bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two models of care in the mental handicap services
Authors: Punukollu N. Rao 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIn this article two models of care are discussed in detail. Model 1 is the traditional model, where the consultant has clinical responsibility. In Model 2 GP's would take mentally handicapped hospital residents onto their registers and the consultants would function in an advisory capacity. The advantages and disadvantages of both models are discussed. Health authorities must decide which model to follow, depending on local circumstances.
Asian families with a pre‐school handicapped child – a study
Authors: Powell Martin , Perkins Elizabeth 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThis study examines the feasibility of introducing a scheme such as Portage to Asian families with a pre‐school mentally handicapped child. It also looks at what the families said they wanted in the way of resources to help them bring up their child. 11 families in an inner city area were interviewed in their own language using a structured interview schedule. The findings support the applicability of an early intervention approach and highlight significant areas of need. It is suggested that the use of a mother‐tongue named person would make a substantial contribution to how limited English speaking families understand and make use of services for their mentally handicapped children.
Curriculum development using the SAM: a practitioner's viewpoint
Authors: Carpenter Barry 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis article is written from my experience, in two schools for children with severe learning difficulties, of coordinating the staff Curriculum Development Group using the SAM. The aim is to illustrate the practicalities of implementing the SAM, how the SAM can form an intrinsic part of a staff development and in‐service training programme, and its eventual operation in the classroom situation.
Supporting staff in community services
Authors: Firth Hugh , Myers Mary 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA high level of morale in staff of community based services is of critical importance. To maintain high morale services must supply a variety of organisational and personal supports.Good organisational supports include: (1) adequate materials, a good and responsive communication system, and cooperation with other elements of the service; (2) sufficient staff with the right skills, which are maintained by relevant training; (3) a clear service philosophy within which to operate and in which individuals' priorities are carefully linked; (4) sufficient variety in the job to avoid staff becoming drained. Good personal supports include: (1) involvement in decisions about client plans; (2) staff awareness of their own part in obtaining service goals and an opportunity to share in evaluation and development of new policies; (3) knowledge of personal objectives; (4) clear and positive, as well as negative, feedback on individual performance; (5) respect, empathy, and a lack of defensiveness from colleagues and superiors.
Using music in mental handicap
Authors: Oldfield Amelia , Peirson Janet 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSome of the obvious links between music and movement are noted and the work of the music and physio‐therapists at the Ida Darwin Hospital is briefly outlined. The article then looks at ways in which music can be used to facilitate the movement of people with mental and physical handicaps through: motivation and encouragement; relaxation and concentration; passive movement; and creative movement. Examples of practical work are given.
Exclusion diets in mental handicap practice
Authors: Oliver Brian E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYClinical experience of using diets in managing behavioural and physical problems associated with mental handicap is recorded. Whilst reservations about the significance of the observations are acknowledged, it is concluded that appropriate diets may be a useful addition to the range of treatments which can be tried for alleviating severe and intractable problems. Appropriate monitoring must be maintained and care must be taken in the selection of people to be placed on diets.
BREAKING THE NEWS: a way of telling parents their newborn child is handicapped
Authors: Jupp Sheila 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe study presented a specially designed teaching programme to 12 medical and nursing staff who were all directly involved in breaking the news to parents at the birth of a child with a handicap.It was hypothesised that: (1) the general principles of breaking the news as presented in the teaching programme could be utilised when breaking the news to parents of children with any handicap; and (2) after receiving the information and guidelines as contained in the teaching programme the staff's performance when breaking the news would improve, as would their satisfaction with the way they handled the situation.It was not possible to evaluate hypothesis 1 due to the lack of variation of handicaps in the post intervention sample. As expected results showed a significant improvement in staff performance and satisfaction levels.Further research is being carried out.
PAIRED READING: its value with children with severe learning difficulties
Authors: Dickinson Doreen 
Published: August 2010

The enquiries presented here explore the orientation of both parents and teachers in considering the intrinsic value of paired reading with children with severe and complex learning difficulties.Parents enjoyed paired reading. They were pleased that their children were able to join in a “normal” activity which they felt would be invaluable in the future, providing a source of lasting pleasure.Teachers saw stories and reading as enjoyable and worthwhile activities not for anything, but in themselves. They were concerned about the needs of their pupils for attention, happiness, satisfactions, achievements, and success.It is concluded that giving extra consideration to what is intrinsically valuable can provide children with severe and complex learning difficulties with more of “the good life” – as they may define it.
Making individual plans for change
Authors: Fleming Ian 
Published: August 2010

Individual Programme Plans were introduced to a local authority hostel and an adult training centre as a result of discussions between the officers of those establishments and the local Community Mental Handicap Team.Training in assessment and how to organise IPP's took place to maximise their effectiveness, and the clarity, goal orientation, and accountability of the IPP's enabled evaluation. Attendance of people with mental handicaps was high and relatives were always invited. A wide range of goals was set relevant to individual needs. Evaluation showed that, while just under half the goals were successfully achieved or required a little more practice in the time allotted, a significant proportion were not achieved. Staff are confident that this situation will improve as they gain more confidence and the adults play a more active role.
Down's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and reality orientation: A REVIEW
Authors: Prosser Glyn 
Published: August 2010

Book reviewed in this article:Characteristics associated with ageing in people with mental handicaps are similar to those for the general population, but dementia of the Alzheimer type frequently occurs in those with Down's syndrome. Evidence favouring a genetic basis for this association has been documented, yet it has been found that despite the probable presence of Alzheimer‐type lesions in the brain of every person with Down's syndrome over the age of 30 years, only about one‐third ultimately present the clinical symptoms of dementia. It is also true that many other people who are at risk for Alzheimer's disease do not present the symptoms, so that environmental factors are probably implicated. Reality orientation programmes designed to help in the prevention or postponement of dementia generally may also be appropriate for people with Down's syndrome from the fourth decade of their lives.
Use of community facilities by adolescents with severe mental handicaps
Authors: Halliday Sabrina , Woolnough Lyn 
Published: August 2010

This study examined the use of community facilities by three groups of adolescents with severe mental handicaps before and after they moved into staffed houses in the community. Results were positive, showing an increased use of everyday facilities and a decreased use of facilities for people with handicaps in all houses, irrespective of how long the young people had been in residence. The use of leisure facilities and public transport was also increased for those who had lived in the community the longest. The number and variety of “other” experiences, events organised or attended, increased for all the young people, attesting to their enriched life style once in the community.A follow‐up study, carried out when all the adolescents had been living in the community for at least two years, gave positive results. Facilities for people with handicaps were no longer used. The increased use of community facilities was maintained or improved.
An evaluation of the effects of relocation within institutions: Part 1. A review of research — for whom is the risk greatest?
Authors: Holtom Rebecca , Firth Hugh , Wood Andy 
Published: August 2010

Relocation has become a familiar prospect for many people living in long‐stay institutions. This article summarises research evidence on the effects of involuntary relocation, from which it draws conclusions and offers guidelines for managers and clinicians.Three issues appear to have a major impact on the likelihood of adverse effects of relocation on people with mental handicaps. These are: the vulnerability of individuals; the quality of their preparation for a move; and the quality of life in the new environment. People who are likely to be vulnerable to the effects of relocation include those who have severe mental handicaps and are withdrawn, those who are frail, those with an additional sensory impairment, and those with depressive or psychotic illnesses.A second article will describe the relocation of people within an institution, taking account of the conclusions presented here.
Speech therapy provision in a social education centre: IS IT POSSIBLE TO TARGET INTERVENTION?
Authors: Law James , Lester Rochelle 
Published: August 2010

There is limited provision of speech therapy resources to social education centres throughout the UK. Thus the need to provide the best possible service is particularly pressing. This article describes a short initial measure for determining SEC students' needs which will allow grouping for more thorough, ongoing assessment. Five different treatment groups are proposed.The assessment measure comprises a simple questionnaire, for use with student and key worker together, which can be reliably used to group students. It is suggested that it can be used in the first instance without the speech therapist having prior knowledge of the student. The implications of the measure are discussed.
Unfitness to Plead: A Change in the Law — At Last!
Authors: Letts Penny 
Published: August 2010

The need to amend the Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964 has been recognised since the mid 1970s when the Butler Report on Mentally Abnormal Offenders put forward proposals to amend the law. However, successive Governments have failed to give priority to this issue. Following further consideration by the Home Office and pressure from the Law Society and other organisations, a Private Members' Bill was introduced to stop miscarriages of justice to mentally vulnerable people and to end unnecessary detention in psychiatric hospitals. The Bill passed unopposed through all its Parliamentary stages and received Royal Assent on Thursday, 27th June 1991. Given the comments by Home Office ministers during the Parliamentary debates, it is hoped that there will only be a short delay before the new Act is implemented.This paper describes why the New Act was required and how it will benefit people with learning disabilities who are accused of a criminal offence.
Petroleum type determination through homogenization temperature and vapour volume fraction measurements in fluid inclusions
Authors: BOURDET J. , PIRONON J. , LEVRESSE G. , TRITLLA J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPhysical parameters of petroleum‐bearing fluid inclusions such as bulk density (ρ), molar volume (Vm), vapour volume fraction (ϕvap) and homogenization temperature (Th) are essential information to model petroleum composition (x) in inclusions and to reconstruct palaeotemperature and palaeopressure of trapping. For the main petroleum types contained in a fluid inclusion, we can follow how ϕvap and Th are simultaneously influenced by a change of bulk density in a ϕvap versus Th projection. We have correlated Th and ϕvap for different petroleum compositions for a large range of bulk density values. However, postentrapment events under new pressure (P) and temperature (T) conditions can greatly modify the initial fingerprints of physical conditions and chemical composition of fluid inclusions. Re‐equilibration is frequent, especially in the case of fragile minerals. Stretching and leakage phenomenon have been simulated using the Petroleum Inclusion Thermodynamics (pit) software, from virtual petroleum inclusions with known hydrocarbon composition. The aim of these simulations is to understand how ϕvap and Th evolve with these re‐equilibration phenomena, with respect to the oil composition. Results of stretching simulations show a characteristic increase of Th and ϕvap along correlation curves, with the curve shape dependent on petroleum composition. Leakage simulations show an increase of Th and a smaller increase or even a decrease in ϕvap. Consequently, the better preserved inclusions in a given population can be presumed to be those that have the lowest Th. Applications of Th and ϕvap measurements of natural inclusions in calcite and in quartz showed that the fragility of the host mineral is a key factor allowing the recording of post‐entrapment events. Inclusions that have stretched or leaked are identified and the best preserved inclusions selected for evaluation of P–T–x trapping conditions. Moreover, petroleum types trapped in inclusions can be identified from ϕvap and Th measurements without compositional modelling.
Cosmopolitan attitudes through transnational social practices?
Authors: MAU STEFFEN , MEWES JAN , ZIMMERMANN ANN 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWithin the scope of the debate surrounding globalization, ever increasing attention is being directed to the growth of border‐crossing social relations and the emergence of transnational social spaces on the micro‐level. In particular, the question of how these border‐crossing interrelations influence the attitudes and values of the people involved causes some controversy. Some assume that the increasing trans‐nationalization of social relations will foster the development of cosmopolitan attitudes, while others warn that renationalization may also be a result. On the empirical level, the relationship between transnationalization and cosmopolitanism has so far only been addressed with regard to certain groups or specific circumstances. However, we assume that on the general level there is a positive relation between the two syndromes and address this question empirically on the level of the entire German population. On the basis of a representative survey of German citizens carried out in 2006, we find that people with border‐crossing experiences and transnational social relations are more likely to adopt cosmopolitan attitudes with respect to foreigners and global governance. The analysis shows that this general interrelation remains stable even when controlling for relevant socio‐economic variables.
Portfolios of mobility: the movement of expertise in transnational corporations in two sectors — aerospace and extractive industries
Authors: MILLAR JANE , SALT JOHN 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article is about how UK‐based transnational corporations source expertise and move highly skilled people among their sites. TNCs rely heavily on their internal labour markets for skills. We examine patterns and trends in the ways that TNCs in two sectors, aerospace and extractives, dynamically orchestrate and deploy their networks of expertise internationally to address the demands of different markets. We chart the types of mobility that exist, identify how and why they are used, and explore some of the institutional, industrial, organizational and technological factors that influence these trends. We show that different types of mobility play distinct roles in organizations. Companies respond to mobility calls from diverse stimuli by linking together mobility options into portfolios of moves that represent negotiated responses to industrial and individual requirements.
Hepatic effects of flunixin‐meglumin in LPS‐induced sepsis
Authors: Ávila Thiago Vinicius , Bastos Pereira Amanda Leite , De Oliveira Christoff Adriana , Da Silva Soley Bruna , Queiroz Telles José Ederaldo , Eler Gabrielle Jacklin , Bracht Adelar , Roberto Zampronio Aleksander , Acco Alexandra 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the actions of the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug flunixin‐meglumin (FM) on the changes caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced sepsis in the rat liver. Eight groups of five adult male Wistar rats were analysed: (1) saline injected (controls), (2) FM treated with 1.1 mg/kg, (3) FM treated with 2.2 mg/kg, (4) LPS‐injected (10 mg/kg), (5) LPS‐injected with 1.1 mg/kg FM pretreatment, (6) LPS‐injected with 2.2 mg/kg FM pretreatment, (7) LPS‐injected with 1.1 mg/kg FM post‐treatment and (8) LPS‐injected with 2.2 mg/kg FM post‐treatment. All drugs were intraperitoneally injected. The following parameters were evaluated: plasma levels of hepatic enzymes and urea, hepatic histological characteristics, antioxidant enzymes and several metabolic fluxes. The latter comprised gluconeogenesis, ureagenesis and oxygen consumption. Liver damage in LPS‐induced sepsis was characterized by histological changes, increased plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (P < 0.001) and diminished gluconeogenesis (P < 0.001) and ureagenesis (P < 0.01). LPS also induced oxidative stress as evidenced by increased catalase (P < 0.05) and superoxide dismutase activities and enhanced lipid peroxidation (P < 0.001). Pretreatment of the animals with FM minimized the histological changes and normalized, in part, all enzymatic activities. Pretreatment of the animals with FM also normalized gluconeogenesis and partly restored ureagenesis (P < 0.05). These and other results show that LPS‐induced sepsis may lead to severe liver damage, affecting both structure and function. Treatment with FM can be used to avoid this damage. The antioxidant properties of FM can be, partly at least, responsible for this protective action.
Alpha‐adrenoceptor agonistic activity of oxymetazoline and xylometazoline
Authors: Haenisch Britta , Walstab Jutta , Herberhold Stephan , Bootz Friedrich , Tschaikin Marion , Ramseger René , Bönisch Heinz 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOxymetazoline and xylometazoline are both used as nasal mucosa decongesting α‐adrenoceptor agonists during a common cold. However, it is largely unknown which of the six α‐adrenoceptor subtypes are actually present in human nasal mucosa, which are activated by the two alpha‐adrenoceptor agonists and to what extent. Therefore, mRNA expression in human nasal mucosa of the six α‐adrenoceptor subtypes was studied. Furthermore, the affinity and potency of the imidazolines oxymetazoline and xylometazoline at these α‐adrenoceptor subtypes were examined in transfected HEK293 cells. The rank order of mRNA levels of α‐adrenoceptor subtypes in human nasal mucosa was: α2A > α1A ≥ α2B > α1D ≥ α2C >> α1B. Oxymetazoline and xylometazoline exhibited in radioligand competition studies higher affinities than the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline at most α‐adrenoceptor subtypes. Compared to xylometazoline, oxymetazoline exhibited a significantly higher affinity at α1A‐ but a lower affinity at α2B‐adrenoceptors. In functional studies in which adrenoceptor‐mediated Ca2+signals were measured, both, oxymetazoline and xylometazoline behaved at α2B‐adrenoceptors as full agonists but oxymetazoline was significantly more potent than xylometazoline. Furthermore, oxymetazoline was also a partial agonist at α1A‐adrenoceptors; however, its potency was relatively low and it was much lower than its affinity. The higher potency at α2B‐adrenoceptors, i.e. at receptors highly expressed at the mRNA level in human nasal mucosa, could eventually explain why in nasal decongestants oxymetazoline can be used in lower concentrations than xylometazoline.
Bivariate analysis of surgically induced regular astigmatism. Mathematical analysis and graphical display
Authors: Naeser K. , Hjortdal J. Ø. 
Published: August 2010

Summary Objective: The purpose of the study was to develop methods for simultaneous description of astigmatic direction and magnitude on aggregate data, with special reference to refractive surgery. Design: Mathematical analysis of astigmatisms employing bivariate statistical methods. Results: The mean of several astigmatisms is a new astigmatism of specific direction and magnitude, while the confidence region is an area, which may be determined exactly. Conclusions: Astigmatisms may conveniently be symbolized as an astigmatic direction and magnitude, but are actually composed of refractive powers in the form of polar values. We are operating with two different entities, a net astigmatism and a power vector in the form of polar values. There is an unequivocal point‐to‐point correlation between these entities. Mathematical conversions can only be performed with polar values, but never by using net astigmatisms. All net astigmatisms must be converted to their appropriate refractive powers and the relevant calculations performed with these entities. The final result, such as an average of several astigmatisms, variances or confidence areas, may be point‐to‐point reconverted to and symbolized by a net astigmatism. These principles allow for exact description and comparison of surgical methods, but may be employed to describe and analyze any other population of astigmatisms, such as subjective cylinders and spectacle corrections.
Tight bounds for the identical parallel machine‐scheduling problem: Part II
Authors: Haouari Mohamed , Jemmali Mahdi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA companion paper introduces new lower bounds and heuristics for the problem of minimizing makespan on identical parallel machines. The objective of this paper is threefold. First, we describe further enhancements of previously described lower bounds. Second, we propose a new heuristic that requires solving a sequence of 0–1 knapsack problems. Finally, we show that embedding these newly derived bounds in a branch‐and‐bound procedure yields a very effective exact algorithm. Moreover, this algorithm features a new symmetry‐breaking branching strategy. We present the results of computational experiments that were carried out on a large set of instances and that attest to the efficacy of the proposed algorithm. In particular, we report proven optimal solutions for some benchmark problems that have been open for some time.
A Branch‐and‐Prune algorithm for the Molecular Distance Geometry Problem
Authors: Liberti Leo , Lavor Carlile , Maculan Nelson 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Molecular Distance Geometry Problem consists in finding the positions inof the atoms of a molecule, given some of the inter‐atomic distances. We show that under an additional requirement on the given distances this can be transformed to a combinatorial problem. We propose a Branch‐and‐Prune algorithm for the solution of this problem and report on very promising computational results.