bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agriculture and Water Quality in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin: I. Representative Agricultural Watersheds
Authors: Coote D. R. , Mac Donald E. M. , Dickinson W. T. , Ostry R. C. , Frank R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe 1972 U.S.‐Canada Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement established the Pollution from Land Use Activities Reference Group (PLUARG). To meet the objectives of the Pilot Watershed Studies of PLUARG, an approach was developed tbat would allow the quantification of the agricultural component of Great Lakes drainage basin pollution loads. A primary separation of agricultural regions was based on an index of the soil's potential to transfer pollutants to surface and ground water. Agricultural watersheds representative of major soils‐crops‐livestock combinations were monitored and studied. Selection and preliminary monitoring processes led to 11 sites being monitored for 2 years.The areas of the 11 study watersheds ranged from 20 to 79 km2, of which 22–89% was cultivated, and 0–99% tile‐drained. Row‐cropped laud, which occupied 10–66% of the watershed areas, was strongly correlated with tile‐drained area and fertilizer use. Mean surface‐soil clay contents ranged from 7 to 36%. Livestock densities were negligible in some watersheds, but were up to 0.77 animal units ha−1 in others. Mean precipitation and stream discharge during the study period were approximately 9 and 26% higher, respectively, than expected from long‐term means. The proportion of annual precipitation occurring in the January–April period averaged 32%, while approximately 65% of the stream discharge was measured during these 4 months.Intensive flow‐related stream sampling and chemical analyses revealed that the watersheds yielded a wide range of nutrient, sediment, and pesticide loadings to Great Lakes tributaries. The subsequent papers in this series discuss these results and their significance to water quality in the Great Lakes Basin.
Agriculture and Water Quality in the Canadian Great Lakes Basin: V. Pesticide Use in 11 Agricultural Watersheds and Presence in Stream Water, 1975–1977
Authors: Frank R. , Braun H. E. , Holdrinet M. Van Hove , Sirons G. J. , Ripley B. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA survey of 11 agricultural watersheds located in southern Ontario revealed 81 pesticides were applied on farms and rights‐of‐way during 1975. An average of 39% of the land surface in the 11 watersheds was treated with a mean rate of 8.27 kg ha−1 of fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, and nematocides. This was equivalent to an average of 3.25 kg ha−1 year−1 over the whole area, with application rates varying from 0.005 kg ha−1 on hay and pasture to 51 kg ha−1 on potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Between May 1975 and April 1977 stream water draining the 11 watersheds was analyzed for 61 parent pesticidal compounds (plus four isomers), 13 metabolites, and two industrial organic pollutants. Forty‐one pesticides were common to the list of compounds used in the watersheds and the list included in the analytical procedure. These 41 pesticides accounted for 73% of the weight of pesticides used. Eighteen parent compounds (plus three isomers), three metabolites, and one industrial organic pollutant were found in drainage waters. In addition, three pesticides, DOT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane‐o,p′ and ‐p,p′), TDE (tetrachlorodiphenylethane‐o,p′ and ‐p,p′), and HEOD (1,2,3,4,10,10‐hexachloro‐6,7‐epoxy‐1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a‐oxtahydro‐exo‐1,4‐endo‐5,8‐dimethanonaphthalene), identified in water, had not been in current use for several years.Among the pesticides used, only atrazine (2 chloro‐5‐ethylamino‐6‐iso‐propropylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine), endosulfan (6,7,8,9,10,10‐hexachloro‐1,5,5a,6,9,9a‐hexahydro‐6,9‐methano‐2,4,3‐benzo[e]‐dioxathiepin‐3‐oxide [mixed isomers]), and simazine (2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis(ethylamino)‐1,3,5‐triazine) persisted long enough to appear in water throughout the year. The overall unit‐area loading or losses to streams of the pesticides was 2.18 g ha−1 year−1, of which 2.02 g ha−1 year−1 was accounted for by atrazine.The entrance of pesticides into stream water was determined to occur in three main ways: from storm runoff waters (60%), in base flow from internal soil drainage (18%), and from carelessness, termed “spills,” associated with operating equipment adjacent to streams (22%). Five of the chemicals exceeded the water quality criteria established by the International Joint Commission (IJC) for lake and stream waters entering the Great Lakes. These were PCB (polychlorobiphenyl) in 78% of the water samples, ΣDDT (TDE + DDT) in 41%; HEOD in 16%; endosulfan in 14%; and heptachlor epoxide (1,4,5,6,7,8,8‐heptachlor‐2,3‐epoxy‐3a,4,7,7a‐tetrahydro‐4,7‐methanoindan) in 14%. None of the remaining 58 parent chemical compounds sought in the screening program exceeded the IJC water quality criteria.
The Pedological Properties of Tailings Derived From Three Mining Operations in the Sudbury Area, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Rutherford G. K. , Dimma D. , van Loon G. W. , Breck W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe pedological properties of tailings derived from Ni‐Cu, Pb‐Zn, and Au mining have been examined by conventional field and laboratory techniques. The Ni‐Cu tailings have been vegetated by seeding, whereas the Pb‐Zn and Au tailings have remained devoid of vegetation for >40 years. Tailing catenas have been developed and, depending on disposition of local water tables, regosolic‐like profiles have formed with strongly reduced deep horizons overlain by variably oxidized subsurface horizons.Although unvegetated tailings are strongly acidic, dressings of agricultural lime hold surface vegetated horizons at about pH 6; however these profiles also become strongly acidic with depth. Organic content is low and in some unvegetated tailings is higher than in those supporting vegetation. Sulfates are higher than in most soils in humid temperate regions. Exchangeable trace cations can be detected usually only with extractant at pH 4.2. Clay mineralogy reflects country rock, but high amounts of vermiculite and significant quantities of smectite and kaolin appear to have been formed as well as sand‐sized jarosite. Micromorphologically, the tailings are characteristic of very weakly developed soils.
Reclamation of Red Mud (Bauxite Residues) Using Alkaline‐Tolerant Grasses with Organic Amendments
Authors: Fuller Robert D. , Nelson Emily D. P. , Richardson Curtis J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDistichlis spicata var. stricta (desert saltgrass), Sporobolus airoides (alkali sacaton), Agropyron smithii (western wheatgrass), and A. elongatum (tall wheatgrass), alkaline‐tolerant grasses of the western United States, were tested as species to colonize and cover red mud (bauxite residue) with minimum use of soil amendments. A gradient in red mud texture at a residue impoundment (coarse at edge to fine in the center) located in Mobile, Ala., was correlated with soil pH that ranged from 9.15 (coarse) to 11.9 (fine). Saturation‐extract Na concentrations ranged from 394 to 4,990 mg/L and Al concentrations from 4.3 to 1,004 mg/L. Exchangeable Na percentage ranged from 52.6 to 91.1. Without amelioration red mud impoundments lacking subsurface drainage remain unvegetated indefinitely. Sewage sludge additions to red mud (2 cm on surface, or 1:2 by volume) produced significantly greater growth compared with red mud controls with D. spicata var. stricta, A. elongatum, and S. airoides in greenhouse pot experiments. Other organic amendments (wheat straw, paper pulp waste, glucose, and pine needles) and complete nutrient additions failed to produce a consistent response. Sewage sludge caused similar growth increases with D. spicata var. stricta in field experiments on drained red mud lakes. Sewage sludge may increase growth via several mechanisms: (i) lowering red mud pH, (ii) adding macro‐ and micronutrients, (iii) increasing nutrient availability through chelation, and (iv) lowering potential Al toxicity.
Use of Biological Filters for Treating Agricultural Drainage Effluents
Authors: Reddy K. R. , Campbell K. L. , Graetz D. A. , Portier K. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field study was conducted for 1 year (1979–1980) to evaluate the efficiency of reservoir systems stocked with aquatic macrophytes for reducing nutrient levels of agricultural drainage water. Reservoir R2 containing water hyacinths (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms), R3 with elodea (Egeria densa Planch), and R4 with cattails (Typha latifolia L.) were connected in series by riser panels. Drainage water was pumped through the plant stands in the order of water hyacinths, elodea, and cattails. Drainage water was also pumped into a reservoir (R5) containing submerged Chara spp. Nutrient removal rates by each treatment system were calculated using water flow data.Nitrate and ammonium removal rates by the treatment systems were in the range of 1–14 kg N/ha per day and 0.1–2 kg P/ha per day, respectively, while soluble P removal were in the range of 0.05–1.3 kg/ha per day. Reservoirs with aquatic macrophytes were found to be more effective than the reservoir containing Chara spp. About 78–81% of the input NO3− and NH4+, and 54% of the input soluble P were removed in 3.6 d by the R2 reservoir containing water hyacinths. Allowing the water to flow through an additional reservoir, R3, and increasing the residence time by an additional 3.6 d increased NO3− removal efficiency to 91% and soluble P removal efficiency to 71%, but NH4+ removal efficiency was not affected. Allowing the water to flow through the third reservoir (R4) and increasing the residence time by an additional 2.2 d, improved soluble P removal efficiency by an additional 14%.
Influence of Crude Oil and Refined Petroleum Products on Soil Dehydrogenase Activity
Authors: Frankenberger W. T. , Johanson J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of crude oil, leaded gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and motor oil on soil dehydrogenase activity were investigated by contaminating three soils at three loading rates (20, 40, and 60% w/w oil/dry soil) and monitoring the activity up to 30 d of incubation. The levels of dehydrogenase activity in the contaminated soils were dependent on the amount and type of oil added. The highest level of dehydrogenase activity in all soils was observed with a 60% loading rate of crude oil 30 d after incubation. Dehydrogenase activity in soils contaminated with the refined oils (leaded gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, and motor oil) was extremely low when compared with the crude oil‐treated soils. When all soils were considered, the maximum activity of the dehydrogenase reaction (expressed in µg formazan/g soil per 24 h) was as follows: crude oil, 1,180; leaded gasoline, 56; kerosene, 32; diesel fuel, 56; and motor oil, 37. Generally, the maximum level of activity was observed at 30 d of incubation in the presence of crude oil, and at 7 d in the presence of refined oils. The increase in dehydrogenase activity was in proportion to the rates of oil application, in that activity increased with increasing loading rates. The lowest level of dehydrogenase activity (0.5 µg formazan/g soil per 24 h) was observed in the kerosene‐treated soils. These results suggest that any influence the oils may have on soil dehydrogenase activity is dependent on the chemical composition of the oil itself. The additives present in refined oils may have a major influence on the dehydrogenase reaction in soils.
The Effect of Cattle Grazing on Indicator Bacteria in Runoff From a Pacific Northwest Watershed
Authors: Jawson M. D. , Elliott L. F. , Saxton K. E. , Fortier D. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTotal coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and fecal streptococcal (FS) numbers were monitored for 3 years to determine the effect of grazing on the presence of these organisms in runoff from a cattle‐grazed and a nongrazed watershed in the Pacific Northwest. The watersheds were characterized by winter precipitation and summer grazing. Weighted‐average numbers of TC and FS in runoff did not appear to be appreciably different between the two watersheds during the study.Numbers of TC in runoff from both watersheds routinely exceeded 10,000/100 mL. Prolonged absence of grazing animals did not seem to affect number of TC and FS in runoff from the check watershed. Each spring after a period of warm weather and prolonged absence of animals, there were increases in numbers of TC, FC, and FS in the runoff. There was some correlation between recentness of grazing and numbers of indicator bacteria in runoff. However, more than a year after animals were removed from the nongrazed check watershed FC numbers in runoff still exceeded 200/100 mL in many samples, and not until the following year did they drop to < 10/100 mL.Sampling at several locations within the grazed watershed showed that sources of indicator bacteria were well distributed, and as a result were nonpoint after the initial runoff events. Thus, present FC recommendations developed for point‐sources would not apply adequately to grazed land in the Pacific Northwest. Indicator bacteria as presently analyzed would not provide a basis for developing best management practices.
Degradation of Atrazine in Estuarine Water/Sediment Systems and Soils
Authors: Jones T. W. , Kemp W. M. , Stevenson J. C. , Means J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHerbicides have been postulated as a cause of the disappearance of submerged aquatic vegetation in the Chesapeake Bay. This research was undertaken to determine the longevity of 2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine (atrazine) in two estuarine water/sediment microcosm systems and two agricultural soil systems over an 80‐d period under aerobic and low‐O2 conditions. Atrazine degradation proceeded more rapidly in the estuarine systems than in the soil systems. The disappearance of atrazine from the estuarine water was relatively rapid, with the half‐life (50% remaining in the water column) of the parent compound ranging from 3 to 12 d. Atrazine half‐life was determined to be 15 and 20 d for the two estuarine sediments and 330 and 385 d for the two agricultural soils. Hydroxyatrazine (2‐hydroxy‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) was the major short‐term metabolite in both the estuarine and terrestrial systems. By the 21st day of the experiment, the percent of total extracted residues corresponding to atrazine and hydroxyatrazine were: 65, 20 and 10, 85 for the two estuarine systems; and 66, 29 and 93, 5 for the two soil systems. Decreased O2 levels had little effect on atrazine degradation in the experimental systems. The rapid degradation of atrazine to hydroxyatrazine in estuarine water and sediment indicates a low probability for the accumulation of atrazine in the estuary.
Land Application of Untreated Industrial Waste Water
Authors: King Larry D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExcessive pretreatment of waste water prior to land application unduly increases the cost and energy requirement of land treatment systems. This study was conducted to determine if untreated industrial waste water can be applied to soil without adversely affecting crop growth and soil properties or posing a ground‐water pollution hazard.Untreated (UW) and treated (TW) waste water were diverted from the treatment plant at a fiberboard mill and spray‐irrigated on fescue‐grass (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) on Cecil soil (clayey kaolinitic, thermic Typic Hapludult) at 1.4 cm/week. After 2 years the treatments were changed to 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 cm UW/week and continued for 2 more years.Grass yields with UW and TW were equal to or greater than yields with inorganic fertilizer and no irrigation (control treatment). Recovery of waste‐water‐applied N via crop harvest ranged from 20 to 30%. Analysis of washed and unwashed grass samples showed that increased Mn concentrations were due to waste‐water solids adhering to the sample, rather than to increased Mn uptake. Concentrations of Ni, Pb, and Cr of unwashed samples were increased slightly but were far below concentrations toxic to livestock.Soil nitrate concentrations resulting from UW applications were generally not significantly different from concentration in the control treatment except when UW contained appreciable quantities of inorganic N. There was evidence that denitrification was a significant N sink.Waste‐water irrigation increased concentrations of soil P, K, and Ca and increased soil pH to 7.4–7.8. Sodium accumulated in the subsoil to an exchangeable‐Na percentage of 10.Results of the study showed that extensive pretreatment was not necessary prior to irrigation with the waste water.
Mobility of 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T n‐Butyl Esters in Soils Following Massive Application to Field Mini‐Lysimeters
Authors: Majka Joseph T. , Cheng H. H. , Mc Neal B. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrations of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‐T) in soils and leachates from field mini‐lysimeters were monitored for up to 28 months to characterize the patterns of herbicide mobility in soils under climatic conditions of the Palouse region of the Pacific Northwest. The lysimeters contained soils from Washington, Wyoming, or Mississippi, and were treated with 1,120 or 5,600 kg/ha of a 1:1 mixture of 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T n‐butyl esters in 1976, 1977, or 1978. The winter of 1976–1977 was mild and relatively dry, and little leachate could be collected. However, subsequent winters were wet and the soil columns were saturated by the following springs. Less than 1 ppm of 2,4‐D was found in leachates from Washington and Wyoming soils receiving the herbicide application in 1976 or 1977, though over 30 ppm was found in leachates from Washington soil treated in 1978. Over 10 ppm of 2,4‐D could be found in leachates from the acidic Mississippi soil receiving the high rate of herbicide application in 1977 or 1978. Concentrations of 2,4,5‐T in the same leachates were higher for the Washington and Wyoming soils, but lower (than corresponding concentrations of 2,4‐D) for the Mississippi soil. In all cases, 96–99% of the undegraded herbicides in the lysimeters remained in the 0‐ to 10‐cm soil layer after two to three winters, and only 0.14–1.65% of the 2,4‐D and 0.33–3.7% of the 2,4,5‐T remaining in the lysimeters were present in the 10‐ to 30‐cm depths. Mobility characterization by soil thin‐layer chromatography showed that the ester form of both herbicides was relatively immobile, the acid form was less mobile in the Mississippi soil than in the Washington and Wyoming soils, and 2,4‐D was slightly more mobile than 2,4,5‐T under corresponding conditions.
Chlortetracycline and Oxytetracycline Effects on Plant Growth and Development in Soil Systems
Authors: Batchelder A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAntibiotics that are added to cattle feed have produced numerous benefits. However, when those antibiotics are excreted in manure and the manure is spread over cropland, plant growth and development might be affected. A series of greenhouse experiments was conducted to determine the effects of two antibiotics, chlortetracycline (7‐chloro‐4‐dimethylamino‐1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a‐octahydro‐3,6,10,12,12a‐pentahydroxy‐6‐methyl‐1,11‐dioxo‐2‐naphthacenecarboxamide) and oxytetracycline (4‐[dimethylamino]‐1,4,4α,5,5α,6,11,12a‐octahydro‐3,5,6,10,12,12a‐hexahydroxy‐6‐methyl‐1,11‐dioxo‐2‐naphthacenecarboxamide) on plant growth and development in Ascalon sandy loam, an Aridic Argiustoll of the fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic family, and Nunn clay loam, an Aridic Argiustoll of the fine, montmorillonitic, mesic family. In sandy loam, the antibiotic concentrations were either 0 or 160 ppm. Edible radish (Raphanus sativus L.) yields, and the nutrient uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) were greater with either antibiotic than they were with the control treatment. Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were affected by both antibiotics. Bean yields, plant heights, top and root dry‐weights, and the Ca, Mg, K, and N contents were all decreased by the antibiotics. Because only beans showed an adverse response in the sandy loam, they were the only plants grown in the clay loam. There were no antibiotic effects on the bean plants with either antibiotic in a concentration series of 0–160 ppm. The growth and development effects were related to soil characteristics and plant sensitivities.
Kinetics of Microbial Decomposition of 2,4‐D in Soil: Effects of Herbicide Concentration
Authors: Parker L. W. , Doxtader K. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of the degradation of (2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4‐D) in Ascalon fine sandy loam (Typic Ustoll) under laboratory conditions was studied in relation to herbicide concentration to test the feasibility of employing either the first‐order or Michaelis‐Menten equation to model the degradation of 2,4‐D. At 27°C, the herbicide degraded through two first‐order reactions: an initial slow rate (slow phase) followed by a fast rate (fast phase). The first‐order rate constants (k values) for the slow phase decreased as 2,4‐D concentrations were increased from 1.3 to 10.2 µg g−1 soil, and remained constant above the latter concentration. The k values for the fast phases of decomposition were independent of herbicide concentration. The duration of the slow phase increased linearly from 11 to 28 d as the herbicide concentration was increased from 1.3 to 25 µg g−1 soil.When 2,4‐D degradation was measured during short incubation periods (instantaneous rates) to preclude growth of 2,4‐D‐decomposing organisms, the rates conformed to the Hane's linearization of the Michaelis‐Menten equation (r2 = 0.93). Apparent substrate inhibition occurred above herbicide concentrations of 40 µg g−1 soil. Instantaneous rates were measured for soil samples previously incubated for various times with 2,4‐D. Two significant peaks in activity (rate) were observed, one between concentrations of 4 and 9 µg g−1 soil, and the other between 20 and 40 µg g−1 soil. These data suggest the presence of two enzyme systems, differing with respect to the concentration at which substrate inhibition occurred.
Sewage Sludge Application to Calcareous Strip‐Mine Soil: I. Effect on Corn Yields and N, P, K, Ca, and Mg Compositions
Authors: Pietz R. I. , Peterson J. R. , Hinesly T. D. , Ziegler E. L. , Redborg K. E. , Lue‐Hing C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA long‐term experiment using corn (Zea mays L.) was initiated in 1973 on calcareous strip‐mine spoil to evaluate the effects of anaerobically digested sewage sludge on the spoil‐crop system. Treatments consisted of a check (336‐224‐112 kg ha−1 year−1 N‐P‐K) and sewage sludge applications, weather permitting, at weekly rates of 0.64, 1.27, and 2.54 cm. In 5 years, 1973–1977, a total of 258 dry t ha−1 sludge was applied to maximum treatments.Grain yields were significantly affected by sludge application in some years, but stover yields were not affected. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in corn tissue varied in response to sludge applications. Leaf and grain P and grain K declined with higher rates of sludge application. The total uptake of the five elements by corn did not generally vary with the treatments, although there were yearly differences in uptake.Factors affecting plant nutrition were investigated. Negative interactions were observed between leaf N and Mg and stover P and Zn. An evaluation of plant nutrient balance by the Diagnosis Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) suggested that the order of required elements in corn from sludge treatments was most often P > K > N > Ca > Mg. For check treatments receiving only commercial fertilizer, the order of required nutrients was usually K > N > Ca > P > Mg. Considerable amounts of P were applied annually (365–2,690 kg ha−1) to maximum‐amended plots, and excessive P accumulation by corn may have been reduced by reactions with metals in the applied sludge, spoil, and plant tissue, and by a dilution effect from increased plant matter production.Spoil factors (e.g., shallow rooting, soluble salts, and moisture stress) and plant element and/or spoil element interactions were important variables reacting with existing climatic conditions to influence corn yields and nutrient compositions.