bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Umbilical Venous and Intraosseous Access During Simulated Neonatal Resuscitation
Authors: Rajani Anand K. , Chitkara Ritu , Oehlert John , Halamek Louis P. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:
Emergent umbilical venous catheter (UVC) placement for persistent bradycardia in the delivery room is a rare occurrence that requires significant skill and involves space constraints. Placement of an intraosseous needle (ION) in neonates has been well described. The ION is already used in the pediatric population and is placed at an anatomic location distant from where chest compressions are performed. In this study we compared time to placement, errors in placement, and perceived ease of use for UVCs and IONs in a simulated delivery room.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
Forty health care providers were recruited. Subjects were shown an instructional video of both techniques and allowed to practice placement. Subjects participated in 2 simulated neonatal resuscitations requiring intravenous epinephrine. In 1 scenario they were required to place a UVC and in the other an ION. Scenarios were recorded for later analysis of placement time and error rate. Subjects were surveyed regarding the perceived level of difficulty of each technique.

RESULTS:
The average time required for ION placement was 46 seconds faster than for UVC placement (P &lt; .001). There was no significant difference in the number of errors between UVC and ION placement or in perceived ease of use.

CONCLUSIONS:
In a simulated delivery room setting, ION placement can be performed more quickly than UVC insertion without any difference in technical error rate or perceived ease of use. ION insertion should be considered when rapid intravenous access is required in the neonate at the time of birth, especially by health care professionals who do not routinely place UVCs.
Adequacy of Milk Intake During Exclusive Breastfeeding: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Nielsen Susan B. , Reilly John J. , Fewtrell Mary S. , Eaton Simon , Grinham James , Wells Jonathan C. K. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE:To test whether and how human lactation and breastfeeding practices can adapt to fulfill infant energy requirements during exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months.METHODS:The First-Feed study was a longitudinal, observational field study to measure milk intake, energy intake (from the doubly labeled water method), anthropometry, and breastfeeding practices at 2 time points around 15 and 25 weeks of age. Fifty healthy exclusively breastfeeding mother-infant dyads were included from breastfeeding support groups in greater Glasgow, Scotland. Forty-seven completed (23 boys), and 41 were exclusively breastfed to 25 weeks of age.RESULTS:Milk intakes were higher than literature values (923 [SD: 122] g/day, n = 36; and 999 [SD: 146] g/day, n = 33) at both 15 and 25 weeks of age (both P &lt; .001) and increased significantly between time points (mean increase: 61 g/day [95% confidence interval: 23–99]; P = .003). Infant growth was normal compared with World Health Organization Child Growth Standards, and energy intakes were adequate compared with references for energy requirements. Behavioral data indicated no evidence of strain on breastfeeding practices.CONCLUSIONS:Results of this prospective study reveal that when mothers are well supported and follow the World Health Organization recommendation on breastfeeding, milk intakes are high and increase over time, and there is adequate energy intake, normal infant growth, and no marked changes in breastfeeding practices. This new empirical evidence on adaptations during exclusive breastfeeding should help health professionals promote the initiation, duration, and exclusivity of breastfeeding.
Effect of Thermal Annealing on Proton Conduction in Ion Exchange Membranes
Authors: Kwon Osung , Wu Shijie , Zhu Da-Ming 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe configurations of proton channel network on the surface of Nafion® membranes were studied using current sensing atomic force microscopy after the membranes were annealed at elevated temperatures, aimed at understanding the effect of aging process in the membranes. The results reveal that proton conductance of the membranes becomes more uniform and the proton channels become chain-like aligning in parallel to the membrane surface. Accompanied to the configuration changes, the proton conductivity of the membrane shows an increase. As the annealing continues, the chain-like configuration for the proton channels persists but the conductance of the membranes decreases. The time constant of the conductivity decay decreases with increase of the annealing temperature. The observed changes can be attributed to reorientation of proton channels near the membrane surface from perpendicular to parallel to the surface as the annealing temperature approaches the glass transition of the membranes.
Study of thermoelectric properties of InGaN/GaN superlattice
Authors: Huang Hung-Hsun , Wu Yuh-Renn 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAs many reports show that the superlattice structure could greatly enhance the figure of merit ZT value for the thermoelectric application. We studied the thermal and electrical properties of the InGaN/GaN superlattice structure, and further analyze the thermoelectric features with different superlattice period, doping concentration, and operation temperature. The elastic continuum model and Callaway model have been applied to calculate the phonon dispersion relation and the thermal conductivity, respectively. The electrical properties are obtained by the Boltzmann transport equation with the relaxation time approximation. Simulation results indicate that both the reduced thermal conductivity and enhanced power factor would have the contribution to the enhancement of the figure of merit ZT.
Finite Element Studies of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Dislocation Nucleation based on the Rice-Peierls Framework
Authors: Li T.L. , Lee J.H. , Gao Y.F. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe study of dislocation nucleation has gained increasing attentions recently primarily due to the advancement of small scale mechanical testing methods. Based on the classic Rice model of dislocation nucleation from a crack tip in which the dislocation core is modeled by a continuous slip field, a nonlinear finite element method can be formulated with the interplanar potential as the input, and the development of interplanar slip field can be solved from the resulting boundary value problems. The effects of geometric boundary conditions, loading patterns, etc. can be conveniently determined, as opposed to the time consuming molecular simulations. To validate the method, we compare the simulations results of homogeneous dislocation nucleation and heterogeneous dislocation nucleation from a two-dimensional crack tip to the literature results. As proposed by Rice and Beltz (J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 1994), the activation energy for dislocation nucleation from a three-dimensional crack tip depends on the finite thickness in the direction parallel to the crack tip, which has been successfully reproduced in the finite element simulation results reported here.
The Energetics of Hydrogen-Vacancy Clusters in BCC Iron
Authors: Hayward Erin , Deo Chaitanya S. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTWe present a general method for investigating the energetics of small impurity-vacancy clusters in crystalline materials. We use a combination of molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo methods to locate low energy configurations of the bubbles, from which the binding energies of various point defects can be determined. This method is applied to case of hydrogen bubbles in alpha-iron. Clusters with ratios of up to 10 hydrogen atoms to a vacancy are studied. We find that hydrogen does help to stabilize voids in alpha-iron, but that hydrogen is quite weakly bound to these voids. Ratios of up to approximately 4 can be supported at low temperatures.
Laser-assisted surface engineering of thin film electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Pfleging Wilhelm , Kohler Robert , Scholz Steffen , Ziebert Carlos , Proell Johannes 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTElectrode thin films made of LiCoO2, Li-Mn-O and SnO2 were synthesized by rf magnetron sputtering on silicon and stainless steel substrates. In order to increase the active surface direct laser structuring methods using ns- and ps-laser sources were applied. A laser system operating at a wavelength of 248 nm with a pulse length of 4-6 ns and repetition rates up to 500 Hz enabled the formation of high aspect ratio micro- and sub-micron structures with feature sizes down to less than 400 nm. Subsequent to the laser structuring process, laser annealing of LiCoO2 and Li-Mn-O was performed in order to achieve an appropriate crystalline phase which shows improved electrochemical cycling performance. Laser annealing was applied via a high power diode laser system operating at a wavelength of 940 nm. In case of LiCoO2 the high temperature phase was obtained through laser-annealing while for Li-Mn-O the spinel phase was formed. For both LiCoO2 and Li-Mn-O thin films appropriate annealing parameters were temperatures of up to 680 °C and an annealing time of 100 s.
Szilard-Chalmers and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy to Locate Copper Cations in Synthetic Faujasite, Zeolite X
Authors: Khalid Syed M. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe sodium in synthetic faujasite, commercial zeolite-X, was exchanged with copper cations at room temperature. A maximum number of 70 out of 86 Na cations were replaced with 35 copper cations (1). The copper exchanged zeolite was divided in six equal parts. Five of them were calcined at 43, 73, 112, 150 and 195 deg C. After calcination the samples were eluted with saturated solution of ammonium chloride to remove copper cations from open sites (super-cages) of the zeolite (Fig 1). The remaining copper cations were in locked sites (sodalite-cages or hexagonal-prisms). Using XAS edge-jump as a measure of quantitative analysis, we found that 9.0, 11.5, 12.7, 13.3 and 20.0 copper cations were locked at calcination temperatures of 43, 73, 112, 150 and 195 deg C respectively. The analysis of the first shell Fourier Transformed radial distribution shows that cations at site I in the hexagonal-prism and site I ‘ and II ’ in the sodalite-cages, adjacent to site I, are distributed at equal proportion, independent of temperature.
New Compounds Consisting of Turbostratic Intergrowths: Ultra-low Thermal Conductivities and Tunable Electric Properties
Authors: Beekman Matt , Moore Daniel B. , Atkins Ryan , Heideman Colby , Lin Qiyin , Hill Krista , Anderson Michael , Johnson David C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTA recently discovered synthetic route to new kinetically stable [(MSe)y]m[TSe2]n layered intergrowths has been applied to prepare several different compositions (M = Pb or Sn, T = Ta, Nb, Mo, or W) with m = n = 1, in thin film form. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction show the nanostructure of these materials is characterized by a combination of in-plane component crystallinity with misregistration and rotational mis-orientation between adjacent layers. Extremely low cross-plane thermal conductivity as low as 0.1 W m-1 K-1 are attributed to the turbostratic nanostructure. By appropriate choice of M and T, we demonstrate that a range of electrical transport properties are possible, from metallic to semiconducting. Annealing (PbSe)0.99WSe2 and (PbSe)1.00MoSe2 specimens in a controlled atmosphere of PbSe or WSe2 is observed to systematically influence carrier properties, and is interpreted in terms of reduction of the concentration of electrically active defects. Considering these observations and the large composition and structural space that can be explored in such [(MSe)y]m[TSe2]n intergrowths, these materials are of interest for further investigation as potential thermoelectric materials.
High-κ Insulator Thin Films and Retention Properties of MFIS Diodes
Authors: Zhou Yichun 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTFerroelectric field effect transistor (FFET) is a promising candidate for non-volatile random access memory because of its high speed, single device structure, low power consumption, and nondestructive read-out operation. Currently, however, such ideal devices are commercially not available due to poor interface properties between ferroelectric film and Si substrate, such as leakage current and interdiffusion etc. So we choose YSZ and HfO2 insulating thin films as buffer layer due to they possess relatively high dielectric constant, high thermal stability, low leakage current, and good interface property with Si substrates. Two structural diodes of Pt/BNT/YSZ/Si and Pt/SBT/HfO2/Si were fabricated, and the microstructures, interface properties, C-V, I-V, and retention properties were investigated in detail. Experimental results show that the fabricated diodes exhibit excellent long-term retention properties, which is due to the good interface and the low leakage density, demonstrating that the YSZ and HfO2 buffer layers are playing a critical modulation role between the ferroelectric thin film and Si substrate.
TLR2-Mediated Production of IL-27 and Chemokines by Respiratory Epithelial Cells Promotes Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in Mice
Authors: Kim Hye Sung , Go Heounjeong , Akira Shizuo , Chung Doo Hyun 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a fatal disease characterized by progressive destruction of the lung. Although TLR2 bridges innate and adaptive immunity by sensing tissue damage, its role in pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. To address this issue, TLR2−/− and WT mice were examined for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (BIPF). Flow cytometric and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TLR2 expression in bronchial epithelial and immune cells of the lungs was upregulated in WT mice during BIPF. Levels of IL-27, TGF-β, chemokines, and hydroxyproline were lower in lungs of TLR2−/− mice than in those of WT mice, but IL-17 levels were higher in TLR2−/− mice. In in vivo experiments using bone marrow-chimeric mice, TLR2 expression on respiratory epithelial cells, rather than immune cells, induced IL-27 and chemokine production in the lungs, further stimulating BIPF. This effect of TLR2 depended on IRF complexes and MyD88. BIPF was more severe in IL-17A−/− mice and in TLR2−/− mice treated with anti–IL-17 mAb than in TLR2−/− and WT mice. Furthermore, IL-27 blockade in WT mice reduced hydroxyproline levels by enhancing IL-17 production, whereas the treatment of TLR2−/− mice with a chemokine mixture increased hydroxyproline levels by recruiting inflammatory cells into the lungs. TLR2 signaling promotes BIPF by inducing IL-27 and chemokine production by respiratory epithelial cells, thereby inhibiting IL-17 production and recruiting inflammatory cells into the lungs.
Effect of Processing on Grain Size and Corrosion of AA2024-T3
Authors: Ralston K.D. , Brunner J.G. , Virtanen S. , Birbilis N. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Recent works on high-purity materials have indicated that microstructural modification via grain refinement can alternately reduce or enhance corrosion, depending on the specific material-environment combination. Generally, however, a paucity of information exists in understanding how microstructural alteration and processing, in combination with grain refinement, affects corrosion. In this work, the effect of microstructural refinement on an alloy containing a high number density of precipitates and intermetallics is explored. Grain-refined AA2024-T3 (UNS A92024) samples were produced through severe plastic deformation processes and their corrosion response was compared to control samples of commercial ingot and sheet across the pH range. Microstructure and grain size were characterized using a combination of electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. It is revealed that there is a difference in corrosion between the specimens (which possess nearly the same bulk chemistry) as based on anodic potentiodynamic polarization, current transient, and exposure/profilometry experiments in sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolytes. However, in all cases, the effect is dominated by the environment, micro-chemical differences, and grain size.
Electrochemical Noise Analysis of Type 316L Stainless Steel in a LiBr + Ethylene Glycol + H2O Solution
Authors: Sarmiento E. , Uruchurtu J. , González-Rodriguez J.G. , Menchaca C. , Sarmiento O. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel in a lithium bromide (LiBr) + ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) + H2O solution at different temperatures was evaluated using electrochemical noise and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The evaluation was performed from the fractal dimension of the electrochemical noise time series obtained using the so-called Rescale Range Analysis (R/S) proposed by Hurst. The fractal dimensions were calculated from the time series obtained for the different condition signals. Also, the surface fractal dimension from the depression angle of the Nyquist plot was obtained, and both dimensions were correlated. The fractal analysis of electrochemical noise helps to evaluate the surface condition and electrochemical performance under the corrosion conditions tested.
High‐Rate Oxygen Reduction in Mixed Nonaqueous Electrolyte Containing Acetonitrile
Authors: Zheng Dong , Yang Xiao‐Qing , Qu Deyang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA mixed nonaqueous electrolyte that contains acetonitrile and propylene carbonate (PC) was found to be suitable for a LiO2 battery with a metallic Li anode. Both the concentration and diffusion coefficient for the dissolved O2 are significantly higher in the mixed electrolyte than those in the pure PC electrolyte. A powder microelectrode was used to investigate the O2 solubility and diffusion coefficient. A 10 mA cm−2 discharge rate on a gas‐diffusion electrode is demonstrated by using the mixed electrolyte in a LiO2 cell.
Tips for success: Networking is not a bad word
Authors: Kiefer Julie C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTo many scientists, the word “networking” sounds like an enterprise only suitable for those who run in circles with the business elite. However in reality, most scientists depend on networking to generate and maintain professional relationships, disseminate and gather information, and to climb the professional ladder. Presented here are tips from three seasoned professors, Kathy Cheah, PhD, Susan Mango, PhD, and Randall Moon, PhD, who describe what networking means to them, why it is important, and how they go about doing it. Developmental Dynamics 240:2597–2599, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Use of a Nonimmersive Virtual Reality Programme in Anorexia Nervosa: A Single Case‐Report
Authors: Cardi Valentina , Krug Isabel , Perpiñá Conxa , Mataix‐Cols David , Roncero Maria , Treasure Janet 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjective: People with anorexia nervosa (AN) experience high levels of fear and anxiety related to eating. The aim of this case report was to describe the use of a virtual reality (VR) programme developed to facilitate exposure to food as a supplement to treatment for a person with AN.Method: A 21‐year‐old patient with AN was given the VR module in addition to the Maudsley Model of Treatment for Adults with Anorexia Nervosa. Weight, eating disorder symptomatology (EDE‐Q) and general psychopathology (DASS) were assessed before and after the module was delivered.Results: At the end of the module, the patient reported lower levels of anxiety, safety behaviours and fears related to food. Both eating disorder symptoms and distress were reduced. Body mass index increased from 15 to 16.8 kg/m2 during the module.Conclusion: The VR exposure module was associated with a beneficial change in the relationship to food and was perceived to be helpful by the individual. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Selective apoptotic effects of piceatannol and myricetin in human cancer cells
Authors: Morales Paloma , Haza Ana I. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTNumerous studies have shown the potential of dietary polyphenols as anticarcinogenic agents. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the apoptotic effects of piceatannol and myricetin, naturally occurring polyphenols in red wine, alone or in combination, in two human cell lines: HL‐60 (leukemia) and HepG2 (hepatoma). Apoptotic cells were identified by chromatin condensation, poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage and flow cytometry analysis. Results from TUNEL assay showed that piceatannol or myricetin alone induced apoptotic cell death in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manners in HL‐60 cells. Furthermore, in combined treatment the percentage of apoptotic HL‐60 cells was significantly higher. Nevertheless, the percentage of TUNEL positive HepG2 cells only was significant after piceatannol treatment and in combined treatment was even lower than in cells treated with piceatannol alone. Moreover, we also studied the relative reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Our results indicate that apoptosis induced by piceatannol or myricetin occurs through an ROS‐independent cell death pathway. In conclusion, piceatannol and myricetin synergistically induced apoptosis in HL‐60 cells but not in HepG2 cells. These findings suggest that the potential anticarcinogenic properties of dietary polyphenols depend largely on the cell line used. The relevance of these data needs to be verified in human epidemiological studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of reactive block copolymers and their transformation to hollowed nanostructures
Authors: Xie Meiran , Zhang Liya , Liao Yang , Ding Liang , Zeng Chi , You Zewang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA novel polymeric hollow nanostructure was generated using micellar template method through a three‐step procedure. First, the block copolymers were synthesized via ring‐opening metathesis polymerization by sequentially adding monomers 7‐oxanorborn‐5‐ene‐exo‐exo‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester and the mixture of norbornene and 2,3‐bis(2‐bromoisobutyryloxymethyl)‐5‐norbornene in chloroform, and also atom transfer radical polymerization of 4‐(3‐butenyl)styrene was carried out by using the as‐obtained block copolymer poly(7‐oxanorborn‐5‐ene‐exo,exo‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid dimethylester)‐block‐poly(norbornene‐co‐2,3‐bis(2‐bromoisobutyryloxymethyl)‐5‐norbornene as macroinitiator to afford a graft copolymer bearing poly(4‐(3‐butenyl)styrene) branch poly(7‐oxanorborn‐5‐ene‐exo,exo‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid dimethylester)‐block‐poly(norbornene‐co‐2,3‐bis(2‐bromoisobutyryloxymethyl)‐5‐norbornene)‐graft‐poly(4‐(3‐butenyl)styrene). Second, the shell‐crosslinked micelles were prepared by ruthenium‐mediated ring‐closing metathesis of poly(4‐(3‐butenyl)styrene) branches in intramicelle formed from the copolymers self‐assembly spontaneously in toluene. Finally, the hollowed spherical nanoparticles were presented by removing the micellar copolymer backbone through the cleavage of the ester bonds away from the crosslinked network of branches. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011