bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbiological Induced Corrosion and Inhibition
Authors: Perego Patrizia , Fabiano Bruno 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMicrobial corrosion refers, by definition, to the degradation of materials due to the activity of a wide variety of microorganisms, usually embedded in a gel matrix—the biofilm—attached to the surface. The feature of MIC (microbial induced corrosion) is connected to three factors: microorganisms involved (bacteria, algae, moulds or fungi, individually or in combination), material, and environment (solution and conditions). In particular, degradation of metallic structures derives from the activity of a wide variety of microorganisms, either directly participating in electrochemical reactions on the metal surface or producing aggressive metabolites capable of making the environment corrosive. A wide range of microorganisms may be involved in corrosion processes, such as chemical attack of metals, concrete and other materials, by means of the by‐products of microbe metabolism, for example, sulfuric and carbonic acids, hydrogen sulfide or ammonia; attack of metal by a process in which the corrosion reaction is sustained by the combined action of microbes and metal or by a combination of bacteria; depassivation of metal surfaces and induction of corrosion cells; depolarization of cathodic reaction; microbial attack of organic materials (e.g., paint coatings, plastic linings), degradation of inhibitors, conversion of natural inorganic compound (e.g., sulfur). Remedial actions are similar to those taken to avoid corrosion, but must be applied much more rigorously, as once it starts, it is extremely difficult to stop MIC. Preventive actions include optimum design of the plant at the early stage and proper material selection based on expected operative and environmental conditions.
Monoclonal Antibodies, Human, Engineered
Authors: Helguera Gustavo , Daniels Tracy R. , Rodríguez José A. , Penichet Manuel L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAntibodies are unique proteins of the immune system that exhibit high affinity and specificity, which have emerged as powerful molecular tools with a broad range of applications in research, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Since the 1970s, the hybridoma technology allowed the large‐scale generation of rodent monoclonal antibodies with selectivity for a single antigen. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these antibodies was disappointing due to inefficient activation of the human effector functions, short half‐life, and elevated immunogenicity that in some cases resulted in severe allergic reactions. The recombinant DNA technology allowed the engineering of a new generation of therapeutic antibodies by replacement of the murine components of antibodies with their human counterparts. This process started with the generation of mouse/human chimeric antibodies, followed by humanized antibodies, and finally fully human antibodies, each step significantly diminishing the immunogenicity of the antibodies. Importantly, the presence of the human fragment crystallizable (Fc) region in these antibodies makes them more effective in patients. These improvements resulted in a class of drugs that exhibit high specificity and functionality with less, if any, immunogenicity and toxicity, emerging as the fastest growing class of biological therapeutics. A rapidly growing number of human‐engineered antibodies are being used as therapeutic agents alone or in combination with other therapeutic interventions for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases that include cancer, transplant rejection, allergy, and autoimmune disorders. Further, modifications in the structure of antibodies that modulate or add new biological properties are broadening the range of their clinical applications.
Mycoplasma Contamination of Cell Cultures
Authors: Uphoff Cord C. , Drexler Hans G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The contamination of cell cultures by mycoplasmas remains one of the major problems encountered in biological research and biotechnology using cultured cells. Mycoplasmas can produce extensive changes and growth arrest in cultures they infect; the possible sequelae of contamination are legion. These organisms are resistant to many of the antibiotics that are in common use in cell cultures. This problem has become more widely appreciated since the introduction of sensitive, rapid, and efficient methods for the detection of cell culture mycoplasmas. This article attempts to provide a concise review of the current knowledge on (1) the main characteristics and the taxonomy of mycoplasmas; (2) the incidence and sources of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures, the mycoplasma species most commonly detected in cell cultures, and the effects of mycoplasmas on the function and activities of infected cell cultures; (3) the various techniques available for the detection of mycoplasmas with particular emphasis on the most reliable detection methods; (4) the various methods available for the elimination of mycoplasmas highlighting antibiotic treatment; and (5) the recommended procedures and working protocols for the detection, elimination, and prevention of mycoplasma contamination. The availability of accurate, sensitive, and reliable detection methods and the application of robust and successful elimination methods provide a means for overcoming the insidious threat posed by mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures.
Off‐Line Analysis in Animal Cell Culture
Authors: Büntemeyer Heino 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe cultivation of mammalian cellsin vitrorequires special environmental conditions. Except primary cells taken directly from an organ, cultured cells usually derive from immortal or immortalized cell lines. The cells may be genetically engineered or manipulated by transfection or fusion techniques. The behavior of this new cell depends very much on the origin of the basal cell line.While some requirements are general for every cell, others can be very special for one cell line. All cells need isotonic conditions of about 300 mosmol/kg. Usually the cells need oxygen and also a carbon source (mostly glucose). As the cells cannot synthesize the essential amino acids and vitamins, they have to be supplied. Some additional components may basically not be needed for surveillance, but they can support the cells to optimize cell growth and productivity. This knowledge leads to complex media formulations that seldom contain less than 40 different components. During optimization of culture conditions and process strategies a detailed analysis of the nutrient requirements has to be performed. Many different analysis methods have to be established in a laboratory to comply with this extensive task.In this article methods for almost all media compounds are described. All methodsthat are described in detail in this article, were developed, adapted, or checked in the laboratory for suitability of analysis of cell culture media and supernatants. They should be easily transferable to similar laboratory conditions. In this article, the methods for the analysis of proteins are only very briefly described. For each protein, special conditions and methods may apply. In general, the characterization of proteins includes a variety of steps. Methods for the analysis of amino acid sequence, glycosylation, molecular weight, heterogeneity, and activity have to be employed. A description of all these procedures would be beyond the scope of this article. For this reason, protein separation methods such as electrophoresis and protein and peptide chromatography are not included here.For almost all suppliers of special equipment or chemicals cited in this article, a listing of the home pages (World Wide Web) can be found at the end of this article. All other products may be delivered by local suppliers. When a method is described in detail, an equivalent apparatus of any supplier may also be suitable.
Monooxygenases, Bacterial: Oxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Smith Thomas J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBacteria that grow using alkenes as their carbon and energy source produce monooxygenase enzymes that catalyze the initial step in alkene metabolism: oxygenation of the alkene to give an epoxide functional group. Among the best characterized groups of alkene‐oxidizing enzymes are multicomponent soluble alkene monooxygenases (AkMOs) that have a binuclear iron active site and are homologous to soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) from methane‐oxidizing bacteria. AkMOs have attracted attention because of their ability to produce valuable chiral epoxides, often with high enantiomeric excess as well as their capacity to bioremediate pollution caused by chlorinated alkenes such as trichloroethene (TCE). At least one industrial process for epoxide production has been developed using AkMO‐expressing cells as the biocatalyst. AkMOs fromRhodococcus rhodochrousB‐276,Xanthobacter autotrophicusPy2, andMycobacteriumspp. have been characterized biochemically and genetically, and systems for genetic modification and directed evolution have been developed, which open the way to use of genetic methods to manipulate the properties of these potentially very useful enzymes. Other alkene‐utilizing bacteria that elaborate the flavin active‐center styrene monooxygenase also have potential for synthesis of chiral epoxides, especially molecules with aromatic substituents. Di‐iron center monooxygenases, including membrane‐associated enzymes unrelated to the soluble di‐iron AkMOs, from bacteria that do not naturally grow on alkenes also catalyze enantioselective epoxygenation of alkenes. Future genetic improvements in the catalytic properties of stereoselective alkene‐oxidizing enzymes, together with a drive toward less polluting and more renewable technology, may lead to greater commercial exploitation of these enzymes for bioremediation and synthesis of chiral epoxides.
Plant Cell Cultures, Photosynthetic
Authors: Widholm Jack M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPhotoautotrophic (PA) tissue cultures that rely entirely upon light for energy and CO2for carbon have been initiated from a total of 29 species of higher plants. The species include C4 and Crassulacean acid metabolism species, legumes, and a number of important crop plants. However, no grasses have been grown successfully. PA culture initiation is time‐consuming and appears to be associated with long‐term adaptation physiologically and apparently genetically, since once initiated the cultures can be bleached and then rapidly become photosynthetically competent again. In addition, a series of unusual mutations have also been found in thepsbAgene leading to triazine herbicide resistance in PA cultures in contrast to those found with triazine‐resistant weeds. A large number of physiological, biochemical, and molecular biological studies have been carried out especially with theChenopodium rubrumandGlycine maxcell lines. The cultures can be grown in fermenters, hence, seem ideal for compound and macromolecule production, although the overall record of valuable secondary compound production has been disappointing. PA cultures are useful for many studies since they are axenic, grow relatively rapidly, are easy to view microscopically, can be heavily14C labeled using14CO2, are in easily changed medium for compound addition and removal and other conditions are readily altered, and the cells are easily extracted.
Pluronic Polyols—Cell Protection
Authors: Murhammer David W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPluronic polyols, especially Pluronic F‐68, are commonly added to cell culture media to protect insect and mammalian cells from the hydrodynamic stress resulting from sparging. This article describes the relevant properties of Pluronic polyols, the ability of Pluronic polyols to protect insect and mammalian cells from sparging and agitation, and the application of Pluronic polyols to cell culture.
Proteins: Thermal Unfolding
Authors: Lonescu Roxana , Shi Li 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Thermal unfolding represents an important tool to evaluate protein stability and is extensively used in the development of protein‐based products. In order to assess the protein preference to maintain its folded (active) conformation, the protein is exposed to increasing levels of denaturing stress (temperature in the case of thermal unfolding) and protein stability is determined based on the stress level required to produce a significant fraction of unfolded protein. This chapter provides a description of theory and experimental technique, as well as multiple examples of the application of protein thermal unfolding in the development of therapeutic protein products. The first part describes several experimental techniques used for data acquisition and thermodynamic models needed to perform data analysis of thermal unfolding. The following section provides a detailed description of the factors that affect the thermal stability: protein structure, presence of ligands or excipients, and solvent conditions. Finally, examples of thermal unfolding studies used to support various stages of product development are presented, including protein molecular design, manufacture and purification process development, and stable formulation selection. Thermal unfolding in combination with results provided by other techniques can also be used in high‐throughput screening for a variety of applications and for protein characterization.
PseudomonasApplications
Authors: Rehm Bernd H. A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe genusPseudomonascomprises a huge diversity of species which are adapted to very different environments. This capability to thrive in various habitats coincides with an enormous metabolic capacity of this genus which is reflected by the ability to use recalcitrant compounds as carbon source as well as to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites and biopolymers. These properties imply the production of a diversity of enzymes which have been also conceived as biocatalysts for various applications. In this review, an overview will be provided describing the current use as well as the potential use of pseudomonads and their enzymes in various biotechnological production processes. Besides the application ofPseudomonasfor the production of biocatalysts and recombinant proteins, the biosynthesis pathways of commercially relevant biopolymers/biomolecules, such as alginates, elastomeric bioplastics, and rhamnolipids, will be described. These biosynthesis pathways have been successfully subjected to metabolic engineering for the production of tailor‐made biomolecules (biomaterials). Finally, environmental applications of variousPseudomonasspecies in biodegradation of recalcitrant pollutants as well as biocontrol agents in plant growth promotion will be discussed
Rheological Behavior of Fermentation Fluids
Authors: Thomas Colin R. , Riley Grainne L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe rheology of fermentation broths is of great importance in biotechnology. The application of rheological models to such broths is described and the Power law appears to be of most practical use for non‐Newtonian broths. Rheometer types and their applications are described. The cone and plate rheometer is favored for exo‐biopolymer fermentations. For mycelial fermentations disk spindle systems are deservedly popular when consistency and ease of use are of most importance, for example in monitoring an established fermentation. Disk turbine rheometers are often used in research environments but it has been shown recently that the use of cup and bob devices may also be feasible. For mycelial fermentations some correlations between rheological and morphological parameters are presented and discussed. Morphology is usually characterized by image analysis but this could be replaced in commercial environments by light scattering measurements of particle sizes. Some effects of non‐Newtonian broth rheology on fermenter mixing performance are described, including possible cavern formation if broths have a yield stress, however small.
Sterilization and Decontamination, Bioprocess Equipment and Biological and Products
Authors: Roberts Peter L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEquipment and materials used during the manufacture of biotechnology products are commonly sterilized by heat treatment, using autoclaving or dry‐heat, for the inactivation of microorganisms. In the case of liquids, filtration is used. These procedures are standardized in order to ensure effective sterilization. Other methods that are used include fumigation with gaseous disinfectants, gamma and ultraviolet irradiation, and liquid disinfectants. Materials derived from biological sources, such as cells or growth media, are also tested for viruses. In the case of media, supplements or final products, various methods such as heat treatment, solvent/detergent, low pH or virus filters can be used to inactivate or remove viruses without affecting the material itself. Where necessary the effectiveness of such procedures can be confirmed by validation studies. In addition to conventional microorganisms, other agents such as prions/TSEs are also of concern. Regulatory and safety issues associated with sterilization also need to be taken into account.
Biotechnology in Tea Processing
Authors: Mullick Ashim 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTea is the second most consumed beverage in the world after water. In recent years, the health benefits of both green and black tea have been actively investigated. Several key bioactives such as epicatechin, epigallacatechin gallate, theaflavins, theannine, and black tea polyphenols have been identified and have been linked to unique health benefits. These health benefits imply that there is significant potential to develop functional teas that deliver efficacious levels of tea bioactives. The health benefits that are useful in the context of developing functional teas relate to (i) improvement in vascular function for epicatechin and black tea polyphenols, (ii) antiobesity or weight loss with epigallocatechin gallate as the bioactive, (iii) cholesterol‐lowering and antiinflammatory effect for theaflavins, and (iv) a calm or relaxed mental state and improved immunity due to theanine. In addition to the health benefits, the flavor of tea is an important attribute and it can be manipulated using tea aroma compounds. The requisite levels of these molecules are different from the currently existing levels. Biotechnology is the primary route to deliver efficacious levels of these bioactives in tea and also for engineering the tea flavor using tea aroma. The biotechnological approaches that are useful are (i) the engineering of the biosynthetic pathway; (ii) the enzymatic/microbial biosynthesis of the molecules of interest; and (iii) extraction of these molecules from tea, purification and subsequent incorporation into the tea product. These approaches are discussed with specific examples to establish the current status of the technology and the future applications for the development of functional teas.
Thermostable Proteins
Authors: Chan Joo Jeong , Je Yoo Young 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInstability of proteins is one of the major limiting factors in industrial applications. Enhancing protein stability is one of the hottest issues in industrial biotechnology. Thorough understanding of important factors related to protein thermostability and structural features of thermostable proteins may allow successful design of protein thermostability without deleterious effects on functionality and activity. Moreover, critical view on merits and demerits of different protein engineering methods including rational design, directed evolution, and computational protein design will give a guideline to engineer proteins for industrial applications. Practically, combination of rational design or computational protein design and directed evolution can overcome the defects of each method to design a better suited protein.
Transient Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells: Promises and Challenges for Medical Biotechnology
Authors: Hacker David L. , Baldi Lucia , Adam Myriam , Wurm Florian M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRecombinant protein‐based biologics are increasingly relevant in the pharmaceutical industry. Currently, mammalian cell‐based bioprocesses are a routine manufacturing procedure for complex proteins such as recombinant antibodies, and the number of new biologics produced by mammalian cells is progressively increasing. In addition, a growing number of proteins need to be rapidly screened to identify new candidates for clinical trials. To help fill this need, rapid mammalian‐based bioprocesses have been established with transient gene expression, the production of recombinant protein following gene delivery into cells without the establishment of a stable cell line. With current transient gene expression methods, the recombinant protein can be made available in milligram amounts within 1–2 weeks from the time the appropriate expression vector has been generated. Thus, pre‐clinical material can quickly enter the drug screening process (in vitroactivity tests and animal studies), and successful candidates can be identified within a short time‐frame. But the potential of this innovative technology is still far from being fully exploited and appreciated. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the past achievements and current status of the field of transient gene expression in mammalian cells as well as to discuss the future perspectives and challenges of this promising technology.
Designing for Disassembly (DfD)
Authors: Durmisevic Elma , Yeang Ken 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe redundancy of existing buildings that leads to demolition and the unnecessary disposal of structures and their parts is one of the most challenging aspects of the current construction industry. This large‐scale problem of obsolescence leads to the squandering of existing materials and resources on a massive scale. Here Elma Durmisevic and Ken Yeang advocate a means by which disassembly can be designed into buildings from the outset. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organotrifluorborate und einfach koordinierte Palladiumkomplexe als Katalysatoren – die perfekte Kombination für die Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Kupplung
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Canturk Belgin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEinfach koordinierte katalytische Palladiumkomplexe mit sperrigen, elektronenreichen Phosphan‐ oder N‐heterocyclischen Carbenliganden haben die Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Kupplung revolutioniert. Weitere interessante Perspektiven für diese Reaktionen ergaben sich durch die Einführung von Organotrifluorboraten als Organoborkomponenten. Die Kombination dieser beiden Neuerungen führte zu einem außerordentlich leistungsfähigen Kreuzkupplungsverfahren.
Organotrifluoroborates and Monocoordinated Palladium Complexes as Catalysts—A Perfect Combination for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Canturk Belgin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMonocoordinated palladium catalysts derived from sterically hindered, electron‐rich phosphines or N‐heterocyclic carbenes have revolutionized the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. The emergence of organotrifluoroborates has provided important new perspectives for the organoboron component of these reactions. In combination, these two components prove to be extraordinarily powerful partners for cross‐coupling reactions.
Highly efficient catalytic system for electrophilic amination of arylzinc reagents
Authors: Daşkapan Tahir , Koca Selçuk 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effect of catalyst on the yield of amine in the amination of three classes of arylzinc reagents with acetone oximeO‐tosylate was investigated. Since they allowed the preparation of arylamines in excellent yields in the presence of a minimum amount of copper (I) or copper (II) compounds, the catalytic systems using copper (I) or copper (II) combined with a P‐, N‐ or S‐donor ligand were revealed to be the best catalysts for the electrophilic amination of arylzinc reagents with acetone oximeO‐tosylate in the presence of DMPU. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.