bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of endosulfan and lindane resistance in the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in New Caledonia
Authors: Brun L.O. , Marcillaud C. , Gaudichon V. , Suckling D.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEndosulfan resistance in the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) was discovered in New Caledonia after six years of lindane and 12 years of endosulfan biannual applications. The direct spray technique was used to study cross resistance with lindane and to monitor resistance to both pesticides in 15 regions of New Caledonia. An easier monitoring technique was developed for early detection by field laboratories. Results from this simple method, using twice the LC99 of endosulfan to susceptibles (400 ppm) showed a comparable distribution of resistance to the direct spray method in five regions where resistance was detected. The percentage of surveyed fields containing resistant insects in these areas was: Poindimié, 100%, Ponérihouen, 97%; Touho, 63%; Houailou, 10%; Hienghène, 6%. Resistant insects were significantly more frequent in the new sunny fields than in older shady plantations (P<0.05), and fields with endosulfan used in the preceding year (P<0.001). The possible reasons for the observed distribution of resistance are discussed.
Field evaluation of methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate, an ant trail pheromone, as a component of baits for leaf-cutting ant (Hymenoptera Formicidae) control
Authors: Robinson S. W. , Jutsum A. R. , Cherrett J. M. , Quinlan R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the laboratory, the trail pheromone methyl 4-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylate (M4MP2C) when added to bait particles acts as an attractant to leaf-cutting ants, increasing the pick-up of pheromone-impregnated bait compared with plain bait. However, field trials in Trinidad, Brazil and Paraguay were disappointing. Bait with and without pheromone was scattered in the foraging area, and the proportion of each taken to the nest by Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, A. cephalotes (L.) and Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) was assessed. In only one of the experiments (A. octospinosus foraging bait with 50 p.p.m. of M4MP2C) was increased pick-up detected. Four reasons for this are suggested: (1) small pheromone effects are difficult to measure as scattering bait produced a patchy distribution and heterogeneous replicates, whilst choice trials on plain and pheromone-impregnated bait placed close together were difficult to interpret, as the pheromone probably excited the ants, increasing pick-up of plain bait; (2) A. octospinosus workers, the subject of detailed studies, were less sensitive to M4MP2C in the field than in the laboratory; (3) as the pheromone only attracts, it does not produce a comparable increase in the number of pieces picked up, contact/pick-up ratios of sucroseimpregnated discs increasing from 2·26 at 5 pg pheromone to 16·39 at 50 ng; and (4) soyabean oil, citrus-pulp extract and orange juice were found to be attractive, and when pheromone was added, its effects were not additive. Early studies used sucrose-impregnated paper discs, and as these have no attractants of their own, the addition of M4MP2C had a more marked effect. It is concluded that M4MP2C is not a cost-effective addition to current leaf-cutting ant baits which possess food odours, a much cheaper source of attractiveness.
The role of bacterial odours in oviposition byLucilia cuprina(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), the Australian sheep blowfly
Authors: Emmens R. L. , Murray M. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExtracts from cultures ofPseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus mirabilisandEnterobacter cloacaein samples of fleeces from sheep were incorporated into nutrient agar and exposed to females ofLucilia cuprina(Wied.) in cages. The blowflies often laid eggs in response to the odours emanating from the cultures of all bacteria.Pseudomonas aeruginosaandE. cloacaedid not appear to utilise fleece components in the production of oviposition stimulants, whereasB. subtilisdid, utilising compounds such as palmitic acid, andProteus mirabilisdegraded wool fibres to produce sulphurous compounds. The results are discussed in relation to the role ofL. cuprinain cutaneous myiasis of sheep.
Sterilising effects of benzyl-l,3-benzodioxoles on the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Langley P. A , Trewern M. A , Jurd L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThree benzyl-l,3-benzodioxoles and three benzylphenols were tested for their ability to sterilise Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. following topical application in acetone. Two of the former compounds, 5-ethoxy-6- (4-methoxyphenylmethyl)-l,3-benzodioxole and 5-ethoxy-6-[l-(4-meth-oxyphenyl)ethyl]-l,3-benzodioxole, caused total sterility in females at a dose of 10 μg per fly, and remained effective even after one year's storage at 4°C. Dose-fecundity data indicate a reduction to 50% fecundity (ED50) was achieved with 2·5 μg of the former or 0·5 μg of the latter per fly. An ED90 of 8·5 μg and 2·5 μg, respectively, is indicated. The latter compound reduced the survival of treated females and males and surviving males were incapable of inseminating even though copulation appeared normal. The effects on female survival and fecundity, of feeding the compounds at 0·25 and 1·0% in blood, were variable, owing to their low solubility and variations in the size of blood-meals. The highest doses of the former compound led to ovarian atrophy in females, which can be described as an effect on fecundity. Lower doses induced sterility through egg death and atrophy after ovulation. The latter compound acted more rapidly than the former, preventing ovulation of the first mature oocyte in a higher proportion of flies. The activity of these compounds, which were derived by modification of plant materials, and are non-mutagenic, renders them likely candidates for evaluation as contact insecticides for Glossina in the field.
The effect of bed nets on feeding by Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Port G. R. , Boreham P. F. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the Gambia, bed nets are often used for protection from mosquitoes although some of the nets are often in poor condition. In a village where the most abundant man-biting mosquito was Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s., nets in different condition were compared by assessing the success of mosquitoes in feeding. All the nets tested reduced mosquito feeding, and this reduction correlated with the number and size of holes in the nets. The experiments were conducted in purpose-built huts with verandah traps to sample the mosquito population leaving the hut. Although the majority of males and fed females of A. gambiae remained in the huts each morning, unfed females usually left the huts the same night, probably in search of alternative food sources.
The distribution and movement of engorged females of Anopheles gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Gambian village
Authors: Boreham P. F. L. , Port G. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe distribution of fed mosquitoes in a village in the Gambia where bed nets are widely used was studied. A total of 3470 blood-meals from Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s. and other mosquitoes was analysed to determine the human blood index (HBI). A. gambiae s.s. collected within nets gave an index of 0·99, whereas those within houses but outside nets gave an index of 0·70. The importance of distinguishing biotopes when presenting HBI values is stressed. By using a unique host, mosquitoes were ‘ marked ’ (with a blood-meal) and their dispersion was studied. Evidence was obtained for movement from house to house and from outside into houses before resting.
The biology and host specificity ofLiothrips mikaniae(Priesner) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), a potential biological control agent ofMikania micrantha(Compositae)
Authors: Cock M. J. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLiothrips mikaniae(Priesn.) comb. n. is one of the most promising biological control agents forMikania micrantha, a sprawling composite vine native to the Neotropics which is a serious weed of plantations in South-East Asia. A description and illustrations of the adult and larvae of this thrips is followed by details of the life-history, culture technique, host specificity (including laboratory studies demonstrating oligophagy) and natural enemies. It is recommended for introduction to South-East Asia.
Selection for increased resistance to a granulosis virus in the potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Briese D. T. , Mende H. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSerial exposure of a susceptible laboratory strain of Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) recently obtained from the field to granulosis virus over six generations produced a 140-fold increase in LD50. The evidence suggests that this was due to a change in frequency of a resistance gene within the population. An attempt to select for even greater resistance in an already highly resistant laboratory strain resulted in only a small increase, due mainly to reduced variability in response of the population. The implications of resistance to viral insecticides developing under field conditions are discussed.
The effects of Empoasca dolichi Paoli (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on the performance and yield of two cowpea cultivars
Authors: Parh I. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects of feeding by groups of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 or 90 adults of Empoasca dolichi Paoli per plant on the growth and yield of caged Prima and Ife Brown cowpea plants infested 14, 21 or 28 days after planting were studied in Ibadan, Nigeria. Caging had no significant adverse effects on yield. E. dolichi caused severe hopper-burn in plants infested 14 days after planting. The mean pre-flower-opening stage lasted 42–1, 38–0 and 39–0 days in Prima and 446, 407 and 423 days in Ife Brown plants infested 14, 21 and 28 days after planting, respectively, the first figure for each cultivar being significantly different from the other two. The mean yields were 23 3, 28 5 and 298 pods per plant for Prima, and 350, 48–1 and 437 for Ife Brown, respectively, the first figure for each cultivar being significantly lower than the other two. The reduction in seed yield in damaged plants infested 14 days after planting ranged from 287 to 413% for Prima and 272 to 56–9% for Ife Brown, the reductions being significantly correlated with scores for feeding damage by E. dolichi.
The assessment of mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) and other Homoptera on mature cocoa trees in Ghana
Authors: Campbell C. A. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe numbers of mealybugs and other Homoptera on 96 cocoa trees in Ghana were assessed by examining four branches from each tree. The trees were then felled and examined in detail. Ten species of mealybugs, eight other coccoids, an aphid and a psyllid were recorded. Ninety–five of the trees were infested with mealybugs, 66, 90 and 69 trees, respectively, with Planococcoides njalensis (Laing), Planococcus citri (Risso) and Phenacoccus hargreavesi (Laing). Stictococcus sjostedti Ckll., a species of Gascardia near G. zonata (Newst.) and Mesohomotoma tessmanni (Aulm.) were found on 70, 68 and 48 trees, respectively. The remaining 14 species were found on fewer than 48 trees. All species other than Pseudococcus calceolariae (Mask.) and Ferrisia virgata Ckll.) were most prevalent in the canopy. In the field, mealybug densities recorded on shoots underestimated true levels by an average of 95%. Branches were as effective as whole trees for detecting mealybugs, but less effective for other Homoptera. Branches were suitable sample units for estimating population densities of mealybugs, stictococcids and psyllids. All species of mealybug other than F. virgata infested vegetative buds. An average of 21.7% of buds on the youngest shoots were infested. Samples of buds can be used for detecting mealybug infestations.
The biology of the oak bark beetle, Scolytus intricatus (Ratzeburg) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), in southern England
Authors: Yates M. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractScolytus intricatus (Ratz.) is a potential vector of oak wilt and is distributed throughout Europe wherever oak (Quercus) occurs. Its biology was studied in England in Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, Cambridgeshire, Alice Holt Forest, Surrey, and the New Forest, Hampshire, in 1977–83. S. intricatus was univoltine. Oviposition occurred from June to September in the bark of cut or weakened oak (Q. robur) over 5 cm in diameter. Eggs were laid in a single batch in maternal galleries cut across the grain of the cambium and phloem. The mean egg batch size was 17–36. Eggs hatched after 10–14 days, and the larvae ate the phloem and underwent five, or occasionally six, instars. The beetle overwintered as third-fifth-instar larvae, which were cold hardy and were located in cells in the phloem or outer xylem. Pupation occurred in spring, in cells in the bark or outer xylem. Emergence occurred between mid-May and mid-July and spanned a period of 3–4 weeks. The sex ratio was 1:1. Males and females differed externally by the presence of a tuft of setae on the frontal-clypeal suture of the head of the male. Newly emerged adults fed on twigs of live oak, but twig feeding was not obligatory for sexual maturation. Mating was observed during attacks on new hosts, which occurred in June-September. The eulophid Entedon ergias Wlk. was an endoparasite of larvae while larvae of the dolichopodids Medetera and Dolichopus and woodpeckers were predators.
The pattern and speed of displacement of females ofSimulium damnosumTheobald s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) across the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area of West Africa in 1977 and 1978
Authors: Johnson C. G. , Walsh J. F. , Davies J. B. , Clark S. J. , Perry J. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBreeding ofSimulium damnosumTheobald s.1., the vector ofOnchocerca volvulus, had been eliminated by 1977 from about 654 000 km2of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin Area (OCP) of West Africa. Nevertheless, migrating adult females continually invaded the controlled area, being blown on the prevailing south-westerly winds from uncontrolled breeding sites beyond the south-western border of the OCP area. Graphs of numbers of females caught per man per day (the daily biting rate) throughout the wet season, March to October, at 16 sites in 1977 within the OCP controlled area were remarkably similar in pattern from site to site over a range of about 500 km downwind. In 1978, only seven sites within the OCP area were similarly monitored, and the graphs were different in pattern from those in 1977, when they each consisted of three or four well-defined waves or cycles of daily biting rate which could be easily identified and traced across country, their times of occurrence lagging increasingly as the distance of the site from the south-western border of the OCP area increased. Four methods were used to demonstrate and estimate the lag: visual comparison of seasonal graphs; comparison of the mean dates of cycles at different sites and the regression of these dates on distance from the south-western border; the dates when particular cumulative percentages of the total season's catch occurred at each site and their regression on distance; and principal coordinate analysis of the data and its relation to distance from the south-western border. Statistically significant lags were demonstrated and averaged one day for every 10–30 km from the border in 1977, which indicated an average speed of migration across country. In 1978, a rate of one day per 7–35 km was indicated. Where some graphs at outlying sites were anomalous, possible alternative sources of immigrant flies are considered. The possible behaviour of flies in causing the lag is discussed.
Larval characteristics of Cactoblaslis spp. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the selection of species for biological control of prickly pears (Opuntia spp.)
Authors: McFadyen R. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe black markings on larvae of Cactoblastis spp. can be used to separate different biotypes or species. These markings are figured, together with host and locality records for ten distinct biotypes or species, at least five of which are undescribed. Past introductions of C. cactorum (Berg) and Cactoblastis spp. to Australia and elsewhere are reviewed, and it is suggested that some of the undescribed biotypes might be of value in the biological control of Opuntia spp.
Genetic variation inHeliothisin Australia: species identification and gene flow in the two pest species H. armigera (Hübner) and H.punctigeraWallengren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Daly Joanne C. , Gregg Peter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGenetic (electrophoretic) variation was examined in the two pest species ofHeliothisfound in Australia,H. armigera(Hübner) andH. punctigeraWallengren. They could be differentiated by seven loci which enabled identification of individual eggs and small larvae not normally distinguishable by their morphology. The traditional criteria for distinguishing the larger larvae of the two species were shown to be unreliable. The genetic distance between the two species was 0·34 ± 0·02. The percentage of loci polymorphic in both species, 32%, and the mean heterozygosities, 11·3% forH. armigeraand 10·8% forH. punctigera, are lower than those reported in the American species,H. virescens(F.) andH. zea(Boddie). Populations throughout Australia were differentiated from each other, but there did not appear to be a marked geographic pattern to the variation. Genetic distances between populations ofH. armigerawere low (<0·01). It was concluded that the effective population size ofHeliothisis large and that significant gene flow probably occurs between widely separated regions.
Genetic investigations of laboratory stocks of the complex of Anopheles balabacensis Baisas (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Hii Jeffrey L. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExamination of the polytene chromosomes and cross-breeding data confirmed the specific status of Anopheles dirusPeyton & Harrison within the complex of A. balabacensis Baisas. The data also strongly suggested that A. dirus itself is a complex of at least two species, one of which, a hitherto unrecognized species, provisionally designated A. dirus species B, previously known as the Perlis form, occurs in northern Peninsular Malaysia. A distinct population from Thailand was designated A. dirus species A. The mosquitoes studied also include material from natural populations in Sabah, here provisionally designated A. balabacensis s.s., and may represent the first genetic analysis of this species. The Sabah material is distinct from either of the A. dirus forms. Hybrid males from crosses of A. balabacensis × A. dirus species A and of A. dirus species B females × A. dirus species A males were sterile. Chromosome studies also showed that reproductive isolation was accompanied by genetic changes in both the autosomesand X chromosome in the hybrid larvae.
Olesicampe monticola (Hedwig) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) redescribed together with notes on its biology as a parasite of Cephalcia lariciphila (Wachtl) (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae)
Authors: Billany D. J. , Winter T. G. , Gauld I. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe sawfly Cephalcia lariciphila (Wachtl) is a pest of larch (Larix spp.) that has recently become widespread in Britain. Before taking measures to control the sawfly the status of parasites in the infestations was investigated. The only insect parasite species found was the ichneumonid Olesicampe monticola (Hedwig), which is new to Britain. As this insect is taxonomically so poorly known it is redescribed from specimens collected in South Wales. The preliminary biological observations show O. monticola to be well-adapted to its host and that it can significantly reduce an infestation.
The susceptibility of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) to insecticide deposits on targets
Authors: Torr S. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies were made of the susceptibility of wild-caught females of Glossina pallidipes Austen to deposits of DDT, dieldrin and deltamethrin on cotton canvas and Terylene netting. Aqueous suspensions of 3% dieldrin wettable powder, 3% dieldrin emulsifiable concentrate, 5·0% DDT wettable powder and 0·0625% deltamethrin flowable concentrate, were sprayed on the canvas at 0·36% litre/m2 Over 95% of the flies resting for 45 s on fresh deposits of these insecticides died within 72 h. Deposits of dieldrin, DDT and deltamethrin exposed to the sun during 140 days of the dry season produced mortalities of 100, 0 and 10% compared with 100, 75 and 100% for shaded deposits. The concentration of dieldrin and deltamethrin on exposed canvas was about 1% that on shaded canvas, but dieldrin produced photodieldrin upon exposure to the sun. Flies colliding with Terylene netting that had been immersed in 0·75–6·0% suspensions of dieldrin wettable powder and 0·01–0·1% suspensions of deltamethrin flowable concentrate produced mortalities of 100%. Deltamethrin deposits were resistant to weathering by rain, but dieldrin deposits were not. It is suggested that deltamethrin flowable concentrate should be used during the wet season and that dieldrin wettable powder should be used during the dry season. Dieldrin sprayed on an electrocuting target reduced the catch, but deltamethrin did not.
The incidence and distribution of the armyworms Mythimna convecta (walker) and Persectania spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their parasitoids in major agricultural districts of Victoria, south-eastern australia
Authors: McDonald G. , Smith A. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField studies of Mythimna convecta (Walker), Persectania ewingii (Westwood) and P. dyscrita Common, and their associated parasitoids, were conducted in cereals and pastures in Victoria, Australia, in 1980–83. The study included a survey of the armyworm fauna in the major agricultural districts, detailed phenological studies within five oat crops, and ultraviolet-light trapping of adults. M. convecta was the most abundant species in cereals and was found more commonly in the warmer months of spring and summer in all districts. Larval development in oat crops during spring was preceded by little moth activity in light traps. P. ewingii was common in the southern districts and in the cooler months from May to September. It was the most prevalent armyworm species in pastures and rarely occurred in barley. P. dyscrita was the least abundant species and occurred mostly in the drier inland areas, particularly in the west. Light-trap catches of P. ewingii and P. dyscrita suggested there were two generations, one in spring and one in the autumn. Regular sampling in oat crops showed that M. convecta developed faster and was usually more abundant than P. ewingii during seed development and ripening, and hence had the potential to inflict more crop damage. Of the 17 species of parasitoids reared from field-collected larvae, the wasp Campoletis sp. was the most abundant. In 1980–82, average parasitism ranged from 13 to 16% but fell to 2% after the drought of 1982.