bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Risk of Overall Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Glipizide, Glyburide, or Glimepiride Monotherapy
Authors: Pantalone Kevin M. , Kattan Michael W. , Yu Changhong , Wells Brian J. , Arrigain Susana , Jain Anil , Atreja Ashish , Zimmerman Robert S. 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
Sulfonylureas have historically been analyzed as a medication class, which may be inappropriate given the differences in properties inherent to the individual sulfonylureas (hypoglycemic risk, sulfonylurea receptor selectivity, and effects on myocardial ischemic preconditioning). The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of individual sulfonylureas and the risk of overall mortality in a large cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using an academic health center enterprise-wide electronic health record (EHR) system to identify 11,141 patients with type 2 diabetes (4,279 initiators of monotherapy with glyburide, 4,325 initiators of monotherapy with glipizide, and 2,537 initiators of monotherapy with glimepiride), ≥18 years of age with and without a history of coronary artery disease (CAD) and not on insulin or a noninsulin injectable at baseline. The patients were followed for mortality by documentation in the EHR and Social Security Death Index. Multivariable Cox models were used to compare cohorts.

RESULTS
No statistically significant difference in the risk of overall mortality was observed among these agents in the entire cohort, but we did find evidence of a trend toward an increased overall mortality risk with glyburide versus glimepiride (hazard ratio 1.36 [95% CI 0.96–1.91]) and glipizide versus glimepiride (1.39 [0.99–1.96]) in those with documented CAD.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results did not identify an increased mortality risk among the individual sulfonylureas but did suggest that glimepiride may be the preferred sulfonylurea in those with underlying CAD.
Childhood Size and Life Course Weight Characteristics in Association With the Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Yeung Edwina H. , Zhang Cuilin , Louis Germaine M. Buck , Willett Walter C. , Hu Frank B. 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
To determine how childhood overweight, in conjunction with other life course weight characteristics, relates to the development of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Among 109,172 women in the Nurses' Health Study II, body fatness at ages 5, 10, and 20 years was assessed by recall using 9-level pictorial diagrams (somatotypes) representing extreme thinness (category 1) to obesity (category 9). Recalled weights at age 18 years and adulthood were used to derive BMI. Self-reported cases of type 2 diabetes were confirmed by supplementary questionnaire.

RESULTS
Somatotypes at ages 5 and 10 years were positively associated with diabetes risk (Ptrend &lt; 0.0001). The adjusted relative risk (RR) of women with somatotype ≥6 (vs. 2) at age 5 years was 2.19 (95% CI 1.79–2.67) and at age 10 years was 2.57 (2.20–3.01). Increases in size by somatotype or by weight gain since age 18 were associated with increased risk. Compared with women who were never overweight at any age, women who were overweight as an adult (BMI &gt;25 kg/m2) but not previously had an adjusted RR of 8.23 (7.41–9.15). The adjusted RR was 15.10 (13.21–17.26) for women who were also overweight at age 10 (somatotype ≥5) and 18 (BMI &gt;25 kg/m2). Increased childhood size was not associated with risk among women who did not continue to be overweight in adulthood.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased body size starting from childhood is associated with a greater risk of diabetes in adulthood. However, women who become lean in adulthood do not have an increased risk.
Crossing the sea en route to Africa: autumn migration of some Accipitriformes over two Central Mediterranean islands
Authors: Agostini Nicolantonio , Premuda Guido , Mellone Ugo , Panuccio Michele , Logozzo Daniela , Bassi Enrico , Cocchi Leonardo 
Published: March 2010

Crossing the sea en route to Africa: autumn migration of some Accipitriformes over two Central Mediterranean islands
Observations were made on the autumn migration of Accipitriformes over the islands of Marettimo and Pantelleria, located between western Sicily and Tunisia (Central Mediterranean). A total of 7451 raptors was counted between 24 August and 12 September 2003, mostly adult Honey Buzzards Pernis apivorus - 4045, and Black Kites Milvus migrans - 2489. Mixed-age flocks were regularly reported for the Black Kite (1956 adults and 533 juveniles estimated) confirming information transmission concerning orientation behaviour in this species. Although in the Honey Buzzard juveniles tend to migrate later than adults, crossing the Mediterranean on a broad front mostly after mid-September, we observed some mixed-age flocks, estimating the passage of 3830 adults and 215 juveniles. In particular, over Pantelleria we recorded in seven cases juveniles in flocks of adults heading towards WNW, presumably learning (similarly to juvenile Black Kites) the shortest route over water to reach Africa from this site. A total of 72 Egyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus - 62 adults, 6 juveniles and 4 sub-adults - was counted over Marettimo confirming that their greatest concentration during autumn migration through Italy occurs at this island. In this species, all juveniles were seen migrating in flocks of adults. Finally, the passage of hundreds of Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus was reported, mostly over Pantelleria. Among adult harriers, it was possible to estimate the passage of birds belonging to different sex classes; unlike in the previous studies made in central, southern continental Italy and Malta during autumn migration, adult females outnumbered adult males (372 vs 298 individuals). Finally, considering the huge number of Accipitriformes observed, Pantelleria, so as Marettimo, should be enclosed among Important Bird Areas for the autumn migration of raptors in the Mediterranean basin.
Saluga and Ghazal Ringing Station - a new ringing station in Egypt
Authors: Hasseb Mahmoud , Ibrahim Wed , Asran Hosni , Deyab Ahmed , Gomaa Mona , Hassan Samar , Nowakowski Jarosław , Busse Przemysław 
Published: March 2010

Saluga and Ghazal Ringing Station - a new ringing station in Egypt
On 28 August 2003 under the auspices of the SE European Bird Migration Network (SEEN) a new Egyptian Ringing Station - Saluga and Ghazal began to operate. The paper provides information about the location of the station, its habitat, methods of work and species composition of caught birds.
The effects of genotype and environment on selected traits of oat grain and flour
Authors: Czubaszek Anna 
Published: March 2010

The effects of genotype and environment on selected traits of oat grain and flour
The purpose of the investigation was to study the effects of variety properties of oat cultivars and environmental conditions on physical traits and chemical composition of grain and flour. Nine oat cultivars had been grown in the experimental plots (stations) located in two experimental stations in Jelenia Góra and Bobrowniki. The samples were collected in two harvest years. As it has been found, the genetic factors affected physical traits of the grain. The chemical composition of oat grain depended to a large extent on the weather conditions during the growing season. The genetic factors affected only total protein content of the oat grain. The grain of the oat cultivars under investigation was high in total protein but low in starch. Its proteolytic and amylolytic activities were on average levels. Total protein and pentosan content as well as proteolytic activity of the oat flour were lower than those of grain, but starch content and the falling number were higher.
Design of Multi-Agent Based Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Authors: Lavendelis Egons , Grundspenkis Janis 
Published: March 2010

Design of Multi-Agent Based Intelligent Tutoring SystemsResearch of two fields, namely agent oriented software engineering and intelligent tutoring systems, have to be taken into consideration, during the design of multi-agent based intelligent tutoring systems (ITS). Thus there is a need for specific approaches for agent based ITS design, which take into consideration main ideas from both fields. In this paper we propose a top down design approach for multi-agent based ITSs. The proposed design approach consists of the two main stages: external design and internal design of agents. During the external design phase the behaviour of agents and interactions among them are designed. The following steps are done: task modelling and task allocation to agents, use case map creation, agent interaction design, ontology creation and holon design. During the external design phase agents and holons are defined according to the holonic multi-agent architecture for ITS development. During the internal design stage the internal structure of agents is specified. The internal structure of each agent is represented in the specific diagram, called internal view of the agent, consisting of agent's actions and interactions among them, rules for incoming message and perception processing, incoming and outgoing messages, and beliefs of the agent. The proposed approach is intended to be a part of the full life cycle methodology for multi-agent based ITS development. The approach is developed using the same concepts as JADE agent platform and is suitable for agent code generation from the design diagrams.
A comparison of subset selection and adaptive basis function construction for polynomial regression model building
Authors: Jēkabsons Gints , Lavendels Jurijs 
Published: March 2010

A comparison of subset selection and adaptive basis function construction for polynomial regression model buildingThe approach of subset selection in polynomial regression model building assumes that the chosen fixed full set of predefined basis functions contains a subset that is sufficient to describe the target relation sufficiently well. However, in most cases the necessary set of basis functions is not known and needs to be guessed - a potentially non-trivial (and long) trial and error process. In our previous research we considered an approach for polynomial regression model building which is different from the subset selection - letting the regression model building method itself construct the basis functions necessary for creating a model of arbitrary complexity without restricting oneself to the basis functions of a predefined full model. The approach is titled Adaptive Basis Function Construction (ABFC). In the present paper we compare the two approaches for polynomial regression model building - subset selection and ABFC - both theoretically and empirically in terms of their underlying principles, computational complexity, and predictive performance. Additionally in empirical evaluations the ABFC is compared also to two other well-known regression modelling methods - Locally Weighted Polynomials and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines.
IHRM: A Gateway for Nepalese Human Resource for Global Competitive Market
Authors: Pandey Kashiraj 
Published: March 2010

This paper reviews how the concept of International Human Resource Management (IHRM) has opened a gateway for Nepalese Human Resource (HR) in global market. When the world has become a global village, our investment in education and knowledge industry as business by preparing graduates with need based courses for the emerging global market will have great advantage for the country, the individual, and it further contributes in international job market. DOI: 10.3126/bodhi.v2i1.2871 Bodhi Vol.2(1) 2008 p.196-204
Peacebuilding: From the Women’s Perspective
Authors: Pun Ekku Maya 
Published: March 2010

Peace, the most sought after, the most discussed, the most expensive yet illusive and distant as ever is looking for the change in how it is perceived and how it can be achieved. Property, wealth and lives have been recklessly spent for it in vain. It is seeking an alternative method/s for its achievement. And I believe that alternative can be found in women's perspective of peace and their ways of attaining it. This article discusses the necessity to include feminine perspective in peacebuilding and argues why they are better suited to negotiate peace. DOI: 10.3126/bodhi.v2i1.2875 Bodhi Vol.2(1) 2008 p.224-259
High‐Throughput Flow Cytometry
Authors: Sklar Larry A. , Simons Peter C. , Waller Anna , Biggs Sean M. , Young Susan M. , Olah Marius , Bologa Cristian , Oprea Tudor I. , Prossnitz Eric R. , Edwards Bruce S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article describes the creation of a discovery team in an academic environment. The team is specifically structured to perform four integrated activities: characterizing membrane protein, formatting the materials for analysis of cell physiology and molecular interactions, performing screens of small‐molecule activity on a novel high‐throughput flow cytometric instrument platform, and integrating virtual screening with activity screening. These activities improve the overall efficiency of the discovery process.
CombiningNMRSpectral Information with Associated Structural Features to form Computationally Nonintensive, Rugged, and Objective Models of Biological Activity
Authors: Beger Richard D. , Buzatu Dan A. , Wilkes Jon G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article focuses on an alternative strategy for model building known as quantitative spectrometric data–activity relationships (QSDARs). Three‐dimensional QSDAR modeling is a complementary technique that has widespread application to many informatics challenges. It provides computational model developers a sensitive, alternate perspective on biological and toxicological properties.
Age of Regulation
Authors: Weinberg Sandy , Whartenby Gerald J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
There are three underlying precepts that together provide a foundation for and an understanding of all the myriad of FDA procedures: (1) proximal causality, (2) risk assessment, and (3) self‐regulation. Part 11 of section 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) deals with electronic records, with the systems that produce those records in automated laboratories, clinical testing environments, and manufacturing facilities, and with the electronic approvals and signatures of those records. This article focuses on the history of the FDA, 21 CFR Part 11, and six steps of conducting risk assessment.
Simultaneous Screening of Multiple Cell Lines Using the
Cell
Card
System
Authors: Beske Oren E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The CellCard system provides a novel platform for cell‐based assays. At the core of the platform are encoded particles referred to as CellCards. By growing individual cell types on CellCards with unique codes, the platform enables multiple cell types to be assayed simultaneously in 96‐well format. This article describes the CellCard technology and how it can be applied to the determination of cell‐type selectivity of bioactive molecules.
ProteinX‐Ray Crystallography in Drug Discovery
Authors: Nollert Peter , Feese Michael D. , Staker Bart L. , Kim Hidong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractProtein X‐ray crystallography has affected drug discovery in (a) the identification of new drug targets, (b) the understanding of molecular target mechanisms, and (c) the discovery of new lead compounds. The integration of protein X‐ray crystallography into the early discovery process by joining it with chemical synthesis and assaying has become a very effective tool for lead optimization. This article aims to familiarize scientists with X‐ray protein crystallographic techniques and their exemplified application for the purpose of drug discovery.
Biological and Chemistry Assays Available During Drug Discovery And Developability Assessment
Authors: Lakings Duane B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The discovery and development of a novel therapeutic agent requires scientific expertise from a number of different disciplines, an enormous amount of time, and money. Research studies conducted during the discovery phase in in vitro systems and in animal models can determine whether a discovery lead or group of leads. This article discusses some of the in vitro and in vivo assays employed by researchers during the drug discovery and developability assessment phases of the discovery and development processes.
High‐Throughput Screening: Evolution of Technology and Methods
Authors: Banks Martyn N. , Cacace Angela M. , O'Connell Jonathan , Houston John G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHigh‐throughput screening (HTS) can be defined as a process by which hundreds of thousands to millions of compounds are tested for activity against disease targets of interest with the goal of identifying truly active, progressible “hits”. Over the last 20 years high‐throughput screening (HTS) has become a successful, reliable component of the drug discovery process. This article focuses on the variety of screening plate formats and the implications of their usage on the supporting technologies and assay designs.
Coupled Luminescent Methods in Drug Discovery: 3‐min Assays for Cytotoxicity and Phosphatase Activity
Authors: Corey Michael J. , Kinders Robert J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCoupled luminescent technology has wide potential in drug discovery process. In comparison of fluorescent assay, coupled luminescent assays offer very rapid and sensitive readouts with minimal sample and reagent usage. However, there are idiosyncrasies and limitations inherent to the method, many of which are associated with the presence of multiple catalytic activities. This article focuses on the role of DeathTRAK and PhosTRAK assay methods in drug discovery.
Cardiac SarcolemmalATP‐Sensitive Potassium Channel Antagonists: Novel Ischemia‐Selective Antiarrhythmic Agents
Authors: Billman George E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe activation of cardiac cell membrane ATP‐sensitive potassium channels during myocardial ischemia promotes potassium efflux, reductions in action potential duration, and inhomogeneities in repolarization, thereby creating a substrate for reentrant arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic drugs inhibit ATP‐sensitive potassium channels at therapeutic concentrations. This article discusses the relationship between ischemically induced alterations in extracellular potassium and arrhythmia formation and evaluates the antiarrhythmic potential of ATP‐sensitive potassium channel antagonists, drugs that may act selectively on the ischemic myocardium.
Herbal Medicines and Animal Models of Gastrointestinal Diseases
Authors: Cho C.H. , Ko J.K.S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAnimal models of gastric and duodenal ulcers play important roles in the study of the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and in the testing of antiulcer agents. They provide essential tools to screen herbal medicines for their antiulcer and anticancer effects. This article focuses on three major types of chemical compounds from various kinds of herbs and their implications for different GI disorders.
Endocrine and Metabolic Agents
Authors: Furman Brian L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHormones regulate the secretory and gametogenic functions of the ovaries and testes. Several peptide hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus hormones have a key role in the regulation of the secretory activity of the anterior pituitary. This article focuses on the properties of endocrine hormones, their receptors, hormone analogs acting as agonists and antagonists, and their potential therapeutic applications.
Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Kaur Kamaljit , Das Dipankar , Suresh Mavanur R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractProtein–protein interactions are key to several biological pathways and thus are attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Such approaches are based on a sound assessment of the strong and weak interactions and the protein's secondary or tertiary structures. This article focuses on interactions between some of the important protein–protein pairs and recent successes in developing peptides, peptidomimetics, or small organic molecules as inhibitors of these interactions.
Analytical Chemistry Methods: Developments and Validation
Authors: Kapetanovic Izet M. , Lyubimov Alexander V. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAnalytical methodology plays an integral part of drug development from the initial synthesis and manufacture through clinical trials and postmarketing monitoring. Selection of analytical chemical method to be used should be based on the nature of the analyte(s), analytical goals (sensitivity, selectivity, etc.), sample matrix, and sample stability. This article focuses on development and validation of analytical chemical methods.
How and Where are Drugs Absorbed?
Authors: Bermejo Marival , Gonzalez‐Alvarez Isabel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA drug must interact with its receptors at their action sites or therapeutic target to exert its pharmacological or toxic effects. Therefore, the absorption of drug is an essential step which determines pharmacologic effects of drug. This article focuses on the biological barriers that the drug must cross in order to enter the body, drug absorption mechanisms, and influence of physiological characteristics of the administration route on absorption rate and extent.
Stability: Physical and Chemical
Authors: Gorman Eric M. , Padden Brian E. , Munson Eric J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The pharmaceutical properties of a drug, such as solubility, dissolution, and toxicology, can change dramatically when a drug undergoes chemical or physical degradation, limiting the drug's efficacy and safety. Therefore, the evaluation of drug stability becomes part of the development process as early as candidate selection and continues for the lifetime of the product. This article focuses on drug stability up to and through the formulation process.
Dosage Formulation
Authors: Lyubimov Alexander V. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDrug formulation aims to determine experimentally all the variables necessary to develop an optimal formula and working directions for making the pharmaceutical product. Pharmaceutical technology applied to developing a drug formulation comprises selection of materials and procedures that are adaptable to various processes that lend themselves to inclusion in specific dosage forms. This article focuses on new dosage formulations, their function and characterization, absorption mechanisms, and novel routes of delivery.
CytochromeP450 Enzymes
Authors: Hrycay Eugene G. , Bandiera Stelvio M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, also known as the microsomal mixed function oxidase system, are the predominant biotransformation pathway in the body for lipid‐soluble endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. CYP enzymes play a key role in the biotransformation of pharmaceutical agents and thus are major determinants of duration of action and clearance of drugs. This article focuses on the characterization, function, and regulation of CYP enzymes that are relevant to our understanding of how CYP enzymes can metabolize a large variety of drugs.
Metabolism Kinetics
Authors: Locuson Charles W. , Tracy Timothy S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractGenerally, kinetic models are applied toin vitrodata to determine parameters, such as intrinsic clearance to make correlations to thein vivosituation. However, it is increasingly being recognized that these “typical kinetic” conditions may not exist and “atypical kinetics” may be observed, resulting in misestimation of intrinsic clearance. This article focuses on typical and atypical kinetics in drug metabolism reactions.