bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
JTE‐607, a multiple cytokine production inhibitor, induces apoptosis accompanied by an increase in p21waf1/cip1 in acute myelogenous leukemia cells
Authors: Tajima Nobuyuki , Fukui Kenji , Uesato Naofumi , Maruhashi Junji , Yoshida Takayuki , Watanabe Yoshihiro , Tojo Arinobu 
Published: November 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 774–781)Proinflammatory cytokines and growth factors have been thought to play crucial roles in the pathology of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) by supporting the proliferation and survival of AML cells in an autocrine and paracrine manner, although further elucidation is required. JTE‐607 was originally identified as a multiple cytokine inhibitor that suppresses production of proinflammatory cytokines from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Herein, we report that JTE‐607 exhibits inhibitory activity on the growth of AML cell lines accompanying reduction of the proinflammatory cytokine and growth factor production. In in vitro studies, JTE‐607 suppressed expression and production of cytokines, which are spontaneously up‐regulated in AML cell lines. JTE‐607 also abrogated proliferation of AML cells in a concentration range in which colony formation of normal bone marrow cells was not affected. The growth inhibition by JTE‐607 was characterized by induction of cell‐cycle arrest at the S‐phase and apoptosis, accompanied by a decrease in c‐Myc and increase in p21waf1/cip1. In a leukemia model engrafted with U‐937 cells, JTE‐607 significantly prolonged survival in mice and reduced human cytokine mRNA levels in the bone marrow. These results suggest the usefulness of JTE‐607 in therapeutic applications for patients with hypercytokinemia and aggressive AML cell proliferation.
WRR4, a broad‐spectrum TIR‐NB‐LRR gene from Arabidopsis thaliana that confers white rust resistance in transgenic oilseed brassica crops
Authors: BORHAN MOHAMMAD HOSSEIN , HOLUB ERIC B. , KINDRACHUK COLIN , OMIDI MANSOUR , BOZORGMANESH‐FRAD GHAZALEH , RIMMER S. ROGER 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYWhite blister rust caused by Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze is a common and often devastating disease of oilseed and vegetable brassica crops worldwide. Physiological races of the parasite have been described, including races 2, 7 and 9 from Brassica juncea, B. rapa and B. oleracea, respectively, and race 4 from Capsella bursa‐pastoris (the type host). A gene named WRR4 has been characterized recently from polygenic resistance in the wild brassica relative Arabidopsis thaliana (accession Columbia) that confers broad‐spectrum white rust resistance (WRR) to all four of the above Al. candida races. This gene encodes a TIR‐NB‐LRR (Toll‐like/interleukin‐1 receptor‐nucleotide binding‐leucine‐rich repeat) protein which, as with other known functional members in this subclass of intracellular receptor‐like proteins, requires the expression of the lipase‐like defence regulator, enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1). Thus, we used RNA interference‐mediated suppression of EDS1 in a white rust‐resistant breeding line of B. napus (transformed with a construct designed from the A. thaliana EDS1 gene) to determine whether defence signalling via EDS1 is functionally intact in this oilseed brassica. The eds1‐suppressed lines were fully susceptible following inoculation with either race 2 or 7 isolates of Al. candida. We then transformed white rust‐susceptible cultivars of B. juncea (susceptible to race 2) and B. napus (susceptible to race 7) with the WRR4 gene from A. thaliana. The WRR4‐transformed lines were resistant to the corresponding Al. candida race for each host species. The combined data indicate that WRR4 could potentially provide a novel source of white rust resistance in oilseed and vegetable brassica crops.
Review article: the management of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: CABRERA R. , NELSON D. R. 
Published: November 2009

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 31, 461–476SummaryBackground  Hepatocellular carcinoma is the leading cause of death in cirrhosis. A majority of patients present at an advanced stage with poor prognosis.Aim  To review the current screening, diagnosis and management strategies involved in hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods  A literature search was performed using PubMed for publications with a predetermined search string to identify relevant studies.Results  Hepatocellular carcinoma is dramatically increasing in incidence that is mostly attributed to chronic hepatitis C and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease/non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and its clinical phenotype diabetes and obesity. Cirrhosis is the major predisposing risk factor and its presence necessitates close surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma with serial imaging studies. Hepatocellular carcinoma can be diagnosed by its unique radiological behaviour of arterial enhancement and washout on delayed images. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging classification system is a clinically useful algorithm for the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The simultaneous presence of cirrhosis in the patients complicates their management and monitoring for cirrhosis‐related complications is important.Conclusions  Early diagnosis and definitive treatment remains the key to long‐term outcome. A multidisciplinary approach is critical to the successful management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies combining sorafenib with locoregional or other targeted molecular therapies are likely to improve responses and outcome.
Leucoderma after use of a skin-lightening cream containing kojic dipalmitate, liquorice root extract andMitracarpus scaberextract
Authors: Madhogaria S. , Ahmed I. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryA lighter or whiter complexion is socially desirable in many cultures. This has led to an unregulated and highly profitable market in skin-lightening creams that are readily available over the counter or on the internet. Plant extracts and newer tyrosinase inhibitors such as kojic acid or its derivative kojic dipalmitate are popular ingredients in these creams. We report a patient who developed depigmented patches after using such a cream.
Failure of omalizumab in cholinergic urticaria
Authors: Sabroe R. A. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
Cholinergic urticaria is one of the more common physical urticarias. Although it is often fairly mild, severe treatment-resistant disease may occur, with significant associated disability. Omalizumab, a monoclonal IgG anti-IgE antibody licensed for use in severe asthma, has recently been used successfully in several types of urticaria, including in one case of cholinergic urticaria. This paper reports a patient with severe cholinergic urticaria, unresponsive to antihistamines and multiple other treatments, whose disease was also unresponsive to omalizumab.
Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides with eosinophilia and CD30+ large-cell transformation: a case with a fatal outcome presenting with multifocal lesions and leonine facies
Authors: Ishibashi M. , Ohshima K. , Chen K. R. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
Eosinophilia is recognized as a poor prognostic factor in patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). We report a case of folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (FMF) presenting with multiple ulcerative nodular lesions and persistent eosinophilia. Severe facial lesions resulted in a leonine appearance. On histopathological examination, nodular infiltration of large CD30+ large cells was seen. When the previous biopsy specimens were reviewed, marked folliculotropism with atypical lymphocytes was identified in previous specimens 20 years before the blastic transformation. CC chemokine receptor 3 was expressed in tumour cells, whereas CXC chemokine receptor 3 was negative. Expression of interleukin (IL)-5 was detected in a few mononuclear lymphoid cells. This case demonstrates that T helper (Th)2-polarized tumour cells may produce Th2 cytokines including IL-5, which suggests that cytokines and chemokines may contribute to persistent eosinophilia and to recruitment of eosinophils into tumour lesions in advanced FMF.
Longitudinal zonation of macroinvertebrates in an Ecuadorian glacier‐fed stream: do tropical glacial systems fit the temperate model?
Authors: JACOBSEN DEAN , DANGLES OLIVIER , ANDINO PATRICIO , ESPINOSA RODRIGO , HAMERLÍK LADISLAV , CADIER ERIC 
Published: November 2009

Summary1. The ecology of glacier‐fed streams at temperate latitudes has been intensely studied in recent years, leading to the development of a well‐validated conceptual model on the longitudinal distribution of macroinvertebrate communities downstream of the glacier margin (Freshwater Biology, 2001a; 46, 1833). However, to our knowledge, the ecology of tropical glacier‐fed streams has not yet been studied.2. We sampled benthic macroinvertebrates and measured environmental variables at nine sites between 4730 and 4225 m altitude along a 4.3 km stretch of a glacier‐fed stream 40 km south of the equator in the Ecuadorian Andes. Our goal was to study the longitudinal distribution of the fauna in relation to environmental factors and to compare this with the conceptual model based on temperate–arctic glacier‐fed streams.3. Total density of invertebrates differed considerably at the two highest altitude sites; 4600 m−2 at a pro‐glacial lake outlet and only 4 m−2 at a site originating directly from the glacier snout. Otherwise, there was a downstream decrease in density to about 825 m−2 at the three lowest sites. Taxon richness increased with distance from the glacier, very similar to the pattern predicted. A total of 28 taxa were collected; two at the glacier snout, seven at the nearby pro‐glacial lake outlet, 13 at site 2 (<400 m from the glacier) and 20 at the lowest sites.4. The numerical percentage of Chironomidae (Diptera) decreased downstream from 100 to 44%. The subfamily Podonominae was numerous at the highest sites but became much less important further downstream. The Orthocladiinae were important both in numbers and species at all sites, while Diamesinae were numerous only in the middle of the reach studied and were completely absent from the upper three sites. The limited importance of the Diamesinae, and its replacement by Podonominae, is different from the pattern typically observed in north‐temperate glacier‐fed streams. This could be because of the fact that the genus Diamesa is missing from the Neotropics.5. Stream temperature and channel stability explained most of the variability in faunal composition and richness, supporting the model. Stability increased systematically downstream while temperature did not. Surprisingly, no classical kryal zone (Tmax < 4 °C) was found, as even the site closest to the glacier snout (50 m) had a Tmax of 15 °C and no site had Tmax < 8 °C. We propose that this might be a general feature of equatorial glacial streams.
Seasonal and interannual variations in carbon dioxide exchange over a cropland in the North China Plain
Authors: LEI HUI‐MIN , YANG DA‐WEN 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn China, croplands account for a relatively large form of vegetation cover. Quantifying carbon dioxide exchange and understanding the environmental controls on carbon fluxes over croplands are critical in understanding regional carbon budgets and ecosystem behaviors. In this study, the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) at a winter wheat/summer maize rotation cropping site, representative of the main cropping system in the North China Plain, was continuously measured using the eddy covariance technique from 2005 to 2009. In order to interpret the abiotic factors regulating NEE, NEE was partitioned into gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco). Daytime Reco was extrapolated from the relationship between nighttime NEE and soil temperature under high turbulent conditions. GPP was then estimated by subtracting daytime NEE from the daytime estimates of Reco. Results show that the seasonal patterns of the temperature responses of Reco and light‐response parameters are closely related to the crop phenology. Daily Reco was highly dependent on both daily GPP and air temperature. Interannual variability showed that GPP and Reco were mainly controlled by temperature. Water availability also exerted a limit on Reco. The annual NEE was −585 and −533 g C m−2 for two seasons of 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, respectively, and the wheat field absorbed more carbon than the maize field. Thus, we concluded that this cropland was a strong carbon sink. However, when the grain harvest was taken into account, the wheat field was diminished into a weak carbon sink, whereas the maize field was converted into a weak carbon source. The observations showed that severe drought occurring during winter did not reduce wheat yield (or integrated NEE) when sufficient irrigation was carried out during spring.
Explaining hydrological niches: the decisive role of below‐ground competition in two closely related Senecio species
Authors: Bartelheimer Maik , Gowing David , Silvertown Jonathan 
Published: November 2009

Summary 1. Evidence from plant‐community structure suggests that niche segregation between plant species is widespread, but the mechanisms are still generally obscure. We used experimental mesocosms to investigate the role of above‐ and below‐ground competition in defining the distinct niche distributions of two Senecio species that separate along a water‐table gradient in meadow habitats. In a target‐border design, Senecio target plants were surrounded by six fence‐sitting plants of Phleum pratense and fully factorial, randomised treatments for above‐ground and below‐ground competition, water level and nitrogen were applied. 2. Below‐ground competition was found to be the most influential factor for plant biomass and seed production, whereas above‐ground competition had negligible effects. Judging from their performances under different combinations of water level and nitrogen fertilization, the Senecio species showed different types of niche differentiation. Senecio aquaticus showed a preference for waterlogged over dry soils irrespective of the presence or absence of competition. Senecio jacobaea showed no preference for any hydrological condition, as long as below‐ground interaction was prevented. In the presence of competing roots, it showed the expected preference for dry soils, especially under N‐fertilized conditions. 3. Below‐ground competition was especially intense under conditions of high supply of edaphic resources and even had the potential to entirely abolish any positive effects of increased water‐ or nitrogen‐supply. This supports the highly debated view that the importance of below‐ground competition increases rather than decreases with below‐ground resource supply. A functional mechanism for the dry‐habitat niche of S. jacobaea is suggested by the severe effect of competition on this species in waterlogged soil, especially when nitrogen was added. Since such conditions favoured growth of competing neighbours, the intensified depletion of other soil resources may have been the cause of the poor performance by S. jacobaea. 4. Synthesis. Niche differentiation can either be a genetically fixed preference or a result of current competition. Below‐ground competition was found to be a much stronger driver of niche differentiation than generally assumed. Even in highly productive systems it can be the principal type of interaction, which is contrary to common assumptions and which might be the case when some but not all edaphic resources are in ample supply.
Land use in subalpine grasslands affects nitrogen cycling via changes in plant community and soil microbial uptake dynamics
Authors: Robson T. Matthew , Baptist Florence , Clément Jean‐Christophe , Lavorel Sandra 
Published: November 2009

Summary 1. Nitrogen (N) cycling is a key process determining ecosystem functioning in subalpine grasslands where traditional mowing and manuring are being abandoned. However, the roles of the plant and microbial communities in mediating changes in N availability are still poorly understood. 2. We inoculated 15 subalpine grassland fields with dual‐labelled ammonium nitrate (15NH4+, 15NO3−) during July 2005 and used pool dilutions over 1 month to calculate inorganic N fluxes into the microbial pool and uptake in plant communities by grasses, forbs and legumes. The effects of current land abandonment were assessed by comparing manured and mown terraces (ancient croplands) with other terraces where these practices have ceased, and mown versus unmown unterraced meadows. 3. Rapid cycling of inorganic N and high soil N availability in forb‐dominated manured and mown terraces resulted from fast plant N uptake and low microbial C:N ratio. In grass‐dominated unmown terraces, N cycling was slower and N retention was greater; microbial N uptake remained similar to that in the other terraces, although a higher C:N ratio suggested a shift towards fungal dominance. 4. In unterraced meadows, pH was low due to reduced mixing of soil with the underlying calcareous rock. Soil [NH4+] was high and [NO3−] low, but current management had no effect on N pool size, although plant N uptake was greater in the mown than unmown fields. This may be partially explained by high N retention by dominant Festuca paniculata tussocks. The microbial N pool and N uptake were both low and the microbial C:N ratio was high, suggesting that fungi slowed N cycling and reduced the influence of mowing on N turnover. 5. Synthesis. In these marginal long‐term grasslands, with low productivity and high biodiversity value, changes in ecosystem function associated with reduced management intensity were mediated through slower N cycling. This response was expressed as more gradual nutrient uptake but greater retention by unmown plant communities, slower microbial uptake and smaller soil N pools. In contrast to more productive ecosystems, such as north‐western European grasslands, reduced management is detrimental to both biodiversity and the maintenance of soil‐related ecosystem services. These costs will need to be balanced against potential benefits, such as carbon storage.
TEM studies of plasma nitrided austenitic stainless steel
Authors: STRÓŻ D. , PSODA M. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryCross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray phase analysis were used to study the structure of a layer formed during nitriding the AISI 316L stainless steel at temperature 440°C. It was found that the applied treatment led to the formation of 6‐μm‐thick layer of the S‐phase. There is no evidence of CrN precipitation. The X‐ray diffraction experiments proved that the occurred austenite lattice expansion – due to nitrogen atoms – depended on the crystallographic direction. The cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy studies showed that the layer consisted of a single cubic phase that contained a lot of defects such as dislocations, stacking faults, slip bands and twins. The high‐resolution electron microscopy observations were applied to study the defect formation due to the nitriding process. It was shown that the presence of great number of stacking faults leads to formation of nanotwins. Weak, forbidden {100} reflections were still another characteristic feature of the S‐phase. These were not detected in the X‐ray spectra of the phase. Basing on the high‐resolution electron microscopy studies it can be suggested that the short‐range ordering of the nitrogen atoms in the octahedral sites inside the f.c.c. matrix lattice takes place and gives rise to appearance of these spots. It is suggested that the cubic lattice undergoes not only expansion but also slight rombohedral distortion that explains differences in the lattice expansion for different crystallographic directions.
TEM studies of melt‐spun alloys with liquid miscibility gap
Authors: KOZIEŁ T. , KĘDZIERSKI Z. , ZIELIŃSKA‐LIPIEC A. , LATUCH J. , CIEŚLAK G. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe microstructures of the Fe–Cu‐based alloys melt‐spun from various temperatures are presented. Two compositions, with different Fe and Cu content, revealing liquid miscibility gap, were studied. Nonuniform, large‐elongated areas were observed for lower melt‐spinning temperatures, indicating liquid/liquid phase separation in the crucible before cooling. An increase of the melt ejection temperature, followed by rapid cooling, brought about precipitation process within homogeneous melt. Studies of the system with higher Fe content proved amorphous nature of the matrix and crystalline structure of the primary formed Cu‐rich precipitates. Moreover, generations of the secondary spherical particles, precipitated within the previously formed Cu‐rich melt, were observed. The microstructure of the melt‐spun alloy with a higher Cu content, on the other hand, consisted of the Fe‐rich amorphous spherical particles formed during cooling of the Cu‐rich liquid. The precipitation of the secondary Cu‐rich particles in the primary formed Fe‐rich was also observed.
Electron detection in the intermediate chamber of the variable pressure SEM
Authors: SLÓWKO W. , KRYSZTOF M. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryTwo concepts of the secondary electron detection inside the intermediate chamber of the variable pressure scanning electron microscopy have been discussed. One of them, the two‐stage secondary electron detector has been the subject of previous publications. The other one, the intermediate secondary electron detector is an improved solution in respect of its complexity, vacuum demands and dimensions. Both detector systems apply some kinds of scintillators, so they present advantages specific for scintillator detectors but extended to a wide range of gas pressures, from high vacuum to pressures exceeding 10 mbar. The detector functioning is illustrated with computer simulations of electron and ion flow in the input region of the detectors made with use of the MC–SIMION program. This software combines a commercially available program SIMION 3D v.7.0, destined for computations of charged particles trajectories in electric and magnetic fields, and the Monte Carlo one written in the SIMION internal language.
Determinants of male ejaculate investment in the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera: mating history, female body size and male age
Authors: TENG ZHAO‐QIAN , ZHANG QING‐WEN 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.Many studies demonstrate that ejaculate size may be influenced by male condition, female quality and the risk or intensity of sperm competition. In the present study, the effect of male and female conditions, male mating history and female mating status on ejaculate sperm numbers in the polyandrous moth Helicoverpa armigera is examined. A large variation in ejaculate size is found and, although female body size and male age influence ejaculate size, female age and copula duration do not. Both male and female mating histories have significant effects on ejaculate sperm numbers. Males reduce ejaculate expenditure in successive matings but deliver significantly more apyrene and eupyrene sperm to nonvirgin than to virgin females.