bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Burnout and High Engagement Levels in Athletic Trainers: Results of a Nationwide Random Sample
Authors: Giacobbi Peter R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

To assess the prevalence of occupational burnout, engagement, and somatic health complaints and the associations among these constructs experienced by certified athletic trainers (ATs). A secondary objective was to examine differences between men and women, those with more versus less postcertification experience, and ATs who worked in different occupational settings.Objective:

Survey-based, stratified, proportionate random sample of full-time ATs.Design:

Data were collected online from ATs employed full time in the college or university, secondary school or youth, and industrial or clinical settings.Setting:

Of 3998 invited ATs, 934 replied, for a response rate of 24%. The mean age of the participants was 33.84 ± 8.29 years, and each AT worked with an average of 90 clients.Patients or Other Participants:

The dependent variables were perceived stress, occupational burnout, engagement, and somatic health complaints.Main Outcome Measure(s):

Although 17.2% of participants were in the most advanced stages of burnout, low levels of burnout and high degrees of occupational engagement were observed. Women ATs and those working in the college or university settings scored higher for burnout, whereas men and those in the clinical or industrial settings scored higher for engagement. Women also reported significantly more somatic health complaints than men did.Results:

The overall prevalence of burnout in ATs was relatively small, but sex and occupational-setting differences were observed and deserve greater scrutiny.Conclusions:
Curricular Satisfaction Levels of National Athletic Trainers' Association–Accredited Postprofessional Athletic Training Graduates
Authors: Henry Kevin J. , Van Lunen Bonnie L. , Udermann Brian , Oñate James A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAcademic programs rely on outcomes assessments to determine if changes in the curriculum are necessary.Context:To examine the overall satisfaction levels of graduates (2005–2006) of National Athletic Trainers' Association–accredited postprofessional athletic training education programs as related to the 2002 Standards and Guidelines for Development and Implementation of NATA-Accredited Post-Professional Graduate Athletic Training Education Programs.Objective:Original survey instrument and demographic questionnaire.Design:Online survey instrument.Setting:Of 211 survey recipients, 123 returned surveys (58.29% response rate).Patients or Other Participants:Demographic information and satisfaction levels in 10 standard areas (depth of learning, breadth of learning, critical thinking, instructor availability, theoretic basis, writing skills, scholarly growth, community return, leadership, and overall program satisfaction) were obtained. Satisfaction scores were categorized into 10 percentage brackets (eg, 80%–89%) for each standard area.Main Outcome Measure(s):No differences were noted in relation to any of the standard satisfaction areas for evaluation of time off from school. However, graduates who required more than the allotted amount of time to complete their degree were less satisfied in the areas of depth of learning (P  =  .027), breadth of learning (P  =  .001), instructor availability (P  =  .005), writing (P  =  .022), and overall program satisfaction (P  =  .016).Results:Graduates were generally satisfied across all areas of their didactic curriculum. However, satisfaction levels were affected if graduates required more than the allotted amount of time to complete their degrees.Conclusions:
Current Sport-Related Concussion Teaching and Clinical Practices of Sports Medicine Professionals
Authors: Covassin Tracey , Elbin Robert , Stiller-Ostrowski Jennifer L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Various consensus and position statements recommend a multifaceted approach when diagnosing a possible concussion. The effectiveness of these materials depends largely on their content being disseminated to educators and to those in the clinical setting.Context:

To identify the concussion management methods and guidelines currently taught in the athletic training classroom and clinical settings and to track the dissemination of the Vienna guidelines throughout the educational curriculum.Objective:

A 17-question Internet survey.Design:

A Web link was e-mailed to the program directors and certified athletic trainers holding educational positions in athletic training at 300 accredited programs in the United States.Setting:

513 program directors and athletic trainers.Patients or Other Participants:

Survey questions addressed education level, years of certification, employment setting, concussion assessment and return-to-play guidelines used in the clinical setting and the classroom, and clinical and teaching preferences for existing position statements and concussion grading systems. The Vienna guidelines' “simple” and “complex” definitions of concussions were provided with the return-to-play stepwise approach.Main Outcome Measure(s):

The National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement was the most widely used method of assessing, managing (61%), and making return-to-play decisions (47%) among participants. More than half of participants (66%) had never heard of the Vienna guidelines. After reading the Vienna guidelines' definitions and return-to-play criteria, nearly three-fourths of participants agreed with them. In addition, 68% said that they would use them, and 84% reported that they would teach them to students.Results:

The majority of program directors and certified athletic trainers used a multidimensional approach to assess and manage a concussion. The National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement and Vienna guidelines were underused in both the classroom and clinical settings.Conclusions:
Longitudinal Evaluation of Journal of Athletic Training Author Credentials: Implications for Future Research Engagement in Athletic Training
Authors: Myer Gregory D. , Kreiswirth Ethan M. , Kahanov Leamor , Martin Malissa 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

To employ retrospective trend analysis in an attempt to provide a layered description of the relative contribution (per credential) of clinical athletic trainers (those without terminal degrees) to authoring scientific literature in the Journal of Athletic Training (JAT). From these data, our secondary purpose was to evaluate trends relative to changes in journal policy and increased educational rigor or professional limitations over the past decade, discussing how they may affect the potential for clinical athletic trainers to contribute to JAT.Purpose:

Exploratory study design with trend analysis.Design:

Data collection and analysis included a trend evaluation of the credentials of clinical athletic trainer authors in JAT and the teams (by credential) of authorship to determine the credentials of authors who published in JAT.Participants:

Longitudinal tabulation of JAT author credentials from 1995 through 2007.Measurements:

We noted increases in the absolute number of research articles per volume and the number of authors per article and a decrease in the relative percentage of authors who were athletic trainers. The results also suggested that the bachelor of science degree (BS-ATC, representative of clinical athletic trainers without advanced degrees) and Doctor of Medicine (MD) credential may be underrepresented in JAT authorship.Results:

Postgraduate research training may facilitate scientific article contribution by athletic trainers. Continued evolution in the athletic training evidence-based medicine movement should foster research-based mentorship during education. Cultivating collaborations between clinical athletic trainers and research teams may also promote outcomes assessment trials, which will benefit athletic training practices.Conclusions:
Electrolyte and Plasma Changes After Ingestion of Pickle Juice, Water, and a Common Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution
Authors: Miller Kevin C. , Mack Gary , Knight Kenneth L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Health care professionals advocate that athletes who are susceptible to exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) should moderately increase their fluid and electrolyte intake by drinking sport drinks. Some clinicians have also claimed drinking small volumes of pickle juice effectively relieves acute EAMCs, often alleviating them within 35 seconds. Others fear ingesting pickle juice will enhance dehydration-induced hypertonicity, thereby prolonging dehydration.

Objective:
To determine if ingesting small quantities of pickle juice, a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-e) drink, or water increases plasma electrolytes or other selected plasma variables.

Design:
Crossover study.

Setting:
Exercise physiology laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Nine euhydrated, healthy men (age  =  25 ± 2 years, height  =  179.4 ± 7.2 cm, mass  =  86.3 ± 15.9 kg) completed the study.

Intervention(s):
Resting blood samples were collected preingestion (−0.5 minutes); immediately postingestion (0 minutes); and at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 minutes postingestion of 1 mL/kg body mass of pickle juice, CHO-e drink, or tap water.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Plasma sodium concentration, plasma magnesium concentration, plasma calcium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume were analyzed. Urine specific gravity, osmolality, and volume were also measured to characterize hydration status.

Results:
Mean fluid intake was 86.3 ± 16.7 mL. Plasma sodium concentration, plasma magnesium concentration, plasma calcium concentration, plasma osmolality, and plasma volume did not change during the 60 minutes after ingestion of each fluid (P ≥ .05). Water ingestion slightly decreased plasma potassium concentration at 60 minutes (0.21 ± 0.14 mg/dL [0.21 ± 0.14 mmol/L]; P ≤ .05).

Conclusions:
At these volumes, ingestion of pickle juice and CHO-e drink did not cause substantial changes in plasma electrolyte concentrations, plasma osmolality, or plasma volume in rested, euhydrated men. Concern that ingesting these volumes of pickle juice might exacerbate an athlete's risk of dehydration-induced hypertonicity may be unwarranted. If EAMCs are caused by large electrolyte loss due to sweating, these volumes of pickle juice or CHO-e drink are unlikely to restore any deficit incurred by exercise.
Jogging Kinematics After Lumbar Paraspinal Muscle Fatigue
Authors: Hart Joseph M. , Kerrigan D. Casey , Fritz Julie M. , Ingersoll Christopher D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:Isolated lumbar paraspinal muscle fatigue causes lower extremity and postural control deficits.Objective:To describe the change in body position during gait after fatiguing lumbar extension exercises in persons with recurrent episodes of low back pain compared with healthy controls.Design:Case-control study.Setting:Motion analysis laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Twenty-five recreationally active participants with a history of recurrent episodes of low back pain, matched by sex, height, and mass with 25 healthy controls.Intervention(s):We measured 3-dimensional lower extremity and trunk kinematics before and after fatiguing isometric lumbar paraspinal exercise.Main Outcome Measure(s):Measurements were taken while participants jogged on a custom-built treadmill surrounded by a 10-camera motion analysis system.Results:Group-by-time interactions were observed for lumbar lordosis and trunk angles (P &lt; .05). A reduced lumbar spine extension angle was noted, reflecting a loss of lordosis and an increase in trunk flexion angle, indicating increased forward trunk lean, in healthy controls after fatiguing lumbar extension exercise. In contrast, persons with a history of recurrent low back pain exhibited a slight increase in spine extension, indicating a slightly more lordotic position of the lumbar spine, and a decrease in trunk flexion angles after fatiguing exercise. Regardless of group, participants experienced, on average, greater peak hip extension after lumbar paraspinal fatigue.Conclusions:Small differences in response may represent a necessary adaptation used by persons with recurrent low back pain to preserve gait function by stabilizing the spine and preventing inappropriate trunk and lumbar spine positioning.
Generalizability Theory Analysis of Balance Error Scoring System Reliability in Healthy Young Adults
Authors: Broglio Steven P. , Zhu Weimo , Sopiarz Kay , Park Youngsik 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
An assessment of postural control is commonly included in the clinical concussion evaluation. Previous investigators have demonstrated learning effects that may mask concussion-induced balance decrements.

Objective:
To establish the test-retest reliability of the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and to provide recommendations that account for known learning effects.

Design:
Test-retest generalizability study.

Setting:
Balance research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Young adults (n  =  48) free from injuries and illnesses known to affect balance.

Intervention(s):
Each participant completed 5 BESS trials on each of the assessment dates, which were separated by 50 days.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Total score of the BESS was used in a generalizability theory analysis to estimate the overall reliability of the BESS and that of each facet. A decision study was completed to estimate the number of days and trials needed to establish clinical reliability.

Results:
The overall reliability of the BESS was G  =  0.64. The test-retest reliability was improved when male (0.92) and female (0.91) participants were examined independently. Clinically acceptable reliability (greater than 0.80) was established when 3 BESS trials were administered in a single day or 2 trials were administered at different time points.

Conclusions:
Learning effects have been noted in individuals with no previous exposure to the BESS. Our findings indicate that clinicians should consider interpreting the mean score from 3 BESS administrations on a given occasion for both normative data comparison and pretest and posttest design. The multiple assessment technique yields clinically reliable scores and provides the sports medicine practitioner with accurate data for clinical decision making.
Clinical Assessment of Scapular Positioning in Musicians: An Intertester Reliability Study
Authors: Struyf Filip , Nijs Jo , De Coninck Kris , Giunta Marco , Mottram Sarah , Meeusen Romain 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
The reliability of the measurement of the distance between the posterior border of the acromion and the wall and the reliability of the modified lateral scapular slide test have not been studied. Overall, the reliability of the clinical tools used to assess scapular positioning has not been studied in musicians.

Objective:
To examine the intertester reliability of scapular observation and 2 clinical tests for the assessment of scapular positioning in musicians.

Design:
Intertester reliability study.

Setting:
University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Thirty healthy student musicians at a single university.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Two assessors performed a standardized observation protocol, the measurement of the distance between the posterior border of the acromion and the wall, and the modified lateral scapular slide test. Each assessor was blinded to the other's findings.

Results:
The intertester reliability coefficients (κ) for the observation in relaxed position, during unloaded movement, and during loaded movement were 0.41, 0.63, and 0.36, respectively. The κ values for the observation of tilting and winging at rest were 0.48 and 0.42, respectively; during unloaded movement, the κ values were 0.52 and 0.78, respectively; and with a 1-kg load, the κ values were 0.24 and 0.50, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the measurement of the acromial distance was 0.72 in relaxed position and 0.75 with the participant actively retracting both shoulders. The ICCs for the modified lateral scapular slide test varied between 0.63 and 0.58.

Conclusions:
Our results demonstrated that the modified lateral scapular slide test was not a reliable tool to assess scapular positioning in these participants. Our data indicated that scapular observation in the relaxed position and during unloaded abduction in the frontal plane was a reliable assessment tool. The reliability of the measurement of the distance between the posterior border of the acromion and the wall in healthy musicians was moderate.
Strength Profiles of Shoulder Rotators in Healthy Sport Climbers and Nonclimbers
Authors: Wong Emmy K. L. , Ng Gabriel Y. F. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Objective:
To establish the isokinetic strength profiles and work ratios of the shoulder internal and external rotators in sport climbers and to compare them with these profiles and ratios in nonclimbers. We hypothesized that the strength profiles of the shoulder rotators were different between sport climbers and nonclimbers.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Exercise science laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Thirty-one experienced sport climbers and 27 nonclimbers.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We tested all participants by measuring the isokinetic concentric and eccentric work output of their shoulder rotators in the middle 110° of shoulder rotation. We measured mean conventional work ratios of concentric external rotation (ER) to internal rotation (IR) (con ER:IR) and eccentric ER to IR (ecc ER:IR), and we measured mean functional work ratios of eccentric ER to concentric IR (ecc ER:con IR) and eccentric IR to concentric ER (ecc IR:con ER).

Results:
All work ratios were different between the 2 groups (P &lt; .001). In the climbers, the conventional work ratios were smaller than 1 for con ER:IR (0.79) and ecc ER:IR (0.88), whereas for the nonclimbers, the ratios were 1.03 and 1.13, respectively. The functional work ratio of ecc ER:con IR was smaller for the climbers (1.05) than for the nonclimbers (1.30), but the functional work ratio of ecc IR:con ER was larger for the climbers (1.58) than for the nonclimbers (1.17).

Conclusions:
The difference in work ratios of the shoulder rotators between participant groups might be due to training-induced changes in the shoulder rotation muscles of sport climbers. The clinical implication of this strength difference in shoulder IR and ER in climbers has yet to be examined.
Cheerleading-Related Injuries in the United States: A Prospective Surveillance Study
Authors: Shields Brenda J. , Smith Gary A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Cheerleading injuries are on the rise and are a significant source of injury to females. No published studies have described the epidemiology of cheerleading injuries by type of cheerleading team and event.

Objective:
To describe the epidemiology of cheerleading injuries and to calculate injury rates by type of cheerleading team and event.

Design:
Prospective injury surveillance study.

Setting:
Participant exposure and injury data were collected from US cheerleading teams via the Cheerleading RIO (Reporting Information Online) online surveillance tool.

Patients or Other Participants:
Athletes from enrolled cheerleading teams who participated in official, organized cheerleading practices, pep rallies, athletic events, or cheerleading competitions.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The numbers and rates of cheerleading injuries during a 1-year period (2006–2007) are reported by team type and event type.

Results:
A cohort of 9022 cheerleaders on 412 US cheerleading teams participated in the study. During the 1-year period, 567 cheerleading injuries were reported; 83% (467/565) occurred during practice, 52% (296/565) occurred while the cheerleader was attempting a stunt, and 24% (132/563) occurred while the cheerleader was basing or spotting 1 or more cheerleaders. Lower extremity injuries (30%, 168/565) and strains and sprains (53%, 302/565) were most common. Collegiate cheerleaders were more likely to sustain a concussion (P  =  .01, rate ratio [RR]  =  2.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]  =  1.34, 6.59), and All Star cheerleaders were more likely to sustain a fracture or dislocation (P  =  .01, RR  =  1.76, 95% CI  =  1.16, 2.66) than were cheerleaders on other types of teams. Overall injury rates for practices, pep rallies, athletic events, and cheerleading competitions were 1.0, 0.6, 0.6, and 1.4 injuries per 1000 athlete-exposures, respectively.

Conclusions:
We are the first to report cheerleading injury rates based on actual exposure data by type of team and event. These injury rates are lower than those reported for other high school and collegiate sports; however, many cheerleading injuries are preventable.
The Potential for Brain Injury on Selected Surfaces Used by Cheerleaders
Authors: Shields Brenda J. , Smith Gary A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Although playground surfaces have been investigated for fall impact attenuation, the surfaces that cheerleaders use have received little attention.

Objective:
To determine (1) the critical height for selected surfaces used by cheerleaders at or below which a serious head impact injury from a fall is unlikely to occur, (2) the critical heights for non–impact-absorbing surfaces for comparison purposes, and (3) the effect of soil moisture and grass height on gmax (which is defined as the multiple of g [acceleration due to gravity at the earth's surface at sea level: ie, 32.2 feet·s−1·s−1] that represents the maximum deceleration experienced during an impact) and the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) at the critical height for a dry grass surface.

Design:
Observational study.

Settings:
A local cheerleading gym, indoor locations within the authors' institution, and various outdoor locations.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
g max, HIC, and critical height.

Results:
Critical heights for the surfaces tested ranged from 0.5 ft (0.15 m) for concrete and vinyl tile installed over concrete to more than 11 ft (3.35 m) for a spring floor. Increases in grass height and soil moisture resulted in an increase in the critical height for grass surfaces. Only spring floors and 4-in (0.10-m)–thick landing mats placed on traditional foam floors had critical heights greater than 10.5 ft (3.20 m), thus providing enough impact-absorbing capacity for performance of 2-level stunts.

Conclusions:
The potential for serious head impact injuries can be minimized by increasing the shock-absorbing capacity of the surface, decreasing the height from which the person falls, or both. Cheerleaders and cheerleading coaches should use the critical heights reported in this study to compare the relative impact-absorbing capacities of the various surfaces tested, with critical height as an indicator of the impact-absorption capacity of the surface. The findings of this study can be used to select the most appropriate surface for the type of maneuver to be performed, based on the maximum height expected to be achieved by the cheerleader(s) during execution of the maneuver. Cheerleaders should not perform maneuvers at heights that exceed the critical height for the surface on which they are performing.