bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A dose‐ranging study of ranitidine and its effect on intragastric and intra‐oesophageal acidity in subjects with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: THOMSON A. B. R. , BABIUK L. , KIRDEIKIS P. , ZUK L. , MARRIAGE B. , BOWES K. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYMethods: This randomized, double‐blind, single‐centre, crossover study was designed to assess the effects of three regimens of ranitidine (150 mg b.d., 300 mg b.d. and 300 mg q.d.s.) and placebo on intra‐oesophageal and intragastric pH in subjects with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Twenty‐six subjects were screened, and 9 were evaluable by the admission criteria. These 9 subjects received each of the regimens for 72 h, and a wash‐out period of at least 48 h followed each dosing period. Standard meals and beverages were provided.Results: With increasing doses of ranitidine, 24‐h intragastric mean H+ and integrated H+ fell, and the percentage of the time the pH was equal to or greater than 4 (% time pH ≥ 4) rose; the minimum effective dose for these effects was ranitidine 300 mg daily. With increasing doses of ranitidine there was also a progressive decline in mean 24‐h intra‐oesophageal H+ and integrated H+, and increasing % time pH ≥ 4. The minimal effective dose was 300 mg daily for intra‐oesophageal mean H+ and integrated H+, and 600 mg for % time pH ≥ 4. The minimal effective dose to decrease the number of reflex episodes was 1200 mg ranitidine. For the daytime upright position, a dose effect of increasing ranitidine was also seen, with minimal effective ranitidine doses of 300 mg for a decrease in mean H+, and 1200 mg for % time pH ≥ 4. Conclusion: If these higher doses of ranitidine are confirmed to be more effective than the standard 150 mg b.d. regimen for the treatment of patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease, then the mechanism of this action probably relates to the lower exposure of the oesophageal mucosa to acid.
Steroid treatment in active Crohn's disease: a comparison between two regimens of different duration
Authors: BRICNOLA C. , DE SIMONE G. , BELLOLI C. , IANNONE P. , BELLUZZI A. , GIONCHETTI P. , CAMPIERI M. , BARBARA L. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYBackground: Steroids are highly effective in active Crohn's disease; clinical relapse following steroid withdrawal, however, is frequent. We used two steroid regimens of different duration in order to compare their efficacy in inducing and maintaining clinical remission. Methods: Seventy patients with active Crohn's disease were treated with methylprednisolone 40 mg/day i.m. for 3 weeks and then with two different regimens of tapering dosage: one for a further 4 weeks and another for a further 12 weeks.Results: Steroid therapy induced remission within 3 weeks in 91 % of the whole group of patients: at the end of each protocol remission rates were 85% of patients in the group treated for the shorter period and 87% of those treated for the longer period (difference 2%. CI = ‐ 14 to 18, P = NS); remission rates within 6 months after stopping steroids were 53% and 37% respectively (difference 16%, CI = ‐9 to 41, P = NS). Conclusions: No significant differences were found between the two regimens. Multiple courses of steroid treatment in the previous 3 years and a short time interval following previous steroid treatment seem to be risk factors for relapse.
Bran supplementation in the treatment of irritable bowel sgndrome
Authors: SNOOK J. , SHEPHERD H. A. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYBackground: Irritable bowel syndrome remains the commonest reason for referral to a gastroenterology clinic. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome are frequently advised to increase their intake of bran fibre, despite inconclusive experimental evidence of benefit.Methods: The effect of dietary supplementation with a bolus of bran fibre (12 g/day) was studied in a block‐randomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover study of 80 patients with irritable bowel syndrome referred to a District General Hospital outpatient clinic. Comparison of the benefits of bran and placebo was based upon personal assessment of individual and overall symptom profiles, determined from a simple daily symptom score and post‐treatment interview.Results: Overall symptomatic improvement was reported with bran by 52% and with placebo by 54% of patients. Bran supplementation was no more effective than placebo in improving individual symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, and for wind‐related symptoms it was significantly less effective (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with bran is of no value in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome referred to a hospital clinic.
Effects of pantoprazole on endocrine function in healthy male volunteers
Authors: DAMMANN H. G. , BETHKE Th. , BURKHARDT F. , WOLF N. , KHALIL H. , LUEHMANN R. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYMethod:In a randomized, double‐blind, two‐period crossover study, pantoprazole 40 mg or placebo were given orally to 12 male volunteers for 2 weeks each. There was a wash‐out period of at least 1 week between the two treatment periods. The effects of pantoprazole or placebo on cortisol and testosterone (primary criteria), and tri‐iodothyronine, thyroxine, thyroid‐stimulating hormone, thyronine‐binding protein, parathyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon, renin, aldosterone, follicle‐stimulating hormone, luteotrophic hormone, prolactin and somatotrophic hormone were compared. In addition, intragastric 24‐h pH, 24‐h H+‐activity, and volume of nocturnal gastric juice were determined by gastric aspiration technique.Results:Pantoprazole did not influence plasma levels of testosterone, circadian cortisol concentrations or plasma cortisol levels after exogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation, as compared to placebo (P> 0.05, Koch's test). Furthermore, there were no clinically relevant changes with any of the other endocrine parameters. Pantoprazole significantly increased the median 24‐h pH (group median 4.3 vs. 1.8;P< 0.001) and decreased 24‐h H+‐activity (4.0 vs. 22.6 mmol/L;P< 0.001). The volume of nocturnal gastric juice did not significantly differ between the two treatments. Pantoprazole was well tolerated and the frequency of adverse events was similar to placebo. No drug‐related changes in laboratory values were observed.Conclusion:Pantoprazole did not influence endocrine function in healthy male volunteers during short‐term treatment.
Studies of water movement across the gut using oral rehydration solutions in a rat perfusion model
Authors: PILLAI G. V. , BRUETON M. J. , BURSTON D. , SANDHU B. K. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYAim: To measure water influx and efflux, as well as net water, sodium and potassium absorption from a range of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) in which the glucose content had been partially replaced with the amino acid leucine or with food supplements.Methods: A series of in vivo steady‐state perfusion studies in normal rat intestine. The oral rehydration solutions contained 60 or 90 mmol/L of sodium. The reference solution used was the World Health Organization (WHO) formula.Results: There was a significant negative correlation between the oral rehydration solution osmolality and net water absorption (r=–0.722, P < 0.05). The highest net water absorption occurred using comminuted chicken supplemented oral rehydration solution containing 60 mmol/L sodium (P < 0.001). This oral rehydration solution also showed a significant increase in the rate of influx of water (P < 0.05) in comparison with the WHO formula containing 60 mmol/L sodium.Conclusion: This work provides further evidence that food‐based oral rehydration solutions, including non‐vegetable sources, may have a useful role to play in the management of patients with acute diarrhoea.
Comparative assessment of phenolphthalein and phenolphthalein glucuronide: is phenolphthalein glucuronide a better laxative?
Authors: ANAND B. S. , TORRES E. , OPERKUN A. , GRAHAM D. Y. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYBackground: Phenolphthalein is widely used as a safe and effective laxative. After oral administration, phenolphthalein is absorbed in the small bowel and is conjugated in the liver to phenolphthalein glucuronide which passes into the colon where it is deconjugated and the active compound, phenolphthalein, is released. Since phenolphthalein glucuronide does not undergo enterohepatic circulation it should theoretically have a more rapid onset of action and a lower threshold dose for taxation. The present study was designed to examine this issue.Methods: Ten normal healthy subjects volunteered for the study. All subjects were administered placebo, phenolphthalein (at doses of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 mg) or phenolphthalein glucuronide (at equivalent doses of 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 mg) in a random order. Stool weight, the frequency and consistency of stools, and the development of symptoms were recorded at 12‐h intervals for 84 h.Results: There was a significant increase in the mean stool weight obtained within the first 24 h of administration of a 30 mg dose of phenolphthalein and its glucuronide equivalent compared to the values obtained with placebo. A further increase in the dose did not improve the therapeutic response. There was no difference between phenolphthalein and phenolphthalein glucuronide with respect to the rapidity of action, the threshold dose, effectiveness of taxation, or the frequency of adverse effects.Conclusions: The therapeutic response and side effect profile of the different doses favoured 30 mg phenolphthalein as the optimum laxative dose. Although theoretically superior, phenolphthalein glucuronide was not found to be a more effective laxative compared to phenolphthalein in normal subjects.
Influence of octreotide on the gastric emptying of solids and liquids in normal healthy subjects
Authors: MAES B. D. , GHOOS Y. F. , GEYPENS B. J. , HIELE M. I. , RUTGEERTS P. J. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Background: The effects of octreotide on small intestinal and gall‐bladder motility are well established. However, the influence of octreotide on the gastric emptying rate of both solids and liquids in normal healthy volunteers has never been studied. Methods: In nine healthy subjects, the gastric emptying rate of liquids and solids was studied in basal condition and 30 min after subcutaneous administration of 50 μg of octreotide, using the combined 14C‐octanoic acid/13C‐glycine breath test. To determine if the results were entirely due to alterations in gastric emptying, 14/13CO2 excretion rates of intraduodenally administered 14C‐octanoic acid and 13C‐glycine were measured in basal condition and after subcutaneous injection of octreotide. Results: After subcutaneous injection of octreotide, the gastric emptying rate of solids was decreased in all but one subject, while the gastric emptying rate of fluids was decreased in all subjects. Nevertheless, 14/13CO2 excretion rates in the breath after intraduodenally administered 14C‐octanoic acid and 13C‐glycine, were similar in basal condition and after subcutaneous injection of octreotide. Conclusions: Subcutaneous injection of a single physiological dose of octreotide induces a marked delay in the gastric emptying of solids and liquids in young healthy volunteers. The combined 14C‐octanoic acid/13C‐glycine breath test is very well suited to demonstrate this effect, since the absorption and metabolism of octanoic acid and glycine remains unaltered after administration of octreotide.
Pantoprazole versus omeprazole in the treatment of acute gastric ulcers
Authors: WITZEL L. , GÜTZ† H. , HÜTTEMANN W. , SCHEPP W. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYBackground: Pantoprazole is a new substituted benzimidazole which is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion by its action upon H+,K+‐ATPase.Methods: The proton pump inhibitors pantoprazole and omeprazole were compared in a randomized, doubleblind study in 219 patients with benign gastric ulcers. Patients received either pantoprazole 40 mg (n= 146) or omeprazole 20 mg (n= 73), once daily before breakfast for 4 weeks. Treatment was extended for a further 4 weeks if the ulcer had not healed.Results: After 4 weeks, complete ulcer healing was seen in 88% of protocol‐correct patients given pantoprazole and in 77% given omeprazole (between‐group differenceP< 0.05). At 8 weeks, the corresponding values were 97% and 96% (not significant). In the comparative intention‐to‐treat analysis there were no statistical differences between the treatment groups. Among the patients who had ulcer pain prior to treatment, 79% of the pantoprazole group and 68% of the omeprazole group were pain‐free after 2 weeks, and after 4 weeks 88% and 81%, respectively (not significant). Pronounced improvement in the other gastrointestinal symptoms was seen in both groups. Only 10% of patients in each group reported adverse events. There were moderate increases in fasting serum gastrin levels with both treatments at 4 and 8 weeks.Conclusion: Pantoprazole, 40 mg once daily in the morning, is a highly effective, well tolerated treatment for acute, benign gastric ulcer. Pantoprazole and omeprazole were equally safe in the therapy of gastric ulcer.
A comparison of lansoprazole and ranitidine in the treatment of erosive oesophagitis
Authors: ROBINSON M. , SAHBA B. , AVNER D. , JHALA N. , GRESKI‐ROSE P. A. , JENNINGS D. E. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Background: Lansoprazole is a new proton pump inhibitor which produces prolonged decrease of gastric acidity. The aim of this study was to compare lansoprazole to a standard dose of ranitidine in the treatment of patients with reflux oesophagitis. Methods: Two hundred and forty‐seven patients with erosive oesophagitis were randomly assigned to 8 weeks of treatment with either 30 mg lansoprazole once daily or 150 mg ranitidine twice daily. Results: Two hundred and forty‐two patients were included in the analysis. Lansoprazole (30 mg) daily, healed oesophagitis in 92.1% of patients after 8 weeks of treatment. This was significantly superior to 150 mg ranitidine b.d.s. which healed oesophagitis in 69.9% of patients (P < 0.001). Relief of reflux symptoms was superior with lansoprazole to that with ranitidine. Both lansoprazole and ranitidine were well tolerated with no serious drug‐related adverse events noted. Conclusion: Lansoprazole, 30 mg once daily, is highly effective and safe in the short‐term treatment of erosive oesophagitis.
Eflect of lactose, lactulose and bisacodyl on gastrointestinal transit studied by metal detector
Authors: EWE K. , UEBERSCHAER B. , PRESS A. G. , KURRECK C. , KLUMP M. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Aim and methods: To study the effect of 45 g lactose, 30 g lactulose and 10 mg bisacodyl on gastrointestinal transit in 30 healthy volunteers by metal detector and Hinton marker method. The first set of measurements were performed under standard conditions. In a second stage, transit was slowed to twice the original value by loperamide to simulate constipation conditions. Results: Bisacodyl drastically accelerated small and large intestinal transit. Colonic transit was shortened to 23 % and to 31% of control values, without and with loperamide. Bisacodyl increased stool weight and decreased stool consistency in all persons. Lactulose marginally shortened small intestinal transit (P= 0.08) but significantly increased stool weight and decreased stool consistency. The accelerating effect of lactose on small intestinal transit was abolished by loperamide. Lactose did not influence colonic transit, stool weight or stool consistency. Results of metal detector and Hinton marker method corresponded well (r=0.75), the metal detector method measuring slightly shorter transit times than the Hinton marker method. Conclusions: With the dose chosen in this trial, lactose did not have any laxative effect in lactose tolerant persons. Laxative effect was mild with lactulose and most pronounced with bisacodyl.
Tolerability of interferon alpha‐2b, a possible new treatment of active Crohn's disease
Authors: DAVIDSEN B. , MUNKHOLM P. , SCHLICHTING P. , NIELSEN O. H. , KRARUP H. , BONNEVIE‐NIELSEN V. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Background and aims: Due to the need for new principles for the treatment of Crohn's disease and due to the documented immunomodulatory effects of interferon alpha, the tolerability and effect(s) of interferon alpha‐2b (Introna) in active Crohn's disease were examined in a pilot study. Methods: Five patients with active Crohn's disease (activity index (CDAI) scores of 235–517), were treated with interferon alpha‐2b for 12 weeks. Results: All patients tolerated the treatment, but developed influenza‐like symptoms, which were fully controlled by paracetamol. Two patients obtained partial remission with a decline in activity index scores of 39% and 50%. The activity of 2′, 5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase, which together with two other interferon‐induced proteins, neopterin and β2‐microglobulin were increased during treatment, indicated clearly an in vivo uptake of interferon. Sedimentation rate, C‐reactive protein, orosomucoid, albumin, specific inflammatory markers: soluble interleukin‐2 α‐receptors (sIL‐2R) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) did not show any changes before or after treatment. Conclusion: Future multicentre investigations are required to evaluate the clinical effect of interferon alpha‐2b treatment in active Crohn's disease.
Lansoprazole versus ranitidine for the treatment of reflux oesophagitis
Authors: BARDHAN K. D. , HAWKEY C. J. , LONG R. G. , MORGAN A. G. , WORMSLEY K. G. , MOULES I. K. , BROCKLEBANK D. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Background: Lansoprazole is a H+, K+‐ATPase (proton pump) inhibitor with an anti‐secretory action and is therefore potentially useful in the treatment of gastro‐oesophageal reflux. Methods: This study was conducted to determine the efficacy and short‐term safety of lansoprazole at doses of 30 mg or 60 mg once daily, compared with ranitidine 150 mg twice daily, in the treatment of patients with reflux oesophagitis. This was a double‐blind, stratified, randomized, comparative, parallel group study conducted in five centres in the UK. A total of 229 patients (155 men) aged 18–79 years with endoscopically‐confirmed oesophagitis were randomized to receive lansoprazole 30 mg p.o. daily, lansoprazole 60 mg p.o. daily, or ranitidine 150 mg p.o. b.d. Efficacy was assessed by endoscopic examination at 4 weeks and 8 weeks, together with symptom relief and antacid usage. Results: Lansoprazole 30 mg and 60 mg were superior at 4 and 8 weeks (P < 0.01) to ranitidine in healing reflux oesophagitis: respective healing rates being 84%, 72% and 39% after 4 weeks and 92%, 91% and 53% after 8 weeks. Relief of heartburn with lansoprazole 30 mg and 60 mg was superior to that achieved with ranitidine at both week 4 (P < 0.01) and week 8 (P < 0.02).Sixty‐four patients experienced a total of 85 adverse events, one‐third of which were considered drug‐related. The incidence and severity were similar in the three groups. Conclusion: Lansoprazole 30 mg and 60 mg once daily are more effective than ranitidine 150 mg twice daily in the short‐term treatment of reflux oesophagitis.
Rectal aminosalicylate therapy for distal ulcerative colitis: a meta‐analysis
Authors: MARSHALL J. K. , IRVINE E. J. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Background: To summarize and quantify the evidence supporting rectal 5‐ or 4‐aminosalicylate (ASA) therapies for disease exacerbation or remission maintenance in distal ulcerative colitis, we performed a meta‐analysis. Methods: All randomized, double‐blind controlled trials involving aminosalicylate therapy were retrieved from a MEDLINE search, review articles on ulcerative colitis therapy or their bibliographies. Of 55 studies retrieved, 19 met the inclusion criteria. Appraisal and data extraction were performed by two observers and scoring disagreements were resolved by consensus. Results: Eleven trials tested 5‐ASA and three tested 4‐ASA in active ulcerative colitis. 5‐ASA was superior to placebo for inducing remission or symptomatic improvement in active ulcerative colitis with a pooled odds ratio of 7.36 (95% Confidence interval (CI): 4.72–11.47). In four trials the pooled odds ratio for endoscopic improvement was 10.04 (95 % CI: 5.72–17.61) and for histological improvement 10.31 (95% CI: 5.85–18.18). Studies evaluating 4–ASA suggest a benefit similar to prednisolone in treating active disease. Five trials assessed remission maintenance with 5‐ASA, and when compared to placebo gave a pooled odds ratio of 16.22 (95% CI: 4.71–55.92). No dose‐response relationship was observed. ASA compounds were not therapeutically superior to other treatments. Conclusions: We conclude that rectal 5‐ASA is effective therapy for active distal ulcerative colitis. More trials are needed to assess 4‐ASA, dose‐response effects and the ideal regimen for remission maintenance.
Effects of FK506 on an experimental model of colitis in rats
Authors: HOSHINO H. , GOTO H. , SUGIYAMA S. , HAYAKAWA T. , OZAWA T. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Aim: To assess the effects of FK506, a newly developed immunosuppressant, on experimental colitis in rats. Methods: Experimental colitis was induced by a single colonic instillation of hapten 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNB) in anaesthetized rats. Rats received 30 mg TNB dissolved in 0.25 mL of 50% ethanol, and were sacrificed on day 5 following 4 days dosing with FK506 (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle. Mucosal prostanoid concentrations were determined using high performance liquid chromotography. Tissue myeloperoxidase activities were measured. The effects of FK506 on superoxide radical formation by neutrophils in both rats and humans were also estimated in vitro.Results: Administration of FK506 significantly reduced the colonic damage in a dose‐dependent manner. Activities of myeloperoxidase and concentrations of 6‐keto‐prostaglandin Fl1α (6‐keto‐PGF1α, PGF2α and PGE2 in colonic tissue increased significantly following induction of experimental colitis, however, FK506 did not affect these changes. FK506 reduced stimulant‐induced superoxide radical formation by neutrophils in rats and humans. Conclusion: FK506 decreased superoxide radical generation by neutrophils, which might contribute to the lessening of colonic damage in this model.
Octreotide treatment of carcinoid syndrome: analysis of published dose‐titration data
Authors: HARRIS A. G. , REDFERN J. S. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY Background: Octreotide has proven therapeutically effective in carcinoid syndrome, but the rarity of carcinoid tumors has hampered detailed dose‐ranging studies. This study analysed published dose‐titration data on octreotide use in carcinoid patients to (a) investigate the relation between octreotide dose and efficacy and (b) establish octreotide dosing recommendations for maximum therapeutic benefit. Method: An exhaustive, computer‐assisted literature search for published articles employing octreotide to manage patients with carcinoid syndrome was performed using several databases. The relation between octreotide dose and efficacy in decreasing urinary 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) levels, flushing and diarrhoea was analysed for seven dose ranges by pooling data from selected articles. Results: Analysis of data compiled from 62 published studies revealed that maximum effective therapeutic doses of octreotide effectively controlled symptoms in up to 93 % of patients, and that increasing the dose of octreotide is associated with increased benefit with respect to control of flushing, diarrhoea and 5‐HIAA levels. Conclusions: We recommend starting octreotide therapy at 100 μg subcutaneously t.d.s. in patients with mild/moderate, non‐life‐threatening carcinoid syndrome. Since therapeutic response to octreotide varies markedly among patients, we recommend titrating the octreotide dose in increments of 50–100 μg every 8 h until adequate symptom control is achieved.