bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of time of planting on four bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes in Kenya
Authors: Fisher N. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour genotypes of dry beans were compared at three planting dates during one season (April to June, 1976) and four planting dates during a second season (November 1976 to January 1977). Yield declined with delay in planting in both seasons but in the second season yields were lower at the first planting and declined less rapidly. Canadian Wonder was the most stable-yielding genotype and had highest mean yield though it may have been inferior to other genotypes at the two most favourable plantings. Its stability was attributed to drought escape and good field resistance to drought and disease. Mexican 142 was the least stable genotype. A black-seeded landrace yielded well in dry conditions in spite of its long duration.The most important components determining planting date effects on yield were numbers of pods per plant and seeds per pod. Canadian Wonder had markedly more stable numbers of pods than any other genotype.Cooler temperatures in July and August retarded crop development in the first season. For one planting of the second season, flowering was retarded by 7–10 days in all genotypes and this was apparently an effect of water shortage. No effect of water was apparent on the time taken from flowering to maturity.
The growth of pigs kept to one level of feeding, in two environments, and fed diets with and without an antibiotic
Authors: Lucas I. A. M. , Calder A. F. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Pigs housed in both a good and a bad piggery were kept to a medium plane of feeding on diets with and without a procaine penicillin supplement. Antibiotic improved neither efficiency nor rate of growth in either piggery during the period from weaning to 100 lb. live weight, nor from then to slaughter at 200 lb. live weight. The average temperatures during the first half of the experiment were 43 and 51° F. in the bad piggery and in the sleeping pens of the good piggery respectively. During the second half of the experiment these averages were 54 and 58° F. respectively.2. Between weaning and 100 lb. live weight, pigs housed in the bad piggery grew 6% more slowly and 5% less efficiently than in the good piggery, but although the growth rates fitted in well with previous observations, neither difference was statistically significant in this experiment.3. Between 100 and 200 lb. live weight pigs housed in the good piggery grew 3% less efficiently than in the bad piggery, but there was no difference in rate of growth. The difference in efficiency was statistically significant.4. Carcasses from pigs housed in the good piggery were fatter than from pigs housed in the bad piggery. These fatter pigs also had higher killing-out percentages.5. Although dietary antibiotic supplement had no effect upon growth rates or carcass measurements, it resulted in higher killing-out percentages.
Crop characteristics and the potential yield of wheat
Authors: Austin R. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe potential yield of the best varieties of winter wheat currently grown in eastern England is estimated to be in the range 12–14 t/ha (15% moisture, 10% protein, freshweight basis).Increases in the leaf area index at anthesis, in the duration of the grain-filling period and in the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis of the leaves, slower decline in their photosynthetic capacity, and decreases in the respiratory losses of assimilated carbon would increase this potential yield. Such changes might be brought about by breeding or by improved agronomic practices.The grain growth rates predicted by several published simulation models are shown to be in reasonable agreement with each other.
Effect of Rhizobium inoculation, mulch and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)
Authors: Sekhon H. S. , Kaul J. N. , Dhingra K. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA field experiment was conducted for 3 years to study the effect of Rhizobium inoculation, mulch and N and P fertilizers on soya bean. The application of wheat straw mulch helped greatly in lowering the maximum soil temperature but failed to increase the yield, particularly on the fields where soya bean was raised for the first time. Seed inoculation gave significantly greater yield than control (no inoculation and no mulching). The combination of mulch and seed inoculation, on average, produced 0·76, 0·43 and 0·84 t/ha more grain than inoculation alone in 1976, 1977 and 1978 respectively. A basal dose of 15 kg N/ha increased the yield when seed was inoculated but no mulch applied whereas the dressing of N did not prove beneficial when mulching was combined with inoculation. The grain yield, however, increased up to 180 kg N/ha in the case of mulch alone and control treatments. The response of soya bean to phosphorus application was inconsistent.
Inter-relationships between pasture growth and senescence and their effects on live-weight gain of grazing beef cattle
Authors: Ebersohn J. P. , Moir K. W. , Duncalfe F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryOn 13 pastures grazed by beef cattle live-weight gain (range, 0·34–1·12 kg/head/day) was significantly correlated with non-green grass content of pasture. In turn, non-green grass in pasture was not significantly correlated with non-green grass in oesophageal extrusa. Live-weight gain was largely explained (adjusted R2 = 0·91) by non-green grass content of pasture, cell-wall content of green-grass leaf and pasture dry matter on offer in a quadratic model. The quadratic form was best understood in terms of pasture growth with which non-green grass content of pasture was significantly and negatively correlated.
The effect of level of nutrition during pregnancy and during lactation on lamb and wool production of grazing sheep
Authors: Coop I. E. 
Published: March 2009

Seven different experiments over 3 years and involving a total of 1750 ewes have been designed to study the effects of high and low levels of nutrition during pregnancy and during lactation on grazing sheep. The trials were run as nearly as possible under typical fat-lamb producing conditions. Commencing with breeding ewes in average store condition before tupping, a live-weight gain of 25–40 lb. from tupping to lambing was adopted as a standard of a high level of feeding and a gain of ± 5 lb. was considered to be a low level of feeding. Differential feeding was obtained by keeping the ewes on high-quality pasture as a high level of nutrition, and by stocking heavily on poor pasture as a low level. Under these conditions the following results were obtained:(1) Level of nutrition during pregnancy. The high level of nutrition during pregnancy increased birth weight by about 0.5 lb., but had little if any influence on the rate of growth and the weaning weight of the lambs, irrespective of the subsequent level of nutrition. The high level did not reduce ewe and lamb mortality and there was some evidence to the contrary when the high plane was applied early, leading to large live-weight gain.
Some observations on factors affecting myoglobin concentrations in muscle
Authors: Lawrie R. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. The myoglobin contents of selected muscles in horse, pig, domestic fowl and pigeon, and in the foetuses of horse, pig, sheep and cattle, have been determined.2. The order of increasing concentration of myoglobin in the adult animal (4 years) is given by the series heart, longissimus dorsi, diaphragm and psoas, the figures for draught horse being, respectively, 0·325, 0·465, 0·610 and 0·705% and for pig, 0·203, 0·280, 0·350 and 0·435%, and the ratios of these concentrations being the same in each animal.3. In both draught horse and pig, it is shown that the concentration of the pigment rises rapidly from birth, and that, after 2 years in the horse, and 1 year in the pig, it remains fairly constant, except in the case of horse psoas and diaphragm where there is a slow, but significant, rise throughout life.4. This relationship of myoglobin with age has been shown to be significant at a probability level of 0·1%.
Genetic variation in colour pattern of Wessex saddleback pigs
Authors: Donald H. P. 
Published: March 2009

Mating Wessex Saddleback with Gloucester Old Spot pigs shows clearly that the former are of the three genotypes expected if the belt pattern is primarily determined by a single dominant gene (Be). Breeding tests and measurements of belt width agree in showing that homozygotes tend to have medium to wide belts, heterozygotes tend to have medium, narrow or broken belts, while pigs homozygous for the recessive are black. Crosses of Wessex with black-spotted pigs produce black piglings with or without wide symmetrical belts depending on the genotype of the Wessex parents.Selection of breeding pigs with narrow belts maintains a high incidence of recessive blacks. Solid blacks which are nevertheless genetically belted may occur, but if so their numbers are likely to be very small.Evidence is given which suggests that pigmentation in the skin and hair of Wessex × Large White pigs is much reduced if the Large White parents have blue eyes.
Responses of cotton to ammonium sulphate and superphosphate, and relationships between yield and some soil constituents in Tanzania
Authors: Le Mare P. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn 92 field experiments in Tanzania's major cotton-growing area south and east of Lake Victoria mean yield without fertilizer was nearly 900 kg/ha of seed cotton. The mean direct effect of 224 kg/ha of single superphosphate with 202 kg/ha of ammonium sulphate was 380 kg/ha of seed cotton; with twice as much fertilizer the increment was 525 kg. First and second residual responses made important contributions to the total effect of superphosphate. In most zones the response to each fertilizer was large but in Nassa response to superphosphate was small; in Nzega yields were small and there was no response to ammonium sulphate, perhaps because Calidea dregei caused abscission of bolls; on the acid soils of Ukerewe Island yields and responses to superphosphate were small.Data are given to show the average amounts of plant nutrients in the soils most used for cotton. Correlations of yields with soil chemical data suggest that some soils lack enough calcium for large yields. A long-term experiment at the Ukiriguru research farm (Le Mare, 1972) showed that productivity of impoverished soil growing cotton every year was recovered and improved by lime with phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers: the experiments throughout the cotton area indicated that those results were widely relevant.
Complete diets for dairy cows: the effect of energy concentration and change in energy concentration of a complete diet on intake and performance of lactating dairy cows
Authors: Phipps R. H. , Bines J. A. , Weller R. F. , Thomas Joanne 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNinety-two British Friesians (56 cows and 36 heifers) were divided into two groups during weeks 3–10 of lactation and received ad libitum either complete diet H (65% concentrates, 35% grass silage, 11·7 MJ ME/kg D.M.) or diet M (50% concentrates, 50% grass silage, 11·2 MJ ME/kg D.M.). In weeks 11· 20 half the animals of each group continued to receive the same diet (HH or MM) while the other half were changed from diet H to M (HM) or from diet M to L (ML). Diet L contained 35% concentrates, 65% grass silage and 10·7 MJ ME/kg D.M. The crude protein concentration of all diets was maintained at about 157 g/kg D.M. by the addition of soya-bean meal to diets M and L.During weeks 3–10 the mean D.M. intake (kg/day), milk yield (kg/day), milk protein (g/kg) and live-weight change (kg/day) for animals on diets H and M were 15·0, 21·7, 33·3, 0·50 and 12·9, 20·2, 31·5, 0·35 respectively. Differences were significant for D.M. intake, milk yield and milk protein concentration. Although milk-fat concentration of cows given diet H (40·2 g/kg) was similar to that of cows given diet M (39·9 g/kg), heifers receiving diet H had a significantly lower value (37·0 g/kg) than those given diet M (39·8 g/kg).When animals were changed from diet H to M or from M to L at week 11, D.M. intake, milk yield and milk-protein concentration decreased. However, milk-fat concentration and live-weight change were generally unaffected.During the complete experimental period, weeks 3–20, animals on treatments HH, HM, MM and ML had mean D.M. intakes and milk yields of 15·3, 14·2, 13·2, 12·4 kg/day and 19·7, 18·5, 17·8, 17·0 kg/day. Milk-protein concentration, was closely related to D.M. intake, but only with heifers did diet H significantly depress milk-fat concentration. The highest live-weight gain was recorded on treatment HH (0·40 kg/day) and the lowost on treatment ML (0·29 kg/day) with intermediate values for treatments HM and MM.In vivodigestibility coefficients of D.M. and organic matter for diet H (0·731, 0·757) were significantly higher than those of diet L (0·707, 0·734) with intermediate values for diet M. However, for acid-detergent fibre the digestibility coefficient for diet H was significantly lower (0·562) than for diet L (0·662). The digestibility coefficients for nitrogen in all three diets were similar.Estimates of mean efficiency of utilization of ME for lactation were made on a weekly basis and were 0·56 and 0·64 for animals on diets H and M in weeks 3·10. During weeks 11·20 the mean values for animals on treatments HH, HM, MM and ML were 0·46, 0·53, 0·51 and 0·59, respectively.
Comparisons of growth and early yields of potato varieties of contrasting maturity classification at three sites
Authors: Griffith R. L. , Allen E. J. , O'Brien Susan A. , O'Brien P. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSix experiments which compared a range of contrasting varieties are reported. Two experiments were at a very early, coastal site in N. Pembrokeshire (Trefin), two at a site in South Pembrokeshire (Trefloyne) and two at a coastal site in N. Norfolk (Brancaster). No variety was in every experiment but several were in the majority of experiments. In some experiments sprout growth was manipulated by control of storage temperatures. A variety classified as early or second early produced the highest yields in all experiments but the yields of the best maincrop varieties were high and substantially better than many early varieties. The highest-yielding variety at the first harvest maintained this advantage throughout June and July. At two sites (Trefin and Brancaster) the highest-yielding variety was consistent from year to year but overall the ranking order of varieties for yields was inconsistent, e.g. Arran Comet was the highest-yielding variety at Trefin in both years and one of the lowest yielding at Brancaster.The results suggest that it is unwise to attempt to rank varieties for early yields by an overall score. The maturity classification of varieties is not necessarily an accurate guide to the utility of a variety. A consideration of the physiological age of the seed and growing conditions provided some explanation of these effects and their implication for breeding are discussed.
Experiments on growing sugar beet under continuous illumination
Authors: Bell G. D. H. , Bauer A. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. Growing young sugar-beet plants under continuous illumination before transplanting into the field induced stem elongation and anthesis in considerably greater proportions than in plants not exposed to continuous light exposure.2. The technique of growing young plants under continuous light exposure during the winter offers a means of rapid multiplication of small seed stocks, and also of isolating the various physiological types comprising the population. In particular, the technique should make it possible to select types resistant to bolting.3. Analysis of the glomerule populations obtained from the plants showing anthesis at definite dates indicates that there is a definite trend in the proportions of large, medium and small glomerules as the season progresses.
A critical survey of breeding wheat for baking quality
Authors: Frankel O. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. For both genetical and methodological reasons, tests for quality, in the majority of breeding schemes, are not required at the early stages of the breeding process.2. Reliability and definition of any one empirical test is not sufficient to safeguard against losses of valuable material.3. It is suggested, therefore, that as a rule agronomically promising lines should be carried on to a stage where comprehensive tests, using a number of selected methods, can be carried out, preferably over a number of seasons. It may be questioned whether a combination of such tests as the wholemeal fermentation and the gluten swelling tests (Pelshenke, 1938a) would suffice. In the light of the available evidence a testing system might be suggested comprising baking tests together with such “indirect” and, better still, “analytical” methods as will afford accurate information of an analytical nature.4. This review of the testing problem suggests the conclusion that empirical tests are limited in their significance and reliability, and that only an increased knowledge of the fundamentals can afford a truly scientific approach. It should be admitted that the plant breeder, with his insistence on empirical tests where fundamental knowledge was lacking, has side-tracked the cereal chemist from the narrow path of scientific approach all too often. It is questionable whether this has been to the ultimate advantage of wheat breeding.5. Inheritance studies on quality should greatly facilitate the task of the breeder. They will become feasible and valuable only when the nature of the desirable characters and the true significance of the testing methods are clearly understood.
Distribution of manganese in the pea seed in relation to marsh spot
Authors: Glasscock H. H. , Wain R. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. An outline of recent investigations on the cause of marsh spot in pea seeds indicates that the disease is caused by a deficiency of available manganese in the soil.2. The symptoms of the disease are very briefly described.3. The methods of analysis used by the writers for determining the amounts of manganese in whole peas and in different parts of peas are described.4. As no loss of manganese was found to result from soaking the peas in water for 24 hr., soaked peas were used for dissection in preference to dry peas.5. Referring to the diseased peas, the highest level of manganese was found in the peripheral tissues of the cotyledons, followed by the germ and seed-coat. Only slight traces of manganese were found in the healthy and in the necrotic tissue from the centre of the cotyledons. All parts of the healthy seed were richer in manganese than the corresponding parts of the diseased sample. In addition, the order of distribution was different; notably in that the tissue from the centre of the cotyledon contained a higher level than the seed-coat, and the germ a higher level than the outer layers of the cotyledon.6. A given weight of small peas proved to contain less manganese than the same weight of large peas selected from the diseased sample. The reverse was found to be true for similar size groups selected from the healthy sample. These differences in the manganese content of size groups suggest that peas of uniform size should be selected for analysis when the relative manganese levels of different samples are to be tested.7. It is suggested that migration of cell contents from the necrotic tissue of diseased peas may partly account for the differences in manganese content of healthy and diseased peas.
The comparative digestive powers of zebu and high-grade European cattle
Authors: French M. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. With three different groups, each of two zebu and two zebu × Ayrshire grade oxen, and ten typical East African feeding stuffs, no significant difference was found between the average digestibility coefficients recorded with the zebu and the grade oxen.2. The slight differences in feeding values were also of no practical significance.3. Some of the zebu × Ayrshire cattle were 3/4 and others 7/8 Ayrshire but the higher grading to the European breed apparently did not affect the digestive powers.
The distribution of Br in the soils and herbage of north-west Pembrokeshire
Authors: Wilkins Carolyn 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe Br content of soils and herbage from sites in north-west Pembrokeshire was determined. Topsoils had a range of Br contents from 10 to 515 μg/g, with a mean of 54 μg/g, subsoils ranged from < 1 to 455 μg/g, mean 47 μg/g, and herbage samples from 5 to 157 μg/g, mean 45 μg/g.The topsoil Br content can be related to the loss on ignition and drainage status of the soil; the topsoil Br/loss on ignition ratio becomes smaller with increasingly poor drainage. It was found that the Br distribution in the soil profile is also related to drainage status, the topsoil/subsoil Br ratio increasing with increasingly poor drainage.There is no clear relationship between soil Br and the amount of the element taken up by the herbage at the same sites.
The placement of fertilizers: I. Root crops
Authors: Lewis A. H. 
Published: March 2009

Evidence is adduced to show that sowing the fertilizer in restricted zones or bands gives higher yields of swedes, sugar beet and mangolds than broadcasting and harrowing in fertilizers.Sowing fertilizer in bands at one or both sides of the seed is the most satisfactory method of application. The bands should be about l½ in. from the seed and an inch or so below it. Placing the bands much further away than 1½ in. gives inferior results.Sowing fertilizer in bands at both sides of the seed involves risk of bad sowing, as, on bad seed beds, clods may jam between the fertilizer coulters even if they are staggered. Sowing fertilizer in a single band at the side of the seed obviates this difficulty and sometimes gives higher yields. It is recommended that for swedes, mangolds and sugar beet, complete fertilizers should be sown in one band about 1 in. below and distant laterally about 1½ in. from the seed.On soils very deficient in one or more nutrients, sowing fertilizer in a band below, but not in contact with the seed, gives very good results, but on most soils it is likely to lead to a poor stand of plant and low yields.Sowing fertilizers in the drills in contact with the seed gives good results on soils acutely deficient in one or more nutrients, but it can only be recommended for specific fertilizers in restricted areas (e.g. super-phosphate can be used in this way for swedes on some soils in Wiltshire and Dorset) since it involves serious risk of impaired germination.
Nutrition of the bacon pig: XI. The minimum level of protein intake consistent with quick growth and satisfactory carcass quality (Part IV)
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

The main object of the present investigation was to test the inference from the results of previous trials that a diet composed substantially of cereal and weatings, with a small percentage of lucerne meal or grass meal, and supplying 7% of white-fish meal up to 90 lb. live weight and no protein supplement at all thereafter, should provide all the protein needed for the maximum rate of growth in bacon pigs and the production of carcasses of satisfactory quality, when fed at the rates shown in the feeding chart in Table 3.Two separate trials were carried out, and both the individual-feeding and group-feeding techniques were employed. In Trial I the control treatment A supplied the standard allowances of high-protein supplement, consisting of 10% of white-fish meal from weaning to 150 lb. live weight, and 5% of extracted soya-bean meal from 150 lb. to slaughter at about 200 lb. The white-fish meal in the rations of the pigs on treatment B was restricted to 7% up to 90 lb. live weight, and from this stage onwards the high-protein supplement was entirely omitted from the diet. The rest of the diet in both treatments consisted of barley meal and weatings, with a small percentage of lucerne meal, care being taken also to safeguard the animals against mineral deficiencies.