bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viscosities of binary mixtures in the dense gaseous state: The methane‐carbon dioxide system
Authors: Dewitt Kenneth J. , Thodos George 
Published: June 2009

AbstractViscosity measurements for the gaseous state of three binary mixtures of the methane‐carbon dioxide system were carried out at 50, 100, 150 and 200 °C. for pressures ranging from 34 to 680 atm. The compositions of these mixtures were 0.243, 0.464 and 0.755 mole fraction methane. These measurements were made using an unsteady state capillary viscometer which had been used previously in the procurement of viscosities of pure substances.The resulting measurements for these mixtures produced relationships between μ‐μ* and ρ which were consistent in behavior with the corresponding relationships of the pure constituents of this binary system. When these variables were normalized with ϵ the viscosity parameter, and ρc, the critical density, the quantities (μ‐μ*)ϵ and ρR for these mixtures and the pure components yielded a single relationship which can represent the viscosity behavior for this entire binary system.
The backflow cell model of isothermal first order flow reactors with axial dispersion
Authors: Baldwin J. T. , Durbin L. D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEquations which predict the course of the reversible first order reaction A ⇄ R in backflow cell models of isothermal flow reactors are developed and compared to those of the continuous dispersion model. The conditions of convergence of the concentration A profile of the backflow cell model to that of the continuous dispersion model were investigated for isothermal first order irreversible (A ⇄ R) reactors of finite size. For this case figures are displayed which allow the models to be compared and the effects of axial mixing to be included in reactor design. The effect of backmixing upon the optimum temperature and maximum product yields of R is considered for the reversible reaction in the finite reactor.
The effect of surface roughness on condensing steam
Authors: Nicol A. A. , Medwell J. O. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHeal transfer coefficients for steam condensing on the outside of a smooth, and three artificially roughened pipes have been obtained for a condensate film Reynolds Number range of 1,500 to 9,000.Dimensionless local and mean heat transfer coefficient are presented, and in all cases significant increases in tht coefficients for the rough pipes are observed.
Combustion of aniline droplets at high pressures
Authors: Brzustowski T. A. , Natarajan R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe combustion of aniline droplets is well described by the “d2 law” up to about 200 psia. At higher pressures turbulence and flame opacity prevent the reliable measurement of droplet diameter but the burning mechanism appears not to change as long as the pressure is less than the critical pressure of aniline.Above the critical pressure of aniline a completely different combustion mechanism is observed.
An exact method for determining the surface of a countercurrent heat exchanger when the tube side coefficient governs and is a parabolic function of temperature
Authors: Ramalho R. S. , Alabastro E. G. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe “Thermal effectiveness‐Transfer unit” charts developed by the authors, for the countercurrent heat exchanger, assume that the overall heat transfer coefficient varies as a parabolic function of temperature; their use can lead to greater accuracy in calculating heat transfer areas.
Solvent counter‐diffusion in gas absorption
Authors: Grenier Pierre 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe usual design equations for absorption towers are based on the assumption that only one component is diffusing in the gas phase: the counter‐diffusion of the solvent is ignored. A correction factor has been developed, based on a solution of the Stefan‐Maxwell diffusion equations for the case of two gases diffusing through a stagnant third one. The special case of equimolal counter‐diffusion is also considered. The correction factor is obtained by simultaneously solving two non‐linear equations. The system ammonia‐water‐air is used to illustrate the order of magnitude of the error the factor is intended to correct.
Extrapolation of ternary excess thermodynamic properties
Authors: Lu Benjamin C.‐Y. , DeQ. Jones Hoskyns K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA method, based on the Gibbs‐Duhem equation, is proposed for extrapolating ternary excess thermodynamic properties over the complete concentration range. For those thermodynamic properties whose three excess partial molal quantities at a given composition can be directly evaluated from a single measurement, such as excess Gibbs free energy of mixing, 4 ternary experimental points are required. For those thermodynamic properties whose three excess partial mólal quantities at a given composition cannot be directly evaluated from a single measurement, such as excess enthalpy of mixing, 7 ternary experimental points are required. In both cases necessary binary data are assumed to be available.Experimental heat of mixing data for the systems ethanol‐n‐heptane, n‐heptane‐benzene and ethanol‐n‐heptane‐benzene at 25°C. are also reported.
Heat transfer efficiency in a fliuidized bed
Authors: Dayan Yehoshua , Kvpferberg Arie , Resnick William 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe equilibrium stage concept used in staged contacting operations was adopted as a measure of heat transfer efficiency for a fluidized bed. A simple model was developed which postulates that solids flow through the bed can be by perfect mixing, plug flow and short‐circuiting.Efficiencies were determined experimentally in a 150 mm diameter fluidized bed with air as the fluidizing medium and sand as the solid. Heat transfer efficiencies greater than 100% were obtained indicating that small diameter, low aspect ratio fluidized beds do not behave as perfect mixers. The results indicate that heat transfer measurements can be used to develop information on solids flow behavior.
Immunohistochemical localization of calbindin‐D28k and calretinin in the brainstem of anuran and urodele amphibians
Authors: Morona Ruth , González Agustin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCalbindin‐D28k (CB) and calretinin (CR) are calcium binding proteins present in distinct sets of neurons; they act as buffers regulating the concentration of intracellular calcium. CB and CR immunohistochemistry was studied in the brainstem of anuran and urodele amphibians in combination with other markers (choline acetyltransferase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and nitric oxide synthase), which served to clarify the localization and signature of many cell groups. CR labeled the retinorecipient layers of the optic tectum, and CB and CR labeled distinct tectal cell populations. The two proteins were largely complementary in the torus semicircularis and marked auditory and lateral line sensory regions, depending on the species. CB and CR in the mesencephalic and isthmic tegmentum specified the boundaries of basal and medial longitudinal bands. In the cerebellum, CB labeled Purkinje cells in all species, whereas CR was mainly found in fibers and labeled Purkinje cells only in Rana. In the parabrachial region, CB and CR allowed the distinction of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus, isthmic nucleus, locus coeruleus, and rostral octavolateral nuclei. The distribution of CB‐ and CR‐immunoreactive cells in the reticular formation and central gray was consistent with the current models of brainstem segmentation in amphibians. CR was found in the auditory fibers and nuclei in Rana and in mechanosensory lateral line fibers in Xenopus and urodeles, whereas CB mainly labeled vestibular fibers and nuclei in all species. These results highlight the anatomical complexity of the amphibian brainstem and help in an understanding of its regional organization that is not cytoarchitectonically evident. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:503–537, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single‐Molecule Mechanical Unfolding of Amyloidogenic β2‐Microglobulin: The Force‐Spectroscopy Approach
Authors: Sorce B. , Sabella S. , Sandal M. , Samorì B. , Santino A. , Cingolani R. , Rinaldi R. , Pompa P. P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe recombinant production of a novel chimeric polyprotein is described. The new protein contains either wild‐type β2‐microglobulin (β2m) or its truncated variant (ΔN6 β2m) (see picture). Structural characterization is achieved by means of single‐molecule force spectroscopy studies of specific β2m regions which could be involved in amyloidogenesis.magnified image
Watershed sediment yield reduction through soil conservation in a West‐Central Oklahoma watershed
Authors: Garbrecht Jurgen D. , Starks Patrick J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSoil conservation practices on the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed in West‐Central Oklahoma were limited before the 1950s. However, extensive soil conservation measures were implemented in the second half of the 20th century to protect agriculturally fertile but erosion‐prone soils. Fortuitously, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) collected instantaneous suspended‐sediment and discharge measurements on major tributaries within the watershed in 1943–1948 and again in 2004–2007, called pre‐ and post‐conservation periods respectively. These measurements offered the opportunity to compare channel suspended‐sediment yield before and after implementation of conservation practices. A separate suspended sediment‐discharge rating curve was developed for the pre‐ and post‐conservation period. Average annual suspended‐sediment yield at a U.S. Geological Survey gauging station near the watershed outlet was estimated by evaluating each sediment‐discharge rating curve with the 18‐year long daily discharge record at that gauging station. Average annual suspended‐sediment yield was estimated to be 760 [Mg/yr/km2] and 108 [Mg/yr/km2] for the pre‐ and post‐conservation periods, respectively. The substantial reduction in suspended‐sediment yield was related to land use and management changes and the wide range of conservation practices implemented in the second half of the 20th century. Even though it generally is difficult to identify impacts of upstream conservation practices on sediment yield at the watershed outlet during the short time‐span of a particular conservation project, targeted and widespread conservation efforts in the Fort Cobb Reservoir watershed have led, over 60 years, to a sizable and measurable reduction in watershed sediment yield. Published in 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suppressive and pro‐inflammatory roles for IL‐4 in the pathogenesis of experimental drug‐induced liver injury
Authors: Njoku Dolores B. , Li Zhaoxia , Washington Nicole D. , Mellerson Jenelle L. , Talor Monica V. , Sharma Rajni , Rose Noel R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe pathogenesis of immune‐mediated drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) following halogenated anesthetics, carbamazepine or alcohol has not been fully elucidated. Detecting cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) IgG4 auto‐antibodies in anesthetic DILI patients suggests a role for IL‐4 in this hapten‐mediated process. We investigated IL‐4‐mediated mechanisms using our model of experimental DILI induced by immunizing BALB/c (WT) and IL‐4−/−(KO) mice with S100 liver proteins covalently modified by a trifluoroacetyl chloride (TFA) hapten formed following halogenated anesthetic metabolism by CYP2E1. WT mice developed more hepatitis, TFA and S100 antibodies (p<0.01), as well as T‐cell proliferation to CYP2E1 and TFA (p<0.01) than KO mice. Additionally, WT CD4+T cells adoptively transferred hepatitis to naïveRag−/−mice (p<0.01). Pro‐inflammatory cytokines were expectedly decreased in TFA hapten‐stimulated KO splenocyte supernatants (p<0.001); however, IL‐2 and IFN‐γ (p<0.05), as well as IL‐6 and IL‐10 (p<0.001) levels were elevated in CYP2E1‐stimulated KO splenocyte supernatants, suggesting dual IL‐4‐mediated pro‐inflammatory and regulatory responses. Anti‐IL‐10 administered to KO mice increased hepatitis, TFA and CYP2E1 antibodies in KO mice confirming a critical role for IL‐4. This is the first demonstration of dual roles for IL‐4 in the pathogenesis of immune‐mediated DILI by suppressing auto‐antigen‐induced regulatory responses while promoting hapten‐induced pro‐inflammatory responses.
RORC2: The master of human Th17 cell programming
Authors: Unutmaz Derya 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIt is now recognized that Th17 cells constitute the third effector arm of Th cells, complementing the Th1 and Th2 lineages. Although secretion of IL‐17 is a primary defining characteristic of Th17 cells, the expression profile of specific chemokine receptors, cell surface molecules and cytokines are also part of the Th17 cell differentiation program. The orphan nuclear receptor RORγt/RORC2 (mice/humans) is the master transcription factor that can drive Th17 cell differentiation in both mice and humans; however, it is not completely clear how much of the human Th17 lineage function and phenotype can be recapitulated by only RORC2 expression. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a study reports that ectopic expression of RORC2 in primary human T cells induces, in addition to IL‐17 production, a cytokine and chemokine receptor profile consistent with bona fide human Th17 cells. In addition, programming of human Th17 cells by RORC2 results in partial resistance of these T cells to suppression by Tregs. These findings support the notion that RORC2 is a master switch that initiates a wide range of phenotypic and functional programming during Th17 cell differentiation.
Generation and Properties of CoI/NiI Species Stabilized by a Tetradentate Pyridylpyrazole Ligand: Crystal Structures of Dialkyl‐CoIII Complexes
Authors: Mishra Vibha , Mishra Haritosh , Mukherjee Rabindranath 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMononuclear CoII and NiII complexes [(L1)CoII(H2O)2][ClO4]2 (1) and [(L1)NiII(MeCN)2][BPh4]2 (3) (L1 = 2,2′‐[propane‐1,3‐diylbis(1H‐pyrazole‐1,3‐diyl)]dipyridine) display a quasireversible MII/MI redox process (E1/2 = –0.96 V vs. SCE, ΔEp = 110 mV for 1; E1/2 = –0.71 V vs. SCE, ΔEp = 90 mV for 3). The dinuclear CoII complex [(L1)2CoII2(μ‐O2CMe)2][BPh4]2 (2) displays a quasireversible reductive response (E1/2 = –1.46 V vs. SCE, ΔEp = 120 mV), supposedly due to CoII2/CoI2 redox process. For these complexes chemical (NaBH4) and electrochemical reduction generate CoI and NiI species. The existence of dark purple NiI species has been authenticated by its UV/Vis spectral feature (crystal‐field transition at 901 nm and metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer transition at 537 nm) and axial EPR spectrum (g∥ = 2.27 and g⟂ = 2.08). Dark greenish blue/bright green CoI species were characterized by absorption spectroscopy. Reaction of chemically generated CoI species with CH3I resulted in the formation of dimethyl‐CoIII complexes. Notably, CoI species generated from monomeric complex 1 led to the formation of two products: a mononuclear complex [(L1)CoIII(CH3)2][ClO4] (4) (minor) and a dinuclear complex [(L1)2CoIII2(CH3)4][ClO4]2 (5) (major). In contrast, when the dimeric complex 2 was reduced with NaBH4 and reacted with CH3I the monomeric complex [(L1)CoIII(CH3)2][BPh4] (6) was isolated in reasonable yield. All three organometallic dialkyl‐CoIII complexes 4–6 have been characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and X‐ray crystallography.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Stereoselective Synthesis of Homoallyl Nitroalkane Derivatives through Base‐Promoted Regioselective Decarboxylation of Baylis–Hillman Derivatives
Authors: Nayak Maloy , Batra Sanjay 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe regioselective decarboxylation of nitroalkanoates synthesized from Baylis–Hillman acetates of acrylates proceeds stereoselectively to afford homoallyl nitroalkanes. In contrast, nitroalkanoates derived from Baylis–Hillman acetates of acrylonitrile gave bisallyl nitroalkanes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Descriptive normative beliefs and conservation behavior: The moderating roles of personal involvement and injunctive normative beliefs
Authors: Göckeritz Susanne , Schultz P. Wesley , Rendón Tania , Cialdini Robert B. , Goldstein Noah J. , Griskevicius Vladas 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThere is ample evidence of the power of social influence on pro‐environmental behaviors. Beliefs about the conservation behavior of others (descriptive normative beliefs) have a strong positive correlation with one's own conservation actions. However, this relationship has not been investigated much further in terms of possible moderators or involved mechanisms of information processing. The present study examines two potential moderators and draws links to underlying processing mechanisms. We hypothesized that personal involvement with conservation issues and beliefs about other's approval of conservation (injunctive normative beliefs) would moderate the relationship between descriptive normative beliefs and conservation behavior. The sample consisted of 1604 California residents that were recruited through random digit telephone dialing. Results showed that both injunctive normative beliefs and personal involvement moderated the relationship between descriptive normative beliefs and conservation behavior. High personal involvement weakened the relationship, whereas high injunctive normative beliefs strengthened it. We conclude from these findings that descriptive normative beliefs influence conservation behavior through a rather nonconscious, peripheral route of information processing, while personal involvement motivates a more elaborate, central route of information processing. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of peer comparison information in the context of expert recommendations on risk perceptions and subsequent behavior
Authors: Schmiege Sarah J. , Klein William M. P. , Bryan Angela D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe present study seeks to understand how social comparison information may be used to provide individuals with information about their level of risk and to promote health behavior. The effect of peer comparison information, presented alone or in the context of expert recommendations, was examined across two studies using distinct experimental manipulations. Study 1 showed that regardless of whether expert standards were available or not, participants who were provided with inflated estimates of peer flossing behavior demonstrated increased behavioral intentions and increased flossing behavior measured 3 months later. This pattern was replicated in Study 2 with effects on attitudes toward flossing and intentions to floss. These findings add to a growing literature identifying comparative feedback as distinct from objective information and are discussed in terms of implications for health promotion and risk communication. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metallophthalocyanine Based Carbon Paste Electrodes for the Determination of 2′,3′‐Dideoxyinosine
Authors: Ozoemena Kenneth I. , Stefan‐van Staden Raluca‐Ioana , Nyokong Tebello 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNovel electrochemical sensors based on carbon paste impregnated with metallopthalocyanine (MPc, M=Co, Fe) complexes, have been constructed for the assay of anti‐HIV drug 2′,3′‐dideoxyinosine (didanosine, DDI). Both modified electrodes showed electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of dideoxyinosine in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 with a working concentration range of 10−6–10−4 mol/L and a detection limit of 10−7 mol/L magnitude order. The sensor proved to be highly reliable for the assay of the purity of DDI ‐ raw material as well as for the uniformity content test of Videx tablets.
Strong‐motion accelerographs: Early history
Authors: Brady A. Gerald 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe structural design profession has long been interested in the design of structures to resist the strong horizontal shaking of the ground during potentially damaging earthquakes. Recordings of this ground motion have successfully provided the data on which building codes, design procedures and strong ground motion research are based. The object of this Historical Note is to chronicle the early development of strong ground motion accelerographs in the United States (the 1930s), Japan (the 1950s) and New Zealand (the 1960s)—accelerographs that recorded on photographic paper, waxed paper and film—and to describe the early processing of these analog records into digital form suitable for the emerging power of the digital computer. Ground accelerations and structural accelerations are now familiar concepts in seismic design and seismic engineering research, though many users may be unfamiliar with early efforts to identify them, record them and present them as useful data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupled shear‐bending formulation for seismic analysis of stacked wood shear wall systems
Authors: Pei S. , van de Lindt J. W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA summary of the development of a new coupled shear‐bending model for analysis of stacked wood shear walls and multi‐story wood‐frame buildings is presented in this paper. The model focuses on dynamic response of light‐frame wood structures under seismic excitation. The formulation is intended to provide a more versatile option than present pure shear models in that the new model is capable of accurately capturing the overall lateral response of each story diaphragm and separates the inter‐story shear deformation and the deformation associated with rotation of the diaphragm due to rod elongation, which is an analogue to the bending deformation in an Euler–Bernoulli beam model. Modeling the coupling of bending and shear deformation is shown to provide more accurate representation of stacked shear wall system behavior than a pure shear model, particularly for the upper stories in the assembly. The formulation is coupled with the newly developed evolutionary parameter hysteretic model for wood shear walls. Existing data from a shake table test of an isolated three‐story wood shear wall were used to verify the accuracy of the model prediction. The numerical results agreed very well with shake table test measurements. The influence of a continuous rod hold‐down system on the dynamic behavior of the three‐story stacked wood shear wall was also successfully simulated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐esteem, depression and eating disordered attitudes: A cross‐cultural comparison between Cypriot and British young women
Authors: Katsounari Ioanna 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe evidence suggests that eating disorders in countries that fall outside the Western template are not immune to eating disturbance as previously thought. This cross‐cultural study investigated self‐esteem, depression in relation to eating disordered attitudes across similarly constituted samples from two different cultures, Cyprus and Great Britain. Results revealed higher rates of eating disordered attitudes and depressive tendencies in Cypriot women. For both samples, a positive relationship was found between depression and eating disordered attitudes and this relationship was found to be significant. This study explores the native influences and possible vulnerability factors which may contribute in the development of eating disturbances in a non‐Western country, Cyprus. Implications for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Do experts' adjustments on model‐based SKU‐level forecasts improve forecast quality?
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Legerstee Rianne 
Published: June 2009

AbstractModel‐based SKU‐level forecasts are often adjusted by experts. In this paper we propose a statistical methodology to test whether these expert forecasts improve on model forecasts. Application of the methodology to a very large database concerning experts in 35 countries who adjust SKU‐level forecasts for pharmaceutical products in seven distinct categories leads to the general conclusion that expert forecasts are equally good at best, but are more often worse than model‐based forecasts. We explore whether this is due to experts putting too much weight on their contribution, and this indeed turns out to be the case. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.