bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Association between Cigarette Smoking and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Large Prospective Cohort from the United States
Authors: Hannan Lindsay M. , Jacobs Eric J. , Thun Michael J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Background: Many studies have reported a 20% to 60% increase in risk of colorectal cancer associated with active smoking. However, neither the U.S. Surgeon General nor the IARC have classified the relationship as causal because of concern about residual confounding.
Methods: In a prospective study of 184,187 people followed from 1992 to 2005, we used Cox proportional hazard models to examine the relationship of cigarette smoking to incident colorectal cancer, controlling for screening and multiple known and putative risk factors. Information on smoking and time-varying covariates was updated in 1997, 1999, 2001, and 2003.
Results: The incidence of colorectal cancer was significantly higher in current [hazard ratios (HR), 1.27; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.06-1.52] and former smokers (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11-1.36) compared with lifelong nonsmokers in analyses that controlled for 13 covariates, including screening. The relative risk was greatest among current smokers with at least 50 years of smoking (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.04-1.84). Among former smokers, risk of colorectal cancer decreased with greater time since cessation (P trend = 0.0003), and also decreased with earlier age at cessation (P trend = 0.0014). No association was seen among former smokers who had quit before age of 40 years or abstained for 31 years or more.
Conclusions: Long-term cigarette smoking is associated with colorectal cancer, even after controlling for screening and multiple other risk factors. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3362–7)
Elimination Kinetics of the Tobacco-Specific Biomarker and Lung Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol
Authors: Goniewicz Maciej L. , Havel Christopher M. , Peng Margaret Wilson , Jacob Peyton , Dempsey Delia , Yu Lisa , Zielinska-Danch Wioleta , Koszowski Bartosz , Czogala Jan , Sobczak Andrzej , Benowitz Neal L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) is tobacco specific and has a longer half-life than other tobacco biomarkers studied thus far. An accurate measurement of the NNAL half-life is important for optimal use to assess exposure to tobacco smoke. We determined the half-life of NNAL in urine in eight daily smokers on a clinical research ward and in five occasional smokers in a real-life environment. Total NNAL in urine was monitored for 14 days in daily smokers after stopping smoking and for up to 60 days in occasional smokers. The average half-life for the terminal phase in the daily smoker group using a two-compartmental body model was 10.3 days (beta phase), and using a noncompartmental model, it was 9.1 days. In the occasional group, these values were 17.6 and 16.0 days, respectively. The alpha-phase half-lives were 14.3 and 27.8 hours for the two groups, respectively. The inter-subject coefficient of variation of the NNAL terminal half-life ranged from 14% to 30%, and the intra-subject coefficient of variation ranged from 3% to 18%. There was very good agreement between the plasma and urinary half-lives in two subjects with plasma analyses: 7.4 versus 7.9 days and 9.2 versus 10.7 days. Mean renal clearance of NNAL was 13 ± 2.3 mL/min. The terminal half-life of NNAL of 10 to 18 days indicates that this biomarker can be used to detect tobacco smoke exposure for 6 to 12 weeks after cessation of exposure and requires a similar time to assess the steady levels of NNAL after switching from one tobacco product to another. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3421–5)
Does Film Smoking Promote Youth Smoking in Middle-Income Countries?: A Longitudinal Study among Mexican Adolescents
Authors: Thrasher James F. , Sargent James D. , Huang Liling , Arillo-Santillán Edna , Dorantes-Alonso Ana , Pérez-Hernández Rosaura 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objective: To determine whether exposure to smoking imagery in films predicts smoking onset among never-smoking Mexican adolescents.
Methods: The analytic sample was comprised of 11- to 14-year-old secondary school students who reported never having tried smoking at baseline, 83% (1,741/2,093) of whom were successfully followed-up after 1 year. Exposure to 42 popular films that contained smoking was assessed at baseline, whereas smoking behavior and risk factors were assessed at baseline and at follow-up. Logistic regression was used to estimate bivariate and adjusted relative risks (ARR) of trying smoking and current smoking at follow-up.
Results: At follow-up, 36% reported having tried smoking and 8% reported having smoked in the previous month. Students who were successfully followed-up were exposed to an average of 43.8 minutes of smoking in the films they reported viewing at baseline. ARRs indicated that students in the two highest levels of exposure to film smoking were more than twice as likely to have smoked in the previous 30 days at follow-up [ARR3v1 = 2.44; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.31-4.55; ARR4v1 = 2.23; 95% CI, 1.19-4.17]. The ARR of having tried smoking by the time of follow-up reached statistical significance only when comparing the third highest to the lowest exposure group (ARR3v1 = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.01-2.64). Having a parent or best friend who smoked at baseline were the only other variables that independently predicted both outcomes.
Conclusions: Exposure to movie smoking is a risk factor for smoking onset among Mexican youth, although this risk appears weaker than in countries with stronger tobacco marketing regulations.(Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3444–50)
Smoking Behavior 1 Year after Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer: Effect of Physician Referral for Abnormal CT Findings
Authors: Styn Mindi A. , Land Stephanie R. , Perkins Kenneth A. , Wilson David O. , Romkes Marjorie , Weissfeld Joel L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Background: Computed tomography (CT) lung cancer screening offers a unique clinical setting in which to promote smoking cessation. Focusing on outcomes related to the reporting of CT abnormality, we examined the natural history of smoking in the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study.
Methods: Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study recruited 50- to 79-year-old current and former cigarette smokers living in the Pittsburgh area. We examined self-reported smoking outcomes 1 year after study entry in a subgroup that contained 2,094 active cigarette smokers without interval lung cancer diagnosis (50.7% women; median age, 57 years; 40-year median duration of cigarette smoking; and 65.2% ≥20 cigarettes/d). Analyses compared efforts to quit in relation to physician referral for abnormal CT.
Results: Since study entry, 58.5% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 56.3-60.6%] reported any quit attempt and 27.2% (95% CI, 25.3-29.1%) reported any quit interval &gt;30 days. One year after study entry, 15.5% (95% CI, 14.0-17.1%) reported not smoking for &gt;30 days. Comparing persons referred because of CT abnormalities creating moderate or high lung cancer suspicion (n = 156; 7.4%) to persons not referred for any reason (n = 1145; 54.7%), propensity score-adjusted fractions with any quit attempt and with any quit interval &gt;30 days increased 18.8% (95% CI, 11.1-26.5%) and 17.7% (95% CI, 9.4-26.0%), respectively. The fraction quit &gt;30 days at 1 year increased 12.2% (95% CI, 4.9-19.5%).
Conclusions: Persons who experienced referral because of abnormal CT reported more smoking cessation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3484–9)
Cigarette Filter–based Assays as Proxies for Toxicant Exposure and Smoking Behavior—A Literature Review
Authors: Pauly John L. , O'Connor Richard J. , Paszkiewicz Geraldine M. , Cummings K. Michael , Djordjevic Mirjana V. , Shields Peter G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground: Cigarettes are being marketed with filters that differ in composition and design. The filters have different toxicant trapping efficiencies, and smoking stains reflect variations in smoking behavior. Presented herein are the results of a structured literature review that was done to identify cigarette filter–based assays that may serve as proxies for mouth-level exposure and assessing smoking methods.Methods: A search of the published scientific literature and internal tobacco company documents from 1954 to 2009 was carried out.Results: The literature search identified diverse schemes for assessing cigarette filters, including visual inspection and digital imaging of smoked-stained spent filters, and quantitative determinations for total particulate matter (TPM), nicotine, and solanesol. The results also showed that: (a) there are sufficient data to link filter-based chemical measures to standardized smoking machine–measured yields of tar and nicotine; (b) TPM eluted from filters or in chemical digest of filters can be used to estimate the efficiency of the filter for trapping smoke solids; (c) visual and digital inspection of spent filters is useful in finding indicators of variations in smoking behaviors; and (d) there is a correlation between solanesol and nicotine measured in filters and exposure biomarkers in smokers.Conclusions: The cigarette filter may prove useful in estimating smoking behaviors such as filter vent blocking and puffing intensity, and may have utility as proxy measures of mouth-level smoke exposure in clinical trials. Additional investigations are needed to compare the different proposed assay schemes and the assay results with measurements of human biomarker assays of smoke exposure. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3321–3333)
Alcohol and Tobacco Use Prediagnosis and Postdiagnosis, and Survival in a Cohort of Patients with Early Stage Cancers of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Larynx
Authors: Mayne Susan T. , Cartmel Brenda , Kirsh Victoria , Goodwin W. Jarrard 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
As more people begin to survive first cancers, there is an increased need for science-based recommendations to improve survivorship. For survivors of head and neck cancer, use of tobacco and alcohol before diagnosis predicts poorer survival; however, the role of continuing these behaviors after diagnosis on mortality is less clear, especially for more moderate alcohol consumption. Patients (n = 264) who were recent survivors of early stage head and neck cancer were asked to retrospectively report their tobacco and alcohol histories (before diagnosis), with information prospectively updated annually thereafter. Patients were followed for an average of 4.2 years, with 62 deaths observed. Smoking history before diagnosis dose-dependently increased the risk of dying; risks reached 5.4 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.7-40.1] among those with &gt;60 pack-years of smoking. Likewise, alcohol history before diagnosis dose-dependently increased mortality risk; risks reached 4.9 (95% CI, 1.5-16.3) for persons who drank &gt;5 drinks/d, an effect explained by beer and liquor consumption. After adjusting for prediagnosis exposures, continued drinking (average of 2.3 drinks/d) postdiagnosis significantly increased risk (relative risk for continued drinking versus no drinking, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-6.1), whereas continued smoking was associated with nonsignificantly higher risk (relative risk for continued smoking versus no smoking, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.9-3.9). Continued drinking of alcoholic beverages after an initial diagnosis of head and neck cancer adversely affects survival; cessation efforts should be incorporated into survivorship care of these patients. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3368–74)
Assessing Consumer Responses to Potential Reduced-Exposure Tobacco Products: A Review of Tobacco Industry and Independent Research Methods
Authors: Rees Vaughan W. , Kreslake Jennifer M. , Cummings K. Michael , O'Connor Richard J. , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Parascandola Mark , Shields Peter G. , Connolly Gregory N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground: Internal tobacco industry documents and the mainstream literature are reviewed to identify methods and measures for evaluating tobacco consumer response. The review aims to outline areas in which established methods exist, identify gaps in current methods for assessing consumer response, and consider how these methods might be applied to evaluate potentially reduced exposure tobacco products and new products.Methods: Internal industry research reviewed included published articles, manuscript drafts, presentations, protocols, and instruments relating to consumer response measures were identified and analyzed. Peer-reviewed research was identified using PubMed and Scopus.Results: Industry research on consumer response focuses on product development and marketing. To develop and refine new products, the tobacco industry has developed notable strategies for assessing consumers' sensory and subjective responses to product design characteristics. Independent research is often conducted to gauge the likelihood of future product adoption by measuring consumers' risk perceptions, responses to product, and product acceptability.Conclusions: A model that conceptualizes consumer response as comprising the separate, but interacting, domains of product perceptions and response to product is outlined. Industry and independent research supports the dual domain model and provides a wide range of methods for assessment of the construct components of consumer response. Further research is needed to validate consumer response constructs, determine the relationship between consumer response and tobacco user behavior, and improve reliability of consumer response measures. Scientifically rigorous consumer response assessment methods will provide a needed empirical basis for future regulation of potentially reduced-exposure tobacco products and new products, to counteract tobacco industry influence on consumers, and enhance the public health. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3225–40)
Abuse Liability Assessment of Tobacco Products Including Potential Reduced Exposure Products
Authors: Carter Lawrence P. , Stitzer Maxine L. , Henningfield Jack E. , O'Connor Rich J. , Cummings K. Michael , Hatsukami Dorothy K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe harm produced by tobacco products is a result of frequent use of a highly toxic product. Reducing the adverse public health impact of tobacco products might be most effectively achieved by reducing the likelihood of their use and the toxicity of the products. Products that retain some characteristics of cigarettes but have been altered with the intention of reducing toxicity have been referred to as modified risk tobacco products or potential reduced exposure products (MRTP/PREP). Evaluation of their content, emission, and toxicity is discussed in other articles in this special issue. Here, we discuss the methodology that has been used to examine the likelihood of abuse or addiction. Abuse liability assessment (ALA) methodology has been used by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other drug regulatory agencies world-wide for decades to assess the risks posed by a wide variety of pharmacologically active substances. ALA is routinely required among other evaluations of safety during the pre-market assessment of new drugs, and is continually adapted to meet the challenges posed by new drug classes and drug formulations. In the 2009 law giving FDA regulation over tobacco products, FDA is now required to evaluate new tobacco products including MRTP/PREPs to determine their risk for abuse and toxicity at the population level. This article describes the traditional tools and methods of ALA that can be used to evaluate new tobacco and nicotine products including MRTP/PREPs. Such ALA data could contribute to the scientific foundation on which future public policy decisions are based. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3241–62]
Effectiveness of a Nurse-Managed, Lay-Led Tobacco Cessation Intervention Among Ohio Appalachian Women
Authors: Wewers Mary Ellen , Ferketich Amy K. , Harness Judith , Paskett Electra D. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a nurse-managed, lay-led tobacco cessation intervention delivered to adult women in Ohio Appalachia.
Methods: A randomized controlled experimental design included intervention participants (n = 147) enrolled in a nurse-managed, lay-led protocol that incorporated nicotine replacement and behavioral counseling. Control participants (n = 155) received a personalized letter from their clinic physician, who advised them to quit smoking and requested they schedule a clinic appointment to discuss cessation.
Results: Self-reported and cotinine-validated quit rates were significantly higher among intervention group participants compared with control group participants at 3-and 6-month follow-up (P &lt; 0.02). At 12 months, self-reported abstinence was 19.1% (intervention group) and 9.0% (control group), with cotinine-validated rates of 12.2% and 7.1%, respectively (P = 0.13). Prolonged abstinence rates were significantly different between groups at 3, 6, and 12 months (P &lt; 0.02). Logistic regression analyses indicated adjusted odds of cotinine-validated quitting was associated with cigarette consumption per day (odds ratio, 0.94; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-0.99) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score ≥ 16 (odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.90).
Conclusions: A lay-led approach that is managed by a nurse may serve as an effective cessation strategy among this high-risk population. Additional efforts are needed to sustain long-term abstinence, even after intensive intervention. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3451–8)
Assessing Tumor Mutations to Gain Insight into Base Excision Repair Sequence Polymorphisms and Smoking in Colon Cancer
Authors: Curtin Karen , Samowitz Wade S. , Wolff Roger K. , Ulrich Cornelia M. , Caan Bette J. , Potter John D. , Slattery Martha L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
DNA repair enzymes function in major pathways to reverse DNA damage, including base excision repair (BER). Missense polymorphisms in BER repair genes may contribute to differences in DNA repair capacity, specific mutations, and susceptibility to cancer in the presence of exposure to carcinogens such as cigarette smoking. In a study of 1,604 incident colon cancer cases and 1,969 matched population-based controls genotyped for BER variants OGG1 (S326C) and XRCC1 (R194W, R280H, and R399Q), we found no associations with colon cancer overall. However, a 2-fold increased risk of BRAF V600E tumor mutation was observed in current and former cigarette smokers homozygous for the OGG1 polymorphism (odds ratio, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-4.9, recessive model); similar associations were not observed for microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, KRAS2 mutations, or TP53 mutations. The XRCC1 R194W polymorphism was associated with a modest increased risk of TP53 tumor mutations in those who regularly smoked cigarettes (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.9). These findings point to the importance of studying tumor mutations when examining DNA repair polymorphisms and cigarette smoke exposure to identify potentially relevant associations with colorectal cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3384–8)
Nicotine Withdrawal Sensitivity, Linkage to chr6q26, and Association ofOPRM1SNPs in the SMOking in FAMilies (SMOFAM) Sample
Authors: Hardin Jill , He Yungang , Javitz Harold S. , Wessel Jennifer , Krasnow Ruth E. , Tildesley Elizabeth , Hops Hyman , Swan Gary E. , Bergen Andrew W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground: Nicotine withdrawal symptoms are related to smoking cessation. A Rasch model has been used to develop a unidimensional sensitivity score representing multiple correlated measures of nicotine withdrawal. A previous autosome-wide screen identified a nonparametric linkage (NPL) log-likelihood ratio (LOD) score of 2.7 on chromosome 6q26 for the sum of nine withdrawal symptoms.Methods: The objectives of these analyses were to (a) assess the influence of nicotine withdrawal sensitivity on relapse, (b) conduct autosome-wide NPL analysis of nicotine withdrawal sensitivity among 158 pedigrees with 432 individuals with microsatellite genotypes and nicotine withdrawal scores, and (c) explore family-based association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the mu opioid receptor candidate gene (OPRM1) with nicotine withdrawal sensitivity in 172 nuclear pedigrees with 419 individuals with both SNP genotypes and nicotine withdrawal scores.Results: An increased risk for relapse was associated with nicotine withdrawal sensitivity score (odds ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.42). A maximal NPL LOD score of 3.15, suggestive of significant linkage, was identified at chr6q26 for nicotine withdrawal sensitivity. Evaluation of 18 OPRM1 SNPs via the family-based association test with the nicotine withdrawal sensitivity score identified eight tagging SNPs with global P values &lt;0.05 and false discovery rate Q values &lt;0.06.Conclusion: An increased risk of relapse, suggestive linkage at chr6q26, and nominally significant association with multiple OPRM1 SNPs were found with Rasch-modeled nicotine withdrawal sensitivity scores in a multiplex smoking pedigree sample. Future studies should attempt to replicate these findings and investigate the relationship between nicotine withdrawal symptoms and variation at OPRM1.(Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3399–406)
Evaluation of In vitro Assays for Assessing the Toxicity of Cigarette Smoke and Smokeless Tobacco
Authors: Johnson Michael D. , Schilz Jodi , Djordjevic Mirjana V. , Rice Jerry R. , Shields Peter G. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Background: In vitro toxicology studies of tobacco and tobacco smoke have been used to understand why tobacco use causes cancer and to assess the toxicologic impact of tobacco product design changes. The need for toxicology studies has been heightened given the Food and Drug Administration's newly granted authority over tobacco products for mandating tobacco product performance standards and evaluate manufacturers' health claims about modified tobacco products. The goal of this review is to critically evaluate in vitro toxicology methods related to cancer for assessing tobacco products and to identify related research gaps.
Methods: PubMed database searches were used to identify tobacco-related in vitro toxicology studies published since 1980. Articles published before 1980 with high relevance also were identified. The data were compiled to examine (a) the goals of the study, (b) the methods for collecting test substances, (c) experimental designs, (d) toxicologic end points, and (e) relevance to cancer risk.
Results: A variety of in vitro assays are available to assess tobacco smoke that address different modes of action, mostly using non–human cell models. However, smokeless tobacco products perform poorly in these assays. Although reliable as a screening tool for qualitative assessments, the available in vitro assays have been poorly validated for quantitative comparisons of different tobacco products. Assay batteries have not been developed, although they exist for nontobacco assessments. Extrapolating data from in vitro studies to human risks remains hypothetical.
Conclusions: In vitro toxicology methods are useful for screening toxicity, but better methods are needed for today's context of regulation and evaluation of health claims. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(12):3263–304)