bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting factors of plural hospitalization with pneumonia in low‐birthweight infants
Authors: Torigoe Katsumi , Sasaki Sunao , Hoshina Jun , Torigoe Tsukasa , Hojo Moemi , Emura Shigehito , Kojima Kinuko , Onozuka Junya , Isobe Masatsugu , Numata Osamu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground:  Children with a history of low birthweight (LBW) are often hospitalized with plural episodes of pneumonia after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. The aim of this study was to clarify the multiple factors predisposing them to developing three or more hospitalizations with pneumonia and whether the factors are related to their own prematurity. We also aimed to determine a predictable numerical formula for three or more episodes.Methods:  Fourteen patients with two hospitalizations with pneumonia were grouped into group A. Fourteen patients with at least three episodes during the same investigation period were grouped into group B. The quantification theory type III was employed to investigate the similarities among the items and the gravity of each attribution in the two groups. To evaluate the items of discrimination of both groups, six items were analyzed by the quantification theory type II.Results:  The dominant order of items contributing to the grouping was as follows: methicillin‐resistant staphylococcus aureus detection (partial correlation coefficient = 0.5284), asthmatic attack (partial correlation coefficient = 0.4138), severe motor and intellectual disability, Haemophilus influenzae, accompanying diseases and chronic lung disease. A predicting numerical formula was attained from these results. The success rate of discrimination was 85.7%. The six items seemed to be related to the patients' own prematurity.Conclusions:  The authors emphasize that plural hospitalizations with pneumonia in the patients with LBW might be caused by the combined influence of six clinical factors as well as their own prematurity.
Hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency and iodine levels in enteral formulas
Authors: Shiga Katsuaki , Kodama Hiroko , Kaga Fumiaya , Izumi Youichi , Nakamoto Natsue , Fujisawa Chie 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground:  A 4‐year‐old female patient was diagnosed with hypothyroidism caused by iodine deficiency. The patient's iodine levels in serum and urine were significantly low. The iodine concentration in the enteral formula was 1.6 µg/100 kcal as measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The patient's iodine intake while receiving the enteral formula was calculated to be 16 µg/day, which is much lower than the recommended dietary reference intake of 80 µg for children aged 3–5 years. The purpose of this study was to assess iodine concentrations in 20 enteral nutritional formulas available in Japan in order to assess whether low iodine concentration is a characteristic of one specific formula or whether it is a more prevalent problem.Methods:  Iodine concentrations in 20 popular nutritional formulas available in Japan, for which iodine content is not indicated in the ingredient list, were analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Results:  Iodine concentrations were less than 5 µg/100 kcal and less than 10 µg/100 kcal in 13 and 18 enteral nutritional formulas, respectively.Conclusions:  Most of the enteral nutritional formulas analyzed had low iodine concentrations. These findings suggest that iodine deficiency is a likely outcome in patients who receive these formulas for a prolonged period.
Reputation and Corporate Social Responsibility Aberrations, Trends, and Hypocrisy: Reactions to Firm Choices in the Stock Option Backdating Scandal
Authors: Janney Jay J. , Gove Steve 
Published: November 2010

abstractDrawing on strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) and reputation theory, this paper examines the market reaction to firm disclosures of involvement in the US stock option backdating scandal. We examine how a firm's prior signals regarding ethical behaviour and values, as demonstrated through CSR initiatives, may both ameliorate and exacerbate market reactions. CSR initiatives may buffer a firm against general wrong‐doing but expose it to greater scrutiny and sanction for related wrong‐doing. Our results show that firms with enhanced overall reputations for CSR are partially buffered from scandal revelations. However, we find that when firms possess an enhanced reputation for CSR associated with corporate governance, violations pertaining specifically to governance are viewed as hypocritical and more harshly sanctioned. We also find lower and negative market reactions for firms that delay but self‐disclose their involvement in the scandal. The study extends the emergent, related literatures on strategic CSR and reputation management, and documents dynamics in the relationship between corporate social and financial performance.
Antihypertensive activity of transgenic rice seed containing an 18‐repeat novokinin peptide localized in the nucleolus of endosperm cells
Authors: Wakasa Yuhya , Zhao Hui , Hirose Sakiko , Yamauchi Daiki , Yamada Yuko , Yang Lijun , Ohinata Kousaku , Yoshikawa Masaaki , Takaiwa Fumio 
Published: November 2010

SummaryNovokinin (Arg‐Pro‐Leu‐Lys‐Pro‐Trp, RPLKPW) is a new potent antihypertensive peptide based on the sequence of ovokinin (2–7) derived from ovalbumin. We previously generated transgenic rice seeds in which eight novokinin were fused to storage protein glutelins (GluA2 and GluC) for expression. Oral administration of these seeds to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) reduced systolic blood pressures at a dose of 1 g seed/kg of SHR. Here, 10‐ or 18‐tandem repeats of novokinin with an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (Lys‐Asp‐Glu‐Leu, KDEL) at the C terminus were directly expressed in rice under the control of the glutelin promoter containing its signal peptide. Only small amounts of the 18‐repeat novokinin accumulated, and it was unexpectedly deposited in the nucleolus. This abnormal intracellular localization was explained by an endogenous signal for nuclear localization. The GFP reporter protein fused to this sequence targeted to nuclei by a transient assay using onion epidermal cells. Transgenic seed expressing the 18‐repeat novokinin exhibited significantly higher antihypertensive activity after a single oral dose to SHR even at one‐quarter the amount (0.25 g/kg) of the transgenic rice seed expressing the fusion construct; though, its novokinin content was much lower (1/5). Furthermore, in a long‐term administration for 5 weeks, even a smaller dose (0.0625 g/kg) of transgenic seeds could confer antihypertensive activity. This high antihypertensive activity may be attributed to differences in digestibility of expressed products by gastrointestinal enzymes and the unique intracellular localization. These results indicate that accumulation of novokinin as a tandemly repeated structure in transgenic rice is more effective than as a fusion‐type structure.
The Organization of Working Time in the Knowledge Economy: An Insight into the Working Time Patterns of Consultants in the UK and the USA
Authors: Donnelly Rory 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe development of the knowledge economy is creating new and diverse working time patterns. This study uses survey and qualitative interview data from consultants operating as organizational employees, as well as those acting as freelance contractors to explore the organization of working time among knowledge workers in the UK and the USA. The findings reveal how these forms of employment and national context shape and produce complex nuances in the working patterns and experiences of these important highly skilled workers.
Hail the impossible:p‐values, evidence, and likelihood
Authors: JOHANSSON TOBIAS 
Published: November 2010

Johansson, T. (2011). Hail the impossible:p‐values, evidence, and likelihood.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 113–125.Significance testing based onp‐values is standard in psychological research and teaching. Typically, research articles and textbooks present and usepas a measure of statistical evidence against the null hypothesis (the Fisherian interpretation), although using concepts and tools based on a completely different usage ofpas a tool for controlling long‐term decision errors (the Neyman–Pearson interpretation). There are four major problems with usingpas a measure of evidence and these problems are often overlooked in the domain of psychology. First,pis uniformly distributed under the null hypothesis and can therefore never indicate evidence for the null. Second,pis conditioned solely on the null hypothesis and is therefore unsuited to quantify evidence, because evidence is always relative in the sense of being evidence for or against a hypothesis relative to another hypothesis. Third,pdesignates probability of obtaining evidence (given the null), rather than strength of evidence. Fourth,pdepends on unobserved data and subjective intentions and therefore implies, given the evidential interpretation, that the evidential strength of observed data depends on things that did not happen and subjective intentions. In sum, usingpin the Fisherian sense as a measure of statistical evidence is deeply problematic, both statistically and conceptually, while the Neyman–Pearson interpretation is not about evidence at all. In contrast, the likelihood ratio escapes the above problems and is recommended as a tool for psychologists to represent the statistical evidence conveyed by obtained data relative to two hypotheses.
Korean deaf adolescents’ recognition of written words for taxonomic categories of different levels
Authors: LI DEGAO , YI KWANGOH , KIM JUNG YEON 
Published: November 2010

Li, D., Yi, K. & Kim, J.Y. (2011). Korean deaf adolescents’ recognition of written words for taxonomic categories of different levels. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 105–112.Deaf college students seem to have relatively stronger associations from words for taxonomic categories of basic (e.g., snake) to those of super‐ordinate (e.g., reptiles) level than vice versa compared with hearing students in word association (Marschark, Convertino, McEvoy & Masteller, 2004). In deciding whether two sequentially presented words for taxonomic categories of different levels are conceptually related, deaf adolescents might therefore have a poorer performance when they see a category name before than when they see it after one of the corresponding exemplar words. Deaf Korean adolescents were found to recognize words for taxonomic categories of super‐ordinate level with lower efficiencies than those of basic level. Their accuracy seemed to reflect a reversed typicality effect when they decided that first‐presented words for taxonomic categories of basic level were conceptually related to second‐presented words for those of super‐ordinate level. It was argued that deaf Korean adolescents went through a temporary stage of having iconic representations of several exemplars of the category aroused in working memory before the abstract semantic representation was fully activated when they saw the word for a taxonomic category of super‐ordinate level.
Incomplete Regulation, Competition, and Entry in Increasing Returns to Scale Industries
Authors: BIANCINI SARA 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe paper analyzes the effects of liberalization in increasing returns to scale industries. It determines the optimal regulation of an incumbent competing with an unregulated strategic competitor, when public funds are costly. The model reveals the trade‐off between productive and allocative efficiency. Moreover, the welfare gains from liberalization, as compared with regulated monopoly, are a nonmonotonic function of the cost of public funds. Finally, in the case of severe governmental cash constraints, incomplete regulation may dominate the full regulation of duopoly.
Ex PostWelfare under Alternative Health Care Systems
Authors: LEACH JOHN 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe implications of a societal aversion to inequality for the optimal structure of the health care system are studied. The agents are assumed to be ex ante identical, but to differ ex post in the state of their health. Inequality aversion is introduced by postulating a strictly concave ex post social welfare function. It is shown that the optimal public health care system allocates health care differently than would private health insurance; specifically, people who are relatively unhealthy with and without treatment receive more health care, and people who are relatively healthy with and without treatment receive less health care. The aggregate quantity of health care under the optimal public health care system can be either greater or smaller than under private health care insurance. If the public health care system is optimally designed, allowing agents to purchase supplementary private health care insurance cannot raise social welfare and is likely to decrease it.
Public Expenditure, Environment, and Economic Growth
Authors: BARMAN TRISHITA RAY , GUPTA MANASH RANJAN 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper attempts to develop a model of endogenous growth with special consideration to the role of productive public expenditure in the presence of congestion effect of private capital and environmental pollution. We analyze the properties of the optimal fiscal policy in the steady‐state equilibrium when the level of production of the final good is the source of emission. Government allocates its income tax revenue between pollution abatement expenditure and productive public expenditure. In the steady‐state equilibrium, optimum ratio of productive public expenditure to national income is less than the competitive output share of the public input; and this ratio varies inversely with the magnitude of the emission‐output coefficient. The steady‐state equilibrium appears to be a saddle point; and the market economy growth rate is not necessarily less than the socially efficient growth rate in the steady‐state equilibrium.
MOTHERHOOD IN CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM: Critiques, Realities, and Possibilities
Authors: Oh Irene 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTCommon experiences of mothering offer profound critiques of maternal ethical norms found in both Christianity and Islam. The familiar responsibilities of caring for children, assumed by the majority of Christian and Muslim women, provide the basis for reassessing sacrificial and selfless love, protesting unjust religious and political systems, and dismantling romanticized notions of childcare. As a distinctive category of women's experience, motherhood may offer valuable perspectives necessary for remedying injustices that afflict mothers and children in particular, as well as for developing cross‐cultural understandings of justice in general.
CHRISTIAN REALISM AND AUGUSTINIAN (?) LIBERALISM
Authors: Kaufman Peter Iver 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTAugustine's ontology, ecclesiology, and soteriology have recently been mined to help Christian realists and liberals respond to the problems that pluralism and conflict create for democratic societies. The results challenge those secularists who object to the late antique prelate's “moralizing” as well as others who insist that “public reason”—not religious traditions—makes for more meaningful political conversations and for collaboration “across differences.” But the results also raise the question whether Augustine would have gone along with the realists and liberals he has inspired and outfitted.
Comment on ‘Competition Tests with a Non-Structural Model: The Panzar–Rosse Method Applied to Germany’s Savings Banks’
Authors: Neumann Manfred 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In a recent issue of this journal Gischer and Stiele (2009) applied the ‘Test for ‘‘Monopoly’’ Equilibrium’ advanced by Panzar and Rosse (1987) to German savings banks and came up with the claim that savings banks maximize profits under conditions of monopolistic competition in the meaning of Edward Chamberlin. Their proposition is not conclusive since it would require free entry and for savings banks to operate under increasing returns to scale. Available evidence, however, shows them being subject to constant or decreasing returns to scale. The empirical findings of Gischer and Stiele can more convincingly be explained by assuming savings banks abide by their legal goals to pursue the public interest.
Does the Quality of Corporate Governance Affect Firm Valuation and Risk? Evidence from a Corporate Governance Scorecard in Hong Kong*
Authors: CHEUNG YAN‐LEUNG , STOURAITIS ARIS , TAN WEIQIANG 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTUsing Hong Kong firm data, we construct an index of corporate governance during 2002–2005, which scores the corporate governance practices of listed companies from the public shareholders' perspective based on the Organization for Economic Corporation and Development Principles of Corporate Governance. The findings show that family firms and firms with concentrated ownership structures are associated with bad corporate governance. The evidence also shows that these firms improve their corporate governance practices slower than their peers. Overall, the quality of corporate governance is very significant in explaining future company stock returns and risk. Good corporate governance is associated with both higher stock returns and with lower risk. Improvements in corporate governance are associated with significantly higher stock returns and lower company risk.
Foreign Investors' Reaction to Lower Profitability – The Role of Information Asymmetry*
Authors: BERGLUND TOM , WESTERHOLM P. JOAKIM 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTOwners of firms in trouble are more exposed to moral hazard problems than owners of successful firms. Foreign owners who face higher costs to monitor the firm should be more vulnerable to these problems than domestic ones. Consequently, a downward revision in a firm's expected future earnings should push foreign investors to sell their shares to a larger extent than domestic investors. We test this hypothesis on profit warnings issued at the Helsinki Stock Exchange. Our results reveal that in the wake of profit warnings foreign investors will predominantly sell, while domestic investors pick up the net sales by foreigners. Differences in the scale of the foreign investor sell‐out reaction are explained by a number of variables. The most significant one is our proxy for the magnitude of surprise in the warning. The reaction also increases with the degree of perceived information asymmetry for the firm that issued the warning, while foreign members on the firm's board have a moderating impact. By contrast, a number of general corporate governance‐related variables have no statistically significant impact on the reaction.
Sources of variability in canopy reflectance and the convergent properties of plants
Authors: Ollinger S. V. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryHow plants interact with sunlight is central to the existence of life and provides a window to the functioning of ecosystems. Although the basic properties of leaf spectra have been known for decades, interpreting canopy‐level spectra is more challenging because leaf‐level effects are complicated by a host of stem‐ and canopy‐level traits. Progress has been made through empirical analyses and models, although both methods have been hampered by a series of persistent challenges. Here, I review current understanding of plant spectral properties with respect to sources of uncertainty at leaf to canopy scales. I also discuss the role of evolutionary convergence in plant functioning and the difficulty of identifying individual properties among a suite of interrelated traits. A pattern that emerges suggests a synergy among the scattering effects of leaf‐, stem‐ and canopy‐level traits that becomes most apparent in the near‐infrared (NIR) region. This explains the widespread and well‐known importance of the NIR region in vegetation remote sensing, but presents an interesting paradox that has yet to be fully explored: that we can often gain more insight about the functioning of plants by examining wavelengths that are not used in photosynthesis than by examining those that are.

Contents

Summary
375

I.
Introduction
376

II.
Physical properties of incident radiation
377

III.
Sources of variability in vegetation reflectance
378

IV.
The combined effects of multiple traits on whole‐canopy reflectance
383

V.
Functional convergence among optically important traits
387

VI.
Conclusions
389

Acknowledgements
389

References
390
Wound care by district nurses at primary healthcare centres: a challenging task without authority or resources
Authors: Friman Anne , Klang Birgitta , Ebbeskog Britt 
Published: November 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 426–434

Wound care by district nurses at primary healthcare centres – a challenging task without authority or resources There is a lack of studies that describes how district nurses experience the care they provide in connection with wound care. The aim of this study was therefore to describe district nurses experiences of their nursing actions when treating patients with different kinds of wounds at primary healthcare centres and in the home care in order to increase understanding of this kind of care. A qualitative, descriptive study was conducted, with interviews of eight district nurses. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Three themes and nine sub‐themes were identified. The first theme included two sub‐themes which revealed that in performing wound care district nurses feel responsible for administering wound care, and they feel confident in making independent assessments. The second theme included three sub‐themes which revealed that district nurses endeavour to assess all aspects of their patient’s situation and to maintain continuity in both their contact with the patient and the treatment. A treatment plan for wound care and regular reports were identified as being important in collaboration with other healthcare professionals. District nurses wanted their own procedure for referral to facilitate the patient’s direct contact with a dermatologist. The third theme included four sub‐themes which revealed difficulties associated with ambiguous organisation. Lack of time led to the dressing of wounds being delegated to nursing assistants. Limited access to treatment rooms and equipment made wound care difficult and inefficient. Wound care in the home care was regarded as challenging due to the lack of equipment, and poor lighting, ergonomics and hygiene. The results of this study thus identified the aspirations of district nurses to provide expert wound care while working independently. However, these aspirations were aggravated by organisational shortcomings, such as a lack of authority and the resources required to carry out their nursing actions optimally.