bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutionalizing Labour Rights in Europe
Authors: Fudge Judy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
By looking at a few recent cases decided by the Supreme Court of Canada (Health Services and Support-Facilities Subsector Bargaining Association v. British Columbia 2007), by the European Court of Justice (Viking 2007, Laval 2007, Ruffert(2008), and the European Court of Human Rights (Demir and Baykara v. Turkey 2008) this chapter explores what the idea of constitutional labour rights means. In doing so, it places this emerging process of constitutionalization in its broader political and economic context of economic globalization and political neo-liberalism. It uses the recent cases in Canada and Europe to illustrate how a comparative analysis helps us to understand and to identify some of the perils and promises associated with this process.
The Political Institutions of Rights-Protection
Authors: Tushnet Mark 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores the determinants of a politics that is directed at the specification of rights, including: whether there is parliamentary supremacy or separation of powers, whether the legislation is primarily rights focussed, the access of interest groups to a party political structure, the extent to which parties are coalitions, the strength of the party leaders, whether the members have an independent political base, and whether the leadership of a party is at stake. All the factors are shown to be relevant to the prospect of political parties being engaged in the effective protection of human rights.
Human Rights and the Global South
Authors: Anderson Gavin W. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter seeks to rescue human rights by developing an alternative epistemology of human rights associated with the phenomenon of ‘globalization from below’. This relates to the emergence of transnational networks of social movements, NGOs, and umbrella groupings such as the World Social Forum, which call into question the neoliberal paradigm and its version of human rights. A transformed rights discourse would be rooted in the politics of the global South which rejects the human rights used in the justification of colonialism and the dominance of international corporations. Rather, the emphasis is on public health over property rights and on the differences rather than universal features of human cultures. An example is the globalization of Western economic and social rights which privilege developed countries in international markets. If the Western dominant epistemology of human nature underlying the modern human rights movement is challenged, this gives us further reasons to be sceptical about current top-down methods of institutionalizing human rights.
Judges without a Court—Judicial Preview in Sweden
Authors: Bull Thomas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes the Swedish system of preview of legislation in order to assure that constitutional and human rights are respected. It consists of four main components: the system of legislative committees in preparing legislation, wide access to public documents and right to publish those, the Law Council (consisting of judges), and the Constitutional Committee of the Parliament. It argues that together these four components of the preview-system makes it hard, though not impossible, to legislate in a way that infringes rights. The government is in no way obliged to follow the Law Council, but not doing so will of course give rise to a political debate and latter on give courts a hint that legislations passed might not be constitutionally sound (in a review situation). Concrete examples are given as to how they interact and on situations when the system have worked as well as not worked.
Amateur Operatics: The Realization of Parliamentary Protection of Civil Liberties
Authors: Morgan Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter combines trenchant criticism of the UK Human Rights Act 1998 and an innovative suggestion for its radical modification. The critical element concentrates on Sections 3 and 4 of the HRA and the thesis that they make for a dialogue between courts and Parliament. It then goes on to present the Joint Committee on Human Rights (JCHR) as part of the culture of compliance in which legislatures try to predict and pre-empt adverse judicial decisions. The proposals for reform include repealing Section 4 and amending Section 3 to make it clear that interpretation cannot include distorting the meaning of the statutory language. The JCHR could then operate more politically. More radically, the chapter also suggests that there should be provision for courts to adjourn particular cases of apparent injustices arising from legislation and refer them to a new body the ‘High Court of Parliament’ which would combine investigative and judicial methods to determine the matter and, if necessary, introduce an amendment to the offending legislation.
14 Decisional, Emotional, and Cognitive Systems
Authors: Auletta Gennaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCerebral systems have proper procedures, which do not possess survival value (have no vital meaning). The concept of system turns out to be a sophistication of the notion of structure. As such a system does not need to be localized but can be distributed across several brain areas. Instead, functions (like behavior, learning, and memory) are (by definition) aimed at satisfying vital needs.
16 Learning
Authors: Auletta Gennaro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAfter some introductory remarks and an exposition of the general features of learning, associative and conditioned learning are introduced. Next, the difficult issue of learning casual relations is treated. Old mammals, like rodents, are already able to do that. The next step is the examination of learning through categories, especially focusing on primates’ understanding of analogies and whether they are able to treat categories as true models of the world.
The introduction of senses
Authors: Horty John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGottlob Frege argued that a single, undifferentiated notion of semantic value would not do. Instead, he insisted that semantic value must be divided into two components and he distinguished them as “referents” and “senses”. This chapter reviews Frege's argument as he presents it in (1892b) and elsewhere and start on exploring some of its underlying complications. Two principles are illustrated to generate the conclusion that an expression's overall semantic content must be divided into distinct components: the principle of compositionality and the principle that contents determine information value.
Removal rules
Authors: Horty John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHow the simple model of senses as procedures can handle two important issues presented is elaborated in this chapter. It begins by presenting the conflicts on the formation and semantic role of incomplete expressions. Frege's writing reflected two different perspectives of senses which are characterized as compositional and decompositional. These two perspectives adopted by Frege in his thinking about senses offer conflicting views concerning both the structure of senses and the relative epistemic priority of sentential senses and their parts. A verbal resolution to eliminate such conflict is presented in this chapter. This verbal resolution, through the two perspectives presented, is then applied in the semantic framework set out earlier in the book. Also included and analyzed in this chapter are defined expressions.
Syntactic and semantic options
Authors: Horty John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the semantics of complex, incomplete, and defined expressions. It aims to extend the ρ and σ functions, mapping expressions into their referents and senses, and then applying them to the syntactic outputs of the new removal rules. Also illustrated in this chapter are two reasons on how one can get away without assigning senses to complex incomplete or defined expressions. Furthermore, this chapter demonstrates how both complex incomplete and defined expressions must be able to appear as real constituents in complete expressions, with their senses appearing as constituents in the senses of any complete expressions that contain them.
Afterword
Authors: Horty John 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter begins by providing a brief summary of the topics discussed on the previous chapters. It then mentions a few remaining open issues about the matter and offers several directions on how the work presented here could be developed. Two specific issues are illustrated. The first issue is that the procedural model of senses presented in the second part of the book may have some independent interest and could be developed but it needs to be applied more broadly in order to justify the claim to its plausibility. The second issue is the importance of comprehending the tension between the treatments of defined expressions offered in the two parts of this book.
Microsatellite DNA reveals population genetic differentiation among sprat (Sprattus sprattus) sampled throughout the Northeast Atlantic, including Norwegian fjords
Authors: Glover Kevin A. , Skaala Øystein , Limborg Morten , Kvamme Cecilie , Torstensen Else 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGlover, K. A., Skaala, Ø., Limborg, M., Kvamme, C., and Torstensen, E. Microsatellite DNA reveals population genetic differentiation among sprat (Sprattus sprattus) sampled throughout the Northeast Atlantic, including Norwegian fjords. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2145–2151. Sprat (Sprattus sprattus), small pelagic shoaling fish, were sampled from the Celtic, North, and Baltic seas, and 10 Norwegian fjords. Significant overall genetic differentiation was observed among samples when analysed with eight microsatellite DNA loci (Global FST = 0.0065, p < 0.0001). The greatest genetic differences were observed between the Baltic and all other samples (largest pairwise FST = 0.043, p < 0.0001). No significant genetic differentiation was observed between a sample from the Celtic Sea (CEL) and the North Sea (NSEA; FST = 0.001, p = 0.16), but variable levels of genetic differentiation were observed among samples collected from Norwegian fjords (pairwise FST ranging from 0 to 0.0096, most non-significant). All fjord samples were significantly differentiated to NSEA and CEL samples. Further, all fjord samples displayed reduced allelic richness compared with NSEA and CEL samples. Clearly, sprat display population genetic differentiation throughout the Northeast Atlantic, and there may be limited connectivity between Norwegian fjord and sea-going populations.
A molecular framework for the inhibition of Arabidopsis root growth in response to boron toxicity
Authors: AQUEA FELIPE , FEDERICI FERNAN , MOSCOSO CRISTIAN , VEGA ANDREA , JULLIAN PASTOR , HASELOFF JIM , ARCE‐JOHNSON PATRICIO 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTBoron is an essential micronutrient for plants and is taken up in the form of boric acid (BA). Despite this, a high BA concentration is toxic for the plants, inhibiting root growth and is thus a significant problem in semi‐arid areas in the world. In this work, we report the molecular basis for the inhibition of root growth caused by boron. We show that application of BA reduces the size of root meristems, correlating with the inhibition of root growth. The decrease in meristem size is caused by a reduction of cell division. Mitotic cell number significantly decreases and the expression level of key core cell cycle regulators is modulated. The modulation of the cell cycle does not appear to act through cytokinin and auxin signalling. A global expression analysis reveals that boron toxicity induces the expression of genes related with abscisic acid (ABA) signalling, ABA response and cell wall modifications, and represses genes that code for water transporters. These results suggest that boron toxicity produces a reduction of water and BA uptake, triggering a hydric stress response that produces root growth inhibition.
PFT1, the MED25 subunit of the plant Mediator complex, promotes flowering through CONSTANS dependent and independent mechanisms in Arabidopsis
Authors: Iñigo Sabrina , Alvarez Mariano J. , Strasser Bárbara , Califano Andrea , Cerdán Pablo D. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryTwo aspects of light are very important for plant development: the length of the light phase or photoperiod and the quality of incoming light. Photoperiod detection allows plants to anticipate the arrival of the next season, whereas light quality, mainly the red to far‐red ratio (R:FR), is an early signal of competition by neighbouring plants. phyB represses flowering by antagonising CO at the transcriptional and post‐translational levels. A low R:FR decreases active phyB and consequently increases active CO, which in turn activates the expression of FT, the plant florigen. Other phytochromes like phyD and phyE seem to have redundant roles with phyB. PFT1, the MED25 subunit of the plant Mediator complex, has been proposed to act in the light‐quality pathway that regulates flowering time downstream of phyB. However, whether PFT1 signals through CO and its specific mechanism are unclear. Here we show that CO‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms operate downstream of phyB, phyD and phyE to promote flowering, and that PFT1 is equally able to promote flowering by modulating both CO‐dependent and ‐independent pathways. Our data are consistent with the role of PFT1 as an activator of CO transcription, and also of FT transcription, in a CO‐independent manner. Our transcriptome analysis is also consistent with CO and FT genes being the most important flowering targets of PFT1. Furthermore, comparison of the pft1 transcriptome with transcriptomes after fungal and herbivore attack strongly suggests that PFT1 acts as a hub, integrating a variety of interdependent environmental stimuli, including light quality and jasmonic acid‐dependent defences.
Understanding bias in geographic range size estimates
Authors: Sheth Seema N. , Lohmann Lúcia G. , Distler Trisha , Jiménez Iván 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAim Estimates of geographic range size derived from natural history museum specimens are probably biased for many species. We aim to determine how bias in these estimates relates to range size.Location We conducted computer simulations based on herbarium specimen records from localities ranging from the southern United States to northern Argentina.Methods We used theory on the sampling distribution of the mean and variance to develop working hypotheses about how range size, defined as area of occupancy (AOO), was related to the inter‐specific distribution of: (1) mean collection effort per area across the range of a species (MC); (2) variance in collection effort per area across the range of a species (VC); and (3) proportional bias in AOO estimates (PBias: the difference between the expected value of the estimate of AOO and true AOO, divided by true AOO). We tested predictions from these hypotheses using computer simulations based on a dataset of more than 29,000 herbarium specimen records documenting occurrences of 377 plant species in the tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae).Results The working hypotheses predicted that the mean of the inter‐specific distribution of MC, VC and PBias were independent of AOO, but that the respective variance and skewness decreased with increasing AOO. Computer simulations supported all but one prediction: the variance of the inter‐specific distribution of VC did not decrease with increasing AOO.Main conclusions Our results suggest that, despite an invariant mean, the dispersion and symmetry of the inter‐specific distribution of PBias decreases as AOO increases. As AOO increased, range size was less severely underestimated for a large proportion of simulated species. However, as AOO increased, range size estimates having extremely low bias were less common.
STRATEGIC TRADE AND DELEGATED COMPETITION WITH ENDOGENOUS QUALITY CHOICE: IS EXPORT POLICY NEEDED?
Authors: WANG YA‐CHIN , WANG LEONARD F. S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper introduces the relative‐performance contract into a vertically differentiated product market and examines how the optimal trade policy and quality choice respond to the incentive mechanism. We find that the high quality firm makes better use of the delegation than the low quality firm in a cross‐border decentralized model. The main difference between the present paper and the strategic trade theory literature is that in this paper the optimal policy is free trade, which does not depend on whether firms compete by prices or quantities, and on whether the goods are substitutes or full complements.
Analytical Reflections on Time in Custody
Authors: Hockey David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHigh reoffending rates after release from custody suggest that custodial regimes are not working effectively. An extensive rolling out of rehabilitation programmes across the prison estate has not had a great impact on addressing this problem with respect to repeat or habitual offenders. Drawing from script theory, cognitive deficits and offending patterns, I propose that the general thinking style of such offenders is reinforced by the basic arrangement of custodial regimes and, therefore, time being served, unwittingly reinforces the very cognitive processes that lead to an offending cycle.
‘The Prison is an Outlaw Institution’
Authors: Wacquant Loïc 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis discussion ofLesPrisons de la misère(Raisons d'agirEditions,Paris, 1999 – expanded and updatedEnglish‐language edition,Prisons ofPoverty,Minneapolis,University ofMinnesotaPress, 2009) responds to queries put forth by the editors ofRde réeland originally published inFrench in that journal inJune 2000 (vol. 3, pp.33–8). It argues that the carceral boom in theUnitedStates results from the penalisation of poverty correlative of the simultaneous revamping of the economic, welfare and justice missions of the state. Pro‐market think tanks have played a driving role in fashioning and diffusingAmerica's ‘punitive common sense’ across theAtlantic, thus accelerating the import of aggressive crime rhetorics and policies inWesternEurope by political elites (including Left governments) seduced by neoliberal ideology. But, while the prison purports to enforce the law and to curtail the disorders generated by economic deregulation, the recent French experience confirms that its very organisation and daily operation make it an outlaw institution. It is promoted as a remedy for criminal insecurity and urban marginality, but it only serves to concentrate and intensify both, even as it makes them temporarily invisible. To get out of the policy and civic impasse into which the penalisation of poverty leads contemporary societies, we must raise anew the quintessentially political question of the purpose(lessness) of incarceration at century's dawn.
Isolation of brain mitochondria from neonatal mice
Authors: Wang Xiaoyang , Leverin Anna‐Lena , Han Wei , Zhu Changlian , Johansson Bengt R. , Jacotot Etienne , Ten Vadim S. , Sims Neil R. , Hagberg Henrik 
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07525.xAbstractMitochondria are key contributors to many forms of cell death including those resulting from neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury. Mice have become increasingly popular in studies of brain injury, but there are few reports evaluating mitochondrial isolation procedures for the neonatal mouse brain. Using evaluation of respiratory activity, marker enzymes, western blotting and electron microscopy, we have compared a previously published procedure for isolating mitochondria from neonatal mouse brain (method A) with procedures adapted from those for adult rats (method B) and neonatal rats (method C). All three procedures use Percoll density gradient centrifugation as a key step in the isolation but differ in many aspects of the fractionation procedure and the solutions used during fractionation. Methods A and B both produced highly enriched fractions of well‐coupled mitochondria with high rates of respiratory activity. The fraction from method C exhibited less preservation of respiratory properties and was more contaminated with other subcellular components. Method A offers the advantage of being more rapid and producing larger mitochondrial yields making it useful for routine applications. However, method B produced mitochondria that were less contaminated with synaptosomes and associated cytosolic components that suits studies that have a requirement for higher mitochondrial purification.
Amlodipine besylate and amlodipine camsylate prevent cortical neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress
Authors: Lee Young Joo , Park Hyun‐Hee , Koh Seong‐Ho , Choi Na‐Young , Lee Kyu‐Yong 
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 10.1111/j.1471‐4159.2011.07529.xAbstractWe examined the neuroprotective effects of the long‐acting third‐generation dihydropyridine Ca2+ antagonists, amlodipine besylate (AB) and amlodipine camsylate (AC), on neuronal cell death induced by oxidative stress. Cell viability and levels of free radicals and intracellular signaling proteins were measured after treating primary cultures of cortical neurons with AB, AC, and/or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) under various conditions. Cell viability was not affected by concentrations of AB or AC up to 5 μM but decreased at higher concentrations. Following H2O2 exposure, the viability of cortical neurons decreased in a concentration‐dependent manner; however, treatment with AB or AC up to 5 μM restored the viability of H2O2‐injured cortical neurons. Treatment with H2O2 increased the level of free radicals in cortical neurons, and pre‐treatment with AB or AC counteracted this in a dose‐dependent manner. Similarly, treatment with AB or AC reduced the declines in p85aPI3K, phosphorylated Akt, phosphorylated GSK‐3β, heat‐shock transcription factor‐1, and Bcl‐2 induced by H2O2, as well as the increases in cyclooxygenase‐2, cytosolic cytochrome c, cleaved caspase 9, and cleaved caspase 3. Our results indicate that AB and AC exert similar neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, enhancing survival signals, and inhibiting death signals.
Treatment with probiotics in experimental oral colonization by Candida albicans in murine model (DBA/2)
Authors: Matsubara VH , Silva EG , Paula CR , Ishikawa KH , Nakamae AEM 
Published: October 2011

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 260–264The aim of this study is to evaluate the oral colonization by Candida albicans in experimental murine immunosuppressed DBA/2 and treatment with probiotic bacteria. To achieve these objectives, 152 DBA/2‐immunosuppressed mice were orally inoculated with a suspension of C. albicans containing 108 viable yeast cells, the animals were treated with nystatin or with the probiotics (Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus). Evaluations were performed by Candida count from oral mucosa swabbing. The oral mucosa colonization by C. albicans started at day 1 after inoculation, remained maximal from day 3 until day 7, and then decreased significantly. Probiotics reduced the C. albicans colonization significantly on the oral mucosa in comparison with the untreated animal group. In the group treated with L. rhamnosus, the reduction in yeast colonization was significantly higher compared with that of the group receiving nystatin. Immunosuppressed animal model DBA/2 is a relevant model for experimental Candida oral colonization, and the treatment with probiotics in this model may be an effective alternative to prevent it.