bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental wear, wear rate, and dental disease in the African apes
Authors: Elgart Alison A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe African apes possess thinner enamel than do other hominoids, and a certain amount of dentin exposure may be advantageous in the processing of tough diets eaten byGorilla. Dental wear (attrition plus abrasion) that erodes the enamel exposes the underlying dentin and creates additional cutting edges at the dentin‐enamel junction. Hypothetically, efficiency of food processing increases with junction formation until an optimal amount is reached, but excessive wear hinders efficient food processing and may lead to sickness, reduced fecundity, and death. Occlusal surfaces of molars and incisors in three populations each ofGorillaandPanwere videotaped and digitized. The quantity of incisal and molar occlusal dental wear and the lengths of dentin–enamel junctions were measured in 220 adult and 31 juvenile gorilla and chimpanzee skulls. Rates of dental wear were calculated in juveniles by scoring the degree of wear between adjacent molars M1 and M2. Differences were compared by principal (major) axis analysis. ANOVAs compared means of wear amounts. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to compare the relationship between molar wear and incidence of dental disease.Results indicate that quantities of wear are significantly greater in permanent incisors and molars and juvenile molars of gorillas compared to chimpanzees. The lengths of dentin–enamel junctions were predominantly suboptimal. Western lowland gorillas have the highest quantities of wear and the most molars with suboptimal wear. The highest rates of wear are seen inPan paniscusandPan t. troglodytes, and the lowest rates are found inP.t. schweinfurthiiandG. g. graueri. Among gorillas,G. b. beringeihave the highest rates but low amounts of wear. Coefficients between wear and dental disease were low, but significant when all teeth were combined. Gorilla teeth are durable, and wear does not lead to mechanical senescence in this sample. Am. J. Primatol. 72:481–491, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular Na+ and Ca2+ modulation increases the tensile properties of developing engineered articular cartilage
Authors: Natoli Roman M. , Skaalure Stacey , Bijlani Shweta , Chen Ke X. , Hu Jerry , Athanasiou Kyriacos A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveSignificant collagen content and tensile properties are difficult to achieve in tissue‐engineered articular cartilage. The aim of this study was to investigate whether treating developing tissue‐engineered cartilage constructs with modulators of intracellular Na+ or Ca2+ could increase collagen concentration and construct tensile properties.MethodsInhibitors of Na+ ion transporters and stimulators of intracellular Ca2+ were investigated for their ability to affect articular cartilage development in a scaffoldless, 3‐dimensional chondrocyte culture. Using a systematic approach, we applied ouabain (Na+/K+‐ATPase inhibitor), bumetanide (Na+/K+/2Cl− tritransporter inhibitor), histamine (cAMP activator), and ionomycin (a Ca2+ ionophore) to tissue‐engineered constructs for 1 hour daily on days 10–14 of culture and examined the constructs at 2 weeks or 4 weeks. The gross morphology, biochemical content, and compressive and tensile mechanical properties of the constructs were assayed.ResultsThe results of these experiments showed that 20 μM ouabain, 0.3 μM ionomycin, or their combination increased the tensile modulus by 40–95% compared with untreated controls and resulted in an increased amount of collagen normalized to construct wet weight. In constructs exposed to ouabain, the increased percentage of collagen per construct wet weight was secondary to decreased glycosaminoglycan production on a per‐cell basis. Treatment with 20 μM ouabain also increased the ultimate tensile strength of neo‐tissue by 56–86% at 4 weeks. Other construct properties, such as construct growth and type I collagen production, were affected differently by Na+ modulation with ouabain versus Ca2+ modulation with ionomycin.ConclusionThese data are the first to show that treatments known to alter intracellular ion concentrations are a viable method for increasing the mechanical properties of engineered articular cartilage and identifying potentially important relationships to hydrostatic pressure mechanotransduction. Ouabain and ionomycin may be useful pharmacologic agents for increasing tensile integrity and directing construct maturation.
Fox‐2 protein regulates the alternative splicing of scleroderma‐associated lysyl hydroxylase 2 messenger RNA
Authors: Seth Puneet , Yeowell Heather N. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveScleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]) is a complex connective tissue disorder characterized by hardening and thickening of the skin. One hallmark of scleroderma is excessive accumulation of collagen accompanied by increased levels of pyridinoline collagen crosslinks derived from hydroxylysine residues in the collagen telopeptide domains. Lysyl hydroxylase 2 (LH2), an important alternatively spliced enzyme in collagen biosynthesis, acts as a collagen telopeptide hydroxylase. Changes in the pattern of LH2 alternative splicing, favoring increased inclusion of the alternatively spliced LH2 exon 13A, thereby increasing the levels of the long transcript of LH2 (LH2[long]), are linked to scleroderma disease. This study was undertaken to examine the role played by RNA binding protein Fox‐2 in regulating exon 13A inclusion, which leads to the generation of scleroderma‐associated LH2(long) messenger RNA (mRNA).MethodsPhylogenetic sequence analysis of introns flanking exon 13A was performed. A tetracycline‐inducible system in T‐Rex 293 cells was used to induce Fox‐2 protein, and endogenous LH2(long) mRNA was determined by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. An LH2 minigene was designed, validated, and used in Fox‐2 overexpression and mutagenesis experiments. Knockdown of Fox‐2 was performed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in fibroblasts from SSc patients.ResultsOverexpression of Fox‐2 enhanced the inclusion of exon 13A and increased the generation of LH2(long) mRNA, whereas knockdown of Fox‐2 decreased LH2(long) transcripts. Mutational analysis of an LH2 minigene demonstrated that 2 of the 4 Fox binding motifs flanking LH2 exon 13A are required for inclusion of exon 13A. In early passage fibroblasts derived from patients with scleroderma, the knockdown of Fox‐2 protein significantly decreased the endogenous levels of LH2(long) mRNA.ConclusionOur findings indicate that Fox‐2 plays an integral role in the regulation of LH2 splicing. Knockdown of Fox‐2 and other methods to decrease the levels of fibrosis‐associated LH2(long) mRNA in primary scleroderma cells may suggest a novel approach to strategies directed against scleroderma.
Schraubenpressklebung mit Nagelschrauben
Authors: Rug Wolfgang , Gümmer Klaas , Gehring Stefan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDie Schraubenpressklebung ist eine Methode zum Herstellen tragfähiger geklebter Verbindungen, welche in der neuen überarbeiteten DIN 1052:2008, Abschnitt 14 geregelt ist. Bei der Anwendung dürfen jedoch ausschließlich selbstbohrende Schrauben mit Teil gewinde zum Aufbringen des nötigen Pressdrucks benutzt werden. Im Rahmen grundlegender Untersuchungen wurde die Nagelschraube als Alternative zur bisher geregelten Schraube geprüft. Für die insgesamt drei untersuchten Klebstoffe wurden Verklebungen zwischen Brettschichtholz und Vollholz, Sperrholz, sowie Furnierschichtholz untersucht. Zusammen wurden 932 Prüfkörper in Anlehnung an DIN EN 392:1996 auf deren Klebfugenfestigkeiten hin getestet.Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zeigen, dass mit Nagelschrauben hergestellte Klebungen hinreichende Festigkeiten erzielen, um eine Schrauben‐Pressklebung nach DIN 1052:2008 herzustellen.Screw‐press‐bonding with nail screws.The screw‐press‐bonding is a method to manufacture glued wooden joints. This technology is regulated in the new revised standard DIN 1052:2008 (which is based on the Eurocode 5). In practice it is only allowed to use self‐drilling screws with partial thread to generate the required (contact) pressure. Based on different experiments the nail screw was tested as an alternative method. Three adhesives in all were used to make bonding between glued‐laminated timber (BSH) and solid wood (VH), plywood (SH) and also laminated veneer lumber (LVL). Altogether, there were tested 932 specimens on their bonding strength on the basis of DIN EN 392:1996.The results of this experiments show that bonded joints, which were manufactured with nail screws, generate enough strength to make a screw‐press‐bonding on the basis of DIN 1052:2008.
The roles of apoptotic pathways in the low recovery rate after cryopreservation of dissociated human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Xu Xia , Cowley Sally , Flaim Christopher J. , James William , Seymour Leonard , Cui Zhanfeng 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHuman embryonic stem (hES) cells have enormous potential for clinical applications. However, one major challenge is to achieve high cell recovery rate after cryopreservation. Understanding how the conventional cryopreservation protocol fails to protect the cells is a prerequisite for developing efficient and successful cryopreservation methods for hES cell lines and banks. We investigated how the stimuli from cryopreservation result in apoptosis, which causes the low cell recovery rate after cryopreservation. The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is significantly increased, F‐actin content and distribution is altered, and caspase‐8 and caspase‐9 are activated after cryopreservation. p53 is also activated and translocated into nucleus. During cryopreservation apoptosis is induced by activation of both caspase‐8 through the extrinsic pathway and caspase‐9 through the intrinsic pathway. However, exactly how the extrinsic pathway is activated is still unclear and deserves further investigation. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Inside a Superatom: The M7q (M=Cu, Ag, q=1+, 0, 1−) Case
Authors: Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro , Mac‐Leod Carey Desmond , Arratia‐Pérez Ramiro 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAll‐electron relativistic density functional calculations are performed to obtain the electronic structure and nucleus‐independent chemical shifts (NICS) of D5h pentagonal‐bipyramidal (PBP) Cu7q and Ag7q (q=1+,0,1−) clusters. Scalar and spin–orbit relativistic effects are taken into account at two levels: the two‐component zero‐order regular approximation (ZORA) Hamiltonian and fully relativistic four‐component calculations via the Dirac equation. These clusters are treated by including the spin–orbit effect in the jellium model, within the double‐valued point group (D5h*) establishing the symmetry correlations between the molecular and the atomic spinors given by the full rotation group. These clusters show highly spherical aromaticity, which is suggested to increase the hardness of the superatom. Thus, the calculations suggest that the paramagnetic Cu7 and Ag7 clusters can be regarded as pseudohalogens.
Mechanism of pole‐mounted transformer damage by backflow lightning and measures against the damage on low‐voltage distribution line
Authors: Honda Hideki , Hongo Yasuji , Kado Hiroyuki , Yokoyama Shigeu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPole‐mounted transformers are especially vulnerable to lightning damage. The progress of the information society imposes increasingly stringent requirements for the reliability of electric power supply, and this in turn necessitates a reduction in lightning damage to pole‐mounted transformers. Lightning protective devices (surge arresters) are now being installed around the primary bushing of the transformers, which has decreased the number of disconnections around the primary bushing due to lightning. But surge arresters installed on the primary side of the transformer cannot protect it against backflow lightning entering the secondary side of the transformer. The characteristic of transformer damage by backflow lightning is that the electromagnetic force produced by the current flowing into the secondary side deforms the transformer windings. This paper elucidates the mechanism of transformer damage by lightning flowing into the secondary side by comparing actual lightning damage cases with the results of verification tests using a short‐circuit generator. Effective countermeasures against transformer damage by backflow lightning are examined by EMTP calculations, which indicate that neutral grounding on the low‐voltage distribution line is the most effective way of decreasing the current flowing into the transformer. The lower the grounding resistance, the less current flows into the transformer. In addition, decreasing the voltage on the secondary side is important in order to protect the secondary‐side bushing. The calculation results indicate that surge arresters installed around the secondary side of the transformer are effective in decreasing the voltage on the secondary side. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(2): 1–11, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20921
Precise disturbance modeling for improvement of positioning performance
Authors: Yamamoto Masafumi , Iwasaki Makoto , Ito Kazuaki , Matsui Nobuyuki 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a modeling methodology for unknown disturbances in mechatronics systems, based on disturbance estimation using an iterative learning process. In disturbance modeling, nonlinear frictions are specially handled as disturbances in the mechanisms, which mainly degrade trajectory control performance. Friction can be mathematically modeled by using learned estimation data as a function of the displacement, velocity. acceleration, and jerk of the actuator. This model has the distinctive feature that friction compensation can be achieved with a generalization capability for different conditions. The proposed positioning control approach with disturbance modeling and compensation has been verified by experiments using a table drive system on a machine stand. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(2): 31–39, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www. interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20928
Structural Elucidation of a Novel B. cenocepacia ET‐12 Lipooligosaccharide Isolated from a Cystic Fibrosis Patient after Lung Transplantation
Authors: Ieranò Teresa , Silipo Alba , Sturiale Luisa , Garozzo Domenico , Corris Paul , Perry John , Lanzetta Rosa , Parrilli Michelangelo , De Soyza Anthony , Molinaro Antonio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this work, we carried out the elucidation of a novel lipooligosaccharide (LOS) from a clinical strain of the most virulent strain of the Burkholderia cepacia complex, which was of B. cenocepacia ET‐12 epidemic strain lineage. The strain was isolated from a cystic fibrosis patient who had successfully undergone lung transplantation. This molecule presents some specific chemical differences when compared to the LOS reported so far from other B. cenocepacia ET‐12 clones. The new endotoxin was also tested as a cytokine enhancer on human myelomonocytic U937 cells. Lipopolysaccharides are the main virulence factors of Gram‐negative bacteria, and since they are exposed to the extracellular space, they are deeply involved in bacterial adaptation to the host environment. The characterisation of structural motifs present in these molecules is essential to the comprehension of the persistence/survival mechanisms and inflammatory potential of these bacteria.
A mathematical model for steady‐state regolith production at constant erosion rate
Authors: Lebedeva M.I. , Fletcher R.C. , Brantley S.L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIt has been hypothesized that many soil profiles reach a steady‐state thickness. In this work, such profiles were simulated using a one‐dimensional model of reaction with advective and diffusive solute transport. A model ‘rock’ is considered, consisting of albite that weathers to kaolinite in the presence of chemically inert quartz. The model yields three different steady‐state regimes of weathering. At the lowest erosion rates, a local‐equilibrium regime is established where albite is completely depleted in the weathering zone. This regime is equivalent to the transport‐limited regime described in the literature. With an increase in erosion rate, transition and kinetic regimes are established. In the transition regime, both albite and kaolinite are present in the weathering zone, but albite does not persist to the soil–air interface. In the weathering‐limited regime, here called the kinetic regime, albite persists to the soil–air interface. The steady‐state thickness of regolith decreases with increasing erosion rate in the local equilibrium and transition regimes, but in the kinetic regime, this thickness is independent of erosion rate. Analytical expressions derived from the model are used to show that regolith production rates decrease exponentially with regolith thickness. The steady‐state regolith thickness increases with the Darcy velocity of the pore fluid, and in the local equilibrium regime may vary markedly with small variations in this velocity and erosion rate. In the weathering‐limited regime, the temperature dependences for chemical weathering rates are related to the activation energy for the rate constant for mineral reaction and to the ΔH of dissolution, while for local equilibrium regimes they are related to the ΔH only. The model illustrates how geochemical and geomorphological observations are related for a simple compositional system. The insights provided will be useful in interpreting natural regolith profiles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processes controlling rapid temperature variations on rock surfaces
Authors: Molaro Jamie L. , McKay Christopher P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn arid environments, thermal oscillations are an important source of rock weathering. Measurements of temperature have been made on the surface of rocks in a desert environment at a sampling interval of 0·375 s, with simultaneous measurements of wind speed, air temperature, and incoming shortwave radiation. Over timescales of hours, the temperature of the rock surface was determined primarily by shortwave radiation and air temperature, while rapid temperature variations, high dT/dt, at intervals of seconds or less, were determined by wind speed. The maximum values of temperature change and time spent above 2°C min−1 increased at high measurement rates and were much higher than previously reported. The maximum recorded value of dT/dt was 137°C min−1 and the average percentage time spent above 2°C min−1 was ∼70 ± 13%. Maximum values of dT/dt did not correlate with the maximum values of time spent above 2°C min−1. Simultaneous measurements of two thermocouples 5·5 cm apart on a single rock surface had similar temperature and dT/dt values, but were not correlated at sampling intervals of less than 10 s. It is suggested that this is resulting from rapid fluctuations due to small spatial and timescale wind effects that are averaged out when data is taken at longer sampling intervals, ∼10 s or greater. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ABL1 rearrangements in T‐Cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Hagemeijer Anne , Graux Carlos 
Published: January 2010

AbstractT‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) is the result of multiple oncogenic insults of thymocytes. Recently, new ABL1 fusion genes have been identified that provide proliferation and survival advantage to lymphoblasts. These are the NUP214‐ABL1 fusion gene, on amplified episomes, the unique case of EML1‐ABL1 fusion due to a cryptic t(9;14)(q34;q32) and the seldom reported BCR‐ABL1 and ETV6‐ABL1 chimeric genes. The most frequent and strictly associated with T‐ALL is the NUP214‐ABL1 fusion identified in 6% of cases, in both children and adults. Patients present with classical T‐ALL features. Cytogenetically, the fusion is cryptic but seen by FISH on amplified episomes or more rarely as a small hsr. The ABL1 fusion is a late event associated with other genetic alterations like NOTCH1 activating mutation, deletion of CDKN2A locus, and ectopic expression of TLX1 or TLX3. The mechanism of activation of the NUP214‐ABL1 protein is unique and requires localization at the nucleopore complex and interaction with other nuclear pore proteins for crossphosphorylation and constitutive kinase activity. The ABL1 fusion proteins are sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, which can be included in future treatment strategy. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural outcomes after plasma knife dissection: A pathologic study and clinical correlation
Authors: Gillespie M. Boyd , Stachiw Natalka D. , Way Justin , Lentsch Eric J. , Richardson Mary S. , Nguyen Shaun A. , Day Terry A. , Hornig Joshua D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe initial aim was to determine the rate of pathologic tissue damage when dissecting the rat sciatic nerve with either bipolar forceps or low‐temperature tripolar plasma knife. The second aim was to determine the safety and effectiveness of the plasma knife during parotid surgery.MethodsA prospective, randomized, single‐blind study was performed on 40 rat sciatic nerves dissected by either bipolar electrocautery with a cold knife or a plasma knife. Dissected nerves were excised and submitted blindly to pathology for analysis of nerve injury. The degree of nerve trauma was graded by the Carlander nerve injury classification. Separately, a review was performed on the facial nerve outcomes of 30 patients who underwent plasma knife parotidectomy.ResultsNo thermal or neural injury was noted in the 40 rat sciatic nerves dissected by either bipolar electrocautery or plasma knife (p = 1.0). Two plasma knife–dissected nerves (8%) demonstrated significant numbers of mast cells in the perineural soft tissue. In 30 patients undergoing plasma knife‐parotidectomy, 10 (33%) had mild weakness of 1 or 2 preserved facial nerve branch postoperatively (House‐Brackmann 2) that resolved within 1 month, whereas 2 (7%) had visible weakness in 1 branch (HB 3) that normalized after 3 months of follow‐up.ConclusionPlasma knife nerve dissection seems to be a safe and effective alternative to conventional methods. This technique may confer some advantages over conventional methods with the ability to simultaneously cut and coagulate tissue with minimal thermal spread and electrical stimulation of adjacent neural structures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Comparison of spectral and time domain calibration methods for precipitation‐discharge processes
Authors: Quets Jan J. , De Lannoy Gabriëlle J. M. , Pauwels Valentijn R. N. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHydrological model parameter estimation is an important aspect in hydrologic modelling. Usually, parameters are estimated through an objective function minimization, quantifying the mismatch between the model results and the observations. The objective function choice has a large impact on the sensitivity analysis and calibration outcomes. In this study, it is assessed whether spectral objective functions can compete with an objective function in the time domain for optimization of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Three empirical spectral objective functions were applied, based on matching (i) Fourier amplitude spectra, (ii) periodograms and (iii) Fourier series of simulated and observed discharge time series. It is shown that most sensitive parameters and their optimal values are distinct for different objective functions. The best results were found through calibration with an objective function based on the square difference between the simulated and observed discharge Fourier series coefficients. The potential strengths and weaknesses of using a spectral objective function as compared to utilising a time domain objective function are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.