bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a New Economy? Recent Inflation and Unemployment in the United Kingdom
Authors: Sargent J. R. 
Published: April 2009

This is the last article in the series contributed to the Review from the CLARE Group of economists. Since the Group was formed in 1976, with the aim of counteracting the polarisation of opinion among economists at the time, over fifty articles have been published, initially in the Midland Bank Review. But members of the Group have lately come under increasing pressure of time from academic and other commitments, and it has reluctantly decided to dissolve itself. On doing so, it would like to record its warm thanks to the National Institute Economic Review for the hospitality of its pages since 1988. As for previous articles, drafts of this one have been discussed among members of the Group, but responsibility for the views expressed rests with the author alone.From 1993 to 2000 in the UK, there was a welcome twist to the relationship between unemployment and inflation, subverting received ideas about the ‘Phillips Curve’. This is best accounted for by the onset of a relatively moderate rate of growth of real wages, which also helped the monetary authorities to keep inflation close to the target set. Several causes can be suggested for this moderation, but the major issue now is the extent to which it can be reckoned on to continue. There are reasons for taking a cautious view of the prospects.
Beyond the ‘French Fries and the Frankfurter’
Authors: Landry Lorraine Y. 
Published: April 2009

Debates between Habermas and the poststructuralists - specifically, Derrida, Foucault and Lyotard - over the nature of critiques of Enlightenment rationality and modernity are investigated in order to argue for an agenda for critical theory beyond the ‘French Fries and the Frankfurter’.1 Part I interrogates key elements of Habermas’ theory of communicative rationality in his reconstruction of Enlightenment modernity and his critique of the poststructuralists. This orients the discussion toward an evaluation of Habermas’ neo-Kantianism, theory of language (discourse ethics), and the ‘critique’ he employs in his bid to defend and complete the project of modernity. Part II delineates some common ground between Habermas and the post-structuralists and argues for the value of maintaining a fruitful tension among their critiques of Enlightenment modernity. Points of unproductive tension among their critiques are taken up in light of the above value. These generally pertain to commitment to neo-Kantian approaches to critique, linguistic relativism and philosophical scepticism. The conclusion indicates that there are features of the constructive tension in the postmodernism debates which are integrally related to Marx’s work. Indeed, the debates’ contemporary perspectives upon and commitment to critical-practical engagement with ideological features of the Enlightenment legacy and capitalism can be revitalized by the contributions of Marx’s materialist critique.
Self–other relations and the rationality of cultures
Authors: Healy Paul 
Published: April 2009

As attested by Taylor, Calhoun and others, recognition is central to (cultural) identity and to a related sense of self-worth. In contrast, by denying the comparable worth of other cultures, non-recognition represents a potentially damaging mode of intercultural relations. Although not widely acknowledged, a related consideration has been at issue in the rationality debate, initiated by Peter Winch, throughout its several phases. Briefly stated, the problem is that the polarized alternatives of ethnocentric universalism and self-sealing relativism that have characterized this debate serve either to preclude mutual recognition altogether or to promote ‘invidious comparison’ (Dascal). As will be apparent, these alternatives pose significant barriers to intercultural research and relations on terms of mutual recognition and respect. The present paper seeks to come to terms with this problem by developing an account of cultural rationality, and a concomitant account of the logic of cross-cultural inquiry, which can promote growth of understanding through intercultural learning, and so help to foster more productive modes of intercultural relations. Specifically, the intent is to identify the conditions that need to be fulfilled if this more productive mode of cross-cultural inquiry is to be possible. Throughout, appeal is made to core hermeneutic tenets to ground the viability of a conception of cross-cultural inquiry that can transcend the terms of reference of the original Winchian debate. Following elucidation of the requisite conditions, the paper concludes with a reflection on possible barriers to their acceptance and implementation.
Patterns of Recurrent Injuries among US High School Athletes, 2005-2008
Authors: Swenson David M. , Yard Ellen E. , Fields Sarah K. , Dawn Comstock R. 
Published: April 2009

Background High school sports participants sustain millions of injuries annually; many are recurrent injuries that can be more severe than new injuries. Hypothesis Recurrent injury patterns differ from new injury patterns by sport and gender. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods High school sports injury data for the 2005 through 2008 academic years were collected via High School Reporting Information Online (RIO) from a nationally representative sample of 100 US high schools. Results From 2005 through 2008, certified athletic trainers reported 13 755 injuries during 5 627 921 athlete exposures (24.4 injuries per 10 000 athlete exposures). Recurrent injuries accounted for 10.5% of all injuries. Football players had the highest rate of recurrent injury (4.36 per 10 000 athlete exposures). Girls had higher rates of recurrent injuries than boys in soccer (injury rate ratio = 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.07-1.82). Recurrent injuries most often involved the ankle (28.3%), knee (16.8%), head/ face (12.1%), and shoulder (12.0%), and were most often ligament sprains (incomplete tears) (34.9%), muscle strains (incomplete tears) (13.3%), and concussions (11.6%). A greater proportion of recurrent injuries than new injuries resulted in the student choosing to end participation (recurrent = 2.4%, new = 0.7%). Recurrent shoulder injuries were more likely to require surgery than new shoulder injuries (injury proportion ratio = 4.51; 95% confidence interval, 2.82-7.20). Conclusion Recurrent injury rates and patterns differed by sport. Because recurrent injuries can have severe consequences on an athlete's health and future sports participation, injury prevention must be a priority. Knowledge of injury patterns can drive targeted preventive efforts.
Nuisance flies around a landfill: Patterns of abundance and distribution
Authors: Howard J. 
Published: April 2009

Some members of the public living near landfills perceive the sites as a source of nuisance flies and their associated diseases. Both these factors contribute to frequent complaints to Environmental Health Officers about landfill operations. Fly monitoring using sticky targets was done at a working landfill site in the West Midlands in order to identify the key species of flies present at the site, and to establish whether these flies were similar to those occurring in the surrounding area. Targets were positioned in concentric rings, radiating away from the working face into the surrounding residential area. The abundance of the flies, both in and around the landfill site was monitored over a 6-week period commencing 16 August 1999. The key families of flies present on targets on the landfill site were Muscidae, principally Musca domestica L.(common house fly), Calliphoridae, (primarily ‘blue’ and ‘green’ bottles), and Sarcophagidae (flesh flies). In contrast, the families of flies found on targets immediately outside the working landfill site and in the nearby surrounding area, were largely vegetation-feeding or parasitic flies, together with other non-fly insects. The overall abundance of all flies increased significantly during the monitoring period.
An integrated programme for municipal solid waste management
Authors: Fabbricino Massimiliano 
Published: April 2009

A mathematical model is used in planning an integrated programme for the management of municipal solid waste to solve an economical optimisation problem and allow preliminary decisions to be made at the operational planning phase. The model, based on networks depicting the municipal solid waste management cycle, is simple to apply and furnishes easily assimilated results that facilitate management choices. Its application in an optimised area within the Regione Campania in Italy demonstrates how it may be used to evaluate the economic advantages pertaining to different municipal solid waste collection and treatment options.
Compressive strength and heavy metal leaching behaviour of mortars containing spent catalyst
Authors: Rattanasak Ubolluk , Jaturapitakkul Chai , Sudaprasert Tippaban 
Published: April 2009

This investigation was set and aimed to study the possibility of using spent catalyst as a concrete constituent which the spent catalyst was used as sand. Besides the spent catalyst was used as sand, it was also ground to very small particle size as small as that of cement and used as 20% replacement of cement by weight. Compressive strengths and leaching characteristics of lead, chromium, cadmium, and nickel in mortars containing spent catalyst and ground spent catalyst were tested. The results presented revealed that the compressive strength of mortar containing spent catalyst increased with ages. The results also indicated that the compressive strength of mortar containing spent catalyst at the proportion of 1.25 times of cement by weight was strong enough to make a concrete brick. In case of the ground spent catalyst being used to replace cement, it made the compressive strength lower than that of the standard mortar approximately 20%. The leachate results of lead and chromium from spent catalyst were lower than the allowance, but cadmium and nickel exceeded the limits. After the spent catalyst was fixed with cement, the leaching of the heavy metals did not exceed the industrial effluent standard. Therefore, the heavy metals mentioned earlier were not a problem in using spent catalyst as a concrete constituent.
Red mud of aluminium production waste as basic component of new construction materials
Authors: Mymrin Vsevolod A. , Vázquez-Vaamonde Alfonso J. 
Published: April 2009

The work presented here shows the possibility of using the red mud waste from the Bayer process used for aluminium production as the main component of new construction materials. It describes some recent experiments lasting 180 days as well as some 1 year old samples. The best part of materials used are industrial wastes, but some of them contain small (no more the 2%) additions of CaO or Portland Cement (PC) to increase the strengthening rate of the samples. The high strength values of these materials allow their use as new materials for road and airfields bases, levee core, dumps, foundations, etc. They can also be used to make bricks, tiles, and similar items. In addition to the economic factors, these materials are very easy to use and no new residues are generated. The results of the heavy metal leaching tests, not included in this paper, show very low levels of their leachability in acid solutions, far below the demands of the Spanish environmental standards. This can be explained by the strong chemical binding of heavy metals in practically insoluble chemical compositions.
Minimisation and utilisation of waste mineral sludge from sodium perborate production
Authors: Grilc Viktor , Jer'san Rok 
Published: April 2009

Various approaches to waste minimisation, waste treatment and recycling or safe disposal of the waste mineral sludge from sodium perborate production are presented and critically discussed. Some most promising actions for waste (or its harmful potential) reduction on the production level are identified. These include: a) use of better raw materials (richer boron ore), b) improvement of the ore leaching process, and c) intensification of sludge washing and dewatering. These source reduction measures have already resulted in 50% reduction of boron content in the sludge. Utilisation of the raw or treated (e.g. dried, compacted) waste sludge could be found in agriculture, civil engineering and construction material production. Agricultural use (as a lime substitute) is based on favourable content of calcium-magnesium minerals and alkali pH value of the sludge, and simultaneous absence of heavy metals. Application in civil engineering (as an aggregate) is possible after calcination, which is costly, or as a cement kiln additive. Stabilisation of sludge before disposal, when no utilisation is available, is possible by small addition of commercial binders (e.g. Portland cement) or larger amounts of pozzolanic wastes (e.g. coal fly ash).
Linking landfill hydrology and leachate chemical composition at a controlled municipal landfill (Kåstrup, Denmark) using state-space analysis
Authors: Poulsen Tjalfe G. , Moldrup Per , Sørensen Kirsten , Hansen Jens Aa. 
Published: April 2009

Leachate production and composition data for a municipal landfill measured over a 25-year period was used to investigate important processes and parameters. Long-term leachate production could be satisfactorily predicted from a simple top-layer landfill hydrology model while short-term predictions were less accurate, likely due to water storage in the waste. State-space and multiple regression modelling were used to identify relations between different parameters. State-space models proved most accurate in fitting measured data, likely because temporal correlation between measurements is accounted for unlike multiple regression. State-space modelling showed that temporal correlation in leachate production must be taken into account and confirmed that water storage inside the landfill is important. Temporal correlation is also important when predicting pH and chloride concentrations but less so for BOD5 and NH3/NH4+ concentrations. Leachate flow did in general not have a strong impact upon leachate composition, small effects were observed for Cl-, and NH3/NH4+concentrations. It was also observed that the mass load of nitrogen from the landfill was strongly dependent upon leachate nitrogen (ammonia/ammonium) concentrations and to a lesser degree upon leachate flow rates. This study introduces state-space modelling in solid waste management as a powerful tool to identify governing parameters for hydrological and bio-chemical processes.
Report: Operational experiences and legal aspects of co-combustion in Germany
Authors: Marton Csaba , Alwast Holger 
Published: April 2009

From 2000-2001, a project entitled “Analysis of effects on environment from waste incineration in industrial facilities” was undertaken by Prognos AG. The project was funded by the German Environmental Agency and the North Rhine-Westphalian Ministry for Environment and Conservation, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. This paper presents a summary of the main results. The most important industrial processes with practised waste-to-energy are identified, respectively cement kilns, steel works, installations in the non ferrous industry and large combustion plants. The amount of waste being co-incinerated is determined in permitting procedures. In general the volume of permitted and practised co-incineration is increasing in Germany. For the greatest possible use of waste it is necessary to establish suitable measures to prevent or to limit, as far as possible, environmental pollution. Emission limit values are determined according to the requirements set out in the German Standards, 17th BImSchV and TA Luft. Plant operators meet generally the air emission limit values fixed in the respective granted permits.
The relation between education, knowledge and action for better waste management in Poland
Authors: Grodzińska-Jurczak Malgorzata 
Published: April 2009

In recent years a significant increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) amount has been noted in Poland, and yet there is no fully efficient system for its treatment. Undertaking projects for rational MSW management requires considering both technical facilities and social barriers (waste reduction, re-use and segregation in households). In Poland, attempts to educate and mobilise society to segregate recyclables have not yet produced satisfactory results. Society’s awareness in this field needs to be raised. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of knowledge and understanding about MSW management and the relationship between knowledge possessed and actions undertaken for various residential age groups in two Polish provinces. In all groups, 30% of the respondents showed a satisfactory level of knowledge, whilst an equally small number of individuals had undertaken actions for MSW management at home; people with a higher level of knowledge undertook such actions slightly more often. No significant differences between the provinces were found, but residents of town, where waste segregation has been introduced simultaneously with an information campaign, showed a higher level of knowledge. The study points to the need to further educate people about MSW, and to encourage the teaching of pro-environmental attitudes.
Report: Valorsul integrated waste management: waste incineration plant
Authors: Rodrigues João P. , Nascimento AntóNio , Penha Ana , Vidal Diogo , Torres Anália , Correia Vera 
Published: April 2009

Valorsul, SA, is responsible for the management of waste produced in 5 municipalities in the area of Lisbon. Due to the high density production, a multi-municipal waste management was implemented in which the primary unit is an incineration plant, built in 1999, that produces almost 2% of the national energy demand. This paper describes the main characteristics of this plant, in particular the treatment of gases and waste management. Apart from that, and because of environmental concern of this type of unit, the monitoring program established one year before the start of the operation is described.
Determination of field capacity of municipal solid waste with surcharge simulation
Authors: De Velásquez Ma. Teresa Orta , Cruz-Rivera Reynaldo , Rojas-Valencia Neftalí , Monje-RamíRez Ignacio , SáNchez-GóMez Jorge 
Published: April 2009

The following study was carried out as part of the environmental monitoring of a landfill in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas (Mexico). The parameter of field capacity is important in predicting the amount of leachate generated by solid waste disposal sites, because of the polluting potential of leachate. This paper describes how the field capacity for municipal solid waste was determined, and the purpose of this document is to present a methodology, and to describe the devices designed for determining the field capacity of municipal solid waste. The method consists of applying a surcharge to a representative sample of rubbish, to simulate the effects of the overlying layers in a landfill. The experimental results showed that the higher the compaction of the sample, the smaller the amount of water required to satisfy the field capacity and thus to start the leaching process. Standardisation of the methodology for determining this parameter is required in order to be able to compare the results with those obtained in other parts of the world.
An in depth study of the effects of socio-economic conditions on household waste recycling practices
Authors: Emery Andrew D. , Griffiths Anthony J. , Williams Keith P. 
Published: April 2009

Waste is never consistent. Different areas use different materials, which give rise to waste streams that can vary widely in composition. With the increasing pressure on landfill operators and local governments over the amount and type of waste going to landfill, moves have to be taken to reduce, divert and recover materials. To undertake this function it is necessary to identify the composition of the waste stream. This paper contains the results of a household waste analysis conducted in a typical unitary authority of South Wales, a traditional industrial community. The waste analysis was conducted to determine whether there was a connection between an area’s socio-economic standing and the quantities of waste produced. A selection of three different household categories were chosen, as described by the UK’s ACORN geodemographical system. The three areas chosen were terracedd, council and semi-detached properties and were selected as they were the most dominant and easily recognised types of dwellings found in the study area. The results of the full waste analysis have been compared against a number of previous household waste characterisation studies.
Assessment of the quantities of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Scotland
Authors: Feszty Katalin , Murchison Colin , Baird Jim , Jamnejad Gholam 
Published: April 2009

The EC Directives on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and on the Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substances (RoHS) in electrical and electronic equipment forms the basis of legislative control over the ultimate recovery and disposal of electronic and electrical products. Understanding the quantities and composition of WEEE arising will be critical in the development of an appropriate collection and recovery infrastructure to meet the requirements of the directive. However in advance of implementation of the directive only limited information is currently available. This paper reviews recent estimates of WEEE arisings, considers the results of trial collection schemes, and presents the findings of the authors own analysis of WEEE arisings in Scotland. The results cover the period of 1998-2008 and suggest that the amount of waste electrical and electronic equipment will increase until 300,000-350,000 metric tons per annum is reached.
Foundry waste recycling in moulding operations and in the ceramic industry
Authors: Zanetti Maria Chiara , Fiore Silvia 
Published: April 2009

An industrial treatment was performed by the Sasil plant of Brusnengo (Biella, Northern Italy), which is part of the Gruppo Minerali S.p.A. (Novara, Northern Italy), to consider the reclamation of bentonite bonded moulding sands obtained from the Teksid Italia S.p.A. cast iron foundry plant in Crescentino (Vercelli, Northern Italy). An evaluation of the fine particles produced by the wet-mechanical regeneration treatment was made with the purpose of proposing their recycling as binding agents in moulding operations in the cast iron foundry and for the production of tiles in the ceramic industry. The pre-mixed product sold by bentonite suppliers (35% coal dust and 65% bentonite, 0.15 [UNKNOWN]/kg) could be made from the recovered fine fraction below 0.025 mm with the addition of active clay and coal dust, thus obtaining a product that will have physico-chemical properties similar to those of calcic bentonite. The improvements due to the addition of the fine particles to the usually employed clay for tile production were also underlined from the results of several baking tests. The recovery and recycling of sands and fine particles obtained from the reclamation of bentonite moulding sands will lead to a saving of raw materials and landfill space, with economic and environmental advantages.