bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xenobiotic‐Induced Inflammation: Pathogenesis and Mediators
Authors: Clements Peter J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInflammation is an extremely complex and fascinating adaptive process by which fluid, electrolytes, plasma proteins and leukocytes accumulate in the extravascular spaces, in response to a variety of noxious stimuli. These inducers of inflammation include trauma, infectious agents, neoplastic cells and xenobiotics. Such stimuli are sensed by various cellular mechanisms via complex pathways of intracellular signalling resulting in the release of inflammatory mediators. These mediators comprise a large number of molecules ranging from nitric oxide to small amines, peptides, proteins, lysosomal enzymes and lipid derivatives, which act on target effector cells such as leukocytes, endothelial cells and fibroblasts to change their phenotype and orchestrate the inflammatory process. The function of inflammation is to dilute, contain and remove the inducing stimuli in preparation for healing and regeneration. However, inflammation can persist, resulting in tissue damage and possibly functional compromise. Xenobiotics can induce inflammation by a variety of different mechanisms, many of which result in cell injury, degeneration and/or necrosis, either directly or indirectly, by parent or metabolite. This cytotoxicity may be related to pharmacology or to the generation of toxic intermediates in the affected cells. Xenobiotics may also activate inflammatory/immune cells to release inflammatory mediators in nonspecific ways, or by stimulating a specific immune response. The pattern of morphologic and functional changes induced by these mechanisms differs according to the target cell population affected and persistence of inducing stimuli. The pathogenesis of inflammation at the tissue, cellular and molecular levels is reviewed: these mechanisms also apply to inflammation induced by xenobiotics. It is important to note that superantigen‐mediated cytokine release, or immune‐mediated mechanisms of inflammation may be poorly predicted by preclinical toxicity studies. A detailed knowledge of the pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation can facilitate the design ofin vitroorin vivostudies to predict or investigate these responses when associated with xenobiotic administration.
Space Toxicology: Toxicological Risk Management of Human Health during Space Exploration
Authors: Khan‐Mayberry Noreen N. , James John T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSince the beginning of manned spaceflight, NASA has considered the overall health of astronaut crew members as vital for individual performance and wellbeing, as well as overall mission success. This was the impetus for the birth of space toxicology. Humans interacting with chemical constituents in enclosed or closed‐loop environments are intrinsic to spaceflight; therefore these chemical exposures must be controlled and maintained at a level that is not detrimental to crew health. Despite engineering efforts, hundreds of chemicals will potentially be encountered in the closed‐loop environment during spaceflight. Some chemicals that must be considered are those produced biologically by the crew members, as well as those originating from vehicular components, payload experiments and use of utility compounds. This chapter will ‘voyage’ to various facets of the discipline of space toxicology and its history, the unique astronaut population and spaceflight‐induced physiological changes, air revitalization and water recovery, risk assessment and management, sources of chemical toxins and NASA's vision for future exploration.
Long‐term Adverse Health Consequences from Exposure to Products Generated from Major Disaster Sites
Authors: Mauer Matthew P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMajor disasters have been a constant reality since ancient times, repeatedly causing disruption, illness and death. This review presents epidemiological evidence regarding long‐term health effects from a selection of major disasters, which represent some of the more thoroughly studied events in history. The World Trade Center disaster, Bhopal and Seveso chemical releases, Chernobyl nuclear accident and Mount St. Helens and Soufriere Hills volcanic eruptions are discussed in some detail. While this review provides an overview of potential long‐term health outcomes from several types of disasters, it also illustrates the gaps in knowledge that exist for some of these events. There exists a relative lack of research on long‐term health effects for many types of disasters. By illuminating these issues, this review may help to emphasize the importance of focussing efforts and available resources on the study of long‐term health effects related to future disasters.
Empirical Methods and Default Approaches in Consideration of Exposure Duration in Dose–Response Relationships
Authors: Woodall George M. , Gift Jeffrey S. , Foureman Gary L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis contribution is concerned with exploring the relationship of the duration or time and concentration components of exposure. Under many exposure scenarios, especially those characterized as acute (i.e. brief duration to high concentrations), both components are critical in eliciting the toxic response. Historical guidance on the inter‐relationship of these components has been based in large part on mathematical models and theory (e.g. the ‘Haber’C × t  =  krelationship and toxic load or TL phenomenon) and limited to lethality as the toxic response. This report features a suite of methods and approaches accommodating empirical data that characterize both lethal and nonlethal responses. Case studies are used to demonstrate the flexibility of these methods with regard to the type and amount of available data, as well as providing examples and insight into other aspects, including how variability arises, its consequences and how it may be addressed.
Toxicological Considerations in Relation to the Regulatory Safety Evaluation of Medical Devices
Authors: Kammula Raju 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMedical devices and their component materials are potential sources of toxins that may produce undesirable local and/or systemic toxic responses when used clinically. The evaluation of toxic responses of medical devices using various toxicological test methods is also called biocompatibility evaluation of medical devices. The evaluation of toxicity (biocompatibility) of medical devices has been a complex task, because the devices are made of a diverse range of materials and have various intended uses, with body contact ranging from transient skin contact to permanent implantation. The safety and effectiveness of medical devices marketed in the United States (USA) is regulated by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The medical devices marketed in the European Union (EU) are required to comply with EU Medical Devices Directive 93/42/EEC, which specifies requirements for safety assessment. There are several national and international standards that address the toxicological evaluation of medical devices. In recent years the FDA—in particular the CDRH—uses and accepts toxicological data generated using the national and international biocompatibility standards to evaluate the safety of medical devices. The EU and Japan (MHLW) also use and accept toxicological data generated using international standards. This chapter is an introduction to a relatively new and rather complicated field in toxicology—the toxicological testing of medical devices. It discusses the toxicological considerations for establishing the safety of medical devices to meet the requirements of regulatory agencies. The guidelines for testing of medical devices are discussed and a general description of the various test procedures given. Developments in the field of biocompatibility regarding international harmonization are also addressed.
Photoallergy
Authors: Dubakienė Rūta 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPhotosensitive skin reactions occur when human skin abnormally reacts to ultraviolet radiation or visible light. The forms of photosensitivity are phototoxity and photoallergy. Phototoxic disorders have a high incidence, whereas photoallergic reactions are much less frequent in the human population. Several hundred substances, chemicals or drugs may invoke phototoxic or photoallergic reactions. In order to avoid photosensitive reactions it is essential to determine the photosensitizing properties of such substances before drugs are introduced in therapy or products made available on the market. This chapter reviews the mechanisms of photosensitization, explains the most important differences between phototoxic and photoallergic reactions, summarizes the most common photosensitzers and presents the clinical features and diagnostic procedures of phototoxic and photoallergic reactions.
Effects of nutritional supplements on aggression, rule‐breaking, and psychopathology among young adult prisoners
Authors: Zaalberg Ap , Nijman Henk , Bulten Erik , Stroosma Luwe , van der Staak Cees 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjective: In an earlier study, improvement of dietary status with food supplements led to a reduction in antisocial behavior among prisoners. Based on these earlier findings, a study of the effects of food supplements on aggression, rule‐breaking, and psychopathology was conducted among young Dutch prisoners. Methods: Two hundred and twenty‐one young adult prisoners (mean age=21.0, range 18–25 years) received nutritional supplements containing vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids or placebos, over a period of 1–3 months. Results: As in the earlier (British) study, reported incidents were significantly reduced (P=.017, one‐tailed) in the active condition (n=115), as compared with placebo (n=106). Other assessments, however, revealed no significant reductions in aggressiveness or psychiatric symptoms. Conclusion: As the incidents reported concerned aggressive and rule‐breaking behavior as observed by the prison staff, the results are considered to be promising. However, as no significant improvements were found in a number of other (self‐reported) outcome measures, the results should be interpreted with caution. Aggr. Behav. 36:117–126, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brookite Formation in TiO2Ag Nanocomposites and Visible‐Light‐Induced Templated Growth of Ag Nanostructures in TiO2
Authors: Es‐Souni Mohammed , Es‐Souni Martha , Habouti Salah , Pfeiffer Nicole , Lahmar Abdelilah , Dietze Matthias , Solterbeck Claus‐Henning 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTiO2Ag‐nanocomposites exhibit various desirable properties that make them suitable for a variety of applications, for example in photocatalysis and as bactericidal coatings. In this work, a new method for processing TiO2Ag nanocomposites is presented. The nanocomposite films are fabricated from one precursor solution with high silver loading of up to 50%. The resulting films exhibit a microstructure consisting of TiO2AgxO nanocomposites with a largely XRD‐amorphous TiO2 matrix containing brookite nanocrystals. This specific microstructure absorbs in the visible range so that photoreduction of Ag ions can be accomplished by using visible light. The thin films can be patterned using simple shadow masks. The illuminated areas show a high density of self‐organized nanoparticles (SNPs) and nanorods (SNRs), which are templated by the TiO2 porous network. The particle size can be tuned by varying the irradiation time. Most of the SNPs and SNRs form faceted crystals, which are mostly a combination of {111} and {110}. The application of these films as substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering is shown. Enhancement factors as high as 4.6 × 106 could be obtained using rhodamine 6G dye molecules. More applications should involve photocatalytic water purification using visible light.
Measuring enthalpy of fast exothermal reaction with micro‐reactor‐based capillary calorimeter
Authors: Wang K. , Lu Y. C. , Shao H. W. , Luo G. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis work presents a new micro‐reactor‐based capillary calorimeter for the enthalpy measurement of fast exothermal reactions. The new calorimeter was operated in the continuous way and the reaction enthalpy can be easily measured with the online temperatures from detached sensor chips. A standard reaction system and an industrial reaction system were selected to test this new calorimeter with homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction processes. The measurement was taken place at nearly adiabatic situations and the reaction enthalpy was calculated from the rising of temperature. High accuracy and good repeatability were obtained from this new calorimeter with relative experimental errors less than 3.5% and 2.4%, respectively. The temperature response was quick in this new calorimeter too, which was benefit to the low cost of reactive component. The fast and accurate measurement was contributed to the nice mixing performance and strict plug flowing in the calorimeter. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Experimental study of the hydraulic operation of an annular centrifugal contactor with various mixing vane geometries
Authors: Wardle Kent E. , Allen Todd R. , Anderson Mark H. , Swaney Ross E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe annular centrifugal contactor is a combination mixer/centrifuge that has been developed for solvent extraction processes for recycling used nuclear reactor fuel. The experimental observations presented were part of a simulation‐focused research effort aimed at providing a more complete understanding of the fluid flow within these contactors to enable further advancements in design and operation of future units and greater confidence for use of such contactors in a variety of other solvent extraction applications. Laser doppler velocimetry (LDV), particle image velocimetry (PIV), pressure measurements, and high‐speed video imaging for a range of flow rates and rotor speeds were performed to characterize the flow of water in the annular mixing region of the contactor using three different mixing vane geometries. It was found that the geometry of the mixing vanes has a significant impact on the annular liquid height and general flow in the contactor mixing zone. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Population balance model for nucleation, growth, aggregation, and breakage of hydrate particles in turbulent flow
Authors: Balakin Boris V. , Hoffmann Alex C. , Kosinski Pawel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article describes a computational model for the size evolution of hydrate particles in a pipeline‐pump system with turbulent flow. The model is based on the population balance principle, and the simulation results were validated with data from an experimental study of a flow loop containing hydrate particles reported in the literature. It is found that the particle size is significantly influenced by aggregation and breakage, related to shear in the flow, and that these effects are comparable to those of growth and nucleation, related to diffusional processes. Two different approaches for hydrate growth and nucleation, one of continuous nucleation during the process and one of only an initial nucleation‐pulse, were used. This was done to compare the aggregation and breakage parameters which come out when fitting the models output to experiment. These two approaches are found to give rise to similar aggregation/breakage parameters, lending credence to the pbm‐based modeling. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Socially biased learning among adult cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Dillis Christopher , Humle Tatyana , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe presented adult cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) with a novel foraging task that had been used previously to examine socially biased learning of juvenile observers [Humle & Snowdon, Animal Behaviour 75:267–277, 2008]. The task could be solved in one of two ways, and thus allowed for an analysis of behavioral matching between an observer and a skilled demonstrator (trained to use one of the two methods exclusively). Because the demonstrator was an adult in both this study and the juvenile study, the influence of the observer's age could be isolated and examined, as well as the behavior of demonstrators toward observers of different ages. Our main goals were to (1) compare adults and juveniles acquiring the same task to identify how the age of the observer affects socially biased learning and (2) examine the relationship between socially biased learning and behavioral matching in adults. Although adults spent less time observing the trained demonstrators than did juveniles, the adults were more proficient at solving the task. Furthermore, even though observers did not overtly match the behavior of the demonstrator, observation remained an important factor in the success of these individuals. The findings suggested that adult observers could extract information needed to solve a novel foraging task without explicitly matching the behavior of the demonstrator. Adult observers begged much less than juveniles and demonstrators did not respond to begging from adult. Skill acquisition and the process of socially biased learning are, therefore, age‐dependent and are influenced by the behavioral interactions between observer and demonstrator. To what extent this holds true for other primates or animal species still needs to be more fully investigated and considered when designing experiments and interpreting results. Am. J. Primatol. 72:287–295, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gastrointestinal parasites of the chimpanzee population introduced onto Rubondo Island National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Petrželková Klára J. , Hasegawa Hideo , Appleton Chris C. , Huffman Michael A. , Archer Colleen E. , Moscovice Liza R. , Mapua Mwanahamissi Issa , Singh Jatinder , Kaur Taranjit 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe release of any species into a novel environment can evoke transmission of parasites that do not normally parasitize the host as well as potentially introducing new parasites into the environment. Species introductions potentially incur such risks, yet little is currently known about the parasite fauna of introduced primate species over the long term. We describe the results of long‐term monitoring of the intestinal parasite fauna of an unprovisioned, reproducing population of chimpanzees introduced 40 years earlier (1966–1969) onto Rubondo Island in Lake Victoria, Tanzania, a non‐native habitat for chimpanzees. Two parasitological surveys (March 1997–October 1998 and October 2002–December 2005) identified Entamoeba spp. including E. coli, Iodamoeba buetschlii, Troglodytella abrassarti, Chilomastix mesnili, Trichuris sp., Anatrichosoma sp., Strongyloides spp., Strongylida fam. gen. sp., Enterobius anthropopitheci, Subulura sp., Ascarididae gen. sp., and Protospirura muricola. The parasite fauna of the Rubondo chimpanzees is similar to wild chimpanzees living in their natural habitats, but Rubondo chimpanzees have a lower prevalence of strongylids (9%, 3.8%) and a higher prevalence of E. anthropopitheci (8.6%, 17.9%) than reported elsewhere. Species prevalence was similar between our two surveys, with the exception of Strongyloides spp. being higher in the first survey. None of these species are considered to pose a serious health risk to chimpanzees, but continued monitoring of the population and surveys of the parasitic fauna of the two coinhabitant primate species and other animals, natural reservoir hosts of some of the same parasites, is important to better understand the dynamics of host–parasite ecology and potential long‐term implications for chimpanzees introduced into a new habitat. Am. J. Primatol. 72:307–316, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water‐related occupations and diet in two Roman coastal communities (Italy, first to third century AD): Correlation between stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values and auricular exostosis prevalence
Authors: Crowe Fiona , Sperduti Alessandra , O'Connell Tamsin C. , Craig Oliver E. , Kirsanow Karola , Germoni Paola , Macchiarelli Roberto , Garnsey Peter , Bondioli Luca 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe reconstruction of dietary patterns in the two Roman imperial age coastal communities of Portus and Velia (I–III AD) by means of stable isotope analysis of bone remains has exposed a certain degree of heterogeneity between and within the two samples. Results do not correlate with any discernible mortuary practices at either site, which might have pointed to differential social status. The present study tests the hypothesis of a possible connection between dietary habits and occupational activities in the two communities. Among skeletal markers of occupation, external auricular exostosis (EAE) has proved to be very informative. Clinical and retrospective epidemiological surveys have revealed a strong positive correlation between EAE development and habitual exposure to cold water. In this study, we show that there is a high rate of occurrence of EAE among adult males in both skeletal samples (21.1% in Portus and 35.3% in Velia). Further, there is a statistically significant higher prevalence of EAE among those individuals at Velia with very high nitrogen isotopic values. This points to fishing (coastal, low‐water fishing) as the sea‐related occupation most responsible for the onset of the ear pathology. For Portus, where the consumption of foods from sea and river seems to be more widespread through the population, and where the scenario of seaport and fluvial activities was much more complex than in Velia, a close correlation between EAE and fish consumption by fishermen is less easy to establish. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of interactive sessions and e‐learning in teaching anatomy to first‐year optometry students
Authors: Choudhury Bipasha , Gouldsborough Ingrid , Gabriel Stefan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStudents enrolled in the Optometry program at the University of Manchester are required to take a functional anatomy course during the first year of their studies. Low mean scores in the written examination of this unit for the past two academic years energized staff to rethink the teaching format. Interactive sessions lasting 20 minutes each were introduced during the two hour lecture sessions. In these sessions students reinforced their anatomical knowledge learned in lectures, through playing games such as anatomy bingo and solving anatomical anagrams. In addition, five e‐learning modules were also introduced for students to complete in their own time. A pre‐ and postcourse questionnaire were distributed to obtain student views on their expectations of the course and interactive sessions. Comparisons were made between written examination results from 2008 to 2009 to written examination results from the previous five academic years to see if the interactive sessions and e‐learning modules had any impact on student knowledge. In addition, comparisons were made between student performances on the functional anatomy course with their performance in all of the other assessments taken by the students during their first year of study. Analysis of the questionnaires showed that student's expectations of the course were fulfilled and the interactive sessions were well received by the majority. There was a significant increase (P ≤ 0.01) in the mean examination score in 2008–2009 after introduction of the interactive sessions and e‐learning modules compared with scores in previous years. The introduction of interactive sessions has increased student enjoyment of the module and along with the e‐learning modules have had a positive impact on student examination results. Anat Sci Educ 3:39–45, 2010. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.