bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring depressive personality traits in youth: Origins, correlates, and developmental consequences
Authors: Rudolph Karen D. , Klein Daniel N. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractResearch suggests that depressive personality (DP) disorder may represent a persistent, trait-based form of depression that lies along an affective spectrum ranging from personality traits to diagnosable clinical disorders. A significant gap in this area of research concerns the development of DP and its applicability to youth. The present research explored the construct of DP traits in youth. Specifically, this study examined the reliability, stability, and validity of the construct, potential origins of DP traits, and the developmental consequences of DP traits. A sample of 143 youth (mean age = 12.37 years,SD= 1.26) and their caregivers completed semistructured interviews and questionnaires on two occasions, separated by a 12-month interval. The measure of DP traits was reliable and moderately stable over time. Providing evidence of construct validity, DP traits were associated with a network of constructs, including a negative self-focus, high-negative and low-positive emotionality, and heightened stress reactivity. Moreover, several potential origins of DP traits were identified, including a history of family adversity, maternal DP traits, and maternal depression. Consistent with hypotheses regarding their developmental significance, DP traits predicted the generation of stress and the emergence of depression (but not nondepressive psychopathology) during the pubertal transition. Finally, depression predicted subsequent DP traits, suggesting a reciprocal process whereby DP traits heighten risk for depression, which then exacerbates these traits. These findings support the construct of DP traits in youth, and suggest that these traits may be a useful addition to developmental models of risk for youth depression.
Extending extant models of the pathogenesis of borderline personality disorder to childhood borderline personality symptoms: The roles of affective dysfunction, disinhibition, and self- and emotion-regulation deficits
Authors: Gratz Kim L. , Tull Matthew T. , Reynolds Elizabeth K. , Bagge Courtney L. , Latzman Robert D. , Daughters Stacey B. , Lejuez C. W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlthough research has been conducted on the course, consequences, and correlates of borderline personality disorder (BPD), little is known about its emergence in childhood, and no studies have examined the extent to which theoretical models of the pathogenesis of BPD in adults are applicable to the correlates of borderline personality symptoms in children. The goal of this study was to examine the interrelationships between two BPD-relevant personality traits (affective dysfunction and disinhibition), self- and emotion-regulation deficits, and childhood borderline personality symptoms among 263 children aged 9 to 13. We predicted that affective dysfunction, disinhibition, and their interaction would be associated with childhood borderline personality symptoms, and that self- and emotion-regulation deficits would mediate these relationships. Results provided support for the roles of both affective dysfunction and disinhibition (in the form of sensation seeking) in childhood borderline personality symptoms, as well as their hypothesized interaction. Further, both self- and emotion-regulation deficits partially mediated the relationship between affective dysfunction and childhood borderline personality symptoms. Finally, results provided evidence of different gender-based pathways to childhood borderline personality symptoms, suggesting that models of BPD among adults are more relevant to understanding the factors associated with borderline personality symptoms among girls than boys.
Emotional instability, poor emotional awareness, and the development of borderline personality
Authors: Cole Pamela M. , Llera Sandra J. , Pemberton Caroline K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEmotional instability and poor emotional awareness are cardinal features of the emotional dysregulation associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Most models of the development of BPD include child negative emotional reactivity and grossly inadequate caregiving (e.g., abuse, emotional invalidation) as major contributing factors. However, early childhood emotional reactivity and exposure to adverse family situations are associated with a diverse range of long-term outcomes. We examine the known effects of these risk factors on early childhood emotional functioning and their potential links to the emergence of chronic emotional instability and poor emotional awareness. This examination leads us to advocate new research directions. First, we advocate for enriching the developmental assessment of children's emotional functioning to more closely capture clinically relevant aspects. Second, we advocate for conceptualizing children's early family experiences in terms of the proximal emotional environment to which young children may be or become sensitive. Such approaches should contribute to our ability to identify risk for BPD and guide preventive intervention.
What Meaning had Colour in Early Societies?
Authors: Gage John 
Published: October 2009

Colour is one of the most prominent features of human experience, but has often been ignored or overlooked in archaeological research. All practising archaeologists are aware of the colour of the materials which they handle — be they stone artefacts, painted pots, prehistoric monuments (frontispiece) or historical buildings. Yet all too frequently these items are robbed of their colour when they are published as black and white photos, abstract plans or reductionist line drawings. Equally discouraging is the fact that original colours are frequently missing or faded, removed by the passage of centuries. We know, for example, that the famous marble Cycladic figurines were originally brightly painted, but few traces of colouring survive. Yet such traces are enough to alert us to the radical transformation which colour could bring to old and faded remains.In this Viewpoint feature we have invited a range of specialists to consider the meaning of colour in early societies. The intention has been to focus on those societies where evidence of colour is not so readily apparent. Egyptian art and Palaeolithic caves have their place in this debate, but we are also interested in the selection of stones of particular colours for tools or structures, and for the use of colour in textiles; areas in which almost all early societies must have been engaged.The meaning of colour may be approached at a variety of levels. In literate societies, or those with a rich and detailed iconographic tradition, it may be possible to explore the particular significance of different colours in myths or rituals. Such understanding is more difficult in the case of prehistoric societies, yet even here we can gain some insight into colour symbolism by careful consideration of context, or by cautious appeal to common human experience. Context may suggest that red ochre in burials equates with blood, common experience that yellow is associated with the sun, and blue with the sky or the sea. The value accorded to particular colours can also be indicated by the workmanship and finish which objects received, and the distances that materials travelled: polished jadeite from the Alps to Scotland, or lapis lazuli from Afghanistan to Mesopotamia.As the following articles demonstrate, all societies are concerned about colour, and such concern can be traced back to at least the Upper Palaeolithic, if not before. To what extent particular colours, such as red or black, have cross-cultural significance, is an altogether more difficult question. Colour awareness and colour sensitivity must however be an integral part of any archaeological analysis concerned with the development and nature of human cognition.
Anti-perforin neutralizing antibody reduces myocardial injury in viral myocarditis
Authors: Chun-yan Guo , Bo Han , Hong Chang , Hong-lei Jiang , Xiu-zhen Han 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAimTo investigate the role of anti-perforin neutralizing antibody in viral myocarditis.MethodsWe divided 45 Balb/c mice randomly into 3 groups, a normal control group, a control group inoculated with coxsackie virus B3,and a group inoculated with anti-perforin neutralizing antibody. The second group was inoculated with 0.15 milliliters coxsackie virus B3, and the third group additionally with 0.1milligrams/kilogram anti-perforin neutralizing antibody at time points of 6 hours and 3 days after infection. Histopathology was performed using haematoxylin and eosin, with apoptosis examined by the terminal transferase-mediated 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate-biotin nick, end-labeling method, or Tunel. The expression of caspase-3 in myocardium was investigated by immunohistochemistry and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction.ResultsThe pathologic score, myocardial viral titers, average percentages of apoptotic cardiomyocytes, expression of active caspase-3 protein and messenger ribonucleic acid in the myocardium of the mice receiving anti-PFP neutralizing antibody therapy were all significantly reduced when compared to values from the group inoculated with coxsackie virus B3. The rates of expression of Caspase-3 and myocardial apoptosis were positively correlated with the scores for myocardial pathology.ConclusionOur results suggest that anti- perforin neutralizing antibody can reduce the myocardial damage by blocking the perforin/granzyme pathway, and downregulating the expression of messenger ribonucleic acid and protein of Caspase-3. These approaches may offer promising novel therapeutic strategies for the clinical treatment of viral myocarditis.
Germination‐Improved Ethanol Fermentation Performance of High‐Tannin Sorghum in a Laboratory Dry‐Grind Process
Authors: Yan S. , Wu X. , MacRitchie F. , Wang D. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTA high‐tannin sorghum cultivar with 3.96% tannin content was used to study the effects of germination on its ethanol fermentation performance in a laboratory dry‐grind process. High‐tannin sorghum sample was germinated for 3 and 4 days. Original and germinated samples were analyzed for tannin, starch, protein, free amino nitrogen (FAN), and glucose content. Endosperm structures and flour pasting properties of germinated and nongerminated sorghum samples were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and rapid visco analyzer (RVA). Germination reduced tannin content from 3.96% to negligible levels. The free fermentable sugars (glucose, maltose, and maltotriose) in the germinated samples were significantly higher than those in the nongerminated control. Judged by the starch (starch plus dextrin) and free amino nitrogen contents in the mashed samples, germination improved degree of hydrolysis for starch by 13–20% and for protein by 5‐ to 10‐fold during mashing. Germination significantly shortened the required fermentation time for ethanol production by 24–36 hr, increased ethanol fermentation efficiency by 2.6–4.0%, and reduced the residual starch content in the distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) compared to the nongerminated control. Ethanol yield for the 3‐day germinated samples was 2.75 gallons/bushel, which was 3.1% higher than the 2.67 gallons for the nongerminated control. Ethanol yield for the 4‐day germinated sorghum was 2.63 gallons/bushel due to excessive loss of starch during germination.
Review article: anti‐fibrotic agents for the treatment of Crohn’s disease – lessons learnt from other diseases
Authors: SZABÒ H. , FIORINO G. , SPINELLI A. , ROVIDA S. , REPICI A. , MALESCI A. C. , DANESE S. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBackground  The current therapies for Crohn’s disease (CD) are mainly focused on blockade of inflammation. Fibrosis remains one of the major complications of CD often leading to surgery, affecting patients’ quality‐of‐life.Aim  To summarize the published data regarding the potential anti‐fibrotic role of drugs commonly used in CD and the most effective anti‐fibrotic drugs used in other diseases evaluating their potential use to treat intestinal fibrosis in CD.Methods  A literature search was performed in the PubMed, Medline, Cochrane and EMBASE databases, considering in vitro, animal and human studies on fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease and other similar chronic pathologies.Results  Treatment of fibrosis in CD is limited to surgery or endoscopic dilatation, although some of the drugs currently used may have anti‐fibrotic activity. In other diseases, anti‐fibrotic agents are already used or are in preclinical or clinical trials. ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, and HMG‐CoA inhibitors merit further investigation in CD because of their role in preventing fibrosis in cardiovascular and renal diseases.Conclusions  Anti‐fibrotic drugs are under evaluation or already used in clinical practice in other chronic inflammatory diseases. In CD, there is a great need for investigation into agents that may prevent, reduce or reverse intestinal fibrosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 189–201
Responses of generalist invertebrate predators to pupal densities of autumnal and winter moths under field conditions
Authors: HEISSWOLF ANNETTE , KLEMOLA NETTA , AMMUNÉT TEA , KLEMOLA TERO 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.

Generalist natural enemies are usually not considered as being capable of causing population cycles in forest insects, but they may influence the population dynamics of their prey in the low density cycle phase when specialist enemies are largely absent.
In the present field study, the total response of the generalist invertebrate predator community to experimentally established pupal densities of the closely related autumnal (Epirrita autumnata) and winter moths (Operophtera brumata) was analysed.
Due to the high amount of variation in the dataset, the exact shape of the response curve could not be convincingly estimated. Nevertheless, two important conclusions can be drawn from the analyses.
Firstly, the natural invertebrate predator community seems to become saturated at rather low densities of both autumnal and winter moth pupae. Secondly, the predator community seems to become saturated at much lower densities of autumnal than of winter moth pupae.
Furthermore, pupal mass was significantly negatively correlated with invertebrate predation probability in autumnal moth pupae.
These results indicate that differences in the predator assemblage being able to consume pupae of the two moth species, as well as different handling times, could be responsible for the substantially higher predation rates in winter than in autumnal moth pupae.
As a consequence, the population dynamics of autumnal moths might be less affected by generalist invertebrate predators than those of winter moths, as autumnal moths seem able to escape from the regulating influence of generalist predators at much lower population densities than winter moths.
Allometry between leg and body length of insects: lack of support for the size–grain hypothesis
Authors: TEUSCHER MIRIAM , BRÄNDLE MARTIN , TRAXEL VERENA , BRANDL ROLAND 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.

The size–grain hypothesis (Kaspari & Weiser, 1999) states that (1) as organisms decrease in size, they perceive their environment as being more rugose; (2) long legs allow organisms to step over obstacles but hinder them from entering small gaps; and (3) as the size of an organism decreases, the benefits of long legs begin to be outweighed by the costs of construction. Natural selection should therefore favour proportionally longer legs in larger organisms, thereby leading to a positive allometry between leg and body length (scaling exponent b > 1).
Here we compare the scaling exponent of leg‐to‐body length relationships among insects that walk, walk and fly, and predominantly fly. We measured the lengths of the hind tibia, hind femur, and body length of each species.
The taxa varied considerably in the scaling exponent b. In seven out of ten groups (Formicidae, Isoptera, Carabidae, Pentatomidae, Apidae, Lepidoptera, Odonata adult), b was significantly greater than one. However, there was no gradual decrease in b from walking to walking/flying to flying insects.
The results of the present study provide no support for the size–grain hypothesis. We propose that leg length is not only affected by the rugosity of the environment, but also by (1) functional adaptations, (2) phylogeny, (3) lifestyle, (4) the type of insect development (hemimetabolism or holometabolism), and (5) constraints of gas exchange.
Symbionts of societies that fission: mites as guests or parasites of army ants
Authors: BERGHOFF STEFANIE M. , WURST EBERHARD , EBERMANN ERNST , SENDOVA‐FRANKS ANA B. , RETTENMEYER CARL W. , FRANKS NIGEL R. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.

Recently, Hughes et al. (Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23, 672–677, 2008) have theorised that symbionts of large, long‐lived, homeostatic, and well defended social insect colonies should mostly be of low virulence. If the symbionts are rare, i.e. few workers are co‐infected, competition between symbionts should be minimal and they should be selected to avoid over‐exploiting their hosts.
Here we analyse the mites that occur on Eciton burchellii army ant workers and note that our findings are consistent with the predictions from evolutionary theory.
The mites were species diverse but rare; only 5% of the 3146 workers we examined from 20 army ant colonies had mites. Only one worker was co‐infected by mites of different species and the one relatively common parasitic mite (Rettenmeyerius carli) was limited to only two individuals per ant.
We also showed that certain mites are more common on workers in nomadic rather than statary army ant colonies and that different worker castes differed in their infestation patterns.
We suggest that the three traits E. burchellii and honey bees (Apis mellifera) have in common (queens with very high mating frequencies, propagation by colony fission, and low number of parasites among the mite species they host) are associated with one another. Colonies that fission are likely to inherit symbionts and multiple mating will promote genetic diversity within colonies, which may help to limit the abundance of deleterious mites.
We conclude that most of the symbiotic mites found on workers of the army ant E. burchellii are probably relatively harmless guests, exploiting their hosts for phoresis or, for example, to use their waste deposits.
Advances in characterization of soil clay mineralogy using X‐ray diffraction: from decomposition to profile fitting
Authors: Hubert F. , Caner L. , Meunier A. , Lanson B. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryStructural characterization of soil clay minerals often remains limited despite their key influence on soil properties. In soils, complex clay parageneses result from the coexistence of clay species with contrasting particle sizes and crystal chemistry and from the profusion of mixed layers with variable compositions. The present study aimed to characterize the mineralogy and crystal chemistry of the <2 μm fraction along a profile typical of soils from Western Europe and North America (Neo Luvisol). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were interpreted using: (i) the combination of XRD pattern decomposition and indirect identification from peak positions commonly applied in soil science; and (ii) the multi‐specimen method. This latter approach implies direct XRD profile fitting and has recently led to significant improvements in the structural characterization of clay minerals in diagenetic and hydrothermal environments. In contrast to the usual approach, the multi‐specimen method allowed the complete structural characterization of complex clay parageneses encountered in soils together with the quantitative analysis of their mineralogy. Throughout the profile, the clay paragenesis of the studied Neo Luvisol systematically includes discrete smectite, illite and kaolinite in addition to randomly interstratified illite‐smectite and chlorite‐smectite. Structural characteristics of the different clay minerals, including the composition of mixed layers, did not vary significantly with depth and are thus indicative of the parent material. The relative proportion of the <2 μm fraction increased with increasing depth simultaneously with smectite relative proportion. These results are consistent with the leaching process described for Luvisols in the literature.
The effect of nitrogen deposition on forest carbon sequestration: a model‐based analysis
Authors: DEZI S. , MEDLYN B. E. , TONON G. , MAGNANI F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe perturbation of the global nitrogen (N) cycle due to the increase in N deposition over the last 150 years will likely have important effects on carbon (C) cycling, particularly via impacts on forest C sequestration. To investigate this effect, and the relative importance of different mechanisms involved, we used the Generic Decomposition And Yield (G'DAY) forest C–N cycling model, introducing some new assumptions which focus on N deposition. Specifically, we (i) considered the effect of forest management, (ii) assumed that belowground C allocation was a function of net primary production, (iii) assumed that foliar litterfall and specific leaf area were functions of leaf N concentration, (iv) assumed that forest canopies can directly take up N, and (v) modified the model such that leaching occurred only for nitrate N. We applied the model with and without each of these modifications to estimate forest C sequestration for different N deposition levels. Our analysis showed that N deposition can have a large effect on forest C storage at ecosystem level. Assumptions (i), (ii) and (iv) were the most important, each giving rise to a markedly higher level of forest C sequestration than in their absence. On the contrary assumptions (iii) and (v) had a negligible effect on simulated net ecosystem production (NEP). With all five model modifications in place, we estimated that the C storage capacity of a generic European forest ecosystem was at most 121 kg C kg−1 N deposited. This estimate is four times higher than that obtained with the original version of G'DAY (27.8 kg C kg−1 N). Thus, depending on model assumptions, the G'DAY ecosystem model can reproduce the range of dC : dNdep values found in the literature. We conclude that effects of historic N deposition must be taken into account when estimating the C storage capacity of a forest ecosystem.