bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Respirable Organic Matter of Sea Water
Authors: Atkins W. R. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. On storing, sea water suffers a decrease in pH value. The amount of change varies from that produced by adding 1·0 c.c. of N/100 acid to 100 c.c. of sea water, up to that due to adding about 2·5–3·0 c.c. The decrease is due to the production of carbonic acid by organisms.2. The change corresponding to 1·0 c.c. of acid, as above, is equivalent to that produced by the complete oxidation of 3 milligrams per litre of a hexose sugar, which requires 3·2 mgrms. per litre of oxygen. This is the minimum value, from 8·0–9·6 mgrms. corresponds to the higher values of acid. Figures for oxygen consumption by estuarine waters, which are available for an approximate comparison, show that 1·5 mgrms. of oxygen is not often exceeded in estimations by means of alkaline permanganate. The highest of this series is 5·6 mgrms. It is suggested that the different results given by the two methods are due to the fact that respiratory changes taking place in the water during storage set free much of the organically combined carbon before the oxidation by permanganate has been started. Determinations on freshly drawn filtered sea water give, according to Raben, 7·5 mgrms. of hexose or 8·0 mgrms. of oxygen consumed.3. It is probable that the change in pH value on storing indicates the amount of plankton present, at any rate when sewerage contamination is negligible. It appears that water near the surface, at 20–25 metres and sometimes at the bottom, 70 metres, is particularly subject to change during storage. Four cases out of seven showed marked decreases in pH value at 20–25 metres, and two others exhibited the change to a less marked degree.4. The total amount of carbon, reckoned as hexose, which is set free during storage by respiration in sea water at E1 is about twice that photosynthesised between July and December, taking for this the minimum value 3 mgrms. per litre, namely a total of 6 mgrms. per litre. Considering the column of water from bottom to surface, this is equivalent to about 500,000 kilograms per square kilometre in the English Channel off Plymouth.
The Influence upon Algal Cells of an Alteration in the Hydrogen Ion Concentration of Sea Water
Authors: Atkins W. R. G. 
Published: May 2009

Sea water originally at pH8·2 became as alkaline as pH9·4 by the photosynthetic action of Ulva in removing carbonic acid. This degree of alkalinity did not prove injurious to Ulva, but exposure to it for two and a half hours at 27° C. sufficed to increase the permeability of the superficial cells of Ceramium rubrum irreversibly and fatally. Similar though less rapid changes brought about the death of numerous Vorticellæ epiphytic on Ceramium. The criteria for living cells were permeability to neutral red and impermeability to brom cresol purple. Dead cells do not retain neutral red specifically and are permeable to brom cresol purple.It is suggested that the above facts have a bearing upon the distribution of these and similar algæ upon the shore.
The Vertical Distribution of Marine Macroplankton. VIII. Further Observations on the Diurnal Behaviour of the Pelagic Young of Teleostean Fishes in the Plymouth Area
Authors: Russell F. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYResults are given of a further series of collections made with the stramin ring-trawl to determine the diurnal behaviour of post-larval stages of Teleostean fishes in the Plymouth area.The catches were very satisfactory and showed that in no case, except for Clupeids and Gobies, was there any really marked movement of young fish towards the surface. This confirms previous observations.It has been shown on this and previous occasions that Clupeids are many times more abundant in the catches at night than in the daytime, and any study of their seasonal or horizontal distribution would probably.have to be carried out at night.For the remaining species, except perhaps Gobies and Callionymus, oblique hauls taken either at day or at night should give a fair picture of seasonal or horizontal distribution. More observations are, however, required.The association of the whiting young with the medusa, Cyanea capillata, is discussed.
Observations on Patella Vulgata. Part II. Rate of Growth of Shell
Authors: Orton J.H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMany common limpets Patella vulgata, settled and grew on the cement piles of a new wharf constructed at Plymouth. Each pile or part of this wharf provided experimental material for the determination of the maximum age of the limpets which grew thereon, as the dates of completion were known. It was found that at an age of about one year limpets grew to lengths of 26 to 35 mm. in 1912, and to at least 11 to 27 mm. in 1913 :and at an age of two years to at least 53 mm. in 1911-1913, and to 47-49 mm. in 1912-1914.The shells were of the mid-tide-level type, and were low, broad, and rather thin. It is considered that such growth in length is unusual, and is correlated with the habitat and favourable climatic conditions. In the same situation in 1913 marked limpets grew from January 27 to September 2, respectively, 20 mm. (from 21 to 41) and 15 mm. (from 38 to 53), and showed arrest of growth in midsummer.Other marked limpets showed arrest of growth in the winter period, and many at lengths of about 25 mm. an arrest of growth independent of any season of growth. Seasonal shell-growth is discussed briefly ; a postbreeding shell-growing period is general in spring and early summer, but it is not known whether a midsummer resting-period is general among individuals more than one year old. Ad hoc investigations are suggested in combination with work on sex and spawning.A preliminary notice is given of investigations into the cause of variation in shell-height, wherein it is shown that shell-height is determined probably entirely by the degree of exposure of limpets to desiccation, in such a manner that the drier the habitat the higher the shell is. Limpets submerged at neap tides have a relatively uniformly low shell, those exposed at high-water neaps have a relatively high shell, which is higher in the drier than in the damper situations, apparently irrespective of exposure to wave-action.
On the Biology ofCalanus finmarchicus. Part VI. Oxygen Consumption in Relation to Environmental Conditions
Authors: Marshall S. M. , Nicholls A. G. , Orr A. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY1. Experiments have been done to determine the oxygen utilisation by male, female and Stage V Calanus under different environmental conditions.2. An initial fall in the respiration of adult Calanus was observed during the first few hours after capture. Stage V do not show this clearly. It is found more often in winter than in summer.3. The lethal temperature varies from 24° C. in winter to 26° C. in summer. Stage V Calanus are more resistant to high temperatures than adults.4. Respiration rises with increase of temperature from 0° C. to 20° C. The increase does not follow van't Hoff's law. The oxygen consumption of males and females is about the same, while that of Stage V is lower. Above 20° C. there is a harmful effect.5. Within the limits studied (pH 7.4–pH 8.5) change in hydrogen-ion concentration has no effect on respiration.6. Calanus are unaffected by an increase in the oxygen content of the water, but are sensitive to low oxygen tensions. Below a concentration of about 3 ml. per litre the respiration decreases. At concentrations between 1 and 2 ml. per litre they are killed. They are more resistant at 5° C. than at 15° C. and Stage V are more resistant than adults at both these temperatures.7. Calanus can become acclimatised to salinities as low as 35–40% seawater (S=12‰–13.6‰), but their respiration is lowered at a salinity of 50%.8. Light has a striking effect on Calanus. It may increase the respiration by 100% or more. This effect can be detected also in the sea, but not below 5 metres. Continuous exposure to light is harmful.9. The bearing of these results on the distribution of Calanus is discussed.10. From the amount of oxygen used in respiration, calculations of the food required are made and these are compared with the results given by Putter for Calanus and other copepods.
Digestion in the Plaice (Pleuronectes platessa)
Authors: Bayliss L. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. It has been shown that the stomach of the plaice can digest proteins by an extra-cellular enzyme—apparently pepsin. Fats and carbohydrates appear to be unattacked in the stomach.2. In the intestine, proteins are further attacked and the mucous membrane contains a trypsin and an erepsin.3. The liver and the wall of the gall-bladder are more potent sources of trypsin than is the intestine; the former contains, also, a cathepsin, and the latter an erepsin. It is not certain whether any of these enzymes can be secreted into the intestine; administration of pilocarpine failed to make the bile definitely active in digesting proteins, but it is possible that there may be some other route by which the secretion may reach the intestine.4. Fats and carbohydrates are digested in the intestine, since the mucous membrane of the intestine—and also the wall of the gall-bladder and the liver—contain lipase and amylase. The liver is a far more potent source of lipase than is either the gall-bladder or the intestine, but this lipase may be partly intra-cellular in action.5. The hydrogen-ion concentration of the contents of the stomach and intestine has been shown to be consistent with the extra-cellular action of the enzymes found in the respective mucous membranes. The mucous membrane of the stomach is capable of secreting acid, and that of the intestine is capable of bringing about its neutralisation.
A Note on the Feeding Habits of Chimaera monstrosa
Authors: Newell G. E. , Roper H. D. G. 
Published: May 2009

BashfordDean in his Monograph on the Chimaeroid Fishes (1906), describing the North Pacific species Chimaera colliei, states that it is omnivorous and that the “broken shells of mollusks are commonly found, as well as fragments of good sized crustaceans, as indeed the scanty literature records.” He further states that “in the gut of C. monstrosa Faber finds crustacean and shell-fish fragments; Monticelli, quoting Lütken, Cyprina islandica;hellips; Olsson finds also (and his observations are the most detailed hitherto published on the feeding of Chimaera) chætopods, amphipods, echinoids and polyps.”The following is an account of the gut contents of several specimens of Chimaera monstrosa which the authors were fortunate enough to obtain recently.The specimens which were taken from the Atlantic Ocean sixty miles N.W. of Black Eock (Lat. 54° N., Long. 12° W.) at a depth of 220 to 250 fathoms, were preserved in dilute formalin.The actual examination of the gut contents was carried out as follows.The œsophagus and rectum were ligatured, and that part of the gut lying between the two ligatures was removed and placed in a dish of dilute formalin. The gut was then opened by a longitudinal incision, and its contents carefully transferred to the dish where they were subsequently examined by means of a binocular microscope. The food fragments were then provisionally classified, care being taken not to separate such parts as may have belonged to the same organism during life.
A preliminary investigation of the variation of vitamin B12in oceanic and coastal waters
Authors: Cowey C. B. 
Published: May 2009

The presence in the sea of vitamin B12, or of its analogues, has been found necessary for the growth of several species of unicellular plants (e.g. Provasoli & Pintner, 1953; Droop, 1954, 1955).Bioassays of the quantities in inshore waters during winter have been made by Lewin (1954) and by Droop (1954). The present investigation, carried out in 1955, was designed to extend this study and compare different seasons of the year.
On Keeping Medusae Alive in an Aquarium
Authors: Browne Edward T. 
Published: May 2009

I have made several attempts to keep medusae alive in an aquarium, but have only recently been successful. A medusae when first placed in an aquarium swims actively about, but in a few hours it sinks to the bottom apparently tired out. After an interval of rest it takes another swim and again sinks to the bottom. This is repeated until the medusa becomes completely exhausted; then it stays at the bottom and slowly dies. In spite of every attention, plenty of clean sea-water, plenty of copepods, and a suitable temperature, I found that my medusae often used to die within a day of their capture.When I have been watching medusae at the surface of the sea, I have noticed that they simply float along with the tide without often pulsating the umberlla. In my bell-jars the water was perfectly motionless, so that a medusa had to pulsate its umbrella in order to keep afloat, and as soon as the pulsations stopped it began to sink. There are some species, like those belonging to the Bougainvillidae, which live longer in confinement, as they are able to poise themselves in the water by the extension of their tentacles and remain motionless for long periods, but even these finally reach the bottom of the bell-jar, and a long period at the bottom ends in death.It appeared to me that to keep medusae alive in an aquarium it was necessary to have the water in motion so that a medusae could float about just as it does in the sea, without having constantly to pulsate its umbrella.
Director's Report
Authors: Allen E. J. 
Published: May 2009

The various researches detailed in my last Report, which are being conducted by the Association's Naturalists, have been continued during the winter. Mr. Garstang has been chiefly occupied in investigations relating to the migratory pelagic fishes, giving special attention to the characteristics of mackerel from different localities, some 1500 of these fish having been subjected to detailed examination in the course of this enquiry. The samples of mackerel have been obtained from the south-west of Ireland (through H.M. Inspectors of Irish Fisheries), from the North Sea and from America, in addition to those captured near Plymouth. As the results so far obtained refer only to the autumn fish, it has been thought better to defer their publication until after the coming spring fishery, when further samples from the same localities, as well as from the Mediterranean and from Norway, will be examined.Mr. Garstang has also given much time to working out the results of the drift-bottle experiments, a report of which for the year 1897 will be found at p. 199. These experiments have proved more interesting and successful than we had anticipated when they were undertaken, and we purpose continuing and extending them during the coming year.Mr. Holt's papers in the present number of the Journal represent but a portion of the many observations which he has been able to make during the year on the eggs and larvæ of fishes. He has also given much attention to the question of the distribution of fish at different ages in this neighbourhood.
Hydrographic Features of the Water in the Neighbourhood of Plymouth during the Years 1921 and 1922
Authors: Harvey H. W. 
Published: May 2009

Data obtained during the cruises of the s.ss. Huxley and Oithona in the years 1903 to 1906 indicated a general seasonal movement of water into and out of the mouth of the English Channel. It was found that in the autumn, somewhat sooner or later and to a greater or less extent each year, water, of the high salt content characteristic of the open Atlantic in the north of the Bay of Biscay and to the south-west of the English Channel, began to move in a north-easterly direction into the mouth of the English Channel, extending in a tongue along the centre of the Channel and into the Irish Channel, which is characterised by water of lesser salt content.This general movement of relatively high salinity water continued during the winter until the spring or early summer, when water of lesser salinity moved southward from the Irish Channel across the mouth past Ushant, and to some extent into the English Channel; the condition in August being that water of relatively high salinity which had entered the Channel during the winter months was cut off from Atlantic water of equal salinity by a less saline water-mass extending south from the Irish Channel.These general movements have been deduced from the data collected during the cruises in February, May, August, and November. To accurately depict the changing conditions and follow the movement of the water year by year would require frequent observations, more or less simultaneous, over a wide area—a condition of perfection which in practice could not be obtained without the use of several ships working almost continuously and in conjunction.
The Size of Diatoms. I. The Diameter Variation of Rhizosolenia Styliformis Brightw. and R. Alata Brightw. in Particular and of Pelagic Marine Diatoms in General
Authors: Wimpenny R. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. The diameters of samples of Rhizosolenia stylijormis taken in the S. W. North Sea between 1932 and 1934 revealed the presence of large and small populations. The largest diatoms were found in 1933, in which year, or late in 1932, it was thought that auxospore formation might have taken place.2. The large and small groups mentioned in (1) gave indications of a continuous diminution of size judging by an inspection of their modes. Notwithstanding this there appears to have been some selection of the larger cells, as the whole samples tended to increase in size with a rise of temperature.3. The correlation coefficient between the temperature at 20m. and the mean diameters was 0-59. That for salinity in the same circumstances was 0-59. The inverse correlation with salinity is thought to be due to the topography of the area.
Rearing Animals in Captivity for the Study of Trematode Life Histories. I. Larus Ridibundus L., the Black-headed Gull
Authors: Rothschild Miriam 
Published: May 2009

A troublesome problem arises in connexion with the tracing of Trematode life histories; namely how to obtain the intermediate and final hosts free from Helminth infections. It was discovered—fortunately early— during the study of the parasites of Peringia ulvœ Pennant 1777, that all the species of certain groups of cercariæ, and also related species from other molluscan hosts, encyst most readily in the same species of fish or crab. It is therefore not surprising if the mature trematodes are also to be found in the same host. It is obvious that the greatest confusion can arise from these facts. To add to the difficulty it is often impossible to distinguish between the worms within the cyst, and therefore the dissecting out of cysts for feeding purposes is impracticable.By far the most satisfactory results are obtained by rearing the hosts in the Laboratory, but unfortunately with marine organisms this is often impossible.The Black-headed Gull was selected as the final host in a series of experiments, approximately 40 Helminth parasites having been recovered from this bird in Europe. Attempts were made to rear the bird in captivity.Two dozen eggs were first placed under various hens, but all those were lost owing to the great fragility of the shells. The birds invariably smashed the eggs in turning them. An incubator was then tried but a large series of failures also occurred before the discovery of the correct temperature. Subsequently half the birds died on account of wrong treatment after hatching.
Studies in the Physiology of Commensalism. III. The Polynoid Genera Acholoë, Gattyana and Lepidasthenia
Authors: Demorest Davenport  
Published: May 2009

The commensal polynoid Acholoë astericola (Delle Chiaje) exhibits a powerful positive response on contact with its host, Astropecten irregularis (Pennant). This response is only relatively specific, Acholoë demonstrating it to a number of starfish that do not serve as host in Plymouth waters.All living host tissue has some attraction for the commensal; and the attractant is apparently released in quantity in the stomach of the host.Passage of time (apparently as long as tissue remains alive) and chilling do not markedly alter the attractiveness of isolated host tissue. Temperatures above 450 C. alter or abolish its attraction.The extreme instability of the attractant has so far made it impossible to demonstrate its presence in extracts.Evidence is presented that the attractant is rapidly oxidized.Experiments with the scale-worms Gattyana cirrosa (Pallas) and Lepidasthenia argus Hodgson, commensal respectively with Amphitrite johnstoni Malmgren and A. edwardsi Quatrefages, indicate that a chemotaxis to the host may be of relatively minor importance in governing the behaviour of these commensals.
The biology of Asterias rubens L.V. A Porphyrin pigment in the integument
Authors: Kennedy G. Y. , Vevers H. G. 
Published: May 2009

A porphyrin pigment found inAsterias rubenshas been re-examined and found to be protoporphyrin, and not haematoporphyrin as originally reported by MacMunn. The pigment was identified by spectroscopic and spectrophotometric observations as well as by chemical tests and the use of paper partition and column chromatography. The protoporphyrin is absent from the gut, gonads and digestive caeca, and is present only in' the leathery integument.The porphyrin occurs in the integument as free protoporphyrin; a yield of 33-6 mg. of red crystalline protoporphyrin dimethyl ester was obtained from a sample of 5485 g. ofAsteriasintegument.The relative amounts of protoporphyrin in different coloured specimens ofA. rubenswere determined by a fluorimetric method. With four well-defined colour types the amount of porphyrin per gram of integument was found to decrease rapidly in the series: violet-brown, dark brown, red and pale.Neither protoporphyrin nor a porphyrinogen was found in the soft parts ofChlamys opercularisorMytilus edulis, the main food animals ofAsteriasin the Plymouth area. The exact source of the integumentary porphyrin in this starfish is therefore uncertain, ,but it is suggested that it may be derived from the chlorophyll pigments found in the digestive caeca.The porphyrin does not contribute materially to the colour pattern of the animals, most of whose colour is carotenoid, and it is most likely that it is a by-product of excretion formed from chlorophyll.
The Regeneration of the Siphons ofCiona IntestinalisL.
Authors: Sutton Muriel F. 
Published: May 2009

Regeneration of the siphons of normal specimens Ciona intestinalis has been found to be completed, in every particular other than that of length, in 4 days.Removal of the neuroglandular complex retards the regeneration rate.With the exception of the epidermis and of the basic tunic, the new structures differentiate from haemoblasts.A tentative synthesis has been made of the information available upon asexual reproduction and regeneration in the Ascidiaceae.
Diurnal Variations in the Grazing of Planktonic Copepods
Authors: Gauld D. T. 
Published: May 2009

Records were made of the presence or absence of food in the guts of Calanus finmarchicus caught in three different depths, at intervals of 4 hr. through 24 hr. It was found that 80-100 % of the Calanus caught at the surface were full of food at all hours of the day.The number of Calanus containing food in deeper water was distinctly less. This may be correlated with the abundance of its food close to the surface. Diurnal vertical migrations took place on some occasions when samples were taken, but not on all.In the absence of vertical migration Calanus was abundant at the surface and feeding continuously at all hours of the 24 hr. Where vertical migration took place feeding was mostly at the surface and was restricted to the hours of darkness, i.e. in summer to a period distinctly less than 8 hr. round midnight. Laboratory observations confirm the absence of any feeding rhythm.