bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clarifications
Authors: De la Calle Luis , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically discusses the two dominant conceptualizations of terrorism. The first suggests that the most salient characteristic of terrorist violence is civilian victimization, while the second argues that terrorist violence is coercive, based on the distinction between the direct target of violence and the indirect or target audience. We contend that neither is able to uncover the generative mechanism of terrorism nor to account for some of the most basic ways in which we talk about terrorism. Groups using terrorism also target combatants and, to the contrary, those not using terrorism target civilians too. Similarly, some groups use terrorism to mobilize their potential followers rather than to terrorize society, whereas coercion (or Schelling’s power to hurt) is pervasive in all types of conflicts. By showing the limitations of these theories, we lay the groundwork for our own view, based on the clandestinity of the violence.
Within-Group Territorial Variation
Authors: De la Calle Luis , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates how changes in the correlation of forces between the rebels and their rival states are closely matched by changes in rebels’ repertoire of violence. By looking at within-group variation, the goals and organizational culture are kept constant, while the constraints and opportunities that the rebels face change over time. Two conflicts with such temporal variation are analysed: the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and ISIS in Iraq and Syria. In the first part of the chapter, the mutations of the Palestinian armed struggle are traced, including the gaining and losses of sanctuaries out of Israel, the campaigns of international terrorism, the infiltrations into Israel, and its eventual territorial control in the occupied territories. Regarding ISIS, it started as an underground group in Iraq; gained territory; lost it; and it was ‘resuscitated’ thanks to the Syrian civil war. Both narratives illustrate how the use of terrorism varied with changes in rebel strength.
Seneca's Affective Cosmos
Authors: Graf Chiara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study treats the role of emotion in the scientific, philosophical, and literary works of Seneca the Younger. Historically, scholarship on Seneca has treated emotion primarily as an obstacle to moral progress, an inherently treacherous aspect of human experience which must be eradicated via reason. However, a growing body of scholarly work has come to recognize that Seneca made room for certain emotions in his philosophy, framing such sensations as fear and shame as ethically beneficial in certain contexts. This study extends such arguments by putting the works of Seneca in dialogue with modern affect theory. Ultimately, this work concludes that Seneca is prepared to harness even extreme and (from a Stoic perspective) misguided emotions toward therapeutic and didactic ends. In particular, affect plays an important role for the Senecan proficiens, the morally and intellectually imperfect student of Stoicism. Whereas the idealized figure of the Senecan wise man can achieve ethical progress through reason alone, the proficiens’ compromised understanding of the world often prevents him from doing so. This book argues that that, when reason fails him, the proficiens can harness his emotions toward moral progress. For instance, in Seneca’s meteorological treatise Natural Questions, stupefaction and anxiety are presented as paradoxical sources of courage in the face of death. Similarly, in the tragedy Trojan Women, grief and hopelessness provide the protagonist Andromache with unexpected solace.
Goods, Customs, and Rules of Origin
Authors: Moran Niall 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the legal content of the TCA’s centrepiece, its chapter on trade in goods. Trade in goods is critical between such closely linked trading partners, with 48 per cent of total UK imports coming from the EU as well as nearly 60 per cent of its food imports. This chapter argues that the UK is continuously facing a choice between divergence and increased cooperation with the EU. It charts positive progress in areas such as the Windsor Framework and technical barriers to trade but argues that this must be built upon in other areas affecting trade in goods such as sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) requirements and rules of origin. This chapter discusses how the implementation of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA)’s SPS rules disproportionately affects UK farmers and how the limitations of the rules of origin provided for in the TCA threaten the place of UK manufacturers in EU supply chains in the long term. While the TCA’s trade in goods chapter remains a step back on UK’s previous position, it nonetheless provides a baseline for EU-UK trade that can be improved upon if the will is there to do so.
The Regulatory State: Subject Matter
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the principal areas where legislation was enacted that accorded regulatory power to administrative authorities in the mid-16th to 19th centuries. This chapter provides a ‘vertical’ perspective through consideration of the subject matter areas where regulatory legislation was enacted. This material is central for understanding the emergence of administrative law in the period covered by this study, from the mid-16th century onwards. It was legal challenge to the administrative application of this regulatory legislation that led to the development of administrative law. The commonly accepted view is that administrative law only really developed in the 20th century because there was little by way of state regulation hitherto. The commonly accepted view is incorrect. The legislation enacted from the mid-16th to the end of the 19th centuries was an admixture of the general and the specific; the rationale for the enactment perforce varied; and so too did its efficacy.
Prerogative
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The previous chapters analysed the legal constraints on statutory discretionary power. This chapter, and that which follows, considers the law relating to non-statutory discretionary power. Prerogative power is the subject of this chapter, the common law the chapter that follows. Discussion of the prerogative begins with definitional issues concerning the meaning of prerogative power. This is followed by analysis of the case law concerning control of prerogative power as it unfolded in the 17th century and thereafter. The leading cases were concerned with the balance of power between the Crown and Parliament. The courts delineated the boundaries of constitutional competence as between the executive and Parliament, and developed principles concerning the existence and extent of prerogative power that backed Parliament. The legal analysis of the mid-16th to 19th centuries is complemented by examination of the prerogative from a political perspective. The focus then shifts to continuity and change in the 20th to 21st centuries.
Invalidity
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The preceding chapters have considered the grounds of review as they developed from the mid-16th century and the elements of continuity and change in the 20th to 21st centuries. The focus now shifts to the remedial dimension, which occupies this and the subsequent four chapters. This chapter is concerned with invalidity. The courts articulated the consequence of the proven doctrinal errors. The jurisprudence was shaped by four tensions. The first tension was between jurisdiction and validity; the second tension was between direct and collateral challenge; the penultimate tension concerned the first-order consequence of finding that a decision was invalid and it fell to the courts to decide who could raise the alleged invalidity; and the final tension was related to the second-order consequence of an invalid decision. Discussion of these four tensions as they played out in the mid-16th to 19th centuries is followed by analysis of continuity and change in the 20th to 21st centuries.
Plato’s Butcher
Authors: Harte Verity 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that attention to the famous butchery image in Plato’s Phaedrus from which descends the idea of ‘carving nature at its joints’ complicates our picture of Plato’s realism in comparison to its modern descendants. In the Platonic context, nature is not what is carved, but a feature of the carving, and the naturalness at issue is tied to the context and project of carving. The chapter does not offer an anti-realist Plato. Instead, by considering the character and contours of Plato’s realism, it opens the way for broader questions about the metaphysics of Platonic classification and the potentially re-combinable elements of his classificatory realism.
Non-substance Individuals in Aristotle’s Categories
Authors: Whiting Jennifer 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Commentators disagree about the beings classified in Aristotle’s Categories as ‘in’ a subject (and so non-substantial) but not ‘said of’ any subject (and so individual). Some take ‘non-substance individuals’ to be peculiar to the individual substances to which they belong, so that the colour of my skin and my knowledge of grammar are gone when I am gone, even if there remain other beings indistinguishable in colour from me or with grammatical knowledge indistinguishable in content from mine. Others take non-substance individuals to be fully determinate properties that can belong to a plurality of numerically distinct individual substances: for example, a fully determinate shade of pink. This chapter argues on textual and philosophical grounds that each side is right about some non-substance individuals but wrong to generalize their account to all. The textual grounds include Aristotle’s anomalous use of the feminine en tais hupokeimenais in speaking of the subjects to which these items belong: it’s as if he goes out of his way to make it clear that these items are strictly speaking in (and not simply said of things that are in) the ousiai themselves. This opens the door to the second view, but proponents of the first would close it by appeal to his example of a token action. There are, however, philosophical reasons to resist such generalization. The logic of count nouns and predicates differs from that of mass nouns and predicates in ways such that commentators should consider the plausibility of hybrid readings.
Bootstrapping, Reasons, and the Normativity of What Matters to Us
Authors: Arruda Caroline T. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The problem of bootstrapping affects views about the nature and grounding of reasons. One bootstraps into existence normative (or justifying) reasons just in case merely treating x as a reason to φ makes x a genuinely justifying reason to φ. In this chapter, I draw attention to how bootstrapping affects our ability to account for the existence and import of agent-relative reasons to pursue personal projects. There are cases of putatively good agent-relative reasons where bootstrapping is the only route for the reason to come into being. Yet there is no account of what distinguishes these reasons from those where the bootstrapping renders the reasons illicit. I aim to solve this problem by providing such an account. I argue that bootstrapping’s badness is not a function of the procedure by which agent-relative reasons are generated; rather, it is a function of how we shift their weight in deliberation.
Notification of Prosecution
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the obligation of notification of prosecution. The Children and Young Persons Act 1969, ss 5(8) and 34(2) provide that, before any proceedings are commenced against a young person, notification of the prosecution should be given to the local authority and probation service for the area where the young person resides. In DPP v Cottier [1996] 3 All ER 126, it was stated that the notice could be given orally. In practice, the notification is generally sent to the Youth Offending Team. Failure to notify does not invalidate the proceedings, as in the case of R v Marsh [1997] 1 WLR 649.
Sentencing Youth Offenders: General Approach
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the approach required to sentencing children and young people, noting that it is categorically wrong to set about it as if they are mini-adults. It looks at the Sentencing Children and Young People – Overarching Principles definitive guideline that sets out at the outset the fundamental principles when sentencing children and young people. It also reviews the principal aim of the youth justice system to prevent offending by children and young people. The chapter analyses domestic and international laws that dictate that a custodial sentence should always be a measure of last resort for children and young people. It reviews the statute that provides how a custodial sentence may only be imposed when the offence is so serious that no other sanction is appropriate.
Sexual Orientation, Disability, Transgender Identity, Race, or Religion
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the application of s 66 of the Sentencing Code, where the court considers the seriousness of an offence aggravated by racial and religious hostility, hostility related to disability, hostility related to sexual orientation, or hostility related to transgender identity. It emphasizes how the court must treat the fact that the offence is aggravated by hostility as an aggravating factor. It also describes an offence aggravated by hostility at the time of committing the offence. Section 66 defines a racial group as a group of persons defined by reference to race, colour, nationality, or ethnic or national origins. It explains that being transgender includes references to being transsexual, or undergoing, proposing to undergo, or having undergone a process or part of a process of gender reassignment.
Breach Proceedings
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers breach proceedings. It cites that the appropriate court to deal with a breach of an order will depend on the nature of the sentence originally imposed. The breach proceedings must be dealt with by the adult magistrates’ court if the offender has attained 18 by the first court hearing. Proceedings for breach of the supervision requirements can only be dealt with in the youth court, even when the offender has attained 18. The chapter then elaborates on how a youth court may handle the breach of a conditional discharge by an adult offender. It mentions that reparation orders have been repealed by the Police, Crime, Sentencing and Courts Act 2022.
Definition of Parent/Guardian
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the definition of parents or guardians. Under s 107 of the Children Act 1989, the term parent is likely to include a person with parental responsibilities. The chapter further elaborates on the definition of guardian under s 107 of Children and Young Persons Act 1933. Unless the context is given otherwise, the guardian includes any person who has, for the time being, the care of the child or young person. Meanwhile, s 17 of the provision provides that any person with parental responsibility or legal liability to maintain the child is presumed to have responsibility over the young person.
Breach of Anti-social Behaviour Injunction
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the powers of the court to handle breaches of anti-social behaviour injunctions (ASBI) as per the Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014. It explains that a constable may arrest the respondent without a warrant with reasonable cause when a power of arrest is attached to a provision of the ASBI. Moreover, a person may apply to a justice of the peace for the issue of a warrant for the respondent's arrest. The chapter discusses appearance before court for the breach of an injunction and the application for a supervision order or detention order. It also considers the remand of the defaulter.
Gang Injunction
Authors: Ashford Mark , Branston Gareth , Redhouse Naomi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key concepts of gang injunctions. It looks into gang injunctions, governed by Part 4 of the Policing and Crime Act 2009, and notes that the Magistrates’ Courts (Injunctions: Gang-related Violence) Rules 2015 apply. A gang injunction may be made against any person who has attained the age of 14. The chapter then presents the grounds for an injunction when the respondent is aged 14 or older, such as drug-dealing activities and violence. It expounds on the process of consultation required before applying for a gang injunction.
Defining Corruption in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
How did the Ottomans understand corruption in politics and public office before the nineteenth century? To answer this question, Defining Corruption in the Ottoman Empire surveys premodern Ottoman perceptions of administrative abuse. Identified in jurisprudential texts, state-generated documents, political literature, foreign sources, and, in some rare instances, in the voices of those accused of being corrupt, the book examines a discursive spectrum that reflects the multiple meanings and practices of self-regarding predatory behavior by state authorities. The book also paints a broad picture of the institutional features of a premodern polity that allowed, however inadvertently, transgressions associated with corruption, and the ways in which the Ottoman state attempted to control and discipline such acts. Defining Corruption is a conceptually oriented work that engages seriously with non-Ottoman historiographies and multiple disciplines besides history.
Corruption in Ottoman Jurisprudence
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Based primarily on the writings of Ibn Nujaym (d. 1563) and Ibn Abidin (d. 1836), as well as the opinions (fatwas) issued by numerous Ottoman şeyhülislams, this chapter explores Ottoman jurisprudential sources to determine how Ottoman jurists characterized corruption. Like their classical counterparts, Ottoman jurists continued to focus their writings on judicial actors, particularly the qadi and, to a lesser extent, court witnesses and the mufti, and the various types of bribery exchanges in which they were often involved. At the same time, Ottoman jurists also demonstrated an anxiety about categorically distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate forms of reciprocity and, at times, a failure to do so. Concerns about judicial appointments facilitated by payments to higher authorities also received attention from jurists. Occasionally, jurists attempted to accommodate certain morally questionable practices because of pragmatic considerations.
Controlling Corruption
Authors: Ergene Boğaç A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 provides insights into the ways in which the premodern Ottoman polity monitored, policed, and punished acts associated with corruption, first drawing on an economic model proposed by Edgar Kiser and Xiaoxi Tong to understand the possible costs of controlling corruption in Qing China. This discussion is supplemented later in the chapter by the rich empirical information available in three sets of state-generated documents, mühimme, şikayet, and kalebend defterleri (or registers of “important affairs,” “complaints,” and “confinement in fortresses,” respectively), which help to identify broader trends in how the imperial government attempted to control corruption and to assess the relative effectiveness of such attempts.
Expressivism and moral argumentation
Authors: Schloeder Julian J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Familiar semantics for terms like ‘because’ appeal to cause or ground, but according to expressivists moral claims cannot enter into such relations. This calls into question whether expressivists can account for moral explanation. I argue that moral expressivists should also be expressivists about explanation. That is, claims like ‘A because B’ are used to express an attitude, namely that one endorses inferring A from B to be suitable for coming to believe A. This allows expressivists to give due to the asymmetric explanatory commitments of different ethical views. Moreover, the account identifies and explains the nature of moral argumentative discourse as proceeding by identifying similarities and adducing distinctions.
Substance Use Within Trials of Psychological Interventions for Psychosis: Sample Inclusion, Secondary Measures, and Intervention Effectiveness
Authors: Halsall Lauren , Ushakova Anastasia , Jones Steven , Chowdhury Samin , Goodwin Laura 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Current clinical guidelines recommend that patients with co-occurring psychosis and alcohol or substance use disorders (A/SUD) receive evidenced-based treatment for both disorders, including psychological intervention for psychosis. However, the efficacy of such treatments for individuals with co-occurring psychosis and A/SUD is unclear.

Study Design
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological interventions for psychosis were systematically reviewed, to investigate how alcohol and substance use has been accounted for across sample inclusion and secondary measures. Findings from trials including individuals with co-occurring alcohol or substance use issues were then narratively summarized using the Synthesis Without Meta-Analysis guidelines, to indicate the overall efficacy of psychological interventions for psychosis, for this comorbid population.

Study Results
Across the 131 trials identified, 60.3% of trials excluded individuals with alcohol or substance use issues. Additionally, only 6.1% measured alcohol or substance use at baseline, while only 2.3% measured alcohol or substance use as a secondary outcome. Across trials explicitly including individuals with alcohol or substance use issues, insufficient evidence was available to conclude the efficacy of any individual psychological intervention. However, preliminary findings suggest that psychoeducation (PE) and metacognitive therapy (MCT) may be proposed for further investigation.

Conclusion
Overall, co-occurring alcohol and substance use issues have been largely neglected across the recent RCTs of psychological interventions for psychosis; highlighting the challenges of making treatment decisions for these individuals using the current evidence base.