bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a carer communication intervention to support personhood and quality of life in dementia
Authors: YOUNG TONY JOHNSTONE , MANTHORP CHRIS , HOWELLS DAVID , TULLO ELLEN 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTDementia and dementia care present huge and growing challenges, both to individuals and to societies worldwide. In the United Kingdom, the context for the study reported here, recent key policy initiatives have highlighted problems in care provision, noting a lack of appropriate carer guidance, and an overemphasis on strictly biomedical interventions. Communication practices which support agency and empowerment have been identified as areas for particular improvement. A number of communication training and guidance packages are currently available, but these exhibit shortcomings, including a lack of user input and cross-referencing to other communications theory or to relevant empirical evidence; a lack of individualisation; and high context-specificity. In general, their uptake and level of application to care is very low. As a response, the study described here developed a new communications intervention characterised by the direct involvement of a broad spectrum of lay and professional stakeholders. This inter-group dialogue produced an agreed free-to-users, user-informed and user-relevant dementia communications toolkit (DEMTEC), which is empirically supported and adaptable to different socio-cultural and care environments. We detail the conceptual background to the toolkit, the inclusive and iterative methodology for its formulation, and how it can be used to help support ‘personhood’ and quality of life and to challenge the socially-constructed ‘othering’ of people with dementia.
Transmission of swine pathogens: different means, different needs
Authors: Desrosiers Robert 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThere seems to be two main types of pathogens that cause diseases in swine: those that are mainly introduced through direct pig contacts, and those that are often, and in some situations mainly introduced by indirect transmission means. In this review, the mange mite (Sarcoptes scabiei), toxigenicPasteurella multocidaandBrachyspira hyodysenteriaewill be used as examples of the first type, and foot and mouth disease virus,Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaeand porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus as examples of the second. It is now clear from various epidemiological studies as well as experimental and field data that aerosol transmission of some swine pathogens plays an important role in their epidemiology. As previous biosecurity programs did not take this factor into consideration, it can at least partially explain why many of these programs suffered frequent failures and why air filtration is now becoming increasingly popular in North America. Identifying and quantifying transmission means should be a priority for every important infectious disease for which it has not been done.
Erratum: Dating the cyanobacterial ancestor of the chloroplast
Authors: Falcón Luisa I , Magallón Susana , Castillo Amanda 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Correction to: The ISME Journal (2010) 6, 777–783; doi:10.1038/ismej.2010.2 Since the publication of this paper, the authors have noticed an omission in the acknowledgements section. The missing text is as follows. LIF, SM and AC were funded by SEP-CONACyT (Mexico), projects no. 56045 (LIF) and 2004-C01-46475-Q (SM, AC), respectively.
Comparison of assessment methods used to diagnose Hematodinium sp. infections in Cancer pagurus
Authors: Ní Chualáin Ciara , Robinson Martin 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Ní Chualáin, C., and Robinson, M. 2011. Comparison of assessment methods used to diagnose Hematodinium sp. infections in Cancer pagurus. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . Endoparasitic dinoflagellates of the genus Hematodinium have recently gained attention as significant pathogens of the brown crab Cancer pagurus in Ireland. Patent infections, which are characterized by a hyperpigmented carapace and moribund condition, are limited to the discrete periods when macroscopic identification is possible. Three methods are assessed for diagnosing Hematodinium sp. infections in brown crab at the times when macroscopic identification is not always possible. Haemolymph smears, histological sections of gill, heart, midgut, hepatopancreas, muscle, and gonad, and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay provided virtually equivalent accuracy in gauging infection prevalence, regardless of season. Sequences of PCR amplicons from the 18S ribosomal RNA gene confirmed the identity of the parasite as belonging to the genus Hematodinium. Infection intensity values (<1–87%) obtained from haemolymph smears underscored infection levels within tissues, 90% of which contained advanced levels of infection. Alterations to tissues of infected crabs included haemocytopoenia, oedema, which caused dilation of the haemal sinuses resulting in pressure necrosis to the connective tissues around the oocytes, myocardial bundles, and hepatopancreatic tubules. The claw muscle of infected animals contained the fewest parasites.
Genealogical lineage sorting leads to significant, but incorrect Bayesian multilocus inference of population structure
Authors: OROZCO‐terWENGEL PABLO , CORANDER JUKKA , SCHLÖTTERER CHRISTIAN 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOver the past decades, the use of molecular markers has revolutionized biology and led to the foundation of a new research discipline—phylogeography. Of particular interest has been the inference of population structure and biogeography. While initial studies focused on mtDNA as a molecular marker, it has become apparent that selection and genealogical lineage sorting could lead to erroneous inferences. As it is not clear to what extent these forces affect a given marker, it has become common practice to use the combined evidence from a set of molecular markers as an attempt to recover the signals that approximate the true underlying demography. Typically, the number of markers used is determined by either budget constraints or by statistical power required to recognize significant population differentiation. Using microsatellite markers from Drosophila and humans, we show that even large numbers of loci (>50) can frequently result in statistically well‐supported, but incorrect inference of population structure using the software baps. Most importantly, genomic features, such as chromosomal location, variability of the markers, or recombination rate, cannot explain this observation. Instead, it can be attributed to sampling variation among loci with different realizations of the stochastic lineage sorting. This phenomenon is particularly pronounced for low levels of population differentiation. Our results have important implications for ongoing studies of population differentiation, as we unambiguously demonstrate that statistical significance of population structure inferred from a random set of genetic markers cannot necessarily be taken as evidence for a reliable demographic inference.
Serum Levels of Acute Phase Proteins: SAA, Hp and Progesterone (P4) in Mares with Early Embryonic Death
Authors: Krakowski L , Krawczyk CH , Kostro K , Stefaniak T , Novotny F , Obara J 
Published: January 2011

ContentsThe study involved 46 healthy purebred Arabian mares exhibiting regular oestrous cycles that underwent artificial insemination (AI). Pregnancy was detected ultrasonographically (US) in 40 mares. In 15 mares in foal, early embryonic death (EED) was observed during the pregnancy days 14–21. Blood for determinations of serum acute phase proteins (SAA and Hp) and progesterone (P4) was sampled 12–24 h before ovulation and the first insemination, at 12, 24, 72, 96 h and on day 7, 10, 14, 21, 35 and 55 after ovulation. The results revealed that in 25 mares without EED, the serum levels of P4, SAA and Hp were within physiological limits; in 15 mares with EED, the levels of SAA and Hp were significantly increased. In seven mares with EED, high levels of SAA and Hp were already found before ovulation and at 12, 24, 72, 96 h as well as on day 7 and 10 post–ovulation, whereas the level of P4 was normal for early pregnancy. In the remaining eight mares with EED, increased levels of SAA and Hp were found at 72 h after ovulation and maintained until day 55. In this group, the level of P4 decreased since 96 h after ovulation. Determinations of SAA, Hp and P4 in mares in early pregnancy (EP) are useful for monitoring normal development of pregnancy and for diagnosis of subclinical genital inflammations, which may lead to EED.
Impact of Ovarian and Uterine Conditions on Some Diagnostic Tests Output of Endometritis in Postpartum High‐Yielding Dairy Cows
Authors: Senosy W , Uchiza M , Tameoka N , Izaike Y , Osawa T 
Published: January 2011

ContentsThe effect of ovarian predominating structures and uterine condition on the result of some diagnostic tools for the evaluation of endometritis was studied in postpartum (pp) Holstein–Friesian dairy cows (n = 58). Endometrial cytology (EC) and the evaluation of vaginal mucus by vaginoscopy or Metricheck were performed weekly from week 3 to 7 pp. The ovarian studies involved the predominating structures including cystic follicles with plasma progesterone (P4; more or <1 ng/ml; >23 mm), corpus luteum (CL), pre‐ovulatory follicles (10–23 mm) and small follicles (<10 mm). The uterine conditions comprised uterine involution, tonicity and fluid in uterus (FIU) regarding echogenicity extent. During week 5, the percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN%) was higher (p < 0.05) in animals with pre‐ovulatory follicles (mean ± SEM, 26.3 ± 7.6%) than animals having CL (11.0 ± 3.6%). In cystic ovaries, during week 5, PMN% was higher (p < 0.05) in follicular cysts with low progesterone (P4 < 1 ng/ml; 9.3 ± 2.6%) than those with high P4 (P4 ≥ 1 ng/ml; 1.5 ± 1.1%). Moreover, PMN% was higher (p < 0.01) in animals with non‐involuted uterus (11.5 ± 7.4%) than those with involuted uterus (2.7 ± 0.6%) during week 7 pp. The animals that had abnormal mucus determined by Metricheck was higher in animals with atonic uterus than those with tonic uterus during week 6 (82.6% vs 51.5%; p < 0.05) and 7 (71.4% vs 25.7%; p < 0.01) pp. In addition, by vaginoscopy, the prevalence of animals with abnormal discharge showing small follicles (100%, 5/5) during week 3 pp and pre‐ovulatory follicles (40.0%, 8/20) during week 5 pp was higher (p < 0.05) when compared to those having CL during week 3 (33.3%; 1/3) and week 5 pp (7.7%; 2/26), respectively. In conclusion, endometrial cytology, Metricheck and vaginoscopy were influenced by the predominating various ovarian structures and uterine condition in early pp high‐yielding dairy cows.
Effects of Heavy Metals and Pesticides on Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Spermatozoa Functions In Vitro
Authors: Selvaraju S , Nandi S , Gupta PSP , Ravindra JP 
Published: January 2011

ContentsIndustrial toxic metals, pollutants and bio‐accumulative pesticides interfere with the male reproductive functions in farm animals. Frozen‐thawed semen samples were incubated with heavy metals (cadmium and lead) and pesticides (chlorpyrifos and endosulfan) of different concentrations (0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 μg/ml) for 1 h, and various spermatozoa functional parameters and in vitro fertilization rates were assessed. Any significant effect was assessed by comparing the 1 h data between the control and treatment groups. Progressive forward motility was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in spermatozoa exposed to lower concentrations (0.05–0.5 μg/ml) of toxic substances. The straight‐line velocity (μm/s) and the average path velocity (μm/s) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in spermatozoa exposed to 1.0 and 0.5 μg/ml of cadmium (11.6 ± 1.9 and 16.3 ± 1.9) and chlorpyrifos (10.4 ± 1.5 and 17.1 ± 1.3), respectively, when compared to control (20.4 ± 1.4 and 28.1 ± 1.7). The acrosomal integrity was also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at 0.05 μg/ml of chlorpyrifos (33.3 ± 1.9), 1.0 μg/ml of cadmium (36.8 ± 3.7), 1.0 μg/ml of lead (39.4 ± 2.8) and 0.5 μg/ml of endosulfan (38.3 ± 3.2), respectively. The spermatozoa chromatin decondensation was significantly (p < 0.05) affected at higher concentrations (>0.5 μg/ml) of these chemicals. The mitochondrial membrane potential (%) was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at 0.05 μg/ml of cadmium (3.2 ± 0.2) and chlorpyrifos (4.3 ± 0.4), 0.1 μg/ml of lead (3.8 ± 0.3) and 0.5 μg/ml of endosulfan (3.2 ± 0.3) when compared to control (6.7 ± 1.0). The in vitro fertilization capabilities (cleavage percentage) of spermatozoa were significantly reduced at 1.0 μg/ml of cadmium (28.3 ± 2.4) and 2.0 μg/ml of lead (31.1 ± 2.7), chlorpyrifos (29.4 ± 2.2) and endosulfan (32.6 ± 2.5) when compared to control (59.4 ± 4.4). This study suggested that the mitochondrial membrane potential was primarily affected even with lowest doses of toxic chemicals. Cadmium when compared to lead and chlorpyrifos when compared to endosulfan were found to be more toxic to the spermatozoa.
Fertility Following CIDR Based Synchronization Regimens in Anoestrous Nili‐Ravi Buffaloes
Authors: Naseer Z , Ahmad E , Singh J , Ahmad N 
Published: January 2011

ContentsThe objective of this study was to compare oestrus expression and fertility rate in used and new controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) device treated anoestrous buffaloes. Furthermore, to determine the timing of ovulation, and fertility rate in estradiol benzoate (EB) and GnRH‐administered CIDR‐treated anoestrous Nili‐Ravi buffaloes. In experiment 1, buffaloes received either a used CIDR (UCIDR, n = 35) or a new CIDR (NCIDR, n = 36) for 7 day and PGF2α on day 6. Oestrous expression was similar (p > 0.05) between UCIDR (88.5%) and NCIDR (96.6%) buffaloes. The pregnancy rate did not differ (p > 0.05) because of treatment (37.1% in UCIDR vs 36.6% in NCIDR). In experiment 2, buffaloes (n = 55) received CIDR device for 7 days and PGF2α, on day 6 and randomly assigned into three treatment groups: (i) CIDR‐EB (n = 17) received EB on day 8, (ii) CIDR‐GnRH (n = 18) received GnRH on day 9 and (iii) control (n = 20) received no further treatment. Mean interval from CIDR removal to ovulation in CIDR‐EB, CIDR‐GnRH and CIDR group were 61.3 ± 0.8, 64.9 ± 1.8 and 65.1 ± 16.7 h, respectively. However, the buffaloes in the CIDR‐EB and CIDR‐GnRH group had lesser variability in the timing of ovulation compared to control. The pregnancy rate of both CIDR‐EB group (58%) and CIDR‐GnRH group (61%) were tended to be higher (p < 0.1) than control (30%). In conclusion, compared to NCIDR devices, previously UCIDR devices are equally effective to induce oestrus in anoestrous buffaloes resulting optimal pregnancy rate. Administration of EB and GnRH after CIDR removal results in tighter synchrony (less variability) and improved fertility in anoestrous buffaloes. CIDR based synchronization regimens have great potential in fertility improvement in anoestrous buffaloes.
Why parents and children consent to become involved in medical student teaching
Authors: Pinnock Ralph , Weller Jennifer , Shulruf Boaz , Jones Rhys , Reed Peter , Mizutani Satomi 
Published: January 2011

Aim:  Clinical experience in paediatrics is essential for medical undergraduates. This is the first study, of which we are aware, to examine why children of different ages admitted acutely to hospital and their parents agree to become involved in medical student teaching. We wanted to establish whether they considered that they needed to give consent before seeing medical students, whether this was routinely sought and what influenced their decisions.Methods:  Data were collected using questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews of parents and children.Results:  Questionnaires were completed by 105 parents of children less than 6 years old, and 34 children between 10 years and 15 years old and their parents. Interviews were conducted with 32 children between the ages of 6 and 10 years and their parents. Most parents and children consider that they have a responsibility to teaching but must always be asked for consent. They were motivated by altruism, but fear of emotional distress or pain can lead them to refuse. Younger children may not be able to give reasons for not wanting to see a medical student but sometimes have firm views, which must be respected. Having seen a medical student previously did influence children's or parents' opinions. Most children who have seen a medical student were prepared to see students again.Conclusion:  Medical students can be reassured that parents and children admitted acutely to a children's hospital have a positive attitude to student involvement and are prepared to help them learn clinical skills, but consent must always be obtained and the child's perspective must always be considered.
The value of the CRB65 score to predict mortality in exacerbations of COPD requiring hospital admission
Authors: EDWARDS LLIFON , PERRIN KYLE , WIJESINGHE MEME , WEATHERALL MARK , BEASLEY RICHARD , TRAVERS JUSTIN 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and Objective:  The CRB65 score, a risk stratification method validated for use in community‐acquired pneumonia, has recently been shown to have utility in acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD). The objective of this study was to independently validate the CRB65 score as a predictor of mortality in patients who required hospital admission with AECOPD.Methods:  The medical records of patients admitted to Wellington Hospital with AECOPD during a 12‐month period from June 2006 were reviewed. Logistic regression was used to determine the strength of the association between the CRB65 score and death at three measurement times: in‐hospital, 30 days and 12 months.Results:  Complete data were available in 133/174 patient admissions. In‐hospital and 30‐day mortality increased progressively with increasing CRB65 score and was markedly higher in the CRB 3–4 group (3%, 5%, 29%, and 4%, 9%, 43% for CRB65 scores 0–1, 2, 3–4 for in‐hospital and 30‐day mortality, respectively). Differences in 1‐year mortality were less apparent (24%, 25%, 57% for CRB65 scores 0–1, 2, 3–4, respectively). The CRB65 score demonstrated a modest value for predicting in‐hospital and 30‐day mortality with a c statistic of 0.68 at both time points.Conclusions:  The CRB65 score shows similar characteristics for predicting short‐term mortality in AECOPD as its use in community‐acquired pneumonia. We recommend its use in clinical practice, particularly in patients with a score ≥3, which is associated with a high risk of early mortality, and need for intensive hospital management.
Small‐gauge vitrectomy in traumatic retinal detachment
Authors: Ehrlich Rita , Polkinghorne Philip 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPurpose:  To report the outcome of retinal detachment surgery following trauma treated with small‐gauge vitrectomy.Design:  Retrospective chart review.Participants:  Adult patients presenting with a retinal detachment following severe trauma between 2007 and 2009 that underwent vitreoretinal surgery with either 25‐ or 23‐gauge vitrectomy.Methods:  Data collected included; age, sex, eye, time interval between injury and diagnosis of retinal detachment, anatomical and functional success, complications, and length of follow up.Main Outcome Measures:  Anatomical and functional outcome.Results:  Nineteen consecutive adult patients with traumatic retinal detachment were included. The mean age was 51.4 ± 19.3 years; 68.5% were male. Thirteen patients (68.4%) presented with visual acuity of hand movement or worse including six patients with light perception only. Five eyes achieved 6/60 vision or better, and three eyes had visual acuity of 6/12 or better. During the period of follow up six eyes experienced a recurrent retinal detachment.Conclusion:  Traumatic retinal detachment can be successful managed with small‐gauge vitrectomy.
Fear of falling and falls self‐efficacy and their relationship to higher‐level competence among community‐dwelling senior men and women in Japan
Authors: Katsumata Yuriko , Arai Asuna , Tomimori Masashi , Ishida Kozo , Lee Romeo B , Tamashiro Hiko 
Published: January 2011

Aim:  This cross‐sectional study examined the relationships of fear of falling and falls self‐efficacy with higher‐level competence among community‐dwelling senior citizens in Japan.Methods:  Of the 822 registered senior citizens, 731 (89%) community dwellers were requested to participate in the survey using a mailed self‐accomplished questionnaire. Data from 648 respondents with duly accomplished questionnaires were analyzed using R2, the coefficient of determination, based on a multivariate regression analysis.Results:  Fear of falling, low falls self‐efficacy and higher‐level functional disability were observed among respondents. Of the hypothesized relationships examined by sex, fear of falling was significantly associated with disability among male respondents and low falls self‐efficacy among both sexes. Several confounding variables were strongly associated with competence.Conclusion:  While the data underscore the strategic importance of promoting higher‐level competence among the senior citizens, there is much to suggest that their competence is likely to be maintained if their fear of falling and falls self‐efficacy were modified. Programs must also consider a wide array of intervening factors. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 282–289.
FOXP3 and survival in urinary bladder cancer
Authors: Winerdal Malin E. , Marits Per , Winerdal Max , Hasan Mudhar , Rosenblatt Robert , Tolf Anna , Selling Katarina , Sherif Amir , Winqvist Ola 
Published: January 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?This is the first study examining FOXP3 expression in invasive urothelial urinary bladder cancer and in their tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). The relation of their respective immunohistological expression to survival adds new knowledge in the fields of tumour immunology and prognostic markers.OBJECTIVE• To investigate the possible impact of FOXP3 expression in T‐cells, as well as in tumour cells, on long‐term survival in patients with urinary bladder cancer (UBC) invading muscle.PATIENTS AND METHODS• In a retrospective study, tumour specimens from 37 patients cystectomized for T1–T4 UBC during 1999–2002 at the Karolinska University Hospital were examined by immunohistochemistry for tumour expression and/or infiltration of immune cells expressing FOXP3 as well as CD3.• The results obtained were correlated with clinicopathological parameters, where the primary and secondary outcomes investigated were overall survival and progression‐free survival, respectively.RESULTS• Infiltration of CD3+ and FOXP3+ lymphocytes (≥3 cells per high‐power field) were both correlated with better survival, and this relationship persisted throughout the whole study period (all P < 0.05).• Patients with FOXP3+ tumour cells had decreased long‐term survival compared to those patients with FOXP3− tumours (P < 0.05).• Despite a limited amount of patient material, the results of the present study indicate that FOXP3 expression, in both lymphocytes and tumour cells, is an important prognostic factor in UBC.CONCLUSIONS• FOXP3 expression in UBC cells is associated with decreased long‐term survival and thus may be a novel negative prognostic factor in UBC invading muscle.• By contrast, the presence of FOXP3+ tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes was correlated with a positive prognosis. Because FOXP3 is up‐regulated upon activation in human T‐cells, FOXP3 may serve more as an activation marker than as a regulatory T‐cell indicator in this case.• These results support the need for larger prospective studies aiming to confirm the results obtained and to examine the underlying mechanisms in detail.