bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Series of Macrocyclic Hybrids and Analogues of the Antimitotic Natural Products Dictyostatin, Discodermolide, and Taxol
Authors: Paterson Ian , Naylor Guy J. , Gardner Nicola M. , Guzmán Esther , Wright Amy E. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a series of hybrids and analogues of the microtubule‐stabilizing anticancer agents dictyostatin, discodermolide, and taxol is described. A 22‐membered macrolide scaffold was prepared by adapting earlier synthetic routes directed towards dictyostatin and discodermolide, taking advantage of the distinctive structural and stereochemical similarities between these two polyketide‐derived marine natural products. Initial endeavors towards accessing novel discodermolide/dictyostatin hybrids led to the adoption of a late‐stage diversification strategy and the construction of a small library of methyl‐ether derivatives, along with the first triple hybrids bearing the side‐chain of taxol or taxotere attached through an ester linkage. Biological assays of the anti‐proliferative activity of these compounds in a series of human cancer cell lines, including the taxol‐resistant NCI/ADR‐Res cell line, allowed the proposal of various structure–activity relationships. This led to the identification of a potent macrocyclic discodermolide/dictyostatin hybrid 12 and its C9 methoxy derivative 38, accessible by an efficient total synthesis and with a similar biological profile to dictyostatin.
Seasonal variations in the diurnal patterns of convection in Cameroon–Nigeria and their neighboring areas
Authors: Vondou Derbetini A. , Nzeukou Armand , Lenouo André , Mkankam Kamga F. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractHigh‐resolution (5‐km, 30‐min) Meteosat 7 infrared images are used to document seasonal variations of the diurnal cycle of convective activity over Cameroon and Nigeria during the period 1998‐2002. Cloud fraction, considered to diagnose the properties of cold clouds, is derived by using a threshold of brightness temperatures less than 235 K, thus providing a detailed view of regional differences in the diurnal patterns. The features of the diurnal cycle of convection were investigated for six sampled regions. Over land, the diurnal cycle of convection is mainly controlled by the radiative heating and associated low‐level destabilization. Strong spatial variations exist in the seasonal amplitude of diurnal cycle, highlighting that complex orography, land‐sea contrast and coastline curvature play an important role in modulating the spatial and diurnal patterns of convection. There is consistent noon diurnal peak without obvious seasonal variations of the phase over the ocean. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Discriminating between natural and anthropogenic aerosol contributions to optical depth over Afro‐Asian region
Authors: Deepshikha S. , Srinivasan J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTo accurately assess the impact of anthropogenic aerosols on climate, spatial and temporal distribution of its radiative properties is essential. The first step towards separating the radiative impact of natural aerosol from its anthropogenic counterparts is to gather information on natural aerosols. In this paper, we have used data from multiple satellites to derive the anthropogenic aerosol fraction (AAF) over the Afro‐Asian region. The AAF was largest during the pre‐monsoon season (May–June) and lowest during winter. We have shown that over desert locations the AAF was unexpectedly large (>0.4) and the regionally (and annually) averaged anthropogenic fraction over the Afro‐Asian region was 0.54 ± 0.12. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Increase in the pre‐monsoon rainfall over the Indian summer monsoon region
Authors: Sathiyamoorthy V. , Shukla Bipasha Paul , Pal P.K. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractExamination of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) rainfall datasets, both available for the past 31 years (1979–2009), suggests that rainfall has increased considerably over the pre‐monsoon rainfall belts of the Bay of Bengal (BoB) and Southeast Arabian Sea (SEA) during May. The rainfall rate has increased by 83.9% (94.5%) over SEA and 54.6% (19.6%) over BoB in the GPCP (CMAP) dataset during the study period. During the study period, the atmospheric temperature has increased over north/northwestern parts of the Indian summer monsoon region in May, which has possibly caused more rain by enhancing the meridional pressure gradient. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
The dependency of geoengineered sulfate aerosol on the emission strategy
Authors: Niemeier U. , Schmidt H. , Timmreck C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe climatic effect of geoengineered stratospheric sulfate aerosol depends on the strategy for sulfur emission that determines the microphysical evolution of the resulting sulfate layer, in particular the radius and radiative impact of the aerosols. Simulations with a three‐dimensional general circulation model (GCM), including an aerosol microphysical model, show e.g. decreasing sulfate lifetime with increasing emission rate. Furthermore, scenarios that differ with respect to location, local and temporal distribution and chemical composition of the emissions are studied. The study shows detailed information on particle radius, sulfate burden and radiative impact for these scenarios. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
The methodology of multiple criteria decision making/aiding in public transportation
Authors: Zak Jacek 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe paper presents methodological overview of the application of Multiple Criteria Decision Making/Aiding (MCDM/A) in public transportation. It explains why MCDM/A methodology is so important while dealing with different categories of decision problems that arise in mass transit systems. Major features and basic notions of MCDM/A methodology are presented. Different categories of MCDM/A methods are characterized and classified. Two case studies demonstrate possible applications of MCDM/A methodology in public transportation. In the first case study multiple objective evaluation of the mass transit system developments' scenarios is carried out. Four variants of the mass transit system are evaluated by a consistent family of criteria with an application of ELECTRE III method. The second case study refers to optimization of the crew size in the mass transit system operated by a public transportation company (PTC). Multiple objective mathematical programing problem is formulated and solved by a combination of an original, customized heuristic procedure implemented in a computer software PEOPLE and the Light Beam Search (LBS) method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of an integrated system based vehicle tracking algorithm with shadow removal and occlusion handling methods
Authors: Oh Jutaek , Min Joonyoung , Heo Byungdo 
Published: October 2010

AbstractVideo image processing system (VIPS) is more efficient than other detecting systems. However, VIPS involves outdoor images and is very sensitive to the external environment, which could greatly decrease its accuracy according to rapid environmental changes. To obtain accurate traffic data accordingly, VIPS must address the problems such as growing shadows in transition; distortion of images due to the headlights at night; noises caused by the rain, snow or fog; and occlusions.This study intends to accurately calculate traffic data while addressing the shadow and occlusion problems, which are the most difficult tasks for the image‐detector‐based traffic data system. In this study, an algorithm for the individual vehicle tracking collection was developed to address the occlusion problem and to eliminate the noises or shadows caused by external environmental factors. A traffic data collection system was also proposed in order to accurately track individual vehicles that pass through the detection region. In addition, establishing an integrated system with shadow removal and occlusion handling using an image processing was also proposed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of combined radiofrequency radiation exposure on the cell cycle and its regulatory proteins
Authors: Lee Kwan‐Yong , Kim Bong Cho , Han Na‐Kyung , Lee Yun‐Sil , Kim Taehong , Yun Jae‐Hoon , Kim Nam , Pack Jeong‐Ki , Lee Jae‐Seon 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate whether single or combined radio frequency (RF) radiation exposure has effects on the cell cycle and its regulatory proteins. Exposure of MCF7 cells to either single (837 MHz) or combined (837 and 1950 MHz) RF radiation was conducted at specific absorption rate values of 4 W/kg for 1 h. During the exposure period, the chamber was made isothermal by circulating water through the cavity. After RF radiation exposure, DNA synthesis rate and cell cycle distribution were assessed. The levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins, p53, p21, cyclins, and cyclin‐dependent kinases were also examined. The positive control group was exposed to 0.5 and 4 Gy doses of ionizing radiation (IR) and showed changes in DNA synthesis and cell cycle distribution. The levels of p53, p21, cyclin A, cyclin B1, and cyclin D1 were also affected by IR exposure. In contrast to the IR‐exposed group, neither the single RF radiation‐ nor the combined RF radiation‐exposed group elicited alterations in DNA synthesis, cell cycle distribution, and levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins. These results indicate that neither single nor combined RF radiation affect cell cycle progression. Bioelectromagnetics 32:169–178, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by GSM 900 and WCDMA mobile phones on cognitive function in young male subjects
Authors: Sauter Cornelia , Dorn Hans , Bahr Achim , Hansen Marie‐Luise , Peter Anita , Bajbouj Malek , Danker‐Hopfe Heidi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractResults of studies on the possible effects of electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on cognitive functions are contradictory, therefore, possible effects of long‐term (7 h 15 min) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure to handset‐like signals of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 900 and Wideband Code‐Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) on attention and working memory were studied. The sample comprised 30 healthy male subjects (mean ± SD: 25.3 ± 2.6 years), who were tested on nine study days in which they were exposed to three exposure conditions (sham, GSM 900 and WCDMA) in a randomly assigned and balanced order. All tests were presented twice (morning and afternoon) on each study day within a fixed timeframe. Univariate comparisons revealed significant changes when subjects were exposed to GSM 900 compared to sham, only in the vigilance test. In the WCDMA exposure condition, one parameter in the vigilance and one in the test on divided attention were altered compared to sham. Performance in the selective attention test and the n‐back task was not affected by GSM 900 or WCDMA exposure. Time‐of‐day effects were evident for the tests on divided and selective attention, as well as for working memory. After correction for multiple testing, only time‐of‐day effects remained significant in two tests, resulting in faster reactions in the afternoon trials. The results of the present study do not provide any evidence of an EMF effect on human cognition, but they underline the necessity to control for time of day. Bioelectromagnetics 32:179–190, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Psychopharmaka im Sozialismus. Arzneimittelregulierung in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik in den 1960er Jahren
Authors: Klöppel Ulrike , Balz Viola 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPsychotropic Drugs in Socialism? Drug Regulation in the German Democratic Republic in the 1960s. The peculiarities of drug regulation in the GDR are best described by a historical reconstruction of a concrete field of practice. The article analyses the regulation of psychotropic drugs by focussing on the centralised planning and control of pharmaceutical research and development in the 1960s. Its starting point is the observation that an introduction of certain psychotropic drugs like tranquilizers was initially controversial in the GDR. As a consequence, the key question is how an agreement over their medical and economic benefit was reached eventually. The article shows how in the course of the 1960s a discursive arrangement between the medical profession, pharmaceutical industry and the state apparatus emerged, which was supported by an increased political involvement of leading scientists and the directing staff of enterprises.
Fluorescence spectrometric study on the interaction of tamibarotene with bovine serum albumin
Authors: Ye Huazhen , Qiu Bin , Lin Zhenyu , Chen Guonan 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTThe interaction between tamibarotene and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied using fluorescence quenching technique and ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry. The results of experiments showed that tamibarotene could strongly quench the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA by a dynamic quenching mechanism. The apparent binding constant, number of binding site and corresponding thermodynamic parameters at different temperatures were calculated respectively, and the main interaction force between tamibarotene and BSA was proved to be hydrophobic force. Synchronous fluorescence spectra showed that tamibarotene changed the molecular conformation of BSA. When BSA concentration was 1.00 × 10−6 mol L−1, the quenched fluorescence ΔF had a good linear relationship with the concentration of tamibarotene in the range 1.00 × 10−6 to 12.00 × 10−6 mol L−1 with the detection limit of 6.52 × 10−7 mol L−1. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of highly porous scaffolds for tissue engineering based on star‐shaped functional poly(ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Theiler Stefan , Mela Petra , Diamantouros Stefanos E. , Jockenhoevel Stefan , Keul Helmut , Möller Martin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe potential of novel functional star‐shaped poly(ε‐caprolactone)s of controlled molecular weight and low molecular weight distribution bearing acrylate end groups as material for biomedical applications was demonstrated in this study. The polymers were functionalized via Michael‐type addition of amino acid esters containing amino or thiol groups showing the potential for immobilization of biomolecules. Furthermore, scaffolds of different geometries were prepared by uniaxial freezing of polymer solutions followed by freeze drying. Different solvents and polymer concentrations were investigated, resulting in scaffolds with porosities between 76 and 96%. Mechanical properties of the scaffolds were investigated and the morphology was determined via scanning electron microscopy. Scaffolds with interconnected channels were prepared using benzene, 1,2‐dichloroethane or dioxane as solvent. The tubular longitudinal pores in honeycomb arrangement extend throughout the full extent of the scaffolds (typical pore sizes: 20–100 µm). Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:694–703. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Label‐free identification of bacterial microcolonies via elastic scattering
Authors: Bae Euiwon , Bai Nan , Aroonnual Amornrat , Bhunia Arun K. , Hirleman E. Daniel 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLabel‐free microcolony identification via elastic light scattering was investigated for three different genera: Salmonella enterica serovar Montevideo, Listeria monocytogenes F4244, and Escherichia coli DH5α. Microcolonies were defined as bacterial colonies in their late‐lag phase to early‐exponential phase with the diameter range of 100–200 µm. To link biophysical characteristics with corresponding scattering patterns, a phase contrast microscope and a confocal displacement meter were used to measure the colony diameter and its 3D height profile. The results indicated that the growth characteristics of microcolonies were encoded in their morphologies which correlated to the characteristic diffraction patterns. Proposed methodology was able to classify three genera based on comprehensive phenotypic map which incorporated growth speed, ring count, and colony diameter. While the proposed method illustrated the possibility of discriminating microcolonies in their early growth stage, more thorough biophysical understanding is needed to expand the technology to other species. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:637–644. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fragmentation of a highly purified monoclonal antibody attributed to residual CHO cell protease activity
Authors: Gao Sharon X. , Zhang Ying , Stansberry‐Perkins Kensey , Buko Alex , Bai Shujun , Nguyen Vanessa , Brader Mark L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMonoclonal antibody (mAb) fragmentation can be a widespread problem across the biotechnology industry and there is a current need to better understand the underlying principles. Here, we report an example of a high‐purity human IgG1 mAb prepared from CHO cells exhibiting fragmentation that can be attributed to residual proteolytic enzyme activity. The concomitant occurrence of proteolytic and non‐proteolytic peptide bond cleavage is shown and the respective fragmentation patterns characterized using high‐resolution LC–MS. Fragmentation rates are monitored by SE‐HPLC and SDS–PAGE over the pH range 4–6 and characterized in the presence and absence of pepstatin A, an inhibitor of acidic proteases. After 20 days at 40°C, pH 4, ∼60% decrease in BIIB‐mAb monomer peak occurred attributed to residual proteolytic activity. At pH 5, this value was ∼13%. These results have implications for formulation design studies and the interpretation of accelerated stability data. A simple method to screen for acidic protease activity using the proteolytic enzyme inhibitor pepstatin A is described. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:977–982. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrophobic salts markedly diminish viscosity of concentrated protein solutions
Authors: Du Wei , Klibanov Alexander M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractReducing viscosities of concentrated solutions of therapeutic proteins is important for their subcutaneous and intravenous delivery. Although inorganic salts and optimizing the pH were previously reported to dramatically lower the viscosity of a monoclonal antibody solution, herein we have determined these effects not to be general. Separately, we have found that hydrophobic ionic excipients, both anionic and cationic, substantially decrease the viscosity of concentrated (300–400 mg/mL) aqueous solutions of bovine serum albumin and γ‐globulin. The more hydrophobic the excipient, the greater its viscosity‐lowering effect is. With cationic ones, the concomitant contribution of the counter‐ion broadly follows the chaotropic order. The most potent excipients lower the viscosity over fourfold to levels far below the 50 cP threshold for subcutaneous injections. The observed viscosity reductions are rationalized in terms of three‐dimensional transient protein networks formed in concentrated solutions due to hydrophobic and, to a lesser extent, ionic interactions. These reversible protein aggregates are responsible for strong resistance to flow in concentrated protein solutions and hence their high viscosity; hydrophobic ions apparently effectively compete for these interprotein interactions, thereby giving rise to less viscous solutions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:632–636. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microalgal bacterial floc properties are improved by a balanced inorganic/organic carbon ratio
Authors: Van Den Hende Sofie , Vervaeren Han , Saveyn Hans , Maes Guy , Boon Nico 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMicroalgal bacterial floc (MaB‐floc) reactors have been suggested as a more sustainable secondary wastewater treatment. We investigated whether MaB‐flocs could be used as tertiary treatment. Tertiary influent has a high inorganic/organic carbon ratio, depending on the efficiency of the secondary treatment. In this study, the effect of this inorganic/organic carbon ratio on the MaB‐flocs performance was determined, using three sequencing batch photobioreactors. The MaB‐flocs were fed with synthetic wastewater containing 84, 42, and 0 mg L−1 C‐KHCO3 supplemented with 0, 42, 84 mg L−1 C‐sucrose, respectively, representing inorganic versus organic carbon. Bicarbonate significantly decreased the autotrophic index of the MaB‐flocs and resulted in poorly settling flocs. Moreover, sole bicarbonate addition led to a high pH of 9.5 and significant lower nitrogen removal efficiencies. Sucrose without bicarbonate resulted in good settling MaB‐flocs, high nitrogen removal efficiencies and neutral pH levels. Despite the lower chlorophyll a content of the biomass and the lower in situ oxygen concentration, 92–96% of the soluble COD‐sucrose was removed. This study shows that the inorganic/organic carbon ratio of the wastewater is of major importance and that organic carbon is requisite to guarantee a good performance of the MaB‐flocs for wastewater treatment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:549–558. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential effect of exocytic SNAREs on the production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells
Authors: Peng Ren‐Wang , Abellan Eric , Fussenegger Martin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMammalian cells play a dominant role in the industrial production of biopharmaceutical proteins. However, the productivity of producer cells is often hindered by a bottleneck in the saturated secretory pathway, where a sophisticated mechanism of vesicle trafficking is mediated by numerous proteins and their complexes, among which are the cross‐kingdom conserved SNAREs [soluble NSF (N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor) receptor]. The SNAREs assemble into complexes by means of four interactive α‐helices and, thus, trigger the fusion of transport vesicles with the respective target membranes. We report that the transgenic expression of exocytic SNAREs, which control the fusion of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane, differentially impacts the secretory capacity of HEK‐293, HeLa, and CHO‐K1 cells. While other exocytic SNAREs have no effect or a negative effect, SNAP‐23 [synaptosome‐associated protein of 23 kDa] and VAMP8 [vesicle‐associated membrane protein 8] specifically increase the production of recombinant proteins when they are ectopically and stably expressed in mammalian cells. The targeted and effective intervention in the secretory capacity of SNARE proteins is a novel engineering strategy, which could lead to the development of new therapies by increasing the production of biopharmaceutical proteins or by boosting the secretion of cell implants in cell therapy initiatives. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:611–620. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.