bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The preservation of bacteriophage H1 ofCorynebacterium ulceransU 103 by freeze-drying
Authors: Davies J. D. , Kelly M. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThis paper describes an investigation into the successful preservation at room temperature of the bacteriophage H1 ofCorynebacterium ulceransU 103 which was extremely labile when in suspension at 4° C.Cooling at a rate of 1° C./min. showed that the survival decreased logarithmically at temperatures between – 14 and – 45° C. Survival of broth suspensions of the corynebacteriophage were found to increase proportionally with an increase in the rate of cooling though there was a marked drop in survival at rates of approximately 900° C./min. The addition of peptone solutions was found to increase the survival over the range studied, whereas the addition of sucrose solutions had only a slight effect.By avoiding freezing damage by cooling at rates of 450° C./min. in (a) 20% peptone solution, (b) 20% peptone and 10% sucrose, and (c) 20% peptone, 10% sucrose and 2% sodium glutamate, a study was made of the drying stage of the freeze-drying process. On drying at controlled temperatures it was found that there was no damage on rewarming to temperatures below – 21° C. after cooling to – 196° C., but that the survival immediately after drying in the absence of glutamate, showed a logarithmic relationship with the temperature of drying, lower temperatures giving better survival.On storage for a period of 3 months at room temperaturein vacuoand darkness, there was no appreciable loss in survival in the mixtures though suspensions in peptone alone showed a slight decrease. At higher temperatures this decrease in survival could be differentiated into two types of damage, each of which could be influenced by the presence of sucrose or glutamate.We are grateful to Professor H. R. Carne for providing the initial sample of bacteriophage H 1 ofCorynebacterium ulceransU 103, and to Professor R. I. N. Greaves for his interest and encouragement during the course of this investigation.
Antibody response in non-haemorrhagic smallpox patients
Authors: Downie A. W. , Vincent L. St , Goldstein L. , Rao A. R. , Kempe C. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwo hundred and sixteen sera from 151 patients suffering from smallpox (non-haemorrhagic) were examined for antibody by precipitation in agar gel, by haemagglutinin inhibition (HI), complement fixation (CF) and neutralization tests. Most of the patients were adults and the majority had been vaccinated earlier in life. HI and neutralizing antibodies showed rising titres from the 6th day of illness while the majority showed precipitins and CF antibodies from the 8th day. The results of the precipitation-in-agar-gel tests are in marked contrast to the findings in healthy vaccinated and revaccinated individuals, none of whose sera gave a positive result for antibody by this technique. In unvaccinated patients the antibody response was frequently delayed and the titres lower than those attained by the previously vaccinated patients. There was no exact correlation in antibody titres obtained by the four methods of measurement, HI antibody, in particular, reaching in some cases relatively high titres when other tests showed low titres. It is suggested that with the methods and materials used, a positive precipitation test in agar gel, a CF titre of 1/20 or more and an HI titre of 1/80 or higher in a single specimen of serum would be suggestive of recent smallpox infections. Such a result might be of special value in the retrospective diagnosis of missed cases and in the detection of minimal or subclinical infections.This investigation was supported in part by Public Health Service Grant AI–1632–16 VR from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, by the World Health Organization and by the Marcus T. Reynolds III Fund.
Variability in the characteristics of pocks produced on the chick chorioallantois by white pock mutants of cowpox and other poxviruses
Authors: Baxby Derrick 
Published: May 2009

White pock mutants of cowpox virus produce pocks in the CAM which ‘mimic’ those produced by the parent virus, in macroscopic and microscopic appearance, and in the amount of virus they contain. The proportion of such ‘atypical’ pocks was influenced by the age and source of embryo, incubation temperature and position of the CAM during incubation. Similar results were obtained with white pock mutants isolated from strains of vaccinia, rabbitpox and monkeypox. The appearance of pocks produced by variola, alastrim, ectromelia and vaccinia (Lister) was unaffected by changes in environmental conditions.I would like to thank Professor K. McCarthy, Professor K. R. Dumbell, Dr C. H. Taylor-Robison and Dr C. R. Madeley for their interest and for kindly providing virus strains, and Miss M. Seyfang for technical assistance.I would like to thank the Committee on Research, Liverpool University, for a grant towards the cost of the colour plate.
Recoveries of bacteria after drying and heating in glutamate foams
Authors: Annear D. I. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA method of drying bacteria is described, in which the bacterial suspension was made in 40% sodium glutamate, and 0·1 ml. volumes of this in 8 ml. ampoules were dried in vacua while being held in a water bath at 25°C. After 1 hr. with the pump still running, the ampoules were immersed in water at 100° C. The partly dried suspension expanded rapidly into a homogeneous white foam. After 30 min. the ampoules were taken off the manifold; small tubes containing dry P2O5 were inserted in the ampoules which were then sealed in air. Preliminary results with three organisms, Salmonella ndolo, Staphylococcus aureus and Serratia marcescens showed high survivals immediately after the ‘foaming’ period, and good stability after 1 or 2 days at 100°C.
Changes in the antibody status of a population following epidemic infection by influenza virus A2/Hong Kong/1/68
Authors: Machin S. J. , Potter C. W. , Oxford J. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe haemagglutinin of influenza virus A 2/Hong Kong/1/68 was shown to be markedly different from that of previously isolated A 2 virus strains. No haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to A 2/Hong Kong/1/68 virus was detected in serum specimens collected in 1966 from persons aged 60 years or less. In contrast, HI antibody tests with 270 sera collected in 1968 indicated that 9·6% had demonstrable HI antibody at low titres, and 35·2% of 454 postepidemic (1969) sera had demonstrable HI antibody at relatively high titres. Most sera from persons aged 80 years and more collected in 1968 and 1969 had demonstrable HI anti-body to influenza virus A 2/Hong Kong/1/68. No HI antibody to the Hong Kong virus was detected in pre-epidemic sera from children aged 6 months to 3 years, whereas 32 % of postepidemic sera had HI antibody. The acquisition of HI antibody to A 2/Hong Kong/1/68 was not accompanied by an increase hi the incidence or titres of HI antibody to heterotypic A 2 influenza viruses. For sera from children aged 4–11 years, an increase of HI titre to heterotypic A 2 influenza was found.
Determination of an optimal dilution of virulent feline infectious enteritis (panleucopaenia) virus for challenge purposes
Authors: O'Reilly K. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWhen ten cats were infected orally with undiluted or a 10−1 dilution of virulent feline infectious enteritis (panleucopaenia) virus, all developed severe leucopaenia followed by the development of demonstrable antibody, but none died. Eighteen of 29 cats given a 10−2 dilution of virus died of the disease. Three of the survivors had white blood cell counts of less than 4000 and three had counts between 4000 and 6000 cells. Although the remaining five animals never had individual counts of less than 6000 cells, the geometric means of these counts showed that a marked depression in the leucocyte counts had occurred. All surviving cats developed antibody.Among the ten cats dosed with either 10−3 or 10−4 dilution of virus, four died of feline infectious enteritis and three developed antibody after falls in the leucocyte counts. It is suspected that low dilutions of feline infectious enteritis virulent virus in cats produce a phenomenon similar to that reported by von Magnus (1954) with influenza virus in eggs.Leucopaenia is commonly defined as less than 4000 white blood cells/mm.3 of blood. Counts lower than this are usual in cats which either die of the disease or have received large doses of virus; they are less common in cats surviving after administration of diluted virus. Challenge of cats with pre-existing antibody did not provoke a depression in the leucocyte counts.
Respiratory syncytial virus neutralizing activity in nasopharyngeal secretions
Authors: Scott R. , Gardner P. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNasopharyngeal secretions were taken during the acute phase of illness from 30 children admitted to hospital with lower respiratory tract infections. The presence of neutralizing activity in secretions taken at the onset of illness was demonstrated in 11 out of 15 patients (73%) with bronchiolitis caused by R.S. virus, as compared with 4 out of 9 patients (44%) with R.S. virus infections other than bronchiolitis, and 1 out of 6 without R.S. virus infection. Second secretions were taken 7 days later from 10 of the children with R.S. virus infection. Eight of these paired secretions showed an increase of neutralizing activity against R.S. virus. It is suggested that the neutralizing activity, found in secretions taken at the onset of illness, may be a result of previous infection with R.S. virus.
Tuberculous morbidity in Swiss albino mice immunized with BCG
Authors: Costello Richard , Slats Sara C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYStudy was made of the effect of BCG vaccination on the establishment of experimental tuberculous infection in mice. To this end, mice were infected with small quantities of virulent human bacilli administered by the respiratory route. The quantity of bacilli present for inhalation was so controlled as to permit only a finite percentage of unvaccinated animals to become infected. The relative proportion of mice infected by inhaling these small numbers of virulent bacilli was not found to be lowered by prior BCG vaccination. Thus, pulmonary tissue of immunized mice was not able to prevent the initial lodgement of virulent tubercle bacilli. The growth of virulent organisms in infected lungs, however, was significantly retarded by prior vaccination.
The effect of a changed environment on bacterial colonization rates in an established burns centre
Authors: Wormald P. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn an established burns centre which moved from an old building to new purpose-designed premises, colonization rates of patients' burns with Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Gram-negative bacilli were not reduced. Colonization rates with Streptococcus pyogenes increased but the increase was mainly due to multiple importations in the new premises of a strain of higher communicability than any seen in the old.In the first 32 months in the new environment 10 patients were found colonized with pseudomonas on admission and 20 became colonized in the unit. A much higher proportion of patients with burns of more than 30% body surface became colonized than of patients with less. About one-third of the above 20 patients became colonized with strains already isolated from another patient; all but one of them had small area burns. Cross-infection was not observed from numerous heavily colonized patients with high percentage burns. This paradox is discussed in detail. Basin outflows in the new premises became colonized with P. aeruginosa of two serotypes not found on patients in this unit.
Viruses associated with acute respiratory infections in Royal Air Force personnel
Authors: Higgins P. G. , Ellis Eileen M. , Woolley D. A. , Cassidy P. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAll respiratory illnesses which were reported to the medical officers between September 1966 and December 1967 on a Royal Air Force station of 350 men were studied virologically.Three periods of increased respiratory infections were observed: two occurred in the autumn, one in each year, and the third in the winter during January and February. The autumnal outbreaks were associated mainly with rhinovirus infections, and high isolation rates (82·1, 65·9%) were achieved at these times. Few of the illnesses during the winter outbreak could be diagnosed in the laboratory, and no evidence was found of infection with ‘coronaviruses’.Despite the entrance of 30 fresh recruits direct from civilian life every 5 weeks, the respiratory infections encountered on the station were very similar to those in the local population and were not predominantly infections with adenoviruses, Coevirus, andMycoplasma pneumoniae, as previously reported from larger military recruit centres.
Characterization of the antibodies detected by the microscopic agglutination test for bovine leptospirosis
Authors: Morris J. A. , Hussaini S. N. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe nature of the antibodies detectable by the microscopic agglutination test for bovine leptospirosis was examined. Density gradient ultracentrifugation, gel filtration and disulphide-bond-reduction experiments indicated that antileptospiral agglutinating activity was present in both IgM and IgG immunoglobulin fractions. This was confirmed by selective precipitation of specific antibody classes and ion-exchange chromatography.
The Incidence and Clinical Correlation of Types of Corynebacterium diphtheriae at Romford, Essex. A Survey of 400 Cases
Authors: Tannahill E. W. 
Published: May 2009

1. A consecutive series of 400 cases of diphtheria from the Romford (Essex) area have been bacteriologically typed and correlated with the clinical findings.2. Gravis infection was found to be the most prevalent type.3. The intermedius type was the most lethal and severe.4. Mitis infection formed the smallest proportion of cases, usually of a mild character.5. Laryngeal cases were few, and all three bacteriological types were represented.6. A large proportion of children of 7 years and over were attacked.
A Further Analysis of the Types of Corynebacterium diphtheriae Common to the Glasgow Area
Authors: Carter H. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. 1614 strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae have been typed and analysed and some anomalous varieties described.2. The various types have been considered in their relation to case severity.3. Some comments are offered on the colonial and biochemical characteristics of the various types of C. diphtheriae4. and on the serology of the strains found in Glasgow.5. Two gravis-like strains Types IV and VI have been observed and correlated with clinical findings, and their cultural and biochemical characteristics described.6. Attempt has been made to confirm alleged change in fermentative characteristics by growth in serum broth, with negative results.
The Size of the Virus of Rabies (“Fixed” Strain) by Ultrafiltration Analysis
Authors: Galloway I. A. , Elford W. J. 
Published: May 2009

Discussion and summaryThe filtration end-point of 0·2μ leads us to assign according to Elford (1933) a value 100—150 mμ. for the particle diameter of the virus of rabies. This figure we have previously reported inAnn. Report Med. Res. Council(1934) and also in a discussion held by the Royal Society of Medicine (Galloway, 1936). Recently the Japanese workers, Yaoiet al.(1936), using similar graded collodion membranes (gradocol) and the same general technique as employed in the present experiments, have studied independently another strain of “fixed” rabies virus “Fukuoka”. Their stock filtrates appear to have been more potent than ours, their figures for the limiting infective dilution being 10–3to 10–4. The incubation period in rabbits inoculated with the “Fukuoka” strain is also shorter than in the case of rabbits inoculated with Pasteur Institute (Paris) strain. Even so, they find exactly the same value for the filtration end-point 0·2 μ as found by us for the Pasteur strain, thus indicating the particle size of these two “fixed” strains of rabies virus to be the same.
A comparative study of the reaction in vivo and in vitro of rabbit tissues to infection with bovine tubercle bacilli: Part II. Observations on cultures of spleen and lymph glands from infected rabbits
Authors: Brieger E. M. , Fell Honor B. , Smith B. R. 
Published: May 2009

1. Rabbits were infected with virulent bovine tubercle bacilli in three ways: by (1) intravenous, (2) intrasplenal and (3) intrapulmonary injection. In series (1) and (2) part of the spleen, and in series (3) part of the draining lymph glands were sectioned for histological examination, and usually explants for tissue culture were made from the rest of the organ.2. A histological study of the infected spleens and lymph glands fixed after different periods of infection showed the usual picture of progressive tuberculous infection; acid-fast bacilli were rare and often difficult to find.3. After a few days' cultivation in vitro, explants of the infected spleens often became densely infiltrated with bacilli.4. Previous investigators have expressed the view that acid-fast bacilli are so few in tuberculous lesions in vivo, because large numbers become unstainable. If this is true, and if the unstained bacilli remain viable, it would readily account for the extraordinarily rapid bacillary infiltration of tissue cultures of infected organs. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the few scattered acid-fast rods in the original tissue grow at a prodigious rate under the conditions of life in vitro.5. These alternatives and other theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
Diphtheria in the immunized with observations on a diphtheria-like disease associated with non-toxigenic strains ofcorynebacterium diphtheriae
Authors: Edward D. G. ff. , Allison V. D. 
Published: May 2009

A series of thirty-five patients suffering from diphtheria, who had been previously fully inoculated against the disease and from whom toxigenic diphtheria bacilli were isolated, were investigated and compared with seventeen patients who had not been inoculated. There were smaller groups of those patients who had had incomplete courses of immunization and of those who had had previous attacks of the disease.Two-thirds of the infections in the inoculated were due toCorynebacterium diphtheriae, intermediustype.Intermediusinfections were proportionately more numerous in the inoculated than in the uninoculated, whereas gravis infections were less frequent.Estimations of the antitoxin in the blood were made on admission. The inoculated patients had levels of antitoxin below, or in the neighbourhood of, that believed to confer protection.In the inoculated group severity did not appear to be influenced by the level of antitoxin in the blood on admission.Antitoxin in the blood was found to have increased after recovery from the disease in all except one patient; the increase was considerable in those who had been inoculated previously.From 23·5% of all cases of clinical diphtheria investigated only non-toxigenic diphtheria bacilli (gravis, intermediusandmitistypes) were isolated. These cases were considered separately. On admission the majority had in their blood considerable amounts of antitoxin, which did not increase after recovery. No other pathogenic organisms were regularly found. The possibility is discussed that under certain conditions non-toxigenicC. diphtheriaemay be able to cause a diphtherialike disease.
The immunizing potency of alcohol-killed and alcohol-preserved typhoid vaccine after storage for ten Years
Authors: Felix A. , Anderson E. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Alcohol-killed and alcohol-preserved typhoid vaccine retains its power of stimulating Vi- and O-antibody formation unimpaired during storage at 1–2° C. for at least 10 years.2. The Vi antibody induced by immunization with the 10-year-old vaccine possesses full ‘functional efficacy’ in passive-immunity tests in mice.3. The expiry date of this type of vaccine can be extended to a period of 10 years, provided the vaccine is kept in cold storage.4. Alcoholized vaccine can serve as ‘standard vaccine’ in any future attempt at standardization of the potency of typhoid vaccine.
Further experiments with the soluble antigen of the MEF1 poliomyelitis virus
Authors: Selzer G. , van den Ende M. 
Published: May 2009

By ultracentrifugation of emulsions of brains from suckling mice infected with the MEF1 strain of poliomyelitis virus, infective virus can be separated from a non-infective soluble antigen. The soluble antigen which remains in the supernatant fluid is serologically specific and is responsible for most of the complement fixation shown by such brain emulsions.Soluble antigen is not demonstrable in the brains of adult mice infected with a strain of the virus which has not been adapted to sucklings.The soluble antigen is heat stable and resists treatment with organic lipoid solvents such as acetone, ether and chloroform.
The requirement for antibody and Complement forin vitroPhagocytosis of Starch Granules
Authors: Nelson Robert A. , Lebrun Jacqueline 
Published: May 2009

Against the concept that starch is inert immunologically and, therefore, an ideal substrate forin vitrostudies on leucocytes, the results here recorded demonstrate that there are at least two components of serum which are specifically required for phagocytosis of starch. The available evidence suggests that the heat-labile component is C′, and the heat-stable component is specific Ab. The latter, which is a serum globulin, conforms to the definition of Ab from three standpoints: (1) it is adsorbed to the starch granule at low temperature and cannot be eluted by washing with saline at pH 7–0; (2) although it is found in ‘normal’ serum, it appears in increased quantities in the serum of animals injected with starch; and (3) once combined with the starch granule, it exerts threein vitroimmunological effects, i.e. opsonization, induction of immuneadherence, and agglutination. As evidence that the latter reactions are due to specific Ab, the enhancement of phagocytosis and the induction of immune-adherence are manifestedonlyin the presence of C′.The measurement of Ab or C′ has been complicated by the finding that fresh normal serum to be employed as C′ has invariably contained Ab to starch. This situation is similar to that which exists with a variety of micro-organisms, e.g.Micrococcus aureus, against which the majority of normal animals and human beings possess circulating Ab. To obtain C′ free of Ab, fresh guinea-pig serum was adsorbed in the cold with starch. Despite the low temperature which would be expected to reduce the C′ fixation, about 30–40% of C′ activity was lost during adsorption for 60 min. at 0° C. When the adsorption was performed in the absence of Mg2+and Ca2+, the loss of C′ was lessened considerably. This is interpreted to mean that at least two factors contributed to the loss of C′ cited above: (1) the specific fixation of some or all components of C′ to the starch-Ab complex, which requires the presence of Mg2+and Ca2+, and which occurs even in the cold; and (2) the non-specific action of starch in adsorbing C′, or perhaps destroying C′, which does not require Mg2+or Ca2+.
Complement fixation with antigens prepared from bluetongue virus-infected mouse brains
Authors: Kipps A. 
Published: May 2009

Six strains of bluetongue virus were compared by cross complement-fixation tests performed on Perspex sheets according to the method of Fulton & Dumbell using antigens derived from crude saline extracts, and acetone and ether extracts, of infected suckling mouse brains. Only minor differences were encountered with the former and no significant differences with the latter. The reasons for this are discussed.In the neutralization tests important differences were demonstrated between strains.There is evidence that the soluble antigen is composed of particles of varying size, that the smaller particles are responsible for the marked overlapping in the complement-fixation tests, and that increasing complexity associated with increasing particle size may be concerned with increasing serological specificity.