bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presidential Address: Discount Rates
Authors: COCHRANE JOHN H. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTDiscount‐rate variation is the central organizing question of current asset‐pricing research. I survey facts, theories, and applications. Previously, we thought returns were unpredictable, with variation in price‐dividend ratios due to variation in expected cashflows. Now it seems all price‐dividend variation corresponds to discount‐rate variation. We also thought that the cross‐section of expected returns came from the CAPM. Now we have a zoo of new factors. I categorize discount‐rate theories based on central ingredients and data sources. Incorporating discount‐rate variation affects finance applications, including portfolio theory, accounting, cost of capital, capital structure, compensation, and macroeconomics.
Europium‐Doped LaSi3N5 Ternary Nitride: Synthesis, Spectroscopy, Computed Electronic Structure and Band Gaps
Authors: Benco Ľubomír , Lenčéš Zoltán , Šajgalík Pavol , Jáné Eduard , Velič Dušan 
Published: July 2011

Europium‐doped LaSi3N5 phosphor synthesized from LaSi/Si/Si3N4/Eu2O3 mixture by direct nitridation at 1390°C and additional annealing at 1630°C for 3 h shows emissions in the green light region. With increasing europium content in the general formula La1‐zEuzSi3N5‐zO1.5z from z = 0.04 to 0.063 the emission intensity increases. The two maxima of the excitation band for the 6.3 mol% Eu‐doped LaSi3N5 are at ~4.0 and ~3.35 eV. First‐principles density‐functional theory (DFT) calculations are performed to enhance the understanding of the electronic structure of the stoichiometric LaSi3N5 and La/Eu and N/O substituted ternary nitrides. To mimic the realistic concentration of Eu and O the cell volume is expanded to the 2 × 1 × 2 super‐cell with 144 atoms. Electronic structure and band gaps are calculated using both the plain DFT and the hybrid functional. Three different doping schemes are investigated combining the La3+/Eu3+, La3+/□, La3+/Eu2+ substitutions in cation sites (□ = cation vacancy) and the N3−/O2− substitution in the framework. The La3+/Eu3+ substitution does not lead to a significant change of the gap. The La3+/Eu2+ substitution introduces a narrow band of Eu 4f‐states in the gap thus narrowing the band gap. The calculated value of ~3.23 eV by the hybrid functional is in reasonable agreement with experimental data.
Thermal Stability of the Cement Sheath in Steam Treated Oil Wells
Authors: Makar Jon , Luke Karen 
Published: July 2011

Considerable work has been done on the phase equilibria and physical properties of thermal cements heated directly to high temperatures. In thermal recovery oil wells the cement sheath is, however, cured for days to years at temperatures of 40°C or less before it is subjected to steam injection temperatures of up to about 320°C. The effects of this alternative curing regime have not been well documented. Here, the impact of pre‐curing samples for 1, 14, and 28 days at 35°C before heating to 230°C on phase assemblages, morphologies, and physical properties of thermal cement were investigated. Control samples included thermal cements heated directly to high temperature as well as samples cured only at 35°C. Xonotlite formed the predominant phase in the pre‐cured thermal cements instead of the tobermorite found in the control sample heated directly to 230°C. Although all pre‐cured samples were predominantly xonotlite, their morphological characteristics of the phase assemblages were found to vary distinctly with pre‐curing time. Significant differences between the pre‐cured and directly cured samples were also observed in terms of porosity, permeability, and mechanical behavior.
Influence of Ag2O in Physico‐Chemical Properties and HAp Precipitation on Phosphate‐Based Glasses
Authors: Rajkumar Gurusamy , Rajkumar Mani , Rajendran Venkatachalam , Aravindan Samickannian 
Published: July 2011

Phosphate‐based glass systems with different Ag2O contents 45P2O5–30CaO–(25‐x)Na2O–xAg2O (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, hereafter termed, respectively, as PCNA0, PCNA0.25, PCNA0.5, PCNA0.75, and PCNA1) are prepared by keeping the ratio of P/Ca as 3.0. The influence of Ag2O on phosphate glass system is studied in terms of ultrasonic parameters, pH and in vitro studies. The structural role of Ag2O, i.e., loose packing of glass network is noticed up to 0.5 mol% of Ag2O content and then by an increase in packing density with further addition of Ag2O. The hydroxyapatite (HAp) forming ability of prepared glasses is carried through in vitro studies in simulated body fluid. The scanning electron microscopy images before and after in vitro studies show the formation of a low concentration of HAp in all glass surfaces except PCNA1, whereas a higher rate of formation of HAp is evidenced on PCNA1 glass sample. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectra and X‐ray Diffraction patterns that are observed support higher bioactivity on PCNA1 glass sample.
New Microwave Dielectric Ceramics BaLn2(MoO4)4 (Ln = Nd and Sm) with Low Loss
Authors: Zhou Di , Pang Li‐Xia , Guo Jing , Wu Ying , Zhang Gao‐Qun , Dai Wei , Wang Hong , Yao Xi 
Published: July 2011

In the present work, a pure monoclinic phase of BaNd2(MoO4)4 and BaSm2(MoO4)4 was formed at 850°C and 600°C, respectively, via a solid‐state reaction method. The ceramic samples were found to be well densified at 960°C. Dense and homogeneous microstructures were revealed from the scanning electron microscopy. The microwave dielectric behaviors were studied as a function of sintering temperature and characterized in the temperature range 25°C–120°C. The best properties were obtained in ceramics sintered at 960°C with a permittivity ~11.7, a Q × f value of 45 000 GHz and a temperature coefficient of frequency about −41 ppm/°C for BaNd2(MoO4)4 ceramic at 9.9 GHz, and a permittivity ~11.8, a Q × f value of 20 000 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of frequency about −34 ppm/°C for BaSm2(MoO4)4 ceramic at 9.7 GHz, respectively.
High Field Emission Performance of Needle‐on‐Fiber Hierarchical‐Structure ZnO
Authors: Liu Yanxia , Xie Yizhu , Chen Jiangtao , Liu Jing , Gao Caitian , Yun Chao , Lu Bingan , Xie Erqing 
Published: July 2011

Hierarchical‐structure ZnO consisting of ZnO nanoneedles on ZnO nanofibers was fabricated by a two‐step procedure – first electrospinning and then aqueous solution processes. Field emission (FE) property of the needle‐on‐fiber hierarchical‐structure ZnO was tested. The low turn‐on field of the field emission at 4.8 V/μm was obtained with the current density of 10 μA/cm2. The field enhancement factor was estimated as high as 3400. Such high FE performances of the hierarchical‐structure ZnO derived from the tapered‐tip structure of the ZnO nanoneedles, the high aspect ratio of the hierarchical structure and the undulant space distribution of the ZnO nanoneedles. These results would benefit the potential application of the hierarchical‐structure ZnO in cold‐cathode‐based devices.
Liberalización comercial, empleo y desigualdad en la India y Sudáfrica
Authors: KUCERA David , RONCOLATO Leanne 
Published: July 2011

Resumen.Los autores se valen de matrices de contabilidad social junto con un modelo de multiplicadores de Leontief para calcular los efectos de la expansión del comercio exterior en el empleo y los ingresos de la India y Sudáfrica. Estudian el período de rápida liberalización comercial que comenzó a principios del decenio de 1990, distinguiendo entre el comercio con los países desarrollados y con los países en desarrollo. Averiguan qué ramos han ganado y cuáles han perdido puestos de trabajo, así como los sesgos por sexo y por nivel de cualificación profesional. También analizan la desigualdad de ingresos de los hogares rurales y urbanos. Sus resultados se inscriben en la teoría del comercio por lo que se refiere a los mecanismos de ajuste comercial y a las consecuencias de la especialización en el desarrollo económico.
Labor de las administraciones del trabajo del África subsahariana y actualidad del Convenio núm. 150
Authors: AUVERGNON Philippe , LAVIOLETTE Sandrine , OUMAROU Moussa 
Published: July 2011

Resumen.Los autores hacen balance del cumplimiento de los principios del Convenio de la OIT sobre la administración del trabajo, 1978 (núm. 150), en un grupo seleccionado de países africanos. Se basan para ello en las legislaciones nacionales y en observaciones sobre el terreno. Los tres ejes de su investigación son: el peso relativo de las diversas funciones de esta administración; la atención que presta la misma a los trabajadores no asalariados, y la escasez de los recursos humanos y materiales disponibles. Como conclusión subrayan la actualidad y modernidad de este instrumento, sobre todo para la extensión de las actividades de la administración del trabajo al sector informal.
Transición del mercado laboral, desigualdad de ingresos y crecimiento económico de China
Authors: LU Ming , GAO Hong 
Published: July 2011

Resumen.Desde su apertura económica de 1978, China sigue una estrategia de desarrollo que causa desequilibrios internos y externos, sobre todo a partir de la reforma laboral realizada en el decenio de 1990, que impulsó la migración del campo a la ciudad. El trabajo barato se convirtió en la gran baza de la economía nacional, pero la crisis económica mundial de 2008 puso crudamente de manifiesto que ésta dependía en demasía de las exportaciones. Este factor, unido al agravamiento de las disparidades de ingresos, puede poner en peligro el crecimiento del país a no ser que se ajusten las estrategias de reforma y desarrollo a fin de fomentar la igualación de los ingresos y el consumo interno. La Ley del Contrato de Trabajo promulgada en 2008 podría entrañar un cambio por el buen camino.
De la búsqueda de empleo al ascenso. Experiencias de las minorías étnicas en Pekín
Authors: HASMATH Reza 
Published: July 2011

Resumen.Valiéndose de datos del censo y de entrevistas personales, el autor estudia las experiencias laborales de los trabajadores y solicitantes de empleo de Pekín pertenecientes a minorías étnicas. Los datos del mercado de trabajo indican que estas personas se hallan en desventaja respecto de la etnia han, que es la dominante, sobre todo en el acceso a los puestos más cualificados y mejor remunerados. Las comprobaciones del autor dejan entrever que ello puede achacarse a las lagunas de que adolece el orden laboral y que fomentan la dependencia de las redes sociales en este terreno.
Are Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors Associated with Vision-Threatening Adverse Events? A Critical Analysis and Review of the Literature
Authors: Azzouni F. , Abu samra K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIntroductionPhosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are the first line drugs for treatment of erectile dysfunction. Sildenafil (ViagraR), tadalafil (CialisR), and vardenafil (LevitraR) are from the same class of drugs that inhibit PDE5. Transient visual symptoms such as change in color perception and increased light sensitivity are well-known adverse effects of these drugs and occur in 3–11% of sildenafil users. Vision-threatening (serious) ocular complications, such as nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy and cilio-retinal artery occlusion have rarely been reported in PDE5 inhibitor users.AimsTo highlight and analyze the most recently published case literature on serious ocular complications of PDE5 inhibitors.MethodsSearch of the peer-reviewed English literature was conducted using Medline. The following databases also were searched: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Cochrane Library, Global Health, and MD Consult. The causality assessment of the reported adverse drug reactions was analyzed by applying both the World Health Organization (WHO) Probability Scale and the criteria utilized by the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects.Main Outcome MeasuresTo scientifically and objectively find out if PDE5 inhibitors are associated with vision-threatening ocular complications.ResultsEight case reports of serious PDE5 inhibitor-associated ocular complications were identified since January 2006 until February 2011. Case reports included cases of anterior and posterior nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy, central retinal vein occlusion, cilio-retinal artery occlusion, acute angle closure glaucoma and optic atrophy after sildenafil use.ConclusionThere is lack of conclusive evidence to indicate a direct cause–effect relationship between PDE5 inhibitor use and vision-threatening ocular events. Men who use PDE5 inhibitors appear to suffer vision-threatening complications at the same frequency as the general population. However, minor visual adverse effects occur in 3–11% of users and they are transient and reversible.
A private‐sector, incentives‐based model for justice reinvestment
Authors: Clear Todd R. 
Published: July 2011

Research Summary Justice reinvestment is a recent strategy designed to reduce the use of incarceration and divert the savings to improve the circumstances of communities that have high incarceration rates. More than a dozen states have mounted justice reinvestment projects. While support for justice reinvestment remains high, actual results have been mixed. In particular, the “community reinvestment” aspect of justice reinvestment has been disappointing. An approach that focuses on the private sector and creates incentives for private justice reinvestment could resolve some of these current limitations of the method. Policy Summary Advocates for justice reinvestment would be able to address some of the problems in the approach by developing financial incentives that involve the private sector in justice reinvestment activity.
Larval descriptions of five Byctiscus species (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae) in Korea
Authors: PARK Jinyoung , LEE Jong Eun , PARK Jong Kyun 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe genus Byctiscus reported in Korea in five of nine species (B. lacunipennis, B. rugosus, B. puberulus puberulus, B. princeps and B. coerulans) is described for the last instar larvae. In addition, the cradle structure and host‐plants are provided.
Institutionalizing fairness in financial markets: Mission impossible?
Authors: Gilad Sharon 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article analyzes the institutionalization of process‐oriented regulation, namely: regulatory institutions that allow firms to adapt regulation to their individual circumstances, while holding them to account for the adequacy and efficacy of their internal compliance systems. The article's main focus is on the strategies sought by compliance professionals to attain managers' receptiveness to regulatory expectations. It analyzes British financial firms' responses to a process‐oriented regulatory initiative, which sought to transform the widespread culture of product “mis‐selling” in this industry. Three key arguments and hypotheses are put forward: first, it is suggested that the existing theoretical literature on process‐oriented regulation overly stresses managers' rational, profit‐maximizing motivations for (non‐)compliance, whilst overlooking their emotive motivations. Second, it is proposed that managers' emotive resistance is expected when regulatory expectations challenge firms' “organizational identities” and thereby their individual identities. Third, it is hypothesized that when process‐oriented regulation poses a threat to organizations' identities, its institutionalization will entail delegation of the design and subsequent implementation of compliance systems to managers outside compliance, and reframing of regulatory expectations into existing businesses discourses and methodologies.
Rapid generation of pandemic influenza virus vaccine candidate strains using synthetic DNA
Authors: Verity Erin E. , Camuglia Sarina , Agius Catherine T. , Ong Chi , Shaw Robert , Barr Ian , Middleton Deborah , Rockman Steven 
Published: July 2011

Please cite this paper as: Verity et al. (2011) Rapid generation of pandemic influenza virus vaccine candidate strains using synthetic DNA. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI:10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2011.00273.x.Background  Vaccination is considered the most effective means of reducing influenza burden. The emergence of H5N1 and pandemic spread of novel H1N1/2009 viruses reinforces the need to have strategies in place to rapidly develop seed viruses for vaccine manufacture.Methods  Candidate pandemic vaccine strains consisting of the circulating strain haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) in an A/PR/8/34 backbone were generated using alternative synthetic DNA approaches, including site‐directed mutagenesis of DNA encoding related virus strains, and rapid generation of virus using synthetic DNA cloned into plasmid vectors.Results  Firstly, synthetic A/Bar Headed Goose/Qinghai/1A/2005 (H5N1) virus was generated from an A/Vietnam/1194/2004 template using site‐directed mutagenesis. Secondly, A/Whooper Swan/Mongolia/244/2005 (H5N1) and A/California/04/09 (H1N1) viruses were generated using synthetic DNA encoding the viral HA and NA genes. Replication and antigenicity of the synthetic viruses were comparable to that of the corresponding non‐synthetic viruses.Conclusions  In the event of an influenza pandemic, the use of these approaches may significantly reduce the time required to generate and distribute the vaccine seed virus and vaccine manufacture. These approaches also offer the advantage of not needing to handle wild‐type virus, potentially diminishing biocontainment requirements.
Immunological Detection of N‐formylkynurenine in Porphyrin‐Mediated Photooxided Lens α‐crystallin
Authors: Ehrenshaft Marilyn , Zhao Baozhong , Andley Usha P. , Mason Ronald P. , Roberts Joan E. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCrystallin proteins are responsible for maintaining lens transparency and allowing the lens to focus light undistorted onto the retina. The α‐crystallins are the major lens crystallins, and function as both structural proteins and chaperones to protect all lens proteins from damage leading to lens deterioration. Because lens crystallin proteins do not turn over, the damage they accumulate can lead to cataracts, the world’s leading cause of blindness. Photosensitizing porphyrins can accumulate in the eye through either endogenous metabolism or through therapeutic or diagnostic procedures. Porphyrin buildup exacerbates lens aging through increased levels of singlet oxygen, resulting in protein polymerization and amino acid residue alteration. Tryptophans oxidize to kynurenine and N‐formylkynurenine (NFK) causing irreversible changes in the refractive index of the normally transparent lens, leading to development of cataracts. Additionally, NFK is itself a photosensitizer, and its presence exacerbates lens deterioration. This work uses anti‐NFK antiserum to study porphyrin‐facilitated photooxidation of α‐crystallin tryptophan residues. In vitro experiments show that four biologically interesting porphyrins mediate α‐crystallin polymerization and accumulation of both protein radicals and NFK. Confocal microscopy of cultured human lens epithelial cells indicates that while all four porphyrins photosensitize cellular proteins, not all oxidize the tryptophans of cellular α‐crystallin to NFK.
Should we have concerns with generic versus brand antimicrobial drugs? A review of issues
Authors: Veronin Michael A 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Objectives
To explore the issues involving generic versus brand antimicrobial drug products and provide an overview of assessments of equivalence and their potential relevance to health outcomes.

Methods
In April and May 2010, literature searches were performed in MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies involving antimicrobial drug products that convey equivalence or non-equivalence of generic and brand-name drugs.

Key findings
Sixty-six studies involving antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals and antimalarials were identified for analysis. The types of studies were categorized into microbial assays, pharmaceutical assays, bioequivalence and those that assess clinical endpoints. Studies varied markedly on equivalence measures between generic and brand drug products. Thirty-four of 66 (52%) were primarily bioequivalency studies with 30 of 34 (88%) demonstrating positive outcomes for equivalency. Two of 22 studies (9%) involved microbial and/or pharmaceutical assays for quality assurance testing and presented the largest disparity in equivalence. Ten studies compared outcomes of a clinical nature and concluded no significant difference in outcome between generic and brand products. Ten of 66 (15%) studies were published before 2000 and 11 (17%) were conducted in the USA.

Conclusions
In the USA, it is unlikely that use of generic antibiotics and antimicrobials pose a problem for patients with infectious diseases, where quality safeguards exist and patients are informed when generic substitution occurs. However, with expansion of international markets and questionable drug supply chains – particularly with the advent of the internet – consumers and providers should be aware of drug product quality differences that may impact patient outcomes.
Where a cheap medicine is not the same as a generic medicine: the Belgian case
Authors: Dylst Pieter , Vulto Arnold , Simoens Steven 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this article is to describe the experience with the Belgian policy that obliges physicians to prescribe minimum quota of cheap medicines and to document the outcomes of this policy using publicly available data.

Methods
Data were obtained from yearly feedback reports of the policy on the website of the Belgian third-party payer (RIZIV/INAMI), which were sent to all physicians. Data were derived from Farmanet, a database where all data of prescriptions of reimbursed medicines from all physicians in Belgium are collected.

Key findings
All groups of general practitioners, specialists and dentists reached their minimum percentages every year from 2006 until 2009. The percentage of cheap medicines (in defined daily doses) increased from 22.9% in January 2005 to 44.2% of all prescribed medicines in ambulatory care in December 2009. The percentage of generic medicines increased from 12.10% in 2004 to 24.03% of all prescribed medicines in ambulatory care in 2008. When a physician prescribed a cheap medicine, this was an original medicine whose price had dropped to the reference price level in 41.5% of cases in August 2009.

Conclusions
The policy of prescribing quota for cheap medicines was not only associated with increased prescribing of generic medicines during 2004–2008, but also increased prescribing of original medicines whose price had dropped to the reference price level. The potential for prescribing generic medicines has not yet been fully met in Belgium. Despite the success of the policy, adjustments are desirable, especially with respect to the broad definition of cheap medicines. Given the fact that all groups of physicians reached their minimum quota quite easily together with the increased possibility of prescribing cheap medicines due to the entrance of new, generic medicines, the government decided to raise the minimum criteria in 2011.