bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of different ages and dosages on the plasma disposition and hair concentration profile of ivermectin following pour‐on administration in goats
Authors: GOKBULUT C. , CIRAK V.Y. , SENLIK B. , AKSIT D. , McKELLAR Q.A. 
Published: June 2010

Gokbulut, C., Cirak, V.Y., Senlik, B., Aksit, D., McKellar, Q.A. The effects of different ages and dosages on the plasma disposition and hair concentration profile of ivermectin following pour‐on administration in goats. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34, 70–75.The effects of different ages and dosages on the plasma disposition and hair degradation of ivermectin (IVM) were investigated following pour‐on administration in goats. Twenty‐eight female Saanen goats allocated into two groups of 14 animals according to their ages as young (5–6 months old) and old (12–24 months old) groups. Each age group was divided into two further of seven goats and administered pour‐on formulation of IVM topically at the in recommended dosage rate of 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight The recommended cattle dosages rate of 0.5 mg/kg or at the higher dosage of 1.0 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected at various times between 1 h and 40 days. In addition, hair samples (>0.01 g) were collected using tweezers from the application sites and far from application sites of the all animals throughout the blood sampling period. The plasma and hair samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence detection following solid and liquid phase extractions, respectively. Dose‐ and age‐dependent plasma disposition of IVM were observed in goats after pour‐on administration. In addition, relatively high concentration and slow degradation of IVM in hair samples collected from the application site and far from the application site were observed in the present study. The differences between young and old goats are probably related to differences in body condition and/or lengths of haircoat. The systemic availability of IVM following pour‐on administration is relatively much lower than after oral and subcutaneous administrations but the plasma persistence was prolonged. Although, the longer persistence of IVM on hairs on the application site may prolong of efficacy against ectoparasites, the poor plasma availability could result in subtherapeutic plasma concentrations, which may confer the risk of resistance development in for internal parasites after pour‐on administration in goats.
Reliable estimation of biochemical parameters from C3 leaf photosynthesis–intercellular carbon dioxide response curves
Authors: GU LIANHONG , PALLARDY STEPHEN G. , TU KEVIN , LAW BEVERLY E. , WULLSCHLEGER STAN D. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe Farquhar–von Caemmerer–Berry (FvCB) model of photosynthesis is a change‐point model and structurally overparameterized for interpreting the response of leaf net assimilation (A) to intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). The use of conventional fitting methods may lead not only to incorrect parameters but also several previously unrecognized consequences. For example, the relationships between key parameters may be fixed computationally and certain fits may be produced in which the estimated parameters result in contradictory identification of the limitation states of the data. Here we describe a new approach that is better suited to the FvCB model characteristics. It consists of four main steps: (1) enumeration of all possible distributions of limitation states; (2) fitting the FvCB model to each limitation state distribution by minimizing a distribution‐wise cost function that has desirable properties for parameter estimation; (3) identification and correction of inadmissible fits; and (4) selection of the best fit from all possible limitation state distributions. The new approach implemented theoretical parameter resolvability with numerical procedures that maximally use the information content of the data. It was tested with model simulations, sampled A/Ci curves, and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements of different tree species. The new approach is accessible through the automated website leafweb.ornl.gov.
Leaf physiological responses to extreme droughts in Mediterranean Quercus ilex forest
Authors: MISSON LAURENT , LIMOUSIN JEAN‐MARC , RODRIGUEZ RAQUEL , LETTS MATTHEW G. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTGlobal climate change is expected to result in more frequent and intense droughts in the Mediterranean region. To understand forest response to severe drought, we used a mobile rainfall shelter to examine the impact of spring and autumn rainfall exclusion on stomatal (SL) and non‐stomatal (NSL) limitations of photosynthesis in a Quercus ilex ecosystem. Spring rainfall exclusion, carried out during increasing atmospheric demand and leaf development, had a larger impact on photosynthesis than autumn exclusion, conducted at a time of mature foliage and decreasing vapour pressure deficit. The relative importance of NSL increased with drought intensity. SL and NSL were equal once total limitation (TL) reached 60%, but NSL greatly exceeded SL during severe drought, with 76% NSL partitioned equally between mesophyll conductance (MCL) and biochemical (BL) limitations when TL reached 100%. Rainfall exclusion altered the relationship between leaf water potential and photosynthesis. In response to severe mid‐summer drought stress, An and Vcmax were 75% and 72% lower in the spring exclusion plot than in the control plot at the same pre‐dawn leaf water potential. Our results revealed changes in the relationship between photosynthetic parameters and water stress that are not currently included in drought parameterizations for modelling applications.
Woody tissue photosynthesis and its contribution to trunk growth and bud development in young plants
Authors: SAVEYN AN , STEPPE KATHY , UBIERNA NEREA , DAWSON TODD E. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTStem photosynthesis can contribute significantly to woody plant carbon balance, particularly in times when leaves are absent or in ‘open’ crowns with sufficient light penetration. We explored the significance of woody tissue (stem) photosynthesis for the carbon income in three California native plant species via measurements of chlorophyll concentrations, radial stem growth, bud biomass and stable carbon isotope composition of sugars in different plant organs. Young plants of Prunus ilicifolia, Umbellularia californica and Arctostaphylos manzanita were measured and subjected to manipulations at two levels: trunk light exclusion (100 and 50%) and complete defoliation. We found that long‐term light exclusion resulted in a reduction in chlorophyll concentration and radial growth, demonstrating that trunk assimilates contributed to trunk carbon income. In addition, bud biomass was lower in covered plants compared to uncovered plants. Excluding 100% of the ambient light from trunks on defoliated plants led to an enrichment in 13C of trunk phloem sugars. We attributed this effect to a reduction in photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination against 13C that in turn resulted in an enrichment in 13C of bud sugars. Taken together our results reveal that stem photosynthesis contributes to the total carbon income of all species including the buds in defoliated plants.
Growth, Physiological Attributes and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Soybean Seedlings Treated With or Without Silicon Under UV‐B Radiation Stress
Authors: Shen X. , Li X. , Li Z. , Li J. , Duan L. , Eneji A. E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSilicon (Si) can increase plant defence systems against abiotic and biotic stress, but there is little information on UV‐B radiation stress alleviation by Si for field crops. Using soybean (Glycine max (L.) Mell) seedlings, we determined how Si may mediate UV‐B radiation stress by studying changes in biomass, physiological attributes and antioxidants’ activities. The seedlings were raised with 0, 1.70 and 2.55 mm of Si in the growth chamber under ambient, ambient +2.7 kJ m−2 day and ambient +5.4 kJ m−2 day of UV‐B radiation. As expected, plants suffered severe growth limitations under UV‐B radiation, but Si alleviated these limitations through improvements in leaf area (LA) and root‐to‐shoot ratio (R/S). The UV‐B radiation stress reduced the LA by 73.9–94.7%, total dry weight (TDW) by 11.8–36.6% and R/S by 9.2–30.2% but induced the activities of soluble protein by 18.4–21.0%, catalase (CAT) by 22.7–54.2%, superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 31.9–63.1%, and peroxidases (POD) by as much as 162.9–381.6%. Further confirmation of stress alleviations by Si was noted from reductions in these stress signals (antioxidant activities) under UV‐B radiation: CAT decreased significantly by 78.3–79.4%, SOD by 5.3–7.2% and POD by 49.9–61.9% in silicon‐treated UV‐B stressed soybean.
Aotake: A modified stepping exercise as a useful means of improving lower‐extremity functional fitness in older adults
Authors: Sasai Hiroyuki , Matsuo Tomoaki , Numao Shigeharu , Sakai Tomoaki , Mochizuki Misao , Kuroda Kazuyoshi , Okamoto Masakazu , Tanaka Kiyoji 
Published: June 2010

Aim:  Poor functional fitness of the lower extremities is a potentially modifiable risk factor for falls. This study compared the Aotake stepping exercise, a unique indoor program, to walking and examined improvements in lower‐extremity functional fitness.Methods:  We non‐randomly assigned 36 community‐dwelling older adults (age 67.3 ± 3.7 years) to either an Aotake stepping exercise group (group A, n = 19) or a walking group (group W, n = 17). During the 10‐week regimen, the members of each group participated in either a 45‐min Aotake or walking exercise session twice a week. Each session for group A consisted mainly of stepping activities on Aotake equipment (L42 × W10 × H3 cm); the equipment was made of plastic and had a bumpy surface to stimulate the soles of the feet.Results:  Attendance rates were 91.1 ± 5.6% for group A and 89.7 ± 9.4% for group W. anova revealed improvements in leg strength and power (measured by isometric leg extension and chair stands), motor processing (measured by stepping with both feet and whole‐body reaction time) and locomotion (measured by walking around two cones and a 10‐m walk); the analysis revealed no group‐by‐time interactions. There was particular improvement (effect size = 1.18) in the chair stand measure in group A. However, the balance measures remained unchanged.Conclusion:  Aotake stepping exercise may be just as effective as walking for improving lower‐extremity functional fitness. The current study, however, was a non‐randomized trial with a small sample size; further investigations would be warranted. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10: 244–250.
Serotonin receptor 1A modulates actin dynamics and restricts dendritic growth in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Ferreira Tiago A. , Iacono Luisa Lo , Gross Cornelius T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMice lacking serotonin receptor 1A (Htr1a) display increased anxiety behavior that depends on the expression of the receptor in the forebrain during the third to fifth postnatal weeks. Within the forebrain, Htr1a is prominently expressed in the soma and dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus and these cells undergo rapid dendritic growth and synapse formation during this period. Consistent with a possible role of Htr1a in synaptic maturation, CA1 pyramidal neurons in the knockout mice show increased ramification of oblique dendrites. These findings suggest that Htr1a may shape hippocampal circuits by directly modulating dendritic growth. Here we show that pharmacological blockade of the receptor during the third to fifth postnatal weeks is sufficient to reproduce the increased branching of oblique dendrites seen in knockout mice. Using dissociated hippocampal cultures we demonstrate that serotonin functions through Htr1a to attenuate the motility of dendritic growth cones, reduce their content of filamentous actin and alter their morphology. These findings suggest that serotonin modulates actin cytoskeletal dynamics in hippocampal neurons during a limited developmental period to restrict dendritic growth and achieve a long‐term adjustment of neural connectivity.
Soil bacterial diversity in the Arctic is not fundamentally different from that found in other biomes
Authors: Chu Haiyan , Fierer Noah , Lauber Christian L. , Caporaso J. G. , Knight Rob , Grogan Paul 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe severe environmental stresses of the Arctic may have promoted unique soil bacterial communities compared with those found in lower latitude environments. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the biogeography of soil bacterial communities in the Arctic using a high resolution bar‐coded pyrosequencing technique. We also compared arctic soils with soils from a wide range of more temperate biomes to characterize variability in soil bacterial communities across the globe. We show that arctic soil bacterial community composition and diversity are structured according to local variation in soil pH rather than geographical proximity to neighboring sites, suggesting that local environmental heterogeneity is far more important than dispersal limitation in determining community‐level differences. Furthermore, bacterial community composition had similar levels of variability, richness and phylogenetic diversity within arctic soils as across soils from a wide range of lower latitudes, strongly suggesting a common diversity structure within soil bacterial communities around the globe. These results contrast with the well‐established latitudinal gradients in animal and plant diversity, suggesting that the controls on bacterial community distributions are fundamentally different from those observed for macro‐organisms and that our biome definitions are not useful for predicting variability in soil bacterial communities across the globe.
Bioturbation and the role of microniches for sulfate reduction in coastal marine sediments
Authors: Bertics Victoria J. , Ziebis Wiebke 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe effects of bioturbation in marine sediments are mainly associated with an increase in oxic and oxidized zones through an influx of oxygen‐rich water deeper into the sediment and the rapid transport of particles between oxic and anoxic conditions. However, macrofaunal activity also can increase the occurrence of reduced microniches and anaerobic processes, such as sulfate reduction. Our goal was to determine the two‐dimensional distribution of microniches associated with burrows of a ghost shrimp (Neotrypaea californiensis) and to determine microbial activities. In laboratory experiments, detailed measurements of sulfate reduction rates (SRR) were measured by injecting, in a 1 cm grid, radiolabelled sulfate directly into a narrow aquarium (40 cm × 30 cm × 3 cm) containing the complex burrow of an actively burrowing shrimp. Light‐coloured oxidized burrow walls, along with black reduced microniches, were clearly visible through the aquarium walls. Direct injection of radiotracers allowed for whole‐aquarium incubation to obtain two‐dimensional documentation of sulfate reduction. Results indicated SRR were up to three orders of magnitude higher (140–790 nmol SO42− cm−3day−1) in reduced microniches associated with burrows when compared with the surrounding sediment. Additionally, some of the subsurface sulfate‐reducing microniches associated with the burrow system appeared to be zones of dinitrogen fixation. Bioturbation may also lead to decreased sulfate reduction in other microniches and the sum of the activity in all microniches might not result in a total increase of sulfate reduction compared with non‐bioturbated control sediments.
Inhibitory control interacts with core knowledge in toddlers’ manual search for an occluded object
Authors: Baker Sara T. , Gjersoe Nathalia L. , Sibielska‐Woch Kasia , Leslie Alan M. , Hood Bruce M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCore knowledge theories advocate the primacy of fundamental principles that constrain cognitive development from early infancy. However, there is concern that core knowledge of object properties does not constrain older preschoolers’ reasoning during manual search. Here we address in detail both failure and success on two well‐established search measures that require reasoning about solidity. We show that poor performance arises from an inability to engage the appropriate search strategy rather than a simple failure of core knowledge. Moreover, we demonstrate that successful search is positively correlated with inhibitory control. We believe that toddlers’ manual search for an occluded object reflects a general capacity to deploy inhibition so that search behaviour can be guided by core knowledge.
Developmental continuity? Crawling, cruising, and walking
Authors: Adolph Karen E. , Berger Sarah E. , Leo Andrew J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis research examined developmental continuity between ‘cruising’ (moving sideways holding onto furniture for support) and walking. Because cruising and walking involve locomotion in an upright posture, researchers have assumed that cruising is functionally related to walking. Study 1 showed that most infants crawl and cruise concurrently prior to walking, amassing several weeks of experience with both skills. Study 2 showed that cruising infants perceive affordances for locomotion over an adjustable gap in a handrail used for manual support, but despite weeks of cruising experience, cruisers are largely oblivious to the dangers of gaps in the floor beneath their feet. Study 3 replicated the floor‐gap findings for infants taking their first independent walking steps, and showed that new walkers also misperceive affordances for locomoting between gaps in a handrail. The findings suggest that weeks of cruising do not teach infants a basic fact about walking: the necessity of a floor to support the body. Moreover, this research demonstrated that developmental milestones that are temporally contiguous and structurally similar might have important functional discontinuities.
Sensory processing patterns of adults with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Engel‐Yeger B , Mimouni D , Rozenman D , Shani‐Adir A 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground Atopic dermatitis (AD) has been associated with sensory hypersensitivity in children.Objective To examine the sensory profile of adults with AD using a standardized questionnaire that measures sensory processing and related behaviours in daily living.Methods Thirty‐two patients aged 18–53 years with AD and 32 healthy, sex‐ and age‐matched control subjects completed the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP).Severity of AD was assessed by the Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD).Results Patients with AD showed higher sensory sensitivity and avoidance than the controls, mainly in the tactile, vestibular, visual and auditory modalities.Conclusions Adults with AD may suffer from sensory hypersensitivity. Additional studies should examine the influence of the peripheral and the central nervous system on sensory hypersensitivity. Better understanding of the sensory impairment of patients with AD may help improving treatment strategies for the disease.
Vascular patterns in basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Micantonio T , Gulia A , Altobelli E , Di Cesare A , Fidanza R , Riitano A , Fargnoli MC , Peris K 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  Dermoscopy has been proved to increase the diagnostic accuracy of basal cell carcinoma (BCC).Objective  To characterize the type and frequency of vascular patterns in superficial and nodular BCCs.Methods  We retrospectively analysed the dermoscopic images of 504 histopathologically proven BCCs.Results  The most common vascular pattern was represented by arborizing vessels (306/504; 60.7%), which were significantly more frequent in nodular BCCs (nBCCs) compared with superficial BCCs (sBCCs), and in pigmented sBCCs vs. non‐pigmented sBCCs (P < 0.0001). Short fine telangectasias (SFTs) were found in 33.1% (167/504) of cases and were significantly more frequent in sBCCs compared with nBCCs (P < 0.0001). Hairpin vessels were detected in 52/504 (10.3%) BCCs. Minor vascular patterns included glomerular vessels (41/504; 8.1%), dotted (21/504; 4.2%), comma vessels (5/504; 1.0%) and polymorphous pattern (9/504; 1.8%).Conclusions  Arborizing vessels are prototypic of nBCCs, whereas SFTs are characteristics of sBCCs. Differential diagnosis with squamous cell carcinoma or melanoma is mandatory when a polymorphous pattern is detected.
Activation of blood coagulation in plasma from chronic urticaria patients with negative autologous plasma skin test
Authors: Asero R , Cugno M , Tedeschi A 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground  Skin reactivity to the intradermal injection of autologous serum (autologous serum skin test – ASST) and/or plasma (autologous plasma skin test – APST) is thought to identify chronic urticaria (CU) patients with an autoimmune/autoreactive disease. Immune‐mediated inflammation and coagulation are strictly linked, and coagulation activation has been described in CU patients as shown by the elevation of plasma prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 and, in severe cases, of d‐dimer as well.Objective  The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the coagulation cascade is activated in APST‐negative CU patients as it has been described in CU patients with an autoreactive disease.Methods  A total of 43 adults with CU (M/F 15/28; mean age 43.5 years; 16 APST‐negative patients and 27 APST‐positive) and 30 healthy subjects were studied. Prothrombin fragment F1 + 2, d‐dimer and C‐reactive protein (CRP) plasma levels were measured by ELISA.Results  Prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 and d‐dimer were elevated in seven of 16 APST‐negative CU patients. The activation of the coagulation cascade was associated with disease severity. Men were more prevalent in idiopathic than in autoreactive CU patients (M/F: 10/6 vs. 5/22; P < 0.001). In patients with APST‐negative CU, mean F1 + 2 level [242.8 ± 33.7 pmol/L (ESM)] was higher than in normal controls (151.8 ± 9.09 pmol/L; P = 0.002) but lower than in autoreactive patients (526.2 ± 97.8 pmol/L; P = 0.05). Similarly, mean d‐dimer level was higher than in normal controls (484.2 ± 148.3 ng/mL vs. 229.5 ± 16.7 ng/mL; P = 0.03) but lower than in autoreactive patients (1142.2 ± 317.4 ng/mL; P = 0.05). In contrast, mean CRP was lower than in autoreactive patients (1.06 ± 0.32 μg/mL vs. 3.09 ± 0.74 μg/mL; P = 0.02) but not different from normal subjects (0.78 ± 0.09 μg/mL; NS).Conclusion  Autologous plasma skin test‐negative CU prevails in men; in these patients the coagulation cascade is activated although with a lower intensity than in patients with autoreactive disease.