bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of levodopa priming on dopamine neuron transplant efficacy and induction of abnormal involuntary movements in parkinsonian rats
Authors: Steece‐Collier Kathy , Soderstrom Katherine E. , Collier Timothy J. , Sortwell Caryl E. , Maries‐Lad Eleonora 
Published: March 2009

AbstractClinical trials of neural grafting for Parkinson's disease (PD) have produced variable, but overall disappointing, results. One particular disappointment has been the development of aberrant motor complications following dopamine (DA) neuron grafting. Despite a lack of consistent benefit, the utility of dopamine neuron replacement remains supported by clinical and basic data. In a continued effort to elucidate factors that might improve this therapy, we used a parkinsonian rat model to examine whether pregraft chronic levodopa affected graft efficacy and/or graft‐induced dyskinesia (GID) induction. Indeed, all grafted PD patients to date have had a pregraft history of long‐term levodopa. It is well established that long‐term levodopa results in a plethora of long‐lasting neurochemical alterations and genomic changes indicative of altered structural and synaptic plasticity. Thus, therapeutic dopamine terminal replacement in a striatal environment complicated by such changes could be expected to lead to abnormal or inappropriate connections between graft and host brain and to contribute to suboptimal efficacy and/or postgraft GID behaviors. To investigate the effect of pregraft levodopa, one group of parkinsonian rats received levodopa for 4 weeks prior to grafting. A second levodopa‐naïve group was grafted, and the grafts were allowed to mature for 9 weeks prior to introducing chronic levodopa. We report here that, in parkinsonian rats, preexposure to chronic levodopa significantly reduces behavioral and neurochemical efficacy of embryonic dopamine grafts. Furthermore, dopamine terminal replacement prior to introduction of chronic levodopa is highly effective at preventing development of levodopa‐induced dyskinesias, and GID‐like behaviors occur regardless of pregraft levodopa status. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:15–30, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response characteristics of vibration‐sensitive interneurons related to Johnston's organ in the honeybee, Apis mellifera
Authors: Ai Hiroyuki , Rybak Jürgen , Menzel Randolf , Itoh Tsunao 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHoneybees detect airborne vibration by means of Johnston's organ (JO), located in the pedicel of each antenna. In this study we identified two types of vibration‐sensitive interneurons with arborizations in the primary sensory area of the JO, namely, the dorsal lobe‐interneuron 1 (DL‐Int‐1) and dorsal lobe‐interneuron 2 (DL‐Int‐2) using intracellular recordings combined with intracellular staining. For visualizing overlapping areas between the JO sensory terminals and the branches of these identified interneurons, the three‐dimensional images of the individual neurons were registered into the standard atlas of the honeybee brain (Brandt et al. [2005] J Comp Neurol 492:1–19). Both DL‐Int‐1 and DL‐Int‐2 overlapped with the central terminal area of receptor neurons of the JO in the DL. For DL‐Int‐1 an on–off phasic excitation was elicited by vibrational stimuli applied to the JO when the spontaneous spike frequency was low, whereas tonic inhibition was induced when it was high. Moreover, current injection into a DL‐Int‐1 led to changes of the response pattern from on–off phasic excitation to tonic inhibition, in response to the vibratory stimulation. Although the vibration usually induced on–off phasic excitation in DL‐Int‐1, vibration applied immediately after odor stimulation induced tonic inhibition in it. DL‐Int‐2 responded to vibration stimuli applied to the JO by a tonic burst and were most sensitive to 265 Hz vibration, which is coincident with the strongest frequency of airborne vibrations arising during the waggle dance. These results suggest that DL‐Int‐1 and DL‐Int‐2 are related to coding of the duration of the vibration as sensed by the JO. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:145–160, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of novel neuropeptides in the ventral nerve cord ganglia and their targets in an annelid worm, Eisenia fetida
Authors: Herbert Zsófia , Pollák Edit , Zougman Alexandre , Boros Akos , Kapan Neval , Molnár László 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPeriviscerokinins (PVKs) and pyrokinins (PKs) are neuropeptides known in several arthropod species. Sequence homology of these peptides with the molluscan small cardioactive peptides reveals that the occurrence of PVKs and PKs is not restricted to arthropods. Our study focuses on the biochemical and immunocytochemical identification of neuropeptides with sequence homology to PVKs and PKs in the central and peripheral nervous system of the earthworm Eisenia fetida. By means of affinity chromatography, nanoflow liquid chromatography, and high accuracy mass spectrometry, six peptides, SPFPR(L/I)amide, APFPR(L/I)amide, SPLPR(L/I)amide, SFVR(L/I)amide, AFVR(L/I)amide, and SPAFVR(L/I)amide, were identified in the central nervous system with the common −XR(L/I)amide C‐terminal sequence. The exact anatomical position of 13 labeled XR(I/L)amide expressing neuron groups and numerous peptide‐containing fibers were determined by means of immunocytochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy in whole‐mount preparations of ventral nerve cord ganglia. The majority of the stained neurons were interneurons with processes joining the distinct fine‐fibered polysegmental tracts in the central neuropil. Some stained fibers were seen running in each segmental nerve that innervated metanephridia and body wall. Distinct groups of neurosecretory cells characterized by small round soma and short processes were also identified. Based on immunoelectron microscopy six different types of labeled cells were described showing morphological heterogeneity of earthworm peptides containing elements. Our findings confirm that the sequence of the identified earthworm neuropeptides homologous to the insect PVKs and PKs suggesting that these peptides are phylogenetically conservative molecules and are expressed in sister‐groups of animals such as annelids, mollusks, and insects. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:415–432, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ectopic expression of reelin alters migration of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord
Authors: Yip Yee Ping , Mehta Nisha , Magdaleno Susan , Curran Tom , Yip Joseph W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractReelin, an extracellular matrix molecule, regulates neuronal positioning in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. Although Reelin was identified more than a decade ago, its function on neuronal migration is still poorly understood. Using a transgenic mouse that expressed reelin under the nestin promoter, we examined here the function of Reelin in control of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) migration in the spinal cord. SPN undergo primary and secondary migration to arrive at their final locations. In wildtype mice, postmitotic SPN undergo primary migration from the neuroepithelium to the ventrolateral spinal cord, and then undergo a secondary dorsal migration to their final location to form the intermediolateral column (IML). In reeler, which lacks Reelin, SPN also undergo primary migration to the ventrolateral spinal cord as in wildtype. However, during secondary migration, SPN migrate medially to cluster adjacent to the central canal. Our present study on transgenic rl/rl mutants (rl/rl ne‐reelin) shows that the initial migration of SPN (embryonic day [E]9.5–E12.5) was similar to reeler. SPN migrated from the neuroepithelium to the ventrolateral spinal cord and then back toward the central canal, despite strong reelin expression in the ventricular zone. However, SPN did not aggregate near the central canal when ectopic reelin was expressed. Only when the expression level of ectopic reelin in the ventricular zone became very weak (E18.5) were SPN found to cluster near the central canal. Postnatally, SPN in rl/rl ne‐reelin transgenic mice were located in both the IML and near the central canal. These results show that SPN position can change with location and level of reelin expression. Possible functions of Reelin on SPN migration are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:260–268, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete 3D visualization of primate striosomes by KChIP1 immunostaining
Authors: Mikula Shawn , Parrish Sarah K. , Trimmer James S. , Jones Edward G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHigh‐resolution 3D reconstruction and morphometric analysis of striosomes was carried out in macaque monkeys by using immunocytochemistry for the Kv4 potassium channel subunit potassium channel interacting protein 1 (KChIP1), a novel marker. The striosomes form a connected reticulum made up of two distinct planar sheets spanning several millimeters in the putamen, and long finger‐like branches in the caudate nucleus and putamen. Although their spatial organization is variable, morphometric analysis of the striosomes, utilizing skeletonizations, reveals several quantitative invariant measures of striosome organization, including the following findings: 1) individual bifurcation‐free striosome branches are 355 ± 108.5 μm in diameter and 1,013 ± 751 μm in length, and are both lognormally distributed; and 2) striosome branches exhibit three pronounced orientation preferences that are approximately orthogonal. The former finding suggests a fundamental anatomical and functional component of the striatum, whereas the latter indicates that striosomes are more lattice‐like than their spatial variability suggests. The perceived variable spatial organization of the striosomes in primates belies many invariant features that may reflect striatal function, development, and pathophysiology. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:507–517, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axon regeneration in the absence of growth cones: Acceleration by cyclic AMP
Authors: Jin Li‐Qing , Zhang Guixin , Jamison Curtis , Takano Hajime , Haydon Philip G. , Selzer Michael E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRegenerative failure of spinal axons is commonly ascribed to signaling of F‐actin depolymerization and growth cone collapse by molecules such as the myelin‐associated growth inhibitors. cAMP is thought to promote regeneration at least in part by neutralizing this effect, either by direct action in the growth cone or indirectly by transcriptional mechanisms. In vivo evidence for this is based mainly on partial lesion studies in which it is sometimes difficult to distinguish regeneration of injured axons from collateral sprouting by uninjured axons. Moreover, previous observations on fixed lamprey central nervous system (CNS) suggested that regeneration may not involve growth cones. To distinguish actively growing axons from static or retracting ones, fluorescently labeled large reticulospinal axons were imaged in the living, transected lamprey cord with and without application of cAMP analogs and then studied by 2‐photon microscopy. Axon tip movements over 2–48‐hour intervals indicated: 1) regeneration was intermittent; 2) cAMP decreased initial axon retraction and increased subsequent regeneration up to 11‐fold; 3) the increase in regeneration was due to an increase in velocity of axon growth, but not in the time spent in forward movement; 4) tips of actively regenerating axons were more sharply contoured than static tips but no filopodia or lamellipodia were observed, even in db‐cAMP; and 5) during active growth, axon tips contained vesicle‐like inclusions and were highly immunoreactive for neurofilaments. Staining for F‐actin and microtubules was variable and F‐actin was not concentrated at the leading edge. Thus, cAMP accelerates regeneration of lamprey spinal axons without inducing formation of growth cones. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:295–312, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The morphology and spatial arrangement of astrocytes in the optic nerve head of the mouse
Authors: Sun Daniel , Lye‐Barthel Ming , Masland Richard H. , Jakobs Tatjana C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe evaluated the shapes, numbers, and spatial distribution of astrocytes within the glial lamina, an astrocyte‐rich region at the junction of the retina and optic nerve. A primary aim was to determine how the population of astrocytes, collectively, partitions the axonal space in this region. Astrocyte processes labeled with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) compartmentalize ganglion cell axons into bundles, forming “glial tubes,” and giving the glial architecture of the optic nerve head in transverse section a honeycomb appearance. The shapes of individual astrocytes were studied by using transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein in isolated astrocytes (hGFAPpr‐EGFP). Within the glial lamina the astrocytes were transverse in orientation, with thick, smooth primary processes emanating from a cytoplasmic expansion of the soma. Spaces between the processes of neighboring astrocytes were spatially aligned, to form the apertures through which the bundles of optic axons pass. The processes of individual astrocytes were far‐reaching—they could span most of the width of the nerve—and overlapped the anatomical domains of other near and distant astrocytes. Thus, astrocytes in the glial lamina do not tile: each astrocyte participates in ensheathing approximately one‐quarter of all of the axon bundles in the nerve, and each glial tube contains the processes of about nine astrocytes. This raises the mechanistic question of how, in glaucoma or other cases of nerve damage, the glial response can be confined to a circumscribed region where damage to axons has occurred. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:1–19, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal injury, atrophy, synaptic reorganization, and epileptogenesis after perforant pathway stimulation‐induced status epilepticus in the mouse
Authors: Kienzler Friederike , Norwood Braxton A. , Sloviter Robert S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractProlonged dentate granule cell discharges produce hippocampal injury and chronic epilepsy in rats. In preparing to study this epileptogenic process in genetically altered mice, we determined whether the background strain used to generate most genetically altered mice, the C57BL/6 mouse, is vulnerable to stimulation‐induced seizure‐induced injury. This was necessary because C57BL/6 mice are reportedly resistant to the neurotoxic effects of kainate‐induced seizures, which we hypothesized to be related to strain differences in kainate's effects, rather than genetic differences in intrinsic neuronal vulnerability. Bilateral perforant pathway stimulation‐induced granule cell discharge for 4 hours under urethane anesthesia produced degeneration of glutamate receptor subunit 2 (GluR2)‐positive hilar mossy cells and peptide‐containing interneurons in both FVB/N (kainate‐vulnerable) and C57BL/6 (kainate‐resistant) mice, indicating no strain differences in neuronal vulnerability to seizure activity. Granule cell discharge for 2 hours in C57BL/6 mice destroyed most GluR2‐positive dentate hilar mossy cells, but not peptide‐containing hilar interneurons, indicating that mossy cells are the neurons most vulnerable to this insult. Stimulation for 24 hours caused extensive hippocampal neuron loss and injury to the septum and entorhinal cortex, but no other detectable damage. Mice stimulated for 24 hours developed hippocampal sclerosis, granule cell mossy fiber sprouting, and chronic epilepsy, but not the granule cell layer hypertrophy (granule cell dispersion) produced by intrahippocampal kainate. These results demonstrate that perforant pathway stimulation in mice reliably reproduces the defining features of human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis. Experimental studies in transgenic or knockout mice are feasible if electrical stimulation is used to produce controlled epileptogenic insults. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:181–196, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postradical vaginal trachelectomy follow‐up by isthmic‐vaginal smear cytology: A 13‐year audit
Authors: Ghorab Zeina , Ismiil Nadia , Covens Allan , Nofech‐Mozes Sharon , Saad Reda S. , Dubé Valérie , Khalifa Mahmoud A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRadical trachelectomy is a fertility preserving alternative for early cervical cancer patients. This audit assesses the role of isthmic‐vaginal smear in postoperative follow‐up. A total of 94 patients were identified generating 913 smears. The final surgical margin was at the lower uterine segment in 37 cases (39.4%) and significantly correlated with the presence of lower uterine segment endometrial cells (LUSEC) in smears (P = 0.035). The most common abnormal diagnoses in the presence of LUSEC were ASC‐US and AGUS seen in 14.2% and 11.9% of positive smears, respectively. The most common follow‐up pattern was initial positive smears, which converted to negative (45.7% of patients), showing that reactive changes are another potential overcall pitfall. The only 2 central recurrences were successfully diagnosed by smears. This study summarizes our experience, emphasizing the role of isthmic‐vaginal smears for early detection of central recurrence and highlighting the role of LUSEC and reactive changes as potential overcall pitfalls. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural Flexibility and Selective Guest Accommodation in Two CuII Metal–Organic Coordination Frameworks
Authors: Gurunatha Kargal L. , Maji Tapas Kumar 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTwo metal–organic coordination frameworks of CuII, [Na2Cu(2,4‐pyrdc)(H2O)(μ‐OH2)2]n (1) and {[Cu(2,5‐pyrdc) (NH3)](2H2O)}n (2) (2,4‐pyrdc = pyridine‐2,4‐dicarboxylate; 2,5‐pyrdc = pyridine‐2,5‐dicarboxylate), were synthesized and structurally characterized. The structure of compound 1 was known and shows that Cu(2,4‐pyrdc)2(H2O) functions as a metalloligand and is linked to two different NaI atoms to form a 3D heterometallic CuII–NaI framework. The single crystals of compound 2 were obtained from aqueous ammoniacal solution and crystallize in the triclinic (P$\bar {1}$) crystal system. Compound 2 is a 2D sheet consisting of two different CuII 1D chains bridged by a 2,5‐pyrdc ligand. Stacking of the 2D sheets results in a 3D supramolecular host with 1D water‐filled channels. Both frameworks are highly thermally stable and exhibit reversible structural transformation upon removal of the metal‐bound water and NH3 molecules for 1 and 2, respectively. Sorption studies reveal that desolvated frameworks 1′ and 2′ both behave nonporous to N2. However, 1′ exhibits structural transformation and hysteretic stepwise sorption of H2O and MeOH molecules, but THF and C6H6 molecules are not adsorbed. Similarly, H2O and MeOH molecules are easily adsorbed in 2′, but THF and C6H6 molecules are not. Such high selectivity in 1′ and 2′ was correlated to the smaller pore aperture and specific host–guest interaction conferred by the unsaturated Lewis acidic sites on the pore surfaces and the Lewis basic adsorbates. Low‐temperature magnetic study of 2 revealed that theCuII atoms are antiferromagnetically coupled, with J = –1.45 cm–1 and g = 2.01.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Preparation of an Indolylfulgimide‐Adamantane Linker Conjugate with Nitrile Anchoring Groups through Palladium‐Catalyzed Transformations
Authors: Zarwell Sebastian , Dietrich Steffen , Schulz Christine , Dietrich Paul , Michalik Fabian , Rück‐Braun Karola 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe report the preparation, through palladium‐catalyzed transformations, of the indolylfulgimide linker conjugate 1, containing an adamantane core and nitrile anchoring groups. The ethynylene‐linker 12 for the final Sonogashira coupling was prepared through palladium‐mediated cyanation of an iodo‐substituted precursor with Zn(CN)2. The synthesis of the 6‐bromo‐substituted indolylfulgimide coupling partner 2 was accomplished in seven steps. Model studies using phenylacetylene and the 5‐bromo‐substituted indole 13 were conducted to find conditions that would prevent homocoupling of the ethynylene linker 12 in the final Sonogashira coupling step. The use of Pd(PhCN)2Cl2 and [(tBu)3PH]BF4 in the presence of diisopropylamine, together with CuI as additive, proved to be most efficient. Finally, the photochromic properties of conjugate 1 and indolylfulgimide 2 were studied.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Photolabile Carbonyl Protecting Group: A New Tool for Light‐Controlled Release of Anticancer Agents
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Mondal Mukulesh , Wang Yun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new type of photolabile carbonyl‐protecting group was utilized in releasing anticancer agents upon irradiation at 350 nm in an aqueous environment. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Gold nanoparticle‐enhanced chemiluminescence detection for CE
Authors: Zhao Shulin , Niu Tianxing , Song Yaru , Liu Yi‐Ming 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntroducing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to the running buffer further improved the sensitivity of luminol‐H2O2 chemiluminescence (CL) detection for CE. This has led to the development of sensitive CE‐CL assays of biomedically interesting compounds. Epinephrine and norfloxacin were taken as the model analytes. Epinephrine inhibited light emission from the AuNP‐catalyzed CL while norfloxacin enhanced it. The CE‐CL assays had detection limits of 6.9×10−9 M for epinephrine and 7.3×10−9 M for norfloxacin. It was noted that in the absence of AuNPs no CE‐CL analytical signal was produced by epinephrine at 4.0×10−5 M or norfloxacin at 1.5×10−3 M under similar experimental conditions. Fluorescence spectroscopic measurements showed that although the fluorescence excitation/emission maxima remained the same, the fluorescence lifetime of luminol increased significantly in the presence of AuNPs (τ2 increased from 8.49±0.12 to 9.18±0.047 ns in a two‐exponential fit), indicating that the excited states of luminol molecules were stabilized through the interaction between luminol molecules and AuNPs. Finally, quantitation of epinephrine and norfloxacin in biological samples such as human urine by using the present AuNP‐enhanced CE‐CL method was demonstrated.
Isolation of rare cells from cell mixtures by dielectrophoresis
Authors: Gascoyne Peter R. C. , Noshari Jamileh , Anderson Thomas J. , Becker Frederick F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe application of dielectrophoretic field‐flow fractionation (depFFF) to the isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from clinical blood specimens was studied using simulated cell mixtures of three different cultured tumor cell types with peripheral blood. The depFFF method can not only exploit intrinsic tumor cell properties so that labeling is unnecessary but can also deliver unmodified, viable tumor cells for culture and/or all types of molecular analysis. We investigated tumor cell recovery efficiency as a function of cell loading for a 25 mm wide × 300 mm long depFFF chamber. More than 90% of tumor cells were recovered for small samples but a larger chamber will be required if similarly high recovery efficiencies are to be realized for 10 mL blood specimens used CTC analysis in clinics. We show that the factor limiting isolation efficiency is cell–cell dielectric interactions and that isolation protocols should be completed within ∼15 min in order to avoid changes in cell dielectric properties associated with ion leakage.