bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DECLINE OF MAGIC: CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE IN EARLY ENLIGHTENMENT ENGLAND
Authors: HUNTER MICHAEL 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThis article argues that, in order properly to understand the process by which the attitude of the educated towards magical beliefs became prevalently sceptical between the mid- seventeenth and the mid-eighteenth centuries, we need to re-examine the affiliations of ‘sadducism’ and its role in relation to orthodox thought. In late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century England, articulate scepticism about witchcraft and related phenomena seems to have become widespread in free-thinking circles, especially in London and predominantly in oral form. Because of the taint of irreligion with which such attitudes were associated, orthodox thinkers were inhibited from adopting them for a generation, while a vociferous minority mounted a counter-attack. In the early decades of the eighteenth century, however, it gradually became apparent that scepticism about such phenomena was less dangerous than it had initially appeared, and the orthodox began more cautiously to advocate such views themselves.
NEO-LIBERALISM AND MORALITY IN THE MAKING OF THATCHERITE SOCIAL POLICY
Authors: SUTCLIFFE-BRAITHWAITE FLORENCE 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTAfter 1945, neo-liberal thinkers and think-tanks in the US and UK outlined different state welfare systems for the poor, such as Milton Friedman's negative income tax. These were underpinned by a rational, economistic conception of human nature. Between 1975 and 1979, Thatcher's Conservative party abandoned attempts to develop comprehensive, state-led, paternalistic schemes to tackle poverty. Thatcherites focused instead on creating what they saw as a rational tax/benefit system which would provide a safety-net for the poor, but encourage effort and thrift. They attempted to marginalize the importance of state welfare for the middle classes, to re-invigorate the ‘bourgeois virtues’ which had flourished in Victorian Britain. A family-centred, moralistic individualism underpinned Thatcherite policies; this individualism was not precisely congruent with that of neo-liberal theorists. Its roots lay in personal sources (particularly Methodism), as well as home-grown discourses on poverty and a Hayekian fear of the state. Though Thatcherites took ideas from diverse sources, their political project had a single guiding purpose: the moral (and, secondarily, economic) rejuvenation of Britain. Thatcherism was, thus, an ‘ideology’ in the sense used by Michael Freeden.
KALEIDOSCOPES AND A LABYRINTH – THE MUSICAL VISION OF JUSTIN CONNOLLY
Authors: Gilbert Anthony 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis essay traces the development of Justin Connolly's music from the orchestral Antiphonies of 1966 through to the Piano Concerto of 2001–3, showing how within a remarkably consistent idiom there has been a slow process of focal change from a predominantly vertical structuring to a graciously complex, vertically rich, energetic linearity, embracing a wide variety of works on its unhurried journey, and by no means excluding drama and expressivity from its uncompromising idiom. Most of the analytical writing is on the Piano Concerto, which in its way summarizes all that precedes it, showing how a metaphorical labyrinth can be interestingly kaleidoscopic in its richness. The essay also demonstrates how, like several other British composers of his generation, Connolly has found his own individual, structurally significant way of bringing together techniques from the early Renaissance and the 20th century.
THE EVOLUTION OF FORM IN THE MUSIC OF ROGER REYNOLDS (II)
Authors: Boyd Michael 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis essay analyses the temporal structure of Roger Reynolds's The Palace (Voicespace IV) for baritone and four-channel computer generated sound (1978). Since 1970, Roger Reynolds has used logarithmically expanding and contracting proportions to define sectional durations in his music to the near-exclusion of other designs. Though this general practice is common to many of the composer‘s works, these proportions are employed in this one's formal structure in an idiosyncratic way that is truly unique to the piece. Using sketches from the composer's Library of Congress archive, the analysis demonstrates that the composer's selection of numerical data used to determine sectional boundaries in The Palace is intimately tied the work's conceptual impetus, Jorge Luis Borges's poem of the same title. Reynolds's formal design also reflects larger trends in Borges's writings, notably his short stories.
Perceptual quality of neighbourhood design and feelings of unsafety
Authors: DE DONDER LIESBETH , BUFFEL TINE , DURY SARAH , DE WITTE NICO , VERTÉ DOMINIQUE 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper takes the quality of life in the neighbourhood as a starting point and appeals to the framework of Age-friendly Cities to gain insights in how ‘the neighbourhood as a physical surrounding’ can either promote or hinder feelings of unsafety in later life. It examines the impact of the perceived design of the neighbourhood on feelings of unsafety in later life. Literature on the relationship between feelings of unsafety and the neighbourhood mainly concentrates on incivilities and disorder. Other physical-spatial features of the neighbourhood are rarely taken into consideration. Using data generated from the Belgian Ageing Studies (N=25,980) multivariate analyses indicate that a neighbourhood which is perceived to be physically adapted to the needs of older people (in terms of accessibility and distance to services) heightens feelings of safety. The findings demonstrate the need to reduce behaviour constraints by redesigning fear-related physical features. This conclusion raises practical implications and formulates a number of policy recommendations to tackle feelings of unsafety in an ageing society.
What counts as effective input for word learning?
Authors: SHNEIDMAN LAURA A. , ARROYO MICHELLE E. , LEVINE SUSAN C. , GOLDIN-MEADOW SUSAN 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe talk children hear from their primary caregivers predicts the size of their vocabularies. But children who spend time with multiple individuals also hear talk that others direct to them, as well as talk not directed to them at all. We investigated the effect of linguistic input on vocabulary acquisition in children who routinely spent time with one vs. multiple individuals. For all children, the number of words primary caregivers directed to them at age 2 ; 6 predicted vocabulary size at age 3 ; 6. For children who spent time with multiple individuals, child-directed words fromallhousehold members also predicted later vocabulary and accounted for more variance in vocabulary than words from primary caregivers alone. Interestingly, overheard words added no predictive value to the model. These findings suggest that speech directed to children is important for early word learning, even in households where a sizable proportion of input comes from overheard speech.
Acute Lung Injury Induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin B: Disruption of Terminal Vessels as a Mechanism of Induction of Vascular Leak
Authors: Saeed Ali Imran , Rieder Sadiye Amcaoglu , Price Robert L. , Barker James , Nagarkatti Prakash , Nagarkatti Mitzi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe current hypothesis of alveolar capillary membrane dysfunction fails to completely explain the severe and persistent leak of protein-rich fluid into the pulmonary interstitium, seen in the exudative phase of acute lung injury (ALI). The presence of intact red blood cells in the pulmonary interstitium may suggest mechanical failure of pulmonary arterioles and venules. These studies involved the pathological and ultrastructural evaluation of the pulmonary vasculature in Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)-induced ALI. Administration of SEB resulted in a significant increase in the protein concentration of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and vascular leak in SEB-exposed mice compared to vehicle-treated mice.In vivoimaging of mice demonstrated the pulmonary edema and leakage in the lungs of SEB-administered mice. The histopathological studies showed intense clustering of inflammatory cells around the alveolar capillaries with subtle changes in architecture. Electron microscopy studies further confirmed the diffuse damage and disruption in the muscularis layer of the terminal vessels. Cell death in the endothelial cells of the terminal vessels was confirmed with TUNEL staining. In this study, we demonstrated that in addition to failure of the alveolar capillary membrane, disruption of the pulmonary arterioles and venules may explain the persistent and severe interstitial and alveolar edema.
Sensitivity of hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors to mild stress in BDNF-deficient mice
Authors: Burke Teresa F. , Advani Tushar , Adachi Megumi , Monteggia Lisa M. , Hensler Julie G. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors in brain play an important role in cognitive and integrative functions, as well as emotional states. Decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and/or function, particularly in hippocampus, are implicated in the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders such as major depression. BDNF+/− mice are more vulnerable to stress than wild-type mice, exhibiting behavioural despair after mild handling stress. We examined the effect of mild handling stress on 5-HT1A receptor function, as measured by 8-OH-DPAT stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding, in BDNF+/− mice and mice with a forebrain-specific reduction in BDNF (embryonic BDNF inducible knockout mice). Our data show a remarkable sensitivity of hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors to mild stress and a deficiency in BDNF. Other 5-HT1A receptor populations, specifically in frontal cortex and dorsal raphe, were resistant to the combined detrimental effects of mild stress and reductions in BDNF expression. Decreases in hippocampal 5-HT1A receptor function induced by mild stress in BDNF-deficient mice were prevented by administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine, which increased activation of TrkB, the high affinity receptor for BDNF, in wild-type and BDNF+/− mice. In hippocampal cultures, BDNF increased the capacity of 5-HT1A receptors to activate G proteins, an effect eliminated by the knockout of TrkB, confirming TrkB activation increases 5-HT1A receptor function. The mechanisms underlying the sensitivity of hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors to mild stress and decreased BDNF expression remain to be elucidated and may have important implications for the emotional and cognitive impairments associated with stress-related mental illness.
A systematic review on the role of anticonvulsants in the treatment of acute bipolar depression
Authors: Reinares María , Rosa Adriane R. , Franco Carolina , Goikolea José Manuel , Fountoulakis Kostas , Siamouli Melina , Gonda Xenia , Frangou Sophia , Vieta Eduard 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Despite the high morbidity and mortality associated with bipolar depression, the optimal treatment for this phase is still a matter of debate. The aim of the current review was to provide updated evidence about the efficacy and tolerability of anticonvulsants in the treatment of acute bipolar depression. A comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the use of anticonvulsants for the treatment of acute bipolar depression up to June 2011 was conducted by means of the PubMed-Medline database. Eligibility criteria included active comparator-controlled or placebo-controlled randomized studies involving monotherapy or combination therapy. A total of 18 RCTs fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Studies supported the efficacy of divalproex as monotherapy in acute bipolar depression but small sample size was a common methodological limitation. Findings were inconclusive for lamotrigine and carbamazepine although overall lamotrigine may have a beneficial but modest effect. Negative results were found for levetiracetam and gabapentin but the evidence base on these agents is scant. All anticonvulsants were generally well tolerated. No double-blind RCTs were found for the use of other anticonvulsants such as oxcarbazepine, licarbazepine, zonisamide, retigabine, pregabalin, tiagabine, felbamate and vigabatrine in the acute treatment of bipolar depression. To sum up, taking into consideration the efficacy and tolerability profiles of anticonvulsants, current evidence supports the use of divalproex and lamotrigine in the treatment of acute bipolar depression. However, available data for most other anticonvulsants are inconclusive and further RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed before drawing firm conclusions.
Effects of smectite to illite transformation on the frictional strength and sliding stability of intact marine mudstones
Authors: Saffer Demian M. , Lockner David A. , McKiernan Alex 
Published: May 2012

At subduction zones, earthquake nucleation and coseismic slip occur only within a limited depth range, known as the “seismogenic zone”. One leading hypothesis for the upper aseismic‐seismic transition is that transformation of smectite to illite at ∼100–150°C triggers a change from rate‐strengthening frictional behavior that allows only stable sliding, to rate weakening behavior considered a prerequisite for unstable slip. Previous studies on powdered gouges have shown that changes in clay mineralogy alone are unlikely to control this transition, but associated fabric and cementation developed during diagenesis remain possible candidates. We conducted shearing experiments designed specifically to evaluate this hypothesis, by using intact wafers of mudstone from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1174, offshore SW Japan, which have undergone progressive smectite transformation in situ. We sheared specimens along a sawcut in a triaxial configuration, oriented parallel to bedding, at normal stresses of ∼20–150 MPa and a pore pressure of 1 MPa. During shearing, we conducted velocity‐stepping tests to measure the friction rate parameter (a‐b). Friction coefficient ranges from 0.28–0.40 and values of (a‐b) are uniformly positive; both are independent of clay transformation progress. Our work represents the most direct and comprehensive test of the clay transformation hypothesis to date, and suggests that neither illitization, nor accompanying fabric development and cementation, trigger a transition to unstable frictional behavior. We suggest that strain localization, in combination with precipitation of calcite and quartz, is a viable alternative that is consistent with both field observations and recent conceptual models of a heterogeneous seismogenic zone.
Contrasting ocean changes between the subpolar and polar North Atlantic during the past 135 ka
Authors: Bauch Henning A. , Kandiano Evguenia S. , Helmke Jan P. 
Published: May 2012

Variations in the poleward‐directed Atlantic heat transfer was investigated over the past 135 ka with special emphasis on the last and present interglacial climate development (Eemian and Holocene). Both interglacials exhibited very similar climatic oscillations during each preceding glacial terminations (deglacial TI and TII). Like TI, also TII has pronounced cold–warm–cold changes akin to events such as H1, Bølling/Allerød, and the Younger Dryas. But unlike TI, the cold events in TII were associated with intermittent southerly invasions of an Atlantic faunal component which underscores quite a different water mass evolution in the Nordic Seas. Within the Eemian interglaciation proper, peak warming intervals were antiphased between the Nordic Seas and North Atlantic. Moreover, inferred temperatures for the Nordic Seas were generally colder in the Eemian than in the Holocene, and vice versa for the North Atlantic. A reduced intensity of Atlantic Ocean heat transfer to the Arctic therefore characterized the Eemian, requiring a reassessment of the actual role of the ocean–atmosphere system behind interglacial, but also, glacial climate changes.
Three manganese oxide-rich marine sediments harbor similar communities of acetate-oxidizing manganese-reducing bacteria
Authors: Vandieken Verona , Pester Michael , Finke Niko , Hyun Jung-Ho , Friedrich Michael W , Loy Alexander , Thamdrup Bo 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Dissimilatory manganese reduction dominates anaerobic carbon oxidation in marine sediments with high manganese oxide concentrations, but the microorganisms responsible for this process are largely unknown. In this study, the acetate-utilizing manganese-reducing microbiota in geographically well-separated, manganese oxide-rich sediments from Gullmar Fjord (Sweden), Skagerrak (Norway) and Ulleung Basin (Korea) were analyzed by 16S rRNA-stable isotope probing (SIP). Manganese reduction was the prevailing terminal electron-accepting process in anoxic incubations of surface sediments, and even the addition of acetate stimulated neither iron nor sulfate reduction. The three geographically distinct sediments harbored surprisingly similar communities of acetate-utilizing manganese-reducing bacteria: 16S rRNA of members of the genera Colwellia and Arcobacter and of novel genera within the Oceanospirillaceae and Alteromonadales were detected in heavy RNA-SIP fractions from these three sediments. Most probable number (MPN) analysis yielded up to 106 acetate-utilizing manganese-reducing cells cm−3 in Gullmar Fjord sediment. A 16S rRNA gene clone library that was established from the highest MPN dilutions was dominated by sequences of Colwellia and Arcobacter species and members of the Oceanospirillaceae, supporting the obtained RNA-SIP results. In conclusion, these findings strongly suggest that (i) acetate-dependent manganese reduction in manganese oxide-rich sediments is catalyzed by members of taxa (Arcobacter, Colwellia and Oceanospirillaceae) previously not known to possess this physiological function, (ii) similar acetate-utilizing manganese reducers thrive in geographically distinct regions and (iii) the identified manganese reducers differ greatly from the extensively explored iron reducers in marine sediments.
Convergent development of anodic bacterial communities in microbial fuel cells
Authors: Yates Matthew D , Kiely Patrick D , Call Douglas F , Rismani-Yazdi Hamid , Bibby Kyle , Peccia Jordan , Regan John M , Logan Bruce E 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are often inoculated from a single wastewater source. The extent that the inoculum affects community development or power production is unknown. The stable anodic microbial communities in MFCs were examined using three inocula: a wastewater treatment plant sample known to produce consistent power densities, a second wastewater treatment plant sample, and an anaerobic bog sediment. The bog-inoculated MFCs initially produced higher power densities than the wastewater-inoculated MFCs, but after 20 cycles all MFCs on average converged to similar voltages (470±20 mV) and maximum power densities (590±170 mW m−2). The power output from replicate bog-inoculated MFCs was not significantly different, but one wastewater-inoculated MFC (UAJA3 (UAJA, University Area Joint Authority Wastewater Treatment Plant)) produced substantially less power. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling showed a stable exoelectrogenic biofilm community in all samples after 11 cycles. After 16 cycles the predominance of Geobacter spp. in anode communities was identified using 16S rRNA gene clone libraries (58±10%), fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) (63±6%) and pyrosequencing (81±4%). While the clone library analysis for the underperforming UAJA3 had a significantly lower percentage of Geobacter spp. sequences (36%), suggesting that a predominance of this microbe was needed for convergent power densities, the lower percentage of this species was not verified by FISH or pyrosequencing analyses. These results show that the predominance of Geobacter spp. in acetate-fed systems was consistent with good MFC performance and independent of the inoculum source.
Folding helical proteins in explicit solvent using dihedral-biased tempering
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Ma Jianpeng 
Published: May 2012

Using a single-trajectory-based tempering method with a high-temperature dihedral bias, we repeatedly folded four helical proteins [
α
3
D (PDB ID: 2A3D, 73 residues),
α
3
W (1LQ7, 67 residues), Fap1-NR

α

(2KUB, 81 residues) and S-836 (2JUA, 102 residues)] and some of the mutants in explicit solvent within several microseconds. The lowest root-mean-square deviations of backbone atoms from the experimentally determined structures were 1.9, 1.4, 1.0, and 2.1 Å, respectively. Cluster analyses of folding trajectories showed the native conformation usually occupied the most populated cluster. The simulation protocol can be applied to large-scale simulations of other helical proteins on commonly accessible computing platforms.
Engineering of exchange bias by A-site disorder in Pr1−xEuxMnO3
Authors: Karmakar A , Majumdar S , Giri S 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
We report tuning of exchange bias (EB) by manipulating A-site disorder in Pr1−x
Eu
x
MnO3 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0). The EB field is enhanced up to ∼7.5 times from 0.23 kOe to 1.7 kOe for Eu doping corresponding to x = 0 to 0.75, respectively. This substantial increase is uncorrelated with the magnitude of Pr3+-moment, rather it is correlated with the strong orthorhombic and Jahn–Teller distortions. The EB confirms an uncommon scenario of low-temperature magnetic phase separation with stable interface between a highly anisotropic component involving rare-earth ordering and an antiferromagnetic component arising from Mn ordering.
Modelling a nanowire grid for light-sensing applications
Authors: Marasovic I , Garma T , Betti T 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Nanostructures hold promise as building blocks for a new generation of sensing devices because they could enhance detection and conversion of nonelectrical phenomena into electrical signals. In this paper, we discuss the possible use of a semiconductor (GaAs) nanowire grid as a light sensor. Based on the previously measured electrical properties of a single GaAs nanowire, we propose a model to determine the resistance of a structure consisting of many nanowires forming a grid with metallic contacts. Due to the fact that the proposed geometry is partially disordered, the total resistance of the structure is determined implementing the random resistor network (RRN) methodology in our simulation model. In order to reduce the error caused by condition number and the machine epsilon, the RRN model is improved by introducing additional conditions for solving the transfer matrix formulation precisely. The proposed complex nanowire geometry is analysed for different grid sizes varying the number of nanowires and contacts. According to the nanowire doping profile, we have defined the fraction of active segments (FoS) that is light-sensitive. Simulation results have shown that light sensitivity of a nanowire grid is enhanced with increasing number of active segments while a relative change in the active segment resistance has only a minor influence on the resistance of the complete structure. Finally, we have optimized nanowire grid dimensions with respect to the simulation results and practical limitations.
Analysis and enhancement of the bandwidth of ultrathin absorbers based on high-impedance surfaces
Authors: Pang Yongqiang , Cheng Haifeng , Zhou Yongjiang , Wang Jun 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A design for ultrathin absorbers with wideband absorption is presented. The absorber is composed of a high-impedance surface comprising a lossy patch array over an electrically thin grounded dielectric substrate. This class of absorbers is usually considered as a narrowband structure. Here, we show that the performance of this absorber can be considered as the low-frequency case of a λ/4-thick absorber and wideband absorption can be actually achieved by the use of multi-resonance arrays. Arrays with different resonant geometries are proposed to design dual-band and triple-band ultrathin absorbers. By tuning these absorption bands closer to each other, we obtain a wideband absorber without increasing the thickness, and the experimental verification is also presented.