bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stochastic control of credit default insurance for subprime residential mortgage‐backed securities
Authors: Petersen M. A. , Mulaudzi M. P. , Mukuddem‐Petersen J. , Schoeman I. M. , de Waal B. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYSubprime residential mortgage securitization and its associated risks have been a major topic of discussion since the onset of the mortgage crisis in July 2007. In this paper, we provide a stochastic dynamic model for investing bank profit under mortgage securitization. In addition, aspects of this model are illustrated by means of a numerical example. In addition, we solve a stochastic optimal credit default insurance problem that has the cash outflow rate for satisfying depositor obligations, the investment in structured mortgage products and credit default insurance as controls. As far as the latter is concerned, we compute credit default swap and accrued premiums by considering the credit rating of structured mortgage products such as residential mortgage‐backed securities and collateralized debt obligations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ocean ensemble forecasting. Part II: Mediterranean Forecast System response
Authors: Pinardi Nadia , Bonazzi Alessandro , Dobricic Srdjan , Milliff Ralph F. , Wikle Christopher K. , Berliner L. Mark 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article analyzes the ocean forecast response to surface vector wind (SVW) distributions generated by a Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) developed in Part I of this series. A new method for ocean ensemble forecasting (OEF), the so‐called BHM‐SVW‐OEF, is described. BHM‐SVW realizations are used to produce and force perturbations in the ocean state during 14 day analysis and 10 day forecast cycles of the Mediterranean Forecast System (MFS). The BHM‐SVW‐OEF ocean response spread is amplified at the mesoscales and in the pycnocline of the eddy field. The new method is compared with an ensemble response forced by European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ensemble prediction system (EEPS) surface winds, and with an ensemble forecast started from perturbed initial conditions derived from an ad hoc thermocline intensified random perturbation (TIRP) method. The EEPS‐OEF shows spread on basin scales while the TIRP‐OEF response is mesoscale‐intensified as in the BHM‐SVW‐OEF response. TIRP‐OEF perturbations fill more of the MFS domain, while the BHM‐SVW‐OEF perturbations are more location‐specific, concentrating ensemble spread at the sites where the ocean‐model response to uncertainty in the surface wind forcing is largest. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Ab initio modeling of optical spectra in pH‐sensitive diarylethenes
Authors: Maurel François , Perrier Aurélie , Jacquemin Denis 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe photochromic and acidochromic shifts undergone by recently synthesized diarylethene photochromes have been simulated using a Time‐Dependent Density Functional Theory approach relying on a range‐separated functional, namely CAM‐B3LYP. The selected approach is generally accurate for reproducing the variations of the spectral features, though acidochromic shifts are clearly more challenging than their photochromic counterparts. More importantly, an analyzis of the shapes of the relevant molecular orbitals grants insights into the electro‐cyclization of several diarylethenes, therefore partly allowing to understand the presence of experimental deadlocks. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Discretized LKF method for stability of coupled differential‐difference equations with multiple discrete and distributed delays
Authors: Li Hongfei 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYTime‐delay systems described by coupled differential‐functional equations include as special cases many types of time‐delay systems and coupled differential‐difference systems with time delays. This article discusses the discretized Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional (LKF) method for the stability problem of coupled differential‐difference equations with multiple discrete and distributed delays. Through independently dividing every delay region that the plane regions consists in two delays to discretize LKF, the exponential stability conditions for coupled systems with multiple discrete and distributed delays are established based on a linear matrix inequality (LMI). The numerical examples show that the analysis limit of delay bound in which the systems are stable may be approached by our result. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A flexible genome‐wide bootstrap method that accounts for rankingand threshold‐selection bias in GWAS interpretation and replication study design
Authors: Faye Laura L. , Sun Lei , Dimitromanolakis Apostolos , Bull Shelley B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe phenomenon known as the winner's curse is a form of selection bias that affects estimates of genetic association. In genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) the bias is exacerbated by the use of stringent selection thresholds and ranking over hundreds of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We develop an improved multi‐locus bootstrap point estimate and confidence interval, which accounts for both ranking‐ and threshold‐selection bias in the presence of genome‐wide SNP linkage disequilibrium structure. The bootstrap method easily adapts to various study designs and alternative test statistics as well as complex SNP selection criteria. The latter is demonstrated by our application to the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium findings, in which the selection criterion was the minimum of the p‐values for the additive and genotypic genetic effect models. In contrast, existing likelihood‐based bias‐reduced estimators account for the selection criterion applied to an SNP as if it were the only one tested, and so are more simple computationally, but do not address ranking across SNPs. Our simulation studies show that the bootstrap bias‐reduced estimates are usually closer to the true genetic effect than the likelihood estimates and are less variable with a narrower confidence interval. Replication study sample size requirements computed from the bootstrap bias‐reduced estimates are adequate 75–90 per cent of the time compared to 53‐60 per cent of the time for the likelihood method. The bootstrap methods are implemented in a user‐friendly package able to provide point and interval estimation for both binary and quantitative phenotypes in large‐scale GWAS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alternative methods for testing treatment effects on the basis of multiple outcomes: Simulation and case study
Authors: Yoon Frank B. , Fitzmaurice Garrett M. , Lipsitz Stuart R. , Horton Nicholas J. , Laird Nan M. , Normand Sharon‐Lise T. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn clinical trials multiple outcomes are often used to assess treatment interventions. This paper presents an evaluation of likelihood‐based methods for jointly testing treatment effects in clinical trials with multiple continuous outcomes. Specifically, we compare the power of joint tests of treatment effects obtained from joint models for the multiple outcomes with univariate tests based on modeling the outcomes separately. We also consider the power and bias of tests when data are missing, a common feature of many trials, especially in psychiatry. Our results suggest that joint tests capitalize on the correlation of multiple outcomes and are more powerful than standard univariate methods, especially when outcomes are missing completely at random. When outcomes are missing at random, test procedures based on correctly specified joint models are unbiased, while standard univariate procedures are not. Results of a simulation study are reported, and the methods are illustrated in an example from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness for schizophrenia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relation of Post‐work Ruminative Thinking with Eating Behaviour
Authors: Cropley Mark , Michalianou Georgia , Pravettoni Gabriella , Millward Lynne J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractInability to unwind about work during leisure time has been associated with a number of negative health outcomes. This study was concerned with a possible behavioural pathway between unwinding and disease and examined the relationship between work‐related rumination and food choice. Work‐related rumination is arguably a core to understanding the ‘unwinding process’, and food choice is a well‐established indicator of nutritional health. Two hundred and sixty‐eight full‐time workers from a range of white‐collar occupations completed a self‐report measure of ruminative thinking about work and an eating behaviour questionnaire. Three types of ruminative thinking were identified by factor analysis and labelled affective rumination, problem‐solving pondering and detachment. In terms of food choice, high‐relative to low‐affective ruminators reported eating more unhealthy foods, and low detachers reported eating less cooked meals and more processed foods compared to high detachers. Problem‐solving pondering was not associated with food choice, and none of the factors were associated with healthy food choice. It was concluded that failure to unwind from work is not necessarily related to unhealthy food choices. What appears to be the crucial factor is the type of perseverative thinking that people engage in post‐work. Limitations and future directions are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical Outcome for Mycotic Aortic and Iliac Anuerysm
Authors: Yu Sheng‐Yueh , Hsieh Hung‐Chang , Ko Po‐Jen , Huang Yao‐Kuang , Chu Jaw‐Ji , Lee Chun‐Hui 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe present study was designed to review surgical outcomes for mycotic aneurysm of the aortic or iliac arteries at a single center.MethodsThe study was based on retrospective chart review of patients undergoing operation for mycotic aneurysm.ResultsFrom January 1998 to December 2007, 56 patients received surgical treatment for mycotic aneurysm of the aortic or iliac arteries. Aneurysm sites included the aortic arch (n = 5), proximal thoracic aorta (n = 4), distal thoracic aorta (n = 5), paravisceral aorta (n = 5), juxtarenal aorta (n = 4), infrarenal aorta (n = 30), and iliac arteries (n = 3). Salmonella was the leading pathogen (n = 34). Nineteen patients with suprarenal lesions underwent in situ prosthetic graft replacement (n = 17), extra‐anatomic bypass (n = 1), or endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) (n = 1), and 37 patients with infrarenal lesions underwent the same procedures (n = 16, 20, and 1, respectively). Overall in‐hospital mortality was 23%. After discharge, four patients (7%) developed reinfection that led to fatal sepsis. Graft infection developed after three in situ prosthetic grafts (9%) and one extra‐anatomic bypass (5%). Patients with suprarenal aortic lesions had poorer in‐hospital (34%) and late (16%) mortality rates than those with infrarenal lesions (p = 0.025). Those with suprarenal lesions also had a lower cumulative survival rate (p = 0.016).ConclusionsThe location of mycotic aneurysm was the determinant of mortality. Mycotic aneurysm of the suprarenal aorta has poor prognosis and requires alternative surgical treatment.
Relative Adrenal Insufficiency in the Critical Care Setting: Debunking the Classic Myth
Authors: Kromah Fatuma , Tyroch Alan , McLean Susan , Hughes Harold , Flavin Nina , Lee Soyoung 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundClassic teaching states that chronic adrenal insufficiency is associated with hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, hypoglycemia, and eosinophilia. We hypothesize that these diagnostic markers do not predict relative adrenal insufficiency (RAI) in the critically ill or injured patient.MethodsChart review of surgical, trauma, and medical patients admitted over 7 years to a critical care unit was performed to evaluate cortisol levels drawn for suspicion of RAI, which was defined as a cortisol concentration <25 mcg/dl. Laboratory parameters were defined as hyponatremia <135 mmol/l, hyperkalemia >5.3 mmol/l, hypercalcemia >2.55 mmol/l (10.2 mg/dl), hypoglycemia <3.89 mmol/l (70 mg/dl), and eosinophilia >5%.ResultsA total of 212 patients had cortisol levels drawn. Fifty‐seven percent were male and their mean age was 59 years. Fifty‐three percent had RAI. Average cortisol level was 30.5 μg/dl. No significant differences were seen in mean potassium, sodium, calcium, or glucose levels between RAI and non‐RAI patients. Few patients had laboratory values consistent with RAI. In fact, many with RAI had opposite findings: 75% had hypernatremia, 90% had hypokalemia, 100% had hypocalcemia, and 97% had hyperglycemia. Eosinophilia was statistically significant (P = 0.026).ConclusionHyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia, and hypoglycemia do not predominate in RAI and laboratory values are of minimal value in predicting patients with RAI.
Pre‐attentive processing in children with early and continuously‐treated PKU. Effects of concurrent Phe level and lifetime dietary control
Authors: de Sonneville Leo M. J. , Huijbregts Stephan C. J. , Licht Robert , Sergeant Joseph A. , van Spronsen Francjan J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSixty‐four children, aged 7 to 14 years, with early‐treated PKU, were compared with control children on visual evoked potential (VEP) amplitudes and latencies and auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) amplitudes. It was further investigated whether indices of dietary control would be associated with these evoked potentials parameters. There were no significant differences between controls and children with PKU in VEP‐ and MMN‐indices. However, higher lifetime Phe levels were, in varying degree and stronger than concurrent Phe level, related to increased N75 amplitudes, suggesting abnormalities in attention, and longer P110 latencies, indicating a reduction in speed of neural processing, possibly due to deficits in myelination or reduced dopamine levels in brain and retina. Similarly, higher lifetime Phe levels and Index of Dietary Control (IDC) were associated with decreased MMN amplitudes, suggesting a reduced ability to respond to stimulus change and poorer triggering of the frontally mediated attention switch. In summary, the present study in children with PKU investigated bottom‐up information processing, i.e., triggered by external events, a fundamental prerequisite for the individual's responsiveness to the outside world. Results provide evidence that quality of dietary control may affect the optimal development of these pre‐attentive processes, and suggest the existence of windows of vulnerability to Phe exposure.
Mitochondrial DNA transcription regulation and nucleoid organization
Authors: Rebelo Adriana P. , Dillon Lloye M. , Moraes Carlos T. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMitochondrial biogenesis is a complex process depending on both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription regulation to tightly coordinate mitochondrial levels and the cell's energy demand. The energy requirements for a cell to support its metabolic function can change in response to varying physiological conditions, such as, proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, mitochondrial transcription regulation is constantly being modulated in order to establish efficient mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and proper cellular function. The aim of this article is to review the function of major protein factors that are directly involved in the process of mtDNA transcription regulation, as well as, the importance of mitochondrial nucleoid structure and its influence on mtDNA segregation and transcription regulation. Here, we discuss the current knowledge on the molecular mode of action of transcription factors comprising the mitochondrial transcriptional machinery, as well as the action of nuclear receptors on regulatory regions of the mtDNA.
Interrupting the mechanisms of brain injury in a model of maple syrup urine disease encephalopathy
Authors: Zinnanti William J. , Lazovic Jelena 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMaple syrup urine disease (MSUD) was first recognized as an inherited lethal encephalopathy beginning in the first week of life and associated with an unusual odor in the urine of affected children. It was later confirmed as a deficiency of branched‐chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), which is the second step in branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) breakdown. MSUD is characterized by BCAA and branched‐chain keto acid (BCKA) accumulation. BCAAs are essential amino acids and powerful metabolic signals with severe consequences of both deprivation and accumulation. Treatment requires life‐long dietary restriction and monitoring of BCAAs. However, despite excellent compliance, children commonly suffer metabolic decompensation during intercurrent illness resulting in life‐threatening cerebral edema and dysmyelination. The mechanisms underlying brain injury have been poorly understood. Recent studies using newly developed mouse models of both classic and intermediate MSUD have yielded insight into the consequences of rapid BCAA accumulation. Additionally, these models have been used to test preliminary treatments aimed at competing with blood‐brain barrier transport of BCAA using norleucine. Assessment of biochemical changes with and without treatment suggests different roles for BCAA and BCKA in the mechanism of brain injury.
Individual Decisions to Migrate During Civil Conflict
Authors: Bohra-Mishra Pratikshya , Massey Douglas S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe existing literature on forced migration limits our understanding of how violence affects migration to competing destinations. This article adds to the literature on forced migration by studying how armed violence during a period of civil conflict in south-central Nepal influenced the likelihood of local, internal, and international migration. We find that violence has a nonlinear effect on migration, such that low to moderate levels of violence reduce the odds of movement, but when violence reaches high levels, the odds of movement increase. We also find that the effect of violence on mobility increases as the distance of the move increases. When we consider the influence of violence on microlevel decision-making, we find that the effects of individual and household-level determinants were mostly consistent with hypotheses derived from contemporary theories of voluntary migration and that no predictor of migration influenced the decision to migrate differently in the presence of violence.
Perioperative Pharmacology: A Focus on Vancomycin
Authors: Hicks Rodney W. , Hernandez Johnanna 
Published: May 2011

AbstractGiven the increase in various drug‐resistant organisms and in patients who are allergic to penicillin, perioperative nurses are likely to encounter patients who are receiving IV vancomycin, a tricyclic glycopeptide antibiotic. In general, vancomycin is not considered a first‐line agent because of its possible adverse effects (eg, hypotension, phlebitis, nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity); therefore, it is reserved for treating serious or severe infections caused by organisms that are unresponsive to other antimicrobial agents. Vancomycin is administered intravenously over a minimum of 60 minutes to avoid infusion‐related reactions. Some considerations for nurses administering vancomycin include ensuring a patent IV line, planning for administration of the preoperative dose as much as two hours before the initial incision is made, and including information about the dose and timing of preoperative vancomycin administration in the surgical time out.
Making probability judgments of future product failures: The role of mental unpacking
Authors: Biswas Dipayan , Keller L. Robin , Burman Bidisha 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWhen consumers mentally unpack (i.e., imagine) the reasons for product failure, their probability judgments of future product failures are higher than when no mental unpacking is undertaken. However, increasing the level of mental unpacking does not lead to monotonically increasing effects on probability judgments but results in inverted U‐shaped relationships. Using a two‐factor structure, we propose that when consumers undertake mental unpacking, there will be two conflicting processes; while imagining causes for an event will lead to greater perceived probability, the greater difficulty in generating reasons for an event will lead to lower perceived probability.
A diet with 35 % of energy from protein leads to kidney damage in female Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Wakefield Andrew P. , House James D. , Ogborn Malcolm R. , Weiler Hope A. , Aukema Harold M. 
Published: May 2011

High-protein (HP) diets for weight loss remain popular despite questions surrounding overall safety. In a recent study using the pig model, we showed that long-term intakes from whole proteins at 35 % energy (en %) cause moderate renal histological damage. To examine whether this observation may be species specific or more generalisable, the effect of this diet in rats was examined. Using plant and animal whole proteins, 70-d-old female Sprague–Dawley rats were randomised to either a normal-protein (NP; 15 en %) or a HP (35 en %) diet for 4, 8, 12 and 17 months. Renal function was assessed by creatinine clearance and urinary protein levels, and pathology was assessed by examination of glomerular hypertrophy, glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Rats consuming the HP diet had 17 % higher kidney weights (P < 0·0001), three times higher proteinuria (P < 0·0001) and 27 % higher creatinine clearance (P = 0·0012) compared with those consuming the NP diet. Consistent with this, HP-fed rats had larger glomeruli (P < 0·0001) and more glomerulosclerosis (P = 0·0003) compared with NP-fed rats. The HP diet also resulted in altered levels of free monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (P < 0·0001). The histological changes are consistent with those observed in the pig model. In contrast to the pig model, the elevated proteinuria and creatinine clearance observed in the rat model are also usually observed with HP consumption in human subjects. These results indicate that the rat is a useful model for HP effects on the kidney and, along with previous results using the pig model, suggest that long-term intake of high levels of protein may be detrimental to renal health.
APPLICATION OF CONDOMS ON MALE CLIENTS BY FEMALE SEX WORKERS IN YEREVAN, ARMENIA: PREVALENCE AND CORRELATES
Authors: DARBINYAN NELLI , LANG DELIA L. , DICLEMENTE RALPH J. , JOSEPH JESSE B. , MARKOSYAN KARINE 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThis study sought to assess the prevalence of consistent condom application on male clients by female sex workers (FSWs) in Armenia and its association with demographic, psychosocial and behavioural factors. In this cross-sectional study, 120 street-based FSWs aged 20–52 completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The primary outcome measure was consistent application of condoms by FSWs on their male clients. A total of 21.7% of participants reported consistently applying condoms on clients. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that higher condom use self-efficacy (Adjusted Odds Ratio, AOR=1.1; p=0.01), lower perceived condom use barriers (AOR=0.9; p=0.04) and not using douching as a method to prevent STI/HIV (AOR=4.8; p=0.04) significantly predicted consistent condom application. Higher HIV/AIDS knowledge was a marginally significant predictor of condom application (AOR=1.3; p=0.05). Future interventions should address these modifiable factors to encourage FSWs to apply condoms on clients themselves, which may reduce condom failure and exposure to HIV transmission.