bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Réforme de la PAC et réduction des inégalités de revenu agricole. Premiers effets en France
Authors: Bazin Gilles , Blogowski Alain , Boyer Philippe 
Published: October 2009

Les données du Réseau d'Information Comptable Agricole montrent que les disparités françaises de revenu agricole entre les différentes zones de handicaps naturels s'étaient réduites entre 1991 et 1993, soit au début de la mise en oeuvre de la réforme de la pac. En rupture avec la tendance antérieure, cette évolution était en grande partie imputable aux nouveaux mécanismes de soutien des revenus agricoles.
Ainsi, la substitution d'aides directes largement assises sur les structures (superficie, têtes de bétail) au soutien des prix, proportionnel aux quantités produites, détermine des augmentations relatives de revenu plus importantes pour les exploitations des zones de montagne ou défavorisées, moins productives à l'unité de surface. Les formes extensives d'élevage, largement représentées dans les zones difficiles, bénéficient d'aides supplémentaires substantielles qui accentuent le découplage entre la productivité de la terre et le soutien des revenus.
Toutefois, en 1994, les zones défavorisées voient s'éroder en partie leur avantage, sous l'effet des augmentations de revenus enregistrées dans les autres régions.
Il semble en outre que l'évolution future des dispositifs jusqu'à la phase d'achèvement de la réforme n'aura plus d'effets marqués en termes de réductions des inégalités de revenu ; l'essentiel des mécanismes prévus ayant joué entre 1991 et 1993.
Le rôle des paiements directs dans la réforme des politiques agricoles
Authors: Portugal Luis 
Published: October 2009

The role of direct pa yments in agricultural policy reform
Since 1992, price support and other subsidies to agricultural production have cost consumers and taxpayers in OECD countries about US$350 billion a year. These subsidies, moreover, have distorted trade patterns and heightened tensions and conflicts between countries. In 1987, OECD countries committed themselves to reducing total support and to moving from output related subsidies to other policy measures, such as direct payments, which let producers and consumers react to market signals. The main advantage of direct payments is that they can be designed to be less economically distorting while improving support transparency and efficiency. They can be better targeted to farmers whose situations are deemed to warrant such payments. They stand in contrast with market price support measures and other production linked measures of support, which mainly benefit the largest producers who may not warrant such support.
Offre de travail des ménages agricoles et revenu découplé : une enquête au Danemark
Authors: Kjeldahl Rasmus 
Published: October 2009

Labour supply of farm households and non labour income
Utility maximising allocation of time between leisure and labour would imply to adjust labour supply to the level of non-labour income. Therefore, agricultural support measures that are decoupled from production or working activities, may be expected to decrease the amount of labour supplied by farm households. This article reports an empirical investigation of the labour supply response to variations in non-labour income in a sample of Danish farm households. The sample was partitioned according to a range of characteristics assumed to express features of the households' utility function. Elasticities of labour supply with respect to non-labour income and wages are reported and illustrated by policy scenarios. Results suggest that the magnitude of labour response to decoupled payments may be significantly different between the household groups identified. Policy implications are discussed.
Modulation des aides et emploi : scénarios pour l'agriculture française
Authors: Colson François , Chatellier Vincent 
Published: October 2009

Farm subsidies and employement : snenarios for french agriculture
The aim of this paper is to analyse the distribution of farm sub- sididies before and after the CAP reform (1994). To acheive this purpose, we use a representative sample of french farms, the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). We compare the account of subsidies and we evaluate the effects of a limitation of direct payments per agricultural labour unit (50000 FF, 100000 FF, 150000 FF). This analysis is based on three systems of production (cereals and crops farms, milk farms, cattle farms) and take the economical dimension into account.
Les syndicats agricoles français et la répartition des aides publiques : contexte et contenu du débat
Authors: Delorme Hélène 
Published: October 2009

Sharing public support to agriculture ; positions of french farm unions
Debates about the new CAP focus on the question of public support distribution. The article analyses the evolution of the economic, sociologie and institutional context. Then, it presents the three schools of thinking which are discussing inside the French farm movement : the economic school supports the new PAC; the protectionist school pretends to rebuild a preferential European market; the modulation school wants to equalize the access to the public support. The conclusion insists upon the interest to study the problem of scale economies in farm sector to precise how the CAP could combine equity and efficiency.
Le marché international des viandes : un régulateur des marchés alimentaires nationaux?
Authors: Boutonnet J.P. 
Published: October 2009

International meat trade : adjusting domestic food markets ?
International meat trade has been increasing, for the last fourty years, faster than world production. The increase of world meat production is the result of a larger utilization of grain in animal feeding. Only a few countries are mainly exporters (Oceania) or importers (Far East or South West Asia). The bulk of world meat trade is the result of market adjustments. Meat trade is one of the way of adjusting supply and demand of meat, grains, milk, oilseeds, and of allocation of agricultural land (pasture/crop). What proportion of the grain will be, in the future, traded as meat ?
Entreprises multinationales et politiques nationales sur les marchés agricoles mondiaux
Authors: Scoppola Margherita 
Published: October 2009

Multinational firms and national policies in the agricultural world markets
National policies have affected the investment's pattern of multinational firms, which trade and process agricultural products. The paper examines how agricultural policies and taxation have contributed to determine the location of firms in the grain and oilseeds trading and processing industries, where few multinational control 85 % of world markets, in first processing industries, firms have invested in countries protecting domestic markets, white in the trading industry, firms have invested in exporting (importing) capacity in countries subsidising agricultural exports (imports). The reform of agricultural polices is likely to induce a world-wide reallocation of investments, determined more by comparative advantages than by policy.
Le système alimentaire au Japon et la globalisation de l'économie agro-alimentaire
Authors: Suzuki Fukumatsu 
Published: October 2009

Globalization of the agricultural and food economies and food system in Japan
Japanese food consumption is changing under the influence of occidental styles : less rice and more meat, oils, vegatables and drinks. It leads to increase imports. Japan used to import feed grains for livestock and is nowprefering direct meat importation. Great Japanese firms are investing in South-Est Asia in order to produce meat -mainly chiken- for their captive national market.
L'impact de la politique d'installation et de modernisation agricoles au Portugal
Authors: Oliveira Santos Rui 
Published: October 2009

The impact of the agricultural settling and modernizing policy in Portugal
The article takes stock of the implementation in Portugal of Ec Regulation n° 797/85 on improving the efficiency of agricultural structures. It aims at assessing the actions designed to favour settling and modernizing in agriculture and consequently a well-balanced development of the country. It is based on research studies concerning the analysis of the agricultural settling process in Portugal. This process is defined as starting from the date when a new farmer gains control of a farm to the date when he actually manages it.
Les agriculteurs dans les consultations électorales de 1992 à 1995
Authors: Chiche Jean , Hervieu Bertrand 
Published: October 2009

Farmer's votes at the elections from 1992 to 1995
Among 3 862 metropolitan cantons, 1 025 are cantons where, at least, 10 % heads of family are farmers. Electoral results booked in these cantons at the time of the referendum of Maastricht on the 20 th septembre 1992, parliamentary elections on 1993, european elections on 1994 and presidential election on 1995 are analysed. The moderate right-wing increases strongly in these cantons (9 points). The right orientation of this electorate is confirmed. The Goustat list (Hunters) registered a higher score than the national average at the european elections ; and Edouard Balladur made points at the presidential election. A majority of these cantons said "no " at the referendum of Maastricht but those of them who said "yes" were of higher proportion than the national average.
Le poids des campagnes au Sénat. Effets et problèmes de la surreprésentation rurale
Authors: Grangé Jean 
Published: October 2009

The weight of rural areas in the french senate questionable effects and consequences arising from the rural over-representation
Three elements in the Senators' election system combine to warp the indirect suffrage system into a distorting mirror for the electorate that gives rural areas too much importance: the overwhelming preponderance of the French "communes" within the constituencies; unbalanced representation between rural and urban population which gravely affects the sociological image of over 75 % of the "départements"; and majority vote in the predominantly rural "départements" where the rural majority thus enjoys nearly total exclusiveness. Consequently there results a constant and oneway distortion of the Senate's political representativity which hardly helps carry out its regulating mission and sometimes even brings about serious malfunctioning in the bicameral system. As a matter of fact, the very nature of the senatorial institution should normally lead to a way of finding out a better-balanced and pluritarian representation system that would ensure right of expression for the various territorial, sociological and political parties and be better fitted to the specific function of the Senate while maintaining its most distinctive feature, i. e. the particular bond that exists between the Senators and France's rural population.
Le militant et le manager : vers une nouvelle culture associative
Authors: Chosson Jean-François 
Published: October 2009

The militant and the manager : towards a new associative culture
The politics of co-management between State and associations established during the sixties, updated in 1964 by the creation of the Fund for Youth Popular Education, were superseded during the eighties by diversified decision centers : Europe, regions, local authorities. The multiplicity of partners generated funding disparity whereas the employment capacity of associations for non-qualified personnel is expanding, providing a positive source of experimentation for the employment of young people. Based on cultural politics, the most significant points are the association of the community environment with today's creative applications instructed by confirmed professionals.
Les artisans en milieu rural, une force entravée
Authors: Auvolat Michel 
Published: October 2009

Rural artisans and their political handicaps
Although the environment in which they have developed is essentially urban, englobing more than 250 000 enterprises, French artisans make up one of the crucial economic components of rural society. Little present in local power structures and fragmented amongst diverse and multiple professional forms of representation, it is only recently that artisans have attempted to formulate a collective strategy for rural areas. The principal handicap stems from their mode of action which favours a view of the profession in its sector rather than as regards its localisation. Contrary to this trend, any policy which differentiates between localities, or attempts, through diversification, to attenuate the specificities of the profession, is seen as a threat to equality- based competition between companies. These reasons explain why artisans have very often been on the defensive when confronted with policy propositions from agriculture or public authorities.
Les sans-dot de l'agriculture : faut-il aider les installations sans aide ?
Authors: Rémy Jacques 
Published: October 2009

"Dowryless" young farmers : should unaided farm installations be given help?
Unaided farm installations (without a subsidy for young farmers which is called "Dotation Jeune Agriculteur") make up about a third of today's young farmer's installations in France. For several years now, these unaided installations have caught the attention of the media and of agricultural unions. More and more demanding requirements to be eligible for the "Young Farmers Subsidy" also exclude unaided farmers from different forms of aid such as quotas. Nevertheless, they produce, occupy territory, maintain the landscape, and above all, are off welfare. In the present social, political and economic context, the ways of distributing different aids between regions, different forms of production and types of farmers, often create feelings of discrimination and exclusion. In the end, it might be wiser to give out aid more equitably for all active farmers.
Viabilité à moyen et long termes d'un système agraire villageois d'Afrique soudano-sahélienne. Le cas de Bala au Burkina Faso
Authors: Barbier Bruno , Benoit-Cattin Michel 
Published: October 2009

Medium and long term viability of the agrarian system of a village in soudano-saheuan Africa. the case of Bala in Burkina Faso
Can african agrarian systems carry on rapidly increasing populations ? To contribute to this debate, a model has been built at the village level in the cotton zone and is used in a recursive way. The maximum of the available information on the zone has been incorporated. Simulations show a crucial threshold when fallow desappear and when it is necessary to combine different techniques for a better management of the soils and of the organic matter ; doing so, a permanent regime could be reach with four times more people but with half the revenue.
Scénario pour un élargissement à l'Est de l'Union européenne
Authors: Cazes Sandrine , Coquet Bruno , Lerais Frédéric 
Published: October 2009

Scenario for an eastern enlargement of the EU
An enlargement of the eu to Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECS), would constitute an unprecedented change : ceecs transitions are underway, and eu is currently facing major transformations, reforms, uncertainties and challenges. This paper intend to evaluate macroeconomic consequences of an enlargement, with the International Macroeconomic Model Mimosa. Our study shows that an eastern enlargement would have beneficial macroeconomic consequences relatively modest for the EU current members, but quite substantial for the newcomers. It appears that trade openness and financing are essential for the success of an enlargement process. An increase in Structural Funds currently allowed to the CEECS -relatively modest for the current eu members- would greatly foster more rapid and sustained growth in these countries, and in the rest of Europe, so that the additional transfers would soon be self-financing. This study shows that obstacles to enlargement process do not come from economic difficulties, but mainly stems from political and strategical issues.
L'intégration des pays d'Europe centrale et orientale à l'Union européenne
Authors: Maurel Mathilde , cheikbossian Guillaume , Schumacher Dieter 
Published: October 2009

The integration of PECO's in UE
The Central Eastern European trade represents a little amount of total European trade : it is less than 1 % of French and German gnp. But in some sectors, the export of Eastern Europe can reach 10 %-20 % of total European import. Thanks to the trade liberalisation process, a significant trade reorientation has taken place, but barriers remain in the sensitive sectors, where the Central Eastern European countries (CEEC's) may have comparative advantages. Although positive (new markets do not compensate for the CMEA trade collapse), the disintegration cost of cmea is decreasing. The analysis of trade at a disaggregated level reveals the sectors where CEEC's have comparative advantages. By estimating the factor content of Eastern European exports, it can been shown that they embody more labour than imports from Western Europe.
Production porcine en Pologne, République tchèque et Hongrie. Les perspectives après le choc de la transition
Authors: Rieu Michel 
Published: October 2009

Pig production in Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary. Which future after economic transition ?
The pig production, as the whole agriculture, suffered during the political and economical changes in central and eastern Europe. In the three countries observed, the lack of money is the main obstacle for maintaining or adapting the pig production. First country in pig production, Poland had always private and very small farms, even under the communist system. The pig herd is now the same as in 1989, but its technological level is still very bad. The communist structure of the Czech pig industry suffered very hardly of financial problems in the last years. In Hungary, first exporter, the pig livestock has fallen by 50 % because the loss of the soviet market and the structural changes. The fall is now stopped, but the recovery will be very difficult.
L'intégration des PECO à la nouvelle PAC. Une double révolution inachevée
Authors: Blanchet Jacques , Revel Alain , Linglin alexandra , Kosciusko-Morizet Nathalie , Wormser Véronique 
Published: October 2009

The EU enlargement to the ceecs : an unacomplished double revolution
The CEECs own two third of the EU 12 grain land. The production of grains, oilseeds, potatoes, fruits, vegetables, dairy and pork products is significant. Not following the China's example of 1978, the 1990 agricultural revolution has not braught any farm production increase, but on the contrary, a one third decrease. The kolkhozian structures have been maintained under an other name. This unacomplished revolution of the ceecs' side force the reformed cap of 1992 to a new evolution, perhaps unavoidable for other reasons. So, the new extension of European Union will not be like the preceeding ones. Two great options are open : does cap be reformed again before its widening towards East countries ? What position to adopt towards production subsidies which became the base of the new policy ?
Pathogen‐Mimicking MnO Nanoparticles for Selective Activation of the TLR9 Pathway and Imaging of Cancer Cells
Authors: Shukoor Mohammed Ibrahim , Natalio Filipe , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz , Wiens Matthias , Tarantola Marco , Therese Helen Annal , Barz Matthias , Weber Stefan , Terekhov Maxim , Schröder Heinz C. , Müller Werner E. G. , Janshoff Andreas , Theato Patrick , Zentel Rudolf , Schreiber Laura Maria , Tremel Wolfgang 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHere, design of the first pathogen‐mimicking metal oxide nanoparticles with the ability to enter cancer cells and to selectively target and activate the TLR9 pathway, and with optical and MR imaging capabilities, is reported. The immobilization of ssDNA (CpG ODN 2006) on MnO nanoparticles is performed via the phosphoramidite route using a multifunctional polymer. The multifunctional polymer used for the nanoparticle surface modification not only affords a protective organic biocompatible shell but also provides an efficient and convenient means for loading immunostimulatory oligonucleotides. Since fluorescent molecules are amenable to photodetection, a chromophore (Rhodamine) is introduced into the polymer chain to trace the nanoparticles in Caki‐1 (human kidney cancer) cells. The ssDNA coupled nanoparticles are used to target Toll‐like receptors 9 (TLR9) receptors inside the cells and to activate the classical TLR cascade. The presence of TLR9 is demonstrated independently in the Caki‐1 cell line by western blotting and immunostaining techniques. The magnetic properties of the MnO core make functionalized MnO nanoparticles potential diagnostic agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) thereby enabling multimodal detection by a combination of MR and optical imaging methods. The trimodal nanoparticles allow the imaging of cellular trafficking by different means and simultaneously are an effective drug carrier system.
Electronic Structure and Geminate Pair Energetics at Organic–Organic Interfaces: The Case of Pentacene/C60 Heterojunctions
Authors: Verlaak Stijn , Beljonne David , Cheyns David , Rolin Cedric , Linares Mathieu , Castet Frédéric , Cornil Jérôme , Heremans Paul 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOrganic semiconductors are characterized by localized states whose energies are predominantly determined by electrostatic interactions with their immediate molecular environment. As a result, the details of the energy landscape at heterojunctions between different organic semiconductors cannot simply be deduced from those of the individual semiconductors, and they have so far remained largely unexplored. Here, microelectrostatic computations are performed to clarify the nature of the electronic structure and geminate pair energetics at the pentacene/C60 interface, as archetype for an interface between a donor molecule and a fullerene electron acceptor. The size and orientation of the molecular quadrupole moments, determined by material choice, crystal orientation, and thermodynamic growth parameters of the semiconductors, dominate the interface energetics. Not only do quadrupoles produce direct electrostatic interactions with charge carriers, but, in addition, the discontinuity of the quadrupole field at the interface induces permanent interface dipoles. That discontinuity is particularly striking for an interface with C60 molecules, which by virtue of their symmetry possess no quadrupole. Consequently, at a pentacene/C60 interface, both the vacuum‐level shift and geminate pair dissociation critically depend on the orientation of the pentacene π‐system relative to the adjacent C60.
Light‐Triggered Self‐Assembly of a Spiropyran‐Functionalized Dendron into Nano‐/Micrometer‐Sized Particles and Photoresponsive Organogel with Switchable Fluorescence
Authors: Chen Qun , Feng Yu , Zhang Deqing , Zhang Guanxin , Fan Qinghua , Sun Shuna , Zhu Daoben 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe synthesis, self‐assembly, and spectroscopic investigations of spiropyran (SP)‐functionalized dendron 1 are reported. Under UV light irradiation, assembly of 1 into nano‐/microparticles occurs due to the transformation of the closed form of SP into the open merocyanine (MC) form. The formation of these nano‐/microparticles is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments in addition to the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) measurements. These nano‐/microparticles exhibit relatively strong red emission. It is interesting to note that the direct cooling of the toluene/benzene solution of 1 to 0 °C leads to gel formation. Multivalent π–π interactions due to the dendron in 1 may be the driving‐force for the gelation. The UV light irradiation cannot destroy the gel phase, and in fact, the gel–gel transition is successfully realized. The purple‐blue gel exhibits relatively strong red fluorescence; moreover, the fluorescence can be reversibly switched by alternating UV and visible light irradiation. The results clearly indicate that the MC form after aggregation becomes more stable and fluorescent.