bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proceedings of the International Committee on Geodynamics
Authors: Jacob Klaus 
Published: October 2011

This special volume, vol. 13, 1980, of the Geological Bulletin, University of Peshawar, Pakistan, on the Geodynamics of the NW Himalayas, contains 213 pages, 23 articles with 96 figures and 28 tables, authored by 36 contributors from 7 countries (Pakistan, U.S., France, India, Switzerland, Italy, U.K.). The volume truthfully reflects the diversity and intensity of the recent international scientific effort toward understanding Himalayan geodynamics.To be frank: The editorial, production, and scientific quality of this conference book is as mixed as Himalayan collision tectonics itself. Yet, beneath the poor editorial melange, there rest valuable scientific treasures. Particularly to those earth scientists' interested in oceanic subduction zones and island arcs, this book on (now) purely continental tectonics is a really surprising find. The centerpiece of attention is the now deeply eroded Kohistan belt interpreted to be an uplifted Mesozoic island arc and its associated fore‐arc, back‐arc, and subduction complexes. Cenozoic collision tectonics has partially exposed lower crustal or subcrustal levels of any or all of the arc‐trench elements. They appear petrologically characterized by pyroxene granulites, eclogite, and garnet amphibolitic mineral assemblages. Structural and stratigraphic control is poor in most regions; and, thus, tectonic interpretations given by some authors may need revisions. But, geochemists will find a surprising number of major and minor element analyses and composition diagrams to test for possible affinities of the sampled rocks with ocean floor‐, island arc‐, and continent‐derived igneous or metamorphic assemblages. Trace element and isotope studies are still few.
Automated mapping system patented
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A patent on a satellite system dubbed Mapsat, which would be able to map the earth from space and would thereby reduce the time and cost of mapping on a smaller scale, has been issued to the U.S. Geological Survey.The Mapsat concept, invented by Alden F. Colvocoresses, a research cartographer at the USGS National Center, is based on Landsat technology but uses sensors that acquire higher‐resolution image data in either a stereo or monoscopic mode. Stereo data can be processed relatively simply with automation to produce images for interpretation or to produce maps. Monoscopic and multispectral data can be processed in a computer to derive information on earth resources. Ground control, one of the most expensive phases of mapping, could be kept to a minimum.
General Climatology 3
Authors: Hartmann Dennis L. 
Published: October 2011

General Climatology 3 is volume 3 of the series World Survey of Climatology, which consists of 15 volumes containing review articles on a broad range of topics. General Climatology 3 contains four chapters: ‘Human Bioclimatology,’ ‘Agricultural Climatology,’ ‘City Climate,’ and ‘Technical Climatology.’ Each of these chapters will be briefly described here.‘Human Bioclimatology,’ the first chapter, was authored by E. Flach and provides a survey of the effects on the human organism of the physical conditions at the earth's surface. It contains four main sections. A section entitled ‘Light and Life’ deals with the effects of solar radiation on man and contains much interesting information on the response of the human eye and human skin to radiation at various frequencies. ‘Air and Life’ discusses the composition of air and its effect on human health and performance, including discussions of the effects of altitude, aerosols, and noxious trace gases. ‘Temperature and Life’ discusses how the body responds to temperature and how it maintains its heat budget under the variety of conditions to which it falls subject and considerable discussion is given to objective ways to characterize air conditions that give an accurate measure of their impact on the body. This discussion leads naturally into the final section, ‘Bioclimatological Evaluation Systems,’ which addresses the problem of how to classify a particular site according to its overall suitability to human habitation.
How did the Cretaceous world end?
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Factors related to evidence of a major impact on the earth by an extraterrestrial body, at about the time of the close of the Cretaceous period, have been the center of discussion at a number of recent symposia. An example is the one entitled ‘Terminal Cretaceous Extinction: A Comparative Assessment of Causes,’ held at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, D.C., in January 1982. Another was simply ‘Terrestrial Impacts and C‐T Extinctions,’ held at the Thirteenth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, Tex., March 1982.The possibility that an impact may have caused global‐scale extinctions of terrestrial and marine life was the main reason for organizing the conferences, but the focus that emerged was on the geochemistry and geophysics of the impacts themselves. A possibility is that the impact occurred in an ocean, resulting in some rather major consequences, including oceanic temperature changes of several degrees Centigrade, an earthquake that would rate magnitude 12 on the Richter scale, and a tsunami, initially about 5 km high, that would have traversed the globe, inundating all low‐lying continental areas on the earth within 27 hours.
Geodetic Positioning Using a Global Positioning System of Satellites
Authors: Anderle R. J. 
Published: October 2011

This report analyzes various techniques of using range, Doppler or phase measurements of signals from the NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) to determine absolute or relative positions of the observer. The first two chapters give an introduction and background, the third chapter considers the relative strengths of the various techniques in the absence of systematic errors, the fourth chapter gives a detailed development and error analysis of dynamic positioning techniques, the fifth chapter discusses interferometric solutions based on phase measurements and the sixth chapter summarizes the study.Several changes have been made in the proposed satellite system and receivers since the publication of this report. These changes require reinterpretation of the results of simulations given in the report. The GPS is now proposed to consist of 18 satellites rather than the 24 satellites assumed in the study. This change degrades the geometric strength of solutions by about 50%. The study assumed observations would be made on satellites sequentially in the dynamic mode or on pairs of satellites in the interferometric mode. All receivers now proposed for use in geodetic applications will make simultaneous or quasi‐simultaneous observations on four or more satellites. This change primarily reduces the time on site required to achieve a given level of accuracy. The receivers now being developed by MacDoran and Counselman for interferometric observations are drastically different from those originally proposed. However, the principal error sources are not significantly affected by the changes in measurement technique. Since Fell gives a detailed break down of the contribution of each error source to the total error and of the variation of the errors with time on site, the results given can be used to evaluate the accuracies currently achievable or those which would be obtained under other assumptions.
Joint CCCO/JSC Study Conference
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Scientists designing the oceanographic research component of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), under the auspices of the Committee on Climate Changes and the Ocean (CCCO) and the Joint Scientific Committee (JSC), will meet in Tokyo in May 1982 to begin synthesizing the numerous concepts and proposals, under study or being advocated, into a focused research strategy.The objectives of the conference are to establish the scientific basis for an experimental research strategy and to review, assess, and identify critical experiment components. As would be expected, there are many wellfounded views on this subject, and the conference has, therefore, been structured so that these views can be expressed and debated.
Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Science
Authors: Spencer N. W. 
Published: October 2011

Homer Newell's book, Beyond the Atmosphere: Early Years of Space Science, provides the reader with an excellent history of space science and the intricate governmental as well as personal travails that brought the U.S. space program from its beginnings in the early V‐2 days to its enviable state (in today's terms) in the early seventies.The account is developed and well based on fundamental and classical descriptions of the meaning of science as the baseline theme of the space program, the driving force behind most of the devotees of the formative period. Space science began in those days as a burgeoning effort by vigorous competent scientists and engineers eager to move into an exciting extension of the physical sciences, and Newell was a central character in it. How their efforts made possible innovative and productive probing of many aspects of the earth's environment that had not previously been accessible to man's inquiries guides the writing.
Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Richmond Arthur 
Published: October 2011

The earth's upper atmosphere is highly dynamic, receiving strong energy inputs both from below in the form of upward propagating waves and from above in the form of electromagnetic and particle radiation from the sun and magnetosphere. Above 100 km the dynamics become increasingly influenced by factors that are of minor importance in the lower atmosphere, in particular by the long mean free paths of particles, which give rise to strong molecular diffusion effects, and by the appearance of an ionized component, which interacts dynamically with the neutral constituents. The study of upper atmospheric dynamics has been motivated by the interesting variety of theoretical problems that arise, as well as by the needs of communications and space applications and by the extensive collection of relevant data from satellites, radars, and optical and geomagnetic observatories.Susumu Kato has been one of the outstanding researchers in the field of upper atmospheric dynamics over the past 3 decades. His book treats a number of topics in areas in that field where he has made major theoretical contributions: acoustic‐gravity waves, atmospheric tides, electrodynamics, and ionospheric dynamo effects. No attempt is made to cover the entire field of upper atmospheric dynamics in this book nor to be exhaustive in the treatment of the selected areas, but the variety of topics treated is nonetheless impressive.
Hinners moves to Goddard
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Noel W. Hinners, president‐elect of AGU's Planetology Section and director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, has been appointed director of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. He succeeds A. Thomas Young, who left Goddard in late March; Leslie Meredith, AGU General Secretary, is serving as acting director until Hinners' appointment becomes effective in mid‐June.Looking back at his 3 years as director of the museum, Hinners told Eos that he believed one of his most important accomplishments was to increase the historical and archival programs. His aim was to ensure that the histories of space physics, astronomy, and aeronautics will not be lost. Documentation on the evolution of ideas in these areas was scattered, improperly indexed, or nonexistent, Hinners explained, so he brought to the museum several professional historians to organize the existing information and to glean additional information through oral histories from scientists involved in such events as the International Geophysical Year.
Women researchers lead wage hikes
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Women employed in the research and development fields in universities, government, and industry made substantial increases and lead men in salary gains in 1981, according to a far‐reaching survey of 5000 respondents (Industrial Research and Development, April 1982). At the upper end, 20% of women researchers received salary increases of 14% or more, compared to 13% of the men. The raises were high in 1981; more than half the women in research and development had salary gains of over 9%.The employment picture for women in the scientific and technical fields is somewhat complicated by the affirmative efforts of hiring. More women were hired in 1981, and most newly hired women and men begin at the lowest salaries. This factor contributed to the reality that more women than men at the lower salary ranges received zero raises. However, according to the survey, this is not a trend, since the current efforts to add women in research fields are providing more rewards for women per amount of experience than for men: “…women working in R&D have far less experience than their male counterparts.” (IR&D, op cit.). The median years of experience is down in 1981 from previous years. Some 40% of the women surveyed had less than 6 years experience, compared to about 14% of the men. These figures contrast with those of the survey trends of previous years, which indicated a direct relation between salary and experience. It is still true that because larger numbers of men have over 16 years of experience, the highest paid employees in research and development fields are men. It is noted, however, that in the beginning salary scales ($16–27 k/yr) women outnumber men.
Science grads and R&D funds down
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Scientific research and development in the United States apparently is suffering a trend of reduction in all phases, according to a number of federal government documents recently made available.The National Science Foundation (NSF) has released a series of reports, such as ‘Trends in Science and Engineering Degrees’ (Mosaic, Jan./Feb. 1982), ‘Foreign Participation in U.S. Science and Engineering and Labor Markets,’ and ‘Science Indicators—1980,’ that all point to a decrease in the number of science and engineering graduates; in the amount of academic, nondefense research being done; and in the federal funding of science training and science and engineering R&D.
'80's priorities for astronomy research
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Four major new programs for astronomy and astrophysics research should receive top billing in the 1980's, according to a report by the National Academy of Sciences Astronomy Survey Committee. The report, ‘Astronomy and Astrophysics for the 1980's,’ also recommends priorities for seven of what it dubs ‘moderate new programs’ and for four smaller ones. Total costs through the decade for the 15 priority programs are estimated at $1.72 billion (in 1980 dollars).Highest priority goes to an advanced X ray astrophysics facility (AXAF) that would be a permanent national observatory in space. It would combine greatly improved angular and spectral resolution with a sensitivity up to 100 times greater than that of any previous X ray mission. AXAF would cost an estimated $500 million dollars over the decade.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Steve H. Blair, a specialist in surface water hydrology, has been appointed a senior hydrologist in the Phoenix office of Dames & Moore, engineering and environmental consultants. Recently, he has been responsible for the hydrologic design of several large dams in Arizona, New Mexico, and California.Several AGU members recently were elected to the National Academy of Engineering. They are Jan D. Achenbach, Walter P. Murphy Professor of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics at the Technological Institute, Northwestern University; Peter S. Eagleson, president‐elect of the AGU Hydrology Section and professor of civil engineering at the Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory at Massachusetts Institute of Technology; and Allyn C. Vine, oceanographer and senior scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.
Nation's water picture mixed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The nation's water picture for April showed mixed trends: More than half of the index gaging stations reported normal streamflow conditions during the month, while the spring snowmelt boosted streamflow in the Northeast and Northwest to well above normal levels. Parts of the Southeast, however, from West Virginia south to the Carolinas, reported well‐below normal streamflow conditions, according to a month‐end check on water resources conditions by the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.After nearly 2 years of drought conditions the three major reservoirs supplying New York City reached full storage capacity and were spilling during April. Combined contents of the three reservoirs on May 1, 1982, was 272 billion gallons, 101% of their full usable capacity. The full reservoirs and the generally good surface and groundwater conditions throughout the Delaware River basin allowed the Delaware River Basin Commission to lift its drought emergency warning on April 27.
Salinity tables
Authors: Abram Richard J. 
Published: October 2011

The National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) is soliciting the cooperation of and comments from the physical oceanography community in the implementation of the new internationally recommended Practical Salinity Scale and International Equation of State of Seawater.The international organizations that fostered development of the new salinity scale and the new equation of state of seawater recommended that all oceanographers and oceanographic data centers begin this past January to use the new procedures, formulas, and tables. As NODC confronts the need to adapt its data processing and archiving operations to the new equations, it is important that all researchers who submit data to NODC clearly state in the accompanying documentation whether the data are based on the old or new systems. In addition, NODC would appreciate receiving letters from physical oceanographers indicating when they plan to begin to use the new system and how rapidly they expect the new system will be adopted throughout the oceanographic community. Address comments to Edward L. Ridley, Director, NODC, NOAA/EDIS OA/D7, Washington, DC 20235.
IMS Meridian Chain Workshop
Authors: Kamide Y. 
Published: October 2011

Earth environment, encompassing the ionosphere, magnetosphere, and solar wind, is filled with dynamically varying plasma through which electric currents are continually flowing. Changes in the state of this system result in changes in its electrical current that can be monitored remotely through the magnetic perturbations they produce. For this reason it is common practice to use geomagnetic data obtained at the earth's surface to diagnose processes occurring in our plasma environment.In the first half of this century the pioneering work of K. Birkeland, soon followed by S. Chapman and H. Alfvén, attempted to estimate the electric current system responsible for ground magnetic disturbances. Studies of ground‐based magnetic records have been vital in understanding the processes occurring in the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system, especially the growth and decay of the three‐dimensional current distribution, which consists of ionospheric currents and field‐aligned currents. In the past, studies on this subject were primarily based on the statistically obtained, so‐called ‘equivalent’ current systems, which can be determined by assuming all currents flow in a spherical shell (i.e., the ionosphere) concentric with the earth. Owing to the significant improvement of the ground magnetic networks, as well as recent direct measurements of the field‐aligned currents and electric field by satellites and radars, it is now possible to infer the three‐dimensional current system over the polar region during individual magnetospheric substorms with a sufficient time resolution. Meanwhile, various numerical techniques have been developed to analyze global magnetometer data for the purpose of facilitating this inference. It has taken more than half a century to quantify these pioneering concepts of Birkeland, Chapman, and Alfvén, although much improvement is still needed for better accuracy.
Nation's water picture
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

After well‐below normal streamflow conditions during May throughout much of the Northeast, recent heavy weekend rainfall (June 5–6) boosted streamflow and produced record high streamflows and flooding in parts of Connecticut. For much of the rest of the nation, May was a month of normal streamflow conditions, according to a month‐end check on the nation's water resources by the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior.USGS hydrologists said that 60% of the key index gaging stations across the country reported normal streamflow conditions during May. Well‐above normal flows were reported in California, Nevada, and several of the Great Plains states.
Foreign grants
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program offers opportunities for support of research in Burma, Guinea, India, and Pakistan in astrophysics and earth sciences. Opportunities also are available in the following disciplines: anthropology, archeology and related topics, systematic and environmental biology, and museum programs.Grants in the local currencies of the countries listed above are awarded to American institutions for research by senior scientists. Collaborative programs involving host country institutions are welcome. Awards are determined on the basis of competitive scholarly review. The deadline for submission of applications is November 1 each year. For further information, contact the Foreign Currency Program, Office of Fellowships and Grants, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560 (telephone: 202‐287‐3321).
Brazilian Stone Meteorites
Authors: Moore Carleton B. 
Published: October 2011

Why are Brazilian stone meteorites interesting and worthy of their own volume? Before the investigations reported in this volume, many had been poorly described, but, more significantly, several are unique and their proper description is important for the development of ideas on the origin and evolution of all meteorites.Twenty‐one meteorites are described. The most significant and important are the achondrites Angra dos Reis, Governador Valadares, Ibitira, and Serra de Mage. These four require 31 pages of text compared with 62 pages for 17 ordinary chondrites. Descriptions for the ordinary chondrites include mineralogic, petrographic, electron microprobe, and bulk chemical studies. In the case of the achondrites age dating, trace element geochemistry and other data are included. These data are from the authors and other investigators. The location of available material in museums and collections is recorded for each meteorite.