bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Happiness and Stress Alter Susceptibility to Cardiac Events in Long QT Syndrome
Authors: Lane Richard D. , Reis Harry T. , Peterson Derick R. , Zareba Wojciech , Moss Arthur J. 
Published: April 2009

Objective: We sought to determine whether the circumstances preceding an arrhythmic event differed from those preceding a prior control occasion in patients with Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), a well‐characterized genetic disorder that puts affected individuals at risk for sudden cardiac death. Methods: Thirty‐eight patients (89% female) with LQTS completed a “case‐crossover interview” in which each patient served as his/her own control by reporting on circumstances preceding an arrhythmic event (syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, or defibrillator discharge) and preceding a control occasion (the next‐to‐last birthday). On average the interview was conducted 17 months after the cardiac event and control occasion. Results: During the 24‐hour period preceding the cardiac event compared to the day before the control occasion, psychological stress was elevated, peak happiness was reduced, and peak exertion was not significantly different. Rated for the 6‐month intervals preceding the event and control occasions, none of these three variables was significantly associated with events. Conclusions: Happiness is associated with a reduction in the 24‐hour risk of cardiac events in patients with LQTS, with stress having an opposite effect. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that positive emotion may have a protective effect on life‐threatening ventricular arrhythmias. This study lends further support to the role of emotions in influencing cardiac events in arrhythmia‐prone patients.
A Randomized, Double‐blind Controlled Study of Jet Lidocaine Compared to Jet Placebo for Pain Relief in Children Undergoing Needle Insertion in the Emergency Department
Authors: Auerbach Marc , Tunik Michael , Mojica Michael 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectives:  The objectives were to determine whether pretreatment with needleless jet‐delivered lidocaine decreases self‐reported pain in children undergoing needle insertion in the emergency department (ED) and to explore whether pretreatment with a jet device decreases self‐reported pain in children undergoing needle insertion in the ED.Methods:  This study examined needle insertion pain in children 5–18 years of age. In the first phase of this study, children received either pretreatment with jet‐delivered lidocaine (0.2 mL of buffered 1% lidocaine; n = 75) or pretreatment with jet‐delivered placebo (0.2 mL of preservative‐free normal saline; n = 75) 60 seconds before undergoing needle insertion. This phase of the study had a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled design. In the second phase, an unblinded, nonconcurrent, nonintervention control group (n = 47) was examined to describe any effect of using the jet device. Patients reported pain upon administration of the jet device and at needle insertion using a 100‐mm color analog scale (CAS). Patients also reported their satisfaction with this device. The physicians and nurses performing needle insertions were asked to rate their ability to visualize the vein and their satisfaction with the device.Results:  The mean (±standard deviation [SD]) needle insertion pain score for jet lidocaine, 28 (±7) mm, was similar to the mean needle insertion pain score for jet placebo, 34 (±7) mm. The mean needle insertion pain score for both the jet lidocaine and the jet placebo groups were lower than the needle insertion pain scores for the no device group, 52 (±8) mm. The majority of patients receiving the jet device reported that they would request this device for future needle insertions. Providers’ ratings of their ability to visualize veins and the patient cooperation were similar in all three groups.Conclusions:  Jet‐delivered lidocaine is no more effective than jet‐delivered placebo in providing local anesthesia for needle insertion. Jet lidocaine and jet placebo may provide superior analgesia compared to no local anesthetic pretreatment.
Spatial dependence in agricultural land prices: does it exist?
Authors: Kostov Philip 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTrade‐offs arise between spatial dependence and choice of functional form in agricultural land price hedonic models. We discuss these trade‐offs and how they can create spurious spatial dependence. Using a land sales dataset with apparent spatial dependence, we implement a semiparametric approach avoiding potential problems with the functional form. The results show that in addition to being nonlinear, the impacts are also characterized by significance thresholds that are difficult to capture in a parametric model. More importantly, we fail to detect any spatial dependence demonstrating that inappropriate functional form can indeed be responsible for finding spatial dependence in hedonic models.
The impact of the 1999 CAP reforms on the efficiency of the COP sector in Spain
Authors: Lambarraa Fatima , Stefanou Spiro , Serra Teresa , Gil José M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe cereal, oilseeds, and protein crop sector (COP) occupies a prominent position within the European Union's agricultural sector. Within Spain, the COP sector accounts for almost a third of total Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund expenses, and half of the utilized agricultural area (UAA). The COP sector is not only relevant because of its physical and economic magnitude, but also because of the political attention it receives. The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) reforms that occurred during the 1990s paid special attention to this sector. This article aims to determine the impacts of Agenda 2000 on a sample of Spanish COP farmers’ production decisions by using an output‐oriented stochastic distance function. The distance function allows for an assessment of the reform‐motivated changes on total output, input used, input composition, and crop mix. It also permits an assessment of the impacts of the reform on farms’ technical efficiency.Results show that the reform has shifted the production frontier inward and changed output composition in favor of voluntary set‐aside land. With respect to input composition, Agenda 2000 induced a decrease in land, fertilizers, pesticides, and other inputs in favor of labor. In addition, Agenda 2000 has had a negative impact on technical efficiency.
Over‐expression of forkhead box P3 and its association with receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κ B ligand, interleukin (IL) ‐17, IL‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β during the progression of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Dutzan Nicolás , Gamonal Jorge , Silva Augusto , Sanz Mariano , Vernal Rolando 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim: T regulatory (Treg) cells have been detected in periodontitis lesions, and forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression has been negatively correlated to receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κ B ligand (RANKL). The aim of this study was to correlate T‐helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, Th17 and Treg transcription factor expressions, in gingival tissues from patients undergoing active periodontal tissue destruction, with bone loss‐associated cytokines.Materials and Methods: In 10 chronic periodontitis patients undergoing disease progression, the mRNA expressions of T‐bet, GATA‐3, Foxp3, RORC2, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐10, IL‐17, RANKL, interferon (IFN)‐γ and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 were quantified using real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. The levels of these markers were compared between active and inactive periodontal lesions.Results: In active periodontal lesions, Foxp3, T‐bet, RANKL, IL‐17, IL‐1β and IFN‐γ were significantly over‐expressed compared with inactive lesions. The expression of IFN‐γ was the highest within the active periodontal lesions, similar to that of TGF‐β1 within the inactive ones. There was a positive correlation between RANKL and IL‐17. Additionally, RANKL and IL‐17 were positively correlated with RORC2, but no correlation was detected with Foxp3.Conclusions: These results lead us to speculate that Foxp3+ cells that do not have a regulatory function might have a role in the pathogenesis of active periodontal lesions by down‐regulating TGF‐β1 and IL‐10 synthesis that lead to the over‐expression of Th17‐associated cytokines RANKL and IL‐17.
Physical activity, inflammatory biomarkers in gingival crevicular fluid and periodontitis
Authors: Sanders Anne E. , Slade Gary D. , Fitzsimmons Tracy R. , Bartold Peter Mark 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAims: To examine the associations of physical activity with interleukin 1‐β (IL‐1β), C‐reactive protein (CRP) and periodontitis and to investigate whether any relationship between physical activity and inflammatory mediators differs between periodontitis cases and non‐cases.Material and Methods: In this population‐based case control study of Australians aged 18+ years, dentists conducted oral epidemiologic examinations identifying cases with moderate or severe periodontitis and periodontally healthy controls. Gingival crevicular fluid samples collected during examinations were analysed for inflammatory biomarkers. Subject‐completed questionnaires assessed leisure‐time physical activity. Exposure odds ratios (ORs) were estimated in multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for periodontitis risk indicators.Results: Of 751 subjects (359 cases, 392 controls), those meeting a prescribed threshold for leisure‐time physical activity had lower adjusted odds of elevated IL‐1β: OR=0.69, (95% CI=0.50–0.94) and detectable CRP: OR=0.70 (0.50–0.98) than less active adults. Physical activity was not associated with periodontitis: OR=1.14 (0.80–1.62). Periodontitis modified the association between levels of physical activity and detectable CRP. Increasing quartiles of physically activity were associated with decreasing probability of detectable CRP, but the effect was limited to periodontitis cases and was not apparent among non‐cases.Conclusion: Leisure‐time physical activity may protect against an excessive inflammatory response in periodontitis.
The gingival biotype revisited: transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival margin as a method to discriminate thin from thick gingiva
Authors: De Rouck Tim , Eghbali Rouhollah , Collys Kristiaan , De Bruyn Hugo , Cosyn Jan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim: To detect groups of subjects in a sample of 100 periodontally healthy volunteers with different combinations of morphometric data related to central maxillary incisors and surrounding soft tissues.Material and Methods: Four clinical parameters were included in a cluster analysis: crown width/crown length ratio (CW/CL), gingival width (GW), papilla height (PH) and gingival thickness (GT). The latter was based on the transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival margin while probing the buccal sulcus. Every first volunteer out of 10 was re‐examined to evaluate intra‐examiner repeatability for all variables.Results: High agreement between duplicate recordings was found for all parameters, in particular for GT, pointing to 85% (κ=0.70; p=0.002). The partitioning method identified three clusters with specific features. Cluster A1 (nine males, 28 females) displayed a slender tooth form (CW/CL=0.79), a GW of 4.92 mm, a PH of 4.29 mm and a thin gingiva (probe visible on one or both incisors in 100% of the subjects). Cluster A2 (29 males, five females) presented similar features (CW/CL=0.77; GW=5.2 mm; PH=4.54 mm), except for GT. These subjects showed a clear thick gingiva (probe concealed on both incisors in 97% of the subjects). The third group (cluster B: 12 males, 17 females) differed substantially from the other clusters in many parameters. These subjects showed a more quadratic tooth form (CW/CL=0.88), a broad zone of keratinized tissue (GW=5.84 mm), low papillae (PH=2.84 mm) and a thick gingiva (probe concealed on both incisors in 83% of the subjects).Conclusions: The present analysis, using a simple and reproducible method for GT assessment, confirmed the existence of gingival biotypes. A clear thin gingiva was found in about one‐third of the sample in mainly female subjects with slender teeth, a narrow zone of keratinized tissue and a highly scalloped gingival margin corresponding to the features of the previously introduced “thin‐scalloped biotype” (cluster A1). A clear thick gingiva was found in about two‐thirds of the sample in mainly male subjects. About half of them showed quadratic teeth, a broad zone of keratinized tissue and a flat gingival margin corresponding to the features of the previously introduced “thick‐flat biotype” (cluster B). The other half could not be classified as such. These subjects showed a clear thick gingiva with slender teeth, a narrow zone of keratinized tissue and a high gingival scallop (cluster A2).
Biomedicine in orthodontics: from tooth movement to facial growth
Authors: King G 
Published: April 2009

Structured AbstractAuthor –  King GBiomedicine has the potential to improve orthodontic and dentofacial orthopedic treatment significantly. The importance of biomedicine has grown as the result of three trends that have experienced rapid development in recent years: the increased molecularization of biology; the rise of computer modeling; and the greater application of experimentation to clinical settings. Despite this, the translation of new biologic knowledge to clinical practice in orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics has been slow. Notably promising areas of orthodontic biomedical research can be recognized in diagnosis, treatment rationales, therapeutics, and monitoring. Despite facing significant challenges in all of these areas, some innovations have been rapidly adopted with minimal understanding of their biologic fundamentals while others are slow to be implemented in clinical settings. Issues related to this disparity can be identified but solutions are often less clear. Two future challenges will be highlighted: 1) the inadequacy of infrastructure and systems organization to support translation of bench science to the clinic; and 2) the inherent differences in the logic and assumptions of efficacy vs. effectiveness research.
Cellular and molecular basis of tooth eruption
Authors: Wise GE 
Published: April 2009

Structured AbstractAuthor – Wise GEObjectives – Tooth eruption requires the presence of a dental follicle (DF), alveolar bone resorption for an eruption pathway, and alveolar bone formation at the base of the bony crypt. The objectives of our investigations have been to determine how the DF regulates both the osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis needed for eruption.Material and Methods – Multiple experimental methods have been employed.Results – The DF regulates osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis by regulating the expression of critical genes in both a chronological and spatial fashion. In the rat 1st mandibular molar there is a major burst of osteoclastogenesis at day 3 postnatally and a minor burst at day 10. At day 3, the DF maximally expresses colony‐stimulating factor‐1 (CSF‐1) to down‐regulate the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) such that osteoclastogenesis can occur. At day 10, the minor burst of osteoclastogenesis is promoted by upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and RANKL in the DF. Spatially, the bone resorption is in the coronal portion of the bony crypt and genes such as RANKL are expressed more in the coronal region of the DF than in its basal one‐half. For osteogenesis, bone formation begins at day 3 at the base of the bony crypt and maximal growth is at days 9–14. Osteo‐inductive genes such as bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) appear to promote this and are expressed more in the basal half of the DF than in the coronal.Conclusion – The osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis needed for eruption are regulated by differential gene expression in the DF both chronologically and spatially.
RANK/RANKL/OPG during orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Yamaguchi M 
Published: April 2009

Structured AbstractAuthor –  Yamaguchi MObjectives –  Orthodontic tooth movement is induced by mechanical stimuli and facilitated by remodeling of the periodontal ligament (PDL) and alveolar bone. A precondition for these remodeling activities, and ultimately for tooth displacement, is the occurrence of an inflammatory process.Materials and Methods –  This review covers current knowledge regarding the role of the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa (RANK), receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappa ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in periodontal tissue reactions, in response to orthodontic forces.Results –  It has been found that concentrations of RANKL in GCF increased during orthodontic tooth movement, and the ratio of concentration of RANKL to that of OPG in the GCF was significantly higher than in control sites. In vivo studies have shown the presence of RANKL and RANK in periodontal tissues during experimental tooth movement of rat molars, and that PDL cells under mechanical stress may induce osteoclastogenesis through upregulation of RANKL expression during orthodontic tooth movement.Conclusions –  Considering the importance of RANK, RANKL, and OPG in physiologic osteoclast formation, it is reasonable to propose that the RANKL/RANK/OPG system plays an important role in orthodontic tooth movement.
Modulation of murine bone marrow‐derived CFU‐F and CFU‐OB by in vivo bisphosphonate and fluoride treatments
Authors: Chou M‐Y , Yan D , Jafarov T , Everett ET 
Published: April 2009

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Chou M‐Y, Yan D, Jafarov T, Everett ETObjectives –  Bisphosphonates (BPN) have actions on a variety of cell types including: osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and endothelial cells. The objectives of this report are to review the current state of understanding of the effects of BPNs on orthodontic tooth movement and to provide evidence on BPN’s in vivo effects on bone marrow‐derived osteoprogenitor cells.Material and Methods –  Mice from the C3H/HeJ (C3H), C57BL/6J (B6), FVB/NJ (FVB), and BALB/cByJ (BALB) strains were treated for 3 weeks with 0, 3, 30, or 150 mcg/kg/week alendronate (ALN) administered subcutaneous alone or in combination with 50 ppm fluoride (F). Bone marrow cells were harvested and subjected to in vitro colony‐forming unit fibroblast (CFU‐F) and colony‐forming unit osteoblasts (CFU‐OB) assays.Results –  Baseline differences in CFU‐F, CFU‐OB/ALP+, and CFU‐OB/total were observed among the four strains. Strain‐specific responses to ALN and F treatments were observed for CFU‐F, CFU‐OB/ALP+, and CFU‐OB/total. F treatment alone resulted in decreases in CFU‐F (p = 0.013), CFU‐OB/ALP+ (p = 0.005), and CFU‐OB/total (p = 0.003) in the C3H strain. CFU‐F (p = 0.036) were decreased by F in the B6 strain. No significant (NS) effects of F were observed for FVB and BALB. ALN treatment resulted in a significant decrease in CFU‐F (p = 0.0014) and CFU‐OB/total (p = 0.028) in C3H only. ALN treatment had NS effect on CFU‐OB/ALP+ in all four strains.Conclusion –  Genetic factors appear to play a role in ALN’s effects on CFU‐F and CFU‐OB/total but not on CFU‐OB/ALP+.
What causes post‐traumatic empyema?
Authors: Burton Paul R , Lee Minjae , Bailey Michael , Pick Adrian W 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground: Empyema post chest trauma is a morbid condition requiring operative intervention (thoracotomy and decortication). It is hypothesized that patients who have a complicated initial pleural drainage procedure are at increased risk of developing an empyema.Methods: All patients who underwent operative decortication for post‐traumatic empyema over a 24 month period (July 2003 to June 2005) were included in the study. Data were collected on demographics, intercostal catheter (ICC) insertion, prehospital chest decompression and associated injuries. A matched group of patients who had ICC inserted for chest trauma and did not develop an empyema were used as controls.Results: Fourteen patients had decortications for post‐traumatic empyema. Two of three pneumocaths and one ICC were placed within the lung. Five other patients had multiple ‘attempts’ at ICC insertion. Only two patients had a single uncomplicated ICC inserted. The empyema and control group were well matched in terms of age (mean age 40 years in each group, P = 0.83), injury severity score (36.4 vs 35.3, P = 0.85) and presence of chest, abdominal and multi‐system injury. The empyema group had significantly longer median hospital stay (12.8 vs 28.7 days, P = 0.05). The control group had less initial ICC inserted (median of 1.0 vs 2.0, P = 0.02). Only one patient had a complicated ICC insertion, and two uncomplicated pneumocaths were placed.Conclusion: Patients with complex chest injuries in whom difficulties in initial pleural drainage are encountered are at increased risk of developing a post‐traumatic empyema and have a prolonged hospital stay.
Novel Nursing Terminologies for the Rapid Response System
Authors: Wong Elizabeth 
Published: April 2009

PURPOSE.  Nursing terminology with implications for the rapid response system (RRS) is introduced and proposed: critical incident nursing diagnosis (CIND), defined as the recognition of an acute life‐threatening event that occurs as a result of disease, surgery, treatment, or medication; critical incident nursing intervention, defined as any indirect or direct care registered nurse‐initiated treatment, based upon clinical judgment and knowledge that a registered nurse performs in response to a CIND; and critical incident control, defined as a response that attempts to reverse a life‐threatening condition.DATA SOURCES.  The current literature, research studies, meta‐analyses from a variety of disciplines, and personal clinical experience serve as the data sources for this article.DATA SYNTHESIS.  The current nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions, and nursing outcomes listed in the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International Classification, Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC), respectively, are inaccurate or inadequate for describing nursing care during life‐threatening situations. The lack of such standardized nursing terminology creates a barrier that may impede critical communication and patient care during life‐threatening situations when activating the RRS.CONCLUSIONS.  The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International Classification, NIC, and NOC are urged to refine their classifications and include CIND, critical incident nursing intervention, and critical incident control. The RRS should incorporate standardized nursing terminology to describe patient care during life‐threatening situations.IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  Refining the diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes classifications will permit nursing researchers, among others, to conduct studies on the efficacy of the proposed novel nursing terminology when providing care to patients during life‐threatening situations. In addition, including the proposed novel nursing terminology in the RRS offers a means of improving care in such situations.