bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The War on Terror
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
After 9/11, WLP held a series of family conversation-style radio broadcasts and a public interfaith dialogue in which women leaders from the three Abrahamic faiths spoke about terror, war, and peace. These promoted the ideas that interfaith dialogue should become part of education and civil interaction around the world and that women’s organizations should integrate interfaith and intercultural dialogue into their global movement building. In October 2001, the US attacked Afghanistan and Congress passed the PATRIOT Act, which did away with habeas corpus and allowed the phones of every American to be tapped. The increasing focus on the dangers of terrorism soon led to paranoia and deepening Islamophobia. The formerly robust dialogue and language on human rights/security from governments and in international gatherings gave way to an emphasis on democracy defined mainly as “elections” and as military security to promote peace or guarantee national or individual safety. The US sank in moral influence, and the experience of Afghanistan and Iraq chilled the euphoria that had prevailed in the global women’s rights community. The author describes the visit of Hojatoleslam Hussein Khomeini, grandson of the ayatollah whose regime had issued her death warrant, when he came to her house for dinner.
Iranian Feminism and the Green Revolution
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
During Mohammad Khatami’s tenure as Iran’s president (1997–2005), it seemed less risky than before to open dialogue with those trying to advance women’s rights in Iran. WLP invited ten Iranian activists and leaders to come to WLP’s annual partnership meeting held in Bangkok and participate in a weeklong training workshop, offered in Persian, on participatory leadership and advocacy strategies in closed societies. These women seemed defiant: “We are not what they want us to be. We haven’t given up. We are nobody’s victims.” When they returned to Iran, they created ingenious ways to implement WLP’s workshop experiences in ordinary situations. The author describes the successes of the One Million Signatures Campaign for Reform of Discriminatory Family Laws in Iran – a movement that included men – in 2006. After the 2009 fraudulent election, the Green Movement was born. It brought unprecedented civic awareness and political mobilization across the nation. Iranian women, who were at the forefront of the demonstrations and have fought the theocracy on every item of the state’s agenda, proved that once rights are ingrained in the psyche of a population, they cannot be erased, no matter the amount of state pressure and violence. In 2010, Farah died.
Changing the Architecture of Human Relationships
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Although Iran’s Green Movement in 2009 and the Arab Spring in 2011 brought hope to many, the author was cautious. The Iranian Revolution proved that demonstrations, uprisings, and slogans, helpful as they may be in giving expression to the needs of populations involved, will not improve systems of governance unless responsible civic leadership is already in place. The author describes WLP’s growth, conducting trainings in sixty countries in thirty languages and growing around the globe, as each of the twenty partners expanded their reach in turn by partnering with other independent organizations at the national and regional levels. Successful women who had participated in WLP trainings were increasing their numbers among elected and appointed political leaders, while leading in an inclusive, dialogue-based style of leadership and decision-making. After “a wakeup call” from Mary Robinson, WLP added climate justice to its priority themes, based on its impact on women. Demanding equal rights in a world that is structured to perpetuate violence, poverty, and insecurity is neither effective nor desirable. We cannot only seek the same rights as the other half of the population. Women must create a movement based on their collective power as the majority of the world’s population.
Introduction
Authors: Behnken Brian D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Introduction explores how White people regarded Mexican-origin people as criminally prone, how and why they implemented the criminal justice system, what went into that system, and how Mexicans and Mexican Americans responded to these things. Important terms including different types of police agencies (sheriffs, constables, police officers), lynching, incarceration, are defined. The Introduction familiarizes readers with important concepts, such as “ley fuga” or the law of flight that authorized police agents to shoot individuals who fled law enforcement, the idea of social banditry, the role of anti-Mexican groups like the “Texas Cowboys,” the myriad ways Mexican people resisted White violence, and the development of institutional racism within the criminal justice system.
Unknown Mex
Authors: Behnken Brian D. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The fourth chapter focuses on Mexican and Mexican American criminality. While White people often considered Mexican-origin people as predisposed to certain criminal activities, especially murder or sex work, the available historical record shows instead that police tended to arrest them for suspicion, vagrancy, or for property crimes. This perception of criminality drove law enforcement to monitor Mexican people and constantly intervene in their lives. This chapter also demonstrates that while police officers often treated Mexicans and Mexican Americans with a heavy hand, the broader criminal justice system tended to treat them more fairly. It also shows some important evolutions in the criminal justice system, especially the augmenting of fines for vagrancy or loitering in the early twentieth century as a method of dealing with the thousands of Mexicans who arrived in the US as refugees from the Mexican Revolution.
Perception
Authors: Wigginton Caroline 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
“Perception” concerns representations in image and word of Kateri Tekakwitha—a seventeenth-century Kanien:keha’ka (Mohawk) Catholic who has since been canonized as St. Kateri. The cornerstones of Kateri’s Catholic piety, the wounding and scarring of her skin, were transformations of her childhood education in Kanien:keha’ka craft. As she developed a craft of devotion, she mortified her body using the same materials and methods with which she had previously adorned deerskin and baskets. Jesuit hagiographies celebrate her conversion to Catholicism as a break with her Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) roots. However, engaging with both colonialist and Kanien:keha’ka modes of perception—of ways of observing, restoring, and creating knowledge and story—demonstrates that Kateri’s devotional craft shapes and co-circulates with her representation. Through multiple editions, translations, and reproductions, written and visual depictions extend and adapt her devotional craftwork, enfold Kateri and Kanien:keha’ka craft into colonialist narratives of exception, and also maintain an archive for Indigenous artists and observers to perceive knowledge and thereby restore and balance relationships. The chapter concludes with Kateri-inspired art by Tania Willard (Secwepemc Nation), Dyani White Hawk (Sičáŋğu Lakota), and Mary Kawennatakie Adams (Kanien:keha’ka), who craft their own relationships to Kateri through graphic print, painting, and basketry.
Composition
Authors: Wigginton Caroline 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Composition” recounts how three men—Joseph Johnson (Mohegan), Thomas Commuck (Narragansett Brothertown), and Brent Michael Davids (Stockbridge-Munsee Band of the Mohican Nation)—exemplify a multicentury practice of what the chapter calls hymncraft, the composition of a material text with songs of praise and veneration for the sacred relationships between communities, place, and beings, human and other-than-human. For these men, hymncraft is an instrument for choreographing new visions of community, first centered in the Native North American Northeast in the 1770s, then in the new Native Christian nation of Brothertown in the 1840s, and lastly in an interconnected continental Indigenous present that remains grounded in seasonal rhythms and philosophies of place and home.
Coda
Authors: Wigginton Caroline 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The coda returns to poetry and baskets by examining the multimedia visual art of Sarah Sense (Chitimacha, Choctaw, and European descent). Her work implicitly weaves together the aesthetic knowledge gathered by the other contemporary artists discussed throughout the book. Sense’s creations confirm that for certain Native artists, traversing the divide between writing and crafting may offer a pathway to reclaim and revivify a totality of material and aesthetic expressive practices fragmented and devalued by colonialism.
The Three Deaths of Cerro de San Pedro
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This is a history of precious-metals extractivism as lived in Cerro de San Pedro, a small gold- and silver-mining district in Mexico. Chronicling Cerro de San Pedro's operations from the time of the Spanish conquest to the present, Daviken Studnicki-Gizbert transcends standard narratives of boom and bust to envision a multicentury series of mining cycles, first operated under Spanish rule, then by North American industry, and today in the post-NAFTA world of transnational capitalism. The depletion of a mine did not mark the end of its life, it turns out. Evolving technology accelerated the flow of matter and energy moving through the extractive systems of exhausted mines and revived profitability over and over again in Mexico's mining districts. The book demonstrates how this serial reanimation of a non-renewable resource was catalyzed by capital and supported by state policy and ideology and how each new cycle imposed ever more harmful consequences on both laborers and natural ecologies. At the same time, however, miners and their communities pursued a contending vision—a moral ecology—that defended the healthy reproduction of life and land. This book's breathtakingly long view brings important perspective to environmental justice conflicts around extraction in Latin America today.
Introduction
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This is an introduction to the book's themes, arguments, structure, and approaches. It provides an overview of the cycles of gold and silver mining activity and abandonment over more than four centuries in Cerro de San Pedro, Mexico and its consequences for the environment and society. Readers are introduced to the key arguments about: how these cycles were made possible by an intensification of mining's social metabolism and resulted in deepening harms to human and natural bodies; how these harms incited cycles of resistance framed by an evolving series of moral ecologies; how these cycles were assured by a persistent regime of resource governance known as extractivism. The introduction also provides a brief overview of the materials and methods used in researching the book as well as commentary on the relations between activism and research in its elaboration.
The Metabolism of Extraction
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter moves from the material organization and scales of the first cycle of Spanish-era mining to its impacts on human health and the surrounding environment. The concept of the social metabolism is used to make the analytical link between these dimensions that are often held apart. With it, the chapter analyzes the mines and smelters of Cerro de San Pedro as a metabolism that simultaneously consumed energy and matter and voided wastes. This frames an empirical account of how the mining boom at Cerro de San Pedro drove regional processes of agrarian expansion, deforestation, erosion, flooding, as well as the over-exploitation of mine workers and the contamination of human bodies.
Extractivism Revived (1740s–1940s)
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter opens the second part of the book with an overview of how ostensibly exhausted mining were brought back into production. This was achieved through new technologies and new influxes of inputs (labor, energy, material) that increased the metabolism of mining such that the speed and volume of ore extraction and processing enabled a return to profitability. To this material explanation, the chapter adds the importance of state policy that supported the renewal of an extractivst mode of mining. Two phases of mining revival are covered in this chapter. The first (1740-1810) was fomented by the Bourbons but did not lift up Cerro de San Pedro. The second, under the government of Porfirio Díaz, began in the 1880s and channeled new flows of foreign (mainly US) capital into the industrialization of Mexico's mining sector. This would, in 1890, lead to the revival of the mines at Cerro de San Pedro.
De Profundis
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the growing organization and militancy of mine- and smelter-workers' movements in Cerro de San Pedro and San Luis Potosí that accompanied the industrialization of the extraction complex. It brings to the foreground the environmental dimensions of what has hitherto been primarily analyzed in social terms. Clarifying these allows a better view on the injustices, both social and ecological, that animated worker militancy. Central to this analysis are not only the negative impacts endured by workers and families, but also the contrast between these and the views and living conditions of foreign managers and employees. Both of these settings are documented, as are their relations which, although often intimate and spatially close, were usually positioned in marked oppositions.
The Revolution Underground
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Beginning with eruption of a worker's protest in the Morales smelter in 1910, the chapter traces the origins and development of the Mexican Revolution as it coursed through Mexico's mining sector. It treats the impacts of revolutionary violence on operations and, particularly, on the infrastructure that supplied them. The relations between miners and revolutionary ideologies is also examined with special attention to anarchist political action and critiques of the liberal regime of mining developed under the government of Porfirio Díaz.
Who We Are Now
Authors: Fishburne Michelle 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A profound look at the American experience during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Through 100 first-person stories collected while the pandemic was still raging, author Michelle Fishburne pulls back the curtain on the lives of ordinary people during this extraordinary time. Fishburne collected the stories as she motor-homed 12,000 miles all over the United States between September 2020 and September 2021. People shared what their lives were like, what made them struggle, and what surprised them. The personal histories in this book show a diversity of American lives, from the young college student who finds unexpected fame on TikTok to a special-education teacher sharing the challenges of remote learning. Everyone's story is different. Some, like Fishburne, lost their jobs. Others lost family, friends, and even their own health and well-being. And yet among the difficulties, many found something that had eluded them before the pandemic. These testimonies offer a glimpse into what people across America lost and found during the pandemic's first years. Fishburne lets us hear people's stories as if we were there, in real time, at the beginning of COVID-19, when employment was uncertain, schools were online, and American life more unpredictable than ever before.
Silva Coutinho’s Plant
Authors: Garfield Seth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Opening with an account of Harvard zoologist Louis Agassiz’s scientific journey to the Brazilian Amazon in 1865-66, this chapter pivots to the nationalistic agenda of his official guide, Brazilian engineer João Martins da Silva Coutinho, in leading the expedition to the Maués region, heartland of the guaraná trade. The chapter argues that Silva Coutinho, linked to emergent nineteenth-century Brazilian scientific institutions, attributed a key role to guaraná in Amazonian geopolitics. As the “heart of the trade” on the Madeira River and the Tapajós river, two large tributaries of the Amazon that flowed northward through the province of Mato Grosso, guaraná served as an agent of Brazilian national integration. Guaraná also epitomized a purported pathway to commercial agriculture and sedentarization of the Amazonian labor force. As a crop cultivated and traded by the Sateré-Mawé, guaraná conveyed as well the potential of Native Amazonian peoples, a core tenet of Latin American indigenismo. In other words, Silva Coutinho advanced the agendas of Brazil’s imperial government and nineteenth-century Brazilian scientific institutions in promoting Amazonian exploration, frontier colonization, resource extraction, and demarcation of South American international borders.
Drug Prospects
Authors: Garfield Seth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at guaraná’s fleeting popularity in late nineteenth-century Anglo-American pharmacy and therapeutics. It explores Western scientists’ acquisition and dissemination of knowledge of guaraná and the drug’s interface with commercial health care, cultural practices, and epistemologies. Nineteenth-century scientists’ reclassification of guaraná according to the “universal” standards of botany and chemistry transpired within the context of colonial botanizing and Indigenous knowledge erasures. Bavarian Karl von Martius renamed the plant according to the precepts and politics of binominal nomenclature established by Karl Linnaeus, European chemists identified guaraná’s active principle as caffeine, and pharmaceutical firms such as the Parke-Davis Company and patent medicine manufacturers marketed the “tonic drug” for medical conditions ranging from headaches and diarrhea to neurasthenia, or nervous exhaustion. The Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, eyeing the drug’s growing popularity, unsuccessfully promoted crop transplants to British colonies in South Asia. The high cost of guaraná relative to other sources of caffeine, bottlenecks in supply chains, and the advent of synthetic analgesics such as aspirin ultimately doomed guaraná as a pharmaceutical export. Employing insights from economic history, the history of science, the history of pharmaceuticals, and medical anthropology, this chapter explores the processes of transformation and adaptation surrounding cross-cultural therapeutic transfers.
Message in a Bottle
Authors: Garfield Seth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores mediations of race, class, gender, age, and region that endowed Brazilians with disparate stakes, resource, and outcomes in the use of guaraná soda. Although many Brazilians relished soft drinks, women were more in their thrall due to gender-based norms in Brazil and conventions of beverage consumption stigmatizing female alcohol consumption. The growth of the Brazilian middle class and the greater entry of middle-class women into the workforce and the public arena; the rise of the media, consumer, and leisure industries; and the “modernization” of the household and child-rearing in Brazil shored up women as protagonists and go-betweens in popularizing the consumption of guaraná soft drinks. Rising guaraná soft drink consumption was fueled by the growth of the Brazilian advertising industry, which relied on consumer research, the propagation of gendered and racialized messages, and the projection of images of leisure, vitality, and youth to promote the product. Although such campaigns, intensified in response to the entry of Coca-Cola in Brazil, were pitched by largely white, middle-class ad executives towards white, middle-class audiences, poorer and non-white Brazilians increasingly incorporated guaraná soft drinks into their diet. Although guaraná sodas share little in common with the modes of preparation, consumption, or taste of the traditional Sateré-Mawé beverage, this chapter argues that the dominant society also vested a stimulant beverage with the imposition of order, the mediation of social contradictions, the enchantment of nature, and magical powers of transformation.
Fast Times, Slow Food
Authors: Garfield Seth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Borrowing anthropologist Marshall Sahlins notion of the “indigenization of modernity,” or the Indigenous adaptations that have diversified a world unified by capitalism, this chapter explores how Sateré-Mawé survival as a distinct ethnic group owed to strategic alliances and selective adjustments of Indigenous sociocultural norms to external influences. Guaraná featured prominently in this process. Through a series of historical snapshots of Sateré-Mawé interactions with outsiders-- including Seventh-day Adventists, anthropologists, agents of the Brazilian government’s Indigenous bureau (the Indian Protection Service [SPI], later the National Indian Foundation [FUNAI]), and representatives of Fairtrade International, organic agriculture, and the Slow Food movement-- this chapter demonstrates how guaraná sustained Indigenous world-making as well as the incorporation of Western goods and knowledge. After two decades of Brazilian military rule promoting Amazonian development that provoked the despoliation of Sateré-Mawé territory by the French petroleum company, Elf Aquitaine, the Sateré-Mawé undertook a community development project to market Native guaraná in Europe through fair trade networks and the Slow Food Foundation. Projeto Waraná, sustained by an Indigenous producers’ consortium, challenged EMBRAPA’s technoscientific model and the industrial food system by employing traditional methods of planting, cultivating, and preparing guaraná. The commercial guaraná project emerged amid expanded rights for Indigenous Peoples enshrined in the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, the rise of alternative food movements, and global concern with Amazonian deforestation, but has also struggled to expand production and obtain greater buy-in from Sateré-Mawé communities.
The Lowcountry
Authors: Grego Caroline 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a reconstruction of the Lowcountry as it was before the hurricane struck. Lowcountry African Americans, motivated to maintain independence and sustain their families, constructed an economy centered on the sustenance of themselves and their loved ones, rather than around the enrichment of the white southerners who had so frequently profited at their expense. They eschewed a single form of employment for a wide array of subsistence activities, farm labor in rice and sea island cotton, and industrial employment in the post-war phosphate mines that proliferated around Charleston and Beaufort. By 1893, the balance of power in Charleston had largely returned to the hands of wealthy whites descended from the planter class, while further down the coast in Beaufort, an African American middle class flourished alongside white merchants. However, this nexus of Black landownership and political participation drew the ire of whites around the state, whether traditional Democrats or Democrats of a populist bent. A menace of a different sort lurked on the horizon, poised to strike: the Great Sea Island Storm of 1893.