bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The marine biological station of the University of Liverpool at Port Erin, Isle of Man: a new wing, and a new research vessel
Authors: Colman J. S. , Bowers A. B. 
Published: May 2009

The origins of the Marine Biological Station go back to 1885, when Professor, later Sir William, Herdman organized the Liverpool Marine Biological Committee. The Committee conducted dredging excursions in the Irish Sea, and also set up a very small shore laboratory on Puffin Island (off Anglesey) from 1887 to 1891. In 1892 activities were transferred to two small stone buildings (which still exist—see Pl. III) on Port Erin Bay. After nine years these buildings had become quite inadequate to accommodate the growing numbers both of visiting naturalists and of vacation classes which were started at Port Erin in 1897, so a further move was made to the present site at the south-west corner of Port Erin Bay in 1902.In 1919 the control and ownership of the Marine Biological Station was transferred from the L.M.B.C. to the University of Liverpool; until 1939 the Station formed part of the Department of Oceanography, from 1939 to 1949 it was part of the Department of Zoology, and since 1950 it has formed a separate Department of the University.The original building of 1902, whose whole seaward frontage still remains virtually unaltered (Pl. I), consisted of a central public aquarium (now room 5 on Text-fig. 1) flanked by a sea-fish hatchery (now 8, 9) and a few small research rooms (2,3,4,6,7), with two sizeable laboratories for student classes on the first floor (45–47 and 28, 30–32 on Text-fig. 2). A very valuable asset consisted of three large open-air ponds which still, after 65 years, perform their original function of maintaining a breeding stock of some 200 adult plaice.
Histochemistry of the Bucco-Oesophageal Glands ofMytilus Edulis: The Importance of Mucus in Ingestion
Authors: Beninger Peter G. , Pennec Marcel Le 
Published: May 2009

Histochemical techniques were used to investigate the possible role of the buccooesophageal glands in the blue mussel,Mytilus edulisL. (Mollusca: Bivalvia). No activity was observed for any of the eight major digestive enzymes tested; however, the glands contained large amounts of both neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides. These results confirm the importance of mucus in the ingestive process inM. edulis, and do not support the hypothesis of ingestion of particles suspended in water alone.Until recently it was thought that the Bivalvia were the only class of molluscs in which some type of secretory gland of extracellular digestive function in the bucco-oesophageal region was totally absent (Table 1). However, in a study of the mode of particle ingestion in five species of suspension-feeding bivalves, an extensive glandular complex was reported in the bucco-oesophageal region ofMytilus edulisL. only (Beningeret al., 1991). Although these glands were observed to liberate secretions into the oesophageal lumen, it was not known whether they performed any digestive function.
The Effect of cell concentration on colony growth and feeding in the bryozoanCelleporella hyalina
Authors: Hunter E. , Hughes R. N. 
Published: May 2009

The effects of cell concentration on colony growth and feeding behaviour were investigated in the polymorphic marine bryozoanCelleporella hyalina(Bryozoa: Cheilostomata) under controlled, laboratory conditions. We compared the relative zooidal composition of colonies cultured onRhodomonas baltica(Karsten) for seven weeks at 18°C. We observed the pharynx of active lophophores on sudden exposure to high cell concentrations, and recorded the length of feeding episodes and ingestion rates.Colonies grew, reproduced and produced viable larvae at all levels of food supply, but performed optimally at 50–100 cells µl-1. Cell concentration influenced somatic parameters more than sexual, the latter being more closely associated with genotype. Relative somatic investment was greatest at 10 cells µl-1and least at 50 cells µl-1. The frequency of ovicells containing larvae remained at about 74% irrespective of food supply. Basal male investment was greatest at 10 cell µl-1, frontal male investment at 50 cells µl-1, and female investment at 100 cells µl-1.Cell ingestion rates of previously starved zooids increased as a function of cell concentration, with an inverse relationship between length of feeding episode and concentration. Food particles were drawn from below the lophophore by lateral cilia, ciliary reversal brought them over the mouth, and ingestion then resulted from a pharyngeal current. These results suggest that, on exposure to high cell concentrations, bryozoans may exhibit specific behaviour.
On the Occurrence of Parablennius Sanguinolentus (Pisces: Blenniidae) on the Portuguese Coast
Authors: Gonçalves Emanuel J. , Almada Vitor C. , Almeida Armando J. , Oliveira Rui F. De 
Published: May 2009

In this paper we report for the first time the occurrence of Parablennius sanguinolentus in mainland Portuguese waters. Since this species is common in the Mediterranean and in the Bay of Biscay, there appears to be a distributional gap along the Portuguese coast. The present finding, together with recent data on the occurrence of several other blenniids in the Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula, formerly supposed to be Mediterranean endemics, stresses the urgent need for detailed zoogeographical investigations on the inshore fish fauna of south-west Europe.Parablennius sanguinolentus (Pallas, 1811) is widespread in the Mediterranean (Zander, 1986). On the Atlantic coast of Europe, however, it was known only from the Bay of Biscay where it is abundant in some places (Motos & Ibañez, 1979), from the north-west coast of Spain (Devesa et al., 1979) and recently from the Atlantic coast of Andalucía (Spain) (Rubio, 1991). It is also very common in the Azores, Madeira and Canary Islands if one assumes that P. parvicornis (Valenciennes, 1836) belongs to the same species, but this is as yet an unresolved issue (Zander, 1979; Almeida & Harmelin-Vivien, 1983; Bath, 1990; Santos, 1992). Although Zander (1986) presented a distributional map that includes the mainland Portuguese coast, no report on the occurrence of this species was known for this area. In a survey of the literature on the blennioid fishes occurring in Portuguese waters, we could not find a single citation that could possibly be ascribed to P. sanguinolentus for mainland Portugal (Oliveira et al., 1992).
Pycnogonids from southern Spain: Fauna 1 Project
Authors: Munilla Tomás 
Published: May 2009

One hundred and twelve Pycnogonids belonging to 18 species are recorded from waters of 12–490 m depth on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar. Twenty-three specimens are Mediterranean (8 species) and 89 are Atlantic (14 species).Hannonia stocki and Ammothella gibraltarensis are new species. Pentapycnon geayi is new to European waters and Pycnogonum nodulosum, Ammothella biunguiculata and Callipallene spectrum are new from southern Spanish waters.A total of 38 species has now been reported for southern Spain.INTRODUCTIONThere are only two published papers on pycnogonids from southern Spanish waters: Munilla (1988) reported on mediolittoral and shallow-water taxa (0–12 m), with 11 species collected, while Stock (1987) recorded 20 species from deeper waters (135–2110 m).The present collection of 112 specimens, from shallow to moderately deep waters, was carried out in July 1989 aboard the B/O ‘Garcia del Cid’ during the Project FAUNA 1, conducted by the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid (CSIC).
Physiological ecology of Patella. I. The effect of body size and temperature on metabolic rate
Authors: Spencer Davies P. 
Published: May 2009

The metabolic or respiratory rate, measured as the aerobic oxygen uptake, of the limpets Patella vulgata L. and P. aspera Lamarck was determined over a range of temperatures in January and in July. In order to determine the effects upon metabolism of adaptation to habitat, P. vulgata living at high shore levels were compared with those living at low shore levels.The respiratory rate is proportional to the power –0·3042 of the fresh body weight and the relationship is not affected by temperature or season, and is the same for both species.There is very little difference in the rates of respiration of equal weight individuals of P. aspera and either group of P. vulgata in January. In July the respiratory rate of low-level P. vulgata and of P. aspera is higher than in January whilst that of the high-level P. vulgata is little changed.The Q10 of respiration had a low value between the temperatures of 15–20° C in both species, and this is thought to represent a hitherto unrecognized form of acclimation to maintain metabolic constancy over the mean environmental temperature range. In P. vulgata low values of Q10 were correlated with high environmental temperatures. Lower Q10's were recorded in July than in January and, in addition, limpets which were adapted to the elevated temperature of high shore levels in July had lower Q10's than the limpets from low shore levels. This apparent acclimation of Q10 was not observed in P. aspera.The significance of the differences in metabolic rate and in Q10 are discussed in relation to acclimation and its importance in the ecological distribution of the two species.
Some effects of salinity on the developing eggs and larvae of the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)
Authors: Holliday F. G. T. , Jones M. Pattie 
Published: May 2009

Eggs of plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L., were incubated in salinities of 5, 17.5, 35 and 50%. After fertilization a large concentration difference is maintained between the yolk and the external medium; this difference is present throughout development. The unfertilized egg becomes isosmotic with the medium within 24 h.High mortalities were found at all stages of development in salinities below 17.5% most eggs died in the blastula or early gastrula stages. In addition, mechanical disturbance (e.g. during transport) also led to many deaths at this stage.Water movement could occur between the environment and both the yolk and embryonic cells, it was detected by changes in the freezing-point of the yolk and changes in the volume of the blastula cells.After hatching, the yolk-sac larvae tolerated salinities of 15–60% for 1 week, and the body fluid concentration was regulated within fairly narrow limits in these salinities. After metamorphosis, tolerance to high salinities was less (45% for 1 week), but tolerance and regulation in low salinities was greater (2.5% for 1 week). It is suggested that functional changes in the epidermis and kidney underlie these changes in tolerance.IntroductionAn investigation of the effects of salinity on the early development of the herring (Holliday & Jones, 1965) suggested that the ability to osmoregulate was present in the cells of the early blastula, but not in the vitelline membrane of the fertilized egg. The yolk was not fully regulated until gastrulation was complete; until this time it was approximately isosmotic with the medium in which it was being incubated.
On the Nutrition and metabolism of zooplankton IV. The forms of nitrogen excreted ByCalanus
Authors: Corner E. D. S. , Newell B. S. 
Published: May 2009

A study has been made of the nitrogenous compounds excreted byCalanus helgolandicus(Claus) collected at Plymouth.Most of the excreted nitrogen is in the form of ammonia which accounts for 60–100% (average 74.3%) of the total, and some of the remainder may be lost as urea. There is no evidence for the excretion of measurable amounts of amino acids.Whether the animals are starved or fed they are primarily ammonotelic, and the quantity of ammonia produced at 10° C (3.33 μg/g. dry body wt/day) is not significantly changed when the animals are used at an abnormally high experimental density. This latter condition does, however, lead to the production of large quantities of additional nitrogenous substances that give a positive reaction with ninhydrin.IntroductionThe amounts of nitrogen excreted by zooplankton have been measured by several workers. Harris (1959) used the method of Riley (1953) to estimate the copious quantities of ammonia produced by animals (mainlyAcartia tonsaandA. clausi) collected from Long Island Sound; Beers (1964), in laboratory experiments with the chaetognathSagitta hispida, estimated the excreted ammonia by the procedure of Kruse & Mellon (1952); and Corner, Cowey & Marshall (1965) determined the ammonia excreted byCalanus helgolandicusandC. finmarchicus, using a ninhydrin technique described by Moore & Stein (1954). The methods employed by Harris and by Beers are specific for ammonia: that used by Corneret al.estimates nitrogenous substances (e.g. amino acids) in addition to ammonia, but certain tests were made which seemed to exclude the possibility that these substances contributed significantly to the nitrogen excreted by the animals.
The defensive adaptations of Lima hians (Mollusca, Bivalvia)
Authors: Gilmour T. H. J. 
Published: May 2009

The inability of Lima Mans Gmelin to enclose the soft tissues of the body within the shell is correlated with the development of other defensive adaptations.L, Mans can automize entire pallial tentacles or parts of tentacles which subsequently secrete a viscous mucus distasteful to potential predators. Autotomy takes place at transverse septa along the length of the tentacles and mucus is secreted by epidermal gland cells.The transverse septa of the tentacles also regulate the hydrostatic pressure of blood within the tentacles and permit the performance of complex locomotory movements. It is suggested that the septa were originally developed to serve this locomotory function and, secondarily, function as planes of weakness at which autotomy may take place.L. Mans builds protective nests. The nests are constructed by burrowing into a gravel substratum and consolidating the walls of the burrow with byssal threads. When disturbed in the nest L. Mans performs locomotory movements which lead to enlargement of the nest. If the nest is broken the locomotory activities result in free swimming followed by attempts to burrow into the substratum to form a new nest. It is unlikely that L. Mans swims freely in nature except when displaced from the nest.IntroductionMost bivalve molluscs react to unfavourable stimuli by retracting the soft parts of the body within the shell valves and contracting the adductor muscles to oppose the valve margins. In Lima hians Gmelin the mantle margin, even with its numerous long tentacles fully retracted, cannot be accommodated within the shell valves. In this paper the inability of L. hians to retract the soft parts within the valves is correlated with two types of defensive behaviour: (i) the secretion of mucus by the tentacles of the mantle margin and the autotomy of these tentacles, and (ii) the interrelated activities of swimming and nest-building.
Actinothoe Sphyrodeta(Cnidaria, Actiniaria): The First Records from Portugal and the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Williams R.B. 
Published: May 2009

The known geographical distribution of the sea anemoneActinothoe sphyrodeta(Gosse) (Cnidaria, Actiniaria), hitherto generally believed to occur in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean from the Shetland Islands to the Bay of Biscay, has been extended with new records from the Iberian Peninsula. These records comprise three from the west coast of Portugal and one from the Mediterranean coast of Spain.The sea anemones (Actiniaria) of the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean have been closely studied for at least a century and a half, and along with those of the Mediterranean Sea, constitute perhaps the best known actiniarian fauna in the world. Furthermore, there has long been discussion of the endemicity of Mediterranean sea anemones, and of apparent overlaps between the distributions of some Atlantic and Mediterranean species. It is, therefore, of particular interest when a species thought to have a solely Atlantic or solely Mediterranean distribution is discovered on the ‘wrong’ side of the Strait of Gibraltar. The anemoneActinothoe sphyrodeta(Gosse) was hitherto generally believed to occur only in north-western Europe, with a range from the Shetland Islands to the Bay of Biscay (e.g. Fischer, 1890; Manuel, 1981). It is reported here for the first time from Portugal and from the Mediterranean coast of Spain.
On the Density of Certain Amphipoda and Isopoda
Authors: Moore P.G. , Davenport J. , Middleton N.E. 
Published: May 2009

Data are presented on the density of ten species of Amphipoda and two species of Isopoda from terrestrial to aquatic (freshwater through brackish water to marine) habitats, derived using a new modification of the displacement method involving batch testing of animals and subsequent Probit Analysis of data.Surprisingly few data are available in the literature concerning the densities of marine organisms. Extensive work on this topic was published some half a century ago by A.G. Lowndes. He reported widely on crabs and lobsters (Lowndes, 1943a), echinoderms (Lowndes, 1953) and fishes (Lowndes, 1955). In his paper to the Linnean Society (Lowndes, 1938a) he included data on some of the smaller freshwater Crustacea. Gross & Raymont (1942) have published on the specific gravity of the marine copepodCalanus finmarchicus.In espousing the displacement method for dealing with live individuals (Lowndes, 1938a,b, 1942, 1943b, 1955), he dismissed summarily earlier techniques that involved ascertaining whether killed or narcotized animals sank or floated in liquids of known density. While we recognize the limitations of the old methods, Lowndes’ displacement technique, although very accurate for individuals (he quoted figures to five decimal places), is very tedious to replicate [“elegant if somewhat exacting”, according to Hutchinson, 1967] and so reliance tends to be placed on figures obtained for very few individuals, typically only one or two. Even Lowndes himself was wary of attributing significance to the last two decimal places in his estimations, since individuals will vary in density according to sex, the contents of the gut etc. (Eyden, 1923; Lowndes, 1938b; but see Fox & Mitchell, 1953).
Gametogenesis and the reproductive cycle in the deep-sea anemone Paracalliactis stephensoni (Cnidaria: Actiniaria)
Authors: Praet-Van Michel 
Published: May 2009

This ultrastructural investigation of gametogenesis in a deep-sea anemone of the Bay of Biscay trawled around 2000 m depth, contributes to the knowledge of biology and strategy of reproduction of deep-sea benthos.This sea anemone is dioecious. The sperm appears very similar to those of shallow water sea anemones of the genus, Calliactis. The ultrastructural investigation of oogenesis allows the characteristics of the stages of previtellogenesis and vitellogenesis to be defined. The latter begins with a period of lipogenesis correlated with the formation of a trophonema. Mature oocytes measure up to 180 (im in diameter. Study of spermatogenesis and oogenesis reveals that spawning occurs in April/May. In males, the main area of testicular cysts, full of sperm, reaches maximal development from March to May and, in females, the percentage of mature oocytes decreases from 33% in April to 1% in May.Spawning may be induced by the advent in the deep-sea of the products of the spring phytoplankton bloom. This period of spawning, during the increased deposition of organic matter to the deep-sea floor, may be an advantageous strategy for early development of Paracalliactis.
Bothriocephalus scorpii [Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea] in turbot and brill from british coastal waters
Authors: Davey J. T. , Peachey J. E. 
Published: May 2009

Three hundred and thirty-one turbot and 350 brill of varying ages were examined for infection with the tapeworm Bothriocephalus scorpii (Müller, 1776).This survey showed that: (i) turbot and brill acquired infections of B. scorpii before they were 1 year old; (ii) all the adult turbot were infected with B. scorpii, often heavily, whereas only half the adult brill were infected and then only slightly; (iii) differences in the structure of the gut mucosa could account for the strong attachment of the scoleces in turbot compared with the loose attachment in brill.
Growth and Nutrition ofAplysia PunctataFeeding on a Variety of Marine Algae
Authors: Carefoot Thomas H. 
Published: May 2009

The growth rates ofAplysia punctataCuvier feeding on eight species of marine algae were found to decrease in the order:Plocamium > Enteromorpha > Ulva > Heterosiphonia > Cryptopleura > Delesseria > Laminaria.The brown alga,Desmarestia aculeata, was not eaten. Except forEnteromorphaandDesmarestia, this was also the order found for the feeding preference of sublittoralAplysia. Enteromorphawas eaten byAplysiain preference to all the other algae studied.No clearly defined trends in the concentrations of ash, protein, fat and carbohydrate in the seaweeds were found to account for these differences in growth rates. Absorption of total dry food matter was lowest from the algae giving the poorest growth (45 and 53%, respectively, of the total dry weight consumed forDelesseriaandLaminariadiets) and highest from the seaweeds giving moderate growth (71–75% forUlva, HeterosiphoniaandCryptopleuradiets). ForPlocamiumandEnteromorphadiets the values were 59 and 65%, respectively. Carbohydrate materials were found to constitute 42–75% of the total dry weight of food material absorbed byAplysiaon all the algal diets, and represented the major portion of each. The efficiency of conversion of absorbed food matter into tissues was highest on the algae giving the poorest over-all growth (73% forDelesseriaand 40% forLaminaria). For the other seaweed diets the efficiencies decreased in direct relation to the decrease in the value of each for growth ofAplysia(from 35% forPlocamiumto 15 % forCryptopleura).The same amino acids were found in each food.
Iron Metabolism in Mytilus Edulis 1. Variation in Total Content and Distribution
Authors: Hobden D. J. 
Published: May 2009

The iron content of fresh Mytilus edulis L. from Southampton is usually 20–40 μg/g wet weight after the animals have eliminated their gut contents. In spring some animals have much higher iron contents, sometimes in excess of 100 μg/g. The much higher values reported by some authors are probably erroneous.Prolonged starvation in sea water of low iron content will not reduce the mean iron content of the animals below 20–25 μg/g. This represents a permanent store. Higher values are produced by a temporary store that is fairly rapidly lost on starvation.The highest iron concentrations are usually in the digestive gland, which contains the major part of the temporary store, much of which can be regarded as particles being subjected to the digestive processes.Only iron in the temporary store could be demonstrated by histochemical techniques.INTRODUCTIONThe trace element metabolism of Vertebrates, particularly Mammals has been reviewed by Bothwell & Finch (1962); and Vinogradov (1953) has made a comprehensive review of the elementary chemical composition of living organisms. With notable exceptions, such as the copper in haemocyanin, the trace elements discovered in many invertebrates have no known function. The reported values for many elements differ considerably, depending on the author and the techniques used. In general, despite a number of errors in the values quoted, Vinogradov's data establish at least the order of magnitude of many elements in a variety of animals. Some of these elements occur in greater amounts than would be expected if they were not of metabolic significance. One example, namely iron in Mytilus edulis L., was selected for investigation.