bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal Stability of Layered Silicates in Neutral and Acidic Media: Effect on Engineered-Barrier Safety
Authors: Alba María D. , Castro Miguel A. , Chain Pablo , Orta M. Mar , Pazos M. Carolina , Pavón Esperanza 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMany environmental applications in the inorganic remediation field are based on the swelling and ion-exchange capacities of smectites, even though these can be affected by hydrothermal treatment in water and acidic media. Here a systematic study of the properties of layered silicates that could affect their hydrothermal stability at different pH is described: type of layers, octahedral occupancy, layer charge, and origin of the layer charge. The silicates studied were selected on the basis of their different characteristics associated with these properties. Kanemite (1:0 phyllosilicate), kaolinite (1:1 phyllosilicate), and pyrophyllite and talc (2:1 phyllosilicates with no-layer charge) were examined in order to determine the effect of layer structure, whereas the hydrothermal reactivity of silicates with different layer charge was analyzed by comparing the talc-hectorite-Laponite® and talc-saponite-trioctahedral vermiculite series. Samples were treated hydrothermally at 300ºC for 48 h in pure water and in a 0.01 M HNO3 solution and the final products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All layered silicates, except for kanemite, were found to remain intact after hydrothermal treatment in water and acidic media, with only minimal short-range structural changes observed. The extent of the structural changes depended on the octahedral sheet occupancy (greater extent) and the number of isomorphic substitutions (lesser extent), both of which weaken the structure.
Removal of Fe from Kaolin using Dissimilatory Fe(III)-Reducing Bacteria
Authors: Guo Min-Rong , He Qiu-Xiang , Li Yu-Man , Lu Xiao-qiao , Chen Zu-liang 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLongYan kaolin has a large Fe content which affects the coloring. Bioleaching treatments to remove Fe impurities were conducted here using indigenous dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. The factors that affect bioleaching efficiency include bioleaching time, carbon source, pH, temperature, pulp density, and inoculum density and these were examined. Environmental scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to examine any textural or mineralogical changes at the surface of the kaolin that may have occurred during the bioleaching. Iron impurities in the kaolin were reduced from 0.88% to 0.48% with an increase in the natural whiteness index from 60.8% to 81.5% after 7 days of bioleaching treatment. A granulometric analysis of dispersed kaolin demonstrated that the bioleaching resulted in a decrease in particle size. The results demonstrated that the bioleaching was very effective at improving the quality of the kaolin, where insoluble Fe(III), either adsorbed to the kaolin surfaces or admixed as amorphous forms, was leached out by micro-organisms as water-soluble Fe(II).
Factors Controlling the Evolution of Mineral Assemblages and Illite Crystallinity on Paleozoic to Triassic Sequences from the Transition Between Maláguide and Alpujárride Complexes (Betic Cordillera, Spain): The Significance of Tobelite
Authors: Ruiz Cruz M. D. , de Galdeano C. Sanz 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe Hercynian metamorphic event is poorly characterized in internal zone complexes of the Betic Cordillera (Spain), as it has been, to a great extent, overprinted by the mineral assemblages formed during the Alpine event. Identification of the signals of the Hercynian episode is easier in series largely unaffected by the Alpine event, such as Intermediate units between the Maláguide and the Alpujárride Complexes, which consist of a set of thrust slices. With the aim of characterizing the Hercynian paragenesis, a detailed comparison of the mineral assemblages of Paleozoic and overlying Triassic sequences, unaffected by the pre-Alpine event, was carried out. Mineral assemblages were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, and transmission-analytical electron microscopy. A rapid increase in the illite crystallinity values was observed at the Triassic—Paleozoic transition in the upper tectonic slices. In addition, the diagenetic to anchizonal dickite-, sudoite-, and pyrophyllite-bearing assemblages, characterizing the Triassic rocks, contrast with Paleozoic assemblages consisting of white K-mica ± paragonite + chlorite + mica-chlorite and chlorite-vermiculite mixed layers + garnet, suggesting that this assemblage corresponds to the Hercynian metamorphic event. This assemblage records temperatures on the order of 400ºC and an intermediate pressure regime. Paleozoic rocks contain, in addition, tobelite, which comprises some of the detrital grains and strongly masks the illite crystallinity values. Tobelite has been identified only in the upper thrust slices, suggesting that changes in the detrital input is primarily responsible for the disappearance of tobelite at the transition from the Maláguide to the Alpujárride domain. Tobelite appears finely intergrown with white K-mica and its origin is uncertain. It could have been inherited as tobelite, but a more likely hypothesis is that the intergrowths of white K-mica and tobelite were formed at low temperature from an NH4-bearing mica precursor.
Faction Fights, Student Protests, and Rebellion: The Politics of Beer-Drinks and Bad Food in the Transkei, South Africa, 1955–63
Authors: Redding Sean 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:This article examines two cases of conflict from the Transkei region of South Africa. In the first instance in 1955, young men caught up in a stick fight after drinking beer were arrested, tried, and convicted, and they received harsh sentences of six months of hard labor. In the second case in 1961, boys at an elite school in Umtata protested their poor food and lodging arrangements, set fire to the school library, and threatened to kill the headmaster. While they were convicted, their punishment of caning was considered a very light sentence. These two cases illuminate the emerging nature of youthful resistance to the inception of home rule that was later to give rise to the Bantustans, as well as the response by state officials seeking to cope with the enlarging rural opposition to the structures of apartheid. The paradox of the strikingly different sentences is examined and explained.
Business Visibility and Taxation in Northern Cameroon
Authors: Muñoz José-María 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Through an analysis of the taxation of business activities in Adamaoua Province, Cameroon, this article aims to provide ethnographic substance to current debates about the “tax effort” in sub-Saharan Africa. Although the current mission of the tax authorities to identify all potential taxpayers and track their locations, movements, and activities is often presented in the context of nationwide reform and a commitment to making all taxable enterprises visible, a close examination of the government's practices reveals other factors at work. The case of cattle traders in particular shows that taxation policies in Adamaoua today are based on an interplay between, on the one hand, modes of state control and levels of administrative ef-ficiency, and on the other, longstanding repertoires of business practice and idioms of documentation.
Africa in the Age of Obama
Authors: Faulkingham Ralph , Goheen Mitzi 
Published: October 2010

With the inclusion of the following commentaries, “Africa in the Age of Obama,” the African Studies Review breaks one of its cardinal rules of not accepting opinion pieces on current issues for publication. However, there is always an exception to any rule.These three articles, originally presented at the Plenary Session of the 51st Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association, present ideas of sufficient significance and centrality to Africanist intellectual discourses at this historical juncture to warrant this exception. Both individually and as a collection, these informative and provocative articles decenter common shibboleths of twenty-first century Africanist scholarship and replace these with suggestions for new paths and new ways of seeing and constituting “Africa” in the world today.As ASR editors, we have been grappling with some of these issues over the past decade while putting together a “mission statement” for the journal, and we are pleased to see these subjects and perspectives presented so eloquently in this coUection.Two perspectives from these narratives are of special interest to the mission of the ASR. First, they encourage a view of “Africa” not as an isolate, but rather as a nexus of complex global relationships in which Africa and Africans, as well as African ideas, practice, and voice—whether as subjects or objects of analysis—are the primary focus. Second, they give voice to, and encourage contributions from, an increasing number of scholars whose primary work, scholarship, and identity are on the continent. Implicitly they call upon these scholars to publish in the ASR and other journals and use these as a two-way conduit, whereby scholarship from the continent may continue to become a significant and integral part of twenty-first century global Africanist discourses.
Superb Intentions and U.S. Policy Constraints
Authors: Wiley David S. 
Published: October 2010

Barack Obama's election was an extraordinary event in American and world history, but already in his second year as president, the luster and the popularity of the Obama administration has faded, even among many who mobilized to elect him. In addition to righting two wars, Obama is attempting to fix a broken health care system in the context of a nationally contentious electorate and Congress. He also is coping with a mounting debt burden from seeking to recover from an economic collapse and public anger at an environmental disaster of mega proportions, requiring him to rein in the banks and corporations that were unleashed from public regulation during the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton years. In addition, he is commander-in-chief of the U.S. military and its rapidly expanding U.S. Africa Command (AFRICOM).This was an administration elected on “hope for change.” Indeed, Obama's election raised expectations across the U.S. and throughout Africa that a man of African heritage, indeed a global person, could be and had been elected. This quintessentially optimistic, intelligent, and gifted American is the product of a Kenyan father and an internationally engaged mother, a multicultural childhood, and a global education as graduate of a private secondary school and elite American universities, and he has been pinned simultaneously with American, biracial, African American, African, and even global identities (see Zeleza 2009).
Introduction
Authors: Schmidt Elizabeth 
Published: October 2010

The euphoria greeting the election of Barack Hussein Obama as the forty-fourth president of the United States seized the popular imagination in Africa, much as it did in the U. S. There was hope and enormous goodwill on the continent, derived from President Obama's special tie to Africa—the dreams from his father that he has translated so eloquently. There was hope that the Obama administration would initiate new policies based on mutual respect, multilateral collaboration, and an awareness that there will be no security unless there is common security—and also that security must be broadly defined, extending beyond the military to include the environment, the economy, and health, as well as political and social rights. Yet as many anticipated, given the enormous and wide-ranging problems confronting the new administration, Africa has not been front and center on its agenda. Although President Obama visited Egypt in June and Ghana in July 2009, only a few months into his presidency, Africa has not become a centerpiece of his foreign policy.In his much-publicized speech in Accra, President Obama lauded Ghana for its “repeated peaceful transfers of power,” declared that “development depends on good governance,” and urged Africans to take responsibility for their continent: “to hold [their] leaders accountable, and to build institutions that serve the people.” He pledged that the United States would support their efforts and committed his administration to opening the doors to African goods and services in ways that previous administrations have not. He pledged $63 billion to a new, comprehensive global health strategy that would promote public health systems and combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis, polio, and other devastating diseases. In the months that followed, he pledged to double American foreign aid to $50 billion a year and to develop a multilateral program to combat hunger.
Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) and Norms of Participation in Tanzania: Working against the Grain
Authors: Dill Brian 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:The “institutional turn” in contemporary development theory has emphasized the importance of facilitating the emergence of institutions that will improve citizens' abilities to make choices. More important, it has suggested that the effectiveness of these institutions depends upon their ability to “work with the grain” of the local sociocultural environment. This article argues that community-based organizations (CBOs), as one prominent embodiment of institutional blueprints guiding relationships between state and nonstate actors in development efforts, are a poor fit in the context of contemporary urban Tanzania. This is because they are not consonant with the norms that have long governed popular participation in either the development process or associational life. Although the specific conclusions are limited to Dar es Salaam, the study calls for a method of interrogation that is not only historically and sociologically grounded, but also broadly applicable to other development issues.
Can We Expect More than Symbolic Support?
Authors: Selassie Bereket Habte 
Published: October 2010

When I think about the extraordinary writing and speaking phenomenon by the name of Barack Obama, who also happens to be the President of the United States of America, the most powerful country in the world, I can't help asking myself, what can he do for Africa? I ask this not only because he is a son of Africa, but also because I hear in his speeches the words of a man deeply committed to human values, and therefore concerned with the predicament of Africa's people in this age of globalization.As the first African American elected to the American presidency, Obama represents an extraordinary symbolic change in American politics. No one can underestimate the symbolic significance of his election. Nor should it be considered purely a matter of symbolism; a changing of the guard at the top necessarily involves—or should involve—implications of substantive change. There is the rub—can we expect substantive change of any significance from his election, given the nature and structure of American politics and society?In connection with that question it is fair to ask: what does the Age of Obama portend for Africa? Two related questions arise concerning this: first, what should Obama do for Africa, and second, what can he do for Africa? As to the first question, what Obama should do for Africa is linked to Africa's need; and we can spend a whole day talking about that and not exhaust it. On the basis of Obama's speeches, including especially his Accra speech of July 11, 2009, and our own sense of Africa's needs, I offer three primary talking points that embrace a set of values or goals upon which all government systems should be based. The first is peace and stability, the second is sustainable economic development and social justice, and the third is democracy and good governance—not necessarily in that order.
Developments in African Governance since the Cold War: Beyond Cassandra and Pollyanna
Authors: McFerson Hazel 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:Twenty years ago, most African countries seemed permanently mired in malgovernance and repression. The end of the Cold War triggered two contrasting developments: governance improvement associated with the end of superpower competition, and deterioration caused by the resurgence of suppressed ethnic conflicts. Based on a variety of evidence, three subperiods can be identified: fragile governance progress from 1989 to 1995; backsliding associated largely with civil conflict between 1996 and 2002; and resumption of progress in recent years. These broad trends mask major intercountry differences—with Ghana the best-known case of improvement and Zimbabwe the worst case of reversal. Overall, African governance is now somewhat better than it was two decades ago. However, the progress is fragile, and improvements in administrative and economic governance have lagged behind those on the political front. Consolidating democracy will thus require institutional capacity building through a combination of appropriate civil society efforts and constructive external pressure to strengthen accountability.
Putting Africa's House in Order to Deal with Developmental Challenges
Authors: Nzongola-Ntalaja Georges 
Published: October 2010

However proud Africans must be to have a person of African descent in the White House, they should have no illusions as to how much President Barack Hussein Obama can do for Africa. Africans must put their own house in order for purposes of dealing successfully with the major challenges facing the continent, the most important of which is that of democratic and developmental governance. Obama's priorities are not necessarily those of Africans. They have to do with the role of the United States as a superpower in a global system in which the American military and business corporations play a hegemonic role. In this context, Africa is relevant to American and Obama's global priorities when its resources are needed to strengthen this role, on the one hand, or its humanitarian crises are likely to affect them in an adverse manner, on the other.What are these global priorities, and how are they likely to affect Africa during Obama's tenure? Following is a brief examination of four major priorities. The first is limiting the spread of nuclear weapons. Operating on the premise that nuclear weapons should be limited to the few countries now possessing them (U.S., Russia, Britain, France, China, Israel, India, and Pakistan), the U.S. government has led an international campaign against the acquisition of nuclear weapons technology by other countries, particularly those deemed hostile to Western interests, such as Iran and North Korea. Since South Africa destroyed the nuclear arsenal of the former apartheid state and Libya gave up its nuclear ambitions, the only relevant issue with respect to Africa's role in the spread of nuclear weapons is the question of who has access to Africa's abundant supply of uranium. Denying access to African uranium to “rogue states” and terrorist organizations is an important foreign policy objective of any American government, including the Obama administration.
Diary Evidence for Political Competition: Mambila Autoethnography and Pretensions to Power
Authors: Zeitlyn David 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:An examination of personal diaries kept by Mambila people in Somié village, Cameroon, shows that everyday occurrences and small events, whose importance may have been overlooked at the time and which were forgotten soon after they took place, can be understood, in retrospect, as part of a larger struggle for power in a small Cameroonian chieftancy. This article examines the written accounts of some of these events in the context of diary narratives about community disputes, and it provides a model for the use of diaries and other personal records to illuminate the complexity of decision-making processes in the wider African context.
Views from Below on the Pro-poor Growth Challenge: The Case of Rural Rwanda
Authors: Ansoms An 
Published: October 2010

Abstract:This article focuses on the Rwandan peasantry to confirm how “views from below” can contribute to a better understanding of the ”pro-poor” growth challenge. Based on micro-level evidence gathered in 2007, it examines local peasants' perceptions of the characteristics and degree of poverty for different socioeconomic categories (i.e., peasant groups). It looks at the various opportunities and constraints that influence the potential of these categories or groups for social mobility and their capacity to participate in growth strategies. Further, it considers how local peasants perceive specific policy measures in the Rwandan government's “pro-poor” rural strategies. Their insights could inspire Rwandan policymakers and supporting donors to redirect their efforts toward distribution-oriented growth strategies.
A Homolog of the Vertebrate Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Is Both Necessary and Instructive for the Rapid Formation of Associative Memory in an Invertebrate
Authors: Pirger Zsolt , László Zita , Kemenes Ildikó , Tóth Gábor , Reglődi Dóra , Kemenes György 
Published: October 2010

Similar to other invertebrate and vertebrate animals, cAMP-dependent signaling cascades are key components of long-term memory (LTM) formation in the snailLymnaea stagnalis, an established experimental model for studying evolutionarily conserved molecular mechanisms of long-term associative memory. Although a great deal is already known about the signaling cascades activated by cAMP, the molecules involved in the learning-induced activation of adenylate cyclase (AC) inLymnaearemained unknown.Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy in combination with biochemical and immunohistochemical methods, recently we have obtained evidence for the existence of aLymnaeahomolog of the vertebrate pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and for the AC-activating effect of PACAP in theLymnaeanervous system. Here we first tested the hypothesis that PACAP plays an important role in the formation of robust LTM after single-trial classical food-reward conditioning. Application of the PACAP receptor antagonist PACAP6-38 around the time of single-trial training with amyl acetate and sucrose blocked associative LTM, suggesting that in this “strong” food-reward conditioning paradigm the activation of AC by PACAP was necessary for LTM to form. We found that in a “weak” multitrial food-reward conditioning paradigm, lip touch paired with sucrose, memory formation was also dependent on PACAP. Significantly, systemic application of PACAP at the beginning of multitrial tactile conditioning accelerated the formation of transcription-dependent memory.Our findings provide the first evidence to show that in the same nervous system PACAP is both necessary and instructive for fast and robust memory formation after reward classical conditioning.
Zeitgeschichte im Fernsehen. Die preisgekrönte Dokumentation Das Schweigen der Quandts als fragwürdiges Paradigma
Authors: Stremmel Ralf 
Published: October 2010

Vorspann
Hat die Geschichte noch ein Publikum? In Film und Fernsehen zweifellos. Verglichen damit erreichen die Produkte der professionellen Geschichtswissenschaft nur noch eine kleine Minderheit. Angesichts dieses Widerspruchs erstaunt die Indolenz, mit der die Vertreter der Zunft auf die Imaginierung ihrer Themen reagieren. Die Tatsache, dass die Historie nicht nur den Historikern gehört, wird von diesen meist ignoriert oder unterschätzt, aber nicht wirklich als Herausforderung begriffen. In diesem Fall ist das anders. Denn Ralf Stremmel geht es um viel mehr als nur um die Kritik einer speziellen historiografischen Dokumentation. Seine eigentliche Frage ist viel weiter gespannt: Was kann man von einer guten historischen Fernsehdokumentation erwarten?