bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE THORACIC MECHANISM OF THE MILKWEED BUG,ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS(HETEROPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)
Authors: Govind C. K. , Dandy J. W. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn illustrated account of the thoracic mechanism of the milkweed bug,Oncopeltus fasciatus(Dallas), is given. The thoracic skeleton including legs and wings is described and this is followed by a discussion of the interaction of these parts with the musculature. The action of the extrinsic and intrinsic leg muscles, being well known, is tabled as are also the origins and insertions of all the thoracic muscles.
A COMPARISON OF TWO MODELS OF THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE WITH EMPHASIS ON PARAMETER ESTIMATION PROCEDURES
Authors: Glass Norman R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe two primary functional response models extant in recent entomological literature were compared using a common set of data. Use of an iterative least squares parameter estimation routine was shown to be essential to a comparison of these two models. With parameters properly determined, the Watt model fit data on one out of five experiment days best, the Holling model fit data best on four out of five experiment days. The "handling time" submodel was shown to require iterative least squares parameter estimation rather than the usual log transformation and subsequent fitting of this logistic function by standard linear regression techniques. The conclusion was reached that if accuracy in prediction by nonlinear functional response models is desired, proper methods of determining parameter values are of critical importance.
AN IMPROVED LABORATORY METHOD FOR REARING LARGE NUMBERS OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Grisdale Dail 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarvae are reared on a synthetic diet in 1 oz. ribbed plastic cups. To eliminate the task of placing individual larvae on food, small gauze patches containing 25–40 larvae are placed in the cups prior to emergence from hibernacula. Larvae establish feeding sites between the ribs and are relatively undisturbed by others in the cup until the fifth instar. For maintenance of rearing stock the number of larvae is reduced to six to eight per cup, and they are allowed to pupate in the cups. Up to 100 pairs of pupae are placed in screened cages for adult emergence, mating, and oviposition. When the adults emerge balsam fir foliage is introduced and most of the eggs are deposited on the needles. Needles or twigs with egg clusters are transferred to large dishes the inside of which is painted black. The dish is tightly sealed with parafilm to which small gauze patches are attached and then placed under artificial lighting. The newly-hatched larvae are attracted toward the light and spin hibernacula in the gauze. The parafilm and gauze are sealed in plastic bags for cold storage treatment. By this system up to 10,000 larvae per week are easily produced.A discussion on the selection of rearing stock, rearing conditions, rearing containers, and the use of anti-fungal agents is included in the report.
SPATIAL PATTERN OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF HYLEMYA BRASSICAE ON CABBAGE
Authors: Mukerji M. K. , Harcourt D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCounts of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), on cabbage did not conform to the Poisson distribution, there being an excess of uninfested and highly infested plants over the expected number. But when the negative binomial series was fitted to the observed distribution, the discrepancies were not significant when tested by chi-square. The negative binomial parameter k tended to increase with density. Using a common k, the distribution of the various stages may be described by expansion of (q − p)−k, when values of k are as follows: egg 0.78, larva 0.71, pupa 0.84. Three different transformations are offered for stabilizing the variance of field counts.
SIX NEW SPECIES OF ANOETID MITES ASSOCIATED WITH NORTH AMERICAN SCOLYTIDAE
Authors: Woodring J. P. , Moser J. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOnly one species of Anoetidae was previously recorded associated with North American Scolytidae. Five new species of Anoetus and one new species of Bonomoia associated with North American bark beetles are described. Two nomen novum (due to homonymy) in the genus Anoetus are proposed. Anoetus varia is distinguished from A. gordius, a European species restricted to Ips laricis. Anoetus varia is recorded from 17 scolytids infesting 10 conifer species from 14 states and provinces. An annotated list, with new nomenclatorial combinations in many cases, of the 13 anoetids recorded associated with scolytids in the old world is given. Histiostoma is synonymized under Anoetus.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTENNAL SENSE ORGANS OF FEMALE CULICINE MOSQUITOES
Authors: McIver Susan B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe type, number, and distribution of the antennal sense organs of female Culex territans Walker and Culex restuans (Theo.) were determined and compared to similar data on Culex pipiens L., Culex fatigans Wiedemann, and Culex tarsalis Coquillett. All types of sense organs have similar distribution patterns on the five species, but large differences in number occur. These differences are discussed with regard to the host preference of the mosquitoes.
A BIOLOGICAL STUDY OFNEPTICULA MACROCARPAE(LEPIDOPTERA: NEPTICULIDAE) ON OAK IN ONTARIO
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Harnden A. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNepticula macrocarpaeFreeman, a recently described leaf miner on oak in southern Ontario, is bivoltine, and overwinters as a cocooned larva on the ground. The immature stages are described and nine species of chalcid parasites are listed.
EFFECTS OF PRECIPITATION ON CROP INSECTS
Authors: Beirne Bryan P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA review and analysis of the literature showed that precipitation, or its absence, can regulate the numbers of or the damage by insect pests of annual crops in Canada in essentially four main ways: as soil moisture, when the insects are in the ground; as a mechanical factor that impinges directly on them when they are exposed; through its effects on foodplants; and through its effects on natural enemies of the pests. Though any one pest species may be influenced by two or more of these processes and in different ways by each depending on the stage of its life cycle that is affected, usually only one way is significant. Precipitation is so far of little value in forecasting pest situations reliably, but water in various forms has much potential for use as a pest control agent.
BARK TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS BY TELEMETRY
Authors: Dalleske Robert L. , Kimmins James P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A telemetric system for the measurement of bark temperature of standing
trees was developed and compared with a conventional thermocouple system.
The components of the system and circuit diagrams are given. The cost of a
single unit was about $65. The system was field-tested under both summer and
winter conditions in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. It was
concluded that the telemetry system gave more accurate temperature readings
and that it possessed several other advantages over the conventional system.
While the system was developed for the measurement of temperature, it could
be used for the measurement of any environmental variable for which there is
a variable-resistance transducer.
THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS OF THE VELVET MITE, ALLOTHROMBIUM LEROUXI (TROMBIDIFORMES: TROMBIDIIDAE)
Authors: Mathur S. N. , LeRoux E. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe anatomy and functions of the male and female reproductive organs of Allothrombium lerouxi Moss are described in detail. In the male, the reproductive organs consist of paired testes, paired vasa diferentia, a median seminal vesicle, a median ejaculatory duct, bursa expulsatoria, a penis, and a median accessory gland; in the female, they consist of paired ovaries, paired oviducts, a median uterus and a vagina. The function of the parts in the male differs from that reported in other species of Trombidiformes, and in females fertilization takes place in the spongy epithelium of the uterus instead of in the oviducts as in oribatids. Females also lack a receptaculum seminis and accessory glands.
A NEW NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF BLISSUS (HETEROPTERA: LYGAEIDAE)
Authors: Leonard David E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBlissus canadensis sp. nov. is described from Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Montana. It has reached high numbers on barley in Alberta and is a potential pest. It closely resembles Blissus occiduus Barber, and reports of B. occiduus in Canada most likely refer to B. canadensis.
NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY AND HABITS OF INSECT PARASITES ASSOCIATED WITH EUCOSMA RESCISSORIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) IN NORTHERN IDAHO
Authors: Goyer Richard A. , Schenk John A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNotes on the biology and habits of 12 parasitic insects associated with Eucosma rescissoriana Heinrich in western white pine, Pinus monticola Douglas, cones in northern Idaho are presented. Descriptive notes on the immature stages of three important parasite species. Chelonus petrovae McComb (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Apanteles starki Mason (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), and Psalidopteryx psilocorsiphaga Brooks (Diptera: Tachinidae) also are included. Correlations between the life stages of these three parasite species are made with phenological events in the host tree and associated plants at two of the four study plots.
SEXUAL MOSAICS IN THE BLACK FLY SIMULIUM ARCTICUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEighteen sexual mosaics of S. arcticum including 16 distinct gynandromorphs and 2 apparent intersexes are described. These were discovered among 41,615 normal females from Athabasca, Alberta. Male and female terminalia are compared in four specimens possessing duplicates. Four specimens including two presumed intersexes and two which appeared to be normal males were parasitized with mermithid larvae.
PLICTRAN AS AN ORCHARD ACARICIDE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Downing R. S. , Moilliet T. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPlictran (tricyclohexyltin hydroxide) was very effective against the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa), when applied at the pink bud stage of apple bud development. Plictran as a summer spray was not so effective because a small number of phytophagous mites survived. Plictran, however, is low in toxicity to the predaceous phytoseiids Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhloseiopsis sp. near arboreus (Chant), and these predators increased on the surviving phytophagous mites. Because of this selective action, Plictran is a very promising acaricide for use in integrated mite control programs.
THE LIFE CYCLE AND SOCIAL LEVEL OF EVYLAEUS NIGRIPES (HYMENOPTERA: HALICTINAE), A MEDITERRANEAN HALICTINE BEE
Authors: Knerer G. , Plateaux-Quénu C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEvylaeus nigripes (Lep.) is a large, polylectic social halictine bee, common in the Mediterranean region. Haplometrotic and pleometrotic nests are established late in spring and clusters of from 6 to 15 cells are constructed and surrounded by a cavity. A summer brood of small females and a few males emerges from these cells in July. The summer females behave as workers; they remain in their mother’s nest, assist in the construction of a deeper and larger cell cluster, forage for pollen and nectar, but do not guard the nest. They show some ovarian inhibition in a matrifilial society but become egglayers in queenless nests or when establishing their own burrows. They are much shorter-lived than their mothers, require no diapause, and are unattractive to the summer males. The social level of E. nigripes is comparatively high; summer males are less than 5% of the total brood. Queen and workers are relatively distinct morphs, although caste determination can be influenced by environmental factors. Sphecodes alternatus Smith is its specific parasitoid whereas several bombyliids, mutillids, and conopids attack E. nigripes as part of a much wider range of hosts.
A REVISION OF THE PALAEARCTIC IZIPHYA, WITH A KEY TO THE WORLD FAUNA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Palaearctic species of Iziphya Nevsky are revised and the following species recognized: austriaca Borner, bufo (Walker), fungifera (Ossiannilsson), ingegardae Hille Ris Lambers, leegei (Börner), maculata Nevsky and oettingenii Quednau. Iziphya memorialis Börner and piluliferae Quednau are considered synonyms of bufo. Nevskyella Ossiannilsson and Juncobia Quednau are considered synonyms of Iziphya. A key to the world fauna is offered.
COLLECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF SPRAY DROPLETS WITH VISCOUS POLYBUTENE AND AN IMAGE-SPLITTING EYEPIECE
Authors: Fisher R. W. , Dougan G. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe droplet range of a water spray is conveniently described by trapping the droplets in a viscous polybutene, measuring their diameters with an image-splitting eyepiece, calculating cumulative percentage volume and cumulative percentage number, plotting both on log–log paper, and noting the mass median and number median diameters. A ratio, MMD/NMD, is suggested as useful for comparing sprays.
FIRST RECORD OF CALYPTERATE FLIES IN THE MESOZOIC ERA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFossil puparia from the Edmonton Formation (Upper Cretaceous, about 70,000,000 years) at Drumheller, Alta., are assigned to the family Calliphoridae and described as Cretaphormia fowleri new genus, new species. This is the first pre-Tertiary record of muscoid flies.
NOTES ON ADULTS, EGGS, AND FIRST-INSTAR LARVAE OF PRIACMA SERRATA (COLEOPTERA: CUPEDIDAE)
Authors: Ross D. A. , Pothecary D. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA female Priacma serrata (LeConte) was collected near Procter, B.C., and kept alive for 63 days. It mated and produced 1,463 eggs. Egg and first-instar larva are described briefly.
EVOLUTION OF THE METHODS OF SPERMATOPHORE FORMATION IN PTERYGOTAN INSECTS
Authors: Gerber G. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA scheme for the evolution of the methods of spermatophore formation among pterygotan insects is proposed. There appear to be four methods of spermatophore formation, two male-determined and two female-determined. The male-determined methods are characteristic of the less advanced pterygotans that have fairly complex spermatophores, and the female-determined types are typical of more advanced insects in which the spermatophores are often reduced.
NATURAL OCCURRENCE OF VIRUSES OF THE CABBAGE LOOPER IN FIELD PLOTS
Authors: Jaques R. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStudies on non-treated plots at Harrow, Ontario, in 1967 and 1968 and at Kentville, Nova Scotia, from 1963 to 1968 inclusive showed that residues of viruses of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), found in soil were related qualitatively and quantitatively to the virus residues on leaves of cruciferous plants grown in the plots and to mortality by viruses in the host populations. At Harrow where the cabbage looper is common and where virus diseases occur naturally in field populations, the viruses that occurred in the populations of the host built up in soil as the season progressed. At Kentville where the host is rare, virus was rarely found in soil or on foliage. The typical nuclear-polyhedrosis virus, an atypical nuclear-polyhedrosis virus that formed abnormally large polyhedra, and a granulosis virus were found at Harrow, with the typical nuclear-polyhedrosis virus predominating. Only the typical nuclear-polyhedrosis virus was detected at Kentville.
SOUND ANALYSES OF METRIOPTERA SPHAGNORUM (ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)
Authors: Morris Glenn K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe song of Metrioptera sphagnorum (F. Walker) is a prolonged trill alternating regularly between two intensities. Oscilloscope analyses reveal two stridulation modes corresponding to the two intensity levels. These two modes are described in terms of pulse structure.Characteristic frequency spectrograms are associated with each mode. In one mode audio frequencies are emphasized; the other mode is dominated by high intensity ultrasonic frequencies. At the approach of a conspecific male, singers were observed to prolong the audio-dominated stridulation mode.
AN INFESTATION OF NEODIPRION VIRGINIANUS COMPLEX (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) IN NORTHEASTERN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Underwood G. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn infestation of Neodiprion virginianus complex and its abrupt termination in a stand of jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb., in northeastern New Brunswick is described. The life history, habits, and parasites of the sawfly are reported.
A LOOSESTRIFE SAWFLY, MONOSTEGIA ABDOMINALIS (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Price Peter W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new host record for the sawfly Monostegia abdominalis (F.) was obtained in Quebec. The host plant, terrestrial loosestrife (Lysimachia terrestris (L.) BSP), was abundant on a lake shore due to regular flooding, enabling the sawfly to reach a high population level. Two generations occurred each year. The immature stages and aspects of their behaviour, and female oviposition behaviour, are described.
CLIMATE AND THE ECOLOGY OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID
Authors: Greenbank D. O. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe balsam woolly aphid was introduced over 60 years ago from Europe into the Maritime Provinces of Canada where it established on Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Ecological characteristics of the insect that are important to the survival and spread of populations in the new environment are feeding habits, cold-hardiness, and dispersal capacity. The aphid feeds on the bark cortex of all parts of the tree from the stem to the crown. ’Stem attack’ refers to the population established on the main stem while ’twig attack’ refers to the population established in the crown where the aphid may settle on numerous sites but mainly at the base of young shoots. Freezing is fatal and the probability of freezing increases as temperatures fall below −5°F. There are no survivors at −35°F no matter how brief the exposure. The adults are wingless and populations are spread mainly through wind dispersal of crawlers and eggs.The climate of the Maritime Provinces changes markedly from the coast inland from maritime, through transitional, to continental. Infestations in maritime and continental climatic regions follow particular patterns while in the transitional region the course of infestation is irregular. Climate is unimportant in determining population trend in maritime climatic regions. The probability of experiencing temperatures below −15°F in a winter is 0.10 and populations survive on the stem and in the crown. Crown populations are dispersed freely and the aphid and aphid damage is general. In the continental climatic region, the probability of −30°F occurring in a winter is 0.46 and populations are restricted to the base of the tree where snow cover provides protection. Wind velocities below the canopy are light and infestations remain isolated and small with damage from stem attack accumulating at a slow rate. In the transitional climatic region, the severity of winter is irregular with periols of mild winters being broken by occasional extremely cold winters. Tree mortality from twig and stem attack has been heavy in some stands while infestations in adjacent and equally susceptible stands have been arrested by severe winters.
EFFECTS OF pH ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE MIDGE TANYTARSUS DISSIMILIS
Authors: Bell Henry L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAll stages of the life cycle of the midge Tanytarsus (Paratanytarsus) dissimilis Joh. were subjected to low pH and the extremes of tolerance were determined. The life cycle could not be completed below a pH of 5.5
A NEW SPECIES OF ASTICHUS (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH THE BIRCH BRACKET FUNGUS POLYPORUS BETULINUS AND WOODY FUNGUS GANODERMA APPLANATUM IN EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAstichus notus n. sp. reared from the birch bracket fungus Polyporus betulinus (Bulliard) Fries and woody fungus Ganoderma applanatum (Wallr.) Pat. in eastern Canada is described and illustrated and a key is included to the species of America, north of Mexico.
MEDETERA ALDRICHII (DIPTERA: DOLICHOPODIDAE) IN THE BLACK HILLS: I. EMERGENCE AND BEHAVIOR OF ADULTS
Authors: Schmid J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe number of Medetera aldrichii Wheeler adults emerging daily in 1966 and 1967 was low and irregular. Peak numbers apparently emerged 20–30 days prior to mass emergence of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins although the numbers fluctuated through the mass emergence period of the beetle. Densities of emerging adults averaged less than 1 per square foot of bark and never exceeded 6.0 per square foot. Densities of the emerging flies and beetles did not appear related.Adults mated on the bark surface of trees infested with D. ponderosae; mating habits are described.Females oviposited in degenerate resin ducts in the bark surface. Two eggs per duct were the modal number. Seven or more per duct were found in less than 5% of the ducts examined.
THE DIURNAL AND SEASONAL PATTERN OF HATCHING OF WINTER MOTH EGGS, OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (GEOMETRIDAE: LEPIDOPTERA)
Authors: Embree D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWinter moth hatching begins daily at approximately 0645 hours A.S.T. both in the field during the normal hatching season and in the laboratory during the winter. This diurnal pattern is not related to temperature or light and appears to be intrinsic.The seasonal rate of hatching in the spring was related to accumulated heat. Eggs first exposed to cold December temperatures then stored at 35°F (1.7 °C) until early spring, were incubated at a series of controlled temperatures. The theoretical threshold temperature of development was determined as 41°F (5 °C). Accumulated degree-days based on this threshold did not give the best estimate of the time of hatching in the field where temperatures, because they were recorded in Stevenson’s screens (meteorological cabinets), were generally lower than those at the egg sites. The best estimate was obtained by using a lower base temperature of 39°F (3.9 °C) which compensated for differences in temperature between Stevenson screens and egg sites. Mean hatch in the field occurred when accumulated degree-days reached 292.A predictive curve is presented which predicted the date of mid-hatch of the winter moth to within 1 to 2 days over a 9-year period.
ETHANOL AS THE PRIMARY ATTRACTANT FOR THE AMBROSIA BEETLE TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Moeck Henry A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMethanol, acetaldehyde, and ethanol have been identified in extracts of attractive wood and bark. The attractancy induced by anaerobic treatment in both sapwood and phloem of conifers and broadleaf trees was characterized by ethanol as the most concentrated component. In laboratory bioassays, ethanol was attractive at low concentration to both sexes of Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier). Methanol and acetaldehyde, at the concentrations found, apparently play no role in attraction. Monoterpenes had a repellent effect on T. lineatum.
RANGE EXTENSIONS AND HABITAT DATA OF TWO CHIRONOMINAE (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE) FROM SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Driver E. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRange extensions and habitat data are given for two species of Chironominae: Chironomus (Chironomus) atrella (Townes) and Chironomus (Einfeldia) paganus (Meigen) from Saskatchewan. The first is a new record for Saskatchewan; the second is new for Canada.