bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translating basic science insight into public health action for multidrug‐ and extensively drug‐resistant tuberculosis
Authors: WALTER NICHOLAS D. , STRONG MICHAEL , BELKNAP ROBERT , ORDWAY DIANE J. , DALEY CHARLES L. , CHAN EDWARD D. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTMultidrug (MDR)‐ and extensively drug‐resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) impose a heavy toll of human suffering and social costs. Controlling drug‐resistant TB is a complex global public health challenge. Basic science advances including elucidation of the genetic basis of resistance have enabled development of new assays that are transforming the diagnosis of MDR‐TB. Molecular epidemiological approaches have provided new insights into the natural history of TB with important implications for drug resistance. In the future, progress in understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain‐specific human immune responses, integration of systems biology approaches with traditional epidemiology and insight into the biology of mycobacterial persistence have potential to be translated into new tools for diagnosis and treatment of MDR‐ and XDR‐TB. We review recent basic sciences developments that have contributed or may contribute to improved public health response.
Clinical implications of pleural effusions in ovarian cancer
Authors: PORCEL JOSÉ M. , DIAZ JOHN P. , CHI DENNIS S. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe pleural cavity constitutes the most frequent extra‐abdominal metastatic site in ovarian carcinoma (OC). In patients with OC and pleural effusions, a positive fluid cytology is required for a stage IV diagnosis. Unfortunately, about 30% of malignant pleural effusions exhibit false‐negative cytological pleural fluid results. In those circumstances, exploratory video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) serves as a diagnostic, staging and even therapeutic modality. Maximal (no visible disease) or, at least, optimal (no residual implant greater than 1 cm) cytoreduction should be the primary surgical goal in stage IV OC patients. This is due to residual tumour after cytoreductive surgery being one of the most important factors impacting on survival. Although malignant pleural effusions do not preclude abdominal surgical debulking, excision of gross pleural nodules may be necessary to achieve optimal cytoreduction. VATS quantifies pleural tumour burden and allows for intrathoracic cytoreduction or, if the latter is not feasible, ensures that abdominal surgery is not unnecessarily performed on women in whom gross tumour would still remain in the pleural space afterwards. Taxane‐platinum neoadjuvant chemotherapy should be offered to this group. Patients with tumour extension into the pleural space have a median overall survival of 2 years.
Biosynthesis and incorporation of side‐chain‐truncated lignin monomers to reduce lignin polymerization and enhance saccharification
Authors: Eudes Aymerick , George Anthe , Mukerjee Purba , Kim Jin S. , Pollet Brigitte , Benke Peter I. , Yang Fan , Mitra Prajakta , Sun Lan , Çetinkol Özgül P. , Chabout Salem , Mouille Grégory , Soubigou‐Taconnat Ludivine , Balzergue Sandrine , Singh Seema , Holmes Bradley M. , Mukhopadhyay Aindrila , Keasling Jay D. , Simmons Blake A. , Lapierre Catherine , Ralph John , Loqué Dominique 
Published: March 2012

SummaryLignocellulosic biomass is utilized as a renewable feedstock in various agro‐industrial activities. Lignin is an aromatic, hydrophobic and mildly branched polymer integrally associated with polysaccharides within the biomass, which negatively affects their extraction and hydrolysis during industrial processing. Engineering the monomer composition of lignins offers an attractive option towards new lignins with reduced recalcitrance. The presented work describes a new strategy developed in Arabidopsis for the overproduction of rare lignin monomers to reduce lignin polymerization degree (DP). Biosynthesis of these ‘DP reducers’ is achieved by expressing a bacterial hydroxycinnamoyl‐CoA hydratase‐lyase (HCHL) in lignifying tissues of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems. HCHL cleaves the propanoid side‐chain of hydroxycinnamoyl‐CoA lignin precursors to produce the corresponding hydroxybenzaldehydes so that plant stems expressing HCHL accumulate in their cell wall higher amounts of hydroxybenzaldehyde and hydroxybenzoate derivatives. Engineered plants with intermediate HCHL activity levels show no reduction in total lignin, sugar content or biomass yield compared with wild‐type plants. However, cell wall characterization of extract‐free stems by thioacidolysis and by 2D‐NMR revealed an increased amount of unusual C6C1 lignin monomers most likely linked with lignin as end‐groups. Moreover the analysis of lignin isolated from these plants using size‐exclusion chromatography revealed a reduced molecular weight. Furthermore, these engineered lines show saccharification improvement of pretreated stem cell walls. Therefore, we conclude that enhancing the biosynthesis and incorporation of C6C1 monomers (‘DP reducers’) into lignin polymers represents a promising strategy to reduce lignin DP and to decrease cell wall recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis.
Care: A Critical Review of Theory, Policy and Practice
Authors: Rummery Kirstein , Fine Michael 
Published: March 2012

Abstract‘Care’ is a source of critical tension in current social theory, and the policy and practice implications of that tension are evidenced in its current prominence on the political agenda of developed welfare states. This article critically appraises current developments in the theory, policy and practice of care, drawing on interdisciplinary developments in political theory, sociology and social policy. Developing feminist and disability‐rights theories, it explores a critical synthesis of conflicting normative and theoretical positions regarding the giving and receiving of care, and of the ethics and justice of care. It examines case studies of current comparative policy developments across a range of different welfare regimes, including the marketization/commodification and de/re‐familiaization of care, exploring ideological and normative trends in the design of contemporary policies. It discusses the impact of theory and policy on the practice of care, looking particularly at the issue of long‐term care for disabled and older adults. Finally, the authors argue for the development of a citizenship‐based approach to care that decouples it from individualistic and paternalistic paradigms that disempower those who give and receive care.
Early bone resorption after vertical bone augmentation – a comparison of calvarial and iliac grafts
Authors: Mertens Christian , Decker Christian , Seeberger Robin , Hoffmann Jürgen , Sander Anja , Freier Kolja 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjective and aimSevere cases of bone atrophy in the maxilla or mandible are often reconstructed using bone from extraoral donor sides. Most commonly, grafts from the iliac crest are used for augmentation, however, frequently associated with bone resorption as possible late complication. Calvarial bone grafts, often reported to show less resorption, are an alternative. The aim of this study was to compare the bone stability of vertical bone grafts from the iliac crest and the calvarium.Patients and methodsTwenty‐three patients receiving vertical onlay bone grafts were included in this retrospective cohort study. In nine patients alveolar ridge defects were treated with bone from the iliac crest. Fourteen patients were reconstructed using calvarial bone grafts.To quantify bone resorption, the data of digital panographs were evaluated. Radiographs were taken prior to bone grafting, after augmentation surgery, 6 months after bone healing, prior to implant surgery, after implant surgery and at yearly intervals thereafter.ResultsPostoperative complications at the recipient site occurred equally in both groups. The complication rate was 35.7% for the calvarial group and 33.3% in the iliac crest group. No donor‐site complications were reported in either group. After bone augmentation procedure, a mean vertical bone gain of 8.55 mm (SD 5.96) was measured. Bone grafts from the iliac crest showed a significantly higher bone loss of 24.16% (SD 8.47) than grafts from the calvarium (8.44%, SD 3.64) at the time of implant placement (P = 0.0003). Implant survival was similar in both groups.DiscussionBoth bone‐grafting approaches are successful and reliable techniques, enabling implant placement in even highly atrophied alveolar ridges and with identical implant survival rates, although bone resorption differs. Within the limitations of this study bone from the calvarium shows higher bone stability in the early healing phase.
A comparison of cone beam computed tomography and conventional periapical radiography at detecting peri‐implant bone defects
Authors: Dave Meetal , Davies Jonathan , Wilson Ron , Palmer Richard 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the diagnostic accuracy of conventional periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) at detecting peri‐implant bone defects.Materials and methodsImplants were placed in fresh bovine ribs in osteotomy sites of varying diameter (five with no peri‐implant space, five with a 0.35 mm space, five with a 0.675 mm space) and imaged using (i) digital long cone periapical radiographs (LCPAs), (ii) limited volume CBCT using 3D Accuitomo 80® and (iii) large volume CBCT using i‐CAT Next Generation®. Images from each were randomly presented to nine examiners on two occasions. Confidence in diagnosing the presence or absence of a peri‐implant radiolucency was recorded on a five‐point scale. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and Kappa tests were performed.ResultsDigital LCPAs were better at diagnosing a peri‐implant bone defect when the peri‐implant space was 0.35 mm (P < 0.02). As the peri‐implant space increased to 0.675 mm, there was no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy between the three imaging methods. Sensitivity of LCPAs (100) and Accuitomo (97.8) was better than i‐CAT (64.4) (P < 0.02). LCPAs and i‐CAT had significantly better specificity and positive predictive value than Accuitomo. The negative predictive value of LCPA was significantly better than i‐CAT. LCPAs showed better intra‐examiner and inter‐examiner agreement than CBCT.ConclusionWithin the limitations of this study, LCPAs are a reliable and valid method of detecting circumferential peri‐implant bone defects and performed significantly better than CBCT.
Comparing culture, real‐time PCR and fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with or without peri‐implant infections
Authors: Galassi F. , Kaman W. E. , Anssari Moin D. , van der Horst J. , Wismeijer D. , Crielaard W. , Laine M. L. , Veerman E. C. I. , Bikker F. J. , Loos B. G. 
Published: March 2012

Galassi F, Kaman WE, Anssari Moin D, van der Horst J, Wismeijer D, Crielaard W, Laine ML, Veerman ECI, Bikker FJ, Loos BG. Comparing culture, real‐time PCR and fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with or without peri‐implant infections. J Periodont Res 2012; 47: 616–625. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/SBackground and Objective:  The aim of the study was to compare the detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology with commonly used diagnostic methods in salivary and subgingival plaque samples from subjects with dental implants. P. gingivalis was considered as a marker for a pathogenic microbiota.Material and Methods:  Ninety‐seven adult subjects were recruited, including periodontally healthy controls with no dental implants, implant controls with no peri‐implant disease and patients with peri‐implant disease. Saliva and subgingival/submucosal plaque samples were collected from all subjects and were analyzed using culture, real‐time PCR and FRET technology employing P. gingivalis‐specific substrates.Results:  It was found that the P. gingivalis‐specific substrates were highly suitable for detecting the presence of P. gingivalis in saliva and in subgingival plaque samples, showing comparable specificity to culture and real‐time PCR.Conclusion:  We applied the FRET technology to detect P. gingivalis in implant patients with or without an implant condition and in controls without implants. The technique seems suitable for detection of P. gingivalis in both plaque and saliva samples. However, with all three techniques, P. gingivalis was not very specific for peri‐implantitis cases. Future work includes fine‐tuning the FRET technology and also includes the development of a chair‐side application.
A one‐year school‐based diet/exercise intervention improves non‐traditional disease biomarkers in Mexican‐American children
Authors: McFarlin Brian Keith , Johnston Craig J. , Carpenter Katie C. , Davidson Tiffany , Moreno Jennette L. , Strohacker Kelley , Breslin Whitney L. , Foreyt John P. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSchool‐based interventions are an effective way to treat childhood obesity. The purpose of the present study was to biologically validate an established school‐based intervention designed to reduce standardised body mass index (zBMI) over a period of 12 months. This intervention focused on a subset of Mexican‐American children who were participating in a larger clinical weight loss study. Plasma samples were analysed from self‐identified Mexican‐American children (12–14 years) who were randomised to either a school‐based intervention (IN, n = 152) or self‐help control (CN, n = 69). Treatment was 4 days week−1 of exercise (45 min day−1) and 1 day week−1 of nutritional counselling for 6 months. Fasting (>8 h) blood samples were collected at baseline, 6 months (end of active intervention) and 12 months (6 months after the end of the active intervention). Plasma resistin, adiponectin and leptin concentration were measured using a multiplex assay. Separate linear mixed models and a P < 0.05 were used to test for significance. Significant group × time interactions were found for resistin (P < 0.0001), adiponectin (P = 0.001) and leptin (P = 0.013). For resistin, IN was 12% lower at 6 months than CN. Adiponectin concentration in IN was greater at 6 months (26%) and 12 months (8%) than CN. Leptin concentration was 22% lower for IN at 12 months than CN. We have previously reported that our school‐based intervention reduced zBMI and now reported alterations in biologically relevant disease biomarkers. Some of the observed changes were only present at the end of the active intervention (resistin), while others persisted until 12 months (leptin and adiponectin). These changes underscore the effectiveness of our school‐based intervention at not only improving zBMI but also at reducing disease risk.
KINETICS OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTION OF MATE (ILEX PARAGUARIENSIS) LEAVES
Authors: JENSEN SUELLEN , ZANOELO ÉVERTON FERNANDO 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTExperiments were carried out to investigate the kinetics of infusion of mate leaves. A cylindrical batch extractor made of glass and equipped with a mixer was operated at temperatures between 18 and 80C with comminute leaves of mate in the size range from 4.9 × 10−4 to 5.7 × 10−4 m. The experimental kinetic curves of solute concentration in the aqueous phase revealed a diffusion coefficient of soluble species through the leaves in the magnitude of 10−12–10−13 m2/s. A negligible influence of agitation and significant effects of solvent temperature and particle size on the rate of extraction of soluble matter were experimentally observed. The kinetics of infusion of mate leaves and the influence of the investigated factors were correctly reproduced by two simplified differential equations referred to as the equilibrium‐dependent and diffusion‐dependent extraction models.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAround US$1 billion is the overall value that emerged from the activities of cultivation, manufacturing and trade of mate leaves involving more than 70 countries across the continents. Despite these positive aspects, the aromatic and bioactive properties of mate could be better explored to obtain several commercial derivatives that would increase the economic impact of this commodity at a global scale. However, the development of most of these new products depends on the availability of the powder extract of mate, which is typically obtained by solid–liquid extraction with hot water. In this framework, the results obtained in the current investigation can be applied as a guideline to design and operate industrial units of mate extraction in order have a maximum extraction yield at the lowest operating cost.
RENNETABILITY OF CHEESE‐MAKING MILK PROCESSED BY NONTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: GARCIA‐AMEZQUITA LUIS EDUARDO , PRIMO‐MORA ÁNGEL RICARDO , GUERRERO‐BELTRAN JOSE ANGEL , BARBOSA‐CÁNOVAS GUSTAVO , SEPULVEDA DAVID ROBERTO 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTHeat treatments (HT) modify the renneting properties of raw milk, hence nonthermal technologies seem to be a good option to ensure the microbial quality of milk without modifying its renneting properties. The effect of pulsed electric fields (PEF) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the rennet coagulation properties of milk was compared with the effect caused by HT. Milk was processed by HHP (400 and 500 MPa from 0 to 20 min) and PEF (36 and 42 kV/cm for up to 64 pulses). HHP reduced the rennet coagulation time (RCT) of milk to ∼60% of the RCT of raw milk. Contrarily, PEF and HT increased RCT in ∼10%. Gels made from HHP milk presented G′ values of 170 Pa after 20 min, raw milk reached only 50 Pa after 60 min, and PEF and HT showed lower G′ values. HHP increases rennet coagulation efficiency, whereas PEF milk behaves similarly than raw milk.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSNonthermal technologies have been suggested as a means to ensure the microbiological safety of milk without modifying its nutritional and technical attributes, and as a way to enhance its various functional properties. High hydrostatic pressure and pulsed electric field treatments applied in this study modified the renneting properties of milk, providing as a useful tool for the redesigning of cheese‐making processes. Rheological data presented in this paper clearly characterize the formation of curds out of milk treated with nonthermal treatments over milk proteins might result in the development of novel cheeses with different textures, flavors and nutritional content.
Impaired Vasodilation in the Pathogenesis of Hypertension: Focus on Nitric Oxide, Endothelial‐Derived Hyperpolarizing Factors, and Prostaglandins
Authors: Giles Thomas D. , Sander Gary E. , Nossaman Bobby D. , Kadowitz Philip J. 
Published: March 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:198–205. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Under resting conditions the arterial vasculature exists in a vasoconstricted state referred to as vascular tone. Physiological dilatation in response to increased flow, a function of normal endothelium is necessary to maintain normal blood pressure. Endothelial dysfunction in vascular smooth muscle cells thus results in loss of normal vasorelaxant function and the inability of arteries to appropriately dilate in response to increased blood flow in either a systemic or regional vascular bed, resulting in increased blood pressure, a sequence that may represent a common pathway to hypertension. Normal vasorelaxation is mediated by a number of endothelial systems including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins (PGI2 and PGE2), and a family of endothelial‐derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHF). In response to hemodynamic shear stress, endothelium continuously releases NO, EDHF, and PGI2 to provide vasodilatation. EDHF, not a single molecule but rather a group of molecules that includes epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, hydrogen peroxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, C‐natriuretic peptide, and K+ itself, causes vasodilatation by activation of vascular smooth muscle cell K+ channels, resulting in hyperpolarization and thus vasorelaxation. The understanding and effective management of blood pressure requires an understanding of both physiologic and pathophysiologic regulation of vascular tone. This review describes molecular mechanisms underlying normal endothelial regulation and pathological states, such as increased oxidative stress, which cause loss of vasorelaxation. Possible pharmacological interventions to restore normal function are suggested.
Role of prophylactic ureteric stents in colorectal surgery
Authors: da Silva G , Boutros M , Wexner SD 
Published: March 2012

AbstractUreteric injury is a feared complication in colorectal surgery, with a reported incidence of 0.2%–7.6%. Prophylactic ureteric catheter placement has the advantage of facilitating intraoperative ureter identification and assisting in immediate injury recognition and repair. However, its use has been controversial because of fear of ureteric damage during catheter insertion and postoperative urinary complications such as obstructive oliguria and urinary tract infection. Although the exact indications for prophylactic catheter placement are not clearly defined, it is generally used for reoperative cases, large tumors, previous radiation therapy, diverticulitis, fistulas, Crohn's disease and obesity. Herein, we review the incidence and risk factors for ureteric injury, the role of prophylactic ureteric stents and the complications and costs associated with its use in both open and laparoscopic colorectal surgery.
The mediating effects of dietary habits on the relationship between television viewing and body mass index among youth
Authors: Carson Valerie , Janssen Ian 
Published: March 2012

SummaryObjectiveThere is evidence to suggest that excessive television viewing is an independent determinant of obesity in young people. However, the pathways between television viewing and obesity are not fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine whether the relationship between television and body mass index (BMI) is mediated by television snacking and junk food consumption.MethodsResults are based on 15 973 youth in grades 6–10 who participated in the Canadian 2009/2010 Health Behaviour in School‐Aged Children Survey (HBSC). Participants self‐reported their weight and height and BMI z‐scores were calculated based on World Health Organization growth standards. Participants reported the frequency of snacking while watching television and the frequency of eating junk food (sweets, soft drinks, baked goods, French fries, potato chips). Total hours per week of television were calculated. A contemporary multiple mediation analysis was used to examine associations.ResultsA modest positive relationship was observed between television viewing and BMI. The mean BMI z‐score was 0.15 units higher in youth in the highest television viewing quartile by comparison with the youth in the lowest quartile. However, contrary to our hypothesis, television snacking and junk food consumption were not significant positive mediators of the television and BMI relationship.ConclusionThe pathways between television viewing and obesity are complicated and remain poorly understood. Future research using longitudinal or experimental designs, more precise measurement tools and formal mediation analyses is needed. This research should consider mediators related to both energy intake and expenditure.
First Case Report of Bloodstream Infection Due to a Candida Species Closely Related to the Novel Species Candida pseudorugosa
Authors: Taverna Constanza Giselle , Córdoba Susana , Isla Guillermina , Fernández Norma , García Susana , Mazza Mariana , Murisengo Omar Alejandro , Vivot Walter , Szusz Wanda , Davel Graciela , Tiraboschi Iris Nora , Bosco-Borgeat María Eugenia 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Candida pseudorugosa
is a novel species closely related to
Candida rugosa
for which only one case has been reported. We report the first case of a bloodstream infection in humans caused by a
Candida
sp. closely related to
C. pseudorugosa
. We contribute evidence to show this organism as a potential human pathogen that may be misidentified by conventional methods, also pointing out its lower sensitivity to azoles and other antifungal agents.