bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid respiratory microbiological point-of-care-testing and antibiotic prescribing in primary care: Protocol for the RAPID-TEST randomised controlled trial
Authors: Abbs Samantha Elizabeth , Armstrong-Buisseret Lindsay , Eastwood Kathy , Granier Stephen , Lane Athene , Lui Mandy , Metcalfe Chris , Mitchell Paul , Muir Peter , Ridd Matthew , Taylor Jodi , Yardley Lucy , Young Grace , Hay Alastair D. 
Published: May 2024

Background
Antibiotics are prescribed for over 50% of respiratory tract infections in primary care, despite good evidence of there being no benefit to the patient, and evidence of over prescribing driving microbial resistance. The high treatment rates are attributed to uncertainty regarding microbiological cause and clinical prognosis. Point-of-care-tests have been proposed as potential antibiotic stewardship tools, with some providing microbiological results in 15 minutes. However, there is little research on their impact on antibiotic use and clinical outcomes in primary care.

Methods
This is a multi-centre, individually randomised controlled trial with mixed-methods investigation of microbial, behavioural and antibiotic mechanisms on outcomes in patients aged 12 months and over presenting to primary care in the UK with a suspected respiratory tract infection, where the clinician and/or patient thinks antibiotic treatment may be, or is, necessary. Once consented, all participants are asked to provide a combined nose and throat swab sample and randomised to have a rapid microbiological point-of-care-test or no point-of-care-test. For intervention patients, clinicians review the result of the test, before contacting the patient to finalise treatment. Treatment decisions are made as per usual care in control group patients. The primary outcome is whether an antibiotic is prescribed at this point. All swab samples are sent to the central laboratory for further testing. Patients are asked to complete a diary to record the severity and duration of symptoms until resolution or day 28, and questionnaires at 2 months about their beliefs and intention to consult for similar future illnesses. Primary care medical records are also reviewed at 6-months to collect further infection consultations, antibiotic prescribing and hospital admissions. The trial aims to recruit 514 patients to achieve 90% power with 5% significance to detect a 15% absolute reduction in antibiotic prescribing.
Qualitative interviews are being conducted with approximately 20 clinicians and 30 participants to understand any changes in beliefs and behaviour resulting from the point-of-care-test and generate attributes for clinician and patient discrete choice experiments.

Discussion
This trial will provide evidence of efficacy, acceptability and mechanisms of action of a rapid microbiological point-of-care test on antibiotic prescribing and patient symptoms in primary care.

Trial registration
ISRCTN16039192, prospectively registered on 08/11/2022.
Role of food choice motives in the socio-economic disparities in diet diversity and obesity outcomes in Kenya
Authors: Maina Cecilia Chemeli , Kornher Lukas , von Braun Joachim 
Published: May 2024

Background
The increased prevalence of overweight and obesity, along with high diet diversity, is observed among higher socio-economic groups in Sub-Saharan Africa. One contributing factor to these observed variations is food choice motives. However, the role of these motives in explaining the observed differences has not been thoroughly explored in this context.

Objective
This study investigates whether there are significant differences in food choice motives among socio-economic groups and whether these variations can partly explain the socio-economic disparities in diet diversity and overweight and obesity outcomes.

Methods
This study utilizes cross-sectional data from four counties in Kenya: Kiambu, Murang’a, Uasin Gishu, and Nakuru. The survey employed a three-stage cluster sample design to gather data using structured questionnaires on food choice motives, diet diversity, and anthropometrics from 381 adults in 2022. The mediating effects of 8 food choice motives (health, mood, convenience, sensory appeal, natural content, price, weight control, and familiarity) were analyzed using the Karlson-Holm-Breen method.

Results
The results show that individuals with higher household incomes place greater importance on health, mood, sensory, and weight concerns. The probability of an overweight and obesity outcome increases by 19% for a standard deviation change in the asset score, and by 8% for a standard deviation change in the years of schooling. Sensory motives significantly mediated these relationships. Sensory motives explained 29% of the income-BMI association and 30% of the education-BMI relationship. Higher education was also associated with increased diet diversity (β = 0.36, P < 0.001) mediated by higher health and sensory concerns.

Conclusions
The findings suggest significant differences in food choice motives among socio-economic groups, which contribute to outcomes such as overweight and obesity. Therefore, educational and other policies aimed at reducing obesity should also address food choice motives, while considering the disparities among socio-economic segments within populations.
Protocol for a nationwide case-control study of firearm violence prevention tactics and policies in K-12 schools
Authors: Buttar Navjot , Rajan Sonali , Klarevas Louis , Prins Seth J. , Heinze Justin , Cheung Ken , Rudolph Kara E. , Goyal Monika , Zeoli April , Branas Charles C. 
Published: May 2024

Background
Most U.S. K-12 schools have adopted safety tactics and policies like arming teachers and installing metal detectors, to address intentional school gun violence. However, there is minimal research on their effectiveness. Furthermore, sociodemographic factors may influence their implementation. Controlled studies are necessary to investigate their impact on gun violence and related disciplinary outcomes.

Objective
The paper outlines the protocol for a case-control study examining gun violence prevention policies in U.S. K-12 schools. The study aims to investigate if there is an association between the total number and type of specific safety tactics and policies and the occurrence of intentional shootings in K-12 public schools, student disciplinary outcomes, and if urbanicity, economic, and racial factors modify these associations.

Methods
We will create a nationally representative dataset for this study and ascertain a full census of case schools (schools that experienced intentional gunfire on the campus during school hours since 2015) through national school shooting databases. Matched control schools will be randomly selected from U.S. Department of Education’s national database of all public schools. We will analyze 27 school safety strategies organized into seven key exposure groupings.

Results
Supported by the National Institutes for Child Health and Development (R01HD108027-01) and having received Institutional Review Board approval, our study is currently in the data collection phase. Our analytical plan will determine the association between the number and type of school safety tactics and policies with the occurrence of intentional shootings and suspensions and expulsions in a national sample of approximately 650 K-12 public schools. Additional analyses will investigate the effect modification of specific covariates.

Conclusion
As the first national, controlled study, its results will provide novel and needed data on the effectiveness of school safety tactics and policies in preventing intentional shootings at K-12 public schools.
Testing for extragenital Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis: At-home pharyngeal and rectal self-swabs are non-inferior to those completed in healthcare settings
Authors: Orser Lauren , Tran Vanessa , O’Byrne Patrick , Kroch Abigail , Bonnetsmueller Melissa , Hasso Maan , Musten Alexandra 
Published: May 2024

Introduction
The rates of gonorrhea and chlamydia have been increasing in the years preceding the COVID19 pandemic. Because most gonorrhea and chlamydia infections are located in the oropharynx and rectum for men who have sex with men (MSM), and because at-home self-collected swabs for these infections are not licensed by Health Canada or the United States Food and Drug Administration, decreased accessed to in-person care during and since the COVID19 pandemic potentially means missed case findings.

Objectives
To evaluate the performance of at-home self-collected pharyngeal and rectal swabs for gonorrhea and chlamydia nucleic acid amplification testing.

Methodology
All persons who contacted our Sexual Health Clinic and who had a clinical indication to complete oral and/or rectal swabs for gonorrhea and chlamydia were invited to complete at-home swabs in advance of their scheduled appointments. We mailed swabs and instructions to those who consented. Participants brought these swabs to their scheduled in clinic appointments, where we repeated the same swabs. All matching swabs were sent to the laboratory for analysis to determine concordance.

Results
From September 8, 2022 to July 18, 2023, we enrolled 296 eligible participants who provided 1184 swabs. For analysis, cancelled specimens and specimens with invalid results were excluded, leaving 1032 swabs for comparison. We identified 66 STI diagnoses in 47 unique participants. Overall accuracy was high (exceeding 99%), except for rectal chlamydia, which was 96.0%. While the performance of self-swabs for chlamydia was lower compared to gonorrhea, at-home swabs identified six chlamydia infections that were missed by in-clinic collected swabs (two pharyngeal, four rectal). Removing these six cases as “false positives” increased overall accuracy for chlamydia detection to 99.7% (pharyngeal) and 97.8% (rectal).

Conclusion
Self-collected at-home swabs had good performance acceptable for gonorrhea and chlamydia nucleic acid amplification testing.
A theory of oral healthcare decision-making in Appalachia
Authors: Wiener R. Constance , Waters Christopher , Bhandari Ruchi 
Published: May 2024

Introduction
People make oral healthcare decisions regardless of having partial information, misinformation, sources that deliberately mislead, or information that is culturally influenced. This is particularly true in the Appalachian culture where oral healthcare decision-making practices are not well understood by researchers and dental professionals. Despite efforts to improve dental care utilization, the Appalachia region remains low in oral healthcare utilization. There is a need for a theory to identify concepts in decision-making when seeking oral healthcare. The theory could be useful in creating oral health interventions. The study objective is to develop a theory to identify concepts that influence oral healthcare decision-making in Appalachia (OHDA).

Methods
The researchers used a grounded theory qualitative study design to explain data for a theory of OHDA. Participants from Appalachia, in 20-minute interviews, provided insights into concepts that influence OHDA from August 22, 2017 to May 26, 2022. Notes/memos were written during and after the interviews and coding was conducted after the interviews. Open coding categories emerged through constant comparison of responses.

Results
Five overarching concepts that embody OHDA were discovered: Affect (Level of Pain/Emotion/Stress involvement), Awareness, Trust/belief, Resources, and Risk Perception. All participants discussed the impact of social media toward these concepts.

Conclusion
To influence a person’s OHDA, public health officials and researchers need to address the person’s affect, level of awareness, trust/belief, available resources, and risk perception. Social media is very important in awareness concerning oral health information. These factors are important to consider for similar research in oral healthcare utilization at the population level.
Impact of childhood traumatic brain injury on fitness for service class, length of service period, and cognitive performance during military service in Finland from 1998 to 2018: A retrospective register-based nationwide cohort study
Authors: Möttönen Julius , Ponkilainen Ville T. , Mattila Ville M. , Kuitunen Ilari 
Published: May 2024

Introduction
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause neuronal damage and cerebrovascular dysfunction, leading to acute brain dysfunction and considerable physical and mental impairment long after initial injury. Our goal was to assess the impact of pediatric TBI (pTBI) on military service, completed by 65–70% of men in Finland.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective register-based nationwide cohort study. All patients aged 0 to 17 years at the time of TBI, between 1998 and 2018, were included. Operatively and conservatively treated patients with pTBI were analyzed separately. The reference group was comprised of individuals with upper and lower extremity fractures. Information on length of service time, service completion, fitness for service class, and cognitive performance in a basic cognitive test (b-test) was gathered from the Finnish Military Records for both groups. Linear and logistic regression with 95% CI were used in comparisons.

Results
Our study group comprised 12 281 patients with pTBI and 20 338 reference group patients who participated in conscription. A total of 8 507 (66.5%) men in the pTBI group and 14 953 (71.2%) men in the reference group completed military service during the follow-up period. Men in the reference group were more likely to complete military service (OR 1.26, CI 1.18–1.34). A total of 31 (23.3%) men with operatively treated pTBI completed the military service. Men with conservatively treated pTBI had a much higher service rate (OR 7.20, CI 4.73–11.1). In the pTBI group, men (OR 1.26, CI 1.18–1.34) and women (OR 2.05, CI 1.27–3.36) were more likely to interrupt military service than the reference group. The PTBI group scored 0.15 points (CI 0.10–0.20) less than the reference group in cognitive b-test.

Conclusions
PTBI groups had slightly shorter military service periods and higher interruption rate than our reference-group. There were only minor differences between groups in cognitive b-test.
Association between family income to poverty ratio and nocturia in adults aged 20 years and older: A study from NHANES 2005–2010
Authors: Jia Yangtao , Ca Jiacheng , Yang Fangzheng , Dong Xinke , Zhou Libin , Long Huimin 
Published: May 2024

Background
Nocturia, the most common lower urinary tract symptom (LUTS), significantly impacts socioeconomic factors and individuals’ quality of life and is closely related to many diseases. This study utilized data from NHANES 2005–2010 to explore the relationship between family income to poverty ratio (PIR) and the presence of nocturia symptoms in adults aged 20 or older in the United States.

Methods
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2005–2010, including 6,662 adults aged 20 or older, were utilized for this cross-sectional study. The baseline data was used to display the distribution of each characteristic visually. Multiple linear regression and smooth curve fitting were used to study the linear and non-linear correlations between PIR and nocturia. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests were conducted to examine the stability of intergroup relationships.

Results
Out of the 6,662 adult participants aged 20 or older, 1,300 households were categorized as living in poverty, 3,671 households had a moderate income, and 1,691 households were classified as affluent. Among these participants, 3,139 individuals experienced nocturia, representing 47.12% of the total, while 3,523 individuals were nocturia-free, constituting 52.88% of the total population. After adjusting for all other covariates, it was found that PIR was significantly negatively correlated with nocturia (OR: 0.875, 95%CI: 0.836–0.916 P<0.0001). This trend persisted when PIR was divided into three groups (PIR <1, PIR 1–4, PIR > 4) or quartiles. There was a non-linear negative correlation between PIR and nocturia.

Conclusion
Our findings indicated that lower PlR was associated with a higher risk of nocturia in adults aged 20 or older in the United States. These findings highlight the importance of considering socioeconomic factors in preventing and managing nocturia. Nonetheless, further exploration of the causal nexus between these factors was precluded due to the constraints of a cross-sectional design.
Evaluating the association between lifetime physical activity and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A case-control study
Authors: Tabatabaie-Zadeh Seyyed Abolfazl , Mahdavi Nazanin , Mahdaviani Behnaz , Selk-Ghaffari Maryam 
Published: May 2024

Purpose
Oral cancers are the 6th most common malignancy worldwide and oral squamous cell carcinoma, comprises over 90% of oral cancers. This study investigates the relationship between physical activity level during the lifetime and oral squamous cell carcinoma risk.

Methods
100 oral squamous cell carcinoma patients and 200 healthy individuals participated in this case-control study. Physical activity level was evaluated via the Lifetime Physical Activity Questionnaire. The occupational, household, and sports domains of lifetime physical activity were determined. Case and control groups’ participants were matched in terms of sex, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption by the Frequency Matching Method. Mann-Whitney U Test was applied to compare physical activity levels between groups.

Results
The Body Mass Index was higher among cases compared with controls. The average amounts of lifetime physical activity among cases and controls were approximately identical. However, only a statistically significant difference between time spent on total lifetime physical activities and the oral squamous cell carcinoma risk was discovered. Moreover, there were no statistically significant odds ratios in examining the risk associated with each domain of activities.

Conclusions
The total time spent on lifetime physical activity may decrease the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma; However, the total level and intensity of lifetime physical activity are not significantly associated with the oral squamous cell carcinoma risk. Further studies are required in this field.
Short versus long duration of ceftaroline combination therapy and outcomes in persistent or high-grade MRSA bacteremia: A retrospective single-center study
Authors: Cabanilla M. Gabriela , Bernauer Michael L. , Atallah Liana M. , Briski Matthew J. , Koury Jason , Thompson Cecilia M. , Rodriguez Chelsea N. , Jakeman Bernadette , Byrd Thomas F. 
Published: May 2024

Background
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with high mortality rates. Despite antibiotic therapy, persistent bacteremia is challenging to treat. Combination therapy with ceftaroline has emerged as a potential treatment option; however, the optimal duration and clinical implications after bacteremia clearance are unknown.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study examined patients with high-grade or persistent MRSA bacteremia who were treated with ceftaroline combination therapy at the University of New Mexico Hospital between January 2014 and June 2021. Patients were categorized into short- (<7 days) or long-duration (≥7 days) groups based on the duration of combination therapy after bacteremia clearance. Outcomes included 30-day all-cause mortality, bacteremia recurrence, post-bacteremia clearance length of stay, and adverse events.

Results
A total of 32 patients were included in this study. The most common sources of bacteremia were bone/joint and endovascular (28.1%, 9/32 each). The median duration of combination therapy after clearance was seven days (IQR 2.8, 11). Patients in the long-duration group had a lower Charlson comorbidity index (1.0 vs 5.5, p = 0.017) than those in the short-duration group. After adjusting for confounders, there was no significant difference in the 30-day all-cause mortality between the groups (AOR 0.17, 95% CI 0.007–1.85, p = 0.18). No association was found between combination therapy duration and recurrence (OR 2.53, 95% CI 0.19–inf, p = 0.24) or adverse drug events (OR 3.46, 95% CI 0.39–74.86, p = 0.31). After controlling for total hospital length of stay, there was no significant difference in the post-bacteremia clearance length of stay between the two groups (p = 0.37).

Conclusions
Prolonging ceftaroline combination therapy after bacteremia clearance did not significantly improve outcomes in patients with persistent or high-grade MRSA bacteremia. The limitations of this study warrant cautious interpretation of its results. Larger studies are needed to determine the optimal duration and role of combination therapy for this difficult-to-treat infection.
On “gardens” and “cars”: Otto Jespersen’s metaphors for Interlinguistics and his quest for the best language
Authors: Fortes Fabio 
Published: May 2024

With this paper, I intend to present some theoretical contributions that Jespersen made to the field of Interlinguistics, by analysing some images he used for understanding the field of Interlinguistics and the character of interlanguages, based on his articles published from 1921 to 1933: “Artificial languages ​​after the World War” (AL 1921), “History of our language” (HL 1921); “Introduction, an international language” (IL 1928), “Interlinguistics” (I 1931) and “Nature and art in language” (NA 1933). I assume here a broad definition of Interlinguistics, as the interdisciplinary branch of linguistic knowledge dealing with international communication by means of interlanguages, which can be both ethnic languages used as a common ground for speakers of different mother tongues, and created languages, such as Esperanto, designed for international and intercultural communication. I approach particularly the concepts and terminology proposed by Jespersen to refer to these interlanguages and the parameters and norms for the construction, standardization and adoption of a planned language for international communication. I do not intend to present a general overview of Jespersen’s contributions to Theoretical Linguistics or to English Language Studies.
Geometry of analytic continuation on complex manifolds – history, survey, and report
Authors: Ohsawa Takeo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Beginning with the state of art around 1953, solutions of the Levi problem on complex manifolds will be recalled at first up to Takayama’s result in 1998. Then, the activity of extending the results by the

L

2

{L}^{2}

method in these decades will be reported. The method is by exploiting the finite dimensionality of certain

L

2

{L}^{2}

∂

¯

\bar{\partial }

-cohomology groups to prove that a Hermitian holomorphic line bundle

L

L

over a complex manifold

M

M

is bimeromorphically equivalent to an ample bundle when it is restricted to a bounded locally pseudoconvex domain

Ω

⋐

M

\Omega \hspace{0.15em}\Subset \hspace{0.15em}M

under the positivity of

L
∣

∂
Ω

{L| }_{\partial \Omega }

and the regularity of

∂
Ω

\partial \Omega

.
Two-unitary complex Hadamard matrices of order 36
Authors: Bruzda Wojciech , Życzkowski Karol 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A family of two-unitary complex Hadamard matrices (CHMs) of size 36 stemming from a particular matrix is constructed. Every matrix in this orbit remains unitary after operations of partial transpose and reshuffling which makes it a distinguished subset of CHM. It provides a novel solution to the quantum version of the Euler problem, in which each field of the Graeco-Latin square of size six contains a symmetric superposition of all 36 officers with phases being multiples of sixth root of unity. This simplifies previously known solutions as all amplitudes of the superposition are equal and the set of phases consists of six elements only. Multidimensional parameterization allows for more flexibility in a potential experimental realization.