bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metals@MOFs – Loading MOFs with Metal Nanoparticles for Hybrid Functions
Authors: Meilikhov Mikhail , Yusenko Kirill , Esken Daniel , Turner Stuart , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as well as porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are porous, organic–inorganic hybrid solids with zeolite‐like structures and properties. Due to their extraordinarily high surface area and well defined pore structure MOFs can be used for the stabilization of metal nanoparticles with adjustable size. The embedded metal nanoparticles are still accessible for other reagents due to the high porosity of the MOF systems. This fact makes “metal@MOF” systems especially interesting for heterogeneous catalysis, gas storage and chemical sensing. This review compiles the cases of metal nanoparticles supported by or embedded into MOFs reported so far and the main aspects and problems associated with these novel nanocomposite systems. The determination of the dispersion and the location of the particles at the MOF support, the control of the loading degree and its effect on the catalytic activity of the system are discussed as well as the partial degradation of the MOF structure upon particle formation. Examples of the introduction of stabilizing groups into the MOF network that direct the loading and can influence the size and shape of the embedded particles are still rare and point into the possible direction of future investigations. Finally, the formation of bimetallic nanoparticles, which are stabilized and supported by a MOF network, will also be reviewed.
Biased attributions regarding the origins of preferences in a group decision situation
Authors: Bäck Emma , Esaiasson Peter , Gilljam Mikael , Lindholm Torun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe current research investigated biases in attributions of the origins of others' preferences in a group decision situation. In two experiments, students indicated their preferred alternative in a decision on an important issue in their school, and then explained the bases for preferences of those agreeing and disagreeing with them. Results showed that participants saw preferences of those who agreed as more rationally and less externally based than of those who disagreed. This effect increased with perceived issue importance, when the decision was made by in‐group representatives, when the decision outcome was concordant with their own preference (Study 1), and, on the externality dimension, when their representatives were in the majority when deciding on an important issue (Study 2). Findings have important implications for our understanding of the tolerance of others and acceptance of group decisions, and ultimately, how group members behave and interact. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytomegalovirus‐enhanced induction of chromosome aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes treated with potent genotoxic agents
Authors: Deng C. Z. , Abubakar S. , Fons M. P. , Boldogh I. , Hokanson J. , Au W. W. , Albrecht T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been shown to increase the frequency of chromosome aberrations, primarily chromatid‐type, in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Because HCMV persists in most humans, pathologically activates cells, and may perturb the cell cycle, we investigated the possibility that HCMV‐infected cells have a modified sensitivity to chromosome damage induced by genotoxic chemicals. Uninfected PBLs exposed to bleomycin (3 to 100 μg/ml) demonstrated a linear increase in the frequency of chromosome aberrations. HCMV infection of PBLs at an intensity that did not cause detectable damage followed by exposure to the same concentrations of bleomycin resulted in a significant enhancement (p < 0.01) in the frequency of chromosome aberrations relative to the effect of bleomycin alone. A more than additive enhancement of the frequency of chromosome aberrations was also noted in HCMV‐infected PBLs exposed to 4‐hydroxyaminoquinoline‐1‐oxide (4‐HAQO; 0.1 to 0.3 μg/ml) relative to uninfected cells treated with 4‐HAQO alone. No increase in the percentage of aberrant cells or the frequency of chromosome aberrations was observed in HCMV‐infected cells treated with 4‐nitroquinoline‐1‐oxide (4‐NQO) relative to similarly treated uninfected PBLs. These results suggest that HCMV can potentiate the induction of chromosome aberrations in human PBLs caused by potent DNA damaging agents.
Sister chromatid exchanges in chick embryos after treatment with the phenoxy herbicide mcpa
Authors: Arias Elio 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe phenoxyherbicide and peroxisome proliferator 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) was tested for its ability to induce sister‐chromatid exchanges (SCE) in chick embryos. Erbitox E30 (a commercial formulation containing 28% MCPA sodium potassium salt as active ingredient) was injected into the air chamber in concentrations of MCPA of 0, 0.35, 0.7, 1.4, 2.8, or 5.6 mg/egg on day 0 of incubation. Pure MCPA sodium salt was tested at 2.8 mg/egg. Neutral red at 0.25 mg/egg was the mutagenic reference compound (positive control group). Eggs were then incubated for 4 days. MCPA induced a slight but significant increase in SCE frequency (about 1.3 times base line) at 2.8 mg/egg. The dose of 5.6 mg/egg was toxic. No difference in genetic activity between the commercial formulation and the pure compound was found. A cell cycle delaying effect of MCPA was evident at all the dose levels tested. The mitotic index remained unchanged.
The mortality from malignancies of haematopoietic and lymphatic systems (MHLS) among railway engine drivers. Is exposure to low frequency electromagnetic fields associated with an increase of mortality from MHLS?
Authors: Balli‐Antunes M. , Pfluger D. H. , Minder Ch. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn an occupational study of death certificates in the Swiss mortality register in the years 1969‐1983, the mortality experience from malignancies of the haematopoietic and lymphatic systems (abbreviated as MHLS, 8th ICD: 200‐209) among railway engine drivers and two reference categories was analyzed. The reference groups included professions of metal construction and machine building (CI) and technical personnel (C2) respectively. For the railway engine drivers, assumed to be long‐term exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF), a total of 70,000 man‐years were observed, for C1 and C2 the number of years under observation were 900,000 and 1.56 million respectively. Railway engine drivers showed slightly elevated mortality ratios in comparison to C1: PMR=144, 95% confidence interval=91‐217, SMR=108, CI=69‐163. Comparison against C2 showed statistically significant increased mortality ratios, PMR=163, CI=103‐244, SMR=171, CI=109‐257. Analysis of all causes of mortality showed that railway engine drivers provide a lower support to the hypothesis that exposure to ELF may be leukemogenic.
Sediment transport: Physical modelling of flocculation
Authors: Jeffrey D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study is made of the behaviour of cohesive sediment in turbulent flowfields, such as are found in strongly tidal river estuaries. A model is developed which incorporates the fact that cohesive sediments, usually clays, consist of particles which can flocculate because of the electrical charges on them. During the cycle of erosion and deposition that occurs in tidal estuaries, the degree of flocculation changes. An equation is formulated for the evolution of the size distribution of the particle aggregates in suspension, taking into account the effect of turbulence both on the rates of flocculation and breakup. Solutions of this equation are obtained using an extension of the quasi‐stationary approximation. The results are used to investigate the interpretation of the output of electro‐optical turbidity meters. These are important sources of field measurements, but they require calibration before their data can be used for the testing and construction of sediment transport equations. It is shown that the transformation of turbidity‐meter readings into density measurements requires statistical information about the sizes of the suspended aggregates. This can be calculated using the size distributions obtained from the model presented here, after they have been combined with an experimental determination of some empirical constants.
Model selection for environmental data
Authors: Bai Jun , Jakeman Anthony J. , McAleer Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA practical approach is proposed for model selection and discrimination among nested and non‐nested probability distributions. Some existing problems with traditional model selection approaches are addressed, including standard testing of a null hypothesis against a more general alternative and the use of some well‐known discrimination criteria for non‐nested distributions. A generalized information criterion (GIC) is used to choose from two or more model structures or probability distributions. For each set of random samples, all model structures that do not perform significantly worse than other candidates are selected. The two‐and three‐parameter gamma, Weibull and lognormal distributions are used to compare the discrimination procedures with traditional approaches. Monte Carlo experiments are employed to examine the performances of the criteria and tests over large sets of finite samples. For each distribution, the Monte Carlo procedure is undertaken for various representative sets of parameter values which are encountered in fitting environmental quality data.
Optimization of urban runoff quantity/quality management
Authors: Li James , Adams B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith increasing concern for the deteriorating water quality of urban water bodies, planning for urban runoff control should simultaneously consider both quantity and quality management. This paper introduces a methodology for preliminary planning of urban runoff quantity and quality control. The methodology consists of three basic steps: rainfall analysis, prediction of runoff control system performance, and determination of least‐cost combinations of control measures. An application is demonstrated by employing the methodology to the Barrington catchment in East York, Toronto. This methdology is particularly suited to the preliminary planning of urban runoff control because control system performance is predicted by analytical models rather than by continuous simulation methods. Additionally, both the cost and performance of various combinations of control measures are analysed in the planning process. As a result, it enables decision maker to understand the cost of satisfying quantity and quality standards for urban runoff control.
Monitoring statistics for detecting interventions for autoregressive models
Authors: Tang S. M. , Macneill I. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMonitoring statistics for detecting interventions in autoregressive time series are considered. These statistics are defined for stochastic regressor variables analogous to the Bayesian‐type statistics derived for non‐stochastic regressors. Large sample distribution theory is derived for the changedetection statistic for the first‐order autoregressive model.
Mechanisms governing incipient motion of ellipsoidal rock fragments in concentrated overland flow
Authors: Poesen J. W. A. , Torri D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA modified Shields criterion for incipient motion of ellipsoidal rock fragments in concentrated overland flow was previously defined based on laboratory data. In order to apply this new criterion, an estimate of the angle of repose for the considered rock fragment is needed. Therefore, a set of laboratory experiments was conducted in order to develop an algorithm for this estimation. The main result of these experiments shows that each rock fragment lying on a rill bed of a given roughness is characterized by a normally distributed set of angles of repose. This distribution reflects the different local slopes that a rock fragment can experience. The new criterion has been successfully validated for single rock fragments lying on an erodible rill bed. Application of this criterion to field conditions, however, did not explain all variation in the observed data. In fact, rock fragments having sizes larger than the predicted flow competence were removed during a moderate rainfall event. A consideration of several mechanisms reveals that collisions between rock fragments seems likely to be a significant mechanism explaining the observed discrepancy.
Behavior of [14c]-4-nitrophenol and [14c]-3,4-dichloroaniline in lab sediment-water systems. 1. Metabolic fate and partitioning of radioactivity
Authors: Heim Kerstin , Schuphan Ingolf , Schmidt Burkhard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUsing a standard screening procedure, the fate of [14C]-4-nitrophenol and [14C]-3,4-dichloroamline was studied in lab sediment-water systems; incubation intervals ranged from 4 h to 90 d. The sediments were collected from a creek, a pond, and a drainage ditch of a fruit-growing plantation, and were characterized. Both compounds and their transformation products were sorbed to the sediments in large quantities; radioactivity left in the water phase was below 11 % after termination of the experiments. Besides minor amounts of 14CO2, 3,4-dichloroaniline was converted to predominantly nonextractable residues, presumably without preceding microbial transformation of the 3,4-dichloroaniline moiety. Two main end products were observed in the 4-nitrophenol experiments, namely nonextractable residues and 14CO2. Data obtained from the sediment exhibiting highest microbial activity probably indicated a further mineralization of 4-nitrophenol-derived sediment-bound residues. On the whole, 4-nitrophenol presumably shows low persistence and accumulation in sediment-water systems, whereas due to its stability the toxicity of sediment-sorbed 3,4-dichloroaniline should be examined.
Recent studies of dental development in Neandertals: Implications for Neandertal life histories
Authors: Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDid Neandertals share with modern humans their prolonged periods of growth and delayed ages of maturation? During the past five years, renewed interest in this question has produced dental studies with seemingly contradictory results. Some suggest fast dental growth,1, 2 while others appear to suggest a slower, modern‐human dental growth pattern.3, 4 Although some apparent contradictions can be reconciled, there remain questions that can be resolved only with additional data and cross‐validation of methods. Moreover, several difficulties are inherent in using dental development to gauge Neandertal life histories. Even with complete data on Neandertal dental development, questions are likely to remain about the meaning of those data with regard to understanding Neandertal life histories.
Über die thermodynamische Verträglichkeit von Gummiarabicum und makromolekularen Komponenten der Globulinfraktion der Bäckerhefe
Authors: Bogračeva T. Ja. , Grinberg V. Ja. , Tolstoguzov V. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlle Komponenten der Globulinfraktion der Bäckerhefe (Lipid‐Eiweiß‐Komplexe, Eiweiße, Eiweiß‐Nucleinsäure‐Komplexe) sind mit Gummiarabicum im wäßrigen Medium beschränkt verträglich. Bei einer gegebenen Konzentration des Polysaccharids nimmt die Verträglichkeit in der Reihe Nucleinsäure‐Eiweiß‐Komplexe > Eiweiße > Lipid‐Eiweiß‐Komplexe ab. NaCl übt keinen Einfluß auf die Verträglichkeit von solubilisierten Lipiden mit Gummiarabicum aus, setzt aber erheblich die Verträglichkeit von Nucleinsäure‐Eiweiß‐Komplexen und besonders von Eiweißen mit diesem Polysaccharid herab. Es ist zweckmäßig, die Abtrennung der solubilisierten Lipide von den Haupteiweißkomponenten der Globulinfraktion der Bäckerhefe mittels fraktionierter Fällung mit Gummiarabicum bei einem niedrigen Salzgehalt durchzuführen. Die Verluste an Haupteiweißkomponenten infolge der gemeinsamen Fällung werden damit wesentlich vermindert.
Schnellmethode zur routinemäßigen Bestimmung des Gesamtquecksilbers in Lebensmitteln
Authors: Lauterbach K. , Klemp Chr. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEs wird ein Bestimmungsverfahren für Gesamtquecksilber beschrieben, das im Routinebetrieb der Lebensmittelüberwachung infolge seiner einfachen und schnellen Durchführbarkeit bei ausreichender Empfindlichkeit und Genauigkeit sehr gut einsetzbar ist.Nach Mineralisierung des Probenmaterials mit einem HClO4/HNO3‐Gemisch wird das Quecksilber durch Kaltdampf‐Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie bestimmt. Der angewendete Aufschluß ist für alle homogenisierbaren Lebensmittel, außer für Fette und überwiegend fetthaltige Lebensmittel, gut geeignet. Die Bestimmungsgrenze liegt bei 10 ng Hg, der Variationskoeffizient beträgt 7,1% für 18 ng Hg und die Wiederfindungsrate (100 ± 7) %.
Identifying treatment effects in univariate time series using a joint estimation procedure
Authors: Prasad Sameer , Tata Jasmine 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearchers use interrupted time‐series analysis to identify the influence of treatments on social or organizational processes. Methods for analyzing interrupted time‐series, such as intervention analysis and the Changet al.(1988) procedure have limitations that could lead to erroneous conclusions. This paper presents an application of a new joint estimation procedure in gauging the impact of treatments. This procedure locates outliers (treatments) and estimates the series parameters jointly and, consequently, is relatively robust. As we will see in our examples, this robustness helps in identifying the impact more accurately. Finally, we believe this procedure should gain general acceptance with social scientists and organizational researchers given that it allows for greater flexibility and is easier to use.
Bayesian analysis of concurrent time series with application to regional IBM revenue data
Authors: Pai Jeffrey , Ravishanker Nalini , Gelfand Alan E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBusiness data frequently arise in the form of concurrent time series. We present a general framework for simultaneous modeling and fitting of such series using the class of Box—Jenkins models. This framework is an exchangeable hierarchical Bayesian model incorporating dependence among the series. Our motivating data set consists of regional IBM revenue available monthly for several geographic regions. Stationary seasonal autoregressive models are simultaneously fit to the regional data series using various error covariance specifications for the strong interregional dependence. A modified Gibbs sampling algorithm is used to carry out the fitting and to enable all subsequent inference. Graphical techniques using predictive distributions are employed to assess model adequacy and to select among models. Outlier estimation and prediction under the chosen model are used for planning and to measure the effect of special promotional events.
The evolution of tyrosine‐kinase‐targeted cancer therapies
Authors: Leahy Mike 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is now over 50 years since systemic agents were first used to treat malignant disease. Initial results were positive, with cytotoxic chemotherapy achieving success in haematological malignancies, but these successes have not been reproduced for the majority of adult solid tumours, principally because the approach does not target tumour cells sufficiently and exclusively. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intravenous therapy for the treatment of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hutchinson Michael , Nichol Karl , Nellis Mhairi , Spicer Jeanette , Wolfenden Elspeth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMultiple Sclerosis (MS) is a multi‐focal disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterised by inflammation, demyelination and axonal degeneration. In the majority of MS patients, the disease presents with a relapsing remitting course at disease onset. Relapsing remitting MS (RRMS); affects around two thirds of the 85 000 people in the UK with MS.1 The aims of treatment in RRMS are not only to prevent the rate of relapse, but also to slow down patients' disability progression. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Direct Applicability of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 – δ Thin Film Cathode to Yttria Stabilised Zirconia Electrolytes at T ≤ 650 °C
Authors: Noh H.‐S. , Son J.‐W. , Lee H. , Park J.‐S. , Lee H.‐W. , Lee J.‐H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor investigating the direct applicability of highly active cobalt containing cathodes on YSZ electrolytes at a lower processing and operating temperature range (T ≤ 650 °C), we fabricated a thin film lanthanum strontium cobalt oxide (LSC) cathode on an yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ)‐based solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) via pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Its electrochemical performance (5.9 mW cm–2 at 0.7 V, 650 °C) was significantly inferior to that (595 mW cm–2 at 0.7 V, 650 °C) of an SOFC with a thin (t ∼ 200 nm) gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) buffer layer in between the LSC thin film cathode and the YSZ electrolyte. It implies that even though the cathode processing and cell operating temperatures were strictly controlled not to exceed 650 °C, the direct application of LSC on YSZ should be avoided. The origin of the cell performance deterioration is thoroughly studied by glancing angle X‐ray diffraction (GAXRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the decomposition of the cathode and diffusion of La and Sr into YSZ were observed when LSC directly contacted YSZ.
Pseudocapacitance Effects for Enhancement of Capacitor Performance
Authors: Lota G. , Frackowiak E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe report on the pseudo‐capacitance induced by a nitrogen substituted in the carbon network composite prepared by a simple carbonisation (750 °C) of formaldehyde and melamine in the presence of carbon nanotubes. Nitrogen content in the composites varied from 7.4 to 21.7 wt.%. Such materials have a higher density than activated carbons, hence, they can supply better volumetric capacity. N‐rich composites show an excellent charge propagation at current loads from 500 mA g–1 to 50 A g–1 because of multiwalled nanotubes which play a conducting as well as a supporting role. The electrochemical performance of various composites was investigated in two‐ and three‐electrode cells using acidic (1 mol L–1 H2SO4), alkaline (6 mol L–1KOH), neutral (1 mol L–1 Na2SO4) and organic electrolytes (1 mol L–1 TEABF4 in acetonitrile). Organic and neutral medium is not adapted for N‐rich carbon electrodes of supercapacitor. The detailed electrochemical characterisation pointed out the differences of charge propagation of electrodes with the different polarity.
Energy Cost Savings Through Direct Purchase and Transportation
Authors: Santa Donald F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn end user can outperform its traditional supplier if the sum of (a) the price of gas paid to a producer or a marketer, (b) the rate paid for pipeline transportation, (c) the rate paid for distributor transportation (or in the alternative, the cost of bypassing the distributor), and (d) any other costs associated with the transaction, is less than the cost of gas currently paid to a distributor or a pipeline supplier. While an end user traditionally has relied on others to purchase, transport and deliver gas and to guarantee against interruption of supply, an end user in a direct purchase arrangement is sometimes responsible for assembling its own chain of supply and for protecting itself against interruption of supply. If an end user can reduce its purchased gas costs and if the risks inherent in arranging for its own supply are acceptable or can be mitigated suitably, a direct purchase arrangement is worth undertaking.
The relative age of some concretions in Cambrian sediments of St. Tudwal's Peninsula, North Wales
Authors: Crimes T. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new classification of concretions is suggested. Some concretions are described from the Upper Cambrian (Maentwrog) sediments of St. Tudwal's Peninsula, southwest Caernarvonshire, and their age relative to that of the surrounding sediments is discussed.