bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swept Field Laser Confocal Microscopy for Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Resolution in Live-Cell Imaging
Authors: Castellano-Muñoz Manuel , Peng Anthony Wei , Salles Felipe T. , Ricci Anthony J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractConfocal fluorescence microscopy is a broadly used imaging technique that enhances the signal-to-noise ratio by removing out of focal plane fluorescence. Confocal microscopes come with a variety of modifications depending on the particular experimental goals. Microscopes, illumination pathways, and light collection were originally focused upon obtaining the highest resolution image possible, typically on fixed tissue. More recently, live-cell confocal imaging has gained importance. Since measured signals are often rapid or transient, thus requiring higher sampling rates, specializations are included to enhance spatial and temporal resolution while maintaining tissue viability. Thus, a balance between image quality, temporal resolution, and tissue viability is needed. A subtype of confocal imaging, termed swept field confocal (SFC) microscopy, can image live cells at high rates while maintaining confocality. SFC systems can use a pinhole array to obtain high spatial resolution, similar to spinning disc systems. In addition, SFC imaging can achieve faster rates by using a slit to sweep the light across the entire image plane, thus requiring a single scan to generate an image. Coupled to a high-speed charge-coupled device camera and a laser illumination source, images can be obtained at greater than 1,000 frames per second while maintaining confocality.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Porous GaN Particles on Silicon
Authors: Carvajal Joan J. , Bilousov Oleksandr V. , Drouin Dominique , Aguiló Magdalena , Díaz Francesc , Rojo J. Carlos 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe present a technique for the direct deposition of nanoporous GaN particles on Si substrates without requiring any post-growth treatment. The internal morphology of the nanoporous GaN particles deposited on Si substrates by using a simple chemical vapor deposition approach was investigated, and straight nanopores with diameters ranging between 50 and 100 nm were observed. Cathodoluminescence characterization revealed a sharp and well-defined near band-edge emission at ∼365 nm. This approach simplifies other methods used for this purpose, such as etching and corrosion techniques that can damage the semiconductor structure and modify its properties.
Intercomparison of pressure standards (Au, Pt, Mo, MgO, NaCl and Ne) to 2.5 Mbar
Authors: Dorfman S. M. , Prakapenka V. B. , Meng Y. , Duffy T. S. 
Published: July 2012

We have performed a series of co‐compression experiments on Au, Pt, Mo, MgO and NaCl to extend internally consistent pressure calibration and characterize shear strength of pressure media to 2.5 Mbar. Measured unit cell volumes of calibrants show differences between existing pressure scales of ∼10% above 2 Mbar. A new comprehensive pressure scale is proposed in good agreement with recent reduced shock isotherms for Au, Mo and Pt and with internal agreement to 3% at Mbar pressures. Deviatoric stresses were analyzed for each material based on diffraction line broadening and line shifts due to anisotropic strain. The measured strength of Ne at 2.5 Mbar is 8 GPa. Diffraction line width analysis suggests that deviatoric stress conditions at 2.5 Mbar are similar for He and Ne media.
Shape and evolution of the fundamental niche in marine Vibrio
Authors: Materna Arne C , Friedman Jonathan , Bauer Claudia , David Christina , Chen Sara , Huang Ivy B , Gillens April , Clarke Sean A , Polz Martin F , Alm Eric J 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Hutchinson’s fundamental niche, defined by the physical and biological environments in which an organism can thrive in the absence of inter-species interactions, is an important theoretical concept in ecology. However, little is known about the overlap between the fundamental niche and the set of conditions species inhabit in nature, and about natural variation in fundamental niche shape and its change as species adapt to their environment. Here, we develop a custom-made dual gradient apparatus to map a cross-section of the fundamental niche for several marine bacterial species within the genus Vibrio based on their temperature and salinity tolerance, and compare tolerance limits to the environment where these species commonly occur. We interpret these niche shapes in light of a conceptual model comprising five basic niche shapes. We find that the fundamental niche encompasses a much wider set of conditions than those strains typically inhabit, especially for salinity. Moreover, though the conditions that strains typically inhabit agree well with the strains’ temperature tolerance, they are negatively correlated with the strains’ salinity tolerance. Such relationships can arise when the physiological response to different stressors is coupled, and we present evidence for such a coupling between temperature and salinity tolerance. Finally, comparison with well-documented ecological range in V. vulnificus suggests that biotic interactions limit the occurrence of this species at low-temperature—high-salinity conditions. Our findings highlight the complex interplay between the ecological, physiological and evolutionary determinants of niche morphology, and caution against making inferences based on a single ecological factor.
DELIMINATE—a fast and efficient method for loss-less compression of genomic sequences
Authors: Mohammed Monzoorul Haque , Dutta Anirban , Bose Tungadri , Chadaram Sudha , Mande Sharmila S. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Summary: An unprecedented quantity of genome sequence data is currently being generated using next-generation sequencing platforms. This has necessitated the development of novel bioinformatics approaches and algorithms that not only facilitate a meaningful analysis of these data but also aid in efficient compression, storage, retrieval and transmission of huge volumes of the generated data. We present a novel compression algorithm (DELIMINATE) that can rapidly compress genomic sequence data in a loss-less fashion. Validation results indicate relatively higher compression efficiency of DELIMINATE when compared with popular general purpose compression algorithms, namely, gzip, bzip2 and lzma.
Availability and implementation: Linux, Windows and Mac implementations (both 32 and 64-bit) of DELIMINATE are freely available for download at: http://metagenomics.atc.tcs.com/compression/DELIMINATE.
Contact: sharmila@atc.tcs.com
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF β‐ADRENOCEPTOR BLOCKING DRUGS ON GLYCERYL TRINITRATE TACHYCARDIA
Authors: EKUE J.M. KOFI , SHANKS R.G. , WALSH M.J. 
Published: July 2012

The administration of 0.5 mg glyceryl trinitrate by chewing and keeping under the tongue increased heart rate in normal subjects in the supine and erect posture.
There was no significant difference between the responses in the same subject on repeated administration of glyceryl trinitrate on different days but there was a significant difference between the responses in different subjects.
The oral administration of practolol and propranolol reduced the responses to glyceryl trinitrate. The two drugs progressively reduced the increase in heart rate produced by glyceryl trinitrate; there was no significant difference between their effects. Propranolol produced a significantly greater reduction than practolol in the maximum heart rate that was produced by glyceryl trinitrate.
The administration of practolol (300 mg) twice daily by mouth to patients after an acute episode of ischaemic heart disease significantly reduced the increases in heart rate produced by standing and by glyceryl trinitrate in comparison to the responses in similar patients receiving a placebo.
PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE EXCRETION IN PSORIASIS: A COMPARISON WITH HEALTHY CONTROLS DURING ALLOPURINOL THERAPY
Authors: SIMMONDS H.A. , BOWYER A. 
Published: July 2012

Urinary purine excretion has been investigated in two healthy controls and two patients with psoriasis, one a hyperuricaemic, one a normouricaemic. No difference was detected between the patients and controls. Therapy with allopurinol effectively lowered blood and urinary uric acid levels and produced a deficit in total urinary oxypurine excretion in both controls and patients with psoriasis. The concomitant increase in xanthine excretion was greater than the increase in hypoxanthine excretion and xanthine/hypoxanthine ratios (average 0.70 and 1.0 prior to therapy) were increased by allopurinol to an average of 3.0 and 3.8 respectively in the two groups. Allopurinol also reduced the excretion of 8‐hydroxy‐7‐methyl guanine but no effect on the excretion levels of other minor purine bases was noted.
Allopurinol was metabolized similarly by both patients and controls, 84% of the administered allopurinol being accounted for as urinary metabolites. 74% of the drug in the urine was excreted as oxipurinol, 26% as unchanged allopurinol plus allopurinol riboside, the remainder being oxipurinol riboside.
Pseudouridine excretion in 25 healthy controls was 86.5 ± 17.8 mg/24 hours. Pseudouridine excretion was not excessive in the patients with psoriasis and was not altered by allopurinol therapy.
No abnormality or difference in purine or pyrimidine excretion in either patient was detected prior to or during therapy which could be related to the epidermal lesion.
PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF METHIMAZOLE, A METABOLITE OF CARBIMAZOLE, IN HYPERTHYROID PATIENTS
Authors: SKELLERN G.G. , STENLAKE J.B. , WILLIAMS W.D. , McLARTY D.G. 
Published: July 2012

Carbimazole was administered to nine hyperthyroid patients, and blood samples were taken at various time intervals for analysis of carbimazole, and its metabolite methimazole.
A technique was developed for the measurement of methimazole in serum, using a High‐Pressure Liquid Chromatograph, which could detect nanogram quantities of this metabolite.
After a single oral dose, the patients' blood levels appeared to fall into two groups, either those with a maximum concentration of methimazole between 30 and 60 min, or those whose maximum was 2 to 3 hours.
The results would suggest that there could be a correlation between the high level of methimazole in serum and the high thyroxine concentration found in some patients.
CHARCOAL HAEMOPERFUSION FOR PARACETAMOL OVERDOSE
Authors: GAZZARD B.G. , WILLSON R.A. , WESTON M.J. , THOMPSON R.P.H. , WILLIAMS R. 
Published: July 2012

A controlled trial of charcoal haemoperfusion as an early treatment for paracetamol overdose showed no benefit.
The plasma clearances of paracetamol by the charcoal column were variable and disappointingly small (range 4–119 ml/minute). The cumulative amounts removed were also low, mean 1.4 g (range 0.2–5.2 g).
No clinical problems were encountered with the technique of haemoperfusion and in particular the drop in blood platelet counts was small (mean fall 16%).
EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN‐CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITOR ON RESPONSE OF PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY AND ALDOSTERONE TO TILTING IN MAN
Authors: COLLIER J.G. , JENKINS J.S. , KEDDIE J. , KHAN M.U.A. , ROBINSON B.F. 
Published: July 2012

The effect of an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 20,881; 0.5 mg/kg) on the response to tilting of plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone and Cortisol was studied in five normal subjects.
PRA rose significantly in both the supine and upright positions following administration of SQ 20,881; no significant effect on aldosterone or Cortisol was observed.
SOME CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE PROTEIN BINDING OF DIGOXIN
Authors: WALLACE SUSAN , WHITING B. 
Published: July 2012

The binding of [3H]‐digoxiri to human plasma proteins was studied using both ultrafiltration and frontal analysis, to establish a suitable method for the measurement of digoxin‐protein interaction, and to assess the effect of variations in digoxin protein binding on its distribution.
Using ultrafiltration, [3H]‐digoxin was found to bind to plasma proteins to the extent of 30–40% over a concentration range of 0.001‐1 ng/ml. Frontal analysis was unsuccessful in the measurement of digoxin protein binding.
Dilution experiments using plasma and human serum albumin suggested that variations in digoxin protein binding would be unlikely to cause significant alterations in the levels of free drug in the body.
The possible clinical implications of these results are discussed.
A PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTION IN MAN BETWEEN PHENOBARBITONE AND FENOPROFEN, A NEW ANTI‐INFLAMMATORY AGENT
Authors: HELLEBERG L. , RUBIN A. , WOLEN R.L. , RODDA B.E. , RIDOLFO A.S. , GRUBER CM. 
Published: July 2012

The effect of repeated administration of phenobarbitone on the plasma disposition of fenoprofen (±‐2‐(3‐phenoxyphenyl) propionic acid) was investigated in rats and man.
The plasma elimination rate constants increased significantly and the rats excreted proportionately more metabolized fenoprofen in the urine. These findings are consistent with an increase in the rate of metabolism of fenoprofen.
This interaction between phenobarbitone (and presumably other inducers of drug metabolizing enzymes) and fenoprofen should be considered when evaluating the clinical usefulness of fenoprofen.
BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY AND IN VITRO DISSOLUTION OF OXYTETRACYCLINE DIHYDRATE TABLETS
Authors: BARBER H.E. , CALVEY T.N. , MUIR K. , HART A. 
Published: July 2012

The concentration of oxytetracycline in plasma was studied by microbiological assay after oral administration of four different preparations of oxytetracycline dihydrate tablets.
There were statistically significant differences in biological availability between the four preparations, as assessed by the peak plasma level, the area under the plasma concentration‐time curve, or the cumulative fraction of the dose excreted in urine at 405 minutes. In contrast, differences between the subjects were not statistically significant.
The differences in biological availability were not predictably related to the in vitro dissolution of the tablets.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF PLASMA CHLORPROMAZINE TO ITS 7‐HYDROXY AND SULPHOXIDE METABOLITES IN A LARGE POPULATION OF CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENICS
Authors: MACKAY A.V.P. , HEALEY A.F. , BAKER J. 
Published: July 2012

Blood samples were obtained from eighty‐six chronic schizophrenics receiving a wide range of oral doses of chlorpromazine. Plasma concentrations of chlorpromazine, 7‐hydroxychlorpromazine and chlorpromazine sulphoxide were estimated using a sensitive gas‐liquid chromatographic method and their relationships to oral dose and to global clinical control were investigated.
Wide variability was observed in the plasma concentrations of unchanged drug and metabolites between patients receiving similar daily doses.
In general the plasma concentrations of the 7‐hydroxy and sulphoxide metabolites were of similar magnitude to the concentrations of chlorpromazine.
Global symptom control was unrelated to the plasma concentration of unchanged chlorpromazine. However, patients judged to be under good control had relatively higher concentrations of the biologically active 7‐hydroxy metabolite in their plasma than patients who were poorly controlled and in whom the biologically inactive sulphoxide metabolite predominated. When the ratio of 7‐hydroxychlorpromazine to chlorpromazine sulphoxide was derived for each patient, a highly significant difference was found to exist between the metabolite ratios of patients grouped according to clinical control.
It is suggested that a prediction of therapeutic response to chlorpromazine may be provided in the form of the ratio of the plasma concentration of biologically active metabolite to the concentration of either the unchanged drug or its inactive metabolite
INTRINSIC HEART RATE ON EXERCISE AND THE MEASUREMENT OF β‐ADRENOCEPTOR BLOCKADE
Authors: CARRUTHERS S.G. , SHANKS R.G. , McDEVITT D.G. 
Published: July 2012

Methods of expressing the effects of β‐adrenoceptor blocking drugs on exercise heart rate have been evaluated using a standardised exercise test.
In six normal subjects given atropine (0.04 mg/kg) on two separate occasions, the mean ± s.e. mean exercise heart rate rose by 10.3± 1.8 beats/min and by 11.0± 1.6 beats/min respectively. This increase was designated the ‘vagal effect and was not significantly different in the two studies.
After atropinsation, propranolol (0.2 mg/kg) reduced mean ± s.e. mean exercise heart rate by 45.3 ± 2.6 beats/min and 0.4 mg/kg by 50.8 ±4.5 beats/min. This mean sympathetic blockade was not altered significantly by increasing the dose of propranolol but, in four of the six subjects, the larger dose produced an increased effect of 4, 6, 12 and 16 beats/min, suggesting that maximum sympathetic blockade may not have been produced by 0.2 mg/kg.
Knowledge of the vagal effect in each subject with standardised exercise enabled prediction to be made of the exercise heart rate after propranolol (0.4 mg/kg) without previous atropinisation. Propranolol (0.4 mg/kg) was then given intravenously to each subject and the actual exercise heart rate measured. There was no significant difference between the predicted and observed exercise heart rates.
Propranolol (0.6 mg/kg) without atropine was then given to the four subjects who had shown increased effect with (0.4 mg/kg) and the sympathetic blockade was measured. In one subject, a further increase in sympathetic blockade of 10 beats/min was found.
The intrinsic heart rate at rest and on exercise was measured for propranolol (0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg) and, for propranolol (0.6 mg/kg), the intrinsic heart rate on exercise was calculated. At rest, although no significant difference was found between the two dose levels, three subjects did not appear to have maximum autonomic blockade at 0.2 mg/kg. Similarly, several subjects had lower intrinsic heart rates on exercise after 0.4 or 0.6 mg/kg than after 0.2 mg/kg. The intrinsic heart rate on exercise was significantly greater than that obtained at rest.
Using the maximum sympathetic blockade obtained in each subject as the sympathetic component of exercise, the effects of increasing oral doses of practolol on exercise heart were measured as percentage blockade of sympathetic effect and this was compared with other conventional methods of measuring β‐adrenoceptor blockade. It was found that percentage blockade of sympathetic effect correlated most closely with both percentage and absolute reduction of exercise heart rate. Correlations with exercise heart rate after drug and percentage inhibition of tachycardia, whilst also significant, did not appear as good.
When the effects of practolol were expressed in terms of the potential blockade, a plateau occurred between 70 and 80% of ‘maximum’ sympathetic blockade. The failure to achieve higher levels with practolol may be the result of its partial agonist or intrinsic sympathomimetic activity.
DRUG INTERACTIONS AND LONG‐TERM ANTIDIABETIC THERAPY
Authors: LOGIE A.W. , GALLOWAY D.B. , PETRIE J.C. 
Published: July 2012

A study has been carried out on a representative sample (709 patients) of the Aberdeen Diabetic Clinic. The aims were to measure the occurrence and attempt to assess the clinical significance of drug interactions involving antidiabetic agents.
In the month before interview, 63% of the patients were taking between one and nine additional prescribed medicines. Fifty‐one per cent of the patients had been exposed to one to five drugs with a potential to interact with their anti‐diabetic therapy. Only 22% of the patients had taken no drugs other than their anti‐diabetic medication.
The degree of control of diabetes, based on arbitrary criteria on data from seven consecutive out‐patient visits, was significantly worse for sulphonylurea‐treated patients exposed to drugs with the potential to interact compared to patients not taking such drugs. In particular, control was adversely affected in older patients taking concurrent barbiturate or diuretic therapy. No such influence of interacting drugs on control was evident in patients on insulin or biguanide therapy.
A system designed to prevent the unintentional initiation of drug interactions in patients on hypoglycaemic agents is described.
DIGOXIN CONCENTRATIONS IN SERUM AND SALIVA: RELATIONSHIP TO ECG CHANGES AND DOSAGE IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS
Authors: JOUBERT P.H. , AUCAMP B.N. , MÜLLER F.O. 
Published: July 2012

After 1 week of baseline observations increasing oral doses of digoxin were administered to four healthy volunteers over a 6–7 week period.
A dose‐response relationship exists with regards to PTQ‐changes (a quantitative measure of ECG‐changes).
PTQ‐changes were related linearly to both serum and salivary digoxin levels.
PTQ‐changes appear to be useful as a non‐invasive measure for studying various aspects of digoxin pharmacodynamics.
Serial salivary digoxin levels might be a better index of the effect of cardiac glycosides than individual or serial serum levels.
AN ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF SHORT‐TERM EFFECTS OF THREE HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES (TRH, LH/FSH‐RH, GH‐RIH) IN NORMAL SUBJECTS
Authors: ASHTON HEATHER , MILLMAN J. E. , TELFORD ROSEMARY , THOMPSON J. W. , DAVIES T. F. , HALL R. 
Published: July 2012

Three hypothalamic regulatory hormones, thyrotrophin‐releasing hormone (TRH), luteinizing hormone/follicle‐stimulating hormone‐releasing hormone (LH/FSH—RH) and growth hormone‐release inhibiting hormone (GH—RIH) given intravenously had no effect on the electroencephalographic response known as the contingent negative variation (CNV) in normal subjects.
TRH was given as a 10 ml infusion of 600 μg over 8 min to six subjects. This produced subjective sensations and a rise in heart rate but no significant alteration of CNV magnitude.
LH/FSH—RH was given in a dose of 200 μg in 10 ml over 2 min to six subjects. This had no effect on CNV magnitude or heart rate and produced no subjective effects.
GH—RIH was given as a 10 ml infusion of 250 μg over 10 min to six subjects. Again there was no alteration in the magnitude of the CNV; the heart rate was slowed.
THE CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF BROMOCRIPTINE IN PARKINSONISM
Authors: GREENACRE J.K. , TEYCHENNE P.F. , PETRIE A. , CALNE D.B. , LEIGH P.N. , REID J.L. 
Published: July 2012

The cardiovascular effects of bromocriptine, a dopamine receptor agonist, were investigated in twenty‐eight Parkinsonian patients.
Bromocriptine caused a significant impairment of postural compensation with a fall in systolic pressure and an absence of the rise in diastolic pressure after standing for 1 min when patients taking active drug were compared to the same patients on placebo. The hypotensive effect persisted for at least 6 weeks of treatment. There was also a significant reduction in supine heart rate.
One patient had marked falls in supine and erect blood pressure after a single oral dose of bromocriptine (2.5 mg) and a further patient developed paroxysmal atrial tachyarrhythmias. Both blood pressure and heart rate changes reversed spontaneously after stopping bromocriptine.
It is proposed that dopaminergic mechanisms either in the central nervous system or the periphery contribute to cardiovascular regulation in man.
EFFECTS OF ORAL SALBUTAMOL AND PIRBUTEROL ON FEV1, HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN ASTHMATICS
Authors: WILLEY R.F. , GRANT I.W.B. , POCOCK S.J. 
Published: July 2012

In a double‐blind trial the effects on ventilatory function (FEV1), heart rate and blood pressure of oral pirbuterol and oral salbutamol in various single doses were studied in ten patients with chronic asthma.
Pirbuterol (15 mg) and salbutamol (4 mg) produced equal peak levels of bronchodilatation.
There was no significant difference in the mean rise in heart rates caused by the two drugs, and no other significant side‐effects were noted.