bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planck-Weighted Transmittance and Correction of Solar Reflection for Broadband Infrared Satellite Channels
Authors: Chen Yong , Weng Fuzhong , Han Yong , Liu Quanhua 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The line-by-line radiative transfer model (LBLRTM) is used to derive the channel transmittances. The channel transmittance from a level to the top of the atmosphere can be approximated by three methods: Planck-weighted transmittance 1 (PW1), Planck-weighted transmittance 2 (PW2), and non-Planck-weighted transmittance (ORD). The PW1 method accounts for a radiance variation across the instrument’s spectral response function (SRF) and the Planck function is calculated with atmospheric layer temperature, whereas the PW2 method accounts for the variation based on the temperatures at the interface between atmospheric layers. For channels with broad SRFs, the brightness temperatures (BTs) derived from the ORD are less accurate than these from either PW1 or PW2. Furthermore, the BTs from PW1 are more accurate than these from PW2, and the BT differences between PW1 and PW2 increase with atmospheric optical thickness.
When the band correction is larger than 1, the PW1 method should be used to account for the Planck radiance variation across the instrument’s SRF. When considering the solar contribution in daytime, the correction of the solar reflection has been made for near-infrared broadband channels (~3.7 μm) when using PW1 transmittance. The solar transmittance is predicted by using explanatory variables, such as PW1 transmittance, the secant of zenith angle, and the surface temperature. With this correction, the errors can be significantly reduced.
The Value of Air Quality Forecasting in the Mid-Atlantic Region
Authors: Garner Gregory G. , Thompson Anne M. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Air quality forecasts produced by the National Air Quality Forecast Capability (NAQFC), human air quality forecasters, and persistence are evaluated for predictive skill and economic value when used to inform decisions regarding pollutant emission and exposure. Surface ozone forecasts and observations were collected from 40 monitors representing eight forecast regions throughout Washington, D.C.; Virginia; and Maryland over the 2005–09 ozone seasons (April–October). The skill of the forecasts are quantified using discrete statistics, such as correlation, mean bias, and root-mean-square error, and categorical statistics, such as exceedance hit rate, false alarm rate, and critical success index. The value of the forecasts are quantified using a decision model based on costs to protect the public against a poor air quality event and the losses incurred if no protective measures are taken. The results indicate that the most skillful forecast method is not necessarily the most valuable forecast method. Air shed managers need to consider multiple forecast methods when deciding on multiple protective measures, because a single measure of forecast skill can often hide the user’s sensitivity to forecast error for a specific decision.
A Nonadiabatic Ab Initio Dynamics Study on Rhodopsin and Its Analog Isorhodopsin: Chemical Dynamics Reasons behind Selection of Rhodopsin by Life
Authors: Chung Wilfredo Credo , Nanbu Shinkoh , Ishida Toshimasa 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The structural difference between rhodopsin and isorhodopsin is only in the cis-position of the chromophore, but the difference leads to a large discrepancy in photoisomerization period and quantum yield. The photoinduced cis–trans isomerization dynamics of the two chromophores are investigated using a Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics trajectory surface hopping scheme. Rhodopsin shows a straightforward and fast excited-state dynamics whereas the isorhodopsin dynamics in the excited state is complicated due to differences in retinal motions and space gaps formed by surrounding residues. Consequently, the isorhodopsin → bathorhodopsin reaction is slower and less efficient. Photoexcitation of rhodopsin gives bathorhodopsin only, whereas isorhodopsin yields an analog with 9,11-di-cis-retinal in addition to bathorhodopsin. These differences explain why life uses rhodopsin rather than isorhodopsin.
Use of Intravenous Sedation in Periodontal Practice: A National Survey
Authors: Tingey Benjamin T. , Clark Steven H. , Humbert Lewis A. , Tingey John D. , Kummet Colleen M. 
Published: November 2011

Background: In the early 1990s, much of the periodontal profession perceived an upcoming shift in services performed by periodontists as many patients began to expect sedation for periodontal surgery. As a result, in 1993 the American Academy of Periodontology began encouraging postgraduate periodontal programs to train residents in the use of conscious sedation. The purpose of this study is to investigate trends in the training of intravenous (IV) sedation in residency and its use in periodontal practice.Methods: An 18‐question survey was mailed to a sample of 1596 active periodontists throughout the United States and Canada. Thirty‐seven percent (596) of the surveys were returned. Twenty‐two retired periodontists responded and were excluded from the analysis. The data from the remaining 574 surveys were analyzed with a statistical software package.Results: Approximately half (49.8%) of the survey respondents offer IV sedation in their practices. Among respondents who completed residency prior to 1996, 42.6% offer IV sedation compared with 64.2% of respondents who completed residency in 1996 or later. The number of IV sedations performed in residency was moderately correlated with the number of IV sedations personally performed in periodontal practice (Spearman r = 0.5169, P <0.0001). The largest percentage of periodontists using IV sedation (74.0%) was reported from American Academy of Periodontology District 5 (south central United States), whereas District 7 (New Jersey and New York) reported the lowest usage (15.6%).Conclusions: Approximately half of all periodontists provide IV sedation, with more recent periodontal graduates more likely to personally offer and administer IV sedation services for their patients. Regional differences exist in the use and training of IV sedation.
Design technique for all-dielectric non-polarizing beam splitter plate
Authors: Rizea A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere are many situations when, for the proper working, an opto-electronic device requiring optical components does not change the polarization state of light after a reflection, splitting or filtering. In this paper, a design for a non-polarizing beam splitter plate is proposed. Based on certain optical properties of homogeneous dielectric materials we will establish a reliable thin film package formula, excellent for the start of optimization to obtain a 20-nm bandwidth non-polarizing beam splitter.
Pulsed and Tissue Doppler Echocardiographic Changes in Hypertensive Crisis with and without End Organ Damage
Authors: Garadah Taysir , Kassab Salah , Gabani Saleh , Abu-Taleb Ahmed , Abdelatif Ahmed , Asef Aysha , Shoroqi Issa , Jamsheer Anwer 
Published: November 2011

Background Hypertensive crisis (HC) is a common medical emergency associated with acute rise in arterial blood pressure that leads to end-organ damage (EOD). Therefore, it is imperative to find markers that may help in the prediction of EOD in acute hypertensive crisis. Aim To assess the clinical presentations on admission; echocardiographic changes of pulsed and tissue Doppler changes in EOD patients compared with no EOD; and the risk of developing end organ damage for clinical and biochemical variables in hypertension crisis. Material and Methods The data of 241 patients with hypertensive crisis with systolic blood pressure (SBP) of >180 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) >120 mmHg were extracted from patients files. Patients divided into hypertensive emergency (HE) with EOD, n = 62 and hypertensive urgency (HU) without EOD, n = 179. LV hypertrophy on ECG, echo parameters for wall thickness, left Ventricular mass index (LVMI), Body mass index (BMI), pulse Doppler ratio of early filling velocity E wave to late A wave (E/A) and ratio of E wave velocity to tissue Doppler Em to E wave (E/Em) were evaluated. Serum creatinine, hemoglobin, age, gender, body mass Index (BMI), history of diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, stroke and hyperlipidemia were recorded. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied for risk prediction of end organ damage of clinical variables. Results Patients with HE compared with HU were significantly older, with a significantly higher SBP on admission, high BMI and LVMI. Further there were significantly higher E/A ratio on Doppler echo and higher E/Em ratio on tissue Doppler echocardiogram. Multiple regression analysis with adjustment for age and sex shows positive predictive value with odds ratio of SBP on admission >220 mmHg of 1.98, serum creatinine > 120 µg/L of 1.43, older age > 60 year of 1.304, obesity (BMI ≥ 30) of 1.9, male gender of 2.26 and left ventricle hypertrophy on ECG of 1.92. The hemoglobin level, history of smoking, hyperlipidemia and DM were with no significant predictive value. The pulsed Doppler E/A ratio was ≥1.6, E/Em > 15, LVMI > 125 gm/m2 in patients with EOD compared with those without. Conclusion In patients presented with hypertensive crisis, the echo indices of E/A ratio and E/Em ratio of tissue Doppler are significantly higher in patients with hypertensive emergency compared to hypertensive urgency. The left ventricle hypertrophy on ECG, high LV mass index of >125 gm/m2, BMI > 30, old age > 60 year, male gender and history of hypertension and stroke were positive predictors of poor outcome and end organ damage.
Weight Gain as a Barrier to Smoking Cessation among Military Personnel
Authors: Russ Christine R. , Fonseca Vincent P. , Peterson Alan L. , Blackman Lisa R. , Robbins Anthony S. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To assess the relationships between active-duty military status, military weight standards, concern about weight gain, and anticipated relapse after smoking cessation. Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. Hospital-based tobacco cessation program. Subjects. Two hundred fifty-two enrollees, of 253 eligible, to a tobacco cessation program in 1999 (135 men, 117 women; 43% on active duty in the military). Measures. Independent variables included gender, body mass index (weight/height2), and military status. Dependent variables included concern about weight gain with smoking cessation and anticipated relapse. Results. In multivariate regression analyses that controlled for gender and body mass index, active-duty military status was associated with an elevated level of concern about weight gain (1.9-point increase on a 10-point scale; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0- to 2.8-point increase), as well as higher anticipated relapse (odds ratio [OR] = 3.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 9.8). Among subjects who were close to or over the U.S. Air Force maximum allowable weight for height, the analogous OR for active-duty military status was 6.9 ( p = .02). Conclusions. Occupational weight standards or expectations may pose additional barriers for individuals contemplating or attempting smoking cessation, as they do among active-duty military personnel. These barriers are likely to hinder efforts to decrease smoking prevalence in certain groups.
The Importance of Decisional Balance and Self-Efficacy in Relation to Stages of Change for Fruit and Vegetable Intakes by Young Adults
Authors: Ma Jun , Betts Nancy M. , Horacek Tanya , Georgiou Constance , White Adrienne , Nitzke Susan 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To examine the stages of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy constructs in relation to fruit and vegetable intakes by young adults 18–24 years old. Design. A cross-sectional project was conducted by 10 states in January–July 2000 to examine decisional balance and self-efficacy in relation to stage of change for increasing fruit and vegetable intake among young adults. Subjects. In all, 1545 usable surveys were returned (response rate = 55%). More non-respondents were men and precontemplators than respondents. Sixty-one percent of respondents were women, 90.3% were white, and 49.7% were current students. Setting. Alabama, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, Nebraska, New York, Rhode Island, Oregon, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Measures. A telephone screening interview and a self-administered mail survey. Analysis. Analysis of variance, principal components analysis, cluster analysis, and χ2 test. Results. From precontemplation to maintenance, a significant linear trend was found toward higher food intake and self-efficacy for fruits and vegetables. The patterns of shifts in the pros and cons across the stages resembled those of other health behaviors. The decisional balance items were further classified into five component factors that varied significantly in importance across the stages. Four subject clusters were derived (unconcerned, reluctant, exploring, and action-oriented); distribution of the clusters agreed with that of the five stages. Conclusions. This study supports applicability of the Transtheoretical Model for assessing fruit and vegetable consumption by young adults. Derivation of the four clusters implies the importance of including decisional balance and self-efficacy as outcome measures besides dietary behavior for evaluating the effectiveness of nutrition interventions.
Adolescent Tobacco Use: The Protective Effects of Developmental Assets
Authors: Atkins Leslie A. , Oman Roy F. , Vesely Sara K. , Aspy Cheryl B. , McLeroy Kenneth 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To examine the effects of 10 youth developmental assets on adolescent tobacco use. Design. Survey of a randomly selected sample using in-home interviewing methodology. Setting. Inner-city areas of two midsized Midwestern cities. Subjects. The researchers studied 1,350 teen-parent pairs. Measures. Demographic information, adolescent self-reported tobacco use, eight developmental asset Likert scales, and two one-item developmental asset measures. Results. The response rate was 51%. Logistic regression results indicate that youth who possess nine of 10 developmental assets examined are significantly less likely to report tobacco use than youth with low levels of assets. Adjusting for youth age, race, gender, parental income and education, and family structure, significant odds ratios include the following: nonparental adult role model, 2.09 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.45, 3.02); peer role models, 2.48 (95% CI = 1.87, 3.29); family communication, 1.73 (95% CI = 1.29, 2.31); use of time (organized groups), 1.77 (95% CI = 1.28, 2.44); use of time (religion), 2.49 (95% CI = 1.86, 3.33); good health practices (exercise/nutrition), 1.61 (95% CI = 1.21, 2.14); community involvement, 1.66 (95% CI = 1.07, 2.58); future aspirations, 2.06 (95% CI = 1.42, 2.99); and responsible choices, 2.21 (95% CI = 1.55, 3.15). Conclusions. The findings of this study support the view that certain developmental assets may serve to protect youth from risk-taking behaviors, particularly tobacco use. Limitations include cross-sectional data and three scales with alphas below .7.
Ethnic and Gender Differences in Smoking and Smoking Cessation in a Population of Young Adult Air Force Recruits
Authors: Ward Kenneth D. , Weg Mark W. Vander , Kovach Kristen Wood , Klesges Robert C. , DeBon Margaret W. , Haddock C. Keith , Talcott G. Wayne , Lando Harry A. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To examine gender and ethnic differences in smoking and smoking cessation in a population of young adult military recruits. Design. A self-administered survey of demographics, tobacco use, and other health risk behaviors was administered at the start of basic military training. Setting. The study was conducted at Lackland Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas, where all U.S. Air Force recruits complete basic military training. Subjects. All recruits who entered the U.S. Air Force between September 1995 and September 1996 participated in this study (n = 32,144; 100% participation rate). Measures. Recruits completed a written 53-item behavioral risk questionnaire. Measures examined in the present study included smoking status (ever having smoked a cigarette, current daily smoking, and quitting); demographics (ethnicity, gender, education, family income, and age); smoking history; and nicotine dependence. Results. Rates of ever smoking, current daily smoking, and quitting were examined in multiple logistic regression analyses as a function of gender and ethnicity, controlling for age, education, and family income. Overall, 54% of recruits had ever smoked a cigarette and 24.9% smoked daily at the time of entry into basic military training. Smoking rates were highest among white and Native American recruits. Among whites, women were more likely to be a current daily smoker (31.6% vs. 29.4%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.18, 99% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.08–1.29). The opposite pattern was observed among African-Americans (5.6% vs. 9.8%, respectively; OR = .57; CI = .41–.79). Current smokers had low levels of nicotine dependence compared with the general population of U.S. smokers, but whites tended to be more dependent than other ethnic groups. Cessation rates were similar for men and women but differed according to ethnicity, ranging from 15% among whites to 23% among Hispanics. Conclusions. These findings document important gender and ethnic differences in cigarette smoking among military recruits. Whites and Native Americans were more likely to smoke, less likely to quit, and more nicotine-dependent than other ethnic groups. Across gender/ethnicity groups, smoking rates were especially high among white women, with nearly one-third smoking daily until entry into basic training. Gender differences were not observed in cessation rates, but Hispanics were more likely than other ethnic groups to have quit smoking. The results highlight the need to develop effective cessation interventions for this population.
Making Youth Tobacco Control Programs More Ecological: Organizational and Professional Profiles
Authors: Richard Lucie , Gauvin Lise , Potvin Louise , Denis Jean-Louis , Kishchuk Natalie 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To identify the organizational and professional correlates of the integration of the ecological approach in Canadian public health organizations' tobacco control programs for youth. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Setting. Canadian public health organizations. Subjects. One hundred and ten tobacco control programs implemented in 90 organizations. The response rate for the organizations was 87%. Measures. Descriptions of programs were obtained by telephone interviews. An analytical procedure was applied to the program data to identify intervention settings, targets and strategies for each program. Using this information, a summary score of the integration of the ecological approach was estimated for each program. Organizational and professional variables were assessed by self-administered questionnaires to managers and professionals involved in these programs. Results. The level of integration of the ecological approach in programs was related to organizational (frequency of contacts and collaborations with external partners, team composition) and extraorganizational factors (size of the city in which the public health unit is located). Cognitive attributes of the practitioners (knowledge and beliefs) also emerged as significant predictors. Finally, positive associations were observed between practitioners' personal characteristics (educational achievement, working status in health promotion [full vs. part-time], previous experience, gender, and disciplinary/professional background) and cognitive predictors. Conclusions. Organizational environment and staff preparation play a critical role in the adoption of the ecological approach in tobacco control programs.
Using Ethnography to Improve Intervention Design
Authors: Brett John A. , Heimendinger Jerianne , Boender Carol , Morin Cathy , Marshall Julie A. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose. The purpose of this research was to use a three-phase ethnographic approach to examine the range of factors that affect people's decisions about physical activity and diet. Design. We used open-ended data collection strategies, analyzed inductively, to inform the development of a family intervention. Setting. The study was conducted in a small low-income town in Colorado. Subjects. Families with young children were selected to include social, economic, and ethnic diversity. Twenty-nine of 31 invited families participated (94%). Measures. The measures consisted of 21 open-ended interviews in the first phase; 12 semistructured interviews in the second phase, and six home visits in the third phase. The Atlas.ti program25 was used for data analysis. Results. Significant barriers to regular exercise and good dietary habits were grouped as social/structural (e.g., working parents, costs of exercise) and cultural (e.g., perception that fast food is normal). Behavioral facilitators include disease in the family and community opportunities for exercise. Results revealed family values and dynamics that other methods would have missed. Conclusions. These data suggest that families are embedded in a multicomponent “web” of factors that influence diet and physical activity. It is feasible and desirable to use ethnographic methods to discern the interactions of these factors that make each household unique. These results argue for dynamic intervention designs that operate from a broad contextual perspective.
Demographic assessment of reintroduced bearded vultures in the Alps: Success in the core, challenges in the periphery
Authors: Schaub Michael , Loercher Franziska , Hegglin Daniel , Arlettaz Raphaël 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Regular assessment of reintroduced populations is essential to guide management and provide lessons for other reintroduction projects. Bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus reintroduction in the Alps began in 1986 with the release of the first fledglings, the first successful reproduction was recorded in 1997, and the population has grown steadily since. A previous assessment suggested that no further releases would be required to establish a self‐sustaining population from a demographic point of view. However, this conclusion was based on a small sample size and spatially homogeneous demographic rates of released individuals, which may differ from and be spatially variable among wild‐hatched individuals.

Using longitudinal data and breeding site survey data, we constructed an integrated population model to examine the demography of the entire Alpine population, spatially stratified into a core and a periphery. We performed retrospective population analyses to identify demographic reasons for spatial differences in population growth and conducted population viability analyses to assess the impact of future threats and reintroduction options.

In 2021, an estimated 172 (CRI: 147–198) females were present in the Alps, of which 65 (CRI: 63–67) were breeders. Adult survival and productivity were higher in the core than in the periphery, so the population grew more strongly in the core than in the periphery. Differences in adult survival contributed most to the differences in population growth between the two areas.

The population viability analysis predicts that the Alpine population will double in 10 years but that an increase in the mortality hazard above 0.055 will lead to a population decline. Unlike the population in the core, the population in the periphery is dependent on further releases at this stage.

Bearded vulture reintroductions in the Alps have succeeded in creating a self‐sustaining population with higher reproductive success and similar survival probabilities to the autochthonous Pyrenean population. In general, management should focus on preventing further mortality risks. In the periphery, reducing current mortality and increasing reproductive success are essential to make the population independent of releases.