bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biodiesel Production Process from Vegetable Oil
Authors: Supranto  
Published: August 2010

AbstractResearch has been conducted on the production of biodiesel from vegetable oil by means of the transesterification process. The vegetable oils used were palm oil and kapok oil. The experiments involved reacting the vegetable oil and methanol in a tank‐type reactor equipped with stirrer and temperature controller. The sodium hydroxide is used as the catalyst. The process conditions of the reaction, including the reaction time and reaction temperatures can be controlled independently. Reaction product was separated from the reactants and used as biodiesel fuel for diesel engine. Experimental results showed that the conversion of the triglycerides to methyl ester was affected by the process conditions. The transesterification processes with temperature of about 70d̀C, and methanol ratio to the triglyceride of about 5 times its stoichiometry, and the NaOH catalyst of 0.4 wt%, appear to be the acceptable process conditions for biodiesel process production from palm oil and kapok oil.
A Study of Particle Packing Compression under Fluid Drag Force by DEM Simulations
Authors: Li Q. , Rudolph V. , Wang F.Y. , Horio M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMany chemical engineering processes, such as chromatography, filtration and drying, amongst others, involve particles in packed beds which undergo some deformation, caused by their own weight or by an external force, for instance, fluid drag force. In some cases, this deformation is of significant importance with regard to resistance to flow, heat and mass transfer. This paper examines the effect of fluid drag force upon a packed bed using the discrete element method (DEM) to simulate a process in which air blows through a packing of 14,000 soft spherical particles. The particles rearrange their locations and deform against one another due to the fluid drag force, which is derived from the Ergun equation. Changes throughout the bed in the voidage distributions, available inter‐phase contact area, pressure drops, and fluid flow field are presented. The influences of fluid superficial velocity, particle rigidness, and initial packing status upon the properties of the compressed particle bed are examined.
Reaction Mechanisms for Renewable Hydrogen from Liquid Phase Reforming of Sugar Compounds
Authors: Tanksale A. , Beltramini J. N. , Lu G. Q. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHydrogen is anticipated to become a major source of energy in the future. Hydrogen is a clean burning fuel and has been described as a long‐term replacement for natural gas. It has been demonstrated here that hydrogen can be produced from biomass in the temperature range of 185‐220°C using a single batch reactor pressurised at 25‐30 bar. The current work is based on sugars which are considered here as the biomass resource. Glucose, fructose and sucrose solutions were used for the liquid phase reforming using supported platinum catalyst. The sugar molecules might go through reversible dehydrogenation steps to give adsorbed species on metal sites. This adsorption might be either on CC or CO bond cleavage. Platinum is one of the best catalysts for the reforming of hydrocarbons due to its high selectivity for CC bond cleavage. The CC bond cleavage is the limiting factor for the reforming and leads to a high rate of formation of hydrogen. On the other hand CO bond cleavage results in formation of alcohols, acids and other organic groups.
Production of Hydrogen by Electrolytic Purification of Water
Authors: Mathieson G. , Langdon A. , Jamieson G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractElectrolytic purification of water is not new but has never been widely applied because of failure to meet realistic standards of economy. A continuous process with low cost consumables can compete with standard water treatment processes, even without energy recovery in the form of hydrogen. In order to extend the lower limit of feasible conductivities a specialised cell conjguration was developed. This utilkes a novel form of corroding anode that produces a highly eflective flocculant, in close proximity to a cathode, separated by a simple porous membrane. The active surface of the corroding anode is continually replenished. Flocculant clearance is achieved by high water flow velocity in a flume. Hydrogen is produced separately from anodic products. Other functions like electrolytic flotation, redox and sterilisation are synergistic. Because electrical energy input dominates the operating cost there is a strong incentive to recover the hydrogen, which is produced at about 0.02 Nm3 per m3 of water treated and about 25% eficiency.
Photooxidative Pretreatment to Improve Sustainable Operation of the Microfiltration of Drinking Water
Authors: Malek F. , Harris J. , Roddick F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMembrane fouling by natural organic matter (NOM) is a major factor limiting the sustainability of microfiltration technologies for potable water treatment as it results in decreased permeate flux, reduced production, more frequent cleaning with associated increased chemical usage, and shorter membrane life. This study investigated the use of vacuum ultraviolet ( V W 254 + 185 nm) photooxidation as a pretreatment strategy to reduce flux loss and membrane foufing in potable water treatment. Raw water was exposed to VUV treatment and microfiltered in a dead‐end stirred cell using 0.22 pm hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes. Considerable flux improvement was obtained with increasing VUV treatment time. However, attempts to clean the fouled membranes by backwashing with Mini‐Q water were not successful, and slightly entrenched the fouling in most instances. Various chemical cleaning regimes for membrane regeneration were tested, both individually and in combination. A I.Owt% solution of the enzymic detergent Terg‐a‐zyme almost completely cleaned the membranes. A cheaper, but slightly less efective, alternative involved the sequence of sodium hydroxide/hydrochloric acidhodium hypochlorite which removed 86% of the fouling resistance.
Free Surface Instability and Gas Entrainment during Blast Furnace Drainage
Authors: He Q. , Zulli P. , Evans G. M. , Tanzil F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractUnexpected discharge of blast gas in the early stages of castingfrom an ironmaking blast furnace has a signrficant impact on the furnace operations. A physical modelling study was carried out, using both a Hele‐Shaw cell and porous bed, in order to understand the mechanism of the gadliquid interface instability during the hearth drainage. The proposed hypothesis that the early discharge of blast gas is due to the occurrence of “viscous fingers” at the gas/liquid interface was tested. The experimental evidence from both the Hele‐Shaw and packed bed models proved conclusively that viscous fingering did take place and resulted in the premature release of gas. However, viscous fingering occurred when the drainage velocity was an order of magnitude higher than those used for normal blast furnace operation. These conditions can occur due to local variations in the bed permeability, and further experiments were performed to demonstrate this situation.
A Study of Gypsum Scale Formation using Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Authors: Hoang T. A. , Rohl A. L. , Jeffrey M. I. , Ang H. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been used extensively as a mass sensor due to its extremely high sensitivity to small mass loadings. Conventional measurement of the amount of scale deposited on a surface is restricted by the sensitivity limit of analytical balances. Thefirst attempt to investigate the deposition of gypsum scale on a surface using a rotating electrochemical QCMsystem was carried out to investigate the eflects of many factors at the early stages of scale formation. Results indicated there was almost no induction time for this system, and the long induction time observed in the conventional system was due to the limited sensitivity of the analytical balance. A slow increase in scale amount was observed at the beginning of the scaling process as shown by the plot offrequency or mass change against time. After this period the curve rises steeply and becomes almost linear. The supersaturation level of the solutions and the rotating speed have significant effects on the gypsum scaling.A QCM flow‐cell system has also been developed to investigate the scaling of gypsum on the pipe wall. This system is similar to a conventional pipe flow system except that its size is much smaller and the deposition of scales can be monitored with the QCM electrode throughout the scaling process. The mass change is plotted against time and results are compared for the rotating QCM system and the conventional system. It is noticed that the formation of gypsum on the QCM electrode is greatly dependent on both the supersaturation of the solution and the flow rate of the fluid passing through the flow cell.
The Fouling Behaviour of Sodium Aluminosilicate Polytypes in High Ionic Strength Caustic Media Heat Exchangers
Authors: Addai‐Mensah J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSodium aluminosilicate (SAS) scale formation, simulating high ionic strength caustic media process heat exchanger fouling, has been investigated for a temperature range of 30–240°C. Findings from several studies performed with a variety of liquor, substrate‐type and agitation conditions show that SAS polytypes; i.e. amorphous, zeolite A, sodalite and cancrinite phases, differing in thermodynamic stability and kinetic behaviour may deposit. The polytypes formed and subsequent transformations to more thermodynamically stable phases are strongly dependent on liquor composition, temperature and time. The scale deposition process is substrate‐ mediated heterogeneous nucleation and particle growth (precipitation foulin&, which may be accompanied by bulk liquor‐nucleated solids adsorption (particulate fouling) at suficiently high supersaturations. Liquor seeding with stable SAS solid phases is found to be efective in mitigating fouling. The precipitation fouling behaviour is principally determined by the clystallo‐chemical nature of the SAS polytype and the solution conditions. The substrate (mild steel, 316 stainless steel, nickel and tef2on) surface physico‐chemical structure has a signlficant impact on the scale particle morphology and layer structure, particularly at high temperatures.
The Model of Super Order Sub‐Regular Melts
Authors: Jiang Guo‐Chang , Zheng Shao‐Bo , Xu Kuang‐Di 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe SReM model associates with super order sub‐regular melts. It is intended to describe systematically the component activities in the entire region of a homogeneous phase, either liquid or solid, in a multiple alloy or slag. A reliable evaluation of component activities can be provided for engineering problems. In this paper the model characteristics, its formalism and a simplified version are introduced. The thermodynamic restrictions utilized to check the evaluated parameters were suggested by the SReM model. According to this self‐consistent approach, the evaluated parameters of this model are reliable.
Heat Exchanger Network Dynamic Analysis
Authors: Young Brent R. , Westphalen Denis L. , Svrcek William Y. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe continued high cost of energy has mandated that the Chemical Process Industries reduce operational and capital costs through process heat integration. However, the heat integration of process streams can lead to process structures that are difficult to operate and control. This paper addresses the control of heat exchanger networks and it shows the importance of dynamic simulations in the synthesis of workable control structures. Steady‐state simulations were used to delineate the trade‐off between flexibility and capital costs of networks. Dynamic simulations were used to assess the placement of the by‐pass on the process‐to‐process heat exchangers. Steady‐state and dynamic simulations showed that the use of stream splitting should be avoided as a control scheme. The analysis of several simple case studies allowed the proposal of heuristic rules to identify the best control strategy for a heat exchanger network.
Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of 6‐(Trifluoromethylbenzyl) and 6‐(Fluorobenzyl) Analogues of HIV Drugs Emivirine and GCA‐186
Authors: El‐Brollosy Nasser R. , Sørensen Esben R. , Pedersen Erik B. , Sanna Giuseppina , La Colla Paolo , Loddo Roberta 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe present study describes the synthesis and antiviral evaluation of a series of novel 6‐(3‐trifluoromethylbenzyl) and 6‐(fluorobenzyl) analogues of the HIV drugs emivirine and GCA‐186. The objective was to investigate whether the fluoro or trifluoromethyl substituents could lead to an improved antiviral activity against HIV‐1 wild type and mutants resistant to non‐nucleoside RT inhibitors. The biological test results showed that the most of theses compounds showed good activity against wild type HIV‐1. Among them, compound 1‐(ethoxymethyl)‐6‐(3‐fluorobenzyl)‐5‐isopropyluracil (9i) showed the largest inhibitory potency (EC50 = 0.02 μM), resulting equally potent than emivirine against wild type HIV‐1. Furthermore, compound 9i showed marginal better activity against resistant mutants than emivirine. The key steps in the synthesis of the target compounds were either reaction of an appropriate β‐keto ester with thiourea or a cross‐coupling reaction of 6‐chloro‐2,4‐dimethoxypyrimidines with benzylic Grignard reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: Physico‐Chemical Study of Sb2Te3(Bi2Te3)‐TmTe Systems.
Authors: SADYGOV F. M. , RUSTAMOV P. G. , MIRZOEVA R. D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and X‐Ray Diffraction Study of (A′,A)CuO2 Phases (A′: Sr, Ba; A: Ca, Sr, Ln).
Authors: KUZ'MICHEVA G. M. , LUPAREV V. V. , KHLYBOV E. P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Magnetic Susceptibility of Ce8Pd24Sb.
Authors: GORDON R. A. , DISALVO F. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen Evolution on Titanium Anodes Coated with Conductive Metallic Oxides: Kinetics and Mechanism in Alkaline Solution.
Authors: JIN S. , YE S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lithiation Characteristics of Cu5V2O10.
Authors: EGUCHI M. , KOMAMURA A. , MIURA T. , KISHI T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Crystal Structure of the Mercury(I) Dimolybdate(VI) Hg2Mo2O7.
Authors: WESSELS A. L. , JEITSCHKO W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Composition, Structure and Conductivity of Sodium Tungstoindate Hydrate.
Authors: DENISOVA T. A. , INOZEMTSEV M. V. , MAKSIMOVA L. G. , PALKIN A. P. , VOLKOV V. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: anti‐Prelog Microbial Reduction of Prochiral Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: FANTIN G. , FOGAGNOLO M. , GIOVANNINI P. P. , MEDICI A. , PEDRINI P. , GARDINI F. , LANCIOTTI R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Sonochemical Acetylation Reactions of Tertiary Alkyl Halides.
Authors: JAYASREE J. , RAO J. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols to the Corresponding Carbonyl Compounds with TBHP over CrS‐2.
Authors: BARHATE N. B. , SASIDHARAN M. , SUDALAI A. , WAKHARKAR R. D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dealkylation of Esters via Treatment with N‐(Trimethylsilyl) diethylamine and Methyl Iodide.
Authors: YAMAMOTO Y. , SHIMIZU H. , HAMADA Y. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A General, Convenient and Highly Efficient Synthesis of Diarylmethanes by Copper‐Catalyzed Reaction.
Authors: KU Y.‐Y. , PATEL R. R. , SAWICK D. P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Phase‐Transfer Catalysis. Part 65. Alkylation of Alkynes under Phase Transfer Catalysis.
Authors: DEHMLOW E. V. , FASTABEND U. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of 3,3‐Diamino‐2‐nitro‐thioacrylamides.
Authors: MOYA ARGILAGOS D. , MACIAS CABRERA A. , GARCIA TRIMINO M. I. , VELEZ CASTRO H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Iodides.
Authors: WOLFE J. P. , BUCHWALD S. L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Methods. Part 1. Oxidative Deoximation with Sodium Perborate.
Authors: BANDGAR B. P. , SHAIKH S. I. , IYER S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Silylfurans from Acylsilane Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: SIEDEM C. S. , MOLANDER G. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Schmidt Reactions of Alkyl Azides with Ketals and Enol Ethers.
Authors: MOSSMAN C. J. , AUBE J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Novel Pyrazoline and Cyanopyridine Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: PATEL P. , KOREGAOKAR S. , SHAH M. , PAREKH H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Base Induced Intramolecular Cyclization of α‐Ketoimidoyl Chloride ‐ An Efficient Preparation of 2‐Acyl‐5‐ethoxyoxazoles.
Authors: HUANG W.‐S. , ZHANG Y.‐X. , YUAN C.‐Y. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 5‐Amino‐2‐isoxazolines and 5‐Amino‐2‐pyrazolines with Phenyl Isothiocyanate.
Authors: ERSHOV A. YU. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.