bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La notion de famille et son impact en droit social
Authors: Castelli Mireille D. 
Published: July 2012

This paper surveys references to the family in social legislation, with more specific regard to social security schemes providing coverage to a broad section of the population. Such references are seen as involving two types of questions. First, do statutory references to the family invoke a definite concept of the family cell ? And second, in what ways do family relationships influence one's position under social security legislation ?
Thus the first part of the paper is an attempt to elucidate the concept of the family underlying social security legislation. This is done by considering the legislative treatment of three components of family relationships, which seem to play, either separately or in conjunction, a particularly significant role in statutes of this type : the network of interpersonal relationships that are included in the family, the concept of dependency, and the consequences attributed to cohabitation.
The second part of the paper surveys the impact of family relationships on rights and duties under social security legislation. This part opens with a broad description of social legislation generally, followed by a threefold classification of social security schemes according to the type of economic hazard against which compensation is provided: loss of income, lack of income, increase in needs. The impact of family relationships in each group of statutes is then brought under detailed analysis, and a number of anomalies are pointed out.
The general picture disclosed by the paper is one of severe confusion, both as to the concept of the family itself and as to the impact of family relationships on social security benefits. While inconsistencies of the latter kind may be explained and justified in a number of cases, it seems desirable that a single concept of the family be adhered to in all social security statutes. This, however, should not preclude variations where warranted by the policy of the Act, general standards of morality, or the particular purpose sought by statutory reference to family relationships.
Vers une révision du processus et du cadre d'élaboration de la décision administrative au Québec
Authors: Longtin Marie-José , Bouchard Mario 
Published: July 2012

In this study, the authors examine various models for reviewing the system and procedural framework of administrative action in Québec. Firstly, they explore the solutions previously advanced as far as Québec is concerned, then those that have been adopted in other jurisdictions. Next, after identifying the principle decision-making agents of the administration, they enumerate the other factors to be considered in devising a model system, such as the assigned powers of the decision-makers, their procedure, the rules controlling their decision-making, and the establishement by the decision-makers of norms governing the exercise of their discretionary powers.
These parameters having been determined the authors go on to evaluate, from various aspects, those solutions that have already been proposed and also others which offer themselves for consideration. In that regard, after discussing the classification of administrative bodies, they analyse the merits of a single or dual jurisdictional authority from the structural and constitutional perspective ; they pause to examine the very notion of administrative authority before going on to deal with the issue of an overall control of administrative bodies, such control being exercised by means of an Administrative Council. Then, after discussing the power given to an administrative body or agency to review its own decisions, they analyse the controversial issue of administrative procedure ant the codification of those rules, and go on to propose, as a possible solution, a flexible codification that is restrictive in part yet adaptable to the individual circumstances of the bodies concerned.
In concluding that the existing patchwork of administrative decisionmaking must be satisfactorily resolved, and before indicating what corrective action should be studied, they attempt to identify the questions that have to be answered before undertaking review of the system and procedural framework of administrative action, the need for which review having been seen as imperative right from the outset.
Les droits et les obligations des époux : les régimes matrimoniaux
Authors: Groffier-Attala Éthel 
Published: July 2012

Bill 69, which came intoforce on April the 2nd 1981 ; brought about important changes in the field of matrimonial regimes. The main ones, hereinafter examined, concern the withdrawal of community of moveables and acquests from the Civil code, the limits improved upon liberty of marriage convenants, the decline of matrimonial regimes as an institution due to the Judge's increased discretionary power, the procedure pertaining to a change of matrimonial regime and, finally, the modifications to the legal regime of partnership of acquests.
Le régime primaire dans le nouveau Code civil du Québec : quelques remarques critiques
Authors: Caparros Ernest 
Published: July 2012

The author points out, in the introduction, that the reform introduced by Bill 89 is limited to one of the nine Books that the new Civil Code of Québec will have, and that even in this Second Book only 151 articles are in force.
He then studies the contribution of the spouses to the needs of the family as regulated by the new provisions: the mutual obligation to contribute is now imposed by law. The autor regrets that the new Code restricts the concept of contribution in the form of work to household work. He underlines that the solidarité aimed at by the new provisions may be jeopardized by the continued application of rules from the present Civil Code of Lower Canada.
As for the protection of the family residence, the author indicates how this protection is in some cases very limited and questions the efficiency of the formalities required. He also regrets that the new provisions concerning the fate of the family residence at the end of the cohabitation have not been put in force yet.
Finally, he criticizes the provisions concerning judicial intervention in family matters.
Quelques mots sur la recevabilité des éléments de preuve extrinsèques devant les tribunaux : le Canada et les États-Unis
Authors: Hudon Edward G. 
Published: July 2012

This article is a comparison of the use of extrinsic materials by the courts of Canada and of the United States in the interpretation of statutes. The author points out that in the United States the courts have reached the point where just about everything is admissible — particularly legislative debates, committee hearings and reports — but that in Canada the use of extrinsic materials is limited to the determination of the constitutionality of a law or statute.
Although the courts of Canada are becoming more and more liberal in the use of extrinsic materials, the use of legislative debates is still not generally permitted even though they were used by one Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Anti-Inflation Act Reference. The author wonders how long it will be before the Supreme Court of Canada will abandon the little that is left of the English tradition and permit the use of extrinsic materials not only in the determination of the constitutionality of a statute, but also in its interpretation.
La Charte de la langue française et la langue du travail
Authors: Garant Louis 
Published: July 2012

The 1977 « Charte de la langue française » can only be considered as a major event in the history of the French language in Quebec. The law enacting the Charter states, in its first section, that French is the official language in Quebec. Consequently, French is the language of work in Quebec. The « Office de la langue française », therein instituted, is empowered to see that fact and law be but one in such field.
The following pages will be concerned mainly with the interpretation of the various sections of the Charter relative to the language of work, interpretation which will envisage the possible jurisdictional conflicts as well as take into account the consequences of the application of the Charter in labour relations.
Le règlement des litiges commerciaux dans un système sans tribunaux de commerce : l'expérience québécoise
Authors: Lilkoff Lubin 
Published: July 2012

Quebec's Civil Code acknowledges the existence of a dual regime including both civil and commercial juridical operations. This distinction, which is derived from French Law, also exists in Belgian and German Law. These countries have created specialized commercial courts or tribunals with jurisdiction over commercial matters. They are staffed with judges drawn from business.
One may ask how in fact a dualistic system of this nature functions in Quebec, given the absence of such special commercial tribunals. It may be noted that although there is no body of commercial law dealing exclusively with traders, there exists in fact a system of business law comprehensive enough to apply also to non-traders (Part I). In addition, the informal nature of the procedural rules, as well as the background of the judges who are selected mainly from the ranks of practising lawyers, permits one to discern a close resemblance between litigation before these courts and the conduct of trials before commercial tribunals (Part II).
La prise de possession par le fiduciaire en vertu d'un acte de fiducie
Authors: Cordeau Michel 
Published: July 2012

Under the Special Corporate Powers Act of the Province of Quebec, a trustee for bondholders, in the event of failure of the corporation to fulfil the conditions of the trust deed, is empowered to take possession, to administer and to sell the assets on which security was given, for the benefit of the bondholders. However, Quebec law does not specify the duties of the trustee when he exercises his powers and this has resulted in numerous court debates.
In the first part of this article, the nature of the security obtained under a trust deed is examined in order to establish the framework within which the powers of the trustee are exercised. The second part of this article examines the duties and powers of the trustee when he takes possession, when he administers and when he disposes of the property of the corporation.
The author emphasises the inadequacies in the law of Quebec, particularly as to the definition of the duties and powers of the trustee and to the judicial mechanism enabling the trustee for bondholders to take possession and to sell the assets of the corporation. The resulting difficulty of determining the respective rights and duties of the trustee and the corporation gives rise to ambiguous situations.
Le contrat comme technique de participation des citoyens aux décisions en matière énergétique
Authors: Guibal Michel 
Published: July 2012

Contractual techniques have known a remarkable development in French administrative law. Contractual relations between different government agencies and individuals have reflected a change in the relationship between the State, central agencies and corporations on one side, and local authorities, associations and individuals on the other. « Inequality, Hierarchy and Government Supervision » have been partially replaced by « Equality, Participation and Autonomy ».
In this article, the author describes some instances where contractual techniques were used to promote the participation of local interests in energy decisions. He points out the consequences of such a technique of participation and concludes that its main problem is the representativeness of the participants
Le rôle du contrôle juridictionnel comme technique de participation
Authors: Henry J. P. 
Published: July 2012

The use of the « costs-advantages balance » theory by the French Administrative Courts would appear to give them a far-reaching supervisory jurisdiction over administrative decisions.
However, precedents concerning environmental consequences of proposed nuclear plants show that the Courts are ill-equipped to deal with such cases and apply the « costs-advantages » theory. Therefore, they are reticent to annul administrative decisions as ill-founded or unreasonable.
The concept of abuse of power is also of little help since it is almost impossible for the Courts to substitute their own findings to the Administration's as to the public necessity of a project.
In conclusion, the Administrative Court is not an appropriate forum and the system may only gives false hopes to ecologists and others who pursue changes in government energy orientations and decisions.
An Evaluation of Canada's Dangerous Offender Legislation
Authors: Shore Jacques J. M. 
Published: July 2012

L'auteur s'intéresse dans cet article à la partie XXI du Code criminel relative aux délinquants dangereux. L'évolution historique des dispositions législatives concernées est tracée à l'aide d'une comparaison avec la législation en vigueur en 1977. Les problèmes juridiques découlant de ces dispositions et les objectifs de la législation sont ensuite présentés ainsi que la procédure spécifique d'obtention d'une sentence de période indéterminée. L'auteur décrit les difficultés d'application de la loi et identifie certains résultats incongrus transparaissant de la jurisprudence récente. De plus, l'impact potentiel des articles 1, 9, 11 et 12 de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés sur la partie XXI du Code criminel est évoqué.
L'auteur critique les procédures de remise en liberté des délinquants dangereux et suggère que les tribunaux plutôt que la Commission nationale des libérations conditionnelles soient habilités à rescinder une sentence de période indéterminée.
L'article conclut en recommandant que les dispositions existantes de la loi relatives aux délinquants dangereux soient abrogées et qu'un nouveau régime sentenciel, excluant l'option d'une sentence pour une période indéterminée, soit établi. L'auteur suggère également, advenant que la législation actuelle relative aux délinquants dangereux perdure, que soient réévaluées les règles de preuve et d'audition responsables de l'échec du système existant.
Les saisies et perquisitions en matière fiscale : le contribuable n'est plus maître de sa maison
Authors: Lareau André 
Published: July 2012

In order to remind those taxpayers who forgot to pay tax on some of their income, the search and seizure procedures have been put back to work in the last few years.
This article does not question the validity of the principle itself. However, it analyzes the frequent problems that arise with respect with the seizure, whether they be related to an overzealous civil servant or to the agreement given by the judge. It also finds that more and more judicial procedures are available to the taxpayers to help them in their fight against the taxman.
Justice civile et communauté rurale au Québec, 1880-1920
Authors: Normand Sylvio 
Published: July 2012

At the turn of the century, civil justice in rural communities was organized into three non-judicialized instances : 1) the Commissioners' Court, 2) the Court of Justices of the Peace and 3) Conciliation measures. In this paper the institutional characteristics of these three community-type instances are examined. A study of available judicial statistics indicates that the level of activity of these instances went through a pronounced decline during the period between 1880 and 1920, specifically because of the high inflation rate.
A brief study of judicial records of the Commissioners' Court of Saint-Raymond de Portneuf makes it possible to draw a profile of those who came under the jurisdiction of this kind of court. An examination of legal commentary and judgements on applications for the writ of certiorari reveals the perception that the legal world then had of rural justice.
Property Rights, Municipal Corporations and Judicial Review
Authors: Giroux Lorne 
Published: July 2012

Cet article étudie l'évolution récente du rôle joué par la Cour supérieure pour assurer la protection des droits individuels dans le secteur du droit de l'aménagement et celui du droit municipal. L'étude porte sur deux champs d'intervention publique sur les droits individuels, en particulier le droit de propriété, et illustre les modes divers d'intervention utilisés par la Cour supérieure dans son rôle de surveillance.
D'une part, la Loi sur la protection du territoire agricole sert à illustrer un modèle d'aménagement sectoriel fondé sur l'usage de la discrétion administrative comme méthode de protection. L'intervention des tribunaux se révèle sous trois aspects. D'abord la Cour supérieure se préoccupe d'imposer un minimum de discipline aux procédures devant la Commission de protection du territoire agricole, surtout dans les cas où il peut en résulter des injustices. Ensuite, le droit d'accès aux tribunaux ordinaires est protégé par la Cour grâce en particulier à une interprétation restrictive de la juridiction de la Commission. Enfin, le droit de propriété lui-même est protégé par la Cour supérieure qui restreint les pouvoirs d'intervention de la Commission mais favorise une interprétation libérale des droits acquis.
A l'opposé, les interventions des collectivités locales en matière d'aménagement et d'urbanisme sont fondées sur le pouvoir réglementaire plutôt que sur la discrétion administrative. Même si le contrôle judiciaire sur le pouvoir réglementaire est un domaine déjà riche de tradition au Canada et au Québec, la jurisprudence récente tout en rappelant des principes déjà connus illustre également de nouvelles tendances. En effet, alors que les tribunaux continuent à préserver l'élément de certitude et de sécurité que le règlement fournit aux citoyens, ils sont prêts à protéger les citoyens contre les interventions publiques abusives et ils ont à cette fin revitalisé le critère de la rationalité comme mode de contrôle du pouvoir réglementaire. De plus, au besoin, ils vont être prêts à intervenir dans l'allocation même des usages et des affectations du sol lorsqu'ils doivent se prononcer sur des questions de discrimination et d'intérêt public.
De la lex scantinia aux récents amendements du Code criminel: homosexualité et droit dans une perspective historique
Authors: Demers Robert 
Published: July 2012

This paper deals with the legal approach to homosexuality throughout history, focussing on Roman law, French law up to the Revolution, English law till the mid-60's and finally, Canadian law from the French period up to the amendments to the Criminal Code in 1969. What lessons can be drawn from this analysis? A first conclusion is the increasing intolerance towards homosexuals as evidenced by laws that become more and more preoccupied with private morality and control of individual behaviour. Here, we notice the inverse trend in the Roman law tradition and the common law one, where cultural and religious differences explain much of this curious evolution. A second conclusion is the link established between deviant behaviour and all forms of « deviance » from official policies-thus, accusations of homosexuality are to be found in troubled periods of religious (heresies) and political turmoil. Finally, one notes that although the Medieval period is often considered as being particularly cruel in its treatment of homosexuals, this view would need important qualifications in light of the 20th century treatment of such persons, witness of course, the Nazi extermination.
La Cour européenne des droits de l’homme
Authors: Eissen Marc-André 
Published: July 2012

The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms came into force on September 1953. In 1959, the European Court of Human Rights began its work which is to apply the Convention to particular cases. Since then, it has delivered 94 judgments. For Canadian Lawyers, since the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has come into force, the European Court and its decisions are of particular signifiance.
The following article concerns the Court itself, especially the status of its judges. It also concerns the functions, powers and procedures of the Court and lastly relates the spirit with which the Convention has been applied to the National Laws of the Members of the Council of Europe for the past 25 years.
Introduction
Authors: Beaupré R. Michael 
Published: July 2012

A comparative study of the interpretative methodology applicable in multilingual jurisdictions such as Canada, Belgium and Switzerland and before the Court of Justice of the European Communities reveals some remarkable similarities as well as some important differences. The four papers that follow were presented during a seminar on the theme « Interpretation of Multilingual Statutes and Treaties » that was held in Strasbourg on July 10, 1984 under the auspices of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Legal Studies. The Canadian author of one of the papers also served as rapporteur for the seminar. His report serves as an introduction to the four papers.
L'expérience canadienne et québécoise de révision constitutionnelle : leçons et perspectives
Authors: Morin Claude 
Published: July 2012

The author suggests various answers to two questions dealing with constitutional reform in Quebec and Canada. The first question is : What can be learned from the experience of Quebec and Canada in the field of constitutional reform ? The author makes two suggestions which underscore the following : the concern with constitutional matters has been greater in Quebec than anywhere else in Canada i.e., in part because the conception of federalism in Quebec differs from that of English-Canada, despite the use of the same words. In discussions about constitutional reform, priorities have been different for Quebec and for the rest of Canada. None of the serial discussions about constitutional reform has given Quebec the type of federalism that it wants ; Ottawa falls back upon federal official language and bilingualism policies as a placebo for an in-depth reform of federalism.
The second question is : what is the present perspective for Quebec ? Here, a distinction must be made between what should be done and what could be done. What should be done includes, among other things : recognition in the Constitution of the existence in Quebec of a distinct society ; new separation of federal and provincial powers : veto right for Quebec to constitutional amendments excepting in matters regarding federal institutions ; selection of members of the Senate by the provinces. As to what could be done, let it be said that most of these reforms would probably not be accepted by the other governments in Canada because they would probably modify Canadian federalism.
Le conflit fédéral-provincial au Canada : raisons et solutions
Authors: Robertson Gordon 
Published: July 2012

The author seeks to identify why Canada, as a country, has not faired out well in recent years and finds that the source of our problems lie deep in the mechanisms of federal-provincial relations. Four factors make these relations difficult : the differences flowing from distinct ethnic and linguistic origins, inadequacy of various institutions of our central government, the unclear and uneasy balance of federal-provincial powers and the extent of activity by our governments that are pressing at the outer limits of their jurisdictions.