bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mertvaya Doroga – a railroad as the backbone of Soviet defence in the Arctic, 1943–54
Authors: Mildenberger Florian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDuring World War II, the threat of a German invasion along the north coast of Siberia led to the Soviet High Command developing a plan to build a railroad through the Urals to the port of Salekhard and beyond. Following the War, these plans were reworked to defend against the threat of American aggression. The ‘Mertvaya Doroga’ or great Stalin railroad or polarmagistral was intended to run from Chum, a small station on the Vorkuta railway, through the northern Urals to Salekhard and from there through Nadym to Igarka and Noril'sk. A second railway was to go from Vorkuta to the port of Amderma, while a third included a great net of railroads around Arkhangel'sk. Slave labour was used to construct these railroads, but despite massive programmes run by the Soviet secret police, the railroads were never completed or efficiently constructed. The death of Stalin in 1953 signaled the end of the construction of the Arctic railroads.
Ice-shelf collapse, climate change, and habitat loss in the Canadian high Arctic
Authors: Vincent W. F. , Gibson J.A.E. , Jeffries M.O. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEarly explorers in the Canadian high Arctic described a fringe of thick, landfast ice along the 500-km northern coast of Ellesmere Island. This article shows from analyses of historical records, aerial photographs, and satellite imagery (ERS-1, SPOT, RADARSAT-1) that this ancient ice feature (‘Ellesmere Ice Shelf’) underwent a 90% reduction in area during the course of the twentieth century. In addition, hydrographic profiles in Disraeli Fiord (83°N, 74°W) suggest that the ice-shelf remnant that presently dams the fiord (Ward Hunt Ice Shelf) decreased in thickness by 13 m (27%) from 1967 to 1999. Mean annual air temperatures at nearby Alert station showed a significant warming trend during the last two decades of this period, and a significant decline in the number of freezing degree days per annum. The ice-dammed fiord provides a stratified physical and biological environment (epishelf lake) of a type that is otherwise restricted to Antarctica. Extensive meltwater lakes occur on the surface of the ice shelf and support a unique microbial food web. The major contraction of these ice–water habitats foreshadows a much broader loss of marine cryo-ecosystems that will accompany future wanning in the high Arctic.
Further notes about the Antarctic paintings of Edward Seago
Authors: Codling Rosamunde 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe author has located an Antarctic painting that was not listed in the previously published article ‘The Antarctic paintings of Edward Seago (1910–1974).’ This painting, entitled ‘Antarctic dusk,’ is held by the Royal Geographical Society. An anomaly regarding one of the paintings discussed in the original article is mentioned and clarified.
The Polar Record Glacier
Authors: Cruwys Liz , Rees Gareth 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe name for the Polar Record Glacier was approved in February 1952. At that time, the glacier was reported to possess an ice tongue that flowed into Sandefjord Ice Bay. In autumn 2000, AVHRR images were examined to assess whether the Polar Record ice tongue was still extant. It was found that there is an ice feature currently about 15 miles in length at the end of the glacier, although its orientation has changed since it was first surveyed in 1947. A fissure indicates that the tongue has calved to form an iceberg that is probably grounded.
Response of cold-adapted microbial populations in a permafrost profile to hydrocarbon contaminants
Authors: Rike A.G. , Børresen M. , Instanes A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHeterotrophic and hydrocarbon-degrading microbial populations in soils from different depths in a permafrost soil profile at a hydrocarbon-contaminated site at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, were examined and compared to the populations present at a pristine site. The objective was to investigate whether the populations were enhanced after 12 years of exposure to hydrocarbons. Based on air and soil temperature data, it is concluded that the microorganisms living in these environments are cold-adapted. Proliferation of the populations by a factor of 100–1000 was measured in the layers where mineral oil was present in high concentrations. This indicates that the populations responded to the additional carbon source by degradation and growth on hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon metabolites. A high number of intrinsic heterotrophic and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria is a prerequisite forin situbioremediation of contaminated sites. Although the hydrocarbon-degrading activities of the populations are not known, the results show that the population sizes probably do not represent the limiting factor in a bioremedial action at this contaminated Arctic permafrost site.
Age and taphonomy of abandoned penguin rookeries in the Antarctic Peninsula region
Authors: Emslie Steven D. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTInvestigations on the age and taphonomy of modern and abandoned penguin rookeries were completed in the Antarctic Peninsula region, 1992–1994. Systematic collection and identification of bones from modern rookeries of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae), chinstrap (P. antarctica), and gentoo (P. papua) penguins indicate a bias in element preservation for humeri, furcula, femora, and tibiotarsi. More than 73% of the individuals represented by these elements are juveniles. Bones from abandoned rookeries show similar patterns that can help identify old breeding sites and the species that occupied them. Radiocarbon dates completed on 13 chinstrap and Adélie penguin bones, feathers, and eggshell fragments from five abandoned rookeries suggest that occupation of these sites occurred only during warm intervals of the Little Ice Age (AD 1500–1850). These data also provide information on the paleoecology and paleobiogeography of penguins in the Antarctic Peninsula region, which help explain modern distribution patterns and demography.
Antarctica at the United Nations, 1985: the end of consensus?
Authors: Beck Peter J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe question of Antarctica was discussed at the United Nations General Assembly in 1985 for the third successive year. While the content of the debates differed little from that of previous years, the discussions resulted in the adoption, by large majorities, of three resolutions in favour of an expanded and up-dated UN Study on Antarctica, the provision of information for the UN on the Antarctic minerals regime negotiations, and the exclusion of South Africa from the Antarctic Treaty System. The Antarctic Treaty powers, favouring no real UN role in Antarctica, stressed the need to maintain the present arrangements and did not participate in the UN votes on the three resolutions. The apparent breakdown of the consensus approach that was characteristic of 1983 and 1984 raises a question for the future; will 1986 witness bridge-building or continuing divisions on the most appropriate way to manage Antarctica in the future?
West Greenland Sledge Dogs
Authors: Croft Andrew 
Published: October 2009

Very little is known of the ancestry of these dogs, but they probably accompanied the Eskimos on their gradual migrations, lasting many hundreds of years, from Mongolia along the Arctic coasts of Canada, and eventually to Greenland itself.Less than a thousand inhabitants live on the east coast of Greenland, nearly all of them being in the Angmagssalik and Scoresby Sound districts; and the Eskimo there depends mainly on his hunting kayak for his livelihood. The snowfall is comparatively heavy, especially during the spring, and on account of the windless conditions prevalent at this season, surfaces are very soft and heavy. For this and other reasons these Eskimos do not sledge very much, and there are no expert dog-drivers on the whole of the east coast. Their dogs are for the most part poor, and during the summer months, invariably underfed.
The Dogs of the British Graham Land Expedition
Authors: Rymill John 
Published: October 2009

This article is in no way meant to be a full account of our dogs and dog driving, but rather to give a rough idea of the methods we found best adapted to the conditions met with in Graham Land.Surgeon Lieut.-Com. E. W. Bingham, R.N., was in charge of our dogs and sledging equipment, and he is at present engaged on writing a detailed report, including dog management and breeding, which, if not published, will be housed at the Scott Polar Research Institute, together with specimens of our harnesses, traces, whips, sledges, etc.
The selection of lubricants for use at low temperatures
Authors: Sellers E. S. 
Published: October 2009

The essential purpose of a lubricant is to reduce friction and to minimize wear. This object is achieved by preventing the physical contact of moving surfaces by maintaining between them a thin layer of a suitable fluid, the lubricant. The lubricant should adhere strongly to the boundary surfaces, so that when they are in relative motion, a film of lubricant is “dragged along” between them, forcing them apart and keeping them out of physical contact with each other.The maintenance of this layer during actual movement of the surfaces depends on a property common to all fluids, namely, viscosity. Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of liquids to shearing forces; for instance, an oil which pours out of a spout slowly is usually termed a “thick oil”, while one which pours easily is described as “thin”. It is more correct to speak of these oils as having “high” and “low” viscosities respectively. In general, the higher the viscosity of the fluid used, the easier it is to maintain a film during movement of the bearing surfaces. But because a high viscosity means a high resistance to shearing forces on the lubricant itself, more power is needed to maintain the desired relative motion of the surfaces.
The base of the Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition, 1949–52
Authors: Reece Alan 
Published: October 2009

It was originally planned that the base, which was situated in Dronning Maud Land in lat. 71° 6' S., long. 10° 58' W., should consist of three large and one small huts:Large hut 1. Accommodation for eight men, radio office, dark room and sick-bay.Large hut 2. Accommodation for six men, kitchen and mess.Large hut 3. Workshop, meteorological office and laboratories.Small hut. Two Diesel generators.
Frobisher's 1578 voyage: early eyewitness accounts of English ships in Arctic seas
Authors: McDermott James 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe three voyages to Baffin Island under the command of Martin Frobisher (1576, 1577, and 1578) constituted the first recorded European expeditions to the area. Their original aim—the discovery of a northwest route to ‘Cathay,’ the ill-understood far east—was one manifestation of a broader English attempt to challenge the commercial ascendancy of Spain and Portugal whilst avoiding political confrontation with those powers. This latter imperative made it necessary for the search to be conducted in relatively high latitudes, corollaries of which were the growth of English experience of Arctic and sub-Arctic conditions, and the development of a body of literature, both technical and popular, to record the lessons of these endeavours. Utilising the relative abundance of contemporary evidence on the events of Frobisher's 1578 voyage—the largest expedition to Baffin Island prior to the present century—this paper notes and examines the responses of English mariners to these climatic conditions.
Conversational agreement and racial formation processes
Authors: PAGLIAI VALENTINA 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTRecent scholarship on the working of racial formation processes underscores the intersection between discursive and structural components in the emergence of “race,” and the agency of individuals at the local and global level in articulating its meaning. This article offers a link toward understanding how racial formation processes operate in face-to-face interaction, by highlighting how people do racialization. Based on fieldwork in Italy, it explores how conversationalists deploy agreement to co-construct a racialized image of immigrants to Italy. It is argued that this deployment leads to reinforcement of the racist stances expressed in the conversation itself, and possibly beyond it. In addition, the repeated occurrence of agreement during the co-construction of utterances produces a spiral effect around racializing discourse, a progressive deepening of the racialization itself. At the same time, agreement leads to a decrease of personal responsibility for the statements made, which come to be co-constructed among conversationalists. (Agreement, racialization, immigration, Italy)
Speaking beauties: Linguistic posturing, language inequality, and the construction of a Tanzanian beauty queen
Authors: BILLINGS SABRINA 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis article considers language use in Tanzanian beauty pageants, where contestants’ onstage speech is the focus of explicit and implicit critique. In particular, contestants who speak English are far more likely to win than are their Swahili-speaking counterparts. But because English has limited circulation and is restricted to the educated elite, speaking English is, for most contestants, possible only through memorization. Local ideologies that give preference to purity over standardness mean that, while contestants’ speeches are often full of grammatical oddities, their linguistic posturing is typically well received. Yet once a contestant reaches the pinnacle of competition, expectations for language use rise, and once-successful contestants find themselves at a glass ceiling. Findings presented here point to the local and hierarchical nature of language ideologies, and to the need to account for the common practice in multilingual communities of successfully employing “incomplete” linguistic knowledge for indexical and referential effect. (Language ideology, multilingualism, Swahili, English, language purity, beauty pageants, education)*
EELS of Niobium and Stoichiometric Niobium-Oxide Phases—Part I: Plasmon and Near-Edges Fine Structure
Authors: Bach David , Schneider Reinhard , Gerthsen Dagmar , Verbeeck Jo , Sigle Wilfried 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA comprehensive electron energy-loss spectroscopy study of niobium (Nb) and stable Nb-oxide phases (NbO, NbO2, Nb2O5) was carried out. In this work (Part I), the plasmons and energy-loss near-edge structures (ELNES) of all relevant Nb edges (Nb-N2,3, Nb-M4,5, Nb-M2,3, Nb-M1, and Nb-L2,3) up to energy losses of about 2600 eV and the O-K edge are analyzed with respect to achieving characteristic fingerprints of Nb in different formal oxidation states (0 for metallic Nb, +2 for NbO, +4 for NbO2, and +5 for Nb2O5). Chemical shifts of the Nb-N2,3, Nb-M4,5, Nb-M2,3, and Nb-L2,3edges are extracted from the spectra that amount to about 4 eV as the oxidation state increases from 0 for Nb to +5 for Nb2O5. Four different microscopes, including a 200 keV ZEISS Libra with monochromator, were used. The corresponding wide range of experimental parameters with respect to the primary electron energy, convergence, and collection semi-angles as well as energy resolution allows an assessment of the influence of the experimental setup on the ELNES of the different edges. Finally, the intensity of the Nb-L2,3white-line edges is correlated with niobium 4d-state occupancy in the different reference materials.
African Christology: Hope for the Anglican Communion
Authors: Titre Ande 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Anglican Communion has been tested by difficult theological tensions that have painfully affected mission in different contexts. The troubled question is: ‘Who is Jesus Christ for Anglicans?’ This paper suggests that, as the spiritual centre has already shifted to the church in the Majority World, the reflections and insights of Africans concerning Jesus Christ should be taken into account in any Christological reflections. African Christology is more holistic as it integrates the person and the work of Christ, which apply to the whole of African life.Jesus, the Lord of cultures and the Healer, is alive today. He has overcome death so that God’s transforming power may heal our deeply wounded souls and our broken communities. The Anglican Communion should recognize the healing power of the Lord Jesus, and continually re-affirm the salvation in Christ, forgiveness of sins, transformation of life and incorporation into the holy fellowship of the church. The world needs the credible witness of Christians who live in the world, but are not of the world.
Assessment of Carbon Monoxide Exposure During the Operation of Indoor Drive-Through Mass Vaccination Clinics
Authors: Pavelchak Nicholas , Franko Eileen , Zhu Julia , DePersis Ron 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: Drive-through mass vaccination clinics are an increasingly popular component of public health emergency response plans. One potential disadvantage, however, is the exposure of clinicians, volunteers, public health responders, and the public to carbon monoxide (CO) from vehicle exhaust emissions when clinics are held within garages or other enclosed structures.Methods: CO levels were monitored during indoor drive-through clinics held on the same day at 2 separate locations in a rural upstate New York county. Each clinic was operated for 2 hours during which seasonal influenza vaccines were administered to county residents as they remained within their vehicles. At each location, vehicle engines remained operating indoors within multiple lanes of traffic. No mechanical ventilation was used, but wind speeds through the buildings were relatively strong and consistent. CO was measured at breathing-zone height throughout the clinic sessions using direct-reading instruments.Results: CO levels remained below detection for the majority of the clinic sessions. Short-term, high CO exposures, however, were found to be associated with a small number of individual vehicles that were in apparent disrepair.Conclusions: The findings from this study indicate that CO exposures may be minimized by identifying and separately processing problematic vehicles before they enter the clinic. Direct reading CO monitors can help to identify these vehicles. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3:158–162)
Novel sequence variation of AIRE and detection of interferon‐ω antibodies in early infancy
Authors: Tóth Beáta , Wolff Anette S. B. , Halász Zita , Tar Attila , Szüts Péter , Ilyés István , Erdős Melinda , Szegedi Gyula , Husebye Eystein S. , Zeher Margit , Maródi László 
Published: October 2009

SummaryObjective  Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS I) is a rare primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, multi‐organ autoimmunity and ectodermal dysplasia. Autoantibodies to parathyroid and adrenal glands and type I interferons (IFN) are hallmarks of APS I, which results from mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene. We wished to study clinical, immunological and genetic features of APS I in Hungarian patients, and to correlate anti‐IFN‐ω serum concentration with APS I and other multi‐organ autoimmune diseases.Design  Detailed analysis of patients with APS I and multi‐organ autoimmune diseases.Patients  Seven patients with APS I and 11 patients with multi‐organ autoimmune diseases were studied.Measurements  Mutational analysis was performed by bidirectional sequencing of AIRE. Antibodies against IFN‐ω and endocrine organ‐specific autoantigens were studied with radioimmunoassay. RFLP was performed by digestion of DNA with Hin6I restriction enzyme.Results  AIRE sequence analysis revealed homozygous c.769C>T mutations in three patients and compound heterozygous sequence variants (c.769C>T/c.44_66dup26bp; c.769C>T/c.965_977del13bp; c.769C>T/c.1344delC) in four patients with APS I. All the six live patients tested had markedly elevated IFN‐ω antibodies, which were not found in heterozygous siblings or parents. One of the identified patients was negative for antibodies against IFN‐ω at 6 weeks of age, but became positive at 7 months. At age 1, he is still without symptoms of the disease. In contrast to patients with APS I, no AIRE mutation or elevation of IFN‐ω antibodies were detected in patients with multi‐organ autoimmune diseases.Conclusion  This is the first overview of patients diagnosed with APS I in Hungary. A novel c.1344delC mutation in AIRE was detected. Anti‐IFN‐ω antibodies seem to appear very early in life and are helpful to differentiate APS I from other multi‐organ autoimmune diseases.
The evaluation of self‐care and self‐efficacy in patients undergoing hemodialysis
Authors: Bağ Eylem , Mollaoğlu Mukadder 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPurpose  The purpose of this study is to assess patients' self‐care ability and self‐efficacy, to examine the relationship between them and to determine the factors affecting self‐care ability and self‐efficacy in people undergoing hemodialysis (HD).Methods  This research was conducted as a descriptive survey study by 138 people with ESRD who were patients of HD units service in Sivas. The data were collected with a Personal Information Form, Exercise of Self‐Care Agency (ESCA) Scale and Self‐Efficacy Assessment Form. Data collected from the study were analysed using percent, mean, Tukey test, significance test of two means, one‐way variant analysis and Kruskal–Wallis test.Results  The study results demonstrate that while there is a correlation between self‐care ability and education level, work status, income level and frequency of HD application, factors such as age, gender, education level, work status, income level and frequency of HD application determine self‐efficacy. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between patients' self‐care ability and self‐efficacy. It was determined that as the level of self‐care ability increases self‐efficacy level also increases.Conclusions  Hemodialysis application affects patients' self‐care ability and self‐efficacy levels. There is a positive correlation between self‐care ability and self‐efficacy. In view of this study's results, it is recommended to organize education programmes to increase self‐care ability and self‐efficacy levels of HD patients and prepare comprehensive plans including patients' families.
Plant chemical defence allocation constrains evolution of local range
Authors: SIEMENS DAVID H. , HAUGEN RISTON , MATZNER STEVEN , VANASMA NICHOLAS 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMany species of plants in the wild are distributed spatially in patches, the boundaries of which may occur and change because of a complicated interplay between myriad environmental stressors and limitations of, or constraints on, plant coping mechanisms. By examining genetic variation and co‐variation among marker‐inferred inbred lines and sib‐families of an upland wild mustard species within and just a few meters across a natural patch boundary, we show that the evolution of tolerance to the stressful environment outside the patch may be constrained by allocation to glucosinolate compounds (GS) that are defensive against generalist insect herbivores. Several potential stressors were associated with the patch boundary, but carbon isotope ratios indicated that sib‐families with smaller stomatal apertures maintained performance better in response to late season dry conditions, suggesting that drought was an important stressor. The presence of GS may help explain the characteristic patchy distribution of mustards, a relatively diverse and important plant family. This result challenges one end of the continuum of the long‐standing Plant Apparency hypothesis, which essentially states the opposite causation, that low molecular weight toxins like GS are evolutionary responses of patchy distributions and correlated life‐history traits.