bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Der kleinste Sehwinkel bei Verwendung lichtloser Quadrate auf selbstleuchtendem Grund und seine Beziehung zur Größe und Funktion der retinalen Einheiten, bzw. dem „Auflösungsvermögen” des emmetropen Auges1
Authors: Berger Curt 
Published: April 2012

Zusammenfassung
. Es wird eine Anordnung beschrieben, mit welcher der Abstand zwischen zwei lichtlosen Quadraten auf selbstleuchtendem Grund bis auf o mm herab beliebig vergrößert oder verkleinert werden kann. Genauigkeit ist Hundertstel Millimeter.
. Im Gegensatz zu der Abhängigkeit des →>Auflösungsvermögens← (selbstleuchtende Quadrate) von der Beleuchtung nimmt der kleinste Sehwinkel bei Verwendung lichtloser Quadrate auf selbstleuchtendem Grund mit zunehmender Helligkeit ab, d. h. die Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit nimmt zu.
. Diese Zunahme der Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit mit zunehmender Beleuchtung ist kontinuierlich, aber sie ist geringer als die Abnahme des Auflösungsvermögens. Sie ist dieselbe, gleichgültig ob man große oder kleine Quadrate verwendet.
. Die Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit des Auges bei Verwendung lichtloser Quadrate nimmt — genau wie das Auflösungsvermögen — zu mit der Größe des gereizten Netzhautbildes, jedoch ist der kleinste Sehwinkel bei lichtlosen Quadraten und Schwellenhelligkeit bei allen Größen kleiner als bei selbstleuchtenden.
. Kleine, künstliche Pupillen haben so gut wie keinen Einfluß auf die Unterschiedsempfindlichkeit. Nur bei sehr kleinen Pupillen von 0,5 mm Durchmesser tritt infolge der Beugungserscheinungen eine erhebliche Verschlechterung der Funktion ein.
. Kleine, schwarze Quadrate werden erst sichtbar, wenn das entsprechende Netzhautbild die Größe von etwa 72 μ2 erreicht. Unterhalb dieser Größenordnung sind sie unsichtbar.
. Die Abhängigkeit des kleinsten Sehwinkels von der Beleuchtung ist wahrscheinlich eine Folge der Lichtzerstreuung in den optischen Medien des Auges hinter der Pupille. Die Unterschiede bei schwarzen Quadraten gegenüber selbstleuchtenden sind möglicherweise eine Folge von Streulicht über der ganzen Retina infolge des praktisch konstanten, großen Grundes, wodurch feinere Abweichungen und die Lichtzerstreuung überhaupt weniger sichtbar werden. Die Abnahme des kleinsten Sehwinkels mit zunehmender Größe der Quadrate bestätigt die frühere Annahme (Berger und Buchthal (1938)), wonach die Fovea aus verschieden großen, funktionellen Einheiten besteht. Die Tatsache, daß schwarze Quadrate unsichtbar sind, solange ihre Bilder auf der Netzhaut kleiner als etwa 72 μ2 ausmachen, bestätigt besonders klar, daß die durchschnittliche funktionelle Einheit aus 2–3 Zapfen besteht.
Herrn Dr. F. Buchthal sage ich auch an dieser Stelle für mannigfachen, wertvollen Rat bei Durchführung der Arbeit meinen besten Dank.Die Arbeit wurde mit Unterstützung des Insulin‐Fonds ausgeführt.
Über das Vermögen des Igels Carotin und Vitamin A auszunutzen1
Authors: Suomalainen Paavo 
Published: April 2012

ZusammenfassungAls Igel zwei Monate lang bei carotin‐ und vitamin‐A‐freier Diät gehalten wurden, verringerte sich der Vitamin‐A‐Gehalt des Serums ebenso wie der Carotingehalt der Leber und insbesondere des Serums. Der Vitamin‐A‐Gehalt der Leber erfuhr dagegen keine Abnahme.Verfütterung von Vitamin A bewirkte bei Igeln, die zuvor bei carotin‐ und vitamin‐A‐freier Nahrung gehalten worden waren, eine geringe Steigerung des Vitamin‐A‐Gehalts im Serum, eine erhebliche dagegen in der Leber. Etwa die Hälfte des verabreichten Vitamins A wurde in der Leber aufgespeichert. Durch Carotinfütterung wurde der Carotingehalt von Serum und Leber auf das Vielfache gesteigert, obwohl nur etwa 3 % des Carotins in der Leber aufgespeichert wurde. Die Carotinfütterung führte auch zu einer Erhöhung des Vitamin‐A‐Gehalts der Leber, doch war diese im Verhältnis zu der durch die Vitamin‐A‐Fütterung bewirkten Steigerung gering. Auf Grund des Versuchsmaterials läßt sich indes nicht schließen, ob die geringe Zunahme des Vitamin‐A‐Gehalts der Leber infolge der Carotinfütterung lediglich auf der schlechten Resorption des Carotins oder auf dem geringen Vermögen des Igels, Carotin in Vitamin A umzuwandeln, beruht.Anschließend gibt Verfasser eine kurze Übersicht über das Vermögen der verschiedenen Tiere, Carotin in Vitamin A umzuwandeln, ebenso wie über die Fähigkeit der Tiere, Carotin und Vitamin A zu resorbieren.
Early Judeo‐Arabic Biblical Translations
Authors: Tobi Yosef 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDuring the last generation, there has been published no small or insignificant number of loose pages of different Judeo Arabic (henceforth: JA) translations of the Bible, preserved in the Cairo Genizah. The prevailing view among Judaic Studies scholars is that these translations predated the earliest JA Biblical translation known hitherto, namely, that produced by Rabbi Sa’adia Gaon (882‐942). Sa’adia was familiar with these older translations and occasionally used them for his translation (tafsīr), but on the whole he composed his own translation with a view of being a critique on their two main traits: (a) the phonetic orthography which does not fit the strict rules of classical Arabic grammar; (b) the literary translation, namely, giving an Arabic word for each Hebrew word, according to the order of the words in the Bible, and ignoring Arabic syntax.What is known about the life of the Jewish communities in the north‐western regions of the Arabian Peninsula during the centuries that preceded Sa’adia mostly comes from early Muslim sources. We may conjecture that these translations already existed prior to the advent of Islam, that is to say, not later than the beginning of the seventh century. They were produced and used for teaching the Torah (Pentateuch), and for the Bible as a whole, in the schoolrooms where Jewish children were gathered in the Arabic speaking Jewish communities of north‐western Arabia. A related genre of biblical translation written in non‐classical JA is the ŠarḥAlfāẓ, that is to say, lists of difficult words in the Scripture according to their order in any given book with their Arabic translation. The didactic, or educational advantages of having these translations is proven as well by their wide‐ranging commentaries found written for variant translations, and interspersed within the texts, and which have no other function in liturgy within the congregation.
Negotiators’ Information Sharing: The Effects of Opponent Behavior and Information about Previous Negotiators’ Performance
Authors: Zarankin Tal G. , Wall James A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the effects of three factors upon negotiators’ information sharing: (a) the opponent’s information sharing, (b) the opponent’s call for information sharing, and (c) information about previous negotiators’ performance. To test the effects of the factors, we had 120 subjects participate in a laboratory experiment wherein they negotiated over three issues. The results indicate that negotiators share more information (i.e., disclose information about their BATNA and about their payoffs) when their opponents share information (i.e., disclose information about BATNA and about payoffs) and when their opponents call for the negotiators to share information. Information about the previous negotiators’ performance did not affect the negotiators’ own information sharing. However, the negotiators did have high aspirations when presented with a mix of information—that some previous negotiators had attained high outcomes and others had attained low outcomes.
Conceptualizing Managerial Influence in Organizational Conflict—A Qualitative Examination
Authors: Siira Kalle 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to broaden the understanding of managerial conflict influence by suggesting a social complexity perspective on organizational conflict. From this perspective, influence is essentially a meaning‐based phenomenon that represents an interpretive view of organizational communication. Although some research exists that holds similar notions of managerial conflict influence, most research embodies a transmission view of communication and influence. Based on a qualitative analysis of 30 semi‐structured interviews, managerial conflict influence can be conceptualized according to two theoretical dimensions, directness and communicative influence, including five subdimensions: direct, indirect, distant, constraining, and enabling. A tentative typology of managerial conflict influence using the identified dimensions is proposed. Finally, theoretical and practical notions as well as limitations of the study are discussed.
Fusing Creativity: Cultural Metacognition and Teamwork in Multicultural Teams
Authors: Crotty Susan K. , Brett Jeanne M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis study elaborates theoretically and tests empirically a model linking fusion teamwork to creativity in multicultural teams (Janssens & Brett, 2006). The study also introduces cultural metacognition, a dimension of cultural intelligence (Earley & Ang, 2003), as an antecedent of fusion teamwork and creativity. Data were from 246 members of 37 multicultural teams. Results generated from a multilevel modeling analysis were consistent with hypotheses: Across teams, when team members were more highly culturally metacognitive, fusion teamwork and creativity were more likely. All analyses were controlled for generalized affect toward the team to reduce threats to validity of common method bias and affect. The results suggest the value of fusion teamwork for generating creativity in multicultural teams and the importance of having members of multicultural teams who have high versus low levels of cultural metacognition.
IRGM gene polymorphisms and risk of gastric cancer
Authors: BURADA Florin , PLANTINGA Theo S , IOANA Mihai , ROSENTUL Diana , ANGELESCU Cristina , JOOSTEN Leo A , NETEA Mihai G , SAFTOIU Adrian 
Published: April 2012

OBJECTIVE:  The study aimed to assess the possible association of polymorphisms in the autophagy gene IRGM (rs13361189 and rs4958847) with the risk of gastric cancer.METHODS:  A total of 102 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, 52 with chronic gastritis and 351 healthy controls were included in this study. IRGM allelic variants were genotyped by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The association between polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk was estimated by odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).RESULTS:  A significant difference was found for rs4958847 A allele. Carriers of the A allele were protected against gastric cancer (OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.35–0.97, P = 0.038). Moreover, the presence of this allele seems to play an important role in decreasing the risk for the intestinal type of gastric cancer (OR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.23–0.94, P = 0.03). In contrast, the rs13361189 IRGM polymorphism was not associated with susceptibility to gastric cancer. None of the targeted polymorphisms were associated with chronic gastritis.CONCLUSION:  IRGM rs4958847 polymorphism influences susceptibility to gastric cancer, mainly for the intestinal type.
IDH2 mutations are frequent in Chinese patients with acute myeloid leukemia and associated with NPM1 mutations and FAB‐M2 subtype
Authors: CHAO H.‐Y. , JIA Z.‐X. , CHEN T. , LU X.‐Z. , CEN L. , XIAO R. , JIANG N.‐K. , YING J.‐H. , ZHOU M. , ZHANG R. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryIntroduction:  Gene mutations play an important role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) pathogenesis. Several genes have been identified in AML, such as FLT3, KIT, NPM1, and JAK2. This study investigated the frequency of novel mutations in IDH1 (amino acid R132) and IDH2 (R140 and R172) and analyzed their impact on disease biology and interaction with other mutations in Chinese patients with de novo AML.Methods:  A total of 195 patients were screened for mutations in the IDH1, IDH2, JAK2 V617F, NPM1, FLT3, and KIT genes, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based and direct sequencing assays.Results:  IDH mutations occurred at a considerable frequency of 15.89% in Chinese AML cases; IDH2 R140Q was the most frequent genetic alteration and was associated with older age, normal karyotype, and French‐American‐British classification M2 at diagnosis. There was a strong association of IDH2 mutation with NPM1 mutations and a trend with FLT3‐internal‐tandem duplication.Conclusion:  IDH mutations may be a novel genetic marker in cytogenetically normal AML and may cooperate in leukemogenesis.
Hb Haaglanden: a new nonsickling β7Glu>Val variant. Consequences for basic diagnostics, screening, and risk assessment when dealing with HbS‐like variants
Authors: HARTEVELD C. L. , PONJEE G. , BAKKER‐VERWEIJ M. , ARKESTEIJN S. G. J. , PHYLIPSEN M. , GIORDANO P. C. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryIntroduction:  To report a new hemoglobin variant undistinguishable from the common HbS on HPLC. To show the efficiency of the simplest confirmation method for HbS and to discuss the implications that may occur if HbS‐like variants are wrongly reported as HbS.Methods:  Basic hematology, separation and measurement of the Hb fractions, ‘sickle test,’ and molecular analysis.Results:  The abnormal Hb fractions were eluting in the HbS window on HPLC, sickle test was however negative, and DNA sequencing of the beta globin gene revealed an unclassified variant HBBc.23A>T, p.Glu8Val in heterozygous form.Conclusions:  Although the amino acid substitution of this new variant is identical to that of HbS and shifted of a single amino acid position, no polymerization occurs in vitro. The sickle test is a valid method to confirm or exclude HbS trait in individual cases. Whenever the case is part of a possible couple at risk, then one has to use full DNA analysis in both partners not to miss hidden concomitant defects important for genetic risk predictions.
Comparison of radiation treatment delivery for pancreatic cancer: Linac intensity‐modulated radiotherapy versus helical tomotherapy
Authors: Taylor Robert , Opfermann Krisha , Jones Brian D , Terwilliger Lacy E , McDonald Daniel G , Ashenafi Michael S , Garrett‐Meyer Elizabeth , Marshall David T 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction: Intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) has been shown to reduce dose to organs at risk (OAR) while adequately treating tumour volume. This study quantitatively compares the dosimetric differences from step‐and‐shoot IMRT compared with helical tomotherapy (HT) for pancreatic head cancer.Methods: Twelve consecutive patients with non‐metastatic, stage T3 or T4, unresectable pancreatic head cancer were planned for step‐and‐shoot IMRT as well as HT. Radiotherapy was planned to deliver 45.9 Gy to the clinical target volume in 30 fractions with an integrated boost to 54 Gy to the gross tumour volume (planning target volume 5400 including a 1‐cm set‐up margin). The uniformity index (UI) and conformity index (CI) were used to compare the quality of target coverage, while the quality index (QI) compared the dosimetric performance for OAR.Results: Both methods were effective at covering the tumour with no significant difference in UI or CI. However, HT dosimetry exhibited superior sparing of OAR with significantly less stomach (mean QIStomV30 = 0.84, P = 0.006) and small bowel dosing (mean small bowel QISBV30 = 0.84, P = 0.005). HT reduced dose to the kidney receiving the highest dose but the overall volume of kidney receiving 18 Gy was not significantly different between the two systems, indicating that HT spread the dose more uniformly through the kidneys.Conclusions: Target coverage is equivalent between the two systems; however, HT shows significantly better sparing of the stomach and small bowel. The decreased dose to OAR with HT is likely to improve the therapeutic ratio in the radiotherapy of pancreatic head cancers.
CT‐based estimation of intracavitary gas volumes using threshold‐based segmentation: In vitro study to determine the optimal threshold range
Authors: McWilliams Sebastian Robert , O'Connor Owen J , McGarrigle Anne Marie , O'Neill Siobhan B , Quigley Eamonn MM , Shanahan Fergus , Maher Michael M 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroduction: This study investigated the optimal Hounsfield unit (HU) threshold range when using threshold‐based segmentation to estimate volumes of contained gas (i.e. intestinal gas) on CT.Methods: A water‐filled cylindrical acrylic imaging phantom containing two saline bags modified to allow injection of known volumes of gas (room air) was constructed. The phantom was imaged with CT following injection of known gas volumes. Images were analysed using standard threshold‐based 3D region growing with human‐entered seed points. The lower threshold was −1024 HU, and upper thresholds between −700 HU and −200 HU were tested for each volume. Appropriate statistical analysis was performed.Results: Measurements were normally distributed. There was excellent correlation between measured and injected volumes for all thresholds (Pearson's r > 0.99). The optimal upper threshold for small gas volumes (1–6 mL) was −550 HU with 0.1% ± 3.9% (mean ± standard deviation) error. The optimal upper threshold for large gas volumes (10–50 mL) was −350 HU with 0.7 ± 3.6% (mean ± standard deviation) error with Pearson correlations of r > 0.99 for both.Conclusion: Accurate estimation of gas volumes on CT is possible using threshold‐based segmentation software with a wide range of upper thresholds. The optimal upper threshold for estimation of small volumes (1–6 mL) was −550 HU and −350 HU for volumes of 10–50 mL.
Is Lewis's Mixed Theory Mixed Up?
Authors: RAVEN MICHAEL J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMy aim is to rekindle interest in David Lewis's (1983) infamous but neglected Mixed Theory of mental states. The Mixed Theory is a mix of physicalism and functionalism designed to capture the intuitions that both Martians and abnormal human Madmen can be in pain. The Mixed Theory is widely derided. But I offer a new development of the Mixed Theory immune to its most prominent objections. In doing so, I uncover a new motivation for the Mixed Theory: its unique ability to explain cases in which it is plausibly indeterminate whether something is in pain. The Mixed Theory, whether or not it is ultimately correct, at least deserves renewed attention.
THE ROLE OF MELATONIN IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE UNDERGOING HAEMODIALYSIS
Authors: Aperis Georgios , Prakash Preeth , Paliouras Christos , Papakonstantinou Nikolaos , Alivanis Polichronis 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYPatients with chronic kidney disease including those undergoing haemodialysis have deranged sleep‐wake pattern. In large part this is due to an abnormal circadian cycle of melatonin, a hormone secreted by the pineal gland in the evening and induces sleep. Subjects undergoing automated peritoneal dialysis or nocturnal haemodialysis have better sleep profile compared to those on daytime dialysis. Studies have shown that exogenous melatonin improves sleep‐wake cycle in daytime haemodialysis patients. However, large randomised controlled trials are needed in order to establish its role in this patient population.
Relationship between Toe Temperature and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Authors: INOUE Hiroo , ISHIZUKA Osamu , IMAMURA Tetsuya , YAMAGISHI Takahiro , NOGUCHI Wataru , YOKOYAMA Hitoshi , KURIZAKI Yoshiki , NISHIZAWA Osamu 
Published: April 2012

Objective: Cold stress can elicit increases in urinary urgency and frequency. We determined if there was a relationship between finger and toe temperatures and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).Methods: We studied 50 people who visited a public health management seminar. The participants were divided into two groups according to self‐described sensitivity to cold stress. The cold non‐sensitive (CNS) group consisted of 3 males and 20 females (66.9 ± 10.8 years old), and the cold sensitive (CS) group consisted of 4 males and 23 females (65.8 ± 8.01 years old). Each participant was assessed to determine international prostate symptom score (IPSS), overactive bladder symptom score (OABSS), and quality of life (QOL) score. They were then instructed on lifestyle changes and exercises that could improve peripheral blood flow and provide relief for their LUTS. Next, the temperatures of their middle fingers and toes were measured before and after 5–10 min of the exercises. Two weeks later, the IPSS, OABSS, and QOL scores were reassessed.Results: Before exercise, the middle fingers were significantly warmer than the middle toes. Exercise had no significant effect on the middle finger temperature of either group; however, it did increase the middle toe temperature for both groups. The increase was greatest for the CS group. The CS group had higher LUTS storage symptoms than the CNS group, and these improved after 2 weeks of lifestyle changes and exercise.Conclusion: Improvements in lifestyle and daily exercise may be effective for LUTS in CS people.
Common mental disorders in Malaysia: Malaysian mental health survey, 2003–2005
Authors: Krishnaswamy Saroja , Subramaniam Kavitha , Jemain Abdul Aziz , Low Wah Yun , Ramachandran Padma , Indran Tishya , Patel Vikram 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroductionMental disorders are emerging as serious health threats in both developed and developing nations and contribute to greater Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY) than infectious disease and unintentional injuries. This study aims to determine the prevalence and factors associated with the presence of common mental disorders in the Malaysian population.MethodsMultistage cluster sampling method was used to obtain samples, with racial proportion as the main sampling criteria. Required sample size was calculated to be 4300 at 90% confidence level. Trained enumerators carried out the interview, with the Clinical Interview Scheduled‐ Revised (CIS‐R).ResultsA total of 3666 respondents were interviewed (85% response rate). The one‐week prevalence of Common Mental Disorders was 5.3% (95% CI of 4.57–6.03%). Findings from multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that associated factors were female gender (adjusted OR = 1.91, P < 0.01), being divorced (adjusted OR = 3.95, P < 0.05), difficulties at workplaces (adjusted OR = 3.58, P < 0.01) experiencing life events, such as divorce/marital separation (adjusted OR = 2.58,P < 0.01), unsolvable financial problems (adjusted OR = 3.87, P < 0.01), and serious problems with friends and neighbours (adjusted OR = 4.35, P < 0.01) in the year prior to data collection. Chinese ethnicity was least likely to be associated with CMD (adjusted OR = 0.27).DiscussionThere is a 5% prevalence of Common Mental Disorders in the Malaysian population. Socio‐demographic factors and experience of certain life events, particularly divorce, problems with neighbours and friends and severe financial problems in the previous year were found to be significantly associated with the prevalence of common mental disorders.
Two‐phase survey to determine social anxiety and gender differences in Omani adolescents
Authors: Al‐Sharbati Marwan , Al‐Adawi Samir , Petrini Karin , Bait Amer Ahmed SA , Al‐Suleimani Abdullah , Al‐Lawatiya Salwa , Zaidan Ziad , Al‐Adawi Sara S. , Al Hussaini Ala'Alddin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIntroductionThere is a lack of studies examining the effectiveness of some of the commonly used instruments to elicit the presence of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in Arab‐speaking populations, such as those in Oman. The aim of this study was to establish the influence of social anxiety and the role of gender among Omani adolescents.MethodsA two‐phase protocol was used, entailing the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) against the gold standard, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).ResultsAccording to DSM and LSAS, the prevalence of social phobia among Omani students was generally higher compared to what has been reported in other parts of the world and the crosstabs analysis showed a significant correlation between gender and SAD.DiscussionThe Arabic version of LSAS proved to be an effective tool for assessing and quantifying the presence of SAD. This study discusses the sociocultural factors affecting social phobia in Omani society.