bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of fine‐needle aspiration as a diagnostic technique in breast lumps
Authors: Ahmed Hussain Gadelkarim , Ali Abdulsalam Salih , Almobarak Ahmed Omer 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, accurate, and safe procedure for the diagnosis of palpable breast lumps. The purpose of this study is to emphasis the utilization of FNAC in the Sudan and to evaluate our experience to identify the types of various breast lesions. A one year descriptive longitudinal study was conducted in Khartoum, Sudan. We obtained information (patient's personal data) and Fine‐Needle Aspiration (FNA) samples, for 200 patients with palpable breast lesions. Subsequent tissue biopsies were taken from 131 patients of the 200 studied patients. Data were analyzed using a computer's SPSS program. Pearson chi‐square test was used for statistical analyses. The diagnoses of the 200 breast FNAs were as follows: 61 (30.5%) were malignant, 5 (2.5%) were suspicious, and 134 (67%) were benign lesions. Subsequent histopathological examination was performed on 61 (100%) patients with malignant lesions, 5 (100%) of suspicious, and 65 (48.5%) patients of 134 patients with benign lesions. FNAC revealed a 92.6% sensitivity, a 95.2% specificity, a 95.5% positive predictive value, and a 92.2% negative predictive value. Of the 65 benign cases on cytology, five cases were found malignant on histopathology. FNAC of breast lesions is sensitive, specific, and highly accurate as the initial investigation of palpable breast lesions in a population of low resources and without screening program to diagnose breast cancer. We consequently encourage clinicians to embrace this procedure in the management of patients. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occult fallopian tube carcinoma detected in routine pelvic washing specimens submitted for staging: Another justification for pelvic washing cytology?
Authors: Jorns Julie M. , Knoepp Stewart M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPeritoneal washing cytology is important in the staging, prognosis, and treatment schema for women diagnosed with gynecologic malignancies. Additionally, peritoneal washings are often performed before the specific diagnosis or even the distinction between benign or malignant lesion is known. Occasionally, the cytology and surgical pathology specimens, although obtained during the same procedure, will show unexpected and/or discordant findings. Perhaps, the greatest dilemma occurs when atypical cells suggestive of malignancy are identified in peritoneal washing specimens when a corresponding benign or discordantly low grade malignant diagnosis is made in the surgical pathology specimen. We present two such cases in which further investigation proved extremely valuable, not only leading to resolution of initially discrepant cytologic and surgical pathology findings but also in the process leading to second diagnoses of early fallopian tube carcinoma. Increasing evidence appears to be pointing to the fallopian tube as the site of origin of many serous carcinomas previously thought to be of primary pelvic or ovarian origin. These cases further confirm the utility of peritoneal washing cytology as a diagnostic modality when routine gross examination and sampling of the surgical specimens alone would have failed to provide the complete diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyoxothiomolybdenum Wheels as Anionic Receptors for Recognition of Sulfate and Sulfonate Anions
Authors: Lemonnier Jean‐François , Floquet Sébastien , Marrot Jérôme , Cadot Emmanuel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe formation of supramolecular host–guest cyclic architectures, built up through the self‐condensation process of [Mo2O2S2]2+ oxothiocations driven by sulfate and sulfonate anions is reported. The complexes [(SO4)2Mo10O10S10(OH)10(H2O)5]4– and [(EtSO3)2Mo10O10S10(OH)10(H2O)5]2– were characterized in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction, and particular attention was given to the analysis of the hydrogen‐bonding interactions, which ensure the host–guest stability of such architectures. Taking into account these properties, we report preliminary results on the grafting of oxothiomolybdenum cyclic materials onto sulfonated resin such as Dowex 50–80. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Carbodiphosphorane C(PPh3)2as a Single and Twofold Lewis Base with Boranes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Theoretical Studies on [H3B{C(PPh3)2}] and [{(μ‐H)H4B2}{C(PPh3)2}]+
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Öxler Florian , Neumüller Bernhard , Tonner Ralf , Frenking Gernot 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe donor‐acceptor complex [(H3B){C(PPh3)2}] (2) has been synthesized by treating B2H6with C(PPh3)2and its geometry determined by X‐ray structure analysis. Treatment of2with DME yields the complex [{(μ‐H)H4B2}{C(PPh3)2}][B2H7] (4), which has also been isolated and structurally characterized. Compound4is the first complex of a carbodiphosphorane where the carbon donor atom binds with its two‐electron lone pairs to two main‐group Lewis acids larger than protons. This reaction is likely to occur via initial formation of [(H3B)2{C(PPh3)2}] (6), which subsequently reacts with B2H6, with loss of a hydride, to yield4. Quantum chemical calculations of2,4+and6show that the carbon–boron bonds in these complexes are very strong, and analysis of the bonding situation using the EDA, NBO and AIM methods reveals typical bonding patterns between the divalent carbon(0) moieties and one or two Lewis acids. The carbon donor atom of the carbodiphosphorane moiety remains strongly negatively charged even in the cation4+. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Efficient Deracemization of Pipecolic Acid Amides through Enantioselective Protonation of Their Lithium Enolates: Insights into the Origin of the Transferred Proton
Authors: Martin Juliette , Plaquevent Jean‐Christophe , Maddaluno Jacques , Rouden Jacques , Lasne Marie‐Claire 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA detailed study of the deracemization of pipecolic acid amides is reported. Enantioselective protonation of the lithium enolates of these amides with use of commercially available ephedrines led to enantiomeric excesses (ee values) higher than 99 %. The success of the reaction was strongly dependent on the following parameters: the base, the reaction temperature, the structure of the chiral source, and the achiral quenching reagent. sBuLi and the bimetallic base “potassium alkoxide/nBuLi” were the only bases to allow complete formation of the enolate in conjunction with high stereocontrol of the protonation. Experiments with (+)‐ or(–)‐ephedrine derivatives as chiral sources and deuteriated reagents gave evidence that both the OH and NH protons of ephedrine were involved in the stereoinduction. External delivery of the proton was mainly operative with the aniline derivative (+)‐5, as shown by deuterium labeling experiments, whereas internal quenching was the major pathway observed with ephedrine (6). Finally, the deracemization procedure was successfully applied to prepare both enantiomers of N‐protected pipecolic acid from racemic pipecolic acid (51 % overall yield, 99 % ee).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Cost and risk management for a local distribution company in purchasing electricity
Authors: Hailun Huang , Yan Zheng , Wu Felix F. , Hou Yunhe 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the competitive electricity markets, the allocation of electricity among multi‐markets for purchasers is worth concerning. Based on the portfolio optimization theory in the field of financial risk, a novel optimal electricity‐procurement model for the local distribution company (LDC) is presented, which can synthetically consider the risk and expected purchase cost. For the purpose of risk assessment, the conditional value at risk (CVaR) is implemented. This model is applied to determine the electricity allocation and efficient frontiers for the LDC among three markets. Then it is compared with the mean‐variance model. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed model can guarantee the LDC to bear the minimum CVaR risk within an acceptable expected procurement cost. It provides an effective way for the LDC to manage the cost and risk in electricity‐purchase decision. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation policy and evaluation practice
Authors: Trochim William M. K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe author develops the basic idea of evaluation policy, describes a practical model for development and revision of evaluation policies (including a taxonomy, structure, and set of principles), and suggests critical challenges and opportunities for the future of evaluation policy. An evaluation policy is any rule or principle that a group or organization uses to guide its decisions and actions when doing evaluation. Every entity that engages in evaluation, including government agencies, private businesses, and nonprofit organizations, has evaluation policies. Sometimes they are explicit and written; more often they are implicit and ad hoc principles or norms that have simply evolved over time. Evaluation policies profoundly affect the day‐to‐day work of all evaluators and ultimately the quality of the programs they evaluate. Many recent and current controversies or conflicts in the field of evaluation can be viewed, at least in part, as a struggle around evaluation policy. Because evaluation policies typically apply across multiple evaluations, influencing policies directly may have systemic and far‐reaching effects for practice. Evaluation practice must play a critical role in informing and shaping the development of evaluation policies. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrating evaluation units into the political environment of government: The role of evaluation policy
Authors: Chelimsky Eleanor 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMost discussions of evaluation policy focus on the substance and process of doing evaluations. However, doing evaluations in government requires careful consideration not only of evaluation but also of the larger political structure into which it is expected to fit. I argue in this chapter that success for evaluation in government depends as much on the political context within which evaluation operates as it does on the merits of the evaluation process itself. For convenience, I divide the contextual governmental pressures on evaluation into three kinds: those stemming from the overarching structure of our democracy, those stemming from the bureaucratic climate of a particular agency, and those stemming from the dominant professional culture within that agency. I then examine how those three kinds of pressures have, in my experience, affected the independence, credibility, and ethical position of the evaluation units and evaluators concerned. Finally, I offer some suggestions for evaluation policy in the hope of avoiding a repetition of past evaluative failures that resulted either from unawareness of political relationships in government or from the inability of small evaluation units to protect their work in the face of much more powerful political forces. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation policy in the European Union and its institutions
Authors: Stern Elliot 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe European Union (EU), with 27 member states, has been a significant promoter of evaluation in Europe. More than a decade of reform and modernization of EU institutions underpins the expansion of evaluation and has shaped evaluation policies. Links between evaluation uptake and policy on the one hand and public management and institutional reform on the other are highlighted. However, it is argued that the emergence of new policy instruments, new substantive policy goals, and institutional dynamics underpinned by competing narratives of the European “project,” help explain how evaluation policy has evolved. The chapter considers how EU evaluation impinges on EU member states. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation policy in the Netherlands
Authors: Leeuw Frans L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the development of evaluation policy in the Netherlands. It distinguishes between several periods: the 1970s and before, when there was little or no evaluation, much less evaluation policy; the late 1970s and 1980s, when evaluation increased but there was still little formal policy; the 1990s, when the government began to establish its formal evaluation policy; and the current decade, when evaluation policy was further formalized and evaluation activities blossomed. The author shows that the Dutch policy has always been rather liberal, leaving much room to the community of professionals. The chapter concludes with a summary of the current state of evaluation policy in the Netherlands, showing that the critique on evaluations and the two other strands of activities that produce “evaluative feedback” (i.e., performance auditing and inspection/oversight) is increasing. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation policy and evaluation practice: Where do we go from here?
Authors: Cooksy Leslie J. , Mark Melvin M. , Trochim William M. K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThree issues for evaluation policy and practice are described: evaluation policy dimensions, evaluation policy instruments, and the political and economic environment for evaluation policy. Selected future directions are outlined, including the need to describe the evaluation policy landscape, further articulate an evaluation policy taxonomy, and develop and implement tactics for influencing evaluation policy, with particular attention to the role of professional associations. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DNS of backward‐facing step flow with fully turbulent inflow
Authors: Barri Mustafa , El Khoury George K. , Andersson Helge I. , Pettersen Bjørnar 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDirect numerical simulation (DNS) has been performed to study the channel flow over a backward‐facing step at a Reynolds number Reb=5600 based on the step height h and the inflow bulk velocity Ub. A dynamic method has been used in order to generate realistic turbulent inflow conditions. The results upstream of the step compared well with the fully developed channel flow. Downstream of the step our results show excellent agreement with experimental data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of B‐ and T‐lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia by integrated analysis of MicroRNA and mRNA expression profiles
Authors: Fulci Valerio , Colombo Teresa , Chiaretti Sabina , Messina Monica , Citarella Franca , Tavolaro Simona , Guarini Anna , Foà Robin , Macino Giuseppe 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is an heterogeneous disease comprising several subentities that differ for both immunophenotypic and molecular characteristics. Over the years, the biological understanding of this neoplasm has largely increased. Gene expression profiling has allowed to identify specific signatures for the different ALL subsets and permitted the identification of pathways deregulated by a given lesion. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs, which play a pivotal role in several cellular functions. In this study, we investigated miRNAs expression profiles in a series of adult ALL cases by microarray analysis. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering largely recapitulated ALL subgroups. Furthermore, we identified miR‐148, miR‐151, and miR‐424 as discriminative of T‐lineage versus B‐lineage ALL; ANOVA highlighted a set of six miRNAs—namely miR‐425‐5p, miR‐191, miR‐146b, miR‐128, miR‐629, and miR‐126—that can discriminate B‐lineage ALL subgroups harboring specific molecular lesions. These results were confirmed and extended by quantitative‐PCR on a further cohort of cases. Finally, we used Pearson correlation analysis to combine miRNA and gene expression profiles. The distribution of correlation coefficients generated by comparing the expression of every miRNA/gene pair in our data set shows enrichment of both positively and negatively correlated pairs over background distributions obtained using randomized data. Moreover, a clear enrichment for predicted miRNA:target pairs is observed at negative correlation coefficient intervals. Signal‐to‐noise ratio highlighted several miRNA/gene pairs with a possible role in the disease. In fact, gene set enrichment analysis of genes composing the selected miRNA/gene pairs displays over‐representation of functional categories related to cancer and cell‐cycle regulation. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Global perspective on hydrology, water balance, and water resources management in arid basins
Authors: Shen Yanjun , Chen Yaning 
Published: September 2009

AbstractArid and semiarid regions comprise a large part of the world's terrestrial area and are home to hundreds of millions of people. Water resources in arid regions are rare and critical to society and to ecosystems. The hydrologic cycle in arid and semiarid regions has been greatly altered due to long‐term human exploitation. Under conditions of global warming, water resources in these regions are expected to be more unstable and ecosystems likely will suffer from severe water stress. In the current special issue contributed to understanding ecohydrologic processes and water‐related problems in arid regions of western China, this paper provides a global perspective on the hydrology and water balance of six major arid basins of the world. A number of global datasets, including the state‐of‐the‐art ensemble simulation of land surface models by GSWP2 (Global Soil Wetness Project II, a project by GEWEX), were used to address the water balance terms in the world's major hydroclimatic regions. The common characteristics of hydrologic cycles and water balance in arid basins are as follows: strong evapotranspiration characterizes the hydrological cycle in arid basins; and in water use sectors irrigation consumes a large amount of water, resulting in degradation of native vegetation. From the ecohydrology viewpoint, a comprehensive study of hydrological and ecological processes of water utilization in arid basins is urgently needed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Similarity between morphological characteristics of rills and ephemeral gullies in Sicily, Italy
Authors: Capra Antonina , Di Stefano Costanza , Ferro Vito , Scicolone Baldassare 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper reports the results of a field investigation aimed to establish morphological similarity between rills and ephemeral gullies. Rill measurements were made on 14 plots having a surface area of 22–352 m2 located on a 14·9% slope and on a plot 6·0 m wide and 22·0 m long having a uniform 22·0% slope. The plots are located on the experimental station for soil erosion measurements, ‘Sparacia’, of the Agricultural Faculty of Palermo University, in Sicily, Italy. All plots are subjected to natural rainfall. The measurements were made immediately following five events between November 2004 and December 2005. The ephemeral gully measurements were made on a cultivated area of about 120 ha, located in Central Sicily, which is representative of many soil‐crop conditions in the Mediterranean basin. The morphological similarity between rill and ephemeral gully was first tested. Then a power relationship between rill or gully volume and length, theoretically deduced by dimensional analysis and self‐similarity theory, was applied. This power relationship needs a different scale factor for rill and gully measurements. Finally, using two dimensionless groups representative of the channel morphology variables, the analysis showed that a single relationship can be applied to rill and gully measurements. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neutrophil apoptosis: A target for enhancing the resolution of inflammation
Authors: Filep János G. , Kebir Driss El 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNeutrophils are essential for host defense and their programmed cell death and removal are critical for the optimal expression as well as for efficient resolution of inflammation. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis or impaired clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by macrophages contributes to the progression of chronic inflammation. Under most conditions, neutrophils are exposed to multiple factors and their fate would ultimately depend on the balance between pro‐survival and pro‐apoptotic signals. Life or death decisions are tightly controlled by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways. Accumulating data indicate that receptors, such as the formyl peptide receptor 2/lipoxin receptor or β2‐integrins can generate contrasting cues in neutrophils in a ligand‐specific manner and suggest a hierarchy among these signals. In this article, we review recent advances on how pro‐apoptosis and pro‐survival signals interact to determine the fate of neutrophils and the inflammatory response, and highlight novel pharmacological strategies that could be used to enhance the resolution of inflammation by redirecting neutrophils to apoptosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 108: 1039–1046, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light monotone Dialectica methods for proof mining
Authors: Hernest Mircea‐Dan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn view of an enhancement of our implementation on the computer, we explore the possibility of an algorithmic optimization of the various proof‐theoretic techniques employed by Kohlenbach for the synthesis of new (and better) effective uniform bounds out of established qualitative proofs in Numerical Functional Analysis. Concretely, we prove that the method (developed by the author in his thesis, as an adaptation to Dialectica interpretations of Berger's original technique for modified realizability and A‐translation) of “colouring” some of the quantifiers as “non‐computational” extends well toε‐arithmetization, elimination‐of‐extensionality and model‐interpretation (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of Oligothiophene‐Layered Polymers
Authors: Morisaki Yasuhiro , Fernandes Jonas Alves , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPolymers with layered π‐electron systems comprising bithiophenes and quaterthiophenes based on a xanthene skeleton have been synthesized by an iron‐catalyzed oxidative coupling reaction. The polymers are well soluble in common organic solvents, and polymer thin films are readily obtained by a spin‐coating or casting technique. The synthesized polymers exhibit good thermal stability, and their 10% weight loss temperatures are approximately 400 °C. These behaviors of the polymers suggest that they can be used as opto‐electronic devices such as hole‐transporting materials.magnified image