bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Membrane domain modulation by Spectrins in Drosophila photoreceptor morphogenesis
Authors: Chen Tony W. , Chen Geng , Funkhouser Lisa J. , Nam Sang‐Chul 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSpectrins are major proteins in the cytoskeletal network of most cells. In Drosophila, βHeavy‐Spectrin encoded by the karst gene functions together with Crb during photoreceptor morphogenesis. However, the roles of two other Spectrins (α‐ and β‐Spectrins) in developing photoreceptor cells have not been studied. Here, we analyzed the effects of spectrin mutations on developing eyes to determine their roles in photoreceptor morphogenesis. We found that the Spectrins are dispensable for retinal differentiation in eye imaginal discs during larval stage. However, photoreceptors deficient in α‐ or β‐Spectrin display dramatic apical membrane expansions including Crb and show morphogenesis defects during pupal eye development, suggesting that α‐ and β‐Spectrins are specifically required for photoreceptor polarity during pupal eye development. Karst localizes apically, whereas β‐Spectrin is preferentially distributed in the basolateral region. We show that overexpression of β‐Spectrin causes a strong shrinkage of apical membrane domains, and loss of β‐Spectrin causes an expansion of apical domains, implying an antagonistic relationship between β‐Spectrin and Karst. These results indicate that Spectrins are required for controlling photoreceptor morphogenesis through the modulations of cell membrane domains. genesis 47:744–750, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ligation of the OX40 co‐stimulatory receptor reverses self‐Ag and tumor‐induced CD8 T‐cell anergy in vivo
Authors: Redmond William L. , Gough Michael J. , Weinberg Andrew D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTumor‐specific CD8 T‐cell peripheral tolerance occurs through clonal deletion, suppression, and the induction of anergy and can limit the generation of anti‐tumor immunity. Several groups have demonstrated that prostate cancer can render tumor‐specific CD8 T cells anergic, suggesting reversing tumor‐induced anergy may greatly augment anti‐tumor immunity. Recent work has demonstrated that signaling through the OX40 (CD134) co‐stimulatory receptor, a member of the TNFR super‐family, can augment CD4 and CD8 T‐cell expansion, differentiation, and the generation of memory cells. However, whether OX40 ligation can reverse CD8 T‐cell anergy, and more specifically, tumor‐induced CD8 T‐cell anergy, remains unclear. In the current study, we demonstrate that OX40 ligation can reverse CD8 T‐cell anergy to a prostate‐specific self‐Ag in non‐tumor‐bearing hosts. Furthermore, OX40 engagement reversed tumor‐specific CD8 T‐cell anergy and restored the proliferative capacity of tumor‐reactive CD8 T cells, which attenuated tumor growth and enhanced the survival of tumor‐bearing hosts. These data demonstrate that OX40 ligation can rescue the function of anergic self‐ or tumor‐reactive CD8 T cells in vivo and suggests that OX40‐mediated therapy may provide a novel means of boosting anti‐tumor immunity by restoring the responsiveness of previously anergic tumor‐specific CD8 T cells.
Overcoming the global crisis: “Yes, we can”, but also for TB … ?
Authors: Ottenhoff Tom H. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) poses formidable challenges to global health at the public health‐, scientific‐ and political level. Causing almost two million deaths every year, this ancient disease represents a continuing global crisis. The writing on the wall is that TB is resurging in more virulent and treatment‐resistant forms. Our tools to combat TB are dangerously out of date and ineffective. Besides new tools (TB drugs, vaccines, diagnostics), we also need new strategies to identify key Mycobacterium tuberculosis/human host interactions, since it is here that we can most likely find Mtb's Achilles' heel. Equally important is that we build high‐quality clinical trial capacity and biobanks for TB biomarker identification. But most important is a global commitment at all levels to roll back TB before it outwits us again.
Malaria vaccine development: Lessons from the field
Authors: Todryk Stephen , Bejon Philip 
Published: August 2009

AbstractStudies and trials in the field are key to the development of a vaccine for malaria. Our limited knowledge of naturally acquired immunity and of transmission dynamics and disease causation in the field imposes limitations on our ability to predict the efficacy of candidate vaccinations, and the eventual outcome on deploying an efficacious vaccine at a population level.
25 years of HIV research! … and what about a vaccine?
Authors: Appay Victor 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOver the past quarter century, colossal progress in our understanding of HIV pathogenesis has been achieved. Yet, we have no solution to the pandemic; the search for an HIV vaccine remains among the highest public health priorities. Identifying correlates of immune protection in humans, inducing effective immunity through immunization, and overcoming virus and host diversity represent the major obstacles in vaccine development. HIV vaccine research discovery may only be at its dawn.
What have we learnt from mouse models for the study of malaria?
Authors: Wykes Michelle N. , Good Michael F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMalaria is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality and yet a vaccine is not available. Studies have used animal models to understand the pathogenesis of disease and a large amount of data on parasite biology, immune regulation and disease processes have been gained from these studies. Moreover, these models have been used for pre‐clinical testing of various drugs and vaccines. Here, we discuss the features of various mouse models used to study the immunobiology of malaria and test pre‐clinical vaccines and conclude that animal models have a role in the study of malaria but the experimental conditions used for testing must reflect the environment of infected individuals.
Update on animal models for HIV research
Authors: Haigwood Nancy L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAnimal models for HIV research have been indispensible in fulfilling Koch's postulate and in exploring issues of viral infectivity and pathogenesis, sequence divergence, route(s) of acquisition, tissue distribution and tropism, immunogenicity and protection capacity of vaccine candidates, escape from adaptive immunity, and more. Did they fail to predict the efficacy of T‐cell vaccines in humans? This article summarizes progress and status of models to inform and complement clinical work.
Animal models of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Asquith Darren L. , Miller Ashley M. , McInnes Iain B. , Liew Foo Y. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAnimal models have been used extensively in studies of rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. Despite the inherent limitations of all animal models, several rodent models have significantly progressed our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms underpinning rheumatoid arthritis and contributed to several current major advances in treatment. These models include the induced arthritis models such as collagen‐induced arthritis, collagen‐antibody‐induced arthritis, zymosan‐induced arthritis, and the methylated BSA model, and the genetically manipulated or spontaneous arthritis models such as the TNF‐α‐transgenic mouse, K/BxN mouse, and the Skg mouse. Here, we describe these animal models and discuss their advantages and limitations.Note added after publication: For an update on this topic, please see the latest review
Acid‐Free Synthesis of Carbazoles and Carbazolequinones by Intramolecular Pd‐Catalyzed, Microwave‐Assisted Oxidative Biaryl Coupling Reactions – Efficient Syntheses of Murrayafoline A, 2‐Methoxy‐3‐methylcarbazole, and Glycozolidine
Authors: Sridharan Vellaisamy , Martín M. Antonia , Menéndez J. Carlos 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA mild and efficient methodology for the synthesis of oxygenated carbazoles from diarylamines under non‐acidic conditions was developed, based on a palladium‐catalyzed, microwave‐assisted double C–H bond activation process. This new protocol was successfully applied to the synthesis of three naturally occurring carbazoles, namely murrayafoline A, 2‐methoxy‐3‐methylcarbazole, and glycozolidine. The scope of the reaction was also expanded to include the synthesis of benzo fused carbazolequinones.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Gramicidin S Analogues (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 25/2009)
Authors: Tuin Adriaan Willem , Palachanis Dimitrios Konstantinos , Buizert Annelies , Grotenbreg Gijsbert Marnix , Spalburg Emile , de Neeling Albert J. , Mars‐Groenendijk Roos H. , Noort Daan , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Overkleeft Herman S. , Overhand Mark 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe cover picture shows the cationic antimicrobial peptide Gramicidin S (GS, left structure), which disrupts the bacterial membrane, however with little selectivity over the erythrocytic membrane. This mode of action is explained by the amphiphilic β‐sheet structure of GS. Three new analogues of GS were designed in which one DPhe‐Pro β‐turn motif has been replaced by different sugar amino acids (1, 2 and 3 in the right structures). The solution structures of these new analogues were assessed by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, which shows a slightly altered backbone conformation. The antibacterial and hemolytic activities of all analogues were also determined in this study. Details are discussed in the article by M. Overhand et al. on p. 4231 ff.
Integrative approach for prioritizing cancer genes in sporadic colon cancer
Authors: Reid James F. , Gariboldi Manuela , Sokolova Viktorija , Capobianco Patrizia , Lampis Andrea , Perrone Federica , Signoroni Stefano , Costa Aurora , Leo Ermanno , Pilotti Silvana , Pierotti Marco A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe current multistep carcinogenesis models of colon cancer do not fully capture the genetic heterogeneity of the disease, which is additionally complicated by the presence of passenger and driver genetic alterations. The aim of this study was to select in the context of this significant heterogeneity additional genes functionally related to colon cancer development. High‐throughput copy number and gene expression data of 36 microsatellite stable sporadic colon cancers resected from patients of a single institution characterized for mutations in APC, KRAS, TP53 and loss of 18q were analyzed. Genes whose expression correlated with the underlying copy number pattern were selected, and their association with the above listed mutations and overall survival was evaluated. Gain of 20q was strongly associated with TP53 mutation, and overall survival with alterations on 7p, 8p, 13q, 18q, and 20q. An association with 18q loss and gain of 8q24 was also observed. New candidate genes with a potential role in colon cancer are PLCG1 on 20q, DBC1 on 8q21, and NDGR1 on 8p24. In addition, an unexpected pattern of loss and mutability was found in the region upstream of the KRAS gene. By integrating copy number alterations with gene expression and mutations in colon cancer associated genes, we have developed a strategy that identifies previously known molecular features and additional players in the molecular landscape of colon cancer. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL‐1β enhances the antibacterial activity of astrocytes by activation of NF‐κB
Authors: Xia Yulei , Zhai Qiwei 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAstrocytes have important immune functions in CNS, and astrocytes stimulated by interferon‐γ were showed to have direct antimicrobial function. However whether astrocytes without the stimulation of cytokines have antibacterial function, and how this function is regulated are still largely unknown. In this study, we found that primary cultured astrocytes inhibited the growth of both gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria. Further more, we showed that interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) enhanced the antibacterial effect in a dose‐dependent manner, and the antibacterial effect of astrocytes from IL‐1β receptor‐deficient mice failed to be enhanced by IL‐1β. IL‐1β stimulated IκBα degradation, NF‐κB nuclear translocation, and transactivation in astrocytes. NF‐κB inhibitors blocked NF‐κB activation and the enhanced antibacterial effect induced by IL‐1β. In addition, overexpression of dominant negative IκBα in astrocytes inhibited IκBα degradation and NF‐κB transactivation, and also inhibited the enhanced antibacterial effect induced by IL‐1β. All these data demonstrated that IL‐1β enhanced the antibacterial activity of astrocytes by activation of NF‐κB. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic regulation of neuron‐dependent induction of astroglial synaptic protein GLT1
Authors: Yang Yongjie , Gozen Oguz , Vidensky Svetlana , Robinson Michael B. , Rothstein Jeffrey D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAstroglial glutamate transporter EAAT2/GLT1 prevents glutamate‐induced excitotoxicity in the central nervous system. Expression of EAAT2/GLT1 is dynamically regulated by neurons. The pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves astroglial dysfunction, including dramatic loss of EAAT2/GLT1. DNA methylation of gene promoters represents one of the most important epigenetic mechanisms in regulating gene expression. The involvement of DNA methylation in the regulation of astroglial EAAT2/GLT1 expression in different conditions, especially in ALS has not been explored. In this study, we established a procedure to selectively isolate a pure astrocyte population in vitro and in vivo from BAC GLT1 eGFP mice using an eGFP‐based fluorescence‐activated cell sorting approach. Astrocytes isolated from this procedure are GFAP+ and GLT1+ and respond to neuronal stimulation, enabling direct methylation analysis of GLT1 promoter in these astrocytes. To investigate the role of DNA methylation in physiological and pathological EAAT2/GLT1 expression, methylation status of the EAAT2/GLT1 promoter was analyzed in astrocytes from in vitro and in vivo paradigms or postmortem ALS motor cortex by bisulfite sequencing method. DNA demethylation on selective CpG sites of the GLT1 promoter was highly correlated to increased GLT1 mRNA levels in astrocytes in response to neuronal stimulation; however, low level of methylation was found on CpG sites of EAAT2 promoter from postmortem motor cortex of human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. In summary, hypermethylation on selective CpG sites of the GLT1 promoter is involved in repression of GLT1 promoter activation, but this regulation does not play a role in astroglial dysfunction of EAAT2 expression in patients with ALS. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrophysiologic facial nerve monitoring during parotidectomy
Authors: Eisele David W. , Wang Steven J. , Orloff Lisa A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFacial nerve monitoring is an adjunctive method available to a surgeon during parotid surgery to assist with the functional preservation of the facial nerve. This review describes the goals, applications, technique, and benefits of electrophysiologic facial nerve monitoring during parotid surgery. A review and analysis of the relevant medical literature related to electrophysiologic facial nerve monitoring during parotid surgery are included. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Reoperative thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease
Authors: Terris David J. , Khichi Sunny , Anderson Susan K. , Seybt Melanie W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundSubtotal thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease (BTD) may lead to delayed recurrence, thus necessitating reoperative surgery. We describe our experience with reoperative thyroidectomy for BTD and recommendations for definitive primary management.MethodsPatients undergoing thyroid surgery between 2003 and 2007 by a single surgeon were prospectively assessed. Numerous clinical parameters were evaluated, including time interval between primary and reoperative surgery and complications.ResultsIn all, 321 thyroidectomies were identified: 45 were reoperative and 22 were related to BTD after primary surgery done elsewhere. Median interval between the primary and reoperative procedure was 8.5 years. No recurrences followed total thyroidectomy or total thyroid lobectomy. There were no cases of permanent or transient recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury related to reoperative surgery. There was 1 case of transient hypocalcemia.ConclusionsAlthough reoperative thyroidectomy can be performed safely in the hands of experienced surgeons, a thorough initial surgical procedure should obviate the need for exposure to this additional risk. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Esophageal stricture after radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer: Experience of a single institution over 2 treatment periods
Authors: Ahlberg Alexander , al‐Abany Massoud , Alevronta Eleftheria , Friesland Signe , Hellborg Henrik , Mavroidis Panayiotis , Lind Bengt K. , Laurell Göran 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground.Risk factors for development of a stricture of the upper esophagus after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer are poorly defined.Methods.This was a retrospective case‐control study of patients diagnosed and treated for esophageal stricture after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer.Results.The incidence of esophageal stricture after external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) was 3.3%. Seventy patients with stricture and 66 patients without stricture were identified. A multivariate analysis showed that there was increased risk of stricture in receiving enteral feeding during EBRT or in receiving a mean dose of >45 Gy to the upper esophagus.Conclusions.Enteral feeding during EBRT is strongly associated with the development of stricture of the esophagus, as is a mean dose of >45 Gy to the upper esophagus. Treatment of the stricture with Savary–Gilliard bougienage or through scope balloon dilatation is safe and successful but often has to be repeated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Percutaneous sclerotherapy of massive venous malformations of the face and neck using fibrin glue combined with OK‐432 and pingyangmycin
Authors: Chen Wei‐liang , Huang Zhi‐quan , Zhang Da‐ming , Chai Qiang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground.Surgical excision is useful only for localized and limited lesions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical curative effect of percutaneous sclerotherapy of massive venous malformations of the face and neck using fibrin glue combined with OK‐432 and pingyangmycin.Methods.Eighteen patients with massive venous malformations were treated with an injection of fibrin glue combined with OK‐432 and pingyangmycin.Results.All the patients had extreme swelling postoperatively with no major complications. The follow‐up period ranged from 6 to 12 months. Twelve lesions were completely involuted, 4 lesions were mostly involuted, and 2 lesions were partially involuted. All of the patients had normal liver and kidney functions. None of the patients presented with hematologic toxic effects or signs of pulmonary involvement.Conclusion.Percutaneous sclerotherapy using fibrin glue combined with OK‐432 and pingyangmycin provided a simple, safe, and reliable alternative treatment for massive venous malformations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Comprehensive analysis of the independent effect of twist and snail in promoting metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma #
Authors: Yang Muh-Hwa , Chen Chih-Li , Chau Gar-Yang , Chiou Shih-Hwa , Su Chien-Wei , Chou Teh-Ying , Peng Wei-Li , Wu Jaw-Ching 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is critical for induction of invasiveness and metastasis of human cancers. In this study we investigated the expression profiles of the EMT markers, the relationship between EMT markers and patient/tumor/viral factors, and the interplay between major EMT regulators in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Reduced E-cadherin and nonmembranous β-catenin expression, the hallmarks of EMT, were shown in 60.2% and 51.5% of primary HCC samples, respectively. Overexpression of Snail, Twist, or Slug, the major regulators of EMT, was identified in 56.9%, 43.1%, and 51.4% of primary HCCs, respectively. Statistical analysis determined that Snail and Twist, but not Slug, are major EMT inducers in HCC: overexpression of Snail and/or Twist correlated with down-regulation of E-cadherin, nonmembranous expression of β-catenin, and a worse prognosis. In contrast, there were no such significant differences in samples that overexpressed Slug. Coexpression of Snail and Twist correlated with the worst prognosis of HCC. Hepatitis C-associated HCC was significantly correlated with Twist overexpression. HCC cell lines with increased Snail and Twist expression (e.g., Mahlavu) exhibited a greater capacity for invasiveness/metastasis than cells with low endogenous Twist/Snail expression (e.g., Huh-7). Overexpression of Snail or/and Twist in Huh-7 induced EMT and invasiveness/metastasis, whereas knockdown of Twist or Snail in Mahlavu reversed EMT and inhibited invasiveness/metastasis. Twist and Snail were independently regulated, but exerted an additive inhibitory effect to suppress E-cadherin transcription. Conclusion: Our study provides a comprehensive profile of EMT markers in HCC, and the independent and collaborative effects of Snail and Twist on HCC metastasis were confirmed through different assays. (Hepatology 2009.)
Burkitt lymphoma versus diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: a practical approach
Authors: Bellan Cristiana , Stefano Lazzi , Giulia De Falco , Rogena Emily A. , Lorenzo Leoncini 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBurkitt Lymphoma (BL) is listed in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid tumours as an “aggressive B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma”, characterized by a high degree of proliferation of the malignant cells and deregulation of the c‐MYC gene. The main diagnostic challenge in BL is to distinguish it from diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). While in children BL and DLBCL types probably do not differ clinically, and the differential diagnosis between BL and DLBCL may theoretically appear clear‐cut, in adults daily practice shows the existence of cases that have morphological features, immunophenotypic and cytogenetics intermediate between DLBCL and BL, and cannot be classified with certainty in these categories. Distinguishing between BL and DLBCL is critical, as the two diseases require different management. This review summarizes the current practical approach, including the use of a large panel of antibodies, and cytogenetic and molecular diagnostic techniques, to distinguish between BL, DLBCL and the provisional category of “B‐cell lymphoma, unclassificable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and Burkitt lymphoma”, now listed in the updated WHO classification. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.