bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Crystallization of Co-Based Multi-Component Amorphous Alloy
Authors: Dhurandhar Heena , Patel Ashmi T. , Rao T. Lilly Shanker , Lad Kirit N. , Pratap Arun 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Crystallization is a thermally activated process in non-crystalline and amorphous solids. The kinetics of the solid state phase transformations can be studied using thermal analysis techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). For the kinetic analysis of the crystallization process under non-isothermal conditions, the choice of a reliable method is very important. The methods for the analysis of non-isothermal data are, in general, derived by extending the formalism developed for isothermal conditions. Most methods for the kinetic analysis of crystallization processes rely on the isokinetic hypothesis to separate the kinetics of the transformation from its dependence on temperature. It is assumed that the transformation rate can be described by a differential equation separable in α (transformed fraction) and T (temperature), i.e., for continuous heating regime, (dα/dT)=(1/β)k(T)f(α), where β is the heating rate, k(T) is the rate constant, and f(α) is the kinetic function (reaction model). The crystallization kinetics of glassy Co66Si16B12Fe4Mo2 have been studied with DSC and analyzed using non-isothermal theoretical expressions. The Avrami exponent, (n), frequency factor, (A), and activation energy, (E), of crystallization are evaluated using Matusita and Sakka (MS) and modified Kissinger equations. Besides, isoconversional kinetic analysis has been applied to DSC data for the determination of these different kinetic parameters. The isoconversional methods calculate Eα values at progressive degrees of conversion, α, without modelistic assumptions, and hence, this approach takes care of the variation of kinetic parameters with the fraction crystallized. The activation energy has been determined using both linear integral and differential isoconversional methods and also by the non-linear isoconversional method suggested by Vyazovkin and Wight. These methods are found to give consistent results for E. Furthermore, a comparison has been made among various kinetic parameters obtained using different approaches to investigate the relative applicability and usefulness of the proposed methods.
Investigation of the Condensation Potential Between Wood Windows and Sill Pans in a Warm, Humid Climate
Authors: Stamatiades George Pericles 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
As building envelope designers have become more attuned to the need to prevent moisture intrusion, window flashing has become more of an issue. Sill pans are an important component of many window flashing systems. These pans are constructed from a variety of materials, including metal, and are located beneath the window sill. Sill pans are also typically formed to have back dams and end dams so that they can redirect water that leaks through the window to the exterior. Draining the water to the outside requires a vented area between the sill pan and the window sill, and there is speculation that environmental humidity can condense within this space in warm, humid climates. This condition may be most severe when the sill pans are made from materials with high thermal conductivities, like metal. If water were to condense in this cavity, condensate may periodically contact the exposed underside of a window sill, which, if wooden, may cause decay. In order to determine if condensation-related moisture could negatively impact the performance of a window, a wood window was installed with a metal sill pan at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Natural Exposure Testing Facility near Charleston, SC, to measure parameters including temperature, humidity, and wood moisture content. Based on the testing results, recommendations are made to maximize moisture performance of wood windows installed with sill pans in warm, humid climates.
Pituitary apoplexy: re-evaluation of risk factors for bleeding into pituitary adenomas and impact on outcome
Authors: Möller-Goede Diane L , Brändle Michael , Landau Klara , Bernays Rene L , Schmid Christoph 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveTo assess frequency, symptoms and outcome of pituitary apoplexy (PA) among pituitary adenoma patients, to gain better insight into risk factors for bleeding into pituitary adenoma and to estimate the sequelae of PA by means of a matched control group.MethodBy reviewing charts of 574 patients with pituitary adenoma, we analysed incidence, symptoms and outcome of PA and potential risk factors for developing PA by means of a control group (patients with pituitary adenoma without PA).ResultsIn total, 42 suffered from PA, all had macroadenomas; 30/217 male (14%) and 12/179 female (7%) macroadenoma patients, 32/194 patients with clinically non-functioning (16.5%) and 10/202 with clinically active (5.0%) macroadenoma were affected. Antithrombotic therapy predisposed patients to PA (P=0.026), diabetes mellitus and hypertension did not (P=1.00). Patients with PA and pituitary adenoma patients without PA had similar frequencies of hypopituitarism (45 vs 48%,P>0.05) and visual field defects (38 vs 55%,P>0.05), but ophthalmoplegia was significantly more common (76 vs 5%,P<0.001) in patients with PA. Nearly all patients were treated by surgery; most recovered from ophthalmoplegia, whereas visual function improved only moderately. Endocrine outcome was worse in patients with PA than in patients without PA.ConclusionsMale sex and characteristics of the adenoma itself (especially tumour size and tumour type) rather than patient's cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension seem to predispose to PA; antithrombotic therapy may also be important.
Work and Family Stress is Associated with Menstrual Disorders but not with Fibrocystic Changes: Cross‐sectional Findings in Chinese Working Women
Authors: Zhou Mei , Wege Natalia , Gu Huakang , Shang Li , Li Jian , Siegrist Johannes 
Published: October 2010

Work and Family Stress is Associated with Menstrual Disorders but not with Fibrocystic Changes: Cross‐sectional Findings in Chinese Working Women: Mei Zhou, et al. School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, ChinaObjectivesTo explore the separate and combined effects of work and family stress on menstrual disorders and fibrocystic changes in Chinese working women.MethodsData were obtained from a cross‐sectional study of 1,642 female railway workers. The Effort‐Reward Imbalance Questionnaire and Family Stress Scale were used to measure work stress and family stress, respectively; the menstrual and breast conditions were evaluated by gynecologic interview and a medical examination. Multivariate log‐binomial regression was performed to analyze the associations.ResultsMenstrual disorders were found in 59.3% of female workers, and 54.8% had fibrocystic changes. The risk of menstrual disorders was significantly elevated with respect to work and family stress. The highest risk was found in the group with combined exposure to both work and family stress (RR with 95% CI 1.33 (1.18–1.49)). No significant association between stress and fibrocystic changes was observed.ConclusionsMenstrual disorders were associated with stress from work and family life, but not fibrocystic changes, in working women. Tailored intervention measures reducing the burden of stressful psychosocial work and family environment are needed to improve women's reproductive well‐being.
Workplace Bullying could Play Important Roles in the Relationships between Job Strain and Symptoms of Depression and Sleep Disturbance
Authors: Takaki Jiro , Taniguchi Toshiyo , Fukuoka Etsuko , Fujii Yasuhito , Tsutsumi Akizumi , Nakajima Kazuo , Hirokawa Kumi 
Published: October 2010

Workplace Bullying could Play Important Roles in the Relationships between Job Strain and Symptoms of Depression and Sleep Disturbance: Jiro Takaki, et al. Department of Public Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical SciencesObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess whether workplace bullying mediates between job strain, evaluated by the job demand–control model, and symptoms of depression and sleep disturbance.MethodsThe subjects in this cross‐sectional study were recruited from all the workers (N=2,634) at 50 organizations in Japan. Due to missing data, the numbers of subjects included in the analyses varied from 1,646 to 2,062 (response rates varied from 62.5% to 78.2%). Job strain and workplace social support, workplace bullying, depression, and sleep disturbance were assessed using the Japanese versions of the Job Content Questionnaire, the Negative Acts Questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively. Mediation analysis followed the approach outlined by Baron and Kenny. We quantitatively estimated the mediation effects and tested their significance after adjustment for various combinations of demographic variables and workplace social support.ResultsTotal effects of job strain index on depression or sleep disturbance were all positive and significant (p<0.05) in both genders. Mediation effects of workplace bullying were also all positive and significant (p<0.05) in both genders. Even after adjustment for workplace social support, the mediation effects were decreased, especially in women, but remained significant (p<0.05).ConclusionsWorkplace bullying seems to play important roles in the relationships of job strain with depression or sleep disturbance in both genders.
India's International Reserves: How Large and How Diversified?
Authors: Rajan Ramkishen S. , Gopalan Sasidaran 
Published: October 2010

Asymmetric foreign exchange intervention by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has resulted in a sustained accretion of India’s foreign exchange reserves. The reserve buildup in India has certainly been impressive, rising from around US$5-6 million in 1991, to nearly US$300 billion in mid 2008. In addition to addressing the issues of reserve adequacy, this paper examines the forms the reserves have taken (asset and currency composition), and the extent to which India’s reserve holdings are diversified. The issue of reserve adequacy was made apparent during the 1990s and early 2000 when rapid reserve depletion became a defining and determining feature of the series of currency crises that hit emerging economies. In order to assess the adequacy of India’s stock of international reserves, the paper considers a few standard measures used in literature and finds that India’s reserve stock is more than adequate, placing them in a much better position than many other emerging economies. The paper goes on to examine the asset and currency composition of such reserves. More than 50 percent of India’s reserve holdings have been in the form of foreign currencies and deposits as cash, followed by investments in foreign securities and gold deposits, in that order, reflecting a high degree of risk aversion by the RBI in the management of the reserves. While data on asset composition are available, the currency composition of reserves is a well-guarded secret. Hence the paper undertakes some simulation exercises to arrive at some reasonable guesstimates of such a composition. The paper also makes use of the Treasury International Capital Reporting System (TIC) data to track India’s investments in the U.S. securities, thereby assessing the weight of U.S. dollar assets in India’s reserve holdings.
Audit Partner Evaluation of Compensating Controls: A Focus on Design Effectiveness and Extent of Auditor Testing
Authors: Gramling Audrey A. , O’Donnell Ed , Vandervelde Scott D. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARY: Prior research has shown that when auditors are aware of overall risk information from procedures performed earlier in the audit, halo effects in subsequent judgments result (e.g., O’Donnell and Schultz 2005). The purpose of this study is to examine whether such effects occur in the context of evaluating the effectiveness of a client’s internal control over financial reporting. We experimentally examine whether information about overall risks (i.e., existence of a material weakness unrelated to a compensating control being evaluated and level of overall inherent risk) influences audit partners’ judgments related to a compensating control that has been implemented within a specific client process. The judgments we examine include the (1) level of precision needed in a compensating control for it to be assessed as effectively designed, and (2) extent of evidence needed for auditor testing of the operating effectiveness of the control.
Our results are based on responses from 90 audit partners. We find that the existence of a material weakness unrelated to a compensating control being evaluated results in partners preferring a more precise compensating control and requiring more auditor testing. Further, while prior research has demonstrated that knowledge of overall inherent risk factors results in halo effects, our results indicate that this knowledge does not influence partners’ judgments about a compensating control.
Determination of galacturonic acid content in pectin from fruit juices by liquid chromatographydiode array detection-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Moreira Manuela , Guido Luís , Cruz José , Barros Aquiles 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is applied for the determination of galacturonic acid (GA) of pectins in different commercial fruit juices. The separation was carried out on a C18 column using precolumn derivatization with p-aminobenzoic acid (p-ABA) and UV detection at 304 nm. The identification of GA was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) in positive ion mode. The concentration of GA in the samples analyzed ranged from 12.9 ± 0.5 to 49.4 ± 0.5 mgGA L−1. Amongst the samples analyzed, mango juice was found to be richest in GA content, and therefore a good source of pectins. Detection and quantification limits of the described methodology were 1.2 and 3.9 mg L−1, respectively. Quantitative GA recoveries in the beverages had a range between 90 and 98%. The results showed that the HPLC method proposed was precise and suitable for the identification and quantification of GA in commercial fruit juices.
Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Amygdalus Scoparia shell by chemical activation and its application for removal of lead from aqueous solutions
Authors: Mohammadi Sayed , Karimi Mohammad , Afzali Daryoush , Mansouri Fatemeh 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Two series of activated carbon have been prepared by chemical activation of Amygdalus Scoparia shell with phosphoric acid or zinc chloride for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Several methods were employed to characterize the active carbon produced. The surface area was calculated using the standard Brunauer-Emmet-Teller method. The microstructures of the resultant activated carbon were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The chemical composition of the surface resultant activated carbon was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In the batch tests, the effect of pH, initial concentration, and contact time on the adsorption were studied. The data were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich equations to describe the equilibrium isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity of Pb(II) on the resultant activated carbon was 36.63 mg g−1 with H3PO4 and 28.74 mg g−1 with ZnCl2. To regenerate the spent adsorbents, desorption experiments were performed using 0.25 mol L−1 HCl. Here we propose that the activated carbon produced from Amygdalus Scoparia shell is an alternative low-cost adsorbent for Pb(II) adsorption.
Synthesis and characterization of a new hybrid TiO2/SiO2 filler for lithium conducting gel electrolytes
Authors: Walkowiak Mariusz , Osińska Monika , Jesionowski Teofil , Siwińska-Stefańska Katarzyna 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and properties of a new type of ceramic fillers for composite polymer gel electrolytes. Hybrid TiO2-SiO2 ceramic powders have been obtained by co-precipitation from titanium(IV) sulfate solution using sodium silicate as the precipitating agent. The resulting submicron-size powders have been applied as fillers for composite polymer gel electrolytes for Li-ion batteries based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF/HFP) copolymeric membranes. The powders, dry membranes and gel electrolytes have been examined structurally and electrochemically, showing favorable properties in terms of electrolyte uptake and electrochemical characteristics in Li-ion cells.
On algebras of multidimensional probabilities
Authors: Dorfer G. , Dorninger D. , Länger H. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The probability p(s) of the occurrence of an event pertaining to a physical system which is observed in different states s determines a function p from the set S of states of the system to [0, 1]. The function p is called a multidimensional probability or numerical event. Sets of numerical events which are structured either by partially ordering the functions p and considering orthocomplementation or by introducing operations + and · in order to generalize the notion of Boolean rings representing classical event fields are studied with the goal to relate the algebraic operations + and · to the sum and product of real functions and thus to distinguish between classical and quantum mechanical behaviour of the physical system. Necessary and sufficient conditions for this are derived, as well for the case that the functions p can assume any value between 0 and 1 as for the special cases that the values of p are restricted to two or three different outcomes.
Isometries and direct product decompositions of GMV-algebras
Authors: Jakubík Ján 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
We apply the concept of generalized MV-algebra (GMV-algebra, for short) in the sense defined and studied by Galatos and Tsinakis. We introduce the notion of isometry of a GMV-algebra; we investigate the relations between isometries and direct product decompositions of GMV-algebras. Using these relations we show that if a GMV-algebra M has a greatest element, then each isometry of M is idempotent.
Views and Reviews
Authors: Stephenson Jenn 
Published: October 2010

Introduction to Views and Reviews, by Jenn StephensonEcopus Tyrannus, by Jennifer WiseNiX: An Apocalyptic Fairytale for Adults, by Jo LedinghamFrom the International Space Station to Your Desktop: Performance in Orbit, by Susan BennettNot Your Typical Prairie Carnival: Disputing Claybank Brick Plant National Historic Site, by Eric MoschopedisMaeterlinck—Meyerhold—Maxwell: the Hundred-Year Evolution of a “Cold Minting of Words&rdquo, by Sam StedmanVoyages: Revisiting Quebec's Delegation to Avignon, by Virginia Preston
Using integrated near‐surface geophysical surveys to aid mapping and interpretation of geology in an alluvial landscape within a 3D soil‐geology framework
Authors: Tye A.M. , Kessler H. , Ambrose K. , Williams J.D.O. , Tragheim D. , Scheib A. , Raines M. , Kuras O. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTAn integrated geological, geophysical and remote sensing survey was undertaken as part of the construction of a high‐resolution 3D model of the shallow subsurface geology of part of the Trent Valley in Nottinghamshire, UK. The 3D model was created using the GSI3D software package and the geophysical techniques used included ground‐penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and automated resistivity profiling. In addition, the remote sensing techniques of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) and airborne thematic mapping (ATM) were used. The objective of the study was to assess the contribution of these techniques to improve the geological mapping and interpretation of terrace deposits and other geological features. The study site had an area of ~2 km2and consisted of a Triassic mudstone escarpment, overlain first by a sand and gravel river terrace that extended to the modern floodplain of the River Trent. Automated resistivity profiling mapping proved to be the central tool in identifying and positioning geological features at a greater resolution than would be obtained through traditional geological mapping and borehole observation. These features included i) a buried cliff delineating the south‐eastern limits of the incised Trent valley, ii) siltstone beds within the Gunthorpe Member of the Mercia Mudstone Group and iii) the variability of the sediments within the river terrace. A long ERT transect across the site successfully imaged the buried cliff and outcropping siltstone beds on the escarpment. Combined ERT and GPR transects revealed the depth of the sand and gravel deposits (Holme Pierrepont sands and gravels), whilst the GPR provided information about the depositional environment. Remote sensing using light detection and ranging proved essential in the original geological survey because it confirmed the absence of a second river terrace that had been previously thought to exist. This case study demonstrates the importance of combining geophysical techniques with traditional geological survey and borehole analysis, in order to create high‐resolution 3D geological models, which are increasingly being used as a platform to understand and solve environmental problems.
No Requirement of Trans Presentations of IL-15 for Human CD8 T Cell Proliferation
Authors: Ota Naruhisa , Takase Mitsuyo , Uchiyama Hidemi , Olsen Shaun K. , Kanagawa Osami 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The trans presentation of IL-15 by cells expressing the specific high-affinity receptor α-chain (IL-15Rα) to cells expressing the signaling receptor β-chain and γ-chain is essential for the generation and maintenance of CD8 memory T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells in an in vivo mouse system. We have also demonstrated in vitro that cell-surface IL-15Rα on cells expressing all the receptor components present IL-15 to receptor β-chain/γ-chain coexpressed on the same cell surface (cis presentation). However, although mouse CD8 T cells express all the IL-15R components, they show no evidence of cis presentation. In this study, we demonstrate that increased expression of mouse IL-15Rα in mouse CD8 T cells by retrovirus-mediated gene transfer changes the ability of the T cell to use cis presentation on the cell surface, indicating that cis presentation requires high expression of mouse IL-15Rα on the cell surface. Using cell lines expressing human or mouse receptors, we demonstrate that cis presentation occurs more efficiently in the human receptor–ligand combination than in that of the mouse system. Moreover, we found that primary human CD8 T cells do not require trans presentation of human IL-15 in vitro. These findings raise the possibility that the maintenance and generation of memory CD8 T cells are achieved via distinct mechanisms in humans and mice. Therefore, careful study of the human immune system, rather than extrapolation from the murine model, is necessary to achieve more complete understanding of memory CD8 T cell development in humans.