bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing salts while irrigating with wastewater.
Authors: Qadir M. , Drechsel P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Where freshwater resources are scarce for reasons of climate or water pollution, urban waste-water is often used to irrigate a range of crops in support of urban markets as well as the livelihoods of farmers. As in many developing countries wastewater treatment is insufficient, the water can contain different types and levels of mostly undesirable constituents. In this review, the focus is on elevated salt concentrations from domestic or industrial origin, which can especially in long-term irrigation systems result in environmental and productivity constraints. As treatment options to reduce water salinity are resource-intensive, off- and on-farm management strategies are needed to offset the implications of saline wastewater. The sources of salts in wastewater can be reduced before it reaches the farm by (1) technologies in industrial sector that reduce salt consumption vis-à-vis discharge into the sewage system; (2) separation of high-salt releasing industries' wastewater from domestic and municipal wastewater; (3) reduced evaporation in wastewater treatment ponds; and (4) restrictions on using certain domestic products that are major sources of salts in wastewater. Besides the off-farm interventions, on-farm management strategies may address (1) selection of crops or crop varieties capable of producing profitable yield with saline wastewater; (2) selection of irrigation methods reducing salt levels or crop exposure to salts; (3) application of wastewater in excess of crop water requirement to leach excess salts from the root zone; (4) irrigation of wastewater in conjunction with freshwater through cyclic and/or blending interventions; (5) use of different agronomic interventions; (6) the application - where possible - of calcium-supplying amendments while irrigating with highly sodic wastewater to mitigate sodium effects on soils and crops; and (7) potential use of saline wastewater, if containing adequate proportion of calcium, to ameliorate sodic and saline-sodic soils. Since saline wastewater can also contain other contaminants than salts it is different from saline drainage or groundwater, and its long-term irrigation may result in the movement of, for example, nitrates, metal ions and metalloids to groundwater. Therefore, monitoring of groundwater quality in well-drained wastewater irrigation schemes is important, particularly where groundwater is used elsewhere for drinking purposes. In addition, crop and soil quality analyses are necessary to determine potential negative implications of wastewater irrigation on crop growth and food safety in general and for microbiological and/or other chemical constituents.
Assessing biosafety of GM plants containing lectins.
Authors: Poulsen M. , Pedersen J. W. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

The introduction of genetic engineering has already shown its benefits in transferring genes into crop plants and conferring resistance towards pests. Most of these crop plants on the market have been transformed with the
cry
genes from
Bacillus
species, conferring resistance towards certain insects. However, since the
cry
genes are not active against all insects, e.g. sap-sucking insects, other genes coding for proteins such as lectins show promise of complementing the
cry
genes for insect resistance. As with other novel plants, lectin-expressing plants will need to be assessed for their potential risks to human and animal health and the environment. The expressed lectin protein should be assessed on its own for potential toxicity and allergenicity as for any other new protein. Although not many lectins have been thoroughly tested for their toxicity, our evaluation suggests that most of the lectins that are potentially useful for insect resistance will pose no health risk in genetically modified (GM) plants. Since some lectins are known for their toxicity to humans, the insertion of lectin genes in food crop plants will have to be assessed carefully. It is expected that in some cases there will be a need to perform animal tests of such GM plants in order to eliminate any uncertainties about potential safety issues for these plants. A 90-day study designed and optimized for this purpose is suggested as one way to cope with these uncertainties.
The potential for proteomics in cereal science.
Authors: Copeland L. , Wilkes M. A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Proteomics is the separation, detection, identification and bioinformatic analysis of all of the proteins expressed in a biological tissue under a defined set of conditions. This technology is one of the suite of bioinformatics approaches that are being widely employed to answer fundamental questions on the genetics and biochemistry of living cells. Proteomics provides a wealth of new knowledge on the genetic potential of food plants and animals, how that potential is expressed and how that expression is influenced by external factors such as soil, climate, weather, management practices, pests and diseases. Proteomic studies are performed to analyse temporal and spatial changes in the protein complement of a tissue including proteins concerned with quality attributes and nutritional value, Proteomics is a readily accessible technology, much of which can be performed with relatively simple equipment and access to a service facility for mass spectrometry identification of proteins. The focus of this review article is on the applications of proteomics in cereal science. The intention is to provide the reader with an overview of (i) the accessibility of this technology and recent developments in the methodology involved, and (ii) how proteomics may be used to advance knowledge for the production of cereal crops and to optimize the use of their harvested products.
Clean Development Mechanism Afforestation and Reforestation projects: implications for local agriculture.
Authors: Green A. G. , Unruh J. D. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The potential of Clean Development Mechanism Afforestation and Reforestation (CDM A/R) projects to contribute to climate change mitigation and sustainable development is widely recognized. Yet, problems with the design and implementation of CDM A/R projects have limited analyses of project outcomes. In fact, of the nearly 1400 registered CDM projects in early January 2009, there was only one A/R project. Yet, as of May 2010, the number of registered CDM A/R projects had rapidly grown to 14 with 41 more CDM A/R projects in the pipeline. This rapid increase in A/R activities may provide some early indications of whether CDM A/R projects are successfully meeting their potential to contribute to sustainable development goals. This review specifically examines the literature that documents the positive and negative impacts of CDM A/R projects on local agriculture. It finds that while half of the current CDM A/R projects are credited with generating carbon offsets from 2007 or earlier, there is little published evidence of their specific impacts on local agriculture or sustainable development. This review recommends that future research should focus on (1) developing field surveys with criteria and indicators that evaluate the performance of individual CDM A/R projects in meeting stipulated outcomes, (2) increasing critical scrutiny of CDM A/R project validation documentation and procedures and (3) developing criteria and indicators to analyse the impacts of all CDM A/R projects on broad issues (such as tenure security and institutional capacity) and specific demographic groups, geographic regions or livelihoods.
Factors Influencing Habitat Shifts of Age‐0 Yellow Perch in Southwestern Lake Michigan
Authors: Miehls Scott M. , Dettmers John M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractYellow perch Perca flavescens exhibit a consistent early life history across most lakes, with hatching in spring followed by a brief pelagic phase that ends with an ontogenetic shift to benthic habitat. This shift occurs with consistent timing and at consistent sizes in most freshwater systems. In Lake Michigan, however, the pelagic phase is prolonged and age‐0 yellow perch undergo the transition to benthic habitat at variable sizes, the reasons for which are unknown. We investigated whether prey resources, diet preferences, and physical environment affected the habitat shift of pelagic, age‐0 yellow perch. The shift to nearshore benthic habitat between 1998 and 2005 was strongly correlated with the occurrence of onshore wind events, a surrogate for transport by onshore currents. The timing of this habitat shift was not strongly related to prey resources. Abiotic factors structured the habitat shifts of age‐0 yellow perch in Lake Michigan, a pattern atypical of freshwater systems but consistent with the patterns seen in marine systems.
Conclusion
Authors: Prunty Wyatt 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the discussions in the preceding chapters and presents some concluding thoughts. It argues that the strongest poetry that this generation has produced has not precluded the possibility of more finished arrangements. Possibility is the other side of doubt. Holding what is lacked in question, in play, keeps the thing missed from being lost. The tropes that liken are the means for exploring similitude. They are also the preliminaries for greater certainty, maybe, on occasion, even consensus, however problematical that kind of certainty remains, and probably ought to remain.
The First Edition of the New Testament
Authors: Trobisch David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book argues that the New Testament is not the product of a centuries-long process of development. Its history, the author finds, is the history of a book—an all-Greek Christian bible—published as early as the second century AD and intended by its editors to be read as a whole. The author claims that this bible achieved wide circulation and formed the basis of all surviving manuscripts of the New Testament. Redactional frame, editorial concepts, and other such ideas can be found throughout the book as these aid in explaining how editors, publishers, and even readers may have already incorporated thoughts and modified the original texts to come up with the modern Canonical Edition of the Christian Bible that we know today.
Impurity and Sin in the Literature of Qumran
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter addresses the literature of Qumran, focusing on the texts that were not only unearthed at Qumran, but also generally recognized to have been composed by the group that settled here. The analysis emphasizes most closely the Community Rule (1QS), a major theme of which is the defiling force of sin. Habakkuk Pesher (1QpHab), the Thanksgiving Scroll (1QH), the War Scroll (1QM), the Damascus Document (CD),1 and some of the more fragmentary texts that were discovered in Qumran Cave Four, including the recently published halakhic letter, 4Q Miqsat Ma'aseh ha—Torah (4QMMT), are the other texts that are assessed. It also examines the pertinent literature from Qumran in light of the conceptual framework and historical analyses. Moreover, an analysis of what is most distinctive about the approach taken to ritual and moral impurity at Qumran is described: the nearly complete integration of the two once distinct ideas into one single conception of impurity that has both ritual and moral connotations. Finally, Qumran's innovative approach to ritual and moral impurity is taken into account.
Siluk Ha-Shekhinah:Sin, Defilement, and the Departure of the Divine Presence
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the tannaitic treatment of the idea of moral defilement. It begins by offering some general observations about the tannaitic passages that form the basis of analysis. The first general observation is that there are very few passages in the tannaitic corpus that articulate the idea of moral defilement. The second is that the bulk of the tannaitic passages which discuss moral defilement are midrashim on scriptural verses dealing with moral impurity. The third point to be made regarding the passages is that they typically articulate a rather literal reading of the biblical verses. Topics discussed include the sources of moral impurity in tannaitic literature, effects of moral impurity in tannaitic literature, the date of the doctrine of moral defilement, and the meaning of the doctrine of moral defilement. In general, a number of tannaitic traditions relating to the biblical doctrine of moral defilement are shown.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe distinction between ritual and moral defilement is important—even essential—simply for understanding the biblical text itself. At least four distinct approaches to the question of the relationship between ritual and moral impurity are identified. The study of ancient Judaism concerns not ancient Jewish literature strictly speaking, but the Hebrew Bible. The complexity of the concept of defilement is also addressed. It is hoped that the present study has at least contributed to that process by clarifying the dynamic between impurity and sin in an important period of the history of both Judaism and Christianity.
The Reception of Ancient Texts in the Carolingian Era
Authors: Atkinson Charles M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways ancient texts treating tone-system, mode, and notation were received and taught in the Carolingian era. The terms and concepts from the works of Boethius, Martianus Capella, Cassiodorus, Isidore of Seville, and Donatus discussed under the rubric of “the heritage of antiquity” were important as objects of study during the Carolingian era. Starting with manuscripts from the first part of the 9th century, it is shown that Carolingian schoolmasters, such as John Scottus Eriugena and Remigius of Auxerre made concentrated attempts to understand and explain such concepts as tonus, tropus, accentus, and seminarium musices. They grappled with them, moreover, on their own terms, that is, as they had been understood in Antiquity. At the same time, their commentaries could not help but reflect—and in turn influence—the milieu in which they were written and the directions in which musical thought was heading.
Reasoning the Fast and Frugal Way
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter proposes a class of heuristics that exhibit bounded rationality based on Herbert Simon’s ideas. These “fast and frugal heuristics” operate with simple psychological principles that satisfy the constraints of limited time, knowledge, and computational might, rather than those of classical rationality. At the same time, they are designed to be fast and frugal without a significant loss of inferential accuracy because they can exploit the structure of environments. It begins by describing the task the cognitive heuristics are designed to address, the Take The Best heuristic, and the real-world environment on which its performance will be tested. Next, it reports on a competition in which the heuristic competes with “rational” strategies in making inferences about a real-world environment. Finally, it studies variants of the heuristic that make faster inferences and get by with even less knowledge.
Rationality
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSocial rationality is a specific form of ecological rationality, one in which the environment consists of other humans. The program of social rationality explains human judgment and decision making in terms of the structure of social environments. This chapter illustrates how behaviors that look irrational from an individualistic point of view can turn out to be well adapted to a specific social environment. Social environments foster different strategies than physical environments, such as imitation instead of deliberation, and demand attention to information that is unique to social interaction, such as cues that could reveal that one is being cheated or bluffed. The examples demonstrate that only by referring to something external to the rules or axioms, such as social objectives, values, and norms, can one decide whether an axiom or choice rule entails rational behavior.
Introduction
Authors: Myers Kathleen Ann 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis volume examines six representative 17th-century women whose lives and life narratives serve as case studies that illustrate how a single church role for women to be saintlike in fact generated multiple life paths. It shows how these women's lives and texts were integral to the building of colonial society, most of them were heralded as symbols of America. These women were suggestive of the possibilities found in colonial Spanish American women's life writings. In order to elucidate the inner workings of the processes of canonization, inquisition, and confession, Part I examines two lay holy women and a nun. Part II examines three women who spent time in the convent, but redefined or rejected the path of the perfecta religiosa.
La China Poblana
Authors: San Jaun Catarina De 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter looks at the subject of a hagiographic biography, Catarina de San Juan. Her case reveals more about post-Tridentine guidelines on sanctity and their textual representation. Although first brought to America as a slave, she was central to local citizens' lives because of her intercessory powers. Upon her death in Puebla, she had lots of followers from all walks of life and was promoted by the powerful Jesuit order. One Jesuit wrote a biography of Catarina that became the longest work published in the colonial Americas—Alonso Ramos's De los prodigios … New Spanish clergy further advanced her cause by approving the three-volume tome, while the laity began to venerate a painted portrait of her.
Criteria for Analysis II
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses three more rubrics. These are periodicity, three modes of enunciation, and narrative. Along with the three other rubrics discussed in the previous chapter, they facilitate an exploration of the immediately perceptible dimensions of Romantic compositions. These six rubrics together are best thought of as enabling mechanisms, as schemes for organizing intuited insights, and as points of departure for further exploration.
Bridges to Free Composition
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the idea of bridges to free composition through several stylistic contexts. The chapter looks at Corelli, J.S. Bach, Schubert, Chopin, Mahler, and Richard Strauss. It shows that these bridges connect the structures of an actual composition with a set of models or proto-structures. It also attempts to give some indication of how “speaking” music fluently might work, in order for people to be able to understand its production processes.
Liszt,Orpheus(1853–1854)
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter gives a semiotic analysis of Lizst's Orpheus. It begins by identifying the work's building blocks one after another. The second part of the analysis includes comments on the discourse of form and meaning that this particular disposition of blocks makes possible. The analysis is able to determine that although Orpheus resists a reading as a continuously illustrative work, certain features encourage speculation about its illustrative potential.
The Go-Between
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In a familiar phrase, Luke speaks of “the ministry of the word”. The term “word”, which means so much to the Christian church, has made the phrase memorable, but was an emphasis on “word” Luke's main intention? Or, for him, could the main thing have been “diakonia”? This chapter assesses what the term “ministry” contributed to the phrase “ministry of the word” in Luke's mind. Would the term have come naturally to a Greek writing about a preaching ministry or would a Greek have needed to be a Christian to use it? To resolve these and other queries arising from similar usage elsewhere in early Christian sources, this chapter examines the connection of “diakonia” to Hermes' role as messenger of the gods, the conveying of messages from one place to another, and the performance of errands.
Post/modern: On the Gay Sensibility, or the Pervert's Revenge on Authenticity—Wilde, Genet, Orton, and Others
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe anarchic and the political, the anger and the boredom, are all active in Oscar Wilde's transgressive aesthetic. Which brings one to camp, considered by some to be the essence of the homosexual sensibility. The definition of camp is as elusive as the sensibility itself. This chapter discusses post-modern issues of gay sensibility and the like according to Wilde, Jean Genet, and Joe Orton, among others. The search for the nature of the distinctively gay sensibility can be productively redirected as an exploration of the limitations of the aesthetic as conventionally understood, especially the way it is said to transcend the socio-political, and used in support of the proposition that discrimination is the essence of culture. Further, rather than seeking such a sensibility in an ‘inner condition’, one might more usefully identify it outwardly and in relation to other strategies of survival and subversion, especially the masquerade of femininity, and the mimicry of the colonial subject.
Desire and Difference
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe instance of homosexuality is not incidental since ‘perverse’ desire figures centrally in Roland Barthes's influential theories of difference and textuality. Like Oscar Wilde, André Gide, and others, Barthes uses perverse desire to animate and inform his aesthetic and linguistic theories, and it is in terms of language and art that such strategies would in part operate. From the vantage point of so-called post-liberation, the political blindnesses of sexual desire, and how disastrous it can be to make sexuality the prime mover of a political vision. What one learns from Wilde, Gide, Barthes, and others is that a conventionally understood politics which ignores sexual desire will quite possibly be as disastrous as one which makes that desire the prime mover in the age of so-called post-liberation. It is not exactly that they bring sexuality to politics; rather, deviant desire brings with it a different kind of political knowledge, and hence inflects both desire and politics differently.
The Second Tetralogy and After
Authors: Erskine-Hill Howard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The likening of King John to the Protestant Tudors was orthodoxy for their era until dramatists of the 1590S injected into the comparison the volatile contemporary ingredient of Arthur and the succession question, played down or ignored by Foxe and the Book of Homilies. The comparison between Elizabeth and Richard II from Camden and Peter Wentworth was compelling though it involved no orthodoxy and appealed to various viewpoints, from those of the Queen herself to the judgements of subjects discontented with her rule, or anxious about the future. The examination of Sir John Hayward — after Shakespeare's completion of the second tetralogy — seems to show a nervous tendency on Elizabeth's part to identify with a king whom some thought it had been right to depose; while her well-known announcement to William Lambarde: ‘I am Richard II, know ye not that?’ is further and exceptional evidence that, whatever its significance, Elizabeth did see a link between herself and Richard in the aftermath of an unsuccessful revolt against her.