bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A retrospective population‐based study on seizures related to childhood vaccination
Authors: von Spiczak Sarah , Helbig Ingo , Drechsel‐Baeuerle Ursula , Muhle Hiltrud , van Baalen Andreas , van Kempen Marjan J. , Lindhout Dick , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Berkovic Samuel F. , Stephani Ulrich , Keller‐Stanislawski Brigitte 
Published: June 2011

SummaryPurpose:  Cases of severe childhood epilepsies in temporal association with vaccination have great impact on the acceptance of vaccination programs by parents and health care providers. However, little is known about the type and frequency of seizures and epilepsy syndromes following vaccination. This study aims to describe the clinical features of children presenting with seizures after vaccination using a register‐based cohort.Methods:  We surveyed the national German database of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) for reported seizures and epilepsies in children aged 0–6 years. All cases reported in 2006–2008 were analyzed retrospectively; available clinical information was reevaluated and classified by seizure type and epilepsy syndrome.Key Findings:  In total, 328 cases reported between 2006 and 2008 were included. Data supportive of seizures or epilepsy were present in 247 (75.3%) of 328 patients with a mean interval between the vaccination and the epileptic event of 24 h and 7.5 days for inactivated and attenuated vaccines, respectively. Fifty‐one (15.5%) of 328 patients presented with syncope, hypotonic–hyporesponsive episodes, or other nonepileptic events. Information was insufficient for classification into epileptic versus nonepileptic events in 30 (11.3%) of 328 patients. For cases with confirmed seizures, febrile seizures were present in 121 (49%) of 247 cases, and 38 (15.4%) of 247 patients had single afebrile seizures. Status epilepticus was described in 21 (8.5%) of 247 patients. Thirty‐one (12.6%) of 247 patients presented with various pediatric epilepsy syndromes. Severe childhood epilepsies (Dravet syndrome, West syndrome, Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, or Doose syndrome) were diagnosed in 29 (11.7%) of 247 patients, with the vaccination‐associated event being the first documented seizure in 15 (51.7%) of 29 patients.Significance:  Vaccination‐associated seizures present in the setting of various epilepsy syndromes, including severe childhood epilepsies in >10% of cases. Early diagnosis of the corresponding epilepsy syndromes and confirmation of an underlying etiology is important for treatment decisions, genetic counseling, and public health evaluation of vaccine safety.
Epilepsy causing pupillary hippus: an unusual semiology
Authors: Centeno Maria , Feldmann Maria , Harrison Neil A. , Rugg‐Gunn Fergus J. , Chaudhary Umair , Falcon Carles , Lemieux Louis , Thom Maria , Smith Shelagh J.M. , Sisodiya Sanjay M. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryAltered pupillary behavior is commonly present during and following epileptic seizures, but symptomatic pupillary hippus as the main feature of a seizure has not been reported in the modern literature. We present the case of a woman with epileptic seizures consisting of sustained fluctuation of perception of brightness. Bilateral pupillary hippus is the main semiologic feature.This autonomic phenomenon is selective for the pupils and does not involve other autonomic‐mediated responses. An ictal video illustrates this phenomenon. The epileptogenic region, determined by ictal scalp and intracranial electroencephalography (EEG), is localized in the right posterior parietooccipital areas. Pupillary reflexes can be overridden by cortical input; here authors review the literature and discus the physiologic mechanisms underlying this autonomic phenomenon. Fluctuation in perceptual brightness during epileptic seizures may have a basis in ictal pupillary hippus.
Acute Pain Management Curriculum for Emergency Medicine Residency Programs
Authors: Motov Sergey M. , Marshall John P. 
Published: June 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:S87–S91 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractPain is the most common reason people visit emergency departments (EDs); this implies that emergency physicians (EPs) should be experts in managing acute painful conditions. The current trend in the literature, however, demonstrates that EPs possess inadequate knowledge and lack formal training in acute pain management. The purpose of this article is to create a formal educational curriculum that would assist emergency medicine (EM) residents in proper assessment and treatment of acute pain, as well as in providing a solid theoretical and practical knowledge base for managing acute pain in the ED. The authors propose a series of lectures, case‐oriented study groups, practical small group sessions, and class‐specific didactics with the goal of enhancing the theoretical and practical knowledge of acute pain management in the ED.
Water channels in platelet volume regulation
Authors: Lee Jin‐Sook , Agrawal Shivani , von Turkovich Michele , Taatjes Douglas J. , Walz Daniel A. , Jena Bhanu P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe regulation of platelet volume significantly affects its function. Because water is the major molecule in cells and its active transport via water channels called aquaporins (AQPs) have been implicated in cellular and organelle volume regulation, the presence of water channels in platelets and their potential role in platelet volume regulation was investigated. G‐protein–mediated AQP regulation in secretory vesicle swelling has previously been reported in neurons and in pancreatic acinar cells. Mercuric chloride has been demonstrated to inhibit most AQPs except AQP6, which is stimulated by the compound. Exposure of platelets to HgCl2‐induced swelling in a dose‐dependent manner, suggesting the presence of AQP6 in platelets. Immunoblot analysis of platelet protein confirmed the presence of AQP6, and also of Gαo, Gαi–1 and Gαi–3 proteins. Results from this study demonstrate for the first time that in platelets AQP6 is involved in cell volume regulation via a G‐protein–mediated pathway.
Crossing the line
Authors: Murphy Jim , Smith Dan , Harvey Michael 
Published: June 2011

The use of military force has long represented a key foreign policy schism on the left and the legacy of two unpopular wars has widened this schism. Whether it is Libya today, or Afghanistan, Iraq, Rwanda or the Balkans over the past two decades, military intervention on humanitarian grounds provokes fierce debate among progressives.How do international obligations and the moral imperative to protect the innocent relate to the rights and expectations of other states and their citizens and the demands of domestic politics and policymaking?Shadow defence secretary Jim Murphy makes the case for intervention, applauding the principles behind the UN's Responsibility to Protect and arguing that popular anger at the war in Iraq should not be allowed to trump international shame at events in Rwanda.By contrast, Dan Smith of International Alert expresses deep reservations, highlighting the need for humility when using lethal force in another sovereign nation and arguing that the duty to intervene comes only with the capacity to do so.Finally, Michael Harvey places the debate on progressive interventionism in the wider political context of traditional and new thinking on the British left and Labour's foreign policy for the future.
Measuring the dark matter equation of state
Authors: Serra Ana Laura , Romero Mariano Javier L. Domínguez 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The nature of the dominant component of galaxies and clusters remains unknown. While the astrophysics community supports the cold dark matter (CDM) paradigm as a clue factor in the current cosmological model, no direct CDM detections have been performed. Faber & Visser have suggested a simple method for measuring the dark matter equation of state that combines kinematic and gravitational lensing data to test the widely adopted assumption of pressureless dark matter. Following this formalism, we have measured the dark matter equation of state for the first time using improved techniques. We have found that the value of the equation-of-state parameter is consistent with pressureless dark matter within the errors. Nevertheless, the measured value is lower than expected because, typically, the masses determined with lensing are larger than those obtained through kinematic methods. We have tested our techniques using simulations and we have also analysed possible sources of error that could invalidate or mimic our results. In light of this result, we can now suggest that understanding the nature of requires a complete general relativistic analysis.
A Gas Chromatography‐Tandem Quadrupole Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Policosanols in Commercial Vegetable Oils
Authors: Jung Dong Min , Lee Mi Jin , Yoon Suk Hoo , Jung Mun Yhung 
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Reportedly policosanols (PCs) have various beneficial functionalities on health. A gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) with a low limit of detection (LOD), and high specificity, recovery, and precision was successfully established for the PC analysis in vegetable oils. The LODs for the PCs were in the range of 0.002 to 0.016 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for the repeated analysis of PCs was less than 3.356%. The mean recoveries for spiked heptacosanol and octacosanol in vegetable oil were 102.3% and 106.3%, respectively. The total PC contents in the vegetable oils varied from 3.01 to 427.83 mg/kg oil. Perilla seed, grape seed, and rice bran oils were found to be highly rich sources of PCs, containing 427.83, 245.15, and 171.17 mg PCs/kg oil, respectively. Corn, sesame, and soybean oils contained only a negligible quantity of PCs. The PC composition in vegetable oils was greatly source dependent. In perilla seed oil, octacosanol was the single most predominant component, representing 55.93% of the total PC. In grape seed oil, however, hexacosanol is the most abundant PC, followed by octacosanol, tetracosanol, and triacontanol in a decreasing order. The major PCs in rice bran oil were triacontanol, octacosanol, hexacosanol, and tetracosanol, which constituted over 87.3% of the total PC. This represents the 1st report on the composition and contents of PC in most vegetable oils analyzed here.Practical Application:  The information might be used for the development of vegetable oil products with beneficial functionality.
Oil Migration in Chocolate and Almond Product Confectionery Systems
Authors: Altan Aylin , Lavenson David M. , McCarthy Michael J. , McCarthy Kathryn L. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Oil migration from high oil content almond confections into adjacent chocolate causes changes in product quality. The objective of this study was to quantify the oil migration from almond products to dark chocolate. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to monitor spatial and temporal changes of liquid lipid content. A multislice spin echo pulse (MSSE) sequence was used to acquire images with a 7.8‐ms echo time and a 1000‐ms repetition time using a 1.03T Aspect AI MRI spectrometer. Samples were prepared as a 2‐layer model system of chocolate and almond confection. Six different almond products and 1 type of dark chocolate were used. Samples were stored at 20, 25, and 30°C for a time frame of several months. Rate and extent of migration were quantified by a kinetic expression based on the linear dependence of oil uptake by chocolate and the square root of the time. Samples showed distinctly different rate and extent of oil migration, as evidenced by quantitative differences in the kinetic rate constants and equilibrium uptake for the different sample types. This work will be helpful to design formulations for almond and almond‐based products in confections.Practical Application:  This work will be helpful to design formulations for almond use in confections.
Free Radical Scavenging, Cytotoxic, and Hemolytic Activities of an Active Antioxidant Compound Ethyl Gallate from Leaves of Acacia Nilotica (L.) Wild. Ex. Delile Subsp. Indica (Benth.) Brenan
Authors: Kalaivani T. , Rajasekaran C. , Mathew Lazar 
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  In the present study, free radical scavenging, cytotoxic, and hemolytic activities of the polyphenolic compound ethyl gallate isolated from ethanol extract of Acacia nilotica Wild. Ex. Del. leaves were determined. The free radical‐scavenging activities of the ethyl gallate were demonstrated in several in vitro assays in order to evaluate the possible antioxidant mechanism. The results revealed ethyl gallate as hydrogen donor, metal chelator, and free radical scavenger. Ethyl gallate was effective in scavenging 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and the IC50 value was lower than all the positive controls used in this study. Deoxyribose degradation assay revealed that ethyl gallate had more iron‐chelating ability than the direct hydroxyl radical‐scavenging ability. The results of the cytotoxic study revealed that the compound was moderately active and IC50 value was found to be >100 μg/mL for Vero cell lines and 72 μg/mL for Hela cell lines. The compound possessed no hemolytic activity against rat and human erythrocytes revealing its cytotoxic mechanism and nontoxicity. The results from this work will provide an important information for the food and pharmacological industries with respect to the use of the compound as an antioxidant and a health‐related drug.Practical Application:  Antioxidant from plant sources is safe to use, as compared to synthetic products. It also can be used as a supplement to alleviate most of the diseases because of its free radical‐scavenging activity.
Similar potency of catechin and its enantiomers in alleviating 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells
Authors: Ruan Hao-lan , Yang Yi , Zhu Xiao-nan , Wang Xue-lan , Chen Ru-zhu 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Previously, the flavonoid (±)-catechin was shown to exert potent neuroprotective action in the mouse 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson's disease model. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the different enantiomers of catechin ((+)-catechin, (−)-catechin and (±)-catechin, a 50 : 50 mixture of (+)-catechin and (−)-catechin) could protect SH-SY5Y cells against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) toxicity by decreasing the generation of oxygen free radicals. The inhibitive effect of (±)-catechin on JNK/c-Jun activation was investigated.

Methods
The effects of (+)-catechin, (−)-catechin or (±)-catechin in protecting against MPP+ toxicity were evaluated and compared in SH-SY5Y cells by testing the release of lactate dehydrogenase. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by immunochemistry and the phosphorylation level of JNK/c-Jun was determined by Western blotting.

Key findings
In SH-SY5Y cells, (+)-catechin, (−)-catechin or (±)-catechin reduced apoptosis induced by MPP+ and decreased ROS generation caused by MPP+. Different enantiomers of catechin showed protective effects at similar potency. Moreover (±)-catechin decreased JNK/c-Jun phosphorylation which was increased by MPP+.

Conclusions
Catechin and its two enantiomers could protect SH-SY5Y cells against MPP+ cytotoxicity at a similar potency. Antioxidative stress and inhibition of the JNK/c-Jun signalling pathway might have been involved in the neuroprotective mechanisms of catechin against MPP+ cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.
An Open-Label Crossover Study To Evaluate Potential Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Oral Oseltamivir and Intravenous Zanamivir in Healthy Thai Adults
Authors: Pukrittayakamee Sasithon , Jittamala Podjanee , Stepniewska Kasia , Lindegardh Niklas , Chueasuwanchai Sunee , Leowattana Wattana , Phakdeeraj Aphiradee , Permpunpanich Sutatip , Hanpithakpong Warunee , Pan-Ngum Wirichada , Fukuda Caroline , Panapipat Salwaluk , Singhasivanon Pratap , White Nicholas J. , Day Nicholas P. J. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

There is no parenteral formulation of the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, the most widely used anti-influenza virus drug. Oseltamivir resistance is an increasing problem. Zanamivir is effective against the most prevalent oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses. A parenteral formulation of zanamivir is in development for the treatment of severe influenza. It is not known if there is any pharmacokinetic interaction between the two drugs. Sixteen healthy Thai adult volunteers were studied in an open-label, four-period, randomized two-sequence crossover pharmacokinetic study in which zanamivir was given by constant-rate infusion or slow intravenous injection either alone or together with oral oseltamivir. Plasma concentration profiles of oseltamivir, the active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate, and zanamivir were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry. Both drugs were well tolerated alone and in combination. The maximum plasma concentrations and the areas under the plasma concentration-time curves (AUC) of oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate were not significantly different when oseltamivir was given separately or together with zanamivir. Maximum plasma concentrations of zanamivir were 10% (95% confidence interval, 7 to 12%) higher when zanamivir was infused concurrently with oral oseltamivir than with infusions before or after oral oseltamivir. The plasma zanamivir total AUC was positively correlated with the total oseltamivir carboxylate AUC (Pearson's correlation coefficient [

r
P

] = 0.720,
P
= 0.002,
n
= 16) but not with the oseltamivir AUC (

r
p

= 0.121,
n
= 16). There is no clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction between oseltamivir and zanamivir.
Impact of Derepressed AmpC β-Lactamase ACT-9 on the Clinical Efficacy of Ertapenem
Authors: Lee Yi-Tzu , Chen Te-Li , Siu Leung-Kei , Chen Chien-Pei , Fung Chang-Phone 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

An
in vivo
development of
Pantoea agglomerans
mutants (isolates PA2 to PA4) with reduced ertapenem susceptibility from that of isolate PA1 was associated with an inadequate clinical response to ertapenem therapy. All four isolates harbored the
bla
ACT-9
AmpC β-lactamase gene. However, a loss-of-function mutation in the
ampD
gene in PA2 to PA4, but not PA1, led to derepressed ACT-9. The reduced ertapenem susceptibility caused by derepressed ACT-9 was confirmed with an
ampD
knockout mutant of PA1.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility to Azithromycin among Salmonella enterica Isolates from the United States
Authors: Sjölund-Karlsson Maria , Joyce Kevin , Blickenstaff Karen , Ball Takiyah , Haro Jovita , Medalla Felicita M. , Fedorka-Cray Paula , Zhao Shaohua , Crump John A. , Whichard Jean M. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Due to emerging resistance to traditional antimicrobial agents, such as ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol, azithromycin is increasingly used for the treatment of invasive
Salmonella
infections. In the present study, 696 isolates of non-Typhi
Salmonella
collected from humans, food animals, and retail meats in the United States were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility to azithromycin. Seventy-two
Salmonella enterica
serotype Typhi isolates from humans were also tested. For each isolate, MICs of azithromycin and 15 other antimicrobial agents were determined by broth microdilution. Among the non-Typhi
Salmonella
isolates, azithromycin MICs among human isolates ranged from 1 to 32 μg/ml, whereas the MICs among the animal and retail meat isolates ranged from 2 to 16 μg/ml and 4 to 16 μg/ml, respectively. Among
Salmonella
serotype Typhi isolates, the azithromycin MICs ranged from 4 to 16 μg/ml. The highest MIC observed in the present study was 32 μg/ml, and it was detected in three human isolates belonging to serotypes Kentucky, Montevideo, and Paratyphi A. Based on our findings, we propose an epidemiological cutoff value (ECOFF) for wild-type
Salmonella
of ≤16 μg/ml of azithromycin. The susceptibility data provided could be used in combination with clinical outcome data to determine tentative clinical breakpoints for azithromycin and
Salmonella enterica
.
In Vitro
Evaluation of the Type of Interaction Obtained by the Combination of Terbinafine and Itraconazole, Voriconazole, or Amphotericin B against Dematiaceous Molds
Authors: Biancalana Fernanda Simas Corrêa , Lyra Luzia , Schreiber Angélica Zaninelli 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

In vitro
associations using the checkerboard microdilution method indicated lower MIC ranges and MIC median values for each drug (terbinafine, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B) in association than those obtained for each single drug. Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FIC) results showed 100% synergism in the association of terbinafine with voriconazole, 96.5% in the association of terbinafine with amphotericin B, and 75.9% in the association of terbinafine with itraconazole. Drug combinations may be useful for treatment of dematiaceous mold infections as an alternative treatment to enhance the effectiveness of each drug.
Synergistic Effect of Antituberculosis Drugs and Azoles
In Vitro
against Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum
Authors: Cordeiro Rossana de Aguiar , Marques Francisca Jakelyne de Farias , Brilhante Raimunda Sâmia Nogueira , Rocha de Castro e Silva Kylvia , Mourão Charles Ielpo , Caetano Érica Pacheco , Fechine Maria Auxiliadora Bezerra , Ribeiro Joyce Fonteles , Castelo-Branco Débora de Souza Collares Maia , de Lima Rita Amanda Chaves , Mesquita Jacó Ricarte Lima , Monteiro Andre Jalles , Rocha Francisco Airton Castro , Rocha Marcos Fábio Gadelha , Sidrim José Júlio Costa 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated
in vitro
interactions of antituberculosis drugs and triazoles against
Histoplasma capsulatum
. Nine drug combinations, each including an antituberculosis drug (isoniazid, pyrazinamide, or ethambutol) plus a triazole (itraconazole, fluconazole, or voriconazole), were tested against both growth forms of
H. capsulatum
. Stronger synergistic interactions were seen in isoniazid or pyrazinamide plus triazoles for the mold form and ethambutol plus voriconazole for the yeast-like form. Further studies should evaluate these combinations
in vivo
.
Proteomics and Pathway Analyses of the Milk Fat Globule in Sheep Naturally Infected by Mycoplasma agalactiae Provide Indications of the
In Vivo
Response of the Mammary Epithelium to Bacterial Infection
Authors: Addis Maria Filippa , Pisanu Salvatore , Ghisaura Stefania , Pagnozzi Daniela , Marogna Gavino , Tanca Alessandro , Biosa Grazia , Cacciotto Carla , Alberti Alberto , Pittau Marco , Roggio Tonina , Uzzau Sergio 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

Milk fat globules (MFGs) are vesicles released in milk as fat droplets surrounded by the endoplasmic reticulum and apical cell membranes. During formation and apocrine secretion by lactocytes, various amounts of cytoplasmic crescents remain trapped within the released vesicle, making MFGs a natural sampling mechanism of the lactating cell contents. With the aim of investigating the events occurring in the mammary epithelium during bacterial infection, the MFG proteome was characterized by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE), SDS-PAGE followed by shotgun liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS), label-free quantification by the normalized spectral abundance factor (NSAF) approach, Western blotting, and pathway analysis, using sheep naturally infected by
Mycoplasma agalactiae
. A number of protein classes were found to increase in MFGs upon infection, including proteins involved in inflammation and host defense, cortical cytoskeleton proteins, heat shock proteins, and proteins related to oxidative stress. Conversely, a strikingly lower abundance was observed for proteins devoted to MFG metabolism and secretion. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing proteomic changes occurring in MFGs during sheep infectious mastitis. The results presented here offer new insights into the
in vivo
response of mammary epithelial cells to bacterial infection and open the way to the discovery of protein biomarkers for monitoring clinical and subclinical mastitis.