bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of the immunoglobulin class active in the Rose Bengal plate test for bovine brucellosis
Authors: Corbel M. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe antibodies active in the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) for bovine brucellosis have been studied. The results of fractionation experiments showed that RBPT activity was associated with fractions containing immunoglobulin of the IgG1class; other immunoglobulin classes were inactive in this respect although active in other tests. These results were confirmed by inhibition tests with specific antisera and by elution of the antibody from agglutinated RBPT antigen.The major proportion of the serum complement-fixing activity was also present in the IgG1fraction and it is suggested that the RBPT and CF reactions are probably mediated by the same antibodies.
Aminoadamantane-resistant strains of influenza A2 virus
Authors: Oxford J. S. , Potter C. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAfter one passage of influenza A2/Singapore/l/57 virus in mice treated with 150 mg./kg./day of aminoadamantane, a partially drug-resistant strain of virus was detected in 1 of 12 mice. The isolation rate of aminoadamantane-resistant viruses increased to 8 after three passages in drug-treated mice. Some virus strains showed a 500-fold increase in resistance to aminoadamantane and to the structurally related compounds α-methyl-1-adamantane methylamine and 2-adamantanamine sulphate. No aminoadamantane-resistant viruses were detected after passage of influenza four times in mice treated with lower (15 or 1·5 mg./kg./day) concentrations of aminoadamantane. Aminoadamantane had no detectable effect on the development of lung lesions in mice infected with the drug-resistant influenza strain, whereas lung lesions were reduced in aminoadamantane treated mice infected with a control strain of influenza A2/Singapore virus. No differences were detected in the buoyant density in caesium chloride, morphology or serology between control and aminoadamantane-resistant strains of virus. These drug-resistant influenza viruses may be useful for detailed studies of the mode of action of aminoadamantane.
Dysentery in general practice: a study of cases and their contacts in Enfield and an epidemiological comparison with salmonellosis
Authors: Thomas Mair E. M. , Tillett Hilary E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDuring a laboratory study of diarrhoea in a large urban area during the years 1953–68, 5319 Sonne dysentery infections in 2620 households and six cases of Flexner dysentery in five households were confirmed. The annual incidence per 10,000 population fluctuated between 2 and 31 with an average of 12.Shigella sonnei was found in 10% of new cases of diarrhoea investigated. Plural infections were found in 58% of the households studied and 30% of all contacts examined were shown to be infected. Among these contacts the infection rate was higher for children (42%) than adults (20%), and higher for adult females (24%) than males (16%). The duration of infection was under 2 weeks in nearly half the index cases followed up and longer than 2 months in only 3%, Intermittent excretion was observed in 15%. Repeated Sonne dysentery infection and illness was observed after intervals as short as 5 months. Antibiotic sensitivity was recorded after 1955 and colicine typing after 1960. Changes in antibiotic sensitivity were noted. Children of primary-school age were most susceptible to Sonne dysentery, but symptoms in ill cases were as severe in adults as in children. During years of high incidence cases were concentrated within a small number of primary schools.Sh. sonnei infections were compared with salmonella infections studied concurrently. Sonne dysentery was a winter disease and most cases were under 11 years old, and case-to-case infection was the usual means of spread. Salmonellosis was prevalent in summer and affected nearly as many adults as children, often persons sharing an article of food. It was more prolonged and severe than Sonne dysentery, but less infectious. In all these respects S. typhimurium occupied an intermediate place between Sonne dysentery and ‘other salmonellas’.
Neutralization of TRIC organisms by antibody: enhancement by antisera prepared against immunoglobulins
Authors: Blyth W. A. , Taverne Janice 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe neutralizing activities of fowl, rabbit and mouse antisera prepared against TRIC agents were enhanced, in some cases over a 100-fold, by the addition of antiserum against the appropriate IgG. Significant non-specific inactivation of the organisms was observed in the absence of antiserum against TRIC agents, in reaction mixtures containing normal serum and antiserum against IgG. Since the extent of this inactivation showed a prozone, control tests with dilutions of normal serum equivalent to the full range of dilutions of the antiserum tested are necessary to show that enhancement of neutralization is specific.
Variola minor in Bragança Paulista County, 1956: lack of evidence indicating the influence of contaminated classrooms on spread of the disease
Authors: Klauber Melville R. , Angulo Juan J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSpace-time interaction analysis was applied to data from 101 elementary school children who contracted variola minor during an epidemic in Bragança Paulista County, Brazil. One school had two and the other three shifts of students occupying the same classrooms each day. There was no evidence found for excessive numbers of cases to occur among unvaccinated students occupying the same desks or seated near the desks occupied by cases occurring during another shift. Only three cases occurred among the 31 unvaccinated students occupying desks of students with variola from other shifts. Only one of these three subsequent cases occurred at a time interval suggestive of transmission. For the three models tested there was no evidence of space-time interaction between time of onset of the disease and location of desk for pairs of students from different shifts.
The persistence of mycoplasmas in the urogenital tract of men in the Antarctic
Authors: Holmes M. J. , Furr Patricia M. , Taylor-Robinson D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA series of meatal swabs, taken from 17 men over a period of 17 months during their tour at an Antarctic base was examined for mycoplasmas. The number of organisms isolated never exceeded 104and not every specimen from each man yielded mycoplasmas. Nevertheless,Mycoplasma hominiswas isolated from 71% and T-mycoplasmas from 59% of the men at some time during their stay.M. hominispersisted in the presence of serum IHA antibody titres of 1/64. Three subjects yielded onlyM. hominisand one only T-mycoplasmas.Six men had already spent a year at the base when the study began and myco-plasmas were still being isolated from some of them at the end of a 31 month period of isolation. The persistence of mycoplasmas in the male genital tract can therefore be independent of sexual contact. Two modes of persistence are suggested; either a few men act as carriers and reinfect the others by contaminating their environment, or as seems more likely, most men have chronic infections.
Corynebacterium pyogenes and bovine abortion
Authors: Hinton M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn the examination of bovine fetal material it was found that there was a significant increase in the proportion of mixed infections identified as the time between abortion and the collection of the samples increased. Examination of paired serum samples from abortions from which only Corynebacterium pyogenes was isolated revealed evidence of active infection in two-thirds, suggesting that C. pyogenes may have been acting as a primary abortifacient in these cases.
Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in the West of Scotland, 1967–72
Authors: Reid D. , Bell Eleanor J. , Grist N. R. , Taylor J. C. , Ellis Jean R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOutbreaks of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis have occurred among workers in shipyards and other industrial concerns in the West of Scotland in 1956, 1967 and 1971–72. In the most recent episode 220 persons were known to be affected and those mainly involved were shipyard personnel working on the open decks of ships under construction; only a few non-industrial workers were affected. As in previous outbreaks adenovirus type 8 was shown to be the causal organism. It is likely that spread of the virus was probably facilitated in some of the patients by such procedures as first aid measures to remove foreign bodies from the eye. A survey of the family contacts of those affected in 1971–72 revealed that only 2% were secondarily infected. This was probably due to propaganda measures to discourage the use of communal face towels, etc.Despite close virological surveillance over a period of 6 years of patients attending opthalmic clinics in the West of Scotland, there is as yet no clue to the whereabouts of adenovirus type 8 during interepidemic periods. It is suggested that travellers might be responsible for the introduction of the infection into an area.
Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji V. The 1971–73 dengue epidemic
Authors: Maguire T. , Miles J. A. R. , Macnamara F. N. , Wilkinson P. J. , Austin F. J. , Mataika J. U. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA dengue epidemic due to type 2 virus involving some 3,400 cases began in Fiji early in 1971, had a peak during May, June and July, and cases have continued to occur with a low incidence during 1972 and 1973. Many of the notified cases showed classical dengue fever symptoms and there were no confirmed cases of haemorrhagic fever. A serological survey indicated that there had been at least 20,000 subclinical infections. It is probable that the virus was introduced to Fiji either through the port of Lautoka or Nadi international airport in February 1971. The normal travel patterns of residents must have spread the virus to all the more accessible localities but, with the exception of Rotuma, it caused infections only in areas where Aedes aegypti was available as a vector. There was no evidence that pre-existing dengue type 1 serum antibody gave any protection during this epidemic.
Use of single radial immunodiffusion test for serological studies in volunteers inoculated with live attenuated influenza virus
Authors: Molyneux M. E. , Beare A. S. , Callow K. , Schild G. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPre- and post-vaccination serum samples from 278 volunteers, who were given live influenza vaccines, were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and single radial immunodiffusion tests (SRDT) for antibody to influenza A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) virus envelope antigens. Those with high antibody titres detected in both tests were less frequently infected, and 85% of the 159 infected showed rises by HI and 70% by SRDT. Similarly, 69 pairs were tested for antibody to Hong Kong (N2) neuraminidase by neuraminidase inhibition test (NI) and by SRD tests. Those with high titres in both tests resisted infection and those who were infected showed a rise in antibody detected both by NI and SRD tests. In general, SRDT was less sensitive than HI and NI in detecting antibody and antibody rises, but in some volunteers it did detect antibody rises which were not detected by conventional tests. Because of its simplicity and speed it appeared to be of use in evaluating such vaccines.
A controlled trial of inactivated monovalent influenza A vaccines in general practice
Authors: Mair Hélène J. , Sansome D. A. W. , Tillett Hilary E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA trial of influenza A vaccines in general practice is described. Five hundred and seven subjects were vaccinated with either inactivated monovalent A/Hong Kong vaccine, A/England vaccine or influenza B vaccine as control. Local reactions were noted in 24% and general reactions in 12% of patients. Antibody titres in serum were measured by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and complement fixation (CF) tests in 465 subjects. The influenza vaccines produced substantial increases in both homologous and heterologous antibodies as measured by the HI test and a comparatively poor response as measured by the CF test. Although clinical influenza was confirmed in only a few cases, there was serological evidence of significant subclinical infection in the control group.
The role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of bovine petechial fever
Authors: Snodgrass D. R. , Karstad L. H. , Cooper J. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAfter experimental inoculation of Cytoecetes ondiri, the agent of bovine petechial fever (BPF), multiplication occurred in impala, bushbuck, Thomson's gazelles and wildebeest, as shown by infectivity studies and clinical findings. Similar attempts to infect one eland failed.As a sequel to this, blood and spleen samples were collected from four species of wild ruminants in an area where BPF was endemic. Isolations of C. ondiri were made from three of five bushbuck, but not from any other species.
Serologic evidence of the postoperative persistence of hydatid cysts in man
Authors: Matossian R. M. , Araj G. F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe sensitivity of the haemagglutination, complement-fixation and indirect fluorescent antibody tests in the diagnosis of primary and recurrent hydatid disease is presented. In the first, diagnostic titres were obtained in 90%, 80% and 96% of 50 patients with hepatic and 64%, 60% and 68% of 25 patients with pulmonary cysts, respectively. In the postoperative study of 62 patients, elevated titres of HA, CF and IFA antibodies in 30 led to the presumptive diagnosis of recurrent disease, confirmed later by radiological and surgical follow-ups. In the 32 others the proportion of positive reactors was 29%, 6% and 28% in HA, CF and IFA tests. These patients had no detectable cysts. This indicates that in post-operative patients a negative CF test may be of a better prognostic value in indicating absence of cysts than the HA and IFA tests.
A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 1. Purification of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins
Authors: Brady Margaret I. , Furminger I. G. S. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryInfluenza virus was centrifuged in a KII rotor through a sucrose gradient containing Triton N101, a non-ionic surfactant. The micelles of surfactant formed a band in the gradient. As virus particles passed through the surfactant, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins were stripped from the surface and remained near the surfactant micelles. The residual virus particles sedimented into a denser region of the gradient and were thus separated from the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. Fractions containing the surface antigens were pooled and Triton was removed by phase-separation at the cloud point.
An appraisal of sewage pollution along a section of the Natal coast after the introduction of submarine outfalls
Authors: Livingstone D. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA bacteriological survey on the distribution and occurrence of coliforms and pathogenic indicators of pollution within the surf-zone and near-shore waters along a section of the Natal coast before the use of submarine outfalls was reported previously. In that report more than half the beaches in the region were found to be of Class IV or III quality. After the submarine outfalls became operational, ten further sampling runs were made. A considerable improvement in the sea-water quality was apparent, most of the beaches being regraded to Class II or I, notably in the bathing areas.
A study of bacteria contaminating refrigerated cooked chicken; their spoilage potential and possible origin
Authors: Toule Gillian , Murphy Olive 
Published: May 2009

SummaryCooked chicken was allowed to spoil in a normal kitchen refrigerator (variable temperature) and at a standard4 °C. After 10 days' storage, bacteria were isolated from the chicken. It was found that the numbers oforganisms at variable refrigeration temperature were tenfold higher than those at a uniform 4 °C. In an attempt to find the sources of contamination, swabs were made of different areas of the kitchen. Many of the bacteria isolated from the spoiled chicken, were also isolated from the kitchen environment.When pure cultures of organisms isolated from spoiled chicken were inoculated into sterile cooked chicken and held at 4 °C, the main spoilage organisms were found to bePseudomonas putidaandAeromonas hydrophila, which were also isolated from the refrigerator where the chickens were stored in the kitchen.Aeromonas hydrophilawas found in significantly high numbers on plates, cutting knives, chopping boards and cold water taps.
Frequencies of pneumococcal types causing serious infections in patients admitted to the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, 1969–77
Authors: Turk D. C. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryDuring a 7½ year period pneumococci were isolated from body fluids of 124 patients at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford – 72 with pneumonia, 26 with meningitis and 26 with other serious infections. Eighty-one (65%) of the patients were over 50, and 33 (27%) were over 70 years old. Of the 124 pneumococcal strains 104 (84%), including 23 (79%) of those from patients who died, belonged to types included in the vaccines successfully used in South Africa and in Papua New Guinea. The relative frequencies of types in the Oxford series and in a larger British series agreed closely with those found in a recent survey of 3644 bacteraemic pneumococcal infections in 10 American cities. Any polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine licensed for use in the United States is thus likely to be relevant to the situation in Britain.
The evaluation of fabrics in relation to their use as protective garments in nursing and surgery. I. Physical measurements and bench tests
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Mackintosh C. A. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryEleven fabrics selected to provide a representative range of yarns and weaves have been examined microscopically and subjected to a series of tests. The observations were directed towards assessing the potential ability of each fabric to resist penetration by particles, such as skin scales, which might carry micro-organisms. The number, size and shape of pores penetrating through the material were estimated and the penetration of test dusts assessed in several ways. While, generally, the relative merits of the fabrics are similar whatever test or measurement is considered there are a number of significant exceptions which reflect peculiarities of the test system or of a fabric. Comparison with the results of dispersal experiments with volunteers wearing garments made of the fabrics is made in a following paper.
A milk-borne outbreak due to Salmonella dublin
Authors: Small R. G. , Sharp J. C. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSalmonella dublin is primarily adapted to bovines and is a relatively rare cause of human illness. An outbreak is described in which it was estimated that at least 700 persons were infected from milk which had not been subjected to heat treatment. Although the organism was isolated from retail samples of milk, investigations at the dairy farm were inconclusive and a number of questions are posed. Attention is drawn to the value of inter-disciplinary cooperation in the investigation of the outbreak.
Tanapox. A serological survey of the lower Tana River valley
Authors: Axford J. S. , Downie A. W. 
Published: May 2009

summarySera collected from the indigenous population of the Tana River valley during the Tana River Expedition in 1976 were examined for neutralizing antibody to Tanapox virus. Antibody was found in 9·2% of the population in infected areas. This result and the presence of antibody in four children indicated that infection had continued to occur in the area since the 1962 outbreak.
Immunogenicity of boiled compared with formalized leptospiral vaccines in rabbits, hamsters and humans
Authors: Adler B. , Faine S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYLeptospires (Leptospira interrogausserovarpomona) grown in chemically defined medium were immunogenic when given intradermally in humans if the leptospires were killed with formalin but not if they were boiled. Boiled leptospires were immunogenic for rabbits and hamsters and protected hamsters from challenge infection. On the other hand, boiled leptospires of thebiflexacomplex, serovarpatoc, did retain some immunogenicity in humans, but the antisera did not protect hamsters against challenge with serovar pomona.
A survey ofPlesiomonas shigelloidesfrom aquatic environments, domestic animals, pets and humans
Authors: Arai Teruyoshi , Ikejima Nobuyuki , Itoh Takeshi , Sakai Senzo , Shimada Toshio , Sakazaki Riichi 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWe conducted a survey during the period from 1974 to 1976, to determine the distribution ofPlesiomonas shigelloidesin human faeces, the intestinal contents of cattle, swine, poultry, dogs, cats, fresh water fish, and river water and sludge from wet riverbeds in the vicinity of Tokyo. Isolation of the organisms was performed by using Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar and deoxycholate-hydrogensulphide-lactose (DHL) agar plates.P. shigelloideswas isolated from 3 (0·0078%) of 38454 healthy Tokyoites, 37 (3·8%) of 967 dogs, 40 (10·3%) of 389 cats, 25 (10·2%) of 246 fresh water fish, 64 (12·8%) of 497 river water samples, and 2 of 19 (10·5%) sludge samples.Of 302 strains isolated, from dogs, cats, fresh water fish, river water and healthy carriers, 196 were typed to 50 serovars. Most of the serovars were found to be similar to strains isolated from patients with gastroenteritis due toP. shigelloides.
Protection by a polyvalent influenza vaccine and persistence of homologous and heterologous HI antibodies during a period of two epidemic seasons
Authors: Pyhälä R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA split-product influenza A vaccine which contained an influenza B strain (B/Hong Kong/8/73) and two influenza A strains, antigenically identical with A/Fort Dix/741/76 (HswlNl) and A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), was offered to personnel of the CPHL. Changes in the antibody status were followed with serum samples collected from 153 participants on the day of vaccination and 1, 13 and 18 months thereafter. During the two epidemic seasons in the trial period there were only four serological influenza A infections (2·6%) among the vaccinees. This is one eighth of the corresponding infection rate (22%) in the general population estimated on the basis of other indices.The vaccinees' antibody response was strongly influenced by the age of the individual subjects. During the trial period the decrease in the antibody titres slowed down. The geometric mean titres of homologous HI antibodies were still substantially higher at the end of the period than at the beginning. This also applied to heterologous antibodies against H1N1 viruses in persons born between 1926 and 1952. In participants born after 1952, the vaccine was not able to evoke these antibodies, and in participants born in or before 1925 the boosting effect was poor.