bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of proposed oral disposition index measures in relation to the actual disposition index
Authors: Retnakaran R. , Qi Y. , Goran M. I. , Hamilton J. K. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAims  While the disposition index provides a useful measure of B‐cell function, its calculation requires the performance of a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT). Recently, the demonstration of a hyperbolic relationship between indices of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity derived from the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) has led to the introduction of two novel OGTT‐based measures of B‐cell function analogous to the disposition index: (i) the insulin secretion‐sensitivity index‐2 (ISSI‐2) (defined as the ratio of the area‐under‐the‐insulin‐curve to the area‐under‐the‐glucose curve, multiplied by the Matsuda index) and (ii) insulinogenic index (IGI)/fasting insulin. However, neither of these two measures has been directly compared with the disposition index.Methods  Two hundred and thirteen non‐diabetic children (122 boys, 91 girls) underwent both OGTT and FSIVGTT, allowing for the calculation of ISSI‐2, IGI/fasting insulin and the disposition index.Results  ISS1‐2 and IGI/fasting insulin were strongly correlated with each other (r = 0.82, P < 0.0001). Both measures correlated with the disposition index, with ISSI‐2 showing a modestly stronger association (ISSI‐2: r = 0.24, P = 0.0003; IGI/fasting insulin: r = 0.21, P = 0.0022). Standardized linear regression analyses confirmed that the relationship between log ISSI‐2 and the disposition index (standardized regression coefficient = 0.224, P = 0.001) was stronger than that between log IGI/fasting insulin and the disposition index (standardized regression coefficient = 0.166, P = 0.015).Conclusions  The OGTT‐derived measures ISSI‐2 and IGI/fasting insulin exhibit modest correlations with the disposition index. These relationships require further assessment in other patient populations.
Seed‐specific expression of the wheat puroindoline genes improves maize wet milling yields
Authors: Zhang Jinrui , Martin John M. , Beecher Brian , Morris Craig F. , Curtis Hannah L. , Giroux Michael J. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe texture of maize (Zea mays L.) seeds is important to seed processing properties, and soft dent maize is preferred for both wet‐milling and livestock feed applications. The puroindoline genes (Pina and Pinb) are the functional components of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Hardness locus and together function to create soft grain texture in wheat. The PINs (PINA and PINB) are believed to act by binding to lipids on the surface of starch granules, preventing tight adhesion between starch granules and the surrounding protein matrix during seed maturation. Here, maize kernel structure and wet milling properties were successfully modified by the endosperm‐specific expression of wheat Pins (Pina and Pinb). Pins were introduced into maize under the control of a maize γ‐Zein promoter. Three Pina/Pinb expression positive transgenic lines were evaluated over two growing seasons. Textural analysis of the maize seeds indicated that the expression of PINs decreased adhesion between starch and protein matrix and reduced maize grain hardness significantly. Reduction in pressure required to fracture kernels ranged from 15.65% to 36.86% compared with control seeds. Further, the PINs transgenic maize seeds had increased levels of extractable starch as characterized by a small scale wet milling method. Starch yield was increased by 4.86% on average without negatively impacting starch purity. The development of softer maize hybrids with higher starch extractability would be of value to maize processors.
The Use of LiDAR in Digital Surface Modelling: Issues and Errors
Authors: Leigh Charlotte L , Kidner David B , Thomas Malcolm C 
Published: August 2009

AbstractModelling and extracting 3D geographical data presents numerous challenges that require continual research to attempt to evolve an efficient, reliable and accurate solution. LiDAR data capture and analysis has become a preferred acquisition choice for elevation data because the resulting quality and level of detail far exceeds traditional methods for large survey areas. As with any data collection system, LiDAR is prone to errors. Analysing these errors, ascertaining causes and producing error correction strategies is vital if accurate and confident results are to be obtained. Eight years of LiDAR datasets (from 1998 to 2005) have been closely analysed for a large coastal area of South Wales. This article provides a detailed and accurate summary of the identified LiDAR data issues and subsequent errors which affect the accuracy of end products such as Digital Surface Models (DSMs).
A GIS Approach to Estimation of Building Population for Micro‐spatial Analysis
Authors: Lwin KoKo , Murayama Yuji 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPopulation data used in GIS analyses is generally assumed to be homogeneous and planar (i.e. census tracts, townships or prefectures) due to the public unavailability of building population data. However, information on building population is required for micro‐spatial analysis for improved disaster management and emergency preparedness, public facility management for urban planning, consumer and retail market analysis, environment and public health programs and other demographic studies. This article discusses a GIS approach using the Areametric and Volumetric methods for estimating building population based on census tracts and building footprint datasets. The estimated results were evaluated using actual building population data by visual, statistical and spatial means, and validated for use in micro‐spatial analysis. We have also implemented a standalone GIS tool (known as ‘PopShape GIS’) for generating new building footprint with population attribute information based on user‐defined criteria.
THEISTIC NATURALISM AND “SPECIAL” DIVINE PROVIDENCE
Authors: Knight Christopher C. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.Although naturalistic perspectives are an important component of their accounts of divine action, most participants in the current dialogue between science and theology eschew a purely naturalistic model. They believe that certain events of divine providence require a special mode of divine action, over and above that inherent in naturalistic processes. The analogy of human providential action suggests, however, that a strong theistic naturalism can account for these events. This model does not depend on a particular notion of God's relationship to time and is not inherently implausible from a scientific perspective. Although it can be interpreted deistically, the model also is consonant with a nondeistic theology that may be described as involving a pansacramental or incarnational naturalism.
JOHN POLKINGHORNE AND BERNARD LONERGAN ON THE SCIENTIFIC STATUS OF THEOLOGY
Authors: Hogan Edward M. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.On the basis of his acquaintance with theoretical elementary particle physics, and following the lead of Thomas Torrance, John Polkinghorne maintains that the data upon which a science is based, and the method by which it treats those data, must respect the idiosyncratic nature of the object with which the science is concerned. Polkinghorne calls this the “accommodation” (or “conformity”) of a discipline to its object. The question then arises: What should we expect religious experience and theological method to be like if they are accommodated to the idiosyncratic nature of God? Polkinghorne's methodological program is typical of postcritical positions in the theology‐science dialogue in holding that the fiduciary element in theological method is simply a species of the fiduciary element that is a de facto part of all knowing—in other words, theological method does not differ in fundamental kind from the methods of the natural sciences. But this program may contain the seeds of an alienation of theological method from the transcendence of God similar to the double self‐alienation of theology described by Michael Buckley in At the Origins of Modern Atheism. I contend that something like Bernard Lonergan's position on how the method of faith seeking understanding is related to the methods of the natural sciences is exactly the sort of thing that one should expect on the supposition of Polkinghorne's principle of accommodation, at least if the God who is the object of theological science is transcendent. The way in which the divine differs from all other objects ought to be disclosed or reflected in religious experience and theological method. Polkinghorne charts the course for an accommodated theology, but it seems to be Lonergan who is more intent on following it.
THE EXTENDED MIND
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.The extended mind is the thesis that some mental—typically cognitive—processes are partly composed of operations performed by cognizing organisms on the world around them. The operations in question are ones of manipulation, transformation, or exploitation of environmental structures. And the structures in question are ones that carry information pertinent to the success or efficacy of the cognitive process in question. This essay examines the thesis of the extended mind and evaluates the arguments for and against it.
CONSTRUCTING RELIGION WITHOUTTHE SOCIAL: DURKHEIM, LATOUR, AND EXTENDED COGNITION
Authors: Day Matthew 
Published: August 2009

Abstract.I take up the question of how models of extended cognition might redirect the academic study of religion. Entering into a conversation of sorts with Emile Durkheim and Bruno Latour regarding the “overtakenness” of social agency, I argue that a robust portrait of extended cognition must redirect our interest in explaining religion in two key ways. First, religious studies should take up the methodological principle of symmetry that informs contemporary histories of science and begin theorizing the efficacy of gods as social actors. Second, theorists of religion should begin noting how the work required to construct spaces in which the gods appear depends on the construction of disciplined and capable subjects.
Immunosuppression among HIV‐1‐positive patients attending for care: experience from two large HIV centres in the United Kingdom
Authors: Harte D , Dosekun O , Sethi G , Chadborn T , De Ruiter A , Copas A , Edwards SG , Miller RF 
Published: August 2009

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to describe the prevalence of and examine the factors associated with immunosuppression (CD4<200 cells/μL) among HIV‐infected patients attending two large inner London treatment centres.MethodsPatients attending for care who had a CD4 count <200 cells/μL during a 6‐month period (1 January to 30 June 2007) were identified from the UK national CD4 surveillance database. Corresponding case notes were reviewed and factors associated with the most recent immunosuppressive episode examined. Patients either previously had a CD4 count >200 cells/μL at any time under follow‐up which had decreased (group A) or never had a CD4 count >200 cells/μL (group B; late presenters).ResultsOf 4589 patients, 10.2% (467) had at least one CD4 count <200 cells/μL. In group A (60.1% of patients), 70.4% were not receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) at the time at which the CD4 count fell to <200 cells/μL. Reasons included: treatment interruption (TI; 32.6%), patient declined ART (20.2%), infrequent attendance (19.1%), physician delay in offer (23.1%) and transient CD4 cell count decrease (3.9%). Among those receiving ART, one in three had poor adherence. In group B, 92.3% had started ART after presentation: most had recently started and were responding virologically. AIDS‐defining diagnoses occurred in the year preceding the decrease in CD4 cell count in 12.6% of patients in group A and 33.3% of those in group B.ConclusionThe majority of patients became immunosuppressed while under care. Our findings suggest that, in addition to strategies aimed at earlier diagnosis, there are further opportunities to reduce severe immunosuppression in patients already attending for HIV care.
Tests of Association for Quantitative Traits in Nuclear Families Using Principal Components to Correct for Population Stratification
Authors: Zhang Lei , Li Jian , Pei Yu‐Fang , Liu Yongjun , Deng Hong‐Wen 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYTraditional transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) based methods for genetic association analyses are robust to population stratification at the cost of a substantial loss of power. We here describe a novel method for family‐based association studies that corrects for population stratification with the use of an extension of principal component analysis (PCA). Specifically, we adopt PCA on unrelated parents in each family. We then infer principal components for children from those for their parents through a TDT‐like strategy. Two test statistics within the variance‐components model are proposed for association tests. Simulation results show that the proposed tests have correct type I error rates regardless of population stratification, and have greatly improved power over two popular TDT‐based methods: QTDT and FBAT. The application to the Genetic Analysis Workshop 16 (GAW16) data sets attests to the feasibility of the proposed method.
A study of the egg shells of the Sphenisciformes
Authors: Tyler C. 
Published: August 2009

Studies on the egg shells of a selection of Sphenisciformes, similar to previous ones on ratites and the Anatidae, have been carried out. The true shells, after removing the membrane and cover, were analysed for insoluble and soluble nitrogen, and studies were also made using histological and plastic embedding techniques.The combined studies indicate that, in addition to the large crystals running through the shell, there is often a thin layer of fine vertically orientated crystals above these. Then resting on this layer is a thin organic cuticle and usually, above this, a cover which is chiefly organic matter but contains some inorganic material. This cover is very marked in shells of Aptenodytes sp. and is thicker at the poles than at the equatorial region. The histological picture of the true shell is very similar to that of the Anatidae.Most of the pore channels seem to be, at least partially, blocked with organic matter. Unlike the thickest Anatidae shells, there are few branched pores, although in the thicker shells the mouths of the channels have a shape like an arrow head.Plotting true shell thickness against parts per 10,000 of nitrogen in the true shell gives some separation of genera and to a lesser extent of species, but the results are not so clear cut as in the Anatidae.
An analysis of the jump of the Lesser Galago (Galago senegalensis)
Authors: Hall‐Crags E. C. B. 
Published: August 2009

Records of the jump of Galago senegalensis are subjective and incomplete. Observation of the jump confirms the findings of previous authors but its suddenness and speed preclude any detailed account of the important period during which the animal maintains contact with the ground. Using high‐speed cinematography an analysis has been made of movement during this period. This photographic analysis provides sufficient data for estimates to be made of the tensions that the muscle groups concerned are required to develop and the distances over which they need to shorten.Summary(1) An account is given of observations made of the jump of G. senegalensis in the field and in captivity.(2) A standing vertical jump of 7 feet 43/4 inches is recorded.(3) A photographic analysis of the earliest stages of the jump reveals (a) that the fore‐limbs take little part, (b) that effective use is made of the length of the synchronously acting hind limbs, and (c) that force is applied to the ground in the region of the tarsometatarsal joint.(4) A mechanical analysis provides estimates of the tensions expected to be developed by the quadriceps femoris and triceps surae muscle groups and shows that in the act of jumping the gastrocnemius requires to shorten only a small amount in order to produce a full excursion of the ankle joint.
The coelomocytes of the maldanid polychaetes Clymenella torquata and Euclymene oerstedi
Authors: Pilgrim Muriel 
Published: August 2009

The coelomocytes of the maldanid polychaetes Clymenella torquata (Leidy) and Euclymene oerstedi (Claparède) (=Caesicirrus neglectus Arwidsson, 1911) appear to be budded off from particular areas of the somatic peritoneum which overlie large blood capillaries in the thorax and trunk, and from more extensive areas of peritoneum at the posterior end of each tail segment. Both species have large numbers of phagocytic coelomocytes which are similar in structure and behaviour to those of some other polychaetes, and appear to have functions both of excretion and nutrition, and to play some part in regeneration. They have a tremendous capacity for ingestion which is shown particularly in late autumn, when they ingest and digest large numbers of disintegrating gametocytes, and after breeding, when they deal similarly with unshed gametes and debris. Clymenella has a second type of coelomocyte which is not phagocytic. This type may contain haemoglobin, but the evidence is not conclusive.
Species of Tilapia (Pisces, Cichlidae) in Lake Kitangiri, Tanzania, East Africa
Authors: Trewavas Ethelwynn , Fryer Geoffrey 
Published: August 2009

Seven of a sample of 11 specimens of Tilapia from Lake Kitangiri in the eastern Rift Valley of Tanzania are shown to belong to T. amphimelas Hilgendorf and T. esculenta Graham. The other four are intermediate in structure and are interpreted as the result of hybridization. From this it is deduced that at least one of the species must have reached the lake recently, probably through the agency of man.A table of comparison of proportions and meristic characters in the two species and the intermediates is given, and in a postscript this is used as a basis for identifying specimens from Lakes Singida and Eyasi, the former of which is known to have been stocked.SummarySeven of a sample of eleven specimens of Tilapia from Lake Kitangiri in the eastern Rift Valley of Tanzania (Tanganyika) are shown to belong to T. amphimelas Hilgendorf and T. esculenta Graham. The other four are intermediate in structure and are interpreted as the result of hybridization. From this it is deduced that at least one of the species must have reached the lake recently, probably through the agency of man.
Spontaneous arterial disease in exotic animals
Authors: Finlayson R. 
Published: August 2009

An account is given of the pathology and incidence of spontaneous arterial disease occurring in a series of about 2000 vertebrates, the majority of which died in captivity from natural causes. The personal observations are integrated with a fairly detailed review of the literature.Vascular lesions have been described in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Particular attention is given in this paper to the comparative pathology of degenerative arterial disease and, more especially, atherosclerosis. Minor degrees of lipid infiltration of the arterial wall are seen commonly in many avian and mammalian orders, but more advanced atheromatous plaques occur frequently only in some avian orders and man. Atheroma has been observed occasionally in sub‐human primates and ungulates.Focal degeneration and calcification of the arterial media constitute the major arterial lesion in ungulates and marsupials; parasitic arteritides are seen principally in carnivores, equines and, possibly, reptiles. Arterial thrombosis in animals is usually secondary to local physical injury or infection; occlusive atherothrombosis is extremely rare in all animals.A hypothesis is presented on the histogenesis of atherosclerosis as it occurs in animals. It is concluded that the condition is a multifactorial disease. The role of dietary and other factors which may play a part in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is discussed. Age is the only factor shown to be fairly directly related to atherosclerosis, but the almost complete absence of lesions in some comparatively old animals emphasizes that atheroma is not an inevitable accompaniment of senescence. The morphological pattern of arterial disease would appear to be similar in free‐living and captive animals; and though increasing age and the conditions of captivity may potentiate lesions, it would seem likely that the primary causes of arterial disease are operative in natural, quasi‐natural or captive environments.
The control of growth in Locusta migratoria
Authors: Clarke Kenneth U. 
Published: August 2009

Understanding of the control of growth in the locust (Locusta migratoria L.) is presented as a problem of the relationship between “nature” as represented by genetic information and “nurture” as represented by the locust's food and by the environmental temperature.Emphasis is placed on the role of proteins in the translation of the genetic code and on the formation of protein species from genes according to the model given by Jacob & Monod. In insects, neurosecretion may influence protein metabolism at the level of mRNA formation in the nucleus, and it is suggested that the mode of action is suppression of the negative feedback of the metabolite on to its specific gene locus. The release of neurosecretory material is related to food intake, information about which is relayed from stretch receptors in the pharynx, via the frontal ganglion and frontal connectives to the brain. Surgical interference with this pathway leads to a complete cessation of growth in the animal.Studies on the action of fluctuating temperatures on the growth of the locust also show hormonal involvement. Under certain temperature regimes the corpora cardiaca is empty of neurosecretory material but there is no evidence of failure of its formation. It is thus assumed that it is being secreted and utilized, yet growth is slow or nonexistent. It is suggested that under these conditions protein metabolism is maximally stimulated as different protein species are needed to meet different requirements imposed by the changing environmental temperature.A model has been constructed which suggests a common basic mechanism to these and other phenomena. The model is formalized by the application of simple Boolean algebra.
The structure and function of the stomach in bivalve molluscs
Authors: Reid R. G. B. 
Published: August 2009

The structure and function of the stomachs of nine bivalves are examined. These animals belong to the Gastrotetartika, Gastrotriteia, and Gastropempta, the three orders of the Polysyringia, a new sub‐class of the Bivalvia suggested by Purchon (1960a). It is found that in all three orders there are common ciliary tracts and grooves. For example, tracts are always found in association with the duct openings, and a distinction between the right duct tract and the posterior sorting area is drawn. Another tract which is a constant feature of these stomachs, but which has not been noted before, is the antero‐dorsal tract. A generalized polysyringian stomach is constructed. All the stomachs examined function similarly, there being set up in the lumina circulating currents of the gastric fluid. In general, large particles and masses of particles are recirculated until they are broken down, and small heavy particles are rejected by the sorting areas, of which three main types are described. Light particles in suspension in the stomach fluid are carried by the circulating current to the vicinity of the opening of the ducts of the digestive diverticula.The form of the primitive polysyringian stomach and the evolution of sorting areas are postulated. Possible steps in the evolution of the gastropemptan stomach through the gastrotetartikan form are suggested. The function of the appendix is that of a temporary store for large, heavy particles which escape the pallial sortingjnechanisms. It is noted that this organ occurs in all three orders of the Polysyringia.