bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POPULATION AND MORTALITY ASSESSMENT DURING THE COCOON STAGE OF THE ALFALFA WEEVIL, HYPERA POSTICA (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Harcourt D. G. , Guppy J. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a sampling plan for estimating populations of Hypera postica (Gyll). cocoons in alfalfa, and of the principal mortality factors during this stage. The plan provides for samples in foliage and ground litter. For samples in foliage, where two-thirds of the cocoons are found, the most appropriate sample unit is a bouquet of 6 stems; for typical weevil densities, estimates with acceptable precision may be obtained by taking 25 bouquets at random from within a field. For litter samples, the appropriate sample unit is a quarter ft2 (232 cm2); acceptably precise estimates may be obtained by taking 20 such units at random from within a field. Total cost for a combined sample is 3.9 man-hours.The pattern of counts, both in foliage and ground litter, was well described by the negative binomial distribution.
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN ODONTIINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe spectrum of geographical ranges of species of Odontiinae in North America differs from that of related subfamilies such as Scopariinae, Nymphulinae, Glaphyriinae, Evergestinae and Pyraustinae, though all these subfamilies have wide global ranges. Of 57 species only five are primarily eastern. Of these, three are tropical species that enter southern Florida, one is a northern disjunct closely related to Neotropical species, the fifth is widespread in eastern North America and has no obvious close relatives. Six western species are alpine or subalpine. Three of these belong to one superspecies ranging from Oregon to Baja California, two others are Sierran or Sierra-centered, one is a Colorado disjunct with close relatives in the mountains of Europe and Asia. One additional species is restricted to Colorado; its ecology is unknown but is most likely temperate. There is one restricted temperate species in California and Oregon, one in Utah, and one in northwestern Arkansas. Five primarily western species or species pairs have wide temperate ranges, four of them range south into the tropics. Three of the members of this range class belong to the single genus Frechinia, comprising five of its six species. The remaining 34 species belong to the southwestern eremic class. Of these one is limited to the southwestern Great Basin; 12 are centered in southern California and western Arizona, but two of these are represented in the dry interior of Washington, one by a disjunct population, the other by a vicarious species; 15 are centered in southern Arizona and(or) New Mexico; six are centered in western Texas. There is a comparable development of the subfamily in the arid areas of the Old World, especially in western and central Asia. The relationship between the New World and Old World eremic complexes is probably multiple. It appears to be mainly at the suprageneric level.
THEMISTURATAGROUP OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
Authors: Lafontaine J. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEuxoa melanan. sp., a sibling species ofE.misturata(Smith), is described from the Panhandle area of Texas and from south-western Kansas. Together, the two species are herein referred to as themisturatagroup which is defined on the basis of genitalic characters. Adults and genitalia are illustrated.
EXPERIMENTAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF THE FEEDING RATE OF THE BLOWFLY PHORMIA REGINA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)
Authors: Thomson A. J. , Holling C. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe feeding rate of Phormia regina is constant over the whole feeding period, contra-pressure of the crop contents having no effect. The mechanism by which contra-pressure effects are negated involves the function of two previously undescribed structures in the crop and crop duct. These structures, described in the text, act as valves and a pump. An alternative mechanism, by which contra-pressure effects could be negated in insects lacking these structures, is discussed. The physical effects of variation in the feeding position of the labellum, in response to changes in the physical nature of the substrate, are discussed in relation to the feeding rate. The feeding rate is shown to be higher on semi-liquid substrates.
A REVISION OF GRAPHOMYA ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Arntfield Peter William 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA revision is presented of the species of Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy found in North America. Nine species are recognized of which two, G. americana R.-D. and G. idessa Walker, are resurrected from synonymy under G. maculata (Scopoli), and the others, G. occidentalis, G. interior, G. columbiana, G. minuta, G. ungava, G. alaskensis, and G. transitionis, are described as new.A review of the taxonomic position and biological information of the genus Graphomya is presented. Keys are provided for both males and females of the species from North America. Each species is described and biological information, when known, is presented. Distribution for each species is presented by locality records and a distribution map. A generic diagnosis for Graphomya from North America is also given.
NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN HIGH ALTITUDE QUEDIUS FROM MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE)
Authors: Smetana A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEight new high altitude species of the subgenera Microsaurus (Steph.) Smet., Quedionuchus Shp., and Raphirus (Steph.) Smet. of the genus Quedius Steph. (Staphylinidae) from Mexico are described as new.Quedius (Raphirus) advena Shp. is redescribed, and a lectotype is designated.Each species is described and illustrated. A key to all nearctic species of the caseyi-group of the subgenus Microsaurus, and of the aenescens-group of the subgenus Raphirus is given.
ECOLOGY OF THE CABBAGE MAGGOT, HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), IN RUTABAGA IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO, WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON OTHER ROOT MAGGOTS
Authors: Nair K.S.S. , McEwen F. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), had three generations per year from 1970 to 1973 inclusive, a partial fourth was noted in most years. A small proportion of first generation pupae entered aestivation in 1971.Thermal units required for fly emergence from overwintered pupae fell within a narrow range (174 to 199), but there was little correlation between thermal units and fly emergence in subsequent generations. Lack of adequate moisture delayed establishment of larvae in roots in some generations. Lack of adequate soil moisture delayed establishment of larvae in roots in some generations, and this appeared to be the chief reason for the lack of correlation between thermal units and fly peaks.Throughout this investigation the over-all population remained remarkably constant. Parasitism by a staphylinid, Aleochara bilineata Gyll., and a fungus, Strongwellsea castrans Batko and Weiser, and soil moisture were the most important biological and climatic factors affecting survival. Parasitism of the adult by a nematode, Heterotylenchus sp., was recorded for the first time.Although large numbers of seed maggot adults, Hylemya florilega (Zett.) and H. platura (Meig.), were recorded, few infested rutabaga. Other species trapped included Euxesta notata (Weid.) and Muscina spp.
BERTHA ARMYWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): DETECTION OF A SEX PHEROMONE AND THE STIMULATORY EFFECT OF SOME SYNTHETIC CHEMICALS
Authors: Struble D. L. , Jacobson M. , Green N. , Warthen J. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA sex pheromone, detected in female moths of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Wlk., was extracted from females that were more than 3 days old. Males responded to the pheromone from 2 days of age until they died; younger males were not tested. Chemical and bioassay analyses indicated that the pheromone was an acetate.The stimulatory effect of several chemicals was determined with males in a laboratory bioassay. Sexual responses were induced by Z7-, Z9-, Z10-, Z11-, and Z13-hexadecen-1-ol acetates. The maximum response in the laboratory was from the Z10-isomer, but this compound was only weakly attractive to males in the field.
EVIDENCE FOR CIS-11-HEXADECEN-1-OL ACETATE AS A MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE SEX PHEROMONE OF THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Chisholm M. D. , Steck W. F. , Arthur A. P. , Underhill E. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA potent sex pheromone produced by female bertha army worm moths was isolated. A 16 carbon, unsaturated, alkenol acetate was indicated from chemical degradative and GLC retention data. The location and configuration of the double bond was determined from the antennal responses (EAG) of male moths to a series of cis and trans mono-unsaturated alken-1-ol acetates; cis-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate elicited the greatest EAG response. GLC retention times of the purified insect sex pheromone corresponded exactly with those of authentic cis-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate on several analytical columns. Maximum biological response in laboratory bioassays of synthetic materials was obtained from a mixture of approximately 85% cis- and 15% trans-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetates.
THEFUSCOMARGINATUSANDHISTRIOGROUPS OF THE SPIDER GENUSPHILODROMUSIN NORTH AMERICA (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe spider genus-group namesHorodromoidesGertsch 1933,RhysodromusSchick 1965, andLocupletusSchick 1965 are synonymized withPhilodromusWalckenaer 1826.Horodromoides validusGertsch 1933 is the sole North American member of thefuscomarginatusgroup ofPhilodromus, other representatives of the group occurring in Eurasia.Rhysodromus histrio(Latreille) 1819,Philodromus mysticussp. n.,Rhysodromus(Locupletus)alascensis(Keyserling) 1884, and one European species constitute thehistriogroup ofPhilodromus.P.lentiginosusKeyserling 1882 is synonymized withP.histrio, andRhysodromus(Locupletus)alascensis dondaleiSchick 1965 is synonymized withP.alascensis.
FIELD TESTS OF DEVICES TO DETECT INSECTS IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF GRAIN STORAGES
Authors: Loschiavo S. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInsect infestations in farm-stored grain, country elevators, and grain residues or spillages were detected by probes, traps, and scoops. Of 68 storages examined at 50 Saskatchewan farms in 1970, 25 were infested with the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). Of 52 storages examined in Saskatchewan in 1971 none of the permanent buildings was infested, but 27%, 30%, and 45% of temporary cribs, open piles, and grain residues, respectively, were infested with rusty grain beetles, fungus beetles, or both. The fungus beetles found most frequently in the traps were Lathridius minutus L. Cryptophagus varus Woodroffe and Coombs, and Cartodere constricta (Gyllenhal). A survey of different grain storages in Manitoba in 1972 showed that 44%, 45%, and 69% of country elevalors, farm granaries, and open piles of grain, respectively, were infested with fungus beetles. None of the storages contained the rusty grain beetle alone but 5% of farm granaries and 31% of open piles examined were infested with both kinds of insects. The least infestation occurred in country elevators and the highest in open piles. In general, the lowest insect infestations were in grain stored in weather-proof buildings, and the highest in exposed grain. Grain in open piles or temporary cribs suffered considerable spoilage. The traps were useful in determining insect distribution and behavior in stored grain.
EFFECTS OF MOISTURE, GRAVITY, AND LIGHT ON THE BEHAVIOR OF LARVAE OF THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE)
Authors: Holmes N. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUntil mid- or late July, most larvae of the wheat stem sawfly generally move into the upper internodes of the host stems. Then, as the stems mature, the larvae migrate down to the basal internodes and cut the stems at about ground level.The migration is initiated in response to the visible and infrared light transmitted through the ripening stems. The direction of the migration, toward the basal internodes, results from the orientation of the larvae to the vertical axis of the stems reinforced by a positive larval response to gravity.The larvae cut the stems at ground level because they are shielded there by the soil from visible and infrared radiation. The location of cutting is also influenced by the preference of the larvae for drier sites in which to cut.The date of cutting is directly related to the loss of moisture from the stems, but not to a precise level of stem moisture. The larvae may form their cocoons in response to desiccation.
THE EFFECT OF METHOPRENE, AN INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR, ON MUSCA DOMESTICA (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Morgan Philip B. , LaBrecque G. C. , Weidhaas D. E. , Benton A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMethoprene, when incorporated into the food of laying hens at concentrations of 0.005 and 0.01%, produced 70.9 and 99.3% larval mortality, respectively, among house flies (Musca domestica L.) reared in the resultant poultry droppings. Exposure to the treated diet did not produce any weight loss in the chickens. However, it was not effective when the poultry droppings were treated topically under field conditions. In laboratory studies, when incorporated with moistened droppings, concentrations of 0.001 and 0.0001% produced complete larval mortality throughout a 7-day exposure period, though only 98% mortality was achieved on the first day at the higher concentration. Concentrations of 0.5 and 1.08 of the compound in fly food produced only a low order of sterility. Topical applications produced a low order of sterility except in the insecticide-susceptible females.
THERMAL CONSTANTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AND SOME OF ITS PARASITES
Authors: Campbell A. , Mackauer M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe relationship between the temperature and the speed of development is described for the Kamloops ‘biotype’ of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and some of its associated hymenopterous parasites. The primary parasites are: Aphidius ervi ervi, A. ervi pulcher, A. smithi, and Praon pequodorum; and the secondary parasites are: Asaphes lucens and Dendrocerus niger. For each species the lower temperature threshold for development and the time-to-adult was determined under constant laboratory conditions using field-grown alfalfa as a host plant for the pea aphid and the first-generation offspring of field-collected aphids and parasites. The thermal constants enable the prediction of aphid and parasite population growth, as influenced by temperature, on a physiological time-scale.
A STUDY ON THE DISPERSION PATTERN AND FOLIAGE INJURY BY TETRANYCHUS MCDANIELI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) IN SIMPLE APPLE ECOSYSTEMS
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Browne R. W. , Hoyt S. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPopulation growth and dispersion of Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor were studied in an experiment conducted on Red Delicious apple trees grown in a light and temperature controlled walk-in growth room. Lloyd’s index of mean crowding was calculated as a means of interpreting aggregation patterns; however, it was found that mean colony size was a more generally useful population parameter . The regression of on mean density (m) and the ratio of mean density to were used to determine and characterize the patterns of dispersion obtained under the experimental conditions of the study.It was shown that the ratio of mean density to is the proportion of sampling units (i.e. individual leaves) that would have a colony size of individuals per unit, all other units being unoccupied. Characterization by the concomitant parameters and provides a more sensitive and meaningful method of describing populations than does the arithmetic mean.The data indicated that adult female populations of T. mcdanieli tend to be distributed as clumped colonies on apple trees. A plant feeding mite damage scale was devised to evaluate the reliability and accuracy of gross observational estimates as indicators of spider mite levels.
CRETACEOUS CHALCIDOID FOSSILS FROM CANADIAN AMBER
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis is the first paper on Canadian Cretaceous chalcidoid fossils of the families Mymaridae, Trichogrammatidae, and Tetracampidae, based on 54 specimens representing 12 species from Manitoba and Alberta. Four new subfamilies are proposed, Triadomerinae (Mymaridae), Baeomorphinae, Distylopinae, and Bouceklytinae (Tetracampidae). Descriptions and remarks are given for Archaeromma nearctica n. gen., n. sp.; A. minutissima (Brues) (Mymaromminae); Triadomerus bulbosus n. gen., n. sp.; Carpenteriana tumida n. gen., n. sp.; Protooctonus masneri n. gen., n. sp. (Mymaridae); Enneagmus pristinus n. gen., n. sp. (Trichogrammatidae); Distylopus bisegmentus n. gen., n. sp.; Baeomorpha distincta n. gen., n. sp., B. dubitata Brues (transferred from Scelionidae, Prototrupoidea), B. elongata n. sp., B. ovatata n. sp. and Bouceklytus arcuodens n. gen., n. sp. (Tetracampidae). A list of all previously known fossil Chalcidoidea is provided. A table of primitive and specialized conditions of characters studied is given. The possible lines of phylogeny of families and genera of these fossils are discussed. Keys to the pertinent families and subfamilies and to the fossil species of Baeomorpha are provided. Photomicrographs of species treated are included.
WATER UPTAKE IN EGGS OF CAMNULA PELLUCIDA (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO EMBRYOGENESIS
Authors: Pickford R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWater uptake and embryogenesis were investigated in eggs of Camnula pellucida (Scudd.) kept under a variety of conditions. Under both laboratory and field conditions eggs take in no water for several weeks after oviposition while embryonic growth progresses; then slowly a little water is absorbed as anatrepsis is completed. Following the breaking of diapause by chilling, eggs incubated at 30 °C in the laboratory rapidly take in water; embryonic growth resumes, blastokinesis rapidly takes place, and hatching occurs in about 10 days. In a natural habitat, however, eggs take in most of their required moisture shortly after the snow melts; during this time no embryonic development takes place, presumably because temperatures are too low. As temperatures rise embryonic growth resumes, with hatchlings emerging sooner or later, depending upon seasonal temperatures.Eggs laid late in the season show little or no embryonic development and most seem unable to survive the winter.
SAMPLING SYSTEMS FOR EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE): II. EFFECT OF SPUR CLUSTER SIZE ON MITE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Herbert H. J. , Butler K. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe relationship between the distribution of Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and cluster size was examined. As the population intensity increased, P. ulmi numbers and distribution tended to be more closely related to the number of leaves in a cluster.
REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY OFTENEBRIO MOLITOR(COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE): II. EGG DEVELOPMENT AND OVIPOSITION IN YOUNG FEMALES AND THE EFFECTS OF MATING
Authors: Gerber G. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractVirgin females ofTenebrio molitorL. initiate vitellogenesis about 2 days after the imaginal moult. During the first 6 days after the imaginal moult, each female with males matured on the average 41 eggs and each virgin matured 29 eggs. Stimuli associated with copulation and(or) insemination apparently are not required to initiate vitellogenesis, but do enhance the rate of oocyte maturation. Mated females lay their first eggs on the fourth day and virgin females about 1 day later. After the sixth day, mated females matured oocytes at about the same rate as before this time, whereas oocyte production is almost completely inhibited in virgins. Mated females also laid about 7.5 times as many eggs and accumulated an average of 40% fewer eggs in their reproductive systems than virgins. It is suggested that stimuli associated with copulation and(or) insemination enhance oviposition per se in mated females, that the accumulation of eggs in the reproductive systems slows further development of oocytes in virgins, and that the inhibition of vitellogenesis in virgins occurs at, or soon after, the time the first gonadotropic cycle is completed. A system for classifying stages of oocyte maturation inT.molitoris described.
DENSITY ESTIMATES AND DAILY MORTALITY RATE EVALUATIONS OF STABLE FLY (STOMOXYS CALCITRANS (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)) POPULATIONS IN FIELD CAGES
Authors: LaBrecque G. C. , Bailey Donald L. , Meifert D. W. , Weidhaas D. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn outdoor cage studies undertaken in the late summer of 1973, a method of estimating the absolute density of a stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)) population was developed by correlating the average number of insects feeding or resting on a calf to the total number in the cage. Under the same cage conditions, where emigration, immigration, and to some extent, predation have been excluded, the daily mortality rate of normal stable flies marked with a fluorescent dye ranged from 25.3% to 27.3% dependent upon the sampling technique. Marker dyes have a deleterious effect on survival but surprisingly gamma irradiated flies succumbed at a lower rate than normal individuals.
A NEW SPECIES OF CHRYSOMELOBIA (ACARI: TARSONEMINA; PODAPOLIPIDAE) FROM NORTH AMERICA AND THE TAXONOMIC POSITION OF THE GENUS
Authors: Eickwort George C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe larva, adult female, and adult male of Chrysomelobia labidomerae n. sp. are described. The adult female is compared with that of the only other described species in the genus, C. mahunkai from Europe. Chrysomelobia labidomerae is a parasite of adult milkweed leaf beetles, Labidomera clivicollis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in North America. Morphological similarities of all stages of Chrysomelobia with those of the generalized podapolipid Dorsipes support the retention of Chrysomelobia in the Podapolipidae as a most primitive genus in that family and the only one with 4 pairs of legs in the adult female.
DEVELOPMENT AND BIONOMICS OF CHRYSOMELOBIA LABIDOMERAE (ACARI: TARSONEMINA; PODAPOLIPIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE MILKWEED LEAF BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Baker Thomas C. , Eickwort George C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdult females of Chrysomelobia labidomerae Eickwort lay eggs on the upper surfaces of the hind wings of Labidomera clivicollis (Kirby). The eggs hatch in approximately 7 days and male and female larvae feed at the base of the wings and in the meso–metathoracic crevice and swell to about twice their original length. For about the second half of the approximately 7-day larval stadium, the larvae are inactive (pharate adults) and are usually cemented to the undersurfaces of the elytra. Inactive female larvae are accompanied by adult males that apparently copulate with the newly emerged adult females. The pharate adult is enclosed in a cuticular sac that may represent a calyptostatic nymphal instar. Adult females feed on the beetle’s abdominal terga and sometimes also occur on its venter where they do not feed. Females disperse from host to host when the beetles copulate. The species is arrhenotokous. Mites overwinter on the diapausing adult beetles and do not infest the immature stages of their host. Even at high population levels, the mites do not noticeably affect the longevity or fecundity of their hosts.