bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Premenopausal Mammographic Density in Relation to Cyclic Variations in Endogenous Sex Hormone Levels, Prolactin, and Insulin-like Growth Factors
Authors: Walker Kate , Fletcher Olivia , Johnson Nichola , Coupland Ben , McCormack Valerie A. , Folkerd Elizabeth , Gibson Lorna , Hillier Stephen G. , Holly Jeff M. , Moss Sue , Dowsett Mitchell , Peto Julian , dos Santos Silva Isabel 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Mammographic density is strongly associated with breast cancer risk, and endogenous hormones, which are risk factors for breast cancer, may be involved in the mechanism. This cross-sectional study of 494 premenopausal women is the first to account for cyclic variations in estrogen levels, by measuring urinary estrone glucuronide (E1G) in the periovulatory and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, and to assess the role of androgens. Computer-assisted density readings were obtained from digitized mammograms. Mean ovulatory E1G level and daily E1G load were both positively associated with percent density before adjustment for body mass index (BMI), with women in the top fourth having 10.2% (95% CI: 2.9%, 18.1%) and 8.9% (1.7%, 16.7%), respectively, higher density than those in the bottom fourth (Ptrend before/after BMI adjustment = 0.006/0.11 and 0.01/0.13, respectively). Neither the peak nor luteal E1G levels were predictive of density after adjustment for E1G levels at other points in the cycle. The plasma androgens testosterone, androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were negatively associated with density. In mutually adjusted analyses, density was positively associated with insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and negatively with IGF-II (Ptrend = 0.006 for both) but not with IGF binding protein-3. There was also weak evidence of a positive association of prolactin with density. The study supports the hypothesis that endogenous hormones affect density in premenopausal women; in particular, it shows a positive association between estrogen levels and density and suggests that the mean level throughout the cycle is the most biologically relevant measure. Most of these hormone-density associations were attenuated with further adjustment for BMI. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6490–99]
Overexpression of Protease-Activated Receptor-1 Contributes to Melanoma Metastasis via Regulation of Connexin 43
Authors: Villares Gabriel J. , Dobroff Andrey S. , Wang Hua , Zigler Maya , Melnikova Vladislava O. , Huang Li , Bar-Eli Menashe 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) is a key player in melanoma metastasis with higher expression seen in metastatic melanoma cell lines and tissue specimens. cDNA microarray and Western blot analyses reveal that the gap junctional intracellular communication molecule connexin 43 (Cx-43), known to be involved in tumor cell diapedesis and attachment to endothelial cells, is significantly decreased after PAR-1 silencing in metastatic melanoma cell lines. Furthermore, Cx-43 promoter activity was significantly inhibited in PAR-1–silenced cells, suggesting that PAR-1 regulates Cx-43 at the transcriptional level. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies showed a reduction in the binding of SP-1 and AP-1 transcription factors to the promoter of Cx-43. Both transcription factors have been shown previously to be required for maximal Cx-43 promoter activity. These results were corroborated by mutating the AP-1 and SP-1 binding sites resulting in decreased Cx-43 promoter activity in PAR-1–positive cells. Moreover, as Cx-43 has been shown to facilitate arrest of circulating tumor cells at the vascular endothelium, melanoma cell attachment to endothelial cells was significantly decreased in PAR-1–silenced cells, with this effect being abrogated after PAR-1 rescue. Herein, we report that up-regulation of PAR-1 expression, seen in melanoma progression, mediates high levels of Cx-43 expression. As both SP-1 and AP-1 transcription factors act as positive regulators of Cx-43, our data provide a novel mechanism for the regulation of Cx-43 expression by PAR-1. Indeed, Cx-43 expression was restored following PAR-1 rescue in PAR-1–silenced cells. Taken together, our data support the tumor promoting function of Cx-43 in melanoma. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6730–7]
The Decline in U.S. Cancer Mortality in People Born since 1925
Authors: Kort Eric J. , Paneth Nigel , Vande Woude George F. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The conventional practice of analyzing overall age-adjusted cancer mortality rates heavily emphasizes the experience of older, higher mortality age groups. This may conceal shifts in lifetime cancer mortality experience emerging first in younger age groups. We examined age-specific cancer mortality rates and birth cohort–specific cancer mortality rates in U.S. mortality data recorded since 1955 to assess the effects of age, period, and cohort in secular mortality trends. Cancer mortality and population data were obtained from WHO Statistical Information System. Age-specific cancer mortality rates have been steadily declining in the United States since the early 1950s, beginning with children and young adults and now including all age groups. During the second half of the 20th century, each successive decade of births from 1925 to 1995 experienced a lower risk of cancer death than its predecessor at virtually every age for which such a comparison can be made. A major decline in cancer mortality has been occurring in the United States for the past 50 years, affecting birth cohorts born as long as 80 years ago. Excepting lung cancer, much of this decline has occurred despite relatively stable cancer incidence. These findings suggest that improvements in cancer detection, treatment, and/or prevention have reduced the risk of cancer death across the life span for individuals born in the last three quarters of the 20th century. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6500–5]
IFN-Producing Killer Dendritic Cells Are Antigen-Presenting Cells Endowed with T-Cell Cross-Priming Capacity
Authors: Pletneva Maria , Fan Hongni , Park Jang-June , Radojcic Vedran , Jie Chunfa , Yu Yanxing , Chan Camie , Redwood Alec , Pardoll Drew , Housseau Franck 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIFN-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDC) represent a recently discovered cell type in the immune system that possesses a number of functions contributing to innate and adaptive immunity, including production of type 1 and 2 IFNs, interleukin (IL)-12, natural killing, and ultimately antigen presentation to naïve T cells. Here, we compared in vitro and in vivo responses of mouse IKDC, conventional dendritic cells (DC), and natural killer (NK) cells to murine cytomegalovirus infection and found distinct functions among these cell subsets. Upon recognition of infected fibroblasts, IKDC, as well as NK, produced high level of IFN-γ, but unlike NK, IKDC simultaneously produced IL-12p40 and up-regulated MHC class II (MHC-II) and costimulatory molecules. Using MHC-II molecule expression as a phenotypic marker to distinguish activated IKDC from activated NK, we further showed that highly purified MHC-II+ IKDC but not NK cross-present MHC class I–restricted antigens derived from MCMV-infected targets to CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo. Our findings emphasize the unique nature of IKDC as a killer antigen-presenting cell directly linking innate and adaptive immunity. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6607–14]
Melanoma Proliferation and Chemoresistance Controlled by the DEK Oncogene
Authors: Khodadoust Michael S. , Verhaegen Monique , Kappes Ferdinand , Riveiro-Falkenbach Erica , Cigudosa Juan C. , Kim David S.L. , Chinnaiyan Arul M. , Markovitz David M. , Soengas María S. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Gain of chromosome 6p is a consistent feature of advanced melanomas. However, the identity of putative oncogene(s) associated with this amplification has remained elusive. The chromatin remodeling factor DEK is an attractive candidate as it maps to 6p (within common melanoma-amplified loci). Moreover, DEK expression is increased in metastatic melanomas, although the functional relevance of this induction remains unclear. Importantly, in other tumor types, DEK can display various tumorigenic effects in part through its ability to promote proliferation and inhibit p53-dependent apoptosis. Here, we report a generalized up-regulation of DEK protein in aggressive melanoma cells and tumors. In addition, we provide genetic and mechanistic evidence to support a key role of DEK in the maintenance of malignant phenotypes of melanoma cells. Specifically, we show that long-term DEK down-regulation by independent short hairpin RNAs resulted in premature senescence of a variety of melanoma cell lines. Short-term abrogation of DEK expression was also functionally relevant, as it attenuated the traditional resistance of melanomas to DNA-damaging agents. Unexpectedly, DEK short hairpin RNA had no effect on p53 levels or p53-dependent apoptosis. Instead, we identified a new role for DEK in the transcriptional activation of the antiapoptotic MCL-1. Other MCL-1–related factors such as BCL-2 or BCL-xL were unaffected by changes in the endogenous levels of DEK, indicating a selective effect of this gene on the apoptotic machinery of melanoma cells. These results provide support for DEK as a long sought-after oncogene mapping at chromosome 6, with novel functions in melanoma proliferation and chemoresistance. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6405–13]
Cullin 1 Functions as a Centrosomal Suppressor of Centriole Multiplication by Regulating Polo-like Kinase 4 Protein Levels
Authors: Korzeniewski Nina , Zheng Leon , Cuevas Rolando , Parry Joshua , Chatterjee Payel , Anderton Brittany , Duensing Anette , Münger Karl , Duensing Stefan 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Abnormal centrosome and centriole numbers are frequently detected in tumor cells where they can contribute to mitotic aberrations that cause chromosome missegregation and aneuploidy. The molecular mechanisms of centriole overduplication in malignant cells, however, are poorly characterized. Here, we show that the core SKP1-cullin-F-box component cullin 1 (CUL1) localizes to maternal centrioles and that CUL1 is critical for suppressing centriole overduplication through multiplication, a recently discovered mechanism whereby multiple daughter centrioles form concurrently at single maternal centrioles. We found that this activity of CUL1 involves the degradation of Polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) at maternal centrioles. PLK4 is required for centriole duplication and strongly stimulates centriole multiplication when aberrantly expressed. We found that CUL1 is critical for the degradation of active PLK4 following deregulation of cyclin E/cyclin-dependent kinase 2 activity, as is frequently observed in human cancer cells, as well as for baseline PLK4 protein stability. Collectively, our results suggest that CUL1 may function as a tumor suppressor by regulating PLK4 protein levels and thereby restraining excessive daughter centriole formation at maternal centrioles. [Cancer Res 2009;69(16):6668–75]
Seasonal Effects of Indian Ocean Freshwater Forcing in a Regional Coupled Model*
Authors: Seo Hyodae , Xie Shang-Ping , Murtugudde Raghu , Jochum Markus , Miller Arthur J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Effects of freshwater forcing from river discharge into the Indian Ocean on oceanic vertical structure and the Indian monsoons are investigated using a fully coupled, high-resolution, regional climate model. The effect of river discharge is included in the model by restoring sea surface salinity (SSS) toward observations. The simulations with and without this effect in the coupled model reveal a highly seasonal influence of salinity and the barrier layer (BL) on oceanic vertical density stratification, which is in turn linked to changes in sea surface temperature (SST), surface winds, and precipitation.
During both boreal summer and winter, SSS relaxation leads to a more realistic spatial distribution of salinity and the BL in the model. In summer, the BL in the Bay of Bengal enhances the upper-ocean stratification and increases the SST near the river mouths where the freshwater forcing is largest. However, the warming is limited to the coastal ocean and the amplitude is not large enough to give a significant impact on monsoon rainfall.
The strengthened BL during boreal winter leads to a shallower mixed layer. Atmospheric heat flux forcing acting on a thin mixed layer results in an extensive reduction of SST over the northern Indian Ocean. Relatively suppressed mixing below the mixed layer warms the subsurface layer, leading to a temperature inversion. The cooling of the sea surface induces a large-scale adjustment in the winter atmosphere with amplified northeasterly winds. This impedes atmospheric convection north of the equator while facilitating it in the austral summer intertropical convergence zone, resulting in a hemispheric-asymmetric response pattern. Overall, the results suggest that freshwater forcing from the river discharges plays an important role during the boreal winter by affecting SST and the coupled ocean–atmosphere interaction, with potential impacts on the broadscale regional climate.
Parameterizing Turbulent Exchange over Sea Ice in Winter
Authors: Andreas Edgar L. , Persson P. Ola G. , Grachev Andrey A. , Jordan Rachel E. , Horst Thomas W. , Guest Peter S. , Fairall Christopher W. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment produced 18 000 h of turbulence data from the atmospheric surface layer over sea ice while the ice camp drifted for a year in the Beaufort Gyre. Multiple sites instrumented during SHEBA suggest only two aerodynamic seasons over sea ice. In “winter” (October 1997 through 14 May 1998 and 15 September 1998 through the end of the SHEBA deployment in early October 1998), the ice was compact and snow covered, and the snow was dry enough to drift and blow. In “summer” (15 May through 14 September 1998 in this dataset), the snow melted, and melt ponds and leads appeared and covered as much as 40% of the surface with open water. This paper develops a bulk turbulent flux algorithm to explain the winter data. This algorithm predicts the surface fluxes of momentum, and sensible and latent heat from more readily measured or modeled quantities. A main result of the analysis is that the roughness length for wind speed z0 does not depend on the friction velocity u* in the drifting snow regime (u* ≥ 0.30 m s−1) but, rather, is constant in the SHEBA dataset at about 2.3 × 10−4 m. Previous analyses that found z0 to increase with u* during drifting snow may have suffered from fictitious correlation because u* also appears in z0. The present analysis mitigates this fictitious correlation by plotting measured z0 against the corresponding u* computed from the bulk flux algorithm. Such plots, created with data from six different SHEBA sites, show z0 to be independent of the bulk u* for 0.15 &lt; u* ≤ 0.65 m s−1. This study also evaluates the roughness lengths for temperature zT and humidity zQ, incorporates new profile stratification corrections for stable stratification, addresses the singularities that often occur in iterative flux algorithms in very light winds, and includes an extensive analysis of whether atmospheric stratification affects z0, zT, and zQ.
Thunderstorm Strike Probability Nowcasting
Authors: Dance Sandy , Ebert Elizabeth , Scurrah David 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
To assist in thunderstorm warning, automated nowcasting systems have been developed that detect thunderstorm cells in radar images and propagate them forward in time to generate forecasted threat areas. Current methods, however, fail to quantify the probabilistic nature of the error structure of such forecasts. This paper introduces the Thunderstorm Environment Strike Probability Algorithm (THESPA), which forecasters can use to provide probabilistic thunderstorm nowcasts for risk assessment and emergency decision making. This method accounts for the prediction error by transforming thunderstorm nowcasts into a strike probability, or the probability that a given location will be impacted by a thunderstorm in a given period, by specifying a bivariate Gaussian distribution of speed and direction errors. This paper presents the development and analysis of the THESPA method and verifies performance using experimental data. Results from a statistical analysis of Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis, and Nowcasting (TITAN) tracking errors of nowcasts made near Sydney, Australia, were used to specify the distribution, which was then applied to data collected from the World Weather Research Programme (WWRP) Beijing 2008 Forecast Demonstration Project. The results are encouraging and show Brier skill scores between 0.36 and 0.44 with respect to a deterministic advected threat area forecast.
A High-Resolution Coupled Riverine Flow, Tide, Wind, Wind Wave, and Storm Surge Model for Southern Louisiana and Mississippi. Part I: Model Development and Validation
Authors: Bunya S. , Dietrich J. C. , Westerink J. J. , Ebersole B. A. , Smith J. M. , Atkinson J. H. , Jensen R. , Resio D. T. , Luettich R. A. , Dawson C. , Cardone V. J. , Cox A. T. , Powell M. D. , Westerink H. J. , Roberts H. J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
A coupled system of wind, wind wave, and coastal circulation models has been implemented for southern Louisiana and Mississippi to simulate riverine flows, tides, wind waves, and hurricane storm surge in the region. The system combines the NOAA Hurricane Research Division Wind Analysis System (H*WIND) and the Interactive Objective Kinematic Analysis (IOKA) kinematic wind analyses, the Wave Model (WAM) offshore and Steady-State Irregular Wave (STWAVE) nearshore wind wave models, and the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) basin to channel-scale unstructured grid circulation model. The system emphasizes a high-resolution (down to 50 m) representation of the geometry, bathymetry, and topography; nonlinear coupling of all processes including wind wave radiation stress-induced set up; and objective specification of frictional parameters based on land-cover databases and commonly used parameters. Riverine flows and tides are validated for no storm conditions, while winds, wind waves, hydrographs, and high water marks are validated for Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
An Investigation of the Links between ENSO Flavors and Rainfall Processes in Southeastern Australia
Authors: Brown Jaclyn N. , McIntosh Peter C. , Pook Michael J. , Risbey James S. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The causes of rainfall variations in southeastern Australia associated with three key El Niño years (1982, 1997, and 2002) are explored. Whereas 1982 and 2002 were exceptionally dry years, 1997 had near-average rainfall. These variations in rainfall can be explained by changes in the behavior of cutoff low pressure systems. Although each year had a similar number of cutoff low events, 1997 had higher rainfall per cutoff low event when compared with the other years. In particular, rain in 1997 is attributable to five large wet events from cutoff low pressure systems. In each of these wet events, the moist air originated from the marine boundary layer off the coast of northeastern Australia. Cutoff lows in 1982 and 2002 were much drier and did not draw in moist air from the northeastern coast. In typical classifications, 1982 and 1997 are grouped together as “canonical” El Niños whereas 2002 is a Modoki El Niño. The results presented here imply that these groupings are not definitive in explaining variations in southeastern Australian rainfall.
The Influence of Monsoonal Gulf Surges on Precipitation and Diurnal Precipitation Patterns in Central Arizona
Authors: Svoma Bohumil M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractNorth American gulf-surge events, northward low-level influxes of cool and moist air from the Gulf of California, were statistically related to monsoonal precipitation and the associated diurnal cycle for the state of Arizona. Using Dixon’s Assessing Low-Level Atmospheric Moisture using Soundings (ALARMS) method as an indicator for gulf surges, a sequence of surge events was identified for the months of July and August for the period from 1957 to 2008. A network of Arizona precipitation gauges was stratified by the surge events occurring over this period. The findings indicate that gulf surges accounted for a significant majority of rainfall events in Arizona. This signal was most apparent in the drier central and southwestern deserts (including the Phoenix metropolitan area) and least apparent in the wetter eastern and southeastern portions of the state. Diurnal patterns in rainfall were identified for the Phoenix metropolitan area and its surroundings. A strong diurnal cycle was apparent in precipitation associated with both surge and nonsurge periods over the Phoenix area, with a greater tendency toward nocturnal precipitation during gulf-surge events. These findings suggest that dissipating afternoon thunderstorms east and northeast of the Phoenix area act as catalysts for the nocturnal storm development that is prevalent in this area.
Effectiveness of a video-based exercise programme to reduce falls and improve health-related quality of life among older adults discharged from hospital: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Haines Terry P , Russell Trevor , Brauer Sandra G , Erwin Sheree , Lane Paul , Urry Stephen , Jasiewicz Jan , Condie Peter 
Published: August 2009

Objective: Falls, loss of health-related quality of life and physical capacity, reduced participation in activities of daily living, and increased fear of falling are all potential outcomes for older adults discharged from hospital. A low-cost video based exercise programme may address this. Design: This study was a randomized controlled trial with blinded outcomes assessment and a six-month follow-up. Subjects and setting: Participants were older adults (>65 years) using a mobility aid discharged from a tertiary hospital in Brisbane, Australia, without referral for community-based rehabilitation services. Intervention: A digital video disk-based programme encompassing six exercise types each with six levels of difficulty. A home visit from a project physiotherapist was conducted to ensure patient safety. Control group patients received usual care. Main measures: Falls, health-related quality of life, participation in activities of daily living, physical capacity and fear of falling. Results: Study participants (n = 53, 19 intervention, 34 control) experienced decreasing health-related quality of life, several falls (72), and lower levels of participation in activities of daily living over the six-month follow-up. The intervention group did not differ significantly from the control group in terms of the outcomes examined, though a non-significant reduction in the rate of falls was observed. Intervention group participants complied with the exercise programme well during the first two weeks following discharge from hospital but then reduced their compliance levels thereafter. Conclusions: The intervention may be beneficial for reducing the rate of falls in this patient population though further research with a larger sample size is indicated.