bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IV. On the Genus Pygocephalus (Huxley), A Primitive Schizopod Crustacean, from the Coal-Meascbes
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: May 2009

Pygocephalus Cooperi was first described by Professor Huxley from the Coal-measures of Paisley in 1857 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xiii, pp. 363–369, pi. xiii), and a second specimen by the same author in 1862 (op. cit., vol. xviii, pp. 420–422, text-figure). Some additional specimens came into my hands for exami-nation, and were communicated to the Glasgow Geological Society, in 1866 (Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii, pp. 234–247, pi. iii, figs. 1–3). In that paper I described a second species, which I named Pygocephalus Huxleyi (text-figure, p. 244, op. cit.). The specimens referred to above were obtained from the Coal-measures of Paisley, from Kilmaurs, and from near ilanchester. Since then the late Mr. Henry Johnson, F.G.S., formerly of Dudley, obtainedmany examples of Pi/gocephalus from the Clay-ironstone nodules of Coal-measure age at Coseley, near Dudley, now in the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History Branch), Cromwell Itond, S.VV. These specimens are preserved in great perfection, and I had fully intended to figure them some years ago, but the pressure of other work caused them to be set aside for a time. Last year I received an example of Pygocephalm from Mr. Walter Baldwin, P.G.S., obtained from the Clay-ironstone of the Middle Coal-measures at Sparth. Rochdale (for description see Fig. 1, p. 405). I have also received through Mr. H. A. Allen, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey Museum, Jermyn Street, by the kindness of their owner, Mr. Herbert Hughes, Assoc. E.S.M., F.G.S., of Horseley House, Volverhampton Street, Dudley, four most interesting specimens of Pygocepkalus collected by him, two of which prove to be females, a point of extreme interest not heretofore observed.
III.—Inclusions in Some Volcanic Rocks
Authors: Allan Thomson J. 
Published: May 2009

My attention was first drawn to this subject by the study of a remarkable crystal breccia, occurring at Kakanui, New Zealand, of which a description is given below. The only similar phenomena I could read of in the Colonial libraries at my disposal were those of the diamond pipes at Kimberley, described by Professors Carvill-Lewis, T. G. Bonney, and Miss Kaisin in this Magazine.2 Having since had the opportunity, thanks to the hospitality of Professor Lacroix, of studying in his laboratory at Paris, I found that the proper discussion of this subject comes under the study of the inclusions of volcanic rocks, of which he has given so admirable an account in his book “Les Enclaves des Roches volcaniques.”3 At his recommendation I collected some inclusions from the well-known dolerite of Portrush, and studied them under his guidance. The present paper consists of a discussion of rocks from these two localities, with descriptive notes on a few other inclusions that I have in my collection.Two things stand out clearly from a cursoiy examination of this book, the frequency, almost the universality, of inclusions in igneous rocks, and the importance of the aid which they afford to the student of volcanic phenomena. Under these circumstances, it is remarkable how long this branch of study has escaped attention from. British geologists. Lacroix's useful nomenclature has not been adopted in our literature, although Phillips, Teall, Sollas, Harker, Judd,1 and others have paid considerable attention to some varieties of inclusion, and Harker has established a slightly different classificationof these phenomena.
The Base of the Silurian Near Haverfordwest
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R. 
Published: May 2009

On several previous occasions the author has described in the pages of the Geological Magazine certain fossils from so-called “Slade Beds” from the roadside near St. Martin's Cemetery, Haverfordwest. A large collection of fossils has been made by Mr. V. M. Turnbull from this particular locality during the last few years and presented to the Sedgwick Museum. From a prolonged study of this material and comparison with the typical fauna of the Slade Beds as described by Messrs. Marr & Roberts, the conclusion has been forced upon me that we have here to deal with a higher palæontological horizon than the true Upper Bala of this district, and that there is much more reason for putting it in the Silurian than for keeping it in the Ordovician. The stratigraphical evidence which has subsequently become available is in support of this view. A list of the fossils from this bed may be useful at the present moment, particularly as the Sedgwick Museum possesses by far the most extensive series which has been collected from it (see opposite page, 537).The rock in which they occur is a greenish-grey, fine-grained, argillaceous mudstone with occasionally minute specks of mica and a little arenaceous material, but usually of a very uniform smooth texture. It breaks in an irregular, often subconchoidal manner, and is devoid of any regular or weil-marked planes of division. Exposed surfaces and the fossils themselves are generally more or less iron-stained. In appearance and general characters it is difficult or impossible to distinguish the rock from the higher beds of the Slade Series, but the fauna is completely different.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M. 
Published: May 2009

Zoarium always unilaminate, nearly always adherent.Zoœcia broad, length ·65–·8 mm., breadth ·45–·55 mm., aperture primarily semicircular but tending to quadrangular by thickening of the upper lip, and with a semicircular collar, the two ends of which are expanded into large perforated spine bases: the arched front wall springs from the inside of the side walls and is pierced along its edge by a row of large pores, and at a short distance inside this row by a row of smaller pores in fairly close correspondence with the outer row; the centre of the front wall is pierced by a very variable number of fine pores, which sometimes give clear indications of a third row corresponding to the two outer ones; the zoœcia always have common side walls of considerable width; in immature stages (Fig. 1) the front walls rise high above the side walls, and small beak-shaped avicularia are scattered irregularly between them; in a further stage of development (Fig. 2) the side walls are greatly thickened and raised above the front walls, absorbing the avicularia, and the perforated spine bases at the corners of the aperture grow inwards until they meet, and are fused into a stout bar across the aperture, so qualifying the species for admission to the Steginoporidæ; in the stage of maximum development (Fig. 3) the bar develops a stout denticle in the middle of the lower edge.
III.—An Inquiry into the Origin of “Batrachioides the Antiquor” of the Lockport Dolomite of New York
Authors: Kindle E. M. 
Published: May 2009

The physical history of sedimentary rocks is written in charácters which sometimes baffle the skill of geologists to interpret. This may be because geologists are prone to devote too little time to the study of rocks in the making, and too much to the finished products of sedimentation. It is well to remember that the most unpromising pool or bit of lake shore may hold the key to the most perplexing of these hieroglyphics.A brief review of the history of the various attempts to explain certain curious impressions found on the Niagara dolomites of Western New York will illustrate the need of closer observation and study of some of the phenomena of our ponds and lakes resulting from the interaction of wind and water.
II.—On the Occurrence of a New Form of Discinocaris in the Graptolitic Beds of the “Colonie Haidinger” in Bohemia
Authors: Novák Ottamar 
Published: May 2009

In the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxvi. 1880, p. 617, Mr. John B. Marr mentions having examined three specimens of a Phyllopodiform Crustacean discovered by Mr. Martin Dusl in the strata of “Colonie Haidinger,” situated not far from the village of Gross-chuchle, south of Prague.The specimens were then identified with Discinocaris Browniana, H. Woodw., figured and described in the same Journal, vol. xxii. 1866, p. 503, pi. 25, figs. 4, 5, and 7. They are also mentioned by Dr. H. Woodward and Prof. T. Eupert Jones in the Third Eeport of the Committee on the Fossil Pliyllopoda of the Palaeozoic Eocks, 1885, p. 2, under Mr. Marr's specific determination.
III.—On a Femur of Reptilian Type from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland
Authors: Watson D. M. S. 
Published: May 2009

Whilst looking over the private collection of fossil fishes made by the late Dr. R. H. Traquair, I found a small tetrapod femur. This bore no label of any kind, but was included in a series of remains of Dipnoi from the Lower Carboniferous of Scotland. The texture of the bone is not unlike that of Ctenodus, and was no doubt the reason of its place in the collection.The very small piece of matrix which is preserved is identical with that of some of the fish from the No. 2 Ironstone, Loanhead, and differs from any other fish-bearing matrix that I know in Britain. [Any one with experience of Carboniferous fishes will recognize that it is usually fairly easy to identify the important localities (the Loanhead ironstones, the various Staffordshire ironstones, etc.) by inspection of the matrix.] Despite the fact that it was not localized, I think that the probability of its being from the Loanhead ironstones is sufficient to justify a description.
IV.—Notes on the Genus Trinucleus. —Part III
Authors: Cowper Beed F. E. 
Published: May 2009

The characters of the lateral furrows of the glabella and of the pits which occur in the axial furrows of the head-shield have not had sufficient attention paid to them, and a comparative study of their development in various British species reveals some interesting and important features.It has heen commonly assumed that lateral furrows are absent in some species, and at any rate the omission of any notice of their occurrence in certain cases is difficult to understand. Frequently, moreover, it has been stated that only two pairs are present, even in those species in which the presence of any lateral furrows has been recognized. The nature of the so-called stalk or neck of the glabella has been also generally misunderstood. Mccoy's division of the genus Trinucleus into two genera, Trinucleus, sens, restr., and Tretaspis, was largely based on the presence or absence of this stalk and of lateral furrows; for he says the furrows at the base of the glabella distinguish Tretaspis from Trinucleus, the latter being stated to be without lateral furrows, though the presence of the ‘eye-line’ on the cheek was chosen as the primary distinctive feature of the former. Nicholson and Etheridge, while rejecting Tretaspis as a sub-generic division, mention an additional third pair of furrows at the sides of the anterior swollen portion of the glabella in Trinucleus Bucklandi, though they do not seem to regard them as segmental furrows.
VII.—The True Horizon of the Mammoth
Authors: Stirrup Mark 
Published: May 2009

In the abstract of the proceedings of the meeting, on November 8th, of the Geological Society of London, I notice that on the reading of Dr. G. M. Dawsou's “Notes on the occurrence of Mammoth-remainsinNorth-West America” the author cites the presence of Mammoth bones in a layer of clay resting on the “ground-ice” formation of the northern coast of Alaska and other areas.I drew attention to this position of the Mammoth bones above the solid ice bothinNorth Siberia and Alaska, as proved by several explorers,inmy paper on “The True Horizon of the Mammoth” (GEOL. MAG., NO. 345, p. 107, March, 1893),inwhich I claimed for the Mammoth an existence long after the period assigned for its extinction by Sir Henry H. Howorth.I see that Sir Henry, in the discussion of the paper, very naturally disagreed with the conclusion of Dr. Dawson as to the age of what is called by American geologists the “ground-ice” formation, and was of opinion “that this ice has accumulated since the beds were laid down in which the Mammoth-remains occur, and that the ice was not there when the Mammoth roamed about in the forests where he and his companions lived.”Furthermore, he is reported to have said that “humus and soil cannot accumulate upon ice, except as a moraine,” both of which statements are controverted by the explorations of recent and competent observers who have examined these regions.
II.—Woodwardian Museum Notes
Authors: Reynolds Sidney H. 
Published: May 2009

I undertook this description of certain fossils from the Lower Palaeozoic rocks ofYorkshire at the request of Mr. Marr. The late Mr. Thomas Roberts had begun the piece of work, but left it unfinished. Nearly all the fossils referred to were collected by a party of Cambridge geologists, under the guidance of Prof. Hughes, in the Summer of 1889. The fossils come from two horizons, viz.:—1. The Phacops elegans zone≍Stockdale Shale series (Valentian) of Wharfe.2. The Bala beds≍:Coniston Limestone series of Norber Brow and Wharfe.
VII.—A Reply to Sir H. Howorth's Paper on “Recent Changes of Level.”
Authors: Stirrup Mark 
Published: May 2009

In a paper published in the Geological Magazine, September, 1894, Sir Henry Howorth expatiates on recent changes of the relative level of land and sea in support of his views on the Mammoth age and his diluvial catastrophe,inwhich there seems to me some very extraordinary confusion in the matter of geological chronology and sequence of events. The first paragraph reads as follows:—“In some recent papers published in the Geological Magazine, I have endeavoured to show that at the close of the Mammoth age there was a very considerable dislocation of the Earth's crust, and that a consequence of it was the upheaval of Some of the highest masses of land on the earth, including the massive mountains of Asia and the American Cordillera. I now propose to show that (as is a priori probable) there was a concurrent collapse or sinking of the ground over large areas, which, as in the corresponding upheaval, was very rapid, if not sudden” (the italics are mine). The suggested relationship of these various events and their alleged catastrophic character, induces me to again enter this ever-expanding field of controversy.In support of his thesis Sir Henry first refers to the subsidences which resulted in the separation of England from the Continent, and consequent extinction of the Mammoth. Assuming that the course of things was as stated, when it is further suggested that this event was contemporaneous with great dislocation of the Earth's crust, resultinginstupendous upheavals of mountain ranges in Asia and America, he attempts more than can well be proved.
I.—On a Remarkable Ichthyodorulite from the Carboniferous Series, Gascoyne, Western Australia
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: May 2009

Two years ago, Mr. Robert H. Scott, F.R.S., Secretary to the I Council of the Meteorological Office, kindly sent me a letter from the Rev. J. G. Nicolay of Fremantle, Western Australia, accompanied by a photograph of a fossil, the original of which had been found by Mr. Davis ‘in the valley of the Arthur River, an affluent of the Gascoyne.’I readily identified the fossil photographed as the impression of a fish-spine, similar in form, but more highly curved than those discovered in the Coal-measures of Arkansas, Indiana and Illinois, originally described by Prof. Leidy as a fish-jaw, and named by him Edestus vorax in 1855, and later as a fish-spine by MM. Newberry and Worthen (Geological Survey of Illinois, 1870, vol. iv. pp. 350–353, pi. i.).
III.—The Tuffeau de Ciply Shown to be Chiefly of Tertiaby Age
Authors: Rutot MM. A. , Van Den Broeck E. 
Published: May 2009

We wish briefly to state an important result, which the study of certain Tertiary and Cretaceous beds in the neighbourhood of Mons has enabled us to arrive at.For a long time past, the beds, well known in the district just mentioned, by the name of Tuffeau de Ciply, have been considered by all geologists to be the equivalents of the Maestrichtien, that is to say, as belonging to the highest subdivision of the Cretaceous series of Belgium.
II.—On Carboniferous Ostracoda from the Gayton Boring, Northamptonshire
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Kirkby James W. 
Published: May 2009

The Carboniferous Ostracoda here described are from the deep Gayton Boring, near Northampton. Hand-specimens of the rock, obtained by H. J. Eunson, Esq., F.G.S., were given to us by R. Etheridge, Esq., F.R.S., some months ago; and Mr. Eunson kindly gave us another piece lately.To explain the situation of the bore, as well as the position of the Carboniferous strata in it, we quote as follows from Mr. H. J. Eunson's paper “On the Palaeozoic Eocks beneath Northampton,” in the Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xl. 1884, p. 485, etc.:“The second trial took place near the village of Gayton, five miles south-west of Northampton, not far from the Banbury-lane crossing of the L. and N.-W. Eailway, about two miles north-west of Blisworth Station (see Ordnance Map 52 S.W.).
II.—Essays on Speculative Geology. 1.—On Homotaxis and Contemporaneity
Authors: Oldham R. D. 
Published: May 2009

In any inquiry into the history of the earth as a whole, we are met at the outset by a serious difficulty. In human affairs a general view of history, not confined to a single country, would be practically impossible, were we ignorant of the relations of the various eras from which different races reckon their dates: thus, it would be impossible to write a connected account of the history of Europe in the classical period were it not possible to determine the relation of the Olympian era to that dating from the foundation of the city of Eome. Yet the supposed case is not unlike that to which the geologist addresses himself when he endeavours to make a connected survey of such widely-separated regions as Europe, India, Australia, and America.In the supposed case of the Greek and Roman eras, there are numerous points of contact, principally dates of battles, which, having been recorded by both nations according to their own system, enable us to compare the two, and so to determine what would be the date of any event, recorded by the one, had it been recorded by the other. But in geology we have no such points of contact; there is a very general tendency to regard any two series of beds, in which a few fossil forms specifically identical are found, as of contemporaneous origin. That this view is erroneous, and that it would be nearer the truth to say that two widely-separated beds, in which the same forms are found, could not be of contemporaneous origin, was long ago pointed out by Forbes and Huxley, the word homotaxis being invented by the latter to express the relation existing.
V.—On the Application of the term Neocomian
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J. 
Published: May 2009

Much confusion and difference of opinion appears to exist with regard to the classification and nomenclature of the strata which form the lower part of the Cretaceous system, and the chief element of this uncertainty and confusion is the misconception which prevails respecting the proper signification and application of the term Neocomian. The object of the present paper is to explain the continental usage of this name, and by showing its inapplicability to any of our English strata, to prepare the way for a more satisfactory grouping of our Cretaceous rocks.For many years English geologists were content with the nomenclature employed by the earlier students of the Cretaceous system— Webster, Murchison, Mantell and Fitton. In 1864, however, the French term Neocomian was introduced by Prof. Judd, who adopted it for the Cretaceous portion of the Speeton Clay, and Sir Charles Lyell subsequently used it as a synonym for the whole Lower Cretaceous series in England as distinct from the Upper Cretaceous series or the beds lying above the Lower Greensand.
A Retrospect of More than Thirty Tears
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: May 2009

It is now more than thirty years ago since, with my friend Professor T. Eupert Jones, F.R.S., we commenced to Edit the Geological Magazine, Messrs. Longmans & Co. being our publishers.To my regret Prof. Rupert Jones retired from the Editorship in June, 1865. After that date, aided by Prof. John Morris (since deceased), and by my colleagues, Mr. R. Etheridge, Mr. Wilfrid Hudleston, and Dr. G. J. Hinde, the Magazine has enjoyed an uninterrupted existence and a well-earned position as a scientific journal.
III.—Notes on the Geology of Western Australia
Authors: Woodward Harry P. 
Published: May 2009

As Western Australia is attracting considerable notice on account of the recent rich gold discoveries, a short paper upon its geological formations may be of interest.Regarded as a whole, Western Australia is not an interesting field for geological research, at any rate from a stratigraphical or palasontological point of view, for, with the exception of one or two districts in the north, all the rock-outcrops are either granites, crystalline schists, or volcanic dykes.
V.—Glacial Geology: Old and New
Authors: Mellard T. 
Published: May 2009

Over twenty years ago I commenced the study of the glacial deposits of the neighbourhood of Liverpool, and as the observations grew they came to embrace a considerable share of the drainagebasin of the Irish Sea.I have personally inspected and kept full records of all of the important artificial excavations likely to throw light upon the subject, in addition to examining and making sections of the natural exposures of glacial drift which abound on the north-west coast of England, the coast of Wales, and in the river valleys draining into the Irish Sea, and to a lesser extent the drift on the east-coast of Ireland and the south of Scotland.
II.—On certain Affinities Between the Devonian Rocks of South Devon and the Metamorphic Schists
Authors: Hunt A. R. 
Published: May 2009

In the Devonian sandstones and grits of Torbay abundant quartz veins are occasionally developed, indicating a moderate amount of heat. Neither the quartz-grains nor occasional fragments of felspar are to any extent affected.At Dartmouth, on the raised-beach platform, quartz is largely developed together with a little felspar and chlorite, indicating sufficient heat to form or re-form these minerals. At Slapton Sands the grits are about the same as in Torbay: felspar granules remain angular and intact.Between Beesands village and Tinsey Head the quartz-grains occasionally show signs of incipient solution, as also do the tourmalines. In one slide (No. 5) the approach of schistosity seems to be heralded by minute roughly parallel cracks cemented by iron ores and a pale-green mica. Minute crystals of pyrites, some rectangular, are formed in the rock. At the Start, in rare cases, grains or remnants of grains of original granitic quartz can be detected in the schist. Tourmaline is partially dissolved with recrystallization.
VI.—Some New Points in the Pre-Cambrian Geology of Anglesey
Authors: Callaway C. 
Published: May 2009

1. The granitoid (Dimetian) rocks of Anglesey pass down into an anticlinal of dark gneiss (above) and grey gneiss (below). The gneiss is also seen in the Menai anticlinal.2. Low down in the granitoid series are bands of felsite, hälleflinta, and felspathic breccia, which can lay no claim to the rank of a distinct group (Arvonian).3. The schistose series at Ty Croes is brought into contact with the principal quartz-felsite and hälleflinta band by a fault, and there is, therefore, no proof, from this section, that the schists are of Pebidian age.
V.—Notes on the History and Comparative Anatomy of the Extinct Carnivora
Authors: Bose P. N. 
Published: May 2009

The dentition of Gymnura, an existing Insectivorous Mammal, may with advantage be compared with that of the Eocene Carnivora. The dental formula of Gymnura is typical:—The only other existing Mammals which have 44 teeth are the Pigs and the Moles. But in Eocene times, this number, as first noticed by Professor Owen, was the rule, instead of being the exception.