bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of surface‐functionalized nano‐SiO2/polybenzoxazine composites
Authors: Yan Chun , Fan Xinyu , Li Juan , Zhiqi Shen Shirley 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA series of the surface‐functionalized nano‐SiO2/polybenzoxazine (PBOZ) composites was produced, and an attempt was made to improve the toughness of PBOZ material, without sacrificing other mechanical and thermal properties. A benzoxazine functional silane coupling agent was synthesized to modify the surface of nano‐SiO2 particles, which were then mixed with benzoxazine monomers to produce the nano‐SiO2‐PBOZ nanocomposites. The notched impact strength and the bending strength of the nano‐SiO2‐PBOZ nanocomposites increase 40% and 50%, respectively, only with the addition of 3 wt % nano‐SiO2. At the same load of nano‐SiO2, the nano‐SiO2‐PBOZ nanocomposites exhibit the highest storage modulus and glass‐transition temperature by dynamic viscoelastic analysis. Moreover, the thermal stability of the SiO2/PBOZ nanocomposites was enhanced, as explored by the thermogravimetric analysis. The 5% weight loss temperatures increased with the nano‐SiO2 content and were from 368°C (of the neat PBOZ) to 379°C or 405°C (of the neat PBOZ) to 426°C in air or nitrogen with additional 3 wt % nano‐SiO2. The weight residue of the same nanocomposite was as high as 50% in nitrogen at 800°C. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Production of hydrophobic surfaces in biodegradable and biocompatible polymers using polymer solution electrospinning
Authors: Buruaga L. , González A. , Irusta L. , Iruin J. J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this work, the electrospinning of polymer solutions was used to produce mats with hydrophobic properties from a series of commercially available biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, such as poly(3‐hydroxybutyric acid‐co‐3‐hydroxyvaleric acid), poly(DL‐lactide), polycaprolactone, and poly(L‐lactide). According to the results, to obtain hydrophobic properties, bead‐like morphologies were the most adequate. For obtaining this type of morphology, the polymer concentration of the electrospun solution had to be sufficiently low, although below a limit concentration it was not possible to obtain hydrophobic surfaces. The results also showed that the crystallinity of the materials may influence the final hydrophobic properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Inflammation‐independent defective early B cell tolerance checkpoints in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Menard Laurence , Samuels Jonathan , Ng Yen‐Shing , Meffre Eric 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectiveRheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who have never received treatment for RA have been found to have defective early B cell tolerance checkpoints, resulting in impaired removal of developing autoreactive B cells. However, it is unclear whether these defects in B cell tolerance checkpoints are a primary aspect of the disease or are the result of ongoing inflammatory processes in these patients. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of standard immunosuppressive treatments, methotrexate and anti–tumor necrosis factor α (anti‐TNFα) agents, on early B cell tolerance checkpoints in RA patients.MethodsBlood samples were obtained from RA patients before and after treatment with methotrexate and/or anti‐TNFα agents. B cells were tested pre‐ and posttherapy for reactivity of recombinant antibodies cloned from single B cells, which allowed us to determine the evolution of the frequency of autoreactive clones in the mature naive B cell compartment in RA patients before and after treatment. B cells from healthy donors were used as controls.ResultsPosttreatment frequencies of autoreactive mature naive B cells were elevated in the blood of RA patients. Nevertheless, the frequencies after treatment remained similar to those observed in the same patients before treatment.ConclusionDespite the achievement of clinical improvement in RA patients following treatment with methotrexate and/or anti‐TNFα agents, these therapies did not correct the accumulation of peripheral autoreactive mature naive B cells in these patients, suggesting that inflammation is not responsible for the defective early B cell tolerance checkpoints in RA.
Interferon‐α priming promotes lipid uptake and macrophage‐derived foam cell formation: A novel link between interferon‐α and atherosclerosis in lupus
Authors: Li Jia , Fu Qiong , Cui Huijuan , Qu Bo , Pan Wen , Shen Nan , Bao Chunde 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectiveAn increased risk of premature atherosclerosis has been associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and type I interferon (IFN) has been shown to play a pathogenic role in human SLE. The aim of this study was to determine whether IFNα is involved in the development of atherosclerosis in patients with SLE by promoting lipid uptake and macrophage‐derived foam cell formation, which is a crucial step in early atherosclerosis.MethodsThe effects of IFNα on lipid uptake and foam cell formation were determined by flow cytometry and oil red O staining. Messenger RNA and protein expression of scavenger receptors (SRs) was examined. Promoter activity was detected by luciferase reporter assay. Expression of macrophage SR class A (SR‐A) and IFN‐inducible genes (IFIGs) was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 42 patients with SLE and 42 healthy donors.ResultsIFNα priming increased the uptake of oxidized low‐density lipoprotein and hence enhanced foam cell formation by up‐regulating SR‐A expression. IFNα increased SR‐A expression via enhancing its promoter activities. Examination using signaling inhibitors revealed that a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt signaling pathway appeared to be involved in this process. Notably, SR‐A messenger RNA was significantly increased in patients with SLE compared to normal subjects and positively correlated with IFIG expression.ConclusionOur data suggest that IFNα priming up‐regulated the expression of SR‐A in human monocyte/macrophages, leading to increased lipid uptake and foam cell formation. Activation of the IFN signaling pathway may be linked to the risk of atherosclerosis by affecting plaque formation in patients with SLE. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of and potential therapeutic approaches to premature atherosclerosis in patients with SLE.
Learning automata based multi‐agent system algorithms for finding optimal policies in Markov games
Authors: Masoumi Behrooz , Meybodi Mohammad Reza 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMarkov games, as the generalization of Markov decision processes to the multi‐agent case, have long been used for modeling multi‐agent systems (MAS). The Markov game view of MAS is considered as a sequence of games having to be played by multiple players while each game belongs to a different state of the environment. In this paper, several learning automata based multi‐agent system algorithms for finding optimal policies in Markov games are proposed. In all of the proposed algorithms, each agent residing in every state of the environment is equipped with a learning automaton. Every joint‐action of the set of learning automata in each state corresponds to moving to one of the adjacent states. Each agent moves from one state to another and tries to reach the goal state. The actions taken by learning automata along the path traversed by the agent are then rewarded or penalized based on the comparison of the average reward received by agent per move along the path with a dynamic threshold. In the second group of the proposed algorithms, the concept of entropy has been imported into learning automata based multi‐agent systems to improve the performance of the algorithms. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms, computer experiments have been conducted. The results of experiments have shown that the proposed algorithms perform better than the existing algorithms in terms of speed and accuracy of reaching the optimal policy.Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Einfluss des Mikroklimas auf das energetische und thermische Verhalten von Gebäuden am Beispiel des Standortes Kassel
Authors: Maas Anton , Schneider Andrea 
Published: November 2010

AbstractUnter Verwendung von an drei verschiedenen Standorten in Kassel gemessenen Klimadatensätzen der Jahre 2001, 2002 und 2003 sowie des Testreferenzjahres 07 des Deutschen Wetterdienstes wird der Einfluss des Standortfaktors Klima auf den Heizwärmebedarf und den Kühlkältebedarf mit Hilfe dynamischer Gebäudesimulation ermittelt und dargestellt. Hierzu werden für typische Wohnnutzungen Randbedingungen gewählt, für die das thermische Gebäudeverhalten basierend auf unterschiedlichen wärmetechnischen Standards verschiedener Baualtersklassen untersucht wird. Zur Beurteilung des thermischen Raumklimas wird die Anzahl der Übertemperaturgradstunden ermittelt und eine Beurteilung mittels PMV‐Indexes vorgenommen. Um die Unterschiede in den gemessenen Klimawerten an den Messorten aufzuzeigen, werden einige wichtige Einflussgrößen anhand von ausgewählten Windrosen, Ereignistagen, mittleren Jahreslufttemperaturen und Globalstrahlungswerten dargestellt. Aus der Bandbreite der Ergebnisse lässt sich feststellen, dass eine genauere Betrachtung des vorherrschenden Standortklimas für die Innenraumbetrachtungen sinnvoll ist und weitere Untersuchungen zur Bereitstellung solcher Daten erfolgen müssen.The effect of microclimate on the energy‐related and thermal behaviour of buildings, taking the German town Kassel as an example. The effect of local climatic conditions on heating and cooling requirements is determined and illustrated with the help of dynamic building simulation, using climate data sets measured at three different locations in Kassel in the years 2001, 2001 and 2003, as well as those of test reference year (TRY) 2007 of the German Meteorological Service (DWD). For the properties, which represent typical residential uses, boundary conditions were select ed for which the thermal behaviour was studied for the different thermal insulation standards of buildings of different constructions dates. In order to determine the thermal room climate, the number of excess temperature degree hours is determined and the assessment carried out using the PMV index. Some important parameters are presented with selected wind roses, event days, average annual air temperatures and global radiation values in order to illustrate the difference in climate values measured at the respective locations. The range of results allows the conclusion that a more detailed study of the prevailing local climate is merit ed for the study of indoor climate and that it is therefore necessary to carry out further studies so that such data can be established.
Model assumptions and their influence on the predicted heating load of an office building
Authors: Kiesel Kristina , Orehounig Kristina , Mahdavi Ardeshir 
Published: November 2010

AbstractUsing the example of an existing office building, the present paper explores the influence of different simulation input assumptions such as set point temperatures and ventilation behavior on the heating load of a building. Moreover, heating load simulation results with empirically‐based input assumptions are compared with simulation that uses standardized input assumptions.Modellannahmen und ihre Auswirkungen auf die berechnete Heizlast eines Bürogebäudes. Anhand eines beispielhaften bestehenden Bürogebäudes wird der Einfluss verschiedener Simula tionsannahmen wie zum Beispiel Temperatursollwerte und Lüftungsverhalten auf die Heizlast eines Gebäudes untersucht. Weiterhin werden auf empirischen Annahmen basierende Heizlast‐Simulationsergebnisse mit auf standardisierten Annahmen beruhenden Ergebnissen verglichen.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen bei der Modellierung von Einflussfaktoren auf die menschliche Leistungsfähigkeit
Authors: Urlaub Susanne , Hellwig Runa Tabea , van Treeck Christoph , Sedlbauer Klaus 
Published: November 2010

AbstractZunehmende Globalisierung und das Erfordernis, immer kostensparender zu wirtschaften, stellt für viele Unternehmen eine Herausforderung dar. Um wettbewerbsfähig zu sein, sollen die Mitarbeiter leistungsfähig und motiviert sein und optimal ihr Wissen einbringen können, andererseits sollen sie möglichst wenig Kosten verursachen. In den kommenden Jahren werden immer mehr Menschen im Büro beschäftigt sein. Daher beschäftigt sich dieser Artikel mit den Einflussfaktoren auf die Leistungsfähigkeit bei Büroarbeit. Der Schwerpunkt liegt hierbei auf dem thermischen Raumklima, da es dazu sehr gegensätzliche Diskussionen in der Literatur gibt. Neben einer Definition der Leistungsfähigkeit und einer Übersicht über mögliche Einflüsse auf diese, stellt sich auch die Frage, wie Leistung adäquat erfasst werden kann. Nach Auswertung der zugänglichen Literatur ergeben sich widersprüchliche Ergebnisse. Die Ableitung einer Ursache‐Wirkungs‐Beziehung ist daher nicht trivial. Außerdem ist anzunehmen, dass das thermische Raumklima offensichtlich nicht den einzigen Einflussparameter auf die Leistungsfähigkeit darstellt. Vielmehr besteht eine weite Verzweigung sowohl mit anderen physikalischen Faktoren wie der Akustik oder der Beleuchtung und mit Aspekten wie Raumgestaltung oder psychosozialen Effekten.Possibilities and limitations of modeling the influencing factors on human performance. Increasing globalization and the necessity to reduce costs of economic activities poses a challenge for many companies. To act competitively on a global market, employees should be able to perform at their best, to be highly motivated and, on the other hand, to work in a costeffective manner. Furthermore, it is expected that within the next years people tend to work in offices to an increasing tendency. For this reason, this paper addresses factors that primarily affect the performance of office work. The focus is on the thermal indoor climate as this issue is controversially discussed in the literature. In addition to the definition of the terms performance and productivity and an overview over potential influences, it is not clear how performance can be measured adequately. Evaluation of the relevant literature shows contradictory results. Apparently, the derivation of a relationship between temperature and working performance is not trivial. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the thermal indoor climate is not the only performance indicator that affects working performance. In fact, there are mutual connections between other physical para meters like acoustics or lighting and, as well, with psycho‐social factors and aesthetical issues in terms of the interior design.
Einsatz von Latentwärmespeichern und Solarthermie
Authors: Leonhardt Corinna , Müller Dirk 
Published: November 2010

AbstractModerne Heizsysteme können mit Vorlauftemperaturen im Bereich von 35 °C betrieben werden. Dieses Temperaturniveau bietet sich für den Einsatz von Niedertemperaturspeichern an, wodurch die Speicherverluste aufgrund einer reduzierten Temperaturdifferenz zur Umgebung verringert werden können. Um die bestehende Technik der Pufferspeichersysteme zu verbessern, wird in das Speichervolumen makroverkapseltes Latentwärmespeichermaterial eingesetzt. In einem Betriebstemperaturbereich von 30 bis 40 °C können als Phasenwechselmaterialien (PCM) Paraffine und Salzhydrate genutzt werden. Das niedrige Temperaturniveau ermöglicht den Einsatz der Solarthermie in den Übergangsmonaten (Herbst und Frühjahr), so dass ein höherer Beitrag zur Heizungsunterstützung geleistet werden kann. Die energetische Bewertung der Kombination aus PCM‐ Speicher und Solarthermie wird in Gesamtsystemanalysen untersucht.Application of latent heat storage devices and thermal solar collectors. Modern heating systems for buildings need a supply temperature of approximately 35 °C. In this temperature range it is possible to use low temperature storage systems. Therefore the heat losses over the envelope can be reduced because of the smaller temperature difference between the ambient air and the storage. In order to use the existing technique of the buffer storages more efficiently, latent heat storage devices are put into the storage volume. For the operating temperature range of 30 to 40 °C paraffins or salt hydrates can be used. Because of the low operating temperature it is possible to integrate solar thermal systems in the heating system (especially in spring and autumn). The overall system performance will be analysed.
Energieeinsparpotential eines Passivhauses unter Berücksichtigung von Wetterprognosen
Authors: Hettfleisch Christian , Ledinger Stephan , Dubisch Florian , Zucker Gerhard , Palensky Peter 
Published: November 2010

AbstractInnovative Regelungen in Gebäuden können beachtliche Energieeinsparungen zur Folge haben. Besonderes Augenmerk ist hierbei auf Gebäude gelegt, die in einem gesteigerten Maße von ihrer Umwelt thermisch entkoppelt sind: dazu wird ein nach Passivhausstandard gebautes, real existierendes Bürogebäude modelliert, das Modell mit Monitoring‐Daten validiert und simuliert. Anhand der Simulationen mit der Simulationsumgebung TRNSYS und der Hinzunahme von gemessenen Wetterdaten werden mögliche Energieeinsparpotentiale erkannt und ausgewertet. In dieser Betrachtung, die den Zeitraum eines kompletten Jahres (Zeitraum 2009/2010) beinhaltet, liegt der Fokus auf Energieeinsparungen, die durch intelligentes Heizen und Kühlen des Gebäudes erzielt werden können.Potential for saving energy in a Passivhaus building, taking into account weather forecasts. Innovative controls in buildings can lead to remarkable energy savings. The main focus of this paper is on buildings that are highly thermally insulated from their environment: the model is based on an existing building that was built to Passivhaus standard, and then validated with monitoring data and simulated. By adding actual, measured weather data in the simulations (which were done in the TRNSYS simulation environment) potential energy savings are identified and evaluated. In this analysis, which covers a full year (2009/2010), we concentrate on energy savings in the building’s heating and cooling systems.
Der neue DIN‐Fachbericht 4108‐8 Vermeidung von Schimmelwachstum in Wohngebäuden
Authors: Spitzner Martin H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractZunehmend wird wieder von Problemen des Schimmelpilzwachstums in Wohngebäuden berichtet. Die Baukonstruktion eines Wohngebäudes muss die Voraussetzung schaffen, dass bei üblicher, bestimmungsgemäßer Nutzung der Räume die Innenoberflächen der Bauteile so warm und trocken bleiben, dass Schimmelpilzwachstum vermieden wird. Gegebenenfalls sind entsprechende Wärmedämm‐ und anlagentechnische Sanierungsmaßnahmen erforderlich. Gleichzeitig muß das Nutzerverhalten den baukonstruktiven und nutzungsbedingten Gegebenheiten angepasst sein. Dazu gehört eine gleichmäßige Beheizung, eine ausreichende Belüftung, eine weitgehend ungehinderte Luftzirkulation durch entsprechende Möblierung, sowie eine nicht ungemessen hohe Feuchtefreisetzung. Der DIN‐Fachbericht 4108‐8 “Wärmeschutz und Energieeinsparung in Gebäuden — Teil 8: Vermeidung von Schimmelwachstum in Wohngebäuden” fasst die Einflussfaktoren Baukonstruktion, Heizung, Lüftung, Nutzung/Nutzerverhalten zu einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtung zusammen. Er hilft bei der Klärung von Ursachen und bei der Einleitung von Gegenmaßnahmen.Avoiding mould growth in dwellings — the new report on DIN 4108‐8. Problems with mould growth in residential buildings are an increasing occurrence. The construction of a dwelling house should ensure that, provided rooms are used in accordance with the design purpose, the internal surfaces of the building components stay sufficiently warm and dry so that mould growth is avoid ed. Where this is not the case, remedial measures have to be undertaken, such as installing additional insulation and/or ventilation/ heating devices. But it is equally important that the behaviour of the users of a building is appropriate for the design of the building. This includes evenly distributed space heating, adequate ventilation, air circulation that is largely unobstructed by furniture, and that moisture release in the dwelling is not excessive. The report on DIN 4108‐8 ‘Thermal insulation and conserving energy in buildings — Part 8: Avoiding mould growth in dwellings’ takes a comprehensive look at all relevant factors, such as construction details, heating and ventilation systems, and user behaviour. The report helps to clarify the causes of problems and makes suggestions for remedial actions.
Vom Niedrigenergie‐ zum Nullenergiehaus: Standortbestimmung und Entwicklungsperspektiven
Authors: Voss Karsten , Musall Eike , Lichtmeß Markus 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDer Begriff “Nullenergiehaus” ist in den letzten Jahren national und international zum Inbegriff für die konsequente Zusammenführung von Maßnahmen zur drastischen Energieeinsparung und optimierter dezentraler Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien geworden. Dabei geht es nicht um energieautarke Gebäude und die dabei große Herausforderung der saisonalen Energiespeicherung. Grundidee ist, dass die von einem Gebäude in ein Netz eingespeiste Energiemenge in der Jahresbilanz mindestens dem Energiebezug entspricht. Plusenergiehäuser erzielen eine positive Bilanz. Trotz Verankerung in zahlreichen energiepolitischen Positionspapieren existiert aber bisher keine Definition oder normative Beschreibung. Der Beitrag erläutert in einem internationalen Kontext die Hintergründe und diskutiert die Einflussgrößen bei der Bilanzierung. Nach Darstellung der normativen Berechnungszusammenhänge wird eine abgestimmte Terminologie und nationale Vorgehensweise vorgeschlagen. Diese berücksichtigt neben der Energiebilanz die Energieeffizienz und die Eigenbedarfsdeckung.From Low‐Energy to Zero‐Energy Building: Status and Perspectives. ”Net Zero Energy Building” has become a prominent wording to describe the synergy of energy efficient building and renewable energy utilization to reach a balanced energy budget over a yearly cycle. Taking into account the energy exchange with a grid infrastructure overcomes the limitations of energy autonomous buildings with the need for seasonal energy storage on‐site. Even though the wording ”Net Zero Energy Building” occurs in many energy policy documents a harmonized definition or a balancing method is still missing. The paper reports on the background and the various effects influencing the energy balance approach. After discussing the national energy code framework in Germany a harmonized terminology and balancing procedure is suggested. Besides the energy balance the procedure takes load energy efficiency and matching into account.
In situ generation of hydrogen peroxide by carbohydrate oxidase and cellobiose dehydrogenase for bleaching purposes
Authors: Pricelius Sina , Ludwig Roland , Lant Neil J. , Haltrich Dietmar , Guebitz Georg M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe carbohydrate oxidase from Microdochium nivale (CAOX), heterologously expressed in Aspergillus oryzae, and cellobiose dehydrogenase from Myriococcum thermophilum (MtCDH), were assessed for their ability to generate bleaching species at a pH suitable for liquid detergents. The substrate specificities of CAOX and MtCDH were analyzed on a large variety of soluble and insoluble substrates, using oxygen as an electron receptor. Even insoluble substrates like cellulose were oxidized from both CAOX and MtCDH, but only MtCDH produced H2O2 on cotton as the sole substrate. To enhance the amount of cello‐oligosaccharides formed from cotton as substrates for CAOX and MtCDH, various cellulases were used in combination with MtCDH or CAOX, leading to a 10‐fold increase in H2O2. As model substrates for colored stains, the degradation of pure anthocyanins and stain removal of blueberry stains by CAOX and MtCDH was examined in the absence and presence of a horseradish peroxidase. Both enzymes were able to produce an amount of H2O2 sufficient to decolorize the pure anthocyanins within 2 h and showed significant cleaning benefits on the stains.