bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pancreaticojejunostomy without stent (with video)
Authors: Hatori Takashi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere is a high risk of anastomotic leakage following pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy or middle pancreatectomy in patients with a normal soft pancreas because of the abundant exocrine function. Therefore, pancreaticojejunostomy is generally performed using a stent tube (stented method). However, pancreaticojejunostomy with a certain duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis does not always require a stent tube even in patients with a normal soft pancreas. We have performed pancreaticojejunostomy with duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis without a stent tube (nonstented method) and obtained good results. The objective of this technique is to maintain adequate patency of the anastomosis using a fine atraumatic needle and monofilament suture. The pancreas, including the pancreatic duct, is sharply transected with a scalpel. Any arterial bleeding points on the pancreatic cut end are repaired with fine nonabsorbable sutures. The end‐to‐side anastomosis between the pancreas and jejunum consists of two layers of sutures. The outer layer is composed of the capsular parenchyma of the pancreas and the jejunal seromuscularis, and the inner layer is composed of the pancreatic duct with an adequate pancreatic parenchyma and the whole jejunal wall. Complete pancreaticojejunostomy using duct‐to‐mucosa anastomosis does not require a stent tube. This nonstented method can be considered one of the basic procedures for pancreaticojejunostomy because of its safety and reliability.
Microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of beef tallow biodiesel
Authors: Da Rós Patrícia C M , de Castro Heizir F , Carvalho Ana K F , Soares Cleide M F , de Moraes Flavio F , Zanin Gisella M 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Optimal conditions for the microwave-assisted enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel have been developed by a full 22 factorial design leading to a set of seven runs with different combinations of molar ratio and temperature. The main goal was to reduce the reaction time preliminarily established by a process of conventional heating. Reactions yielding biodiesel, in which beef tallow and ethanol used as raw materials were catalyzed by lipase from Burkholderia cepacia immobilized on silica-PVA and microwave irradiations within the range of 8–15 W were performed to reach the reaction temperature. Under optimized conditions (1:6 molar ratio of beef tallow to ethanol molar ratio at 50°C) almost total conversion of the fatty acid presented in the original beef tallow was converted into ethyl esters in a reaction that required 8 h, i.e., a productivity of about 92 mg ethyl esters g−1 h−1. This represents an increase of sixfold for the process carried out under conventional heating. In general, the process promises low energy demand and higher biodiesel productivity. The microwave assistance speeds up the enzyme catalyzed reactions, decreases the destructive effects on the enzyme of the operational conditions such as, higher temperature, stability, and specificity to its substrate, and allows the entire reaction medium to be heated uniformly.
Differences in Lipid Characteristics Among Populations: Low‐Temperature Adaptability of Ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis
Authors: Xue Changhu , Okabe Masaya , Saito Hiroaki 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe lipid and fatty acid compositions of the total lipids of three cultured populations (migratory between fresh and salt water, Lake Biwa landlocked, and Setogawa River forms) of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, were investigated to clarify the difference in lipid characteristics and temperature adaptability among the three groups. Triacylglycerols were the dominant depot lipids of the three populations, while phospholipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, were found to be the major components of the polar lipids, and their lipid classes are similar to each other. The major fatty acids in the triacylglycerols of all specimens were 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n‐7, 18:1n‐7, 18:1n‐9, 18:2n‐6 (linoleic acid), 20:5n‐3 (EPA, icosapentaenoic acid), and 22:6n‐3 (DHA, docosahexaenoic acid), similar to the tissue phospholipids of the three populations, 16:0, 18:0, 16:1n‐7, 18:1n‐7, 18:1n‐9, 18:2n‐6, 20:4n‐6, EPA, and DHA. All classes had high levels of 18:2n‐6, which originates from their dietary lipids. Compared with the lower DHA levels of the triacylglycerols, the higher levels in the phospholipids suggest their selective accumulation or a biosynthetic pathway to DHA as in freshwater fish. Two populations (the migratory and Setogawa River forms) adapted to lower temperatures with comparatively high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for their membrane fluidities. With significantly higher levels of n‐3 PUFA and total PUFA, the mean DHA content in the lipids of the Setogawa River form (the population that adapted to lower temperatures) was significantly higher than that of the migratory form. From these results, we concluded that the Setogawa River population actively concentrates long‐chain PUFA in its polar lipids and has high adaptability to low temperature.
Ultrasound interest group: a novel method of expanding ultrasound education in medical school
Authors: Dubosh Nicole M. , Kman Nicholas , Bahner David 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Purpose
Ultrasound technology and clinical applications are advancing across many medical specialties and there exists an increasing need for ultrasound education in medical school. Few institutions, however, have incorporated this into the 4-year curriculum and barriers to curricular change remain. The Ultrasound Interest Group (USIG) is an alternative, extracurricular way for future operators to gain ultrasound exposure throughout all four years of medical school and develop the skill sets necessary to emerge as leaders in sonography.

Methods
The USIG was designed using a student organization infrastructure. The mission is to promote ultrasound education and student leadership across the medical school, outside the required curriculum. Participation is voluntary and open to all medical students. Leadership consists of defined positions held by junior and senior medical students. The USIG holds four meetings per year, organizes clinical and scanning opportunities for students, sponsors ultrasound events, and distributes a newsletter.

Results
The USIG has been an active student interest group for three academic years and had three sets of student leaders. Participants in USIG activities included first through fourth-year medical students each year. To date, the USIG had 12 meetings including 2 national and 4 local guest speakers. The USIG has organized scanning opportunities for students, sponsored events, and established a vertical model of structured mentorship.

Conclusion
The USIG is a feasible method of promoting ultrasound education and student leadership among medical students. This model may be implemented at other medical schools as a centralized, organizing body for extracurricular ultrasound education.
The interval count of interval graphs and orders: a short survey
Authors: Cerioli Márcia R. , de S. Oliveira Fabiano , Szwarcfiter Jayme L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTheinterval count problemdetermines the smallest number of interval lengths needed in order to represent an interval model of a given interval graph or interval order. Despite the large number of studies about interval graphs and interval orders, surprisingly only a few results on the interval count problem are known. In this work, we provide a short survey about the interval count and related problems. a graph and the number of its maximal cliques.
Playing Defence: Early Responses to Conflict Expansion in the Oil Sands Policy Subsystem
Authors: Hoberg George , Phillips Jeffrey 
Published: November 2011

Abstract.This article examines how powerful policy actors defend themselves against opponents' strategies of conflict expansion through a case study on the oil sands of Alberta. In response to an escalation of criticism of its performance on environmental regulation and related issues, the government of Alberta has pursued a strategy of engaging in several multi-stakeholder consultations. We argue that in examining subsystem change, it is essential to go beyond an examination of formal institutional mechanisms to examine policy impacts. Thus far, despite a significant pluralisation of consultative mechanisms on the oil sands, there is little or no evidence of a shift in power away from pro-oil sands interests. This strategy of selective opening is designed to bolster the legitimacy of the policy process while maintaining control over decision rules and venues.Résumé.Cet article étudie le rapport de force et la stratégie de défense des acteurs politiques lorsqu'un conflit dégénère, comme cela s'est produit dans le dossier des sables bitumineux de l'Alberta. Devant une recrudescence des critiques à l'égard de sa performance au chapitre de la réglementation environnementale, le gouvernement de l'Alberta a adopté une stratégie qui consiste à effectuer des consultations avec plusieurs intervenants. Nous soutenons qu'en examinant les changements du sous-système, il est vital d'aller au delà de la simple étude des mécanismes institutionnels pour évaluer l'impact des politiques. En dépit de la pluralité des mécanismes de consultation mis en place, rien ne semble indiquer qu'une partie quelconque du pouvoir ait échappé aux acteurs de l'exploitation des sables bitumineux. Cette stratégie d'ouverture sélective est conçue pour renforcer la légitimité du processus politique tout en gardant le contrôle sur les prises de décision et les centres décisionnels.
Explaining Local Campaign Intensity: The Canadian General Election of 2008
Authors: Cross William , Young Lisa 
Published: November 2011

Abstract. There is considerable evidence that local campaign activity is positively related both to a party's constituency level vote share and to voter participation rates. In this article we consider the degree of variance of local campaign intensity at the constituency level in the Liberal and New Democratic parties in the 2008 Canadian federal election and consider the variables that may explain this variance. Utilizing data collected through a post-election mail-back survey of candidates, we find significant variance in local campaign activity and identify six factors that influence it. These are an objective measure of the local candidate's chance for victory in the constituency, the candidate's subjective view of their chances, whether the candidate was challenged for the local nomination, how involved the candidate is in his/her local community, whether the candidate contested the prior election and whether party notables from outside the constituency campaigned in the riding.Résumé. Les preuves sont considérables au fait que l'activité dans les campagnes locales correspond à la part des votes dans la circonscription électorale ainsi qu'à la participation électorale. Dans cet article nous considérons le degré de variance de l'intensité des campagnes locales des partis Libéral et Nouveau Démocratique durant l'élection fédérale Canadienne 2008 et examinons les données qui expliquent la variation. En utilisant les données recueillies par des questionnaires postélectoraux des candidats retournés par la poste, nous trouvons une variance significative dans l'activité des campagnes locales et nous identifions six facteurs qui l'influencent. Ils sont: une mesure objective des chances de victoire du candidat, l'impression subjective du candidat de ses chances de gagner, si le candidat était mis au défi dans la nomination locale, la participation du candidat dans sa communauté locale, si le candidat avait contesté l'élection précédente, et si les notables du parti en dehors de la circonscription faisaient campagne pour le candidat dans sa circonscription.
Religious Rights and Québec's Ethics and Religious Culture Course
Authors: Braley Alison 
Published: November 2011

Abstract.Until very recently, the “orthodox” liberal view had assumed that the right to the profession and practice of one's own religious values encompassed the right to instil particular religious values in one's children. This view has been challenged by sustained analysis of the role of children within liberal theory, given the basic tenet of the equal moral worth of persons. This strand of liberal thought questions the extent to which parental rights to direct children's upbringing can include a right to form children's basic value sets. With this challenge comes a stronger basis from which to also challenge the idea that parents may legitimately oppose certain aspects of the state-mandated curriculum on the basis that such education may impinge on the values they wish to instil in their children. This paper will examine the controversy surrounding Québec's “Ethics and Religious Culture” course within a framework that seeks to put the interest of children first, as well as how the religious rights of parents and children might be understood in this context.Résumé.Naguère, l'opinion libérale voulait que le droit à la pratique et à la profession de sa propre religion et de ses valeurs comprît le droit d'inculquer ces valeurs religieuses à ses enfants. Depuis un certain temps, cette position est remise en question à la lumière d'une analyse soutenue des droits de l'enfant, vu la primauté du tenant de l'égalité morale de tous les individus dans la pensée libérale contemporaine. Selon cette analyse, il n'est pas acquis que le droit du parent de voir à la formation de l'enfant comprenne le droit de lui imposer des valeurs de base particulières. Cette remise en question donne lieu à une réévaluation plus concrète du droit des parents de s'opposer à certains aspects du programme d'études établi par le gouvernement sous prétexte que ceux-ci nuiraient à leur droit d'inculquer des valeurs particulières à leurs enfants. La controverse au sujet du cours d'éthique et de culture religieuse au Québec est revue dans un contexte qui place en priorité le droit de l'enfant. Il est question du rapport entre les droits des parents et ceux des enfants concernant la religion et l'éducation religieuse.
Exploitation and Rational Choice
Authors: King Loren 
Published: November 2011

Abstract.Critics fault rational choice theory for dubious assumptions and limited explanatory power. The aims of rational choice are, however, as much normative as explanatory, and I argue that an abiding concern of political thought—the wrong of exploitation—gives moral weight to some of the more substantive assumptions underlying many rational choice prescriptions.Résumé.Les critiques reprochent à la théorie du choix rationnel d'avancer des hypothèses douteuses et d'offrir des explications restreintes. Les objectifs du choix rationnel sont, cependant, aussi bien normatifs qu'explicatifs. J'affirme qu'une préoccupation centrale de la pensée politique – le mal de l'exploitation – donne une signification morale à certains postulats du choix rationnel.
L'institutionnalisation du crime contre l'humanité et l'avènement du régime victimo-mémoriel en France
Authors: Michel Johann 
Published: November 2011

Résumé.Notre contribution vise à analyser l'impact des instruments juridiques sur la fabrique des politiques publiques de la mémoire dans la France contemporaine. Il s'agit de montrer en quoi les instruments juridiques peuvent développer des effets propres sur les politiques de la mémoire qui n'étaient pas prévus initialement. C'est le cas lorsque la Cour de cassation décide, lors du procès Barbie en 1983, de donner une extension juridique à la notion de crime contre l'humanité, qui va au-delà de la reconnaissance des crimes perpétrés durant le judéocide. La reconnaissance originaire de la mémoire de la Shoah, adossée juridiquement à la notion d'imprescriptibilité du crime contre l'humanité, tient lieu de matrice cognitive pour la défense d'autres causes mémorielles (mémoire de l'esclavage et reconnaissance du génocide arménien, entre autres).Abstract.Our contribution aims at analyzing the impact of legal instruments on public policy of memory in contemporary France. This is to show how legal instruments can develop specific effects on the politics of memory that were not originally foreseen. This is the case when “La Cour de Cassation” decided, at the Klaus Barbie trial in 1983, to give an extension to the legal concept of crimes against humanity that goes beyond the recognition of crimes perpetrated during the Holocaust. The recognition memory of the Holocaust, legally backed at the notion of crimes against humanity, acts as a cognitive matrix for the defense of other memories (memory of slavery, recognition of the Armenian Genocide …).
The Sewing-Machine in Colonial-Era Photographs: A record from Dutch Indonesia
Authors: TAYLOR JEAN GELMAN 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEveryday technologies of the nineteenth century—mass-produced items that were small, sturdy, and affordable—transformed the daily lives of working people in Asian colonies. There is already a large literature on colonial technology transfer and a specialist literature on the sewing-machine, which draws on Singer archives, production figures, sales techniques, and advertising to establish uptake by households from North America to the Philippines, India, China, and Egypt. Still, documentation of how and why imported objects such as the sewing-machine were appropriated is difficult to find because, unlike elites, ordinary people left few records of their own. Here a visual archive is investigated to complement existing studies. Photographs and early moving pictures from the former Dutch East Indies show that ordinary Indonesians sought and appropriated imported goods such as the sewing-machine. The colonial camera's visual record of sewing-machine operators displaces attention from the more impersonal trade and productivity statistics. It brings the silent user into the history of technological uptake and allows us to consider the repercussions across a wide social band and period. Indigenous tailors and seamstresses expanded their own work options. Through the Singer they fitted out and launched their compatriots into modern jobs and lifestyles in the Dutch colony. The sewing-machine changed habits, manners, and expectations; machine operators influenced senses of propriety, fashion, and status. Appropriation of mundane technology demonstrates that modernization was not only a process trickling down to the masses from Westernizing elites; it also bubbled up from below.
Histories of Belonging(s): Narrating Territory, Possession, and Dispossession at the India-Bangladesh Border
Authors: CONS JASON 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper offers a history of belonging in Dahagram, a sovereign Bangladeshi enclave situated within India but close to the India-Bangladesh border. I recount Dahagram's post-Partition history, focusing particularly on the long and localized struggles between 1974 and 1992 to open the Tin Bigha Corridor, a land bridge through Indian territory that links Dahagram to the Bangladeshi mainland. Drawing on the memories and experiences of residents, I examine Dahagram's past(s) as narratives of postcolonial belonging: to fragmented conceptions of state and nation, to surrounding areas, and to the enclave itself. I focus on the overlapping tensions between national and local struggles to ‘claim’ Dahagram as Bangladeshi or Indian territory, and uneven processes of political inclusion within and around the enclaves and within the Bangladeshi State. I use ‘belonging’ as a double-entendre, as these tensions are all intimately linked to possession of land/territory, goods, and access to markets. The notion of belonging(s) helps to illuminate Dahagram's historical and contemporary cultural politics and political-economy, as well as its articulations with broader events in postcolonial South Asia. Yet, belonging is also an analytic for understanding how history is remembered and articulated as a claim to territory, rights, and membership in unstable places.
Recruiting Agents in Industry and Trade—Lifting the Veil on Early People's Republic of China Operational Work
Authors: SCHOENHALS MICHAEL 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the operational activities of the public security organs of the People's Republic of China during the immediate post-1949 period of regime consolidation. The main part of the paper is a case-study of a 1950 pilot scheme to recruit agents in critical sectors of industry and trade in the city of Yingkou in Northeast China, a scheme in due course subsumed under a nationwide programme with a similar focus. In the years to follow, the operational recruitment of agents would become one of China's arguably most important operational responses to the twin Cold War threats of economic espionage and—above all—sabotage. This paper's findings suggest, with respect to operational activities, that in order to represent and explain more fully, in Leopold von Ranke's words, ‘how things really were’, social and political historians may well want to shift their focus away from successive highly public Maoist ‘mass movements’ and look instead to what transpired out of the public eye in the interregnum of ordinary times that such movements punctuated. If and when they do, they will discover significant yet hitherto largely unexplored similarities between the work of the early People's Republic of China public security organs and their counterparts in the Soviet Union and other (former) socialist states.
Health, Discipline and Appropriate Behaviour: the Body of the Soldier and Space of the Cantonment
Authors: WALD ERICA 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAnxiety about the intemperance and misbehaviour of the European soldiery in nineteenth century India prompted a raft of regulations which not only imposed a punitive regime on those living and working in and around the cantonments, but prompted an extension of military space. This paper specifically examines the methods and levels of control—both of which existed and were attempted in and around the cantonment. These ranged from regulations enacted to order the physical space of the cantonment, to calls for a more direct control over the bodies of the soldiers themselves as well as the numerous others who occupied the land. Crucially for this argument, moral and medical concerns were of critical importance in moulding this ordering. However, as this paper argues, social and class perceptions of the men—and the fear of provoking their wrath—dictated what officers and officials felt was legally possible. The various ways in which the military and government imposed order on the cantonment (or attempted to do so) had serious implications for the shaping of the empire itself and European understanding of its inhabitants.