bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adsorption at inorganic surfaces. III. The mechanism of adsorption of organic solutes, including dyes, by graphite
Authors: Galbraith J. W. , Giles C. H. , Halliday A. G. , Hassan A. S. A. , McAllister D. C. , Macaulay N. , Macmillan N. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption by graphite of a variety of organic solutes, mainly acid and basic dyes, from water, has been studied.Adsorption occurs rapidly and only at the outer surface of the graphite particles. The adsorptive forces are coulombic (ion exchange) and non‐polar van der Waals' attraction. Basic dyes are adsorbed by ion exchange, the process being independent of temperature, but dependent on the surface charge on the graphite. Sulphonated dyes are adsorbed by van der Waals' (dispersion) forces; their affinity increases linearly with the area of the adsorbed molecule in contact with the substrate, but it falls with increase in the number of sulphonate groups, because of increase of water attraction.From solutions of low concentration most solutes are adsorbed as monolayers. In the early stages of adsorption they are probably oriented flat on the surface, but in the completed monolayer they are oriented with ionic groups as far away as possible from the graphite surface.From solutions of high concentration, multilayers of single molecules or monolayers of micelles appear to be adsorbed. Glucose and sucrose are adsorbed to a much greater extent than is accounted for by monolayer adsorption, but the reason for this is obscure.The shapes of the isotherms are shown to be related to the affinity of the solutes for the graphite surface. The rate‐controlling factor in adsorption of dyes is believed to be the proportion of bombarding ions which have a favourable orientation relative to the graphite surface at the moment of impact.
Gas‐liquid chromatography. II. Analysis of the alkali extract of a low‐temperature coal tar
Authors: Irvine L. , Mitchell T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn analysis has been made by gas‐liquid chromatography of the distillate of b.p. 230–250separated from the tar acid extract prepared from low‐temperature coal tar. Six fractions were separated and a total of 28 phenolic compounds identified by retention‐time data and infra‐red spectroscopy. Some overlapping of the fractions occurred.
Chemistry of coal tars. III. Preliminary examination of the neutral, pentane‐soluble fraction from down‐jet tar
Authors: Vahrman M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe neutral, pentane‐soluble portion of down‐jet tar has been examined mainly by solvent extraction, adsorption chromatography, fractional distillation, and ultra‐violet and infra‐red spectroscopy.The wax obtained by butanone treatment and chromatography was found to contain nonacosane among the paraffins, and also cycloparaffins.Chromatographic separation of the whole fraction, with and without prior removal of wax, gave fractions mainly consisting of saturated hydrocarbons containing both paraffins and cycloparaffins; a hydroaromatic fraction, largely alkylated hydronaphthalenes; aromatic hydrocarbons, mainly alkylated naphthalenes; and two dark brown, viscous fractions of high oxygen content and of characteristic odour, containing esters.The alkylated naphthalene fraction, the largest of these, was fractionally distilled. From the physical characteristics of the 15 fractions obtained, a wide range of alkylated naphthalenes appeared to be present; this seemed to be the outstanding characteristic of this sort of primary tar. In addition, hydronaphthalenes were present at the lower‐boiling end.
The dealkylation of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons. IV. The dealkylation of alkylpyridines
Authors: Betts W. D. , Popper F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermal dealkylation of the picolines, 2: 6‐lutidine and two coal‐tar‐base fractions has been studied. The reaction appears to conform to the mechanism discussed for toluene,4 but here the position of the methyl group seems to affect the reaction rate. At high temperatures, ring‐fission to methane and ammonia becomes a competing reaction; this is especially so for 2: 6‐lutidine, where the two methyl groups in ortho‐positions to nitrogen weaken the ring. At low ratios of hydrogen to base, polymerization becomes important.
Studies on the protein from groundnut protein spinning solutions
Authors: Naismith W. E. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolubility, viscosity and sedimentation velocity techniques have been used to study the protein recovered from sodium hydroxide spinning solutions of groundnut protein. The protein from, an ‘Ardil’ spinning solution matured for 4 hours, when dialysed against pH 11 or 12 buffer is all slowly sedimenting and of fairly high viscosity, but association and decrease in viscosity are observed on dialysis to lower pH values. Protein denaturation in sodium hydroxide spinning solutions appears to be continuous, the protein being changed with time from, a form initially insoluble in buffer of I 0.2, pH 8 to completely soluble material. This change is probably caused by degradation of the protein, though not to very small peptides. The addition of sodium chloride to the spinning solution inhibits denaturation.
Star packing: A new low pressure‐drop packing for use in distillation columns
Authors: Thornton J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new type of random (‘star’) packing is described for which H.E.T.P., pressure‐drop and hold‐up data were determined in a 2‐in. dia. column using a mixture of n‐heptane and methylcyclo‐hexane. For the purpose of comparison, data were also obtained for 1/2‐in. brass Lessing rings, 1/4‐in. and 1/2‐in. ceramic Raschig rings and 1/2‐in. ceramic Berl saddles. Whilst the H.E.T.P. values for the Star packing were comparable with those of other packings of the same size, the pressure drop was considerably lower (0.28 in. water/ft. packing at a boil‐up rate of 1300 Ib./h. ft.2), whilst the flood‐point was higher.Further work showed that the performance of ring‐type packings could be improved by ruling fine capillary grooves on the surface, thereby promoting self‐wetting properties. This resulted in reduced H.E.T.P. and pressure‐drop values by comparison with those for the plain unruled rings at corresponding boil‐up rates.
The Acid denaturation of the proteins of the groundnut (arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Naismith W. E. F. , Kelly Kirsteen O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe denaturation of the arachin and conarachin II fractions of the groundnut globulins in the pH range 2–4 and ionic strength range 0.05 to 0.2 has been investigated by means of viscosity, sedimentation velocity and optical rotation measurements. Only at pH 4 do reversible changes appear to take place. At lower pH values, and particularly at low ionic strengths (0.1 and 0.05), the changes are irreversible since most of the protein is no longer soluble at pH 8. At I 0.05, pH 2, both proteins appear to be broken down to asymmetric sub‐units, further breakdown occurring with time as indicated by decreasing viscosity. Optical rotation measurements would indicate that drastic changes are involved. In some cases, particularly at I 0.2, aggregation of the protein, resulting in precipitation, occurs. Conarachin II appears to be more susceptible to acid denaturation than arachin.
Microscopical studies of the system RDX‐TNT
Authors: Williamson W. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA polymorph of RDX was obtained by crystallization from the fused compound. The same or a second polymorph crystallized from TNT. It was unstable and thus unlikely to occur in melts containing an undissolved excess of RDX.RDX/TNT castings contained no eutectic‐like intergrowths unless the RDX grains had settled. Such intergrowths then appeared near the boundaries between the TNT laths that had crystallized from the supernatant melt. They contained RDX in great excess over the eutectic ratio.Various phenomena on the microscopical hot‐stage demonstrated the slow diffusion of RDX dissolved in TNT. Recrystallization of RDX in TNT melts was thus not marked unless optimum conditions prevailed, e.g., vigorous stirring or fine grain‐sizes. Recrystallization was isothermal or associated with temperature‐cycling. It was usually accompanied by a permanent increase in the consistency of the melt, but if the RDX grains were initially small and very‐angular, a decrease in viscosity could occur.
The microstructures of some fusion‐cast mixtures of pentaerythritol tetranitrate and 2:4:6‐trinitrotoluene
Authors: Williamson W. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMolecular compounds or solid solutions of PETN and TNT were not observed. The reported eutectic contained approx. 13% by weight of PETN but, in fusion‐cast 50/50 mixtures containing much undissolved PETN, eutectic‐like intergrowths were either absent or anomalously rich in PETN. The eutectic mixture itself solidified as crystals of TNT with interstitial intergrowths of TNT and excess PETN. A 50/50 mixture, completely fused and then chilled, crystallized as a eutectic‐like intergrowth.In solidified 50/50 mixtures, fusion‐cast at 90–94°, the PETN crystals retained their original shape‐characteristics because little PETN had been dissolved at such temperatures. These crystals were enclosed by crystals of TNT.Added wax caused no obvious changes in the microstructures of the castings and at least some of it persisted as segregations.TNT crystals, elongated on [c], tended to point inwards from the walls of the mould unless their crystallization had been disturbed.The microstructures resembled those of fusion‐cast RDX‐TNT; further, PETN resembled RDX in recrystallizing during prolonged contact with melted TNT.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. IV. carbonatation of lime
Authors: Glasson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide have been carbonatated under ‘dry’ conditions using carbon dioxide gas, and under ‘wet’ conditions using carbon dioxide dissolved in water or in alkaline media, viz., ammonium or sodium carbonates and bicarbonates. The progress of these carbonatations has been followed by determining changes in surface area and lattice structure, and the surface properties of the final products have been compared with those of calcium carbonate precipitated from solution at similar pH levels.In either ‘dry’ or ‘wet’ conditions, the carbonatation proceeds inwards from the outside of each particle by an advancing interface mechanism, being inhibited by the low porosity of the calcium carbonate layer normally developed around each particle. In ‘wet’ conditions, the growth and porosity of the calcium carbonate layer depends largely on the pH of the surrounding solution, since this determines the rate of formation and the solubility of the calcium carbonate. The tendency of the layer to age is related to the growth and ageing of calcium carbonate particles precipitated from solution by double decomposition.
Further advances in dissolved oxygen microanalysis. III. Interference during water‐sampling
Authors: Potter E. C. , Everitt G. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDissolved oxygen will pass through most of the common types of plastic tubing. Materials unsuitable for use in sampling water for dissolved oxygen microanalysis are red and black natural rubber and silicone rubber. Polythene tubing has been found permeable above about 50° and some batches of neoprene are also permeable. Only when the internal hydrostatic pressure permanently exceeds 5 Ib./sq. in. does polyvinyl chloride tubing remain impermeable; otherwise it is unsuitable. Nylon appears impermeable up to at least 90°. The observations are explained in terms of a dual mechanism of oxygen diffusion in which two new concepts, namely, assisted and resisted permeability, are introduced. It is suggested that these concepts may have diagnostic use in elucidating the structural mechanism of diffusion in polymers.
Solubility of hydrogen halides in organic compounds containing oxygen. IV. Solubility of hydrogen chloride in glycols and ethers
Authors: Gerrard W. , Macklen E. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAt temperatures from 50 to about 0° the solubility of hydrogen chloride in glycols appears to relate to the basic function of only one atom of oxygen, the other being involved in intervening intramolecular hydrogen bonding. At lower temperatures the second atom of oxygen participates in the association with the solute.Opposing inductive and steric factors influence the solubility of hydrogen chloride in ethers. Relevant correlations are discussed.
Vapour pressure and gas solubility measurements for terphenyls at high temperatures
Authors: Grove N. H. , Whitby F. J. , Woolmer R. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn apparatus is described for the measurement of vapour pressures at temperatures up to 400° and pressures up to 8 atmospheres. The same apparatus can also be used to measure gas solubilities in liquids of appreciable vapour pressure over a similar working range. Vapour pressure measurements are reported for Santowax R (a commercial terphenyl) and for its mixture with diphenyl in the temperature range 200°–400°: Raoult's law is shown to apply to these results. The solubilities of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen and methane in Santowax R were determined for gas pressures between 100 and 400 cm. and at temperatures between 220° and 400°. The surface tension of Santowax R was measured in the range 150°–250°. These data have made possible a test of the Burrows & Preece treatment of gas solubilities over a much wider temperature and pressure range than has previously been reported. Earlier predictions about the effect of temperature on the solute‐solvent interaction term (‐ΔEA) are confirmed.
Corrosion of zinc. II. Corrosion in impure ammonium chloride solutions after amalgamation
Authors: Stickland F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe corrosion of zinc in the presence of mercury in circumstances closely simulating those existing in a dry primary cell during storage has been examined. The work followed closely the lines of that carried out on zinc without mercury (see Part I). The effect was determined of those ions which were shown previously to accelerate the corrosion of zinc in absence of mercury; ions with little effect were used as controls.Mercury greatly reduces the catalytically corrosive action of certain Group VIII metals, particularly cobalt and nickel, but has little effect on the Group V metals. For reasonable protection the entire zinc surface must be amalgamated, either before or at the introduction of the zinc to the electrolyte. It is suggested that the course of corrosion and the subsequent reactions are unaffected by the presence of mercury.
Rapid identification of elastomers and their additives
Authors: Cleverley B. , Herrmann Romana 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElastomers can be identified readily from the infra‐red spectra of their pyrolysates if they are pyrolysed under controlled conditions and interfering additives removed by fractional distillation. Identification of additives separated by fractional sublimation or distillation is possible in many cases.
Equilibria in the system lithium/bismuth with magnesium chloride in lithium chloride/potassium chloride eutectic
Authors: Darlington M. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe three concentration mass‐action constants in the system lithium, potassium and magnesium dissolved in bismuth, and magnesium chloride in the lithium chloride–potassium chloride eutectic (59 mol.‐ % LiCl) have been determined at 500°; from the results the activity coefficients of potassium in bismuth and of magnesium chloride in the salt have been calculated for dilute solutions.
Development of a large‐scale distillation process for purifying crude sulphur dichloride. II. Construction and operation of a large‐scale distillation unit
Authors: Hands C. H. G. , Whitt F. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe application of the experimental data, obtained from laboratory work described in Part I of this series, to the design, construction and operation of an industrial size unit of plant is described.Plant construction and performance details for 1 ton and 10 tons/week units are described.
The infra‐red spectra of 2,5‐dihydroxy‐3,6‐diphenyl‐1,4‐benzoquinones
Authors: Edwards R. L. , Keighley J. , Lewis D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe infra‐red spectra of 20 1,4‐benzoquinones have been recorded. Variations in the position of certain absorption bands are related with changes in chemical structure.
Solvent extraction of mineral acids. IV. Solute‐solvent interaction in the system perchloric acid‐water‐tri‐N‐butyl phosphate
Authors: Kertes A. S. , Kertes V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution of perchloric acid between water and pure tributyl phosphate (TBP) was examined as a function of increasing acid concentration in the initial aqueous solution. The solvent extracts were investigated by determinations of increase in volume and measurements of viscosity, density and conductivity. The water content of the tributyl phosphate layers has also been determined. The data conform with the assumption of several consecutive interactions between mineral acids and the highly basic tributyl phosphate extractant. A discussion of the nature of the species existing in, or extracted into, the tributyl phosphate phase is given and it is suggested that there are four main species involved: [(TBP)4,HClO4,(H2O)8]; [(TBP)2,HClO4,(H2O)5]; [(TBP)4,(HClO4)3,(H2O)10] and [TBP,HClO4,(H2O)2·5]. The mechanism of multistage extraction is suggested.
Essential oils of new zealand PODOCARPACEAE. IIPODOCARPUS SPICATUS
Authors: McGimpsey J. R. , Murray J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of matai (Podocarpus spicatus) essential oil from different parts of New Zealand are compared and shown to differ only in the terpene alcohol and diterpene constituents. The compounds identified in the oil are α‐pinene, myrcene, α‐terpinene, β‐phellandrene, dipentene, γ‐terpinene, p‐cymene, α‐terpineol, aromadendrene, a selinene, cadinene and kaurene or phyllocladene. The substance known as ‘γ‐podocarprene’ is a diterpene alcohol.
The behaviour of stannic acid sols in concentrated hydrogen peroxide. I. Factors affecting the stability of stannic acid sols in concentrated hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Lewis T. J. , Walters T. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSodium stannate hydrolyses completely in 87% w/w concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution to form a stable lyophobic sol of stannic acid. Precipitation of this sol results by a reduction in the concentration of the potential determining ion (OH− or O2 H−) or by the electrostatic adsorption of small quantities of polyvalent cations, e.g., Al3+. In the presence of colloidal stannic acid the hydrolysis equilibrium of this ion is automatically displaced towards the formation of a stable AlOH3+ ion which, by adsorption, neutralises negative charges on the colloid. Adsorption of aluminium ions is the critical factor governing the stability of stannic acid sols in concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution stored in aluminium tanks. Protection of the sol is afforded by orthophosphate and pyrophosphate ions which are adsorbed and increase its tolerance for aluminium. Pyrophosphate, in addition, provides an alternative sink for aluminium ions which are precipitated as aluminium pyrophosphate, AlHP2O7.
Improved preparation of phthalazine and quinazoline
Authors: Armarego W. L. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new synthesis of phthalazine has been effected by reduction of the commercially available 1‐hydrazinophthalazine hydrochloride. The preparation of quinazoline in three steps from anthranilic acid on a large laboratory scale is described. It is believed that these are the most convenient syntheses available for phthalazine and quinazoline.
Flotation with insoluble reagents. I. Collision and spreading behaviour in the coal‐oil‐water system
Authors: Burkin A. R. , Bramley J. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInteraction between coal particles and oil droplets suspended in an aqueous electrolyte solution can result in collision (defined). Two energy barriers may hinder such interaction : (1) is the result of the interpenetration of the electrical double layers surrounding the surfaces when they have similar sign (2) which prevents spreading of the oil over the wet coal surface and leads to a difference between the advancing and receding contact angles. With an experimental system such that the kinetic energy available to overcome these energy barriers is controlled at a known value, it is shown that three kinds of behaviour can occur : (a) when the kinetic energy is less than the repulsion energy, collision between coal particles and oil droplets does not occur in such a way as to permit permanent attachment of oil to coal; (b) if the kinetic energy is much larger than the repulsion energy, collision occurs but does not necessarily produce coal surfaces which permit flotation of the coal. This is interpreted as meaning that if flotation is impossible the oil has not spread over the coal surface (c) in case (b) if a suitable surface‐active reagent is already adsorbed at the coal surface the oil spreads spontaneously over the surface and air can displace water at the air‐water‐solid interface. This behaviour is held to confirm the model of conditioning and flotation set out.
Infra‐red spectra of textile materials: Identification of fibres and pure fabrics
Authors: Cleverley B. , Herrman Romana 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInfra‐red spectroscopy provides a sure, rapid method of identifying textile fibres and pure fabrics. A simple standard method of sample preparation using only a few milligrams of powdered material in a potassium bromide disc is outlined. Representative spectra are published, and the identifying features of each curve are briefly discussed.
Silica powders of respirable size. I. Preliminary studies of dissolution rates in dilute sodium hydroxide
Authors: Bergman I. , Paterson M. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rates of dissolution in dilute sodium hydroxide solution of a series of size‐graded powders of the four common polymorphic forms of silica (quartz, tridymite, cristobalite and vitreous silica) have been studied and found to be in keeping with their physical properties. The effect of variation of particle size on the dissolution of quratz has been related to the ‘amorphous layer’. The results provide no support for the ‘solubility theory’ of silicosis.
The flow hydrogenation of benzene vapour on silica‐supported nickel catalysts
Authors: Ross R. A. , Walsh B. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe hydrogenation of benzene vapour has been studied in a flow system using a ‘practical’ nickel‐on‐silica catalyst between 40° and 275° at atmospheric pressure. The reaction rate dependence was zero‐order with respect to benzene partial pressure in the range 60—150 mm. investigated and second‐order with respect to hydrogen. The apparent activation energy changes from 2.0 ± 0.2 kcal./mol. to around 0.9 ± 0.1 kcal./mol. to −19.5 ± 0.5 kcal./mol. in three distinct temperature regions.The results are discussed in terms of a possible rate limitation and it is suggested that, above 170°, cyclohexane once formed at the surface may possibly be dehydrogenated, since the energetics are favourable. The rate‐controlling step in the mechanism may be the transfer of hydrogen molecules from a van der Waals layer to the catalyst surface where, on dissociation, these react with C6H8(ads.) to give C6H10(ads.) and finally C6H12.A brief study of catalyst poisoning by water vapour has been included.
Epoxidation of ethylenic linkages by chromic acid. II. Oxidation of triphenyl(tolyl)ethylene by chromic oxide
Authors: Moussa G. E. M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract1,1,2‐Triphenyl‐2‐tolylethylene is oxidised by chromic oxide in acetic anhydride medium to give 1,2‐epoxy‐1,1,2‐triphenyl‐2‐tolylethane with fission products. A tentative explanation of the stability of such epoxides is given. Aqueous chromic acid oxidation brings about oxidative fission of the double bond. The ultra‐violet absorption spectrum of triphenyl(tolyl)ethylene is determined.