bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple vertebrate models for chemical genetics and drug discovery screens: Lessons from zebrafish and Xenopus
Authors: Wheeler Grant N. , Brändli André W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractChemical genetics uses small molecules to modulate protein function and, in principle, has the potential to perturb any biochemical event in a complex cellular context. The application of chemical genetics to dissect biological processes has become an attractive alternative to mutagenesis screens due to its technical simplicity, inexpensive reagents, and low‐startup costs. In vertebrates, only fish and amphibians are amenable to chemical genetic screens. Xenopus frogs share a long evolutionary history with mammals and so represent an excellent model to predict human biology. In this review, we discuss the lessons learned from chemical genetic studies carried out in zebrafish and Xenopus. We highlight how Xenopus can be employed as a convenient first‐line animal model at various stages of the drug discovery and development process and comment on how they represent much‐needed tools to bridge the gap between traditional in vitro and preclinical mammalian assays in biomedical research and drug development. Developmental Dynamics 238:1287–1308, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Structures, and Photophysical Properties of Two Organostannoxanes from a Novel Acrylic Acid Derived from Phenothiazine
Authors: Li Dongmei , Hu Rentao , Zhou Wen , Sun Pingping , Kan Yuhe , Tian Yupeng , Zhou Hongping , Wu Jieying , Tao Xutang , Jiang Minhua 
Published: May 2009

Abstract(E)‐3‐(10‐ethylphenothiazine‐3‐yl)acrylic acid (LCOOH) was synthesized. LCOOH reacted with Ph3Sn(OH) and nBu2SnO to afford Ph3SnO2CL (1) and {[nBu2SnO2CL]2O}2 (2), respectively. The structures of all the compounds were solved by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compounds 1 and 2 present discrete and ladder frameworks, respectively. The one‐photon absorption and excited fluorescence, and two‐photon excited fluorescence spectra of all the compounds were systematically investigated. The results show that the two organostannoxanes exhibit much more enhanced two‐photon absorption properties than LCOOH. TDDFT computational studies have been performed to elucidate the electronic structures of the ground state of LCOOH.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Substitution of trans fatty acids in foods on the Danish market
Authors: Bysted Anette , Mikkelsen Aase Ærendahl , Leth Torben 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThree surveys of the content of trans fatty acids (TFA) in foods on the Danish market were carried out before and after the Danish regulation was introduced in January 2004 restricting the use of industrially produced (IP)‐TFA to a maximum of 2 g per 100 g fat in any food product. For this purpose, food samples were collected in 2002–3, 2004–5, and 2006–7. Of these, 60 paired samples (defined as samples included in two of the three investigations and with higher levels of IP‐TFA in the first determination than in the second) were identified. Comparisons of the fatty acid profiles showed that, in 68% of the products (e.g. sweets, cakes and cookies as well as fast food such as pie and tortilla), IP‐TFA were mainly substituted with saturated fatty acids (SFA). In some cases, the SFA source was coconut fat, whereas in other products, palm oil was added instead of partially hydrogenated oils. However, in important cases like frying fats, healthier fat substitutes with monounsaturated fatty acids were used. The surveys showed that the IP‐TFA content has been reduced or removed from most products with originally high IP‐TFA content, like French fries, microwave oven popcorn and various bakery products, so that IP‐TFA are now insignificant for the intake of TFA in Denmark.
Polyarylated Thiazoles via a Combined Halogen Dance – Cross‐Coupling Strategy
Authors: Schnürch Michael , Khan Ather Farooq , Mihovilovic Marko D. , Stanetty Peter 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe application of the halogen dance reaction for the synthesis of starting materials for cross‐coupling reactions is reported. The obtained compounds were then successfully applied in sequential Stille and Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions to obtain novel thiazole derivatives. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Boradipyrromethenecyanines
Authors: Yakubovskyi Viktor P. , Shandura Mykola P. , Kovtun Yuriy P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA series of meso‐polymethine‐substituted BODIPY compounds have been synthesized by the reaction of meso‐methyl‐3,5‐diphenylboradipyrromethene with a number of hemicyanine derivatives. The dyes obtained exhibit intense long‐wavelength absorption, but weak fluorescence. Upon protonation of the dyes the long‐wavelength band disappears and the intensity of the short‐wavelength band increases significantly. It has been shown that the properties of the dyes obtained, which we call boradipyrromethenecyanines, are closely related to those of merocyanine dyes rather than those of boron dipyrromethenes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Nickel‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrovinylation Using Lewis Acid Activation
Authors: Lassauque Nicolas , Franciò Giancarlo , Leitner Walter 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA broad range of commercially available Lewis acids were investigated for their ability to activate and regulate nickel catalysts for asymmetric hydrovinylation processes using styrene as model substrate and ligand (Ra,SC,SC)‐5as benchmark system. The colour change during the activation step associated with the halide abstraction furnishes helpful indications to adapt the activation conditions to the pre‐catalyst/Lewis acid system. In general, metal halide Lewis acids led to higher activities and enantioselectivities than the corresponding triflates. In particular, the use of InI3as co‐catalyst resulted in the same chemo‐ and enantioselectivity and even higher activity than the benchmark system based onNaBArF. Moreover, InI3is safe to handle and cheap, thus providing a simple and practical protocol for an efficient hydrovinylation reaction.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Selenocarbamoylation of Allenes with Carbamoselenoates: A New Entry to α,β‐Unsaturated Lactams
Authors: Toyofuku Masashi , Murase Erika , Nagai Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Shin‐ichi , Shin‐ike Tsutomu , Kuniyasu Hitoshi , Kambe Nobuaki 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPd(PPh3)4‐catalyzed intramolecular selenocarbamoylation of allenes led to the regioselective formation of α,β‐unsaturated five‐ and six‐membered lactams having an allyl selenide unit. This procedure could be applied to the synthesis of the corresponding sulfur analogue by thiocarbamoylation as well as a cyclopentenone. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A new CE‐ESI‐MS method for the detection of stable hemoglobin acetaldehyde adducts, potential biomarkers of alcohol abuse
Authors: De Benedetto Giuseppe E. , Fanigliulo Matteo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA new CE‐ESI‐MS method was developed to provide a simple way to study changes to hemoglobin (HbA) induced by acetaldehyde (Ach) in vitro. Instrumental parameters were univariately optimized in order to maximize the sensitivity of the CE‐ESI‐MS method. The electrophoretic separations were carried out in poly‐E323‐coated capillaries using 60 mM formic acid raised to pH 3.0 with ammonia and containing 5% 2‐propanol while the sheath liquid, 2‐propanol/water (30:70) with 0.1% formic acid, was delivered at 1.0 μL/min through a coaxial sheath flow electrospray interface. The HbA was incubated with Ach for intervals up to 24 h at concentration varying in the window 0.2–20 mM. Four stable Ach‐hemoglobin adducts in the hemoglobin tryptic digest were observed at the submillimolar Ach concentration and characterized by MS/MS experiments: although the α and β N‐amino terminal modifications were expected, the two internal ones arising, respectively, from the condensation of Ach molecules on the histidine residue in position 4 in α4 (i.e. the fourth peptide after tryptic digestion of alpha chain starting from amino terminal) and on the asparagine residue in position 2 in β3, were identified for the first time. During the in vitro experiments higher concentrations of Ach were also used; however, it was not possible to identify any other stable modification of hemoglobin. Interestingly, those stable modifications are the only ones in vivo identified in the hemoglobin of moderate alcohol drinkers.
Direct determination of plutonium(V) and neptunium(V) complexation by carbonate ligand with CE‐ICP‐sector field MS
Authors: Topin Sylvain , Aupiais Jean , Moisy Philippe 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDirect determination of the stability constants of some pentavalent actinides (Np and Pu) with carbonate ligands was investigated by CE‐ICP‐sector field MS (SFMS). The high sensitivity of ICP‐SFMS coupled with the high separation power of CE makes it possible to determine the mobility of each species as well as the stability constants with good accuracy. A procedure for preparing pentavalent plutonium at trace level has been successfully tested enabling the study of Pu(V) complexation by CE‐ICP‐SFMS. Stability constants β1, β2 and β3 have been obtained at 25±1°C at a constant ionic strength of 0.37 M in NaClO4 for K1 and NaCl for β2 and β3. The results were extrapolated to zero ionic strength and compared with data available in the literature for Np(V). The following stability constants were obtained for a Pu(V)/CO3 system:
Hares and tortoises: The high‐ versus low‐throughput proteomic race
Authors: Wilkins Marc R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe analysis of the proteome can be undertaken with parallel, high‐throughput techniques or those that analyze proteins in a serial, one‐at‐a‐time manner. The former include 2‐D gels and shotgun MS/MS; the latter includes libraries containing fusion proteins (GST, green fluorescent protein, TAP‐tag and others) that are engineered onto each protein in a proteome and then studied one by one. In this review, we explore the progress that these scientifically contrasting paradigms have made in measuring protein abundance, half‐life, post‐translational modifications, localization in cells and tissues and in protein membership of complexes, pathways and networks. We find that our understanding of the yeast proteome has been furthered more substantially by the slower “tortoise techniques” than the “high‐throughput hares”. A number of aspects of the human proteome are also likely to be elucidated most accurately with low‐throughput approaches. However, the high‐throughput techniques are expected to remain crucial for comparative analyses and most studies of proteome dynamics. This review also briefly explores how electrophoretic separations can continue to support the field of proteomics.
Headspace solid‐phase microextraction and gas chromatography–olfactometry analysis of raw spirits of different organoleptic quality
Authors: Plutowska Beata , Wardencki Waldemar 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe aim of this research was to determine which compounds contribute to the flavour of agricultural distillates and to indicate those compounds which are responsible for a deterioration of sensory quality. Aroma profiling was carried out by headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and gas chromatography‐olfactometry (GC–O). Aroma profiles were obtained using the fingerspan method. It was ascertained that the aroma profiles of agricultural distillates contain about 40 odours, some of which may serve in discriminatory analysis as markers of sensory quality. Some of the aroma compounds could be identified with the use of a mass spectrometer. It was found that the greatest amount of information on quality was obtained through analysis of the most intense odours detected in all or almost all samples, and that two odours formed the most radical indicators of sensory quality, being the result of the presence of two compounds, dimethyl trisulphide and geosmin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eogenetic dolomite cementation in lower Permian reservoir sandstones, southern Zagros, Iran
Authors: Zamanzadeh S. M. , Amini A. , Rahimpour‐Bonab H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn spite of the increasing importance to hydrocarbon exploration of the Palaeozoic succession in southwest Iran (Zagros Belt), few comprehensive diagenetic studies of this interval have been carried out. This is the first study presented on the diagenetic characteristics of the Early Permian Faraghan Formation in its most representative exposures in the Zagros region. This formation is dominated by cross‐stratified sandstones at outcrop, along with stromatolitic dolomite, dolomitized limestones and subordinate siltstone/sandy shales. The formation grades upward into the thick‐bedded carbonates of the Late Permian Dalan Formation. Both formations are major hydrocarbon reservoirs in SW Iran and are time equivalents of the Unayzah and Khuff formations, respectively, in Saudi Arabia. The constituent facies of the Faraghan Formation represent sedimentation in a siliciclastic shallow‐marine environment with foreshore (including tidal flat and numerous tidal channels), estuary, sabkha, shoreface and offshore sub‐environments. In this study, the development of ferroan dolomite cements in the Faraghan Formation is investigated. Geometrically, ferroan dolomite cements occur in laterally extensive, cemented beds in conglomerates and sandstones, stratabound layers and as nodules in sandstones. Their various petrographic characteristics (such as microcrystalline nature, preservation of porosity, formation as the first diagenetic phase on the grains and their high volume) all indicate an eodiagenetic origin. Oxygen isotopic signatures of the cement (−2.10 to −6.42‰) are close to the proposed content for Lower Permian seawater. Development of this cement is attributed to the eodiagenetic environment marked by fresh and seawater mixing. In this setting, sabkha‐type dolomitic grains/lithics acted as nucleation sites facilitating dolomite cement precipitation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article was published online on 13 May 2009. An error was subsequently identified. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected 17 August 2009.
The lateral‐occipital and the inferior‐frontal cortex play different roles during the naming of visually presented objects
Authors: Chouinard Philippe A. , Whitwell Robert L. , Goodale Melvyn A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe reasoned that if an area is devoted to processing only the visual features of objects, then transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied to this area in either hemisphere would affect the naming of objects presented in contralateral but not ipsilateral space. In contrast, if an area is involved in language, then one might expect to see effects of TMS when applied over the left but not the right hemisphere, regardless whether objects are in contralateral or ipsilateral space. Our experiments reveal two important findings. First, TMS delivered to the lateral‐occipital complex (LOC), a visual‐form area, affected the naming of objects presented in contralateral but not ipsilateral space, independent of which hemisphere was stimulated. In two additional experiments, when participants named the color of objects or made judgments about the size of stimuli as shown physically on a computer screen, TMS over the contralateral LOC did not affect color naming but did affect the participants' ability to make size judgments. Second, TMS delivered to the left but not the right posterior inferior‐frontal gyrus (pIFG) affected the naming of objects irrespective of whether objects were presented in contralateral or ipsilateral space. In a separate experiment, when participants were asked to either read or categorize words, TMS over the left but not the right pIFG affected word categorization but not word reading. On the basis of these findings, we propose that when people name visually‐presented objects, LOC processes the visual form of objects while the left pIFG processes the semantics of objects. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An electromyographic investigation of asymmetric lifting and moving of a load: II. Effects of load lift from knuckle to target shelves
Authors: Das Biman , Mabaleka Godfrey 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe range of normalized electromyography (EMG) values when lifting and moving a 5.84 kg box was between 0.08 and 0.63. The right iliocostalis and the left erector spinae showed decreased muscle activity with increasing asymmetry. The right erector spinae and the left and the right external obliques showed significant increases in muscle activity at 90° asymmetry. The left and the right iliocostalis, the left erector spinae, and the right external oblique showed significant reductions in muscle activity for the sternum height when compared to the knuckle height. The right erector spinae exhibited a significant increase at reach height when compared to the knuckle height. The muscle activity for the knuckle lift was significantly lower than the floor lift. The average decrease in muscle activity was approximately 68%. Consequently, asymmetric lifting and moving tasks should be performed from a knuckle height to sternum height. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DOC budgets of drained peat catchments: implications for DOC production in peat soils
Authors: Gibson H. S. , Worrall F. , Burt T. P. , Adamson J. K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe blocking of drainage ditches in peat has been proposed as a possible mitigation strategy for the widely observed increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations from northern peatlands. This study tested the hypothesis that drain‐blocking could lead to lower DOC concentrations by measuring the DOC export from a series of small peat‐covered catchments over a period of 2 years. Six catchments were chosen: two were pristine that had never been drained; three where drains had been blocked (one in 1995, and two in 2003); and a control peat drain catchment where the drain was left unblocked throughout the study. In the case where drains were blocked as part of thus study, the drains were observed for 2 months before blocking and 2 years after blocking. The results show that: (i) high concentrations of DOC can come from water ponded in the drain; (ii) the DOC export (flux of DOC per area of catchment) from the six study catchments shows a high degree of positive correlation with both catchment size and water yield; (iii) distinctly lower DOC export with water yield was observed for the catchments containing higher‐order channels (>27 500 m2) as opposed to single drain catchments (>7500 m2); (iv) drain‐blocking resulted in a statistically significant decrease in DOC export (average was 39%) but the effect upon DOC concentration explained only 1% of the variance in the data. The results suggest that drain blocking works by decreasing the flow from the drain, not by changing the production of DOC in the peat. The change in export with catchment size implies a considerable removal of DOC from large catchments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐catchment comparison to assess the influence of topography and soils on catchment transit times in a geomorphic province; the Cairngorm mountains, Scotland
Authors: Tetzlaff D. , Seibert J. , Soulsby C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA quantitative, process relevant analysis of ten mesoscale (ca 10–90 km2) catchments in the Cairngorm mountains, Scotland was carried out using 10‐m digital terrain models (DTMs). This analysis produced a range of topographic indices that described differences in the landscape organisation of the catchments in a way that helped explain contrasts in their hydrology. Mean transit time (MTT)—derived from isotopic tracer data—was used as a metric that characterised differences in the hydrological function of the ten catchments. Some topographic indices exhibited significant correlations with MTT. Most notably, the ratio of the median flow path length to the median flow path gradient was negatively correlated with MTT, whilst the median upslope area was positively correlated. However, the relationships exhibited significant scatter which precluded their use as a predictive tool that could be applied to ungauged basins in this region. In contrast, maps of soil hydrological properties could be used to differentiate hydrologically responsive soils (which are dominated by overland flow and shallow sub‐surface storm flow) from free draining soils (that facilitate deeper sub‐surface flows). MTT was negatively correlated with the coverage of responsive soils in catchments. This relationship provided a much better basis for predicting MTT in ungauged catchments in this geomorphic province. In the Cairngorms, the extensive cover of various glacial drift deposits appears to be a first order control on soil distributions and strongly influences the porosity and permeability of the sub‐surface. These catchment characteristics result in soil cover being a much more discerning indicator of hydrological function than topography alone. The study highlights the potential of quantitative landscape analysis in catchment comparison and the need for caution in extrapolating relationships between landscape controls and metrics of hydrological function beyond specific geomorphic provinces. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Groundwater flushing of solutes at wetland and hillslope positions during storm events in a small glaciated catchment in western New York, USA
Authors: Inamdar Shreeram , Rupp Julia , Mitchell Myron 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWhile the role of groundwater in flushing of solutes has long been recognized, few studies have explicitly studied the within‐event changes in groundwater chemistry. We compared the changes in groundwater chemistry during storm events for a wetland and hillslope position in a small (1·5 ha) glaciated, forested catchment in western New York. Flushing responses for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON), nitrate (NO3) and sulfate (SO4) in wetland and hillslope groundwaters were also compared against the corresponding responses in stream water. Eight storm events with varying intensity, amount, and antecedent moisture conditions were evaluated. Solute flushing patterns for wetland and hillslope groundwaters differed dramatically. While DOC concentrations in wetland groundwater followed a dilution trend, corresponding values for hillslope groundwater showed a slight increase. Concentrations for NO3 in wetland groundwater were below detection limits, but hillslope groundwaters displayed high NO3 concentrations with a pronounced increase during storm events. Flushing responses at all positions were also influenced by the size of the event and the time between events. We attributed the differences in flushing to the differences in hydrologic flow paths and biogeochemical conditions. Flushing of the wetland did appear to influence storm‐event stream chemistry but the same could not be said for hillslope groundwaters. This suggests that while a variety of flushing responses may be observed in a catchment, only a subset of these responses affect the discharge chemistry at the catchment outlet. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.