bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surveillance imaging after intracranial stent implantation: non-invasive imaging compared with digital subtraction angiography
Authors: Golshani Behrad , Lazzaro Marc A , Raslau Flavius , Darkhabani Ziad , Baruah Dhiraj , Eastwood Daniel , Fitzsimmons Brian-Fred , Zaidat Osama O 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundDigital subtraction angiography (DSA) is the gold standard imaging for detection of in-stent restenosis (ISR) but there is limited literature on optimal non-invasive surveillance imaging. In this study, the ability of CT angiography (CTA) and MR angiography (MRA) compared with DSA in recognizing ISR was assessed.MethodsA single center database of patients treated with stent implantation for ICAD was accessed. All patients who underwent follow-up imaging with DSA paired with either MRA or CTA within 30 days were included. Two angiography readers and two non-invasive imaging readers measured restenosis with a submillimeter digital caliper. ISR was categorized as: none/minimal, mild (<50%), moderate (≥50–70%) or severe (≥70%). Analysis was performed with weighted κ statistics.Results17 cases of individual stents that underwent surveillance imaging with paired DSA and CTA and five stents with paired DSA and MRA were identified. Of those undergoing DSA and CTA, inter-reader agreement produced κ=0.68 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.95) for DSA and κ=0.75 (95% CI 0.55 to 0.95) for CTA. Agreement across CTA and DSA was κ=0.36 (95% CI 0.26 to 0.52). Of those undergoing DSA and MRA, inter-reader agreement produced κ=0.71 (95% CI 0.27 to 1.00) for DSA and κ=1.00 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.00) for MRA. Agreement across MRA and DSA was κ=0.34 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.51).ConclusionsGood inter-reader agreement exists within DSA, CTA and MRA. However, when comparing non-invasive imaging (CTA and MRA) with DSA, only fair agreement exists. These data suggest that CTA and MRA are not comparable to DSA for evaluation of ISR.
社區工作: 意義重塑與展望
Authors: 甘 炳光 
Published: May 2012

社區工作是社會工作的三大介入方法之一，但是，近代社會工作的發展愈來愈走向治療化的趨勢，逐漸遺忘了或忽略了社區工作在社會工作實踐的重要性。西方學者己提出社會工作專業不可以只著重個人、家庭及小組工作的發展，更不應只熱衷於輔導及治療模式的運用，而要重拾社區工作的意義。本文嘗試討論爲何社會工作需要包含社區工作方法，重塑社區工作在社會工作實務的意義； 包括：(一) 彰顯社會工作的 「社會」 本質和涵義； (二) 社區被視爲服務對象； (三) 加上宏觀角度及介入手法； (四) 善用和發動社區資源； (五) 展現社會工作的倡導角色； (六) 發揮社會工作去促進社會改變的功能； 及(七) 抗衡專業化帶來的負面影響。本文亦會檢視社會轉變所帶來的挑戰，展望社區工作需要發展的方向。 Community work is one of the three basic social work intervention methods. However, recent developments in social work emphasize clinical practices and increasingly neglect the importance of community work practice. Western scholars have already pointed out that the focus of the social work profession on developing interventions and practices for individuals, families, and social groups as well as counseling and therapeutic models needs to be complemented by reclaiming an emphasis on community work. This article examines why social work should include community work and discusses the following meanings of community work in social work: (1) making clear the social of social work; (2) community regarded as a target group; (3) inclusion of macro perspective and practice; (4) the effective use of community resources; (5) unfolding the advocacy role of community work; (6) fulfilling the function of promoting social change; and (7) counteracting the negative effects of professionalization. This article also discusses the challenges brought about by social changes to social work and suggests the future directions for community work.
Striatal Dopamine Influences the Default Mode Network to Affect Shifting between Object Features
Authors: Dang Linh C. , Donde Aneesh , Madison Cindee , O'Neil James P. , Jagust William J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Cognitive flexibility or the ability to change behavior in response to external cues is conceptualized as two processes: one for shifting between perceptual features of objects and another for shifting between the abstract rules governing the selection of these objects. Object and rule shifts are believed to engage distinct anatomical structures and functional processes. Dopamine activity has been associated with cognitive flexibility, but patients with dopaminergic deficits are not impaired on all tasks assessing cognitive flexibility, suggesting that dopamine may have different roles in the shifting of objects and rules. The goals of this study were to identify brain regions supporting object and rule shifts and to examine the role of dopamine in modulating these two forms of cognitive flexibility. Sixteen young, healthy volunteers underwent fMRI while performing a set-shift task designed to differentiate shifting between object features from shifting between abstract task rules. Participants also underwent PET with 6-[18F]-fluoro-l-m-tyrosine (FMT), a radiotracer measuring dopamine synthesis capacity. Shifts of abstract rules were not associated with activation in any brain region, and FMT uptake did not correlate with rule shift performance. Shifting between object features deactivated the medial PFC and the posterior cingulate and activated the lateral PFC, posterior parietal areas, and the striatum. FMT signal in the striatum correlated negatively with object shift performance and deactivation in the medial PFC, a component of the default mode network, suggesting that dopamine influences object shifts via modulation of activity in the default mode network.
Non-lesional white matter changes in pediatric multiple sclerosis and monophasic demyelinating disorders
Authors: Tillema JM , Leach J , Pirko I 
Published: May 2012

Objective: To analyze diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) derived metrics between patients with childhood onset multiple sclerosis (MS), monophasic demyelinating illnesses, and healthy controls. Background: Monophasic demyelinating illnesses can be indistinguishable clinically and radiologically, utilizing standard MRI studies. DTI studies in adults implicate the involvement of normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) in MS. Methods: Subjects with DTI studies (15 directions, 1.5 Tesla (GE), 3x3x3 mm, interpolated to 1.5x1.5x3 mm) were retrospectively identified. We studied three groups: childhood onset MS ( n=18), monophasic illness (eight with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), seven with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS)) and age-matched controls. DTI had been obtained within one month of symptom onset for patients with ADEM and within a median of 20 months for the MS group. DTI measures were determined using a semi-automated method from standardized regions of interest (ROI) containing central fibers of the corpus callosum genu and internal capsule. Results: The MS group had significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values compared to controls ( p<0.001), with increased radial diffusivity (RD) and decreased axial diffusivity (AD). In the monophasic group FA was smaller than the controls ( p=0.01) with increased RD and no difference in AD. Conclusions: This retrospective analysis provides evidence that NAWM is affected in pediatric MS and monophasic demyelinating disease, with a potentially novel pattern demonstrating reduced AD in pediatric MS. Further larger scale confirmatory studies are needed to address whether the demonstrated DTI changes could be used as a biomarker in pediatric patients presenting with an initial demyelinating event.
A serial in vivo 7T magnetic resonance phase imaging study of white matter lesions in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Bian Wei , Harter Kristin , Hammond-Rosenbluth Kathryn E , Lupo Janine M , Xu Duan , Kelley Douglas AC , Vigneron Daniel B , Nelson Sarah J , Pelletier Daniel 
Published: May 2012

Background: Magnetic resonance (MR) phase imaging using high field MR scanners has demonstrated excellent contrast in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions that is thought to be closely correlated to the local iron content. This pilot study acquired serial in vivo MR scans at 7T to track the evolution of phase contrast as MS lesions progress. Methods: Five MS patients with relapsing–remitting MS were serially scanned for about 2.5 years at 7T using a high resolution T2*-weighted gradient-echo sequence. Magnitude and phase images were reconstructed for each scan and co-registered to their baseline study. Results: Five non-enhancing ring and 70 nodular phase lesions were found in the five patients at baseline. None of the baseline phase lesions (including all five ring phase lesions) showed obvious qualitative variation on phase images during the study. Of note, we observed that three magnitude lesions, not initially read as abnormal signal, were either better appreciated using phase contrast imaging (two lesions) or preceded (one lesion) by phase changes. Conclusion: The observation that ring phase lesions remained unchanged over 2.5 years of follow-up challenges the notion that such lesions reveal the presence of acute activated iron-rich macrophages. It suggests that either different phenotypes of macrophages persist longer than previously expected or other mechanisms related to tissue injury contribute to the phase contrast.
Caffeine and alcohol intakes have no association with risk of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Massa J , O’Reilly EJ , Munger KL , Ascherio A 
Published: May 2012

Background: The association between alcohol and caffeine intakes and risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unclear; no prospective studies have examined this relationship. Objective: We examined intakes of alcohol and caffeine in relation to risk of multiple sclerosis. Methods: Intakes of alcohol and caffeine were examined in relation to the risk of MS in two large cohorts of women, the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS; 92,275 women followed from 1980 to 2004) and Nurses’ Health Study II (NHS II; 95,051 women followed from 1991 to 2005). Their diet was assessed at baseline and every four years thereafter. During the follow-up, 282 cases of MS were confirmed with onset of symptoms after baseline. Twenty-four cases were missing information on alcohol intake, leaving a total of 258 cases for the alcohol analyses. Results: Neither total alcohol consumption, nor consumption of beer, wine, or liquor was related to MS risk. The multivariable-adjusted pooled relative risk (RR) found by comparing categories of alcohol intake to 0 gm/day was 1.07 (95% CI: 0.32–1.99) for 0.1–4.9 gm/day, 1.01 (0.32–1.99) for 5.0–14.9 gm/day, 1.21 (0.69–2.15) for 15.0–29.9 gm/day, and 0.80 (0.32–1.99) for 30+ gm/day; ( p for trend=0.89). Caffeine intake was also not significantly associated with MS risk. The multivariable adjusted pooled RR comparing highest to lowest quintile of caffeine intake was 1.14; 95% CI: 0.79–1.66; p for trend=0.71. Consideration of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee separately also yielded null results. Conclusion: These results do not support an association between alcohol and caffeine intakes and MS risk.
Doctors' voices in patients' narratives: coping with emotions in storytelling
Authors: Lucius-Hoene Gabriele , Thiele Ulrike , Breuning Martina , Haug Stephanie 
Published: May 2012

Objectives: To understand doctors’ impacts on the emotional coping of patients, their stories about encounters with doctors are used. These accounts reflect meaning-making processes and biographically contextualized experiences. We investigate how patients characterize their doctors by voicing them in their stories, thus assigning them functions in their coping process. Methods: 394 narrated scenes with reported speech of doctors were extracted from interviews with 26 patients with type 2 diabetes and 30 with chronic pain. Constructed speech acts were investigated by means of positioning and narrative analysis, and assigned into thematic categories by a bottom-up coding procedure. Results: Patients use narratives as coping strategies when confronted with illness and their encounters with doctors by constructing them in a supportive and face-saving way. In correspondence with the variance of illness conditions, differing moral problems in dealing with doctors arise. Different evaluative stances towards the same events within interviews show that positionings are not fixed, but vary according to contexts and purposes. Discussion: Our narrative approach deepens the standardized and predominantly cognitive statements of questionnaires in research on doctor–patient relations by individualized emotional and biographical aspects of patients’ perspective. Doctors should be trained to become aware of their impact in patients’ coping processes.
FGF-2 expands murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells via proliferation of stromal cells, c-Kit activation, and CXCL12 down-regulation
Authors: Itkin Tomer , Ludin Aya , Gradus Ben , Gur-Cohen Shiri , Kalinkovich Alexander , Schajnovitz Amir , Ovadya Yossi , Kollet Orit , Canaani Jonathan , Shezen Elias , Coffin Douglas J. , Enikolopov Grigori N. , Berg Thorsten , Piacibello Wanda , Hornstein Eran , Lapidot Tsvee 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Cytokine-induced expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is not fully understood. In the present study, we show that whereas steady-state hematopoiesis is normal in basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2)–knockout mice, parathyroid hormone stimulation and myeloablative treatments failed to induce normal HSPC proliferation and recovery. In vivo FGF-2 treatment expanded stromal cells, including perivascular Nestin+ supportive stromal cells, which may facilitate HSPC expansion by increasing SCF and reducing CXCL12 via mir-31 up-regulation. FGF-2 predominantly expanded a heterogeneous population of undifferentiated HSPCs, preserving and increasing durable short- and long-term repopulation potential. Mechanistically, these effects were mediated by c-Kit receptor activation, STAT5 phosphorylation, and reduction of reactive oxygen species levels. Mice harboring defective c-Kit signaling exhibited abrogated HSPC expansion in response to FGF-2 treatment, which was accompanied by elevated reactive oxygen species levels. The results of the present study reveal a novel mechanism underlying FGF-2–mediated in vivo expansion of both HSPCs and their supportive stromal cells, which may be used to improve stem cell engraftment after clinical transplantation.
CONS-COCOMAPS: a novel tool to measure and visualize the conservation of inter-residue contacts in multiple docking solutions
Authors: Vangone Anna , Oliva Romina , Cavallo Luigi 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Background
The development of accurate protein-protein docking programs is making this kind of simulations an effective tool to predict the 3D structure and the surface of interaction between the molecular partners in macromolecular complexes. However, correctly scoring multiple docking solutions is still an open problem. As a consequence, the accurate and tedious screening of many docking models is usually required in the analysis step.

Methods
All the programs under CONS-COCOMAPS have been written in python, taking advantage of python libraries such as SciPy and Matplotlib. CONS-COCOMAPS is freely available as a web tool at the URL:

http://www.molnac.unisa.it/BioTools/conscocomaps/.

Results
Here we presented CONS-COCOMAPS, a novel tool to easily measure and visualize the consensus in multiple docking solutions. CONS-COCOMAPS uses the conservation of inter-residue contacts as an estimate of the similarity between different docking solutions. To visualize the conservation, CONS-COCOMAPS uses intermolecular contact maps.

Conclusions
The application of CONS-COCOMAPS to test-cases taken from recent CAPRI rounds has shown that it is very efficient in highlighting even a very weak consensus that often is biologically meaningful.
Characterization of the emergent properties of a synthetic quasi-cellular system
Authors: Lazzerini-Ospri Lorenzo , Stano Pasquale , Luisi PierLuigi , Marangoni Roberto 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Background
The process of solutes entrapment during liposomes formation is interesting for the investigation of the relationship between the formation of compartments and the distribution of molecules inside them; a relevant issue in the studies of the origin of life. Theoretically, when no interactions are supposed among the chemical species to be entrapped, the entrapment is described by a standard Poisson process. But very recent experimental findings show that, for small liposomes (100 nm diameter), the distribution of entrapped molecules is best described by a power-law function. This is of a great importance, as the two random processes give rise to two completely different scenarios. Here we present an in silico stochastic simulation of the encapsulation of a cell-free molecular translation system (the PURE system), obtained following two different entrapment models: a pure Poisson process, and a power-law. The protein synthesis inside the liposomes has been studied in both cases, with the aim to highlight experimental observables that could be measured to assess which model gives a better representation of the real process.

Results
Firstly, a minimal model for in vitro protein synthesis, based on the PURE system molecular composition, has been formalized. Then, we have designed a reliable experimental simulation where stochastic factors affect the reaction course inside the compartment. To this end, 24 solutes, which represent the PURE system components, have been stochastically distributed among vesicles by following either a Poisson or a power-law distribution. The course of the protein synthesis within each vesicle has been consequently calculated, as a function of vesicle size. Our study can predict translation yield in a population of small liposomes down to the attoliter (10-18 L) range. Our results show that the efficiency of protein synthesis peaks at approximately 3·10-16 L (840 nm diam.) with a Poisson distribution of solutes, while a relative optimum is found at around 10-17 L (275 nm diam.) for the power-law statistics.

Conclusions
Our simulation clearly shows that the wet-lab measurement of an effective protein synthesis at smaller volumes than 10-17 L would rule out, according to our models, a Poisson distribution of solutes.
Exhaled breath analysis for early cancer detection: principle and progress in direct mass spectrometry techniques
Authors: Badjagbo Koffi 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Volatile biomarker analysis in exhaled breath is becoming one of the desirable strategies for cancer detection because it may offer a relatively inexpensive, rapid, and non-invasive screening method for early diagnosis. Breath analysis has attracted a considerable amount of scientific and clinical interest over the past decade. However, breath is not yet used for routine medical diagnostic purposes. Challenges faced in the development of breath analysis for cancer diagnosis include developing techniques that can measure biomarkers in exhaled breath at ultratrace levels, providing definitive evidence for their presence and for the relationship between the proposed biomarker and the underlying condition. Various analytical methods are used for the detection of breath biomarkers. Gas chromatography-based methods which involve sample collection, analyte preconcentration, desorption, and separation steps are the most popular. However, direct-sampling mass spectrometry techniques have been proven more reliable for air analysis without prior sample pretreatment or chromatographic separation. This review focuses on the most commonly used direct mass spectrometry methods for the direct online analysis of endogenous cancer biomarkers in exhaled breath, with particular attention to principle of detection, method performance, advantages, shortcomings, recent advances, and applications within health-related studies for cancer biomarkers research. The principle behind the science of breath analysis for cancer diagnosis is also discussed.
Role of foetal MRI in the evaluation of ischaemic-haemorrhagic lesions of the foetal brain
Authors: Manganaro Lucia , Bernardo Silvia , La Barbera Laura , Noia Giuseppe , Masini Lucia , Tomei Alessandra , Fierro Francesca , Vinci Valeria , Sollazzo Paolo , Silvestri Evelina , Giancotti Antonella , Marini Mario 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Objective: The purpose of this study is to define the role of foetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating cerebral ischaemic-haemorrhagic lesions and the extension of parenchymal injuries.

Study design: From September 2006 to September 2010, 271 foetal MRI have been performed on cases referred to us for ultrasound suspect of brain abnormalities or cytomegalovirus infection and Toxoplasma serum conversion. Foetal MRI was performed with a 1.5-T magnet system without mother sedation.

Results: Foetal MRI detected ischaemic-haemorrhagic lesions in 14 of 271 foetuses, consisting of 5% incidence. MRI confirmed the diagnosis in three of 14 cases with ultrasonography (US) suspect of ischaemic-haemorrhagic lesions associated with ventriculomegaly. In one of 14 cases with US findings of cerebellar haemorrhage, MRI confirmed the diagnosis and provided additional information regarding the parenchymal ischaemic injury. In eight of 14 cases with US suspect of ventriculomegaly (3), corpus callosum agenesis (2), hypoplasia of cerebellar vermis (1), holoprosencephaly (1) and spina bifida (1), MRI detected ischaemic and haemorrhagic lesions unidentified at US examination. In two of 14 foetuses with US suspect of intracerebral space-occupying lesion, MRI modified the diagnosis to extra-axial haematoma associated with dural sinus malformation. Results were compared with post-mortem findings or afterbirth imaging follow-up.

Conclusions: Foetal MRI is an additional imaging modality in the diagnosis of cerebral ischemic-haemorrhagic lesions, and it is useful in providing further information on the extension of the parenchymal injury and associated abnormalities, thus improving delivery management.
Adhesive Joints in Glass and Solar Engineering
Authors: Weller Bernhard , Vogt Iris 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The architecture of the past 100 years is characterized by a desire for ever greater transparency. Inevitably, that goes hand in hand with a constantly growing proportion of glass in the building envelope. But owing to the brittle nature of glass, there are only limited options for transferring tried-and-tested methods of jointing—derived from structural steelwork and other engineering disciplines—to this material. However, adhesive joints are much more suited to creating a material bond between glass components. Structural adhesive joints for load bearing glass components have been the subject of research and development work all over Europe in recent years. This article looks at some of that work. The research has led to the development of practical adhesive joints for glass-glass and glass-metal connections. The work includes the study of surface pretreatments and aging scenarios so that types of application for the tensile and shear loads encountered in practice can be specified. Material specimens tested at various load application rates and temperatures enable the material parameters to be determined. A torsion specimen with a glued butt joint is being used to improve the in situ testing of glass-metal connections. There are plenty of potential applications for adhesive joints in structural glazing and solar technology, including the following: Point adhesive joints for overhead glazing and for oversize photovoltaic modules subjected to high environmental loads, linear adhesive joints for hybrid steel-glass composite beams with good ductility and for glass fins with a reduced cross-section in minimized steel-and-glass facades, or full-bond adhesive joints for photovoltaic facades suspended in front of a ventilation cavity and for fully transparent load bearing adhesive joints to an all-glass pavilion (first approved application in Germany).