bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasi-monoenergetic proton beam generation from a double-layer solid target using an intense circularly polarized laser
Authors: Bin J.H. , Lei A.L. , Yang X.Q. , Huang L.G. , Yu M.Y. , Yu Wei , Tanaka K.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMonoenegetic ion beam generation from circularly polarized laser-pulse interaction with a double-layer target is considered. The front layer consists of heavy-ion plasma, and the rear layer is a small thin coating of light-ion plasma. Particle-in-cell simulation shows that the multi-dimensional effects in the ion radiation pressure acceleration are avoided and a highly monoenergetic light-ion beam can be produced. Our simulations reveal that the charge-mass ratio of heavy ions in the front layer and the thicknesses of both layers can strongly affect the proton energy spectra.
Layer structure, plasma jet, and thermal dynamics of Cu target irradiated by relativistic pulsed electron beam
Authors: Li Limin , Liu Lie , Cheng Guoxin , Xu Qifu , Ge Xingjun , Wen Jianchun 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper, based on a relativistic electron-beam accelerator with inductive energy accumulation, investigates the layer structure, plasma jet, and thermal dynamics of Cu target under the irradiation of pulsed electron beam (~350 kV, ~4 kA, ~300 ns). A description of a relativistic electron beam source with a carbon fiber cathode is presented. After the electron-beam irradiation at ~13 J/cm2energy density, microcraters with 0.5–1 µm diameter appeared on the target surface, and the target cross section is characterized by multilayer structures with a ~20 µm thickness melting layer and a cellular layer. Further, it was found that the carbon content increased significantly not only on the target surface but also on the cross section. The gas liberation per pulse induced by electron beam is analyzed. A good agreement between the experimental and calculated perveances was observed, with the exception at the end of the accelerating pulse possibly due to the participation of ion flow from the anode target. In the pulsed emission, there existed material transfer from anode to cathode, which is observed by the identification of elemental compositions on cathode surface. As the beam energy is deposited on target surface, the anode plasma jet is generated, and expands toward the cathode at a velocity of ~3 cm/μs. By solving the one-dimensional heat equation, 109K/s heating rate and 107K/m temperature gradient can be obtained. After the heating of pulsed electron beam, the thermal conduction is dominant, with a cooling rate on the order of 107 K/s. The relativistic electron beam sources may provide a potential development for target experiments and high energy density physics.
Ultrashort laser subsurface micromachining of three–dimensional microfluidic structures inside photosensitive glass
Authors: Wang Z. , Zheng H. , Zhou W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA laser direct writing technique was used successfully to carry out subsurface micromachining of three-dimensional microfluidic structures. It involves simple steps of femtosecond laser irradiation to project a latent image of channels or chambers of various dimensions into a photosensitive Foturan glass, thermal annealing to produce crystallites of lithium metasilicates in the laser-irradiated regions, and use of a diluted hydrofluoric acid solution to remove the crystallized structures through selective chemical etching. The etched surfaces may be smoothened significantly through a secondary thermal annealing process. A microfluidic reagent mixer and reactor consisting of four cubic chambers and multiple channels was produced inside a single piece of glass to demonstrate that the technique can be used for rapid device fabrication without recourse to the cumbersome and expensive processes of alignment, stacking, bonding or assembly of the individual microcomponents. The direct writing technique makes it easy to integrate micro–optical and microfluidic components into a single chip.
An approach to quantifying Pliocene ice sheet dynamics via slope failure frequencies recorded in Antarctic Peninsula rise sediments
Authors: Hepp Daniel A. , Mörz Tobias 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUnderstanding of glacially driven sedimentary transport systems across the shelf to the slope and subsequently to deep sea sediment bodies along the Pacific continental margin of Antarctic Peninsula is crucial for interpreting ice sheet dynamics. Here we quantify slope-failure frequencies recorded in Pliocene core intervals of ODP Site 1095. We used the relationship between long-term sedimentation rate and marine carbon burial efficiency to calculate glacial or interglacial specific sedimentation rates. Using the decompacted average length of glacial-interglacial cycles it was possible to solve a set of linear equations to derive average half-periods of 61.59 and 59.77 kyr respectively for the time interval 5.8–3.2 Ma. The resulting frequency distribution of slope failures reflects short and rapid but cyclic ice advances every ∼375 years. Short retention times between slope loading and slope failure are supported by biogenic silica dissolution analyses. This study demonstrates the potential of the rise record to improve models of orbitally controlled size variations of the West Antarctic ice sheet and confirms the hypothesis of a highly dynamic ice sheet during the early Pliocene warm period.
Infant weight gain, duration of exclusive breast-feeding and childhood BMI – two similar follow-up cohorts
Authors: Gunnarsdottir Ingibjorg , Schack-Nielsen Lene , Michaelsen Kim Fleischer , Sørensen Thorkild IA , Thorsdottir Inga 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the association between duration of exclusive breast-feeding (EBF), weight gain in infancy and childhood BMI in two populations with a long duration of EBF.DesignCohort study with follow-up in childhood. Breast-feeding status was reported monthly during infancy. Weight and length were measured at birth, 2, 6 and 12 months of age, as well as in childhood at 6 or 10 years of age.SettingIceland and Denmark.SubjectsRandomly selected healthy newborns from Denmark (n85) and Iceland (n100).ResultsInfants exclusively breast-fed for ≤2 months gained 348 (95% CI 69, 626) g more weight from 2 to 6 months than infants exclusively breast-fed for 3–4 months (P= 0·009). Weight gain from 6 to 12 months was found to be greater among infants exclusively breast-fed for ≤2 months compared with those exclusively breast-fed for ≥5 months (P= 0·008). A greater weight change, in terms ofZ-score, between the ages of 2 and 6 months was associated with higherZ-score of childhood BMI, adjusted for birth weight, country and duration of EBF (B= 0·49,se= 0·11,P< 0·001, adj.R2= 0·15). However, the association was much stronger in the Icelandic cohort than the Danish one.ConclusionsAlthough duration of EBF was not associated with childhood BMI in the present study it may modulate growth rate in infancy, which is related to childhood BMI. However, other factors determinative for infant growth also need to be considered when assessing the relationship of early growth and nutrition to childhood overweight, as traditions in complementary food might differ between populations.
Evaluation of the Missouri WIC (Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children) breast-feeding peer counselling programme
Authors: Yun Shumei , Liu Qian , Mertzlufft Kathy , Kruse Catherine , White Maggie , Fuller Phyllis , Zhu Bao-Ping 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of the peer counselling (PC) programme on breast-feeding initiation among participants in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) in Missouri, and to identify factors that facilitate breast-feeding initiation.DesignWe used the data from the 2006 Missouri Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System, Missouri Live Birth Records and the Missouri WIC programme to compare breast-feeding initiation rates between PC and non-PC agencies. We used multilevel logistic regression, with individual participants being nested within agencies, to control for individual- and agency-level characteristics.ResultsThe breast-feeding initiation rate in PC agencies was significantly higher than in non-PC agencies among prenatal participants, but the difference was not significant among postpartum participants. After controlling for maternal sociodemographic characteristics, compared with prenatal cases in non-PC agencies, prenatal cases in PC agencies were more likely to initiate breast-feeding (OR = 1·21; 95 % CI 1·03, 1·43), whereas postpartum cases were less likely to initiate breast-feeding. Among prenatal participants in PC agencies, longer duration of prenatal WIC enrolment was associated with a higher rate of breast-feeding initiation. After adjusting for maternal sociodemographic characteristics and other agency-level characteristics, participants of PC agencies with an international board-certified lactation consultant were more likely to initiate breast-feeding than participants of PC agencies without such a consultant (OR = 1·21; 95 % CI 1·01, 1·45).ConclusionsPrenatal participation in the WIC breast-feeding PC programme (especially participation early during pregnancy) was associated with an increased rate of breast-feeding initiation in Missouri.
Contribution of specific dietary factors to CHD in US females
Authors: Tran Nga , Barraj Leila 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate dietary cholesterol contribution to CHD risk among US females, relative to other dietary risk factors.DesignA risk apportionment model was applied to apportion CHD risk shares among the lifestyle and dietary risk factors.SettingThe model was implemented using relative risks from the Nurses’ Health Study and data on CHD risk factors and consumption from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2002.SubjectsUS females aged 25 years or older.ResultsOn average, poor diet contributes 20 % of the CHD risk relative to obesity, inactivity and smoking, of which trans fat intake contributes 2·9 %, dietary cholesterol 1·5 % and 16 % is due to low consumption of nutrients, i.e. MUFA (1·5 %), PUFA (1·7 %), marine n-3 fatty acids (2·7 %), α-linolenic acid (1·1 %), dietary fibre (2·4 %), vitamin B6 (4·1 %), vitamin C (0·5 %) and folate (1·8 %).ConclusionsReducing trans fat and dietary cholesterol intakes could lead to CHD reduction, but greater risk reduction may be achieved by improving intakes of heart-healthy nutrients currently deficient in US females’ diets. Total diet consideration is essential in any CHD risk reduction strategy.
TEMPERATURE MODULATION IN RAYLEIGH–BÉNARD CONVECTION
Authors: SINGH JITENDER , BAJAJ RENU 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe stability characteristics of an infinite horizontal fluid layer excited by a time-periodic, sinusoidally varying free-boundary temperature, have been investigated numerically using the Floquet theory. It has been found that the modulation of the temperature gradient across the fluid layer affects the onset of the Rayleigh–Bénard convection. Modulation can give rise to instability in the subcritical conditions and it can also suppress the instability in the supercritical cases. The instability in the fluid layer manifests itself in the form of either a harmonic or subharmonic flow, controlled by thermal modulation.
SPACE–TIME STRUCTURE AND SPINOR GEOMETRY
Authors: SZEKERES GEORGE , PETERS LINDSAY 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe structure of space–time is examined by extending the standard Lorentz connection group to its complex covering group, operating on a 16-dimensional “spinor” frame. A Hamiltonian variation principle is used to derive the field equations for the spinor connection. The result is a complete set of field equations which allow the sources of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields, and the intrinsic spin of a particle, to appear as a manifestation of the space–time structure. A cosmological solution and a simple particle solution are examined. Further extensions to the connection group are proposed.
Liquid water and organics in Comets: implications for exobiology
Authors: Wickramasinghe J.T. , Wickramasinghe N.C. , Wallis M.K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLiquid water in comets, once considered impossible, now appears to be almost certain. New evidence has come from the discovery of clay minerals in comet Tempel 1, which compliments the indirect evidence in aqueous alteration of carbonaceous chondrites. Infrared spectral indication of clay is confirmed by modelling data in the 8–40 μm and 8–12 μm wavebands on the basis of mixtures of clays and organics. Radiogenic heating producing liquid water cores in freshly formed comets appears more likely on current evidence for solar system formation. A second possibility investigated here is transient melting in comets in the inner solar system, where thin crusts of asphalt-like material, formed due to solar processing and becoming hot in the daytime, can cause melting of sub-surface icy material a few centimetres deep. Supposing comets were seeded with microbes at the time of their formation from pre-solar material, there would be plenty of time for exponential amplification and evolution within the liquid interior and in the transient ponds or lakes formed as the outer layers are stripped away via sublimation.
SSR marker-based DNA fingerprinting and cultivar identification of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Punjab state of India
Authors: Sarao Navraj K. , Vikal Yogesh , Singh Kuldeep , Joshi Monika A. , Sharma R. C. 
Published: July 2009

In India, Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmer's Rights Act (PPV&FRA, 2001) requires the registration and protection of new and notified/extant plant varieties based on the criteria of distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of morphological characteristics. However, these morphological traits have not been able to resolve closely related genotypes. The molecular markers can very well support the DUS testing in such cases. In the present study, therefore, 14 varieties of rice cultivated in Punjab state of India were fingerprinted using 75 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers. Out of these, 58 primers produced polymorphic profiles, while 13 were monomorphic, 2 revealed null allele and the remaining 2 amplified only from super basmati. In a screen of 7 cultivars, 16 SSR loci produced 17 rare/unique alleles, which provided an opportunity for their unambiguous identification. Cluster analysis based on SSR data clearly distinguished the cultivars into two dist	inct groups: comprising non-basmati (group I) and basmati (group II). The cluster pattern was consistent with the pedigree and breeding history of the cultivars.
A Field Course in the Siberian Arctic: 30 Days, 20 People, 3 Continents, 1 Barge
Authors: Holmes R. Max , Frey Karen E. , Zimov Sergey 
Published: July 2009

As environmental change accelerates in the Arctic, the international scientific community is struggling to keep up with research efforts. To help with this, an innovative project aims to create a new cohort of Arctic researchers by uniting U.S. and Russian undergraduate students and early‐career scientists through the Polaris Project, a focused effort to investigate the impacts of climate change in the Siberian Arctic.Funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation as part of the International Polar Year (IPY), the Polaris Project (http://www.thepolarisproject.org) began in January 2008 with Arctic‐focused undergraduate courses at seven participating institutions across the United States (Carleton College; Clark University; College of the Holy Cross; St. Olaf College; University of Nevada, Reno; and Western Washington University) and Russia (Yakutsk State University in Siberia). The students enrolled in these on‐campus courses were then eligible to apply for a summer field program in Siberia, the first of which was launched in July 2008 as a group of students and faculty traveled from the United States to Moscow, then to Yakutsk, and finally to Cherskiy in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Siberia (Figures 1 and 2a).
Climate Change Now Apparent and Unequivocal, New Report Warns
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: July 2009

Climate change is happening now in the United States and globally, and its impacts are expected to become increasingly severe for more people and places unless the rate of emissions of heat‐trapping gases is substantially reduced, according to a new report, “Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States,” issued at a 16 June White House briefing.The 190‐page report, a product of the interagency U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP), states that “global warming is unequivocal and primarily human‐induced.” Among other key findings of the report—which drew on USGCRP results and other studies including Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports and the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment—is that climate change will have numerous impacts on water resources, ecosystems, agriculture, coastal areas, human health, and other sectors.
Keeping the Freedom to Build Idealized Climate Models
Authors: de Verdiere Alain Colin 
Published: July 2009

I would like to add more fuel to the point of view of Nof [2008], who initiated a Forum to promote the study of simplified climate models. Aside from the problem of subgrid‐scale uncertainties and the associated amplification of errors in a nonlinear system, there are two other issues to bear in mind when discussing the solutions of complex climate models.The first concerns their initialization. The present generation of models is for the most part initialized from the observations of a given climate. However, initialization from climatological data is not a good test of the models because the solution that is desired is put into the system at the beginning! Then the task evolves into one of minimizing the drift away from these initial conditions. Results, then, become self‐fulfilling.
Panregional Synthesis of Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics: Third Annual U.S. GLOBEC Pan‐Regional Synthesis Workshop; Boulder, Colorado, 17–20 February 2009
Authors: Haidvogel Dale B. 
Published: July 2009

U.S. Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics (GLOBEC) is a research program organized by oceanographers and fisheries scientists to address the question of how climate variability, including global climate change, may affect the structure and function of marine ecosystems. Initiated in 1990, U.S. GLOBEC has until now comprised three regional programs—Northwest Atlantic/Georges Bank, Northeast Pacific, and Southern Ocean—and a series of technology and modeling development projects.The U.S. GLOBEC program has now entered its final panregional synthesis phase, which focuses on comparing and contrasting results from the different regions in the prior phases of U.S. GLOBEC and on extending these results to other comparable ecosystems worldwide. Ten panregional projects have been funded through the U.S. National Science Foundation. These projects address three synthetic themes: the influence of climate change on physical and biological processes, population dynamics and recruitment of target species, and ecosystem structure and function. The titles and abstracts of the ten funded projects can be viewed at http://www.usglobec.org/funded.php.
Challenges in Coastal Satellite Radar Altimetry: Second Coastal Altimetry Workshop; Pisa, Italy, 6–7 November 2008
Authors: Benveniste Jérôme , Vignudelli Stefano 
Published: July 2009

A growing number of coastal observing systems are incorporating altimeter data. This requires new methods to reduce errors caused by land in the radar footprints and inaccuracies in atmospheric and geophysical corrections near land.These issues are being addressed in individual research projects and by two major European initiatives. COASTALT (funded by the European Space Agency (ESA)) is developing processing tools for retrieving along‐track altimeter data from the Envisat satellite in coastal regions, while Prototype Innovant de Système de Traitement pour l'Altimètrie Côtière et l'Hydrologie (PISTACH, funded by Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), France) is doing the same for data from the Jason 1 and 2 satellites. To coordinate these efforts, a second workshop on coastal altimetry was held in Italy to review progress since the first workshop (see W. H. Smith et al., Eos, 89(40), 380, 2008). The second workshop was sponsored by ESA and CNES together with Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy) and the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (United Kingdom). Seventy‐eight participants from 16 countries attended this workshop.
Specific role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110α in the regulation of phagocytosis and pinocytosis in macrophages
Authors: Tamura Namiko , Hazeki Kaoru , Okazaki Natsumi , Kametani Yukiko , Murakami Hiroki , Takaba Yuki , Ishikawa Yuki , Nigorikawa Kiyomi , Hazeki Osamu 
Published: July 2009

PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) α has been implicated in phagocytosis and fluid-phase pinocytosis in macrophages. The subtype-specific role of PI3K in these processes is poorly understood. To elucidate this issue, we made Raw 264.7 cells (a mouse leukaemic monocyte–macrophage cell line) deficient in each of the class-I PI3K catalytic subunits: p110α, p110β, p110δ and p110γ. Among these cells, only the p110α-deficient cells exhibited lower phagocytosis of opsonized and non-opsonized zymosan. The p110α-deficient cells also showed the impaired phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized erythrocytes and the impaired fluid-phase pinocytosis of dextran (molecular mass of 40 kDa). Receptor-mediated pinocytosis of DiI (1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate)-labelled acetylated low-density lipoprotein and fluid-phase pinocytosis of Lucifer Yellow (molecular mass of 500 Da) were resistant to p110α depletion. None of these processes were impaired in cells lacking p110β, p110δ or p110γ, but were susceptible to a pan-PI3K inhibitor wortmannin. In cells deficient in the enzymes catalysing PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 breakdown [PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10) or SHIP-1 (Src-homology-2-domain-containing inositol phosphatase-1)], uptake of IgG-opsonized particles was enhanced. These results indicated that phagocytosis and fluid-phase pinocytosis of larger molecules are dependent on the lipid kinase activity of p110α, whereas pinocytosis via clathrin-coated and small non-coated vesicles may depend on subtypes of PI3Ks other than class I.