bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residue Management and Minimum Tillage Systems for Soybean following Wheat
Authors: Vyn Tony J. , Opoku George , Swanton Clarence J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe acceptance of no‐till systems for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production following winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on fine‐textured soils in Ontario has been hampered by soybean yield reductions due to unfavorable seedbed conditions. This research was conducted to identify alternative tillage and residue management systems that will enhance emergence, growth, and yield of soybean following winter wheat. Seven tillage and residue management systems, comprising fall moldboard plow, fall chisel plow, fall disk only, fall zone‐till, no‐till, no‐till (with wheat straw baled), and no‐till (with wheat straw and stubble removed), were evaluated following winter wheat on fine‐textured soils from 1994 to 1996 at six different sites near Centralia and Wyoming in southwestern Ontario. Spring soil moisture was lower in the fall tillage treatments than in no‐till with wheat residue, but moisture differences did not vary among fall tillage treatments. No‐till seedbeds had the highest soil moisture contents, the lowest proportion of fine soil aggregates (<5 mm in diameter), and the greatest penetrometer resistance. No‐till soybean growth was delayed and yields were reduced as the level of wheat residue left after planting increased. Soybean seed yield was negatively correlated with surface residue cover, but positively correlated with soil aggregates <5 mm in diameter at all sites. Fall zone‐till and fall disk systems generally improved in‐row seedbed conditions (higher fine soil aggregates and lower soil resistance), and increased seed yields by 5 to 29% relative to no‐till treatments. Fall zone‐till and fall tandem disk systems were the best conservation tillage alternatives to fall moldboard plowing.
Dry Bean and Soil Response to Tillage and Row Spacing
Authors: Xu Chuanguo , Pierce Francis J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpecific studies relating tillage system with performance and yield of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are limited. This study examined how tillage and row spacing affect dry bean development, growth, and yield. The study was conducted on a Parkhill loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic Mollie Endoaquepts) from 1989 through 1991. Six tillage treatments (moldboard plow, moldboard plow without secondary tillage, chisel plow, ridge till, no‐tillage, and no‐tillage plus cultivation) and row spacings of 56 and 71 cm were evaluated in a split‐plot design. ‘Mayfiower’ dry bean followed maize (Zea mays L.) in a maize‐dry bean‐sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.)‐oat (Avena sativa L.) rotation. Canopy height, trifoliolate leaf number, leaf area, and total biomass of dry bean were measured at three times in 1990 and four times in 1991, and seed yield was measured at harvest. Soil bulk density, total porosity, macroporosity, and saturated conductivity were measured in September of 1989 and 1990. Soil water contents were measured weekly at the 0‐ to 15‐cm, 15‐ to 30‐cm, and 30‐ to 75‐cm depths. In general, there were no interactions between tillage and row spacing over the three years. Dry bean yields in the 56‐cm row spacing were 0.3 to 0.6 Mg ha−1 higher than in the 71‐cm row spacing for all three years. Tillage had no effect on yield in the dry year of 1989, but no‐tillage reduced yields 0.57 and 0.9 Mg ha−1 in 1990 and 1991 compared with moldboard plowing. Ridge tillage and no‐tillage plus cultivation in 1990 and chisel plowing in 1991 also reduced dry bean yields. Tillage affected soil water contents slightly in 1990, but had little effect on soil properties measured in the fall.
Establishment of ‘Tifton 9’ Bahiagrass in Response to Planting Date and Seed Coat Removal
Authors: Gates Roger N. , Dewald Chester L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStands of ‘Tifton 9’, like those of other bahiagrasses (Paspalum notatum Flügge var. saurae Parodi), develop slowly. Our objectives were to determine seedling emergence and stand establishment responses to planting date and mechanical seed coat removal using greenhouse and field plantings. Seed dehulled by acceleration in an airstream to hit a metal plate (7.8 kg ha−1) or whole seed (11.2 kg ha−1) was planted at equivalent rates in five blocks of a randomized complete block design on seven biweekly planting dates from 9 March through 1 June in 1994 and 1995 at both a droughty upland site (Dothan loamy sand: fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults) and a lowland site (Alapaha sand: loamy, siliceous, thermic Arenic Plinthic Paleaquults) near Tifton, GA (31°26′ N, 83°35′ W), to observe emergence and establishment. Spring and fall plant counts and final stand ratings of percent bahiagrass occurrence were used to evaluate emergence and establishment. Emergence 7 d after greenhouse planting of dehulled seed (18.3%) was greater (P < 0.01) than whole seed (0.7%). Emergence at 28 d after planting was not different (36.2%) between seed treatments. Mean surface (0 to 50 mm) soil moisture content at the lowland site (58 g kg−1) was higher than the upland site (28 g kg−1). Seedling heights, measured in June 1994, spring seedling number in both years, and 1995 fall plant numbers were often higher with earlier planting date. No differences in final stand (% occurrence) could be attributed to planting date. Final stand ratings were greater (P < 0.05) at the lowland (84%) than at the upland site (79%), and greater (P < 0.05) for whole than for dehulled seed in 1994, but no differences were observed in 1995. Development of Tifton 9 bahiagrass stands at these Coastal Plain sites was slow, but relatively insensitive to differences in spring or early summer planting date. Dehulled seed emerged more rapidly, but this provided no sustained advantage in stand establishment in these environments.
An Integrated Approach to Managing Nitrogen on Dairy Farms: Evaluating Farm Performance Using the Dairy Nitrogen Planner
Authors: Dou Zhengxia , Lanyon Les E. , Ferguson James D. , Kohn Richard A. , Boston Raymond C. , Chalupa William 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNutrient flow in dairy farming involves animal and field components that are linked by transfers of crops and manure. Connections of the farm to the surrounding environment are created by inputs and outputs of feed, fertilizer, biological N2 fixation, animals and animal products, and nutrient losses to air and water. Because of these linkages among farm components and connections to the environment, an integrated system‐level approach would be useful to evaluate farm performance in terms of production efficiency and environmental protection goals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate dairy farm N flow and management by comparing farm performance data with reference values from the Dairy Nitrogen Planner (DNP), an integrated animal and field spreadsheet planning and evaluation tool. Performance data were from two Pennsylvania dairies: Farm 1,109 lactating Holstein cows (Bos taurus), with forages produced on 92‐ha crop land and supplemental feeds purchased as directed by nutritional services; Farm 2, 65 lactating cows, with nearly all feeds produced on the 111‐ha crop land and no forage quality analysis or ration formulation assistance. Farm performances on Farm 1 and 2, respectively, were (with the difference relative to the DNP projection): annual N input, 17 450 kg (−5%) and 10 670 kg (−10%); milk‐N output, 3880 kg (−8%) and 2790 kg (−0.4%); feed‐N intake, 20 200 kg (−2%) and 18 820 kg (+1%); and manure N for application, 8550 kg (−14%) and 10 200 kg (+11%). The differences between farm performance and DNP projections identified overall farm organization and crop management opportunities for improved farm system performance on Farm 1. Animal ration balancing was identified as a priority area for enhancement on Farm 2, with subsequent action to adopt the services of a professional nutritionist increasing milk production by 20% and decreasing manure N by 10%.
Inoculation and Nitrogen Affect Herbage and Symbiotic Properties of Annual Medicago Species
Authors: Zhu Yanping , Sheaffer Craig C. , Vance Carroll P. , Graham Peter H. , Russelle Michael P. , Montealegre C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe interactive effects of Sinorhizobium inoculants and soil N status should affect the N contribution of annual medics (Medicago spp.) in cropping systems. We determined the effect of N and commercial medic inoculum on nodulation, dry matter, and N yield of annual medics and also determined Sinorhizobium strain occupancy in annual medic nodules. Field experiments were conducted on a sandy, mixed Udorthentic Haploboroll and on a fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf. More than 75% of annual medic plants (except M. rugosa Desr.) were nodulated in the absence of commercial inoculum, and nodulation was due in part to a Sinorhizobium strain that frequently nodulates alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Among the five strains in the commercial medic inoculum, 102G3 and 102A13 had the greatest nodule occupancy. When no N was applied, inoculation improved the percentage of plants nodulated and nodule mass only in M. rugosa, compared with no inoculation, but inoculation increased herbage yields of spring‐seeded M. truncatula Gaertn. cv. Sephi, M. polymorpha L., and M. rugosa by about 60%, compared with no inoculation. Nitrogen addition reduced the nodule mass of all species when inoculum was applied, and N addition increased only the herbage dry matter yield of spring‐seeded M. scutellata (L.) Mill. when inoculum was applied. This suggests that a more effective inoculum could be developed for M. scutellata so that N would not limit herbage growth. Annual medics fixed from 40 to 80 kg N ha−1 if spring‐seeded and grown for 60. d, and from 20 to 50 kg N ha−1 if summer‐seeded and grown for 43 d.
Evaluation of the Root Zone Water Quality Model Using Field‐Measured Data from the Missouri MSEA
Authors: Ghidey Fessehaie , Alberts E. Eugene , Kitchen Newell R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe USDA‐ARS Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a comprehensive computer model developed to simulate water, chemical, and biological processes in the root zone of agricultural management systems. The model is capable of evaluating the effects of various cropping and management practices on surface and ground water quality. In this study, the performance of RZWQM Version 3.2 was evaluated for a claypan soil, particularly surface runoff and chemical loss to surface runoff predictions. The model was calibrated and evaluated using data collected from the Missouri Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) and the Kingdom City runoff plots. Soil water predictions of the model compared well with those measured, particularly at the 15−, 60−, 75−, and 90−cm soil depths. In most cases, corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield predictions were within 15 and 20%, respectively, of those measured. Using the macropore option (constant cracking) greatly improved the prediction of chemical losses to seepage. Annual runoff simulated for corn and soybean under conventional and no‐till systems was adequately predicted. The model underpredicted large runoff events and overpredicted runoff events that occurred after long dry periods when soil cracking was a dominant factor. The model overpredicted NO3−N concentrations in runoff but underpredicted concentrations in near‐surface soils. Predicted and measured atrazine [6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N′‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine] and alachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetamide) concentrations in surface runoff compared well, particularly when the computed runoff was close to that measured. In this study, the model was run using the option of constant cracking in the soil. To improve the predictions of agrichemical losses to runoff and seepage, RZWQM should include the capability to predict variable soil cracking based on soil moisture.
The Use of the Seventh Approximation in New Areas
Authors: Westin Fred C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Seventh Approximation was found to be very useful for classifying soils in Venezuela. The system was helpful in three ways: in classifying unfamiliar and little‐studied soils; in working with people generally unversed in soil classification; and in making agricultural predictions. In working with unfamiliar soils the Seventh Approximation provided quantitative definitions of most of the known soils of the world and also made provision for soils not included in the old system. The Seventh Approximation was understood by Spanish‐speaking botanists and geologists who were relatively untrained in soils, as well as by trained soil scientists. It was found that agricultural predictions were possible at all levels of abstraction used. Making predictions is important in new areas because the great need is to find the locations of the better soils for both dryland and irrigation development. The Seventh Approximation proved to be an effective framework around which to organize the soils information in new areas. Because it does this well it helps sell the soil surveyor and his science.
Effect of Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, and Soil Moisture Suction on Germination of Corn and Soybeans
Authors: Grable Albert R. , Danielson Robert E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorn and soybeans were planted in soil‐filled glass tubes which were continuously aerated with known mixtures of CO2, O2, and N2. Initial soil moisture suction was varied independently of gas composition. Various aspects of germinative growth were measured during and after various intervals of aeration.The results indicate that the kind and extent of response obtained from a given CO2 treatment was influenced in varying degrees by time, soil suction, plant species, and the growth variables measured. The importance of excessive CO2 as a causal agent of plant injury during germination has probably been overestimated. Corn and soybeans during germination tolerated, and sometimes were stimulated by, CO2 concentrations higher than those normally found in soils. When CO2 was sufficiently high to cause severe toxicity, seedlings recovered quickly upon aeration with air. Comparatively small changes in soil moisture suction often completely overshadowed the effect of different CO2 levels on root growth. In general, growth increased as soil moisture suction decreased; but excessive soil moisture, apart from the aeration treatments used, severely limited or completely stopped germinative growth. With corn the effect occurred at soil saturation and was probably due to reduced O2 diffusion rates. With soybeans the effect occurred at a lesser moisture content and was due primarily to invasion by pathogenic organisms.
Uptake, Movement and Transfer of Rb, S, Cl and Fe Through Stolonaceous Plants as Affected by Moisture Stress
Authors: Robertson W. K. , Ammerman C. B. , Dunavant B. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe movement of Rb, S, Cl, and Fe through a series of plants connected by segments of a single parent stolon as affected by moisture stress and the transfer of Rb, S, and Cl from one plant to another when their roots were growing together in the same pot was studied for St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum Walt Kuntze, var. ‘Floratine’).Approximately one‐fourth of the Rb and S and one‐half of the Cl taken up by the plants from the soil moved through stolons to other plants.When two series of pots were arranged so that the middle plant of each had root systems in the same pot, differential moisture treatments on one stolon affected the ratio between total movement and uptake for Rb and S and to a lesser extent Cl in the system. This ratio was less or greater than normal when the water supply was excessive or deficient, respectively. The direction of movement was always towards the youngest plant in series.Rubidium, S, and Cl moved out of one plant into another growing in the same pot and then through stolons to additional plants. Stress conditions on the receptor stolon did not affect movement of the three elements to the same degree.The uptake Fe from FeCl3, Fe2O3, FeSO4, and FeCO3 was very low amounting to 2.35, 0.70, 0.083, and 0.070%, respectively. For FeCl3 the low percentage recovery was attributed to relatively high soil Fe and fixation. For the others it was probably due to low solubility. Uptake was so low for FeSO4 that movement through stolons was difficult to measure. However for FeCl3, Fe2O3, and FeCO3 movement was dominantly towards new growth in every case similar to Rb, S, and Cl Absorption of Fe from the plant material into the bodies of rabbits seemed to be independent of source.
The Frond Size of Bracken Fern on Forested Outwash Sand in Northern Lower Michigan
Authors: Hellum A. K. , Zahner R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe length of the bracken frond (Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum L. Kuhn) and the density of frond stocking are strongly influenced by soil profile development and overstory cover type, as measured on 70 sites. Under aspen (Populus grandidentata and P. tremuloides) or jack pine (Pinus banksiana cover, bracken growth increases with increasing degree of soil podzolization, from a Grayling sand entisol to a moderately well‐developed Kalkaska sand spodosol. On spodosols, bracken growth is better under aspen forest than under jack pine, and both of these forest cover types provide for better bracken growth than do stands of oak (Quercus rubra and Q. velutina) or open areas. On entisols, bracken growth is poor under all overstories, and the frond size is not affected by cover. The soil effect is attributable to enrichment of the B horizon with increased podzolization. The forest cover effect was correlated with time of emergence of bracken and protection of emerging fronds from spring frosts. The soil influence on frond size is strong enough that, with due caution concerning overstory cover, bracken fern can be used as a site indicator for aspen or jack pine on deep outwash sand soils in northern Lower Michigan.
Phosphorus Fixation by Soils in Relation to Extractable Iron Oxides and Mineralogical Composition
Authors: Ramulu U. S. Sree , Pratt P. F. , Page A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fixation of P was studied for 12 acid soils that contained various amounts of free iron oxides. A significant correlation (r = 0.77) was obtained between P fixation and dithionite extractable Fe, but regression analysis showed that soils which contained kaolinite as the only clay mineral fixed more P and were in a different population than soils that contained both vermiculite and kaolinite. Data are presented which show that Fe in the interlayers of vermiculite is not active in P fixation but is extractable with dithionite.Amounts of Fe extracted with oxalate were significantly correlated with P fixation (r = 0.95). In this regard, except for one soil that contained moderate amounts of gibbsite, all soils were in the same population. The data suggest that oxalate does not remove Fe from the interlayers of vermiculite but that dithionite does. The oxalate method, as modified, would provide a more quantitative means to determine the relationship between iron‐oxides and the P‐fixing capacity of soils similar to those studied.
Routine Counting of 32P in Colored Solutions from Dry Ashed Plant Samples Utilizing Čerenkov Radiation
Authors: White Ronald P. , Ellis B. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique for routine liquid scintillation counting of 32P in dry ashed plant tissue by utilizing Čerenkov radiation was shown to be effective when corrections for color quenching in the samples were made by the use of an external standard source of radioactivity. A comparison of this method with that of counting plant tissue briquettes with a G‐M tube indicated a great increase in counting efficiency. This technique requires no contamination of the 32P samples with liquid scintillator substances.
Corn (Zea mays L.) Root Configuration as Influenced by Some Row‐Interrow Variants of Tillage and Straw Mulch Management
Authors: Allmaras R. R. , Nelson W. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCombinations of tillage and straw mulch strips produced various patterns of horizontally nonuniform matric suction and temperature under the row vs. the interrow. These nonuniformities were observed to soil depths ≥ 45 cm. Straw mulch strips decreased the average soil temperature and matric suction. A spring‐plow interrow decreased the average soil temperature compared to no tillage, but the effect on matric suction depended on the initial soil water.Root dry weight and configuration were changed by tillage and straw mulch treatments, but the same treatments produced different root growth in 2 years of study. Straw mulch strips between rows increased root weight and lateral proliferation in the year of higher average soil temperature and matric suction, but decreased them in the year of lower soil temperature and matric suction. Straw mulch strips over the row decreased root and shoot dry weight, decreased lateral proliferation in the year of higher temperatures and matric suctions, and increased lateral proliferation in the year of lower temperatures and matric suctions. Compared to no tillage, a spring‐plow interrow reduced lateral proliferation at depths less than 20 cm.Early shoot growth and subsequent grain yield were greatest on treatments producing greater lateral proliferation at shallow depths early in the season.
Cation Exchange Behavior of a Zeolitic Sodic Soil
Authors: El‐Nahal M. A. , Whittig L. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA strongly saline‐sodic Pond clay loam soil was found to contain approximately 22% of the zeolite analcime. The anomalous cation exchange behavior of this soil was attributed to the presence of analcime. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable Na (Ex Na) measured with K or NH4 were more than twice those measured with Li, Mg, or Ba. The exchange of K for Na, Mg for Na, and Na for K, by incremental extraction, gave evidence that the excess Na of the soil was released by exchange rather than by mineral dissolution, and that analcime was the source of that excess Na.Extraction of the analcime soil with Li, Mg, or Ba offered a fair measure of the exchange properties of the nonzeolitic portion of the soil.
The Three Stages of Drying of a Field Soil
Authors: Idso S. B. , Reginato R. J. , Jackson R. D. , Kimball B. A. , Nakayama F. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix major drying experiments were conducted on a smooth, bare field of Avondale clay loam at Phoenix, Arizona, during all seasons of the year. Intensive measurements of evaporation, soil‐water contents, soil temperatures, soil heat flux, albedo, and net radiation allowed us to delineate the three classical stages of soil drying. The first stage was characterized by potential evaporation. The second stage was characterized by drying of the soil surface, resulting in a significantly reduced evaporation rate. This stage continued until the volumetric water content at the soil surface reached a value of about 0.06, the predicted starting point for stage three for this soil—based on the assumption that physical adsorption takes place in the first two molecular layers of water surrounding the soil particles. Simple albedo measurements often predicted the transition points between the different stages.