bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First evidence of a bipartite medial cuneiform in the hominin fossil record: a case report from the Early Pleistocene site of Dmanisi
Authors: Jashashvili Tea , Ponce de León Marcia S. , Lordkipanidze David , Zollikofer Christoph P. E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA medial cuneiform exhibiting complete bipartition was discovered at the Early Pleistocene site of Dmanisi, Georgia. The specimen is the oldest known instance of this anatomical variant in the hominin fossil record. Here we compare developmental variation of the medial cuneiform in fossil hominins, extant humans and great apes, and discuss potential implications of bipartition for hominin foot phylogeny and function. Complete bipartition is rare among modern humans (< 1%); incomplete bipartition was found in 2 of 200 examined great ape specimens and also appears in the form of a divided distal articular surface in the Stw573c Australopithecus africanus specimen. Although various developmental pathways lead to medial cuneiform bipartition, it appears that the bipartite bone does not deviate significantly from normal overall morphology. Together, these data indicate that bipartition represents a phyletically old developmental variant of the medial cuneiform, which does not, however, affect the species‐specific morphology and function of this bone.
Long‐term dynamics of bird diversity in forest and suburb: decay, turnover or homogenization?
Authors: Catterall Carla P. , Cousin Jarrad A. , Piper Scott , Johnson Gayle 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAim  Urbanization and deforestation are important drivers of biodiversity change. However, long‐term changes in faunal communities within urbanizing regions are poorly understood. We investigated how well observed community changes in both space and time agree with expectations based on current paradigms in urban ecology.Location  Greater Brisbane region, Australia.Methods  We compared bird assemblages in two time‐periods 15 years apart, at multiple sites in remnant forest and residential suburbs across an urbanizing landscape. Differences in assemblage composition, species abundances and functional groupings were assessed within and between habitats.Results  Compared with forest, suburbs in both time‐periods had over twice the total bird abundance, a different species composition, greater between‐site community similarity, a greater proportion of non‐native species and greater dominance by large‐bodied species. These differences corresponded with changes in sites whose habitat was converted from forest to suburb. Between time‐periods, abundances of 58% of suburban species changed significantly compared with those of 11% in forest. Increaser species outnumbered decreasers in suburbs, with the reverse in forest. Abundance of small‐bodied birds decreased 70% in suburbs and 20% in forest. Broad‐spectrum competitors and nest predators were common among suburban increasers. Among invasive species, the number of increasers was counterbalanced by decreasers. Both site‐scale species richness and between‐site community similarity increased to a small extent in both habitats.Main conclusions  Species composition and ecological function of suburban bird communities were very dynamic. Suburban assemblages were neither a subset of forest species nor an increasingly non‐native compilation. Communities in large forest patches were comparatively stable. The notion of habitat‐specific species turnover better characterizes the nature of most changes than either species decline or homogenization, even though both of these were evident. There is considerable scope for careful urban planning, focused on both among‐ and within‐habitat variety, to sustain bird diversity in urbanizing landscapes.
Mechanisms of microtunneling in rock substrates: distinguishing endolithic biosignatures from abiotic microtunnels
Authors: MCLOUGHLIN N. , STAUDIGEL H. , FURNES H. , EICKMANN B. , IVARSSON M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRock‐dwelling, endolithic micro‐organisms can create tubular microcavities (TMCs) by the dissolution of rock substrates. Microtunnels can also conceivably be formed by abiotic processes, and collectively, these structures are here termed tubular microcavities. A textural record of life in subseafloor environments is provided by biological TMCs, and it is imperative to distinguish these from abiological tunnels. To this end, the morphologies and petrographic context of tunnels formed by chemical solution, physical abrasion, and biological processes are here described. Biological TMCs in volcanic glass are restricted to sites that were connected to early fluid circulation. Their shapes, distribution, and the absence of intersections exclude an origin by chemical dissolution of pre‐existing heterogeneities such as, radiation damage trails, gas‐escape structures, or fluid inclusion trails. Rather their characteristics are best explained by microbial dissolution, involving perhaps, cellular extensions that provide a mechanism of localizing and directing microtunnel formation as observed in terrestrial soils. Biological TMCs are contrasted with ambient inclusion trails (AITs) found in cherts and authigenic minerals. These differ in exhibiting longitudinal striae, a constant diameter, and polygonal cross‐section, sometimes with terminal inclusions. The origin(s) of AITs remain unclear but they are hypothesized to form by migration of crystalline or organic inclusions in sealed substrates, in contrast to biotic TMCs that form in open systems. We present diagnostic morphological and petrographic criteria for distinguishing these different types of TMCs. Moreover, we argue that AIT‐type processes are not viable in volcanic glass because of the absence of crystalline millstones, localized chemical solution agents, and elevated fluid pressures, necessary to drive this process.
Young People’s Experience of ADHD and Stimulant Medication: A Qualitative Study for the NICE Guideline
Authors: Singh Ilina , Kendall Tim , Taylor Clare , Mears Alex , Hollis Chris , Batty Martin , Keenan Sinead 
Published: May 2010

Background:  The NICE ADHD Guideline Group found a lack of research evidence on young people’s experiences with stimulant medications. The present study was commissioned to help fill this gap in the evidence base and to inform the Guideline.Method:  Focus groups and 1:1 interviews with 16 UK young people with ADHD.Results:  Young people were positive about taking medication, feeling that it reduced their disruptive behaviour and improved their peer relationships. Young people experienced stigma but this was related more to their symptomatic behaviours than to stimulant drug medication.Conclusions:  The study’s findings helped to inform the NICE guideline on ADHD by providing evidence that young people’s experiences of medication were in general more positive than negative. All NICE Guidelines involving recommendations for the treatment of young people should draw on research evidence of young people’s experiences of treatments.
Pharmacologic Dissociation Between Impulsivity and Alcohol Drinking in High Alcohol Preferring Mice
Authors: Oberlin Brandon G. , Bristow Robert Evan , Heighton Meredith E. , Grahame Nicholas J. 
Published: May 2010

Background:  Impulsivity is genetically correlated with, and precedes, addictive behaviors and alcoholism. If impulsivity or attention is causally related to addiction, certain pharmacological manipulations of impulsivity and/or attention may affect alcohol drinking, and vice versa. The current studies were designed to explore the relationship among impulsivity, drinking, and vigilance in selectively bred High Alcohol Preferring (HAP) mice, a line that has previously demonstrated both high impulsivity and high alcohol consumption. Amphetamine, naltrexone, and memantine were tested in a delay discounting (DD) task for their effects on impulsivity and vigilance. The same drugs and doses were also assessed for effects on alcohol drinking in a 2‐bottle choice test.Methods:  HAP mice were subjected to a modified version of adjusting amount DD using 0.5‐second and 10‐second delays to detect decreases and increases, respectively, in impulsive responding. In 2 experiments, mice were given amphetamine (0.4, 0.8, or 1.2 mg/kg), naltrexone (3 and 10 mg/kg), and memantine (1 and 5 mg/kg) before DD testing. Another pair of studies used scheduled access, 2‐bottle choice drinking to assess effects of amphetamine (0.4, 1.2, or 3.0 mg/kg), naltrexone (3 and 10 mg/kg), and memantine (1 and 5 mg/kg) on alcohol consumption.Results:  Amphetamine dose‐dependently reduced impulsivity and vigilance decrement in DD, but similar doses left alcohol drinking unaffected. Naltrexone and memantine decreased alcohol intake at doses that did not affect water drinking but had no effects on impulsivity or vigilance decrement in the DD task.Conclusions:  Contrary to our hypothesis, none of the drugs tested here, while effective on either alcohol drinking or impulsivity, decreased both behaviors. These findings suggest that the genetic association between drinking and impulsivity observed in this population is mediated by mechanisms other than those targeted by the drugs tested in these studies.
Interactive Effects of Cumulative Stress and Impulsivity on Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Helen C. Fox , Keri L. Bergquist , Peihua Gu , Rajita Sinha 
Published: May 2010

Background: Alcohol addiction may reflect adaptations to stress, reward, and regulatory brain systems. While extensive research has identified both stress and impulsivity as independent risk factors for drinking, few studies have assessed the interactive relationship between stress and impulsivity in terms of hazardous drinking within a community sample of regular drinkers.Methods: One hundred and thirty regular drinkers (56M/74F) from the local community were assessed for hazardous and harmful patterns of alcohol consumption using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). All participants were also administered the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS‐11) as a measure of trait impulsivity and the Cumulative Stress/Adversity Checklist (CSC) as a comprehensive measure of cumulative adverse life events. Standard multiple regression models were used to ascertain the independent and interactive nature of both overall stress and impulsivity as well as specific types of stress and impulsivity on hazardous and harmful drinking.Results: Recent life stress, cumulative traumatic stress, overall impulsivity, and nonplanning‐related impulsivity as well as cognitive and motor‐related impulsivity were all independently predictive of AUDIT scores. However, the interaction between cumulative stress and total impulsivity scores accounted for a significant amount of the variance, indicating that a high to moderate number of adverse events and a high trait impulsivity rating interacted to affect greater AUDIT scores. The subscale of cumulative life trauma accounted for the most variance in AUDIT scores among the stress and impulsivity subscales.Conclusions: Findings highlight the interactive relationship between stress and impulsivity with regard to hazardous drinking. The specific importance of cumulative traumatic stress as a marker for problem drinking is also discussed.
Malnutrition‐inflammation‐coronary calcification in pediatric patients receiving chronic hemodialysis
Authors: SRIVATHS Poyyapakkam R. , SILVERSTEIN Douglas M. , LEUNG Jocelyn , KRISHNAMURTHY Rajesh , GOLDSTEIN Stuart L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMalnutrition, inflammation, and renal osteodystrophy parameters with resultant coronary calcification (CC) are associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in adults. Previous pediatric studies demonstrated CC in children but none assessed for an association between inflammation, malnutrition, renal osteodystrophy, and CC. To assess CC, ultrafast computerized tomogram was obtained for 16 pediatric patients (6 females; median age 17.2 years; range 9.1–21.2 years) receiving hemodialysis for ≥2 months. Inflammation was assessed by serum IL‐6, IL‐8, and C‐reactive protein levels on the day of the computerized tomogram scan; nutrition parameters included serum albumin, cholesterol, the body mass index standard deviation score, and normalized protein catabolic rate. Renal osteodystrophy parameters included time‐averaged serum calcium, phosphorus, total PTH, and calcitriol/calcium dose. Patients received hemodialysis thrice‐weekly; mean single pool Kt/V 1.48±0.13; and mean normalized protein catabolic rate 1.27±0.17 g/kg/day. Five of 16 patients had CC. Patients with CC were older (19.1±2.1 vs. 15.4±3.1 months; P=0.03), had longer dialysis vintage (49.4±15.3 vs. 17.2±10.5 months, P=0.0002), lower serum cholesterol (122±17.7 vs. 160.4±10.6 mg/dL, P=0.02), and higher phosphorus (9.05±1.2 vs. 6.1±0.96 mg/dL, P=0.0001). Mean serum albumin and normalized protein catabolic rate did not differ for patients with CC. All patients had elevated IL‐6 and IL‐8 levels compared with healthy norms; the mean IL‐6, IL‐8, and C‐reactive protein levels were not different in patients with CC. Coronary calcification was prevalent in older children receiving maintenance hemodialysis with a longer dialysis vintage. Worse renal osteodystrophy control and malnutrition (low cholesterol) may contribute to CC development.
A transient epidermolysis bullosa simplex‐like phenotype associated with bexarotene treatment in a G138E KRT5 heterozygote
Authors: Trufant Joshua W. , Kreizenbeck Gretchen M. , Carlson Kacie R. , Muthusamy Viswanathan , Girardi Michael , Bosenberg Marcus W. 
Published: May 2010

Basal keratinocyte lysis is the hallmark histopathological finding of epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS), a group of rare heritable mechanobullous disorders characterized by intraepidermal blister formation and skin fragility. Over 100 mutations, found predominantly in the genes encoding keratins 5 and 14 (KRT5, KRT14), have been described to account for a variety of clinical subtypes. EBS with mottled pigmentation (EBS‐MP) is a rare variant featuring childhood‐onset reticulate hyperpigmentation and focal palmoplantar keratoderma, typically associated with a P25L KRT5 mutation. In this report, we present the case of a 77‐year‐old woman with a history of palmoplantar keratoderma who developed a transient EBS‐MP‐like phenotype associated with bexarotene treatment for cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Genetic sequencing revealed a heterozygous G138E KRT5 variant, present in approximately 10% of the European population and only rarely associated with pathology. Bexarotene, which has been reported to alter keratin synthesis, caused vesiculobullous reactions with similar frequency in clinical trials. We propose that the cumulative effect of drug treatment and underlying G138E polymorphism resulted in transient basal keratinocyte lysis in our patient and provides a plausible explanation for this unusual bexarotene side effect.Trufant JW, Kreizenbeck GM, Carlson KR, Muthusamy V, Girardi M, Bosenberg MW. A transient epidermolysis bullosa simplex‐like phenotype associated with bexarotene treatment in a G138E KRT5 heterozygote.
Changes in RPS14 expression levels during lenalidomide treatment in Low‐ and Intermediate‐1‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes with chromosome 5q deletion
Authors: Oliva Esther N. , Cuzzola Maria , Nobile Francesco , Ronco Francesca , D’Errigo Maria Grazia , Laganà Carmelo , Morabito Fortunato , Galimberti Sara , Cortelezzi Agostino , Aloe Spiriti Maria A. , Specchia Giorgina , Poloni Antonella , Breccia Massimo , Ghio Riccardo , Finelli Carlo , Iacopino Pasquale , Alimena Giuliana , Latagliata Roberto 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground:  Haploinsufficiency of the ribosomal protein S14 RPS14 gene, located in the common deleted region of chromosome 5q, is a potential causal factor of 5q− syndrome. Lenalidomide elicits high response rates and morphological improvements in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) patients with chromosome 5q deletion [del(5q)].Methods:  To further evaluate the role of RPS14, its transcription was tested in bone marrow cells from 17 patients with International Prognostic Scoring System defined Low‐ or Intermediate‐1‐risk MDS with del(5q) as a single or additional cytogenetic abnormality receiving treatment with lenalidomide.Results:  After 12 wk of lenalidomide treatment, erythroid responses were observed in all cases with an increase in hemoglobin levels of 2.7 ± 2.5 g/dL (up to a mean 11.8 ± 1.9 g/dL; P = 0.001). Before treatment, RPS14 expression levels were under‐expressed in 15 patients with respect to normal controls. After 12 wk of lenalidomide treatment, all patients had an erythroid response. There was a significant increase in median RPS14 expression from baseline 0.01 (IQR 0.05–0.31) to 12 wk 204.71‐fold (2.86–446.32; P < 0.0001).Conclusions:  These observations in the patient setting support the importance of RPS14 in the pathogenesis of MDS with del(5q).
Remifentanil in neonatal intensive care and anaesthesia practice
Authors: Penido Márcia Gomes , Garra Rossella , Sammartino Maria , Silva Yerkes Pereira e 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRemifentanil is a relatively new ultrashort action synthetic opioid. Studies on the use of remifentanil in neonatology have emerged demonstrating its effectiveness and safety in neonates. The present study describes the use of remifentanil in both full‐term and premature newborns, highlighting the theoretical benefits for this population in terms of both neonatal intensive care and anaesthesia. A Medline search was undertaken of all reviews and reports about the use of remifentanil in neonates published between 1996 and 2009 using MeSH search terms ‘remifentanil’, ‘analgesia’, ‘anaesthesia’, ‘newborn’ and ‘neonate’. The review points that remifentanil has been used with advantages in newborns including preterm neonates and even for foetal anaesthesia. It proved to be a good option to attenuate the hemodynamic/endocrine markers of stress related to surgery. Owing to its unique pharmacokinetic profile, shorter extubation times can be achieved what makes the drug also a good option for short duration invasive procedures in NICUs (InSurE). A concern on its use is that the hemodynamic response (hypotension) may become significant when the drug is associated to other drugs like sevoflurane.Conclusion:  Remifentanil seems to be an effective and safely used opioid for neonatal intensive care and anaesthesia practice.
Influences of Northern Leaf Blight on corn silage fermentation quality, nutritive value and feed intake by sheep
Authors: WANG Peng , SOUMA Kousaku , KOBAYASHI Yuki , IWABUCHI Kei , SATO Chihiro , MASUKO Takayoshi 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThis study examined the differences between non‐inoculated (control) corn and Northern Leaf Blight (NLB)‐damaged corn (inoculated corn); dry matter (DM) yield, silage fermentation quality, nutritive value and feed intake by sheep were compared. Leaf, stem and grain dry weights and gross yield of inoculated corn were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased compared with control corn. The contents of water‐soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen‐free extract (NFE) were decreased in inoculated corn compared with control corn. Silage made from both inoculated and control corn showed good fermentation quality. The digestibility of DM, organic matter, ether extract, NFE, and energy of silage made from inoculated corn were significantly (P < 0.05) lower, and contents of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and digestible energy (DE) were also significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with silage made from the control corn. DM intake showed no significant discrepancy between the two types of silage. TDN and DE intakes from inoculated silage were significantly (P < 0.05) lower compared with control silage. From the above results it was shown that NLB caused a decrease in DM yield and NFE content in corn and a decrease in the nutritive value and feed intake of silage.
Microcosm Assessment of Polaromonas sp. JS666 as a Bioaugmentation Agent for Degradation of cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene in Aerobic, Subsurface Environments
Authors: Giddings Cloelle G. S. , Liu Fang , Gossett James M. 
Published: May 2010

Chlorinated ethenes such as tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene have been widely used as dry‐cleaning and degreasing solvents. Under anaerobic conditions, microorganisms reduce these parent compounds to less‐chlorinated daughter products such as cis‐1,2‐dichloroethene (cDCE), and often further to ethene. This process can be stalled at cDCE, due to insufficient supply of reductants and/or inadequate microbial‐community composition. Recently, a novel bacterium, Polaromonas sp. JS666, was isolated that is able to aerobically oxidize cDCE as sole carbon and energy source. As such, it is a promising candidate for use as a subsurface, bioaugmentation agent at sites where anaerobic bioremediation is inappropriate or has stalled and cDCE has migrated to, and accumulated within, aerobic zones, or where it is practical to impose aerobic conditions.Subsurface sediments or groundwater from six such cDCE‐contaminated sites were used to construct microcosms. In every sediment or groundwater inoculated with JS666, the organism was able to degrade cDCE, provided that the pH remained circum‐neutral. Even when JS666 was challenged with an alternate carbon source, or in the presence of competitive/predatory microorganisms, there was a measure of success. Collectively, these microcosm studies suggest that JS666 is a viable candidate for the bioaugmentation of aerobic, cDCE‐contaminated sites. A minimum inoculation level in excess of 105 cells per mL is recommended for field applications. At this level of inoculation, 100 L of inoculum culture grown to an OD600 of 1.0 should be able to treat a 10‐m × 30‐m × 80‐m (24,000‐m3) plot.
Mining online genomic resources inAnolis carolinensisfacilitates rapid and inexpensive development of cross‐species microsatellite markers for theAnolislizard genus
Authors: WORDLEY CLAIRE , SLATE JON , STAPLEY JESSICA 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOnline sequence databases can provide valuable resources for the development of cross‐species genetic markers. In particular, mining expressed tag sequences (EST) for microsatellites and developing conserved cross‐species microsatellite markers can provide a rapid and relatively inexpensive method to develop new markers for a range of species. Here, we adopt this approach to develop cross‐species microsatellite markers inAnolislizards, which is a model genus in evolutionary biology and ecology. Using EST sequences fromAnolis carolinensis,we identified 127 microsatellites that satisfied our criteria, and tested 49 of these in five species ofAnolis(carolinensis, distichus, apletophallus, porcatusandsagrei). We identified between 8 and 25 new variable genetic markers for fiveAnolisspecies. These markers will be a valuable resource for studies of population genetics, comparative mapping, mating systems, behavioural ecology and adaptive radiations in this diverse lineage.
Spatially explicit Bayesian clustering models in population genetics
Authors: FRANÇOIS OLIVIER , DURAND ERIC 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article reviews recent developments in Bayesian algorithms that explicitly include geographical information in the inference of population structure. Current models substantially differ in their prior distributions and background assumptions, falling into two broad categories: models with or without admixture. To aid users of this new generation of spatially explicit programs, we clarify the assumptions underlying the models, and we test these models in situations where their assumptions are not met. We show that models without admixture are not robust to the inclusion of admixed individuals in the sample, thus providing an incorrect assessment of population genetic structure in many cases. In contrast, admixture models are robust to an absence of admixture in the sample. We also give statistical and conceptual reasons why data should be explored using spatially explicit models that include admixture.