bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decoding Implications of the Genographic Project for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Hollowell Julie , Nicholas George 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRecent controversies surrounding the Genographic Project, sponsored by the National Geographic Society and IBM, and its predecessors call attention to a need to better understand the broader ethical and practical implications of uses of ancient and contemporary human genetic information, which is today a form of cultural property. Although technological advances continue to facilitate the kinds of information available to researchers, concerns about appropriation and the potential misuse or commodification of human genetic material and the data extracted from it have been raised by a number of stakeholders. Misconceptions and apprehensions about the topic also abound. These issues were addressed in a forum, “Decoding Implications of the Genographic Project,” which we convened at the 39th Annual Chacmool Conference in 2006, “Decolonizing Archaeology.” The purpose of the panel was to explore and discuss some of the salient issues from a range of perspectives, in the hope of moving beyond a polarized debate to generate productive dialogue and delineate further questions about intellectual property, cultural identity, and research ethics. We later solicited seven commentaries on the transcript from a range of scholars, which are included here. Some of the issues addressed by the panelists and commentators include access to samples, permissions for research and analysis, ownership and dissemination of data, and potential consequences of archaeological or historical interpretation of results. The event was co-sponsored by the Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage Project (IPinCH) and the World Archaeological Congress.
Response to Decoding Implications of the Genographic Project
Authors: Wells Spencer , Schurr Theodore 
Published: July 2009

Editors' noteIn spring 2007, the transcript of the forum discussion was sent to all of the panelists for their review and approval. That summer we invited a number of people—several of them individuals who had been invited to attend the Chacmool Conference but were unable to do so—to contribute essays to be published as commentaries on the forum proceedings or the topic of the forum itself. We made a concerted effort to seek people from a wide range of backgrounds and perspectives; however, not everyone responded to the invitation. It took another full year, until late summer 2008, to gather and edit the commentaries, with several glitches along the way. But, as a result, this special section includes seven stimulating essays from scholars who are passionate about the topic and the issues it raises.
From body and home to nation and world: the varying scales of transnational urbanism in Montreal and Brussels at the turn of the twentieth century
Authors: KENNY NICOLAS 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThe vast transformations that shaped western cities at the turn of the twentieth century were the product of global processes and interactions. Drawing on the cases of Montreal and Brussels, this article argues that underlying these broad dynamics were questions and preoccupations pertaining to more localized and personal scales of the body and the home. Concentrating on the discourses that circulated in these distinct, yet analogous cities, the article shifts the focus of the transnational approach from specific contacts between individuals and places, to the wider web on which circulated the ideas and initiatives that reshaped people's living environment.
Timely innovations: planes, trains and the ‘whites only’ economy of a Pan-American city
Authors: CONNOLLY N. D. B. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT‘Timely innovations’ uses Jim Crow segregation, and the human activity it inspired, to account for Greater Miami's emergence as a city of global importance. It shows how city dwellers in South Florida deployed race and racism as technologies of economic and demographic control. The article also explores how evolving forms of racial segregation worked in tandem with other innovations in human mobility, urban planning and US foreign policy, with each helping Miami's residents maintain a white-over-black social order. Jim Crow, the author argues, never quite disappeared. Rather, it experienced a series of modernizations, leaving even Miami, one of the most culturally diverse American cities, beholden to the mores of bi-racial governance.
Tracing urban design's ‘Townscape’ origins: some relationships between a British editorial policy and an American academic field in the 1950s
Authors: ORILLARD CLÉMENT 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTIn the 1950s, ‘urban design’ was born in American debate thanks partly to the import of foreign discourses in a new context. Among others, was the fragmented and erratic translation of the BritishArchitectural Review's ‘Townscape’ discourse. This article traces carefully this translation not only to describe another key moment in the Anglo-American dialogue on planning but also to give a more complex portrait of the foundation and early development of the field of urban design. Involving some American universities,Fortunemagazine and the Rockefeller Foundation, these lines of exchange also exemplify variations on the translation of a militant discourse into an academic one.
The Alliance for Progress and housing policy in Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires in the 1960s
Authors: BENMERGUI LEANDRO 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis article explores the construction of publicly financed low-income housing complexes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the 1960s. These housing developments were possible thanks to the arrival of foreign economic and technical assistance from the Alliance for Progress. Urban scholars, politicians, diplomats and urbanists of the Americas sought to promote middle-class habits, mass consumption and moderate political behaviour, especially among the poor, by expanding access to homeownership and ‘decent’ living conditions for a burgeoning urban population. As a result, the history of low-income housing should be understood within broader transnational discourses and practices about the ‘modernization’ and ‘development’ of the urban poor.
Current insights in diagnosis and management of the cardiovascular complications of Marfan's syndrome
Authors: Nollen Gijs J. , Groenink Maarten , van der Wall Ernst E. , Mulder Barbara J. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMarfan's syndrome is an inherited disorder of connective tissue, caused by mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene located on chromosome 15. Diagnosis is still based on a combination of major and minor clinical features. Prognosis is mainly determined by the cardiovascular complications. Advances in surgical and medical treatment for these complications have dramatically improved the prognosis of the syndrome.
Systemic-to-pulmonary blood supply in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia
Authors: Rossi Renata N. , Hislop Alison , Anderson Robert H. , Martins F. Maymone , Cook Andrew C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia is one of the most challenging congenital cardiac malformations, for the morphologist, cardiologist and surgeon alike. Much of the difficulty in this lesion concerns the nature and development of pulmonary arterial supply, and the manner in which complete segmental supply to the lungs can be successfully restored or maintained. In this review, we discuss the anatomy and nomenclature of the lesion, emphasising the variability that can occur in pulmonary arterial anatomy, particularly in the presence of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries. We speculate on the likely embryologic origins of these connections. Then by means of anatomic-clinical correlations, we emphasise the diagnostic approach to delineating the origin and extent of the pulmonary vasculature.
Provision of services for rehabilitation of children and adolescents with congenital cardiac disease: a survey of centres for paediatric cardiology in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lewin Robert J.P. , Kendall Lynne , Sloper Patricia 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA postal questionnaire survey of the 17 centres for paediatric cardiology in the UK investigated the attitudes of staff towards rehabilitation and the current level of provision. The majority of respondents (82%) believed they should provide rehabilitation for their patients, but only one centre had a programme for rehabilitation. Few respondents (18%) believed they were meeting the needs of their patients' for rehabilitation. Major barriers to providing rehabilitation were funding and the wide geographical catchment areas.
Acute myocardial infarction in the neonatal period
Authors: Murugan S. Jothi , Gnanapragasam James , Vettukattil Joseph 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe describe two neonates presenting with myocardial infarction, due to two different aetiologies of this extremely rare but potentially treatable condition, and discuss the management. One neonate had myocardial infarction complicating enteroviral myocarditis and recovered completely. The second had fatal myocardial infarction due to thrombosis of the left coronary artery. Although rare, the attending paediatrician should have a high index of suspicion when evaluating a neonate with acute onset of collapse. Electrocardiographic changes are diagnostic, but further echocardiographic assessment and prompt management at a tertiary cardiac centre are advised.
Habitability on planetary surfaces: interdisciplinary preparation phase for future Mars missions
Authors: Peeters Z. , Quinn R. , Martins Z. , Sephton M.A. , Becker L. , van Loosdrecht M.C.M. , Brucato J. , Grunthaner F. , Ehrenfreund P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLife on Earth is one of the outcomes of the formation and evolution of our solar system and has adapted to every explored environment on planet Earth. Recent discoveries have shown that life can exist in extreme environments, such as hydrothermal vents, in deserts and in ice lakes in Antarctica. These findings challenge the definition of the ‘planetary habitable zone’. The objective of future international planetary exploration programmes is to implement a long-term plan for the robotic and human exploration of solar system bodies. Mars has been a central object of interest in the context of extraterrestrial life. The search for extinct or extant life on Mars is one of the main goals of space missions to the Red Planet during the next decade. In this paper we describe the investigation of the physical and chemical properties of Mars soil analogues collected in arid deserts. We measure the pH, redox potential and ion concentrations, as well as carbon and amino acid abundances of soils collected from the Atacama desert (Chile and Peru) and the Salten Skov sediment from Denmark. The samples show large differences in their measured properties, even when taken only several meters apart. A desert sample and the Salten Skov sediment were exposed to a simulated Mars environment to test the stability of amino acids in the soils. The presented laboratory and field studies provide limits to exobiological models, evidence on the effects of subsurface mineral matrices, support current and planned space missions and address planetary protection issues.
21 Tesla MRI Microscopy of Mice Kidney, Heart and Skin: Quantitation of MRI Visible Features
Authors: Sharma S , Sharma Rakesh 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExcised mice kidney, heart and skin MRI visible features were quantitated using ex vivo 21 Tesla MRI microimager. The fast MRI acquisition protocols of FLASH, gradient echo flow compensated (GEFC) techniques were used to visualize microvasculature of mice kidney, mice heart including cardiac arteries, veins, cordate tendons and mice skin epidermis with hair follicle features.
The management of fluid and wave resistances by whirligig beetles
Authors: Voise Jonathan , Casas Jérôme 
Published: July 2009

Whirligig beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) are semi-aquatic insects with a morphology and propulsion system highly adapted to their life at the air–water interface. When swimming on the water surface, beetles are subject to both fluid resistance and wave resistance.The purpose of this study was to analyse swimming speed, leg kinematics and the capillarity waves produced by whirligig beetles on the water surface in a simple environment. Whirligig beetles of the speciesGyrinus substriatuswere filmed in a large container, with a high-speed camera. Resistance forces were also estimated.These beetles used three types of leg kinematics, differing in the sequence of leg strokes: two for swimming at low speed and one for swimming at high speed. Four main speed patterns were produced by different combinations of these types of leg kinematics, and the minimum speed for the production of surface waves (23 cm s−1) corresponded to an upper limit when beetles used low-speed leg kinematics. Each type of leg kinematics produced characteristic capillarity waves, even if the beetles moved at a speed below 23 cm s−1. Our results indicate that whirligig beetles use low- and high-speed leg kinematics to avoid maximum drag and swim at speed corresponding to low resistances.
New Insights into the Mechanisms of Water-Stress-Induced Cavitation in Conifers
Authors: Cochard Hervé , Hölttä Teemu , Herbette Stéphane , Delzon Sylvain , Mencuccini Maurizio 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Cavitation resistance is a key parameter to understand tree drought tolerance but little is known about the mechanisms of air entry into xylem conduits. For conifers three mechanisms have been proposed: (1) a rupture of pit margo microfibrils, (2) a displacement of the pit torus from its normal sealing position over the pit aperture, and (3) a rupture of an air-water menisci in a pore of the pit margo. In this article, we report experimental results on three coniferous species suggesting additional mechanisms. First, when xylem segments were injected with a fluid at a pressure sufficient to aspirate pit tori and well above the pressure for cavitation induction we failed to detect the increase in sample conductance that should have been caused by torus displacement from blocking the pit aperture or by membrane rupture. Second, by injecting xylem samples with different surfactant solutions, we found a linear relation between sample vulnerability to cavitation and fluid surface tension. This suggests that cavitation in conifers could also be provoked by the capillary failure of an air-water meniscus in coherence with the prediction of Young-Laplace's equation. Within the bordered pit membrane, the exact position of this capillary seeding is unknown. The possible Achilles' heel could be the seal between tori and pit walls or holes in the torus. The mechanism of water-stress-induced cavitation in conifers could then be relatively similar to the one currently proposed for angiosperms.
TILLING in Lotus japonicus Identified Large Allelic Series for Symbiosis Genes and Revealed a Bias in Functionally Defective Ethyl Methanesulfonate Alleles toward Glycine Replacements
Authors: Perry Jillian , Brachmann Andreas , Welham Tracey , Binder Andreas , Charpentier Myriam , Groth Martin , Haage Kristina , Markmann Katharina , Wang Trevor L. , Parniske Martin 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have established tools for forward and reverse genetic analysis of the legume Lotus (Lotus japonicus). A structured population of M2 progeny of 4,904 ethyl methanesulfonate-mutagenized M1 embryos is available for single nucleotide polymorphism mutation detection, using a TILLING (for Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) protocol. Scanning subsets of this population, we identified a mutation load of one per 502 kb of amplified fragment. Moreover, we observed a 1:10 ratio between homozygous and heterozygous mutations in the M2 progeny. This reveals a clear difference in germline genetics between Lotus and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). In addition, we assembled M2 siblings with obvious phenotypes in overall development, starch accumulation, or nitrogen-fixing root nodule symbiosis in three thematic subpopulations. By screening the nodulation-defective population of M2 individuals for mutations in a set of 12 genes known to be essential for nodule development, we identified large allelic series for each gene, generating a unique data set that combines genotypic and phenotypic information facilitating structure-function studies. This analysis revealed a significant bias for replacements of glycine (Gly) residues in functionally defective alleles, which may be explained by the exceptional structural features of Gly. Gly allows the peptide chain to adopt conformations that are no longer possible after amino acid replacement. This previously unrecognized vulnerability of proteins at Gly residues could be used for the improvement of algorithms that are designed to predict the deleterious nature of single nucleotide polymorphism mutations. Our results demonstrate the power, as well as the limitations, of ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis for forward and reverse genetic studies. (Original mutant phenotypes can be accessed at http://data.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/lotusjaponicus Access to the Lotus TILLING facility can be obtained through http://www.lotusjaponicus.org or http://revgenuk.jic.ac.uk)
Characterization of New Maize Genes Putatively Involved in Cytokinin Metabolism and Their Expression during Osmotic Stress in Relation to Cytokinin Levels
Authors: Vyroubalová Šárka , Václavíková Kateřina , Turečková Veronika , Novák Ondřej , Šmehilová Mária , Hluska Tomáš , Ohnoutková Ludmila , Frébort Ivo , Galuszka Petr 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Plant hormones, cytokinins (CKs), have been for a long time considered to be involved in plant responses to stress. However, their exact roles in processes linked to stress signalization and acclimatization to adverse environmental conditions are unknown. In this study, expression profiles of the entire gene families of CK biosynthetic and degradation genes in maize (Zea mays) during development and stress responses are described. Transcript abundance of particular genes is discussed in relation to the levels of different CK metabolites. Salt and osmotic stresses induce expression of some CK biosynthetic genes in seedlings of maize, leading to a moderate increase of active forms of CKs lasting several days during acclimatization to stress. A direct effect of CKs to mediate activation of stress responses does not seem to be possible due to the slow changes in metabolite levels. However, expression of genes involved in cytokinin signal transduction is uniformly down-regulated within 0.5 h of stress induction by an unknown mechanism. cis-Zeatin and its derivatives were found to be the most abundant CKs in young maize seedlings. We demonstrate that levels of this zeatin isomer are significantly enhanced during early stress response and that it originates independently from de novo biosynthesis in stressed tissues, possibly by elevated specific RNA degradation. By enhancing their CK levels, plants could perhaps undergo a reduction of growth rates maintained by abscisic acid accumulation in stressed tissues. A second role for cytokinin receptors in sensing turgor response is hypothesized besides their documented function in CK signaling.
Randomized clinical trial comparing 5% and 1% topical minoxidil for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia in Japanese men
Authors: TSUBOI Ryoji , ARANO Osamu , NISHIKAWA Tooru , YAMADA Hidekazu , KATSUOKA Kensei 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMinoxidil is efficacious in inducing hair growth in patients with androgenetic alopecia by inducing hair follicles to undergo transition from the early to late anagen phase. Although the efficacy of 1% topical minoxidil has been confirmed in Japan, no controlled study of 5% topical minoxidil has been conducted using male Japanese subjects. The objective of this trial was to verify the superiority in clinical efficacy of 5% topical minoxidil to 1% topical minoxidil in a double‐blind controlled study with male, Japanese androgenetic alopecia patients as the subjects. The trial included 300 Japanese male patients aged 20 years or older with androgenetic alopecia who were administered either 5% topical minoxidil (n = 150) or 1% topical minoxidil (n = 150) for 24 weeks. The mean change from the baseline in non‐vellus hair/cm2, the primary efficacy variable, was 26.4 (n = 142) in the 5% topical minoxidil group and 21.2 (n = 144) in the 1% topical minoxidil group at 16 weeks, the main time point for the evaluation. The difference between the groups was significant (P = 0.020). The incidence of adverse events was 8.7% (13/150) in the 5% group and 5.3% (8/150) in the 1% group, with no significant difference between the groups (χ2‐test: P = 0.258). Our findings confirmed the superiority of 5% topical minoxidil to 1% topical minoxidil in treating Japanese men with androgenetic alopecia.
Metastatic extramammary Paget’s disease treated with paclitaxel and trastuzumab combination chemotherapy
Authors: TAKAHAGI Shunsuke , NODA Hideki , KAMEGASHIRA Akiko , MADOKORO Naoki , HORI Ikuko , SHINDO Hajime , MIHARA Shouji , HIDE Michihiro 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the treatment of metastatic breast cancer, trastuzumab, a recombinant monoclonal antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), is effective when tumor cells overexpress HER2 protein. Although some cases of extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD) also express HER2 protein, no case of EMPD has been reported to be treated with trastuzumab. A 75‐year‐old man who suffered from EMPD of the scrotum and inguinal region underwent a local excision and lymph node dissection. Tumor cells invaded the dermis and lymph nodes. Although he was postoperatively treated with adjuvant chemotherapies, metastatic skin lesions appeared and spread over his left thigh, rapidly and widely. Tumor cells disseminated along lymph vessels in the dermis and overexpressed HER2 protein. We administered paclitaxel and trastuzumab according to a protocol for HER2‐positive metastatic breast cancers. The skin metastasis dramatically decreased during the regimen and a histopathological examination showed that most of HER2‐positive tumor cells diminished. Six months later, metastases were found in the central nervous system (CNS), but no other metastases were found in the skin, visceral organs or lymph nodes. Trastuzumab and paclitaxel‐combination with the assessment of central nervous system lesions should be considered as an option for the treatment of HER2‐positive EMPD.
Dental infection associated with nummular eczema as an overlooked focal infection
Authors: TANAKA Tomoko , SATOH Takahiro , YOKOZEKI Hiroo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNummular eczema is a common skin disease, but the pathoetiology has yet to be elucidated. We report here a case of severe nummular eczema. Although the skin lesions were resistant to topical corticosteroids, the patient became responsive to treatment and no recurrence was noted after the eradication of dental infections. We have experienced 13 similar cases of nummular eczema with widely‐distributed skin lesions. The cases had moderate to severe odontogenic infections, which were detected by panorama X‐ray screening test. In 11 patients, skin lesions partially or completely improved after the dental treatment. Latent odontogenic infection may thus be an aggravating factor in treatment‐resistant nummular eczema.