bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Less Knowledge Can Lead to More Learning: Innovation Processes in Small vs. Large Firms
Authors: Murray Fiona , Worren Nicolay 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Numerous studies have explored the influence of firm size on the processes of technological innovation. Despite financial constraints and a limited knowledge base, small firms may possess a superior ability to innovate. In contrast, large firms often encounter systemic problems in transforming their extensive knowledge base to stimulate new innovations, despite the advantages of large research and development budgets, economies of scale and scope in production, and established links to customers. This chapter examines the nature of small firm advantages in building knowledge assets and organizational competence. Contrary to the assumption in economic reasoning that a large knowledge base is always an advantage, the limited knowledge base possessed by small entrepreneurial firms may be one of their key advantages. This advantage may be particularly significant when considered in the context of four other factors that are commonly observed in small firms: product development processes that more readily accommodate change and uncertainty; problem-solving heuristics that facilitate creative recombination of knowledge; close network ties between individuals that support transfers of non-codified knowledge; an internal organizational climate conducive to innovation.
Eupolis’ Dates and Career
Authors: Storey Ian C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by noting two ancient sources containing the bulk of the information about Eupolis — the Suda and from an anonymous writer Peri kōmōdias. It tries to discover Eupolis' identity and the time period when he existed. It summarizes the evidence for each of the undated plays and presents a finished table of his works. It examines the four ancient traditions about the death of Eupolis or about his place of burial. It shows the secure and tentative dates when Eupolis accomplished his comedies.
Eupolis and Comedy
Authors: Storey Ian C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by explaining that of the fourteen secure plays, eleven have plural titles and that six of the plays that have plural titles denote the chorus. It then examines how the women were regarded in the comedies created by Eupolis. It evaluates several plays where Eupolis used popular intellectuals as a character and included their ideas in his creations. It presents several proofs when Eupolis and Aristophanes mocked and made fun of Sokrates. It discusses that Prospaltioi, Astrateutoi, and Taxiarchoi are anti-war plays created by Eupolis. It argues that Eupolis also wrote political plays and that assumption was based on the titles of his plays such as Poleis, Marikas, Chrysoun Genos, and Demoi. It also determines the comic structure of the plays created by Eupolis. It describes Eupolis as a Poet of Old Comedy and mentions some of his unique traits.
Agents of Change
Authors: Heckscher Charles , Maccoby Michael , Ramirez Rafael , Tixier Pierre-Eric 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book focuses on the transition faced by business organizations and their stakeholders as they move from protected markets to open competition, and it explores how these changes can be facilitated by outside interveners/agents. Centering on four case studies — AT&T, Lucent, Electricité de France, and the Italian State Railways — the book analyses the approach to intervention, the problems created by existing systems of stakeholder dialogue, and the prospects for change. It draws two fundamental lessons. Firstly, that intervention in these situations must be broad and involving — a ‘full engagement’ approach — in order to achieve changes in relations and identities among a range of players. The book explores the key elements and practical techniques of this approach. Secondly, that the issues ultimately go beyond improving union-management relations or organizational structures; even in the best cases, the players have been unable to reach stable agreements in the face of continuing pressures for change. A deep transformation of the system of stakeholder relations is required — the creation of a system of ‘post-industrial relations’. The book includes discussion of managerial problems and intervention strategies in an ever more responsive and flexible economy, and also the implications for democracy in the work-place and the future of union representation. The book is valuable for consultants, unionists, managers, and public policy makers, and accessible also to students and the interested public.
14 Philosophy
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gellius constantly expresses the Roman disdain for philosophy not directed at improving human life, yet although he lacks the aptitude for abstract speculation his interests range further than ethics. Many chapters are more concerned with philosophers' lives than their ideas. Gellius ranges over all the schools without indicating a clear preference for any, despite a mild sympathy with Stoicism or Stoicized Platonism; he can even be fair to Epicurus, and condemns Seneca the Younger, who had dared to criticize Cicero's taste for Ennius, as unfit for youth to read. He studies philosophy in Greek, making less use of Cicero than of Plutarch. An excursus finds his interest in the supernatural confined to the official Roman religion.
A Defence of the Status Quo
Authors: ALLAN JAMES 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter defends the current constitutional status quo in Australia, arguing particularly against the need for any sort of bill of rights, whether constitutionally entrenched or simply statutory. It tries to convince the reader that Australia today is fully capable of protecting basic human interests without any sort of bill of rights. It mentions the existing set-up in Australia including any assessment of the need for, or desirability of, a bill of rights. It briefly investigates the rights themselves: what they are, their colonizing power, and their capacity to overwhelm all disagreement not itself framed in terms of rights. It then turns back to bills of rights and notes a main effect of such instruments. It then unites the earlier strands and examines whether the desire to protect certain human interests, of the sort that fall under the aegis of ‘human rights’, requires some sort of bill of rights.
Addressing Homelessness: Does Australia’s Indirect Implementation of Human Rights Comply with its International Obligations?
Authors: OTTO DIANNE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores whether the Australian approach to implementing human rights, indirectly through democratic political processes rather than directly through judicial enforcement, fulfils Australia's obligations under international law to ensure that all Australians enjoy the human rights enumerated in the human rights treaties to which it is a party. Using the national Supported Accommodation Assistance Program (SAAP) as a case-study, it argues that the Australian system, in its present form, does not adequately implement Australia's international obligations because it does not, on its own terms, provide adequate non-judicial accountability mechanisms that would ensure ‘effective remedies’ for any violations. It investigates how Australians want to treat the most vulnerable and disadvantaged members of the community. The chapter concludes that a revised mix of legal and political mechanisms that strengthens democratic debate and non-judicial enforcement will best achieve that humane, just, equitable, and democratic society.
The Bicycle Pedal is in Front of the Table. Why some Objects do not Fit into some Spatial Relations
Authors: VEGA MANUEL DE , RODRIGO MARÍA J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the meaning of locative sentences involving directional terms such as ‘in front of’, ‘behind’, ‘right of’, etc. First, it contrasts two spatial communication tasks: pointing to objects in a layout and telling their direction. It shows that after imagining a body rotation, pointing was considerably impaired with respect to a physical body rotation, whereas performance in the verbal location task was similar under imaginary and physical rotation. It proposes that producing locative sentences, unlike pointing to objects, involves a second-order embodiment. That is, language spatial relations are represented and updated into a mental framework that is detached from body proprioceptive information, but still preserves spatial relations analogically. Second, the chapter describes a corpus-based study of locative sentences that demonstrated that some features of the figure and the ground are associated with the direction or dimension tagged by the preposition. For instance, partitive entities (e.g., parts of bodies or machines) are more frequently associated to vertical directions, whereas animate entities are more frequently associated to horizontal terms. This fit between object information (provided by nouns) and spatial information (provided by prepositions), is compatible with an integration or meshing hypothesis.
Dissociation between Verbal and Pointing Responding in Perspective Change Problems
Authors: WANG RANXIAO FRANCES 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Predicting the outcome of spatial transformations, such as viewpoint changes, is very important in everyday life. It has been shown that it is very difficult to point to where an object would be as if one is facing a different direction (perspective change problem). These difficulties are often attributed to the imagination process that is mentally rotating oneself or the object array. This chapter investigates this hypothesis by varying the ‘imagination time’ before the target is given. It presents two experiments showing that when using a pointing task, there is no improvement in performance even when the participants are allowed to complete the ‘imagination’ process first. In contrast, when using a verbal reporting task, participants are able to describe the egocentric angles of the imagined target location as quickly as the no-imagination control condition. These results suggest that participants are able to transform and maintain a representation of the new perspective, but this representation is accessible to a verbal system that subserves the verbal response task, but not to an action system that subserves the pointing task. Thus, functional features defined with respect to one cognitive system may not generalize to another cognitive system.
Defining Functional Features for Spatial Language
Authors: CARLSON LAURA , COVELL EDWIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Spatial terms such as above are typically used to specify the location of a desired object by indicating its spatial relationship to a reference object whose location is presumed known. Use of such terms requires that the space around the reference object be parsed into particular regions (e.g., above, below). Previous research has demonstrated that the construction of these regions is influenced not only by geometric properties of the reference object (such as its center-of-mass) but also by its functional parts. For example, in a placement task in which participants were asked to put one object above another object, objects were more likely to be placed away from the center of the object, toward its functional part. Moreover, this bias was stronger for objects that were functionally related (e.g., a coin vs. a ring placed above a piggy bank). This chapter defines the term ‘functionally related’ by focusing on the contributions of various characteristics (e.g., surface, use, or functional features) of the reference object. To do this, the chapter systematically analyzes the reference objects used by Carlson-Radvansky et al., classifying them in various ways, and asking whether such classifications mediated the bias toward the functional part. It concludes with a discussion of the contribution of the located object, and a reflection on how to define functional features for spatial language more generally.
Being Near the Ceramic, but not Near the Mug: On the Role of Construal in Spatial Language
Authors: PRASADA SANDEEP 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Construals or conceptions are particular ways of understanding what something is, and, as such, they embody explanatory structures. This chapter presents a theory of the formal explanatory structures embodied in different construals of entities as objects and as stuff, and illustrates how this difference accounts for a number of differences in the ways in which we use spatial language to talk about objects and stuff. It is argued that functional properties are central to our conceptions of many kinds of objects. They are understood to be capacities to act or be acted upon that are understood to follow in virtue of the object being the kind of thing it is (and thus properties that follow in virtue of the object's structure). Furthermore, they explain the existence of the object and/or its structure. It is argued that construals and the formal explanatory structures they embody affect spatial language when a given construal specifies a particular way of thinking about the geometric properties of an entity. Specific situations in which this is the case are discussed.
Force and Function in the Acquisition of the Preposition in
Authors: VANDELOISE CLAUDE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Containment, an essential relation in the activities of human beings, has an important role in the development of the spatial uses of the preposition in. The preposition in is often defined in terms of static properties such as topological inclusion or geometric concavity. This chapter presents envelopment and concavity as consequences of the function of containment. Whereas all properties of containment are met for many uses of in, some extensions are justified by only some properties. These properties, thus behave as the features of a family resemblance. Because of this representation, containment is a complex concept. It may be called Complex Primitive because preverbal children are aware of the static and kinetic characteristics of containment. Complete knowledge of this concept develops later, when children manipulate containers and realize the dynamic aspects of containment and its function.
Form and Function
Authors: TVERSKY BARBARA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how we can account for spatial language. Perceptual features, functional features, schemas, context, and affordances are among the bases proposed. It is argued that all can be operative. A survey of research from a variety of entity domains, especially natural kinds, artifacts, bodies, scenes, events, abstract categories, and design, and of relational domains, especially spatial relations, shows that perceptual features, especially form or structure, allow inferences to function, forming perceptual–functional units or affordances. Language abets inferences from form to function. These perceptual–functional units account for the coherence of category features and provide the basis for causal reasoning.
In Defense of Legal Positivism
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
As an uncompromising defense of legal positivism, this book insists on the separability of law and morality. After distinguishing among three main dimensions of morality, the book explores a variety of ways in which law has been perceived by natural-law theorists as integrally connected to each of those dimensions. Some of the chapters pose arguments against major philosophers who have written on these issues, including David Lyons, Lon Fuller, Antony Duff, Joseph Raz, Ronald Dworkin, John Finnis, Philip Soper, Neil MacCormick, Robert Alexy, Gerald Postema, Stephen Perry, and Michael Moore. Several other chapters extend rather than defend legal positivism; they refine the insights of positivism and develop the implications of those insights in strikingly novel directions. The book concludes with a long discussion of the obligation to obey the law — a discussion that highlights the strengths of legal positivism in the domain of political philosophy as much as in the domain of jurisprudence.
9 Law and Order: Some Implications
Authors: KRAMER MATTHEW H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This closing chapter takes up the question whether every legal mandate, simply by dint of its status as such a mandate, imposes a pro-tanto moral obligation to comply with its terms. In delivering a negative answer to this question, the chapter first mounts a critique of the principle of fair play. It then shows that there is no comprehensively applicable pro-tanto moral obligation of obedience, even in an admirably benign legal system.
Culture, Cognition, and the Grammar of ‘Give’ Clauses
Authors: NEWMAN JOHN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the extent to which the structure of ‘give’ clauses may be motivated by cultural and cognitive factors. It identifies three categories of the ‘give’ phenomena which are discussed in turn: (a) aspects of ‘give’ clause structure which are determined by a broad cognitive principle and have substantial cross-linguistic and cross-cultural variety; (b) aspects of ‘give’ clause structure which reflect an orientation or perspective but with significance in a larger culture and are culture- and language-specific; (c) and aspects of ‘give’ clause structure which have a special significance within a particular language system, but do not reflect larger cultural, non-linguistic values.
Cultural Logic and Syntactic Productivity: Associated posture Constructions in Lao
Authors: ENFIELD N. J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that event typicality is a cultural phenomenon which can be accounted for and described in terms of cultural representations: typifications which are carried, assumed-to-be-carried, and assumed-to-be-assumed-to-be-carried by all members of a given group. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 10.1 outlines the notion of ‘culture’. Section 10.2 discusses the notion of event, and the relevance of this notion to the semantics and pragmatics of verb serialization. Section 10.3 examines associated posture serial verb constructions in Lao, which provide a useful range of perspectives from which to focus in more detail the observations made by Bruce and Durie. Section 10.4 provides a summary of findings while Section 10.5 concludes.
Mallarmé and Circumstance
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book is the second in the two-volume study of the work of Stéphanie Mallarmé (1842–1898). For Mallarmé, in a world without God, the role of the poet is to break the silence with language and to confer upon the contingency of circumstance a therapeutic semblance of formal and semantic pattern. Literature provides a ‘translation of silence’, ‘intimate galas’ in which the mysterious drama of the human condition is performed for and by the reader on the stage of the verse poem, the prose poem, and what Mallarmé calls the ‘poëme critique’. In Part 1, the book examines the prose poems within the context of Mallarmé's writing about the theatre. In Part II, the book focuses on the ‘circumstanzas’ —, the famous ‘Tombeaux’, ‘Hommages’, ‘Eventails’, and ‘vers de circonstance’ —, in which Mallarmé invests the quotidian with the ‘glorious lie’ of poetry. In a series of close readings the book demonstrates how complex poetic structures, and especially the sonnet, may serve to guide the human search for meaning and shape our anguish in a ‘ceremony of the Book’.
The Poet's Milieu
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that Mallarmé's work demonstrates the possibility that all discourse which is remotely concerted (philosophy, political oratory, historical writings) is in fact a form of literature. It contends that the celebrity and status of Mallarmé's sonnets have tended to obscure the degree to which his writing constitutes an exploration of the limits of writing. It also analyzes the relationship between poetry and circumstance in Mallarmé's prose poems.
Creating Silence: ‘Le Phénomène futur’ and ‘Un spectacle interrompu’
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Le Phénomène futur and Un spectacle interrompu, which were published in the inaugural issue of La R épublique des lettres on 20 December 1875. Le Phénomène futur is a prose poem generically and emblematically poised on the cusp between darkness and light, between the crowd and the solitary artist, between the Attic salt of irony and the milky-white potential of the unwritten page. In Un spectacle interrompu, Mallarmé sets out to exhibit how a fait divers might look through the eyes of a poet, a ‘r êveur’ who transcends the everyday in the exercise of his imagination, that is, of his capacity to imagine or figure the world anew.
Human Rights and the End of Empire
Authors: Simpson A. W Brian 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book provides a detailed account of the negotiation of the European Convention on Human Rights, the major achievement of the Council of Europe, and of its impact on the British Empire in its closing years. The book concentrates on the role of the United Kingdom in the negotiations, and the consequences which followed ratification. To provide the historical context for these negotiations it gives a detailed history of the protection of individual rights in the common law system, and of the rise of the movement for the international protection of human rights. This was largely a product of the Second World War, though having antecedents back in the 16th century and earlier.
Commentary Compliance With International Soft Law
Authors: Charney Jonathan L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses compliance with ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ law. The international community has developed ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ norms to serve many of the same systemic functions, that is, to order relations among entities in a society and to satisfy the desire of groups within that society to promote their own value preferences. Often, no explicit, reasoned choice is made between ‘hard’ or ‘soft’ norm solutions, instead the character of the norm may result from confluence of various unforeseen and unplanned circumstances. Thus, while the status as law or non-law may be important to compliance in some respects, in most situations it is not. More important is the contribution of that the norm provides to the ordering of relations within the international community.
Trade and Finance
Authors: Simmons Beth , Roht-Arriaza Naomi , Chazournes Laurence Boisson de , Zarsky Lyuba , Wirth David A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents case studies of non-binding norms and compliance with trade agreements. Topics covered include efforts against money laundering, the International Organization for Standardization, the World Bank Operational Standards, and environmental norms in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.
Introduction
Authors: Barton Barry , Redgwell Catherine , RØnne Anita , Zillman Donald N. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing how people's reliance on energy made clear the importance of energy security. It then discusses the history of energy use, security, and imposed geopolitical risk. It also discusses the concept and characteristics of energy security, and mentions several issues in energy security among nations. It provides a brief description of all the chapters discussed in this book.
Security of Supply and Control of Terrorism: Energy Security in the United States in the Early Twenty-First Century
Authors: Zillman Donald N. , Bigos Michael T. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of United States ‘energy security’ in 2004. It begins by setting the stage for a consideration of national energy security — past, present, and future. It also summarizes energy production and use in the United States. It then details the legal and political structure in which energy security measures operate. It examines three aspects of US energy security.