bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Spray Atomization of Emulsion Embedded Agricultural Solutions
Authors: Qin Kuide , Cloeter Mike , Tank Holger , Liu Lei , Wilson Steve , Yin De-Wei 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA typical agricultural chemical spray process involves atomizing a liquid stream of diluted pesticide solution through hydraulic spray nozzles that inherently produce a wide spectrum of spray droplet sizes. Finer droplets have higher potential for off-target movement or drift, which is of concern due to its potential impact on neighboring crops and livestock, sensitive ecological resources, and human health. Research by the Spray Drift Task Force and others has demonstrated that, although spray nozzle selection and application parameters are the key factors to produce the desired droplet size spectrum, the physical properties of the spray solution have significant effects on the droplet size distribution for various kinds of nozzles. One of these properties of many spray fluids is the inclusion of an oil phase in the form of an emulsion. The effect of oil-in-water emulsions on the spray droplet size distribution has been demonstrated by previous work. However, the mechanisms of this effect are largely unknown. In this study, a method to model this effect was proposed. A characteristic dimensionless number for connecting the bulk spray properties and the microscopic emulsion droplet properties was defined as the ratio between the emulsion recovery time and the spray atomization time. This study will help in the design of agricultural spray nozzles and the optimization of anti-drift spray additives.
General Epistatic Models of the Risk of Complex Diseases
Authors: Song Yun S , Wang Fulton , Slatkin Montgomery 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe range of possible gene interactions in a multilocus model of a complex inherited disease is studied by exploring genotype-specific risks subject to the constraint that the allele frequencies and marginal risks are known. We quantify the effect of gene interactions by defining the interaction ratio, $\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(C_{\mathrm{R}}{=}K_{\mathrm{R}}/K_{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{I}}\) \end{document}$, where KR is the recurrence risk to relatives with relationship R for the true model and $\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(K_{\mathrm{R}}^{\mathrm{I}}\) \end{document}$ is the recurrence risk to relatives for a multiplicative model with the same marginal risks. We use a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedure to sample from the space of possible models. We find that the average of CR increases with the number of loci for both low frequency (p = 0.03) and higher frequency (p = 0.25) causative alleles. Furthermore, the probability that CR &gt; 1 is nearly 1. Similar results are obtained when more weight is given to risk models that are closer to the comparable multiplicative model. These results imply that, in general, gene interactions will result in greater heritability of a complex inherited disease than is expected on the basis of a multiplicative model of interactions and hence may provide a partial explanation for the problem of missing heritability of complex diseases.
Children With Complex Chronic Conditions in Inpatient Hospital Settings in the United States
Authors: Simon Tamara D. , Berry Jay , Feudtner Chris , Stone Bryan L. , Sheng Xiaoming , Bratton Susan L. , Dean J. Michael , Srivastava Rajendu 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVES:Hospitalized children are perceived to be increasingly medically complex, but no such trend has been documented. The objective of this study was to determine whether the proportion of pediatric inpatient use that is attributable to patients with a diagnosis of one or more complex chronic condition (CCC) has increased over time and to assess the degree to which CCC hospitalizations are associated with attributes that are consistent with heightened medical complexity.METHODS:A retrospective observational study that used the 1997, 2000, 2003, and 2006 Kids Inpatient Databases examined US hospitalizations for children. Attributes of medical complexity included hospital admissions, length of stay, total charges, technology-assistance procedures, and mortality risk.RESULTS:The proportion of inpatient pediatric admissions, days, and charges increased from 1997 to 2006 for any CCC and for every CCC group except hematology. CCCs accounted for 8.9% of US pediatric admissions in 1997 and 10.1% of admissions in 2006. These admissions used 22.7% to 26.1% of pediatric hospital days, used 37.1% to 40.6% of pediatric hospital charges, accounted for 41.9% to 43.2% of deaths, and (for 2006) used 73% to 92% of different forms of technology-assistance procedures. As the number of CCCs for a given admission increased, all markers of use increased.CONCLUSIONS:CCC-associated hospitalizations compose an increasing proportion of inpatient care and resource use. Future research should seek to improve methods to identify the population of medically complex children, monitor their increasing inpatient use, and assess whether current systems of care are meeting their needs.
Home Intervention Improves Cognitive and Social-Emotional Scores in Iron-Deficient Anemic Infants
Authors: Lozoff Betsy , Smith Julia B. , Clark Katy M. , Gloria Perales Carmen , Rivera Francisca , Castillo Marcela 
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND:Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) is associated with alterations in infant behavior and development that may not be corrected with iron therapy.OBJECTIVE:To determine if a home-based intervention to foster child development improves behavior and development of infants with IDA.METHODS:Infants with IDA and nonanemic infants aged 6 and 12 months were treated with oral iron and randomly assigned to a year of surveillance or intervention. Infants in the surveillance group were visited weekly, and information on iron intake, feeding, and health were recorded. Infants in the intervention were visited weekly, and the home visits included an hour-long program to foster child development by providing support to the mother-infant relationship. The number of infants enrolled was 128 (66 who received intervention) and 149 (70 intervention) at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Psychologists who were unaware of iron status and intervention assignment assessed infants' cognitive, motor, and social-emotional development (Bayley Scales) at the beginning, midpoint, and end of the year; 116 6-month-olds and 134 12-month-olds had at least 2 assessments. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze change over time.RESULTS:Infants with IDA, regardless of enrollment age, were rated as less positive in social-emotional behavior at baseline. There were significant interactions between iron status and intervention associated with change in cognitive performance and positive social-emotional behavior. Infants with IDA who received intervention had developmental trajectories comparable to those of nonanemic infants in the intervention and surveillance groups, but these infants did not catch up in social-emotional behavior. Infants with IDA who received surveillance showed less increase in cognitive scores and had declines in positive social-emotional ratings.CONCLUSIONS:Home-based intervention to foster child development improved cognitive and social-emotional scores in infants with IDA, but social-emotional differences remained between infants with IDA and those without IDA.
Motor Outcomes After Neonatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke Related to Early MRI Data in a Prospective Study
Authors: Husson Béatrice , Hertz-Pannier Lucie , Renaud Cyrille , Allard Dominique , Presles Emilie , Landrieu Pierre , Chabrier Stéphane ,   for the AVCnn Group
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE:
We aimed to correlate early imaging data with motor outcomes in a large, homogeneous, cohort of infants with neonatal (diagnosed before 29 days of life) arterial ischemic stroke (AIS).

METHODS:
From a prospective cohort of 100 children with neonatal AIS, we analyzed the MRI studies performed within the 28 first days of life for 80 infants evaluated at 2 years of age. The relationships between infarction location and corticospinal tract (CST) involvement and motor outcomes were studied

RESULTS:
Seventy-three infarctions involved the middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory. Of those, 50 were superficial infarctions, 5 deep infarctions, and 18 mixed infarctions. The CST was involved in 24 cases. Nineteen patients with MCA infarctions (26% [95% confidence interval: 16%–34%]) developed hemiplegia. Mixed infarctions (P &lt; .0001) and CST involvement (P &lt; .0001) were highly predictive of hemiplegia. In contrast, 88% of children with isolated superficial MCA infarctions did not exhibit impairment.

CONCLUSIONS:
Accurate prediction of motor outcomes can be obtained from early MRI scans after neonatal AIS. The absence of involvement of the CST resulted in normal motor development in 94% of cases. CST involvement resulted in congenital hemiplegia in 66% of cases.
Head-Circumference Distribution in a Large Primary Care Network Differs From CDC and WHO Curves
Authors: Daymont Carrie , Hwang Wei-Ting , Feudtner Chris , Rubin David 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE:
To compare currently available head-circumference growth curves to curves constructed from clinical measurements from patients in a large US primary care network (PCN).

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
We performed a retrospective cohort study of 75 412 patients in an urban-suburban PCN. Patients with a birth weight of &lt;1500 g or gestational age of &lt;33 weeks at birth were excluded. We compared percentile values and the proportion of head-circumference observations above the 95th percentile and below the 5th percentile for the existing and PCN curves.

RESULTS:
The PCN curves were most similar to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) curves and were substantially different from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) curves. The overall proportion of observations above the 95th percentile was 4.9% (PCN), 6.2% (NCHS), 8.6% (CDC), and 14.0% (WHO). The proportion below the 5th percentile was 4.4% (PCN), 5.1% (NCHS), 2.9% (CDC), and 2.3% (WHO). When using the CDC curves, the proportion above the 95th percentile increased from 0.2% for children younger than 2 weeks to 11.8% for children 12 months old. When using the WHO curves, the proportion above the 95th percentile was &gt;5% at all ages, with a maximum of 18.0% for children older than 24 months.

CONCLUSIONS:
The CDC and WHO head-circumference curves describe different distributions than the clinical measurements in our PCN population, especially for children with larger heads. The resulting percentile misclassification may delay diagnosis in children with intracranial pathology in very young infants and spur unnecessary evaluation of healthy children older than 6 months.
Fetal Growth Retardation and Risk of Febrile Seizures
Authors: Visser Annemarie M. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Hofman Albert , Moll Henriette A. , Steegers Eric A. P. , Tiemeier Henning , Raat Hein , Breteler Monique M. B. , Arts Willem Frans M. 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The goal was to examine the associations between fetal growth characteristics in different trimesters of pregnancy and the occurrence of febrile seizures in early childhood.

METHODS:
This study was embedded in a population-based, prospective, cohort study from early fetal life onward. Fetal growth characteristics (femur length, abdominal circumference, estimated fetal weight, head circumference, biparietal diameter, and transverse cerebellar diameter [TCD]) were measured with ultrasonography in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Information on the occurrence of febrile seizures was collected with questionnaires at the ages of 12 and 24 months. Analyses were based on data for 3372 subjects.

RESULTS:
In the second trimester, children in the lowest tertile of TCDs were at increased risk of developing febrile seizures, compared with children in the highest tertile (odds ratio 2.87 [95% confidence interval: 1.31–6.28]). In the third trimester, children in the lowest tertile of all general growth characteristics (femur length, abdominal circumference, and estimated fetal weight) were at increased risk of developing febrile seizures. This association was strongest for children in the lowest tertile of estimated fetal weight (odds ratio: 2.57 [95% confidence interval: 1.34–4.96]). Children in the lowest tertile of biparietal diameter in the third trimester also were at increased risk of febrile seizures. Similar but not statistically significant tendencies were observed for head circumference and TCD.

CONCLUSIONS:
Fetal growth retardation is associated with increased risk of febrile seizures in the first 2 years of life. Adverse environmental and genetic factors during pregnancy may be important in the development of febrile seizures.
Long-Term Effects of Presurgical Infant Orthopedics in Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate: A Systematic Review
Authors: Uzel Aslihan , Alparslan Z. Nazan 
Published: September 2010

Objective This study aimed to assess the scientific evidence on the efficiency of presurgical infant orthopedic appliances in patients with cleft lip and palate to shed light on a specific, contemporary discussion of whether the appliances have long-term advantages with respect to treatment outcomes. Design A systematic review. Method Two literature surveys from the five electronic databases were performed with a 1-month interval. Randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials (controls had no presurgical infant orthopedics) that had follow-up periods of a minimum of 6 years were included in the study. The exceptions to the follow-up limit were studies related to feeding and parent satisfaction. Results Of the 319 articles retrieved in the literature surveys, 12 were qualified for the final analysis. The level of evidence of these articles ranged from 1b to 4. Eight randomized controlled trials and four controlled clinical trials were available on eight treatment outcomes. The longest follow-up period of the randomized controlled trials was 6 years. No randomized controlled trials were found on active presurgical infant orthopedic appliances and on nasoalveolar molding appliances. Conclusions Based on the results, presurgical infant orthopedic appliances have no long-term positive effects on seven of the eight studied treatment outcomes in patients with cleft lip and palate. More randomized controlled trials need to be done to have evidence regarding the effects of presurgical infant orthopedics in different surgical protocols. Also, the encouraging results about the effect of nasolaveolar molding appliances on nasal symmetry have to be supported by future randomized controlled trials.
Secular Trends in Treatment and Control of Type 2 Diabetes in an American Indian Population: A 30-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Looker Helen C. , Krakoff Jonathan , Andre Vickie , Kobus Kathy , Nelson Robert G. , Knowler William C. , Hanson Robert L. 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
Treatment guidelines for diabetes have become increasingly stringent as most research shows that more aggressive intervention reduces the risks for complications. Community data on the effect of these interventions are lacking.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Changes in the pharmacologic treatment of diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol in adults with diabetes were analyzed in a longitudinal population-based study of American Indians from 10 independent 3-year time intervals between 1975 and 2004. Trends in drug use were assessed by logistic regression models and trends in glycemia, blood pressure, and cholesterol were assessed by linear models.

RESULTS
Among the study participants, the use of any medicine for the treatment of diabetes increased from 53% in 1975–1978 to 67% in 2002–2004, Ptrend &lt; 0.0001. The use of insulin as a single agent declined, and the use of combinations of insulin and oral agents increased. In 1990–1992, 23% of subjects had an A1C &lt;7% and by 2002–2004, the proportion had increased to 33%, Ptrend &lt; 0.0001. The use of anti-hypertensive medicine increased from 21% in 1975–1977 to 58% in 2002–2004, Ptrend &lt; 0.0001, coincident with a decline in mean systolic blood pressure from 137 mmHg in 1975–1977 to 123 mmHg in 2002–2004, Ptrend &lt; 0.0001. The use of lipid-lowering medicine also increased with an accompanying increase in HDL and a decrease in non-HDL cholesterol concentration.

CONCLUSIONS
Major changes in community treatment patterns for diabetes and related conditions coincided with improvements in glycemia, blood pressure, and cholesterol.
Metabolic Risk and Health Behaviors in Minority Youth at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Holl Marita G. , Jaser Sarah S. , Womack Julie A. , Jefferson Vanessa L. , Grey Margaret 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of sex and race/ethnicity on metabolic risk and health behaviors in minority youth.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 173 seventh graders (46% male and 54% female; 49% Hispanic and 51% African American) with BMI ≥85th percentile and a family history of diabetes were assessed with weight, height, BMI, percent body fat, and waist circumference measures. Laboratory indexes included 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests with insulin levels at 0 and 2 h, fasting A1C, and lipids. Insulin resistance was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Youth also completed questionnaires evaluating health behaviors.

RESULTS
Average BMI (31.6 ± 6.4 kg/m2) and percent body fat (39.5 ± 10.6%) were high. All participants demonstrated insulin resistance with elevated HOMA-IR values (8.5 ± 5.2). Compared with African American youth, Hispanic youth had higher triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol despite similar BMI. Hispanic youth reported lower self-efficacy for diet, less physical activity, and higher total fat intake. Male youth had higher glucose (0 and 2 h) and reported more physical activity, more healthy food choices, and higher calcium intake than female youth.

CONCLUSIONS
Screening high-risk youth for insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities is recommended. Promoting acceptable physical activities and healthy food choices may be especially important for Hispanic and female youth.
Performance of A1C for the Classification and Prediction of Diabetes
Authors: Selvin Elizabeth , Steffes Michael W. , Gregg Edward , Brancati Frederick L. , Coresh Josef 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
Although A1C is now recommended to diagnose diabetes, its test performance for diagnosis and prognosis is uncertain. Our objective was to assess the test performance of A1C against single and repeat glucose measurements for diagnosis of prevalent diabetes and for prediction of incident diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We conducted population-based analyses of 12,485 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study and a subpopulation of 691 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) with repeat test results.

RESULTS
Against a single fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl, the sensitivity and specificity of A1C ≥6.5% for detection of prevalent diabetes were 47 and 98%, respectively (area under the curve 0.892). Against repeated fasting glucose (3 years apart) ≥126 mg/dl, sensitivity improved to 67% and specificity remained high (97%) (AUC 0.936). Similar results were obtained in NHANES III against repeated fasting glucose 2 weeks apart. The accuracy of A1C was consistent across age, BMI, and race groups. For individuals with fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl and A1C ≥6.5% at baseline, the 10-year risk of diagnosed diabetes was 88% compared with 55% among those individuals with fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl and A1C 5.7–&lt;6.5%.

CONCLUSIONS
A1C performs well as a diagnostic tool when diabetes definitions that most closely resemble those used in clinical practice are used as the “gold standard.” The high risk of diabetes among individuals with both elevated fasting glucose and A1C suggests a dual role for fasting glucose and A1C for prediction of diabetes.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Alter the Antitumor Activity of CpG-Oligodeoxynucleotides in a Mouse Model of Lung Carcinoma
Authors: Sorrentino Rosalinda , Morello Silvana , Luciano Antonio , Crother Timothy R. , Maiolino Piera , Bonavita Eduardo , Arra Claudio , Adcock Ian M. , Arditi Moshe , Pinto Aldo 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The effect of CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) has been studied on a number of tumors. Although CpG may facilitate tumor regression in mouse models of melanoma, its activity in lung cancer is unclear. The aim of our study was to elucidate the effect of CpG (0.5–50 μg/mouse) in a mouse model of Lewis lung carcinoma cell-induced lung cancer. Lung tumor growth increased at 3 and 7 d after a single administration of CpG. This was associated with a greater influx of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), immature myeloid dendritic cells, and greater recruitment of regulatory T cells. Depletion of pDCs using a specific Ab (m927) reversed the immune-suppressive environment and resulted in a decreased lung tumor burden, accompanied by a greater influx of active myeloid dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells, and a higher production of Th1- and Th17-like cytokines. Furthermore, the rate of apoptosis in the lungs of mice treated with CpG increased following the depletion of pDCs. CpG treatment alone does not lead to tumor regression in the lung. However, ablation of pDCs renders CpG a good adjuvant for lung cancer chemotherapy in this experimental model.
Antigen Receptor Allelic Exclusion: An Update and Reappraisal
Authors: Brady Brenna L. , Steinel Natalie C. , Bassing Craig H. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Most lymphocytes express cell surface Ag receptor chains from single alleles of distinct Ig or TCR loci. Since the identification of Ag receptor allelic exclusion, the importance of this process and the precise molecular mechanisms by which it is achieved have remained enigmatic. This brief review summarizes current knowledge of the extent to which Ig and TCR loci are subject to allelic exclusion. Recent progress in studying and defining mechanistic steps and molecules that may control the monoallelic initiation and subsequent inhibition of V-to-(D)-J recombination is outlined using the mouse TCRβ locus as a model with frequent comparisons to the mouse IgH and Igκ loci. Potential consequences of defects in mechanisms that control Ag receptor allelic exclusion and a reappraisal of the physiologic relevance of this immunologic process also are discussed.