bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia
Authors: van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Lippert Peter C. , Dupont-Nivet Guillaume , McQuarrie Nadine , Doubrovine Pavel V. , Spakman Wim , Torsvik Trond H. 
Published: May 2012

Cenozoic convergence between the Indian and Asian plates produced the archetypical continental collision zone comprising the Himalaya mountain belt and the Tibetan Plateau. How and where India–Asia convergence was accommodated after collision at or before 52 Ma remains a long-standing controversy. Since 52 Ma, the two plates have converged up to 3,600 ± 35 km, yet the upper crustal shortening documented from the geological record of Asia and the Himalaya is up to approximately 2,350-km less. Here we show that the discrepancy between the convergence and the shortening can be explained by subduction of highly extended continental and oceanic Indian lithosphere within the Himalaya between approximately 50 and 25 Ma. Paleomagnetic data show that this extended continental and oceanic “Greater India” promontory resulted from 2,675 ± 700 km of North–South extension between 120 and 70 Ma, accommodated between the Tibetan Himalaya and cratonic India. We suggest that the approximately 50 Ma “India”–Asia collision was a collision of a Tibetan-Himalayan microcontinent with Asia, followed by subduction of the largely oceanic Greater India Basin along a subduction zone at the location of the Greater Himalaya. The “hard” India–Asia collision with thicker and contiguous Indian continental lithosphere occurred around 25–20 Ma. This hard collision is coincident with far-field deformation in central Asia and rapid exhumation of Greater Himalaya crystalline rocks, and may be linked to intensification of the Asian monsoon system. This two-stage collision between India and Asia is also reflected in the deep mantle remnants of subduction imaged with seismic tomography.
Spreading the Risk: Native Trout Management in a Warmer and Less-Certain Future
Authors: Haak Amy L. , Williams Jack E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Management strategies that increase biological diversity and promote varied approaches to population protection are more likely to succeed during a future in which global warming drives rapid environmental change and increases uncertainty of future conditions. We describe how the concept of a diverse management portfolio can be applied to native trout conservation by increasing representation (protecting and restoring diversity), resilience (having sufficiently large populations and intact habitats to facilitate recovery from rapid environmental change), and redundancy (saving a sufficient number of populations so that some can be lost without jeopardizing the species). Saving diversity for native trout requires the conservation of genetically pure populations, the protection and restoration of life history diversity, and the protection of populations across the historical range. Protecting larger stronghold populations is important because such populations will have a better chance of surviving future disturbances, including those associated with climate change. The long-term persistence of populations is likely to require management for larger population sizes and larger habitat patches than currently exist for many native trout populations. Redundancy among these elements is important given that many populations are small and occupy reduced habitat in fragmented stream systems and therefore are increasingly vulnerable to extirpation. Application of the concept is further described in case studies of Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii bouvieri and Rio Grande cutthroat trout O. clarkii virginalis, two subspecies that illustrate many of the challenges that are common to management of western native trout.
Received May 16, 2011; accepted January 12, 2012
Ozone production rate as a function of electric field strength in oxygen
Authors: Aints Märt , Valk Fred , Plank Toomas , Paris Peeter , Jõgi Indrek 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The ozone production rate in a dc low-current non-self-sustained discharge (dark discharge) in oxygen is measured systematically as a function of gas pressure and electric field strength in the range of reduced field strengths E/N = 120–800 Td and pressures p = 7–160 kPa. The fraction of energy consumed by electrons in the dark discharge is calculated and the ozone generation efficiency (the maximal energetic yield of ozone in an idealized discharge with negligible ion losses) is estimated. The reaction rate coefficient for oxygen dissociation by electron impact, deduced from the efficiency curve, is proposed.
Influence of the deposition method on interdiffusion of Ni/Ag bilayer thin films
Authors: Mashaiekhy J , Shafieizadeh Z , Nahidi H , Sharifi S 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In this study, it has been shown that the dependence of interdiffusion phenomena in metallic thin films is largely related to the deposition method. Films were prepared by evaporation and unbalanced magnetron sputtering onto glass substrates. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry was used for quantitative compositional analysis of thin films, determination of structures and observation of interdiffusion in bilayer Ni/Ag films. The structures of the films were monitored by x-ray diffraction. The experimental results confirm that evaporated films are in a state of tensile stress, which increases the vacancy concentration and diffusion, whereas sputtered films are under compressive stress, which decreases the vacancy concentration, thus preventing diffusion.
Autologous Transplantation of Peripheral Blood-derived Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Attenuates Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury in Rabbits by Direct Endothelial Repair and Indirect Immunomodulation
Authors: Cao Jian-Ping , He Xing-Ying , Xu Hai-Tao , Zou Zui , Shi Xue-Yin 
Published: May 2012

Background
Studies have demonstrated the role of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in maintaining normal endothelial function and in endothelial repairing. This study was aimed to observe the protective effects of autologous transplantation of circulating EPCs against endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in rabbits and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.

Methods
One-hundred-and-fifty rabbits were enrolled. After acute lung injury was induced by endotoxin, autologous circulating EPCs, endothelial cell, or normal saline were transfused intravenously, respectively. Pao(2)/FiO(2) ratios, concentrations of plasma nitric oxide, malonyldialdehyde, and activity of superoxide dismutase were examined. The lung wet-to-dry weight ratios were counted; polymorphonuclear cell ratios and areas of hyaline membrane formation and hemorrhage were measured. The levels of interleukin-1β, E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-10, vascular endothelial growth factor protein, and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein were analyzed.

Results
Pao(2)/FiO(2) ratios were significantly increased with EPC transfusion. Infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells, lung wet-to-dry weight ratios, and area of hyaline membrane and hemorrhage in lung tissue were significantly decreased after EPC transplantation. Plasma level of nitric oxide and malondialdehyde were significantly inhibited, and the activity of superoxide dismutase was enhanced in the EPC-treated animals. EPC transplantation significantly increased level of interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor protein and reduced levels of interleukin-1β, E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in injury lung tissues.

Conclusions
Autologous transplantation of circulating EPCs can partly restore the pulmonary endothelial function and effectively attenuate endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by direct endothelial repair and indirect immunomodulation of antioxidation and antiinflammation.
Hospital Stay and Mortality Are Increased in Patients Having a “Triple Low” of Low Blood Pressure, Low Bispectral Index, and Low Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Volatile Anesthesia
Authors: Sessler Daniel I. , Sigl Jeffrey C. , Kelley Scott D. , Chamoun Nassib G. , Manberg Paul J. , Saager Leif , Kurz Andrea , Greenwald Scott 
Published: May 2012

Background
Low mean arterial pressure (MAP) and deep hypnosis have been associated with complications and mortality. The normal response to high minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) fraction of anesthetics is hypotension and low Bispectral Index (BIS) scores. Low MAP and/or BIS at lower MAC fractions may represent anesthetic sensitivity. The authors sought to characterize the effect of the triple low state (low MAP and low BIS during a low MAC fraction) on duration of hospitalization and 30-day all-cause mortality.

Methods
Mean intraoperative MAP, BIS, and MAC were determined for 24,120 noncardiac surgery patients at the Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. The hazard ratios associated with combinations of MAP, BIS, and MAC values greater or less than a reference value were determined. The authors also evaluated the association between cumulative triple low minutes, and excess length-of-stay and 30-day mortality.

Results
Means (±SD) defining the reference, low, and high states were 87 ± 5 mmHg (MAP), 46 ± 4 (BIS), and 0.56 ± 0.11 (MAC). Triple lows were associated with prolonged length of stay (hazard ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.3-1.7). Thirty-day mortality was doubled in double low combinations and quadrupled in the triple low group. Triple low duration ≥60 min quadrupled 30-day mortality compared with ≤15 min. Excess length of stay increased progressively from ≤15 min to ≥60 min of triple low.

Conclusions
The occurrence of low MAP during low MAC fraction was a strong and highly significant predictor for mortality. When these occurrences were combined with low BIS, mortality risk was even greater. The values defining the triple low state were well within the range that many anesthesiologists tolerate routinely.
Sugammadex Ideal Body Weight Dose Adjusted by Level of Neuromuscular Blockade in Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Llauradó Sandra , Sabaté Antoni , Ferreres Eva , Camprubí Inmaculada , Cabrera Anna 
Published: May 2012

Background
Bariatric surgery patients are at risk of perioperative airway collapse. Neuromuscular blockade should be fully reversed before tracheal extubation. The optimal dosage of the reversal agent sugammadex in the morbidly obese is still unknown. This study explored the sugammadex dose adjusted according to train-of-four ratio (TOFR).

Methods
Prospective observational study of consecutive patients scheduled for laparoscopic bariatric surgery. To reverse a deep blockade (2 or fewer posttetanic twitches), a dose of sugammadex of 4 mg/kg ideal body weight (IBW) was followed by a second dose of 2 mg/kg IBW if the TOFR was less than 0.9 after 3 min. To reverse a moderate blockade (reappearance of the second twitch in the TOF), a 2 mg/kg IBW dose of sugammadex was followed by a second dose of 2 mg/kg IBW if the TOFR was less than 0.9 after 2 min. Sugammadex effectiveness was reflected by the time required to obtain a TOFr of 0.9 or more.

Results
A total of 120 patients were included. The blockade was deep at the end of surgery in 43 and moderate in 77. The median times (range) to TOFR of 0.9 or more were 167 (20-460) seconds and 113 (28-300) seconds in deep and moderate blockades, respectively (P < 0.05). The percentage of patients requiring a second dose of sugammadex were larger after deep blockades (39.5% [n = 17] vs. 23.4% [n = 18] after moderate blockades); the difference was not significant.

Conclusion
A sugammadex dose calculated according to IBW is insufficient for reversing both deep and moderate blockades in morbidly obese patients.
Unconstrained simultaneous source land data processing*
Authors: Huo Shoudong , Tsingas Constantine , Kelamis Panos G. , Pecholcs Peter I. , Xu Hai 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIn the past few years, significant effort has been put into developing land acquisition field techniques that can improve production performance, reduce acquisition cost and increase seismic data quality. In 2010, Saudi Aramco conducted a high‐productivity, unconstrained, simultaneous source acquisition field test. A fixed, active super‐spread continuously recorded 18 single vibrators operating simultaneously in 18 separate quadrants. The test employed high source density, unique up‐sweep lengths and spatial source separation to maximize the seismic data quality and minimize the effects of crosstalk. This test achieved an optimum productivity rate of 45,000 vibrator points (VP) per 24 hours with real time QC. In this paper, we demonstrate that the conventional processing techniques produced acceptable images despite noise interference or crosstalk. In addition, we illustrate suitable deblending processing workflows and algorithms for attenuating source interference noise. The objective of the deblending processing is to attenuate random uncompressed crosstalk and to improve the resolution of the prestack migrated time image. Finally, comparisons with legacy 3D seismic data acquired over the same area are depicted. This paper reviews how this unique integration of data acquisition and deblending processing yields a superior seismic image.
Strong divergence in trait means but not in plasticity across hatchery and wild populations of sea‐run brown troutSalmo trutta
Authors: ROGELL BJÖRN , DANNEWITZ JOHAN , PALM STEFAN , PETERSSON ERIK , DAHL JONAS , PRESTEGAARD TORE , JÄRVI TORBJÖRN , LAURILA ANSSI 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThere is ample evidence that organisms adapt to their native environment when gene flow is restricted. However, evolution of plastic responses across discrete environments is less well examined. We studied divergence in means and plasticity across wild and hatchery populations of sea‐run brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a common garden experiment with two rearing environments (hatchery and a nearly natural experimental stream). Since natural and hatchery environments differ, this arrangement provides an experiment in contemporary adaptation across the two environments. AQST − FSTapproach was used to investigate local adaptation in survival and growth over the first summer. We found evidence for divergent selection in survival in 1 year and in body length in both years and rearing environments. In general, the hatchery populations had higher survival and larger body size in both environments.QSTin body size did not differ between the rearing environments, and constitutive divergence in the means was in all cases stronger than divergence in the plastic responses. These results suggest that in this system, constitutive changes in mean trait values are more important for local adaptation than increased plasticity. In addition,ex siturearing conditions induce changes in trait means that are adaptive in the hatchery, but potentially harmful in the wild, suggesting that hatchery rearing is likely to be a suboptimal management strategy for trout populations facing selection in the stream environment.
Dispersal and gene flow in the rare, parasitic Large Blue butterflyMaculinea arion
Authors: UGELVIG L. V. , ANDERSEN A. , BOOMSMA J. J. , NASH D. R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDispersal is crucial for gene flow and often determines the long‐term stability of meta‐populations, particularly in rare species with specialized life cycles. Such species are often foci of conservation efforts because they suffer disproportionally from degradation and fragmentation of their habitat. However, detailed knowledge of effective gene flow through dispersal is often missing, so that conservation strategies have to be based on mark–recapture observations that are suspected to be poor predictors of long‐distance dispersal. These constraints have been especially severe in the study of butterfly populations, where microsatellite markers have been difficult to develop. We used eight microsatellite markers to analyse genetic population structure of the Large Blue butterflyMaculinea arionin Sweden. During recent decades, this species has become an icon of insect conservation after massive decline throughout Europe and extinction in Britain followed by reintroduction of a seed population from the Swedish island of Öland. We find that populations are highly structured genetically, but that gene flow occurs over distances 15 times longer than the maximum distance recorded from mark–recapture studies, which can only be explained by maximum dispersal distances at least twice as large as previously accepted. However, we also find evidence that gaps between sites with suitable habitat exceeding ∼20 km induce genetic erosion that can be detected from bottleneck analyses. Although further work is needed, our results suggest thatM. arioncan maintain fully functional metapopulations when they consist of optimal habitat patches that are no further apart than ∼10 km.
Is the wait‐for‐patient‐to‐come approach suitable for African newcomers to Alberta, Canada?
Authors: Amin Maryam , Perez Arnaldo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectivesA qualitative study was conducted to identify psychosocial barriers to providing and obtaining preventive dental care for preschool children among African recent immigrants.MethodsSeven focus groups were conducted with 48 mothers of 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children from Ethiopian, Eritrean, and Somali communities in Edmonton. Participants had lived in Canada for 5 years or less. Three debriefing interviews were conducted with the community health workers who facilitated the focus groups in participants' first languages. Data analysis consisted of assigning codes, grouping codes into existing or new categories of barriers, grouping identified categories into domains, and organizing categories and domains around a general perspective of psychosocial barriers to prevention of caries.ResultsBarriers to prevention of early childhood caries (ECC) were associated with home‐based prevention, early detection, and access to professional care. Barriers to parental prevention were related to health beliefs, knowledge, oral health approach, and skills. Barriers to early detection included perceived role of caregivers and dentists, perceived identity of ECC, ways of detecting cavities, and parental self‐efficacy. Access barriers were related to parental knowledge of preventive services, attitudes toward dentists and dental services, English skills, and external constraints concerned dental insurance, social support, time, and transportation.ConclusionsPreventive interventions should be aimed at assisting primary caregivers with providing and obtaining adequate dental care for their children through enhancing oral health literacy, developing new set of oral health–related skills, reducing environmental constraints, and strengthening their intention of obtaining professional preventive dental services.
Characteristics of older and younger patients with suspected paracetamol toxicity
Authors: Kane Alice , Mitchell Sarah J , Carroll Peter R , Matthews Slade , Hilmer Sarah N 
Published: May 2012

Aim:  The aim of this study was to compare the characteristics of older and younger patients with suspected paracetamol toxicity.Methods:  A retrospective audit of the medical records of older (≥65 years, n= 25) and younger (20–30 years, n= 50) patients with a detectable paracetamol level at a Sydney hospital.Results:  Older patients showed a different clinical pattern of suspected paracetamol toxicity and were more likely than younger patients to have multifactorial elevation of liver function tests. Additionally, older age was more likely to be associated with chronic therapeutic paracetamol dosing (71% older, 6% younger, P < 0.001), or with accidental toxic exposure (90% older, 29% younger, P < 0.001), while younger patients were more likely to have a deliberate high‐dose exposure (10% older, 71% younger, P < 0.001).Conclusions:  The age‐related differences in paracetamol exposure, paracetamol levels and liver function tests described in this population should be considered when ordering and interpreting paracetamol levels.
Accident Occurrence and Functional Health Patterns: A Pilot Study of Relationships in a Graduate Population
Authors: Sheerin Fintan K. , Curtis Elizabeth , de Vries Jan 
Published: May 2012

PURPOSE:  This pilot study sought to examine the relationship between functional health patterns and accident proneness.METHODS:  A quantitative‐descriptive design was employed assessing accident proneness by collecting data on the occurrence of accidents among a sample of university graduates, and examining this in relation to biographical data and information collated using the Functional Health Pattern Assessment Screening Tool (FHPAST). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.FINDINGS:  One FHPAST factor predicted more frequent sports accidents. Age was also shown to be a significant predictor but in a counterintuitive way, with greater age predicting less accident proneness.CONCLUSION:  The FHPAST may have a role to play in accident prediction.IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE:  Functional health pattern assessment may be useful for predicting accidents.
SECTION OF MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING: THE CORRELATION OF FOUR‐BAR STRAIGHT‐LINE MOTION DEVICES BY MEANS OF THE ROBERTS THEOREM AND A DIRECT PROOF OF THE LATTER*
Authors: de Jonge A. E. Richard 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper deals with all the known straight‐line mechanisms of four bars showing their variants in numerous figures. Next it considers a new and simple direct proof of the Roberts Theorem and shows that the general assumption of two mechanisms existing which describe the same coupler curve when one hinge is replaced by a sliding pair holds true only for the “outer” or fixed hinges, but not for the inner or moving hinges, in which case there exists only one mechanism. This was not known previously.Finally, this paper demonstrates the application of the Roberts Theorem to the correlation of the four‐bar straight‐line mechanisms described and depicted in the first part. It also shows that the real reason for the results of the correlation lies in the position of the various mechanisms in the curvature system.
SECTION OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES: APPROACHES TO CYCLOBUTADIENE*
Authors: MÜLLER Eugen , Sauerbier Michael , Heiss Jürgen 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYWe tried to prepare a cyclobutadiene system by irradiating compounds containing triple bonds in an appropriate geometry, e.g. o‐bis(phenylethinyl)‐benzene and 1, 2‐diethinyl‐4, 5‐dimethyl‐benzene. Instead of cyclobutadiene derivatives still unknown dimeric systems are formed in an escape reaction. These new systems are bis‐azulenes that formally contain a s‐indacene but preferentially have a quasi‐aromatic character. There are strong indications that cyclobutadiene is an unstable intermediate of the photoreaction.
VIOLATION OF THE NONCROSSING RULE: THE HUBBARD HAMILTONIAN FOR BENZENE*
Authors: Heilmann Ole J. , Lieb Elliott H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe Hubbard Hamiltonian, while not one of the most successful models for φ electrons in benzene, has been extensively investigated in the literature. As part of our general study of that model, we have computed all the energy levels for all values of the repulsion parameter—a task that has not been undertaken before. After extracting all the symmetry of the model we found, to our great surprise, many instances of permanent degeneracy of levels with different symmetry and also crossing of levels of the same symmetry. We can also demonstrate that there is no hidden symmetry to account for these effects. Since these results run counter to one of the oldest folk theorems in quantum chemistry, our otherwise uninspiring graphs may be of general interest.