bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE BLOCKING EFFECT OF BENACTYZINE HYDROCHLORIDE ON A BEHAVIOUR DISTURBANCE INDUCED WITH LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE
Authors: GLOW PETER H. 
Published: April 2011

The mein interest with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD‐25) lios with its capacity to mimic most of the clinical features of schizophrenia. It gives rise to short, sharp and transient psychotic disturbances in man and severe behaviour anomalies in animals. These behavioural disorders lend themselves to a systematic analysis. Some consideration has been paid to the development of blocking agents, that is, drugs which can reduce the severity or completely abolish the behavioural effect of LSD‐25.Experiments are described at three levels of inquiry at which it can be shown that benactyzine hydrochloride has a blocking effect on the behavioural disturbance in rats treated with lysergic acid. These experiments were conducted at the physiological, behavioural and pharmacological levels and the observations made are consistent.
DEGREE CLASS AND ATTAINMENT IN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Authors: HUDSON LIAM 
Published: April 2011

The most important criterion for the award of a grant for post‐graduate research in science appears at present to be the class obtained by the candidate in his final B. A. or B. Sc. degree. As a preliminary check on the validity of this criterion, the degree classes gained by four groups of eminent British scientists have been ascertained. These groups comprise Fellows of the Royal Society and Doctors of Science who have graduated from either Oxford or Cambridge during the period 1920–39. The degree classes obtained by members of comparable groups of research scientists who have not as yet been elected to Fellowship of the Royal Society or awarded the Doctorate of Science are used as a basis of comparison.The results of these comparisons indicate: (i) that neither the Cambridge F.R.S.'s nor the Cambridge D. Sc.'s had better degree classes than those of their respective control groups; (ii) that although Cambridge F.R.S.'s were roughly three times as numerous as those from Oxford, they were far less likely to have first class degrees and (iii) that the F.R.S.'s of both Universities gained considerably better degrees than the D.Sc.'s.Some implications of these results are discussed.
RECOGNITION OF AMBIGUOUS AND UNAMBIGUOUS VISUAL CONFIGURATIONS WITH SHORT AND LONGER EXPOSURES*
Authors: MOONEY CRAIG M. 
Published: April 2011

Three kinds of novel visual configurations—forms with incidental details, formless masses of details, forms devoid of details—comprised two parallel series for presentation in a running sequence of initial and subsequent appearances, at varying intervals. Eight of each kind of configuration comprised a series; the twenty‐four, appearing initially, and subsequently, constituted a sequence of forty‐eight presentations. In the sequence, two of each kind of configuration reappeared after one intervening perceptual occasion, two after five such interventions, two after ten, and two after fifteen. Subjects viewed one sequence where the configurations were tachistoscopically exposed for 0·07 sec., and the alternate sequence with configurations exposed for 5·0 sec.A small, but significant, advantage accrued to the method of visual inspection, on both perceptual counts, under all varied experimental conditions. Apart from this, the two methods could not be differentiated on the basis of configural diversity or of lengthening of the intervals between the initial and subsequent appearances of the configurations. This want of evidence for the premise that the superiority of the method of visual inspection might be uniquely attributed to the efficacy of viewing time and scanning eye movements by virtue of contingent cognitive associations suggests that perceptual learning occurs identically with the two methods of observation and that the overall difference can be attributed to incidental procedural factors.It is concluded on the basis of all evidence in this and earlier related studies that this simple kind of perceptual learning is not prosecuted on the basis of viewing time and scanning eye movements and that its explanation must be governed by the fact that it occurs through the single brief glance.
ANXIETY AS A FUNCTION OF PSYCHOMOTOR AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
Authors: ANTHONY H. SYLVIA 
Published: April 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between (a) psychomotor behaviour, in the form of manual response to visual signals, (b) task difficulty, and (c) social behaviour, in the form of delinquency in a military milieu. The psychomotor response was measured in terms of amplitude and duration of manual movement. Significant association was established between psychomotor and subsequent social behaviour. The delinquent groups showed over‐activity, in a sense defined. Overactivity has been found typical of anxiety in other experimental and clinical observations.The theoretical implications of the observed association are discussed in terms of Hullian learning theory and the Brown‐Farber theory of frustration. It is suggested that the difference between the response patterns of the delinquent and non‐delinquent groups may be accounted for in terms of the Brown‐Farber formulation, under certain conditions. These require the assumption of a factor operative as a personality constant, affecting the strength of the avoidance impulse. A three‐factor function of anxiety is suggested. The psychomotor and social behaviour of the delinquent group are held to show a common feature of extreme avoidance‐tendency in frustrating circumstances.
APPARENT CHANGES IN THE VISUAL THRESHOLD: CENTRAL OR PERIPHERAL?
Authors: DIXON NORMAN F. 
Published: April 2011

An experiment is reported which examines the issue of perceptual defence by measuring the threshold of one eye during the subliminal presentation to the other eye of anxiety‐producing stimulus material.By comparing the discrimination thresholds for each of two complementary colours with the ratios of these colours that are required to produce an achromatic mixture, under two conditions of subliminal stimulation, an attempt is made to distinguish between peripheral and central changes as likely factors in perceptual defence phenomena. The evidence from this exercise suggests very tentatively that ‘perceptual defence’ depends upon central as opposed to peripheral mechanisms and that these underlie changes in the decision processes of recognition.
THE PERCEPTION OF SHAPE AS A FUNCTION OF INCLINATION
Authors: JOYNSON R. B. , NEWSON L. JOHN 
Published: April 2011

This is a descriptive study of the various judgments of shape which are spontaneously made when the inclination of an object is varied. The full range of inclinations is examined, using independent and unsophisticated subjects at each inclination, and recording subjects' descriptions.The chief findings are: (1) Two main judgments are possible: judgments of real shape (R), which approximate to the true shape at all inclinations; and judgments contrasted with these (not‐real or N), which show typically a compromise between true and retinal shape. (2) Some subjects (group RN) are spontaneously aware of both possibilities. They describe the N judgment as an attempt to equate on the basis of a direct, instantaneous, visual impression; whereas the R judgment involves ‘allowing for the slope’. These subjects predominate at greater inclinations. (3) The remaining subjects (group RO) are spontaneously aware of the R possibility only. For these subjects, the R judgment seems to approximate closely to that quality of direct visual impression which for group RN characterizes the N judgment.It is suggested that judgments of real shape involve a skill. Group RN are in an ‘investigating’ frame of mind, and offer an analysis of this skill. Group RO, in an ‘unreflecting’ frame of mind, take it for granted. Determining factors are also noted in the experimental situation and the instructions. It is suggested that previous studies fail to take adequate notice of these factors, and so give partial accounts.
CHANGES IN AUTOKINETIC PERCEPTION AS A FUNCTION OF THE TRANSFER OF CONDITIONING EFFECTS*
Authors: FARROW BOBBY J. , SANTOS JOHN F. 
Published: April 2011

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the spatial region in which autokinetic movement occurs can be altered by means of negative reinforcement operations.Three groups were employed. Control Group I was tested on autokinetic perception, and after a 4 min. delay was retested. Control Group II viewed and reported the location of a moving light with no negative reinforcement between the test and retest of autokinetic perception. The Experimental Group received the same training as Control Group II, but was negatively reinforced while viewing and reporting the location of a moving light. A reinforcement schedule provided 75 % of the reinforcements on the predominant side (left or right) of initial autokinetic movement and 25% of the reinforcements on the opposite side.The data supported the hypothesis that the spatial region of autokinetic movement can be altered by conditioning operations intervening between test and retest. An explanation of the results in terms of the conditioning of affect to the individual's subjective space is proposed and some implications of these effects for perception and behaviour are discussed.
GSR CONDITIONING AND PSEUDOCONDITIONING
Authors: MARTIN IRENE 
Published: April 2011

Subjects were placed into conditioning or pseudoconditioning groups, and received one, three, or five UCS trials (paired with CS or single). The sequence of the schedule was: ten light stimuli—tones (the UCS)—ten light stimuli. Significantly more GSR's were given to the final light series than to the first. Conditioning groups together gave significantly more responses than pseudoconditioning groups during the final lights. However, the effect of different numbers of UCS trials was more clear‐cut between pseudoconditioning groups.Basal skin resistance was significantly lower in all groups following the tones. There was no difference between conditioning and pseudoconditioning groups in this measure. Number of GSR's and basal skin resistance were not significantly correlated in the first light series, but were highly (negatively) so in the final light series. Autonomic Lability Scores to tone 1 correlated significantly with number of GSR's to both light series only in the conditioning groups. This effect was interpreted as a generalized responsiveness of these groups plus a small facilitatory effect from the extent of the S's response to the tones.The results are discussed from two points of view: (i) physiological, and considering how various C.N.S. levels might affect GSR amplitude and threshold via excitability of spinal internuncial neurones, and (ii) within behavioural theories of learning, and considering the effect of the UCS upon level of ‘drive’.
SEQUENTIAL RECALL OF A MIXED LIST
Authors: GREEN ROBERT T. , HARDING GRAHAM 
Published: April 2011

A previously reported finding that an item with a high probability of recall will not necessarily be emitted any earlier in a recall series was submitted to closer investigation.The anomalous result was reproduced, using the original experimental design. Two further groups were introduced to control context effects and item uniqueness. More careful analysis shows that the factors governing order of emission during recall may be distinguished from those affecting the overall probability of recall. The two processes are distinct and, in some circumstances, independent.After eliminating various alternative hypotheses the outcome in the present instance was found to depend largely on previously learned associations of meaningful material. The implications of this with regard to the von Restorff effect are discussed.During the course of this experiment an interesting side effect intruded itself on the data. For reasons not at present clear, there was a significant tendency for the recall of paralogs to be disturbed in the presence of a noun, and, to a lesser extent, for the recall of nouns to be disturbed by the presence of a paralog.
THE MULTIPLICITY OF THOUGHT*
Authors: NEISSER ULRIC 
Published: April 2011

Many writers have distinguished two types of mental processes. One kind of thinking is conscious, straightforward, predictable, and rather pedestrian; the other is confused, rich, productive of novelty, emotionally charged, and generally outside of consciousness. It is suggested that the latter arises from a multiplicity of processes going on together, while the former represents a single sequence among the crowd. These concepts are clarified by showing that sequence and multiplicity arise as alternative modes of organizing computer programs for pattern recognition. Even in the computer, multiple processing exhibits a superior ability to deal with novel or irregular input, while sequential processing appears less wasteful, and better adapted to fully predictable situations.The properties that have been said to distinguish primary and secondary process, autistic and realistic thinking, creativity and constraint, insightful and rote activity, and the like, are shown to follow from the multiplicity of thought. Relevant experimental findings are discussed.
PERCEPTION OF VERTICALITY IN ADULT LIFE
Authors: DAVIES ANN D. M. , LEYTHAM G. W. H. 
Published: April 2011

Comalli, Wapner & Werner's (1959) developmental study on the perception of verticality has been repeated and extended using eight men and eight women matched for distribution of intelligence in each of the age decades from 20–29 to 70–79. Following Comalli et al. subjects were seated in a dark room in the upright position or tilted at ± 30°. They were asked to adjust a luminescent rod set initially at ± 10°, ± 30°, until they thought it was upright. Estimates of verticality were found to depend on the starting position of the rod and to be related to nonverbal intelligence.The subjects, unlike those of Comalli et al., located the vertical to the side opposite to the body tilt throughout the 20–79 age range.
THE EFFECTS OF CONTEXT ON THE VISUAL DURATION THRESHOLD FOR WORDS
Authors: MORTON JOHN 
Published: April 2011

Visual duration thresholds for words were measured under three conditions: (i) with a highly predictive context; (ii) with a lesser predictive context; (iii) a control condition with no context. The results show that the visual duration threshold for a word is reduced in the presence of a context by an amount depending on the probability of the word given the context. This result agrees with previous related findings.The errors made by the subjects could be classified into three main groups. The first of these groups showed the effect of expectancy, or response bias. Further errors showed the influence of previous stimuli or responses and the third group indicated the role of the stimulus in determining the response. A model for the recognition of words is outlined which accounts for these results and attempts to define what is meant by ‘the effects of response bias in the perception of words’.
FURTHER TESTS WITH THE SPIRAL AFTER‐EFFECT OF A THEORY OF HOMOEOSTATIC EXCITATION‐INHIBITION
Authors: COSTELLO C. G. 
Published: April 2011

On the basis of a theory of homoeostatic excitation‐inhibition, a number of predictions concerning the spiral after‐effect were tested in four experiments. The predicted effect of the interaction of direction of rotation of the spiral and duration of stimulation was confirmed. The predicted effect of the interaction of the above two variables: (1) with the extroversion‐introversion variables tested in Expt. II, and (2) with stimulant v. depressant drugs tested in Expt. III, received only partial confirmation. The predicted alternating decrease and increase in the after‐effect with massed practice and the effects of the interaction of massed practice with the direction of rotation were confirmed. The predicted effect of depressant and stimulant drugs interacting with massed practice and duration of rotation was not confirmed.The results are discussed in relation to the usefulness of the theory of homoeostatic excitation‐inhibition, and the value of molar neuropsychological theories is questioned.
UNHAPPY MEMORIES OF ‘THE HAPPY PAST’: STUDIES IN COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
Authors: KREITLER HANS , KREITLER SHULAMITH 
Published: April 2011

The aim of the two studies reported was to test two extensions of the dissonance model. The hypothesis was that over longer time periods the congruence between initially dissonant emotional attitudes with regard to a past (not recent) life period will become more pronounced. The main variables were the evaluative attitude to the whole past period in terms of happiness, expressed as a ratio of unpleasant (U) to pleasant (P) checked adjectives, the ratio of U:P memories recalled from that period, U and P being judgements from the viewpoint of the present, and the wish to return to that period.The sample of Study I included 126 Kibbutz children, who were all the children in three Kibbutzim similar in child‐rearing methods in the following three age‐groups: 8.1–10, 10.1–12 and 12.1–14. Each child was interviewed individually according to a questionnaire about his childhood (the period 1–6 yr). The results revealed no significant differences between the groups in the U:P memories ratio (average = 2·15) or U:P adjectives ratio (average = 0·38), and no significant correlations between the variables of wish to return to childhood, U:P adjectives and U:P memories, but for the correlation between the latter two in the 8.1–10 yr old group. The results refute the hypothesis in revealing the persistence of dissonances.In Study II 35 adults in the age range 30–50 yr, chosen randomly from three localities, were interviewed in an identical manner about the period of 20–25 yr as well as about their evaluation of happiness in personal childhood, wish to return to childhood, evaluation of happiness in childhood in general and of humanity in the past. In addition to corroborating fully all the results of Study I in regard to the age of 20–25 yr it was found that evaluation of happiness in personal and general childhood are correlated, as well as the lack of wish to return to one period with that to another. Possible explanations and implications of the persistence of the dissonances are discussed.
THE USE OF QUADRATIC DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PROFILE DISTANCE IN SOCIAL PERCEPTION
Authors: SUTTON A. J. 
Published: April 2011

The 291 students in the 1965 first‐year intake to a variety of degree courses at a London college of technology rated 12 role concepts in each of 35 bipolar, seven‐point adjective scales and provided information on their social and cultural background and on certain educational and occupational attitudes.In many studies similarity between semantic differential profiles in relation to external criteria such as the students' social background has been examined using Osgood's generalized distance index. This index assumes a particular kind of interaction between the profiles and it is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that several kinds of interaction between profiles can be obtained and that they can effectively be described using quadratic discriminant analysis.The method of analysis is used to analyse hypotheses arising in the present study. These results are reported and a number of problems concerning interpretation of the results are discussed.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: CHAPMAN TONY 
Published: April 2011

Book reviewed in this article:Human Information Processing: An Introduction to Psychology. By Peter H. Lindsay and Donald A. Norman.Human Memory: Research and Theory. By L. S. Cermak.Organization of Memory. Edited by Endel Tulving and Wayne Donaldson.Associations or Addresses: a Study in Serial Verbal Learning. By F. J. Strømnes.Verbal Learning Research and the Technology of Written Instruction. Edited by Ernst Z. Rothkopf and Paul E. Johnson.Inhibition and Learning. Edited by R. A. Boakes and M. S. Halliday.Purposive Explanation in Psychology. By Margaret A. Boden.The Double Brain. By S. Dimond.Limbic System Mechanisms and Autonomic Function. Edited by C. H. Hockman.Languages of the Brain: Experimental Paradoxes and Principles in Neuropsychology. By K. H. Pribram.Perception in Everyday Life. By S. Howard Bartley.Language and Social Behaviour. By W. P. Robinson.Language Development: Structure and Function. By Philip S. Dale.Language of the Mentally Retarded. Edited by Richard L. Schiefelbusch.Studies in Dyadic Communication. Edited by A. W. Siegman and B. Pope.The Social Animal. By Elliot Aronson.Moral Learning and Development, Theory and Research. By Douglas Graham.The Social Influence Processes. Edited by J. T. Tedeschi.Perception and Cognition: a Cross‐Cultural Perspective. By Barbara B. Lloyd.The Psychology of Humor. Edited by J. H. Goldstein and P. E. McGhee.Males and Females. By Corinne Hutt.The Interview: Research on its Anatomy and Structure. By Joseph D. Matarazzo and Arthur N. Wiens.Inquiring Man: the Theory of Personal Constructs. By D. Bannister and Fay Fransella.Change and Continuity in Infancy. By Jerome Kagan.The Psychology of Consciousness. By R. E. Ornstein.Occupational Psychology. By Donald E. Super and Martin J. Bohn, Jr.
INTERNAL SCHEMATA FOR LETTERS IN GOOD AND BAD READERS
Authors: FRITH UTA 
Published: April 2011

Children of various ages and levels of reading ability and adults copied and reversed graphic symbols which were either normal letters, mirror‐reversed letters or letter‐like shapes. Looking at reversed letters hardly affected performance, but producing reversed letters decreased speed and increased errors considerably. Since this was found also when writing with the non‐preferred hand a mechanism more abstract than muscle movements must be implicated.It is hypothesized that internal schemata for letters are acquired when learning to read. Schemata are necessary in order to recognize letters despite distortions such as occur in handwriting. An effect of schemata for letter orientation was shown by 7‐year‐old good readers, but to a much lesser extent by bad readers. On the other hand, 12‐year‐old bad readers showed an effect of schemata to a greater extent than good readers. It is suggested that one type of reading difficulty may be characterized by weakness of schemata, while another type may be characterized by dominance of schemata. Optimal reading performance would depend on the balanced integration of two processes: paying attention to external stimulus characteristics (‘looking’) as well as using internal schemata (‘knowing’).
Hypnotic susceptibility and personality: The consequences of diazepam and the sex of the subjects
Authors: GIBSON H. B. , CORCORAN M. E. , CURRAN J. D. 
Published: April 2011

It was suggested by Gibson & Curran (1974) that the rather complex relationships found to obtain between hypnotic susceptibility and the personality parameters of extraversion and neuroticism might be understood by considering neuroticism as a moderator variable (as had been suggested by Furneaux & Gibson, 1961). They made the hypothesis that if a tranquillizing drug were administered the operative level of neuroticism would be decreased, and as a consequence the level of susceptibility of neurotic extraverts would be raised, and that of neurotic introverts lowered.This study reports the test‐retest data on a sample of 71 subjects on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scales, half of whom were retested with diazepam and half with nicotinic acid. The hypothesis was confirmed and additional data are given on the drug/placebo effects on each item of the scale. The significance of drugs on different aspects of hypnotic susceptibility in relation to personality is discussed.