bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does water abstraction from unregulated streams affect aquatic macrophyte assemblages? An evaluation based on comparisons with reference sites
Authors: Chessman Bruce C. , Royal Meredith J. , Muschal Monika 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAquatic and amphibious macrophytes were surveyed during two seasons at 85 sites on unregulated streams in northeastern New South Wales, Australia, during a period of prolonged and recurring drought. Fifty‐four of these sites were designated as reference sites with respect to water abstraction because upstream entitlement for abstraction was less than 1% of their mean annual flow (MAF). The remaining sites had an average of 4% of MAF licensed for upstream abstraction (range 1–20%). No statistically significant overall difference in macrophyte assemblage diversity (number of taxa) or composition was detected between reference and non‐reference sites. When each non‐reference site was compared with those particular reference sites that it most resembled in non‐hydrological environmental features relevant to macrophyte assemblages, the similarity between observed and reference data was unrelated to the amount of upstream entitlement for abstraction. The lack of any evident impact on macrophyte assemblages was attributed mainly to the relatively small proportion of flow licensed for abstraction, the fact that the study sites did not dry completely, and the resilience of stream macrophytes to drought. However, the difficulty in distinguishing abstraction impacts from high background spatial variability in macrophyte assemblages may also have been influential. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fault Section Estimation of Power System Using Colored and Timed Petri Nets
Authors: Yang Chun‐Ling , Yokoyama Akmiko , Sekine Yasuji 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA correct and rapid inference is required for practical use of expert system for fault section estimation in power systems. This paper proposes a new model‐based expert system for fault section estimation using colored and timed Petri nets. The Petri nets simplify the inference procedure greatly because it can represent the causalities among faults of power system components, protective actions of relays and circuit breakers. They can also represent the operating states of these protective devices explicitly, or, more precisely, whether a relay has been actuated correctly or falsely, etc. In addition, time sequence information on actuated relays and tripped circuit breakers can be handled by using the colored and timed Petri nets. Therefore, the operating states of relays and circuit breakers can be inferred more correctly.Petri nets are suited for parallel processing so well that there is a possibility of reducing the inference time considerably. In the proposed system, the inference is executed by setting the initial states in the Petri nets using the information on the actuated relays and the tripped circuit breakers and then operating the Petri nets. There have been several test cases which used a prototype system on the Macintosh computer employing Object Common Lisp, and good results have been obtained.
A Fail‐safe Logic Operator Using an Insulated Planar Transformer
Authors: Asada Norihiro , Matsuki Hidetoshi , Esashi Masayoshi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA fail‐safe logic circuit must switch the output signal to the logical value “0” when an operation circuit fails. A transformer has such favorable characteristics for fail‐safe logic circuits as only the magnetic flux change is transmitted and a superposition of magnetic flux is realized. Thus those characteristics arc applied to a failsafe logic operator.A new fail‐safe logic operator using an insulated planar transformer was developed for a fail‐safe majority operation and a fail‐safe interlocking. In this paper, the principle, structure, design and fundamental characteristics of the new fail‐safe logic operator are described.
Slip‐Frequency‐Type Vector Control Equivalent to Flux‐Feedback Vector Control Using Flux Observer
Authors: Kinpara Yoshihiko , Doki Shinji , Okuma Shigeru , Sangwongwanich Somboon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe slip‐frequency type vector control and the flux‐feedback type vector control arc typical control methods of induction motors. It is shown that the two methods are similar except for a frame of reference. The flux‐feedback‐type vector control using the rectangular coordinate uses vertical and horizontal components of the rotor flux. The slip‐frequency type vector control using the polar coordinate employs absolute value and angle of the rotor flux.Usually, the flux‐feedback vector control does not use the rotor flux model but instead, the rotor flux observer for flux estimation. On the other hand, the slip‐frequency type control uses the rotor flux model. Therefore the slip‐frequency type vector control using the rotor flux observer is proposed. The proposed method is equivalent to the flux‐feedback type vector control using the rotor flux observer. Then it is more robust than the conventional slip‐frequency type vector control.
Persistent Current Analysis of Superconducting Coils in an Electrodynamic Suspension System
Authors: Azukizawa Teruo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a superconductive electrodynamic suspension system, superconducting coils experience a space harmonic magnetic field generated by induced current in the levitation coils installed along the guideway. Current in a superconducting coil varies to keep the total magnetic flux constant when the coil is exposed in an external magnetic field. However, superconducting coil current was treated as constant in the conventional analysis because the electromagnetic forces can be estimated easily.The purpose of this paper is to determine the behavior of the persistent current in making reliable and tough superconducting magnets. A simple method to analyze fluctuating persistent current in a superconducting coil is proposed first. Calculated results for the normal running condition showed that the fluctuations of persistent current are less than 1 percent of the initially excited current for the sidewall levitation system, and less than 2 percent for the ground levitation coil system. Even when the null flux guidance cable is short‐circuited, the fluctuation is less than 5 percent. Considering that the magnetic shield effects by the conductive cryostat vessels were neglected in this analysis, the fluctuating magnetic field by levitation coils will never affect the stability for a superconducting magnet.
Oxidized ATP inhibits T‐cell‐mediated autoimmunity
Authors: Lang Philipp A. , Merkler Doron , Funkner Pauline , Shaabani Namir , Meryk Andreas , Krings Caroline , Barthuber Carmen , Recher Mike , Brück Wolfgang , Häussinger Dieter , Ohashi Pamela S. , Lang Karl S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractT cells directed against self antigens play an important role in several autoimmune diseases. The available immunosuppressive compounds used to treat autoimmune diseases are limited, and often they have side effects that limit their application. T cells express ATP receptors, which could be new target molecules to treat autoimmune disease. Here we analyzed the effect of oxidized ATP (oxATP), an inhibitor of the ATP receptor P2rx7, in different murine models of T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune diseases. Treatment with oxATP inhibited proliferation and effector function of T cells. In the systems we used, oxATP did not obviously interfere with the innate immune response, but strongly reduced antigen‐specific T‐cell responses. This treatment ameliorated T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune type I diabetes and autoimmune encephalitis in mice. In conclusion, oxATP was found to strongly inhibit activated T cells and could thus be used to target T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune disease.
Retinoic acid‐induced gut tropism improves the protective capacity of Treg in acute but not in chronic gut inflammation
Authors: Menning Astrid , Loddenkemper Christoph , Westendorf Astrid M. , Szilagyi Balint , Buer Jan , Siewert Christiane , Hamann Alf , Huehn Jochen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTreg are endowed with immunosuppressive activities and have been proposed as promising targets for the therapy of autoimmune diseases. As the suppressive capacity of Treg depends on their migration into the affected tissues, we tested here whether modulation of Treg homing would enhance their capacity to suppress inflammation in mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. Retinoic acid (RA) was used to induce the gut‐specific homing receptor α4β7 efficiently and, to some extent, the chemokine receptor CCR9 on in vitro expanded Treg. Upon transfer, RA‐treated Treg were indeed more potent suppressors in an acute, small intestinal inflammation model, compared with Treg stimulated without RA. By contrast, the efficacy of Treg to resolve an established, chronic inflammation of the colon in the transfer colitis model was not affected by RA‐treatment. In the latter model, a rapid loss of RA‐induced α4β7 expression and de novo induction of α4β7 on previously negative cells was observed on transferred Treg, which implies that Treg acquire gut‐seeking properties in vivo under inflammatory and/or lymphopenic conditions. Together, our data show that the induction of appropriate homing properties prior to transfer increases the protective potential of adoptively transferred Treg in acute, but not in chronic, inflammatory disorders of the gut.
Interferon‐induced TRAIL‐independent cell death in DNase II−/− embryos
Authors: Kitahara Yusuke , Kawane Kohki , Nagata Shigekazu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chromosomal DNA of apoptotic cells and the nuclear DNA expelled from erythroid precursors is cleaved by DNase II in lysosomes after the cells or nuclei are engulfed by macrophages. DNase II−/− embryos suffer from lethal anemia due to IFN‐β produced in the macrophages carrying undigested DNA. Here, we show that Type I IFN induced a caspase‐dependent cell death in human epithelial cells that were transformed to express a high level of IFN type I receptor. During this death process, a set of genes was strongly activated, one of which encoded TRAIL, a death ligand. A high level of TRAIL mRNA was also found in the fetal liver of the lethally anemic DNase II−/− embryos, and a lack of IFN type I receptor in the DNase II−/− IFN‐IR−/− embryos blocked the expression of TRAIL mRNA. However, a null mutation in TRAIL did not rescue the lethal anemia of the DNase II−/− embryos, indicating that TRAIL is dispensable for inducing the apoptosis of erythroid cells in DNase II−/− embryos, and therefore, that there is a TRAIL‐independent mechanism for the IFN‐induced apoptosis.
[FeFe]‐Hydrogenase Models: Overpotential Control for Electrocatalytic H2 Production by Tuning of the Ligand π‐Acceptor Ability
Authors: Huo Fengwei , Hou Jun , Chen Guicai , Guo Dongming , Peng Xiaojun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the search for synthetic competitive catalysts that function with hydrogenase‐like capability, a series of (Pyrrol‐1‐yl)phosphane‐substituted diiron complexes [(μ‐pdt)Fe2(CO)5L] [pdt = propanedithiolate, L = Ph2PPyr (2), PPyr3 (4); Pyr = pyrrolyl] and [(μ‐pdt)Fe2(CO)4L2] [L = Ph2PPyr (3), PPyr3 (5)] were prepared as functional models for the active site of Fe‐only hydrogenase. The structures of these complexes were fully characterized by spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. In the IR spectra the CO bands for complexes 2–5 are shifted to higher energy relative to those of complexes with “traditional” phosphane ligands, such as PPh3, PMe3, and PTA (1,3,5‐triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane), indicating that (pyrrol‐1‐yl)phosphanes are poor σ‐donors and better π‐acceptors. The electrochemical properties of complexes 2–5 were studied by cyclic voltammetry in CH3CN in the absence and presence of the the weak acid HOAc. The reduction potentials of these complexes show an anodic shift relative to other phosphane‐substituted derivatives. All of the complexes can catalyze proton reduction from HOAc to H2 in CH3CN at their respective FeIFe0 level. Complex 4 is the most effective electrocatalyst, which catalytically generates H2 from HOAc at –1.66 V vs. Fc+/Fc with only ca. 0.2 V overpotential in CH3CN.
Platinum Complexes of Aromatic Selenolates
Authors: Fuller Amy L. , Knight Fergus R. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral synthetic methods are used to prepare naphthalene‐based aromatic 1,2‐diselenoles. A new one‐pot synthesis starting from naphthalene is used to produce theknown compound naphtho[1,8‐c,d][1,2]diselenole (Se2naph).Friedel–Crafts alkylation is used on Se2naph to substitute either one tert‐butyl group to form 2‐tert‐butylnaphtho[1,8‐c,d][1,2]diselenole (mt‐Se2naph) or two tert‐butyl groups to form 2,7‐di‐tert‐butylnaphtho[1,8‐c,d][1,2]diselenole (dt‐Se2naph). Bromination of mt‐Se2naph results in dibromination of the naphthalene ring, rather than reaction at selenium, to give 4,7‐dibromo‐2‐tert‐butylnaphtho[1,8‐c,d][1,2]diselenole (mt‐Se2naphBr2). Reduction of the Se–Se bond in Se2naph, mt‐Se2naph, dibenzo[c,e][1,2]diselenine (dibenzSe2), or diphenyl diselenide (Se2Ph2) with LiBEt3 H, followed by in‐situ addition of [PtCl2{P(OPh)3}2] yields the four‐coordinate mono‐ and dinuclear platinum(II) bis(phosphite) complexes [Pt(Se2naph){P(OPh)3}2] (1), [Pt(mt‐Se2naph){P(OPh)3}2] (2), [Pt2(dibenzSe2)2{P(OPh)3}2] (3), cis‐[Pt(SePh)2{P(OPh)3}2] (4), and trans‐[Pt2(SePh)4{P(OPh)3}2] (5).
Synthetic Routes and Plasmonic Properties of Noble Metal Nanoplates
Authors: Pastoriza‐Santos Isabel , Alvarez‐Puebla Ramón A. , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article provides an overview of recent research on the synthesis and surface‐plasmon‐related properties of noble metal nanoplates. The first part is dedicated to summarizing the most relevant wet‐chemical and physical synthetic protocols that have been used to obtain Au and Ag nanotriangles/nanoplates in high yield, with a discussion of the formation mechanisms proposed by the different authors. Finally, we present a description of the characteristic optical properties of nanoparticles with this particular morphology, in relation with the possibility of exciting different surface plasmon modes and concentrating high electromagnetic fields atcertain areas, which is important for applications in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
One‐step characterization of triacylglycerols from animal fat by MALDI‐TOF MS
Authors: Picariello Gianluca , Sacchi Raffaele , Addeo Francesco 
Published: July 2010

AbstractComparative characterization of milk fat, lard, and beef tallow triacylglycerols (TAG) has been achieved by using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization–time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The samples formed characteristic patterns, with major TAG signals differing in quantity and intensity according to the fat. In milk fat, the significant contribution of short‐chain fatty acids (C4–C10) extends the TAG number to the C20–C60 range. In lard and beef tallow, C12–C18 fatty acids restrict the range to C48–C54, also typical of vegetable oils. Fats originating from ruminants contain odd TAG missing in lard. Signature TAG were identified for each animal fat. C20–C46 specifically fingerprint milk fat; 52:5, 54:5 and 54:6 TAG mark lard; and 55:0, 55:1, 55:2 and 54:0 TAG typify beef tallow. Fats were also analyzed after hydrogenation or bromination; hydrogenation helped to fingerprint the low‐abundant long‐chain TAG and to distinguish short‐chain native TAG from collision‐induced fragments; bromination allowed clear separation of saturated and unsaturated TAG. Differences in the fatty acid composition amongst homologous isobaric TAG of different structures were identified by post‐source decay analysis of hydrogenated precursors. MALDI‐TOF has proven advantageous for simultaneously detecting TAG at various unsaturation degrees within different TAG classes (Cn). The data provide insight into animal fat differentiation on a molecular basis, increasing the analytical description to a new level, proving the so far underestimated capacity of MALDI‐TOF MS in this field.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Regioselective C–H Bond ortho‐Acetoxylation of Arylpyrimidines
Authors: Zheng Xiaojian , Song Bingrui , Xu Bin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn efficient and regioselective palladium‐catalyzed orthoC–H acetoxylation reaction was developed to afford ortho monoacetoxylated arylpyrimidines in good to excellent yields by using cupric trifluoroacetate as a cocatalyst. A wide variety of oxygenated arylpyrimidines were prepared with high regioselectivity and functional group tolerance.
Minority influence and psycho‐social identity
Authors: Mugny Gabriel , Papastamou Stamos 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSocial influence mechanisms are considered as also relevant to intergroup dynamics. In a social influence situation, approaching or retreating from the source's position also involves accepting or rejecting psycho‐social identification with the source, implicating self‐attribution of the set of characteristics stereotypical of the category or categories to which the source belongs. This conception allows one to account for some of the difficulties encountered by minorities in their attempts to diffuse innovations.An experiment illustrates this conception of influence. It is shown that the influence of a minority is greater when subjects are led to believe that they have in common with the minority numerous category memberships (five out of eight presented) than when they think they share fewer (one out of eight). The difference between these two inductions is, as expected, revealed to be most marked when the source is rigid and for those subjects displaying opinions already relatively close to those of the source and for whom therefore the matter of psycho‐social identification is more salient.
The effects of psychological security and insecurity on political attitudes and leadership preferences
Authors: Gillath Omri , Hart Joshua 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent research from different perspectives suggests that uncertainty, mortality salience (MS), and other fundamental threats that cause feelings of insecurity motivate people to adhere to specific kinds of anxiety‐reducing political attitudes and values. In the current studies, we examined a complementary prediction that providing people with an alternative source of security would reduce their need to defend against insecurity, resulting in lower endorsement of the anxiety‐reducing political attitudes. Results supported this prediction, showing that security primes buffered or reversed the effects of insecurity and threats on political attitudes and leadership preferences. Participants primed with attachment security showed reduced liking of a strong, charismatic political candidate (Study 1), and lower support for the Iraq war, even in the face of mortality reminders (Study 2). We discuss these findings in the context of research on motivated social cognition, political psychology, and the effects of security and insecurity on attitudes and behaviors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The moderating role of extrinsic contingency focus on reactions to threat
Authors: Williams Todd , Schimel Jeff , Hayes Joseph , Martens Andy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOver the last decade a number of theorists have advanced a multifaceted conceptualization of self‐esteem. Central to this idea is the notion that self‐esteem is less secure and more defensive when individuals are more focused on extrinsic contingencies. To test the hypothesis that individuals with high dispositional levels of extrinsic contingency focus (ECF) are insecure and respond defensively to threat, we developed a measure of ECF and conducted two validation studies. Study 1 showed that the extrinsic contingency focus scale (ECFS) was positively correlated with measures of defensiveness and was negatively correlated with measures of security and well‐being. Study 2 showed that people with a high (vs. low) focus on extrinsic contingencies were more likely to defensively distance from a socially insensitive person following negative feedback about their own social sensitivity. Study 3 showed that when mortality (vs. dental pain) was salient, high ECF individuals responded more defensively toward a worldview violator than low ECF individuals. Discussion is focused on theoretical issues related to ECF and defensiveness. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen Peroxide on Poly(m‐toluidine)‐Nickel Modified Carbon Paste Electrode in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Ojani Reza , Raoof Jahan‐Bakhsh , Babazadeh Roghaieh 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe poly(m‐toluidine) film was prepared by using the repeated potential cycling technique in an acidic solution at the surface of carbon paste electrode. Then transition metal ions of Ni(II) were incorporated to the polymer by immersion of the modified electrode in a 0.2 M NiSO4, also the electrochemical characterization of this modified electrode exhibits stable redox behavior of the Ni(III)/Ni(II) couple. The electrocatalytic ability of Ni(II)/poly(m‐toluidine)/modified carbon paste electrode (Ni/PMT/MCPE) was demonstrated by electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrogen peroxide with cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry methods in the alkaline solution. The effects of scan rate and hydrogen peroxide concentration on the anodic peak height of hydrogen peroxide oxidation were also investigated. The catalytic oxidation peak current showed two linear ranges with different slopes dependent on the hydrogen peroxide concentration and the lower detection limit was 6.5 μM (S/N=3). The catalytic reaction rate constant, (kh), was calculated 5.5×102 M−1 s−1 by the data of chronoamperometry. This modified electrode has many advantages such as simple preparation procedure, good reproducibility and high catalytic activity toward the hydrogen peroxide oxidation. This method was also applied as a simple method for routine control and can be employed directly without any pretreatment or separation for analysis cosmetics products.
Direct Electrochemical Determination of Glyphosate at Copper Phthalocyanine/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Film Electrodes
Authors: Moraes Fernando C. , Mascaro Lucia H. , Machado Sergio A. S. , Brett Christopher M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA copper phthalocyanine/multiwalled carbon nanotube film‐modified glassy carbon electrode has been used for the determination of the herbicide glyphosate (Gly) at −50 mV vs. SCE by electrochemical oxidation using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that Gly is adsorbed on the metallic centre of the copper phthalocyanine molecule, with formation of Gly‐copper ion complexes. An analytical method was developed using DPV in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution, without any pretreatment steps: Gly was determined in the concentration range of 0.83–9.90 μmol L−1, with detection limit 12.2 nmol L−1 (2.02 μg L−1).
Use of a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue for Detection and Classification of Nerve Agent Mimics
Authors: Campos Inmaculada , Gil Luis , Martínez‐Mañez Ramón , Soto Juan , Vivancos José‐Luis 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn electronic tongue (ET) based on pulse voltammetry has been used to predict the presence of nerve agent mimics in aqueous environments. The electronic tongue array consists of eight working electrodes (Au, Pt, Ir, Rh, Cu, Co, Ni and Ag) encapsulated on a stainless steel cylinder. Studies including principal component analysis (PCA), artificial neural networks (fuzzy ARTMAP) and partial least square techniques (PLS) have been applied for data management and prediction models. For instance the electronic tongue is able to discriminate the presence of the nerve agent simulants diethyl chlorophosphate (DCP) and diethyl cyanophosphate (DCNP) from the presence of other organophosphorous derivatives in water. Finally, PLS data analysis using a system of 3 compounds and 3 concentration levels shows a good accuracy in concentration prediction for DCP and DCNP in aqueous environments.