bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of food deprivation on the ambulatory movement of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Authors: Gui Lian‐You , Boiteau G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractModification of dispersal behaviour is a common response of insects to food and water deprivation. The literature suggests that different insects respond with different strategies: changing walking parameters, switching dispersal mode (walking to flight or vice versa), or changing the host searching path. The goal of this study was to add to the limited literature on the subject by investigating, whether the walking parameters of adult male Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), change in response to food and water deprivation. Observations on the distance walked, the travel speed, and the frequency of walking bouts were carried out in laboratory arenas using motion monitoring equipment. Summer and overwintered beetles were exposed to short starvation periods (2, 4, 8, 24 h) and two ranges of long starvation periods (1, 2, 4, 8 days and 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 days). Only the longest food deprivation periods of 16 and 32 days significantly reduced the walking distance, speed, and frequency of walking bouts of summer beetles. No changes were observed with overwintered beetles. The tolerance of the beetles without access to water to the different periods of food deprivation was similar to that for beetles with water except after a starvation period of 32 days, when the travel speed of summer beetles was significantly reduced by 33%. The absence of increased walking parameters found in this study and earlier observations of increased flight frequency suggest that the strategy of summer beetles will be to change the dispersal mode from walking to flight and/or to change the walking host searching path. The same results of this study and earlier observations of a decrease in the mean frequency of daily flights suggest that the strategy of overwintered L. decemlineata, exposed to food deprivation, will be to change the host search walking path rather than the walking parameters themselves.
Nosema pyrausta and Cry1Ab‐incorporated diet led to decreased survival and developmental delays in European corn borer
Authors: Lopez Miriam D. , Sumerford Douglas V. , Lewis Leslie C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe high dose/refuge strategy for delaying evolution of resistance to Bt maize [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] relies on random mating between resistant European corn borers, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and susceptible O. nubilalis from the refuge. However, differences in developmental rate caused by feeding on Bt maize, or infection with the microsporidium Nosema pyrausta Paillot (Microsporida: Nosematidae) may result in assortative mating. Developmental delays and mortality caused by infection with N. pyrausta and feeding on Bt maize were quantified alone and in combination in Cry1Ab‐resistant and susceptible O. nubilalis. Feeding on Cry1Ab‐incorporated diet significantly increased number of days from hatch to pupation and decreased survival in the resistant population. Infection with N. pyrausta increased mortality and lengthened development in both the resistant and susceptible populations. The combination of Cry1Ab‐incorporated diet and infection with N. pyrausta in resistant O. nubilalis lengthened development and increased mortality to a greater extent than either factor alone. Greater larval delays of resistant O. nubilalis feeding on Bt maize could lead to temporal isolation from adults emerging from refuge maize. The resulting assortative mating would hasten the evolution of resistance. Developmental delays caused by infection with N. pyrausta may increase the likelihood of mating between resistant and infected susceptible adults emerging from refuge maize, producing infected offspring that are also more susceptible to Bt maize.
Direct and correlated responses to chill‐coma recovery selection in Drosophila buzzatii
Authors: Bertoli Carlos I. , Scannapieco Alejandra C. , Sambucetti Pablo , Norry Fabian M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractChill‐coma recovery (CCR) is an important trait for thermal adaptation in insects. Multiple phenotypes could be affected by selection on CCR if the trait is genetically correlated with other adaptive traits. To test for heritable (co‐)variation in CCR, we examined direct and correlated responses to bi‐directional selection on CCR. Drosophila buzzatii Patterson & Wheeler (Diptera: Drosophilidae) was artificially selected for decreased and increased recovery time following exposure to 0 °C. After 18 selected generations, the selection response in CCR was significant but qualitatively asymmetric, with replicated lines for slow CCR showing the highest response. Knockdown resistance to high temperature was not affected by CCR selection. Starvation resistance in the adult fly showed no clear pattern of correlated responses to CCR selection. Selection on CCR had no impact on developmental time and body size. Chill‐coma recovery shows no apparent genetic trade‐offs with any of the multiple traits included in this study. These results are largely consistent with recent studies on clines in D. buzzatii, which showed that CCR is not across‐population correlated with other clinally varying traits of thermal adaptation. Cold adaptation may evolve toward increased cold resistance independent of upper thermal limits.
Evidence of active or passive downwind dispersal in mark–release–recapture of moths
Authors: Guichard S. , Kriticos D. J. , Leriche A. , Worner S. P. , Kean J. M. , Suckling D. M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractModelling moth dispersal in relation to wind direction and strength could greatly enhance the role of pheromone traps in biosecurity and pest management applications. Anemotaxis theory, which describes moth behaviour in the presence of a pheromone plume and is used as a framework for such models. Currently, however, that theory includes only three components: upwind, zigzagging, and sideways casting behaviour. We test anemotaxis theory by analysing the data from a series of mark–release–recapture experiments where the wind direction was known and the insects were trapped using an irregular grid of pheromone traps. The trapping results provide evidence of a downwind component to the flight patterns of the released insects. This active or passive downwind dispersal is likely to be an appetitive behaviour, occurring prior to the elicitation of pheromone‐oriented flight patterns (pheromone anemotaxis). Given the potential for significant displacement during downwind dispersal, this component will have impact on final trap captures and should be considered when constructing moth dispersal models.
Chagas’ disease: an update on immune mechanisms and therapeutic strategies
Authors: Boscardin Silvia Beatriz , Torrecilhas Ana Claudia Troccoli , Manarin Romina , Revelli Silvia , Rey Elena Gonzalez , Tonelli Renata Rosito , Silber Ariel Mariano 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Chagas’ disease
Chemotherapy
Immune response in experimental T. cruzi infection
Immune response in human beings infected with T. cruzi
Immune response in the treatment of chagasic infection
The need for new therapeutic alternatives for Chagas’ disease
Conclusions

The final decade of the 20th century was marked by an alarming resurgence in infectious diseases caused by tropical parasites belonging to the kinetoplastid protozoan order. Among the pathogenic trypanosomatids, some species are of particular interest due to their medical importance. These species include the agent responsible for Chagas’ disease, Trypanosoma cruzi. Approximately 8 to 10 million people are infected in the Americas, and approximately 40 million are at risk. In the present review, we discuss in detail the immune mechanisms elicited during infection by T. cruzi and the effects of chemotherapy in controlling parasite proliferation and on the host immune system.
Basic mechanisms of neurodegeneration: a critical update
Authors: Jellinger Kurt A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Protein aggregation
Oxidative injury
Impaired bioenergetics and mitochondrial dysfunction
Fragmentation of neuronal Golgi apparatus
Disruption of cellular/axonal transport
Dysfunction of neurotrophins
‘Neuroinflammatory’ processes
The final pathway: multifaceted neuronal death
Cell death cascades in major NDDs
Acknowledgements

Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive dysfunction of specific populations of neurons, determining clinical presentation. Neuronal loss is associated with extra and intracellular accumulation of misfolded proteins, the hallmarks of many neurodegenerative proteinopathies. Major basic processes include abnormal protein dynamics due to deficiency of the ubiquitin–proteosome–autophagy system, oxidative stress and free radical formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired bioenergetics, dysfunction of neurotrophins, ‘neuroinflammatory’ processes and (secondary) disruptions of neuronal Golgi apparatus and axonal transport. These interrelated mechanisms lead to programmed cell death is a long run over many years. Neurodegenerative disorders are classified according to known genetic mechanisms or to major components of protein deposits, but recent studies showed both overlap and intraindividual diversities between different phenotypes. Synergistic mechanisms between pathological proteins suggest common pathogenic mechanisms. Animal models and other studies have provided insight into the basic neurodegeneration and cell death programs, offering new ways for future prevention/treatment strategies.
From complex spatial dynamics to simple Markov chain models: do predators and prey leave footprints?
Authors: Nachman Gösta , Borregaard Michael K. 
Published: January 2010

In this paper we present a concept for using presence–absence data to recover information on the population dynamics of predator–prey systems. We use a highly complex and spatially explicit simulation model of a predator–prey mite system to generate simple presence–absence data: the number of patches with both prey and predators, with prey only, with predators only, and with neither species, along with the number of patches that change from one state to another in each time step. The average number of patches in the four states, as well as the average transition probabilities from one state to another, are then depicted in a state transition diagram, constituting the “footprints” of the underlying population dynamics. We investigate to what extent changes in the population processes modeled in the complex simulation (i.e. the predator's functional response and the dispersal rates of both species) are reflected by different footprintsThe transition probabilities can be used to forecast the expected fate of a system given its current state. However, the transition probabilities in the modeled system depend on the number of patches in each state. We develop a model for the dependence of transition probabilities on state variables, and combine this information in a Markov chain transition matrix model. Finally, we use this extended model to predict the long‐term dynamics of the system and to reveal its asymptotic steady state properties.
Age‐friendly buses? A comparison of reported barriers and facilitators to bus use for younger and older adults
Authors: Broome Kieran , Nalder Emily , Worrall Linda , Boldy Duncan 
Published: January 2010

Aim:  To determine whether older people reported and prioritised different barriers and facilitators to bus use than younger people.Method:  The Nominal Group Technique was used with 301 participants (231 older, 70 younger) to elicit reported barriers and facilitators to bus use. Categories were developed using qualitative content analysis and comparisons of categories and priorities were made.Results:  Driver friendliness, ease of entry/exit and information useability were prioritised barriers and facilitators for older people. In contrast, younger participants prioritised bus punctuality, signage clarity, information provision at bus stops, bus service availability and parking facilities at the bus stop. Some similarities between older and younger adults were noted relating to convenience and bus scheduling.Conclusions:  Older and younger adults have specific requirements for public transport systems which should be addressed in order to promote useable transport for all.
Molecular Analysis of Legume Nodule Development and Autoregulation
Authors: Ferguson Brett J. , Indrasumunar Arief , Hayashi Satomi , Lin Meng‐Han , Lin Yu‐Hsiang , Reid Dugald E. , Gresshoff Peter M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract Legumes are highly important food, feed and biofuel crops. With few exceptions, they can enter into an intricate symbiotic relationship with specific soil bacteria called rhizobia. This interaction results in the formation of a new root organ called the nodule in which the rhizobia convert atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms of nitrogen that are useable by the plant. The plant tightly controls the number of nodules it forms, via a complex root‐to‐shoot‐to‐root signaling loop called autoregulation of nodulation (AON). This regulatory process involves peptide hormones, receptor kinases and small metabolites. Using modern genetic and genomic techniques, many of the components required for nodule formation and AON have now been isolated. This review addresses these recent findings, presents detailed models of the nodulation and AON processes, and identifies gaps in our understanding of these process that have yet to be fully explained.
Regulation of Vascular Development by CLE Peptide‐receptor Systems
Authors: Hirakawa Yuki , Kondo Yuki , Fukuda Hiroo 
Published: January 2010

Abstract Cell division and differentiation of stem cells are controlled by non‐cell‐autonomous signals in higher organisms. The plant vascular meristem is a stem‐cell tissue comprising procambial cells that produce xylem cells on one side and phloem cells on the other side. Recent studies have revealed that TDIF (tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor)/CLE41/CLE44 peptide signal controls the procambial cell fate in a non‐cell‐autonomous manner. TDIF produced in and secreted from phloem cells is perceived by TDR/PXY, a leucine‐rich repeat receptor kinase located in the plasma membrane of procambial cells. This signal suppresses xylem cell differentiation of procambial cells and promotes their proliferation. In addition to TDIF, some other CLE peptides play roles in vascular development. Here, we summarize recent advances in CLE signaling governing vascular development.
High-energy emission as a test of the prior emission model for gamma-ray burst afterglows
Authors: Murase Kohta , Toma Kenji , Yamazaki Ryo , Nagataki Shigehiro , Ioka Kunihito 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
We study high-energy gamma-ray afterglow emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the prior emission model, which is proposed to explain the plateau phase of the X-ray afterglow. This model predicts the high-energy gamma-ray emission when the prompt GRB photons from the main flow are up-scattered by relativistic electrons accelerated at the external shock due to the prior flow. The expected spectrum has the peak of ∼10–100 GeV at around the end time of the plateau phase for typical GRBs, and high-energy gamma-rays from nearby and/or energetic GRBs can be detected by the current and future Cherenkov telescopes such as MAGIC, VERITAS, CTA and possibly Fermi. Multiwavelength observations by ground-based optical telescopes as well as Fermi and/or Swift satellites are important to constrain the model. Such external inverse-Compton emission may even lead to GeV–TeV gamma-ray signals with the delay time of ∼10–100 s, only if the plateau phase is short lived.
Coombs’, haemoplasma and retrovirus testing in feline anaemia
Authors: Tasker S. , Murray J. K. , Knowles T. G. , Day M. J. 
Published: January 2010

Objective: To investigate the associations between Coombs’ testing, haemoplasma and retroviral infections, and feline anaemia.Methods: Haematology, Coombs’ testing (including assessment of persistent autoagglutination) and selected infection testing (haemoplasma, feline leukaemia virus/feline immunodeficiency virus provirus) were performed in blood samples collected from 60 anaemic and 60 non‐anaemic cats.Results: No association between infection and anaemia or Coombs’ positivity existed. Anaemic cats (21.7%) were significantly more likely than non‐anaemic cats (0%) to have cold autoagglutination (P<0.0001), but significance (set at ≤0.0025 due to multiple testing) was not quite reached when Coombs’ positivity was compared between anaemic (40.4% and 21.7% positive at 4°C and 37°C, respectively) and non‐anaemic (20% and 3.3% positive, P=0.021 and P=0.004, at 4°C and 37°C, respectively) cats. Cats with immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia were significantly more likely to have persistent cold autoagglutination (P<0.0001) and be Coombs’ positive at 37°C with polyvalent (P<0.0001), immunoglobulin (Ig)G (P<0.0001) or any antiserum (P<0.0001). Haemoplasmas and retroviruses were uncommonly detected.ClinicalSignificance: Cats suspected of having immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia should be evaluated for persistent autoagglutination at 4°C as well as performing Coombs’ testing at 37°C, but positive results may occur in with other forms of anaemia. Testing for erythrocyte‐bound antibodies should always be interpreted in parallel with documentation of haemolysis in anaemic cats.
Experimental inoculation of pigs with pandemic H1N1 2009 virus and HI cross‐reactivity with contemporary swine influenza virus antisera
Authors: Vincent Amy L. , Lager Kelly M. , Faaberg Kay S. , Harland Michelle , Zanella Eraldo L. , Ciacci‐Zanella Janice R. , Kehrli Jr Marcus E. , Janke Bruce H. , Klimov Alexander 
Published: January 2010

Please cite this paper as: Vincent et al. (2010) Experimental inoculation of pigs with pandemic H1N1 2009 virus and HI cross‐reactivity with contemporary swine influenza virus antisera. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(2), 53–60Background  A novel A/H1N1 was identified in the human population in North America in April 2009. The gene constellation of the virus was a combination from swine influenza A viruses (SIV) of North American and Eurasian lineages that had never before been identified in swine or other species.Objectives  The objectives were to (i) evaluate the clinical response of swine following experimental inoculation with pandemic H1N1 2009; (ii) assess serologic cross‐reactivity between H1N1 2009 and contemporary SIV antisera; and (iii) develop a molecular assay to differentiate North American‐lineage SIV from H1N1 2009.Methods  Experiment 1: Weaned pigs were experimentally infected with A/California/04/2009 (H1N1). Experiment 2: The cross‐reactivity of a panel of US SIV H1N1 or H1N2 antisera with three isolates of pandemic A/H1N1 was evaluated. Experiment 3: A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based diagnostic test was developed and validated on samples from experimentally infected pigs.Results and Conclusions  In experiment 1, all inoculated pigs demonstrated clinical signs and lesions similar to those induced by endemic SIV. Viable virus and antigen were only detected in the respiratory tract. In experiment 2, serologic cross‐reactivity was limited against H1N1 2009 isolates, notably among virus antisera from the same HA phylogenetic cluster. The limited cross‐reactivity suggests North American pigs may not be fully protected against H1N1 2009 from previous exposure or vaccination and novel tests are needed to rapidly diagnose the introduction of H1N1 2009. In experiment 3, an RT–PCR test that discriminates between H1N1 2009 and endemic North American SIV was developed and validated on clinical samples.
Proanthocyanidin derived from the leaves of Vaccinium virgatum suppresses platelet‐derived growth factor‐induced proliferation of the human hepatic stellate cell line LI90
Authors: Takami Yoichiro , Uto Hirofumi , Takeshita Masahiko , Kai Hisahiro , Akamatsu Ena , Moriuchi Akihiro , Hasegawa Susumu , Oketani Makoto , Ido Akio , Kataoka Hiroaki , Tsubouchi Hirohito 
Published: January 2010

Aim:  Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) proliferation plays a pivotal role in liver fibrogenesis, and agents that suppress HSC activation, including platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐induced HSC proliferation, are good candidates for antifibrogenic therapies. In this report, we use the LI90 HSC line to elucidate the antifibrogenic effects of proanthocyanidin derived from the leaves of Vaccinium virgatum.Methods:  Proanthocyanidin (PAC) was extracted from the leaves of blueberry V. virgatum (BB‐PAC), grape seeds (GS‐PAC) and Croton lechleri (CL‐PAC). These extracts were examined for their effects on PDGF‐BB‐induced LI90 cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt phosphorylation and PDGF receptor‐β (PDGFR‐β) expression were evaluated by western blot analysis.Results:  BB‐PAC potently suppressed PDGF‐BB‐induced proliferation and DNA synthesis of LI90 cells. BB‐PAC also suppressed PDGF‐BB‐induced DNA synthesis in primary cultured rat HSC. Moreover, GS‐PAC and CL‐PAC suppressed PDGF‐BB‐induced DNA synthesis in LI90 cells. In contrast, the monomeric PAC catechin and epicatechin and dimeric PAC procyanidin B2 only slightly suppressed PDGF‐BB‐induced DNA synthesis. Western blot analysis showed that BB‐PAC completely or partially inhibited PDGF‐BB‐induced ERK and Akt phosphorylation, respectively. In addition, BB‐PAC partially inhibited the PDGF‐BB‐induced degradation of PDGFR‐β.Conclusion:  Our results suggest that BB‐PAC suppresses activated HSC by inhibiting the PDGF signaling pathway. In addition, these results provide novel findings that may facilitate the development of antifibrogenic agents.
Spur cells and spur cell anemia in hospitalized patients with advanced liver disease: Incidence and correlation with disease severity and survival
Authors: Vassiliadis Themistoklis , Mpoumponaris Alexander , Vakalopoulou Sofia , Giouleme Olga , Gkissakis Dimitrios , Grammatikos Nikolaos , Soufleris Konstantinos , Kakafika Anna , Tziomalos Konstantinos , Patsiaoura Kaliopi , Papanikolaou Vassilios , Evgenidis Nikolaos 
Published: January 2010

Aim:  Spur cell anemia (SCA) is a form of acquired hemolytic anemia seen in patients with advanced cirrhosis and particularly in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the incidence of spur cells and spur cell anemia in patients with advanced liver disease and to correlate the presence of spur cell anemia with survival.Methods:  During a 33‐month period, all patients with advanced cirrhosis (Child–Pugh–Turcott score [CPT]≥7] who were hospitalized in our department for various reasons were included in this study.Results:  A total of 54 patients were included in the study; 26 patients had spur cells on peripheral blood smear (median 4, range 1–14). Patients with spur cells had more advanced liver disease compared with those without spur cells (CPT score, P < 0.0001 and MELD score, P < 0.0001), lower hemoglobin levels (P < 0.0001), higher bilirubin levels (total/unconjugated, P < 0.0001), higher reticulocyte count (P < 0.0001) and more prolonged international normalized ratio (INR; P < 0.0001). Patients with 5% spur cells or more had more advanced disease compared with patients with 1–4% spur cells (CPT score, P = 0.004 and MELD score, P = 0.003), lower hemoglobin levels (P = 0.033), more elevated bilirubin levels (total/unconjugated, P = 0.006) and more prolonged INR (P = 0.04). Three‐month survival was lower in patients with spur cells compared with patients without spur cells (P = 0.017 and P = 0.104, respectively). Patients with 5% spur cells or more had lower 3‐month survival compared with those with 1–4% spur cells (P = 0.014).Conclusion:  Presence of spur cells in patients with advanced cirrhosis is not always accompanied by spur cell anemia. The presence of 5% spur cells or more and/or hemolytic anemia is associated with poor prognosis and these patients might have to be given priority for liver transplantation.