bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and physical properties of solar material Cu1+xIn1‐xSe2
Authors: Zheng Shiyou , Wang Yaoming , Huang Fuqiang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBulk samples of Cu1+xIn1‐xSe2 (x = 0–0.5) have been prepared by solid‐state reaction method at 1073 K. The crystal structure, thermal stability, optical absorbance and electrical properties were systematically studied. With the value x increasing from 0 to 0.5, the optical band gap is gradually reduced from 0.90 to 0.86 eV, moreover, the room temperature electrical conductivity has been greatly enhanced from 5 to 850 S/cm, but the Seebeck coefficient is slightly decreased from 80 to 57 µV/K even at 625 K. It is likely that lattice distortions, additional holes, and/or second phase introduced by Cu doping lead to these changes. magnified image
Structural phase transition in lanthanum gallate as studied by Raman and X‐ray diffraction measurements
Authors: Dhak P. , Pramanik P. , Bhattacharya S. , Roy Anushree , Achary S. N. , Tyagi A. K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLanthanum gallate (LaGaO3) is known to undergo orthorhombic to rhombohedral first order phase transition at 150 °C. In this article we have shown that by introducing 2% La deficiency in the system, coexistence of above two phases can be obtained at lower temperature and a complete phase transition occurs at 200 °C. The evolution of structural parameters of the system with temperature is reported from X‐ray diffraction measurements and Rietveld analysis of the diffraction patterns. The change in local octahedral distortion due to 2% La deficiency is revealed through the shift in the phonon modes of GaO6 octahedra, in both orthorhombic and rhombohedral phase.
Nickel‐related defects in ZnO – A deep‐level transient spectroscopy and photo‐capacitance study
Authors: Schmidt Matthias , Brachwitz Kerstin , Schmidt Florian , Ellguth Martin , von Wenckstern Holger , Pickenhain Rainer , Grundmann Marius , Brauer Gerhard , Skorupa Wolfgang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractElectronic defects in nickel‐doped zinc oxide thin films have been investigated by means of capacitance spectroscopy. The samples were grown by pulsed laser deposition on a‐plane sapphire substrates. Nickel was introduced into the films (a) during growth and (b) by implantation of Ni ions and subsequent thermal annealing. From deep‐level transient spectroscopy it was concluded that a nickel‐related trap, TNi2, with an energy level approximately 540 meV below the conduction band edge was formed. Photo‐capacitance (PCAP) measurements performed on the nickel‐implanted sample proved the existence of a further nickel‐related trap, TNi1, in the midgap. The photo‐ionisation cross‐section spectra of this state were calculated from the PCAP transients and gave evidence that TNi1 and TNi2 are two levels of the same defect, TNi, which is possibly nickel on a tetrahedral lattice site. A model for TNi is proposed.
Effect of electrostatic interaction on the mechanism of dehalogenation catalyzed by haloalkane dehalogenase
Authors: Zhang Yuhua , Chen Dezhan , Zhang Honghong , Liu Jianbiao , Mi Shizhen , Zhang Guiqiu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTheoretical calculation has been carried out for the nucleophilic displacement reaction of 1,2‐dichloroethane catalyzed by haloalkane dehalogenase. The results indicate that different hydrogen bond patterns of the oxyanion hole and the halide‐stabilizing residues play an important role in the dehalogenation reaction. They cause concertedly an earlier transition state (TS) with the activation barrier of 16.60 kcal/mol. The stabilization effect of Trp125 and Trp175 on chlorine atom in the TS is larger than that of the reactant complex by 15.67 kcal/mol so that, they make contribution to the stabilization of the TS. Moreover, the reaction shows the enzymatic action can be attributed to a combination of reactant‐state destabilization and transition‐state electrostatic stabilization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Transferability of conformational dependent charges from protein simulations
Authors: Genheden Samuel , Söderhjelm Pär , Ryde Ulf 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe have studied the transferability of atomic charges for proteins, fitted to the quantum mechanical electrostatic potential and extensively averaged over a set of structures sampled by molecular dynamics (MD) and over all residues of the same kind in the protein sequence (xAvESP). Previously, such charges were obtained for one single protein (avidin). In this study, we use five additional proteins. The aim of this study is fourfold. First, we provide xAvESP charges for all amino acids, including amino‐ and carboxy‐terminal variants of all, as well as alternative protonation states of His, Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg, Cys, and Tyr. Second, we show that the xAvESP charges averaged over the five new proteins are similar to charges obtained in the same way for avidin, with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. This shows that the charges are transferable and system‐independent. Electrostatic protein–ligand interaction energies calculated with charges obtained from different proteins differ by only 1–3 kJ/mol on average. The xAvESP charges correlate rather well with Amber charges (except for the N atom of amino‐terminal residues that are erroneous in Amber), although they are obtained in a more general way. Third, the conformational dependence of the charges is significant and gives rise to quite large differences in energies. However, these differences are to a large extent screened by solvation effects. For example, the solvent‐screened electrostatic interaction energy between the protein galectin‐3 and five different ligands varies with the charge sets by less than 3 kJ/mol on average. Finally, we show that the xAvESP charges give a comparable root‐mean‐squared deviation as the Amber charges for the MD simulations of 18 protein–ligand complexes, they give comparable or slightly worse backbone NH order parameters for two galectin‐3 complexes, but they give a better correlation between calculated and experimental affinities for the binding of seven biotin analogues to avidin and for nine inhibitors of factor Xa. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 112:1768–1785, 2012
Optimizing single port surgery: a case report and review of technique in colon resection
Authors: Singh Jasvinder , Podolsky Erica R , Castellanos Andres E , Stein David E 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundMinimally invasive colon surgery was first described in the early 1990s, decreasing the morbidity compared with open procedures. Recently, single port laparoscopy has emerged, with reports of applications to colon surgery. Although feasible, many new technical challenges exist.MethodsAn optimal operative technique for colon resection entirely through the umbilicus, using a robot and a GelPort is described.ResultsThe robotic advantages of visualization and articulation minimize the disadvantages of single incision surgery. Programming the robotic arms in reverse decreases instrument clashing. In addition, the GelPort allows for trocar spacing and freedom of placement while providing a wound protector for specimen extraction.ConclusionsAs single port surgery develops, disadvantages must be overcome. Using a combination of the robot and GelPort, these disadvantages are addressed and minimized. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On controllability of a class of discrete‐time homogeneous bilinear systems with solvable controls
Authors: Tie Lin , Cai Kai‐Yuan 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThis paper studies the controllability of a class of discrete‐time homogeneous bilinear systems. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the controllability are obtained. In particular, an algorithm for computing the controls, which achieve given states transition, for the controllable systems is given with examples. Furthermore, the necessary and sufficient conditions are applied to present four cases of the change of the controllability for Euler discretization, which show that Euler discretization may and may not change the controllability of nonlinear systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction of a process maturity model for market‐driven product management and requirements engineering
Authors: Gorschek Tony , Gomes Andrigo , Pettersson Andreas , Torkar Richard 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThe area of software product development of software intensive products has received much attention, especially in the area of requirements engineering and product management. Many companies are faced with new challenges when operating in an environment where potential requirements number in thousands or even tens of thousands, and where a product does not have a customer, but any number of customers or markets. The development organization carries not only all the costs of development, but also takes all the risks. In this environment traditional bespoke requirements engineering, together with traditional process assessment and improvement models fall short as they do not address the unique challenges of a market‐driven environment. This paper introduces the Market‐driven Requirements Engineering Process Model, aimed at enabling process improvement and process assurance for organizations faced with these new challenges. The model is also validated in the industry through three case studies where the model is used for process assessment and improvement suggestion. Initial results show that the model is appropriate for process improvement for organizations operating in a market‐driven environment. In addition, the model was designed to be light weight in terms of low cost and thus adapted not only for large organizations but suitable for small and medium enterprises as well. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progress in Technologies of Vanadium‐Bearing Titanomagnetite Smelting in PanGang
Authors: Fu Wei Guo , Xie Hong En 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe smelting of vanadium‐bearing titanomagnetite by blast furnace was very difficult because the content of TiO2 of blast furnace slag could amount to 20‐25%. After long term development and continuous improvement, special intensified smelting technologies for vanadium‐bearing titanomagnetite by blast furnace were obtained and improved gradually. With the improvement of beneficiated material and equipment, smelting intensity has been increasing gradually and the highest comprehensive smelting intensity that is fuel comsumption per unit useful volume per day reached 1.45t/(m3·d). Technical‐and‐economic indexes of blast furnace have also been increasing remarkably. The highest monthly utilization coefficient exceeded 2.7t/(m3·d) on the condition that the burden total ferrum grade was only about 50%.
DNA methylation, the early-life social environment and behavioral disorders
Authors: Szyf Moshe 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOne of the outstanding questions in behavioral disorders is untangling the complex relationship between nurture and nature. Although epidemiological data provide evidence that there is an interaction between genetics (nature) and the social and physical environments (nurture) in a spectrum of behavioral disorders, the main open question remains the mechanism. Emerging data support the hypothesis that DNA methylation, a covalent modification of the DNA molecule that is a component of its chemical structure, serves as an interface between the dynamic environment and the fixed genome. We propose that modulation of DNA methylation in response to environmental cues early in life serves as a mechanism of life-long genome adaptation. Under certain contexts, this adaptation can turn maladaptive resulting in behavioral disorders. This hypothesis has important implications on understanding, predicting, preventing, and treating behavioral disorders including autism that will be discussed.
Proximal humerus fractures in the pediatric population: A systematic review
Authors: Pahlavan Sohrab , Baldwin Keith D. , Pandya Nirav K. , Namdari Surena , Hosalkar Harish 
Published: March 2011

Purpose Proximal humerus fractures and epiphyseal separations in skeletally immature children and adolescents are traditionally treated non-operatively. Recently, authors have described the operative fixation of these injuries, particularly in older children and adolescents with displaced fractures. We performed a systematic review of the literature to identify operative indications for proximal humerus fractures in children and to compare the results by age, displacement, and treatment modality. Methods A systematic review of the literature from January 1960 to April 2010 was performed. All studies with patients under the age of 18 years who were treated for a proximal humerus fracture either operatively or non-operatively were included. Results The available literature is largely composed of uncontrolled case series (Level IV). According to findings, the literature shows that asymptomatic union is the rule in proximal humerus fractures in children and adolescents. Poorer outcomes were noted in operatively treated patients, patients with more displaced fractures, and older patients. Conclusions The currently available literature supports a non-operative treatment approach, particularly in younger children with more growth remaining. Older patients (>13 years) with more widely displaced fractures may benefit from anatomic reduction with stabilization, though the data in the literature at this point is too weak to strongly recommend this approach. Further analysis with a more rigorous scientific method is necessary to evaluate the optimum treatment modality in this subgroup.
The Effects of Childhood, Adult, and Community Socioeconomic Conditions on Health and Mortality among Older Adults in China
Authors: Wen Ming , Gu Danan 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Using a large, nationally representative longitudinal sample of Chinese aged 65 and older, this study examines the effects of childhood, adult, and community socioeconomic conditions on mortality and several major health outcomes. The role of social mobility is also tested. We find that childhood socioeconomic conditions exert long-term effects on functional limitations, cognitive impairment, self-rated health, and mortality independent of adult and community socioeconomic conditions. Achieved conditions matter for most outcomes as well, considering that adult and community socioeconomic conditions have additional impacts on health among Chinese elders. The majority of the effects of childhood conditions are not mediated by adult and community conditions. The results also show that social mobility and health in later life are linked in complex ways and that psychosocial factors have marginal explanatory power for the effects of socioeconomic conditions. Overall, this study provides new longitudinal evidence from China to support the notion that health and mortality at older ages are influenced by long-term and dynamic processes structured by the social stratification system. We discuss our findings in the context of the life course and ecological perspective, emphasizing that human development is influenced by a nexus of social experiences that impact individuals throughout life.
A combination of molecular and morphological approaches resolves species in the taxonomically difficult genus Procladius Skuse (Diptera: Chironomidae) despite high intra-specific morphological variation
Authors: Carew M.E. , Marshall S.E. , Hoffmann A.A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMolecular approaches for identifying aquatic macroinvertebrate species are increasingly being used but there is ongoing debate about the number of DNA markers needed to differentiate species accurately. Here, we use two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase I, cytochrome b) and a nuclear gene (carbamoylphosphate synthetase) to differentiate species variation within the taxonomically challenging chironomid genus Procladius from southern Australia, a genus which is important for pollution monitoring. The mitochondrial genes indicated cryptic species that were subsequently linked to morphological variation at the larval and pupal stage. Two species previously described based on morphological criteria were linked to molecular markers, and there was evidence for additional cryptic species. Each genetic marker provided different information, highlighting the importance of considering multiple genes when dissecting taxonomically difficult groups, particularly those used in pollution monitoring.
PRINCIPAL MATRIX SOLUTIONS AND VARIATION OF PARAMETERS FOR VOLTERRA INTEGRO-DYNAMIC EQUATIONS ON TIME SCALES
Authors: ADIVAR MURAT 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe introduce the principal matrix solution Z(t, s) of the linear Volterra-type vector integro-dynamic equation

and prove that it is the unique matrix solution of

We also show that the solution of

is unique and given by the variation of parameters formula
THE CONVEX INTERSECTION BODY OF A CONVEX BODY
Authors: MEYER MATHIEU , REISNER SHLOMO 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLet L be a convex body in n and z an interior point of L. We associate with L and z a new, convex and centrally symmetric, body CI(L, z). This generalizes the classical intersection bodyI(L, z) (whose radial function at u ∈ Sn−1 is the volume of the hyperplane section of L through z, orthogonal to u). CI(L, z) coincides with I(L, z) if and only if L is centrally symmetric about z. We study the properties of CI(L, z).
LOWER BOUNDS FOR BLOW-UP TIME IN SOME NON-LINEAR PARABOLIC PROBLEMS UNDER NEUMANN BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: ENACHE CRISTIAN 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper deals with some non-linear initial-boundary value problems under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions, in which the solutions may blow up in finite time. Using a first-order differential inequality technique, lower bounds for blow-up time are determined.
INFLUENCE OF STRONGLY CLOSED 2-SUBGROUPS ON THE STRUCTURE OF FINITE GROUPS
Authors: TONG-VIET HUNG P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLet H ≤ K be subgroups of a group G. We say that H is strongly closed in K with respect to G if whenever ag ∈ K, where a ∈ H, g ∈ G, then ag ∈ H. In this paper, we investigate the structure of a group G under the assumption that every subgroup of order 2m (and 4 if m = 1) of a 2-Sylow subgroup S of G is strongly closed in S with respect to G. Some results related to 2-nilpotence and supersolvability of a group G are obtained. This is a complement to Guo and Wei (J. Group Theory13(2) (2010), 267–276).
A THEOREM OF PHRAGMÉN-LINDELÖF TYPE FOR SUBFUNCTIONS IN A CONE
Authors: QIAO LEI , DENG GUANTIE 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFor a subfunction u, associated with the stationary Schrödinger operator, which is dominated on the boundary by a certain function on a cone, we generalise the classical Phragmén-Lindelöf theorem by making an a-harmonic majorant of u.
ON THE LOW REGULARITY SOLUTIONS FOR A MODIFIED TWO-COMPONENT CAMASSA–HOLM SHALLOW WATER SYSTEM
Authors: LIU XINGXING , YIN ZHAOYANG 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe first study the regularised version of a modified two-component Camassa–Holm shallow water system and obtain the energy estimates of the corresponding approximate solutions. Then, we present a sufficient condition which guarantees that these approximate solutions converge to a low regularity weak solution of the modified two-component Camassa–Holm shallow water system.
Performance of the RothC-26.3 model in short-term experiments in Mexican sites and systems
Authors: GONZÁLEZ-MOLINA L. , ETCHEVERS-BARRA J. D. , PAZ-PELLAT F. , DÍAZ-SOLIS H. , FUENTES-PONCE M. H. , COVALEDA-OCÓN S. , PANDO-MORENO M. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYInformation on the performance of the Rothamsted organic carbon turnover model (RothC model) in predicting changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in short-term experiments is scarce. In Mexico, it was found that these experiments covered not more than 20 years. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate short-term SOC prediction performance of the RothC model in the following systems: (1) farming with residues added (A+R), (2) farming with no added residues (A−R), (3) pure forest stands (F), (4) grasslands (GR) and (5) rangeland (RL). Work was done in five experimental sites: Atécuaro, Michoacán; Santiago Tlalpan, Tlaxcala; El Batán, State of Mexico; Sierra Norte, Oaxaca; and Linares, Nuevo León. Carbon (C) inputs to the soil were plant residues and organic fertilizers, which need to be known to operate the RothC model. The adjustment coefficients for site modelling hadR2values of 0·77–0·95 and model efficiency (EF) was −0·60 to 0·93. When RothC performance was evaluated by a system,R2values were 0·06–0·92 and EF was −0·24 to 0·90. The lowR2and EF values in rangelands were attributed to the fact that these systems are complex because of heterogeneous vegetation, soil and climate. In general, the evaluation of the RothC model indicates that it can be useful in simulating SOC changes in temperate and warm climate sites and in farming, forest and grassland systems in Mexico.
Cooperatives before cooperative law: business law and cooperatives in Spain, 1869-1931
Authors: Guinnane Timothy W. , Martínez-Rodríguez Susana 
Published: March 2011

AbstractStudies of Spanish cooperatives date their spread from the Law on Agrarian Syndicates of 1906. But the first legislative appearance of cooperatives is an 1869 measure that permitted general incorporation for lending companies. The 1931 general law on cooperatives, the first act permitting the formation of cooperatives in any activity, reflects the gradual disappearance of the cooperative's «business» characteristics. In this paper, we trace the Spanish cooperative's legal roots in business law and its connections to broader questions of the freedom of association, the formation of joint-stock enterprises and the liability of investors in business and cooperative entities. Our account underscores the similarities of the organizational problems approach by cooperatives and business firms, while at the same time respecting the distinctive purposes cooperatives served.
Coppice shoot dynamics in a tropical dry forest after human disturbance
Authors: Lévesque Mathieu , McLaren Kurt P. , McDonald Morag A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract:Coppicing is an important regeneration mechanism in tropical dry forest after disturbance, but little is known about the long-term dynamics and the rate of recovery of the coppice shoots following clearance. This study reports on the growth and dynamics of coppice shoots following experimental cutting in a tropical dry forest in Jamaica. The fate of coppice shoots was tracked on a total of 481 stumps, representing 51 species over 10 y. The number of coppice shoots and the height and dbh of the leading shoots were measured on the tree stumps 14 mo and 10 y after cutting. Coppicing was vigorous for most tree species, but the average number of shoots per stump decreased significantly over the 9 y period, from 25 to 8 shoots per stump. The average height and diameter of the leading shoots after 10 y were 4.5 m and 3.8 cm, respectively, and the average percentage diameter recovered by the shoots varied between 36% and 95% among the species. Coppicing facilitates the long-term persistence of this dry forest, and the rapid growth of coppice shoots contributed to the resilience of most species after cutting.