bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
API RP2EQ - Seismic Design Procedures and Criteria for Offshore Structures
Authors: Younan Adel , Puskar Frank 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This paper describes the updates of the API recommended practice for seismic design procedures and criteria for offshore structures. The updates are divided into two parts. The first part is a new API Recommended Practice (RP) called API RP 2EQ which contains the overall seismic design procedures and selection of seismic design criteria, applicable to all types of offshore structures. This is a modified version of ISO 19901-2 adjusted as necessary for the USA. The second part is an update to API RP 2A (RP2A) or seismic design practices for steel jackets, that follows a combination of prior RP2A practices as well as the guidance contained in ISO 19902 (steel jackets). This paper describes these updates and in particular discusses how the changes differ from prior API practice. The updated seismic documents are part of an overall API effort to update RP2A as well as merge and align with the worldwide ISO documents.

Background
The original API RP 2A seismic design procedures were developed in the 1970's and early 1980's for fixed steel structures offshore California and Alaska. There have been few updates to these design procedures since then. However, during this time, there was considerable effort by the onshore building industry and the International Standard Organization (ISO) to develop new seismic design procedures and guidance. Much of the onshore industry work was an outcome of lessons learned from large seismic events like the 1985 Michoacan earthquakes that affected the Mexico City area, the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco Bay area, the 1994 Northridge earthquake in the Los Angeles area and the 1995 Hyokogen- Nanbu earthquake in the Kobe area. These earthquakes resulted in damage and destruction of various types of structures, some of which had been designed to what was thought at the time to be adequate seismic design standards.
Platform Waste Gas Combustion: Efficiently, Safely, Reliably and Economically
Authors: Mascarenhas Audrey 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The combustion of waste gas, or gas that cannot be processed economically, has attracted considerable global attention. Recently, the World Bank has been focused on viable alternatives to the practice of flaring and venting. And, since 24 billion cubic feet are flared and vented daily from oil and gas operations, the reasons are clear. Over 9,000 trillion BTU of energy and 1.4 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere each year. These are significant contributors to global climate change, potentially harmful emissions and energy waste. But waste gas combustion is conducted in a responsible manner as there have been significant technological improvements over flaring or less efficient technologies.
Safety is of paramount importance with respect to the design and operation of offshore platforms and here the combustion of waste gases must be carried out with the highest consideration for the protection of human health and safety. The most environmentally and conservation conscious option is to capture these gases for further processing, should that be practical. The recovery and transportation of waste and fugitive gases from offshore operations, however, is both challenging and costly which has resulted in the traditional flaring of these streams. If combustion is deemed most appropriate, the selection of the combustion process can result in very diverse emissions.
An example of this is the incineration of tail gas. This yielded an annual fuel savings of over $2MM. The annual reduction of over 73,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent creates a value stream of over $1.1 MM. This is due to the more efficient combustion and the 60% in fuel utilization.
Maximizing safety and minimizing GHG and other pollutants and harmful emissions is attributable to high combustion efficiency. While combustion efficiency is a vital part of the overall performance the other critical parameter is reliability. High efficiency and reliability is a result of controlling the environment in which combustion occurs, within the proper operating range and design conditions, while ensuring that all process components have been designed to function prolifically in the marine environment.
New 9-7/8-in. HPHT Permanent Packer With New Back-Up System Provides North Sea Operator With an Effective Solution for Worn Casing
Authors: Innes Richard , Eddy Michael , Ligertwood John , Robb Thomas Ellis , Valentine Ernest 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A major operator in the North Sea had experienced a problem with worn casing at the packer setting depth of an existing HPHT well, causing a leak into the production annulus. This problem required a workover, and a calliper survey was conducted after retrieving the tubing. Two large grooves along the longitudinal axis of the casing at 120° to each other were found.
Since the worn casing was the problem, a new permanent packer was required, and this paper will discuss the process required to successfully qualify and install an HPHT permanent packer that would satisfactorily address the needs for worn casing.
Permanent packers are qualified by ISO 14310 V0 in a test fixture to meet the API 5CT internal casing dimensions; however, they do not account for any wear or damage in the casing. A test program was developed to test the packer for both HPHT well conditions and worn casing. The test program consisted of the following:Install the packer in 9-7/8-in casing and flow test to 3 bpm at 180°F to verify that the circulation around the packer would not damage the Aflas® element.Perform an application test using synthetic oil to mimic packer loading until failure, including setting, production, and hot/cold shut in.; apply 9,000 psi annulus pressure to support the casing during testing. In this case, the maximum temperature was 343°F or above for over 200 hours.Perform a modified ISO 14310 V0 test at 450°F with 15,000 psi differential pressure and 400,000 lbf tension and compression.
The packer passed all tests with no extrusion of the three-piece multi-durometer Aflas® element, and no leaks were detected at any of the load points in the application (liquid) test or modified ISO V0 gas test.
The discussion will include information on the packer design, HPHT tests in worn casing, and casing acceptance criteria. This test was the first packer test performed in worn casing that demonstrated the capability of a compliant back-up system to support the entire element in worn casing and at the HPHT conditions.
Risk Mitigation in International Oil & Gas Developments
Authors: Otillar Steven P. 
Published: July 2010

Preface
This manuscript sets the stage for a panel discussion, " Risk Mitigation in International Oil & Gas Developments??, scheduled for Tuesday, May 4, 2010. The panel participants include:

Panelist
Guy Dayvault - Director, Gazprom Marketing & Trading USA, Inc. Mick Jarvis - BD Manager Commercial Negotiations, ConocoPhillips Pietro A. Milazzo - Manager, Latin America Region, Weatherford International, Ltd. Christopher P. Moyes - President, Moyes & Co., Inc. and AIPN President Claudi Santiago - President & CEO, GE Oil & Gas Dee Simpson - Senior BD Advisor, Noble Energy (Invited)

Moderator
Steven P. Otillar - Partner, Baker & McKenzie LLP and AIPN US Region Director

Organizers
Christopher P. Moyes - President, Moyes & Co., Inc. and AIPN President Sandeep Khurana - Advisor, Devon Energy Corporation and OTC Program Chair

Abstract
Oil and gas exploration is a technology driven industry, with the most substantial new deepwater discoveries pushing the outward limits and capabilities of existing methods. Exploration and production companies are having to explore previously untapped emerging markets, overcome barriers to maximize existing fields, and exploit previously uneconomic projects. Major exploration and production projects are extremely capital intensive and require multi-year corporate commitments at a time when access to capital on a global basis is somewhat limited. While the economy appears to have turned the corner and commodity prices are stabilizing in many markets, overall uncertainty remains.
In this regard, it is of paramount importance for companies to be able to protect their international investments through legal, financial, technical and other means. This panel will seek to identify the primary risks involved in an international upstream oil and gas exploration and development project, and identify tools and methodologies to mitigate such risks. After a brief introduction from each panelist, this unique group of panelists will examine upstream risks and mitigation techniques from their own point of view as representatives of a major integrated International Oil Company (" IOC??), an independent IOC, a National Oil Company (" NOC??), a Service Company, and a International Financial Advisor. Active audience participation will be encouraged to vote on how a certain project risk should be approached, such as host country security, protection of intellectual property, or securing declarations of commerciality to satisfy terms of a production sharing contract. Then our panelists will address the situation and how they would recommend that their company should handle such project risk.
Changing the Game Bit by Bit
Authors: Fryklund Bob 
Published: July 2010

Background
Exploration is one of the pillars of supply and is perhaps the most storied of them due to the risks, with images of remote harsh areas, fortunes won and lost and geoscientists scouring across the globe in search of the next big play. Yet due to these same risks, when commodity prices drop, it is the first to suffer budget cuts.
A historical review of discoveries shows the peak of oil discoveries was in the mid 60's and gas the mid 70's. Since then exploration has yielded an average of almost 13 Bbo per year, with a recent uptip in 2008 to 15 Bbo thanks mostly to deepwater. Giants, those fields greater than 1 Billion barrels equivalent and the holy grail of the exploration hunt, have until recently averaged only around 12 per decade or a little more than one per year. The last two years has seen at least 4 per year. Much of this can be attributed to the opening of several new huge hydrocarbon provinces- Brazil's subsalt, West Africa's Ivorian Basin Maghony trend, the US GOM Lower Tertiary and Kurdistan Iraq's Zagros Foldbelt. Surprisingly around 40 % of the giants are still coming from onshore.
A recent IHS CERA report shows that exploration will have to contribute some 20 mmb/d of production in 2030 to meet growing demand. This panel will look at the future of exploration and what obstacles we face towards meeting the future targets for exploration.

Key Topics
Amongst the topics to be discussed will be:Where are the next new petroleum provinces or plays that will change the game ?Has the unconventional revolution changed conventional exploration thinking ?Are we investing enough to meet the goal ?Access to opportunities has changed so how do you play the new game ?Have we reached a technology plateau ?What area would benefit the most from a technology break through?What tools do we need ?Are we making progress in solving the great crew change ?Will government policy and legislation make it impossible ?
What is the Right Global Energy Mix? Desired Transition Pathways to an Affordable and Secure Energy Future
Authors: Hassan Gamal A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The recent global financial crisis has brought about a significant deterioration in near-term energy demand and a consequential reduction in supply which has possible longer-term implications. Secondly, climate change considerations and greater regulation of the energy mix are also on the horizon. The combination of these - one being a mega event and the other a mega trend - already had significant near-term impact on the oil and gas sector and could also lead to a fundamental transformation in the long-term.
Even with the projected reduction of carbon in the energy mix, it is expected that the level of energy demand in 2050 will be such that it will require similar levels of oil and gas production as today. Since oil and gas production declines naturally, sustaining it to 2050 effectively requires re-building the equivalent of today's oil and gas business over the next 40 years - and doing so from more technically challenging deposits.
At the same time, the world increasingly desires lower carbon energy. Governments and industry are responding. A rapid transition to green energy will likely prompt the introduction of more green incentives and increased regulation of fossil fuels. This in turn could lead to an increase in the total cost of energy, since most renewable energy options are inherently more expensive to scale up than energy derived from fossil fuels.
All of this raises key questions. What are the desirable energy mix and transition pathways which will provide the world with affordable, secure and increasingly lower-carbon energy?
Deep Ocean Seafloor Resource Exploration - Technique Enhancements for a Rapidly Growing Industry
Authors: Stevenson Ian 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Nautilus Minerals', the world's leader in exploration and development of deep ocean seafloor resources, is today focusing its exploration effort on its high grade polymetallic Seafloor Massive Sulphide (SMS) resource pipeline expansion in the Western Pacific. These high grade copper, gold and zinc deposits are typically located near deep seafloor tectonic plate boundaries in back arc basins.
Exploration for seafloor massive sulphides has until recently relied on exploration techniques developed by Marine Scientific Research groups. It has involved the use of;" Plume hunting?? techniquesVarious geophysical techniques to help image prospective zones (e.g. deep tow side scan sonar, magnetics, electrical methods, etc)ROV based sampling
Nautilus' entry into this industry has seen it focus on exploration technique development and improvement that has realised;Improved plume hunting/water sampling techniques.Electro-magnetic imaging of near-surface, copper-rich mineralisation.Improved core recovery through the development of ROV based drill platforms.
The development of these new techniques culminated in the world's first NI 43 101 compliant seafloor resource statement, and the rapid discovery of numerous new seafloor massive sulphide mineralised deposits in the Western Pacific.
An opportunity exists for the seafloor resource and offshore exploration industries to further develop or adapt offshore exploration / survey techniques and accelerate the establishment of this new and predominantly untapped industry. Well-established existing techniques and technologies that can be adapted for SMS exploration include:Fully Autonomous AUV's, with ultra-high resolution sonar mapping capabilities.AUV based magnetic and gravity systemsDeep sea shallow geophysical techniques (electrical, acoustic, and other) for 3D ore body imaging and characterisationImproved drilling technology including down-hole logging.
Intraoperative Esketamine and Postpartum Depression Among Women With Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Ren Li , Zhang Ting , Zou Bingyu , Su Xin , Tao Yi , Yang Jie , Lv Feng , Li Ping , Peng Fangliang , Wu Gangming 
Published: February 2025

ImportanceEsketamine has been found to reduce the incidence of postpartum depression (PPD) in randomized clinical trials. However, current evidence from randomized clinical trials does not reflect esketamine’s efficacy in clinical settings.ObjectiveTo assess the clinical efficacy of intraoperative esketamine administration for preventing PPD among women who underwent cesarean delivery.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis randomized clinical trial was conducted at The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University in Chongqing, China, from March 2023 to February 2024. Pregnant patients admitted for cesarean delivery were included, while those with intellectual dysfunction or contraindications to esketamine were excluded. All participants were assigned randomly to either the esketamine group or control group in a 1:1 ratio. Data analysis was based on the intention-to-treat principle.InterventionsPatients in the esketamine group received an infusion of 0.25 mg/kg esketamine in 20 mL of saline over 20 minutes, whereas patients in the control group received 20 mL saline over 20 minutes.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the incidence of PPD at 6 weeks post partum. PPD was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.ResultsA total of 308 pregnant women were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups: esketamine (n = 154; mean [SD] patient age, 31.57 [4.26] years) and control (n = 154; mean [SD] patient age, 32.53 [7.74] years). Incidence of PPD was significantly lower in the esketamine group compared with the control group at 6 weeks post partum (10.4% [16] vs 19.5% [30]; relative risk, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.30-0.93; P = .02).Conclusions and RelevanceThis randomized clinical trial demonstrated esketamine’s advantage in reducing the incidence of PPD at 6 weeks post partum in patients who underwent cesarean delivery. The efficacy and safety of esketamine in preventing PPD warrant further investigation in clinical practice.Trial RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry Identifier: ChiCTR2200065494
Temperature‐Inert Weakly Solvating Electrolytes for Low‐Temperature Lithium‐Ion Batteries with Micro‐Sized Silicon Anodes
Authors: Sang Xiaoyu , Hu Kangjia , Chen Jiaxin , Wang Zhangci , Xu Henghui , Huang Yunhui , Hu Xianluo 
Published: February 2025

AbstractCost‐effective micro‐sized silicon (μSi) anodes with high specific capacity are promising for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries but face significant volume changes during cycling. Constructing anion‐derived, inorganic‐rich solid‐electrolyte interphase by electrolyte engineering is considered a viable strategy for stabilizing μSi anodes. However, at low temperatures, temperature‐dependent anion‐dominated solvation and sluggish Li+ desolvation hinder cyclability and capacity retention. Here we introduce a unique temperature‐inert weakly solvating electrolyte (TIWSE) that preserves the anion‐dominated solvation sheath and has weak solvent coordination capability, enabling stable cycling of μSi anodes in subzero environments. The crucial role of NO3− anions with a high donor number in regulating competitive coordination in TIWSE is unveiled. As a result, μSi||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cells with TIWSE demonstrate impressive capacity retention of 91.8 % at −20 °C and 80.8 % at 30 °C after 100 cycles, along with a high specific capacity of 137.4 mAh g−1 at 6 C. Furthermore, a 1‐Ah pouch cell of Si−C||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 shows remarkable cycling stability with 89.3 % capacity retention over 300 cycles at 30 °C and 77.3 % retention at −20 °C, demonstrating the practical applicability. This work highlights the importance of solvation chemistry in addressing low‐temperature challenges and offers new insights into high‐energy μSi‐based lithium‐ion batteries operating under harsh conditions.
Uncovering Sea Turtle Strandings in the Greek Seas (Eastern Mediterranean Sea): Spatiotemporal Patterns and Signs of Anthropogenic Interaction
Authors: Despoti Smaragda , Solanou Maria , Tsoukali Stavroula , Valavanis Vasilis , Tsagarakis Konstantinos , Giannoulaki Marianna 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThe Mediterranean Sea is frequented by local populations of loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta and green turtle Chelonia mydas. Greek waters host both nesting sites and foraging grounds for the loggerhead turtle, whereas only foraging grounds for the green turtle. Both species face threats in their marine environment sourcing from anthropogenic activity. Here, stranding data, spanning from 2010 to 2021, were used to shed light on the main drivers underneath these threats and to identify seasons and areas of high number of stranding events. Stranding events showed an increasing trend over the years for both species. The majority of the strandings were categorized as “unknown,” while those showing signs of anthropogenic interaction (i.e., strandings related to marine litter ingestion, oil pollution, fishing gear entanglement, and injuries) held a significant part, representing ~25% and ~35% for the loggerhead and green turtle, respectively. The present work identified seasons and areas of concern with emphasis on areas that indicate fishery interaction, providing information that can support the designation of conservation measures in marine Greek waters.
Promote Water Industry Careers Through Academic Collaborations
Authors: Adams Hunter , Fulton Candice Sharp , Thomas Dave , Dilparic Daria , Ganegoda Sathya S. , Burlingame Gary A. , Dietrich Andrea M. , Nix Daniel K. , Ikehata Keisuke 
Published: February 2025

Key TakeawaysA gap exists between academia and the water industry; utilities and municipalities can bridge this divide by reaching out to students through conferences, job fairs, and similar events.Water utilities and municipalities must form relationships with colleges and universities to educate students about water careers and mentorship opportunities to meet staffing needs.AWWA student chapters are an effective way to foster workforce development by engaging with students in technical fields and helping them make connections in the water industry.
How Therapists Operationalise the Experiential Components of Person‐Centred Experiential Therapy in the Treatment of Depression: Generating Psychotherapeutic Exemplars for Training Practitioners
Authors: Haake Rinda , Hardy Gillian E. , Barkham Michael 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundPerson‐centred experiential therapy (PCET) is an evidence‐based psychological therapy for the treatment of depression delivered within the English NHS Talking Therapies for Anxiety and Depression programme. Process research is needed to understand how therapists operationalise the experiential components which, according to emotion theory, constitute mechanisms of change.MethodDigital session recordings for 15 PCE therapists in the PRaCTICED trial that received the highest mean score for experiential specificity, emotion regulation sensitivity and emotion focus were selected and transcribed. NVivo was employed to conduct a qualitative analysis of the transcripts using framework analysis. These three experiential items constituted a priori themes, with the most specific subthemes identified as therapist interventions. Representative exemplars were synthesised from verbatim therapist and client exchanges to illustrate each intervention.ResultsFour themes were identified: reflecting, intensifying feelings, understanding, and active guiding, with 12 subthemes, and 26 types of therapist intervention. The sequence of four themes suggests a range of interventions which reflect increasing activeness of therapist contributions in the session. The procedure adopted demonstrates that it is possible to generate exemplars for psychotherapeutic interventions based on anonymised but real practice which have potential utility for training, supervision and deliberate practice.ConclusionsTherapists' interventions conform to emotion theory, offering active interventions woven into a nondirective person‐centred relationship. The four themes suggested a loose sequence of experiential interventions, beginning with the therapist helping to orient the client towards their emotions, through identifying, articulating and exploring emotions, to working with emotional processes to resolve distress.