bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PRIMARY SETAE AND PORES ON THE LEGS, THE LAST ABDOMINAL SEGMENT, AND THE UROGOMPHI OF LARVAE OF NEARCTIC COLYMBETINAE (COLEOPTERA: ADEPHAGA: DYTISCIDAE) WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Alarie Yves 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThrough an analysis of the primary setae and pores (campaniform sensilla) of first-instar larvae of 32 species of Colymbetinae, 33 species belonging to other dytiscid subfamilies, and seven species belonging to other families of Hydradephaga, the ancestral system of primary setae and pores of the legs, the last abdominal segment, and the urogomphi of Colymbetinae is deduced. Seventy-four setae and 24 pores have been assigned to the generalized colymbetine larva: 51 setae and 18 pores on the legs, 15 setae and three pores on the last abdominal segment, and eight setae and three pores on each urogomphus. A comparison with the ground-plan pattern of the subfamily Hydroporinae is provided. Members of Colymbetinae differ from those of Hydroporinae by the presence of setae TR3, AB14, and AB15, the absence of pore ABd, and the presence of a variable number of additional setae on the femur. A tentative phylogenetic reconstruction of the colymbetine genera provided is based on 24 larval characteristics. The monophyletic origin of the subfamily Colymbetinae is confirmed based on the shared presence of seta AB14. Two monophyletic lineages unite basally: (1) [(Agabus Leach + Ilybius Erichson) + Agabinus Crotch], and (2) {[Colymbetes Clairville + (Rhantus Dejean + Neoscutopterus Balfour-Browne)] + Matus Aubé}. The genera Agabinus and Matus are postulated as a sister-group of (Agabus + Ilybius) and [(Colymbetes + (Rhantus + Neoscutopterus)], respectively. Compared with other Colymbetinae, both Neoscutopterus and Matus stand out by the presence of several strikingly peculiar features. The subgenus Rhantus (Nartus) is postulated to be the sister-group of Neoscutopterus based on the shared presence of additional setae on the dorsal margin of the femur.
THE EFFECTS OF SWEETCLOVER SPECIES, CULTIVARS, AND NITRATE FERTILIZER ON FEEDING BY THE SWEETCLOVER WEEVIL, SITONA CYLINDRICOLLIS FÅHRAEUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Soroka Juliana J. , Muir Alister D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSweetclover, Melilotus Miller, was planted in a field near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to determine the effects of species and cultivars on early season feeding by the sweetclover weevil, Sitona cylindricollis. The wild annual species M. infesta Guss. was consumed less than were cultivars of M. alba (Desr.), which were generally consumed less than cultivars of M. officinalis (L.). The amount of feeding injury by the weevil among nine sweetclover entries was not significantly correlated with nitrate levels in cotyledons, unifoliolate, or first trifoliolate leaves. Weevils fed equally well on entries with high and low coumarin levels. Results from greenhouse cultivar trials generally paralleled those from the field. In an experiment in which different levels of ammonium nitrate fertilizer were broadcast prior to seeding of M. officinalis cultivar Norgold, levels of nitrate ion in the foliage were significantly correlated with fertilizer regime, but not with damage indices of the weevil. These experiments suggest that the nitrate ion in isolation is not the principal factor in the deterrence to sweetclover weevil feeding in M. infesta, and that elevating nitrate levels in sweetclover leaves would not confer resistance to this insect.
EGG GALLERY, BROOD PRODUCTION, AND ADULT CHARACTERISTICS OF MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPKINS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), IN THREE PINE HOSTS
Authors: Cerezke H.F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDuring the 1977–1986 outbreak of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) in southwestern Alberta and Saskatchewan, populations of this beetle developed in lodgepole pine and limber pine stands, and threatened to spread northeasterly to the extensive jack pine forests in the central parts of the two provinces. To assess jack pine as a potential new breeding host, I compare egg galleries, brood production, and adult characteristics of D. ponderosae reared in lodgepole, limber, and jack pine logs. Brood productivity, beetle size, sex ratios, and egg gallery characteristics are described for beetle populations reared from naturally infested limber pine logs from southwestern Alberta, and from artificially infested jack pine logs from east-central Alberta and central Saskatchewan. In a field experiment where logs of the three hosts were placed together, adult beetles and their gallery characteristics are described and compared on the three hosts. The results confirm that jack pine is a viable host, that D. ponderosae’s attack characteristics, survival, and progeny on jack pine all appear comparable to those characters observed for beetles reared on lodgepole pine, and that limber pine is highly productive of beetle brood.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION AND SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING METHODS FOR THE POTATO APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), IN OILSEED FLAX
Authors: Wise I.L. , Lamb R.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSequential decision plans based on aphid counts and binomial counts of infested plants (presence or absence of aphids) were developed to guide chemical control decisions for die potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, on two growth stages of oilseed flax in western Canada. The plans were derived from studies of aphid dispersion among plants in field plots at two locations over 4 years, and verified in samples from 51 commercial fields, in Manitoba. The relationship between variance (s2) and mean aphid density () perplant was loges2 = 0.790 ± 0.050 + (1.649 ± 0.031) loge (n = 69, r2 = 0.98), for both crop growth stages. Neither sweep samples nor pan samples produced reliable estimates of the number of aphids per plant and, therefore, these sampling tools could not replace aphid counts on individual plants. Aphid counts and the binomial method gave similar control decisions with similar amounts of effort, but the aphid counting method required fewer plants to reach a decision. The same decisions were reached in 85–95% of fields by counting aphids on a minimum sample of 25 plants when the crop was in full bloom, or 20 plants at the green boll stage, as with samples of 50–100 plants.
FORUM: INSECTS AND TEMPERATURE—A GENERAL THEORY
Authors: Gilbert N. , Raworth D.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInsects are selected for slow development (but relatively fast growth) in spring, but for fast development in summer. These contrasting selection pressures explain five puzzling effects of temperature on insects: growth and development rates increase almost linearly with temperature; genetic variability in development rate is reduced at high (27°C) temperatures; genetic variability in growth rate is reduced at low (15°C) temperatures; development is very slow at the time of emergence after diapause, regardless of the temperature threshold for emergence; and growth is slow at low temperatures, but development is even slower.Insects use temperature to indicate time-of-season. Different species are geared differently to rising temperatures. Insect predators and parasitoids become more effective at high temperatures; and insect population dynamics are not stable in the conventional sense.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF MYZOCALLIDINE APHIDS FROM NORTH AMERICA AND JAPAN (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMyzocallis (Neomyzocallis) pseudodiscolor sp.nov. from Quercus macrocarpa in North America, and Tuberculatus pilosulus sp.nov. from Quercus serrata in Japan are described. The affinities of the two species are discussed.
CHANGES IN SPRUCE BUDWORM DEFOLIATION WITH CROWN LEVEL
Authors: Piene Harald 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDetailed estimates of defoliation caused by spruce budworm [Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)] over the crown length of young balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] were made throughout a spruce budworm outbreak from 1976 to 1984 in the Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia. The results show no clear tendency for a particular level of the crown to be damaged more heavily than any other. Thus, there is no reason to continue the common practice of taking samples from the mid-crown level on the assumption that they represent an ‘average’ level of defoliation either for high or low populations. Sampling from the bottom of the crown should provide a more convenient and cost-effective approach for estimating defoliation.
SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENT OF THE WESTERN BLACKHEADED BUDWORM, ACLERIS GLOVERANA WALSINGHAM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Gray T.G. , Shepherd R.F. , Gries G. , Gries R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract(E)-11,13-Tetradecadienal (E11,13-14:Ald) is the major component of the sex pheromone of the western blackheaded budworm (WBB), Acleris gloverana Walsingham. The compound was identified in extracts of the female’s pheromone gland by coupled gas chromatographic - electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and coupled GC - mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode. In field experiments, E11,13-14:Ald by itself was attractive, but addition of (Z)-11,13-tetradecadienal doubled trap catches of male WBB. (E)-11,13-Tetradecadienol or (E)-11,13-tetradecadienyl acetate in binary or ternary combination with E11,13-14:Ald did not enhance attractiveness of the bait. In comparative assessments of five different trap designs, Uni-traps appeared to be the most suitable for use in pheromone-based monitoring of populations of WBB.
THE CHALCIDOID PARASITOIDS AND HYPERPARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA) OFCHORISTONEURASPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
Authors: Huber J.T. , Eveleigh E. , Pollock S. , McCarthy P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn illustrated key is given to 28 genera, representing 10 families of at least 50 chalcidoid parasitoids and hyperparasitoids recorded fromChoristoneuraspecies (Tortricidae), or their primary parasitoids, in America north of Mexico. We include species reared throughout a 12-year study of the parasitoids and hyperparasitoids associated with the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens), in New Brunswick, Canada, as well as those listed in various catalogs. Notes are provided for all the chalcidoid species, whether or not they are recorded in the literature. Nine species doubtfully or incorrectly recorded fromChoristoneuraspecies are also discussed.Primary parasitoids belonging to the Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, and Tachinidae have been recorded from 10 of the 16 NearcticChoristoneuraspecies but chalcidoid parasitoids are recorded, usually as hyperparasitoids, from only four of the 16 species. The species of primary parasitoids ofChoristoneurachecked for records of parasitism by Chalcidoidea are tabulated by host species. Also listed are species of primary parasitoids serving as hosts for each of the chalcidoid species. We report 51 new host records of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids fromC. fumiferanaand its parasitoids collected in New Brunswick.A new generic combination is given:Mesopolobus tortricis(Brues) comb.nov. fromPsychophagus(proposed by Z. Boucek).
EARWIG PARASITOIDS OF THE GENUSTRIARTHRIASTEPHENS (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE) IN THE NEW WORLD
Authors: O’Hara James E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTriarthriaStephens is known from two species in the New World. One isT. setipennis(Fallen), introduced into North America from Europe early this century as a biological control agent against its host, the European earwig (Forficula auriculariaL.) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). The second species isT. parva(Townsend), a widely distributed earwig (Doruspp.) parasitoid in the Neotropical region.Triarthria parvawas originally described in the monotypic genusParkerellaTownsend;Parkerellais newly synonymized withTriarthria(syn.nov.), andT. parvais a new combination (comb.nov.). The genusTriarthriais diagnosed and the four included species are keyed:T. legeri(Villeneuve) (western Palearctic region),T. tienshanensisZiegler (Uzbekistan),T. setipennis, andT. parva. The two species in the New World are diagnosed, illustrated, and their known distributions mapped.
IPSDIENOL AND LANIERONE INCREASE IPS PINI SAY (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) ATTACK AND BROOD DENSITY IN LODGEPOLE PINE INFESTED BY MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE
Authors: Safranyik L. , Shore T.L. , Linton D.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAttack and emergence of the engraver beetles Ips pini Say and I. latidens LeConte were measured in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm.) naturally attacked by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk., in 1991. Sample trees were baited with the Ips pheromones ipsdienol and lanierone 1 week and 3 weeks after attack by the mountain pine beetle and again the following spring to observe the effects of the timing of bait placement. The densities of attack, egg gallery length, emergence, and hibernation of Ips species were measured. Ips latidens did not attack either the baited or unbaked trees at breast height until the spring of 1992 and the relatively low emergence was not significantly different by treatments. Among the 1991 treatments, the densities at breast height (1.3 m) of I. pini attack, egg gallery length, adult emergence in the fall of 1991, and numbers of hibernating adults in the duff were all highest for the 3-week treatment and lowest for the unbaked treatment. Significantly higher densities of beetles emerged and hibernated in the duff on the north sides of trees. Ips pini emergence in late summer 1992 from trees additionally baited in spring 1992 was significantly higher than for trees baited only in fall 1991. The density and temporal distribution of the emergence of both Ips species is discussed in relation to that of the mountain pine beetle.
SEASONAL PHENOLOGY OF THE WALNUT HUSK FLY, RHAGOLETIS COMPLETA CRESSON (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Kasana Abdulmajid , AliNiazee M.T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe seasonal phenology of the walnut husk fly (WHF), Rhagoletis completa Cresson, was studied in the Willamette Valley of Oregon during a 4-year period (1990–1993). Adult emergence observed in ground emergence cages varied greatly among years. Initial emergence ranged from 29 June to 17 July, and last emergence occurred as early as 17 August or as late as 11 September. The period of adult emergence was constant from year to year (mean 55, range 50–60 days) with the peak between the 3rd week of July and the 1st week of August. The period between first observed appearance of females in ground-level emergence cages and the first oviposition was consistent among the study years, ranging from 20 to 23 days. Peak oviposition occurred in the 2nd and 3rd weeks of August. Mean egg hatch and larval survival were 98 and 80%, respectively. Infestations reached over 95% in unsprayed trees by early to mid September. Mature larvae first exited from husks beginning the 4th week of August and continued through mid October. Larvae penetrated the soil and pupated at a depth of 2.5–7.6 cm with most within the top 2.5 cm of soil.
EFFECTIVENESS OF TRUNK-IMPLANTED ACEPHATE FOR THE PROTECTION OF CONES AND SEEDS FROM INSECT DAMAGE IN FRANCE AND CHINA
Authors: Roques Alain , Sun Jiang-Hua , Zhang Xu-Dong , Philippe Gwennael , Raimbault Jean-Paul 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFrom 1989 to 1993, trunk implants of acephate were tested for the control of seed and cone insect damage to conifer species in France and northeastern China. The treatments were promising for the control of the major pests that feed on cone and seed tissues, including cone flies, coneworms, and seedworms, in European and Siberian larch, Norway spruce, Scots and mountain pine. In contrast, acephate implants did not prevent seed chalcid damage nor that of gall midges in Douglas-fir, European larch, and Siberian larch. Treatment generally increased seed yield, but a significant increase in the number of filled seeds was seen only when chalcids and midges were absent. The 2-year effect of implants seemed limited. Acephate implantation did not seem to affect seed germination.
THE DIAPAUSE RESPONSE TO PHOTOPERIOD IN ONTARIO POPULATIONS OF COTESIA MELANOSCELA (RATZEBURG) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Nealis V.G. , Oliver D. , Tchir D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe diapause response to photoperiod in Ontario populations of Cotesia melanoscela, an introduced parasitoid of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), was investigated under a series of stationary photoperiods and constant temperature. When the parasitic larval stages of C. melanoscela were exposed to different photoperiods, the insect exhibited a typical long-day response: long days (greater than 18 h) promoted continuous development whereas short days (less than 16 h) resulted in diapause in the cocooned prepupal stage. Within the region of the critical photoperiod (16–18 h) the diapause response was associated with larval development time. Individuals that developed more slowly were more likely to enter diapause. Cotesia melanoscela was sensitive to photoperiod throughout its entire larval period. These individual responses are used to interpret patterns of seasonality of the parasitoid in Ontario and to compare with published information from populations of C. melanoscela in New England.
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE OVIPOSITOR OF SOME PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA IN RELATION TO CHARACTERISTICS OF THEIR HOSTS
Authors: Ralec A. Le , Rabasse J.M. , Wajnberg E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAlthough the structure of the ovipositor of parasitic Hymenoptera is largely uniform, interspecific variation in its morphology can be observed. Such variability may be related to the diversity of hosts attacked. To verify such an hypothesis, we compared, using correspondence analysis, the morphological characteristics of the ovipositors of 20 species in three categories: (i) species belonging to the same taxonomic unit and attacking the same type of host, (ii) species belonging to the same taxonomic unit but attacking different types of host, and (iii) species belonging to different taxonomic units but attacking the same type of host. Results show that variability in some morphological traits of the ovipositor can be related to host characteristics. Adaptive convergence in morphological variations observed between species is discussed.
EVALUATION OF MONOSODIUM METHANE ARSENATE FOR THE SUPPRESSION OF NATIVE ELM BARK BEETLES, HYLURGOPINUS RUFIPES (EICHHOFF) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Pines I.L. , Westwood A.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe native elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff), is the major vector of Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf., in Manitoba. The herbicide Glowon™, monosodium methane arsenate (MSMA), was applied to a chainsaw cut in American elm, Ulmus americana L., tree stems to determine if the treated elms would become effective trap trees for H. rufipes. Three treatments were compared: treated with herbicide and girdled, girdled, and control. All herbicide-treated elms died within 18 days after application. Significantly higher numbers (P < 0.01) of native elm bark beetles were attracted to the herbicided elms, compared with the other treatments. Beetles bred only in the elms treated with herbicide. Of the total brood galleries constructed, 72% had no egg hatch while the remaining 28% had larval tunnels. Progeny adults emerged from less than 1% of the larval tunnels. MSMA application could supplement the Dutch elm disease management program in Manitoba.
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENT AND EQUIPMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY OF ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEES (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA, CANADA
Authors: Richards K.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFour indicators of productivity and quality for the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (Fab.), were examined over a 3-year period and the influence of different shelter designs, nesting materials, and 34 environmental variables evaluated. A higher percentage of cocoons per total cells was produced in polystyrene nesting material than in pinewood nesting material. Both nesting materials had similar percentages of tunnels capped or containing cells and total numbers of cells per hive. Shelters with conspicuous orientation patterns or silhouettes had more tunnels capped per hive, tunnels with cells, and greater total cell production per hive than did other shelter designs. The time of maximum bee production varied greatly among the 3 years. Many environmental variables, especially those associated with higher temperature, heat units, and mean actual temperature, had a significant positive effect on bee productivity and cell quality. The information contained in this study may help delineate those climatic areas where this valuable alfalfa pollinator can be most effective, and may assist beekeepers in making management decisions that will improve their operations.
A STUDY OF THE GENUSEPHORONFROM JAPAN (EPHEMEROPTERA, POLYMITARCYIDAE)
Authors: Ishiwata Shin-ichi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn the genusEphoronof Japan three species are recognized:E.shigae(Takahashi),E.limnobiumsp.nov., andE.eophilumsp.nov. This study includes a key to the species, a description of each species, and maps of species distributions.
EFFECTS OF PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SYNTHETIC PHEROMONE ON MATING DISRUPTION OF SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS IN A WIND TUNNEL
Authors: Sanders C.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMale spruce budworm moths were kept in a wind tunnel for 4 days and assayed each day to determine their ability to locate calling females that were surrounded by rubber septa loaded with synthetic pheromone, a 95:5 blend of E:Z-11-tetradecenal. As the concentration of synthetic pheromone increased, the numbers of males successfully locating females decreased, the latency of response increased, and the speed of flight decreased. At release rates from the septa close to those of a calling female, 6–60 ng/h per septum, most disrupted males flew to a septum instead of the females. At the highest release rate tested, 600 ng/h, many males were inactive or flew to the sides of the tunnel, which indicates sensory fatigue. This effect was more pronounced among males that were continuously exposed to the synthetic pheromone for the 4 days than among males kept in pheromone-free air between assays. About a quarter of the males died or became unable to fly after the 4 days, but there was no change in the proportions of the different responses of males, or in their response times, with increasing age, nor was there evidence that males were conditioned by their experience on previous days. The results led to the conclusion that time-averaged atmospheric concentrations of the synthetic pheromone as high as 20 ng/m3 are necessary to achieve effective disruption of the orientation of male spruce budworm moths to calling female moths.