bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semi‐Synthesis of Unusual Chondroitin Sulfate Polysaccharides Containing GlcA(3‐O‐sulfate) or GlcA(2,3‐di‐O‐sulfate) Units
Authors: Bedini Emiliano , De Castro Cristina , De Rosa Mario , Di Nola Annalida , Restaino Odile F. , Schiraldi Chiara , Parrilli Michelangelo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe extraction from natural sources of Chondroitin sulfate (CS), a polysaccharide used for management of osteoarthritis, leads to very complex mixtures. The synthesis of CS by chemical modification of other polysaccharides has seldom been reported due to the intrinsic complexity that arises from fine chemical modifications of the polysaccharide structure. In view of the growing interest in expanding the application of CS to pharmacological fields other than osteoarthritis treatment, we launched a program to find new sources of known or even unprecedented CS polysaccharides. As part of this program, we report herein on an investigation of the use of a cyclic orthoester group to selectively protect the 4,6‐diol of N‐acetyl‐galactosamine residues in chondroitin (obtained from a microbial source), thereby facilitating its transformation into CSs. In particular, three CS polysaccharides were obtained and demonstrated to possess rare or hitherto unprecedented sulfation patterns by 2D NMR spectroscopy characterization. Two of them contained disaccharide subunits characterized by glucuronic acid residues selectively sulfated at position 3 (GlcA(3S)), the biological functions of which are known but have yet to be fully investigated. This first semi‐synthetic access to GlcA(3S)‐containing CS could greatly expedite such studies, since it can easily furnish considerable amounts of these polysaccharides, which are usually isolated with difficulty and in very low quantity from natural sources.
Facile and Low‐Cost Synthesis of Large‐Area Pure V2O5 Nanosheets for High‐Capacity and High‐Rate Lithium Storage over a Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Wang Zhong‐li , Xu Dan , Wang Li‐min , Zhang Xin‐bo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOne of the great challenges in the development of next‐generation lithium ion batteries is to simultaneously achieve high power and large energy capacity. Herein, large‐area pure V2O5 nanosheets are successfully synthesized by a novel and facile dissolution–splitting method using low‐cost raw materials. The as‐prepared product exhibits enhanced lithium storage properties including high reversible capacity (290 mAh g−1), good cycling and rate performance (144 mAh g−1 at 10 C and 95 mAh g−1 at 20 C), which can deliver a high power density of 15.6 kW kg−1 while the energy density remains as high as 260 Wh kg−1. At low temperatures of 0 and −20 oC, the V2O5 nanosheets can still deliver high capacities of 184 and 158 mAh g−1 at 1 C, respectively, and also exhibit excellent cycling stability.
Cryptanalysis and enhancements of efficient three‐party password‐based key exchange scheme
Authors: Wu Shuhua , Chen Kefei , Pu Qiong , Zhu Yuefei 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, we first showed that Lou and Huang's three‐party password‐based key exchange protocol is still vulnerable to offline dictionary attacks. Thereafter, we proposed an enhanced protocol that can defeat the attack described and yet is efficient. Finally, we provided the rigorous proof of the security for it. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State‐expansion‐based techniques for synthesizing concurrent protocol specifications in distributed systems
Authors: Al Dallal Jehad , Saleh Kassem 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYSeveral methods have been proposed for synthesizing communication protocol specifications starting from given service specifications. Because of the inherently sequential nature of a finite state machine (FSM), some FSM‐based protocol synthesis methods assume that primitives in the service specifications cannot be executed simultaneously. However, other synthesis methods were introduced to handle controlled primitive concurrency by imposing restrictions on the applicable FSM topologies. This paper proposes two alternative FSM‐based protocol synthesis methods that eliminate the restrictions on concurrency imposed by earlier methods. The first method applies a sequential‐based synthesis method to derive a sequential protocol specification (P‐SPEC) from a service specification (S‐SPEC) and then applies several state‐expansion rules to remodel the resulting P‐SPEC to consider the concurrency behavior specified in the S‐SPEC. The second method remodels a concurrent S‐SPEC into a sequential‐like one by expanding its states and applies a sequential‐based synthesis method to derive the concurrent P‐SPEC. Thus, the paper's main contribution is proposing synthesis methods that allow the protocol designers to model their service specifications with concurrency behaviors, using FSM‐based models, and to derive, automatically, the corresponding protocol specifications for the concurrently executable protocol entities. The derived protocol specifications are guaranteed to be free of design errors; therefore, they do not require any further verification. The complexity of the two methods is discussed and their syntactic and semantic correctness are proven. As an example application, the synthesis method is used to derive the protocol specification of the H.323 call release standard used in Internet calls. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Taxometric Investigation of Developmental Dyslexia Subtypes
Authors: O'Brien Beth A. , Wolf Maryanne , Lovett Maureen W. 
Published: January 2012

Long‐standing issues with the conceptualization, identification and subtyping of developmental dyslexia persist. This study takes an alternative approach to examine the heterogeneity of developmental dyslexia using taxometric classification techniques. These methods were used with a large sample of 671 children ages 6–8 who were diagnosed with severe reading disorders. Latent characteristics of the sample are assessed in regard to posited subtypes with phonological deficits and naming speed deficits, thus extending prior work by addressing whether these deficits embody separate classes of individuals. Findings support separate taxa of dyslexia with and without phonological deficits. Different latent structure for naming speed deficits was found depending on the definitional criterion used to define dyslexia. Non‐phonologically based forms of dyslexia showed particular difficulty with naming speed and reading fluency. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Practitioner PointsSupport for separate subtypes of dyslexia, with and without phonological deficits (PDs), indicates a need for different approaches to intervention.A discrepancy‐based criterion identifies more non‐PD cases that may be missed with a response‐to‐intervention diagnosis.Sound symbol correspondence and decoding measures may best distinguish cases of dyslexia with and without PDs.
Neutral and Anionic Antimony(III) Species Supported by a Bicyclic Guanidinate
Authors: Day Benjamin M. , Coles Martyn P. , Hitchcock Peter B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBicyclic guanidine 1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidine (hppH) was investigated as a source of anionic or neutral ligand at antimony. Reaction of the in situ generated lithium guanidinate with SbCl3 in a 1:1 or 2:1 ratio forms the expected metathesis products Sb(hpp)nCl3–n (1, n = 1; 2, n = 2). The molecular structures of 1 and 2 were determined by X‐ray diffraction, which shows chelating guanidinates and suggests the presence of a stereochemically active lone pair of electrons. The reaction of two equivalents of the neutral guanidine hppH with SbCl3 proceeds via proton transfer between the hpp fragments, affording the ion pair [hppH2][Sb(hpp)Cl3] (3), where [Sb(hpp)Cl3]– is an unusual example of a monometallic antimonate(III) anion. The molecular structure of 3 shows hydrogen bonding between two of the chlorides and the NH functionalities of the guanidinium cation.
2D Magnetic Frames Obtained by the Microwave‐Assisted Chemistry Approach
Authors: Pascu Oana , Gich Martí , Herranz Gervasi , Roig Anna 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMicrowave chemistry is becoming a very attractive synthesis technique in many areas of synthetic chemistry. In particular, the utilization of this method to fabricate nanostructured materials is a fast growing research area with immense potential. Similarly, the use of sacrificial scaffolds has been demonstrated as an effective route to achieve intricate 2D and 3D porous architectures. Here, we present an extremely fast and versatile synthetic approach based on microwave heating to fabricate complex macroporous magnetic frames using sacrificial templates. In just a few minutes, a stoichiometric and homogeneous conformal nanometric coating of superparamagnetic nanoparticles was grown onto a 2D monolayer formed by self‐assembled polystyrene colloids. No post‐treatment was required, the sacrificial polystyrene template was removed simultaneously as the magnetic nanoparticles formed, and large‐scale structural order was preserved.
Design of New Tetrazine–Triphenylamine Bichromophores – Fluorescent Switching by Chemical Oxidation
Authors: Quinton Cassandre , Alain‐Rizzo Valérie , Dumas‐Verdes Cécile , Clavier Gilles , Miomandre Fabien , Audebert Pierre 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOriginal new fluorescent and electroactive compounds have been prepared, which feature two different fluorescent groups linked through an oxygen atom spacer. We describe here the synthesis, photophysical and electrochemical properties and their interplay, and our theoretical calculations. These molecules are composed of two fluorophores, an electron‐rich triphenylamine unit and an electron‐poor tetrazine unit. Although the bichromophores are not fluorescent in the neutral state due to a photoinduced electron transfer from the triphenylamine unit to the tetrazine unit, one can restore the fluorescence by oxydation of the triphenylamine moiety. Thus, a redox‐fluorescent switch has been realized.
Synthesis of 1,2‐Naphthalenediol Diacetates by Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Reaction of 1,2‐Diazonaphthoquinones with Acetic Anhydride
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Kisanuki Masato , Okauchi Tatsuo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA metal‐catalyzed reaction of α‐diazocarbonyl compounds with an acid anhydride is reported. In particular, 1,2‐naphthalenediol diacetates were synthesized by the reaction of 1,2‐diazonaphthoquinones with acetic anhydride catalyzed by Rh2(OAc)4.
A homogeneous assay for protein analysis in droplets by fluorescence polarization
Authors: Joensson Haakan N. , Zhang Chi , Uhlén Mathias , Andersson‐Svahn Helene 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe present a novel homogeneous (“mix‐incubate‐read”) droplet microfluidic assay for specific protein detection in picoliter volumes by fluorescence polarization (FP), for the first time demonstrating the use of FP in a droplet microfluidic assay. Using an FP‐based assay we detect streptavidin concentrations as low as 500 nM and demonstrate that an FP assay allows us to distinguish droplets containing 5 μM rabbit IgG from droplets without IgG with an accuracy of 95%, levels relevant for hybridoma screening. This adds to the repertoire of droplet assay techniques a direct protein detection method which can be performed entirely inside droplets without the need for labeling of the analyte molecules.
Comparative embryology and taxonomic considerations in Eriocaulaceae (Poales)
Authors: Coan Alessandra Ike , Stützel Thomas , Scatena Vera Lucia 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe genus concept within Eriocaulaceae is widely discussed because it is mainly based on a small number of floral characteristics of unknown functional and evolutionary significance. The aim of the present work is to comparatively study the embryology of representatives of most genera of Eriocaulaceae to identify relevant features that might aid in circumscribing them. In Eriocaulaceae, the uniformity of the embryological characteristics makes it difficult to interpret the existing relationships among the genera. Some embryological characteristics, especially those related to the number of microsporangia, are shown to be unstable and restricted to Paepalanthoideae. The unique pollen morphology may be related to mechanical processes to accommodate the increase in volume after early formation of the pollen wall and may indicate a relationship to an inaperturate ancestor. The placentation, formerly stated to be axile, is more likely to be central due to protusions of the locular base. The shape of the proximal region of the megagametophyte may be responsible for the formation of the antipodal cyst. The seed coat structure is uniform in origin and is a consistent taxonomic characteristic of the family. A review of Eriocaulaceae is necessary, in which additional morphological and anatomical characteristics should be considered and combined. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The enigma of Albuca tenuifolia Baker resolved
Authors: Müller‐Doblies Ute 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe identification of a lectotype specimen of Albuca tenuifolia Baker in Grahamstown by circumstantial evidence allowed the taxonomic understanding of Baker's description, which hitherto was only based on the very misleading plate 335 of Refugium Botanicum without any herbarium specimen (and even without any plant seen by Baker). This evidence is based on the fact that apparently there was a feedback from Baker to MacOwan about his recently described Albuca tenuifolia. Even without further details MacOwan knew of course, which plant he had sent to the horticulturist Saunders in the previous year and he cut off Baker's information “A. tenuifolia Bak” from the letter and added it to his specimen MacOwan no. 1851 (now GRA!)According to this lectotype specimen MacOwan 1851 (Plate 1), Albuca tenuifolia Baker is the oldest name for A. shawii Baker, which Baker described later also as A. trichophylla, A. elliotii, A. minima and A. granulata.A distribution map for A. tenuifolia in the present circumscription is given based on herbarium records as well as on 13 own field collections. To the known wide distribution of A. tenuifolia in Lesotho and in four provinces given by Manning & Goldblatt (2003; as A. shawii) Northern Cape, North‐West and Gauteng are added here. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new approach in modeling of constant temperature boundary condition in thermal lattice‐Boltzmann method
Authors: Seddiq Mehdi , Maerefat Mehdi , Mirzaei Masaud 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThe lattice‐Boltzmann method is being applied to a diversity of fluid flow and heat transfer problems nowadays. Because of its microscale nature, strict attention should be paid when introducing macroscopic inputs to the model. One of the challenging issues dealing with macroscale and microscale treatment is the implementation of boundary conditions. In this regard constant‐temperature boundaries are frequently used in energy transfer problems. Such boundaries are simply modeled in Navier–Stokes based solvers, but they are not so harnessed in lattice‐Boltzmann models. One of the problems is that the calculated tangential heat flux is not zero along such boundaries in most of the previous models. In the present paper, a model has been developed, which has the capability of controlling tangential heat flux along the constant‐temperature boundaries. It aims to set the heat flux nearly zero along the boundary in midplane grid schemes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of heat and mass transfer on peristaltic flow of hyperbolic tangent fluid in an asymmetric channel
Authors: Akram Safia , Nadeem Sohail 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYIn the present analysis, the influence of heat and mass transfer on the peristaltic flow of a hyperbolic tangent fluid in an asymmetric channel has been discussed. The highly nonlinear equations are simplified under lubrication approach. The perturbation and numerical solutions of the problem are not only discussed but the validity of the results is also being checked. The graphical results of the problem under discussion are also being brought under consideration to see the behavior of various physical parameters. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical methods for a fluid mixture model
Authors: Wang Quanxiang , Lin Suli , Zhang Zhiyue 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYIn this paper, we firstly apply generalized difference methods to solve a fluid mixture model. The model is usually used to describe the tissue deformations and contains a nonlinear hyperbolic equation and an elliptic equation. Most people have used finite difference methods for solving the elliptic equation and other schemes for solving the hyperbolic equation. It is well known that the accuracy of traditional finite difference method is not high. This may be a serious disadvantage in the fluid mixture model, which describes cell movements and tissue deformations. The numerical methods we propose to improve accuracy are based on generalized Galerkin methods and dual decomposition. By choosing suitable trial function space and test function space, our generalized upwind difference schemes exhibit second‐order convergence in space for smooth problems and can eliminate numerical oscillations for discontinuous problems. Some numerical results are presented to demonstrate the advantages of our methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining an appropriate cutting score for indication of impairment on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Authors: Waldron‐Perrine Brigid , Axelrod Bradley N. 
Published: January 2012

Objective/MethodsThe Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a brief yet comprehensive cognitive instrument used to assess level of impairment in neurological populations. The purpose of the present study was to assess the ability of the MoCA to detect cognitive impairment in a veteran patient population referred for neuropsychological testing and to determine optimal cutoff scores on the MoCA when compared with widely used neuropsychological measures.ResultsUsing receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analyses, the findings indicate that the optimal cutoff score to detect impairment (i.e., ≤20) in the present sample was notably lower than that suggested by others.ConclusionsUse of the previously suggested cut score of <26 may overpathologize neurologically intact individuals. Further research utilizing ROC curve analysis should be conducted to establish appropriate cutoff scores for various populations which may differ from the present sample. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sphingomyelinase selectively reduces M1 muscarinic receptors in rat hippocampal membranes
Authors: Dontigny Eve , Patenaude Christian , Cyr Michel , Massicotte Guy 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAlthough there is evidence that nicotinic acetylcholine (Ach) receptors are influenced by ceramides, we do not currently know whether or not these sphingolipids can also regulate the muscarinic subtypes of Ach receptors. Using the whole‐cell patch technique, we demonstrated that the effectiveness of the muscarinic receptor agonist pilocarpine, in enhancing spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents in CA1 pyramidal cells, was completely abolished in hippocampal slices pre‐exposed to the ceramide‐generating enzyme sphingomyelinase (SMase). Western blot experiments, performed with biotinylated hippocampal membranes, showed that this electrophysiological defect possibly relies on the loss of M1 muscarinic Ach receptors at the cell surface. However, the effect appears to be relatively specific as the cell‐surface expression of M4 muscarinic receptors was not found to be impacted by SMase treatment. Interestingly, we observed that G protein‐coupled receptor kinases 2 and β‐arrestin1/2 interactions with M1‐immunoprecipitated proteins were substantially augmented in SMase‐treated slices and that the reduction of cell‐surface M1 muscarinic receptor expression generated was completely suppressed by the muscarinic antagonist atropine. Collectively, our data suggest that selective internalization of M1 muscarinic receptors can be accentuated in neurons subjected to high ceramide levels. The potential physiopathological implications of this finding are presented. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CRAFT: Multimodality confocal skin imaging for early cancer diagnosis
Authors: Peng Tong , Xie Hao , Ding Yichen , Wang Weichao , Li Zhiming , Jin Dayong , Tang Yuanhe , Ren Qiushi , Xi Peng 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAlthough histological analysis serves as a gold standard to cancer diagnosis, its application on skin cancer detection is largely prohibited due to its invasive nature. To obtain both the structural and pathological information in situ, a Confocal Reflectance/Auto‐Fluorescence Tomography (CRAFT) system was established to examine the skin sites in vivo with both reflectance and autofluorescence modes simultaneously. Nude mice skin with cancerous sites and normal skin sites were imaged and compared with the system. The cellular density and reflective intensity in cancerous sites reflects the structural change of the tissue. With the decay coefficient analysis, the corresponding NAD(P)H decay index for cancerous sites is 1.65‐fold that of normal sites, leading to a 97.8% of sensitivity and specificity for early cancer diagnosis. The results are verified by the followed histological analysis. Therefore, CRAFT may provide a novel method for the in vivo, non‐invasive diagnosis of early cancer. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effects of emulsified polydimethylsiloxane FG‐10 on the oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) and lipase production byStaphylococcus warneriEX17
Authors: Rech Fernanda Roberta , Volpato Giandra , Ayub Marco Antônio Záchia 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:In this study the effects of the addition of emulsified polydimethylsiloxane (PMDS) FG‐10 on the oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) of submerged cultures ofStaphylococcus warneriEX17 and its lipase production is described. FG‐10 is an emulsified silicone capable of dissolving 50 times more oxygen than water. The combined effects of FG‐10 concentration and different conditions of agitation were optimized in bioreactors using statistical design tools, and the cultures were run using raw glycerol from biodiesel synthesis as the sole carbon source.RESULTS:The optimal conditions found to improve lipase production were FG‐10 concentration of 11.2% (v/v) and speed agitation of 527 rpm, respectively, producing around 861 U L−1of lipolytic activity, a maximal cell concentration of 8.4 g L−1, and akLaof 99 h−1, values that are approximately 3 times higher than cultures without FG‐10.CONCLUSIONS:This is the first report in the literature on the use of this class of chemicals as oxygen carriers in microbial cultures and its effect on kLa and lipase production, demonstrating the potential use of FG‐10 in microbial cultures. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry