bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intakes and adequacy of potentially important nutrients for cognitive development among 5-year-old children in the Seychelles Child Development and Nutrition Study
Authors: McAfee Alison J , Mulhern Maria S , McSorley Emeir M , Wallace Julie MW , Bonham Maxine P , Faure Jude , Romain Sarah , Esther Christina , Shamlaye Conrad F , Watson Gene E , Myers Gary J , Clarkson Thomas W , Davidson Philip W , Strain JJ 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the nutritional adequacy of Seychellois children in relation to nutrients reported to be important for cognitive development.DesignDietary intakes were assessed by 4 d weighed food diaries and analysed using dietary analysis software (WISP version 3·0; Tinuviel Software, UK). Individual nutrient intakes were adjusted to usual intakes and, in order to investigate adequacy, were compared with the UK Estimated Average Requirements for children aged 4–6 years.SettingChildren 5 years old were followed up as part of the Seychelles Child Development Nutrition Study (SCDNS), located in the high-fish-consuming population of Mahé, Republic of Seychelles.SubjectsAnalysis was carried out on a sample of 229 children (118 boys, 111 girls).ResultsChildren consumed a diet of which fortified cereal and milk products contributed the most to nutrient intakes. The majority (≥80 %) of children met requirements for several nutrients important for child development including Fe, folate and Se. Adjusted dietary intakes of Cu, Zn, iodine, niacin and vitamin A were below the Estimated Average Requirement or Recommended Nutrient Intake. Mean adjusted energy intakes (boys 4769 kJ/d (1139·84 kcal/d), girls 4759 kJ/d (1137·43 kcal/d)) were lower than the estimated energy requirement (boys 5104 kJ/d (1220 kcal/d), girls 5042 kJ/d (1205 kcal/d)) for 88 % of boys and 86 % of girls.ConclusionsNutrition was adequate for most children within the SCDNS cohort. Low intakes of some nutrients (including Zn, niacin and vitamin A) could reflect nutritional database inaccuracies, but may require further investigation. The study provides valuable information on the adequacy of intakes of nutrients which could affect the growth and development of Seychellois children.
Comparison of two transmittance algorithms in the community radiative transfer model: Application to AVHRR
Authors: Chen Yong , Han Yong , Weng Fuzhong 
Published: February 2012

Two transmittance algorithms, Optical Depth in Absorber Space (ODAS) and newly developed Optical Depth in Pressure Space (ODPS), are currently available in the Community Radiative Transfer Model (CRTM) version 2. There are noticeable differences of simulated brightness temperature (BT) between the two algorithms for the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer's (AVHRR) three infrared channels. For channel 3, the BT difference is dependent on the zenith angle and is mainly caused by the plane‐parallel atmospheric assumption used in ODAS. For channels 4 and 5, the differences arise from both zenith angle and gaseous absorption in the two algorithms. In the ODPS algorithm, a reduction in radiance due to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) absorption is partially offset by an increase due to a smaller local zenith angle at higher atmospheric levels. A further evaluation of the two transmittance algorithms was performed by comparing AVHRR simulated and observed BTs over ocean. Overall, ODPS is better than ODAS. The BT biases at channels 4 and 5 are dramatically improved in ODPS and very close to zero. At satellite nadir position, an inclusion of CFCs in ODPS reduces bias by 0.25, and 0.15 K for channels 4, and 5, respectively. However, the channel 3 bias shows a strong zenith angle dependence when it is larger than 40° in both the ODAS and ODPS simulations. This bias is due probably to the cloud contamination at larger zenith angles, and additional absorption in the atmosphere associated with other greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Effect of misfit strain on multiferroic and magnetoelectric properties of epitaxial La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/BaTiO3 bilayer
Authors: Li T X , Zhang M , Yu F J , Hu Z , Li K S , Yu D B , Yan H 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/BaTiO3 (LSMO/BTO) bilayer films were grown on (0 0 1) oriented SrTiO3 (STO), LaAlO3 (LAO) and (LaAlO3)0.3(SrAl0.5Ta0.5O3)0.7 (LSAT) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The bilayer deposited on the LSAT substrate presented the best ferromagnetic properties due to the smallest lattice mismatch between LSAT and LSMO. However, the best ferroelectric properties and strongest magnetoelectric (ME) effect existed in the bilayer on the STO substrate due to the minimal compressive strain in the BTO film. All these showed similar frequency-dependent ME behaviour from 0.1 to 100 kHz, and the largest value of ME voltage coefficient (α
E
) was obtained on the STO substrate. The values of α
E
were around 263 mV cm−1 Oe−1, 202 mV cm−1 Oe−1 and 169 mV cm−1 Oe−1 at 1 kHz on STO, LSAT and LAO substrates, respectively, which were at least one order of magnitude higher than previously reported values for similar composites and were ascribed mainly to the rather low dielectric constant of the BTO film.
Thermally activated pop-in and indentation size effects in GaN films
Authors: Lu Jun-Yong , Ren Hang , Deng Dong-Mei , Wang Yong , Chen Kevin Jing , Lau Kei-May , Zhang Tong-Yi 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Indentation tests on epitaxial GaN thin films, grown by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition on Si (1 1 1) substrate, were conducted at temperatures of 23, 100 and 180 °C. The first pop-in events were statistically analysed with Schuh's model and resulted in thermal activation energy of 850 ± 36 meV, activation volume of 10.8 ± 1.6 Å3 and frequency factor of 4.23 × 1021 m−3 s−1. In addition, the experimental results show that the critical force at the first pop-in event and the measured shear strength depend on the indenter tip radius.
Advances in Chinese Agriculture and its Global Implications
Authors: Carter Colin A. , Zhong Funing , Zhu Jing 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn the past thirty years, China has made great strides in terms of boosting food production while simultaneously reducing the number of its rural poor. This success was largely accomplished through agricultural policy and trade reform, food market liberalization, and public investment in agricultural infrastructure and agricultural research. However, there is much more economic development work to be done in rural China, as issues such as an aging agricultural workforce, land‐use rights, and water shortages persist. At the same time, increased urbanization and the rising middle class are changing the demand for food in China. This article outlines the issues facing Chinese agriculture and connects those issues to the global marketplace.
Automatic recognition of conceptualization zones in scientific articles and two life science applications
Authors: Liakata Maria , Saha Shyamasree , Dobnik Simon , Batchelor Colin , Rebholz-Schuhmann Dietrich 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Scholarly biomedical publications report on the findings of a research investigation. Scientists use a well-established discourse structure to relate their work to the state of the art, express their own motivation and hypotheses and report on their methods, results and conclusions. In previous work, we have proposed ways to explicitly annotate the structure of scientific investigations in scholarly publications. Here we present the means to facilitate automatic access to the scientific discourse of articles by automating the recognition of 11 categories at the sentence level, which we call Core Scientific Concepts (CoreSCs). These include: Hypothesis, Motivation, Goal, Object, Background, Method, Experiment, Model, Observation, Result and Conclusion. CoreSCs provide the structure and context to all statements and relations within an article and their automatic recognition can greatly facilitate biomedical information extraction by characterizing the different types of facts, hypotheses and evidence available in a scientific publication.
Results: We have trained and compared machine learning classifiers (support vector machines and conditional random fields) on a corpus of 265 full articles in biochemistry and chemistry to automatically recognize CoreSCs. We have evaluated our automatic classifications against a manually annotated gold standard, and have achieved promising accuracies with ‘Experiment’, ‘Background’ and ‘Model’ being the categories with the highest F1-scores (76%, 62% and 53%, respectively). We have analysed the task of CoreSC annotation both from a sentence classification as well as sequence labelling perspective and we present a detailed feature evaluation. The most discriminative features are local sentence features such as unigrams, bigrams and grammatical dependencies while features encoding the document structure, such as section headings, also play an important role for some of the categories. We discuss the usefulness of automatically generated CoreSCs in two biomedical applications as well as work in progress.
Availability: A web-based tool for the automatic annotation of articles with CoreSCs and corresponding documentation is available online at http://www.sapientaproject.com/softwarehttp://www.sapientaproject.com also contains detailed information pertaining to CoreSC annotation and links to annotation guidelines as well as a corpus of manually annotated articles, which served as our training data.
Contact: liakata@ebi.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
AlloDerm and Strattice in Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Glasberg Scot B. , Light David 
Published: February 2012

Background:
Acellular dermal matrices are increasingly used to reinforce the lower pole of the breast during tissue expander/implant breast reconstruction. Although a low complication rate and good aesthetic outcome have been reported, meticulous technique is important for success. This retrospective study compared the clinical course and postoperative outcome of women who underwent breast reconstruction using AlloDerm or Strattice in the authors' practice and highlights key technical considerations that are important for optimizing outcomes.

Methods:
Patient records were reviewed for demographic data, operative parameters (length and volume of drainage), and type and frequency of postoperative complications, which were compared between the AlloDerm and Strattice groups. Biopsy specimens of acellular dermal matrices were taken for histologic analyses.

Results:
Ninety-six patients (126 reconstructions) received AlloDerm, and 90 (144 reconstructions) received Strattice. Total complications were significantly higher with AlloDerm (21.4 percent versus 6.3 percent; p = 0.0003) and were driven by a significantly higher seroma rate (12.7 percent versus 1.4 percent; p = 0.0003). All other complications were similar between the groups. The capsular contracture rate (grade 1 or 2) was 2.4 percent with AlloDerm and 2.8 percent with Strattice, indicating that both may play a role in capsule formation. This was supported by histologic analyses indicating an absence of synovia-like metaplasia at the acellular dermal matrix/tissue expander interface.

Conclusions:
Complications in this series were of low severity, which, together with consistent clinical outcomes seen in the authors' practice, justifies the cost associated with the use of acellular dermal matrices in breast reconstruction.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic: III.
Simplifying Cheek Reconstruction
Authors: Rapstine Emily D. , Knaus William J. , Thornton James F. 
Published: February 2012

Background:
The cheek is a vast, well-vascularized facial subunit defined by the preauricular crease laterally, the mandible inferiorly, the lips and nasolabial fold medially, and the orbit-cheek crease and zygomatic arch superiorly. Reconstruction of the cheek commonly takes advantage of skin laxity in older patients and the relaxed skin tension lines of the face. Poor reconstructive techniques can cause or exacerbate significant deformities, especially in the oral and ocular regions.

Methods:
Four hundred twenty-two cases of post-Mohs' cheek reconstruction were reviewed retrospectively. All cases were performed sequentially over 10 years by the senior author (J.F.T.). Indications, techniques, postoperative care, complications, and patient characteristics (e.g., age, sex, medical history, defect size, and skin quality) were taken into consideration for each case.

Results:
The procedures used for cheek reconstruction included direct closure (53 percent), cervicofacial advancement flaps (19 percent), perialar crescentic advancement flaps (8 percent), full-thickness skin grafting (8 percent), V-Y advancement flaps (2 percent), and free flaps (1 percent). Although no attempt was made to modify patients' anticoagulation status before surgery, no hematomas were reported. Nine patients had multiple procedures for cancer recurrence or new defects, and all but four operations were performed at a university hospital outpatient surgery center. Seventeen total complications were noted from distal flap necrosis (n = 2), ectropion (n = 7), wound healing (n = 7), and compromised vascular supply (n = 1).

Conclusion:
Knowledge of aesthetic considerations and appropriate use of operative techniques yield optimum cheek reconstruction defined by successful wound closure, thoughtful scar placement, and minimal postoperative complications.
Invertebrate feeding and emergence timing vary among streams along a gradient of riparian forest composition
Authors: KOMINOSKI JOHN S. , LARRAÑAGA SANTIAGO , RICHARDSON JOHN S. 
Published: February 2012

Summary1. The quality of allochthonous organic matter influences the transfer of energy and nutrients through recipient food webs. We investigated the effects of variation in the composition of riparian forests (deciduous, mixed, coniferous) on the elemental imbalance between basal resources and consumers in streams, on consumer feeding and on potential feedbacks to riparian systems via emergent aquatic insects.2. We tested for differences in elemental stoichiometry (carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus; C/N/P) and stable isotopes (∂13C and ∂15N) between deciduous (red alder, Alnus rubra) and coniferous litter (western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla) and among abundant stream invertebrates from streams draining different riparian forests (deciduous, mixed, coniferous). We then assessed shredder feeding preferences (of the trichopteran, Lepidostoma unicolor) for litter incubated in streams with these different forest types and quantified differences in emergence of aquatic and semiaquatic insects among streams.3. Both initial (non‐incubated) and stream‐incubated A. rubra litter had lower C/N and C/P and were more depleted in ∂13C and more enriched in ∂15N, than T. heterophylla litter. The stoichiometry of invertebrate tissue did not vary significantly among taxa or with riparian forest composition. A predator (the plecopteran Chloroperlidae) and a collector‐gatherer (the ephemeropteran Paraleptophlebia gregalis) from mixed and coniferous forest streams were more enriched in ∂13C and ∂15N isotopes than those from deciduous streams, suggesting that low availability of palatable, N‐rich A. rubra litter may constrain energy flow and nutrient fluxes up through the food web in systems with little or no A. rubra.4. Consumption of A. rubra litter by L. unicolor was most rapid when the litter had been incubated in streams draining deciduous forests, whereas consumption of T. heterophylla litter was not influenced by the composition of the riparian forest.5. Peak insect emergence from coniferous forest streams occurred 1 month earlier and at 2–3× higher density than from mixed and deciduous‐forest streams, but total biomass of emerging insects throughout the study period was not different between forest types. Assemblages of emerging insects were different between deciduous and coniferous forest streams, and taxon richness and diversity were nearly 2× greater from deciduous than from coniferous forest streams.6. Forest composition influences stream invertebrate feeding and could have reciprocal feedbacks onto riparian systems via altered insect emergence.
Immunohistochemical analysis of pulpal regeneration by nestin expression in replanted teeth
Authors: Lee Y. , Go E. J. , Jung H. S. , Kim E. , Jung I. Y. , Lee S. J. 
Published: February 2012

Lee Y, Go EJ, Jung HS, Kim E, Jung IY, Lee SJ. Immunohistochemical analysis of pulpal regeneration by nestin expression in replanted teeth. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 652–659, 2012.AbstractAim  To investigate dental pulp healing after tooth replantation in rats using nestin as an odontoblastic marker for immunohistochemical analysis.Methodology  Twenty‐five maxillary right first molars from 25 female Sprague‐Dawley rats, aged 4 weeks post‐natally, were extracted and immediately repositioned in the original socket within 5 s. Five rats each were later killed on days 3, 5 and weeks 1, 2 and 4. The maxillae were removed en bloc and the tissue samples containing the maxillary right first molars were decalcified, sectioned, mounted and stained with anti‐nestin antibody to be observed under a light microscope.Results  At 3 days after replantation, there was a localized inflammatory reaction, but pulp revascularization and healing had begun in the root area. At 5 days after replantation, odontoblast‐like cells were observed. Reparative dentine deposition was observed beneath the pulp‐dentine border from 1 week after replantation, and gradually increased until 2 weeks after replantation. The presence of odontoblast‐like cells and the formation of reparative dentine continued from the first week throughout the experimental period. At week four, deposition of osteodentine and cementum‐like tissues were observed.Conclusions  Pulpal mineralization after replantation initially occurred via the deposition of reparative dentine, followed by the deposition of osteodentine and cementum‐like tissues in rat teeth.
Differential expression profiling of orange‐spotted grouper larvae, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton), that survived a betanodavirus outbreak
Authors: Wu M‐S , Chen C‐W , Lin C‐H , Tzeng C‐S , Chang C‐Y 
Published: February 2012

AbstractNervous necrosis virus (NNV), a piscine nodavirus, has caused serious viral nervous necrosis and viral encephalopathy and retinopathy in hatchery‐reared larvae and juveniles of a wide range of marine teleost species worldwide in the last two decades. Although the mortality of NNV‐infected larvae is nearly 100%, there are still some larvae that survive this catastrophe. To comprehensively understand the variations of these survivors at the molecular level, we collected orange‐spotted grouper larvae that survived an NNV outbreak in an indoor hatchery in southern Taiwan to study differential gene expression. Healthy larvae with high, medium and low levels of detected NNV were compared with morbid larvae using a 9600‐clone‐containing grouper larva cDNA microarray, and differential gene expression was further confirmed by a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Significant variation exists in healthy larvae. The following genes were upregulated: adenylate kinase 1‐2, myosin binding protein H‐like, myosin light chain 2, myosin light chain 3, tropomyosin, fast/white muscle troponin T embryonic isoform, and parvalbumin 1 and 2 genes. The following genes were downregulated: apolipoprotein A‐I, trypsinogen, pyruvate kinase and astacin‐like metalloprotease. Moreover, immunoglobulin M heavy chain gene transcription was significantly higher in healthy larvae that had high virus levels, indicating that humoral immunity might protect organisms from viral infection. These results suggest that some non‐immune‐related genes may have played important roles in survival during the larval metamorphosis stage, after betanodavirus infection.
A carbohydrate supply and demand model of vegetative growth: response to temperature and light
Authors: GENT MARTIN P. N. , SEGINER IDO 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTPhotosynthesis is the limiting factor in crop growth models, but metabolism may also limit growth. We hypothesize that, over a wide range of temperature, growth is the minimum of the supply of carbohydrate from photosynthesis, and the demand of carbohydrate to synthesize new tissue. Biosynthetic demand limits growth at cool temperatures and increases exponentially with temperature. Photosynthesis limits growth at warm temperatures and decreases with temperature. Observations of tomato seedlings were used to calibrate a model based on this hypothesis. Model predictions were tested with published data for growth and carbohydrate content of sunflower and wheat. The model qualitatively fitted the response of growth of tomato and sunflower to both cool and warm temperatures. The transition between demand and supply limitation occurred at warmer temperatures under higher light and faster photosynthesis. Modifications were required to predict the observed non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC). Some NSC was observed at warm temperatures, where demand should exceed supply. It was defined as a required reserve. Less NSC was found at cool temperatures than predicted from the difference between supply and demand. This was explained for tomato and sunflower, by feedback inhibition of NSC on photosynthesis. This inhibition was much less in winter wheat.
Ornithine‐delta‐aminotransferase and proline dehydrogenase genes play a role in non‐host disease resistance by regulating pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate metabolism‐induced hypersensitive response
Authors: SENTHIL‐KUMAR MUTHAPPA , MYSORE KIRANKUMAR S. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTNon‐host disease resistance involves the production of hypersensitive response (HR), a programmed cell death (PCD) that occurs at the site of pathogen infection. Plant mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and red‐ox changes play a major role in regulating such cell death. Proline catabolism reactions, especially pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate (P5C) accumulation, are known to produce ROS and contribute to cell death. Here we studied important genes related to proline synthesis and catabolism in the defence against host and non‐host strains of Pseudomonas syringae in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis. Our results show that ornithine delta‐aminotransferase (δOAT) and proline dehydrogenases (ProDH1 and ProDH2) are involved in the defence against non‐host pathogens. Silencing of these genes in N. benthamiana delayed occurrence of HR and favoured non‐host pathogen growth. Arabidopsis mutants for these genes compromised non‐host resistance and showed a decrease in non‐host pathogen‐induced ROS. Some of the genes involved in proline metabolism were also induced by a pathogen‐carrying avirulence gene, indicating that proline metabolism is influenced during effector‐triggered immunity (ETI). Our results demonstrate that δOAT and ProDH enzyme‐mediated steps produce ROS in mitochondria and regulate non‐host HR, thus contributing to non‐host resistance in plants.