bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Papaya.
Authors: Paull R. E. , Duarte O. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

This paper focuses on the taxonomy, origin and distribution, ecological requirements, morphology and physiology of pawpaws. The cultivar development, propagation, cultivation, irrigation, pruning, fertilizer application and weed, pest and disease management are discussed. The harvesting, postharvest handling and utilization of the fruits are also highlighted.
Pineapple.
Authors: Paull R. E. , Duarte O. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

This paper focuses on the taxonomy, origin and distribution, ecological requirements, morphology and physiology of pineapples. The cultivar development, propagation, cultivation, fumigation, irrigation, flower induction, fertilizer application and weed, pest and disease management are discussed. The harvesting, postharvest handling and utilization of the fruits are highlighted and the different physiological disorders are pointed out.
Stevens–Johnson syndrome induced by acetazolamide
Authors: HER Young , KIL Min S. , PARK Ju H. , KIM Chul W. , KIM Sang S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAcetazolamide is a sulfonamide derivative and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucomatous patients. Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) associated with acetazolamide treatment has been diagnosed in Japanese, Japanese‐American and Indian patients. Herein, we report the second Korean case of SJS‐TEN associated with acetazolamide treatment. The result of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing of our patient was positive for HLA‐B59. According to recent research, HLA‐B59 has been detected in SJS caused by metazolamide, which is analogous to acetazolamide. This suggests a possible relationship between genetic background and SJS‐TEN‐associated acetazolamide treatment. Theretofore, acetazolamide should be prescribed to Korean patients with the same discreet caution.
Tinea corporis caused by Microsporum gallinae: First clinical case in Japan
Authors: MIYASATO Hitona , YAMAGUCHI Sayaka , TAIRA Kiyohito , HOSOKAWA Atsushi , KAYO Susumu , SANO Ayako , UEZATO Hiroshi , TAKAHASHI Kenzo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe report herein a case of tinea corporis caused by Microsporum gallinae in a 96‐year‐old, otherwise healthy Japanese man. The patient had a long working history as a breeder of fighting cocks, and he suffered from two erythematous macules after being bitten by a cock. M. gallinae was identified as the infectious agent based on the morphology of isolates cultured on slides and analysis of DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) from ribosomal DNA from cultured isolates. The patient was successfully treated with antifungal ointments. To our knowledge, this is the first case of M. gallinae infection in a human reported in Japan.
In silicoprediction of efavirenz and rifampicin drug–drug interaction considering weight and CYP2B6 phenotype
Authors: Rekić Dinko , Röshammar Daniel , Mukonzo Jackson , Ashton Michael 
Published: December 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Rifampicin is known to reduce the exposure of efavirenz. Despite lack of adequate clinical support, most guidelines recommend an increased efavirenz dose in patients treated with both drugs, although some propose an increase only in patients weighing over 50 kg.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• An example of utilization ofin vitrodata to predictin vivoconsequences of metabolic drug–drug interactions, suggesting answers to specific questions difficult to study in patients. Here the efavirenz–rifampicin interaction was simulated with the specific question of whether or not to increase the efavirenz dose based on bodyweight.• The results from this simulation suggest that increasing the efavirenz dose may be appropriate only in patients with bodyweights over 50 kg.AIMSThis study aimed to test whether a pharmacokinetic simulation model could extrapolate nonclinical drug data to predict human efavirenz exposure after single and continuous dosing as well as the effects of concomitant rifampicin and further to evaluate the weight‐based dosage recommendations used to counteract the rifampicin–efavirenz interaction.METHODSEfavirenz pharmacokinetics were simulated using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model implemented in the Simcyp™ population‐based simulator. Physicochemical and metabolism data obtained from the literature were used as input for prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters. The model was used to simulate the effects of rifampicin on efavirenz pharmacokinetics in 400 virtual patients, taking into account bodyweight and CYP2B6 phenotype.RESULTSApart from the absorption phase, the simulation model predicted efavirenz concentration–time profiles reasonably well, with close agreement with clinical data. The simulated effects of rifampicin co‐administration on efavirenz treatment showed only a minor decrease of 16% (95% confidence interval 13–19) in efavirenz area under the concentration–time curve, of the same magnitude as what has been clinically observed (22%). Efavirenz exposure depended on CYP2B6 phenotype and bodyweight. Increasing the efavirenz dose during concomitant rifampicin was predicted to be most successful in patients over 50 kg regardless of CYP2B6 status.CONCLUSIONSOur findings, although based on a simulation approach using limitedin vitrodata, support the current recommendations for using a 50 kg bodyweight cut‐off for efavirenz dose increment when co‐treating with rifampicin.
Impact of allopurinol use on urate concentration and cardiovascular outcome
Authors: Wei Li , Mackenzie Isla S. , Chen Yang , Struthers Allan D. , MacDonald Thomas M. 
Published: December 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Guidelines recommend that the therapeutic goal of urate‐lowering therapy (ULT) is to achieve a urate concentration of ≤6 mg dl−1.• High‐dose allopurinol is associated with reduced cardiovascular events and mortality in heart failure patients. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Less than 50% of patients taking allopurinol reached target urate concentration.• Higher doses of allopurinol were associated with better control of urate and lower risks of both cardiovascular events and mortality in all patients on allopurinol treatment.AIMS To characterize patients with urate measurements by urate‐lowering therapy (ULT) use and to study the impact of allopurinol treatment on cardiovascular and mortality outcomes.METHODS A cohort study using a record‐linkage database. The study included 7135 patients aged ≥60 years with urate measurements between 2000 and 2002 followed up until 2007. A Cox regression model was used. The association between urate levels, dispensed allopurinol and cardiovascular hospitalization and mortality was determined.RESULTS Six thousand and forty‐two patients were not taking ULT and 45.9% of those (2774 of 6042) had urate concentrations ≤6 mg dl−1. Among 1035 allopurinol users, 44.7% (45.6% for men and 43.3% for women) reached target urate concentration. There was no significant increased risk of cardiovascular events for allopurinol users when compared with non‐ULT users [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.95–1.26] and the non‐ULT group with urate >6 mg dl−1 (adjusted HR 1.07, 95% CI 0.89–1.28). Within the allopurinol use cohort, cardiovascular event rates were 74.0 (95% CI 61.9–86.1) per 1000 person years for the 100 mg group, 69.7 (49.6–89.8) for the 200 mg group and 47.6 (38.4–56.9) for the ≥300 mg group. Compared with low‐dose (100 mg) users, high‐dose (≥300 mg) users had significant reductions in the risk of cardiovascular events (adjusted HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.50–0.94) and mortality (adjusted HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.59–0.94).CONCLUSIONS Less than 50% of patients taking allopurinol reached target urate concentration. Higher doses of allopurinol were associated with better control of urate and lower risks of both cardiovascular events and mortality.
Interference ofBifidobacterium choerinumorEscherichia coliNissle 1917 withSalmonellaTyphimurium in gnotobiotic piglets correlates with cytokine patterns in blood and intestine
Authors: Splichalova A , Trebichavsky I , Rada V , Vlkova E , Sonnenborn U , Splichal I 
Published: December 2010

SummaryThe colonization, translocation and protective effect of two intestinal bacteria – PR4 (pig commensal strain of Bifidobacterium choerinum) or EcN (probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917) – against subsequent infection with a virulent LT2 strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were studied in gnotobiotic pigs after oral association. The clinical state of experimental animals correlated with bacterial translocation and levels of inflammatory cytokines [a chemokine, interleukin (IL)-8, a proinflammatory cytokine, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and an anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10] in plasma and intestinal lavages. Gnotobiotic pigs orally mono-associated with either PR4 or EcN thrived, and bacteria were not found in their blood. No significant inflammatory cytokine response was observed. Mono-association with Salmonella caused devastating septicaemia characterized by high levels of IL-10 and TNF-α in plasma and TNF-α in the intestine. Di-associated gnotobiotic pigs were given PR4 or EcN for 24 h. Subsequently, they were infected orally with Salmonella and euthanized 24 h later. Pigs associated with bifidobacteria before Salmonella infection suffered from severe systemic infection and mounted similar cytokine responses as pigs infected with Salmonella alone. In contrast, EcN interfered with translocation of Salmonella into mesenteric lymph nodes and systemic circulation. Pigs pre-associated with EcN thrived and their clinical condition correlated with the absence of IL-10 in their plasma and a decrease of TNF-α in plasma and ileum.
Therapeutic effects of TACI-Ig on rat with adjuvant arthritis
Authors: Wang D , Chang Y , Wu Y , Zhang L , Yan S , Xie G , Qin Q , Jin J , Wang W , Fang J , Wei W 
Published: December 2010

SummaryTransmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor-immunoglobulin (TACI-Ig) is a human fusion protein that binds and neutralizes both B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), a cytokine shown to be a key regulator of B cell maturation, proliferation and survival, and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL). Rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) is an experimental animal model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is mainly dependent on T cells and neutrophil-mediated cytokine production. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of TACI-Ig on rat AA. Rat AA was induced by intradermal injection of 0·1 ml complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). TACI-Ig (0·7, 2·1 and 6·3 mg/kg), recombinant human tumour necrosis factor-α receptor (rhTNFR) : Fc (2·8 mg/kg) and IgG-Fc (6·3 mg/kg) were administered subcutaneously every other day from days 16 to 34 after immunization. Arthritis was evaluated by arthritis global assessment and swollen joint count (SJC). The ankle joint and spleen were harvested for histopathological examination. Spleen index and thymus index were calculated. The levels of BLyS, interleukin (IL)-17, interferon (IFN)-γ, IgG1, IgG2a and IgM in AA rat spleen were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Administration of TACI-Ig significantly reduced the arthritis global assessment and SJC, decreased spleen index and ameliorated histopathological manifestations of rat AA. Suppressing the levels of BLyS, IL-17, IFN-γ and Ig in AA rat spleen were observed after administration of TACI-Ig. These results showed that TACI-Ig significantly inhibited the degree of rat AA, and the inhibitory effects might be associated with its ability to reduce BLyS, proinflammatory cytokines and Ig levels in spleen.
Conserving pelagic habitats: seascape modelling of an oceanic top predator
Authors: Louzao Maite , Pinaud David , Péron Clara , Delord Karine , Wiegand Thorsten , Weimerskirch Henri 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. Currently pelagic ecosystems are changing significantly due to multiple threats. An important management policy is to establish marine protected areas, until now overlooked due to the difficulty of declaring ‘high seas’ protected areas, obtaining long‐term distribution data on indicator species and the dynamic nature of these ecosystems.2. Within this framework, we developed predictive habitat suitability models of an oceanic predator, the vulnerable wandering albatross Diomedea exulans, in the highly dynamic Southern Ocean. Based on a long‐term tracking database (1998–2008), we estimated three quantitative ecological indices that complementarily describe the hierarchical habitat use of the species at multiple spatial scales: where the species (i) spent more time (the seascape, based on the time spent per area), (ii) searched for prey (the foraging habitat, based on zones of increased foraging intensity using first passage time), and (iii) fed (the feeding habitat, based on prey capture data).3. Predictive habitat models reasonably matched the observed distribution patterns and described albatross multi‐scale habitat use as a hierarchical arrangement: albatrosses foraged over topographic features in subtropical waters, nested within the wider seascape due to the constraint imposed by the colony effect, whereas feeding occurred nested over the continental shelf and seamounts in areas of low oceanographic variability within the Polar Frontal Zone.4. Within the current oceanographic conditions, the location of key pelagic habitats for albatrosses breeding in the southern Indian Ocean encompassed certain topographic features such as pelagic areas surrounding main breeding sites, seamounts and submarine mountain ranges. The placement of these pelagic hotspots depends on the current sea surface temperature conditions.5. Synthesis and applications. The present study provides two key conservation and management tools. First, we provide the first map to support the development of a prospective network of priority conservation zones across the southern Indian Ocean based on habitat predictions of an oceanic indicator species. This could be used not only to support conservation of top predators but also the underlying biodiversity associated with pelagic key habitats. Secondly, the developed habitat modelling procedure is widely applicable and could be used to track changes in species distribution in both marine and terrestrial environments within the current global change scenario.
Response of raptors to a windfarm
Authors: Garvin Julia C. , Jennelle Christopher S. , Drake David , Grodsky Steven M. 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. The global growth of wind energy has outpaced our assessment of possible impacts on wildlife. There is a pressing need for studies with pre‐ and post‐construction data to determine whether wind facilities will have detrimental effects on susceptible avian groups such as raptors.2. A pre‐ and post‐construction study was conducted to determine the impact of a windfarm on the abundance and behaviour of raptors in Wisconsin, USA. Variation in abundance and behaviour was examined both within and among years and relative to selected spatial, temporal and weather covariates. Raptor avoidance rates and indices of collision risk were calculated.3. Raptor abundance post‐construction was reduced by 47% compared to pre‐construction levels. Flight behaviour varied by species, but most individuals remained at a distance of at least 100 m from turbines and above the height of the rotor zone.4. Turkey vultures Cathartes aura and red‐tailed hawks Buteo jamaicensis displayed high‐risk flight behaviours more often than all other raptor species, but also showed signs of avoidance. Red‐tailed hawks were the only raptor species found dead beneath turbines during mortality searches. There were few observed mortalities and corrected mortality estimates were comparable to those from other windfarm studies.5. Synthesis and applications. The decline in raptor abundance post‐construction together with other lines of evidence suggests some displacement from the windfarm project area. While certain species may be at risk, flight behaviour data and mortality estimates indicate that the majority of raptors may not be directly affected by the presence of turbines. The avoidance rates recorded in this study should be used to improve collision risk models, and both current and future windfarms should investigate avoidance behaviour post‐construction.
Negative impact of traffic noise on avian reproductive success
Authors: Halfwerk Wouter , Holleman Leonard J. M. , Lessells C(Kate). M. , Slabbekoorn Hans 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. Traffic affects large areas of natural habitat worldwide. As a result, the acoustic signals used by birds and other animals are increasingly masked by traffic noise. Masking of signals important to territory defence and mate attraction may have a negative impact on reproductive success. Depending on the overlap in space, time and frequency between noise and vocalizations, such impact may ultimately exclude species from suitable breeding habitat. However a direct impact of traffic noise on reproductive success has not previously been reported.2. We monitored traffic noise and avian vocal activity during the breeding season alongside a busy Dutch motorway. We measured variation in space, time and spectrum of noise and tested for negative effects on avian reproductive success using long‐term breeding data on great tits Parus major.3. Noise levels decreased with distance from the motorway, but we also found substantial spatial variation independent of distance. Noise also varied temporally with March being noisier than April, and the daytime being noisier than night‐time. Furthermore, weekdays were clearly noisier than weekends. Importantly, traffic noise overlapped in time as well as acoustic frequency with avian vocalization behaviour over a large area.4. Traffic noise had a negative effect on reproductive success with females laying smaller clutches in noisier areas. Variation in traffic noise in the frequency band that overlaps most with the lower frequency part of great tit song best explained the observed variation.5. Additionally, noise levels recorded in April had a negative effect on the number of fledglings, independent of clutch size, and explained the observed variation better than noise levels recorded in March.6. Synthesis and applications. We found that breeding under noisy conditions can carry a cost, even for species common in urban areas. Such costs should be taken into account when protecting threatened species, and we argue that knowledge of the spatial, temporal and spectral overlap between noise and species‐specific acoustic behaviour will be important for effective noise management. We provide some cost‐effective mitigation measures such as traffic speed reduction or closing of roads during the breeding season.
Qualitative modelling of invasive species eradication on subantarctic Macquarie Island
Authors: Raymond Ben , McInnes Julie , Dambacher Jeffrey M. , Way Sarah , Bergstrom Dana M. 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. Invaded ecosystems present complex management issues. This problem is exacerbated in many situations by a lack of knowledge about the ecosystem. However, delaying conservation action to collect further data and so reduce such uncertainty is often either impractical or inadvisable.2. The Macquarie Island Pest Eradication Project, currently underway, is attempting to eradicate rabbits, rats, and mice from the island. We undertook qualitative modelling of this project, examining a range of likely outcomes and their possible ecological consequences. The results were aggregated across a large number of possible models, in order to account for uncertainty concerning interactions within the ecosystem.3. The results strongly support the current actions of simultaneous eradication of all three pest species, as simulated eradications of only one or two generally led to continued impacts on the island’s native biota. The results also provided support for the anticipated positive outcomes of the project, with predicted recoveries of tall tussock vegetation, and burrow‐ and surface‐nesting seabirds.4. However, the model predictions also highlighted potential risks: the eradication of mice from the island may not succeed, due in part to the structural position of this species within the ecosystem. Successful eradication of all three target species could potentially release the self‐introduced, non‐native redpolls and starlings, allowing expansion of their populations, with possible impacts on macro‐invertebrates and vegetation.5. Synthesis and applications. These results demonstrate that qualitative modelling approaches can in some cases deliver consistent results, despite high levels of uncertainty regarding interactions within the underlying ecosystem. Such outcomes can provide assistance in the development of strategic contingency plans and ongoing future management action.
The effects of changing land use and browsing on aspen abundance and regeneration: a 50‐year perspective from Sweden
Authors: Edenius Lars , Ericsson Göran , Kempe Göran , Bergström Roger , Danell Kjell 
Published: December 2010

Summary1. Management of trees with high conservation value under altered land use is challenging. This applies to European aspenPopulus tremula, a keystone tree species for species conservation in northern forests. Fire suppression in managed forest has reduced niches for sexual regeneration in aspen while levels of browsing have increased with increasing numbers of ungulate herbivores.2. We combined observational and experimental data from 1953 to 2007 to unravel patterns and causes of changes in aspen abundance in Sweden, the country with the largest forests in the EU. The density of small‐sized aspen ramets showed a peak in the early 1970s, followed by a marked decrease. Numbers of mooseAlces alces,the most important browser on aspen, showed a similar temporal pattern, but moose numbers peaked 10 years later than aspen. During the same time period, the volume of aspen doubled.3. The changes in aspen abundance correlate to large‐scale changes in forestry including the introduction of clear‐cutting practices and extensive clearing of aspen, and cessation of forest livestock grazing and abandonment of marginal farmland.4. Using exclosures, and controlling for time since disturbance and regeneration status, we monitored aspen demographics for 5 years in an aspen rich landscape. There was an eightfold increase in recruitment rate of established ramets to a height safe from browsing (>3 m) in fenced plots. However, the finite rate of increase, λ, derived from a transition matrix model, was consistently below 1, i.e. the aspen growth rate was negative with or without browsing. This was associated with a decrease in sprouting rate over time.5. Synthesis and applications.Our results suggest that changes in land use practices are the main cause of changes in aspen abundance at regional and national scales in Sweden during the last 50 years. Restoring regeneration niches, most importantly emulating natural disturbance processes, viz. fire at various spatial scales, and retaining aspen in cleaning and pre‐commercial thinnings are the most important management recommendations to secure regeneration of aspen. Protecting established aspen ramets at designated sites from browsing either by fencing or reducing ungulate numbers could be used as complementary management tools.