bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovery with Distress
Authors: Rahman Hossain Zillur , Rahman Atiya , Islam Md Saiful , Faruk Avinno , Matin Imran , Wazed Mohammad Abdul , Zillur Umama 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The social and economic impact of COVID-19 has been deep, wide-ranging, and multidimensional. While anecdotal evidence of distress among the poor, particularly those with informal occupations, has been widespread, effective policy response has required real-time, researched data disaggregated for urban and rural populations and for various categories of the poor. The Power and Participation Research Centre and BRAC Institute of Governance and Development’s five-round panel survey during 2020–22 provides unique insights into how COVID-19 impacted specific categories of the poor and vulnerable population in Bangladesh, their coping strategies, and the extent to which policy support materialized. While the poor as a whole demonstrated their agency in the face of the crisis, their resilience has been as much about deepening vulnerability as about recovery, representing an unfair burden of distress resilience. Informal workers, women, and the urban poor have been disproportionately impacted.
A New Social Contract Inclusive of Informal Workers
Authors: Chen Martha Alter , Plagerson Sophie , Alfers Laura 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter makes the case that current social contracts are often inadequate, irrelevant, or unjust for informal workers. It outlines three possible future scenarios: the bad old contract, an even worse contract, and a better new contract. Under the bad old contract, informal workers lacked legal recognition, were stigmatized and penalized, and were excluded as partners. The intensification of predatory capitalism, repressive state policies, and the collusion of state and capital in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic recession makes the possibility of a worse new deal all too real. The key changes needed for a better new contract are a change in mindsets and dominant narratives that stigmatize the informal economy and the inclusion of informal workers as key partners. The key features of a better new deal are recognition, responsiveness, and reciprocity between state, capital, and informal labour (the majority of workers globally).
Reflections on Informal Employment, COVID-19, and the Future
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Ghosh Jayati , Harriss-White Barbara , Breman Jan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter features reflections of four eminent scholars on key themes of the volume. To prepare for future crises, economist Ravi Kanbur recommends stress testing social protection systems in the face of crises and using the findings to enhance automatic funding for financing the increased needs of social protection during crises. In her reflections on social contracts, economist Jayati Ghosh endorses the important principles, described in the book, for just and viable socio-economic arrangements for informal workers. Economist Barbara Harriss-White focuses on waste workers in India and calls for transformative change to address the patriarchal and caste-based waste system in which they operate. Reflecting on runaway wealth and deepening poverty before and during the COVID-19 crisis, sociologist Jan Breman, underscores that the pandemic has further widened the already steep gap on both sides of the welfare fence.
Brutalization
Authors: de Ruiter Adrienne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What does it mean for people to come to fail to recognize their own humanity due to severe destitution or mistreatment? This chapter looks into this question by analysing the so-called ‘brutalization’ of refugees, asylum seekers, and unwanted migrants in the setting of immigration detention centres. Brutalization entails that people become less human(e) or lose touch with their own sense of humanity through severe forms of abuse or deprivation. This chapter highlights the complexities of brutalization by considering how victims in many cases are not turned into something less than human but impeded from enjoying or expressing their full range of human qualities. Only when the human spirit is utterly broken does brutalization dehumanize people in the sense that victims come to fail to recognize their own humanity. Nonetheless, brutalization can constitute a performative act of dehumanization by portraying the victim as less than human.
Conclusion
Authors: de Ruiter Adrienne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What can be done to counter dehumanization? This chapter reflects on what could and should be done to resist dehumanization using measures to counteract, challenge, or mitigate its exclusionary logic. Three constitutive elements of our response to dehumanization are identified: persuasion, support, and coercion. The chapter’s main argument is that strategies of persuasion should be the cornerstone of our approach since dehumanization is a social process that is upheld by ideology and propaganda. Support to the victims of dehumanization is required to affirm the moral significance of their human subjectivity and rebuild trust in the moral human community. Beyond persuasion and support, coercive means, directed against perpetrators, may be needed to resist dehumanization in light of its detrimental impact on the victims’ lives. The chapter therefore considers which forms of coercion, aimed at restricting the space for action and expression available to perpetrators, are conceivable and permissible.
Echo
Authors: Procter James 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Dictaphones, transistors, microphones, amplifiers, loudspeakers, and cassette recorders became tools of the writer’s trade at the mid-century. Far from foregrounding the fidelity of voice, the mechanical reproduction of speech and the separation of sound from source had a range of estranging effects that prompted suspicion and invention among this generation of West Indian and West African artists. The Nigerian novelist Amos Tutuola used the read-write technologies of transistors and tape recorders as creative tools, and as literary devices which he fused with the Yoruba folk tale to create the surreal, nightmarish worlds of his fiction. It was through the friction of radiophonic reverberation that the St Lucian poet Derek Walcott first experimented with what became his abiding aesthetics of mimicry. Along with their contemporaries, Walcott and Tutuola pursued the boundary conditions of echo as an insistent ricochet of sound that troubled both late colonial relations between centre and periphery, and the unilateral ideals of cultural diffusion associated with the BBC.
Persons
Authors: Briggs Adrian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the private international law of adults and of children. The role or concept of status is questioned, prior to examination and analysis of the private international law of marriage (formalities, capacity, consent, polygamy, same sex, other issues) and of matrimonial causes (jurisdiction to grant divorce and declare nullity, recognition of foreign decrees). The particular problems caused by divorces which involve steps taken in more countries than one, and the difficulty of separating proceedings divorces from non-proceedings divorces are explained in the context of the Family Law Act 1986, but no solution is offered other than the hope of new legislation. Matrimonial relief and personal bankruptcy are also examined. On the private international law of children, the role, and problems generated by the role, of the habitual residence of the child as the principal organizational tool are examined, followed by a summary of the law on welfare, and abduction and return. The problems are shown to be deep and not susceptible of easy improvement.
Corporations
Authors: Briggs Adrian 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this chapter the private international law of corporations and of corporate insolvency is examined as well as the role of the lex incorporationis, and the question whether it is appropriate as a conflicts rule of wide application. The question whether the law should regard the corporate veil as impenetrable, and the doctrine of separate corporate personality as of rigid application, in the 21st century, is examined with a critical eye. The problems created when a corporation makes a contract which is ultra vires, or illegal, or made by an officer not duly authorized to act, are disentangled. Corporate insolvency is summarized in relation to jurisdiction (COMI and domicile) and the extent to which an English court can assist a foreign court exercising insolvency jurisdiction by reference to the Insolvency Act s 426, the UNCITRAL Model Law, and the common law.
To Be Given as a Representation
Authors: Hopkins Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
How does imagining differ from perceiving? One important difference lies in their differing relations to observation and to overflow (whether there is more to their objects than subjects are aware of). Sartre and Wittgenstein both make suggestive comments on this score, but any contrast here seems to run across levels in an unacceptable way. To overcome this problem, discussion is first limited to claims about phenomenology. Two key phenomenological notions are then described, the familiar idea that some mental states are transparent, and the less familiar notion that some are Direct. Together, these notions enable us to transcend the framework which threatened the original contrast in terms of observation and overflow.
Profiles in Imagination
Authors: Hopkins Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What is sensory imagining? This chapter argues that at its core lies a deployment of sensory knowledge. That knowledge, of how the appearance of a property shifts with our relations to its bearers, is key to perception. In imagining, it is put to very different uses, and to very different effect. While in perception sensory knowledge is used to form expectations, in imagining it is deployed in undertaking commitments. And while in perception it is used to impose order on non-perspectival properties with which we are presented, in imagining it orders current and possible acts of representing such properties to ourselves. The resulting view has much in common with Ryle’s account of sensory imagining, but it appeals to elements that Ryle rejected, and in consequence is better able than his position to accommodate the phenomenology of imagining.
Learning from Imagining
Authors: Hopkins Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What form of access do we have to the contents of sensory imagining? This chapter argues that every aspect of what we imagine we are aware of. (This is not to say we have the corresponding belief, or that we are necessarily aware of it as imagined.) Relatedly, it is not possible to observe what we imagine. Both claims face serious challenges from a series of cases. The chapter shows how the cases and the claims can be reconciled, by drawing on the account of imagining’s structure given in Chapter 4. That account enables us to cede some ground to the cases: there can be aspects of the world as we’ve imagined it of which we are not aware. However, these are not part of the contents of imagining proper; and the process by which we become aware of them is more like inference than observation. The upshot is that our access to sensory imagining closely parallels our access to the contents of our thoughts. What we think and what we imagine is open to us, as what we perceive is not.
Conclusion
Authors: Hopkins Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter recaps the view developed over the course of the book by comparing it with the dominant current approach to imagining, recreativism, or simulationism. It discusses what the value of imagining might be, on the account offered here; explores whether that account is consistent with the creativity imagining sometimes exhibits, and uses the account to draw a distinction between imagination and fantasy. It closes by asking whether imagining is able to capture Gestalt in ways in which perceiving cannot.
Why focus on trust?
Authors: Seyd Ben 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Trust is an important concept because it captures key aspects of citizens’ relations with their political rulers. Yet other concepts, such as dissatisfaction and cynicism, also capture important features of these vertical relations. This chapter seeks to establish the status of trust by identifying which aspects of citizens’ relations with political actors and institutions are captured by trust. The chapter first distinguishes different forms of political support, arrayed from ‘specific’ evaluations to more ‘diffuse’ appraisals. It then explores—both conceptually and empirically—where trust sits on this spectrum of support, and whether trust judgements are distinctive from other forms of political support. The analysis extends to consider whether trust has distinctive associations with different civic and political behaviours.
Measuring trust
Authors: Seyd Ben 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
While trust might be measured in various ways, most empirical analyses draw on survey indicators fielded on samples of national populations. These survey measures usually measure trust through single-item indicators that directly reference the concept. This approach makes various assumptions about measuring trust, most notably that such indicators can accurately and fully capture the background concept. Yet this chapter shows that such assumptions often rest on shaky foundations. Aside from important questions over measurement validity, the chapter points to concerns over whether conventional survey indicators of trust tap impressionistic responses rather than more deliberative appraisals and evaluations of incumbent actors rather than of the wider political system, and whether they suppress the variety of beliefs—both positive and negative—that individuals are likely to feel about political actors and institutions. The chapter reviews these problems with conventional indicators of trust and identifies ways in which the measurement of trust might be improved.
The problem of trust
Authors: Seyd Ben 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter provides an overview of the book’s principal findings. It does so under two headings. First, it considers what the ‘problem’ of trust is. It explores whether western democracies like Britain can be said to be facing a problem of trust, and if so how serious this problem is. Second, it considers what is meant by trust, and what the key characteristics of individuals’ trust are. The chapter thus provides a synthesis of what trust consists of and whether or not we are currently facing a crisis of trust. The chapter also identifies implications of the analysis for two groups: policymakers concerned to boost levels of trust, and scholars involved in the study of trust.
Introduction
Authors: Magree Michael C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter gives the parameters and scope of the work. It explains that the work culminates in the early Christian figure Cyril of Alexandria, who gives the most weight to Christ’s self-emptying in his theology. The chapter also explains that three modern concerns with self-emptying are concerns with Christ’s pre-existence, the immutability of God, and feminist concerns about loss of identity.
Self-Emptying in the Theology of Cyril of Alexandria
Authors: Magree Michael C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Cyril of Alexandria uses the term kenosis more than any other Christian writer in Greek, and it forms an essential part of his theology of revelation and of his Christology. Theodore of Mopsuestia showed some of the struggles in interpreting self-emptying that accompany a Christology that does not look carefully at how to talk about Christ’s unity. Phrase by phrase Theodore has to divide up Philippians 2:6–11 according to the humanity and the divinity of Christ. Cyril, whether he is contending with non-Nicene or later Nestorian theologies, was convinced that the overall shape of the verses had to be in terms of a single subject, the Word of God, who took on human reality at a particular moment of human history. Cyril used the term kenosis as a sort of keyword for his whole approach to the incarnation. On the one hand, the surprising and confounding reality of the Word genuinely making human weakness and ignorance his own had to be acknowledged. Scripture, Cyril held, had to take priority, so that human categories of “nature” and “immutability” had to be stretched or reshaped in order to account for the radical claims of the Bible. Cyril also held kenosis to be a key statement of divine freedom, such that the Word of God did not take on human weakness out of compulsion or lack of power, but rather in power the Word of God chose freely to be the single subject of human suffering and death.
Conclusion
Authors: Magree Michael C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The book’s conclusion summarizes some of the findings of the interpretation of Christ’s self-emptying in the Greek-speaking world of early Christianity. The main points concern the enduring focus on the subject with the question “Who emptied himself?” At the same time, an enduring point among thinkers was the claim that the strangeness of the language of self-emptying is meant as part of revelation to stretch human categories and reshape them according to what God chose to do in the incarnation. The book concludes with two comparisons. First, the book looks at the corresponding interest in questions of identity against concepts of nature in Richard Bauckham and in the theology of Cyril. Second, the book also treats modern feminist theology’s interest in the consubstantiality of Christ as having strong correspondence to Cyril’s claim about taking on all of human reality without losing anything of the divine nature.
Individuals and Group Identity in Medieval International Law
Authors: Fedele Dante , Wijffels Alain 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although medieval law focused in many ways on collective, rather than individual, identities, various interest groups of medieval societies also fostered the legal status of individuals. Two case studies show that legal theory and practice deployed norms which were adjustable to the needs and reality of both group identities and individual persons. The first case study, on the rules governing prisoners of war, makes clear that the individual status of the prisoner notwithstanding, when a ransom had to be negotiated, their social position, and networks played an essential role in determining the conditions of their detention and their release. The second case study, on reprisals, reveals the tensions that existed in both legal theory and practice between a principle of communal solidarity, under which members of a wrongdoer’s community were meant to suffer the consequences of the wrong, and concerns for the legal position and rights of these innocent individuals.
The Individual in International Law from the Contemporary Sacred Natural Law Perspective
Authors: Domingo Rafael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains from an interdisciplinary perspective some contemporary sacred natural law ideas, doctrines, and arguments that have supported the centrality of the human person in international law. Unlike rational natural law theories, sacred natural law theories are rooted in theological and scriptural accounts of created reality, and they combine reason and revelation in their elaboration and justification of legal arguments. Specifically, the chapter focuses on the metalegal implications of the doctrine of human beings as creatures made in the image of God. All human beings form a united natural community of image-of-God bearers, which grants metalegal legitimacy to human dignity and freedom and the principles of solidarity, inclusiveness, subsidiarity, and diversity, among others.
Global Constitutionalism and the Individual
Authors: Çalı Başak 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how global constitutionalism provides insights into theorising and interpreting the relationship between individuals, States, and international law. It first argues that the individual plays a central role in global constitutionalism in theorising the functions of States in international law, the structure of international law, and the relationship between international law and domestic law. Secondly, the individual plays significant heuristic roles in the interpretation of existing international legal doctrines and in the assessment of international legal reforms. Global constitutionalism endorses a multilevel constitutional order in which actors within domestic, regional, and international spheres are expected to give meaning to the moral value, agency, and rights of individuals across multiple levels and different contexts. This can both enrich and fragment the significance of the individual in global constitutionalist thinking.
The Conduct of Politics
Authors: Upton Robert E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Tilak’s reflections upon political conduct (rather than studying his own political career as such). Tilak emerges as a theorist of opposition to autocracy, and of civil disobedience in the assertion of the rights of representative self-government. It tackles Tilak’s espousal of political violence through the material for which he was indicted on sedition charges, in1897 and 1908. In the 1908 trial, a significant moment for Tilak as political propagandist, we see also Tilak’s views on the freedom of the press, once more informed by a reading of a British liberal tradition, weaponized in an intellectual contest with the colonial bureaucracy and thus further sharpened within his own thought. During his subsequent imprisonment, Tilak’s thought on political conduct in Gita Rahasya shows how in fact it is closely related, even at such an emotional and physical distance, to the rest of his career. Tilak’s conception of ‘passive resistance’ is also examined, from its inception in the Bengal partition agitation from 1905 through its shifts after his release in 1914, ultimately to ‘responsive cooperation’ in the face of Gandhi’s calls for non-cooperation early in 1920. The chapter also draws attention to Tilak’s ethical justifications, particularly his rootedness in arguments within the dharmashastra, examining his self-conscious development of a Hindu language and ethos for politics in the modern age.
Reinventing Forex, 1919–1939
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Gold Standard collapsed during the First World War, ushering in a prolonged period of international currency instability. The war also undermined transnational banking and the links between stock exchanges. The overall effect was not only to create an even greater demand for the facilities of a foreign exchange market but also to force it to reinvent itself. However, throughout the interwar years the assumption was made that the foreign exchange market was both temporary and damaging, with only a return to the Gold Standard capable of delivering currency stabilizing. As that proved impossible, the only alternative was to permit the foreign exchange market to function but only under varying degrees of government control. London emerged as the centre of this new foreign exchange market.
Forex in Chains, 1945–1970
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The foreign exchange market in London was officially closed on the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. It was not allowed to reopen in London until 1951 and then only under strict control exercised by the Bank of England on behalf of the British Government. After these controls were relaxed in the late 1950s, London’s foreign exchange market began to revive. During the era of strict control in the 1940s and 1950s, the centre of foreign exchange trading moved to New York and Zurich and away from London. However, a London-centred interbank foreign exchange market continued to function, and this grew in importance during the 1960s. As the UK£ declined in importance, trading in London shifted to the US$ assisted by controls imposed on the use of New York by the US government.