bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Pre‐Processing of Montmorillonite on the Properties of Melt‐Extruded Thermoplastic Starch/ Montmorillonite Nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Xuechen , Zhang Xingxiang , Liu Haihui , Wang Ning 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA simple and environmentally‐friendly processing method was used to prepare thermoplastic starch (TPS)/ montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that glycerol could enlarge the d‐spacing and destruct the layered structure of MMT effectively during the pre‐processing of MMT. So the enlarged d‐spacing and fragmentized platelets of glycerol activated‐MMT were a precondition to form intercalated or exfoliated TPS‐based nanocomposites during the melt extrusion processing. These highly dispersive and compatible TPS/activated‐MMT nanocomposites had increased thermal stability and tensile properties as compared with non‐activated composites. Especially, the tensile strength of nanocomposites could be enhanced to 8.6 MPa, the improvement was about two times the initial tensile strength of TPS.
Confidence of expert ultrasound operators in making a diagnosis of adnexal tumor: effect on diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement
Authors: Yazbek J. , Ameye L. , Testa A. C. , Valentin L. , Timmerman D. , Holland T. K. , Van Holsbeke C. , Jurkovic D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the degree of confidence with which expert ultrasound operators make a diagnosis of benign, borderline and invasive malignant ovarian tumors and its effect on diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement.MethodDigitally stored static two‐dimensional B‐mode images of representative cases of benign, borderline and invasive malignant ovarian tumors were independently assessed by three expert ultrasound operators who had not performed the original real‐time ultrasound examination. The experts classified the tumors as benign, borderline or invasive malignant and they also indicated the degree of confidence with which they made the diagnosis (certain, probable and uncertain). The diagnostic accuracy and interobserver agreement, in differentiating benign, borderline and invasive malignant ovarian tumors, were calculated depending on the level of confidence with which the diagnosis was made.ResultsOne hundred and sixty‐six cases were included in the final data analysis. The diagnostic accuracy of all three experts decreased with decreasing level of confidence. Interobserver agreement between any two experts was very high when they were certain of the diagnosis (rates of agreement 98%, 99% and 100%), but it was significantly lower with a moderate level of confidence (rates of agreement 78%, 71% and 76%) (P < 0.01 for any two experts). The agreement in both diagnosis and confidence was lowest in cases of borderline ovarian tumors compared to benign and primary invasive lesions.ConclusionsThe accuracy of expert ultrasound operators using pattern recognition depends on the degree of certainty with which the diagnosis is made. Interobserver variability is also influenced by the operators' confidence in making the diagnosis. Our findings suggest that the level of confidence with which the diagnosis is made should be included in the ultrasound report. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoparticles in sentinel lymph node mapping
Authors: Ravizzini Gregory , Turkbey Baris , Barrett Tristan , Kobayashi Hisataka , Choyke Peter L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels are more difficult to access than most vascular structures. Interstitial injection of imaging agents is often necessary to opacify the lymphatics. Traditionally, radionuclide methods of sentinel node imaging have dominated this field, however, limitations in resolution and exposure to radiation have encouraged the development of newer imaging methods. Among these are magnetic resonance lymphography in which a Gadolinium labeled nanoparticle is injected and imaged providing superior anatomic resolution and assessment of lymphatic dynamics. Optical imaging employing various nanoparticles including quantum dots also provide the capability of mapping each lymphatic basin in another “color”. Taken together this “toolbox” of lymphatic imaging agents is poised to improve our understanding of the lymphatic system Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery
2,5,8‐Trihydrazino‐s‐heptazine: A Precursor for Heptazine‐based Iminophosphoranes
Authors: Saplinova Tatyana , Bakumov Vadym , Gmeiner Tobias , Wagler Jörg , Schwarz Marcus , Kroke Edwin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe title compound C6N7(NHNH2)3 (1) was obtained from melem C6N7(NH2)3 or melon [C6N7(NH2)NH]n and hydrazine by an autoclave synthesis. Upon treatment with a 10 % HCl solution it is transformed into the trihydrochloride [C6N7(NHNH3)3]Cl3 (2). Compounds 1 and 2 were analysed with 13C NMR, 15N NMR, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the single‐crystal X‐ray structure of the pentahydrate of 2 is reported (P\bar{1}, a = 674.96(3), b = 1214.17(6), c = 1272.15(6) pm, α = 66.288(2)°, β = 75.153(2)°, γ = 80.420(2)°, V = 920.30(8)·106 pm3, Z = 2, T = 90(2) K). The thermal decomposition of 1 and 2 was investigated with TG/DTA. Reaction of 1 with NaNO2/HCl yields triazido‐s‐heptazine, C6N7(N3)3 (3). Tris(tri‐n‐butylphosphinimino)‐s‐heptazine (4) was synthesised from 3 and characterised by means of 13C, 31P, 1H NMR, FTIR and MALDI‐TOF spectroscopy. Similar to s‐heptazine derivative 3, compounds 1 and 4 are precursors for graphitic carbon nitrides, which have attracted considerable attention recently, and to various potential applications, such as flame retardants and (photo) catalysis.
Management of Liver Trauma
Authors: Badger S. A. , Barclay R. , Campbell P. , Mole D. J. , Diamond T. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundBlunt and penetrating liver trauma is common and often presents major diagnostic and management problems.MethodsA literature review was undertaken to determine the current consensus on investigation and management strategies.ResultsThe liver is the most frequently injured organ following abdominal trauma. Immediate assessment with ultrasound has replaced diagnostic peritoneal lavage in the resuscitation room, but computerised tomography remains the gold standard investigation. Nonoperative management is preferred in stable patients but laparotomy is indicated in unstable patients. Damage control techniques such as perihepatic packing, hepatotomy plus direct suture, and resectional debridement are recommended. Major complex surgical procedures such as anatomical resection or atriocaval shunting are now thought to be redundant in the emergency setting. Packing is also recommended for the inexperienced surgeon to allow control and stabilisation prior to transfer to a tertiary centre. Interventional radiological techniques are becoming more widely used, particularly in patients who are being managed nonoperatively or have been stabilised by perihepatic packing.ConclusionsManagement of liver injuries has evolved significantly throughout the last two decades. In the absence of other abdominal injuries, operative management can usually be avoided. Patients with more complex injuries or subsequent complications should be transferred to a specialist centre to optimise final outcome.
Laparoscopic liver surgery: 8 years of multicenter Spanish register
Authors: Cugat Esteve , Pérez‐Romero Noelia , Rotellar Fernando , Suárez Miguel A. , Gastaca Mikel , Artigas Vicente , Olsina Jorge‐Juan , Noguera José , Martínez Sagrario , Moreno‐Sanz C. , Figueras Joan , Herrera Javier , Díaz Hermógenes , Caballé Jordi , Pereira Fernando 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundTo present the data of laparoscopy in liver surgery and to assess the real indications and outcomes of this kind of approach.MethodsFrom February 2000 to March 2008, a prospective study was performed on 182 patients from 15 Spanish surgical centres.ResultsA total of 308 lesions was collected. The mean age was 57 years old, and 61.5% were female. Among patients with cystic lesions we found: 45 simple cysts, 19 policystic diseases, 12 hydatidic cysts and 2 cystoadenomas. Among solid lesions (n = 104), we found 34 patients with benign pathology (12 focal nodular hyperplasia, 10 adenomas, 7 haemangyomas and 5 other lesions) and 70 with malignant pathology (38 metastases, 29 hepatocellular carcinomas, 2 cholangiocarcinomas and 1 lymphoma). The global rate of conversion was 8.8%. The global morbidity rate was 14.8%, and 5 of them required re‐intervention.ConclusionsNowadays there are strong criteria for patients being submitted to laparoscopy procedures based both on type and location features. The postoperative morbidity rate is low, also for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic liver. In case of malignant pathology, we think the use of ultrasonography is mandatory to obtain a free margin, which implies a long‐term survival rate.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Microwave Absorption Property of the SnO2Nanowire/Paraffin Composites
Authors: Feng HT , Zhuo RF , Chen JT , Yan D , Feng JJ , Li HJ , Cheng S , Wu ZG , Wang J , Yan PX 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In this article, SnO2nanowires (NWs) have been prepared and their microwave absorption properties have been investigated in detail. Complex permittivity and permeability of the SnO2NWs/paraffin composites have been measured in a frequency range of 0.1–18 GHz, and the measured results are compared with that calculated from effective medium theory. The value of maximum reflection loss for the composites with 20 vol.% SnO2NWs is approximately −32.5 dB at 14 GHz with a thickness of 5.0 mm.
Hydrothermal Growth and Application of ZnO Nanowire Films with ZnO and TiO2Buffer Layers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Weiguang , Wan Farong , Chen Siwei , Jiang Chunhua 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This paper reports the effects of the seed layers prepared by spin-coating and dip-coating methods on the morphology and density of ZnO nanowire arrays, thus on the performance of ZnO nanowire-based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The nanowire films with the thick ZnO buffer layer (~0.8–1 μm thick) can improve the open circuit voltage of the DSSCs through suppressing carrier recombination, however, and cause the decrease of dye loading absorbed on ZnO nanowires. In order to further investigate the effect of TiO2buffer layer on the performance of ZnO nanowire-based DSSCs, compared with the ZnO nanowire-based DSSCs without a compact TiO2buffer layer, the photovoltaic conversion efficiency and open circuit voltage of the ZnO DSSCs with the compact TiO2layer (~50 nm thick) were improved by 3.9–12.5 and 2.4–41.7%, respectively. This can be attributed to the introduction of the compact TiO2layer prepared by sputtering method, which effectively suppressed carrier recombination occurring across both the film–electrolyte interface and the substrate–electrolyte interface.
Self-Assembled Polymeric Micellar Nanoparticles as Nanocarriers for Poorly Soluble Anticancer Drug Ethaselen
Authors: Li Xinru , Yang Zhuoli , Yang Kewei , Zhou Yanxia , Chen Xingwei , Zhang Yanhui , Wang Fei , Liu Yan , Ren Lijun 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A series of monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (mPEG-PLA) diblock copolymers were synthesized, and mPEG-PLA micelle was fabricated and used as a nanocarrier for solubilization and delivery of a promising anticancer drug ethaselen. Ethaselen was efficiently encapsulated into the micelles by the dialysis method, and the solubility of ethaselen in water was remarkably increased up to 82 μg/mL before freeze-drying. The mean diameter of ethaselen-loaded micelles ranged from 51 to 98 nm with a narrow size distribution and depended on the length of PLA block. In vitro hemolysis study indicated that mPEG-PLA copolymers and ethaselen-loaded polymeric micelles had no hemolytic effect on the erythrocyte. The enhanced antitumor efficacy and reduced toxic effect of ethaselen-loaded polymeric micelle when compared with ethaselen-HP-β-CD inclusion were observed at the same dose in H22human liver cancer cell bearing mouse models. These suggested that mPEG-PLA polymeric micelle nanoparticles had great potential as nanocarriers for effective solubilization of poorly soluble ethaselen and further reducing side effects and toxicities of the drug.
Probing Nucleation Mechanism of Self-Catalyzed InN Nanostructures
Authors: Xu Guowei , Li Zhuangzhi , Baca Javier , Wu Judy 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The nucleation and evolution of InN nanowires in a self-catalyzed growth process have been investigated to probe the microscopic growth mechanism of the self-catalysis and a model is proposed for high pressure growth window at ~760 Torr. In the initial stage of the growth, amorphous InN
x
microparticles of cone shape in liquid phase form with assistance of an InN
x
wetting layer on the substrate. InN crystallites form inside the cone and serve as the seeds for one-dimensional growth along the favorable [0001] orientation, resulting in single-crystalline InN nanowire bundles protruding out from the cones. An amorphous InN
x
sheath around the faucet tip serves as the interface between growing InN nanowires and the incoming vapors of indium and nitrogen and supports continuous growth of InN nanowires in a similar way to the oxide sheath in the oxide-assisted growth of other semiconductor nanowires. Other InN 1D nanostructures, such as belts and tubes, can be obtained by varying the InN crystallites nucleation and initiation process.
The birth weight of rabbits born after heterospermic insemination
Authors: Beatty R. A. 
Published: September 2009

1. Two rabbit sires were used for insemination of sixty-eight females. Insemination was either homospermic (one sire at a time) or heterospermic (mixed semen from the two sires). Each offspring could be traced to its sire by genetic marks. The sires differed in weight and were known to give offspring differing in mature weight and named Large and Small offspring. The object of study was the birth weight of these offspring in logarithmic transformation.2. After heterospermic insemination, there was no evidence of any real ‘heterospermic vigour’ in the average birth weight of the litter as a whole.3. After heterospermic insemination, the difference in birth weight between the two kinds of offspring was accentuated (enhancement effect). This confirms a previous experiment.4. The enhancement effect is ascribed to competition among embryos. It is not attributable to postulated changes in the gestation period. It appears to arise from an increase in the birth weight of Large offspring, together with a possible decrease in the birth weight of Small offspring. These changes in birth weight are attributable to changes in prenatal growth rate.5. The bearing of this work on Russian experiments with heterospermie insemination is discussed.
Heterokaryon formation in Coprinus lagopus
Authors: Swiezynski K. M. , Day P. R. 
Published: September 2009

1. The four possible kinds of heterokaryon of Coprinus lagopus with no, one or both mating-type factors in common (dikaryon, common A, common B and common AB) were produced. Analysis of hyphal tips of common A and common AB heterokaryons has shown that both nuclei may be present in the same hypha.2. All four heterokaryons are prototrophic when synthesized from two auxotrophic components with different requirements.3. When synthesized in this way compatible heterokaryons were stable in all tests, but the other heterokaryons showed different degrees of stability. Common B heterokaryons were the most stable and rarely gave rise to monokaryotic mycelia. Dissociation of the common A and the common AB heterokaryon into either component took place much more easily.4. Comparisons of the growth-rates of wild-type heterokaryons on complete medium show that common A heterokaryons are less vigorous, and dikaryons more vigorous than their monokaryon components. On minimal medium both compatible and common A heterokaryons are less vigorous than their wild-type monokaryon components. The possible reasons for this are discussed.5. Fruit-bodies have been obtained from both common A and common B heterokaryons. Both types showed normal segregation at the heterozygous locus (B or A), but showed in addition the segregation of new reactions at the ‘homozygous’ locus.
Four new half-and-half mosaic fowls
Authors: Cock A. G. 
Published: September 2009

Two mosaic birds are described, from a sex-linked F1cross (Rhode Island Red ♂ × Light Sussex ♀). They are sexually normal males and full brothers. Each has the following abnormalities on one side of the body: absence of the maternal dominantsS(silver, sex-linked),W(white skin) andCo(Columbian restriction of black), and reduction in size. In one case all the melanocytes appear to be derived from the smaller side, so that the plumage pattern is identical on the two sides; in the other there is a minor deviation (modified expression ofCo) from normal F1plumage pattern on the larger side. Mated to Brown Leghorn hens, both mosaics bred as normal F1males, with no evidence of germinal mosaicism. Over thirty full sibs were all found to be normal.A purely paternal origin of the smaller side appears to be excluded in both cases by the lack of striping in the down, and by minor deviations from normal Brown Leghorn phenotype in adult plumage pattern. Origin by some kind of maldistribution of chromosomes at first cleavage division would require the X-chromosome and possibly as many as three autosomes to be affected simultaneously.Two further unrelated crossbred mosaic males are described. Each has yellow skin (w) on one side of the body. In one case this is accompanied by a slight difference in plumage pattern, reduction in size and abnormal proportions in the limb bones; in the other merely by a slight reduction in size. Loss or non-disjunction of a single chromosome at first cleavage division is a possible explanation of these.
Maternal effects on the rate of egg development inDrosophila subobscura
Authors: Clarke Jean M. , Smith J. Maynard , Travers Pamela 
Published: September 2009

The time in hours from laying to hatching at 17°C. has been measured for eggs from four inbred lines ofDrosophila subobscura, and also for F1eggs, and for eggs obtained by crossing F1hybrids to unrelated inbred lines and to unrelated F1hybrids.Eggs laid by females of a given genotype have a characteristic rate of development, which, with one exception, is not greatly influenced by the genotype of the male parent. F1hybrid females laid eggs which were more uniform in hatching time than eggs laid by inbred females, and which developed more rapidly than eggs laid by three of the four kinds of inbred female studied. The slowest-developing eggs were laid by females from theNFSinbred line, a line originally selected for slow development from egg to adult.The male parent, and hence the zygotic nucleus, had an appreciable effect on the rate of egg development only for eggs laid byNFSfemales; these eggs developed more rapidly if fertilized by sperm from an unrelated male.
Genetics of plasma transferrins in the mouse
Authors: Cohen B. L. 
Published: September 2009

1. The plasma proteins of six inbred strains of mice have been studied, using starch-gel electrophoresis.2. The existence of two alternative plasma transferrin (β-globulin) phenotypes has been demonstrated. Five of the strains have one of these and one strain has the other. Each of the two transferrin patterns comprises three (or possibly only two) electrophoretic bands. The two patterns differ in all of these bands.3. The two transferrin types recognized are determined by a pair of allelic, autosomal genes (designatedTrfAandTrfB). The TrfA phenotype (CBA strain) is determined by the genotypeTrfA/TrfA, and the TrfB phenotype (A, C57BL, JU, KL, RIII strains) by the genotypeTrfB/TrfB. The phenotype TrfAB, of the heterozygote (genotypeTrfA/TrfB), is distinguishable and shows four (or possibly only three) bands. In this way it closely resembles a mixture of equal parts of TrfA and TrfB plasma.4. No linkage was detected between theTrflocus and sex, the agouti locus or the haemoglobin locus.5. The possible molecular basis of the action of the transferrin alleles in the mouse, and the widespread distribution in mammals of polymorphism involving the transferrins, are discussed.
Natural selection as the process of accumulating genetic information in adaptive evolution
Authors: Kimura Motoo 
Published: September 2009

1. In the course of evolution, complicated organisms have descended from much simpler ones. Since the instructions to form an organism are contained in the nucleus of its fertilized egg, this means that the genetic constitution has become correspondingly more complex in evolution. If we express this complexity in terms of its improbability, defining the amount of genetic information as the negative logarithm of its probability of occurrence by chance, we may say that genetic information is increased in the course of progressive evolution, guided by natural selection of random mutations.2. It was demonstrated that the rate of accumulation of genetic information in adaptive evolution is directly proportional to the substitutional load, i.e. the decrease of Darwinian fitness brought about by substituting for one gene its allelic form which is more fitted to a new environment. The rate of accumulation of genetic information is given bywhere Le is the substitutional load measured in ‘Malthusian parameters’.3. Using Le = 0·199, a value obtained from the application of the ‘principle of minimum genetic load’ (cf. Kimura, 1960 b), we getIt was estimated that the total amount of genetic information accumulated since the beginning of the Cambrian epoch (500 million years) may be of the order of 108 bits, if evolution has proceeded at the standard rate.Since the genetic information is transformed into phenotypic information in ontogeny, this figure (108 bits) must represent the amount of information which corresponds to the improved organization of higher animals as compared to their ancestors 500 million years back.4. Problems involved in storage and transformation of genetic information thus acquired were discussed and it was pointed out that the redundancy of information in the form of repetition in linear sequence of nucleotide pairs within a gene may play an important role in the storage of genetic information.
Genetical analysis of methionine suppressors in Coprinus
Authors: Lewis D. 
Published: September 2009

Seven different genes, me-1 to me-7, controlling the steps in the synthesis of methionine in the Basidiomycete Coprinus lagopus have been tested for the production of prototrophs on minimal medium. Cultures carrying me-1 and me-7 produced prototrophs spontaneously at a rate of 2·6 × 10−5. These prototrophs were the result of mutations of suppressor genes and not due to back-mutation of the me-gene.An intensive study of sixty-four mutants of an independent origin suppressing me-1 has revealed five different suppressor loci.Tests for complementation between suppressor mutants and for their recessiveness to the wild allele were made in dikaryons.All suppressor mutants were recessive to the wild allele. The five suppressor loci were all separated from one another by recombination, twenty-eight map units being the smallest distance between any two pairs. Mutants of the same locus did not complement one another, with few exceptions. Mutants of different loci, as tested in the trans-position in a dikaryon, complemented one another with the exception of pairs between sup-3, sup-4, and sup-5. Sup-3 and sup-4 are 28 units apart and are independent of sup-5 and yet they did not complement. This unique example of long-distance non-complementation is discussed in terms of gene action.