bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐motivated Border Tax Adjustments: Old Wine in Green Bottles?
Authors: Lockwood Ben , Whalley John 
Published: June 2010

Abstract(1285) Ben Lockwood and John Whalley We discuss emerging proposals for border tax adjustments (BTAs) to accompany commitments to reduce carbon emissions in the EU, the US and other OECD economies. The rationale offered for such border adjustment is that various entities, such as the EU, if making commitments to reduce emissions which go beyond those undertaken in other regions of the world, impose added costs on domestic producers which create a competitive disadvantage for them. Some form of remedy is viewed as reasonable to maintain the competitiveness of domestic industries when responding to global environmental problems. In this paper, we argue that despite its current carbon manifestation, the issue of border tax adjustments and both their rationale and their effects on trade are not new and, despite the present debate (which seems to overlook older literature), have arisen before. Earlier debate on border tax adjustments occurred at the time of the adoption of the value‐added tax (VAT) in the EU as a tax harmonisation target in the early 1960s. But academic literature of the time showed that a change between origin and destination basis in the VAT would be neutral and hence the use of a destination‐based tax in the EU to accompany the VAT offered no trade advantage to Europe. Here we argue that essentially the same arguments also apply for carbon‐motivated BTAs, and in the current debate there seems to be a misconception between price‐level effects and relative price effects stemming from a BTA, which needs correcting. We also argue that the impact of border tax adjustments should be viewed as independent of the motivation of the adjustments.
Influence of population stratification on population‐based marker‐disease association analysis
Authors: Li Tengfei , Li Zhaohai , Ying Zhiliang , Zhang Hong 
Published: June 2010

SummaryPopulation‐based genetic association analysis may suffer from the failure to control for confounders such as population stratification (PS). There has been extensive study on the influence of PS on candidate gene‐disease association analysis, but much less attention has been paid to its influence on marker‐disease association analysis. In this paper, we focus on the Pearson χ2 test and the trend test for marker‐disease association analysis. The mean and variance of the test statistics are derived under presence of PS, so that the power and inflated type I error rate can be evaluated. It is shown that the bias and the variance distortion are not zero in the presence of both PS and penetrance heterogeneity (PH). Unlike candidate gene‐disease association analysis, when PS is present, the bias is not zero no matter whether PH is present or not. This work generalises the published results, where only the fully recessive penetrance model is considered and only the bias is calculated. It is shown that candidate gene‐disease association analysis can be treated as a special case of marker‐disease association analysis. Consequently, our results extend previous studies on candidate gene‐disease association analysis. A simulation study confirms the theoretical findings.
Bacterial diversity in Fe‐rich hydrothermal sediments at two South Tonga Arc submarine volcanoes
Authors: FORGET N. L. , MURDOCK S. A. , JUNIPER S. K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSeafloor iron oxide deposits are a common feature of submarine hydrothermal systems. Morphological study of these deposits has led investigators to suggest a microbiological role in their formation, through the oxidation of reduced Fe in hydrothermal fluids. Fe‐oxidizing bacteria, including the recently described Zetaproteobacteria, have been isolated from a few of these deposits but generally little is known about the microbial diversity associated with this habitat. In this study, we characterized bacterial diversity in two Fe oxide samples collected on the seafloor of Volcanoes 1 and 19 on the South Tonga Arc. We were particularly interested in confirming the presence of Zetaproteobacteria at these two sites and in documenting the diversity of groups other than Fe oxidizers. Our results (small subunit rRNA gene sequence data) showed a surprisingly high bacterial diversity, with 150 operational taxonomic units belonging to 19 distinct taxonomic groups. Both samples were dominated by Zetaproteobacteria Fe oxidizers. This group was most abundant at Volcano 1, where sediments were richer in Fe and contained more crystalline forms of Fe oxides. Other groups of bacteria found at these two sites include known S‐ and a few N‐metabolizing bacteria, all ubiquitous in marine environments. The low similarity of our clones with the GenBank database suggests that new species and perhaps new families were recovered. The results of this study suggest that Fe‐rich hydrothermal sediments, while dominated by Fe oxidizers, can be exploited by a variety of autotrophic and heterotrophic micro‐organisms.
Update on epidemiology of pollinosis in Japan: changes over the last 10 years
Authors: Nakae K. , Baba K. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryA nationwide epidemiologic survey of atopic diseases including allergic pollinosis was conducted in 9656 Japanese otorhinolaryngologists and their family members during the Japanese cedar pollen dispersion season in 2008 using methods identical to a previous survey that was performed in 1998. The survey response rate was 37.7% (compared with 42.8% in 1998). The overall prevalence rate of Japanese cedar pollinosis was 26.5%, which is an increase of approximately 9% from that noted in 1998. Similar increases were observed in all age groups, and the prevalence rate was similar between male and female respondents. A unimodal distribution was observed in male and female subjects, with a peak in both men and women aged in their 40s. Nationwide, a consistent positive relation was observed between the prevalence of Japanese cedar pollinosis and the regional Japanese cedar pollen counts. The prevalence rate of pollinosis other than Japanese cedar pollinosis and of perennial allergic rhinitis was 15.4% and 23.3%, respectively; both disease entities tended to occur more frequently in male than in female subjects. The prevalence rate of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy was 5.2%, 14.1%, and 3.9%, respectively. Our results suggest that the prevalence rates of atopic diseases including Japanese cedar pollinosis are dramatically increasing across all age groups in Japan. In particular, the increasing prevalence rate of Japanese cedar pollinosis seems to reflect higher exposure to the Japanese cedar pollen antigen in many prefectures.
Prevalence of Japanese cedar pollinosis in Tokyo: a survey conducted by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Authors: Nishihata S. , Murata T. , Inoue S. , Okubo K. , Sahashi N. , Takahashi H. , Hirooka J. , Hoshiyama Y. , Murayama K. , Mezawa A. , Yokoyama T. , Endo T. , Saiga T. , Saito Y. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIn 2006, a survey was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Japanese cedar pollinosis in three target areas in Tokyo, namely Akiruno‐shi, Chofu‐shi, and Ota‐ku; this survey was similar to two surveys conducted previously, in 1983–1987 (first survey) and 1996 (second survey). In the most recent survey, the overall prevalence of Japanese cedar pollinosis in Tokyo, except the islands of Tokyo, was estimated as 28.2%. This prevalence rate exceeds that estimated by the first and second surveys by 18.2 and 8.8 percentage points, respectively. The prevalence of Japanese cedar pollinosis in the three survey target areas increased by 2.3–10.8 percentage points vs. the rates obtained in the second survey. Furthermore, differences among the prevalence rates in the three areas decreased. Compared with the results obtained in the second survey, increases in the prevalence rate were noted in all age groups other than in people aged 30–44 years. In particular, the prevalence rate in children aged 0–14 years increased markedly, showing a threefold increase. The prevalence rate exceeded 30% in all age groups between 15 and 59 years.
Mechanism of nasal obstruction in patients with allergic rhinitis
Authors: Ichimura K. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryNasal obstruction is a crucial symptom in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients and may affect the quality of life. It is caused mostly by nasal mucosal obstruction, and to a lesser extent, fluid secretion. Mucosal congestion is primarily a vascular phenomenon comprising vasodilatation of capacitance vessels (cavernous sinus) and oedema formation due to plasma leakage from post‐capillary venules. The nose has a complex microvascular anatomy consisting of capacitance vessels, arteriovenous anastomosis, and subepithelial and periglandular capillaries. Nasal congestion is explained by the effects of local mediators exerting potent vasodilatation or increasing permeability of nasal blood vessels and nerves. Capacitance vessels usually constrict because of constant sympathetic tone. They distend by a variety of stimuli such as loss of continuous sympathetic stimulation on the sinusoids, direct vasodilatation by vasoactive substances, contraction of cushion veins, and compression of venules by distended arteries in the intraosseous bony canals of periosteal space. Although topical application of histamine can cause vasodilatation and oedema, histamine is not likely a major mediator causative of nasal congestion in AR. Nasal vascular dilatation elicited by cysleukotriene 1 (cysLT1) may be induced by nitric oxide produced through cysLT1 receptor activation. Thromboxane A2 may cause capacitance vessel dilatation through a contraction of cushion veins. Potentiation of vasoconstrictor action of steroids has been reported since the 1950s. Glucocorticoids (GCs) have two fundamentally different vascular effects: classic action modifying the transcription of pro‐inflammatory genes and acute non‐genomic action (within minutes) that increases the vasomotor tone. The non‐genomic effect is likely related to binding of GCs to the plasma membrane and inhibition of extraneuronal monoamine transporter on vascular smooth muscle cells, thereby increasing noradrenaline concentrations at α1‐adrenoceptors. Genomic vascular effects include the reduction of vessel density, decrease of hyperperfusion, reduction of inflammatory microvascular hyperpermeability, and decreased influx and activation of inflammatory cells. These effects require hours to manifest themselves physiologically.
Measures of blood loss and red cell transfusion targets for caesarean delivery complicated by placenta praevia
Authors: BOYLE Rhonda K. , WATERS Barbara A. , O’ROURKE Peter K. 
Published: June 2010

Objective:  The objective of this study was to assess the association between transfusion, per cent drop in haemoglobin (Hb), and estimated blood loss during the delivery and the first postoperative week following caesarean delivery for placenta praevia. Clinical data predictive of an objective laboratory test for risk of haemorrhage and the need for transfusion were investigated. Transfusions outside national Guidelines were noted.Design:  Retrospective observational study of patients with placenta praevia, who were delivered consecutively by caesarean section at Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital from 1999 to 2005.Setting:  University‐affiliated tertiary hospital. All caesareans were performed by one or more consultant obstetricians, gynaecology oncology surgeons and registrar assistants.Results:  Seventy‐one (28.9%) of 246 patients with placenta praevia were transfused, with 45 of these receiving three or more red cell units. The antenatal Hb fell by a mean of 20.2% (SD 13.5). The average operative haemorrhage was estimated as 1225 mL (SD 996). No patient or surgical factors were significantly associated with changes in Hb. There was a significant association between per cent fall in antenatal Hb and both transfusion P < 0.001 and estimated loss P = 0.002. After transfusion, the Hb of 19 patients was higher than that recommended by Guidelines.Conclusions:  Whether transfusion is necessary, but not the number of red cell units, can be planned by the effect of haemorrhage on antenatal Hb during delivery by caesarean section complicated by placenta praevia.
A randomised controlled trial of two instruments for vacuum‐assisted delivery (Vacca Re‐Usable OmniCup and the Bird anterior and posterior cups) to compare failure rates, safety and use effectiveness
Authors: MOLA Glen D.L. , KUK Joseph M. 
Published: June 2010

Background:  Most previous trials of vacuum‐assisted delivery have been in settings with high rates of instrumental vaginal delivery (8–12%) and high rates of failure to deliver with the intended instrument (20–30%). Over the past 20 years, vacuum‐assisted delivery rates at the Port Moresby General Hospital have been 3–4% with failure rates of <3%.Objective:  The objective is to compare the failure rates of two vacuum extractor instruments, the Vacca Re‐Usable Omnicup and the Bird Vacuum delivery system (anterior and posterior cups).Setting:  Port Moresby General national referral and teaching Hospital (PMGH), Papua New Guinea.Population:  Two hundred consecutive women requiring assisted delivery, June–December, 2007.Methods:  When a woman required an assisted delivery, she was randomised into either the Vacca Re‐Usable Omnicup (Clinical Innovations Inc.) or Bird anterior or posterior metal cup (depending upon the position of the vertex). One hundred women were randomised to each vacuum device. Statistical analysis was on ‘an intention‐to‐treat’ basis.Main outcome measures:  The main outcome measure was the successful completion of the delivery with the allocated instrument. Secondary outcomes were maternal trauma (episiotomy and trauma to the maternal genital tract), significant scalp trauma (sub‐galeal haemorrhage or serious abrasion) and fetal and neonatal outcomes (Apgar score less than seven at 5 minutes, days spent in the Special Care Nursery and neonatal death).Results:  Failure rates for both Omnicup (2/100) and Bird metal cups (6/100) were not statistically different (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.99–1.12; P = 0.17). Rates of maternal trauma and fetal scalp trauma were similar in both groups.Conclusion:  Both the Vacca re‐useable Omnicup and the Bird metal cups are very effective instruments to achieve successful assisted delivery and equally so. Failures and problems were associated with not applying the vacuum cup to the flexion point on the fetal scalp and the mechanical faults with vacuum equipment devices.
Consequences in women of participating in a study of the natural history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3
Authors: MCCREDIE Margaret R.E. , PAUL Charlotte , SHARPLES Katrina J. , BARANYAI Judith , MEDLEY Gabriele , SKEGG David C.G. , JONES Ronald W. 
Published: June 2010

Background:  A retrospective cohort study was performed in 1063 women diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) (previously termed carcinoma in situ– CIS) in the National Women’s Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. The study describes the clinical management and outcomes for women with CIN3 diagnosed in the decade of 1965–1974, when treatment with curative intent was withheld in an unethical clinical study of the natural history of CIS. A comparison is made with women who were diagnosed earlier (1955–1964) and later (1975–1976).Aims:  The aim of the study is to record the medical encounters, frequency and management of cytological abnormalities and the occurrence of invasive cancers. The medical records, cytology and histopathology were reviewed and data linked with cancer and death registers.Results:  Women diagnosed with CIN3 in 1965–1974 (n = 422), compared with those diagnosed earlier (n = 385) or later (n = 256): (i) were less likely to have initial treatment with curative intent (51% vs 95 and 85%, respectively); (ii) had more follow‐up biopsies (P < 0.0005); (iii) were more likely to have positive cytology during follow‐up (P < 0.005) and positive smears that were not followed within six months by a treatment with curative intent (P < 0.005); and (iv) experienced a higher risk of cancer of the cervix or vaginal vault (RR = 3.3 compared with the first period, 95% CI: 1.7–5.3). Among women diagnosed in 1965–1974, those initially managed by punch or wedge biopsy alone had a cancer risk ten times (95% CI: 3.9–25.7) higher than women initially treated with curative intent.Conclusions:  During the ‘clinical study’ (1965–1974), women underwent numerous interventions that were aimed to observe rather than treat their condition, and their risk of cancer was substantially increased.
Perfluorocarbon‐Based Oxygen Carriers: Review of Products and Trials
Authors: Castro Camila Irene , Briceno Juan Carlos 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA viable blood substitute is still of great necessity throughout the world. Perfluorocarbon‐based oxygen carriers (PFCOCs) are emulsions that take advantage of the high solubility of respiratory gases in perfluorocarbons (PFCs). Despite attractive characteristics, no PFCOC is currently approved for clinical uses. Some PFCOCs have failed due to secondary effects of the surfactants employed, like Fluosol DA, whereas others to adverse cerebrovascular effects on cardiopulmonary bypass, such as Oxygent. Further in‐depth, rigorous work is needed to overcome the annotated failures and to obtain a safe PFCOC approved for human use. The aim of this study is to review in detail the most‐used PFCOCs, their formulation, and preclinical and clinical trials, and to reflect upon causes of failure and strategies to overcome such failures.
Erythropoietin Receptor Is Expressed on Human Peripheral Blood T and B Lymphocytes and Monocytes and Is Modulated by Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Treatment
Authors: Lisowska Katarzyna A. , Dębska‐Ślizień Alicja , Bryl Ewa , Rutkowski Bolesław , Witkowski Jacek M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractErythropoietin receptor (EPO‐R) appears on the cell surface in the early stages of erythropoiesis. It has also been found on endothelial cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, suggesting erythropoietin (EPO) role beyond erythropoiesis itself. Earlier reports have shown that treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) in chronic renal failure (CRF) patients improves interleukin‐2 production and restores the T lymphocyte function. We decided to investigate possible expression of EPO‐R on circulating peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes of CRF patients in order to assess the possibility of rhEPO direct action on these cells. Flow cytometry was used for detection and quantification of EPO‐R, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of the EPO receptor mRNA. Our results show for the first time the existence of EPO‐R on cell surface of human T and B lymphocytes and monocytes as well as at the transcriptional activity of the EPO‐R gene in these cells, both in healthy and CRF individuals. We have also found significant differences between the numbers of EPO‐R molecules on T and B lymphocytes of CRF patients not treated and treated with rhEPO and healthy control. Discovery of EPO‐R expression on human lymphocytes suggests that EPO is probably able to directly modulate some signaling pathways important for these cells.
Anthropology at the Edge of Words: Where Poetry and Ethnography Meet
Authors: Maynard Kent , Cahnmann‐Taylor Melisa 
Published: June 2010

SUMMARYAnthropology has seen major challenges regarding methods, epistemologies, and how one writes ethnographically. As practicing ethnographers and poets, we focus on one among many vibrant new styles of anthropological scholarship: ethnographic poetry. As poetry appears more regularly in scholarly venues, anthropologists may wonder how to create ethnographic poetry and toward what end. To address this, we begin with definitions of ethnographic poetry in relation to ethnography and ethnopoetics. We then consider how poetry may help anthropologists to write insightfully about how we and other people live. Drawing on our own poetry, and that of others, we explore how form affects meaning and ethnographic insight.
Distribution of human leukocyte antigen alleles and haplotypes in Oroqen and Ewenki nationality minority in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China
Authors: Zhang H. B. , Wei S. G. , Zheng H. B. , Yu B. , Lai J. H. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe frequencies of the human leukocyte antigen alleles HLA‐A,‐B, DRB1 and the A‐B, A‐DRB1, B‐DRB1, A‐B‐DRB1 haplotypes were investigated through means of PCR‐based reverse line‐strip sequence specific oligonucleotide hybridization on 108 Oroqen and 104 Ewenki nationality unrelated healthy individuals from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. A total of thirteen different HLA‐A alleles, 21 different HLA‐B alleles and 13 different HLA‐DRB1 alleles were detected in the Oroqen ethnic group and the most frequent HLA alleles found were A*24(35.65%), B*15(17.92%), and DRB1*09(17.59%), respectively. The common HLA‐A‐B‐DRB1 haplotypes were A*24‐B*40‐DRB1*09(5.09%), A*24‐B*48‐DRB1*12(2.78%) and A*24‐B*51‐DRB1*04(2.78%); and the HLA‐A*33‐B*58, A*30‐B*13, A*01‐B*37, A*33‐DRB1*03, A*01‐DRB1*10, A*30‐DRB1*07, B*37‐DRB1*10, B*58‐DRB1*03, B*38‐DRB1*08, B*13‐DRB1*07 were significant positive linkage disequilibrium in the Oroqen nationality group. In total, 14 different HLA‐A alleles, 27 B alleles and 12 DRB1 alleles were found in Ewenki nationality group, and the most frequent HLA alleles found were A*24(24.49%), B*40(17.35%), and DRB1*04(14.80%), respectively. The common HLA‐A‐B‐DRB1 haplotypes were A*33‐B*58‐DRB1*03(6.25%), A*01‐B*51‐DRB1*11(2.88%) and A*24‐B*40‐DRB1*09(2.88%); the HLA‐A*33‐B*58, A*29‐B*44, A*03‐B*52, A*33‐DRB1*03, A*29‐DRB1*07, A*24‐DRB1*09, B*58‐DRB1*03, B*08‐DRB1*03, B*46‐DRB1*09 were significant positive linkage disequilibrium in Ewenki nationality group. The distribution of HLA A,‐B, DRB1, alleles haplotypes frequencies and phylogenetic tree indicated that the Oroqen and Ewenki population groups belongs to northern group of China, together as a group cluster.