bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metastatic adenocarcinoma of mammary‐like glands of the vulva successfully treated with surgery and hormonal therapy
Authors: Benito Virginia , Arribas Sara , Martínez David , Medina Norberto , Lubrano Amina , Arencibia Octavio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractVulvar cancer is a rare malignancy; most tumors are squamous cell type while adenocarcinomas are rare. Primary adenocarcinomas of the vulva predominantly include extramammary Paget's disease and sweat gland carcinomas. Greene first described a rare form of adenocarcinoma in 1936, which was called adenocarcinoma of mammary‐like glands of the vulva because of its morphologic and immunohistochemical resemblance to breast adenocarcinomas. In the management of this entity, varying combinations of surgery, radiation therapy, systemic chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy may be used, as in patients with orthotopic breast carcinoma. However, hormonal therapy leads the way in patients with positive hormonal receptors, where other therapies cannot be used due to comorbidities or advanced age. We present the first reported case of an elderly patient with metastatic vulvar adenocarcinoma arising from mammary‐like glands, successfully treated with a combination of surgery and hormonal therapy.
Evidence for intersexual chemical mimicry in a dioecious plant
Authors: Soler Catherine C. L. , Proffit Magali , Bessière Jean‐Marie , Hossaert‐McKey Martine , Schatz Bertrand 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe dioecious Mediterranean fig, Ficus carica, displays a unique phenology in which males sometimes bloom synchronously with females (in summer), and sometimes not (in spring). Ficus carica is engaged in an obligatory mutualism with a specific pollinating wasp, which reproduces only within figs, localising them by their specific scents. We show that scents emitted by male figs show seasonal variation within individual trees. Scents of summer male figs resemble those of the co‐flowering females, and are different from those of the same male trees in spring, when female figs are absent. These differences hold even if only compounds electrophysiologically active for pollinators are considered. The similar scents of summer males and females may explain why the rewardless females are still pollinated. These results offer a tractable model for future studies of intersexual chemical mimicry in mutualistic pollination interactions.
Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple‐ascending doses of the novel glucokinase activator AZD1656 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Morrow L. A. , Leonsson‐Zachrisson M. , Ericsson H. , Wollbratt M. , Knutsson M. , Hompesch M. , Norjavaara E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimsTo assess the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple‐ascending doses of the novel glucokinase activator AZD1656 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsThis randomized, single‐blind, placebo‐controlled, monotherapy study was carried out in two parts. In part A, 32 patients received AZD1656 (7, 20, 40 or 80 mg) twice daily or placebo for 8 days in hospital. In part B, another 20 patients received, as outpatients, individually titrated AZD1656 15–45 mg twice daily or placebo for 28 days. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic variables were evaluated.ResultsAZD1656 was generally well tolerated. Pharmacokinetics of AZD1656 were virtually dose‐ and time‐independent. AZD1656 was rapidly absorbed and eliminated. An active metabolite was formed which had a longer half‐life than AZD1656, but showed ∼15% of the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from 0 to 24 h compared with that of AZD1656. Renal excretion of AZD1656 and the metabolite was low. In part A, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was reduced by up to 21% and mean 24‐h plasma glucose was reduced by up to 24% with AZD1656 versus placebo, depending on dose. No dose‐related changes in serum insulin or C‐peptide were observed with AZD1656 at the end of treatment. Results in part B confirmed the glucose‐lowering effect of AZD1656 versus placebo.ConclusionsAZD1656 was well tolerated with predictable pharmacokinetics in patients with T2DM. Dose‐dependent reductions in plasma glucose were observed.
A qualitative exploration of the effects of increasing the minimum purchase age of alcohol inThailand
Authors: Limaye Rupali J. , Srirojn Bangorn , Lilleston Pam , Aramrattana Apinun , Thomson Nicholas , Celentano David D. , Sherman Susan G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIntroduction and AimsAlthough prevalence of alcohol consumption has been relatively stable amongThai youth, concerns over alcohol‐related harms affecting youth influenced the passage of new laws in early 2008, which made it illegal to sell alcohol to anyone under the age of 20. This qualitative study explored the effects of the law on the purchasing patterns of underageThai bar patrons, in order to understand the strategies employed by underage youth to circumvent the law.Design and MethodsA total of 41 in‐depth interviews were conducted with 18‐ to 19‐year‐old bar patrons inChiangMai,Thailand.ResultsUnderage Thai bar patrons frequented shops where enforcement was not strict and purchased alcohol from familiar shopkeepers in their neighbourhoods. Participants suggested that purchasing alcohol was relatively easy as long as shopkeepers were driven by the need to make a profit.Discussion and ConclusionsTo address alcohol‐related harms, the control law must be enforced in a meaningful way to deter youth from purchasing alcohol. Otherwise, the law will have minimal effectiveness in reducing the harms associated with alcohol.
ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF PUBLIC SUBSIDIES ON FIRM R&D INVESTMENT: A SURVEY
Authors: Zúñiga‐Vicente José Ángel , Alonso‐Borrego César , Forcadell Francisco J. , Galán José I. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis survey examines the empirical literature on the relationship between public R&D subsidies and private R&D investment over the past five decades. The survey reveals a considerable heterogeneity of empirical results that cannot be explained fully by methodological issues. We aim to provide further explanations of the possible causes of that heterogeneity. In particular, we emphasise a set of issues that, in our view, are critical to understanding the potential effect of public R&D subsidies on private R&D spending. Special attention is paid to the dynamic aspects and composition of firm R&D, the constraints faced by the firm (such as financial constraints), and the amount and source of public subsidies. None of these issues have been investigated in depth. We formulate a set of research assumptions to guide future empirical research in this field.
Psychic Payoffs, Overpriced Assets, and Underpaid Superstars
Authors: Baumol William J. , Throsby David 
Published: July 2012

SummaryNon‐pecuniary payoff is a significant component of the rewards to workers – artists, academics, and sports people – and to investments in assets, such as paintings. This paper explores the implications of partial input payment via psychic rewards under a range of assumptions concerning mobility and homogeneity of factors in markets for both labor and capital. Depending on these assumptions, we show systematic underpayment of inputs in some situations and overpayment in others. Particular attention is paid to the earnings of superstars. The paper is illustrated throughout by references to labor and capital employed by firms in the arts and in sport.
Planetary Boundaries: Ecological Foundations for Corporate Sustainability
Authors: Whiteman Gail , Walker Brian , Perego Paolo 
Published: July 2012

abstractManagement studies on corporate sustainability practices have grown considerably. The field now has significant knowledge of sustainability issues that are firm and industry focused. However, complex ecological problems are increasing, not decreasing. In this paper, we argue that it is time for corporate sustainability scholars to reconsider the ecological and systemic foundations for sustainability, and to integrate our work more closely with the natural sciences. To address this, our paper introduces a new development in the natural sciences – the delineation of nine ‘Planetary Boundaries’ which govern life as we know it. We call for more systemic research that measures the impact of companies on boundary processes that are at, or possibly beyond, three threshold points – climate change, the global nitrogen cycle, and rate of biodiversity loss – and closing in on others. We also discuss practical implications of the Planetary Boundaries framework for corporate sustainability, including governance and institutional challenges.
Second‐generation sequencing for gene discovery in the Brassicaceae
Authors: Hayward Alice , Vighnesh Guru , Delay Christina , Samian Mohd Rafizan , Manoli Sahana , Stiller Jiri , McKenzie Megan , Edwards David , Batley Jacqueline 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe Brassicaceae contains the most diverse collection of agriculturally important crop species of all plant families. Yet, this is one of the few families that do not form functional symbiotic associations with mycorrhizal fungi in the soil for improved nutrient acquisition. The genes involved in this symbiosis were more recently recruited by legumes for symbiotic association with nitrogen‐fixing rhizobia bacteria. This study applied second‐generation sequencing (SGS) and analysis tools to discover that two such genes, NSP1 (Nodulation Signalling Pathway 1) and NSP2, remain conserved in diverse members of the Brassicaceae despite the absence of these symbioses. We demonstrate the utility of SGS data for the discovery of putative gene homologs and their analysis in complex polyploid crop genomes with little prior sequence information. Furthermore, we show how this data can be applied to enhance downstream reverse genetics analyses. We hypothesize that Brassica NSP genes may function in the root in other plant–microbe interaction pathways that were recruited for mycorrhizal and rhizobial symbioses during evolution.
Obesity and socioeconomic status in developing countries: a systematic review
Authors: Dinsa G. D. , Goryakin Y. , Fumagalli E. , Suhrcke M. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryWe undertook a systematic review of studies assessing the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and measured obesity in low‐ and middle‐income countries (defined by the World Bank as countries with per capita income up to US$12,275) among children, men and women. The evidence on the subject has grown significantly since an earlier influential review was published in 2004. We find that in low‐income countries or in countries with low human development index (HDI), the association between SES and obesity appears to be positive for both men and women: the more affluent and/or those with higher educational attainment tend to be more likely to be obese. However, in middle‐income countries or in countries with medium HDI, the association becomes largely mixed for men and mainly negative for women. This particular shift appears to occur at an even lower level of per capita income than suggested by an influential earlier review. By contrast, obesity in children appears to be predominantly a problem of the rich in low‐ and middle‐income countries.
A Costly Separation Between Withdrawing and Withholding Treatment in Intensive Care
Authors: Wilkinson Dominic , Savulescu Julian 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTEthical analyses, professional guidelines and legal decisions support the equivalence thesis for life‐sustaining treatment: if it is ethical to withhold treatment, it would be ethical to withdraw the same treatment.In this paper we explore reasons why the majority of medical professionals disagree with the conclusions of ethical analysis. Resource allocation is considered by clinicians to be a legitimate reason to withhold but not to withdraw intensive care treatment. We analyse five arguments in favour of non‐equivalence, and find only relatively weak reasons to restrict rationing to withholding treatment. On the contrary, resource allocation provides a strong argument in favour of equivalence: non‐equivalence causes preventable death in critically ill patients. We outline two proposals for increasing equivalence in practice: (1) reduction of the mortality threshold for treatment withdrawal, (2) time‐limited trials of intensive care. These strategies would help to move practice towards more rational treatment limitation decisions.
‘Unity in Diversity’: Non‐sectarian Social Movement Challenges to the Politics of Ethnic Antagonism in Violently Divided Cities
Authors: NAGLE JOHN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDivided cities are defined by a violent conflict of ethnonationalism and characterized by semi‐permanent ethnic cleavages, high levels of endogamy and social segregation. Yet the perception that divided cities are wholly framed by the politics of ethnic homogeneity is challenged by a number of its citizens who refuse to be interminably circumscribed by ethnic politics. These ‘actors’ mobilize in social movements that promote non‐sectarian politics and identities. They also include the protests of environmentalists, trade unionists and the celebrations of gay groupings. This article critically explores how such urban social movements may help ameliorate or contest the politics of ethnic antagonism in divided cities. It explores this issue in the context of debates regarding peacebuilding projects in divided cities, especially those that promote accommodative solutions to ethnic conflict, and shows how social movement mobilization may augment political power sharing. Focusing on non‐sectarian social movement mobilization in Belfast, Northern Ireland, the article critically analyses movements in three ways: creating intercommunal networks; fostering a public sphere of debate; and challenging the programmed uses of segregated space.RésuméDéfinies par un conflit violent de nature ethnonationaliste, les villes divisées se caractérisent par des clivages ethniques semi‐permanents, ainsi que par des niveaux élevés d’endogamie et de ségrégation sociale. L’idée que ces villes sont entièrement régies selon des critères d’homogénéité ethnique est pourtant remise en cause par certains habitants qui refusent d’être contraints indéfiniment par une politique ethnique. Ces ‘acteurs’ se mobilisent dans des mouvements sociaux aux buts politiques ou identitaires non sectaires, qui englobent aussi des manifestations écologistes ou syndicalistes et des regroupements homosexuels. Une analyse critique étudie comment ces mouvements sociaux urbains peuvent améliorer ou contester la politique d’antagonisme ethnique des villes divisées. Pour ce faire, elle se place dans le cadre des débats sur les actions de consolidation de la paix dans ces villes, en particulier s’ils encouragent la résolution des conflits par la conciliation; elle montre en outre comment la mobilisation de mouvements sociaux peut accentuer le partage du pouvoir politique. La mobilisation de mouvements sociaux non sectaires à Belfast, en Irlande du Nord, est examinée plus particulièrement et sous trois angles: créer des réseaux intercommunautaires, favoriser une sphère de débat publique et s’opposer aux usages programmés des espaces ségrégués.
Phosphorylation of Munc18‐1 by Dyrk1A regulates its interaction with Syntaxin 1 and X11α
Authors: Park Jung‐Hwa , Jung Min‐Su , Kim Yeun‐Soo , Song Woo‐Joo , Chung Sul‐Hee 
Published: July 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 1081–1091.AbstractDual‐specificity tyrosine(Y)‐phosphorylation‐regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A) is a protein kinase that might be responsible for mental retardation and early onset of Alzheimer’s disease in Down’s syndrome patients. Dyrk1A plays a role in many cellular pathways through phosphorylation of diverse substrate proteins; however, its role in synaptic vesicle exocytosis is poorly understood. Munc18‐1, a central regulator of neurotransmitter release, interacts with Syntaxin 1 and X11α. Syntaxin 1 is a key soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor attachment protein receptor protein involved in synaptic vesicle docking/fusion events, and X11α modulates amyloid precursor protein processing and β amyloid generation. In this study, we demonstrate that Dyrk1A interacts with and phosphorylates Munc18‐1 at the Thr479 residue. The phosphorylation of Munc18‐1 at Thr479 by Dyrk1A stimulated binding of Munc18‐1 to Syntaxin 1 and X11α. Furthermore, the levels of phospho‐Thr479‐Munc18‐1 were enhanced in the brains of transgenic mice over‐expressing Dyrk1A protein, providing in vivo evidence of Munc18‐1 phosphorylation by Dyrk1A. These results reveal a link between Munc18‐1 and Dyrk1A in synaptic vesicle trafficking and amyloid precursor protein processing, suggesting that up‐regulated Dyrk1A in Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease brains may contribute to some pathological features, including synaptic dysfunction and cognitive defect through abnormal phosphorylation of Munc18‐1.
Synaptic relationship between somatostatin‐ and neurokinin‐1 receptor‐immunoreactive neurons in the pre‐Bötzinger complex of rats
Authors: Wei Xiao‐Yan , Zhao Yu , Wong‐Riley Margaret T. T. , Ju Gong , Liu Ying‐Ying 
Published: July 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 923–933.AbstractThe pre‐Bötzinger complex (pre‐BötC) in the ventrolateral medulla oblongata is critical for the generation of respiratory rhythm in mammals. Somatostatin (SST) and neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) immunoreactivity have been used as markers of the pre‐BötC. SST immunoreactivity almost completely overlaps with small fusiform NK1R‐immunoreactive (ir) neurons, the presumed rhythmogenic neurons, but not with large multipolar NK1R‐ir neurons. Understanding the neurochemical characteristics, especially the synaptic relationship of SST/NK1R‐ir neurons within the pre‐BötC network is essential in providing cellular and structural bases for understanding their physiological significance. This work has not been documented so far. We found that SST immunoreactivity was highly expressed in terminals, somas, and primary dendrites in the pre‐BötC. Besides the small fusiform neurons, a small population of medium‐sized NK1R‐ir neurons also colocalized with SST. Large NK1R‐ir neurons were not SST‐ir, but received somatostatinergic inputs. SST‐ir terminals were glutamatergic or GABAergic, and synapsed with NK1R‐ir neurons. Most of synapses between them were of the symmetric type, indicating their inhibitory nature. Asymmetric synapses were evident between SST‐ir terminals and NK1R‐ir dendrites, strongly suggesting an excitatory innervation from the presumed rhythmogenic neurons as these neurons are glutamatergic. We speculate that SST‐mediated excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission onto NK1R‐ir rhythmogenic and follower neurons synchronizes their activity to contribute to respiratory rhythmogenesis and control.
Environmental gradients shift the direction of the relationship between native and alien plant species richness
Authors: Tomasetto Federico , Duncan Richard P. , Hulme Philip E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimTo assess how environmental, biotic and anthropogenic factors shape native–alien plant species richness relationships across a heterogeneous landscape.LocationBanks Peninsula, New Zealand.MethodsWe integrated a comprehensive floristic survey of over 1200 systematically located 6 × 6 m plots, with corresponding climate, environmental and anthropogenic data. General linear models examined variation in native and alien plant species richness across the entire landscape, between native‐ and alien‐dominated plots, and within separate elevational bands.ResultsAcross all plots, there was a significant negative correlation between native and alien species richness, but this relationship differed within subsets of the data: the correlation was positive in alien‐dominated plots but negative in native‐dominated plots. Within separate elevational bands, native and alien species richness were positively correlated at lower elevations, but negatively correlated at higher elevations. Alien species richness tended to be high across the elevation gradient but peaked in warmer, mid‐ to low‐elevation sites, while native species richness increased linearly with elevation. The negative relationship between native and alien species richness in native‐dominated communities reflected a land‐use gradient with low native and high alien richness in more heavily modified native‐dominated vegetation. In contrast, native and alien richness were positively correlated in very heavily modified alien‐dominated plots, most likely due to covariation along a gradient of management intensity.Main conclusionsBoth positive and negative native–alien richness relationships can occur across the same landscape, depending on the plant community and the underlying human and environmental gradients examined. Human habitat modification, which is often confounded with environmental variation, can result in high alien and low native species richness in areas still dominated by native species. In the most heavily human modified areas, dominated by alien species, both native and alien species may be responding to similar underlying gradients.
‘There's no excuse. Speak Catalan!’– the marketing of language acquisition to mobility students
Authors: Atkinson David , Moriarty Máiread 
Published: July 2012

This article explores the ways in which a website designed specifically for tertiary level mobility students, Intercat (http://www.intercat.cat/en/index.jsp), markets acquisition of the Catalan language to its target audience. We argue that the site displays tensions between different types of language ideology, in particular between the commodification of language and an ideology of nation and nationhood. These tensions are of sociolinguistic significance for language professionals interested in the ways in which rationales are constructed for acquisition of particular languages, especially traditionally minoritised languages.Aquest article explora les maneres en les quals una pàgina web dissenyada especificament per a estudiants universitaris involucrats en programes de mobilitat, Intercat (http://www.intercat.cat/en/index.jsp), comercialitza l'aprenentatge de la llengua catalana per als seus usuaris. Argumentem que la pàgina mostra tensions entre diverses menes d'ideologies lingüístiques, sobretot entre la comercialització de llengua i, per altra banda, una ideologia de nació i concepte de nacionalitat. Aquestes tensions tenen importància sociolingüística per als professionals de la llengua que s'interessen per les raons que s'addueixen per l'aprenentatge de llengües determinades, especialment les llengües tradicionalment minoritzades.