bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retro‐Enantio N‐Methylated Peptides as β‐Amyloid Aggregation Inhibitors
Authors: Grillo‐Bosch Dolors , Carulla Natàlia , Cruz Montse , Sánchez Laia , Pujol‐Pina Rosa , Madurga Sergio , Rabanal Francesc , Giralt Ernest 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn emerging and attractive target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease is to inhibit the aggregation of β‐amyloid protein (Aβ). We applied the retro‐enantio concept to design an N‐methylated peptidic inhibitor of the Aβ42 aggregation process. This inhibitor, inrD, as well as the corresponding all‐L (inL) and all‐D (inD) analogues were assayed for inhibition of Aβ42 aggregation. They were also screened in neuroblastoma cell cultures to assess their capacity to inhibit Aβ42 cytotoxicity and evaluated for proteolytic stability. The results reveal that inrD and inD inhibit Aβ42 aggregation more effectively than inL, that inrD decreases Aβ42 cytotoxicity to a greater extent than inL and inD, and that as expected, both inD and inrD are stable to proteases. Based on these results, we propose that the retro‐enantio approach should be considered in future designs of peptide inhibitors of protein aggregation.
Design, Synthesis, and SAR of Naphthyl‐Substituted Diarylpyrimidines as Non‐Nucleoside Inhibitors of HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Liang Yong‐Hong , Feng Xiao‐Qing , Zeng Zhao‐Sen , Chen Fen‐Er , Balzarini Jan , Pannecouque Christophe , De Clercq Erik 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA series of 38 2‐naphthyl‐substituted diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) analogues, characterized by various substitution patterns on the pyrimidine and naphthalene rings, was synthesized in a straightforward fashion by means of parallel synthesis and evaluated as inhibitors of the HIV‐1 wild‐type and double mutant (K103N+Y181C) strains. Most of the compounds displayed strong activity against wild‐type HIV‐1. The most active compound, with a cyano group at position C6 on the naphthalene ring, exhibited activity against wild‐type HIV‐1 with an EC50 value of 0.002 μM and against the double mutant strain with an EC50 value of 0.24 μM; the selectivity index (SI) against wild‐type is >180 000, the highest SI value among DAPY analogues. The structure–activity relationship (SAR) of the newly synthesized DAPYs is presented herein.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in homosexual men: Psychological distress and psychotherapy
Authors: Mulder C. L. , Antoni M. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a decline in immunological functioning with time. This may lead to the occurrence of HIV‐related symptoms or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is likely to be a terminal condition. The knowledge of having a positive HIV antibody test, therefore, brings about a psychosocial crisis in many individuals. This papers discusses the type of problems that HIV‐infected homosexual men are confronted with during the various stages of the disease, and the characteristics of persons who are particularly vulnerable to developing these problems. In addition, a short review will be presented of what is known about the effect of psychosocial factors on progression of HIV infection. Finally, strategies for psychosocial intervention, and recommendations for psychotherapists will be presented.
The relation between perceived attitudes in unipolar depressive inpatients
Authors: Richter J. , Eisemann M. , Ferris C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe relation between parental rearing behaviour and cognitive distortions (according to Beck's theory of depression) in adult life has been examined in a sample of 185 depressed inpatients.Especially such parental rearing factors as rejection, maternal shaming and guilt‐engendering, tolerance, affection and stimulating showed highly significant correlations with the factors de‐pressogenic Information processing, perfectionistic attitudes and self‐esteem depending on the approval of others from the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). The results both confirm aspects of cognitively‐oriented diathesis‐stress models and of the integrative vulnerability model by Perris.
Post traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of behavioural and cognitive behavioural interventions and treatments
Authors: Hughes Jamie G. H. Hacker , Thompson James 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews several published reports of behavioural and cognitive behavioural treatments of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). It is shown that, despite slightly different mixes of ingredients, these show broad similarities in approach. Two main categories of treatment can broadly be distinguished: Anxiety Management Techniques (AMT) and Direct Therapeutic Exposure (DTE). The principles on which DTE is based may, it is argued, be understood in ways already outlined in Pavlovian Conditioning. A new model, the CEASE Model, is proposed which effectively describes the sequence in which these processes operate over the course of the development and subsequent treatment of PTSD. Many case reports and controlled studies are evaluated and it is shown that these indicate the success of treatment approaches that have as their basis the CEASE Model.
Restraint theory and its implications for obesity treatment
Authors: Ogden Jane 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRestraint theory was developed to evaluate both causes and consequences of attempts to restrict food intake for the purpose of weight maintenance. Research suggests that restraint has many negative consequences including lowered mood and overeating behaviour and that restrained eating is best characterized as an intention which is only occasionally realized. The present paper reviews the restraint literature and examines the implications of restraint theory for obesity treatment. It assesses the role of restraint in both traditional and contemporary behavioural treatment packages for obesity and concludes that if restraint is detrimental to both the physical and psychological health of the normal weight individual, it should not be recommended as a solution to the physical and psychological problems of the obese.
Behavioural therapy in patients with chronic skin disease
Authors: Jaspers Jan P. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article describes the possibilities and limitations of behavioural therapy for patients with chronic skin disease. Attention is firstly paid to the psychosocial consequences of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis and the influence of stress on the course of the dermatoses. Subsequently behavioural therapy methods are described and an evaluation is made of effect studies on this topic. The following approaches are discussed: hypnosis, stress management (biofeedback and relaxation training) and habit reversal.1
Schema change processes in cognitive therapy
Authors: Padesky Christine A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSchemas are core beliefs which cognitive therapists hypothesize play a central role in the maintenance of long‐term psychiatric problems. Clinical methods are described which can be used with clients to weaken maladaptive schemas and construct new, more adaptive schemas. Guidelines are presented for identifying maladaptive and alternative, more adaptive schemas. Case examples illustrate the use of continuum methods, positive data logs, historical tests of schema, psychodrama, and core belief worksheets to change schemas. Specification of therapeutic methods for changing schemas can lead to the development of treatment standards and protocols to measure the impact of schema change on chronic problems.
A rapid stabilization cognitive group therapy programme for psychiatric inpatients
Authors: Simon Karen M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper describes a programme for inpatients with severe personality disorders as well as acute exacerbation of Axis II pathology. The goal of the programme was to quickly stabilize participants with respect to self‐injurious behaviour and return them to the community. The programme consisted of frequent coordinated cognitive group therapy sessions with supporting written and audiovisual materials. The groups were open‐ended and heterogenous, and employed educational and experiential‐affective components. An extended group case example is presented in order to illustrate the operation of the programme. The range of typical participants is described, including their diagnoses, treatment plans, and homework assignments. Some comments on the personal and professional difficulties encountered by therapists working with this population are described as well as some suggestions for alleviating those difficulties.
Cognitive behavioural treatment of obsessive compulsive personality disorder
Authors: Pretzel James , Hampl Steven 
Published: July 2009

AbstractClients with Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD) take normally positive characteristics such as conscientiousness and attention to detail to such an extreme that these characteristics become seriously dysfunctional This disorder has received only limited attention from cognitive‐behavioural investigators and the one empirical investigation of the treatment of individuals with OCPD found that simply inducing these individuals to engage in treatment was difficult This paper presents a cognitive‐behavioural conceptualization of OCPD and uses a detailed case example to illustrate an approach to intervention which shows promise for providing an effective approach to intervention.
The characteristics of obsessional thinking: Difficulty demonstrating the obvious?
Authors: Tallis Frank 
Published: July 2009

AbstractClinical observations suggest that attention to detail, indecision, and doubt, are reliably associated with obsessive‐compulsive disorder and obsessional personality disorder. Several experimental investigations have sought to demonstrate the cognitive substrates of these clinical features. Category formation, decision making, and mnestic impairment have been the principal foci of academic interest. A critical review of this literature suggests that results are inconsistent, attributable to mood, or undemonstrated in clinical populations. Further work correcting for previous methodological weaknesses is necessary. Suggestions are made with respect to new areas worthy of investigation. The administration of neuropsychological tests of frontal lobe functioning to obsessional patients is recommended. Further, investigations of ‘epistemological sense’ are recommended. Finally, a new treatment strategy for compulsive checkers—inspired by the mnestic deficit hypothesis—is described. Continued investigation of the cognitive substrates of obsessional illness is considered to be a worthwhile endeavour. Such investigations extend the remit of cognitive clinical psychology, compliment advances in biological psychiatry, and suggest novel treatment interventions.
Operant procedures applied to a conversion disorder
Authors: Kop Pieter F. M. , van der Heijden Hanno P. , Hoogduin Kees A. L. , Schaap Cas P. D. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractConversion symptoms, as identified by the existing classification systems, do not form a single unitary class. It is therefore difficult to find an adequate treatment that closely connects to the basic characteristics of the disease. Instead, we designed a treatment method that closely relates to the behavioural aspects of a conversion disorder. We reasoned that motor patterns can be taught straightforwardly by means of operant conditioning methods and that movement disorders in conversion should be treated accordingly. Our case study shows that carefully retraining deficient motor patterns may constitute the core of the treatment for conversion disorders.
An information‐processing approach to compulsive checking
Authors: Watts Fraser N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOf the various obsessive‐compulsive phenomena it seems that compulsive checking may be particularly likely to repay an information‐processing approach. There are indications that anxiety‐targeted exposure methods are less appropriate to checking than cleaning. Also, repeated checking appears to result from an initial failure to process information adequately. Recent findings from experimental research on cognitive processes in obsessive‐compulsive patients (e.g. difficulties in selective‐set rather than filtering tasks, poor memory for actions, etc.) provide indications that compulsive checking may arise from a failure of information processing. Clinical observations indicate that the quality of information processing involved in checking deteriorates as checking is repeated, due partly to a deterioration of mood and partly to proactive interference. This suggests the use of cognitive strategies to maximize the effectiveness of the first check, so as to reduce the need for repetition.
Perceived upbringing and its relation to treatment outcome in agoraphobia
Authors: de Beurs Edwin , van Dyck Richard , Lange Alfred , van Balkom Anton J. L. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAgoraphobic patients tend to retrospectively report their parents as more rejecting and less warm than controls. Previous research indicates that such a negative rearing history may be associated with negative outcome in behavioural treatment. It has been suggested that the detrimental effect of an unfavourable parental rearing history on outcome of behaviour therapy is mediated by a negative view of the patients on behaviour therapists and their therapeutic style. To investigate these hypotheses, data of 76 patients were analysed who participated in a comparative outcome study of treatments for panic disorder with agoraphobia. The results using correlational analyses revealed neither an association between perceived parental rearing style and treatment outcome, nor between the patient's perception of the therapist and the outcome of treatment. Some significant, albeit small, associations were found between the way patients perceived their parental rearing style and their view towards the therapist. Perceived parental rejection and lack of parental favouring were slightly associated with a negative view of the therapist. The confidence in these findings is discussed with respect to the reliability and validity of the measurement instruments and with respect to the limitations of correlational analyses.
Self‐evaluation and self‐reinforcement in depressed patients
Authors: Wycherley Robert J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPrevious work evaluating Rehm's self‐control model of depression suggests that depressed subjects show a discrepancy between self‐evaluations on a trial by trial basis during specific tasks and questionnaire based evaluations of the total self.This experiment examines self‐evaluations at ‘specific’, ‘intermediate’ and ‘global’ levels using a specially constructed questionnaire. Specific evaluations concern performance on everyday tasks, intermediate evaluations important personal qualities and global evaluations the total self. Subjects comprised hospitalized depressed and non‐depressed patients and a normal group. Results showed that, as the evaluations moved from ‘specific’ to ‘global’, those of depressed subjects became increasingly more negative, while those of the non‐depressed subjects became more positive. The results are discussed in terms of the primary effect of depression on the self‐schema and its influence as a standard for self‐evaluation as objective evidence weakens. Finally some clinical implications are explored.
The psychological sequelae of childhood sexual abuse: A review of the literature and implications for treatment
Authors: Kuyken Willem 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe current paper aims to bring together some of the literature on the long‐term effects of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in a way that will be useful to clinical practitioners and researchers in this field. The issues surrounding the definition of CSA and work on the prevalence, background and context in which abuse occurs is evaluated. In addition a selection of the relevant research relating to the psychological effects of early abuse in the domains of self‐esteem, symptomatology resembling post‐traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety is reviewed and examined. The key methodological issues are reported and some of the worries facing researchers portrayed. Although much of the research to date has been largely atheoretical, some of the theoretical thinking in this area is reviewed. Finally some of the clinical implications of this body of work are outlined.
An investigation of the usefulness of videofeedback in the treatment of obesity
Authors: McCrea Celia 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObesity is not classified as an eating disorder because of the lack of compelling evidence that it results from or is characterized by abnormal eating behaviour. However, in common with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, the obese condition is associated with body image distortion (Bruch, 1973; Garner et al., 1976). Although the role of body image disturbance in the development and maintenance of eating disorders is as yet unclear, it is generally accepted that normalization of body image is an important aspect of treatment, and may even be a precondition for recovery (Bruch, 1962). To date the role of body image for obesity has not been afforded the same importance. The present study was designed to examine body image in obesity, and to determine the effectiveness of three interventions (videofeed‐back, C.B.T. and dietetic) in terms of improvement in body image. Weight changes achieved by interventions were also noted, and the limitations associated with any attempt to attribute these to manipulation of body image acknowledged. Thirteen female obese patients were monitored over a treatment period of five months with 10 of these also being followed up over a two‐year period. Although small sample size prevents a meaningful comparison between treatments, and only modest weight losses were associated with each, the videofeedback group demonstrated the most notable improvements in body image. Results suggest that the potential benefit of incorporating videofeedback into obesity treatment programmes, in terms of enhancement of body image, warrants more extensive study, as does the possible association with behaviours affecting weight change.
Social support and its relationship to psychological, physical health, and immune variables in HIV‐infection
Authors: Zuckerman Marc J. , Antoni Michael H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this review is to examine how social support is related to measures of psychological adjustment, physical health, and immune function among HIV‐infected gay men. Within this population, recent literature has demonstrated clear links (both positive and negative) between measures of social support and psychological functioning. In contrast, studies looking at the relationship between social support and both measures of physical health and immune function have yielded inconsistent and inconclusive findings. This article synthesizes and reviews what is currently known about the effects of social support on the psychological, physical health, and immune functioning in HIV‐infected gay men. Both beneficial and detrimental effects of social support on health are examined, highlighting those aspects of social support that may be enhanced or discouraged in the context of psychotherapeutic interventions.
Does the health belief model predict risky sexual practices in injection drug users?
Authors: Lollis Charlie M. , Antoni Michael H. , Johnson Ernest H. , Chitwood Dale C. , Griffin David K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe current research assessed Health Belief Model (HBM) constructs, sexual behaviour, and drug use practices in 123 heterosexual IDUs (62 men and 61 women) who were seronegative for HIV. Results indicated that HBM variables significantly explained 25% of the variance in condom usage in IDU men. Higher reports of condom usage were associated with negative attitudes related to condom discomfort, inconvenience, and acceptance; positive attitudes related to perceptions of condoms as adding excitement to sex; positive attitudes regarding condom efficacy and lower perceived susceptibility for AIDS. Alcohol, marijuana, and methadone usage explained an additional 21% of the variance in condom usage with alcohol use contributing positively to condom use while the other substances had negative contributions. HBM constructs did not significantly explain the variance in other risk behaviours in this group, however, control variables contributed to significant proportions of the variance in risky practices. HBM components did not significantly explain any of the variance in the sexual behaviours of IDU women, but demographic variables and substance use behaviours contributed to the variance in a number of sexual practices in this group. Based upon these findings, implications for clinical intervention are discussed.
Coping responses to HIV‐1 serostatus notification predict concurrent and prospective immunologic status
Authors: Antoni Michael H. , Goldstein David , Ironson Gail , Laperriere Arthur , Fletcher Mary Ann , Schneiderman Neil 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe prospectively related coping strategies and immunologic measures in HIV‐1 seropositive and seronegative gay men over the 1‐year period following notification of their antibody test results. First, we related 18 asymptomatic HIV‐1 seropositive men's coping responses to antibody status notification with concurrently measured phenotypic and functional immunologic markers. Repeated‐measures ANOVAs indicated that seropositive subjects scoring above the median on post‐notification disengagement coping strategies (denial, behavioural disengagement, mental disengagement) had significantly lower concurrently measured T‐helper/suppressor (CD4/CD8) cell ratios, T‐inducer subset (CD4+CD45RA+) percentage values, and proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) than subjects scoring below the median on these scales. Disengagement coping responses also predicted 1‐year follow‐up immune markers; greater disengagement predicted poorer lymphocyte responsivity to PHA. Thirty sociodemographically‐equivalent, HIV‐1 seronegative gay men showed the opposite pattern such that greater disengagement coping predicted significantly greater lymphocyte responsivity to PHA and larger CD4+CD45RA+ percentage values at 1‐year follow‐up. Together these preliminary findings suggested that: (a) coping strategies relate to immunologic status differentially for infected and non‐infected risk group members; (b) strategies that distract seropositive individuals from the stress of infectivity are related to more impairment on some immunologic markers; and (c) these relationships occur concurrently and some appear to persist over as long as a 12‐month period.