bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translation and Comparison, Translation as Comparison: Aspects of Reception in the History of Ideas
Authors: Kontler László 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article addresses the methodological issues involved in the study of interlingual translation as an avenue of reception in the history of ideas. In particular, it assesses the possible uses of linguistic contextualism and conceptual history (Begriffsgeschichte) in this endeavor. It argues that both of these approaches have been, or are capable of being, far more sensitive towards the phenomenon of reception than it is usually acknowledged and, indeed, this is an area where cross-fertilization between them (often commended in general but rarely if ever in specific terms) is a practical possibility. Perspectives from Rezeptionsgeschichte may provide useful tools for building bridges between them. A few case studies in translation history are then critically examined, and on the basis of the foregoing methodological reflections propositions are made for further refining the approach taken in those case studies.
Americanization, European Styles or National Codes? The Culture of Election Campaigning in Western Europe, 1945–1990
Authors: Mergel Thomas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe culture of election campaigning in postwar Western Europe allegedly has been shaped by a process of Americanization. In terms of political communication, Americanization has four distinct features: proximity of political marketing to commercial marketing, personalization and professionalization of campaigns, and media centered strategies. Based on an analyses of some European cultures of electioneering – Germany, Great Britain, and Italy – the main thesis of the paper is that the shared features are only to a smaller degree the results of American influences, but rather parallel trends due to structural commonalities like being medialized democracies in welfare and consumer societies, politically shaped by the Cold War context. The 1980s, however, meant a threshold: private media have risen across Europe and policy issues from the “new social movements” were pressured into the policy agenda. Although this has furthered the “Americanization” of European electioneering styles, at the same time several European elections point to an increased Europeanization of electioneering. On the whole, however, different national political cultures continue to modify and change American and European influences, creating local variations of campaigning.
The International Crisis of 1791: Poland Between the Triple Alliance and Russia
Authors: Łojek Jerzy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost Polish historians have misinterpreted Poland's international situation during the general "Eastern Crisis" of 1787-1791, which coincided with the period of great internal Polish political development during the Four-Year Diet of 1788-1792, whose work was crowned with the declaration of the May Third Constitution of 1791. Among Polish historians only Szymon Askenazy, and among foreigners only the American, Robert Howard Lord, fully understood the situation and interpreted it in conformity with the facts, although many important developments were unknown when they wrote on this theme. The purpose of this study is to re-interpret many facts of Poland's international situation during the Eastern Crisis, while also offering a new approach to the problem on the basis of many new documents unavailable until now. Although my interpretation runs contrary to the opinions of most Polish historians, extensive research in Polish as well as foreign archives supports it under close examination. The most important point I wish to make is that Poland's general situation in the years preceding the Second Partition of 1793 was not as hopeless as has generally been considered, and there were opportunities for the country to avoid the mortal blows of 1792-1794. It is important to emphasize that almost all the facts concerning Poland's international position at the end of the eighteenth century had been established by scholars before World War I. Rather than adding to this basic factual storehouse, further studies only interpreted or discussed them. But new research indicates that the basic facts were not at all well known, and hence the interpretations were overhasty. This is, therefore, a fresh attempt to show one important aspect of Poland's chances during this period in the light of considerable new material.
The Role of History in the DDR
Authors: Dorpalen Andreas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen Walter Ulbricht and other Communist Party leaders returned to Germany from their Soviet exile in April, 1945, they brought with them not only blueprints for the administration and rehabilitation of Germany and for her gradual conversion to socialism,1 but also detailed plans for the Marxist reinterpretation of German history and for the teaching of this revised history in German schools and universities. Work on these plans had been underway for more than a year; it was based on earlier studies designed to refute Nazi conceptions of Germany's past. Similarly, it could draw on efforts to implement the popular-front strategy of the preceding decade, pointing out to non-Marxists that the communist-sponsored anti-fascist popular front (Volksfront) was deeply rooted in German history. This concern with history had gathered further momentum in connection with efforts to denazify German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union. To gain their support for the "National Committee 'Free Germany'," the Volksfront organization set up in the USSR in July, 1943, the communist leaders sought to convince these men that the goals of the Committee accorded with some of the noblest traditions of Germany's past. On this basis outlines were compiled for a new approach to German history, emphasizing the democratic progressive strands of that history. Similarly texts were drawn up to explain the inevitability of the defeat of reactionary Nazism and imperialism at the hands of the forces of progress as represented above all by the Soviet Union. The nation was thus to be led on to the path of peace and progress, but with the ultimate socialist goal barely mentioned. Preparations also were made to train at once teachers who could offer this type of instruction.2
Social and Work Relations of Professional Women: An Academic Collective in the GDR
Authors: Rueschemeyer Marilyn 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe work collective is a new institution that has developed in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe. It is part of a general effort to establish work and the place of work as a central reference point in people's lives. In an earlier study, which explored the effects of pressures at work on marriage and friendship relations among professional women and men in the United States and two socialist societies,1 quite unsolicited comments of respondents both from the Soviet Union and in the German Democratic Republic made it clear that the work collective was indeed an element of considerable importance in their personal lives. To explore it further promised to reveal important facets of daily life in a socialist country. When I had the chance to do a series of intensive interviews with professional women directly or indirectly affiliated with a university in the German Democratic Republic (GDR),2 I therefore decided to focus my talks on the work collective. I sought to clarify the formal structure and the tasks of the work collective, as well as to understand the actual role of the collective in the lives of the women I spoke with. That I talked mainly with professional women associated with one university is a limitation but one that also yields advantages. I was able to tap a variety of perspectives on the same or very similar work groups and to gain deeper insights into what they really mean for the practicing women professionals participating in them.
Socialism, Politics, and Citizenship : Reflections On a Czech Tho Ught-Experiment
Authors: Barnard F.M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article attempts to draw out some theoretical implications from the thought-experiment of Vladimir Klokocka, a Czech political jurist who was a leading member of a team of experts that was entrusted with the working out of electoral reform proposals during the late 1960s. The thought-experiment in question found articulation in chapter 9 of Klokocka's Volby v pluralitnich democraciích (Elections in Pluralist Democracies), which, published in Prague after the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia, had an exceedingly brief exposure because it was withdrawn from circulation shortly after publication.1 Substantial excerpts of this chapter have recently appeared in translation elsewhere with a brief commentary.2 I should like to enlarge here on this commentary. The chapter in question apart from its historical interest, presents a penetrating analysis of democracy under socialism that-sheds light not merely on the arguable possibilities of reform of existing Communist régimes, but also on the broader question of pluralism within any political context.
Erich Loest and the 'Fourth Censor'
Authors: Mitchell Ian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn March 1981, Erich Loest left the GDR. Technically, his departure was a temporary one, since he had been granted a visa valid for three years and for one exit and one entry, but in effect the deal implied an invitation to Loest to tear up the return half of his ticket. In the autumn of 1983, once his family had also been settled in the West, he made it clear that he would not return. He came to live in Osnabrück, but has since moved to Bonn. If Loest's departure from his native Saxony passed off quietly and virtually unnoticed by the West German media, usually alert to such incidents, this was in complete contrast to the turbulent sequence of events which preceded it and which had their beginning in 1974. Loest himself has set down his chronicle of these events in Der vierte Zensor. Vom Entstehen und Sterben eines Romans in der DDR.1 This is one of the most detailed and immediate accounts of the workings of the censorship system in the GDR so far to reach the West. In attempting to make it accessible to a non-German readership, I intend to rely principally on translated and paraphrased material from Loest's own narrative and to keep commentary to a minimum.
History of the Research Project: "Women and Power in Medieval East Central Europe"
Authors: Saghy Marianne 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWomen have been generally relegated to the margins of traditional historiography. They have often been presented as romantic heroines - good or bad - but most of the time they were utterly neglected as historical actors. A prevalent tendency of the nouvelle histoire is the revision of these inherited and by now strongly dated approaches. Modern histori ans try to reconstruct how women lived and worked in the past; they analyze women's roles and functions as integral parts of larger socio-historical structures. While in Western Europe and in the United States women's history has become a research field on its own and produced remarkable results, in East Central Europe this change of attitude towards women in history has not yet happened. By launching a research project on "Women and Power in East Central Europe," the Central European University's Department of Medieval Studies sought to encourage young scholars of the region to study and to reevaluate the roles and positions of women in medieval history. We aimed at making the medieval experience of the region a little less "tiresome" and more interesting by including women's political and cultural presence - the role and function of queens, princesses, and aristocratic women - into the sphere of exploranda and explananda.
Freud and Archeology: the Freudian Metaphor
Authors: Kárpáti Eszter 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
I was brought up in an East European Jewish family where jokes and anecdotes are necessary elements of every conversation. I must have been around seven years old when I heard my aunt telling a joke to my mother about two funny-named men, Sisyphus and Oedipus. I was a "perceptive kid" - as my grandmother used to call me - who normally understood jokes, even those which I was not supposed to. This one, however, made no sense to me. I could have just given up upon it, but those names fascinated me: Sisyphus and Oedipushad never heard of them before. So I asked my mother who these two people were and if she would explain the joke to me. As it soon turned out, it was one of those "nicht vor dem Kind"1 jokes, playing on Freudian connotations. However, I was used to the openness-policy of my father, so I expected an honest explanation. My mother had no difficulties in explaining the story of Sisyphus: a child of that age can easily relate to someone who tries to achieve something that is seemingly impossible to do. But how can anyone explain the story of Oedipus to a seven-year-old? That was the first time I heard the name Oedipus. It is only now, many years later, that I finally understand Oedipus' story, too.
A Note On the Mid-Eighteenth-Century Study of Dirhams Found in Sweden
Authors: Jonsson K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, a number of hoards containing "oriental" coins were found in Sweden. While Georg Wallin (1686-1760) is known to have already attributed Islamic coins in 1729,1 it was not until the mid-eighteenth century that a more detailed study of the material commenced. With no claim to being a comprehensive study, this article will deal with part of the material relating to work on Islamic coins carried out between 1749 and 1786.
Tom Noonan: the Man Behind the Scholar
Authors: Corigliano Noonan Norma 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTom Noonan was not only my husband for over 38 years; he was also my best friend. In this essay, I shall share some impressions of Tom and draw some sketches of our life together. This will help to understand that the public persona of Thomas Schaub Noonan was not a complete picture of his life. Tom was a complex man, fiercely independent, totally honest and trustworthy, and one of a kind. Tom's early death left a huge gap in the academic world and in the personal lives of those who knew him and loved him. I will also include a few foibles and idiosyncrasies, since they were part of the complexity of understanding him.
Abstract: Two Sixth-Century A..D. Glass Chalices from Burial Sites in the Volga-Ural Region
Authors: Kazakov E.P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Volga-Ural region, like many others in the territory of Eastern Europe, experienced repeated waves of migrating peoples during the Middle Ages. One result of the migratory process was the appearance in this region of numerous sites, many of which shared significant similarities, belonging to the Imen'kovo and Turbaslino cultures. The ethno-cultural and chronological features of these cultures has remained a point of controversy for quite some time. In recent years, a series of settlements and cemeteries located in Turkestan have been the focus of study. The materials from these sites suggests that their dating was contemporary with the First (Great) Türk Kaghanate and the late Sarmatian period. Many elements of the Turbaslino Imen'kovo cemeteries (Kushnarenkovo, II Kominternovo burial fields, the late burials of the Birska burial fields, among others) are related to the antiquities of the Dzhyetyasarskovo culture of the Aral Sea region. These elements include, but are not limited to, the following: lined pits, the intentional deformation of skulls found in graves, a variety of items of clothing and ornaments (Fig. 2; Fig. 3, 6 - 25, 28, 29; Fig. 4, 1 - 8, 11, 19). Other especially remarkable finds are two chalices of greenish and bluish glass from the Birska and II Kominternovo burial fields (Fig. 1E, 1; Fig. 4, 14; Photos 1 and 2). Their similar sizes, form, and fluted ornamentation would suggest common origin - probably Near Eastern (Syrian?) imports, most likely used originally for administrating communion wine by Christians. The appearance of these finds in the Volga-Ural region is best explained by the migratory process which occurred in the area during the second half of the sixth century A.D. which was connected with the creation of the First Türk Kaghanate.
The Vasiliologion of Nikolai Spafarii Milescu
Authors: Bushkovitch Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Romanian writer Nikolae Milescu (Nikolai Gavrilovich Spafarii) was the author of several books designed for the tsar and the Russian court in the 1670's. Working under the patronage of Tsar Aleksei's favorite, Artamon Matveev, Spafarii composed an account of exemplary monarchs from the past called Vasiliologion. He presented ancient and Biblical monarchs as just and wise but also as great conquerors and builders of cities, even when they were pagans. His portrait of Russian monarchs was closer to traditional Orthodox conceptions, but still stressed military victory and building. Spafarii was one of the first writers in Russia to introduce the Aristotelian political terms, monarchy and aristocracy.
Machine Guns, Hysteria, and the February Revolution
Authors: Daly Jonathan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCountless eyewitnesses to the February Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd claimed to have heard or seen machine guns firing from bell towers and rooftops at demonstrators below. Rumors of vile government officials orchestrating these attacks circulated widely within the population and fed upon, and into, hostility toward the Old Regime. Yet an investigating commission of the Provisional Government, along with other objective sources, suggests that the entire phenomenon was at least overblown and perhaps even almost entirely a figment or people's imagination, suggesting that under the right circumstances an entire population can lose its ability to sort fact from fiction.
Taxes and Empire: The Russian Tax Debate of 1870–1871
Authors:   Hamburg
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article analyzes the 1870 – 1871 debate in the Russian central government and zemstvos over abolition of the soul tax and its replacement by a direct tax on property or by an income tax. It concludes that, in Russia, law mattered; taxation functioned as a social marker; a new hybrid political culture, a mixture of Polizeistaat and Rechtsstaat was coming into existence. The article draws a parallel between imperial Russia and the Ottoman empire, where by the early 1840s a similar hybrid legal culture also existed.
The Standard of Living of the Russian Population in the 18th – early 20th Centuries by Anthropometric Data
Authors:   Mironov
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiving standards in Russia of 1701-1795 had negative dynamics. It was explained mainly by the increase of the real burden of taxation and duties in connection with wars, reforms and intensive colonization. Living standards in Russia of 1796-1914 had positive dynamics. It was explained by (1) the increase of the basic food stuffs per capita, (2) the growth of income of peasantry per capita, (3) the reduction of real burden of taxation, (4) the increase of the grain prices, (5) the positive economic result of displacement of the population center on the South, (6) the economic policy of the government. There was a decrease in the well-being of the population during the radical reforms. However, after a while, the reforms salutarily affected the living standard. The wars and the revolutions negatively influenced the well-being. Three Russian revolutions of the beginning of 20th century have been caused by the political reasons in the greater degree, than economic ones, and also the brilliant PR-activity of opponents of a monarchy.
Veterans and the Village: The Impact of Red Army Demobilization on Soviet Urbanization, 1945–1955
Authors: Edele Mark 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article re-evaluates a classical historical question: the impact on the process of urbanization of the demobilization of Red Army soldiers after 1945. One historical school focuses on the mass return to the village, while a rival interpretation claims that demobilization led to a further spurt in urbanization as soldiers refused to return to collective farms. Archival data now suggest a two-part process: first, soldiers returned to the village, expecting a loosening of the kolkhoz regime; once their expectations were frustrated, they left the village, leading to a resumption of the prewar trend of forsaking the village.
Dealing with Social Disorders that Should Not Exist: The Khrushchev-Era Soft Line on Petty Crime and the Struggle against Hooliganism in Soviet Russia during the Thaw
Authors: LaPierre Brian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the late 1950s, the Khrushchev regime decided to cut down on crime by focusing on the redemption rather than the repression of petty criminals. This soft-line approach centered on humaneness (gumannost'), peer reform and the reforging of petty criminals into productive Soviet subjects. However, central officials and vocal segments of the public worried that the soft line was being abused to coddle hardened criminals, to hide crime from state statistical registries and to ignore the problem of unsafe city streets. As a result of oppositional backlash, a hard line against crime was promulgated in the early 1960s that swung criminal policy back towards physical confrontation and custodial punishment.
Russian History and the Ideology of Putin's Regime Through the Window of Contemporary Russian Movies
Authors: Shlapentokh Dmitry 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present regime in Russia has increased its control over media. This is especially the case with TV. Thus, one could assume that the images of the past that one could find on the TV screen could be seen as representing the official views of the past. These images, in approximately 2005-2007, which retrospectively could be seen as the high point of Putin's regime, present in the context of the past the official ideology of the regime. It was sort of a new edition of Stalin's National Bolshevism. Stalin's National Bolshevism tried to integrate the tsarist and Soviet regime in one historical continuum, as was done by Putin's ideologists with Soviet and post-Soviet Russia. While there were similarities between the regimes and ideologies, there were also substantial differences. Stalin's National Bolshevism was the ideology of the rising and future-looking totalitarian state, full of confidence and ready for expansion, Putin's National Bolshevism was the ideology of the regime, which, even at the peak of its strength, felt the limits of its power. The regime's concern was not so much expansion but, implicitly, the preservation of the status quo and, thus, has implications for the regime's selection of historical images, and their interpretation and presentation on the screen.
Stalin in Russian Ideology and Public Opinion: Caught in a Conflict Between Imperial and Liberal Elements
Authors: Shlapentokh Vladimir , Bondartsova Vera 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe will examine the views of the country's political and cultural elite as well public opinion on the mass terror in Stalin's time. The authors conclude that public attitudes toward Stalin and the mass repressions are deeply contradictory. It is another powerful indicator that Russia still, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, does not have an ideology that can unite the majority of the elite and the masses. Russian society continues to oscillate between imperial dreams and liberal values, between beliefs in the authoritarian rule and democratic institutions as the desirable future of the country.