bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New methods of fault projection for coalmine planning
Authors: Walsh J. J. , Watterson J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Modern coal-winning techniques require identification of panels of coal in which seam geometry irregularities are minimal. The locations and throws of faults in unworked ground can often be determined by the projection of faults recorded in earlier workings. Successful projection requires a knowledge of the systematic geometry of faults in respect of throw variation on the fault surface and of the shape and dip of the fault surface. A simple geometrical model of an ideal single normal fault is described in which the throw varies systematically from a maximum at the centre of the elliptical fault surface to zero at the tip-line, or edge, of the fault surface. A fault surface ellipticity of 2, with a horizontal major axis, and a dip of 70° are recommended as approximations when no other data are available. Successful lateral projection of faults within a seam, or vertical projection from higher or lower seams, depends on the amount and type of data available from earlier workings and also on the accuracy of recorded throw values which are sometimes less than the total throw.
Retrospective studies of vertical projection of faults using a Throw Profile Plot, at Royston colliery, Yorkshire, and of lateral projection of a fault at Markham colliery, Derbyshire, are described. Discontinuous fault traces are common and represent a systematic departure from the ideal single fault model. Discontinuous fault trace arrays can be treated as single faults if the throws on overlapping segments are summed. Examples of the summing of throws on overlapping fault trace segments are described from Nook colliery, Lancashire, and Cotgrave colliery, Nottinghamshire.
The new projection methods are intended to increase the probability of successfully delineating economically workable panels of coal before significant development costs are incurred.
Gastropods from the Upper Permian Zechstein (Cycle 1) reef of north-east England
Authors: Hollingworth N. T. J. , Barker M. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Gastropods belonging the Pleurotomariacea, Neritacea, Anomphalacea, Pyramidellacea, and Loxonematacea are described from the Ford Formation reef. These gastropods are better preserved than any other Zechstein faunas described in the literature. The majority of gastropods are only found within the main reef complex and are inferred as algal grazers confined to lithified substrates. One new genus,
Tunstallia,
is described, with the type species
T. helicina
(Schlotheim). Lectotypes have been selected where necessary and compared with equivalent Zechstein biotas from Germany. The world-wide distribution of each genus is also recorded.
Developments in industrial mineralogy: I. The mineralogy of brick-making
Authors: Dunham A. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Fuels, metals and non-metallic rocks and minerals have all contributed to the wealth of the United Kingdom, though in different proportions during different periods of history. Statistical returns show the very low level of metal production, and a waning production and value of all types of fuel at the present time. Only the exploitation of industrial rocks and minerals shows continuous growth. The transformation of clay to bricks is used to show how the application of “pure” mineralogical techniques can describe and explain the changes on firing, and lead to improved industrial firing procedures. Chemical and mineralogical analyses of brick-clays demonstrate a wide range of composition, with quartz and smectite decreasing with age and illite and chlorite increasing. Bricks reflect this variation in the mineral assemblages found after firing. The effect of the length of the firing cycle on the final mineral assemblage is discussed using pure kaolinite as an example.
The stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Flamborough Chalk Formation north of the Humber, north-east England
Authors: Whitham F. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The considerable thickness (approximately 215m) of the Flamborough Chalk Formation exposed on land about equals the combined total for the underlying Ferriby, Welton and Burnham chalk formations. The sequence is described here, with detailed lithological logs and ranges of all the main macrofaunal elements. The macrofauna is closely related to that of north Germany. The stratotype section is a coastal exposure from High Stacks to Sewerby. There broad lithological changes in the chalk succession allow the formation to be divided into three new members, the South Landing, Danes Dyke and Sewerby members. Several marl-band marker horizons are formally named. Macrofaunal evidence suggests that the highest chalk exposed at the present time (
Discoscaphites binodosus
Subzone) is of late Early Campanian age. Younger beds are known from boreholes near Hornsea, south of Flamborough Head, and extend eastwards beneath the North Sea. Late Campanian to Early Maastrichtian fossils derived from these occur in glacial erratics along the coast and inland.
Fell Sandstone lithostratigraphy south-west of Berwick-upon-Tweed: implications for the regional development of the Fell Sandstone
Authors: Turner B. R. , Younger P. L. , Fordham C. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Fell Sandstone Group in north-east England forms part of a fluvio-deltaic Lower Carboniferous Visean sequence that was deposited within the Northumberland Basin and the smaller Tweed Basin following their initiation by rifting and subsidence in the late Devonian/early Carboniferous. The Fell Sandstone was deposited by a large braided-river complex which drained westwards into a shallow, low-energy tideless sea. Outcrop studies have indicated that the Fell Sandstone Group is composed almost entirely of sandstone with a paucity of overbank fines (less than 20%). However, a number of boreholes drilled for a hydrogeological study in the Tweed Basin indicate that in this region the Fell Sandstone Group may contain 50 to 60% mudstone. Seven mappable sandstone units have been identified within the field area, separated by laterally persistent mudstone units. Pumping test data indicate that many of the sandstone units are in good communication, whereas others are in isolation. Thickness variations between wells indicate that many of the sand units have a lenticular geometry.
Regional compilation of borehole data through the Fell Sandstone across the Northumberland Basin highlights a number of lateral facies changes which cannot be assigned simply to a relationship of distance from source. In the early Carboniferous a number of faults within the Northumberland Basin were active during the deposition of the Fell Sandstone. Local variations in facies and sandstone thickness within the Fell Sandstone Group can be explained using simple tilted fault-block models. Where a particular fault changes polarity of throw local thickness and extent of
Cadiospora crypta
sp. nov.; a new species of miospore from the Namurian of the central Pennine Basin, England
Authors: Turner N. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A new species of miospore,
Cadiospora crypta,
is described from Alportian strata exposed in Pot Bank Quarry, near Mow Cop, Staffordshire, England. Preliminary studies indicate that
C. crypta
is restricted to beds of late Chokierian–earliest Langsettian age in the central Pennine Basin, England.
A palaeomagnetic and mineral magnetic study of the Speeton Shell Bed, North Yorkshire
Authors: Thistlewood L. , Whyte M. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A palaeomagnetic and mineral study of the estuarine sands of the upper exposure of the Speeton Shell Bed (late Pleistocene, pre-Devensian) provides independent evidence that the bed is not
in situ
and has undergone a rotation consistent with the effects of ice push. Variation in magnetic susceptibility also supports suggestions that the upper parts of the Speeton Shell Bed have been weathered. A previously unrecorded shrinkage crack horizon indicates that the depositional history of the Speeton Shell Bed may have been more complex than previously thought.
The Dinantian rocks of the Sellafield area, west Cumbria
Authors: Barclay W. J. , Riley N. J. , Strong G. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
This paper presents a summary of the present state of knowledge of the Dinantian (Carboniferous Limestone) rocks of the Sellafield area as a result of drilling investigations for UK NIREX Ltd. An easterly thinning wedge, formed as a result of pre-Permian erosion has a maximum onshore thickness of 300 m north of Sellafield and a feather edge about 1 km east of the Sellafield site. The Dinantian rocks rest unconformably on the Ordovician Borrowdale Volcanic Group and are overlain unconformably by Permian breccias and conglomerates, known locally as ‘Brockram’. The Basal Beds comprise a thin, impersistent succession of siliciclastic beds overlying the sub-Carboniferous unconformity. A maximum thickness of 149 m of Dinantian strata was proved in Sellafield Borehole 3. A thin development of beds of late Chadian age, the Martin Limestone, is overlain by 100m of peritidal to shallow inner ramp limestones of the Frizington Limestone (new name), of Holkerian age, and 42 m of cyclic, platform carbonates of the Urswick Limestone of late Asbian age.
New data on the biostratigraphy of the Flamborough Chalk Formation (Santonian, Upper Cretaceous) between South Landing and Danes Dyke, North Yorkshire
Authors: Mitchell S. F. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A revision of the distribution of the biostratigraphically important macrofossil taxa (the crinoids
Uintacrinus socialis
and
Marsupites testudinarius
, the echinoid
Hagenowia anterior
and the belemnite
Gonioteuthis
) in the coastal section of the Flamborough Chalk Formation (Santonian, Upper Cretaceous) between South Landing and Danes Dyke (North Yorkshire) is presented.
U. socialis
first appears 4.3m below West Nook Marl 1, while
M. testudinarius
appears 0.7m below Maidlands Upper Marl 1. This indicates a thickness of 39m for the
U. socialis
Zone, 10m more than previously stated. The crinoid
Uintacrinus anglicus
is recorded from the 9 m of chalk above the
M. testudinarius
Zone, and a zone of
U. anglicus
is introduced for this interval.
H. anterior
occurs at discrete horizons in the succession. Biometrical analysis confirms earlier observations that the
Gonioteuthis
populations appear to be phylogenetically retrograde compared with coeval populations in Germany. Five new lithostratigraphical marker horizons are formally established.
A new productoid brachiopod from the late Visean Craven Reef Belt of North Yorkshire
Authors: Brunton C. H. C. , Mundy D. J. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A rare constituent of late Visean flank subfacies of Cracoean buildups in northern England is an attached productoid brachiopod described here as
Tenaspinus smarti
gen. et sp. nov.; it is classified within our provisionally diagnosed Leioproductinae within the Productidae.
The Blea Wyke Sandstone Formation (Jurassic, Toarcian) of Rosedale, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Young T. P. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Revision of the stratigraphy and field relationships of the late Toarcian succession of Rosedale in general, and of Hollins Mines in particular, has clarified the stratigraphy of the Blea Wyke Formation and given new evidence for the nature of the pre-Dogger Formation deformation. Four new members of the Blea Wyke Sandstone Formation are introduced for the succession in Rosedale: the Yew Grain Member, the High House Ironstone Member, the Low Baring Member and the Rosedale Ironstone Member. The Yew Grain Member comprises a coarsening-up succession, dominated by siltstones, but with bioturbated sandstones at its top. The siltstones yield ammonites indicative of a
fallaciosum
Subzone age. The ironstones of the High House Ironstone Member are bioturbated silty berthierine ooidal mud- and wacke-ironstones, with abundant sideritic and phosphatic concretions, and are of
dispansum
Subzone age. The Low Baring Member comprises bioturbated fine-grained sandstones and siltstones of
dispansum
Subzone age, and is largely equivalent to the ‘Serpula Sandstone’ of previous authors. The Rosedale Ironstone Member is characterized by ooidal grain-ironstones, with berthieroidal ooids and a siderite cement. The Rosedale Ironstone Member is of uncertain age, constrained by the
dispansum
Subzone age of the Low Baring Member below and the probable
opalinum
Biozone age of the unconformable base of the Dogger Formation above. The magnetitic ironstones of the Hollins Mines are referred to the Rosedale Ironstone Member. Their different mineralogy reflects a different diagenetic evolution. The magnetitic ironstones are locally more than 25 m thick and are not channel-fills, as previously believed, but are contained within truncated synclines, probably roll-overs associated with extensional growth faulting. East of a north–south line passing just east of Hollins Mines the lowest part of the Dogger Formation is the Glaisdale Ironstone Member (of Aalenian,
opalinum
Biozone age). West of this line the Low House Sandstone Member is the lowest element of the Dogger Formation. The Low House Sandstone Member and the western part of the outcrop of the Glaisdale Ironstone Member are overlain by the ‘Blakey Series’, forming the upper part of the Dogger Formation (of Aalenian age,
murchisonae
Biozone), which also contains ooidal grain ironstones in its upper part in the south-east of Rosedale. These were also worked, although on a smaller scale, in the area of Hollins Mines and a little to the north near Abbey Bank.
Carbonate spheroids in Permo-Triassic sandstones of the Sellafield area, Cumbria
Authors: Strong G. E. , Pearce J. M. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Spheroidal structures composed typically of radial-fibrous dolomite or calcite are described from the St Bees Sandstone and Calder Sandstone formations of the Triassic of the Sellafield area, Cumbria. Etching of the spheroids in some sandstones, probably by present-day groundwaters, has revealed intricate internal structures composed of ferruginous clay, forming near-concentric bands and radial spokes. The spheroids are interpreted as early diagenetic groundwater precipitates. They typically occur in non-compacted fabrics where cementation prior to burial compaction has preserved a generally uncompacted grain fabric. It is unclear whether they are inorganic nodules or biologically mediated precipitates.
Landforms associated with a Loch Lomond Stadial glacier at Cronkley Scar, Teesdale, northern Pennines
Authors: Wilson Peter , Clark Richard 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Based on its location, morphology and lithological composition the large depositional ridge (Tarn Rigg) at Cronkley Scar in upper Teesdale is interpreted as the end moraine of an escarpment glacier rather than a lateral moraine of a much larger valley glacier in Teesdale as previous researchers had thought. Ridge dimensions indicate that the glacier had stable margins for a considerable period of time and was probably in an equilibrium condition. Estimates of the equilibrium line altitude and July palaeotemperature suggest that significant inputs of wind-blown snow from adjacent high ground to the south-west were critical for glacier development at this site. This additional snow constituted
c.
60% of total glacier accumulation. Glacier development was favoured also by the north-east orientation of the site which provided shading from direct solar radiation during the ablation season. In addition to the moraine ridge, a range of smaller depositional landforms exists along the talus foot. These features are younger than the end moraine, but demonstrate that coarse rock debris continued to be produced and transported downslope both during, and after, glacier decay. The escarpment glacier is probably Loch Lomond Stadial in age.
Rocks of the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic age in the Carlisle Basin, Cumbria (north-west England)
Authors: Ivimey-Cook H. C. , Warrington G. , Worley N. E. , Holloway S. , Young B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The thickness and nature of the rocks of Late Triassic (Penarth and Lias groups) and Early Jurassic (Lias Group) age in a poorly exposed outlier west of Carlisle, Cumbria, have been proved in two recent boreholes. A third borehole proved that the Mercia Mudstone Group (Triassic) crops out, beneath superficial deposits, within an area previously mapped as Lias. Cores from the lower part of the Lias Group have yielded biostratigraphical evidence for the position of the base of the
Psiloceras planorbis
Zone and, consequently, of the Hettangian Stage and the Jurassic System. Almost 70 m of Lias Group rocks were penetrated above 13–14 m of rocks of the Penarth Group which is proved for the first time in this area. The borehole data, combined with seismic reflection data, suggest that the outlier is both more extensive and is located further west than was previously envisaged, and that it is fault bounded to the west, to the south, and to the north and north-east. However, to the east, the Penarth Group-Lias Group succession may crop out beneath superficial deposits.
A note on karst surfaces that bound Middle Jurassic (Ravenscar Group) sandstones on the North Yorkshire Moors
Authors: Rizzi Giancarlo , Younger Paul , Soulsby Christopher 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
We present an account of previously undescribed karst surfaces that bound Middle Jurassic sandstones in North Yorkshire. Three morphologies have been recognized: solution pits, solution runnels and decantation flutings. All three features were produced by subaerial drainage across the outcrop of sandstone which leached framework feldspars. Archaeological monuments, themselves consisting of Ravenscar Group sandstones and erected within the last 1400 years, also display the same type of karst features. This suggests that the dissolution features that bound adjacent natural sandstone outcrops are Holocene in age. Subaerial dissolution is therefore believed to be amongst the latest weathering events to have affected Ravenscar Group sandstones on the North Yorkshire Moors.
The Palaeozoic corals, I: origins and relationships
Authors: Scrutton Colin T. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The status, origins and relationships of the various groups of Palaeozoic corals are reviewed. Five orders are currently recognized: Rugosa, Tabulata, Heterocorallia, Cothoniida and Kilbuchophyllida, to which I add the Tabulaconida and Numidiaphyllida. The Rugosa and Tabulata are considered to be broadly monophyletic clades, and the Tabulata are confirmed as zoantharian corals. Morphological features, particularly aspects of septal insertion in both groups, are discussed as clues to their likely origins and relationships. They are not considered to have had a skeletonized common ancestor, but they may have arisen as separate skeletonization events from the same broad group of anemones, represented by the living Zoanthiniaria. The Rugosa are not considered to be ancestral to the Scleractinia. The latter, together with the Permian Numidiaphyllida, are considered to have evolved through skeletonization events among a group of anemones derived from the Actiniaria/Corallimorpharia, a member of which also gave rise to the Kilbuchophyllida in the Ordovician. The pattern of septal insertion in the Heterocorallia is controversial and the relationship of these corals to contemporary coral groups remains uncertain. The increasingly important record of Cambrian coralomorphs is assessed, and considered to include several genera of zoantharian corals. However, although similarities are apparent, none is regarded as directly ancestral to the post-Cambrian coral clades. The history of diversification and extinction of corals through the Palaeozoic is briefly reviewed.
Cardioceratid ammonites from the Middle Oxfordian Vertebrale Subzone of North Yorkshire and Dorset
Authors: Wright J. K. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Eight species of Middle Oxfordian ammonite belonging to the genera
Cardioceras
and
Goliathiceras
are described. The specimens were collected from beds close to the junction of the Hambleton Oolite and the Middle Calcareous Grit in Yorkshire, and from the Preston Grit in Dorset. The two faunas appear to come from the same, contemporaneous horizon within the Vertebrale Subzone. The range in variation of ammonite morphology within this narrow time span is discussed. One new species,
Cardioceras (Subvertebriceras) yedmandalensis,
is described and figured.
Holocene alluvial sedimentation and valley floor development: the River Swale, Catterick, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Taylor M. P. , Macklin M. G. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Holocene river channel and floodplain response to environmental change is examined using field and laboratory data collected from the valley of the River Swale at Catterick. Multiple methods including the study of archaeological evidence, EDM survey, geochemical analysis, geomorphological mapping, ground penetrating radar (GPR), logging of cut-bank exposures and trenches, and
14
C dating have been employed to date alluvial units. Archaeological excavations of the 12th century St Giles Hospital on the bank of the Swale at Catterick reveal sedimentary sequences dating from the late Neolithic – early Bronze Age overlain by fine-grained alluvium, colluvium and an Iron Age palaeosol. A series of terraces and multiple palaeochannels inset below the St Giles hospital, show the channel has been laterally and vertically active in the post Roman period. GPR images across these lower gravel terraces reveal a series of broad channels (up to 100 m wide) into which a series of smaller channels (c.50–70 m wide) have been cut. Charcoal from fine sandy deposits overlying one of these channels has been
14
C dated to the 15th century. In addition, geochemical analysis of fine-grained sediment demonstrates variations in heavy metal concentrations, in particular Pb, which can be related to metalliferous mining upstream in Swaledale. Much of the lower Yorkshire Ouse basin has aggraded primarily as a consequence of Holocene sea-level rise and an increased fine sediment supply. In contrast, the River Swale at Catterick remains confined between Late Pleistocene bluffs, has coarser bed-load, and a steeper channel gradient than downstream reaches. Consequently, the river has continued to rework and incise its valley floor, depositing alluvial sequences which are predominantly of late Holocene age.
Hydrostratigraphy and hydrogeochemistry of the Vale of Eden, Cumbria, UK
Authors: Younger P. L. , Milne C. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The nature and extent of the hydrostratigraphic units in the Vale of Eden, Cumbria, has been established by an appraisal of existing lithostratigraphical information. The Penrith and St Bees sandstones are the most important aquifiers; drift geology strongly influences recharge processes. Regional recharge and discharge areas are apparent from existing piezometric data; the principal drain for groundwater in the Vale is the River Eden and its tributaries. The quality of groundwater in the Vale is generally good, and conforms to Ca–HCO
3
facies. Local trends towards Ca–SO
4
facies are found adjacent to the Eden Shales, but salinities are not excessive. Nitrates are generally low, but in at least one shallow unconfined portion of the Penrith Sandstones, a rising trend is discernible. The Penrith Sandstone waters are poorly buffered, and in some cases, pH is below 5.5. It is considered that this may locally be due to nitrification of ammoniacal fertilizers where the sandstone is unconfined. Groundwaters in the Vale are undersaturated with respect to the major carbonate minerals, but saturated with respect to silica (amorphous or as quartz) and massively super-saturated with respect to hematite. This suggests that the characteristic cements of the Penrith Sandstone may still be precipitating today. Priorities for further research include delineation of aquifer geometry and intensified hydrochemical monitoring.