bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Growth Regulator and Antitranspirant Chemicals on Water Requirement and Growth Components of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)1
Authors: Cole D. F. , Dobrenz A. K. , Massengale M. A. 
Published: July 2010

Plants of Medicago sativa L. cult. ‘Mesa‐Sirsa’ were grown in both the greenhouse and controlled environmental growth chambers and used to evaluate the effect ot various antitranspirant and growth regulator chemicals on water requirement and growth components. Gibberellic acid (GA) significantly lowered the water requirement of alfalfa in all environments. Indoleacetic acid (IAA), (2‐chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC), phenylmercuric acetate (PMA), and dodecenylsuccinic acid (DSA) did not alter the water requirement of alfalfa. The antitranspirant chemicals did not reduce the amount of water transpired, and further DSA caused plant damage when used as a foliar spray.Gibberellic acid significantly increased the amount of stem tissue produced in all environments, which resulted in more total dry‐forage yield. Gibberellic acid had no effect on the amount of leaflet tissue produced except in experiments where GA stimulated secondary branching.
Sunflower Phenology—Year, Variety, and Date of Planting Effects on Day and Growing Degree‐day Summations1
Authors: Robinson R. G. 
Published: July 2010

Six sunflower (Helianthus annus L,.) varieties were planted at seven dates ranging from April 24 to June 28, 1967 through 1969. Day and growing degree‐day (GDD) summations were calculated for consecutive growth periods.Varietal differences in relative maturity were apparent at head‐visible stage. Differences among varieties in length of growth periods after first‐anther stage were small. Day summations in the prebloom periods declined from early to late planting in contrast with relatively small and random variation in GDD summations. The decrease in day summations from early to late planting in the emergence to head‐visible and emergence to first‐anther periods was not attributed to photoperiod but to increase in GDD per day.GDD summation to either head‐visible or first‐anther stage was an effective rating of varietal maturity and did not vary greatly under differing environments. Both day and GDD summations declined from early to late planting in both last anther to maturity and planting to maturity periods. Both day and GDD summations varied among years for all growth periods, but the magnitude of variation in some periods was not great.
Effectiveness of Frego Bract as a Boll Weevil Resistance Character in Cotton1
Authors: Jenkins Johnie N. , Parrott W. L. 
Published: July 2010

In 1970 four farms located in different parts of Mississippi each were planted to 4 to 8 ha of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), homozygous for frego bract ( fg fg ), and to an approximately equivalent acreage of a nonfrego commercial variety. Cottons with frego bract have shown resistance to boll weevils (Anthonomus grandis Boh.) when grown in small plots. Our 1970 tests were designed to measure the cumulative effects of a fregobract cotton, designated M‐64, on boll weevil populations when this cotton was grown in large acreages and when the resistance was measured over three or four insect generations. Results from these tests will be used to assess the role of cottons resistant to boll weevil in an integrated approach designed to eradicate this insect. A pilot scale boll weevil eradication program is now underway in Mississippi.In the frego‐bract cotton boll weevil oviposition, an indirect measure of population, was suppressed 66, 71, 75, and 94% below that in the nonfrego varieties. The variation in suppression was due to different numbers of overwintering weevils and to various control measures used during the season. On two farms no insecticides were required for boll weevil control in the frego‐bract strain. The frego‐bract strain suppressed the population 94% on the farm with the smallest number of overwintering weevils. Thus, oviposition suppression was greatest where it can be of the most use in an eradication program.Fiber properties and yields of the frego strain were adequate for a nonbiased test of the boll weevil resistance attributed to frego bract.
Height Modification Within Three‐dwarf and Four‐Dwarf Progenies of Grain Sorghum1
Authors: Thompson T. E. , Schertz K. F. , Rosenow D. T. , Miller F. R. 
Published: July 2010

Three and four‐dwarf varieties and hybrids of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] were used to determine the effectiveness of selection for height within these major height genotypes. Selection was begun for short and tall plants, as measured by height to the flag leaf in the F2 and S2 and was continued in the F3 and S3 generations. Tests were conducted with the F4 and S4 generations to evaluate the effects of selection on height of flag leaf, total plant height, and days to first bloom.Selection for height of flag leaf was successful in four of the 30 progenies tested. As a result, total plant height was altered in three of these progenies. Number of days to first bloom was reduced for one progeny effectively selected for shortness.
Phenotypic Stability of Cotton1
Authors: Quisenberry J. E. , Kohel R. J. 
Published: July 2010

We studied the effects of level of ploidy and of heterozygosity on the phenotypic stability of certain inbred lines of cotton (Gossypium sp.) and their F1 hybrids. The experimental material consisted of four inbred lines from each of three cultivated species of cotton. These species were an Old World diploid (G. arboreum L.), and two New World allotetraploids (G. hirsutum L. and G. barbadense L.). Eight phenotypic characters or traits were measured in five environments. In each environment the material was grown in two randomized blocks, divided into split‐plots. Inbreds and their F1 hybrids were used to minimize genetic variance, and estimated environmental variances were analyzed.The level of ploidy did not significantly affect the phenotypic stability of the eight characters. The diploid G. arboreum was as well buffered against environmental variation as the two allotetraploids, G. hirsutum and G. barbadense. Thus, the intergenomic heterozygosity associated with amphidiploidy conferred no advantage to plants by enhancing their ability to adjust to fluctuations in the environment. Significant differences in phenotypic stability usually were not found in comparisons of inbred lines (F0) and hybrid progenies (F1). The expression of phenotypic stability appeared to be random with respect to five specific environments in which the plants were grown. Apparently the cultivated species of cotton we studied do not possess homeostatic systems associated with either homozygosity or heterozygosity.
Combining Ability of Coumestrol Content and its Association with Uterotropic Activity, Yield, and Plant Height in Medicago sativa L.1
Authors: Stuthman D. D. , Chorush I. S. , Nyquist W. E. , Davis R. L. , Stob Martin 
Published: July 2010

Six alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) clones, selected for varying amounts of uterotropic activity (UA, increase in uterine weight of castrated female mice fed the plant material), were crossed in all combinations, keeping reciprocals separate. F2’s were produced by selling and intercrossing F1 sibs. Backcrosses of F1’s to both parents were produced reciprocally. UA, coumestrol concentration, forage yield, and plant height were measured.General combining ability variation among F1 family means was hnportant for all characters. Specific combining ability variation was not important.Uterotropic activity and coumestrol content were positively correlated, indicating that coumestrol concentration accurately reflects this biological activity of alfalfa in castrated female mice. Both UA and coumestrol were generally negatively correlated with yield and height.Inbreeding significantly affected all characters except coumestrol content. Yield, in particular, decreased more rapidly than the coefficient of inbreeding increased. This inbreeding depression could not he adequately explained by present concepts of inbreeding.
Combining Ability for Yield, Protein, and Lysine in an Incomplete Diallel of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench1
Authors: Collins F. C. , Pickett R. C. 
Published: July 2010

Estimates of general and specific combining ability for grain yield and protein and lysine levels in the grain were obtained by evaluating the performance of 48 Fl sorghum hybrids which were derived from crossing 12 restorer lines unto 4 male sterile testers. Significant differences among restorer lines were found in general combining ability for yield, protein, and lysine while significant differences among the male sterile testers existed for yield and protein. The variation due to specific combining ability was not significant for any of the characters.Hetercsis for yield was exhibited by most of the hybrids while only four hybrids demonstrated heterosis for percentage protein and no hybrids were superior to either parent for percentage lysine.Percentage protein was negatively correlated with yield and percentage lysine and levels of lysine was not significantly related to yield. However, the degree of these associations was not strong enough to prevent incorporating high levels of protein and lysine into high yielding lines if simultaneous selection was performed for all three characters.
Distribution of the Post‐illumination CO2 Burst Among Grasses1
Authors: Brown R. H. , Gracen V. E. 
Published: July 2010

Evolution of CO2 upon transition of leaves from light to darkness was studied in 44 species of grasses, mostly from genera possessing the 4‐carbon dicarboxylic acid cycle of CO2 fixation. Attached leaves were placed in small acrylic plastic chambers and illuminated at 6,500‐7,000 ft‐c. Ten to 15 min after steady rates of photosynthesis had heen attained, the lights were turned off and CO2 evolution was measured for at least 5 min thereafter. Species that exhibited a post‐illumination CO2 burst (PIB) had a peak CO2 output at slightly less than 0.5 min after the lights were extinguished. Species lacking the PIB required about 1 min to reach the maximum respiration rate. The PIB was lacking in all species tested in the tribe Andropogoneae. Of 22 species in the tribe Paniceae, none possessed the PIB except those in the Panicum genus. All 10 Panieum species exhibited a burst. Five species in the tribe Chlorideae exhibited a PIB, as did Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees of the Eragrosteae tribe and Uniola paniculata L. of the Unioleae tribe.Well‐developed grana were observed in parenchyma sheath chloroplasts of the species that possessed the PIB. Species lacking the PIB also lacked well‐developed grana in parenchyma sheath chloroplasts. There was a fairly close association between the existence of a PIB and location of the parenchyma sheath chloroplasts against the centripetal walls of the sheath cells.
Heritability of Verticillium Wilt Tolerance in Crosses of American Upland Cotton1
Authors: Roberts Carl L. , Staten Glen 
Published: July 2010

Broad‐sense heritability estimates of tolerance to Verticillium wilt [Verticillium albo‐atrum (Reinke and Berth)] under severe field exposure in American Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were compared using F2 and F3 generations of tolerant ✕ susceptible crosses. Heritability estimates varied from 0 to .833, depending upon exposure level, generation tested, and type of parental tolerance present.Tolerance to Verticillium wilt was found to be recessive for the crosses studied. Selection based on progeny row yield was effective when Verticillium wilt was severe.Susceptible F2 plants produced homozygous susceptible F3 rows but progeny testing of tolerant F2 plants was necessary to detect escapes.
Growth Analysis of American Upland Cotton, Gossypim hirsutum L., with Different Leaf Shapes and Colors1
Authors: Karami E. , Weaver J. B. 
Published: July 2010

Analysis of plant growth and development of biotypes of American Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with nine different combinations of leaf shape and color were made at two plant populations. The nine combinations of leaf shape and color were obtained by crossing Okra Leaf ‘Stoneville 7A’ BC4 with Red Leaf Stoneville 7A BC4 and then selecting the various leaf shapes and color combinations within the F2 population.Okra Leaf (L° L°) was associated with low incidence of boll rot, number of vegetative branches, node number of first‐fruiting branch, dry weight of vegetative parts, leaf area, and with a shorter plant compared with normal leaf type. Okra Leaf also resulted in earlier maturity, higher harvest index, and higher seed cotton yield compared with normal leaf cotton. Okra Leaf had no effect on fiber length or fiber length uniformity, but caused a slight reduction in fineness and a slight increase in fiber strength.The homozygous red color resulted in a significant reduction in seed cotton yield in an experiment with 45‐cm spacing within the row. There were no significant interactions between leaf shape and leaf color.All measurements for intermediate (heterozygous) leaf shape were between the values found for Okra Leaf and normal leaf cotton.
Multiple Cottonseed Treatments: Effects on Germination, Seedling Growth, and Survival1
Authors: Ranney C. D. 
Published: July 2010

This study evaluated the direct effect of, and interactions between, pesticides used as seed treatments on germination, seedling growth, and field survival of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Six nonmercurial protectant fungicides, N‐[(trichloromethyl)thio]‐4‐cyclohexene‐1,2‐dicarboximide (captan), bis(dimethylthiocarbamoyl)disulfide (thiram), 2‐(thiocyanomethylthio)benzothiazole (Busan 72), combinations of pentachloronitrobenzene + 5‐ethoxy‐3‐trichloromethyl‐1,2,4‐thiadiazole (Terracoat L21), tetrachloroisophthalonitrile + sodium‐p‐(dimethylamino) benzene diazosulfonate (chlorothalonil + Dexon), and pentachloronitrobenzene + sodium‐p‐(dimethylamino) benzene diazosulfonate (PCNB + Dexon); two systemic fungicides, 1,4‐dichloro‐2,5‐dimethoxybenzene (chloroneb) and 5,6‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐oxathiin‐3‐carboxanilide (carboxin); and the systemic insecticide, 0,0‐diethyl S‐[2‐(ethylthio)ethyl]phosphorodithioate (disulfoton), were used alone and in all combinations of the pesticide types. When used in a treatment, the protectant fungicide was applied first, followed by the systemic fungicide and the systemic insecticide. Evaluations included germination tests at standard conditions, at constant 20 C, and constant 30 C. Dry weight transfer (DWT) determinations were also made at 20 and 30 C. Percent seedling survival in the field 42 days after planting was determined.Use of a protectant fungicide either significantly improved germination and seedling growth or did not affect these factors. A significant increase in seedling survival, 22 to 42%, resulted from the use of the various protectant fungicides. The inclusion of a systemic fungicide in the treatment combinations tended to reduce germination and DWT values but improved stands by 40%. Inclusion of the systemic insecticide in the treatment combinations resulted in reduced germination, DWT, and seedling survival (13%). Where the systemic insecticide was used, the inclusion of a systemic fungicide further reduced germination values but often resulted in significant increases in seedling survival. Significant interactions among the different types of chemical treatments and suggestions that temperature affected the treatment response indicate the need to identify combinations of chemicals for seed treatment that are safe and effective under various environmental conditions.
Effects of Nutrient‐Media Composition on Growth of Seedlings from Intact Seeds and Excised Embryos of Maize (Zea Mays L.)1
Authors: Dahmen W. J. , Mock J. J. 
Published: July 2010

Basal and complex agar‐sucrose nutrient media were compared for effects on growth of light‐grown seedlings from mature intact seeds and excised embryos of maize (Zea mays L.). Effects of auxin, 2, 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, also were studied.Complex medium increased root growth of seedlings from intact seeds but did not affect root growth of seedlings from excised embryos. There were no nutrient media effects on shoot growth. No absolute requirement by cultured maize embryos for externally supplied auxin was demonstrated. In the basal medium, auxin inhibited root growth.
Resistance in Soybeans to the Mexican Bean Beetle: II. Reactions of the Beetle to Resistant Plants1
Authors: Van Duyn John W. , Turnipseed Sam G. , Maxwell James D. 
Published: July 2010

Mexican bean beetles (Epilachna varivestis Mulsant) displayed differential preference reactions when fed foliage from resistant soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) genotypes PI 229358, PI 227687, and PI 171451. These reactions included reduced longevity and fecundity in adults and weight loss and high mortality in larvae. These symptoms appeared similar to starvation and hypothetically resulted from reduced consumption of resistant foliage by the insects.Larvae tended to fall from plants of the genotypes PI 229358 and PI 171451 possibly because lack of feeding stimulants or presence of repellents caused high larval movement and leaf surfaces provided poor footing for the insects.
Fitness of Heterozygotes in Barley1
Authors: Rasmusson D. C. , Byrne Ignatius 
Published: July 2010

The level of dominance at four loci for reproductive fitness was investigated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L,.). Each of the four loci contained a recessive allele, believed to be of spontaneous origin, that is a seedling chlorophyll lethal when homozygous. Populations were established with initial gene frequency of p = .5, and the proportion of normal green to defective seedlings was ascertained in successive selfed generations. Reproductive fitness of the normal homozygote vs the normal heterozygote was indicated in the rate of elimination of the defective allele.The rate of elimination of the defective allele in ‘Colsess I,’ Colsess II,' ‘Xantha 3,’ and ‘Albino 7’ indicated approximately equal fitness of the normal homozygote and heterozygote, thus suggesting a complete dominance interpretation for reproductive fitness. Small deviations from the dominance model in the direction of partial dominance or over‐dominance were about equally frequent for the Colsess I, Xantha 3, and Albino 7 loci. The allele in Colsess II, decreased in frequency at a rate slightly slower than predicted by the dominance model; however, if over‐dominance was present, it was modest. These data, which support a dominance explanation for reproductive fitness, are in conflict with findings on chlorophyll lethals in corn (Zea mays L.) and with reports on heterozygote advantage for agricultural fitness at the Xantha 3 and Albino 7 loci.
Morphological Characteristics of Alfalfa Plants Grown at Several Temperatures1
Authors: Bula R. J. 
Published: July 2010

Three alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars, representing a range of environmental adaptation, were grown at 20, 25, 30, or 35 C under controlled environmental conditions to determine what effect growing temperature has on growth and development of alfalfa. Stem and leaf weights per plant were highest for plants grown at 25, followed by those grown at 20, 30, and lowest at 35 C. Leaf area per plant was highest for plants grown at 25 C and lowest at 35 C. Plants grown at 20 or 25 C had larger leaves than plants grown at 30 or 35 C. Specific leaf weight was highest for leaves from plants grown at 35 C, but essentially the same at 20, 25, or 30 C. Leaves of plants at 20 or 25 C had larger cells and more intercellular spaces compared to leaves at 35 C.These data provide a partial basis for explaining the generally lower alfalfa yields during hot, summer periods. Such plants would have less leaf tissue, lower leaf area, and smaller, more densely packed leaf cells than plants growing during the cooler portions of the season. Large cells in the vascular tissue would facilitate translocation of photosynthates and water, and large intercellular spaces in the parenchyma tissue would enhance CO2 diffusion.
Variation in the Intestinal Gas‐Forming Sugars in Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Hymowitz T. , Collins F. I. , Panczner J. , Walker W. M. 
Published: July 2010

The interaction of intestinal flora with low molecular weight carbohydrates, especially raffinose and stachyose, has been shown to be the primary factor for the flatulence and uncomfortable feeling often experienced by human beings after consuming products containing legume seed meal. There is conflicting evidence, however, concerning the gas‐producing properties of the peanut Arachis hypogaea L.Seed of 16 cultivars of peanuts were analyzed for protein, oil, total sugar, and individual sugar content. The range in values for protein, oil, total sugar, and sucrose were 27.2 to 33.2, 45.5 to 51.5, 3.2 to 6.4, and 2.7 to 5.6 g per 100 g seed, respectively. Except for ‘Virginia 56R’ and ‘Florigiant,’ the cultivars had raffinose contents of 0.1 g or less per 100 g seed. The cultivars ‘Argentine,’ ‘Early Runner,’ ‘Spancross,’ ‘Tifspan,’ and ‘Virginia Bunch 67’ had stachyose contents of less than 0.1 g per 100 g seed. Based on chemical analyses, these cultivars may be nongas producers. Florigiant, ‘Florunner,’ ‘N.C. 2,’ ‘N.C. 5,’ ‘N.C. 17,’ ‘Starr,’ Virginia 56R, and ‘Virginia 61R’ with 0.4 or 0.5 g stachyose per 100 g seed may be gas producers.
Evaluation of the Genetics of Relative Phosphorus Accumulation by Corn (Zea mays L.) Using Chromosomal Translocations1
Authors: Barber W.D. , Thomas W.I. 
Published: July 2010

Reciprocal chromosomal translocations were selected as the genetic tool for an investigation of the genetic control of relative P accumulation by leaves of corn (Zea mays L.). Each of 10 translocation sto~ks was crossed to inbreds Pa 83 and Pa 94, which had been selected as low and high P accumulators, respectively. The translocation stocks were selected so that each corn chromosome would be involved in the translocations of two different stocks. Backcrosses to the inbred parent resulted in 20 progeny sets wherein tests for linkage to interchange points could be made.Within each backcross progeny set, many of the “semisterile” progeny should be of the F1 genotype at those loci linked to an interchange point; the closer the linkage, the greater the proportion of progeny reflecting the F1 genotype would be. Alternatively, a high proportion of the “normally fertile” progeny should reflect the inbred genotype at these locl. A significant difference between P accumulation, measured as the mean P concentration of the ear leaf blades of progeny in each class, was considered indicative of segregation of at least one genetic locus that influences relative P accumulation. From the results, a minimum of six genetic loci that affect relative P accumulation was postulated. Although the potential effect of each locus could not be evaluated from the data obtained, the total observed segregation accounted for most of the P accumulation difference between inbreds ‘Pa 83’ and ‘Pa 94.’