bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diet Overlap of Top-Level Predators in Recent Sympatry: Bull Trout and Nonnative Lake Trout
Authors: Guy Christopher S. , McMahon Thomas E. , Fredenberg Wade A. , Smith Clinton J. , Garfield David W. , Cox Benjamin S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The establishment of nonnative lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in lakes containing lacustrine–adfluvial bull trout Salvelinus confluentus often results in a precipitous decline in bull trout abundance. The exact mechanism for the decline is unknown, but one hypothesis is related to competitive exclusion for prey resources. We had the rare opportunity to study the diets of bull trout and nonnative lake trout in Swan Lake, Montana during a concomitant study. The presence of nonnative lake trout in Swan Lake is relatively recent and the population is experiencing rapid population growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diets of bull trout and lake trout during the early expansion of this nonnative predator. Diets were sampled from 142 bull trout and 327 lake trout during the autumn in 2007 and 2008. Bull trout and lake trout had similar diets, both consumed Mysis diluviana as the primary invertebrate, especially at juvenile stages, and kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka as the primary vertebrate prey, as adults. A diet shift from primarily M. diluviana to fish occurred at similar lengths for both species, 506 mm (476–545 mm, 95% CI) for bull trout and 495 mm (470–518 mm CI) for lake trout. These data indicate high diet overlap between these two morphologically similar top-level predators. Competitive exclusion may be a possible mechanism if the observed overlap remains similar at varying prey densities and availability.
Variable NK Cell Receptors Exemplified by Human KIR3DL1/S1
Authors: Parham Peter , Norman Paul J. , Abi-Rached Laurent , Guethlein Lisbeth A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractVariegated expression of variable NK cell receptors for polymorphic MHC class I broadens the range of an individual’s NK cell response and the capacity for populations and species to survive disease epidemics and population bottlenecks. On evolutionary time scales, this component of immunity is exceptionally dynamic, unstable, and short-lived, being dependent on coevolution of ligands and receptors subject to varying, competing selection pressures. Consequently these systems of variable NK cell receptors are largely species specific and have recruited different classes of glycoprotein, even within the primate order of mammals. Such disparity helps to explain substantial differences in NK cell biology between humans and animal models, for which the population genetics is largely ignored. KIR3DL1/S1, which recognizes the Bw4 epitope of HLA-A and -B and is the most extensively studied of the variable NK cell receptors, exemplifies how variation in all possible parameters of function is recruited to diversify the human NK cell response.
Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Is Produced by Dendritic Cells
Authors: Kashyap Mohit , Rochman Yrina , Spolski Rosanne , Samsel Leigh , Leonard Warren J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a type 1 cytokine that contributes to lymphopoiesis and the development of asthma and atopic dermatitis. TSLP acts on multiple lineages, including dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, NKT cells, eosinophils, and mast cells, mediating proliferation and survival and linking innate and adaptive immune responses. TSLP is produced by a range of cells, including epithelial cells, fibroblasts, stromal cells, and keratinocytes. DCs are important primary targets of TSLP, and we unexpectedly demonstrated that DCs also produce TSLP in response to TLR stimulation and that this is augmented by IL-4. Moreover, we demonstrated that when mice were challenged with house dust mite extract, lung CD11c+ DCs expressed TSLP mRNA at an even higher level than did epithelial cells. These data suggested that DCs not only respond to TSLP but also are a source of TSLP during pathogen and/or allergen encounter.
The protein Z/protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor complex
Authors: Vasse M. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryProtein Z (PZ) is a vitamin K-dependent factor identified in human plasma in 1984 but it has no enzymatic activity. It is a cofactor of a serpin, the protein Z-dependent protease inhibitor (ZPI), and the complex PZ/ZPI inhibits activated factor X on phospholipid surfaces. In mice, the disruption of PZ or ZPI gene is asymptomatic, but enhances the thrombotic phenotype and mortality of other thrombotic risk factors. Most of the clinical studies focused on PZ. Despite conflicting results, a recent meta-analysis indicated that PZ deficiency could be a risk for venous and arterial thrombosis and early fetal loss. However, these conclusions are drawn from case-control studies of small size, constituting an important limitation. Recently, it was shown that PZ and/or ZPI are synthesised by normal kidney and different cancer cells, suggesting that the complex PZ/ZPI could play a role in inhibiting the tissue deposition of fibrin. The physiopathological consequences of these observations remain to be established. At this time, the measurement of plasma PZ and ZPI or analysis of their gene polymorphisms should not be performed routinely for the exploration of thrombophilia.
Water‐Soluble Conjugated Polymers for Amplified Fluorescence Detection of Template‐Independent DNA Elongation Catalyzed by Polymerase
Authors: He Fang , Liu Libing , Li Lidong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA series of water‐soluble polyfluorene derivatives containing diketopyrrolopyrrole derivative units are synthesized and characterized. These copolymers, poly[9,9'‐bis(6”‐N,N,N‐trimethyl ammonium) hexylfluorene‐co‐alt‐2,5‐bis (6”‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium)hexylpyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4(2H,5H)‐dione] (PFDPN), demonstrate intramolecular energy transfer from the fluorene units to the diketopyrrolopyrrole derivative units, and show red‐shifted emissions in aqueous solution. The PFDPN polymers can combine with Cy5‐labeled ssDNA by electrostatic interactions and efficiently amplify the fluorescence signal of red Cy5 dye through fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Moreover, based on DNA replacement method, this amplification system can be used to monitor the template‐independent DNA elongation process catalyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.
Permeation model and experimental investigation of mixed conducting membranes
Authors: Zhu Xuefeng , Liu Huanying , Cong You , Yang Weishen 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA simple oxygen permeation model was developed based on the theoretical analysis of the role of interfaces of mixed conducting membranes. The developed model equations contain three resistance constants, which can be determined by correlating oxygen permeation flux to oxygen partial pressure on each side. A series of experimental measurements of oxygen fluxes of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ membranes over a wide range of temperature and oxygen partial pressures were tested for the regression of three resistance constants with good correlation (R > 0.997). With this model, the interfacial exchange resistances of each side can be well distinguished from the bulk‐diffusion resistance under a wide‐temperature range. The kinetics parameters, including interfacial exchange coefficients on each side and ionic diffusion coefficient, can be obtained through the three resistance constants. Parametric studies can predict the influences of membrane thickness, oxygen partial pressures on oxygen flux, distribution of permeation resistances, and characteristic thickness. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1744–1754, 2012
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Acyl Transfer onto Racemic as well as meso Alcohols, Amines, and Thiols
Authors: Müller Christian E. , Schreiner Peter R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAcyl transfer is at the heart of functional‐group transfers utilized both in nature and in the chemical laboratory. Acylations are part of the natural assembly machinery for the generation of complex molecules and for energy transport in biological systems. The recognition of covalent acyl–enzyme intermediates led to both mechanistic studies as well as the development of biomimetic approaches. Consequently, chemists first used the tools of nature in the form of enzymes and naturally occurring alkaloids as catalysts, before eventually developing a large variety of synthetic small molecules for selective acyl transfer. In contrast to nature, chemists utilize acylation reactions as a practical way for stereoselection and functional‐group protection. Indeed, the number of studies concerning acyl transfer has significantly increased over the last 15 years. This Review examines and highlights these recent developments with the focus as given in the title.
Bestimmung konsistenter zwischenmolekularer Potentiale realer Gase aus Meßwerten des isothermen Drosseleffektes und des 2. Virialkoeffizienten Teil II: Ermittlung der Potentiale von Propan, Äthan, Propylen, Schwefelhexafluorid und Difluorchlormethan und ihre überprüfung an gaskinetischen Transportkoeffizienten
Authors: Bier K. , Maurer G. , Sand H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFür die Gase Äthan, Propan, Propylen und Schwefelhexafluorid wurden durch Anpassung an thermodynamisch konsistente Meßwerte des zweiten Virialkoeffizienten und des isothermen Drosseleffektes beim Druck Null für das Lennard‐Jones‐(6,n)‐Potential und das Kihara‐(6,12)‐Potential mit kugelförmigem Kern vom Durchmesser 2 l die Potentialparameter ϵ, σ und n bzw. l bestimmt. Für Difluorchlormethan wurde eine ähnliche Anpassung auch für das Stockmayer‐(6,12)‐Potential durchgeführt. Mit den so ermittelten Potentialen wurden die dynamische Viskosität, der Selbstdiffusionskoeffizient und die Wärmeleitfähigkeit berechnet. Die Rechenergebnisse stimmen im allgemeinen gut mit den in der Literatur angegebenen Meßwerten überein; die Abweichungen sind nur selten größer als die Unterschiede der Meßwerte verschiedener Autoren.
Untersuchung von Assoziationserscheinungen in der Nähe der Mischungslücke von tensidhaltigen Phenol‐Wasser‐ und Isobuttersäure‐Wasser‐Gemischen
Authors: Platz G. , Wojak H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn der Nähe von Mischungslücken tensidhaltiger flüssiger Mehrkomponentensysteme treten bereits im homogenen Bereich intensive Trübungserscheinungen auf. Am Beispiel der Systeme Phenol‐Wasser und Isobuttersäure‐Wasser wurden derartige Effekte mit Hilfe vonT‐Sprung‐ und Stoßrohr‐Relaxationsverfahren mit optischer Detektion und der dynamischen Lichtstreuung untersucht. Als amphiphile Komponenten dienten Natriumdodecylsulfat und die Unterphosphorige Säure, die in wäßriger Lösung keine mizellbildenden Eigenschaften zeigt. — Als gemeinsame Ausgangspunkte für die Messungen wurden auf 20° eingestellte kritische Gemische gewählt. Alle Systeme zeigten in der Umgebung des kritischen Punktes sehr ähnliches Verhalten. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich am besten deuten durch die Annahme, daß die Trübung durch lockere Assoziate von Phenol oder Isobuttersäure verursacht wird, die in diffusionskontrolliertem Gleichgewicht mit der Umgebung stehen, und nicht durch mizellare Aggregate aus der amphiphilen Komponente. Die ähnlichen Eigenschaften aller Systeme sind durch die Nachbarschaft des kritischen Punktes bedingt.
Rate and Equilibrium Data for the Complex Formation of Alkali Metal Ions with the Cryptand (2,2,1) in Methanol
Authors: Cox B. G. , Schneider I. , Schneider H. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe dissociation rates of complexes between alkali metal ions and the macrobicyclic ligand 4,7,13,16,21‐pentaoxa‐1,10‐diazabicyclo‐(8,8,5)‐tricosane (cryptand‐(2,2,1)) have been studied in methanol by stopped‐flew experiments at various temperatures. The corresponding rates of formation were calculated using stability constants. Enthalpies and entropies of activation were compared with the corresponding quantities of complexation and discussed in terms of ionic size and ionic solvation. The specific dependence of decomplexation rate and stability constant on ionic radius [15] were found also for the corresponding enthalpies of activation and complexation, respectively, but the preference of Na+ over K+ is reversed. This fact together with the observation that the rate of dissociation of Na(2,2,1)+ is enhanced by proton catalysis, led to the suggestion that the cavity radius of (2,2,1) lies between the ionic radii of Na+ and K+.
Über das magnetische Verhalten von Cs2LiTmX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) und Cs2NaTmI6
Authors: Urland W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDas magnetische Verhalten von Cs2LiTmCl6, Cs2LiTmBr6, Cs2LiTmI6 und Cs2NaTmI6 wird im Temperaturbereich von 3,2 bis 251,3 K untersucht. Die magnetischen Daten werden mit einem früher entwickelten Modell interpretiert, bei dem der Einfluß des Kristallfeldes theoretisch durch das Angular‐Overlap‐Modell beschrieben ist. Die erhaltenen Werte des Angular‐Overlap‐Parameters eσ(R) für die einzelnen Verbindungen werden untereinander verglichen und diskutiert. Die Energiewerte der Kristallfeldniveaus des 3H6‐Grundzustands werden berechnet.
Charge Transfer Across Organic Photoconductor/Insulating Liquid Interface. Part IV: Pyranthrone, Flavanthrone/Dodecane Containing Electron Acceptor/Donor Additives
Authors: Ahuja R. C. , Hauffe K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe photostimulated charge transfer processes at the organic photoconductor (Flavanthrone, Pyranthrone)/dodecane (containing electron acceptor/donor additives), using a transient measurement technique, have been investigated. The experimental parameters were electric field, intensity and wavelength of light and concentration of additive. In addition, it has been found that the magnitude of photoinjected charge depends on the time, the dodecane solution is kept in contact with the photoconductor surface. The interfacial charge transfer efficiencies, approaching unity have been measured.
Sooting Structure in a Laminar Diffusion Flame
Authors: Haynes B. S. , Wagner H. Gg. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLaser light scattering and extinction measurements are used to determine the soot loading and particle number density field in an under‐ventilated flat laminar ethylene‐air diffusion flame, in which particle oxidation is avoided. Soot occurs in a region a few millimetres wide 1 to 2 mm to the fuel side of the stoichiometric fuel‐air interface. The particle number density N is highest (N > 1012 cm−3) closest to the flame zone, where temperature and radical concentration are high, here the particles are generated and therefore very small (d < 40 Å), the soot volume fraction is low. Further into the fuel region, N falls sharply while the particles grow by surface growth and coagulation. The soot volume fraction first increases and then decreases again deep into the unburned fuel.
Chemical Reactions of H and D Atoms with NO2 and CINO, a Crossed Molecular Beam Study
Authors: Haberland Hellmut , Lucadou Walter Von , Rohwer Peter 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe chemical reactions of H and D atoms with NO2 and CINO have been studied at a collision energy Ē = 0.44 eV (42 kJ/mol) in a crossed molecular beam experiment. Velocity and angular distributions were measured and are used to construct the center of mass (CM) distributions. The earlier reported isotope effect of the angular distributions for H, D + NO2 is shown to be due to the different CM to LAB conversions. The CM angular distribution is nearly isotropic for H + NO2, but shows strong backward peaking for H + CINO. The measured translational energy spectra are in agreement with recent fluorescence and chemiluminescence results. The reaction H + NO2 proceeds via a long lived intermediate complex, while H + CINO is a direct reaction.
Isolation and characterization of free haem from the shell gland of quail and hen
Authors: Gorchein A. , Lord G. , Lim C. K. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTFree haem was isolated from the shell gland of the quail, Coturnix coturnix japonica, and of the fowl, Galinus domesticus, and characterized by HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS. Quantification by HPLC gave values of 1.17–1.40 nmol/mg quail shell gland protein for haem, 1.66–2.17 nmol/mg protein for protoporphyrin and 0.25–0.40 nmol/mg protein for biliverdin. Possible implications of this previously unreported finding are discussed but they are not considered incompatible with the conclusion that all eggshell pigments are endogenously synthesized in the oviduct system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Violence Experiences in Care: Some Methodological Remarks based on the Finnish Child Victim Survey
Authors: Ellonen Noora , Pösö Tarja 
Published: June 2011

The article examines violence experienced by children in substitute care and at home based on the survey results of the Finnish Child Victim Survey carried out in schools in 2008. The focus is on physical and psychological violence in conflict situations. Of the 13 459 respondents, pupils between 12 and 16 years of age, 233 children reported living in care or having lived in care. Children living in care were asked the same questions as children living at home about violence experienced by their care‐taking adults. The analysis compares the answers between those two groups and examines them in relation to information about children's psychosocial problems and measures of emotional wellbeing.‘The focus is on physical and psychological violence in conflict situations’According to the study, children report more physical and psychological violence by adults in their homes than children do in residential homes or foster homes. Substitute care is not, however, free of violence. Children with psychosocial problems experienced more violence at home than in substitute care. The article suggests a more thorough conceptual and methodological analysis of abuse in care. The conceptual and methodological tools employed should be sensitive to the particular nature of abuse in care and the studies should pay attention to a variety of forms and practices of violence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorptive removal of nitrate and phosphate anions from aqueous solutions using functionalised SBA‐15: Effects of the organic functional group
Authors: Hamoudi Safia , El‐Nemr Abir , Bouguerra Maissa , Belkacemi Khaled 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAdsorption of nitrate and monovalent phosphate anions from aqueous solutions on mono, di‐ and tri‐ammonium‐functionalised mesoporous SBA‐15 silica was investigated. The adsorbents were prepared via a post‐synthesis grafting method, using either 3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (N‐silane) or [1‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐3‐aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane (NN‐silane) or 1‐[3‐(trimethoxysilyl)‐propyl]‐diethylenetriamine (NNN‐silane), followed by acidification in HCl solution to convert the attached surface amino groups to positively charged ammonium moieties. The nominal loading of amino moieties on the SBA‐15 surface was varied from 5% to 20% as organoalkoxysilane/silica molar ratio. The adsorption experiments were conducted batchwise at room temperature. Results showed that adsorption capacity increased with increasing the concentration of monoammonium groups on the SBA‐15 adsorbent. Nitrate adsorption capacity increased from 0.34 to 0.66 mmol ${\rm NO}_{3}^{{-} } /{\rm g}$ adsorbent while phosphate adsorption capacity increased from 0.34 to 0.63 mmol ${\rm H}_{2} {\rm PO}_{4}^{{-} } /{\rm g}$ adsorbent when the molar ratio organoalkoxysilane/silica was varied from 5% to 20%, respectively. Also, for the same organoalkoxysilane/silica molar ratio of 10%, the adsorption capacity increased with the increase of the number of protonated amines in the functional groups. Therefore, maximum adsorption capacities of 0.80, 1.16 and 1.38 mmol ${\rm NO}_{3}^{{-} } /{\rm g}$ adsorbent and 0.72, 0.82 and 1.17 mmol ${\rm H}_{2} {\rm PO}_{4}^{{-} } /{\rm g}$ adsorbent were obtained using mono‐, di‐ and triammonium functionalised SBA‐15 adsorbents, respectively. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Material advancements in supercapacitors: From activated carbon to carbon nanotube and graphene
Authors: Davies Aaron , Yu Aiping 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe electrochemical capacitor (EC), also known as supercapacitor, is an energy storage device possessing a near infinite life‐cycle and high power density recognised to store energy in the double‐layer or through pseudocapacitance as a result of an applied potential. Fundamental principles of charge storage in relation to the important physical and chemical characteristics of electrode materials are addressed in the following review, with carbon‐made electrodes, specifically activated carbon, carbon fibres and aerogels, carbon nanotubes and graphene emphasised in regards to their enhancement of the characteristic energy and power densities of ECs. Pseudocapacitive materials, notably transition metal oxides and nitrides, and conducting polymers are remarked by the potential to further improve EC performance through synergistic effects and asymmetric design. Research towards gaining a better understanding of charge storage in sub‐micropores, material design and improving the performance of alternative electrolytes are expected to greatly enhance the capabilities of these devices in the near future.
Advances and controversies in the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of systemic mastocytosis
Authors: Quintás‐Cardama Alfonso , Jain Nitin , Verstovsek Srdan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe term systemic mastocytosis (SM) encompasses a group of hematopoietic malignancies characterized by excessive proliferation of neoplastic mast cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and visceral organs. Most patients with SM, particularly those who present with aggressive clinical courses, carry somatic mutations of the v‐kit Hardy‐Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT) gene. KIT mutations are considered central events in the pathogenesis of SM and serve as diagnostic markers and putative therapeutic targets. The heterogeneity in the clinical course of patients with SM and recent advances in the genetic and immunophenotypic characterization of neoplastic mast cells may help to improve current diagnostic, taxonomic, and therapeutic approaches in SM. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Resolution and Determination of the Absolute Configuration of the Enantiomers of a trans‐α‐Disulfoxide
Authors: Allenmark Stig , Grainger Richard S. , Olsson Susanne , Patel Bhaven 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe trans isomer of 2,7‐di‐tert‐butylnaphtho[1,8‐cd][1,2]dithiole 1,2‐dioxide, a vic‐disulfoxide of the highest thermal stability reported to date, has been resolved into its enantiomers by preparative chiral liquid chromatography. This represents the first resolution achieved of a vic‐disulfoxide. The absolute configuration of the isolated enantiomers has been determined to be (+)‐(S,S), (–)‐(R,R) from a comparison of experimental and calculated ECD and VCD spectra. The long‐wavelength ECD band at about 330 nm had a positive sign in the (+)‐(S,S)‐form and a negative sign in the (–)‐(R,R)‐enantiomer. A photocatalyzed slow decrease in optical activity was observed in solution, most likely due to racemization by homolytic (O)S–S(O) bond cleavage and bissulfinyl radical recombination.