bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uptake and storage of catecholamines in rabbit brain after chronic reserpine treatment
Authors: DAHLSTRÖM A , FUXE K , HAMBERGER B , HÖKFELT T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The brains of rabbits treated chronically with small doses of reserpine have been examined by the histochemical fluorescence method for dopamine, noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Measurements were made 4 and 24 hr after the last reserpine injection both in vivo and in vitro. Evidence has been obtained that the small functionally-important pool of amine can be directly visualized in the fluorescence microscope. It was found to be present intraneuronally, probably localized to amine storage granules. The degree of functional recovery was correlated with the recovery, as shown by the increased fluorescence, of a small intraneuronal pool of amine and with the ability of amine storage granules to take up monoamines.
Blockade of bradykinin-induced nociception in the rat as a test for analgesic drugs with particular reference to morphine antagonists
Authors: BLANE G F , Macfarlane I R , Reed G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A rat test, recently outlined by Deffenu & others for the evaluation of analgesic drugs and using intra-arterially administered bradykinin as the nociceptive stimulus, has been applied to varied categories of analgesic drugs including, for the first time, morphine antagonists. For purposes of comparison, data obtained with the same drugs using established techniques are also given. The use of the bradykinin-antagonism test as a laboratory model with which to investigate drugs of potential therapeutic value in man is discussed and compared particularly with the mouse phenylquinone-induced writhing test. Attention is drawn to the possibility of correlating the effect of drugs on bradykinin-induced pseudo-affective responses in animals with human pain.
The excretion of [14C] butylated hydroxytoluene in the rat
Authors: LADOMERY L G , RYAN A J , WRIGHT S E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The excretion of small doses of [14C]labelled butylated hydroxytoluene has been examined in the rat. Parenteral doses are excreted slowly in urine and faeces over 4 days. Biliary excretion is rapid. The biliary radioactivity is absorbed readily from the gut and a rapid enterohepatic cycle has been found to operate over at least 96 hr.
Mechanism of amphetamine accumulation in the isolated perfused heart of the rat
Authors: Thoenen H , Hürlimann A , Haefely W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Rat hearts were perfused with 10 to 1,000 ng/ml of (±)-[3H]amphetamine. The time course of accumulation and the maximal tissue/medium ratio (T/M) were identical for all concentrations studied. The maximal T/M varied between 5 and 6 and was reached after 5 min of perfusion. The accumulation of amphetamine was not inhibited by cocaine or noradrenaline. It was not impaired by combined inhibition of aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism and it was not dependent on the intactness of sympathetic nerve endings, indicating that the greater amount of amphetamine was located extraneuronally. The diminished accumulation of amphetamine following reduction of temperature or sodium concentration of the perfusion fluid most probably reflects impaired tissue perfusion resulting from vascular constriction. The time course of accumulation and decay of amphetamine is compatible with a rapidly reversible phase-distribution of this amine possibly related to its relatively high lipophilic properties. The possible significance of phenolic hydroxyl groups in membrane transport and diffusion of phenethylamines is discussed.
The response of an isolated artery to sympathomimetic amines
Authors: Campbell I K , Farmer J B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The rabbit ear central artery preparation responded with contractions to noradrenaline, dopamine, tyramine, octopamine, phenylethylamine, β-phenylethanolamine and periarterial sympathetic nerve stimulation. Noradrenaline, dopamine and nervous stimulation gave monophasic responses. Tyramine and octopamine gave biphasic responses consisting of an initial fast contraction followed by a second contraction of slow onset and long duration. Phenylethylamine and phenylethanolamine also gave biphasic responses, but the second contraction was of quick onset and short duration of action and often merged with the first contraction. Cocaine, superior cervical ganglionectomy and reserpinization reduced the second phase of the contraction to tyramine, octopamine and phenylethylamine. The second phase of the response to phenylethanolamine was reduced by reserpine but not by cocaine or denervation.
The effects of physiological concentrations of noradrenaline on the coronary resistance of isolated perfused hearts of the cat, dog and monkey
Authors: Proctor E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of “physiological” concentrations of noradrenaline on the coronary resistance of isolated, perfused hearts of the cat, dog and monkey were determined. At the lowest active concentrations of noradrenaline (2–4 ng/ml), the preparations always responded with an increase in coronary resistance associated with an un-recordable or minimal myocardial response. As the concentration increased, the effect of the amine on the coronary resistance became biphasic. There was an initial transient increase followed by a more prolonged decrease in resistance associated with a significant myocardial response. These results support other evidence that the direct action of noradrenaline on the coronary vessels is one of vasoconstriction, and that the decrease in resistance associated with larger concentrations of noradrenaline is secondary to the myocardial stimulation, perhaps by way of vasodilating metabolites. Lack of agreement of results may well arise due to the use of concentrations of noradrenaline which also affect the myocardium.
A note on the determination of particle size by dielectric measurement
Authors: Kaye R C , Seager H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An incremental method for the determination of particle size distribution by dielectric constant measurement is described. The results obtained for griseofulvin and phenothiazine agree well with those obtained by Andreasen's method. The technique is suitable for the size-grading of low-conducting powder suspensions.
A note on the absorption of 3-methoxy-N-methyl-morphinan hydrochloride from the rat stomach
Authors: Fiese G , Perrin J H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
(+)-3-Methoxy-N-methylmorphinan, a base with a pKa of 7·97 is absorbed from the rat stomach at pH 2·0, in a manner which suggests passive diffusion rather than a specialized transport process to be the mechanism.
Potentiation of ethanol by Coprinus atramentarius in mice
Authors: Genest K , Coldwell B B , Hughes D W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Assessment of toxic manifestations and sleeping times in mice shows that the mushroom Coprinus atramentarius potentiates the action of ethanol when administered orally from 3 to 16 hr before a sub-lethal dose of ethanol. Administration of this mushroom 24 hr before, immediately after or 3 hr after the ethanol causes no potentiation. No similar effect was observed with Coprinus comatus.
Peripheral and central components in the hyperthermic effect of desipramine in reserpinized rats
Authors: Bernardi D , Paglialunga S , Jori A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Pithed rats show a decrease of body temperature which is not affected by reserpine, cocaine or desipramine. Noradrenaline decreases the rate of fall of body temperature and this effect is enhanced by pretreatment with cocaine or desipramine. Reserpine with desipramine or with cocaine also produces a decreased rate of fall of body temperature. But if reserpine is given 18 hr before pithing, desipramine is without effect although noradrenaline and 2,4-dinitrophenol produce a calorigenic response. The hyperthermic effect of desipramine in reserpinized rats is also decreased by spinal transection. Lumbar transection is less effective than cervical transection. It is concluded that the integrity of the central nervous system is required for the development of the hyperthermic effect of desipramine in previously reserpinized rats.
The effect of ascorbic acid on the cerebral and adrenal catecholamine content in the male rat
Authors: Izquierdo Juan A , Jofré Isabel J , Acevedo Cristina 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The intraperitoneal administration of ascorbic acid (500 mg/kg) to rats produces a significant decrease in the concentration of dopamine, and an increase in noradrenaline, in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, diencephalon, mesencephalon and medulla oblongata. The only change in the concentration of adrenaline was a decrease observed in the cerebral hemispheres. Ascorbic acid produces an increase in the concentration of ascorbic acid in the brain; this rise was not observed in the adrenal medulla where the concentrations of catecholamines were also unchanged.
Concentric cylinder creep investigation of pharmaceutical semi-solids
Authors: Warburton B , Barry B W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The rheological examination of pharmaceutical preparations has not often taken into account the contributions of viscoelasticity. Many semi-solids have been treated as liquids and observed in continuous shear. The present paper describes a concentric cylinder creep apparatus designed to enable viscoelastic parameters to be measured. A resumé of current theory is given and some experimental data analysed.
Subcellular distribution of some phenothiazines in blood platelets of rabbit
Authors: Solatunturi Erkka , Ahtee Liisa 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Platelets incubated in plasma containing 5 times 10−5 and 3 times 10−4 M chlorpromazine, desmonomethylchlorpromazine or chlorpromazine sulphoxide were homogenized and fractioned by differential centrifugation. After fractionation most of the accumulated chlorpromazine and desmonomethylchlorpromazine were found in the particulate fractions, while most of the chlorpromazine sulphoxide was in the supernatant. The phenothiazines studied had a certain affinity for that fraction containing most of the platelet 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). These phenothiazines released half of the platelet 5-HT without altering its intracellular distribution. The distribution of 5-HT was affected only by concentrations of chlorpromazine and desmonomethylchlorpromazine which released nearly all of the platelet 5-HT.
Aspects of the epimerization of certain tetracycline derivatives
Authors: Hussar Daniel A , Niebergall Paul J , Sugita Edwin T , Doluisio James T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The epimerization of several tetracycline derivatives was examined at several pH values using varying conditions of temperature and buffer strength. Rate coefficients for the epimerization of tetracycline and demethylchlortetracycline are reported and factors associated with the epimerization of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are discussed. Under the conditions used calcium had no effect on the rate of epimerization and copper promoted degradation other than epimerization.
Hypoglycaemic activity of 1,1‘-biadamantylaryl sulphonylureas
Authors: Pala G , Coppi G , Mantegani A , Bianchi C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Replacement of the 1-adamantyl group with a 1,1′-biadamantyl group in the N-adamant-1-yl-N'-arylsulphonylureas leads to compounds having the same or a doubled hypoglycaemic activity. The new biadamantyl derivatives exert a delayed onset of action compared with that of the corresponding adamantane derivatives. The most promising, 3,3′-di(N'-p-toluenesulphonylureido)-1,1′-biadamantyl (Compd No. 1) and 3,3′-di(N'-p-methoxybenzenesulphonylureido)-1,1′-biadamantyl (Compd No. 3) are only slightly toxic and appear not to have other pharmacological activity.
Dissolution and crystal growth in aqueous suspensions of cortisone acetate
Authors: Carless J E , Moustafa M A , Rapson H D C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The change in particle size distribution of cortisone acetate in aqueous (saline) suspensions has been examined using the Coulter Counter. Rate of growth under standardized conditions was calculated as increase of diameter per unit time. Solubility of a water-unstable crystal form has been shown to be greater than that of the stable form. Discussion of the results reveals that crystal growth is mainly initiated by polymorphic transformation. Lattice energies, heats of wetting and solution of the different crystal forms are thought to be the rate controlling factors.
Effects of the NN‘-triethyl analogue of suxamethonium on neuromuscular transmission
Authors: Dowd H , Jennings S J , Marshall I G , Tracy B M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of succinyltriethylcholine on neuromuscular transmission in the cat and chick, and on the output of acetylcholine from the isolated rat hemidiaphragm, are described. Succinyltriethylcholine exhibits an initial post-junctional non-depolarizing blocking action. A secondary prejunctional inhibitory action on acetylcholine output, is due to succinyltriethylcholine rather than to the hydrolysis products. The compound also exhibits a facilitatory action which may be due to anticholinesterase activity.
The effects of drugs on circular muscle strips from the isolated ileum of the rabbit
Authors: Tweeddale M G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Circular muscle strip preparations were contracted by high concentrations of acetylcholine, methacholine or carbachol, but not by other smooth muscle stimulants. The responses to acetylcholine were antagonized by muscarinic blocking agents but not by ganglion-blocking drugs or local anaesthetics. Anticholinesterases induced violent and prolonged activity which was unaffected by repeated washing, by atropine or by local anaesthetics. The insensitivity to acetylcholine and the anomalous responses to anticholinesterases and to the stimulant drugs are discussed. It is suggested that there is some basic difference between the pharmacological responses of the two layers of the mammalian small intestine.
The partially inhibited growth of Escherichia coli in the presence of some antibacterial agents
Authors: Rye R M , Wiseman David 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Cultures of Escherichia coli were partially inhibited by treatment with tetracycline, phenol, phenylmercuric acetate or cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The effects of these agents were investigated by measuring the cell size distributions after growth had occurred in the presence of sufficient ampicillin to suppress cellular division. Tetracycline and phenol inhibited cultures by a uniform decrease in the rate of growth of all of the cells; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide completely inhibited the growth of some of the cells whilst having no effect on the remainder; phenylmercuric acetate probably affected all the cells but inhibited each individual to a different extent. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of a general growth rate equation.
The solubilities of the lower testosterone esters
Authors: James K C , Roberts Mrs M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The solubilities of the formate to valerate esters of testosterone have been determined in water and several organic solvents. The aqueous solubilities decrease logarithmically as the homologous series is ascended, but the acetate is less soluble than anticipated in the organic solvents. The variation in solubility from ester to ester can be predicted in the organic solvents from thermodynamic data, and is a reflection of the differences in melting point. The melting point differences are explained from the space group dimensions and the area of α to α face contact in the crystals.
A note on insulin tolerance during mebanazine treatment
Authors: Adnitt P I 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In contrast to previous findings, mebanazine, a hydrazine monoamine oxidase inhibitor, administered for 21 days had no effect on insulin sensitivity in the rabbit. Insulin sensitivity was increased in mebanazine pretreated 24 hr starved rats but unchanged in mebanazine pretreated fed rats. Muscle and liver glycogen in the rat was unaffected by mebanazine treatment.
Water-in-oil solubilized vaccine adjuvants
Authors: Coles C L J , Hepple J R , Hilton Marjorie L , Walton C A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The solubilization of water and toxoid solutions in oils by non-ionic surface-active agents has been examined. Water-in-oil solubilized adjuvant formulations of vaccines containing Clostridium welchii type D toxoid as antigen have been tested in laboratory animals. The antitoxin titres in rabbit serum induced by the most successful formulation were as high 14 weeks after a single dose, as the peak titres after two doses of a simple aluminium hydroxide adsorbed vaccine. The vaccines are clear and of low viscosity which facilitates accurate measurement and handling by syringe.
Routine detection and identification in urine of stimulants, analgesics, antihistamines, local anaesthetics and other drugs, some of which may be used to modify performance in sport
Authors: Beckett A H , Moffat A C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
MANY sporting authorities throughout the world proscribe, in addition to the stimulants, other classes of drugs, e.g. the narcotics and phenothiazine tranquillizers. Present gas-liquid chromatographic procedures for the routine detection in urine of all these classes of drugs suffer from the disadvantage of using a variety of operating conditions (see for example Kazyak & Knoblock, 1963, who listed retention time data for 59 compounds using a single SE-30 column and temperatures from 115–250°, and also Street, 1967).
The work of Beckett, Tucker & Moffat (1967) on stimulants is therefore now extended, using two isothermal GLC systems, to obtain retention data for 74 additional compounds. This allows the analysis of 116 compounds to be made using only three isothermal GLC systems. Drugs, other than those which may be used to modify performance in sport, are included since sportsmen may use them for medical reasons, e.g. phenacetin in analgesic preparations or a local anaesthetic for injury, and these may interfere with the dope control test.
Solubilities of testosterone propionate in non-polar solvents at 100°
Authors: Bowen D B , James K C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
THE solubilities of the formate to valerate esters of testosterone in non-polar solvents at 25° were determined by James & Roberts (1968) who also compared them with ideal mole fraction solubilities (X2), calculated from the equation,
(Hildebrand & Scott 1962). ΔHF is the heat of fusion of the solute and TM the melting point. Changes in solubility as the homologous series is ascended were predicted by equation (1), but the individual experimental results did not agree with the calculated values. ΔHF was calculated from the heat of fusion at the melting point, ΔHFM, by correcting for the differences in heat capacity of the solid and the supercooled liquid between TM and T. The correction was estimated with a differential scanning calorimeter by extrapolating the liquid enthalpy line back to 25° and measuring the area between the extrapolation and the enthalpy line of the solid. The method was considered questionable, however, because it assumed that the enthalpy line of the supercooled liquid decreased linearly over the whole range of temperature. This theory is tested below by comparing the measured and calculated solubilities of testosterone propionate at a temperature just below its melting point, where the heat capacity correction is small and ΔHFM can be used for ΔHF.
The solvents examined by James & Roberts (1968) had smaller molar volumes than the testosterone esters, and it was suggested that the difference in molar volume between solute and solvent could prevent the random distribution assumed by regular solution theory. Prediction of solubility would thus improve as the molar volume of the solvent approached that of the solute. The test is applied below by determining the solubility of testosterone propionate in a range of solvents.
The effect of pH and sodium metabisulphite on the stability of physostigmine sulphate solutions to heat and ionizing radiation
Authors: Fletcher G , Davies D J G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method which assays the alkaloid in the presence of its breakdown products has been used to investigate the effects of heating and exposure to ionizing radiations on the degradation kinetics of aqueous physostigmine solutions. Maximum stability at 90***° is between pH 2·2 and 3·0. Sodium metabisulphite retards the degradation of physostigmine when exposed to gamma irradiation, but has no effect on the degradation by heat.
Some limitations of continuous shear methods for the study of pharmaceutical semi-solids
Authors: Davis S S , Shotton E , Warburton B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The limitations of the Ferranti Shirley viscometer are reviewed and discussed. An experimental study of four pharmaceutical materials indicates that the apparatus is restricted to a qualitative use for semi-solids because of effects due to evaporation, sweep time selection and shear fracture. When the above effects are gross, the rheograms demonstrate obvious peculiarities. If they are slight, they could escape unnoticed physically and yet lead to incorrect interpretation. The rheograms obtained for such materials are not reproducible for a once sheared sample and hence their quantitative interpretation would be meaningless. Transient tests or oscillatory studies are suggested as alternative methods of examination.
Thixotropy and rheopexy of propyliodone suspensions in arachis oil: Effect of median particle size
Authors: Chawla B S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Propyliodone oily injection B.P. exhibits thixotropy under high shear rates and rheopexy under low shear rates. The rate and the degree of rheopectic build-up of structure are influenced by the particle size, the effect increasing as the median particle size is reduced.
Energy utilization in a fluid energy mill
Authors: Ridgway K , Walton C A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A “Gem” fluid energy mill was built into an assembly which allowed the temperature, pressure and quantity of air flowing through it to be measured. The feed rate of powder to be ground was also controlled. The increase in surface area of sodium chloride was determined as a function of air pressure and feed rate in order to establish the conditions for optimum performance.
The mixing of powders flowing down an inclined plane
Authors: Ridgway K , Rupp R , Sanchez A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An apparatus has been constructed in which a pair of hoppers feed powders at controlled rates to the top end of a chute in two moving layers, one on top of the other. The layers move down the chute and at the lower end are separated again by an adjustable knife edge. Subsequent analysis of the fractions obtained enables the amount of mixing which has occurred to be determined. Since the mixing takes place under controlled conditions through a known area of contact between the powders, the apparatus measures “powder miscibility”. Two photoelectric cells enabled the powder velocity to be measured. Powder velocities and bed structure are reported for the flow of single layers of sand of various thicknesses. Mixing results are presented, in terms of an effective diffusion coefficient, for the flow of 30/36 mesh sand.
Dissolution rate measurement by an automated dialysis method
Authors: Barzilay R B , Hersey J A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An automated dialysis method for measuring the dissolution profiles of unit dose forms is described. The suitability of the method for the evaluation of these profiles has been demonstrated by an examination of tablets of sulphathiazole prepared under different conditions of pressure and excipient content. The addition of the water soluble resin, polyethylene oxide, has been shown to cause a small increase in the dissolution rates of the tablets.