bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β expression is increased in the brain during HIV‐1‐infection and contributes to regulation of astrocyte tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1
Authors: Fields Jerel , Gardner‐Mercer Jessica , Borgmann Kathleen , Clark Ian , Ghorpade Anuja 
Published: February 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07203.xAbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1‐associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) associated with infection and activation of mononuclear phagocytes (MP) in the brain, occur late in disease. Infected/activated MP initiate neuroinflammation activating glial cells and ultimately disrupting neuronal function. Astrocytes secrete tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1 in response to neural injury. Altered TIMP‐1 levels are implicated in several CNS diseases. CCAAT enhancer‐binding protein β (C/EBPβ), a transcription factor, is expressed in rodent brains in response to neuroinflammation, implicating it in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and HAND. Here, we report that C/EBPβ mRNA levels are elevated and its isoforms differentially expressed in total brain tissue lysates of HIV‐1‐infected and HIV‐1 encephalitis patients. In vitro, HAND‐relevant stimuli additively induce C/EBPβ nuclear expression in human astrocytes through 7 days of treatment. Over‐expression of C/EBPβ increases TIMP‐1 promoter activity, mRNA, and protein levels in human astrocytes activated with interleukin‐1β. Knockdown of C/EBPβ with siRNA decreases TIMP‐1 mRNA and protein levels. These data suggest that C/EBPβ isoforms are involved in complex regulation of astrocyte TIMP‐1 production during HIV‐1 infection; however, further studies are required to completely understand their role during disease progression.
The influence of diabetes on glutamate metabolism in retinas
Authors: Gowda Kavitha , Zinnanti William J. , LaNoue Kathryn F. 
Published: February 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 309–320.AbstractExcised retinas from euglycemic and diabetic Sprague–Dawley rats were studied to evaluate differences in glutamate metabolism related to diabetes. Reports suggest, neuronal cell death possibly caused by glutamate excitotoxicity, is an early consequence of diabetes. To monitor the influence of diabetes on glutamate metabolism, we measured glutamatergic neurotransmission, anaplerotic glutamate synthesis from 14CO2 and pyruvate as well as rates of glutamate cataplerosis ([U‐14C]glutamate to 14CO2 and 14C‐pyruvate). The data suggest the presence of a glutamate buffering anaplerotic/cataplerotic metabolic cycle in controls which is uncoupled by diabetes. For cycle operation, anaplerosis is initiated by a small pyruvate pool which is also the product of cataplerosis. In the cataplerotic pathway, glutamate conversion to α‐ketoglutarate and then to CO2 and pyruvate is reduced by 90% in diabetic retinal Müller cells because glutamate transamination by branched chain aminotransferase is competitively inhibited by branched chain amino acids (BCAAs). BCAAs, but not the ketoacids, were almost twice as high in diabetic compared to euglycemic rat retinas. The data suggest the hypothesis that glutamate levels in retinal Müller cells from diabetic rats are elevated because of the presence of excess BCAAs, and that elevated glutamate in Müller cells causes glutamate excitotoxicity.
Marine invasion history and vector analysis of California: a hotspot for western North America
Authors: Ruiz Gregory M. , Fofonoff Paul W. , Steves Brian , Foss Stephen F. , Shiba Sharon N. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim  We examine the regional dominance of California as a beachhead for marine biological invasions in western North America and assess the relative contribution of different transfer mechanisms to invasions over time.Location  Western North America (California to Alaska, excluding Mexico).Methods  We undertook extensive analysis of literature and collections records to characterize the invasion history of non‐native species (invertebrates, microalgae and microorganisms) with established populations in coastal marine (tidal) waters of western North America through 2006. Using these data, we estimated (1) the proportion of first regional records of non‐native species that occurred in California and (2) the relative contribution of transfer mechanisms to California invasions (or vector strength) over time.Results  Excluding vascular plants and vertebrates, we identified 290 non‐native marine species with established populations in western North America, and 79% had first regional records from California. Many (40–64%) of the non‐native species in adjacent states and provinces were first reported in California, suggesting northward spread. California also drives the increasing regional rate of detected invasions. Of 257 non‐native species established in California, 59% had first regional records in San Francisco Bay; 57% are known from multiple estuaries, suggesting secondary spread; and a majority were attributed to vessels (ballast water or hull fouling) or oysters, in some combination, but their relative contributions are not clear. For California, more than one vector was possible for 56% of species, and the potential contribution of ballast water, hull fouling and live trade increased over time, unlike other vectors.Main conclusions  California, especially San Francisco Bay, plays a pivotal role for marine invasion dynamics for western North America, providing an entry point from which many species spread. This pattern is associated historically with high propagule supply and salinity. Any effective strategies to minimize new invasions throughout this region must (1) focus attention on California and (2) address current uncertainty and future shifts in vector strength.
Coccygeal epidural with local anesthetic for catheterization and pain management in the treatment of feline urethral obstruction
Authors: O'Hearn Angela K. , Wright Bonnie D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective
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To describe the technique for performing a coccygeal epidural injection of local anesthetic to facilitate catheterization in male cats with urethral obstructions using low‐dose sedation.Significance
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Prompt diagnosis and relief of urethral obstructions is important as many cats may have developed marked metabolic abnormalities at the time of presentation. General anesthesia in these patients may be associated with significant risk for complications. Pain management is also an essential treatment goal, and this technique relieves urethral and penile pain during the unblocking process.Conclusion
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Coccygeal epidurals can be used safely to provide analgesia to the penis and urethra and to the authors' knowledge, is a novel treatment modality to aid in the relief of urethral obstructions in male cats.
A low‐cost 3D reconstruction system using a single‐shot projection of a pattern matrix
Authors: Reiss Mário L. L. , Tommaselli Antonio M. G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to present the main features of a structured light system and some experimental results. The system, named SingleShot3DSL, is based on a single off‐the‐shelf digital camera and a pattern projector. The mathematical model for 3D reconstruction is based on the collinearity equations. A pattern codification strategy was developed to allow fully automatic pattern recognition. A calibration methodology enables the determination of the direction vector of each pattern and the coordinates of the perspective centre of the pattern projector. The calibration processes are carried out with the acquisition of several images of a plane taken from different distances and orientations. Several processes were combined to provide a reliable solution for pattern location. In order to assess the accuracy and potential of the methodology a prototype was built, integrating a pattern projector and a digital camera in a single mount. Experiments using reconstructed surfaces with real data indicated that a relative accuracy of 0·2 mm in depth could be achieved.
Mucho trabajo y poco salario. Perspectiva internacional de los trabajadores del cuidado
Authors: RAZAVI Shahra , STAAB Silke 
Published: February 2011

Resumen.Las autoras definen el trabajo de cuidado remunerado y explican por qué ha pasado a ser un campo importante para la investigación y la política. Basándose en análisis internacionales y nacionales de varias ocupaciones, ponen de relieve tres conclusiones. Primera, la situación laboral de estos trabajadores es, a menudo, un reflejo de las circunstancias y los problemas propios del mercado de trabajo del país. Segunda, la función del Estado en tanto que empleador del sector está cambiando porque cada vez se subcontratan más labores. Tercera, los regímenes de política social también conforman las oportunidades y las condiciones laborales del sector. Es de prever que los trabajadores y las personas que reciben la atención salgan beneficiados de una mejora de las mismas.
Informal barriers and agricultural trade: does monetary integration matter?
Authors: Huchet‐Bourdon Marilyne , Cheptea Angela 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEU enlargement and the recent sovereign‐debt crisis of Euro zone countries have revived the debate around the (European Monetary Union) EMU. In this article we ask how informal barriers to agricultural and food trade have changed since the introduction of the common European currency, and whether this evolution can be attributed to monetary integration. We focus on the foreign trade of the 11 EMU founder countries over a nine‐year period covering the creation of the EMU and find a diminishing marginal trade impact of both information and institutional barriers. We find a lower level of trade barriers, but cannot attribute this outcome to the introduction to the Euro.
Racial disparities in preterm birth rates and short inter‐pregnancy interval: an overview
Authors: HOGUE CAROL J. , MENON RAMKUMAR , DUNLOP ANNE L. , KRAMER MICHAEL R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective. We seek to expand on a biopsychosocial framework underlying the etiology of excess preterm birth experienced by African‐American women by exploring short inter‐pregnancy intervals as a partial explanatory factor. Design. We conducted a qualitative analyses of published studies that met specified criteria for assessing the association of inter‐pregnancy interval and preterm birth. Methods. We determine whether inter‐pregnancy interval is associated with preterm birth, what the underlying causal mechanism may be, whether African‐American women are more likely than Caucasian women to have short intervals, and whether achieving an optimal interval will result in reduced African‐American–Caucasian gap in preterm births. Main Outcome Measures. Crude and adjusted odds ratios for preterm birth, with the referent group being the interval closest to the ‘ideal’ of 18–23 months and the exposed group having intervals <12 months or some subset of that inter‐pregnancy interval. Results. Inter‐pregnancy interval less than six months increases preterm birth by about 40%. The mechanism may be through failure to replenish maternal nutritional stores. While there may not be an interaction between race and short inter‐pregnancy interval, short intervals can explain about 4% of the African‐American–Caucasian gap in preterm birth because African‐American women are approximately 1.8 times as likely to have inter‐pregnancy intervals of less than six months. Limited studies indicate that optimal intervals can be achieved through appropriate counseling and health care. Conclusions. Excess risk for preterm birth may be reduced by up to 8% among African‐Americans and up to 4% among Caucasians through increasing inter‐pregnancy intervals to the optimal length of 18–23 months.
Current standards in the diagnostics and therapy of hair diseases – hair consultation
Authors: Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike , Vogt Annika 
Published: February 2011

SummaryHair and scalp diseases present an extensive diagnostic and therapeutic task. Treating them is often a challenge for the physician in daily practice. Unclear diagnoses, chronic conditions with long‐lasting therapies and the uncertainty of the patient may often lead to unsatisfying situations for both the patient as well as the doctor. The complaints can be divided into (1) hair loss, (2) increased hair growth and (3) abnormal hair quality. A structured history and the objectification of the clinical findings with the help of standardized diagnostic methods and score systems or classifications enable a diagnosis in most patients already at the first visit. Moreover, such structured processes strengthen the treatment satisfaction and compliance of both the patient and the therapist. In the meantime, diagnostic measures and clinical practice guidelines are available for the most common hair disorders. Expertise in basic psychosomatic care and an empathetic approach to the fears and concerns as well as practical advice for the daily contact with hair disorders should be integrated as separate elements in the management of hair diseases; in most cases they are gratefully welcomed by the patients. The aim of this article is to provide the physician with a guideline for the structured management of a hair patient. An overview of recent new developments and the currently available clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of hair disorders is presented.
Cognitive and linguistic abnormalities in benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes
Authors: Verrotti A , D’Egidio C , Agostinelli S , Parisi P , Chiarelli F , Coppola G 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim: To assess the cognitive function and language ability in children with benign partial epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes.Methods: Twenty‐five patients with benign partial epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes were included. They were divided into two subgroups. Group I: 10 patients with rolandic focus who were not treated. Group II: 15 patients with rolandic focus receiving treatment. A third Group of 12 healthy subjects have been studied. All children underwent standardized neuropsychological testing: electroencephalogram recording, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children‐revised, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test‐III (PPVT‐III) and Boston Naming Test (BNT), both during active disease (T1) and 2 years after recovery from epilepsy (T2).Results: At T1 evaluation, no significant differences in group I and II patients about general intelligence, when compared with controls, were found. Group I and II patients were impaired with respect to controls in the receptive and expressive vocabulary evaluated with PCVT‐III and BNT, respectively. At T2 evaluation, group I and II patients showed a normalization of the language abnormalities.Conclusion: Deficits of speech‐related abilities can be detected in children with this type of epilepsy: these dysfunctions seem to be independent of the effects of antiepileptic treatment and are reversible after remission of epilepsy.
Testosterone and the child (0–12 years) with Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY): a review
Authors: Fennoy Ilene 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  To review the evidence base for providing testosterone therapy in the infant and prepubertal child with Klinefelter syndrome (KS).Methods:  Major databases were searched to identify articles that addressed the role of testosterone in the development of the male foetus with and without KS and that characterized testicular function in infants with KS.Results:  Infants with KS have been shown to have an increased frequency of clinical features consistent with deficient testosterone production. However, there are conflicting results regarding whether testosterone levels are low or normal. No direct data address the outcome of therapy in the prepubertal child.Conclusion:  There is an absence of data that directly address the risks and benefits of testosterone therapy in prepubertal children with KS outside of the entity of microphallus. At this time, there is no other documented benefit for testosterone therapy in these children.
Monitoring of protein catabolism in neonates and young infants post‐cardiac surgery
Authors: Teixeira‐Cintra Monica Akissue Camargo , Monteiro Jacqueline Pontes , Tremeschin Marina , Trevilato Tânia Maria Beltramini , Halperin Mitchell Lewis , Carlotti Ana Paula 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAims:  To evaluate cell catabolism by balance of nitrogen and phosphate, and creatinine excretion in children post‐cardiac surgery; to establish protein and energy requirements to minimize catabolism; and to assess nutritional therapy by following these parameters and serial anthropometric measurements.Methods:  A prospective observational study of children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery. Blood samples and 24‐h urine collections were obtained postoperatively for creatinine measurement and nitrogen and phosphate balance. Anthropometric measurements (weight, mid‐arm muscle circumference and triceps skinfold thickness) were obtained preoperatively and at paediatric intensive care unit and hospital discharge.Results:  Eleven children were studied for 3–10 postoperative days. Anabolism was associated with higher protein and energy intakes compared to catabolism (1.1 vs. 0.1 g/kg/day and 54 vs. 17 kcal/kg/day, respectively). On days with anabolism, phosphate balance was greater compared with that on days with catabolism. Daily creatinine excretion did not correlate with protein balance. Anthropometric measurements did not change significantly over time.Conclusions:  Children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery achieved anabolism with >55 kcal/kg/day and >1 g/kg/day of protein. Balance of phosphate was useful to monitor cell breakdown. Anthropometric measurements were not valuable to evaluate nutritional therapy in this population.
Neurological complications and pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection
Authors: Omari Ibrahim , Breuer Oded , Kerem Eitan , Berger Itai 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  To report on a different clinical course of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection among children who were neurologically impaired before the acute onset of the disease, in comparison with children who were neurologically intact.Methods:  In a period of 6 months, six children with neurological complications associated with pandemic A (H1N1) infection were identified in a single institution paediatric emergency room. The children suffered from seizures or altered mental status during pandemic A (H1N1) infection. All children underwent extensive clinical and laboratory assessment. Three children were neurologically impaired before the acute onset of the H1N1 infection. The other three were neurologically intact before the acute viral infection.Results:  In all six patients, pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viral RNA was detected in nasopharyngeal specimens but none in the cerebrospinal fluid. Five children fully recovered or returned to baseline at discharge. The clinical course of the disease and recovery were different between the children who were neurologically impaired before the acute viral infection and those who were neurologically intact.Conclusions:  It is possible that children with various neurological conditions are in a higher risk to develop further neurological complications during pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection.
Silintaphin‐1 – interaction with silicatein during structure‐guiding bio‐silica formation
Authors: Schloßmacher Ute , Wiens Matthias , Schröder Heinz C. , Wang Xiaohong , Jochum Klaus P. , Müller Werner E. G. 
Published: February 2011

Silicateins are unique enzymes of sponges (phylum Porifera) that template and catalyze the polymerization of nanoscale silicate to siliceous skeletal elements. These multifunctional spicules are often elaborately shaped, with complex symmetries. They carry an axial proteinaceous filament, consisting of silicatein and the scaffold protein silintaphin‐1, which guides silica deposition and subsequent spicular morphogenesis. In vivo, the synthesis of the axial filament very likely proceeds in three steps: (a) assembly of silicatein monomers to form one pentamer; (b) assembly of pentamers to form fractal‐like structures; and finally (c) assembly of fractal‐like structures to form filaments. The present study was aimed at exploring the effect of self‐assembled complexes of silicatein and silintaphin‐1 on biosilica synthesis in vitro. Hence, in a comparative approach, recombinant silicatein and recombinant silintaphin‐1 were used at different stoichiometric ratios to form axial filaments and to synthesize biosilica. Whereas recombinant silicatein‐α reaggregates to randomly organized structures, coincubation of silicatein‐α and silintaphin‐1 (molecular ratio 4 : 1) resulted in synthetic filaments via fractal‐like patterned self‐assemblies, as observed by electron microscopy. Concurrently, owing to the concerted action of both proteins, the enzymatic activity of silicatein‐α strongly increased by 5.3‐fold (with the substrate tetraethyl orthosilicate), leading to significantly enhanced synthesis of biosilica. These results indicate that silicatein‐α‐mediated biosilicification depends on the concomitant presence of silicatein‐α and silintaphin‐1. Accordingly, silintaphin‐1 might not only enhance the enzymatic activity of silicatein‐α, but also accelerate the nonenzymatic polycondensation of the silica product before releasing the fully synthesized biosiliceous polymer.Structured digital abstract
silicatein‐ binds to silicatein‐ by electronmicroscopy (Viewinteraction)
silicatein‐ and silintaphin‐1 bind by electronmicroscopy (Viewinteraction)
Impact of Hypertension, Aging, and Antihypertensive Treatment on the Morphology of the Pudendal Artery
Authors: Hannan Johanna L. , Blaser Mark C. , Pang Judith J. , Adams Stephen M. , Pang Stephen C. , Adams Michael A. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Aging and hypertension increase the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) and cardiovascular disease. Arterial insufficiency is likely a primary factor in hypertension-related ED. Given the dominance of internal pudendal arteries in controlling penile vascular resistance, pathological changes in this vessel would be critical for inducing ED in aged hypertensives.

Aim
We assessed the age-related impact of hypertension and its treatment on erectile function and pudendal artery structure in young and old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).

Methods
Erectile responses were monitored in 15- and 77-week-old SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats using apomorphine (80 mg/kg). At sacrifice, the vasculature was perfusion-fixed and aorta, renal, mesenteric, and internal pudendal arteries assessed morphometrically using light and electron microscopy. A separate group of 15-week SHR were treated with enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide (30 mg/kg/day, 2 weeks) followed by 2 weeks off treatment, after which the same vessels were assessed morphometrically. Arterial pressures were determined using radiotelemetry.

Main Outcomes Measured
Erectile function, vessel morphology (lumen diameter, wall thickness, cross-sectional area, extracellular matrix [ECM]) and arterial pressure.

Results
Erectile responses were similar in young SHR and WKY (1.7 ± 0.80 vs. 1.4 ± 0.85) but declined significantly in aged SHR (0.3 ± 0.49). Vascular aging in SHR was associated with striking pudendal remodeling, characterized by marked neointimal proliferation and disruptions of the internal elastic lamina. This remodeling involved thickening of the medial layer (35 ± 6.0 µm vs. 81 ± 3.5 µm, P &lt; 0.01), decreased lumen diameter (282 ± 6.3 µm vs. 250 ± 12.4 µm, P &lt; 0.05) and increased ECM (10 ± 2.0 µm2 vs. 26 ± 10.6 µm2, P &lt; 0.001). In old pudendals, there were significantly more round synthetic smooth muscle cells bordering the intima and in the neointima. Antihypertensive treatment decreased the wall : lumen ratio in young SHR pudendal arteries (−17%).

Conclusions
Vascular aging in SHR with ED involved distinctive pathogenic remodeling in the internal pudendal artery. In young SHR, brief antihypertensive therapy was able to regress this abnormal morphology.