bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extending and encoding existing biological terminologies and datasets for use in the reasoned semantic web
Authors: Samadian Soroush , McManus Bruce , Wilkinson Mark D 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
Clinical phenotypes and disease-risk stratification are most often determined through the direct observations of clinicians in conjunction with published standards and guidelines, where the clinical expert is the final arbiter of the patient’s classification. While this "human" approach is highly desirable in the context of personalized and optimal patient care, it is problematic in a healthcare research setting because the basis for the patient's classification is not transparent, and likely not reproducible from one clinical expert to another. This sits in opposition to the rigor required to execute, for example, Genome-wide association analyses and other high-throughput studies where a large number of variables are being compared to a complex disease phenotype. Most clinical classification systems and are not structured for automated classification, and similarly, clinical data is generally not represented in a form that lends itself to automated integration and interpretation. Here we apply Semantic Web technologies to the problem of automated, transparent interpretation of clinical data for use in high-throughput research environments, and explore migration-paths for existing data and legacy semantic standards.

Results
Using a dataset from a cardiovascular cohort collected two decades ago, we present a migration path - both for the terminologies/classification systems and the data - that enables rich automated clinical classification using well-established standards. This is achieved by establishing a simple and flexible core data model, which is combined with a layered ontological framework utilizing both logical reasoning and analytical algorithms to iteratively "lift" clinical data through increasingly complex layers of interpretation and classification. We compare our automated analysis to that of the clinical expert, and discrepancies are used to refine the ontological models, finally arriving at ontologies that mirror the expert opinion of the individual clinical researcher. Other discrepancies, however, could not be as easily modeled, and we evaluate what information we are lacking that would allow these discrepancies to be resolved in an automated manner.

Conclusions
We demonstrate that the combination of semantically-explicit data, logically rigorous models of clinical guidelines, and publicly-accessible Semantic Web Services, can be used to execute automated, rigorous and reproducible clinical classifications with an accuracy approaching that of an expert. Discrepancies between the manual and automatic approaches reveal, as expected, that clinicians do not always rigorously follow established guidelines for classification; however, we demonstrate that "personalized" ontologies may represent a re-usable and transparent approach to modeling individual clinical expertise, leading to more reproducible science.
Clinical significance of E2F1 protein expression in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Hung Jung-Jyh , Hsueh Chung-Tsen , Chen Kuan-Hua , Hsu Wen-Hu , Wu Yu-Chung 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
The transcription factor E2F1 has been implicated in cell cycle control and DNA damage response. Paradoxically, E2F1 can promote apoptosis and function as tumor suppressor. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), there are conflicting data for clinical significance of E2F1 expression. In this study, we investigated the protein expression of E2F1 in patients with stage I-III NSCLC, and its correlation with clinical outcome.

Results
56 paired adjacent non-tumor/tumor matched samples were prospectively obtained from patients undergoing surgery for stage I-III NSCLC at Taipei Veterans General Hospital. The protein expression of E2F1 was determined by Western blot analysis. The levels of E2F1 protein were significantly higher in tumor samples than in non-tumor lung specimens (P = 0.008). Overexpression of E2F1 was defined as a more than 2-fold expression in the tumorous sample compared with the corresponding nontumorous one, and was noted in 21 patients (37.5%). There was no significant difference in overall survival (P = 0.44) or probability of freedom from recurrence (P = 0.378) between patients with E2F1 overexpression vs. non-overexpressors. Additionally, there was no significant association between E2F1 overexpression and any clinicopathologic parameter such as histological type, stage, or angiolymphatic invasion of tumor.

Conclusion
E2F1 protein is frequently overexpressed in NSCLC. There is no correlation between E2F1 protein expression and clinical outcome such as survival and freedom from progression.
Some experiments on the load distribution in bond tests
Authors: Wilkins R. J. 
Published: July 2012

Summary: Tests are briefly described in which the bond stress distribution has been obtained for tubes embedded in concrete and used as “pull-out” specimens. Electrical resistance strain gauges were inserted in straight lengthy of steel tubing to form the measuring devices which can be used for direct calibratiqn against load. These tubes were then embedded along the axis of cylinders of concrete to form “pull-out” specimens of the usual type. Readings of the strain gauges taken as the tube was being withdrawn from the concrete enabled the load distribution curves to be plotted. The variation of bond stress has been studied from the information provided by the load distribution curves, and values are given for average and maximum bond stress for various embedded lengths and types of tube surface. The results obtained from an American bar of “Hi-bond” type with a patterned surface are included. The experimental method has proved to be satisfactory in use and capable of providing sufficient data for plotting load distribution curves of reasonable accuracy. The transition of the load from the end at which it is applied to the free end of the tube has been observed, and the method enables the mechanism of bond failure to be investigated. The most important influence appears to be the character of the contact surface, and it is considered that the tests indicate that bond may be caused by (a) adhesion, (b) friction, and (c) mechanical wedging. The relative importance of these factors is apparently controlled by the type of surface, but further work on this subject is in progress.
On the combined use of pre-tensioning and post-tensioning methods
Authors: Lazarides T. O. 
Published: July 2012

Summary: The combined use ol pre-tensioning and post-tensioning methods makes it possible to superimpose two systems of stresses in certain parts of a structure while other parts are stressed by one system only; the advantages of using pre-tensioning for the one component are that it introduces no anchors in the interior of the structure and facilitates the handling of component parts.
Measurement of the work done in compacting a known weight of concrete by vibration
Authors: Venkatramaiah Salagame 
Published: July 2012

Summary: An attempt has been made to measure the work done in compacting a known weight of concrete using an electrical vibrator. Tests have been carried out so that estimates of the electrical anti frictional losses could be made, thereby enabling the net work done in compacting the concrete to be calculated. The results obtained by this method have been compared with the results of compacting factor tests made on the same concretes.
Ultimate strength theory for eccentrically loaded reinforced concrete columns
Authors: Cowan Henry J. 
Published: July 2012

Summary This paper presents a method for computing the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete sections subject to combined bending and compression. It is based on the idealized stress-strain diagram proposed by Emperger and developed by Jensen, in which the compressive strain of the concrete at failure is divided into a perfectly elastic and a perfectly plastic stage. Equations for the ultimate column load are derived (i) for primary tension failure of the steel and (ii) for primary compression failure of the concrete.
The encasement of rolled steel joists in concrete
Authors: Jones G. A. 
Published: July 2012

Summary: The existing allowances Jor concrete encasement of steel joists are shown to be not as comprehensive as they might be. The testing of specimens which have been chosen to give as wide a picture as possible of the general behaviour of the unit is described, together with the results, observations, and conclusions derived therefrom. Attention is paid to relations between the maximum steel and concrete stresses, deflexions, increases in strength, bond between the members and the stability of the compression flange. An elastic theory as adapted for the augmented steel is recorded.
The effect of the method of test on the flexural strength of concrete
Authors: Wright P. J. F. , Garwood F. 
Published: July 2012

Summary As a basis for standardizing a method of test for the modulus of rupture of concrete, flexure tests have been carried out on beams of various sizes using central and third-point methods of loading and various rates of loading. Tests were also carried out on small beams sawn from larger ones in order to isolate the effects of specimen size. A reduction of approximately 30 per cent was observed in the modulus of rupture when the depth of the beam was increased from 3 in. to 8 in. for a span-depth ratio of 3, but other effects of size were small. Increasing the rate of increase of stress from 20 to 1,140 lb per sq.in. per min. resulted in an increase of about IS per cent in the modulus of rupture. Centnil loading gave results about 20 to 25 per cent higher than third-point loading but the results were less uniform. The effects of the size of specimen have largely been accounted for by variations in the quality of the concrete in beams of different sizes together with a statistical aspect termed the “weakest link” theory, and an effect due to changes in the rate of increase of stress. The effect of the method of loading can largely be explained by the “weakest link” theory and by considerations of the stress distributions in the comparatively short beams used. As a result of the investigation it should now be possible to relate the results from the standard procedure now adopted at the Road Research Laboratory to those from other laboratories using different procedures.
Factors governing the ultimate bending moment of normal reinforced and prestressed concrete beams, with reference to a proposed plastic theory
Authors: Revesz Stephen 
Published: July 2012

Summary The different modes of failure of concrete beams are examined and classified. An analytical treatment is proposed in which the shape of the compression stress diagram for a given concrete strength varies with the ultimate bending moment for the particular section. The proposed ultimate load theory is compared with the results of 84 beam tests of the following types: (a) normally reinforced, (b) pre-tensioned, (c) post-tensioned unbollded, and (d) post-tensioned and grouted. Recommendation is made for the adoption of a “limiting” ultimate bending moment for a beam section of given dimensions and a particular concrete strength. Reasolls are discussed which necessitate the use of the above “limiting” value.
The Scientific Research Department of “S.A. Cimenteries et Briqueteries Réunies”, Brussels
Authors: Janssens P. F. 
Published: July 2012

Summary The paper describes the Research Department of the Belgian company “S.A. Cimenteries et Briqueteries Réunies” which was set up at Brussels in 1950. An outline of the aims and organization of the Department is given, in which it will be noted that particular stress is laid on the Documentation Service—the vital link between research workers the world over. The paper then goes on to describe the type of research the organization is presently engaged on, and includes details of the apparatus at the disposal of the research staff.
New equipment in the Reinforced Concrete Laboratory at the University of Ghent for static and dynamic testing of large structural members
Authors: Riessauw F. G. 
Published: July 2012

Summary The author draws attention to the importance of dynamic tests, particularly on large specimens. Details are given of the equipment recently installed in Professor Magnel's laboratory which enables such tests to be made, and the paper includes a description of the prestressed concrete foundation slab, 1·3 m. thick, which was required. The main characteristics of the pulsators are described, and examples are given of the many applications of the equipment.
The structural design of concrete roads
Authors: Sparkes F. N. 
Published: July 2012

Summary This paper reviews present knowledge of the thickness, length and width of concrete road slabs, the use of reinforcement and the functions and design of joints. Consideration is given to the factors causing stresses; while approximate estimates may be made of the stresses caused by wheel loads, temperature gradients and changes in the mean temperature of the slab, it is not possible to calculate the stresses caused by certain other factors. It is therefore necessary to rely on the knowledge gained from experience and experiment when making recommendations. for future designs. The thicknesses recommended for five different traffic conditions and for three soil divisions are given in Table 1. It is considered that the strength properties of the soil are of less importance than the uniform behaviour of the soil and the avoidance of differential deformations. It is contended that the base only serves a useful purpose on poor soils and to resist the effects of frost. The spacing recommended for joints is a compromise between the desire to reduce the number of joints as much as possible and the need for providing some facility for the slabs to expand and contract. The recommended spacings are given in Table 2. It is now accepted that reinforcement is necessary if the effect of cracking is to be minimized or eliminated. Consideration is given to the position and the amount of the reinforcement, and the recommended quantities for different soil and traffic conditions are enumerated in Table 3. The functions of the various types of transverse joint used in concrete road construction are discussed and details are given in Figures 4—8 of suitable designs for transverse and longitudinal joints.
A study of the tensile strength of concrete across construction joints
Authors: Waters T. 
Published: July 2012

Summary In this report are discussed the relative merits of various types of treatment to an existing concrete surface before fresh concrete is placed against it to form a construction joint. Results of tests of the tensile strength of joints made in various ways are given, and they show that, contrary to modern practice, old concrete should be left dry when the new concrete is placed against it. They also show that surfaces cleaned by abrasive methods such as wire brushing and sandblasting, are slightly superior to scabbled surfaces. The results of a second series of tests are given which show that the age of the hardened concrete at the time of placing the new has little effect on the strength of the joint.
Effect of capping on the compressive strength of concrete cubes
Authors: Ahmed S. 
Published: July 2012

Summary This paper describes the effect of various methods of capping on the compressive strength of concrete. It was found that capping the concrete faces with a molten mixture of sulphur, sand and carbon black gives the least scatter of test results and strength values which appear most representative. With some capping materials, however, a reduction of about 10 to 50 per cent in strength was obtained.
A load distribution theory for bridge slabs allowing for the effect of Poisson's ratio
Authors: Rowe R. E. 
Published: July 2012

Summary A load distribution theory for bridge slabs in which account is taken of the effect of Poisson's ratio is presented. The effect of the value of Poisson's ratio on the theoretical distribution factors for de flexions and longitudinal bending moments is discussed. In the case of the transverse bending moments a series of curves for the distribution coefficient, μ, have been prepared from which accurate assessments of the moments can be made allowing for a Poisson's ratio of 0·15, i.e. for materials such as reinforced and prestressed concrete.
Load distribution in multi-webbed bridge structures from tests on plastic models
Authors: Little G. , Rowe R. E. 
Published: July 2012

Summary A multi-webbed bridge structure is one which is intermediate between the two extreme cases, i.e. a no-torsion grillage and a full-torsion slab, considered in the load distribution analyses. The theoretical interpolation formula which gives the distribution factors for this type of construction makes use of a torsion parameter, α. Tests have been made on Perspex bridge models to determine the correct value of this parameter to be consistent with the assumptions of analysis.
A method of measuring the surface texture of aggregate
Authors: Wright P. J. F. 
Published: July 2012

Summary A method has been developed for measuring quantitatively the surface texture of particles of concrete aggregate. Various possibilities were considered; the method adopted involves embedding a particle of aggregate in a synthetic resin and obtaining thin sections of the aggregate surrounded by the resin. The interface between stone and resin is magnified 125 times on a projection microscope and traced. The length of the profile obtained is measured by means of a map-measuring wheel and compared with the length of an unevenness line drawn as a series of chords. The difference between the two lengths is taken as a measure of the roughness. The reproducibility of the results is good but the variation between different parts of a stone is large. Thus it is necessary to obtain a considerable number of results in order to give a reliable average. This is largely because of the smallness of the sample length: one tenth of an inch. The method has been used to compare the roughness of a series of twelve different aggregates. It has long been recognized that the surface texture of a particle of aggregate might be an important property in determining the adhesion of binders to its surface. The degree of adhesion might, in turn, be expected to influence the properties of the mix. Difficulty has been encountered in assessing the surface texture quantitatively, and although several methods have been developed to some degree, none has so far been generally accepted or widely used. The method described in this article was developed at the Road Research Laboratory as part of an investigation into the effect of the physical characteristics of aggregates on the properties of concrete made with them.
The measurement of the workability of dry concrete mixes
Authors: Cusens A. R. 
Published: July 2012

Summary The paper describes tests on a number of dry mixes, using the Vebe and compacting factor principles, together with a third test based on the compacting factor test. The modified compacting factor test substitutes a period of vibration for the fall under gravity of the normal apparatus. It is shown that the normal compacting factor test does not reflect the compaction properties of very dry mixes, as the amount of work done on the concrete is too small. The Vebe test is shown to be satisfactory and is recommendedfor more general use with dry mixes.
Determination of the heat of hydration of cements containing slag or pozzolana
Authors: Nurse R. W. , Pai V. N. 
Published: July 2012

Summary In determining the heat of hydration from the heats of dissolution in an acid mixture according to the method described in B.S. 1370:1947, an insoluble residue remains if the original cement contained slag, anhydrite or pozzolana. It is shown that the heat of hydration can nevertheless be determined with good accuracy provided the heat loss from the calorimeter is determined in a separate experiment.
Some observations on calcium silicate hydrate (I)—tobermorite
Authors: Gaze R. , Robertson Robert H. S. 
Published: July 2012

Summary Electron-optical study of commercial products containing calcium silicate hydrate has revealed the presence of tobermorite in the form of plates or thin foils. This has apparently been possible as a result of the relatively crumbly nature of the products, enabling samples to be mounted without damage to the fragile crystals. Differential thermal analyses of the materials did not reveal the presence of more than a trace of calcite, although carbon dioxide was present in appreciable quantities.
An appreciation of the work carried out on fatigue in prestressed concrete structures
Authors: Rowe R. E. 
Published: July 2012

Summary A review of the work carried out on fatigue in prestressed concrete is made in this report and observations by the various investigators are included. All the tests show the excellent fatigue resistance of prestressed concrete in the design range of loading. From the review it is apparent that for loadings outside the design range, i.e. after cracking has occurred, the governing factor affecting the fatigue strength of prestressed concrete is the fatigue strength of the high-tensile steel used for stressing. Figures obtained for the fatigue strength of high-tensile wires show that for most types in present use a mean value of 60–65% of the ultimate strength should be taken. No comparable figures for the fatigue strength of high-tensile alloy bars are available. Suggestions are put forward for future research on fatigue in prestressed concrete and the need is emphasized for fundamental research into the behaviour of both high-tensile wires and high-tensile alloy steel bars under fatigue conditions.
The effect of frequency on the dynamic modulus and damping coefficient of concrete
Authors: Jones R. 
Published: July 2012

Summary Experiments have been made to determine the resonant frequencies of concrete beams in flexural, longitudinal, and torsional modes of vibration at the fundamental and higher harmonics. The results were used to study the effect of frequency on the dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic shear modulus. It was found that for wet concrete there was no appreciable difference in the dynamic Young's modulus determinedfrom the flexural and longitudinal modes of vibration. The modulus changed by less than 3% as the frequency increasedfrom 70 to 10,000 c/s. The dynamic shear modulus also showed no appreciable change with frequency over the range of 700-10,000 c/s. When the concrete beam was allowed to dry, the Young's modulus calculated from the flexural vibrations was lower than that calculated from longitudinal vibrations. The discrepancy is attributed to moisture differences within the concrete beam. It is suggested that surface drying of concrete beams might account for the differences of modulus previously observed in flexure between beams of different size made of nominally the same concrete. The damping coefficient in the moist concrete did not change appreciably withfrequency and, at a particular age, was approximately the same for all three modes of vibration. It is concluded that damping of the vibrations arises chiefly at the interfacial boundaries within the concrete.
The resistance of concrete pumped through pipelines
Authors: Ede A. N. 
Published: July 2012

Summary The lack of adequate data made necessary the investigation of the basic mechanics of concrete pumping. Unsaturated materials pass stresses by inter-particle contact and give rise on commencement of movement to a pressure build-up which in a non-tapering duct is exponential with distance pumped. Adequate saturation by water/cement paste reduces the resistance to a favourable linear type, subject to increase with velocity, but independent of operating pressure.