bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
hypercloso‐Hexa(amino)hexaboranes: Structurally Related to Known hypercloso‐Dodecaboranes, Metastable with Regard to Their Classical Cycloisomers
Authors: Mesbah Wahid , Soleimani Meisam , Kianfar Elham , Geiseler Gertraud , Massa Werner , Hofmann Matthias , Berndt Armin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractB6(NMe2)6 (2a) is the first neutral hypercloso‐hexaborane to be characterized by X‐ray structural analysis. The geometry of 2a is in nice agreement with that of the Ci symmetric molecule computed at the B3LYP/6‐311+G** level of theory. Two B3 triangles with long B···B distances in 2a are reminiscent of those in Hawthorne's benzyloxy‐substituted hypercloso‐dodecaboranes 6a,b. Upon heating to 200 °C, 2a transforms into Nöth's classical cyclohexaborane 1a. Computations at the B3LYP/6‐311+G** + ZPE level of theory show 1a to be 21.6 kcal mol–1 lower in energy than 2a, that is, the latter is metastable. hypercloso‐Hexaborane B6(NEt2)6 (2b), which was reported to be thermodynamically more stable than 1b, is computed to be 22.4 kcal mol–1 less stable than 1b. Pure 1b is shown here not to transform into 2b upon standing in solution, which is in contrast to reports in the literature for a mixture containing 1b. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Chiral [Bis(olefin)amine]rhodium(I) Complexes – Transfer Hydrogenation in Ethanol
Authors: Zweifel Theo , Scheschkewitz David , Ott Timo , Vogt Matthias , Grützmacher Hansjörg 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBis(olefin)amines (boas) are a new class of ligands for the synthesis of transition metal complexes, which can be used in various homogeneous catalytic reactions. A simple straightforward coupling reaction between 5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5‐yl chloride (tropCl) and primary amines allows the synthesis of various chiral boas. Birch reduction of phenylalanine gives (2S)‐2‐amino‐3‐cyclohexa‐1,4‐dien‐1‐yl propanoate, which is used for the synthesis of the bis(olefin)amine methyl (2S)‐3‐(cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienyl)‐2‐(5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5‐yl‐amino)propionate. Coupling between cyclohex‐3‐en‐1‐ylamine with tropCl gives N‐(cyclohex‐3′‐en‐1′‐yl)‐5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5‐ylamine, which was separated into its enantiomers. Bicyclic cyclohexenylamine derivatives like bicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐5‐en‐2‐ylamine and 2‐(methoxycarbonyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐3‐ylamine were likewise coupled with tropCl to give chiral bis(olefin)amines. Alternatively, 5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5‐ylamine (tropNH2) can react with cyclohexenyl ketones to give prochiral bis(olefin)imines, which were reduced to the corresponding bis(olefin)amines. With [Rh2(μ‐Cl)2(CO)4] or [Rh2(μ‐Cl)2(C2H4)4], a complexation of these compounds was achieved leading to chiral rhodium complexes of the type [Rh(boa)(CO)]OTf or [Rh(boa)(PR3)]OTf. The complexes have a strongly distorted saw‐horse‐type structure (determined by X‐ray diffraction studies) and were tested in transfer hydrogenations with ethanol/2‐propanol as hydrogen donor. Only complexes with tightly bound olefinic binding sites and a pronounced saw‐horse‐type structure give significant activities. Furthermore, a phosphane ligand in trans position to the coordinated amine function has a positive impact of the catalysts performance. None of the investigated catalysts gave an impressive enantiomeric excess (ee < 60 %) in the transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Mental simulation in language comprehension and social cognition
Authors: Zwaan Rolf A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCurrent theories in social cognition and cognitive psychology conceptualize understanding of actions and of language describing actions as the performance of sensorimotor simulations. Although there is emerging empirical evidence for these theories, they are currently underspecified and the evidence is correspondingly coarse. Language is a sensitive tool that allows us to construe actions in myriad ways. This paper discusses several challenges that face simulation theories aimed at capturing the subtlety of language. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The scaffolded mind: Higher mental processes are grounded in early experience of the physical world
Authors: Williams Lawrence E. , Huang Julie Y. , Bargh John A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIt has long been a staple of psychological theory that early life experiences significantly shape the adult's understanding of and reactions to the social world. Here we consider how early concept development along with evolved motives operating early in life can come to exert a passive, unconscious influence on the human adult's higher‐order goal pursuits, judgments, and actions. In particular, we focus on concepts and goal structures specialized for interacting with the physical environment (e.g., distance cues, temperature, cleanliness, and self‐protection), which emerge early and automatically as a natural part of human development and evolution. It is proposed that via the process ofscaffolding, these early sensorimotor experiences serve as the foundation for the later development of more abstract concepts and goals. Experiments using priming methodologies reveal the extent to which these early concepts serve as the analogical basis for more abstract psychological concepts, such that we come easily and naturally to speak ofcloserelationships,warmpersonalities, moralpurity, and psychologicalpain. Taken together, this research demonstrates the extent to which such foundational concepts are capable of influencing people's information processing, affective judgments, and goal pursuit, oftentimes outside of their intention or awareness. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The hard embodiment of culture
Authors: Cohen Dov , Leung Angela K.‐Y. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe way humans move and comport their bodies is one way they (literally) carry their culture. In pre‐wired embodiments, body comportment triggers basic, evolutionarily prepared affective and cognitive reactions that subsequently prime more complex representations. Culture suffuses this process, because (1) cultural artifacts, affordances, and practices make certain body comportments more likely, (2) cultural practices, rituals, schemas, and rules promote the learning of an otherwise underspecified connection between a given body comportment and a particular basic reaction, and (3) cultural meaning systems elaborate basic affective and cognitive reactions into more complex representations. These points are illustrated with three experiments that examine how moral systems can become embodied. We also discuss totem embodiments, in which cultural practices and rituals establish connections between body comportment and complex cultural representations, without the aid of any evolutionarily prepared connection to basic affective and cognitive states. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Becoming a social agent: Developmental foundations of an embodied social psychology
Authors: Daum Moritz M. , Sommerville Jessica A. , Prinz Wolfgang 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we argue that young infants serve as ideal models for disentangling the relative contributions of embodied and symbolic processes to mature social cognition and behavior. Based on evidence suggesting that infants possess a nascent ability to understand others' actions, and to interact and communicate with others in meaningful ways, we argue that the embodiment processes underlying these skills in infancy may also account for a significant portion of adults' social understanding and behavior. Based on evidence suggesting both continuity and change in social understanding and behavior as children encounter a formal language system, and evidence suggesting that manipulating the mode of processing influences social understanding, we argue that embodied and symbolic modes of understanding are potentially dissociable and can yield different construals of the same social behavior. Finally, we suggest that the study of infancy can elucidate outstanding issues in the adult social psychology, and close by providing one illustration of the way in which it might do so. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Culture, psyche, and body make each other up
Authors: Cohen Dov , Leung Angela K.‐Y. , Ijzerman Hans 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe commentaries make important points, including ones about the purposeful uses of embodiment effects. Research examining such effects needs to look at how such effects play themselves out in people's everyday lives. Research might usefully integrate work on embodiment with work on attribution and work in other disciplines concerned with body–psyche connections (e.g., research on somaticizing versus “psychologizing” illnesses and hypercognizing versus hypocognizing emotions). Such work may help us understand the way positive and negative feedback loops operate as culture, psyche, and body make each other up. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The implications of data selection for regional erosion and sediment yield modelling
Authors: de Vente Joris , Poesen Jean , Govers Gerard , Boix‐Fayos Carolina 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRegional environmental models often require detailed data on topography, land cover, soil, and climate. Remote sensing derived data form an increasingly important source of information for these models. Yet, it is often not easy to decide what the most feasible source of information is and how different input data affect model outcomes. This paper compares the quality and performance of remote sensing derived data for regional soil erosion and sediment yield modelling with the WATEM‐SEDEM model in south‐east Spain. An ASTER‐derived digital elevation model (DEM) was compared with the DEM obtained from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), and land cover information from the CORINE database (CLC2000) was compared with classified ASTER satellite images. The SRTM DEM provided more accurate estimates of slope gradient and upslope drainage area than the ASTER DEM. The classified ASTER images provided a high accuracy (90%) land cover map, and due to its higher resolution, it showed a more fragmented landscape than the CORINE land cover data. Notwithstanding the differences in quality and level of detail, CORINE and ASTER land cover data in combination with the SRTM DEM or ASTER DEM allowed accurate predictions of sediment yield at the catchment scale. Although the absolute values of erosion and sediment deposition were different, the qualitative spatial pattern of the major sources and sinks of sediments was comparable, irrespective of the DEM and land cover data used. However, due to its lower accuracy, the quantitative spatial pattern of predictions with the ASTER DEM will be worse than with the SRTM DEM. Therefore, the SRTM DEM in combination with ASTER‐derived land cover data presumably provide most accurate spatially distributed estimates of soil erosion and sediment yield. Nevertheless, model calibration is required for each data set and resolution and validation of the spatial pattern of predictions is urgently needed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the temporal dynamics of wood in large rivers: field trials of wood surveying, dating, tracking, and monitoring techniques
Authors: MacVicar B.J. , Piégay H. , Henderson A. , Comiti F. , Oberlin C. , Pecorari E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWood plays an important role in stream ecology and geomorphology. Previous studies of wood in rivers have quantified spatial distributions but temporal dynamics remain poorly documented. The lack of such data is related to limitations of existing methods, especially when applied to large rivers. Five techniques are field‐tested to assess their utility for quantifying the temporal dynamics in rivers: repeated high‐resolution aerial surveys, the measurement of wood physical characteristics as proxies for14C dating, passive and active radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, radio transmitters, and video. The spatial distribution of wood is surveyed using aerial imagery with a resolution finer than 0·10 m. The estimation of temporal trends by repeated aerial‐based surveys needs to consider vegetation growth and hiding. Wood residence times can be calculated using14C analysis, but the assessment of wood physical characteristics including decay status and wood density offers a cheaper, if less accurate, alternative. Wood resistance to penetration is tested but results are not significant. Radio transmitters are reliable for multi‐year (∼5 year) surveys and can be detected at 800 m. Passive RFID tags are limited by a read range of 0·30 m but are reliable for longer term (>5 year) studies. Active RFID tags combine a moderate read range (10–300 m) and low cost with in‐flood detection but require more testing. Video monitoring of wood passing on the surface of a river is successfully implemented. For a single flood on the Ain River (France), wood transport rates are an order of magnitude higher on the rising limb of the hydrograph than on the falling limb. Overall, the techniques improve the ability to gather the data needed to understand wood transfer processes and calibrate budgets of wood in rivers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological response of abandoned agricultural soils along a climatological gradient on metamorphic parent material in southern Spain
Authors: Ruiz Sinoga J.D. , Martinez Murillo J.F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe hydrological and erosive response of the Mediterranean eco‐geomorphologic system has showed a very variable and complex behaviour depending on several factors: topography, geology, vegetation pattern, soil properties, land use management, etc. Climate is a key factor due to the great spatial and temporal variability. This research was carried out over different micro‐environments representative from five hillslopes localized in the Littoral Bethic Mountains in the south of Spain. The results of 20 experiments with rainfall simulations on micro‐plots (0.24 m2) and the differences of the incidence of some biotic and abiotic factors in the eco‐geomorphologic system from semi‐arid, dry‐Mediterranean and sub‐humid sites are exposed. Runoff, soil moisture and sediment were measured before, during and after the experiments. The results have shown rock fragments disposition on soil surface and vegetation seem to be the main factors that control the hydrological and erosive response at the micro‐plot‐scale of the experiments. Embedded rock fragments are the most important soil surface property because they reduce the infiltration. Whilst vegetation increases it what is more influential on the hydrological and erosive response of micro‐environments at more arid sites. We have also observed that there are micro‐environment particularities which play a more important role than the localization in the climatic gradient at micro‐plot scale. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using magnetic susceptibility to assess soil degradation in the Eastern Rif, Morocco
Authors: Sadiki A. , Faleh A. , Navas A. , Bouhlassa S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe soil in the Rif, Morocco, is at serious risk because increasing anthropogenic pressures are gradually transforming large natural areas into farmland. The distribution of magnetic minerals within the soil profile can be used to assess soil development and degradation. The soils in the study area are severely eroded because of a combination of highly erodible soils, intense rainstorms and scarce vegetation cover. To sample of representative soil profiles, lithology, slope gradient and land use were considered. The ranges of magnetic susceptibility in the soil profiles distinguished between two primary soil groups. Magnetic susceptibility varied in the soil profile and along the soil toposequence, and the variations were related to the differences in the original magnetic composition and the influence of main erosion factors. Lithology is the main factor contributing to the variation in magnetic susceptibility. The magnetic susceptibility values in soils on Tertiary marls (χ = 13·5 × 10−8 m3 kg−1) differed significantly from those on Quaternary terraces (χ = 122·1 × 10−8 m3 kg−1). Slope affected the distribution of magnetic susceptibility because of the continuous loss of topsoil in some parts of the slope and the deposition of eroded soil in others. Elimination of the natural vegetation cover and a shift to cultivated land for cereals has had a negative impact on soil development and, on similar slopes and substrates, magnetic susceptibility decreased significantly in cultivated soils. The soils on steep slopes that had natural vegetation cover retained the magnetic minerals better than did those on gentler slopes that were under cultivation. Grazing, clearing and, especially, tilling has weakened the soil and made it much more vulnerable to erosion. An analysis of the main factors causing erosion will help to promote rational use of the land and to establish conservation strategies in such fragile agroecosystems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil loss, water ponding and sediment deposition variations as a consequence of rainfall intensity and land use: a multi‐criteria analysis
Authors: Svoray Tal , Ben‐Said Shimon 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPrediction of areas prone to land degradation in agricultural catchments is a complex task. This is due to the difficulties encountered in data gathering over wide regions and in the translation of existing scientific knowledge to a quantitative and spatially explicit risk assessment system. This paper incorporates the use of remotely sensed data, terrain analysis and a multi‐criteria mechanism for evaluating risks of soil loss, water ponding, and sediment deposition in a mid‐size agricultural Mediterranean catchment, under 80 years of intensive cultivation. The research uses simulations to study the effect of topographic attributes, soil characteristics, vegetation cover, rainfall intensity and human activities on the three above‐mentioned processes. The results show that, from the methodological point of view, the integration of knowledge from several experts yields better predictive results than relying on a single expert, even the one found to be most consistent. Also, the use of a simple weighted linear combination was more useful than the more sophisticated computerized programming technique. From the phenomenological point of view, the increase in rainfall intensity and land‐use transformation from orchard to field‐crops has led to a significant increase in soil loss and sediment yield, while extreme changes in tillage direction have only yielded minor changes in water ponding. The developed system's predictive capabilities also show that the outcomes can be used as a basis for decisions on catchment management in regions of high environmental sensitivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature and Impurity Concentration Effects on Degradation of Nickel/Yttria‐stabilised Zirconia Anode in PH3‐Containing Coal Syngas
Authors: Zhi M. , Cayan F. N. , Celik I. , Gemmen R. , Pakalapati S. R. , Wu N. Q. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDegradation of the Ni/yttria‐stabilised zirconia (YSZ) anode of the solid oxide fuel cell has been evaluated in the coal syngas containing different PH3 concentrations in the temperature range from 750 to 900 °C. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations show that PH3 in the coal syngas gas is converted mostly to P2O3 at 750–900 °C. The phosphorous impurity reacts with the Ni‐YSZ anode to form phosphates. The P‐impurity poisoning leads to the deactivation of the Ni catalyst and to the reduction in the electronic conductivity of the anode. The impurity poisoning effect on the anode is exacerbated by increase in the temperature and/or the PH3 concentration.
Numerical investigation of the effectiveness of a bored pile wall for the minimisation of settlement resulting from tunnel driving
Authors: Kirsch Ansgar , Piazzi Lukas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBored pile walls can be constructed between buildings and tunnel alignments to protect sensitive buildings from settlement resulting from tunnelling. The aim of the research work presented here was to evaluate the effectiveness of such a bored pile wall with FE calculations and identify influential parameters. Two methods of predicting settlement were investigated with the programme ABAQUS: The GAP method, where the deformations of the tunnel contour are prescribed, and the stress reduction method, with which the support pressure at the tunnel contour is reduced. The ground is modelled as linear‐elastic, ideal‐plastic with a Mohr‐Coulomb failure criterion as well as with a hypoplastic constitutive law. The contact surface between wall and ground was modelled with complete bonding as well as with a contact law with friction.The simulation results with the stress reduction method and the hypoplastic material model show the best results qualitatively. The predict settlements agree well with empirical methods and centrifuge tests from the literature. The simulations show that the effectiveness of the wall is significantly influenced by the contact properties in the boundary surface. It achieves the best protection effect when frictionless.Zur Abschirmung sensibler Gebäude vor Setzungen infolge Tunnelvortrieb können Bohrpfahlwände zwischen Gebäude und Tunneltrasse eingesetzt werden. Ziel der hier präsentierten Forschungsarbeit war es, die Wirksamkeit einer solchen Bohrpfahlwand mit FE‐Berechnungen nachzuvollziehen und Einflussparameter zu identifizieren. Mit dem Programm ABAQUS wurden zwei Möglichkeiten zur Setzungsprognose untersucht: Die GAPMethode, bei der die Verschiebungen der Tunnelkontur vorgegeben werden, und die Spannungsreduktions‐Methode, bei welcher der Stützdruck an der Tunnelkontur reduziert wird. Der Boden wurde als linear‐elastisch, ideal‐plastisch mit Grenzbedingung nach Mohr‐Coulomb sowie mit einem hypoplastischen Stoffgesetz modelliert. Die Kontaktfläche zwischen Wand und Boden wurde sowohl mit vollständigem Verbund als auch mit einem Kontaktgesetz mit Reibung modelliert.Die Simulationsergebnisse mit der Spannungsreduktions‐Methode und dem hypoplastischen Materialmodell zeigen die qualitativ besten Ergebnisse. Die Setzungsprognosen stimmen gut mit empirischen Ansätzen und Zentrifugenversuchen aus der Literatur überein. Die Simulationen veranschaulichen, dass die Wirksamkeit der Wand maßgeblich von den Kontakteigenschaften in der Grenzfläche beeinflusst wird. Die größte Abschirmwirkung erzielt sie bei Reibungsfreiheit.