bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of voltage‐dependent capacitance using a TDR system
Authors: Ariga Zen‐Nosuke , Wada Keiji , Shimizu Toshihisa 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe measurement of circuit parameters and the evaluation of equivalent circuit models are necessary for noise analysis or high‐speed operation circuit design for power electronics circuits. Recently, time domain reflectometry (TDR) has emerged as a technique for measuring circuit parameters. This paper proposes a TDR method for measuring the voltage‐dependent capacitance of a power MOSFET. This method can be used to measure the output capacitance Coss of a MOSFET for any DC bias voltage. The Coss of a MOSFET with VDS = 350 V was measured in an experiment, while the datasheet gives values of Coss only for VDS values in the range of 35 to 100 V. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 181(3): 31‐38, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21289
Relationship between dye–iodine binding and cell voltage in dye‐sensitized solar cells: A quantum‐mechanical look
Authors: Asaduzzaman Abu Md. , Chappellaz Guy A. G. , Schreckenbach Georg 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIt has been proposed that iodine binding to dyes may actually decrease the cell efficiency of a dye‐sensitized solar cell. A previous experimental study showed that a two‐atom change from oxygen to sulfur increased recombination of iodine with injected electrons by a factor of approximately 2. Here, it is shown that iodine binding is a plausible explanation for this effect. The steric and conjugation effects are quantified separately using a set of model compounds. Quantum‐chemical calculations show that elongation of the hydrocarbon chain has only an insignificant effect on the iodine and bromine binding to the chalcogen atoms (O, S, Se). The conjugation, however, significantly disfavors the iodine and bromine interaction. Iodine and bromine binding to the dye and model compounds containing sulfur is significantly more favorable than to their oxygen containing counterparts. Bromine binding to dyes is shown to be stronger than that of iodine. Accordingly, bromine binding to dyes may contribute significantly to the observed lower efficiencies in cells using Br/Br− as the redox couple. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the high‐pressure superconductivity in the Pnma phase of calcium
Authors: Szczęśniak R. , Szczęśniak D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe thermodynamic parameters of the superconducting state in calcium under the pressure of 161 GPa have been calculated within the framework of the Eliashberg approach. It has been shown that the value of the Coulomb pseudopotential is high ($\mu _{{\rm C}}^{*} = 0.24$) and the critical temperature (TC = 25 K) should be determined from the modified Allen–Dynes formula. In addition, it has been found that the basic dimensionless ratios of the thermodynamic parameters significantly diverge from the BCS predictions, and take the following values: (i) The zero‐temperature energy gap to the critical temperature ($R_{1} \equiv 2\Delta (0)/k_{{\rm B}} T_{{\rm C}} $) is equal to 4.01. (ii) The ratio $R_{2} \equiv {\left( {C^{{\rm S}} (T_{{\rm C}} )- C^{{\rm N}} (T_{{\rm C}} )} \right)}/C^{{\rm N}} (T_{{\rm C}} )$ equals 2.17, where CS and CN denote the specific heats for the superconducting and normal states, respectively. (iii) The quantity $R_{3} \equiv T_{{\rm C}} C^{{\rm N}} (T_{{\rm C}} )/H_{{\rm C}}^{2} (0) = 0.158$, where HC indicates the thermodynamic critical field. Finally, it has been proven that the electron effective mass is large and takes the maximum of 2.32me at TC.
Standardization or restandardization: The case for “Standard” Spoken Tamil
Authors: Schiffman Harold F. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe Tamil language has had its current standard written form since the 13th century; but because of increasing diglossia, spoken Tamil dialects have now diverged so radically from earlier norms, including the written standard (LT, or Literary Tamil) that no spoken dialect, regional or social, can function as the koiné or lingua franca. Because LT is never used for authentic informal oral communication between live speakers, there has always been a need for some sort of spoken “standard” koiné for inter-dialect communication. Aside from interpersonal communication, one hears this inter-dialect koiné most clearly in the so-called “social”film, which arose out of its antecedent, the popular or “social” drama. Conversational portions of novels and short stories also exhibit spoken forms, though not always as clearly “phonetic” as a phonetician might expect. The goal of this paper is to examine the concept of “language standardization” as it has been applied to other languages, focusing on the role of literacy and writing in this process; then to present evidence for, as well as the sources of, koinæization of "Standard Spoken Tamil"; and then to determine whether SST is in fact an emergent standard, given the challenges of literacy and writing. (Standardization, Tamil, diglossia, linguae francae, koinés)
Lepidoptera in the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Wormell Peter 
Published: July 2012

SynopsisA checklist of 576 species of lepidoptera has been produced for the islands of Rhum, Canna, Coll and Colonsay. Within these islands the status and habitat requirements of selected species, including some Scottish rarities, are discussed. Brief mention is made of some species which occur in other islands but which have not been recorded in the four sample islands. The status of Zygaenidae is discussed. This family is of outstanding interest in that five of the seven species recorded in Scotland occur in the Inner Hebrides. One is restricted to Skye, whilst another now appears to be confined in Britain to the Isles of Mull and Ulva.
Nature conservation in the Inner Hebrides
Authors: Kerr A. J. , Boyd John Morton 
Published: July 2012

SynopsisThe methods of nature conservation applied within the Inner Hebrides are those which are now standard throughout Britain and are governed by legislation. The procedures for habitat or site protection and species protection are illustrated in the descriptions of the reserves, the Sites of Special Scientific Interest and the protected species within the archipelago. The reserves and sites cover interests in the geology, geomorphology, zoology, botany and ecology of the islands and the surrounding seabed. National Scenic Areas are also mentioned. Relationships between nature conservation and the uses of land and sea are discussed. With the exceptions of the commercial exploitation of the island pastures in sheep husbandry, with much uncontrolled burning, and the exploitation of fin fish and shell fish and consequent widespread depletion of stocks, the Inner Hebrides are comparatively undisturbed by modern industrial development.
Dimensions of Indian expatriate adjustment in the USA: an exploratory study
Authors: Srivastava Deepak K. , Panday Monika 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an instrument to measure the dimensionality of Indian expatriate adjustment.Design/methodology/approachIn an effort to measure the dimensionality of Indian expatriate adjustment in the USA, Black's instrument was used in this paper.FindingsThe factor analysis gave a different factor structure from that proposed by Black. Expatriate scores did not merge into three dimensions of expatriates' adjustment; rather they merged into two dimensions. Unlike Black's study, interaction with host nationals was not found to be a separate dimension. A possible explanation is that linguistic skills and the presence of Indian diaspora support Indian expatriates during their interactions with Americans.Research limitations/implicationsThe exploratory character of this study with its small convenience sample of Indian expatriates makes the findings tentative.Practical implicationsThe paper is a useful source of information for students planning to make a career in international business and practitioners already engaged in international business activities.Originality/valueThis paper fulfils an identified information need and offers help in expatriate adjustment.
The likelihood of subcontractor payment
Authors: Tran Hanh , Carmichael David G. 
Published: July 2012

PurposeSubcontractor payments typically come through the contractor, though there can be exceptions to this, and their timing and quantum can be affected by the upstream payment practices of the owner to the contractor, as well as the payment practices of the contractor. The purpose of this paper is to study the linked effect of late and incomplete payments of both the owner and contractor on what the subcontractor receives.Design/methodology/approachThe paper's analysis develops on an existing Markov chain formulation of owner payments. The probability of getting payment from an owner or contractor is represented as a function of time since claim submission. Such functions are established through goodness of fit tests using actual project data. The downstream progression of payment from owner to contractor to subcontractor is treated as a collection of series and parallel systems, for which the likelihood of payment is assessed.FindingsA model that enables subcontractors to calculate the likelihood of getting their claims paid, based on owner and contractor historical payment practices, is developed. Subcontractors are able to calculate the conditional and unconditional probabilities of their claims being paid at any time after claim submission. The model may be used with historical payment records, or with identified typical owner and contractor payment types.Practical implicationsThe paper presents a practical method by which a subcontractor is able to calculate age‐dependent probabilities of outstanding claim amounts being paid. Such information feeds into the subcontractor's tendering practices before entering a new project, and in the subcontractor's contract administration practices in terms of pursuing claims.Originality/valueThe modelling of the owner‐contractor‐subcontractor payment linkage is original. No similar modelling exists in the literature.
Capturing maturity of ICT applications in construction processes
Authors: Eadie Robert , Perera Srinath , Heaney George 
Published: July 2012

PurposeTwo main types of models are used worldwide in consideration of the impact of Information Communication Technology (ICT) processes in construction: capability maturity models (CMM) and e‐readiness models. The purpose of this paper is to review the structure behind the different models, their applicability to construction and indicate how organisations move between the levels in a CMM.Design/methodology/approachThis study investigates the literature behind eight e‐readiness models and 53 CMMs.FindingsThe findings indicate 88 per cent of maturity‐based CMM models linked to five maturity levels, with the remainder using four. CMMs have common features: the process/application is described by maturity levels; Key Process Areas (KPA) provide the features to allow movement; and the levels are arranged and attained systematically, lowest to highest. Publication dates and trends indicate the rate of CMM publication is increasing (most in 2009), conversely, e‐readiness models are not (most published in 2004).Practical implicationsIt is expected that the number of CMMs will increase; conversely, e‐readiness models may not. E‐readiness models have not been adopted by other industries and applications. However, CMMs, although initiated in software engineering, have progressed to incorporate construction models which cover processes as diverse as financial management and documentation. This suggests that a CMM is more applicable for applications such as e‐business in construction.Originality/valueThe paper significantly expands that of Man in 2007 who listed 22 CMM models. This paper categorises a further 31 models and indicates construction applicability, combined with a review of e‐readiness models for the first time.
Digital radio and market failure: a tale of two complementary platforms
Authors: Pierre Freyens Benoît 
Published: July 2012

PurposeIn sharp contrast to television, various sources of market failure currently prevent market forces fulfilling the promise of digital switchover in radio markets. The purpose of this paper is to review the strengths and weaknesses, business models and market deployment of the two main platforms, with a view to establishing the economic case for higher regulatory involvement in digital radio markets.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyses the relevant broadcaster, engineering and regulatory literature, with particular emphasis on technical compatibilities among terrestrial radio broadcast technologies, and the technological and economic difficulties they face. The exercise is the first of its kind to scope and bring together these multidisciplinary contributions.FindingsThe highly uncoordinated development and deployment of terrestrial digital radio platforms is leading this new digital industry to an impasse. There is a legacy of uncertainty and scepticism amongst market players. Furthermore, prevailing technology and business models have marginalised community radio services and regional audiences.Research limitations/implicationsThe analysis does not cover the demand side (contents, culture) nor developments in non‐terrestrial digital platforms, nor in the US‐based IBOC standard.Practical implicationsThere is considerable scope, particularly in large, sparsely inhabited countries with sizeable rural audiences to remedy the failings of the current fragmented approach through regulatory intervention through platform integration.Originality/valueThere is a lack of coherent information published on the potential benefits that the new digital platforms are bringing to the audio broadcasting market, and on the current market difficulties they face. The article remedies this gap.
Individual differences and analyst forecast accuracy
Authors: Luo Ting , Xie Wenjuan 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of unidentifiable individual differences among financial analysts on the cross section of their earnings forecast accuracy.Design/methodology/approachThe paper employs the concept of analyst fixed effects to control for unidentifiable individual differences. Various psychological factors, such as decision style and personality traits, are documented to impact individuals' decision making. However, analysts' individual differences in such psychological factors are not captured by identifiable personal attributes employed in finance literature, such as years of experience. The methodology used addresses this issue and presents a more comprehensive study of analyst forecast accuracy.FindingsThe paper documents that unidentifiable analyst‐specific effects are significant, and that controlling for them improves model fitting and changes the explanatory power of some of the traditionally used independent variables in the literature. The paper confirms that the analyst's firm‐specific experience, the intensity of following that a firm receives, and the forecast horizon are all significantly and consistently related to forecast accuracy. However, it is found that analyst general experience and coverage complexity lose explanatory power when individual differences are controlled for. Analyst general experience is not monotonically associated with better accuracy and that analysts only benefit from increased general experience during the early to middle stages of their career. Finally, when analysts' individual differences are controlled for, the boldness of a forecast revision is not associated with the improvement of accuracy.Research limitations/implicationsThe documented non‐monotonic relationship between analyst general experience and forecast accuracy is explained as a result of U‐shaped self‐efficacy, decision style and career concerns. This observation is not necessarily in line with the theory of analyst seniority and reputation‐related performance.Originality/valueThe methodology used addresses the issue of analysts' individual differences in psychological factors and presents a more comprehensive study of analyst forecast accuracy.
A new process for creating points systems for prioritising patients for elective health services
Authors: Hansen Paul , Hendry Alison , Naden Ray , Ombler Franz , Stewart Ralph 
Published: July 2012

PurposeThis paper aims to describe a new process for creating points systems – i.e. decision criteria and their point values – for prioritising patients for access to elective health services.Design/methodology/approachThe process was developed in New Zealand from a project the authors were closely involved in, beginning in 2004, to create new points systems, initially for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and then successively for other elective services. The objective was to overcome the limitations of earlier methodologies for creating points systems.FindingsThe process, supported by internet‐based software, consists of seven steps performed by a working group of clinical leaders for the elective service concerned, in consultation with patient groups and other clinicians. The authors' experience reveals it is acceptable to clinicians and their professional organisations as well as to patient groups.Originality/valueThe process creates points systems that are valid and reproducible and based on a consensus of clinical judgements. The process is explained in a step‐by‐step manner so that it is possible for readers to apply it themselves to create points systems for their own patient‐prioritisation applications.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in subjects with adrenal incidentaloma
Authors: Papanastasiou Labrini , Pappa Theodora , Samara Christianna , Apostolopoulou Glyceria , Tsiavos Vaios , Markou Athina , Alexandraki Krystallenia , Piaditis George , Chrousos George , Kaltsas Gregory 
Published: July 2012

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (11): 1165–1172AbstractBackground  Adrenal incidentalomas (AI) are associated with several parameters of the metabolic syndrome (MS). Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered a cardiometabolic risk factor, no data exist on its prevalence and clinical relevance in AI. The aim was to investigate the presence of MS and NAFLD in AI subjects.Patients and Methods  Fifty‐six AI subjects and 30 age‐, sex‐ and body mass index (BMI)‐matched controls were evaluated. All subjects underwent abdominal computerized tomography scan and hepatic and spleen attenuation measurements. The presence of NAFLD was defined as a mean hepatic minus mean spleen attenuation difference (ΔL−ΔS) < −10HU. Anthropometric variables [BMI and waist‐to‐hip ratio (W/H)] were recorded, and biochemical parameters were measured. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed, and several insulin resistance (IR) indices were determined. All subjects underwent testing to reveal autonomous cortisol and/or aldosterone (ALD) secretion, while the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was ruled out.Results  Adrenal incidentaloma subjects’ mean age (± standard deviation) was 59·64 (± 8·68) years, BMI 29·84 (± 5·85) kg/m2 and W/H 0·90 (± 0·07). Twelve subjects with AI had subtle autonomous cortisol, five autonomous ALD and three combined cortisol and ALD secretion. AI subjects exhibited higher IR indices than controls. NAFLD was present in three AI subjects and two controls. In the multiple regression analysis, W/H and triglycerides were independently associated with a low ΔL−ΔS and, hence, degree of hepatic steatosis.Conclusions  There was no significant difference in the presence of NAFLD between AI patients and controls. ΔL−ΔS, an inverse index of NAFLD, was independently associated with abdominal obesity and increased triglycerides.
Phonological similarity and mutual exclusivity: on‐line recognition of atypical pronunciations in 3–5‐year‐olds
Authors: Creel Sarah C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRecent research has considered the phonological specificity of children’s word representations, but few studies have examined the flexibility of those representations. Tolerating acoustic–phonetic deviations has been viewed as a negative in terms of discriminating minimally different word forms, but may be a positive in an increasingly multicultural society where children encounter speakers with variable accents. To explore children’s on‐line processing of accented speech, preschoolers heard atypically pronounced words (e. g. ‘fesh’, from fish) and selected pictures from a four‐item display as eye movements were tracked. Children recognized similarity between typical and accented variants, selecting the fish overwhelmingly when hearing ‘fesh’ (Experiment 1), even when a novel‐picture alternative was present (Experiment 2). However, eye movements indicated slowed on‐line recognition of accented relative to typical variants. Novel‐picture selections increased with feature distance from familiar forms, but were similarly sensitive to vowel, onset, and coda changes (Experiment 3). Implications for child accent processing and mutual exclusivity are discussed.
As nation, people and public collide: enacting Dutchness in public discourse
Authors: Van Reekum Rogier 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn recent decades, Dutchness has become an intensely debated issue in Dutch public sphere. The article problematises the labelling of nations and nationalisms that occurs in public and academic understandings of these developments. Craig Calhoun's concept of discursive formation is argued to be more fruitful for understanding the recent contestations over Dutchness. Yet Calhoun's theory is itself in need of elaboration. Whereas Calhoun proposes to focus on the extent to which nations are constructed as publics of highly differentiated members, it is precisely this image that is central to an exclusionary discourse of Dutchness and enables the exclusion of cultural others from the Dutch imaginary. By analysing the enactment of Dutchness through discourses on citizenship, the surprising congruence of pluralism and exclusion in the Dutch context is explored.
A brain network instantiating approach and avoidance motivation
Authors: Spielberg Jeffrey M. , Miller Gregory A. , Warren Stacie L. , Engels Anna S. , Crocker Laura D. , Banich Marie T. , Sutton Bradley P. , Heller Wendy 
Published: July 2012

AbstractResearch indicates that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is important for pursuing goals, and areas of DLPFC are differentially involved in approach and avoidance motivation. Given the complexity of the processes involved in goal pursuit, DLPFC is likely part of a network that includes orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), cingulate, amygdala, and basal ganglia. This hypothesis was tested with regard to one component of goal pursuit, the maintenance of goals in the face of distraction. Examination of connectivity with motivation‐related areas of DLPFC supported the network hypothesis. Differential patterns of connectivity suggest a distinct role for DLPFC areas, with one involved in selecting approach goals, one in selecting avoidance goals, and one in selecting goal pursuit strategies. Finally, differences in trait motivation moderated connectivity between DLPFC and OFC, suggesting that this connectivity is important for instantiating motivation.