bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ecology of Glossina morsitans, Westw., and two possible Methods for its Destruction.—Part I
Authors: Nash T. A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Much of the first part of this paper is in the nature of a continuation of the work previously published by the author. (Bull. Ent. Res., xxi, 1930, pp. 201–256). For this reason only a brief description can be given of the locality, vegetation, game, and fly-round methods ; those desiring a fuller knowledge on these subjects are referred to the above-mentioned paper. Again, a certain amount of repetition has been unavoidable. Some results obtained from only one year's observation have now been confirmed during a period of four and a-half years, and so have been given again. It is felt that this repetition is justifiable as the results in question are of special value, in that they are derived from four and a-half years continuous observation upon the same fly-belt, the method employed being constant throughout the whole period.The writer is in charge of Kikori Entomological Station, which he opened in March 1928 ; nine months later he was joined by his assistant Captain V. A. C. Findlay.The native village of Kikori is situated at the foot of the Masai escarpment, which bounds the Masai Steppe on the west. Kikori lies about 45 miles north of Kondoa-Irangi (the principal centre of the district), its approximate bearings being Latitude 4° 21′ S. and Longitude 33° 19′E. ; its elevation is 4,158 feet above sea-level.
General Observations on Mosquitos in relation to Yellow Fever in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Lewis D. J. 
Published: July 2009

1. Owing to the history of yellow fever in the Sudan and the lines of communication which traverse the country, a general survey of the mosquitos, particularly the Culicines, is of practical interest. The known potential vectors of yellow fever are listed.2. Observations on the man-biting or man-ignoring habits of some species are recorded and also notes on the bionomics ofTaeniorhynchus africanus, T. uniformis, Aëdes aegyptiand other species.3. For purposes of description the country is divided into sub-divisions of the recognized faunal areas and notes are given on the Culicines of each.4. Brief observations are made on mosquito control measures against yellow fever.
The Use of residual Films of DDT and Gammexane in Malaria Control
Authors: Ribbands C. R. 
Published: July 2009

(1) Sprays that are atomised and mingled with air were unsuitable because they were wasteful in both material and labour.(2) Knapsack oilers and modified stirrup pumps were efficient. Where labour is cheap hand-operated sprayers of this type are more economical than motoroperated machines.(3) The relation between mosquito mortality and infectivity is discussed and it is calculated that any treatment which produces 75 per cent. mortality among the mosquitos exposed to it should effect malaria elimination.(4) The effects of a DDT emulsion were much more durable than those of a similar quantity of DDT in kerosene solution. The difference was much less marked when Gammexane was used. Emulsions will probably displace kerosene solutions as vehicles for the application of residual films.(5) The persistence of the effects of DDT was markedly increased by increased dosage, so that it will be most economical to apply DDT in heavy doses at long intervals.(6) The persistence of Gammexane effects was not greatly increased by increased dosage because it evaporates much more quickly than DDT. It is not likely to be effective for much longer than 10 weeks.(7) Treatments with DDT were usually effective against A. minimus for about twice as long as against A. vagus or Culicines, but treatments with Gammexane had similar effects on all species.
Further Notes on the Food-plants of Nigerian Insects, VI
Authors: Golding F. D. 
Published: July 2009

The present paper, which is the last of the series, contains additional data obtained between November 1939 and December 1945.In 1939, Helopeltis bergrothi, Reut., was found feeding on cacao pods and shoots at Owena by the writer; it was evident that this species was distinct from the cotton Helopeltis, which had been identified as bergrothi by the Imperial Institute of Entomology in 1924. The species attacking cotton is H. sanguineus, Popp., and this name should be substituted for bergrothi in the three papers on food-plants published in 1935, 1937 and 1940.
The Cotton Jassid (Empoasca libyca, Berg.) in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and Experiments on its Control
Authors: Cowland J. W. 
Published: July 2009

Empoasca libyca is a major pest of cotton in the northern and western blocks of the Gezira Irrigated Scheme.Distribution of the species of the genus of Empoasca and Erythroneura lubiae is given, together with their food plants in the Sudan.Damage caused by E. libyca is noted; an experiment carried out in 1935/36 showed that Jassids were able to cause such symptoms.The life-cycle shows that the egg and nymphal stages are of short duration (8 days each) and followed by a long adult life (as long as 2 months) in which the female lays her eggs over a long period.A new type of cage was used and is figured.The effect of applications of Bordeaux mixture in reducing the Jassid population and amount of scorch is given as well as physiological data relating to the influence of spraying on different parts of the Jassid-infested cotton plants. It is shown that sprayed plants produced an appreciable increase in the number of green bolls formed and an increase of 11 per cent, in the weight of seed cotton per boll harvested. It is pointed out, however, that Bordeaux mixture has several disadvantages and other more suitable insecticides are being sought.No Sakel varieties as yet have shown resistance to Jassid attack.
Assessment of Malaria Control by Mosquito Prevalence
Authors: Hocking K. S. 
Published: July 2009

The ultimate assessment of the efficiency of malaria control is by the number of cases of malaria contracted in the controlled area, but a method that gives a more immediate and definite information is required because of the:—(i) Delay before the necessary information is obtained. For example, abandonment of larval control will not affect the number of malaria cases for more than a month;(ii) Shifting populations. People will come into the area and develop malaria acquired outside and conversely people having acquired malaria inside the area will go outside before developing it;(iii) Difficulty of distinguishing between relapses and newly acquired infections. The number of relapses has no connection with the efficiency of the control;(iv) Lack of cases of malaria despite infection in a predominantly immune community in which the non-immune persons are protected by suppressive drugs, mepacrine and quinine. This is a common condition in very malarious areas.
The Oat Bird-Cherry Aphis, Rhopalosiphum padi, L., and Comparison with R. crataegellum, Theo. (Hemiptera, Aphididae)
Authors: Rogerson J. P. 
Published: July 2009

1. An attempt has been made to elucidate the confusion existing about the biology, morphology and nomenclature of the Oat-Apple Aphis, Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae, Fitch. A close study of the problem confirms the observations made by Börner that at least two distinct species have in the past been included under the name of R. prunifoliae. The names Rhopalosiphum padi, L., and Rhopalosiphum crataegllum, Theo., are adopted for these species.2. Detailed descriptions and figures of the different generations are given and a comparison shows that the two species can readily be distinguished from one another.3. R. padi appears to be of greater importance as a cereal pest than R. crataegllum. The latter species is a widespread pest of pip-fruit.4. An account is given of the overwintering of R. padi on Prunus padus, and the results of experiments on estimating the size of the ova-populations is shown.The author is indebted to Mr. R. A. Harper Gray for allowing him facilities to carry out the investigation; also to Mr. J. A. Dunn for assistance in collecting some of the material and much general help.
The Mosquitoes Of Bwamba County, Uganda
Authors: Haddow A. J. , Gillett J. D. , Highton R. B. 
Published: July 2009

1. During the past eight years field investigations on the epidemiology of yellow fever have been carried out in Bwamba County, a small heavily-forested area in the extreme west of Uganda.During the course of this work yellow fever virus has been isolated from a human case, fromAëdes (Stegomyia) simpsoni, Theo., and from a mixed lot ofAëdesspp. taken in uninhabited rain-forest.As it is known that yellow fever is endemic among the monkeys of the Bwamba forests and that a high rate of immunity is shown by certain species that rarely descend to the ground, it was concluded that an arboreal mosquito was the most likely transmitter of yellow fever among monkeys, and an investigation of the arboreal mosquito fauna was begun.
Studies on Wheat Bulb Fly, Leptohylemyia Coarctata, Fall
Authors: Gough H. C. 
Published: July 2009

A detailed quantitative study of the incidence and development of an attack of wheat bulb fly on a field in East Yorkshire is described. The numbers of larvae, puparia, plants, and shoots, and the percentage of plants and shoots attacked, were estimated on various dates. This information is graphically summarised in fig. 1. Similar information was obtained from other fields in 1944 and 1945. No single factor could be correlated with the effect of the attack on the crop.The number of larvae ranged up to nearly 600,000 per acre, but high numbers did not invariably result in a poor crop. A high percentage of plants or shoots attacked was not necessarily associated with crop failure. The number of shoots per plant at the time the larvae hatch was important and in some cases attack stimulated tillering. It is suggested that a study of the rate at which damage occurs would lead to a better understanding of the reaction of any crop to pest attack.
Observations on the Chafer Grub Problem in the Lake District
Authors: Gray R. A. Harper , Peet W. V. , Rogerson J. P. 
Published: July 2009

1. The Garden Chafer (Phyllopertha horticola) causes extensive deterioration of the fell grassland in the Lake District.2. The flight period of the adult beetles occurs between the end of May and the latter end of June.3. Eggs are laid in the soil at a depth of about 2½ inches, but the depth varies according to the nature of the soil. The eggs take from 27 to 30 days to hatch in the field.
A Laboratory Comparison of the Toxicity as a Contact Poison of DDT with Nicotine, Derris Products and the Pyrethrins
Authors: Potter C. , Tattersfield F. , Gillham E. M. 
Published: July 2009

The toxicity of DDT as a contact spray under laboratory conditions has been tested on a number of insect species. The particulars of the species used are set out below.The toxicity of the DDT spray was compared in every instance with nicotine. A rotenone or derris suspension was included in the tests on Myzus cerasi, Phaedon cochleariae, Pieris brassicae, Pteronus ribesii and Phymatocera aterrima, and a pyrethrin spray in the tests on Pieris brassicae, Pteronus ribesii and Phymatocera aterrima.
Observations on collecting Parasites ofCacoecia histrionana(Froel.) (Lep., Tortricidae)
Authors: Franz Jost M. 
Published: July 2009

Cacoecia histrionanaFroel. a European relative of the North American spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferanaClem., was found in several localities on the north-eastern frontier of Bavaria in 1949, but was not abundant anywhere.Details are given of its biology based upon observations made during large-scale collecting in the summer of 1949, which yielded approximately 2,100 larvae of C.histrionana.An important characteristic of the species is the great variation in the stages of larval development present at any given time, which is apparently caused chiefly by the absence of diapause as a synchronising factor.Approximately 4°C. was found to be the lower temperature limit for movement and feeding of larvae ready for overwintering.Three samples of larvae taken in favourable localities showed that 0-15 to 0-70 larvae were present per metre length of spruce forest edge from ground level to a height of 2 metres. An estimate of the minimum population is made for a limited and well searched area.From 1803 C.histrionanalarvae collected in the field, 15 species of primary parasites and four of hyperparasites were bred. Combining the result of three samples taken at different times the minimum reduction of the population after hibernation is calculated to be 66-8 per cent., the parasitism of pupae at least 13-5 per cent. Egg parasitism occurred.Nine of the 20 parasites, known hitherto from C.histrionana, have been bred from other hosts of the same animal community.The most important larval parasite wasMeteorus ruficepsNees which completes 2-3 generations in one generation of C.histrionana. A proportion of the population also overwinters in other Microlepidoptera, concentrating on C.histrionanain summer. Details of its life-history are given.Occasionally some larvae were found that had probably died from disease but disease, as a mortality factor, was of little consequence in the observation area in 1949.Mortality caused by parasites proved to be very important in affecting changes in the population density. This result does not agree with Eidmann's theory that the scarcity of C.histrionanais due to climatic control.
The Collection Of the Cactus Weevil, Cactophagus spinolae (Gylh.), in Mexico and its Dispatch to South Africa
Authors: Sellers Wendell F. 
Published: July 2009

Collections of Cactophagus spinolae (Gylh.) were made in Mexico in 1946, 1947, and 1948 to supplement the biological control of prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) in South Africa. During these three years, 862, 1,396, and 15,584 adults, respectively, were dispatched to South Africa. The weevils were sent by air express in specially designed containers, and arrived in excellent condition.This paper includes information on the distribution, life history and food preferences of C. spinolae. The need is stressed for anticipating the effects of transit conditions upon living insect material transported by aircraft.
Studies of Toxicity Of 3:5 Dinitro-ortho-cresol and its Sodium Salt to the Honey Bee
Authors: Glynne Jones G. D. , Edwards R. A. 
Published: July 2009

Laboratory and field experiments were carried out to study the toxicity of 3:5 dinitro-ortho-cresol and its sodium salt to the honey bee.The acid DNOC was shown to be a rapidly acting poison under a wide variety of conditions and its toxicity was not greatly affected by differences in temperature or humidity during or after treatment.Although both the acid and salt were equally toxic as stomach poisons, considerable differences were observed between the two substances as aqueous sprays and dry films. The toxicity of the sodium salt as an aqueous spray was considerably influenced by the humidity of the environment after spraying; the higher the humidity the greater the kill.The sodium salt was apparently non-toxic as a dry film and increasing the humidity of the environment had no effect until the saturation point was reached and the salt went into solution. At this point the salt was almost as rapid in action as the acid. The type of surface on which the film was deposited was also shown to affect the toxicity.Experiments were carried out on the penetration of the two substances through beeswax and these confirmed that whilst the acid could penetrate the beeswax in all forms tested the salt would only penetrate in aqueous solution.
Changes in the Fat and Protein Content of the African Migratory Locust,Locusta migratoria migratorioides(R. & F.)
Authors: Cheu S. P. 
Published: July 2009

The process of build-up of reserve substances inLocusta migratoria migratorioides(R. & F.) is very closely correlated with the feeding activity of the insect. Locusts attain their maximum body weight in the initial period before maturation. In the females there is one minor build-up period after each laying.As measured by the weight of faeces produced, thegregariafemale consumes more food than thesolitariaduring development. It also has a lower rate of increase in body weight, maturation and oviposition.Locusts start to build up fat soon after the final ecdysis. The fat content reaches its maximum in the early part of adult life, and then begins to decline in both sexes of both phases.By far the greater part of the fat reserve thus built up in thegregariafemale is used upbeforeoviposition, and only a small amount goes to the making of the first egg-pod. The fat of the subsequent egg-pods (of both phases) is derived from the fat built up each time after a new egg-pod is laid.Thesolitariafemales may mature their eggs at various stages in the development of the fat body. Those which have a longer pre-maturation period have a higher fat content.
Studies on Beetles of the Family Ptinidae
Authors: Howe R. W. , Burges H. D. 
Published: July 2009

The biology ofN. hololeucus, T. globulus, G. psylloides, S. squamosumandE. hillerihas been studied to estimate their potentialities as pests of stored products.They are widely distributed and feed on a very wide range of foodstuffs of both plant and animal origin.Adult life is usually longer than the development period. Oviposition extends over most of the adult life. In warehouses all stages of development are present together.At 70 per cent. R.H. the developmental period (egg laid to emergence of adult from its cocoon) comprises: 12 to 21 per cent. as the egg stage, 52 to 70 per cent. as larva, 12 to 16 per cent. as pupa and 6 to 19 per centg. as adult in cocoon.The mean lengths of the various developmental stages, including the larval instars, have been found under several sets of physical conditions.
On “Supona”, a new Type of DDT Suspension
Authors: Van Tiel N. 
Published: July 2009

The properties of two DDT suspensions of a new type, “Supona”-D and “Supona”-DB are described. These suspensions contain about 50 per cent. DDT or 39 per cent. DDT+ 13 per cent. technical BHC respectively in their concentrated forms, the active material being suspended in a complex colloidal oil-water system.Experiments were carried out with “Supona”-D and a DDT emulsion containing about 30 per cent. DDT dissolved in a mineral oil phase for the control of Glossina palpalis. Both products were applied in dilutions containing 5 per cent. DDT.Laboratory experiments with leaves of Camellia thea and Begonia sp. showed that the initial toxicity and stability in tropical sunlight of residues of “Supona”-D were somewhat less than those of the DDT emulsion. The resistance to rain, however, was better with residues of “Supona”-D.
Studies of British Anthomyiid Flies. VI.—The annual Cycle of Generations in some Anthomyiid Root Flies
Authors: Miles Mary 
Published: July 2009

Field and laboratory studies have shown that the several root-infesting Anthomyiid flies differ greatly in the number of generations composing their annual cycle and in the minimum temperature conditions necessary for full activity.Onion flies (Delia antiqua (Mg.) ) were mainly univoltine in laboratory cultures. Of 369 first-generation pupae studied in 1953, only 141 (about 40 per cent.) gave rise to flies in July-August and 228 (about 60 per cent.) entered a diapause, in which 196 (about 85 per cent, of those entering diapause) remained until the following spring. In 1954, 99 per cent, of the first-generation pupae from univoltine flies and 97 per cent, of those from bivoltine flies entered the overwintering diapause in July. It then appeared that exposure to low temperatures during the development of the first-generation larvae had induced diapause in the pupae. This was confirmed by the unexpectedly high proportion (49 per cent.) of wild first-generation pupae which entered the overwintering diapause in July in the cool summer of 1954. It was also established that the spring oviposition period for D. antiqua began about the end of May, and it appeared that, in the field, air temperatures of approximately 70°F. were necessary to stimulate egg-laying. First-generation flies emerged in the second and third weeks of July, their numbers depending on the temperature in June. A few second-generation flies, together with late first-generation flies, may emerge in September, but the temperature is then too low for oviposition and there seem to be no third-generation larvae.
The Extermination of the Tsetse Fly,Glossina morsitansWestw., at Abercorn, Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Glover P. E. , Jackson C. H. N. , Robertson A. G. , Thomson W. E. F. 
Published: July 2009

European farms at Abercorn had been suffering from bovine trypanosomiasis carried byGlossina morsitansWestw., and the Tanganyika Department of Tsetse Research were asked in 1935 to advise.Fly-pickets were established in 1936 to prevent carriage of flies on to the farms, and a belt of country was protected from fire, with the object of thickening the woody vegetation so as to make it unfavourable toG. morsitans. The fire-protected area was extended and continued until 1946; serious escape fires occurred in 1938 and 1941. During these first five years the reduction in catches at the pickets was only about one-third.An intensive survey of the area was made in 1941, as the result of which concentrations of flies were identified in certain shallow valleys forming the headwaters of small tributary streams. Several of these were cleared of trees, with the result that the apparent density ofG. morsitanswas at once depressed not only in the valleys themselves but over wide areas of untouched woodland round about.In 1942 and the following years these clearings were extended to new valley sites as they were discovered, both inside and outside the fire-excluded area, and always with striking effects. The last clearing of all was done in 1952.
The Mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Seychelles
Authors: Mattingly P. F. , Brown E. S. 
Published: July 2009

A list is given of all the species of mosquitos so far recorded from the Seychelles, with their distribution in so far as this is known. A number of new records are included based on collections made recently by one of us (E.S.B.).One species and one subspecies new to science are here described for the first time. The first full descriptions of the male terminalia and pupae of certain other species are included.Some notes are given regarding the taxonomy, bionomics and local distribution of the species concerned and the zoogeography of the groups to which they belong.Appendices are devoted to corrections to the second edition of “The Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Eegion”, Vol. I by G. H. E. Hopkins, and to the mosquitos of other islands in the western Indian Ocean.