bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dialkyl‐[5]trovacenylethinylaluminium‐ und –gallium Verbindungen {[5]Trovacenyl = (η7‐C7H7)V(η5‐C5H4‐)} ‐ Zur Frage magnetischer Austauschwechselwirkung über Trenngruppen mit Elektronenmangel‐Bindungssegmenten‡
Authors: Elschenbroich Christoph , Grimme Stefan , Haddadpour Sima , Matar Madhat , Nowotny Mathias , Uhl Werner , Vogelpohl Andreas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTreatment of [5]trovacenylethyne, (η7‐C7H7)V(η5‐C5H4–C≡C–H) (1) with dialkylelement hydrides R2E–H (2: E = Al, R = tBu; 3: E = Ga, R = Et; 4: E = Ga, R = tBu) afforded the corresponding alkynyl‐dialkylelement compounds by the release of dihydrogen. The paramagnetic compounds 2 to 4 are dimeric in the solid state with the terminal, anionic carbon atoms of the C≡C triple bonds in the bridging positions. IR spectroscopic investigations reveal that in non‐polar solvents the dimeric form persists. The immeasurably small exchange coupling in 2 to 4 (EPR) must be traced to the electron deficient four‐membered ring, which is part of the spacer. Quantum‐chemical calculations verify the localization of the spin density essentially at the vanadium atoms.
[tBuC(NiPr)2]2Zn as Starting Reagent for Monoamidinate Zinc Complexes {[tBuC(NiPr)2]ZnX}2
Authors: Schmidt Sarah , Schulz Stephan , Bolte Michael 
Published: July 2009

AbstractReaction of the bisamidinate zinc complex [tBuC(NiPr)2]2Zn (1) with ZnMe2 yielded the corresponding monoamidinate zinc complex {[tBuC(NiPr)2]ZnMe}2 (2). Complex 2 reacts with iodine with formation of {[tBuC(NiPr)2]ZnI}2 (3). Compounds 2 and 3 both adopt dimeric structures in the solid state as was shown by single‐crystal X‐ray analyses. 2 and 3 were characterized by elemental analyses, mass and multinuclear (1H, 13C{1H}) NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C). In addition, X‐ray crystal structures of 1–3 are reported.
Genetic variability, body characteristics and reproductive parameters of neighbouring rural and urban common kestrel (Falco tinnuculus) populations
Authors: Riegert Jan , Fainová Drahomíra , Bystřická Dagmar 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe tested the genetic and ecological differences between neighbouring urban and rural populations of common kestrels (Falco tinnuculus) in southern Bohemia. The aims were to (1) assess the genetic variability of the studied kestrel populations using microsatellite markers, (2) check the genetic relatedness of individuals within the urbanization gradient, and (3) compare possible gradients of body characteristics and reproductive parameters on the urbanization gradient. The mean expected allelic polymorphism did not differ among the studied populations, which were not genetically separated (FST = 0.0003, P = 0.781). Also, an individual assignment test did not show a separation of these populations. Urban kestrels that bred in the city centre were indicatively more related than others, and no relationship was found in the rural kestrel population. Kestrel females were heavier towards the city centre, but males did not show this relationship. Nest distance from the city centre had no significant effect on any of the tested reproductive parameters. Our results do not support the notion of genetic differentiation between rural and urban kestrels, but revealed trends in body characteristics and genetic relatedness along the urbanization gradient.
The Rate of Detection of Intravascular Injection in Cervical Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections With and Without Digital Subtraction Angiography
Authors: McLean James P. , Sigler James D. , Plastaras Christopher T. , Garvan Cynthia Wilson , Rittenberg Joshua D. 
Published: July 2009

ObjectiveTo determine whether digital subtraction angiography (DSA) combined with real‐time fluoroscopic imaging improves the detection rate of intravascular injection during cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections (CTFESIs).DesignRetrospective analysis.SettingOutpatient surgery center.ParticipantsA total of 134 subjects with cervical radicular pain who had CTFESIs performed by a single physician between June 9, 2004, and April 23, 2007.InterventionsOne hundred seventy‐seven CTFESIs performed at one or more cervical spinal levels either unilaterally or bilaterally. Procedures performed before September 12, 2005, used fluoroscopic guidance with contrast injection and live imaging to identify intravascular injection. All procedures performed after September 12, 2005, also included DSA.Main Outcome MeasuresIntravascular injection detected during CTFESIs with and without DSA.ResultsIntravascular injection was detected in 17.9% of CTFESIs performed without DSA. By adding DSA technology to the real‐time fluoroscopic imaging procedure, the detection of vascular injection nearly doubled to 32.8%, which was statistically significant (P = .0471).ConclusionsThe use of DSA improves the detection rate of intravascular injection during CTFESIs.
Carbohydrate remobilization from storage root to leaves after a stress release in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.): experimental and modelling approaches
Authors: LAUNAY M. , GRAUX A.-I. , BRISSON N. , GUERIF M. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYCarbohydrate remobilization from the sugar beet storage root to support leaf regrowth after release from water stress was demonstrated by experimental and modelling approaches. Experimental trials were carried out in northern France in 1994 and 1995 and in southern France in 2005, in conditions that involved a succession of soil moisture stresses and re-hydrations. Drought stress slowed leaf growth and the subsequent release of stress resulted in regrowth. A second trial showed that after total defoliation, sugar beet was able to produce new leaves. It was assumed that this leaf renewal, observed at drought stress release or after defoliation, relied on the possibility of remobilizing carbohydrates from storage roots to above-ground organs. This assumption was tested through a heuristic modelling approach, involving the STICS crop model and its existing sub-model on remobilization. The relevance of these formalizations for sugar beet was tested on the experimental data to validate the plant behaviour concerning remobilization. The model succeeded in reproducing leaf area index (LAI) dynamic trends and particularly leaf re-growth after drought stress release or defoliation, despite an over-estimation of the drought stress effect involving an inaccurate simulation of the changes in LAI. Nevertheless, the model's ability to forecast accurately above-ground and storage root dry weight, as well as trends in LAI dynamics, showed that the assumptions made about remobilization were able to explain sugar beet behaviour.
The influence of altitude, hydrographic network and season on brown trout parasites in Corsica using indicator species analysis
Authors: Quilchini Y. , Foata J. , Mouillot D. , Mattei J. , Marchand B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe parasites of 484 brown trout,Salmo trutta, were studied between 2004 and 2007. An indicator value (IndVal) method was used for analysis, which combines measures of fidelity and specificity. Because of its resilience to detect changes in abundance, IndVal is an effective ecological bio-indicator. The IndVal method demonstrated that altitude, hydrographic network and season could influence the occurrence of parasite species in brown trout. A randomization test identified three parasite species as having a significant indicator value for altitude (the trematodeNicolla wisniewskii, and the nematodesSpinitectus gordoniandRhabdochona gnedini); five parasite species for hydrographic network (the trematodesNicolla testiobliquum,N. wisniewskii,Plagioporus stefanskii, and the nematodesS. gordoniandR. gnedini) and two parasite species for season (the nematodesS. gordoni, andR. gnedini). Data for species composition and infection levels should help to improve the monitoring and management of parasitism in salmonid populations.
Jahangir as Francis Bacon's Ideal of the King as an Observer and Investigator of Nature
Authors: KOCH EBBA 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Mughal Empire is paradigmatic in many of its formulations, and it is epitomised in the persons of its first six padshahs or emperors. The Great Mughals, Grao Mogor, Grand Mogul, Großmogul or Groote Mogul, as the padshahs were known in Europe, have been considered as paragons of rulership. In critical appraisals, which were the prevailing view in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, they were the quintessential Oriental despots, held up as a warning to those rulers in Europe with similar aspirations. One thinks here especially of Francois Bernier's letters of the Mughal court to his French contacts which included Colbert, the minister of Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715). In more sympathetic (and more recent) eyes, such as those of the world-traveller, philosopher and enthusiastic inter-culturalist Count Hermann Keyserling, who was in India in 1911, they were “the grandest rulers brought forth by mankind”. Keyserling came to this conclusion because the Mughals “combined in their personalities so many divers talents: they were men of action, refined diplomats, experienced judges of the human psyche, and at the same time aesthetes and dreamers”. He felt that such a “superior human synthesis” (grossartige Menscheitsynthese) had not shown itself in any European king. Here I discuss to what extent the emperor Jahangir fulfilled Francis Bacon's ideal of the perfect ruler.
Crisis of Authority: Crisis of Islam?
Authors: ROBINSON FRANCIS 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis essay examines the growing crisis of authority in the Muslim world of the past two hundred years. It is a crisis set in motion by the challenges of Western domination, intensified by those of globalisation, and exacerbated by Muslim attempts to resist them. It is a crisis which has pervaded all aspects of Muslim life, but one which has been felt particularly in the religious arena. Focussing initially on how authoritative religious knowledge was established and sustained down to c. 1800, the essay goes on to examine how this system broke down. It demonstrates the fragmentation of authority as new methods of interpretation emerge, as lay interpreters come forward to challenge the ʿulama, and as the individual human conscience comes to be given an increasingly important role. Consideration is also given to the growth of primary and higher education, the emergence of new electronic media, and the transnational movements of Muslims. The outcome has been the growth of a ‘spectacularly wild growth of interpretation’. It remains an open question as to whether this development is a cause for despair or a source of hope.
A comparison of the Pāli and Chinese versions of the Brāhmaṇa Saṃyutta, a collection of early Buddhist discourses on the priestly Brāhmaṇas
Authors: MUN-KEAT CHOONG 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article first briefly examines the textual structure of the Brāhmaṇa Saṃyutta of the Pāli Saṃyutta-nikāya in conjunction with two other versions preserved in Chinese translation in Taishō vol. 2, nos 99 and 100. Then it compares the main teachings contained in the three versions. These three versions of this collection on the subject of the Brāhmaṇas represent three different early Buddhist schools within the Sthavira branch. This comparative study of these three different versions focuses on three major topics: the outcaste, the dharmas that are good for a layperson, and alms. It reveals similarities and significant differences in structure and doctrinal content, thus advancing the historical/critical study of early Buddhist doctrine in this area.
RACE/ETHNICITY, PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION, AND BELIEFS ABOUT THE MEANING OF AN OBAMA PRESIDENCY
Authors: Hunt Matthew O. , Wilson David C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper explores how race/ethnicity and perceptions of racial discrimination and inequality shape beliefs about the implications of an Obama presidency for U.S. race relations. Specifically, using data from a June/July 2008 Gallup/USA Todaysurvey, we examine how African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites differ in their perceptions of the importance of an Obama victory and in beliefs about the implications of such for race relations, racial progress, and opportunities for Blacks in their careers and in national politics. We also examine how perceptions of the extent and nature of racial discrimination and inequality shape these outcomes (overall and by race/ethnicity). Results show that African Americans, relative to Whites and Hispanics, are especially likely to see an Obama victory as important and meaningful in terms of relatively abstract notions of racial change. In contrast, Hispanics are more likely than African Americans and Whites to believe that an Obama win will translate into concrete societal changes, such as expanded opportunities for Blacks in work and politics. In addition, perceived discrimination and inequality positively shape all of the outcomes under study (more perceived discrimination equals more importance and optimism attached to an Obama win), though this association is especially strong amongWhites—a pattern possibly rooted in divergentmeaningsattached to perceived discrimination and inequality by race/ethnicity. Overall, our findings suggest that African Americans view an Obama victory as meaningful primarily because of its symbolic significance, rather than because they believe it will result in substantive racial progress. We conclude by offering some speculation and selected questions for future research on race and U.S. politics.
Ethical perspective on quality of care: the nature of ethical dilemmas identified by new graduate and experienced speech pathologists
Authors: Kenny Belinda J. , Lincoln Michelle , Blyth Katrina , Balandin Susan 
Published: July 2009

Background: Speech pathologists are confronted by ethical issues when they need to make decisions about client care, address team conflict, and fulfil the range of duties and responsibilities required of health professionals. However, there has been little research into the specific nature of ethical dilemmas experienced by speech pathologists and whether the nature of ethical conflict changes as they acquire experience in the professional workforce. Speech pathologists' perceptions of ethical issues provide insight into factors impacting upon quality of care in contemporary healthcare settings.Aims: To describe, compare, and contrast the nature of ethical dilemmas identified by new graduate and experienced speech pathologists.Methods & Procedures: A narrative methodology was used to explore the ethical dilemmas that participants experienced in the professional work place. Primary data were collected through in‐depth interviews with ten new graduate and ten experienced speech pathologists in their work settings. During these interviews, participants were asked to ‘tell the story’ of ethical dilemmas they identified at work.Outcomes & Results: An ethical story was constructed for each participant based upon keywords and concepts from interview transcripts. These keywords and concepts were coded into group themes that reflected the nature of ethical dilemmas experienced by new graduate versus experienced speech pathologists. Comparing the results of thematic analysis for both groups of participant revealed similarities and differences in ethical dilemmas identified by new graduate and experienced health professionals.Conclusions & Implications: Participants identified ethical dilemmas in the professional practice areas of client management, professional relationships, service delivery, and personal/professional identity. Themes from new graduates' ethical dilemmas included: making safe choices; avoiding conflict, following service delivery rules, and building professional identity. Experienced speech pathologists' themes included: life choices, adapting policies, and professional status. Supporting client autonomy, managing risk taking, adopting fair service delivery policies, and supporting health professionals' ethical practice are part of ethical quality care. The results support the need for an increased focus on ethical practice in the workplace and further support for speech pathologists experiencing ethical conflict in response to service delivery policies.
Auditory processing disorder in relation to developmental disorders of language, communication and attention: a review and critique
Authors: Dawes Piers , Bishop Dorothy 
Published: July 2009

Background: Auditory Processing Disorder (APD) does not feature in mainstream diagnostic classifications such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM‐IV), but is frequently diagnosed in the United States, Australia and New Zealand, and is becoming more frequently diagnosed in the United Kingdom.Aims: To familiarize readers with current controversies surrounding APD, with an emphasis on how APD might be conceptualized in relation to language and reading problems, attentional problems and autistic spectrum disorders.Methods & Procedures: Different conceptual and diagnostic approaches adopted by audiologists and psychologists can lead to a confusing picture whereby the child who is regarded as having a specific learning disability by one group of experts may be given an APD diagnosis by another. While this could be indicative of co‐morbidity, there are concerns that different professional groups are using different labels for the same symptoms.Conclusions & Implications: APD, as currently diagnosed, is not a coherent category, but that rather than abandoning the construct, we need to develop improved methods for assessment and diagnosis, with a focus on interdisciplinary evaluation.
Comparing Programs and Methods to Use for Global Multiple Sequence Alignment
Authors: Mount David W. 
Published: July 2009

INTRODUCTIONIt is difficult to find a global optimal alignment of more than two sequences (and, especially, more than three) that includes matches, mismatches, and gaps and that takes into account the degree of variation in all of the sequences at the same time. Thus, approximate methods are used, such as progressive global alignment, iterative global alignment, alignments based on locally conserved patterns found in the same order in the sequences, statistical methods that generate probabilistic models of the sequences, and multiple sequence alignments produced by graph-based methods. When 10 or more sequences are being compared, it is common to begin by determining sequence similarities between all pairs of sequences in the set. A variety of methods are then available to cluster the sequences into the most related groups or into a phylogenetic tree. This article discusses several of these methods and provides data that compare their utility under various conditions.
Phenotypic Analysis of Arabidopsis Mutants: Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: Weigel Detlef , Glazebrook Jane 
Published: July 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe most commonly used bacterial pathogen of Arabidopsis is Pseudomonas syringae, pathovar tomato strain DC3000 or pathovar maculicola strain ES4326. Plants used for infection with P. syringae should be grown on a short-day light cycle, so that they develop large leaves. For consistent results, it is important that the plants are watered well and do not experience any abiotic stresses. The plants should be grown and tested in a temperature- and humidity-controlled growth chamber, because the extent of bacterial growth is highly dependent on both factors. Gene-for-gene resistance to P. syringae is usually accompanied by the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of localized cell death that occurs in response to pathogen challenge. P. syringae strains carrying one of the avirulence genes avrRpt2, avrRpm1, avrB, avrPphB, and avrRps4 trigger the HR in wild-type Columbia. Other ecotypes may lack one or more of the R genes needed for recognition of these avirulence genes. Bacterial growth can be monitored by grinding up infected tissue, plating serial dilutions on King’s B medium, and counting colonies. This protocol describes methods for preparing bacterial cultures, inoculating plants, testing the HR, and assessing bacterial growth.
Collecting Live Ant Specimens (Colony Sampling)
Authors: Smith Chris R. , Tschinkel Walter R. 
Published: July 2009

INTRODUCTIONBecause of the great diversity of ants, it is difficult to give a single protocol for the collection of live specimens. Ant body size can be very small or extremely large; the ants can be hard or soft, sting or spray toxic chemicals, live in the open or in hard-to-reach places; and colony size can range from tens of individuals to millions. Thus, collection techniques must be tailored to each particular species. In particular, caution must always be taken when dealing with stinging species, and symptoms and basic first-aid measures, especially for the treatment of anaphylactic shock, should be reviewed before beginning fieldwork. Nonetheless, many species are collectable as whole colonies. This protocol reviews some basic techniques for collecting ground-nesting species and describes how to collect whole live colonies (with queens), which are necessary for long-term laboratory studies and addressing questions of social organization and ecology.
Ecological Sampling of Ants: Competition and Biodiversity
Authors: Smith Chris R. 
Published: July 2009

INTRODUCTIONAnts are among the most dominant taxa in terrestrial ecosystems, despite their small individual size. Furthermore, they are a hyperdiverse family with an estimated 20,000 species. Together, these two properties make ants a model for ecological interactions (specifically competition) and biodiversity estimation. Although there are many means of measuring diversity, the two most common among myrmecologists are baiting and pitfall trapping. Pitfall traps provide an almost unbiased estimate of the ground foraging community, whereas baiting allows the estimation of ecological dominance and the competitive outcomes between species. This protocol describes an approach to assay both abundance (pitfall traps) and ecological interactions (baits) in the same community.
Stable Isotope and Elemental Analysis in Ants: Figure 1.
Authors: Smith Chris R. , Tillberg Chadwick V. 
Published: July 2009

INTRODUCTIONOver the past 20 yr, the use of stable isotopes to infer feeding ecology and the examination of how energetic and elemental exchanges are affected by and affect life (ecological stoichiometry) have gained momentum. The ecological diversity of ants makes them interesting models to explore dietary ecology and their role in food webs. Moreover, their ecological dominance in most habitats facilitates sampling. The protocol described here will produce samples adequate for submission to most labs that specialize in high-throughput analysis of stable isotopes; one should check with any particular lab for specific submission instructions. Note, however, that this protocol is designed specifically for the quantification of the natural abundance of stable isotopes; it does not cover the preparation of trace samples.
Ant Fat Extraction with a Soxhlet Extractor: Figure 1.
Authors: Smith Chris R. , Tschinkel Walter R. 
Published: July 2009

INTRODUCTIONStored fat can be informative about the relative age of an ant, its nutritional status, and the nutritional status of the colony. Several methods are available for the quantification of stored fat. Before starting a project involving fat extraction, investigators should weigh the advantages and disadvantages of different methods in order to choose the one that is best suited to the question being addressed. This protocol, although not as accurate as some alternatives, facilitates the rapid quantification of many individuals.