bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Apis mellifera more sensitive to insecticides than other insects?
Authors: Hardstone Melissa C , Scott Jeffrey G 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are among the most important pollinators in natural and agricultural settings. They commonly encounter insecticides, and the effects of insecticides on honey bees have been frequently noted. It has been suggested that honey bees may be (as a species) uniquely sensitive to insecticides, although no comparative toxicology study has been undertaken to examine this claim. An extensive literature review was conducted, using data in which adult insects were topically treated with insecticides. The goal of this review was to summarize insecticide toxicity data between A. mellifera and other insects to determine the relative sensitivity of honey bees to insecticides.RESULTS: It was found that, in general, honey bees were no more sensitive than other insect species across the 62 insecticides examined. In addition, honey bees were not more sensitive to any of the six classes of insecticides (carbamates, nicotinoids, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and miscellaneous) examined.CONCLUSIONS: While honey bees can be sensitive to individual insecticides, they are not a highly sensitive species to insecticides overall, or even to specific classes of insecticides. However, all pesticides should be used in a way that minimizes honey bee exposure, so as to minimize possible declines in the number of bees and/or honey contamination. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A probabilistic framework for harmonisation of migration statistics
Authors: Nowok Beata , Willekens Frans 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTInadequate and inconsistent data are a common and persistent problem in the field of migration. Deficiencies in migration statistics may be tackled using modelling techniques, which has recently been recognised by the European Union (EU) policymakers. The new Regulation on Community statistics on international migration, which obliges countries to supply harmonised statistics, provides for the possibility of using estimation methods to adapt statistics based on national definitions to comply with the required 1‐year duration of stay definition. The main objective of this paper is to provide a theoretical probabilistic framework to capture various migration flow statistics that are available. It is a crucial step towards better understanding and then harmonising the data. Different migration measures represent the same continuous data‐generating process. They differ depending on how the data happened to be collected and how the statistics happened to be produced. We introduce the key concepts of migration statistics using a simple duration model, namely an exponential distribution. While more complex models can better reflect the reality, they do not fundamentally modify the framework presented. The main focus is put on the time criterion used in the migration definition. It refers to the duration of stay following relocation, which is specified very differently among countries and constitutes the main source of discrepancies in operationalisation of the migration concept in the EU member states. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Student and school predictors of high‐stakes assessment in science
Authors: Maerten‐Rivera Jaime , Myers Nicholas , Lee Okhee , Penfield Randall 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study examined both student and school predictors of science achievement as measured by a high‐stakes state test. The study involved 23,854 fifth‐grade students from 198 elementary schools in a large urban school district with a diverse student population. Multilevel modeling was conducted to examine both student and school predictors simultaneously. The study examined three sets of variables: (a) student characteristics, (b) the impact of reading and mathematics achievement on science achievement with English language learners, and (c) school characteristics. The results add new insights to the existing literature while also confirming the known results. The study contributes to the literature by addressing a high‐stakes science test (compared to national and international databases), using diverse student groups including English language learners in urban settings, examining elementary school science (compared to middle and high school science), and using a multilevel framework (compared to a single predictor). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 94:937–962, 2010
What is evidence?
Authors: Normand Sharon‐Lise T. , McNeil Barbara J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe assumption that comparative effectiveness research will provide timely, relevant evidence rests on changing the current framework for assembling evidence. In this commentary, we provide the background of how coverage decisions for new medical technologies are currently made in the United States. We focus on the statistical issues regarding how to use the ensemble of information for inferring comparative effectiveness. It is clear a paradigm shift in how clinical information is integrated in real‐world settings to establish effectiveness is required. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigations on Semi‐solid Joined Steel Components and their Bonding Quality
Authors: Hirt G. , Baadjou R. , Knauf F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo characterise the bonding quality of semi‐solid joined components, fundamental investigations were carried out by producing composite test specimens. By using steel as a semi‐solid base matrix and different steel or copper alloys as inserted materials, an interesting field of material combinations was realised. Two different steel grades, the cold forming tool steel X210CrW12 and the bearing steel 100Cr6, were chosen as the material of the base matrix. Geometry variations were tested along with the variation of materials mentioned. The results supply information about the influence of the inserts shape on an early cooling of the base material during form filling or remelting of the insert caused by overheating. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the mechanical characteristics of the bonding were carried out using mechanical tests. Metallographic analyses complete the description of the bonding mechanisms at the contact zone between the solidified matrix and the insert. The investigations on basic geometries show a good joining quality, which is mainly based on a strong force and form closure caused by contraction of the solidifying and cooling base matrix. In addition, material closure occurs in areas that are strongly heated during the joining process. These results provide key information for the design of prospective components of a new generation.
Up‐scaling of a Low Temperature PACVD Process for the Deposition of α/γ‐Nanocrystalline Alumina Coated Tools for Thixocasting of 1.2208 steel
Authors: Jiang K. , Münstermann S. , Günther H.‐J. , Schneider J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn industrial‐scale pulsed plasma‐assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) process for crystalline alumina growth was developed. To obtain a homogeneous coating thickness distribution over complex geometries and large dimensions, a suitable gas injection system was designed. A phase formation diagram for alumina coatings as a function of pulse length and cathode voltage has been compiled, allowing for the deposition of dense α/γ‐Al2O3 coatings at a substrate temperature of 590 °C. Moulds coated with an α/γ‐Al2O3 coating were utilized in steel thixocasting at temperatures of ∼1400 °C. The coatings were intact after thixocasting and showed significantly improved chemical wear resistance compared to plain steel moulds.
Stretch‐Flangeability of High Mn TWIP steel
Authors: Chen L. , Kim J.‐K. , Kim S.‐K. , Kim G.‐S. , Chin K.‐G. , De Cooman B.C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mechanical properties of austenitic high Mn Twinning Inducted Plasticity (TWIP) steel provide an excellent combination of strength and ductility when tested in uni‐axial tension. The performance of TWIP steel during some critical formability tests such as deep drawing, bulge test and cutting edge stretching has not yet been studied extensively. In this contribution, the stretch‐flangeability of Fe18Mn0.6C1.5Al TWIP steel and Ti Interstitial‐Free (IF) steel were studied by means of hole expansion test. In‐situ strain analysis and Infra‐red (IR) thermography were carried out during the test. It was found that TWIP steel, despite having a higher uniform elongation in uniaxial tension, had poorer hole expansion properties than Ti IF steel. Strain distribution analysis revealed that the hole edge deformed in a deep drawing mode which was similar to a tensile deformation. Away from the hole edge, the deformation mode changed gradually from deep drawing to stretch forming mode. The IR‐thermography of TWIP steel revealed a high degree of adiabatic heating which was absent in the case of IF steel. The crack associated with the edge fracture revealed a local temperature increase at the crack tip of up to 92°C. Two types of hole edge preparations were studied. A high quality hole edge finish resulted in a better hole expansion performance. The fractography of the crack plane surface of TWIP steel and Ti IF were also studied by SEM, and revealed a plastic failure mode in both cases.
Observations of Crystallization in Mold Slags with Varying Al2O3/SiO2 Ratio
Authors: Zhang Z.T. , Wen G.H. , Liao J.L. , Sridhar S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present paper is an investigation into how the Al2O3/SiO2 ratio in the compositions of mold slags influences the crystallization behavior of molten slags. The experimental work is based upon observing the crystallization events through a Confocal Scanning Laser Microscope equipped with a hot‐stage. The study is motivated by the variation in crystallization that might occur in mold slags due to the pickup of alumina during continuous casting of high Al containing TRIP steels. The crystallization temperature was found to increase with increasing Al2O3/SiO2 ratio, and the crystal morphology was dependent upon the chemical composition and isothermal temperature. The crystallization path was complex, with CaF2 found to precipitate first, and followed by a second precipitation event. In this second event, the precipitated phase depended on the chemical composition of mold slag and changed from cuspidine to gehlenite as the mass ratio of Al2O3/SiO2 was increased beyond 0.65, and finally Al2O3 was observed when the alumina content was 30wt.% (corresponding to a mass ratio of ${\rm m}_{{\rm Al}_{{\rm 2}} {\rm O}_{{\rm 3}} } {\rm /m}_{{\rm SiO}_{{\rm 2}} } $ = 1.42).
Binding of amino acids to hypochlorite‐oxidized potato starch
Authors: Li Jihong , Vasanthan Thava , Bressler David C. , Tyler Robert T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNovel starch derivatives were prepared by derivatization of oxidized potato starch with amino acids in aqueous suspension. Potato starch was oxidized using sodium hypochlorite and then reacted with amino acids under mildly alkaline conditions. By analysis of increased nitrogen content and by means of confocal laser scanning microscopy, efficient binding of positively charged amino acids to oxidized starch molecules was confirmed. A degree of substitution (DS) of up to 0.015 was obtained using oxidized starch (degree of oxidation (DO) of up to 1.0%) and positively charged amino acids (2–5%, dry starch basis) at reaction conditions of starch/water ratio of 1:2–2.5, pH 10, 40°C, 30–60 min. The DS was positively correlated with the DO of the starch. Derivatization of oxidized starch using amino acids generally enhanced the influence of oxidation on starch pasting characteristics, perhaps showing interesting functional properties and potential industrial application.
MicroRNAs in cardiomyocyte development
Authors: Malizia Andrea P. , Wang Da‐Zhi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) negatively regulate gene expression at the post‐ transcriptional level, primarily by base‐pairing with the 3′‐untranslated region (3′‐UTR) of their target mRNAs. Many miRNAs are expressed in a tissue/organ‐specific manner and are associated with an increasing number of cell proliferation, differentiation, and tissue development events. Cardiac muscle expresses distinct genes encoding structural proteins and a subset of signal molecules that control tissue specification and differentiation. The transcriptional regulation of cardiomyocyte development has been well established, yet only until recently has it been uncovered that miRNAs participate in the regulatory networks. A subset of miRNAs are either specifically or highly expressed in cardiac muscle, providing an opportunity to understand how gene expression is controlled by miRNAs at the post‐transcriptional level in this muscle type. miR‐1, miR‐133, miR‐206, and miR‐208 have been found to be muscle‐specific, and thus have been called myomiRs. The discovery of myomiRs as a previously unrecognized component in the regulation of gene expression adds an entirely new layer of complexity to our understanding of cardiac muscle development. Investigating myomiRs will not only reveal novel molecular mechanisms of the miRNA‐mediated regulatory network in cardiomyocyte development, but also raise new opportunities for therapeutic intervention for cardiovascular disease. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 183–190 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.111This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease
Rare Earth Polymerization Catalysts Supported by Bulky Aminopyridinato Ligands
Authors: Kempe Rhett 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe coordination and polymerization chemistry of molecular rare earth catalysts stabilized by bulky aminopyridinato (= Ap) ligands are reviewed. The selective synthesis of dialkyls allows the generation of rare earth alkyl hydride clusters and the generation of organo rare earth cations. These cations are able to catalyze polyethylene chain growing at aluminum and are able to polymerize isoprene stereoselectively. Complexes of the type [ApLn(thf)mX2] (X = Cl, Br; m = 2, 3) allow controlled ring opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactone in the presence of NaBH4. α,ω‐Dihydroxytelechelic polymers are obtained. Bis‐Ap alkyl complexes undergo C–H activation of one of the methyl groups of the Ap ligand. The rates of this activation reaction depend strongly from the nature of the “leaving” ligand and the radius of the rare earth ion that mediates C–H activation.
Kawasaki disease: a review with emphasis on cardiovascular complications
Authors: Duarte Ricardo , Cisneros Silvia , Fernandez Gabriel , Castellon Daniel , Cattani Cesar , A Melo Cíntia , Apocada Asier 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that is currently the leading cause of acquired heart disease in childhood in the United States. Cardiovascular complications are the major cause of morbidity, are responsible for virtually all deaths from KD and should be evaluated as soon as possible after the acute phase to establish the baseline status, in order to predict disease progression and determine adequate treatment. In selected patients, electrocardiography (ECG)-gated cardiac computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are valuable non-invasive techniques that can be used to help diagnose the cardiovascular complications associated with KD. In this article, we review the epidemiology, aetiology and pathogenesis, histopathology, clinical features, cardiovascular complications and imaging, focusing on the role of cardiac CT and MR on the initial assessment and follow-up of the cardiovascular complications of KD.
Variance in the reproductive success of flat oysterOstrea edulisL. assessed by parentage analyses in natural and experimental conditions
Authors: LALLIAS D. , TARIS N. , BOUDRY P. , BONHOMME F. , LAPÈGUE S. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryIn order to document further the phenomena of variance in reproductive success in natural populations of the European flat oysterOstrea edulis, two complementary studies based on natural and experimental populations were conducted. The first part of this work was focused on paternity analyses using a set of four microsatellite markers for larvae collected from 13 brooding females sampled in Quiberon Bay (Brittany, France). The number of individuals contributing as the male parent to each progeny assay was highly variable, ranging from 2 to more than 40. Moreover, paternal contributions showed a much skewed distribution, with some males contributing to 50–100% of the progeny assay. The second part of this work consisted of the analysis of six successive cohorts experimentally produced from an acclimated broodstock (62 wild oysters sampled in the Quiberon Bay). Allelic richness was significantly higher in the adult population than in the temporal cohorts collected. Genetic differentiation (Fstestimates) was computed for each pair of samples and all significant values ranged from 0·7 to 11·9%. A limited effective number of breeders (generally below 25) was estimated in the six temporal cohorts. The study gives first indications of the high variance in reproductive success as well as a reduced effective size, not only under experimental conditions but also in the wild. Surprisingly, the pool of the successive cohorts, based on the low number of loci used, appeared to depict a random and representative set of alleles of the progenitor population, indicating that the detection of patterns of temporal genetic differentiation at a local scale most likely depends on the sampling window.
Impact of impairment in instrumental activities of daily living and mild cognitive impairment on time to incident dementia: results of the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged
Authors: Luck T. , Luppa M. , Angermeyer M. C. , Villringer A. , König H.-H. , Riedel-Heller S. G. 
Published: July 2010

BackgroundEarly diagnosis of dementia requires knowledge about associated predictors. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and impairment in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) on the time to an incident dementia diagnosis.MethodData were derived from the Leipzig Longitudinal Study of the Aged (LEILA75+), a population-based study of individuals aged ⩾75 years. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to determine time to incident dementia. Cox proportional hazards models were applied to determine the impact of MCI and IADL impairment on the time to incident dementia.ResultsIn total, 180 (22.0%) of 819 initially dementia-free subjects developed dementia by the end of the study. Mean time to incident dementia was 6.7 years [95% confidence interval (CI) 6.5–6.9]. MCI combined with IADL impairment was associated with a higher conversion rate to dementia, a shorter time to clinically manifest diagnosis and a lower chance of reversibility to cognitive normal. The highest risk for a shorter time to incident dementia was found for amnestic MCI combined with IADL impairment. The mean time to incident dementia was 3.7 years (95% CI 2.9–4.4) and thus half as long as in subjects without MCI and IADL impairment.ConclusionsSubjects with MCI and IADL impairment constitute a high-risk population for future dementia. The consideration of both – MCI and IADL impairment – might help to improve the prediction of dementia.
PD control with feedforward compensation for rigid robots actuated by brushless DC motors
Authors: Carrillo-Serrano R. V. , Hernández-Guzmán V. M. , Santibáñez V. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThis work is concerned with trajectory tracking of robots when the electrical dynamics of the brushless DC motor actuators is considered. It is shown that proportional-derivative (PD) control with feedforward compensation, plus some additional terms to cope with the electrical dynamics, ensures state boundedness. Furthermore, tracking error converges to zero from arbitrarily large initial conditions if controller gains are correctly chosen. Under mild assumptions, this controller reduces to the well-known PD control with feedforward compensation when implemented according to torque control, a successful industrial practice. Thus, it is explained, for the first time, why this strategy works well in applications.
Muramidases found in the foregut microbiome of the Tammar wallaby can direct cell aggregation and biofilm formation
Authors: Pope Phillip B , Totsika Makrina , Aguirre de Carcer Daniel , Schembri Mark A , Morrison Mark 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe describe here the role of muramidases present in clones of metagenomic DNA that result in cell aggregation and biofilm formation by Escherichia coli. The metagenomic clones were obtained from uncultured Lachnospiraceae-affiliated bacteria resident in the foregut microbiome of the Tammar wallaby. One of these fosmid clones (p49C2) was chosen for more detailed studies and a variety of genetic methods were used to delimit the region responsible for the phenotype to an open reading frame of 1425 bp. Comparative sequence analysis with other fosmid clones giving rise to the same phenotype revealed the presence of muramidase homologues with the same modular composition. Phylogenetic analysis of the fosmid sequence data assigned these fosmid inserts to recently identified, but uncultured, phylogroups of Lachnospiraceae believed to be numerically dominant in the foregut microbiome of the Tammar wallaby. The muramidase is a modular protein containing putative N-acetylmuramoyl--alanine amidase and an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase catalytic module, with a similar organization and functional properties to some Staphylococcal autolysins that also confer adhesive properties and biofilm formation. We also show here that the cloned muramidases result in the production of extracellular DNA, which appears to be the key for biofilm formation and autoaggregation. Collectively, these findings suggest that biofilm formation and cell aggregation in gut microbiomes might occur via the concerted action of carbohydrate-active enzymes and the production of extracellular DNA to serve as a biofilm scaffold.
Reversing the size-dependence of surface plasmon resonances
Authors: Peng Sheng , McMahon Jeffrey M. , Schatz George C. , Gray Stephen K. , Sun Yugang 
Published: July 2010

The size-dependence of surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) is poorly understood in the small particle limit due to complex physical/chemical effects and uncertainties in experimental samples. In this article, we report an approach for synthesizing an ideal class of colloidal Ag nanoparticles with highly uniform morphologies and narrow size distributions. Optical measurements and theoretical analyses for particle diameters in the
d
≈ 2–20 nm range are presented. The SPR absorption band exhibits an exceptional behavior: As size decreases from
d
≈ 20 nm it blue-shifts but then turns over near
d
≈ 12 nm and strongly red-shifts. A multilayer Mie theory model agrees well with the observations, indicating that lowered electron conductivity in the outermost atomic layer, due to chemical interactions, is the cause of the red-shift. We corroborate this picture by experimentally demonstrating precise chemical control of the SPR peak positions via ligand exchange.