bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Habitat use by five sympatric Australian freshwater crayfish species (Parastacidae)
Authors: JOHNSTON KERRYLYN , ROBSON BELINDA J. 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. The Grampians National Park in Victoria is a ‘hot spot’ for freshwater crayfish diversity, with seven species from six genera occurring in sympatry. Few studies have examined how multiple species of freshwater crayfish co‐exist across landscapes consisting of a mosaic of perennial and seasonal habitats. Despite their endemicity and likely key role in freshwaters, the ecology and biology of these crayfish remains unknown.2. This study determined the distribution and habitat use of five crayfish species (Euastacus bispinosus, Cherax destructor, Geocharax falcata, Gramastacus insolitus and Engaeus lyelli). Seasonal sampling surveys ascertained whether crayfish distribution was related to habitat type, environmental or physicochemical variables, catchment or season.3. Distribution was directly related to habitat type and the environmental and physicochemical variables that characterised habitats. Engaeus lyelli, G. falcata and G. insolitus occurred predominantly in floodplain wetlands and flooded vegetation habitats, E. bispinosus occurred only in flowing soft‐sediment channels and C. destructor was found in all catchments and habitat types studied. Gramastacus insolitus co‐occurred with G. falcata at all sites except two, so no distinct habitat separations were apparent for these two species.4. A high percentage cover of boulders was the best indicator of crayfish absence, and discriminated between habitat types and crayfish species: it was probably a surrogate for a larger range of environmental and physicochemical variables. Catchment and season did not affect crayfish distribution.5. These crayfish species varied in their degree of habitat specialisation from strongly generalist (C. destructor) to occupying only a specific habitat type (E. bispinosus). Some species appeared specialised for seasonal wetlands (G. insolitus and G. falcata). Overlap in site occupancy also varied: G. insolitus and G. falcata distributions were strongly associated, whereas C. destructor appeared to occur opportunistically across habitats, both alone and co‐occurring with all the other species.6. Management strategies to conserve multiple species of crayfish co‐existing within landscapes will need to incorporate a range of perennial and seasonal habitat types to ensure sufficient space is available for species to maintain different occupancy patterns. Given that water resources are under increasing pressure and are strongly regulated within the Grampians National Park, this may present a conservation challenge to water managers in this location.
DEVELOPMENT OF CARDIAC DYSFUNCTION INDUCED BY REPETITIVE TRANSIENT MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA IS INHIBITED BY EDARAVONE IN CONSCIOUS RATS
Authors: Toyota Eiji , Miyamoto Yoshinori , Imai Koichiro , Neishi Yoji , Kawamoto Takahiro , Okura Hiroyuki , Yoshida Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn the present study, we investigated the effects of treatment with the hydroxyl radical scavenger 3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one (edaravone) on myocardial dysfunction induced by transient but frequent ischaemia in conscious rats.Conscious male Wistar rats were subjected to repetitive ischaemia (RI; 40 s ischaemia every 20 min for 72 h). After the ninth episode of RI, edaravone (1 mg/kg, i.v., at each ischaemic event) or vehicle control (acetate buffer solution, i.v.) was administered. Dilation of the left ventricle (LV) after the eighth RI (fractional area change; %FACinitial) and after the final RI (%FACfinal) was determined by comparing measurements (12 MHz echocardiogram) at these time‐points with baseline LV area prior to RI.In controls, %FACfinalwas correlated with %FACinitial(r = 0.98;P < 0.0001), making %FACinitiala predictor of %FACfinal. Edaravone treatment shifted the %FACinitial–%FACfinalrelationship downward (P < 0.0001), indicating that edaravone inhibited progression of LV dilation. In addition, %FACfinalwas correlated with myocardial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in control samples (r = 0.88,P = 0.008), although both %FACfinaland ROS were suppressed by edaravone treatment (P = 0.016).We conclude that repetitive transient ischaemia in conscious rats induced development of cardiac dysfunction and that this phenomenon was inhibited by edaravone. We speculate that edaravone is a potential therapeutic agent that may interfere with the progression of cardiac dysfunction in high‐risk patients with RI.
Minimally cultured bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate fibrotic lung injury
Authors: Kumamoto M. , Nishiwaki T. , Matsuo N. , Kimura H. , Matsushima K. 
Published: March 2009

Clinical use of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) holds great promise for regenerative medicine in intractable lung diseases, such as lung fibrosis or acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, a severe obstacle to the clinical application of BMMSC transplantation is the time-consuming, laborious processes required for cell culture. In order to evaluate the clinical applicability of BMMSC transplantation, we tested whether engraftment of minimally cultured BMMSCs ameliorates progressive fibrotic lung injury.Differences between murine BMMSCs cultured for 2 h (2-h adherent BMMSCs) and conventionally (9-day) cultured BMMSCs were examinedin vitro. The effects of grafting either type of BMMSCs on fibrotic lung injury were then assessed by transfer experiments in a murine bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model, in which donor cells were administered 3 days after challenge.2-h adherent BMMSCs were smaller, less granular, possessed higher proliferative capacity and expressed higher levels of several stem cell markers and chemokine receptors than 9-day cultured BMMSCs, but lower type I procollagen, α-smooth muscle actin, tumour necrosis factor-β and oncogenic transcription factor c-Myc, suggesting that they may be advantageous for cell-based therapy compared with 9-day cultured BMMSCs. Grafting 2-h adherent BMMSCs ameliorated inflammatory and fibrotic lung disorders, and reduced mortality equally well or better than 9-day cultured BMMSCs.Minimally cultured BMMSCs can substitute for conventionally cultured BMMSCs and will be a promising cell source for the treatment of acute fibrotic lung injury.
Pulmonary arterial pressure during rest and exercise in healthy subjects: a systematic review
Authors: Kovacs G. , Berghold A. , Scheidl S. , Olschewski H. 
Published: March 2009

According to current guidelines, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is diagnosed when mean pulmonary arterial pressure (P̄pa) exceeds 25 mmHg at rest or 30 mmHg during exercise. Issues that remain unclear are the classification ofP̄pavalues <25mmHg and whetherP̄pa>30 mmHg during exercise is always pathological.We performed a comprehensive literature review and analysed all accessible data obtained by right heart catheter studies from healthy individuals to determine normalP̄paat rest and during exercise. Data on 1,187 individuals from 47 studies in 13 countries were included. Data were stratified for sex, age, geographical origin, body position and exercise level.P̄paat rest was 14.0±3.3 mmHg and this value was independent of sex and ethnicity. RestingP̄pawas slightly influenced by posture (supine 14.0±3.3 mmHg, upright 13.6±3.1 mmHg) and age (<30 yrs: 12.8± 3.1mmHg; 30–50 yrs: 12.9±3.0 mmHg; ≥50 yrs: 14.7±4.0 mmHg).P̄paduring exercise was dependent on exercise level and age. During mild exercise,P̄pawas 19.4±4.8 mmHg in subjects aged <50 yrs compared with 29.4±8.4 mmHg in subjects ≥50 yrs (p<0.001).In conclusion, whileP̄paat rest is virtually independent of age and rarely exceeds 20 mmHg, exerciseP̄pais age-related and frequently exceeds 30 mmHg, especially in elderly individuals, which makes it difficult to define normalP̄pavalues during exercise.
PKCα and PKCϵ differentially regulateLegionella pneumophila-induced GM-CSF
Authors: Vardarova K. , Scharf S. , Lang F. , Schmeck B. , Opitz B. , Eitel J. , Hocke A. C. , Slevogt H. , Flieger A. , Hippenstiel S. , Suttorp N. , N'Guessan P. D. 
Published: March 2009

Legionella pneumophilais an important causative agent of severe pneumonia in humans. The human alveolar epithelium is an effective barrier for inhaled microorganisms and actively participates in the initiation of innate host defense. Although secretion of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is essential for the elimination of invadingLegionellaspp., mechanisms ofLegionella pneumophila-induced release of this cytokine are widely unknown.In this study, we have demonstrated a toll-like receptor (TLR)2- and TLR5-dependent release of GM-CSF inL. pneumophila-infected human alveolar epithelial cells. GM-CSF secretion was not dependent on the bacteria type II or type IV secretion system. Furthermore, an increase in protein kinase C (PKC) activity, particularly PKCα and PKCϵ, was noted. Blocking of PKCα and PKCϵ activity or expression, but not of PKCβ, PKCδ, PKCη, PKCθ, and PKCζ, significantly reduced the synthesis of GM-CSF in infected cells. While PKCα was critical for the initiation of a nuclear factor-κB-mediated GM-CSF expression, PKCϵ regulated GM-CSF productionviaactivator protein 1.Thus, differential regulation of GM-CSF, production by PKC isoforms, contributes to the host response in Legionnaires' disease.
Growth factors and interleukin-6 across the lung circulation in pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Selimovic N. , Bergh C-H. , Andersson B. , Sakiniene E. , Carlsten H. , Rundqvist B. 
Published: March 2009

The aim of our study was to assess the levels of growth factors and interleukin (IL)-6 across the pulmonary circulation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and correlate them with clinical and haemodynamic data and outcome.Simultaneous arterial and pulmonary arterial blood samples in patients with PAH (n = 44) and controls (n = 20) were obtained during right heart catheterisation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and IL-6 were measured using ELISA.Arterial median (interquartile range) values for VEGF, PDGF-BB, TGF-β1 and IL-6 were significantly higher in patients (377 (218–588)versus9.0 pg·mL−1; 1,955 (1,371–2,519)versus306 (131–502) pg·mL−1; 26.42 (11.3–41.1)versus7.0 (1.8–18.4) ng·mL−1; and 3.98 (0.7–8.1)versus0.7 pg·mL−1, respectively; p<0.001 for all variables). There was a consistent step-up of VEGF, PDGF-BB and TGF-β1 across the lungs in PAH patients (p<0.001, p = 0.002 and p<0.001, respectively), whereas in controls, arterial and pulmonary arterial serum levels of IL-6 and growth factors were similar (statistically nonsignificant). In multivariate analysis, increased IL-6 levels predicted mortality (hazard ratio 1.08 (95% confidence interval 1.02–1.15); p = 0.012).Our findings indicate increased release and/or decreased clearance of growth factors at the lung vascular level, which may contribute to vascular remodelling in PAH.
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations associated with migraine with aura
Authors: Post M. C. , van Gent M. W. F. , Plokker H. W. M. , Westermann C. J. J. , Kelder J. C. , Mager J. J. , Overtoom T. T. , Schonewille W. J. , Thijs V. , Snijder R. J. 
Published: March 2009

Migraine with aura (MA) is associated with cardiac right-to-left shunt. We prospectively studied the association between pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) and MA in hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT).All 220 consecutive HHT patients who underwent high-resolution chest computed tomography for PAVM screening were included prospectively. Prior to screening, a structured validated headache questionnaire was completed by 196 patients (57% female; mean±sd age 44.6±15.2 yrs). Two neurologists diagnosed migraine according to the International Headache Society Criteria.A PAVM was present in 70 (36%) patients. The prevalence of MA was 24% in the presence of a PAVM compared with 6% in the absence of a PAVM (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.84–11.2; p = 0.001), and MA was an independent predictor for the presence of PAVM using multivariate analysis (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.21–10.5; p = 0.02). A PAVM was present in 68% of the patients with MA compared with 32% in the non-migraine controls (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.84–11.2; p = 0.001), and a PAVM was an independent predictor for MA using multivariate analysis (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.00–9.20; p = 0.05).In conclusion, PAVMs are associated with MA in HHT patients.
Bone morphogenetic protein signalling in heritableversusidiopathic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Dewachter L. , Adnot S. , Guignabert C. , Tu L. , Marcos E. , Fadel E. , Humbert M. , Dartevelle P. , Simonneau G. , Naeije R. , Eddahibi S. 
Published: March 2009

Mutations in the gene encoding bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptor type 2 (BMPR-2) have been reported in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but their functional relevance remains incompletely understood.BMP receptor expression was evaluated in human lungs and in cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) isolated from 19 idiopathic PAH patients and nine heritable PAH patients with demonstratedBMPR-2mutations. BMP4-treated PASMCs were assessed for Smad and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling associated with mitosis and apoptosis.Lung tissue and PASMCs from heritable PAH patients presented with decreased BMPR-2 expression and variable increases in BMPR-1A and BMPR-1B expression, while a less important decreased BMPR-2 expression was observed in PASMCs from idiopathic PAH patients. Heritable PAH PASMCs showed no increased phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 in the presence of BMP4, which actually activated the p38MAPK pathway. Individual responses varied from one mutation to another. PASMCs from PAH patients presented with anin vitroproliferative pattern, which could be inhibited by BMP4 in idiopathic PAH but not in heritable PAH. PASMCs from idiopathic PAH and more so from heritable PAH presented an inhibition of BMP4-induced apoptosis.Most heterogeneousBMPR-2mutations are associated with defective Smad signalling compensated for by an activation of p38MAPK signalling, accounting for PASMC proliferation and deficient apoptosis.
Kinetische Untersuchungen zur heterogen katalysierten Metathese von 1‐Penten: Entwicklung einer optimierten Reaktorfahrweise
Authors: Behr A. , Schüller U. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFür die Petrochemie stellt die Alkenmetathese eine interessante Methode zur Variation der Kettenlänge von Kohlenwasserstoffen dar. Für unfunktionalisierte Alkene können heterogene Metathese‐Katalysatoren eingesetzt werden, die sich vom Reaktionsmedium einfach abtrennen lassen. Ein Beispiel ist die durch Re2O7/γ‐Al2O3 katalysierte Metathese von 1‐Penten zu 4‐Octen und Ethen. Diese Reaktion gehört zu einem mehrstufigen Verfahren, das auf Basis des C4‐Schnitts des Steamcrackers Weichmacheralkohole produziert. Zur Auslegung der benötigten Reaktoren sind kinetische Daten erforderlich, deren Ermittlung in diesem Beitrag vorgestellt werden. Hierzu zählen sowohl die Reaktions‐ als auch die Desaktivierungskinetik. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen werden anschließend Berechnungen von Temperaturprogrammen dargelegt, die trotz fortschreitender Katalysator‐Desaktivierung einen über lange Zeit konstanten Reaktorumsatz ermöglichen.
Sample data proportional control comparison between half and zero‐order hold
Authors: Okorafor O. C. , Pinder K. L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDesign techniques are presented for choosing the loop gain and sampling time for feed‐back proportional control of a sample data process with half‐order hold. The response of a second order process with transport lag when controlled by an algorithm chosen by this technique was compared to that for a process with zero‐order hold. The design technique may be used for a process of any order of complexity as long as it can be adequately modeled as a second order overdamped system with pure delay.The control algorithm was experimentally tested on a fourth‐order heat transfer process which was modeled as a second‐order overdamped process with pure delay. A new performance index was used in the design of the control parameters. Bother zero‐order and half‐order holds were tested experimentally and the controlled and manipulated variable responses were compared.
Catalysis, molecular weight change and fossil fuels
Authors: Ternan Marten 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHydrocracking and gasification are processes which decrease the molecular weight of fossil fuel feedstocks. The conversion of natural gas to hydrocarbon liquids involves an increase in molecular weight. The reaction sites of the catalysts used to accomplish these molecular weight changes are described. Since changes in the valence electrons are responsible for the cleavage and formation of the chemical bonds in hydrocarbon molecules, the solid catalyst has also been described in terms of its electronic characteristics. The description of a catalyst in these terms is able to provide a qualitative explanation for its function in molecular weight change reactions. Changes in conversion caused by variations in catalyst composition are also explained.
Interparticulate coke formation during hydrocarbon cracking on zeolite catalysts
Authors: Shiring F. J. , Venkatadri R. , Goodwin J. G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA thermogravimetric study of coking of various C6–C7 hydrocarbons on HY and REY zeolites was performed using a Cahn microbalance modified to allow in‐situ measurements of catalyst weight changes during reaction under flow conditions. Mass transfer effects during the reaction were found to play an important role in the coking process of the static catalyst bed. The results indicate that catalytic coke can form in the void space between zeolite particles in such a way as to deter molecular diffusion through the catalyst bed.
Particle size and density changes during fluidized‐bed combustion
Authors: Jung K. , La Nauze R. D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExperiments have been performed which demonstrate that petroleum coke particles (initial diameters between 7 and 13 mm) and brown coal char (initial diameter between 3.5 and 6.4 mm) burn in a manner close to that of an ideal shrinking sphere. These observations confirm the previously assumed mode of burning for particles in fluidized‐bed combustors. Analysis of the data for petroleum coke indicates that pore diffusion may become increasingly significant for particles less than 5 mm in diameter. The method of data presentation provides a sensitive means of demonstrating the effect of particle attrition.
Particle segregation in spouted beds
Authors: Kutluoglu E. , Grace J. R. , Murchie K. W. , Cavanagh P. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractParticle segregation in spouted beds is shown to result from different trajectories of heavy and light particles in the fountain region, lighter particles tending to scatter more in the radial direction than heavier ones. Some desegregation occurred due to rolling along the inclined annulus surface and due to mixing processes in the spout. Segregation is less severe for overdeveloped fountains, where the particles bounce off the outer wall, and for low bed depths, where the fountain is dilute. Segregation can also be countered by a conical baffle which deflects particles outwards from the core of the fountain.
Wall‐to‐bed heat transfer characteristics of spout‐fluid beds
Authors: Chatterjee Asok , Adusumilli R. S. S. , Deshmukh A. V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWall‐to‐bed heat transfer characteristics have been investigated in a rectangular spout‐fluid (S–F) bed segment column (20 cm length, 5 cm width and 50 cm height) utilizing glass beads (Dp = 0.254, 0.388 and 0.461 mm) and air as fluid. Results indicate that h values in the S–F bed increase with increasing air mass velocity and particle diameter, and decrease with increasing bed height. Under identical flow conditions h values in the S–F bed were about 30% more than for the corresponding fluidized bed.
Heat transfer in a novel type spouted bed
Authors: Németh J. , Pallai E. , Péter M. , Törös R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new method for spouted bed drying of coarse and even fine particulate solids involves introducing the gas tangentially and maintaining the uniform particle recirculation by a conveyor screw. Some flow characteristics are compared with those of a conventional spouted bed. The particle‐fluid heat transfer was investigated in the annulus and spout respectively.
Hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer during coating of tablets in a spouted bed
Authors: Kucharski J. , Kmiec A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe results of experimental investigations on the hydrodynamics of flows through conical beds of tablets are presented. An equation for predicting the minimum spouting flow rate, developed earlier on the basis of the Ergun equation, has been verified applying a known equation for tablets. The results of investigations on fluid‐to‐particle heat and mass transfer coefficients are in agreement with theoretical values obtained from correlation equations describing drying kinetics.
Laboratory studies on sulphur‐coating urea by the spouted bed process
Authors: Weiss Phillippe J. , Meisen Axel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA spouted bed facility, which includes a 0.154 m ID x 0.91 m high bed with a 60° conical bottom, was used for the batch‐wise production of sulphur coated urea. Molten sulphur was sprayed into the cone and the droplets froze upon impact with the cooler urea particles thereby forming coats which increased with time.The quality of the coated urea was studied as a function of bed temperature (48–86 C), sulphur flow rate (34–260 g/min), atomizing air flow rate (0.402–0.785 m3/hr) and bed depth (0.28–0.47 m). No attempt was made to seal the product with wax or other materials. Bed temperature had the greatest effect on product quality, with quality improving up to approximately 80 C and then decreasing again. The quality also increased with the sulphur flow rate and decreased with the atomizing air flow rate. These measurements are explained in terms of the phase transition from monoclinic to orthorhombic sulphur and the sulphur droplet size which influences the spreading of liquid sulphur on impact with the urea particles. Electronmicrographs are presented in support of these explanations and the implications of the results for commercial sulphur coating facilities are discussed.
Récupération sélective du vanadium dans l'effluent d'un procédé de fabrication du blanc de titane
Authors: Lortie R. , Klvana D. , Paris J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe selective recovery of vanadium from an effluent of a manufacturing process for titanium white (oxide) has been made. The process retained is based on the partial neutralization of the effluent by means of calcium carbonate and on the separation of metal hydroxides from calcium sulfate and the solution. The hydroxides are thereafter calcined in the presence of a sodium salt, so that sodium vanadate may then be extracted by washing with water. Vanadium is finally precipitated by the addition of ammonium chloride or pH adjustment.The experimental results obtained in the laboratory study of the effluent neutralization, the calcination and leaching of the hydroxides and the vanadium precipitation are presented and discussed. The yields obtained in the various stages and their interdependance are also discussed.