bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY OF INDIVIDUAL ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL CELLS
Authors: Leleux P. , Robyn C. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Immunohistochemistry is the intracellular detection of antigens by the use of specific antibodies labelled with a tracer. The choice of the tracer is such that the sites of the antigen-antibody reactions can be visualized by microscopic examination. The present report refers to the human pituitary where most of the immunohistochemical identifications of adenohypophysial cells were conducted with antibodies specific of their hormonal content and labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate as tracer. Such immunohistochemical identifications had to be correlated to the morphological nomenclatures of the glandular cells based on histochemical stainings. Confusion has been introduced in these nomenclatures by the definition of three to eight cell types using different criteria and different terminologies. In the present report, owing to this absence of standardization, the comparative evaluation of immunohistochemical data have been based on Romeis (1940) and Pearse & van Noorden (1963) nomenclatures.
There is strong experimental evidence supporting the localization of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in the basophils of Romeis β type (R-mucoids of Pearse). Somatotrophic hormone (STH) has been consistently found in the acidophils of Romeis a type. In the human, there is no direct evidence to support the localization of prolactin (LTH) in the acidophils of Romeis ε type. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) have both been located in the basophils of Romeis δ type (S-mucoids of Pearse). Further investigations into the human and also into other mammalian species are required to determine if the gonadotrophic hormones have different localizations on the cellular or on the subcellular level. The immunohistochemical localizations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) have not been convincingly achieved.
The conclusions drawn from immunohistochemical studies of the adenohypophysis are essentially limited by the cross reactions existing between STH and prolactin, between ACTH and MSH and between LH, FSH and TSH.
More experimental data on these immunological cross reactions are still required before more accurate morphological discriminations can be achieved between the cell types secreting STH and prolactin, between those secreting ACTH and MSH and between those secreting LH, FSH and TSH. In addition, when hormones of the adenohypophysis are chemically and/or antigenically closely related, the cells responsible for their secretion are morphologically very similar too.
Finally, immunohistochemical studies revealed the lack of species specificity of the pituitary hormones. Extensive cross reactions have been shown between human STH and STH of all mammalian species studied so far. Consistent cross reactions were also found between human gonadotrophins and those of several mammalian species.
ASSESSMENT OF SEX STEROID ACTION IN VITRO
Authors: Means Anthony R. , O'Malley Bert W. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
This review summarizes the present knowledge concerning in vitro effects of sex steroid hormones. Moreover, methods are described which may allow the assessment of oestrogen action on chick oviduct in vivo by assaying the cell free synthesis of a tissue specific protein (ovalbumin) in vitro.
IN VITRO ASSAYS OF ADENYL CYCLASE
Authors: Rodbell Martin 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A brief review of the properties and current knowledge of the components of adenyl cyclase systems in animal cells is presented, followed by some general remarks on the problems of assaying adenyl cyclase. Recent techniques developed for the assay of adenyl cyclase in broken cell preparations are described. Methods which determine the levels of cyclic 3′5′AMP in intact cells or tissues are also presented, with particular emphasis on the use of binding of the nucleotide to cyclic 3′5′AMP dependent protein kinases and radioimmunoassays of the cyclic nucleotide.
PLACENTAL PERFUSION IN VITRO
Authors: Cedard L. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Because of its anatomical situation, easily accessible vascular pedicle and closed foetal circulatory system, the chorioallantoic placenta is particularly suitable for perfusion. It is possible to perfuse the whole organ or a limited part of it, such as a single cotyledon or a group of cotyledons. Perfusion methods have been employed for studying some of the numerous functions of the placenta. Such methods permit the study of the metabolism of the isolated organ as well as that of placental permeability to different metabolites, respiratory gases and drugs. Perfusion methods also make possible the investigation of placental endocrine function and seem to represent a more physiological approach than does the study of homogenates, slices or subcellular preparations.
PROSTAGLANDIN E2: ANALYSIS OF EFFECTS ON PREGNANCY AND CORPUS LUTEUM IN HAMSTERS AND RATS
Authors: Labhsetwar A. P. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Effects of prostaglandin (PG) E2 on some reproductive processes of hamsters and rats were studied. The PG exerted antifertility effects in either species although it was 4–10 times less potent than PGF2α. Antifertility doses of PGE2 caused morphological degeneration of corpora lutea, induced fresh ovulations during the course of the treatment, significantly decreased peripheral progesterone levels and inhibited development of deciduomata in response to trauma. Both pregnancy and decidual growth could be maintained by simultaneous administration of exogenous progesterone. PGE2 also decreased plasma progesterone concentration in pseudopregnant-hysterectomized hamsters although the decrease was not significant when compared with intact pregnant or pseudopregnant hamsters. PGE2 produced no demonstrable effects on egg transport in hamsters but may have induced delayed implantation in rats by causing tubal retention of zygotes. The antifertility doses of PGE2 but not of PGF2α inhibited implantation of a proportion of blastocysts as studied by the Pontamine blue reaction and adversely affected the spacing mechanism of blastocysts in the uterus significantly reducing the distance between the adjacent implantation sites. When PGs E2 and F2α were given together to pregnant rats in doses which were virtually ineffective individually, the combined treatment caused loss of pregnancy. Administration of PGE2 to near term hamsters produced premature littering but oxytocin in doses tried proved inactive. Antifertility doses of PGE2 produced diarrhoea in rats but not in hamsters.
The results demonstrate that PGE2 shares the luteolytic property of PGF2α but in addition possesses several other properties not known to be shared by PGF2α.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF PROTEINS AND NUCLEOPROTEINS IN THE INTERPHASE NUCLEUS
Authors: Bouteille Michel 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A review is given on the present state of knowledge of the location of diffuse and »figured« proteins, and ribonucleoproteins in the interphase cell nucleus. Attention is focused on structures of still obscure function, and on various types of nuclear inclusions which do not seem to be constant, but are presumably related to the degree of cell activity, whether physiologic or pathologic.
ISOLATION AND COMPOSITION OF NUCLEI AND NUCLEOLI
Authors: Busch Harris , Choi Yong C. , Daskal Ierachmiel , Inagaki Akira , Olson Mark O. J. , Reddy Ramachandra , Ro-Choi Tae Suk , Shibata Hirotoshi , Yeoman Lynn C. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The past decade has brought about the evolution of increasingly precise methods for isolation of nuclei and nucleoli and their components including histones, acidic proteins, high molecular weight RNA, low molecular weight RNA and ribonucleoproteins. The available methods and improving methods permit the isolation of individual unique molecular species in high states of purity. Elegant studies have been made on the amino acid sequences of some of the histones and on the nucleotide sequences of some of the species of low molecular weight RNAs uniquely found in the nucleus. In addition, nucleotide sequences are being defined for fragments of high molecular weight nuclear RNA. In studies on the effects of hormones on cells, the roles of repressor and derepressor acidic nuclear proteins are now being defined. The next decade should bring extensive new information regarding nuclear structures and functions and nucleolar components and their structures and functions.
INDUCTION OF SPECIFIC TRANSLATABLE MESSENGER RNA'S BY OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE
Authors: O'Malley Bert W. , Rosenfeld Gary C. , Comstock John P. , Means Anthony R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
In this manuscript, we report the de novo synthesis of two specific chick proteins, ovalbumin and avidin, in a heterologous rabbit reticulocyte lysate in vitro system. Synthesis of these proteins is absolutely dependent on RNA extracted from oviduct and not RNA extracted from non-target tissues. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the intracellular accumulations of ovalbumin mRNA and avidin mRNA are directly dependent upon prior stimulation by oestrogen and progesterone, respectively.
FRACTIONATION OF MAMMALIAN CHROMATIN
Authors: Janowski Michel , Nasser DeLill S. , McCarthy Brian J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Sheared chromatin may be separated into two peaks representing active and inactive fractions by gel exclusion chromatography on agarose columns. The active fraction is identified by the presence of nascent RNA chains synthesized in vivo or in vitro. Similarly, 3H labelled E. coli polymerase binds preferentially to the front active peak. Labelled hormones become associated with the chromatin of target tissues. Again this association occurs predominantly with the minor chromatin fraction identified as active by the above criteria. The basis for fractionation and the implications for our understanding of chromatin structure are discussed.
NUCLEIC ACID-REACTIVE ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR NUCLEOSIDES AND NUCLEOTIDES
Authors: Erlanger B. F. , Senitzer D. , Miller O. J. , Beiser S. M. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A method is described for making anti-purine and anti-pyrimidine anti-bodies by immunization with conjugates of naturally-occurring nucleosides or nucleotides with carrier proteins. The specificities of the antisera are presented and shown to be predominantly, if not solely, for the determinant purine or pyrimidine group presented in the antigen. The antisera react with single-stranded or denatured DNA and, in the case of anti-adenosine, with RNA preparations. The antisera have been utilized in biochemical systems to inhibit the priming ability of DNA in a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase system, to detect minor bases such as 6-methyladenosine in DNA, and to detect small areas of single-strandedness in otherwise native DNA. The sera have also been shown to react with living cells, inhibiting the development of fertilized sea urchin eggs and entering and inhibiting transformed Chinese hamster lung cells without affecting normal ones. They have been used in immunofluorescence experiments in which they have been shown to react with nuclear DNA of fixed mouse L-cells harvested during the S phase. Moreover, they have found application in the characterization and identification of human and mouse chromosomes. Finally, initial studies have shown that they can be used in highly specific radioimmunoassays for purine and pyrimidine nucleosides.
CONTROL OF EXPRESSION OF GENETIC INFORMATION IN E. COLI BY CYCLIC AMP
Authors: Pastan Ira , Crombrugghe Benoit de 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Cyclic AMP is required for the expression of a large variety of dispensable gene functions in E. coli. Cyclic AMP acts at the gene level to permit transcription of genes under its control. To do this cyclic AMP first combines with a cyclic AMP receptor protein and the cAMP-CRP complex alters the DNA so that RNA polymerase can bind in a form ready to initiate transcription. The positive function of cyclic AMP and CRP should be contrasted with the action of the lac and gal repressors whose presence prevents gene transcription. It is only when cyclic AMP and CRP are present and the repressor is neutralized by a specific inducer that transcription of the lac and gal genes can occur.
GENE ACTIVATION IN MAMMARY CELLS
Authors: Turkington Roger W. , Kadohama Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Hormonal activation of gene transcription has been studied in a model system, the mouse mammary gland in organ culture. Transcriptive activity is stimulated in mammary stem cells by insulin, and in mammary alveolar cells by prolactin and insulin. Studies on the template requirement for expression of the genes for milk proteins demonstrate that DNA methylation has an obligatory dependence upon DNA synthesis, but is otherwise independent from hormonal regulation of mammary cell differentiation. Incorporation of 5-bromo-2′deoxyuridine into DNA selectively inhibits expression of the genes for specific milk proteins. Undifferentiated mammary cells activate the synthesis of specific acidic nuclear proteins when stimulated by insulin. Several of these induced acidic nuclear proteins are undetectable in unstimulated undifferentiated cells, but appear to be characteristic components of the nuclei of differentiated cells. These results indicate that mammary cell differentiation is associated with a change in acidic nuclear proteins, and they provide evidence to support the concept that acidic nuclear proteins may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription and of mammary cell differentiation.
RIBONUCLEIC ACID SYNTHESIS AND OESTRADIOL ACTION IN THE UTERUS
Authors: Baulieu Etienne-Emile , Wira Charles R. , Milgrom Edwin , Raynaud- Jammet Claude 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Some aspects of the fate of oestradiol in uterine cells and of a proposed »cascade« mechanism of its activity are discussed.
After a newly described step of entry of the hormone into the target cells, oestradiol is recognized by an intracellular transfer receptor system delivering it selectively to specific Non Histone Chromatin (NHC) protein of very feable abundance, provoking in turn (in a still unknown manner) the transcription of one (or a very few) gene(s). The resulting mRNA(s) would have a short half life and code for Key Intermediary Protein (KIP)(s) (also of very short half life). The latter activates the synthesis of essential component(s) of the cellular machinery in particular rRNAs, which are implicated post-transcriptionally in the generalized protein synthesis and therefore promote the growth of the differentiated cells. The reported changes in uterine RNA polymerase activity and protein synthesis are also discussed in the frame of other mechanisms.
ASSOCIATION BEHAVIOUR OF THE OESTRADIOL-BINDING PROTEIN COMPLEX WITH THE NUCLEAR FRACTION
Authors: Williams David L. , Gorski Jack 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A number of studies have been carried out to examine the distribution of the oestradiol-binding protein complex between cytosol and nuclear fractions as a function of total binding site saturation. The results of these studies suggest that each binding protein has one binding site for the hormone. In addition, these studies suggest that the interaction of the oestradiol-binding protein complex with the nucleus involves a large number of low affinity association sites.
MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Authors: Droz Bernard , Pisam Monique , Chrétien Monique 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Morphological aspects of protein synthesis have been mainly investigated by means of high resolution radioautography. Most of the cellular proteins are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and on free cytoplasmic polysomes. Only few structural proteins (sedentary protein) remain in the vicinity of their sites of synthesis. The great majority of the newlysynthesized proteins move away (migratory protein). One portion of the migratory proteins is redistributed to various cell organelles and is referred to as "non exportable" protein. The migration of polypeptide chains from cytoplasmic polysomes ensures the renewal of protein in mitochondria, nucleus, and specialized membranes, in spite of the capacity of these organelles to incorporate slightly labelled amino acids. Plasma membrane precursors undergo a series of intracellular translocations and molecular complexification by adding carbohydrate groups before they reach the cell surface. Another portion of the migratory proteins, which includes secretory products, is referred to as "exportable" proteins. These exportable proteins are conveyed from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, then either stored and condensed in secretory granules or directly released by exocytosis. In some differentiated cells, the development of the cellular machinery for the synthesis of protein is triggered and maintained by the level of steroid hormones which controls both the quality and the quantity of secreted proteins.
EARLY STEPS IN THE FORMATION OF A TRANSLATION INITIATION COMPLEX ON NEWLY TRANSCRIBED MESSENGER RNA
Authors: Crépin Michel , Lelong Jean-Claude , Gros François 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to investigate how formation of a translation initiation complex affects the rate of transcription from a phage DNA template (λ plac or Ø 80 dlac DNA). Addition of "native" 30S ribosomes to a Ø 80 dlac in vitro transcription system (including limiting amounts of purified E. coli RNA polymerase and the requisite substrates) markedly enhances the rate of RNA synthesis. Factor free, 1 M NH4Cl washed 30S or 70S ribosomes show a weak albeit detectable activity, "run off 70S" or washed 50S being inefficient. Single addition of purified initiation factor IF3 greatly magnifies (about 2–3 fold) the stimulation obtained with washed 30S subunits, the effect being catalytic with respect to IF3; IF2 addition causes a weaker and stoichiometrical effect. Maximum stimulation (up to 6 fold) is achieved by the combined addition of washed ribosomes (30S or 70S), IF1, IF2, IF3 plus the highly purified fMet-tRNAfMet species. Under such conditions, very efficient initiator tRNA binding to nascent RNA does occur. Initiation factors show no activity in the absence of ribosomes. Kasugamycin greatly reduces the stimulation of RNA synthesis in the presence of the various translation elements.
This system provides a new and very sensitive means to study the various factor dependent ribosome-messenger interactions even in the absence of initiator tRNA, thereby enabling one to analyze early translation initiation steps.
Both the frequency of transcription initiation and the rate of RNA chain propagation appear to be enhanced when RNA synthesis and initiation of protein synthesis are coupled.
MATERNAL mRNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE EMBRYO
Authors: Gross P. R. , Gross K. W. , Skoultchi A. I. , Ruderman J. V. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
According to the masked maternal messenger RNA hypothesis, a large part if not all the protein synthesis of early development is directed by mRNA already present in the cytoplasm of unfertilized eggs. This mRNA is supposed to be synthesized during oogenesis and stored in some unavailable form until some later time in development, when it is selectively associated with the translational machinery. To the indirect evidence, which is nevertheless very strong, there can now be added a direct proof of the hypothesis for the case of histone mRNA. The five main histones of sea urchin embryos are synthesized on small polyribosomes, directed in part by newly-synthesized messages that sediment as a group at about 9S. Some histone synthesis survives total transcription block, however, suggesting that maternal histone mRNA exists. In competition-hybridization experiments, the egg RNA is shown to contain sequences characteristic of functional, embryonic histone mRNA. The competing RNA is localized in ribonucleoprotein particles of egg homogenates that sediment at 20–40S. These same particles contain RNA that stimulates a cell-free heterologous system to synthesize sea urchin histones. The application of these facts to some problems of translation control and of development generally is discussed.
SPECIFIC SECRETORY PROTEIN OF THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
Authors: Beier Henning M. , Beier-Hellwig Karin 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Investigations on the biochemical composition of genital tract secretions during oestrus and early reproductive stages reveal a spectrum of different substrate and time specific patterns, particularly of secretory proteins. Results are presented on the biochemistry, immunological specificity, and endocrinological regulation of rabbit female genital tract secretion proteins. Special attention is drawn upon uteroglobin, which is one of the genital tract specific proteins presumably involved in preimplantational blastocyst development. Since analytical data on rabbit genital tract secretion proteins accumulate, there is consequently a necessity for an approach to comparable studies in the human uterus. Discelectrophoretical patterns and immunochemical test results are presented in this paper which encourage further studies on human genital tract specific proteins with regard to human reproduction, particularly with its contraceptive and fertility problems.
HUMAN CHORIONIC SOMATOMAMMOTROPIN IN DIABETIC PREGNANCIES
Authors: Wiese J. , Mølsted-Pedersen L. , Lebech P. E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The serum concentration of human chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS) during the third trimester of pregnancy has been measured in 56 insulintreated diabetic women. A total of 318 serum samples were estimated and compared with a control material of 134 serum samples from normal pregnant women. The HCS concentration was found to be significantly higher in diabetic than in normal pregnancies. Significantly positive correlations were demonstrated between the HCS concentration and the placental weight, the birth weight of the infant and the oestriol excretion, respectively. Evidence is presented that simultaneous determinations of HCS and urinary oestriol would be valuable in the management of diabetic pregnancies.
OESTRIOL EXCRETION IN PREGNANT DIABETICS RELATED TO LONG-TERM PROGNOSIS OF SURVIVING CHILDREN
Authors: Yssing Minna 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Urinary 24-hour oestriol excretion in pregnant diabetics were studied in 154 pregnancies resulting in 158 surviving children. Subnormal oestriol levels were found in 33 pregnancies associated with low birth weight, but otherwice widely independent on pre- and perinatal factors.
Results of follow-up study of the complete infant material at ages varying from 1 8/12 to 10 1/12 years were related to maternal oestriol excretion levels in relevant pregnancies.
The incidence of children with major abnormalities in the subnormal oestriol group (39.4 %) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in the normal oestriol group (16.0 %).
The incidence of cerebral damaged children in the subnormal oestriol group (51.5%) was significantly higher (P <0.01) than in the normal oestriol group (22.4 %).
There was no significant difference in distribution of congenital malformations.
Correlations of maternal White class, pre- and perinatal complications and birth weight with oestriol levels and results of follow-up study reflected the distribution in the total series with higher incidence of abnormal children in the subnormal oestriol fractions.