bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response rate to neoadjuvant chemotherapy measured on imaging predicts early recurrence and death in breast cancer patients with lymph node involvements
Authors: Nagashima Takeshi , Sakakibara Masahiro , Kadowaki Masami , Suzuki Tiberiu Hiroshi , Yokomizo Jissei , Ohki Yohsuke , Miyoshi Tetsutaro , Kazama Toshiki , Nakatani Yukio , Miyazaki Masaru 
Published: March 2011

Background The use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer is effective as postoperative adjuvant therapy, permits more lumpectomies, and can be used to study breast cancer biology. Although pathological response is the strongest prognostic factor, response rates vary according to various parameters, such as dissociation between breast and axillary node responses. Purpose To clarify the correlation of response rates between breast tumors and metastasized lymph nodes and to identify the clinical significance; response rates measured on imaging were evaluated among breast cancer patients with axillary lymph node involvement. Material and Methods Subjects consisted of 98 patients diagnosed with node-positive breast cancer who received chemotherapy before surgery. The response to the therapy was evaluated by changes in the largest dimensions of the breast mass and of regional lymph nodes measured on a multidetector row helical CT before and after chemotherapy. The percent reduction was calculated as a response rate. The correlation between response rate and patient outcome was analyzed retrospectively. Results Breast tumor response rates correlated statistically well with those of lymph nodes (p < 0.001). Disease-free cases had a greater tumor and/or nodal response rates than recurrence cases (p = 0.021, p < 0.001, respectively), regardless of tumor size, histological grade and HER2 amplification. Cancer-associated death was observed more frequently in cases with lower response rates compared to surviving cases (p = 0.007, p = 0.021, respectively). The prognostic difference was found most strongly in nodal response rates (p = 0.001). Conclusion The present series evaluated the therapeutic effect of NAC on breast tumors and metastasized lymph nodes, and a significant correlation with patient outcome was observed. Evaluating the response rate measured by imaging could be used as a surrogate marker for prognosis before assessment of the pathological response which is ordinarily obtained after surgery.
Chest imaging findings in hospitalized patients with H1N1 influenza
Authors: Jartti Airi , Rauvala Erkki , Kauma Heikki , Renko Marjo , Kunnari Marjaana , Syrjälä Hannu 
Published: March 2011

Background Previous studies have reported chest radiographic findings of consolidation and ground-glass opacity in patients with swine-origin influenza A (H1N1). However, most of these studies include both hospitalized and outpatients. Purpose To evaluate initial chest radiographic and CT findings of hospitalized swine flu patients, adults and children, confirmed with a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for H1N1 virus. Material and Methods All PCR-verified swine flu patients admitted to the Department of Emergency Medicine (October 1 to December 15, 2009) at Oulu University Hospital, in Northern Finland, who underwent frontal chest radiography within 24 hours of presentation and who were hospitalized, were included. The radiographs and CT scans were assessed for the presence of pneumonia and characterized by pattern and distribution. The patients' medical records were analyzed for demographics, underlying medical conditions, the admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), initiation of mechanical ventilation or non-invasive ventilation support (NIV) and death. Results Of 159 H1N1 influenza patients, 135 (85%) underwent chest radiographs at admission; 113 adults and 22 children. Findings of pulmonary infiltrates were detected in 62% (70/113) of adults and 64% (14/22) of children, being bilateral in 67% of adults and 64% of the children. The anatomic location of infiltrates was more often peripheral in adults; 42/70 (60%) vs. 4/14 (29%), P = 0.041, and diffuse among children; 9/14 (64%) vs. 26/70 (37%), P = 0.078. When the ICU and NIV patients were compared to less severe cases, on their chest radiographs four or five lobes were more often affected (65%, 11/17 vs. 34% 23/67, P = 0.029 ). The predominant radiographic findings were consolidation (93% of all patients, 91% of adults and 100% of children) and ground-glass opacity (74% of all, 77% of adults and 57% of children). Pulmonary emboli were detected by CT in 2/9 (22%) patients. Conclusion The pandemic 2009 swine influenza causes common and widely distributed infiltrates on chest radiographs among hospitalized patients, which are not peculiar to usual respiratory viral infections, and these findings can not be differentiated from usual bacterial pneumonia.
Ivy signs on FLAIR images before and after STA-MCA anastomosis in patients with Moyamoya disease
Authors: Ideguchi Reiko , Morikawa Minoru , Enokizono Mikako , Ogawa Yoji , Nagata Izumi , Uetani Masataka 
Published: March 2011

Background Leptomeningeal high signal intensity (ivy sign) on fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) MR imaging is one of the features of Moyamoya disease. However, the correlation between ivy sign and cerebral perfusion status has not been fully evaluated. Purpose To characterize ivy sign on FLAIR images in Moyamoya disease and compare this finding with hemodynamic alterations on perfusion single-photon emission CT (SPECT) obtained before and after bypass surgery. Material and Methods Sixteen patients with angiographically confirmed Moyamoya disease who underwent superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomosis were included in the study. The presence of ivy sign on FLAIR images was classified as ‘negative’, ‘minimal’ and ‘positive’. We evaluated the relationship between ivy sign and findings of SPECT, including cerebral vascular reserve (CVR) before and after surgery. Results Minimal or positive ivy sign was seen in 13 (81%) of 16 patients, and 21 (66%) of 32 hemispheres. CVR in the areas with positive or minimal ivy sign was lower than that in the areas with negative ivy sign. After STA-MCA anastomosis, ivy sign disappeared or decreased in all 21 hemispheres demonstrating ivy sign. SPECT demonstrated apparent hemodynamic improvement in areas demonstrating disappearance or decrease of ivy sign. Conclusion Ivy sign on FLAIR image is seen in areas with decreased cerebral perfusion. The sign is useful for non-invasive assessment of cerebral hemodynamic status before and after surgery.
Successful Use of Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Nodular Regenerative Hyperplasia of the Liver
Authors: Ranucci Giusy , Cirillo Francesco , Corte Claudia Della , Vecchione Raffaella , Vallone Gianfranco , Iorio Raffaele 
Published: March 2011

Objective: To report, to our knowledge, the first case of a patient with nodular regenerative hyperplasia of the liver (NRHL) associated with portal hypertension in whom ursodeoxycholic acid (UOCA) therapy had a therapeutic effect on liver enzymes and was associated with nonprogression of portal hypertension. Case Summary: A symptom-free 13-year-old boy was hospitalized for splenomegaly and thrombocytopenia identified during a routine check-up. Infectious, autoimmune, and neoplastic causes were ruled out. Two years later, laboratory findings revealed high levels of aminotransferases and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. Ultrasound scanning of the abdomen confirmed portal hypertension. Results of liver pathology studies showed diagnostic features of NRHL Given the biochemical evidence of cholestasis, UDCA was administered, with an initial dosage of 10 mg/kg/day that was progressively increased to 20 mg/kg/day (1800 mg/day). After 5 months of treatment, GGT and then aminotransferase levels normalized and remained within normal limits in the following months. With arbitrary withdrawal of UDCA after 30 months of therapy, a rapid increase in transaminase levels was observed. Prompt reinstitution of UOCA was followed by sustained normalization of liver enzymes. Laboratory and sonographic signs of portal hypertension remained stable and tended to improve during UDCA therapy, as demonstrated by regularization of the mean portal vein flow velocity, reduction of the congestion index, progressive increase of the platelet count, and improvement of the esophagogastroscopy pattern. Discussion: NRHL is a rare disease that is characterized by multiple regenerative nodules in the hepatic parenchyma that may lead to noncirrhotic portal hypertension. No specific treatment is available, and management of patients with a primary form of NRHL consists mainly of treating the complications of portal hypertension. In our patient, UDCA therapy was followed by a prompt reduction and sustained normalization of liver enzyme levels and no progression of portal hypertension throughout the follow-up period. Conclusions: Since in this patient with primary NRHL, ongoing UDCA administration resulted in improved biochemical and portal hypertension markers, this therapy can be considered in cases of NRHL associated with abnormalities of liver enzymes.
Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers for Photonic-Bandgap Materials
Authors: Yoon Jongseung , Lee Wonmok , Thomas Edwin L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSelf-assembled block copolymer systems with an appropriate molecular weight to produce a length scale that will interact with visible light are an alternative platform material for the fabrication of large-area, well-ordered photonic-bandgap structures at visible and near-IR frequencies.Over the past years, one-, two-, and three-dimensional photonic crystals have been demonstrated with various microdomain structures created through microphase separation of block copolymers. The size and shape of periodic microstructures of block copolymers can be readily tuned by molecular weight, relative composition of the copolymer, and blending with homopolymers or plasticizers.The versatility of photonic crystals based on block copolymers is further increased by incorporating inorganic nanoparticles or liquid-crystalline guest molecules (or using a liquid-crystalline block), or by selective etching of one of the microdomains and backfilling with high-refractive-index materials. This article presents an overview of photonic-bandgap materials enabled by self-assembled block copolymers and discusses the morphology and photonic properties of block-copolymer-based photonic crystals containing nanocomposite additives.We also provide a view of the direction of future research, especially toward novel photonic devices.
The Long-Reaching Influence of Arthur von Hippel: Interdisciplinarity and Semiconductors
Authors: Fowler Alan B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWhile Arthur von Hippel did not work directly in semiconductors, his interdisciplinary style introduced a way of doing science in universities that was applied to semiconductors and now is applicable to nanotechnology as well as many other technologically important areas. This article covers the major developments and players in semiconductors from their early discovery and understanding, in the context of von Hippel's seminal development of the interdisciplinary approach to research and its impact on the field.
The Molecular Designing of Materials and Devices
Authors: Cohen Morrel H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractArthur von Hippel, a pioneer in the emergence of modern materials science, had a great goal: “the molecular designing of materials and devices.” In this article, I describe how computational materials theory has evolved over the last half century, helping to transform that goal from dream to reality. I start with two great puzzles of the 1950s: why band theory and the nearly free electron picture work. These were resolved by Landau's quasiparticle theory and by pseudopotential theory, respectively.Together with the creation and development of density functional theory, key methodological advances, and the rapid evolution of computer hardware and software, these two insights have resulted in the achievement of the quantitative prediction of the structures and properties of complex materials. Bandgapengineering and design of multilayer multifunctional materials are given as examples of “molecular design.”
The New “p–n Junction”: Plasmonics Enables Photonic Access to the Nanoworld
Authors: Atwater Harry A. , Maier Stefan , Polman Albert , Dionne Jennifer A. , Sweatlock Luke 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSince the development of the light microscope in the 16th century, optical device size and performance have been limited by diffraction. Optoelectronic devices of today are much bigger than the smallest electronic devices for this reason. Achieving control of light—material interactions for photonic device applications at the nanoscale requires structures that guide electromagnetic energy with subwavelength-scale mode confinement. By converting the optical mode into nonradiating surface plasmons, electromagnetic energy can be guided in structures with lateral dimensions of less than 10% of the free-space wavelength. A variety of methods—including electron-beam lithography and self-assembly—have been used to construct both particle and planar plasmon waveguides. Recent experimental studies have confirmed the strongly coupled collective plasmonic modes of metallic nanostructures. In plasmon waveguides consisting of closely spaced silver rods, electromagnetic energy transport over distances of 0.5 m has been observed. Moreover, numerical simulations suggest the possibility of multi-centimeter plasmon propagation in thin metallic stripes. Thus, there appears to be no fundamental scaling limit to the size and density of photonic devices, and ongoing work is aimed at identifying important device performance criteria in the subwavelength size regime. Ultimately, it may be possible to design an entire class of subwavelength-scale optoelectronic components (waveguides, sources, detectors, modulators) that could form the building blocks of an optical device technology—a technology scalable to molecular dimensions, with potential imaging, spectroscopy, and interconnection applications in computing, communications, and chemical/biological detection.
Quantum Chemical Calculations of Reorganization Energy for
Self-Exchange Electron and Hole Transfers of Aromatic Diamines as
Electron-donor Molecules
Authors: Wei Qi , Tegshjargal Khishigjargal , Sarangerel Davaasambuu , Ganzorig Chimed 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTReorganization energy is one of the important factors to decide the rate of
electron transfer according to the Marcus theory. Small reorganization
energy is highly desirable in design of optoelectronic and electronic
devices like as organic light emitting diode. For this reason,
reorganization energy of aromatic diamine derivatives,
N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-
(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (TPD) and
4,4′-diphenyl-N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenylbenzidine (DTPB) have
been studied theoretically by self-exchange electron transfer theory. By
executing the Gaussian 03 calculation we can easily figure out the
optimization point which needed for calculation of the inner reorganization
energy (λ) of self-exchange electron transfer reaction. Also ionization
potential and electron affinities of these molecules can be calculated at
the density functional theory level with basis set 6-31G** and
6-31G* using Gaussian 03 software on the basis of
ab initio method. It gives possibility to develop a
semi-empirical model for the observed absorption and photoluminescence
spectrum.
Electronic transport properties of top-gated monolayer and bilayer graphene devices on SiC
Authors: Tanabe Shinichi , Sekine Yoshiaki , Kageshima Hiroyuki , Nagase Masao , Hibino Hiroki 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTWe studied the electronic transport properties of monolayer and bilayer graphene in top-gated geometries. Monolayer and bilayer graphene were epitaxially grown by thermal decomposition of SiC. The half-integer quantum Hall effect under the gated environment was observed in monolayer graphene devices. The mobility of the monolayer and bilayer graphene devices showed distinct characteristics as a function of carrier density, which reflect their electronic structures. Strong temperature dependence at the charge neutrality point was observed in bilayer graphene devices, suggesting band gap opening.
Materials Challenges for CMOS Junctions
Authors: Taylor William J. , Rendon Michael J. , Verret Eric , Jiang Jack , Capasso Cristiano , Sing Dave , Nguyen Jen-Yee , Smith James , Luckowski Eric , Martinez Arturo , Schaeffer Jamie , Tobin Phil 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAgainst a backdrop of the latest ITRS predictions for CMOS junctions, we compare methods for dopant introduction and activation, methods for making contact to these regions, and methods for measurement of material and device properties. As activation without diffusion (sub-melt laser, capacitor discharge flash, or solid phase epitaxy) becomes more feasible, the burden on Xj, Rsh and abruptness falls on the implanters, and the process margin appears slim, opening the door for other methods of doping. For contact resistance, a major component of transistor parasitics, we find that either a move to a different substrate, or from a single midgap silicide to two band-edge metals/silicides can be quite beneficial. Through the use of simple test structures, we describe a means of extracting each component of the parasitic resistance, facilitating development of materials for CMOS junctions.
Predictive Value of In Vitro Mutation Data to Guide Second-Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Selection: Ready for Prime Time?
Authors: Silver Richard T. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Significant advances in treatment and monitoring for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia have occurred over the last decade. With the introduction of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib, long-term outcomes have improved and new challenges, such as resistance, including mutations, have emerged. Research efforts into mutational analysis have intensified, with emphasis on the potential of using this technique to guide second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor selection. Although some data suggest that a small number of mutations may be associated with a less favorable response to treatment with one second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor versus another, these data need to be interpreted cautiously because they are derived primarily retrospectively from single-institution studies and a small number of patients. More research and clinical experience and a better understanding of the implications of in vitro data are needed before these data can be routinely incorporated into therapeutic decisions. Currently, there is no consensus on when to screen patients for mutations, what technique should be used, or how values should be reported. Selection of a second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor should therefore be based upon its toxicity profile in conjunction with the patient's comorbidities and the practitioner's experience.
Angiogenesis and Gastric Cancer: Molecular Pathways & Therapeutic Targets
Authors: C. Moser  , O. Stoeltzing  
Published: March 2011

Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite recent improvements in surgical techniques, as well as in adjuvant and neoadjuvant treatment strategies, involving chemotherapy and radiotherapy, gastric cancer remains a therapeutic challenge. Due to the rapid occurrence of systemic metastasis, advanced gastric cancer is associated with a poor prognosis. However, progresses in defining molecular biology and carcinogenesis have recently led to a successful development of molecular targeting agents that substantially may improve survival and quality of life for many cancer patients. Regarding gastric cancer, various molecular pathways and signaling components have been identified that promote angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell growth, hence offering multiple targets for therapeutic intervention with new targeting agents. Such molecular targeting agents are currently being developed and clinically evaluated.
In this chapter we describe the current status of targeted therapies for treatment of gastric cancer, particularly focusing on antiangiogenic treatment strategies. Moreover, other novel agents including EGFR inhibitors, promoters of apoptosis, cell cycle inhibitors and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors will be discussed. Encouraging results from clinical trials evaluating these compounds have provided novel opportunities in the therapy of gastric malignancies that will probably help to significantly improve the prognosis of gastric cancer patients in the near future.
Targeted Therapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Gasparini G. , Longo R. 
Published: March 2011

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is diagnosed in approximately 170,000 patients worldwide annually, resulting in 82,000 deaths. The 5-year survival rate for metastatic RCC (mRCC) is < 10% and up to 30% of patients treated with radical nephrectomy are at risk of relapse. Cytokine therapy, such as interferon-a (INF-a) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), has been the standard of therapy for mRCC for many years. Recently, the better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of RCC has led to the development of a number of new targeted drugs, particularly anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) drugs and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors that have been approved for the treatment of advanced disease, and many other compounds are undergoing preclinical or early clinical evaluation.
However, several questions remain to be addressed, including: The identification of the optimal methodological approach in the clinical development of these new agents and of the best clinical setting to evaluate them, the identification of the optimal schedule of treatment and of surrogate predictive markers of activity that could lead to a better selection of patients, the evaluation of these agents in other histological subtypes, particularly papillary and chromophobe RCC, and finally, the management of new emerging toxicity.
Advertising Versus Sales in Demand Creation
Authors: Hochman Gal , Hochman Oded , Hochman Eithan , Heiman Amir , Leung PingSun 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
We investigate the dynamics of a firm whose advertisements and sales contribute to its customers’ stock of goodwill. An advertising campaign precedes the firm’s sales when the marginal product of advertisement is sufficiently large (e.g., Amazon Kindle and Apple Macintosh), whereas sales of a new brand of a familiar product may start without advertising (e.g. Crocs shoes). When the firm chooses both advertising and sales policies, the optimal solutions can be divided into two groups typified by low and high demand elasticities. When demand elasticity is low, a massive increase in the quantity sold causes a considerable drop in the product's price. Therefore, the firm prefers to use advertising, rather than excess sales. With high demand elasticity, a massive increase in the quantity sold reduces the price only marginally, thus sales becomes a relatively cheap way to build up the stock of goodwill, compared with advertising.
Critical properties of a random transverse crystal field Ising model with bond dilution
Authors: Wen Ling , Shi-Lei Yan 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Within effective field theory (EFT), the critical properties of a random transverse crystal field Ising model with bond dilution are studied on a square lattice. Under both weak and strong bond dilution conditions, we consider three cases (α = 0,±0.5) of a transverse crystal field ratio, obtaining global phase diagrams in T−D
x space for changes in the random transverse crystal field concentration. The phase diagrams obtained for a weak bond dilution are very similar in shape to those of pure bond but with decreases in corresponding ordered phases and critical values. However, the phase diagrams for a strong bond dilution exhibit varieties, including a change in reentrant phenomenon, the occurrence of transverse crystal field degeneration, and the opposite direction crossover of temperature peak value.