Conclusion: The results of this in vitro study demonstrate that retentive values of the Locator attachments are reduced significantly after multiple pulls. Although this reduction might not be noticeable to the patient, it is recommended that the clinician place and remove the overdenture multiple times before delivery.
Pontine Hemorrhage Following a Recently Implanted Intrathecal Drug Delivery System
Authors: Rosenfeld David M. , Trentman Terrence , Patel Naresh P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground:  This report describes a pontine hemorrhage in a patient following implantation of an intrathecal drug delivery system.Case report:  A 70‐year‐old old female patient with metastatic breast carcinoma underwent placement of an implantable intrathecal drug delivery system. Before implant she was neurologically intact with only mild memory deficiencies attributed to narcotics and malignancy. No recent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was on record. On post‐implant day 2 after the initiation of intrathecal hydromorphone 0.45 mg/day and bupivacaine 2.7 mg/day, she developed dizziness, lethargy, and mild gait instability. Despite decreasing drug dosages, these symptoms progressed over the ensuing days, and subsequently the patient developed upper extremity numbness and tinnitus. The device was turned off on post‐implant day 9 with the patient showing no signs of improvement. She underwent computerized tomography scan of the head, which identified an acute pontine hemorrhage. A follow‐up MRI scan confirmed the hemorrhage and revealed a previously undiagnosed underlying metastatic lesion with surrounding vasogenic edema. She was treated with supportive measures in hospice and expired 20 days after implantation.Conclusions:  This case emphasizes several important points. First, changes in neurologic and mental status after initiating intrathecal drug therapy may be related to new or pre‐existing pathology and not due to intrathecal medications. Second, consideration should be given to central nervous system imaging before intrathecal pump insertion in patients with widely metastatic malignancies. Finally, cerebral spinal fluid hypotension from dural puncture may have contributed to the timing of the hemorrhage in this patient.
Reconsideration of Economic Views of a Classical Empire and a Nation‐State During the Mercantilist Ages
Authors: Bulut Mehmet 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWhile the main aim of the economic policies of European nation‐states was to use the power of the state to promote trade and economic growth and to build up national industries and manufacture, the Ottoman Empire continued to follow its provisionist, fiscalist, and traditional economic policies of land expansion in the early modern period. In Western Europe, this experience gave birth to a new class that gradually improved its trade ability and expanding industries and markets under a capitalist system. The Ottoman imperial policy was mostly concerned about the continuity of strong central authority and land expansion, which never meant improving the industry or trade concerns. Instead, the economic policies of the Ottomans were subsistence of the people, provisioning the major population centers, collection of taxes, and maintaining freedom of trade. The balance and stability in society explain the priority for the Ottomans in the economy. However, commercialization and profit explain the priority for the Dutch nation in the economy. This article elaborates the economic views of the Dutch Republic and the Ottoman Empire in the mercantilist ages.
Business Success Through Social Networks? A Comment on Social Networks and Business Success
Authors: Egbert Henrik 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the literature on entrepreneurship in developing countries, the argument that social networks are an essential factor for entrepreneurial success has been given considerable attention. This article challenges this one‐sided view by pointing out negative and restrictive effects of social networks on entrepreneurial success in particular, and on economic development in general. The article is structured as a comment on Kristiansen (2004), who worked on social networks and conducted field research in the city of Tanga, Tanzania, similar to the author, who had done the same two years previously. The findings from a six‐month field research are used in order to articulate important aspects left out in Kristiansen's discussion.
With Friends Like These: Endogenous Labor Market Segregation with Homogeneous, Nonprejudiced Agents
Authors: Barr Tavis 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the economics literature, labor market segregation is typically assumed to arise either from prejudice (Becker 1971) or from group differences in human capital accumulation (Benabou 1993; Durlauf 2006; Fryer 2006). Many sociological studies, by contrast, consider social network structure as an embodiment of various forms of social capital, including the creation of obligations, information channels, and enforceable trust (Coleman 1988; Portes and Sensenbrenner 1993). When firms hire by referral, social network segregation can lead to labor market segregation (Tilly 1998). Various social network structures may arise from the actions of self‐interested individuals (Watts and Strogatz 1998; Jackson 2006); by incorporating concepts of social capital into an economic framework of profit‐maximizing firms, this article develops a model of labor markets in which segregation arises endogenously even though agents are homogeneous and have no dislike for each other. Firms hire through referrals, and can enforce discipline by bribing a referrer to prevent a hiree from getting any outside job offers from other friends if he or she shirks. This is possible only if social networks are reasonably closed, so that the referee knows a majority of his or her friends' friends. By segregating into small communities, workers can more effectively create closed social networks. Social networks with different reservation wages will receive different wages; firms can induce such segregation and wage discrimination in the interest of profit. Workers may not benefit from such segregation, except as a best response to being in a society where it already exists; the “friends” in these social networks act as a worker discipline device, and in this way treat each other inimically.
Economic Crime as Hiding Behavior
Authors: Engdahl Oskar 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe article introduces “hiding behavior” as a concept for understanding why people conceal economic problems and solve them by committing crimes. This concept's theoretical purport, empirical applicability, and relevance for the research area are considered through an analysis of an empirical case. An explanatory model is then developed, focusing on the concrete social relations in which hiding behavior originates and in which it remains embedded. From case studies we see how hiding behavior is situated in social relations characterized by a specific form of uncertainty arising from engulfment and isolation. In these relations money plays a central role, providing a medium for action‐coordination essential in the incidence of economic crime. Finally, the explanatory power of the proposed conceptual model is discussed, with several possible refinements suggested for it.
Estimating Xylella fastidiosa transmission parameters: decoupling sharpshooter number and feeding period
Authors: Daugherty M. P. , Almeida R. P. P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCompared to human‐ and wildlife‐transmitted pathogens, less emphasis has been placed on developing models of plant pathogen transmission by insects. Here, we describe the transmission ecology of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., the causal agent of Pierce’s disease in grapevines, by its leafhopper vectors. First, we performed a meta‐analysis of transmission studies of X. fastidiosa by its two most important vectors in the Western USA, the invasive glassy‐winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis Germar, and the native blue‐green sharpshooter, Graphocephala atropunctata Signoret (both Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). The importance of vector number, pathogen acquisition period, and inoculation access period (IAP) for transmission differed between the two species. We fit these transmission datasets to two biologically derived transmission models, i.e., a binomial and a Poisson probability model. The Poisson model provided substantially better fit and produced estimates of H. vitripennis transmission efficiency that were dramatically lower than for G. atropunctata. We also conducted a separate pair of experiments that decoupled vector number from IAP. These experiments supported the results of the meta‐analysis. Interestingly, high vector loads not only increased transmission rate, but also shortened X. fastidiosa incubation period in grapevines. This work provides quantitative estimates of transmission of an economically important pathogen that is analogous to risk models for arthropod‐vectored human and wildlife diseases. In addition, this work suggests that heterogeneous vector loads may accelerate the disease cycle, increasing the potential for secondary spread in vineyards.
Use of infochemicals to attract carrion beetles into pitfall traps
Authors: Podskalská H. , Růžička J. , Hoskovec M. , Šálek M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWhen the bodies of small vertebrates start to decay shortly after death, a number of organosulfur compounds are produced, including methanethiol, dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethyldisulfide (DMDS), dimethyltrisulfide (DMTS), and S‐methyl thioacetate. These molecules appear to attract various necrophagous animals. We tested the roles of DMS, DMDS, and DMTS (in order of decreasing volatility) as attractants of carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorinae) in a field experiment in an agricultural landscape in southern Bohemia, Czech Republic. We collected a total of 362 adult Nicrophorus vespillo (L.) that were attracted to 220 baited pitfall traps in a 3‐day experiment. Sets of traps baited with DMTS were more successful in catching N. vespillo than sets baited with a blank. Traps containing DMDS had higher trapping success than traps containing DMS. In addition, trapping success strongly increased using DMTS in the presence of DMDS but not of DMS, suggesting a synergistic effect of DMDS and DMTS. We observed similar patterns between males and females in response to the infochemicals tested.
Serum sCD14, polymorphism of CD14−260 and periodontal infection
Authors: Raunio T , Knuuttila M , Karttunen R , Vainio O , Tervonen T 
Published: June 2009

Background and Aims:  CD14 is a co‐receptor involved in the recognition of Gram‐negative and positive bacteria. Infections are known to influence serum sCD14 levels, and CD14 gene promoter polymorphism (CD14 C−260T) has been reported to be associated with many infectious diseases. Our aim was to investigate whether serum sCD14 concentration is associated with periodontal infection and the CD14−260 genotype.Subjects and Methods:  The periodontal status of 56 subjects with chronic periodontitis and 28 controls was clinically examined. Serum sCD14 concentration was analyzed using ELISA and CD14−260 genotype using polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Results:  The mean concentration of sCD14 in serum was significantly higher in subjects with periodontitis than in control subjects (4.9 μg ml−1vs 3.8 μg ml−1, P < 0.001). Serum sCD14 concentration associated significantly with the extent of advanced periodontal disease. In a regression analysis including both subject groups, the CD14−260 genotype was a significant determinant for serum sCD14 concentration. After stratification by periodontal health status (periodontitis vs controls), the influence of the CD14−260 genotype on serum sCD14 concentration was seen only in the control group.Conclusions:  Periodontal infection is associated with the serum concentration of sCD14. Moderate to severe periodontal infection overshadows the influence of the genotype on serum sCD14 concentration.
RS Ophiuchi: thermonuclear explosion or disc instability?
Authors: King A. R. , Pringle J. E. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Sokoloski, Rupen & Mioduszewski have recently reported evidence that the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi produced a pair of highly collimated radio jets within days of its 2006 outburst. This suggests that an accretion disc must be present during the outburst. However, in the standard picture of recurrent novae as thermonuclear events, any such disc must be expelled from the white dwarf vicinity, as the nuclear energy yield greatly exceeds its binding energy. We suggest instead that the outbursts of RS Oph are thermal-viscous instabilities in a disc irradiated by the central accreting white dwarf. The distinctive feature of RS Oph is the very large size of its accretion disc. Given this, it fits naturally into a consistent picture of systems with unstable accretion discs. This picture explains the presence and speed of the jets, the brightness and duration of the outburst, and its rise time and linear decay, as well as the faintness of the quiescence. By contrast, the hitherto standard picture of recurrent thermonuclear explosions has a number of severe difficulties. These include the presence of jets, the faintness of quiescence, and the fact the accretion disc must be unstable unless it is far smaller than any reasonable estimate.
MEASURING RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND SPREADABILITY OF SOFT FOODS USING A MODIFIED SQUEEZE‐FLOW APPARATUS
Authors: SUN ADRIANO , GUNASEKARAN SUNDARAM 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT The rheological characteristics of soft foods such as peanut butter, mayonnaise and margarine were evaluated by the UW Meltmeter, a modified squeezing‐flow device, applying a constant load under constant volume and changing area. Sample thickness profiles were measured as a function of time and the yield stress was calculated via a Herschel–Bulkley model as a measure of spreadability. Peanut butter exhibited the highest yield stress value (1.31–1.45 kPa) followed by margarine (0.80 kPa) and mayonnaise (0.31 kPa). Calculated values of biaxial extensional viscosity and consistency coefficient values calculated from the UW Meltmeter data followed the expected trends of relative spreadability of peanut butter, margarine, and mayonnaise. These results show that the UW Meltmeter is a relatively simple and reliable device for measuring yield stress and rheological properties of soft foods. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA new method has been proposed to measure yield stress of spreadable foods.
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MOZZARELLA CHEESE DETERMINED BY CREEP/RECOVERY TESTS: EFFECT OF SAMPLING DIRECTION, TEST TEMPERATURE AND RIPENING TIME
Authors: OLIVARES MARÍA LAURA , ZORRILLA SUSANA E. , RUBIOLO AMELIA C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT The viscoelastic properties of mozzarella cheese using a creep/recovery test considering different sampling directions (parallel and perpendicular to protein fiber orientation), test temperatures (20, 30 and 40C) and ripening times (1, 8, 15, 29 and 36 days) were studied. Creep data were interpreted by a Burger model of four parameters. A semiempirical approach was proposed to obtain the contribution of each main compliance to the total deformation of the system. Creep tests at different temperatures allowed gaining a better understanding of changes that occur in the cheese matrix during heating and ripening. Sampling direction did not affect any of the parameters studied. Finally, it was clearly observed that cheese matrix behaves as a quite different physicochemical system depending on temperature. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out the rheological tests at different temperatures to evaluate appropriately the viscoelastic properties of mozzarella cheese. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMozzarella cheese must have certain characteristics to be used on pizzas and on other prepared foods that use the cheese in melted state. The protein chains in the mozzarella curds coalesce into large strands that are oriented in the direction of stretching. For this reason, mozzarella cheese has an anisotropic structure. Therefore, it is relevant to determine the effect of protein fiber orientation on the rheological properties. Valuable information may be obtained through the creep/recovery test of mozzarella cheese samples to study its rheological properties and to explain molecular mechanisms that occur during ripening or melting processes considering sampling direction.
Incarnation: Metaphysical Issues
Authors: Poidevin Robin Le 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe last quarter of the twentieth century saw a resurgence of realism in various areas of philosophy, including metaphysics and the philosophy of religion, and this trend has continued in the first decade of the twenty‐first century. In philosophy of religion this led to explorations of the philosophical coherence of orthodox doctrines, such as the Christian doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation. In metaphysics, there was renewed interest in debates concerning persistence, composition, the relation between mind and body, time and necessity, among others. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the links between these two strands of realist inquiry, focusing on some metaphysical issues raised by the Incarnation. It ends with some suggestions as to how recent developments in metaphysical debate might inform our understanding of this most central of Christian beliefs.
Similarity judgements of odour quality and pleasantness
Authors: McAtamney Geraldine , Annett Judith 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAssumptions are often made about the generalisabilty of experiences, particularly perceptual experiences. Individual differences in experiences, we suggest, are of fundamental interest to the foodservice and general hospitality industries, and may be analysed at many levels. Using as background a small‐scale study of odour similarity and pleasantness ratings and drawn from the perspective of traditional psychological research, this paper considers olfactory experiences, an area of particular significance when considering food‐related activities, both from the perspective of sensory analysis and the general foodservice industry. Some common, implicit psychological assumptions are questioned, particularly those indicated by the general failure to specify a response model in interpretation of individual reports of sensory and perceptual experiences. A variety of attributes contributes to the overall experience of food, and understanding of fundamental psychological processes could help foodservice academics and professionals elucidate the issues underlying the ultimate biopsychosocial experience, food.
Differences in Regulatory Frameworks Governing Genetic Laboratories in Four Countries
Authors: Tassé Anne Marie , Petit Élodie , Godard Béatrice 
Published: June 2009

A recent Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) survey demonstrated that an internationalization of genetic laboratory services currently emerged from the rarity of certain genetic abnormalities and from the small of laboratories performing specialized testing. When DNA samples cross national boundaries for genetic testing services to be performed in another country, the heterogeneity of national legal frameworks raises important questions regarding quality of genetic services available internationally.Some aspects of the genetic laboratories’ services are abundantly discussed by the literature, among which most prominent are quality control standards and patients rights. Firstly, a 2003 study identified key distinctions between the different legal frameworks for genetic services. While some countries impose exhaustive regulatory requirements, others favor guidelines for good practices. Moreover, proficiency assessment, clinical validity, retention of laboratory records and test reports are not dealt with uniformly.