bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advancements in Structural Well Integrity Design and Operation
Authors: Buchmiller David , Rengard Ole , Haug Lars Tore , Horte Torfinn , Grytoyr Guttorm , Katla Erling 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
With the heightened focus on safety in drilling operations, Det Norske Veritas(DNV) AS together with the drilling industry has started development of aseries of Recommended Practices (RP) for structural design and operation ofdrilling and well systems. The motivation for developing the industryguidelines stems from the fact that existing international standards providelimited or no guidance on overall system design and structural integrity. Theaim in creating the new RP series is to provide a sound framework for theentire drilling and well system in a systematic manner. The new RP seriestackles issues such as system engineering and interface design as well asproviding detail guidance on strength and fatigue calculation and informationand integrity management.
It is seen as crucial that the drilling industry incorporates and adheres to asystematic and consistent method for safe design and operation of itsequipment.
The RP development is part of an ongoing joint industry project (JIP)facilitated by DNV with participation from BG Group, BP, Chevron, Det Norske, Eni, ExxonMobil, GDF Suez, Lundin, Marathon, Nexen, Shell, Statoil, Talisman, Total and Woodside. The core of the RP series provides an overall design andoperational philosophy of drilling and well systems, and as there typically aremany individual components in a drilling and well system, the RP seriesprovides guidelines with regard to interface interactions and control ofresponsibility throughout a well's entire lifetime. The RP series combines thestrengths of the already existing design methodologies available in theindustry today, and provides specific guidance on structural strength andfatigue design. As such it represents a significant improvement derived fromkey elements of the best practices from around the world.
The RP series consists of 4 separate volumes. Volume 1 provides an overalldesign philosophy for drilling and well equipment; Volume 2 covers strengthcapacity design, i.e. ULS/ALS. Volume 3 covers fatigue design, i.e. FLS andVolume 4 addresses integrity and information management.

Introduction
Ensuring structural integrity of drilling and well systems has been importantin the offshore industry ever since the first offshore wells were drilled inthe Gulf of Mexico. With current technology and its challenges where manyconductor and wellhead systems are located on the seabed and connected to anoffshore drilling unit, structural integrity has become a focus area for thedrilling industry. Even with current international codes and standardsavailable, a systematic method for ensuring structural integrity of the wellsystem has yet to be fully implemented. Ensuring structural well integrity isdefined in the JIP project as taking into account all of the loads acting onthe well system during its lifetime, i.e. drilling, completion, production, workover/intervention and plug and abandonment.
Qualification of Unbonded Dynamic Flexible Riser With Carbon Fibre Composite Armors
Authors: Do Anh Tuan , Lambert Anais 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
With the increasing water depth of offshore field developments, the suspendedweight and the fatigue performance of dynamic risers become more and more oftena driving design factor. The use of light weight composite materials is ideallysuited to this challenge as the strength/weight ratio of a typical carbon fibrecomposite material can be an order of magnitude greater than the equivalentsteel solution. The introduction of this technology to a new domain such asflexible risers requires careful consideration of material selection andqualification criteria.
When developing a composite material the key point is to perform the rightselection of carbon fibre and matrix, that is able to sustain continuouslyduring twenty or thirty years both the mechanical loading and theenvironment.
The exceptional fatigue performance of the Carbon fibre composite under axialloads makes it a material perfectly suited for tensile armour reinforcement indynamic deepwater risers. In case of sour service conditions generated by thepresence of H2S, the structural layers of a classical flexible pipe require theuse of steel with reduced mechanical properties (i.e sour grade). The typicalcombination of sour service conditions and Ultra-Deep Water (UDW) riserapplications generates a design of considerable weight and top tension. Forsuch applications, the advantages of Carbon Fibre Armours (CFA) are twofold dueto the fact that CFA has a higher strength/weight ratio and is also notsensitive to H2S.
Technip has been engaged for a number of years in the development andqualification program of CFA. The high level performance of the qualifiedflexible pipe integrating CFA allows now to propose light weight flexible risersolution and also allows to reduce or to remove the requirement for buoyancyelements for UDW configurations.
The first part of this paper is dedicated to the comparison of flexible risersystems designed with CFA versus steel armour flexible pipe.
The second part of this paper will focus on the material tests and full-scaleflexible pipe prototype qualification. In particular, results generated duringthe last full scale test will be presented with the associated qualifiedapplication domain.
Wireless Reservoir Surveillance Using Intelligent Tracers
Authors: Williams Brock , Nyhavn Fridtjof 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Offshore developments in deepwater are very high cost ventures in complexreservoir environments. Seismic imaging challenges induce significantuncertainty in reservoir descriptions. Reservoir surveillance, especiallyinflow distribution across the reservoir interval, is a valuable contributor tounderstanding reservoir performance however acquiring this information usingconventional technology, such as production logging tools, is very problematicin the deepwater environment where wireline intervention into live wells is amajor risk and cost.
Intelligent chemical tracers are a new technology that provides insight intothe inflow distribution without intervention operations or major alterations tothe completion design. The tracers consist of smart plastic and unique chemicalcompounds that are combined into a matrix that resembles strips of plastic. Thematrix is designed to be sensitive to either oil or water. For example, whenwater sensitive matrix is contacted by water, the matrix releases its uniquechemical fingerprint (tracer) at a prescribed rate. The water sensitive matrixis dormant when contacted by oil, gas or air. Oil sensitive matrix behavesexactly the same way but with oil being the target fluid.
Unique chemical tracers are deployed at strategic locations in the completionso that fluids entering the completion contact the tracers. At the surface, samples are taken and analyzed for the presence and concentration of eachunique tracer that has been deployed in the completion. The concentration datais plotted vs time and produced fluid. Analysis of these plots can yieldanswers to very valuable reservoir management questions like:Are all the intervals producing?What is the relative contribution of each interval?Where is water break-thru occurring?
This paper reviews:How the technology works.Interpretation techniques.Case histories of intelligent tracer responses.The value this knowledge can bring to deepwater reservoir management.
Subsea Intervention Tool for Deep Waters and Harsh Environments
Authors: Kleinen Torsten , Knodt Steffen , von Wirth Hermann-Josef 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
When offshore oil and gas production goes deeper (more than 2,000 mWD) or intopartly ice covered regions you have to think about different methods /scenarios of preparatory work, installations, maintenance anddecommissioning.
Based on this the technical challenges have to be identified and you have tofind proper strategies and solutions - different to actual ones.
By changing the available tools a step far beyond actual limitations ispossible.
Asphaltene Deposition Tool: Field Case Application Protocol
Authors: Kurup Anjushri Sreedh , Buckley Jill S. , Wang Jianxin , Subramani Hariprasad J. , Creek Jefferson Louis , Chapman Walter G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In the petroleum industry, arterial deposition of asphaltenes is one of theissues requiring flow assurance consideration during asset development. As thephysical or chemical conditions inside the reservoir, and hence the wellbore, changes, the originally stable asphaltenes in the oil, can precipitate, potentially leading to deposition in the wellbore. The arterial deposition ofasphalenes then would reduce the production rate of oil. Remediation bysolvent-soaks and squeezes is expensive, on the order of several milliondollars. The economic impact of such deposition must be anticipated and asuitable philosophy for management of these deposits should be developed. A keyitem in the successful management of asphaltene deposition requires reasonableestimation tools regarding the growth rate and location of deposits since thiseffects the gross up time of the production facility being designed.
In this work, a simulation tool that can be used to predict the amount ofgrowth rate and location of asphaltene deposits in wellbores / pipelines ispresented. In this asphaltenes deposition simulator, the transport equationsare coupled with kinetic models to describe the precipitation, aggregation, anddeposition of asphaltenes. The phase behavior of asphaltenes in oil isdescribed by using the Perturbed Chain version of Statistical Associating FluidTheory Equation of State (PC-SAFT EOS). In this paper, the protocol that needsto be followed for the application of this deposition simulator to ascertaingrowth rate and location of asphaltenes in field scenarios is presented. Theexperimental methods required to obtain the kinetic model parameters are alsodiscussed. Application of the simulator to study asphaltene deposition in oneof the pipelines in the Gulf of Mexico that has reported asphaltene depositionproblems is also presented.
Online Structural Integrity Monitoring of Fixed Offshore Structures
Authors: Manzocchi Mark , Wang Liangsheng , Wilson Mark 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Natural frequency monitoring of offshore platforms is a valuable tool forstructural integrity management. Online structural integrity monitoring assumeseven greater significance when platforms are highly susceptible to damage dueto environmental wave loading and fatigue processes. The implementation of anonline monitoring system allows rapid detection of member failures therebyminimizing the possibility of exposure to a high risk of platform collapsebetween inspection intervals and improving the structural reliability. Thispaper illustrates an application of online structural natural frequencymonitoring applied to a fixed North Sea jacket structure and describes how itis used within the context of structural integrity management.

Introduction
Structural failure of offshore platforms can lead to loss of life, loss ofasset and environmental pollution, and this risk needs to be reduced to anacceptable level. Monitoring of structural integrity of offshore fixedplatforms is essential for ensuring their safety in service. Structuralmonitoring measures the structural response with damage being identified by achange in the measured response such as natural frequency (Roitman et al. 1992, Sanderson et al. 2002), flexibility (Sunder and Ting 1985), accelerations(Hillis and Courtney 2011) and vibration modes (Li et al. 2008, Mangal et al.2001). The UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) published a state of the artreview on the offshore structural monitoring techniques (OTO 97 040 and OTO 98046).
Many offshore fixed platforms are approaching or have exceeded their originaldesign life, with a good proportion seeking life extensions. Maintainingstructural integrity of aging offshore structures is an ever increasingchallenge. Consequently, there is a growing interest in techniques that onlinemonitor the state of a structure. The assessment of remaining life can beenhanced with knowledge of the structural performance during a period of time, resulting from the use of online monitoring. These can provide both acost-effective solution to integrity management, as well as providing acontinuous output on the state of the structure. The implementation of anonline monitoring system allows for instantly detecting member failures therebyminimizing the possibility of exposure to an elevated risk of platform collapsebetween inspection intervals and improving the structural reliability. Onlinestructural integrity monitoring assumes even greater significance whenplatforms are highly susceptible to damage due to environmental wave loadingand fatigue processes. This paper illustrates an application of naturalfrequency based online structural integrity monitoring applied to the CNRInternational-operated Ninian Southern Platform, which is sensitive to fatiguedamage, and describes how online structural monitoring is used within thecontext of structural integrity management.
Autonomous Inspection Vehicle: A New Dimension in Life of Field Operations
Authors: Jamieson James , Wilson Lee , Arredondo Miguel , Evans Jonathan , Hamilton Kelvin , Sotzing Christopher 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A new tool for subsea inspection in the offshore oil and gas industry iscurrently going through performance and qualification testing. The AutonomousInspection Vehicle (AIV) has been designed and built by Subsea7 and SeeByte Ltdto provide the industry with a valuable tool capable of making a positivecontribution to Life of Field operations.
The station keeping and hovering ability of the AIV is the next step in theevolution of autonomous systems in the marine environment. Survey classautonomous vehicles have already shown their value with improved data qualityand efficiencies over traditional methods. The first commercial AIV will becapable of many of the inspection tasks currently carried out by RemotelyOperated Vehicles (ROV). Regular inspection data of risers, pipelines andseabed equipment can be gathered using a single AIV operating directly from anoffshore facility. A more rapid assessment of a field can be made usingmultiple systems operating together from a single support vessel. This has notbeen done before with a commercial vehicle and hence is truly leading edgetechnology.
The paper will outline some of the technical challenges in creating the vehicleand how the use of advanced simulation linked to practical testing is beingused to ensure the performance of the system. Finally the paper will draw aparallel with the evolution of subsea infrastructure that has fully enabled thecapability of the ROV and demonstrate how the introduction of autonomoustechnology should be considered with confidence.

Introduction
Subsea 7 is a major engineering and construction company supplying a range ofservices and technologies primarily into the offshore oil and gas industry. Thecompany operates a worldwide fleet of high specification subsea constructionand Inspection vessels together with over 100 ROVs. The company is activelyinvolved in bringing new and innovative technologies to the market to supportits operational focus. The development of autonomous underwater vehicles is onesuch technology.
SeeByte is a cutting-edge software company that develops some of the world'smost advanced software for managing unmanned and remote assets. The company isfocused on advancing autonomous vehicle development and is actively involved inmajor programs of work for international customers. SeeByte brings a proventrack record of de-risking and demonstrating this technology for customers inmilitary, offshore and subsea sectors.
Theoretical and Experimental Investigation on Underwater Ground Anchors
Authors: Sciacca Leonello , Valmori Fausto , melegari cesare , maletti Fabio , Lenzi Maurizio , Campana Paola 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Deepening of harbours has become a priority, necessary to the ongoing operationof the wharves in the face of deeper draft merchant vessels and cruise ships. It is now standard practice in many areas to provide for harbours to be dredgedto significant depths below mean sea level, in the order of 12.00 m (39 ft) forexisting berths and 15.00 m (49 ft) for new wharf construction. The RavennaPort Authority initiated a project to deepen the harbour bottom at selectedwharves to a depth of 12.00 m (39 ft). In preference to reconstruction of thewharves with longer and heavier sheet piling or other equally disruptivereconstruction, they identified the structural reinforcement of the existingwharves by means of deep underwater tie rods as a possible alternativecost-effective solution.
Having defined the design concept, effort was concentrated on developing therequired technology. A technique, already in use for the installation of tierods by means of robotics, was identified as potentially suitable forunderwater use. It was decided to carry out the fine tuning and the evolutionof the technology for a marine environment of the robot unit and of the relatedremote control software that controls the installation of the tie rods. Anexperimental test site was set up to refine the drilling, installation, grouting, monitoring and testing of underwater tie rods. The purpose was toconfirm the feasibility of the proposed solution and the reliability of thesetie rods for use in the reinforcement and construction of wharves.
The paper also discusses the theoretical and experimental study of underwatertie rods dealing with the theoretical analysis of the interaction between tierod and soil, aimed at identifying the correlation between the forces ofapplied traction and the corresponding measured elongations. A series of testswere carried out with positive results, both at the operating load of 300 kN(67 kips) and at the nominal maximum load of 630 kN (142 kips). The tests werecarried out on seven tie rods, of which three were installed at a depth of 5.00m (16 ft), principally to test the reliability of the operating and remotecontrol systems in the presence of a significant hydrostatic pressure, and fourwere placed at a depth of 8.00 m (26 ft) to check the load bearing capabilityof the tie rods positioned at the depth called for by the currentproject.

Introduction
In a port environment, deepening of the harbour is increasingly becoming apriority requirement, necessary for guaranteeing the ongoing operability of thewharves in the face of a continual increase in traffic and in the tonnages ofmerchant and cruise ships. Hence it is now standard practice that ports'regulatory plans provide for harbours to be dredged to significant depthscompared to mean sea level, in the order of 12.00 m for existing berths and15.00 m for new wharf construction.
Marlim 3 Phase Subsea Separation System: Subsea Process Design and Technology Qualification Program
Authors: Capela Moraes Carlos Alberto , da Silva Fabricio Soares , Marins Luiz Philipe Martinez , Monteiro Andre Sampaio , de Oliveira Dennis Azevedo , Pereira Rafael Merenda , Pereira Rogerio da Silva , Alves Amadeu , Raposo Gelmirez Martins , Orlowski Rene , Figueiredo Laura , Folhadella Heloisa , Mikkelsen Rene , Kolbu Jolstein , McKenzie Lachlan , Elamin Zabia M.F. , McClimans Ole Thomas 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper presents the selected concept, the main challenges of the adoptedscenario and in consequence the requirements for a development of an extensiveTechnological Qualification Program performed on the components and on thewhole sub-sea water separation and re-injection pilot system for Marlim field -known as SSAO Marlim Project. Due to being a pioneer project, even consideringthe previous Troll and Tordis sub-sea separation and re-injection systems, itwas necessary to perform a very extensive and broad Technological QualificationProgram (TQP). Two main characteristics of the SSAO project are responsible forthe mentioned pioneer character of the project. Initially, in opposition to thementioned existing systems, separated water has to be re-injected in theproduction reservoir formation, due to non available disposal reservoir inproduction field area. Thus, required water quality, relating to oil andsediment content after separation, was very strict in order to avoid loss ofinjectivity. Furthermore, due to the deep water depth of the installation site(870 m) and due to the fact that the SSAO is a pilot for future deep waterinstallations, conventional gravity separators - as used in the mentionedprojects - would not be feasible and new technologies, not yet used elsewhere, have to be adopted.
LNG as a Fuel for Offshore Vessels - Bunkering Technology
Authors: Hodgson Mark Andrew , Lee David 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The shipping industry is on the cusp of great change in improving itsenvironmental emissions profile and particularly those to air. Amongst otherfactors, forthcoming international environmental legislation and legislationalready in place nationally and regionally has driven the emerging use ofliquefied natural gas (LNG) as a potential clean fuel option. Whilst LNG hasbeen used for more than 40 years on board the world's LNG carrier fleet, it isa relatively new application in other shipping sectors such as Offshore SupportVessels (OSVs).
As a result, LNG fuelled vessel designs are being developed globally for thismarket including OSVs and indeed various LNG fuelled vessels have beendelivered or ordered.
Global LNG shore infrastructure is presently limited to LNG terminals focussedon the LNG shipping industry and for the few LNG fuelled vessel applicationssuch as passenger ferries, small scale stations consisting of either bunkeringdirect from shore installation or from LNG distribution truck.
Based on internal development with engineering partners and with learning fromthe existing LNG shipping industry, this paper will describe LNG bunkeringtechnology options for small and larger scale bunkering stations includingharbour bunkering from a barge, that will be required for a wider range of LNGfuelled applications across the shipping industry, including OSV application. Since the concepts are immature, regulatory regimes are presently in similarcondition and as such, the paper will address the codes, standards and featuresanticipated in LNG bunkering.
Since the emergence of LNG as a fuel will potentially have a substantial effecton shipping arguably not seen in more than 25 years, the development of LNGfuelling transfer technology that captures existing and novel LNG transferdesign and practice for application in the offshore oil industry is a keyenabler for achieving improved emissions targets in the offshore support andother shipping sectors.