bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on vaccinia haemagglutinin: II. Some immunological properties
Authors: Chu C. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Vaccinated rabbits develop serum anti-haemagglutinin after infection. The anti-haemagglutinin is not found to any appreciable titre in normal human and animal sera tested. It is present in the globulin fraction of rabbit serum and is stable at 70° C. for 30 min. but destroyed at 80° C. for 30 min.2. Observations over a period of 6 months of variations in serum antibodies in vaccinated rabbits demonstrate that whereas the agglutinin, precipitin and complement-fixing antibody varied in parallel with each other, the anti-haemagglutinin varied independently and in general remained more or less steady throughout the period.3. Some experimental observations of the haemagglutinin anti-haemagglutinin reaction are reported. The haemagglutinin inactivated by immune serum can be reactivated by boiling. Haemagglutinin adsorbed on to red cells can be eluted by subsequent addition of immune serum.4. Failure to obtain complement fixation with the haemagglutinin anti-haemagglutinin system is recorded.5. Vaccinia haemagglutinin is distinct from the L-S antigen.6. By absorption test, it has been shown that the anti-haemagglutinin is a distinct antibody related neither to L or S antibodies nor to neutralizing antibody.7. It is concluded that vaccinia haemagglutinin represents a new and distinct antigen occurring in a relatively large particulate state in vaccinia infected tissues. The possible theoretical implications of such findings are discussed.
The diagnostic value of the widal test in the inoculated
Authors: Mole R. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. Evidence is given that in recently inoculated persons the Widal reaction, even when serial quantitative tests are done, has no practical value in the diagnosis of enteric fever. Conscription enlarges permanently the inoculated proportion of the whole population.2. The diagnostic value of any particular titre depends not only on the relative frequencies with which this titre occurs in normal and infected individuals but also on the incidence of enteric fever in the population and on the fashionableness of the Widal test as a diagnostic aid.3. It is emphasized that blood culture is a more reliable aid to diagnosis than the Widal test.
An outbreak of typhoid fever in the Middle East
Authors: Anderson E. S. , Richards H. G. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. An outbreak of typhoid fever in a Royal Air Force camp in the Middle East is discussed.2. A total of 110 cases occurred of which 105 are analysed. The case-fatality rate was 10%.3. Of the 105 cases 59% gave a positive blood culture. The percentages of diagnostic isolations from stools and urine were small.4. Clearance tests of stools and urine showed that 8.4% of patients excretedSalm. typhiduring convalescence.5. Leucocyte counts during the first 2 weeks of the illness showed that only 30% of the patients had a count below 5000 per cu.mm.; 62% of these low figures were encountered in severe cases.6. Autopsies on seven fatal cases showed considerable variability in the macroscopic appearance of the intestinal lesions.7. Serological investigation confirmed that higher percentages of cases with low titres of O agglutinin were found in the severe and mild clinical groups, and that most O titres in the moderately severe cases exceeded 1:200.8. Of the patients 52% showed Vi titres exceeding 1:20 during convalescence.9. The significance of various findings is discussed.
The bacteriological interpretation of vaginal smears
Authors: Laughton Nancy 
Published: May 2009

1. The genus Corynebacterium is common in the vagina. In direct smears forms with exaggerated curvature and staining Gram-negatively may easily be mistaken for vibrios.2. Attention is drawn to the not infrequent presence of Gram-negative cocci in direct vaginal smears. From these cases Diplococcus crassus, a commensal member of the genus Neisseria, has been isolated. These cocci could be mistaken for gonococci.3. An unusual organism seen in two direct smears from the vagina is described, and the suggestion is made that it may be Streptobacillus moniliformis.
The epizootic behaviour of mousepox (infectious ectromelia of mice): The course of events in long-continued epidemics
Authors: Fenner Frank 
Published: May 2009

1. Two long-continued epidemics of mousepox were set up with different strains of the virus and maintained for 190 and 290 days respectively. Considerable differences were observed between the behaviour of the two strains of virus, the Moscow strain being much more virulent and more highly infective than the Hampstead strain.2. The two strains of virus maintained their original characters through the experiments.3. Life tables were constructed for both epidemics, specific and non-specific deaths being dealt with separately. They show that high and durable immunity follows recovery from infection.4. Two mice which had recovered from infection were found to harbour small quantities of the virus in the lungs, and in one case in the spleen also, suggesting that chronic latent carriers of the virus may occur.
A simple method for the determination of bacterial sensitivity to sulphonamides by the use of blotting-paper disks
Authors: Evans R. J. 
Published: May 2009

A description is given of a simple method of determining the sensitivity of bacteria to sulphonamides by means of impregnated blotting-paper disks applied to nutrient agar prepared from broth freed from sulphonamide antagonists by incubation with lysed horse red blood cells.With organisms sensitive to the selected sulphonamide, a zone of inhibition of growth will occur, the diameter of which is related to the concentration of the sulphonamide necessary to inhibit growth. Sensitivity to several sulphonamides can be determined simultaneously.The impregnated disks can be stored without loss of potency.
On the tuberculin sensitivity of epithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Jacoby F. , Marks J. 
Published: May 2009

Purified tuberculin in concentrations equivalent to 1x/20 standard Old Tuberculin had no apparent effect on the outgrowth in vitro of liver and kidney epithelium derived from sensitized guinea-pigs.Acknowledgement is made with thanks to Miss Florence Taylor for technical assistance, and to Mr L. Jones for help with the microphotography.
The use of culture virus in the preparation of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine
Authors: Henderson W. M. , Galloway Ian A. 
Published: May 2009

In three cattle vaccination experiments, with three strains of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease, it was shown that virus passaged in culture in cattle tongue epithelial tissue was as effective an antigen as virus passaged in cattle.With two virus strains, the virus content of the culture at the peak of infectivity was about the same as that of vesicle epithelium from the tongues of reacting cattle. Variable and less satisfactory results were obtained with the third strain, but one culture passage yielded tissue of sufficiently high virus content for the preparation of vaccine of adequate potency.No modification in the antigenic behaviour of the strains was detected as a result of passage in culture.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the technical assistance given by Mr W. J. Brownsea.
Studies on the effect of staphyloccoccal culture filtrates on isolated rabbit gut
Authors: Kelsey J. C. , Hobbs Betty C. 
Published: May 2009

1. When toxic filtrates derived from coagulase-positive staphylococci including twelve food-poisoning strains, thirty pyogenic strains of human and twelve of animal origin were applied to isolated rabbit gutin vitro, two characteristic responses were obtained, associated with the α- and β-lytic titres respectively, and abolished by the corresponding antisera. They were independent of the origin of the strains.2. A non-specific response is also described which is thought to be due to the peptone in the medium.3. No effect that could be attributed to enterotoxin, such as was reported by Anderson (1953), was observed and it is concluded that isolated rabbit gut is unlikely to prove a useful indicator of its presence.We are indebted to Drs Mary Barber, J. M. Talbot, F. C. O. Valentine and H. Williams Smith for strains; to Dr R. E. O. Williams for strains and bacteriophage typing; to Prof. C. E. Dolman and Messrs Burroughs Wellcome for strains and antisera; to Mr F. Crisp of the Division of Experimental Biology, National Institute for Medical Research, Medical Research Council, for rabbit gut; and Dr H. O. Schild for continued interest and practical help.
The lysis ofBacterium coliby amino-acids
Authors: Gordon J. , Hall R. A. , Stickland L. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. Straight-chain α-amino-acids are all equally effective in causing the lysis ofBact. coli.2. Various modifications of this structure always result in a decrease of this lytic activity.3. The optical isomers of α-amino-acids are equally effective in causing lysis.4. There is a correlation between the lytic and the bactericidal powers of the amino-acids and their derivatives.
Cord-blood antistreptolysin-O level according to parity and social class as a possible index of familial streptococcal experience
Authors: Waters E. G. L. , Holborow E. J. , Johnson G. D. , Kelly R. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. The A.S.O. titre of cord blood is about 1½ times that in the mother's blood taken 4 weeks before delivery.2. The distribution of A.S.O. levels in cord bloods from multiparae with children at school is not significantly different from that in multiparae whose children are under school age, or in primiparae.3. Among these groups, only primiparae show a significantly increased A.S.O. level in winter.4. The distribution of A.S.O. levels among the five social classes defined by the Registrar-General's occupation code showed a significant trend towards higher levels in the lower social grades.We wish to thank Mr D. M. W. Maxwell, F.R.C.S., F.R.C.O.G. and Miss D. Slade, S.R.N., S.C.M. at Taplow, and Professor J. C. McC. Browne, F.R.C.S., F.R.C.O.G., Dr W. Hayes, D.Sc., F.R.C.P.I. and Miss M. Tweedle, S.R.N., S.C.M. at Hammersmith Hospital for their kind help.
Studies on poliomyelitis virus. Concentration and purification of the virus
Authors: Polson A. , Hampton J. W. F. 
Published: May 2009

For the purpose of determining the immunogenic potency of polio virus, relatively large amounts of concentrated virus material were prepared which had titres of the order of 1010 T.C.I.D.50 per ml. These were obtained by pervaporating large quantities of tissue culture fluid containing approximately 106.5 T.C.I.D.50 per ml.We wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance received from Dr P. D. Winter and his staff, of the Poliomyelitis Research Foundation, in carrying out the tissue culture titrations of these materials.
The growthin vitroof vaccinia virus in chick embryo chorio-allantoic memberane, minced embryo and cell suspensions
Authors: Maitland H. B. , Magrath D. I. 
Published: May 2009

The growth curve of rabbit skin-adapted vaccinia virus in the chick chorioallantoic membrane incubated in Hanks' solution showed a drop in titre of virus for about 10 hr. followed by growth. At least 25% of virus, sometimes more, remained infective. A similar fall in titre was observed in heated membranes in which the virus did not grow and this occurred also when membranes, either normal or heated, were infected and disintegrated before incubation.The growth curve of virus in minced chick-embryo was similar to that in chorioallantoic membrane.Virus in cell suspensions prepared from chick embryo and incubated in a nutrient medium showed only a small loss of infectivity before growth in some experiments and rarely dropped below 65–70 % of the original titre in others.These results throw considerable doubt on the view that loss of infectivity preceding growth of vaccinia virus should be interpreted as an essential part of a growth cycle.
The memberane Piece Technique forin VitroInfectivity Titrations of Influenza Virus
Authors: Finter N. B. , Armitage P. 
Published: May 2009

1. The membrane piece technique forin vitrotitrations of the infectivity of influenza virus is described. Rectangles of shell, about 8 × 25 mm., with the chorio-allantoic membrane still attached (membrane pieces) are cut from thirteenth-day fertile eggs. One piece in a test-tube with glucose-buffered salt solution forms an individual assay unit. Five or more tubes are inoculated with each virus dilution. After incubation at 37° C. for 72 hr., with agitation for the first 24 hr. the fluid in each tube is tested for haemagglutinins. From the results at each dilution, an estimate of the 50% membrane piece (MP50) infectivity titre is obtained.2. Six hundred assay units, with pieces cut from twenty eggs, can be set up by two workers in 1 hr. and used for titration of between three and twenty-four individual virus preparations, depending on the reliability desired for the 50% end-point estimates.3. With the D.S.P. and PR 8 strains of influenza A virus, the MP50titres parallel the EID50titres from egg titrations, but are eight times and twenty times lower, respectively. The MP50: EID50ratio is the same for various preparations of the same strain, including standard allantoic fluid and chorio-allantoic membrane virus, incomplete virus, and inactivated (heated) allantoic fluid virus. Preliminary experiments with Lee influenza B virus show that slightly different experimental conditions are required, and the MP50titres are about fifty times less than the EID50titres.4. Consistent results have been obtained on titration of samples of the same virus preparation on a number of occasions over a period of several months.5. A large number of membrane pieces can be used to test each virus dilution, and sampling variations in the MP50estimates thus made quite small. Statistical data on the reliability of a 50 % titration result, and on the minimum significant differences between two end-points, are given for different values ofn, the number of membrane pieces used to test each virus dilution, and ofd, the log dilution step.We are grateful to Mr J. Collins for invaluable technical assistance, and also to Miss I. Allen for help with the computations.
Antibodies to influenza viruses in the sera of Nigerians
Authors: Isaacs A. , Busby D. , Law V. G. 
Published: May 2009

Sera of Nigerians aged between 10 and 60 years were tested individually for their antibody to five strains of influenza A virus. The results showed a similar pattern to those which other investigators have found with sera collected in the U.S.A. and in this country. However, antibody to the swine and WS strains was found in younger individuals than was reported previously; and the distribution of antibody titres suggests that this represents antibody to minor antigens of more recent strains, rather than persistence of swine and WS viruses.We should like to thank Dr C. H. Andrewes F.R.S. for his criticisms and Dr James S. Porterfield who sent the sera.
The liberation of cell-bound vaccinia virus by ultrasonic vibration
Authors: Macpherson I. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. Ultrasonic vibration has been shown to be a highly effective means of releasing vaccinia virus from infected HeLa cells.2. The titre of vaccinia virus obtained from a suspension of infected HeLa cells following ultrasonic vibration is closely similar to that obtained by rapid shaking of the suspension with glass beads. Since these methods are dissimilar in their disruptive action and the titres obtained are higher than those obtained by other methods, they are probably close to the maximum possible yield of virus from these cells.3. Ultrasonic vibration and shaking with glass beads give higher yields of vaccinia virus from infected HeLa cells than grinding with sand, grinding in a glass TenBroeck tissue disintegrator and three cycles of freezing and thawing.I am indebted to Prof. H. B. Maitland whose interest stimulated this work. I also wish to thank Dr J. C. N. Westwood for much helpful criticism and Mr R. F. W. Southey for his technical assistance.
Further studies in the mouse intra-oral inoculation technique
Authors: Epstein S. S. , Stratton K. 
Published: May 2009

The immediate dispersal of a fluid delivered to anaesthetized mice by the intranasal and intra-oral techniques has been studied by means of a radio-active tracer method. The results clearly show that the intra-orally inoculated animal accepts a larger proportion of the total volume inoculated and that a significantly higher fraction of this reaches the lungs than in mice inoculated by the intra-nasal technique.The authors would like to thank Dr I. Friedmann and Dr H. A. B. Simons for having made this work possible; also, Mr D. Arnott for a generous gift of labelled di-iodofluorescein, and Dr D. A. Osborn and Dr K. Weinbren for helpful suggestions.
Streptococcal infections among children in a residential home: III. Some factors influencing susceptibility to infection
Authors: Holmes Margaret C. , Williams R. E. O. , Bloom C. V. , Hirch Ann , Lermit  , Woods Eileen 
Published: May 2009

Children in a residential home whose tonsils had been removed had lower attack rates for streptococcal sore throat than tonsillectomized children. Tonsillectomy did not have a consistent effect on respiratory tract illness.Tonsillectomy has a similar effect on the outcome of individual exposures to streptococcal infection; the difference was more marked for illness than for simple colonization.The apparent benefit from tonsillectomy could not be attributed to the ageing of the child, and was considered real. Its magnitude did not seem, however, great enough to justify a policy of extensive tonsillectomy, particularly in view of the possible risks to the child.A child who had been ill with infection due to one streptococcal type rarely became ill when re-exposed to the same type. In addition there was some evidence in children with tonsils of an immunity, perhaps short lived, which was clearly not type-specific.
Studies on poliomyelitis virus: III. The use of ultra-violet light as an additional means of inactivation of formalinized vaccine
Authors: Hampton J. W. F. , Polson A. 
Published: May 2009

The inactivation rates of tissue-culture polio virus have been determined and these have been applied to the irradiation of formalinized vaccine, as an additional inactivation process, using a simple irradiator.The antigenic potency of the vaccine was apparently unimpaired.We wish to thank the late Prof. van den Ende for his keen interest and criticism; Dr H. Malherbe and his staff for carrying out many of the titrations; Dr P. D. Winter for co-operation in irradiating samples of vaccine, and Margaret Pakes for invaluable technical assistance.
The significance of the abattoir in salmonella infection in Bradford
Authors: McDonagh V. P. , Smith H. G. 
Published: May 2009

1. During the years 1954–56 large number of salmonellae, comprising six sero-types and a number of Salm. typhi-murium phage types, were isolated at the Bradford abattoir.2. Most of the cultures were derived from pigs; the animals presented no sign of clinical illness.3. Human salmonella infections in Bradford over the same period were closely related to the abattoir findings.4. It seems probable that individual pigs are infected on the farms and when brought to the abattoir may infect others in the lairages.5. Limiting the duration of stay in the lairages and prevention of overcrowding may substantially reduce the proportion of animals found infected at slaughter.We wish to express our thanks to Dr John Douglas, Medical Officer of Health, Bradford, for his interest and encouragement in this investigation and to Mr F. H. Myres, Mr J. Noble, Mr E. Root and Mr R. Butterfield of the Bradford Health Department for their enthusiastic help. Thanks are also due to Dr Joan Taylor and Dr E. S. Anderson and staffs of the Salmonella and Central Enteric Reference Laboratories, Colindale, for their assistance in typing Salmonellae, and to a number of our colleagues who have kindly read the script and offered valuable criticisms.
Studies in the epidemiology of infectious myxomatosis of rabbits: V. Changes in the innate resistance of Australian Wild rabbits exposed to myxomatosis
Authors: Marshall I. D. , Fenner Frank 
Published: May 2009

Annually for 4 years groups of young Australian wild rabbits have been captured during non-epizootic periods from areas in which myxomatosis has occurred during the previous summer. The intensity of the preceding epizootic was measured by testing a sample of survivors for antibody. The captured young rabbits were raised in the laboratory until they were about 4 months old and then inoculated intradermally with small doses of the slightly attenuated myxoma virus strain Aust/Corowa/12–52/2 (KM 13), all samples of virus being derived from the same batch which has been stored at -70°C.The results show there is a significant negative correlation between the mortality rate and the degree of exposure to myxomatosis of the forbears of the tested animals. Passive and active immunization have been excluded and this result is ascribed to increased genetic resistance.We are greatly indebted to Mr. F. N. Ratcliffe, Officer in Charge of the Wildlife Survey Section of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Organization, and to his officers, especially Messrs W. E. Poole, K. E. Myers, G. Douglas, B. V. Fennessy, H. Frith and K. Keith for their invaluable assistance in collecting rabbits and serum samples.We have had valuable discussions with Dr W. R. Sobey, Dr P. J. Claringbold and Dr G. S. Watson on genetical and statistical aspects of the problems under study.