bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computing multiple steady states in homogeneous azeotropic and ideal two‐product distillation
Authors: Baharev Ali , Kolev Lubomir , Rév Endre 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMultiple steady states are typically discovered by tracing a solution path, including turning points. A new technique is presented here that does not follow this approach. The original problem is solved directly, without tracing a solution path. The proposed branch‐and‐prune algorithm is guaranteed to find all solutions automatically. Core components of the framework are affine arithmetic, constraint propagation, and linear programming. The C++ implementation is available as an open‐source solver and has an interface to the AMPL® modeling environment. In certain difficult cases, only continuation methods have been reported to find the unstable solution automatically. The proposed method seems to be the first published alternative method in those cases. Although this article focuses mainly on distillation, the presented framework is fairly general and applicable to a wide variety of problems. Further, computational results are given to demonstrate this. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Real‐time control of a semi‐industrial fed‐batch evaporative crystallizer using different direct optimization strategies
Authors: Mesbah Ali , Huesman Adrie E. M. , Kramer Herman J. M. , Nagy Zoltan K. , Van den Hof Paul M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article presents a model‐based control approach for optimal operation of a seeded fed‐batch evaporative crystallizer. Various direct optimization strategies, namely, single shooting, multiple shooting, and simultaneous strategies, are used to examine real‐time implementation of the control approach on a semi‐industrial crystallizer. The dynamic optimizer utilizes a nonlinear moment model for on‐line computation of the optimal operating policy. An extended Luenberger‐type observer is designed to enable closed‐loop implementation of the dynamic optimizer. In addition, the observer estimates the unmeasured process variable, namely, the solute concentration, which is essential for the intended control application. The model‐based control approach aims to maximize the batch productivity, as satisfying the product quality requirements. Optimal control of crystal growth rate is the key to fulfill this objective. This is due to the close relation of the crystal growth rate to product attributes and batch productivity. The experimental results suggest that real‐time application of the control approach leads to a substantial increase, i.e., up to 30%, in the batch productivity. The reproducibility of batch runs with respect to the product crystal size distribution is achieved by thorough seeding. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the direct optimization strategies perform similarly in terms of optimal process operation. However, the single shooting strategy is computationally more expensive. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 57: 1557–1569, 2011
Use of the indirect platelet radioactive antiglobulin test with anti‐IgG and anti‐C3 in immune and nonimmune thrombocytopenias
Authors: Freedman John , Cheong Teresa , Garvey M. Bernadette 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIndirect platelet radioactive antiglobulin tests using anti‐IgG and anti‐C3 were performed in 483 individuals. The subjects' diagnoses and clinical states were correlated with sensitizing protein (IgG and/or C3). Sensitivity of the technique was increased by increasing the serum to cell ratio and there was good correlation between direct and indirect antiglobulin tests in 56 patients. Seven percent of normal healthy non‐thrombocytopenic untransfused males and 88% of patients in whom autoimmune thrombocytopenia was clinically suspected showed a positive test result. In the indirect antiglobulin test, mean ± SD fg anti‐C3d/platelet was 1.75 ± 0.28 (N = 58) with serum from normal subjects, 3.91 ± 1.86 (N = 123) with serum from patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and systemic lupus erythematosus, and 2.78 ± 0.91 (N = 52) with serum from patients with lymphoproliferative disease. The differences were significant with P < 0.001. Levels of bound anti‐IgG were in general accord with those of other reports; there was no significant relationship with serum immunoglobulin levels. When the indirect antiglobulin tests were positive for both IgG and C3, there was a significant correlation between IgG and C3 bound to normal platelets (r = 0.671; P < 0.01). Although sera from 39% of patients whose thrombocytopenia was not initially suspected to be on an autoimmune basis gave a positive test result, indirect platelet radioactive antiglobulin tests using anti‐IgG and anti‐C3 may be convenient tools in the evaluation and follow‐up of immune thrombocytopenias.
Quantitative analysis of limb anomalies in CHARGE syndrome: Correlation with diagnosis and characteristic CHARGE anomalies
Authors: Brock Katharine E. , Mathiason Michelle A. , Rooney Brenda L. , Williams Marc S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCHARGE syndrome was initially not thought to involve the limb. Several subsequent reports have shown that limb anomalies are not uncommon. To date, there have been no quantitative studies of limb anomalies in CHARGE syndrome. This study was designed to answer several questions: Do CHARGE patients with limb anomalies represent a subgroup within CHARGE syndrome? Are there correlations between certain CHARGE syndrome anomalies and limb anomalies? Are there differences between the two genders and associated limb anomalies? Are certain types of limb anomalies seen with increased frequency in CHARGE syndrome? All described patients were categorized utilizing the AI/GEN Model 2 Criteria proposed by Mitchell [1985a: J Med Syst 9:425–435]. Patients with chromosomal anomalies or familial CHARGE were excluded, as were patients with inadequate clinical descriptions, and patients in large series where individual characteristics could not be ascertained. Multivariate analysis was performed. One hundred seventy two patients with definite or probable CHARGE syndrome were analyzed. Sixty‐four (37.2%) of these patients have at least one limb anomaly. Significant positive associations were seen between limb anomalies and ocular coloboma, urinary tract malformations, and genital anomalies. These associations were not significant when the definite or probable patients were analyzed separately, with the exception of genital anomalies in definite CHARGE. Gender differences were also identified. Females with tracheoesophageal fistula/esophageal atresia, or genital anomalies were more likely to have limb anomalies, while some female subgroups had positive associations between urinary tract malformations, or choanal atresia and limb anomalies. Negative associations were also seen with sensorineural hearing loss and facial paralysis. In contrast, males showed a positive association between coloboma and limb anomalies, while subgroup analysis identified positive associations with DiGeorge sequence or genital anomalies and limb anomalies. Limb anomalies are present in just over one‐third of CHARGE syndrome patients. Limb anomalies are seen more frequently in association with certain CHARGE anomalies, and these associations show gender differences. There is not a common limb anomaly seen in CHARGE syndrome. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grooming patterns in Verreaux's sifaka
Authors: Lewis Rebecca J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLemur grooming has received very little attention in the literature. Nevertheless, allogrooming in lemurs has been suggested to be fundamentally different from the grooming of anthropoids. One reason is that lemurs generally rely on oral rather than manual grooming. Lemur allogrooming has also been suggested to serve less of a social function than has been attributed to anthropoid grooming. I analyzed the allogrooming behaviors of 29 Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi) living in five social groups in the Kirindy Forest of Madagascar. Based upon 1,586 observation hours, I found that sifaka, like anthropoids, spend very little time mutual grooming (2±3%). Half of all allogrooming involved parts of the body that could have been easily groomed by the recipient, such as the limbs. Even though ectoparasite loads are expected to be greater during the rainy season, allogrooming did not increase during the rainy season. Allogrooming rates were influenced by both rank and sex, and increased by 50–100% during the mating season. The results of this study suggest that allogrooming in Verreaux's sifaka plays an important social function, even though it is performed with a toothcomb. Am. J. Primatol. 72:254–261, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Managing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Slowing disease progression and improving patient quality of life
Authors: Brooks Benjamin Rix 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is now possible to slow the disease progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but documented improvement in the quality of life of ALS patients has been difficult to quantitate. Putative mechanisms involved in motor neuron degeneration in ALS include oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, growth factor deficiency, and glutamate excitotoxicity. Several pharmacological agents that target these potential targets have demonstrated therapeutic potential in animal models with mutations in the gene encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Many treatments that have been moderately effective in this animal model have not been successfully translated into effective treatments for humans with ALS. Only the glutamate modulator riluzole has demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials and is approved for treating ALS. Combination treatments may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to more robustly prolong life and preserve function, but only vitamin E with riluzole has been formally studied in clinical trials, and to date, no combination treatments have been found to be more effective than currently available single agents. Ann Neurol 2009;65 (suppl):S17–S23
Racing against the clock: Recognizing, differentiating, diagnosing, and referring the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient
Authors: Shook Steven J. , Pioro Erik P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecognition of the early symptoms and signs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, exclusion of alternative diagnoses, and referral to a tertiary center can have a significant positive impact on the lives of patients and their caregivers. This article provides the most current amyotrophic lateral sclerosis criteria, as well as helpful clinical clues to the diagnosis. An approach to laboratory testing, electrodiagnostic testing, and imaging to exclude diseases that mimic ALS also are discussed, as are atypical presentations that can confound timely diagnosis. Ann Neurol 2009;65 (suppl):S10–S16
Ferrocene‐modified thiopyrimidines: synthesis, enantiomeric resolution, antitumor activity
Authors: Simenel Alexander A. , Dokuchaeva Galina A. , Snegur Lubov' V. , Rodionov Alexey N. , Ilyin Mikhail M. , Zykova Svetlana I. , Ostrovskaya Larissa A. , Bluchterova Natalia V. , Fomina Margarita M. , Rikova Valentina A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFerrocenylalkyl thiopyrimidines (6a–d to 9a–d) were prepared via the reaction of the α‐(hydroxy)alkyl ferrocenes, FcCHR(OH) (1a–d; Fc = ferrocenyl; R = H, Me, Et, Ph), with 2‐thiopyrimidines (2–5) in acetone at room temperature in the presence of TFA, yielding 50–95%. The resulting enantiomers were resolved using HPLC on modified cellulose as chiral selector. The antitumor activities of S‐ferrocenylethyl 2‐thiopyrimidine (6b) against two murine solid tumor models, carcinoma 755 (Ca755) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) were evaluated in vivo. The strong antitumor effect of compound 6b on Ca755 and LLC was demonstrated. The index of tumor growth inhibition on Ca755 equaled 95% in comparison with control. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous allocation and data reconciliation procedure in life cycle inventory analysis using fuzzy mathematical programming
Authors: Ilagan Ethel R. , Tan Raymond R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLife cycle assessment (LCA) is a methodology used in assessing the environmental impacts of products. Life cycle inventory analysis (LCI) is one of the four components of LCA which quantifies flows of materials and pollutants in the entire life cycle (cradle‐to‐grave) of the product. Data are commonly collected from various sources (e.g. publications, databases and site‐specific measurements) which may result in violations of mass and energy balances due to uncertainties. In such cases, the data can be adjusted using reconciliation methods to improve the reliability of the results. Another computational issue in LCI arises when two or more products are involved, known as the multi‐functionality or allocation problem. The problem is how to allocate resource and emission streams to each product. This work describes a model using fuzzy optimization for solving both allocation and data reconciliation problems simultaneously. The model is illustrated on an aluminum industry case study involving open‐loop recycling, and the approach is compared with two sequential allocation and data reconciliation methods. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Icosahedral‐hexagonal grids on a sphere for CFD applications
Authors: Upadhyaya H. C. , Sharma Om P. , Mittal R. , Fatima H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn efficient method for achieving the non‐uniform grids on a spherical geometry is presented here. It uses the icosahedral–hexagonal grid with successive refinement to arrive at the target grid suitable for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications. It reduces the complexity of search from O(n2) to O(n) on icosahedral–hexagonal grids where n refers to the refinement level. The numerical solution of the transport equation is performed using the initial conditions of a well‐known problem (solid‐body rotation); the numerical scheme is second‐order accurate. Since advection of chemically active tracers in the atmosphere and their modelling are becoming a major area of concern within the climate change scenario, this study assures the efficiency and accuracy of the numerical scheme as tested here for tracer transport. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of new fluoroelastomer nanocomposites from tailored anionic layered magnesium silicates (hectorite)
Authors: Maiti Madhuchhanda , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the field of polymer clay nanocomposites, naturally occurring smectite group of clays are the most commonly used nanofillers. In the present work, smectite group clay, hectorite was synthesized in the laboratory with an intention to understand the structure–property relationship of polymer nanocomposites, with special reference to the characteristics of the nanoclays. The nanocomposites were prepared using these synthetic clays and fluoroelastomer by a solution mixing process. The clays and their nanocomposites were characterized by using X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence, infra‐red spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It was observed that clay formation was a function of the concentration of the constituent materials. The gallery spacings and surface areas of synthetic clays are higher than those of the natural clay. Mechanical, dynamic mechanical, swelling, and thermal properties of these nanocomposites were also studied. The properties of these nanocomposites were compared with the nanocomposites obtained from natural clays, available commercially. Synthetic clay filled samples showed better properties than the natural clay filled samples, e.g., synthetic hectorite filled sample exhibited 75% increment in tensile strength and 24% improvement in 100% modulus compared with the natural hectorite based system. The results were explained with the help of thermodynamics and morphology. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Development and characterization of boron incorporated linseed oil polyurethanes
Authors: Akram Deewan , Sharmin Eram , Ahmad Sharif 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigate the structures and properties of boron incorporated linseed oil polyols (BPEPs) and their polyurethanes (BPEPUs). Hydroxylation was performed in situ using H2O2 and acetic acid; the syntheses of BPEPs and BPEPUs involves polyesterification and polyaddition reactions following “single‐pot, multi‐step” reactions strategy. Spectral (IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR), physicochemical, thermal (TGA, DSC), physico‐mechanical analyses and corrosion/chemical resistance performance of aforementioned resins confirmed the incorporation of boron in polyol and polyurethane backbone. BPEPUs followed a clear cut “three step‐ambient temperature” curing strategy. They showed very good resistance to 5 wt % HCl, 3.5 wt % NaCl (unaffected for 16 and 14 days, respectively), moderate alkali resistance and moderate to good antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Our investigations reveal that (i) the incorporation of boron has significant influence on the structural, physicochemical aspects, physico‐mechanical, chemical resistance behavior, and thermal stability of polyurethanes, (ii) boron linkages play dual role, both as cross linker and modifier, and (iii) BPEPUs may serve as efficient corrosion protective material, which may be safely employed upto 230°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Phase separation and mechanical properties of polyketone/polyamide polymer alloys
Authors: Kato Atsushi , Nishioka Maiko , Takahashi Youhei , Suda Toshiya , Sawabe Hisahiro , Isoda Ayano , Drozdova Olga , Hasegawa Toshinori , Izumi Toshihiro , Nagata Kazuya , Hikasa Shigeki , Iwabuki Hitoshi , Asano Atsushi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have investigated polyketone (PK)/polyamide 6 (PA) polymer alloys having enhanced Charpy impact energy greater than that of polycarbonate (PC) as a result of moisture absorption. From the results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of the polymer alloys, it was found that PK‐rich and PA‐rich phases exist at the nanometer level in the polymer alloys; however, a microscopic interaction phase formed between the two phases. 3D‐TEM observations, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements revealed that a co‐continuous nanolayer formed from the PA‐rich phase and lamella network of the PK‐rich phase. Moreover, the interaction and mobility of PK and PA molecular chains were investigated by using a 13C cross polarization/magic angle sample spinning NMR technique. It was found that moisture absorption markedly enhances the mobility of PA molecular chains in PK/PA alloys. This suggests that the wet (moisture‐absorbed) PA phase of PK/PA alloys allows quick deformation upon impact stimulation. On the other hand, the results of Charpy impact tests showed that the total impact energy (Etotal) of the wet polymer alloy was much higher than that of the dry one. An examination of the load‐displacement curves revealed that the wet samples showed a pronounced increase in displacement compared with the dry ones. From these results, it was concluded that the lamella network of the PK‐rich phase sustains the maximum stress and that the large displacement of the PA‐rich phase increases the impact energy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and distribution of structural units—Thermal property relationship of random and block butadiene‐styrene copolymers with high trans 1,4 units content produced using an initiator composed of alkyl aluminum,n‐butyl lithium, and barium alkoxide
Authors: Benvenuta‐Tapia Juan José , Tenorio‐López José Alfredo , Herrera‐Nájera Rafael , Ríos‐Guerrero Leonardo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRandom, diblock, and triblock copolymers of butadiene and styrene, with a well‐defined, high number of 1,4‐trans units (c.a. 80%), were synthesized by anionic living polymerization using an initiator system composed of alkyl aluminum,n‐butyl lithium, and barium alkoxide. The thermal properties of the block copolymers obtained by sequential addition of monomers were basically determined by the 1,4‐trans units of the polybutadiene block. Kinetic data and1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance analyses showed that simultaneous polymerization of butadiene and styrene provided copolymers with a predominantly random distribution. By increasing the styrene content, the thermal properties of these copolymers were modified; polymers with 80% content of 1,4‐trans units and 5% of styrene presented an endothermic transition at or slightly below room temperature (20°C), corresponding to the crystalline monoclinic form of high 1,4‐trans polybutadiene, whereas copolymers with 25–50% styrene content were amorphous. The glass transition temperature of these copolymers increased significantly as the styrene content was increased. Both the block and random copolymers have a sufficient number of 1,4‐trans units to display a regular distribution of structural units that makes them susceptible to strain‐induced crystallization, which is important for the manufacture of products such as high‐performance tires. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Study on bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by low intensity ultrasonic irradiation
Authors: Ma Sude , Song Guolin , Zhong Lisheng , Tang Guoyi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethyl methacrylate (MMA) was polymerized in bulk solutions using low intensity ultrasonic radiation of 0.25 W/cm2. The polymerization occurred after 1 h of irradiation time was applied. The polymerization rate was greatly accelerated either by increasing the amount of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) granular added into the system or by elongating the irradiation time. However, it was found that the reaction rate increased with the decreasing of the ultrasonic frequencies when the exposure time of the polymerization under the irradiation was less than 3 h. Experimental results verified that the polymerization was initiated by free radicals, which were mainly generated from the degradation of PMMA macromolecular chains, the friction between the polymer macromolecular chains and the solvent monomer. These findings were obviously different from those obtained when high intensity ultrasonic irradiation was used. The polymers fabricated in this study by using ultrasound irradiation have a narrower molecular weight distribution compared to those obtained from the polymerizations induced by the conventional initiators. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Allylic Imidate Rearrangements Catalyzed by Planar Chiral Palladacycles
Authors: Nomura Hiroshi , Richards Christopher J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe discovery that palladacycles are efficient catalysts for the allylic imidate rearrangement has resulted in the successful application of several such complexes to this reaction based on planar chiral iron and cobalt containing metallocenes. These palladacycles enable the efficient and highly enantioselective synthesis of a wide variety of protected allylic amines, which are valuable building blocks for use in asymmetric synthesis.