bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Usage of white mineral trioxide aggregate in a non‐vital primary molar with no permanent successor
Authors: Tunc E Sen , Bayrak S 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to present the treatment and long‐term follow‐up of a case in which white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA) was used in the pulpectomy of a non‐vital primary molar with no permanent successor.The physiological, aesthetic and functional consequences of treating primary teeth without permanent successors makes this a unique challenge. In the present case, WMTA was used in the pulpectomy of a primary molar with no permanent successor in an 8‐year‐old child. The treatment was considered successful. Follow‐up examinations showed that root resorption in the mesial root surface, with no infra‐occlusion or ankylosis 36 months after treatment.WMTA may be considered as an alternative pulpectomy material for non‐vital primary teeth with no permanent successors, although long‐term clinical studies are still needed.
Contemporary issues in dental education in Australia
Authors: Freer TJ 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAustralia has witnessed a proliferation of dental workforce training opportunities over the last 15 years, including dentists, dental therapists, dental hygienists and prosthetists. The reasons for this have not been examined critically. Universities have welcomed the opportunities to increase the student base but do not seem to have examined the advisability of continued expansion or its impact on the delivery and costs of health services. Nor have they enquired expressly whether they have any responsibility in these matters. Public health benefits should constitute a significant element of curriculum design. There seems to have been a general acceptance of the premise that more is necessarily better. Ironically, these developments have occurred in the face of significant recurrent cost increments and serious academic staff shortages. The schools have responded with alterations to curriculum content. Student cohort composition, course structures, educational focus, postgraduate training and research have been affected. The primary purpose of this review is to highlight the issues which currently drive workforce training and curriculum content and to suggest that some current practices should be re‐examined as a starting point for setting defined common objectives within the Australian dental educational spectrum. Salient issues which require examination include course standards and accreditation, workforce mix, dental health demands, public service obligations and staffing profiles.
The impact of changing dental needs on cost savings from fluoridation
Authors: Campain AC , Mariño RJ , Wright FAC , Harrison D , Bailey DL , Morgan MV 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground:  Although community water fluoridation has been one of the cornerstone strategies for the prevention and control of dental caries, questions are still raised regarding its cost‐effectiveness. This study assessed the impact of changing dental needs on the cost savings from community water fluoridation in Australia.Methods:  Net costs were estimated as Costs(programme) minus Costs(averted caries). Averted costs were estimated as the product of caries increment in non‐fluoridated community, effectiveness of fluoridation and the cost of a carious surface. Modelling considered four age‐cohorts: 6–20, 21–45, 46–65 and 66+ years and three time points 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Cost of a carious surface was estimated by conventional and complex methods. Real discount rates (4, 7 (base) and 10%) were utilized.Results:  With base‐case assumptions, the average annual cost savings/person, using Australian dollars at the 2005 level, ranged from $56.41 (1970s) to $17.75 (1990s) (conventional method) and from $249.45 (1970s) to $69.86 (1990s) (complex method). Under worst‐case assumptions fluoridation remained cost‐effective with cost savings ranging from $24.15 (1970s) to $3.87 (1990s) (conventional method) and $107.85 (1970s) and $24.53 (1990s) (complex method). For 66+ years cohort (1990s) fluoridation did not show a cost saving, but costs/person were marginal.Conclusions:  Community water fluoridation remains a cost‐effective preventive measure in Australia.
A Cyclic Life Prediction Approach for Directionally Solidified Nickel Superalloys
Authors: Mücke Roland , Woratat Piyawan 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The performance of heavy duty gas turbines is closely related to the material capability of the components of the first turbine stage. In modern gas turbines single crystal (SX) and directionally solidified (DS) nickel superalloys are applied, which, compared with their conventionally cast version, hold a higher cyclic life and a significantly improved creep rupture strength. SX and DS nickel superalloys feature a significant directional dependence of the material properties. To fully exploit the material capability, the anisotropy needs to be accounted for in both the constitutive and lifing model. In this context, the paper addresses a cyclic life prediction procedure for DS materials with transverse isotropic material symmetry. Thereby, the well-known local approaches to fatigue life prediction of isotropic materials under uniaxial loading are extended toward materials with transverse isotropic properties under multiaxial load conditions. As part of the proposed methodology, a Hill type function is utilized for describing the anisotropic failure behavior. The coefficients of the Hill surface are determined from the actual multiaxial loading, material symmetry, and anisotropic fatigue strength of the material. In this paper we first characterize the anisotropy of DS superalloys. We then present the general mathematical framework of the proposed lifing procedure. Later we discuss a validation of the cyclic life model by comparing the measured and predicted fatigue lives of the test specimens. Finally, the proposed method is applied to the cyclic life prediction of a gas turbine blade.
Conservation genetics of Pitcher’s thistle (Cirsium pitcheri), an endangered Great Lakes endemic
Authors: Gauthier Martha , Crowe Emily , Hawke Lindsey , Emery Neil , Wilson Paul , Freeland Joanna 
Published: March 2010

Pitcher's thistle ( Cirsium pitcheri Torr. ex Eaton (Torr. & Gray)) is a Great Lakes endemic that in Canada is designated as threatened at both the provincial (Ontario) and national levels. Management plans will benefit from conservation genetic data, which can provide insight into population genetic diversity and differentiation. We obtained genetic data from nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers from 17 populations of C. pitcheri around the Great Lakes. The nuclear data revealed overall low levels of diversity, high levels of inbreeding, and low levels of population connectivity. The chloroplast data identified a single haplotype, which is consistent with reduced genetic diversity following postglacial colonization. The high levels of inbreeding within populations will likely pose a serious threat to populations in the short term; these have resulted from a combination of low connectivity between populations, and small and fluctuating population sizes. Future management of C. pitcheri populations should consider human-mediated dispersal of plants or seeds among sites.
Wordsworth in the Himalayas: Indian Narratology and Sacred Space in William Delafield Arnold’s Oakfield: Fellowship in the East
Authors: Ostrander Diana Louise Gander 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWilliam Delafield Arnold’s single novel, Oakfield: Fellowship in the East, is a transparently autobiographical account of what happens when the earnestness of a son and pupil of Dr. Thomas Arnold encounters the ancient world of India in the decade of the Sepoy Rebellion. This essay explores what has been far less apparent to Western readers and critics: the presence of Indian philosophy at the heart of the novel. Following in the tradition of the Wordsworthian Romantic prophet, W. D. Arnold relates Oakfield’s spiritual search and enlightenment to present the novel itself as the spiritual common ground that the hero seeks. The use of Indian narratological devices produces variegation by ancient spiritual design, merging the myths of enlightened beings East and West, including Brahmins, Buddha, Wordsworth, and Oakfield, on epiphanic mountains. The novel celebrates the potential for Western enlightenment discovered in the Himalayas, but also warns Britain that the colonizing effort is responsible for the loss of England’s best and brightest.
Modernism and Mysticism in Germany: Wilhelm Worringer and Pater Desiderius Lenz
Authors: Davenport Nancy 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe text seeks to integrate the late nineteenth and early twentieth-century art of the traditional Benedictine community of Beuron in southwestern Germany with early twentieth-century Modernist aesthetics, particularly as the latter are expressed in Abstraction and Empathy, a Contribution to the Psychology of Style by the German Art Historian Wilhelm Worringer. The influences on Beuron art—the German Kulturkampf that set Protestants and Catholics in northern and southern Germany in opposition and placed the few remaining monastic communities in limbo, the Beuron artist monks’ inspiration from the immobile Egyptian antiquities in the museums of Munich and Berlin, and their desire to develop a universal and otherworldly Christian art which transcended the tangible, tactile, and divisive world in which they lived, worked, and prayed—resulted in a similar rejection of the visible, the real, and the tangible and an embrace of the eternal and symbolic that the Modernists sought. The text ends with a quote from the Dutch Modernist Jan Toorop, a recently converted Roman Catholic, who asked his audience the following in 1912: “Two sculptures that dominate today in the mainstream of sculpture are The Burghers of Calais by the great Rodin and on the other hand St. Benedictine and St. Scholastica by the Benedictine Father Desiderius Lenz. Where do you want to go: to Rodin or to Lenz? To Calais or to Monte Cassino near Rome? Take a look at the work and we’ll talk again?” The question asked by Toorop is the question interrogated in this text.
Nematicidal efficacy, enhanced degradation and cross adaptation of carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos under tropical conditions
Authors: Meher Hari C. , Gajbhiye Vijay T. , Singh Ghanendra , Kamra Anju , Chawla Gautam 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Nematicides need to be applied in each cropping season but repetitive
applications can reduce their persistence and efficacy due to the
unpredictable phenomena of enhanced biotransformation and cross adaptation.
Experiments were conducted to ascertain the number of times the nematicides
carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos can be applied effectively in the
field. Incubation studies checked their degradation rates and cross
adaptation and bioassays assessed their efficacy against Meloidogyne
incognita infecting Solanum lycopersicum. Monitoring nematode populations at
the middle of seven consecutive tomato crops following nematicidal
treatments at a recommendable rate of 1.0 kg a.s. ha–1 revealed a linear
decrease in efficacy with successive seasons. The chemicals remained
effective up to the fourth application when 53-62% reduction of M. incognita
in soil was still achievable, which decreased significantly to 14-33% by the
seventh application. The nematicides were more effective against
endoparasitic (M. incognita and Rotylenchulus reniformis) than ectoparasitic
(Helicotylenchus dihystera, Hoplolaimus indicus and Tylenchorhynchus
vulgaris) nematodes. Bioassays revealed 13-18% more invasions of
second-stage juveniles of M. incognita into roots of tomato grown in soil
pre-treated seven times with nematicide than in similar soil with no history
of nematicide use; invasion and soil population were positively correlated.
Root galling of field-grown tomato increased from the first to the seventh
application. In bioassays, tomato root galling was greater in unsterilised
field soil (1.4-2.1) than in similar soil/sterilised soil (1.0) compared
with 2.4-2.9 in untreated control soil. The decrease in efficacy was
attributable to accelerated microbial degradation of nematicides due to
repeated use in each cropping season. Carbosulfan, cadusafos and triazophos
exhibited a half-life (t1/2) of 14, 20 and 27 days in soil with no history
of nematicide use, whereas the t1/2 was 6, 13 and 9 days in soil pre-treated
seven times with nematicides and 28, 28 and 32 days in unsterilised soil,
respectively. In cross adaptation studies, carbosulfan exhibited a t1/2 of
7-9 days in soil pre-treated seven times with cadusafos and triazophos. The
t1/2 of cadusafos (22 days) was not affected in carbosulfan-treated soil but
was affected (13 days) in triazophos-treated soil. Triazophos had a t1/2 of
20 days in carbosulfan-treated soil and a t1/2 of 8 days in
cadusafos-treated soil. These results indicate that carbosulfan, cadusafos
and triazophos can be applied effectively to the same field at least four
times without decrease in efficacy due to accelerated biotransformation.
Rotation of nematicide from different groups can be used in long-term
nematode management strategies to avoid accelerated degradation and/or cross
adaptation.
Western Boundary Currents and Frontal Air–Sea Interaction: Gulf Stream and Kuroshio Extension
Authors: Kelly Kathryn A. , Small R. Justin , Samelson R. M. , Qiu Bo , Joyce Terrence M. , Kwon Young-Oh , Cronin Meghan F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude western boundary current (WBC) systems there is a complex interaction between dynamics and thermodynamics and between atmosphere and ocean. Their potential contribution to the climate system motivated major parallel field programs in both the North Pacific [Kuroshio Extension System Study (KESS)] and the North Atlantic [Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Mode Water Dynamics Experiment (CLIMODE)], and preliminary observations and analyses from these programs highlight that complexity. The Gulf Stream (GS) in the North Atlantic and the Kuroshio Extension (KE) in the North Pacific have broad similarities, as subtropical gyre WBCs, but they also have significant differences, which affect the regional air–sea exchange processes and their larger-scale interactions. The 15-yr satellite altimeter data record, which provides a rich source of information, is combined here with the longer historical record from in situ data to describe and compare the current systems. While many important similarities have been noted on the dynamic and thermodynamic aspects of the time-varying GS and KE, some not-so-subtle differences exist in current variability, mode water properties, and recirculation gyre structure. This paper provides a comprehensive comparison of these two current systems from both dynamical and thermodynamical perspectives with the goal of developing and evaluating hypotheses about the physics underlying the observed differences, and exploring the WBC’s potential to influence midlatitude sea–air interaction. Differences between the GS and KE systems offer opportunities to compare the dominant processes and thereby to advance understanding of their role in the climate system.
Stratospheric Bimodality: Can the Equatorial QBO Explain the Regime Behavior of the NH Winter Vortex?
Authors: Christiansen Bo 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Northern Hemisphere extended winter mean stratospheric vortex alternates between a strong and a weak state, which is manifested in a statistically significant bimodal distribution. In the end of the 1970s a regime change took place, increasing the frequency of the strong phase relative to the weak phase. This paper investigates the connection between the regime behavior of the vortex and the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) in three different datasets. Although there are some differences between the datasets, they agree regarding the general picture. It is found that stratospheric equatorial wind between 70 and 8 hPa shows a bimodal structure in the Northern Hemisphere winter. Such bimodality is nontrivial as it requires only weak variability in the amplitude. Unimodality is found above 8 hPa, where the semiannual oscillation dominates. A strong coincidence is found between strong (weak) vortex winters and winter in the westerly (easterly) QBO regime. Furthermore, the change of the vortex in the late 1970s can be related to a change in the QBO from a period with strong bimodality to a period with weak bimodality. Careful consideration of the statistical significance shows that this change in the QBO can be a random process simply related to the annual sampling of the QBO. Finally, previous findings of phase locking between the QBO and the annual cycle are considered; it is shown that the phase locking is related to the seasonal variations in the bimodality of the QBO.
Quality Assurance of Surface Wind Observations from Automated Weather Stations
Authors: Jiménez Pedro A. , González-Rouco J. Fidel , Navarro Jorge , Montávez Juan P. , García-Bustamante Elena 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Meteorological data of good quality are important for understanding both global and regional climates. In this respect, great efforts have been made to evaluate temperature- and precipitation-related records. This study summarizes the evaluations made to date of the quality of wind speed and direction records acquired at 41 automated weather stations in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Observations were acquired from 1992 to 2005 at a temporal resolution of 10 and 30 min. A quality assurance system was imposed to screen the records for 1) manipulation errors associated with storage and management of the data, 2) consistency limits to ensure that observations are within their natural limits of variation, and 3) temporal consistency to assess abnormally low/high variations in the individual time series. In addition, the most important biases of the dataset are analyzed and corrected wherever possible. A total of 1.8% wind speed and 3.7% wind direction records was assumed invalid, pointing to specific problems in wind measurement. The study not only tries to contribute to the science with the creation of a wind dataset of improved quality, but it also reports on potential errors that could be present in other wind datasets.
The Role of Diurnal Solenoidal Circulation on Propagating Rainfall Episodes near the Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Huang Hsiao-Ling , Wang Chung-Chieh , Chen George Tai-Jen , Carbone Richard E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In this case study, numerical simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) are performed for 3–4 May 2002, in which two propagating rain episodes occurred in successive days with close ties to the terrain of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in East Asia. Through sensitivity tests, it is found that the eastern TP not only facilitated convective development in the afternoon but that the solenoidal circulation between this region and its leeside lowlands (near the Sichuan basin) also contributed to the longevity and farther downstream propagation of the episodes under prevailing westerly winds. Reversed every 12 h, the thermally driven circulation induced ascending motion near the eastern edge of the TP during daytime but over the leeside at night. The episode propagation in this case, as often observed, was in phase with the ascent, from eastern TP in the afternoon to the lee at night, indicating both enhancing and modulating effects of the solenoidal circulation.
A Frequent-Updating Analysis System Based on Radar, Surface, and Mesoscale Model Data for the Beijing 2008 Forecast Demonstration Project
Authors: Sun Juanzhen , Chen Mingxuan , Wang Yingchun 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The Variational Doppler Radar Analysis System (VDRAS) was implemented in Beijing, China, and contributed to the Beijing 2008 Forecast Demonstration Project (B08FDP) in support of the Beijing Summer Olympics. VDRAS is a four-dimensional variational data assimilation system that produces frequently updated analyses using Doppler radar radial velocities and reflectivities, surface observations, and mesoscale model data. The system was tested in real time during the B08FDP pretrials in the summers of 2006 and 2007 and run during the Olympics to assist the 0–6-h convective weather nowcasting. This paper provides a description of the upgraded system and its Beijing implementation, an evaluation of the system performance using data collected during the pretrials, and its utility on convective weather nowcasting through two case studies. Verification of VDRAS wind against a wind profiler shows that the analyzed wind is reasonably accurate with a smaller RMS difference for 2006 than for 2007 due to better radar data coverage in 2006. The analyzed cold pools in three convective episodes are compared with surface observations at selected stations. The result shows good agreement between the analysis and the observations. The two case studies demonstrate the role that VDRAS could play in nowcasting convective initiation.
Choosing Carbon Mitigation Strategies Using Ethical Deliberation
Authors: Bendick Rebecca , Dahlin Kyla M. , Smoliak Brian V. , Kumler Lori , Jones Sierra J. , Aktipis Athena , Fugate Ezekiel , Hertog Rachel , Moberg Claus , Scott Dane 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAnthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions change earth’s climate by altering the planet’s radiative balance. An important first step in mitigation of climate change is to reduce annual increases in these emissions. However, the many suggested means of limiting emissions rates have led to few actual changes in policy or behavior. This disconnection can be attributed in part to the difficulty of convening groups of stakeholders with diverse values, the polarizing nature of current political systems, poor communication across disciplines, and a lack of clear, usable information about emission mitigation strategies. Here, electronically facilitated ethical deliberation, a method of determining courses of action on common goals by collaborative discussion, is used to evaluate Pacala and Socolow’s climate change stabilization strategies based on economic, technological, social, and ecological impacts across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Few previous analyses of climate mitigation strategies include all of these factors; rather, short-term technological feasibility studies and economic cost–benefit analyses predominate. After accounting for tradeoffs among disparate criteria, strategies involving end-user efficiency (e.g., efficient buildings and vehicles), wind, and solar power rank highest, while carbon capture and storage, hydrogen fuel cells, and biofuels options rank lowest. This electronically facilitated deliberation method offers an alternative to oppositional debate or cost–benefit analysis for assessing strategies where both quantitative and qualitative factors are important, information from disparate disciplines is relevant, and stakeholders are geographically dispersed.