bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some insights about the characteristics of communications observed from the off‐normal conditions of nuclear power plants
Authors: Kim Seunghwan , Park Jinkyun , Kim Yoon Joong 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe result of existing research has revealed that maintaining good communication is one of the essential parts of securing the safety of a large and complex process system. Because the possibility of inappropriate communication would increase in proportion to the increase in workload, it is necessary to identify the characteristics of the communications of human operators who have to accomplish their required tasks under a high workload level. For this reason, the characteristics of communications observed under simulated off‐normal conditions of nuclear power plants (NPPs) are investigated. As a result, it is observed that the human operators working in NPPs show distinctive communication characteristics with respect to the nature of an off‐normal condition. Therefore, although additional data collections as well as research activities are indispensable, the results of this study would be a good starting point to take further steps toward reducing the possibility of inappropriate communications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigation of automation deployment in the main control room of nuclear power plants by using adaptive automation
Authors: Jou Yung‐Tsan , Yenn Tzu‐Chung , Yang Li‐Chen 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRecently, with the progress of computer technology, the digitalization of human–system interface (HSI) in the main control room (MCR) of advanced nuclear power plants (NPPs) has become an important issue. A higher level of automation means that the computers execute the greater part of the task. The frequency, however, of automation‐induced system failures, including human errors, prompts us to more closely investigate the influences of automation. The objective of this study is to measure the effects of adaptive automation on the primary task performance, operator situation awareness (SA), and workload in an advanced MCR of an advanced NPP to reduce the number of failures and improve human performance. This study selects automatic mode and semi‐automatic mode to compose five different types of automation allocations. The experiment scenario is a reactor shutdown task. A personal computer transient analyzer (PCTran) is used to simulate the HSI of an MCR. Twelve participants are required to perform the experiment scenario on the automation allocation types. The dependent variables were the primary task performance; the subjective workload was measured using an NASA‐Task Load Index (NASA‐TLX) questionnaire; and three levels of SA were estimated by SA queries. Experimental results revealed that the automation allocations made up of higher ratio automatic modes led to superior primary task performance, lower operator workload, and lower frequency of human errors. In the high ratio automatic mode allocation, the operators have the lowest SA queries score. This study provides additional information for future digital HSI design in the MCRs of advanced NPPs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Superabsorbent polysaccharide hydrogels based on pullulan derivate as antibacterial release wound dressing
Authors: Li Huanan , Yang Jing , Hu Xiaona , Liang Jie , Fan Yujiang , Zhang Xingdong 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTo accomplish ideal wound dressing, hydrogels based on a natural polysaccharide, pullulan were synthesized by chemical cross‐linking. The tensile strengths of the hydrogel films (1 mm thick) were determined to range from 0.663 to 1.097 MPa in proportion to cross‐linking degrees and water contents. The swelling study of the hydrogels in water showed remarkable water absorption property with swelling ratio up to 4000%, which provided the hydrogel with quick hemostatic ability and prevent the wound bed from accumulation of exudates. The water vapor transmission rate and water retention of the hydrogels were found to be in the range of 2213–3498g/m2/day and 34.74–45.81% (after 6 days), indicating that the hydrogel can maintain a moist environment over wound bed, which could prevent the dehydration of the wound bed and prevent the scab formation. Biocompatibility test revealed that the hydrogels were not cytotoxic. The hydrogel could load antimicrobial agents and effectively suppress bacterial proliferation to protect the wound from bacterial invasion. These results suggest that the pullulan hydrogels prepared in this study may have high potential as new ideal wound‐dressing materials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Understanding osteoblast responses to stiff nanotopographies through experiments and computational simulations
Authors: Yang Lei , Chinthapenta Viswanath , Li Qunyang , Stout David , Liang Amy , Sheldon Brian W. , Webster Thomas J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn increasing number of studies have demonstrated the positive role nanotopographies can have toward promoting various cell functions. However, the relevant mechanism(s) behind this improvement in biological interactions at the cell–material interface is not well understood. For this reason, here, osteoblast (bone forming cell) functions (including adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation) on two carefully‐fabricated diamond films with dramatically‐different topographies were tested and modeled. The results over all the time periods tested revealed greater cell responses on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD, grain sizes <100 nm) compared to submicron crystalline diamond (SMCD, grain sizes 200–1000 nm). To understand this positive impact of cell responses per stiff nanotopographies, cell filopodia extension and cell spreading were studied through computational simulations and the results suggested that increasing the lateral dimensions or height of nanometer surface features could inhibit cell filopodia extension and, ultimately, decrease cell spreading. The computational simulation results were further verified by live cell imaging (LCI) experiments. This study, thus, describes a possible new approach to investigate (through experiments and computational simulation) the mechanisms behind nanotopography‐enhanced cell functions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Laser‐modified nanostructures of PET films and cell behavior
Authors: Mirzadeh Hamid , Moghadam Ehsan Vahedi , Mivehchi Houri 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe surface of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films was irradiated using KrF excimer laser (λ = 248 nm) with different number of pulses at constant repetition rate. The adhesion behavior of L‐929 fibroblast cells on the irradiated surface was investigated. The changes in films' morphology were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrophilicity and both polar and dispersion components of the surface tension of the treated films were evaluated by contact angle and surface tension measurement techniques. The films roughness was evaluated by atomic force microscopy. AFM and SEM observations showed that a specific nanostructure was created on the laser‐treated polyethylene terephthalate surface. Contact angle and surface energy measurements have indicated an increase in wettability of the laser treated samples up to 5 pulses as optimum result; while, by increasing the laser pulses beyond 5 pulses the hydrophilicity of laser treated samples dropped and the surface energy of the treated films was leveled off. Data from in vitro assays showed significant cell attachment and cell growth onto laser treated samples in comparison with the untreated films. Moreover, a number of fibroblast cells attached and proliferated onto treated PET films were achieved under optimum condition of 5 pulses which wassignificantly higher than the other treated samples. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Modelling diffusion and adsorption of As species in Fe/GAC adsorbent beds
Authors: Sigrist Mirna E. , Beldomenico Horacio R. , Tarifa Enrique E. , Pieck Carlos L. , Vera Carlos R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Arsenic decontamination of drinking water by adsorption is a simple and robust operation. When designing packed bed adsorbers for arsenic, the main problems are the slow diffusion kinetics of As in microporous media and the lack of simple equations for predicting the performance of the equipment. Commercial iron‐doped granular activated carbon adsorbents (Fe/GAC) for groundwater arsenic abatement were studied in this work. Basic parameters for arsenate (AsV) adsorption were measured and their performance at larger scale was simulated with an approximate analytical model.RESULTS: In the 0–300 µgAs L−1 range, the AsV adsorption isotherm on Fe/GAC was found to be approximately linear. Assuming Henry's law for adsorption and homogeneous surface diffusion with constant diffusivity for intrapellet mass transfer, an approximate model for flow and adsorption of arsenate inside packed bed adsorbers was developed, and reduced to an analytic compact solution using the quasi‐lognormal distribution (Q‐LND) approximation. The use of this model with fitted and reported parameters enabled the approximate simulation of industrial adsorbers and home point‐of‐use filters. Results show that industrial adsorbers meet the breakthrough condition with incomplete utilization of the adsorbent unless convenient process configurations are used. In point‐of‐use systems with short residence times intraparticle diffusion would drastically reduce the adsorbent performance.CONCLUSION: Assuming linear adsorption of AsV over Fe/GAC, an analytical approximate solution for flow and adsorption in packed beds can be obtained. The model seems to represent correctly the main features of industrial and home filters, however, more experimental data is necessary for scale‐up purposes. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Minimum requirement of donor cells to reduce the glycolipid storage following bone marrow transplantation in a murine model of Fabry disease
Authors: Yokoi Takayuki , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Shimada Yohta , Eto Yoshikatsu , Ishige Nobuyuki , Kitagawa Teruo , Otsu Makoto , Nakauchi Hiromitsu , Ida Hiroyuki , Ohashi Toya 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundFabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorders characterized by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme, α‐galactosidase A. This results in the accumulation of glycolipids, mainly globotriaosylceramide (GL‐3), in the lysosomes of various organs. Although bone marrow transplantation and hematopoietic stem cell‐based gene therapy can offer the potential of a curative therapeutic outcome for FD, the minimum requirement of donor cells or gene‐corrected cells to reduce GL‐3 levels is not known.MethodsLethally‐irradiated FD mice were transplanted intravenously with normal bone marrow cells (Ly5.1 positive) mixed with those of FD mice (Ly5.2 positive) at various ratios to investigate the level of engraftment and enzyme activity necessary to effect a reduction in GL‐3 storage.ResultsChimerism of whole white blood cells of recipients' peripheral blood remained stable at 8 weeks after transplantation, and chimerism of granulocytes, monocytes, B cells and T cells was equal to that of white blood cells. GL‐3 levels were significantly reduced in the lung and heart of animals with a 30% and 50% chimera, respectively. The extent of reduction in these mice was almost identical to that with 100% chimera.ConclusionsIn FD mice, reconstitution with 100% donor cells is not required to obtain a therapeutic effect following bone marrow transplantation. These results suggest that a 30% gene correction might be sufficient to reverse disease manifestations in FD. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From the Coxeter Graph to the Klein Graph
Authors: Dejter Italo J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe show that the 56‐vertex Klein cubic graph Γ′ can be obtained from the 28‐vertex Coxeter cubic graph Γ by “zipping” adequately the squares of the 24 7‐cycles of Γ endowed with an orientation obtained by considering Γ as a 𝒞‐ultrahomogeneous digraph, where 𝒞 is the collection formed by both the oriented 7‐cycles and the 2‐arcs that tightly fasten those in Γ. In the process, it is seen that Γ′ is a 𝒞′‐ultrahomogeneous (undirected) graph, where 𝒞′ is the collection formed by both the 7‐cycles C7 and the 1‐paths P2 that tightly fasten those C7 in Γ′. This yields an embedding of Γ′ into a 3‐torus T3 which forms the Klein map of Coxeter notation (7, 3)8. The dual graph of Γ′ in T3 is the distance‐regular Klein quartic graph, with corresponding dual map of Coxeter notation (3, 7)8. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
The Cartesian product of hypergraphs
Authors: Ostermeier Lydia , Hellmuth Marc , Stadler Peter F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe show that every simple, (weakly) connected, possibly directed and infinite, hypergraph has a unique prime factor decomposition with respect to the (weak) Cartesian product, even if it has infinitely many factors. This generalizes previous results for graphs and undirected hypergraphs to directed and infinite hypergraphs. The proof adopts the strategy outlined by Imrich and Žerovnik for the case of graphs and introduces the notion of diagonal‐free grids as a replacement of the chord‐free 4‐cycles that play a crucial role in the case of graphs. This leads to a generalization of relation Δ on the arc set, whose convex hull is shown to coincide with the product relation of the prime factorization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Kempe Equivalence of Edge‐Colorings in Subcubic and Subquartic Graphs
Authors: McDonald Jessica , Mohar Bojan , Scheide Diego 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIt is proved that all 4‐edge‐colorings of a (sub)cubic graph are Kempe equivalent. This resolves a conjecture of the second author. In fact, it is found that the maximum degree Δ = 3 is a threshold for Kempe equivalence of (Δ+1)‐edge‐colorings, as such an equivalence does not hold in general when Δ = 4. One extra color allows a similar result in this latter case; however, namely, when Δ≤4 it is shown that all (Δ+2)‐edge‐colorings are Kempe equivalent. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory
Carbon‐14‐and carbon‐13‐labeled phosphoric acid [2‐4‐(4‐cyanophenyl)‐thiazol‐2‐yl]‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl)‐1‐[1,2,4]triazol‐4‐yl‐methylpropoxymethyl] monoester dilysine salt, a prodrug of ravuconazole
Authors: Ekhato I. Victor , Rinehart J. Kent 
Published: April 2011

Abstract4‐Bromobenzoic acid [carboxyl‐14C] and 4‐(2‐bromoacetyl) [Ar‐13C6]benzonitrile were transformed into the title compounds containing [ring14C‐thiazol‐4‐yl] and [Ar‐13C6‐benzonitrile]. 14C‐Ravuconazole was prepared in 37% yield and Purity >99%. 13C6‐Ravuconazole was made in 56% overall yield and Purity of >98%. Each labeled compound was converted by additional reaction steps to the corresponding labeled prodrug. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
[U‐14C]‐ and [13C6]‐1,3‐dibromobenzene; useful precursors with a rare substitution pattern in the synthesis of isotopologs
Authors: Malmquist Jonas 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA four‐step procedure for the preparation of [U‐14C]‐1,3‐dibromobenzene and [13C6]‐1,3‐dibromobenzene, from the corresponding bromobenzene, has been developed in a 30% yield. The products were isolated in a high specific activity, 2.6 GBq/mmol, and highest possible 13C incorporation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Showcasing and subjugating minorities and women: Assignment to visible but trivial committees
Authors: Bradley‐Geist Jill C. , Ruscher Janet B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGiven social and legal pressures against employment discrimination, organizations often wish to present an impression of valuing diversity. However, an image of diversity is not necessarily indicative of a true commitment to diversity. To study this issue, we obtained data from 161 college students in a managerial in‐basket exercise that assessed the extent to which students showcased racial minorities and women in high‐visibility organizational roles. In addition, we examined the sincerity of visible displays of diversity by assessing whether participants subjugated minorities and women to trivial versus important roles. We found that our primary hypotheses were supported: Participants tended to assign female and Black employees to high‐visibility roles and trivial roles.
Relative sea level changes during the Holocene in the Sisimiut area, south‐western Greenland
Authors: Bennike Ole , Wagner Bernd , Richter Andreas 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHolocene relative sea level (RSL) changes have been investigated by analysing and dating isolation sequences from five lakes near Sisimiut in south‐western Greenland. The transitions between marine and lacustrine sediments were determined from elemental analyses and analyses of macroscopic plant and animal remains. Radiocarbon dating was used to provide minimum ages for the transitions and to construct a RSL curve. Dating of a shell of the marine bivalve Macoma balthica indicates that deglaciation of the lowlands occurred in the early Holocene, at around 10 900 cal a BP. The RSL curve shows initial rapid regression from the marine limit at around 140 m, implying strong glacio‐isostatic rebound. We suggest that the margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet was located at the shelf break during the Last Glacial Maximum. Frequent remains of the ostracode Sarcypridopsis aculeata, which is a thermophilous brackish water species that is unknown from the extant fauna of Greenland, in one of the basins around 8500 cal a BP may mark the beginning of the Holocene thermal maximum in the region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The formation and evolution of an isolated submarine valley in the North Channel, Irish Sea: an investigation of Beaufort's Dyke
Authors: Callaway Alexander , Quinn Rory , Brown Craig J. , Service Matthew , Long David , Benetti Sara 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBeaufort's Dyke is a submarine depression located in the North Channel of the Irish Sea. With a maximum depth of 312 m, the dyke is one of the deepest areas within the European continental shelf. Integration and interpretation of 450 km of sparker seismic data and full‐coverage bathymetric data derived from multi‐beam echo sounder surveys allow for the investigation of the formation processes of Beaufort's Dyke and the evolution of geomorphological features within it. The dyke, formed by composite subglacial processes dominated by subglacial meltwater discharge, is interpreted as a tunnel valley. The regional isolation of Beaufort's Dyke may be explained by the bounding of the North Channel by the bedrock masses of Ireland and Scotland, coupled with the exploitation of structural weakness along a fault plane and presence of halite in the eroded substrate enhancing the erosive potential of the overlying glacier. Beaufort's Dyke has probably been maintained as an open feature by strong rectilinear tidal currents. The morphology of lunate sediment waves and a large parabolic bedform towards the south of the dyke contradict the observed dominant S–N mean hydrodynamic flow recorded within the North Channel, suggesting an alternative hydrodynamic regime either within the dyke or during bedform creation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐proxy record of changing environments from ca. 30 000 to 9000 cal. a BP: Onepoto maar palaeolake, Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Augustinus Paul , D'costa Donna , Deng Yanbin , Hagg Joseph , Shane Phil 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe present a high‐resolution record of lacustrine sedimentation spanning ca. 30 000 to 9000 cal. a BP from Onepoto maar, northern North Island, New Zealand. The multi‐proxy record of environmental change is constrained by tephrochronology and accelerator mass spectrometric 14C ages and provides evidence for episodes of rapid environmental change during the Last Glacial Coldest Period (LGCP) and Last Glacial–Interglacial Transition (LGIT) from northern New Zealand. The multi‐proxy palaeoenvironmental record from Onepoto indicates that the LGCP was cold, dry and windy in the Auckland region, with vegetation dominated by herb and grass in a beech forest mosaic between ca. 28 500 and 18 000 cal. a BP. The LGCP was accompanied by more frequent fires and influx of clastic sediment indicating increased erosion during the LGCP, with a mid‐LGCP interstadial identified between ca. 25 000 and 23 000 cal. a BP. Rapid climate amelioration at ca. 18 000 cal. a BP was accompanied by increased terrestrial biomass exemplified by the expansion of lowland podocarp forest, especially Dacrydium cupressinum. Increasing biomass production is reversed briefly by LGIT perturbations which are apparent in many of the proxies that span ca. 14 000–10 500 cal. a BP, suggesting generally increased wetness and higher in situ aquatic plant productivity with reduced terrestrial organic matter and terrigenous detrital influx. Furthermore, conditions at that time were probably warmer and frosts rare based on the increasing importance of Ascarina. The subsequent early Holocene is characterised by podocarp conifer forest and moist mild conditions. Postglacial sea‐level rise breached the crater rim and deposited 36 m of estuarine mud after ca. 9000 cal. a BP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modern and early Holocene mollusc fauna of the Ounianga lakes (northern Chad): implications for the palaeohydrology of the central Sahara
Authors: Van Bocxlaer Bert , Verschuren Dirk , Schettler Georg , Kröpelin Stefan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe fresh and saline lakes of Ounianga Kebir and Serir in northeastern Chad are among the very few permanent aquatic ecosystems currently existing in the hyper‐arid core of the Sahara desert. The confirmed modern fauna of aquatic molluscs at Ounianga comprises three widespread species (Melanoides tuberculata, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Lymnaea natalensis), of which only the first appears to maintain a thriving population. We recovered seven more species of gastropods, among which one is new to science (Gabbiella ouniangaensis), and one bivalve species from early Holocene outcrops of diatomaceous limestone at Ounianga Serir. All species except one are known to be commonly spread between lake and river systems by birds, and in its entirety this species‐rich fossil mollusc fauna of Ounianga Serir resembles that of other Saharan lake sites known to have been hydrologically isolated during the early Holocene. The impoverished modern mollusc fauna, which lacks even the widespread and opportunistic species Bulinus truncatus, may have become established relatively recently through new colonisation events, following eradication of the early Holocene mollusc fauna during a later episode of high salinity or desiccation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dating Palaeolithic sites in southwestern Crete, Greece
Authors: Strasser Thomas F. , Runnels Curtis , Wegmann Karl , Panagopoulou Eleni , Mccoy Floyd , Digregorio Chad , Karkanas Panagiotis , Thompson Nick 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDiscussions of dispersals of early hominins from Africa assume that Southwest Asia and the Arabian Peninsula were the primary passageways for migrations to Eurasia. The Mediterranean is usually viewed as a barrier to early hominin movements because pre‐sapiens hominins were thought to lack the technical means or the cognitive skills to construct boats. The discovery of early Palaeolithic artefacts in an archaeological survey on the Greek island of Crete challenges this view. Here we show that Palaeolithic artefacts in the Plakias region in southwestern Crete are associated with geological contexts that can be dated to the late Middle or early Late Pleistocene. Because Crete has been separated from the mainland throughout the Pleistocene, the presence of Pleistocene age artefacts there suggests that early hominins were able to cross open water. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.