bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Inversion Point for Heavy Oil-Water Emulsion Systems
Authors: Ersoy G. , Yu M. , Sarica C. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
As the world's demand for oil increases, more heavy oil reservoirs are being discovered, drilled, and produced. However, heavy oil production brings new challenges. One of the challenges is the formation of emulsions. Emulsions can cause high pressure losses, resulting in transportation and pumping problems and separation. The inversion point, at which continuous and dispersed phases in an emulsion changes, needs to be studied to improve knowledge of heavy oil-water emulsions.
A new mathematical model was developed in this study using fundamental thermodynamics and conservation of mass laws to predict the inversion point of an emulsion system. Simulation results indicate that the properties of surfactant, emulsion droplet size, and standard chemical potentials of the liquid phases play a very important role in controlling the inversion point of an emulsion system. The model proposed in this paper can help predict inversion point of an emulsion system. Estimation of inversion point of emulsions helps improve the existing emulsion viscosity correlations and develop new models when necessary. The improved heavy oil-water emulsion viscosity models can be used in design and operation phases of heavy oil fields.
The Cliff Head Field Development—Flow Assurance and Production Chemistry Challenges in a Marginal Field Context
Authors: Daniel Simon , Roberts Jon 
Published: June 2009

Summary
The Cliff Head Field, offshore Western Australia, faced significant development challenges because of its location and reservoir fluid properties. The influence of these challenges is apparent in the development solution adopted from sandface to market. The modest reserve size required the application of a number of firsts, including coiled tubing (CT), deployed electric submersible pumps (ESPs) combined with intelligent completion technology, a novel water "spike" approach to waxy crude transportation, a distributed chemical injection system, a remote-controlled, normally unmanned production platform, produced water re-injection, and "hydrofrac" water-injection capacity.
This paper describes the flow assurance and production chemistry challenges facing the development, the resulting development solution, and the production history to date.
Latest Concepts of Plastic-Lined Water Injection Flowlines for Deepwater Field Developments
Authors: Beunier M. , Pionetti F. R. , Ardavanis K. , Gourdoux E. , Mauriès B. , Verdeil J. , Lachheb K. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
In deepwater, corrosion protection of flowlines is becoming a major issue as fluid (production or injection) aggressiveness, temperature, and pressure increase. Conventional corrosion allowance of carbon steel flowlines leads to excessive procurement costs, installation weight, and welding thickness, resulting in noneconomical solutions. Clad flowlines present excellent corrosion protection, but the implementation of this technology results in quite expensive solutions with additional NDT difficulties during installation.
An interesting alternative to achieve an acceptable corrosion protection in most conditions is the use of plastic liners. However, plastic lining has been mostly limited up to now to reel lay. Transposing this technology to J-lay results in a complex quad joint design, inducing more welding and NDT difficulties at every offshore joint. Therefore, the use of this attractive technology in J-lay implies the development of a specific field joint design.
SAIPEM has developed and patented an innovative and cost effective field-joint system (the Inconel Field Joint). This system maintains the corrosion barrier across girth weld locations along the flowline. This technology has minimal impact on the offshore laying rate because of performing standard steel to steel welds. It is associated with an integrated lining solution including all piping accessories by rotolining.
This paper presents the main characteristics of the IFJ system for a typical deepwater water injection application, and discusses the results of the extensive qualification program carried out over the last 2 years, including swage lining, machining, sleeve insertion, leak test, and welding tests.
Psychometric Comparisons of 4 Measures for Assessing Upper-Extremity Function in People With Stroke
Authors: Lin Jau-Hong , Hsu Miao-Ju , Sheu Ching-Fan , Wu Tzung-Shian , Lin Ruey-Tay , Chen Chia-Hsin , Hsieh Ching-Lin 
Published: June 2009

BackgroundFunctional limitation of the upper extremities is common in patients with stroke. An upper-extremity measure with sound psychometric properties is indispensable for clinical and research use.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to compare the psychometric properties of 4 clinical measures for assessing upper-extremity motor function in people with stroke: the upper-extremity subscale of the Fugl-Meyer Motor Test (UE-FM), the upper-extremity subscale of the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement, the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and the Wolf Motor Function Test.DesignThis was a prospective, longitudinal study.MethodsFifty-three people with stroke were evaluated with the 4 measures at 4 time points (14, 30, 90, and 180 days after stroke). Thirty-five participants completed all of the assessments. The ceiling and floor effects, validity (concurrent validity and predictive validity), and responsiveness of each measure were examined. Interrater reliability and test-retest reliability also were examined.ResultsAll measures, except for the UE-FM, had significant floor effects or ceiling effects at one or more time points. The Spearman ρ correlation coefficient for each pair of the 4 measures was ≥.81, indicating high concurrent validity. The predictive validity of the 4 measures was satisfactory (Spearman ρ, ≥.51). The responsiveness of the 4 measures at 14 to 180 days after stroke was moderate (.52 ≤ effect size ≤ .79). The 4 measures had good interrater reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC], ≥.92) and test-retest reliability (ICC, ≥.97). Only the minimal detectable changes of the UE-FM (8% of the highest possible score) and the ARAT (6%) were satisfactory.LimitationsThe sample size was too small to conduct data analysis according to type or severity of stroke. In addition, the timed component of the Wolf Motor Function Test was not used in this study.ConclusionsAll 4 measures showed sufficient validity, responsiveness, and reliability in participants with stroke. The UE-FM for assessing impairment and the ARAT for assessing disability had satisfactory minimal detectable changes, supporting their utility in clinical settings.
In-mold Melt Front Rate Control Using a Capacitive Transducer in Injection Molding
Authors: Zhou F. , Yao K. , Chen X. , Gao F. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
In the filling phase of injection molding process, melt-front rate plays a particularly important role in determining the part quality. Prior researches recommend a constant melt-front rate for this phase. A measurement device based on a capacitor principle has been developed. It has been shown that this sensor is effective to measure online and continuously melt-front position in mold cavity. Based on this sensor, this work develops and tests closed-loop control system of direct in-mold melt-front rate control. Several advanced control algorithms, Generalized Predictive Control (GPC), Iterative Learning Control (ILC), and Generalized 2D Model Predictive Iterative Learning Control (2D-GPILC), are designed, implemented, and tested with different mold inserts. The results show that 2D-GPILC, a combination scheme of feedback and iterative learning scheme, gives the best control results.
Preoperative antiepileptic drug administration and the incidence of postoperative seizures following bur hole–treated chronic subdural hematoma
Authors: Grobelny Bartosz T. , Ducruet Andrew F. , Zacharia Brad E. , Hickman Zachary L. , Andersen Kristen N. , Sussman Eric , Carpenter Austin , Connolly E. Sander 
Published: June 2009

Object
Despite the prevalence of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDHs) in the rapidly growing elderly population, several aspects of disease management remain unclear. In particular, there is still conflicting evidence regarding the efficacy of antiepileptic drug (AED) prophylaxis in patients with CSDH who undergo bur hole drainage. The authors endeavored to evaluate the efficacy of AED prophylaxis in reducing the incidence of seizures and improving outcome in this patient population.

Methods
A single surgeon's clinical database (E.S.C.) was analyzed for cases involving bur hole drainage for CSDH. Cases involving nonhemorrhagic subdural effusions as well as acute subdural hemorrhages evacuated by craniotomy were excluded from this study. Patient medical records were evaluated for relevant demographic data, medical history, imaging characteristics, clinical details of the treatment, hospital stay, and discharge summaries.

Results
The authors included 88 patients with bur hole–treated CSDH. Eleven patients (12.5%) suffered at least 1 seizure between hemorrhage onset and discharge from their treatment hospital admission. Seizures were more frequent in women than men (p = 0.030) and least frequent in patients with right-sided lesions (p = 0.030). In a multiple logistic regression model, preoperative initiation of AED prophylaxis was the only significant predictor of the lower incidence of postoperative seizures (OR 0.10, p = 0.013). However, preoperative initiation of AED prophylaxis did not significantly affect outcome at discharge.

Conclusions
The finding in this study demonstrates that preoperative AED prophylaxis likely reduces the incidence of postoperative seizures in patients with CSDH treated with bur hole drainage. A future prospective randomized study is necessary to evaluate the effect of seizure reduction on clinical outcome.
Is reflex sympathetic dystrophy/complex regional pain syndrome type I a small‐fiber neuropathy?
Authors: Oaklander Anne Louise , Fields Howard L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNeurologist S. Weir Mitchell first described “causalgia” following wartime nerve injury, with its persistent distal limb burning pain, swelling, and abnormal skin color, temperature, and sweating. Similar post‐traumatic symptoms were later identified in patients without overt nerve injuries after trauma. This was labeled reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD; now complex regional pain syndrome type I [CRPS‐I]). The pathophysiology of symptoms is unknown and treatment options are limited. We propose that persistent RSD/CRPS‐I is a post‐traumatic neuralgia associated with distal degeneration of small‐diameter peripheral axons. Small‐fiber lesions are easily missed on examination and are undetected by standard electrophysiological testing. Most CRPS features—spreading pain and skin hypersensitivity, vasomotor instability, osteopenia, edema, and abnormal sweating—are explicable by small‐fiber dysfunction. Small fibers sense pain and temperature but also regulate tissue function through neuroeffector actions. Indeed, small‐fiber–predominant polyneuropathies cause CRPS‐like abnormalities, and pathological studies of nerves from chronic CRPS‐I patients confirm small‐fiber–predominant pathology. Small distal nerve injuries in rodents reproduce many CRPS features, further supporting this hypothesis. CRPS symptoms likely reflect combined effects of axonal degeneration and plasticity, inappropriate firing and neurosecretion by residual axons, and denervation supersensitivity. The resulting tissue edema, hypoxia, and secondary central nervous system changes can exacerbate symptoms and perpetuate pathology. Restoring the interest of neurologists in RSD/CRPS should improve patient care and broaden our knowledge of small‐fiber functions. Ann Neurol 2009;65:629–638
Enantioselective Artificial Metalloenzymes Based on a Bovine Pancreatic Polypeptide Scaffold
Authors: Coquière David , Bos Jeffrey , Beld Joris , Roelfes Gerard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractKunstvolles Design: Enantioselektive künstliche Metalloenzyme wurden erzeugt, indem eine zur Koordination von Kupfer(II)‐Ionen befähigte Aminosäure als neues aktives Zentrum in bovines pankreatisches Polypeptid (bPP) eingeführt wurde. Der Hybridkatalysator liefert gute Enantioselektivitäten in Diels‐Alder‐ und Michael‐Reaktionen in Wasser (siehe Schema) und zeigt eine sehr hohe Substratselektivität.magnified image
Innentitelbild: Adsorption, Diffusion, and Self‐Assembly of an Engineered Gold‐Binding Peptide on Au(111) Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy (Angew. Chem. 28/2009)
Authors: So Christopher R. , Tamerler Candan , Sarikaya Mehmet 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDynamische morphologische Evolution eines künstlichen Peptids auf Au(111) führt zur Bildung einer konfluenten Monoschicht nach getrennten Adsorptions‐, Diffusions‐ und Aggregationsschritten. M. Sarikaya et al. beschreiben in der Zuschrift auf S. 5276 ff. das Verhalten des Peptids auf der Goldoberfläche mithilfe bekannter Theorien zum Wachstum von Submonoschichten, die für metallische und Halbleiter‐Heterostrukturen entwickelt wurden. Graphik: E. E. Oren.magnified image
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed CH Activation/CC Cross‐Coupling Reactions: Versatility and Practicality
Authors: Chen Xiao , Engle Keary M. , Wang Dong‐Hui , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPick your Pd partners: A number of catalytic systems have been developed for palladium‐catalyzed CH activation/CC bond formation. Recent studies concerning the palladium(II)‐catalyzed coupling of CH bonds with organometallic reagents through a PdII/Pd0catalytic cycle are discussed (see scheme), and the versatility and practicality of this new mode of catalysis are presented. Unaddressed questions and the potential for development in the field are also addressed.magnified imageIn the past decade, palladium‐catalyzed CH activation/CC bond‐forming reactions have emerged as promising new catalytic transformations; however, development in this field is still at an early stage compared to the state of the art in cross‐coupling reactions using aryl and alkyl halides. This Review begins with a brief introduction of four extensively investigated modes of catalysis for forming CC bonds from CH bonds: PdII/Pd0, PdII/PdIV, Pd0/PdII/PdIV, and Pd0/PdIIcatalysis. A more detailed discussion is then directed towards the recent development of palladium(II)‐catalyzed coupling of CH bonds with organometallic reagents through a PdII/Pd0catalytic cycle. Despite the progress made to date, improving the versatility and practicality of this new reaction remains a tremendous challenge.
Enantioselective Artificial Metalloenzymes Based on a Bovine Pancreatic Polypeptide Scaffold
Authors: Coquière David , Bos Jeffrey , Beld Joris , Roelfes Gerard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSite creation: Enantioselective artificial metalloenzymes have been created by grafting a new active site onto bovine pancreatic polypeptide through the introduction of an amino acid capable of coordinating a copper(II) ion. This hybrid catalyst gave good enantioselectivities in the Diels–Alder and Michael addition reactions in water (see scheme) and displayed a very high substrate selectivity.magnified image
Gene expression profiling during early response to injury and microbial challenges in the silkworm, Bombyx mori
Authors: Liu Fei , Ling Erjun , Wu Shan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTo identify Bombyx mori genes involved in the early response to injury and microbial challenge, we performed genome‐wide gene expression‐profiling experiments using oligonucleotide DNA microarrays. Of approximately 23,000 genes examined, 465 displayed changes in mRNA expression levels. Of these, 306 were induced and 159 were repressed in response to injury (injection with phosphate buffer saline) or challenges by Gram‐negative (Serratia marcescens), Gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), or fungus (Beauveria bassiana). Many of these differentially expressed genes can be assigned to specific functional groups of the innate immune response, including recognition, signaling, melanization and coagulation, and antimicrobial peptides. Seventeen percent of differentially expressed genes encode proteins with no obvious similarity to known functional domains. Of particular interest is a member of the juvenile hormone‐binding protein family, which was highly induced by both injury and microbial challenges. The possible role of juvenile hormone in innate immunity is discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The complexity of different types of attitudes in initial and continued ICT use
Authors: Zhang Ping , Sun Heshan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the information systems (IS) field, research interest in attitude has fluctuated over the past decades given the inconsistent and inconclusive findings on attitude's effects on behavioral intention (BI) to use information and communication technology (ICT). This study addresses the conceptual, operational, and temporal dynamics of attitude that may have caused the inconsistent and inconclusive results. A longitudinal study was conducted to validate our hypotheses. The results show that: (a) The attitude that significantly influences BI needs to be at a particular specificity with BI on two aspects, the same evaluation target and the same evaluation time, where the time specificity can supersede the target specificity; (b) the relationships among attitudes and intention remain the same if they are measured at the same time, regardless of use stages; (c) the two types of attitudes show different long‐lasting effects over time; (d) omitting important mediating factors in a research model may generate misleading messages; and (e) attitudes alone can explain a large amount of variances in BI. The results can help explain the reasons behind inconsistent findings in the literature, inspire additional research efforts, and suggest bringing attitudes back to information systems research due to their theoretical and practical importance.
Multi‐sensor plant imaging: Towards the development of a stress‐catalogue
Authors: Chaerle Laury , Lenk Sándor , Leinonen Ilkka , Jones Hamlyn G. , Van Der Straeten Dominique , Buschmann Claus 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAgricultural production is limited by a wide range of abiotic (e.g. drought, waterlogging) and biotic (pests, diseases and weeds) stresses. The impact of these stresses can be minimized by appropriate management actions such as irrigation or chemical pesticide application. However, further optimization requires the ability to diagnose and quantify the different stresses at an early stage. Particularly valuable information of plant stress responses is provided by plant imaging, i.e. non‐contact sensing with spatial resolving power: (i) thermal imaging, detecting changes in transpiration rate and (ii) fluorescence imaging monitoring alterations in photosynthesis and other physiological processes. These can be supplemented by conventional video imagery for study of growth. An efficient early warning system would need to discriminate between different stressors. Given the wide range of sensors, and the association of specific plant physiological responses with changes at particular wavelengths, this goal seems within reach. This is based on the organization of the individual sensor results in a matrix that identifies specific signatures for multiple stress types. In this report, we first review the diagnostic effectiveness of different individual imaging techniques and then extend this to the multi‐sensor stress‐identification approach.
Application of a PEG/salt aqueous two‐phase partition system for the recovery of monoclonal antibodies from unclarified transgenic tobacco extract
Authors: Platis Dimitris , Labrou Nikolaos E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAqueous two‐phase partition systems (ATPS) have been widely used for the separation of a large variety of biomolecules. In the present report, the application of a polyethylene glycol/phosphate (PEG/phosphate) ATPS for the separation of anti‐HIV monoclonal antibodies 2G12 (mAb 2G12) and 4E10 (mAb 4E10) from unclarified transgenic tobacco crude extract was investigated. Optimal conditions that favor opposite phase partitioning of plant debris/mAb as well as high recovery and purification were found to be 13.1% w/w (PEG 1500), 12.5% w/w (phosphate) at pH 5 with a phase ratio of 1.3 and 8.25% w/w unclarified tobacco extract load. Under these conditions, mAb 2G12 and mAb 4E10 were partitioned at the bottom phosphate phase with 85 and 84% yield and 2.4‐ and 2.1‐fold purification, respectively. The proposed ATPS was successfully integrated in an affinity‐based purification protocol, using Protein A, yielding antibodies of high purity and yield. In this study, ATPS was shown to be suitable for initial protein recovery and partial purification of mAb from unclarified transgenic tobacco crude extract.
Improved donor/acceptor BRET couples for monitoring β‐arrestin recruitment to G protein‐coupled receptors
Authors: Kamal Maud , Marquez Marcel , Vauthier Virginie , Leloire Audrey , Froguel Philippe , Jockers Ralf , Couturier Cyril 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe report highly sensitive bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays with optimized donor/acceptor couples. We combined the energy donors Renilla luciferase (Rluc) and the Rluc8 variant with the energy acceptors yellow fluorescent protein, the YPet variant and the Renilla green fluorescent protein (RGFP). Different donor/acceptor couples were tested in well‐established assays measuring ligand‐induced β‐arrestin (βARR) intramolecular rearrangements and recruitment to G protein‐coupled receptors. We show increased sensitivity with Rluc8/YPet and Rluc8/RGFP couples and measured previously undetectable BRET signals. These tools improve existing βARR assays and offer new options for the development of future BRET assays.
Industrial production of enzyme‐modified wool fibers for machine‐washable bed coverings
Authors: Lenting Herman B. M. , Broekman Henk , Guebitz Georg M. , Kokol Vanja , Shen Jinsong 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEnzyme technology is explored on wool fibers to prevent shrinkage and consolidation behavior during washing of woolen bed coverings using normal household machine conditions. Enzyme modification of wool fibers after two different pretreatments has been realized on industrial scale. Enlarged proteolytic enzyme by chemical modification was applied successfully to prevent substantial fiber strength loss. Felt‐ball analysis of the fibers as obtained from this industrial process showed substantial improvement in felting resistance. Further processing of these enzyme‐modified fibers and finally integration in bed covering quilts have been executed successfully on industrial production lines. The observed fiber losses during processing were in the range of 4.5–6% which is comparable with that of nonmodified fibers. The machine‐washability of these produced bed covering quilts was tested in a household washing machine using both wool and normal wash programs applied at different temperatures. It appeared that, contrary to the good washing results in terms of shrinkage and consolidation resistance using the wool program at moderate temperatures, this resistance is marginal when washed with the normal washing program with higher mechanical agitation level or with the wool program at elevated temperature. This result was different from that obtained with woolen fabrics and explained by the less‐structured organisation of fibers within a fleece.