bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change‐linked range expansion of Nathusius’ pipistrelle bat, Pipistrellus nathusii (Keyserling & Blasius, 1839)
Authors: Lundy Mathieu , Montgomery Ian , Russ Jon 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim  To examine the effect of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of Pipistrellus nathusii (Nathusius’ pipistrelle) in the United Kingdom (UK).Location  We modelled habitat and climatic associations of P. nathusii in the UK and applied this model to the species’ historical range in continental Europe.Methods  A binomial logistic regression model was constructed relating the occurrence of P. nathusii to climate and habitat characteristics using historical species occurrence records (1940–2006) and CORINE land cover data. This model was applied to historical and projected climate data to examine changes in suitable range (1940–2080) of this species. We tested the predictive ability of the model with known records in the UK after 2006 and applied the model to the species’ known range in Europe.Results  The distribution of P. nathusii was related positively to the area of water bodies, woodland and small areas of urbanization, and negatively related to the area of peat/heathland. Species records were associated with higher minimum temperatures, low seasonal variation in temperature and intermediate rainfall. We found that suitable areas have existed in the UK since the 1940s and that these have expanded. The model had high predictive power when applied to new records after 2006, with a correct classification rate of 70%, estimated by receiver operating characteristic analysis. Based on climate projections, our model suggests a potential twofold increase in the area suitable for P. nathusii in the UK by 2050. The single most influential climate variable contributing to range increase was the projected increase in minimum temperature. When applied to Europe, the model predictions had best predictive capability of known records in western areas of the species’ range, where P. nathusii is present during the winter.Main conclusions  We show that a mobile, migratory species has adapted its range in response to recent climate change on a continental scale. We believe this may be the first study to demonstrate a case of range change linked to contemporary climate change in a mammal species in Europe.
Cumulative cultural dynamics and the coevolution of cultural innovation and transmission: an ESS model for panmictic and structured populations
Authors: LEHMANN L. , FELDMAN M. W. , KAEUFFER R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWhen individuals in a population can acquire traits through learning, each individual may express a certain number of distinct cultural traits. These traits may have been either invented by the individual himself or acquired from others in the population. Here, we develop a game theoretic model for the accumulation of cultural traits through individual and social learning. We explore how the rates of innovation, decay, and transmission of cultural traits affect the evolutionary stable (ES) levels of individual and social learning and the number of cultural traits expressed by an individual when cultural dynamics are at a steady‐state. We explore the evolution of these phenotypes in both panmictic and structured population settings. Our results suggest that in panmictic populations, the ES level of learning and number of traits tend to be independent of the social transmission rate of cultural traits and is mainly affected by the innovation and decay rates. By contrast, in structured populations, where interactions occur between relatives, the ES level of learning and the number of traits per individual can be increased (relative to the panmictic case) and may then markedly depend on the transmission rate of cultural traits. This suggests that kin selection may be one additional solution to Rogers's paradox of nonadaptive culture.
Three‐month‐old infants attribute goals to a non‐human agent
Authors: Luo Yuyan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe present research examined whether 3‐month‐old infants, the youngest found so far to engage in goal‐related reasoning about human agents, would also act as if they attribute goals to a novel non‐human agent, a self‐propelled box. In two experiments, the infants seemed to have interpreted the box’s actions as goal‐directed after seeing the box approach object A as opposed to object B during familiarization. They thus acted as though they expected the box to maintain this goal and responded with increased attention when the box approached object B during test. In contrast, when object B was absent during familiarization and introduced afterwards, the infants’ responses were consistent with their having recognized that they had no information to predict which of the two objects the box should choose during test and therefore responded similarly when the box approached either object. However, if object B was absent during familiarization and object A was in different positions but the box persistently approached it, thus demonstrating equifinal variations in its actions, the infants again acted as though they attributed to the box a goal directed towards object A and expected the box to maintain this goal even when object B was introduced and hence responded with prolonged looking when the box failed to do so during test. These results are consistent with the notion that (a) infants as young as 3 months appear to attribute goals to both human and non‐human agents, and (b) even young infants can use certain behavioral cues, e.g. equifinal variations in agents’ actions, to make inferences about agents’ goals.
Making Movements Possible: Transportation Workers and Mobility in West Africa
Authors: Mechlinski Timothy 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article concerns the social process of mobility control in four West African countries: Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, and Ghana. Migration has long been an important aspect of West African social, cultural, and political life. This study explores everyday enforcement of international and internal mobility control, and the ways in which Africans respond to and resist the actions of security agents. I accomplish this using ethnographic evidence gathered when travelling over 10,000 miles in Burkina Faso, Mali, Ghana, and Côte d’Ivoire over a period of nine months. In addition, data were gathered through participant observation while crossing international borders 23 times in a sub‐region of West Africa, and participating in 169 security control checkpoints in total. This evidence is supplemented by 29 interviews with transportation workers across the four countries studied. Augmenting the traditional social science literature on migrant networks with an approach proposed by development economists, this article shows that transportation workers play an essential role in mobility control in West Africa. The theoretical insights derived here contribute to a larger project of bringing borders and transportation into the same frame of reference as migration in academic study. This project sees movement through interaction, rather than simply through the systems approach so commonly applied in the literature and shows that in the countries under study there exist unstated, implicit social norms among transportation workers, their clients, and security agents, which constitute a key mechanism for migration. These actors operate in a series of structured relationships, which can be described as institutionalised, and which create a series of important exchanges governing movement in the sub‐ region.
Voltage‐dependent anion channel as a resident protein of lipid rafts: post‐transductional regulation by estrogens and involvement in neuronal preservation against Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Herrera Jose Luis , Diaz Mario , Hernández‐Fernaud Juan Ramón , Salido Eduardo , Alonso Rafael , Fernández Cecilia , Morales Araceli , Marin Raquel 
Published: September 2010

J. Neurochem. (2011) 116, 820–827.AbstractThe voltage‐dependent anion channel, VDAC, is present at the neuronal membrane, where it appears to participate, among others, in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway and in the modulation of amyloid‐beta induced injury, suggesting the involvement of this channel in Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurotoxicity. VDAC is also highly concentrated in neuronal lipid raft microdomains of different mouse and human cognitive areas, where it has been shown associated with estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), as a part of a `signalosome' that may activate some intracellular signal transduction. At the plasma membrane level, estrogens and antiestrogens (tamoxifen) have been demonstrated to exert rapid antagonist effects on the activation of VDAC, through their distinct effects on the channel post‐transductional modulation. Therefore, part of the alternative mechanisms of estrogen related to neuroprotection against amyloid‐beta may involve VDAC phosphorylation, in order to maintain the channel in an unactivated (closing) state. Interestingly, VDAC‐ERα association has been shown to be disrupted in neuronal lipid rafts of AD brains, in correlation with the aberrant lipid composition observed in these microstructures, suggesting that disturbance of protein interactions may be related to variation in the physico‐chemical properties of these microdomains.
Floristic homogenization as a teleconnected trend in oceanic islands
Authors: Castro Sergio A. , Daehler Curtis C. , Silva Luis , Torres‐Santana Christian W. , Reyes‐Betancort Jorge A. , Atkinson Rachel , Jaramillo Patricia , Guezou Anne , Jaksic Fabian M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim  We searched for evidence of floristic homogenization in widespread oceanic archipelagos.Location  Twelve oceanic archipelagos in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans: Ascension, Azores, Canary, Cape Verde, Desventuradas, Easter, Galápagos, Hawaii, Juan Fernández, Madeira, Puerto Rico and Savage.Methods  By using Jaccard’s index, we established the floristic similarity between pairs of archipelagos at two stages: original (pre‐European; Jo) and current flora (Jc). Then, we calculated ΔJ = Jc–Jo, where positive differences imply that similarity has increased floristic homogenization.Results  We found that floristic similarity increased fourfold on average, from 1.6% to 6.3% for original and current floras, respectively. In fact, we recorded 64 cases in which floristic similarity increased and only two in which it decreased. The importance of invasions exceeds that of extirpations as a driver of biotic change by more than an order of magnitude (2679 versus 142 species, respectively).Main conclusions  The vascular floras of these 12 insular oceanic systems have increased in compositional similarity, a phenomenon consistent with the trend towards biotic homogenization. It can be characterized as a teleconnected process that operates across vast geographical distances, driven by the unprecedented capacity of humans for translocation. Trends in biotic homogenization differ depending on the geographical location (i.e. Pacific < Atlantic archipelagos) and phylogenetic groups (island vascular plants > island birds reported in a previous study), emphasizing the complexity of biotic change.
Selfishness, altruism, and inequality aversion toward consumers and farmers
Authors: Lusk Jayson L. , Briggeman Brian C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOne hypothesis explaining the persistence of farm programs in the United States is the public's altruism toward farmers. We utilize economic experiments to identify the motivations of selfishness, altruism, and inequality aversion toward anonymous members of the general population and toward different types of farmers. We find that people are generally less selfish and more altruistic toward small farmers than other members of the population. We also find that (i) people are more averse to inequality in a market‐like setting as compared to a nonmarket setting, (ii) there is significant heterogeneity across people in terms of other‐regarding preferences, and (iii) experimental choices accurately predict preferences for “real‐world” income re‐distribution policies that entail giving up one's own money to benefit farmers, but fail to predict preferences for policies that redistribute others’ incomes.
One level density of low-lying zeros of families of L-functions
Authors: Gao Peng , Zhao Liangyi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we prove some one level density results for the low-lying zeros of families of L-functions. More specifically, the families under consideration are that of L-functions of holomorphic Hecke eigenforms of level 1 and weight k twisted with quadratic Dirichlet characters and that of cubic and quartic Dirichlet L-functions.
Transfert d’intégrales orbitales pour le groupe métaplectique
Authors: Li Wen-Wei 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe set up a formalism of endoscopy for metaplectic groups. By defining a suitable transfer factor, we prove an analogue of the Langlands–Shelstad transfer conjecture for orbital integrals over any local field of characteristic zero, as well as the fundamental lemma for units of the Hecke algebra in the unramified case. This generalizes prior work of Adams and Renard in the real case and serves as a first step in studying the Arthur–Selberg trace formula for metaplectic groups.
Injuries among World Cup freestyle skiers
Authors: Flørenes Tonje Wåle , Heir Stig , Nordsletten Lars , Bahr Roald 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundLimited knowledge exists on injuries among professional freestyle skiers.ObjectiveTo describe the risk of injury and injury patterns among competitive World Cup (WC) freestyle skiers during the competitive season.MethodsRetrospective interviews were conducted with WC freestyle skiers from 20 nations in a cohort study at the end of the 2006–2007, 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 winter seasons, and all acute injuries occurring during the 4.5 month competitive season were recorded. If an athlete was not present, we interviewed his or her coach or medical personnel.ResultsA total of 291 acute injuries were recorded among 662 WC freestyle skiers. Ninety-three injuries (32%) were severe in nature, defined as >28 days absence from training/competition. This corresponds to 14 (95% CI 11.2 to 16.9) injuries per 100 athletes per season. The most frequently injured body part was the knee with 77 injuries (27%) and 37 of these were severe. The head was the next most commonly injured body part with 39 (13%) injuries. As many as 106 injuries (36%) occurred during WC/World Ski Championship competitions, corresponding to an injury rate of 15.6 injuries per 1000 runs (95% CI 12.7 to 18.6). There were no significant differences between men and women in either the injury rate or the rate seen for knee injuries.ConclusionsThe injury rate among WC athletes in freestyle skiing is high, especially for severe injuries. The knee is the most commonly injured body part, also dominated by severe injuries. We found no significant difference in the injury rate related to sex.
Detecting the ITCZ in Instantaneous Satellite Data using Spatiotemporal Statistical Modeling: ITCZ Climatology in the East Pacific
Authors: Bain Caroline L. , De Paz Jorge , Kramer Jason , Magnusdottir Gudrun , Smyth Padhraic , Stern Hal , Wang Chia-chi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA Markov random field (MRF) statistical model is introduced, developed, and validated for detecting the east Pacific intertropical convergence zone in instantaneous satellite data from May through October. The MRF statistical model uses satellite data at a given location as well as information from its neighboring points (in time and space) to decide whether the given point is classified as ITCZ or non-ITCZ. Two different labels of ITCZ occurrence are produced. IR-only labels result from running the model with 3-hourly infrared data available for a 30-yr period, 1980–2009. All-data labels result from running the model with additional satellite data (visible and total precipitable water), available from 1995 to 2008. IR-only labels detect less area of ITCZ than all-data labels, especially where the ITCZ is shallower. Yet, qualitatively, the results for the two sets of labels are similar.The seasonal distribution of the ITCZ through the summer half year is presented, showing typical location and extent. The ITCZ is mostly confined to the eastern Pacific in May, and becomes more zonally distributed toward September and October each year. Northward and westward shifts in the location of the ITCZ occur in line with the seasonal cycle and warm sea surface temperatures. The ITCZ is quite variable on interannual time scales and highly correlated with ENSO variability. When the ENSO signal was removed from labels, interannual variability remained high. The resulting IR-only labels, representing the longer time series, showed no evidence of a trend in location nor evidence of a trend in area for the 30-yr period.
Validation of a High-Resolution Version of the Regional Climate Model RegCM3 over the Carpathian Basin
Authors: Torma Csaba , Coppola Erika , Giorgi Filippo , Bartholy Judit , Pongrácz Rita 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This paper presents a validation study for a high-resolution version of the Regional Climate Model version 3 (RegCM3) over the Carpathian basin and its surroundings. The horizontal grid spacing of the model is 10 km—the highest reached by RegCM3. The ability of the model to capture temporal and spatial variability of temperature and precipitation over the region of interest is evaluated using metrics spanning a wide range of temporal (daily to climatology) and spatial (inner domain average to local) scales against different observational datasets. The simulated period is 1961–90. RegCM3 shows small temperature biases but a general overestimation of precipitation, especially in winter; although, this overestimate may be artificially enhanced by uncertainties in observations. The precipitation bias over the Hungarian territory, the authors’ main area of interest, is mostly less than 20%. The model captures well the observed late twentieth-century decadal-to-interannual and interseasonal variability. On short time scales, simulated daily temperature and precipitation show a high correlation with observations, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9 for temperature and 0.6 for precipitation. Comparison with two Hungarian station time series shows that the model performance does not degrade when going to the 10-km gridpoint scale. Finally, the model reproduces the spatial distribution of dry and wet spells over the region. Overall, it is assessed that this high-resolution version of RegCM3 is of sufficiently good quality to perform climate change experiments over the Carpathian region—and, in particular, the Hungarian territory—for application to impact and adaptation studies.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Meteorological Drought for the Island of Crete
Authors: Koutroulis Aristeidis G. , Vrohidou Aggeliki-Eleni K. , Tsanis Ioannis K. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A modified drought index, named the spatially normalized–standardized precipitation index (SN-SPI), has been developed for assessing meteorological droughts. The SN–SPI is a variant index to the standardized precipitation index and is based on the probability of precipitation at different time scales, but it is spatially normalized for improved assessment of drought severity. Results of this index incorporate the spatial distribution of precipitation and produce improved drought warnings. This index is applied in the island of Crete, Greece, and the drought results are compared to the ones of SPI. A 30-year-long average monthly precipitation dataset from 130 watersheds of the island is used by the above indices for drought classification in terms of its duration and intensity. Bias-adjusted monthly precipitation estimates from an ensemble of 10 regional climate models were used to quantify the influence of global warming to drought conditions over the period 2010–2100. Results based on both indices (calculated for three time scales of 12, 24, and 48 months) from 3 basins in west, central, and east parts of the island show that 1) the extreme drought periods are the same (reaching 7% of time) but the intensities based on SN–SPI are lower; 2) the area covered by extreme droughts is 3% (first time scale), 16% (second time scale), and 25% (third time scale), and 96% (first time scale), 95% (second time scale), and 80% (third time scale) based on the SN–SPI and SPI, respectively; 3) concerning the longest time scale (48 months), more than half of the area of Crete is about to experience drought conditions during 28%, 69%, and 97% for 2010–40, 2040–70, and 2070–2100, respectively; and 4) extremely dry conditions will cover 52%, 33%, and 25% of the island for the future 90-year period using 12-, 24-, and 48-month SN–SPI, respectively.
On the Linear Relationship between Loop Current Retreat Latitude and Eddy Separation Period
Authors: Lugo-Fernández Alexis , Leben Robert R. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A linear correlation exists between the retreat latitude of the Loop Current following eddy separation and the subsequent eddy separation period. This empirical relationship was first identified in satellite altimeter-derived Loop Current metrics. In this paper, a simple vorticity model of the Loop Current is used to provide a semitheoretical basis for this relationship. After suitable scaling approximations, the theory predicts that the LC separation period is a linear function of retreat latitude, which agrees well with altimeter-derived empirical results. Specifically, the predicted slope and y intercept agree to within 9% and 2%, respectively, with the altimetry-derived values.
Observing the Galápagos–EUC Interaction: Insights and Challenges
Authors: Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Murtugudde Raghu , Busalacchi Antonio J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Although sustained observations yield a description of the mean equatorial current system from the western Pacific to the eastern terminus of the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array, a comprehensive observational dataset suitable for describing the structure and pathways of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) east of 95°W does not exist and therefore climate models are unconstrained in a region that plays a critical role in ocean–atmosphere coupling. Furthermore, ocean models suggest that the interaction between the EUC and the Galápagos Islands (∼92°W) has a striking effect on the basic state and coupled variability of the tropical Pacific. To this end, the authors interpret historical measurements beginning with those made in conjunction with the discovery of the Pacific EUC in the 1950s, analyze velocity measurements from an equatorial TAO mooring at 85°W, and analyze a new dataset from archived shipboard ADCP measurements. Together, the observations yield a possible composite description of the EUC structure and pathways in the eastern equatorial Pacific that may be useful for model validation and guiding future observation.