bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIMENSIONING OF A MASS ALGAL CULTURE FACILITY FOR THE TEMPERATE ZONE NURSERY CULTURE OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS
Authors: Walsh Dennis T. , Kraus Richard A. , Withstandley Christopher A. , Talin Susan M. , Petrovits Eugene J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAquacultural Research Corporation (ARC) has operated a continuous mass algal culture facility for the nursery culture of the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) for twenty years. Procedures have been developed for the mass culture of selected species of microalgae that are of proven nutritional value for rearing bivalve spat. Within the past three years a 60% increase in algal yield has been achieved by selection of small centric diatoms for mass culture and by empirical determination of optimum depths and seasonal dilution rates for the light limited 40 m3 continuous cultures. Cell densities of the diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana (3H) and Skeletonema sp. have averaged over 109 cells/liter from March through November. The algal pond surface area necessary to support a hypothetical nursery with a monthly average clam biomass of 8 kg dry meat weight (ca 13 × lo6 clam seed) was calculated for latitude 41°N during the four seasons of the year. These calculations were based on 1982–1983 algal yields and an assumed food chain efficiency of 10%. The required minimum algal pond surface area ranged from 192 m2 in summer to 750 m2 in winter. The current ARC nursery operation is compared with this hypothetical model. Costs of nursery seed production and a proposed strategy for minimizing the seasonal algal areal requirements of a temperate zone bivalve nursery are discussed.
INTERACTIONS AND DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY COMPOUNDS IN THE INTESTINE OF FISH‐IMPLICATIONS FOR AQUACULTURE
Authors: Farmanfarmaian A. , Socci R. , Sun L. , Iannaccone V. , Pugliese K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAquaculture facilities are often located in the proximity of agricultural, industrial, or urban sources of pollution. Utilization of water downstream from pollution sources is a general concern to aquaculturists. Rivers and coastal waters receive heavy metals from industrial and urban wastes and effluents. In most aquatic animals, the main route of heavy metal entry is via food and drink. In addition to the accumulation of heavy metals in aquatic species, we and others have shown that HgCl2and CH3HgCl inhibit intestinal absorption of amino acids and sugars. Here we present data to show the generality of this effect among several species. The data also show that HgCl2is a more potent inhibitor than CH3HgCl.In order to further elucidate the mechanisms of action of mercury, we have examined the movement of203HgCl2and CH3203HgCl from the intestinal lumen to the blood using a free swinnning in vivo procedure in the toadfish,Opsanus tau. Intestinal tissue and luminal fluid were analyzed after each incubation period. It was observed that both compounds appear in the tissue fraction within the first hour. CH3HgCl rapidly transfers to the blood, while HgCl2exhibits a slow but evident transfer. Much of the HgCl2in the tissue fraction was carried back to the luminal fluid by the mucus, suggesting binding to the luminal surface with little intracellular entry. CH3HgCl mainly moved into the tissue and then the blood with little or none being returned to the luminal fluid bound to mucus. Differences in the site of action of these two compounds was suggested.
THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON RESTING EGG PRODUCTION IN THE ROTIFER Brachionus plicatilis
Authors: Snell Terry W. , Hoff Frank H. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe rotifer Brachionus plicatilis is widely used in aquaculture, but problems remain with its utilization. It is often difficult to synchronize rotifer production with larval demand, year‐round culture maintenance is a technical nuisance, and cross‐strain contamination is a persistent problem. Rotifers produce resting eggs that are thick‐walled encysted stages which can remain dormant for extended periods. These resting eggs are analogous to Artemia cysts and could be used in a similar fashion in aquaculture. The mass production of rotifer resting eggs depends upon our ability to manipulate the rotifer life cycle in mass cultures. This paper examines several factors regulating the rotifer life cycle and identifies environments that promote resting egg production. Depending on the rotifer strain used, the strongest mictic response occurs at moderate temperatures and salinities. A mixed diet of Chlorella and baker's yeast promoted the greatest resting egg production. The RUS B. plicatilis strain exhibited the strongest mictic response in all environments tested and was 5 times that of any other strain. Success in manipulating the rotifer life cycle for resting egg production will depend upon a thorough understanding of sexual reproduction and how it is integrated into the life cycle. The major problem currently limiting resting egg production in laboratory populations is fertilization rate. The prospects for the controlled mass production of rotifer resting eggs are nonetheless good, but they are not imminent.
Phosphorus Adsorption Capacity and Availability of Added Phosphorus in Soils from Aquaculture Areas in Thailand
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Munsiri Prasert 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA series of 20 soil samples was collected from aquaculture areas in 14 provinces of Thailand. Samples represented 10 soil suborders and exhibited wide variation in physical and chemical properties. Soil samples were treated with 0, 25. 50, 100, and 200 ppm phosphorus and incubated under water‐saturated conditions for 1 mo. Amounts of added phosphorus recoverable by water extraction decreased markedly as phosphorus adsorption capacity (PAC) of samples increased (r= 0.88 to 0.96,P< 0.01). This suggests that relative abilities of bottom soils to adsorb and release phosphorus added to ponds in fertilizers or feeds can be assessed from PAC data. Because of the importance of phosphorus adsorption by soil in regulating phosphorus availability to phytoplankton in ponds, the PAC appears to be a more useful technique than traditional phosphorus extraction methods as an index of the phosphorus status of aquaculture ponds. The PAC was highly correlated with clay content of soils (r= 0.957;P< 0.01), and a knowledge of clay content will permit a rough assessment of phosphorus status.
Growth and Survival of the Australian Red Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus at Three Densities in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Pinto Gerard F. , Rouse David B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAustralian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus were cultured in nine 0.02‐ha earthen ponds at densities of l/m2, 3/m2 and 5/m2 for 158 d. Average weight at stocking was 3.2 g. All ponds were provided with a combination of hay and corn silage at a rate of 500 kg/ha per month and a commercial crayfish ration fed at 5%, decreasing to 2% of estimated biomass/d during the growing season. Overall survival rate was 72%, and did not differ among treatments. Final yields and average weights varied significantly with stocking density. Red claw averaged 67 g with an average pond yield of 475 kg/ha at l/m2. At 3/m2 and 5/m2, red claw averaged 48 g and 38 g, respectively, and yielded 1,020 kg/ha and 1,422 kg/ha, respectively.
Production of Ecteinascidia turbinata (Ascidiacea: Perophoridae) for Obtaining Anticancer Compounds
Authors: Carballo José Luis , Naranjo Santiago , Kukurtzü Bulent , de La Calle Fernando , Hernández‐Zanuy Aida 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTwo methods have been tested in order to produce large quantities of Ecteinascidia turbinata for the extraction of anti‐tumoral substances. With the first method, the capacity of generating biomass from settlement of larvae in a natural environment was estimated. The second method consisted of fragmenting colonies into small pieces, which were transplanted onto plastic screen where partial periodic collections of the colony could be carried out. For the first method, two different artificial substrates for settlement of larvae were studied: lines composed of hanging strips of wood, and plastic cords. The average production per unit of surface was significantly different between the two artificial substrates (P < 0.005) (4.25 kg/M2 on the wooden strips after 75 days versus 1.39 kg/m2 on the plastic cords after 80 d). The transplant experiment showed a 93% survival of the colony 26 d after the colonies were transplanted and settled, and 96.48 kg of average biomass were collected, indicating a 235% increase in biomass. This system permits stolonial regrowth of the biomass fixed on the surface, without new transplants or settlements being needed, so that a continuous production can be maintained. The fragmentation of the colonies stimulate genet growth rates through the production of small daughter colonies which individually have higher relative growth rates than large colonies and, therefore, collectively have higher absolute growth rates than a large colony of similar biomass. The production of E. turbinata using a combination of the two methods is an example of successful production of metabolites from marine organisms while protecting natural populations.
Comparison of Development and Larval Growth of Four Venerid Clams
Authors: Hur Young‐Baek , Bae Jean‐Hee , Hur Sung‐Bum 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe development and larval morphology of four venerid calms, Ruditapes philippinarum, Mactra veneriformis, Cyclina sinensis, and Meretrix lusoria, which cohabit the intertidal zone in western coastal Korea, were compared using laboratory culture techniques. At 87 μm, the fertilized eggs of C. sinensis and M. lusoria were the largest and at 53 μm, those of M. veneriformis were the smallest. D‐shaped larvae of M. lusoriu were the largest and those of M. veneriformis were the smallest measuring at 135 μm and 89 μm, respectively. D‐shaped larvae of R. philippinarum and M. lusoria had symmetrical shoulder angles and an elliptical ventral form, in contrast to the asymmetrical shoulder angles and round ventral forms of M. veneriformis and C. sinensis. In general, pediveliger larvae of all species in the study were yellow, but those of M. veneriforks and C sinenis were a more pronounced yellow. In between the early D‐shaped and pediveliger stage, 7 and 17 d elapsed for M. lusonia and C. sinensis larvae, respectively. In the early larval stages for all species, the sheU length was longer than the height. However, shell length and height later became approximately the same size in all species except R. philippinarum, which exhibited a flat shape. These results indicate that for these four venerid clams, the different characteristics in larval growth and external morphology provide the evidence necessary for larval identification of natural seed production despite the fact that they spawn concurrently in the intertidal zone.
Growth and Hematological Changes of Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf) Exposed to Dietary Cu and Cd
Authors: Kang Ju‐Chan , Kim Seong‐Gil , Jang Suck‐Woo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCd and Cu toxicological effect on growth and hematological parameters was investigated in juvenile rockfish Sebasres schlegeli after sub‐chronic dietary Cd (0, 0.5, 5, 25, and 125 mg/kg) and Cu exposure (0, 50, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) for 60 d. In the experiment of dietary Cd exposure, weight and length SGR of the rockfish were significantly different from control, and a significant inverse relationship was observed between weight gain and the exposure concentration of dietary Cd at 25, 125 mg/kg (P > 0.05). Hematwrit and hemoglobin decreased significantly and were dose dependently in all Cd exposure. Glucose in serum was also increased significantly (P < 0.05). The concentration of total protein in serum was significantly lower than control at 5, 25, and 125 mgkg. No differences were observed in serum calcium concentration. Magnesium concentration in serum was increased signillcantly with dietary Cd concentration. In the experiment of dietary Cu exposure, Cu was inhibited weight gain and growth rate. No differences were observed in hematocrit, hemoglobin and RBCs compared to control. Contents of total protein, glucose, and Ca in serum remained stable. Mg concentration in serum was increased significantly at 500 mg/kg.
Production Characteristics, Water Quality, and Costs of Producing Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus at Different Stocking Densities in Single‐batch Production
Authors: Southworth Brent E. , Stone Nathan , Engle Carole R. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus farming is the largest component of aquaculture in the USA. Culture technologies have evolved over time, and little recent work has been conducted on the effects of stocking density on production characteristics and water quality. Twelve 0.1‐ha ponds were stocked with 13‐ to 15‐cm fingerlings (16 g) at either 8600, 17,300, 26,000, or 34,600 fish/ha in single‐batch culture with three replicates per treatment. Fish were fed daily to apparent satiation with a 32% floating commercial catfish feed. Nitrite‐N, nitrate‐N, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), total nitrogen, total phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), Secchi disk visibility, chlorophyll a, chloride, total alkalinity, total hardness, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) were monitored. Ponds were harvested after a 201‐d culture period (March 26, 2003 to October 13, 2003). Net yield increased significantly (P < 0.05) as stocking density increased, reaching an average of 9026 kg/ha at the highest density. Growth and marketable yield (>0.57 kg) decreased with increasing stocking density. Survival was not significantly different among densities. Mean and maximum daily feeding rates increased with density, but feed conversion ratios did not differ significantly among treatments (overall average of 1.42), despite the fact that at the higher stocking densities, the feeding rates sometimes exceeded 112 kg/ha per d (100 lb/ac per d). Morning DO concentrations fell below 3 mg/L only once in a 34,600 fish/ha pond. Concentrations of chlorophyll a, COD, nitrite‐N, and TAN increased nominally with increasing feed quantities but did not reach levels considered problematic even at the highest stocking densities. Breakeven prices were lowest for the highest stocking density even after accounting for the additional time and growth required for submarketable fish to reach market size. While total costs were higher for the higher density treatments, the relatively higher yields more than compensated for higher costs.
WATER REUSE FROM SEWAGE EFFLUENT BY IRRIGATION: A PERSPECTIVE FOR HAWAII1
Authors: Lau L. Stephen 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Surrounded by an ocean, the Hawaiian Islands are limited in their natural fresh water resources. The major readily developable potable sources are the high quality ground water sources which serve both domestic uses and sugarcane irrigation although irrigation water does not require as high a quality as drinking water.The increasing overall fresh water requirements for the island of Oahu will outstrip the potential yield of fresh ground water sources, as developed by present technology, by the year 2000 according to Honolulu Board of Water Supply projections. There are water shortage regions on other islands. Water reuse from sewage effluent for irrigation will augment natural water resources, furnish supplemental or alternative fertilizer, and reduce ocean water pollution and the costs of engineering systems.In cooperative field testing from 1971 to 1975, it was demonstrated that effluent can be applied as supplemental water for furrow irrigation of sugarcane without detriment to ground water quality and sugar yield. Studies are in progress to test different dilutions of effluent and its use with chemical ripeners to improve crop yield. Sugarcane plantations on Oahu, Maui, and Kauai are in various stages of water reuse by effluent irrigation. Reuse is presently practiced for irrigation of golf courses and is being planned for forage crops in Hawaii.
SOME INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN THE INCIDENCE OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
Authors: Mathers C. D. , Field B. 
Published: August 2010

Trends in the incidence of the neural tube defects anencephaly and spina bifida in New South Wales from 1965 to 1980 are compared with trends in 12 countries for which population‐based data are available. These data provide clear evidence that a significant decline in the incidence of anencephaly has occurred worldwide with decreases ranging from 5 per cent per annum in the United States of America and 7 to 8 per cent per annum in Northern Ireland and New South Wales to 13 per cent per annum in England and Wales. The incidence of anencephaly in England and Wales is now lower than that in New South Wales.There is some evidence for a similar, but smaller decline in the incidence of spina bifida. These trends cannot be entirely accounted for by increases in the utilization of antenatal screening followed by termination of pregnancy.
DETERMINANTS OF INTENTIONS TO TAKE PRECAUTIONS AGAINST SKIN CANCER
Authors: Hill David , Rassaby Judy , Gardner Godfrey 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOne hundred and fifty subjects answered a questionnaire on the publicised skin cancer precautions conveyed in the slogan “Slip Slop Slap” (referring to the use of shirts, sunscreens and hats.) Questionnaire items were based on the following psychological theories thought to be useful in explaining health behaviour — Theory of Reasoned Action, Health Belief Model and Subjective Probability Model.The study was designed to find which specific beliefs related most strongly to intentions to engage in the skin cancer precautions. Important sex differences, as well as similarities were discovered in the beliefs functionally related to the precautionary intentions, suggesting guidelines for a segmented health education strategy. Certain beliefs that appear to be ready targets for factual health education approaches were identified and others, evidently requiring more indirect and subtle approaches are discussed.
SOCIAL STATUS AND MORBIDITY IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Broadhead Peter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe existence in western countries of an overall gradient in mortality related to social status has been established in a large number of studies from a variety of countries, including Australia. Due to lack of data, however, there has been much less work done on a similar national scale, investigating the relationship between social status and morbidity. This is particularly so in Australia.The recent release of unit record data from the 1977–78 Australian Health Survey (AHS) conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) means that data linking social status and morbidity at a national level are now available. This paper reports the findings of an investigation into the relationship between social status and morbidity, based on the AHS data.For men, those in lower status occupations tend to suffer a higher, age‐standardised rate of self‐reported recent illnesses, chronic conditions and days of reduced activity; the trends, however, are not straightforward. Mean levels of nonpsychotic mental illness show no clear association. Women show no simple correspondence between occupation and self‐reported health, with the exception of those who give “home duties” as their usual major activity. These women report consistently higher age‐standardised rates of illness and disability than those in paid employment.Males show a significant inverse gradient (after age‐standardisation) in association with education‐level‐attained for all the above‐mentioned morbidity indicators except chronic conditions. Even with chronic conditions, however, the least educated report significantly worse health than the rest of the population. Women show clear inverse trends (after age‐standardisation) for both recent illnesses and nonpsychotic mental illness, but not for chronic conditions and days of reduced activity.The most striking differences occur when relative affluence, based on income adjusted for family size, is used as the discriminatory variable. All four indicators of morbidity show significant relationships to affluence for both sexes after standardisation for age.The higher morbidity of those of low social status is partly reflected in their usage of doctors. The poor have significantly higher rates of consultations. As with morbidity, educational and occupational differences have a less clear‐cut influence.
A PILOT CERVICAL CYTOLOGY SCREENING SERVICE IN PERTH
Authors: Lumsden Gretchen , Armstrong Bruce K. , Nandakumar Ambakumar 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe characteristics of 570 women attending a pilot cervical cytology clinic in Perth in 1984 and their past experience of cervical cytology and breast self‐examination (BSE) have been described. Attendance from the population in which the clinic was located was highest between about 35–39 and 60–64 years of age, in Australian‐born women and in women of high socioeconomic status. More than a quarter of those attending gave a preference for a female doctor or embarrassment as their reason for attending the clinic rather than their general practitioner (GP). Desire to attend a special interest clinic and convenience were other major reasons for attendance. Only about 40 per cent of women attending had had smears on average at three‐year intervals or more often over an “at risk” period between 25 and 70 years of age. At the time of attendance 65.8 per cent of attenders were defined as needing a cervical smear in that they had not had one since 1981 or had never had one. On this basis those most likely to need a smear were older women, those of low socioeconomic status, those who gave embarrassment as their reason for preferring the clinic to their GP and those who preferred a female doctor for the taking of a smear. There was evidence that a small group of women attended the clinic sooner, on average, after their last smear than others, because they had symptoms (11.5 per cent) or had had an abnormal smear previously (4.2 per cent). Overall, 13.2 per cent of women attending the clinic performed BSE monthly and 51.0 per cent did not do it at all. BSE was most commonly performed by women 35–54 years of age.
DRINK‐DRIVING: THE ROLE OF STRUCTURAL MEASURES IN PRIMARY PREVENTION
Authors: Casswell Sally 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe contribution alcohol makes to traffic crashes is the focus of considerable public and political concern. Popular responses concentrate on the individual drinker and driver: the preferred solution of the alcohol industry is an exclusive focus on information based education; however, there is public support for enforcement of breath analysis legislation. Such enforcement has had positive effects on fatal accident rates in both Australia and New Zealand.Current emphasis on individual‐based strategies excludes broader structural changes, such as taxation changes, which affect ease of access to alcohol for the population as a whole. Controls over access to alcohol have some empirical support as methods to prevent alcohol‐related problems, including alcohol‐related traffic crashes.The individual focus is open to criticism on the grounds of being both relatively less cost effective and of victim‐blaming. Structural changes should be considered as complementary to effective individual focus strategies such as well publicised enforcement of breath analysis.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SANITARY CONDITIONS AFTER A CYCLONE IN TONGA
Authors: Finau Sitaleki A. , Fungalei Solomone , ’Isama'u ‘Ofiu , Finau Salesi , Moa Penaia 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThis paper reports an assessment of environmental and sanitary conditions which was undertaken in the Kingdom of Tonga following Hurricane Isaac in 1982. The report may serve as an illustration of the information which can be collected and collated by a developing country after a natural disaster. An objective evaluation of post‐disaster conditions was achieved, providing information on areas of need and for decision making. Useful questions were also raised concerning the tendency to respond routinely when disaster situations called for innovation and flexibility.