bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial disparities in breast cancer mortality in a multiethnic cohort in the Southeast
Authors: Adams Swann Arp , Butler William M. , Fulton Jeanette , Heiney Sue P. , Williams Edith M. , Delage Alexandria F. , Khang Leepao , Hebert James R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although much has been done to examine those factors associated with higher mortality among African American women, there is a paucity of literature that examines disparities among rural African Americans in South Carolina. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the association of race and mortality among breast cancer patients in a large cohort residing in South Carolina for which treatment regimens are standardized for all patients.METHODS:Subjects included 1209 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2000 and 2002 at a large, local hospital containing a comprehensive breast center. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were calculated to determine survival rates among African American and European American women, stratified by disease stage or other prognostic characteristics. Adjusting for various characteristics, Cox multivariate survival models were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR).RESULTS:The 5‐year overall all‐cause mortality survival proportion was ∼78% for African American women and ∼89% for European American women, P < 0.01. In analyses of subpopulations of women with identical disease characteristics, African American women had significantly higher mortality than European American women for the same type of breast cancer disease. In multivariate models, African American women had significantly higher mortality than European American women for both breast cancer‐specific death (HR, 2.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21‐4.79) and all‐cause mortality (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.89).CONCLUSIONS:African American women residing in rural South Carolina had lower survival for breast cancer even after adjustment for disease‐related prognostic characteristics. These findings support health interventions among African American breast cancer patients aimed at tertiary prevention strategies or further down‐staging of disease at diagnosis. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Colour and tolerance of preferred skin colours on digital photographic images
Authors: Zeng Huanzhao , Luo Ronnier 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSkin‐tone has been an active research subject in photographic colour reproduction. There is a consistent conclusion that preferred skin colours are different from actual skin colours. However, preferred skin colours found from different studies are somewhat different. To have a solid understanding of skin colour preference of digital photographic images, psychophysical experiments were conducted to determine a preferred skin colour region and to study inter‐observer variation and tolerance of preferred skin colours. In the first experiment, a preferred skin colour region is searched on the entire skin colour region. A set of nine predetermined colour centers uniformly sampled within the skin colour ellipse in CIELAB a*b* diagram is used to morph skin colours of test images. Preferred skin colour centers are found through the experiment. In a second experiment, a twice denser sampling of nine skin colour centers around the preferred skin colour center determined in the first experiment are generated to repeat the experiment using a different set of test images and judged by a different panel of observers. The results from both experiments are compared and final preferred skin colour centers are obtained. Variations and hue and chroma tolerances of the observer skin colour preference are also analysed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2013
STAT5 in human basophils: IL‐3 is required for its FcεRI‐mediated phosphorylation
Authors: Verweij Marjoke M. , Sabato Vito , Nullens Sara , Bridts Chris H. , De Clerck Luc S. , Stevens Wim J. , Ebo Didier G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBasophils are key effector cells in allergic inflammatory reactions. However, the mechanisms of FcεRI‐induced degranulation are complex and remain to be disentangled. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) molecules modulate various cell functions. STAT5 appears to be essential for IgE‐mediated mast cell function, but its role in human basophils after cross‐linking FcεRI is unknown. In this study, STAT5 phosphorylation was investigated by flow cytometry, and combined with analyses of the degranulation marker CD63 at single cell level. Kinetics of STAT5 phosphorylation were studied in basophils of birch pollen allergic patients and showed a fast phosphorylation induced by interleukin (IL)‐3, but not with antigen alone. Stimulating basophils with a mixture of allergen and IL‐3 resulted in a two to three fold higher phosphorylation of STAT5 than induced by IL‐3 alone. In the presence of IL‐3, antigen elicited a dose‐dependent STAT5 response. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that STAT5 in human basophils is activated through both the IL‐3 and the FcεRI signaling pathway. © 2011 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Expression of immunoreactivity of nuclear findings by p53 and cyclin a in endometrial cytology: Comparison with endometrial glandular and stromal breakdown and endometrioid adenocarcinoma grade 1
Authors: Norimatsu Yoshiaki , Ohsaki Hiroyuki , Yanoh Kenji , Kawanishi Namiki , Kobayashi Tadao K. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIt is well known that “condensed cluster of stromal cells (CCSC)” and “metaplastic clumps with irregular protrusion (MCIP)” in endometrial glandular and stromal breakdown (EGBD) cases may simulate “clumps of cancer cells (CCC)” in endometrioid adenocarcinoma grade 1 (G1), leading to difficulty in cytological interpretation. The aim of this study was undertaken to clarify the cytological immunoreactivity of nuclear findings about CCSC and MCIP which may be recognized in EGBD cases by using p53 protein and cyclin A in liquid‐based cytologic (LBC) preparations. The material consists of cytologic smears of 20 cases of EGBD and 20 cases of G1 for which histopathological diagnosis was obtained by endometrial curettage at the JA Suzuka General Hospital. The evaluation of immunoreactivity was performed by using the intensity of nuclear staining and the nuclear labeling index (N‐LI). The intensity of nuclear staining was scored as negative (0), weak (1), moderate (2), or strong (3). The N‐LI was scored as less than 10% (0), from 10 to 25% (1), from 26 to 50% (2), or greater than 50% (3). The final score was calculated of the addition of both partial scores.Results are as follows: As for the p53 protein immunoreactivity, CCC (2.4 ± 1.4) was a significantly higher value in comparison with CCSC (0) and MCIP (0.8 ± 0.4), respectively. As for the cyclin A immunoreactivity, CCC (2.8 ± 1.1) was a significantly higher value in comparison with CCSC (0) and MCIP (0.6 ± 0.5), respectively. CCSC and MCIP in EGBD are misunderstood as cellular atypia and structural atypia on occasion; but, as for results of the immunoreactivity scores of p53 protein and cyclin A in our study, it seemed that those biochemical characters proved that the biological activity level was low (or degenerative).The results of the current study demonstrated that the cytological immunoreactivity of nuclear findings by p53 and cyclin A appear to be more useful for the LBC assessment of endometrial lesions, especially for the discrimination of EGBD and G1.Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:303–307. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Persistent sensitization of depressive‐like behavior and thermogenic response during maternal separation in pre‐ and post‐weaning guinea pigs
Authors: Schneider Randi L. , Schiml Patricia A. , Deak Terrence , Hennessy Michael B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEarly attachment disruption is thought to promote later onset of depressive illness through a process involving sensitization. Maternal separation in guinea pig pups produces depressive‐like behavior and core body temperature fluctuations that appear to be mediated by proinflammatory activity. In pups near the age of weaning (∼20 days of age), these responses are increased during repeated separations occurring over several days. Here, enhanced depressive‐like behavior and core body temperature responses were observed during repeated separations in guinea pigs from ∼10 to 30 days of age. The sensitization lasted for more than a week, with the greatest temperature response occurring during the final separation. These results demonstrate persisting sensitization of behavioral and thermogenic responses to maternal separation over the age range in which these responses are known to occur. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that proinflammatory activity contributes to the sensitization response and provide further suggestion that the impact of early attachment disruption on susceptibility to depression may involve proinflammatory processes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54: 514–522, 2012.
Hormonal and physical markers of puberty and their relationship to adolescent‐typical novelty‐directed behavior
Authors: Vetter‐O'Hagen Courtney S. , Spear Linda P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe extent to which characteristic adolescent behaviors are associated with pubertal changes or driven by more general, puberty‐independent developmental alterations is largely unknown. Using physiological and hormonal markers of puberty, this experiment characterized pubertal timing across adolescence and examined the relationships among these variables and novelty‐directed behaviors. Males and females were tested for response to novelty at P28, P32, P36, P40, P44, P48, and P75, and examined for balano‐preputial skinfold separation and sperm presence (males) or vaginal opening (females), followed by blood collection for hormonal assessments. Despite earlier pubertal maturation in females, with maturation generally completed by P36 in females and P44 in males, novelty‐directed behavior peaked at P32 and P36 in both sexes, and was unrelated to pubertal measures. These data support the suggestion that the ontogenetic peak in this behavior during adolescence is not notably puberty dependent. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54: 523–535, 2012.
Hepatocyte growth factor–regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hgs) is involved in BMP signaling through phosphorylation of smads and TAK1 in early mouse embryo
Authors: Miura Shigeto , Mishina Yuji 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHepatocyte growth factor–regulated tyrosine kinase substrate that is encoded by Hgs promotes degradation of ubiquitinated signaling molecule in the early endosome. We previously reported that a targeted mutation in Hgs results in embryonic lethality soon after gastrulation in the mouse. Here, we report that downstream target genes for BMP signaling were highly down‐regulated in the Hgs mutant embryos. We also showed that Hgs is required for phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/8 and TAK1/p38 to transduce BMP signaling. Furthermore, we found that HGS functions to localize TAK1 in early endosome for its activation. These results suggest that HGS is critical to localize TAK1 to early endosome for transducing BMP signaling for proper development. Our data revealed a new mechanism to modify BMP signaling by Hgs during early mouse development. Developmental Dynamics 240:2474–2481, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toward an unbiased evolutionary platform for unraveling Xenopus developmental gene networks
Authors: Beer Ronny , Wagner Florian , Grishkevich Vladislav , Peshkin Leonid , Yanai Itai 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe availability of both the Xenopus tropicalis genome and the soon to be released Xenopus laevis genome provides a solid foundation for Xenopus developmental biologists. The Xenopus community has presently amassed expression data for ∼2,300 genes in the form of published images collected in the Xenbase, the principal Xenopus research database. A few of these genes have been examined in both X. tropicalis and X. laevis and the cross‐species comparison has been proven invaluable for studying gene function. A recently published work has yielded developmental expression profiles for the majority of Xenopus genes across fourteen developmental stages spanning the blastula, gastrula, neurula, and the tail‐bud. While this data was originally queried for global evolutionary and developmental principles, here we demonstrate its general use for gene‐level analyses. In particular, we present the accessibility of this dataset through Xenbase and describe biases in the characterized genes in terms of sequence and expression conservation across the two species. We further indicate the advantage of examining coexpression for gene function discovery relating to developmental processes conserved across species. We suggest that the integration of additional large‐scale datasets—comprising diverse functional data—into Xenbase promises to provide a strong foundation for researchers in elucidating biological processes including the gene regulatory programs encoding development. genesis 50:186–191, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of facial image with expression based on muscular contraction parameters using linear muscle and sphincter muscle
Authors: Ahn Seonju , Ozawa Shinji 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe aim to synthesize individual facial images with expression based on muscular contraction parameters. We have proposed a method of calculating the muscular contraction parameters from an arbitrary face image without using learning for each individual. As a result, we were able to generate not only individual facial expressions, but also the facial expressions of various persons. In this paper, we propose a muscle‐based facial model, in which the facial muscles defined are both linear muscles and sphincter muscles. Additionally, we propose a method of synthesizing individual facial images with expression based on muscular contraction parameters. First, an individual facial model with expression is generated by fitting using an arbitrary face image. Next, the muscular contraction parameters that correspond to the expression displacement of the input face image are calculated. Finally, the facial expression is synthesized by the vertex displacements of a neutral facial model based on the calculated muscular contraction parameters. Experimental results reveal that the newly included sphincter muscles make it possible to synthesize facial expressions of the facial image which correspond to the actual face image with arbitrary expressions of the mouth or eyes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(10): 17–25, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10362
Highly efficient liquid flow actuator operated by surface acoustic waves
Authors: Saiki Tsunemasa , Okada Katsuhide , Utsumi Yuichi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSurface acoustic wave (SAW) devices, because of their very simple structures, can be used as component parts for micro total analysis systems. We focused on a liquid flow actuator operated by SAWs and investigated highly efficient interdigital transducers (IDTs) to generate SAWs. The IDTs were fabricated by patterning Al/Cr on a LiNbO3 substrate. In an IDT with a stripline pitch of 200 μm, effective water droplet streaming was produced. We also fabricated a continuous liquid flow actuator consisting of both an IDT and a flow channel made of epoxy‐based negative resist SU‐8 on one chip. To diversify the liquids used, we created an actuator design in which the IDT and liquid do not directly touch one another at the partition wall. Using this chip, we succeeded in creating a continuous flow of liquid using the SAWs. When 160 mW of electric power was applied, the liquid flow rate of the actuator was approximately 7.8 μL/s. We experimentally found that the electric power applied to the IDT was proportional to flow velocity and that the IDT with 200 μm pitch produced effective continuous liquid flow as well as water droplet streaming. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(10): 10–16, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10367
Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐Based N‐Oxides as Chiral Organocatalysts for the Asymmetric Allylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Naicker Tricia , Arvidsson Per I. , Kruger Hendrik G. , Maguire Glenn E. M. , Govender Thavendran 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe short synthesis of a series of novel chiral N‐oxideorganocatalysts and their evaluation in the asymmetric allylation reaction of aromatic and α‐β‐unsaturated aldehydes with allyltrichlorosilane is reported. These readily modifiable organocatalysts are the first of their kind based on the tetrahydroisoquinoline framework. The chiral homoallyl products were obtained with good chemical efficiency (up to 93 % yield) and high enantioselectivity (up to 91 % ee) under mild reaction conditions (23 °C).
Highly Efficient Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 1H‐Tetrazoles Catalyzed by Cu–Zn Alloy Nanopowder, Conversion into 1,5‐ and 2,5‐Disubstituted Tetrazoles, and Synthesis and NMR Studies of New Tetrazolium Ionic Liquids
Authors: Aridoss Gopalakrishnan , Laali Kenneth K. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA series of 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles were synthesized through [3+2] cycloaddition reactions between nitriles RCN and NaN3 in the presence of Cu–Zn alloy nanopowder as catalyst. The 1,5‐dibutyl, 1‐butyl‐5‐hexyl, 2,5‐dibutyl, and 2‐butyl‐5‐hexyl derivatives were then used as building blocks to synthesize several novel tetrazolium ionic liquids (ILs) with EtSO4–, OTf–, and NTf2– counterions. Whereas alkylation of the 2,5‐dialkyltetrazoles selectively gave the N‐4 alkylated onium salts, with the 1,5‐dialkyl derivatives approximately 1:1 mixtures of two tetrazolium salts were formed by alkylation at N‐3 and N‐4. The triflate and ethyl sulfate salts are room‐temperature ILs that are hydrophilic, whereas the NTf2 salts are low‐melting ILs and are hydrophobic. The resulting tetrazolium‐based ionic liquids were studied by various multinuclear and 2D NMR techniques including natural abundance 15N and 1H/15N correlations.
Enantioselective Syntheses of Tetrahydroquinolines Based on Iridium‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitutions: Total Syntheses of (+)‐Angustureine and (–)‐Cuspareine
Authors: Satyanarayana Gedu , Pflästerer Daniel , Helmchen Günter 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA protecting‐group‐free two‐step approach for the preparation of tetrahydroquinolines has been developed. The procedure involves a highly regio‐ and enantioselective intermolecular iridium‐catalyzed allylic amination followed by one‐pot hydroboration and intramolecular Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling. This method was applied in total syntheses of the alkaloids (+)‐angustureine and (–)‐cuspareine.
BF3·OEt2‐Mediated 1,3‐Hydride Shift Followed by 6π Electrocyclization: An Efficient Route for the Synthesis of Pyridopyrimidine, Pyranoquinoline, and Phenanthroline Derivatives
Authors: Majumdar Krishna C. , Ponra Sudipta , Nandi Raj Kumar 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of pyridopyrimidine, pyranoquinoline, and phenanthroline derivatives can be easily and efficiently accomplished by the direct reaction of a 1‐aminopenta‐1,4‐diene fragment, an aromatic aldehyde, and BF3·OEt2 in the absence of any metal catalyst. The notable features of this procedure are mild reaction conditions, good to high yields, and operational simplicity.
A Tandem “On‐Palladium” Heck–Jeffery Amination Route Toward the Synthesis of Functionalized Indole‐2‐carboxylates
Authors: McNulty James , Keskar Kunal 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA direct synthesis of functionalized indole‐2‐carboxylates involving a PdII‐catalyzed annulation of ortho‐iodoanilines onto a vinyl ether is described. The reaction mechanism is shown to be distinct from a stepwise Heck, intramolecular amination pathway, likely involving a tandem “on‐palladium” Heck–Jeffery amination process incorporating a novel intramolecular amination step.
Concise Synthesis of Highly Substituted Benzo[a]quinolizines by a Multicomponent Reaction/Allylation/Heck Reaction Sequence
Authors: den Heeten René , van der Boon Léon J. P. , Broere Daniël L. J. , Janssen Elwin , de Kanter Frans J. J. , Ruijter Eelco , Orru Romano V. A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe combination of the recently developed multicomponent construction of highly substituted 3,4‐dihydropyridones with subsequent allylation and intramolecular Heck‐type cyclization allows the straightforward construction of benzo[a]quinolizines, a class of polycyclic compounds that – despite their interesting pharmacological and photochemical properties – have little precedent in the literature. After optimization of the individual steps, we used this reliable three‐step sequence to generate a small library of diversely substituted benzo[a]quinolizines and various heterocyclic analogs.
Gas Sensing Mechanism of Gold Nanoparticles Decorated Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Mubeen Syed , Lim Jae‐Hong , Srirangarajan Aarti , Mulchandani Ashok , Deshusses Marc A. , Myung Nosang V. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMetal nanoparticles decorated single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) can lead to considerable enhancement in sensing performance towards different gas analytes, however the sensing mechanism was not clearly elucidated. The detailed sensing mechanism of hybrid gold‐SWNT nanostructures toward hydrogen sulfide was investigated using field effect transistor (FET) transfer characteristics. At low H2S concentrations (≤100 ppbV), FET transfer characteristics show that the gold nanoparticles at the surface of SWNTs acted as nano‐Schottky barriers to predominately modulate transconductance upon exposure to unfunctionalized SWNTs on gold electrodes which showed little or no response upon exposure. Although the sensitivity of Au/SWNT toward H2S was strongly dependent upon the size and number of gold nanoparticles, the sensing mechanism was independent of it.
A simple model to include fuzziness in the seismic fragility curve and relevant effect compared with randomness
Authors: Colangelo Felice 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYDamage has to be quantified in civil structures to assess their seismic performance and risk and loss on a regional scale. Fragility curves have proved to be suitable for coping with randomness inherent in such an issue. Recently, the cognitive source of uncertainty has been stressed. Because the seismic limit states are defined descriptively more than analytically, fuzziness is inherent as well. In this study, a model to include fuzziness in the seismic fragility curve is implemented and appraised. First, several methods to compute seismic fragility are briefly reviewed. Consistent with the first‐order second‐moment reliability method, a simple extension is proposed and the explicit formulation of the probability measure is derived. Conclusions about the effect of fuzziness are drawn based on this analytical formulation. Above all, fragility increases at lower seismic intensity, whereas it decreases at higher intensity. Steepness of the fragility curve, that is, sensitivity to the ground motion, decreases with increase of fuzziness. This effect is shown to be similar to the effect of randomness. However, the greater the randomness, the smaller is the importance of fuzziness. Fuzziness aside, deterministic capacity may give excessive overestimation of fragility. A numerical example is presented. The fuzzy random fragility curves of a masonry infilled reinforced concrete frame are compared with the curves with fuzziness neglected and with different degrees of randomness. All results by the proposed model are reasonable. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.