bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Traumatic Deaths: Comprehensive Population‐Based Assessment
Authors: Evans Julie A. , van Wessem Karlijn J. P. , McDougall Debra , Lee Kevin A. , Lyons Timothy , Balogh Zsolt J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe epidemiology of traumatic deaths was periodically described during the development of the American trauma system between 1977 and 1995. Recognizing the impact of aging populations and the potential changes in injury mechanisms, the purpose of this work was to provide a comprehensive, prospective, population‐based study of Australian trauma‐related deaths and compare the results with those of landmark studies.MethodsAll prehospitalization and in‐hospital trauma deaths occurring in an inclusive trauma system at a single Level 1 trauma center [400 patients with an injury severity score (ISS) >15/year] underwent autopsy and were prospectively evaluated during 2005. High‐energy (HE) and low‐energy (LE) deaths were categorized based on the mechanism of the injury, time frame (prehospitalization, <48 hours, 2–7 days, >7 days), and cause [which was determined by an expert panel and included central nervous system‐related (CNS), exsanguination, CNS + exsanguination, airway, multiple organ failure (MOF)]. Data are presented as a percent or the mean ± SEM.ResultsThere were 175 deaths during the 12‐month period. For the 103 HE fatalities (age 43 ± 2 years, ISS 49 ± 2, male 63%), the predominant mechanisms were motor vehicle related (72%), falls (4%), gunshots (8%), stabs (6%), and burns (5%). In all, 66% of the patients died during the prehospital phase, 27% died after <48 hours in hospital, 5% died after 3 to 7 days in hospital, and 2% died after >7 days. CNS (33%) and exsanguination (33%) were the most common causes of deaths, followed by CNS + exsanguination (17%) and airway compromise 8%; MOF occurred in only 3%. Six percent of the deaths were undetermined. All LE deaths (n = 72, age 83 ± 1 years, ISS 14 ± 1, male 45%) were due to low falls. All LE patients died in hospital (20% <48 hours, 32% after 3–7 days, 48% after 7 days). The causes of deaths were head injury (26%) and complications of skeletal injuries (74%).ConclusionsThe HE injury mechanisms, time frames, and causes in our study are different from those in the earlier, seminal reports. The classic trimodal death distribution is much more skewed to early death. Exsanguination became as frequent as lethal head injuries, but the incidence of fatal MOF is lower than reported earlier. LE trauma is responsible for 41% of the postinjury mortality, with distinct epidemiology. The LE group deserves more attention and further investigation.
Brief report: Cognitive‐regulation across the adolescent years
Authors: Magar Emily C.E. , Phillips Louise H. , Hosie Judith A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe human brain undergoes considerable maturational changes during adolescence which have been predicted to influence self‐regulatory control. In the current study, developmental trajectories associated with three domains of cognitive regulation; response inhibition, updating of working memory, and mental set‐switching, were assessed in a sample of 149 adolescents aged between 11 and 17 years. Findings support the premise that levels of self‐regulatory control increase over the course of adolescence but that different aspects of cognitive regulation are likely to mature along differing developmental trajectories.
Biofilm presence in humans with chronic suppurative otitis media
Authors: Lee Michael Robert , Pawlowski Karen Sue , Luong Amber , Furze Alexis Dorian , Roland Peter Sargent 
Published: October 2009

ObjectiveTo study the presence of biofilm formation in humans with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM).Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingTertiary academic hospital.Subjects and MethodsPatients undergoing middle ear surgery between July 2006 and March 2008. Tissue samples were obtained from 25 patients, of which 20 specimens were successfully processed for this study. The remaining samples were not analyzed due to sample damage or loss during preparation. Of the 20 specimens studied, 10 were harvested as the experimental group from patients with CSOM and the other 10 harvested as controls from patients undergoing otologic surgery for acoustic neuroma, cochlear implant, or routine tympanoplasty. Ages ranged from 26 to 74 years (mean 45 yrs). Male‐to‐female ratio was 2:3. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to identify the presence of biofilms. Live‐dead staining was used to assess whether bacteria present were viable. The outcome measured was the presence of adherent biofilms on middle ear mucosa.ResultsBiofilms were present in six of 10 samples (60%) from the CSOM group, but only in one of 10 control samples (10%). Comparative analysis revealed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the presence of biofilms in specimens from the CSOM group versus the control group.ConclusionBiofilms were statistically more common in patients with CSOM compared with control patients.
Complications/adverse effects of maxillomandibular advancement for the treatment of OSA in regard to outcome
Authors: Blumen Marc B. , Buchet Isabelle , Meulien Pierre , Hausser Hauw Chantal , Neveu Helene , Chabolle Frédéric 
Published: October 2009

ObjectiveTo evaluate adverse effects/postoperative complications and surgical response rate of maxillomandibular advancement for the treatment of severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingOtolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Department in a teaching hospital.Subjects and MethodsA total of 59 consecutive severe sleep apnea patients underwent maxillomandibular advancement. Systemic complications were evaluated from medical charts. Functional adverse effects and cosmetic consequences were evaluated by questionnaires. The treatment outcome was assessed by polysomnography.ResultsFifty patients were evaluated. They had a mean age of 46.4 ± 9.0 years. No serious postoperative complication was observed. The most frequent local complication was mental nerve sensory loss. Most patients reported cosmetic changes. The mean apnea‐hypopnea index decreased from 65.5 ± 26.7 per hour to 14.4 ± 14.5 per hour (P < 0.0001). Light‐sleep stages were also decreased (P < 0.0001), whereas deep‐sleep stages were increased (P < 0.001).ConclusionMaxillomandibular advancement can induce local adverse effects and cosmetic changes, but they seem to be considered as secondary to the patients according to the surgical outcome.
An overview of project finance binomial loan valuation
Authors: Winsen Joseph K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSetting project financing parameters, such as the loan to valuation ratio, loan interest rate, repayment schedules, and fees, requires detailed modelling of the resulting credit risk in a non‐recourse setting. Structured credit risk models, based on the early work of Merton, have been developed in continuous time which can assist with project financing structuring. These models require a level of mathematical sophistication that may not always be available to those undertaking project financing analysis. This note provides an overview of a discrete time binomial approach to structural credit risk modelling, which enables project financing analysts a more accessible tool to evaluate project loan structures.
Changes in white muscle transcriptome induced by dietary energy levels in two lines of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) selected for muscle fat content
Authors: Kolditz Catherine-Ines , Plagnes-Juan Elisabeth , Quillet Edwige , Lefèvre Florence , Médale Françoise 
Published: October 2009

Energy intake and genetic background are major determinants of muscle fat content in most animals, including man. We combined genetic selection and dietary energy supply to study the metabolic pathways involved in genetic and nutritional control of fat deposition in the muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Two experimental lines of rainbow trout, selected for lean (L) or fat (F) muscle, were fed with diets containing either 10 or 23 % lipids from the first feeding, up to 6 months. At the end of the trial, trout exhibited very different values of muscle fat content (from 4·2 to 10·1 % wet weight). Using microarrays made from a rainbow trout multi-tissue cDNA library, we analysed the molecular changes occurring in the muscle of the two lines when fed the low-energy or high-energy diet. The results from microarray analysis revealed that eleven metabolism-related genes were differentially expressed according to the diet while selection resulted in expression change for twenty-six genes. The most striking observation was the increased level of transcripts encoding the VLDL receptor and fatty acid translocase/CD36 following both the high-fat diet and upward selection for muscle fat content, suggesting that these two genes are relevant molecular markers of fat deposition in the white muscle of rainbow trout.
HingeInflex: a MATLAB-based method for precise selection of the hinge and the inflection points in folds
Authors: SRIVASTAVA DEEPAK C. , RASTOGI VIPUL 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSubjectivity in visual selection of hinge and inflection points leads to significant errors in analyses of fold shapes in profile sections. This article gives a method for precise determination of these points. The method: (1) imports a fold image into Matlab, (2) digitizes points on the image, (3) increases the number of available points by using an interpolation algorithm, (4) fits a polynomial curve to the points, and (5) searches for the hinge and the inflection points mathematically. Tests on several folds confirm that the ‘HingeInflex’ is a rapid, robust and user-friendly method for precise selection of the hinge and inflection points.
Ezekiel's Geometric Vision of the Restored Temple: From the Rod of His Wrath to the Reed of His Measuring
Authors: Simon Bennett 
Published: October 2009

“I am the man who has seen affliction under the rod of His wrath.” (Lam 3:1)“Now there was a wall all around the outside of the temple area. The length of the measuring reed in the man's hand was six long cubits, each being a cubit and a handbreadth in length; so he measured the thickness of the wall.” (Ezek 40:5)
Effect of nasolacrimal duct obstruction on nasal mucociliary transport
Authors: Naiboglu B , Deveci I , Kalaycik C , Daylan A , Habesoglu T E , Toros S Z , Deveci S E , Egeli E 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground:Most patients with nasolacrimal duct obstruction have dry, crusty nasal mucosa. Mucociliary clearance is modulated by the amount and biochemical composition of nasal mucus. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction disturbs the drainage of tears into the nasal cavity.Objective:We examined the effect of nasolacrimal duct obstruction on the mucociliary transport of nasal mucosa, by comparing saccharine test results for epiphora patients versus healthy volunteers.Study design:Prospective, randomised, clinical trial.Methods:Eight patients with bilateral epiphora and 10 patients with unilateral epiphora were included in the study group. Complete nasolacrimal duct obstruction was demonstrated by studying irrigation of the nasolacrimal system, and by fluorescein dye study. The control group comprised 20 healthy volunteers. Mucociliary transport was assessed by the saccharine test in both the study and control groups. The saccharine transit times of 26 impaired nasal cavities were compared with those of 20 healthy nasal cavities of controls. Also, the saccharine transit times of the healthy nasal cavities of the 10 patients with unilateral epiphora were compared with those of their diseased sides, and also with those of healthy volunteers.Results:The saccharine transit times of the epiphora patients were statistically significantly greater than those of the control group. Also, there was a statistically significant difference in saccharine transit times, comparing the healthy and impaired nasal cavities of patients with unilateral epiphora.Conclusion:Nasolacrimal duct obstruction has a negative effect on nasal mucociliary clearance. This may be related to changes in the amount and biochemical composition of nasal mucus.
Preschoolers' extension of novel words to animals and artifacts
Authors: GRAHAM SUSAN A. , WELDER ANDREA N. , MERRIFIELD BEVERLEY A. , BERMAN JARED M. J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTWe examined whether preschoolers' ontological knowledge would influence lexical extension. In Experiment 1, four-year-olds were presented with a novel label for either an object with eyes described as an animal, or the same object without eyes described as a tool. In the animal condition, children extended the label to similar-shaped objects, whereas in the tool condition, children extended the label to similar-function objects. In Experiment 2, when four-year-olds were presented with objects with eyes described as tools, they extended the label on the basis of shared function. These experiments suggest that preschoolers' conceptual knowledge guides their lexical extension.
An ecological basis for the development of alternative agricultural systems for small farmers in the Third World
Authors: Altieri Miguel A. , Anderson M. Kat 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA strategy for small farm development in the Third World is suggested, emphasizing preservation of traditional farming systems while maintaining biological and genetic diversity. Basing agricultural development on indigenous knowledge, technology, and social organization can provide important guidelines for the design of cropping systems that allow low-income farmers to produce subsistence and cash crops with minimal dependence on external inputs. Suggested alternative agricultural strategies are based on diverse farming systems that achieve moderate to high levels of productivity by manipulating and exploiting resources that are internal to the farm. The resulting systems are more sustainable and economical, thus increasing the equity of the system. Several rural development programs in Third World countries, especially in Latin America, that incorporate these agroecological principles are discussed. In contrast to approaches that have been transferred from the United States without necessarily being suited to the circumstances of small farmers, and which require the purchase of expensive external inputs, these programs include sustainability, stability, and equity as goals, along with increased production. Rural development strategies based on peasant systems that are biologically and economically stable are proving to be a viable survival alternative for a great portion of the impoverished rural population in the Third World.
Ground water pollution: Research strategies and priorities
Authors: Miller Robert H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPollution of ground water by agricultural chemicals and nitrate is one of the major problems facing agriculture in the 1980s. Before this problem is resolved additional research is needed in the following areas: 1) identification of areas within each state where ground water contamination is most likely to occur; 2) data to establish levels of pesticides in ground water that present health risks; 3) the fate and transport of pesticides in soil and underlying strata; 4) improved nitrogen use efficiency of agronomic and horticultural crops and improved management of nitrogen fertilizers; and 5) cropping and management systems that reduce or eliminate the need for problem pesticides. Improved research information in these areas should assist society in resolving current problems of ground water contamination.
Restoring the productivity of marginal soils with organic amendments
Authors: Hornick Sharon B. , Parr James F. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe mining of sand and gravel deposits and excavation oftopsoil in urban areas have left extensive tracts of exposed subsoils that do not support plant growth because of adverse soil chemical and physical properties. Such degraded and marginal soils, or spoils, are infertile, low in organic matter, often acidic, and subject to severe erosion and surface runoff Many of these lands are owned by small and part-time farmers who wish to restore their aesthetic value and agricultural productivity. Research has shown that with liming and the proper use of organic amendments such as animal manures and sewage sludge compost, these lands can be restored to a high level of productivity in as little as three years. The methods and techniques for improving the productivity of marginal soils described in this paper can be of considerable benefit to some farmers in developed and developing countries where there is no other choice but to farm marginal soils because of the lack of highly productive agricultural lands. With increased efforts to restore the productivity of degraded and marginal soils through the use of organic amendments, conservation tillage, and crop rotations, future research should address the effect of best management practices on crop yields, the nutritional quality of crops, and the bioavailability of plant nutrients to both animals and humans.
An innovative in-field cattle finishing system for the tropics
Authors: Singh Devindar , Carpenter J. R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAn innovative cattle finishing program was tested in which beef cattle were fed on mature zones of standing corn crop in a regulated manner. The corn crop was planted at weekly intervals in a continual rotation year round. When the first planting of corn reached the early dent stage of maturity, nine beef steers (average beginning weight 234.8 ± 7.55* kg) were put in the field inside movable cattle pens. The cattle pens were only large enough to provide one full day of feed and were moved into fresh corn twice a day. The cattle were also provided protein and mineral supplements to balance the corn diet. The test results show that after the initial learning period of a few weeks, cattle consumed practically all the corn ears and about 70 percent of available corn stover. The performance of these steers was compared with that of a control group of nine steers that were fed standard feedlot diet. When feed availability was adequate, there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) in the rate of weight gain between the infield corn-fed animals and the control animals. The test demonstrated that beef cattle could be fed standing field corn for at least three-quarters of the feeding period without affecting the meat quality as measured by rib eye area, fat content, texture and color of lean, and quality grade. All the steers had liver flukes at the time of slaughter and were apparently infected before the start of the experiment. The rate of weight gain and the feed conversion efficiency of both groups of cattle were poorer than normal, possibly because of liver fluke infestation. The results of this test should, therefore, be taken as suggestive rather than definitive. No other major health or disease problem was observed during the in-field corn feeding period.
Improving the relevance of formal education and training in preparing international students as change agents for low-input agriculture
Authors: Cashman Kristin , Persons Edgar 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe frequent assumption that there are relevant and meaningful parallels between agriculture in the U.S. and in Less Industrialized Countries (LICs) is critically examined. Based on the results of a survey of LIC students enrolled in the College of Agriculture at the University of Minnesota, recommendations are made to more carefully focus the approach and direction of LIC student eduction. We conclude that the education and training of agriculturalists in U.S. institutions of higher learning does not relate sufficiently to the resource base and domestic needs of farming cultures in the LIC countries. A case is made for the benefit of practical experience through work with farmers whose practices and applications accommodate and reflect the realities of low-input farming practices in the LICs. Appropriate paralleled farming systems in the U.S. are typified as “organic,” “biological,” “regenerative,” or “sustainable,” and LIC students could be given experience on these farms as a part of their degree program in school.
Biological control of soilborne plant pathogens
Authors: Lumsden Robert D. , Papavizas George C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSoilborne plant pathogens cause major economic losses in agricultural crops, and the present methods for control of diseases brought about by these pathogens are inadequate. Alternatives are also needed to substitute for the use of chemical fungicides. Many of these are known to induce tumors in experimental animals and are thus regarded by some investigators as potential human carcinogens when present as residues in food and water. In addition, such alternative control measures are needed because of the potential threat of development of resistance to fungicides, especially systemic fungicides, by fungal plant pathogens, and because of nontarget side effects on other plant pathogens and on beneficial microorganisms. Alternative disease control is sometimes possible through development of crop plants resistant to disease. Unfortunately, however, resistance is lacking or not available for many diseases caused by soilborne plant pathogens. Another biological means of controlling disease which is presently gaining much attention is biological control. Several systems of biological control are presently being explored and may be developed in a few years into reliable alternatives to conventional chemical control methods. The use of the mycoparasite Sporidesmium sclerotivorum, for example, against several diseases caused by Sclerotinia species is promising. Talaromyces flavus may in the future be exploited for use against several wilt diseases caused by Verticillium dahliae. Finally, practical control of several diseases caused by Pythium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium rolfsii may eventually become possible through the use of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium virens. Development of these biological control systems will require much additional research directed toward a better understanding of the basic biology and mechanisms of action of beneficial fungi against plant pathogens. In addition, extensive cooperation will be required among research scientists, governmental agencies responsible for regulating the use of pestcontrol systems, and most importantly, private industry to develop biological control agents for the market and to coordinate acceptance and use by producers and acceptance by consumers.