bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What shapes perceptions of climate change?
Authors: Weber Elke U. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractClimate change, as a slow and gradual modification of average climate conditions, is a difficult phenomenon to detect and track accurately based on personal experience. Insufficient concern and trust also complicate the transfer of scientific descriptions of climate change and climate variability from scientists to the public, politicians, and policy makers, which is not a simple transmission of facts. Instead, worldview and political ideology, two elements of the cultural context of decisions, guide attention toward events that threaten the desired or existing social order, and shape expectations of change, which in turn guide the detection and interpretation of climate events. Action that follows from climate change perceptions can be informed by different processes. Affect‐based decisions about climate change are unlikely to motivate significant action, as politicians and the general public are not particularly worried about climate risks, and because attempts to scare people into greater action may have unintended negative consequences. Analysis‐based decisions are also unlikely to result in significant action, because of large discounting of uncertain future costs of climate risks compared to the certain and immediate costs of climate change mitigation. Rule‐based decisions that determine behavior based on moral or social responsibility may hold out the best prospects for sustainable action. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Perceptions of Climate Change
Bandwidth‐satisfied routing in multi‐rate MANETs by cross‐layer approach
Authors: Hu Chia‐Cheng 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPrevious quality‐of‐service (QoS) routing protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) determined bandwidth‐satisfied routes for QoS applications. Since the multi‐rate enhancements have been implemented in MANETs, QoS routing protocols should be adapted to exploit them fully. However, existing works suffer from one bandwidth‐violation problem, named the hidden route problem (HRP), which may arise when a new flow is permitted and only the bandwidth consumption of the hosts in the neighborhood of the route is computed. Without considering the bandwidth consumption to ongoing flows is the reason the problem is introduced. This work proposes a routing protocol that can avoid HRP for data rate selection and bandwidth‐satisfied route determination with an efficient cross‐layer design based on the integration of PHY and MAC layers into the network layer. To use bandwidth efficiently, we aim to select the combination of data rates and a route with minimal bandwidth consumption to the network, instead of the strategy adopted in the most previous works by selecting the combination with the shortest total transmission time. Using bandwidth efficiently can increase the number of flows supported by a network. Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharyngeal packing is a predisposing factor for postoperative aphthous stomatitis in nasal surgery
Authors: Erkalp Kerem , Korkut Yasemin Arzu , Meric Aysenur , Kahya Volkan , Gedikli Orhan , Su Ozlem Kucuk , Saitoglu Leyla 
Published: March 2010

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether pharyngeal packing is a predisposing factor for the development of postoperative aphthous stomatitis in nasal surgery.Study DesignA prospective, randomized, controlled trial.SettingA tertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsAfter the study was approved by the local ethics committee, 100 adult patients scheduled for routine nasal surgery were enrolled. The development of postoperative aphthous lesions within three days after surgery was evaluated in patients in whom a pharyngeal pack was (Group 1) or was not (Group 2) applied during nasal surgery.ResultsIn Group 1, the presence of pharyngeal pack increased the risk for postoperative oral mucosal aphthae development by 4.64 times (P = 0.02, RR = 4.64, 95% CI = 1.22‐17.91). No significant associations were found between postoperative oral mucosal aphthae development and sex (P = 1), age (P = 0.69), height (P = 0.73), weight (P = 0.22), or duration of surgery (P = 0.47) in Group 1.ConclusionPharyngeal packing during nasal surgery increases postoperative morbidity by leading to the development of painful oral aphthous lesions.
Effects of traditional Chinese acupuncture in post‐viral olfactory dysfunction
Authors: Vent Julia , Wang Djin‐Wue , Damm Michael 
Published: March 2010

ObjectiveTo date, recovery of olfactory function after viral infection of the upper airway cannot be achieved reliably with pharmacotherapy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of traditional Chinese acupuncture (TCA) on olfactory function in patients with persistent post‐viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD).Study DesignHistorical cohort study.SettingUniversity Medical Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology.Subjects and MethodsA total of 15 patients presenting to the outpatient clinic with PVOD were treated by TCA in 10 weekly, 30‐minute sessions. Subjective olfactometry was performed with the Sniffin' Sticks test set. Treatment success was defined as an increase in Sniffin' Sticks test scores of at least six points. The effects of TCA, obtained with the χ2 test, were compared with those of matched pairs suffering from PVOD who had been treated with vitamin B complex over 12 weeks.ResultsEight patients treated with TCA had improved olfactory function compared with two treated with vitamin B complex. χ2 test revealed a significantly better outcome in olfactory function in patients undergoing acupuncture compared with patients receiving vitamin B complex (P = 0.02).ConclusionTCA possibly offers a new therapeutic regimen for post‐viral dysosmia. More research in a larger case series is needed before a clearer picture will emerge.
Effects of perioperative S (+) ketamine infusion added to multimodal analgesia in patients undergoing ambulatory haemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Spreng Ulrich J. , Dahl Vegard , Ræder Johan 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background and objective
Perioperative low-dose ketamine has been useful for postoperative analgesia. In this study we wanted to assess the analgesic effect and possible side-effects of perioperative low-dose S (+) ketamine when added to a regime of non-opioid multimodal pain prophylaxis.

Methods
Seventy-seven patients scheduled for haemorrhoidectomy were enrolled in this randomized, double-blind, controlled study. They received oral paracetamol 1–2 g, total intravenous anaesthesia, intravenous 8 mg dexamethasone, 30 mg ketorolac and local infiltration with bupivacaine/epinephrine. Patients randomized to S (+) ketamine received an intravenous bolus dose of 0.35 mg kg−1 S (+) ketamine before start of surgery followed by continuous infusion of 5 μg kg−1 min−1 until 2 min after end of surgery. Patients in the placebo group got isotonic saline (bolus and infusion). BISTM monitoring was used. Pain intensity and side-effects were assessed by blinded nursing staff during PACU stay and by phone 1, 7 and 90 days after surgery.

Results
In patients randomized to S (+) ketamine emergence from anaesthesia was significantly longer (13.1 min vs. 9.3 min; p < 0.001). BIS values were significantly higher during anaesthesia (maximal value during surgery: 62 vs. 57; p = 0.01) and when opening eyes (81 vs. 70, p < 0.001). Pain scores (NRS and VAS) did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusions
The addition of perioperative S (+) ketamine for postoperative analgesia after haemorrhoidectomy on top of multimodal non-opioid pain prophylaxis does not seem to be warranted, due to delayed emergence and recovery, more side-effects, altered BIS readings and absence of additive analgesic effect.
A historical analysis of central bank independence in Latin America: the Colombian experience, 1923-2008
Authors: Meisel Adolfo , Barón Juan D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper explores the relationship between central bank independence and inflation in Latin America, using the experience of Colombia (1923-2008) as a case study. Since its creation, in 1923, Colombia’s central bank has undergone several reforms that have changed its objectives and degree of independence. Between 1923 and 1951, it was private and independent, with a legal commitment to price stability. In 1962, monetary responsibilities were divided between a government-dominated monetary board, in charge of monetary policies, and the central bank, which carried them out. In the early 1990s, the bank recovered its independence and its focus on price stability. Inflation varied substantially during these subperiods. Our analysis suggests that the central bank independence, combined with a commitment to price stability, renders the best results in terms of price stability.
The recognition and documentation of delirium in hospital palliative care inpatients
Authors: Barnes Julia , Kite Suzanne , Kumar Manoj 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective:Delirium is a clinical syndrome that is known to be under recognized by palliative care teams. A wide variation in reported prevalence may reflect differences in definitions and assessment methods, patient characteristics, and study design. The aim of this study was to test an intervention to improve recognition of delirium in the inpatient palliative care setting.Method:We conducted a retrospective palliative care notes review of documented prevalence of delirium among 61 patients referred to the Specialist Palliative Care Advisory Team (SPCT). Subsequently, training in the use of the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) was provided to the SPCT and a prospective survey of the prevalence of delirium measured by the CAM was undertaken with the next 59 patients referred.Results:In the retrospective chart review, the term “delirium” was not used, and synonyms were identified and used to establish a delirium prevalence of 11.5%. In the intervention utilizing the CAM in a prospective sample of 59 referred patients, a prevalence rate of 8.5–15.2% for delirium was found. Use of the CAM was received favorably by the SPCT.Significance of Results:The institution of the use of the CAM as a screening and assessment tool in the inpatient palliative care setting did not significantly increase the recognition of delirium. Reasons for the low prevalence of delirium are discussed.
Results of a pilot investigation into a complex intervention for breathlessness in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Brief report
Authors: Farquhar Morag , Higginson Irene J. , Fagan Petrea , Booth Sara 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective:Breathlessness is the most common devastating symptom of advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The Breathlessness Intervention Service (BIS) is a multidisciplinary service that uses both pharmacological and non-pharmacological evidence-based interventions to reduce the impact of the symptom. The results of a Phase II evaluation of the service are reported.Method:Pretest - posttest analysis of non-randomized data was performed for 13 patients with severe advanced COPD referred to BIS.Results:Mean VAS-Distress scores (primary outcome measure) decreased (improved) for the group between baseline and follow up suggesting a clinically significant improvement: 6.88 (SD = 2.50) to 5.25 (SD = 2.99). At an individual level, 11 of the 13 patients showed a decrease in their distress due to breathlessness, and for eight of these this was clinically significant (range of all decreases 0.3–7.1 cm). Changes in secondary outcome measures are also reported.Significance of results:The Breathlessness Intervention Service appears to reduce distress due to breathlessness among patients with advanced COPD. A Phase III fully-powered randomized controlled trial is warranted.
Subunit interactions in bovine papillomavirus
Authors: Wolf Matthias , Garcea Robert L. , Grigorieff Nikolaus , Harrison Stephen C. 
Published: March 2010

Papillomaviruses, members of a group of dsDNA viruses associated with epithelial growths and tumors, have compact capsids assembled from 72 pentamers of the protein L1. We have determined the structure of bovine papillomavirus by electron cryomicrosopy (cryoEM), at ∼3.6
Å
resolution. The density map, obtained from single-particle analysis of ∼4,000 particle images, shows the trace of the L1 polypeptide chain and reveals how the N- and C-terminal “arms” of a subunit (extensions from its β-jelly-roll core) associate with a neighboring pentamer. Critical contacts come from the C-terminal arm, which loops out from the core of the subunit, forms contacts (including a disulfide) with two subunits in a neighboring pentamer, and reinserts into the pentamer from which it emanates. This trace corrects one feature of an earlier model. We discuss implications of the structure for virion assembly and for pathways of infectious viral entry. We suggest that it should be possible to obtain image reconstructions of comparable resolution from cryoEM images of asymmetric particles. From the work on papillomavirus described here, we estimate that such a reconstruction will require about 1.5 million images to achieve the same number of averaged asymmetric units; structural variability will increase this number substantially.
In vitro study of magnetic resonance imaging artefacts of six supraglottic airway devices
Authors: Zaballos M. , Bastida E. , Del Castillo T. , De Villoria J. G. , Jiménez C. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryWe investigated the artefacts created during magnetic resonance imaging by five different laryngeal mask airways: the Classic (cLMA™); the LMA ProSeal™; the LMA Unique™; the Ambu® Disposable Laryngeal Mask; the LMA Supreme™; and one other supraglottic airway device, the i‐gel supraglottic airway. The devices were placed on top of and inside a phantom simulator to resemble the position in vivo. The artefacts with the cLMA, Unique and Supreme were similar and related to ferromagnetic material in the pilot balloon valve. Artefacts were more prominent with the ProSeal. There were no artefacts with the Ambu Disposable Laryngeal Mask or the i‐gel.
Awake tracheal intubation using the Sensascope™ in 13 patients with an anticipated difficult airway
Authors: Greif R. , Kleine‐Brueggeney M. , Theiler L. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryWe present the use of the SensaScope™, an S‐shaped rigid fibreoptic scope with a flexible distal end, in a series of 13 patients at high risk of, or known to have, a difficult intubation. Patients received conscious sedation with midazolam or fentanyl combined with a remifentanil infusion and topical lidocaine to the oral mucosa and to the trachea via a trans‐cricoid injection. Spontaneous ventilation was maintained until confirmation of tracheal intubation. In all cases, tracheal intubation was achieved using the SensaScope. The median (IQR [range]) insertion time (measured from the time the facemask was taken away from the face until an end‐expiratory CO2 reading was visible on the monitor) was 58 s (38–111 [28–300]s). In nine of the 13 cases, advancement of the SensaScope into the trachea was easy. Difficulties included a poor view associated with a bleeding diathesis and saliva, transient loss of spontaneous breathing, and difficulty in advancing the tracheal tube in a patient with unforeseen tracheal narrowing. A poor view in two patients was partially improved by a high continuous flow of oxygen. The SensaScope may be a valuable alternative to other rigid or flexible fibreoptic scopes for awake intubation of spontaneously breathing patients with a predicted difficult airway.
Clinical assessment of a new anaesthetic drug administration system: a prospective, controlled, longitudinal incident monitoring study*
Authors: Webster C. S. , Larsson L. , Frampton C. M. , Weller J. , McKenzie A. , Cumin D. , Merry A. F. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA safety‐orientated system of delivering parenteral anaesthetic drugs was assessed in a prospective incident monitoring study at two hospitals. Anaesthetists completed an incident form for every anaesthetic, indicating if an incident occurred. Case mix data were collected and the number of drug administrations made during procedures estimated. From February 1998 at Hospital A and from June 1999 at Hospital B, until November 2003, 74 478 anaesthetics were included, for which 59 273 incident forms were returned (a 79.6% response rate). Fewer parenteral drug errors occurred with the new system than with conventional methods (58 errors in an estimated 183 852 drug administrations (0.032%, 95% CI 0.024–0.041%) vs 268 in 550 105 (0.049%, 95% CI 0.043–0.055%) respectively, p = 0.002), a relative reduction of 35% (difference 0.017%, 95% CI 0.006–0.028%). No major adverse outcomes from these errors were reported with the new system while 11 (0.002%) were reported with conventional methods (p = 0.055). We conclude that targeted system re‐design can reduce medical error.
Segregation of infectious pancreatic necrosis resistance QTL in the early life cycle of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Gheyas A. A. , Houston R. D. , Mota‐Velasco J. C. , Guy D. R. , Tinch A. E. , Haley C. S. , Woolliams J. A. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryIn a previous study, three significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with resistance to Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) disease were identified by analysing challenge data from one sub‐population of Landcatch Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt. While these QTL were shown to affect the resistance in seawater, their effect in freshwater was unknown. This study investigates the effect of these QTL on IPN resistance in salmon fry in freshwater. Twenty families with intermediate levels of IPN mortality were analysed from a freshwater challenge trial undertaken on a different sup‐population of LNS salmon to that studied previously. Only the QTL from linkage group 21 (LG21) appeared to have a significant and large effect on resistance in freshwater; the same QTL was found to have the largest effect in seawater in the previous study. Variance component analysis showed a high heritability for the QTL: 0.45 ± 0.07 on the liability scale and 0.25 ± 0.05 on the observed scale. In a family where both parents were segregating for the QTL, there was a 0% vs. 100% mortality in homozygous offspring for resistant and susceptible QTL alleles. The finding that the same QTL has major effect in both freshwater and seawater has important practical implications, as this will allow the improvement of resistance in both phases through marker assisted selection by targeting this QTL. Moreover, the segregation of the LG21 QTL in a different sub‐population gives further evidence of its association with IPN‐resistance.
Measuring the success of an objective structured clinical examination for dietetic students
Authors: Hawker J. A. , Walker K. Z. , Barrington V. , Andrianopoulos N. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground:  Growing requirements to train more dietetic students greatly increase the teaching burden on clinical supervisors. This may be reduced if students can develop basic nutrition assessment skills before they commence clinical placement. To test achievement of these skills by Australian dietetic students, a preclinical objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) was developed. Performance at this OSCE was then compared with the performance at first clinical placement.Methods:  An OSCE was developed to test preclinical skills during the third year of a 4‐year dietetic degree. Learning outcomes relating to nutritional assessment skills were assessed via a 1‐h preclinical examination. Student application of these skills was then assessed after the first clinical placement, when performance was compared with the results at the preclinical OSCE.Results:  One hundred and ninety‐three students completed the preclinical OSCE and first clinical placement during the period 2002–2007. A strong relationship was observed for individual student scores at the OSCE and the score achieved at the end of clinical placement (β = 0.66; 95% confidence interval = 0.46–0.86; P < 0.0001). This relationship was maintained even when outliers were removed. No specific year effect was apparent.Conclusions:  A third‐year preclinical dietetic OSCE was found to be a valuable method of formative assessment for assisting dietetic students with the preparation for their first clinical placement. It aided the early identification of those students who are likely to do less well on their first clinical placement.
Trends in energy and sugar intakes and body mass index between 1983 and 1997 among children in Great Britain
Authors: Gibson S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground:  It has been suggested that rising obesity among children is partly attributable to sugary foods and soft drinks driving an increase in energy intake (EI). Yet historical data on sugar intake are sparse. The present study calculated total sugar intake de novo among 3296 children aged 10–11 and 14–15 years in 1983 and compared EI, macronutrients and sugar sources with data from 459 children of same age in the 1997 National Diet and Nutrition Survey.Methods:  Secondary analysis of 7‐day weighed diet records and anthropometric data from two British surveys. Compositional data on sugars applied to individual food codes to calculate sugar intake and sources for 1983. Trends examined before/after adjustment for low/high energy reporting (LHER) defined as EI : basal metabolic rate <1.16 or >2.65.Results:  Mean EI (kJ day−1) was 7% lower in 1997 than in 1983, mainly as a result of lower fat intake. After excluding LHER, mean EI was 3% lower in 1997. Mean body mass index (BMI) increased by 0.7–1 kg m−2 (2–3 kg). Total sugar intake averaged 115 g day−1 in 1983 and 113 g day−1 in 1997 (122 versus 127 g day−1 excluding LHER, P = 0.08). Excluding LHER, fat energy was lower in 1997 (35.4% versus 37.8%) and sugars slightly higher (23.6% versus 22.3%). Sugar sources showed a marked shift away from table sugar with smaller falls in milk, biscuits and cakes, counterbalanced by an significant increase in sugar from soft drinks and, to a lesser extent, fruit juice and breakfast cereals.Conclusions:  Althugh the study design precludes drawing causal inferences regarding nutrient intake and obesity, a higher prevalence of under‐reporting and lower levels of physical activity in 1997 could explain the paradox of lower reported EI and rising BMI.
Effects of opioids in the formalin test in the Speke’s hinged tortoise (Kinixy’s spekii)
Authors: WAMBUGU S. N. , TOWETT P. K. , KIAMA S. G. , ABELSON K. S. P. , KANUI T. I. 
Published: March 2010

Wambugu, S.N., Towett, P.K., Kiama, S.G., Abelson, K.S.P., Kanui, T.I. Effects of opioids in the formalin test in the Speke’s hinged tortoise (Kinixy’s spekii). J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.doi: 10.1111/j.1365‐2885.2009.01148.x.Little is known about analgesia in lower vertebrates such as the Speke’s hinged tortoise (Kinixy’s spekii), yet of late they are increasingly being adopted as pets. The effects of morphine (5, 7.5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), pethidine (10, 20, and 50 mg/kg) and naloxone (5 mg/kg) on nociception induced by the formalin test (12.5%, 100 μL) were studied in the Speke’s hinged tortoise. Formalin induced a monophasic limb retraction behavioural response and its duration was recorded. The behaviour lasted for 16.4 ± 0.8 min. Morphine (7.5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) and pethidine (20 and 50 mg/kg) induced significant decrease in the duration of limb retraction in the formalin test. The anti‐nociceptive effects were naloxone (5 mg/kg) reversible. The data suggest that the formalin test is a good test for studying nociception and anti‐nociception in tortoises and that the opioidergic system plays a role in the control of nociception in these animals.