bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Contribution to the Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis in New Zealand
Authors: Thompson A. W. S. 
Published: May 2009

(a) A field investigation into an outbreak of poliomyelitis in Auckland in the summer of 1947–8 is described.(b) The object of the investigation was to study the background of the epidemic in the general population, to discover how it had commenced, and how much minor illness related to poliomyelitis had occurred (i) amongst household contacts, (ii) in other persons residing in the same neighbourhood, and (iii) in those parts of the urban area least affected by the epidemic.(c) Conclusions reached have been detailed in the preceding section. A relationship was established between minor (‘suspect’) illnesses and positive cases; the ratio of ‘suspect’ to positive cases at different age levels has been calculated, and an estimate is given of the extent to which the population as a whole was affected. Reasons are adduced for believing that, during an epidemic, mode of life and personal habits may be of more importance in determining the fate of the individual than previously acquired immunity.(d) It is suggested that indoor dust-borne infection, at school and in the home, may be important, and that the results of recent research into threadworm infestation may throw light on this factor.
Qualitative differences among toxins and toxoids
Authors: Barr Mollie , Glenny A. T. 
Published: May 2009

1. Considerable differences in antigenic efficiency are encountered among batches of (1) diphtheria toxoid, and (2) Cl. welchii (perfringens) toxins prepared under standardized conditions. These differences were revealed in the results of hyperimmunization of horses.2. Such differences in antigenic efficiency in batches of diphtheria toxoid were also detected by means of injections into guinea-pigs. Two injections, each of 2 Lf doses, were given at an interval of 28 days, and the response measured by means of antitoxin titrations on bleedings taken 10 days later.3. A general correlation was found between antigenic efficiency as measured by these two methods.4. A method is described for comparing the affinity for antitoxin, of batches of diphtheria toxoid, by determining the test dose of mixtures containing 9 Lf doses of toxoid and 1 Lr dose of a fixed toxin. The greater the avidity of the antitoxin, the more toxoid entered into combination with it.5. A correlation was found to exist between affinity for antitoxin and antigenic efficiency of toxoid, as measured both by the response of horses to hyperimmunization and the response of guinea-pigs to two spaced injections.6. It is tentatively suggested that crude toxoids may contain molecules possessing varying degrees of affinity for antitoxin, due to slight steric structural differences.
An experimental study of haemolytic disease of the newborn due to isoimmunization of pregnancy. I. An attempt to produce the syndrome in the rabbit
Authors: Heard D. H. , Hinde I. T. , Mynors L. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Nineteen rabbit does were inoculated each with the whole blood of a buck to which they were later mated.2. They were observed over a period of 10 months which included three pregnancies: (a) for the appearance and behaviour of anti-red cell isoanti-body in their sera; and (6) for the effect of such an antibody on the offspring, especially those inheriting a paternal red cell antigen incompatible with their mother's antiserum.3. The does' antisera were examined for antibodies capable of directly agglutinating red cells and for ‘incomplete’ antibodies which might sensitize cells without causing agglutination. The latter were identified by an indirect antiglobulin sensitization test.4. Nine does formed antibodies in their sera, six of these antisera directly agglutinated the appropriate red cells, but in three cases the antibodies were demonstrated only by the indirect antiglobulin sensitization test. Of the six antisera which directly agglutinated red cells three had antibodies which caused direct agglutination of red cells undiluted or in their lower dilutions, but in higher dilutions were shown to be capable of sensitizing cells without agglutinating them.5. Four does, who had produced antibody in their sera, had between them seven litters in which the red cells of the young inheriting a paternal antigen incompatible with their mother's antiserum reacted to a direct antiglobulin sensitization test. This reaction is discussed and it is concluded that a positive direct antiglobulin sensitization test means that maternal isoantibody is attached to the infants' red cells. The offspring whose red cells reacted positively were, nevertheless, clinically normal.6. A proportion of the young were killed at 3 days and 24 days old. A full peripheral blood examination was made and imprints taken from the liver and spleen. The bone marrow was also examined. Specimens were taken from liver, spleen, suprarenal, kidneys, femur, and, in some cases, brain for histological examination after an autopsy had been performed. Fifteen normal rabbits were similarly examined at 3 days old and four at 24 days old.7. The range and average figures for the various haematological examinations made are given and the findings in the experimental animals compared with the normals.8. A few differences were found between the experimental and the normal animals as a result of this experiment. The significance of these is discussed.
The pathogenicity for mice of group B streptococci of bovine origin
Authors: Pattison I. H. 
Published: May 2009

The following conclusions were drawn from these experiments with bovine group B streptococci:1. A relationship existed between lethal power and the number of living organisms inoculated, and, therefore, the number of living organisms inoculated must be determined when the killing power of a strain is under investigation.2. Equal doses of the same strain were likely to kill more mice, but less rapidly, when inoculated intravenously than when inoculated intraperitone-ally.3. Virulence for mice might be related to serological type.4. The disease caused by intraperitoneal inoculation of strain S 13 was a rapidly fatal peritonitis with concomitant bacteraemia.5. The disease caused by intravenous inoculation of strain S13 was a fatal bacteraemia with a tendency for the streptococci to form dense clumps in widely separated tissues.
A concentrate of red squill as a rat poison, and its toxicity to domestic animals
Authors: Barnett S. A. , Blaxland J. D. , Leech F. B. , Spencer Mary M. 
Published: May 2009

1. A preparation containing 0·7% scilliroside (the glucoside of red squill) had been tested as a poison for Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus.2. The preparation has been found to be effective in the field against norvegicus but not against rattus.3. Assayed against a strain of white rats, the preparation had an LD 50 for males of about 25mg./kg., and for feamales of about 5 mg./kg.4. The LD 50 for adult Rhode Island Red fowls was greater than 400 mg. /kg. Pigs, dogs and cats were treated with doses up to 16mg./kg. without fatal results.5. Silmurine was unpalatable to pigs, dose and cates, but fowls readily consumed a mash containing 1% Slimurine.
The survival of bacteria in dust. II. The effect of atmospheric humidity on the survival of bacteria in dust
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Lowbury E. J. 
Published: May 2009

Dust from scarlet-fever wards was exposed to a controlled range of atmospheric humidities by enclosure in metal boxes containing anhydrous calcium chloride and saturated solutions of potassium carbonate, sodium nitrite, potassium bromide and sodium sulphate.The death-rate of total organisms,Staphylococcus aureusandStreptococcus pyogenesin the dust was assessed by periodic sampling of series of twenty 10mg. portions. A positive correlation between atmospheric humidity and death-rate was observed for the three groups of organisms counted in three specimens of dust.
Some errors in gas analysis using the Haldane apparatus
Authors: Renbourn E. T. , Ellison J. McK. , Croton L. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The paper represents an attempt to estimate the error of the standard 10 ml. Haldane gas analysis apparatus under routine conditions of use.2. The ultimate error of the instrument under optimum conditions has been obtained from duplicate mercury calibrations of the same instrument and corresponds tos.d.= 0·013% gas. A significant day-to-day variation in calibration was found.3. The accuracy in routine use has been determined by replicate estimations of CO2and O2in air and from estimation of CO2in designed experiments. The data show an error corresponding tos.d.= 0·027 to 0·13%. This is far larger than that described by Haldane.4. Examination of the distribution of terminal digits in burette readings shows that the smallest scale division is in fact not being divided into ten parts by the worker. Preference for certain digits varies with the individual, with time, and with the accuracy required.5. There is a marked tendency for a worker to obtain an ‘expected result’, whether this is derived from a previous estimation of the same sample or from knowledge of the expected result; such bias tends to reduce the apparent error of estimation. Bias of replication—‘prejudice error’—may play a part in many forms of measurement.6. The results and conclusions are discussed in relation to other published data on errors of measurement in general.
Vaginal corynebacteria
Authors: Laughton Nancy 
Published: May 2009

1. Thirty-four vaginal Corynebacteria have been grouped and subgrouped according to their cultural and biochemical characters. Owing to their instability and to the rigid taxonomy of the Corynebacteria, the exact identity of many of the strains is uncertain, but their characters have been compared with some of the Corynebacteria which have been given specific rank.2. The majority of strains were carbohydrate-fermenters and many were of the hyperacid type. These may be associated in some way with a normal high vaginal acidity.3. Many instances of resemblances toC. diphtheriaein morphology, in staining reactions, and in cultural appearances relating to the different dissociative phases, were encountered in the examination of these strains, and, in fact, some of the cultural types seen were analogous to those ofC. diphtheriaedescribed by Mcleod.4. Intradermal tests on rabbits showed that many of these strains, including some from each group, were capable of inciting inflammatory reactions in their tissues, and it is suggested that they may play a secondary part in some infections.
The estimation of bacterial densities from dilution series
Authors: Finney D. J. 
Published: May 2009

A transformation devised by Mather is applied to give a new scheme for computing the maximum likelihood estimate of a bacterial density from the evidence of a dilution series. Tables are provided to expedite the application of the method; with their aid, the calculations take a from similar to, but much simpler than, those for probit analysis of quantal responses.Maximum likelihood estimation is compared with the method proposed by Fisher. The latter has the advantage of extreme simplicity, at least for series to which existing tables can be applied, and the loss of information involved in its use may often be compensated by the saving of time in calculation. An experimenter who has fairly reliable prior indications of an approximate value for the density, however, ought to concentrate his attention on dilutions that he believes will contain between 4 and 1/4 organisms per sample; he must not apply Fisher's method to his results, but the maximum likehood estimate will be so much more precise than any estimate from an experimental design using more extreme dilutions as to repay the small additional labour in computation.
Studies on a lysogenic Bacillus strain. I. A Bacteriophage specific for Bacillus anthracis
Authors: McCloy Elinor W. 
Published: May 2009

A bacteriophage is described which attacks almost exclusively strains of Bacillus anthracis, and attacks all the strains of this species which have been tested.As well as attacking typical strains of this species it attacks atypical variants.Strains of B. anthracis are not attacked by this phage when they are in a muciod state.A few strains of B. anthracis are only feebly attacked by this phage. Some experiments, conducted in an attempt to discover the reason for this, are described.The results are discussed and arguments in favour of regarding B. anthracis as a valid species are put forward.
Incidence and penicillin sensitivity ofStaphylococcus aureusin the nose in infants and their mothers
Authors: Ludlam G. B. 
Published: May 2009

1. Among infants attending Child Welfare Clinics there was a steady decline in the incidence of nasal carriage ofStaph. aureusover the first year of life.2. Infants born in hospital showed a much higher incidence ofStaph. aureusin the first 2 months of life than infants born at home. A similar difference was also very distinct in the later part of the first year of life.3. Mothers delivered 2 weeks to 2 months previously had a higher incidence of nasal carriage ofStaph. aureuswhen delivered in hospital than when delivered at home. After this interval the incidence was similar in all groups of mothers throughout the rest of the year.4. In the first few months of life there was a tendency for carriage in infants to be associated with carriage in the mother, but towards the end of the year there was no such relationship. This association appeared most clearly in infants born at home and in infants 2–5 months old born in hospital F.5. A very high proportion (25 out of 30) of the strains tested from infants born in hospital F less than 5 months previously were penicillin-resistant. Infants born at home had a much lower incidence of resistant strains.6. A high proportion of strains ofStaph. aureusisolated from mothers delivered in hospital F were resistant throughout the first year. Strains from mothers delivered in hospital C or at home showed a much lower proportion of resistant strains.7. Phage-typing showed a great variety of types, but those found among the penicillin-resistant strains were rather less varied than among the sensitive strains. WhenStaph. aureuswas found both in infant and mother, although the same phage type was commonly present in both, in 16 out of 35 couples different types were found.8. Investigation in maternity hospitals C and F showed a high proportion of penicillin-resistant strains ofStaph. aureusamong the nurses and infants and in the dust of the nurseries, but not among the mothers. There was no important difference between the two hospitals as regards the incidence of resistant strains isolated from nurses and infants in spite of the differences found in babies from the two hospitals when swabbed at the clinics.9. The significance of these results is discussed.
Clostridium welchiifood poisoning
Authors: Hobbs Betty C. , Smith Muriel E. , Oakley C. L. , Warrack G. Harriet , Cruickshank J. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. Outbreaks of mild food poisoning have been investigated in which heat-resistantCl. welchiiappeared to be the causative organism. The outbreaks were characterized by colic and diarrhoea without vomiting, commencing 8–20 hr. after ingestion of the contaminated food.2. The strains ofCl. welchiiconcerned are only feebly toxigenic, and apart from the heat-resistance of their spores, and some colonial characters, fit well intoCl. welchiiType A. The toxin production and the serology of the strains is uniform within an outbreak.3. Mild food poisoning similar to that seen in natural epidemics has been produced in volunteers by ingestion of cultures of heat-resistantCl. welchiiisolated from contaminated meat.4. Infection is almost invariably due to meat which has been boiled, steamed, braised, stewed or insufficiently roasted, allowed to cool slowly, and eaten the next day, either cold or reheated.5. Outbreaks of this kind should be prevented by cooking meat immediately before consumption; or, if this is impossible, by cooling the cooked meat rapidly and keeping it refrigerated until it is required for use.
Incidence and importance of streptococci in an institution for rheumatic children
Authors: Doxiadis S. A. , Stewart Sheila M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The incidence of haemolytic streptococci in the patients of a Hospital School for rheumatic children was determined over a period of 1 year.2. In the total of 1644 throat and 1644 nasal swabs, group A strains were isolated from 20 throat and two nasal swabs. Eighty-seven strains of Lancefield's groups C and G and 54 strains of groups other than A, C, or G were isolated3. There was no evidence of cross-infection.4. Factors contributing to the low incidence of group A strains and the absence of cross-infection are discussed.5. The carriage of groups C and G strains did not appreciably affect the erythrocyte sedimentation rate.6. Although no direct evidence is available, the experience of the present study suggests that the incidence of streptococci in an institution for rheumatic children may be reduced by: (a) bacteriological screening before admission; (b) regular swabbing and Lancefield's grouping of streptococci isolated for the early detection of group A strains; and (c) administration of penicillin or sulphadiazine prophylactically to even a limited number of children.We thank Prof. R. S. Illingworth for his advice in the writing of this paper, Dr J. L. Emery for laboratory facilities, Dr R. E. O. Williams for his advice in the planning of the investigation, and the matron and sisters of Ash House Hospital School, Sheffield, for their assistance.The expenses of the investigation were defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
Studies on the causative agent of an epizootic amongst Manx shearwaters (Puffinus P. Puffinus)
Authors: Stoker M. G. P. , Miles J. A. R. 
Published: May 2009

Evidence for the isolation of a virus from this epizootic disease of shearwaters is based upon the reproduction of a similar condition in ducklings and pigeons and upon the development of characteristic histological changes with cytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in inoculated chorio-allantoic membranes of chick embryos.It was not possible to reproduce the original disease exactly by inoculation of shearwaters with egg-passage virus from the previous season because the birds did not develop blisters at the site of inoculation of the web. Nevertheless, three out of four birds died and the agent was re-isolated from the spleen of one of them.The ability of the virus to cause blisters on duckling webs was neutralized by shearwater serum taken at the convalescent but not at the acute stage of the disease, and complement fixation was obtained with convalescent shearwater serum.Previous studies on natural virus infections of birds have been mainly limited to psittacosis and ornithosis, the pox viruses, Newcastle disease virus and some of the neurotropic viruses. However, the failure to infect mice by any route, and the ability of the shearwater virus to pass through filters with an A.P.D. of 48 mμ, seemed to rule out the psittacosis group as a cause of the infection. The ability of the virus to cause vesicles and the intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies suggested a member of the pox group of viruses, but the small size of the agent renders a relation to either the pox group or Newcastle disease virus unlikely. Several of the neurotropic viruses which infect birds, for example, Japanese B virus, are about the size of the shearwater virus, but they do not cause the formation of inclusion bodies and they are all pathogenic for mice. Foot and mouth disease virus is also of small size and produces vesicular lesions, but it is unlikely that the shearwater virus is the same since it was unable to infect a cow or the pad of a guinea-pig, and it grew in eggs more readily than foot and mouth disease virus.There has obviously been insufficient work on the agent to postulate a new virus, but the properties described do not justify its classification in any of the known virus groups. The name puffinosis which was originally suggested still seems suitable for this disease of Puffinus puffinus puffinus.
The Principles involved in the Standardisation of Disinfectants and the Influence of Organic Matter upon Germicidal value
Authors: Chick Harriette , Martin C. J. 
Published: May 2009

In any method of standardisation it is necessary that the test shall be carried out at a constant temperature, as the disinfection process has a high temperature coefficient. For any method to be of general application, it is also necessary that the temperature selected shall be adhered to in all determinations, since the temperature coefficient of disinfection varies for different disinfectants. The temperature adopted was 20° C.In the case of vegetative organisms a disinfectant varies in efficiency as much as ten times according to the organism against which it is tested. Some disinfectants are more efficient against one vegetative species of bacteria, others against another.The presence of 10% blood serum reduces the efficiency of 1% phenol about 12%. The effect upon emulsified disinfectants is somewhat greater. With mercuric chloride the reduction was much greater, a 0·5% solution being reduced to from 0·6 to 0·06 of its original value as the concentration of serum was increased from 5 to 30%.
Some Observations on the Anatomy and Function of the Oral Sucker of the Blow-fly (CalliPhora erythrocephala)
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S. 
Published: May 2009

All the non-biting flies examined, C. erythrocephala, M. domestica, S. carnaria, F. canicularis, L. caesar and O. anthrax, possess a filtering apparatus situated in the pseudo-tracheae of the suctorial disc. The anatomy and action of this filter have been most thoroughly studied in C. erythrocephala. The suctorial disc is grooved by pseudo-tracheae which end near its centre in closed collecting channels. The latter open into furrows or gutters formed by the peculiar disposition of the prestomal teeth on the walls of the prestomal cavity. The opening of the mouth is situated at the base of the cavity. During natural feeding the lobes of the suctorial disc are pressed together so that the lumen of the prestomal cavity is obliterated, and no food can enter the mouth except through the collecting tubes. The pseudo-tracheae are channels kept open by chitinous rings situated in their walls. Each ring has one bifid extremity, enclosing between the horns the “interbifid space”, which forms an opening of definite size into the pseudo-trachea. A fold in the cuticle, the “interbifid groove”, leads to each interbifid space.The fluid food is sucked first along the interbifid grooves through the chitin-lined interbifid spaces into the pseudo-tracheae. Particles of larger diameter than the interbifid spaces (·006 mm.) are usually prevented from entering the mouth and are rejected. The fluid and smaller particles are drawn along the pseudo-tracheae, through the collecting channels and gutters between the prestomal teeth into the mouth. By means of strong suction two opposite interbifid grooves may be made to communicate with each other owing to the lateral fissures connecting with the longitudinal pseudo-tracheal fissure being forced open, and consequently a few larger particles, up to ·02 mm. in diameter, may be drawn into the pseudo-tracheae.Certain relatively large and very attractive objects, such as the ova of tape-worms, too large to pass through the filter, may occasionally be swallowed. Such objects probably pass directly into the mouth, when the prestomal cavity is open, during the prolonged sucking efforts made by the flies.The large number of experiments which have been made leave little room for doubt that under natural conditions, especially when the fly is feeding on a thin film of moisture, the filtering apparatus works with a high degree of efficiency.