bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing salmonella shedding in broiler chickens
Authors: Gustafson R. H. , Kobland J. D. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThree variables were included in a study to determine their effect on the incidence of Salmonella typhimurium in broilers challenged at four days of age. Variables included the presence or absence of a feed additive, avoparcin; the use of new or used litter and the initiating dose of salmonella. Cloacal swabs were taken from approximately 600 chicks at weekly intervals for 45 days. At 104, 106 and 108 c.f.u./chick there was a direct association of challenge dose and the incidence of positive chicks for the first several weeks. Chicks raised on used litter showed an appreciable reduction in susceptibility to salmonella when compared to control animals on fresh litter. As the birds approached slaughter age, the influence of litter hygiene and challenge dose diminished under the conditions of this study. Avoparcin in the diet at 10 p.p.m. had no enhancing effect on salmonella shedding at any time during the 45-day sampling period. The implications of competitive exclusion are discussed.
Salmonella serotypes isolated from man in Malaysia over the 10-year period 1973–1982
Authors: Jegathesan M. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe results of serotyping of 10953 salmonella isolates from humans over a 10-year period, 1973–82 at the Bacteriology Division, Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia are presented. A total of 104 serotypes from 22 ‘O’ groups were encountered; 95 isolates were considered untypable. The three most predominant serotypes, namely Salmonella typhi, S. typhimurium and S. weltevreden together accounted for 54·1% of all isolates whilst the 25 most frequent serotypes accounted for 93·6% of the total. Whilst the commoner serotypes occurred regularly throughout the study period, the rarer ones tended to appear only in one year, when they might be associated with an outbreak, and never again.The pattern of serotypes, though quite similar to the one seen in neighbouring Singapore, is different from those experienced in other places such as Hong Kong, Jakarta, Bangladesh and Manchester.
The use of the microagglutination technique to determine the antibody status of healthy New Zealanders to Brucella abortus
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. , Maskill W. J. , Metcalfe R. V. , Pearce J. L. 
Published: October 2009

SummarySera from healthy blood donors from different parts of New Zealand, collected between 1977 and 1980, were analysed by the microagglutination technique for antibodies against Brucella abortus. Populations from both urban and rural areas were studied. The technique was shown to be capable of handling the 3351 sera studied and thus to be a useful screening test to assess the immune status of large populations. The results demonstrated some of the effects on the human population of the successful bovine brucellosis eradication programme.
A study of Coxsackie B virus infections, 1972–1983
Authors: Bell Eleanor J. , McCartney Robert A. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe results of a twelve-year study of Coxsackie B virus (CBV) infections in patients with a variety of acute and chronic illnesses are reported. CBVs were isolated from only 123 patients most of whom were children with respiratory illness. Virus diagnosis in adults was based mainly on the detection of significant rising or static high neutralizing antibody titrcs. Between 1972 and 1979 most investigations centred on patients with suspected viral heart disease, 12% of whom were found to have diagnostically significant CBV titres. In studies on patients with definite myo-pericarditis the number positive increased to 33%. In 1980 clinical interest switched to the possible role of CBV in myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), an illness of diverse symptomatology. Investigation of suspected cases of ME in 1983 showed that 16% were serologically positive compared to 4% of normal adults in the West of Scotland. In patients with well-documented ME this figure rose to 41%.The demand by clinicians for CBV neutralizing antibody tests has increased over the past twelve years and continues to escalate annually, especially in patients with chronic relapsing illness.
Arginine metabolism in infected cell cultures as a marker character for the differentiation of orthopoxviruses
Authors: Osborn Joanna G. E. , Chesters P. M. , Williamson J. D. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryArginine has been shown to be essential for the replication of several orthopoxviruses in mouse sarcoma 180 cells and in chick embryo fibroblast cultures. Both host systems are characterized by their inabilities to utilize citrulline for the biosynthesis of arginine due to deficiencies in the requisite cellular enzymes and cell multiplication is absolutely dependent on the availability of exogenous arginine. Virus replication in such cells maintained with citrulline results from the induction of virus-specific enzymes. Significant virus yields in the absence of exogenous arginine or citrulline can arise from the replenishment of intracellular amino acid pools by increased utilization of arginyl residues in cellular proteins. The extent of the phenotypic expression of these characters in infected cells permitted significant discrimination between the viruses examined. Distinctions could be drawn between rabbitpox, ectromelia, cowpox, buffalopox and vaccinia strains. However, cowpox could not be distinguished from other viruses isolated from diseased animals in European zoos.
Distribution of influenza viruses in Northern Greece during 1972–1983
Authors: Kyriazopoulou-Dalaina V. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryObservations on the circulation of influenza viruses in Northern Greece during the winters of 1972/3 to 1982/3 are presented.Influenza A viruses were detected every winter with the exception of those of 1973/4 and 1981/2, when neither type A nor type B was isolated. The strains of type A isolated during the study period were similar to those circulating world-wide over the same time scale.Influenza B viruses were isolated only during the winters of 1972/3 and 1979/80; influenza A viruses were also circulating in the community at those times. The B strains detected were similar to those recorded world-wide during the period of study.
A large outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 8
Authors: Richmond Shirley , Burman Reeta , Crosdale Elaine , Cropper Linda , Longson Damien , Enoch Bridget E. , Dodd C. L. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA large nosocomial outbreak of keratoconjunctivitis due to adenovirus type 8 is described. Two hundred cases were identified, 123 by isolation of the virus and 77 by detecting HI antibodies in convalescent sera. Infection usually presented as a severe keratoconjunctivitis, and 107 (54%) of infected patients developed sub-epithelial corneal opacities. The majority (66%) of infections were acquired at the accident and emergency department attached to a large urban eye hospital when patients attended for other reasons; trauma to the eye, especially corneal foreign bodies, was the most frequent cause for the initial attendance. Transmission of virus within the family occurred in 13% of cases, but there was little spread outside family or hospital environments. The outbreak lasted from May to September, 1982, but it was not confirmed by isolation of the virus until the end of June when control measures were instituted. Delay in applying control measures was probably the major factor accounting for this large, prolonged outbreak of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.
An outbreak of calicivirus associated gastroenteritis in an elderly persons home. A possible zoonosis?
Authors: Humphrey T. J. , Cruickshank J. G. , Cubitt W. D. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAn outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by calicivirus began amongst residents and staff of an old persons home 24 hours after the proprietor's dog had been sick. Serological evidence suggests that the calicivirus isolated from one of the cases may be capable of infecting dogs as well as man. The virus strain responsible for this outbreak differs antigenically from those associated with two other outbreaks in the U.K. and one in Japan. The characteristic morphology of calicivirus is lost if stool is stored at – 70°C.
The development and performance of a simple, sensitive method for the detection ofCryptosporidiumoocysts in faeces
Authors: Baxby Derrick , Blundell N. , Hart C. A. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryFeatures are described of a new staining method for the detection ofCryptosporidiumoocysts in faeces. Smears, fixed in acid-methanol, are stained with heated safranin and counterstained with methylene blue. Oocysts stain a vivid orange-pink and are easily recognized. The method is rapid and simple with little source of error. The method is more sensitive than currently recommended Ziehl-Neelson methods; of 26 cases of cryptosporidiosis diagnosed by the new method only 19 were detected by acid-fast and only 11 by acid-alcohol-fast methods. Oocysts can be stained by safranin-methylene blue after concentration by various methods, in paraffin-embedded material, and after storage for months at various temperatures.
Epidemiological investigations onCampylobacter jejuniin households with a primary infection
Authors: Oosterom J. , den Uyl C. H. , Bänffer J. R. J. , Huisman J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryFifty-four Rotterdam patients in which a primary infection withCampylobacter jejunihad been detected (index patients) were compared with 54 control subjects with regard to the consumption and preparation of foods 7 days before onset of illness and the keeping of pet animals. Significantly more index patients than controls had eaten chicken meat (47v. 29;P= 0·0002), particularly at barbecues (14v. 2;P= 0·0015). Marginally more index patients had eaten pork (47v. 39;P= 0·048) or inadequately heated meat (13v. 8), though in the last case numbers were too small to be statistically significant. The consumption of beef or mutton and outdoor eating (other than at barbecues) were essentially the same in both groups. There was no significant association with the keeping of pet animals, although a few more index patients had cage birds than controls (18v. 12).Twenty-one (15%) of 130 household contacts of index patients also suffered from diarrhoea during the same period. Circumstantial evidence pointed to a common source of infection with the index patient in 13 instances (nine households) and probable intrafamilial spread of infection in six instances.Campylobacters were isolated from one of 110 swabs of kitchen work surfaces and eight of 107 swabs taken from lavatory bowls in index households.
A bacteriocin produced by certain M-type 49Streptococcus pyogenesstrains when incubated anaerobically
Authors: Tagg John R. , Skjold Stephen A. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBacteriocin production (P)-typing of 75 M-type 49 group-A streptococci obtained from a variety of epidemiological incidents in different countries gave no evidence of production under the usual aerobic test conditions. However, with anaerobic incubation, 28% of the strains gave a pattern of inhibitory activity against the indicator strains which was indistinguishable from that previously attributed to the bacteriocin, streptococcin A-FF22 (SA-FF22). Isolation and partial purification of the M type 49 bacteriocin (SA-M49) by freeze–thaw elution from anaerobically grown lawn cultures, followed by ammonium sulphate precipitation and Sephadex chromatography, showed the activity to be associated with a heat-stable proteinaceous molecule of molecular weight approximately 8000 – properties similar to those of SA-FF22. SA-FF22 and SA-M49 were found to have identical inhibitory spectra including immunity of the producer strains to the inhibitory activity of both the homologous and heterologous bacteriocin preparations. SA-M49 production occurred in some strains of phage subtypes II, III and provisional VI and. since it was a consistent property for all isolates from single outbreaks of infection, it provides a means of discriminating between strains of each of these three phage subtypes. There was no evidence of any increased incidence of SA-M49 production in M-type 49 strains associated with nephritic sequelae
Legionella pneumophilain aerosols from shower baths
Authors: Dennis P. J. L. , Wright A. E. , Rutter D. A. , Death J. E. , Jones B. P. C. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryRoutine examination of the water system in an establishment where showers were used by staff after work or leisure activities revealed the presence ofLegionella pneumophila. Descaling and steaming cleared the system but six months later recolonization was found to have occurred.L. pneumophilawas isolated from air samples collected in the shower room whilst the shower was in operation. No clinical cases have occurred. Serological examination of those using the showers throughout the six month period together with a control group showed no evidence of infection.
A microbiological study of various food premises with an assessment of cleaning and disinfection practices
Authors: Tebbutt G. M. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryA study of cleaning and disinfection methods in a variety of types of catering premises has been carried out. The level of bacterial contamination of the hands and of equipment was related to cleaning methods and to the type of catering establishment. Wiping cloths were frequently contaminated withEscherichia coli, and these may be important reservoirs of bacteria for contamination of the hands of catering staff. Regular and efficient cleaning of food surfaces and equipment was found to be more important than the use of a disinfectant as part of the cleaning process. Methods for reducing the risks of cross-contamination in catering premises are discussed.
Unusually severe food poisoning from vanilla slices
Authors: Fenton Patricia A. , Dobson K. W. , Eyre A. , McKendrick M. W. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThirty six people suffered from severe vomiting and diarrhoea 15 min to 3 h after eating vanilla slices from the same bakery. Five patients were admitted to hospital, and one developed unusual skin lesions after admission. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in large numbers from vanilla slices of the same batch as those giving rise to symptoms, and from five faecal specimens obtained from affected persons. Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis were also isolated from the slices. Unbaked custard provides an ideal environment for bacterial multiplication, especially when (as on this occasion) the ambient temperature is persistently high.
The detection of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus antigen by agar gel precipitation test and counter-immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Obi T. U. , Patrick D. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe detectability of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) viral antigen in both ante-mortem secretions and necropsy samples from experimentally infected goats was investigated by both the agar gel precipitation test (AGPT) and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Viral antigen was detected from 42·6% of the samples tested by the AGPT and 80–3% by CIE. The detection of viral antigen in a high proportion of the ocular and nasal secretions as well as the faeces and buccal scrapings, particularly from those collected within seven days of the onset of fever, by both techniques, would seem to obviate the need for lymph node biopsies or post-mortem samples in order to make a diagnosis of PPRV infection.
The detection of rotaviruses in products of wastewater treatment
Authors: Bates J. , Goddard M. R. , Butler M. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryRotaviruses present in products of wastewater treatment were assayed in MA 104 cells by indirect immunofluorescence. Levels in settled sewage, activated sludge and effluent were greater than 103per litre in March and April but virus was not detected during later months. This pattern correlated with the decline in laboratory reports of human rotavirus infection.
Restriction enzyme fingerprinting of enterobacterial plasmids: a simple strategy with wide application
Authors: Platt D. J. , Chesham J. S. , Brown D. J. , Kraft C. A. , Taggart J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryRestriction enzyme fingerprints were generated from purified plasmid DNA from 324 clinical isolates that belonged to 7 enterobacterial genera and 88 single plasmids in Escherichia coli K12 according to the following strategy.Purified plasmid DNA was digested with PstI. The number of fragments detected in a 0·8 agarose gel was used to determine which 2 of 6 restriction enzymes including Pstl was most likely to provide a fingerprint comprising sufficient fragments to ensure specificity but sufficiently few to allow easy visual assessment and minimize coincidental matching. When PstI produced > 20 fragments, Eco RI and HindIII were used; when PstI generated < 6 fragments Bsp 1286 and AvaII were used and SmaI was employed when between 6 and 20 fragments were obtained from PstI digests. Using a minimum of 12 fragments from a combination of 2 enzymes as the criterion for characterizing a strain/plasmid, satisfactory 2-enzyme fingerprints were obtained from 87% of the strains and plasmids studied using PstI and no more than two additional enzymes per strain. Of the remaining 54 strains, 51 harboured only small plasmids (< 10 kb) and 3 produced satisfactory fingerprints when digested with a fourth enzyme.
An outbreak of gastroenteritis on a passenger cruise ship
Authors: O'Mahony Mary C. , Noah N. D. , Evans B. , Harper D. , Rowe B. , Lowes J. A. , Pearson A. , Goode B. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIn an outbreak of gastroenteritis on board a cruise ship 251 passengers and 51 crew were affected and consulted the ship's surgeon during a 14-day period. There was a significant association between consumption of cabin tap water and reported illness in passengers. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were isolated from passengers and crew and coliforms were found in the main water storage tank. Contamination of inadequately chlorinated water by sewage was the most likely source of infection.A low level of reported illness and late recognition of the outbreak delayed investigation of what was probably the latest in a series of outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness on board this ship. There is a need for a national surveillance programme which would monitor the extent of illness on board passenger cruise ships as well as a standard approach to the action taken when levels of reported illness rise above a defined level.
Salmonellosis in two dairy herds associated with a sewage farm and water reclamation plant
Authors: Clegg F. G. , Wray C. , Duncan A. L. , Appleyard W. T. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryTwo dairy herds, situated on a sewage farm, were monitored for the presence of salmonellas following outbreaks of Salmonella dublin infection. In addition an S. dublin control scheme, which involved examination of adult animals and calf vaccination, was instigated.During the period 1975–84, 12 salmonella serotypes and 10 phage types of S. typhimurium were isolated from the cattle and their environment although their presence was seldom associated with disease. Two adult S. dublin excreters were detected but it was concluded that none of the tests employed to examine the adult animals was sensitive enough. The prevalence of disease in the calves was low and although vaccination may have been beneficial it did not eradicate S. dublin infection. Thus S. dublin persisted in adults and calves during the 8-year period but its presence was seldom associated with disease. The results are discussed with regards the disease risk to animals from the agricultural use of sewage sludge and the public health aspects.
Antibiotic sensitivities of urinary pathogens isolated from patients in Liverpool, 1984–5
Authors: Damjanovic V. , Whitfield E. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryUrinary pathogens isolated from patients in general practice, an antenatal clinic and several hospitals in Liverpool during 1984–5 have been tested for antibiotic sensitivities. The proportion of sensitive organisms varied from antimicrobial to antimicrobial and from institution to institution. Isolates from all institutions showed high rates of sensitivity to cephradine, nalidixic acid and nitrofurantoin, and somewhat lower rates to trimethoprim. Significantly lower sensitivities were found to ampicillin and sulphamethoxazole indicating that neither ampicillin nor a sulphonamide is suitable for initial choice on a ‘best guess’ basis in the situation studied. In general, the organisms derived from the antenatal patients showed the highest rates of sensitivity and those isolated from patients in geriatric hospitals the lowest.
Observations on experimental inactivated vaccines for contagious bovine pleuropneumonia
Authors: Gray M. A. , Simam P. , Smith G. R. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIn two trials the efficacy of inactivated vaccines against contagious bovine pleuropneumonia was tested by exposing vaccinated cattle to droplet infection provided by close contact with experimentally infected ‘donors’. Complete protection was given by an extreme form of vaccination in which a heavy suspension of killed Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant was given in two large doses. ‘Mouse-protective antibody’ (MPA) was also produced, i.e. serum transferred to mice 2–4 h before intraperitoneal challenge prevented the development of mycoplasmaemia. However, the study did not answer the question ‘Is MPA protective for cattle?’. No protection was given by a milder form of vaccination in which a lighter suspension of killed Hiycoplasmas emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant was given in a comparatively small dose on a single occasion.
Bacterial and mycotic otological infections in Singapore
Authors: Chow V. T. K. , Ho B. , Hong G. S. , Liu T. C. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThis paper describes a microbiological study of 84 young adult men with clinical otitic infections. Gram-negative aerobic bacilli were frequently isolated from these patients diagnosed as having otitis externa or chronic suppurative otitis media, of whichPseudomonasspecies predominated.Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidisand aerobicCorynebacteriumspecies (diphtheroids) were also found. About 40% of ear infections were attributed to otomycoses, chiefly fromAspergillusspecies andCandida parapsilosis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the bacterial isolates revealed thatPseudomonasspecies were generally resistant to antibiotics commonly employed in general practice: ampicillin, erythromycin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline and cephaloridine. However, polymjwin B, gentamicin and neomycin were active against somePseudomonasisolates. Other Gram-negative bacilli were also mainly sensitiveto gentamicin, neomycin as well as co-trimoxazole. Disc diffusion and minimum inhibitor concentration studies demonstrated good activity of ceftazidime, cefoperazone, tobramycin and carbenicillin against strains ofPseudomonasspecies and other Gram-negative rods. Cefotaxime and cefoxitin were active against Gram-negative bacilli other thanPseudomonasspecies. Beta-lactamase production did not appear to be the main mechanism of resistance in these communityacquired Gram-negative bacillary isolates. The antimicrobial therapy of otological infections is reviewed.
Antibody levels toMycoplasma pneumoniaein sera collected from healthy blood donors of Wellington, New Zealand, during 1976–80
Authors: Pearce J. , Bettleheim K. , Metcalfe R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe sera of healthy blood donors from the Wellington area of New Zealand, collected between 1976 and 1980, were analysed by the complement fixation test for antibody toMycoplasma pneumoniae. A high prevalence of antibody to this organism was demonstrated and the occurrence of anM. pneumoniaeepidemic in New Zealand within the survey period was shown to be reflected i the immune status of this healthy adult population. This would suggest that during an epidemic many people within the Wellington community may haveM. pneumoniaeinfections involving littl overt illness.