bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'efficacité du capital fixe dans l'industrie 1959-1979
Authors: Cette Gilbert 
Published: March 2011

The efficiency of fixed capital in industry, by Gilbert Cette.
The very appreciable inflection of the efficiency of productive fixed capital curve after 1974 —as well as that of the productivity of laborraises the question of a possible exhaustion of technological progress. However, we may wonder whether this inflection is not in great part ascribable to changes in the rate of utilization of production capacities and in the duration of the utilization of equipment.
This article analyzes the evolution between 1960 and 1979, of the efficiency of fixed capital in French industry, broken down into three major branches: intermediate goods, capital goods, and consumer goods.
Part one, which is very descriptive, shows that the inflection, after 1974, of the apparent efficiency of capital curve in the different branches of industry seems to be a consequence of variations in the rate and duration of the utilization of equipment. Given a constant duration of utilization, the evolution of the potential efficiency of «material» capital was very steady over the whole period. The potential hourly efficiency of the totality of fixed capital (material + buildings), likewise underwent no inflexion in 1974, but did not evolve in the same way. Indeed, growth in «buildings» capital was very scanty between 1959 and 1979, yet it did inflect slightly upwards after 1969. Therefore, given a constant duration of utilization of equipment, the potential efficiency of total fixed capital rose steadily from 1959 to 1969, then became stable until 1979.
In part two, the estimation of a production function with complementary factors confirms these results. Here, fixed capital was measured in terms of «material» capital, more appropriate for an econometric study of the relation between potential production and capital stock. Estimates definitely show remarkable stability of technological progress coefficients, which modify the potential hourly efficiency of material capital.
The downward inflexion of the apparent efficiency of industrial fixed capital from 1973-1974, thus appears to be less ascribable to an exhaustion of technological progress and slowing up of its spread to the most recent generations of capital, than it is ascribable to changes occuring, from the very beginning of the crisis, in the utilization (rate and duration) of industrial equipment.
Présentation du modèle de demande d'énergie de la direction de la prévision
Authors: Baudet Pierre-Alain 
Published: March 2011

Presentation of the Forecast Direction Model for
energy needs,
by Pierre Alain Baudet.
The model, in which six sectors and four types of energy are distinguished, econometrically determines short-term needs in terms of macroeco- nomic variables as well as energy utilization costs. These costs are related to the cost of imported energy sources which are dependent upon the cost of crude oil, which in turn is an exogenous input. Aside from primary consumption per energy category, the model evaluates imports, after deduction of national production and stock variations, as well as fiscal revenue associated with the consumption of energy products.
An estimate of need relationships makes it possible to show that prices have a generally significant effect on those relationships. The consequences of a 10% increase in the price of crude oil leads to a short-term drop of 0.8% over the entire range of primary needs, according to the model.
Le modèle Défi : problématique, principaux concepts et applications
Authors: Péronnet François , Rocherieux François 
Published: March 2011

The Défi model : rationale, principal concepts and applications, by François Péronnet and François Rocherieux.
An overall model of the system of production is required to understand the incidence of the evolution of the division of labor upon the allocation of employment. Interindustry relations must be taken into account in developing such a model. But to ensure unequivocal interpretation of data, the model should be limited to the national economy: interrelations based on exchanges of goods and services produced within the national economy during the period under consideration should alone be taken into account in analyzing the allocation of employment. Imported production factors, or those provided by stocks of capital goods produced in prior periods, should be considered as being primary in this model, as opposed to factors produced during the period. The set of data provided by the model is structured within an original framework, based on theoretical divisions on the basis of a) final outlets and b) analysis of production according to the primary factors consumed. The concepts of economic channel and macroeconomic section (as distinguished from macroeconomic sector) then shed new light on the dynamics of employment, as these two traditionally distinct levels of analysis are systematically placed in perspective. The applications of the Defi model are then developed along three major lines of investigation: the structure of production system channels, macroeconomic specialization with respect to domestic and international outlets, and the development of indicators of overall productivity.
Filières du système productif et sections macroéconomiques
Authors: Rocherieux François 
Published: March 2011

Production system channels and macroeconomic
sections,
by François Rocherieux.
The analysis of economic specialization, seen both in terms of final outlets for goods and in terms of the relations among the agents of the system of production, must be based on interindustry model theory. In light of the proposed scope of investigation, sectional analysis and intersectional synthesis are called for at the macroeconomic level to serve as a functional reconstruction of the division of labor; structurally, the division of labor within the system of production is represented by the entire set of production channels. These concepts are defined on the basis of an extended formalization of interdustry-analysis methods. The resulting framework then enables a critical investigation into the often-proposed notions of « channel » and of the division into macroeconomic categories. Finally, the Defi model is seen in the perspective of a generalized analysis of the division of labor which locates the system of production in the context of economic time and space.
Méthodologie de l'évaluation des effets macroéconomiques de projets microéconomiques ou d'interventions publiques spécifiques
Authors: Gaudemet Jean-Philippe , Walliser Bernard 
Published: March 2011

Methodology of evaluation of the macroeconomic
effects of microeconomic projects or specific public
interventions,
by J.P. Gaudemet, B. Walliser.
The article attempts to articulate the descriptive or normative microeconomic and macroeconomic instruments used in the study of public interventions or projects. It lists and compares the usual heterogeneous and incomplete practices and reposits them in a general methodological frame.
The microeconomic insertion of public interventions concerns the behaviour's adaptation of one or more agents to changes in his immediate economic environment. The mesoeconomic insertion reflects the intra and intersector spreading effects of the projects in the productive system. The macroeconomic insertion is a mix of driving effects caused by the chaining up of behavious and crowding out effects resulting from constraints. The evaluation of projects and public interventions involves comparison or joint use of the microeconomic critérium —the discounted collective surplus— and the macroeconomic critérium —a public objective function —
Facteurs de production et résultats des groupes industriels publics de 1973 à 1981
Authors: Le Foll Jean 
Published: March 2011

Production factors and results of the public industrial groups in the period 1973-1981,
by J. Le Foll.
Based on the data published annually by the principal firms and the large industrial groups which are now public, this study analyzes the trend, since the first oil crisis, of the principal indicators concerning the production factors —investment and employment— and the operating results of those production units —sales and gross and net results. It takes an approach complementing the monographic studies and refined evaluations of the share of the enlarged public sector in the various national industrial segments and discusses the trend of those indicators in six relatively homogeneous categories of public groups the old public chemical, nuclear, steel and other groups, newly nationalized intermediate goods groups, old public and newly nationalized capital goods groups.
Despite the somewhat disparate nature of the basic data and the insufficiency of the information as to the external growth of the groups in the period 1973-1981, the study brings out notable differences among the groups, the decline of steel and the emergence of the very capital- intensive uranium processing segment are the most massive and doubtless the best known. Over the nine-year period, the differences in trends and behavior between the old public and newly nationalized groups are quite significant in the case of the former, the government s actions assisted in maintaining a counter-cyclical trend of the production factors despite low earnings throughout the period , in the case of the latter, hard hit by the recession, production and sales abroad coupled with external growth resulted in significant expansion in the capital goods sectors but failed to prevent a decline in intermediate goods.
The study does not go into the new departures of the government's policy vis-a-vis the industrial public sector. But the analysis of past developments demonstrates strong trends and certain structural characteristics which will hinder the future growth of this complex set of enterprises aging of the production factors in several sectors, employment downtrend, deterioration of earnings late in the period. It thus appears that the industrial public sector's contribution to economic and social development calls for material adaptation and international outreach on the part of these groups.
Étude de l'intensification et de la substituabilité des facteurs de production de l'agriculture française, d'après le Rica, 1970-1978
Authors: Bedin Philippe , Buffard Pascal , Pinon Pierre 
Published: March 2011

Effects of increased input intensivity and factor substitution in French agriculture, according to Rica data (1970-1978),
by Philippe Bedin, Pascal Buffard, Pierre Pinon.
The paper is a contribution to the French debate on "Productivism" in agriculture. Following permanent samples of farms over time, after ranking them according to changes in their factor allocation, it can be observed that farms becoming more input intensive per hectare or capital intensive per unit of labor, would get better economic results than average.
The method used is an empirical Markov chain analysis.
Data are taken from Rica (Réseau d'information comptable agricole) for the period 1970-1978.
Taxe d'habitation, revenu et impôt sur le revenu en 1980 : un constat
Authors: Duché Annick , Pontagnier Christian 
Published: March 2011

Inhabited house tax, income and income tax in 1980:
a report,
by Annick Duché and Christian Pontagnier.

The inhabited house tax, which is the subject this article deals with, is one of the mam taxes collected on behalf of French local authorities. This study has been carried out owing to a model called Taxhab, which is based upon the sample of the 1 979 income survey, just like income tax model Mir 5. It puts together the 1979 income tax and the 1980 inhabited house tax, which are most of the time paid the same year.

It is shown first of all that the tax studied, which concerns here only metropolitan main dwelling-places, is correctly represented both on national and regional levels.

National results are gathered in a first part. On an average, the inhabited house tax grows with income, but less rapidly than the latter. It is statistically degressive whereas income tax is strongly progressive; the absolute concentration of the tax is also presented

The dependance of the tax on various criteria related to the taxpayer himself (age, profession) is then studied.

In the last part, geographic variations of the tax are put forward, showing a strong dispersion between regions, urban units of different sizes, and towns.

This article is completed by several technical documents and illustrated by numerous tables, graphs, maps.
A Unique Hybrid Renal Mononuclear Phagocyte Activation Phenotype in Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Nephritis
Authors: Bethunaickan Ramalingam , Berthier Celine C. , Ramanujam Meera , Sahu Ranjit , Zhang Weijia , Sun Yezou , Bottinger Erwin P. , Ivashkiv Lionel , Kretzler Matthias , Davidson Anne 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Renal infiltration with mononuclear cells is associated with poor prognosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. A renal macrophage/dendritic cell signature is associated with the onset of nephritis in NZB/W mice, and immune-modulating therapies can reverse this signature and the associated renal damage despite ongoing immune complex deposition. In nephritic NZB/W mice, renal F4/80hi/CD11cint macrophages are located throughout the interstitium, whereas F4/80lo/CD11chi dendritic cells accumulate in perivascular lymphoid aggregates. We show here that F4/80hi/CD11cint renal macrophages have a Gr1lo/Ly6Clo/VLA4lo/MHCIIhi/CD43lo/CD62Llo phenotype different from that described for inflammatory macrophages. At nephritis onset, F4/80hi/CD11cint cells upregulate cell surface CD11b, acquire cathepsin and matrix metalloproteinase activity, and accumulate large numbers of autophagocytic vacuoles; these changes reverse after the induction of remission. Latex bead labeling of peripheral blood Gr1lo monocytes indicates that these are the source of F4/80hi/CD11cint macrophages. CD11chi/MHCIIlo dendritic cells are found in the kidneys only after proteinuria onset, turnover rapidly, and disappear rapidly after remission induction. Gene expression profiling of the F4/80hi/CD11cint population displays increased expression of proinflammatory, regulatory, and tissue repair/degradation-associated genes at nephritis onset that reverses with remission induction. Our findings suggest that mononuclear phagocytes with an aberrant activation profile contribute to tissue damage in lupus nephritis by mediating both local inflammation and excessive tissue remodeling.
Functionalized Conducting Polymer Nano‐Networks from Controlled Oxidation Polymerization toward Cell Engineering
Authors: Luo Shyh‐Chyang , Zhu Bo , Nakao Aiko , Nakatomi Reiko , Yu Hsiao‐hua 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this work we present a general approach for bulk synthesis of various functionalized conducting polymer nano‐networks. 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) dimers are used to initiate the chemical polymerization of functionalized EDOT in the solvent system with high polarity, which leads to better control of the oxidation polymerization. Under these reaction conditions, various functionalized EDOT monomers form polymeric nano‐network structures. We also evaluate the cell growth and cell viability on these conducting polymer nano‐networks. The nano‐networks provide highly biocompatible materials for PC12 cells and they show nice attachment on the surface. These properties of functionalized conducting polymer nano‐networks indicate a promising platform for cell engineering.
Concentration Polarization of Salt‐Containing Liquid Electrolytes
Authors: Maier Joachim 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUsing the example of Li‐battery electrolytes, the importance of the concept of conservative ensembles for polarization behavior and transference measurements of salt‐containing liquid electrolytes is stressed. The conventional evaluation of the stationary values fails if the ion pair is mobile and can act as a vehicle of a single ion such as Li+. The necessary generalization is considered. While the analytical form of the time dependence of voltage or current is not affected provided the ion pairing is sufficiently fast, the diffusion coefficient contains nontrivial extra contributions. Finally, soggy‐sand electrolytes are inspected, in which polarization occurs in the space‐charge zones.
Stimuli Responsive Delivery Vehicles for Cardiac Microtissue Transplantation
Authors: Pedron S. , van Lierop S. , Horstman P. , Penterman R. , Broer D. J. , Peeters E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCell transplantation has emerged as the most promising therapy for restoring the scarred myocardium in the treatment of heart failure. However, clinical efficacy of (stem) cell therapies is still limited by poor retention rate and survival of injected cells in the ischemic tissue. Here we present a new strategy to deliver microtissues in the treatment of heart dysfunction in order to improve the retention, survival, and integration of the delivered cells. For this purpose, we developed stimuli responsive biodegradable polymer constructs consisting of a thin film of thermosensitive hydrogel coupled to a thin film of non‐responsive polymer. Due to the temperature responsive swelling behavior of the hydrogel layer, the bilayer polymer constructs can roll or unroll at will. Therefore they can potentially be used for efficient encapsulation and protection of cell clusters during delivery, while under physiological conditions, the constructs, named cell wraps, can unroll and expose the delivered microtissue to the ischemic tissue.
ST101 induces a novel 17kDa APP cleavage that precludes Aβ generation in vivo
Authors: Green Kim N. , Khashwji Hasan , Estrada Tatiana , LaFerla Frank M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjective:Inhibiting Aβ generation is a prime therapeutic goal for preventing or treating Alzheimer disease. Here we sought to identify any disease‐modifying properties of an azaindolizinone derivative, spiro[imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine‐3,2‐idan]‐2(3H)‐one (ST101 or ZSET1446).Methods:The effects of ST101 were studied in 3xTg‐AD mice and young cynomolgus monkeys using a combination of biochemical and histological analyses.Results:Here we describe that ST101 induces cleavage of APP protein at a novel site, generating a 17kDa C‐terminal fragment. This 17kDa APP cleavage product does not appear to be a substrate for either α‐ or β‐secretase, and thus bypasses generation of Aβ. ST101 is orally active, efficacious at low doses, improves memory function, and robustly reduces brain Aβ in transgenic mice and nonhuman primates.Interpretation:Using rodent and nonhuman primate models, we show that ST101 represents a novel class of small molecules that reduce central nervous system levels of Aβ by inducing an alternate pathway of APP cleavage. ANN NEUROL 2010;
Developmental toxicity of fungicide carbendazim in female mice
Authors: Farag Amina , Ebrahim Hala , ElMazoudy Reda , Kadous Ezzat 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study investigated the developmental toxicity of carbendazim during the organogenesis period in mice. Mated CD‐1 mice were administered carbendazim at dose levels 0, 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg/day by gavage. Body weights, weight gains, and feed consumption were significantly reduced in mice administered with 300 and 600 mg/kg/day. Carbendazim exposure increased maternal levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, protein, and creatinine; and reduced the levels of estradiol and progesterone in the 300‐ and 600‐mg/kg/day groups. In addition, exposure to carbendazim significantly reduced the number of live fetuses and increased the number of dead and resorptions at the same dose levels. External, visceral, and skeleton malformations were observed in the 300‐ and 600‐mg/kg/day. In conclusion, exposure of pregnant mice to carbendazim induced maternal and developmental toxicity at 300 and 600 mg/kg/day. 150 mg/kg/day carbendazim produced a very slight increase in postimplantation loss, which was within the range of historical controls, and no evidence of maternal toxicity. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:122–130, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic exposure to diclofenac disturbs actin organization and leads to myofibril misalignment
Authors: Chen Ying‐Hsin , Chang Chao‐Yuan , Wang Yun‐Hsin , Wen Chi‐Chung , Chen Yun‐Chen , Hu Sheng‐Chuan , Yu Dah‐Shyong , Chen Yau‐Hung 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the embryotoxicity of diclofenac. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at 12 hpf were treated with different dosages of diclofenac (0–2,000 ppm) for different time courses (12–72 hr). Results showed no evident differences in survival rates or morphological changes between the mock‐treated control (0 ppm) zebrafish embryos and those with 1‐ppm diclofenac‐exposure (12–24, 12–36 hpf). In contrast, after higher doses (5 and 10 ppm) of exposure, embryos displayed some defective phenotypes, including malformed somite boundary, a twisted body axis, and shorter body length. In addition, diclofenac‐treated embryos exhibited significantly reduced frequencies of spontaneous in‐chorion contractions in comparison with mock‐control littermates (mock‐control: 13.20±2.24 vs. 5–10 ppm diclofenac: 6.66±1.35–3.03±1.84). Subtle changes were easily observed by staining with specific monoclonal antibodies F59 and phalloidin to detect morphological changes in muscle fibers and formation of F‐actin, respectively. Our data show that diclofenac treatment disturbs actin organization and muscle fiber alignment, thus causing malformed somite phenotypes. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:139–147, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biofilm deformation in response to fluid flow in capillaries
Authors: Vo Garret D. , Heys Jeffrey 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBiofilms are complex mixtures of microorganisms and extracellular matrix that exist on many wetted surfaces. Recently, magnetic resonance microscopy has been used to measure fluid velocities near biofilms that are attached to the walls of capillary channels. These velocity measurements showed unexpectedly high secondary velocities (i.e., high velocity magnitudes perpendicular to the direction of bulk flow and perpendicular to the surface that the biofilm is attached), and the presence of high secondary velocities near a biofilm could increase the delivery of substrates to the biofilm. A mathematical model, based on the immersed boundary method, is used here to examine the physical interaction between a biofilm and a moving fluid in a capillary and to analyze possible factors that may contribute to the elevated secondary velocities observed experimentally. The simulation predicts the formation of a recirculation downstream of a biofilm, and this recirculation deforms and lifts the biofilm upward from the surface to which the biofilm is attached. Changing the mechanical properties (i.e., stiffness) of the biofilm impacts both the lifting of the biofilm and the magnitude of the secondary velocities. The maximum lifting of the biofilm occurs when the biofilm properties are similar to previous experimental measurements, which indicates that the mechanical properties of the biofilm may be tuned for the generation of maximum secondary velocity magnitude and transport of substrates to the biofilm. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1893–1899. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.