bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Structure of the Strata between the London Clay and the Chalk in the London and Hampshire Tertiary Systems
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

The preceding descriptions I believe embrace, with two or three exceptions, all the principal sections exhibiting the superposition of the basement bed of the London clay. Although, considering the extent of the line of outcrop, they are not very numerous, the intervals between them are sufficiently short to trace this deposit from place to place with considerable certainty. The details of each may vary in a few points, but they all present a general resemblance. This may not however be considered sufficient for our object—such thin and ordinary beds might be subordinate to some other portion of the Eocene series, and not peculiar to this part of them, and therefore some other proofs of their position may be thought necessary.
In the first place, all the sections in the tertiary district show, by evidence of the clearest kind, that the London clay forms a nearly homogeneous mass, several hundred feet thick, of tough clay of a predominating brown colour—that throughout its whole body it nowhere presents any subordinate beds of a mineral character essentially different from that of its ordinary argillaceous type—and that its organic remains are very irregularly dispersed, abounding.in some parts and being entirely wanting in others. This clay occupies an area which is very well defined. Now wherever, without a single exception that I am aware of, the lower beds of this clay outcrop, there is found underlying them a basement bed of a conglomerate character and with or without organic remains—and these, if present, invariably belong
On the Earlier Volcanic Rocks of the Papal States, and the adjacent parts of Italy
Authors: Murchison Roderick Impey 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
—During a winter's residence in Rome, including journeys to and from that city by the Maremma, Siena, and Viterbo on the west, and by Perugia on the east, together with excursions, including one to Naples, in the spring, the abundant “earlier volcanic” products of that region were necessarily brought under my notice. For, although my chief object in visiting the peninsula was to ascertain the order of succession from its secondary to its tertiary strata, the very existence of those formations, particularly of the latter, was so intimately connected with contemporaneous or subsequent eruptions of volcanic matter, that it was impossible for any geologist not to be alive to the importance of observations which tended to throw light on the conditions under which such igneous operations took place. I had moreover a strong additional motive to enter into this branch of our subject, from habitual intercourse with my friend, the accomplished mineralogist. Count L. Medici Spada, and his zoological coadjutor Professor Ponzi.
Although all the materials prepared by these authors will, I trust, at no distant day be published†, still as they will even then appear in a foreign language, and will imbody local phænomena not requisite for the clear comprehension of the subject, I venture to offer the present sketch, which, although in part derived from the labours of my above-mentioned friends, contains a modification of their views concerning the Latian Hills, which I consider to be of some importance‡.
Not entering fully into the details of the literature
An Account of the Strata and Organic Remains exposed in the Cuttings of the Branch Railway, from the Great Western Line near Chippenham, through Trowbridge, to Westbury in Wiltshire
Authors: Mantell Reginald Neville 
Published: October 2009

T
his
railway passes over the usual series of the oolitic deposits of that part of England, and in the distance of fifteen miles the cuttings brought to light immense quantities of fossil shells, remains of numerous species of Cephalopoda, trunks and branches of trees, and a few bones of reptiles.

Mr. Morris with his accustomed liberality and kindness has carefully examined the fossils collected by me in these cuttings, and also the rich collection of Mr. Macneil, of Trowbridge, and has drawn up the lists that accompany this paper, and which constitute its most important feature.
The subdivisions of the Oolite traversed by our operations were the following:
On the Metamorphic and Metalliferous Rocks of Eastern Nova Scotia
Authors: Dawson J. W. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
those parts of Nova Scotia lying eastward of the Shubenacadie River, and northward of Mines Basin and Channel, about half of the surface is occupied by carboniferous beds, whose arrangement has been noticed in various papers communicated to this Society. The remainder, with the exception of a few small patches of new red sandstone and unaltered Silurian strata, consists of metamorphic rocks, for the most part older than the carboniferous system. These metamorphic rocks may, by evidence derived from mineral characters, geographical distribution, and associated fossiliferous beds, be divided into two great groups, which, so far as I am aware, have not hitherto been accurately distinguished by writers on the geology of Nova Scotia. In the present paper I propose to notice the composition, arrangement, and distinctive characters of these groups; and to describe, somewhat in detail, the metalliferous veins which have been discovered in one of them.

I.
One of these metamorphic groups is, in the part of the province now under consideration, limited to the Atlantic coast and its vicinity. The prevailing stratified rocks in this group are, compact and flaggy grey quartzite (often weathering white), mica slate, and clay slate; the latter usually of dark colours, and occasionally passing into flinty slate and quartzite. These rocks usually occur in beds of great thickness. The hypogene rocks associated with them are white and flesh-coloured granite, which has penetrated the metamorphic rocks in large irregular bands and masses. The white granite, which is the most
On the Structure of the Crystalline Rocks of the Andes, and their Cleavage-Planes
Authors: Hopkins Evan 
Published: October 2009

I
t
is a well-known fact to those who have traversed large areas of uncovered crystalline rocks, that they present a structure more or less vertical. In North America, Scotland, and Sweden the diversified edges of the crystalline series may he traced for many miles, presenting a north-easterly structural hearing. Where argillaceous sedimentary beds have been deposited on crystalline rocks, having the above vertical structure strongly developed, I have frequently observed the latter, by a slow chemical action, in the course of time obliterate the seams of deposition in the former, and cleave the beds in conformity to the angular position of the primary structure and the disposition of the crystals in the crystalline base.

These cleavage-planes pass through mountains of undulated beds, and preserve throughout the various contorted seams, the geometrical parallelism of the structure of the parent rock below; thus plainly showing the effect of a polar crystallizing force, acting gradually and insensibly on the whole mass in one direction to an indefinite extent.
Many thousand square miles of this vertical structure may be seen in South America, and in magnificent sections several thousand feet deep, exhibiting a great variety of colours, crystallization, and transitions of the primary series; as may be observed on reference to the sections exhibited to the Society, which have been carefully made from a very. laborious, survey carried, on during, many years, geologically, mineralogically, barometrically, and trigonometrically, this survey was not alone confined to the surface, but it comprehends the results of very extensive
On the Occurrence of Marine Shells in the Stratified Beds below the Till
Authors: Smith James 
Published: October 2009

I
n
the basin of the Clyde, the Till or unstratified boulder clay generally rests upon the beds of the coal formation, or upon rocks of an earlier date; and these subjacent rocks are almost always fractured where they are in contact with the Till. There are however exceptions; sometimes the Till rests upon scratched but unbroken surfaces of those rocks; and sometimes, but very rarely, we find immediately below the Till beds of sand, gravel, and laminated clay,—fragments apparently of an older alluvial covering, which has not been entirely removed by the cause, whatever it was, which lodged the Till on the surface.

Until the discovery which I am about to communicate, no marine remains had been found in the beds underlying the Till. We had therefore no direct evidence to prove that those beds are of the same age as the deposits which lie above them.
Having been informed by Mr. John Craig, F.G.S., that a bed of shells had been discovered near Airdrie, much higher than any previously found in Scotland, I considered it of importance to ascertain the exact amount of the elevation above the present level of the sea, as well as the species of the shells, and the nature of the deposit in which they were found. Mr. Craig kindly accompanied me to the locality, which is near the Monkland Iron Works, and about fourteen miles to the south-east of Glasgow.

The shelly deposit in question proved to be a bed of the
Tellina proxima
Notice of the occurrence of Marine Shells in the Till
Authors: Moore John Carrick 
Published: October 2009

“I
have
two facts to communicate, which have come within my own observation in Wigtownshire, and which will interest you who have paid so much attention to pleistocene geology.

“1st. After diligently hunting the boulder clay, which usually is found to contain only fragments of shell, and that sparingly, I succeeded in finding one perfect valve of
Astarte compressa
, Montag. sp. The spot where I found it is on the west shore of Loch Ryan, about two miles from Stranraer; it was imbedded in the genuine Till or brown sandy unstratified clay, with blocks of transported rocks interspersed through it.

“2nd. Reposing on the Till, patches of a distinct clay containing no gravel or boulders, occasionally occur in Wigtownshire. On one of these is erected the Culhorn Tilework, within half a mile of Stranraer; at this locality the clay contains
Nucula oblonga
, Brown, which appears to have lived and died on the spot; as in all the specimens the two valves were united, and appear not to have suffered the least abrasion.

“I send you these facts, as they may be of service to you in speculating upon the origin of these beds.
20th April, 1850.
On some Fossil Plants from the Lower Lias
Authors: Buckman James 
Published: October 2009

T
owards
the base of the limestone beds, forming the lower division of the lias formation in its extension through the counties of Gloucester, Worcester, and Warwick, and probably even contemporaneous with the liassic deposit in these counties, is found a hand of limestone of a much purer and harder quality than those with which it is associated.

This hand of stone is known amongst the quarrymen by the name of “best paving slab,” and is much used throughout the Midland Counties for flooring of barns and farmhouse kitchens; but from its having yielded to the researches of the Rev. P. B. Brodie a beautiful series of insect remains, it is recognized by geologists under the name of “Insect limestone.”

The insect remains here referred to have been well figured and described by their discoverer*; and in a
résumé
of the general characters of these, appended by the excellent entomologist Mr. Westwood, will be found the following observation:

“The lias insects resemble forms of ordinary occurrence and of temperate climes, more like North America than Europe†.”
Now, as these insects are associated with remains of plants, it cannot be otherwise than interesting to inquire whether the facts as noticed by the entomologist are in accordance with the observations of the botanist, as conclusions supported by the evidence of two distinct sciences must have more weight than when these are conflicting.
The object of this paper, therefore, is to describe the vegetable remains associated with insects in the lower lias, and to
On a Gap in the Greywacke Formation of the Eastern Lammermuirs filled by Old Red Sandstone Conglomerate
Authors: Stevenson William 
Published: October 2009

T
he
occurrence of vast masses of conglomerate on both sides of the Lammermuir chain has been well known to geologists since the days of Hutton and Hall. It appears, however, never to have been suspected that the formations of the north and south sides were connected by a band of considerable breadth running completely across the chain from Doon Hill, about two miles from Dunbar, to the Hardens Hills, about the same distance west from Dunse.

The position, extent, and relations to the adjoining strata of this interesting formation of conglomerate will be best understood by reference to the accompanying sketch (see Map).
The whole district occupied by the greywacke, conglomerate, and trap rocks is almost uniformly hilly, the height of the hills ranging from about 800 to 1400 feet above sea-level, those composed of conglomerate being in general fully as high as those consisting of greywacke or igneous rocks. The tracts occupied by the strata of the old red sandstone and lower carboniferous formations are much lower and flatter, and generally rise no higher than 300 or 400 feet above the level of the sea.
The conglomerate occupies a trough in the greywacke, evidently the result of an ancient dislocation of great extent. At the margins it is seen overlapping the upturned ends of the greywoacke strata, which are generally either vertical, or dip at angles of 45° or upwards, to about W.N.W., the dip being rather steeper on the east side of the conglomerate than on the west.
On the Age and Position of the Limestone of Nash, near Presteign, South Wales
Authors: Davis James Edward 
Published: October 2009

T
he
picturesque and very valuable mass of limestone, situated on the borders of Wales, near the road leading from Presteign to New Radnor, and overhanging the hamlet of Nash, is probably known by name to most Silurian geologists, but I am not aware that it has been carefully examined by any geological investigator since the publication of Sir Roderick Murchison's ‘Silurian System.’ The interesting features of the neighbourhood of Presteign and Old Radnor could not fail to attract the attention of that distinguished geologist, who says of the Nash beds that there is not perhaps in Great Britain a finer mass of altered and crystalline limestone.

After an examination of this district, the details of which are given in the ‘Silurian System,’ Sir Roderick Murchison states this limestone to be identical in position and organic remains with that of Wenlock.
In conformity with this opinion, and, indeed, following it, the views of the structure of the surrounding district were framed and shaped, as far as I am aware, by all who had any definite idea on the subject, or took an interest in its investigation, but more particularly by the Rev. T. T. Lewis of Aymestry, and myself.
The first surmise I heard that this limestone is referable to a lower bed, was from Professor Sedgwick, who in the summer of 1846 took a rapid glance at the district. Finding the limestone resting on beds of undoubted Caradoc sandstone, and not at the time being aware or recollecting that any
On the Diluvia and Valleys in the Vicinity of Bath
Authors: Weston Charles Henry 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

M
r
. W
eston
met with beds or considerable masses of chalk-flint diluvium on the crest of Kingsdown, one of the hills forming the eastern side of the Box Valley, about five miles from Bath. The drift was
in situ
on the upper portion of the Great Oolite, and filled up a trough or “gulley.” With the exception of occasional masses of Great Oolite, it consisted entirely of chalk flints with ferruginous clay. Some of the flints were rounded and some were brecciated, while others, although smoothed superficially, retained their original forms of polypothecian organization so characteristic of the chalk formation. Mr. Weston could detect no fossils in this deposit. The height of these beds, determined by barometrical admeasurement, was found to be 545 feet above the level of the river Avon. The oolitic rock on which these drift beds are deposited is superficially much hollowed and apparently waterworn; its stratification is horizontal, and it is traversed with superinduced cross joints and fissures. In a quarry that had been worked under the hill and contiguous to the bed of chalk-flint gravel, the latter was found to have penetrated from above and filled up the fissures of the roof and sides down to the floor.
On a Section of the Lower Greensand at Seend, near Devizes
Authors: Cunnington William 
Published: October 2009

Having during the past winter made some observations on the sections exposed in the cutting of the road, at Seend, near Devizes, I now send you the result. I feel it important that this information should be recorded, or it will he altogether lost; the section having already been for some time covered up.

The cutting was not more than twelve feet deep. It exhibited the Lower Greensand reposing unconformably on Kimmeridge clay. The following is a detail of the stratification:—

1.

Kimmeridge clay, having at the top masses of imperfect limestone, or septaria, bored by the Lithodomus shells of the lower greensand; the shells themselves being preserved
in situ
, and the holes filled up with the ferruginous sand.

2.
Masses of imperfect, gravelly sandstone and sand, not very ferruginous, containing pebbles of quartz, &c. and numerous fossils.

3.
Dark green and brown sands.

4.
Iron sandstone, with fossils.

5.
Yellowish sand.

6.
Iron sandstone.

7.
Sands, &c.

The whole surmounted with a patch of yellow, brashy clay of a few acres in extent.

The Kimmeridge clay has the usual appearances of that stratum, and contains many specimens of
Ostrea deltoidea
, Sow.,
Ammonites
, &c.
On the Quader Formation of Germany
Authors: Geinitz H. B. 
Published: October 2009

The north side of the Hartz, where the Upper Quader-sandstone is so powerfully developed, has lately thrown a new light on the relations of this rock with the Upper Quader-marl. Professor Beyrich, of Berlin, who is now publishing a geological map of the above-mentioned district, lately invited me to re-examine it with him and in company with M. von Strombeck, of Brunswick, and some other geologists.
The Upper Quader-sandstone near Heimburg is bounded by sandy Upper Quader-marl. The greensand, or green sandy marl, above and below the sandstone, has similar characters and the same fossils as the greensand of Aix-la-Chapelle, of the Salzberg near Quedlinburg, and of Kieslingswalda in Silesia; and as the Upper Quader-sandstone itself.
Notice of the Occurrence of an Earthquake Shock at Bristol
Authors: Austin Thomas 
Published: October 2009

As some particulars relating to the shock of an earthquake which occurred on Saturday the 3rd of April in this district may not be wholly uninteresting to the Fellows of the Geological Society, I do not hesitate to submit to your notice such facts in connexion with the subject as I have been enabled to collect from unquestionable sources of information.
The area principally affected comprises that portion of country extending from the Mendip Hills to Bristol, and the village of Henbury in Gloucestershire to the north, and probably on to the Severn; and from the Mendips to the Bristol Channel on the west.
The geological features of this district consist of old red sandstone, carboniferous limestone, millstone grit, coal-measures, dolomitic conglomerate, new red sandstone, lias, and oolite, with alluvial patches of some extent.
The principal line of disturbance appears to have been nearly north and south, running through the southern edge of the Mendips, the city of Wells, Cheddar, Pensford, and Dundry, in Somersetshire; Bristol, Westbury upon Trym, and Henbury in Gloucestershire. The chief focus of oscillation was at Cheddar, where the hill is said to have waved to and fro during several seconds; and in the alluvial flat or marsh below Cheddar, some houses had the plaster of the ceilings cracked, while in other houses the clocks struck, bells rang, &c.
On a protruded mass of Upper Ludlow Rock at Hagley Park in Herefordshire
Authors: Strickland H. E. 
Published: October 2009

So laboriously minute have been the researches of the Officers of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, that it is only where some fresh sections have been subsequently exposed by the operations of nature or of man that any material additions or corrections of that Survey can be looked for. A case of the kind has lately occurred in Herefordshire, revealing a small protrusion of Silurian rocks in the midst of the Old Red Sandstone, and accompanied by circumstances of some geological interest.
A quarry having been opened near the base of the Old Red Sandstone, a few hundred yards west of Hagley House, near Lugwardine, and a deep drain having been cut from the quarry towards the S.E., the junction-beds of the Old Red Sandstone and of the Upper Ludlow Rock were unexpectedly exposed. This circumstance attracted the notice of M. J. Scobie, Esq., of Hereford, to whom I am indebted for having my attention drawn to the spot, and for many interesting organic remains and geological details which his residence in the vicinity enabled him to collect. I must also express my obligations, and those of the other geological friends who accompanied me, to Robert Biddulph Phillipps, Esq., the owner of the land, who kindly caused part of the quarry to be re-opened for our inspection.
On the Geology of the Lake of the Woods, South Hudson's Bay
Authors: Bigsby J. J. 
Published: October 2009

In the following pages it is intended to describe the nature, position, and relations of the rock-formations of the Lake of the Woods in South Hudson's Bay, comprising a part of the commercial route from Canada to Rupert's Land, and the eastern terminus of the Boundary-line between the Possessions of Great Britain and the United States, where it passes along the 49th parallel of latitude from hence to the Rocky Mountains.
This lake is not without its claims to the attention of the Geological Society.
It is here that the igneous and metamorphic rocks, which overspread the half-drowned wildernesses of East Hudson's Bay, have their western termination (for this latitude);—here they sink out of sight and are replaced westwards by sedimentary rocks.
By an examination of the first-mentioned classes of rock in this lake, we leam that they are generally conformable to the great body of crystalline strata which extend from hence 700 miles southwards, —to the River Mississippi in lat. 43°. This great breadth of rocks has a general strike to the W.S.W.
The Lake of the Woods is 400 miles round by canoe-route, and is 75 miles in extreme length and breadth. Its shape, which is very irregular, is best learnt from a glance at the accompanying Map, Pl. XXII.