bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new automated method for analysis of rCBF‐SPECT images based on the active‐shape algorithm: normal values
Authors: Hägerström Douglas , Jakobsson David , Stomrud Erik , Andersson Ann‐Margret , Ryding Erik , Londos Elisabet , Minthon Lennart , Rosén Ingmar , Edenbrandt Lars 
Published: November 2011

SummaryMost nuclear medicine clinicians use only visual assessment when interpreting regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) from single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images in clinical practice. The aims of this study were to develop a new, easy to use, automated method for quantification of rCBF‐SPECT and to create normal values by using the method on a normal population. We developed a 3‐dimensional method based on a brain‐shaped model and the active‐shape algorithm. The method defines the surface shape of the brain and then projects the maximum counts 0–1·5 cm deep for designated surface points. These surface projection values are divided into cortical regions representing the different lobes and presented relative to the whole cortex, cerebellum or cerebellar maximum. 99mTc‐hexa methyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO) SPECT was performed on 30 healthy volunteers with a mean age of 74 years (range 64–98). The ability of the active‐shape algorithm to define the shape of the brain was satisfactory when visually scrutinized. The results of the quantification show rCBF values in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes of 87–88% using cerebellum as the reference. There were no significant differences in normal rCBF values between male and female subjects and only a weak relation between rCBF and age. In conclusion, our new automated method was able to quantify rCBF‐SPECT images and create normal values in ranges as expected. Further studies are needed to assess the clinical value of this method and the normal values.
The Role of Social Scientists in Accelerating Innovation in Regenerative Medicine
Authors: Lavoie Marie 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe expertise of social scientists is vital in the field of regenerative medicine. By providing a comprehensive framework to include both technology and market conditions, as well as considering social, economic, and ethical values, they can inform policy decisions and influence the rate and direction of progress in new medical research. This paper deals with four potential conditions to which social science should pay special attention and assess: market conditions, technological opportunities, mechanisms of appropriability, and risk regulation of products and practices. The interplay of these factors must be understood as providing the right environment for this paradigm to progress. More empirical evidence is necessary to validate these factors in their international context, and this assigns a pivotal role to these experts.
The influence of host and non‐host companion plants on the behaviour of pest insects in field crops
Authors: Finch S. , Collier Rosemary H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCompanion plants grown as ‘trap crops’ or ‘intercrops’ can be used to reduce insect infestations in field crops. The ways in which such reductions are achieved are being described currently using either a chemical approach, based on the ‘push‐pull strategy’, or a biological approach, based on the ‘appropriate/inappropriate landing theory’. The chemical approach suggests that insect numbers are reduced by chemicals from the intercrop ‘repelling’ insects from the main crop, and by chemicals from the trap‐crop ‘attracting’ insects away from the main crop. This approach is based on the assumptions that (1) plants release detectable amounts of volatile chemicals, and (2) insects ‘respond’ while still some distance away from the emitting plant. We discuss whether the above assumptions can be justified using the ‘appropriate/inappropriate landing theory’. Our tenet is that specialist insects respond only to the volatile chemicals released by their host plants and that these are released in such small quantities that, even with a heightened response to such chemicals, specialist insects can only detect them when a few metres from the emitting plant. We can find no robust evidence in the literature that plant chemicals ‘attract’ insects from more than 5 m and believe that ‘trap crops’ function simply as ‘interception barriers’. We can also find no evidence that insects are ‘repelled’ from landing on non‐host plants. Instead, we believe that ‘intercrops’ disrupt host‐plant finding by providing insects with a choice of host (appropriate) and non‐host (inappropriate) plant leaves on which to land, as our research has shown that, for intercropping to be effective, insects must land on the non‐host plants. Work is needed to determine whether non‐host plants are repellent (chemical approach) or ‘non‐stimulating’ (biological approach) to insects.
Predictive value of the baseline T‐QRS ratio of the fetal electrocardiogram in intrapartum fetal monitoring: a prospective cohort study
Authors: BECKER JEROEN H. , KUIPERS LIDEWIJ J.M. , SCHUIT EWOUD , VISSER GERARD H.A. , VAN DEN AKKER ELINE S.A. , VAN BEEK ERIK , BOLTE ANTOINETTE C. , RIJNDERS ROBERT J.P. , MOL BEN WILLEM J. , PORATH MARTINA M. , DROGTROP ADDY P. , SCHUITEMAKER NICO W.E. , WILLEKES CHRISTINE , WESTERHUIS MICHELLE E.M.H. , MOONS KAREL G.M. , KWEE ANNEKE 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjective. To evaluate the added value of the baseline T/QRS ratio to other known risk factors in predicting adverse outcome and interventions for suspected fetal distress. Design. Prospective cohort study. Setting. Three academic and six non‐academic teaching hospitals in the Netherlands. Population. Laboring women with a high‐risk cephalic singleton pregnancy beyond 36 weeks of gestation. Methods. We obtained STAN® recordings (ST‐analysis, Neoventa, Sweden) from two previous studies. Three patient groups were defined: cases with adverse outcome, cases with emergency delivery because of suspected fetal distress without adverse outcome, and a reference group of uncomplicated cases. Baseline T/QRS ratios among the adverse outcome and intervention for suspected fetal distress cases were compared to those of the uncomplicated cases. The ability of baseline T/QRS to predict adverse outcome and suspected fetal distress was determined using a multivariable logistic model. Main outcome measures. The added value of the baseline T/QRS to other known risk factors in the prediction of adverse outcome and interventions for suspected fetal distress. Results. From 3462 recordings, 2459 were available for analysis. Median baseline T/QRS for uncomplicated cases, adverse outcome and interventions for suspected fetal distress were 0.12 (range 0.00–0.52), 0.12 (0.00–0.42) and 0.13 (0.00–0.39), respectively. There was no statistical difference between these groups. Multivariable analysis showed no added value of baseline T/QRS in the prediction of either adverse outcome or interventions for suspected fetal distress. Conclusion. Baseline T/QRS has no added value in the prediction of adverse neonatal outcome or interventions for suspected fetal distress.
Analysis of the bone metabolism by quantitative computer tomography and clinical chemistry in a primate model (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Grohmann J. , Kuehnel F. , Buchwald U. , Koeller G. , Habla C. , Einspanier A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground  Common marmosets are widely used as experimental primates; however, little is still known about their bone physiology. Therefore, the aim of our study was to analyse body weight, age and bone‐specific blood parameters in relation to morphological bone parameters.Methods  Fifty‐eight common marmosets were analysed for blood calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphor (Pi), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and 17‐β‐estradiol (E2). The examination of bone parameters was undertaken in the lumbar spine by computer tomography.Results  There was a correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and body weight, trabecular area ratio and polar moment as well as between BMD and AP or Ca (only males), whereas there were no correlations between BMD and age, Pi or E2 in all analysed genders.Conclusions  Our data support the assumption that the common marmoset is a reliable primate model to study changes in bone metabolism because of the similarity of our results to humans.
Using cognitive‐behavioural techniques to improve exclusive breastfeeding in a low‐literacy disadvantaged population
Authors: Rahman Atif , Haq Zaeem , Sikander Siham , Ahmad Ikhlaq , Ahmad Mansoor , Hafeez Assad 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDespite being an important component of Pakistan's primary health care programme, the rates of exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months remain among the lowest in the world. Low levels of literacy in women and deeply held cultural beliefs and practices have been found to contribute to the ineffectiveness of routine counselling delivered universally by community health workers in Pakistan. We aimed to address this by incorporating techniques of cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) into the routine counselling process. We conducted qualitative studies of stakeholders' opinions (mothers, community health workers, their trainers and programme managers) and used this data to develop a psycho‐educational approach that combined education with techniques of CBT that could be integrated into the health workers' routine work. The workers were trained to use this approach and feedback was obtained after implementation. The new intervention was successfully integrated into the community health worker programme and found to be culturally acceptable, feasible and useful. Incorporating techniques of CBT into routine counselling may be useful to promote health behaviours in traditional societies with low literacy rates.
Fatty acids in serum and diet – a canonical correlation analysis among toddlers
Authors: Uusitalo Liisa , Nevalainen Jaakko , Salminen Irma , Ovaskainen Marja‐Leena , Kronberg‐Kippilä Carina , Ahonen Suvi , Niinistö Sari , Alfthan Georg , Simell Olli , Ilonen Jorma , Veijola Riitta , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFatty acid concentrations in blood are potential biomarkers of dietary fat intake, but methodological studies among children are scarce. The large number of fatty acids and their complex interrelationships pose a special challenge in research on fatty acids. Our target was to assess the interrelationships between the total fatty acid profiles in diet and serum of young children. The study subjects were healthy control children from the birth cohort of the Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Study. A 3‐day food record and a frozen serum sample were available from 135 children at the age of 1 year, from 133 at 2 years, and from 92 at 3 years. The relationship between dietary and serum fatty acid profiles was analysed using canonical correlation analysis. The consumption of fatty milk correlated positively with serum fatty acids, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) at all ages. Correlations between dietary and serum eicosapentaenoic and/or docosahexaenoic acid were observed at 2 and 3 years of age. Serum linoleic acid was positively associated with the consumption of infant formula at the age of 1 year, and with the consumption of vegetable margarine at 2 and 3 years. The results indicate a high quality of the 3‐day food records kept by parents and other caretakers of the children, and suitability of non‐fasting, un‐fractioned serum samples for total fatty acid analyses. The correlation between intake of milk fat and serum proportion of CLA is a novel finding.
No need for biopsies: comparison of three sample techniques for wound microbiota determination
Authors: Gjødsbøl Kristine , Skindersoe Mette E , Christensen Jens Jørgen , Karlsmark Tonny , Jørgensen Bo , Jensen Anders Mørup , Klein Bjarke M , Sonnested Michael K , Krogfelt Karen A 
Published: November 2011

The aim of the study was to compare three sampling techniques used in routine diagnostics to identify the microbiota in chronic venous leg ulcers. A total of 46 patients with persisting venous leg ulcers were included in the study. At inclusion, swab, biopsy and filter paper pad samples were collected. After 4 weeks, additional biopsy and filter paper pad samples were collected. Bacteria were isolated and identified at species level by standard methods. The most common bacterial species detected was Staphylococcus aureus found in 89% of the ulcers. No methicillin‐resistant S. aureus isolates were found.We did not find any significant differences regarding the bacterial species isolated between the three sampling techniques. However, using multiple techniques led to identification of more species. Our study suggests that it is sufficient to use swab specimens to identify the bacterial species present in chronic wounds, thus avoiding complications during and after biopsy sampling.
Tritrophic interactions amongBtmaize, an insect pest and entomopathogens: effects on development and survival of western corn rootworm
Authors: Petzold‐Maxwell J.L. , Jaronski S.T. , Gassmann A.J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAgricultural systems often provide a model for testing ecological hypotheses, while ecological theory can enable more effective pest management. One of the best examples of this is the interaction between host‐plant resistance and natural enemies. With the advent of crops that are genetically modified to produce insecticidal toxins from the bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis(Bt), a new form of host‐plant resistance has been introduced to agroecosystems. HowBtcrops interact with natural enemies, especially insect pathogens in below‐ground systems, is not well understood, but provides a unique opportunity to study below‐ground tritrophic interactions. In this study, we used two species of entomopathogenic fungi and three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to determine how this community of soil‐borne natural enemies might interact withBtmaize (event 59122, expressing the insecticidal proteinCry34/35Ab1) to affect survival and development of western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera), which is an obligate root feeder and a serious pest of maize. We ran two experiments, one in a greenhouse and one in a growth chamber. Both experiments consisted of a fully crossed design with two maize treatments (Btmaize and non‐Btmaize) and two entomopathogen treatments (present or absent). The community of entomopathogens significantly increased mortality of western corn rootworm, andBtmaize increased larval developmental time and mortality. Entomopathogens andBtmaize acted in an independent and additive manner, with both factors increasing the mortality of western corn rootworm. Results from this study suggest that entomopathogens may complement host‐plant resistance fromBtcrops.
Changes of Polyphenols, Sugars, and Organic Acid in 5 Vitis Genotypes during Berry Ripening
Authors: Liang Zhenchang , Sang Min , Fan Peige , Wu Benhong , Wang Lijun , Duan Wei , Li Shaohua 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  The concentrations of sugars, organic acids, and polyphenols during berry ripening in 5 grape genotypes were analyzed using HPLC and HPLC‐MS to determine which were correlated. Veraison is critical stage during grape berry development, and marks the beginning of ripening. Glucose and fructose accumulated sharply in a 1 : 1 ratio, though the concentration of fructose was slightly higher than that of glucose at maturation. Malic acid and tartaric acid were the dominant organic acids, and they decreased rapidly during berry ripening. The 5 cultivars contained 28 anthocyanins and 8 other polyphenols. All anthocyanins accumulated and were positively correlated with the sugars and negatively correlated with the organic acids. Hydroxycinnamic acids declined and were positively correlated with anthocyanin contents. Changes in flavanols and flavonols different among the 5 genotypes, with flavonols positively correlated with anthocyanin content, but the flavanols procyanidin B1 and epicatechin negatively correlated with anthocyanins content. There were obvious differences in patterns of change of polyphenols among 5 grape genotypes.Practical Application:  The results could be used for improving grape berry quality during ripening and developing a comprehensive database of primary and secondary metabolites in the Vitis for grape breeding.
Evaluation of Selected Quality Parameters to Monitor Essential Oil Alteration during Storage
Authors: Turek Claudia , Stintzing Florian C. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  Several analytical methods including high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were applied on essential oils to establish a set of suitable quality parameters for monitoring changes during storage. For this purpose, 7 essential oils derived from various plant families were exposed to possible worst‐case conditions for up to 3 mo at 38 °C under cool white light in the presence of atmospheric oxygen. After storage and immediate freezing at –80 °C to stop further alterations until analysis, individual physicochemical parameters were assessed and are discussed with regard to the precision of the respective method as well as suitability to monitor aging processes. To determine conductivity and pH values, a work‐up of essential oils by water extraction was established. Conductivity, peroxide value as well as pH turned out to be suitable parameters to picture alterations. Additionally, HPLC fingerprints were monitored by diode array detection to track underlying chemical changes in essential oil composition.Practical Application:  This study evaluates a set of analytical parameters to track changes during essential oil storage. On this basis, quality alterations can be monitored.
High Pressure Homogenization Increases the In Vitro Bioaccessibility of α‐ and β‐Carotene in Carrot Emulsions But Not of Lycopene in Tomato Emulsions
Authors: Svelander Cecilia A. , Lopez‐Sanchez Patricia , Pudney Paul D.A. , Schumm Stephan , Alminger Marie A.G. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  The correlation between food microstructure and in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenes was evaluated for tomato and carrot emulsions (5% olive oil) subjected to high pressure homogenization (HPH) at varying degrees of intensity. The aim was to investigate whether additional mechanical disruption of the food matrix could be utilized to further increase the carotene bioaccessibility of an already pre‐processed material. The carotene bioaccessibility of the samples was measured after simulated in vitro digestion, carotene release to the oil phase was estimated by Confocal Raman spectroscopy and, to measure active uptake of carotenes, Caco‐2 cells were incubated with the digesta of selected samples. HPH did not notably affect the retention of carotenes or ascorbic acid but significantly increased both the release and micellar incorporation of α‐ and β‐carotene in carrot emulsions 1.5‐ to 1.6‐fold. On the other hand, in vitro bioaccessibility of lycopene from tomato was not increased by HPH under any of the conditions investigated. Instead, the results suggested that lycopene bioaccessibility was limited by a combination of the low solubility of lycopene in dietary lipids and entrapment in the cellular network. Carotene uptake by Caco‐2 cells appeared to be mainly dependent upon the carotene concentration of the digesta, but cis‐trans isomerization had a significant impact on the micellarization efficiency of carotenes. We therefore conclude that HPH is an interesting option for increasing the bioaccessibility of carotenes from fruits and vegetables while maintaining a high nutrient content, but that the results will depend on both food source and type of carotene.Practical Application:  A better understanding of the correlation between the processing of fruits and vegetables, microstructure and nutrient bioaccessibility can be directly applied in the production of food products with an increased nutritional value.
Comparative GC/MS Analysis of Essential Oils Extracted by 3 Methods from the Bud of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl
Authors: Jiang Ming‐Hua , Yang Li , Zhu Liang , Piao Jin‐Hua , Jiang Jian‐Guo 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  A comparative study of steam distillation extraction (SDE), reflux extraction (RE), and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (USE) was conducted for the extraction of essential oils from the bud of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl. Each method was evaluated in terms of qualitative and quantitative composition of the isolated essential oil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The extract yields of essential oil were 0.16%, 2.18%, and 2.34%, respectively. A total of 82 compounds were identified by GC/MS. The main components obtained by SDE were terpinen‐4‐ol (20.98%), dipentene (11.67%), terpinene (9.24%), those by RE were palmitic acid (20.61%), 2‐chloroethyl linoleate (14.54%), tetracosane (12.26%), and α‐linolenic acid (11.24%), and those by USE were tetracosane (11.32%), heneicosane (11.06%), and palmitic acid (8.76%). Comparative analysis indicated that SDE was favorable for the extraction of monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carbonyl compounds, RE and USE had certain advantages in the extraction of aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons, organic acids, and esters. It is concluded that different extraction methods may lead to different yields of essential oils; the choice of appropriate method is very important to obtain more desired components with higher physiological activities.Practical Application:  C. aurantium oils from different plant parts have great economic, medicinal, and nutritional values because of their wide‐spectrum biological activities. The essential oil from C. aurantium L. var amara is one of the best C. aurantium oils. The data presented in this article will help us understand the relationship between essential oils and its extraction methods and know more about the aromatic components of Citrus aurantium bud. The methods established in this study will provide useful reference information for further studies, and offer essential oil industries with helpful guidance in practice.
Impact of Pre‐Selected Autochthonous Starter Cultures on the Flavor Quality of Iberian Dry‐Fermented “Salchichón” Sausage with Different Ripening Processes
Authors: Casquete Rocío , Martín Alberto , Benito María José , Ruiz‐Moyano Santiago , Nevado Francisco Pérez , Córdoba María de Guía 
Published: November 2011

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact on flavor quality of 2 autochthonous starter cultures in the manufacture of Iberian dry‐fermented “sálchichón.” A total of 2 strains of Pediococcus acidilactici (MS200 and MS198) were combined individually with a strain of Staphylococcus vitulus (RS34) to obtain 2 starter cultures: P200S34 and P198S34. The ability of both starter cultures to implant during 2 different manufacturing procedures of “salchichón” was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Changes due to starter culture inoculations on volatile compounds were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the impact on flavor quality evaluated by sensorial analysis. The implantation of starter cultures was adequate and did not significantly modify the flavor of the traditional Iberian dry‐fermented “salchichón,” while modulating the volatile compound profile with respect to that found in sausages with wild microbial populations. The influence of the starter cultures studied was more evident in the shorter sausage processing time. P198S34 was related with the increase in some volatile compounds deriving from lipid degradation. P200S34 contributed to the formation of several volatile compounds arising from lipid degradation, amino acid catabolism, and microbial esterase activity.Practical Application:  P200S34 and P198S34 are autochthonous starter cultures for specific use in the processing of Iberian dry‐fermented sausages. The application of these starters allows obtaining Iberian dry‐fermented sausages with sensorial characteristics standardized. It is greatly interesting for processing and marketing industry of these high‐quality meat products.