bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inter‐relationships ofSalmonellaStatus of Flock and Grow‐Out Environment at Sequential Segments in Broiler Production and Processing
Authors: Volkova V. V. , Bailey R. H. , Rybolt M. L. , Dazo‐Galarneau K. , Hubbard S. A. , Magee D. , Byrd J. A. , Wills R. W. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryIn this study, we investigated how the likelihoods ofSalmonellapresence in various samples from broilers and their grow‐out environment throughout one production cycle were related. Sixty‐four broiler flocks from 10 complexes of two companies in the southern United States were included in the study. Samples from the gastrointestinal tracts of chicks, transport tray pads and litter and drag swabs from the house were collected on the day of placement of each flock. Approximately, 1 week before harvest, whole bird carcass rinses, caecum and crop samples were collected from birds from these same flocks. On the day of harvest, litter and drag swab samples were also taken from the house after the birds were removed. Upon arrival of the flocks at the processing plant, whole carcass rinses, caecum and crop samples were collected. As the flocks were processed, carcass rinses were collected just before the carcasses entered the immersion chill tank and as they exited the chill tank. Logistic regression was used to model the relationships between the likelihood ofSalmonellain samples of each type collected at each sampling point andSalmonellafrequencies in all the samples taken from the flock and grow‐out environment at preceding production stages. The analysis demonstrated that increased likelihood ofSalmonellacontaminated carcasses entering the immersion chill tank was associated with higher contamination of the exteriors and crops of birds at arrival for processing as well as house environmental samples at the time of harvest and prior to placement. The best predictors of post‐chill broiler carcassSalmonellastatus were the frequencies ofSalmonellain the litter on the day of harvest and prior to placement. The immersion chilling appeared to disrupt some of the relationships between the processing plant and pre‐harvest samples.
A Serosurvey of Crimean‐Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus in Dairy Cattle in Iran
Authors: Lotfollahzadeh S. , Nikbakht Boroujeni Gh. R. , Mokhber Dezfouli M. R. , Bokaei S. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryA seroepidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of Crimean‐Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus among dairy cattle in Iran was carried out during 2006 and 2008. Blood samples were collected from 876 animals in five different provinces of the country. Sera were tested by a sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantitative determination of antibodies to CCHF virus. Serological evidence of infection was noted in 52 (5.9%) of 876 dairy cattle. Antibody prevalence increased with age; 78.8% seroprevalence in cattle older than 3 years versus 21.2% in animals less than 2 years old. There was a difference between provinces representing north‐east (11.7%) and east (2%) of Iran.
Solvent exposure and cognitive ability at age 67: a follow-up study of the 1947 Scottish Mental Survey
Authors: Dick Finlay D , Bourne Victoria J , Semple Sean E , Fox Helen C , Miller Brian G , Deary Ian J , Whalley Lawrence J 
Published: November 2009

ObjectivesOrganic solvent exposure may be associated with cognitive impairment in later life although the evidence for this association is inconsistent. This study sought to examine the association between organic solvent exposure and cognitive function in later life.MethodsA prospective longitudinal study set in Aberdeen, Scotland examined 336 men and women born in 1936 who participated in the 1947 Scottish Mental Survey. Cognitive function at age 67 years was measured using the Trail Making Test B (TMT B), the Digit Symbol (DS) test, and the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Occupational hygienists reviewed occupational histories, blind to cognitive function, and estimated lifetime solvent exposures. Multiple regression analyses were employed to explore the association between solvent exposure and cognitive performance after adjustment for confounders.ResultsAfter adjusting for childhood IQ, smoking, alcohol and sex, the solvent exposed group took on average almost 10 s longer than the unexposed group to complete the TMT B, a highly significant difference. For the DS test, after adjusting for childhood IQ, smoking and gender, the exposed group scored on average two points lower than the unexposed group, which was again highly significant. There was no evidence of an effect for cumulative solvent exposure on the TMT B or DS test. For the AVLT there were no significant differences associated with exposure.ConclusionsThis study of subjects with generally low exposures, found no clear evidence of an association between solvent exposure and cognitive function.
Automatische Spracherkennung als Dekodierung der phonetischen Information?
Authors: Backhausen W.J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In a detailed and critical analysis of the theoretical foundations of automatic speech recognition (ASE) and of their basis, the fundamentals of signal phonetics, it is shown that an unnecessary prerequisite is regarded as a constitutive condition. That is why the aim of ASE appears as a decoding of phonetic information. Contrarywise, it is attempted here to recognize the problem of ASE as the automation of a process of active phonetic information retrieval through iterative signal processing. For this purpose the construction of a complex vector structure is suggested which takes into account the phonological and linguistic knowledge of the relevant means of oral communication as well as the similarities and regularities that can be found in the signal domain. The process of active information retrieval is then defined by a system of rules which, with the help of this structure, relates incoming (communicative) signals to a text and which at the same time constantly adapts the vector structure on the basis of such relations. In view of this active retrieval procedure the ASE phoneme or word identification by static class features turns out to be a spurious and erroneous simplification.
Distinctive Features in Sarnami Hindustani
Authors: Huttar G.L. , Eslick Judith A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The systematic phonemes of the Hindi spoken in Suriname are described in terms of their distinctive features. The language appears to be more simply describable by use of a feature system including syllabic instead of vocalic. The feature consonantal is also found to be non-distinctive in this description. The necessity of a distinction between primary phonetic features (such
as
consonantal and vocalic) and primary systematic phonemic features (such
as
syllabic) is suggested. Marginal phonemes of Sarnami Hindustani, reflecting characteristics of the Hindi of India, are briefly described.
Some Considerations in the Cinefluorographic Analysis of Tongue Movements during Speech
Authors: Kent R.D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses techniques in the application of cinefluorography to the study of speech and presents sample data to illustrate such techniques. The data pertain to movements of the tongue, jaw, and hyoid bone in the midsagittal plane. In the case of the tongue, small radiopaque markers were attached to the midline of this structure; and the cineradiographs were used to record the planar displacement patterns of the markers. The primary objective of the analysis methods is the investigation of the intrastructural and interstructural relationships in lingual articulation.
Le parler populaire franco-canadien
Authors: Holder M.A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Apart from the general characteristics described by Gendron in “Tendances phonétiques du français parlé au Canada” there are, in ‘the accent of Sudbury’, a few specifically Acadian features, such as the velarization of ch, j to H X, the lack of affrication in t, d before i or j, and the non-diphthongization of long vowels, ce of normal opening is found in a few speakers, but very open æ in others; père, mèrefrère, bière pronounced with closed e is one of the most significant features of this area. The feature combinations vary between individual speakers.
Optional Word-Final Consonants in French
Authors: Malécot A. , Richman Marie 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A number of French words (mostly monosyllabic nouns) whose orthographies end in a consonant, e.g., but, mœurs, fait, are frequently heard pronounced both with and without that final element. A computer-assisted analysis of a corpus of 50 tape-recorded conversations with well-educated upper middle-class Parisians has revealed that the final consonant of these words is now generally pronounced in all contexts (utterance-final, prevocalic and preconsonantal). Variations in the frequency of occurrence of this phenomenon, as a function of a number of paralinguistic factors, such as age, sex, syllabic rate, degree of formality, etc., were also studied. The results were corroborated by questionnaires designed to reveal the awareness and the degree of acceptance of this phenomenon, on the part of a representative group of Frenchmen.
«Il est huit heures»: contribution à I’analyse sémantique de la vive voix
Authors: Fónagy I. , Bérard Eva 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A trivial utterance was pronounced in 26 different ways by an actress according to 26 contexts. 80 subjects were asked to guess these contexts and to place the sentences on semantic scales (cf. OSGOOD and E. ULDALL). The success of message transmission varies between complete failure and almost total equivalence. Adequate vocal interpretations of suggested situations do not necessarily conjure up these situations when they are separated from their contexts. There is a kind of homonymy in the domain of vocal stylistic messages. The encoding and decoding of secondary messages, far from being a ‘natural’, ‘instinctive’ phenomenon, is a very complex process which presupposes coordination, the integration of a series of partial messages and the reconstruction of the total message from the partial ones. The most elementary and the most specific messages were transmitted with the least distortion. Vocal performance – intonation, stress, articulation – does not contain a direct reference to a concrete situation, it hints at the situation indirectly by the successive and/or simultaneous expression of different simple attitudes. The secondary vocal messages are yielded by an archaic code which works only with motivated signs. These signs are, at the same time, integrated, more or less perfectly into the linguistic code.
Some Statistical Characteristics of Subordinate Clauses
Authors: Folsom M.H. , Rencher A.C. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
With respect to the number of finite verbs in subordinate clauses within a text, we have demonstrated for the material examined that the variable: (a) differs significantly for the prose of detective stories and the prose exemplified by WINTER’s data (reservation as noted below); (b) differs significantly between authors; (c) is relatively consistent within a single author of detective stories with only an occasional exeption; and (d) when examined throughout a book, is subject to at least two different types of nonrandomness.
Eine Methode zur numerischen Erfassung der Suprasegmentalia
Authors: Drommel R. , Geršić S. , Hintzenberg Dagmar 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We have outlined a numerical method which, if developed systematically, allows the exact comparison of suprasegmental features of texts. On the one hand, this procedure completes an existing phonetic theory of segmentals; on the other hand, it complements a method developed recently for the syntax of texts and might therefore be of interest for linguists, too.
Corrélats physiologiques de l’accent en français
Authors: Benguerel A.-P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This investigation examines the relation between the prosodemes of stress in French and some of its prosodic features (both physiological and acoustic). Airflow is not found to provide much information about emphatic or unemphatic stress. Subglottal pressure patterns for unemphatic stress are very much like Lieberman’s ‘archetypal normal breath-group’. Emphatic stress is characterized by a sharp increase of subglottal pressure occurring on or just before the stressed syllable. A comparison with English shows that for the English subject the average subglottal pressure is markedly higher for emphatic stress than for unemphatic stress, whereas for the two French subjects this average is of the same order of magnitude for both types of accent, with a marked difference only on the stressed syllable.
Perception of Word Boundaries under Conditions of Lexical Bias
Authors: Winitz Harris , LaRiviere Conrad , Herriman Eve 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The unitary hypothesis of sentence perception implies a decoding process wherein listeners anticipate or confirm lexical units according to received syntactic information. A test of this hypothesis was made by constructing sentences which biased subjects to misinterpret the word boundaries of certain words making items subsequent and prior to this word meaningless. All material was presented by audio tape and read without phonetic bias (experiment 1) and with phonetic bias uncontrolled (experiment 2). Immediate recall scores were depressed relative to an appropriate control group (more so for experiment 1 than experiment 2) offering support for the unitary perception hypothesis.
The Imitation of Synthetic Vowels and Some Implications for Speech Memory
Authors: Kent Raymond D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The ability of American English speakers to imitate synthetic vowels was assessed by spectral comparisons of the computer-generated vowels and the corresponding human imitations. The stimulus vowels formed two trajectories in the (vowel formant) F<sub>1</sub>-F<sub>2</sub>-F<sub>3</sub>- space: one trajectory from /u/ to /i/ and the other from /æ/ to /i/. It is concluded from the imitation responses that the vowels in the /u/ to /i/ series are represented in memory as a continuous transformation of the acoustic signal, whereas the vowels in the /æ/ to /i/ series are represented as a classification transformation.
Cineradiographic Data on the Feature ‘Covered’ in Twi Vowel Harmony
Authors: Painter Colin 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The author examined cineradiographic tracings of 92 syllables in Twi including examples of all five tense vowels, all five lax vowels, two nasalized vowels and six long vowels in order to determine (a) whether the feature ‘covered’ is needed at all, (b) if it is not needed, whether it is merely an alternate term for tense-lax, (c) if it is needed, to what articulatory configurations it refers and (d) whether it is, in any case, the best term available. He confirms that the tense set is characterized by a widening of the pharynx but notes that it is not the case that the five tense vowels as a set have wider pharynges than all the lax vowels as a set. This is not even true of the eight non-low vowels. He concludes that the most useful way of characterizing vowel harmony in Twi is to refer to tense-lax at the level of competence and to pharynx width at the level of articulatory configuration.
Asymmetrie binärer Stammbäume
Authors: Sander H.-D. , Altmann G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A formula for the measure of the asymmetry of binary trees is proposed and its components are derived. To minimize the effort of computing, a table of the necessary asymmetry (NA) is given. The application of the measure is illustrated by examples from phonology, morphology, semantics and taxonomy.
Interaction between Tone and Quantity in Serbocroatian
Authors: Lehiste Ilse , Ivić Pavle 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The paper reports the results of an experiment designed to explore the interaction between tone and quantity in Serbocroatian. The test materials consisted of 39 synthesized versions of the test word pusti. Depending on the type of accent, this word may have four meanings, short accents being associated with forms of the verb pustiti and long accents with forms of the adjective pust. In producing the test stimuli, the duration of the first vowel was varied in 10-msec steps from 120 to 240 msec. Three fundamental frequency patterns were superimposed on the test words: a monotone pattern, a falling pattern, and a rising pattern. Twelve listeners identified the stimuli as forms of the verb pustiti or of the adjective pust. The results indicate that the tonal patterns influence the boundary value at which listeners change from ‘short’ responses to ‘long’ responses. This boundary value was at 145 msec for monotone and falling fundamental frequency patterns, and at 170 msec for words with rising fundamental frequency patterns. The responses are interpreted with reference to the dialect background of the listeners: the higher crossover point between short and long rising accents appears to be a characteristic of listeners from Vojvodina.
Frequency of Occurrence of French Phonemes and Consonant Clusters
Authors: Malécot Andre 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This fourth article in a series presenting the results of a computer-assisted analysis of a tape-recorded corpus of upper-class French conversations deals with the distribution and frequency of occurrence of phonemes in that language. Statistics are given for all phonemes in word-initial and word-final positions, together with grand totals for all positions, and for consonant clusters, as they occur within words and as they are created by word juncture. The numerical results are interpreted in the context of several prevalent notions about French.
Nouvelle contribution à la théorie des «locus»
Authors: Emerit Etienne 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The author discusses the validity of the ‘locus’ theory as brought forward by Delattre, and concludes that such a theory can be applied only to dental and alveolar consonants. Then he describes some relatively simple laws of formant transitions applicable to speech synthesis, and tests the relative importance of forman: versus ‘sound quality’ for some consonants. He eventually presents some of his own experiments with ‘synthetic poetry’ (a poem by J. M. de Heredia ‘read’ by the speech synthesizer ‘EVA III’). He compares the sonagrams of human voice with sonagraras of synthetic voice for this poem, and, as regards synthetic consonants ‘sound quality’, he suggests some improvements liable to bring synthetic voice to a higher level of quality.
Is Length Phonologically Relevant in Icelandic ?
Authors: Plotkin V.Y. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The paper contains arguments in favour of a negative answer to the question posed in its title. They are based on a biphonemic treatment of Icelandic ‘long’ consonants, which is supported by phonetic and morphological data. The problem is discussed from the synchronic and diachronic viewpoints. The solution adopted throws new light on Icelandic pre-aspiration of stops, dissimilation of sonants, vowel diphthongization.
On the Domain of Tone in Mandarin
Authors: Howie John M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Measurements of the fundamental frequency of 136 Mandarin citation syllables have yielded average curves for the four distinctive tones in nine types of syllable. It appears that the basic contours of Mandarin tones are coextensive only with the syllabic vowel and any voiced segment that may follow it, while those portions of the pitch pattern that occur with an initial voiced consonant or a non-syllabic vowel are merely anticipatory adjustments of the voice.
Probleme der allgemeinen und der französischen Phonologie
Authors: Herrmann M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Phonemic theories must be classified according to their acceptance, or refusal, of the Saussurean distinction between form and substance. If one is to accept this distinction, one has to disagree with the principle that a phoneme is a phoneme in every environment, a disagreement which means rejecting the taxonomic and/or generative concepts of (partial and total) phonemic overlapping, suprasegmental versus inherent distinctive features, universality of distinctive features, phonemic (non morphemic) junctures, morphophonemes, and a phonographic system without any logographic element. As to the mute e in French, an attempt is being made to establish a theory of clusters independently from it, on the grounds of feature-compatibility: the mute e is thus considered as the (facultative) phonetic aspect of an incompatibility between phonemic features.
Auditive Dimensionen der Vokalklangwahrnehmung
Authors: Jerrentrup A. , Thürmann E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Two groups of listeners were subjected to our own version of the Semantic Differential (Eindrucksdifferential) and responded to synthesized vocalic stimuli. One group consisted of professional phoneticians, the other group comprised subjects relatively inexperienced in any of the phonetic sciences. The two sets of judgments were factor-analyzed. The results of the dimensional analyses for the two groups differed in various respects as did the ‘psychological distance’ of segments which was operationalized by ‘profile distance’. These symptomatic differences were discussed with regard to ‘phonemic distance’ (D<sub>ph</sub>) which was computed according to various phonological models. It seems that the judgments of the expert group were strongly biased by phonological concepts whereas the phonetically inexperienced listeners responded in a truely naive manner.
Nouvelle contribution à la théorie des «locus»
Authors: Emerit E. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In a previous paper, the author had discussed the problematical phonetic existence of the «loci» and had concluded that only the F2-F3 loci of the dental and alveolar consonants might be applied without modification to synthetic speech, owing to their phonetic existence. He now discusses the validity of the theoretical bases of the «loci» as isolated not from real speech, but by means of auditory tests. A possible (although not universal) application of the «loci» of labial and velar consonants to synthetic speech is due to some coincidence between such artificial formantic patterns and some real formantic patterns heard the same way. But the precision of such «loci» does not by any means warrant that they contribute maximally to the perception of a given «place of articulation». The only loci on which an investigator may rely are the F2-F3 loci of dental and alveolar consonants because they are the only ones warranted by a very real articulatory correlation. The other «loci» may be profitably replaced by very simple rules of second formant-transition proportionality. The author minimizes the validity of «statistical verifications of the loci» with natural speech, in which formant frequency can by no means be regarded as a valuable criterion of vocality or of transition if it is not verified by synthesis and auditory tests.
The Glottal Stop in French
Authors: Malécot André 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This article, the fifth in a series of reports on the results of a computer-assisted analysis of a surreptitiously recorded corpus representing 50 half-hour conversations with members of the Paris ‘establishment’, deals with the glottal stop. Two types are described: The first, a towel-releasing articulation, occurs in utterance-initial and -internal positions. It serves in both positions as a stress marker. The second is an arresting articulation, occurring internally and in utterance-final position. It serves to call attention to a preceding or following element, to abort an unwanted utterance, or to terminate an utterance as quickly as possible in order to get on with the next. It also terminates words repeated in hesitation. The overall frequency of occurrence of the glottal stop in French varies as a function of sex, age, occupation, speaker’s intent, voice level, type of articulation and utterance length. Its pertinent acoustic features are deduced from measurements of spectrograms and synthetic patterns.