bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orientation‐selective functional magnetic resonance imaging adaptation in primary visual cortex revisited
Authors: Weigelt Sarah , Limbach Katharina , Singer Wolf , Kohler Axel 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe processing of orientations is at the core of our visual experience. Orientation selectivity in human visual cortex has been inferred from psychophysical experiments and more recently demonstrated with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). One method to identify orientation‐selective responses is fMRI adaptation, in which two stimuli—either with the same or with different orientations—are presented successively. A region containing orientation‐selective neurons should demonstrate an adapted response to the “same orientation” condition in contrast to the “different orientation” condition. So far, human primary visual cortex (V1) showed orientation‐selective fMRI adaptation only in experimental designs using prolonged pre‐adaptation periods (∼40 s) in combination with top‐up stimuli that are thought to maintain the adapted level. This finding has led to the notion that orientation‐selective short‐term adaptation in V1 (but not V2 or V3) cannot be demonstrated using fMRI. The present study aimed at re‐evaluating this question by testing three differently timed adaptation designs. With the use of a more sensitive analysis technique, we show robust orientation‐selective fMRI adaptation in V1 evoked by a short‐term adaptation design. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Movement related cortical potentials of cued versus self‐initiated movements: Double dissociated modulation by dorsal premotor cortex versus supplementary motor area rTMS
Authors: Lu Ming‐Kuei , Arai Noritoshi , Tsai Chon‐Haw , Ziemann Ulf 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) is thought to play a significant role in movement preparation cued by sensory information rather than in self‐initiated movements. The evidence in humans for this contention is still circumstantial. Here we explored the effects of modulation of PMd by excitability decreasing 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) versus excitability increasing 5 Hz rTMS on two forms of movement related cortical potentials: contingent negative variation (CNV) versus Bereitschaftspotential (BP) reflecting externally cued versus self‐triggered movement preparation. Ten healthy right‐handed subjects performed visually cued or self‐triggered simple sequential finger movements with their right hand. CNV and BP were recorded by 25 EEG electrodes covering the fronto‐centro‐parietal cortex and divided into an early (1500–500 ms before a go‐signal or movement onset) and a late potential (500–0 ms). MRI‐navigated 1 Hz rTMS of the left PMd resulted in significant increase of the late CNV over the left central region predominantly contralateral to the prepared right hand movement, while 5 Hz rTMS had no effect on CNV. In contrast, 1 and 5 Hz rTMS did not modify BP. Control experiments of 1 Hz rTMS of the supplementary motor area (SMA) and of low‐intensity 1 Hz rTMS of the left primary motor cortex did not change CNV, but 1 Hz SMA‐rTMS increased late BP. This double dissociation of effects of PMd‐rTMS versus SMA‐rTMS on CNV versus BP provides direct evidence that the left PMd in humans is more involved in preparatory processes of externally cued rather than self‐initiated movements, contrasting with an opposite role of the SMA. Hum Brain Mapp 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tracking emotional valence: The role of the orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Goodkind Madeleine S. , Sollberger Marc , Gyurak Anett , Rosen Howard J. , Rankin Katherine P. , Miller Bruce , Levenson Robert 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSuccessful navigation of the social world requires the ability to recognize and track emotions as they unfold and change dynamically. Neuroimaging and neurological studies of emotion recognition have primarily focused on the ability to identify the emotion shown in static photographs of facial expressions, showing correlations with the amygdala as well as temporal and frontal brain regions. In this study, we examined the neural correlates of continuously tracking dynamically changing emotions. Fifty‐nine patients with diverse neurodegenerative diseases used a rating dial to track continuously how positive or how negative the character in a film clip felt. Tracking accuracy was determined by comparing participants' ratings with the ratings of 10 normal control participants. The relationship between tracking accuracy and regional brain tissue content was examined using voxel‐based morphometry. Low tracking accuracy was primarily associated with gray matter loss in the right lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Our finding that the right OFC is critical to the ability to track dynamically changing emotions is consistent with previous research showing right OFC involvement in both socioemotional understanding and modifying responding in changing situations. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender differences in brain functional connectivity density
Authors: Tomasi Dardo , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe neural bases of gender differences in emotional, cognitive, and socials behaviors are largely unknown. Here, magnetic resonance imaging data from 336 women and 225 men revealed a gender dimorphism in the functional organization of the brain. Consistently across five research sites, women had 14% higher local functional connectivity density (lFCD) and up to 5% higher gray matter density than men in cortical and subcortical regions. The negative power scaling of the lFCD was steeper for men than for women, suggesting that the balance between strongly and weakly connected nodes in the brain is different across genders. The more distributed organization of the male brain than that of the female brain could help explain the gender differences in cognitive style and behaviors and in the prevalence of neuropsychiatric diseases (i.e., autism spectrum disorder). Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hemispheric specialization during mental imagery of brisk walking
Authors: Crémers Julien , Dessoullières Aurélie , Garraux Gaëtan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectives:Brisk walking, a sensitive test to evaluate gait capacity in normal and pathological aging such as parkinsonism, is used as an alternative to classical fitness program for motor rehabilitation and may help to decrease the risk of cognitive deterioration observed with aging. In this study, we aimed to identify brain areas normally involved in its control.Methods:We conducted a block‐design blood oxygen level dependent function magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) experiment in 18 young healthy individuals trained to imagine themselves in three main situations: brisk walking in a 25‐m‐long corridor, standing or lying. Imagined walking time (IWT) was measured as a control of behavioral performance during fMRI.Results:The group mean IWT was not significantly different from the actual walking time measured during a training session prior to the fMRI study. Compared with other experimental conditions, mental imagery (MI) of brisk walking was associated with stronger activity in frontal and parietal regions mainly on the right, and cerebellar hemispheres, mainly on the left. Presumed imagined walking speed (2.3 ± 0.4 m/s) was positively correlated with activity levels in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal lobule along with the vermis and the left cerebellar hemisphere.Interpretations:A new finding in this study is that MI of brisk walking in young healthy individuals strongly involves processes lateralized in right fronto‐parietal regions along with left cerebellum. These results show that brisk walking might be a non automatic locomotor activity requiring a high‐level supraspinal control. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The contributions of human resource development research across disciplines: A citation and content analysis
Authors: Jeung Chang‐Wook , Yoon Hea Jun , Park Sunyoung , Jo Sung Jun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe primary purpose of the current study is to identify how human resource development (HRD) research has contributed to the knowledge base across social science disciplines during the past two decades. We identified the top 20 Academy of Human Resource Development (AHRD) journal articles that have been most frequently cited in research articles published in journals other than the four AHRD journals. With the use of content analysis of the most‐cited articles, three key research themes were identified: (a) training transfer and evaluation, (b) learning in organizations, and (c) knowledge sharing and knowledge creation. The research contributions of HRD within the field of HRD and across disciplines are discussed.
The differences between hard and soft skills and their relative impact on training transfer
Authors: Laker Dennis R. , Powell Jimmy L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMost research and conceptualizing of training transfer assumes that the content of the training is irrelevant in whether or not or to what extent transfer is successful. The singular perspective that all training is the same when it comes to issues of training transfer is misguided. This is especially true for the types of training that have been traditionally referred to as hard‐skills (technical) and soft‐skills (intrapersonal and interpersonal) training. It is hypothesized that this singular perspective of making no differentiation between hard and soft skills can actually hinder training transfer. It is the contention of this article that this perspective masks significant differences between these two forms of training and the extent to which each transfers to the job. Anecdotal evidence has emphasized that soft‐skills training is significantly less likely to transfer from training to the job than hard‐skills training. Soft‐skills training, rather than hard‐skills training, has primarily been discussed in the HRD literature. This is easily reflected in reviews of the training‐transfer literature. Consequently, from this perspective, the work on training transfer has almost been exclusively based upon soft‐skills training. This focus on soft skills may be warranted by the specific difficulty in transferring soft skills (intrapersonal and interpersonal) rather than hard skills (technical). This lack of soft‐skill transfer results in an extremely costly waste of time, energy, and money. This article discusses differences that are hypothesized to exist between hard‐ (technical) and soft‐ (intrapersonal and interpersonal) skills training that we believe impact the degree of training transfer achieved. It is our belief that differentiating between hard and soft skills may add greatly to our understanding of training transfer and additional ways of its facilitation. This article also contends that development of a more robust and comprehensive model of training transfer must consider training content.
The Work Cognition Inventory: Initial evidence of construct validity
Authors: Nimon Kim , Zigarmi Drea , Houson Dobie , Witt David , Diehl Jim 
Published: March 2011

AbstractContemporary literature lacks a comprehensive set of constructs that provides for understanding both the organizational and job factors that influence employee work passion. Through a detailed analysis of literature, this research identifies eight constructs that form the basis for the appraisal of an employee's work experience with the use of both a job and an organizational focus. This article reports on the development and validation of a new instrument (Work Cognition Inventory) that measures the identified constructs. Data from three studies provide initial evidence of construct validity, discriminant validity, and convergent validity. Implications for the human resource development practitioner and future research are discussed.
Trends of stomach cancer mortality in Eastern Asia in 1950–2004: comparative study of Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore using age, period and cohort analysis
Authors: Tanaka Masahiro , Ma Enbo , Tanaka Hideo , Ioka Akiko , Nakahara Toshitaka , Takahashi Hideto 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTo characterize the temporal trends of stomach cancer mortality in Eastern Asia and to better interpret the causes of the trends, we performed age, period and cohort analysis (APC analysis) on the mortality rates in Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore during 1950–2004, as well as the rates in the US as a control population. For the APC analysis, Holford's approach was used to avoid the identification problem. Age‐standardized mortality rates (ASMR) decreased consistently in all four areas during the observation period in both males and females. Japan had the highest ASMR in both sexes, followed by Singapore, Hong Kong and the US, but the differences in ASMR among the four areas diminished with time. The results of APC analysis suggested that the decreasing mortality rates in Eastern Asia were caused by the combination of decreasing cohort effect since the end of the 1800s and decreasing period effect from the 1950s. The US showed similar results, but its decreases in the period and cohort effect preceded those of Eastern Asia. Possible causes for the decrease in the cohort effect include improvement in the socioeconomic conditions during childhood and a decrease in the prevalence of H. pylori infection, while possible causes for the decrease in the period effect include a decrease in dietary salt intake and improvements in cancer detection and treatment. These findings may help us to predict future changes in the mortality rates of stomach cancer.
DNA methylation‐mediated silencing of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐activated gene (NAG‐1/GDF15) in glioma cell lines
Authors: Kadowaki Mitsutoshi , Yoshioka Hiroki , Kamitani Hideki , Watanabe Takashi , Wade Paul A. , Eling Thomas E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐activated gene, NAG‐1, a transforming growth factor‐β member, is involved in tumor progression and development. The association between NAG‐1 expression and development and progression of glioma has not been well defined. Glioblastoma cell lines have lower basal expression of NAG‐1 than other gliomas and normal astrocytes. Most primary human gliomas have very low levels of NAG‐1 expression. NAG‐1 basal expression appeared to inversely correlate with tumor grade in glioma. Aberrant promoter hypermethylation is a common mechanism for silencing of tumor suppressor genes in cancer cells. In glioblastoma cell lines, NAG‐1 expression was increased by the demethylating agent, 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine. To investigate whether the NAG‐1 gene was silenced by hypermethylation in glioblastoma, we examined DNA methylation status using genomic bisulfite sequencing. The NAG‐1 promoter was densely methylated in several glioblastoma cell lines as well as in primary oligodendroglioma tumor samples, which have low basal expression of NAG‐1. DNA methylation at two specific sites (−53 and +55 CpG sites) in the NAG‐1 promoter was strongly associated with low NAG‐1 expression. The methylation of the NAG‐1 promoter at the −53 site blocks Egr‐1 binding and thereby suppresses Nag‐1 induction. Treatment of cells with low basal NAG‐1 expression with NAG‐1 inducer also did not increase NAG‐1. Incubation with a demethylation chemical increased Nag‐1 basal expression and subsequent incubation with a NAG‐1 inducer increased NAG‐1 expression. We concluded from these data that methylation of specific promoter sequences causes transcriptional silencing of the NAG‐1 locus in glioma and may ultimately contribute to tumor progression.
Promoter methylation and expression of MGMT and the DNA mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 in paired primary and recurrent glioblastomas
Authors: Felsberg Jörg , Thon Niklas , Eigenbrod Sabina , Hentschel Bettina , Sabel Michael C. , Westphal Manfred , Schackert Gabriele , Kreth Friedrich Wilhelm , Pietsch Torsten , Löffler Markus , Weller Michael , Reifenberger Guido , Tonn Jörg C. ,   for the German Glioma Network
Published: March 2011

AbstractEpigenetic silencing of the O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) gene promoter is associated with prolonged survival in glioblastoma patients treated with temozolomide (TMZ). We investigated whether glioblastoma recurrence is associated with changes in the promoter methylation status and the expression of MGMT and the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 in pairs of primary and recurrent glioblastomas of 80 patients, including 64 patients treated with radiotherapy and TMZ after the first operation. Among the primary tumors, the MGMT promoter was methylated in 31 patients and unmethylated in 49 patients. In 71 patients (89%), the MGMT promoter methylation status of the primary tumor was retained at recurrence. MGMT promoter methylation, but not MGMT protein expression, was associated with longer progression‐free survival, overall survival and postrecurrence survival (PRS). Moreover, PRS was increased under salvage chemotherapy. Investigation of primary and recurrent glioblastomas of 43 patients did not identify promoter methylation in any of the four MMR genes. However, recurrent glioblastomas demonstrated significantly lower MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 protein expression as detected by immunohistochemistry. In conclusion, reduced expression of MMR proteins, but not changes in MGMT promoter methylation, is characteristic of glioblastomas recurring after the current standards of care.
Cervical screening participation and risk among Swedish‐born and immigrant women in Sweden
Authors: Azerkan Fatima , Sparén Pär , Sandin Sven , Tillgren Per , Faxelid Elisabeth , Zendehdel Kazem 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCervical cancer is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide, although cervical screening has reduced the incidence in many high‐income countries. Low screening uptake among immigrant women may reflect differences in risk of cervical cancer. We investigated the degree of participation in cervical screening among immigrant and Swedish‐born women and their concurrent risk of cervical cancer based on individual information on Pap smears taken both from organized and opportunistic screening. Mean degree of participation in cervical screening was estimated for women between 23 and 60 years from 1993 to 2005, stratified by birth region and age at migration. In Poisson regression models, we estimated relative risks (RRs), incidence rates and incidence rate ratios of cervical cancer for women adhering or not to the cervical screening program. We also assessed effect of adherence to screening on the risk of cervical cancer among immigrant groups compared to Swedish‐born women. The degree of participation was 62% and 49% among Swedish‐born and immigrant women, respectively, with large variations between immigrant groups. Participation was lowest among those immigrating at older ages. Swedish‐born and immigrant women who where nonadherent to the cervical screening program had a fivefold excess risk of cervical cancer compared to adherent women. After adjustment for screening adherence, excess RRs of cervical cancer were statistically significant only for women from Norway and the Baltic States. Participation to screening is lower among immigrant than Swedish‐born women, and adherence to the recommended screening intervals strongly prevents cervical cancer.
The effect of methylmercury exposure on early central nervous system development in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo
Authors: Hassan S. A. , Moussa E. A. , Abbott L. C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTMuch attention is focused on environmental contamination by heavy metals. The heavy metal mercury is found worldwide and is ranked number 3 on the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act substance list. We examined the effect of low‐level methylmercury exposure on central nervous system development of wild‐type zebrafish embryos (ZFEs) of the AB strain because methylmercury is the most common form of mercury to which humans are exposed in the environment. ZFEs were exposed to nine different concentrations of methylmercury [0 (negative control), 5, 10, 50, 80, 100, 200, 500 and 1000 parts per billion (μg l−1)] starting at 6 h post‐fertilization, which is the time the neural tube is first beginning to form. ZFEs were exposed to 2% ethanol as positive controls (100% embryonic death). ZFEs were assessed at 30, 54, 72 and 96 h post‐fertilization for changes in embryonic development, mortality, time of hatching and morphological deformities. No abnormalities were observed in ZFEs exposed to 5 μg l−1 methylmercury. The time of hatching from the chorion was delayed in ZFEs exposed to methylmercury concentrations of 50 μg l−1 or higher. Significantly more ZFEs exposed to 0, 5 or 10 μg l−1 methylmercury successfully completed hatching compared with ZFEs exposed to 50 μg l−1 or higher methylmercury. ZFEs exposed to more than 200 μg l−1 methylmercury exhibited 100% embryonic mortality. The rate of cell proliferation within the neural tube was significantly decreased in embryos exposed to 10, 50 and 80 μg l−1 methylmercury and there were no differences between these doses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathologic calcification of adult vascular smooth muscle cells differs on their crest or mesodermal embryonic origin
Authors: Leroux-Berger Margot , Queguiner Isabelle , Maciel Thiago T , Ho Andrew , Relaix Frédéric , Kempf Hervé 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Vascular calcifications can occur in the elderly and in patients suffering from various diseases. Interestingly, depending on the pathology, different regions of the arterial system can be affected. Embryonic observations have clearly indicated that vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) origin is notably heterogeneous. For instance, in the aorta, VSMCs colonizing the aortic arch region derive from cardiac neural crest cells, whereas those populating the descending aorta derive from the mesoderm. We examined here whether the embryonic origin of aortic VSMCs would correlate with their ability to mineralize. Under hyperphosphatemic conditions that induce vascular calcifications, we performed ex vivo aortic explant cultures as well as in vitro VSMC cultures from wild-type mice. Our data showed that VSMC embryonic origin affects their ability to mineralize. Indeed, the aortic arch media made up of VSMCs of neural crest origin calcifies significantly earlier than the descending aorta composed of VSMCs, which are mesoderm-derived. Similar results were obtained with cultured VSMCs harvested from both aortic regions. We also demonstrated that in a mouse model deficient in matrix Gla protein, a potent calcification inhibitor, developing extensive and spontaneous medial calcifications of the aorta, lesions initiate in the aortic arch. Subsequently, calcifications progress outside the aortic arch region and ultimately spread all over the entire arterial tree, including the descending aorta. Altogether, our results support an unsuspected correlation between VSMCs of embryonic origin and the timing of appearance of calcifications. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.