bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes of fumonisin production in rice grain during ensiling
Authors: UEGAKI Ryuichi , KOBAYASHI Hisami , INOUE Hidehiko , TOHNO Masanori , TSUKIBOSHI Takao 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTWe assessed fumonisin production during the ensiling of rice grain. Rice grain was harvested at the full‐ripe stage and prepared as rough rice, crushed rough rice, brown rice or crushed brown rice. Each material was ensiled under six conditions: (1) no fungus, anaerobic; (2) no fungus, aerobic; (3) water added, anaerobic; (4) water and fumonisin‐producing fungus added, anaerobic; (5) water and fumonisin‐producing fungus added, aerobic; or (6) fumonisin‐producing fungus added to autoclaved material, aerobic. After 40 days of ensilage, we analyzed the silage fermentative quality and fumonisin concentration. The fermentative quality of all materials was good in treatments (3) and (4) (pH < 4), reasonable in treatment (5) (pH = 5∼6) and unacceptable in treatments (1) and (2) (pH > 6.5). The fumonisin concentration was low in all materials in treatments (1) to (4), slightly increased in the three materials other than rough rice in treatment (5), and enormously increased in all materials in treatment (6). The results indicate that the fumonisin‐producing fungus does not produce fumonisin in anaerobic conditions. It is important that an anaerobic condition be maintained during ensiling in order to reduce the fumonisin content in rice grain silage.
Ruminal fermentation and microbial ecology of buffaloes and cattle fed the same diet
Authors: LWIN Khin‐Ohnmar , KONDO Makoto , BAN‐TOKUDA Tomomi , LAPITAN Rosalina M , DEL‐BARRIO Arnel N. , FUJIHARA Tsutomu , MATSUI Hiroki 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTAlthough buffaloes and cattle are ruminants, their digestive capabilities and rumen microbial compositions are considered to be different. The purpose of this study was to compare the rumen microbial ecology of crossbred water buffaloes and cattle that were fed the same diet. Cattle exhibited a higher fermentation rate than buffaloes. Methane production and methanogen density were lower in buffaloes. Phylogenetic analysis of Fibrobacter succinogenes‐specific 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone library showed that the diversity of groups within a species was significantly different (P < 0.05) between buffalo and cattle and most of the clones were affiliated with group 2 of the species. Population densities of F. succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and R. flavefaciens were higher until 6 h post‐feeding in cattle; however, buffaloes exhibited different traits. The population of anaerobic fungi decreased at 3 h in cattle compared to buffaloes and was similar at 0 h and 6 h. The diversity profiles of bacteria and fungi were similar in the two species. The present study showed that the profiles of the fermentation process, microbial population and diversity were similar in crossbred water buffaloes and crossbred cattle.
INTERACTION OF GUAIACOL AND METHYL SALICYLATE IN BINARY MIXTURE SIGNIFICANTLY LOWERS PERCEPTUAL THRESHOLD IN HUMAN OBSERVERS
Authors: YODER WENDY M. , CURRLIN SETH W. , LARUE ALLISON , FERNANDEZ KRISTINA M. , KING DAJIA , SMITH DAVID W. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThroughout the field of food chemistry, attempts to reconstruct the characteristic flavor of the tomato have remained a persistent challenge. Although the established method for analyzing tomato volatiles has focused on calculating odor thresholds for a single compound against a basic water background, the current study sought to demonstrate the influence of volatile interactions on perceptual threshold by comparing thresholds for a volatile alone and in the presence of another volatile. Thresholds were compared for methyl salicylate and guaiacol alone and in a 50/50 binary mixture. While the traditional method does not regard guaiacol as contributing significantly to the overall flavor of the tomato, results demonstrated an interaction effect, such that threshold concentrations for mixtures were consistently lower than thresholds reported separately for either methyl salicylate or guaiacol alone, with subjects displaying increased sensitivity (additivity) to a solution comprised of both chemicals. Further research will be needed to thoroughly investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for such effects, but the results demonstrate that perithreshold and subthreshold volatiles can potentially have a measurable impact on odor perception.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSGiven the persistent complaints surrounding the flavor of contemporary tomatoes, researchers within the field of food science have continued to make rigorous attempts to improve the overall taste and percept of the standard supermarket tomato. While emphasis has previously focused predominantly on storage, handling and esthetic appeal, priorities are beginning to shift, with consumers more readily requesting the sought after flavor of fresh, heirloom tomatoes. As a consequence, many scientists are undertaking the challenge of studying and manipulating the proportion of plant volatiles thought to be responsible for promoting the characteristic flavor of the tomato fruit, but to fully understand the impact of such volatiles, the issue of retronasal olfaction must be considered. The current research discusses how two such volatiles are capable of interacting at the level of the nose, thereby potentially altering the taste. Hopefully, future researchers will be able to incorporate such olfactory psychophysics techniques into testing panels, thereby providing a more thorough examination of consumer perception.
HEDONIC RESPONSE TO CHEESE IN PRESCHOOLERS
Authors: DONADINI G. , FUMI M.D. , VANONI L. , PORRETTA S. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe hedonic response of preschoolers to six Protected Denomination of Origin Italian cheeses has been investigated.Cheese samples were Mozzarella di bufala, Parmigiano Reggiano, Fontina, Taleggio, Gorgonzola and Pecorino Romano. Sensory tests revealed that Mozzarella di bufala and Parmigiano Reggiano were the most liked cheeses. Gorgonzola was the least appreciated cheese.Patterns of preference for cheese were not linear, depending on the joint effect of gender and cheese variety eaten.Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of the preference data identified five groups of children with different cheese likes and dislikes.Partial Least Square Regression modeling of cheese acceptability of sensory‐driven children subgroups with homogeneous cheese preference revealed different focusing on sensory characteristics of cheese among clusters. Nearly one child out of two focused either on cheese flavors and textures whereas nearly one child out of eight exclusively on flavors.These results were substantiated by children open discussion in focus groups.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSensory preference segmentation highlights valuable information on distinct groups of preschoolers who show different cheese liking and on the relative importance of specific attributes for preschoolers with radically different sensory preference. Drivers of liking are sensory attributes that are responsible for acceptance, and it is instructive to identify which particular attributes are the key to moving preschoolers' acceptance of cheese. Nutritionist, dieticians, caterers and product developers understand what must be done in order to control cheese acceptance in preschoolers and to formulate more energy‐balanced and sensory‐appealing meals and snacks during school time.
A STANDARDIZED METHOD OF PREPARING COMMON BEANS (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.) FOR SENSORY ANALYSIS
Authors: ROMERO DEL CASTILLO R. , COSTELL E. , PLANS M. , SIMÓ J. , CASAÑAS F. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTMethods of preparing bean samples for sensory analyses should be simple and reproducible. The method we propose, based on popular traditions (soaking and cooking beans in distilled water, forgoing blanching, and keeping simmering to a minimum), increased the number of beans that remained whole after cooking by 50% compared with the check method. No differences between the new method and the check were observed in the solids lost during the cooking process or in a panel's evaluation of the sensory properties of the beans. Furthermore, the new method is more efficient for handling the small samples that are common in breeding programs. Its repeatability for both sensory and nutritional analyses is very high: two replicates seem sufficient for high resolution. Thus, we propose that it be adopted for sensory and nutritional analyses of cooked beans.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis article describes a new standardized method to prepare dry beans for sensory and nutritional analyses. This clear, simple, repeatable method has the additional advantages of being similar to traditional cooking methods, and is suitable for use with small samples of seeds. We propose it as a reference for sensory and nutritional research in dry beans.
METHODOLOGY FOR SENSORY SHELF‐LIFE ESTIMATION: A REVIEW
Authors: HOUGH GUILLERMO , GARITTA LORENA 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTWhen talking about shelf life of foods, in the vast majority of cases we are talking about sensory shelf life of foods. The review presents an overview of the published research over the past decades classified according to the following topics: (1) cut‐off point methodology (arbitrary and regression‐based cut‐off points); (2) methods based on product failure or consumers' rejection (failure with no censorship, logistic regression and survival analysis); (3) accelerated studies; and (4) other topics and further research.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSGoing through the aisles of the food and beverage sections of a supermarket shows that the number of food products whose shelf life is dependent on their sensory properties is far greater than those products whose shelf life depends on microbiological and/or nutritional properties. The present review allows researchers and practitioners to count on a summary of the salient research articles published on the theme of sensory shelf life. Articles which deal with methodological and design issues are presented, together with a critical review of articles where poor methodology has been applied.
Market making via regulation: The role of the state in carbon markets
Authors: Lederer Markus 
Published: June 2012

AbstractProponents as well as critics of carbon trading underestimate the institutional and political underpinnings of evolving carbon markets. Based on institutionalist approaches, this paper argues that the strong embeddedness of carbon markets explains why certain characteristics (positive and negative) materialize. Focusing on the actors who initiate and who influence carbon markets, this article also shows that currently only states and intergovernmental agreements provide the necessary regulation for carbon markets to exist and to work. Today, neither market actors nor NGOs nor public private partnerships have the political power to set up, regulate or capture evolving market structures. Thus, whether or not market‐based instruments bring about the desired results depends on good public regulation, which is – at least up to now – represented by the state. Four instances of the commodification of carbon serve as illustrations: the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS); the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM); the voluntary market; and new sectoral approaches, particularly Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+).
Civil society and the regulatory state of the South: A commentary
Authors: Hochstetler Kathryn 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe basic rationale of the regulatory state is to insulate certain kinds of decisionmaking from political actors. The main purpose of this commentary is to assess the ways that members of civil society, in fact, often shadow and contest the central actors of the regulatory state, even though they are ostensibly well outside it. I offer three distinctions to help broaden and sharpen analysis of the roles and impact of civil society actors: whether civil society actors have special expertise or not; whether the regulatory state is being put in place or already exists; and whether civil society actions are broadly complementary to, or substitutive of, state action. In discussing each of these, I also explore the consequences of the transfer of the regulatory state to the global South, and the way that change in location shapes both the role and impact of civil society and the regulatory state itself.
Transference of Atmospheric Hydroxyl Radical to the Ocean Surface Induces High Phytoplankton Cell Death
Authors: Llabrés Moira , Dachs Jordi , Agustí Susana 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHydroxyl radical (OH), the main atmospheric oxidant at the global scale, is believed to play an important role in the dynamics of dissolved organic matter in the sea. Herein, we provide evidence, on the basis of seven experiments performed in contrasting ecosystems (subtropical NE Atlantic and Antarctic waters), of high fluxes of atmospheric OH into the surface oceanic layer, particularly during afternoon events. The experiments demonstrated a tight negative relationship between phytoplankton abundance and the concentration of OH in surface seawater, with acute cell death during afternoon atmospheric OH influx events. The effect of OH radical was higher for picophytoplankton organisms, with Prochlorococcus showing the highest decay rate and the shortest half‐life among the phytoplankton populations habiting the ocean surface layers. Our results provide evidence for a high toxicity of atmospheric‐derived OH radical to phytoplankton of the surface layer of the ocean.
Exploring young people's expectations of a youth mental health care service
Authors: Watsford Clare , Rickwood Debra , Vanags Thea 
Published: June 2012

AbstractClient expectations about mental health services relate to the client's and the therapist's role, the therapeutic process and therapeutic outcomes. Research with adults shows that such expectations affect service engagement and clinical outcomes.Aim: The present study investigated expectations for adolescents and young adults, which have not been adequately investigated and may partly explain the reluctance of young people to seek professional help.Methods: Participants included 20 young people aged 12–24 attending their initial session at a youth mental health service, who were interviewed immediately prior to their initial session. Data were analysed using qualitative methods to draw main themes around each of the four expectancy types.Results: Overall, the strongest theme was that young people were unsure of what to expect from attending a mental health service. The key theme for expectations of their role as a client was readiness for therapy, and for the therapist's role the key themes were who they expected to see, the directiveness and likeability of the therapist, and the type of help they expected they would receive. The young people expected that the therapy process would involve simply talking and expected their engagement to be dependent on how much they liked their first few sessions. Outcome expectations were non‐specific and the theme of hopefulness was most evident.Conclusion: As unrealistic and unmet expectations can lead to poorer engagement and outcomes in therapy, the study highlights a need for young people to be better informed about what to expect when coming to mental health services.
The addition of sitagliptin to ongoing metformin therapy significantly improves glycemic control in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes*†
Authors: YANG Wenying , GUAN Yanfen , SHENTU Yue , LI Zhi , JOHNSON‐LEVONAS Amy O. , ENGEL Samuel S. , KAUFMAN Keith D. , GOLDSTEIN Barry J. , ALBA Maria 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground:  The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy, safety and tolerability of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who failed to achieve adequate glycemic control with metformin monotherapy.Methods:  After a metformin titration/stabilization period and a 2‐week, single‐blind, placebo run‐in period, 395 Chinese patients with T2DM aged 25–77 years (baseline HbA1c 8.5%) were randomized (1:1) to double‐blind placebo or sitagliptin 100 mg q.d. added to ongoing open‐label metformin (1000 or 1700 mg/day) for 24 weeks.Results:  Significant (P < 0.001) changes from baseline in HbA1c (−0.9%), fasting plasma glucose (−1.2 mmol/L), and 2‐h post‐meal plasma glucose (−1.9 mmol/L) were seen with sitagliptin compared with placebo. There were no significant differences between sitagliptin and placebo in the incidence of hypoglycemia or gastrointestinal adverse events. A small decrease from baseline body weight was observed in the placebo group compared with no change in the sitagliptin group (between‐group difference 0.5 kg; P = 0.018).Conclusions:  The addition of sitagliptin 100 mg to ongoing metformin therapy significantly improved glycemic control and was generally well tolerated in Chinese patients with T2DM who had inadequate glycemic control on metformin alone.
William Cowper: A Religious Melancholic?
Authors: BUIE DIANE 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article re‐evaluates the account of the mental turmoil expressed by the poet William Cowper in his spiritual autobiography Adelphi. The article considers Adelphi in the context of eighteenth‐century theological works written on the subject of religious melancholy prior to its being penned. It suggests that Cowper may have feigned the illness and provides evidence that Cowper borrowed heavily from such works in order to portray himself as a religious melancholic. The article argues that religious melancholy was a well‐recognised illness in the eighteenth century and that it was exploited because of the tolerance shown towards sufferers.
A Neutered Beast? Representations of the Sons of Tipu Sultan –‘The Tiger of Mysore’– as Hostages in the 1790s
Authors: WILLCOCK SEAN 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn 1792 the British took two young Indian princes as hostages to guarantee that their father, Tipu Sultan, would meet the terms of his surrender. This article analyses the art works that emerged in response to that event, arguing that this seemingly triumphal imagery was an ambivalent phenomenon in which can be found significant undercurrents of anxiety over the morality of the capture of children. I suggest that the hostage imagery's recourse to paternalistic motifs in fact demonstrates the crises of legitimacy that paternalism encountered as it attempted to establish itself as a moral incarnation of an increasingly aggressive imperial power.
Real‐time PCR as an effective technique to assess the impact of phoresy by Paenibacillus sp. bacteria on Steinernema diaprepesi nematodes in nature
Authors: CAMPOS‐HERRERA R. , EL‐BORAI F. E. , DUNCAN L. W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractQuantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) is a powerful tool to study species of cryptic organisms in complex food webs. This technique was recently developed to detect and quantify several species of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), which are widely used for biological control of insects, and some natural enemies of EPNs such as nematophagous fungi and the phoretic bacteria Paenibacillus sp. and Paenibacillus nematophilus. A drawback to the use of primers and TaqMan probes designed for Paenibacillus sp. is that the qPCR also amplified Paenibacillus thiaminolyticus and Paenibacillus popilliae, two closely related species that are not phoretically associated with EPNs. Here, we report that the detection of Paenibacillus sp. DNA in nematode samples was two orders of magnitude greater (P < 0.001) when the bacterium was added to soil together with its EPN species‐specific host Steinernema diaprepesi than when it was added concomitantly with other EPNs or with species of bacterial‐feeding nematodes. Just 6% of samples detected trace amounts of P. thiaminolyticus and P. popilliae exposed to the same experimental conditions. Thus, although the molecular assay detects Paenibacillus spp. DNA in nonphoretic associations, the levels are essentially background compared to the detection of Paenibacillus sp. in association with its nematode host.
Interaction of Campylobacter spp. and Human Probiotics in Chicken Intestinal Mucus
Authors: Ganan M. , Martinez‐Rodriguez A. J. , Carrascosa A.V. , Vesterlund S. , Salminen S. , Satokari R. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryCampylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial food‐borne diarrhoeal disease throughout the world. The principal risk of human contamination is handling and consumption of contaminated poultry meat. To colonize poultry, Campylobacter adheres to and persists in the mucus layer that covers the intestinal epithelium. Inhibiting adhesion to the mucus could prevent colonization of the intestine. The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the protective effect of defined commercial human probiotic strains on the adhesion of Campylobacter spp. to chicken intestinal mucus, in a search for alternatives to antibiotics to control this food‐borne pathogen. The probiotic strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS and a starter culture strain Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis adhered well to chicken intestinal mucus and were able to reduce the binding of Campylobacter spp. when the mucus was colonized with the probiotic strain before contacting the pathogen. Human‐intended probiotics could be useful as prophylactics in poultry feeding for controlling Campylobacter spp. colonization.
Adaptation of Human Parainfluenza Virus to Airway Epithelium Reveals Fusion Properties Required for Growth in Host Tissue
Authors: Palmer Samantha G. , Porotto Matteo , Palermo Laura M. , Cunha Luis F. , Greengard Olga , Moscona Anne 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT

Paramyxoviruses, a family of RNA enveloped viruses that includes human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3), cause the majority of childhood croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia worldwide. Infection starts with host cell receptor binding and fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane at the cell surface. The fusion process requires interaction of the two viral surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and the fusion protein (F). We have previously shown that viruses with an HN/F pair that is highly fusogenic in monolayers of immortalized cells due to mutations in HN’s secondary sialic acid binding site are growth impaired in differentiated human airway epithelium (HAE) cultures and
in vivo
. Here we have shown that adaptation of HPIV3 to growth in the lung is determined by specific features of HN and F that are different from those required for growth in cultured immortalized cells. An HPIV3 virus bearing a mutated HN (H552Q), which is fit and fusogenic in immortalized cells but unfit for growth in the lung, evolved into a less-fusogenic but viable virus in differentiated human airway epithelium. Stepwise evolution led to a progressive decrease in efficiency of fusion activation by the HN/F pair, with a mutation in F first decreasing the activation of F by HN and a mutation in HN’s secondary sialic acid binding site decreasing fusion activation further and producing a stable virus. Adaptation of HPIV3 to successful growth in HAE is determined by specific features of HN and F that lead to a less easily activated fusion mechanism.

IMPORTANCE
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are paramyxoviruses that cause the majority of childhood cases of croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia worldwide, but there are currently no vaccines or antivirals available for treatment. Enveloped viruses must fuse their membrane with the target cell membrane in order to initiate infection. Parainfluenza virus fusion proceeds via a multistep reaction orchestrated by the two glycoproteins that make up its fusion machine. The receptor-binding hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), upon receptor engagement, activates the fusion protein (F) to penetrate the target cell and mediate viral entry. In this study, we show that the precise balance of fusion activation properties of these two glycoproteins during entry is key for infection. In clinically relevant tissues, viruses evolve to acquire a set of fusion features that provide key clues about requirements for infection in human beings.