bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of the ice‐cover and sea‐surface temperature on a polar low over the Nordic seas: a numerical case study
Authors: Adakudlu Muralidhar , Barstad Idar 
Published: June 2011

AbstractExtreme mesoscale weather in the Arctic region consists mainly of cases with shallow fronts that often form in the vicinity of the ice‐edge and intense storms called polar lows. This article describes high‐resolution numerical simulations of a severe weather event that occurred on 1 March 2008 over the Barents Sea. The event was recorded during the IPY–THORPEX field experiments carried out during February and March 2008. The numerical simulations indicated the formation of a low‐pressure system over the Barents Sea on 29 February 2008 due to baroclinic instability. On 1 March, the surface low moved onto the sea‐ice around Spitsbergen and decayed later on. The conditions that prevailed before the dissipation of the surface low were favourable for the formation of a polar low. Two experiments were performed to test the possibilities of triggering a polar low through certain modifications to the surface conditions. In the first experiment, the sea‐ice around Spitsbergen was removed. No polar low developed in this case, since the static stability was too high. In the second experiment, an attempt to reduce the static stability was made by raising the sea‐surface temperature by 5 K. The surface low persisted over the Barents Sea area due to the increased surface heating and led to a strong outbreak of Arctic air over the Norwegian Sea on 2 March. The Arctic‐air outbreak formed a sharp baroclinic zone which was absent in the control simulation. A secondary mesoscale low was triggered near the baroclinic zone over the Norwegian Sea, which grew into an intense polar low with surface winds reaching hurricane force. Formation of the polar low was due to baroclinic instability, whereas convective instability was important during the growth of the low. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Use of noninteger n‐generalized exponential type orbitals with hyperbolic cosine in atomic calculations
Authors: Guseinov I. I. , Ertürk M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe efficiency of noninteger n‐generalized exponential type orbitals (NGETO) rn*−1
e with hyperbolic cosine (HC) cosh (βrμ) as radial basis functions in atomic ground state total energy calculations is studied. By the use of these functions, the combined Hartree‐Fock‐Roothaan calculations have been performed for some closed and open shell neutral atoms and their anions and cations with Z ≤ 21. The performance of new basis functions within the minimal basis framework has been compared with numerical Hartree‐Fock (NHF) results. Our total energy values are significantly close to NHF results. The presented minimal basis total energies obtained from the noninteger NGETO with HC are notably better than minimal basis functions total energies previously reported in the literature. It is found that the accuracy of new noninteger NGETO with HC almost correspond to the accuracy of the conventional double‐zeta functions. All the nonlinear parameters are fully optimized. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Theoretical investigations on electronic structures and photophysical properties of novel bridged triphenylamine derivatives
Authors: Zhang Zi‐Long , Zou Lu‐Yi , Ren Ai‐Min , Min Chun‐Gang , Sun Ying , Liu Ying‐Fang 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIt has been proved that triphenylamine (TPA) derivatives can be excellent candidates for hole‐transporting materials in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). To improve on the thermal and morphological stability, a fully diarymethylene‐bridged TPA derivative (FATPA) which has been proven to enhance electroluminescent (EL) efficiency was synthesized. On the basis of FATPA, two series of novel bridged TPA derivatives have been designed by using diarylmethylene (Series A) or dimethyfluorene (Series B) as the linkage between the ortho‐positions of the phenyl rings in this work (see Fig. 1). To reveal the relationships between electronic structures and photophysical properties of these novel functional materials, an in‐depth theoretical investigation was elaborated via quantum chemical calculations using the density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) methods. In addition, the feasibility of using these bridged TPA derivatives as host in the device of ITO/MoO3/NPB/mCP/host:Ir(ppy)3/TAZ/LiF/Al was also evaluated, which including the discussion to their energy levels match with adjacent layers and energy transfer from host to guest. These calculated results show that photophysical properties can be easily tuned by the introduction of various substituent groups into the bridged TPA derivatives, such as the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs), the energies difference between the HOMOs and LUMOs (ΔH‐L), the lowest singlet (ES) and triplet (ET) excitation energies, ionization potentials (IPs), electron affinities (EAs), reorganization energies (λ) and the absorption and emission spectra, indicating that these bridged TPA derivatives have great potential applications for OLEDs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Tumor Targeting and Imaging Using Cyclic RGD‐PEGylated Gold Nanoparticle Probes with Directly Conjugated Iodine‐125
Authors: Kim Young‐Hwa , Jeon Jongho , Hong Su Hyun , Rhim Won‐Kyu , Lee Yun‐Sang , Youn Hyewon , Chung June‐Key , Lee Myung Chul , Lee Dong Soo , Kang Keon Wook , Nam Jwa‐Min 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRadioactive iodine‐labeled, cyclic RGD‐PEGylated gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probes are designed and synthesized for targeting cancer cells and imaging tumor sites. These iodine‐125‐labeled cRGD–PEG–AuNP probes are stable in various conditions including a range of pHs and high salt and temperature conditions. These probes can target selectively and be taken up by tumor cells via integrin αvβ3‐receptor‐mediated endocytosis with no cytotoxicity. The probes show a significant increase in the avidity of αvβ3 integrin compared to the corresponding free cRGD peptides. In‐vivo SPECT/CT imaging results show that the iodine‐125‐labeled cRGD–PEG–AuNP probes can target the tumor site as soon as 10 min after injection, and also that cyclic RGD peptides are needed for efficient and long‐term in‐vivo monitoring. The results suggest that the probes circulate through the whole body, including renal filtration, and are excretable. These promising results show that radioactive‐iodine‐labeled gold nanoprobes have potential for highly specific and sensitive tumor imaging or for use as angiogenesis‐targeted SPECT/CT imaging probes.
Whither Kashmir Studies?: A Review
Authors: ZUTSHI CHITRALEKHA 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper explores the current state of the field of Kashmir Studies and argues that, whilst scholarship on Kashmir has come a long way since the decades after Indian independence and partition, the political situation in the region continues to cast a long shadow over writings on Kashmir. Nevertheless, and despite the continued difficulties associated with research within Kashmir, a new generation of scholars has emerged at the turn of the twenty-first century, whose writings transcend geographical and political determinism as well as the discourse of Kashmiri exceptionalism, to present Kashmir as a complex, but not unique, entity, that has been shaped by multiple influences. In addition, this scholarship explores the ideas that have given Kashmir a particular shape in our imaginations, through analysis of a variety of sources, including poetry, art, film, and oral histories. A lot remains to be done, however, particularly in the field of Kashmir's medieval and pre-modern history, and in the application of theoretical approaches such as borderlands to the region's past and present.
Do children see the danger in dangerous? Grade 4, 6, and 8 children's reading of morphologically complex words
Authors: DEACON S. HÉLÈNE , WHALEN RACHEL , KIRBY JOHN R. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTWe examined whether Grade 4, 6, and 8 children access the base form when reading morphologically complex words. We asked children to read words varying systematically in the frequency of the surface and base forms and in the transparency of the base form. At all grade levels, children were faster at reading derived words with high rather than low base frequencies when the words were of low surface frequency. Effects of the frequency and transparency of the base form on word reading accuracy occurred only in Grades 4 and 6. The results add to the growing body of evidence that children access the morphological structure of the words that they encounter in print.
Morpheme frequency effects in Dutch complex word reading: A developmental perspective
Authors: VERHOEVEN LUDO , SCHREUDER ROB 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThis study examined to what extent advanced and beginning readers, including dyslexic readers of Dutch, make use of morphological access units in the reading of polymorphemic words. Therefore, experiments were carried out in which the role of singular root form frequency in reading plural word forms was investigated in a lexical decision task with both adults and children. Twenty-three adult readers, 37 8-year-old children from Grade 3, 43 11-year-old children from Grade 6, and 33 11-year-old dyslexic readers were presented with a lexical decision task in which we contrasted plural word forms with a high versus low frequency of the singular root form. For the adults, it was found that the accuracy and speed of lexical decision is determined by the surface frequency of the plural word form. The frequency of the constituent root form played a role as well, but in the low-frequency plural words only. Furthermore, a strong developmental effect regarding the accuracy and speed of reading plural word forms was found. An effect of plural word form frequency on word identification was evidenced in all groups. The singular root form frequency also had an impact of the reading of the plural word forms. In the normal reading and dyslexic children, plurals with a high-frequency singular root form were read more accurately and faster than plurals with a low singular root frequency. It can be concluded that constituent morphemes have an impact on the reading of polymorphemic words. The results can be explained in the light of a word experience model leaving room for morphological constituency to play a role in the lexical access of complex words as a function of reading skill and experience and word and morpheme frequency.
How specific is the connection between morphological awareness and spelling? A study of French children
Authors: CASALIS S. , DEACON S. H. , PACTON S. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThis study examined the relationship between morphological awareness and spelling. We show that French children in Grades 3 and 4 appear to use morphological information in spelling; spelling of sounds for which there are several alternatives was more accurate in derived than in nonderived words. The link between morphological awareness and spelling seems to be general, given that morphological awareness correlated with multiple spelling scores, including those that did not involve morphology. Further, the relationship between spelling and morphological awareness seems to be affected by both the developmental level of the child and the phonological structure of the items in the morphological awareness task. We discuss the implications of this research for clarifying the relationship between morphological awareness and spelling.
Debt Collection in the Less Developed Regions of China: An Empirical Study from a Basic-Level Court in Shaanxi Province
Authors: He Xin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractContrary to the prevailing view in the literature that Chinese courts have been notoriously incompetent in enforcement, this article contends that the situation may not be so bad. Based on in-depth fieldwork investigations of 60 debt collection cases at a basic-level court in the less developed hinterland region of China, this study finds that the majority of plaintiffs recover most of their debts through the court. Local protectionism persists, but seems to be contained within legal rules. Nevertheless, the underdeveloped economy of the region has limited the effectiveness of several core judicial reform measures. Unlike the situation in more developed regions, the forces of economic development outside the court have not been significant enough to reshape the power structure inside the court. The overall situation suggests, however, that China's efforts in the field of legal reform, including the promulgation of substantive laws as well as strengthened institution-building have, in general, been conducive to the effective processing of routine debt collection cases.
From Dispute to Decision: Suing Polluters in China
Authors: Stern Rachel E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article traces a civil environmental lawsuit from dispute to decision to explore how environmental law works, as well as how lawyers and litigants try to work the law. Detailing ground-level encounters with a legal system promoted and carefully watched by political elites offers a fresh perspective on the ways the past 30 years of legal reforms have affected the experience of China's court users. Amid accounts of financial stress, lawyer–client tensions and the hunt for elite allies, what emerges is a story of variation. Although plaintiffs and lawyers agree that environmental cases are hard and wringing concessions out of polluters requires remarkable persistence, the process sometimes creaks forward so that appraisals are conducted on time, help is solicited and compensation won. How Chinese courts work (and how well they work) depends on local circumstances, an insight that suggests that disaggregating expansive concepts like rule of law is a helpful way to explore complexity instead of glossing over it.
The Making of an Intellectual Hero: Chinese Narratives of Qian Xuesen
Authors: Wang Ning 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBetween 1991 and 2001, Qian Xuesen, China's leading missile expert, was given an array of honourable titles by the state, followed by eulogistic narratives by the media and his biographers. This article analyses three forms of Chinese narratives about Qian: commendations from the state, stories told by his biographers, and Qian's self-presentation. It aims to show that although the CCP showered Qian with compliments seemingly because of his contributions to China's national defence and space programmes, the real reasons were Qian's political fidelity and the Party's aim to build a role model for intellectuals to emulate. The article demonstrates that Maoist practices of “hero construction” and using history for the present persist in the post-Mao period with some variations, and that the writings of “unofficial history” are heavily influenced by official history.
Agricultural Technology Extension and Adoption in China: A Case from Kaizuo Township, Guizhou Province
Authors: Juanwen Yuan , Niehof Anke 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article describes agricultural technology extension, access to channels of information and adoption of agricultural technology in rural Guizhou, China. It addresses the questions of whether the agricultural technology extension process matches the needs of the villagers and whether in using extension services and adopting technologies there are differences between older and younger cohorts of farming households. Few farming households can get formal extension services and their main channels of information are neighbours, relatives and friends. Older cohort households like to learn by experience, while younger ones like to use written materials. There also appear to be differences in the ways women and men adopt technologies. Technology delivery and farming households’ needs are not well matched. Finally, the migration context has an influence on the suitability of technologies and the feasibility of applying them.
First Passage Percolation on the Erdős–Rényi Random Graph
Authors: BHAMIDI SHANKAR , VAN DER HOFSTAD REMCO , HOOGHIEMSTRA GERARD 
Published: June 2011

In this paper we explore first passage percolation (FPP) on the Erdős–Rényi random graph Gn(pn), where we assign independent random weights, having an exponential distribution with rate 1, to the edges. In the sparse regime, i.e., when npn → λ > 1, we find refined asymptotics both for the minimal weight of the path between uniformly chosen vertices in the giant component, as well as for the hopcount (i.e., the number of edges) on this minimal weight path. More precisely, we prove a central limit theorem for the hopcount, with asymptotic mean and variance both equal to (λ log n)/(λ − 1). Furthermore, we prove that the minimal weight centred by (log n)/(λ − 1) converges in distribution.We also investigate the dense regime, where npn → ∞. We find that although the base graph is ultra-small (meaning that graph distances between uniformly chosen vertices are o(log n)), attaching random edge weights changes the geometry of the network completely. Indeed, the hopcount Hn satisfies the universality property that whatever the value of pn, Hn/log n → 1 in probability and, more precisely, (Hn − βn log n)/, where βn = λn/(λn − 1), has a limiting standard normal distribution. The constant βn can be replaced by 1 precisely when λn ≫ , a case that has appeared in the literature (under stronger conditions on λn) in [4, 13]. We also find lower bounds for the maximum, over all pairs of vertices, of the optimal weight and hopcount.This paper continues the investigation of FPP initiated in [4] and [5]. Compared to the setting on the configuration model studied in [5], the proofs presented here are much simpler due to a direct relation between FPP on the Erdős–Rényi random graph and thinned continuous-time branching processes.
The Incarnation: divine embodiment and the divided mind
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin 
Published: June 2011

The central doctrine of traditional Christianity, the doctrine of the Incarnation, is that the Second Person of the Trinity lived a human existence on Earth as Jesus Christ for a finite period. In the words of the Nicene Creed, the Son is himwho for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary, and was made man.
All in the Family: Extended Autonomy and Expectations in Surrogate Health Care Decision-Making1
Authors: High Dallas M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Examined were elderly persons' preferences and expectations for advance directives and surrogate health care decision-making in the event of decisional incapacity. Exploratory findings are presented from in-depth interviews of a sample of men and women aged 67 to 91 (n = 40). The view that elderly people have a strong expectation for familial decision-making in the event of long term care and perceive this reliance as a means of extended autonomy was supported by the findings.
Revisiting the Biomedicalization of Aging: Clinical Trends and Ethical Challenges
Authors: Kaufman Sharon R. , Shim Janet K. , Russ Ann J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDevelopments in the realms of medical innovation and geriatric clinical intervention impact our understanding of the nature of late life, the possibilities for health in advanced age, medical decision making, and family responsibility in ways that could not have been predicted 15 years ago. This essay begins to map new forms of biomedicalization in the U.S. and to underscore their emergence in a new ethical field. We suggest that a new kind of ethical knowledge is emerging through “routine” clinical care, and we offer examples from the following interventions: cardiac procedures, kidney dialysis, and kidney transplant. This new ethical knowledge is characterized by the difficulty of saying “no” to life-extending interventions, regardless of age. We explore the intensification of the biomedicalization of old age through a discussion of three features of the new ethical field: (a) the ways in which routine medical care overshadows choice; (b) the transformation of the technological imperative to a moral imperative; and (c) the coupling of hope with the normalization and routinization of life-extending interventions. We argue that societal expectations about longevity and standard medical care come together today in a shifting ethics of normalcy, with unexplored socio-cultural ramifications.
Comparison of anti‐diabetic drug prescribing in children and adolescents in seven European countries
Authors: Neubert Antje , Hsia Yingfen , de Jong‐van den Berg Lolkje T. W. , Janhsen Katrin , Glaeske Gerd , Furu Kari , Kieler Helle , Nørgaard Mette , Clavenna Antonio , Wong Ian C. K. 
Published: June 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• The incidence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes is rising among children and adolescents.• Data on the prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are limited.• Routine clinical databases can be used to study the prevalence and epidemiology of treatment, depending on the completeness of data capture and their representativeness of the whole population.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• The prevalence of insulin prescribing appears to vary among countries, being highest in Sweden (3.5 per 1000 population) and lowest in Italy (1.1 per 1000 population).• The prevalence of oral anti‐diabetic prescribing ranges from 0.08 per 1000 population in Sweden and Germany to 0.21 per 1000 population in the UK; however, the total number of patients receiving oral anti‐diabetics is low.• It is possible to use the same study protocol across clinical databases in Europe to study the prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children.• Routine clinical databases can identify the prevalence of type 1 diabetes prescribing and could be used to study the secular changes in disease prevalence in children.AIMS The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of diabetes in children across seven European countries, when using prescribing of anti‐diabetics as a proxy for diabetes. A secondary aim was to assess the potential for collaboration between countries using different databases in diabetes research.METHODS Data were obtained from population‐based clinical databases in seven European countries. The study population comprised children aged 0–18 years. Prescriptions were categorized using the Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification. The one‐year user prevalence in 2008 was calculated for each country and stratified by age and sex.RESULTS We studied a total of 5.8 million children and adolescents. The prevalence of insulin prescribing varied between 1.1 and 3.5 per 1000 population, being highest in Sweden and lowest in Italy. In all countries, novel insulin analogues were the most commonly used insulins. The prevalence of oral anti‐diabetic prescribing ranged from 0.08 per 1000 individuals in Sweden and Germany to 0.21 per 1000 population in the UK. Overall, the absolute number of oral anti‐diabetic users was very low.CONCLUSION This study shows that there is a varying frequency of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents across Europe. We also demonstrated that it is possible to obtain similar information from different clinical databases within Europe, which would allow continuous monitoring of type 1 diabetes. Owing to the lack of indications in most of the databases, this approach is less suitable for type 2 diabetes.