bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AMPLIFIED MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AS A DIAGNOSTIC MARKER FOR SPECIES OF CONIFER-FEEDINGCHORISTONEURA(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sperling Felix A.H. , Hickey Donal A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe describe a method for identifying conifer-feeding species and lineages ofChoristoneuraLederer in Canada and Alaska. The method relies on amplification of mitochondrial (mt) DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR); amplified DNA is then digested with restriction enzymes to give characteristic DNA fragment patterns. We used the cytochrome oxidase I and II genes of mtDNA, which were previously shown to contain numerous nucleotide differences at the level of species. Ten restriction enzymes were surveyed and a combination of two of these (EcoR V +Hinf I) was sufficient to distinguish the major mtDNA lineages.Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens),C.pinusFreeman, andC.rosaceana(Harris) were readily distinguished from each other and from an assemblage of three putative western species (C.occidentalisFreeman.C.oraeFreeman, andC.biennisFreeman). The three western species have the same mtDNA marker pattern in most individuals and, although ecologically differentiated, their populations may actually be conspecific. At one locality in Alaska, pheromone traps bailed with lures forC.fumiferanaattract moths withC.fumiferanamtDNA, and lures forC.oraeattract moths with mtDNA that is characteristic of the western assemblage. This demonstrates geographic overlap of genetically distinct species in Alaska. The same two separate mtDNA lineages co-occur at two localities in Alberta, but pheromone attraction is unknown. In British Columbia, populations identified asC.biennisandC.occidentaliscontain a few individuals with divergent mtDNA genotypes, the significance of which remains unclear. Amplified mtDNA thus provides a convenient, reliable marker for surveying genetic variation within species and for studying interactions among species of theC.fumiferanagroup.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE STORAGE ON THE CAPACITY OF AN ICE-NUCLEATING-ACTIVE BACTERIUM AND FUNGUS TO REDUCE INSECT COLD-TOLERANCE
Authors: Fields Paul , Pouleur Stéphan , Richard Claude 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCold treatment is used to control the rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae), the predominant insect pest of stored grain in Canada. However, because it is difficult to cool the grain enough to control C. ferrugineus quickly, we have examined ways to reduce the cold-tolerance of adult C. ferrugineus, the most cold-hardy stage. We compared the efficacy of two ice nucleators, Pseudomonas syringae and Fusarium avenaceum, to decrease cold-tolerance of this insect, as well as their thermal stability. Ice nuclei from the bacteria P. syringae raised C. ferrugineus supercooling point from −17 to −6 °C, and increased mortality at −9°C for 24 h from 11 to 100%. Pseudomonas syringae held at 30°C for 16 weeks showed only a slight decline in its ability to reduce C. ferrugineus cold-tolerance. The fungus F. avenaceum raised the supercooling point of C. ferrugineus from −17 to −9°C, but only increased the mortality at −9°C for 24 h from 10 to 33%. Wheat treated with F. avenaceum and held at 30°C for 4 weeks reduced the cold-hardiness of C. ferrugineus, but had no effect after 8 weeks at 30°C. One reason for the difference between the two nucleators is that P. syringae had approximately 1000 times more ice nuclei per gram than did F. avenaceum. These results suggest that P. syringae is stable enough to reduce C. ferrugineus cold-tolerance after several weeks on warm grain. We discuss possible ways to increase the ice-nucleating activity of F. avenaceum.
BORNEOL AS AN ATTRACTANT FOR CYZENIS ALBICANS, A TACHINID PARASITOID OF THE WINTER MOTH, OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA L. (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Roland Jens , Denford Keith E. , Jimenez Luis 
Published: November 2009

AbstractVolatile compounds were isolated and identified from a crude extract of garry oak, Quercus garryana, foliage which was known to be attractive to the tachinid fly Cyzenis albicans. Candidate compounds were identified by the combined use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and infra-red spectroscopy. Specific oak-leaf volatiles were field-tested in 2 different years in an apple orchard. Compounds were applied singly or in combination to individual apple trees; the number of C. albicans entering the canopy of each tree was observed and the number of eggs they oviposited on foliage was estimated. Borneol was the only compound that attracted flies when compared with the other treatments, but this did not result in more fly eggs being oviposited on borneol-treated trees. None of the compounds tested resulted in a greater number of Cyzenis eggs being oviposited. A greater abundance of borneol in oak foliage than in apple foliage, and its attractiveness to C. albicans, may explain the aggregation of flies in response to feeding-damage among oak trees and the absence of this pattern among apple trees.
CONTROL OF HYLOBIUS CONGENER DALLE TORRE, SHENKLING, AND MARSHALL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) USING ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES
Authors: Eidt D.C. , Zervos S. , Pye A.E. , Finney-Crawley J.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDamage by Hylobius congener, the seedling debarking weevil, to newly planted conifer seedlings was reduced to tolerable levels by treating the roots of the seedlings with the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) before planting. A practical treatment method was to apply a suspension of infective juveniles (IJs) in water to seedlings in multipots with a watering can. An application rate of 300 000 IJs per seedling is recommended. The plantation should be at least 500 m from recent clearcuts and the entire plantation should be treated to avoid negation of treatment effects by invading uninfected weevils. It is suggested that a similar method may also be effective against other species of weevils that damage conifers near the soil surface.
FEEDING BY COLORADO POTATO BEETLE LARVAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN FIELD CAGES: MEASUREMENTS AND A MODEL
Authors: Lactin Derek J. , Holliday N.J. , Lamari L.L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFeeding rates of Colorado potato beetle larvae were measured in 24-h trials in small field cases on potato leaflets that remained attached to the plants. Four models were constructed to explain the results; these differed by including or excluding the effect of insolative heating on larval body temperature, and by including or excluding thermoregulatory behavior, in all combinations. In all instars, observed feeding was independent of mean body temperature during the trial as estimated by each model, and less than the amount predicted using this mean to drive constant-temperature feeding rate functions.The four models were assessed by regressing model predictions on observed feeding rates. For first and second instars, there was no relationship between observed feeding and the amount predicted by any of the models, probably because the feeding rate was small relative to the precision of the measurements. For third and fourth instars, predictions from the model that included both insolative heating and behavioral thermoregulation did not differ significantly from observations. Simulations using this model suggested that daily mean body temperature fails to predict foliage consumption because this mean cannot account for the effects of transient occurrences of suboptimal temperatures.
CHARACTERIZATION OF GYPSY MOTH POPULATIONS AND RELATED SPECIES USING A NUCLEAR DNA MARKER
Authors: Pfeifer Tom A. , Humble Leland M. , Ring Mark , Grigliatti Tom A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe discovery of egg masses of Asian gypsy moth onboard Russian freighters in Pacific ports of North America and the capture of adult male gypsy moths in pheromone traps underscored the need for a positive identification of Asian and European gypsy moth males. We have devised a method for differentiation of these two populations based on restriction endonuclease cleavage of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) generated product. DNA primers for the 5S and 28S rDNA were employed to amplify the ITS2 region using PCR. The ends of the amplified DNA products were sequenced and gypsy moth specific oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify the gypsy moth ITS2 region. Eleven of 28 restriction enzymes tested cleaved the amplified product. The restriction enzymes ClaI, PvuI, and TaqI generated distinct restriction fragment patterns for the Asian and European gypsy moth PCR product. This diagnostic was applied to samples of field-collected gypsy moths in a double blind test and correctly identified them as Asian or European. Additional studies demonstrated that these primers and restriction enzymes could be used to differentiate among Lymantria dispar, L. monacha, and L. mathura.
MATING DISRUPTION FOR CONTROLLING THE CODLING MOTH, CYDIA POMONELLA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN ORGANIC APPLE PRODUCTION IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Trimble R.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSex pheromone-mediated mating disruption using Isomate-C® pheromone dispensers was evaluated as a means of controlling the codling moth, Cydia pomonella, over three consecutive growing seasons in organically managed blocks of apples at two commercial apple orchards in Ontario. The objective of the study was to determine if mating disruption could be used to stabilize or reduce the amount of damage caused by indigenous codling moth populations. The emission rate of the pheromone dispensers was estimated using volumetric and gravimetric methods. Efficacy of the pheromone treatment was assessed by comparing pheromone-baited trap catches of adult male codling moths in pheromone- and insecticide-treated blocks of apples, and by estimating damage caused by first- and second-generation codling moths in pheromone- and insecticide-treated blocks as well as in small plots of apples where the codling moth was not controlled. The estimated average release rate of pheromone varied from 22.2 to 30.3 mg per ha per h. The seasonal total number of adult male moths trapped in the pheromone-treated blocks was from 3.8 to 25.3% of the number trapped in insecticide-treated blocks; during one season at one farm, no moths were trapped in a pheromone-treated block. Treatment with pheromone did not prevent an increase in codling moth damage. At one farm, damage increased ca. 5-fold during the 3-year study. At the other farm, damage increased ca. 4-fold during two consecutive growing seasons in one block and ca. 4-fold during three consecutive seasons in the other block. At both farms there was a marked increase in the amount of damage between the first and second generations of the pest. Possible reasons for the failure of the pheromone treatment to prevent increases in codling moth damage are discussed.
PARASITISM OF OVERWINTERING PUPARIA OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, DELIA RADICUM (L.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), IN RELATION TO HOST DENSITY AND WEATHER FACTORS
Authors: Turnock W.J. , Boivin G. , Whistlecraft J.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPuparia of Delia radicum collected in late autumn at Winnipeg and Portage la Prairie (Manitoba), St-Jean-sur-Richelieu (Quebec), London (Ontario), and St. John’s (Newfoundland) were parasitized mainly by Aleochara bilineata (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) and Trybliographa rapae (Westwood) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). At Winnipeg, St-Jean, and St. John’s parasitism by A. bilineata was high (<94%) and by T. rapae was low (<3%). At London, both parasitoids attacked less than 14% of the host puparia. At Winnipeg, host population density was related to parasitism by A. bilineata and to the temperature and rainfall during June and July. Parasitism by A. bilineata may be related to cumulative degree-days over 5°C during June and July at Winnipeg and during June and September at London. In Canada, the parasitoid complex is not effectively stabilizing host population density. The introduction of additional parasitoid species should be considered.
OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE OF A POLYPHAGOUS MOTH, THE OBLIQUEBANDED LEAFROLLER, CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (HARRIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Carrière Y. , Paré S. , Roitberg B.D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe daily pattern of oviposition, the rank order of oviposition preference for three potential hosts, and the effect of experience on oviposition preference were investigated under natural abiotic conditions in the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana. Females from the two adult cohorts occurring seasonally oviposited between 0400 and 2400 hours, with peak oviposition around 2000 hours. Both non-choice and choice oviposition trials revealed that the apple and snowberry hosts were preferred over wild rose. Oviposition preference resulted in delays in laying on the less preferred host, but seemed to have no effect on clutch size. Females caged with exclusive access to one of the three hosts appeared to have similar lifetime fecundity or longevity. A first oviposition on wild rose resulted in a delay in laying a second clutch on that host, which suggests the presence of aversive learning that could function to reduce the liklihood of laying successive clutches on a less preferred host. A first oviposition on the apple host, however, seemed to have no effect on further oviposition preference. Hence, it appears that learning would not function specifically to concentrate foraging of the females within apple orchards.
A GENERAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATING CEREAL APHID POPULATIONS IN SMALL GRAIN FIELDS BASED ON FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE
Authors: Hein G.L. , Elliott N.C. , Michels G.J. , Kieckhefer R.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSimilarities in population parameters among aphid species led us to investigate the potential for a single set of parameters that can be used to develop a ‘generic’ sampling plan for multiple small grain aphid species. A weighted average for the slope and intercept used to relate the proportion of infested tillers to the number of aphids per tiller was determined from the data in 15 published reports. These average parameter estimates were used to predict the number of aphids per tiller in 48 wheat fields sampled for four aphid species. The predicted estimates were regressed on the observed estimates with neither slopes nor intercepts differing significantly from one or zero, respectively. Therefore, it appears the single model is adequate for predicting aphid density for the aphid species tested.
LACK OF CLONAL VARIATION AMONG CANADIAN POPULATIONS OF THE CORN LEAF APHID,RHOPALOSIPHUM MAIDISFITCH (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Simon J.C. , Hebert P.D.N. , Carillo C. , Melo R. De 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe extent of allozyme variation and the amount of genetic divergence were assessed among populations of the aphidRhopalosiphum maidisin Ontario. Allozyme analysis of individuals from 12 sites revealed no polymorphism for 32 loci. In addition, the extent of karyotypic, allozyme, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation was examined for clones from North America, Europe, and North Africa. As previously noted, chromosome number varied in relation to the host-plant on which aphids were collected, but neither allozyme nor mtDNA patterns allowed discrimination among clones. Further work is needed to determine whether the lack of genetic diversity inR.maidisis linked with its recent introduction to North America or with its loss of a sexual phase.
REARING METHODS AND DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS FOR A SUBTERRANEAN MORPH OF THE SUGARBEET ROOT APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Campbell Christopher D. , Hutchison William D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA reliable method for rearing the subterranean summer morph of the sugarbeet root aphid, Pemphigus betae Doane, is described. Field-collected aphids were reared using hydroponic growth pouches that allowed exposed root tissue to be fed on by P. betae. The aphid has been maintained in continuous culture for over 3 years. Open pouches were subsequently modified with cages to provide more successful mass rearing. Cages placed on the pouch were devised to provide an arena that concentrated aphids on one area of the pouch, minimized wandering behavior, and ensured a more vigorous colony. During a 10-week mass rearing experiment, caged pouches consistently averaged 120.8 ± 9.6(se) aphids per cage (fourth instars and adults) following 2-week incubation periods. Caged pouches also were used to isolate individual aphids for development and fecundity studies. Age-specific life tables were developed for P. betae using both open pouches at 20°C, and caged pouches at 24°C. Although the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) was lower at 20°C on a daily time scale (rm = 0.2314 versus 0.2591), rm was significantly greater at 20°C on a degree-day (DD > 7.6°C) time scale (rm = 0.0187 versus 0.0158). The difference on a DD basis resulted primarily from a longer time interval from birth to first reproduction (TFR) at 24°C(TFR = 158.5 versus 147.1 DD at 20°C). These results corroborate previous experience with P. betae, indicating that 20°C appeared to be an optimum temperature for mass rearing. Stable age distributions for P. betae cohorts were only slightly affected by temperature; on average approximately 55, 22, 11, 7, and 5% of the aphids were first, second, third, and fourth instars, and adults, respectively. Though similar studies have not been reported for other Pemphigus spp., all demographic statistics were characteristic of many foliar-feeding aphids held under similar constant temperature conditions.
SAMPLING PLANS FOR ESTIMATING ACHENE DAMAGE BY THE RED SUNFLOWER SEED WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Peng Chengwang , Brewer Gary J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA sampling plan for the estimation of the number of achenes damaged by the red sunflower seed weevil,Smicronyx fulvusLeConte, is useful in evaluating the efficiency of weevil management strategies. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution pattern of the damaged achenes that would allow the development of a fixed-sample-size plan for estimation of the damaged achenes. Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s patchiness regression were used to analyze the distribution pattern of the damaged achenes. Slopes from both models were >1, indicating an aggregated spatial pattern. The intercepts and slopes from both models were used to calculate the minimal mean number of damaged achenes per sunflower head that can be estimated for a given sample size and precision level. If the mean number of damaged achenes per head is low (<20), the plan developed using the parameters of Taylor’s power law requires significantly more samples than the plan using the parameters of Iwao’s patchiness regression to estimate the same density of damaged achenes. If the mean number of damaged achenes per head is high (>30), the two plans give similar results. If both low and high damage situations are considered, Taylor’s plan is preferred to Iwao’s plan. At the 0.10 precision level, Taylor’s plan requires approximately 40 samples (heads) to estimate a mean of about 200 damaged achenes per head (≈ current economic injury level).
FACTORS AFFECTING CAPTURE OF MALE RED PINE CONE BEETLES, CONOPHTHORUS RESINOSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), IN PHEROMONE TRAPS
Authors: de Groot Peter , Zylstra Bert F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe monoterpenes (±)-α-pinene, (1S)-(−)-β-pinene, (R)-(+)-limonene, and myrcene did not enhance the catch of red pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae, in traps baited with the female sex pheromone, (±)-trans-pityol. Traps placed in the upper half of the tree’s crown caught significantly more beetles than those hung from the tree’s trunk 2 m above ground. No significant differences in trap catches were found among standard yellow Japanese beetle trap tops and those painted red, green, blue, white, black, or yellow.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE BLACK SPRUCE CONE MAGGOT, STROBILOMYIA APPALACHENSIS MICHELSEN (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) TO ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES (NEMATODA: STEINERNEMATIDAE)
Authors: Sweeney J.D. , Gesner G.N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLarvae of the black spruce cone maggot, Strobilomyia appalachensis, were infected and killed by Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) All and Umeå strains, S. feltiae (Filipjev) (= bibionis) strain 27, and S. glaseri Steiner strain 326, in laboratory tests. After formation of puparia, however, cone maggots were practically resistant to all species and strains tested. Very few or no maggots were infected when nematodes were sprayed on or injected into infested spruce cones. The survival, activity, and infectivity of infective juveniles held in an aerated infusion of black spruce cones were significantly lower compared with those held in aerated water. In peat–sand columns, the proportion of larvae infected with S. feltiae, but not S. carpocapsae Umeå strain, was significantly greater when larvae were dropped immediately or 1 day following nematode application compared with 1 day before or 3 days following nematode application. Our results suggest that, in field trials for cone maggot suppression, nematodes should be applied within a day prior to larval drop and that repeated applications may be required for persistence of sufficient infectivity.
LARVAL AND PUPAL PARASITISM OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE), IN ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Parry Dylan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLarval and pupal parasitoids were studied from collections made in endemic, outbreak, and post-outbreak populations of forest tent caterpillar (FTC), Malacosoma disstria, at 21 sites in Alberta, Canada, from 1989 to 1994. The parasitoid complex included 18 identified species. Aleiodes malacosomatos (Mason) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was common in low density populations and was the only species to attack FTC larvae prior to the fourth instar. Leschenaultia exul (Townsend) (Diptera: Tachinidae) was the most abundant larval parasitoid in endemic populations and after the 2nd year of outbreak. Although prevalent early in outbreaks, Patelloa pachypyga (Aldrich and Webber) (Diptera: Tachinidae) declined in older outbreaks possibly because it completes larval development later than other tachinids, leaving it vulnerable to competition from aggressive pupal parasitoids. I hypothesize that early initiation of oviposition allows L. exul to be more successful than P. pachypyga in low density populations because caterpillars have dispersed before the latter species initiates oviposition. I recorded lower pupal parasitism by Arachnidomyia aldrichi (Parker) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) in Alberta than has been recorded in other regions, although it was still the most abundant parasitoid reared in this study. Parasitism by A. aldrichi was significantly higher in cocoons collected from undergrowth vegetation than from the forest canopy. Other pupal parasitoids contributed relatively little to FTC mortality.