bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between mental disorders and different types of crime
Authors: Vinkers David J. , de Beurs Edwin , Barendregt Marko , Rinne Thomas , Hoek Hans W. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTBackgroundPrevious studies of relationships between mental disorder and crime have tended to group the mental disorders, the crimes or both, leaving uncertainty about a more specific mental disorder: crime relationships.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between types of mental disorder and types of crime in pre‐trial defendants.MethodData were extracted from 21,424 pre‐trial forensic psychiatric reports made between 2000 and 2006 in the Netherlands. We compared the prevalence of axis I disorders, personality disorders, intellectual functioning and substance abuse in defendants charged with a range of crimes (homicide, attempted/threatened homicide, assault, battery, rape, sexual crimes, arson and/or property crimes) using chi‐square tests. Relationships with diminished accountability, reflecting a direct relationship with underlying mental disorder, were calculated using multivariate regression models, adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity and history of judicial contact.ResultsArson had the strongest relationship with mental disorders in our sample, then assaults, then homicidal attempts or threats. Sexual and property crimes had the weakest relationship with diminished or absent accountability. Diminished accountability had the strongest relationship with psychotic disorders, followed by organic psychosyndromes and developmental disorders, whereas other axis I disorders, personality disorders or an IQ score of <85 points were only moderately related. These relationships varied little according to the type of crime, although tended to be weaker for defendants in property crimes. Cannabis and hard drugs were significantly associated with decreased accountability only in respect of arson.DiscussionMental disorders are related to all types of crimes but especially to arson, battery and homicidal attempts or threats, with a court finding of diminished accountability providing some validation for perceived links between the disorder and crime in this study.Implications for practice

Psychiatric assessment is likely to be the most useful for defendants under charges of arson, assault or attempted homicide, as these groups are most likely to suffer from a psychiatric disorder related to the alleged offence.
Psychotic, organic and some developmental disorders appear to have the strongest relationship with diminished accountability.
Findings with respect to illicit drug use are likely to have more varied implications between jurisdictions but, in the Netherlands, may sometimes be accepted as diminishing accountability in defendants of arson.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Photocatalytic Properties of a New Heteropolyoxoniobate Compound: K10[Nb2O2(H2O)2] [SiNb12O40]·12H2O.
Authors: Zhang Zhenyu , Lin Qipu , Kurunthu Dharmalingam , Wu Tao , Zuo Fan , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Bardeen Christopher J. , Bu Xianhui , Feng Pingyun 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe title compound is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of KOH, Nb2O5, Si(OEt)4, and ZrOCl2 in H2O (autoclave, 220 °C, 24 h, 70% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Hexadecacobalt(II)‐Containing Polyoxometalate‐Based Single‐Molecule Magnet.
Authors: Ibrahim Masooma , Lan Yanhua , Bassil Bassem S. , Xiang Yixian , Suchopar Andreas , Powell Annie K. , Kortz Ulrich 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe new title compound (V) crystallizes in the cubic space group Fd$\bar 3$ with Z = 8 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Combustion Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Crystalline Single Phase Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles.
Authors: Prabhakaran T. , Hemalatha J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHighly crystalline NiFe2O4 spinel nanoparticles are synthesized by combustion of an aqueous HNO3 solution of Ni(NO3)2 and Fe(NO3)2 using DL‐alanine as fuel (80 °C) followed by annealing at 500 and 800 °C for 2 h each.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphoramidite Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of 3,4‐Substituted Pyrrolidines.
Authors: Gonzalez Ana Z. , Benitez Diego , Tkatchouk Ekaterina , Goddard William A. III , Toste F. Dean 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe utility of the method is demonstrated by the formal synthesis of (‐)‐isocynometrine (XVI) via pyrrolidine (XIVa).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reaction of Phthaloyl Peroxide Derivatives, Potential Organocatalysts for the Stereospecific Dihydroxylation of Alkenes.
Authors: Yuan Changxia , Axelrod Abram , Varela Michael , Danysh Laura , Siegel Dionicio 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe novel dichloro‐substituted peroxide (IV) displays improved stability comparable to the parent phthaloyl peroxide (IIa) while possessing higher reactivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Zwitterionic Iridium Complexes with P,N‐Ligands as Catalysts for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Alkenes.
Authors: Franzke Axel , Pfaltz Andreas 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA variety of imidazoline‐, or oxazoline‐based chiral iridium—P,N ligand complexes, e.g. IPOXA, IPOXB, is prepared and studied as catalyst in the hydrogenation of various olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Use of Acylhydrazine‐ and Acylhydrazone‐Type Ligands to Promote CuI‐Catalyzed C—N Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Aryl Bromides with N‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Li Liuyi , Zhu Lei , Chen Dagui , Hu Xuelei , Wang Ruihu 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBenzoic acid N′‐phenylhydrazide displays the best activity among ten ligands tested in the title Ullmann reaction of bromoacetophenone (I) with imidazole.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Synthetic Routes to Ruthenium—Indenylidene Olefin Metathesis Catalysts.
Authors: Urbina‐Blanco Cesar A. , Manzini Simone , Perez Gomes Jessica , Doppiu Angelino , Nolan Steven P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA novel procedure is elaborated for the preparation of a ruthenium complex, which is successfully applied as a catalyst in ring‐closing metathesis and cross‐metathesis reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Primary Amines from Secondary and Tertiary Amines: Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Amination Using Ammonia.
Authors: Baehn Sebastian , Imm Sebastian , Neubert Lorenz , Zhang Min , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe title reaction is also applicable to unsymmetrical secondary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Decarboxylation of Dialkyl Carbonates to Dialkyl Ethers over Alkali Metal‐Exchanged Faujasites.
Authors: Selva Maurizio , Fabris Massimo , Perosa Alvise 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDimethyl‐ or diethyl carbonate subjected to the title reaction afford the corresponding dialkylether in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Boron‐Based Synthesis of the Natural Product (+)‐trans‐Dihydrolycoricidine.
Authors: Poe Sarah L. , Morken James P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe route to the title cytotoxic compound (V) is based on a platinum‐catalyzed diastereoselective diboration of cyclohexadiene (IIIa) followed by oxidative work‐up with H2O2 and NaOH to afford the corresponding 1,4‐diol (IVa).
ChemInform Abstract: Mg(ClO4)2, and Efficient Catalyst for Synthesis of β‐Amino Alcohols by Ring Opening of Epoxides with Amines under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Jafari Abbas Ali , Moradgholi Moradgholi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe title synthesis is highly regioselective by using a commercially available and inexpensive catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid and Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones with Novel Vanadium Polyoxometalate under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Dewan Anindita , Sarma Tridib , Bora Utpal , Kakati Dilip K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn combination with TosOH, the new reagent efficiently oxidizes the alcohol substrates in a very short reaction time.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Preparation of α‐Bromo‐α‐fluoro‐β‐hydroxyesters Building Blocks from Aldehydes, Ketones and Lactones.
Authors: Zoute Ludivine , Lemonnier Gerald , Nguyen Tanh Mai , Quirion Jean‐Charles , Jubault Philippe 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA one‐step method is developed to prepare the target molecules starting from carbonyl compounds and dibromofluoroacetate.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Catalysis in Highly Enantioselective Multicomponent Reaction with Water: An Efficient Approach to Chiral β‐Amino‐α‐hydroxy Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Qian Yu , Jing Changcheng , Shi Taoda , Ji Jingjing , Tang Min , Zhou Jing , Zhai Changwei , Hu Wenhao 
Published: July 2011

AbstractImines, diazo compounds, and water undergo a rhodium/chiral Broensted acid catalyzed reaction to give the title compounds with good threo‐selectivity and up to 97% enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium/NHC‐Catalyzed Oxidative Esterification of Aldehydes with Phenols.
Authors: Zhang Manli , Zhang Shouhui , Zhang Guoying , Chen Fan , Cheng Jiang 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA broad spectrum of aromatic aldehydes and phenols can be used in the presence of air as a clean oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Catalyzed Reaction of Thiols with α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds—Remarkable Influence of the C‐2 Hydrogen and the Anion.
Authors: Sarkar Anirban , Roy Sudipta Raha , Chakraborti Asit K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAn investigation of the catalytic ability of different ionic liquids with regard to their potential to activate thiols (II) and enone (I) via cooperative hydrogen bonds and charge‐charge interactions is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward a Practical and Waste‐Free Synthesis of Thioureas in Water.
Authors: Aziz Najmedin , Khajeh‐Amiri Alireza , Ghafuri Hossein , Bolourtchian Mohammad 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA variety of aliphatic and aromatic thiourea derivatives is prepared easily from the amines, anilines and CS2.
ChemInform Abstract: Difunctionalization of Arenes and Heteroarenes by Directed Metallation and Sulfoxide—Magnesium Exchange.
Authors: Melzig Laurin , Rauhut Christian B. , Naredi‐Rainer Nikolaus , Knochel Paul 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHighly functionalized 1,2,4‐trisubstituted arenes and difunctionalized heteroarenes (furans, thiophenes, benzofurans and pyridines) are prepared in a two‐step sequence using the sulfoxide moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid and Efficient Protic Ionic Liquid‐Mediated Pinacol Rearrangements under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Henderson Luke C. , Byrne Nolene 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe use of the protic ionic liquid Et3N·H2SO4 as a mediator for pinacol rearrangements employing either di‐ or triphenyl glycols is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzannulation for the Regiodefined Synthesis of 2‐Alkyl/Aryl‐1‐naphthols: Total Synthesis of Arnottin I.
Authors: Mal Dipakranjan , Jana Amit Kumar , Mitra Prithiba , Ghosh Ketaki 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLi‐mediated treatment of phthalides with α‐alkyl/arylacrylates provides a new, regiodefined approach to 2‐substituted 1‐naphthols.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihalofurans via Electrophilic Iodocyclization.
Authors: Yang Fan , Jin Tienan , Bao Ming , Yamamoto Yoshinori 
Published: July 2011

AbstractReaction of hydroxyalkynones (I) with iodine or IBr in methanol furnishes the corresponding dihalogenated furan derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: meso‐Diacylated Calix[4]pyrrole: Structural Diversities and Enhanced Binding Towards Dihydrogenphosphate Ion.
Authors: Mahanta Sanjeev P. , Kumar B. Sathish , Panda Pradeepta K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA simple two‐step procedure to the cis (V) and trans‐isomers (VI) of diacylated calix[4]pyrrole is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Promoted Tandem Reactions for the Synthesis of Bicyclic γ‐Lactams.
Authors: McGonagle Fiona I. , Brown Lindsay , Cooke Andrew , Sutherland Andrew 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe improved four‐step process involves the conversion of dienols into the corresponding allylic trichloracetimidates followed by Overman rearrangement, ring closing metathesis and Kharasch cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Novel Benzofuran‐2‐yl(4,5‐dihydro‐3,5‐substituted diphenylpyrazol‐1‐yl)methanones and Studies on the Antiproliferative Effects and Reversal of Multidrug Resistance of Human MDR1‐Gene Transfected Mouse Lymphoma Cells in vitro.
Authors: Shah Anamik , et al. et al. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNovel highly functionalized pyrazolines (III) are prepared using a microwave‐assisted reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Polyfluoroalkylation and Alkenylation of 1‐Benzyl‐1H‐indazol‐3‐ol.
Authors: Sokolenko T. M. , Yagupolskii L. M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractOnly reactions proceeding with participation of difluorocarbene lead to a mixture of N‐ and O‐ alkylation products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Protocol to 2‐Aminobenzimidazoles via Copper‐Catalyzed Cascade Addition and Cyclization of o‐Haloanilines and Carbodiimides.
Authors: Wang Fei , Cai Shangjun , Liao Qian , Xi Chanjuan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAn efficient and widely applicable method to prepare biologically important title compounds is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: MK‐10 Clay‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 2‐(2′,5′‐Disubstituted‐1′H‐indol‐3′‐yl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazoles under Conventional and Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Biradar J. S. , Sharanbasappa B. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe condensation of 2,5‐disubstituted 3‐cyanoacetyl indoles with orthophenylenediamines to give title compounds of type (III) is performed under various reaction conditions (conventional heating or under microwave irradiation under solventless conditions, with DMF, or with DMF on MK‐10 clay).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐R‐6,7,8,9,10,11‐Hexahydro‐5H‐5,9:7,11‐dimethano[1,2,4]triazolo [4,3‐a]azocines
Authors: Knyazeva E. A. , Skomorohov M. Yu. , Klimochkin Yu. N. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract[via reaction of azatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undec‐4‐ene (I) with acid hydrazides at room temperature].
ChemInform Abstract: Cellulose Sulfuric Acid: Novel and Efficient Biodegradable and Recyclable Acid Catalyst for the Solid‐State Synthesis of Thiadiazolo Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Kuarm B. Suresh , Madhav J. Venu , Rajitha B. , Reddy Y. Thirupathi , Reddy P. Narsimha , Crooks Peter A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe catalyst can be easily recycled and reused without significant loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Calcium Channel Antagonist Activity of New Symmetrical and Asymmetrical 4‐[2‐Chloro‐2‐(4‐chloro‐6‐methyl‐2‐oxo‐2H‐pyran‐3‐yl)vinyl]‐substituted 1,4‐Dihydropyridines.
Authors: Shahrisa A. , Zirak M. , Mehdipour A. R. , Miri R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA variety of new symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted title dihydropyridines (V) and (IV), resp., are synthesized via modified Hantzsch reactions and evaluated for their calcium channel blocking activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Assisted Synthesis, Chemiluminescent and Theoretical Studies of Bromoalkyl Esters of Acridine‐9‐carboxylic Acid.
Authors: Samai Subhasis , Nandi Ganesh C. , Singh Pallavi , Gupta A. , Singh M. S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPreviously unknown acridine‐9‐carboxylates are synthesized by esterification of acid (I) under microwave irradiation and phase‐transfer catalysis conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Aza‐Nazarov Cyclization Cascades.
Authors: Sai Kiran Kumar Solingapuram , O'Connor Matthew J. , Klumpp Douglas A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBenzamides tethered with ω‐acetal containing alkyl groups or enamides undergo triflic acid promoted cyclization to yield ring‐fused isoindolinones.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Heterocyclic Ketene Aminals: Construction of Imidazo(pyrido)[1,2‐a]pyridines and Imidazo(pyrido)[3,2,1‐ij][1,8]naphthyridines via DABCO‐Catalyzed Tandem Annulations.
Authors: Li Ming , Zhou Zhong‐Min , Wen Li‐Rong , Qiu Zhong‐Xuan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA novel, facile, and widely applicable method is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Naphthalenemonoimides and N‐Desymmetrized Naphthalenediimides.
Authors: Tambara Koujiro , Ponnuswamy Nandhini , Hennrich Gunther , Pantos G. Dan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA straightforward method to prepare title imides and diimides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Polycyclic N‐Heterocyclic Compounds. Part 68. Reactions of 3‐(2‐Bromoethyl)quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one and 3‐(2‐Bromoethyl)‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydroquinazolin‐4(3H)‐one with Primary Alkylamines via a Dimroth‐Type Rearrangement.
Authors: Okuda Kensuke , Ohtomo Hiromi , Tagata Tsuyoshi , Hirota Takashi , Sasaki Kenji 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe reaction of quinazolinone or tetrahydroquinazolinone derivatives of type (II) with alkylamines gives 3‐alkyl‐4‐alkylimino compounds of type (IV) via a Dimroth‐type rearrangement or normal substitution products of type (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Sieves Catalyzed Synthesis of Phenazine 5,10‐Dioxides under Solvent‐Free Conditions Using Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Takeuchi Saeka , Saito Hiroaki , Miyairi Shinichi , Takabatake Tohru 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMolecular sieves 4A functions not only as a dehydration agent, but also as a catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorous Benzaldehyde‐Based Synthesis of Biaryl‐Substituted Oxazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes.
Authors: Ding Shan , Le‐Nguyen Minhgiao , Xu Tao , Zhang Wei 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe preparation of title compounds (IX) is achieved by a three‐step synthesis including multicomponent reaction to form tetrahydroquinolines (V), followed by cycloaddition with coumarin (VI) to afford oxazabicycles (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt(II) Chloride Accelerated One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphonates at Room Temperature.
Authors: Karimi‐Jaberi Zahed , Zare Hassan , Amiri Mohammad , Sadeghi Naghmeh 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe convenient method produces the desired analogues of natural amino acids within a short time with good to excellent yields and many functional groups are tolerated.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and “Green” Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Haloalkylphosphonates via the Michaelis—Arbuzov Reaction.
Authors: Jansa Petr , Holy Antonin , Dracinsky Martin , Baszczynski Ondrej , Cesnek Michal , Janeba Zlatko 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe selective formation of the target haloalkylphosphonates (III), (V), (VII), and (IX) in the title reaction is achieved by the accurate control of the reaction temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Michael Addition of Diethyl Malonate with Ferrocenyl Substituted Chalcones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Shen Zhi‐Liang , Gu Da‐Gong , Yang Jin‐Ming , Ji Shun‐Jun 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe microwave‐assisted Michael addition of diethyl malonate (II) to ferrocenyl‐substituted chalcones (I) under solvent‐free conditions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Fascioquinols A—F: Bioactive Meroterpenes from a Deep‐Water Southern Australian Marine Sponge, Fasciospongia sp.
Authors: Zhang Hua , Khalil Zeinab G. , Capon Robert J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe isolation and structure elucidation of fascioquinols A (Ia), E (III) and F (IV) as well as some hydrolysis/cyclization products, e.g. fascioquinols B (Ib) and C (II), is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Toward a Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroxy Long Chain Base (LCB) and the Synthesis of Analogues of Mannostatin A.
Authors: Raghavan Sadagopan , Rathore Kailash , Sridhar B. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAldehyde (VI), a possible intermediate in the synthesis of LCB (VII), is prepared via a diastereoselective reduction of ketone (I), a subsequent bromohydrin formation, and a Pummerer reaction of sulfoxide (IV) as key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐Unsaturated Allyl Glycosides as Glycosyl Donors for Selective α‐Glycosylation.
Authors: Kumar Brijesh , Aga Mushtaq A. , Rouf Abdul , Shah Bhahwal A. , Taneja Subhash C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn the presence of NBS and Zn(OTf)2, the glycosides (I) and (VI) undergo facile and stereospecific α‐glycosylation with a wide range of alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Demethoxy‐Lycoraminone.
Authors: Herke Klara , Hazai Laszlo , Dubrovay Zsofia , Hada Viktor , Santa Zsuzsanna , Szantay Csaba Jr. , Kalaus Gyoergy , Szantay Csaba 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIt is important that the reduction with lithium aluminum hydride is conducted prior to the cyclization step.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled Nanometer‐Scale Magnetic Networks on Surfaces: Fundamental Interactions and Functional Properties
Authors: Carbone Carlo , Gardonio Sandra , Moras Paolo , Lounis Samir , Heide Marcus , Bihlmayer Gustav , Atodiresei Nicolae , Dederichs Peter Heinz , Bluegel Stefan , Vlaic Sergio , et al. et al. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractReview: 86 refs.
An efficient graphics processing unit‐based parallel algorithm for pricing multi‐asset American options
Authors: Dang Duy Minh , Christara Christina C. , Jackson Kenneth R. 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYWe develop highly efficient parallel PDE‐based pricing methods on graphics processing units (GPUs) for multi‐asset American options. Our pricing approach is built upon a combination of a discrete penalty approach for the linear complementarity problem arising because of the free boundary and a GPU‐based parallel alternating direction implicit approximate factorization technique with finite differences on uniform grids for the solution of the linear algebraic system arising from each penalty iteration. A timestep size selector implemented efficiently on GPUs is used to further increase the efficiency of the methods. We demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the parallel numerical methods by pricing American options written on three assets. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pharmacology and toxicology of the synthetic cathinone mephedrone (4‐methylmethcathinone)
Authors: Dargan Paul I. , Sedefov Roumen , Gallegos Ana , Wood David M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMephedrone (4‐methylmethcathinone) is a synthetic cathinone that is used as a recreational drug. It has been available since 2007 but its availability and use increased significantly during 2009 and 2010. In this review article we will summarize the available literature on the sources, availability, and prevalence of the use of mephedrone. We will also discuss the pharmacology of mephedrone, the patterns of acute toxicity associated with its use, the reports of fatalities associated with its use, and the potential for mephedrone dependence. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cathinone derivatives: A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology
Authors: Kelly John P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this review is to evaluate what is currently known about the pharmacology of cathinone derivatives. Cathinone is the principal active constituent of khat responsible for the stimulant effects that have led khat to be known as a ‘natural amphetamine’. Synthetic derivatives have been abused for their amphetamine‐like stimulant effects, most notably methylone, methcathinone (ephedrone), and 4‐methlymethcathinone (mephedrone). To date, cathinone and methcathinone have been studied most, demonstrating amphetamine‐like effects in a range of in vitro and in vivo investigations, albeit less potently than amphetamines. In humans, cathinone derivatives are usually administered orally, and in some cases by insufflation. Methcathinone has a longer history of abuse, being produced from readily available starting materials, and administered by injection. Mephedrone has become the best publicised cathinone derivative, amid considerable media and public concern about its legal status, its ready availability, and reports of serious toxicity and deaths following its use. As a consequence, there has been a clampdown on cathinone derivatives, dramatically changing their legal status in a number of countries. However, little objective evidence‐based comparative experiments have been conducted to date between these compounds and their related amphetamines in order to make clear risk judgements. Such assessments have largely been predictive in nature, based on their structural similarity to amphetamines. It can be assumed that, despite their illegal status, cathinone‐related compounds will continue to be prevalent drugs of abuse for the foreseeable future. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.