bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Segments (Phytomers)
Authors: Bossinger Gerd 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe structure of higher plants can be interpreted as being derived from a repetition of morphogenetic units called phytomers consisting of a leaf, a section of the stem, a lateral bud and – in grasses – adventitious roots. Such repetitive units of growth occur along the plant axis in a variety of forms with the potential for various phytomer components to be reduced, suppressed or modified. Particular phytomer variants are required, for example, to form specialized reproductive structures. The occurrence of phytomer variants that are typical for one part of a plant in other parts is called homoeosis and the study of such perturbations to the body plan of mutant plants provides promise for attempts to use molecular tools to trace the phytomer.
Vavilov Institute of General Genetics
Authors: Sorokina Marina Yu 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The article presents the origin, institutional and scientific development, structure and staff of the Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, the Russian Academy of Sciences. It focuses on the tragic fate of genetics in the Soviet Union during Staline's regime and on efforts of the Institute's founder – academician Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (1887–1943) and his followers to promote an international level genetic studies within the Institute.
Genetic Analysis of Hybrid Incompatibilities inDrosophila
Authors: Gérard Pierre R , Presgraves Daven C 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNew species evolve when previously interbreeding populations diverge from one another and, as an incidental byproduct, accumulate reproductive barriers such as hybrid sterility and inviability. Fine‐scale genetic analyses show that the X‐chromosome plays a special role in the evolution of hybrid sterility, and molecular analyses show that the genes causing hybrid sterility and inviability usually diverge between species by positive natural selection.
Phototrophic Purple Bacteria
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Phototrophic purple bacteria are Proteobacteria which synthesize a photosynthetic apparatus, located in internal membrane systems and the cytoplasmic membrane. They thrive in all kinds of aquatic habitats and sediments that receive sufficient light and provide oxygen deficient and anoxic conditions. They occur widely distributed in nature. Metabolically specialized species live in specific ecological niches, metabolically versatile species have adapted to a wide range of habitats. Phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria, the Chromatiaceae and the Ectothiorhodospiraceae families, are Gammaproteobacteria. Genera of the purple nonsulfur bacteria are Alpha‐ and Betaproteobacteria phylogenetically closely related to purely chemotrophic bacteria.
Magnaporthe and Its Relatives
Authors: Besi Maria I , Tucker Sara L , Sesma Ane 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe ascomycetous family Magnaporthaceae includes plant pathogenic fungi that cause diseases on members of the Poaceae worldwide, affecting the turfgrass industry and staple food crops such as rice, wheat, millet and maize. The economically significant turfgrass root pathogenMagnaporthe poaebelongs to this family. Two of the most damaging fungal pathogens of wheat and rice also belong to this family: the intractable root‐infecting fungus and causal agent of take‐all disease,Gaeumannomyces graminisand the blast fungusMagnaporthe grisea.M. griseahas emerged as a paradigm for the understanding of fungal aerial attack. Interestingly,M. griseacan also infect roots and is far more amenable to transformation thanG. graminisandM. poae. Consequently,M. griseaconstitutes an excellent fungal model system for the dissection of genetic determinants required for infection on underground tissues, and for comparative analysis of the distinct tissue‐specific pathogenic mechanisms observed during leaf and root colonization.Key conceptsAppressorium: Infection structure formed by fungal hypha that mediates attachment and penetration in aerial plant tissues. This term is also used for penetration structures produced by symbiotic fungi on roots.Clade: Phylogenetic group which comprises a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor.EST (expressed sequenced tags): Short cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences, generally obtained from cDNA libraries generated under different nutrient conditions and/or tissues.Hyphopodium: Specialized structure produced at the tip of the hyphae that mediate fungal penetration into root tissue.G. graminiscan produce simple or lobed hyphopodia.QTL (quantitative trait locus): Region of DNA associated with a certain quantitative phenotypic trait. The molecular identification of QTLs usually enables the identification and sequencing of genes that are responsible for such a phenotypic trait.
Using p
H
luorins to Investigate Synaptic Function
Authors: Grubb Matthew S , Burrone Juan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Genetically encoded probes are becoming increasingly powerful for measuring neuronal activity

in vitro

and

in vivo

. pHluorins, such as synaptopHluorin (spH), are genetically encoded reporters whose fluorescence depends on the pH of their biological environment. Because there are large differences in pH between synaptic vesicles and the extracellular medium, spH can be used to monitor presynaptic vesicle cycling, with various experimental manipulations allowing the study of specific exo‐ or endocytosis dynamics. pHluorins can also be used to study the turnover of neurotransmitter receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, and are being used with great effect to study the activity of neurons in a variety of

in vivo

systems.

Key concepts

pH‐sensitive probes can be used to measure important aspects of synaptic function, including presynaptic vesicle cycling and postsynaptic receptor turnover.

SynaptopHluorin (spH) can be co mbined with other experimental manipulations to provide detailed information about specific presynaptic vesicle cycling processes.

Whereas synaptopHluorin possesses many advantages as an indicator of presynaptic vesicle cycling, it also possesses numerous drawbacks. These must be considered when interpreting spH studies.

The sensitivity of spH is not particularly good. However, presynaptic vesicle cycling can be followed with greater sensitivity using different pHluorin‐based probes.

pHluorins can provide useful information about neuronal activity

in vivo

.
Frontal Lobe Disorders
Authors: Espay Alberto J 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

The frontal lobes are the largest and likely most complex structure in the brain. Among other functions, it allows the expression of personality and language, the planning and sequencing of desired movements or actions as well as inhibition of unwanted or undesirable ones. Given the regional distribution of function, lesions or dysfunction in the frontal lobes may lead to such range of personal and social disruptions as aphasia, perseveration, disinhibition, personality changes and acquired sociopathy. Besides trauma, tumours, infections and toxins, abnormal disorders of tau and ubiquitin proteins may lead to neurodegenerative diseases that predominantly affect the frontal lobes. These so‐called frontotemporal dementias or frontotemporal lobar degenerations have become the most active and exciting field of research in the frontal lobes.

Key Concepts

These are the most salient functions and dysfunctions of the frontal lobes discussed here:

Function

Frontal lobe‐specific dysfunction

Recognition

Language

Expressive aphasia (Broca's aphasia)

Impairment in fluency, naming and ability to repeat. No problems comprehending

Executive function

Executive dysfunction

Perseverative behaviours with inability to sequence goal‐directed movements

Personality changes

Apathetic personality (dorsolateral)

Either abulic/apathetic or disinhibited personality

‘Orbital’ personality (orbitofrontal)
Molecular Genetics of Susceptibility to Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Kullo Iftikhar J , Ding Keyue 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and delineating the molecular genetics of susceptibility to CHD is an urgent task. Traditional approaches such as genome‐wide linkage scans and candidate‐gene‐based association studies, yielded frustratingly little progress in identifying genetic determinants of ‘complex’ diseases. However, the completion of the Human Genome Project and the International HapMap Project set the stage for genome‐wide association (GWA) studies, resulting in significant advances in ‘complex disease’ genetics. In this review, we provide an update on the molecular genetics of CHD and its risk factors, most of which are heritable and also significantly influenced by genetic factors. We also summarize recent advances including GWA studies for CHD and its risk factors. Increased knowledge of the molecular genetics of CHD susceptibility will enable more accurate cardiovascular risk stratification and the development of new therapies.
Molecular Genetics of Autism
Authors: Lamb Janine A 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Autism is a behaviourally defined lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder, with strong evidence for a complex genetic predisposition. Extensive genetic research has been carried out over the last decade using cytogenetic, linkage and association approaches to identify the underlying risk variants, with generally equivocal results. The most exciting recent finding to emerge in autism genetics is the discovery of submicrosopic copy number variants and rare gene mutations that appear to increase the risk of autism. These findings suggest possible biological pathways involved, pointing to postsynaptic density genes and defective glutamatergic synaptogenesis. Some of these variants are also implicated in mental retardation and other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Together, these findings suggest considerable genetic and clinical heterogeneity underlies autism spectrum disorders, and that convergent approaches may be required to identify risk alleles.

Key concepts

Autism is a behaviourally defined lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder, with strong evidence for a complex genetic predisposition.

A large number of linkage and candidate gene association studies carried out over the last decade to identify risk variants have yielded generally equivocal results.

Submicrosopic copy number variants and rare gene mutations have recently been discovered that appear to increase the risk of autism; the same variants may also influence mental retardation and other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders.

These findings implicate postsynaptic density genes and defective glutamatergic synaptogenesis in susceptibility to autism.

There is increasing recognition that considerable genetic and clinical heterogeneity is likely to underlie autism spectrum disorders.

Interdisciplinary, convergent approaches and large sample sizes may be required to identify the risk variants and biological pathways involved.

Technologies are rapidly evolving together with knowledge of the human genome, providing greater ability to assay genetic variation.
Molecular Genetics of Usher Syndrome
Authors: Kremer Hannie , van Wijk Erwin 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Usher syndrome affects hearing, vision and balance. The syndrome is genetically heterogeneous and nine causative genes have been identified so far. Proteins encoded by these genes function in a protein network at different subcellular locations in photoreceptor cells of the retina and hair cells of the inner ear. In hair cells, Usher proteins mainly contribute to the formation of fibrous links that connect stereocilia and also the stereocilia and the kinocilium. In addition, Usher proteins are found in the synaptic region where hair cells contact nerve fibres. In photoreceptor cells the Usher proteins are mainly seen in the region of the connecting cilium including the periciliary region of the cell body, the connecting cilium itself and the basal body and accessory centriole. In addition, Usher proteins are present in the synaptic region of photoreceptor cells. The Usher proteins are thought to have diverse functions including structural support, transport and signalling.

Key Concepts

Genetic Heterogeneity of Disorders
Genes involved in genetically heterogeneous disorders encode proteins that are functionally related. In the case of Usher syndrome, the genes involved encode proteins that function in a protein complex. Defects in different members of the complex lead to the same phenotype. See also Oti and Brunner (2007).
Genome‐wide Association Studies
Authors: Ku Chee‐Seng , Pawitan Yudi , Chia Kee‐Seng 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

The genome‐wide association approach has become a reality as a result of significant advances in genomic resources such as the International HapMap Project, the high‐throughput genotyping technologies, the collection of large number of cases and controls and the development of powerful statistical analysis tools. The strength of this approach is its agnostic genome‐wide search for single nucleotide polymorphisms. The explosion of more than 100 genome‐wide association studies since 2007 has identified numerous novel genetic variants or loci that are associated with many complex diseases. These studies have also linked new molecular pathways to various diseases. This is currently the most successful approach for pinpointing common variants with modest genetic effect that are associated with common complex diseases. Beyond these discoveries, there is a need to demonstrate their biological significance and to incorporate other structural variations, gene–gene, epigenetic and environmental interactions.

Key concepts

In the pre‐genomic era, the genetic dissection of complex diseases is done through classical linkage studies and candidate gene‐based association studies.

The classical linkage study is a powerful approach to identify rare and high penetrant disease variant or gene.

The candidate gene approach in the pre‐genomic era is limited to a few genetic markers for genes that are suspected to be involved in the pathogenesis of the complex disease.

The GWA approach was first proposed by Risch and Merikangas in 1996 as a statistically more powerful approach to detect common variant with modest genetic effect compared to linkage study design.

International HapMap Project was initiated in 2003 to characterize the haplotype patterns in human genome and subsequently identify tagging SNPs.

The human genome can be organized into haplotypes with strong LD among the SNPs.

For direct association study design or the gene‐centric approach, SNPs which are likely to be functionally important are selected, e.g. nonsynonymous SNPs.

Most of the GWAS was conducted in a two‐stage or multi‐stage design because this design is more cost‐effective as only a fraction of samples was genotyped with several hundred thousand SNPs.

The current generation of GWAS has contributed rapidly within the last few years in uncovering novel genes associated with common complex diseases.

The future GWAS will have to explore structural variations, gene–gene interactions, epigenetic and gene–environment interactions. The need to include environmental factors will require a prospective study design.
Enhanced Performance of Fullerene n‐Channel Field‐Effect Transistors with Titanium Sub‐Oxide Injection Layer
Authors: Cho Shinuk , Seo Jung Hwa , Lee Kwanghee , Heeger Alan J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEnhanced performance of n‐channel organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) is demonstrated by introducing a titanium sub‐oxide (TiOx) injection layer. The n‐channel OFETs utilize [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM) or [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) as the semiconductor in the channel. With the TiOx injection layer, the electron mobilities of PC61BM and PC71BM FET using Al as source/drain electrodes are comparable to those obtained from OFETs using Ca as the source/drain electrodes. Direct measurement of contact resistance (Rc) shows significantly decreased Rc values for FETs with the TiOx layer. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) studies demonstrate that the TiOx layer reduces the electron injection barrier because of the relatively strong interfacial dipole of TiOx. In addition to functioning as an electron injection layer that eliminates the contact resistance, the TiOx layer acts as a passivation layer that prevents penetration of O2 and H2O; devices with the TiOx injection layer exhibit a significant improvement in lifetime when exposed to air.
The multidimensionality of schizotypy in nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia and its applications in ordered subsets linkage analysis of schizophrenia
Authors: Lien Yin‐Ju , Tsuang Hui‐Chun , Chiang Abigail , Liu Chih‐Min , Hsieh Ming H. , Hwang Tzung‐Jeng , Liu Shi K. , Hsiao Po‐Chang , Faraone Stephen V. , Tsuang Ming T. , Hwu Hai‐Gwo , Chen Wei J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study aimed to examine the multidimensionality of schizotypy and validate the structure using ordered subset linkage analyses on information from both relatives' schizotypy and probands' schizophrenia symptoms. A total of 203 and 1,310 nonpsychotic first‐degree relatives from simplex and multiplex schizophrenia families, respectively, were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies, which contains a modified Structured Interview for Schizotypy. Using Mplus program with categorical factor indicators, a four‐factor model (Negative Schizotypy, Positive Schizotypy, Interpersonal Sensitivity, and Social Isolation/Introversion) was extracted by exploratory factor analysis from relatives of simplex families and was confirmed in relatives of multiplex families. The validity of each factor was supported by distinct linkage findings resulting from ordered subset analysis based on different combinations of schizophrenia–schizotypy factors. Six chromosomal regions with significant increase in nonparametric linkage z score (NPL‐Z) were found as follows: 15q21.1 (NPL‐Z = 3.60) for Negative Schizophrenia–Negative Schizotypy, 10q22.3 (NPL‐Z = 3.83) and 15q21.3 (NPL‐Z = 3.36) for Negative Schizophrenia–Social Isolation/Introversion, 5q14.2 (NPL‐Z = 3.20) and 11q23.3 (NPL‐Z = 3.31) for Positive Schizophrenia–Positive Schizotypy, and 4q32.1 (NPL‐Z = 3.31) for Positive Schizophrenia–Interpersonal Sensitivity. The greatest NPL‐Z of 3.83 on 10q22.3 in the subset was significantly higher than the greatest one of 2.88 in the whole sample (empirical P‐value = 0.04). We concluded that a consistent four‐factor model of schizotypy could be derived in nonpsychotic relatives across families of patients with different genetic loadings in schizophrenia. Their differential relations to linkage signals have etiological implications and provide further evidence for their validity. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ENGLTHA: An educational tool for earthquake nonlinear and general linear dynamics
Authors: Clarke Richard P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGiven the increasing use of nonlinear analysis in earthquake resistant design via performance‐based design, and ongoing research in simplified nonlinear methods, a software tool was developed for use in the teaching of nonlinear as well as linear structural dynamics. The program caters for single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) nonlinear systems and emphasizes degrading response as in‐cycle strength degradation, progressive cycle strength degradation, general stiffness degradation, and pinching degradation, or combinations of these, under earthquake ground motions. This is achieved using the smoothly varying endochronic plasticity Da hysteresis model. Utilizing numerical integration, the program also provides approximate solutions for many problems from SDOF linear dynamics such as free undamped or damped vibration, and forced periodic or non‐periodic damped or undamped vibration. As such, the VB6 program is named ENGLTHA—Earthquake Nonlinear and General Linear Time History Analysis, and also calculates elastic and inelastic displacement and acceleration response spectra. This article describes ENGLTHA and how it can be used, via a set of nine experiments, for teaching structural dynamics as a thread trough several courses spanning from the undergraduate to postgraduate levels. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 97–106, 2011
A group‐randomized evaluation of a theatre‐based sexual abuse prevention programme for primary school children in Germany
Authors: Krahé Barbara , Knappert Lena 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe study reports a group‐randomized trial of a theatre‐based intervention to prevent sexual abuse targeting first and second grade primary school children in Germany. A sample of 148 first and second graders saw a live performance of a play designed to promote skills in dealing with abuse‐prone interactions with adults, watched a recording of the play on DVD or were assigned to a no intervention control group. Both the live performance and the DVD groups showed significant increases in the target variables (distinguishing good/bad touch and secrets, getting help, rejecting unwanted touch) from baseline to post‐intervention and a follow‐up after 2 weeks, while the control group did not show changes. The live performance and DVD groups participated in a further follow‐up 30 weeks post‐intervention, which showed sustained effects of the intervention. The findings indicate that with appropriately culture‐sensitive measures, sexual abuse prevention programmes can have sustainable effects with young primary school children. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemistry of Bridging Phosphanes: A Comparative Study within CuI‐AgI‐AuI Triad‐Based Homonuclear Dimers
Authors: Welsch Stefan , Nohra Brigitte , Peresypkina Eugenia V. , Lescop Christophe , Scheer Manfred , Réau Régis 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBridging ligands in AgI and AuI bimetallic complexes: The P moiety of bis(2‐pyridyl)phosphole acts as a symmetrically, semi‐, or non‐bridging donor in AgI dimers (see figure). In related AuI complexes, only the non‐bridging mode is observed. An unsaturated AgI dimer is used as an adaptive molecular clip for the synthesis of π‐stacked metallocyclophanes.magnified imageBis(2‐pyridyl)phosphole C reacted with AgPF6 and dppm giving rise to dicationic dimer 1 in which C acts as a 1κN:1,2κP:2κN‐donor with a symmetrically bridging P‐centre. This complex gives the first example of dimers based on trigonal planar metal centres bearing a bridging σ3,λ3‐phosphane ligand. The reaction of two equivalents of C with AgPF6 and Ag{Al[OC(CF3)3]4} afforded dicationic dimers 2 and 3 of general formula Ag2(C)22+, respectively. X‐ray diffraction studies showed that one ligand C acts as a 1κN:1,2κP:2κN‐donor with a symmetrically bridging P‐centre and one behaves as a 1κN:2κP‐chelate. In complex 3, one toluene molecule interacts with an Ag centre, giving the first example of a mixed coordination dimer featuring a bridging P‐donor. AgI‐dimers 4 a‐c of the general formula Ag2(C)32+, 2 X− (X=PF6, BF4, Al[OC(CF3)3]4) have been prepared according to different routes and characterised by X‐ray diffraction study. In these derivatives, C exhibits a variety of coordination modes depending on the nature of the counteranion and of the solvent molecules included in the asymmetric units. These complexes can feature 0, 1, or 2 bridging P‐donors. These results definitively demonstrate that the P‐centre of phosphane ligands can easily switch from a bridging to a semi‐bridging and a non‐bridging coordination mode. Dimer 2 is used as an “adaptive” molecular clip for the synthesis of π‐stacked metallocyclophanes 7 a, b and 8 upon reaction with ditopic linkers. X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that these supramolecular species behave as receptors for the counteranions (PF6, BF4) and that the nature of the anion impacts the stereochemistry of the supramolecular metallocyclophanes. AuI‐Dimers 10 a, b bearing two ligands C acting as 1κN:2κP‐chelates are prepared and characterised in the solid‐state.