bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digesting blood of an auxiliary host in fleas: effect of phylogenetic distance from a principal host
Authors: Khokhlova Irina S. , Fielden Laura J. , Degen A. Allan , Krasnov Boris R. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARY
Fleas are haematophagous ectoparasites that exhibit varying degrees of host specificity. Flea abundance is highest on principal hosts and lower on auxiliary hosts but may vary greatly among auxiliary hosts. We investigated the feeding and energy expenditure for digestion in two flea species Parapulex chephrenis and Xenopsylla ramesis on a principal host (Acomys cahirinus and Meriones crassus, respectively) and eight auxiliary host species. We predicted that fleas would perform better – that is (i) a higher proportion of fleas would take a blood meal, (ii) fleas would take larger blood meals and (iii) fleas would spend less energy on digestion – if they fed on (i) a principal host compared with an auxiliary host and (ii) an auxiliary host phylogenetically close to a principal host compared with an auxiliary host phylogenetically distant from a principal host. Energy costs of digestion were estimated using CO2 emission and represented energy cost during the first stage of blood digestion. Contrary to our predictions, fleas did not always perform better on a principal than on an auxiliary host or on auxiliary hosts phylogenetically closer to the principal host than on auxiliary hosts phylogenetically distant from a principal host. Variation in flea feeding performance may result from the interplay of several factors including co-occurrence between hosts and susceptibility of a host to flea attacks, the species-specific level of immunocompetence of a host and the level of host specificity of a flea. This study describes the first investigation into the metabolic expenditure of parasitism and its relationship to phylogenetic relationships amongst hosts.
The EU-Korea Free Trade Agreement: Making of a "Deep" Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Das Dilip K. 
Published: March 2012

Korea a dynamic newly-industrialized economy, and the EU, the largest economic block have negotiated an FTA. It came in force on July 1, 2011. Before the FTA was formed, the two were important trading partners of each other. Korea has enjoyed a trade surplus in merchandise trade vis-à-vis the EU. An overwhelmingly large proportion of EU-Korea trade is in manufacturing products. The EU took has had a surplus in trade in services vis-à-vis Korea. The FTA protocol has specified lowering of tariffs and NTBs in a phased manner over a transition period. The FTA had sector-focused negations. Technological standards and environmental considerations are a part of the FTA protocol. It has a comprehensive coverage and in trade economics parlance known as a “deep” regional integration arrangement. The impact of the FTA on the two partner economies would be positive but small. The empirical analyses predictably concluded that of the two, the FTA will benefit Korean economy relatively more in terms of welfare gains, while the EU economy will only gain modestly. An important fact that will influence the welfare gains is that the magnitude of the EU trade with Korea; it is only 2 percent to 2.5 percent of total extra-EU trade. Sectoral impact of the FTA will be important for both the EU and Korea and this article elucidates which sectors will benefit more than others. To protect domestic producers and markets from sudden surge in imports, there is a provision of a bilateral safeguard clause in the FTA.
Graduating High School in a Recession: Work, Education, and Home Production
Authors: Hershbein Brad J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This paper explores how high school graduate men and women vary in their behavioral responses to beginning labor market entry during a recession. In contrast with previous related literature that found a substantial negative wage impact but minimal employment impact in samples of highly educated men, the empirical evidence presented here suggests a different outcome for the less well educated, and between the sexes. Women, but not men, who graduate high school in an adverse labor market are less likely to be in the workforce for the next four years, but longer-term effects are minimal. Further, while men increase their enrollment as a short-run response to weak labor demand, women do not; instead, they appear temporarily to substitute into home production. Women's wages are less affected than men's, and both groups' wages are less affected than the college graduates previously studied.
Cyclicality of Real Wages in Korea
Authors: Shin Donggyun 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
On the basis of the Korea Labor & Income Panel Study data over the period 1997 to 2008, this paper finds that real wages are strongly procyclical. For the same period, government-published aggregate real wages also show substantial procyclicality. Overall, measured real wage procyclicality in Korea is comparable to that in the international literature. The analysis also explores between-group heterogeneity in real wage cyclicality, such as the contrast between job changers and stayers.
Internet Taxation and Principles of Good Tax Policy
Authors: Nellen Annette 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMany of today's tax rules were designed for a pre‐Internet age, meaning that they are challenged by Internet‐based transactions and technologies. This article proposes a framework for analyzing current tax rules to identify issues of importance to the taxation of Internet transactions and e‐commerce. The framework also applies to the evaluation of tax proposals that address Internet transactions and technologies. The framework is based on principles of good tax policy, which have been used and tested for many years. Such a framework can be applied to identify necessary changes to existing tax rules as well as the strengths and weaknesses of tax proposals applicable to the Internet and e‐commerce.
Measuring the Nursing Work Environment: Can a Social Capital Framework Add Value?
Authors: Sheingold Brenda Helen , Hofmeyer Anne , Woolcock Michael 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground: A suite of robust instruments are required to investigate the range of contextual and social dimensions in the nursing workforce that contribute to desired outcomes such as resilient work environments, high retention rates, and provision of quality health care. However current instruments do not adequately measure the formal and informal social relationships between nurses and others on the team. This gap is problematic because social relationships can influence how well nurses work together to achieve the desired outcomes. To this end, instruments from other disciplines could be adapted to investigate social dimensions. Purpose: To examine how a social capital framework could measure social relationships in nursing work environments and inform policy and managerial initiatives to reduce turnover and improve quality. Method: Eight contemporary instruments that assess social dimensions and sub‐scales in nursing work environments were reviewed. An instrument that measures social dimensions known as social capital (networks, norms, outcomes) was also reviewed for adaptation in nursing. Findings: The eight contemporary instruments do not adequately measure the nature of social relationships (networks, norms, outcomes) between nurses. A social capital instrument developed by social researchers and economists could be adapted to add value and understanding of social relationship issues. Policy Implications and Conclusions: It is timely to develop robust qualitative and quantitative instruments that will permit the examination of social capital in nursing populations globally, and identify mechanisms to achieve desired outcomes, such as job satisfaction, retention, and quality health care.
The State of Medical and Health Care Education: A Review and Commentary on the Lancet Commission Report
Authors: Gordon David , Karle Hans 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMedicine and the other healing arts advance through new knowledge, improved practices, and increasing engagement with their responsibilities to the patients and societies that they serve. Does the education of doctors and other healthcare professionals lead in these changes, or does it follow?Failures in education are often blamed for defects in health care systems. The Lancet Commission Report on Education of Health Professions for the 21st Century, published in late 2010 (Frenk et al. 2010), argued that education needed transformation to meet the needs of health systems. This commentary argues that there is not a general crisis in education of health professions. Education often leads, rather than follows. Problems in healthcare require engagement by politicians and decision makers in a concerted and coordinated plan for capacity building in education, and for targeted solutions to problems of inadequate resources. Health professionals, and education systems, should continue to lead and innovate, through initiatives for the improvement of institutions and programmes.
Path to meter class single crystal silicon (SCSi) space optics
Authors: McCarter Douglas R. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
With the global financial crisis affecting funding for space systems development, customers are calling for lower cost systems. Yet, at the same time, these lower cost systems must have increased thermal response to operational environments and load survivability. We submit that single crystal silicon (SCSi) meets both of these requirements. This paper will highlight some key SCSi material properties, discuss the opportunities that led to the development of McCarter processing methods, and present the latest steps in the manufacturing path of McCarter Mirrors using SCSi, GFB (glass frit bonding) and MSF (McCarter super finish), including the concept drawing of a one meter SCSi lightweight mirror, which together sets up the last step toward a lower cost, high performing one meter SCSi space optic.
Calcineurin inhibitors: status quo and perspectives
Authors: Erdmann Frank , Weiwad Matthias 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDespite the fact that cyclosporin A (CsA) and tacrolimus (FK506) are very potent drugs in the treatment of serious autoimmune diseases and in the prevention of graft vs. host reactions or tissue rejections after allo- or xenotransplantations, modern transplantation medicine attempts to develop alternative medication regimes without these calcineurin inhibitors. The primary motivation for this endeavor is the high incidence of dramatic side effects upon immunosuppressive therapy. CsA and FK506 target not only the calcineurin/NFAT pathway, but they also bind and inhibit members of distinct peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase families, which are involved in numerous important signal transduction pathways. Therefore, the development of a potent calcineurin inhibitor that discriminates between calcineurin and other protein phosphatases and peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases, respectively, should improve the drug safety in clinical use and represent a valuable tool in basic research to investigate calcineurin modulated pathways. This review gives a current overview about novel calcineurin inhibitors, which were identified by screening of compound libraries and in natural materials or were derived from known inhibitors in the past decades. Thereby, we focus on their structure, properties and biological effects.
N-glycoproteomics: mass spectrometry-based glycosylation site annotation
Authors: Pasing Yvonne , Sickmann Albert , Lewandrowski Urs 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Glycosylations are ubiquitous and, in many cases, essential protein modifications. Yet comprehensive and detailed analysis of glycosylations on a proteome-wide scale is a daunting and still unsolved challenge. However, a common workflow has emerged over the last decade for large-scale N-glycosylation site annotation by application of proteomic methodology. Thereby, the qualitative and quantitative assessment of hundreds or thousands of modification sites is enabled. This review presents a short overview about common enrichment techniques and glycosylation site detection for N-glycopeptides, including benefits and challenges of analysis.
Structural models of the human copper P-type ATPases ATP7A and ATP7B
Authors: Gourdon Pontus , Sitsel Oleg , Karlsen Jesper Lykkegaard , Møller Lisbeth Birk , Nissen Poul 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The human copper exporters ATP7A and ATP7B contain domains common to all P-type ATPases as well as class-specific features such as six sequential heavy-metal binding domains (HMBD1–HMBD6) and a type-specific constellation of transmembrane helices. Despite the medical significance of ATP7A and ATP7B related to Menkes and Wilson diseases, respectively, structural information has only been available for isolated, soluble domains. Here we present homology models based on the existing structures of soluble domains and the recently determined structure of the homologous LpCopA from the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. The models and sequence analyses show that the domains and residues involved in the catalytic phosphorylation events and copper transfer are highly conserved. In addition, there are only minor differences in the core structures of the two human proteins and the bacterial template, allowing protein-specific properties to be addressed. Furthermore, the mapping of known disease-causing missense mutations indicates that among the heavy-metal binding domains, HMBD5 and HMBD6 are the most crucial for function, thus mimicking the single or dual HMBDs found in most copper-specific P-type ATPases. We propose a structural arrangement of the HMBDs and how they may interact with the core of the proteins to achieve autoinhibition.
Exploring the interface between World Englishes and Second Language Acquisition – and implications for English as a Lingua Franca
Authors: Schneider, Edgar W. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This paper explores and attempts to explain cognitively-based similarities between ELF uses and newly-emerged World Englishes, notably ESLs (stable second-language varieties) but also EFL forms, from a theoretical perspective, with an eye on earlier scholarship, and in an exemplary case study. Starting out from definitions of some core concepts, it is argued that the common ground underlying ESL, EFL and ELF is to be found in principles of Second Language Acquisition, such as preferences for simplicity, analogy, or isomorphism. A range of earlier studies which point out parallels between these categories is critically surveyed and supplemented by some new, pertinent data drawn from the VOICE corpus. In an extended case study of select structural features of finite vs. non-finite complement clause formation in ESL varieties, the hypothesis is tested that ESLs show traces of SLA effects by preferring relatively more isomorphic structures over less transparent ones, and implications of the findings for ELF are considered. It is suggested that ESLs and ELF are related via SLA effects and cognition and that sociolinguistically stable ELF settings may be hypothesized to represent initial stages in a trajectory towards ESL formation.
English as an Asian Lingua Franca: the ‘Lingua Franca Approach’ and implications for language education policy
Authors: Kirkpatrick, Andy 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The major issues confronting language policy makers in East and Southeast Asia typically include balancing the need for English as the international lingua franca and language of modernization, a local lingua franca as the national language for national unity, and local languages as languages of identity and community. Choices faced by policy makers include which languages to use as media of instruction and when, and how to ensure that the languages complement each other rather than compete with each other.
In this paper, particular focus will be placed on the countries which make up the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), especially in light of the recently ratified ASEAN charter which enshrines the position of English as the sole working language of the organisation. The perceived need for the importance of English has resulted in the current and increasing regional trend to include English as early as possible in the primary school curriculum, often as a medium of instruction. Even with this increase in English in the government school system, parents will often make substantial financial and emotional sacrifices and choose to send their children to private schools (including those overseas), where they can be taught through English. “To actually forsake the public school system that teaches in your own language for the private one that teaches in English is an increasingly common phenomenon” (Wang Gungwu 2007: xiv).
A major consequence of these moves towards the learning of English in both public and private education systems is that local Asian languages are overlooked in the school curricula. Indeed it is hard to find a single government education system in ASEAN which requires the teaching of any of the languages of its fellow member states. The exception is Mandarin, which is increasing in demand through its rising instrumental value.
While accepting that English needs to be taught, it will be argued that it is essential that the perceptions that are leading to the trends outlined above be challenged. A proposal for ways of combining English and local languages in more equitable and effective ways will be presented and a ‘Lingua Franca Approach’ to teaching English will be proposed.
Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring von Antimykotika/Therapeutic drug monitoring of antifungal agents
Authors: Heinz Werner J. , Klinker Hartwig 
Published: March 2012

Zusammenfassung
Trotz neuer antimykotischer Wirkstoffe, einer verbesserten Diagnostik, frühzeitiger Therapie und der Möglichkeit einer Kombinationsbehandlung stellen invasive Mykosen auf Grund ihrer hohen Inzidenz und infektions-assoziierten Letalität weiterhin eine besondere Gefahr für Patienten mit fortgeschrittener Immunsuppression dar. Eine spiegeladaptierte Therapie kann helfen toxische Nebenwirkungen zu reduzieren und die Effektivität einer Therapie zu steigern. Für Flucytosin und bestimmte Azole wird dies bereits in Leitlinien empfohlen. Nicht nur die Datenlage, sondern auch Möglichkeiten und Indikationen unterscheiden sich allerdings deutlich zwischen den Wirkstoffen. Die therapeutische Breite, intra- und interindividuelle Variabilität der bestimmten Konzentrationen und deren Korrelation mit dem Ansprechen sind wichtige Parameter für den Einsatz dieser Methode. So kann nicht für alle Substanzklassen eine Verbesserung des Ansprechens durch eine spiegelgestützte Therapie erwartet werden.
Systematic toxicological analysis using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: techniques and inter-instrument reproducibility of mass spectra/Systematisch-toxikologische Analyse mittels Hochleistungsflüssigchromatographie-Massenspektrometrie: Techniken und Reproduzierbarkeit von Massenspektren zwischen Instrumenten
Authors: Peters Frank T. , Wissenbach Dirk K. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The so-called systematic toxicological analysis (STA) aiming at simultaneous analysis of as many toxicologically relevant compounds in biosamples as possible is an important part of routine analysis in clinical and forensic toxicology. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography with diode array detection have been the most widely used techniques for this purpose. However, in recent years STA methods based on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have become increasingly important, although their widespread use is still hampered by the lack of a universal reference library of mass spectra that can be used on all major instrument platforms. In this review, LC-MS(/MS) methods for STA in urine and/or blood published in the past 6 years will be compared and discussed with regard to sample preparation, separation, instrument types used for mass spectrometric detection, and method validation. In addition, different approaches to achieving the goal of a universal reference library will be summarized.
Einsatz der D-Dimerbestimmung – ein Update/Update of D-dimer testing
Authors: Rosler Alexander Eduard , Orth Matthias 
Published: March 2012

Zusammenfassung
Eine Erhöhung der D-Dimerkonzentration wird bei zahlreichen klinischen Situationen mit erhöhter Gerinnungsaktivität beobachtet, wie u.a. bei einer Thromboembolie, der disseminierten intravasalen Gerinnung (DIC), einer Aortendissektion, beim Myokardinfarkt, bei Malignomen, in der Schwangerschaft, nach operativen Eingriffen, bei Traumata und bei Verbrennungen. Die Bestimmung der D-Dimere in der Diagnostik der tiefen Beinvenenthrombose und der Lungenembolie ist etabliert und unverzichtbar aufgrund des hohen negativen prädiktiven Wertes zum Ausschluss eines thrombotischen Geschehens. In der Ergänzung mit einem klinischen Wahrscheinlichkeitsscores lässt sich der Nutzen der D-Dimerbestimmung noch verbessern. Auch in der Diagnostik der DIC und anderen thombotischen Ereignissen sowie zur Risikostratifizierung bei der koronaren Herzerkrankung, beim thrombotischen Erstereignis sowie bei der Rezidivsdiagnostik und zur Abschätzung der Dauer einer oralen Antikoagulation nach einer Thrombose kann die Bestimmung der D-Dimere sehr hilfreich sein. Allerdings kann aufgrund der Erhöhung der D-Dimer-Werte bei zahlreichen nicht-thrombotischen Ereignissen der Test bei diesen Patienten nicht zur Thrombosediagnostik eingesetzt werden.
Language comprehenders represent object distance both visually and auditorily
Authors: Winter Bodo , Bergen Benjamin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWhen they process sentences, language comprehenders activate perceptual and motor representations of described scenes. On the “immersed experiencer” account, comprehenders engage motor and perceptual systems to create experiences that someone participating in the described scene would have. We tested two predictions of this view. First, the distance of mentioned objects from the protagonist of a described scene should produce perceptual correlates in mental simulations. And second, mental simulation of perceptual features should be multimodal, like actual perception of such features. In Experiment 1, we found that language about objects at different distances modulated the size of visually simulated objects. In Experiment 2, we found a similar effect for volume in the auditory modality. These experiments lend support to the view that language-driven mental simulation encodes experiencer-specific spatial details. The fact that we obtained similar simulation effects for two different modalities—audition and vision—confirms the multimodal nature of mental simulations during language understanding.