bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conductance of Sodium Nitrate in Methanol –Water Mixtures at Different Temperatures
Authors: Bhattarai Ajaya , Sapkota Deepak , Subedi Netra P , Khanal Manoj , Niraula Tulsi P 
Published: July 2012

Precise measurements on the conductivity of Sodium nitrate in methanol-water mixed solvent media containing 0.10, 0.20, 0.30 and 0.40 volume fractions of methanol at 308.15, 318.15 and 323.15 K are reported. The concentrations were varied from (0.001 to 0.15) mol.L-1. The results showed a sharp increase in the conductivity with increasing electrolyte concentration. Also, the conductivity of electrolyte increases with increase in temperature whereas the conductivity of electrolyte decreases with increase in the amount of methanol.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6498 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 187-92
Evaluation of Waste Water Treatment Units Located at Different Parts of Nepal
Authors: Lamichhane Janardan , Upadhyaya Bimal B , Chalise Nishant , Makaju Sudeep 
Published: July 2012

Sewage including liquids from household waste to industry and commerce effluent along with storm water runoff carries various contaminants including soil particles, heavy metals, organic compounds, animals waste, oils and grease which are required to be treated before they are discharged directly to the water into waterways. Various waste water treatment plants established in different part of Nepal include small to large scale treatment of waste discharge. The evaluation of all those plants by scientific mean was carried out for the recommend of standard of treatment plant suitable to the country. Among the plants under study, removal efficiency of TSS, TDS and TS was found highest in KU reed bed systems with 97.5, 74.3 and 95.6% respectively. Similarly, removal efficiency of chemical compounds such as NH3, N2, NO3 2-, Cl-, PO3 2- and COD were found highest in KU and DH reed bed system ranging from 98 to 33.3 % whereas BOD was found highest, 93.1 and 82.1% in HIDWTP and BASP respectively. pH and conductivity measurement and comparison indicates the requirement of continuous use and maintenance of the plant. This could be one of the major ways to inform the government about the maintenance, sustainability and importance of ongoing operation of waste water treatment plants of Nepal in cost effective manner.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6500 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 201-210
Buffer Zone Resources and Community Conservation: A Case Study of Handi Khola Buffer Zone User Committee, Parsa Wildlife Reserve
Authors: Thapa Aruna , Bhuju Dinesh R 
Published: July 2012

The present study was carried out to understand ecology of forests and social strata in Handi Khola Buffer Zone User Committee of Parsa Wildlife Reserve in Central Nepal. Methods used were stratified random sampling of household economics with questionnaire survey for socio-economic information and quantitative and qualitative analysis for vegetation study. Seventy two households were studied in-depth through household surveys. Vegetation ecology and forest resources were studied in Rakshaniya, Dhaneshwor, Laamitar and Masine forests of the BZ, totaling 37 sample plots. The study recorded a total of 36 tree species from 19 families. Shorea robusta was the dominant tree species in the community forest with highest important percentage, standing volume, biomass and sustainable fuel wood yield. The study area was sufficient to fulfill the demand of the fuel wood and timber in a sustainable way but annual demand of fodder (9640.54 tons/year) outstripped the annual sustainable supply of fodder (409.41 total digestible nutrient in tons/year). Thus, community forest was insufficient to provide the resource equally to all seasons and its unequal distribution compelled the locals for illegal extraction of resource showing some pressure on the reserve. In addition, large-scale human interference (Cut Stump Density-39.56/ha and Live Tree Density-58.11/ha) in community forest questioned the endurance of buffering potential and biodiversity conservation.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6507 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 230-237
Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste by Briquetting Process: Evaluation of Physical and Combustion Properties of the Fuel
Authors: Shrestha Anita , Singh Ramesh M 
Published: July 2012

This study presents an experimental production of solid waste briquettes from municipal solid waste by screw extrusion technology and piston press technology. Combustible matters present in municipal solid wastes like paper, plastic and biomass (represented by rice husk) were processed using grinders and shredders and then densified. Two varieties of Refuse derived fuel were subjected to heat (around 300 0C) in Screw Extrusion machine while seven varieties of Selective fuel in the composition 0-70% lignite and 5-30% polyethylene by weight were densified at a constant pressure of 3.12 tons/cm2 at room temperature in piston press briquetting machine. Lime was added to one variety to capture emissions during fuel combustion. The production and analysis of the fuel briquettes were carried out according to Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS 8811, 8812) in the Biomass laboratory of NAST at Khumaltar. It was observed that addition of waste plastic improves fuel quality of low grade coal (lignite). High temperature and high pressure is required for briquetting the mixture of plastic and paper waste. The produced fuel briquettes might be suitable for use in industrial boilers and brick kilns but suitable control measures should be applied to capture harmful emissions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6508 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 238-241
Study on Antibacterial Activity of Common Spices
Authors: Maharjan Dinesh , Singh Anjana , Lekhak Binod , Basnyat Shaila , Gautam Lekhnath S 
Published: July 2012

Spices have been shown to possess medicinal value, in particular, antimicrobial activity. They are used as householdmedicines as well as preservatives of food materials. This study compares the sensitivity of some human pathogenicbacteria to various spice extracts viz. essential oils, acetone and methanol extracts by agar well diffusion method.Of the different spices tested clove, ajowan and cinnamon were found to possess relatively higher antimicrobialactivities. Essential oil of cinnamon showed broad spectrum of inhibition against all tested bacteria while essentialoil of ajowan and clove inhibited 90% and 70% bacteria respectively. Acetone and methanol extracts of cloveshowed better antibacterial activity among the spices. The MBC value ranged from 0.39 to 25mg/ml. The lowestMBC (minimal bactericidal concentration) value was given by essential oil of cinnamon against E.coli, S. aureusand S. Typhi. Gram positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive to spices than Gram negative bacteria. Spices might have a great potential to be used as antimicrobial agents.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6518 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 312-317
Growth of Copper Indium Telluride (Cuinte2) Thin Films Using Electrochemical Route for Photovoltaic Application
Authors: Adhikari Subash , Chaure NB 
Published: July 2012

Copper indium di-telluride (CuInTe2; CIT) was electrochemically deposited onto indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate using aqueous medium at various electrodeposition conditions like temperature, pH, stirring rate and concentration of the samples. The resulting thin films were characterized using UV-Visible-NIR spectrophotometer, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray to find out energy band gap, structural properties, surface morphology and the elemental composition in the film respectively. The resulting films showed a polycrystalline nature with band gap varying from 1.27 to 1.89 eV. The elemental composition of the as deposited and annealed sample showed that the films were mostly copper and tellurium rich. The crystallinity of the films improved after annealing for 5 minutes at 350°C but the secondary phase like CuxTe and InxTe could not be recombined completely.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6519 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 318-323
Effect of Fermentation Containers and Raw Materials on Chemical Composition and Sensory Quality of fermented cereals
Authors: Karki Dhan P , Kharel Ganga P 
Published: July 2012

Effect of fermentation containers (plastic, wooden and earthen), cereals (millet, rice, maize and wheat) and cereal combinations (millet, rice and wheat) on chemical and sensory quality of fermented cereals were studied. Fermentation was carried out for 15 days at 26±2 ºC using defined starter made from S. cerevisiae and R. oryzae in rice flour. Finger millet fermented in plastic container had higher alcohol content (15.81% v/m) and TSS (11.96 ºBx) than that of earthen container while moisture and fixed acid contents remained unaffected. Total esters (1.813 g/l alc), total aldehyde (0.850 g/l alc), total acidity (1.58% m/m) and volatile acidity (0.296% m/m) were higher in millet fermented in earthen container. Fermentation containers had no significant (p>0.05) effect on the taste and smell of millet jand but color was comparatively superior in plastic container. Total ester (31.1 mg % m/v), TSS (3.97 ºBx), pH (4.67), total acid (0.41% m/v)) and fixed acid (0.37% m/v) contents were significantly higher in wheat jand compared to millet, rice, and maize jands, whereas no noticeable difference in volatile acidity (0.02 – 0.048% m/v) and alcohol (5.53 – 6.20% v/v) contents were found among four jands. Sensory evaluation showed that taste and smell of rice jand were superior (liked very much) while that of maize was rated as dislike slightly by the panelists. Addition of rice significantly increased the TSS of fermented millet while total acidity, fixed acidity and alcohol contents were not affected by cereal combinations. Addition of wheat decreased the ester content (0.431 g/l alc) to that of control (100% millet) (0.863 g/L alc). Total aldehyde content was significantly increased by both rice and wheat addition with a maximum value of 1.545 g/l alc in 20% rice added fermented millet. Finger millet substituted with 20% of rice had the maximum fusel oil (9.370 g/l alc) while a minimum value of 5.297 g/l alc was found in 20% wheat substituted fermented millet. Cereal combination did not have significant effect on methanol content and the values were in the range of 2.346 – 3.858 g/L alc. Addition of rice significantly increased the reducing and total sugar contents while 20% wheat addition decreased both the reducing and total sugar contents in fermented millet. Sensory evaluation revealed that cereal combination did not affect the color preference of jands, whereas addition of wheat significantly impaired the taste and smell of jand.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6521 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 330-339
Study on Fish Ecology of the Seti Gandaki River Pokhara: II. Spatio-Temporal Variations in Fish Communities
Authors: Pokharel KK 
Published: July 2012

Present paper deals with the spatio-temporal variations in distribution and abundance of fishes along the 30 km stretch of the Seti Gandaki river and its two major tributaries, Mardi Khola and Vijaypur Khola, in Pokhara Valley, Western Nepal. A total of 30 species of fishes belonging to 5 orders, 9 families and 22 genera were recorded from five sites on the river and its tributaries. Cyprinoids were predominant among fishes (17 spp.), siluroids (5 spp.), balitorids and cobitids (4 spp.), channioids (2 spp.), belonoids (one sp.) and mastacembeloids (one sp.). Among cyprinoids, mostly cyprinines were dominant groups (7 spp.) followed by rasborines (7 spp.), garrines (2 spp.) and schizothoracines (one sp.). There was increasing trend of species richness at upstream site (17 spp.). to downstream site (20 spp.) showing a longitudinal pattern. The total fish abundance and family-wise abundance at all the sites observed major peak during the spring and fall during the winter season in both the years of study. The average total density of fishes during the spring peak was highest (51.07/ha) at the upper tributary site and lowest (24.69/ha) at the urban site. According to the distribution pattern and abundance, the population status of the gamefish, mahseer [Tor tor (Ham)] has been endangered (E); that of game fishes [Tor putitora (Ham.) and Chagunius chagunio (Ham.)] and Zebra-fish [Brachydanio rerio (Ham.)] to are vulnerable (V); that of loach [Lepidocephalus guntea (Ham.)], cat-fishes [Myersglanis blythii (Day) and Amblyceps mangois (Ham.)] are rare (R).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6523 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 350-357
Herpetofaunal Diversity in Nagarjun Forest
Authors: Pokhrel Ganesh K , Aryal Prakash C , Shah Karan B , Rijal Bishal , Suwal Madan K , Kharel Subash C , Paudel Evanath , Dhamala Man K 
Published: July 2012

The composition of amphibians and reptiles diversity in the Nagarjun forest of Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park was studied. Purposive transect and opportunistic survey methods were adopted to estimate species diversity. The species caught during survey were identified on the spot using field guide and released in-situ. Transects were distributed across six distinct micro-watersheds in the forest. In total, 134 individuals belonging to 11 species were observed. The spatial distribution patterns of the species were also mapped. The condition and potential threat of the habitat is also assessed during this study.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6524 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 358-365
Studies on physio-morphology, floral biology and fruit characteristics of mango
Authors: Majumder DAN , Hassan L , Rahim MA , Kabir MA 
Published: July 2012

Plant, inflorescences and fruit characteristics of 60 mango genotypes were studied during the period 2007 to 2008. There were distinct variations among the findings of the gemplasm on plant, leaf, inflorescence fruit characters and yield. Wide variations were observed in relation to the % flowering shoot, % perfect flower, % fruit set per panicle, number of harvested fruits per plant, individual fruit weight, % edible portion and % total soluble solid ranging from 24.00 to71.33%, 8.10 to19.17%, 9.07 to 29.27%, 21.33 to 60.33, 365.33 to 219.00g, 45.22 to 79.83% and 16.90 to 28.26%, respectively. The germplasm MI28 was top of the list in case of number of panicle, number of main branch per panicle, percent perfect flower and fruit harvest per plant. The maximum and minimum number of fruit set per panicle was noted in MI28 and MI92, respectively. The maximum percentage of fruit harvest per panicle was found in MI94 (5.46) but the germplasm MI28 gave the highest number of fruit per plant (60.33). Moreover, the germplasm MI09 had the highest percentage of edible portion (79.83). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10985 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 187199, 2011
Efficacy of Bion, Amistar and Tilt in controlling brown spot and narrow brown spot of rice cv. BR11 (Mukta)
Authors: Hossain I , Dey P , Hossain MZ 
Published: July 2012

Efficacy of Bion (benzothiodiazole), Amistar (azoxystrobin) and Tilt (propiconazole) was evaluated for controlling Brown spot and Narrow brown spot of rice cv. BR11 (Mukta). Bion, Amistar and Tilt @ 50 mg/L, 1 ml/L and 1 ml/L, respectively were sprayed at tillering and ear initiation stages that resulted in marked reduction of Brown spot and Narrow brown spot. Bion, Amistar and Tilt significantly increased number of grains/ear and number of healthy grains/ear by reducing number of diseased grains/ear. Bion, Amistar and Tilt resulted in 25.87, 32.17 and 26.76% higher grain yield, respectively over the untreated control when sprayed at tillering stage. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10986 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 201204, 2011
Effect of potato extract on in vitro seed germination and seedling growth of local Vanda roxburgii orchid
Authors: Islam MO , Akter M , Prodhan AKMA 
Published: July 2012

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of potato extract (PE) on seed germination and seedling growth of Vanda roxburgii in vitro, a local orchid. Potato extracts significantly enhanced seed germination and seedling growth. Among the concentrations, PE at 200 mlL-1 enhanced per cent germination from 17.2% (control) to 78.24% and was found to be the most suitable one for seed germination. It was also the best among treatments for production of viable protocorms as well as healthy seedlings from seeds. Growth of seedlings in respect of length of shoot, number of root per shoot and length of root per seedling was significantly enhanced in medium supplemented with 100 mlL-1 of PE. It may be concluded that PE at optimum concentration could be supplemented in medium for high percentage of seed germination and seedling growth of Vanda orchid. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.10988 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 211215, 2011
Economic study on production and marketing of shrimp and prawn seed in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam MS , Rahman MS , Haque MM , Sharmin S 
Published: July 2012

Shrimp farming and related activities contribute significantly to the national economy of Bangladesh. Successful shrimp culture depends mainly on the availability of healthy and quality shrimp seeds. The present study was designed to analyze the production and marketing system of shrimp seed in Bangladesh. A total sample of 80 stakeholders comprising each of 20 operators of bagda and golda hatcheries, and each of 20 shrimp seed traders and faria (bapari) were selected purposively. Data and information mainly on shrimp seed production and marketing were collected for 2009-2010 from Coxs Bazar and Jessore districts depending upon the concentration of hatcheries established for shrimp seed production. In most cases tabular method of analysis and flow diagram were used. The average sizes of bagda and golda hatcheries were 2.6 and 2.9 acres and the corresponding productions were 430 and 250 million PL per year in Coxs Bazar and Jessore districts respectively. Per hatchery per year total costs, gross returns and net returns were Tk 50.2 and 19.6 million; Tk 90 and 56.3 million; and Tk 39.6 and 36.7 million in Coxs Bazar, and Jessore districts respectively. Shrimp seed production is capital intensive and it is risky business. Although shrimp seed production cost is very high but the farm could earn higher profit by ensuring better culture and management. Marketing channel and distribution system of shrimp seed were identified in the present study. Shrimp seed passed from hatcheries to shrimp farmers followed by sequence of intermediaries. Hatcheries directly sell about 80% shrimp seed to aratdar and rest 20% to shrimp seed traders but in case of shifting shrimp seed by cargo plane almost all are sold to aratdar in sale centre. The aratdar is a commission agent who has a fixed establishment and helps the traders (beparies) to sell their products and usually charges a fixed commission of Tk 25-30 per 1000 PL sales revenue. However, less number of intermediaries was involved in shrimp seed marketing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11037 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 247256, 2011
Studies on the effect of brown rice and maize flour on the quality of bread
Authors: Islam MZ , Ud-Din M Shams , Haque MA 
Published: July 2012

Breads were prepared with various combinations of maize, brown rice and wheat flours in the basic formulation of bread. The baking properties and chemical composition of bread were evaluated and analysed, respectively. The bread volume decreased, where as bread weight and moisture content increased with the increasing level of maize and brown rice flour. The crumb and crust colour of breads were improved with addition of 8% maize and 8% brown rice flour in bread formulation. The protein content and other nutrients of breads were increased by addition of maize and brown rice flours. The effects of various levels of yeast, sugar, fat, improver and salt on the quality of breads prepared with maize and brown rice flour were evaluated. Bread quality in respects of bread volume and crumb texture were improved by using 2.5% yeast, 5% sugar, 5% fat and 0.6% improver. The analysis of bread containing added 8% maize and 8% brown rice flours showed protein 9.76%, fat 4.10%, ash 2.10%, crude fibre 5.16%, sugar 2.26% and total carbohydrates 46.91%. Bread having 8% maize and 8% brown rice flour had most acceptable flavour, texture, colour and overall acceptability when compared with other bread with maize and brown rice flour. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11044 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 297304, 2011
Effect of pituitary gland doses on artificial propagation of Guchibaim, Mastacembelus pancalus (Hamilton)
Authors: Rahman MM , Miah MI , Hasan KR , Farid SM 
Published: July 2012

Artificial propagation of Mastacembelus pancalus was conducted in order to determine the optimum dose of pituitary gland (PG) hormone at the hatchery of the Field Laboratory Complex, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. The present study consisted of two trials and each trial had four treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively) with three replications of each. In the experiment single dose and double dose had been used for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively to evaluate the efficiency on ovulation rate, fertilization rate, and hatching rate of M. pancalus eggs. The hatchlings were reared in aquarium up to 30 days and survival rate was determined. Treatment-3 (T3) of double dose (170mg PG kg-1 and 60mg PG kg-1 body weight of fish for female and male respectively) showed better results in terms of ovulation rate (90.03±2.56%), fertilization rate (90±0.81%), hatching rate (80±1.84%), and survival rate (40.00±3.19%) was recorded than other treatments of single and double dose. The water temperature was recorded 27 to 31°C. In the present study, treatment-3 (T3 in double dose) was the best findings in terms of ovulation rate, fertilization rate, and hatching rate which can be used in artificial propagation of M. pancalus for the development of hatchery production. May and June are the suitable months for artificial propagation of the said species. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11045 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 305310, 2011
Microbial quality of hilsa shad (Tenualosa ilisha) at different stages of processing
Authors: Shamsuzzaman MM , Mazumder SK , Siddique MA , Miah MNU 
Published: July 2012

An attempt was made from October 2008 to March 2009 in a fish processing industry of Bangladesh (the Sea Resource Limited, Sadarghat, Chittagong) to determine microbial quality of Tenualosa ilisha at different stages of processing. During this investigation Escherichia coli, fecal coliform, vibrio cholerae, Salmonella and total load of bacteria were identified from 5 stages of processing. Those stages were receiving, primary washing stage with 5PPM chlorine water, final washing stage with 10 PPM chlorine water, after blast freezing at -40 ± 20C and finally after one month storage at -18 ± 20,/sup>C. It was observed that 80.69 % of total bacterial load, 77.29% of total coliform and 58.33 % of fecal coliform were destroyed during different processing stages. There was no evidence of presence of Salmonella and Vibrio cholera at any stages of processing. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v9i2.11049 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 9(2): 339344, 2011