bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic impacts of IPM sampling methods for collards
Authors: Ferrer Myra Clarisse , Hammig Michael 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIntegrated pest management (IPM) has been very successful in directing farming to a more environment-friendly production. It is a great tool for producers in transition to organic farming. However, the extent of its economic impact is not well understood by farmers. This study looks at the amount of savings and potential market profitability of using IPM in South Carolina collard production considering alternative scouting methods. Scouting is an essential part of IPM that is usually ignored. This analysis presents a comparative assessment of the merits of conventional sampling (CS) and binomial sequential scouting method (SSM). SSM is a recently developed scouting system for traditionally operated collard farms that is geared toward a more economical execution of scouting without forfeiting the effectiveness of the process. Financial analytical tools, specifically costs and returns methods and sensitivity analysis on prices, were utilized to determine the economic advantages or disadvantages of the two methods. Outcomes indicate that both scouting methods would result in cost savings if used on traditionally operated farms. Particularly, the cost savings per hectare generated from IPM with SSM [3.62% of total cost (TC) and 3.91% of total variable cost (TVC)] is higher than the cost savings from IPM with CS (2.91% of TC and 3.15% of TVC). The difference in cost savings between IPM with CS and IPM with SSM basically came from the less scouting time of SSM that entailed lower labor cost for the farm. Therefore, to attain maximum profitability potential, using IPM with the SSM is a better option. Some may conjecture that the cost savings were insignificant due to the low percentages in cost savings. However, its importance is evident at the potential savings per farm and at the aggregate/state level.
The SushiBar: An automated system for paleomagnetic investigations
Authors: Wack Michael R. , Gilder Stuart A. 
Published: January 2012

We present a new, automated system based on a three‐axis superconducting magnetometer and a custom‐made coil designed to experiment on cylindrical specimens used in typical paleomagnetic investigations. The system, which resembles a sushi bar, facilitates stepwise alternating field demagnetization of up to 99 samples per loaded track. It also enables researchers to explore magnetic properties using an anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) in any coercivity window up to peak alternating fields of 95 mT with direct current bias fields up to 0.17 mT. For example, partial ARM (pARM) spectra characterize magnetic grain size distributions in rocks, yet rarely are pARM spectra measured because the complete curve for one sample takes at least two hours to acquire manually. The SushiBar achieves 99 such curves in slightly less than 100 hours. Using the SushiBar, we measured the pARM sprectra, as well as the viscosity and anisotropy of ARM in three discrete switching field windows, of continental sediments from the Xishuigou section (western China). The average grain size remains constant along the 2200 m‐thick section, yet magnetic viscosity varies systematically from bottom to top of the section; samples with high magnetic viscosities also have higher proportions of non‐viscous material on average. Principal anisotropy axis directions from the lowest switching fields correlate well with principal axis directions from anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Principal axis directions defined at higher switching fields systematically deviate from those at lower switching fields, perhaps defining the fabric of the remanence‐carrying grains.
Intralithospheric mantle structures recorded continental subduction
Authors: Zheng Tianyu , Zhu Rixiang , Zhao Liang , Ai Yinshuang 
Published: January 2012

We investigated the intralithospheric mantle (ILM) structures beneath the North China Craton (NCC) by the seismic imaging with over 16,000 high‐quality receiver functions from 255 broadband stations. These images were created for six profiles spanning different tectonic units in the NCC. Initially, we inferred the crustal velocity model using an integrated receiver function imaging technique. Subsequently, we performed a series of synthetic tests of common conversion point (CCP) stacking images to distinguish between the multiple waves generated by the crustal structure and the velocity discontinuities in the ILM. The ILM structures were constructed by waveform inversion on the basis of these analyses. Our imaging results reveal (1) a homogenous lithospheric mantle in the western NCC, (2) intermittent and juxtaposed velocity interfaces in the ILM beneath the southern NCC, and (3) local high‐velocity and lower‐velocity volumes in the ILM beneath the eastern NCC. In addition, the lower crust beneath the southern NCC is thin, and the Moho dips northward, which present evidence of the Yangtze craton subduction beneath the NCC. The imaged high‐velocity volumes in the ILM beneath the southern NCC were interpreted as a subduction remnant in the uppermost mantle, which reveal a flat subduction channel resulting from the continent‐continent collision between the NCC and the Yangtze craton. The homogeneous ILM beneath a Paleoproterozoic amalgamation zone in the NCC implies that the remnants of the lithosphere that were subducted before 1.8 Ga might have sunk into the deeper mantle.
An annual cycle of size‐resolved aerosol hygroscopicity at a forested site in Colorado
Authors: Levin E. J. T. , Prenni A. J. , Petters M. D. , Kreidenweis S. M. , Sullivan R. C. , Atwood S. A. , Ortega J. , DeMott P. J. , Smith J. N. 
Published: January 2012

The ability of particles composed wholly or partially of biogenic secondary organic compounds to serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) is a key characteristic that helps to define their roles in linking biogeochemical and water cycles. In this paper, we describe size‐resolved (14–350 nm) CCN measurements from the Manitou Experimental Forest in Colorado, where particle compositions were expected to have a large biogenic component. These measurements were conducted for 1 year as part of the Bio‐hydro‐atmosphere Interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics, and Nitrogen program and determined the aerosol hygroscopicity parameter, κ, at five water supersaturations between ∼0.14% and ∼0.97%. The average κ value over the entire study and all supersaturations was κavg = 0.16 ± 0.08. Kappa values decreased slightly with increasing supersaturation, suggesting a change in aerosol composition with dry diameter. Furthermore, some seasonal variability was observed with increased CCN concentrations and activated particle number fraction, but slightly decreased hygroscopicity, during the summer. Small particle events, which may indicate new particle formation, were observed throughout the study period, especially in the summer, leading to increases in CCN concentration, followed by a gradual increase in the aerosol mode size. The condensing material appeared to be predominantly composed of organic compounds and led to a small decrease in κ at the larger activation diameters during and immediately after those events.
Investigating cloud absorption effects: Global absorption properties of black carbon, tar balls, and soil dust in clouds and aerosols
Authors: Jacobson Mark Z. 
Published: January 2012

This study examines modeled properties of black carbon (BC), tar ball (TB), and soil dust (SD) absorption within clouds and aerosols to understand better Cloud Absorption Effects I and II, which are defined as the effects on cloud heating of absorbing inclusions in hydrometeor particles and of absorbing aerosol particles interstitially between hydrometeor particles at their actual relative humidity (RH), respectively. The globally and annually averaged modeled 550 nm aerosol mass absorption coefficient (AMAC) of externally mixed BC was 6.72 (6.3–7.3) m2/g, within the laboratory range (6.3–8.7 m2/g). The global AMAC of internally mixed (IM) BC was 16.2 (13.9–18.2) m2/g, less than the measured maximum at 100% RH (23 m2/g). The resulting AMAC amplification factor due to internal mixing was 2.41 (2–2.9), with highest values in high RH regions. The global 650 nm hydrometeor mass absorption coefficient (HMAC) due to BC inclusions was 17.7 (10.6–19) m2/g, ∼9.3% higher than that of the IM‐AMAC. The 650 nm HMACs of TBs and SD were half and 1/190th, respectively, that of BC. Modeled aerosol absorption optical depths were consistent with data. In column tests, BC inclusions in low and mid clouds (CAE I) gave column‐integrated BC heating rates ∼200% and 235%, respectively, those of interstitial BC at the actual cloud RH (CAE II), which itself gave heating rates ∼120% and ∼130%, respectively, those of interstitial BC at the clear‐sky RH. Globally, cloud optical depth increased then decreased with increasing aerosol optical depth, consistent with boomerang curves from satellite studies. Thus, CAEs, which are largely ignored, heat clouds significantly.
Continuous and discontinuous quantum phase transitions in a model two-dimensional magnet
Authors: Haravifard S. , Banerjee A. , Lang J. C. , Srajer G. , Silevitch D. M. , Gaulin B. D. , Dabkowska H. A. , Rosenbaum T. F. 
Published: January 2012

The Shasty–Sutherland model, which consists of a set of spin 1/2 dimers on a 2D square lattice, is simple and soluble but captures a central theme of condensed matter physics by sitting precariously on the quantum edge between isolated, gapped excitations and collective, ordered ground states. We compress the model Shastry–Sutherland material, SrCu
2
(BO
3
)
2
, in a diamond anvil cell at cryogenic temperatures to continuously tune the coupling energies and induce changes in state. High-resolution X-ray measurements exploit what emerges as a remarkably strong spin-lattice coupling to both monitor the magnetic behavior and the absence or presence of structural discontinuities. In the low-pressure spin-singlet regime, the onset of magnetism results in an expansion of the lattice with decreasing temperature, which permits a determination of the pressure-dependent energy gap and the almost isotropic spin-lattice coupling energies. The singlet-triplet gap energy is suppressed continuously with increasing pressure, vanishing completely by 2 GPa. This continuous quantum phase transition is followed by a structural distortion at higher pressure.
Light-driven oxygen production from superoxide by Mn-binding bacterial reaction centers
Authors: Allen James P. , Olson Tien L. , Oyala Paul , Lee Wei-Jen , Tufts Aaron A. , Williams JoAnn C. 
Published: January 2012

One of the outstanding questions concerning the early Earth is how ancient phototrophs made the evolutionary transition from anoxygenic to oxygenic photosynthesis, which resulted in a substantial increase in the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. We have previously demonstrated that reaction centers from anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria can be modified to bind a redox-active Mn cofactor, thus gaining a key functional feature of photosystem II, which contains the site for water oxidation in cyanobacteria, algae, and plants [Thielges M, et al. (2005)Biochemistry44:7389–7394]. In this paper, the Mn-binding reaction centers are shown to have a light-driven enzymatic function; namely, the ability to convert superoxide into molecular oxygen. This activity has a relatively high efficiency with akcatof approximately 1 s-1that is significantly larger than typically observed for designed enzymes, and aKmof 35–40 μM that is comparable to the value of 50 μM for Mn-superoxide dismutase, which catalyzes a similar reaction. Unlike wild-type reaction centers, the highly oxidizing reaction centers are not stable in the light unless they have a bound Mn. The stability and enzymatic ability of this type of Mn-binding reaction centers would have provided primitive phototrophs with an environmental advantage before the evolution of organisms with a more complex Mn4Ca cluster needed to perform the multielectron reactions required to oxidize water.
‘It's not supposed to be this way’: Psychological aspects of a premature menopause
Authors: Singer Dani 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground: Premature menopause (menopause diagnosed at 40 years or under) is a challenging condition with no prevention or cure. Causes can be the result of surgical intervention or spontaneous and largely unknown. It affects 1–6% of women aged 14–40. Aim: This study investigated women's experience of diagnosis, perception of cause, treatment received, main concerns, perceived long‐term consequences and impact on psychological wellbeing. Method: A cross‐sectional single group design questionnaire study that included both quantitative and qualitative measures was used. It was distributed to women on the database of two specialist London clinics and an internet‐based patient support group. A thematic analysis was undertaken. Findings: The response rate was 62%. Women's experiences varied but showed common themes regardless of timing of diagnosis and services accessed. Improved understanding by health professionals could help this group accept and adjust to the condition more effectively as could psychological support. Fertility was a primary concern regardless of parity and there were several secondary impacts both physiological and psychological. Discussion: A clear need for the offer of emotional support was indicated for all, but particularly for teenage girls and single women who tended not to access support from their own social network. Conclusion: Young women with this diagnosis could benefit from the offer of counselling, though uptake may be influenced by individual factors and vary according to age and circumstances. A good understanding of the physical aspects of this condition is important in the counselling of this group.
The Maize Tapetum Employs Diverse Mechanisms to Synthesize and Store Proteins and Flavonoids and Transfer Them to the Pollen Surface
Authors: Li Yubing , Suen Der Fen , Huang Chien-Yu , Kung Shung-Yee , Huang Anthony H.C. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
In anthers, the tapetum synthesizes and stores proteins and flavonoids, which will be transferred to the surface of adjacent microspores. The mechanism of synthesis, storage, and transfer of these pollen-coat materials in maize (Zea mays) differs completely from that reported in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which stores major pollen-coat materials in tapetosomes and elaioplasts. On maize pollen, three proteins, glucanase, xylanase, and a novel protease, Zea mays pollen coat protease (ZmPCP), are predominant. During anther development, glucanase and xylanase transcripts appeared at a mid developmental stage, whereas protease transcript emerged at a late developmental stage. Protease and xylanase transcripts were present only in the anther tapetum of the plant, whereas glucanase transcript was distributed ubiquitously. ZmPCP belongs to the cysteine protease family but has no closely related paralogs. Its nascent polypeptide has a putative amino-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeting peptide and a propeptide. All three proteins were synthesized in the tapetum and were present on mature pollen after tapetum death. Electron microscopy of tapetum cells of mid to late developmental stages revealed small vacuoles distributed throughout the cytoplasm and numerous secretory vesicles concentrated near the locular side. Immunofluorescence microscopy and subcellular fractionation localized glucanase in ER-derived vesicles in the cytoplasm and the wall facing the locule, xylanase in the cytosol, protease in vacuoles, and flavonoids in subdomains of ER rather than in vacuoles. The nonoverlapping subcellular locations of the three proteins and flavonoids indicate distinct modes of their storage in tapetum cells and transfer to the pollen surface, which in turn reflect their respective functions in tapetum cells or the pollen surface.
Loss of Function of FATTY ACID DESATURASE7 in Tomato Enhances Basal Aphid Resistance in a Salicylate-Dependent Manner
Authors: Avila Carlos A. , Arévalo-Soliz Lirio M. , Jia Lingling , Navarre Duroy A. , Chen Zhaorigetu , Howe Gregg A. , Meng Qing-Wei , Smith Jonathon E. , Goggin Fiona L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe report here that disruption of function of the ω-3 FATTY ACID DESATURASE7 (FAD7) enhances plant defenses against aphids. The suppressor of prosystemin-mediated responses2 (spr2) mutation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), which eliminates the function of FAD7, reduces the settling behavior, survival, and fecundity of the potato aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae). Likewise, the antisense suppression of LeFAD 7 expression in wild-type tomato plants reduces aphid infestations. Aphid resistance in the spr2 mutant is associated with enhanced levels of salicylic acid (SA) and mRNA encoding the pathogenesis-related protein P4. Introduction of the Naphthalene/salicylate hydroxylase transgene, which suppresses SA accumulation, restores wild-type levels of aphid susceptibility to spr2. Resistance in spr2 is also lost when we utilize virus-induced gene silencing to suppress the expression of NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS1 (NPR1), a positive regulator of many SA-dependent defenses. These results indicate that FAD7 suppresses defenses against aphids that are mediated through SA and NPR1. Although loss of function of FAD7 also inhibits the synthesis of jasmonate (JA), the effects of this desaturase on aphid resistance are not dependent on JA; other mutants impaired in JA synthesis (acx1) or perception (jai1-1) show wild-type levels of aphid susceptibility, and spr2 retains aphid resistance when treated with methyl jasmonate. Thus, FAD7 may influence JA-dependent defenses against chewing insects and SA-dependent defenses against aphids through independent effects on JA synthesis and SA signaling. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants Atfad7-2 and Atfad7-1fad8 also show enhanced resistance to the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) compared with wild-type controls, indicating that FAD7 influences plant-aphid interactions in at least two plant families.
Reactive Oxygen Species Are Involved in Gibberellin/Abscisic Acid Signaling in Barley Aleurone Cells
Authors: Ishibashi Yushi , Tawaratsumida Tomoya , Kondo Koji , Kasa Shinsuke , Sakamoto Masatsugu , Aoki Nozomi , Zheng Shao-Hui , Yuasa Takashi , Iwaya-Inoue Mari 
Published: January 2012

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signal molecules for a variety of processes in plants. However, many questions about the roles of ROS in plants remain to be clarified. Here, we report the role of ROS in gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling in barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone cells. The production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a type of ROS, was induced by GA in aleurone cells but suppressed by ABA. Furthermore, exogenous H2O2 appeared to promote the induction of α-amylases by GA. In contrast, antioxidants suppressed the induction of α-amylases. Therefore, H2O2 seems to function in GA and ABA signaling, and in regulation of α-amylase production, in aleurone cells. To identify the target of H2O2 in GA and ABA signaling, we analyzed the interrelationships between H2O2 and DELLA proteins Slender1 (SLN1), GA-regulated Myb transcription factor (GAmyb), and ABA-responsive protein kinase (PKABA) and their roles in GA and ABA signaling in aleurone cells. In the presence of GA, exogenous H2O2 had little effect on the degradation of SLN1, the primary transcriptional repressor mediating GA signaling, but it promoted the production of the mRNA encoding GAMyb, which acts downstream of SLN1 and involves induction of α-amylase mRNA. Additionally, H2O2 suppressed the production of PKABA mRNA, which is induced by ABA:PKABA represses the production of GAMyb mRNA. From these observations, we concluded that H2O2 released the repression of GAMyb mRNA by PKABA and consequently promoted the production of α-amylase mRNA, thus suggesting that the H2O2 generated by GA in aleurone cells is a signal molecule that antagonizes ABA signaling.
Temperature‐driven coral decline: the role of marine protected areas
Authors: Selig Elizabeth R. , Casey Kenneth S. , Bruno John F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWarming ocean temperatures are considered to be an important cause of the degradation of the world's coral reefs. Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been proposed as one tool to increase coral reef ecosystem resistance and resilience (i.e. recovery) to the negative effects of climate change, yet few studies have evaluated their efficacy in achieving these goals. We used a high resolution 4 km global temperature anomaly database from 1985–2005 and 8040 live coral cover surveys on protected and unprotected reefs to determine whether or not MPAs have been effective in mitigating temperature‐driven coral loss. Generally, protection in MPAs did not reduce the effect of warm temperature anomalies on coral cover declines. Shortcomings in MPA design, including size and placement, may have contributed to the lack of an MPA effect. Empirical studies suggest that corals that have been previously exposed to moderate levels of thermal stress have greater adaptive capacity and resistance to future thermal stress events. Existing MPAs protect relatively fewer reefs with moderate anomaly frequencies, potentially reducing their effectiveness. However, our results also suggest that the benefits from MPAs may not be great enough to offset the magnitude of losses from acute thermal stress events. Although MPAs are important conservation tools, their limitations in mitigating coral loss from acute thermal stress events suggest that they need to be complemented with policies aimed at reducing the activities responsible for climate change.
Identification of immunogenic proteins of Flavobacterium columnare by two‐dimensional electrophoresis immunoblotting with antibacterial sera from grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes)
Authors: Liu Z X , Liu G Y , Li N , Xiao F S , Xie H X , Nie P 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFlavobacterium columnare is a Gram‐negative bacterium causing columnaris disease of freshwater fish worldwide, and development of efficacious vaccines has been a continuous challenge in aquaculture. In this study, 14 proteins were identified from cellular components of F. columnare using an immunoblotting approach in two‐dimensional electrophoresis map gels with antibacterial sera from grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes), and then anti‐grass carp‐recombinant Ig (rIg) polyclonal antibodies. These proteins were characterized conclusively by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF/TOF MS). The 14 proteins are immunogenic molecules of F. columnare, including chaperonins DnaK, GroEL and trigger factor, and translation elongation factor G, translation elongation factor Tu, 30S ribosomal subunit protein S1, dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase, succinyl‐CoA synthetase, SpoOJ regulator protein, alcohol dehydrogenase, fructose‐bisphosphate aldolase, 3‐hydroxybutyryl‐CoA dehydrogenase and two conserved hypothetical proteins. These identified immunogenic proteins may provide candidate molecules for the development of vaccines against columnaris disease.