bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deformation of amphibolites via dissolution–precipitation creep in the middle and lower crust
Authors: STOKES M. R. , WINTSCH R. P. , SOUTHWORTH C. S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractContinuous compositional zoning in amphibole grains in strongly deformed and lineated amphibolites from the Eastern Blue Ridge, North Carolina indicates that most of the deformation was accommodated by dissolution–precipitation creep. Amphibole in most samples shows moderate prograde and/or retrograde zoning parallel to the long‐axis with compositions ranging between magnesiohornblende and tschermakite. In one sample, grains are zoned from actinolitic (Si = 7.9 p.f.u.) cores to tschermakitic (Si = 6.2 p.f.u) rims. Amphibole‐plagioclase thermometry suggests prograde growth temperatures as low as 400 °C, but typically range from 650 to 730 °C and retrograde growth temperatures <700 °C. These estimates are corroborated quantitatively with amphibole‐garnet‐plagioclase thermobarometry and qualitatively with a positive correlation between TiO2 concentration in amphibole and calculated temperature. This growth zoning provides persuasive evidence that amphibole precipitation produced the fabric, but evidence for dissolution is less common. It is present, however in the form of truncations of complicated zoning patterns produced by healed fractures and overgrowths in low‐temperature cores by high‐temperature tschermakitic grains lacking similar internal structures. The preservation of this network of straight cracks filled with optically continuous amphibole also provides evidence against the operation of dislocation creep even to temperatures >700 °C because dislocation‐creep would have deformed the fracture network. Thus, these amphibolites deformed by dissolution–precipitation creep that produced a strong linear fabric under upper amphibolite facies, middle‐to‐lower crustal conditions. The significance of this discovery is that dissolution–precipitation creep is activated at lower stresses than dislocation creep and that the strength of the lower crust, where amphibole is the dominant mineral is probably lower than that derived from experimental studies.
FIA trends along the Precambrian Rocky Mountains: a new approach to timing continental docking
Authors: CAO H. , FLETCHER C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA similar succession of Foliation Inflection/Intersection Axis (FIAs) trends preserved within porphyroblasts is present in two areas separated by 200 km along the Rocky Mountains. The Precambrian rocks in Central Colorado and Northern New Mexico were affected by deformation and metamorphism from ∼1506 to 1366 Ma. A succession of five FIAs trending W–E, SSW–NNE, NNW–SSE, NW–SE and WSW–ENE is distinguished in Central Colorado and dated at 1506 ± 15 Ma, 1467 ± 23 Ma, 1425 ± 18 Ma, not dated and 1366 ± 20 Ma respectively. To the south in Northern New Mexico, a succession of five FIAs trending SSW–NNE, WNW–ESE, NNW–SSE, NW–SE and WSW–ENE is distinguished and dated at 1482 ± 48 Ma, 1448 ± 12 Ma, 1422 ± 35 Ma, not dated and 1394 ± 22 Ma. The excellent correlation of the sequence of FIA trends and their ages between regions reveals a sixfold‐FIA succession across the region with the first developed FIA set in Central Colorado not present in Northern New Mexico and the third FIA set in the region not present in Central Colorado. Preferential partitioning of W–E trending deformation into the Central Colorado region ∼1506 ± 15 Ma was followed by SSW–NNE trending deformation that affected both regions at 1470 ± 20 Ma. However, preferential partitioning of WNW–ESE trending deformation into Northern New Mexico at 1448 ± 12 Ma left Central Colorado unaffected. Both regions were then affected by the three remaining periods of orogenesis, the first trending NNW–SSE at 1424 ± 15 Ma followed by one trending NW–SE that has not yet been dated, and then one trending WSW–ENE at 1390 ± 19 Ma. This suggests that the Yavapai terrane was tectonized at ∼1506 Ma, prior to amalgamation with the Mazatzal terrane ∼1470 Ma. Subsequent orogenesis was initially partitioned preferentially into the Mazatzal terrane, but the following three periods of tectonism affected both terranes in a similar manner.
The ontogeny of color: developmental origins of divergent pigmentation in Drosophila americana and D. novamexicana
Authors: Cooley Arielle M. , Shefner Laura , McLaughlin Wesley N. , Stewart Emma E. , Wittkopp Patricia J. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYPigmentation is a model trait for evolutionary and developmental analysis that is particularly amenable to molecular investigation in the genus Drosophila. To better understand how this phenotype evolves, we examined divergent pigmentation and gene expression over developmental time in the dark‐bodied D. americana and its light‐bodied sister species D. novamexicana. Prior genetic analysis implicated two enzyme‐encoding genes, tan and ebony, in pigmentation divergence between these species, but questions remain about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we describe stages of pupal development in both species and use this staging to determine when pigmentation develops and diverges between D. americana and D. novamexicana. For the developmental stages encompassing pigment divergence, we compare mRNA expression of tan and ebony over time and between species. Finally, we use allele‐specific expression assays to determine whether interspecific differences in mRNA abundance have a cis‐regulatory basis and find evidence of cis‐regulatory divergence for both tan and ebony. cis‐regulatory divergence affecting tan had a small effect on mRNA abundance and was limited to a few developmental stages, yet previous data suggests that this divergence is likely to be biologically meaningful. Our study suggests that small and developmentally transient expression changes may contribute to phenotypic diversification more often than commonly appreciated. Recognizing the potential phenotypic impact of such changes is important for a scientific community increasingly focused on dissecting quantitative variation, but detecting these types of changes will be a major challenge to elucidating the molecular basis of complex traits.
Molecular and developmental contributions to divergent pigment patterns in marine and freshwater sticklebacks
Authors: Greenwood Anna K. , Cech Jennifer N. , Peichel Catherine L. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYPigment pattern variation across species or populations offers a tractable framework in which to investigate the evolution of development. Juvenile threespine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from marine and freshwater environments exhibit divergent pigment patterns that are associated with ecological differences. Juvenile marine sticklebacks have a silvery appearance, whereas sticklebacks from freshwater environments exhibit a pattern of vertical bars. We investigated both the developmental and molecular basis of this population‐level variation in pigment pattern. Time course imaging during the transition from larval to juvenile stages revealed differences between marine and freshwater fish in spatial patterns of chromatophore differentiation as well as in pigment amount and dispersal. In freshwater fish, melanophores appear primarily within dark bars whereas iridophores appear within light bars. By contrast, in marine fish, these chromatophores are interspersed across the flank. In addition to spatially segregated chromatophore differentiation, pigment amount and dispersal within melanophores varies spatially across the flank of freshwater, but not marine fish. To gain insight into the molecular pathways that underlie the differences in pigment pattern development, we evaluated differential gene expression in the flanks of developing fish using high‐throughput cDNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) and quantitative PCR. We identified several genes that were differentially expressed across dark and light bars of freshwater fish, and between freshwater and marine fish. Together, these experiments begin to shed light on the process of pigment pattern evolution in sticklebacks.
The End of an Era
Authors: Ramsay Alma Gaines 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis historical reprint from Public Health Nursing (Ramsay, ) summarizes the history of public health nursing services rendered by the Red Cross from its creation in 1912 until their termination in June 1951. The author was a public relations writer for the Red Cross. The paper is historically important for it provides chronology and perspective on the role of the Red Cross institutionalizing public health nursing and home nursing care in the United States during the first half of the 20th century. Of note are the three nursing services through which the Red Cross operated, each denoting a particular time and focus. Although Jane A. Delano is credited with the creation of the Red Cross nursing service, the initial organization was called Rural Nursing Service and was led by Fannie Clement. Within a short time, however, the Town and Country Nursing Service was created in recognition that not all of the public health nursing provided by the Red Cross was rendered in rural settings. The final transformation came when the service was again renamed, this time to highlight its more fundamental mission, as the Red Cross Public Health Nursing Service. The article is reprinted in its entirety.
Ecosystem Services from Keystone Species: Diversionary Seeding and Seed‐Caching Desert Rodents Can Enhance Indian Ricegrass Seedling Establishment
Authors: Longland William S. , Ostoja Steven M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSeeds of Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), a native bunchgrass common to sandy soils on arid western rangelands, are naturally dispersed by seed‐caching rodent species, particularlyDipodomysspp. (kangaroo rats). These animals cache large quantities of seeds when mature seeds are available on or beneath plants and recover most of their caches for consumption during the remainder of the year. Unrecovered seeds in caches account for the vast majority of Indian ricegrass seedling recruitment. We applied three different densities of white millet (Panicum miliaceum) seeds as “diversionary foods” to plots at three Great Basin study sites in an attempt to reduce rodents' over‐winter cache recovery so that more Indian ricegrass seeds would remain in soil seedbanks and potentially establish new seedlings. One year after diversionary seed application, a moderate level of Indian ricegrass seedling recruitment occurred at two of our study sites in western Nevada, although there was no recruitment at the third site in eastern California. At both Nevada sites, the number of Indian ricegrass seedlings sampled along transects was significantly greater on all plots treated with diversionary seeds than on non‐seeded control plots. However, the density of diversionary seeds applied to plots had a marginally non‐significant effect on seedling recruitment, and it was not correlated with recruitment patterns among plots. Results suggest that application of a diversionary seed type that is preferred by seed‐caching rodents provides a promising passive restoration strategy for target plant species that are dispersed by these rodents.
Predicted Effect of Landscape Position on Wildlife Habitat Value of Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program Wetlands in a Tile‐drained Agricultural Region
Authors: Otis David L. , Crumpton William R. , Green David , Loan‐Wilsey Anna , Cooper Tom , Johnson Rex R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractJustification for investment in restored or constructed wetland projects are often based on presumed net increases in ecosystem services. However, quantitative assessment of performance metrics is often difficult and restricted to a single objective. More comprehensive performance assessments could help inform decision‐makers about trade‐offs in services provided by alternative restoration program design attributes. The primary goal of the Iowa Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program is to establish wetlands that efficiently remove nitrates from tile‐drained agricultural landscapes. A secondary objective is provision of wildlife habitat. We used existing wildlife habitat models to compare relative net change in potential wildlife habitat value for four alternative landscape positions of wetlands within the watershed. Predicted species richness and habitat value for birds, mammals, amphibians, and reptiles generally increased as the wetland position moved lower in the watershed. However, predicted average net increase between pre‐ and post‐project value was dependent on taxonomic group. The increased average wetland area and changes in surrounding upland habitat composition among landscape positions were responsible for these differences. Net change in predicted densities of several grassland bird species at the four landscape positions was variable and species‐dependent. Predicted waterfowl breeding activity was greater for lower drainage position wetlands. Although our models are simplistic and provide only a predictive index of potential habitat value, we believe such assessment exercises can provide a tool for coarse‐level comparisons of alternative proposed project attributes and a basis for constructing informed hypotheses in auxiliary empirical field studies.
Introduction: Changing terms and concepts for epilepsy
Authors: Berg Anne T. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe Epidemiology Special Interest Group held at the 2012 American Epilepsy Society meeting was dedicated to a discussion of the concepts and terminology needed for effective communication about the causes of epilepsy. Diverse perspectives were represented ranging from needs in a developing country to those in a tertiary surgical center. The solutions to these different needs often seem in conflict with each other. Informatics is introduced as a discipline that may provide the necessary tools to construct an internally consistent conceptual and terminological system responsive to these many different settings and purposes and able to accommodate changes over time.
Epilepsy: A classification for all seasons?
Authors: Scheffer Ingrid E. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryEpilepsy classification is close to the heart of every clinician because it affects every consultation. Acceptance of change to fundamental concepts is difficult and implementation of new ideas requires considerable effort. It is therefore not surprising that the 2010 Organization of the epilepsies has evoked much passion and its fair share of criticism and controversy. Debate has been positive and has already led to modifications and gradual acceptance of the new framework. Although classification will never be perfect and continues to evolve with increasing knowledge, the time for updating our thinking to reflect current concepts and scientific understanding is well and truly here. Ongoing discussion will help to further mature the new organization.
Epidemiology of epilepsy in adults: Implementing the ILAE classification and terminology into population‐based epidemiologic studies
Authors: Christensen Jakob , Sidenius Per 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe new proposal for Revised Terminology for Organization of Seizures and Epilepsies published in 2010 poses challenges to all fields of epilepsy including epidemiology. We describe efforts to incorporate the new terminology and classification into population‐based health registers in Denmark in order to provide the background for assessment of the quality of epilepsy care, epidemiologic studies of epilepsy, and clinical trials in adults.
Revising and refining the epilepsy classification system: Priorities from a developing world perspective
Authors: Birbeck Gretchen L. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryAlthough the technical and human resources for epilepsy care and classification are located largely in high income countries, most people with epilepsy reside in developing regions of the world. Advances over the past two decades in the clinical and basic neurosciences have transformed epilepsy care and largely drive the present need for a revised epilepsy classification. These advances have been mirrored by new knowledge about epilepsy in tropical, resource limited settings. A nonhierarchical, multidimensional approach to classification that includes dimensions that can be ascertained in, and are relevant to, resource‐limited settings is needed. Such a classification system could be designed for relevance at tertiary care settings in developed regions as well as primary health care settings in developing regions. Insights from the global use of such a classification approach would also offer opportunities to gain complementary information regarding epilepsy across a broad range of settings and could provide new insights into epilepsy and epileptogenesis. Failure to develop a classification inclusive of the developing world would exclude 80% of the epilepsies globally.
Screening for depression in epilepsy clinics. A comparison of conventional and visual‐analog methods
Authors: Rampling Jeremy , Mitchell Alex J. , Von Oertzen Tim , Docker James , Jackson Jemima , Cock Hannah , Agrawal Niruj 
Published: July 2012

SummaryPurpose:  Depression is an important but underdiagnosed complication of epilepsy. This study compares potentially suitable screening tools head‐to‐head.Methods:  We enrolled 266 attendees with a confirmed diagnosis of epilepsy at a specialized neurologic epilepsy service in London and compared verbal self‐report and visual analog (VAS) screening methods for depression. These included two generic depression scales (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS], Beck Depression Inventory II [BDI‐II]), one epilepsy specific scale (Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy [NDDI‐E]) and one new visual‐analog scale (Emotional Thermometers [ET]). We used Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) criteria for major depression and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD‐10) criteria for depressive episode as the reference standard.Key Findings:  Against ICD‐10–defined depression the most accurate scales by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve area were HADS Total (HADS‐T, 0.924), BDI‐II (0.898) and NDDI‐E (0.897). New visual‐analog methods had similar accuracy measured either in combination or individually. Although no test performed well in a case‐finding role, several performed well as a rule‐out initial step, owing to high negative predictive value and specificity. In this role, the optimal performing conventional tools were the HADS depression subsscale (HADS‐D) and the NDDI‐E and the optimal single VAS were the depression thermometer (DepT) and the distress thermometer (DT). Against DSM‐IV– defined major depression, results were similar with optimal performance by the HADS‐T, BDI‐II, and NDDI‐E, but here the anxiety thermometer (AnxT) as well as DepT and DT also offered good performance. Given that no test performed well in a case‐finding role, we suggest that these tests are used as an initial first step to rule out patients who are unlikely to have depression.Significance:  We suggest that the six‐item NDDI‐E or seven‐item HADS‐D should be considered if a conventional scale is preferred and that the revised ET4 be considered if a visual‐analog method is required. Follow‐up examination and intervention, where indicated, are necessary in all those who screen positive on any measure as these are not intended as diagnostic tools.
Race, Self‐Employment, and Labor Absorption
Authors: BOYD ROBERT L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPast studies have argued that in the large cities of developing societies, unemployment is often alleviated when displaced workers are absorbed into the small‐scale entrepreneurial activities of the informal economy. The present study applies this argument to an analysis of women's self‐employment in the U.S. South during the Great Depression. Census data show that in large southern cities in 1940, the unemployment of black women was meaningfully reduced by the self‐employment of these women in domestic service. These data further suggest that dynamics of race, unemployment, and the self‐employment of women in domestic service can be represented by an inverted‐U‐shaped labor absorption curve. These results make several contributions to research on race, labor‐market disadvantage, and self‐employment in the informal sector.
Monetary Tightening and the Dynamics of US Race and Gender Stratification
Authors: SEGUINO STEPHANIE , HEINTZ JAMES 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article explores the race and gender effects of monetary tightening in the US from 1979–2008 using state‐level panel data. Results indicate the costs of fighting inflation are unevenly distributed amongst workers, weighing more heavily on black females and black males, followed by white females, and lastly white males. We also find evidence that the relative unemployment costs of monetary tightening for subordinate groups vary with the black share of the population.
Individuals and Their Local Utility Stocks: Preference for the Familiar
Authors: Nofsinger John R. , Varma Abhishek 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe find individuals are four times more likely to purchase stocks of their local direct utility company as opposed to utility companies operating outside their state of residence. Our tests reveal that individuals do not possess superior or private information about their local utilities. Indeed, individual preference for their local utility stocks seems to be driven by preference for familiar assets, even in the presence of a desire for high dividend yields. In addition, affluence and sophistication do not reduce local bias.
Emerging from Bankruptcy with When‐Issued Trading
Authors: Brooks Raymond M. , Yang J. Jimmy 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe examine the set of firms that emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy and traded on a when‐issued basis before their official return to the regular way in NASDAQ, Amex, or NYSE. We find that this when‐issued market is liquid and price efficient. The when‐issued closing price is a good indicator of the first closing price in the regular way market. Emerging firms that have when‐issued trading experience lower regular way volatility and smaller relative spreads than those without when‐issued trading. Our probit regressions show that firm size is an important determinant of the adoption of when‐issued trading.
Growth Strategies and Value Creation: What Works Best for Stock Exchanges?
Authors: Hasan Iftekhar , Schmiedel Heiko , Song Liang 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn recent years, demutualized stock exchanges increasingly have been engaging in mergers and acquisition (M&A) and alliance activities. To examine the effect of these growth strategies on exchange shareholders’ value creation, we focus on 15 public stock exchanges and investigate their short‐run share price responses to the formation of 111 M&As and alliances around the world spanning the period 2000–2008. Our findings show that the average stock price responses for M&As and alliances are positive. M&As create more value than alliances. For alliances, joint ventures generate more value than nonequity alliances. More value accrues when the integration is horizontal than when it is vertical. Cross‐border integration creates more value than domestic integration. In addition, there is evidence of learning‐by‐doing effects in stock exchange integration activities. Finally, we find that when the partnering exchange is located in a country with better shareholder protection, accounting standards, and capital market development, more shareholder value accrues to our sample exchange. These patterns are consistent when we examine the exchanges’ long‐run performance.