bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Seed Oil and Meal from Monechma ciliatum and Prunus mahaleb Seeds
Authors: Mariod Abdalbasit Adam , Aseel Kawthar Mahmoud , Mustafa Ali Abdalgadir , Abdel‐Wahab Siddig Ibrahim 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe oil and meal from Monechma ciliatum (black mahlab) and Prunus mahaleb (white mahlab) seeds were characterized for their physicochemical properties. The oil content was found to be 30.95 and 13.15% in white and black mahlab seeds, respectively. The refractive indices of white mahlab oil (WMO) and black mahlab oil (BMO) were 1.475 and 1.470, and specific gravities were 0.8511 and 0.8167 g/cm3, respectively. Saponification values were 184.23 and 180.3 mg KOH/g, peroxide values were 2.54 and 4.43 meq/kg, and unsaponifiable matter was 0.92 and 0.66%, respectively. The major fatty acids were palmitic 4.5%, stearic 16.0%, oleic 47.3%, and linoleic 31.4% in BMO, while in WMO they were palmitic 5.7%, oleic 45.0%, and linoleic acid 47.0%. A moderate amount of tocopherols were found at 45.2 and 28.5 mg/100 g in BMO and WMO, respectively. Protein content was found to be 21% in black and 28% in white mahlab seeds. The total amount of amino acids in black and white mahlab seeds was found to be 783.3 and 1,223.2 mg/g N, respectively. The concentration (on ppm dry‐weight basis) of major elements (Ca, K, and Mg) and of minor elements (Al, Pb Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, and Fe) was also determined in the meals.
Determination of Essential Fatty Acids in Captured and Farmed Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) from the Brazilian Amazonian Area
Authors: Almeida Neiva Maria , Janzantti Natália Soares , Franco Maria Regina Bueno 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe aim of this research was to quantify the methyl esters of linoleic (LA), α‐linolenic (LNA), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids in the muscular tissue and orbital cavity of farmed Matrinxã (Brycon cephalus) and in those caught in the Brazilian Amazonian Area during two periods. For the farmed fish, the amounts (mg/g of fat) of LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA found in the muscle were 197.6, 75.7, 165.0, 4.1, and 30.0 mg/g of fat, respectively. The amounts of these FA in the orbital cavity were 152.6, 9.1, 249.4, 3.6, and 22.3 mg/g of fat for LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA, respectively. For the fish caught during the wet period, the LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA found in the muscle were 438.2, 118.3, 42.7, 5.2, and 10.3 mg/g of fat, in the orbital cavity were found 489.1, 18.6, 18.1, 6.2, and 18.7 mg/g of fat, respectively. In the dry season, the amounts (mg/g of fat) of LA, LNA, AA, EPA, and DHA in the muscle were 193.1, 40.0, 43.4, 8.1, and 61.3, while the found in the orbital cavity were 152.9, 28.4, 5.1, 4.9, 19.6 mg/g of fat. According to their contents of EPA, and DHA, matrinxã captured in the dry season can be considered as a rich source of EFA.
Radiological Determination of Stone Density and Skin-to-Stone Distance—Can it Predict the Success of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy?
Authors: Pathak Sanjeev , Lavin Victoria , Vijay Ram , Basu Shuvajit , Salim Ferekh , Collins Michael , Hastie Kenneth , Hall James 
Published: June 2009

Objectives: To determine the role of stone density and skin-to-stone distance (SSD) by non-contrast computed tomography of the kidneys, ureters and bladder (CT-KUB) in predicting the success of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Methods: We evaluated 89 patients who received ESWL for renal and upper ureteric calculi measuring 5–20 mm, over a 12 month period. Mean stone density in Hounsfield units (HU) and mean SSD in millimetres (mm) was determined on pre-treatment CT-KUB at the CT workstation. ESWL was successful if post-treatment residual stone fragments were ≤3 mm. Results: ESWL success was observed in 68.5% of the patients. Mean stone densities were 505 ± 153 and 803 ± 93 HU in ESWL successful and failure groups, respectively; this was statistically significant ( p < 0.001, student's t-test). Mean SSD were 10.6 ± 2.0 and 11.2 ± 2.6 cm in ESWL successful and failure groups, respectively, this was not statistically significant. Conclusions: This study shows that stone density can help in predicting the outcome of ESWL. We propose that stone densities <500 HU are highly likely to result in successful ESWL. Conversely, stone densities ≥800 HU are less likely to do so. This should be accounted for when considering ESWL.
The Active Straight Leg Raise Test and Lumbar Spine Stability
Authors: Liebenson Craig , Karpowicz Amy M. , Brown Stephen H.M. , Howarth Samuel J. , McGill Stuart M. 
Published: June 2009

ObjectiveTo determine the utility of the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test as a screen of lumbar spine stability and abdominal bracing (AB) ability.DesignA biomechanical study of the ASLR test as a clinical evaluation of lumbar spine stability and AB.SettingClinical research laboratory.ParticipantsFourteen participants who were currently asymptomatic for back pain and leg pain were evaluated.MethodsSpine posture, muscle activation, and pressure distributions underneath the supine subject were determined.Main Outcome MeasurementsAn estimation of lumbar spine stiffness, a direct correlate with spine stability, was obtained using an anatomically detailed spine model.ResultsAB during the ASLR reduced the center of pressure (CoP) movement on a strain‐based pressure mat in lumbar rotation (P < .0125) as well as reducing directly measured lumbar rotation (P = .02). Active AB increased lumbar spine stiffness (P < .002). Regression analysis between stiffness and CoP movement suggested that different participants used different strategies to control torso motion.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that the ASLR has utility as a screen of lumbar spine stability and AB ability. The ASLR maneuver can assess control of lumbar rotational movements in the transverse plane. Finally, this study demonstrated that AB can measurably improve the rotational (transverse plane) stiffness of the lumbar spine.
The Effectiveness of Locomotor Therapy Using Robotic‐Assisted Gait Training in Subacute Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Schwartz Isabella , Sajin Anna , Fisher Iris , Neeb Martin , Shochina Mara , Katz‐Leurer Michal , Meiner Zeev 
Published: June 2009

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of early and prolonged locomotor treatment with the use of a robotic‐assisted gait training (RAGT) device (Lokomat; Hocoma Inc., Zurich, Switzerland) on the functional outcomes of patients after subacute stroke.DesignA nonblinded prospective, randomized, controlled study.SettingRehabilitation department in tertiary university medical center.PatientsSixty‐seven patients in the first 3 months after subacute stroke were randomized into 2 groups as follows. Thirty‐seven patients were treated with RAGT, and 30 were treated with regular physiotherapy. Inclusion criteria were first stroke, independent ambulation before the stroke, and neurological severity between 6 and 20 according to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS).InterventionRAGT treatment was administered 3 times a week for 30 minutes, combined with regular physiotherapy for 6 weeks. Control patients received the equivalent additional time of regular physiotherapy.Main outcome measurementsThe primary outcome was the ability to walk independently, as assessed by use of the functional ambulatory capacity scale. The secondary outcomes included the neurological status according to the NIHSS; functional motor assessment (determined by use of the stroke activity scale); and gait parameters, including gait velocity, endurance, and number of climbed stairs.ResultsIn the intention‐to‐treat analysis, subjects in the RAGT group exhibited greater gains than the control group in their ability to walk independently, as expressed by a greater functional ambulatory capacity score (P < .01), and in their neurological status according to NIHSS (P < .01). Among those who achieved independent walking, nonsignificant differences between groups were noted according to secondary outcome measures of gait parameters except from step climbing.ConclusionThis controlled study showed, at the end of a 6‐week trial, that locomotor therapy with the use of RAGT combined with regular physiotherapy produced promising effects on functional and motor outcomes in patients after subacute stroke as compared with regular physiotherapy alone.
Physical Exercise and Cognitive Recovery in Acquired Brain Injury: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Devine Jennifer M. , Zafonte Ross D. 
Published: June 2009

ObjectivePhysical exercise has been shown to play an ever‐broadening role in the maintenance of overall health and has been implicated in the preservation of cognitive function in both healthy elderly and demented populations. Animal and human studies of acquired brain injury (ABI) from trauma or vascular causes also suggest a possible role for physical exercise in enhancing cognitive recovery.Data SourcesA review of the literature was conducted to explore the current understanding of how physical exercise impacts the molecular, functional, and neuroanatomic status of both intact and brain‐injured animals and humans.Study SelectionSearches of the MEDLINE, CINHAL, and PsychInfo databases yielded an extensive collection of animal studies of physical exercise in ABI. Animal studies strongly tie physical exercise to the upregulation of multiple neural growth factor pathways in brain‐injured animals, resulting in both hippocampal neurogenesis and functional improvements in memory.Data ExtractionA search of the same databases for publications involving physical exercise in human subjects with ABI yielded 24 prospective and retrospective studies.Data SynthesisFour of these evaluated cognitive outcomes in persons with ABI who were involved in physical exercise. Three studies cited a positive association between exercise and improvements in cognitive function, whereas one observed no effect. Human exercise interventions varied greatly in duration, intensity, and level of subject supervision, and tools for assessing neurocognitive changes were inconsistent.ConclusionsThere is strong evidence in animal ABI models that physical exercise facilitates neurocognitive recovery. Physical exercise interventions are safe in the subacute and rehabilitative phases of recovery for humans with ABI. In light of strong evidence of positive effects in animal studies, more controlled, prospective human interventions are warranted to better explore the neurocognitive effects of physical exercise on persons with ABI.
Manitoba: From provincial-based planning to localised Aboriginal governance
Authors: Wellstead Adam M , Rayner Jeremy 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Policy change in Manitoba’s integrated land use management can be characterized by three distinct phases: 1993–2000, 2000–2004, and 2004–2008. The first period was dominated by an ambitious province-wide planning initiative that intended to implement broad sustainable development principles. These ideals were carried over into an area specific initiative known as the East Side of Lake Winnipeg Planning Initiative. In the final phase, there was a significant shift in the number and type of actors involved as well as the planning goals which shifted from implementation of sustainable development to enhancing Aboriginal governance capacity. This case study presents the policy change in Manitoba’s land management policy regime as a process of “policy layering” followed by “policy conversion.”
Effects ofArtemisia annuaL. (Asteracea) on the digestive enzymatic profiles and the cellular immune reactions of the Sunn pest,Eurygaster integriceps(Heteroptera: Scutellaridae), againstBeauveria bassiana
Authors: Zibaee A. , Bandani A.R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPlant extracts are currently studied more and more because of the possibility of their usage in plant protection. Many of the natural plant compounds which are used in the control of pests are known to affect the digestion and immune functions of insects. In this study, effects ofArtemisia annuaextract on the digestive enzymatic profiles and the cellular immune reactions ofEurygaster integricepswere investigated to reach a better understanding of its role in the control of this pest as the most destructive one in the production of wheat in the Near and Middle East, eastern and southern Europe and North Africa. Feeding and injection methods were used to study the plant extract effects on digestive enzymes and cellular immunity, respectively. When adultE. integricepsfed on food and water containing plant extracts, activity of the digestive enzymes, including α-amylase, α- and β-glucosidases, protease and lipase, in addition to cellular immune reactions (total and differentiate hemocyte numbers, phagocytosis, nodule formation and phenoloxidase activity) againstBeauveria bassianawere affected and significantly decreased in comparison with controls, in that the clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activities and immune reactions.A. annuaextract had a significant effect on kinetic parameters (VmaxandKm) of digestive enzymes and phenoloxidase activity so that the presence of the plant extract decreased the value ofVmaxand increasedKm, causing the reduction of enzyme affinity to the substrate, overall velocity of the reaction and finally interfering with the rate of breakdown of the enzyme-substrate complex. The understanding of fungal-induced immune responses and identification of factors regarding fungal virulence could be important in accelerating host death in a biological control scenario. Hence, the combination of botanical pesticides and microbes to control insect pest populations would be a safe and possibly rapid method to decrease their damage and environmental risk due to the use of chemical pesticides.
Developments in the Swedish Early Retirement Scheme: The Drive Against High Welfare Expenditure and Ill-health
Authors: Carlsson Bo 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe social insurance system has been an important element in the Swedish welfare model. However, in Sweden as in other Western countries there is an ongoing discussion about the rationality of the post-1940 welfare state. A social right or benefit constantly debated is the right to an early retirement pension. The value of such an early retirement pension has been questioned from economical as well as social or human points of view. The purpose of this article is to shed light on different processes behind the increasing number of early retirement pensioners and on the ongoing rehabilitation programmes in Sweden. A question that will arise: Is there a possible margin of gains from the interventions of the rehabilitation programme?
‘Parenting Skills’: Views of Community Health and Social Service Providers about the Needs of their ‘Clients’
Authors: Edwards Jeanette 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe concept of ‘parenting skills’ features large in professional, political and popular discourse on the role and responsibility of parents. This article explores what constitutes skills of parenting from the perspective of community health and social service providers, working with families deemed to be ‘in need’. It shows how the concept is drawn on to describe both the needs of women with whom they work and their own role in fulfilling some of those needs. It argues that ‘parenting skills’ are not only gendered, insofar as it is women as mothers who are more likely to be perceived as needing them, but that a lack of them might also be associated with marital status, age and place of residence. In looking at ‘parenting skills’ from the perspective of service providers in the context of their working lives, it is clear however that service providers, predominantly women, formulate a role for themselves in the face of poverty and poor housing which they feel powerless to change.
Law's Healing of Children's Hearings: The Paradox Moves North
Authors: King Michael 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis article surveys, from the perspective of systems theory as expounded by Niklas Luhmann, recent developments in the evolution of the role played by Scottish Children's Panels in the protection of children. It traces the way that in England the problem of the paradoxical nature of the social worker's task in protecting children was resolved by reconstructing the problem in legal terms. The same process, it argues, has now occurred in Scottish social work practice, but there ambiguity in the nature of the Children's Panels makes it difficult for social workers to obtain clear legal authority for their actions. Since the Clyde Report on the Orkney case, therefore, considerable controversy has arisen over the future of Children's Panels and, in particular, over their role in emergency situations. This controversy is seen as part of a wider evolutionary process involving law and child welfare, which cannot be adequately explained in terms of changes in political ideology.
The Other T. H. Marshall
Authors: Rees A. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis article argues that the writings of T. H. Marshall contain not one, but two, theories of citizenship, and there is a problem about whether they are compatible with one another. The second, less familiar, theory is mainly developed in Marshall's later works, especiallyThe Right to Welfare, but many of its essential features can be found inCitizenship and Social Class, although not in the sections of that work which are most frequently quoted. Several areas where Marshall's shifting views contributed to this second version of citizenship are discussed: citizenship as national membership and as a body of obligations, the reality of social rights, discretion versus enforceable entitlements, citizenship as a bearer of its own inequalities, the relationship with the capitalist class system. Increasingly, Marshall came to restrict citizenship to the political sphere, thereby endorsing a conventional liberal view: but then he was, it is argued, in many respects a pretty conventional liberal. The article concludes by noting the paradox that much of the current interest in Marshall's thought is because a ‘strong’ view of citizenship is attributed to him which he may never have held, and which he certainly relinquished towards the end of his writing career.
Expenditure Planning in the Personal Social Services: Unit Costs in the 1980s
Authors: Bebbington A. C. , Kelly A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the 1980s, unit cost inflation more than swallowed up all the increased spending on local authority social services, leaving a 10 per cent net reduction in service volumes. This increase can be only partly explained by increased labour prices and increased client needs resulting from the implementation of community care. Explanations in terms of quality and efficiency changes are explored in relation to individual services, and there appears to be a prima facie case that efficiency reduced during the 1980s.Variation between local authorities in the costs of apparently similar services rose during the 1980s. An analysis of these variations shows that those authorities which experienced the greatest rise in unit costs also had the greatest reduction in service volumes. Unit cost containment has been greatest where there was grant reduction and a declining local tax base, while volume declined most where there was rate-capping. The rising variation in unit costs has been responsible for the widening gap between standard spending assessments and what local authorities have wanted to spend on personal social services. If these increased variations reflect widening efficiency standards, then reversing this trend will require that social services department managements have both the motivation and capacity to implement unit cost monitoring and control.
The Implications of the Term ‘Elder Abuse’ for Problem Definition and Response in Health and Social Welfare
Authors: Hugman Richard 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT‘Elder abuse’ has recently emerged as an important phenomenon, with implications for social policy and professional practices. In this article it is argued that responses must be based on a more thorough definition. of ‘elder abuse’. A distinction between acts which can be regarded as ‘abuse’ and those which could be seen as ‘criminal’ is seen to be necessary for the development of policy and practice, recognising that these two ideas are grounded in competing discourses. The concept of an ‘obligation of care’ between perpetrator and elderly person is proposed as the basis for establishing a boundary between the two discourses and their policy implications. It is argued that this concept will enable a more focused definition of ‘elder abuse’ to be developed which will provide a more effective foundation for policies and subsequent social responses.
Cigarette Smoking: A Light on Gender and Class Inequality in Britain?
Authors: Graham Hilary 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe decline in smoking prevalence in Britain has been associated with a narrowing of gender differences and a widening of class differences in cigarette smoking. The shrinking population of smokers is increasingly drawn from those occupying subordinate positions in the gender and class hierarchies. The article reviews the evidence linking social inequality and women's smoking, drawing on conventional measures of gender and socio-economic position and on alternative measures which tap more directly into the processes that sustain gender and class inequality. The article deepens its analysis of the links between social inequality and smoking behaviour through a survey of women caring for young children in manual households. The survey uncovered pronounced intra-group differences in the smoking behaviour of women occupying broadly similar gender and socio-economic positions. These differences were associated, in clear and systematic ways, with differences in the mothers' social and material circumstances. High rates of prevalence and consumption and low rates of cessation were related to heavier caring responsibilities and to greater material disadvantage.
Attachment theory underestimates the child
Authors: Harris Judith Rich 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe problem with elaborations of attachment theory is attachment theory itself. How would a mind that works the way the theory posits have increased its owner's fitness in hunter-gatherer times? The child's mind is more capacious and discerning than attachment theorists give it credit for. Early-appearing, long-lasting personality characteristics, often mistaken for the lingering effects of early experiences, are more likely due to genetic influences on personality.
Variations on Masturbatory Conditioning
Authors: Laws D. R. , O'Neil J. A. 
Published: June 2009

Four pedophiles, one sado-masochist, and one rapist were treated by varying different aspects of a single paradigm of masturbatory conditioning. In the basic paradigm, subjects masturbate to ejaculation while speaking their fantasies aloud. Weekly blocks of five trials with a deviant theme are alternated with weekly blocks where the theme is nondeviant. Evaluation sessions to assess levels of response to deviant and nondeviant slide stimuli are typically conducted later in each treatment day. The usual result is an increase in nondeviant arousal with a concomitant decrease in deviant arousal.Variations in the masturbation procedure included shortening the treatment week from 5 days to 2 or 3, alternating themes on a daily rather than weekly basis, and omitting the use of deviant imagery. In the evaluation sessions variations included the preparation of individually tailored audiotaped fantasies precisely expressive of the subjects' interests, the use of videotaped simulations of rape, assault, and consenting intercourse, and obtaining numerous measures of the subjects' cognitive changes during the treatment process. All six subjects showed the effect of decreasing their deviant sexual arousal and increasing their nondeviant arousal. The results were discussed from various viewpoints employing a cognitive-behavioral model.