bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neighbourhoods and health: A review of the New Zealand literature
Authors: Stevenson Anna , Pearce Jamie , Blakely Tony , Ivory Vivienne , Witten Karen 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOver the past two decades, there has been a resurgence of interest into place‐based influences on health. Researchers have identified that various characteristics of neighbourhoods exert an influence on the health outcomes and behaviours of local residents. Understanding the processes linking places to health provides considerable potential for a range of policy interventions. We review the New Zealand‐based neighbourhoods and health research. Consideration is given to the types of neighbourhood characteristics, as well the range of health outcomes that have been studied. Finally, we suggest some priorities for further research into the mechanisms underpinning neighbourhood influences on health in New Zealand.
Removal of intracanal smear layer by doxycycline: SEM analysis
Authors: Santos Mara Cristina , Vitor Camila , Cristina Sheila , Tadeu Wilson 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of doxycycline used alone or in association with sodium hypochlorite on smear layer removal. The canals of extracted human teeth were instrumented using a stepback technique. At the end of preparation, they were irrigated with doxycycline (Group 1), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid + sodium hypochlorite (Group 2), doxycycline + sodium hypochlorite (Group 3) and water (Group 4). The dentinal wall of the cervical, middle and apical thirds was graded according to the amount of remaining debris and smear layer. The results were analysed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (P < 0.05). In Groups 2 and 4, the dentine was completely free and covered with smear layer, respectively. The results from the cervical and middle thirds of Group 3 were worse than those in Groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). In relation to apical third, there were differences (P < 0.05) between all groups with best results for Group 2. Doxycycline was effective in removing smear layer from cervical and middle thirds. The use of doxycycline + sodium hypochlorite was partially effective in the cervical and middle thirds, but ineffective in the apical third.
Conservation Geographies in Sub‐Saharan Africa: The Politics of National Parks, Community Conservation and Peace Parks
Authors: King Brian 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSub‐Saharan Africa has been the location of intense conservation planning since the colonial era. Under the auspices of wilderness protection, colonial authorities established national parks largely for the purpose of hunting and tourism while forcibly evicting indigenous populations. Concerns about the ethical and economic impacts of protected areas have generated interest in community conservation initiatives that attempt to include local participation in natural resource management. In recent years, the anticipated loss of biodiversity, coupled with the integration of ecological concepts into planning processes, has generated interest in larger‐scale initiatives that maximize protected habitat. Central to this shift are transboundary conservation areas, or Peace Parks, that involve protected territory that supersedes national political borders. This study provides a review of national parks, community conservation, and Peace Parks, in order to understand the development politics and governance challenges of global conservation. Although these approaches are not mutually exclusive, the study asserts that they represent major trajectories to conservation planning in Sub‐Saharan Africa and other parts of the developing world. In considering the histories of these models in Sub‐Saharan Africa, I argue that conservation planners often prioritize economic and ecological factors over the political circumstances that influence the effectiveness of these approaches. The study concludes by suggesting that an analysis of these three models provides a lens to examine ongoing debates regarding the employ of conservation as an economic development strategy and the challenges to environmental governance in the 21st century.
Efficacy of an Olmesartan Medoxomil–Based Treatment Algorithm in Patients Stratified by Age, Race, or Sex
Authors: Oparil Suzanne , Pimenta Eduardo 
Published: November 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:3–13. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Demographic factors are known to influence the prevalence of hypertension, and evidence suggests that they may also influence the response of patients with hypertension to blood pressure (BP)–lowering therapies. To determine the effect of demographic factors on the efficacy and safety of an olmesartan medoxomil (OM)–based treatment regimen, we performed a prespecified subgroup analysis of a 12‐week, randomized, placebo‐controlled, titrate‐to‐goal study in patients with hypertension, stratifying patients into treatment groups according to age, sex, or race. After 12 weeks, OM–based therapy significantly reduced BP from baseline in blacks, non‐blacks, men, women, and patients younger than 65 or 65 years and older compared with placebo, and enabled 51.9% to 79.5% of patients to achieve a BP goal of <140/90 mm Hg. The differences in BP‐lowering efficacy of OM–based therapy between subgroups were not clinically significant, and treatment was generally well tolerated in all groups. This study demonstrates that an OM‐based treatment algorithm is an effective and safe option for achieving recommended BP goal in patients with hypertension including blacks, non‐blacks, men, women, and patients younger than 65 or 65 years and older.
Compliance With Home Blood Pressure Monitoring Among Middle‐Aged Korean Americans With Hypertension
Authors: Kim Jiyun , Han Hae‐Ra , Song Heejung , Lee JongEun , Kim Kim B. , Kim Miyong T. 
Published: November 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).The primary objective of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the level of compliance of home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) and its relation to blood pressure (BP) control among hypertensive adults in a community setting. A total of 377 middle‐aged Korean Americans with high BP participated in this study. Along with structured behavioral education, the participants were instructed to measure their BP 3 times in a row upon waking and thrice again at bedtime, at least 2 or more times a week for 48 weeks. Using multivariate logistic regression, the authors examined the patterns and factors affecting HBPM and its relation to BP control status. The analyses revealed that older participants were more compliant with the HBPM instruction than were younger participants (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 5.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.77–15.81) and those with more depressive symptoms were less compliant (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.04–0.88). Participants who were more compliant to HBPM instruction were 4 times more likely than those who were noncompliant to have controlled their BP by the end of the intervention period (OR, 4.28; 95% CI, 1.79–10.23). These results suggest that the participants who checked their BP regularly at home had a stronger tendency to achieve BP control.
Health Care Services Provided During Physician Office Visits for Hypertension: Differences by Specialty
Authors: Fang Jing , Keenan Nora L. , Ayala Carma 
Published: November 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:89–95. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The changing health care system has reduced patients’ access to specialty care. Often, patients with hypertension visit noncardiologists. The objective of this study is to compare differences by physician specialty in the provision of health care services during office visits for hypertension. The authors examined office visits for US physicians by using data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey for 2003 to 2005. Of more than 274 million hypertension visits, 35.5%, 43.9%, 8.5%, and 12.1% visits were made to general practitioners/family physicians, internists, cardiologists, and other specialties, respectively. Visitors to cardiologists were more likely to have coronary heart disease and heart failure than visitors to other physicians. While prescriptions for antihypertensive drugs overall were similar by specialty, cardiologists were more likely to prescribe lipid‐lowering drugs (odds ratio [OR], 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14–2.24) and aspirin (OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.81–4.20), calcium channel blockers (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.12–1.96), β‐blockers (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.35–2.48), and α‐blockers (OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.46–2.95) than general practitioners/family physicians after adjusting for relevant risk factors. There was no difference by specialty in providing/making a referral for nutrition/exercise counseling among physicians. Among hypertension office visits in the United States, cardiologists were more likely to provide lipid‐lowering drugs, aspirin, calcium channel blocker, β‐blockers, and α‐blockers than other physicians.
Body, Gender and Transnationalism: Art and Cultural Criticism in a Changing Europe
Authors: Dekel Tal 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe term transnationalism, dealing with all facets of immigration – refugees, foreign workers, illegal layovers and migrants from one country to another – has been one of the prominent topics on the public and political agenda of most Western countries in recent years. Through analysing several visual works, this article seeks to draw out the influence of economic, political and cultural changes upon a range of female artists in post‐communist countries today. These artists each react differently in their works to the globalisation processes and the major transitions to a capitalistic economy, from a critical and personal point of view. As a result, these artists create what I shall call ‘a polyphonic project’, which is a product of Central and Eastern European artists that set out, and indeed succeeded, to reclaim their voice and body as women, challenging questions of gender, nationality, politics and economy in a changing Europe.
Volk auf dem Weg: Transnational Migration of the Russian‐Germans from 1763 to the Present Day
Authors: Pohl J. Otto 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article traces the migration patterns of the Russian‐Germans across international borders from their initial settlement in the Russian Empire starting in 1763 up to the present day. In particular it analyses the reasons behind these migration flows. Both push and pull factors motivated the immigration of ethnic Germans to the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. A similarly complex combination of such factors spurred the various waves of emigration by Russian‐Germans out of this territory during the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This article seeks to illuminate the primary causes of these migrant flows. It covers the main waves of German immigration into the Russian Empire including the initial settlement in the Volga region from 1763 to 1769, the establishment of the Mennonite colonies in Ukraine from 1789 to 1809 and the migration of German speakers to the Black Sea area from 1804 to 1856. It examines the various waves of emigration out of the territory of the former Russian Empire starting in the 1870s and continuing until today. The article goes on to analyse the immigration of Russian‐Germans to the Americas from Tsarist Russia from the 1870s until the First World War. Then it deals with the various waves of Russian‐German emigration under the Soviet regime starting in 1917–21 and reoccurring later in the 1920s, 1940s, 1970s and finally from 1987 to the collapse of the USSR. Finally, it examines the emigration of Russian‐Germans from Russia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia and their settlement in Germany until 2006. Special attention is given to the history of Stalinist repression and later discrimination against the Russian‐Germans as factors in their desire to emigrate.
Microbiologic Evaluation of Gallbladder Bile of Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Iatrogenic Hypercortisolism: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kook P.H. , Schellenberg S. , Grest P. , Reusch C.E. , Corboz L. , Glaus T.M. 
Published: November 2009

Background:In people, hypercortisolism (HC) has been associated with acalculous cholecystitis and biliary dyskinesia, which may potentiate ascending biliary infections. In dogs, an association between HC and gallbladder disease recently has been documented, although the role of bacteria remains controversial. Furthermore, there is no information on the gallbladder bile microbial flora in healthy dogs.Objectives:To investigate the microbial flora in gallbladder bile in healthy dogs, the relationship between iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism and bactibilia and possible changes in biliary microbial flora after cortisol withdrawal in dogs.Animals:Six control dogs and 6 dogs treated with hydrocortisone.Methods:Gallbladder bile obtained by percutaneous ultrasound‐guided cholecystocentesis was cultured aerobically and anaerobically and examined cytologically before (d0), during (d28, d56, d84), and after (d28p, d56p, d84p) administration of hydrocortisone (8 mg/kg PO q12h).Results:In the control group, 2/42 bile cultures yielded bacterial growth (Enterococcussp.;Escherichia colion d0) and 1/42 bile smears had cytological evidence of bacteria (d28). In the HC group, 2/42 bile cultures yielded bacterial growth (Enterococcussp. on d28;Bacillussp. on d28p) and 3/42 bile smears had cytological evidence of bacteria (d84, d84, d28p). All dogs remained healthy throughout the study period (168d).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Based on the results of conventional bacterial culture techniques, gallbladder bile of healthy dogs periodically may harbor bacteria, which do not appear to be clinically relevant. A 3‐month period of iatrogenic HC was not associated with bactibilia. A higher prevalence of bactibilia may be detected with micromolecular techniques.
Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis in Dogs with Spontaneous Chronic Kidney Disease at Different Stages of Severity
Authors: Cortadellas O. , Fernández del Palacio M.J. , Talavera J. , Bayón A. 
Published: November 2009

Background:Studies in dogs with experimental chronic kidney disease (CKD) have demonstrated that abnormalities of calcium‐phosphorus (Ca‐P) homeostasis occur frequently and have a negative effect on kidney function and survival. However, the prevalence of these alterations in dogs with naturally occurring CKD at different stages of severity has not yet been investigated.Hypothesis:Abnormalities of Ca‐P metabolism occur early in the course of CKD with an increased prevalence in more severe stages.Animals:Fifty‐four dogs with CKD and 22 healthy dogs.Methods:Blood and urine samples were obtained for a CBC, biochemistry, determination of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, and ionized calcium concentrations and urinalysis. Based on urine protein/creatinine ratio and serum creatinine concentration, dogs were grouped according to the IRIS classification for CKD.Results:Hyperparathyroidism (HPTH) (PTH ≥ 48 pg/mL) was diagnosed in 41 (75.9%) dogs with CKD. Its prevalence increased from 36.4% (stage 1) to 100% (stage 4). Hyperphosphatemia (P> 5.5 mg/dL) was present in 37 (68.5%) dogs; increasing in prevalence from 18% (stage 1) to 100% (stage 4). Receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis showed that serum phosphorus concentration in the 4.5–5.5 mg/dL range correctly identified the presence of HPTH in most dogs. Calcitriol concentration progressively decreased in dogs with CKD and differences became statistically significant by stage 3.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance:HPTH and hyperphosphatemia occur frequently in dogs with naturally occurring CKD, even at early stages of CKD in some dogs. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring these parameters early in the course of CKD.
Prevalence of Diarrhea and Enteropathogens in Racing Sled Dogs
Authors: McKenzie E. , Riehl J. , Banse H. , Kass P.H. , Nelson, Jr S. , Marks S.L. 
Published: November 2009

Background:Diarrhea is highly prevalent in racing sled dogs, although the underlying causes are poorly understood.Hypothesis:Clostridium perfringensenterotoxin (CPE) andClostridium difficileToxin A and B are associated with diarrhea in racing sled dogs.Animals:One hundred and thirty‐five sled dogs.Methods:Freshly voided feces were obtained from 55 dogs before racing and from 80 dogs after 400 miles of racing. Samples were visually scored for diarrhea, mucus, blood, and melena. CPE andC. difficileToxin A and B were detected by ELISA. Samples were cultured forC. perfringens, C. difficile, Campylobacter, Salmonella, andEscherichia coli0157;GiardiaandCryptosporidiumspp. were detected via immunofluorescence.Results:Diarrhea occurred in 36% of dogs during racing, and hematochezia, fecal mucus or melena, or all 3 occurred in 57.5% of dogs.Salmonellawas isolated from 78.2% of dogs before racing, and from 71.3% of dogs during racing.C. perfringensandC. difficilewere isolated from 100 and 58.2% of dogs before racing, and from 95 and 36.3% of dogs during racing. Dogs were more likely to test positive for CPE during than before racing (18.8 versus 5.5%,P= .021); however, no enteropathogens or their respective toxins were significantly associated with hematochezia or diarrhea.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Sled dogs participating in long distance racing have a high prevalence of diarrhea and hematochezia that is not associated with common enteropathogens. It is possible that diarrhea and hematochezia represent the effect of prolonged exercise on the gastrointestinal tract.
Prospective Evaluation of Laparoscopic Pancreatic Biopsies in 11 Healthy Cats
Authors: Cosford K.L. , Shmon C.L. , Myers S.L. , Taylor S.M. , Carr A.P. , Steiner J.M. , Suchodolski J.S. , Mantovani F. 
Published: November 2009

Background: Definitive diagnosis of feline pancreatic disease is dependent on histologic examination of biopsies.Hypothesis: Laparoscopic punch biopsy of the pancreas does not significantly affect pancreatic health or clinical status of healthy cats, and provides an adequate biopsy sample for histopathology.Animals: Eleven healthy female domestic shorthair cats.Methods: Effects of laparoscopic pancreatic visualization alone in 5 cats compared with laparoscopic pancreatic visualization and punch biopsy in 6 cats were studied. Temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate, physical examination, and daily caloric intake were evaluated for 1 week before and 1 week after the procedure. Pain scores (simple descriptive score and dynamic interactive visual assessment score) were evaluated hourly during the 1st 6 hours postprocedure. Complete blood cell counts, serum biochemical profiles, serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity, and urine specific gravity were evaluated before the procedure and at 6, 24, and 72 hours postprocedure. One month postprocedure, during sterilization, the pancreas was reassessed visually in all cats, and microscopically in the biopsy group.Results: For all variables evaluated, there were no significant differences between biopsy and control cats. Re‐evaluation of the pancreatic biopsy site 1 month later documented a normal tissue response to biopsy. The laparoscopic punch biopsy forceps provided high‐quality pancreatic biopsy samples with an average size of 5 mm × 4 mm on 2‐dimensional cut section.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Laparoscopic pancreatic biopsy is a useful and safe technique in healthy cats.
China, Russia, and the Challenge to the Global Commons
Authors: Weitz Richard 
Published: November 2009

During the second half of the twentieth century, the USA enjoyed unfettered freedom to use the global commons – those domains that remain outside the territory of any single nation state but provide the means for connecting much of the world. The most prominent of these realms are the world's oceans (still the main thoroughfare for trading goods between countries), outer space (the domain used by most long‐distance communications and broadcast media), and the Internet (increasingly the most effective media for storing and moving large quantities of information great distances at low cost). Billions of people access these domains each day, but they are especially important for commercial and military actors.China and Russia have launched major campaigns to contest the American presence in the global commons. These initiatives include challenging US surveillance operations in international waters, trying to constrain American military access to outer space, and enhancing their capacity to disrupt US use of the Internet. Overcoming Chinese and Russian anti‐access efforts are essential for preserving the security of the USA and its allies. In particular, as the US military has reduced its forward bases in Japan, South Korea, and other Asia–Pacific countries, it has become increasingly dependent on the global commons to rapidly deploy forces based in the USA to potential conflict regions. A failure to overcome anti‐access threats could lead Asia–Pacific countries to call into question US security guarantees.
The Dokdo/Takeshima Dispute between Korea and Japan: Understanding the Whole Picture*
Authors: Cho Jinman , Kim HeeMin , Choi Jun Young 
Published: November 2009

In the past, most studies on territorial disputes have been in the discipline of history and international law. In this paper, we expand the debate by adopting a utility‐theory approach to the issue of Dokdo/Takeshima. We introduce two different types of utility functions over the disputed islet, and show how moving from one to the other can alter the outcome of the dispute.We conclude that: (i) utilizing historical and/or legal argument alone will not resolve the Dokdo/Takeshima dispute; (ii) the different mixture of two different types of utilities changes the outcome of the debate; and (iii) the current configuration of preferences/utilities among Koreans and Japanese over the issue of Dokdo/Takeshima will never allow mutually satisfactory negotiated solutions to the dispute. Overall our diagnosis and predictions are pessimistic.
State‐Business Relations and Investment in Egypt
Authors: Abdel‐Latif Abla , Schmitz Hubert 
Published: November 2009

Summary This study shows that informal relationships between key policymakers and investors have played an important role in raising levels of investment and fostering economic growth. Comparative observations show that common social roots and common professional background facilitate the emergence of an effective public‐private growth alliance but the only necessary conditions are common interest and common understanding of the problems to be solved.The comparative research on two old and two new sectors shows in detail how informal relationships have emerged and how they have made an impact but it warns against overstating their investment‐enhancing role. Effective relationships between policymakers and investors – abbreviated to CIPI – are not the direct cause of increases in investment but can play a critical role in unleashing the profit potential of specific sectors. Research on the food industry shows how CIPI helped to overcome supply constraints and political obstacles in decision‐making. Research on the communications industry shows how CIPI helped Egypt to overcome initial barriers to entry and establish a new industry virtually from scratch. While the gains were sometimes appropriated by a few actors, the research shows that exclusive relationships can have inclusive effects, depending on how the private sector is organised.Quantitative examination of whether CIPI had an enduring investment‐enhancing effect was inconclusive. There is no doubt however that the CIPI was an effective transitional arrangement. It helped investors to overcome barriers to economic growth, it helped policymakers to overcome deficiencies in their own government agencies and it helped both sides to work together in establishing new sector‐specific rules and improving the general regulatory framework. The general lesson from this research is that such transitional arrangements deserve more attention, both to gain a better understanding of the political economy of investment and growth and to make research more relevant for policy.JEL classification: P16, 010.