bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative Contribution of Greenhouse Gases and Ozone-Depleting Substances to Temperature Trends in the Stratosphere: A Chemistry–Climate Model Study
Authors: Stolarski Richard S. , Douglass Anne R. , Newman Paul A. , Pawson Steven , Schoeberl Mark R. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The temperature of the stratosphere has decreased over the past several decades. Two causes contribute to that decrease: well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). This paper addresses the attribution of temperature decreases to these two causes and the implications of that attribution for the future evolution of stratospheric temperature. Time series analysis is applied to simulations of the Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry–Climate Model (GEOS CCM) to separate the contributions of GHGs from those of ODSs based on their different time-dependent signatures. The analysis indicates that about 60%–70% of the temperature decrease of the past two decades in the upper stratosphere near 1 hPa and in the lower midlatitude stratosphere near 50 hPa resulted from changes attributable to ODSs, primarily through their impact on ozone. As ozone recovers over the next several decades, the temperature should continue to decrease in the middle and upper stratosphere because of GHG increases. The time series of observed temperature in the upper stratosphere is approaching the length needed to separate the effects of ozone-depleting substances from those of greenhouse gases using temperature time series data.
Observed Large-Scale Structures and Diabatic Heating and Drying Profiles during TWP-ICE
Authors: Xie Shaocheng , Hume Timothy , Jakob Christian , Klein Stephen A. , McCoy Renata B. , Zhang Minghua 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
This study documents the characteristics of the large-scale structures and diabatic heating and drying profiles observed during the Tropical Warm Pool–International Cloud Experiment (TWP-ICE), which was conducted in January–February 2006 in Darwin during the northern Australian monsoon season. The examined profiles exhibit significant variations between four distinct synoptic regimes that were observed during the experiment. The active monsoon period is characterized by strong upward motion and large advective cooling and moistening throughout the entire troposphere, while the suppressed and clear periods are dominated by moderate midlevel subsidence and significant low- to midlevel drying through horizontal advection. The midlevel subsidence and horizontal dry advection are largely responsible for the dry midtroposphere observed during the suppressed period and limit the growth of clouds to low levels. During the break period, upward motion and advective cooling and moistening located primarily at midlevels dominate together with weak advective warming and drying (mainly from horizontal advection) at low levels. The variations of the diabatic heating and drying profiles with the different regimes are closely associated with differences in the large-scale structures, cloud types, and rainfall rates between the regimes. Strong diabatic heating and drying are seen throughout the troposphere during the active monsoon period while they are moderate and only occur above 700 hPa during the break period. The diabatic heating and drying tend to have their maxima at low levels during the suppressed periods. The diurnal variations of these structures between monsoon systems, continental/coastal, and tropical inland-initiated convective systems are also examined.
The CASA Integrated Project 1 Networked Radar System
Authors: Junyent Francesc , Chandrasekar V. , McLaughlin D. , Insanic E. , Bharadwaj N. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) Integrated Project 1 (IP1) weather radar network, the first distributed collaborative adaptive sensing test bed of the Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere. The radar network and radar node hardware and software architectures are described, as well as the different interfaces between the integrated subsystems. The system’s operation and radar node control and weather data flow are explained. The key features of the radar nodes are presented, as well as examples of different data products.
Scoring Rules for Forecast Verification
Authors: Benedetti Riccardo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe problem of probabilistic forecast verification is approached from a theoretical point of view starting from three basic desiderata: additivity, exclusive dependence on physical observations (“locality”), and strictly proper behavior. By imposing such requirements and only using elementary mathematics, a univocal measure of forecast goodness is demonstrated to exist. This measure is the logarithmic score, based on the relative entropy between the observed occurrence frequencies and the predicted probabilities for the forecast events. Information theory is then used as a guide to choose the scoring-scale offset for obtaining meaningful and fair skill scores. Finally the Brier score is assessed and, for single-event forecasts, its equivalence to the second-order approximation of the logarithmic score is shown.The large part of the presented results are far from being new or original, nevertheless their use still meets with some resistance in the weather forecast community. This paper aims at providing a clear presentation of the main arguments for using the logarithmic score.
Coping with Ménière’s disease: experience and benefits from the use of complementary and alternative medicine
Authors: Long Andrew F. , Bennett Tony 
Published: August 2009

Objectives: To identify the significant events and persons prompting search for non-biomedical/complementary and alternative (CAM) ways to cope with the impact of Ménière’s syndrome, the CAM therapies used and perceived benefits. Methods: A narrative-based approach, with participants recruited from web sites and newsletters of two Ménière’s Societies (in the UK and in Victoria, Australia) and searches of a monthly newsletter, Spin, for letters related to the use of CAM therapies. A thematic approach to data analysis was undertaken. Results: Twenty personal, written stories were obtained and 23 letters. Commonly, critical events or changes in the condition provided the catalyst to seek alternative treatment, and sometimes significant others (a GP, CAM practitioner, friends, family). The accounts illustrate a range and variety of journeys that participants travelled in locating satisfactory ways to manage the condition, and the essential ‘personal’ nature of the experience and perceived benefits. No single CAM solution or pathway was evident. Discussion: The findings suggest the importance of ‘finding your own way’, having a positive outlook and being proactive in regaining control over one’s health, and the value of early recommendations to ‘perhaps try alternative/ CAM treatments’.
Cytolytic T cells induce ceramide-rich platforms in target cell membranes to initiate graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Rotolo Jimmy A. , Stancevic Branka , Lu Sydney X. , Zhang Jianjun , Suh David , King Christopher G. , Kappel Lucy W. , Murphy George F. , Liu Chen , Fuks Zvi , van den Brink Marcel R. , Kolesnick Richard 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAlloreactive donor cytolytic T lymphocytes play a critical role in pathophysiology of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). As GVHD progression involves tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptor activation, and as apoptotic signaling for some tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptors might involve acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase)–mediated ceramide generation, we hypothesized that ASMase deletion would ameliorate GVHD. Using clinically relevant mouse models of acute GVHD in which allogeneic bone marrow and T cells were transplanted into asmase+/+ and asmase−/− hosts, we identify host ASMase as critical for full-blown GVHD. Lack of host ASMase reduced the acute inflammatory phase of GVHD, attenuating cytokine storm, CD8+ T-cell proliferation/activation, and apoptosis of relevant graft-versus-host target cells (hepatocytes, intestinal, and skin cells). Organ injury was diminished in asmase−/− hosts, and morbidity and mortality improved at 90 days after transplantation. Resistance to cytolytic T lymphocyte–induced apoptosis was found at the target cell membrane if hepatocytes lack ASMase, as hepatocyte apoptosis required target cell ceramide generation for formation of ceramide-rich macrodomains, sites concentrating proapoptotic Fas. These studies indicate a requirement for target cell ASMase in evolution of GVHD in liver, small intestines, and skin and provide potential new targets for disease management.
Severe loss of invariant NKT cells exhibiting anti–HTLV-1 activity in patients with HTLV-1–associated disorders
Authors: Azakami Kazuko , Sato Tomoo , Araya Natsumi , Utsunomiya Atae , Kubota Ryuji , Suzuki Kenshi , Hasegawa Daisuke , Izumi Toshihiko , Fujita Hidetoshi , Aratani Satoko , Fujii Ryoji , Yagishita Naoko , Kamijuku Hajime , Kanekura Takuro , Seino Ken-ichiro , Nishioka Kusuki , Nakajima Toshihiro , Yamano Yoshihisa 
Published: August 2009

AbstractInvariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are unique T cells that regulate the immune response to microbes, cancers, and autoimmunity. We assessed the characteristics of iNKT cells from persons infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Whereas most infected persons remain asymptomatic carriers (ACs) throughout their lives, a small proportion, usually with high equilibrium proviral loads,develop 2 diseases: HTLV-1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). We demonstrated that the frequency of iNKT, NK, and dendritic cells in the peripheral blood of HAM/TSP and ATL patients is decreased. We also observed an inverse correlation between the iNKT cell frequency and the HTLV-1 proviral load in the peripheral blood of infected persons. Notably, in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood cells with α-galactosylceramide led to an increase in the iNKT cell number and a subsequent decrease in the HTLV-1–infected T-cell number in samples from ACs but not HAM/TSP or ATL patients. Our results suggest that iNKT cells contribute to the immune defense against HTLV-1, and iNKT-cell depletion plays an important role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP and ATL. Therefore, iNKT cell–based immunotherapy may be an effective strategy for preventing these HTLV-1–associated disorders.
TET2 mutation is an independent favorable prognostic factor in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs)
Authors: Kosmider Olivier , Gelsi-Boyer Véronique , Cheok Meyling , Grabar Sophie , Della-Valle Véronique , Picard Françoise , Viguié Franck , Quesnel Bruno , Beyne-Rauzy Odile , Solary Eric , Vey Norbert , Hunault-Berger Mathilde , Fenaux Pierre , Mansat-De Mas Véronique , Delabesse Eric , Guardiola Philippe , Lacombe Catherine , Vainchenker William , Preudhomme Claude , Dreyfus François , Bernard Olivier A. , Birnbaum Daniel , Fontenay Michaëla ,   on behalf of the Groupe Francophone des Myélodysplasies
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Oncogenic pathways underlying in the development of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) remain poorly characterized, but mutations of the ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) gene are frequently observed. In the present work, we evaluated the prognostic impact of TET2 mutations in MDS. Frameshift, nonsense, missense mutations, or defects in gene structure were identified in 22 (22.9%) of 96 patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.5-31.3 patients). Mutated and unmutated patients did not significantly differ in initial clinical or hematologic parameters. The 5-year OS was 76.9% (95% CI, 49.2%-91.3%) in mutated versus 18.3% (95% CI, 4.2%-41.1%) in unmutated patients (P = .005). The 3-year leukemia-free survival was 89.3% (95% CI, 63.1%-97.0%) in mutated versus 63.7% (95% CI, 48.2%-75.4%) in unmutated patients (P = .035). In univariate analysis (Cox proportional hazard model), the absence of TET2 mutation was associated with a 4.1-fold (95% CI, 1.4-12.0-fold) increased risk of death (P = .009). In multivariate analysis adjusted for age, International Prognostic Scoring System, and transfusion requirement, the presence of TET2 mutation remained an independent factor of favorable prognosis (hazard ratio, 5.2; 95% CI, 1.6-16.3; P = .005). These results indicate that TET2 mutations observed in approximately 20% of patients, irrespective of the World Health Organization or French-American-British subtype, represent a molecular marker for good prognosis in MDS.
Did genome duplication drive the origin of teleosts? A comparative study of diversification in ray-finned fishes
Authors: Santini Francesco , Harmon Luke J , Carnevale Giorgio , Alfaro Michael E 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundOne of the main explanations for the stunning diversity of teleost fishes (~29,000 species, nearly half of all vertebrates) is that a fish-specific whole-genome duplication event (FSGD) in the ancestor to teleosts triggered their subsequent radiation. However, one critical assumption of this hypothesis, that diversification rates in teleosts increased soon after the acquisition of a duplicated genome, has never been tested.ResultsHere we show that one of three major diversification rate shifts within ray-finned fishes occurred at the base of the teleost radiation, as predicted by the FSGD hypothesis. We also find evidence for two rate increases that are much younger than the inferred age of the FSGD: one in the common ancestor of most ostariophysan fishes, and a second one in the common ancestor of percomorphs. The biodiversity contained within these two clades accounts for more than 88% of living fish species.ConclusionTeleosts diversified explosively in their early history and this burst of diversification may have been caused by genome duplication. However, the FSGD itself may be responsible for a little over 10% of living teleost biodiversity. ~88% of species diversity is derived from two relatively recent radiations of freshwater and marine fishes where genome duplication is not suspected. Genome duplications are a common event on the tree of life and have been implicated in the diversification of major clades like flowering plants, vertebrates, and gnathostomes. However our results suggest that the causes of diversification in large clades are likely to be complex and not easily ascribed to a single event, even a dramatic one such as a whole genome duplication.
Cj0596 is a periplasmic peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase involved in Campylobacter jejuni motility, invasion, and colonization
Authors: Rathbun Kimberly M , Hall Johanna E , Thompson Stuart A 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background

Campylobacter jejuni is a gastrointestinal pathogen of humans, but part of the normal flora of poultry, and therefore grows well at the respective body temperatures of 37°C and 42°C. Proteomic studies on temperature regulation in C. jejuni strain 81–176 revealed the upregulation at 37°C of Cj0596, a predicted periplasmic chaperone that is similar to proteins involved in outer membrane protein folding and virulence in other bacteria.

Results
The cj0596 gene was highly conserved in 24 strains and species of Campylobacter, implying the importance of this gene. To study the role that Cj0596 plays in C. jejuni pathogenesis, a mutant derivative of strain 81–176 was constructed in which the cj0596 gene was precisely deleted. A revertant of this mutant was isolated by restoring the gene to its original chromosomal location using streptomycin counterselection. The cj0596 mutant strain demonstrated a slightly decreased growth rate and lower final growth yield, yet was more motile and more invasive of human intestinal epithelial cells than wild-type. In either single or mixed infections, the mutant was less able to colonize mice than 81–176. The cj0596 mutant also expressed altered levels of several proteins.

Conclusion
Mutation of cj0596 has an effect on phenotypes related to C. jejuni pathogenesis, probably due to its role in the proper folding of critical outer membrane proteins.
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr protein and its carboxy-terminally truncated form induce apoptosis in tumor cells
Authors: Nonaka Mizuho , Hashimoto Yoshie , Takeshima Shin-nosuke , Aida Yoko 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Vpr induces apoptosis after cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase in primate cells. We have reported previously that C81, a carboxy-terminally truncated form of Vpr, interferes with cell proliferation and results in apoptosis without G2 arrest. Here, we investigated whether this property of Vpr and C81 could be exploited for use as a potential anticancer agent. First, we demonstrated that C81 induced G1 arrest and apoptosis in all tumor cells tested. In contrast, Vpr resulted in G2 arrest and apoptosis in HeLa and 293 T cells. Vpr also suppressed the damaged-DNA-specific binding protein 1 (DDB1) in HepG2 cells, thereby inducing apoptosis without G2 arrest. G2 arrest was restored when DDB1 was overexpressed in cells that also expressed Vpr. Surprisingly, C81 induced G2 arrest when DDB1 was overexpressed in HepG2 cells, but not in HeLa or 293 T cells. Thus, the induction of Vpr- and C81-mediated cell cycle arrest appears to depend on the cell type, whereas apoptosis was observed in all tumor cells tested. Overall, Vpr and C81 have potential as novel therapeutic agents for treatment of cancer.
Reduction of lipoxidative load by secretory phospholipase A2 inhibition protects against neurovascular injury following experimental stroke in rat
Authors: Hoda Md Nasrul , Singh Inderjit , Singh Avtar K , Khan Mushfiquddin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundIn animal models, ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury triggers membrane lipid degradation and accumulation of lipoxidative exacerbations in neurovascular unit, leading to blood brain barrier (BBB) damage and neurologic deficits. In this study, we investigated whether impeding membrane lipid breakdown by inhibiting secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity reduces BBB leakage, leading to neuroprotection and functional recovery.MethodsFocal cerebral IR injury was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in adult male rats. A sPLA2 inhibitor, 7,7-dimethyleicosadienoic acid (DEDA), was administered following IR injury. DEDA-treated animals were compared with vehicle-treated in terms of BBB leakage, edema, infarct volume, and neurological deficit. Membrane lipid degradation and the expression/activity of sPLA2 were also assessed. The role of one of the sPLA2 products, arachidonic acid (AA), on the morphology of the differentiated neuronal cell PC12 was examined by light microscopy.ResultsTreatment with DEDA after IR injury not only reduced BBB leakage but also decreased infarct volume and improved neurologic function. The treatment attenuated both the activity of sPLA2 and the levels of sPLA2-derived oxidized products. The metabolites of lipid oxidation/peroxidation, including the protein carbonyl, were reduced as well. The treatment also restored the levels of glutathione, indicating attenuation of oxidative stress. In vitrotreatment of PC12 cells with DEDA did not restore the AA-mediated inhibition of neurite formation and the levels of glutathione, indicating that effect of DEDA is up stream to AA release.ConclusionsPLA2-derived oxidative products contribute to significant neurovascular damage, and treatment with sPLA2 inhibitor DEDA ameliorates secondary injury by reducing exacerbations from lipoxidative stress.
Development of a RVFV ELISA that can distinguish infected from vaccinated animals
Authors: McElroy Anita K , Albariño César G , Nichol Stuart T 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundRift Valley Fever Virus is a pathogen of humans and livestock that causes significant morbidity and mortality throughout Africa and the Middle East. A vaccine that would protect animals from disease would be very beneficial to the human population because prevention of the amplification cycle in livestock would greatly reduce the risk of human infection by preventing livestock epizootics. A mutant virus, constructed through the use of reverse genetics, is protective in laboratory animal models and thus shows promise as a potential vaccine. However, the ability to distinguish infected from vaccinated animals is important for vaccine acceptance by national and international authorities, given regulations restricting movement and export of infected animals.ResultsIn this study, we describe the development of a simple assay that can be used to distinguish naturally infected animals from ones that have been vaccinated with a mutant virus. We describe the cloning, expression and purification of two viral proteins, and the development of side by side ELISAs using the two viral proteins.ConclusionA side by side ELISA can be used to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals. This assay can be done without the use of biocontainment facilities and has potential for use in both human and animal populations.
Methamphetamine use and rates of incarceration among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Milloy M-J , Kerr Thomas , Buxton Jane , Montaner Julio , Wood Evan 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background
Given concerns over rising use of methamphetamine, especially among street-involved youth, and the links between exposure to the correctional system and the production of drug-related harm, we sought to assess the relationship between ever using methamphetamine and reporting ever being incarcerated in the At-Risk Youth Survey (ARYS) in Vancouver, Canada.

Methods
The relationship between ever being imprisoned and ever using methamphetamine was estimated using a multivariate logistic regression analysis while also considering potentially confounding secondary demographic, social and behavioural variables.

Results
Of the 478 youth recruited into ARYS between September 2005 and October 2006, 385 (80.5%) reported ever being incarcerated overnight or longer. In the multivariate model, methamphetamine use was independently associated with ever being incarcerated (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 1.79, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.03 – 3.13).

Conclusion
Incarceration was very common in this cohort and strongly linked with ever using methamphetamine. This finding is of concern and, along with the previously identified risks of drug-related harm associated with incarceration, supports the development of novel public policy, such as community-based drug treatment, to address the use of methamphetamine among street youth.
PSGL-1-dependent myeloid leukocyte activation
Authors: Zarbock Alexander , Müller Helena , Kuwano Yoshihiro , Ley Klaus 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Review on PSGL-1 effects on signaling in myeloid leukocytes activates following selectin engagement.
Cell-cell interactions mediating leukocyte recruitment and inflammation are crucial for host defense. Leukocyte recruitment into injured tissue proceeds in a multistep process. The first contact of leukocytes with endothelial cells (“capturing” or “tethering”) is mediated by selectins and their counter-receptor P-selectin glyco-protein ligand (PSGL)-1. During capture and rolling, leukocytes collect different inflammatory signals, which can activate various pathways. Integration of these signals leads to leukocyte activation, integrin-mediated arrest, cytoskeleton rearrangement, polarization, and transmigration. PSGL-1 on leukocytes also binds to activated platelets, where P-selectin is expressed at locally high site densities following α-granule fusion with the plasma membrane. Here, we review the signaling functions of PSGL-1 and speculate how the different known signaling events might relate to different phases of leukocyte recruitment.