bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cist at Abercairny, Perthshire
Authors: Rideout J S , Comrie J , Barlow A , Halpin E , Stevenson S , Gibson A 
Published: February 2011

SummaryA cist was discovered in December 1983 at Abercairny, Perthshire. It contained the remains of an inhumation, a flint knife and part of a spacer-plate jet necklace.
The Rosette in British and Irish Rock Art
Authors: van Hoek M. A. M. 
Published: February 2011

Summary Discussed here is the occurrence on British prehistoric rock art sites of the ‘rosette’ – a circle of cup-marks round a central cup. The motif is rare although occurring over a wide area in Britain; the main zones of concentration are Co. Louth in Ireland, Northumberland, Galloway in Soulh-West Scotland and in Mid-Argyll, and similar motifs are found in Galicia. In contrast to the standardised and ubiquitous cup-and-ring motifs and rarer designs such as spirals, rosettes seem to have specifically local concentrations, as if they were symbols of social identification.
Presenting the Self: Record Linkage and Referring to Ordinary Historical Persons
Authors: Morton Graeme 
Published: February 2011

The correspondence between a nominal entry and an historical person remains a central problematic in the practice of nominal record linkage. Failed linkage is generally assumed to be due to source defects either in the construction or the reproduction of the nominal list. The purpose of this paper is explain that variations in nominal data for ordinary persons are not necessarily a function of error, but rather a reflection of conscious decisions by individuals to filter their own data in ways which suit their own concerns. Drawing on the ideas of Erving Goffman, an attempted explanation is made as to how and why individuals present their self in different ways in different circumstances, so creating uncertainty in the linkage process.
Diagnostischer Referenzwert
Authors: Stemberger A. , Leitha T. , Staudenherz A. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe aim of this study was to collect administered activities of important nuclear medicine diagnostic examinations and to identify frequencies as well as age distributions in the light of hybrid devices in Austria. Based on the survey data a re-evaluation of dose reference levels for nuclear medicine has been published in June 2010 in the novella of the Austrian Medical Radiation Protection Regulation (MedStrSchV) (8), also an estimate of the average individual doses of the total population. Accurate data on nuclear medicine studies of 34% of all Austrian nuclear medicine units could be collected. Results: Extrapolated there are about 150 000 nuclear medicine examinations per year performed in Austria. The median age of patients is thereby 62 years. The results of this study resulted in 65% of the dose reference values to change, whereas 48% had to be revised downwards and 17% upwards. Additionally, 5 new reference values were included in the list; three more were taken out, however. The estimation of the individual effective patient dose for each offered examination was on average 4.7 mSv. An extrapolation based on the total exposure of the population with regard to uninvolved persons and children led to 0.07 mSv per year by nuclear medicine examinations. Conclusion: The published diagnostic reference values correspond to the normal investigative practice in Austria and are compliant with most international recommendations. The term „optimal value“ has been removed from the text of the law, because such wording would be misleading.
Genome-Wide Expression Profiling Identifies an Impairment of Negative Feedback Signals in the Crohn’s Disease-Associated NOD2 Variant L1007fsinsC
Authors: Billmann-Born Susanne , Till Andreas , Arlt Alexander , Lipinski Simone , Sina Christian , Latiano Anna , Annese Vito , Häsler Robert , Kerick Martin , Manke Thomas , Seegert Dirk , Hanidu Adedayo , Schäfer Heiner , van Heel David , Li Jun , Schreiber Stefan , Rosenstiel Philip 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
NOD2 is an intracellular receptor for the bacterial cell wall component muramyl dipeptide (MDP), and variants of NOD2 are associated with chronic inflammatory diseases of barrier organs (e.g., Crohn’s disease, asthma, and atopic eczema). It is known that activation of NOD2 induces a variety of inflammatory and antibacterial factors. The exact transcriptomal signatures that define the cellular programs downstream of NOD2 activation and the influence of the Crohn-associated variant L1007fsinsC are yet to be defined. To describe the MDP-induced activation program, we analyzed the transcriptomal reactions of isogenic HEK293 cells expressing NOD2wt or NOD2L1007fsinsC to stimulation with MDP. Importantly, a clear loss of function could be observed in the cells carrying the Crohn-associated variant L1007fsinsC, whereas the NOD2wt cells showed differential regulation of growth factors, chemokines, and several antagonists of NF-κB (e.g., TNFAIP3 [A20] and IER3). This genotype-dependent regulation pattern was confirmed in primary human myelomonocytic cells. The influence of TNFAIP3 and IER3 in the context of NOD2 signaling was characterized, and we could validate the predicted role as inhibitors of NOD2-induced NF-κB activation. We show that IER3 impairs the protective effect of NOD2wt against bacterial cytoinvasion. These results further our understanding of NOD2 as a first-line defense molecule and emphasize the importance of simultaneous upregulation of counterregulatory anti-inflammatory factors as an integral part of the NOD2-induced cellular program. Lack of these regulatory events due to the L1007fsinsC variant may pivotally contribute to the induction and perpetuation of chronic inflammation.
Strongyloides ratti Infection Induces Expansion of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells That Interfere with Immune Response and Parasite Clearance in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Blankenhaus Birte , Klemm Ulrike , Eschbach Marie-Luise , Sparwasser Tim , Huehn Jochen , Kühl Anja A. , Loddenkemper Christoph , Jacobs Thomas , Breloer Minka 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
To escape expulsion by their host’s immune system, pathogenic nematodes exploit regulatory pathways that are intrinsic parts of the mammalian immune system, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs). Using depletion of Treg mice, we showed that Foxp3+ Treg numbers increased rapidly during infection with the nematode Strongyloides ratti. Transient depletion of Tregs during the first days of infection led to dramatically reduced worm burden and larval output, without aggravation of immune pathology. The transient absence of Tregs during primary infection did not interfere with the generation of protective memory. Depletion of Tregs at later time points of infection (i.e., day 4) did not improve resistance, suggesting that Tregs exert their counterregulatory function during the priming of S. ratti-specific immune responses. Improved resistance upon early Treg depletion was accompanied by accelerated and prolonged mast cell activation and increased production of types 1 and 2 cytokines. In contrast, the blockade of the regulatory receptor CTLA-4 specifically increased nematode-specific type 2 cytokine production. Despite this improved immune response, resistance to the infection was only marginally improved. Taken together, we provide evidence that Treg expansion during S. ratti infection suppresses the protective immune response to this pathogenic nematode and, thus, represents a mechanism of immune evasion.
Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes: Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with a White‐Emitting Molecule: Emission Mechanism and Device Characteristics (Adv. Funct. Mater. 4/2011)
Authors: Kim Se Hun , Park Sanghyuk , Kwon Ji Eon , Park Soo Young 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe unique and unprecedented electroluminescence behavior of the white‐emitting molecule 3‐(1‐(4‐(4‐(2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)phenoxy)phenyl)‐4,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)naphthalen‐2‐ol (W1), fluorescence emission from which is controlled by the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) is investigated. W1 is composed of covalently linked blue‐ and yellow‐color emitting ESIPT moieties between which energy transfer is entirely frustrated. It is demonstrated that different emission colors (blue, yellow, and white) can be generated from the identical emitter W1 in organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) devices. Charge trapping mechanism is proposed to explain such a unique color‐tuned emission from W1. Finally, the device structure to create a color‐stable, color reproducible, and simple‐structured white organic light‐emitting diode (WOLED) using W1 is investigated. The maximum luminance efficiency, power efficiency, and luminance of the WOLED were 3.10 cd A−1, 2.20 lm W−1, 1 092 cd m−2, respectively. The WOLED shows white‐light emission with the Commission Internationale de l′Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates (0.343, 0.291) at a current level of 10 mA cm−2. The emission color is high stability, with a change of the CIE chromaticity coordinates as small as (0.028, 0.028) when the current level is varied from 10 to 100 mA cm−2.
Back of house/under the house: some psychoanalytic aspects of the acquisition and exhibition of art by survivors of the holocaust
Authors: Koh Eugen , Halasz George 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe phrase “back of house” often refers to art gallery processes that are rarely seen by visitors. These include the processes of acquisition, cataloging, conservation, the development and production of exhibitions, and the planning of related public programs. This paper proposes that a psychoanalytic consideration of “back of house” art gallery processes can provide important insights into the nature of trauma that is manifested through creative efforts. It explores some of the psychoanalytic aspects of a unique project concerning the art by survivors of the Holocaust. It highlights transgenerational trauma and how a thoughtful process of acquisition and exhibition can facilitate the working through of a collectively painful experience in a traumatized community. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why does the brain (not) have glycogen?
Authors: DiNuzzo Mauro , Maraviglia Bruno , Giove Federico 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the present paper we formulate the hypothesis that brain glycogen is a critical determinant in the modulation of carbohydrate supply at the cellular level. Specifically, we propose that mobilization of astrocytic glycogen after an increase in AMP levels during enhanced neuronal activity controls the concentration of glucose phosphates in astrocytes. This would result in modulation of glucose phosphorylation by hexokinase and upstream cell glucose uptake. This mechanism would favor glucose channeling to activated neurons, supplementing the already rich neuron‐astrocyte metabolic and functional partnership with important implications for the energy compounds used to sustain neuronal activity. The hypothesis is based on recent modeling evidence suggesting that rapid glycogen breakdown can profoundly alter the short‐term kinetics of glucose delivery to neurons and astrocytes. It is also based on review of the literature relevant to glycogen metabolism during physiological brain activity, with an emphasis on the metabolic pathways identifying both the origin and the fate of this glucose reserve.
Incorporating short‐term outcome information to predict long‐term survival with discrete markers
Authors: Parast Layla , Cheng Su‐Chun , Cai Tianxi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn disease screening and prognosis studies, an important task is to determine useful markers for identifying high‐risk subgroups. Once such markers are established, they can be incorporated into public health practice to provide appropriate strategies for treatment or disease monitoring based on each individual's predicted risk. In the recent years, genetic and biological markers have been examined extensively for their potential to signal progression or risk of disease. In addition to these markers, it has often been argued that short‐term outcomes may be helpful in making a better prediction of disease outcomes in clinical practice. In this paper we propose model‐free non‐parametric procedures to incorporate short‐term event information to improve the prediction of a long‐term terminal event. We include the optional availability of a single discrete marker measurement and assess the additional information gained by including the short‐term outcome. We focus on the semi‐competing risk setting where the short‐term event is an intermediate event that may be censored by the terminal event while the terminal event is only subject to administrative censoring. Simulation studies suggest that the proposed procedures perform well in finite samples. Our procedures are illustrated using a data set of post‐dialysis patients with end‐stage renal disease.
Survival effect of implementing national treatment strategies for curatively resected colonic and rectal cancer
Authors: Nedrebø B S , Søreide K , Eriksen M T , Dørum L M , Kvaløy J T , Søreide J A , Kørner H 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Background
The surgical management of rectal cancer has changed substantially over the past decade. There are limited data on the long-term outcome of implementing systematic management strategies.

Methods
Survival of a national cohort of patients treated surgically for colonic and rectal cancer over a 10-year interval was analysed. All 31 158 patients in Norway diagnosed with adenocarcinoma of the colon and rectum between 1994 and 2003 were identified from the Cancer Registry of Norway and the Norwegian Rectal Cancer Registry. Changes in 5-year relative survival were compared by age, stage and tumour location during the early and late years.

Results
The study population included 19 053 patients who had a curative resection. The relative 5-year survival rate significantly improved for both colonic cancer (73·8 versus 78·0 per cent; P &lt; 0·001) and rectal cancer (72·1 versus 79·6 per cent; P &lt; 0·001). The 5-year relative survival was significantly better for rectal than colonic cancer during the late period (P = 0·030). Improved 5-year relative survival was related to better outcomes in patients with positive lymph nodes (67·2 and 62·1 per cent for rectal and colonic cancer respectively; each P &lt; 0·001 versus early period), but not for the subgroup aged over 75 years with lymph node-positive colonic cancer.

Conclusion
In this national cohort, survival after curative surgery for colorectal cancer increased significantly after implementation of national management strategies. Improvements were most evident for rectal cancer and in lymph node-positive disease; they were less substantial for colonic cancer and elderly patients (over 75 years). Strategic treatment changes may be warranted for the latter group.
Child sex abuse and the Irish criminal justice system
Authors: Connon Graham , Crooks Allian , Carr Alan , Dooley Barbara , Guerin Suzanne , Deasy Derek , O'Shea Deirdre , Ryan Imelda , O'Flaherty Anne 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe aims of this study were to develop scales to assess experiences of sexually abused children in the Irish criminal justice system (CJS); identify aspects of the CJS which children experience as negative; compare the perceptions of children, parents and professionals of sexually abused children's experiences of the CJS; and determine correlations between perceptions of children's CJS experiences and current psychological adjustment. Forty‐three children, 101 parents, 32 mental health professionals, 27 police officers and 21 lawyers completed parallel versions of the Criminal Justice System Questionnaire (CJSQ) which assessed satisfaction with aspects of the CJS relevant to sexually abused children, specifically: Gardaí (police), medical examination, Director of Public Prosecutions, waiting for court, court professionals, court context and the CJS. Fifteen scales were developed by conducting principal component analyses. Children gave negative ratings on nine of these, and on seven children, parents and professionals differed in their perceptions of how children experienced the CJS with mental health professionals viewing the impact of the CJS as more problematic than parents and children. Scores of children and parents on CJSQ scales correlated with indices of current psychological adjustment. These results point to the importance of making the Irish CJS more child‐friendly and for evaluating these reforms with the CJSQ. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase‐Dependent Photochromism of a Lactone‐Stabilized Chromene from a Flavylium Reaction Network
Authors: Leydet Yoann , Gavara Raquel , Cunha‐Silva Luís , Parola A. Jorge , Pina Fernando 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNew trans‐2‐hydroxychalcones bearing a carboxylate group at position 2′ (Ct−) were synthesized (compounds 2 and 3). These compounds lead to a network of chemical reactions depending on pH value, light, and solvent. In water, when the pH value is lowered, the ionized trans‐chalcone is protonated and the flavylium cation AH+ is formed at very acidic pH values through hemiketal B and cis‐chalcone Cc, with global acidity constants of pK′a ≤−1 and ≈0.1, respectively, for 2 and 3. The electron‐acceptor character of the carboxylic substituent not only increases the observed acidity of the flavylium cation, but also decreases the rate of the ring‐opening/‐closing from a subsecond timescale to hours relative to model compound 1 (without carboxylate). The photochemistry of the network was studied in detail by means of continuous irradiation, monitored by UV/Vis absorption and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic analysis. Although compound 3 is only slightly photoactive, compound 2 (Ct−) reacts in aqueous solutions (λirr=313 nm) to form B−and Cc−, with a global quantum yield of 0.15, and fully reverts back to Ct− with a rate constant of k=6.7×10−5 s−1. The flavylium cation is no longer formed in methanol, and irradiation of Ct− leads to the formation of B− and the new lactone‐trapped chromene species La. The formation of La takes place through a sequence of three photochemical steps: photoisomerization of Ct−, photo‐ring‐closing reaction of Cc−, and photolactonization of B−. Only the cis/trans isomerization and ring‐closing reactions are thermally reversible on a timescale of seconds and hours, respectively. A photochromic system was achieved in rigid matrices of methanol (at 77 K) and 1‐dodecanol (5 °C) by irradiating lactone La to give a red ortho‐quinone allide through a photo‐ring‐opening reaction; the color disappears with a rate constant of k=1.25×10−2 s−1 in 1‐dodecanol at 5 °C.
Pincer and Diamine Ru and Os Diphosphane Complexes as Efficient Catalysts for the Dehydrogenation of Alcohols to Ketones
Authors: Baratta Walter , Bossi Gianluca , Putignano Elisabetta , Rigo Pierluigi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe ruthenium and osmium complexes [MCl2(diphosphane)(L)] (M=Ru, Os; L=bidentate amino ligand) and [MCl(CNN)(dppb)] (CNN=pincer ligand; dppb=1,4‐bis‐ (diphenylphosphino)butane), containing the N–H moiety, have been found to catalyze the acceptorless dehydrogenation of alcohols in tBuOH and in the presence of KOtBu. The compounds trans‐[MCl2(dppf)(en)] (M=Ru 7, Os 13; dppf=1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene; en=ethylenediamine) display very high activity and different substrates, including cyclic and linear alcohols, are efficiently oxidized to ketones by using 0.8–0.04 mol % of catalyst. The effect of the base and the comparison of the catalytic activity of the Ru versus Os complexes are reported. The ruthenium complex 7 generally leads to a faster conversion into ketones with respect to the osmium complex 13, which displays better activity in the dehydrogenation of 5‐en‐3β‐hydroxy steroids. The synthesis of new Ru and Os complexes [MCl2(PP)(L)] (PP=dppb, dppf; L=(±)‐trans‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane, 2‐(aminomethyl)pyridine, and 2‐aminoethanol) of trans and cis configuration is also reported.
Minimum fluidizing velocities for coal in air
Authors: Sinclair C. G. , Robinson D. B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper reviews the methods which have been proposed for evaluating the lower limit of velocity for which a fluidized bed of solids will be stable. Experimental tests for determining the minimum fluidizing velocity have been obtained for nine narrowly sized coal samples ranging from 0.0099 to 0.224 in. in diameter, and for one widely sized sample less than a No. 10 Tyler sieve using dry air at atmospheric conditions in a 5 1/2 in. diameter bed. The results are compared with those predicted using the correlations of other workers.
The phlegmatization of fine RDX
Authors: Pennie A. M. , Sterling T. S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA successful method for phlegmatization of fine RDX has been developed. Small quantities for the phlegmatizing wax are dissolved with RDX in acetone and the wax is co‐precipitated as a very thin film on individual RDX crystals.This method is incorporated into the technique for precipitation of fine RDX previously reported.
The upward vertical flow of air‐water mixtures: II. Effect of tubing diameter on flow‐pattern, holdup and pressure drop
Authors: Govier G. W. , Short W. Leigh 
Published: February 2011

AbstractResults of visual observations and measurements of holdup and pressure drop are reported over a range of air‐water ratios for the upwards vertical flow of air‐water mixtures in four tubes with diameters ranging from 0.630 in. to 2.50 in. Tests were conducted under conditions of constant air density corresponding with an average pressure of 36 psia and at 10 constant superficial water velocities ranging from 0.0695 to 7.35 ft./sec.The data are analyzed by the method previously suggested by Govier, Radford and Dunn involving the separation of the unit pressure drop curves into four regimes to aid in flow pattern description and the separation of the unit pressure drop itself into two components to facilitate correlation.Tubing diameter is found to have little or no effect on the border between Regimes I and II or on the transition from the bubble to the slug flow pattern. The borders between Regimes II and III and between Regimes III and IV are markedly affected by tubing diameter as by consequence are the transitions from slug to froth and from froth to ripple flow.Tubing diameter is found to have an important effect on the superficial friction factor and the holdup. The pressure drop data for each of the diameters have been successfully brought together in a single friction factor‐Reynolds number correlation. The holdup data are separately correlated for pressure drop Regimes I and II and for Regime III and Regime IV.
Correction factor for axial mixing in packed beds
Authors: Epstein Norman 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBased on the model of a fixed bed as a series of perfect mixers, a factor is derived for correcting the logarithmic mean driving potentials in the conventional plug‐flow equations for fluid‐particle heat and mass transfer in packed beds. This factor, which accounts for axial mixing and is a measure of the transfer efficiency of the bed relative to the idealized case where axial mixing is absent, increases towards unity with bed height but decreases with ratio of terminal driving potentials.
Some procedures for the evaluation of reactor fuels and sheathing materials at chalk river
Authors: Robertson R. F. S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn a power reactor the fuel will be operating under very severe conditions. Consequently before a fuel element can be designed it must be tested under conditions which are similar to those in the reactor, and the effect of a large number of variables on the behavior of the fuel must be investigated.This paper discusses the fuel development program at Chalk River with special reference to the testing of uranium oxide reactor fuels in loops inserted in the NRX reactor. In these loops water may be recirculated over the test elements at temperatures up to 550°F. and pressures up to 2000 psi. The characteristics of a loop are described and the results of various tests are briefly discussed.The testing of sheathing materials such as Zircaloy‐2 and aluminum‐nickel alloys is also described.