bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It's not just the television: survey analysis of sedentary behaviour in New Zealand young people
Authors: Foley Louise S , Maddison Ralph , Jiang Yannan , Olds Timothy , Ridley Kate 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background
Sedentary behaviour has been linked with adverse health outcomes in young people; however, the nature and context of being sedentary is poorly understood. Accurate quantification and description of sedentary behaviour using population-level data is required. The aim of this research was to describe sedentary behaviour among New Zealand (NZ) youth and examine whether sedentary behaviour differs by Body Mass Index (BMI) status in this population.

Methods
A national representative cross-sectional survey of young people aged 5-24 years (n = 2,503) was conducted in 2008-2009. Data from this survey, which included subjectively (recall diary; n = 1,309) and objectively (accelerometry; n = 960) measured sedentary behaviour for participants aged 10-18 years were analysed using survey weighted methods.

Results
Participants self-reported spending on average 521 minutes per day (standard error [SE] 5.29) in total sedentary behaviour, 181 minutes per day (SE 3.91) in screen-based sedentary activities (e.g., television and video games), and 340 minutes per day (SE 5.22) in other non-screen sedentary behaviours (e.g., school, passive transport and self-care). Accelerometer-measured total sedentary behaviour was on average 420 minutes per day (SE 4.26), or 53% (SE 0.42%) of monitored time. There were no statistically significant differences in time spent in sedentary behaviour among overweight, obese and healthy/underweight young people.

Conclusions
Both subjective and objective methods indicate that NZ youth spend much of their waking time being sedentary. No relationships were found between sedentary behaviour and BMI status. These findings extend previous research by describing engagement in specific sedentary activities, as well as quantifying the behaviour using an objective method. Differences in what aspects of sedentary behaviour the two methods are capturing are discussed. This research highlights the potential for future interventions to target specific sedentary behaviours or demographic groups.
Epidermal growth factor receptor in breast carcinoma: association between gene copy number and mutations
Authors: Lv Ning , Xie Xiaoming , Ge Qidong , Lin Suxia , Wang Xi , Kong Yanan , Shi Hongliu , Xie Xinhua , Wei Weidong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an available target of effective anti-EGFR therapy for human breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the presence of EGFR gene amplification and mutations in breast cancer and to analyze the association between the statuses of these two gene alterations.Materials and methodsEGFR gene amplification and mutations were investigated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 139 Chinese female patients with breast cancer by means of fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and fluorescently labeled real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively.ResultsEGFR gene amplification was observed in 46/139 (33.1%) of cases by FISH. Based on RT-PCR, 2/139 (1.4%) samples had EGFR gene mutations. Overall, only 1 (0.7%) of the cases was identified with both whole gene amplification and mutation, and 92 (66.2%) of cases were negative for both. High gene copy numbers of EGFR had significant correlation with the occurrence of EGFR protein expressions (P = 0.002).ConclusionIn this study, EGFR mutations were presented in only two samples, indicating that EGFR mutations should not be employed in future trials with anti-EGFR therapies for breast cancer. However, EGFR whole gene amplification is frequently observed in patients with breast cancer. It will be of significant interest to investigate whether EGFR gene copy number is a suitable screening test for EGFR-targeted therapy for breast cancer.Virtual SlidesThe virtual slides for this article can be found here:http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/2521111805741248
Aflatoxin levels, plasma vitamins A and E concentrations, and their association with HIV and hepatitis B virus infections in Ghanaians: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Obuseh Francis A , Jolly Pauline E , Kulczycki Andrzej , Ehiri John , Waterbor John , Desmond Renee A , Preko Peter O , Jiang Yi , Piyathilake Chandrika J 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundMicronutrient deficiencies occur commonly in people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Since aflatoxin exposure also results in reduced levels of several micronutrients, HIV and aflatoxin may work synergistically to increase micronutrient deficiencies. However, there has been no report on the association between aflatoxin exposure and micronutrient deficiencies in HIV‐infected people. We measured aflatoxin B1albumin (AF‐ALB) adduct levels and vitamins A and E concentrations in the plasma of HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative Ghanaians and examined the association of vitamins A and E with HIV status, aflatoxin levels and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted in which participants completed a demographic survey and gave a 20 mL blood sample for analysis of AF‐ALB levels, vitamins A and E concentrations, CD4 counts, HIV viral load and HBV infection.ResultsHIV‐infected participants had significantly higher AF‐ALB levels (median for HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative participants was 0.93 and 0.80 pmol/mg albumin, respectively; p <0.01) and significantly lower levels of vitamin A (‐16.94 μg/dL; p <0.0001) and vitamin E (‐0.22 mg/dL; p <0.001). For the total study group, higher AF‐ALB was associated with significantly lower vitamin A (‐4.83 μg/dL for every 0.1 pmol/mg increase in AF‐ALB). HBV‐infected people had significantly lower vitamin A (‐5.66 μg/dL; p = 0.01). Vitamins A and E levels were inversely associated with HIV viral load (p = 0.02 for each), and low vitamin E was associated with lower CD4 counts (p = 0.004).ConclusionsOur finding of the significant decrease in vitamin A associated with AF‐ALB suggests that aflatoxin exposure significantly compromises the micronutrient status of people who are already facing overwhelming health problems, including HIV infection.
Cooperation or competition? Proposed changes in healthcare provision in England
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Laurence 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThe Health and Social Care Bill currently going through the UK Parliament seeks to further increase cooperation in the English National Health Service (NHS). The proposals are controversial in significant part because the benefits of competition in healthcare are uncertain. Will patients benefit from innovation and choice brought about by new providers of care or will the vulnerable be faced by geographically variable, fragmented and non-integrated services? Will there be financial savings to reinvest in patient care or will there be increased administration driven by the transaction costs of market driven care? This editorial advocates a cautious targeted approach for the implementation of competition in those areas where current NHS provision is poor rather than whole scale potentially disruptive change.
Estimation of dental age and its comparison with chronological age: accuracy of two radiographic methods
Authors: Grover Shekhar , Marya Charu Mohan , Avinash J , Pruthi Nidhi 
Published: December 2011

Introduction Accurate age data are always necessary in medicine and dentistry, and are also important to assess maturity and estimate age in a number of disciplines, such as forensic odontology, paediatric and preventive dentistry, orthodontics, etc. Aim This investigation determines the accuracy of dental age estimation and its comparison with chronological age by two methods: Demirjian's and Willems’. Materials and methods Tooth development was assessed in seven left mandibular teeth from 215 orthopantomograms (OPGs) belonging to healthy children aged 6–15 years selected by convenience sampling, from patients of the Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences & Research, Faridabad, and were staged according to Demirjian's and Willems’ scales. The statistical analysis was performed using the unpaired ‘ t’-test and the correlation was analysed using Karl Pearson's correlation coefficients test. Results Overall, Willems’ method was found to be more accurate with a mean age overestimation of 0.36 years (SD = 0.38) in boys and 0.24 years (SD = 0.36) in girls, and Demirjian's method produced a mean overestimation of 0.66 years (SD = 0.41) in boys and 0.56 years (SD = 0.43) in girls, respectively. Also, correlation between the two methods revealed a high coefficient value, 0.9947 for boys and 0.9944 for girls ( P < 0.05). Conclusion Despite the favourable result of Willems’ method in comparison with Demirjian's method, this study demonstrated a high correlation coefficient between both chronological and obtained dental age, thus confirming their potential applicability in clinical practice and forensic dentistry.
Signaling Quality via Queues
Authors: Debo Laurens G. , Parlour Christine , Rajan Uday 
Published: December 2011

We consider an M/M/1 queueing system with impatient consumers who observe the length of the queue before deciding whether to buy the product. The product may have high or low quality, and consumers are heterogeneously informed. The firm chooses a slow or (at a cost) a fast service rate. In equilibrium, informed consumers join the queue if it is below a threshold. The threshold varies with the quality of the good, so an uninformed consumer updates her belief about quality on observing the length of the queue. The strategy of an uninformed consumer has a “hole”: she joins the queue at lengths both below and above the hole, but not at the hole itself. We show that if the prior probability the product has high quality and the proportion of informed consumers are both low, a high-quality firm may select a slower service rate than a low-quality firm. The queue can therefore be a valuable signaling device for a high-quality firm. Strikingly, in some scenarios, the high-quality firm may choose the slow service rate even if the technological cost of speeding up is zero. This paper was accepted by Assaf Zeevi, stochastic models and simulation.
Smoothed Analysis: Analysis of Algorithms Beyond Worst Case
Authors: Manthey Bodo , Röglin Heiko 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Many algorithms perform very well in practice, but have a poor worst-case performance. The reason for this discrepancy is that worst-case analysis is often a way too pessimistic measure for the performance of an algorithm. In order to provide a more realistic performance measure that can explain the practical performance of algorithms, smoothed analysis has been introduced. It is a hybrid of the classical worst-case analysis and average-case analysis, where the performance on inputs is measured that are subject to random noise. We give a gentle, not too formal introduction to smoothed analysis by means of two examples: the k-means method for clustering and the Nemhauser/Ullmann algorithm for the knapsack problem.
Algorithm Engineering and Industrial Applications
Authors: Möhring Rolf H. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Algorithm engineering consists of the design, analysis, implementation and experimental evaluation of practicable algorithms. Research in this direction can be done both in a lab environment and in a real world application. Experience shows that there are significant differences in methodology between these two settings. This paper will illustrate them on two selected applications and highlight some of the main differences from the viewpoint of algorithm engineering.
Der Artemidorpapyrus (P.Artemid.) im Spiegel der Forschung
Authors: Rathmann Michael 
Published: December 2011

Zusammenfassung
Aufgrund zahlreicher Belege ist der P.Artemid. als ein authentisches Zeugnis aus dem ersten Jahrhundert anzusehen. Der Fälschungsvorwurf Canforas ist zurückzuweisen. Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich jedoch vor allem mit den erhaltenen fünf Textkolumnen auf dem Papyrusfragment, die zusammen mit der unfertigen Karte offenbar aus einer Artemidorepitome stammen. Diese Kopiervorlage von P.Artemid. bot den komprimierten Inhalt aller elf Bücher des Geographen auf einer Rolle, wobei der Epitomator anscheinend die Teile aus dem Originaltext extrahierte, die nach antiker Vorstellung die qualitativ besten Passagen Artemidors darstellten: seine Küstenbeschreibungen. Erhalten sind daher auf P.Artemid. mit den Kol. I–III ein Auszug aus dem Prooimion sowie mit den Kol. IV–V ein Paraplus Iberiens. Die Abschrift der Artemidorepitome wurde vermutlich aufgrund einer mit dem Iberien-Paraplus inkompatiblen Karte des Binnenlandes bald nach Arbeitsbeginn abgebrochen. Der Papyrus wurde sodann in zwei Stufen sekundär weiter genutzt bis er in spätflavischer Zeit als Papyruskonvolut (in einer Mumie?) endete.
Das „sasanidische Kronengesetz“: Entstehung und Entwicklung eines modernen Konstrukts. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Deutung des Reliefs Narses in Naqsh-i Rustam
Authors: Mosig-Walburg Karin 
Published: December 2011

Zusammenfassung
Für mehrere Jahrzehnte galt es in der Forschung als Faktum, daß ein spezielles strenges Gesetz die sasanidischen Könige zur Annahme einer persönlichen Krone verpflichtete und ihnen unter bestimmten Umständen sogar einen Kronenwechsel zwingend vorschrieb. Bei näherer Betrachtung erweist sich das sogenannte „sasanidische Kronengesetz“ als ein Konstrukt der modernen Forschung, dessen Entstehung und kontinuierliche Weiterentwicklung hier nachgezeichnet werden. Anhand eines jüngst erschienenen Versuchs der Neuinterpretation des Felsreliefs Narses in Naqsh-i Rustam wird demonstriert, daß an dem Konstrukt bis heute ‚gearbeitet’ wird, wobei unter anderem das überkommene Repertoire der Umstände, die einen Kronenwechsel erzwungen haben sollen, noch erweitert wird.
Zum Lautwert einiger Hieroglyphen
Authors: Schweitzer Simon D. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This article examines the sound value of four hieroglyphs ([D1], [U23], [F25] and [W19]): They have to be read in the following way: [D1] as tp and not as dp, Dp or Tp, [U23] as mr and not as mHr, [F25] as whm and not as wHm and [W19] as mj and not as mr.
Glucocorticoids and Relapse and Infection Rates in Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Disease
Authors: McGregor JulieAnne G. , Hogan Susan L. , Hu Yichun , Jennette Caroline E. , Falk Ronald J. , Nachman Patrick H. 
Published: December 2011

Summary

Background and objectives
The optimal course of glucocorticoid therapy in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) disease is unknown. This cohort study evaluates effects of glucocorticoid therapy duration on patient outcomes and adverse events.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
This study assessed 147 patients diagnosed between January 1, 2000 and January 1, 2009 who were treated with glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide. Patients with end stage kidney disease at presentation, treatment resistance, or who had died within 6 months were excluded. Patients were divided into three groups: 0, 5, or >5 mg prednisone daily at 6 months after therapy initiation. The latter two groups were combined for assessment of adverse events. Wilcoxon rank sum, Kruskal–Wallis, or Fisher’s exact tests were used for between-group comparisons. Time to relapse was evaluated by the Kaplan–Meier method with log-rank test for comparison.

Results
There were no differences between groups in ANCA specificity, serum creatinine, frequency of risk factors for relapse, or length of therapy with immunosuppressants. Length of glucocorticoid therapy had no impact on time to relapse (hazard ratio, 0.69 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.23−2.02]; 1.01, [95% CI, 0.57−1.81] for the 5-mg and >5-mg groups, respectively), relapse-free survival, end stage kidney disease, or death. Patients receiving glucocorticoids beyond 6 months had significantly higher incidence of infections (0.64 infections per person-year versus 0.39, P<0.0001) and a marginally significant higher frequency of new-onset diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, 2.03; 95% CI, 0.94−4.38).

Conclusions
Glucocorticoid therapy beyond 6 months is associated with a significantly greater risk of infections but not a significantly decreased risk of relapse.
"Lead mi o Kindly Light". Present Important of Newman's Contributions to Christian Theology
Authors: Życiński Wojciech 
Published: December 2011

"Lead mi o Kindly Light". Present Important of Newman's Contributions to Christian Theology
In the contemporary cultural climate, with particular reference to Europe, there is an area of Newman's thought which deserves special attention. I refer to the unity which he advocates between theology and science, between the world of faith and the world of reason. He proposed that learning should not lack unity, but be rooted in a total view. Thus he concluded his Discourses before the University of Dublin with these striking words: "I wish the intellect to range with the utmost freedom, and religion to enjoy an equal freedom, but what I am stipulating for is, that they should be found in one and the same place, and exemplified in the same persons".
Understanding Falls in Multiple Sclerosis: Association of Mobility Status, Concerns About Falling, and Accumulated Impairments
Authors: Matsuda Patricia Noritake , Shumway-Cook Anne , Ciol Marcia A. , Bombardier Charles H. , Kartin Deborah A. 
Published: December 2011

Background
Falls in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) are a serious health concern, and the percentage of people who restrict their activity because of concerns about falling (CAF) is not known. Mobility function and accumulated impairments are associated with fall risk in older adults but not in people with stroke and have not been studied in people with MS.

Objective
The purposes of this study were: (1) to estimate the percentage of people who have MS and report falling, CAF, and activity restrictions related to CAF; (2) to examine associations of these factors with fall status; and (3) to explore associations of fall status with mobility function and number of accumulated impairments.

Design
A cross-sectional survey was conducted.

Methods
A total of 575 community-dwelling people with MS provided information about sociodemographics, falls, CAF, activity restrictions related to CAF, mobility function, and accumulated impairments. Chi-square statistics were used to explore associations among these factors.

Results
In all participants, about 62% reported CAF and about 67% reported activity restrictions related to CAF. In participants who did not experience falls, 25.9% reported CAF and 27.7% reported activity restrictions related to CAF. Mobility function was associated with fall status; participants reporting moderate mobility restrictions reported the highest percentage of falls, and participants who were nonwalkers (ie, had severely limited self-mobility) reported the lowest percentage. Falls were associated with accumulated impairments; the participants who reported the highest percentage of 2 or more falls were those with 10 impairments.

Limitations
This cross-sectional study relied on self-reported falls, mobility, and impairment status, which were not objectively verified.

Conclusions
Both CAF and activity restrictions related to CAF were common in people with MS and were reported by people who experienced falls and those who did not. The association of fall status with mobility function did not appear to be linear. Fall risk increased with declining mobility function; however, at a certain threshold, further declines in mobility function were associated with fewer falls, possibly because of reduced fall risk exposure.
Brazilian Validation of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale
Authors: Valentini Nadia Cristina , Saccani Raquel 
Published: December 2011

Background
The Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) is a well-known motor assessment tool used to identify potential delays in infants' motor development. Although Brazilian researchers and practitioners have used the AIMS in laboratories and clinical settings, its translation to Portuguese and validation for the Brazilian population is yet to be investigated.

Objective
This study aimed to translate and validate all AIMS items with respect to internal consistency and content, criterion, and construct validity.

Design
A cross-sectional and longitudinal design was used.

Methods
A cross-cultural translation was used to generate a Brazilian-Portuguese version of the AIMS. In addition, a validation process was conducted involving 22 professionals and 766 Brazilian infants (aged 0–18 months).

Results
The results demonstrated language clarity and internal consistency for the motor criteria (motor development score, α=.90; prone, α=.85; supine, α=.92; sitting, α=.84; and standing, α=.86). The analysis also revealed high discriminative power to identify typical and atypical development (motor development score, P&lt;.001; percentile, P=.04; classification criterion, χ2=6.03; P=.05). Temporal stability (P=.07) (rho=.85, P&lt;.001) was observed, and predictive power (P&lt;.001) was limited to the group of infants aged from 3 months to 9 months.

Limitations
Limited predictive validity was observed, which may have been due to the restricted time that the groups were followed longitudinally.

Conclusions
In sum, the translated version of AIMS presented adequate validity and reliability.
A “21st Century Economic Agenda for America”: Barack Obama's Pre-Presidential Economic Jeremiads
Authors: Harrell Willie J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract: This essay argues that Barack Obama's pre-presidential rhetoric serves as economic jeremiads that urge atonement in order to initiate a plan of economic change that will transform America and unite Americans in the common cause fulfilling the nation's democratic mission of providing life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness of all citizens. Above all else, Obama's pre-presidential economic jeremiads attempt to paint a vivid picture of the real danger facing the American economic system and call Americans to act immediately in order to restore the faltering economy.
Profession, résidence et situation familiale des jeunes urbains sous la Monarchie de Juillet
Authors: Lévy-Vroelant Claire 
Published: December 2011

Family, professional and residential status of young urban people during the July Monarchy (1830-1848): study from nominal rolls of a 1837 census

The concept of "transition to adult status" has been shown as vague or reversible in recent surveys. Furthermore, increasing difficulties on the labour market would imply a later instance of such a transition in our societies.
The frequent reference to the past used in debates on society issues should be further specified and confronted to accurate data. The purpose of this paper is to analyse family, professional and residential status for young people living in the city of Versailles during the July Monarchy (1830-1848), by using marriage registers, local press and nominal rolls from the 1837 census, which allowed us to observe a sample of 854 15- 30 young people. This kind of survey could not be carried out in Paris where equivalent sources have disappeared. At that time, young people either : lived in the parental home, or were head of a household, or were taken in by a family, or were living in a furnished room, or were housed by their employer. The great importance of the last category, particularly among girls (20-30 %), the low marriage frequency, as well as its postponement, were all factors which revealed young people difficulties to emancipate. Such arrangements, which lend to a longer latency period, could be seen as "family tricks", as lesser harm anyway in comparison with the young people condition in rural areas or in factories.