bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arterial bloodPo2andPco2in horses during early halothane — oxygen anaesthesia
Authors: GRANDY JACQUELINE L. , STEFFEY E. P. , MILLER M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryArterial blood was collected from 25 clinically normal horses immediately before and serially throughout the first hour of halothane oxygen anaesthesia. Blood was analysed for oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressure (Pao2,Paco2). Measurements of inspired oxygen concentration during anaesthesia permitted direct correlation with blood gases. Horses were divided arbitrarily into two groups based on their age: two to seven years, n = 15; over seven years, n = 10. Average (±sd)Pao2andPaco2was 14.1 ± 1.5 kPa (106 ± 11 mmHg) and 5.9 ± 0.6 kPa (44.4 ± 4.4 mmHg) respectively in conscious, young horses and 14.0 ± 0.7 and 5.8 ± 0.5 kPa (105 ± 5 and 43.3 ± 3.8 mmHg) respectively in conscious older horses. Arterial oxygen tension decreased to 9.3 ± 1.0 and 8.5 ± 1.4 kPa (69.6 ± 7.8 and 63.7 ± 10.4 mmHg) in young and older air breathing horses respectively immediately following intravenous anaesthetic induction, recumbency and orotracheal intubation. At this time,Paco2was 6.5 ± 0.5 and 6.0 ± 0.7 kPa (48.7 ± 3.5 and 45.1 ± 4.9 mmHg) respectively. By 30 mins after the start of halothane in oxygen (6 litres/min) anaesthesiaPao2increased to a maximum in both study groups. ArterialPco2increased steadily during anaesthesia and 60 mins after inductionPaco2was 10.5 ± 2.4 kPa (78.5 ± 17.8 mmHg) in the younger horses and 9.2 ± 1.6 kPa (68.8 ± 11.8 mmHg) in the older horses. During inhalation anaesthesiaPao2tended to be greater at comparable time periods in the younger horses despite a slightly greater degree of hypoventilation.
Management of fractures and exostosis of the metacarpals and metatarsals II and IV in 25 horses
Authors: ALLEN D. , WHITE N. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTwenty‐five cases of fractures of the second and fourth metacarpal and metatarsal (splint) bones were reviewed. Fourteen fractures involved a thoracic limb and 11 involved a pelvic limb. Fractures of the proximal one‐third of splint bones are reported in one of two forms: fractures that are closed, or fractures with a permanent or intermittent draining sinus. Thirteen of the fractures presented were closed fractures and the remaining 12 were open. All of the closed fractures were managed by surgical excision of the distal fragment and the exostosis at the fracture site, followed by primary surgical wound closure. Lag screw fixation of the proximal fragment was used in three cases. All of the open fractures were managed surgically by excision of the distal splint fragment and debridement of the contaminated fracture site. Primary wound closure was used in 11 of the 12 cases. All closed fractures healed by primary intention, and 10 of 13 were free from lameness at one year follow‐up. The 11 open wounds which were operated and subsequently closed under suture healed by primary intention. The wound left open healed by granulation, scar contraction, and epithelialisation. Eight of these horses were sound one year later. The remainder of the open fractures were lost to follow‐up.
Ventilation imaging in the horse with99mtechnetium‐DTPA radioaerosol
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN M. W. , HORNOF W. J. , FISHER P. E. , RABBE O. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis study describes the development of a radioaerosol technique for horses using99mtechnetium‐DTPA (diethylene‐triaminepentacetate). In 24 normal, adult horses, very satisfactory ventilation images were obtained with the technique. Four‐minute administrations of the aerosol resulted in a mean uptake of radioactivity in the lung fields of 3.02 mCi, with mean maximum counts (±sd) of 159,800± 75,000 per camera field. The mean clearance half‐time for the99mtechnetium‐DTPA from the lung fields was 55.6 ± 14.2 mins which is very similar to figures obtained for normal human and dog lungs. The results of this study suggest that ventilation imaging with99mtechnetium‐DTPA is a clinically practical method of obtaining regional information on ventilation function in the horse.
Plasma endotoxin levels in horses subjected to carbohydrate induced laminitis
Authors: SPROUSE R. F. , GARNER H. E. , GREEN ELEANOR M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThirteen (65 per cent) of 20 horses subjected to carbohydrate overload developed Obel Grade 3 lameness within 56 h. Increases in plasma endotoxin from control levels of less than 0.1 ng/litre to values ranging from 2.4 to 81.53 ng/litre were measured in 11 (85 per cent) of 13 horses during the onset of Obel Grade 3 lameness. Obel Grade 3 lameness was associated with rises in plasma Gram‐negative endotoxin levels in 11 (92 per cent) of 12 horses. Two peak increases separated by 16 h were verified in five (45 per cent) of 11 horses that exhibited both endotoxaemia and Obel Grade 3 lameness. The first peak occurred, on average, at 32 h and (he second peak at 48 h post overload when only one peak was measured, this occurred in four horses at the average time of 24 h whereas in another three horses only a 48 h or 56 h peak was detected after carbohydrate overload.
Concentrations of uterine luminal prostaglandins in mares with acute and persistent endometritis
Authors: WATSON E. D. , STOKES C. R. , DAVID J. S. E. , BOURNE F. J. , RICKETTS S. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIntrauterine infusion of 1 per cent oyster glycogen solution was used to induce acute endometritis in four genitally normal mares. Numbers of viable neutrophils recovered in uterine washings had increased by 1 h after infusion and remained elevated for at least 72 h. There was a significant correlation between numbers of viable neutrophils and total protein concentrations and between prostaglandin (PG)F and PGE2concentrations in washings. There was also a significant relationship between concentrations of 15‐keto‐13, 14‐dihydro PGF2αin plasma and PGF in washings. Intrauterine concentrations of PGF were influenced by cycle stage and in turn the induced acute endometritis interfered with normal ovarian function. Mares with persistent endometritis had significantly higher concentrations of PGF and total protein and percentage of neutrophils and monuclear cells in washings than normal mares. White blood cells from mares were capable of producing PGF and PGE2in vitro.
Idiopathic effusive pericarditis with tamponade in the horse
Authors: FREESTONE J. F. , THOMAS W. P. , CARLSON G. P. , BRUMBAUGH G. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPericarditis and pericardial effusion are considered to occur rarely in the horse. The clinical and laboratory features of idiopathic pericarditis with effusion diagnosed in 10 horses over a seven‐year period were reviewed. Consistent physical findings included tachycardia, ventral oedema, jugular venous distention and diminished heart sounds. Electrocardiographic features included diminished voltages and electrical alternans, and the effusion was identified by echocardiography in the six horses in which it was performed. Pericardiocentesis relieved clinical signs in nine horses. Laboratory anaylsis of pericardial fluid samples classified six cases as aseptic serofibrinous, three cases as eosinophilic, and one case as histiocytic. One horse died and three were destroyed. The remaining six horses recovered following pericardiocentesis (performed once or twice) with or without corticosteroid treatment, and were alive one month to seven years after diagnosis.
Dietary molybdenum as a putative copper antagonist in the horse
Authors: STRICKLAND K. , SMITH F. , WOODS M. , MASON J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFour horses were stabled and fed a diet of hay ad libitum, and 2 kg oats per animal per day, for a month. The basic diet was then supplemented with molybdenum, at a rate of 20 mg/kg dry matter for 4.5 months. For one month of this period the diet was supplemented also with sulphur at a rate of 1.2 g/kg dry matter. Analyses of jugular blood samples, obtained at intervals varying between two and 20 days, showed no evidence of a decline in total plasma copper or of an increased proportion of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble copper in plasma over this period. In separate studies, two other horses were given “molybdenum (molybdate, 20 to 28 mg Mo, 4 mCi per animal) per os, initially while being fed the basic diet and later while maintained on the molybdenum supplemented diet. 99Molybdenum appeared rapidly in plasma, but the radioactivity was then quickly cleared (half‐life 7 to 10 h). The 99molybdenum present was identified as (99Mo)‐molybdate. There was no evidence of the persistent, protein‐bound (99Mo)thiomolybdates which appear in ruminants. These studies indicate that increased dietary molybdenum is unlikely to interfere with copper metabolism in horses.
Use of a novel non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug in the horse
Authors: HIGGINS A. J. , LEES P. , SEDGWICK A. D. , BUICK A. R. , CHURCHUS R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn a two‐part cross‐over experiment in six ponies, an acute inflammatory reaction was generated by injecting carrageenin solution into subcutaneously‐implanted tissue‐cages lined with fibrovascular granulation tissue. In each part of the cross‐over, half of the ponies received a novel phenylpyrazoline antiinflammatory agent (BW540C) orally and half received a placebo treatment. BW540C inhibited platelet cyclo‐oxygenase for 24 h but the reductions in exudate eicosanoid concentrations were less pronounced. A significant suppression in the rise of surface skin temperature in BW540C‐treated ponies paralleled drug‐induced inhibition of thromboxane B2 bicyclic prostaglandin (PG) E2 concentrations at the inflamed site. The drug had no significant effect on 6‐keto‐PGF1α, migrating leucocytes, lactate dehydrogenase or total protein in exudates. Maximum plasma concentrations of both compounds occurred 2 to 4 h after dosing and maximum exudate levels of drug and metabolite occurred at 12 h. Both compounds penetrated approximately three times less readily into exudate than into plasma.
Qualitative aspects of the incorporation of equine cancellous bone grafts
Authors: KOLD S. E. , HICKMAN J. , MELSEN F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe incorporation of autogenous cancellous bone graft was studied in eight yearling ponies. The site for the defect to be grafted was chosen so that the effect on the graft, of both the host cortical and trabecular bone, could be assessed. To obtain information concerning the vitality of the graft and the dynamic aspects of the modelling and remodelling processes of graft incorporation, a double and treble tetracycline intravital labelling technique was used. Radiographs of the graft and host tissues of all ponies were obtained regularly, but were of little assistance in assessing graft incorporation. The ponies were destroyed humanely at regular intervals between nine and 241 days after installation of the graft, followed by histological examination of undecalcified sections. The study revealed that all installed graft trabeculae showed signs of non‐vitality at nine days after installation and gradually disintegrated. Two processes of new bone formation were observed. First, finger‐like projections of immature new trabeculae were found to originate from the graft/host interfaces. Second, a gradual process of accretion of osteoid and woven bone upon disintegrating graft trabeculae occurred uniformly throughout the graft. The graft adapted to the structure of opposing host bone by corticalisation and trabecularisation. The present study confirmed clinical observations relating to convalescence time following grafting of large osseous defects in horses and indicated that equine bone reacts to autogenous bone grafts in a similar manner to other mammals.
Preliminary study of quantitative aspects and the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field treatment on the incorporation of equine cancellous bone grafts
Authors: KOLD S. E. , HICKMAN J. , MELSEN F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe quantitative aspects of equine cancellous bone graft incorporation and the possibility of influencing graft incorporation by daily exposure to a pulsed electromagnetic field (pemf) was studied in eight yearling ponies. In order to be able to quantify formative aspects of graft remodelling, a double and treble tetracycline intravital labelling technique was used. Intravital radiographs were obtained at regular intervals throughout the trial, but were found to be of little assistance in assessing any differences between stimulated and non‐stimulated grafts. The ponies were humanely destroyed at regular intervals between nine and 241 days after installation of the graft. Light microscopy and fluorescent light microscopy were used to evaluate quantitative aspects of graft incorporation and to compare pemf‐stimulated grafts with control grafts. There was a small but statistically significant effect of pemf‐stimulation on cancellous bone graft incorporation. In view of this, these observations can only be considered as indicative of a possible trend, but should encourage further studies using different signal modalities.
Social relationships in a herd of 11 geldings and two female ponies
Authors: WOOD‐GUSH D. G. M. , GALBRAITH FRANCES 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe social behaviour of a small herd of 10 Exmoor geldings, two Exmoor mares and one Highland pony gelding was studied in order to see whether any specific associations existed between ponies and, if so, whether these applied to all or only some of the ponies' main activities of grazing, eating hay and sleeping. Such relationships were found but only in a small number of cases did they apply to all activities. The results are discussed in relation to the individual histories of these ponies and in relation to the welfare of horses.
Specific serum protein changes associated with primary and secondary Strongylus vulgaris infections in pony yearlings
Authors: KENT JOYCE E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe concentrations of haptoglobin, immunoglobin (Ig)G(T) and IgG were measured in the serum of four previously parasite‐free pony yearlings following a single dose of 700 (Group H) or 200 (Group L) stage three Strongylus vulgaris larvae (L3) and following a reinfection with the same doses 34 weeks later. The results are compared with an uninfected control pony. The haptoglobin concentration increased during Weeks 1 to 6 and 14 to 17 after infection in the serum of the ponies receiving 200 L3, but in only one pony dosed with 700 L3 (during Weeks 1 to 16). The serum haptoglobin also increased during the first seven weeks after the second infection, in three of the four ponies following the second dose of larvae. The serum IgG(T) concentration started to increase from Week 6 or 9 in the ponies given 700 L3, reaching peaks of 44 and 32 g/litre respectively, eight to nine weeks later, compared with a peak of 16 g/litre 20 to 22 weeks after infection in ponies dosed with 200 L3. The IgG(T) concentration increased to a maximum of 25 g/litre in the serum of only one of the four ponies after the reinfection. The serum IgG concentration in all ponies increased nearly twofold during the first eight weeks after both the primary and secondary dose of larvae. It is concluded that the measurement of specific proteins is more reliable and quicker than the electrophoretic separation and quantitation of protein bands, in tracing changes in serum proteins following the artificial infection of ponies with S vulgaris larvae.
Control of breeding in the mare
Authors: COLQUHOUN K. M. , ECKERSALL P.D. , RENTON J. P. , DOUGLAS T. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySix mares were studied over a period of two years under varying conditions of lighting from total darkness to normal ambient lighting. The mares continued to cycle during the winter under natural lighting and also when kept in total darkness. Circulating melatonin, progesterone and oestrogen concentrations were determined and related to clinical changes in the reproductive tract.
Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. II. Gross lung pathology
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN M. W. , PASCOE J. R. , TYLER W. S. , MASON D. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryGross post mortem examinations were performed on the lungs of 26 Thoroughbred horses of known exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) status. The most consistent finding was a variable degree of bilaterally symmetrical, dark discolouration of the dorsocaudal regions of the caudal lung lobes. In more severely affected lungs, the stained areas extended cranially along the dorsal surfaces of the lungs, and in some cases affected approximately one third of the lung surface. Discoloured areas of lung were denser than normal, collapsed less readily, often contained trapped air and were slow to inflate. The subpleural bronchial arteries were more prominent in the discoloured regions. Pleural adhesions were noted in two horses but were not related to the discoloured lung regions. It was concluded that the discoloured lesions have a complex pathogenesis and were related directly to previous bouts of EIPH. Associated with them were signs indicating probable partial small airway obstruction, decreased tissue compliance and direct involvement of the bronchial arterial circulation.
Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. V. Microscopic observations
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN M. W. , PASCOE J. R. , TYLER W. S. , MASON D. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryLungs from 19 Thoroughbred racehorses with a history of exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) were studied using several forms of microscopy. Light microscopy of paraffin sections revealed three lesions in the caudodorsal region of the lungs from each horse. These correspond with the location of blue to brown stains seen at necropsy. These lesions include sequelae of bronchiolitis, hemosiderophages and increased connective tissue. Much of each of the lungs appeared normal, especially the more cranial or ventral portions. Foci of eosinophil infiltration were found in seven of the 19 lungs examined. With two exceptions, these eosinophilic foci had a different distribution to the three lesions. In areas of severe bronchiolar changes and fibrosis, vascular lesions typical of hypertension were found occasionally. Transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm cell types seen by light microscopy and to examine arterioles for changes characteristic of neovascularisation. Areas of enlarged airspaces from the vascular injected right lungs were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The balance of fibrosis and destruction varied in these areas, but none were as extensive as those seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The authors hypothesise that bronchiolitis and related neovascularisation are essential components of the aetiology of EIPH.
Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horses: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. VII. Ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy in horses with EIPH
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN M. W. , HORNOF W. J. , FISHER P. E. , PASCOE J. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDetailed post mortem examination of the lungs of horses with exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) has demonstrated significant small airway disease and intense bronchial arterial proliferation in the dorsocaudal lungfields. The purpose of this study was to investigate ventilation and perfusion distribution in the lungs of a similar group of horses to compare changes in the live animal with the previously reported post mortem findings. Thoracic radiography and ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) scintigraphy were performed on five racing Thoroughbreds with recent histories of EIPH. Parametric images of V/Q ratios for left and right lungfields were also generated from the scan images. In all horses, ventilation and perfusion deficits were demonstrated in the dorsocaudal areas of the lung corresponding closely to the observed radiographic lesions. In particular, the perfusion images and V/Q ratio displays indicated that, in affected areas of lung, pulmonary arterial perfusion was the more seriously impaired. This finding appears to confirm the post mortem evidence of reduced pulmonary arterial perfusion and bronchial arterial dominance in these areas. Ventilation deficits in the same areas also confirmed the likelihood of partial airway obstruction consistent with the small airway disease noted in previous post mortem observations. These results suggest that the vascular and airway lesions demonstrated in detailed post mortems of horses with EIPH are also functionally important in affected horses, even at rest. As a consequence of the apparent persistent, insidious and progressive nature of the lesions associated with EIPH there are serious long term implications for management of the condition.
Technique for assessing respiratory health hazards from hay and other source materials
Authors: CLARKE A. F. , MADELIN THERESA 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper describes and compares three techniques of categorisation of hay, straw and other feeds and beddings collected from stables. A hand‐held sampler was used to categorise samples according to the presence of plant material, fungal spores and dust mites. An Andersen sampler was used to categorise samples according to the thermotolerances of fungi and actinomycetes. An aerodynamic particle sizer was used to categorise samples according to respirable particle release rates. The highest burden of respirable particles was associated with the presence of thermophilic and thermotolerant actinomycetes and fungi. The portable slit sampler proved to be an accurate, quick and simple semiquantitative method of assessing the mould contamination of source materials. This latter technique requires only a microscope and the sampler, and is thus ideal for veterinary practices and small diagnostic laboratories.
Survey of the designs of racehorse stables in the south west of England
Authors: JONES R. D. , McGREEVY P. D. , ROBERTSON A. , CLARKE A. F. , WATHES C. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe design of 96 racehorses stables in the south west of England were surveyed. The ‘typical’ racehorse is kept in a loose box, bedded on straw and remains indoors while the stable is cleaned. It is given a floor area of 12 m2 and shares its airspace of 39 m3 with seven other horses. Overall, the predicted minimum rate of air change by natural convection in calm winds is 6.6 air changes/h but this is reduced to 2.2 if the top door of the stable is closed. On balance, racehorse stables in use today are based on designs which are worse overall than the best available in the 19th century.