bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of Self-Disinfection of the Human Skin and its Appendages
Authors: Burtenshaw J. M. L. 
Published: May 2009

1. Four β-haemolytic strains ofStreptococcus, suspended in normal saline, showed progressive increase in mortality, as thepHwas lowered from 7·5 to 5·0; belowpH 5·0 the mortality was greatly accentuated.2. Ether and alcohol extracts of human skin and its appendages were powerfully, saline extracts more weakly and inconstantly, lethal to the haemolyticStreptococcusand to certain other organisms.3. The long chain fatty acids and soaps are the chief, if not the only, bactericidal constituents of skin and its appendages.4. Experiments are described illustra ting the streptococcocidal effect of various acids occurring in animal fats.5. Cystein and blood inhibit the streptoeoccocidal activity of skin fats and certain fatty acids. Ultra-violet light may increase this activity, or abolish, the inhibition exercised by cystein.6. The mechanism of the sterilizing power of fatty acids and soaps, the influence exerted by cystein, blood, and ultra-violet light on the sterilizing power, of skin fats and fatty acids, and the relationship of skin fatty acids to lysozyme are discussed.
The chemical and physical investigation of germicidal aerosols: II. The aerosol centrifuge
Authors: Finn S. R. , Powell E. O. 
Published: May 2009

The principle of the aerosol centrifuge is described, and an elementary mathematicaltreatment is given.The relations between the behaviour of the centrifuge and its dimensions, speed and airflow have been tested experimentally on three machines. It is shown that the mathe-matical formulae given are an adequate basis for design.Various applications are mentioned.
Immunization against typhoid and paratyphoid with alcohol-killed, alcohol-preserved and heat-killed, phenol-preserved, vaccine
Authors: Climie Hugh 
Published: May 2009

1. A comparison of the agglutinogenic response and reactions, both local and general, between a series of sixty-two persons immunized with alcohol-killed, alcohol-preserved, T.A.B.C. vaccine, and forty-four persons immunized with a much older heat-killed, phenol preserved, T.A.B.C. vaccine is described.2. It was found that there was comparatively little difference between the two series in regard to O agglutinin response.3. Vi agglutinins were found in 14·4 % of the alcohol-vaccine cases, but none appeared in the heat-killed, phenolized vaccine cases.4. There was no significant difference in the frequency of local reactions, but the general reactions were markedly fewer in the alcohol-vaccine cases.5. The occurrence of Vi agglutinin response in six out of fifteen cases given heatkilled, phenol-preserved, T.A.B.C. or T.A.B. vaccines intravenously is recorded.
Further Studies on Foot Perspiration and Its Action on Footwear
Authors: Colin-Russ A. 
Published: May 2009

In continuation of previous work involving accentuated effects of perspiration on chrome upper leather, the present paper records observations of such effects in more complicated conditions.Thus, effects were studied at varying temperatures and pH of tans, buffered tans, buffered perspiration, buffered perspiration coupled with tans, buffering material itself and soap solutions.Particular reference is made to the influence of basicity on the stability of the chrome complex against perspiration in such buffered chemical systems. Brown grain leathers are considered as well as box and willow calf.A method is evolved for minimizing spueing risks or the formation of Glauber's salts in the vamps of worn footwear, by appropriate treatment of the skins before cutting up into shoe upper components.Finally, some foot-bath experiments and the dark, cracky grain of worn insoles are discussed from the general point of view of perspiratory action on footwear.The writer acknowledges with thanks the assistance of Messrs L. P. Huggett, B.Sc., A.I.C., and W. H. F. Jackman, B.Sc., A.I.C., in the routine analytical work. His best thanks are also due to the Director and Council of the Research Association for permission to publish.
An outbreak of water-borne typhoid investigated by bacteriophage typing and ‘selective’ sewage examination
Authors: Gell P. G. H. , Hobbs Betty C. , Allison V. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. By means of phage typing of Bact. typhosum, the source of infection in a boy who drank water from a polluted stream was traced backwards via water, sewage effluent, crude sewage and faecal specimens to unsuspected typhoid carriers in a large institution.2. A nurse in the institution contracted typhoid fever, caused by the same phage type (C) of Bact. typhosum as was found (a) in the stools of typhoid carriers in the wards in which she was on duty, (b) in the crude sewage and sewage effluent from the institution, (c) in the stream into which the sewage effluent discharged, and (d) in the stools of the boy who drank the stream water. The nurse's sister, who had had an attack of typhoid fever a few months earlier, was infected with a different type (E 1) of Bact. typhosum and was therefore not the source of her sister's infection.3.The laboratory technique is described for the examination of (a) samples of water, sewage effluent and crude sewage, using different selective and enrichment media, (b) large numbers of faecal specimens for enteric organisms by a preliminary pooling of specimens in batches of six or seven, and further examination of the individual specimens comprising a positive batch, thus effecting a saving of time and economy of media.We wish to thank the Medical Officers of Health, sanitary inspector and the medical and nursing staff of the institution for their enthusiastic co-operation in the investigation.
Some practical applications of immunological principles
Authors: Barr Mollie , Glenny A. T. 
Published: May 2009

General immunological principles appear to be of wide if not univeral application, and can be applied equally to the hyperimmunization of horses for the production of therapeutic sera, or to human immunization against diphtheria and tetanus. A wider knowledge of the results obtained in animals, chiefly guinea-pigs, rabbits and horses, can help in a better understanding of all that is involved in the immunization of children against diphtheria.The response of an animal to an antigenic stimulus depends almost entirely on its previous experience of that antigen. If it has had no previous experience, antibody is produced slowly and in small amounts. If it has had previous experience, a change occurs in its antibody-producing mechanism which enables it on further stimulation to produce anti-body more rapidly and in larger amounts. To produce this effect the early experience must be adequate and followed by a sufficient period of rest. It is shown that the normal antitoxic values of animals can give considerable information on their previous experience of antigen; that this information can be made use of in the hyperimmunization of horses; and that inadequate primary stimuli and failure to provide adequate rest may lead to the production of antitoxins of low value and poor quality.Two things are necessary for defence against toxins: circulating antitoxin and a high reactivity of the antibody-producing mechanism (potential immunity). Methods of immunization should be chosen so as to provide both these essentials.
Studies on immunization by a species antigen: III. The presence of an anti-immunity factor in Pneumococcus
Authors: Day H. B. 
Published: May 2009

The bodies of pneumococci contain a constituent of protein origin which interferes with immunization.This constituent can not only counteract the immunizing action of the species antigen, but reduce the immunity response to the type-specific antigen.In heat-killed pneumococci (ordinary bacterial vaccine) the coagulation of the protein renders the anti-immunity factor relatively insoluble and minimizes its action.In solutions of pneumococci the anti-immunity factor is liberated and reduces the immunity response to the type-specific antigen.The immunizing effect of a small dose of heat-killed pneumococci can be abolished if the cocci be dissolved before injection. But a larger dose of dissolved vaccine produces immunity, the effect of the antigen predominating.The anti-immunity factor is heat resistant at acid pH, but is destroyed by alkaline heat. In these respects it resembles the immunizing antigens.
The inhibitory action of the monoethyl esters of S-n-alkylthiomalic acids and the monoethyl esters of alkane sulphonyl succinic acids on the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: McNally P. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. A new series of compounds has been found which markedly inhibits the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. smegmatis.2. These substances are strongly haemolytic against human red blood cells.3. The effectiveness of the antibacterial and haemolytic actions depends upon the length of the alkyl chain.4. The antibacterial and haemolytic actions are reduced by human serum.
Entamoeba histolytica in wild rats caught in London
Authors: Neal R. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. A description is given of active forms and cysts of an amoeba found in wild London rats, and morphologically identical with E. histolytica.2. When inoculated into the caeca of young rats, the amoebae invade the wall and produce lesions.3. Acute infections produced in experimental rats respond to treatment with emetine hydrochloride.4. The naturally infected rats were restricted to a localized focus, in which cases of human amoebiasis were discovered, thus providing circumstantial evidence of the human origin of the infection, and throwing light on the possible role of rats as reservoir hosts.
Seasonal changes in the normal bacterial flora of fresh-water fish
Authors: Bisset K. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. Bacteriological examination of large samples of Perch and Powan from natural and artificial waters has shown that a considerable decline in the normal bacterial flora of the fish occurs during the summer months. Reinfection occurs when the temperature falls.2. These variations are largely attributable to the effect of temperature upon the immunological responses of the fish.3. The bacteria concerned appear to be water bacteria, which invade the muscles and body cavity of the fish, as well as the gill and gut-content.4. The degree of infection is also influenced by the bacterial content of the water.
Some observations on the reaction between horse serum and a pool of rabbit antihorse serum: I. The relative inhibitory effect of excess antigen and excess antiserum
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. The participation times of a series of mixtures of horse serum and a pool of rabbit antihorse serum have been determined. The results have been presented in a table and isochrones drawn. Four distinct α procedure optima were found, suggesting that there may be at least four different antigen-antibody reactions concerned when horse serum reacts with a rabbit antihorse serum.2. The reaction between horse serum crystalbumin and the same pooled rabbit antihorse serum has been investigated, and recorded-similarly.3. Inhibition of precipitation was found to be more marked in the region of antigen excess than in the region of antiserum excess. Evidence is presented in support of the view that the occurrence of multiple zones may obscure this observation.4. The results are compatible with the view that the second stage of the precipitation reaction is specific.5. The isochrones correspond with Boyd's R type.
Studies in the dynamics of disinfection: XII. The effect of variation in pH on the rate of disinfection at 51°C. of standard cultures of Bact. coli.
Authors: Jordan R. C. , Jacobs S. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Standard Bact. coli cultures have been heated at 51° C. in phosphate buffered media having pH values ranging from 2·8 to 8·8, and survivor curves obtained.2. Except at pH 3·9, the first continuous decline in viable numbers was followed by the establishment of a small fluctuating residual population which was apparently permanent.3. The colony counts showed a moderate excess of unduly high values of x2, the bulk of which were encountered when the mortality was between 95 and 99·999%.4. Prolonged incubation of the plates led to increased colony counts, but the rise was confined to the active disinfection phase. It occurred chiefly in the 95–99·999% mortality range and was moderate in degree. The x2 values were little affected.5. The log survivors-time graphs of the disinfection phase were convex in type but approached linearity in the faster reactions. The logarithmic death-rate became maximal at about 90 % mortality and thereafter remained constant, though under the more acid conditions a somewhat lower rate was maintained. At pH 7·0 and 6·4 the curves were exceptionally straight.6. Standardization of all the curves revealed a continuous change in shape with pH but, nevertheless, they could be placed in three closely knit overlapping groups which were best revealed by the variation in maximum death-rate.7. The 50–99·99% mortality times were obtained either from the calculated regressions of log survivors on time over the linear portions of the curves or, outside that range, from the freehand curves. Maximum survival at all mortality levels occurred at about pH 6·5–6·6, i.e. close to the neutral point of pure water at 51° C. On both sides of this point sensitivity increased regularly but was abnormally high at pH 7·0 and 6·4.8. Within these zones of abnormally high sensitivity the assessment of the effect of a given change in pH varied in amount and direction according to the mortality level chosen.9. The enhanced resistance of a culture regenerated from the survivors of a disinfection at 51° C. and pH 7.0, as previously reported, could possibly have been largely due to a small increase in acidity but not to a slight shift towards alkalinity.
A food-borne outbreak of streptococcal infection
Authors: Reynell P. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. A food-borne outbreak of streptococcal infection in a cavalry regiment is described.2. A controlled therapeutic experiment was carried out on the forty-nine patients admitted to hospital. Those given chemotherapy recovered more quickly than the controls, recovery being most rapid in the group given intramuscular penicillin.3.Typical scarlatiniform eruptions were seen in ten cases. Streptococcal antitoxin appeared to prevent the occurrence of rashes, but had no significant effect on the duration of fever and toxaemia.4. Upper respiratory complications supervened in ten cases. Evidence is presented which suggests that they were due to cross-infection.
An outbreak of gastro-enteritis due toSalmonella derby
Authors: Mushin Rose 
Published: May 2009

1. An outbreak ofSalmonella derby, involving sixty-eight patients, is described.2. The organism was isolated from clinical cases, from carriers and also from dust in the wards, from a mouse and from a hand towel used by nurses.3. The value of tetrathionate broth with subsequent cultivation on ‘SS’ agar as an aid to isolation ofSalmonellabacilli was confirmed.4. Cultural and biochemical characters ofSalm. derbywere recorded.5. The antigenic structure of the isolated strains ofSalm. derbywas demonstrated, showing the presence of factorland the absence of a minor flagellar antigen.6. A serological response toSalm. derbyinfection was shown in patients, their sera containing H antibodies of a titre 1/20 to 1/320, whereas O agglutinins were absent at the time the tests were made.7. Pathogenicity tests were performed on mice indicating the possibility of infectionper osor by intraperitoneal injections. Mice were found to be potential faecal and urinary carriers.
The absorption of fat during the consumption of diets rich in whole-grain and white breads
Authors: Walker A. R. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. The fat metabolism of three healthy European adult males has been followed for periods lasting from 7 to 22 consecutive weeks; a fourth subject was observed for a much shorter period. During this time the subjects consumed: A, their usual diet; B, a diet including 1 lb. of standard bread, made from 95 to 100% extraction flour; C, a diet including 1 lb. white bread, made from 70% extraction flour; and D, their usual diet. During the usual diet periods A and D, standard bread was also eaten. While each subject consumed the type and amount of fat he was accustomed to, his variations in intake, especially during the experimental diet periods B and C, were small. The intakes of the four subjects ranged from 55 to 115 g. daily.2. The average absorption of fat during the usual diet periods was 94·0%; during the standard bread diet, it also averaged 94·0%; during the white bread diet, it averaged 94·9%.3. It is concluded that with daily fat intakes of the order used in this investigation, a diet rich in whole-grain bread when compared with one rich in white bread does not lead to any appreciable diminution in the amount of fat absorbed.
Natural antibodies in the blood serum of fresh-water fish
Authors: Bisset K. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. Fresh-water fish possess serum agglutinins specific for the bacteria which parasitize their peritoneal and opercular cavities, and also for the bacteria inhabiting the water in which they live.2. The titre of these agglutinins is low in spring and rises during the summer months, in a manner which corresponds to the summer decrease in infection.3. Similar agglutinins are found in frogs.4. These observations provide additional evidence that water bacteria are capable of parasitizing aquatic animals.
Studies in the dynamics of disinfection: XIII. The nature of the probit-log survival-time relationship in disinfections of standard cultures of Bact. coli at 51°C. under various conditions of pH
Authors: Jordan R. C. , Jacobs S. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. The nature of the probit-log survival-time relationship in the disinfection of standard cultures of Bact. coli at 51° C. at pH values ranging from 2·8 to 8·8 has been studied.2. It is concluded that there is a very close approximation to a bilinear form in all cases, though there was evidence that a continuous curve concave upwards and to the left would provide a better fit.3. Probit limits, corresponding to the range of percentage mortality within which, having regard to the experimental error involved, an observation might lie, have been worked out. The range covered by these probit limits decreases as the percentage mortality rises.4. These limits have been used to decide whether a bilinear or a single straight line treatment should be applied to certain sets of data. It is suggested that they would often materially assist in deciding the range over which linearity may be assumed in any given case.
Studies in the dynamics of disinfection: XIV. The variation of the concentration exponents for hydrogen and hydroxyl ions with mortality level, using standard cultures of Bact. Coli at 51°C
Authors: Jordan R. C. , Jacobs S. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Data obtained by the disinfection at 51° C. of standard cultures of Bact. coli at pH values ranging from 2·8 to 8·8 have been used for the calculation of the concentration exponents of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. The times taken to reach various degrees of mortality from 50 to 99·99 % have been taken as measures of the activities of the ions.2. The formula Cn×t = constant proved satisfactory for describing the data for all the mortality levels and at all the pH values tested except pH 2·8, 6·25, 6·4 and 7·0. In these instances the cultures exhibited heightened sensitivity, though the results at all, except pH 2·8, could be included when the 99·.99 % mortality times were used. The exponents increased sharply at pH values below 3·9.3. The values of the concentration exponents varied similarly under both acid and alkaline conditions, according to the mortality level chosen. The largest value was obtained from the 90 % mortality times, there being a decrease when both higher and lower levels were employed. The changes were greater under acid conditions, when the values ranged from 0·60 to 0·25, compared with 0·60–0·47 for the alkaline reactions.4. The mean of the pH values for maximal survival at the various mortality levels, derived from the regressions of log mortality time on pH, was ·51, but this was close to a point of greater susceptibility. Experimentally, maximal survival occurred at pH 6·65, which is very near to the neutral point of water at 51° C.5. It is concluded that within the pH range 6·25–7.0 the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions were relatively inactive, the effects observed being due to other factors possibly including the action of undissociated water molecules.The authors acknowledge with thanks the receipt of a grant from Messrs I.C.I. (Pharmaceuticals) Ltd. towards the expenses of this investigation.
The conglutination phenomenon: IV. The importance of the choice of complement when examining antisera for the presence of complement-fixing or complement-absorbing antibodies
Authors: Coombs R. R. A. , Hole N. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. Anti-mallein and anti-typhoid sera produced in various animal species, including man, have been examined for complement-absorbing antibodies using the complements of the pig, horse, cat, man, dog, and guinea-pig, which is possible if use is made of the conglutinating complement-absorption test as well as the haemolytic complement-fixation test.2. Complement-fixing antibodies which are not demonstrable when some complements are used may be detected when other complements are used; for example, antibodies to mallein in human antisera were only detected when the sera were tested with horse and cat complements.3. These early results are published at this stage because of the obvious possible application of these methods in laboratory serological diagnosis. Further work is in progress to elucidate the underlying reasons for these observations.4. The implications of the results are discussed from the practical and theoretical aspects.