bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Lifecycle of Nanocomposites: Comparing Released Fragments and their In‐Vivo Hazards from Three Release Mechanisms and Four Nanocomposites
Authors: Wohlleben Wendel , Brill Sandra , Meier Matthias W. , Mertler Michael , Cox Gerhard , Hirth Sabine , von Vacano Bernhard , Strauss Volker , Treumann Silke , Wiench Karin , Ma‐Hock Lan , Landsiedel Robert 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNanocomposites are the dominating class of nanomaterials to come into consumer contact, and were in general assumed to pose low risk. The first data is now emerging on the exposure from nanocomposites, but little is yet known about their hypothetical nanospecific physiological effects, giving ample room for speculation. For the first time, this comprehensive study addresses these aspects in a systematic series of thermoplastic and cementitious nanocomposite materials. Earlier reports that ‘chalking’, the release of pigments from weathered paints, also occurs for nanocomposites, are confirmed. In contrast, mechanical forces by normal consumer use or do‐it‐yourself sanding do not disrupt nanofillers (nanoparticles or nanofibers) from the matrix. Detailed evidence is provided for the nature of the degradation products: no free nanofillers are detected up to the detection threshold of 100 ppm. Sanding powders measuring 1 to 80 μm in diameter are identified with the original material, still containing the nanofillers. The potential hazard from aerosols generated by sanding nanocomposites up to the nuisance dust limit is also investigated. In‐vivo instillation in rats is used to quantify physiological effects on degradation products from abraded nanocomposites, in comparison to the abraded matrix without nanofiller and to the pure nanofiller. In this pioneering and preliminary evaluation, the hazards cannot be distinguished with or without nanofiller.
Brief Report: A Bioassay to Identify Primary Human Prostate Cancer Repopulating Cells
Authors: Toivanen Roxanne , Berman David M. , Wang Hong , Pedersen John , Frydenberg Mark , Meeker Alan K. , Ellem Stuart J. , Risbridger Gail P. , Taylor Renea A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Cancer cells are heterogeneous in both their phenotypes and ability to promote tumor growth and spread. Xenografting is used to identify the most highly capable cells of regenerating tumors, referred to as cancer repopulating cells. Because prostate cancers (PCa's) rarely grow as xenografts, indentifying PCa repopulating cells has not been possible. Here, we report improved methods to xenograft localized primary PCa tissues using chimeric grafts with neonatal mouse mesenchyme. Xenograft survival of tumor tissue was significantly increased by neonatal mesenchyme (six of six patients, 66% of grafts, versus four of six patients, 41% of grafts) and doubled the proliferation index of xenografted cancer cells. When applied to isolated PCa cells, neonatal mesenchyme effectively reconstituted PCa's and increased xenograft survival (four of nine patients; 32% of grafts with mesenchyme and 0% without), and supported active cancer cell proliferation. Using this assay, we showed that unfractionated α2β1integrinhi and α2β1integrinlo cells from primary localized PCa's demonstrated tumor formation at comparable rates, similar to previous reports using metastatic specimens. Thus, this new protocol efficiently established tumors and enabled proliferative expansion of both intact tumor tissue and fractionated cancer cells, providing a bioassay to identify and therapeutically target PCa repopulating cells.
Concise Review: Toward Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Retinal Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Bull Natalie D. , Martin Keith R. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Loss of sight due to irreversible retinal neurodegeneration imposes a significant disease burden on both patients and society. Glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration are the commonest neurodegenerative blinding diseases in the developed world, and both are becoming increasingly prevalent as populations age. Our heavy reliance on our sense of sight means that visual loss often severely restricts day-to-day life, making it difficult to function without additional support. Visual impairment also limits employment possibilities, adding to the economic burden. Current therapies for many degenerative retinopathies are limited in their efficacy, often treating the effects of disease rather than the underlying causes. Consequently, the development of novel adjunctive neuroprotective and neuroregenerative treatments are important goals. Evidence from animal models suggests that stem cells could be useful as part of novel new treatment strategies for eye disease. The accessibility of the eye and extensive repertoire of available surgical techniques may facilitate the translation of stem cell-based therapies, for example, via transplantation, to the retina more rapidly than to other parts of the central nervous system. This concise review will examine how cell therapies are being applied experimentally for neuroregenerative and neuroprotective treatment of currently incurable degenerative retinal diseases. Furthermore, recent progress toward clinical translation of such therapies will be highlighted.
Debrided Skin as a Source of Autologous Stem Cells for Wound Repair
Authors: Natesan Shanmugasundaram , Wrice Nicole L. , Baer David G. , Christy Robert J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Major traumatic injuries to the body, such as large surface area burns, limit the availability of autologous stem cell populations for wound repair. This report demonstrates that even after severe burn trauma to the body, resident stem cells present within the subcutaneous adipose tissue survive and are available for therapeutic uses. Debrided skin from wounded areas contains subcutaneous adipose tissue and can yield approximately 1.5 × 105 to 2.5 × 105 cells per milliliter of tissue. This observation indicates that tissue, which is normally discarded, could be a valuable source of stem cells. Initial immunohistochemistry of the debrided tissue localized platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta+ (PDGFR-β+) cells to perivascular niches of vascular beds. It was immunophenotypically confirmed that the cell isolates are stem cells and designated as debrided skin adipose-derived stem cells (dsASCs). Gene expression analysis of stem cell specific transcripts showed that the dsASCs maintained their stemness over serial passages. Furthermore, dsASCs were able to differentiate into adipogenic, osteogenic, and vascular cell lineages. Finally, an in vivo excision wound model in athymic rats demonstrated that the dsASCs are engrafted within a wound bed after 12 days. These data provide the first evidence that subcutaneous adipose tissue from discarded burned skin contains a viable population of stem cells that can be used for wound repair and skin regenerative therapies.
Endometrioid ovarian carcinoma in a woman with a history of infertility and multiple in‐vitro fertilization treatment cycles
Authors: Richards A. , Boogert T. , Livingstone M. , Dalrymple C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOvarian cancer is rarely diagnosed during assisted reproduction. Several case–control and cohort studies have described its incidence within the infertile population well after the assisted reproductive process. We present a case of endometrioid adenocarcinoma that developed during the ovarian stimulation process and show corresponding ultrasound images of its development. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distance‐preserving dimensionality reduction
Authors: Yang Li 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of basic concepts and principles that deal with the problem of mapping high‐dimensional data to low‐dimensional space such that distances between all or some pairs of data points are preserved. It introduces related techniques and systematizes today's methods into linear methods, methods using iterative optimization, methods preserving exact distances, methods using geodesic distances, and methods using alignments of local models. It discusses these methods by focusing on their basic ideas, by summarizing their common features and differences, and by comparing their strengths and weaknesses. This paper assumes no familiarity with dimensionality reduction. The main text should be readable by people with little technical background. Technical information of important algorithms is briefly presented in sidebars, the reading of which assumes basics in statistics and matrix computation. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 369–380 DOI: 10.1002/widm.39This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Data Preprocessing
Technologies > Machine Learning
Non‐traditional Oils as Newer Feedstock for Rhamnolipids Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145)
Authors: Pratap Amit , Wadekar Sushant , Kale Sandeep , Lali Arvind , Bhowmick Dipfi Narayan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractOils and fats serve as one of the most important renewable feedstocks for various chemicals such as lubricants, textiles auxiliaries, biodiesel and surfactants. The oils have also proved themselves to be better substrates than glucose for production of biosurfactants such as rhamnolipids. Cost is major hindrance in the commercialization of these biosurfactants and fresh refined oils cannot be used for rhamnolipid production. Non‐traditional oils such as jatropha oil, karanja oil and neem oil can be used as newer feedstock for the synthesis of rhamnolipids. Jatropha oil gave the highest production of rhamnolipids, 4.55 g/L in non‐traditional oils and the rhamnolipid concentration was comparable to that of most common oils, sunflower oil giving 5.08 g/L of rhamnolipids. The jatropha oil contained mainly linoleic acid that showed the highest consumption rate as compared to oleic and palmitic acid. Neem oil produced a lower concentration of rhamnolipids (2.63 g/L) than other oils. Both monorhamnolipids and dirhamnolipids were synthesized using these oils. The product obtained can find high value specialty applications such as biomedical drug delivery and cosmetics.
Cohabitation History, Marriage, and Wealth Accumulation
Authors: Vespa Jonathan , Painter Matthew A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This study extends research on the relationship between wealth accumulation and union experiences, such as marriage and cohabitation. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we explore the wealth trajectories of married individuals in light of their premarital cohabitation histories. Over time, marriage positively correlates with wealth accumulation. Most married persons with a premarital cohabitation history have wealth trajectories that are indistinguishable from those without cohabitation experience, with one exception: individuals who marry their one and only cohabiting partner experience a wealth premium that is twice as large as that for married individuals who never cohabited prior to marrying. Results remain robust over time despite cohabiters’ selection out of marriage, yet vary by race/ethnicity. We conclude that relationship history may shape long-term wealth accumulation, and contrary to existing literature, individuals who marry their only cohabiting partners experience a beneficial marital outcome. It is therefore important to understand the diversity of cohabitation experiences among the married.
Plasma Adipokine and Hormone Changes in Mountaineers on Ascent to 5300 Meters
Authors: Smith Jessica D. , Cianflone Katherine , Martin Julie , Poirier Paul , Broderick Tom L. , Noël Martin 
Published: June 2011

Objective The current study evaluated multiple metabolic and inflammatory hormone responses in recreational climbers (7 men and 3 women, age 26–49 years) over 9 days. In particular, acylation-stimulating protein (ASP), which influences fat storage in adipose tissue, has not been measured at high altitude. Methods Serial measurements were taken at sea level (SL), or 353 m, on day 0, 4000 m on day 3, 4750 m on day 6, and 5300 m on day 9 of the expedition. Results Body mass index (BMI) decreased upon ascent to 5300 m from SL (SL 23.2 ± 1.5 kg/m2; 4000 m 23.2 ± 1.4 kg/m2; 4750 m 22.9 ± 1.3 kg/m2; 5300 m 22.3 ± 1.2 kg/m2; P < .001). Similarly, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides increased, while HDL cholesterol decreased ( P < .05 to < .001) from SL to 5300 m. Acylation-stimulating protein (SL 42.2 ± 40.2 nm; 4000 m 117.0 ± 69.6 nm; 4750 m 107.9 ± 44.5 nm; 5300 m 82.2 ± 20.2 nm; P = .019) and adiponectin (SL 10.4 ± 6.5 ng/mL, 4000 m 13.9 ± 8.5 ng/mL, 4750 m 18.3 ± 8.3 ng/mL, 5300 m 14.7 ± 8.0 ng/mL; P = .015) increased, as did insulin and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (up to 71% and 168%, respectively; P < .05) with no change in leptin, complement C3 (C3), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) or cortisol levels throughout the mountain ascent from SL to 5300 m. Conclusion Acylation-stimulating protein and adiponectin are increased during a 9-day period of high altitude (SL to 5300 m) exposure despite weight loss in healthy mountaineers.
ON REGULAR MODULES
Authors: CHEN HUANYIN , NICHOLSON W. K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSeveral characterizations are given of (Zelmanowitz) regular modules among the torsionless modules, the locally projective modules, the nonsingular modules, and modules where certain submodules are pure. Along the way, a version of the unimodular row lemma for torsionless modules is given, and it is shown that a regular ring is left self-injective if and only if every nonsingular left module is regular.
The ρ-variation of the heat semigroup in the Hermitian setting: behaviour inL∞
Authors: Betancor J. J. , Crescimbeni R. , Torrea J. L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLet$\mathcal{V}_\rho(\re^{-tH})$, ρ > 2, be the ρ-variation of the heat semigroup associated to the harmonic oscillatorH= ½(−Δ + |x|2). We show that iff∈L∞(ℝ), the$\mathcal{V}_\rho(\re^{-tH})$(f)(x) < ∞, a.e.x∈ ℝ. However, we find a functionG∈L∞(ℝ), such that$\mathcal{V}_\rho(\re^{-tH})$(G)(x) ∉L∞(ℝ). We also analyse the local behaviour inL∞of the operator$\mathcal{V}_\rho(\re^{-tH})$. We find that its growth is smaller than that of a standard singular integral operator. As a by-product of our work we obtain anL∞(ℝ) functionF, such that the square functiona.e.x∈ ℝ, whereis the classical Poisson kernal in ℝ.
Metapoetic Pseudonyms in Horace, Propertius and Ovid
Authors: Heslin Peter 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTwo poets addressed by Propertius in his first book are in fact pseudonyms. Ponticus was formed on the model of Horace's Alpinus to designate someone who embodies the antithesis of the poet's Callimachean sensibilities. Bassus is none other than Horace himself, who was then in the course of writing iambics. In the eleventh epode, Horace responded in kind by creating the pseudonyms Pettius, Lyciscus and Inachia, all of which derive from aspects of Propertius' first book. This exchange between Horace and Propertius has echoes in their later work. We conclude by examining why Ovid seems to treat Ponticus and Bassus as real poets in theTristia.
Recurrence and ergodicity of random walks on linear groups and on homogeneous spaces
Authors: GUIVARC’H Y. , RAJA C. R. E. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe discuss recurrence and ergodicity properties of random walks and associated skew products for large classes of locally compact groups and homogeneous spaces. In particular, we show that a closed subgroup of a product of finitely many linear groups over local fields supports an adapted recurrent random walk if and only if it has at most quadratic growth. We give also a detailed analysis of ergodicity properties for special classes of random walks on homogeneous spaces and for associated homeomorphisms with infinite invariant measure. The structural properties of closed subgroups of linear groups over local fields and the properties of group actions with respect to certain Radon measures associated with random walks play an important role in the proofs.
Dangerous duties: power, paternalism and the ‘responsibility to protect’
Authors: CUNLIFFE PHILIP 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article provides a critique of Louise Arbour's article ‘The responsibility to protect as a duty of care in international law and practice’. Proceeding through criticisms of Arbour's specific propositions, the thesis is advanced that the perverse effect of the ‘duty of care’ is to undermine political accountability and by extension, political responsibility. It is argued that this is an imperfect duty that no specific agent is obliged to fulfil. This poses insuperable problems of agency that are exposed in Arbour's efforts to actualise the doctrine. As there is no mechanism for enacting the ‘duty of care’, I argue that it will be powerful states that will determine the conditions under which the ‘responsibility to protect’ is discharged. This means that the ‘duty’ will remain tied to the prerogatives of states. In order to resolve this problem of agency, it will be shown how Arbour is forced to replace the idea of law with the principle of ‘might makes right’. The ‘duty of care’ is also shown to have regressive effects on the domestic sphere: the demand that states be made accountable to the international community ends up making states responsible for their people rather than to their people.
How United Nations ideas change history
Authors: WEISS THOMAS G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis article considers the United Nations (UN) as a creator and facilitator of innovative ideas in world politics. It thereby breathes new life into the world organisation's overlooked characteristics: the quality and diversity of its intellectual leadership, and its value-based framework for dealing with the global challenges of our times. The nature of UN ideas are examined – the good, the bad, and the ugly – while recognising that most have multiple origins and various carriers, and it continues by assessing impact. Three types of UN ideas – positive, normative, and instrumental – are discussed. Positive ideas are those resting on hard evidence, open to challenge and verifiable. Normative ideas are beliefs about what the world should look like. Instrumental (which some might label ‘causal’) ideas are often about what strategy will have what result or what tactic will achieve a desirable outcome, usually less verifiable and with a normative veneer. The article then examines nine UN ideas that changed the world, before illustrating the significance of this by examining two counterfactuals: a world without the world organisation and its ideas as well as with a more creative institution.
Smooth gait optimization of a fish robot using the genetic-hill climbing algorithm
Authors: Vo Tuong Quan , Kim Hyoung Seok , Lee Byung Ryong 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents a model of a three-joint (four links) carangiform fish robot. The smooth gait or smooth motion of a fish robot is optimized by using a combination of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and the Hill Climbing Algorithm (HCA) with respect to its dynamic system. Genetic algorithm is used to create an initial set of optimal parameters for the two input torque functions of the system. This set is then optimized by using HCA to ensure that the final set of optimal parameters is a “near” global optimization result. Finally, the simulation results are presented in order to demonstrate that the proposed method is effective.
The inflectional behavior of English-origin adjectives in French
Authors: SAUGERA VALÉRIE 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTWhen adjectives of English origin are pluralized in French, they follow one of three patterns: they receive inflection, reject inflection, or accept both forms. Curiously, these patterns of morphological variation have never been analyzed. This study identifies inflection-inhibiting constraints for a closed corpus of French dictionary-attested English adjectives and reveals that uninflected and variable adjectives do violate the standard native rule of adjective agreement, yet the constraints that block inflection areFrench-derived. A second feature of these adjectival anglicisms is that the nominal counterpart, if it exists, always receives native inflection (des jeans baggyvs.des baggys). The difference in word class, and specifically the feature of grammatical gender, may account for the contrastive behavior.
One Step Toward God
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: June 2011

Much of traditional natural theology offers causal explanations- e.g. for the universe's existence and ability to host our sort of life. But a less-remarked strand offers ontological explanations, claiming that theories involving God are the best answers to ontological questions. Leibniz, for instance, wrote in theMonadologythatIf there is a reality in essences or possibilities, or… eternal truths, this reality must be founded on something existent… and consequently on the existence of the necessary being in whom essence involves existence… without (God) there would be nothing real in the possibilities – not only nothing existent, but also nothing possible.
Spirituality for the Godless
Authors: McGhee Michael 
Published: June 2011

‘Godless’ was never a neutral term: in 1528 William Tindale talked of ‘godlesse ypocrites and infidels’ and a ‘godless generation’ is one that has turned its back on God and the paths of righteousness. An atheist, by contrast, anewand self-conscious atheist perhaps, might now wear the term as a badge of pride, to indicate their rejection both of belief and the implication of moral turpitude. Traditionally, though, those who declared themselves ‘atheist’ had a hardly better press than the ‘godlesse’, since ‘atheism’ was and in some cases still is considered a form of intellectual and moral shallowness: thus Sir Francis Bacon offers a bluff refinement of the Psalmist's verdict on the fool who says in his heart that there is no God:The Scripture saith,The fool hath said in his heart, there is no God; it is not said,The fool hath thought in his heart; so he rather saith it, by rote to himself, as that he would have, than that he can thoroughly believe it, or be persuaded of it.
COMPLETELY REGULAR MONOIDS WITH TWO GENERATORS
Authors: PETRICH MARIO 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe classify semigroups in the title according to whether they have a finite or an infinite number ofℒ-classes or ℛ-classes. For each case, we provide a concrete construction using Rees matrix semigroups and their translational hulls. An appropriate relatively free semigroup is used to complete the classification. All this is achieved by first treating the special case in which one of the generators is idempotent. We conclude by a discussion of a possible classification of 2-generator completely regular semigroups.
An integrated mechanical and chemical method for managing prostrate cover crops on permanent beds
Authors: Hulugalle N.R. , Finlay L.A. , Weaver T.B. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCover crops in minimum or no-tilled systems are usually killed by applying one or more herbicides, thus significantly increasing costs. Applying herbicides at lower rates with mechanical interventions that do not disturb or bury cover crop residues can, however, reduce costs. Our objective was to develop a management system with the above-mentioned features for prostrate cover crops on permanent beds in an irrigated Vertisol. The implement developed consisted of a toolbar to which were attached spring-loaded pairs of parallel coulter discs, one set of nozzles between the individual coulter discs that directed a contact herbicide to the bed surfaces to kill the cover crop and a second set of nozzles located to direct the cheaper glyphosate to the furrow to kill weeds. The management system killed a prostrate cover crop with less trafficking, reduced the use of more toxic herbicides, carbon footprint, labor and risk to operators. Maximum depth of compaction was more but average increase was less than that with the boom sprayer control.