bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meandering due to large eddies and the statistically self-similar dynamics of quasi-two-dimensional jets
Authors: Landel Julien R. , Caulfield C. P. , Woods Andrew W. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe investigate experimentally the structure of quasi-two-dimensional plane turbulent jets discharged vertically from a slot of width $d$ into a fluid confined between two relatively close rigid boundaries with gap $W\ensuremath{\sim} O(d)$. At large vertical distances $z\gg W$ the jet structure consists of a meandering core with large counter-rotating eddies, which develop on alternate sides of the core. Using particle image velocimetry, we observe an inverse cascade typical of quasi-two-dimensional turbulence where both the core and the eddies grow linearly with $z$ and travel at an average speed proportional to ${z}^{\ensuremath{-} 1/ 2} $. However, although the present study concerns quasi-two-dimensional confined jets, the jets are self-similar and the mean properties are consistent with both experimental results and theoretical models of the time-averaged properties of fully unconfined planar two-dimensional jets. We believe that the dynamics of the interacting core and large eddies accounts for the Gaussian profile of the mean vertical velocity as shown by the spatial statistical distribution of the core and eddy structure. The lateral excursions (caused by the propagating eddies) of this high-speed central core produce a Gaussian distribution for the time-averaged vertical velocity. In addition, we find that approximately 75 % of the total momentum flux of the jet is contained within the core. The eddies travel substantially slower (at approximately 25 % of the maximum speed of the core) at each height and their growth is primarily attributed to entrainment of ambient fluid. The frequency of occurrence of the eddies decreases in a stepwise manner due to merging, with a well-defined minimum value of the corresponding Strouhal number $\mathit{St}\geq 0. 07$.
Sex differences in the impact of the Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk profile
Authors: Bédard Alexandra , Riverin Mélissa , Dodin Sylvie , Corneau Louise , Lemieux Simone 
Published: January 2012

The traditional Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is now widely recommended in the prevention of CVD. However, it is not known whether the MedDiet has the same beneficial cardiovascular effects in women and in men. The objective of the present study was to investigate sex-related differences with regard to changes in cardiometabolic variables in response to a 4-week isoenergetic MedDiet. Participants were thirty-eight men and thirty-two premenopausal women aged between 25 and 50 years who had slightly elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations (3·4–4·9 mmol/l) or total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol ratio ≥ 5·0. A 4-week run-in period preceded the MedDiet in order to control the inter- and intra-individual variability. Cardiometabolic variables were measured before and after the MedDiet. Total cholesterol, LDL-C, apoB and apoA-1 plasma concentrations as well as diastolic blood pressure decreased (P < 0·05) in both men and women (respectively, 10, 10, 10, 6 and 5 % for men and 6, 7, 9, 4 and 4 % for women). ApoA-2 concentrations and insulin concentrations 2 h after the oral administration of 75 g of glucose demonstrated sex × time interactions (respectively,P = 0·05 andP = 0·03) and only men experienced a decrease for these variables (respectively, 8 and 25 %). In conclusion, consuming a MedDiet led to significant changes in plasma lipid profile in both men and women, while only men had significant improvements in insulin homeostasis. These results support the importance of investigating sex-related differences in response to diet in order to perhaps further individualise dietary guidelines in the prevention of CVD and type 2 diabetes.
Charlotte Wilson, the “Woman Question”, and the Meanings of Anarchist Socialism in Late Victorian Radicalism
Authors: Hinely Susan 
Published: January 2012

SummaryRecent literature on radical movements in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has re-cast this period as a key stage of contemporary globalization, one in which ideological formulations and radical alliances were fluid and did not fall neatly into the categories traditionally assigned by political history. The following analysis of Charlotte Wilson's anarchist political ideas and activism in late Victorian Britain is an intervention in this new historiography that both supports the thesis of global ideological heterogeneity and supplements it by revealing the challenge to sexual hierarchy that coursed through many of these radical cross-currents. The unexpected alliances Wilson formed in pursuit of her understanding of anarchist socialism underscore the protean nature of radical politics but also show an over-arching consensus that united these disparate groups, a common vision of the socialist future in which the fundamental but oppositional values of self and society would merge. This consensus arguably allowed Wilson's gendered definition of anarchism to adapt to new terms as she and other socialist women pursued their radical vision as activists in the pre-war women's movement.
DNS-based predictive control of turbulence: an optimal benchmark for feedback algorithms
Authors: BEWLEY THOMAS R. , MOIN PARVIZ , TEMAM ROGER 
Published: January 2012

Direct numerical simulations (DNS) and optimal control theory are used in a predictive
control setting to determine controls that effectively reduce the turbulent kinetic
energy and drag of a turbulent flow in a plane channel at
Reτ = 100 and Reτ = 180.
Wall transpiration (unsteady blowing/suction) with zero net mass flux is used as the
control. The algorithm used for the control optimization is based solely on the control
objective and the nonlinear partial differential equation governing the flow, with no
ad hoc assumptions other than the finite prediction horizon, T, over which the control
is optimized.Flow relaminarization, accompanied by a drag reduction of over 50%, is obtained
in some of the control cases with the predictive control approach in direct numerical
simulations of subcritical turbulent channel flows. Such performance far exceeds what
has been obtained to date in similar flows (using this type of actuation) via adaptive
strategies such as neural networks, intuition-based strategies such as opposition
control, and the so-called ‘suboptimal’ strategies, which involve optimizations over a
vanishingly small prediction horizon T+ → 0. To achieve flow relaminarization in the
predictive control approach, it is shown that it is necessary to optimize the controls
over a sufficiently long prediction horizon T+ [gsim ] 25. Implications of this result are
discussed.The predictive control algorithm requires full flow field information and is computationally
expensive, involving iterative direct numerical simulations. It is, therefore,
impossible to implement this algorithm directly in a practical setting. However, these
calculations allow us to quantify the best possible system performance given a certain
class of flow actuation and to qualify how optimized controls correlate with the
near-wall coherent structures believed to dominate the process of turbulence production
in wall-bounded flows. Further, various approaches have been proposed to
distil practical feedback schemes from the predictive control approach without the
suboptimal approximation, which is shown in the present work to restrict severely
the effectiveness of the resulting control algorithm. The present work thus represents
a further step towards the determination of optimally effective yet implementable
control strategies for the mitigation or enhancement of the consequential effects of
turbulence.
Do the level of energy reserves, hydration status andBorreliainfection influence walking byIxodes ricinus(Acari: Ixodidae) ticks?
Authors: HERRMANN C. , GERN L. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYIxodes ricinushorizontal movement within a humidity gradient and the influence of infection byBorrelia burgdorferisensu lato (s.l.) on tick walking were investigated. Nymphs were placed within an arena containing a humidity gradient ranging from 45 to 95% relative humidity (RH). After 1 h of acclimation at 70% RH ticks were released so that they could either stay, or walk towards either the wet or the dry end. Their position was recorded 2 h post-release. Fat content was quantified andBorreliainfection was detected using real-time PCR and PCR followed by Reverse Line Blotting. Among the 1500 ticks tested, 29·85% were infected. More low-fat nymphs walked inside the arena than high-fat individuals. When nymphs walked, more low-fat ticks walked towards wetter than drier air, whereas more high-fat individuals walked towards drier than wetter air. Among high-fat nymphs, a lower proportion ofBorrelia-infected ticks walked inside the arena compared to uninfected individuals, as though spirochetes manipulated their arthropod vector to stay. However,Borreliainfection had no effect on walking direction towards the dry or the wet end. Hence, it appears thatI. ricinusnymphs walk horizontally over short distances within a humidity gradient depending on both energy resources andBorreliainfection.
T. F. Torrance on Scripture
Authors: Webster John 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAlthough it was never completed and has had only slight impact, T. F. Torrance's work on the nature and interpretation of scripture is a primary element in his theology, though largely unstudied. For Torrance, a theology of scripture and its interpretation derive from a theology of revelation; revelation takes creaturely form in the incarnate Word, out of which is generated the apostolic community and its witness, which in turn generates scripture, the human word which ministers the divine Word. Scripture is the divine Word accommodated to human form, and so a sacrament or sign which refers to revelation; its social location is the life of the apostolic community. Interpretation of scripture is properly ‘depth-interpretation’, following the semantics of scripture by which reference to divine reality is made, rather than terminating on scripture's syntactical surface. Fitting interpretative practice follows the text's reference, penetrates to the thing signified, indwells its subject matters and listens to the divine Word. The interpreter is summoned to mortification of prejudice and constantly renewed attentiveness. Torrance's most impressive contribution to bibliology and hermeneutics was his insistence that both are ingredients within a theology of God's economic presence. There are some historical limitations to his work, along with a lack of interest in the Christian literary culture and lack of extended exegesis. However, his writings in the field constitute one of the most impressive Protestant accounts of the field in the last half-century.
Disruption of component processes of spatial working memory by electroconvulsive shock but not magnetic seizure therapy
Authors: McClintock Shawn M. , DeWind Nick K. , Husain Mustafa M. , Rowny Stefan B. , Spellman Timothy J. , Terrace Herbert , Lisanby Sarah H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Self-ordered spatial working memory measures provide important information regarding underlying cognitive strategies, such as stereotypy. This strategy is based on repetitive sequential selection of a spatial pattern once a correct sequence has been identified. We previously reported that electroconvulsive shock (ECS) but not magnetic seizure therapy (MST) impaired performance on a spatial working memory task in a preclinical model. Here we tested the hypothesis that ECS disrupted stereotyped patterns in the selection of spatial stimuli. In a within-subject study design, we assessed the effects of ECS, MST, and sham on stereotypy and reaction time in a preclinical model. Stereotypy was assessed by the correlation of actual and predicted response patterns of spatial stimuli. Predicted patterns were based on performance during baseline sessions. ECS resulted in lower correlations between predicted and actual responses to spatial stimuli in two of the three subjects, and it also disrupted stereotypy. For one subject, there was change in the predictability of the spatial locus of responses between experimental conditions. For all three subjects, reaction time was significantly longer in ECS, relative to MST and sham. This is the first study to examine the effect of ECS, and to contrast the effects of ECS and MST, on spatial working memory component processes. Our preliminary findings show that ECS, but not MST decreased stereotypy and increased reaction time. This line of investigation may have significant implications in our understanding cognitive component processes of memory function and impairment.
Back to the future: 10 years of European health reforms
Authors: Dixon Anna , Poteliakhoff Emmi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe challenges facing European health systems have changed little over 30 years but the responses to them have. Policy ideas that emerged in some countries spread to others; however, the way policies were implemented and the impact they have had has been shaped by specific national contexts. Comparative policy analysis has evolved in response to this, moving away from simple classifications of health systems and crude rankings to studies that try and understand more deeply what works, where and why. For policymakers interested in how other countries have dealt with common challenges, it is important that they avoid the naïve transplantation of policy solutions but understand the need to translate policies to fit the institutional context of a particular country. Policies that cross borders will necessarily be shaped by the social and political institutions of a country. These dimensions should not be ignored in comparative research. The next decade will require health systems to deliver improved care for people with complex needs while at the same time delivering greater value. Policymakers will benefit from looking backwards as well as to their neighbours in order to develop appropriate policy solutions.
The rise of the regulatory state in health care: a comparative analysis of the Netherlands, England and Italy
Authors: Helderman Jan-Kees , Bevan Gwyn , France George 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn a relatively short time, regulation has become a significant and distinct feature of how modern states wish to govern and steer their economy and society. Whereas the former ‘dirigiste’ state used to be closely related to public ownership (e.g. hospitals), planning (volume and capacity planning) and centralised administration (e.g. fixed prices and budgets), the new regulatory state relies mainly on the instrument of regulation to achieve its objectives. In this paper, we wish to relate the rise of the ‘regulatory state’ to the path-dependent trajectories and institutional legacies of discrete European health-care systems. For this purpose, we compared the Dutch corporatist social health insurance system, the strongly centralised National Health Service (NHS) of England and federal regionalised NHS system of Italy. Comparing these three different health-care systems suggests that it is indeed possible to identify a general trend towards the rise of the regulatory state in health care in the last two decades. However, although the three countries examined in this paper face similar problems of multilevel governance of networks of third-party payers and providers, each system also gives rise to its own distinct regulatory challenges.
Phonological Awareness and Print Knowledge of Preschool Children With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Ambrose Sophie E. , Fey Marc E. , Eisenberg Laurie S. 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
To determine whether preschool-age children with cochlear implants have age-appropriate phonological awareness and print knowledge and to examine the relationships of these skills with related speech and language abilities.

Method
The sample comprised 24 children with cochlear implants (CIs) and 23 peers with normal hearing (NH), ages 36 to 60 months. Children's print knowledge, phonological awareness, language, speech production, and speech perception abilities were assessed.

Results
For phonological awareness, the CI group's mean score fell within one standard deviation of the Test of Preschool Early Literacy's (Lonigan, Wagner, Torgesen, & Rashotte, 2007) normative sample mean but was more than one standard deviation below the NH group mean. The CI group's performance did not differ significantly from that of the NH group for print knowledge. For the CI group, phonological awareness and print knowledge were significantly correlated with language, speech production, and speech perception. Together these predictor variables accounted for 34% of variance in the CI group's phonological awareness but no significant variance in their print knowledge.

Conclusions
Children with CIs have the potential to develop age-appropriate early literacy skills by preschool age but are likely to lag behind their NH peers in phonological awareness. Intervention programs serving these children should target these skills with instruction and by facilitating speech and language development.
Women counsellors' experiences of personal therapy: A thematic analysis
Authors: Ciclitira Karen , Starr Fiona , Marzano Lisa , Brunswick Nicola , Costa Ana 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground: Following recent moves to relax the requirements for clinical mental health trainees to undergo personal therapy, this qualitative project explored the effects of personal therapy on volunteer counsellors. Method: Interviews were conducted with 19 volunteer counsellors at a women's community centre, and the data were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: Emerging themes included the importance of personal therapy for trainee development, key elements of personal therapy and the idea that personal therapy is ‘a double‐edged sword’. Discussion: Allowing for evident methodological difficulties in evaluating the impact of personal therapy on trainees, this study suggests that close consideration should be given to the potentially adverse effects of reducing requirements for personal therapy in clinical trainings.
Evaluation of Healthcare-Associated Infection Surveillance in Pennsylvania Hospitals
Authors: Palumbo Aimee J. , Loveless P. Ann , Moll Mària E. , Ostroff Stephen 
Published: January 2012

Objective.In Pennsylvania, reporting of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) was mandated in 2007, and hospitals were encouraged to implement qualified electronic surveillance (QES) systems to assist HAI detection. This study evaluated the usefulness of these systems in reducing HAIs.Design.Online survey and retrospective cohort study. Eligible facilities had a QES or manual system in place for the entire study period and sufficient data in selected hospital units.Methods.Surveys were sent to infection preventionists (IPs) in all Pennsylvania hospitals to gather qualitative information about their systems. National Healthcare Safety Network data from Pennsylvania hospitals for July 2008 through June 2010 were used to compare catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) rates in facilities with and without a QES system.Participants.IPs from 174 facilities responded to the survey. Data from 119 of 234 hospitals were analyzed.Results.IPs in facilities with a QES system reported spending as much time on data management and education as IPs in hospitals with manual surveillance. Significant interaction was observed in CAUTI rates over time between groups of facilities with and without a QES system after controlling for device-utilization ratio, location within hospital, and licensed bed size (P< .01). QES hospitals showed a significant decline in CAUTI rates (P< .01); manual surveillance facilities showed no change in rates (P> .05).Conclusions.Over the 2-year period, a significant decline in CAUTI rates was observed in facilities with a QES system. This suggests that electronic systems may aid in reducing HAI rates. Additional data are needed to see whether these improvements and trends persist.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2012;33(2):105-111
Anesthetic Management and Outcome in Patients during Endovascular Therapy for Acute Stroke
Authors: Davis Melinda J. , Menon Bijoy K. , Baghirzada Leyla B. , Campos-Herrera Cynthia R. , Goyal Mayank , Hill Michael D. , Archer David P. 
Published: January 2012

Background
Studies of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke have identified general anesthesia as a predictor for poor outcome in comparison with local anesthesia/sedation. This retrospective study attempts to identify modifiable factors associated with poor outcome, while adjusting for baseline stroke severity, in patients receiving general anesthesia.

Methods
We reviewed charts of 129 patients treated between January 2003 and September 2009. The primary outcome was the modified Rankin Score of 0-2 for 3 months poststroke. Predictors of neurologic outcome included baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, blood glucose concentration, and age. Additional risk factors evaluated were prolonged stroke onset-treatment interval and systolic blood pressure less than 140 mmHg. Choice of local anesthesia or general anesthesia was recorded.

Results
The study group was 96 out of 129 patients for whom modified Rankin Scale scores were available; 48 patients received general anesthesia and 48 local anesthesia. The proportion of patients with "good" outcomes were 15% and 60% in the general anesthesia group and local anesthesia group, respectively (P < 0.001). Lowest systolic blood pressure and general anesthesia were correlated (r = -0.7, P < 0.001). Independent predictors for good neurologic outcome were local anesthesia, systolic blood pressure greater than 140 mmHg, and low baseline stroke scores.

Conclusions
Adjusted for stroke severity, patients who received general anesthesia for treatment are less likely to have a good outcome than those managed with local anesthesia. This may be due to preintervention risk not included in the stroke severity measures. Hypotension, more frequent in the general anesthesia patients, may also contribute.
Clinical Presentation, Response to Therapy, and Outcome of Gastroparesis in Children
Authors: Rodriguez Leonel , Irani Katayun , Jiang Hongyu , Goldstein Allan M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aims of the present study was to define the clinical features, response to therapy, and outcome of pediatric gastroparesis.Methods:Retrospective review of 230 children with gastroparesis. Demographics, gastric emptying times, symptoms, response to medications, and outcome were determined for each of 3 groups (infants, children, and adolescents).Results:Mean age was 9 years, with boys predominating among infants and girls among adolescents. Postviral gastroparesis occurred in 18% and mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) in 8%. Symptoms varied with age, with children experiencing more vomiting and adolescents reporting more nausea and abdominal pain. The addition of promotility drugs was an effective therapy. Overall rates of symptom resolution were 22% at 6 months, 53% at 18 months, and 61% at 36 months, with median time to resolution of 14 months. Factors associated with symptom resolution included younger age, male sex, postviral gastroparesis, shorter duration of symptoms, response to addition of promotility therapy, and absence of MD. In multivariate analysis, longer duration of symptoms and MD both predicted lower rates of resolution, whereas younger age and response to addition of promotility therapy predicted a higher rate.Conclusions:Pediatric gastroparesis is a complex condition with variable symptomatology and outcome depending on multiple parameters. Understanding the clinical features and response to therapy will improve our diagnosis and treatment of this disorder.