bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ketamine use: a review
Authors: Morgan Celia J. A. , Curran H. Valerie ,   the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs (ISCD)
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTAims  Ketamine remains an important medicine in both specialist anaesthesia and aspects of pain management. At the same time, its use as a recreational drug has spread in many parts of the world during the past few years. There are now increasing concerns about the harmful physical and psychological consequences of repeated misuse of this drug. The aim of this review was to survey and integrate the research literature on physical, psychological and social harms of both acute and chronic ketamine use.Method  The literature on ketamine was systematically searched and findings were classified into the matrix of Nutt et al.'s (2007) rational scale for assessing the harms of psychoactive substances.Results  A major physical harm is ketamine induced ulcerative cystitis which, although its aetiology is unclear, seems particularly associated with chronic, frequent use of the drug. Frequent, daily use is also associated with neurocognitive impairment and, most robustly, deficits in working and episodic memory. Recent studies suggest certain neurological abnormalities which may underpin these cognitive effects. Many frequent users are concerned about addiction and report trying but failing to stop using ketamine.Conclusions  The implications of these findings are drawn out for treatment of ketamine‐induced ulcerative cystitis in which interventions from urologists and from addiction specialists should be coordinated. Neurocognitive impairment in frequent users can impact negatively upon achievement in education and at work, and also compound addiction problems. Prevention and harm minimization campaigns are needed to alert young people to these harmful and potentially chronic effects of ketamine.
Plasma concentration of pigment epithelium‐derived factor is closely associated with blood pressure and predicts incident hypertension in Chinese: a 10‐year prospective study
Authors: Chen Cheng , Tso Annette W. K. , Cheung Bernard M. Y. , Law Lawrence S. C. , Ong K. L. , Wat Nelson M. S. , Janus Edward D. , Xu Aimin , Lam Karen S. L. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryObjectives  Pigment epithelium‐derived factor (PEDF) is secreted from the adipose tissue. It circulates at high concentrations, and was reported to play a causal role in obesity‐induced insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions in mice. Previous cross‐sectional studies also demonstrated plasma PEDF concentration correlated positively with systolic blood pressure (BP) and pulse pressure, and inversely with small artery elasticity. Here we investigated the relationship of plasma PEDF concentration with BP and incident hypertension in a 10‐year prospective study.Methods  Baseline plasma PEDF concentrations were measured by ELISA in 520 Chinese subjects, aged 51 ± 12 years, followed up long‐term from the population‐based Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Prevalence Study. The association between plasma PEDF concentration and BP was investigated in both cross‐sectional and prospective studies, using multiple linear regression and path analyses. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to determine whether baseline PEDF concentration was independently related to the subsequent development of hypertension over 10 years.Results  Baseline plasma concentrations of PEDF were higher in men (P < 0·001), and were directly related to systolic BP at 2 and 5 years, and to diastolic BP at 2 years, after adjustment for covariates. Of the 386 normotensive subjects at baseline, high baseline PEDF concentration was predictive of incident hypertension, independent of the effects of age, sex, baseline BP and obesity parameters (hazard ratio: 1·135; 95% CI: 1·039–1·241; P = 0·005).Conclusion  Our data suggest that plasma PEDF concentration is significantly associated with BP, and incident hypertension. PEDF may be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension in humans.
Assessment of serum visfatin levels in girls with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Ziora Katarzyna , Oświęcimska Joanna , Świętochowska Elżbieta , Ziora Dariusz , Stojewska Małgorzata , Suwała Andrzej , Ostrowska Zofia , Gorczyca Piotr , Klimacka‐Nawrot Ewa , Lukas Witold , Błońska‐Fajfrowska Barbara 
Published: July 2011

SummaryObjective  Visfatin (VISF) is a recently described peptide regulating the process of adipocyte differentiation. Only one pilot study of VISF expression in the fat tissue and its circulating concentrations in a small group of patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) have been published, yet.Design and patients  Cross‐sectional assessment of VISF serum concentrations in 195 girls aged 11–18·9 years with AN (n = 87), eating disorders not otherwise specified (NOS; n = 17), simple obesity (OB; n = 30), and healthy controls (H; n = 61).Measurements  Blood samples were collected during the fasting state between 7:00 am–8:30 am. VISF serum concentrations were determined using enzyme immunoassay. Comparisons of VISF levels between groups were performed.Results  Mean serum VISF concentrations in girls with AN and NOS were significantly lower than those in the H and OB groups. Serum VISF concentrations were higher in the OB than in the H groups. When were calculated per body mass index (BMI), VISF concentrations were significantly lower in the AN, NOS, and OB groups than in healthy controls. Among participants with a normal BMI, serum VISF concentrations correlated positively with BMI (r = 0·27; P < 0·05). In the OB group, a significant, negative correlation between BMI and VISF levels (r = −0·38; P = 0·04) was observed.Conclusions  Compared with healthy girls, serum VISF concentrations are decreased in girls with AN. Conversely, obese girls have elevated VISF levels. When calculated per BMI (VISF/BMI), the results in AN and OB groups were lower than in healthy participants.
Rapid rescreening of cervical smears as a quality control method
Authors: CROSS P. A. 
Published: July 2011

Rapid rescreening of cervical smears as a quality control methodThe use of a rapid rescreening method as part of an internal quality control programme is reported. During a 12‐month period 33 976 smears were reviewed (90.9% of total workload). Two‐hundred and nineteen reports were altered, with 23 dyskaryotic smears identified, a false‐negative rate of 0.07%, a false‐negative dyskaryotic rate of 1.7%. Smears reported as dyskaryotic were also subjected to the rapid screening method (with 86.8% correctly identified) as well as using the method to assess smears before the usual primary screen (with 67.2% of dyskaryotic smears correctly identified). Rapid rescreening as a quality control method is effective, and although it has limitations, should replace 10% proportional rescreening as the preferred daily quality control method of choice.La relecture rapide des frottis cervico‐utérins comme méthode de contrôle de qualitéCe travail décrit l'utilisation de la méthode de relecture rapide dans le cadre d'un programme de contrôle de qualité interne. Pendant une période de 12 mois, 33 976 frottis ont été revus (90,9% du recrutement). Deux cent dix neuf comptes‐rendus ont été modifiés dont 23 concernant des frottis avec dyscaryoses, ce qui donne un taux de faux négatifs de 0,07% et un taux de faux négatifs pour les dyscaryoses de 1,7%. La méthode rapide a été appliquée à la relecture des frottis initialement classés comme dyscaryotiques (86,8% ont été correctement identifiés) ainsi qu'a la lecture de frottis avant le screening primaire (avec 67,2% de frottis dyscaryotiques correctement identifiés). La méthode de relecture rapide utilisée comme méthode de contrôle de qualité est efficace et, malgré ses limitations, elle devrait remplacer la relecture de 10% comme méthode de contrôle de qualité de routine.Rasches Nachscreenen als Methode der QualitätskontrolleWährend 12 Monaten wurden 33.976 Abstriche durch rasches Nachscreenen überprüft (90,9% aller Abstriche). 219 Befunde wurden abgeädert darunter 23 neue Dyskariosen, Dies entspricht einer Rate falsch negativer von 0,07% und falsch negativer Dyskariosen von 1,7%. Sämtliche Dyskariosen wurden ebenfalls überprüft mit einer Ausbeute von 86,8%, während die Methode als Vorlauf vor dem normalen Screening 67,2% erfasste. Trotz ihrer Einschränkungen ist die Methode wirkungsvoll und sollte die übliche Überprüfung von 10% der negativen Abstriche ersetzen.
An agronomic assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from major cereal crops
Authors: Linquist Bruce , van Groenigen Kees Jan , Adviento‐Borbe Maria Arlene , Pittelkow Cameron , van Kessel Chris 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAgricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contribute approximately 12% to total global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Cereals (rice, wheat, and maize) are the largest source of human calories, and it is estimated that world cereal production must increase by 1.3% annually to 2025 to meet growing demand. Sustainable intensification of cereal production systems will require maintaining high yields while reducing environmental costs. We conducted a meta‐analysis (57 published studies consisting of 62 study sites and 328 observations) to test the hypothesis that the global warming potential (GWP) of CH4 and N2O emissions from rice, wheat, and maize, when expressed per ton of grain (yield‐scaled GWP), is similar, and that the lowest value for each cereal is achieved at near optimal yields. Results show that the GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions from rice (3757 kg CO2 eq ha−1 season−1) was higher than wheat (662 kg CO2 eq ha−1 season−1) and maize (1399 kg CO2 eq ha−1 season−1). The yield‐scaled GWP of rice was about four times higher (657 kg CO2 eq Mg−1) than wheat (166 kg CO2 eq Mg−1) and maize (185 kg CO2 eq Mg−1). Across cereals, the lowest yield‐scaled GWP values were achieved at 92% of maximal yield and were about twice as high for rice (279 kg CO2 eq Mg−1) than wheat (102 kg CO2 eq Mg−1) or maize (140 kg CO2 eq Mg−1), suggesting greater mitigation opportunities for rice systems. In rice, wheat and maize, 0.68%, 1.21%, and 1.06% of N applied was emitted as N2O, respectively. In rice systems, there was no correlation between CH4 emissions and N rate. In addition, when evaluating issues related to food security and environmental sustainability, other factors including cultural significance, the provisioning of ecosystem services, and human health and well‐being must also be considered.
Elevated CO2 affects photosynthetic responses in canopy pine and subcanopy deciduous trees over 10 years: a synthesis from Duke FACE
Authors: Ellsworth David S. , Thomas Richard , Crous Kristine Y. , Palmroth Sari , Ward Eric , Maier Chris , DeLucia Evan , Oren Ram 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLeaf responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) are central to models of forest CO2 exchange with the atmosphere and constrain the magnitude of the future carbon sink. Estimating the magnitude of primary productivity enhancement of forests in elevated Ca requires an understanding of how photosynthesis is regulated by diffusional and biochemical components and up‐scaled to entire canopies. To test the sensitivity of leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to elevated Ca in time and space, we compiled a comprehensive dataset measured over 10 years for a temperate pine forest of Pinus taeda, but also including deciduous species, primarily Liquidambar styraciflua. We combined over one thousand controlled‐response curves of photosynthesis as a function of environmental drivers (light, air Ca and temperature) measured at canopy heights up to 20 m over 11 years (1996–2006) to generate parameterizations for leaf‐scale models for the Duke free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment. The enhancement of leaf net photosynthesis (Anet) in P. taeda by elevated Ca of +200 μmol mol−1 was 67% for current‐year needles in the upper crown in summer conditions over 10 years. Photosynthetic enhancement of P. taeda at the leaf‐scale increased by two‐fold from the driest to wettest growing seasons. Current‐year pine foliage Anet was sensitive to temporal variation, whereas previous‐year foliage Anet was less responsive and overall showed less enhancement (+30%). Photosynthetic downregulation in overwintering upper canopy pine needles was small at average leaf N (Narea), but statistically significant. In contrast, co‐dominant and subcanopy L. styraciflua trees showed Anet enhancement of 62% and no Anet–Narea adjustments. Various understory deciduous tree species showed an average Anet enhancement of 42%. Differences in photosynthetic responses between overwintering pine needles and subcanopy deciduous leaves suggest that increased Ca has the potential to enhance the mixed‐species composition of planted pine stands and, by extension, naturally regenerating pine‐dominated stands.
Spatial autocorrelation patterns of stream invertebrates: exogenous and endogenous factors
Authors: Bonada Núria , Dolédec Sylvain , Statzner Bernhard 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAim  To investigate spatial autocorrelation of taxonomic stream invertebrate groups (richness and composition) at a large geographical scale and to analyse the importance of exogenous and endogenous factors.Location  The Mediterranean Basin.Methods  For exogenous factors, we used large‐scale factors related to climate, geology and river zonation; for endogenous factors, we used the dispersal mode of each taxonomic group. After describing and analysing spatial patterns of genus richness and genus composition of stream invertebrate groups in the Mediterranean Basin, we computed Moran’s I before and after accounting for the exogenous factors and related it to the endogenous factors.Results  In relation to genus richness, most of the taxonomic groups did not show significant spatial autocorrelation, suggesting that no main large‐scale exogenous or endogenous factors were important and that local‐scale factors were probably controlling taxonomic richness. In contrast, for genus composition, all taxonomic groups except Odonata had significant spatial autocorrelation before accounting for the environment. After accounting for the environment, most taxonomic groups still had a significant spatial autocorrelation, but it decreased with their increasing dispersal ability (from Crustacea to Coleoptera). Thus, spatial taxonomic composition of groups with the strongest dispersal potential is mainly related to exogenous factors, whereas that of groups with weaker dispersal potential is related to a combination of exogenous and endogenous factors.Main conclusions  Our results illustrate the importance of dispersal as an endogenous factor causing spatial autocorrelation and suggest that ignoring endogenous factors can lead to misunderstandings when explaining large‐scale community patterns.
Adapted cardiac rehabilitation programme to improve uptake in patients of Moroccan and Turkish origin in The Netherlands: a qualitative study
Authors: Sloots Maurits , Bartels Edien AC , Angenot Edmond LD , Geertzen Jan HB , Dekker Joost 
Published: July 2011

Aim.  To explore the treatment experiences in patients of Moroccan and Turkish origin and their rehabilitation therapists regarding an adapted outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programme.Background.  Non‐native patients who participated in a cardiac rehabilitation programme at a Dutch rehabilitation centre had more difficulties to achieve the treatment aims than native Dutch patients. Therefore, an adapted programme for non‐native patients, lacking proficiency in Dutch, has been instigated. The programme contains six adapted treatment modules and additional strategies: adapted education regarding (1) the heart and the vascular system and (2) the use of healthy food, with use the of (audio) visual educational materials, (3) adapted physical exercise module with explicit involvement of the patients’ relatives, (4) standard use of professional interpreters, (5) increase in the number and length of consultations and (6) individual treatment instead of a group programme.Design.  Qualitative study.Method.  Semi‐structured, face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with eight patients of Moroccan and Turkish origin and five native Dutch rehabilitation therapists. By comparison, three native Dutch patients were interviewed regarding the regular programme.Results. The results indicate that the patients’ disease symptoms reduced and that patients adopted lifestyle changes. Therapists experienced that the number and length of the consultations, the structural use of interpreters and (audio) visual educational materials contributed to the achievement of the treatment aims.Conclusion.  An adapted cardiac rehabilitation programme with separate modules and additional strategies for non‐native patients appears to lead to satisfied patients who adopted lifestyle changes.Relevance to clinical practice.  The findings of this study are important as the study highlights the practical actions that may be taken by physicians and healthworkers to adjust rehabilitation treatment to the needs of patients of non‐native origin.
Challenges faced by nurses in managing pain in a critical care setting
Authors: Subramanian Pathmawathi , Allcock Nick , James Veronica , Lathlean Judith 
Published: July 2011

Aim.  To explore nurses’ challenges in managing pain among ill patients in critical care.Background.  Pain can lead to many adverse medical consequences and providing pain relief is central to caring for ill patients. Effective pain management is vital since studies show patients admitted to critical care units still suffer from significant levels of acute pain. The effective delivery of care in clinical areas remains a challenge for nurses involved with care which is dynamic and constantly changing in critically ill.Design.  Qualitative prospective exploratory design.Methods.  This study employed semi structured interviews with nurses, using critical incident technique. Twenty‐one nurses were selected from critical care settings from a large acute teaching health care trust in the UK. A critical incident interview guide was constructed from the literature and used to elicit responses.Results.  Framework analysis showed that nurses perceived four main challenges in managing pain namely lack of clinical guidelines, lack of structured pain assessment tool, limited autonomy in decision making and the patient’s condition itself.Conclusions.  Nurses’ decision making and pain management can influence the quality of care given to critically ill patients. It is important to overcome the clinical problems that are faced when dealing with pain experience.Relevance to clinical practice.  There is a need for nursing education on pain management. Providing up to date and practical strategies may help to reduce nurses’ challenges in managing pain among critically ill patients. Broader autonomy and effective decision making can be seen as beneficial for the nurses besides having a clearer and structured pain management guidelines.
Stage of adoption for preventive behaviour against passive smoking among pregnant women and women with young children in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Chiu‐Mieh , Guo Jong‐Long , Wu Hsein‐Lin , Chien Li‐Yin 
Published: July 2011

Aims.  This study assessed the applicability of the transtheoretical model to prevent exposure to passive smoking among pregnant women and women with young children in Taiwan. We examined whether women in different stages of change had different knowledge, processes of change, decisional balance and self‐efficacy.Background.  Although previous studies have found a positive association between the presence of children and a mother’s readiness to prevent exposure to passive smoking, a few studies have systematically examined the mothers’ stage of adoption for preventive behaviour against passive smoking.Methods.  A cross‐sectional survey based on self‐reported data was conducted in 2005–2006. A total of 315 women was recruited from perinatal and paediatric clinics at four hospitals. The transtheoretical model measures included knowledge, stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance and self‐efficacy towards passive smoking.Results.  Of the 315 women in the study, 17·1% were at the precontemplation stage, 7·9% were at the contemplation/preparation stage and 74·9% were at the action/maintenance stage. Women at the action/maintenance stage scored the highest in knowledge, process of change, pros of decisional balance and self‐efficacy, followed by the women at the contemplation/preparation stage and the women at the precontemplation stage.Conclusions.  This study supported the applicability of the transtheoretical model theory for adoption of preventive behaviour against passive smoking among pregnant women and women with young children.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses could educate pregnant women and women with young children to adopt preventive behaviours against passive smoking using stage‐matched intervention strategies, targeting the transtheoretical model constructs, to promote behavioural change.
Pathogenesis, investigation and dietary and medical management of gastroparesis
Authors: Keld R. , Kinsey L. , Athwal V. , Lal S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDelayed gastric emptying (gastroparesis) is associated with significant morbidity and, occasionally, mortality; clinicians therefore need a high index of suspicion to avoid missing the diagnosis. This review discusses the aetiology, diagnostic criteria and investigations pertinent to gastroparesis, and also critically reviews the evidence for nutritional and medical management strategies. Dietary manipulation plays a key role in management, and simple adjustment to meal routines and diets can lead to an improvement in symptoms, whereas alternative feeding routes play an important role in more severe cases. The role of pharmaceutical intervention is less clear; prokinetics and antiemetics are often prescribed; however, evidence for their efficacy is lacking, whereas gastric electric stimulation has an evolving role in the management of patients with symptoms refractory to medical therapies. The optimal treatment of gastroparesis would be to resolve symptoms and normalise gastric emptying times, and this may be achieved with future treatments that target the underlying pathology. For most patients with mild to moderate disease, dietary intervention plays a central role in the management of gastroparesis.
Recovery: what mental health nurses and service users say about the concept of recovery
Authors: ASTON V. , COFFEY M. 
Published: July 2011

Accessible summary
This qualitative study investigated the subjective experiences of recovery in mental health with service users and mental health nurses.
Data from two focus groups were analysed and found differing perceptions of how mental health services are delivered and the barriers that are seen to hinder the implementation of a recovery philosophy.
The main findings of the study are that recovery is a difficult‐to‐define concept and remains a challenge for both this group of service users and nurses.
AbstractThis study presents a thematic analysis of focus group talk to examine what recovery in mental health means to service users and nurses. Data were collected from two focus groups, one group of service users and one group of nurses. The service user group (n= 6) were adults with previous or recent experience of inpatient mental health services. The nursing group were registered nurses (n= 5) of various grades and experience currently working in inpatient mental health services in one region of the UK. Thematic analysis using Krueger and Casey's framework led to four themes being developed. These were ‘understandings of recovery’, ‘semantics’, ‘therapeutics’ and ‘a journey’. While the recovery concept was not new to either group, understandings of recovery were vague and contradictory.