bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-reported energy intake by FFQ compared with actual energy intake to maintain body weight in 516 adults
Authors: Siebelink Els , Geelen Anouk , de Vries Jeanne H. M. 
Published: February 2011

It is generally assumed that a FFQ is not suitable to estimate the absolute levels of individual energy intake. However, in epidemiological studies, reported nutrients by FFQ are often corrected for this intake. The objective of the present study was to assess how accurately participants report their energy intakes by FFQ. We compared reported energy intake with actual energy intake needed to maintain stable body weights during eleven controlled dietary trials. FFQ were developed to capture at least 90 % of energy intake. Participants, 342 women and 174 men, with a mean BMI of 22·8 (sd3·1) kg/m2filled out the FFQ just before the trials. Energy intakes during the trials were calculated from provided foods and reported free-food items, representing 90 and 10 % of energy intake, respectively. Mean reported energy intake was 97·5 (sd12·7) % of actual energy intake during the trials; it was 98·9 (sd15·2) % for women and 94·7 (sd16·3) % for men (P = 0·004 for difference between sexes). Correlation coefficients between reported and actual energy intakes were 0·82 for all participants, 0·74 for women and 0·80 for men. Individual reported energy intake as a percentage of actual intake ranged from 56·3 to 159·6 % in women and from 43·8 to 151·0 % in men. In conclusion, the FFQ appeared to be accurate for estimating the mean level of energy intakes of these participants and for ranking them according to their intake. However, the large differences found on the individual level may affect the results of epidemiological studies in an unknown direction if nutrients are corrected for energy intakes reported by FFQ.
Driving force analysis for the secondary adjustable system in FAST
Authors: Shao Zhu-Feng , Tang Xiaoqiang , Chen Xu , Wang Li-Ping 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYThe Secondary Adjustable System (SAS) addressed here is a central component of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope (FAST). It is a 6-degree-of-freedom rigid Stewart manipulator, in which one platform (the end-effector) should be controlled to track-desired trajectory when another platform (denoted as the base) is moving. Driving force analysis of the SAS is the basis for selecting rational servomotors and guaranteeing the dynamic performance, which will affect the terminal pose accuracy of the FAST. In order to determine the driving forces of the SAS, using the Newton–Euler method, the inverse dynamics of the Stewart manipulator is modeled by considering the motion of the base. Compared with the traditional dynamic models, the inverse dynamic model introduced here possesses an inherent wider application range. By adopting the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the FAST prototype, the driving force analysis of the SAS is carried out, and the driving force optimization strategies are proposed. Calculation and analysis presented in the paper reveal that there are three main factors affecting the driving forces of the SAS. In addition, the driving force analysis of this paper lays out guidelines for the design and control of the FAST prototype, as well as the structure and trajectory optimization.
Tobacco: a product like any other?
Authors: Danishevskiy Kirill , McKee Martin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLegislation in most countries regulates trade in poisons and highly addictive products, such as narcotics. The statements that (1) tobacco harms health and (2) causes addiction are established as facts in international and national law. Yet in Russia, and in many other countries, there is a contradiction between the open sale of this addictive poison and basic laws, such as those on product safety. Provisions in both the Russian constitution and the criminal code can be interpreted as making the sale of tobacco illegal, setting out severe penalties for those involved. Yet, remarkably, tobacco is treated quite differently from other products. In this paper, we describe the experience so far in seeking to enforce this legislation in Russia. Attempts to persuade the police to enforce the legislation have been unsuccessful, although they accept that there is a prima facie case for action but, in private, express fear of taking it. The case for action is currently being argued before the Russian Supreme Court but this could take many years to reach a conclusion. In the mean time, new legislation on the regulation of tobacco production has been passed by the State Duma, with the support of the tobacco industry, which implicitly assumes that tobacco is a lawful product, thereby creating legal confusion. We argue that the only way to redress this situation is to recognize that tobacco production and sales must be regulated in the same way as any other harmful and addictive substance.
How far did the surface rupture of the 1999 İzmit earthquake reach in Sea of Marmara?
Authors: Gasperini Luca , Polonia Alina , Bortoluzzi Giovanni , Henry Pierre , Le Pichon Xavier , Tryon Michael , Çağatay Namik , Géli Louis 
Published: February 2011

An open problem concerning the Mw 7.4, 1999 İzmit earthquake along the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) system is the apparent conflict between estimates of strike‐slip deformation based on field and remote sensing data. This is due to the fact that the main strand of the NAF west of the epicenter lies below the Sea of Marmara. Seismological evidence and models based on synthetic aperture radar interferometry suggest that coseismic and early postseismic displacement accumulated after the earthquake could have reached the western end of the İzmit Gulf and possibly the southern edge of the Çınarcık Basin, tapering off along the northern coast of the Armutlu Peninsula, more than 60 km from the epicenter. This scenario is not confirmed by onshore field observations that point toward a termination of the surface rupture around 30 km to the east. These discrepancies convey high uncertainties in the estimate of the tectonic load produced by the İzmit earthquake on the adjacent fault segment toward Istanbul. We analyzed data from different sources, including high‐resolution marine geophysical surveys and two Nautile dives along the fault‐controlled canyon that connects İzmit Çınarcık basins. Our observations suggest that the surface rupture of the 1999 İzmit earthquake propagated through the shallow Gulf but did not reach the deep Marmara basins. In fact, along the slope between Çınarcık and the western end of the İzmit Gulf, we do not observe fault‐related ruptures affecting the seafloor but rather a series of active gas seeps and “black patches” that mark the presence of known active faults. Our findings have implications for seismic risk assessment in the highly populated region of Istanbul, both for the estimate of tectonic load transferred to the next fault segments and the location of the next earthquake.
WHY SWISS-GERMANS DISLIKE GERMANS
Authors: Helbling Marc 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT
This paper considers two common assumptions that often arise in the empirical literature on xenophobia – namely that xenophobic attitudes are found mostly among the poorly educated, and that xenophobia mainly concerns immigrants from low social classes and from geographically and culturally disparate nations. These arguments will be discussed in the context of the migration of high-skilled Germans to Switzerland, a phenomenon that has increased markedly in the last few years, leading to major controversies. A survey conducted in the city of Zurich has shown that Germans are considered less likable than other Western Europeans. Over the course of our analyses, two arguments are tested. First, I consider whether the boundaries between culturally similar groups are actually less fragile than those occurring between more dissimilar groups. Following this line of reasoning, I consider whether Swiss-Germans perceive German immigration as a cultural threat. Second, I consider whether well-educated people in high positions or people who seek to improve their job positions may feel threatened by new arrivals who are similarly well-educated. This rationale corresponds to the classic argument that working class people are xenophobic out of a fear that immigrants will take their jobs. Ultimately, this study finds empirical support for both arguments.
Effects of ingesting a sports drink during exercise and recovery on subsequent endurance capacity
Authors: Lee Jason K. W. , Nio Amanda Q. X. , Ang Wee Hon , Law Lydia Y. L. , Lim Chin Leong 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMost rehydration studies prohibit fluid ingestion during the preceding bout of dehydrating exercise. However, an athlete using a widely researched carbohydrate‐electrolyte sports drink as a nutritional strategy is likely to consume the fluid both during and after exercise, warranting a study design with administration of test fluids during a preceding exercise bout and recovery. This is further enhanced with the incorporation of wind speed to mimic outdoor conditions. Improved performance, usually extrapolated from improved recovery, was directly quantified in this investigation with an endurance capacity test. Twelve males (mean±s: age 24.3±1.6 years; body fat 14.6±4.0%; 53.9±8.8 ml · kg−1 · min−1) performed three trials in which they ingested water, placebo or a carbohydrate‐electrolyte sports drink during exercise and ensuing recovery to evaluate their efficacy in replacing fluids and carbohydrates, and the effects on subsequent endurance capacity. Double‐blind administration of the placebo and sports drink minimized any researcher and participant bias. A total volume equivalent to 150% of sweat loss was ingested during 75 min cycling at 65% peak aerobic capacity () in the heat (temperature 32.1±0.3°C; relative humidity 66±1%, wind speed 2.5±0.1 m · s−1) and within 1 h of recovery (temperature=23°C, relative humidity=60%). An exercise capacity test at 65% was conducted after a further 4 h of recovery. A paired t‐test with Bonferroni correction was used to analyse variation between two trials (P<0.017). Percent fluid retention was higher with the sports drink than the placebo (water 36±10%, placebo 33±9%, sports drink 41±6%; P=0.004). Following rehydration, mean serum sodium concentration was higher with the sports drink (water 136±1 mmol · l−1, placebo 137±1 mmol · l−1, sports drink 138±1 mmol · l−1; P<0.001). Percent change in plasma volume at 5 h of recovery, relative to 0 min of exercise, was greater with the sports drink than with water (water 3±2%, placebo 3±3%, sports drink 6±3%; P=0.014). Blood glucose concentration was higher with the sports drink at 0 min (water 5.0±0.3 mmol · l−1, placebo 5.0±0.3 mmol · l−1, sports drink 6.2±1.4 mmol · l−1; P<0.017) and 1 h (water 4.8±0.3 mmol · l−1, placebo 4.9±0.3 mmol · l−1, sports drink 7.3±0.7 mmol · l−1; P<0.001) of recovery. Endurance capacity was greater with the sports drink (1.14±0.22 h) than with water (0.85±0.27 h; P<0.001) or placebo (0.92±0.25 h; P=0.013). Ingestion of the sports drink during and after moderate‐intensity exercise replaces fluids and energy lost more effectively than water and a placebo, leading to an improvement in subsequent endurance capacity.
Reduced cardiovascular risk is associated with aerobic fitness in university students
Authors: Hoyos Itziar , Irazusta Amaia , Gravina Leyre , Gil Susana M. , Gil Javier , Irazusta Jon 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe aims of this study were to assess the physical activity and aerobic fitness of a group of university students (n=399) and to evaluate their risk for cardiovascular disease. Leisure‐time physical activity, body composition, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and maximal oxygen uptake () were assessed. During leisure time, the majority (53.5%) of female students were found to be sedentary, while the majority of male students (49.6%) were found to be active (P<0.001). Active students, both males (P<0.05) and females (P<0.05), had higher absolute and relative values than their sedentary counterparts. No statistically significant differences were found in anthropometric or blood pressure values according to the different physical activity classification levels. In contrast, relative was negatively associated with percentage body fat (males: P<0.01; females: P<0.01) and body mass index (males: P<0.01; females: P<0.01). We also found a negative association between relative and systolic (males: P<0.05; females: P<0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (males: P<0.01; females: P<0.01). The present results indicate that poor physical fitness, evaluated in terms of relative , is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease in university students. This is a cause for concern, especially for male studentsp, since their aerobic capacity was found to be rather low.
Reproducibility of two electrical stimulation techniques to assess neuromuscular fatigue
Authors: Coso Juan Del , Hamouti Nassim , Estevez Emma , Mora‐Rodriguez Ricardo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe main aim of this study was to compare the reliability of percutaneous electrical stimulation over the muscle (MES) and electrical stimulation over the nerve (NES) to assess quadriceps muscle voluntary activation and muscle contractile properties. A secondary aim was to determine whether MES detects the fatigue induced by prolonged exercise in the heat. For the first purpose, eight participants performed on three non‐consecutive days: quadriceps maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) with superimposed electrical stimulation to assess voluntary activation, and electrically evoked contractions to assess peak force (PEVO), using NES (ball‐shaped cathode) or MES (adhesive electrodes). For the second purpose, the same participants pedalled for 2 h at 60% VO2max in a 36°C environment. Quadriceps maximal voluntary contractions, voluntary activation, and PEVO were measured before and just after the completion of exercise using MES. Voluntary activation assessed with MES presented lower intra‐day (1.3±0.2 vs. 2.5±0.5%) and inter‐day (1.7±0.3 vs. 2.9 ±0.4%) coefficients of variation than with NES. PEVO had lower intra‐day and inter‐day coefficients of variation (5.6±1.0 vs. 17.0±3.3%) and higher intraclass correlation values (ICC 0.95 vs. 0.85) when using MES than with NES either when stimulating at 20 or 80 Hz. Prolonged exercise in the heat reduced MVC (11±2%) and quadriceps muscle voluntary activation (5.2±0.5%) from pre‐exercise values (P<0.05), as previously found. PEVO was unaffected by exercise in the heat. In conclusion, MES is more reliable than NES to assess quadriceps muscle voluntary activation and PEVO. In addition, MES readily detects the reduction in voluntary activation induced by prolonged exercise in the heat.
Physiological demands of match‐play in elite tennis: A case study
Authors: Gomes Rodrigo V. , Coutts Aaron J. , Viveiros Luis , Aoki Marcelo S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe physiological and perceptual demands together with match notation of a four‐set tennis match were studied in two elite professional players during the preparation for the 2008 Davis Cup. The design of this case report is unique in that it is the first to describe the demands of prolonged match‐play (197 min) over four sets in ecologically valid conditions. The variables measured before and after each set included blood lactate and glucose concentrations, body mass, and perception of effort. Stroke count for each rally and heart rate were recorded during each set while salivary cortisol concentration was determined before and after the match. The rally length decreased as the match progressed. The results showed significant physiological stress, with each player losing greater than 2.5% of body mass (as fluid) and having elevated salivary cortisol concentrations after the match. Heart rate and perception of effort were also increased following each set indicating increasing stress. However, blood lactate decreased following the fourth set while blood glucose was maintained. The results also suggest that elite players may adjust work rates or tactics to cope with the increased perception of effort. This report shows that four sets of tennis are associated with increasing stress and fatigue.
Variability and predictability of elite competitive slalom canoe‐kayak performance
Authors: Nibali Maria , Hopkins Will G. , Drinkwater Eric 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLittle is known about the race performance characteristics of elite‐level slalom canoeists or the magnitude of improvement necessary to enhance medal‐winning prospects. Final placing in this sport is determined by the aggregate of semi‐final and final run times inclusive of penalty times. We therefore used mixed linear modelling to analyse these times for finalists ranked in the top and bottom half in the men's canoe, men's kayak, and women's kayak boat classes at World Cups, World Championships, and Olympic Games from 2000 to 2007. The run‐to‐run variability for top‐ranked athletes at different courses ranged from 0.8% to 3.2% (90% confidence limits ×/÷1.11–1.31), reflecting differences in how challenging these courses were. The race‐to‐race variability of aggregate run time was 1.2–2.1% (×/÷~1.09); 0.3 of this variability yields the smallest worthwhile enhancement of 0.4–0.6%. The variabilities of bottom‐ranked finalists were approximately double those of top‐ranked finalists. The home advantage was small (0.3–0.8%), and incurring a penalty had a marginal effect on reducing actual run time (0.2–0.7%). Correlation coefficients for performance predictability within competitions (0.06–0.35), within years (0.12–0.47), and between years (0.12–0.43) were poor. In conclusion, the variability of performance and smallest worthwhile enhancements in slalom canoe‐kayaking are larger than those of comparable sports, and race outcomes are largely unpredictable.
ProtTest 3: fast selection of best-fit models of protein evolution
Authors: Darriba Diego , Taboada Guillermo L. , Doallo Ramón , Posada David 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Summary: We have implemented a high-performance computing (HPC) version of ProtTest that can be executed in parallel in multicore desktops and clusters. This version, called ProtTest 3, includes new features and extended capabilities.
Availability: ProtTest 3 source code and binaries are freely available under GNU license for download from http://darwin.uvigo.es/software/prottest3, linked to a Mercurial repository at Bitbucket (https://bitbucket.org/).
Contact: dposada@uvigo.es
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Soybean Rhg1 Locus for Resistance to the Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines Regulates the Expression of a Large Number of Stress- and Defense-Related Genes in Degenerating Feeding Cells
Authors: Kandoth Pramod Kaitheri , Ithal Nagabhushana , Recknor Justin , Maier Tom , Nettleton Dan , Baum Thomas J. , Mitchum Melissa G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
To gain new insights into the mechanism of soybean (Glycine max) resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines), we compared gene expression profiles of developing syncytia in soybean near-isogenic lines differing at Rhg1 (for resistance to Heterodera glycines), a major quantitative trait locus for resistance, by coupling laser capture microdissection with microarray analysis. Gene expression profiling revealed that 1,447 genes were differentially expressed between the two lines. Of these, 241 (16.8%) were stress- and defense-related genes. Several stress-related genes were up-regulated in the resistant line, including those encoding homologs of enzymes that lead to increased levels of reactive oxygen species and proteins associated with the unfolded protein response. These results indicate that syncytia induced in the resistant line are undergoing severe oxidative stress and imbalanced endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis, both of which likely contribute to the resistance reaction. Defense-related genes up-regulated within syncytia of the resistant line included those predominantly involved in apoptotic cell death, the plant hypersensitive response, and salicylic acid-mediated defense signaling; many of these genes were either partially suppressed or not induced to the same level by a virulent soybean cyst nematode population for successful nematode reproduction and development on the resistant line. Our study demonstrates that a network of molecular events take place during Rhg1-mediated resistance, leading to a highly complex defense response against a root pathogen.
A Comparative Analysis of the NADPH Thioredoxin Reductase C-2-Cys Peroxiredoxin System from Plants and Cyanobacteria
Authors: Pascual María Belén , Mata-Cabana Alejandro , Florencio Francisco Javier , Lindahl Marika , Cejudo Francisco Javier 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Redox regulation based on disulfide-dithiol conversion catalyzed by thioredoxins is an important component of chloroplast function. The reducing power is provided by ferredoxin reduced by the photosynthetic electron transport chain. In addition, chloroplasts are equipped with a peculiar NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase, termed NTRC, with a joint thioredoxin domain at the carboxyl terminus. Because NADPH can be produced by the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway during the night, NTRC is important to maintain the chloroplast redox homeostasis under light limitation. NTRC is exclusive for photosynthetic organisms such as plants, algae, and some, but not all, cyanobacteria. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that chloroplast NTRC originated from an ancestral cyanobacterial enzyme. While the biochemical properties of plant NTRC are well documented, little is known about the cyanobacterial enzyme. With the aim of comparing cyanobacterial and plant NTRCs, we have expressed the full-length enzyme from the cyanobacterium Anabaena species PCC 7120 as well as site-directed mutant variants and truncated polypeptides containing the NTR or the thioredoxin domains of the protein. Immunological and kinetic analysis showed a high similarity between NTRCs from plants and cyanobacteria. Both enzymes efficiently reduced 2-Cys peroxiredoxins from plants and from Anabaena but not from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) NTRC knockout plants were transformed with the Anabaena NTRC gene. Despite a lower content of NTRC than in wild-type plants, the transgenic plants showed significant recovery of growth and pigmentation. Therefore, the Anabaena enzyme fulfills functions of the plant enzyme in vivo, further emphasizing the similarity between cyanobacterial and plant NTRCs.