bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The locus of control in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes managed by individual and group care
Authors: Trento M. , Tomelini M. , Basile M. , Borgo E. , Passera P. , Miselli V. , Tomalino M. , Cavallo F. , Porta M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAims  The locus of control theory distinguishes people (internals) who attribute events in life to their own control, and those (externals) who attribute events to external circumstances. It is used to assess self‐management behaviour in chronic illnesses. Group care is a model of systemic group education that improves lifestyle behaviour and quality of life in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. This study investigated the locus of control in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and the possible differences between patients managed by group care and control subjects followed by traditional one‐to‐one care.Methods  Cross‐sectional administration of two questionnaires (one specific for diabetes and one generic for chronic diseases) to 83 patients followed for at least 5 years by group care (27 Type 1 and 56 Type 2) and 79 control subjects (28 Type 1 and 51 Type 2) of similar sex, age and diabetes duration. Both tools explore internal control of disease, the role of chance in changing it and reliance upon others (family, friends and health professionals).Results  Patients with Type 1 diabetes had lower internal control, greater fatalistic attitudes and less trust in others. Patients with either type of diabetes receiving group care had higher internal control and lower fatalism; the higher trust in others in those with Type 1 diabetes was not statistically significant. The differences associated with group care were independent of sex, age and diabetes duration.Conclusions  Patients with Type 1 diabetes may have lower internal control, fatalism and reliance upon others than those with Type 2 diabetes. Receiving group care is associated with higher internal control, reduced fatalism and, in Type 1 diabetes, increased trust in others.
What relative seafood prices can tell us about the status of stocks
Authors: Pinnegar John K , Hutton Trevor P , Placenti Vincenzo 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChanges in the distribution of seafood prices can provide useful insights into the availability of different species to fishermen and to fish markets. We propose a log‐relative‐price‐index (LRPI) and demonstrate how such a concept might be useful for exploring long‐term changes in wild fish communities as a result of intensive exploitation. We estimate the LRPI for 26 fish species in the Celtic Sea (UK) and for 33 species on Italian fish markets. In both systems the LRPI changed significantly during recent decades, and in the Celtic Sea this probably resulted from a decline in the availability of high trophic level target species such as cod and hake as well as an increase in the availability of low trophic level pelagic species. By contrast, the LRPI of Italian fishes remained relatively constant from 1972 to 1980, but declined thereafter as a result of widespread expansion in fin‐fish aquaculture, and a consequential increase in the supply, and hence decrease in the price of high trophic level fish such as seabass and seabream.
Impact of Restricted Voting Share Structure on Firm Value and Performance
Authors: Jog Vijay , Zhu PengCheng , Dutta Shantanu 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTManuscript Type:EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue:In this study, we examine whether firm value, operating performance, and stock performance of the Canadian firms which have issued restricted voting shares (RVS) is different from comparable non‐RVS firms. We test two competing hypotheses – the controlling shareholder expropriation hypothesis and the investor protection and substitution hypothesis for the Canadian RVS firms.Research Findings/Insights:Based on a ten‐year panel data sample and extensive robustness tests, we do not find that the RVS firms have lower firm value, operating performance, or stock performance than the non‐RVS firms in Canada. There is also no evidence of shareholder value expropriation in key financial decisions, such as mergers and acquisitions and dividend payments. The study does not support the controlling shareholder expropriation hypothesis in the Canadian RVS firms.Theoretical/Academic Implications:The RVS structure has been criticized for lack of shareholder rights protection and risk of value entrenchment in the corporate governance literature. However, the existing empirical evidence is mainly based on the firms in the United States. Using a Canadian sample, we show that these results are a function of corporate governance and regulatory environment and the US results cannot be generalized. We find no evidence of shareholder value appropriation nor do we find differential value or performance implications. We believe that a blanket rejection of RVS structure may not be warranted.Practitioner/Policy Implications:Our study concludes that the RVS structure in Canadian firms is influenced by the nature of these firms and the regulatory environment in Canada that protects minority shareholders from wealth appropriation. Our evidence suggests that policy makers and practitioners should evaluate RVS firms on their individual merit and in individual countries – no generalization is warranted.
European day‐of‐the‐week effects, beta asymmetries and international herding*
Authors: Chang Eric C. , Pinegar J. Michael , Ravichandran R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEuropean equity markets with the most robust day‐of‐the‐week effects in mean returns also exhibit day‐of‐the‐week effects in risk. Betas measured relative to a world index are higher on Monday than on other days of the week, especially when returns on the world market are negative. After adjustments for beta asymmetries and for weekend vs weekday holding period horizons, day‐of‐the‐week effects in residual risk and risk‐adjusted mean returns weaken substantially compared to such effects measured with constant betas. These findings are consistent with the recent work of King and Wadhwani (1990), Froot et al. (1992) and Lakonishok and Maberly (1990).
The Return to Direct Investment in Private Firms: New Evidence on the Private Equity Premium Puzzle*
Authors: Nielsen Kasper Meisner 
Published: September 2010

Abstract This paper uses a novel dataset to analyze the return to direct investments in private firms by pension funds. We have two key findings. First, direct investments in private firms have underperformed public equity by 392 basis points per annum under conservative risk adjustments. Second, initial mispricing, due to over‐optimism or misperceived risk, and subsequent low capital gains seem to explain the gap in returns to private firms. Overall, these findings complement the finding of Moskowitz and Vissing‐Jørgensen (2002) of low returns on entrepreneurial investments and provide new insight into the existence of what they call the private equity premium puzzle: Even professional investors with well‐diversified portfolios like pension funds seem to get a poor risk‐return tradeoff from investing directly in private firms.
The Wealth Effects of Reducing Private Placement Resale Restrictions
Authors: Maynes Elizabeth , Pandes J. Ari 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Recently, the US Securities and Exchange Commission reduced resale restrictions on Rule 144 private placements from 12 months to 6 months with the intention of lowering the cost of equity capital for issuing firms. In Canada, similar regulatory changes were adopted several years ago, providing a unique opportunity to test the wealth effects of reducing private placement resale restrictions. We find that shortening resale restrictions reduces the liquidity portion of offer price discounts, and thus lowers the cost of equity capital for issuing firms, but has no significant effect on announcement‐period abnormal returns after controlling for issuer type. However, there is a fundamental shift in the types of firms making private placements of common stock after the legislation‐induced easing of resale restrictions. Specifically, we find that smaller firms and firms with greater information asymmetry are less likely to issue privately placed common stock after the legislative change, suggesting that the easing of resale restrictions reduces the costly signal that helps to overcome the Myers and Majluf (1984) underinvestment problem.
Gender Quotas in Politics: The Greek System in the Light of EU Law
Authors: Kapotas Panos 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPositive action is currently gaining momentum in the European anti‐discrimination discourse and policy‐making as a necessary and effective tool to achieve the goal of full and effective equality in employment. Gender quotas in politics, however, are thought to remain outside the normative scope of Community law, the dominant view being that candidature for elected public office does not constitute employment in the sense of the relevant provisions. This article seeks to examine the Greek quota system for women in politics in its dialectical relationship to the general equality discourse and with reference to the current normative framework in Europe. The aims are threefold: to assess the legality of positive action in favour of women in politics from the point of view of EU law, to evaluate the effectiveness of the Greek system in achieving its gender equality goals, and to identify the problems that quotas in politics may pose with regard to the principle of democratic representation. It will, thus, be argued that positive measures in politics, though generally compatible with the fundamental principles of justice and representative democracy, may nevertheless be inadequate—at least in their current form—to provide effective solutions to the unequal distribution of social and political power.
Beyond Multilingualism: On Different Approaches to the Handling of Diverging Language Versions of a Community Law
Authors: Schilling Theodor 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article deals with a problem created by the EU's multilingualism, the fallibility of translators and the ruses of politicians: for different reasons, it is quite common that equally authentic language versions of a Community law have different meanings if taken on their own. While the ECJ's uniform interpretation approach to this problem, which must be seen as required under the non‐discrimination principle, has permitted equitable results in those cases decided by the ECJ, it would not be adequate for the simplest type of case, ie that a citizen has every reason to trust her own language version of a law. In such a case, her legitimate expectations in the equal authenticity of that version requires protection. De lege lata the article therefore proposes, in the interest of generally equitable solutions, a balancing, in the individual case, of the protection of legitimate expectations and the non‐discrimination principle. De lege ferenda it proposes a more radical solution, ie that there be only one authentic version of every Community law.
Goethe, His Duke and Infanticide: New Documents and Reflections on a Controversial Execution
Authors: Wilson W. Daniel 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIt has been known since the 1930s that in 1783 Goethe cast his vote as a member of the governing Privy Council (‘Geheimes Consilium’) of Saxe‐Weimar to retain the death penalty for infanticide. This decision, which followed a request by Duke Carl August for his councillors' advice on the matter, has moved to the centre of controversies over the political Goethe, since it meant that Johanna Höhn of Tannroda, who had been convicted of infanticide, was subsequently executed. The issue draws its special poignancy from Goethe's empathetic portrayal of the infanticide committed by Margarete in the earliest known version of Faust. The simultaneous publication in 2004 of two editions documenting the wider issue of infanticide and other crimes relating to sexual morality in Saxe‐Weimar has re‐ignited the controversy. The present article reexamines the issues, presenting new evidence that establishes the discourse on the question of the death penalty for infanticide in books that Duke Carl August and Goethe purchased, and presents the script of the public trial re‐enactment (‘Halsgericht’) on the market square in Weimar directly preceding the execution. It concludes that this discourse ran heavily against the death penalty, and it counters attempts in recent scholarship to draw attention away from the Höhn execution.
The ‘Halsgericht’ for the Execution of Johanna Höhn in Weimar, 28 November 1783
Authors: Wilson W. Daniel 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis previously unpublished document, found in the papers of the Weimar publisher, industrialist and court official F. J. Bertuch, represents the script for the public ceremony preceding the execution of the infanticide Johanna Catharina Höhn. Since Goethe, as a member of the powerful ‘Geheimes Consilium’ of Saxe‐Weimar‐Eisenach, had recently cast his vote to retain the death penalty for execution, the script has some significance for an evaluation of his administrative activities and his political ethos. The execution took place against a background of tension concerning its legitimacy at a time when the punishment of women who had committed infanticide was hotly contested.
A Portrait of War, a Grammar of Peace: Goethe, Laukhard, and the Campaign of 1792
Authors: Krimmer Elisabeth 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWhen Prussia and Austria invaded France in 1792 in an attempt to defeat the revolutionary army, Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749–1832) accompanied his sovereign Carl August on the campaign. Almost thirty years later, Goethe recorded his version of the defeat and catastrophic retreat of the allied forces. Goethe's account embraces the perspective of a privileged observer, who enjoys the relative comfort afforded by his social class. In contrast, the memoirs of Friedrich Christian Laukhard (1757–1822), a failed academic turned common soldier, who also participated in the campaign, are written from the vantage point of the experienced grunt. While Goethe's Campagne in Frankreich (1822) is often considered a minor accomplishment in a major oeuvre, Laukhard's Begebenheiten, Erfahrungen und Bemerkungen während des Feldzuges gegen Frankreich, which forms part of his autobiography Leben und Schicksale von ihm selbst beschrieben (1796), has received little scholarly attention.1 In spite of these different valuations, both Laukhard's and Goethe's texts have been subject to severe criticism. Laukhard's Begebenheiten has been disparaged because of its failure to turn experience into art, while Goethe's account was condemned for its failure to represent war truthfully. Clearly, Goethe's and Laukhard's texts are different in style, structure, and ideology, and yet there is one fundamental premise on which they agree. Both Goethe's Campagne in Frankreich and Laukhard's Begebenheiten, Erfahrungen und Bemerkungen während des Feldzuges gegen Frankreich are radically opposed to the concept of war as a sublime experience that many of their contemporaries endorsed and advocated. Laukhard's text offers a scathing critique of aristocratic abuse of power and deconstructs the notion of war as sublime through a focus on ‘the body in pain’ (Scarry). Goethe's text, on the other hand, which has often been accused of an uncritical stance towards the war, rejects the notion of war as a creative and ennobling force. Instead, Goethe traces war's destructive effect on the web of rules and habits that govern the peaceful working of society. Laukhardt records the horrors of war, Goethe seeks to delineate a grammar of peace amidst the terror of war.2
Ancient Fears and the New Order: Witch Beliefs and Physiognomy in the Age of Reason
Authors: Kord Susanne 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTBy common accord, the eradication of witch beliefs is one of the most important signs of the new order established in the Enlightenment. During the ‘Age of Reason’, experimental and mathematical sciences began to form the basis of new philosophies; mechanistic processes supplanted the spiritual as a method of explaining the world; witch beliefs and other superstitions began to lose their validity, and – accordingly – witch hunts, trials and executions became a thing of the less enlightened past.1 But there is also much evidence to the contrary, indicating that the old superstitions were not abandoned during the Age of Reason, but co‐existed comfortably alongside new intellectual and philosophical thought systems like Cartesianism and Deism. Witch beliefs weathered the Enlightenment in two ways: out in the open – in the form of eighteenth‐century witch hunts and witch executions – and underground, sublimated not only in ‘art’, such as the fairy tales of Romanticism,2 but also in ‘science’, such as physiognomy, a discipline embraced or at least condoned by the best and brightest of the Enlightened Age, including Goethe, Herder, Lenz, Nicolai, and Mendelssohn.3 The witch trial of Anna Göldi and physiognomic analyses of the poet Anna Louisa Karsch will serve as my test cases for this assertion. Throughout, I will take a look at an organ that has not only played an important role in both witch beliefs and physiognomy, but is also at the centre of the enlightened credo of ‘seeing is believing’: the eye.
‘Aufklärung und kein Ende’: The Place of Enlightenment in Friedrich Nietzsche's Thought1
Authors: Martin Nicholas 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe following article traces the development of Friedrich Nietzsche's attitude to Enlightenment and challenges the view that he can be dismissed, or revered, as an anti‐Enlightenment irrationalist. While Nietzsche rejects certain elements of Enlightenment thought, particularly those which found expression in the tenets of the French Revolution, his philosophical diagnoses are informed to an extent by the critical principles of Enlightenment. Nietzsche admires the critical spirit of certain figures associated with eighteenth‐century Enlightenment, notably Voltaire and Lessing, as well as representatives of earlier ‘Enlightenments’, such as Epicurus, Petrarch and Erasmus. He is also impressed by the audacity of the Enlightenment project, however flawed parts of it may be, and by the scale of its philosophical legacy. However, Nietzsche's approach to Enlightenment remains ambivalent and selective. His sceptical diagnoses of the phenomenon anticipate Horkheimer and Adorno's critique in Dialektik der Aufklärung (1947). The article concludes that it is, paradoxically, Nietzsche's attempts to suggest ways forward for humanity that present the most significant obstacles to viewing him as an enlightened thinker.
La Chercheuse d'Esprit: Gender, Mobility, and the Crisis of Authorship in J. M. R. Lenz's Conception of Soldiers' Marriages
Authors: Kagel Martin 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTaking as its starting point the title page from Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz's essay on soldiers' marriages, this article explores the notion of authorship, i.e. the negotiation of author positions in literary, military, and sexual discourses in Lenz's play Die Soldaten (1776) and his essay ‘Über die Soldatenehen’ (posthumously published in 1913). In the play, authorship is an emancipatory concept associated with the female protagonist, Marie, and her attempts to assume a position in society that would allow her to articulate desire and liberate herself from male domination. In ‘Über die Soldatenehen’ this position is retracted and replaced by a male author position, in which authorship is identified with masculinity and the political power it serves to advance. While Lenz's national agenda is politically progressive, it is, at the same time, based on exploitation of female sexuality, which renders it anti‐emancipatory. Lenz's decision to designate his essay as ‘par un Allemand’ is contradictory, insofar as Lenz's own emancipatory conceptualisation of authorship is at odds with the writer's submission to the political demands of the day. Ultimately, Lenz's designation implies the denial of that which it asserts.
Zur Gestik und ihren Bedeutungen in Kleists Erzählungen
Authors: Perraudin Michael 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAlle Schriften Kleists – Erzählungen, Dramen, Essays, auch persönliche Briefe – enthalten eine Vielfalt von Details unwillkürlichen gestischen Verhaltens von Seiten der Figuren –äußerliche Symptome von Reaktionen, Stimmungen und Einstellungen. Sogar die Sprache fungiert weitgehend als Teil desselben Systems, indem sie unbewusste Unterwerfung, Widerstand, Herausforderung, Begierde und Willen zur Macht widerspiegelt und zum Ausdruck bringt, während sich ihr semantischer Inhalt als weitgehend unwesentlich erweist. Dies kommt einer impliziten Theorie irrationaler Kommunikation gleich, die auf einem durchgehend zynischen Verständnis zwischenmenschlichen Verhaltens und universaler Menschennatur fußt. In dem vorliegenden Aufsatz wird an Hand von Beispielen vor allem aus Kleists Erzählprosa eine Typologie seiner gestischen Beobachtungen erstellt und auf die darin erkennbare antiaufklärerische Psychologie und Anthropologie des Autors hingewiesen.
Risk of side effects associated with the use of nevirapine in treatment‐naïve patients, with respect to gender and CD4 cell count
Authors: Knobel H , Guelar A , Montero M , Carmona A , Luque S , Berenguer N , González A 
Published: September 2010

ObjectivesA warning about the use of nevirapine (NVP) by its pharmaceutical manufacturer has been issued in which it has been recommended that NVP should not be prescribed in patients with increased risk of toxicity based on CD4 cut‐offs and gender. The aim of this study was to determine whether these recommendations are of use in preventing side effects.MethodsThis retrospective study included antiretroviral drug‐naïve patients who started treatment with NVP. Patients were divided into two groups: those with high CD4 counts (H; women: CD4 count >250 cells/μL; men: CD4 count >400 cells/μL) and those with low CD4 counts (L; women: CD4 count <250 cells/μL; men: CD4 count <400 cells/μL).ResultsA total of 142 patients were included in the study, 61 in the H group and 81 in the L group. Skin rash developed in 6.56% of patients [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.67–15.70%] in the H group and in 14.81% of patients (95% CI 8.72–24.17%) in the L group (P=0.18). Hepatotoxicity developed in 4.92% (95% CI 1.79–13.50%) and 6.17% (95% CI 2.73–13.66%) of patients with high and low CD4 cell counts, respectively (P=1.0).ConclusionThe recommendations not to use NVP in drug‐naïve patients at increased risk of toxicity on the basis of gender and CD4 cell count do not seem to be of use in preventing the occurrence of side effects. However, a small number of patients were included in this study, and hence the possibility cannot be excluded that the recommendations are appropriate in another clinical practice setting.