bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical care nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and practices of oral care for patients with oral endotracheal intubation: a questionnaire survey
Authors: Lin Ying‐Siou , Chang Jung‐Chen , Chang Tsyr‐Huei , Lou Meei‐Fang 
Published: August 2011

Aim.  This study investigated intensive care unit nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and practices of oral care for intubated patients together with the associated factors of the same.Background.  Effective oral care improves patient comfort and prevents oral infection. Although oral care is a common requirement of nursing practice, providing intubated patients with oral care is a challenging task.Design.  A descriptive, cross‐sectional design.Methods.  This study applied purposive sampling method at 12 adult intensive care units in one medical centre in northern Taiwan. Two hundred and five nurses were recruited. Data were collected by structured questionnaires which consisted of four sections: knowledge, attitudes and practices of oral care for intubated patients and demographic information for the nurses.Results.  The average percentages indicating the intensive care unit nurses’ oral care knowledge, attitudes and practices were 58·8, 79·4 and 49·8%, respectively. Higher scores on oral care knowledge were associated with nurses performing oral care more frequently. Nurses learning about oral care from reading related studies and materials of their own accord may increase the frequency with which they provide oral care to intubated patients. The nurses’ age and the type of intensive care unit they work in were significant factors related to the frequency of performing practices related to oral care.Conclusion.  Findings show that nurses who have more resources for learning about oral care have greater knowledge about it and provide oral care to intubated patients more frequently.Relevance to clinical practice.  Encouraging nurses to learn more about oral care using diverse educational resources will enhance their knowledge and improve their practice. Nursing administrators are encouraged to establish policies and procedures for oral care of intubated patients based on the type of patients cared for, in addition to holding in‐service training, with a view to enhancing the quality of oral care for critically ill patients.
Endocannabinoid system and proopiomelanocortin gene expression in peripartal bovine liver in response to prepartal plane of nutrition
Authors: Khan M. J. , Graugnard D. E. , Loor J. J. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryEndocannabinoids are fatty acid amides (FAE; oleoylethanolamide and anandamide) which have orexigenic, anorexigenic or anti‐inflammatory properties. We examined mRNA expression via qPCR of endocannabinoid receptors (CNR1 and CNR2), enzymes that synthesize FAE (HRASLS5 and N‐acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D), enzymes that degrade FAE [fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), N‐acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) and monoglyceride lipase (MGLL)], and the hormone precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in liver at −14, 7, 14 and 30 days around parturition from cows fed with a control (CON; NEL = 1.34 Mcal/kg) or moderate‐energy (OVER; NEL = 1.62 Mcal/kg) diet during the dry period. Expression of CNR2 and POMC was greater at 7 days in cows fed with OVER because of a decrease in expression between −14 and 7 days in cows fed with CON. Cows fed with CON had an increase in expression of FAAH, HRASLS5, NAA, MGLL and POMC between 7 and 14 days; for FAAH and HRASLS5, such response led to greater expression at 14 days vs. cows fed with OVER. Cows fed with OVER vs. CON had a approximately twofold increase in expression of MGLL between −14 and 7 days followed by a gradual decrease through 30 days at which point expression was still greater in OVER vs. CON. FAAH, MGLL and HRASLS5 were the most abundant genes measured. Expression of the hepatic endocannabinoid system and POMC was altered by plane of dietary energy prepartum particularly during the first 2‐week postpartum. Such responses may play a role in the physiological adaptations to the onset of lactation, including energy balance and feed intake.
Effectiveness of a self‐efficacy program for persons with diabetes: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wu Shu‐Fang Vivienne , Lee Mei‐Chen , Liang Shu‐Yuan , Lu Yu‐Ying , Wang Tsae‐Jyy , Tung Heng‐Hsin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of a self‐efficacy program for persons with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan. A randomized controlled trial was designed (n = 145), with 72 participants in the intervention group and 73 in the control group. The participants were pretested to establish a baseline and then post‐tests were undertaken 3 and 6 months after the baseline data were collected. The participants in the intervention group received the standard diabetes education program and an additional self‐efficacy program. The scores for efficacy expectations, outcome expectations, and self‐care activities had significantly increased in the intervention group at the 3 and 6 month follow‐ups, when compared to those of the control group. A smaller proportion of the participants in the intervention group had been hospitalized or had visited an emergency room than in the control group at the 6 month follow‐up. This study revealed that a self‐efficacy program for diabetes was acceptable and effective in the short term in the self‐management of persons with type 2 diabetes.
Development of a community participation program for diabetes mellitus prevention in a primary care unit, Thailand
Authors: Oba Nongnut , McCaffrey Ruth , Choonhapran Paungphen , Chutug Pensri , Rueangram Sujin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to create and test a prevention model for diabetes mellitus in a primary care unit in Thailand. This study used a three‐stage approach: a situational analysis was conducted by a focus group discussion, a model was developed in a brainstorming session with stakeholders, and the model was tested by community participation. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect and analyze the data. The focus group discussion found that co‐operation between health volunteers and primary care unit personnel in relation to diabetes screening, as well as defining the role of nurse practitioners who provide diabetic treatment, was important. The proactive model that was used for preventing diabetes mellitus was a health promotion program. It was trialed with 160 persons with prediabetes for 3 months. After the intervention, the mean score for exercise activity among the persons with prediabetes was significantly higher, while the mean score of the Body Mass Index, waist circumference, and systolic blood pressure were significantly lower than before the intervention. This meant that community participation provided proactive services to Thai persons with prediabetes.
Systematic review of small bowel diaphragm disease requiring surgery
Authors: Slesser A. A. P. , Wharton R. , Smith G. V. , Buchanan G. N. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim  To perform a systematic review of all cases of small bowel diaphragm disease requiring surgery. Small bowel diaphragm disease is a rare complication of small bowel enteropathy secondary to the use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The objective was to determine the presenting symptoms, duration of NSAID use, mode of diagnosis and type of surgery associated with cases of small bowel diaphragm disease requiring surgery.Method  A comprehensive search of the world literature between January 1980 and December 2010 was undertaken. The search terms ‘diaphragm disease’ and ‘mucosal diaphragm disease’ in combination with the terms ‘surgery’, ‘intestine’ or ‘small bowel’ were used. All cases of small bowel diaphragm disease requiring surgery in adult patients within the the last 30 years were included. Data including age, gender, mode of presentation, NSAID use, mode of diagnosis, form of surgery, affected area of small bowel and mortality were recorded and analysed.Results  There were 55 cases of small bowel diaphragm disease requiring surgery (31F:18M) with a median age of 69 years. NSAID use occurred in 44 cases and the mean duration of NSAID use was 7 years. The most common presentation was with anaemia in combination with obstructive symptoms. The diagnosis was established by a laparotomy in 51% of cases followed by capsule endoscopy in 25% of cases. Operations performed included small bowel resection (56), combined resection and strictureplasty (three), strictureplasty (one) and hemicolectomy (two). There was only one death.Conclusion  Small bowel diaphragm disease presenting as a surgical emergency is likely to become more common due to the increased use of NSAIDs. A history of NSAID use in patients with iron deficiency anaemia or obstructive symptoms should lead to a high index of suspicion for this condition and should be preoperatively investigated.
How pressure is applied in shared decisions about antipsychotic medication: a conversation analytic study of psychiatric outpatient consultations
Authors: Quirk Alan , Chaplin Rob , Lelliott Paul , Seale Clive 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe professional identity of psychiatry depends on it being regarded as one amongst many medical specialties and sharing ideals of good practice with other specialties, an important marker of which is the achievement of shared decision‐making and avoiding a reputation for being purely agents of social control. Yet the interactions involved in trying to achieve shared decision‐making are relatively unexplored in psychiatry. This study analyses audiotapes of 92 outpatient consultations involving nine consultant psychiatrists focusing on how pressure is applied in shared decisions about antipsychotic medication. Detailed conversation analysis reveals that some shared decisions are considerably more pressured than others. At one end of a spectrum of pressure are pressured shared decisions, characterised by an escalating cycle of pressure and resistance from which it is difficult to exit without someone losing face. In the middle are directed decisions, where the patient cooperates with being diplomatically steered by the psychiatrist. At the other extreme are open decisions where the patient is allowed to decide, with the psychiatrist exerting little or no pressure. Directed and open decisions occurred most frequently; pressured decisions were rarer. Patient risk did not appear to influence the degree of pressure applied in these outpatient consultations.
KIERKEGAARD AND EVANS ON THE PROBLEM OF ABRAHAM
Authors: Manis R. Zachary 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTA significant challenge faces any ethic that endorses the view that divine commands are sufficient to impose moral obligations; in this paper, I focus on Kierkegaard's ethic, in particular. The challenge to be addressed is the “modernized” problem of Abraham, popularized especially by Fear and Trembling: the dilemma that an agent faces when a being claiming to be God issues a command to the agent that, by the agent's own lights, seems not to be the kind of command that a loving God would issue. Against a solution to this problem proposed by C. Stephen Evans in Kierkegaard's Ethic of Love, I argue that Kierkegaard regards this scenario as never actually resulting in a fully responsible agent's performance of some horrendous action on account of her non‐culpable misinterpretation of God's will and/or failure to discern correctly whether a perceived moral imperative truly is divine in origin.
JUST WAR THEORY, HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION, AND THE NEED FOR A DEMOCRATIC FEDERATION
Authors: Davenport John J. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe primary purpose of government is to secure public goods that cannot be achieved by free markets. The Coordination Principle tells us to consolidate sovereign power in a single institution to overcome collective action problems that otherwise prevent secure provision of the relevant public goods. There are several public goods that require such coordination at the global level, chief among them being basic human rights. The claim that human rights require global coordination is supported in three main steps. First, I consider Pogge's and Habermas's analyses as alternatives to Hobbesian conceptions of justice. Second, I consider the core conventions of international law, which are in tension with the primacy of state sovereignty in the UN system. Third, I argue that the just war tradition does not limit just causes for war to self‐defense; it supports saving innocent third parties from crimes against humanity as a just reason for war. While classical authors focused less on this issue, the point is especially clear in twentieth‐century just war theories, such as those offered by the American Catholic bishops, Jean Elshtain, Brian Orend, and Michael Walzer. Against Walzer, I argue that we add intractable military tyranny to the list of horrors meriting intervention if otherad bellumconditions are met. But these results require us to reexamine the “just authority” of first resort to govern such interventions. The Coordination Principle implies that we should create a transnational federation with consolidated powers in place of a treaty organization requiring near‐unanimity. But to be legitimate, such a global institution must also be directly answerable to the citizens of its member states. While the UN Security Council is inadequate on both counts, a federation of democracies with a directly elected executive and legislature could meet both conditions.
Tenant satisfaction assessment in social housing in England: How reliable? How meaningful?
Authors: Pawson Hal , Sosenko Filip 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSince the 1980s there has been a growing emphasis on consumerizing welfare services as a form of provider accountability and as part of the commercialization of public agencies, which has formed part of the New Public Management reforms. Associated with this, the structured measurement of tenant satisfaction is well established in England's social housing sector and has become increasingly important in informing official assessments of social landlord effectiveness. This paper investigates whether published tenant satisfaction scores are sufficiently reliable and robust to serve as a pre‐eminent and unambiguous service quality measure, examines the validity of comparing recorded satisfaction rates for social landlords operating in different social and demographic contexts, and looks into how raw survey results could be adjusted to take account of ‘context’ factors outside a landlord's direct control.
Understanding consumption behaviours for fair trade non‐food products: focusing on self‐transcendence and openness to change values
Authors: Ma Yoon Jin , Lee Hyun‐Hwa 
Published: August 2011

AbstractUsing the Schwartz value system, this study explored the personal values of consumers related to fair trade product consumption. This study further investigated how the values determine beliefs, attitudes and purchase intentions associated with fair trade non‐food products. Data were collected using an online survey from a random sample of 1824 nationwide consumers. The results of this study revealed that fair trade purchasers show a higher level of self‐transcendence (universalism, benevolence) and openness to change values (self‐direction, stimulation) than non‐purchasers. These values also have positive effects on the formation of beliefs, attitudes and purchase intentions pertaining to fair trade non‐food products. Fair trade purchasers were also found to possess distinctive socio‐demographic characteristics concerning age, education and income. Findings can offer marketers specific information regarding consumers' motivations to purchase fair trade goods, which can improve targeting of products and ultimately increase the business and benefits of fair trade.
Lifestyle Factors of People with Exceptional Longevity
Authors: Rajpathak Swapnil N. , Liu Yingheng , Ben‐David Orit , Reddy Saritha , Atzmon Gil , Crandall Jill , Barzilai Nir 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVES: To assess lifestyle factors including physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary habits in men and women with exceptional longevity.DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study.SETTING: A cohort of community‐dwelling Ashkenazi Jewish individuals with exceptional longevity defined as survival and living independently at age 95 and older.PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred seventy‐seven individuals (mean 97.3±2.8, range 95–109; 74.6% women) and a subset of participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I (n=3,164) representing the same birth cohort as a comparison group.MEASUREMENTS: A trained interviewer administrated study questionnaires to collect information on lifestyle factors and collected data on anthropometry.RESULTS: People with exceptional longevity had similar mean body mass index (men, 25.4±2.8 kg/m2 vs 25.6±4.0 kg/m2, P=.63; women, 25.0±3.5 kg/m2 vs 24.9±5.4 kg/m2; P=.90) and a similar proportion of daily alcohol consumption (men, 23.9 vs 22.4, P=.77; women, 12.1 vs 11.3, P=.80), of regular physical activity (men: 43.1 vs 57.2; P=.07; women: 47.0 vs 44.1, P=.76), and of a low‐calorie diet (men: 20.8 vs 21.1, P=.32; women: 27.3 vs 27.1, P=.14) as the NHANES I population.CONCLUSION: People with exceptional longevity are not distinct in terms of lifestyle factors from the general population, suggesting that people with exceptional longevity may interact with environmental factors differently than others. This requires further investigation.
Trivanillic polyphenols with anticancer cytostatic effects through the targeting of multiple kinases and intracellular Ca2+ release
Authors: Lamoral‐Theys Delphine , Wauthoz Nathalie , Heffeter Petra , Mathieu Véronique , Jungwirth Utte , Lefranc Florence , Nève Jean , Dubois Jacques , Dufrasne François , Amighi Karim , Berger Walter , Gailly Philippe , Kiss Robert 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCancer cells exhibit de‐regulation of multiple cellular signalling pathways and treatments of various types of cancers with polyphenols are promising. We recently reported the synthesis of a series of 33 novel divanillic and trivanillic polyphenols that displayed anticancer activity, at least in vitro, through inhibiting various kinases. This study revealed that minor chemical modifications of a trivanillate scaffold could convert cytotoxic compounds into cytostatic ones. Compound 13c, a tri‐chloro derivative of trivanillic ester, displayed marked inhibitory activities against FGF‐, VEGF‐, EGF‐ and Src‐related kinases, all of which are implicated not only in angiogenesis but also in the biological aggressiveness of various cancer types. The pan‐anti‐kinase activity of 13c occurs at less than one‐tenth of its mean IC50in vitro growth inhibitory concentrations towards a panel of 12 cancer cell lines. Of the 26 kinases for which 13c inhibited their activity by >75%, eight (Yes, Fyn, FGF‐R1, EGFR, Btk, Mink, Ret and Itk) are implicated in control of the actin cytoskeleton organization to varying degrees. Compound 13c accordingly impaired the typical organization of the actin cytoskeleton in human U373 glioblastoma cells. The pan‐anti‐kinase activity and actin cytoskeleton organization impairment provoked by 13c concomitantly occurs with calcium homeostasis impairment but without provoking MDR phenotype activation. All of these anticancer properties enabled 13c to confer therapeutic benefits in vivo in a mouse melanoma pseudometastatic lung model. These data argue in favour of further chemically modifying trivanillates to produce novel and potent anticancer drugs.
Severe allergic reactions to para‐phenylenediamine in children and adolescents: should the patch test concentration of PPD be changed?
Authors: Spornraft‐Ragaller Petra , Kämmerer Eva , Gillitzer Claus , Schmitt Jochen 
Published: August 2011

SummaryBackground: Semipermanent henna tattoos containing para‐phenylenediamine (PPD) are a well‐known cause of severe contact dermatitis, mainly in children. Another relevant exposure source to PPD are hair dyes, which are increasingly used by children and have also been reported to cause intense facial and scalp dermatitis. German patch test guidelines for children recommend that PPD should only be tested in patients who have had a henna tattoo, and then at a reduced concentration of PPD 0.5 % for 24 hours.Patients and methods: We report on patch test results in four patients, three children and one adolescent, with a history of contact dermatitis to henna tattoos or hair dye. We used the recommended or even lower patch test concentrations of PPD with 24‐hours exposure in all patients.Results and conclusion: All patients showed very strong patch test reactions to PPD and cross‐reactions to related compounds even after dilution of PPD to as low as 0.05 %. Therefore, we suggest that in children with a history of allergic reactions to this compound, a titration test should be performed beginning at a concentration of maximal 0.05 %. This procedure has also been proposed previously based on a larger cases series in adults.
Biologics in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Taïeb Alain , Seneschal Julien , Mossalayi M. Djavad 
Published: August 2011

SummaryAtopic dermatitis (AD) accounts for a significant share of chronic inflammatory skin disorders. There is a niche for the development of biologics to treat recalcitrant autoinflammatory stage AD seen mostly in adults. The heterogeneity of patient response to various existing biotherapies points to involvement of various immune responses and suggests that therapies must preferably target early development of allergen‐specific B‐ and T‐cell clones. In addition to immune targets, tissue factors that help restore the normal epidermal environment constitute interesting therapeutic tools. Several approaches are needed to find the appropriate targets in a field where so many have been investigated without definitive proof of concept for human systemic therapy. The keys to success are probably (1) to influence the inflammatory skin pattern towards less pruritogenic effects, requiring us to better understand pruritogenic inflammation and (2) to limit the amplification loop of disease by attacking abnormal regulatory mechanisms which perpetuate skin autoinflammation.
Association of toll‐like receptor 2 polymorphisms with somatic cell score in Xinjiang Brown cattle
Authors: BAI Jie , LIN Jiapeng , LI Wenrong , LIU Mingjun 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThis study aims to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in the TLR2 gene, and analyze the association of SNPs or haplotypes and somatic cell scores in 151 Xinjiang Brown cattle and 138 Holsteins to evaluate the role of TLR2 during intramammary infections. TLR2 coding region was amplified by PCR and screened for SNP sequencing. Genotypes and frequencies of SNPs were identified. Finally, the associations of genotypes or haplotypes and somatic cell scores (SCS) were analyzed. The results showed that: (i) 15 SNPs (E+653, E+945, E+978, E+1010, E+1250, E+1688, E+1707, E+1779, E+1782, E+1891, E+1995, E+2025, E+2055, E+2214 and E+2295) were observed and detected from 289 cows; (ii) distribution of the 14 SNPs were significantly different from Xinjiang Brown cattle and Holstein (P < 0.001) except for the E+945 (P > 0.05); (iii) in 11 SNPs (E+945, E+978, E+1010, E+1688, E+1707, E+1779, E+1782, E+1995, E+2025, E+2055 and E+2214), the SCS of AB genotype was lower than AA (P < 0.05) in Xinjiang Brown cattle; and (iv) haplotypes composed of the above‐mentioned 11 SNPs were constructed. The SCS of cattle with Hap5 was lower than that of Hap3 (P < 0.05). This suggests that Hap5 might play an important role in sub‐mastitis resistance in Xinjiang Brown cattle.