bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Site Infections Following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation of Ankle Fractures
Authors: Thangarajah T , Prasad P.S.V , Narayan B 
Published: July 2009

Background:Ankle fracture fixation is one of the most commonly performed orthopaedic procedures. Although the results are generally favourable, complications are not uncommon, particularly in the case of surgical site infections. These have considerable impact on both postoperative morbidity and healthcare costs. Paradoxically, there is a paucity of literature studying patients who sustain them and therefore little is known about ways such occurrences can be minimised. The purpose of this study was to determine the infection rate following ankle fracture fixation and elucidate variables in their causation.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 50 consecutive patients who underwent open reduction and internal fixation of an ankle fracture. The study group consisted of 26 females and 24 males with an average age of 43 (Range 16-82) years.Results:Problems with superficial infections were noted in seven patients and deep infections in five. Of the latter, four patients underwent further surgery including two that had their metal work removed. With use of the Fisher’s exact test we determined that only smoking and a bimalleolar fracture pattern were significant variables, having p-values of 0.02 and 0.04 respectively.Conclusion:We recommend that patients with ankle fractures who either have a history of smoking and/or bimalleolar injury be counselled about the potential risk of infection and its implications on their functional recovery. The ability to identify patients at risk of such problems highlights the need for caution during the perioperative period so that care strategies may be altered to facilitate recovery.
Legal Education in a World Perspective
Authors: Peñailillo Daniel 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to communicate some reflections on the present status of legal education, as well as the innovations on content and methodology which we consider necessary to implement for legal education, that can better contribute to achieve the goals of the Law in current times (preventing that the Law may hinder or delay the fluency and development of social and economic relationships). These appreciations have been influenced by some decades of experience teaching Civil Law (at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels), the observation of programs and methods run by some Latin American universities–and, to a lesser extent, by European and American universities–and by some essays on legal education with different tendencies.
Paranorm I-convergent sequence spaces
Authors: Tripathy Biond , Hazarika Bipan 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In this article we introduced the sequence spaces c
I(p), c
0I(p), m
I(p) and m
0I(p) for p = (p
k), a sequence of positive real numbers. We study some algebraic and topological properties of these spaces. We prove the decomposition theorem and obtain some inclusion relations.
An Investigation on the Growth and Characterization of Thiourea Single Crystal Grown from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Begum SA , Hossain M , Podder J 
Published: July 2009

Thiourea single crystals have been grown from aqueous solution by slow cooling technique. The stability of the saturated solutions of different pH values has been assessed by measuring the metastable zone width (MSZW) by a nucleation method. MSZW has been enhanced by the influence of pH of thiourea solution. The growth rate of the thiourea crystal along the c-direction [001] was found faster for the higher pH value of the solution. The structural, optical and mechanical properties of the grown crystals were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. FT-IR and UV-Vis spectra provide information about the presence of functional groups. The Vicker's micro-hardness study has been performed on the grown crystals and the results reveal the softening nature according to Onistch concept. The growth features of the thiourea crystals were observed by etching study. A hexagonal spiral growth was observed on the [001] faces of thiourea crystals. DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v33i1.2951 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 1, 63-70, 2009
Characterization of dye Industry Effluent and Assessment of Its Suitability for Irrigation Purpose
Authors: Jolly YN , Islam A , Mustafa AI 
Published: July 2009

A study was carried out to characterize dye industry effluent by measuring its various physicochemical characteristics and trace heavy metals and to asses its quality to be used as an alternate means of irrigation. As a case study the results obtained from the investigation of effluent of the Bangladesh Dyeing and Finishing Industries Ltd., Karnapara, Savar are reported in this study. The direct effluent (untreated effluent) and after it was treated in the laboratory (treated effluent) were investigated. As groundwater is a part of the effluent, it was also analysed. The average pH values of the untreated and treated effluents were found to be 7.83 and 5.13, respectively. The EC values of the untreated effluent (1.81mS cm-1) and treated effluent (2.01 mS cm-1) were found to be higher than that of groundwater (0.93 mS cm-1). No significant variation in pH and EC values of monthly collected effluent samples was observed. The average concentrations of trace elements except Fe were found to be lower than their DoE recommended values for irrigation land. The concentrations of Na and K in the untreated effluent were found to be higher and the Ca and Mg concentrations lower than those of the treated effluents. Assessment of the untreated and treated effluent was made based on their EC, the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and soluble sodium percent (SSP), COD and heavy trace metal contents. From the overall assessment, the treated effluent was found to be suitable for irrigation. DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v33i1.2954 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 1, 99-106, 2009
Distribution of Radionuclides in Surface Soil and Bottom Sediment in the District of Jessore, Bangladesh and Evaluation of Radiation Hazard
Authors: Kabir KA , Islam SMA , Rahman MM 
Published: July 2009

This paper presents the first reports on the natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in soil and sediment of Jessore, a south-western district of Bangladesh. Surface soil and freshwater sediment were collected from in and around some major water-bodies of this district. To assess the radiological hazard of the natural radioactivity, the radium equivalent activity, the absorbed dose rate, and the external and internal hazard indices were calculated. In the soil and sediment in general, the activity concentration of 232Th was found to be higher than that of 226Ra, while that of 40K markedly exceeds the values of both 226Ra and 232Th. The average activities of 226Ra and 232Th in this area were found to be higher than the world average. There was no activity due to fallout (137Cs) in this area. The radium equivalent activity and the absorbed dose rate due to the natural radionuclides were found to be respectively lower and higher than the world average. The external and internal hazard indices were found to be well below the hazard limit of unity. Our results compare fairly well with other published results. Key words: Soil, Sediment, Natural lake, Radioactivity, Dose rate DOI: 10.3329/jbas.v33i1.2956 Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 1, 117-130, 2009
Functional Modulation of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages by Japanese Encephalitis Virus through MyD88 Adaptor Molecule-Dependent and -Independent Pathways
Authors: Aleyas Abi G. , George Junu A. , Han Young Woo , Rahman M. M. , Kim Seon Ju , Han Sang Bae , Kim Byung Sam , Kim Koanhoi , Eo Seong Kug 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent initiators of T cell-mediated immunity that undergo maturation during viral infections. However, few reports describing the interactions of DCs with Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which remains the most frequent cause of acute and epidemic viral encephalitis, are available. In this study, we investigated the interaction of JEV with DCs and macrophages. JEV replicated its viral RNA in both cells with different efficiency, and JEV infection of macrophages followed the classical activation pathway of up-regulation of tested costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12). On the contrary, JEV-infected DCs failed to up-regulate costimulatory molecules such as CD40 and MHC class II. Of more interest, along with production of proinflammatory cytokines, DCs infected by JEV released antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10, which was not detected in macrophages. Moreover, signaling through MyD88 molecule, a pan-adaptor molecule of TLRs, and p38 MAPK in JEV-infected DCs was found to play a role in the production of cytokines and subversion of primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. We also found that IL-10 released from JEV-infected DCs led to a reduction in the priming of CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells. Taken together, our data suggest that JEV induces functional impairment of DCs through MyD88-dependent and -independent pathways, which subsequently leads to poor CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, resulting in boosting viral survival and dissemination in the body.
Peptidoglycan Enhances IL-6 Production in Human Synovial Fibroblasts via TLR2 Receptor, Focal Adhesion Kinase, Akt, and AP-1- Dependent Pathway
Authors: Chiu Yung-Cheng , Lin Ching-Yuang , Chen Chao-Ping , Huang Kui-Chou , Tong Kwok-Man , Tzeng Chung-Yuh , Lee Tu-Sheng , Hsu Horng-Chaung , Tang Chih-Hsin 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN), the major component of the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria, activates the innate immune system of the host and induces the release of cytokines and chemokines. We investigated the signaling pathway involved in IL-6 production stimulated by PGN in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. PGN caused concentration- and time-dependent increases in IL-6 production. PGN-mediated IL-6 production was attenuated by TLR2 small interfering RNA and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 small interfering RNA. Pretreatment with PI3K inhibitor (Ly294002 and wortmannin), Akt inhibitor, and AP-1 inhibitor (tanshinone IIA) also inhibited the potentiating action of PGN. PGN increased the focal adhesion kinase (FAK), PI3K, and Akt phosphorylation. Stimulation of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast cells with PGN increased the accumulation of phosphorylated c-Jun in the nucleus, AP-1-luciferase activity, and c-Jun binding to the AP-1 element on the IL-6 promoter. PGN mediated an increase in the accumulation of phosphorylated c-Jun in the nucleus, AP-1-luciferase activity, and c-Jun binding to AP-1 element was inhibited by Ly294002, Akt inhibitor, and FAK mutant. Our results suggest that PGN increased IL-6 production in human synovial fibroblasts via the TLR2 receptor/FAK/PI3K/Akt and AP-1 signaling pathway.
High Levels of Human Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cells in Peripheral Blood Revealed by Stimulated Coexpression of CD25 and CD134 (OX40)
Authors: Zaunders John J. , Munier Mee Ling , Seddiki Nabila , Pett Sarah , Ip Susanna , Bailey Michelle , Xu Yin , Brown Kai , Dyer Wayne B. , Kim Min , de Rose Robert , Kent Stephen J. , Jiang Lele , Breit Samuel N. , Emery Sean , Cunningham Anthony L. , Cooper David A. , Kelleher Anthony D. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ag-specific human CD4+ memory T lymphocytes have mostly been studied using assays of proliferation in vitro. Intracellular cytokine and ELISPOT assays quantify effector cell populations but barely detect responses to certain recall Ags that elicit strong proliferative responses, e.g., tetanus toxoid, that comprise non-Th1 CD4+ cells. We have found that culturing whole blood with Ag for 40–48 h induces specific CD4+ T cells to simultaneously express CD25 and CD134. This new technique readily detects responses to well-described CD4+ T cell recall Ags, including preparations of mycobacteria, CMV, HSV-1, influenza, tetanus toxoid, Candida albicans, and streptokinase, as well as HIV-1 peptides, with high specificity. The assay detects much higher levels of Ag-specific cells than intracellular cytokine assays, plus the cells retain viability and can be sorted for in vitro expansion. Furthermore, current in vitro assays for human CD4+ memory T lymphocytes are too labor-intensive and difficult to standardize for routine diagnostic laboratories, whereas the whole-blood CD25+CD134+ assay combines simplicity of setup with a straightforward cell surface flow cytometry readout. In addition to revealing the true extent of Ag-specific human CD4+ memory T lymphocytes, its greatest use will be as a simple in vitro monitor of CD4+ T cell responses to Ags such as tuberculosis infection or vaccines.
TLR4-Mediated Signaling Induces MMP9-Dependent Cleavage of B Cell Surface CD23
Authors: Jackson Leila , Cady Carol T. , Cambier John C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
IgE production is inversely regulated by circulating and B cell surface levels of the low affinity IgE receptor, CD23. To begin to understand physiologic determinants of CD23 expression, we analyzed effects of BCR and TLR stimulation on CD23 levels. BCR and TLR 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 agonists induced CD23 down-modulation from the cell surface. However, among the ligands only TLR4 agonists induced transcriptional activation of CD23 and generation of significant soluble CD23. These responses were induced by LPS both in vitro and in vivo, and were seen in both murine and human B cells. LPS also induced expression of matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9) and failed to induce CD23 cleaving activity in MMP9−/− cells, thus implicating MMP9 in the LPS-induced release of CD23 from the cell surface. Finally, type 1 transitional B cells uniquely produce MMP9 in response to LPS, suggesting a mechanism wherein endotoxin induces T1 cell expression of MMP9, which mediates cleavage of CD23 on distinct, mature B cells.
P2X1 Ion Channels Promote Neutrophil Chemotaxis through Rho Kinase Activation
Authors: Lecut Christelle , Frederix Kim , Johnson Daniel M. , Deroanne Christophe , Thiry Marc , Faccinetto Céline , Marée Raphaël , Evans Richard J. , Volders Paul G. A. , Bours Vincent , Oury Cécile 
Published: July 2009

AbstractATP, released at the leading edge of migrating neutrophils, amplifies chemotactic signals. The aim of our study was to investigate whether neutrophils express ATP-gated P2X1 ion channels and whether these channels could play a role in chemotaxis. Whole-cell patch clamp experiments showed rapidly desensitizing currents in both human and mouse neutrophils stimulated with P2X1 agonists, αβ-methylene ATP (αβMeATP) and βγMeATP. These currents were strongly impaired or absent in neutrophils from P2X1−/− mice. In Boyden chamber assays, αβMeATP provoked chemokinesis and enhanced formylated peptide- and IL-8-induced chemotaxis of human neutrophils. This agonist similarly increased W-peptide-induced chemotaxis of wild-type mouse neutrophils, whereas it had no effect on P2X1−/− neutrophils. In human as in mouse neutrophils, αβMeATP selectively activated the small RhoGTPase RhoA that caused reversible myosin L chain phosphorylation. Moreover, the αβMeATP-elicited neutrophil movements were prevented by the two Rho kinase inhibitors, Y27632 and H1152. In a gradient of W-peptide, P2X1−/− neutrophils migrated with reduced speed and displayed impaired trailing edge retraction. Finally, neutrophil recruitment in mouse peritoneum upon Escherichia coli injection was enhanced in wild-type mice treated with αβMeATP, whereas it was significantly impaired in the P2X1−/− mice. Thus, activation of P2X1 ion channels by ATP promotes neutrophil chemotaxis, a process involving Rho kinase-dependent actomyosin-mediated contraction at the cell rear. These ion channels may therefore play a significant role in host defense and inflammation.
E-Prostanoid 3 Receptor Deletion Improves Pulmonary Host Defense and Protects Mice from Death in SevereStreptococcus pneumoniaeInfection
Authors: Aronoff David M. , Lewis Casey , Serezani Carlos H. , Eaton Kathryn A. , Goel Deepti , Phipps John C. , Peters-Golden Marc , Mancuso Peter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractProstaglandins (PGs) are potent lipid mediators that are produced during infections and whose synthesis and signaling networks present potential pharmacologic targets for immunomodulation. PGE2 acts through the ligation of four distinct G protein-coupled receptors, E-prostanoid (EP) 1–4. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the activation of the Gαs-coupled EP2 and EP4 receptors suppresses inflammatory responses to microbial pathogens through cAMP-dependent signaling cascades. Although it is speculated that PGE2 signaling via the Gαi-coupled EP3 receptor might counteract EP2/EP4 immunosuppression in the context of bacterial infection (or severe inflammation), this has not previously been tested in vivo. To address this, we infected wild-type (EP3+/+) and EP3−/− mice with the important respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae or injected mice i.p. with LPS. Unexpectedly, we observed that EP3−/− mice were protected from mortality after infection or LPS. The enhanced survival observed in the infected EP3−/− mice correlated with enhanced pulmonary clearance of bacteria; reduced accumulation of lung neutrophils; lower numbers of circulating blood leukocytes; and an impaired febrile response to infection. In vitro studies revealed improved alveolar macrophage phagocytic and bactericidal capacities in EP3−/− cells that were associated with an increased capacity to generate NO in response to immune stimulation. Our studies underscore the complex nature of PGE2 immunomodulation in the context of host-microbial interactions in the lung. Pharmacological targeting of the PGE2-EP3 axis represents a novel area warranting greater investigative interest in the prevention and/or treatment of infectious diseases.
Transgenic Expression of Single-Chain Anti-CTLA-4 Fv on β Cells Protects Nonobese Diabetic Mice from Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Shieh Shing-Jia , Chou Feng-Cheng , Yu Pei-Ning , Lin Wen-Chi , Chang Deh-Ming , Roffler Steve R. , Sytwu Huey-Kang 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
T cell-mediated immunodestruction of pancreatic β cells is the key process responsible for both the development of autoimmune diabetes and the induction of rejection during islet transplantation. In this study, we investigate the hypothesis that transgenic expression of an agonistic, membrane-bound single-chain anti-CTLA-4 Fv (anti-CTLA-4 scFv) on pancreatic β cells can inhibit autoimmune processes by selectively targeting CTLA-4 on pathogenic T cells. Strikingly, transgenic expression of anti-CTLA-4 scFv on pancreatic β cells significantly protected NOD mice from spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Interestingly, local expression of this CTLA-4 agonist did not alter the diabetogenic properties of systemic lymphocytes, because splenocytes from transgenic mice or their nontransgenic littermates equally transferred diabetes in NOD/SCID recipients. By analyzing the T cell development in anti-CTLA-4 scFv/Th1/Th2 triple transgenic mice, we found that β cell-specific expression of CTLA-4 agonist did not affect the development of Th1/Th2 or CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Most strikingly, islets from transgenic mice inhibited T cell response to immobilized anti-CD3 in a T cell-islet coculture system, suggesting a trans-mediated inhibition provided by transgenic islets. Finally, transgenic islets implanted in diabetic recipients survived much longer than did wild-type islets, indicating a therapeutic potential of this genetically modified islet graft in autoimmune diabetes.
Epitaxial Growth of Highly Oriented Fibers of Semiconducting Polymers with a Shish‐Kebab‐Like Superstructure
Authors: Brinkmann Martin , Chandezon Frédéric , Pansu Robert B. , Julien‐Rabant Carine 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHighly oriented fibers of regioregular poly(3‐alkylthiophene)s (P3ATs) showing a “shish‐kebab” morphology are prepared by oriented epitaxial crystallization in a mixture of 1,3,5‐trichlorobenzene (TCB) and pyridine. The superstructure of the P3AT fibers consists of an oriented thread‐like core several hundreds of micrometers long, the “shish”, onto which lateral crystalline fibrils made of folded polymer chains, the “kebabs”, are connected in a periodic way with a periodicity in the range 18–30 nm. The P3AT‐chain axis is oriented parallel to the fiber axis whereas the π‐stacking direction is oriented perpendicular to it. The oriented character of the shish‐kebab fibers results in polarized optical absorption and photoluminescence. The formation of oriented precursors by epitaxial orientation of polymer chains onto long needles of a molecular crystal—TCB in the present case—appears to be an original alternative to the crystallization usually performed under external flow conditions.
A projection‐based method for production planning of multiproduct facilities
Authors: Sung Charles , Maravelias Christos T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn algorithm is presented for identifying the projection of a scheduling model's feasible region onto the space of production targets. The projected feasible region is expressed using one of two mixed‐integer programming formulations, which can be readily used to address integrated production planning and scheduling problems that were previously intractable. Production planning is solved in combination with a surrogate model representing the region of feasible production amounts to provide optimum production targets, while a detailed scheduling is solved in a rolling‐horizon manner to define feasible schedules for meeting these targets. The proposed framework provides solutions of higher quality and yields tighter bounds than previously proposed approaches. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Migration and sedimentation of spherical particles in a yield stress fluid flowing in a horizontal cylindrical pipe
Authors: Merkak Othmane , Jossic Laurent , Magnin Albert 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study looks at the dynamics of a particle suspended in a viscoplastic fluid, flowing in a horizontal circular cylindrical pipe. Inertia effects are negligible in comparison with viscous effects and plastic effects. The suspensions are highly stabilized and at rest the spheres cannot settle under gravity alone. The results of Merkak et al. (AIChE J. 2008;54:1129–1138) are extended, taking into consideration both particles of the same density or denser than the fluid and pipe‐to‐particle diameter ratios of 8 or 56. New migration phenomena in the sheared zone are thus evidenced when buoyancy forces are nil. In the case of particles denser than the fluid, it is shown how the spheres settle by bypassing the plug‐flow zone. A map showing the stability of flowing suspensions could, thus, be drawn. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009