bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lidocaine hydrochloride preparations with ionic and non-ionic polymers assessed at standard and increased skin surface temperatures
Authors: Musial Witold , Kokol Vanja , Voncina Bojana 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this study, the release of lidocaine hydrochloride was assessed considering the use of both the ionic and the non-ionic polymeric carrier at temperatures of 22°C, 32°C, and 42°C; temperature of 32°C was chosen as the reference surface body temperature. The obtained release rates and respective amounts of lidocaine hydrochloride loaded both to methylcellulose beads and polyacrylic acid beads were compared with respective viscosity, pH and conductivity of the studied systems. The release of lidocaine hydrochloride from the methylcellulose system is influenced by temperature; with the increase of temperature the release rate decreases whereas the viscosity increases. In the polyacrylic acid system, release rates are lower, however, in the first stage they are slightly increasing with the increase of temperature. The final amount of released drug after 24 h increases with the temperature of the release process environment, and it is higher in case of a methylcellulose system. The maximum differences between the released amounts for methylcellulose were in the range of 15 %, whereas in case of polyacrylic acid, the difference was approximately 12 %. Thus, this research is important for patients with differentiated skin surface temperature conditions to whom a local analgesic is to be applied.
Intercalation of non-aromatic heterocyclic amines into layered zirconium glycine-N,N-dimethylphosphonate
Authors: Yang Xin , Fu Xiang-Kai , Zeng Ren-Quan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNew materials were prepared by intercalation reactions between layered zirconium glycine-N,N-dimethylphosphonate (ZGDMP) and non-aromatic heterocyclic amines: piperazine, piperidine, and morpholine. X-ray powder diffraction patterns showed that the entrance of piperazine, piperidine, and morpholine caused an interlayer expansion of 0.40 nm, 0.66 nm, and 0.67 nm, respectively. The infrared spectra were in agreement with an acid-base reaction, involving layered acid host COOH of ZGDMP and basic center atoms of guest molecules. Thermogravimetric curves revealed thermal stability of the intercalation compounds and content of the inserted amine molecules. These results indicate that non-aromatic heterocyclic amines were intercalated into the galleries of host ZGDMP.
High repetition rate, tunable, Q-switched diode pumped Tm:YLF laser
Authors: Gorajek Ł. , Jabczyński J. , Żendzian W. , Kwiatkowski J. , Jelinkova H. , Sulc J. , Nemec M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe aim of work was to characterize a simple oscillator consisted of Tm:YLF crystal end-pumped by a fiber coupled diode laser and active Q-switch with tunability option. About 7 W with near 35% slope efficiency was demonstrated in a free-running mode. The divergence angle was about 4.3 mrad and estimated parameter M2 < 1.3. Continuous tuning by means of Lyot’s filter, consisted of 2 quartz plates in the range of 1879.0–1939.4 nm with less than 1-nm linewidth, was achieved. For the best case (10-ms pump pulse duration, 42-A pump current corresponding to 266 mJ of pump energy), the Q-switched energy was 10.5 mJ with pulse duration of 22 ns corresponding to near 0.5 MW peak power. The 2.5 W of average power with 12.6-kW peak power and 2000-Hz repetition rate was demonstrated for cw pumping regime.
Multi-STFT for adaptive SCPS phase determination
Authors: Sitnik R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a fast and reliable approach for phase modulo 2π-calculation from a single fringe pattern. It calculates correct phase values even for very complex and variable shape gradients based on a locally variable fringe period determined for the entire image. In the paper, a new two-step method for wrapped phase calculation is proposed. It is performed through the use of a method based on a multiple local fast Fourier transform for estimation of a local fringes period map and a 5-point spatial carrier phase shifting (SCPS) formula for phase modulo 2π-calculation. The described approach is verified by a correct demodulation of a real fringe pattern taken by a 3D-shape measurement system.
Basic features of a charged particle dynamics in a laser beam with static axial magnetic field
Authors: Dubik A. , Małachowski M.J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the trajectory and kinetic energy of a charged particle, subjected to interaction from a laser beam containing an additionally applied external static axial magnetic field, have been analyzed. We give the rigorous analytical solutions of the dynamic equations. The obtained analytical solutions have been verified by performing calculations using the derived solutions and the well known Runge-Kutta procedure for solving original dynamic equations. Both methods gave the same results. The simulation results have been obtained and presented in graphical form using the derived solutions. Apart from the laser beam, we show the results for a maser beam. The obtained analytical solutions enabled us to perform a quantitative illustration, in a graphical form of the impact of many parameters on the shape, dimensions and the motion direction along a trajectory. The kinetic energy of electrons has also been studied and the energy oscillations in time with a period equal to the one of a particle rotation have been found. We show the appearance of, so-called, stationary trajectories (hypocycloid or epicycloid) which are the projections of the real trajectory onto the (x, y) plane. Increase in laser or maser beam intensity results in the increase in particle’s trajectory dimension which was found to be proportional to the amplitude of the electric field of the electromagnetic wave. However, external magnetic field increases the results in shrinking of the trajectories. Performed studies show that not only amplitude of the electric field but also the static axial magnetic field plays a crucial role in the acceleration process of a charged particle.At the authors of this paper best knowledge, the precise analytical solutions and theoretical analysis of the trajectories and energy gains by the charged particles accelerated in the laser beam and magnetic field are lacking in up to date publications. The authors have an intention to clarify partly some important aspects connected with this process. The presented theoretical studies apply for arbitrary charged particle and the attached figures-for electrons only.
A simple method for defect area detection using active thermography
Authors: Dudzik S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this paper a simple method for defect area detection in the subsurface layer of materials was presented. The method uses active infrared thermography. A statistical detectivity ratio was introduced for a quantitative characterization of areas containing defects. The described algorithm of defect area detection was tested for a material with a low thermal diffusivity. The results of experimental and simulation investigations are presented. It was stated that the statistical detectivity ratio can be used to detect regions of defect presence, even for the non-uniformly heated surfaces.
Fractal-like diffractive arrangement with multiple focal points
Authors: Mihailescu M. , Preda A. , Sobetkii A. , Petcu A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this paper we introduce a diffractive structure with a geometry which contains multiple Fresnel zone plates (MFZP) disposed in an arrangement based on a fractal-like rule. The corresponding diffracted intensity in planes perpendicular to the propagation axe presents two or more focal points. Their position and magnitude depend on geometrical parameters of the MFZP and on dimensions in the fractal-like arrangement. In our simulations we also analyze the influence in diffraction pattern of different non-binary phase levels in the MFZP plane. The MFZP structures with different values of geometrical and phase parameters are addressed to an optoelectronic device liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM), the experimental and simulation results are in a good agreement. The MFZP geometry with better optical parameters in diffraction pattern is then made on glass using electron beam lithography technique.
Polarization-bistable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers: application for optical bit memory
Authors: Kawaguchi H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe summarize recent results on polarization-bistable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and their application to optical buffer memory. All-optical flip-flop operation with very low switching energies and high repetition rates is achieved. An optical buffer memory consisting of a two-dimensional array of polarization-bistable VCSELs, in which the bit state of the optical signal, “0” or “1”, is stored as a lasing linear polarization state of 0 or 90°. Input data stored as the polarization states of the first VCSEL are transferred to the polarization states of the second VCSEL. In our experiments with 980 nm polarization-bistable VCSELs, 10 Gbit/s optical buffering, 2-bit optical buffering, and a shift register function have been successfully demonstrated.
Geotechnical and mineralogical properties of weak rocks from Central Greece
Authors: Ioanna Ilia , Dimitrios Rozos , Theodora Perraki , Paris Tsangaratos 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Thirty bulk samples of hard soils-soft rocks such as marls, originating from Euboea Island and Peloponnesus area, were investigated to evaluate their geotechnical behavior. Specifically, by conducting a series of physical and geotechnical tests, such as liquid limit and plastic limit tests, along with the estimation of the grain size fraction, Slake Durability and Point Load Test. Certain parameters were determined and used for empirical correlations with their mineralogical characteristics. The mineralogical composition was determined by X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric and thermal analysis, succeeded by textural analysis performed by Optical Microscope. With the help of the above mentioned tests, we interpreted the observed geotechnical behavior of the examined weak rocks by means of mineralogical composition and texture. Durability and the unconfined compressive strength was found to be influenced by high percentages in carbonate minerals. In addition, it was found that a decrease in clay content resulted in higher strength and durability values. The concluded empirical correlations verified the influence of these parameters and gave a general overview of the engineering behavior of the examined weak rocks.
Accurate hypocentre locations in the Middle-Durance Fault Zone, South-Eastern France
Authors: Imposa Sebastiano , Fourno Jean-Pierre , Raffaele Rosario , Scaltrito Antonio , Scarfi Luciano 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A one-dimensional velocity model and station corrections for the Middle-Durance fault zone (south-eastern France) were computed by inverting P-wave arrival times recorded on a local seismic network of 8 stations. A total of 93 local events with a minimum of 6 P-phases, RMS 0.4 s and a maximum gap of 220° were selected. Comparison with previous earthquake locations shows an improvement for the relocated earthquakes. Tests were carried out to verify the robustness of inversion results in order to corroborate the conclusions drawn from our findings. The obtained minimum 1-D velocity model can be used to improve routine earthquake locations and represents a further step toward more detailed seismotectonic studies in this area of south-eastern France.
Customized Aspheric Treatment Zone Ablation to Treat Irregular Corneas After Corneal Refractive Surgery
Authors: El Danasoury Alaa M. , Bains Harkaran S. 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:
To describe the retreatment of highly aberrated corneas due to previous keratorefractive surgery using topography-guided aspheric treatments.

Methods:
Eight eyes (five patients) with reduced mesopic visual quality due to previous keratomileusis, excimer laser surgery, or radial keratotomy underwent retreatment with the customized aspheric treatment zone (CATz) algorithm with the CXIII excimer laser (NIDEK Co Ltd) to correct corneal wavefront aberrations. Before CATz treatments, all patients were satisfied with their preoperative photopic vision (all 20/30 or better uncorrected) yet were dissatisfied with their vision at night. All eyes had >20 µm (range: 20 to 33 µm) of corneal irregularity before CATz retreatment. All eyes had a flap cut or flap lift procedure for CATz retreatment.

Results:
One year after treatment with CATz, no eyes lost best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA); all eyes had BSCVA of 20/30 or better. Mean modulation transfer function increased by 13% by the end of the first postoperative year. A 0.45-µm decrease was noted in coma 1 year postoperatively.

Conclusions:

The CATz algorithm is effective in the treatment of severe corneal irregularities due to previous corneal surgery. [
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:S917–S921.]
Axis Alignment and Rotational Stability After Implantation of the Toric Implantable Collamer Lens for Myopic Astigmatism
Authors: Hashem Ayman N. , El Danasoury Alaa M. , Anwar Hamed M. 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:
To assess axis alignment and stability of the Toric Implantable Collamer Lens (TICL; STAAR Surgical Co) over time.

Methods:
Thirty-five consecutive eyes of 19 patients received the TICL for treatment of myopic astigmatism. Manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) and manifest refractive cylinder were measured preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. The axis alignment of the TICL was measured using the internal OPD map obtained with the OPD-Scan II (NIDEK Co Ltd).

Results:
Mean refractive cylinder was reduced from 2.80±1.45 diopters (D) preoperatively to 0.63±0.75 D at 3 months postoperatively; MRSE was −7.61±4.02 D preoperatively and −0.14±0.38 D at 3 months. Mean absolute value of the measured axis misalignment from baseline (day 1) to 1 month was 2.90±2.11º and from 1 month to 3 months was 4.6±11.2°. Mean absolute value of the measured changes in axis misalignment from baseline to 3 months was 2.68±2.11° (after excluding one eye that required repositioning due to TICL rotation). At 3 months postoperatively, 96.8% (30/31) eyes had ⩽8° and 90.3% (28/31) had ⩽5° of axis misalignment.

Conclusions:

The TICL showed minimal axis misalignment after implantation and remained stable 3 months postoperatively. [
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:S939–S943.]
Comparison of Myopic LASIK Centered on the Coaxially Sighted Corneal Light Reflex or Line of Sight
Authors: Okamoto Shigeki , Kimura Kaku , Funakura Masakazu , Ikeda Nobuo , Hiramatsu Hiroyuki , Bains Harkaran S. 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:
To compare refractive outcomes of myopic LASIK with centration on the coaxially sighted corneal light reflex (CSCLR) to centration on the center of the pupil (line of sight [LOS]).

Methods:
The NIDEK CXIII excimer laser was used to treat 268 eyes with centration on the CSCLR (CSCLR group) and 288 eyes with centration on the LOS (LOS group). For the CSCLR group, the laser ablation was delivered 80% closer to the visual axis. One-month postoperative outcomes were compared.

Results:

Preoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) was −4.88±1.55 diopters (D) (range: −8.50 to −1.25 D) in the CSCLR group and −5.05±1.63 D (range: −9.75 to −1.50 D) in the LOS group. The postoperative MRSE was 0.17±0.39 D (range: −1.38 to −1.25 D) in the CSCLR group and 0.19±0.48 D (range: −1.63 to −1.88 D) in the LOS group. Safety (1.18) and efficacy (1.047) indices were statistically significantly higher in the CSCLR group compared to the LOS group (1.138 and 0.997, respectively) (
P
<.05). This trend was accentuated in a subgroup analysis of patients with >0.25-mm difference between the CSCLR and LOS, favoring the CSCLR group. A statistically significantly greater induction of higher order aberrations (
P
=.04) and coma (
P
=.01) was noted in the LOS group postoperatively.

Conclusions:
Myopic LASIK centered on the CSCLR was significantly safer and more effective than LASIK centered on the pupil (LOS), with significantly lower induction of coma and total higher order aberrations.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:S944–S950.]
Total, Corneal, and Internal Ocular Optical Aberrations in Patients With Keratoconus
Authors: Schlegel Zuzana , Lteif Yara , Bains Harkaran S. , Gatinel Damien 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:
To measure and compare total, corneal, and internal ocular aberrations using combined wavefront analysis and corneal topography in eyes with keratoconus and eyes with normal corneas.

Methods:
This prospective study comprised eyes of patients with keratoconus and myopic patients seeking refractive surgery. Patients diagnosed with keratoconus and with a classification of “normal” or “keratoconus” on the NIDEK Corneal Navigator corneal disease screening software were selected for inclusion in this study. The normal group comprised eyes with a “normal” classification with 99% similarity. In the normal group, only one eye per patient was randomly selected based on a randomization schedule. Corneal, internal, and total wavefront measurements were provided by the NIDEK OPD-Scan II.

Results:

One hundred eyes with keratoconus and 155 normal eyes were enrolled in the study. Statistically significant higher corneal and internal higher order aberrations were observed in the eyes with keratoconus (
P
<.05). However, an increase in ocular higher order aberrations proportional to corneal higher order aberrations was not observed in the keratoconus group.

Conclusions:

A compensatory effect of increased anterior corneal aberrations by internal aberrations in keratoconic eyes was present for some aberrations. The origin of this compensation and the optical mechanism behind it requires further study. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25: S951–S957.]
Confocal Microscopy of Corneal Stroma and Endothelium After LASIK and PRK
Authors: Amoozadeh Javad , Aliakbari Soheil , Behesht-Nejad Amir-Houshang , Seyedian Mohammad-Amin , Rezvan Bijan , Hashemi Hassan 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:
To compare with confocal microscopy the changes in stromal keratocyte density and endothelial cell count due to photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and LASIK.

Methods:

In this prospective study, 32 eyes (16 myopic patients) were examined with the NIDEK Confoscan 3 confocal microscope before and 6 months after PRK and LASIK. The preoperative mean myopia was −2.85±0.99 diopters (D) (range: −1.00 to −4.00 D) in 24 eyes that underwent PRK and −2.94±0.96 D (range: −2.00 to −4.25 D) in 8 eyes that underwent LASIK. Keratocyte density in the anterior and posterior stroma and the endothelial cell count were measured. Statistically significant changes were assessed using the
t
test.
P
<.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

Preoperative hexagonal cell percentage in the LASIK group was 52.17±11.43 and 51.33±10.98 in the PRK group. Postoperatively, the percentages were 52.96±7.55 and 53.34±10.2, respectively. Six months postoperatively, keratocyte density changed by 367.12±103.35 cells/mm
2
(34.7% reduction) in the anterior stroma (
P
<.05) and 9.25±28.28 cells/mm
2
(1.31% reduction) in the posterior stroma (
P
<.05) for the LASIK group. In the PRK group, these values were 319.71±83.45 cells/mm
2
(31.13% reduction) in the anterior stroma (
P
<.05) and 0.17±38.97 cells/mm
2
(0.02% reduction) in the posterior stroma (
P
>.05). The changes in keratocyte densities were not statistically significant between groups (
P
>.05). The mean number of keratocytes decreased by 37.2% in the retroablation zone of the LASIK group (
P
<.05). No changes were noted in endothelial cell counts.

Conclusions:

A significant decrease occurred in the number of stromal keratocytes in the anterior stroma. Despite differences in surgery, the change in keratocyte density and endothelial cell counts were similar between LASIK and PRK groups (
P
>.05). [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:S963–S967.]
A Homolog of Formyl Peptide Receptor-Like 1 (FPRL1) Inhibitor from Staphylococcus aureus (FPRL1 Inhibitory Protein) That Inhibits FPRL1 and FPR
Authors: Prat Cristina , Haas Pieter-Jan , Bestebroer Jovanka , de Haas Carla J. C. , van Strijp Jos A. G. , van Kessel Kok P. M. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The members of the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family are involved in the sensing of chemoattractant substances, including bacteria-derived N-formylated peptides and host-derived peptides and proteins. We have recently described two chemoattractant receptor inhibitors from Staphylococcus aureus. Chemotaxis inhibitory protein of S. aureus (CHIPS) blocks the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) and the receptor for complement C5a (C5aR), while FPR-like 1 (FPRL1) inhibitory protein (FLIPr) blocks the FPRL1. Here, we describe another staphylococcal chemoattractant-inhibiting protein with 73% overall homology to FLIPr and identical first 25 aa, which we termed FLIPr-like. This protein inhibits neutrophil calcium mobilization and chemotaxis induced by the FPRL1-ligand MMK-1 and FPR-ligand fMLP. While its FPRL1-inhibitory activity lies in the comparable nanomolar range of FLIPr, its antagonism of the FPR is ∼100-fold more potent than that of FLIPr and comparable to that of CHIPS. The second N-terminal phenylalanine was required for its inhibition of the FPR, but it was dispensable for the FPRL1. Furthermore, the deletion of the first seven amino acids reduced its antagonism of the FPRL1, and the exchange of the first six amino acids with that of CHIPS-conferred receptor specificity. Finally, studies with cells transfected with several chemoattractant receptors confirmed that FLIPr-like specifically binds to the FPR and FPRL1. In conclusion, the newly described excreted protein from S. aureus, FLIPr-like, is a potent inhibitor of the FPR- and FPRL1-mediated neutrophil responses and may be used to selectively modulate these chemoattractant receptors.
Nodavirus Infection of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) Induces Up-Regulation of Galectin-1 Expression with Potential Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Authors: Poisa-Beiro Laura , Dios Sonia , Ahmed Hafiz , Vasta Gerardo R. , Martínez-López Alicia , Estepa Amparo , Alonso-Gutiérrez Jorge , Figueras Antonio , Novoa Beatriz 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Sea bass nervous necrosis virus is the causative agent of viral nervous necrosis, a disease responsible of high economic losses in larval and juvenile stages of cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). To identify genes potentially involved in antiviral immune defense, gene expression profiles in response to nodavirus infection were investigated in sea bass head kidney using the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique. A total of 8.7% of the expressed sequence tags found in the SSH library showed significant similarities with immune genes, of which a prototype galectin (Sbgalectin-1), two C-type lectins (SbCLA and SbCLB) from groups II and VII, respectively, and a short pentraxin (Sbpentraxin) were selected for further characterization. Results of SSH were validated by in vivo up-regulation of expression of Sbgalectin-1, SbCLA, and SbCLB in response to nodavirus infection. To examine the potential role(s) of Sbgalectin-1 in response to nodavirus infection in further detail, the recombinant protein (rSbgalectin-1) was produced, and selected functional assays were conducted. A dose-dependent decrease of respiratory burst was observed in sea bass head kidney leukocytes after incubation with increasing concentrations of rSbgalectin-1. A decrease in IL-1β, TNF-α, and Mx expression was observed in the brain of sea bass simultaneously injected with nodavirus and rSbgalectin-1 compared with those infected with nodavirus alone. Moreover, the protein was detected in the brain from infected fish, which is the main target of the virus. These results suggest a potential anti-inflammatory, protective role of Sbgalectin-1 during viral infection.