bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: HClO4‐Supported on Silica Gel: A Mild and Efficient Catalyst for Hosomi—Sakurai Reaction.
Authors: Murugan Kaliyappan , Chen Chinpiao 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe catalyst can be used for the allylation of a variety of aldehydes in the presence of benzyl alcohol and for the allylation of secondary alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: α,α‐Difluoro‐α‐phenylsulfanyl‐α‐trimethylsilylme thane as a Difluoromethyl Building Block: A General Strategy to α,α‐Difluoromethyl Aryl Ketones.
Authors: Boonkitpattarakul Kanhokthron , Soorukram Darunee , Tuchinda Patoomratana , Reutrakul Vichai , Pohmakotr Manat 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCompound (I) can be used as building block for the synthesis of α,α‐difluoromethyl aryl ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: A Remarkable Effect of Ionic Liquids in Transition‐Metal‐Free Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols.
Authors: Oda Yoshiro , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Kuwabata Susumu , Miura Masahiro 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe oxidation of secondary benzylic alcohols is efficiently promoted by ionic liquid as solvent additive.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Evaluation Against Leishmania amazonensis and Cytotoxicity Assays in Macrophages of Sixteen New Congeners Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adducts.
Authors: Silva Fabio P. L. , de Assis Priscilla A. C. , Junior Claudio G. L. , de Andrade Natalia G. , da Cunha Saraghina M. D. , Oliveira Marcia R. , Vasconcellos Mario L. A. A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAdducts (III) and (V) are prepared in satisfactory to very good yields by using the “one‐pot” Morita—Baylis—Hillman reaction between acrylates (I) or (IV) and aromatic aldehydes (II) in the presence of DABCO as promoter.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Auxiliary‐Directed C—H Activation for the Regioselective ortho Arylation of N‐(2‐Benzoylphenyl)benzamides.
Authors: Reddy Basi V. Subba , Revathi G. , Reddy A. Srinivas , Yadav Jhillu S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe process allows arylation of electron‐rich and electron‐deficient aromatic amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Arylboronates and Diazoesters and Tandem Alkylation Reaction for the Synthesis of Quaternary α,α‐Heterodiaryl Carboxylic Esters.
Authors: Tsoi Yuk‐Tai , Zhou Zhongyuan , Yu Wing‐Yiu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups in the diazo compounds and the arylboronates and functionalized alkyl halides can be applied.
ChemInform Abstract: Environmentally Friendly Homocoupling Reaction of Functionalized Potassium Aryl Trifluoroborates Salts in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Santos‐Filho Everaldo F. , Sousa Jokderlea C. , Bezerra Natercia M. M. , Menezes Paulo H. , Oliveirra Roberta A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn most cases, the coupling proceeds with success to produce the biaryl structures with good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biarylphosphonates: Asymmetric Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling Using High‐Molecular‐Weight, Helically Chiral Polyquinoxaline‐Based Phosphines.
Authors: Yamamoto Takeshi , Akai Yuto , Nagata Yuuya , Suginome Michinori 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new catalyst system is used to synthesize axially chiral biarylphosphonic esters by asymmetric Suzuki—Miyaura coupling of 1‐bromo‐2‐naphthalenephosphonic esters (I) with o‐methyl‐substituted phenylboronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐ and Amine‐Free Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Efficient Diphosphane—Palladium Catalyst.
Authors: He Ting , Wu Lei Lei , Fu Xing Li , Fu Hai Yan , Chen Hua , Li Rui Xiang 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAryl bromides are more suitable than the chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Chloromethyl Naphthalene Derivatives via η3‐Benzylpalladium Intermediates: A New Strategy for Catalytic Dearomatization.
Authors: Peng Bo , Zhang Sheng , Yu Xiaoqiang , Feng Xiujuan , Bao Ming 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA variety of chloroarylmethyl naphthalene derivatives undergoes dearomatization in the reaction with diethylmalonate (II) and analogues (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Methyleneindan‐1‐ol Scaffold from Modified Baylis—Hillman Adduct: Tandem Pd‐Catalyzed 5‐exo‐Trig Cyclization and Iodide Ion Assisted Formal δ‐Carbon Elimination/Decarboxylation.
Authors: Kim Ko Hoon , Lee Hyun Seung , Kim Se Hee , Kim Jae Nyoung 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAn efficient and highly selective process is elaborated for the preparation of the title skeleton which represents an important synthetic intermediate structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Heteroaromatic Epoxyketones under Phase‐Transfer Catalysis Using D‐Glucose‐ and D‐Mannose‐Based Crown Ethers.
Authors: Rapi Zsolt , Szabo Tamas , Keglevich Gyoergy , Szoelloesy Aron , Drahos Laszlo , Bako Peter 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe use of D‐glucose‐based crown ether (Ia) gives better enantioselectivities than the use of D‐mannose‐based crown ether (Ib) in the Darzens condensation of chloroacetylthiophenes (II) and (VII), and chloroacetylfuran (V) with aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expeditious One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Phenylazetidin‐2‐ones in the Presence of Zeolite.
Authors: Pagadala Ramakanth , Meshram Jyotsna S. , Chopde Himani N. , Jetti Venkateshwarlu , Udayini V. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of the title compounds (IV) includes the use of a reusable solid catalyst and an easy work‐up.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst Free Three‐Component Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Pyrazolylpyrrolopyrroles by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction.
Authors: Quiroga Jairo , Galvez Jaime , Perez Alfredo , Valencia Angela , Abonia Rodrigo , Insuasty Braulio 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA simple one‐pot procedure allows the synthesis of title compounds (IV) via endo‐selective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of ylides, generated in situ from aldehydes (I) and esters (II), with 1‐arylmaleimides (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of α‐Substituted Nitroacetates to Maleimides under Base‐Free Neutral Phase‐Transfer Conditions.
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Terao Shogo J. , He Rongjun , Maruoka Keiji 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCompounds (III) are precursors of amino acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Reactivity of β(3‐Indolyl)‐α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones. 2‐Acetylvinyl Group Removal by Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride.
Authors: Butin Alexander V. , Uchuskin Maxim G. , Pilipenko Arkady S. , Serdyuk Olga V. , Trushkov Igor V. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe attempt to construct a pyrazoline moiety at C‐3 on treatment of indoles (I) with phenylhydrazine results in an unusual removal of the 2‐acetylvinyl side chain.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Route for the Synthesis of Isochromenocarbazolones Through Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular ortho‐Arylation.
Authors: Sreenivas Devanga K. , Nagarajan Rajagopal 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNovel classes of title compounds are prepared which are of interest as alkaloid skeletons.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Some 5‐Hydroxy‐5‐trifluoromethyl‐4,5‐dihydropyrazol‐1‐thiocarboxamides, 3‐Trifluoromethylpyrazol‐1‐thiocarboxamides and 4‐Aryl‐2‐(5(3)‐trifluoromethyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)thiazoles.
Authors: Aggarwal Ranjana , Kumar Rajiv , Kumar Sunil , Garg Gaurav , Mahajan Ritu , Sharma Jitender 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA series of title compounds, e.g. (III) and (VI), are tested against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria.
ChemInform Abstract: Room Temperature Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives Using Reusable Cobalt Hydroxide (II) and Cobalt Oxide (II) as Efficient Solid Catalysts.
Authors: Chari Murugulla Adharvana , Shobha Donthabhakthuni , Sasaki Takehiko 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA broad spectrum of imidazole derivatives is available under conditions A) or B).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Protocol for the Synthesis of Quinoxaline, Benzoxazole and Benzimidazole Derivatives Using Glycerol as Green Solvent.
Authors: Bachhav Harshal M. , Bhagat Saket B. , Telvekar Vikas N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe use of glycerol/water gives the title compounds in good yields which are comparable or even better than in conventional reaction media.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric 1,6‐Michael Addition of Arylthiols to 3‐Methyl‐4‐nitro‐5‐alkenyl‐isoxazoles with Bifunctional Catalysts.
Authors: Pei Qing‐Lan , Sun Hong‐Wei , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Du Xi‐Lin , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe title reaction allows an efficient access to optically active aromatic thioethers of type (III) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐1H‐benzotriazoles via Oxidative C—H Amination.
Authors: Zhou Zhou , Liu Qi‐Lun , Li Wen , Zhu Yong‐Ming 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA facile, mild, atom‐economical, and regiospecific synthesis of the title compounds (II) from readily available starting material (I) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Fast Dye Salts Provide Fast Access to Azidoarene Synthons in Multi‐Step One‐Pot Tandem Click Transformations.
Authors: Fletcher James T. , Reilly Jacqueline E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe one‐pot synthesis of triazoles involves in situ formation of azides from commercially available fast dye salts and sodium azide followed by copper‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of a Novel Series of 3,6‐Disubstituted‐1,2,4‐triazolo‐[3,4‐b]‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles Containing Gem‐dimethylbenzyl Moiety.
Authors: Puthiyapurayil Pushpan , Poojary Boja , Kumar Sunil , Hunnur Raveendra 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe title compounds (III) are screened for their antibacterial, antifungal, and analgesic activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective 6‐Exo Cyclization of Amidyl Radicals. An Experimental and Theoretical Study.
Authors: Zhuang Shunjun , Liu Kun , Li Chaozhong 
Published: January 2012

AbstractUnder radical conditions (Z)‐configurated enamides to undergo efficient regio‐ and stereoselective cyclization to afford 3,6‐trans‐, 4,6‐cis‐, or 5,6‐trans‐substituted δ‐lactams.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antimicrobial Evaluation and QSAR Analysis of Novel Nalidixic Acid Based 1,2,4‐Triazole Derivatives.
Authors: Aggarwal Nisha , Kumar Rajesh , Dureja Prem , Khurana J. M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNalidixic acid based triazole derivatives such as arylideneamino triazoles (V), triazolothiadiazoles (VI) and (VIII), triazolothiadiazinedione (X), triazolothiadiazine (XII), acylaminotriazoles, and mercaptotriazole are prepared in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of [5,6]‐Fused Pyridocoumarins Through Aza‐Claisen Rearrangement of 6‐Propargylaminocoumarins.
Authors: Symeonidis Theodoros S. , Kallitsakis Michael G. , Litinas Konstantinos E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTreatment of the substrates with BF3·OEt2 under microwave irradiation results in formation of pyridocoumarins via an aza‐Claisen rearrangement/electrocyclization/oxidation sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3‐b]quinolines from Enaminones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Xiang Dexuan , Xin Xiaoqing , Liu Xu , Kumar Santosh , Dong Dewen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA Combes‐type cyclization reaction is developed to give good yields of the title compounds directly.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,n‐Diamines. Part 3. Micowave‐Assisted Synthesis of N‐Acyl‐N′‐arylhexahydropyrimidines and Hexahydro‐1,3‐diazepines.
Authors: Bisceglia Juan A. , Diaz Jimena E. , Torres Romina A. , Orelli Liliana R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCyclodehydration of aminoamides with formaldehyde affords the title systems as mixtures of E/Z‐isomers due to a hindered rotation about the N—CO bond.
ChemInform Abstract: Effective Suzuki—Miyaura Arylation and Sonogashira Aryl Alkynylation on N‐Heteroaromatic Cations: Synthesis of Substituted Pyridine‐Fused Cationic Heterocycles.
Authors: Paira Rupankar , Sahu Krishnendu B. , Mondal Shyamal , Maity Arindam , Hazra Abhijit , Naskar Subhendu , Saha Pritam , Padmanaban E. , Banerjee Sukdeb , Mondal Nirup B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of brominated polycyclic pyridinium derivatives is achieved with microwave irradiation and basic alumina as a solid support.
ChemInform Abstract: KAI(SO4)2·12H2O (Alum) Catalyzed One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of 2‐Alkyl and 2‐Aryl‐4(3H)‐quinazolinone under Microwave Irradiation and Solvent Free Conditions.
Authors: Mohammad Ali A. , Sadat Hossini S. S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe catalyst can be reused without significant loss in activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Domino Aza‐Michael—Mannich Reaction: Synthesis of Tetrahydroimidazopyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Li Hong , Zhao Junling , Zeng Lili , Hu Wenhui 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new, efficient, and highly stereoselective method to prepare biologically important title compounds is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient Green Synthesis of 1H‐Pyrazolo[1,2‐b]phthalazine‐5,10‐dione Derivatives and Their Photophysical Studies.
Authors: Raghuvanshi Dushyant Singh , Singh Krishna Nand 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSome of the title compounds (16 examples with < 90% yield) are investigated for their photophysical behavior and the Stoke shifts of the cyano derivatives are found to be lower than those of the ester analogues.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2,3,5‐Tetrahydro‐4,1‐benzothiazepine‐2‐thione Derivatives via Cyclization of 2‐[(2‐Isothiocyanatophenyl)methylsulfanyl]acetates with Sodium Hydride.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Enmi Yoshinori , Iitsuka Daisuke , Kanbe Yuuki , Konishi Hisatoshi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA convenient method for the synthesis of the title compounds (II), (IV), and (V) from readily available starting materials is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted [3]Dendralenes and Their Unique Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Singh Rekha , Ghosh Sunil K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOlefination of phosphonoacetate (I) with sulfonium methylide (II) followed by Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons reaction with aromatic aldehydes (IV) provides access to reactive 1,5‐diaryl‐2‐ethoxycarbonyl[3]dendralenes, which in situ undergo Diels—Alder cyclodimerization affording highly functionalized cyclohexenes (V) with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Terpene Based 1,4,2‐Dioxazoles: Synthesis, Characterization, Molecular Properties and Screening Against Entamoeba histolytica.
Authors: Wani Mohmmad Younus , Athar Fareeda , Salauddin Attar , Agarwal Subhash Mohan , Azam Amir , Choi Inho , Bhat Abdul Roouf 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA series of dioxazole derivatives (III) (20 examples) bearing terpene moieties is synthesized and screened for their anti‐amoebic activity and cytotoxicity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of the Glycoside (25R)‐3β,16β‐Diacetoxy‐22‐oxocholest‐5‐en‐26‐yl β‐D‐Glucopyranoside: A Selective Anticancer Agent in Cervicouterine Cell Lines.
Authors: Fernandez‐Herrera Maria A. , Lopez‐Munoz Hugo , Hernandez‐Vazquez Jose M. V. , Lopez‐Davila Moises , Mohan Sankar , Escobar‐Sanchez Maria L. , Sanchez‐Sanchez Luis , Pinto B. Mario , Sandoval‐Ramirez Jesus 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe title compound (IV) shows selective antiproliferative activity against CaSki, ViBo, and HeLa cervicouterine cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Novel Conformation‐Constrained Cytotoxic Derivatives of Cheliensisin A by Embedment of Small Heterocycles.
Authors: Deng Xu , Su Jia , Zhao Yu , Peng Li‐Yan , Li Yan , Yao Zhu‐Jun , Zhao Qin‐Shi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTo overcome the drawbacks associated with the use of the natural styryl‐lactone (I) as a potential drug candidate, twentyone derivatives of the title compound with substitutions at C‐7 and C‐8 are synthesized, since the relatively reactive epoxy functionality in (I) might be a major cause of its instability.
Avoiding the slippery slope: preventing the development of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes
Authors: Feig Denice S. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryWomen with a history of gestational diabetes are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. By identifying this high‐risk group who has not yet developed the disease, we have the opportunity to try to prevent this progression to diabetes. In this article, we review the evidence for different strategies used to prevent the onset of diabetes in women with a history of gestational diabetes. These strategies include lifestyle changes, medications and breastfeeding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast investigations from biological matrices using CE – Test of a blood–brain barrier model
Authors: Kühne Sascha , Untucht Christopher , Steinert Michael , Wätzig Hermann 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn order to adopt a general workflow for complex biological matrices with respect to a new blood–brain barrier (BBB) model, a micellar electrokinetic chromatography method has been developed. The cells forming the BBB have been cultivated in a special cell growth medium in which six drugs (acetaminophen, caffeine, carbamazepine, cimetidine, indometacin and propranolol) have been dissolved and tested for their penetration properties. The results showed good to very good accordance to the reference values. Samples were directly injected onto the capillary without any pretreatment (fused silica capillary, id: 50 μm, L: 48 cm, l: 40 cm). After method development, separations were carried out using a 60 mM borate buffer containing 200 mM of SDS at 30 kV, leading to an analysis time of less than 10 min. Between two runs the capillary was rinsed with a mixture of equal parts of running buffer and isopropanol (70% v/v), which proved to be very effective to remove matrix compounds. An appropriate choice of the detection wavelength (220 or 254 nm) could avoid major interferences between analytes and matrix. The typical RSD% for migration times was approximately 2%, for peak areas, it ranged from 2 to 6%, which was very well acceptable for the generic method used in this study and the low concentrations investigated. The LODs ranged from 10 to 30 ng/mL.
An insight into the abundant proteome of 46BR.1G1 fibroblasts deficient of DNA ligase I
Authors: Giuliano Serena , Iadarola Paolo , Leva Valentina , Montecucco Alessandra , Camerini Serena , Crescenzi Marco , Salvini Roberta , Bardoni Anna 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis work presents the proteome profile of cultured human skin fibroblasts established from a patient affected by DNA ligase I (Lig I) deficiency syndrome, a rare disorder characterized by immunodeficiency, growth retardation and sun sensitivity. 2‐DE (in the 3–10 and 4–7 pH ranges) was the separation technique used for the production of maps. MALDI‐TOF/MS and LC‐MS/MS were the mass spectrometry platforms applied for the identification of proteins in gel spots. A total of 154 proteins, including 41 never detected before in skin fibroblasts with this approach, were identified in gel spots analyzed. This newly generated extensive database provides for the first time a global picture of abundant proteins in 46BR.1G1 skin fibroblasts. While being relevant to the particular disorder considered, these results may be regarded as an intriguing starting point on the way to achieve a reference map of the proteins highly expressed in an inherited syndrome with defect in DNA replication and repair pathways.
Evaluation of a new battery of toxicity tests for boreal forest soils: Assessment of the impact of hydrocarbons and salts
Authors: Princz Juliska I. , Moody Mary , Fraser Christopher , Van der Vliet Leana , Lemieux Heather , Scroggins Rick , Siciliano Steven D. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The ability to assess the toxic potential of soil contamination within boreal regions is currently limited to test species representative of arable lands. This study evaluated the use of six boreal plant species (Pinus banksiana, Picea glauca, Picea mariana, Populus tremuloides, Calamagrostis Canadensis, and Solidago canadensis) and four invertebrate species (Dendrodrilus rubidus, Folsomia nivalis, Proisotoma minuta, and Oppia nitens) and compared their performance to a suite of standard agronomic soil test species using site soils impacted by petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) and salt contamination. To maintain horizon-specific differences, individual soil horizons were collected from impacted sites and relayered within the test vessels. Use of the boreal species was directly applicable to the assessment of the contaminated forest soils and, in the case of the hydrocarbon-impacted soil, demonstrated greater overall sensitivity (25th percentile of estimated species sensitivity distribution [ESSD25] = 5.6% contamination: 10,600 mg/kg fraction 3 [F3; equivalent hydrocarbon range of &gt;C16 to C34] Of/Oh horizon, and 270 mg/kg F3 Ahg horizon) relative to the standard test species (ESSD25 = 23% contamination: 44,000 mg/kg F3 Of/Oh horizon, and 1,100 mg/kg F3 Ahg horizon). For salinity, there was no difference between boreal and standard species with a combined ESSD25 = 2.3%, equating to 0.24 and 0.25 dS/m for the Ah and Ck horizons. The unequal distribution of soil invertebrates within the layered test vessels can confound test results and the interpretation of the toxic potential of a site. The use of test species relevant to boreal eco-zones strengthens the applicability of the data in support of realistic ecological risk assessments applicable to the boreal regions. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:766–777. © 2012 SETAC
Interannual variation of evapotranspiration in an eastern Siberian larch forest
Authors: Xue Bao‐Lin , Komatsu Hikaru , Kumagai Tomo'omi , Kotani Ayumi , Otsuki Kyoichi , Ohta Takeshi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn a deciduous larch forest in eastern Siberia, the mean and standard deviation of the total evapotranspiration (E) during May to September (day of year (DOY) = 121–274) for 2003–2006 were 181.5 and 26.4 mm, respectively. The interannual variation (IAV) in the total E was caused by the IAV in E for the canopy‐foliated period (DOY = 164–253), not by the IAV in the dates of leaf expansion and leaf fall. For the years with higher total E, E in the canopy‐foliated period was consistently higher, which corresponded to the higher soil water content in these years. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.