bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic response of perfused livers to various oxygenation conditions
Authors: Orman Mehmet A. , Ierapetritou Marianthi G. , Androulakis Ioannis P. , Berthiaume Francois 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIsolated liver perfusion systems have been used to characterize intrinsic metabolic changes in liver as a result of various perturbations, including systemic injury, hepatotoxin exposure, and warm ischemia. Most of these studies were done using hyperoxic conditions (95% O2) but without the use of oxygen carriers in the perfusate. Prior literature data do not clearly establish the impact of oxygenation, and in particular that of adding oxygen carriers to the perfusate, on the metabolic functions of the liver. Therefore, herein the effects of oxygen delivery in the perfusion system on liver metabolism were investigated by comparing three modes of oxygenation. Rat livers were perfused via the portal and hepatic veins at a constant flow rate of 3 mL/min/g liver in a recirculating perfusion system. In the first group, the perfusate was equilibrated in a membrane oxygenator with room air (21% O2) before entering the liver. In the second group, the perfusate was equilibrated with a 95% O2/5% CO2 gas mixture. In the third group, the perfusate was supplemented with washed bovine red blood cells (RBCs) at 10% hematocrit and also equilibrated with the 95% O2/5% CO2 gas mixture. Oxygen and CO2 gradients across the liver were measured periodically with a blood gas analyzer. The rate of change in the concentration of major metabolites in the perfusate was measured over time. Net extracellular fluxes were calculated from these measurements and applied to a stoichiometric‐based optimization problem to determine the intracellular fluxes and active pathways in the perfused livers. Livers perfused with RBCs consumed oxygen at twice the rate observed using hyperoxic (95% O2) perfusate without RBCs, and also produced more urea and ketone bodies. At the flow rate used, the oxygen supply in perfusate without RBCs was just sufficient to meet the average oxygen demand of the liver but would be insufficient if it increased above baseline, as is often the case in response to environmental perturbations. Metabolic pathway analysis suggests that significant anaerobic glycolysis occurred in the absence of RBCs even using hyperoxic perfusate. Conversely, when RBCs were used, glucose production from lactate and glutamate, as well as pathways related to energy metabolism were upregulated. RBCs also reversed an increase in PPP fluxes induced by the use of hyperoxic perfusate alone. In conclusion, the use of oxygen carriers is required to investigate the effect of various perturbations on liver metabolism. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011;108: 2947–2957. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sub‐ and Supercritical Fluids for the Defunctionalization of Mono‐ and Polyols A Sustainable Alternative for the Defunctionalization of Carbohydrates
Authors: Vogel G. Herbert 
Published: July 2011

AbstractUm die stetig steigende Weltbevölkerung nachhaltig mit Energie‐ und Rohstoffen zu versorgen, müssen neue Wertschöpfungsketten für die Zwischenprodukte der Chemischen Industrie entwickelt werden. Eine nachhaltige Rohstoffquelle ist die Biomasse, insbesondere Kohlenhydrate. Damit sind eine Reihe von Mono‐ und Polyalkoholen über bio‐ oder heterogenkatalysierte Umsetzungen zugänglich, die weiter mithilfe von nah‐ und überkritischem Wasser zu industriell wichtigen Zwischenprodukten dehydratisiert werden können.
Performance of Ex Situ Bismuth Film Rotating Disk Electrode in Trace Metal Analysis by Stripping Chronopotentiometry: Definition of the Depletion Regime and Optimization of Experimental Parameters
Authors: Rocha Luciana S. , Pereira E. , Duarte A. C. , Pinheiro José Paulo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe potentiality of the ex situ deposited bismuth film electrode, allied to the rotation of a glassy carbon disk electrode (BiFE‐RDE), was exploited in trace metal analyses of lead(II) and cadmium(II) by stripping chronopotentiometry (SCP). A single BiFE (6.2 nm film thickness) can be used for a 1‐day term with no significant variation in the analytical signal. The limit of detection (3σ) for a deposition time of 40 s and an oxidation current of 15×10−9 A was 1.5×10−8 M for Pb(II) and 3.0×10−8 M for Cd(II). BiFE‐RDE was successfully applied to the direct SCP determination of lead(II) in a fresh water certified material.
Exposure to the JNK inhibitor SP600125 (anthrapyrazolone) during early zebrafish development results in morphological defects
Authors: Valesio Eric G. , Zhang Honghong , Zhang Chunbo 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTSP600125 (anthrapyrazolone) is a synthetic polyaromatic chemical that inhibits c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) signaling by interfering with phosphorylation of c‐Jun. To determine the pharmacological impact of SP600125 on zebrafish development, we incubated embryos in various concentrations of SP600125 from 18 h postfertilization (hpf) to 48 hpf. Embryos treated with 1.25 µm appeared with occasional pericardium edema. Treatment with 12.5 µm resulted in complete mortality by 120 hpf, preventing an assessment of physiological defects. Embryos treated with 5 µm exhibited slowed overall growth, a delay in hatching and numerous morphological defects such as pericardium edema, yolk sac edema, swim bladder deflation, bent vertebrae and eye and jaw malformations. Whole‐mount immunohistochemical studies using an anti‐acetylated β‐tubulin antibody confirmed developmental defects in the nervous system. Within the retina, fish treated with 1.25 µm showed a mild reduction of immunoreactivity. Immunoreactivity in the retina was further reduced in fish treated with 5 µm of SP600125. In these fish, eyes and olfactory organs were half the size compared with other groups. Multiple lenses were observed in 67% of these fish. A second experiment with a shorter exposure period of SP600125 (6 h) presented significantly fewer morphological defects. The treatment led to a delay in hatching, and increased incidences of swim bladder deflation and pericardium edema with increasing concentrations. In summary, SP600125 caused developmental abnormalities during zebrafish organogenesis starting at 1.25 µm and the defects were exacerbated with increasing concentrations. Our study suggests that SP600125 at 1.25 µm and beyond has devastating consequences for zebrafish development. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty in determination of sex from harvested bobcats
Authors: Williams Bronwyn W. , Etter Dwayne R. , Dewitt Philip D. , Scribner Kim T. , Friedrich Paul D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractConsiderable uncertainty often exists in estimates of demographic parameters based on data collected from harvested furbearer species. We used molecular genetic techniques to estimate rates of error in 2 methods of sex determination of harvested bobcats (Lynx rufus): manual examination of the carcass (field sex) and laboratory‐based maximum canine root area (MRA sex). Error rates were high for both sexing techniques, and were associated with age and an age–sex interaction for the field and MRA sexing methods, respectively. These findings do not support the use of the field methods for identifying sex of harvested bobcats. The MRA method may be effective for determining sex of older bobcats but is limited by considerable overlap between sexes in juveniles and yearlings. If critical demographic parameters are estimated from harvest data, efforts should be made to identify and reduce rates of error before data are used to assess population status. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
A corrosion map of Abu Dhabi
Authors: Cole I. S. , Ganther W. D. , Helal A. M. , Chan W. , Paterson D. , Trinidad G. , Corrigan P. , Mohamed R. , Sabah N. , Al‐Mazrouei A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper outlines how a corrosion map of zinc was developed for Abu‐Dhabi. It presents inputs into the model being databases of RH, rainfall, salt deposition and time of wetness and explains how these inputs are combined to product the corrosion map of Abu Dhabi. It is found that although the corrosion rate generally falls with distance from the Arabian Gulf, corrosion rates in the hinterland of the central coast and in the Hajar Mountains are higher than would be expected from a simple dependence on distance from the coast. The higher corrosion rates around the central coast are associated with the extremely low rainfall while those in the Hajar Mountains may be associated with the transport of airborne salinity from the Gulf of Oman. In general, the corrosion rates in Abu Dhabi are much higher than observed at sites in Australia and South East Asia with similar levels of airborne salinity which is attributed to the much higher quantities of salt that are retained on metal surfaces in Abu Dhabi (relative to Australia) due to the fact that rain washing events, which are frequent and effective in Australia, are very infrequent in Abu Dhabi.
A Green Approach for the Synthesis and Thiol‐ene Modification of Alkene Functio1489lized Poly(2‐oxazoline)s
Authors: Kempe Kristian , Hoogenboom Richard , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe bulk polymerization of 2‐(dec‐9‐enyl)‐2‐oxazoline (DecEnOx), a fatty acid‐based monomer for the cationic ring‐opening polymerization, is reported. Furthermore, under optimal conditions, namely microwave heating at 100 °C, the bulk copolymerization with 2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline yielded well‐defined copolymers. Due to its pendant alkene groups DecEnOx‐based polymers possess the potential to be modified in efficient thiol‐ene reactions. The functionalization with thiols, e.g., dodecanethiol and 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐1‐thio‐β‐D‐glycopyranose in “green” solvents is demonstrated.magnified image
Indirect extrusion of semi‐finished aluminium‐magnesium compounds
Authors: Neugebauer R. , Glaß R. , Popp M. , Porstmann S. , Kittner K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDer Artikel beinhaltet erste Arbeitsergebnisse zum indirekten Strangpressen von Al/Mg‐Verbundhalbzeugen. In den vorangegangenen Basisuntersuchungen zum Querfließpressen und hydrostatischen Strangpressen konnten grundlegende Erkenntnisse zur Verbundbildung gewonnen werden. Die laufenden Untersuchungen dienen dazu, diese Ergebnisse auf ein weiteres industriell angewandtes Verfahren, das indirekte Strangpressen, zu übertragen und zu verifizieren. Dazu gehören eine werkstoffflussgerechte Halbzeug‐ und Matrizenauslegung, die zweckgerechte Vorbereitung der Pressbolzen aus den zu verbindenden Werkstoffen und die Wahl der Verfahrensparameter. Durch eine vollständige Umhüllung des Magnesiumkernes, auch an den Stirnseiten des Pressbolzens, wurde das Vorauseilen des Kernmaterials ausgeschlossen. Um den Einfluss der Formänderung auf die Verbundausbildung zu erkennen, wurden zwei verschiedene Pressverhältnisse gewählt. Die Ausgangsgeometrie, die Volumenverhältnisse zwischen Aluminium und Magnesium, die Vorbehandlung und die Prozessparameter wurden im Interesse einer Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse innerhalb der in diesem Artikel vorgestellten Versuchsreihe konstant gehalten. Die Prozess‐ und Werkzeugauslegung wurde durch eine FEM‐Berechnung des Vorganges unterstützt. Ziel war dabei die Harmonisierung des Werkstoffflusses zwischen Kern‐ und Mantelmaterial. Die Verbundbildung konnte grundsätzlich erreicht werden. Charakteristisch und entsprechend den bisherigen Beobachtungen beim Querfließpressen und beim hydrostatischen Strangpressen ist die Ausbildung sprödharter intermetallischer Phasen, was zu einer hohen Ausfallrate durch Bruch im Interface führt. Im Beitrag werden diese Defekte und die Möglichkeiten ihrer Beherrschung diskutiert.
Crossover comparison of IPX066 and a standard levodopa formulation in advanced Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hauser Robert A. , Ellenbogen Aaron L. , Metman Leo Verhagen , Hsu Ann , O'Connell Martin J. , Modi Nishit B. , Yao Hsuan‐Ming , Kell Sherron H. , Gupta Suneel K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe objective of the study was to compare the pharmacokinetics, motor effects, and safety of IPX066, a novel extended‐release formulation of carbidopa‐levodopa, with an immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa formulation in advanced Parkinson's disease. We performed an open‐label crossover study in 27 subjects with advanced Parkinson's disease experiencing motor fluctuations on levodopa therapy. Subjects were randomized 1:1 to 8 days' treatment with either immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa followed by IPX066 or IPX066 followed by immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa. Pharmacokinetic and motor assessments were undertaken on day 1 for 8 hours (following a single dose) and on day 8 for 12 hours (during multiple‐dose administration). Following a single dose of IPX066 or immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa, plasma levodopa concentrations increased at a similarly rapid rate and were sustained above 50% of peak concentration for 4 hours with IPX066 versus 1.4 hours with immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa (P < .0001). Multiple‐dose data showed IPX066 substantially reduced variability in plasma levodopa concentrations despite a lower dosing frequency (mean, 3.5 vs 5.4 administrations per day). In addition, total levodopa exposure during IPX066 treatment was approximately 87% higher, whereas the increase in levodopa Cmax was approximately 30% compared with immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa. Both products were well tolerated. IPX066 provided more sustained plasma levodopa concentrations than immediate‐release carbidopa‐levodopa. Larger, longer‐term, well‐controlled studies should be conducted to provide rigorous assessment of the clinical effects of IPX066. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
The Pirate Group Intervention Protocol: Description and a Case Report of a Modified Constraint‐induced Movement Therapy Combined with Bimanual Training for Young Children with Unilateral Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Aarts Pauline B. , van Hartingsveldt Margo , Anderson Patricia G. , van den Tillaar Ingrid , van der Burg Jan , Geurts Alexander C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this article was to describe a child‐friendly modified constraint‐induced movement therapy protocol that is combined with goal‐directed task‐specific bimanual training (mCIMT–BiT). This detailed description elucidates the approach and supports various research reports. This protocol is used in a Pirate play group setting and aims to extend bimanual skills in play and self‐care activities for children with cerebral palsy and unilateral spastic paresis of the upper limb. To illustrate the content and course of treatment and its effect, a case report of a two‐year‐old boy is presented. After the eight‐week mCIMT–BiT intervention, the child improved the capacity of his affected arm and hand in both quantitative and qualitative terms and his bimanual performance in daily life as assessed by the Assisting Hand Assessment, ABILHAND‐Kids, Video Observations Aarts and Aarts Module Determine Developmental Disregard, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and Goal Attainment Scaling. It is argued that improvement of affected upper‐limb capacity in a test situation may be achieved and retained relatively easily, but it may take a lot more training to stabilize the results and automate motor control of the upper limb. Future studies with groups of children should elaborate on these intensity and generalization issues. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MOVING INTO THE NEW AID APPROACH, DILEMMAS FOR NGOs: THE BELGIAN CASE
Authors: Molenaers Nadia , Dewachter Sara , Dellepiane Sebastian 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYUnder the new aid approach, nongovernmental development organizations (NGOs) are expected to move from “delivery” (service delivery projects) to “leverage” (lobbying and advocacy). In line with this international tendency, the Belgian government has signed a pact with the NGO sector in which a move away from delivery and toward leverage is being proposed. Given that Belgian NGOs are heavily dependent on government funding and strongly oriented toward the “delivery” model, this pact implies that a number of NGOs will have to undergo organizational changes. This article shows that there is a major cleavage in the NGO landscape in Belgium. Some organizations clearly favor the leverage, whereas others prefer the delivery roles. Those that are more dependent on government funding tend to incline toward the leverage orientation. The attitudinal orientation toward the leverage model however does not imply that organizations are effectively willing and able to change. A number of identity and legitimacy concerns are perceived by NGOs to be important sources of organizational inertia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The long‐term effects on children and adolescents of a policy providing work supports for low‐income parents
Authors: Huston Aletha C. , Gupta Anjali E. , Walker Jessica Thornton , Dowsett Chantelle J. , Epps Sylvia R. , Imes Amy E. , McLoyd Vonnie C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNew Hope, an employment‐based poverty‐reduction intervention for adults evaluated in a random‐assignment experimental design, had positive impacts on children's achievement and social behavior two and five years after random assignment. The question addressed in this paper was the following: Did the positive effects of New Hope on younger children diminish or even reverse when children reached the challenges of adolescence (eight years after random assignment)? Small positive impacts on school progress, school motivation, positive social behavior, child well‐being, and parent control endured, but impacts on school achievement and problem behavior were no longer evident. The most likely reasons for lasting impacts were that New Hope families were slightly less likely to be poor, and children had spent more time in center‐based child care and structured activities. New Hope represents a model policy that could produce modest improvements in the lives of low‐income adults and children. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
A novel Dutch mutation in UNC13D reveals an essential role of the C2B domain in munc13‐4 function
Authors: Elstak Edo D. , te Loo Maroeska , Tesselaar Kiki , van Kerkhof Peter , Loeffen Jan , Grivas Dimitris , Hennekam Eric , Boelens Jaap Jan , Hoogerbrugge Peter M. , van der Sluijs Peter , van Gijn Marielle E. , van de Corput Lisette 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackgroundUNC13D, encoding the protein munc13‐4, is essential in intracellular trafficking and exocytosis of lytic granules. Mutations in this gene are associated with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3 (FHL3), a genetically heterogeneous, rare autosomal recessive immune disorder. How mutations affect function of munc13‐4 is poorly understood. Since 2006 we genetically identified seven FHL patients with mutations in UNC13D.ProceduresHere, we report for the first time a c.2695C>T (p.Arg899X) mutation in exon 28 of UNC13D in three young unrelated Dutch patients. The mutation causes a premature stop codon and encodes munc13‐4(1–899), which lacks the C‐terminal C2 domain. Genealogical research and haplotyping of the patient families demonstrated that a single ancestral founder introduced the mutation in the Netherlands. We then characterized the mutant protein phenotypically in cell biological and immunological assays.ResultsMunc13‐4(1–899) was correctly targeted to CD63‐positive secretory lysosomes, although its stability was reduced and dynamic turnover on the granule membrane became uncoupled from receptor signaling. In accord, and in contrast to wild‐type munc13‐4, ectopically expressed mutant failed to rescue degranulation in cells with silenced endogenous munc13‐4.ConclusionsThe functional and clinical data showed that this novel Dutch founder mutation leads to severe early onset of FHL3 due to misfolding and degradation of munc13‐4(1–899). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 598–605. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MOCVD growth of semipolar AlxGa1−xN on m‐plane sapphire for applications in deep‐ultraviolet light emitters
Authors: Balakrishnan K. , Lachab M. , Chen H. C. , Blom D. , Adivarahan V. , Ahmad I. , Fareed Q. , Khan M. A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe growth of semipolar AlN and AlGaN epilayers on m‐plane sapphire substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been investigated for the first time. The implementation of pulsed MOCVD technique for the deposition of the AlN buffer, and the insertion of a strain relieving AlN/AlGaN short‐period superlattice structure proved instrumental in the growth of a thick, crack‐free, and single domain n‐Al0.56Ga0.44N ($11{\bar {2}}2$) films, which also exhibit a good crystal quality. To assess the suitability of this AlGaN/AlN/m‐sapphire template for practical use in deep‐ultraviolet light emitters, both polar (0001) and semipolar ($11{\bar {2}}2$) AlGaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) were grown side‐by‐side. The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the semipolar MQW structure peaked at 305 nm, which was approximately 10 nm longer than the PL peak originating from the reference polar MQWs. Besides, the semipolar MQWs showed a fairly excitation‐independent emission wavelength, which suggests the absence of any polarization‐induced electric fields. The intensity of the luminescence from the c‐oriented MQWs was, however, stronger than that of its semipolar counterpart. The result indicates that further reduction of the extended defects density in ($11{\bar {2}}2$) AlGaN is critical to significantly improving the optical properties of the overlying quantum heterostructures, and potentially achieving efficient optoelectronic devices.
Extraction and Functional Properties of Non‐Zein Proteins in Corn Germ from Wet‐Milling
Authors: Hojilla‐Evangelista Mila P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the extractability of wet‐milled corn germ protein, characterize the recovered protein and identify its potential applications. Protein was extracted from both wet germ and finished (dried) germ using 0.1 M NaCl as solvent. The method involved homogenization, stirring, centrifugation, dialysis and freeze‐drying. Factors evaluated were temperature (40, 50, or 60 °C) and the presence of reducing or denaturing agents. The recovered protein was analyzed for proximate composition and functional properties. Protein recovery was greater from wet germ. For both germ samples, protein recovery was not improved by using higher temperatures; thus, subsequent extractions were done at 40 °C. Addition of 2% SDS and 1% β‐mercaptoethanol to the solvent nearly doubled protein yield; but, SDS‐PAGE indicated some protein denaturation. The recovered freeze‐dried proteins from both germ samples were least soluble at pH 2.0–4.0, but solubility increased at higher pH values. Wet germ protein extract was more soluble than finished germ protein at all pH values; however, the finished germ protein showed much better foaming and emulsifying properties and water‐holding capacity.