bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lloydminster, Saskatchewan Vertical Well SAGD Field Test Results
Authors: Miller Karl A. , Xiao Yi 
Published: August 2011

Summary
Husky Energy's Pikes Peak steam project has been highly successful using CSS and follow-up steam drive for vertical and directional wells located on the bottomwater-free structural high inside the oil/water contact of the Waseca channel sand reservoir(1). In some areas, recoveries of up to 90% have been achieved with a cumulative steam/oil ratio (SOR) of less than 3.0.
Use of CSS with follow-up drive has not been successful where bottomwater is present outside the oil/water contact. Some improvement in performance was achieved using large CSS slugs and high-steam injection rates, but in some locations CSS performances were still poor and conversion from CSS to drive has not been successful in any location.
In 2008 Husky initiated a field test of a single vertical well SAGD configuration in an area outside the oil/water contact to evaluate an alternate process in which the "conventional" CSS performance of 10 wells was poor from the second or third stimulation onward. The results from the first single vertical SAGD well pilot demonstrated that a single vertical well SAGD configuration could be successfully completed and operated.
The field data are being evaluated using empirical and numerical modelling methods to develop completion and operating strategies that optimize future produced oil rates and SORs.
Another benefit of the field test was its demonstration of a low-cost and rapid method to help determine if a reservoir has sufficient vertical permeability for horizontal well SAGD to work.
History Matching Channelized Reservoirs Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Lorentzen Rolf J. , Flornes Kristin M. , Nævdal Geir 
Published: August 2011

Summary
Even though the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is widely used, history matching reservoirs with facies description has proven to be a major challenge. A preferred technique for estimating large scale facies fields within the petroleum industry is still missing. In this paper, we present a new approach to this problem. Instead of applying the EnKF directly to facies realizations, the approach applies a transformation of facies fields to a specific level set function, representing distances between facies types. This ensures better agreement with the EnKF Gaussianity assumptions, and the method always returns facies realizations with geological authenticity. The method also offers large flexibility in generating the initial ensemble, which can be performed using any geostatistical tool. Furthermore, no modifications of the standard EnKF equations are needed.
The methodology is evaluated on two synthetic examples with increasing complexity. In both examples, we consider reservoirs with channel structure. The results presented show that the updated models give large improvements in matching the measurements, and the uncertainty of the models is decreased. Further, recovery of the true petrophysical parameters is highly dependent on sufficient information in the measurements, but in one of the examples considered we are able to completely recover the true channel structure. Additional improvements in the quality of the updated facies fields are obtained by proper handling of the distances close to the reservoir boundaries, and by conditioning on specific statistical measures to better preserve prior information about channel properties.
Field Application of Chelatants in the Handling of ASP-Flooding Produced Fluid
Authors: Jiecheng Cheng , Di Wu , Wenjie Liu , Xiangchun Meng , Fuxiang Sun , Fengling Zhao , Qiushi Zhao , Neng Jiang 
Published: August 2011

Summary
Suspended-solid (SS) particles in the produced water of the X2M alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding project were separated by membrane filtration and identified to consist mainly of alkali-earth-metal carbonates and silica precipitates. A compound formulation of chelatants was developed to stabilize the water phase of ASP-flooding produced fluid and prevent or reduce precipitation of both alkali-earth-metal carbonates and silica. The compound chelatant was put into a limited field trial in the surface production system of the X2M ASP-flooding project to evaluate its effects on the quality of treated produced water. The average SS content of treated ASP-flooding produced water was decreased to below the 20-ppm SS specification limit for reinjection by a dosage of chelatant at 480 ppm or higher. Scale-removal performance of the compound chelatant was also observed during the field trial.
Decomposing the Relationship between Macroeconomic Conditions and Fatal Car Crashes during the Great Recession: Alcohol- and Non-Alcohol-Related Accidents
Authors: Cotti Chad , Tefft Nathan 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
This paper investigates to what extent and in what ways conditions related to the 2007-2008 recession reduced fatal crashes. It hypothesizes that the reduction in fatal automobile accidents operates through both the quantity of driving and changes in behaviors associated with driving. Using state-by-quarter fixed effects models, the study shows that unemployment rate increases significantly reduce fatal accidents. Decomposing the fatal accident rate into accidents per mile traveled and miles traveled per capita reveals that higher unemployment is significantly associated with fewer accidents per mile, and also reveals that fatal accidents associated with alcohol are more responsive to unemployment rate changes than are accidents overall. These results suggest that the recession’s “lost” fatal accidents occurred in areas hit harder by the recession and were in the form of fewer alcohol-related accidents per mile traveled rather than fewer miles traveled overall.
Effect of 3-Month Yoga on Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes With or Without Complications
Authors: Hegde Shreelaxmi V. , Adhikari Prabha , Kotian Shashidhar , Pinto Veena J. , D’Souza Sydney , D’Souza Vivian 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of yoga on anthropometry, blood pressure, glycemic control, and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients on standard care in comparison with standard care alone.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study involved 123 patients stratified according to groups with microvascular complications, macrovascular complications, and peripheral neuropathy and without complications and assigned to receive either standard care or standard care along with additional yoga for 3 months.

RESULTS
In comparison with standard care alone, yoga resulted in significant reduction in BMI, glycemic control, and malondialdehyde and increase in glutathione and vitamin C. There were no differences in waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, vitamin E, or superoxide dismutase in the yoga group at follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS
Yoga can be used as an effective therapy in reducing oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. Yoga in addition to standard care helps reduce BMI and improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients.
Depressive Symptoms and Quality of Life in Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Anderson Barbara J. , Edelstein Sharon , Abramson Natalie Walders , Katz Lorraine E. Levitt , Yasuda Patrice M. , Lavietes Sylvia J. , Trief Paula M. , Tollefsen Sherida E. , McKay Siripoom Vudhipoom , Kringas Patricia , Casey Terri Lynn , Marcus Marsha D. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
The study objective was to examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms and relationships to quality of life and demographics in the Treatment Options for Type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study’s large, ethnically diverse youth with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 704 youth with type 2 diabetes &lt;2 years’ duration, aged 10–17 years, and BMI ≥85th percentile completed depressive symptoms and quality of life measures.

RESULTS
Some 14.8% reported clinically significant depressive symptoms, and older girls had significantly higher rates than older boys.

CONCLUSIONS
Rates of significant depressive symptoms were similar to those of healthy adolescents and lower than those of teens with type 1 diabetes. Elevated depressive symptoms, particularly in older girls, suggest clinicians assess vulnerability.
Can Common Clinical Parameters Be Used to Identify Patients Who Will Need Insulin Treatment in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus?
Authors: Pertot Tania , Molyneaux Lynda , Tan Kris , Ross Glynis P. , Yue Dennis K. , Wong Jencia 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
To identify patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) who will need antenatal insulin treatment (AIT) by using a risk-prediction tool based on maternal clinical and biochemical characteristics at diagnosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data from 3,009 women attending the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital GDM Clinic, Australia, between 1995 and 2010 were studied. A risk engine was developed from significant factors identified for AIT using a logistic regression model.

RESULTS
A total of 51% of GDM patients required AIT. Ethnicity, gestation at diagnosis, HbA1c, fasting and 60-min glucose at oral glucose tolerance test, BMI, and diabetes family history were significant independent determinants of AIT. Notably, only 9% of the attributable risk for AIT can be explained by the clinical factors studied. A modeled risk-scoring system was therefore a poor predictor of AIT.

CONCLUSIONS
Baseline maternal characteristics including HbA1c alone cannot predict the need for AIT in GDM. Lifestyle, compliance, or as yet unmeasured influences play a greater role in determining AIT.
Impact of Physical Inactivity on Adipose Tissue Low-Grade Inflammation in First-Degree Relatives of Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Højbjerre Lise , Sonne Mette Paulli , Alibegovic Amra Ciric , Nielsen Ninna Bo , Dela Flemming , Vaag Allan , Bruun Jens Meldgaard , Stallknecht Bente 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVEFirst-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with type 2 diabetes may exhibit a disproportionately elevated risk of developing insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes when exposed to physical inactivity, which to some unknown extent may involve low-grade inflammation. We investigated whether subjects who are nonobese FDRs show signs of low-grade inflammation before or after exposure to short-term physical inactivity.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe studied 13 healthy FDR subjects and 20 control (CON) subjects matched for age, sex, and BMI before and after 10 days of bed rest (BR). Insulin sensitivity was measured by the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp. Key low-grade inflammation mediators were measured in arterial blood and microdialysate from subcutaneous abdominal (SCAAT) and femoral adipose tissue. Adipokine mRNA expression was determined in SCAAT.RESULTSBefore BR, FDR subjects displayed insulin resistance, elevated plasma C-reactive protein, leptin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, high interleukin (IL)-6, and MCP-1 expressions, as well as low adiponectin and leptin expressions. FDR subjects responded to BR by decreasing plasma adiponectin and IL-10 expression and increasing plasma expression of IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α. In contrast, CON subjects responded to BR by increasing plasma adiponectin and adiponectin expression and by decreasing SCAAT microdialysate leptin.CONCLUSIONSYoung and nonobese FDR of patients with type 2 diabetes exhibit low-grade inflammation, which is further and disproportionately aggravated when exposed to physical inactivity. The study provides support for the notion that people at increased risk of type 2 diabetes should avoid even short periods of physical inactivity.
Relationships of Cotinine and Self-Reported Cigarette Smoking With Hemoglobin A1c in the U.S.
Authors: Clair Carole , Bitton Asaf , Meigs James B. , Rigotti Nancy A. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Whether nicotine leads to a persistent increase in blood glucose levels is not clear. Our objective was to assess the relationship between cotinine, a nicotine metabolite, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), an index of recent glycemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2008. We limited our analysis to 17,287 adults without diabetes. We created three cotinine categories: &lt;0.05 ng/mL, 0.05–2.99 ng/mL, and ≥3 ng/mL.

RESULTS
Using self-report, 25% of the sample were current smokers, 24% were former smokers, and 51% were nonsmokers. Smokers had a higher mean HbA1c (5.36% ± 0.01 SE) compared with never smokers (5.31% ± 0.01) and former smokers (5.31% ± 0.01). In a similar manner, mean HbA1c was higher among participants with cotinine ≥3 ng/mL (5.35% ± 0.01) and participants with cotinine 0.05–2.99 ng/mL (5.34% ± 0.01) compared with participants with cotinine &lt;0.05 ng/mL (5.29% ± 0.01). In multivariable-adjusted analysis, we found that both a cotinine ≥3 ng/mL and self-reported smoking were associated with higher HbA1c compared with a cotinine &lt;0.05 ng/mL or not smoking. People with a cotinine level ≥3 ng/mL had a relative 5% increase in HbA1c compared with people with a cotinine level &lt;0.05 ng/mL, and smokers had a relative 7% increase in HbA1c compared with never smokers.

CONCLUSIONS
Our study suggests that cotinine is associated with increased HbA1c in a representative sample of the U.S. population without diabetes.
Changes in Insulin Secretion and Action in Adults With Familial Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Who Curtail Their Sleep
Authors: Darukhanavala Amy , Booth John N. , Bromley Lindsay , Whitmore Harry , Imperial Jacqueline , Penev Plamen D. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Experimental sleep deprivation is accompanied by changes in glucose regulation. However, the effects of chronic sleep insufficiency on insulin secretion and action in populations at high risk for type 2 diabetes are not known. This study examined the relationship between objectively documented habitual sleep curtailment and measures of insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, and oral glucose tolerance in free-living adults with parental history of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 47 healthy participants with parental history of type 2 diabetes (26 female/21 male, mean [SD] age 26 [4] years and BMI 23.8 [2.5] kg/m2) completed 13 (SD = 2) days of sleep and physical activity monitoring by wrist actigraphy and waist accelerometry while following their usual lifestyle at home. Laboratory polysomnography was used to screen for sleep disorders. Indices of diabetes risk based on oral glucose tolerance tests were compared between participants with habitual short sleep and those with usual sleep duration &gt;6 h/day.

RESULTS
Consistent with a behavioral pattern of habitual sleep curtailment, short sleepers obtained an average of 1.5 h less sleep per night and showed signs of increased sleep pressure. Participants who habitually curtailed their sleep had considerably higher indices of insulin resistance and increased insulin secretion but maintained normal glucose tolerance similar to that of subjects who slept more.

CONCLUSIONS
Young lean adults with parental history of type 2 diabetes who habitually curtail their sleep have increased insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia—a pattern that has been associated with higher risk of developing diabetes in such susceptible individuals.
Effectiveness of Lifestyle Interventions for Individuals With Severe Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Unick Jessica L. , Beavers Daniel , Jakicic John M. , Kitabchi Abbas E. , Knowler William C. , Wadden Thomas A. , Wing Rena R. ,   for the Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Rates of severe obesity (BMI ≥40 kg/m2) are on the rise, and effective treatment options are needed. We examined the effect of an intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) on weight loss, cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and program adherence in participants with type 2 diabetes who were severely obese compared with overweight (BMI 25 to &lt;30 kg/m2), class I (BMI 30 to &lt;35 kg/m2), and class II (BMI 35 to &lt;40 kg/m2) obese participants.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants in the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial were randomly assigned to ILI or diabetes support and education (DSE). DSE participants received a less intense educational intervention, whereas ILI participants received an intensive behavioral treatment to increase physical activity (PA) and reduce caloric intake. This article focuses on the 2,503 ILI participants (age 58.6 ± 6.8 years).

RESULTS
At 1 year, severely obese participants in the ILI group lost −9.04 ± 7.6% of initial body weight, which was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) than ILI participants who were overweight (−7.43 ± 5.6%) and comparable to class I (−8.72 ± 6.4%) and class II obese (−8.64 ± 7.4%) participants. All BMI groups had comparable improvements in fitness, PA, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and HbA1c at 1 year. ILI treatment session attendance was excellent and did not differ among weight categories (severe obese 80% vs. others 83%; P = 0.43).

CONCLUSIONS
Severely obese participants in the ILI group had similar adherence, percentage of weight loss, and improvement in CVD risk compared with less obese participants. Behavioral weight loss programs should be considered an effective option for this population.
Assessment of gadolinium calcium oxoborate (GdCOB) for laser applications
Authors: Bajor A. , Kisielewski J. , Kłos A. , Kopczyński K. , Łukasiewicz T. , Mierczyk J. , Młyńczak J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIncreasing demand for growing high quality laser crystals puts a question about their most important parameters that one should concentrate on to get a desired product which will exhibit best properties in practical use. And by no means, this is a simple question. Apart of the usual lasing properties associated with a special dopant in the host material itself, one needs to consider another two lasing phenomena, namely second (SHG) and higher harmonic generation, and self-frequency doubling (SFD). Not necessarily all of these three can meet altogether in the same host material to yield in its best appearance in every case. We have made a review of basic properties of gadolinium oxoborate GdCa4O(BO3)3 (GdCOB) crystal and came to the conclusion that, currently, as a host material this is probably the best in all of its lasing applications. Although GdCOB has low thermal conductivity, which requires a suitable cooling, on the other hand it has got small thermo-optic coefficients which govern good operation in SHG and SFD experiments.Two inch dia. Nd-doped crystals were grown by the Czochralski technique. Since a large discrepancy in the literature exists on exact values of nonlinear coefficients, one is never sure about this whether theoretically predicted phase-matching angles (PMA) are those that are really optimal. Besides, none has yet measured the values of nonlinear coefficients as a function of doping concentration. Therefore we have not decided to cut numerous differently oriented samples for generation of different wavelengths in SHG and SFD, but rather tried to generate different wavelengths from the same samples. We have also not paid special attention to get highest possible conversion efficiencies. However, we have concentrated our attention on potential use of the core region in laser technique. Unlike in YAG crystals, when the core is by all means a parasitic structure, we discovered that the core region in GdCOB, that majority of investigators are even not aware of its presence in the crystal, can be also useful in laser technique. According to our best knowledge, a SHG of red light in this work is the second reported case in the world-wide literature.
Photonic structures with grating couplers based on ZnO
Authors: Struk P. , Pustelny T. , Gołaszewska K. , Kamińska E. , Borysiewicz M. , Ekielski M. , Piotrowska A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe paper presents investigations concerning the design and realization of photonic structures with grating couplers. The first part of the paper deals with basic theoretical information on photonic structures with grating couplers and their application in optoelectronics. The further part presents the results of numerical investigations on photonic structures with grating couplers and shows the influence of geometrical parameters on the effectiveness of the input and output of optic power into and out of this photonic structure. The paper also provides the results of experimental investigations on a wideband gap semiconductor, viz. zinc oxide ZnO, as well as its application in planar waveguide structures and photonic structures with grating couplers.
Comparison of cw laser generation in Er3+, Yb3+: glass microchip lasers with different types of glasses
Authors: Młyńczak J. , Kopczyński K. , Mierczyk Z. , Malinowska M. , Osiwiański P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe paper describes comparison of laser generation of concentrated and SELG glasses developed at the General Physics Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow and most recent EAT14 glass worked out by the CLaser Photonics Company in Shanghai. The laser generation was carried out using 976-nm pump wavelength in cw and quasi-cw regimes. Comparison of efficiencies and thresholds as well as of dissipative losses was made with a view to choose the best glass for “eye-safe” microchip laser range-finder. The generated wavelengths by each sample were measured.
Security devices based on liquid crystals doped with a colour dye
Authors: Carrasco-Vela C. , Quintana X. , Otón E. , Geday M. , Otón J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLiquid crystal properties make them useful for the development of security devices in applications of authentication and detection of fakes. Induced orientation of liquid crystal molecules and birefringence are the two main properties used in security devices.Employing liquid crystal and dichroic colorants, we have developed devices that show, with the aid of a polarizer, multiple images on each side of the device. Rubbed polyimide is used as alignment layer on each substrate of the LC cell. By rubbing the polyimide in different directions in each substrate it is possible to create any kind of symbols, drawings or motifs with a greyscale; the more complex the created device is, the more difficult is to fake it.To identify the motifs it is necessary to use polarized light. Depending on whether the polarizer is located in front of the LC cell or behind it, different motifs from one or the other substrate are shown. The effect arises from the dopant colour dye added to the liquid crystal, the induced orientation and the twist structure. In practice, a grazing reflection on a dielectric surface is polarized enough to see the effect. Any LC flat panel display can obviously be used as backlight as well.