bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
E-Government
Authors: Snellen Ignace 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEvery activity of a public administration has an informational and a communicative aspect. Therefore, it may be expected that the institutionalization of electronic information and communication technologies (ICTs) in public administration would have a fundamental impact on the way in which public administration functions. Although this basic assumption is generally adhered to, it is not uncontested. This article first presents the shifts in management attention during the early phases of ICT use within public administration. Second, some theoretical approaches to informatization are discussed. Third, the dominant focus of public managers on effectiveness, efficiency, and economy as the main purpose of the use of ICTs in the implementation of policies are highlighted. Fourth, the growing emphasis on service delivery with ICTs are commented upon. Fifth, the democratic possibilities of ICT applications are discussed. Finally, the main strategic challenges of e-Government for public management, in terms of the technical, organizational and institutional barriers that will have to be surmounted, are demonstrated.
Striving for Balance
Authors: Ingraham Patricia W. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Reform of human resource management systems has been a prominent part of broader governmental reform and change in many nations for the past twenty years. Most often, however, it has not been the central focus. Budgetary change, downsizing, decentralization, and privatization have been more successful in capturing public and electoral attention. Of course, all of these are concerned with, or have an impact on, public employees' livelihood, compensation, motivation, and commitment to public service, that is to say, on human resource management. Most recently, distress in many western nations over the “War for Talent” or the mismanagement of vital “human capital” has given human resource management (HRM) issues a bit more urgency. Even the United States, long a champion of modest, incremental change in civil service and HR reform, is confronted by the reality of massive alterations in the way people are managed in two of the largest federal agencies: the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense.
Public Service Quality Improvement
Authors: Øvretveit John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In many respects quality originated as a collection of poorly theorized methods which were developed through practice in the workplace. The “quality movement” was built by adherents who tried to provide a theoretical basis and ideology from mostly atheoretical practical tools. In transferring these methods to the public sector, a similar industry has evolved, developing an ideology and packages of tools for the less competitive and culturally different environment of this sector. The purpose of this article is to give a balanced and critical overview of the different ideas and methods of quality assurance and improvement as applied in the public sector. It describes approaches which have been used in multi-professional services, such as health care; in single quasi-professional services, such as education, police, fire, library, and social services; and other government services such as clerical services and industrial-type services which include a physical goods products such as refuse collection and road maintenance.
Sovereignty@Bay
Authors: Kobrin Stephen J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article is concerned with only one aspect of the vast literature on MNE–state relations: the impact of the MNE on sovereignty, autonomy, and control. It argues that the mainstream literature of the sovereignty at bay era did not predict the end of the nation-state or conclude that sovereignty is critically compromised either in theory or practice. In fact, while the terms ‘sovereignty’, autonomy', and ‘control’ appear frequently in these discussions, they are rarely defined or even used precisely. At the end of the day MNEs are international or cross-border entities which are of the existing inter-state system firmly rooted in national territorial jurisdiction. The problems posed by the traditional MNE for both states and the inter-state system tend to involve issues of jurisdictional asymmetry, jurisdictional overlap and control, rather than sovereignty in its formal sense. The hierarchical or Fordist structure of the traditional MNE reinforces the core values of the modern international political system: state sovereignty and mutually exclusive territoriality.
National Policies and Domestic Politics
Authors: Spar Debora L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Formally, the interaction between domestic policy and international business runs in two directions. States erect policies that affect firms' ability to trade and invest across borders; and the actions of trading and investing firms affect the political climate of the states in which they do business. The relationship, of course, is interactive and changes over time: states influence firms, and firms influence states, and both operate simultaneously in a number of domestic and international arenas. This article concentrates on just one piece of this complex arrangement. Arguing that international business is essentially, incontrovertibly political, it describes the range of state policies that can shape and constrain the behaviour of firms. Specifically, it examines five different kinds of domestic policy: trade policy, foreign direct investment, capital controls, regulation, and competition policy.
Environmental Policy and International Business
Authors: Rugman Alan M. , Verbeke Alain 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article analyses the interactions between environmental policy and international business. More specifically, a conceptual framework is developed which allows us to classify the various types of environmental regulations facing firms engaged in international business. In addition, an analysis is performed of the different environmental strategies that can be pursued by multinational enterprises (MNEs). During the past few decades, environmental issues have increasingly come to the forefront, both on public policy agendas and in corporate boardrooms. Specialized academic journals have been introduced that focus exclusively on environmental issues. Moreover, many of the mainstream economics and management journals now regularly publish articles dealing with the environmental policy–corporate strategy interface. However, only a few publications have, so far, included conceptual insights specifically useful to international business. In contrast, this article focuses specifically on international business research issues.
The Smaller Economies of Pacific Asia and Their Business Systems
Authors: Redding Gordon 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
What came to be known as the Asian miracle took place in a number of quite varied contexts in countries outside the major states Japan and China, and the way in which these smaller economies have built their development trajectories in the years after 1960 has been a matter of serious attention among policymakers worldwide. Japan and China are given specific attention elsewhere in this volume and so this article considers the rest of Pacific Asia. It aims to outline the systems of business which have come to characterize the following clusters of countries: first, South Korea which stands on its own as a distinct case; second, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore which are essentially Chinese in their ethnic make-up, their current political structures, and their business behaviour, but which nevertheless display great differences among themselves; third, the ASEAN group outside Singapore, again containing variety but with certain key common denominators.
Methodological Contributions in International Business and the Direction of Academic Research Activity
Authors: Kogut Bruce 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The development of the field of international business has been strongly driven by innovations in research design and methodologies. This article emphasizes this role in order to suggest that progress is engaged when a community collectively is able to ride upon common methods, schemas, and templates. Research in international business has contributed its own methodological and design that served as a template for subsequent efforts. This article documents briefly three contributions: Raymond Vernon's multinational database, foreign direct investment studies, and the choice of foreign entry mode. It turns then to two current areas of research (i.e. organizational ecology and comparative national systems) that might benefit from agreement on design and method. In focusing on these contributions, it neglects other major contributions to international business research, especially that of business history that has indisputably created successful research programmes with defined methodologies.
Leadership: Current Assessment and Future Needs
Authors: Densten Iain L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Leadership continues to dominate the focus of individuals seeking to understand and advance organizations, and thus the literature on it has attempted to provide a solution for seemingly endless problems that confront organizations. This review aims to further advance understanding of the interrelationships between leaders, their followers, and the contemporary challenges that face them by identifying the current state of play and the indisputable but not undebatable leadership ideas. It also explains how the leadership phenomenon has been sliced up, and where contemporary leadership knowledge is going. While previous reviews have assessed leadership knowledge as being very complex, not complete, and difficult to apply, the current review presents several themes that are indisputable but not undebatable, in order to establish the knowledge boundaries of leadership and enable future needs to be identified.
Job Performance Measurement: The Elusive Relationship Between Job Performance and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Woods Stephen A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article reviews recent literature on job performance measurement to examine advances in theories of job performance measurement, and their implications for the practice of job performance assessment. It also considers the antecedents of job performance and, in particular, revisits the issue of whether happy, satisfied workers are also productive workers. The focus in the article is on measuring the job performance of individuals and teams, which most commonly involves the use of surveys or rating forms to assess and evaluate employee behavior or job competencies. Subjective ratings may be provided by supervisors, peers, subordinates, or clients and customers. Performance measurement may also make use of data from archival records (such as productivity or absence data), often referred to as objective data.
Sex and Race Discrimination in Personnel Decisions
Authors: Graves Laura M. , Powell Gary N. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article focuses on the role of personnel decision-making processes within organizations in perpetuating the disadvantaged status of women and people of color. Personnel decisions, which include judgments about who to hire, promote, and develop, and what to pay them, determine whether women and people of color have access to jobs, financial rewards, and advancement opportunities. Social scientists have offered numerous theoretical explanations for sex and race discrimination. This article reviews the key explanations and discusses how they apply to organizational personnel decisions, citing relevant research findings. It then attempts to make sense of the multiplicity of theories, identifying similarities and contradictions in their arguments and the predictions that follow from them. The article also considers the role of organizational factors in the occurrence of sex and race discrimination. Finally, it concludes by offering implications for research and practice.
Bullying and Harassment at work
Authors: Einarsen Ståle , Matthiesen Stig Berge , Hauge Lars Johan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBullying is a complex and multi-causal phenomenon seldom sufficiently explained by one factor alone. A wide range of factors at different explanatory levels may influence why bullying develops and who will be targeted. This article reviews the literature and research findings in this field, which has blossomed during the last ten years. Here, the terms “harassment” and “bullying” are used interchangeably to refer to both these phenomena, namely as the systematic exhibition of aggressive behavior at work directed towards a subordinate, a superior or a co-worker, as well as the perception of being systematically exposed to such mistreatment while at work. The construct of social undermining bears close resemblance to bullying and harassment, involving behavior over time that is intended to hinder someone in their ability to establish and maintain positive interpersonal relationships, as well as damage their work-related success or favorable reputation.
Fairness in Selection and Recruitment: A Stigma Theory Perspective
Authors: Ryan Ann Marie , Wessel Jennifer 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article explores how concepts from research on stigmatization can inform and enhance the understanding of applicant reactions to selection procedures. It is important to emphasize that the article is not about what might lead an organization's representatives to engage in discriminatory practices or about the adverse impact of different selection tools; it is about the perceptions and behaviors of those applicants who are members of stigmatized groups. It begins with a very brief, general review of the literature on applicant perceptions, where it discusses the importance of studying, in particular, the reactions of individuals who might be considered members of stigmatized groups in any given society. Next, the article introduces some core concepts from the literature on stigmatization. Finally, it discusses how these concepts might inform understanding of how individuals react to recruitment and selection processes beyond what has been established in the literature on applicant reactions.
Ancient Near Eastern Studies: Mesopotamia
Authors: Lambert W. G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the impact of ancient Near Eastern studies on biblical scholarship, focusing on written remains of all kinds. Ancient Mesopotamia has yielded tens of thousands of clay tablets with cuneiform inscriptions, apart from monumental stone inscriptions and inscriptions on other media. Palestine and Syria, by contrast, have yielded comparatively little inscriptional material, partly because much was written on papyrus and leather, which has not survived, partly because they were less rich than their Mesopotamian neighbours and so produced less written material.
Language, Translation, Versions, and Text of the Apocrypha
Authors: Knibb Michael A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The meaning of the term ‘Apocrypha’ is ambiguous in both early Christian and modern usage. This article covers the apocryphal and deutero-canonical books included in the NRSV, and the term ‘Apocrypha’ is used with this specific meaning. Reference is also made to the Book of Enoch (1 Enoch) because it, like the Book of Jubilees, is regarded as canonical by the Ethiopian Church. The writings of the Apocrypha have in common the fact that although none belong in the Hebrew Bible, they all, with the exception of 2 Esdras, are included in manuscripts of the Greek Bible.
Introduction: General Problems of Studying the Text of the Bible in order to Reconstruct History and Social Background
Authors: Whitelam Keith W. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Many scholars share the view that the Hebrew Bible offers the best, or the only, avenue through which to access Israel's past. Yet our standard histories of ancient Israel are a curious mixture of part prolegomena, part commentary on the biblical text, and part historical reconstruction. They are not narrative histories – synthetic treatments describing, analysing, and explaining the historical process. This article discusses the problems in reconstructing Israelite history, focusing on debates over how to evaluate the biblical traditions as historical sources, the lack of evidence and the falsification principle, and the impact of archaeological investigations.
Israel from the Rise of Hellenisim to 70 ce
Authors: Grabbe Lester L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses Jewish history from the rise of Hellenism to 70 CE. The Hellenistic and Roman periods belong to what is often referred to as the ‘Second Temple period’ – a self-contained historical era marked off by the Exile at one end and the fall of Jerusalem in 70 CE at the other. The Jews of the Second Temple period neither inhabited the world of the Israelite and Judean monarchies nor practised the religion of the rabbis. The Second Temple period began with the Persian Empire (c.539–331 BCE), which ended with the conquest of Alexander. It is often assumed that a major break came about in Judaism with the coming of the Greeks, but recent study shows that the situation is more complex than that. First, many of the innovations that characterized Second Temple Judaism had their origins in the Persian period (though often continuing to develop in the Greek and Roman periods). Second, the Greeks added a new element to the culture, but the native cultures continued to flourish.
Scribes and Synagogues
Authors: Grabbe Lester L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses scribes and synagogues. Scribes were the backbone of administration in the ancient and Hellenistic Near East. As those able to read and write, and trained in record keeping and document drafting, they were necessary in every society. When literacy and the production of writings are discussed in scholarly writings on the Bible, the place and importance of professional scribes is not always recognized. Synagogues first arose in the Diaspora to meet the needs of communities without easy access to the temple. This was probably about the third century BCE. They served as places of prayer and/or study, but would easily develop into some sort of central community institution. Only gradually did they filter into Palestine itself, where the temple was reasonably accessible.
The Growth of the Old Testament
Authors: Kratz Reinhard G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the growth of the Old Testament, which presupposes the Israelite-Judaean scribal culture. From it the biblical tradition took over the practices, knowledge, and literary remains of the scribes. At the same time they pioneered with what they took over, or produced independently on the basis of it, a very particular way that was also unique in the whole of the ancient Near East. The genre and the content of the biblical books burst the limits of the usual praxis of the scribes. From the scribes developed the scribal scholars, and from the Israelite-Judaean scribal culture they developed the Jewish tradition in the Old Testament.
Authors, Books, and Readers in the Ancient World
Authors: Millard Alan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses authorship, books, and readers in Old Testament and New Testament times. In the Old Testament world, authorship is necessarily admitted in letters, and related to letters are prophetic communications. The usual physical form of the book in Babylonia was the clay tablet, normally of a size convenient to hold in the left hand while the right impressed the cuneiform signs with a reed stylus. The complexity of the cuneiform script meant that reading was a skill confined to those trained in scribal schools, some of whom may have progressed from the scribal profession to take other offices in temples and royal courts. The New Testament writings follow the traditional patterns. The letters declare their senders' identities, although not always by name, with the exception of Hebrews, and the single prophetic work makes its author clear. The roll of papyrus or leather remained the standard form of book throughout the Hellenistic period and well into Roman times. Jewish tradition required males to be able to read the Torah, and there were schools throughout Palestine from the first century BCE according to rabbinic sources, borne out by Josephus. The early Christian communities similarly included members able to read, as demonstrated by the despatch of letters to them by Paul and others.
Social, Political, and Ideological Criticism
Authors: Rowland Christopher 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explores ways in which ideological criticism may contribute to biblical studies. The discussion is rooted in the central role that the critique of ideology has within the Marxist tradition and the ways in which that rich tradition of discussion can serve biblical exegesis and theology. It gives two specific examples of the way in which there has been a challenge to dominant ideologies. First of all, the emergence of liberationist hermeneutics (linked as it is with both feminist and ‘Black’ theologies) has posed questions to a dominant, ‘First World’ biblical hermeneutics and its idealist presuppositions, in which the history of ideas has taken precedence over their relationship to their social formation. Second, throughout the history of Christianity there have been alternative patterns of biblical interpretation, with different priorities and with the interests of readers, from below other than the élites of the day. The article concludes with some consideration of the historical dimension of ideological criticism in which different doctrinal and practical priorities have emerged in readings of the Bible apart from the dominant ideological contexts.
Old Testament Theology
Authors: Brueggemann Walter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the discipline and practice of Old Testament theology. It covers the modern preoccupation with history; the break with historical relativism; a fresh beginning beyond historicism; the move away from a single, dominant perspective that resulted in a much more diverse, pluralistic, and variegated field of study; the emergence of new accents in the field in the 1970s; and future developments in Old Testament theology.
The Causal Closure of the Physical and Naturalism
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Over the latter half of the last century English-speaking philosophy became increasingly committed to naturalistic doctrines. Much of this naturalistic turn can be attributed to the widespread acceptance of the thesis that the physical realm is causally closed. This article contains four sections. The first section offers an initial formulation of the thesis that physics is causally closed and explains its immediate implications. The second section then discusses the evidence for the thesis from a historical perspective. The third section considers ways of making the thesis properly precise. Finally, the fourth section explores the connections between the thesis and the more general issue of naturalism.
Functionalism
Authors: Van Gulick Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Functionalism at its core is the thesis that minds and mental kinds are to be understood in terms of the roles or functions that specific states and processes play within suitably organized systems. From a functionalist perspective, minds differ from non-minds not in any distinctive substance or fundamental substrate, but in their systemic organization and the roles played by their parts and sub-parts within it. A minded system is simply one that is organized in the right sort of way, though just which ways those are is a difficult and disputed matter. Functionalists classify states or processes largely, if not solely, in terms of the relevant roles or functions that they play in some such system.