bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating a Victim Perspective within Criminal Justice: The Swedish Approach
Authors: Nelson Alvar 
Published: November 2011

After World War II public opinion in Sweden gradually recognised the need for a crusade against crime as a threat to the state and its inhabitants. The police and responsibility for public prosecution were nationalised, reorganised and placed within the Ministry of Justice. A new authority was established in the Ministry to investigate crime prevention activities (BRÅ). A new Code on Judicial Procedure, 1942 (in force 1948) had replaced previous legislation on civil and criminal court procedure. The legislation on crime and penal sanctions was gradually reformed and a new Criminal Code was adopted 1962 (in force 1964). Tort law, which had for long been unco-ordinated was finally collected in the Tort Liability Act, 1972 supplemented by the Criminal Injuries Compensation Act, 1978. These codes and Acts have later been amended, sometimes to the benefit of victims of crime. During this period the need for state compensation to victims of crime slowly attracted special attention. From a cautious beginning in 1948 the state gradually took on responsibility for adjudged economic compensation to the victim, not obtained from the offender. The social welfare system covers costs for medical and social treatment and care and losses by industrial injury etc. Other economic losses are often compensated by the victim's insurance. The remaining need for compensation mainly refers to criminal violation of the victim's integrity and the effects of harm caused by the offence. This article describes the implementation of the Crime Victim Compensation Authority which was established in 1994. It analyses the place of the victim in the Swedish criminal justice system, the injuries that attract compensation from the Authority, levels of payment, and proposals for reform. These developments are set within the context of a feminist political agenda.
Terrorist Victimization: Prevention, Control and Recovery
Authors: Kratcoski Peter C. , Edelbacher Mag. Maximilian , Das Dilip K. 
Published: November 2011

An Ancillary Meeting on the topic of ‘Terrorist Victimization: Prevention, Control, and Recovery’ was held at the United Nations Center in Vienna, Austria on Wednesday, April 12, 2000 in conjunction with the Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders. The Congress focused on ‘Crime and Justice: Meeting the Challenges of the 21 st Century.’ The Ancillary Meeting was sponsored by the State University of New York, Plattsburgh, USA and chaired by Dr. Dilip K. Das, Professor in the Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice at that University. The speakers included Alex P. Schmid, Officer-in-Charge, Terrorism Prevention Branch, United Nations; George H. Millard, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Dr. Ely Karmon, Senior Research Scholar, International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, Kerzlyia, Israel; and Dr. Harvey W. Kushner, Professor and Chair, Department of Criminal Justice and Security Administration, Long Island University, Brookville, New York, USA. Other presentations were made by Dr. David Rapoport, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA; Niles Lathem, The New York Post, Washington, D.C., USA, Arvind Verma, Department of Criminal Justice, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA, Dr. S. Subramanian, Raghavendra Nagar Shvrampally, Hyderabad, India, George Ballard, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, USA and Boaz Ganor, International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, Herzlyia, Israel. In the presentations by speakers from Europe, North America, North Africa, the Middle East, Asia and South America and in the ensuing discussions, a wide variety of issues, concerns, and prevention strategies were covered in a global framework, and also applied to situations in specific countries and continents. The papers and the sessions focused on a number of themes, including an assessment of the main contemporary trends in terrorism, the politicalization of terrorism, the effects that terrorism has on primary and secondary victims, the linkage of terrorism with organized crime, and the measures that governments, international organizations, and justice agencies can take to curtail and eradicate terrorism, including international cooperative efforts.
Secondary Victimization of Children in Israel and the Child's Perspective
Authors: Ben-Arieh Asher , Windman Vered 
Published: November 2011

This study has three objectives: (1) to study the needs of child victims in the criminal justice system; (2) to study the attitudes, activities and provisions of investigative authorities toward child victims and their families, as perceived by the children themselves and their parents; and (3) to study the relation between the assistance received and the child victims' and the parents' willingness to cooperate with the investigative authorities. We conducted an exploratory study of children aged 14 to 18, all victims of violence and sex crimes, and their parents. All received assistance from the Israeli Child Victim Assistance Project. The study is based on self-reports of a small, nonrepresentative convenience sample. Both the children and the parents were generally satisfied with the way the complaint was received and the subsequent investigation. However, the perspective of children is not necessarily identical to that of their parents, so it is important to address the children themselves. For example, the children were considerably more satisfied than the parents during the investigation, mostly because of the respect they received, even though other important needs — for information, explanations, and support — were not met by investigative authorities. The fulfillment of these needs had an influence on victims' willingness to cooperate with the police. Thus, to reduce children's secondary victimization, authorities should institute a system that will ensure that child victims and parents are informed and receive assistance and explanation about support and services in a timely manner.
From Absence to Presence, From Silence to Voice: Victims in International and Transitional Justice Since the Nuremberg Trials
Authors: Karstedt Susanne 
Published: November 2011

As much as victims have been absent in traditional and national criminal justice for a long time, they were invisible in transitional and international criminal justice after World War II. The Nuremberg Trials were dominated by the perpetrators, and documents were mainly used instead of victim testimony. Contemporaries shared the perspective that transitional justice, both international and national procedures should channel revenge by the victims and their families into the more peaceful venues of courts and legal procedures. Since then, victims have gained an ever more important role in transitional, post-conflict and international criminal justice. Non-judicial tribunals, Truth and Reconciliation Commissions, and international criminal courts and tribunals are relying on the testimony of victims and thus provide a prominent role for victims who often take centre stage in such procedures and trials. International criminal law and the human rights regime have provided victims with several routes to make themselves heard and fight against impunity. This paper tracks the road from absence to presence, and from invisibility to the visibility of victims during the second half of the last and the beginning of the present century. It shows in which ways their presence has shaped and changed transitional and international justice, and in particular how their absence or presence is linked to amnesties.
Retention of Movement Pattern Changes After a Lower Extremity Injury Prevention Program Is Affected by Program Duration
Authors: Padua Darin A. , DiStefano Lindsay J. , Marshall Stephen W. , Beutler Anthony I. , de la Motte Sarah J. , DiStefano Michael J. 
Published: November 2011

Background: Changes in movement patterns have been repeatedly observed immediately after completing a lower extremity injury prevention program. However, it is not known if movement pattern changes are maintained after discontinuing the training program. Hypothesis: The ability to maintain movement pattern changes after training has ceased may be influenced by the program’s duration. The authors hypothesized that among individuals who completed either a 3-month or 9-month training program and who demonstrated immediate movement pattern changes, only those who completed the 9-month training program would maintain movement pattern changes after a 3-month period of no longer performing the exercises. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 140 youth soccer athletes from 15 separate teams volunteered to participate. Athletes’ movement patterns were assessed using the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) at pretest, posttest, and 3 months after ceasing the program (retention test). Eighty-four of the original 140 participants demonstrated improvements in their LESS scores between pretest and posttest (change in LESS score >0) and were included in the final analyses for this study (n = 84; 20 boys and 64 girls; mean age, 14 ± 2 years; age range, 11-17 years). Teams performed 3-month (short-duration group) and 9-month (extended-duration group) injury prevention programs. The exercises performed were identical for both groups. Teams performed the programs as part of their normal warm-up routine. Results: Although both groups improved their total LESS scores from pretest to posttest, only the extended-duration training group retained their improvements 3 months after ceasing the injury prevention program (F2,137 = 3.38; P = .04). Conclusion: Results suggest that training duration may be an important factor to consider when designing injury prevention programs that facilitate long-term changes in movement control.
Intraarticular Hyaluronic Acid Injection after Microfracture Technique for the Management of Full-Thickness Cartilage Defects Does Not Improve the Quality of Repair Tissue
Authors: Gunes Taner , Bostan Bora , Erdem Mehmet , Koseoglu Resid Dogan , Asci Murat , Sen Cengiz 
Published: November 2011

Objective: Tissue repair that occurs after microfracture does not include hyaline-like cartilage. Therefore, other treatment modalities must be combined with microfracture to improve repair tissue quality. In this study, we combined exogenous hyaluronic acid with microfracture. Design: Thirty mature New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups as control, microfracture (MF), and microfracture and hyaluronic acid (MFHA). Four-millimetre full-thickness cartilage defects were created in the medial femoral condyle of each rabbit. Microfracture was performed on defects in the MF and MFHA groups. At 1 week following surgery, 1 mL of saline was injected into the knees of the control and MF groups, whereas 1 mL (15 mg/mL) hyaluronic acid was injected into the knees of the MFHA group 3 times weekly. At 6 months postsurgery, defects were evaluated according to the ICRS (International Cartilage Repair Society) and Wakitani scales. Results: According to the ICRS and Wakitani scales, the quality of repair tissue was improved in MF and MFHA groups as compared the control group ( P = 0.001 and 0.001, respectively). No significant difference was observed between the MF and MFHA groups ( P = 0.342). Conclusions: According to the model in this study, no beneficial effect was obtained when HA injection was combined with microfracture in the treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects.
Immunoglobulin D amyloidosis: a distinct entity
Authors: Gertz Morie A. , Buadi Francis K. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Dingli David , Dispenzieri Angela , Greipp Philip R. , Kumar Shaji K. , Lacy Martha Q. , Lust John A. , Leung Nelson , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Russell Stephen J. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Mikhael Joseph R. , Roy Vivek , Kyle Robert A. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
IgD monoclonal gammopathies are uncommon. They are seen rarely as a monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and are present in 1%-2% of patients with multiple myeloma. In light-chain amyloidosis, IgD monoclonal proteins are found in ap-proximately 1% of patients. When an IgD monoclonal protein is found, amyloidosis is often omitted from the differential diagnosis. In the present study, we reviewed the natural history of IgD-associated amyloidosis among 53 patients seen over 41 years. The distribution of clinical syndromes suggests that these patients have a lower frequency of renal and cardiac involvement. The overall survival of these patients does not appear to be different from that of patients who have light-chain amyloidosis associated with another monoclonal protein.
Tcl1 interacts with Atm and enhances NF-κB activation in hematologic malignancies
Authors: Gaudio Eugenio , Spizzo Riccardo , Paduano Francesco , Luo Zhenghua , Efanov Alexey , Palamarchuk Alexey , Leber Amanda S. , Kaou Mohamed , Zanesi Nicola , Bottoni Arianna , Costinean Stefan , Rassenti Laura Z. , Nakamura Tatsuya , Kipps Thomas J. , Aqeilan Rami I. , Pekarsky Yuri , Trapasso Francesco , Croce Carlo M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 (TCL1) oncogene is a target of chromosomal translocations and inversions at 14q31.2, and its rearrangement in T cells causes T-cell prolymphocytic leukemias. TCL1 dysregulation in B cells is responsible for the development of an aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the most common human leukemia. We have investigated the mechanisms underlying the oncogenic functions of Tcl1 protein using a mass spectrometry approach and have identified Atm (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) as a candidate Tcl1-interacting protein. The Tcl1-Atm complex formation was validated by coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Importantly, we show that the association of Atm with Tcl1 leads to enhanced IκBα phosphorylation and ubiquitination and subsequent activation of the NF-κB pathway. Our findings reveal functional cross-talk between Atm and Tcl1 and provide evidence for a novel pathway that could be targeted in leukemias and lymphomas.
Aluminum alters NMDA receptor 1A and 2A/B expression on neonatal hippocampal neurons in rats
Authors: Yuan Chia-Yi , Hsu Guoo-Shyng Wang , Lee Yih-Jing 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundHigh aluminum (Al) content in certain infant formula raises the concern of possible Al toxicity on brain development of neonates during their vulnerable period of growing. Results of in vivo study showed that Al content of brain tissues reached to 74 μM when oral intake up to 1110 μM, 10 times of that in the hi-Al infant formula.MethodsUtilizing a cultured neuron cells in vitro model, we have assessed Al influence on neuronal specific gene expression alteration by immunoblot and immunohistochemistry and neural proliferation rate changes by MTT assay.ResultsMicroscopic images showed that the neurite outgrowth of hippocampal neurons increased along with the Al dosages (37, 74 μM Al (AlCl3)). MTT results also indicated that Al increased neural cell viability. On the other hand, the immunocytochemistry staining suggested that the protein expressions of NMDAR 1A and NMDAR 2A/B decreased with the Al dosages (p < 0.05).ConclusionTreated hippocampal neurons with 37 and 74 μM of Al for 14 days increased neural cell viability, but hampered NMDAR 1A and NMDAR 2A/B expressions. It was suggested that Al exposure might alter the development of hippocampal neurons in neonatal rats.
Progesterone-induced changes in the phosphoryl potential during the meiotic divisions in amphibian oocytes: Role of Na/K-ATPase
Authors: Morrill Gene A , Dowd Terry L , Kostellow Adele B , Gupta Raj K 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Background
Progesterone triggers resumption of the first meiotic division in the Rana pipiens oocyte by binding to the N-terminal external loop of the catalytic subunit of Na/K-ATPase, releasing a cascade of lipid second messengers. This is followed by internalization of specific membrane proteins, plasma membrane depolarization and nuclear membrane breakdown, culminating in arrest at second metaphase.

Results
Progesterone initiates an increase in phosphoryl potential during the first meiotic division, resulting in the accumulation of high energy protein phosphate by second metaphase arrest. 31P-NMR, with saturation transfer, demonstrates that the phosphocreatine level rises ~2 fold and that the "pseudo" first order rate constant for the creatine kinase reaction falls to ~20% of the control by the onset of nuclear membrane breakdown. 32PO4 pulse-labeling reveals a net increase in phosphorylation of yolk protein phosvitin during this period. The increased yolk protein phosphorylation coincides with internalization of membrane Na/K-ATPase and membrane depolarizatio

Conclusions
These results indicate that progesterone binding to the catalytic subunit of the Na-pump diverts ATP from cation regulation at the plasma membrane to storage of high energy phosphate in yolk protein. Phosvitin serves as a major energy source during fertilization and early cleavage stages and is also a storage site for cations (e.g. Na+, K+, Ca2+, Fe2+/3+) essential for embryonic development.
Localization of QTLs for in vitroplant regeneration in tomato
Authors: Trujillo-Moya Carlos , Gisbert Carmina , Vilanova Santiago , Nuez Fernando 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Low regeneration ability limits biotechnological breeding approaches. The influence of genotype in the regeneration response is high in both tomato and other important crops. Despite the various studies that have been carried out on regeneration genetics, little is known about the key genes involved in this process. The aim of this study was to localize the genetic factors affecting regeneration in tomato.

Results
We developed two mapping populations (F2 and BC1) derived from a previously selected tomato cultivar (cv. Anl27) with low regeneration ability and a high regeneration accession of the wild species Solanum pennellii (PE-47). The phenotypic assay indicated dominance for bud induction and additive effects for both the percentage of explants with shoots and the number of regenerated shoots per explant. Two linkage maps were developed and six QTLs were identified on five chromosomes (1, 3, 4, 7 and 8) in the BC1 population by means of the Interval Mapping and restricted Multiple QTL Mapping methods. These QTLs came from S. pennellii, with the exception of the minor QTL located on chromosome 8, which was provided by cv. Anl27. The main QTLs correspond to those detected on chromosomes 1 and 7. In the F2 population, a QTL on chromosome 7 was identified on a similar region as that detected in the BC1 population. Marker segregation distortion was observed in this population in those areas where the QTLs of BC1 were detected. Furthermore, we located two tomato candidate genes using a marker linked to the high regeneration gene: Rg-2 (a putative allele of Rg-1) and LESK1, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase and was proposed as a marker for regeneration competence. As a result, we located a putative allele of Rg-2 in the QTL detected on chromosome 3 that we named Rg-3. LESK1, which is also situated on chromosome 3, is outside Rg-3. In a preliminary exploration of the detected QTL peaks, we found several genes that may be related to regeneration.

Conclusions
In this study we have identified new QTLs related to the complex process of regeneration from tissue culture. We have also located two candidate genes, discovering a putative allele of the high regeneration gene Rg-1 in the QTL on chromosome 3. The identified QTLs could represent a significant step toward the understanding of this process and the identification of other related candidate genes. It will also most likely facilitate the development of molecular markers for use in gene isolation.
Genetic variation of γ-tocopherol methyltransferase gene contributes to elevated α-tocopherol content in soybean seeds
Authors: Dwiyanti Maria S , Yamada Tetsuya , Sato Masako , Abe Jun , Kitamura Keisuke 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Background
Improvement of α-tocopherol content is an important breeding aim to increase the nutritional value of crops. Several efforts have been conducted to improve the α-tocopherol content in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] through transgenic technology by overexpressing genes related to α-tocopherol biosynthesis or through changes to crop management practices. Varieties with high α-tocopherol content have been identified in soybean germplasms. The heritability of this trait has been characterized in a cross between high α-tocopherol variety Keszthelyi Aproszemu Sarga (KAS) and low α-tocopherol variety Ichihime. In this study, the genetic mechanism of the high α-tocopherol content trait of KAS was elucidated.

Results
Through QTL analysis and fine mapping in populations from a cross between KAS and a Japanese variety Ichihime, we identified γ-TMT3, which encodes γ-tocopherol methyltransferase, as a candidate gene responsible for high α-tocopherol concentration in KAS. Several nucleotide polymorphisms including two nonsynonymous mutations were found in the coding region of γ-TMT3 between Ichihime and KAS, but none of which was responsible for the difference in α-tocopherol concentration. Therefore, we focused on transcriptional regulation of γ-TMT3 in developing seeds and leaves. An F5 line that was heterozygous for the region containing γ-TMT3 was self-pollinated. From among the progeny, plants that were homozygous at the γ-TMT3 locus were chosen for further evaluation. The expression level of γ-TMT3 was higher both in developing seeds and leaves of plants homozygous for the γ-TMT3 allele from KAS. The higher expression level was closely correlated with high α-tocopherol content in developing seeds. We generated transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring GUS gene under the control of γ-TMT3 promoter from KAS or Ichihime. The GUS activity assay showed that the activity of γ-TMT3 promoter from KAS was higher than that of Ichihime.

Conclusions
The genetic variation in γ-TMT3, which plays a major role in determining α-tocopherol concentration, provides significant information about the regulation of tocopherol biosynthesis in soybean seeds. This knowledge will help breeding programs to develop new soybean varieties with high α-tocopherol content.