bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penetration Resistance and Penetrability in Pyramidal (Nano)Indentations
Authors: Kaupp Gerd , Naimi‐Jamal Mohammad Reza 
Published: August 2012

SummaryPyramidal nanoindentation loading curves were linearly plotted, normal force versus (penetration depth)3/2. The slope is penetration resistance k, its inverse penetrability. Linear correlations verify. All contributions to the indentation are included in the penetrability. Dependencies and uses of the extrapolation tools are exemplified, identified, and discussed. In the case of phase transition including twinning within the loading range a sharp kink occurs, again with verifying correlation in both branches of the linear plot. The exponent 3/2 applies to all types of materials upon conical or pyramidal indentations onto normal flat surfaces, independent of the various mechanistic responses. While common curve fitting procedures of loading curves and finite element (FE) calculations miss phase transitions, gradients, surface effects, elbows, (nano)pores, and change from tip rounding to cone (at very low penetrations), these are recognized by the penetration resistance analysis. Also prominent undisturbed pyramidal or conical micro‐ and macroindentations provide linear plots with exponent 3/2. Numerous FE simulations create experimentally unsupported “loading curves.” This is discussed with typical published examples. An explanation for the deviation from Sneddon's and Love's theory is given by correction for the shear‐force part that does not participate in the penetration depth. The validation of the exponent 3/2 instead of previously assumed 2 requires adjustment of mechanical parameters that were defined by using the nonsupported exponent. SCANNING 35: 88‐111, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectrometry (SEM/EDS) Quantitative?
Authors: Newbury* Dale E. , Ritchie Nicholas W. M. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryScanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (SEM/EDS) is a widely applied elemental microanalysis method capable of identifying and quantifying all elements in the periodic table except H, He, and Li. By following the “k‐ratio” (unknown/standard) measurement protocol development for electron‐excited wavelength dispersive spectrometry (WDS), SEM/EDS can achieve accuracy and precision equivalent to WDS and at substantially lower electron dose, even when severe X‐ray peak overlaps occur, provided sufficient counts are recorded. Achieving this level of performance is now much more practical with the advent of the high‐throughput silicon drift detector energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer (SDD‐EDS). However, three measurement issues continue to diminish the impact of SEM/EDS: (1) In the qualitative analysis (i.e., element identification) that must precede quantitative analysis, at least some current and many legacy software systems are vulnerable to occasional misidentification of major constituent peaks, with the frequency of misidentifications rising significantly for minor and trace constituents. (2) The use of standardless analysis, which is subject to much broader systematic errors, leads to quantitative results that, while useful, do not have sufficient accuracy to solve critical problems, e.g. determining the formula of a compound. (3) EDS spectrometers have such a large volume of acceptance that apparently credible spectra can be obtained from specimens with complex topography that introduce uncontrolled geometric factors that modify X‐ray generation and propagation, resulting in very large systematic errors, often a factor of ten or more. SCANNING 35: 141‐168, 2013. Published 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating the Toxicity of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles in Catfish Cells and Zebrafish Embryos
Authors: Zhao Xinxin , Ong Kimberly J. , Ede James D. , Stafford James L. , Ng Kee Woei , Goss Greg G. , Loo Say Chye Joachim 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe toxicity of needle‐(nHA‐ND) and rod‐shaped (nHA‐RD) hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles is evaluated in vitro on catfish B‐cells (3B11) and catfish T‐cells (28s.3) and in vivo on zebrafish embryos to determine if biological effects are similar to the effects seen in mammalian in vitro systems. Neither nHA‐ND nor nHA‐RD affect cell viability at concentrations of 10 to 300 μg mL−1. However, 30 μg mL−1 needle‐shaped nHA lower metabolic activity of the cells. Axial deformations are seen in zebrafish exposed to 300 μg mL−1 needle shaped nHA after 120 h. For the first time, nHA is reported to cause zebrafish hatching delay. The lowest concentration (3 μg mL−1) of both types of nHA cause the highest hatching inhibition and needle‐shaped nHA exposed zebrafish exhibit the lowest hatch at 72 h post fertilization.
Simultaneous Decarburization and Oxidation Reactions Occurring in Silicon and Ferrosilicon Alloys at 1823 K
Authors: Yunes Rubio Pedro J. , Khanna Rita , Chaudhury Narendra Saha , Sahajwalla Veena 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWe present high temperature investigations on ferrosilicon alloys (Si: 24.7, 74, and 98.5%); silicon oxidation and decarburization studies in steelmaking have generally been limited to Fe‐based alloys containing up to 3.5 wt% Si. The effect of alloy composition, oxygen partial pressure and gas flow rate on interactions at 1823 K is evaluated. Decarburization and silicon oxidation reactions were found to occur simultaneously with significant differences observed in the weight gain and carbon loss. The net weight gain in these alloys was found to be due to the combined influence of decarburization (weight loss due to the generation of a gaseous product) and silicon oxidation (weight gain due to silica formation on the sample surface). There was a clear evidence for two rate regimes: the rate of decarburization was found to be much higher during the initial 2 min and a much slower rate was observed in later stages for all specimens. These rate regimes are explained in terms of the extent of surface coverage with the reaction product silica. No significant effect was found on the decarburization rates when the proportion of oxidizing gas (CO2) was increased from 20 to 100%. The outcomes of this investigation will assist with the development of mechanisms governing the reactions of molten ferrosilicon and silicon alloys during their interactions with gaseous phases in the cupola process.
Modulation of FOXD3 Activity in Human Embryonic Stem Cells Directs Pluripotency and Paraxial Mesoderm Fates
Authors: Arduini Brigitte L. , Brivanlou Ali H. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Transcription factor Foxd3 has been described in model systems as a key member of the pluripotency network in mice as well as being involved in the formation of many critical vertebrate cell types in vivo. Yet virtually nothing is known about roles of FOXD3 in human development and conflicting reports exist regarding its expression in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We find that FOXD3 is expressed at both the RNA and protein levels in undifferentiated hESCs and report a Foxd3 expression domain in paraxial mesoderm derivatives of wild-type mouse embryos. Furthermore, increasing FOXD3 activity in hESCs is sufficient for rapid and specific generation of mesenchymal cell types of the paraxial mesoderm, even under pluripotency maintenance conditions. Gene expression diagnostic of chondroblasts, skeletal myoblasts, osteoblasts, and adipoblast is observed within 48 hours of FOXD3 induction, as are morphological and genetic hallmarks of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. FOXD3-overexpressing cells can be maintained for several passages, while downregulation of the transgene leads to further differentiation. Loss-of-function also leads to differentiation, toward endoderm and mesoderm. Taken together, these data indicate that a balance of FOXD3 activity is required to maintain pluripotency.
Canonical Correlation Analysis in the Study of Cerebral and Peripheral Haemodynamics Interrelations with Systemic Variables in Neonates Supported on ECMO
Authors: Caicedo Alexander , Papademetriou Maria D. , Elwell Clare E. , Hoskote Aparna , Elliott Martin J. , Van Huffel Sabine , Tachtsidis Ilias 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Neonates supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are at high risk of brain injury due to haemodynamic instability. In order to monitor cerebral and peripheral (muscle) haemodynamic and oxygenation changes in this population we used a dual-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) system. In addition, to assess interrelations between NIRS and systemic variables, collected simultaneously, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was employed. CCA can quantify the relationship between a set of variables and assess levels of dependency. In four out of five patients, systemic variables were found to be less inter-related with cerebral rather than peripheral NIRS measurements. Moreover, during ECMO flow manipulations, we found that the interrelation between the systemic and the NIRS cerebral/peripheral variables changed. The CCA method presented here can be used to assess differences between NIRS cerebral and NIRS peripheral responses due to systemic variations which may be indicative of physiological differences in the mechanisms that regulate oxygenation and/or haemodynamics of the brain and the muscle.
Role of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography for early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma concomitant with intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas
Authors: Ohtsuka Takao , Ideno Noboru , Aso Teppei , Nagayoshi Yosuke , Kono Hiroshi , Mori Yasuhisa , Takahata Shunichi , Oda Yasunori , Aishima Shinichi , Igarashi Hisato , Ito Tetsuhide , Ishigami Kousei , Nakamura Masafumi , Mizumoto Kazuhiro , Tanaka Masao 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackgroundIntraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is often found with distinct pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in the same pancreas. The aim of this study was to clarify whether endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) would be useful for the early detection of concomitant PDACs in patients with IPMNs.MethodsMedical records of 179 patients who were histologically confirmed to have IPMNs after resection between 1987 and 2011 were reviewed. The patients having concomitant PDACs were selected, and the diagnostic abilities to detect concomitant PDACs of computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), and ERP were compared between early (stages 0—I according to Japanese General Rules for Pancreatic Cancer) and advanced (stages II—IV) PDACs.ResultsA total of 23 PDACs developed synchronously or metachronously in 20 patients, and the prevalence of PDACs concomitant with IPMNs was 11.2 % (20/179). Sensitivities of CT (16 vs. 87 %), MRI (29 vs. 93 %), and EUS (29 vs. 92 %) in the early group were significantly lower than those in the advanced group (p < 0.01). On the other hand, the sensitivity of ERP in the early group was as high as that in the advanced group (86 vs. 82 %, respectively, p > 0.99). Among 7 early PDACs, 3 were diagnosed only by ERP.ConclusionsERP has an important role in the early diagnosis of distinct PDACs in patients with IPMNs. Further investigation is necessary to clarify the indication and the timing of ERP during management of IPMNs in term of early detection of concomitant PDACs.
Acoustic structure of songs in island populations of the Japanese bush warbler, Cettia diphone, in relation to sexual selection
Authors: Hamao Shoji 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Bird songs in island populations have often been reported to be simplified, in that island birds have a smaller number of song types and song-element types compared to mainland birds. However, there is less information on the characteristics of acoustic structure in island songs. I investigated song structure of one mainland and three island populations of Japanese bush warblers, Cettia diphone, and found that island songs had an acoustically simple structure. The frequency-modulated (FM) portions of the songs were shorter and had fewer frequency inflections in the insular populations than in the mainland population, while the number of FM notes, the frequency range of these notes, and the song repertoire sizes of males did not differ between the islands and the mainland. I also investigated whether the song complexity is related to sexual selection pressure using the degree of sexual size dimorphism as a proxy for the latter. The degree of dimorphism in body mass was larger on the mainland. Thus, weakened sexual selection on islands is a possible factor in the formation of simple songs. Further studies related to male–male competition and female choice on islands are required.
What is the optimal condition for fertilization of IVM oocytes?
Authors: Funahashi Hiroaki 
Published: August 2012

AbstractApplication of in vitro maturation (IVM) is recently increasing for human infertility, especially to rescue patients of polycystic ovarian syndrome and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. To increase the application of IVM oocytes for embryo production and the efficiency of successful production of babies using IVM oocytes, quality control of oocytes and achievement of fertilization in the most suitable condition may be very important. In this paper, suitable conditions for fertilization of IVM oocytes will be discussed with recent knowledge about IVM and in vitro fertilization of oocytes in domestic animals. Currently, human oocytes are collected mainly from patientsˈ ovaries 36 h following mild gonadotropin stimulation and used for IVM for 24–26 h. However, asynchronous progression of those oocytes to reach the metaphase‐II stage may have occurred during the IVM culture. In the oocytes that have already progressed to the metaphase‐II stage, sudden aging such as reduction in maturation promoting factor and MAP kinases will start to occur. Application of specific inhibitors of phosphodiesterase to control intracellular cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) level may be effective to synchronize timings of the germinal vesicle breakdown and consequently the meiotic progression of oocytes, and to improve the developmental competence. Furthermore, treatment of aging oocytes with caffeine appears to rescue them from reductions in maturation promoting factor and MAP kinases and to improve the developmental competence. Assessment methods to select oocytes with good quality may also be important to improve the successful rates.
From safe motherhood, newborn, and child survival partnerships to the continuum of care and accountability: Moving fast forward to 2015
Authors: Bustreo Flavia , Requejo Jennifer Harris , Merialdi Mario , Presern Carole , Songane Francisco 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe present paper provides an overview of the Safe Motherhood Initiative, Healthy Newborn Partnership, and Child Survival Partnership and their eventual merge into the Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (PMNCH) in 2005. The promise and past successes of the PMNCH are highlighted, with a particular focus on the PMNCH's partner‐centric approach showing the importance of collaboration for progress. The aims of the strategic framework for 2012–2015 are presented within the context of the Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health, launched in 2010, and growing political momentum to achieve Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 (reduce child mortality and improve maternal health, respectively). The next 4 years leading to 2015 are critical, and the global community must continue to work together to ensure all women and children are reached with key interventions proven to reduce mortality.
Mobilizing women's groups for improved maternal and newborn health: Evidence for impact, and challenges for sustainability and scale up
Authors: Nair Nirmala , Tripathy Prasanta , Costello Anthony , Prost Audrey 
Published: August 2012

AbstractResearch conducted over the past decade has shown that community‐based interventions can improve the survival and health of mothers and newborns in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Interventions engaging women's groups in participatory learning and action meetings and other group activities, for example, have led to substantial increases in neonatal survival in high‐mortality settings. Participatory interventions with women's groups work by providing a forum for communities to develop a common understanding of maternal and neonatal problems, as well as locally acceptable and sustainable strategies to address these. Potential partners for scaling up interventions with women's groups include government community health workers and volunteers, as well as organizations working with self‐help groups. It is important to tailor scale‐up efforts to local contexts, while retaining fidelity to the intervention, by ensuring that the mobilization of women's groups complements other local programs (e.g. home visits), and by providing capacity building for participatory learning and action methods across a range of nongovernmental organizations and government stakeholders. Research into scale‐up mechanisms and effectiveness is needed to inform further implementation, and prospective surveillance of maternal and neonatal mortality in key scale‐up sites can provide valuable data for measuring impact and for advocacy. There is a need for further research into the role of participatory interventions with women's groups to improve the quality of health services, health, and nutrition beyond the perinatal period, as well as the role of groups in influencing non‐health issues, such as women's decision‐making power.
Applying human rights to improve access to reproductive health services
Authors: Shaw Dorothy , Cook Rebecca J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractUniversal access to reproductive health is a target of Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 5B, and along with MDG 5A to reduce maternal mortality by three‐quarters, progress is currently too slow for most countries to achieve these targets by 2015. Critical to success are increased and sustainable numbers of skilled healthcare workers and financing of essential medicines by governments, who have made political commitments in United Nations forums to renew their efforts to reduce maternal mortality. National essential medicine lists are not reflective of medicines available free or at cost in facilities or in the community. The WHO Essential Medicines List indicates medicines required for maternal and newborn health including the full range of contraceptives and emergency contraception, but there is no consistent monitoring of implementation of national lists through procurement and supply even for basic essential drugs. Health advocates are using human rights mechanisms to ensure governments honor their legal commitments to ensure access to services essential for reproductive health. Maternal mortality is recognized as a human rights violation by the United Nations and constitutional and human rights are being used, and could be used more effectively, to improve maternity services and to ensure access to drugs essential for reproductive health.
Global warming and reproductive health
Authors: Potts Malcolm , Henderson Courtney E. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe largest absolute numbers of maternal deaths occur among the 40–50 million women who deliver annually without a skilled birth attendant. Most of these deaths occur in countries with a total fertility rate of greater than 4. The combination of global warming and rapid population growth in the Sahel and parts of the Middle East poses a serious threat to reproductive health and to food security. Poverty, lack of resources, and rapid population growth make it unlikely that most women in these countries will have access to skilled birth attendants or emergency obstetric care in the foreseeable future. Three strategies can be implemented to improve women's health and reproductive rights in high‐fertility, low‐resource settings: (1) make family planning accessible and remove non‐evidenced‐based barriers to contraception; (2) scale up community distribution of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage and, where it is legal, for medical abortion; and (3) eliminate child marriage and invest in girls and young women, thereby reducing early childbearing.
Strahlenepidemiologie
Authors: Blettner Maria , Wicke Henryk , Schlehofer Brigitte 
Published: August 2012

Einleitung
Die Strahlenepidemiologie beschäftigt sich mit gesundheitlichen Risiken aufgrund von Expositionen durch ionisierende oder nicht-ionisierende Strahlung. Ionisierende Strahlung kann Veränderungen an der DNA im Zellkern und somit Mutationen verursachen, was auch noch Jahre später zu Erkrankungen (z.B. Krebs) führen kann. Zahlreiche Langzeitstudien untersuchten die Auswirkung ionisierender Strahlen aufgrund medizinischer oder beruflicher Expositionen, kosmischer Strahlung, und dem Fallout der überirdischen Atombombentests oder der nuklearen Unfälle.
Incompressible impulsive sloshing
Authors: Tyvand Peder A. , Miloh Touvia 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe incompressible impulsive time scale for inviscid liquid sloshing in open rigid containers suddenly put into motion is defined as the intermediate time scale in between the acoustic time scale and the gravitational time scale. Surge and sway boundary-value problems for incompressible impulsive sloshing in some realistic container shapes are solved analytically to the leading order in a small-time expansion. A solution is provided for two types of horizontal cylinders: a triangular cylindrical wedge and a half-filled circular cylinder. The surface velocity and the hydrodynamic force with its corresponding virtual fluid mass are calculated. The cases of constant impulsive velocity and constant impulsive acceleration are linked by transformation equations. Flows with waterline singularities are discussed, being leading-order outer flows in terms of matched asymptotic expansions.
Elastic Foundation Analysis of Uniformly Loaded Functionally Graded Viscoelastic Sandwich Plates
Authors: Zenkour A. M. , Sobhy M. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper deals with the static response of simply supported functionally graded material (FGM) viscoelastic sandwich plates subjected to transverse uniform loads. The FG sandwich plates are considered to be resting on Pasternak's elastic foundations. The sandwich plate is assumed to consist of a fully elastic core sandwiched by elastic-viscoelastic FGM layers. Material properties are graded according to a power-law variation from the interfaces to the faces of the plate. The equilibrium equations of the FG sandwich plate are given based on a trigonometric shear deformation plate theory. Using Illyushin's method, the governing equations of the viscoelastic sandwich plate can be solved. Parametric study on the bending analysis of FG sandwich plates is being investigated. These parameters include (i) power-law index, (ii) plate aspect ratio, (iii) side-to-thickness ratio, (iv) loading type, (v) foundation stiffnesses, and (vi) time parameter.