bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of energy expenditure
Authors: DeLany James P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough investigators have been engaged in the study of human energy metabolism for over 100 years, there remain unanswered questions regarding the role that energy expenditure plays in human health and disease. A critical examination of available methods for measurement of the various components of daily energy expenditure is presented. Using a combination of the techniques available today, each component can be reliably studied, and the role that each of these plays in the human health can be examined. Several examples of the application of energy expenditure methods are presented. Finally, data are presented describing current knowledge regarding the relation between energy metabolism and cancer, including cancer risk, response to cancer, and in cancer survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 129–134. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prospective evaluation of ultrasound and biochemical‐based multivariable models for the prediction of late pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Farina Antonio , Rapacchia Giuseppina , Freni Sterrantino Anna , Pula Giulia , Morano Danila , Rizzo Nicola 
Published: October 2011

ObjectiveProspective assignment at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of risk for late pre‐eclampsia (PE) using eight logistic regression‐based statistical models.MethodsFive hundred and fifty‐four pregnancies. Uterine artery pulsatility index, parity, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A, free β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin and maternal age, were combined to obtain ‘a posteriori risk of PE’.ResultsWe observed 39 cases (7%) of late PE. There were 12 cases of severe PE and 27 of mild PE. According to the models used, the estimated detection rate ranged from 38.5% to 84.6% with a false‐positive rate of 10%. The median risk ratio (estimated median risk of PE in affected pregnancies divided by estimated risk of PE in unaffected pregnancies) ranged between 1.66 and 7.61. The most reproducible biochemical‐based model was a mixed model encompassing maternal history and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A.ConclusionSome of the multivariable models drawn from the literature accurately predicted the late PE occurrence. The failure of some models may be because of the population in question not bearing several of the risk factors used to generate the models proposed. An effective combined screening at first trimester for late PE seems possible. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global stress predicts both positive and negative emotional adjustment at diagnosis and post‐surgery in women with breast cancer
Authors: Groarke AnnMarie , Curtis Ruth , Kerin Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectivesIndividual differences in stress appraisal, coping, optimism and social support have contributed to variability in adjustment to breast cancer, but less is known about their relative influence particularly at diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to compare the predictive role of these variables on both positive and negative adjustment in a sample of recently diagnosed women.MethodData was collected from 241 women at diagnosis and post‐surgery (4 months later). They completed questionnaires which assessed global and cancer‐specific stress, general and cancer‐specific coping, emotional adjustment (depression, anxiety, positive and negative affect) at Times 1 and 2 and benefit finding at Time 2.ResultsHierarchical regression analyses (allp < 0.01) taking account of age and cancer related variables (disease stage and type of surgery) showed that stress appraisal was the strongest and most consistent predictor of adjustment. The coping strategies, while significant, were less powerful predictors of emotional adjustment, but they explained more variance than stress on benefit finding. Stress and coping outweighed the impact of social support and optimism.ConclusionsGlobal appraisal of stress was the most powerful predictor in the model, and findings suggest that it contributes to patients' affective status, indicating that women should be screened as part of the diagnostic process to identify those at risk for poor adaptation to the illness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Deterrent Profiles in Nitrocellulose Propellant Grains Using Confocal Raman Microscopy
Authors: Trewartha Steve , Shapter Joseph , Gibson Christopher T. , Mikajlo Elisabeth , Jones Ashley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe diffusion profile of dinitrotoluene deterred nitrocellulose based small arms propellants is investigated with Confocal Raman microscopy. The diffusion profile in all samples was found to be non‐Fickian Case II diffusion – a steady concentration with a sharp drop. Diffusion depth from the outside surface was found to be much greater than the interior perforation surface. A strong correlation was found between the perforation size of samples and their inside edge diffusion depth, while the outside surface was found to be more dependent on total diameter and deterrent concentration. Samples were also artificially aged to investigate movement of the deterrent over time.
Minimal ensembles of side chain conformers for modeling protein–protein interactions
Authors: Beglov Dmitri , Hall David R. , Brenke Ryan , Shapovalov Maxim V. , Dunbrack Roland L. , Kozakov Dima , Vajda Sandor 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe goal of this article is to reduce the complexity of the side chain search within docking problems. We apply six methods of generating side chain conformers to unbound protein structures and determine their ability of obtaining the bound conformation in small ensembles of conformers. Methods are evaluated in terms of the positions of side chain end groups. Results for 68 protein complexes yield two important observations. First, the end‐group positions change less than 1 Å on association for over 60% of interface side chains. Thus, the unbound protein structure carries substantial information about the side chains in the bound state, and the inclusion of the unbound conformation into the ensemble of conformers is very beneficial. Second, considering each surface side chain separately in its protein environment, small ensembles of low‐energy states include the bound conformation for a large fraction of side chains. In particular, the ensemble consisting of the unbound conformation and the two highest probability predicted conformers includes the bound conformer with an accuracy of 1 Å for 78% of interface side chains. As more than 60% of the interface side chains have only one conformer and many others only a few, these ensembles of low‐energy states substantially reduce the complexity of side chain search in docking problems. This approach was already used for finding pockets in protein–protein interfaces that can bind small molecules to potentially disrupt protein–protein interactions. Side‐chain search with the reduced search space will also be incorporated into protein docking algorithms. Proteins 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applications of an energy‐dispersive pnCCD for X‐ray reflectivity: Investigation of interdiffusion in Fe–Pt multilayers
Authors: Abboud Ali , Send Sebastian , Hartmann Robert , Strüder Lothar , Savan Alan , Ludwig Alfred , Zotov Nikolay , Pietsch Ullrich 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA frame store pn‐junction CCD (pnCCD) detector was applied to study thermally induced interdiffusion in Fe/Pt thin film multilayers (MLs) in a temperature range between 300 and 585 K. Based on the energy resolution of the detector the reflectivity was measured simultaneously in a spectral range between 8 keV < E < 20 keV including the Pt L‐edge energies close to 11.5 keV. Above T = 533 K we find a strong drop of intensities at 1st and 2nd order ML Bragg peak interpreted by mutual interdiffusion. Considering a simulated model of interdiffusion it has been found that the concentration of iron that diffuses into the platinum sub layers is higher than that of platinum into iron. The time dependence of inter diffusion was also calculated in the range of 533–568 K and was described by the Arrhenius equation D(T) = D0 exp(−Ha/kBT). The activation energy for the MLs used [Fe 1.7 nm/Pt 2 nm]50 was found to be 0.94 ± 0.22 eV.
Theory of phonon dispersions and piezoelectricity in multilayers of hexagonal boron‐nitride
Authors: Michel K. H. , Verberck B. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTaking into account covalent, Coulomb and van der Waals interactions, we construct the dynamical matrix and calculate the phonon dispersion relations for multilayer crystals of hexagonal boron‐nitride. Coulomb interactions account for a strong overbending of optical phonons. Applying and extending Born's long‐wave theory to the case of multilayer crystals, we calculate the piezoelectric stress constant $e_{1,11} ({\cal N})$ as a function of the number of layers ${\cal N}$. In agreement with group theory, we find that $e_{1,11} ({\cal N}_{{\rm g}} ) = 0$ for ${\cal N}_{{\rm g}} $ even; for an uneven number ${\cal N}_{{\rm u}} $ of layers we obtain $e_{1,11} ({\cal N}_{{\rm u}} ) = 7.31 \times 10^{- 5} \;{\rm C}\;{\rm cm}^{- 2} /{\cal N}_{{\rm u}} $, i.e. the piezoelectric constant decreases as $1/{\cal N}_{{\rm u}} $.
Disorder scattering in graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Libisch F. , Rotter S. , Burgdörfer J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe investigate transport through bulk‐disordered graphene nanoribbons and nanoconstrictions. Employing a modular recursive Green's function algorithm, we study devices of realistic size (up to 100.000 nm2). By Fourier transforming the scattered wave we disentangle inter‐valley scattering between the two Dirac cones of graphene and intra‐valley scattering on a single cone. We find that different types of defects leave characteristic signatures on transport properties which we can describe with a simplified scattering model. A quantitative comparison with recent experimental data is performed which yields insights into the disorder concentration in realistic samples. magnified image
Prototype defects to simulate (a) sublattice‐symmetry breaking scattering at single vacancies and (b) sublattice‐symmetry conserving scattering at double vacancies.
Testing radiotransmitter attachment techniques on northern bobwhite and chukar chicks
Authors: Dreitz Victoria J. , Baeten Laurie A. , Davis Tracy , Riordan Margaret M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe compared 4 external radiotransmitter attachment techniques to determine the optimum attachment method on chicks of 2 galliform species. The attachment methods included tissue glue, silicone gel, suturing, and leg harness. The study was conducted in captivity with a 2‐phase assessment: first with northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), and then chukar (Alectoris chukar) chicks. We applied each technique and assessed effects on growth rates, retention times, ease of attaching the transmitter, and effects on physical development. No apparent adverse impacts on chicks were observed for any of the attachment techniques. We found the leg‐harness technique was most reliable in terms of retention time, required the least amount of handling time, and was the simplest to administer. Modifications to our suture technique likely would result in similar retention times, but would still require additional handling time and complexity in attaching transmitters. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Heterologous and homologous expression of the arginine biosynthetic argC~H cluster from Corynebacterium crenatum for improvement of l-arginine production
Authors: Xu Meijuan , Rao Zhiming , Yang Juan , Xia Haifeng , Dou Wenfang , Jin Jian , Xu Zhenghong 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The genes involved in l-arginine biosynthesis in Corynebacterium crenatum are organized as the argCJBDFRGH cluster like in Corynebacterium glutamicum. However, the argC~H cluster of the C. crenatum SYPA 5-5, which is an industrialized l-arginine producer, had a lethal mutation occurring in the ArgR repressor encoding gene. The argC~H cluster with an inactive argR was overexpressed in E. coli and C. crenatum. In the recombinant E. coli JM109 enzyme activities were increased, and more l-arginine was found in the supernatants from l-glutamine. When the argC~H cluster was overexpressed in C. crenatum under its native promoter Parg, l-arginine production was increased by 24.9%, but the presence of the recombinant plasmid pJC-9039 had a negative effect on cell growth. Surprisingly, the DO value of the recombinant strain dropped gently and stayed at a lower level from 24 h to the end of fermentation. The results demonstrated an increasing utilization of oxygen and the distinct enhancement of unit cell l-arginine yields with the cluster argC~H-bearing in C. crenatum SYPA-9039. This study provides a kind of Corynebacteria with improved l-arginine-producing ability and an efficient elevation for producing amino acid. Moreover, the promoter Parg would be used as a valid promoter to express objective genes for metabolic engineering in Corynebacteria.
An investigation of agitation speed as a factor affecting the quantity and monomer distribution of alginate from Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC® 9046
Authors: Kıvılcımdan Moral Ç , Sanin F D 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Alginate is a copolymer of β-d-mannuronic and α-l-guluronic acids. Distribution of these monomers in the alginate structure is one of the important characteristics that affect the commercial value of the polymer. In the present work, the effect of agitation speed in the range of 200–700 rpm on alginate production by Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC® 9046 was investigated at a dissolved oxygen tension of 5% of air saturation. Experiments were conducted in a fermentor operated in batch mode for 72 h while the production of biomass and alginate, the consumption of substrate and the change in culture broth viscosity and monomer distribution of the polymer were monitored. Results showed that the growth rate of the bacteria increased from 0.165 to 0.239 h−1 by the increase of mixing speed from 200 to 400 rpm. On the other hand, alginate production was found to be the most efficient at 400 rpm with the highest value of 4.51 g/l achieved at the end of fermentation. The viscosity of culture broth showed similar trends to alginate production. Viscosity was recorded as 24.61 cP at 400 rpm while it was only 4.26 cP at 700 rpm. The MM- and GG-block contents were almost equal in most of the culture times at 400 rpm. On the other hand, GG-blocks dominated at both low and high mixing speeds. Knowing that GG-blocks make rigid and protective gels with divalent cations, due to the higher GG-block content, the gel formation potential is higher at 200 rpm as well at 700 rpm, which might originate from the unfavorable environmental conditions that the bacteria were exposed to.
Nisnevich descent forK-theory of Deligne-Mumford stacks
Authors: Krishna Amalendu , Østvær Paul Arne 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe show localization, excision and descent theorems forK-theory of Deligne-Mumford stacks. Our approach employs the Nisnevich site which is a complete, regular and boundedcd-structure on the category of such stacks and restricts to the usual Nisnevich site on schemes. By combining excision with a refinement of localization sequences due to Krishna and Töen, we show thatK-theory of perfect complexes on tame Deligne-Mumford stacks satisfies Nisnevich descent.
A mechanism for control of turbulent separated flow in rectangular diffusers
Authors: Schneider Hayder , Von Terzi Dominic A. , Bauer Hans-Jörg , Rodi Wolfgang 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe turbulent separated flow through an asymmetric diffuser with and without manipulation of incoming turbulence-driven mean secondary vortices (MSVs) from a rectangular duct is investigated by large-eddy simulations. The simulations carried out for two diffuser geometries reveal that by introducing a small amount of mean-flow kinetic energy via the MSVs into the flow, the complex three-dimensional separation behaviour and pressure recovery can be effectively controlled. Manipulated MSVs were found to enhance cross-sectional transport of high-momentum fluid, which determined the location, shape, and size of the separation bubble. The integral effect was a delay or expedition in the onset of separation. This change strongly affected the conversion of mean-flow kinetic energy to pressure, in particular for the front part of the diffuser. In addition, a substantial reduction in total pressure loss could be achieved. The manipulation of the MSVs is an efficient mechanism for performance enhancement in the cases investigated. The results have important implications for both control and statistical modelling of turbulent separated flow in rectangular diffusers.
Plasma lutein and zeaxanthin and the risk of age-related nuclear cataract among the elderly Finnish population
Authors: Karppi Jouni , Laukkanen Jari A. , Kurl Sudhir 
Published: October 2011

Oxidative stress plays an important role in cataractogenesis. Previous studies have shown that long-term dietary intake of antioxidants (lutein and zeaxanthin) may decrease the risk of age-related cataracts. The aim of the present study was to examine whether plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin are related to age-related nuclear cataract in the elderly population. Subjects were participants in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study and they were classified into tertiles according to plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin. The association of plasma lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations with age-related nuclear cataract in 1689 elderly subjects (aged 61–80 years) was investigated in the present cross-sectional study by using the Cox proportional hazards model. A total of 113 cases of incident age-related cataracts were confirmed, of which 108 cases were nuclear cataracts. After adjustment for age, examination year, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, serum LDL-cholesterol, serum HDL-cholesterol, years of education, use of oral corticosteroids, history of diabetes and history of hypertension with current use of antihypertensive medication, subjects in the highest tertiles of plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin had 42 and 41 % lower risks of nuclear cataract, respectively, compared with those in the lowest tertiles (relative risk (RR) = 0·58, 95 % CI 0·35, 0·98;P = 0·041 for lutein and RR = 0·59, 95 % CI 0·35, 0·99;P = 0·046 for zeaxanthin). In conclusion, we suggest that high plasma concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin were associated with a decreased risk of age-related nuclear cataract in the elderly population.
Dietary nutrient composition affects digestible energy utilisation for growth: a study on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and a literature comparison across fish species
Authors: Schrama J. W. , Saravanan S. , Geurden I. , Heinsbroek L. T. N. , Kaushik S. J. , Verreth J. A. J. 
Published: October 2011

The effect of the type of non-protein energy (NPE) on energy utilisation in Nile tilapia was studied, focusing on digestible energy utilisation for growth (kgDE). Furthermore, literature data on kgDE across fish species were analysed in order to evaluate the effect of dietary macronutrient composition. A total of twelve groups of fish were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design: two diets (‘fat’ v. ‘starch’) and two feeding levels (‘low’ v. ‘high’). In the ‘fat’-diet, 125 g fish oil and in the ‘starch’-diet 300 g maize starch were added to 875 g of an identical basal mixture. Fish were fed restrictively one of two ration levels (‘low’ or ‘high’) for estimating kgDE. Nutrient digestibility, N and energy balances were measured. For estimating kgDE, data of the present study were combined with previous data of Nile tilapia fed similar diets to satiation. The type of NPE affected kgDE (0·561 and 0·663 with the ‘starch’ and ‘fat’-diets, respectively; P < 0·001). Across fish species, literature values of kgDE range from 0·31 to 0·82. Variability in kgDE was related to dietary macronutrient composition, the trophic level of the fish species and the composition of growth (fat:protein gain ratio). The across-species comparison suggested that the relationships of kgDE with trophic level and with growth composition were predominantly induced by dietary macronutrient composition. Reported kgDE values increased linearly with increasing dietary fat content and decreasing dietary carbohydrate content. In contrast, kgDE related curvilinearly to dietary crude protein content. In conclusion, energy utilisation for growth is influenced by dietary macronutrient composition.
Diet and habitat definitions for Mexican glyptodonts from Cedral (San Luis Potosí, México) based on stable isotope analysis
Authors: PÉREZ-CRESPO VICTOR ADRIÁN , ARROYO-CABRALES JOAQUÍN , ALVA-VALDIVIA LUIS M. , MORALES-PUENTE PEDRO , CIENFUEGOS-ALVARADO EDITH 
Published: October 2011

AbstractValues for δ13C and δ18O obtained from molar samples from three individuals pertaining toGlyptotheriumsp. from Cedral (San Luis Potosí, México) are provided and are utilized to infer general aspects of glyptodont diet and habitat. On average this animal showed a C3/C4mixed diet, with a high consumption of C4plants. Comparisons of the δ13CVPDBand δ18OVPDBvalues for glyptodonts with horses, mastodons, mammoths and tapirs from the same locality show that glyptodonts from Cedral lived in an open habitat.
Two Notes on Ignatius and Justin Martyr
Authors: Moffatt James 
Published: October 2011

Ignatius, Magnes. 1: Γνοùς ὑμῶν τò πολυєύταĸτον τῆς ĸατὰ θεòν ἀγπης ἀγαλλιώμενος προειλόμην ἐν πίστει ᾽Ιησοῦ Χριστοῦ προσλαλῆσαι ὑμῖν. So Ignatius begins his letter to the Magnesian Christians:When I learned [from the deputation of your church] with what admirable discipline your godly love [i.e. your love as Christians determined by the standards of God, κατὰ θεóν as in Paul's Rom. 8, 27 and 2 Cor. 7, 9. 10] is ordered, I resolved in my joy to send you a letter [προσλαλεῖν as in Ign., Ephes. 3] upon faith in Jesus Christ.
The Apostles in the New Testament and in the Ecclesiastical Tradition of Egypt
Authors: Hatch William H. P. 
Published: October 2011

There are four lists of the Apostles in the New Testament—one in each of the Synoptic Gospels containing the names of the Twelve, and one in the Book of Acts giving those of the Eleven only. Each list differs from the others in some respects.Peter naturally stands first in each of the New Testament lists, and Judas Iscariot comes last when he is mentioned at all. The one occupies the position of honor at the head of the series; the other is named at the end on account of his treachery. The two sons of Zebedee, with Andrew and Philip, all being prominent members of the apostolic company and early disciples of Jesus, form together with Peter the first five in each of these lists. Below this point there is considerable difference in order and some variation in the names of the Apostles.
Differential fertility among immigrants to England and Wales and some implications for population projections
Authors: Thompson Jean 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe age structure of the immigrant female population as shown by the 1961 Census was heavily biased towards the young adult age groups, where fertility rates are highest. The birth rate for such a population could be expected considerably to exceed the average for this country as a whole, due to differences in age structure alone. The Census also showed marked differences betwen the fertility rates of different groups of immigrants but suggested that for the most important groups —from the Irish Republic, the Indian sub-continent and the Caribbean—they then amounted to a completed family size of roughly ½ child above the England and Wales average. There were also marked differences in 1961 between the socio-economic structure of immigrant groups; such evidence as there is points to socio-economic factors as playing an important part in explaining the fertility of immigrants, and its possible change over time.