bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of different combinations of analogues of PGF2αand dopamine agonists for the termination of pregnancy in dogs
Authors: Onclin K. , Verstegen J. P. 
Published: October 2010

Groups of five pregnant bitches were treated to terminate the pregnancy with four combinations of drugs, starting 28 days after the estimated surge of luteinising hormone (LH), 22 to 28 days after the first mating. The treatments were: cabergoline administered orally for 10 days at a dose of 5 μg/kg and a single subcutaneous injection of 2.5 μg/kg cloprostenol at the start of the treatment; the same dose of cabergoline plus two doses of 1 μg/kg cloprostenol administered on days 28 and 32 after the LH surge; bromocryptine administered orally at a dose of 30 μg/kg three times a day for 10 days plus a single dose of 2.5 μg/kg cloprostenol; the same dose of bromocryptine plus two doses of 1 μg/kg cloprostenol; and a group of five pregnant bitches was left untreated. The pregnancies were terminated in all but one of the treated bitches, in each case by resorption of the fetuses. There were few side effects in the bitches treated with two doses of 1 μg/kg cloprostenol, and were present but acceptable in those treated with one dose of 2.5 μg/kg. Plasma progesterone concentrations decreased to less than 1 ng/ml within 72 hours of the start of treatment and remained low except in the bitch in which pregnancy was not terminated. In the five untreated bitches, plasma progesterone remained high and they whelped normally. In the treated groups, the intervals between successive displays of oestrus were reduced by approximately 70 days in comparison with previous cycles or with the control group, but the fertility of the dogs was not affected adversely.
Transfer of suiphamethazine from contaminated dairy feed to cows' milk
Authors: McEvoy D. G. , Mayne C. S. , Higgins H. C. , Kennedy D. G. 
Published: October 2010

Four groups of four healthy mid‐lactation Friesian cows were fed a compound feedingstuff containing either 2, 10 or 250 mg sulphamethazine/kg, corresponding to 0, 2, 10 and 250 per cent of the therapeutic inclusion rate in rations for pigs, at a flat rate of 3 kg twice daily for 21 days, followed by a seven‐day withdrawal period. The cows were machine‐milked twice daily and pooled milk samples from each cow were analysed by a commercially available microbiological assay with a sensitivity of 100 μg/litre and by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedure with a limit of detection of 10 μg/litre. No sulphamethazine was detected by HPLC in the milk samples taken from any of the cows fed the concentrate containing 2 or 10 mg/kg. The milk samples from all four cows fed the highest concentration of sulphamethazine contained from 21 to 120 μg/litre while they were being fed the contaminated concentrate. The cow with the highest concentrations of sulphamethazine was the only one which repeatedly tested positive by the microbiological assay. The concentration of sulphamethazine declined rapidly during the withdrawal period and the drug was not detectable by either method in samples taken from two days after the contaminated feed was withdrawn.
Comparison of the effects of injections of nortestosterone phenyipropionate at single and multiple sites in cattle on the detection of its residues in plasma, urine and bile
Authors: McEvoy J. D. G. , McVeigh C. E. , McCaughey W. J. , Kennedy D. G. 
Published: October 2010

The synthetic androgen 17β‐19‐nortestosterone (β‐NT) has been used illegally as a growth promoter in cattle production in the European Union. The elimination of β‐NT and its metabolites in plasma and urine was studied in cattle which had received intramuscular injections of its phenylpropionate ester (NTP) at either single or multiple sites at a dose rate of 1 mg/kg bodyweight. In both groups, the plasma concentrations of β‐NT, measured by enzyme immunoassay, were consistently greater than the assay's limit of quantification (0.24 ng/ml) during days 1 to 7 of the study. The mean (sd) maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) was significantly greater in the multiply injected animals (4.4 [0.48] v 2.7 [0.15] ng/ml), but other prasma pharmacokinetic parameters, AUC, CL, T1 /2 β, Tmax and MRT, were not significantly different in the two groups. The equivalent urinary concentrations exceeeded the limit of quantification of the assay (4.5 ng/ml) for up to 24 days after injection. In a second study, the biliary concentrations of β‐NT and its 17α‐epimer (α‐NT) were measured by gas chromatography‐high resolution mass spectrometry after cattle were injected intramuscularly at either single or multiple sites with NTPP. Only α‐NT was detected in bile for up to 62 days after injection at concentrations above the limit of quantification of the assay (0.7 ng/ml). It is concluded that in some animals, intramuscular injections of NTPP at several sites may decrease the period after injection during which free β‐NT and its metabolites are detectable in plasma and urine. After the injection of NTPP, α‐NT was detected in bile for longer than it was detected in plasma or urine.
Effect of carprofen on lameness in broiler chickens
Authors: McGeown D. , Danbury T. C , Waterman‐Pearson A. E. , Kestin S. C. 
Published: October 2010

Lameness is prevalent among broiler chickens and there is concern that it is chronically painful. The administration of an analgesic has been frequently used to identify pain in lame farm animals. Therefore, in this study the ability of lame and normal broiler chickens to traverse an obstacle course was tested after treatment with the analgesic, carprofen, a placebo saline injection or a control handling procedure. Sound birds traversed the course in approximately 11 seconds, irrespective of treatment. Lame birds took approximately 34 seconds to traverse the course, unless they received carprofen, which reduced their completion time to 18 seconds. Thus, carprofen substantially increased the speed of lame birds, providing evidence that birds with moderate lameness suffer pain when they walk.
Pathological changes in the myocardium of hypocalcaemic parturient cows
Authors: Yamagishi N. , Ogawa K. , Naito Y. 
Published: October 2010

Three parturient cows in lateral recumbency which were moaning and had tachycardia, arrhythmia and dyspnoea were thoroughly examined. They were hypocalcaemic (0.70‐1.27 mmol/litre) and were euthanased within four days, because they failed to respond to calcium treatment. By light microscopy the most characteristic pathological changes in the heart were necrotic changes scattered throughout the myocardium. Electron microscopy revealed abnormalities in the myocytes which were characterised by focal myofibrillar lysis, irregular splitting, streaming and spreading of the Z band and myofibrillar disarray.
Level and duration of serum antibodies in cattle infected experimentally and naturally with bovine virus diarrhoea virus
Authors: Fredriksen B. , Sandvik T. , Løken T. , Ødegaard S. A. 
Published: October 2010

Neutralising serum antibodies against bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were monitored for three years in 35 cattle that were infected with the virus as calves; 24 of the calves were inoculated intramuscularly or intranasally, and 11 contracted the infection naturally. All the experimentally infected calves seroconverted within 14 to 28 days after inoculation, and all the animals still had high serum levels of antibodies to BvDv three years after infection. Determinations of antibody levels in milk and blood samples excluded the possibility that the calves had been reinfected with BvDv during the study.
Ultrasonographic findings in three cows with chronic ragwort (Senecio alpinus) poisoning
Authors: Braun U. , Linggi T. , Pospischil A. 
Published: October 2010

Three cows with ragwort (Senecio alpinus) poisoning were examined clinically, haematologically and ultrasonographically, and biopsy specimens of the liver were examined histologically. At the end of the study, the cows were euthanased and examined postmortem. The major clinical signs included severely disturbed general demeanour and behaviour, and severe diarrhoea. One cow was photosensitive. The activities of liver enzymes and the concentration of bilirubin were high in all of the cows. In two of the cows, ultrasonographic examination revealed a heavy accumulation of abdominal fluid, which was diagnosed as non‐inflammatory ascites. In all the cows, the liver parenchyma was heterogeneous, and cows 1 and 2 had multiple echogenic foci 5 to 10 mm in diameter. In cow 3, the facies diaphragmatica of the liver appeared irregular in outline owing to the presence of nodules which were approximately 5 cm in diameter. The liver was also greatly enlarged and extended almost to the linea alba ventrally and beyond the reticulum cranially. All the cows had portal hypertension and the portal vein was dilated, resulting in oedema of the walls of the gall bladder, the small intestines and the omentum. The diameter of the caudal vena cava was reduced as a result of the impaired hepatic circulation. Histological examination of liver biopsy specimens revealed severe hepatic fibrosis in all the cows.
Antibody response to glycoprotein E after bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection in passively immunised, glycoprotein E‐negative calves
Authors: Lemaire M. , Schynts F. , Meyer G. , Thiry E. 
Published: October 2010

This study was conducted to determine whether young calves with maternal antibodies against bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV‐1) but without antibodies against glycoprotein E (gE) can produce an active antibody response to gE after a BHV‐1 infection. Five calves received at birth colostrum from gE‐seronegative cows which had been vaccinated two or three times with an inactivated BHV‐1, gE‐deleted marker vaccine. After inoculation with a wild‐type virulent strain of BHV‐1, all the passively immunised gE‐negative calves shed virus in large amounts in their nasal secretions. All the calves seroconverted to gE within two to four weeks after inoculation and then had high levels of gE antibodies for at least four months. The development of an active cell‐mediated immune response was also detected by in vitro BHV‐1‐specific interferon‐gamma assays. All the calves were latently infected, because one of them re‐excreted the virus spontaneously and the other four did so after being treated with dexamethasone. The results showed that under the conditions of this work the gE‐negative marker could also distinguish between passively immunised and latently infected calves.
Effects of temperature on the survival ofTritrichomonas foetusin transport, Diamond's and InPouch TF media
Authors: Bryan L. A. , Campbell J. R. , Gajadhar A. A. 
Published: October 2010

The abilities of two isolates ofTrtrichomonas foetusto survive and replicate in transport and Diamond's medium or in the InPouch TF system (Bio‐Med Diagnostics) when exposed to different temperatures for different periods were determined in a series of experiments. Tubes containing thioglycollate transport medium or pouches were inoculated with 4000 to 5000 organisms and kept for up to seven days at 37°C, 22°C, 4°C, or ‐20°C. When the holding time had elapsed, the numbers of motileT foetuswere counted. Samples in transport medium were transferred to Diamond's medium, and both the pouches and tubes containing Diamond's medium were incubated at 37°C. The cultures were examined and counted four or five times during the 10 to 14 day culture period. The sensitivity of the test under the different conditions, expressed as the number of positive cultures/the total number of samples × 100, varied from zero to 100 per cent depending upon the combination of variables considered. In each medium, with both isolates ofT foetus, all samples kept for up to four days at 22°C or 37°C were positive. All cultures of samples kept more than five days at 4°C were negative. No positive cultures were detected when samples were kept more than three hours at ‐20°C. The day on which the cultures reached mean peak concentration varied with the temperature at which the samples had been kept before they were cultured.
Comparison of two combinations of sedatives before anaesthetising pigs with halothane and nitrous oxide
Authors: Brodbelt D. C. , Taylor P. M. 
Published: October 2010

Two groups of 21 three‐month‐old Landrace × Large White pigs were sedated with either azaperone (2 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) (group A), or detomidine (100 pg/kg), butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) (group D) administered intramuscularly, before being anaesthetised with halothane, oxygen and nitrous oxide for a bilateral stifle arthrotomy. The pigs' heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, electrocardiogram, arterial oxygen saturation, arterial blood gases, and oesophageal and rectal temperature were measured while they were anaesthetised and five minutes after they were disconnected, and their recovery times and any complications were recorded. Both groups were well sedated. Their heart rate was unchanged during the period of anaesthesia but increased when they recovered. The respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure and rectal temperature were lower in group A than in group D (P<0.05). Mild respiratory acidosis developed during anaesthesia in both groups. Both groups recovered equally rapidly and complications were generally minor, though two pigs in group D appeared to develop malignant hyperthermia.
Effect of very low pulsed direct currents at high frequency on the return of neck tension in broilers
Authors: Wotton S. B. , Wilkins L. J. 
Published: October 2010

Broiler chickens were stunned electrically for one second or 10 seconds with a unipolar pulsed direct current (DC) at 550 Hz. The effectiveness of the stun was assessed from the birds' behaviour. All the birds were stunned effectively when more than 15 mA true root mean square DC was applied for either period. An increase in the duration of the applied current resulted in an increased duration of unconsciousness. However, the unipolar pulsed DC at 550 Hz did not induce cardiac arrest, and it must therefore be accompanied by a prompt and effective neck cut, severing both carotid arteries.
Effect of a successive intranasal/ intramuscular vaccination strategy on the circulation of Aujeszky's disease virus in fattening pigs in persistently infected farrow‐to‐finish herds
Authors: Maes D. G. , Nauwynck H. J. , Willems L. J. , Pensaert M. B. 
Published: October 2010

This study investigated whether successive intranasal and intramuscular vaccinations administered to pigs when they were four and 10 weeks of age would reduce the circulation of Aujeszky's disease virus in eight persistently infected pig herds. The results of this strategy were compared with those obtained with the conventional two intramuscular vaccinations at 10 and 14 weeks of age. Piglets bom during a period of two weeks were vaccinated bythe new strategy and the piglets bom during the next two weeks were vaccinated according to the conventional schedule. The vaccine for intranasal administration consisted of 1O6‐0TCID560of Kaplan gE‐grstrain, suspended in 3 ml phosphate buffered saline. A commerdally available Bartha strain, suspended in an oil‐in‐water emulsion, was used for the intramuscular boostervaccination. At slaughter, the percentage of pigs with antibodies against glycoprotein E (gE), indicating infection with wild‐type Aujeszky's disease virus was determined in both groups. Replication of the vaccine virus after the intranasal vaccination was demonstrated in both groups. Replication of the vaccine virus after the intranasal vaccination was demonstrated in 96 per cent ofthe pigs. Only 34 per cent ofthe pigs vaccinated by the new strategy showed a serological response (serum neutralisation titre ≥2) at 14 weeks of age. The percentage of slaughter pigs in the eight herds which had antibodies against gE after beingvaccinated bythe new strategy was 34.6 per cent, whereas 55.4 per cent ofthe pigs vaccinated conventionally had antibodies against gE.
Effects of dry cow intramammary therapy on quarter infections in the dry period
Authors: Hassan Z. , Daniel R. C. W. , O'Boyle D. , Frost A. J. 
Published: October 2010

Quarter milk samples were taken from 150 cows from three dairy farms in south‐east Queensland at drying off, two, four and six weeks after drying off, at calving, and one, two and three weeks after calving. In each of the herds, the cows were randomly allocated to three groups of approximately equal size. One group had all the quarters of all the cows treated at drying off with a dry cow antibiotic infusion containing cloxacillin; the second group was given no treatment, and the third group had selected quarters treated on the basis of their high activity of N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase at drying off. Dry cow treatment resulted in a marked reduction in the number of infected quarters at two and four weeks after drying off, so that the comprehensively treated group had significantly less infected quarters at these times (P<0.02). Twelve clinical cases of mastitis were detected two weeks after drying off in the untreated groups, 10 in the untreated quarters of the selectively treated groups, and no cases in the comprehensively treated groups. These cases were due mainly toStreptococcus uberisandStreptococcus dysgalactiae. The number of infected untreated quarters increased markedly between drying off and two weeks later, but in all three groups there was a marked decrease in the number of infected quarters between six weeks after drying off and calving, suggesting that the mammary glands were more able to overcome infections at this time.
Effects of glucose infusion on the endocrine, metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to halothane anaesthesia of ponies
Authors: Luna P. L. , Taylor P. M. , Brearley J. C. 
Published: October 2010

Glucose was infused intravenously into six ponies during halothane anaesthesia, to evaluate its effect on their endocrine response to anaesthesia. The ponies were premedicated with acepromazine, and anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone and maintained with halothane in oxygen for two hours. Glucose was infused to maintain the plasma glucose concentration above 20 mmol/litre. Anaesthesia was associated with hypothermia, a decrease in haematocrit, hypotension, hyperoxaemia, respiratory acidosis and an increase in the plasma concentrations of lactate and arginine vasopressin. The concentration of β‐endorphin in plasma increased transiently after 20 minutes but there were no changes in concentrations of adrenocorticotrophic hormone, dynorphin, cortisol or catecholamines. These data suggest that the glucose infusion attenuated the normal adrenal response of ponies to halothane anaesthesia.
Echocardiography of the normal bovine heart: technique and ultrasonographic appearance
Authors: Braun U. , Schweizer T. , Pusterla N. 
Published: October 2010

Fifty‐one clinically healthy cows were examined ultrasonographically from the third and fourth intercostal spaces on both sides of the thorax. A 3.0 MHz transducer was used and the heart was examined in the caudal long, caudal short and cranial long axes on the right side, and in the caudal and cranial long axes on the left side. In each position the optimal transducer orientation and the images of the structures were recorded. In the caudal long axis view of the heart on the right (transducer positioned at the fourth intercostal space), all four chambers were visible with the transducer positioned 8 to 10 cm dorsal to the level of the olecranon. The left ventricular outflow tract, consisting of the aortic valve and ascending aorta, were visible in the same position with the transducer rotated 10 to 400 clockwise. In the caudal short axis view of the heart on the right, the left and right ventricles were visible in cross‐section with the transducer held at right angles to the ribs in the fourth intercostal space, 3 to 6 cm dorsal to the olecranon and tipped slightly dorsally. In the cranial long axis view of the heart on the right, the right ventricular outflow tract, consisting of the pulmonary valve and pulmonary artery, was visible in the third intercostal space, 8 to 10 cm dorsal to the olecranon with the transducer angled craniodorsally and rotated 10 to 20° clockwise. In the caudal long axis view of the heart on the left, the left and right ventricles and the left ventricular outflow tract were visible with the transducer placed in the fourth intercostal space. In the cranial long axis view on the left, the right ventricular outflow tract was visible.
Use of a reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for monitoring the shedding of feline coronavirus by healthy cats
Authors: Addie D. D. , Jarrett O. 
Published: October 2010

The pattern of shedding of feline coronavirus (FCoV) was established in 155 naturally infected pet cats from 29 households over periods of up to five years. Viral RNA was detected in faeces by reverse‐transcriptase PCR (RT‐PCR), and plasma antiviral antibodies by immunofluorescence. The cats rarely shed FCoV in their saliva. Three patterns of FCoV shedding were observed. Eighteen of the cats shed virus continuously, so were persistent, and possibly lifelong, carriers; none of them developed feline infectious peritonitis. Fifty‐six cats ceased shedding virus, although they were susceptible to reinfection, and 44 shed intermittently or were being continuously reinfected. Four of the cats were resistant to infection. Seventy‐three per cent of the virus shedding episodes lasted up to three months and 95 per cent up to nine months. There was a correlation between shedding and antibody titre but the cats could remain seropositive for some time after they had ceased shedding virus. One‐off testing for FcoV by RT‐PCR iS inappropriate. Identification of longterm carriers requires that a positive result be obtained by RT‐PCR on faecal samples for at least eight consecutive months. A cat should be shown to be negative over five months, or to have become seronegative, to ensure that it has ceased shedding virus.
Diagnostic investigation of chronic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a breeding herd of pigs
Authors: Bierk M. D. , Dee S.A. , Rossow K. D. , Collins J. E. , Guedes M. I. , Pijoan C. , Molitor T. W. 
Published: October 2010

Forty‐five sows and 15 boars were selected at random from a breeding herd known to be chronically infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRsv) and lymphoid, immune‐privileged, and non‐lymphoid/non‐immune‐privileged tissues were tested for the presence of the virus by PcR, virus isolation, and immunohistochemistry. The virus was isolated from the lateral retropharyngeal lymph node of one sow; the isolate was nucleic acid sequenced and determined to be of field origin, and it was inoculated into two PRRsv‐naive pregnant sows (A and B) at 95 days of gestation. Theywere necropsied 14 days later and samples of maternal and fetal tissue and blood samples were collected. Sow A had 10 fresh, six partially autolysed, and two mummified fetuses, and sow B had six fresh and viable fetuses. Viral nucleic acid was detected by PCR in tissue pools from each sow and also from pooled fetal tissues, and the virus was isolated from fetal pools from sow A.