bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial variations of throughfall through secondary succession of evergreen broad‐leaved forests in eastern China
Authors: Huitao Shen , Xiaoxue Wang , Yue Jiang , Wenhui You 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLinking spatial variations of throughfall with shifting patterns during forest succession is important for understanding developmental patterns of ecosystem function. However, no such approach has been previously used for the chronosequence of evergreen broad‐leaved forests in subtropical regions. This study was conducted in a chronosequence of secondary forest succession in Tiantong National Forest Park, to determine the optimum number of collectors within certain limits of error. Throughfall was 66, 55 and 77% of gross precipitation in an early‐succession (SS), sub‐climax (SE) and climax (CE) forest, respectively. The coefficient of variations (CV) of throughfall reduced with increasing rainfall amounts. Monte Carlo resampling approach was used to find mean values and 90 and 95% confidence intervals of a variable number of collectors (n) ranging from 2 to 24. During the study period, with nine collectors at SS, five at SE and five at CE, the error in the mean individual throughfall did not exceed 10%, respectively. This error was reduced to 5% when using 16, 10 and 10 collectors at SS, SE and CE, respectively. The CVs decreased greatly with increasing sample size when the sample size was less than 16 for the three successional stages, regardless of rainfall amounts. Based on the Student's t‐value analysis of the mean individual throughfall volumes, a sample size of 16 at SS, five at SE and four at CE would be enough for throughfall estimates at an accepted error of 10% of 95% confidence level, respectively. Therefore, we concluded that the 25 of collectors used in the present study were sufficient to estimate the throughfall value at an accepted error of 10% at 90 and 95% confidence levels, even for those small rainfalls in eastern China. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions between dam‐regulated river flow and riparian groundwater: a case study from the Yellow River, China
Authors: Zhao Tongqian , Richards Keith S. , Xu Huashan , Meng Hongqi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Xiaolangdi Dam, completed in 2000, is second in scale in China to the Three Gorges Project. It has generated remarkable economic and social benefits but with profound impacts to the riverine and regional environments. This paper reports field monitoring of riparian groundwater in the Kouma section of the Yellow River to illustrate the interactions between dam‐regulated river flow and riparian groundwater. The results show that the hydrological condition in riparian zones downstream from the dam has changed from a typical wet–dry cycle to a condition of semi‐permanent dryness, resulting in degradation of the typical attributes and functions of the wetland ecosystem. Hydrological processes in the riparian zone have changed from a complex multiple flooding regime to a simple regime of dominant groundwater drainage towards the river, which only reverses temporarily during the water and sediment regulation period of the dam. Data on groundwater level and groundwater quality show that there are two key points, at ca 200 and 400 m from the river bank, which distinguish zones with different sensitivity to changes of river flow and indicate different interactions between river water and groundwater. The shallow groundwater quality also is negatively affected by the intensive agricultural development that has occurred since the dam was completed. Ecological restoration needs to be carried out to construct a protective natural riparian zone within ca 200 m from the river, this being an ecotone, which is key to the protection of both riparian groundwater and the river. The riparian zone from 200 to 400 m also should be treated as a transitional zone. In addition, ecologically sensitive agriculture and ecotourism organized by local communities would be beneficial in the area beyond 400 m. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Narrow Replication of Yogo (2004) Estimating the Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution when Instruments are Weak
Authors: Gomes Fábio Augusto Reis , Paz Lourenço S. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThis narrow replication exercise of Yogo (Review of Economics and Statistics 2004; 86(3): 797–810) finds results identical to the original paper, and provides results on overidentification tests for specifications that do not suffer from the weak instruments problem. The null hypothesis of the Sargan test is rejected in several cases, in particular for US and UK quarterly data. When other combinations of instruments are used the null of the Sargan test is rejected again in several cases. These rejections cast doubts on either instrument validity or model specification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gender-specific increase of bone mass by CART peptide treatment is ovary-dependent
Authors: Gerrits Han , Bakker Nicole EC , van de Ven-de Laat Cindy JM , Bourgondien Freek GM , Peddemors Carolien , Litjens Ralph HGM , Kok Han J , Vogel Gerard MT , Krajnc-Franken Magda AM , Gossen Jan A 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) has emerged as a neurotransmitter and hormone that has been implicated in many processes including food intake, maintenance of body weight, and reward, but also in the regulation of bone mass. CART-deficient mice are characterized by an osteoporotic phenotype, whereas female transgenic mice overexpressing CART display an increase in bone mass. Here we describe experiments that show that peripheral subcutaneous sustained release of different CART peptide isoforms for a period up to 60 days increased bone mass by 80% in intact mice. CART peptides increased trabecular bone mass, but not cortical bone mass, and the increase was caused by reduced osteoclast activity in combination with normal osteoblast activity. The observed effect on bone was gender-specific, because male mice did not respond to treatment with CART peptides. In addition, male transgenic CART overexpressing mice did not display increased bone mass. Ovariectomy (OVX) completely abolished the increase of bone mass by CART peptides, both in CART peptide-treated wild-type mice and in CART transgenic mice. The effect of CART peptide treatment on trabecular bone was not mediated by 17β-estradiol (E2) because supplementation of OVX mice with E2 could not rescue the effect of CART peptides on bone. Together, these results indicate that sustained release of CART peptides increases bone mass in a gender-specific way via a yet unknown mechanism that requires the presence of the ovary. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Calcium intake and prostate cancer among African Americans: Effect modification by vitamin D receptor calcium absorption genotype
Authors: Rowland Glovioell W , Schwartz Gary G , John Esther M , Ingles Sue Ann 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
High dietary intake of calcium has been classified as a probable cause of prostate cancer, although the mechanism underlying the association between dietary calcium and prostate cancer risk is unclear. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a key regulator of calcium absorption. In the small intestine, VDR expression is regulated by the CDX-2 transcription factor, which binds a polymorphic site in the VDR gene promoter. We examined VDR Cdx2 genotype and calcium intake, assessed by a food frequency questionnaire, in 533 African–American prostate cancer cases (256 with advanced stage at diagnosis, 277 with localized stage) and 250 African–American controls who participated in the California Collaborative Prostate Cancer Study. We examined the effects of genotype, calcium intake, and diet–gene interactions by conditional logistic regression. Compared with men in the lowest quartile of calcium intake, men in the highest quartile had an approximately twofold increased risk of localized and advanced prostate cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 2.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.40, 3.46), with a significant dose–response. Poor absorbers of calcium (VDR Cdx2 GG genotype) had a significantly lower risk of advanced prostate cancer (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.19, 0.90). The gene–calcium interaction was statistically significant (p = 0.03). Among men with calcium intake below the median (680 mg/day), carriers of the G allele had an approximately 50% decreased risk compared with men with the AA genotype. These findings suggest a link between prostate cancer risk and high intestinal absorption of calcium. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Soft‐core potentials in thermodynamic integration: Comparing one‐ and two‐step transformations
Authors: Steinbrecher Thomas , Joung InSuk , Case David A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMolecular dynamics‐based free energy calculations allow the determination of a variety of thermodynamic quantities from computer simulations of small molecules. Thermodynamic integration (TI) calculations can suffer from instabilities during the creation or annihilation of particles. This “singularity” problem can be addressed with “soft‐core” potential functions which keep pairwise interaction energies finite for all configurations and provide smooth free energy curves. “One‐step” transformations, in which electrostatic and van der Waals forces are simultaneously modified, can be simpler and less expensive than “two‐step” transformations in which these properties are changed in separate calculations. Here, we study solvation free energies for molecules of different hydrophobicity using both models. We provide recommended values for the two parameters αLJ and βC controlling the behavior of the soft‐core Lennard–Jones and Coulomb potentials and compare one‐ and two‐step transformations with regard to their suitability for numerical integration. For many types of transformations, the one‐step procedure offers a convenient and accurate approach to free energy estimates. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
DynamO: a free ${\cal O}$(N) general event‐driven molecular dynamics simulator
Authors: Bannerman M. N. , Sargant R. , Lue L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMolecular dynamics algorithms for systems of particles interacting through discrete or “hard” potentials are fundamentally different to the methods for continuous or “soft” potential systems. Although many software packages have been developed for continuous potential systems, software for discrete potential systems based on event‐driven algorithms are relatively scarce and specialized. We present DynamO, a general event‐driven simulation package, which displays the optimal${\cal O}$(N) asymptotic scaling of the computational cost with the number of particlesN, rather than the${\cal O}$(NlogN) scaling found in most standard algorithms. DynamO provides reference implementations of the best available event‐driven algorithms. These techniques allow the rapid simulation of both complex and large (>106particles) systems for long times. The performance of the program is benchmarked for elastic hard sphere systems, homogeneous cooling and sheared inelastic hard spheres, and equilibrium Lennard–Jones fluids. This software and its documentation are distributed under the GNU General Public license and can be freely downloaded fromhttp://marcusbannerman.co.uk/dynamo. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Sexual dimorphism and bilateral asymmetry of syrinx and vocal tract in the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris)
Authors: Prince Ben , Riede, Tobias , Goller Franz 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSexually dimorphic vocal behavior in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata) is associated with a 100% larger syrinx in males and other morphological adaptations of the sound source. The songbird syrinx consists of two independent sound sources, whose specialization for different spectral ranges may be reflected in morphological properties, but the morphology of labia and syringeal skeleton have not been investigated for lateralized specializations. Similarly, little is known whether the morphology of the songbird vocal tract reflects differences in vocal behavior. Here, we tested the hypothesis that different vocal behavior and specialization is reflected in the morphology. We investigated syringeal and upper vocal tract morphology of male and female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). Female starlings exhibit smaller vocal repertoires and sing at lower rates than males. In males, the left syrinx produces mostly low frequencies, while the right one is used for higher notes. Macroscopic and histological techniques were used to record nineteen measurements from the syrinx and the vocal tract which were tested for sexual differences in syrinx and vocal tract and for lateral asymmetry within the syrinx. Sexually dimorphic vocal behavior is reflected in the morphology of the starling syrinx. Males have a larger syrinx with the size difference attributable to increased muscle mass and three enlarged elements of the syringeal skeleton. The upper vocal tract, however, does not differ between males and females. Distinct lateralization was found in two elements of the syringeal skeleton of females, and the labia in the left syrinx are larger than those on the right in both sexes. The sexual dimorphism of the syringeal size is smaller in starlings (35%) than in zebra finches (100%), which is consistent with the different vocal behavior of females in both species. The morphological differences between the two sound sources are discussed in relation to their vocal performance. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patellofemoral joint contact forces during activities with high knee flexion
Authors: Trepczynski Adam , Kutzner Ines , Kornaropoulos Evgenios , Taylor William R. , Duda Georg N. , Bergmann Georg , Heller Markus O. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe patellofemoral (PF) joint plays an essential role in knee function, but little is known about the in vivo loading conditions at the joint. We hypothesized that the forces at the PF joint exceed the tibiofemoral (TF) forces during activities with high knee flexion. Motion analysis was performed in two patients with telemetric knee implants during walking, stair climbing, sit‐to‐stand, and squat. TF and PF forces were calculated using a musculoskeletal model, which was validated against the simultaneously measured in vivo TF forces, with mean errors of 10% and 21% for the two subjects. The in vivo peak TF forces of 2.9–3.4 bodyweight (BW) varied little across activities, while the peak PF forces showed significant variability, ranging from less than 1 BW during walking to more than 3 BW during high flexion activities, exceeding the TF forces. Together with previous in vivo measurements at the hip and knee, the PF forces determined here provide evidence that peak forces across these joints reach values of around 3 BW during high flexion activities, also suggesting that the in vivo loading conditions at the knee can only be fully understood if the forces at the TF and the PF joints are considered together. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:408–415, 2012
Recapitulation of the Achilles tendon mechanical properties during neonatal development: A Study of differential healing during two stages of development in a mouse model
Authors: Ansorge Heather L. , Hsu Jason E. , Edelstein Lena , Adams Sheila , Birk David E. , Soslowsky Louis J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDuring neonatal development, tendons undergo a well‐orchestrated process whereby extensive structural and compositional changes occur in synchrony to produce a normal tissue. Conversely, during the repair response to injury, structural and compositional changes occur, but a mechanically inferior tendon is produced. As a result, developmental processes have been postulated as a potential paradigm through which improved adult tissue healing may occur. By examining injury at distinctly different stages of development, vital information can be obtained into the structure–function relationships in tendon. The mouse is an intriguing developmental model due to the availability of assays and genetically altered animals. However, it has not previously been used for mechanical analysis of healing tendon due to the small size and fragile nature of neonatal tendons. The objective of this study was to evaluate the differential healing response in tendon at two distinct stages of development through mechanical, compositional, and structural properties. To accomplish this, a new in vivo surgical model and mechanical analysis method for the neonatal mouse Achilles tendons were developed. We demonstrated that injury during early development has an accelerated healing response when compared to injury during late development. This accelerated healing model can be used in future mechanistic studies to elucidate the method for improved adult tendon healing. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:448–456, 2012
World fertilizer nutrient reserves: a view to the future
Authors: Fixen Paul E , Johnston Adrian M 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe increasing need for food production in subtropical regions likely translates to a need for additional plant nutrients. As a consequence, knowledge of world fertilizer nutrient reserves is of particular relevance to sustainable agriculture in the subtropics. The stewardship responsibilities of agriculture include the wise use of the raw materials from which commercial fertilizers are produced. Development and implementation of fertilizer best management practices with focus on the 4Rs—right source, right rate, right time, right place—are timely not only for short‐term economic and environmental reasons, but also for the wise stewardship of the non‐renewable nutrient resources upon which food, feed, fiber, and fuel production depend. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Intraperitoneal docetaxel combined with S‐1 for advanced gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination
Authors: Fujiwara Yoshiyuki , Takiguchi Shuji , Nakajima Kiyokazu , Miyata Hiroshi , Yamasaki Makoto , Kurokawa Yukinori , Mori Masaki , Doki Yuichiro 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundOur previous phase I study indicated that combination chemotherapy with intraperitoneal docetaxel and S‐1 was well tolerated by gastric cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC). This study evaluated the benefits of this combination chemotherapy and subsequent surgery.Patients and MethodsNeoadjuvant Intra‐Peritoneal and Systemic chemotherapy (NIPS) was introduced to gastric cancer patients with positive cytology or with PC. Two cycles of intraperitoneal chemotherapy with docetaxel combined with S‐1, were administrated and gastrectomy with lymph node dissection was performed in cases without macroscopic PC at post‐NIPS staging laparoscopy.ResultsEighteen patients were enrolled in this study. Eight patients had measurable lymph node metastases by the RECIST criteria and computed tomography (CT) showed that five (62.5%) displayed a major response to the treatment. Out of 18 patients, 14 (78%) showed negative results on peritoneal cytology and no macroscopic PC, while the remaining four were cancer cell positive on peritoneal cytology or showed macroscopic PC even after NIPS. The median survival time of the entire group was 24.6 months. No treatment‐related mortality was observed during NIPS and surgery.ConclusionThis study indicated that the NIPS combined with surgery was highly active and well tolerated by advanced gastric cancer patients with PC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:38–42. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Separation of alkaloids from herbs using high‐speed counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Fang Lei , Liu Yuqin , Yang Bin , Wang Xiao , Huang Luqi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAlkaloids represent a most widespread group of bioactive natural products. Because of their alkalinity and structural diversity, the fractionation and purification of the alkaloids from herbs can often present a number of practical difficulties using the conventional chromatographic techniques. High‐speed counter‐current chromatography (HSCCC) is a liquid–liquid partition chromatography with a support‐free liquid stationary phase, and is gaining more and more popularity as a viable separation technique for bioactive compounds from natural resources. In the present review, focus is placed on the separation of alkaloids by both conventional HSCCC and pH‐zone‐refining counter‐current chromatography (CCC) techniques from herbs. The review presents the separation of over 120 different alkaloid compounds from more than 30 plant species by the conventional HSCCC and pH‐zone‐refining CCC. Based on the data from the literature, the proper solvent systems for the separation of alkaloids by the conventional HSCCC and pH‐zone‐refining CCC are also summarized.
Enhancement of Muramyldipeptide (MDP) Immunostimulatory Activity by Controlled Multimerization on Dendrimers
Authors: Sorensen Nanna S. , Boas Ulrik , Heegaard Peter M. H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPeptidoglycan is a widespread bacterial PAMP molecule and a powerful initiator of innate immune responses. It consists of repeating units of MDP, which as a monomer is only weakly immunostimulatory. Here, MDP‐coupled dendrimers were prepared and investigated for stimulation of pig blood mononuclear cells. Compared to monomeric MDP, MDP‐dendrimers induced a markedly enhanced production of IL‐12 p40, IL‐1β and IL‐6 and completely down‐regulated surface expression of B7 and MHC class II. These results suggest a possible novel strategy based on controlled multimerization of minimal PAMP motifs on dendrimers for preparing molecularly defined immunostimulators with predictable bioactivities.magnified image
Tunable High‐Molecular‐Weight Anion‐Exchange Membranes for Alkaline Fuel Cells
Authors: Luo Yanting , Guo Juchen , Wang Chunsheng , Chu Deryn 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTunable alkaline anion‐exchange membranes based on QPMBV are synthesized using a bottom‐up approach, miniemulsion copolymerization, which can incorporate functional groups into the copolymers with designated composition and high molecular weight. The mechanical and electrochemical properties of the obtained QPMBV membranes are tuned by varying the composition. It is found that the ion exchange capacity of the copolymer, the hydrophilicity of the copolymer chains, the molecular weight, and the glass transition temperature of the copolymers are essential to balance the mechanical and OH– transport properties of QPMBV membranes. QPMBV membrane fuel cells show the best power output and the long‐lasting fuel cell performance among the APE membranes in open literature.magnified image