bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSV-11 In vitro screening of selected compounds to reduce ruminal methane production
Authors: Assumpcao Alice H Peres , Mantovani Hilario C , Zhu-Barker Xia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Methane is a natural product of rumen fermentation and emissions from ruminant livestock represent a major environmental concern. Methane is not only a potent greenhouse gas but also represents a loss of energy efficiency for the host. The objective of this study was to perform in vitro screening of a range of compounds with potential anti-methanogenic activity, including polyphenols, flavonoids, fatty acids, amino acids, and salts. We aimed to select compounds conferring up to a 20% reduction in CH4 for further investigations. The substances tested included carvacrol, coumaric acid, coumarin, flavanone, gallic acid, glycerol monolaurate (GML), glycine, methylene blue, naringin, quercetin, quinic acid, resorcinol, rutin, tannic acid, vanillic acid, and zinc acetate. These substances varied in their mechanisms of action and were selected based on known antimicrobial or anti-methanogenic properties. The experiment was designed as a randomized block experiment, with treatments tested in triplicates across four batches (n = 228 samples) using the same treatments and experimental conditions. Fresh rumen contents were manually collected from two rumen-fistulated lactating Holstein cows, 3 h after their morning feeding. Rumen contents were blended at a 2:1 ratio, filtered through a four-layered cheesecloth, and added to McDougall’s solution at a 2:1 ratio. Final media (9 mL) was added to a 20 mL Bellco flask containing 150 mg of total mixed ration (TMR) ground to 1 mm. Each batch also had three flasks without TMR and no treatment (blank flasks), three flasks containing only TMR without treatment (negative control), and three flasks containing TMR and treated with chloroform (positive control), resulting in a total of 19 treatments. The end-products of in vitro batch fermentations were assessed after 24 h of incubation, and samples from each flask were collected for gas composition analysis using gas chromatography. Volatile fatty acids were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The data were analyzed using R Studio, and the following model was applied: yij = µ + treatmenti + batchj + ℇij. Methane production (measured in parts per million, ppm) increased when GML, naringin, and quercetin were added compared with the negative control. In contrast, the addition of carvacrol, glycine, tannic acid, and methylene blue resulted in a decrease of up to 25% in methane production. These compounds show potential to alter ruminal fermentation and mitigate methane production and will be selected for evaluation of synergistic interactions and effects on the rumen microbial communities.
PSV-12 Microbial community structure of dairy cattle is stable through oscillating crude protein inclusion
Authors: Víquez-Umana Fiorella L , Erickson Mary Grace , Zanton Geoffrey , Wattiaux Michel , Suen Garret , Mantovani Hilario C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Diet has an important role in shaping the structure of rumen microbial communities. However, little is known about the interaction between dietary crude protein (CP) level and CP feeding pattern on the rumen microbiome of dairy cows. Here, the objective was to evaluate the influence of CP level (low protein [LP], 13.8%; high protein [HP], 15.5% of dry matter [DM] basis) and CP feeding pattern (OF = oscillating, SF = static) on the composition and diversity of the rumen microbiome of lactating dairy cows using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Rumen-cannulated Holstein cows (n = 8) in mid- to late-lactation were assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial experiment consisting of 4 experimental periods of 28 d. Each experimental period had an adaptation phase to the diet (24 d) and a sampling phase (d 25 to 28). The treatments with oscillating feeding alternated diets every 48 h to vary CP above and below the mean CP level (OF-LP = 13.8 ± 1.8%; OF-HP = 15.5 ± 1.8% CP of DM) whereas diets were constant in the static feeding (SF-LP = 13.8%; SF-HP = 15.5% CP of DM). According to the NASEM (2021) model predictions the LP diet supplied 94% of the microbial protein requirement while the HP diet exceeded (104%) requirement. Rumen samples were collected 4 h after feeding through a rumen cannula and amplicon libraries were generated targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The amplicon sequences were analyzed in qiime2. Sequences where trimmed based on their quality and then grouped in ASVs using DADA2. The ASVs were used to analyze the composition and diversity of the rumen microbiome in each treatment. Alpha diversity of the rumen microbiome did not change across treatments (Kruskal Wallis, P &gt; 0.05), but Pielou’s evenness increased by 0.01 units (Kruskal Wallis, P = 0.04). These results support the hypothesis that the rumen microbiome is stable to oscillating CP feeding patterns and compensates for the changes in crude protein content in the diet. Further research is required to understand the dynamics of this compensation and what other metabolic processes in the ruminant contribute to maintaining production under an oscillating diet.
PSVI-5 Extruded blend of Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae and flaxseed and its effects on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion
Authors: Thorn Ross L , Drouillard James S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are essential nutrients for mammals, and are required for cellular growth and synthesis of numerous cellular signaling molecules. NBO3 Technologies, LLC (Manhattan, KS) has developed an omega-3 supplement consisting of an extruded blend of flaxseed and Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae (GreatOplus; GOP). Our objective was to evaluate effects of GOP on dry matter intake (DMI), water intake (WI), ruminal metabolism, and apparent total tract nutrient disappearance in cannulated Holstein steers (n = 11; initial body weight 586.4 ± 49.7 kg). Treatments consisted of backgrounding diets (40% roughage, 60% concentrate) containing 0% (CON) or 10% GOP (dry basis). Feed and water intake were recorded using an Insentec Roughage and Water monitoring system (Hokofarm Group; Emmeloord, The Netherlands). Steers were utilized in a cross-over design with two 19-d periods. Each period consisted of a 15-d adaptation phase and a 4-d collection phase. Ruminal contents, duodenal digesta, and feces were collected at 8-h intervals for 4 d starting at 1000 h on d 16. The sampling schedule was advanced by 2 h with each subsequent sampling day, thus generating a 24-h profile at 2-h intervals post-feeding over the 4-d sampling phase. Titanium dioxide (15 g) was dispensed directly into the rumen of each steer 15 min before feeding and to estimate apparent ruminal flow and fecal excretion of nutrients. There was a Treatment X Day interaction for DMI (P &lt; 0.001); DMI was greater for steers fed GOP some of the days during the adaptation phase compared with steers fed the control diet, but intakes were similar during the collection phase. Ruminal fluid pH, ruminal ammonia concentration, and WI were not affected by treatment (P &gt; 0.10). As expected, ruminal outflows of total fatty acids (195.6 vs 338.1 g/d for CON and GOP, respectively) and α-linolenic acid (ALA; 1.6 vs 6.3 g/d, respectively) were greater for steers fed GOP compared with steers fed CON (P &lt; 0.05); however, ruminal disappearance (i.e., biohydrogenation) of ALA was extensive, with only 8% and 4.7% of ALA intake exiting the rumen for CON and GOP, respectively. Apparent total tract digestion of organic matter was not impacted by diet (P &gt; 0.20; 78.1 and 76.8% for CON and GOP, respectively). Supplementing an extruded blend of flaxseed and microalgae can effectively increase the amount of α-linolenic acid available for absorption in the small intestine, but overall recovery of dietary α-linolenic acid is relatively low due to extensive biohydrogenation by microbes within the rumen.
PSVI-1 Backgrounding and finishing systems for cattle fed corn silages and corn grains differing in amylase expression
Authors: de Monteiro Ludmila Souza , Drouillard James S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Amylase is a key enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of starch, which typically constitutes the predominant source of energy in feedlot cattle diets. Performance of cattle during the backgrounding phase can influence performance during the subsequent finishing phase. Our objective was to assess growth performance of backgrounding steers fed diets that contained combinations of corn silage (S) and steam-flaked corn (G) from hybrids with high amylase expression (Enogen corn; E; Syngenta Seeds, LLC) or common corn hybrid (C), as well as subsequent finishing performance, carcass characteristics, and liver abscess incidence when fed G produced from the same hybrids. Crossbred steers (n = 911; 306 ± 8 kg initial body weight) were assigned randomly to one of four backgrounding treatments with 12 replicates in a randomized complete block experiment using a factorial treatment arrangement. Factor 1 consisted of two corn silage hybrids (ES or CS), and factor 2 consisted of two SFC hybrids (EG or CG). In the subsequent finishing phase, animals were assigned to one of two treatments consisting of two grain hybrids (EG or CG) with 24 replicates per treatment. Backgrounding diets (dry basis) contained 20.1% flaked corn and 41.6% corn silage, and finishing diets contained 81.5% flaked corn with triticale silage as a common roughage source. There was no three-way interaction for measures of interest, and no differences among treatment combinations with respect to average daily gain (ADG) or incidence of abscessed livers (P &gt; 0.10). Steers fed CG during the backgrounding phase ate more than steers fed EG (P = 0.04), thus leading to improved overall efficiency of steers fed EG in the backgrounding phase compared with their counterparts fed CG (P &lt; 0.01; Table 1). Overall efficiency tended to be greater for cattle fed CG during the finishing phase (P = 0.06) compared with cattle fed EG during the finishing phase. There was a tendency for interaction between G fed in the backgrounding and G fed in the finishing phase for hot carcass weight (P = 0.07), such that steers fed the same hybrid in both phases had greater carcass weight compared with those fed different hybrids in the backgrounding and finishing phases. Type of grain fed in the backgrounding and finishing phases, but not silage, impacted overall system efficiency.
PSVI-3 Effects of dried distillers grains on performance of suckling beef calves in a creep-feeding system
Authors: De Matos Ellem Maria Almeida , De Valadares Filho Sebastião Campos , David Gabriel Santos Souza , Tropia Nathalia Veloso , de Andrade Dhones Rodrigues , da Silva Julia Travassos , Pucetti Pauliane , Andrade Cidrini Fernando Alerrandro , de Sousa Luiz Carlos Oliveira , Caton Joel S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Dried distiller’s grains (DDG) have been successfully used in beef cattle diets due to their high protein content and increasing availability around the world. However, the chemical composition of DDG varies according to the type of fermented grain and processing methods, and its increased sulfur content can compromise animal performance. There are few studies evaluating DDG in supplements for beef calves in creep-feeding systems. Hence, our objective was to assess the effects of DDG on performance of suckling beef calves in a creep-feeding system. Nellore×Red Angus male calves (n = 37), weighing 162 ± 4.06 kg at 120 d of age, along with their respective dams (n =37 Nellore cows) were used. The cow-calf pairs were randomly assigned into eight paddocks formed by Urochloa decumbens pastures. Animals were subjected to a 14-dadaptation period and an additional 108-d period for performance evaluation. All animals had access to water and mineral mixture ad libitum. Four treatments were evaluated, as follows: control (mixture mineral only), supplement without DDG, or supplements including 375 and 750 g/kg DDG [dry matter (DM) basis]. The supplements were composed of ground corn, soybean meal, urea, and DDG, planned to contain 300 g CP/kg DM, and provided daily at 7.0 g/kg body weight (BW; as fed). Treatments were assigned to experimental units (i.e., calf) in a completely randomized design. Calves were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment, as well as every 15 d, to adjust the amount of supplement to be provided. Comparisons between treatments were performed by decomposing its sum of squares into orthogonal effects as follows: 1) control (mineral mixture only) versus supplemented calves; 2) evaluation of the linear and quadratic effects of the inclusion of DDG in the supplements. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (α = 0.05). Supplementation enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and final body weight (FBW) when compared with control. On average, ADG was increased from 0.94 kg/d to 1.08 kg/d for control and supplemented calves, respectively. On the other hand, ADG and FBW decreased linearly as the DDG inclusion in the supplement increased (P &lt; 0.05). The differential ADG of calves that received supplements with 375 and 750 g/kg DDG compared with calves that did not receive DDG was -0.046 and -0.096 kg, respectively. It is worth emphasizing that calves fed supplements with 375 g/kg and 750 g/kg DDG had a 14% and 46% less supplement intake, respectively, than animals that were not fed DDG. Supplementing beef calves in a creep-feeding system enhances animal performance. However, the inclusion of high DDG levels in supplements decreases the performance of suckling beef calves.
PSVI-2 Economic evaluation of forage-fed vs concentrate-fed beef finishing systems
Authors: Robertson Joel , Tollefson Rebecca L , Winebold Deedra M , Deaton Claire , King Adam , Case Riley , Church Emily R , Holder Amanda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the economic benefit of implanting beef steers and including a beta-agonist in the finishing diet. To accomplish this, Hereford-cross steers (450 ± 15 kg) were assigned to one of three drylot pens based on initial body weight (BW) and sire so that each pen had an equal starting BW and sires were equally represented in each pen. Each drylot pen was assigned to one of three treatments: receiving a hormonal implant (IMP), consuming a beta-agonist (BAG), or receiving both of the previous treatments (AND). All steers were fed a mixed ration consisting of 30.0% rye silage, 28.0% DDGS, 30.0% rolled corn, 10.5% soybean meal, and 1.5% mineral supplement [22.0% CP, 2.90 Mcal ME/kg dry matter (DM)]. The data were analyzed in SAS v9.4. Animals were evaluated on intake, growth, and performance measures during a 45-d feeding trial. Average daily gain (ADG) and hot carcass weight differed (P &lt; 0.05) between treatments with AND steers gaining 1.48 kg/d with a hot carcass weight of 394.8 kg, BAG steers gaining 1.28 kg/d with a hot carcass weight of 352.9 kg, and IMP steers gaining 1.26 kg/d with a hot carcass weight of 347.4 kg. The BAG treatment rendered decreased marbling scores than IMP and AND (P &lt; 0.05). It was concluded based on carcass quality data that there was no difference in the IMP and AND treatments, though the AND treatment had greater growth rates and feed conversion rates. Results of this trial are expected to indicate at what price point it becomes economically effective to finish animals using a beta-agonist in conjunction with a hormonal implant.
PSVI-6 Metabolic potential of three novel rumen bacterial species from sheep characterized by utilizing a metagenomic-based approach
Authors: Anema Reid F , Smith Zachary K , St-Pierre Benoit 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The sheep rumen microbiome contains a vast wealth of known and unknown members, whose metabolic processes impact nutrient acquisition as well as gut and overall health of the animal. Based on previous research from our group on investigating the impact of a change in diet on the composition of the rumen microbiome in lambs, further insights into the metabolic functions of novel bacterial species represented by three Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were pursued. The rumen fluid samples with the greatest abundance of OTUs RA1-01223, RA1-00032, and RA1-04216 were, respectively, used as representatives for metagenomic investigations to assemble the genomes of their corresponding bacterial species. Purified microbial genomic DNA was used as a template for ‘shotgun’ sequencing with an Illumina Miseq (2 x 250) platform. Raw datasets were filtered for quality then used for contig assembly with an in-house developed set of Perl scripts, generating 64 contigs for RA1-01223 [combined total length: 2,046,349 base pairs (bp)], 118 contigs for RA1-00032 (combined total length: 3,704,255 bp), and 119 contigs for RA1-04216 (combined total length: 8,884,743 bp). After building, coding sequences were identified and annotated using RAST, with metabolic pathways of predicted enzymes constructed for each OTU of interest using KEGG pathways as a model reference. Annotated coding sequences were also screened by blastp to assign contig sets to each OTU based on their respective taxonomic affiliation; both OTU RA1-01223 and OTU RA1-00032 were found to be most closely related to Ruminococcus bili (94.8% and 86.8%, respectively), while RA1-04216 was affiliated to Succinivibrio dextrinsolvens (96.9%). As RA1-01223 and RA1-00032 were found to possess enzymes responsible for lactate metabolism, they could potentially affect susceptibility to acidosis by acting as modulators of ruminal pH or by producing lactate from starch degradation. Distinguishing features between these two OTUS included the pathway for vitamin B5 synthesis, using uracil or L-aspartate as precursors (RA1-01223), and the ability to produce ethanol as an end product of ruminal fermentation (RA1-00032). Distinguishing metabolic activities of interest for RA1-04216 included synthesis of chorismate and prephenate, which are precursors for tryptophan and phenylalanine, respectively. Together, these results contribute to a better understanding of the metabolic roles of individual microorganisms in the rumen, providing information that is crucial for creating a healthy and proactive environment that benefits the host.
PSI-3 Effect of feed and water consumption patterns during the lactation period on wean-to-estrus interval in weaned sows
Authors: Soriano Magdiel Lopez , Grohmann Caleb J , Safranski Timothy J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
There is sufficient evidence that adequate feed and water consumption during the lactation period positively influences sow body condition at weaning. Optimum body condition score after the lactation period decreases sow wean-to-estrus interval and non-productive sow days and promotes sow reproductive performance in the following reproductive cycle, in general. However, feed and water intake patterns have not been extensively studied in commercial sow research; thus, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of feed and water consumption patterns in the lactation period on wean-to-estrus interval in weaned sows. This trial was conducted in a commercial sow farm located in southwestern Minnesota in March 2023. Each lactation feeder was outfitted with a MealMeter 2.0 device (PigEasy, LLC, Templeton, IA), which uses a rotating feed dispenser to release feed ad libitum at the request of each sow. In addition, the MealMeter 2.0 device utilizes sensors to track the number of times feed and water were accessed at 15-min time intervals across the entire lactation period. Average daily feed (ADF) and water accessions (ADW) were summarized for each sow during the lactation period (n = 84 sows). Root mean squared error (RMSEF and RMSEW for feed and water accessions, respectively) was calculated from the residuals of the regression between days post-farrowing and ADF and ADW for each sow and was considered a measure of variation in feed and water accessions during the lactation period. Moreover, the number of days from weaning to the first estrus was recorded and defined as the wean-to-estrus interval (WTE). Due to the distribution of WTE, sows with a WTE ≤ 5 d and WTE &gt; 5 d were separated into a binary classifier (0 = WTE ≤ 5 d and 1 = WTE &gt; 5 d). The relationship between each feed and water measurement and WTE class was estimated using a logistic regression model fit with R Statistical Software. Average daily feed and water accessions were negatively associated with WTE class (P- = 0.07 and 0.04, respectively; Table 1), indicating that as feed and water accessions increase, the probability of observing a WTE greater than 5 d decreases. In addition, RMSEF and RMSEW were also negatively associated with WTE class, which suggests that as the variation in each measure across the lactation period increases, the probability of observing a WTE greater than 5 d is reduced. This result was not expected and, thus, requires further investigation. Nonetheless, results from this study suggest that the mean and variation of daily feed and water accessions are associated with WTE and sufficient consumption of nutrients during the lactation period is critical to reducing the number of days to first estrus in weaned sows.
PS-1 An evaluation of sodium salicylate in the periparturient management of the sow
Authors: Olson Lauren , Weaver Eric 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Mortality continues to trend higher in highly prolific sows in the U.S., with the periparturient period being the time of greatest loss (Eckberg, 2021). Sodium salicylate (NaSal) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) similar to aspirin, which is used to manage pre-eclampsia-related pregnancy complications in humans (Roberge et al. 2017). The objectives of this experiment were: 1) Collect farrowing data for scoring periparturient health; and 2) Evaluate the impact of NaSal on periparturient health and inflammation. A total of 47 parity 1 and 2 females (PIC 1050) were utilized with a starting body weight (BW) of 214.3kg ± 14.7 SD. Sows were blocked by BW on d 105 gestation and parity and randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. The treatments were: control (CON) n = 23; or treatment (TRT) n = 24. TRT consisted of NaSal (Oral-Pro, Aurora Pharmaceutical, Northfield, MN) administered via water 3 d pre-farrow to 5 d post-farrow, with a target dose of 50 mg NaSal/kg BW. At d 106 of gestation and weaning, BW, back fat (BF), and body condition by caliper (BCS) were measured. Sows were assigned a farrowing ease score of 1-4 (1 - easy to 4 - extremely difficult) based on duration, restless activity, savaging, and assistance required. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure in SAS, with sow serving as the experimental unit and LSMeans testing for differences among means. Average farrowing duration for both groups was 335.5 min ± 144.2 SD. Farrowing ease score for all sows was assessed as a mean of 2.28 with 47% scored as difficult (Score 3 to 4). Treatment improved farrowing ease score (TRT avg: 1.9; CON avg 2.7; P &lt; 0.01) and reduced savaging severity and frequency (TRT: 5 sows, 1 severe; CON: 8 sows, 7 severe; P &lt; 0.05). TRT sows (24/24) successfully weaned litters compared with CON sows (20/23). All sows assigned a 1 or 2 score (25/25) weaned litters compared with sows assigned 3 or 4 (19/22). In conclusion, farrowing difficulty contributes to the need for greater care of highly prolific sows. Supplementation of NaSal during the periparturient period may improve farrowing ease and health outcomes.