bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subcritical bifurcation of shear-thinning plane Poiseuille flows
Authors: Chekila A. , Nouar C. , Plaut E. , Nemdili A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn a recent article (Nouar, Bottaro & Brancher,J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 592, 2007, pp. 177–194), a linear stability analysis of plane Poiseuille flow of shear-thinning fluids has been performed. The authors concluded that the viscosity stratification delays the transition and that is important to account for the viscosity perturbation. The current paper focuses on the first-principles understanding of the influence of the viscosity stratification and the nonlinear variation of the effective viscosity$\ensuremath{\mu} $with the shear rate$\dot {\gamma } $on the flow stability with respect to a finite-amplitude perturbation. A weakly nonlinear analysis, using the amplitude expansion method, is adopted as a first approach to study nonlinear effects. The bifurcation to two-dimensional travelling waves is studied. For the numerical computations, the shear-thinning behaviour is described by the Carreau model. The rheological parameters are varied in a wide range. The results indicate that (i) the nonlinearity of the viscous terms tends to reduce the viscous dissipation and to accelerate the flow, (ii) the harmonic generated by the nonlinearity$\ensuremath{\mu} (\dot {\gamma } )$is smaller and in opposite phase to that generated by the quadratic nonlinear inertial terms and (iii) with increasing shear-thinning effects, the bifurcation becomes highly subcritical. Consequently, the magnitude of the threshold amplitude of the perturbation, beyond which the flow is nonlinearly unstable, decreases. This result is confirmed by computing higher order-Landau constants.
Multiscale modelling of erythrocytes in Stokes flow
Authors: Peng Zhangli , Asaro Robert J. , Zhu Qiang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTo quantitatively understand the correlation between the molecular structure of an erythrocyte (red blood cell, RBC) and its mechanical response, and to predict mechanically induced structural remodelling in physiological conditions, we developed a computational model by coupling a multiscale approach of RBC membranes with a boundary element method (BEM) for surrounding Stokes flows. The membrane is depicted at three levels: in the whole cell level, a finite element method (FEM) is employed to model the lipid bilayer and the cytoskeleton as two distinct layers of continuum shells. The mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton are obtained from a molecular-detailed model of the junctional complex. The spectrin, a major protein of the cytoskeleton, is simulated using a molecular-based constitutive model. The BEM model is coupled with the FEM model through a staggered coupling algorithm. Using this technique, we first simulated RBC dynamics in capillary flow and found that the protein density variation and bilayer–skeleton interaction forces are much lower than those in micropipette aspiration, and the maximum interaction force occurs at the trailing edge. Then we investigated mechanical responses of RBCs in shear flow during tumbling, tank-treading and swinging motions. The dependencies of tank-treading frequency on the blood plasma viscosity and the membrane viscosity we found match well with benchmark data. The simulation results show that during tank-treading the protein density variation is insignificant for healthy erythrocytes, but significant for cells with a smaller bilayer–skeleton friction coefficient, which may be the case in hereditary spherocytosis.
Taste–nutrient relationships in commonly consumed foods
Authors: van Dongen Mirre Viskaal , van den Berg Marjolijn C. , Vink Nicole , Kok Frans J. , de Graaf Cees 
Published: September 2011

Taste is expected to represent a food's nutrient content. The objective was to investigate whether taste acts as nutrient-sensor, within the context of the current diet, which is high in processed foods. Intensities of the five basic tastes of fifty commonly consumed foods were rated by nineteen subjects (aged 21·0 (sd 1·7) years, BMI 21·5 (sd 2·0) kg/m2). Linear regression was used to test associations between taste and nutrient contents. Food groups based on taste were identified using cluster analysis; nutrient content was compared between food groups, using ANOVA. Sweetness was associated with mono- and disaccharides (R2 0·45, P < 0·01). Saltiness and savouriness were correlated, with r 0·92 (P < 0·01) and both were associated with Na (both: R2 0·33, P < 0·01) and protein (R2 0·27, P < 0·01 and R2 0·33, P < 0·01, respectively). Cluster analysis indicated four food groups: neutral, salty and savoury, sweet–sour and sweet foods. Mono- and disaccharide content was highest in sweet foods (P < 0·01). In salty and savoury foods, protein content (P = 0·01 with sweet–sour foods, not significant with neutral or sweet foods) and Na content (P < 0·05) were the highest. Associations were more pronounced in raw and moderately processed foods, than in highly processed foods. The findings suggest that sweetness, saltiness and savouriness signal nutrient content, particularly for simple sugars, protein and Na. In highly processed foods, however, the ability to sense nutrient content based on taste seems limited.
Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in relation to the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
Authors: Dong Jia-Yi , Zhang Lijun , Zhang Yong-Hong , Qin Li-Qiang 
Published: September 2011

Epidemiological studies of dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) in relation to diabetes risk have yielded inconsistent results. We aimed to examine the associations between dietary GI and GL and the risk of type 2 diabetes by conducting a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Relevant studies were identified by a PubMed database search up to February 2011. Reference lists from retrieved articles were also reviewed. We included prospective cohort studies that reported risk estimates with 95 % CI for the associations between dietary GI and GL and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Either a fixed- or random-effects model was used to compute the summary relative risk (RR). We identified thirteen prospective cohort studies of dietary GI or GL related to diabetes risk. The summary RR of type 2 diabetes for the highest category of the GI compared with the lowest was 1·16 (95 % CI 1·06, 1·26;n12), with moderate evidence of heterogeneity (P = 0·02,I2 = 50·8 %). For the GL, the summary RR was 1·20 (95 % CI 1·11, 1·30;n12), with little evidence of heterogeneity (P = 0·10,I2 = 34·8 %). No evidence of publication bias was observed. In addition, the associations persisted and remained statistically significant in the sensitivity analyses. In conclusion, the present meta-analysis provides further evidence in support of significantly positive associations between dietary GI and GL and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Reducing the intake of high-GI foods may bring benefits in diabetes prevention.
Silent Preachers in the Age of Ingenuity: Faith, Commerce, and Religious Tracts in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Stubenrauch Joseph 
Published: September 2011

“Why should not system be opposed to system, brevity to brevity, cheapness to cheapness, entertainment to entertainment, and perseverance to perseverance? Thus alone can the enemy be met in his marches and his countermarches, and thus a reasonable hope may be indulged of baffling his schemes.”–Annual Report of the Religious Tract Society, 1808On the Thursday morning of August 23, 1821, the executive committee members of the Religious Tract Society (RTS) gathered for a special meeting. Spread before them were specimens of irreligious street literature sold by their competitors. Balefully, they eyed a “good number of the low, mischievous, and disgusting publications now on the table.” The committee was in fact already intimately familiar with these types of publications, but their review of them inspired the RTS to redouble their efforts “to publish tracts with the express purpose of meeting and suppressing the lowest class of books now circulating.” To this end, they deemed it “expedient to descend the scale which the society's publications have hitherto maintained, in order to meet the evil so much complained of.” Furthermore, the committee resolved to focus their attention on discovering “the best means” for putting their new, lowbrow tracts into “extensive circulation.”
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION AND PALATABILITY TRIAL OF ENSILED CONOCARPUS GREENERY RESIDUES
Authors: BAROON ZAINAB , RAZZAQUE MOHAMED ABDU 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYConocarpus lancifolius is an ornamental tree planted in Kuwait, resulting in more than 120 t of residual by-products daily. These residues could be utilised as ensiled feed. A total premix of 24 t of silage was prepared in six pilot-scale trench silos for 30 days, after which triplicate samples were taken from each trench silo, which were analysed for nutritional contents and microbial populations. Mean pH value was 4.2 ± 0.12, where mean of dry matter (DM), crude protein, crude fats, crude fibre, organic matter, lactic and acetic acids and total water soluble carbohydrate concentration were 35.10 ± 4.0%, 11.18 ± 0.07%, 2.47 ± 0.21%, 20.85 ± 0.95%, 19.53 ± 0.53%, 4.95 ± 0.32%, 1.47 ± 0.01% and 20.86 ± 0.56% on DM basis, respectively. Means of aerobic bacteria, fungi (yeast and moulds) and lactic acid bacteria counts were 1.8 ×104 ± 0.15, 1.1 × 104 ± 0.09 and 7.3 × 108 ± 0.12 colony forming units per gram of fresh silage, respectively. An animal performance trial was conducted on 60 Holstein Friesian heifers with initial live weights ranging from 262 to 275 kg, grouped in six dietary treatments for a 148-day feeding trial. The diets contained different ratios of Conocarpus silage, which ranged from 10 to 60% on DM basis partially replacing conventional roughage (alfalfa hay, straw). DM intake of heifers ranged between 11.40 ± 2.14 kg and 13.61 ± 2.54 kg. Daily live-weight gain ranged from 0.99 ± 0.38 kg to 1.20 ± 0.31 kg. From the results, Conocarpus silage could be suggested as a replacement for conventional roughage in rations for growing heifers.
Sinonasal mucosal melanoma: retrospective survival study of 25 patients
Authors: Vandenhende C , Leroy X , Chevalier D , Mortuaire G 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjective:To determine potential prognostic factors for survival in patients with mucosal malignant melanoma of the sinonasal tract.Methods:Patients managed between 1991 and 2008 were assessed retrospectively. The seventh edition Union for International Cancer Control (7th UICC) tumour-node-metastasis classification was used for tumour staging. Kaplan–Meier and log rank tests were used for survival analysis.Results:Twenty-five patients were studied (six were tumour stage three, eight tumour stage four(a) and 11 tumour stage four(b)). Surgery was performed on 23 patients (92 per cent). Fifteen received post-operative radiotherapy. Mean follow up was 31.3 months (range, two to 99 months). Three-year disease-free survival was improved in patients with stage four tumour arising from the nasal fossa, versus other sites, and in those with stage four tumour treated with surgery plus adjuvant radiotherapy, versus other treatments.Conclusion:Patients with melanoma of the nasal cavity have very poor survival rates. Treatment is still based on adequate surgical resection with safe margins. In this study, post-operative radiotherapy improved local control only for stage four tumours.
The role of health technology assessment in coverage decisions on newborn screening
Authors: Fischer Katharina E. , Grosse Scott D. , Rogowski Wolf H. 
Published: September 2011

Objectives: The role and impact of health technology assessment (HTA) in health policy has been widely discussed. Researchers have started to analyze how decisions on coverage of new technologies are made. Although the involvement of HTA may be an indicator of a well established decision process, this hypothesis requires validation. Also, it is not known whether HTA involvement is associated with other characteristics of decision making like participation or transparency. The primary objective of this study was to develop and test statements on the association between the publication of an HTA and coverage decision making for newborn screening tests in European Union countries.Methods: Five statements were defined on the relative role of HTA during the steps of decision processes: trigger, participation, publication, assessment, and appraisal. For this purpose, data on twenty-two decision processes in the area of newborn screening across Europe were analyzed, defined as a coverage decision for a given disorder in a specific country. Decision processes were compared by whether the decision was accompanied by the publication of an HTA report. To test differences, nonparametric statistical tests were used.Results: The decision steps of trigger, participation and publication differed between the HTA and the non-HTA groups. No clear association between HTA and assessment methods in coverage decision making was identified.Conclusions: It appeared that there is an association between HTA and coverage decision processes that are more explicit, inclusive, and transparent. It is unclear whether HTA is associated with formal evidence reviews and economic evaluations.
Rapid control of foetal supraventricular tachycardia with digoxin and flecainide combination treatment
Authors: Uzun Orhan , Babaoglu Kadir , Sinha Anju , Massias Spyridon , Beattie Bryan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy of flecainide and digoxin combination in foetal supraventricular tachycardia.SettingThis study was carried out in a tertiary referral centre.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of 29 patients diagnosed with supraventricular foetal tachycardia between 2001 and 2009. Mode of presentation, foetal cardiac function, maternal anti-arrhythmic serum levels, drug tolerance, and maternal electrocardiogram recordings were assessed. The postnatal outcome of each infant was also evaluated for tachycardia recurrence.ResultsIn all, 27 foetuses were treated with digoxin and flecainide combination, and two foetuses were delivered without any treatment. Of the 27 foetuses, seven had atrial flutter and the remaining 22 had atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia. There were eight foetuses with hydrops (27%), of whom three had atrial flutter and five had atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia; 26 foetuses (96%) responded to flecainide and digoxin combination, with restoration of sinus rhythm in 22 (81.4%) and rate control in the other four. In one severely hydropic foetus, there was no response to treatment. In all, 26 treated infants were delivered alive, but one pregnancy was terminated for non-cardiac causes when the foetus was in sinus rhythm. There was no intrauterine death due to tachycardia. Although there were minor side effects to anti-arrhythmic medications, none of the pregnant women developed proarrhythmia.ConclusionFlecainide and digoxin combination treatment offers a safe and effective treatment for foetal supraventricular tachycardia with fast restoration of sinus rhythm.
Association of cognitive dietary restraint and disinhibition with prediabetes – cross-sectional and longitudinal data of a feasibility study in German employees
Authors: Zyriax Birgit-Christiane , Wolf Christina , Schlüter Annika , Khattak Asad Hameed , Westenhoefer Joachim , Windler Eberhard 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the impact of eating behaviour traits on central obesity, prediabetes and associated major dietary food patterns.DesignAssessment of eating behaviour was based on the revised German version of the Three-Eating Factor Questionnaire using cross-sectional and longitudinal data of a feasibility study in employees. Data on lifestyle and nutrition were obtained by validated self-administered questionnaires. Baseline characteristics were analysed by the univariate χ2 test or the Mann–Whitney test. To quantify correlations linear regression analysis was used.SettingThe Delay of Impaired Glucose Tolerance by a Healthy Lifestyle Trial (DELIGHT), which investigated measures to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus in 2004–2008.SubjectsEmployees (21–64 years, 127 men, 157 women) with elevated waist circumference (men ≥94 cm, women ≥80 cm) of five medium-sized companies in northern Germany.ResultsAt baseline (T0), BMI but particularly waist circumference showed a strong inverse correlation with flexible control (P < 0·0001) and a positive correlation with disinhibition (P < 0·0001) and rigid control (P = 0·063). Flexible control was also significantly inversely related to fasting plasma glucose (P = 0·040), energy intake (P < 0·0001), intake of meat and meat products (P = 0·0001), and positively associated with intake of fruit and vegetables (P < 0·0001) at baseline (T0). Changes in flexible control within the first year of intervention (T1 v. T0) predicted changes in central obesity (P < 0·0001) and fasting plasma glucose (P = 0·025).ConclusionsDELIGHT shows that flexible control characterizes individuals with a higher dietary quality, a lower waist circumference and a lower glucose level. Enhancing flexible control more than rigid control, and decreasing disinhibition, seems beneficial in terms of central adiposity and glucose levels.
Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Global Perspective
Authors: Richmond Alisha S. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The incidence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is rising in prevalence worldwide. In order to provide appropriate assessment and treatment practices, it is essential to examine the governmental influence and family perspectives concerning this disorder. Results of qualitative and quantitative studies provide salient information for implementing effective and culturally appropriate assessment and treatment practices for children with an ASD diagnosis. Speech-language pathologists and audiologists should promote and support efforts that will increase the global public's awareness of the disorder, collaborative research efforts, and the development of culturally appropriate assessment and service.
Combining Professional Interests and Travel: People to People Citizen Ambassador Program
Authors: Johnson Alex , Hitchins Amanda 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This article summarizes a series of trips sponsored by People to People, a professional exchange program. The trips described in this report were led by the first author of this article and include trips to South Africa, Russia, Vietnam and Cambodia, and Israel. Each of these trips included delegations of 25 to 50 speech-language pathologists and audiologists who participated in professional visits to learn of the health, education, and social conditions in each country. Additionally, opportunities to meet with communication disorders professionals, students, and persons with speech, language, or hearing disabilities were included. People to People, partnered with the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), provides a meaningful and interesting way to learn and travel with colleagues.
High-precision semiconductor wavelength sensor based on a double-layer photo diode
Authors: Amthor Thomas , Hofmann Christoph S. , Knorz Jürgen , Weidemüller Matthias 
Published: September 2011

We present a wavelength sensor setup for monochromatic visible light, based on the double-layer photo diode WS-7.56. Employing high-precision electronics and automatic compensation of different error sources, we achieve a measurement accuracy of ±0.025 nm with a resolution below 0.01 nm. The described apparatus is particularly suited for the determination of small laser frequency deviations in atomic physics experiments. Various design issues as well as error sources and diode characteristics are discussed.
Accelerating atomic-level protein simulations by flat-histogram techniques
Authors: Jónsson Sigurður Æ. , Mohanty Sandipan , Irbäck Anders 
Published: September 2011

Flat-histogram techniques provide a powerful approach to the simulation of first-order-like phase transitions and are potentially very useful for protein studies. Here, we test this approach by implicit solvent all-atom Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of peptide aggregation, for a 7-residue fragment (GIIFNEQ) of the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 protein (SOD1). In simulations with 8 chains, we observe two distinct aggregated/non-aggregated phases. At the midpoint temperature, these phases coexist, separated by a free-energy barrier of height 2.7 $k_{\text{B}}T$kBT. We show that this system can be successfully studied by carefully implemented flat-histogram techniques. The frequency of barrier crossing, which is low in conventional canonical simulations, can be increased by turning to a two-step procedure based on the Wang-Landau and multicanonical algorithms.
Political Party Development in Iran
Authors: Cottam Richard W. 
Published: September 2011

The period of reasonably free and vigorous political party activity in Iran was remarkably brief when viewed in the perspective of the very long history of that ancient land. Beginning slowly after the abdication of Reza Shah in 1941, party activity became steadily more intense until August 1953 when it was suddenly suppressed. But as brief as this period was, these twelve years witnessed patterns of political party development which deserve comparison with the experience of other developing states.The term “developing” has been in vogue throughout the post-World War II era. But for all that the term remains a vague one. Why Iran with its recorded history of over twenty five hundred years should be classified as “developing” while the United States with a history of less than two hundred years should be classified as “developed” is not immediately obvious.
Military Expenditure in Iran: A Forgotten Question
Authors: Parvin Manoucher 
Published: September 2011

A high official of the Iranian government was recently visiting the United States when he offered to meet students and scholars of Iranian affairs in order to discuss questions of mutual interest related to Iran. It was hoped that such a meeting in an academic environment would bring about a greater understanding of the current government policies and thus bridge the generation and information gap existing at present.Among the questions he was asked was the following. Why should Iran spend a larger percentage of its national budget on military expenditure (in relation to portions allocated to health, education, etc.) than most countries for which such data is available?Among the twenty-seven such countries only Indonesia, Brazil, Spain, Portugal and Turkey showed a higher percentage of military expenditure for the years, 1952-1963.
Activation-free printed carbon nanotube field emitters
Authors: Kim Yong C , Hur Jung N , Kim Il H , Park Sang H , Jung Tae W , Kim Do Y , Kim Ha J , Cha Seung N , Han In T , Kim Jong M , Kim Young H 
Published: September 2011

When a carbon nanotube paste is formulated based on highly functional hyperbranched polymers such as dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate, the volume shrinkage during thermal curing builds up internal stress that generates microcrack patterns on the printed surface. The nanotubes exposed in the cracks emit electrons successfully at such an extremely low electric field as 0.5 V µm− 1, and reach 25.5 mA cm− 2of current density at 2 Vµm− 1from an optimized paste concerning mainly the size and spatial uniformity of the crack. In addition to the superior field emission properties with low manufacturing cost, this activation-free technology can provide a minimized nanohazard in the device fabrication process, compared to those conventional activation technologies developing serious nanoflakes by using destructive methods.