bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Donors' Justice: Recasting International Criminal Accountability
Authors: KENDALL SARA 
Published: August 2011

AbstractInternational legal scholarship to date has largely neglected the donor-driven dynamics of international criminal justice. This article advances what I term ‘donors’ justice’ as an analytic frame for interpreting the work of international criminal tribunals. Donors’ justice is defined as third-party financial support for tribunal activity. It imports market rationalities into the field of criminal accountability, which assume overlapping discursive, political, and economic forms. The Special Court for Sierra Leone provides a case study of the implications of donor-driven logics for international criminal justice, particularly the material problems of insecure funding and the ethical problems of limited personal jurisdiction.
Aggressors' Rights: The Doctrine of ‘Equality between Belligerents’ and the Legacy of Nuremberg
Authors: MANDEL MICHAEL 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe moral and legal debate over the separation of jus in bello from jus ad bellum generally assumes that the law of war supports this separation and the concomitant doctrine of ‘equality between belligerents’, also known as the ‘duality’ or the ‘symmetry’ principle. This article examines the Nuremberg-era precedents and legal scholarship, as well as more recent legal and scholarly material, and argues that the general assumption is wrong and that the arguments supporting the radical legal separation of the two jus's are unconvincing.
High Hopes, Scant Resources: A Word of Scepticism about the Anti-Fragmentation Function of Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
Authors: SAMSON MÉLANIE 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFocusing on some undertheorized aspects of Article 31(3)(c) of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the present article aims to reassess critically the anti-fragmentation function generally assigned to this provision. The high hopes associated with the harmonizing potential of Article 31(3)(c) are usually based on a reading of this provision as requiring the interpreter to take into account not only rules applicable between all of the parties to the treaty, but also those applicable only between some of the parties. However, this reading does not seem to be confirmed by the interpretive approach suggested in this article. On the other hand, the use of Article 31(3)(c) in judicial settings raises a structural problem inherent in the international judiciary. The analysis undertaken along these lines suggests that the optimism that Article 31(3)(c) has recently provoked should be qualified in some important respects.
The Application of Human Rights Law to Private Sector Complicity in Governmental Corruption
Authors: ROSE CECILY 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article examines private sector complicity in governmental corruption that violates economic and social rights. Although banks and multinational corporations typically play critical roles in facilitating the diversion of public revenues away from the provision of social services, the link between the private sector, corruption, and human rights violations remains underexplored. This article therefore examines this relationship and explores the viability of a standard for assessing the complicity of the private sector in such violations of economic and social rights. Ultimately, the state-centred nature of the international human rights system limits the utility of any complicity standard for non-state actors.
Non-deep complex morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of the Iberian Peninsula endemic geophyteMerendera montana(Colchicaceae)
Authors: Copete Elena , Herranz José M. , Copete Miguel A. , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractHeretofore, no detailed account was available on seed dormancy and germination of a member of the Colchicaceae (Liliales). Thus, the primary aim of this study was to do an in-depth investigation of the temperature requirements for dormancy break and germination in seeds ofMerendera montana(Colchicaceae) at the embryo and whole-seed levels under near-natural temperatures in a non-heated frame shade-house and under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Mean embryo length in fresh seeds wasc. 0.57 mm and embryos had to grow to at least 1.30 mm before radicle emergence. Embryos grew to full size and seeds completed germination (radicles emerged) when they were stratified at 28/14°C for 60 d followed by a cool temperature for 60 d and then incubated at a cool temperature for 30 d. The optimum cool stratification temperature for dormancy-break was 10°C. Thus, after the moist pretreatment at 28/14°C+10°C, radicle emergence was>93% at all incubation temperatures (5, 15/4 and 20/7°C). In its natural habitat,M. montanaseeds are dispersed in June, the embryo elongates to full size in autumn and radicles emerge from early November to early February. Although the shoot does not emerge until March and April, it is not physiologically dormant. The shoot emerged from 80% of the radicle-emerged seeds in 13 d at 20/7°C without a previous cold pretreatment. Seeds ofM. montanahave non-deep complex morphophysiological dormancy, C1b1aB-C1a. This is the first study on seeds with complex MPD to show a delay in shoot emergence following root emergence despite the shoot being physiologically non-dormant.
Morphology, anatomy and germination response of heteromorphic achenes ofAnthemis chrysanthaJ. Gay (Asteraceae), a critically endangered species
Authors: Aguado Mayra , Martínez-Sánchez Juan J. , Reig-Armiñana José , García-Breijo Francisco J. , Franco José A. , Vicente María J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis study demonstrates thatAnthemis chrysantha, a ‘Critically Endangered’ annual plant, produces two morphs of achenes: white and dark achenes, which differ in size, mass, anatomy and germination behaviour. Fresh white achenes germinated at all temperatures assayed from 10 to 25°C in both continuous darkness and 12-h photoperiod, ranging between 24% at 25°C in darkness and 89% at 12/20°C in light, whereas fresh dark achenes did not germinate under any temperature or light conditions. To identify differences in dormancy type between the two morphs, germination of dry-stored achenes, and achenes stratified at 5 or 25°C for 2 months were tested in both darkness and light at 5, 15 and 12/20°C for dry-stored and warm-stratified (25°C) achenes; and at 15, 25 and 12/20°C for cold-stratified (5°C) achenes. Of the white achenes, 90% germinated during the cold stratification period. In general, dry storage and warm stratification did not increase germination compared to fresh achenes. However, dark achenes did not germinate under any conditions. Dark achene dormancy was only broken by mechanical scarification or by excising the embryo (germination reached 71%). An anatomical study showed that the mesocarp of dark achenes had no intercellular spaces and was much thicker and stronger than that of white achenes, making the entry of water difficult, and also preventing germination by mechanical restriction. This study demonstrated that dormancy in the dark achenes is likely caused by the thickness of their pericarp, physically impeding germination and hampering imbibition of water.
Quantification of low-level genetically modified (GM) seed presence in large seed lots: a case study of GM seed in Canadian flax breeder seed lots
Authors: Lamb Eric G. , Booker Helen M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe detection and quantification of the prevalence of genetically modified organism (GM) contamination in seed exports is a critical element of regulatory compliance. While the procedures to reliably detect high levels of GM contamination are well understood, no comparable statistical approaches are available for the quantification of levels of GM prevalence below the established detection rate of standard tests. We present a simple statistical approach based on simulation modelling for the quantification of low levels of GM contamination. The approach can be modified to match any sampling regime and can account for rates of false positive and negative assay results. The application of this method is demonstrated using the low level of contamination in Canadian flax breeder seed lots by the GM flax variety ‘Triffid’. We show that GM contamination is likely present in seed lots at rates between two GM seeds per million and six seeds per hundred thousand. We also show that this low level of presumed contamination is indistinguishable from the number of positive tests expected from a clean seed lot given the potential rates of false positive tests.
Radiation induced-late bowel toxicity: role of argon plasma coagulation
Authors: Al Gizawy Samy M. , Abdelbaki Laila , Makhlouf Nahed A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this study was to identify predictors and treatment outcome of late bowel toxicity after three dimensional pelvic radiotherapy for genitourinary malignancies and also to describe our experience with Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC) in this toxicity.Patients and methods: Between March 2004 and March 2010, all patients who had completed a course of pelvic radiotherapy for genitourinary malignancies at our Institute were enrolled in this study. Every patient with lower GI symptoms underwent sigmoidoscopy and accordingly, some patients were subjected to intervention by APC.Results: One hundred and thirty-six patients met all inclusion criteria. Median FU period was 37 months. Chronic diarrhoea was scored as Grade 1 or 2 in 35 patients (25.7%). Chronic proctitis was scored as Grade 1 or 2 in 17 patients (12.5%) and Grade 3 in 6 patients (4.4%), 25 patients developed chronic bleeding per rectum, 16 (11.8%) were Grade 1 or 2, while 9 patients (6.6%) were Grade 3. Both maximum rectal dose and comorbidity ≥1 significantly correlated with the development of chronic proctitis (p = 0.040 for both).Endoscopic findings showed mucosal injury in 59 cases (84.29%) and vascular injury in 42 patients (60%). APC was successful in controlling bleeding and other symptoms in 14 cases (82.4%) and 16 cases (70%) respectively.Conclusion: Three dimensional pelvic radiotherapy using two-phase technique is associated with a low level of Grade 3 late lower gastrointestinal toxicities. The most common presenting symptom is chronic diarrhoea. Both maximum rectal dose and comorbidity ≥1 significantly predict the development of chronic proctitis. APC is an effective, safe and well-tolerated treatment for chronic radiation proctitis.
Calming panic states in the Mould Room and beyond: A pilot complementary therapy head and neck cancer service
Authors: Mackereth Peter , Tomlinson Lynne , Maycock Paula , Donald Graeme , Carter Ann , Mehrez Anita , Lawrence Patricia , Stanton Tony 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPurpose: The service was piloted in response to requests for assistance with patients experiencing severe anxiety undergoing head and neck radiotherapy. This paper describes the aims of the service, interventions provided and the recorded responses of patients to the support given.Data: Information about who referred, patient demographics, the interventions provided and patient feedback (n = 112) was extracted from treatment records over a 15-month period.Findings: All referred patients successfully completed procedures and treatment. About 43 patients voluntarily disclosed past trauma, for example, sexual abuse, assault, childhood trauma, which they judged to have been linked to their claustrophobic responses. Advice and support was given to 40 patients also referred for smoking cessation; an additional three patients requested support when cravings returned.Conclusion: There is a paucity of information about the extent of the distress triggered by radiotherapy procedures and what interventions could be offered in practice. Further work is required to include an economic assessment and longer term effects on patient compliance with treatment and smoking cessation. Training needs for complementary therapists and radiotherapy staff at this centre were also identified; these are being addressed.
Hypofractionated helical intensity-modulated radiotherapy (75 Gy at 2.5 Gy/fraction) for intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer: Assessment of toxicity
Authors: Kong Moonkyoo , Hong Seong Eon , Choi Jinhyun , Chang Sung-Goo 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPurpose: To evaluate the toxicity of hypofractionated helical intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for men with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer.Methods and Materials: A retrospective toxicity analysis was performed in 22 patients treated definitively with hypofractionated helical IMRT. The helical IMRT were designed to deliver 75 Gy in 2.5 Gy/fraction to the prostate gland, 63 Gy in 2.1 Gy/fraction to seminal vesicle, and 54 Gy in 1.8 Gy/fraction to pelvic lymph nodes. No patient received hormonal therapy. Toxicity was graded by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) scales.Results: All patients tolerated the treatment well without treatment interruption, and there was no Grade 3 or more acute toxicity. With a median follow-up of 24.5 months, there was no Grade 3 or more late toxicity. The late Grade 2 gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity for total 22 patients were 9.1% and 18.2%, respectively, and the late Grade 1 GI and GU toxicity were 18.2% and 50%, respectively. Late GU toxicity was associated with greater bladder volume irradiated ≥70 Gy. Late GI toxicity did not correlate with any of the dosimetric parameters.Conclusions: This study demonstrate that hypofractionated helical IMRT with high biologic effective dose (BED) is well tolerated with favourable toxicity rate. If longer follow-up periods and larger cohorts confirm the favourable biochemical control rate and our favourable toxicity assessment results, the hypofractionated IMRT (total 75 Gy, 2.5 Gy/fraction) might be implemented in clinical field for treatment of prostate cancer.
Has the armed conflict in Afghanistan affected the rules on the conduct of hostilities?
Authors: Geiß Robin , Siegrist Michael 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe armed conflict in Afghanistan since 2001 has raised manifold questions pertaining to the humanitarian rules relative to the conduct of hostilities. In Afghanistan, as is often the case in so-called asymmetric conflicts, the geographical and temporal boundaries of the battlefield, and the distinction between civilians and fighters, are increasingly blurred. As a result, the risks for both civilians and soldiers operating in Afghanistan are high. The objective of this article is to assess whether – and if so how much – the armed conflict in Afghanistan has affected the application and interpretation of the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution – principles that form the core of legal rules pertaining to the conduct of hostilities.
Enzyme activities and glyphosate biodegradation in a riparian soil affected by simulated saltwater incursion
Authors: Yang Changming , Wang Mengmeng 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSoil salinization due to saltwater incursion, is a major threat to biochemical activities and thus strongly alters biogeochemical processes in a freshwater riparian of coastal estuary region. A pot incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of simulated saltwater incursion on some key enzymatic activities and biodegradation dynamics of herbicide glyphosate in a riparian soil in Chongming Island located in the Yangtze River estuary, China. The results showed that saltwater addition with 10% artificial seawater significantly increased the biodegradation efficiency of glyphosate with the lowest residual concentration among all the treatments. However, glyphosate degradation was markedly decreased in the riparian soil with high levels of saltwater treatment. As compared with no saltwater treatment, the half-lives for 20% and 50% seawater treatments were prolonged by 4.9% and 21.1%, respectively. Throughout the incubation period, saltwater addition with 10% seawater stimulated the enzymatic activities in the glyphosate-spiked riparian soil, as compared to the treatment with 0% seawater. Flourescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis rate, dehydrogenase activity (DHA), catalase activity, and alkaline phosphatase activity in the glyphosate-spiked riparian soil treated with 10% seawater were 68.5%, 49.2%, 38.7%, and 28.6% higher than those for no saltwater treatment, respectively. The effect of 20% seawater treatment on the glyphosate-spiked riparian soil enzymatic activities fluctuated between promotion and inhibition depending on the type of enzymes. Soil enzymatic activities were severely depressed by increasing salinity level with 50% seawater treatment significantly inhibited, relative to no saltwater treatment. Especially, FDA hydrolysis rate and DHA were decreased by 73.8% and 64.8%, respectively, as compared to no saltwater treatment. Glyphosate degradation percentages were strongly positively correlated to the FDA hydrolysis rate and DHA, indicating that as compared to the other enzymes, the two enzymes contributed more to the herbicide biodegradation in the salt-affected riparian soil.
Guessing and risk attitude in L2 vocabulary tests
Authors: Thoma Dieter 
Published: August 2011

Guessing the meaning of unknown words is an essential process in L2 comprehension. At the same time, guessing is considered a nuisance in L2 vocabulary tests. This raises the question of the nature and causes of guessing in L2 vocabulary tests. The traditional claims in language testing are that guessing is (1) a function of proficiency and (2) a function of the test taker’s risk attitude. To investigate these claims in the context of standardized vocabulary testing, 135 advanced EFL learners participated in a computer-based yes/no vocabulary test combined with a translation task and a risk test. Stepwise regression analyses suggest that about 60% of the variation in yes/no test guesses are attributable to inappropriate or lack of semantic word knowledge. However, there was no systematic effect of risk attitude and guessing was largely independent of general lexical proficiency level. Methodological and inferential consequences for L2 vocabulary testing are discussed.
Controls on Abundance and Distribution of Yellow Perch: Predator, Water Quality, and Density‐Dependent Effects
Authors: Bacheler Nathan M. , Paoli Tammie J. , Schacht Garret M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractUnraveling the diverse forces controlling the abundance and distribution of fish across a landscape has been challenging, in part because few techniques exist to address multiple factors simultaneously in a single analysis. We used spatially explicit, varying‐coefficient generalized additive models to relate the summertime abundance and distribution of yellow perch Perca flavescens to a variety of predatory, water quality, landscape, and density‐dependent factors. The model used 25 years of fishery‐independent trawling data from southern Green Bay, Lake Michigan, an area that supported major fisheries for yellow perch until their decline in the 1990s. Local catch per unit effort (CPUE) of both age‐0 and age‐1 and older yellow perch was affected by the abundance of double‐crested cormorants Phalacrocorax auritus, dissolved oxygen, water clarity, and bottom depth, but not water temperature. In addition, the local response of age‐0 yellow perch CPUE to most predictor variables, including their own global density, had a unique spatial structure. For instance, increased cormorant abundance was related to declines in local yellow perch CPUE, especially near cormorant nesting islands, while increased dissolved oxygen levels were correlated with increased local yellow perch CPUE in shallow nearshore areas of southern Green Bay. In addition, local yellow perch CPUE increased near the mouth of the Fox River during years with higher water clarity, suggesting that water quality may be limiting to yellow perch in this region. Our results suggest that it is important to explicitly account for the different ways in which predictor variables influence fish abundance across the aquatic landscape.
Therapeutic activities and psychological interventions by cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic therapists working with medically unexplained symptoms: A qualitative study
Authors: Luca Maria 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim: To explore therapeutic activities and psychological interventions used by experienced cognitive behavioural and psychodynamic therapists to treat clients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS). Method: Twelve in‐depth, semi‐structured, qualitative interviews with psychotherapists, recruited from two British National Health Service (NHS) Departments were conducted. Interview transcripts were analysed using grounded theory. Findings: Therapists from two modalities share the following therapeutic activities and psychological interventions in their work with MUS clients: working together with clients, sensitive, empathic responding and building trust, being flexible with techniques, keeping an open mind and multi‐disciplinary cooperation. They also use modality specific interventions discussed in this paper. Even though participants experienced difficulties in forming alliances with MUS clients early on in their work, they expressed the importance of nurturing hope, empowering and engaging clients in jointly constructing understandings, which helps symptom management.
Jumping of the nef cone for Fano varieties
Authors: Totaro Burt 
Published: August 2011

We construct

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\textbf {Q}

-factorial terminal Fano varieties, starting in dimension 4, whose nef cone jumps when the variety is deformed. It follows that de Fernex and Hacon’s results on deformations of 3-dimensional Fanos are optimal. The examples are based on the existence of high-dimensional flips which deform to isomorphisms, generalizing the Mukai flop.

We also improve earlier results on deformations of Fano varieties. Toric Fano varieties which are smooth in codimension 2 and

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\textbf {Q}

-factorial in codimension 3 are rigid. The divisor class group is deformation-invariant for klt Fanos which are smooth in codimension 2 and

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\textbf {Q}

-factorial in codimension 3. The Cox ring deforms in a flat family under deformation of a terminal Fano which is

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-factorial in codimension 3.

A side result which seems to be new is that the divisor class group of a klt Fano variety maps isomorphically to ordinary homology.
Valuing Farmland Protection: Do Empirical Results and Policy Guidance Depend on the Econometric Fine Print?
Authors: Johnston Robert J. , Bergstrom John C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractEconomists have generated an abundance of willingness to pay estimates to help inform U.S. farmland protection policies. Stated preference approaches are often used for such estimations, with an increasing reliance placed on discrete choice models such as mixed logit, in which results can be sensitive to minor specification changes. This paper evaluates how and to what extent this sensitivity is policy relevant. Drawing from a case study of agricultural conservation easements in Georgia, we characterize the sensitivity of choice experiment welfare estimates to common variations in mixed logit specification. Results suggest that practitioners should provide greater attention to the potential implications of often unnoticed modeling choices in discrete choice welfare estimation.