bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A direct comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of three prostate cancer nomograms designed to predict the likelihood of a positive initial transrectal biopsy
Authors: Ouzaid Idir , Yates David R. , Hupertan Vincent , Mozer Pierre , Chartier‐Kastler Emmanuel , Haertig Alain , Bitker Marc‐Olivier , Rouprêt Morgan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDSeveral tools have been developed to predict the outcome of prostate biopsies performed to diagnosis prostate cancer (PCa). However, few studies have focused on the comparative accuracy of these predictive tools. We aim to establish the predictive accuracy of three commonly used nomograms by comparing their prostate biopsy outcome predictions with actual pathological results.METHODSFrom January 2008 to December 2010, 708 consecutive patients with an elevated serum PSA level and/or abnormal DRE were referred to our institution. All data were collected prospectively. All patients underwent a TRUS 12‐core biopsy. Probability of a positive biopsy was predicted using three online risk calculation nomograms. The discriminative ability of the nomograms was assessed via AUC and the most accurate model was calibrated and compared to actual biopsy results.RESULTSOf 667 patients fulfilling all three nomograms criteria, 384 (57.5%) had PCa and 283 (42.5%) did not. AUC for the PCPT‐CRC, SWOP‐PRI, and Montreal nomograms was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.63–0.72), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.68–0.76), and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.76–0.82), respectively. A comparison of the three models' performance showed that the Montreal model provided the greatest predictive accuracy (P = 0.03).CONCLUSIONSExternal validation of three commonly used nomograms designed to predict the likelihood of a positive prostate biopsy reveals the Montreal model was more accurate than either the PCPT‐CRC or SWOP‐PRI models. The Montreal nomogram achieves a diagnostic accuracy of 79% and is superior to PSA alone though we await further research to define the probability (of cancer) threshold above which a prostate biopsy would be advised. Prostate 72:1200–1206, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Altered association of interleukin‐6 with sex steroids in lipid metabolism disorder in men with prostate cancer receiving androgen deprivation therapy
Authors: Komatsu Shuichi , Hara Noboru , Ishizaki Fumio , Nishiyama Tsutomu , Takizawa Itsuhiro , Isahaya Etsuko , Kawasaki Takashi , Takahashi Kota 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDInterleukin‐6 produced in adipose tissue plays a role in lipid metabolism, and also interacts with sex steroids. This study was performed to elucidate the mechanism of lipid metabolism disorder during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in terms of the association of interleukin‐6 with sex steroids.METHODSSeventy‐two patients with localized prostate cancer were prospectively studied based on their body‐composition and blood samples before and after ADT for 6 months.RESULTSBefore ADT, serum interleukin‐6 levels were inversely correlated with serum total‐testosterone (rs = −0.305, P = 0.009) and dihydrotestosterone (rs = −0.380, P = 0.006) concentrations, but not correlated with adrenal androgen or estradiol levels. Pretreatment interleukin‐6 levels were positively correlated with %body fat (rs = 0.349, P = 0.003) and %visceral fat (rs = 0.384, P = 0.001). After ADT, %body fat increased (P < 0.001) and lean body mass decreased (P = 0.036). After ADT, in contrast to the pretreatment relationship, interleukin‐6 levels were positively correlated with total‐testosterone concentrations (rs = 0.343, P = 0.003), and were positively correlated also with levels of androstenedione (rs = 0.351, P = 0.002) and estoradiol (rs = 0.335, P = 0.004). Interleukin‐6 levels were equivalent between before and after ADT (2.02 vs. 2.16 pg/ml, P = 0.205), but the positive correlation between interleukin‐6 levels and %body or %visceral fat noted before ADT disappeared after ADT.CONCLUSIONSPosttreatment interleukin‐6 levels had a strong positive correlation with total‐testosterone, androstenedione, and estradiol levels, suggesting that a regulation loop may emerge between these sex steroids and interleukin‐6 during ADT. The altered association between interleukin‐6 and sex steroids is possibly involved in ADT‐related lipid metabolism disorder with unchanged interleukin‐6 levels despite increased %body fat. Prostate 72:1207–1213, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Allelic loss of the loci containing the androgen synthesis gene, StAR, is prognostic for relapse in intermediate‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Locke Jennifer A. , Zafarana Gaetano , Malloff Chad A. , Lam Wan L. , Sykes Jenna , Pintilie Melania , Ramnarine Varune Rohan , Meng Alice , Ahmed Omer , Jurisica Igor , Guns Emma Tomlinson , van der Kwast Theo , Milosevic Michael , Bristow Robert G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDAndrogen deprivation therapy (ADT) and novel agents targeting the androgen synthesis axis (e.g., abiraterone acetate) are adjuvant therapies that are currently, or may in the future be, combined with radiotherapy to reduce the chance of disease relapse. Little is known about allelic loss or gain pertaining to genes associated with the androgen synthesis axis and whether this is prognostic in patients who receive localized radiotherapy. In this hypothesis generating study, we conducted an array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) analysis of 33 androgen synthesis genes to identify potential prognostic factors for radiotherapy outcome.METHODSaCGH analysis of tumor DNA prospectively derived from frozen needle biopsies of 126 men with intermediate‐risk disease who underwent image‐guided radiotherapy (IGRT) to a mean dose of 76.4 Gy was conducted. Statistical analyses were conducted for allelic loss or gain in genes as potential prognostic factors relative to prostate specific antigen, Gleason‐score, and T‐category.RESULTSWe observed that allelic losses of loci containing the genes StAR and HSD17B2 were associated with increased genetic instability (as determined by percentage genome alteration). On multivariate analyses these loci were prognostic for biochemical disease‐free relapse (StAR: HR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.44–5.61, P = 0.00269; HSD17B2: HR = 1.97, 95% CI: 1.06–3.64, P = 0.031). The results were validated in a surgical cohort of 131 intermediate‐risk patients.CONCLUSIONSAllelic losses of the loci containing StAR and HSD17B2 have significant prognostic value for intermediate‐risk prostate cancer. With this hypothesis generating information future studies should test StAR and HSD17B2 losses as biomarkers of androgen response in combined modality protocols. Prostate 72:1295–1305, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extensions of DFTB to investigate molecular complexes and clusters
Authors: Rapacioli Mathias , Simon Aude , Dontot Léo , Spiegelman Fernand 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMolecular complexes and clusters provide bridges between molecular and solid states physics. Containing tens to few thousands of atoms, such systems can hardly be approached via traditionalab initiowavefunction based methods at the moment. Density functional theory (DFT) and density functional based tight binding methods (DFTB) have strongly developed with respect to computational efficiency to cover this size range. However both DFT and currently implemented DFTB face difficulties to describe realistically and accurately the typical interactions met in molecular clusters, in particular long range interactions such as Coulomb interactions between distant charge fluctuations, charge resonance in ionic clusters, and van der Waals interactions. The present article aims at providing an overview of how extensions of DFTB can circumvent some of the above deficiencies and turn out to be realistic and efficient tools to investigate the properties of molecular clusters and complexes, focusing on structural, electronic, energetic, and spectroscopic properties.
Excited state properties of Si quantum dots
Authors: Zhang Rui‐Qin , De Sarkar Abir , Niehaus Thomas A. , Frauenheim Thomas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSilicon is the cornerstone of the semiconductor industry. In the nanoscale, the surface gains considerable significance due to the large surface to volume ratio. Recent theoretical advances in the investigation of the excited state properties of silicon quantum dots (QDs) are reviewed in this article. The origin of optical properties in silicon QDs is attributed to the tetrahedral crystalline structure in the Si nanostructures. Consequently, passivating the surfaces of these Si nanostructures by a suitable species turns out to be the most effective avenue for the retention of their tetrahedral structural symmetry and in turn their photoluminescence (PL) properties. The passivating agent and the extent of surface passivation need to be chosen very judiciously for the purpose of realizing the practical applications of the dots. Structural relaxation in the excited state induces Stokes shift, which varies with the particle size, the degree of surface passivation, and the nature of the passivating species. Stokes shift needs to be minimized for maximizing the PL efficiency of the QDs. All these intermingled issues are briefly addressed in the article.
A‐site magnetism in A‐site‐ordered perovskite‐structure oxides
Authors: Shimakawa Yuichi , Saito Takashi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA‐site‐ordered perovskite‐structure oxides AA′3B4O12 with Cu2+ ions at the A′ site are highlighted. Some new compounds were synthesized under high‐pressure and high‐temperature conditions. With nonmagnetic ions at the B site, only the Cu2+ spins at the A′ site contribute to the magnetic properties, providing an intriguing magnetism system that has a cubic S = 1/2 spin sublattice. When the A‐site ion is nonmagnetic, either ferromagnetism (CaCu3Ge4O12 and CaCu3Sn4O12) or antiferromagnetism (CaCu3Ti4O12) of Cu2+ spins arises. The ferromagnetic Cu–Cu direct‐exchange interaction and the antiferromagnetic Cu–O–Ti–O–Cu superexchange interaction are mutually competitive, and a perfect balance of the interactions in a solid‐solution sample causes unusual instability resulting in a magnetic tri‐critical point. Introducing magnetic lanthanide (Ln) ions into the A site was expected to produce A–A′ magnetic interaction, and in both the antiferromagnetic (Ln2/3Cu3Ti4O12) and ferromagnetic [LnCu3(Ge3/4Ga1/4)4O12] compounds the A′‐site Cu2+ spins are ordered but the magnetic interactions between the A‐ and A′‐site magnetic sublattices are very weak.magnified imageFerromagnetic (left) and antiferromagnetic (right) spin structures of A‐site‐ordered perovskite‐structure oxides, AA′3B4O12.
Zeche Nordstern: Aufstockung Schacht II
Authors: Dietz Markus , Bott Markus 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDie Zeche Nordstern in Gelsenkirchen‐Heßler wurde 1868 als erste Zeche nördlich der Emscher errichtet. In den Jahren 1926/27 und 1930 erweiterten die Architekten Kremmer und Schupp die Zeche in der ihnen eigenen funktionalen Architektur, welche schon das Bild der benachbarten Zeche Zollverein prägt. Der Förderturm Schacht II wurde 1951 nach der Planung von Fritz Schupp als Stahlfachwerkkonstruktion mit einer vorgeblendeten Mauerwerksfassade gebaut. Die historische Aufnahme (Bild 1) zeigt den Förderturm Schacht II während der Bauphase. Der gesamte Stahlbau wurde nicht gegen Korrosion geschützt, man ging davon aus, dass nach Ende der Kohleförderung der Schacht abgebaut wird. Aus diesem Schacht wurde bis zum Jahre 1993 Steinkohle aus bis zu 1000 m Tiefe gefördert.Der Beitrag beschreibt die Aufstockung von fünf Etagen auf den bestehenden 62 m hohen Schacht II und die Errichtung des zugehörigen Erschließungsbauwerkes. Die Aufstockung gliedert sich wie folgt: Die Ebene auf 64,78 m ist als Konferenzbereich geplant, die oberen drei Ebenen werden zu Büroetagen ausgebaut. In der bisherigen Dachebene des Schachtes II, am Übergang von Bestand zur Aufstockung, wurde ein Splitlevel als Verteiler‐ und Technikebene angeordnet. Dieses ist wie folgt aufgebaut: Die Ebene auf 61,61 m ist eine Technikebene mit Lamellenfassade; der tiefer liegende Bereich auf 57,94 m ist ein Auditorium, welches als Kubus in den ehemalige 10 m hohen Maschinenraum eingehängt ist. Ein für dieses Hochhaus notwendiges Erschließungsbauwerk aus Stahlbeton wurde vor der Ostwand des Bestandsturmes errichtet. Nach der Aufstockung hat das Bauwerk eine Höhe von 84 m. Auf dem Dach, in einer Höhe von 80,38 m, befindet sich eine öffentlich zugängliche Terrasse.
Untersuchungen zum Korrosionsschutz von Kanten an Stahlkonstruktionen – Ergebnisse der Laborprüfungen (Teil 2)
Authors: Momber Andreas W. , Buchbach Sascha , Plagemann Peter 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIm Rahmen von Laborprüfungen wurde die Korrosionsschutzwirkung organischer Beschichtungssysteme an Kanten von Stahlkonstruktionen untersucht. Die Kanten waren mit verschiedenen mechanischen und thermischen Verfahren vor dem Beschichten gerundet worden. Es kamen drei verschiedene Beschichtungssysteme zum Einsatz, darunter ein sogenanntes kantenfreundliches System. Für die Beurteilung der Korrosionsschutzwirkung wurden drei Kennwerte herangezogen: Kantenüberdeckungsgrad, Barrierewiderstand der Beschichtung und Antikorrosiv‐Effekt. Die Prüfungen umfassten Messungen der Trockenschichtdicken an Kanten und Flächen, Untersuchungen mittels elektrochemischer Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS) und beschleunigte Alterungsprüfungen in einer Wellentank‐Simulationskammer. Im Teil 1 des Beitrags [34] waren Konzeption und Durchführung der Prüfungen sowie die verwendeten Prüfkörper und Korrosionsschutzsysteme beschrieben worden. Über die Ergebnisse der Laborprüfungen wird im vorliegenden Teil 2 berichtet.Investigations into the corrosion protection on edges of steel constructions – Results of laboratory investigations (Part 2). Based on laboratory tests, the corrosion protection capability of organic coating systems on edges of steel constructions was investigated. The edges were rounded with different mechanical and thermal tools. Three different coating systems were considered, whereby one of the systems was a so‐called edge retentive system. Three criteria were utilized in order to assess the corrosion protection capability: edge coverage degree, barrier resistance of the coating systems, and an anticorrosive effect. The tests included DFT measurements on edges and areas, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and accelerated ageing tests in a wave tank simulation chamber. Part 1 of the paper covered the general experimental design and details of the experimental procedure, whereas the present Part 2 reports about results of the test programme.
Sind Vorbehalte gegenüber einer Verwendung verzinkter Bauteile in Hallenbädern gerechtfertigt?
Authors: Nürnberger Ulf 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn der DIN EN ISO 12944, Teil 2, wird die Korrosionsbelastung in Hallenbädern einer Korrosivitätskategorie C4 (starke Korrosionsbelastung) zugeordnet. Folgt man den Angaben dieser Norm, dann sollte bei verzinkten Bauteilen der jährliche Zinkabtrag in einer Hallenschwimmbadatmosphäre mehrere Mikrometer betragen. Ein solches Korrosionsverhalten stimmt jedoch nicht mit den baupraktischen Erfahrungen überein.Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Badatmosphäre aus korrosionschemischer Sicht betrachtet. Weiterhin werden Untersuchungen an verzinkten Bauteilen in bis zu 40 Jahre alten Hallenschwimmbädern dargestellt, und es werden Ergebnisse zur langzeitigen Zinkkorrosion in einem im Hinblick auf die Korrosionsbeanspruchung eher kritischen Bad dargelegt. Danach ist die Zinkkorrosion in den mit Leitungswasser betriebenen normalen Hallenschwimmbädern erheblich geringer als in der DIN EN ISO 12944 ausgewiesen. Es wird ein Vorschlag unterbreitet, diesem Sachverhalt im Regelwerk Rechnung zu tragen.Are reservations against the usage of galvanized building elements for indoor pools justified? According to DIN EN ISO 12944, part 2, the corrosion exposure in indoor pools falls under corrosion category C4 (severe corrosion exposure). Consequently, the zinc corrosion of the galvanized building elements exposed to an indoor pool atmosphere would amount to several micrometers. However, this kind of corrosion behaviour does not correspond with the practical building experiences.This paper pertains to chemical corrosion in a pool atmosphere. Furthermore, the investigations of galvanized building elements in up to 40‐year‐old indoor swimming pools are summarized and the results of long‐time zinc corrosion in a rather critical pool atmosphere are presented. Accordingly, the zinc corrosion in a normal indoor pool using tap water is substantially lower than stated in DIN EN ISO 12944. It is proposed that account should be taken pertaining to this issue.
Adaptation to climate change by organizations
Authors: Berkhout Frans 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOrganizations will be central actors in societal adaptation to climate variability and change. But highly simplified assumptions are often made about the response of organizations to the stimulus of perceived or experienced climate change. This paper reviews recent literature, arguing that three approaches are applied in studies of organizational adaptation: utility‐maximizing, behavioral, and institutional approaches. The paper argues that adaptive responses by organizations are conditioned by the processes of perception, evaluation, enactment, and learning by organizations. Organizational adaptation involves adjustments in each of these processes. The extent to which adaptive measures are taken by organizations will be influenced both by endogenous factors, such as the capability to innovate and attitudes to risk, as well as by the external economic and institutional context. Willingness to exercise available adaptation options will vary between organizations. Evidence of organizational adaptation from case studies and meta‐analyses is reviewed. WIREs Clim Change 2012, 3:91–106. doi: 10.1002/wcc.154This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
The maternal muscle determinant in the ascidian egg
Authors: Nishida Hiroki 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMuscle formation in ascidian embryos has been investigated for more than a century as a representative example of cell fate specification by localized maternal factors within the egg cytoplasm. Observations of colored cytoplasm in combination with micromanipulation techniques have suggested the presence of a muscle‐forming factor. The molecular basis has been elucidated with the discovery of macho‐1. macho‐1 mRNA is already present in the unfertilized egg, and translocates to the posterior region of the egg during ooplasmic movements. It encodes a zinc‐finger transcription factor that positively regulates the expression of target genes. macho‐1‐binding cis‐elements have been identified in muscle‐specific zygotic genes. Maternally localized macho‐1 appears to have originated in the ascidian lineage, but it activates a muscle‐forming developmental program that is shared by the vertebrates. macho‐1 is also involved in establishment of the anterior–posterior axis as a competence factor in mesenchyme induction in the posterior region. It is suggested that translation of the macho‐1 protein is initiated at the eight‐cell stage, and that the protein is inherited by all descendant blastomeres of the posterior‐vegetal region. The macho‐1 activities in nonmuscle descendants are suppressed or modified by cell interactions during the cleavage stages. In addition to the primary muscle specified by maternal macho‐1, ascidian embryos develop secondary muscle, whose fate is determined by cell interactions. Dozens of maternal mRNAs show similar localization to macho‐1, and these are known as postplasmic/PEM RNAs, being also involved in various posterior‐specific developmental events. Evolutionary aspects relevant to macho‐1 and tail muscle formation are also discussed in this article. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:425–433. doi: 10.1002/wdev.22This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Cytoplasmic Localization
Early Embryonic Development > Fertilization to Gastrulation
Comparative Development and Evolution > Body Plan Evolution
Anterior–posterior patterning in early development: three strategies
Authors: Kimelman David , Martin Benjamin L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe anterior–posterior (AP) axis is the most ancient of the embryonic axes and exists in most metazoans. Different animals use a wide variety of mechanisms to create this axis in the early embryo. In this study, we focus on three animals, including two insects (Drosophila and Tribolium) and a vertebrate (zebrafish) to examine different strategies used to form the AP axis. While Drosophila forms the entire axis within a syncytial blastoderm using transcription factors as morphogens, zebrafish uses signaling factors in a cellularized embryo, progressively forming the AP axis over the course of a day. Tribolium uses an intermediate strategy that has commonalities with both Drosophila and zebrafish. We discuss the specific molecular mechanisms used to create the AP axis and identify conserved features. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:253–266. doi: 10.1002/wdev.25This article is categorized under:

Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms
Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation
Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Comparative Development and Evolution > Body Plan Evolution
A niche for Drosophila neuroblasts?
Authors: Chai Phing Chian , Chia William , Cai Yu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractStem cells, which can self‐renew and give rise to differentiated daughters, are responsible for the generation of diverse cell types during development and the maintenance of tissue/organ homeostasis in adulthood. Thus, the precise regulation of stem‐cell self‐renewal and proliferative potential is a key aspect of development. The stem‐cell niche confers such control by concentrating localized factors including signaling molecules which favor stem‐cell self‐renew and regulate stem‐cell proliferation in line with developmental programs. In contrast, Drosophila neuroblasts (NBs), often referred to as neural stem cells/progenitors, can undergo asymmetric cell division to self‐renew and produce differentiated daughters even in isolation (or in culture). Furthermore, these isolated NBs can also progress through an intrinsically regulated temporal series (of transcription factor expression) to generate diverse cell types in vitro. These data argue that NBs may depend only to a limited extent, if at all, on local environment (a niche) for their maintenance. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence which indicate that the interaction between NBs and their surrounding glia is critical for the control of NB proliferative potential and these glia, in conjunction with systemic regulation, perform the niche function to regulate NB behavior. Thus, these observations emphasize the importance of coordinated local microenvironment (niche activity) and systemic environment (global activity) on the regulation of NB behavior in vivo, and suggest NBs may conform to an alternative stem‐cell/progenitor maintenance model. WIREs Dev Biol 2012, 1:307–314. doi: 10.1002/wdev.27This article is categorized under:

Nervous System Development > Flies
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches
Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Environmental Control of Stem Cells