bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the Influence of Composite Stiffness on Energy Dissipation in Reinforced Composite Concrete Floors / Modelowanie Wpływu Sztywnosci Zespolenia Na Rozpraszanie Energii W Warstwie Kontaktowej Zelbetowych Stropów Zespolonych
Authors: Gromysz K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract A continuous contact layer exists between the top and bottom layer of concrete composite reinforced floors. The contact layer is characterised by linear elasticity and frictional properties. In this paper a model of single degree of freedom of composite floor is determined. The model assumes that the restoring forces and the non-conservative internal friction forces dissipating energy are produced within the contact layer. A hysteresis loop is created in the process of static loading and unloading of the model, with the energy absorption coefficient being defined on this basis. The value of the coefficient is rising along with the growing stiffness of the composite.A critical damping ratio is a parameter describing free decaying vibration caused by non-conservative internal friction forces in the contact layer and in the bottom and top layer. The value of the ratio in the defined model is rising along with the lowering stiffness of the element representing contact layer.The findings resulting from the theoretical analyses carried out, including the experimental tests, are the basis for the established methods of determining the concrete layer state for reinforced concrete floors. The method is based on energy dissipation in the contact layer.
The Influence of the Carbo-Glass Geogrid-Reinforcement on the Fatigue Life of the Asphalt Pavement Structure / Wpływ Zbrojenia Siatka Weglowo–Szklana Na Trwałosc Zmeczeniowa Asfaltowej Nawierzchni Drogowej
Authors: Górszczyk J. , Gaca S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract This paper describes the analyses of the fatigue life of the asphalt pavement reinforced with geogrid interlayer under traffic loading. Finite Element ANSYS package with using nCode applications, as well as macros specially designed in APDL programming script and VBA were used to model the considered problem. Our analysis included computation of stress, fatigue life, damage matrix and rainflow matrix. The method applied was the one of fatigue calculation: stress - number of cycles in short S-N. On the basis of the performed high cycle fatigue analysis, the influence of the location of the used geogrid and of its bond with asphalt layers on the fatigue life and the work of the asphalt pavement structure were determined. The study was carried out for three temperature seasons i.e. spring and fall (assumed as one season), winter and summer. The variability of the traffic conditions were taken into account by assuming weekly blocks of traffic loading. The calculations were made using the real values of loading measured in field tests on the German highways by means of HS-WIM weighing system. As a result of the performed tests, it was proved that the use of geogrid-reinforcement may prolong the fatigue life of the asphalt pavement. However, it is required that: the geogrid should be located in the tension zone as low as possible in the structure of the asphalt layers. Moreover, it is necessary to provide high stiffness of the bond between the geogrid and the asphalt layers.
Development of Aspect and Tense in Semitic Languages: Typological Considerations
Authors: Bubenik Vit 
Published: April 2012

Development of Aspect and Tense in Semitic Languages: Typological ConsiderationsA survey of pertinent literature reveals that many studies of aspect in Semitic languages do not pay a due attention to the crucial theoretical distinction of perfect and perfectivity. In this paper I will adopt the ‘chronogenetic' model of the morphosyntactic development of tense and aspect tested for the Indo-European languages (Hewson & Bubenik 1997) that allows five major aspectual categories to be distinguished (prospective, inceptive, imperfective, perfective, perfect) within ‘Event Time’. I will argue that the appearance in Arabic of the analytic double-finite perfect (of the typekun-tu katab-tu‘I had written’) was the most significant innovation during the New Stage not to be found in the other Central Semitic languages. During the Middle Stage in Mishnaic Hebrew and Middle Aramaic the canonical progressive aspect was paradigmatized while Classical Arabic created its double-finite counterpart (kān-a ya-ktub-u‘he was writing’). The significance of this approach to the study of the universals of tense and aspect will be evaluated.
Semantics and Pragmatics of Non-Canonical Word Order in South Asian Languages: <Verb-Left> of lag- ‘Begin’ as an Attitude-Marker in Hindi-Urdu
Authors: Hook Peter 
Published: April 2012

Semantics and Pragmatics of Non-Canonical Word Order in South Asian Languages: <Verb-Left> of lag- ‘Begin’ as an Attitude-Marker in Hindi-Urdu
This paper examines possible motivations for departures from canonical clause-final word order observed for the finite verb in Hindi-Urdu and other modern Indo-Aryan languages. Depiction of speaker attitude in Premchand's novel godān and the imperatives of journalistic style in TV newscasts are shown to be prime factors. The emergence of V-2 word-order in Kashmiri and other Himalayan languages may have had a parallel history.
The Case of Interactive Metaphor
Authors: Kiklewicz Aleksander 
Published: April 2012

The Case of Interactive MetaphorThe author analyses the limits of metamorphosis, i.e. possibility of an utterance with idiomatic or non-conventional, disturbing selection requirements of syntagmatic components being considered as metaphorical. The phenomena of metaphor and metonymy are interpreted from the point of view of condensation of surface structure of a sentence, as well as from the point of view of intentional semantics. The author presents elements of metaphor theory as a pragmatic re-codification, treating metaphor as a kind of "multi-vocality" or an intertext.
Intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes in the extragynoecial compitum and its contribution to fruit set in an apocarpous species, Schisandra sphenanthera (Schisandraceae)
Authors: Du Wei , Wang Xiao‐Fan 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: Apocarpous plants possess carpels that are separated in the gynoecium. Extragynoecial compita, commonly occurring in basal angiosperms, have been proposed to have the potential to increase offspring quantity in apocarpous species through the intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes. To date, the impact of an extragynoecial compitum on fruit or seed set has not been studied in any species. This study investigated the pollen tube pathway between adjacent carpels and its contribution to fruit set in Schisandra sphenanthera.• Methods: We investigated the fruit set ratio in the field and collected hundreds of gynoecia at their full flowering stage. Pollinated carpel ratio and pollen tube pathway observations were performed using fluorescence optics.• Key results: Pollen grains germinated and tubes extended along the pseudostyle surface. Some of them turned and entered the ovules at the end of the stigmatic crest, whereas others subsequently grew into neighboring carpels through promontory connections located at the base of the unfused carpels. No tubes were found growing on the surface of the receptacle. More than 24 carpels could be fertilized by pollen tubes from one carpel through hand pollination. The pollinated carpel ratio was significantly lower than the fruit set ratio under natural conditions.• Conclusions: Pollen tubes from one carpel can easily cross in the extragynoecial compitum between the adjacent carpels of S. sphenanthera, and this intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes can significantly increase the fruit set of apocarpous species, at least in S. sphenanthera.
Growth responses, biomass partitioning, and nitrogen isotopes of prairie legumes in response to elevated temperature and varying nitrogen source in a growth chamber experiment
Authors: Whittington Heather R. , Deede Laura , Powers Jennifer S. 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the Study: Because legumes can add nitrogen (N) to ecosystems through symbiotic fixation, they play important roles in many plant communities, such as prairies and grasslands. However, very little research has examined the effect of projected climate change on legume growth and function. Our goal was to study the effects of temperature on growth, nodulation, and N chemistry of prairie legumes and determine whether these effects are mediated by source of N.• Methods: We grew seedlings of Amorpha canescens, Dalea purpurea, Lespedeza capitata, and Lupinus perennis at 25/20°C (day/night) or 28/23°C with and without rhizobia and mineral N in controlled‐environment growth chambers. Biomass, leaf area, nodule number and mass, and shoot N concentration and δ15N values were measured after 12 wk of growth.• Key Results: Both temperature and N‐source affected responses in a species‐specific manner. Lespedeza showed increased growth and higher shoot N content at 28°C. Lupinus showed decreases in nodulation and lower shoot N concentration at 28°C. The effect of temperature on shoot N concentration occurred only in individuals whose sole N source was N2‐fixation, but there was no effect of temperature on δ15N values in these plants.• Conclusions: Elevated temperature enhanced seedling growth of some species, while inhibiting nodulation in another. Temperature‐induced shifts in legume composition or nitrogen dynamics may be another potential mechanism through which climate change affects unmanaged ecosystems.
Microsatellite primers in the endangered quillwort Isoetes hypsophila (Isoetaceae) and cross‐amplification in I. sinensis
Authors: Li Zuozhou , Han Qingxiang , Chen Yuanyuan , Li Wei 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: The first microsatellite primers were developed for Isoetes hypsophila, an endangered quillwort species endemic to the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau in China, to further describe its genetic variability and population structure. We also examined their cross‐amplification in a congeneric species, I. sinensis.• Methods and Results: Using the Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences COntaining Repeats (FIASCO) protocol, nine microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized in 32 samples from four natural populations of I. hypsophila. The primers amplified di‐ and hexanucleotide repeats with three to 11 alleles per locus. Seven of nine primers were cross‐amplified in I. sinensis with two to seven alleles per locus.• Conclusion: The microsatellite loci primers will be useful for studies of genetic diversity and gene flow in natural populations of Isoetes species.
Phylogeny of Opuntia s.s. (Cactaceae): Clade delineation, geographic origins, and reticulate evolution
Authors: Majure Lucas C. , Puente Raul , Griffith M. Patrick , Judd Walter S. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E. 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: The opuntias (nopales, prickly pears) are not only culturally, ecologically, economically, and medicinally important, but are renowned for their taxonomic difficulty due to interspecific hybridization, polyploidy, and morphological variability. Evolutionary relationships in these stem succulents have been insufficiently studied; thus, delimitation of Opuntia s.s. and major subclades, as well as the biogeographic history of this enigmatic group, remain unresolved.• Methods: We sequenced the plastid intergenic spacers atpB‐rbcL, ndhF‐rpl32, psbJ‐petA, and trnL‐trnF, the plastid genes matK and ycf1, the nuclear gene ppc, and ITS to reconstruct the phylogeny of tribe Opuntieae, including Opuntia s.s. We used phylogenetic hypotheses to infer the biogeographic history, divergence times, and potential reticulate evolution of Opuntieae.• Key results: Within Opuntieae, a clade of Tacinga, Opuntia lilae, Brasiliopuntia, and O. schickendantzii is sister to a well‐supported Opuntia s.s., which includes Nopalea. Opuntia s.s. originated in southwestern South America (SA) and then expanded to the Central Andean Valleys and the desert region of western North America (NA). Two major clades evolved in NA, which subsequently diversified into eight subclades. These expanded north to Canada and south to Central America and the Caribbean, eventually returning back to SA primarily via allopolyploid taxa. Dating approaches suggest that most of the major subclades in Opuntia s.s. originated during the Pliocene.• Conclusions: Opuntia s.s. is a well‐supported clade that includes Nopalea. The clade originated in southwestern SA, but the NA radiation was the most extensive, resulting in broad morphological diversity and frequent species formation through reticulate evolution and polyploidy.
Purging of inbreeding depression within a population of Oxalis alpina (Oxalidaceae)
Authors: Weber Jennifer J. , Weller Stephen G. , Sakai Ann K. , Nguyen Annie , Tai Nguyen D. , Domínguez César A. , Molina‐Freaner Francisco E. 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: Variation among individuals in levels of inbreeding depression associated with selfing levels could influence mating system evolution by purging deleterious alleles, but empirical evidence for this association is limited.• Methods: We investigated the association of family‐level inbreeding depression and presumed inbreeding history in a tristylous population of Oxalis alpina (Oxalidaceae).• Key results: Mid‐styled individuals possessed the greatest degree of self‐compatibility (SC) and produced more autogamous capsules than short‐ or long‐styled individuals. Offspring of highly self‐compatible mid‐styled individuals showed reduced inbreeding depression. Mid‐styled plants that produced capsules autogamously exhibited reduced stigma‐anther separation compared to mid‐styled plants that produced no capsules autogamously. Reduced inbreeding depression was not correlated with stigma‐anther separation, suggesting that self‐compatibility and autogamy evolve before morphological changes in stigma‐anther separation.• Conclusions: Purging of inbreeding depression occurred in SC mid‐styled maternal families. Low inbreeding depression in SC mid‐styled plants may lead to retention of the mid‐styled morph in populations, despite the occurrence of higher selfing rates in mid‐styled relative to short‐ or long‐styled morphs. Variation among individuals in levels of self‐fertilization within populations may lead to associations between inbreeding lineages and lower levels of inbreeding depression, influencing the evolution of mating systems.
Host and geographic structure of endophytic and endolichenic fungi at a continental scale
Authors: U'Ren Jana M. , Lutzoni François , Miadlikowska Jolanta , Laetsch Alexander D. , Arnold A. Elizabeth 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: Endophytic and endolichenic fungi occur in healthy tissues of plants and lichens, respectively, playing potentially important roles in the ecology and evolution of their hosts. However, previous sampling has not comprehensively evaluated the biotic, biogeographic, and abiotic factors that structure their communities.• Methods: Using molecular data we examined the diversity, composition, and distributions of 4154 endophytic and endolichenic Ascomycota cultured from replicate surveys of ca. 20 plant and lichen species in each of five North American sites (Madrean coniferous forest, Arizona; montane semideciduous forest, North Carolina; scrub forest, Florida; Beringian tundra and forest, western Alaska; subalpine tundra, eastern central Alaska).• Key results: Endolichenic fungi were more abundant and diverse per host species than endophytes, but communities of endophytes were more diverse overall, reflecting high diversity in mosses and lycophytes. Endophytes of vascular plants were largely distinct from fungal communities that inhabit mosses and lichens. Fungi from closely related hosts from different regions were similar in higher taxonomy, but differed at shallow taxonomic levels. These differences reflected climate factors more strongly than geographic distance alone.• Conclusions: Our study provides a first evaluation of endophytic and endolichenic fungal associations with their hosts at a continental scale. Both plants and lichens harbor abundant and diverse fungal communities whose incidence, diversity, and composition reflect the interplay of climatic patterns, geographic separation, host type, and host lineage. Although culture‐free methods will inform future work, our study sets the stage for empirical assessments of ecological specificity, metabolic capability, and comparative genomics.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Camellia chekiangoleosa (Theaceae) using 454‐ESTs
Authors: Wen Qiang , Xu Linchu , Gu Yincong , Huang Minren , Xu Lian 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: A set of microsatellite markers for Camellia chekiangoleosa was developed and characterized using 454 sequencing technology to study the population genetic structure and the diversity of germplasm collections.• Methods and Results: Eighteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were identified and tested in 150 individuals from three natural populations of C. chekiangoleosa. Alleles numbered from two to seven, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.100 to 0.760 and 0.133 to 0.809, respectively.• Conclusions: These markers will potentially be conducive to further genetic studies on C. chekiangoleosa.
Development and characterization of 38 polymorphic microsatellite markers from an economically important fruit tree, the Indian jujube
Authors: Chiou Chu‐Ying , Chiang Yu‐Chung , Chen Chih‐Hsiung , Yen Chung‐Ruey , Lee Sheue‐Ru , Lin Yu‐Shium , Tsai Chi‐Chu 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: A total of 38 polymorphic microsatellite loci of the Indian jujube (Ziziphus mauritiana), an economically important fruit tree, were developed to evaluate genetic diversity and aid in the identification of cultivars.• Methods and Results: The 38 microsatellite markers were isolated from the Indian jujube using a magnetic bead enrichment method, and polymorphisms were identified in 24 Indian jujube cultivars. The number of alleles ranged from two to 13, with expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.261 to 0.898. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.248 to 0.889, with a mean of 0.616. Of these 38 simple sequence repeat loci, 20 loci from Z. jujuba (Chinese jujube) were successfully amplified using the simple sequence repeat primer sets.• Conclusions: These polymorphic loci should be useful in further studies of the genetic diversity and the identification of cultivars of both the Indian jujube and the Chinese jujube.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for Cymbidium goeringii (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Hyun Young Se , Kim Joonki , Chung Ki Wha 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed in Cymbidium goeringii to investigate its genetic diversity and population genetic structure.• Methods and Results: From a microsatellite‐enriched genomic library, 21 novel polymorphic microsatellites were isolated. The polymorphic patterns were verified in four populations (East Korea, West Korea, China, and Japan). The number of alleles per locus ranged from 11 to 29 with a mean of 20.29. The observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.272 to 0.799 and from 0.461 to 0.911, respectively.• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers will be useful tools for understanding genetic variation and population ecogenetic structure in C. goeringii.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for Plathymenia reticulata (Fabaceae)
Authors: Cruz Mariana V. , Rodrigues Jacqueline G. , Souza Helena A. V. , Lovato Maria Bernadete 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for use in population genetic studies of Plathymenia reticulata (Fabaceae), a tropical tree widespread in the Atlantic Forest and cerrado biomes of South America.• Methods and Results: Nine microsatellite markers were developed using a simple sequence repeat–enriched library. Polymorphism was analyzed in 51 individuals from two populations. All loci were polymorphic, with the number of alleles per loci ranging from five to 15 (mean number of alleles: 10.22). Observed and expected heterozygosities per loci and population ranged from 0.313 to 1.000 and 0.280 to 0.869, respectively.• Conclusions: These highly informative loci are potentially useful to estimate population genetic structure and to understand evolutionary processes and taxonomy of the species.
Microsatellite development for the relictual conifer Araucaria araucana (Araucariaceae) using next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Martín M. Angela , Mattioni Claudia , Lusini Ilaria , Drake Fernando , Cherubini Marcello , Herrera M. Angel , Villani Fiorella , Martín Luis M. 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: In this study, the 454 GS‐FLX genome sequence system was used for the identification and characterization of microsatellites in Araucaria araucana, one of the most important and endangered species of Chilean and Argentinean native forests.• Methods and Results: A total of 35876 reads were identified, 96% of which were within the size range selected for further analysis. Of these, 1563 contained a microsatellite insert suitable for primer design. Ten simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers provided easily interpretable patterns and were used to evaluate the genetic diversity in four populations of the species. The 10 microsatellites showed high polymorphism levels, with a total of 99 alleles and 32 private alleles. The observed heterozygosity was high and ranged from 0.513 to 0.723.• Conclusions: The primers presented in this study display high genetic diversity and may provide useful information for the design of conservation strategies in Araucaria araucana.
Edaphic adaptation maintains the coexistence of two cryptic species on serpentine soils
Authors: Yost Jenn M. , Barry Teri , Kay Kathleen M. , Rajakaruna Nishanta 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: Divergent edaphic adaptation can contribute to reproductive isolation and coexistence between closely related species, yet we know little about how small‐scale continuous edaphic gradients contribute to this phenomenon. We investigated edaphic adaptation between two cryptic species of California wildflower, Lasthenia californica and L. gracilis (Asteraceae), which grow in close parapatry on serpentine soil.• Methods: We reciprocally transplanted both species into the center of each species’ habitat and the transition zone between species. We quantified multiple components of fitness and used aster models to predict fitness based on environmental variables. We sampled soil across the ridge throughout the growing season to document edaphic changes through time. We sampled naturally germinating seedlings to determine whether there was dispersal into the adjacent habitat and to help pinpoint the timing of any selection against migrants.• Key results: We documented within‐serpentine adaptation contributing to habitat isolation between close relatives. Both species were adapted to the edaphic conditions in their native region and suffered fitness trade‐offs when moved outside that region. However, observed fitness values did not perfectly match those predicted by edaphic variables alone, indicating that other factors, such as competition, also contributed to plant fitness. Soil water content and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium were likely drivers of differential fitness. Plants either had limited dispersal ability or migrants experienced early‐season mortality outside their native region.• Conclusions: Demonstrating that continuous habitats can support differently adapted, yet closely related, taxa is important to a broader understanding of how species are generated and maintained in nature.