bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk-Neutral Models for Emission Allowance Prices and Option Valuation
Authors: Carmona René , Hinz Juri 
Published: June 2011

The existence of mandatory emission trading schemes in Europe and the United States, and the increased liquidity of trading on futures contracts on CO2 emissions allowances, led naturally to the next step in the development of these markets: These futures contracts are now used as underliers for a vibrant derivative market. In this paper, we give a rigorous analysis of a simple risk-neutral reduced-form model for allowance futures prices, demonstrate its calibration to historical data, and show how to price European call options written on these contracts. This paper was accepted by Haitao Li, guest editor, finance.
Effect of somatostatin infusion on peptide YY secretion: studies in the acute and recovery phase of anorexia nervosa and in obesity
Authors: Rigamonti Antonello E , Cella Silvano G , Bonomo Sara M , Mancia Giuseppe , Grassi Guido , Perotti Mario , Agosti Fiorenza , Sartorio Alessandro , Müller Eugenio E , Pincelli Angela I 
Published: June 2011

ObjectiveChanges in many gastrointestinal peptides, including the anorexigenic peptide YY (PYY), which is produced by L cells, occur in both anorexia nervosa (AN) and obesity (OB). High PYY levels are present in AN, whereas in morbid OB fasting and postprandial PYY secretion is blunted. Somatostatin (somatotropin release-inhibiting factor (SRIF)) reportedly inhibits plasma PYY concentrations in animals and healthy humans, but the effect of a SRIF infusion on spontaneous PYY secretion in AN and OB is unknown.MethodsA total of 18 young women, seven with acute AN (A-AN), four with AN in the recovery phase (R-AN), and seven with morbid OB, were studied. All subjects underwent an infusion of SRIF (9 μg/kg i.v./h, over 60 min), with blood samples drawn before and at different time intervals after SRIF administration. Plasma PYY levels were measured at each time point.ResultsSRIF significantly inhibited plasma PYY concentrations in R-AN and OB, without affecting PYY titers in A-AN. In OB, the inhibitory effect of SRIF also persisted at 90 min. Withdrawal of SRIF infusion in R-AN resulted in a prompt restoration of basal plasma PYY levels, whereas termination of SRIF infusion in OB was followed by a slower increase of PYY titers toward baseline levels. After infusion, PYY Δ area under the curve (ΔAUC) in R-AN was significantly higher than those in A-AN and OB patients. A significant difference in PYY ΔAUC between A-AN and OB was present.ConclusionsThese results suggest the existence of a hypo- and hyper-sensitivity of L cells to the inhibitory effect of SRIF in A-AN and OB respectively.
Fiscal Reforms in General Equilibrium: Theory and an Application to the Subsidy Debate in Iran
Authors: Gahvari Firouz , Taheripour Farzad 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This paper estimates the pattern of consumer expenditures in Iran in an attempt to measure the welfare cost of price subsidies in that country and shed light on possible fiscal reforms. We use the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (Banks et al. (1997)) as our framework for estimation. We show that the general equilibrium fiscal interaction effects play a crucial role in determining the amount the government saves by eliminating the price subsidy of a particular good. Interestingly, eliminating price subsidies on utilities saves the government little by way of revenues and is welfare reducing. Comparing the gains for non-marginal with marginal reforms a la Ahmad and Stern (1984), we also show that the two approaches may not necessarily recommend the same reform.
In Vivo Misfolding of Proinsulin Below the Threshold of Frank Diabetes
Authors: Hodish Israel , Absood Afaf , Liu Leanza , Liu Ming , Haataja Leena , Larkin Dennis , Al-Khafaji Ahmed , Zaki Anthony , Arvan Peter 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been described in pancreatic β-cells after onset of diabetes—a situation in which failing β-cells have exhausted available compensatory mechanisms. Herein we have compared two mouse models expressing equally small amounts of transgenic proinsulin in pancreatic β-cells.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In hProCpepGFP mice, human proinsulin (tagged with green fluorescent protein [GFP] within the connecting [C]-peptide) is folded in the ER, exported, converted to human insulin, and secreted. In hProC(A7)Y-CpepGFP mice, misfolding of transgenic mutant proinsulin causes its retention in the ER. Analysis of neonatal pancreas in both transgenic animals shows each β-cell stained positively for endogenous insulin and transgenic protein.

RESULTS
At this transgene expression level, most male hProC(A7)Y-CpepGFP mice do not develop frank diabetes, yet the misfolded proinsulin perturbs insulin production from endogenous proinsulin and activates ER stress response. In nondiabetic adult hProC(A7)Y-CpepGFP males, all β-cells continue to abundantly express transgene mRNA. Remarkably, however, a subset of β-cells in each islet becomes largely devoid of endogenous insulin, with some of these cells accumulating large quantities of misfolded mutant proinsulin, whereas another subset of β-cells has much less accumulated misfolded mutant proinsulin, with some of these cells containing abundant endogenous insulin.

CONCLUSIONS
The results indicate a source of pancreatic compensation before the development of diabetes caused by proinsulin misfolding with ER stress, i.e., the existence of an important subset of β-cells with relatively limited accumulation of misfolded proinsulin protein and maintenance of endogenous insulin production. Generation and maintenance of such a subset of β-cells may have implications in the avoidance of type 2 diabetes.
Reduction in Reactive Oxygen Species Production by Mitochondria From Elderly Subjects With Normal and Impaired Glucose Tolerance
Authors: Ghosh Sangeeta , Lertwattanarak Raweewan , Lefort Natalie , Molina-Carrion Marjorie , Joya-Galeana Joaquin , Bowen Benjamin P. , Garduno-Garcia Jose de Jesus , Abdul-Ghani Muhammad , Richardson Arlan , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Mandarino Lawrence , Van Remmen Holly , Musi Nicolas 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
Aging increases the risk of developing impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes. It has been proposed that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by dysfunctional mitochondria could play a role in the pathogenesis of these metabolic abnormalities. We examined whether aging per se (in subjects with normal glucose tolerance [NGT]) impairs mitochondrial function and how this relates to ROS generation, whether older subjects with IGT have a further worsening of mitochondrial function (lower ATP production and elevated ROS generation), and whether exercise reverses age-related changes in mitochondrial function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Mitochondrial ATP and ROS production were measured in muscle from younger individuals with NGT, older individuals with NGT, and older individuals with IGT. Measurements were performed before and after 16 weeks of aerobic exercise.

RESULTS
ATP synthesis was lower in older subjects with NGT and older subjects with IGT versus younger subjects. Notably, mitochondria from older subjects (with NGT and IGT) displayed reduced ROS production versus the younger group. ATP and ROS production were similar between older groups. Exercise increased ATP synthesis in the three groups. Mitochondrial ROS production also increased after training. Proteomic analysis revealed downregulation of several electron transport chain proteins with aging, and this was reversed by exercise.

CONCLUSIONS
Old mitochondria from subjects with NGT and IGT display mitochondrial dysfunction as manifested by reduced ATP production but not with respect to increased ROS production. When adjusted to age, the development of IGT in elderly individuals does not involve changes in mitochondrial ATP and ROS production. Lastly, exercise reverses the mitochondrial phenotype (proteome and function) of old mitochondria.
The Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Is a Negative Regulator of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability and Insulin Sensitivity in the Endothelium
Authors: Abbas Afroze , Imrie Helen , Viswambharan Hema , Sukumar Piruthivi , Rajwani Adil , Cubbon Richard M. , Gage Matthew , Smith Jessica , Galloway Stacey , Yuldeshava Nadira , Kahn Matthew , Xuan Shouhong , Grant Peter J. , Channon Keith M. , Beech David J. , Wheatcroft Stephen B. , Kearney Mark T. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
In mice, haploinsufficiency of the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R+/−), at a whole-body level, increases resistance to inflammation and oxidative stress, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that by forming insulin-resistant heterodimers composed of one IGF-1Rαβ and one insulin receptor (IR), IRαβ complex in endothelial cells (ECs), IGF-1R reduces free IR, which reduces EC insulin sensitivity and generation of the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory signaling radical nitric oxide (NO).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using a number of complementary gene-modified mice with reduced IGF-1R at a whole-body level and specifically in EC, and complementary studies in EC in vitro, we examined the effect of changing IGF-1R/IR stoichiometry on EC insulin sensitivity and NO bioavailability.

RESULTS
IGF-1R+/− mice had enhanced insulin-mediated glucose lowering. Aortas from these mice were hypocontractile to phenylephrine (PE) and had increased basal NO generation and augmented insulin-mediated NO release from EC. To dissect EC from whole-body effects we generated mice with EC-specific knockdown of IGF-1R. Aortas from these mice were also hypocontractile to PE and had increased basal NO generation. Whole-body and EC deletion of IGF-1R reduced hybrid receptor formation. By reducing IGF-1R in IR-haploinsufficient mice we reduced hybrid formation, restored insulin-mediated vasorelaxation in aorta, and insulin stimulated NO release in EC. Complementary studies in human umbilical vein EC in which IGF-1R was reduced using siRNA confirmed that reducing IGF-1R has favorable effects on NO bioavailability and EC insulin sensitivity.

CONCLUSIONS
These data demonstrate that IGF-1R is a critical negative regulator of insulin sensitivity and NO bioavailability in the endothelium.
Loss of Inverse Relationship Between Pulsatile Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Menge Björn A. , Grüber Lena , Jørgensen Signe M. , Deacon Carolyn F. , Schmidt Wolfgang E. , Veldhuis Johannes D. , Holst Jens J. , Meier Juris J. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
In patients with type 2 diabetes, glucagon levels are often increased. Furthermore, pulsatile secretion of insulin is disturbed in such patients. Whether pulsatile glucagon secretion is altered in type 2 diabetes is not known.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Twelve patients with type 2 diabetes and 13 nondiabetic individuals were examined in the fasting state and after mixed meal ingestion. Deconvolution analyses were performed on insulin and glucagon concentration time series sampled at 1-min intervals.

RESULTS
Both insulin and glucagon were secreted in distinct pulses, occurring at ∼5-min intervals. In patients with diabetes, postprandial insulin pulse mass was reduced by 74% (P &lt; 0.001). Glucagon concentrations were increased in the patients during fasting and after meal ingestion (P &lt; 0.05), specifically through an increased glucagon pulse mass (P &lt; 0.01). In healthy subjects, the increase in postprandial insulin levels was inversely related to respective glucagon levels (P &lt; 0.05). This relationship was absent in the fasting state and in patients with diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
Glucagon and insulin are secreted in a coordinated, pulsatile manner. A plausible model is that the postprandial increase in insulin burst mass represses the corresponding glucagon pulses. Disruption of the insulin–glucagon interaction in patients with type 2 diabetes could potentially contribute to hyperglucagonemia.
Validation of four names of <i>Castanopsis</i> (Fagaceae) from Hainan, Southern China
Authors: Zhijian Yin , Chunlei Xiang , Hua Peng 
Published: June 2011

Not availableKeywords: Castanopsis; China; Fagaceae; Hainan; Nomenclature; Validation. DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v18i1.7843Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 18(1): 77-79, 2011 (June)
Care Partnerships Between Family Physicians and Rheumatologists
Authors: LOU BENJAMIN , DE CIVITA MIRELLA , EHRMANN FELDMAN DEBBIE , BISSONAUTH ASVINA , BERNATSKY SASHA 
Published: June 2011

Objective.To describe care partnerships between family physicians and rheumatologists.Methods.A random sample (20%, n = 478) of family physicians was mailed a questionnaire, asking if there was at least 1 particular rheumatologist to whom the physician tended to refer patients. If the answer was affirmative, the physician would be considered as having a “care partnership” with that rheumatologist. The family physician then rated, on a 5-point scale, factors of importance regarding the relationship with that rheumatologist.Results.The questionnaire was completed by 84/462 (18.2%) of family physicians; 52/84 (61.9%) reported having rheumatology care partnerships according to our definition. Regarding interactions with rheumatologists, most respondents rated the following as important (score ≥ 4): adequate communication and information exchange (44/50, 88.0%); waiting time for new patients (40/50, 80.0%); clear and appropriate balance of responsibilities (39/49, 79.6%); and patient feedback and preferences (34/50, 68%). Male family physicians were more likely than females to accord high importance to personal knowledge of the rheumatologist, and to physical proximity of the rheumatologist’s practice. Regarding relationships with rheumatologists, 30/50 (60.0%) of respondents felt communication and information exchange were adequate, and 35/50 (70.0%) felt they had a clear balance of responsibilities.Conclusion.Almost two-thirds of family physicians have rheumatology care partnerships, according to our definition. In this partnership, establishing adequate communication and shorter waiting time seem of paramount importance to family physicians. A balanced sharing of responsibilities and patients’ preferences are also valued. Although many physicians reported adequate communication and clear and appropriate balance of responsibilities in their current interactions with rheumatologists, there appears to be room for improvement.
Bone Health in Adult Men and Women with a History of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: THORNTON JUDITH , PYE STEPHEN R. , O’NEILL TERENCE W. , RAWLINGS DAVID , FRANCIS ROGER M. , SYMMONS DEBORAH P.M. , ASHCROFT DARREN M. , FOSTER HELEN E. 
Published: June 2011

Objective.Our aim was to determine areal bone mineral density (BMDa) and disease-related factors linked with BMDa in adults with a history of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).Methods.Men and women with a history of JIA attending a young adult rheumatology clinic in Newcastle, UK, underwent dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the lumbar spine and total hip. Information was obtained about disease duration and subtype, previous treatment including corticosteroid and methotrexate therapy, and large-joint replacement. Subjects completed the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Blood was taken for assessment of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and rheumatoid factor (RF).Results.Seventy-one women and 16 men, mean age 28.7 and 31.4 years, and mean disease duration 20.6 and 24.0 years, respectively, were studied. Mean BMDa was 0.982 (Z-score = −0.328; 95% CI −0.657, 0.001) and 1.028 g/cm2 (Z-score = −0.251; 95% CI −1.266, 0.764) in women and men, respectively, at the spine and 0.817 (Z-score = −0.542; 95% CI −0.975, −0.109) and 0.857 g/cm2 (Z-score = −0.176; 95% CI −2.323, 1.971) at the hip. After adjusting for age and sex, increasing HAQ score was associated with both lower spine BMDa and hip BMDa. Compared with patients with oligoarticular disease, those with enthesitis-related arthritis had higher BMDa at the spine, while those with extended oligoarticular and polyarticular RF-negative disease had lower hip BMDa. Oral corticosteroids and the presence of a large-joint replacement were associated with lower BMDa at both the spine and hip.Conclusion.There was a trend toward low BMDa in women with a history of JIA. These patients may be at risk of the complications of osteoporosis including fragility fractures and should be considered for targeted preventive measures.
Effect of the Application of Trial Inclusion Criteria on the Efficacy of Adalimumab Therapy in a Rheumatoid Arthritis Cohort
Authors: VISMAN INGRID M. , BARTELDS GEERTJE M. , OUWERKERK WOUTER , RAVELLI ANITA C.J. , PEELEN LINDA M. , DIJKMANS BEN A.C. , BOERS MAARTEN , NURMOHAMED MIKE T. 
Published: June 2011

Objective.To evaluate the influence of inclusion criteria used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) trials with adalimumab on clinical outcome and response.Methods.The different inclusion criteria of published trials of adalimumab in RA were separately applied to a large prospective cohort of patients with RA treated with adalimumab (AdRA cohort), thereby mimicking patient selection for a clinical trial. Clinical response and outcome in the resulting 11 projection groups were compared using the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) and time-averaged DAS28 as outcome measures of efficacy.Results.Thirteen trials (n = 54–799) with 11 different sets of entry criteria were identified, resulting in 11 projection groups (n = 22–168). The DAS28 at baseline was similar in the original trial and each projection group based on this trial (5.1–6.4, total AdRA cohort 5.1). After 28 weeks, the efficacy varied substantially among the 11 projected groups (change from baseline DAS28: −1.65 to −2.65, time-averaged DAS28 3.67–4.53). Expressed as outcome (DAS28 at 28 weeks), the efficacy was much more similar for almost all projection groups (3.5–4.0) and thus appeared to be mostly independent of disease activity at baseline.Conclusion.We observed that different inclusion criteria for clinical trials can have a marked effect on the expected response, i.e., improvement from baseline. A novel finding is that final disease activity appeared much less dependent on initial disease activity. Our study suggests that for daily practice, one can assume that adalimumab treatment will on average result in a DAS28 between 3.5 and 4.0 after 28 weeks of treatment, regardless of baseline disease activity.
Safety and Efficacy of Rituximab in Severe Juvenile Dermatomyositis: Results from 9 Patients from the French Autoimmunity and Rituximab Registry
Authors: BADER-MEUNIER BRIGITTE , DECALUWE HÉLÈNE , BARNERIAS CHRISTINE , GHERARDI ROMAIN , QUARTIER PIERRE , FAYE ALBERT , GUIGONIS VINCENT , PAGNIER ANNE , BROCHARD KARINE , SIBILIA JEAN , GOTTENBERG JACQUES-ERIC , BODEMER CHRISTINE 
Published: June 2011

Objective.To evaluate the safety and efficacy of rituximab (RTX) in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) in off-trial patients.Methods.We conducted a multicenter prospective study of patients with JDM included in the French Autoimmunity and Rituximab (AIR) registry.Results.Nine patients with severe JDM were studied. The main indication for RTX treatment was severe and/or refractory muscle involvement (7 patients), severe calcinosis (1 patient), or severe chronic abdominal pain associated with abdominal lipomatosis (1 patient). RTX was associated with corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, and plasma exchange therapy in 9/9, 5/9, and 2/9 patients, respectively. Mild infections of the calcinosis sites occurred in 2 patients and an infusion-related event in 1. Complete clinical response was achieved in 3/6 patients treated with RTX for muscle involvement. In these responders steroid therapy was stopped or tapered to < 15% of the baseline dosage, with no relapse, with a followup ranging from 1.3 to 3 years. Calcinosis did not improve in the 6 affected patients.Conclusion.This small series suggests that rituximab may be effective for treating muscle and skin involvement in a small subset of children with severe JDM, and that its safety profile was satisfactory. Further studies are needed to identify predictive factors of response to RTX in patients with severe JDM.
Opposition de gauche et opposition islamiste en Egypte : concepts et pratiques révolutionnaires partagés
Authors: Régnault Amélie 
Published: June 2011

La révolte égyptienne de janvier-février 2011 a été impulsée puis menée par une coalition hétéroclite de forces sociales et politiques. Un tel rassemblement est l’aboutissement d’un processus nourri depuis les années 1970 : la constitution et le renforcement d’une opposition égyptienne, dont le spectre s’étend de la gauche « progressiste » aux Frères musulmans et qui partage des mots d’ordre largement empruntés à l’arsenal conceptuel socialiste. D’abord brandis par le régime nassérien afin de légitimer le pouvoir, les concepts anti-impérialistes sont peu à peu réappropriés par une partie de l’opposition, qui les intègre à un discours aussi bien « progressiste » qu’islamiste. Malgré son caractère hétérogène, cette dernière adopte la stratégie du rassemblement à plusieurs reprises, entre les années 1970 et 2011, pour former un front uni contre le régime. Communistes et islamistes, privés de statut légal, rivalisent pour le contrôle des espaces de mobilisation, comme les universités. Pourtant, seuls les seconds parviennent réellement à impulser ou récupérer une dynamique d’opposition soutenue par la population.
Confisquer pour redistribuer : la circulation de la grâce royale d'après l'exemple de la forfaiture de Pierre Remi (1328)
Authors: Canteaut Olivier 
Published: June 2011

Résumé À l’avènement de Philippe VI, Pierre Remi, trésorier et homme de confiance de Charles IV, subit le sort de nombre de favoris royaux : tombé en disgrâce et condamné à mort suite à un procès d’exception, il fut exécuté le 25 avril 1328. Philippe VI fit ainsi du favori de son prédécesseur un bouc émissaire ; par le sacrifice de celui-ci, le nouveau souverain travailla à créer un temps d’unanimité politique destiné à régénérer la monarchie. Le souverain tira aussi un profit matériel de cette exécution, puisqu’il mit la main sur l’immense fortune que Pierre Remi avait accumulée du temps de sa splendeur. Pourtant, il s’employa aussitôt à dilapider les biens ainsi acquis et, au terme de 41 actes répartis sur huit années, il n’en conserva presque rien. Trois groupes bénéficièrent de cette redistribution : des créanciers de la monarchie, ainsi payés d’une partie de leur dû ; des conseillers et des barons du roi, récompensés par des dons de leur soutien au nouveau roi ; et des serviteurs plus modestes, souvent issus de l’hôtel royal, eux aussi remerciés par des libéralités. Que la redistribution des biens de Pierre Remi répondît à des nécessités financières et politiques ou qu’elle pût apparaître comme une dilapidation gratuite et inutile, elle permit au roi de tenir son rôle de patron auprès de ses serviteurs. Elle attesta même, à travers tout le royaume, la capacité à donner du nouveau souverain, capacité essentielle pour régner dans la mesure où le don, avec la grâce judiciaire, constitue l’un des deux fondements du gouvernement royal par la grâce. Dons et confiscations constituent deux modalités complémentaires de circulation des biens et le développement de la théorie de l’inaliénabilité du domaine royal les rend indissociables. Les favoris déchus, comme Pierre Remi, l’attestent : accumulant les dons émanant du roi, voire les monopolisant, ils s’en voient à leur chute dépossédés au profit de nouveaux bénéficiaires des largesses royales. Le souverain, tout en étant le maître de cette circulation des biens, n’en tire pas de profit matériel. Mais il y régénère régulièrement son pouvoir.