bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
"Fluent dysfluency" as Congruent Lexicalization: A Special Case of Radical Code-Mixing
Authors: Lipski John 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCode-switching among bilinguals has been typologically classified into three categories e.g. by Muysken (2000): alternation, insertion, and congruent lexicalization. Congruent lexicalization as usually defined not only requires that the languages in contact be structurally congruent, but also presupposes a high level of bilingual competence, as well relatively equal prestige and no tradition of overt language separation. The present study presents data from several communities in which Spanish is in contact with languages increasingly less cognate: Portuguese, Italian, and English, respectively. The data are drawn from "fluently dysfluent" speakers, meaning that they use their L2 frequently and speak it without hesitation, but with much involuntary intrusion of their L1; these dysfluent bilinguals rely on their interlocutors' passive competence in the speakers' L1, and in so doing exhibit code-switching which fits the typological pattern of congruent lexicalization. A componential analysis of several dysfluent bilingual communities results in the suggestion that the definition of congruent lexicalization be expanded to include the special case of fluently dysfluent bilingualism, a situation that arises in several language contact environments.
Derivational Morphology under the Influence of Language Contact in French and German
Authors: Heinold Simone 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper analyses deverbal nominalisations in English, German and French: under special consideration is the -ing-suffixation which appears in all three languages. In German and French, more and more -ing-derived loans have been adopted into the language during the past decades. In both languages, they have developed semantic and morphological properties of their own that overlap or contrast with rival native processes, such as the productive -ung and -en for German, and -age, -(t)ion and -ment for French. I will analyse this evolution especially from a semantic point of view and give reasons why the loan as well as the native forms can co-exist. Moreover, I will discuss the question of how far the -ing-suffixation can be considered an established and transparent word-formation rule for French and German.
Contacts de Langues et Multimodalite chez des locuteurs sourds : concepts et outils méthodologiques pour Llanalyse
Authors: Estève Isabelle , Millet Agnès 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCette contribution propose des outils de transcription et d'analyse des pratiques langagières de locuteurs sourds, dont les discours sont inscrits le plus souvent dans le bilinguisme, le contact de langues et la bimodalité. Réalisée sous le logiciel ELAN®, la grille hiérarchique que nous proposons et dont nous détaillons tous les niveaux d'analyse autorise des approches qualitatives et quantifiées des observables. Elle permet de rendre compte de la diversité des moyens utilisés (verbal/non verbal ; vocal/gestuel), de leur combinatoire et de leurs interactions. Elle permet également d'envisager des indices de complexité syntaxique et discursive, qui se construisent dans cette bilingualité particulière ancrée d'entrée de jeu dans la bimodalité. Les visées sont théoriques et descriptives et doivent trouver des prolongements psycholinguistiques et didactiques.
Confrontation on the River Ivd, or, How does Music Act in Social Life?
Authors: Legrain Laurent 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper, I describe a confrontation I witnessed in the Darhad region of the Northern part of Mongolia. The squabble reached its breaking point after the performance of a praise song and ended with a conflict between the various protagonists. Drawing on an analysis of some Darhad musical conceptions and on a thick description of the situation, I show how a musical figure comes to work on and impact social relations.
Respect for the State: Constructing the State on Present Humiliation and Past Pride
Authors: Dulam Bumochir 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRespect for the state authority remains central in Mongolian political culture. Respect (hündetgel), a technology engaged in the construction of the notion of the state, produces the state power. People unite with the state in deference to the cult of the state and this enhances the power of the state, giving the state an after-life of its own. This paper discusses the dialectical relationship between people's respect for the rules and customs of the former state(s), which now come down to represent an abstract state devoid of historical context, and their engagement with the actual state.
Youth and 'The Movement' – Social Life in a Rural District of Buryatia
Authors: Breslavsky Anatoliy 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article describes the development of criminal youth networks in rural Buryatia, Eastern Siberia. As it shows, the criminal gangs emerging out of the state collapse in the 1990s have colonised entire villages: a movement originally offering escape from a harsh economic environment has acquired the power to dictate the social reality of the regions it occupies. This piece also investigates the extent to which the practices mediating power relations within these criminal networks generate a distinct subculture, using Huizinga's analysis of culture as a 'game', which has to be 'played out' according to mutually understood conventions and norms.
Representations of the Buryat in Political and Popular Newspaper Discourse: The Sanctification of Buryat Culture
Authors: Peers Eleanor 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article explores the influence of political communication on the development of Buryat identity in the contemporary Republic of Buryatia. It compares the discourse produced by Buryatia's leading government-sponsored newspaper with that of a popular commercial newspaper, to investigate both the understanding of Buryat identity these newspapers reproduce, and the way their ideas interact. As these newspapers suggest, political attempts to detach notions of Buryat identity from the state could in fact be hindering the Buryat population's affiliation with Russia's state institutions.
The Division of Goods and Praising Justice for Itself in Republic II
Authors: Payne Andrew 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn Republic II Glaucon assigns to Socrates the task of praising justice for itself. What it means to praise justice for itself is unclear. A new interpretation is offered on the basis of an analysis of Glaucon’s division of goods. A distinction is developed between criterial benefits, those valuable consequences of a thing which provide a standard for evaluating a thing as a good instance of its type, and fringe benefits, valuable consequences which do not provide such a standard. Socrates is expected to praise justice by describing the benefits it constitutes as a valuable activity of soul. He may also use the criterial benefits of justice but not its fringe benefits. This account of Socrates’ task is superior to those interpretations which rule out all use of valuable consequences in praising justice and to those interpretations which fail to preserve the distinction between the second and third classes of goods.
Nutrient potential of various Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria for a free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus
Authors: Cao Li , Qiu Xuehong , Liu Xiaofen , Liu Xiuling , Han Richou 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria are symbionts of entomopathogenic
nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, respectively. To
determine the nutrient potential of these bacteria for a free-living
nematode, Panagrellus redivivus, a promising food source for first-feeding
fish and crustacean, sterile first-stage juveniles (J1) of P. redivivus were
fed on various isolates of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria in liquid
cultures. Most of the tested bacterial isolates did not support the growth
of P. redivivus. However, four of the Xenorhabdus isolates (X. nematophila
All, X. bovienii T319, X. beddingii X-7 and X. poinarii KG) provided
nutrients for the production of these nematodes in a liquid medium. Two
Xenorhabdus isolates (X. beddingii X-7 and X. poinarii KG) even supported
mass production of the nematode in a sponge medium, with yields comparable
to those with yeast strains. This is the first report that Xenorhabdus
bacteria can function as a nutrient source for mass production of nematodes
other than their usual symbiotic partners.
Influence of temperature on the vertical movement of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae (TUR-S3) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (TUR-H2), and infectivity of the moving nematodes
Authors: Susurluk I. Alper 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The vertical movement of Turkish isolates of Steinernema feltiae (TUR-S3) and
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (TURH2) was compared at different temperatures
in the presence and absence of larvae of the host insect, Galleria
mellonella. Nematodes of both species moved faster towards the bottom of the
column when an insect was placed there. Steinernema feltiae showed greater
vertical dispersal ability than H. bacteriophora. The vertical movement of
both species increased as the temperature increased and lower temperatures
depressed the movement of H. bacteriophora more than S. feltiae. The
nematodes that had migrated different distances were compared for their
infectivity to G. mellonella and the positive correlations between distance
travelled and infectivity indicate that there is a link between host
searching behaviour and infection behaviour in S. feltiae and, to a lesser
extent, also in H. bacteriophora.
Bursaphelenchus eproctatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) isolated from dead Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii Pars
Authors: Sriwati Rina , Kanzaki Natsumi , Phan Long Ke , Futai Kazuyoshi 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Bursaphelenchus eproctatus n. sp. is described and figured from a dead
Japanese black pine, Pinus thunbergii. The new species has a body length of
639 (580-714) μm in the female and 545 (550-595) μm in the male, ratio a =
35.9 (32.6-41.9) in the female and 33.8 (31.5-35.1) in the male, and c and
c′ ratios = 14.2 (13.3-15.0) and 2.7 (2.3-3.0), respectively, in the male. A
functional rectum and anus are absent, the intestine ending as a blind sac
in the female posterior region. The female stylet = 18.8-21.8 μm long and
the male stylet = 14.9-19.8 μm, the median bulb is elongate-oval and there
are three lines in the lateral field. The spicules are of medium size, 19.8
(18.8-20.8) μm long, and arcuate with a terminal cucullus; there are two
pairs of male caudal papillae and the female tail is tapered with a rounded
terminus and a clearly annulated dorsal surface near the tail tip. Based
upon spicule morphology the new species belongs to the B. piniperdae-group
sensu Ryss and is close to B. hunanensis, B. minutus and B. lini. However,
the new species is distinguished from these three species by a number of
morphological features and morphometric values.
Additional information on Meloidogyne inornata Lordello, 1956 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae) and its characterisation as a valid species
Authors: Carneiro Regina M.D.G. , Lourdes Mendes Maria de , Almeida Maria Ritta A. , dos Santos Marcilene F.A. , Gomes Ana Cristina M.M. , Karssen Gerrit 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A root-knot nematode parasitising yakon (Polymia sonchifolia) in São Paulo
State, Brazil, is identified as Meloidogyne inornata. The species is
redescribed from this material and compared with the original description of
M. inornata. The female perineal patterns have a distinct, high, dorsal arch
composed of smooth to wavy striae, similar to Meloidogyne incognita. The
female stylet is 15.0-17.0 μm long with the cone generally slightly curved
dorsally and with well developed knobs. DGO is 3.5-4.5 μm. Males have a
high, rounded, head cap that is continuous with the body contour and has a
large, round, centrally concave, labial disc raised above the medial lips.
The head region is never marked by incomplete annulations and the stylet is
robust, 20.0-25.0 μm long, with a straight cone, cylindrical shaft with
several small projections and pear-shaped, backwardly sloping knobs. The
stylet length of second-stage juveniles is 10.0-13.0 μm, DGO is 2.5-3.5 μm,
tail length is 35.0-58.0 μm and c = 6.7-13.9. Biochemically, the esterase
phenotype I3 (= Y3) is species-specific and is the most useful character for
differentiating M. inornata from other Meloidogyne species. Reproduction is
by mitotic parthenogenesis, 3n = 54-58. In a soybean test, cv. Abura was
susceptible and cv. LA411219 was highly resistant. As the type material is
lost, a neotype female is formally designated.
Palaeonema phyticum gen. n., sp. n. (Nematoda: Palaeonematidae fam. n.), a Devonian nematode associated with early land plants
Authors: Poinar Jr George , Kerp Hans , Hass Hagen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNematodes are one of the most abundant groups of invertebrates on the face of the earth. Their extremely poor fossil record hinders our ability to assess just when members of this group invaded land and first became associated with plants. This study reports fossil nematodes from the stomatal chambers of the Early Devonian (396 mya) land plant, Aglaophyton major. These nematodes, which are tentatively assigned to the order Enoplia, are described as Palaeonema phyticum gen. n., sp. n. in the new family Palaeonematidae fam. n. Diagnostic characters of the family are: i) cuticular striations; ii) uniform, cylindrical pharynx with the terminal portion only slightly set off from the remainder; and iii) a two-portioned buccal cavity with the upper portion bearing protuberances. The presence of eggs, juveniles and adults in family clusters within the plant tissues provide the earliest evidence of an association between terrestrial plants and animals and may represent an early stage in the evolution of plant parasitism by nematodes.
Bursaphelenchus doui Braasch, Gu, Burgermeister & Zhang, 2005 (Aphelenchida: Parasitaphelenchidae), an associate of Monochamus subfasciatus Bates (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc.
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Aikawa Takuya , Maehara Noritoshi , Matsumoto Kazuma 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Bursaphelenchus doui was isolated from a dead Japanese red pine, Pinus
densiflora, in Shizuoka, and from the tracheal system of a species of
longhorn beetle, Monochamus subfasciatus, collected at Tama Forest Science
Garden of Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan. The
Japanese populations of B. doui were compared with the original description
of material obtained from coniferous packaging materials imported from
Taiwan and Korea to continental China. Additional characters from the
Japanese population include a constricted female mucron with a step-like
appearance and several morphometric values. The molecular profiles of the
Japanese B. doui populations were determined by DNA sequencing and ITS-RFLP
profiles and were compared with those of the Taiwanese and Chinese
populations of B. doui and other species in the genus. The phylogenetic
analysis of the small subunit and large subunit ribosomal DNA indicated that
B. doui is clearly included in the xylophilus-group of the genus
Bursaphelenchus and may be close to B. conicaudatus and B. luxuriosae. The
potential risk of B. doui for pine species is considered to be relatively
low because B. doui did not display any pathogenicity to Japanese black pine
in an inoculation test.
Saving Private Ryan: Realism and the Enigma of Head-Wounds
Authors: Roberts John 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn Ernst Friedrich's Krieg dem Kriege there is a large section of photographs of survivors of World War I with the most hideous disfigurements of the face: jaws are missing, gaping slashes stare out where mouths should be. Friedrich leaves this gallery of ‘untouchables’ to the end of the book as if to achieve the maximum debasement of military glory and heroism. The head and face are obviously the most vulnerable part of the body in warfare – brutal wounds to the face and decapitations are common. In World War I, a number of hospitals were set up to deal solely with head-wounds, developing the basis of what we now know as plastic surgery. Yet, in the representation of combat on screen, even in the most candid and unsentimental of war films, such as Hamburger Hill and Platoon, injuries to the face are rare or nonexistent. This absence has something to do with the difficulty of producing convincing prosthetic wound-cavities on the head; blown-off limbs can obviously be created with ease through covering up the actor's extant limb with padded clothing; bloody disembowellings can be simulated with the judicious use of imitation innards and the illusionistic application of broken flesh, and so on. But the problems of modelling head-wounds clearly only half-explain the consistency of the absence.
Marriage, Birth, and Bātinī Ta'wīl: A Study of Nusayrī Initiation Based on the Kitāb al-Hāwī fī 'ilm al-fatāwī of Abū Sa'īd Maymūn al-Tabarānī
Authors: Krieger Bella Tendler 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper explores the description of Nusayrī initiation found in the recently published Kitāb al-Hāwī fī ‘ilm al-fatāwī of the Vth/XIth century Nusayrī scholar al-Tabarānī. Like other so called ġulāt sects, the Nusayrīs believed that religious knowledge must be hidden from the masses and should only be revealed to the elite after proper initiation. Al-Tabarānī's work gives new insight into this process, showing how the laws of Nusayrī initiation were systematically modeled on Islamic marital laws. Al-Tabarānī's description of initiation is a perfect example of the type of esoteric exegesis characteristic of the bātinī sects active in early Islamic times and reveals the extent to which the Nusayrīs made use of the Qur’ān and Hadīth. Rather than discarding Islamic precepts, as they have often been accused of doing, the early Nusayrīs paid great attention to the laws of Islam, extracting inner meanings from the text of the Qur’ān in order to create their own legal system that was at the same time Islamic and distinctly sectarian.
The Druze Faith: Origin, Development and Interpretation
Authors: Firro Kais M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis study examines the basic components of the Druze doctrine which had become crystallized at the beginning of the eleventh century by five dā‘īs (propagators). The study attempts to introduce some new insights for understanding the Druze faith as articulated by its founders and as interpreted by the guwwānī (internal) literature of the Druze ‘uqqāl. Although the Druze doctrine follows Ismaili terminologies and the Ismaili esoteric interpretation of the Qur’ān, it adds many new elements that placed the Druze doctrine outside the main stream of Ismā‘īliyya. The study argues that the Druze doctrine elaborates early Ismailism where bātin is set above zāhir and ta’wīl above tanzīl and the ritual acts are considered as divine punishment. The Qur’ānic verses were invariably quoted to differentiate between three stages of believers: ahl al-zāhir, i.e. the Sunnis, ahl al-bātin i.e. the Shiites and the Ismailis, and finally ahl al-tawhīd i.e. the Druze. With its allegorical interpretation of the Qur’ānic verses, the Druze faith considers the seven pillars of Islam (five for the Sunnis and two for the Shiites and Kharijites) as rituals meant only for those who accept the outward meanings of the Qur’ānic verses in the literal sense. The Druze faith substitutes these seven da‘ā’im taklīfiyya (the ritual pillars) with seven Unitarian principles. It would appear that the derogatory attitude of the Druze doctrine toward ritual obligations was strongly influenced by Sufi extremists who argued that God should be reached without intermediaries. Druze guwwānī literature holds Sufism in high regard and greatly reveres Sufi behavior.
Age Determination of Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Minors in the European Union: A Health Law Perspective
Authors: Abbing Henriette D.C. Roscam 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the European Union, unaccompanied asylum seekers below 18 years of age are entitled to specific treatment. Age assessment practices to verify the age-statement by the asylum seeker differ between EU Member States. Medical methods in use raise questions about accuracy, reliability and safety. The medical, legal and ethical acceptability of invasive methods (notably X-rays) in particular is controversial. Human rights are at stake. The lack of common practices results in different levels of protection (discrimination). The absence of standardisation is an obstacle for the functioning of the Common European Asylum System. EU Best Practice Guidelines should remedy the situation; such guidelines should reflect the best interest of the child.
Playing Hard(er) to Get: The State, International Couples, and the Income Requirement
Authors: Kulu-Glasgow Isik , Leerkes Arjen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn recent years, several European countries have tightened the criteria for the legal immigration of a partner from outside the EU. In the Netherlands, the income requirement for ‘family formation’ was raised in 2004 from 100% to 120% of the minimum wage, potentially excluding about thirty percent of the working population from eligibility. The outcomes of this measure for international couples and, on the aggregate level, for migration flows were examined on the basis of administrative trend data and fifty in-depth interviews among international couples. It is demonstrated that the potential power of governments to intervene in partner migration risks being at odds with strongly felt cultural values surrounding partner choice and family life. Partner immigration decreased substantially, especially among poorer groups (ethnic minorities, women, youngsters). At the same time, the measure put pressure on the well-being of a segment of the international couples. In 2010, the European Court of Justice ruled that the Dutch income requirement contradicts the EU directive on family reunification.
Pre-departure Integration Strategies in the European Union: Integration or Immigration Policy?
Authors: Groenendijk Kees 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSeveral States require immigrants from outside the EU to participate in language or integration courses after arrival. In recent years, some EU Member States made passing a language test (Netherlands and Germany) or participating in a language course (France) a condition for a visa for family reunification for immigrants from certain third countries. Denmark and the UK introduced a similar requirement in 2010. The focus of his article is on three aspects: the political debate, the legal constraints and the effects. Firstly, the development of the pre-departure integration strategies is analyzed. What was the rationale behind the introduction and does is vary between Member States? Secondly, the legal constraints of EU and international law are discussed. Finally, the results of the first studies evaluating this policy instrument are presented. Is pre-departure a good predictor for immigrant’s ability to integrate? Does it actually assist integration, and what are the unexpected or counterproductive effects?