bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of injector opening pressure on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of DI diesel engine fueled with diesel and honne oil methyl ester
Authors: Venkanna B.K. , Venkataramana Reddy C. 
Published: November 2011

Honne oil methyl ester (HOME), a nonedible vegetable oil has remained as an untapped new possible source of alternative fuel. The present research is aimed to investigate experimentally the performance, exhaust emission, and combustion characteristics of a DI diesel engine, when fueled with neat diesel (ND) and HOME. The injector opening pressure (IOP) is varied from 200 bar (manufacturer specified value) to 260 bar in steps of 20 bar.The combustion parameters of HOME (IOP 260 bar) are found to be very close to ND. For other IOPs, these combustion parameters deviated compared to ND. The performance (BTE, BSFC, and EGT) of HOME (IOP 260 bar) is almost the same as that of ND. For other IOPs, BTE is inferior compared to ND. The emissions (CO and SO) of HOME (IOP 260 bar) are dropped significantly compared to ND. HC emissions of HOME (IOP 240 bar) are slightly decreased, whereas for other IOPs, it is increased compared to ND. NOx emissions of HOME (IOP 200 to 260 bar) are slightly decreased.The reductions in exhaust emissions and increase in BTEmade HOME (IOP 260 bar) a suitable alternative fuel for diesel fuel and thus could help in controlling air pollution. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 148–155, 2013.
Modulation of working memory function by motivation through loss‐aversion
Authors: Krawczyk Daniel C. , D'Esposito Mark 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCognitive performance is affected by motivation. Few studies, however, have investigated the neural mechanisms of the influence of motivation through potential monetary punishment on working memory. We employed functional MRI during a delayed recognition task that manipulated top‐down control demands with added monetary incentives to some trials in the form of potential losses of bonus money. Behavioral performance on the task was influenced by loss‐threatening incentives in the form of faster and more accurate performance. As shown previously, we found enhancement of activity for relevant stimuli occurs throughout all task periods (e.g., stimulus encoding, maintenance, and response) in both prefrontal and visual association cortex. Further, these activation patterns were enhanced for trials with possible monetary loss relative to nonincentive trials. During the incentive cue, the amygdala and striatum showed significantly greater activation when money was at a possible loss on the trial. We also evaluated patterns of functional connectivity between regions responsive to monetary consequences and prefrontal areas responsive to the task. This analysis revealed greater delay period connectivity between and the left insula and prefrontal cortex with possible monetary loss relative to nonincentive trials. Overall, these results reveal that incentive motivation can modulate performance on working memory tasks through top‐down signals via amplification of activity within prefrontal and visual association regions selective to processing the perceptual inputs of the stimuli to be remembered. Hum Brain Mapp , 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preventing vaccinia virus class‐I epitopes presentation by HSV‐ICP47 enhances the immunogenicity of a TAP‐independent cancer vaccine epitope
Authors: Raafat Nermin , Sadowski‐Cron Charlotte , Mengus Chantal , Heberer Michael , Spagnoli Giulio C. , Zajac Paul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHerpes simplex virus protein ICP47, encoded by US12 gene, strongly downregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class‐I antigen restricted presentation by blocking transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) protein. To decrease viral vector antigenic immunodominance and MHC class‐I driven clearance, we engineered recombinant vaccinia viruses (rVV) expressing ICP47 alone (rVV‐US12) or together with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐targeted Melan‐A/MART‐127–35 model tumor epitope (rVV‐MUS12). In this study, we show that antigen presenting cells (APC), infected with rVV‐US12, display a decreased ability to present TAP dependent MHC class‐I restricted viral antigens to CD8+ T‐cells. While HLA class‐I cell surface expression is strongly downregulated, other important immune related molecules such as CD80, CD44 and, most importantly, MHC class‐II are unaffected. Characterization of rVV‐MUS12 infected cells demonstrates that over‐expression of a TAP‐independent peptide, partially compensates for ICP47 induced surface MHC class‐I downregulation (30% vs. 70% respectively). Most importantly, in conditions where clearance of infected APC by virus‐specific CTL represents a limiting factor, a significant enhancement of CTL responses to the tumor epitope can be detected in cultures stimulated with rVV‐MUS12, as compared to those stimulated by rVV‐MART alone. Such reagents could become of high relevance in multiple boost protocols required for cancer immunotherapy, to limit vector‐specific responsiveness.
Microvascular and mitochondrial PO2 simultaneously measured by oxygen‐dependent delayed luminescence
Authors: Bodmer Sander I. A. , Balestra Gianmarco M. , Harms Floor A. , Johannes Tanja , Raat Nicolaas J. H. , Stolker Robert J. , Mik Egbert G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMeasurement of tissue oxygenation is a complex task and various techniques have led to a wide range of tissue PO2 values and contradictory results. Tissue is compartmentalized in microcirculation, interstitium and intracellular space and current techniques are biased towards a certain compartment. Simultaneous oxygen measurements in various compartments might be of great benefit for our understanding of determinants of tissue oxygenation. Here we report simultaneous measurement of microvascular PO2 (μPO2) and mitochondrial PO2 (mitoPO2) in rats. The μPO2 measurements are based on oxygen‐dependent quenching of phosphorescence of the near‐infrared phosphor Oxyphor G2. The mitoPO2 measurements are based on oxygen‐dependent quenching of delayed fluorescence of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Favorable spectral properties of these porphyrins allow simultaneous measurement of the delayed luminescence lifetimes. A dedicated fiber‐based time‐domain setup consisting of a tunable pulsed laser, 2 red‐sensitive gated photomultiplier tubes and a simultaneous sampling data‐acquisition system is described in detail. The absence of cross talk between the channels is shown and the feasibility of simultaneous μPO2 and mitoPO2 measurements is demonstrated in rat liver in vivo. It is anticipated that this novel approach will greatly contribute to our understanding of tissue oxygenation in physiological and pathological circumstances. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tissue engineering of small‐diameter vascular grafts by endothelial progenitor cells seeding heparin‐coated decellularized scaffolds
Authors: Zhou Min , Liu Zhao , Liu Cheng , Jiang Xuefeng , Wei Zhiqing , Qiao Wei , Ran Feng , Wang Wei , Qiao Tong , Liu Changjian 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSuccessful construction of a small‐diameter bioartificial vascular graft remains a great challenge. This study reports on novel tissue engineering vascular grafts (TEVGs) constructed by endothelial progenitor cells and heparin‐coated decellularized vessels (DV). The DVs were fabricated from canine carotid arteries with observable depletion of cellular components. After heparin coating, the scaffolds possessed excellent antithrombogeneity. Canine endothelial progenitor cells harvested from peripheral blood were expanded and seeded onto heparin‐coated DVs and cocultured in a custom‐made bioreactor to construct TEVGs. Thereafter, the TEVGs were implanted into the carotid arteries of cell‐donor dogs. After 3 months of implantation, the luminal surfaces of TEVGs exhibited complete endothelium regeneration, however, only a few disorderly cells and thrombosis overlaid the luminal surfaces of control DVs grafts, and immunofluorescent staining showed that the seeded cells existed in the luminal sides and the medial parts of the explanted TEVGs and partially contributed to the endothelium formation. Specifically, TEVGs exhibited significantly smaller hyperplastic neointima area compared with the DVs, not only at midportion (0.64 ± 0.08 vs. 2.13 ± 0.12 mm2,p< 0.001), but also at anastomotic sites (proximal sites, 1.03 ± 0.09 vs. 3.02 ± 0.16 mm2,p< 0.001; distal sites, 1.84 ± 0.15 vs. 3.35 ± 0.21 mm2,p< 0.001). Moreover, TEVGs had a significantly higher patency rate than the DVs after 3 months of implantation (19/20 vs. 12/20,p< 0.01). Overall, this study provided a new strategy to develop small‐diameter TEVGs with excellent biocompatibility and high patency rate. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Differences in pathological gambling prevalence estimates: facts or artefacts?
Authors: Sassen Monika , Kraus Ludwig , Bühringer Gerhard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe paper aims at investigating whether survey methodology has recently converged to justify the common practice of comparing prevalence estimates and interpreting differences within and between countries. To this end, prevalence studies of problem (PrG) and pathological gambling (PG) published in peer‐reviewed journals between 2000 and 2010 were critically reviewed. A systematic computer‐based literature search was conducted within various databases and major gambling journals. In a two‐step search process, a total of 39 studies reporting current prevalence data of non‐clinical national samples from different countries were identified. Analyses revealed wide ranges in estimated PrG/PG rates for adults, adolescents, and college students, whereas similar estimates were reported in two studies on PrG/PG in seniors. Despite the discussion on methodological consistency in the field of gambling research, comparability of the reported estimates was found to be still highly limited by major variation between studies with regard to survey description, administration format, exclusion criteria, assessment instrument, cut‐off scores, sample frame, and reference period. The interpretation of differences in PrG and PG prevalence estimates within and between countries may be improved by using valid and reliable instruments and by applying comparable survey methodology in well‐defined populations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Timing of androgen deprivation therapy use and fracture risk among elderly men with prostate cancer in the United States
Authors: Beebe‐Dimmer Jennifer L. , Cetin Karynsa , Shahinian Vahakn , Morgenstern Hal , Yee Cecilia , Schwartz Kendra L. , Acquavella John 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeFractures are a recognized consequence of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT); however, less is known about the incidence of fracture in relation to the timing of ADT use or the impact of fracture on mortality in men with prostate cancer.MethodsUsing data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare linked database, we estimated adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) using time‐dependent Cox regression for fracture incidence related to the recency of exposure and dose among prostate cancer patients on gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, as well as mortality associated with fractures.ResultsIn our cohort of 80 844 patients, ADT was associated with an increased rate of fracture in both non‐metastatic patients (aHR = 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.29–1.39) and metastatic patients (aHR = 1.51; 95%CI = 1.36–1.67). Fracture rates increased with increasing cumulative GnRH dose but decreased with increasing number of months since last use in each dose category. The mortality rate doubled for men experiencing a fracture after their diagnosis compared with that for men who did not experience a fracture (aHR = 2.05; 95%CI = 1.98–2.12).ConclusionsADT in elderly men with prostate cancer increased the incidence of fractures, and the effect appears to diminish with increasing time since the last dose of a GnRH agonist. Experiencing a fracture after the diagnosis of prostate cancer was associated with decreased survival. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mechanism of solar cell degradation in high intensity, high temperature space missions
Authors: Zimmermann C. G. , Nömayr C. , Kolb M. , Rucki A. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe behavior of standard space photovoltaic assemblies in a high intensity, high temperature environment (HIHT) is addressed. Experimentally, an HIHT environment, typical for missions to the inner planets of the solar system such as Mercury, characterized by temperatures of 500K and 11 solar constant irradiance in the ultraviolet region below 400 nm, was simulated in a vacuum. Independently of the triple junction cell technology used, module degradation up to 20% in power was observed during several hundred hours of test. Electroluminescence analysis identified discrete top cell shunts close to the cell edge, in particular around the frontside contact pads. Cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy performed on several degraded cells revealed an etched contact pad metallization/cap layer interface and more importantly, several 100‐nm large, oriented Cu3P inclusions at the shunted locations. A chemical degradation mechanism is proposed. Short wavelength ultraviolet light interacting with polysiloxanes used as module encapsulant produces hydrogen and methyl radicals. With these building blocks, an organic acid can be formed on external reaction surfaces such as the Ag busbars that simultaneously serve as a source of oxygen. Cu traces present in the Ag segregate to the surface and are transported by this acid to the contact pad of the cell in the liquid phase. An adapted cell design was developed to prevent this degradation mechanism believed to be of relevance for all HIHT space environments. A several hundred micrometer‐wide rim composed of the outermost cell area is electrically separated from the inner cell area and provides a barrier against environmental attack. None of the photovoltaic assemblies featuring this mesa cell design showed any fill factor‐induced power degradation any more. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fertility, Natural Growth, and Migration in the Czech Republic: an Urban–Suburban–Rural Gradient Analysis of Long‐Term Trends and Recent Reversals
Authors: Vobecká Jana , Piguet Virginie 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper examines long‐term trends in fertility and recent reversals in natural increase, net migration, and general fertility across residential contexts in the post‐communist Czech Republic. Long‐term differentials are analysed on the cumulative fertility of cohorts whose fertility was completed before and after the change in political regime in 1989. The results show important effects education and residential context (urban–suburban–rural gradient) have on the cohorts with (almost) completed fertility. For the youngest cohorts with incomplete fertility, the factor of timing, education, and residential context are the strongest predictors of fertility levels. Although the results based on 2001 Czech census data show relatively persistent patterns across the cohorts, trends in natural increase, general fertility, and net migration between 1991 and 2007 show a reversal of longstanding trends due to the recent increase in the process of residential suburbanisation. We suggest that the increase in the number of babies born in suburban areas (and therefore the higher natural increase and general fertility there) is due to the selective residential migration of young couples and results not just from the larger cohorts of potential mothers but also, possibly, from the higher fertility of new resident couples owing to their more reproduction‐oriented values. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consistent approximate models of the global atmosphere in non‐spherical geopotential coordinates
Authors: White A. A. , Wood N. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTaking the spherical geopotential approximation as a starting point, previous work has revealed a quartet of dynamically consistent models of the global atmosphere according to whether approximations of shallow and quasi‐hydrostatic type are or are not made. The generalization of this quartet of consistent models is sought within the framework of geopotential surfaces that are zonally symmetric but not assumed to be spherical. The distinction between approximations of shallow and quasi‐hydrostatic type is more subtle than in the spherical case: consistent quasi‐hydrostatic approximation requires the simultaneous omission of two metric terms that vanish identically in the spherical case (and indeed whenever the vertical metric factor is independent of the meridional coordinate). These two metric terms are not eliminated by the formal process of metric factor approximation by which consistent models of shallow type may be generated. Consistently approximated, hydrostatic, shallow forms are obtained by applying quasi‐hydrostatic and shallow approximations successively, and are comparable with the well‐known spherical geopotential forms as regards the number and nature of the terms present. The formulation of shallow‐water models in non‐spherical geopotential coordinates is considered in conclusion. Copyright © 2011 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
High-resolution sequence stratigraphic division and distribution of tidal deposits in the Zhuhai Formation, Huizhou Sag, Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
Authors: ZHENG WENBO , DENG HONGWEN 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Zhuhai Formation of the Huizhou Oilfield has been interpreted as being deposited in a tide-dominated estuarine setting. This paper uses stratigraphic principles, cores and logging data to analyse the facies changes of tidal sedimentation in response to the base level cycle. We conclude that the mud flat progradational allocycle is the result of a long-term base level fall, while the fining-upwards autocycle is in response to a short-term base level fall. Region-wide mud layers of supratidal zones and scour surfaces of subtidal zones are stratigraphic surfaces of tidal sedimentation. By integrating high-resolution stratigraphic correlations with seismic attributes extracted from the stratal slicing of 3-D data volumes, we use an attribute map of RMS (root mean square) amplitude to image the distribution and evolution of tidal deposits in the study area. Intertidal zones and the upper parts of the tidal cycle are favourable areas for prospecting and oil reserves and thus provide a basis for petroleum exploration and development.
Rapid resonance Raman microspectroscopy to probe carbon dioxide fixation by single cells in microbial communities
Authors: Li Mengqiu , Canniffe Daniel P , Jackson Philip J , Davison Paul A , FitzGerald Simon , Dickman Mark J , Burgess J Grant , Hunter C Neil , Huang Wei E 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Photosynthetic microorganisms play crucial roles in aquatic ecosystems and are the major primary producers in global marine ecosystems. The discovery of new bacteria and microalgae that play key roles in CO2 fixation is hampered by the lack of methods to identify hitherto-unculturable microorganisms. To overcome this problem we studied single microbial cells using stable-isotope probing (SIP) together with resonance Raman (RR) microspectroscopy of carotenoids, the light-absorbing pigments present in most photosynthetic microorganisms. We show that fixation of 13CO2 into carotenoids produces a red shift in single-cell RR (SCRR) spectra and that this SCRR–SIP technique is sufficiently sensitive to detect as little as 10% of 13C incorporation. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of labelled cellular proteins verifies that the red shift in carotenoid SCRR spectra acts as a reporter of the 13C content of single cells. Millisecond Raman imaging of cells in mixed cultures and natural seawater samples was used to identify cells actively fixing CO2, demonstrating that the SCRR–SIP is a noninvasive method for the rapid and quantitative detection of CO2 fixation at the single cell level in a microbial community. The SCRR–SIP technique may provide a direct method for screening environmental samples, and could help to reveal the ecophysiology of hitherto-unculturable microorganisms, linking microbial species to their ecological function in the natural environment.
Longitudinal Course of Substance Treatment Benefits in Older Male Veteran At-Risk Drinkers
Authors: Zanjani Faika , Mavandadi Shahrzad , TenHave Tom , Katz Ira , Durai Nalla B. , Krahn Dean , Llorente Maria , Kirchner JoAnn , Olsen Edwin , Van Stone William , Cooley Susan , Oslin David W. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Background.  This investigation aims to determine the 12-month drinking trajectory of older at-risk drinkers in treatment. Furthermore, the drinking trajectory between at-risk drinkers who had met the threshold suggestive of alcohol dependence (problem at-risk drinkers) and those who did not meet this threshold (nonproblematic at-risk drinkers) were compared.
Methods.  This investigation is a component of the PRISM-E (Primary Care Research in Substance Abuse and Mental Health for the Elderly) Study, a multisite randomized trial comparing service use, outcomes, and cost between Integrated (IC) versus Enhanced Specialty Referral (ESR) care models for older (65+ years) adults with depression, anxiety, and/or at-risk alcohol consumption. This investigation focuses only on at-risk drinkers, generally defined as exceeding recommended drinking limits, which in the case of older adults has been classified as consuming more than one drink per day. Two hundred fifty-eight randomized older at-risk drinkers were examined, of whom 56% were problem drinkers identified through the Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test-Geriatric version.
Results.  Over time, all at-risk drinkers showed a significant reduction in drinking. Problem drinkers showed reductions in average weekly consumption and number of occurrences of binge drinking at 3, 6, and 12 months, whereas nonproblematic drinkers showed significant reductions in average weekly consumption at 3, 6, and 12 months and number of occurrences of binge drinking at only 6 months. IC treatment assignment led to higher engagement in treatment, which led to better binge drinking outcomes for problem drinkers. Despite significant reductions in drinking, approximately 29% of participants displayed at-risk drinking at the end of the study.
Conclusions.  Results suggest that older at-risk drinkers, both problem and nonproblematic, show a considerable decrease in drinking, with slightly greater improvement evidenced in problem drinkers and higher engagement in treatment seen in those assigned to IC.