bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovation and Leadership in a Mental Health Facility
Authors: Cook Joanne Valiant 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
For 3½ years an occupational therapist persevered in efforts to introduce an innovative outpatient service of multidisciplinary team case management within a general community hospital. The service was intended to meet the needs of discharged clients with severe mental illnesses who were attempting to live successfully and satisfactorily in the community. The reality of attempting to initiate change in medical bureaucracies involves ongoing negotiation and persuasion, issues of power and politics, differing cultural visions, and strongly committed leadership. This case study describes the developmental process of innovation and the contribution of occupational therapy philosophy and practice to the therapist’s emergent leadership in promoting cultural change. Some of the lessons to be learned from this case study by others who would attempt institutional innovation include articulating a clear vision that uses new language, building coalitions, and being flexible and persistent.
Developmental Dyspraxia by Any Other Name: Are They All Just Clumsy Children?
Authors: Missiuna Cheryl , Polatajko Helene 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The recent introduction of the diagnostic category developmental coordination disorder (DCD) (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1987, 1994), has generated confusion among researchers and clinicians in many fields, including occupational therapy. Although the diagnostic criteria appear to be similar to those used to define clumsy children, children with developmental dyspraxia, or children with sensory integrative dysfunction, we are left with the question: Are children who receive the diagnosis of DCD the same as those who receive the other diagnoses, a subgroup, or an entirely distinct group of children? This article will examine the theoretical and empirical literature and use the results to support the thesis that these terms are not interchangeable and yet are not being used in the literature in a way that clearly defines each subgroup of children. Clear definitions and characteristic features need to be identified and associated with each term to guide occupational therapy assessment and clinical research.
Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury: Three Case Studies of Cognitive Rehabilitation in the Home Setting
Authors: Schwartz Susan Miron 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article discusses the use of occupational therapy in the home setting and the individual application of treatment methods. Three case studies are presented that involve adults with acquired brain injury with memory deficits. The treatment methods used were (a) saturational cuing with behavioral chaining and positive reinforcement, (b) a coordinated team approach incorporating family or significant others and other therapists, and (c) environmental adaptations. A decision-making model and the dynamic assessment approach were used as a framework for treatment planning.
The treatment technique chosen depended on the skill to be learned and the patient’s learning style. Each case required the selection of environmental adaptations including (a) use of family and attendants as cotherapists; (b) a tape-recorded message, played daily; and (c) an appointment book for daily things to do. Each case demonstrated prolonged therapy for skill acquisition with this patient population.
Families Who Live in Chronic Poverty: Meeting the Challenge of Family-Centered Services
Authors: Humphry Ruth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Family-centered occupational therapy services are based on a collaborative relationship that does not always come easily. Role performance in parenting a child with special needs and being a consumer of occupational therapy services can be partially understood in terms of environmental context. Although occupational therapists recognize the need to adjust services to the cultural and economic backgrounds of families, most of the available literature has examined the contribution of ethnic differences.
A particular challenge for occupational therapists may be treating clients and their families who live in chronic poverty. This article examines chronic poverty as it shapes parenting the child with special needs and subsequently the caregiver’s participation in occupational therapy services. A framework for understanding cultural differences is used to suggest constrasting value orientations between families who live with persistent poverty and occupational therapists. A family-centered approach challenges the professional to understand varied influences on caregiving. Suggestions are offered to enhance communication between therapists and caregivers.
A Study of the Development of Traits of Entry-Level Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Donohue Mary V. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. This study compared the personality traits of entry-level occupational therapy students before and after their participation in 2 years of academic and clinical education in order to examine the change of traits in their professional personality profile.
Method. Forty-nine occupational therapy students completed the 18 scales of the California Psychological Inventory during their first fall and second spring semesters. This time span included two Level I and one Level II fieldwork experiences.
Results. T tests were used to analyze the students’ scales. Students’ scores in the second test showed a statistically significant increase in 13 of the 18 scales as compared to their first test scores. Achievement via independence and psychological-mindedness emerged as the highest ranking personality traits of the students in their second test scores.
Conclusion. The occupational therapy curriculum may have influenced the scores of the entry-level students, in both intellectual and psychosocial traits, in a positive direction.
The Profession’s Image, 1917–1925, Part I: Occupational Therapy as Represented in the Media
Authors: Ambrosi Elizabeth , Schwartz Kathleen Barker 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This first part of a two-part article examines how occupational therapy was represented in the media during the formative years of the profession, 1917–1925. Through an examination of 44 articles published in The New York Times during these years, three common themes emerged: restoration of persons with disabilities to social usefulness, the many facets of occupational therapy, and achieving public recognition of occupational therapy. This analysis indicates that the media portrayed occupational therapy as a small but important profession primarily concerned with restoring patients to economic and social usefulness. This favorable portrayal was in keeping with the values of the times and may have contributed to promoting public acceptance of the profession.
Development of In-Hand Manipulation and Relationship With Activities
Authors: Humphry Ruth , Jewell Kaaren , Rosenberger Robin Cole 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. This study examines the age-related increase of in-hand manipulation, the consistency of using a manipulation strategy, and the relationship between the frequency of in-hand manipulation and activities that typically require use of intrinsic hand control.
Method. Children (N = 184) between 2 years and 7 years of age were observed during selected activities that could elicit three forms of in-hand manipulation: rotation, finger-to-palm translation, and palm-to-finger translation. The child’s use of a manipulation strategy was recorded. Activities that required manipulation of objects including a spoon, buttons, and crayons were also observed.
Results. The study demonstrated that the frequency of two types of in-hand manipulation increases with age and illustrated the uneven nature of development of different types of in-hand manipulation. Even when the child had the ability, use of in-hand manipulation as a movement strategy was inconsistent. Small but significant relationships between in-hand manipulation skill and performance in selected activities were found when the effects of age were controlled.
Conclusion. On a practical level, the findings raise questions as to whether maturity of in-hand manipulation may be a factor limiting performance in the everyday activities of typically developing children.
Motor Problems in Children With Developmental Coordination Disorder: Review of the Literature
Authors: Willoughby Colleen , Polatajko Helene J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists frequently work with children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in hopes of enhancing their occupational performance. There is debate among researchers and health care professionals about whether the motor coordination problems experienced by children with DCD have a physiological basis or whether they are the result of a developmental delay. Even among researchers who agree that these difficulties are of physiological origin, there is a lack of consensus as to whether these motor problems are multisensory or unisensory. This article focuses on the physiological explanation, presents a review of the literature on the possible physiological origins of motor coordination problems in children with DCD, and shows that the current literature on the physiological basis of DCD requires more empirical evidence to substantiate either multisensory or unisensory theories of motor dysfunction in children with DCD. The debate over the nature of motor problems in children with DCD has two implications for occupational therapists: that there is no one way to treat these children and that the cause of the difficulty varies from child to child.
Assistive Devices Used by Home-Based Elderly Persons With Arthritis
Authors: Mann William C. , Hurren Dianne , Tomita Machiko 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. This article examines assistive device use by home-based elderly persons with arthritis.
Method. Sixty-six persons were interviewed for the State University of New York at Buffalo (University at Buffalo) Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center Consumer Assessment Study, which sought information on need for and current use of assistive devices. Subjects were assigned to a moderate or a severe arthritis group according to the impact of arthritis on their activities.
Results. Subjects in the severe arthritis group had more chronic diseases, a higher level of pain, and a lower level of independence in self-care activities than subjects in the moderate arthritis group. Similarities between the groups included relatively poor health, high rate of medication use, depression, use of a high number of assistive devices (about 10 per person), and an expressed need for additional devices, such as reachers, magnifiers, grab bars, jar openers, and bearing aids. Generally, there was a high rate of satisfaction with the assistive devices used. Most subjects missed being able to participate in at least one activity; most of these activities were active and many related to leisure time.
Conclusion. Findings also revealed that subjects had inadequate information on assistive devices, which suggests the importance of more occupational therapy involvement with elderly persons in selecting devices.
Living With Low Vision: A Personal and Professional Perspective
Authors: Rosenthal Sally Bennett 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Unlike most readers of this special issue, I have been both a consumer and provider of rehabilitation services. A retinal hemorrhage that occurred when I was in my late twenties signaled the beginning of delayed-onset retinopathy of prematurity–a condition that has been further complicated since that time. In this article, I offer a glimpse of what living with low vision is like by describing activities in my own life and accommodations I have made. My hope is that therapists will learn more about the realities of living with low vision and will seek our additional information that they will incorporate into their practice.
Basic Concepts and Terms for Low Vision Rehabilitation
Authors: Colenbrander August , Fletcher Donald C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
As the involvement of occupational therapists in the rehabilitation of people with visual impairments increases, it is important for all professionals involved to communicate clearly by using the most accurate terminology. This article suggests the most appropriate use of terms and concepts. It recommends that the distinctions between the various aspects of vision loss be recognized and that the old dichotomy of legally blind versus legally sighted be replaced by the more detailed classification of the International Classification of Diseases, 9th version, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), Which recognizes multiple levels of visual performance.
Functional Considerations in Evaluation and Treatment of the Client With Low Vision
Authors: Lampert Jessica , Lapolice Deborah J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In evaluating and treating clients who have low vision, the occupational therapist must consider factors in addition to typical measures of the client’s visual acuity, field loss, and oculomotor control. It is important to consider the functional implications of the client’s ocular pathology, including illumination needs, contrast sensitivity, sensitivity to glare, and need for magnification as well as environmental factors such as the amount of pattern in a visual task, the amount of lighting and contrast available, and the conditions under which the task is performed. These factors are all relevant to occupational therapy low vision rehabilitation because each may influence the way in which a client uses his or her residual vision and achieves successful adaptation. This article provides an overview of these factors and presents a suggested protocol for evaluation of the client with low vision.
Occupational Therapy and the Person With Diabetes and Vision Impairment
Authors: Cate Yolanda , Baker Shelley Sikes , Gilbert Mary Pat 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Diabetes affects 5.2% of the population; many of those persons experience loss of vision as one complication of the disease. Occupational therapists are treating these persons, often for other resulting complications (such as stroke or amputations), or are being asked to adapt techniques or equipment (such as insulin-drawing devices) needed for diabetes management.
Because no guidelines exist for occupational therapy with persons with diabetes or vision loss or both, occupational therapists may be unsure of appropriate treatment approaches. Among the approaches described in the occupational therapy literature, common ones include collaboration with other professionals and incorporation of one or more aspects of the diabetes regimen into the person’s life-style.
When addressing persons who have both diabetes and vision loss, therapists consider their own knowledge base as well as the persons’ needs in managing their diabetes. Treatment ideas include enhancing the visual environment or incorporating tactile and auditory feedback with self-management tasks such as testing blood glucose levels. Collaboration with and referral to diabetes and low-vision professionals are adjuncts to therapy and ensure a comprehensive and ongoing diabetes management program.
A Comparison of Performance in Added-Purpose Occupations and Rote Exercise for Dynamic Standing Balance in Persons With Hemiplegia
Authors: Hsieh Ching-Lin , Nelson David L. , Smith Doris A. , Peterson Cindee Q. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. Adding purpose to daily occupations to promote performance is a basic premise of occupational therapy. This study investigated the hypothesis that in persons with hemiplegia, two added-purpose occupations would elicit more exercise repetitions than a rote exercise.
Method. In a counterbalanced order, 21 subjects with hemiplegia, aged 51 to 78 years, experienced all three conditions of a dynamic standing balance exercise that involved bending down, reaching, standing up, and extending the arm. One condition of added purpose involved the use of materials (small balls and target); a second added-purpose condition involved the subjects’ imagination of the small balls. The third condition was the rote exercise without added purpose.
Results. A one-way analysis of variance for related measures indicated that the subjects performed significantly differently in each of the three conditions (p &lt; .001). A Tukey multiple comparison test revealed that the subjects did significantly more exercise repetitions in the added-materials condition and in the imagery-based condition than in the rote exercise condition (p &lt; .05).
Conclusion. This study demonstrates how added purpose can enhance motor performance in persons with hemiplegia. Purpose may be effectively added to an exercise through the use of materials or imagery.
Therapeutic Occupation: A Definition
Authors: Nelson David L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This article builds on prior work and defines terms basic to the profession of occupational therapy. The prior work defined occupation as the relationship between occupational form and occupational performance and defined related terms, such as meaning, purpose, developmental structure, impact, and adaptation. This article shows how these terms relate to therapeutic occupation, a special type of occupation. Therapeutic occupation through occupational synthesis is the core of occupational therapy. Occupational synthesis is the design of the occupational form by the occupational therapist in collaboration with the recipient of services to advance therapeutic evaluation or achieve a therapeutic goal. Therapeutic occupation, then, is meaningful, purposeful occupational performance leading to assessment, adaptation, and compensation, all in the context of occupational synthesis. Finally, the idea of therapeutic occupation through occupational synthesis is related to frames of reference and models of practice in occupational therapy today.
A Comparison of Verbal Evaluation of Clients With Limited English Proficiency and English-Speaking Clients in Physical Rehabilitation Settings
Authors: Wardin Karen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. Recent literature has emphasized collaborative goal setting between therapists and clients and has sought to increase therapists’ awareness of treating in cross-cultural settings. How occupational therapists verbally evaluate clients with limited English proficiency (LEP) is important to these topics and underdeveloped in the literature.
Method. Seventy-four occupational therapists working with adult clients with LEP in physical rehabilitation settings in large U.S. metropolitan areas were surveyed to discover the time taken, methods used, and themes surrounding verbal evaluation, including use of translators and respondents’ linguistic abilities. A follow-up telephone interview of 12 survey respondents clarified these discoveries.
Results. Respondents reported taking 11.5 min more to verbally evaluate clients with LEP than for English-speaking clients and reported understanding the treatment needs of clients’ with LEP after verbal evaluation less well. Respondents with higher abilities in second languages reported better understanding of clients’ needs than monolingual respondents.
Conclusion. Methods for cross-lingual verbal evaluation need to be identified so that therapists can collaborate with clients with LEP in planning culturally sensitive treatment.
Improving Sexual Rehabilitation Services: The Patient’s Perspective
Authors: McAlonan Sally 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objectives. The purpose of this study was to examine, from the perspective of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI), the efficacy of sexual rehabilitation services. This input was sought to provide relevant information for enhancing services and for purposes of curricular planning.
Method. Data from 12 persons with SCI were gathered through interviews. Qualitative methodology was used to analyze interview transcripts. The results were categorized into the following themes: descriptions of sexual rehabilitation services received, evaluation of services received, and recommendations for improving services.
Results. The majority of participants reported receiving some type of sexual rehabilitation services, but many reported dissatisfaction with the quality and quantity of sexuality-related services received. A complex interplay of factors such as age, gender, severity of injury, time since injury, mood, sexual experience before injury, and marital status seemed to influence the participants’ needs, preferences, and readiness for these services.
Conclusion. The results provide information about how future services can be improved and what benefits and limitations exist in the role of occupational therapy in sexual rehabilitation.
How Forearm Position Affects Grip Strength
Authors: Richards Lorie Gage , Olson Bonni , Palmiter-Thomas Pamela 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Objective. Several studies have indicated that changing body positions results in altered grip strengths. Although one might expect that grip strength would be influenced by the position of the forearm during gripping due to the biomechanical properties of the forearm and hand muscles, no investigations of this variable have been undertaken.
Method. This study examined the effect on grip strength of moving the forearm among supinated, neutral, and pronated positions while maintaining the standard position recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists. The mean of three grip trials in each position was recorded for each of 106 subjects.
Results. Grips in forearm supination were the strongest, followed by grips in the neutral position. Grips in pronation were the weakest.
Conclusions. The changes in grip strength observed with variations in forearm position further support the necessity of a standard position for testing grip strength. The knowledge of how changes in body position affect the strength of the grip can be used to design environments and tools to maximize biomechanical abilities.
Life-Style Performance: From Profile to Conceptual Model
Authors: Fidler Gail S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Life Style Performance Model provides a framework for knowing and understanding a person’s total activity repertoire within the context of his or her human and nonhuman world .The model enables occupational therapy practitioners to gain a holistic perspective, thus ensuring that interventions will have more clearly discernible relevance to individual needs, interests, capacities, and self–other expectations. It presents a way of conceptualizing the interrelatedness of person, environment, activity profile, and quality of life. This article addresses these dynamic relationships in a manner that makes it possible to plan and implement interventions that hold maximum potential for eliciting and sustaining a person’s intrinsic motivation to pursue an evolving life-style optimally satisfying to self and significant others.