bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenic Vibrio Activate NLRP3 Inflammasome via Cytotoxins and TLR/Nucleotide-Binding Oligomerization Domain-Mediated NF-κB Signaling
Authors: Toma Claudia , Higa Naomi , Koizumi Yukiko , Nakasone Noboru , Ogura Yasunori , McCoy Andrea J. , Franchi Luigi , Uematsu Satoshi , Sagara Junji , Taniguchi Shun’ichiro , Tsutsui Hiroko , Akira Shizuo , Tschopp Jürg , Núñez Gabriel , Suzuki Toshihiko 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio cholerae are Gram-negative pathogens that cause serious infectious disease in humans. The β form of pro–IL-1 is thought to be involved in inflammatory responses and disease development during infection with these pathogens, but the mechanism of β form of pro–IL-1 production remains poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrate that infection of mouse macrophages with two pathogenic Vibrio triggers the activation of caspase-1 via the NLRP3 inflammasome. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was mediated by hemolysins and multifunctional repeat-in-toxins produced by the pathogenic bacteria. NLRP3 activation in response to V. vulnificus infection required NF-κB activation, which was mediated via TLR signaling. V. cholerae-induced NLRP3 activation also required NF-κB activation but was independent of TLR stimulation. Studies with purified V. cholerae hemolysin revealed that toxin-stimulated NLRP3 activation was induced by TLR and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1/2 ligand-mediated NF-κB activation. Our results identify the NLRP3 inflammasome as a sensor of Vibrio infections through the action of bacterial cytotoxins and differential activation of innate signaling pathways acting upstream of NF-κB.
Central Nervous System Destruction Mediated by Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase-Specific CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Burton Amanda R. , Baquet Zachary , Eisenbarth George S. , Tisch Roland , Smeyne Richard , Workman Creg J. , Vignali Dario A. A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
High titers of autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65 are commonly observed in patients suffering from type 1 diabetes as well as stiff-person syndrome (SPS), a disorder that affects the CNS, and a variant of SPS, progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus. Although there is a considerable amount of data focusing on the role of GAD65-specific CD4+ T cells in type 1 diabetes, little is known about their role in SPS. In this study, we show that mice possessing a monoclonal GAD65-specific CD4+ T cell population (4B5, PA19.9G11, or PA17.9G7) develop a lethal encephalomyelitis-like disease in the absence of any other T cells or B cells. GAD65-reactive CD4+ T cells were found throughout the CNS in direct concordance with GAD65 expression and activated microglia: proximal to the circumventricular organs at the interface between the brain parenchyma and the blood-brain barrier. In the presence of B cells, high titer anti-GAD65 autoantibodies were generated, but these had no effect on the incidence or severity of disease. In addition, GAD65-specific CD4+ T cells isolated from the brain were activated and produced IFN-γ. These findings suggest that GAD65-reactive CD4+ T cells alone mediate a lethal encephalomyelitis-like disease that may serve as a useful model to study GAD65-mediated diseases of the CNS.
Isoallergen Variations Contribute to the Overall Complexity of Effector Cell Degranulation: Effect Mediated through Differentiated IgE Affinity
Authors: Christensen Lars H. , Riise Erik , Bang Lærke , Zhang Chunqing , Lund Kaare 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Most allergens exist in several variants (isoallergens), each of which may be recognized differently by patient IgE. We have previously shown that several properties of the IgE repertoire, including IgE affinity and IgE clonality, are important factors determining degranulation responses of effector cells involved in type I allergic reactions. However, less is known about how the repertoire of naturally occurring isoallergens may affect this response. Thus, in this study, we investigated how individual rIgE Ab clones derived from a human subject are able to distinguish among variants of Der p 2 isoallergens and assessed the impact on basophil degranulation. Biacore analyses showed that individual rIgE clones cloned from an individual allergic to house dust mites recognized Der p 2 with binding affinities varying up to 100-fold between different Der p 2 isoforms. In a well-defined biological system consisting of human basophils sensitized with low rIgE clonality, degranulation responses were directly related to rIgE affinity toward particular rDer p 2 isoallergens. However, basophils sensitized with polyclonal patients’ sera showed no differences in degranulation responses toward the different rDer p 2 isoallergens. In conclusion, our study shows that individual IgE Abs are able to bind single allergens with a broad range of affinities due to natural isoallergen variations, contributing further to the overall complexity of IgE–allergen interactions at the effector cell surface, which is, however, blurred by the polyclonal nature of patients’ IgE repertoires.
Caspases in Virus-Infected Cells Contribute to Recognition by CD8+ T Lymphocytes
Authors: López Daniel , García-Calvo Margarita , Smith Geoffrey L. , Del Val Margarita 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes recognize infected cells in which MHC class I molecules present pathogen-derived peptides that have been processed mainly by proteasomes. Many infections induce a set of proteases, the caspases involved in apoptosis or inflammation. In this study, we report that processing and presentation of a short vaccinia virus-encoded Ag can take place also by a nonproteasomal pathway, which was blocked in infected cells with chemical inhibitors of caspases. By cleaving at noncanonical sites, at least two caspases generated antigenic peptides recognized by T lymphocytes. The sites and the peptidic products were partially overlapping but different to those used and produced by proteasomes in vitro. Antigenic natural peptides produced in infected cells by either pathway were quantitatively and qualitatively similar. Finally, coexpression of the natural vaccinia virus protein B13, which is an inhibitor of caspases and apoptosis, impaired Ag presentation by the caspase pathway in infected cells. These data support the hypothesis that numerous cellular proteolytic systems, including those induced during infection, such as caspases involved in apoptosis or in inflammation, contribute to the repertoire of presented peptides, thereby facilitating immunosurveillance.
THE TIDAL SYSTEM OF LAKE MARACAIBO, VENEZUELA1
Authors: Redfield Alfred C. 
Published: March 2010

The tides of the Lake Maracaibo system are attributable to a standing wave produced by tidal waves entering from the Gulf of Venezuela and their reflection from the head of the lake. A node for the semidiurnal constituents occurs in the northern part of the lake. An antinode for the semidiurnal constituents occurs in Tablazo Bay, and this antinode may be presumed to coincide with the node of the diurnal constituents.When the dimensions of the basin and friction are taken into account by the step‐by‐step integration of finite difference equations for continuity and gravitational acceleration, estimates of tidal elevations and currents agree approximately with those observed. The presence of significant rotary tidal currents in Lake Maracaibo or effects of the rotation of the earth on the tide is excluded.The influence of the antinode in Tablazo Bay on sedimentation and on the exclusion of salt water from the lake are discussed.
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN BREEDING AND GROWTH RATE IN THE BARNACLE ELMINIUS MODESTUS DARWIN
Authors: Crisp D. J. , Patel Bhupendra 
Published: March 2010

Elminius modestus Darwin is shown to be a slightly protandrous hermaphrodite in which the testes, vesiculae seminales and penes develop in specimens measuring between 3 and 5 mm, and the ovaries in specimens measuring from 4 to 6 mm. Fast growing specimens mature and bear embryos within 6 to 7 weeks of settlement, but crowding may slow down growth and delay the maturation of the ovary considerably. Very slow growing specimens may eventually become mature at an abnormally small size.When individuals were prevented from breeding by isolation but were grown otherwise under identical conditions, they grew significantly faster and to a larger size than individuals which were able to cross‐fertilize and breed. The valves of the shell showed less difference in growth rate than any other structure. The slower growth of breeding individuals was caused not by competition due to their closer proximity, but by loss of tissue as egg masses. The mean difference in tissue weight, excluding shell, was about equal to the calculated loss of tissue in the form of eggs. Details are given of wet and dry weights and of the weights of the individual shell compartments of this species.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IRRADIANCE, BEAM TRANSMITTANCE AND SCATTERING IN THE SEA NEAR BERMUDA1
Authors: Ivanoff Alexandre , Jerlov Nils , Waterman Talbot H. 
Published: March 2010

Comparative measurements of a number of optical properties of the sea were made at 6 stations and at depths down to 245 m near Bermuda. In situ determinations included attenuation of natural radiant energy and reflectance between 375 and 651 mµ, beam transmittance and scattering, as well as polarization 90° to the beam. In the laboratory, scattering and degree of polarization were determined at 90° from water samples, while scattering was also measured at 45° to the beam. Both photovoltaic cells and photomultipliers were used as required.The irradiance and beam transmittance data indicate that the wide differences in attenuation at different stations are primarily due to variations in the amount of suspended matter both offshore and inshore provided that the coastal or partly enclosed water is in open communication with the sea. However, in Harrington Sound, which has only restricted communication with open water, the optical properties differ in indicating greater concentrations of yellow substance than at any other station. Scattering coefficients measured at 45° and 90° in the laboratory show an approximately linear correlation for Castle Harbour and North Shore stations. In general the scattering coefficients at 90° are systematically correlated with the degree of polarization so that plotting p‐log β yields a linear function whose slope depends on the nature of the particles suspended in the different water masses.In situ measurements of scattering and polarization usually were different from those in the laboratory. In clear Sargasso Sea water, for instance, in situ polarization was greater (75–80%) than it was in the laboratory (60%) although the scattering coefficients in the sea were definitely smaller. Further work is required to account for such discrepancies. Comparisons of in situ polarization of natural radiant energy with polarization from a light beam show that natural polarization decreases more rapidly than that from an artificial light beam as the amount of scattering increases. This effect results from the dependence of submarine polarization not only on scattering but also on directionality of the underwater radiant energy which diminishes for daylight with the amount of suspended matter.
BOTTOM SAMPLING AND ENVIRONMENTAL NICHES1
Authors: Lackey James B. 
Published: March 2010

Sampling different environments at the bottom level in marine waters indicates that areas of small extent may have very different biotas, both as to component species, and as to total numbers. In fine particle (mud) bottoms, the algae and protozoa are concentrated in the 2 to 5‐mm mud‐water interface. In sand at the tide line, they are concentrated at somewhat deeper levels. If the bottom is anaerobic the biota is characterized by sulfur bacteria, certain colorless euglenids and ciliates. In aerobic bottom areas, this work indicates a smaller, less extensive biota. The amount of sampling however, was not sufficient to make this a conclusion.In the mud‐water interface of 5 aquaria where H2S reached the surface in small patches, there was a larger and more varied population than in non‐sulfurous mud a few centimeters away. It is apparent that microclimatic factors are responsible for large biotic differences within short linear distances, and that one should sample benthic populations in an undisturbed mud‐water interface. Either a large area should be sampled, or many core samples should be taken, the latter method being preferable.
PHOSPHORUS BUDGET OF A MUSSEL POPULATION1
Authors: Kuenzler Edward J. 
Published: March 2010

The phosphorus budget of a Modiolus demissus population in a Georgia intertidal salt marsh was studied. Percentage phosphorus in mussel bodies decreased from 1% of the dry weight in small individuals to 0.6% in adults. There was also a seasonal variation in phosphorus content of adults; the maximum occurred during spawning early in September, the minimum in November. The standing crop of phosphorus in the population was 37.2 mg P/m2, the body fraction comprising 67%, the shell 30%, and the liquor 3%. Prorated losses and elimination rates (µg P/m2 day) of the population were: mortality 21; gametes 11; dissolved organic 23; phosphate 260; and feces 460. Quantities of phosphorus present in natural marsh water (mg P/m2) were: particulate 14; phosphate 19; and dissolved organic 6. The mussel population removed 5.4 mg P/m2 of particulate phosphorus and 0.07 mg P/m2 of phosphate daily, of which 0.78 mg P/m2 was required as food and 4.7 mg P/m2 was deposited as pseudofeces. The turnover time of phosphorus in the population was 115 days. The major effect of the population on the ecosystem was the removal of particulate matter from sea water; the turnover time of the particulate phosphorus in the water was 2.6 days under the supposition that the mussel population was the only agent involved. Mussels are more important as biogeochemical agents than as energy consumers.Determination of the participatory turnover time of a substance via any route in a system sets the maximum turnover time of that system. Determination of the turnover time of a substance for an entire system fixes the maximum flux rate via any one route in the system.
SOME CALANOID COPEPODS FROM ARIZONA WITH NOTES ON CONGENERIC OCCURRENCES OF DIAPTOMUS SPECIES
Authors: Cole Gerald A. 
Published: March 2010

Seven species of Diaptomus are reported from Arizona, including 4 new to the state. D. shoshone, D. nudus, and D. leptopus occur on the Colorado Plateau; D. clavipes and D. siciloides are abundant in the mountainous area below the Mogollon Rim; D. albuquerquensis occurs rarely in turbid ponds on the Plateau and in the Sonoran Desert; D. dorsalis lives in permanent, oligohaline ponds near Phoenix.Thirty‐four examples of congeneric coexistence are presented, including 3 from Arizona. In 24 instances, coexistence involved species of different subgenera. Differences in length of co‐occurring species are common and are particularly marked in temporary ponds and saline lakes. Genetic changes in the nature of character displacement may modify dimensions of coexisting species, although environmental factors other than congeneric competition also play a part. Adult diaptomids from Arizona tanks may be larger when early instars are passed during summer rather than winter. Extrinsic factors thus tend to blur morphological character displacement. Modified life cycles and ecological displacement are further intrinsic mechanisms whereby habitats are partitioned, although not revealed by ordinary sampling techniques.
LABORATORY CULTIVATION OF THE MARINE COPEPOD PSEUDODIAPTOMUS CORONATUS WILLIAMS1, 2
Authors: Jacobs Jürgen 
Published: March 2010

Pseudodiaptomus coronatus Williams was reared at 20°C through 4 consecutive generations, in individual beakers containing 70 cc natural water (20–25‰) using Chlamydomonas as food. There were 5 nauplius and 6 copepodite instars. The average generation time was 25 days. Copepodite development was faster in males than in females. The rate of oviposition depended on the presence of males. Females isolated from males after copulation produced up to two viable clutches of eggs.The ability of copepodites to attach to substrata and the relatively high passive sinking speed of adults may contribute to the spatial distribution of estuarine populations.
MIGRATION AND REPRODUCTION OF THE WOOD‐BORING ISOPOD, LIMNORIA, IN SOUTHAMPTON WATER
Authors: Eltringham S. K. , Hockley A. R. 
Published: March 2010

Three species of Limnoria occur together in Southampton Water. Migration began at a water temperature rising through 10°C in L. quadripunctata and L. lignorum and through 15°C in L. tripunctata, Migratory activity followed the water temperature in L. tripunctata but declined in L. lignorum before the highest temperatures were reached. The migratory behavior of L. quadripunctata resembled that of L. tripunctata at one site and that of L. lignorum at another. Overcrowding as a cause of migration was not supported. Migration was confined to large, sexually mature adults, excluding gravid females. The first migrants were predominantly male, and in L. lignorum about twice as many males as females migrated.Reproduction showed a marked increase in the summer, beginning at a water temperature of 10°C in L. quadripunctata and L. lignorum and of. 12°C in L. tripunctata. L. quadripunctata differed from other species in being the only one in which the average brood size of post‐migrants was significantly greater than that of non‐migrants, and in which a significant increase in brood size with body size occurred. No seasonal change in brood size was demonstrated in any species. Widely separated developmental stages were frequently found in the same brood. The duration of the egg stage was longer than that of the embryo which in turn exceeded that of the larval stage.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RARITAN BAY, A POLLUTED ESTUARY1
Authors: Jeffries Harry P. 
Published: March 2010

Temperature, salinity, dissolved O2, PO4‐P, and NO3‐N in Raritan Bay, N. J. were determined over a 16‐month period. Each reflects the circulation pattern in which sea water floods along the northern shore, enters a region of mixing with river discharge in the head of the bay, and then ebbs out along the southern shore.At the mouth of the bay, salinity was higher on the northern than on the southern side. The mean annual monthly difference at the surface was 1.27‰; departures from the mean were related to river flow.Surface and bottom dissolved O2 content were minimal in August and highest during winter. Low concentrations occurred in the Raritan River, especially during the summer preceding operation of a trunk sewer.The primary source of NO3‐N was outflow from the Raritan River. Prior to operation of a trunk sewer, the river may have discharged significant quantities of PO1‐P into the bay.Throughout spring and summer, PO4 concentrations rose and NO3 decreased. It is postulated that the resultant low N:P ratio was partially due to an efficient nutrient regeneration mechanism that favored the rate of P renewal.A combination of rich nutrient supplies arising from natural and domestic sources, plus a sluggish circulation, efficient nutrient regeneration mechanism, and scarcity of macroscopic algae combine to form an estuarine environment capable of supporting extremely dense plankton populations.
A METHOD FOR PHYTOPLANKTON STUDY
Authors: Ferguson Wood E. J. 
Published: March 2010

A method for quantitative and qualitative investigations of phytoplankton which can be employed at sea on fresh material is described.Samples are collected in van Dorn type samplers, centrifuged and examined under the fluorescence microscope. Phytoplankton is counted by taking advantage of the red autofluorescence of chlorophyll, and total organsims by the Strügger technique using the induced fluorescence of acridine orange. Total particles (leptopel) can be counted by ordinary light using the same equipment. A Petroff Hausser bacterial counter is used as this has a thin slide and gives maximum light intensity for fluorescence of the object. Qualitative examinations are made on the same material, after sedimentation, using a special cell to minimize the effect of the ship’s motion.
FURTHER RELATIONS BETWEEN PRIMARY PRODUCTION, CHLOROPHYLL, AND PARTICULATE CARBON
Authors: Steele J. H. , Baird I. E. 
Published: March 2010

The productivity of a sea loch, Loch Nevis, on the west of Scotland, is estimated from nitrate and phosphate data. These results show that even though the nitrate:phosphate ratio in the water is never more than 10:1 (by atoms) and is less than 1:1 in the euphotic zone in summer, the assimilation and regeneration ratio of these elements is always close to the “normal” ratio of 16:1. Chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon data are used to study the possible carbon:chlorophyll ratios in the plants. During the summer the ratio is calculated to be 74:1 and the remaining data suggest lower values for spring and autumn.For a different area, the northern North Sea, carbon and chlorophyll samples during the spring flowering provide an estimated value of 23:1 for the carbon:chlorophyll ratio under very favorable conditions for growth.The possible causes of the differences between the carbon:chlorophyll ratios for Loch Nevis and the northern North Sea are discussed.
HEAT FLUX IN LAKE MENDOTA1
Authors: Dutton John A. , Bryson Reid A. 
Published: March 2010

The physical processes of heat transfer at the lake’s surface and the internal heat flux are studied for ‘“average” Lake Mendota and for 1958–59. The surface heat budget is determined quantitatively. Details of the internal fluxes of the heat supplied or lost at the surface are discussed, with emphasis on the effects of wind stirring and hydrostatic stability. It is shown that a well‐known solution to Fourier’s heat conduction equation suffices to describe many of the features of the internal temperature range and heat flux when an effective thermal diffusivity is introduced.The solution is further used to demonstrate that the internal seiche along the thermocline causing heat flow in bottom sediments may account for 40% of the heat transfer to the hypolimnion.
MICRODISTRIBUTION AND OTHER ERROR COMPONENTS OF C14 PRIMARY PRODUCTION ESTIMATES1,2
Authors: Morrison Cassie R. 
Published: March 2010

Four experiments have been carried out to partition the error components of C14 primary production measurements into those associated with errors of technique and those due to real spatial variations in production. In Exp. 1, a well‐stirred, bacteria‐free culture of Skeletonema costatum was sampled to measure the minimum error obtainable by the technique. In Exps. 3 and 4, each sample was divided into two aliquots which were incubated separately to give a measure of error.The minimum coefficient of variation was found to be approximately 10%, both in the Skeletonema cultures and in natural populations. This is greater than would be expected from purely physical errors of technique or from chance variations in the number of organisms. It is suggested that a large component of the error is attributable to random variations in the photosynthetic capacity of the phytoplankton, possibly induced by disturbances in handling the samples. This is supported by the fact that, in Exps. 3 and 4, there was a systematic difference in production between the first and second aliquot, the second usually being the higher.Both Exps. 2 and 3 showed clearly that real variations of production could be detected between samples even within the relatively small spatial scale of sampling. From the autocorrelation, it would appear that any two water samples more than 10 cm apart are likely to show a significant difference in productivity. The frequency distribution of in situ production estimates is at least approximately log‐normal. Hence statistical tests based on the normal distribution can best be made on log‐transformed data.