bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment With the Human Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analog Taspoglutide in Combination With Metformin Improves Glycemic Control and Lowers Body Weight in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled With Metformin Alone
Authors: Nauck Michael A. , Ratner Robert E. , Kapitza Christoph , Berria Rachele , Boldrin Mark , Balena Raffaella 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of taspoglutide (R1583/BIM51077), a human once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Type 2 diabetic (n = 306) patients who failed to obtain glycemic control (A1C 7–9.5%) despite 1,500 mg metformin daily were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of double-blind subcutaneous treatment with placebo or taspoglutide, either 5, 10, or 20 mg once weekly or 10 or 20 mg once every 2 weeks, and followed for 4 additional weeks. All patients received their previously established dose of metformin throughout the study. Glycemic control was assessed by change in A1C (percent) from baseline.

RESULTS
Significantly greater (P &lt; 0.0001) reductions in A1C from a mean ± SD baseline of 7.9 ± 0.7% were observed in all taspoglutide groups compared with placebo after 8 weeks of treatment: –1.0 ± 0.1% (5 mg once weekly), –1.2 ± 0.1% (10 mg once weekly), –1.2 ± 0.1% (20 mg once weekly), –0.9 ± 0.1% (10 mg Q2W), and –1.0 ± 0.1% (20 mg Q2W) vs. –0.2 ± 0.1% with placebo. After 8 weeks, body weight loss was significantly greater in the 10 mg (–2.1 ± 0.3 kg, P = 0.0035 vs. placebo) and 20 mg (–2.8 ± 0.3 kg, P &lt; 0.0001) once-weekly groups and the 20 mg once every 2 weeks (–1.9 ± 0.3 kg, P = 0.0083) group than with placebo (–0.8 ± 0.3 kg). The most common adverse event was dose-dependent, transient, mild-to-moderate nausea; the incidence of hypoglycemia was very low.

CONCLUSIONS
Taspoglutide used in combination with metformin significantly improves fasting and postprandial glucose control and induces weight loss, with a favorable tolerability profile.
Cognition in the Early Stage of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ruis Carla , Biessels Geert Jan , Gorter Kees J. , van den Donk Maureen , Kappelle L. Jaap , Rutten Guy E.H.M. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
Type 2 diabetes is known to be associated with decrements in memory and executive functions and information-processing speed. It is less clear, however, at which stage of diabetes these cognitive decrements develop and how they progress over time. In this study, we investigated cognitive functioning of patients with recent screen-detected type 2 diabetes, thus providing insight into the nature and severity of cognitive decrements in the early stage of the disease. Possible risk factors were also addressed.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Included in this study were 183 diabetic patients from a previously established study cohort and 69 control subjects. A full neuropsychological assessment, addressing six cognitive domains, was made for each participant. Raw test scores were standardized into z scores per domain and compared between the groups. Possible risk factors for cognitive decrements were examined with multivariate linear regression.

RESULTS
Relative to scores for the control group, mean z scores were between 0.01 and 0.2 lower in the diabetic group across all domains, but after adjustment for differences in IQ between patients and control subjects, only memory performance was significantly reduced (mean difference −0.15 [95% CI −0.28 to −0.03]). A history of macrovascular disease and current smoking were significant determinants of slower information-processing speed in patients with diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that modest cognitive decrements are already present at the early stage of type 2 diabetes. A history of macrovascular disease and smoking are significant risk factors for some early decrements.
The Second-Meal Phenomenon in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Jovanovic Ana , Gerrard Jean , Taylor Roy 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
In health, the rise in glucose after lunch is less if breakfast is eaten. We evaluated the second-meal effect in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Metabolic changes after lunch in eight obese type 2 diabetic subjects were compared on 3 days: breakfast eaten, no breakfast, and no breakfast but intravenous arginine 1 h before lunch.

RESULTS
Despite comparable insulin levels, the rise in plasma glucose after lunch was considerably less if breakfast had been eaten (0.68 ± 1.49 vs. 12.32 ± 1.73 vs. 7.88 ± 1.03 mmol · h−1 · l−1; P &lt; 0.0001). Arginine administration almost halved the lunch rise in plasma glucose (12.32 ± 1.73 vs. 7.88 ± 1.03 mmol · h−1 · l−1). The plasma free fatty acid concentration at lunchtime directly related to plasma glucose rise after lunch (r = 0.67, P = 0.0005).

CONCLUSIONS
The second-meal effect is preserved in type 2 diabetes. Premeal administration of a nonglucose insulin secretagogue results in halving the postprandial glucose rise and has therapeutic potential.
Secular Trends in Diabetes-Related Preventable Hospitalizations in the United States, 1998–2006
Authors: Wang Jing , Imai Kumiko , Engelgau Michael M. , Geiss Linda S. , Wen Christina , Zhang Ping 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To examine secular trends in diabetes-related preventable hospitalizations among adults with diabetes in the U.S. from 1998 to 2006.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We used nationally representative data from the National Inpatient Sample to identify diabetes-related preventable hospitalizations. Based on the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's Prevention Quality Indicators, we considered that hospitalizations associated with the following four conditions were preventable: uncontrolled diabetes, short-term complications, long-term complications, and lower-extremity amputations. Estimates of the number of adults with diabetes were obtained from the National Health Interview Survey. Rates of hospitalizations among adults with diabetes were derived and tested for trends.

RESULTS
Age-adjusted rates for overall diabetes-related preventable hospitalizations per 100 adults with diabetes declined 27%, from 5.2 to 3.8 during 1998–2006 (Ptrend &lt; 0.01). This rate decreased significantly for all but not for short-term complication (58% for uncontrolled diabetes, 37% for lower-extremity amputations, 23% for long-term complications [all P &lt; 0.01], and 15% for the short-term complication [P = 0.18]). Stratified by age-group and condition, the decline was significant for all age-condition groups (all P &lt; 0.05) except short-term complications (P = 0.33) and long-term complications (P = 0.08) for the age-group 18–44 years. The decrease was significant for all sex-condition combination subgroups (all P &lt; 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
We found a decrease in diabetes-related preventable hospitalizations in the U.S. from 1998 to 2006. This trend could reflect improvements in quality of primary care for individuals with diabetes.
Association Between Circulating Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Lindsey Jason B. , de Lemos James A. , Cipollone Francesco , Ayers Colby R. , Rohatgi Anand , Morrow David A. , Khera Amit , McGuire Darren K. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine the association between circulating soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE) and coronary atherosclerosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using data from the Dallas Heart Study, a probability-based population sample, the association between plasma levels of sRAGE and coronary artery calcium (CAC) was assessed among 2,571 subjects with complete imaging and sRAGE data.

RESULTS
An inverse graded association was observed between sRAGE quartiles and CAC, with CAC prevalence of 28.5% in quartile 1 compared with 15.7% in quartile 4 (P &lt; 0.0001). After multivariable adjustment, the associations between sRAGE levels in the first and second quartiles (versus fourth quartile) and CAC remained statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio 1.71 [95% CI 1.2–2.4] and 1.5 [1.0–2.1], respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
sRAGE is a novel biomarker that is inversely associated with coronary atherosclerosis. The role of sRAGE in the pathobiology of atherosclerosis and its potential prognostic and therapeutic implications warrant further investigation.
Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Metabolic Syndrome Among Middle-Aged and Elderly Chinese Individuals
Authors: Lu Ling , Yu Zhijie , Pan An , Hu Frank B. , Franco Oscar H. , Li Huaixing , Li Xiaoying , Yang Xilin , Chen Yan , Lin Xu 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and metabolic syndrome in the Chinese population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Plasma 25(OH)D was measured in a cross-sectional sample of 1,443 men and 1,819 women aged 50–70 years from Beijing and Shanghai. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the updated National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria for Asian Americans. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipid profile, A1C, and inflammatory markers were measured.

RESULTS
The geometric mean of plasma 25(OH)D was 40.4 nmol/l, and percentages of vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D &lt;50 nmol/l] and insufficiency [50 ≤ 25(OH)D &lt;75 nmol/l] were 69.2 and 24.4%, respectively. Compared with the highest 25(OH)D quintile (≥57.7 nmol/l), the odds ratio for metabolic syndrome in the lowest quintile (≤28.7 nmol/l) was 1.52 (95% CI 1.17–1.98, Ptrend = 0.0002) after multiple adjustment. Significant inverse associations also existed between 25(OH)D and individual metabolic syndrome components plus A1C. Moreover, we observed significant inverse associations of 25(OH)D with fasting insulin and the insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) in overweight and obese individuals (BMI ≥24 kg/m2) but not in their normal-weight counterparts (test for interaction: P = 0.0363 and 0.0187 for insulin and HOMA-IR, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Vitamin D deficiency is common in the middle-aged and elderly Chinese population, and a low 25(OH)D level is significantly associated with an increased risk of having metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. Prospective studies and randomized clinical trials are warranted to determine the role of 25(OH)D in the development of metabolic syndrome and related metabolic diseases.
Serum Uric Acid Levels Improve Prediction of Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Individuals With Impaired Fasting Glucose
Authors: Kramer Caroline Kaercher , von Mühlen Denise , Jassal Simerjot Kaur , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether serum uric acid predicts incident type 2 diabetes by glucose tolerance status in older community-dwelling adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Participants without diabetes at baseline were evaluated for incident type 2 diabetes 13 years later. Baseline glucose tolerance status was defined as normoglycemia, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired postchallenge glucose tolerance.

RESULTS
A total of 566 participants were included (mean age 63.3 ± 8.6 years; 41% men). Regression models adjusted for age, sex, BMI, diuretic use, and estimated glomerular filtration rate showed that for each 1 mg/dl increment in uric acid levels, incident type 2 diabetes risk increased by ∼60%. When analyses were stratified by glucose status, uric acid levels independently predicted incident type 2 diabetes among participants who had impaired fasting glucose (odds ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.1–2.9, P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS
Uric acid may be a useful predictor of type 2 diabetes in older adults with impaired fasting glucose.
Male Predominance of Congenital Malformations in Infants of Women With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Evers Inge M. , de Valk Harold W. , Visser Gerard H.A. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE
To investigate sex-related differences in maternal, perinatal, and neonatal outcome in type 1 diabetic pregnancies in the Netherlands.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a nationwide prospective cohort-based study. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify sex-specific risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcome.

RESULTS
A total of 323 type 1 diabetic pregnancies were included; 314 were ongoing after 24 weeks of gestation. There were eight twin pregnancies and one triplet, resulting in 324 infants born after 24 weeks of gestation. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the occurrence of congenital malformations was independently associated with male newborns (OR 3.5 [95% CI 1.3–10.0]; P = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS
The higher incidence of congenital malformations in infants of women with type 1 diabetes appears to be restricted to male infants only.
Comparision of beam data requirements for MLC commissioning on a TPS
Authors: Solaiappan Gopi , Singaravelu Ganesan , Prakasarao Aruna , Supe Sanjay 
Published: April 2009

Comparision of beam data requirements for MLC commissioning on a TPS
The treatment planning system (TPS) has become a key element in the radiotherapy process with the introduction of computer tomography (CT) based 3D conformal treatment planning. Commissioning of a MLC on a TPS either for conformal radiotherapy or intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) requires beam data to be generated on a linear accelerator. Most of the TPS require these beam data to be generated with routine collimator jaws. However some TPS demand the data to be provided for MLC shaped fields. This prompted us to investigate whether beam data with jaws differ than that with MLC and whether the jaw based beam data would suffice for the commissioning of a MLC on a TPS.
Beam data like percentage depth dose (PDD), cross beam profiles and output factors was acquired for jaws and MLC defined square fields for 6, 10 and 23 MV photon beams. Percentage depth dose and cross beam profiles were acquired with a radiation field analyzer RFA-200, CC13-S ion chambers with active volume of 0.13 cm3 and OmniPro-Accept software from Scanditronix-Wellhofer. A Medtec-TG51 water tank with Max-4000 electrometer and 0.6 cc PTW ionization chamber and a mini phantom from Standard Imaging was utilized for output measurements for millennium-120 MLC (Varian Medical Systems) and SRS diode detector (Scanditronix-Wellhofer) of 0.6 mm diameter of active area and 0.3 mm of active volume thickness for micro-MLC (BrainLab).
The difference in PDD in the build-up region for millennium MLC was ±1.0% for 6 MV photons. For 10 MV photons the PDD difference was within ±4.0%. The difference in PDD for 23 MV photons ranged from 0% to 40.0%. PDD difference from build-up depth to about 28 cm was within ±1.0%. Difference in PDD crossed ±1.0% at 30 cm depth for 6 MV photons. The difference in PDD in the build-up region for mMLC was ±8.0% for 6 MV photons. For the smallest field size studied with micro-MLC i.e. 0.6 × 0.6 cm2 difference in PDD was more than ±1.0% in the build-up region and beyond a depth of 8.0 cm. The profiles for jaws and MLC agreed within the umbra region. However in the penumbra region small differences in doses were observed. The collimator scatter factor (Sc), phantom scatter factor (Sp) and output factor values for MLC were different that those for jaws.
The differences in beam characteristics could have implication for intensity modulated radiation therapy and stereotactic radiosurgery in terms of dose in the build up region, exit dose, dose to the planning target volume (PTV) and organ at risk (OAR). Impact of these dosimetric differences between jaw and MLC needs to be further studied in terms of dose volume histograms for PTV and OAR and its further impact on tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP).
Effect of mother bulb size and planting time on growth, bulb and seed yield of onion
Authors: Ud-Deen Md Mosleh 
Published: April 2009

Onion bulbs of different sizes (20g, 15g and l0 g) were planted at different dates viz., 30 October and 15 and 30 November to observe their effects on growth, bulb and seed yield of onion. The mother bulb size and planting dates showed significant influence on growth, bulb and seed yield of onion. The large mother bulb and early planting were favourable for getting higher bulb and seed yields. The treatment combinations of large mother bulb (20 g) and 30 October planting time gave the highest bulb (17.52 t1ha) and seed (402.80 kg1ha) yield. Â Key words: Onion, mother bulb size, planting time, growth, yield. doi: 10.3329/bjar.v33i4.2285 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 33(4) : 531-537, December 2008 Â
Validating and Assessing the Sensitivity of the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index-derived Short Form-6D in Patients with Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: AMJADI SOGOL S. , MARANIAN PAUL M. , PAULUS HAROLD E. , KAPLAN ROBERT M. , RANGANATH VEENA K. , FURST DANIEL E. , KHANNA PUJA P. , KHANNA DINESH ,   for the Western Consortium of Practicing Rheumatologists
Published: April 2009

Objective.New methodologies allow the scores for the Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) to be translated into preferences/utility scores. We evaluated the construct validity of the HAQ-DI-derived Short Form-6D (SF-6D) score and assessed its responsiveness to change over 6- and 12-month followup periods in patients with early aggressive rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods.Patients (n = 277) participating in an RA observational study completed self-reported measures of symptoms and the HAQ-DI at baseline and at 6 and 12 months. Total Sharp scores, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were assessed along with clinical data. Construct validity was assessed by examining the association between SF-6D score and patient-reported and clinical measures using Spearman correlation coefficients. The responsiveness of SF-6D to change was assessed using patient and physician assessments of the disease as clinical anchors. The magnitude of responsiveness was calculated using SF-6D effect size (ES).Result.Mean SF-6D scores were 0.690, 0.720, and 0.723 at baseline and 6 and 12-month followup, respectively. Baseline patient-reported measures had moderate to high correlations with baseline SF-6D (r = 0.43 to 0.52); whereas clinical measures had negligible to low correlations with SF-6D (r = 0.001 to 0.32). ES was moderate for the groups that were deemed to have improved (ES 0.63–0.75) but negligible to small for those that did not (ES 0.13–0.46).Conclusion.Our data support the validity and responsiveness of the HAQ-DI derived SF-6D score in an early RA cohort. These results support the use of the HAQ-DI derived SF-6D in RA cohorts and clinical trials lacking preference-based measures.
The Uses of Disease Activity Scoring and the Physician Global Assessment of Disease Activity for Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis in Rheumatology Practice
Authors: HARRINGTON J. TIMOTHY 
Published: April 2009

Objective.To evaluate the uses of quantitative disease activity scoring and a physician global assessment of disease activity for managing rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in rheumatology practice.Methods.The Global Arthritis Score (GAS) and a physician global assessment (Physician Global) were determined during each office visit for a community practice RA population. The GAS was calculated from patients’ self-reported pain, functional assessment, and tender joint count. The Physician Global was recorded on a 10-point visual analog scale. The correlation of these 2 disease activity measures was determined for the most recent office visit of 185 patients with RA, and the reasons for discordant results were identified by chart review.Results.The GAS and Physician Global were concordant for active or inactive disease in 126 of 185 patients (68%) and were discordant in 59 (32%). Forty-five of these discordant patients had a high GAS while their Physician Global indicated inactive disease. Their GAS values were high because of osteoarthritis, back pain, soft tissue rheumatism, and/or prior joint damage rather than active RA. The other 14 patients had a low GAS with an uncontrolled Physician Global for a variety of reasons.Conclusion.(1) An RA disease activity score and a quantitative Physician Global can be measured during rheumatology office visits to document patients’ disease status. (2) Disease activity scoring contributes valuable information, but should not replace the Physician Global in guiding RA patient management or reimbursement decisions.
Revision ofCardiophorus(Coleoptera: Elateridae) species of eastern Canada and United States of America
Authors: Douglas Hume 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAllCardiophorusspecies found in Canada and the United States of America east of the Rocky Mountains are keyed and all but those with the majority of their ranges west of the Rocky Mountains are revised. Eleven species are recognized, three of which are new to science (C. catskillensissp. nov.,C. destinensissp. nov., andC. panamapolissp. nov.).Cardiophorus floridaeCandèze andC. angustatusBlanchard are synonymized underC. convexus(Say). All 11 are described and taxonomically important characters are presented. Distribution maps are presented for each species. The following lectotypes are designated for species that were described from more than one specimen without former holotype designation:C. angustatus,C. floridae,C. erythropusErichson,C. gagatesErichson,C. togatusHorn,C. robustusLeConte,C. convexulusLeConte, andC. amictusMelsheimer. The following neotypes were designated to replace destroyed type specimens:C. cardisce(Say) andC. convexus.
The Colorado potato beetle in movement
Authors: Boiteau G. , Alyokhin A. , Ferro D.N. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe recent introduction of the concept of refuge areas for the management of the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say) (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae), on resistant potato highlighted the existence of important gaps in our knowledge and understanding of this pest's movement within and between habitats. The objective of this review is to synthesize the information available for the benefit of crop managers and to identify subject areas in need of additional research. A traditional, somewhat encyclopedic, review of the old and recent literature on research methods, basics of flight and walking, as well as abiotic and biotic conditions for dispersal, revealed a considerable volume of information accumulated since the early 1900s. There is a consensus on the role of abiotic factors on flight and walking, but a better understanding of the biotic factors will be required before the variability of the dispersal response can be fully explained or predicted. Cybernetic models of orientation proposed in the literature were pulled together into a schematic representation of the orientation process in walkingL. decemlineata. The model begins the integration of the different conditions and underlying suggested mechanisms responsible for the orientation of the walking beetle. There is remarkably little information on the orientation of potato beetles during flight. Finally, the seasonality of walking and flight dispersal is reviewed in relation to the host habitat and overwintering sites.