bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of eclampsia at Assiut University Hospital, Egypt
Authors: Abd El Aal Diaa E.M. , Shahin Ahmed Y. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the protocol used for management of eclampsia at Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt.MethodsIn a prospective cross‐sectional study, data were collected from 1998 women treated for eclampsia at Assiut University Hospital between January 1990 and January 2010, including 1594 cases of prepartum eclampsia, 75 of intrapartum eclampsia, 16 of intercurrent eclampsia, and 313 of postpartum eclampsia. The treatment regimen included use of nifedipine as an antihypertensive, magnesium sulfate as an anticonvulsant, rapid interruption of pregnancy, and admission to the ICU. Data were evaluated for control of blood pressure, prevention and control of convulsions, and maternal and perinatal outcomes.ResultsMagnesium sulfate was effective in controlling convulsions in 98.1% of women. Nifedipine initiated a smooth decline in blood pressure (P> 0.0001). There were 79 maternal deaths (3.95%). Maternal morbidity occurred in 439 (22%) women. Twenty‐seven percent of women delivered vaginally (most of these women were admitted postpartum). Perinatal mortality occurred in 7.9% of cases.ConclusionA combination of nifedipine as an antihypertensive drug, magnesium sulfate as an anticonvulsant, rapid interruption of pregnancy, and managing the patients in the ICU resulted in a marked improvement in the outcome for both mother and fetus at Assiut University Hospital.
The onset of unsteadiness of two-dimensional bodies falling or rising freely in a viscous fluid: a linear study
Authors: Assemat Pauline , Fabre David , Magnaudet Jacques 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe consider the transition between the steady vertical path and the oscillatory path of two-dimensional bodies moving under the effect of buoyancy in a viscous fluid. Linearization of the Navier–Stokes equations governing the flow past the body and of Newton’s equations governing the body dynamics leads to an eigenvalue problem, which is solved numerically. Three different body geometries are then examined in detail, namely a quasi-infinitely thin plate, a plate of rectangular cross-section with an aspect ratio of 8, and a rod with a square cross-section. Two kinds of eigenmodes are observed in the limit of large body-to-fluid mass ratios, namely ‘fluid’ modes identical to those found in the wake of a fixed body, which are responsible for the onset of vortex shedding, and four additional ‘aerodynamic’ modes associated with much longer time scales, which are also predicted using a quasi-static model introduced in a companion paper. The stability thresholds are computed and the nature of the corresponding eigenmodes is investigated throughout the whole possible range of mass ratios. For thin bodies such as a flat plate, the Reynolds number characterizing the threshold of the first instability and the associated Strouhal number are observed to be comparable with those of the corresponding fixed body. Other modes are found to become unstable at larger Reynolds numbers, and complicated branch crossings leading to mode switching are observed. On the other hand, for bluff bodies such as a square rod, two unstable modes are detected in the range of Reynolds number corresponding to wake destabilization. For large enough mass ratios, the leading mode is similar to the vortex shedding mode past a fixed body, while for smaller mass ratios it is of a different nature, with a Strouhal number about half that of the vortex shedding mode and a stronger coupling with the body dynamics.
Settling of a vesicle in the limit of quasispherical shapes
Authors: Boedec G. , Jaeger M. , Leonetti M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractVesicles are drops of radius of a few tens of micrometres bounded by an impermeable lipid membrane of approximately 4 nm thickness in a viscous fluid. The salient characteristics of such a deformable object are a membrane rigidity governed by flexion due to curvature energy and a two-dimensional membrane fluidity characterized by a local membrane incompressibility. This provides unique properties with strong constraints on the internal volume and membrane area. Yet, when subjected to external stresses, vesicles exhibit a large deformability. The deformation of a settling vesicle in an infinite flow is studied theoretically, assuming a quasispherical shape and expanding all variables of the problem onto spherical harmonics. The contribution of thermal fluctuations is neglected in this analysis. A system of equations describing the temporal evolution of the shape is derived with this formalism. The final shape and the settling velocity are then determined and depend on two dimensionless parameters: the Bond number and the excess area. This simultaneous study leads to three stationary shapes, an egg-like shape already observed in an analogous experimental configuration in the limit of weak flow magnitude (Chatkaew, Georgelin, Jaeger & Leonetti, Phys. Rev. Lett, 2009, vol. 103(24), 248103), a parachute-like shape and a non-trivial non-axisymmetrical shape. The final shape depends on the initial conditions: prolate or oblate vesicle and orientation compared with gravity. The analytical solution in the small deformation regime is compared with numerical results obtained with a three-dimensional code. A very good agreement between numerical and theoretical results is found.
The effects of n-3 PUFA and intestinal lymph drainage on high-mobility group box 1 and Toll-like receptor 4 mRNA in rats with intestinal ischaemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: He Gui-Zhen , Zhou Kai-Guo , Zhang Rui , Chen Xue-Feng 
Published: December 2011

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impacts of n-3 PUFA and lymph drainage (D) on intestinal ischaemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. A total of forty-eight Sprague–Dawley male rats were randomly divided into three groups (n 16): normal diet (N), enteral nutrition (EN) and EN plus n-3 PUFA. Each group was further divided into lymph drainage (I/R+D) and non-drainage (I/R) sub-groups (n 8). After 5 d with different nutrition regimens, the rats were subjected to 60 min ischaemia by clamping the superior mesenteric artery, followed by 120 min reperfusion. At the same time, the rats in the I/R+D sub-groups were treated with intestinal lymph drainage for 180 min. Organs were harvested and we detected the cytokine, endotoxin, and expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 mRNA and its endogenous ligand high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). We found that the serum levels of HMGB1, inflammatory cytokine and endotoxin in the three I/R+D sub-groups were significantly lower than those in the N (I/R) and EN (I/R) sub-groups (P < 0·05). The activation of NF-κB and the expression of HMGB1 and TLR4 mRNA significantly increased in the jejunum, ileum, liver and lung after intestinal I/R injury, but notably lower in the I/R+D groups than those in I/R (P < 0·05). The injury degree and HMGB1 expression were decreased in the n-3 PUFA group than in the N and EN groups. We preliminarily concluded that nutrition with n-3 PUFA and/or intestinal lymph drainage may reduce HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokine in serum and lymph and inhibit the expression and signal transmission of TLR4 mRNA, thereby alleviating intestinal I/R injury in rats.
Patterns and trends of beverage consumption among children and adults in Great Britain, 1986–2009
Authors: Ng Shu Wen , Ni Mhurchu Cliona , Jebb Susan A. , Popkin Barry M. 
Published: December 2011

Many dietary recommendations include reduction of excessive intake of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and other energy-rich beverages such as juices and alcohol. The present study examines surveys of both individual dietary intake data and household food expenditure surveys to provide a picture of patterns and trends in beverage intake and purchases in Great Britain from 1986 to 2009, and estimates the potential for pricing policy to promote more healthful beverage purchase patterns. In 2008–9, beverages accounted for 21, 14 and 18 % of daily energy intake for children aged 1·5–18 and 4–18 years, and adults (19–64 years), respectively. Since the 1990s, the most important shifts have been a reduction in consumption of high-fat dairy products and an increased consumption of fruit juices and reduced-fat milk among preschoolers, children and adolescents. Among adults, consumption of high-fat milk beverages, sweetened tea and coffee and other energy-containing drinks fell, but reduced-fat milk, alcohol (particularly beer) and fruit juice rose. In testing taxation as an option for shifting beverage purchase patterns, we calculate that a 10 % increase in the price of SSB could potentially result in a decrease of 7·5 ml/capita per d. A similar 10 % tax on high-fat milk is associated with a reduction of high-fat milk purchases by 5 ml/capita per d and increased reduced-fat milk purchase by 7 ml/capita per d. This analysis implies that taxation or other methods of shifting relative costs of these beverages could be a way to improve beverage choices in Great Britain.
Fruit, vegetables, fibre and micronutrients and risk of US renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Brock Kaye E. , Ke Liang , Gridley Gloria , Chiu Brian C.-H. , Ershow Abby G. , Lynch Charles F. , Graubard Barry I. , Cantor Kenneth P. 
Published: December 2011

The association between renal cell cancer (RCC) and intake of fruit, vegetables and nutrients was examined in a population-based case–control study of 323 cases and 1827 controls; dietary intake was obtained using a mailed questionnaire. Cancer risks were estimated by OR and 95 % CI, adjusting for age, sex, smoking, obesity, hypertension, proxy status, alcohol consumption and dietary fat intake and energy. Intake of vegetables was associated with a decreased risk of RCC (OR 0·5; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·7;Ptrend = 0·002), (top compared to the bottom quartile of intake). When intake of individual nutrients was investigated, vegetable fibre intake was associated with decreased risks (OR 0·4; 95 % CI 0·2, 0·6;P < 0·001), but this was not the case with fruit fibre (OR 0·7; 95 % CI 0·4, 1·1) or grain fibre (OR 1·0; 95 % CI 0·6, 1·5). β-Cryptoxanthin and lycopene were also associated with decreased risks, but when both were included in a mutually adjusted backwards stepwise regression model, only β-cryptoxanthin remained significant (OR 0·5; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·8). When other micronutrients and types of fibre were investigated together, only vegetable fibre and β-cryptoxanthin had significant trends (P < 0·01) (OR 0·6; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·9) (OR 0·5; 95 % CI 0·3, 0·9), respectively. These findings were stronger in those aged over 65 years (Pinteraction = 0·001). Among non-smokers, low intake of cruciferous vegetables and fruit fibre was also associated with increased risk of RCC (Pinteraction = 0·03); similar inverse associations were found for β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene and vitamin C. When nutrients were mutually adjusted by backwards regression in these subgroups, only β-cryptoxanthin remained associated with lower RCC risk. These findings deserve further investigation in ongoing prospective studies when sample size becomes sufficient.
God and Freedom: Radical Liberalism, Republicanism, and Religion in Spain, 1808–1847
Authors: Barnosell Genís 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThis article analyses the religious aspects of Spanish republicanism of the 1830s and 1840s. From the case of Catalonia, the most industrialized region of Spain, it is concluded that radical liberalism elaborated a synthesis of freedom and religion that was presented as an alternative to traditional religiosity. Re-elaborating old myths popular during the War of Independence of 1808–1814, in addition some liberals and republicans presented their political project in millenarianist terms. This millenarianism was due to the radicalism with which they interpreted the confrontation with political opponents, one of whom was the established Church. It follows that the religiosity and millenarianism exhibited by these republicans also involved a strong anti-clericalism. At the same time, in the political and cultural context of Spain, these proposals were not seen by their followers as a negation of divinity but as its truest expression.
Modernizing the Manileña: Technologies of conspicuous consumption for the well-to-do woman,circa1880s–1930s
Authors: REYES RAQUEL A. G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFrom the late nineteenth century onwards, a new range of European and American technologies, powered by electricity and gas, and intended for use on the body and in the home—especially appliances for the domestic kitchen—began to appear in Manila. Electro-mechanical vibratory devices and steam-powered massagers for the body; hair waving and curling machines; and a multitude of technologies for the domestic kitchen, from stoves and water heaters to a gamut of electric and gas gadgetry that included percolators, boilers, electric waffle-irons, grills, and refrigerators (or ice-boxes, their precursor) were targeted largely at the affluent female consumer with promises to improve her physical appearance and health or make her daily life more comfortable. Their introduction and impact in the Philippines can tell a number of compelling stories—the desirability of European or American bourgeois culture, how the trappings of Western lifestyles were imagined, the extent to which the use and purchase of certain technologies aimed at replicating or emulating those lifestyles, or, as this paper explores, the gendered technological infrastructure of the ‘good life’. In this story, modern technologies designed for domestic settings and for use on women's bodies made manifest a myriad of desires and aspirations—prestige, status, cosmopolitanism, modernity, and urbanity. They also articulated a particular sensuousness and pleasure. Electro-vibratory devices, hair styling machines, and kitchen appliances could be experienced by all the senses and thus exerted a visceral appeal; their use proclaimed an enthusiasm for modern technology which, for the first time, emphasized the relevance of modern technology to women's everyday lives by the transformative effects they promised.
The sociocommunicative deficit subgroup in anorexia nervosa: autism spectrum disorders and neurocognition in a community-based, longitudinal study
Authors: Anckarsäter H. , Hofvander B. , Billstedt E. , Gillberg I. C. , Gillberg C. , Wentz E. , Råstam M. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundA subgroup of persons with anorexia nervosa (AN) have been proposed to have sociocommunicative problems corresponding to autism spectrum disorders [ASDs, i.e. DSM-IV pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs): autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, PDD not otherwise specified (NOS)]. Here, clinical problems, personality traits, cognitive test results and outcome are compared across 16 subjects (32%) with teenage-onset AN who meet or have met ASD criteria (AN+ASD), 34 ASD-negative AN subjects and matched controls from a longitudinal Swedish study including four waves of independent assessments from the teens to the early thirties.MethodThe fourth wave included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)-I and the SCID-II (cluster C, i.e. ‘anxious’ PDs) interviews, the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Interview, self-assessments by the Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Temperament and Character Inventory, neurocognitive tests by subscales from the Wechsler scales, continuous performance tests, Tower of London, and Happé's cartoons.ResultsThe ASD assessments had substantial inter-rater reliability over time (Cohen's κ between 0.70 and 0.80 with previous assessments), even if only six subjects had been assigned a diagnosis of an ASD in all four waves of the study, including retrospective assessments of pre-AN neurodevelopmental problems. The AN+ASD group had the highest prevalence of personality disorders and the lowest Morgan–Russell scores. The non-ASD AN group also differed significantly from controls on personality traits related to poor interpersonal functioning and on neurocognitive tests.ConclusionsA subgroup of subjects with AN meet criteria for ASDs. They may represent the extreme of neurocognitive and personality problems to be found more generally in AN.
Human rabies in rural Bangladesh
Authors: HOSSAIN M. , AHMED K. , BULBUL T. , HOSSAIN S. , RAHMAN A. , BISWAS M. N. U. , NISHIZONO A. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYRabies is a major public health problem in Bangladesh, where most of the population live in rural areas. However, there is little epidemiological information on rabies in rural Bangladesh. This study was conducted in 30 upazilas (subdistricts) covering all six divisions of the country, to determine the levels of rabies and animal bites in Bangladesh. The total population of these upazilas was 6 992 302. A pretested questionnaire was used and data were collected by interviewing the adult members of families. We estimated that in Bangladesh, 166 590 [95% confidence interval (CI) 163 350–170 550] people per year are bitten by an animal. The annual incidence of rabies deaths in Bangladesh was estimated to be 1·40 (95% CI 1·05–1·78)/100 000 population. By extrapolating this, we estimated that 2100 (95% CI 1575–2670) people die annually from rabies in Bangladesh. More than three-quarters of rabies patients died at home. This community-based study provides new information on rabies epidemiology in Bangladesh.
Cognitive behaviour therapy training in a developing country: a pilot study in Tanzania
Authors: Stone Lydia , Warren Fiona 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has been found to be effective in treating mental health problems in the UK, but little has been done to evaluate the potential of CBT in developing countries. This paper aims to discuss the development and implementation of a CBT training course for clinicians working in Tanzania's main psychiatric hospital in the capital city, Dodoma. A 12-session training course in CBT was delivered to nine clinicians. An outcome evaluation was conducted using multiple measures and methods, taken before and after the training. Information on cultural adaptations of the training was obtained. All participants completed the course, but there were several obstacles to full completion of the evaluation measures. Despite this, there were significant improvements in clinicians’ basic understanding of CBT concepts, and their ability to apply the CBT model to formulate and recommend treatment strategies in response to a clinical case. Qualitative information indicated the potential of developing CBT training and implementation further. As a pilot study, this investigation shows the promise that CBT holds for mental health services in Tanzania. Further research into the training and clinical effectiveness of CBT in Tanzania is indicated.
Measurement and modeling of ablation of the bottom of supraglacial lakes in western Greenland
Authors: Tedesco M. , Lüthje M. , Steffen K. , Steiner N. , Fettweis X. , Willis I. , Bayou N. , Banwell A. 
Published: December 2011

We report measurements of ablation rates of the bottom of two supraglacial lakes and of temperatures at different depths collected during the summers of 2010 and 2011 in west Greenland. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such data sets are reported and discussed in the literature. The measured ablation rates at the bottom of the two lakes are of the order of ∼6 cm/day, versus a rate of ∼2.5–3 cm/day in the case of bare ice of surrounding areas. Though our measurements suggest the presence of a vertical temperature gradient, it is not possible to draw final conclusions as the measured gradient is smaller than the accuracy of our temperature sensors. In‐situ measurements are compared with the results of a thermodynamic model forced with the outputs of a regional climate model. In general, the model is able to satisfactorily reproduce the measured quantities with RMSE of the order of 3–4 cm for the ablation and ∼1.5°C in the case of water temperature. Our results confirm that the ablation at the bottom of supraglacial lakes plays an important role on the overall lake volume with the ablation in the case of ice covered by a lake being 110–135% of that over bare ice at nearby locations. Beside ice sheet hydrological implications, melting at the bottom of a supraglacial lake might affect estimates of lake volume from spaceborne visible and near‐infrared measurements.
Structure Prediction and Functional Characterization of ERG Proteins Involved in Ergosterol Biosynthetic Pathway of Candida albicans
Authors: Roy Sudeep , Luqman Suaib , Sharma Ashok 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe ERG proteins and enzymes of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway has been the subject of intensive investigation as a target for several classes of antifungal agents used to treat C. albicans infection. Over the past few decades, a number of drugs and inhibitors with wide spectrum of activity, low toxicity and defined targets have been introduced. Several lines of evidence suggest that allylamines targets squalene epoxidase (ERG1), morpholines affects sterol C8-C7 isomerase (ERG2) and sterol reductase (ERG24), azoles inhibits a cytochrome P450 (ERG11) responsible for the 14 α-demethylation of lanosterol and C-5 sterol desaturase (ERG3) and polyenes binds to ergosterol that leads to the damage of cell plasma membrane, ensuing in leakage of intracellular ions. However, little information about the experimental structure (X-ray and NMR) of proteins from ergosterol biosynthetic pathway is available in RCSB Protein Databank (PDB). Since ERG proteins play a key role in metabolic pathway of ergosterol, their 3D structures are essential to determine most of their functions. Homology modeling approach was employed for comparative modeling. Modeller 9v7 and I-Tasser programs were utilized to serve our purpose. The modeled proteins were further validated by Procheck, Verify-3D, ERRAT and PROVE servers. Expasy’s Prot-param server and Cys_rec tool was used for physico-chemical and functional characterization of these proteins. Studies of secondary structure of these proteins were carried out using computational program, Profunc. Swiss-pdb viewer was used to visualize and analyze homology derived structures. The modeled structures of 12 ERG proteins have been submitted and are available in Protein Model Database (PMDB) so that they become accessible to other users for further studies.
Evidence for formation of DNA repair centers and dose-response nonlinearity in human cells
Authors: Neumaier Teresa , Swenson Joel , Pham Christopher , Polyzos Aris , Lo Alvin T. , Yang PoAn , Dyball Jane , Asaithamby Aroumougame , Chen David J. , Bissell Mina J. , Thalhammer Stefan , Costes Sylvain V. 
Published: December 2011

The concept of DNA “repair centers” and the meaning of radiation-induced foci (RIF) in human cells have remained controversial. RIFs are characterized by the local recruitment of DNA damage sensing proteins such as p53 binding protein (53BP1). Here, we provide strong evidence for the existence of repair centers. We used live imaging and mathematical fitting of RIF kinetics to show that RIF induction rate increases with increasing radiation dose, whereas the rate at which RIFs disappear decreases. We show that multiple DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) 1 to 2 μm apart can rapidly cluster into repair centers. Correcting mathematically for the dose dependence of induction/resolution rates, we observe an absolute RIF yield that is surprisingly much smaller at higher doses: 15 RIF/Gy after 2 Gy exposure compared to approximately 64 RIF/Gy after 0.1 Gy. Cumulative RIF counts from time lapse of 53BP1-GFP in human breast cells confirmed these results. The standard model currently in use applies a linear scale, extrapolating cancer risk from high doses to low doses of ionizing radiation. However, our discovery of DSB clustering over such large distances casts considerable doubts on the general assumption that risk to ionizing radiation is proportional to dose, and instead provides a mechanism that could more accurately address risk dose dependency of ionizing radiation.