bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Über Chalkogenolate. 194 [1]: S‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)aminoester von Dithiocarbamidsäuren 3. Kristall‐ und Molekülstruktur vom Methyl‐und i‐Propylderivat [1]
Authors: Schubert G. , Kiel G. , Gattow G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInhaltsübersicht. Die Titelverbindungen R2N–CS–S–N[Si(CH3)3]2 mit Ii = CH3 bzw. CH(CH3)2 kristallisieren orthorhombisch bzw. monoklin: Gitterkonstanten fürR = CH3 (bei −165°C)a = 8,397(4) Å,b = 11,917(4) Å,c = 31,966 (11) Å,Pbca (Nr. 61),Z = 8.R = CH(CH3)2 (bei −80°C)a =13,183(3) Å,b = 10,873(11) Å,c = 14,865(2) Å,β = 105,86(2)°P21/n (Nr. 14),Z = 4.Die Kristallstrukturen wurden unter Verwendung von 4227 bzw. 3 433 symmetrieunabhängigen Reflexen (gemessen bei −165 bzw. −80 °C) bestimmt und bis auf Zuverlässigkeitsfaktoren von R = 0,081 bzw. 0,082 verfeinert (Rw = 0,084 bzw. 0,114).Bei beiden Verbindungen ist der C2N–CS–S–N‐Teil des Moleküls nahezu planar. Zwischen dem Thiocarbonyl‐S‐Atom und dem N‐Atom der silylierten Aminogruppe bestehen Wechselwirkungen.On Chalcogenolates. 194. S‐Bis (trimethylsilyl) amino Esters of Dithiocarbamic Acids. 3. Crystal and Molecular Structure of the Methyl and i‐Propyl DerivativeThe title compounds R2N–CS–S–N[Si(CH3)3]2 with R = CH3 and CH(CH3)2, respectively, crystallize orthorhombic and monoclinic, resp.; cell dimensions and space group see “Inhaltsübersicht”.The structures of both compounds have been determined from single crystal X‐ray data measured at −165°C and −80°C, resp., and refined to R's of 0.081 and 0.082, resp., (Rw = 0.084 and 0.114, resp.) using 4227 and 3433, resp., independent reflections.In both compounds the C2N–CS–S–N core of the molecule is nearly plane. Between the thiocarbonyl sulfur atom and the nitrogen atom of the amino group interactions exist.In Fortführung unserer Untersuchungen [1, 2] über N, N‐Dialkyldithiocarbamidsäure‐S‐bis(trimethylsilyl)aminoester R2N–CS–S–N[Si(CH3)3]2 haben wir die Kristall‐ und Molekülstrukturen der Verbindungen mit R = CH3 und CH(CH3)2 bestimmt. Dabei sollte untersucht werden, welchen Einfluß sterisch anspruchsvollere Alkylgruppen (R = CH3 → CH(CH3)2) auf die Molekülgeo‐metrie haben. Eine strukturchemische Charakterisierung dieser Verbindungs‐klasse ist bis jetzt noch nicht erfolgt; vgl. die Literaturzusammenstellung bei [3].
Darstellung und Kristallstruktur der ersten Vertreter des neuen Verbindungstyps Pb4[SiO4]X4 mit X = Cl, Br
Authors: Riebe H.‐J. , Keller H.‐L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInhaltsübersicht. Die beiden silicathaltigen Blei(II)‐oxidhalogenide Pb4[SiO4]Cl4 und Pb4[SiO4]Br4 wurden erstmals dargestellt und ihre Kristallstruktur an Einkristallen mit Röntgen‐beugungsmethoden ermittelt. Die Verbindungen kristallisieren in der monoklinen Raumgruppe P21/c (No. 14) mit den Gitterparametern:Pb4[SiO4]Cl4: A = 8,73(1) Å, b = 15,68(1) Å, c = 8,265(6) Å, β = 92,4(1)°, Z = 4Pb4[SiO4]Br4: A = 9,00(1) Å, b = 16,217(8) Å, c = 8,404(4) Å, β = 92,4(1)°, Z = 4Im Gegensatz zu der “nichtstöchiometrischen” Verbindungsgruppe um Pb8O7Br2 · SiO2 konnten hier alle Atomlagen ermittelt werden. Es liegen einzelne SiO4‐Gruppen vor, die über Pb2+ zu leicht gewellten Netzen verbunden sind. Zwischenräume und Löcher der Netze werden von Halogenidionen aufgefüllt.Preparation and Crystal Structures of the First Two Members of a New Type of Lead (II) Oxyhalides, Pb4[SiO4]X4 (X = Cl, Br)Both silicate‐bearing lead(II) oxyhalides Pb4[SiO4]Cl4 and Pb4[SiO4]Br4 were prepared and studied for their crystal structure with X‐ray single crystal methods for the first time. The compounds crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14) with following lattice parameters:Pb4[SiO4]Cl4: A = 8.73(1) Å, b = 15.68(1) Å, c = 8.205(6) Å, β = 92.4(1)°, Z = 4Pb4[SiO4]Br4: A = 9.00(1) Å, b = 16.217(8) Å, c = 8.404(4) Å, β = 92.4(1)°, Z = 4.In contrast with further works about the group of nonstoichiometric lead oxyhalides Pb8O7Br2 · SiO2 in the present work all atomic positions were determined. The crystal structure shows single SiO4 groups linked only by Pb2+ ions to form slightly undulated nets. Holes and interspaces of these nets are stuffed with halide ions.
Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von HgPb2O(OH)Br3
Authors: Riebe H.‐J. , Keller H.‐L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInhaltsübersicht. Die erstmals dargestellte Verbindung HgPb2O(OH)Br3 kristallisiert orthorhombisch in der Raumgruppe Aba2 (Nr. 41) mit den Gitterkonstanten a = 14,652(3) Å, b = 14,6491(8) Å, c = 7,782(2) Å und Z = 8. Die Bestimmung der Kristallstruktur mit Einkristallmethoden zeigte “isolierte”, verzerrt würfelförmige Baugruppen der Zusammensetzung [Hg2Pb4O2(OH)2]. Diese Einheiten werden von Bromidionen umhüllt. HgPb2O(OH)Br3 stellt damit hinsichtlich des strukturellen Aufbaus ein Bindeglied zwischen den Verbindungen [Pb4(OH)4](ClO4)4 · 2H2O [1] und Pb9O4Br10 [2] dar.Preparation and Crystal Structure of HgPb2O(OH)Br3The new compound, HgPb2O(OH)Br3 was prepared and investigated by X‐ray crystal structure analysis. Crystals of orthorhombic symmetry show space group Aba2 (No. 41) with lattice parameters a = 14.652(3) Å, b = 14.6491(8) Å, c = 7.782(2) Å, and Z = 8. Remarcable structural units with heterocubane skeleton were found. The [Hg2Pb4O2(OH)2] group forms a new member of the structural class between [Pb4(OH)4] and [Pb8O4] units with the relating compounds [Pb4(OH)4)](ClO4)4 · 2 H2O [1] und Pb9O4Br10 [2].
Herstellung keramischer Pulver. III [1]: Über die Struktur diamagnetischer Titan(III)‐alkoxide
Authors: Schmidt F. , Feltz A. , Colditz R. , Gustav K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractInhaltsübersicht. Es wird über die Darstellung der Verbindung Ti(OCH2CH2OC2H5)3 berichtet. Diamagnetismus und VIS‐NIR‐Absorptionsspektrum weisen auf eine ungewöhnliche Struktur hin. Semiempirische MO‐Berechnungen (EHT) an ausgewählten Koordinationspolyedern ergeben für die Struktur eines flächenverknüpften Doppelwürfels qualitative Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen Befunden.Preparation of Ceramic Powders. III. About the Structure of Diamagnetic Titan (III) AlkoxidesThe preparation of the compound Ti(OCH2CH2OC2H5)3 is reported. Diamagnetism and absorption spectrum indicate an unusual structure. The results of semiempirical MO computations (EHT) for selected coordination polyhedra agree qualitatively with the experimental data for a double‐cube structure of the compound.
On the Existence of Two New Mixed‐Alkali Cyclohexaphosphates: Li3Na3P6O18 · 12 H2O and Li3K3P6O18 · H2O
Authors: Averbuch‐Pouchot M. T. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPreparation and crystal structures are described for two new hydrated mixed‐alkali cyclohexaphosphates: Li3K3P6O18 · H2O and Li3Na3P6O18 · 12 H2O.Li3K3P6O18 · H2O is trigonal (rhombohedral), R$3, with aaex = 15.047(8), ehex = 12.779(8) Å (arh = 9.676 Å, αrh = 102.08°), Vhex = 2508(4) Å3, Z = 6, Dx = 2.505. The crystal structure was solved by using 1575 independent reflexions with a final R value of 0.038. The unit cell contains two types of crystallographically independent P6O18 ring anions, both with the $3 symmetry. These ring anions alternate along the $3 axes with rings built up by three Li and three K atoms. The cationic ring Li3K3 is centered by the water molecule.Li3Na3P6O18 · 12 H2O is trigonal (rhombohedral), R$3c with ahex = 10.474(8), chex = 41.68(5) Å (arh = 15.152 Å, αrh = 40.44°), Vhex = 3960 Å3(1), Z = 6, Dx = 1.962. The crystal structure solved by using 873 independent reflexions is refined to a final R value of 0.020. Planes of P6O18 ring anions, having the $3 symmetry and separated by a distance of c/6 (≈7 Å), alternate along the $3 axis with two dimensional networks of corner‐sharing LiO4 tetrahedra and NaO6 octahedra. Isolated Na(H2O)6 octahedra are located inside hexagonal voids of this network.Zur Existenz von zwei neuen Alkali‐Cyclohexaphosphaten: Li3Na3P6O18 · 12 H2O und Li3K3P6O18 · H2OInhaltsübersicht. Darstellung und Strukturbestimmung von zwei neuen Alkali‐Cyclohexaphosphat‐Hydraten: Li3K3P6O18 · H2O und Li3Na3P6O18 · 12 H2O wird beschrieben. Li3K3P6O18 · H2O ist trigonal (rhomboedrisch), R$3, mit ahex = 15,047(8), chex = 12,779(8) Å (arh = 9,670 Å, αrh = 102,08°), Vhex = 2508(4) Å3, Z = 6, Dx = 2,505. Die Struktur wurde mit Hilfe von 1575 unabhängigen Reflexen gelöst und bis zu einem Endwert von R = 0,038 verfeinert. Die Zelle enthält zwei Arten kristallographisch unabhängiger Ringanionen P6O18, die beide die Symmetrie $3 haben. Die Ringanionen alternieren in der Richtung der $3 Achse mit Ringen, die von je drei Li‐ und drei KAtomen gebildet werden. Das Wassermolekül zentriert den Kationenring Li3K3.Li3Na3P6O18 · 12 H2O ist trigonal (rhomboedrisch), R$3c, mit ahex = 10,474(8), chex = 41,68(5) Å (arh = 15,152 Å, αrh = 40,44°), Vhex = 3960 Å3, Z = 6, Dx = 1,962. Die Kristallstruktur wurde mit Hilfe von 873 unabhängigen Reflexen gelöst und zu einem Endwert von R = 0,020 verfeinert. Schichten von Ringanionen P6O18 mit der Eigensymmetrie $3, die einen Abstand von c/6 ≈ 7 Å haben, alternieren in Richtung der $3‐Achse mit zweidimensionalen Gerüsten aus LiO4‐Tetraedern und NaO6‐Oktaedern, die gemeinsame Ecken haben. In den hexagonalen Lücken dieses Gerüstes befinden sich isolierte Na(H2O)6‐Oktaeder.
Fresh Start: A Multilevel Community Mobilization Plan to Promote Youth Development and Prevent Violence
Authors: Hernández-Cordero Lourdes J. , Ortiz Angelo , Trinidad Tomas , Link Bruce 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWhile much has been written about community mobilization for health, few detailed expositions of the formation of community mobilization, especially focused on youth violence prevention exist. The Columbia Center for Youth Violence Prevention, in collaboration with the UNIDOS Inwood Coalition, developed a Community mobilization plan to guide youth violence prevention in Inwood. The plan was developed within the context of an evidence‐based organizing framework—Communities that Care (CTC) and takes a multi‐level approach to service coordination that includes activities at the Individual, Family, Block, Organizational and Built Environment levels. This article describes how the Community mobilization plan was created, illustrates the use of evidence‐based practices to lead to the development of the plan, outlines the plan's community/organizational activities, and summarizes the principles and processes that can be replicated in other communities seeking to start their own community mobilization efforts to reduce youth violence.
Major dietary patterns and their associations with cardiovascular risk factors among women in West Bengal, India
Authors: Ganguli Debdutta , Das Nilanjan , Saha Indranil , Biswas Piyali , Datta Srinwanti , Mukhopadhyay Basudeb , Chaudhuri Debnath , Ghosh Saurabh , Dey Sanjit 
Published: January 2011

Few studies have examined dietary patterns in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in Asian populations, particularly in India. The present study was undertaken to explore dietary patterns in a general urban Bengalee population of women in West Bengal, India, and their association with cardiovascular risk factors. We performed a cross-sectional study of 701 women (aged 35 years and above) selected by cluster sampling from twelve different wards of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (Kolkata, India). The following three major dietary patterns were identified: the ‘vegetable, fruits and pulses’ pattern (characterised by higher intakes of dark-yellow and green leafy vegetables, sweets, fruits, pulses, nuts, poultry and eggs, and lower intake of mustard oil); the ‘hydrogenated and saturated fat and vegetable oil’ pattern (characterised by higher intakes of butter, hydrogenated oil, ghee, vegetable oil, mustard oil, condiments, sweets, fish, high-fat dairy and refined grain); the ‘red meat and high-fat dairy’ pattern (characterised by higher intakes of red meat, high-fat dairy products, whole grain, high-energy drinks and condiments, and lower intakes of fish, refined grain and low-fat dairy products). The vegetable, fruits and pulses pattern was inversely associated with serum total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations (P < 0·05 for all). The hydrogenated and saturated fat and vegetable oil pattern was positively associated with BMI, waist circumference (WC) and HDL-C concentration (P < 0·05 for all). In this Bengalee population, these three major dietary patterns were observed, and the dietary patterns were independently associated with BMI, WC and serum TC concentrations in women.
Natural evolution of weight status in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a retrospective audit
Authors: Martigne Léonie , Salleron Julia , Mayer Michèle , Cuisset Jean-Marie , Carpentier Alain , Neve Véronique , Tiffreau Vincent , Guimber Dominique , Gottrand Frédéric 
Published: January 2011

The life expectancy of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) has increased. A cross-sectional study of DMD patients showed that 54 % of 13-year-old patients are obese and that 54 % of 18-year-old patients are underweight. We aimed to describe the natural evolution of weight status in DMD. This retrospective multi-centre audit collected body-weight measurements for seventy DMD patients born before 1992. The body-weight:age ratio (W:A) was used to evaluate weight status in reference to the Griffiths and Edwards chart. At the age of 13 years, 73 % were obese and 4 % were underweight. At maximal follow-up (age 15–26 years, mean 18·3 (sd 2·3) years), 47 % were obese and 34 % were underweight. Obesity at the age of 13 years was associated with later obesity, whereas normal weight status and underweight in 13-year-old patients predicted later underweight. A W:A ≥ 151 % in 13-year-old patients predicted later obesity, and a W:A ≤ 126·5 % predicted later underweight. Our audit provides the first longitudinal information about the spontaneous outcome of weight status in DMD. Patients (13 years old) with a W:A ≥ 151 % were more likely to become obese in late adolescence, but obesity prevented later underweight. These data suggest that mild obesity in 13-year-old DMD patients (W:A between 120 and 150 %) should not be discouraged because it prevents later underweight.
Current guidelines for nut consumption are achievable and sustainable: a hazelnut intervention
Authors: Tey S. L. , Brown R. , Chisholm A. , Gray A. , Williams S. , Delahunty C. 
Published: January 2011

Nuts are known for their hypocholesterolaemic properties; however, to achieve optimal health benefits, nuts must be consumed regularly and in sufficient quantity. It is therefore important to assess the acceptability of regular consumption of nuts. The present study examined the long-term effects of hazelnut consumption in three different forms on ‘desire to consume’ and ‘overall liking’. A total of forty-eight participants took part in this randomised cross-over study with three dietary phases of 4 weeks: 30 g/d of whole, sliced and ground hazelnuts. ‘Overall liking’ was measured in a three-stage design: a pre- and post-exposure tasting session and daily evaluation over the exposure period. ‘Desire to consume’ hazelnuts was measured during the exposure period only. Ratings were measured on a 150 mm visual analogue scale. Mean ratings of ‘desire to consume’ were 92 (sd 35) mm for ground, 108 (sd 33) mm for sliced and 116 (sd 30) mm for whole hazelnuts. For ‘overall liking’, the mean ratings were 101 (sd 29) mm for ground, 110 (sd 32) mm for sliced and 118 (sd 30) mm for whole hazelnuts. Ground hazelnuts had significantly lower ratings than both sliced (P ≤ 0·034) and whole hazelnuts (P < 0·001), with no difference in ratings between sliced and whole hazelnuts (P ≥ 0·125). For each form of nut, ratings of ‘overall liking’ and ‘desire to consume’ were stable over the exposure period, indicating that not only did the participants like the nuts, but also they wished to continue eating them. Therefore, the guideline to consume nuts on a regular basis appears to be a sustainable behaviour to reduce CVD.
Acute effects of whey protein isolate on blood pressure, vascular function and inflammatory markers in overweight postmenopausal women
Authors: Pal Sebely , Ellis Vanessa 
Published: January 2011

Previous evidence indicates that chronic consumption of dairy whey proteins has beneficial effects on CVD risk factors. The present study investigated the postprandial effects of whey protein isolate on blood pressure, vascular function and inflammatory markers in overweight and obese postmenopausal women. This was a randomised, three-way cross-over design study where twenty overweight and obese postmenopausal women consumed a breakfast meal in conjunction with one of three supplements: 45 g whey protein isolate, 45 g sodium caseinate or 45 g of a glucose control. Fasting and postprandial blood samples, blood pressure and pulse wave analysis readings were taken for up to 6 h. After consumption of the meal, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and augmentation index (AI) decreased initially for all interventions and gradually returned to baseline levels by 6 h. However, there were no significant differences in AI, systolic or diastolic blood pressure within or between the glucose control, casein or whey groups. There were also no significant group effects on plasma inflammatory markers (IL-6, TNF-α and C-reactive protein). The health effects previously seen with chronic whey protein ingestion were not seen in the acute 6 h postprandial period in relation to blood pressure, vascular function or inflammatory markers when compared with casein and a glucose control. This suggests that such effects are better observed from the long-term consumption of whey proteins.
DNA barcodes for two scale insect families, mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Authors: Park D.-S. , Suh S.-J. , Hebert P.D.N. , Oh H.-W. , Hong K.-J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAlthough DNA barcode coverage has grown rapidly for many insect orders, there are some groups, such as scale insects, where sequence recovery has been difficult. However, using a recently developed primer set, we recovered barcode records from 373 specimens, providing coverage for 75 species from 31 genera in two families. Overall success was >90% for mealybugs and >80% for armored scale species. The G·C content was very low in most species, averaging just 16.3%. Sequence divergences (K2P) between congeneric species averaged 10.7%, while intra-specific divergences averaged 0.97%. However, the latter value was inflated by high intra-specific divergence in nine taxa, cases that may indicate species overlooked by current taxonomic treatments. Our study establishes the feasibility of developing a comprehensive barcode library for scale insects and indicates that its construction will both create an effective system for identifying scale insects and reveal taxonomic situations worthy of deeper analysis.
Trenchward Plio-Quaternary volcanism migration in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt: the case of the Sierra Nevada range
Authors: CADOUX ANITA , MISSENARD YVES , MARTINEZ-SERRANO RAYMUNDO G. , GUILLOU HERVÉ 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Miocene–Quaternary Trans-Mexican Volcanic arc is thought to have grown southwards (i.e. trenchward) since the Pliocene. This theory is mainly supported by roughly N–S-directed polygenetic volcanic ranges along which volcanic activity migrates southwards with time. We investigated the eruptive history of one of these ranges, the Sierra Nevada (east boundary of Mexico City basin), by compiling literature ages and providing new K–Ar dates. Our K–Ar ages are the first ones for the northernmost Tláloc and Telapón volcanoes and for the ancestral Popocatépetl (Nexpayantla). The obtained ages reveal that the four stratovolcanoes forming the range worked contemporaneously during most of the Middle to Late Pleistocene. However, taking into account the onset of the volcanic activity, a southward migration is evidenced along the Sierra Nevada: volcanism initiated at its northern tip at least 1.8 Ma ago at Tláloc volcano, extended southwards 1 Ma ago with Iztaccíhuatl and appeared at its southern end 329 ka ago with the Nexpayantla cone. Such a migration would be most probably primarily driven by Cocos slab roll-back and steepening rather than by regional crustal tectonics, which played a secondary role by controlling the apparent alignment of the volcanoes.
Applying granulated and hydrated hydrophilic polymers at sowing to sustain
seedling establishment of spring turnip rape
Authors: KÄNKÄNEN H. , AURA E. , PAHKALA K. , PELTONEN-SAINIO P. , HUUSELA-VEISTOLA E. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYOptimal temperature and soil moisture conditions for germination of spring turnip rape
(Brassica rapa L. subsp. oleifera DC.) are not often
realized in Finland. New tools for better establishment, such as water-storing polymers,
could ensure a good start for yield formation. Because technologies in field cropping must
be cost effective and easy to carry out, the amounts of polymers applied per hectare
should be small. After recording non-significant effects of granulated polymers under
field conditions and reduced emergence under dry conditions in pots, hydrated
polyacrylamide (PAM) was placed under the seeds during drilling, a technique referred to
as gel-sowing. Slightly acid PAM polymer hydrated with water was used (5–7 g
PAM/kg gel). The gel was pumped directly under the seeds at application rates of
1·0–3·4 kg PAM/ha. The PAM gel did not reduce the need for
careful preparation of the soil bed and accurate timing of sowing, but when these
prerequisites were fulfilled, the gel sustained early establishment and seedling growth.
The gel helped when circumstances after sowing did not favour germination or early
establishment. However, accurate placing of PAM gel under the seeds is challenging and
further improvements in the technique of gel-sowing could enhance its positive
effects.
A survey of the factors affecting the future intentions of Irish dairy farmers
Authors: O'DONNELL S. , HORAN B. , BUTLER A. M. , SHALLOO L. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYEU milk quota deregulation has forced many farmers to reconsider the factors that will limit milk production into the future. Factors other than milk quota such as land, labour, capital, stock, etc. will become the limiting factor for many in a post-EU milk quota scenario. While it can be postulated what the limits to production will be in a post-quota scenario, how farmers react will determine the future direction of the industry. In order to determine the future attitudes and intentions and to identify the key factors influencing farmers who intend to expand, exit, remain static or contract their businesses in the future, a survey of a large group of Irish commercial dairy farmers was carried out. The telephone survey sample was chosen randomly, based on a proportional representation of suppliers to the largest milk processor in Ireland. The sample (780 suppliers) was broken down by quota size (five quota categories, Q1–Q5), supplier region and system of production. The sample was analysed to determine the effect of key survey variables on the future intentions of dairy farmers. The survey was completed by 659 suppliers (0·82 of the sample). The proportions of farmers intending to expand were 0·28, 0·47, 0·61, 0·61 and 0·56, respectively, for Q1–Q5, while the proportions intending to exit were 0·27, 0·18, 0·08, 0·09 and 0·08, respectively. Farmers who were intent on expanding had larger total farm areas, larger milk tank capacity per litre of milk quota, more modern milking facilities, more available cow housing and more housing that could be converted at a relatively low cost and were more likely to have a successor. Of those expanding, 0·60 wanted milk quotas abolished, while 0·36 of those planning to exit wanted milk quotas abolished. The level of expansion was affected by business scale, dairy stocking rate, the additional labour required with expansion and total and milking platform farm size.