bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF PORK LOIN WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MARBLING FROM DUROC AND IBERIAN CROSS
Authors: UTRILLA MARIA CRISTINA , SORIANO ALMUDENA , RUIZ ANTONIA GARCÍA 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT In the present study, the effect of marbling level of pork and the quality attributes of pork loins obtained from 42 pure Duroc × pure Iberian pigs (21 castrates, 21 sows) were studied. Generally, sex had less influence than degree of marbling on loin quality: results for physicochemical characteristics and color were similar for castrates and sows, whereas differences in marbling prompted significant differences (P < 0.05) for almost all parameters tested. Pressure‐induced water loss, moisture, protein and ash content all increased as the degree of marbling decreased; by contrast, fat content, calorie content and color parameters L* and b* all rose with increased marbling. Quantitative descriptive sensory analysis showed that raw castrate loins displayed more marbling than raw sow loins; after cooking, however, both were similar in appearance. Aroma and taste properties were also similar after roasting, although there were sex‐related differences in terms of texture. The panelist preferred the most heavily marbled loins.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe Iberian pork sector is increasingly making use of 25 and 50% Iberian × Duroc crosses, with a view to obtaining commercial hybrids providing improved productive traits compared with pure Iberian stock, with no loss of the rusticity and capacity for environmental adaptation characteristic of the Iberian pig; there is also no significant decline in intramuscular fat levels.Marketed Duroc × Iberian meat displays varying degrees of marbling, leading to variations in sensory attributes. This study defined differences in the sensory qualities of Duroc × Iberian pork loin as a function of three levels of marbling: slight, moderate and heavy.
EFFECTS OF 6‐BA TREATMENTS ON YELLOWING AND QUALITY OF STORED ROCKET (ERUCA SATIVA MILL.) LEAVES
Authors: KOUKOUNARAS ATHANASIOS , SIOMOS ANASTASIOS S. , SFAKIOTAKIS EVANGELOS 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of 6‐benzylaminopurine (6‐BA) treatment on yellowing in order to retain the postharvest quality of rocket leaves. Results of the first experiment showed that the most effective 6‐BA concentration was 10 µL/L, as treated leaves had lower respiration rate, less yellowing and remained marketable after 14‐day storage at 8C. Results of the second experiment showed that treatment with 10 µL/L 6‐BA for 30, 60 or 120 s significantly reduced respiration rate from the 4th day of storage as well as yellowing, color and chlorophyll changes at the end of the 14‐day storage period. However, the most effective dipping time was that of 60 s, as treated leaves retained their initial chlorophyll content. No appreciable effect of that treatment on ascorbic acid, nitrates, soluble solids, total phenols and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of rocket leaves was observed in comparison with the control. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSRocket is characterized by extremely high respiration rate and rapid senescence after harvest, which result in very short postharvest life. It is known that the exogenous application of cytokinins reduced chlorophyll degradation in many horticultural products. This work investigates an effective combination of concentration/time treatment to retard yellowing as well as the effect of these treatments on respiration rate, color and some nutritional parameters of stored rocket leaves. The information obtained from this study could provide the opportunity to extend the postharvest life of a highly perishable product.
Effects of Nutritional and Environmental Conditions on Salmonella sp. Biofilm Formation
Authors: Speranza Barbara , Corbo Maria Rosaria , Sinigaglia Milena 
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Biofilm formation on food industry surfaces has important health and economic consequences, since they can serve as a potential source of contamination for food products, which may lead to food spoilage or transmission of diseases. Salmonella sp. is one of the most important foodborne pathogens and several studies have led to the discovery that these bacteria are capable of adhering and forming biofilms on different surfaces. The attachment of bacterial cells is affected by several factors, including the medium in which they are grown, motility, growth phase of the cells, type and properties of the inert material, presence of organic material, temperature, pH, contact time, and so on. This investigation focused on the study and quantification of the effects of temperature (20 to 40 °C), pH (4.5 to 7.5), and medium composition (0.5 to 2.5 g/L of peptone) on biofilm formation by Salmonella sp. on stainless steel through surface response modeling. Results highlighted that the target strain was able to adhere on stainless steel, under all the conditions tested. To assess potential differences, the aptitude to biofilm formation (ABF), defined as the time necessary to start adhesion on the surface, was calculated by using the Gompertz equation. This parameter was modeled through a stepwise regression procedure and experimental conditions resulting in the greater ABF were growth in poor media (1.0 to 1.5 g/L of peptone), incubation temperature of about 30 °C, pH close to 6.0.Practical Application:  The importance of this work lies in its extension of our knowledge about the effect of different environmental conditions on Salmonella adherence to stainless steel food‐processing equipment, as a better understanding of biofilms may provide valuable pathways for the prevention of biofilm formation.
Permeabilization of Plant Tissues by Monopolar Pulsed Electric Fields: Effect of Frequency
Authors: Asavasanti Suvaluk , Ristenpart William , Stroeve Pieter , Barrett Diane M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Pulsed electric fields (PEF) nonthermally induce cell membrane permeabilization and thereby improve dehydration and extraction efficiencies in food plant materials. Effects of electrical field strength and number of pulses on plant tissue integrity have been studied extensively. Two previous studies on the effect of pulse frequency, however, did not provide a clear view: one study suggested no effect of frequency, while the other found a greater impact on tissue integrity at lower frequency. This study establishes the effect of pulse frequency on integrity of onion tissues. Changes in electrical characteristics, ion leakage, texture parameters, and percent weight loss were quantified for a wide range of pulse frequencies under conditions of fixed field strength and pulse number. Optical microscopy and viable‐cell staining provided direct visualization of effects on individual cells. The key finding is that lower frequencies (f < 1 Hz) cause more damage to tissue integrity than higher frequencies (f= 1 to 5000 Hz). Intriguingly, the optical microscopy observations demonstrate that the speed of intracellular convective motion (that is, cytoplasmic streaming) following PEF application is strongly correlated with PEF frequency. We provide the first in situ visualization of the intracellular consequence of PEF at different frequencies in a plant tissue. We hypothesize that cytoplasmic streaming plays a significant role in moving conductive ionic species from permeabilized cells to the intercellular space between plant cells, making subsequent pulses more efficacious at sufficiently low frequencies. The results suggest that decreasing the pulse frequency in PEF may minimize the number of pulses needed to achieve a desired amount of permeabilization, thus lowering the total energy consumption.Practical Application:  PEF cause pores to be formed in plant cell membranes, thereby improve moisture removal and potential extraction of desirable components. This study used in situ microscopic evaluation of onion cells, as they were pulsed with electric fields at different frequencies, to determine whether frequency was an important parameter. We illustrate that membranes were more effectively broken at lower frequencies as compared to higher frequencies. Application of this information will allow for improved design of PEF systems for more energy efficient dehydration or extraction of plant tissues.
Extraction, Partial Characterization, and Storage Stability of β‐Glucosidase from Propolis
Authors: Zhang Cui‐Ping , Zheng Huo‐Qing , Hu Fu‐Liang 
Published: December 2010

Abstract:  Extraction and assay conditions for β‐glucosidase from propolis were optimized. Highest enzyme activity was obtained in a citric acid‐disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer at pH 6.0 with 2.5% insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone at incubation temperature of 57 °C. β‐Glucosidase activities were found in all freshly harvested propolis while β‐glucosidase activities were scarcely present in the randomly bought propolis. Propolis was stored at –20 °C and 4 °C for 3 mo with almost no loss of β‐glucosidase activity, but at room temperature the activity decreased exponentially with the increase of storage time. These results indicated that the activity of β‐glucosidase could be a candidate for propolis‐freshness index. β‐Glucosidase from propolis was capable of hydrolyzing p‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucoside and p‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐galactoside, but lacked activity toward p‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐glucuronide, p‐nitrophenyl‐β‐D‐cellobioside, amygdalin, cellobiose, and gentiobiose. These results were consistent with the hypothesis that flavonoid glucosides were hydrolyzed by β‐glucosidase during propolis collection and processing and provided a possible explanation for why some flavonoid biosides (that is, rutin and isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐rutinoside) exist in propolis.Practical Application:  β‐Glucosidase activity was detected and partial characterization of the enzyme was determined in propolis. The enzyme activity decreased exponentially with the increase of storage time at room temperature, which suggested that the activity of β‐glucosidase could be regarded as a freshness index of propolis. The research will be useful for studying the chemical constituents of propolis.
Quenching Enhancement of the Singlet Excited State of Pheophorbide‐a by DNA in the Presence of the Quinone Carboquone
Authors: Díaz‐Espinosa Yisaira , Crespo‐Hernández Carlos E. , Alegría Antonio E. , García Carmelo , Arce Rafael 
Published: December 2010

AbstractChanges in the emission fluorescence intensity of pheophorbide‐a (PHEO) in the presence of carboquone (CARBOQ) were used to obtain the association constant, the number of CARBOQ molecules interacting with PHEO, and the fluorescence quantum yield of the complex. Excitation spectra of mixtures of PHEO and CARBOQ in ethanol (EtOH) show an unresolved doublet in the red‐most excitation band of PHEO, indicating the formation of a loose ground‐state complex. The 1:1 CARBOQ–PHEO complex shows a higher fluorescence quantum yield in EtOH (0.41 ± 0.02) than in buffer solution (0.089 ± 0.002), which is also higher than that of the PHEO monomer (0.28). Quenching of the PHEO fluorescence by DNA nucleosides and double‐stranded oligonucleotides was also observed and the bimolecular quenching rate constants were determined. The quenching rate constant increase as the oxidation potential of the DNA nucleoside increases. Larger quenching constants were obtained in the presence of CARBOQ suggesting that CARBOQ enhances DNA photo‐oxidation, presumably by inhibiting the back–electron‐transfer reaction from the photoreduced PHEO to the oxidized base. Thus, the enhanced DNA‐base photosensitized oxidation by PHEO in the presence of CARBOQ may be related to the large extent by which this quinone covalently binds to DNA, as previously reported.
Genetic barcoding of marine leeches (Ozobranchus spp.) from Florida sea turtles and their divergence in host specificity
Authors: McGOWIN AUDREY E. , TRUONG TRIET M. , CORBETT ADRIAN M. , BAGLEY DEAN A. , EHRHART LLEWELLYN M. , BRESETTE MICHAEL J. , WEEGE STEVEN T. , CLARK DAVE 
Published: December 2010

Abstract Ozobranchus margoi and Ozobranchus branchiatus are the only two species of marine turtle leeches (Ozobranchus spp.) known to inhabit the Atlantic coast of the United States and the Gulf of Mexico. In early reports of fibropapillomatosis (FP) in green turtles (Chelonia mydas), O. branchiatus was implicated as a vector in the transmission of Fibropapilloma‐associated turtle herpesvirus (FPTHV). It is imperative that the leech species be identified to elucidate the role Ozobranchus spp. may play in disease transmission. In this study, Ozobranchus branchiatus has been identified for the first time on a loggerhead (Caretta caretta) turtle, and the molecular data for this species is now available for the first time in GenBank. Both species of leeches were also found infecting a single C. mydas. Using morphological taxonomy combined with distance‐ and character‐based genetic sequence analyses, this study has established a DNA barcode for both species of Ozobranchus spp. leech and has shown it can be applied successfully to the identification of leeches at earlier stages of development when morphological taxonomy cannot be employed. The results suggest a different haplotype may exist for O. branchiatus leeches found on C. caretta versus C. mydas. Leech cocoon residue collected from a C. mydas was identified using the new method.
Xenogeneic Murine Tyrosinase DNA Vaccine for Malignant Melanoma of the Digit of Dogs
Authors: Manley C.A. , Leibman N.F. , Wolchok J.D. , Rivière I.C. , Bartido S. , Craft D.M. , Bergman P.J. 
Published: December 2010

Background: Malignant melanoma of dogs is a highly aggressive neoplasm and is the 2nd most common digit tumor. Metastatic disease is a common sequela for which few effective treatment options exist. Studies show that xenogeneic tyrosinase DNA vaccination yields immune responses and prolongation of survival in dogs with oral malignant melanoma.Objectives/Hypothesis: Describe clinical findings and tumor characteristics of a cohort of dogs with digit malignant melanoma, and evaluate the prognostic utility of a proposed staging system. Determine if a novel xenogeneic DNA vaccine is safe and potentially effective for treatment of dogs with digit melanoma.Animals: Fifty‐eight dogs with digit malignant melanoma treated at the Animal Medical Center between 2004 and 2007.Methods: Retrospective, medical records review of dogs with digit melanoma treated with xenogeneic DNA vaccine.Results: Overall median survival time (MST) for dogs treated with loco‐regional control and xenogeneic DNA vaccine was 476 days with a 1‐year survival rate of 63%. MST for dogs presenting with metastasis was 105 days versus 533 days for dogs presenting without metastasis (P < .0001). Forty‐eight percent of the dogs in the latter group were alive at 2 and 3 years. A proposed staging system proved prognostic with stages I–IV dogs surviving >952, >1,093, 321, and 76 days, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The xenogeneic murine tyrosinase DNA vaccine was safe and appears effective when used in conjunction with local and regional disease control. The proposed staging system was prognostic in this study and future studies might benefit from utilizing this staging system.
Clinical Assessment of Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Horses: Comparison of a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System with a Combined Intravenous Glucose and Insulin Test Protocol
Authors: Johnson P.J. , Wiedmeyer C.E. , LaCarrubba A. , Messer N.T. , Dingfelder H.A. , Cogswell A.M. , Amorim J.R.R. , Ganjam V.K. 
Published: December 2010

Background: The combined glucose‐insulin test (CGIT) is helpful for evaluating insulin sensitivity. A continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) reports changes in interstitial glucose concentrations as they occur in the blood. Use of the CGMS minimizes animal contact and may be useful when performing a CGIT.Hypothesis: Results obtained using a CGMS are useful for the evaluation of glucose responses during the evaluation of insulin sensitivity in equids.Animals: Seven mature, obese ponies.Methods: Ponies were equipped with CGMS for determination of interstitial glucose concentrations. Glucose (150 mg/kg, IV) and insulin (0.1 U/kg, IV) were administered and blood glucose concentrations determined at (minutes after time zero) 1, 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, and 120 with a hand‐held glucometer. Blood chemistry results were compared with simultaneously obtained results using CGMS.Results: Concordance coefficients determined for comparison of blood glucose concentrations determined by a hand‐held glucometer and those determined by CGMS after the zero time point were 0.623, 0.764, 0.834, 0.854, and 0.818 (for delays of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes, respectively).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Interstitial glucose concentrations obtained by the CGMS compared favorably to blood glucose concentrations. CGMS may be useful for assessment of glucose dynamics in the CGIT.
Biomarkers of Brain Injury in Foals with Hypoxic‐Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Ringger N.C. , Giguère S. , Morresey P.R. , Yang C. , Shaw G. 
Published: December 2010

Background:Neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy (NHIE) is a disease affecting newborn foals for which there is no antemortem diagnostic test.Hypothesis:Ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase 1 (UCHL1) and the phosphorylated axonal forms of neurofilament H (pNF‐H) are markers of brain injury in foals with NHIE.Animals:Thirty‐three foals with a clinical diagnosis consistent with NHIE and 17 healthy foals.Methods:Retrospective study. Concentrations of UCHL1 and pNF‐H in plasma were measured by ELISA. The performance of the assays for the diagnosis of NHIE was assessed by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Concentrations of UCHL1 and pNF‐H were measured throughout the brains of 2 healthy foals.Results:The diagnostic performance of UCHL1 (AUC = 0.86) was significantly higher (P= .001) than that of pNF‐H (0.52) for the diagnosis of NHIE. Median concentrations of UCHL1 (6.57 ng/mL; 2.35–11.90 ng/mL) in foals with a clinical diagnosis of NHIE were significantly (P< .001) higher than those of healthy controls (2.52 ng/mL; 1.4–4.01 ng/mL). The right sided reference interval for UCHL1 concentrations in healthy foals was 0–4.01 ng/mL. The sensitivity and specificity of UCHL1 (>4.01 ng/mL) for diagnosis of NHIE were 70% (51–84%) and 94% (72–99%), respectively. UCHL1 concentrations were higher in gray than white matter, while pNF‐H concentrations were higher in white than gray matter.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:UCHL1 has potential as a marker of brain injury in foals with NHIE.
Laminar Leukocyte Accumulation in Horses with Carbohydrate Overload‐Induced Laminitis
Authors: Faleiros R.R. , Johnson P.J. , Nuovo G.J. , Messer N.T. , Black S.J. , Belknap J.K. 
Published: December 2010

Background:While there is evidence of laminar leukocyte infiltration in black walnut extract (BWE)‐induced laminitis, there is no such evidence for carbohydrate overload (CHO) laminitis.Objective:To assess presence of leukocytes and signs of epidermal stress/injury in the laminar tissue from horses with CHO‐induced laminitis.Animals:Twenty‐four adult horses.Methods:Immunohistochemistry for myeloid cell markers calprotectin (CP) and monocyte‐specific marker (CD163) was performed on laminar sections obtained from 2 groups of horses in the CHO model: the developmental time point (DTP) group (n = 6) and the onset of lameness (LAM) group (n = 6), and a control (CON) group (n = 8).Results:DTP was characterized by an increase in CP+leukocytes (7.8‐fold increase versus CON,P< .001), and LAM time point was characterized by a more marked increase in laminar CP+(108.5‐fold,P< .001) and mild increase in CD163+(1.9‐fold,P= .007) cell counts. Increased CP epidermal signal (indicating epidermal stress or injury) occurred consistently at the LAM time point, although histological evidence of basement membrane (BM) detachment was minor, only being present in 3/6 horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:Maximal laminar leukocyte infiltration and epithelial stress occurred at the onset of lameness in the CHO model showing a different temporal pattern from the BWE model, where maximal leukocyte infiltration clearly precedes epithelial stress. Leukocyte infiltration before major histological changes in the CHO model indicates that leukocyte infiltration can be a cause of and not a reaction to BM degradation and structural failure.
Functional Analysis of VopF Activity Required for Colonization in Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Tam Vincent C. , Suzuki Masato , Coughlin Margaret , Saslowsky David , Biswas Kuntal , Lencer Wayne I. , Faruque Shah M. , Mekalanos John J. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Vibrio cholerae
, a Gram-negative facultative pathogen, is the etiologic agent for the diarrheal disease cholera. We previously characterized a clinical isolate, AM-19226, that translocates a type III secretion system (T3SS) effector protein with actin-nucleating activity, VopF, into the host cells. From comparative genomic studies, we identified a divergent T3SS island in additional isolates which possess a VopF homolog, VopN. Unlike the VopF-mediated protrusion formation, VopN localizes to stress fiber in host cells similarly to VopL, which is present in the pandemic strain of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
. Chimera and yeast two-hybrid studies indicated that the amino-terminal regions of VopF and VopN proteins interact with distinct host cell factors. We determined that AM-19226-infected cells are arrested at S phase of the cell cycle and that VopF/VopN are antiapoptotic factors. To understand how VopF may contribute to the pathogenesis of AM-19226, we examined the effect of VopF in an
in vitro
polarized-epithelial model and an
in vivo
adult rabbit diarrheal model. Within the T3SS pathogenicity island is VopE, a homolog of YopE from
Yersinia
, which has been shown to loosen tight junctions. In polarized intestinal epithelia, VopF and VopE compromised the integrity of tight junctions by inducing cortical actin depolymerization and aberrant localization of the tight-junction protein ZO-1. An assay for pathogenicity in the adult rabbit diarrhea model suggested that these effectors are involved in eliciting the diarrheal response in infected rabbits.

IMPORTANCE
Vibrio cholerae
is a bacterial pathogen that causes the diarrheal disease cholera, which remains a major public health problem in many developing countries. While the major virulence factors of the pandemic
V. cholerae
strains have been characterized, new clinical strains of
V. cholerae
have arisen, causing sporadic cholera-like diseases using unknown pathogenic mechanisms. Previously, we discovered the type III secretion system in a new clinical strain of
V. cholerae
and also identified an effector protein, VopF, which is injected into the host cells and induces changes in the actin cytoskeleton. In this work, we identified a homolog of VopF that causes a distinct cellular phenotype and interactions between the effectors and host proteins. We also discovered that both effectors prevent bacterium-induced cell death in infected cells. In our tissue culture and animal models, we showed that VopF contributes to the disruption of epithelial integrity and the diarrheal response.