bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness of extended buprenorphine–naloxone treatment for opioid‐dependent youth: data from a randomized trial
Authors: Polsky Daniel , Glick Henry A. , Yang Jianing , Subramaniam Geetha A. , Poole Sabrina A. , Woody George E. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAims  The objective is to estimate cost, net social cost and cost‐effectiveness in a clinical trial of extended buprenorphine–naloxone (BUP) treatment versus brief detoxification treatment in opioid‐dependent youth.Design  Economic evaluation of a clinical trial conducted at six community out‐patient treatment programs from July 2003 to December 2006, who were randomized to 12 weeks of BUP or a 14‐day taper (DETOX). BUP patients were prescribed up to 24 mg per day for 9 weeks and then tapered to zero at the end of week 12. DETOX patients were prescribed up to 14 mg per day and then tapered to zero on day 14. All were offered twice‐weekly drug counseling.Participants  152 patients aged 15–21 years.Measurements  Data were collected prospectively during the 12‐week treatment and at follow‐up interviews at months 6, 9 and 12.Findings  The 12‐week out‐patient study treatment cost was $1514 (P < 0.001) higher for BUP relative to DETOX. One‐year total direct medical cost was only $83 higher for BUP (P = 0.97). The cost‐effectiveness ratio of BUP relative to DETOX was $1376 in terms of 1‐year direct medical cost per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) and $25 049 in terms of out‐patient treatment program cost per QALY. The acceptability curve suggests that the cost‐effectiveness ratio of BUP relative to DETOX has an 86% chance of being accepted as cost‐effective for a threshold of $100 000 per QALY.Conclusions  Extended BUP treatment relative to brief detoxification is cost effective in the US health‐care system for the outpatient treatment of opioid‐dependent youth.
Community reinforcement and family training: an effective option to engage treatment‐resistant substance‐abusing individuals in treatment
Authors: Roozen Hendrik G. , De Waart Ranne , Van Der Kroft Petra 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAims  Many individuals with substance use disorders are opposed to seeking formal treatment, often leading to disruptive relationships with concerned significant others (CSOs). This is disturbing, as untreated individuals are often associated with a variety of other addiction‐related problems. Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) provides an option to the more traditional treatment and intervention approaches. The objective of this systematic review was to compare CRAFT with the Alcoholics Anonymous/Narcotics Anonymous (Al‐Anon/Nar‐Anon) model and the Johnson Institute intervention in terms of its ability to engage patients in treatment and improve the functioning of CSOs.Methods  The electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library were consulted. Four high‐quality randomized controlled trials were identified, with a total sample of 264 CSOs. Data were synthesized to quantify the effect with 95% confidence intervals, using the random effects model.Results  CRAFT produced three times more patient engagement than Al‐Anon/Nar‐Anon [relative risk (RR) 3.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.11–5.02, P < 0.0001; numbers needed to treat (NNT) = 2] and twice the engagement of the Johnson Institute intervention (RR 2.15, 95% CI 1.28–3.62, P = 0.004; NNT = 3). Overall, CRAFT encouraged approximately two‐thirds of treatment‐resistant patients to attend treatment, typically for four to six CRAFT sessions. CSOs showed marked psychosocial and physical improvements whether they were assigned to CRAFT, Al‐Anon/Nar‐Anon or the Johnson Institute intervention within the 6‐month treatment window.Conclusion  CRAFT has been found to be superior in engaging treatment‐resistant substance‐abusing individuals compared with the traditional programmes.
Evaluation of reference genes for quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction normalization in infected tomato plants
Authors: MASCIA TIZIANA , SANTOVITO ELISA , GALLITELLI DONATO , CILLO FABRIZIO 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe quantification of messenger RNA expression levels by real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction requires the availability of reference genes that are stably expressed regardless of the experimental conditions under study. We examined the expression variations of a set of eight candidate reference genes in tomato leaf and root tissues subjected to the infection of five taxonomically and molecularly different plant viruses and a viroid, inducing diverse pathogenic effects on inoculated plants. Parallel analyses by three commonly used dedicated algorithms, geNorm, NormFinder and BestKeeper, showed that different viral infections and tissues of origin influenced, to some extent, the expression levels of these genes. However, all algorithms showed high levels of stability for glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and ubiquitin, indicated as the most suitable endogenous transcripts for normalization in both tissue types. Actin and uridylate kinase were also stably expressed throughout the infected tissues, whereas cyclophilin showed tissue‐specific expression stability only in root samples. By contrast, two widely employed reference genes, 18S ribosomal RNA and elongation factor 1α, demonstrated highly variable expression levels that should discourage their use for normalization. In addition, expression level analysis of ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase showed the modulation of the two genes in virus‐infected tomato leaves and roots. The relative quantification of the two genes varied according to the reference genes selected, thus highlighting the importance of the choice of the correct normalization method in such experiments.
Preliminary efficacy and safety of an oromucosal standardized cannabis extract in chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting
Authors: Duran Marta , Pérez Eulàlia , Abanades Sergio , Vidal Xavier , Saura Cristina , Majem Margarita , Arriola Edurne , Rabanal Manel , Pastor Antoni , Farré Magí , Rams Neus , Laporte Joan‐Ramon , Capellà Dolors 
Published: July 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Orally administered synthetic cannabinoids (nabilone and dronabinol) have been shown to be superior to dopamine receptor antagonists in preventing chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).• There is no information on the tolerability of an acute dose titration of a whole‐plant cannabis‐based medicine (CBM).• The efficacy of cannibidiol with tetrahydrocannabinol added to the current standard therapy in the control of CINV after moderately emetic cancer chemotherapy (MEC) administration has not been established. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • This is the first controlled study assessing the tolerability of an acute dose titration of a CBM.• The results suggest that rapid titration of a CBM appeared to be well tolerated by most patients and efficacious in reducing the incidence of delayed CINV.AIMSDespite progress in anti‐emetic treatment, many patients still suffer from chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). This is a pilot, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase II clinical trial designed to evaluate the tolerability, preliminary efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of an acute dose titration of a whole‐plant cannabis‐based medicine (CBM) containing delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, taken in conjunction with standard therapies in the control of CINV.METHODSPatients suffering from CINV despite prophylaxis with standard anti‐emetic treatment were randomized to CBM or placebo, during the 120 h post‐chemotherapy period, added to standard anti‐emetic treatment. Tolerability was measured as the number of withdrawals from the study during the titration period because of adverse events (AEs). The endpoint for the preliminary efficacy analysis was the proportion of patients showing complete or partial response.RESULTSSeven patients were randomized to CBM and nine to placebo. Only one patient in the CBM arm was withdrawn due to AEs. A higher proportion of patients in the CBM group experienced a complete response during the overall observation period [5/7 (71.4%) with CMB vs. 2/9 (22.2%) with placebo, the difference being 49.2% (95% CI 1%, 75%)], due to the delayed period. The incidence of AEs was higher in the CBM group (86% vs. 67%). No serious AEs were reported. The mean daily dose was 4.8 sprays in both groups.CONCLUSIONCompared with placebo, CBM added to standard antiemetic therapy was well tolerated and provided better protection against delayed CINV. These results should be confirmed in a phase III clinical trial.
Effect of tiotropium bromide on airway inflammation and remodelling in a mouse model of asthma
Authors: Ohta S. , Oda N. , Yokoe T. , Tanaka A. , Yamamoto Y. , Watanabe Y. , Minoguchi K. , Ohnishi T. , Hirose T. , Nagase H. , Ohta K. , Adachi M. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBackground
Tiotropium bromide, a long acting muscarinic receptor inhibitor, is a potent agent for patients with bronchial asthma as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether tiotropium bromide can inhibit allergen‐induced acute and chronic airway inflammation, T helper (Th)2 cytokine production, and airway remodelling in a murine model of asthma.Methods
Balb/c mice were sensitized and challenged acutely or chronically to ovalbumin (OVA). The impact of tiotropium bromide was assessed using these mice models by histologic, morphometric, and molecular techniques. Moreover, the effect of tiotropium bromide on Th2 cytokine production from purified human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was assessed.Results
Treatment with tiotropium bromide significantly reduced airway inflammation and the Th2 cytokine production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in both acute and chronic models of asthma. The levels of TGF‐β1 were also reduced by tiotropium bromide in BALF in a chronic model. The goblet cell metaplasia, thickness of airway smooth muscle, and airway fibrosis were all significantly decreased in tiotropium bromide‐treated mice. Moreover, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to serotonin was significantly abrogated by tiotropium bromide in a chronic model. Th2 cytokine production from spleen cells isolated from OVA‐sensitized mice was also significantly inhibited by tiotropium bromide and 4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methylpiperidine methiodide, which is a selective antagonist to the M3 receptor. Finally, treatment with tiotropium bromide inhibited the Th2 cytokine production from PBMCs.Conclusion
These results indicate that tiotropium bromide can inhibit Th2 cytokine production and airway inflammation, and thus may reduce airway remodelling and AHR in a murine model of asthma. Cite this as: S. Ohta, N. Oda, T. Yokoe, A. Tanaka, Y. Yamamoto, Y. Watanabe, K. Minoguchi, T. Ohnishi, T. Hirose, H. Nagase, K. Ohta and M. Adachi, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1266–1275.
Vitamin K3 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury through inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activation
Authors: Tanaka S , Nishiumi S , Nishida M , Mizushina Y , Kobayashi K , Masuda A , Fujita T , Morita Y , Mizuno S , Kutsumi H , Azuma T , Yoshida M 
Published: July 2010

Summary
Vitamin K is a family of fat-soluble compounds including phylloquinone (vitamin K1), menaquinone (vitamin K2) and menadione (vitamin K3). Recently, it was reported that vitamin K, especially vitamins K1 and K2, exerts a variety of biological effects, and these compounds are expected to be candidates for therapeutic agents against various diseases. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin K3 in in vitro cultured cell experiments and in vivo animal experiments. In human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells, vitamin K3 inhibited the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α-evoked translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB into the nucleus, although vitamins K1 and K2 did not. Vitamin K3 also suppressed the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and production of TNF-α in mouse macrophage RAW264·7 cells. Moreover, the addition of vitamin K3 before and after LPS administration attenuated the severity of lung injury in an animal model of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which occurs in the setting of acute severe illness complicated by systemic inflammation. In the ARDS model, vitamin K3 also suppressed the LPS-induced increase in the serum TNF-α level and inhibited the LPS-evoked nuclear translocation of NF-κB in lung tissue. Despite marked efforts, little therapeutic progress has been made, and the mortality rate of ARDS remains high. Vitamin K3 may be an effective therapeutic strategy against acute lung injury including ARDS.
Impact of UK National Guidelines based on FRAX®– comparison with current clinical practice
Authors: Crabtree N. J. , Bebbington N. A. , Chapman D. M. , Wahid Y. S. , Ayuk J. , Boivin C. M. , Cooper M. S. , Gittoes N. J. L. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryObjective  To assess whether clinician‐determined treatment intervention thresholds are in line with the assessment of fracture risk provided by FRAX® and treatment recommendations provided by UK guidelines produced by the National Osteoporosis Guidelines Group (NOGG).Design, Patients and Measurements  This was a retrospective cohort analysis of 288 patients consecutively referred for dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning from primary care immediately prior to the introduction of the FRAX® algorithm. In addition to DXA assessment, patients completed a clinical risk factor questionnaire which included risk factors used in the FRAX® algorithm. Initial risk assessment and treatment decisions were performed after DXA. FRAX® was used, retrospectively, with femoral neck T‐score, to estimate fracture risk which was applied to NOGG to generate guidance on treatment intervention. Clinician‐ and NOGG‐determined outcomes were audited for concordance.Results  There was concordance between clinician and NOGG treatment decisions in 215 (74·6%) subjects. Discordance was observed in 73 (25·3%) subjects. In the discordant group, seven subjects were given lifestyle advice when NOGG recommended treatment, 42 given treatment when NOGG recommended lifestyle advice only, and 24 were referred to a metabolic bone clinic for further evaluation. The reasons for treatment differences in subjects recommended treatment by clinician but not NOGG were largely (90·2%) attributed to the use of lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD).Conclusions  There is high concordance between clinician‐determined and FRAX®‐NOGG intervention. The absence of spine BMD from FRAX® is the primary source of discrepancy. This study provides some assurance of the validity of the treatment thresholds generated from FRAX®‐NOGG in ‘real‐world’ usage.
Evidence of subsurface preferential flow using soil hydrologic monitoring in the Shale Hills catchment
Authors: Lin H. , Zhou X. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryCharacterization of preferential flow at multiple spatial and temporal scales is fundamental to the understanding of complex subsurface heterogeneity and catchment hydrology. Evidence of subsurface preferential flow and the conditions under which it occurs were investigated in the Shale Hills catchment, a humid forested region in central Pennsylvania, USA. Seven monitoring sites, plus five replicates, were established along a concave hillslope, a convex hillslope and a valley floor to monitor in situ the hydrology in various soil horizons and their interfaces at half‐minute intervals. Using the indicator of a lower horizon that responded to a rainstorm earlier than an upper horizon within the same soil profile, we investigated the subsurface preferential flow processes and their dynamics in each of the five soil series mapped in the catchment. Threshold behaviour, hydrophobicity impact, influence of soil thickness and topography were observed in the spatial and temporal variation of the subsurface preferential flow, which was initiated more readily under the conditions of more intense rain, drier initial soil, shallower soil, and steeper slope. Whereas preferential flow seemed common in this catchment, its frequency during the 15 storm events from 23 September 2006 to 1 January 2007 ranged from 0 to 73.3% for the 68 soil horizons monitored at the 12 stations, with an overall average frequency of 7.5% (i.e. ∼5 horizons per storm event). This preferential flow was more frequent during the drier period than that during the wetter one. Variation was observed within the same soil series, even for those profiles adjacent to one another. This was due to the differences in hillslope position, slope gradient and orientation, the underlying bedrock fracture and orientation, or some combinations. Whereas different soil series help differentiate the processes and dynamics involved in the subsurface preferential flow, a combined consideration of soil types and landscape features is important to ensure proper use of the soil data for hydrological applications.
Extensive intraspecific genetic diversity of a freshwater crayfish in a biodiversity hotspot
Authors: BENTLEY ANDREW I. , SCHMIDT DANIEL J. , HUGHES JANE M. 
Published: July 2010

Summary1. The freshwater crayfish Cherax dispar (Decapoda: Parastacidae) inhabits coastal regions and islands of South East Queensland, Australia. We hypothesised that populations of C. dispar on different islands would be more genetically divergent from each other than populations from different drainages within the same island or on the mainland.2. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were conducted on two mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase subunit I & 16S ribosomal DNA) and one nuclear gene (Internal Transcribed Spacer region 2). Phylogeographic patterns were compared with those for other freshwater organisms in the area.3. Deep genetic divergences were found within C. dispar, including four highly divergent (up to 20%) clades. The geographic distribution of each of the clades revealed strong latitudinal structuring along the coast rather than structuring among the islands. The high genetic divergence observed among the C. dispar clades was estimated to have pre‐dated island formation and may represent ancient river drainage patterns.4. A restricted distribution was observed for the most divergent clade, which was discovered only on two of the sand islands (North Stradbroke Island and Moreton Island). Furthermore, strong phylogeographic structuring was observed within this clade on North Stradbroke Island, where no haplotypes were shared between samples from opposite sides of the island. This low connectivity within the island supports the idea that C. dispar rarely disperse terrestrially (i.e. across watersheds).
Freshwater conservation planning: the case for systematic approaches
Authors: LINKE SIMON , TURAK EREN , NEL JEANNE 
Published: July 2010

Summary1. We review recent advances in systematic conservation planning in fresh waters. Most modern systematic planning approaches are based on the CARE principles: comprehensiveness, adequacy, representativeness and efficiency. Efficiency is usually provided by a complementarity‐based strategy, aiming to select new conservation areas in the light of previously protected features. These strategies have to be modified to account for the connected nature of rivers.2. Choice of surrogates for conservation features depends on the scale of the assessment, as well as the available expertise and resources. Ideally, real information about taxa or processes – extrapolated by models – ensures that target features are protected. Where this is not feasible, it is critical that the choice of environmental surrogates is informed by target biota or processes.3. Setting adequacy targets – the most challenging aspect in planning – needs to be evaluated in a freshwater‐specific context, as species–area relationships and the distribution of diversity differ in dendritic networks. Adequately designed conservation plans also need to consider upstream land use and catchment disturbances. Recent studies have largely addressed longitudinal connectivity either by setting rules to protect adjacent subcatchments (or even the entire catchment upstream), or by considering the magnitude of disturbance upstream of selected planning units. Very few studies have addressed lateral and vertical connectivity in a systematic way.4. To implement freshwater conservation plans, we recommend adopting a recently proposed hierarchical protection strategy, from ‘freshwater focal areas’ that contain the actual features to be protected to mixed‐use ‘catchment management zones’. Stakeholder involvement is crucial, especially in the large multi‐use areas upstream and in the surrounding catchment.5. We conclude that conservation planning using CARE principles is the only efficient way forward. This special issue shows significant efforts are under way to adapt freshwater‐specific adequacy, connectivity and implementation issues in conservation planning. However, a more holistic research investment is required to link freshwater, terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
APPLIED ISSUES: Size‐dependent mortality of migratory silver eels at a hydropower plant, and implications for escapement to the sea
Authors: CALLES O. , OLSSON I. C. , COMOGLIO C. , KEMP P. S. , BLUNDEN L. , SCHMITZ M. , GREENBERG L. A. 
Published: July 2010

Summary1. The European eel population has decreased drastically during recent decades, and new EU‐legislation calls for measures to change this negative trend. This decline has been attributed to a number of factors, including habitat fragmentation by structural barriers that prevent eels moving between freshwater and the sea. The success of downstream migrating adult silver eels migrating past a hydroelectric plant (HEP) in Sweden was examined by radio‐telemetry, and the results were considered in a historical context by analysing catch data from the river for 1957–2006.2. The choice of routes and passage success were quantified for three treatment groups and one control group of silver eels. The first treatment, the reservoir group (n = 50), was released into the reservoir upstream of the HEP, and these fish could proceed downstream by passing through the HEP (20 mm rack and turbines) or by entering the spill gates into the former channel, bypassing the HEP. The second treatment group (inside rack, n = 15) was released downstream of the 20‐mm rack and had to pass through the turbines to continue migration to the sea. The third treatment group consisted of dead radio‐tagged eels (n = 6) that were released into the turbines to study the extent of drifting by dead individuals. Finally, the control group (n = 50) was released downstream of the HEP to test for effects of confounding factors.3. Most live individuals displayed migratory behaviour and continued to proceed downstream after release. Only 8% of the fish released in the reservoir or downstream of the HEP (control) did not migrate. The probability of reaching the next HEP, 24 km further downstream, was high for the control group (96%) and the reservoir‐released individuals that passed the HEP via the spill gates and the former channel (83%). Survival was low and size‐dependent for the individuals that passed the turbines (40%) and even lower for the individuals that had to pass through the rack and the turbines (26%). The overall passage success for eels released in the reservoir was 30%, including both routes.4. Annual catch data from 1957 to 2006 showed that the number of eels in the River Ätran has decreased. Despite this decrease, escapement biomass has remained unchanged, because of the fact that the mean size of eels has doubled. Passage data from 2007 show that changes in size and abundance have resulted in a reduction of relative escapement to the sea to values that are 21–24% of what they were in 1957–66. However, this low level of escapement could potentially be rectified if appropriate measures facilitating HEP passage are successfully implemented, since the potential escapement biomass in the river, owing to the large size of the eels, has changed little since the 1950s.