bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis by water stress in rice seedlings during chloroplast biogenesis*
Authors: DALAL VIJAY K. , TRIPATHY BAISHNAB C. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTTo understand the impact of water stress on the greening process, water stress was applied to 6‐day‐old etiolated seedlings of a drought‐sensitive cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa), Pusa Basmati‐1 by immersing their roots in 40 mm polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000 (−0.69 MPa) or 50 mm PEG 6000 (−1.03 MPa) dissolved in half‐strength Murashige and Skoog (MS)‐nutrient‐solution, 16 h prior to transfer to cool‐white‐fluorescent + incandescent light. Chlorophyll (Chl) accumulation substantially declined in developing water‐stressed seedlings. Reduced Chl synthesis was due to decreased accumulation of chlorophyll biosynthetic intermediates, that is, glutamate‐1‐semialdehyde (GSA), 5‐aminolevulinic acid, Mg‐protoporphyrin IX monomethylester and protochlorophyllide. Although 5‐aminolevulinic acid synthesis decreased, the gene expression and protein abundance of the enzyme responsible for its synthesis, GSA aminotransferase, increased, suggesting its crucial role in the greening process in stressful environment. The biochemical activities of Chl biosynthetic enzymes, that is, 5‐aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, porphobilinogen deaminase, coproporphyrinogen III oxidase, porphyrinogen IX oxidase, Mg‐chelatase and protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, were down‐regulated due to their reduced protein abundance/gene expression in water‐stressed seedlings. Down‐regulation of protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase resulted in impaired Shibata shift. Our results demonstrate that reduced synthesis of early intermediates, that is, GSA and 5‐aminolevulinic acid, could modulate the gene expression of later enzymes of Chl biosynthesis pathway.
A distant magmatic source for Cretaceous karst bauxites of Southern Apennines (Italy), revealed through SHRIMP zircon age dating
Authors: Boni Maria , Reddy Steven M. , Mondillo Nicola , Balassone Giuseppina , Taylor Rich 
Published: April 2012

Terra Nova, 24, 326–332, 2012AbstractKarst bauxites occur at a Late Cretaceous hiatus on a Bahamian‐type platform in Southern Apennines, Italy. In contrast to the well‐defined stratigraphic context, their origin remains controversial. Detrital zircon grains preserve textures and Th/U ratios consistent with crystallization from a melt, occasionally around older cores. U‐Pb isotopic data, collected using SHRIMP II, record several age populations. The youngest (∼90 Ma) falls into the age interval of bauxite formation as defined by stratigraphic criteria. The zircons must therefore be derived from a contemporary Cretaceous volcanic source. The older zircons may be interpreted as xenocrysts associated with the Cretaceous magmas or derived from different sources. Because the bauxite occurs on a isolated carbonate platform, the grains must come from far away sources, most probably transported by wind. The age, palaeogeography and inferred Cretaceous wind pattern are consistent with a prevailing origin from the Dinaric and Carpatho‐Balkan orogenic belts, with its Cretaceous bimodal volcanism.
Dermoscopy, reflectance confocal microscopy and histopathology of an amelanotic melanoma from an individual heterozygous for MC1R and tyrosinase variant alleles
Authors: Curchin Claudia , Wurm Elisabeth , Jagirdar Kasturee , Sturm Richard , Soyer Peter 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTWe present a case of an amelanotic nodular melanoma occurring in a 26‐year‐old woman who carried a heterozygous (melancortin‐1‐receptor) MC1R 160R/W and tyrosinase (TYR) 402R/Q genotype and had a dark hair phenotype. We present dermoscopic, reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and histopathological images of the melanoma. We discuss the relationship between MC1R red hair colour (RHC) variants, TYR variants, phenotype and melanoma development. We also discuss the merits of RCM as an additional diagnostic aid for equivocal melanocytic lesions.
Does long‐term fire exclusion in an Australian tropical savanna result in a biome shift? A test using the reintroduction of fire
Authors: SCOTT KENNETH , SETTERFIELD SAMANTHA A. , DOUGLAS MICHAEL M. , PARR CATHERINE L. , SCHATZ JON , ANDERSEN ALAN N. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe structure of tropical savanna ecosystems is influenced by fire frequency and intensity. There is particular interest in the extent to which long‐term fire exclusion can result in a shift from savanna to forest vegetation that is not easily reversed by the reintroduction of fire. This study examined changes in the structure and composition of a long‐unburnt site within the northern Australian savannas following an extended period of active fire exclusion (>20 years), and the effect of the reintroducing fire through experimental fire regimes, including fires in the early and late dry season at a range of frequencies. After the long period of fire exclusion, the vegetation community was characterized by a well‐developed midstorey and canopy layer, low grass cover, substantially higher densities of woody sprouts and saplings than frequently burnt savanna. The community composition included a high proportion of rainforest‐affiliated species. Three years of experimental fires had no detectable effect on the overall composition of grass layer and woody plants but had an effect on woody vegetation structure. Continued fire exclusion further increased the density of woody stems, particularly in the midstorey (2.0–4.99 m), whereas moderate‐intensity fires (>800 kW m−1) significantly reduced the density of midstorey stems. The reintroduction of higher moderate intensity fire events resulted in the vegetation in some compartments reverting to the open savanna structure typical of frequently burnt sites. Such rapid reversibility suggests that in general, the woody thickening resulting from long‐term fire exclusion did not represent a biome shift to a non‐savanna state. However, there was a small proportion of the site that could not sustain the fires applied to them because grass cover was very low and patchy and therefore appeared to have crossed an ecological threshold towards closed forest.
Ecological impacts of invasive African olive (Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata) in Cumberland Plain Woodland, Sydney, Australia
Authors: CUNEO PETER , LEISHMAN MICHELLE R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAfrican olive (Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata) is a small evergreen tree which has become highly invasive at a landscape scale in the western Sydney and Hunter Valley regions of New South Wales, Australia. African olive invasion results in the formation of a dense and permanent mid‐canopy in grassy woodland vegetation. We investigated the relationship between African olive and native species establishment, abundance and diversity, using field surveys and a manipulative shading experiment. There were 78% fewer native species beneath African olive canopy in the field compared to uninvaded woodland sites. The shading experiment showed that simulated dense African olive shade levels produced the lowest dry weight for the three native species studied, with simulated canopy edge light providing optimal conditions for the native shrub Bursaria spinosa and African olive. Dense African olive shade levels produced the highest mortality rate for native species; however, African olive was able to maintain an 88% survival rate under dense canopy shade. This study confirms the adaptability of African olive and its capacity to decrease native plant diversity and substantially modify native vegetation at the community level.
Nature of white opaque substance in gastric epithelial neoplasia as visualized by magnifying endoscopy with narrow‐band imaging
Authors: Yao Kenshi , Iwashita Akinori , Nambu Masami , Tanabe Hiroshi , Nagahama Takashi , Maki Shinichiro , Ishikawa Hideki , Matsui Toshiyuki , Enjoji Munechika 
Published: April 2012

Background and Aims:  Magnifying endoscopy (ME) with narrow‐band imaging (NBI) revealed a white opaque substance (WOS) within the superficial part of the gastric neoplasia; however, its nature has remained obscure. A WOS noted within the duodenum was reported to comprise lipid droplets (LD) absorbed by the duodenal epithelium. We attempted to ascertain whether the WOS within gastric neoplasia could also comprise LD and whether the presence of this WOS could be correlated with a specific phenotype.Methods:  Forty‐three patients with early gastric epithelial neoplasia underwent ME with NBI. The presence or absence of WOS in the neoplasias was recorded based on the findings of ME with NBI. One biopsy specimen was taken from each of the neoplasias. Cryostat sections underwent oil red O staining for LD. Serial sections were immunostained using the first antibody of CD10, MUC2, CDX2, human gastric mucin, MUC5AC and MUC6. The tissue phenotype was classified as intestinal (I), gastric (G) and gastrointestinal (GI) type based on the results of immunostaining. In total, 49 gastric neoplasias from 43 patients were investigated.Results:  Prevalence of LD in WOS‐positive versus WOS‐negative lesions was 96.2% (25/26) and 4.3% (1/23), respectively (P < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). WOS was present in GI‐ and I‐type lesions, but not in G‐type lesions.Conclusions:  WOS may be LD that have been accumulated in the superficial part of the gastric neoplasia of a certain intestinal phenotype.
Electroretinogram responses of the normal thoroughbred horse sedated with detomidine hydrochloride
Authors: Church Melanie L. , Norman Joanna C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPurpose The main objective was to record electroretinogram (ERG) parameters of normal thoroughbred mares using the HMsERG, a mini‐Ganzfeld electroretinographic unit, and a contact lens electrode. The second objective was to determine whether IV detomidine hydrochloride at 0.015 mg/kg is consistently an effective choice for sedation of horses undergoing this ERG protocol.Methods The study population consisted of 30 normal thoroughbred mares. ERG data were harvested using a protocol that included three different light intensities (10, 3000, and 10 000 mcd s/m2) and a 30‐Hz flicker at 3000 mcd s/m2.Results Mean, median, standard deviation, and estimated normal ranges using the 5–95% of the data for a‐ and b‐wave implicit times (IT), amplitudes (AMP), and b/a ratios were reported. Scotopic results at low intensity (10 mcd s/m2) had estimated ranges for b‐wave IT of 41.8–72.9 ms and AMP of 19.8–173.3 μV. Middle intensity (3000 mcd s/m2) a‐wave IT was 13.2–14.7 ms with a‐wave AMP of 68.4–144 μV; the b‐wave IT was 28.7–41.5 ms with b‐wave AMP of 105.7–271.5 μV; and the b/a ratio was 0.95–2.71. The high‐intensity (10 000 mcd s/m2) average recordings showed an a‐wave IT of 13–14.9 ms, a‐wave AMP of 85.7–186.8 μV; b‐wave IT of 26.6–45.4 ms, b‐wave AMP of 104.7–250.6 μV; and a b/a wave ratio of 0.7–2.0. The 30‐Hz cone flicker showed an IT of 22.8–28.9 ms and AMP of 44.1–117.1 μV.Conclusions Results of normal thoroughbred ERG responses are reported. The protocol proved to be simple and safe and provided consistent results.
Women on men’s sexual health and sexually transmitted infection testing: a gender relations analysis
Authors: Oliffe John L. , Chabot Cathy , Knight Rod , Davis Wendy , Bungay Vicky , Shoveller Jean A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSexual health and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing is typically portrayed as a women’s issue amid men’s estrangement from healthcare services. While the underreporting of men’s STIs has been linked to masculinities, little is known about how women interpret and respond to heterosexual men’s sexual health practices. The findings drawn from this qualitative study of 34 young women reveal how femininities can be complicit in sustaining, as well as being critical of and disrupting masculine discourses that affirm sexual pleasure and resistance to health help‐seeking as men’s patriarchal privileges. Our analysis revealed three patterns: looking after the man’s libido refers to women’s emphasised femininity whereby the man’s preference for unprotected sex and reticence to be tested for STIs was accommodated. Negotiating the stronger sex refers to ambivalent femininities, in which participants strategically resist, cooperate and comply with men’s sexual health practices. Rejecting the patriarchal double standard that celebrates men as ‘studs’ and subordinates women as ‘sluts’ for embodying similar sexual practices reflects protest femininities. Overall, the findings reveal that conventional heterosexual gender relations, in which hegemonic masculinity is accommodated by women who align to emphasised femininity, continues to direct many participants’ expectations around men’s sexual health and STI testing.
Catching up Faster by Switching Sooner: A Predictive Approach to Adaptive Estimation with an Application to the AIC–BIC Dilemma
Authors: Van Erven Tim , Grünwald Peter , de Rooij Steven 
Published: April 2012

SummaryPrediction and estimation based on Bayesian model selection and model averaging, and derived methods such as the Bayesian information criterion BIC, do not always converge at the fastest possible rate. We identify the catch-up phenomenon as a novel explanation for the slow convergence of Bayesian methods, which inspires a modification of the Bayesian predictive distribution, called the switch distribution. When used as an adaptive estimator, the switch distribution does achieve optimal cumulative risk convergence rates in non-parametric density estimation and Gaussian regression problems. We show that the minimax cumulative risk is obtained under very weak conditions and without knowledge of the underlying degree of smoothness. Unlike other adaptive model selection procedures such as the Akaike information criterion AIC and leave-one-out cross-validation, BIC and Bayes factor model selection are typically statistically consistent. We show that this property is retained by the switch distribution, which thus solves the AIC–BIC dilemma for cumulative risk. The switch distribution has an efficient implementation. We compare its performance with AIC, BIC and Bayesian model selection and averaging on a regression problem with simulated data.
Horizontal Liability for Damages in EU Law—the Changing Relationship of EU and National Law
Authors: Havu Katri 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe article focuses on damages liability between private parties—referred to as horizontal liability—that is based on EU law. Generally, this kind of liability may be based on EU secondary legislation or be derived from substantive EU law and legal principles. The article seeks to analyse the latter: liability in an area of EU law where so‐called procedural autonomy still, at least apparently, prevails. Special attention is paid to the lively interface between EU law and national remedies and to the increasing EU law requirements for the enforcement of EU law in national courts. Recent case‐law on private liability for damages caused by competition infringements is discussed as part of a more general question concerning the ways in which the relationship of EU law and national enforcement frameworks is developing.
Incidence and survival of symptomatic lacunar infarction in a Beijing population: a 6‐year prospective study
Authors: Fang X.‐H. , Wang W.‐H. , Zhang X.‐Q. , Liu H.‐J. , Zhang H.‐M. , Qin X.‐M. , Wang Z.‐C. , Ji X.‐M. , Li L.‐M. 
Published: April 2012

Background and purpose:  The incidence of ischaemic stroke has increased or remained high in China; however, little population‐based evidence is available on the incidence and survival of lacunar infarction (LAC). We examined the incidence of LAC in a northern Chinese (Beijing) population and monitored survival.Methods:  A prospective registry population‐based study was conducted over a 6‐year period in a general, unselected, and representative community in Beijing with approximately 100 000 long‐term permanent residents. All first‐ever stroke cases were registered.Results:  A total of 1184 patients with ischaemic stroke were identified; 36.9% (437 cases) were classified as LAC. Age‐standardized incidence rates of LAC ranged from 24.0 to 51.3/100 000 with an average rate of 35.3/100 000 during study period. The incidence of LAC increased with age before 70 years. The incidence of non‐LAC increased with age. There were no significant differences in crude incidence of LAC between men and women (78.4/100 000 vs. 75.4/100 000). The incidence of non‐LAC was significantly higher in men than in women (155/100 000 vs. 107/100 000, P < 0.001). The 28‐day case fatality proportions were significantly lower in patients with LAC (0.5%) versus non‐LAC (14.9%). One year after acute stroke onset, the survival rates between LAC and non‐LAC were similar.Conclusion:  LAC is a common stroke subtype in Northern China. Men or the elderly are more likely to have non‐LAC. Long‐term survival following LAC is similar to non‐LAC patients.
Differential vasodilatory responses to local heating in facial, glabrous and hairy skin
Authors: Metzler‐Wilson Kristen , Kellie Lesley A. , Tomc Christa , Simpson Chris , Sammons Dawn , Wilson Thad E. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackground and aimsLocal heating induces biphasic cutaneous vasodilation in non‐glabrous skin of the forearm. However, little data exist in other skin regions, despite the prevalence of facial flushing disorders. We hypothesized that facial skin will have greater initial peak responses to local heating than forearm skin because of neural differences between sites and, furthermore, axon reflex vasodilation will be eliminated in facial sites with sensory blockade.MethodsSkin blood flow (laser‐Doppler flowmetry) responses of healthy, non‐obese subjects to local heating (32–42°C in ~5 min, held 40 min) in the forehead (n = 22), cheek (n = 22), forearm (n = 22) and palm (n = 13) were expressed as percentage of maximum cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; flux/mean arterial pressure). In an additional group (n = 7), sensation was blocked (topical prilocaine‐lidocaine) prior to the local heating protocol.ResultsPrior to heating, CVC differences were noted (forearm = 10 ± 3, cheek = 19 ± 3, forehead = 16 ± 1 and palm = 65 ± 11%CVC; P<0·05). Initial peak CVC was similar between forehead, cheek and forearm (85 ± 3, 92 ± 2, and 91 ± 6%CVC, respectively), but elevated in the palm (120 ± 8%CVC; P<0·05). Compared to facial control sites, sensory blockade delayed increases in both cheek and forehead (P<0·05) CVC but did not change magnitude of the biphasic response (P>0·05).ConclusionsThese data indicate that facial skin initial CVC peaks to local heating are similar to non‐glabrous skin. In contrast to forearm responses, facial topical sensory blockade does not abate axon reflex responses to local heating. Palm skin data indicate that maximal skin blood flow is not obtained during local heating as it is in non‐glabrous skin.
Implementing routine outcome measures in child and adolescent mental health services: from present to future practice
Authors: Batty Martin J , Moldavsky Maria , Foroushani Pooria Sarrami , Pass Sarah , Marriott Michael , Sayal Kapil , Hollis Chris 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundRoutine outcome measurement (ROM) in CAMHS is supported by U.K. Government policy. However, little is known about how measures are used in practice.MethodData describing use of ROM, knowledge and attitudes regarding implementation were collected using a regional case‐note audit, online survey and stakeholder workshop.ResultsWhile the principle of ROM was supported by stakeholders, baseline and follow‐up outcome measurement occurred in less than a fifth of cases. Barriers to implementation included lack of training and resources, clinicians' perceptions of the limitations of existing measures and lack of regular feedback of outcome data.ConclusionsImplementation of ROM may be facilitated by session‐by‐session measures with immediate feedback to clinicians and patients.
Improved Electrogram Attenuation during Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation with the Hansen Robotic System
Authors: DUNCAN EDWARD R. , FINLAY MALCOLM , PAGE STEPHEN P. , HUNTER ROSS , GOROMONZI FARAI , RICHMOND LAURA , BAKER VICTORIA , GINKS MATTHEW , EZZAT VIVIENNE , DHINOJA MEHUL , EARLEY MARK J. , SPORTON SIMON , SCHILLING RICHARD J. 
Published: April 2012

Background:

Robotic catheter ablation aims to improve outcomes after ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) through improved lesion quality. This study examined electrogram attenuation as a measure of efficacy in response to robotic (ROB) and manual (MAN) ablation.
Methods:

Patients with paroxysmal AF undergoing ablation as part of an ongoing randomized controlled trial were studied (Clinical Trials Registration NCT01037296). Patients underwent pulmonary vein isolation using NavX (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA). Patients were randomized to MAN or ROB catheter ablation using a 3.5‐mm irrigated‐tip catheter with standardized ablation settings. Bipolar electrogram voltage was measured at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 seconds after ablation onset. Distance from ablation lesion to the left atrial surface on NavX were calculated.
Results:

Similar ablation energy was delivered in ROB and MAN groups, achieving comparable rates of PV isolation (100% vs 98%). The bipolar voltages of 4,434 electrograms from 303 ablation lesions (146 ROB, 157 MAN) were measured. At 30 seconds, signal attenuation was greater in the ROB group than MAN (mean 65 ± 4% vs 55 ± 4% of baseline voltage, P < 0.01). A total of 2,064 NavX ablation lesions were assessed (906 ROB and 1,158 MAN). ROB lesions were on average 0.52 mm further inside the geometry than MAN (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions:

Robotic ablation results in greater signal attenuation in man. This is achieved despite manual lesions being closer to the left atrial surface. Catheter stability and constant energy delivery may be key to achieving signal attenuation, rather than increased contact force. (PACE 2012; 35:730–738)
Punishment Policy in the American States from 1890 to 2008: Convergence, Divergence, Synchronous Change, and Feed‐Forward Effects
Authors: Schneider Anne L. 
Published: April 2012

This analysis of the patterns of change in the use of incarceration by the American states from 1890 through 2008 focuses on multiple themes particularly relevant to an understanding of policy arenas in which the social constructions of target populations play an important role. Specifically, the study examines whether the states have adopted more similar incarceration levels over time (converged), whether they tend to change in the same direction at the same time (synchronous change), and whether they tend to stay in the same relative positions vis‐à‐vis one another, such that the historical policy position has long‐term implications for later policy positions (“feed‐forward” effects).The results indicate that, in spite of a century of social, political, and economic integration, the policy positions of the states have not exhibited a sustained convergence toward a common level of incarceration, but have undergone cycles, with some periods of convergence followed by periods of divergence. Change has generally been synchronous—as states tend to move in the same direction at the same time as if propelled by national forces even though incarceration levels are determined by state and local policy and the use of discretion by criminal justice officials. The results also indicate a profound “feed‐forward” effect in that the position of the states vis‐à‐vis one another historically has substantial predictive power for their position in subsequent years.