bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propositional Content
Authors: Schiffer Stephen 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTwo philosophers may accept the face-value theory and therefore agree that the things we believe are propositions — abstract, mind- and language-independent entities that have truth conditions, and have their truth conditions both essentially and absolutely — but disagree about the further nature of those propositions. This article presents a brief critical survey of some of the options. There are problems with the Russellian face-value theory of belief reports. These problems were first clearly stated in Frege's ‘On Sense and Reference,’ published in 1892, where he renounced the Russellian face-value theory he formerly held and supplanted it with a theory examined in this chapter.
The Distinction between Semantics and Pragmatics
Authors: Szabó Zoltán Gendler 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning, or more precisely, the study of the relation between linguistic expressions and their meanings. This article gives a sketch of the distinction between semantics and pragmatics; it is the intention of the rest of this article to make it more precise. It starts by considering three alternative characterizations and explain what the article finds problematic about each of them. This leads to the discussion of utterance interpretation, which situates semantics and pragmatics in a larger enterprise. But the characterization of their contrast remains sketchy until the final section, where the article discusses how truth-conditions and the notion of what is said fit into the picture.
Rigidity
Authors: Sosa David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
For an expression to be rigid means (abstracting from some variations) that it refers to one and the same thing with respect to any possible situation. But how is this in turn to be understood? An example will help us work through the definition. Take a word like ‘Aristotle.’ That word is a proper name; and proper names are a clear case of a type of word that refers. ‘Aristotle’ refers to a particular person, the last great philosopher of antiquity; in general, a name refers to the thing of which it is the name. To continue working through the definition of rigidity, we need to make sense of referring with respect to. It is tempting, for example, but mistaken, to understand a word's referring with respect to a possible situation as it's being used, in that situation, to refer to something.
Deflationism
Authors: Bar-On Dorit , Simmons Keith 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
There is a core metaphysical claim shared by all deflationists: truth is not a genuine, substantive property. But anyone who denies that truth is a genuine property must still make sense of our pervasive truth talk. In addressing questions about the meaning and function of ‘true’, deflationists engage in a linguistic or semantic project, a project that typically goes hand-in-hand with a deflationary account of the concept of truth. A thoroughgoing deflationary account of truth will go beyond the negative metaphysical claim about truth and the positive linguistic account of the word ‘true’: it will also maintain that the concept of truth is a ‘thin’ concept that bears no substantive conceptual connections to other concepts to which it is traditionally tied.
Tense
Authors: Ludlow Peter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
While most approaches to the semantics of tense have attempted to regiment tense away in a tenseless metalanguage, a good case can be made that this is not without cost (the same case could be made for regimentation of modality and other aspects of natural language as well). On the other hand, it is pretty clear that attempts to treat tense in a tensed metalanguage introduce serious complications. It is probably not so important which of these positions is correct at this point (we may be some distance from resolving that question), as it is that we understand the costs of the respective positions. Perhaps, by having a firm enough grasp on both approaches we afford ourselves a deeper insight into the nature of tense itself.
The Pragmatics of the Logical Constants
Authors: Edgington Dorothy 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The logical constants are technical terms, invented and precisely defined by logicians for the purpose of producing rigorous formal proofs. Mathematics virtually exhausts the domain of deductive reasoning of any complexity, and it is there that the benefits of this refined form of language are felt. Pragmatic issues may arise — issues concerning the point of making a certain statement — for there will be more or less perspicuous and illuminating ways of presenting proofs in this language, and we may be puzzled or misled when we wonder why the mathematician is taking some particular step. But this is hardly a compulsory topic in the philosophy of language.
Quantifiers
Authors: Glanzberg Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The study of quantification in natural language has made remarkable progress. Quantification in natural language has been investigated extensively by philosophers, logicians, and linguists. The result has been an elegant and far-reaching theory. This article presents a survey of some of the important components of this theory. The first section presents the core of the theory of generalized quantifiers. This theory explores the range of expressions of generality in natural language, and studies some of their logical properties. The second section turns to issues of how quantifiers enter into scope relations. Here there is less unanimity than in the theory of generalized quantifiers. Two basic approaches, representative of the main theories in the literature, are sketched and compared. The final section turns briefly to the general question of what a quantifier is.
Realism and Antirealism
Authors: Miller Alexander 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article questions whether, once the conception of metaphysics as grounded in the philosophy of language has been jettisoned, Dummett's arguments against semantic realism can retain any relevance to the realist/antirealist debate. By focussing on realism about the external world as an example, it reaches the conclusion that even without Dummett's conception of philosophy as grounded in the theory of meaning, his arguments against semantic realism do retain a limited but nevertheless genuine significance for the metaphysical debate. It emerges, though, that a certain key assumption, connecting the notions of linguistic understanding and knowledge, and necessary if Dummett's arguments are to have even this limited significance, is both underexplained and underdefended. The article concludes with some brief remarks on the cogency of the manifestation argument against semantic realism.
Evolution In Knowledge
Authors: Gordenker Leon , Jönsson Christer 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at the impact on the classroom and scholarship of the dominant approaches that come from Anglo-Saxon academia and think-tanks. These approaches are also reinforced by the authority of publishers and journals in North America and Europe. It also tries to examine how the proverbial woman in the street has responded to different levels of knowledge over the years. The article argues that unpacking the influences of both the UN of states and the UN of secretariats is a key research challenge, and that communicating with larger publics is a main civic challenge.
Economic and Social Council
Authors: Rosenthal Gert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the workings of what may be the most criticized principal organ in the UN: the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The article shows that aside from doubling its size, the ECOSOC has endured criticisms over the years, such as its inability to pull together the various parts of an increasingly dispersed and complex UN system. The main weakness of the ECOSOC is its ambiguous relationship with the General Assembly, along with the incapacity to attract high-level policymakers to its meetings and the lack of focus.
International Court of Justice
Authors: Crawford James , Grant Tom 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explores what is commonly called the ‘World Court’. It examines the slow and steady growth of the global rule of law in detail, starting with the juridical experiment of the League of Nations: the Permanent Court of International Justice. It points out that the Court goes against the grain of contemporary international relations and the proliferation of actors because of Article 34 of its Statute.
Peace Enforcement
Authors: Pugh Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the use of military force to back up Security Council decisions. It starts with an analysis of the elastic definitions related to the topic and provides a concise survey of the key cases after the renaissance of the UN in the 1990s. It documents the extent to which subcontracting to major powers and regional organizations was the only feasible way to project military force to support international decisions. The article further contests the notion that there has been a significant change in the underlying determinants of UN enforcement. This article also shows that UN peace operations are remarkably cheap.
Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Thakur Ramesh 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at the use of military force to protect human beings, or humanitarian intervention. This is the extension of fourth-century arguments by St. Augustine and seventh-century arguments by Hugo Grotius. The article first examines humanitarian interventions by colonial powers during the nineteenth century. It also discusses the fastest-moving normative development of modern times, namely that the rights of human beings sometimes trump those of the states where they live.
Terrorism
Authors: Boulden Jane 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article studies the efforts of the UN that began decades before 11 September 2001, which is viewed as having fundamentally changed many international security calculations, especially those of the United States. The two main points in UN discussions that have led to several important treaties are examined in this article. The first is that many countries view armed violence by those fighting for national liberation as legitimate. The second is whether ‘state terrorism’ should be included in any definition agreed by the majority of member states. The article also describes several new threats on the current agenda of the UN, and views these as unsettling future challenges.
Norms and Machinery
Authors: Ramcharan Bertrand G. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the revolutionary implications of taking human rights seriously. It discusses two possible analytical lenses that can be used to examine the UN's story. One section highlights the struggle to move forward with the standard that societies should be governed by a basic respect for human rights and without discrimination. The acute difficulties of the UN using the bully pulpit while minding the principles of respect and confidence-building are also examined.
Children
Authors: Beigbeder Yves 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article mostly discusses UNICEF, although it also examines other UN organizations. It provides a brief summary of the origins of the international children's movement and a review of the growing international legal framework of children's rights. It examines the world summits, movements, reports, and resolutions that have helped increase the awareness of political leaders and mass publics of children's issues. The role of UN bodies and other intergovernmental organizations in the promotion of children's rights is also discussed.
Human Security
Authors: Hampson Fen Osler , Penny Christopher K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article gives the benefits of redefining ‘security’ in order to emphasize human beings instead of states. It shows that human security is firmly embedded in today's language of world politics. Human security also reflects the role of the UN in advancing at occasionally enforcing new international norms that place the individual at the core of modern understandings of international security.
Coordinating Economic and Social Affairs
Authors: Fomerand Jacques , Dijkzeul Dennis 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explores the historical and current intricacies of cooperation across the various specialized agencies. The article also examines the special programs and funds of the UN's extended development system. These identify several structural difficulties that are mixed with conventional bureaucratic politics and turf-consciousness. The article highlights the autonomy of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) that make the Bretton Woods institutions distinct from the UN system, despite being shown as linked components in the organizational chart.
Human Development
Authors: Jolly Richard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the approach of human development that has characterized much of UN development thinking since the early 1990s. This approach also helps emphasize the importance of numerous institutions in the UN development system that are not treated separately in this book. The article concentrates on the conceptual approach that has been repeatedly refined with the annual publication of UNDP — the Human Development Report — beginning in 1990. It also views the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as a possible bridge between the UN system and the Bretton Woods institutions.
Historical Enquiry and Comparative Politics
Authors: Mahoney James , Villegas Celso M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses historical enquiry, which has always been central to the field of comparative politics. It examines the various methods of causal analysis and temporal analysis, and shows how historical analysts properly use historical data. This article shows that historical analysis embodies a distinctive set of techniques for the assessment of causal hypotheses, for the analysis of data, and for the study of temporal processes.
Field Research
Authors: Wood Elisabeth Jean 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article addresses ‘why leave the office’ questions, primarily through a discussion of exemplary works that draw on field research. The first section focuses on James Scott's Weapons of the Weak, which is a classic work of field research in comparative politics. It then turns to some recent works that explore several related topics, using a combination of surveys, participant observation, and interviews. Other field research methods, trends toward natural and field experiments, and combinations of field methods and non-field methods are also discussed. The last portion of the article concentrates on the challenges that field researcher's encounter, irrespective of the particular method they use.
From Case Studies to Social Science: A Strategy for Political Research
Authors: Bates Robert H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article presents a strategy for political research. It first explores the ways people comprehend and briefly discusses the forms of comprehension. The next section introduces the author's fieldwork in the coffee zones of East Africa. This reveals that the first step of the strategy is immersion, and the second is a movement from insight to explanation, which is marked by the production of theory. Finally, it shows that the resultant explanation may be logically coherent, faithful to the original intuition, and consistent with the observations that inspired it.
Mass Beliefs and Democratic Institutions
Authors: Welzel Christian , Inglehart Ronald 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article summarizes why political culture studies have been hesitant to analyze the aggregate effect of mass beliefs on democracy. It determines that this has much to do with the widespread assumption that the impact of mass beliefs on democracy can be inferred from individual-level findings. It also illustrates that this assumption actually represents an ‘individualistic fallacy’. It considers an argument that the impact of mass beliefs on democracy can only be analyzed at the aggregate level, because democracy only exists at this level. The article ends with a report of the findings from recent studies, which show that mass beliefs have indeed an aggregate effect on the emergence and survival of democracy.
Democracy and Civic Culture
Authors: Sabetti Filippo 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article attempts to take stock of the state of research on democracy and culture by providing answers to several sets of questions. It seeks to improve the understanding of the relationship between culture and action, and between political culture and democratic outcomes. The article begins by exploring the way the literature has dealt with the possible meaning of culture and political culture and their relationship to action. It also suggests why there has been little contribution to democracy derived from political culture research, and identifies how the efforts to rethink how and why the subject matter is approached in certain ways led many analysts to break out of established epistemological demarcations. This eventually led to the reinvigorated tools of investigation and research on democracy and civic culture. The article concludes with a discussion on the implications of improved tools of investigation for future research.
Mechanisms of Globalized Protest Movements
Authors: Lichbach Mark I. , de Vries Helma G. E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the mechanisms of globalized protest movements. It tries to draw together intellectual resources on this field, and offers a survey of theories of contentious politics. These theories aim to explore their applicability to the new phenomenon of global protest movements (GPMs). The article also suggests that the differences between GPMs may be attributed to their differential use of mobilizational mechanisms. A comparison of these mechanisms involved in different GPMs and contentious politics allows for the redefinition of an understanding of how these mechanisms work in explaining globalized collective action as well as other forms of contention.
Voters and Parties
Authors: Wren Anne , McElwain Kenneth Mori 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article studies voters and parties, beginning with realignment or dealignment in the party-voter nexus. It discusses changes in the policy preferences of voters and even organizational changes to the party-voter linkage. Electoral competition, performance of traditional parties, and organizational change are discussed as well. This article determines that there are two parallel trends in the linkage between parties and voters. The first is that voters are showing weaker partisan identification with political parties, and a widening gap between the policy preferences of voters and the electoral manifestos of parties is apparent. The second trend is that improvements in educational attainment and innovations in media technology are strengthening the political capability of both parties and voters.
Political Activism: New Challenges, New Opportunities
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses political activism and provides an overview that highlights four key themes that have emerged during the last ten years. The first two themes are the growing recognition of the importance of the institutional context of formal rules for electoral turnout and the widespread erosion of party membership in established democracies and questions about its consequences. The last two themes, on the other hand, are the substantial revival of interest in voluntary associations and social trust spurred by theories of social capital and the expansion of diverse forms of cause-oriented types of activism. After briefly illustrating some of the literature which has developed around these themes, the article concludes by considering the challenges for the future research agenda in comparative politics.
Federalism
Authors: Beramendi Pablo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article provides a partial but necessary review of the dominating themes, evolution, and pending tasks that await the comparative politics of federalism. The basic premise of this article is taken from rational choice institution-alism. The article fist delimits federalism as an institution, before it pays attention to the impact of federalism on democracy and the workings of the economy. An analysis of federalism as an endogenous institution is provided. The article also mentions a number of methodological considerations on the comparative study of the origins and consequences of federalism. It ends with a discussion of the various challenges that lie ahead of the field.
Coalition Theory and Government Formation
Authors: Strøm Kaare W. , Nyblade Benjamin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article tries to show how bargaining theory has helped people understand key aspects of government formation. It also shows how people's understanding of coalition bargaining has slowly moved past the simplistic assumptions of the first generations of such theories. The article examines three specific questions in detail, and then considers the factors that influence whether specific parties or types of parties obtain government membership.
The Poor Performance of Poor Democracies
Authors: Keefer Philip 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the poor performance of poor democracies. The article points to recent literature on political market imperfections as a way to explain anomalies in the relationship between economic performance and regime type. The first section looks at the poor countries and their respective policies, while the second section attempts to explain the ambiguity in the democracy-growth relationship. It studies the political market imperfections and the heterogeneous democratic performance, and discusses democratization, the role of history, and puzzles in the literature on democracy. The article ends with a discussion of incomplete information, which is one imperfection of the political market.
Accountability and the Survival of Governments
Authors: Maravall José María 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article considers accountability and the survival of governments. A government is considered to be accountable when its citizens can hold it responsible for its actions and punish or reward it with their vote during the elections. The article begins with a look at the elections and the retrospective control of politicians. Some empirical evidence that has been gathered from retrospective models of elections is presented, and the limits of accountability are identified. Finally, non-electoral threats are discussed.