bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionizing terahertz waves with 260 MV/cm from scalable optical rectification
Authors: Kim Hyeongmun , Kang Chul , Jang Dogeun , Roh Yulan , Lee Sang Hwa , Lee Joong Wook , Sung Jae Hee , Lee Seong Ku , Kim Ki-Yong 
Published: May 2024

AbstractTerahertz (THz) waves, known as non-ionizing radiation owing to their low photon energies, can actually ionize atoms and molecules when a sufficiently large number of THz photons are concentrated in time and space. Here, we demonstrate the generation of ionizing, multicycle, 15-THz waves emitted from large-area lithium niobate crystals via phase-matched optical rectification of 150-terawatt laser pulses. A complete characterization of the generated THz waves in energy, pulse duration, and focal spot size shows that the field strength can reach up to 260 megavolts per centimeter. In particular, a single-shot THz interferometer is employed to measure the THz pulse duration and spectrum with complementary numerical simulations. Such intense THz pulses are irradiated onto various solid targets to demonstrate THz-induced tunneling ionization and plasma formation. This study also discusses the potential of nonperturbative THz-driven ionization in gases, which will open up new opportunities, including nonlinear and relativistic THz physics in plasma.
Strong nonlinear optical processes with extraordinary polarization anisotropy in inversion-symmetry broken two-dimensional PdPSe
Authors: Zhu Song , Duan Ruihuan , Xu Xiaodong , Sun Fangyuan , Chen Wenduo , Wang Fakun , Li Siyuan , Ye Ming , Zhou Xin , Cheng Jinluo , Wu Yao , Liang Houkun , Kono Junichiro , Li Xingji , Liu Zheng , Wang Qi Jie 
Published: May 2024

AbstractNonlinear optical activities, especially second harmonic generation (SHG), are key phenomena in inversion-symmetry-broken two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). On the other hand, anisotropic nonlinear optical processes are important for unique applications in nano-nonlinear photonic devices with polarization functions, having become one of focused research topics in the field of nonlinear photonics. However, the strong nonlinearity and strong optical anisotropy do not exist simultaneously in common 2D materials. Here, we demonstrate strong second-order and third-order susceptibilities of 64 pm/V and 6.2×10−19 m2/V2, respectively, in the even-layer PdPSe, which has not been discovered in other common TMDCs (e.g., MoS2). Strikingly, it also simultaneously exhibited strong SHG anisotropy with an anisotropic ratio of ~45, which is the largest reported among all 2D materials to date, to the best of our knowledge. In addition, the SHG anisotropy ratio can be harnessed from 0.12 to 45 (375 times) by varying the excitation wavelength due to the dispersion of $${\chi }^{(2)}$$

χ

(
2
)

values. As an illustrative example, we further demonstrate polarized SHG imaging for potential applications in crystal orientation identification and polarization-dependent spatial encoding. These findings in 2D PdPSe are promising for nonlinear nanophotonic and optoelectronic applications.
Serum eosinophil-derived neurotoxin: a new promising biomarker for cow’s milk allergy diagnosis
Authors: Bahbah Wael A. , Abo Hola Ahmed S. , Bedair Hanan M. , Taha Eman T. , El Zefzaf Heba M. S. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Cow’s Milk Allergy (CMA) diagnosis is often a challenge due to the non-specific nature of symptoms and lack of a confirmatory diagnostic test. To our knowledge no previous studies investigated serum Eosinophil-Derived Neurotoxin (sEDN) in CMA. So, we aimed to assess the role of sEDN in CMA diagnosis.

Methods
Forty-five infants with CMA were compared to 45 infants with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and 45 healthy controls. For all participants, Cow’s Milk-related Symptom Score (CoMiSS) was documented, and sEDN level with hematological parameters were measured before starting elimination diet.

Results
Receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve identified sEDN > 14 ng/mL and CoMiSS > 9 as the optimal cut-off points to discriminate CMA from other groups with sensitivity 86.67%, 97.78% and specificity 60.00%, 78.89% respectively. Additionally, absolute neutrophil count (ANC) showed the highest sensitivity and specificity (80.0% and 78.89%) among hematological parameters. Although CoMiSS and ANC showed a significant positive correlation with sEDN in CMA group, CoMiSS was the only significant predictor for sEDN in multivariate linear regression.

Conclusions
sEDN showed high sensitivity in discriminating infants with and without CMA. Therefore, it is suggested as a potential biomarker for CMA diagnosis. Also, ANC should be closely monitored in these infants.

Impact

CMA presents with high heterogeneity, which complicates the diagnosis especially non-IgE-mediated and mixed types. So, oral food challenge continues to be the gold standard for its diagnosis.

ROC curve identified CoMiSS > 9 as the best cut-off point to identify CMA. However, CoMiSS is a good awareness tool for CMA but not a diagnostic tool.

sEDN level was significantly higher in infants with CMA with a good diagnostic performance in differentiating them than those without CMA. So, it is suggested as a potential biomarker for CMA diagnosis.

ANC could have a role in CMA diagnosis and differentiating it from FGIDs.
Molecular understanding and clinical outcomes of CAR T cell therapy in the treatment of urological tumors
Authors: Zhang Gong , Wang Yuan , Lu Shiyang , Ding Fengzhu , Wang Xia , Zhu Chunming , Wang Yibing , Wang Kefeng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractChimeric antigen receptor engineered T (CAR T) cell therapy has developed rapidly in recent years, leading to profound developments in oncology, especially for hematologic malignancies. However, given the pressure of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments, antigen escape, and diverse other factors, its application in solid tumors is less developed. Urinary system tumors are relatively common, accounting for approximately 24% of all new cancers in the United States. CAR T cells have great potential for urinary system tumors. This review summarizes the latest developments of CAR T cell therapy in urinary system tumors, including kidney cancer, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer, and also outlines the various CAR T cell generations and their pathways and targets that have been developed thus far. Finally, the current advantages, problems, and side effects of CAR T cell therapy are discussed in depth, and potential future developments are proposed in view of current shortcomings.
Inhibition of lysosomal TRPML1 channel eliminates breast cancer stem cells by triggering ferroptosis
Authors: Fan Chunhong , Wu Haotian , Du Xin , Li Canjun , Zeng Wenping , Qu Lili , Cang Chunlei 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCancer stem cells (CSCs) are a sub-population of cells possessing high tumorigenic potential, which contribute to therapeutic resistance, metastasis and recurrence. Eradication of CSCs is widely recognized as a crucial factor in improving patient prognosis, yet the effective targeting of these cells remains a major challenge. Here, we show that the lysosomal cation channel TRPML1 represents a promising target for CSCs. TRPML1 is highly expressed in breast cancer cells and exhibits sensitivity to salinomycin, a drug known to selectively eliminate CSCs. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic depletion of TRPML1 promote ferroptosis in breast CSCs, reduce their stemness, and enhance the sensitivity of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy drug doxorubicin. The inhibition and knockout of TRPML1 also demonstrate significant suppression of tumor formation and growth in the mouse xenograft model. These findings suggest that targeting TRPML1 to eliminate CSCs may be an effective strategy for the treatment of breast cancer.
DRG2 is required for surface localization of PD-L1 and the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy
Authors: Choi Seong Hee , Mani Muralidharan , Kim Jeonghwan , Cho Wha Ja , Martin Thomas F. J. , Kim Jee Hyun , Chu Hun Su , Jeong Won Jin , Won Young-Wook , Lee Byung Ju , Ahn Byungyong , Kim Junil , Jeon Do Yong , Park Jeong Woo 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMore than half of tumor patients with high PD-L1 expression do not respond to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be clarified. Here we show that developmentally regulated GTP-binding protein 2 (DRG2) is required for response of PD-L1-expressing tumors to anti-PD-1 therapy. DRG2 depletion enhanced IFN-γ signaling and increased the PD-L1 level in melanoma cells. However, it inhibited recycling of endosomal PD-L1 and reduced surface PD-L1 levels, which led to defects in interaction with PD-1. Anti-PD-1 did not expand effector-like T cells within DRG2-depleted tumors and failed to improve the survival of DRG2-depleted tumor-bearing mice. Cohort analysis revealed that patients bearing melanoma with low DRG2 protein levels were resistant to anti-PD-1 therapy. These findings identify DRG2 as a key regulator of recycling of endosomal PD-L1 and response to anti-PD-1 therapy and provide insights into how to increase the correlation between PD-L1 expression and response to anti-PD-1 therapy.
Integrated analyses reveal the diagnostic and predictive values of COL5A2 and association with immune environment in Crohn’s disease
Authors: Zhong Tingting , Cheng Xiaoqing , Gu Qianru , Fu Guoxiang , Wang Yihong , Jiang Yujie , Xu Jiaqi , Jiang Zhinong 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD) involves abnormal immune cell infiltration and dysregulated immune response. Therefore, thorough research on immune cell abnormalities in CD is crucial for improved treatment of this disease. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and bulk RNA-seq data of CD were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Cell-type identification by estimating relative subsets of RNA transcripts (CIBERSORT), weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks evaluated the proportion of immune infiltrating cells, constructed co-expression network and identified key genes, respectively. Based on the dataset (GSE134809), 15 cell clusters were defined and labeled as different cell types. Among the 11 modules, the yellow module had the closest relationship with plasma cells (cluster 5). Confirmed using RNA sequencing and IHC assay, the expression of COL5A2 in CD samples was higher than that in control samples. Furthermore, the COL5A2 protein expression remarkably decreased in the group of patients who responded to anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) treatments, compared to the non-response group. The comprehensive analyses described here provided novel insight into the landscape of CD-associated immune environment. In addition, COL5A2 were identified as potential diagnostic indicators for CD, as well as promising predictive markers for CD patients.
Shifts in evolutionary lability underlie independent gains and losses of root-nodule symbiosis in a single clade of plants
Authors: Kates Heather R. , O’Meara Brian C. , LaFrance Raphael , Stull Gregory W. , James Euan K. , Liu Shui-Yin , Tian Qin , Yi Ting-Shuang , Conde Daniel , Kirst Matias , Ané Jean-Michel , Soltis Douglas E. , Guralnick Robert P. , Soltis Pamela S. , Folk Ryan A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractRoot nodule symbiosis (RNS) is a complex trait that enables plants to access atmospheric nitrogen converted into usable forms through a mutualistic relationship with soil bacteria. Pinpointing the evolutionary origins of RNS is critical for understanding its genetic basis, but building this evolutionary context is complicated by data limitations and the intermittent presence of RNS in a single clade of ca. 30,000 species of flowering plants, i.e., the nitrogen-fixing clade (NFC). We developed the most extensive de novo phylogeny for the NFC and an RNS trait database to reconstruct the evolution of RNS. Our analysis identifies evolutionary rate heterogeneity associated with a two-step process: An ancestral precursor state transitioned to a more labile state from which RNS was rapidly gained at multiple points in the NFC. We illustrate how a two-step process could explain multiple independent gains and losses of RNS, contrary to recent hypotheses suggesting one gain and numerous losses, and suggest a broader phylogenetic and genetic scope may be required for genome-phenome mapping.
Hyperactivity of indirect pathway-projecting spiny projection neurons promotes compulsive behavior
Authors: Piantadosi Sean C. , Manning Elizabeth E. , Chamberlain Brittany L. , Hyde James , LaPalombara Zoe , Bannon Nicholas M. , Pierson Jamie L. , K Namboodiri Vijay M. , Ahmari Susanne E. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCompulsive behaviors are a hallmark symptom of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Striatal hyperactivity has been linked to compulsive behavior generation in correlative studies in humans and causal studies in rodents. However, the contribution of the two distinct striatal output populations to the generation and treatment of compulsive behavior is unknown. These populations of direct and indirect pathway-projecting spiny projection neurons (SPNs) have classically been thought to promote or suppress actions, respectively, leading to a long-held hypothesis that increased output of direct relative to indirect pathway promotes compulsive behavior. Contrary to this hypothesis, here we find that indirect pathway hyperactivity is associated with compulsive grooming in the Sapap3-knockout mouse model of OCD-relevant behavior. Furthermore, we show that suppression of indirect pathway activity using optogenetics or treatment with the first-line OCD pharmacotherapy fluoxetine is associated with reduced grooming in Sapap3-knockouts. Together, these findings highlight the striatal indirect pathway as a potential treatment target for compulsive behavior.
Zero-field J-spectroscopy of quadrupolar nuclei
Authors: Picazo-Frutos Román , Sheberstov Kirill F. , Blanchard John W. , Van Dyke Erik , Reh Moritz , Sjoelander Tobias , Pines Alexander , Budker Dmitry , Barskiy Danila A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractZero- to ultralow-field nuclear magnetic resonance (ZULF NMR) allows molecular structure elucidation via measurement of electron-mediated spin-spin J-couplings. This study examines zero-field J-spectra from molecules with quadrupolar nuclei, exemplified by solutions of various isotopologues of ammonium cations. The spectra reveal differences between various isotopologues upon extracting precise J-coupling values from pulse-acquire measurements. A primary isotope effect, $$\triangle J=\left({\gamma }_{{}^{14}{{{{{\rm{N}}}}}}}/{\gamma }_{{}^{15}{{{{{\rm{N}}}}}}}\right){J}_{{}^{15}{{{{{\rm{N}}}}}}{{{{{\rm{H}}}}}}}-{J}_{{}^{14}{{{{{\rm{N}}}}}}{{{{{\rm{H}}}}}}}\approx -58$$
△
J
=

γ

14

N

/

γ

15

N

J

15

N
H

−

J

14

N
H

≈
−
58
mHz, is deduced by analysis of the proton-nitrogen J-coupling ratios. This study points toward further experiments with symmetric cations containing quadrupolar nuclei, promising applications in biomedicine, energy storage, and benchmarking quantum chemistry calculations.
Integrated assessment modeling of a zero-emissions global transportation sector
Authors: Speizer Simone , Fuhrman Jay , Aldrete Lopez Laura , George Mel , Kyle Page , Monteith Seth , McJeon Haewon 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCurrently responsible for over one fifth of carbon emissions worldwide, the transportation sector will need to undergo a substantial technological transition to ensure compatibility with global climate goals. Few studies have modeled strategies to achieve zero emissions across all transportation modes, including aviation and shipping, alongside an integrated analysis of feedbacks on other sectors and environmental systems. Here, we use a global integrated assessment model to evaluate deep decarbonization scenarios for the transportation sector consistent with maintaining end-of-century warming below 1.5 °C, considering varied timelines for fossil fuel phase-out and implementation of advanced alternative technologies. We highlight the leading low carbon technologies for each transportation mode, finding that electrification contributes most to decarbonization across the sector. Biofuels and hydrogen are particularly important for aviation and shipping. Our most ambitious scenario eliminates transportation emissions by mid-century, contributing substantially to achieving climate targets but requiring rapid technological shifts with integrated impacts on fuel demands and availability and upstream energy transitions.
Ultrafast all-optical toggle writing of magnetic bits without relying on heat
Authors: Zalewski T. , Maziewski A. , Kimel A. V. , Stupakiewicz A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractUltrafast excitation of matter can violate Curie’s principle that the symmetry of the cause must be found in the symmetry of the effect. For instance, heating alone cannot result in a deterministic reversal of magnetization. However, if the heating is ultrafast, it facilitates toggle switching of magnetization between stable bit-states without any magnetic field. Here we show that the regime of ultrafast toggle switching can be also realized via a mechanism without relying on heat. Ultrafast laser excitation of iron-garnet with linearly polarized light modifies magnetic anisotropy and thus causes toggling magnetization between two stable bit states. This new regime of ‘cold’ toggle switching can be observed in ferrimagnets without a compensation point and over an exceptionally broad temperature range. The control of magnetic anisotropy required for the toggle switching exhibits reduced dissipation compared to laser-induced-heating mechanism, however the dissipation and the switching-time are shown to be competing parameters.
Noninvasive imaging-guided ultrasonic neurostimulation with arbitrary 2D patterns and its application for high-quality vision restoration
Authors: Lu Gengxi , Gong Chen , Sun Yizhe , Qian Xuejun , Rajendran Nair Deepthi S. , Li Runze , Zeng Yushun , Ji Jie , Zhang Junhang , Kang Haochen , Jiang Laiming , Chen Jiawen , Chang Chi-Feng , Thomas Biju B. , Humayun Mark S. , Zhou Qifa 
Published: May 2024

AbstractRetinal degeneration, a leading cause of irreversible low vision and blindness globally, can be partially addressed by retina prostheses which stimulate remaining neurons in the retina. However, existing electrode-based treatments are invasive, posing substantial risks to patients and healthcare providers. Here, we introduce a completely noninvasive ultrasonic retina prosthesis, featuring a customized ultrasound two-dimensional array which allows for simultaneous imaging and stimulation. With synchronous three-dimensional imaging guidance and auto-alignment technology, ultrasonic retina prosthesis can generate programmed ultrasound waves to dynamically and precisely form arbitrary wave patterns on the retina. Neuron responses in the brain’s visual center mirrored these patterns, evidencing successful artificial vision creation, which was further corroborated in behavior experiments. Quantitative analysis of the spatial-temporal resolution and field of view demonstrated advanced performance of ultrasonic retina prosthesis and elucidated the biophysical mechanism of retinal stimulation. As a noninvasive blindness prosthesis, ultrasonic retina prosthesis could lead to a more effective, widely acceptable treatment for blind patients. Its real-time imaging-guided stimulation strategy with a single ultrasound array, could also benefit ultrasound neurostimulation in other diseases.
Longitudinal viral shedding and antibody response characteristics of men with acute infection of monkeypox virus: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Yang Yang , Niu Shiyu , Shen Chenguang , Yang Liuqing , Song Shuo , Peng Yun , Xu Yifan , Guo Liping , Shen Liang , Liao Zhonghui , Liu Jiexiang , Zhang Shengjie , Cui Yanxin , Chen Jiayin , Chen Si , Huang Ting , Wang Fuxiang , Lu Hongzhou , Liu Yingxia 
Published: May 2024

AbstractUnderstanding of infection dynamics is important for public health measures against monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection. Herein, samples from multiple body sites and environmental fomites of 77 acute MPXV infections (HIV co-infection: N = 42) were collected every two to three days and used for detection of MPXV DNA, surface protein specific antibodies and neutralizing titers. Skin lesions show 100% positivity rate of MPXV DNA, followed by rectum (88.16%), saliva (83.78%) and oropharynx (78.95%). Positivity rate of oropharynx decreases rapidly after 7 days post symptom onset (d.p.o), while the rectum and saliva maintain a positivity rate similar to skin lesions. Viral dynamics are similar among skin lesions, saliva and oropharynx, with a peak at about 6 d.p.o. In contrast, viral levels in the rectum peak at the beginning of symptom onset and decrease rapidly thereafter. 52.66% of environmental fomite swabs are positive for MPXV DNA, with highest positivity rate (69.89%) from air-conditioning air outlets. High seropositivity against A29L (100%) and H3L (94.74%) are detected, while a correlation between IgG endpoint titers and neutralizing titers is only found for A29L. Most indexes are similar between HIV and Non-HIV participants, while HIV and rectitis are associated with higher viral loads in rectum.
Reconfigurable image processing metasurfaces with phase-change materials
Authors: Cotrufo Michele , Sulejman Shaban B. , Wesemann Lukas , Rahman Md. Ataur , Bhaskaran Madhu , Roberts Ann , Alù Andrea 
Published: May 2024

AbstractOptical metasurfaces have enabled analog computing and image processing within sub-wavelength footprints, and with reduced power consumption and faster speeds. While various image processing metasurfaces have been demonstrated, most of the considered devices are static and lack reconfigurability. Yet, the ability to dynamically reconfigure processing operations is key for metasurfaces to be used within practical computing systems. Here, we demonstrate a passive edge-detection metasurface operating in the near-infrared regime whose response can be drastically modified by temperature variations smaller than 10 °C around a CMOS-compatible temperature of 65 °C. Such reconfigurability is achieved by leveraging the insulator-to-metal phase transition of a thin layer of vanadium dioxide, which strongly alters the metasurface nonlocal response. Importantly, this reconfigurability is accompanied by performance metrics—such as numerical aperture, efficiency, isotropy, and polarization-independence – close to optimal, and it is combined with a simple geometry compatible with large-scale manufacturing. Our work paves the way to a new generation of ultra-compact, tunable and passive devices for all-optical computation, with potential applications in augmented reality, remote sensing and bio-medical imaging.
Ultrafast energy quenching mechanism of LHCSR3-dependent photoprotection in Chlamydomonas
Authors: Zheng Mengyuan , Pang Xiaojie , Chen Ming , Tian Lijin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPhotosynthetic organisms have evolved an essential energy-dependent quenching (qE) mechanism to avoid any lethal damages caused by high light. While the triggering mechanism of qE has been well addressed, candidates for quenchers are often debated. This lack of understanding is because of the tremendous difficulty in measuring intact cells using transient absorption techniques. Here, we have conducted femtosecond pump-probe measurements to characterize this photophysical reaction using micro-sized cell fractions of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that retain physiological qE function. Combined with kinetic modeling, we have demonstrated the presence of an ultrafast excitation energy transfer (EET) pathway from Chlorophyll a (Chl a) Qy to a carotenoid (car) S1 state, therefore proposing that this carotenoid, likely lutein1, is the quencher. This work has provided an easy-to-prepare qE active thylakoid membrane system for advanced spectroscopic studies and demonstrated that the energy dissipation pathway of qE is evolutionarily conserved from green algae to land plants.