bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE HANDICAP OF ABNORMAL COLOUR VISION
Authors: Cole Barry L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe usefulness of colour coding in industry and the inherited defects of colour vision are briefly reviewed. Operations involving judgment of colour are categorised into four classes: those involving comparative judgment of colour; those involving connotative recognition of colour; those involving denotative recognition and those involving aesthetic judgment. Guidelines for the employment of people with defective colour vision are argued for each category.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCES WITH THE ASPHERIC CONOCOID LENS
Authors: Connor J. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTI have outlined how the idea of the conicoid back surface originated in the inventive mind of Dr. David Volk and how it became a practical reality as a result of intensive development at the Hirst Laboratory in Auckland and at the Obrig Laboratory In the U.S.A.The lens is unique in its continuously aspheric back surface, flattening from centre to edge thus mimicking the form of the anterior surface of the cornea. This aspheric surface is fabricated in one continuous cut and is accurately repeatable. As a result of its construction and close fitting characteristics, the lens offers minimal obstruction to the upper lid during blinking and lens mass is kept to a minimum, thereby minimising the increase in temperature and oxygen demand at the epithelium. The lens has demonstrated an ease of fitting. a minimum of epithelial disturbance and it has been widely accepted by practitioners in New Zealand.
PLASMA VASOPRESSIN IN HYPERCALCAEMIC STATES
Authors: ROBINSON B. G. , POSEN S. , CLIFTON‐BLIGH P. , MORRIS B. J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Plasma vasopressin was measured by radioimmunoassay in eight normal subjects and in six patients with hypercalcaemia. Vasopressin levels were significantly elevated in the hypercalcaemic patients, although urine osmolalities were lower than in controls. This finding is consistent with a renal resistance to the action of endogenous vasopressin in hypercalcaemia.
IS THERE AN IgM NEPHROPATHY?
Authors: MURPHY M. J. , BAILYE R. R. , McGIVEN A. R. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Recent reports have suggested that there is a specific form of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (GN) characterised by a diffuse and generalised mesangial deposition of IgM. The study included 149 consecutive patients with primary GN, who had adequate renal tissue for detailed light and immunofluorescent microscopy. Forty of these 149 patients had glomerular deposition of IgM. Of those 40, 20 had small and isolated focal deposits of IgM in sclerotic areas, but other immunoglobulins were predominant. The remaining 20 patients had IgM as the sole (16) or predominant (4) immunoglobulin deposited. Only one of these, however, fulfilled the published criteria of a mesangial proliferative GN with a diffuse and generalised mesangial deposition of IgM. The frequency of this entity in published series varies considerably, and there is a suspicion that in some studies patients with focal and segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis may have been included. More prospective studies are necessary to confirm whether there is a separate entity of IgM nephropathy.
Outpatient liver biopsy using ultrasound guidance and the Biopty™ gun is safe and cost effective
Authors: Smith B. C. , Desmond P. V. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Background: The need for liver biopsy is increasing with the increasing availability of treatments for liver disease, in particular interferon. For this reason the procedure must be efficient and economical, as well as safe. Aims: Firstly to assess the safety of outpatient liver biopsy when performed with ultrasound guidance and the 'Biopty™ gun. Secondly, to compare the cost of an outpatient and inpatient procedure. Methods: Two hundred and fifty consecutive liver biopsies performed over a two year period at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne were reviewed retrospectively. Indications, histological findings and complications were recorded. Results: Seventy per cent of the biopsies were performed as an outpatient procedure. There were no major complications. Four patients experienced prolonged pain post biopsy. The average cost for an outpatient biopsy was 351, the cost of an inpatient (overnight stay) was 690. Conclusion: Outpatient liver biopsy is safe and cost effective, with minor complications in 1.6%. The routine use of ultrasound guidance and the Biopty™ gun is likely to contribute to these favourable results.
Coeliac disease: current approach and future prospects
Authors: Anderson R. P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPublic anxiety over gluten has fuelled widespread demand for gluten‐free food, yet coeliac disease remains significantly underdiagnosed and some confusion remains regarding optimal diagnostic practices. Small bowel histology is the gold standard for diagnosis. High‐quality commercial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays for transglutaminase immunoglobulin A and deamidated gliadin immunoglobulin A and G are sensitive tools for screening, but almost 10% of coeliac disease is seronegative and serological testing is unreliable in the very young, in people already following a gluten‐reduced diet, and those using immunosuppressive medications. HLA DQA and DQB genotyping to show that alleles encoding HLA DQ2 and DQ8 are absent virtually excludes coeliac disease. Confirming histological remission reduces the risks of later complications, such as osteoporosis and cancer. Monitoring remission by serology is unreliable. Because gluten is an exogenous antigen and the small intestine is readily accessible, the immunopathogenesis of coeliac disease is better understood than other strongly major histocompatibility complex class II‐associated diseases, such as type 1 diabetes mellitus. Therapeutic targets have been identified and drugs are under development to supplement or even replace gluten‐free diet. With greater awareness and non‐dietary therapeutics, diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease will be increasingly prominent in medical practice.
BOUNDARY ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRACK INTERSECTION, INITIATION AND GROWTH AT PIN LOADED HOLES
Authors: Blackburn W. S. , Hall W. S. , Rooke D. P. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract The dual boundary element method for the analysis of cracks in linear elastic materials has been previously generalised by the authors to allow for automatic remeshing when crack tips intersect other cracks or boundaries, and initiation and growth of small cracks at positions of high stress concentration. The new cracks are assumed to result from sudden events such as an overload or the subsequent stress redistribution when cracks intersect other cracks or holes.In this paper a crack at the edge of one hole in a row of pin‐loaded holes is investigated; various values are considered for the stress at which new cracks may initiate. Two rows of aligned or staggered holes are examined also. The spacing between the holes was typical for lines of holes in overlap joints in plates. For the same load transfer between the plates, new cracks are initiated less readily and grow more slowly for a double row of aligned holes than for a single row or for staggered rows.
Interlaminar fracture studies in Portugal: past, present and future
Authors: De MORAIS A. B. , REBELO C. C. , De CASTRO P. M. S. T. , MARQUES A. T. , DAVIES P. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the state‐of‐the‐art in interlaminar fracture testing of composite materials, with particular emphasis on the work performed in Portugal over the last 15 years. Early work, carried out within the ESIS Polymer and Composite Technical Committee, was concerned with improving test methods on unidirectional [0°]n specimens. The focus was on the mode I double cantilever beam (DCB) test and on mode II end‐notched flexure (ENF) and end loaded split (ELS) tests. In spite of some remaining controversy on mode II testing, the main issue nowadays is fracture toughness measurement on multidirectional specimens. Remaining difficulties are discussed in the light of the most recent work. Guidelines for ongoing and future research are also presented.
The residual stress intensity factors for cold‐worked cracked holes: a technical note
Authors: MOREIRA P. M. G. P. , DE MATOS P. F. P. , PINHO S. T. , PASTRAMǍ Ş. D. , CAMANHO P. P. , DE CASTRO P. M. S. T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTCold‐working of riveted holes reduces the stress intensity factor associated with cracks that may develop at the hole boundary, by creating a compressive residual stress field. The residual stress field is determined using the finite‐element method and the reduction of the stress intensity factor for different values of the interference is evaluated with the weight function method, in the case of an infinite plate made from an elastic–perfectly plastic material, and having a hole with two symmetrical cracks. Once the weight function of the structure is known, further calculation of the stress intensity factors for different loadings such as a remote uniform stress, or a point load that simulates the action of the rivet can be performed without difficulty.
Biaxial fatigue for proportional and non‐proportional loading paths
Authors: REIS L. , LI B. , De FREITAS M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn order to study the use of a local approach to predict crack‐initiation life on notches in mechanical components under multiaxial fatigue conditions, the study of the local cyclic elasto‐plastic behaviour and the selection of an appropriate multiaxial fatigue model are essential steps in fatigue‐life prediction. The evolution of stress–strain fields from the initial state to the stabilized state depends on the material type, loading amplitude and loading paths. A series of biaxial tension–compression tests with static or cyclic torsion were carried out on a biaxial servo‐hydraulic testing machine. Specimens were made of an alloy steel 42CrMo4 quenched and tempered. The shear stress relaxations of the cyclic tension–compression with a steady torsion angle were observed for various loading levels. Finite element analyses were used to simulate the cyclic behaviour and good agreement was found. Based on the local stabilized cyclic elastic–plastic stress–strain responses, the strain‐based multiaxial fatigue damage parameters were applied and correlated with the experimentally obtained lives. As a comparison, a stress‐invariant‐based approach with the minimum circumscribed ellipse (MCE) approach for evaluating the effective shear stress amplitude was also applied for fatigue life prediction. The comparison showed that both the equivalent strain range and the stress‐invariant parameter with non‐proportional factors correlated well with the experimental results obtained in this study.
A high‐cycle fatigue life model for variable amplitude multiaxial loading
Authors: JABBADO M. , MAITOURNAM M. H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA high‐cycle fatigue life model for structures subjected to variable amplitude multiaxial loading is presented in this paper. It treats any kind of repeated blocks of variable amplitude multiaxial loading without using a cycle counting method. This model based on a mesoscopic approach is characterized by the following features: (i) the choice of a damage factor related to the accumulated mesoscopic plastic strain per stabilised cycle; (ii) the use of a mesoscopic mechanical behaviour taking into account the fatigue mechanisms such as plasticity and void growth. This behaviour is a von Mises elastoplastic model with linear kinematic hardening and hydrostatic stress dependent yield stress. The fatigue life model has six parameters identified with one SN curve and two fatigue limits. In‐phase and out‐of‐phase experimental tests from the literature are simulated. The predicted fatigue lives are compared to experimental ones.
Use of the small punch test to determine the ductile‐to‐brittle transition temperature of structural steels
Authors: CONTRERAS M. A. , RODRÍGUEZ C. , BELZUNCE F. J. , BETEGÓN C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe small punch test (SPT) consists in punching very small square specimens, measuring 10 × 10 mm2 and 0.5‐mm thickness, until fracture using a 2.5‐mm‐diameter hemispherical punch. Different specimens of a structural steel were tested from room temperature to cryogenic temperatures in order to determine its ductile‐to‐brittle transition temperature (DBTT). The DBTT obtained in SPT (DBTTSTP) is much lower than the DBTT obtained by means of Charpy specimens (DBTTCVN). The variation of the mechanical parameters calculated from the SPTs with temperature was also calculated and the operative fracture micromechanisms defined using a scanning electron microscope.
Comparing different floral resources on the longevity of a parasitic wasp
Authors: Williams Livy , Hendrix Donald L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract1 The effects of floral resources of several important non‐crop host plants of Lygus lineolaris on the longevity of Anaphes iole, one of its natural enemies, was studied.2 Median longevity of A. iole wasps provisioned with floral resources (Erigeron annuus, Oenothera speciosa, Lamium amplexicaule, and Capsella bursa‐pastoris) was in the range 1.27–3.24 days, and did not differ from wasps in the distilled water only control (1.46–2.81 days), but was less than median longevity of wasps provisioned with distilled water + sucrose (5.30–12.46 days). No difference in longevity was observed between gender, although females usually lived slightly longer than males.3 High‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography analyses of O. speciosa floral nectar revealed that the major carbohydrate components were sucrose, glucose, and fructose.4 The results indicate that the floral resources of some non‐crop plants that serve as important reproductive hosts for L. lineolaris offer little or no benefit to A. iole.
Enhanced S100 calcium‐binding protein P expression sensitizes human bladder cancer cells to cisplatin
Authors: Shiota Masaki , Tsunoda Toshiyuki , Song YooHyun , Yokomizo Akira , Tada Yasuhiro , Oda Yoshinao , Naito Seiji 
Published: August 2010

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? So far, several molecules have been reported to be involved in cisplatin resistance. This study revealed that a decreased expression of S100P is implicated in cisplatin resistance. In addition, S100P overexpression rendered bladder cancer cells sensitive to cisplatin.OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of S100 calcium‐binding protein P (S100P) in the gain of cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (cisplatin) resistance in bladder cancer, having previously found, with cDNA microarrays using two pairs of parental (T24, KK47) and their cisplatin‐resistant bladder cancer cell lines (T24/DDP10, KK47/DDP20), that S100P mRNA expression was significantly reduced in cisplatin‐resistant cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

S100P mRNA and protein expression levels were investigated by northern and western blot analyses, respectively.
Intracellular S100P localization was examined by immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry.
S100P over‐expression, obtained by transfection with S100P expression plasmid, was used to investigate whether or not S100P affected cellular resistance to cisplatin.

RESULTS

S100P mRNA showed increased expression by cisplatin stimulation in parental cell lines.
On the other hand, S100P mRNA and protein expression levels were markedly reduced in cisplatin‐resistant cells.
The over‐expression of S100P in resistant cells resulted in an increased sensitivity to cisplatin.

CONCLUSIONS

In bladder cancer cells, S100P was expressed and localized mainly in the nucleus.
S100P expression was also involved in cisplatin sensitivity.
S100P might thus represent a molecular marker predicting cisplatin sensitivity and a molecular therapeutic target for cisplatin‐based chemotherapy.
Outcomes and timing for intervention of partial adrenalectomy in patients with a solitary adrenal remnant and history of bilateral phaeochromocytomas
Authors: Sanford Thomas H. , Storey Benjamin Barckley , Linehan William Marston , Rogers Craig A. , Pinto Peter A. , Bratslavsky Gennady 
Published: August 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? At the present time, outcomes of the patients treated with partial adrenalectomy on a solitary adrenal are described in less than 100 patients in the world literature. In patients with bilateral pheochromocytomas, the timing for intervention as well as size threshold to allow for steroid independence is not known. This manuscript provides evidence that staged adrenal surgery as well as operating on the solitary adrenal before the largest tumour reaches 4 cm may allow for best functional outcomes and steroid independence.OBJECTIVETo evaluate the outcomes and timing of intervention for adrenal‐sparing surgery in patients left with a solitary adrenal remnant after bilateral adrenal surgeries.PATIENTS AND METHODSPatients were included in the study if they had undergone bilateral adrenal surgery as a treatment for phaeochromocytoma and were left with a solitary adrenal remnant.Perioperative, functional and oncological outcomes were evaluated in 21 patients who met the inclusion criteria.RESULTSThere was minimal perioperative morbidity and no perioperative mortality.After a median (range) follow‐up of 21 (3–143) months, there were two cases of persistent disease.Ten patients (48%) required steroid supplementation upon discharge, with four subsequently discontinuing this treatment. Patients were more likely to require steroid supplementation after surgery if they underwent simultaneous adrenalectomy and contralateral partial adrenalectomy, rather than staged procedures (86 vs 40%, P= 0.02).Patients who underwent surgery for tumours >4 cm were more likely to require long‐term steroids than patients who underwent surgery for lesions <4 cm (75 vs 18%, P= 0.05).CONCLUSIONSPatients left with a solitary adrenal remnant after bilateral adrenal surgery have low surgical morbidity, reasonable functional outcomes and low rates of recurrence at an intermediate follow‐up period.A staged approach could decrease the immediate postoperative need for steroids, and intervention before the largest tumour reaches 4 cm could decrease the rate of long‐term steroid dependence.
VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE OF SEGMENT INFORMATION BY AUSTRALIAN DIVERSIFIED COMPANIES
Authors: McKinnon Jill L. , Dalimunthe Lian 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:This paper reports an examination of economic incentives motivating listed diversified companies in Australia to voluntarily disclose segment information. The study is based on a sample of 65 listed diversified companies. Support is found for ownership diffusion, the level of minority interest in subsidiaries, firm size and industry membership as factors influencing the voluntary disclosure of segment information. No support is found for leverage or diversification into related versus unrelated industries.
THE ACCURACY OF CASH FLOW ESTIMATION PROCEDURES
Authors: Austin Lloyd M. , Bradbury Michael E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPrior research uses mechanical procedures to estimate cash flow data. This study examines the accuracy of these procedures by measuring errors between estimated cash flows and reported cash flows. The results indicate that mechanical rules provide poor estimates for reported cash flows. We also show that the errors between cash flow estimates and reported cash flows can be reduced by adjustments made from footnote disclosures. However, large errors remain, even after adjustments are made from footnote disclosures. These remaining errors are correlated with firm specific characteristics such as sales (firm size), extraordinary items, foreign currency gains and losses, and changes in inventory.
Reinterpreting Bretton Woods: International Development and the Neglected Origins of Embedded Liberalism
Authors: Helleiner Eric 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis article offers a reinterpretation of the origins of the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreements, one that is of particular significance to scholars of international development. Conventional wisdom holds that the Agreements were primarily a product of US–British negotiations between 1942 and 1944, in which little attention was paid to international development issues and the concerns of poorer countries. This article demonstrates that the innovative ‘embedded liberal’ vision of Bretton Woods was in fact first put forward in the context of US–Latin American financial relations in the 1938–42 period, and that this experience influenced the subsequent Bretton Woods negotiations. The analysis highlights that the architects of Bretton Woods did not ignore development issues but rather attempted to pioneer a new model for both North–North and North–South economic relations. If this has been subsequently overlooked by historians, it may be because this latter feature of Bretton Woods was quickly buried by US policy makers in the immediate post‐war years. This historical reinterpretation helps both to explain some important puzzles about the origins of the Bretton Woods Agreements and to shed new light on the place of international development issues in the evolution of the post‐war international economic order.
Fixing the Hole in the Bucket: Household Poverty Dynamics in the Peruvian Andes
Authors: Krishna Anirudh , Kristjanson Patti , Kuan Judith , Quilca Gustavo , Radeny Maren , Sanchez‐Urrelo Alicia 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAchieving the Millennium Development Goal of halving poverty will require simultaneous action on two separate fronts: helping poor people escapefrompoverty, and stemming the flow of peopleintopoverty. This article examines forty Peruvian communities, and finds that descents into poverty have occurred alongside escapes in every one of them. Escape and descent are asymmetric in terms of reasons: while one set of reasons is responsible for escapes from poverty, another and different set of reasons is associated with descent. Making progress in poverty reduction will require measures to accelerate escapes whilst at the same time slowing down descents. The article looks at the different policies which will be required to serve these two separate purposes.
Patterns of Vulnerability to AIDS Impacts in Zambian Households
Authors: Wiegers Esther , Curry John , Garbero Alessandra , Hourihan John 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTUsing household data from Northern Zambia, this article looks at HIV/AIDS impacts on different aspects of people's access to food. The findings draw particular attention to the variances in vulnerability among households burdened by illness and orphans that are headed by men, women and the elderly. It is argued that vulnerability levels to HIV/AIDS impact differ substantially among households and implicitly expose the underlying causal conditions that enable or disable people in their responsiveness. Households affected by HIV/AIDS cannot be treated as a homogeneous group and understanding the differences in vulnerability can play an important policy role in designing targeted support.
New Developments in Latin America's Social Policy
Authors: Barrientos Armando , Gideon Jasmine , Molyneux Maxine 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis article introduces a special section focusing on the social policy reforms of recent years in Latin America. The essay identifies and discusses the principal trends and challenges in social policy in the region since the 1980s, before providing a summary of the special section and linking up the themes of the four contributions that follow. These highlight the variety of approaches adopted, as well as the differing assessments of recent developments. The authors note that while the reform process itself is unfolding, it is striking that social policy has become a highly visible and contested issue in the region.