bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservative Thought and the English Bourgeoisie
Authors: Feather H. R. 
Published: August 2011

It is argued by Mannheim that conservative thought, of which he takes Romanticism as an example, is anti-bourgeois thought. However English Romantic Conservatism does not appear to fit this model. English conservative thought (for example, Burke and Disraeli) is not anti-bourgeois. Furthermore English Romantic conservatism exhibits certain parallels with Wesleyan Methodism (hereafter referred to as Methodism) which acts, via its work ethic, as an ideological support for the bourgeoisie. The article explores the relationship of English Romantic conservatism to the bourgeosie, its similarities and differences regarding the thought of the latter, and the cultural functions it performs. This throws light on the sociological determinants of Romanticism. These are complex, it is argued, but basically there is an interplay of traditional pre-capitalist and more modem influences, reflecting the interpenetration of different stages of social development. Romantic conservatism, it is claimed, provides a rich source of symbolism for the modem bourgeoisie and traditional (mercantile and agricultural) capital, demonstrating its ambivalence regarding modern and traditional milieux. At the same time, it remains a non-bourgeois, pre-capitalist type of thought. Its major significance lies in its contribution to the elaboration of more hegemonic forms of dominant culture than would otherwise have been possible, it is concluded.
Catch, Class and Bureaucracy: The Meaning of Joseph Heller's Catch 22
Authors: Perry Nick 
Published: August 2011

The expression ‘Catch 22’ has become part of the language, routinely employed without further explanation in newspapers, television programmes and everyday speech, and invoked without further reference in the learned papers of both British and American authors.1 A related, but less common tendency, which serves to identify admirers of the novel, is the predisposition to see particular incidents and characters as exemplars of the world beyond its pages.2 Ransacking the text for such Goffmanesque parallels can, at a minimum, contribute to a kind of world weary higher gossip and a repertoire of novel epithets for characterising faculty committees. This is clearly not what so perceptive a political theorist as John Schaar had in mind when he located Catch 22 between Horatio Alger and Goodman's Growing Up Absurd as one of those books which, for Americans at least, has ‘had important effects on our political life’.3 Indeed one critic has even suggested that Yossarian, the central character, was a role model for those Vietnam war draft resisters, evaders and AWOL veterans who chose exile in Sweden and elsewhere.4 Whatever the status of this and similar contentions (and prescience seems a more plausible claim than influence) my intention is not to establish the precise impact of Catch 22 on attitudes and action. I am, however, concerned to explain the basis of its popularity. Hence my tactics are to reconstruct how the novel works on its reader and to suggest the ways in which this connects with, and selects for, a public which occupies a distinctive social and cultural situation. That public, it is argued, is all but coextensive with Gouldner's ‘New Class’,5 and the form style and structure of Catch 22 dramatises the sociolinguistic implications of the contradiction which characterises the New Class's social position. Moreover the book provides a symbolic solution to that contradiction. For Heller, method, ideas and sensibility are linked in a strategy which both uncovers the use of language as a bureaucratic resource and uses the resources of language to uncover bureaucracy.6
Technological Knowledge, Curriculum and Occupational Role Potential
Authors: Kahane Reuven , Starr Laura 
Published: August 2011

This paper examines technological curricula in terms of their potential to be realized in occupational roles. The more the curriculum is oriented towards roles (as opposed to skills or pure knowledge), the greater the probability that it will be articulated in the labour market and the greater its efficacy and legitimacy. The concept of role has been analytically divided into six components: value commitment, normative, communicative, interactive, role intelligence and proficiency components. Theoretically, the more components are present in a given curriculum, the higher the probability that a given occupational role will be effectively articulated. However, their presence is a necessary but insufficient condition for effective role performance; their integration is of equal, if not greater importance, and the latter is meaningful only when the social context of the articulation is taken into account. It was found that the role components do not appear in a balanced manner in technological curricula investigated in Israel, and some hardly receive any attention. Those that are present are weakly linked to actual economic contexts. Thus, it appears that students in technological education, are socialized to minimal role articulation; ie, they are more likely to implement decontextualized tasks than to assume integral occupational roles.
Towards a Typology of Female Entrepreneurs
Authors: Cromie Stanley , Hayes John 
Published: August 2011

This paper reviews some of the employment problems faced by women and examines how these difficulties might be overcome through entrepreneurship. However, recent empirical work by Goffee and Scase suggests that it is inappropriate to speak of ‘the’ female entrepreneur: there are different types of female business proprietors. Based on an empirical study of 34 aspiring female proprietors, the authors investigate the validity of Goffee and Scase's assertions. Results suggest that there are indeed different types of female entrepreneur, and that while there are some similarities between the typology developed in this paper and that presented by Goffee and Scase, there are also significant differences between them. Possible policy implications of the findings are discussed.
The Impact of Questioning Method on Measurement Error in Panel Survey Measures of Benefit Receipt: Evidence from a Validation Study
Authors: Lynn Peter , Jäckle Annette , Jenkins Stephen P. , Sala Emanuela 
Published: August 2011

SummaryWe assess measurement error in panel survey reports of social security benefit receipt, drawing on a unique validation study. Our aims are threefold. First, we quantify the incidence of measurement errors (under- and over-reporting). Second, we assess the extent to which this varies according to the questioning method that is used. Specifically, dependent interviewing has been proposed as a way to reduce under-reporting in some circumstances. We compare two versions of dependent interviewing with traditional independent interviewing in an experimental design. Third, we identify and assess new ways of reducing measurement error in panel surveys. We use data from a large-scale UK household panel survey and we consider six benefits. To assess the measurement error, a validation exercise was conducted, with administrative data on benefit receipt matched at the individual level to the survey microdata.
UNREFLECTIVE ACTION AND THE ARGUMENT FROM SPEED
Authors: GOTTLIEB GABRIEL 
Published: August 2011

AbstractHubert Dreyfus has defended a novel view of agency, most notably in his debate with John McDowell. Dreyfus argues that expert actions are primarily unreflective and do not involve conceptual activity. In unreflective action, embodied know‐how plays the role reflection and conceptuality play in the actions of novices. Dreyfus employs two arguments to support his conclusion: the argument from speed and the phenomenological argument. I argue that Dreyfus's argumentative strategies are not successful, since he relies on a dubious assumption about concepts and reflection. I suggest that Dreyfus is committed to a minimal view of conceptuality in action.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin resistance post‐trauma: similarities to type 2 diabetes
Authors: Jeschke Marc G. , Boehning Darren 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIntroductionInsulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in burn patientsEuglycaemic control in critically ill and burn patientsMolecular mechanisms associated with post‐burn insulin resistance: endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein responseInduction of the ER stress response and intracellular calcium storesType 2 diabetes in animal models and links to the ER stress responseClinical relevance of insulin resistance and ER stress in the post‐burn responseTargeting the ER stress response as a therapeutic for burn injuryConclusionsType 2 diabetes, a rapidly growing disease of modern aetiology, has a profound impact on morbidity and mortality. Explosions in the understanding of the underlying cellular mechanisms which lead to type 2 diabetes have recently been elucidated. In particular, the central role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and the unfolding protein response (UPR) in insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes has recently been discovered. We hypothesize that ER stress and UPR are not only central for type 2 diabetes but also for stress‐induced diabetes. We review here the evidence that post‐burn insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia have pathophysiologic mechanisms in common with type 2 diabetes. These recent discoveries not only highlight the importance of ER stress in the post‐burn patient recovery, but furthermore enable new models to study fundamental and interventional aspects of type 2 diabetes.
CELL MEMBRANE DAMAGE BY VACUUM TREATMENT AT DIFFERENT PRESSURE REDUCTION RATES
Authors: SONG XIAOYONG , LI YUNFEI 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTTo investigate the damage of cell membrane induced by vacuum treatment at different pressure reduction rates, the onion epidermis was subjected to three different pressure reduction rates in a miniaturized, visual and vernier regulation experimental setup. The results of physical tests agreed well with the result of optical microscopy, which showed that treatment at the medium pressure reduction rate resulted in minimum changes in the spaces between the cell membrane and cell wall, water loss, relative electrical conductivity, color and micromechanical properties. Experimental results showed that the pressure reduction rate had obvious effects on the cell membrane integrity of vacuum‐treated onion epidermis.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work tested the effect extent of different pressure rates on the cell membrane integrity during vacuum treatment, which has been demonstrated to provide many benefits to the food processing industry. This research could help the users to choose the appropriate operating parameters, to predict the characteristics of vacuum cooled products, to understand the mechanism of vacuum treatment and to learn the design of vacuum cooling equipment.
Sustainable Food Consumption and Production in a Resource‐constrained World  Summary Findings of the EU SCAR Third Foresight Exercise La production et la consommation alimentaires durables dans un monde aux ressources limitées  Résumé des résultats du 3ème exercice de prospective du Comité permanent pour la recherche agricole de l’Union européenne Nachhaltiger Lebensmittelkonsum und nachhaltige Lebensmittelproduktion in einer Welt mit begrenzten Ressourcen  Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse aus dem dritten Vorausschauverfahren des Ständigen Agrarforschungsausschusses (SCAR) der EU
Authors: Freibauer Annette , Mathijs Erik , Brunori Gianluca , Damianova Zoya , Faroult Elie , i Gomis Joan Girona , O′Brien Lance , Treyer Sébastien 
Published: August 2011

summarySustainable Food Consumption and Production in a Resource‐constrained WorldThis article summarises the findings of the Third Foresight Exercise organised by the EU Standing Committee on Agriculture Research (SCAR). The challenges ahead for the European agri‐food system differ in their complexity, scale and speed to those we have faced in the past, pointing to a new level of change. The interconnections between these combined challenges and the limited understanding of the various feedback loops linking them, contribute to uncertainty about future developments. There is growing evidence, however, that these challenges are so large that a ‘business‐as usual’ approach is not an option and that transformative change is needed which will open up a window for innovation, new ideas and new paradigms. Three pathways have been identified to guide the transition to a sustainable agri‐food system: consumption changes, technological innovation and organisational innovation. To make the transition successful, research and innovation programmes should be transformed in order to tackle these challenges and to produce the necessary system innovations. Diversity of approaches and paradigms, transdisciplinarity, experimentation in both the technological and social realm and coordination should be promoted in the design of the research and innovation programmes.
Capability of a numerical model to simulate dam breach laboratory tests
Authors: De Lorenzo G. , Macchione F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn the last decade many research projects have been developed concerning the breaching of embankment dams. In particular in the framework of the IMPACT Project, results were provided for five large scale field tests and for 22 laboratory tests, so providing the basis for a better comprehension of the breach enlargement process, but also giving useful data for numerical modelling. This paper presents the results of the simulations of some of these tests, where the erosion is triggered by the overtopping of the dam. The simulations were carried out through a physically based model proposed by Macchione. The numerical results confirmed the soundness of the physical basis of the model.
Modelling fluctuations of Caspian Sea levels using a mixed probability distribution
Authors: Kozhevnikova I. , Shveikina V. , Domínguez E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBy applying a nonlinear regression root analysis, this paper evaluates the significance of an emerging third stable steady state for the Caspian Sea level. A theoretical probability density function (PDF) is built and fitted to empirical data by mixing three different normal distributions. From this mixed probability distribution, a drift coefficient is obtained for the corresponding diffusive process. A stochastic model is then proposed, which uses the derived drift coefficient. This model demonstrates better performance than that exhibited by polynomial approximations and open possibilities for hydrological risk assessment of systems with several stable steady states.
THE INHERITANCE OF INTELLIGENCE AND ITS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Conway J. 
Published: August 2011

It is argued that the wide differences between the intellectual achievements of children from different socio‐economic classes are due not only to environmental but also to genetic differences. In spite of the marked improvement in social conditions during recent years, the differences between the average levels for each class remain much the same as before the war. The distribution of genetic differences displays two significant characteristics: (a) the average level of children from the lower occupational groups is lower than that of the others, but (b) owing to their numbers and the wide range of individual variation, they provide a larger number of able children than the higher groups. A multifactorial process of inheritance combined with the effects of social mobility would adequately account for all the important features observed.Recent critics have questioned the validity of this explanation, and in particular have doubted the evidence for mental inheritance (notably that which rests on the study of identical twins). An attempt is made to answer their objections in the light of newer evidence now available.
ESTIMATION IN FACTOR ANALYSIS UNDER VARIOUS INITIAL ASSUMPTIONS
Authors: Lawley D. N. 
Published: August 2011

The object of the following paper is to investigate how far it is practicable to adopt the principle of maximum likelihood for the estimation of factor loadings, when some of the loadings are assumed a priori to be zero. Both the orthogonal and the oblique case arc considered; and the solutions obtained are illustrated by applying them to a simple example.Owing to the need for an iterative procedure the labour involved increases enormously as the number of factors increases. It is concluded that one possibility would be to use methods which, though not fully efficient, would entail only fairly simple calculations. To devise such methods is comparatively easy, but it is far more difficult to assess their efficiency.
INTELLIGENCE AND SOCIAL MOBILITY
Authors: Burt Cyril 
Published: August 2011

The main thesis of the following paper is that, in a highly organized society, the discrepancies between the general intelligence of the children and the occupational class into which they are born is bound to produce a large and fairly constant amount of ‘basic mobility’, quite apart from any deliberate changes in the political or educational structure of the society.Since the correlation between the intelligence of fathers and sons is only about 0.50, it is evident that, when classified according to their occupational status, (i) the mean intelligence of the children belonging to each class will exhibit a marked regression towards the general mean, and (ii) the intelligence of the individual children within each class will vary over a far wider range than that of their fathers. These deductions are fully confirmed by tables compiled to show the actual distribution of intelligence among adults and children belonging to the various occupational categories. It follows that, if the frequency distribution within the several classes is to remain constant (and still more if there is to be an increasing degree of vocational adjustment among later generations), a considerable amount of social mobility must inevitably take place, involving between 20 and 30 per cent of the population. Approximate estimates are attempted of both the actual and the ideal amounts. Data obtained from the after‐histories of schoolchildren, followed up in later life, are analysed to ascertain the main psychological causes tending to produce a rise or drop in occupational status.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF VERBAL FLUENCY FACTORS1
Authors: Christensen Paul R. , Guilford J. P. 
Published: August 2011

The objective of the investigation here described was to carry out a factor‐analytic study of the somewhat ambiguous area of verbal fluency, using a new approach which emphasized certain experimental features. Hypotheses regarding difference among the fluency factors were tested by systematic variations in sets of two or more parallel tests.A six‐hour battery of experimental and marker tests was administered to 221 Naval Air Cadets. Thirteen factors were extracted from the inter‐correlations of 41 variables. First‐approximation positions were obtained by placing each of nine reference axes near a single marker test in an orthogonal system. From this two rotational solutions were obtained graphically, one using the criteria of simple structure and positive manifold only with no knowledge of the tests, the other with knowledge and with the further criterion of psychological sense. The two were in general agreement.The following factors were identified: (i) four reference factors, Verbal Comprehension, General Reasoning, Writing Speed, Originality, (ii) a factor called Eduction of Conceptual Correlates; (iii) three factors specific to parallel tests or overlapping scores; (iv) one residual factor, and (v) four fluency factors, namely Expressional Fluency (the ability to produce connected discourse, irrespective of the quality of production), Ideational Fluency (the ability to produce ideas in situations where there is little restriction and a high level of quality is not required), Word Fluency (the ability to produce words meeting structural requirements with moderate restrictions on responses), and Associational Fluency (the ability to produce isolated words to fit a given relation and unit of meaning).
THE EFFECT OF NUMBER OF RESPONSE ALTERNATIVES ON RESPONSE FREQUENCY AND LATENCY IN PAIRED‐ASSOCIATE LEARNING
Authors: Hall Ralph F. 
Published: August 2011

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of the number of response alternatives on response latency in paired‐associate learning. In previous studies no systematic differences have been found between error and success latencies of trials prior to the last error, but these studies have involved only two or three response alternatives. In the present study eight stimuli were paired with either two‐, four‐ or eight‐response alternatives.The mean error latencies were an increasing function of the number of response alternatives, while on pre‐criterion trials, mean error latencies were consistently greater than mean success latencies with four‐ and eight‐response alternatives. No systematic differences were found in the two‐response condition.A four‐state all‐or‐none memory model was fitted to both the frequency and latency data, and adequately accounted for the four‐ and eight‐response Conditions, but yielded some discrepant predictions in the two‐response condition. These discrepancies were attributed to the use of different recall strategies by the subjects.
THE ISOPODIC AND EQUIPOTENT PRINCIPLES FOR COMPARING FACTOR SCORES ACROSS DIFFERENT POPULATIONS
Authors: Cattell Raymond B. 
Published: August 2011

The need to compare factor score estimates across groups differing in age and culture, for example, can be met whenever some variables, factored in all the groups to be compared, are identical.Within the ordinary factor analytic procedures, an equipotent method is described, which throws scores from different groups into a combined standard score distribution, and operates on the scores of each group with its own factor estimation weights, but with the matrices for all the groups brought to equipotency.A more satisfactory isopodic procedure is also proposed, using covariance factoring, after first reducing artificial metric differences among variables by ‘universe standardizing’ conversions. But a more radical attainment of the isopodic goat is reached if the mean standardized covariance matrix is applied to the raw score deviations of members of all groups, brought into a combined distribution on each variable.
The prediction of prison riots
Authors: Smith J. Q. 
Published: August 2011

Zeeman et al. (1976) proposed a model of the escalation of disorder in a prison and the subsequent riot. The theoretical foundation of this model was an analogy with Lorentz's (1963) study of the behaviour of a cornered and threatened dog and was couched in terms of catastrophe theory (Isnard & Zeeman, 1975). The escalation to a riot in Gartree in 1972 illustrated the uses of their model.Since 1975 there have been two more riots, one in Hull in 1976 and one in Gartree in 1978. In the light of these riots Zeeman's model is reformulated using a utility or pay‐off approach. By adjusting his model in this way we found a more efficient method of monitoring disturbances. The changes in the monitored variables over the time preceding each of these three riots are discussed and conclusions drawn from the new model.