bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trisomy 18: Experience of a reference hospital from the south of Brazil
Authors: Rosa Rafael F.M. , Rosa Rosana C.M. , Lorenzen Marina B. , de Moraes Felipe N. , Graziadio Carla , Zen Paulo R.G. , Paskulin Giorgio A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTrisomy 18 is a chromosomal syndrome characterized by a broad clinical picture, as well as a very reserved prognosis. The aim of our study was to verify the clinical characteristics and survival of patients diagnosed in a referral hospital in southern Brazil. Our sample consisted of 31 patients, 22 were female (71%), ages ranging from 1 to 1,395 days (median 14 days). The majority had a single cell lineage with full trisomy of chromosome 18 (94%). Concerning pregnancy complications, pre‐eclampsia was the main abnormality described (17%). Fetal ultrasound was performed in 23 cases, and the most frequent abnormalities were polyhydramnios (41%) and intrauterine growth retardation (27%). There were no reports of prenatal identification of the syndrome. Most patients were born by cesarean due to pregnancy and fetal complications and about half of the cases were premature. Congenital heart defects represented the main major malformation observed (94%). Thirty patients (97%) progressed to death (survival ranged from 2 to 780 days, and 87% died within the first 6 months of life). Trisomy 18 is a serious chromosomal disorder with limited survival. Abnormalities of pregnancy appear to be frequent, which can lead to complications for both fetus and mother. The prenatal identification of these patients in our country is still inadequate, resulting in important implications for genetic counseling and management of these patients and their families. And this makes the possibility of interruption of pregnancy, regardless of ethical factors involved, an unlikely option. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the elderly
Authors: Viswanathan Anand , Greenberg Steven M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) results from deposition of β‐amyloid in the media and adventitia of small arteries and capillaries of the leptomeninges and cerebral cortex and is a major cause of lobar intracerebral hemorrhage and cognitive impairment in the elderly. CAA is associated with a high prevalence of magnetic resonance imaging markers of small vessel disease, including cerebral microbleeds and white matter hyperintensities. Although advanced CAA is present in approximately ¼ of brains with Alzheimer disease (AD), fewer than half of CAA cases meet pathologic criteria for AD. This review will discuss the pathophysiology of CAA and focus on new imaging modalities and laboratory biomarkers that may aid in the clinical diagnosis of individuals with the disease. Ann Neurol 2011;70:871–880
In situ entrapment of urease in cryogels of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide): An effective strategy for noncovalent immobilization of enzymes
Authors: Petrov Petar , Pavlova Severina , Tsvetanov Christo B. , Topalova Yana , Dimkov Raycho 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSupermacroporous poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) cryogels containing urease were prepared via UV irradiation technique and hydrogen peroxide as initiator. Specifically, due to the cryostructuration phenomenon urease molecules were embedded into the dense cryogel walls. Thus, although the enzyme is physically entrapped, the system exhibited remarkable resistance against leaking due to the dense polymer network formed in the cryogel walls. The immobilized urease can catalyze the hydrolysis of urea in a broad temperature range in both batch and flow regime. The interconnected macropores assist for unhindered diffusion of the substrate and reaction products through the gel, thus, paving the way for consecutive reuse at a constant activity, in contrast to the conventional PNIPAAm hydrogel. Due to the spongy‐like morphology PNIPAAm cryogels containing urease can be exploited as highly permeable membrane for direct removal of traces of urea from continuously flowing feed solutions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of polyethylene glycol on the properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber/organoclay nanocomposites filled with silica and carbon black
Authors: Kim Wook‐Soo , Paik Hyun‐Jong , Bae Jong‐Woo , Kim Wonho 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPolyethyene glycol (PEG) is widely used as a dispersing agent and can also be used to prevent the adsorption of ingredients on the surface of silica. From the XRD results, PEG that was used as the dispersing agent on the SBR/organoclay compound filled with silica and carbon black (CB) was intercalated between the organoclay layer. Additionally, the interactions with the PEG differed depending on whether 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) or N,N‐dimethyldodecylamine (DDA) were used as clay modifiers. When PEG was added, the Tg of the SBR/silica/APTES‐MMT compound increased through the formation of hydrogen bonds between the ether linkages of PEG and the hydroxyl groups of APTES. For the SBR/silica/DDA‐MMT compound with PEG, slippage occurred between the silicate, and DDA because of the alkyl chain of DDA. The SBR/silica/APTES‐MMT/CB compound with PEG exhibited the highest Tg value and the highest bound rubber content, with high modulus values at 100 and 300%. The SBR/silica/DDA‐MMT/CB compound had the best properties in terms of the wet skid resistance and the rolling resistance. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Radiolytic synthesis of OH group functionalized fullerene structures and their biosensor application
Authors: Chung Da‐Jung , Seong Mi‐Kyeng , Choi Seong‐Ho 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this study, radiolytic functionalization of fullerene in methanol/1,2‐dichlorobenzene mixtures and its applications with respect to biosensor support materials were studied. To obtain supports for biosensors for electron transfer, fullerene was functionalized by γ‐irradiation in a methanol/1,2‐dichlorobenzene mixture solution. The hydroxyl group‐modified fullerene, F‐fullerene, was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, MALDI‐TOF mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. As a result, the main hydroxyl group was successfully introduced on the surface of fullerene. F‐fullerene was found to disperse well in water by ultrasonication. The results indicated that F‐fullerene is a good candidate for use in biological systems as a biosensor support material. A biosensor based on F‐fullerene was prepared by hand‐casting the mixture of tyrosinase, F‐fullerene, and 2% chitosan solution on an ITO electrode. Furthermore, the prepared biosensor was optimized pH and temperature. The prepared biosensor was then evaluated for its ability to analyze phenolic compounds contained in commercial red wines. The total phenolic concentration was determined to be in the range of 397–895 mg/L. From these results, the electron transfer ability of F‐fullerene was improved on an enzyme biosensor. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Rheological and topological characterizations of electron beam irradiation prepared long‐chain branched polylactic acid
Authors: Wang Yongbin , Yang Liang , Niu Yanhua , Wang Zhigang , Zhang Jun , Yu Fengyuan , Zhang Hongbin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this study, a series of linear‐ and long‐chain branched polylactic acid (PLA) samples was prepared by electron beam irradiation without or with addition of a trifunctional monomer, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). The chain structures of the PLA samples were characterized by size‐exclusion chromatography coupled with a light scattering detector (SEC‐MALLS) and shear and extensional rheology. PLA tends to degrade while keeps linear structures with increasing irradiation dose and without addition of TMPTA, as evidenced by decreased molecular mass Mw and reductions of storage modulus G′ and the zero shear viscosity η0. Long‐chain branched PLA samples were successfully prepared with irradiation and addition of TMPTA, which shows prominent higher η0 and apparent flow activation energy, longer characteristic relaxation time τ, and pronounced strain‐hardening behaviors. With increasing amount of TMPTA, Mw dependences of η0 and the root mean square radius of gyration Rg obviously deviate from the scaling relation of linear PLA samples, which strongly indicates the increased long‐chain branching degree for the branched PLA samples. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and mechanical and electrical properties of graphene nanosheets–poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites via in situ suspension polymerization
Authors: Wang Jingchao , Hu Huating , Wang Xianbao , Xu Chunhui , Zhang Min , Shang Xiaopeng 
Published: June 2011

AbstractGraphene nanosheets–poly(methyl methacrylate) (GNS–PMMA) nanocomposites were first prepared by in situ suspension polymerization and reduction of graphene oxide using hydrazine hydrate and ammonia. PMMA microspheres with a mean diameter of 2 μm are mainly covalently link to the surface of GNS. The obtained GNS–PMMA composites have not only high electrical conductivity but also enhanced mechanical properties and thermal stability at low loadings of graphene. Especially, the resulting nanocomposites were examined for electrorheological fluids, showing thin and dense chains of particles after application of an electric field.	© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/NiO nanocomposite
Authors: Shambharkar B. H. , Umare S. S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSpherical nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were prepared by using nickel chloride as precursor in the ethylene glycol as solvent and urea as precipitant. The X‐ray diffraction study showed that NiO has single‐phase cubic structure with average crystallite size of 35 nm. The prepared NiO nanoparticles were incorporated into polyaniline (PANI) matrix during in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline with different molar ratios of aniline: NiO (12 : 1, 6 : 1, and 3 : 1) at 5°C using (NH4)2S2O8 as oxidant in aqueous solution of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, as surfactant and dopant under N2 atmosphere. The synthesized composites have been characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, TEM, and vibrating sample magnetometer for its structural, thermal, morphological, and magnetic investigation. The XRD and FTIR studies show that the NiO particles are in the composite. The room temperature conductivities of the synthesized PANI, PANI/NiO (12 : 1), (6 : 1), and (3 : 1) composites were found to be 3.26 × 10−4, 1.88 × 10−4, 1.5 × 10−4, and 4.61 × 10−4 S/cm, respectively. The coercivity (Hc) and remnant magnetization (Mr) of NiO, PANI/NiO NCs (12 : 1), (6 : 1), and (3 : 1) at 5 K was found to be 8.22 × 10−2, 6.31 × 10−2, 6.42 × 10−2, 6.27 × 10−2 T, and 6.64 × 10−3, 1.83 × 10−4, 3.07 × 10−4, and 3.98 × 10−4 emu/g, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Analysis of the global production location dynamics in the industrial wood pellet market: an MCDA approach
Authors: Smith T. Pieter , Junginger H. Martin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIndustrial wood pellet demand and international trade have been growing rapidly, requiring producers to build new production facilities. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the trade‐offs of different wood pellet production locations across the world within the next ten years and to improve the quality and viability of future wood pellet production location and supply chain decisions. To this end, a multi‐criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was performed. This approach enabled assimilation and synthesis of both qualitative and qualitative data of a comprehensive set of regions in which lies its originality.The following characteristics were indicated and assessed: feedstock (availability, competition, and pricing), investment climate, electricity prices, market potential, and logistics. Analysis of various scenarios resulted in a preference for Northern American, Austrian, Belgian, and German regions based either on superior feedstock pricing or logistic position, complemented by a stable investment climate. However, a scenario of high demand of ocean freight quickly diminished the performance of Western Canada and the USA, Brazil, and Chile. Austria, Belgium, and Germany remained most volatile for feedstock shortages. Overall, Austria, Estonia, Czech Republic, and Sweden seem more robust to perform well in different scenarios, which may prove crucial to limit risk exposure in an emerging market. Some more remote regions with huge feedstock potential (e.g. Russia) depend on the investment climate and logistical feasibility of these regions. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Sources of corn for ethanol production in the United States: a decomposition analysis of the empirical data
Authors: Oladosu Gbadebo , Kline Keith , Uria‐Martinez Rocio , Eaton Laurence 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe use of corn for ethanol production in the United States quintupled between 2001 and 2009, generating concerns that this could lead to the conversion of forests and grasslands around the globe, known as indirect land‐use change (iLUC). Estimates of iLUC and related ‘food versus fuel’ concerns rest on the assumption that the corn used for ethanol production in the United States would come primarily from displacing corn exports and land previously used for other crops. A number of modeling efforts based on these assumptions have projected significant iLUC from the increases in the use of corn for ethanol production. The current study tests the veracity of these assumptions through a systematic decomposition analysis of the empirical data from 2001 to 2009. The logarithmic mean divisia index decomposition method (Type I) was used to estimate contributions of different factors to meeting the corn demand for ethanol production. Results show that about 79% of the change in corn used for ethanol production can be attributed to changes in the distribution of domestic corn consumption among different uses. Increases in the domestic consumption share of corn supply contributed only about 5%. The remaining contributions were 19% from added corn production, and –2% from stock changes. Yield change accounted for about two‐thirds of the contributions from production changes. Thus, the results of this study provide little support for large land‐use changes or diversion of corn exports because of ethanol production in the United States during the past decade. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Passagenwerk 1850. Bild und Zahl in den physiologischen Zeitexperimenten von Hermann von Helmholtz
Authors: Schmidgen Henning 
Published: June 2011

AbstractArcades Project 1850. Image and Number in the Physiological Time Experiments of Hermann von Helmholtz. In January 1850, Hermann von Helmholtz (1821–1894) published a short report about his measurements concerning the propagation speed of “stimulations” in the living nerve. Historians of science such as Frederic Holmes and Kathryn Olesko have reconstructed the “investigative pathway” that led Helmholtz from his initial work on muscle action to the striking study of nervous time. Against the background of new archival findings, this paper argues that Helmholtz's investigative pathway also constituted a “semiotic pathway,” i. e. an arcade of signs that would capture and transmit his findings in appropriate ways. Drawing in particular on the curve recordings and the corresponding written explanations he sent to the Paris Academy of Science in September 1851, the paper shows that Helmholtz's graphical recordings were not meant as measurements. From the start, Helmholtz had carried out his time measurements by using an electromagnetic timing method suggested by the French physicist Claude Pouillet (1791–1868). In his 1850 report, Helmholtz had failed, however, to explain the physiological application of this method, even though his colleague and friend, Emil du Bois‐Reymond (1818–1896) had revised the report when translating it into French. In this situation, Helmholtz's curves served to illustrate the basic procedure of his previous experiments. In other words, they were indeed ‘images of precision’ (Holmes and Olesko) but not precise images.
Nerve root to lumbar disc relationships at the intervertebral foramen from a surgical viewpoint: An anatomical study
Authors: Arslan Mehmet , Cömert Ayhan , Açar Hali̇l İbrahi̇m , Özdemi̇r Mevci̇ , Elhan Alai̇tti̇n , Tekdemi̇r İbrahi̇m , Tubbs R. Shane , Uğur Hasan Çağlar 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyze relationship of the intervertebral disc to the nerve root in the intervertebral foramen. Fourteen formalin‐fixed cadavers were studied and measurements were performed. At the medial line of the neural foramen, the disc‐root distance gradually increased from L1‐L2 to L5‐S1. The shortest distance between the disc to nerve root was L1‐L2 (mean, 8.2 mm) and the greatest distance was found at L3‐L4 (mean, 10.5 mm). In the mid‐foramen, the disc‐root distance decreased from L1‐2 to L5‐S1. The shortest distance from the disc to nerve root was found at L5‐S1 (mean, 0.4 mm); and the greatest distance, at L1‐L2 (mean, 3.8 mm). For the lateral line, the distance between an intersection point between the medial edge of the nerve root and the superior edge of the disc and lateral line of the foramen consistently increased from L1‐L2 to L5‐S1. The shortest distance from nerve root to the lateral border of the foramen, at the point where the nerve root crosses disc was at level L1‐L2 (mean, 2.6 mm), the greatest distance, L5‐S1 (mean, 8.8 mm). The width of the foramina progressively increased in a craniocaudal direction (mean, 8.3–17.8 mm from L1‐2 to L5‐S1, respectively). The mean height of the foramina was more or less the same for disc levels (range, 19.3–21.5). The results showed that nerve roots at lower levels traveled closer to the midline of the foramen. This morphometric information may be helpful in minimizing the incidence of injury to the lumbar nerve root during foraminal and extraforaminal approaches. Clin. Anat. 25:218–223, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural Characterization of Phosphorus‐Based Networks and Clusters: 31P MAS NMR Spectroscopy and Magnetic Shielding Calculations on Hittorf’s Phosphorus
Authors: Wiegand Thomas , Eckert Hellmut , Grimme Stefan , Hoppe Diana , Ruck Michael 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe 31P MAS NMR spectrum of Hittorf’s phosphorus has been measured and assigned to the 21 crystallographically distinct phosphorus atoms based on two‐dimensional dipolar correlation spectroscopies. Application of such 2D techniques to phosphorus‐based networks is particularly challenging owing to the wide chemical shift dispersions, rapid irreversible decay of transverse magnetization, and extremely slow spin‐lattice relaxation in these systems. Nevertheless, a complete assignment was possible by using the combination of correlated spectroscopy (COSY) and radiofrequency‐driven dipolar recoupling (RFDR). The assignment is supported further by DFT‐based ab initio chemical shift calculations using a cluster‐model approach, which gives good agreement between experimental and calculated chemical shift values. The 31P chemical shifts appear to be strongly correlated with the average PP bond lengths within the P(P1/3)3 coordination environments, whereas no clear dependence on average P‐P‐P bond angles can be detected.Calculations of localized Kohn–Sham orbitals reveal that this bond‐length dependence is reflected in energy variations in the corresponding localized p‐p‐σ orbitals influencing the paramagnetic deshielding contribution in Ramsey’s equation. In contrast, the contributions of the lone pairs to shielding differences are small and/or do not vary in a systematic manner for the different crystallographically distinct phosphorus sites. The combined spectroscopic and quantum chemical approach applied here and the increased theoretical understanding of 31P chemical shifts will facilitate the structural elucidation of other phosphorus‐based clusters and networks.
Stereoselective Conjugate Addition Reactions to Phenylglycinol‐Derived, Unsaturated Oxazolopiperidone Lactams
Authors: Amat Mercedes , Pérez Maria , Bosch Joan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPhenylglycinol‐derived, unsaturated oxazolopiperidone lactams are extremely useful building blocks that undergo stereoselective conjugate addition reactions with organocuprates, enolates, and sulfur‐stabilized anions, allowing the stereocontrolled introduction of substituents at the piperidine 4‐position. The factors governing the exo‐ or endo‐facial selectivity are discussed. The methodology can be used for the preparation of a variety of enantiopure piperidines, including pharmaceuticals, alkaloids precursors, piperidine‐fused derivatives, as well as complex piperidine‐containing natural products.
A Label‐Free Gold‐Nanoparticle‐Based SERS Assay for Direct Cyanide Detection at the Parts‐per‐Trillion Level
Authors: Senapati Dulal , Dasary Samuel S. R. , Singh Anant K. , Senapati Tapas , Yu Hongtao , Ray Paresh C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCyanide is an extremely toxic lethal poison known to humankind. Developing rapid, highly sensitive, and selective detection of cyanide from water samples is extremely essential for human life safety. Driven by the need, here we report a gold‐nanoparticle‐based label‐free surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) system for highly toxic cyanide ion recognition in parts‐per‐trillion level and to examine gold‐nanoparticle–cyanide interaction. We have shown that the SERS assay can be used to probe the gold nanoparticle dissociation process in the presence of cyanide ions. Our experimental data indicates that gold‐nanoparticle‐based SERS can detect cyanide from a water sample at the 110 ppt level with excellent discrimination against other common anions and cations. The results also show that the SERS probe can be used to detect cyanide from environmental samples.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Novel 2,3,8‐Trisubstituted Pyrido[3,4‐b]pyrazines and Pyrido[2,3‐b]pyrazines.
Authors: Antoine Maud , Czech Michael , Gerlach Matthias , Guenther Eckhard , Schuster Tilmann , Marchand Pascal 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAn efficient synthetic approach to the preparation of the title compounds (VIII) and (XVI) is developed.
Ozon macht Pollen schärfer
Authors: Feil Sylvia 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWirbeln Gräser‐ und Birkenpollen in die Luft auf, sinken sie chemisch verändert wieder herab. Ähnlich wie im Meer jede Oberfläche besiedelt wird, bietet sich im Luftraum jede Oberfläche als Adsorptionsfläche an. In der Folge sind chemische Reaktionen zu erwarten. Eine davon, die Nitrierung, führt zu einer stärkeren Reaktion von Allergikern auf die Pollen. Treibend ist die Gegenwart von Ozon.
Blassbraun statt sattgelb
Authors: Fischer‐Henningsen Doris 
Published: June 2011

AbstractVincent van Gogh verwendete gern leuchtende Farben, die seinen Bildern die charakteristische Ausdruckskraft verleihen. Besonders das Chromgelb kam oft auf die Leinwand und droht dort langsam zu einem Braunton zu verblassen und die Bilder zu verfälschen. Ursache ist offenbar die Reduktion des Chrom(VI)‐Pigmentes zu Chrom(III)‐Verbindungen.