bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of surgical approaches on the lumbar multifidus muscle: an experimental study using sheep as models
Authors: Liu Xinyu , Wang Yanguo , Wu Xiaojuan , Zheng Yanping , Jia Long , Li Junyan , Zhang Kai , Li Jianmin , Wei Bin 
Published: May 2010

Object
In this paper, the authors assessed the effects of different surgical approaches and reconstructive methods on the spinous process after lumbar surgery in sheep.

Methods
A total of 41 healthy, adult sheep weighing 38–40 kg were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 animals per group and 1 control). Animals in Group A underwent a spinous process–splitting procedure to expose the lamina. Animals in Group B had bilateral multifidus muscles stripped and the spinous process excised. All animals in Group C underwent unilateral stripping of the multifidus muscle from the spinous process (Group C1) as well as spinous process splitting at the bottom to expose the contralateral lamina attached to the multifidus muscle (Group C2). To mimic the laminoplasty procedure, the multifidus muscles were stripped bilaterally in Group D. For all groups, the surgical level (L-6), length of incision (4 cm), the retracting distance, and time (40 minutes) remained constant. Ten months after surgery, the atrophy rate of the cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of the multifidus muscle, MR imaging findings, and histological changes of the muscle tissue were evaluated. Normal multifidus muscles taken from a healthy sheep at the L-6 level and the preoperative data of MR imaging in experimental animals provided control data (Group E).

Results
The MR imaging and histological scores of multifidus muscles from sheep in Groups A, B, C1, C2, and D were significantly decreased, and the atrophy rates were significantly higher than those from sheep in Group E (p < 0.05). The postoperative MR imaging and histological scores obtained in Groups A and C2 were highest and the atrophy rates were lowest, while animals from Group B had the highest atrophy rate and lowest MR imaging and histological scores among all experimental groups (p < 0.05). The scores for animals in Groups A and C2, in which the muscles were not stripped from the spinous process, achieved lower atrophy rates and higher MR imaging and histological scores than those for sheep in Groups C1 and D, in which the muscles were stripped (p < 0.05). The groups in which the spinous process was reconstructed after detachment of the muscles (Groups C1 and D) had lower atrophy rates and higher MR imaging and histological scores than Group B (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
The multifidus muscle can be effectively protected by reducing the extent of muscle detachment and reconstructing the posterior bone-ligament complex. A spinous process–splitting procedure is a useful method to reduce postoperative muscle atrophy.
Enhanced‐Light‐Harvesting Amphiphilic Ruthenium Dye for Efficient Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Mingkui , Moon Soo‐Jin , Zhou Difei , Le Formal Florian , Cevey‐Ha Ngoc‐Lê , Humphry‐Baker Robin , Grätzel Carole , Wang Peng , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA ruthenium sensitizer (coded C101, NaRu (4,4′‐bis(5‐hexylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (4‐carboxylic acid‐4′‐caboxylate‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (NCS)2) containing a hexylthiophene‐conjugated bipyridyl group as an ancillary ligand is presented for use in solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (SSDSCs). The high molar‐extinction coefficient of this dye is advantageous compared to the widely used Z907 dye, (NaRu (4‐carboxylic acid‐4′‐carboxylate) (4,4′‐dinonyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (NCS)2). In combination with an organic hole‐transporting material (spiro‐MeOTAD, 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis‐(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine) 9, 9′‐spirobifluorene), the C101 sensitizer exhibits an excellent power‐conversion efficiency of 4.5% under AM 1.5 solar (100 mW cm−2) irradiation in a SSDSC. From electronic‐absorption, transient‐photovoltage‐decay, and impedance measurements it is inferred that extending the π‐conjugation of spectator ligands induces an enhanced light harvesting and retards the charge recombination, thus favoring the photovoltaic performance of a SSDSC.
Restoration of Conductivity with TTF‐TCNQ Charge‐Transfer Salts
Authors: Odom Susan A. , Caruso Mary M. , Finke Aaron D. , Prokup Alex M. , Ritchey Joshua A. , Leonard John H. , White Scott R. , Sottos Nancy R. , Moore Jeffrey S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe formation of the conductive TTF‐TCNQ (tetrathiafulvalene–tetracyanoquinodimethane) charge‐transfer salt via rupture of microencapsulated solutions of its individual components is reported. Solutions of TTF and TCNQ in various solvents are separately incorporated into poly(urea‐formaldehyde) core–shell microcapsules. Rupture of a mixture of TTF‐containing microcapsules and TCNQ‐containing microcapsules results in the formation of the crystalline salt, as verified by FTIR spectroscopy and powder X‐ray diffraction. Preliminary measurements demonstrate the partial restoration of conductivity of severed gold electrodes in the presence of TTF‐TCNQ derived in situ. This is the first microcapsule system for the restoration of conductivity in mechanically damaged electronic devices in which the repairing agent is not conductive until its release.
Electrochemical preparation and properties of polypyrrole and its blend with poly(vinyl sulfonate) doped with perchlorate anions
Authors: Emamgholizadeh Abbas , Khoshroo Maryam , Omrani Abdollah , Rostami Abbas A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this article, we report polypyrrole (PPy)/poly(vinyl sulfonate) (PVS) and PPy/perchlorate (ClO) composite films generated by the electrochemical oxidation of pyrrole on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) in an aqueous solution. The response of the produced films to an applied potential at 0.7 V was obtained by a cyclic voltammetry study in acetonitrile media. The films were significantly similar in their electrochemical behavior when ClO ions doped during the redox process. We concluded that with an increasing number of cycles, the anodic current increased because the number of the electroactive participants transported in the copolymer matrix was increased. Theoretical studies based on the Nernst and Butler–Volmer equations indicated that the ClO ion was transported during the oxidation/reduction process of the PPY/PVS and PPY/ClO films. The produced films were characterized further by means of IR spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to verify that the anion of ClO was doped into the copolymer matrix as well. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of thermal imidization on mechanical properties of poly(amide‐co‐imide)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films
Authors: Lee Seung Hwan , Choi Sheong Hyun , Kim Seong Yun , Youn Jae Ryoun 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this study, experimental and numerical studies were performed to investigate the relationship among the functionalization method, weight fraction of MWCNTs, thermal imidization cycle, and mechanical properties of various PAI/MWCNT composite films. Poly(amide‐co‐imide)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films were prepared by solution mixing and film casting. The effects of chemical functionalization and weight fraction of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on thermal imidization and mechanical properties were investigated through experimental and numerical studies. The time needed to achieve sufficient thermal imidization was reduced with increasing multiwalled carbon nanotube content when compared with that of a pure poly(amide‐co‐imide) film because multiwalled carbon nanotubes have a higher thermal conductivity than pure poly(amide‐co‐imide) resin. Mechanical properties of pure poly(amide‐co‐imide) and poly(amide‐co‐imide)/multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films were increased with increasing imidization time and were improved significantly in the case of the composite film filled with hydrogen peroxide treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Both the tensile strength and strain to failure of the multiwalled carbon nanotube filled poly(amide‐co‐imide) film were increased substantially because multiwalled carbon nanotube dispersion was improved and covalent bonding was formed between multiwalled carbon nanotubes and poly(amide‐co‐imide) molecules. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of grafting on structural and optical properties of nylon‐6 fibers
Authors: Seisa E. A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis study throws light on the change of the optical properties and some structural properties due to graft copolymerization of polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (PDADMAC) and polyacrylamide (PAA) of nylon‐6 fibers. Multiple‐beam interferometric technique in transmission was used to study the change of the diameter, refractive indices, and birefringence of nylon‐6 fibers at different graft yields. The results were utilized to investigate the isotropic refractive index, the mean polarizabilities per unit volume, dielectric constant, dielectric susceptibility, and surface reflectivity for nylon‐6 and grafted nylon‐6 fiber. The effect of grafted PAA onto modified nylon‐6 fibers containing PDADMAC on the crystallinity was studied by X‐ray diffraction. These results reflect good effect of grafting on the optical and structural properties of nylon‐6 fibers. The opto‐thermal properties of grafted PAA with different graft yields have been studied. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
New smart carrageenan‐based superabsorbent hydrogel hybrid: Investigation of swelling rate and environmental responsiveness
Authors: Salimi Hamid , Pourjavadi Ali , Seidi Farzad , Jahromi Payam Eftekhar , Soleyman Rouhollah 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSynthesis of novel natural‐based superabsorbents with improved properties is of prime importance in many applications. In this article we report an efficient synthesis of new polysaccharide‐based superabsorbent hybrid composing carrageenan, acrylic acid, sodium acrylate, and 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate through homogenous solution polymerization process. Infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were carried out to confirm the chemical structure of the hydrogel. Moreover, morphology of the samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). To deeper studies on the structure‐property relation in SAP hydrogels, three hydrogels with different acrylic acid/2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (AA/HEA) weight ratios were synthesized and swelling capacity in various media was assessed. The hydrogel hybrid was also tested to be swollen and deswollen alternatively in 0.01 and 0.1 M sodium chloride solution. Moreover, the swelling‐deswelling capability of the hydrogel in alternatively changed methanol‐water mixtures was studied. Additionally, the swelling kinetics of the synthesized hydrogels were examined. The absorbency under load (AUL) of hydrogel was also investigated by using an AUL tester at various applied pressures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of acrylamide copolymerization of urea–formaldehyde resin adhesives to their chemical structure and performance
Authors: Abdullah Zaimatul Aqmar , Park Byung‐Dae 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTo lower the formaldehyde emission of wood‐based composite panels bonded with urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin adhesive, this study investigated the influence of acrylamide copolymerization of UF resin adhesives to their chemical structure and performance such as formaldehyde emission, adhesion strength, and mechanical properties of plywood. The acrylamide‐copolymerized UF resin adhesives dramatically reduced the formaldehyde emission of plywood. The 13C‐NMR spectra indicated that the acrylamide has been copolymerized by reacting with either methylene glycol remained or methylol group of UF resin, which subsequently contributed in lowering the formaldehyde emission. In addition, an optimum level for the acrylamide for the copolymerization of UF resin adhesives was determined as 1%, when the formaldehyde emission and adhesion strength of plywood were taken into consideration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Phosphine Ligands in the Palladium‐Catalysed Methoxycarbonylation of Ethene: Insights into the Catalytic Cycle through an HP NMR Spectroscopic Study
Authors: de la Fuente Verónica , Waugh Mark , Eastham Graham R. , Iggo Jonathan A. , Castillón Sergio , Claver Carmen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNovel cis‐1,2‐bis(di‐tert‐butyl‐phosphinomethyl) carbocyclic ligands 6–9 have been prepared and the corresponding palladium complexes [Pd(O3SCH3)(L‐L)][O3SCH3] (L‐L=diphosphine) 32–35 synthesised and characterised by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction. These diphosphine ligands give very active catalysts for the palladium‐catalysed methoxycarbonylation of ethene. The activity varies with the size of the carbocyclic backbone, ligands 7 and 9, containing four‐ and six‐membered ring backbones giving more active systems. The acid used as co‐catalyst has a strong influence on the activity, with excess trifluoroacetic acid affording the highest conversion, whereas excess methyl sulfonic acid inhibits the catalytic system. An in operando NMR spectroscopic mechanistic study has established the catalytic cycle and resting state of the catalyst under operating reaction conditions. Although the catalysis follows the hydride pathway, the resting state is shown to be the hydride precursor complex [Pd(O3SCH3)(L‐L)][O3SCH3], which demonstrates that an isolable/detectable hydride complex is not a prerequisite for this mechanism.
Characterization of CD4+ T cells specific for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) and proinsulin in a patient with stiff‐person syndrome but without type 1 diabetes
Authors: Hänninen Arno , Soilu‐Hänninen Merja , Hampe Christiane S. , Deptula Angie , Geubtner Kelly , Ilonen Jorma , Knip Mikael , Reijonen Helena 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackgroundGlutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a rate‐limiting enzyme in the synthesis of gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA) and an important autoantigen both in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and stiff‐person syndrome (SPS). Autoantibodies (GADA) to the 65‐kDa isoform of GAD are a characteristic feature in both diseases. Approximately 30% of patients with SPS develop diabetes, yet, it is unclear to which extent co‐existing autoimmunity to GAD65 and other islet autoantigens determines the risk of developing T1D.MethodsIn this study, we monitored CD4+ T‐cell responses to GAD65 and proinsulin in a patient with SPS who remained normoglycaemic during the 46‐month follow‐up.ResultsFluctuating but persistent T‐cell reactivity to GAD65 was identified, as well as T‐cell reactivity to proinsulin at one time point. The majority of the T‐cell clones isolated from the patient with SPS produced high levels of Th2 cytokines (IL‐13, IL‐5 and IL‐4). We also examined levels of GADA, insulin and IA‐2 autoantibodies, and epitope specificity of GADA. In both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), GADA levels were high, and GADA persisted throughout the follow‐up. Despite T‐cell reactivity to both GAD65 and proinsulin, autoantibodies to other islet autoantigens did not develop.ConclusionsFurther follow‐up will determine whether the beta‐cell autoimmunity observed in this patient will eventually lead to T1D. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brasilamides A–D: Sesquiterpenoids from the Plant Endophytic Fungus Paraconiothyrium brasiliense
Authors: Liu Ling , Gao Hao , Chen Xulin , Cai Xiaoyue , Yang Leilei , Guo Liangdong , Yao Xinsheng , Che Yongsheng 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNew tricyclic sesquiterpenoids brasilamides A–D (1–4) and the known pinthunamide (5) have been isolated from cultures of the plant endophytic fungus Paraconiothyrium brasiliense Verkley. Their structures were elucidated primarily by NMR spectroscopy, and the structure of 1 was further confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The absolute configuration of the C‐5 tertiary alcohol in 2 was assigned by analogy to 1 and confirmed by observing the circular dichroism of in situ generated [Rh2(OCOCF3)4] complex. Compounds 2–4 showed modest inhibitory effects on HIV‐1 replication in C8166 cells. Compounds 1 and 2 possess an unprecedented4‐oxatricyclo‐[3.3.1.02,7]nonane skeleton.
When co‐payments for physician visits can affect supply as well as demand: findings from a natural experiment in Israel's national health insurance system
Authors: Rosen Bruce , Brammli‐Greenberg Shuli , Gross Revital , Feldman Roger 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn 1998, Israel's national health insurance system introduced a modest co‐payment for visits to specialist physicians. This study takes advantage of a natural experiment in which 15% of the population—the poor and disabled—was exempted from these co‐payments. It used the micro‐level panel data of three large health plans on the physician visits of 50 000 members per plan in 1997–2001. The data indicate that, following introduction of the co‐payment, specialist visits increased among non‐exempt members, relative to exempt members, of two health plans that together account for two‐thirds of the population. This paper illustrates how, unlike the Health Insurance Experiment and other US studies of cost sharing, the structure of the co‐payment in Israel may have inadvertently limited the incentive to decrease consumer demand and may have created an incentive for the health plans to increase visit rates, especially among the non‐exempt members. Other countries that have implemented co‐payment systems with exemptions may benefit from the Israeli experience in designing and evaluating their systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quinolone analogues 10: Synthesis of antimalarial quinolones having pyridyl moiety in N1‐side chain
Authors: Kurasawa Yoshihisa , Yoshida Kiminari , Yamazaki Naoki , Kaji Eisuke , Sasaki Kenji , Hiwasa Yoshiko , Tsukamoto Akiko , Ito Hideyuki 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
magnified image Novel 4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylates 6,7 and 4‐quinolone‐3‐carboxylic acids 8a, 8b, 9a, 9b, 9c, 10a, 10b, 11a, 11b, 11c were synthesized from 4‐hydroxyquinoline‐3‐carboxylates. Ethyl 1‐[1‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐(4‐pyridyl)vinyl]‐6‐fluoro‐4‐oxoquinoline‐3‐carboxylate 7a was found to show antimalarial activity from the screening data. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
The facile syntheses of 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐1,5‐benzodiazepines and their ribofuranosides
Authors: Jain Renuka , Yadav Tripti , Kumar Manoj , Yadav Ashok K. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
magnified image The facile syntheses of 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzodiazepines containing heterocyclic moieties and their ribofuranosides have been accomplished in ionic liquids at ambient temperature. The characterization of all these compounds has been done unambiguously by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, GC‐MS spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Efficient synthesis of 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles using hydrogen bond donor (thio)urea derivatives as organocatalysts
Authors: Rostamizadeh Shahnaz , Aryan Reza , Reza Ghaieni Hamid , Mohammad Amani Ali 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
magnified image A simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles has been achieved using thiourea as organocatalyst. In this study, the steric and electronic effects using structurally different derivatives of urea and thiourea in different solvents were evaluated. The best yields and the rate of the reactions were obtained using 30 mol % of thiourea as catalyst in acetonitrile at room temperature. The molecular structures of the products were established by 1H and 13C NMR spectral data. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
SH3BP2 mutations potentiate osteoclastogenesis via PLCγ
Authors: Lietman Steven A. , Yin Lihong , Levine Michael A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTo determine the mechanism for the increased osteoclastogenesis in the jaw of cherubism patients with SH3BP2 mutations we evaluated the effect of mutant compared to wild‐type SH3BP2 on activation of osteoclast signaling pathways. Indeed mutant forms of SH3BP2 do induce greater osteoclastogenesis. Heterozygous activating mutations in exon 9 of SH3BP2 have been found in most patients with cherubism, an unusual genetic syndrome characterized by excessive remodeling of the mandible and maxilla due to spontaneous and excessive osteoclastic bone resorption. Here we have investigated the functional consequences of SH3BP2 mutations on sRANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 pre‐osteoclast cells. sRANKL‐stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were transfected with wild‐type or mutant SH3BP2 plasmids. NFAT‐luciferase and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), a marker of osteoclastic differentiation, levels were evaluated. Western immunoblots were also performed to determine phosphorylation of key proteins involved in the PI‐PLC pathway leading to NFATc1 translocation. Our results indicate that forced expression of mutant forms of SH3BP2, found in cherubism patients, in RAW 264.7 cells induce greater NFAT activity and greater expression of TRAP than forced expression of wild‐type SH3BP2. These findings indicate that missense SH3BP2 mutations cause a gain of protein function. Moreover, over expression of SH3BP2 in RAW 264.7 cells potentiates sRANKL‐stimulated phosphorylation of PLCγ1 and PLCγ2. Our studies demonstrate that cherubism is due to gain‐of‐function mutations in SH3BP2 that stimulate RANKL‐induced activation of PLCγ. The consequent activation of calcineurin and NFAT proteins induces the excessive osteoclastic phenotype of cherubism. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1425–1430, 2010
Kristalle mit integriertem Lösungsmittel
Authors: Ulrich Joachim , Jones Matthew J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPharmazeutika, Feinchemikalien und Lebensmittel fallen bei ihrer Produktion vielfach als kristalline Feststoffe an oder durchlaufen zumindest während ihrer Herstellung einmal die feste Phase. Entscheidend für Handhabung und Produkteigenschaften ist die Antwort auf die Frage, welcher Stoff unter welchen Bedingungen wie kristallisiert. Ein genauer Blick auf die Kristallstrukturen hilft, die Vorgänge besser zu verstehen.
Neue Herausforderungen in der alten Welt
Authors: Hackenberger Christian , Seeberger Peter H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWie sollen Europa und Deutschland in den Wettbewerb um die besten Köpfe eintreten? Die Karriere von der Stange gibt es nicht, wohl aber Grundmuster, die junge Wissenschaftler bei der Entscheidung für oder gegen einen Forschungsstandort leiten können ‐ persönliche Betrachtungen eines Rückkehrers, der für seine Forschung in Europa mehr Zeit als in den USA findet.
Metallomics und Phosphoproteomics an 2D‐Gelen
Authors: Pickhardt Carola , Zoriy Myroslav , Becker J. Sabine , Becker J. Susanne , Przybylski Michael 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDie Kombination zweier massenspektrometrischer Verfahren, LA‐ICP‐MS und Maldi‐FT‐ICR‐MS, ermöglicht die quantitative Elementanalyse von Proteinen.
YoungChem 2004
Authors: Lewandowski Bartosz 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMitte Oktober 2004 fand in Jurata, Polen, zum zweiten Mal das Symposium „YoungChem”︁ für junge Chemikern aus Europa statt. Wie im Vorjahr hatte die Interessensgemeinschaft „Flogiston”︁ von Studenten der chemischen Fakultät der Technischen Universität Warschau organisiert; Schirmherr war Wladyslaw Wieczorek, Dekan der chemischen Fakultät. Über 100 Teilnehmer aus 15 europäischen Ländern ‐ Studenten, Doktoranden und Professoren sowie Firmenvertreter ‐ hatten den Weg auf die Hel‐Halbinsel zum Informationsaustausch gefunden. Viele der Teilnehmer präsentierten ihre Forschungsergebnisse zum ersten Mal vor internationalem Publikum.
Messunsicherheit und Kontrolle von Grenzwerten
Authors: Gluschke Michael , Lepom Peter , Braun Konstantin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEs ist eine Aufgabe der Umweltanalytik, zu überprüfen, ob Grenzwerte eingehalten oder überschritten werden. Was ist aber, wenn die Messunsicherheit, mit der alle Analysenergebnisse behaftet sind, eine eindeutige Aussage nicht zulässt? Damit hat sich die GDCh‐Diskussionsgruppe „Analytik im Umweltschutz”︁ (DAU) auseinander gesetzt.