bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric Electrical Measurements in the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Schaefer Vincent J. 
Published: January 2012

An exploration of the electrical properties of the atmosphere on and above the island of Hawaii, as indicated by a portable corona current unit, is described. A 30 foot telescopic mast having a radioactive probe mounted on an insulated bushing and connected by shielded cable to a sensitive microammeter was used. Corona currents were measured at a number of geographic locations ranging from sea level under conditions of heavy surf to the 10,000 foot level on Ma una Kea several thousand feet above the exchange layer, and over the land and ocean in a light plane. Observations were made under clear, cloudy and rainy conditions. Fair weather and cloudy conditions gave currents from air to earth of positive sign. With warm rain falling the currents had a negative sign and increased in value with intensity of precipitation. In several instances indications of incipient discharges similar to that observed in mild lightningstorms were noted.
The island of Hawaii has many desirable features to recommend it for an extensive research program in atmospheric electricity. A simple and inexpensive approach to inaugurating such a program is suggested.
Natural IgM Anti-Leukocyte Autoantibodies Attenuate Excess Inflammation Mediated by Innate and Adaptive Immune Mechanisms Involving Th-17
Authors: Lobo Peter I. , Bajwa Amandeep , Schlegel Kailo H. , Vengal John , Lee Sang J. , Huang Liping , Ye Hong , Deshmukh Umesh , Wang Tong , Pei Hong , Okusa Mark D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLittle is known about the function of natural IgM autoantibodies, especially that of IgM anti-leukocyte autoantibodies (IgM-ALA). Natural IgM-ALA are present at birth and characteristically increase during inflammatory and infective conditions. Our prior clinical observations and those of other investigators showing fewer rejections in renal and cardiac allografts transplanted into recipients with high levels of IgM-ALA led us to investigate whether IgM-ALA regulate the inflammatory response. In this article, we show that IgM, in physiologic doses, inhibit proinflammatory cells from proliferating and producing IFN-γ and IL-17 in response to alloantigens (MLR), anti-CD3, and the glycolipid α-galactosyl ceramide. We showed in an IgM knockout murine model, with intact B cells and regulatory T cells, that there was more severe inflammation and loss of function in the absence of IgM after renal ischemia reperfusion injury and cardiac allograft rejection. Replenishing IgM in IgM knockout mice or increasing the levels of IgM-ALA in wild-type B6 mice significantly attenuated the inflammation in both of these inflammatory models that involve IFN-γ and IL-17. The protective effect on renal ischemia reperfusion injury was not observed using IgM preadsorbed with leukocytes to remove IgM-ALA. We provide data to show that the anti-inflammatory effect of IgM is mediated, in part, by inhibiting TLR-4–induced NF-κB translocation into the nucleus and inhibiting differentiation of activated T cells into Th-1 and Th-17 cells. These observations highlight the importance of IgM-ALA in regulating excess inflammation mediated by both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms and where the inflammatory response involves Th-17 cells that are not effectively regulated by regulatory T cells.
The Effect of a Working Memory Load on the Intention‐Superiority Effect: Examining Three Features of Automaticity
Authors: Penningroth Suzanna L. , Graf Peter , Gray Jennifer M. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe intention‐superiority effect refers to the finding that intentions are more accessible than other memory contents. Our primary goal was to test for automatic processing in this effect, testing three features of automaticity: unintentionality, effortlessness, and lack of awareness. We used a postponed‐intention paradigm with short action scripts. The intention‐superiority effect was defined as greater accessibility in a lexical decision task (LDT) for words from to‐be‐performed scripts than to‐be‐remembered scripts. Working memory load was experimentally manipulated to assess automatic processing. A general intention‐superiority effect was found, demonstrating the automatic feature of unintentionality, and it was not diminished by a high load, demonstrating the automatic feature of effortlessness. Also, participants who reported that they lacked awareness of the link between the LDT and encoded scripts showed a larger intention‐superiority effect than participants who were aware. Therefore, this study demonstrated an implicit intention‐superiority effect, which was actually larger than the explicit effect. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safe and Effective Ag Nanoparticles Immobilized Antimicrobial NanoNonwovens
Authors: Song Jie , Chen Menglin , Regina Viduthalai R. , Wang Chenxuan , Meyer Rikke L. , Xie Erqing , Wang Chen , Besenbacher Flemming , Dong Mingdong 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with large surface‐to‐volume ratio have been widely studied as a valuable material for their strong antimicrobial effect. However, the practical applications of AgNPs in health care and water purification are often hampered by the concern of their toxicity and possibility of introduction of secondary pollution. Here, we present a novel strategy to produce a safe and effective antimicrobial nanononwoven material by immobilizing AgNPs on a rigid polymer nanofibrous matrix through simple co‐electrospinning of pre‐prepaired AgNPs and polystyrene (PS). Distribution of the AgNPs on the surface of PS fibers was achieved by tuning fiber diameters during electrospinning. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis revealed that the AgNPs distributed at the fiber surface were still covered by a layer of polymer, which inhibited their antimicrobial activity. UV/ozone treatment was thus employed to degrade the polymer coating without loosening the AgNPs, resulting in an active antimicrobial nonwoven against Gram‐positive Staphylococcus xylosus. The mechanism based on cellular uptake of silver ions via close contact to the surface of AgNPs is proposed. The novel nanononwoven retains the enhanced antimicrobial activities from nanofeatured AgNPs without detectable AgNPs leaching, which holds great potential for safe and recyclable use.
Anionic polymerization of MMA initiated by organolithium/cuprum diphenylphosphide (Ph2PCu) and synthesis of its block copolymer
Authors: Lu Jianmin , Huang Zengbiao , Han Bingyong , Wu Yixian , Yang Wangtai 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOrganolithium/cuprum diphenylphosphide (Ph2PCu) was used as a novel initiator to polymerize methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at −50 to −10°C. The polymerizations initiated by n‐BuLi/Ph2PCu, Ph2PCu/Li (Ip)3‐6Li/Ph2PCu, and PSLi/Ph2PCu were studied in detail. The polymerization of alkyl methacrylate initiated by n‐BuLi/Ph2PCu showed a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) (1.08–1.25) and 100% initiation efficiency. The experimental number average molecular weight increased linearly with increasing [MMA]/[n‐BuLi/Ph2PCu]. After the second monomer addition, the molecular weight increased proportionally while the MWD remained constantly narrow. These results reveal partial living characteristics. Ph2PCu/Li (Ip)3‐6Li/Ph2PCu showed a similar behavior and was used to prepare PGMA‐b‐PBMA‐b‐PMMA‐b‐PBMA‐b‐PGMA successfully. The initiation efficiency of n‐BuLi/Ph2PCu for styrene was low. The macromolecular initiator PSLi/Ph2PCu was prepared and PS‐b‐PMMA with a narrow distribution was synthesized. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Cellulose/PEO blends with enhanced water absorption and retention functionality
Authors: Asghar Ali , Samad Yarjan Abdul , Hashaikeh Raed 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study introduces a novel biodegradable material produced from processing cellulose and regenerating it in aqueous high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene oxide (PEO). X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopic analysis show that the blend is highly amorphous and contains a networked structure of cellulose with packets of PEO encapsulated within the network. Thermal analysis shows that the water loss from the blend is much slower than that from cotton at temperatures above the boiling point of water, which proves enhanced water absorption and retention properties of the material. It is found that when the material is mixed with sand, up to 1% by weight, the amount of time of water retention in sand increases more than three times. Because of this characteristic, it could be used to improve water storage and availability in sandy soils and to reduce irrigation costs in arid climates. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Distribution of Oxytocin‐ and Vasopressin‐Immunoreactive Neurons in the Brain of the Eusocial Mole Rat (Fukomys anselli)
Authors: Valesky Eva Maria , Burda Hynek , Kaufmann Roland , Oelschläger Helmut H.A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFukomys anselli, also known as Ansell's mole rat, is a subterranean, highly social (so‐called eusocial) rodent that lives in Africa. These mole rats typically form multigenerational families consisting of a single monogamous breeding pair and their nonreproductive offspring. Research on other mammals suggests that oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) as well as the distribution of OT‐ and VP‐receptors may influence social behavior and pair bonding. Recent studies on eusocial naked mole rats have shown a possible relation between sociality and OT‐immunoreactive (OT‐ir) processes. In this study, we examined expression patterns of OT and VP in the brains of F. anselli and the common Sprague‐Dawley (SD) laboratory rat. As in other species, the majority of OT‐ir and VP‐ir neurons was found in the paraventricular (Pa) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei, and scattered labeling throughout the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas. We found no difference in either quality or quantity of OT‐ and VP‐ir neurons between individuals of different social and reproductive ranks. Equally unexpected was the finding of specific OT‐immunoreactivity in neurons of the mammillary complex of F. anselli that was not found in SD rats. Further studies are needed to determine whether these mammillary OT‐ir neurons are causally related to monogamy in F. anselli and whether these correlates of monogamy are found in other species. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of Two Formyl 2‐Tetrazenes
Authors: Delalu Henri , Sabaté Carlos Miró 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of two formyl 2‐tetrazenes, namely, (E)‐1‐formyl‐1,4,4‐trimethyl‐2‐tetrazene (2) and (E)‐1,4‐diformyl‐1,4‐dimethyl‐2‐tetrazene (3), by oxidation of (E)‐1,1,4,4‐tetramethyl‐2‐tetrazene (1) using potassium permanganate in acetone solution is presented. Compound 3 was also synthesized in an improved yield from the oxidation of 1‐formyl‐1‐methylhydrazine (4a) using potassium permanganate in acetone. Both compounds 2 and 3 were characterized by analytical (elemental analysis, GC‐MS) and spectroscopic methods (1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopy, and IR and Raman spectroscopy). In addition, the solid‐state structures of the compounds were confirmed by low‐temperature X‐ray analysis. (Compound 2: triclinic; space group P‐1; a=5.997(1) Å, b=8.714(1) Å, c=13.830(2) Å; α=107.35(1)°, β=90.53(1)°, γ=103.33(1)°; VUC=668.9(2) Å3; Z=4; ρcalc=1.292 cm−3. Compound 3: monoclinic; space group P21/c; a=5.840(2) Å, b=7.414(3) Å, c=8.061(2) Å; β=100.75(3)°; VUC=342(2) Å3; Z=2; ρcalc=1.396 g cm−3.) The vibrational frequencies of compounds 2 and 3 were calculated using the B3LYP method with a 6‐311+G(d,p) basis set. We also computed the natural bond orbital (NBO) charges using the rMP2/aug‐cc‐pVDZ method and the heats of formation were determined on the basis of their electronic energies. Furthermore, the thermal stabilities of these compounds, as well as their sensitivity towards classical stimuli, were also assessed by differential scanning calorimetry and standard BAM tests, respectively. Lastly, the attempted synthesis of (E)‐1,2,3,4‐tetraformyl‐2‐tetrazene (6) is also discussed.
The Metal Core Structures in the Recombinant Escherichia coli Transcriptional Factor SoxR
Authors: Lo Feng‐Chun , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Liaw Wen‐Feng , Hsu I.‐Jui , Tsai Yi‐Fang , Chan Sunney I. , Yu Steve S.‐F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractX‐ray absorption, circular dichroism, and EPR spectroscopy were employed to investigate the metal‐core structures in the Escherichia coli transcriptional factor SoxR under reduced, oxidized, and nitrosylated conditions. The spectroscopic data revealed that the coordination environments of the metal active centers varied only very slightly between the reduced and oxidized states, similar to most other proteins containing iron–sulfur clusters. Upon nitrosylation of oxidized SoxR, however, we observed a low‐temperature EPR spectrum characteristic of a protein dinitrosyl iron complex (DNIC), with an intensity corresponding to about two DNICs per iron sulfur cluster in the protein, according to spin quantification relative to a low‐molecular‐weight DNIC standard. In addition, there was no evidence for dichroic spectral features in the responsive region of the nitrosyl iron complexes, as well as for FeFe back‐scattering in the fitting of the Fe extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectrum. Instead the Fe EXAFS spectrum of the nitrosylated SoxR core exhibited the same first‐ and second‐shell coordination environments characteristic of modeled small molecular DNICs, indicating that each of the [2 Fe2 S] cores in the homodimeric SoxR was dissociated into two individual DNICs. Similar nitrosylation of the reduced mixed‐valence SoxR for 1 min led to degradation of the iron–sulfur clusters to give several iron species, including one with EPR signals characteristic of a reduced Roussin’s red ester (rRRE), a diamagnetic species, presumably Roussin’s red ester (RRE), and a small amount of DNIC. We also undertook in vivo time‐course studies of E. coli cells containing recombinant SoxR after rapid purging of the cells with exogenous NO gas. Rapid freeze‐quenched EPR experiments demonstrated rapid formation of the SoxR rRRE species, followed by fast breakup of this precursor intermediate to form the stable protein‐bound DNIC species. Accordingly, under nitrosative stress, we believe that the response of SoxR to NO could depend on the intracellular redox state of E. coli, the central modulator of which could be exploited to deduce the appropriate mechanism to sense the presence of NO for physiological regulation.
Coordination Chemistry and Reactivity of Zinc Complexes Supported by a Phosphido Pincer Ligand
Authors: D'Auria Ilaria , Lamberti Marina , Mazzeo Mina , Milione Stefano , Roviello Giuseppina , Pellecchia Claudio 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe preparation and characterization of new ZnII complexes of the type [(PPP)ZnR] in which R=Et (1) or N(SiMe3)2 (2) and PPP is a tridentate monoanionic phosphido ligand (PPP‐H=bis(2‐diphenylphosphinophenyl)phosphine) are reported. Reaction of ZnEt2 and Zn[N(SiMe3)2]2 with one equivalent of proligand PPP‐H produced the corresponding tetrahedral zinc ethyl (1) and zinc amido (2) complexes in high yield. Homoleptic (PPP)2Zn complex 3 was obtained by reaction of the precursors with two equivalents of the proligand. Structural characterization of 1–3 was achieved by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13C, and 31P) and X‐ray crystallography (3). Variable‐temperature 1H and 31P NMR studies highlighted marked flexibility of the phosphido pincer ligand in coordination at the metal center. A DFT calculation on the compounds provided theoretical support for this behavior. The activities of 1 and 2 toward the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone and of L‐ and rac‐lactide were investigated, also in combination with an alcohol as external chain‐transfer agent. Polyesters with controlled molecular parameters (Mn, end groups) and low polydispersities were obtained. A DFT study on ring‐opening polymerization promoted by these complexes highlighted the importance of the coordinative flexibility of the ancillary ligand to promote monomer coordination at the reactive zinc center. Preliminary investigations showed the ability of these complexes to promote copolymerization of L‐lactide and ε‐caprolactone to achieve random copolymers whose microstructure reproduces the composition of the monomer feed.
One‐Handed Helical Screw Direction of Homopeptide Foldamer Exclusively Induced by Cyclic α‐Amino Acid Side‐Chain Chiral Centers
Authors: Demizu Yosuke , Doi Mitsunobu , Kurihara Masaaki , Maruyama Tokumi , Suemune Hiroshi , Tanaka Masakazu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChiral cyclic α,α‐disubstituted amino acids, (3S,4S)‐ and (3R,4R)‐1‐amino‐3,4‐(dialkoxy)cyclopentanecarboxylic acids ((S,S)‐ and (R,R)‐Ac5cdOR; R: methyl, methoxymethyl), were synthesized from dimethyl L‐(+)‐ or D‐(−)‐tartrate, and their homochiral homoligomers were prepared by solution‐phase methods. The preferred secondary structure of the (S,S)‐Ac5cdOMe hexapeptide was a left‐handed (M) 310 helix, whereas those of the (S,S)‐Ac5cdOMe octa‐ and decapeptides were left‐handed (M) α helices, both in solution and in the crystal state. The octa‐ and decapeptides can be well dissolved in pure water and are more α helical in water than in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol solution. The left‐handed (M) helices of the (S,S)‐Ac5cdOMe homochiral homopeptides were exclusively controlled by the side‐chain chiral centers, because the cyclic amino acid (S,S)‐Ac5cdOMe does not have an α‐carbon chiral center but has side‐chain γ‐carbon chiral centers.
Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Peptide Natural Products by Using Stable Isotope Labeling and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bode Helge B. , Reimer Daniela , Fuchs Sebastian W. , Kirchner Ferdinand , Dauth Christina , Kegler Carsten , Lorenzen Wolfram , Brachmann Alexander O. , Grün Peter 
Published: January 2012

AbstractStructure elucidation of natural products including the absolute configuration is a complex task that involves different analytical methods like mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, and chemical derivation, which are usually performed after the isolation of the compound of interest. Here, a combination of stable isotope labeling of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus strains and their transaminase mutants followed by detailed MS analysis enabled the structure elucidation of novel cyclopeptides named GameXPeptides including their absolute configuration in crude extracts without their actual isolation.
Microencapsulation of Aluminum Particles in a High‐Pressure Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Kröber Hartmut , Prinner Michael , Klinger Andreas , Neutz Jochen , Teipel Ulrich 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFür die Beschichtung nanoskaliger Partikeln wurde eine Hochdruckwirbelschichtanlage konzipiert und aufgebaut. Als Fluidisierungsmedium wurde verdichtetes Kohlendioxid verwendet, das Beschichtungsmaterial wurde als Lösung in überkritischem CO2 in die Wirbelschicht eingebracht. Untersucht wurde neben den Fluidisierungseigenschaften verschiedener Materialien auch der Aerosolbildungsprozess unter erhöhten Drücken. Erste Beschichtungsversuche von feinen Aluminiumpartikeln mit Wachsen und Trinitrotoluol konnten erfolgreich durchgeführt werden.
Stabilization of Water‐Insoluble Drugs by Aqueous Solutions Containing a Stabilizing Agent
Authors: Türk Michael , Bolten Dennis , Teubner Nina 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDas RESSAS‐Verfahren (rapid expansion of supercritical solutions into aqueous solution) bietet die Möglichkeit, schwer in Wasser lösliche Wirkstoffe bei moderaten Bedingungen in einer wässrigen Schutzkolloidlösung zu stabilisieren. Zunächst werden in einem kurzen Überblick die Ergebnisse bisheriger Untersuchungen zur Stabilisierung der Modellwirkstoffe Phytosterol, Ibuprofen und Naproxen mit unterschiedlichen Schutzkolloiden erläutert. Anschließend werden die Ergebnisse zum Einfluss unterschiedlicher Schutzkolloide auf den Kontaktwinkel zwischen Feststoffoberfläche und wässriger Schutzkolloidlösung vorgestellt.
Elevated Admission Microalbuminuria Predicts Poor Myocardial Blood Flow and 6‐Month Mortality in ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Chen Jia Wei , Wang Yong Liang , Li Hong Wei 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground:Microalbuminuria (MA) is considered a major risk factor predisposing to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by MA have been well described. However, data regarding admission MA and coronary and myocardial flow are scant. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of admission MA on coronary blood flow and prognosis in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary PCI.Hypothesis:Did elevated admission microalbuminuria predict poor myocardial blood flow and 6‐month mortality in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention?Methods:A total of 247 patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI within 12 hours after symptom onset were studied. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to admission urinary albumin extraction rate (UAER): (1) an MA group (UAER 20–200 µg/min), and (2) a normoalbuminuria (NA) group (UAER < 20 µg/min).Results:Microalbuminuria was observed in 108 patients. Univariate analyses showed statistical differences between the NA and MA groups in serum creatine level, plasma glucose level, and peak creatine kinase level on presentation. Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grades (TFGs) 0–2 in the MA group were more frequent (9.4% vs 21.2%, P < 0.05) than in the NA group, and corrected TIMI frame count was higher (23.9 ± 18.5 vs 29.8 ± 23.5, P < 0.05). Admission MA was an independent predictor of poor myocardial perfusion (adjusted relative risk: 3.14, 95% confidence interval: 0.99–6.78) and a higher rate of 6‐month mortality in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI (adjusted relative risk: 1.58, 95% confidence interval: 0.74–3.39).Conclusions:Admission MA levels are associated with impaired myocardial flow and poor prognosis in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.