bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural and behavioral correlates of abnormal encoding of money value in the sensorimotor striatum in cocaine addiction
Authors: Konova Anna B. , Moeller Scott J. , Tomasi Dardo , Parvaz Muhammad A. , Alia‐Klein Nelly , Volkow Nora D. , Goldstein Rita Z. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAbnormalities in frontostriatal systems are thought to be central to the pathophysiology of addiction, and may underlie the maladaptive processing of the highly generalizable reinforcer, money. Although abnormal frontostriatal structure and function have been observed in individuals addicted to cocaine, it is less clear how individual variability in brain structure is associated with brain function to influence behavior. Our objective was to examine frontostriatal structure and neural processing of money value in chronic cocaine users and closely matched healthy controls. A reward task that manipulated different levels of money was used to isolate neural activity associated with money value. Gray matter volume measures were used to assess frontostriatal structure. Our results indicated that cocaine users had an abnormal money value signal in the sensorimotor striatum (right putamen/globus pallidus) that was negatively associated with accuracy adjustments to money and was more pronounced in individuals with more severe use. In parallel, group differences were also observed in both the function and gray matter volume of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex; in the cocaine users, the former was directly associated with response to money in the striatum. These results provide strong evidence for abnormalities in the neural mechanisms of valuation in addiction and link these functional abnormalities with deficits in brain structure. In addition, as value signals represent acquired associations, their abnormal processing in the sensorimotor striatum, a region centrally implicated in habit formation, could signal disadvantageous associative learning in cocaine addiction.
Dependency‐Free Parallel Progressive Meshes
Authors: Derzapf E. , Guthe M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe constantly increasing complexity of polygonal models in interactive applications poses two major problems. First, the number of primitives that can be rendered at real‐time frame rates is currently limited to a few million. Secondly, less than 45 million triangles—with vertices and normal—can be stored per gigabyte. Although the rendering time can be reduced using level‐of‐detail (LOD) algorithms, representing a model at different complexity levels, these often even increase memory consumption. Out‐of‐core algorithms solve this problem by transferring the data currently required for rendering from external devices. Compression techniques are commonly used because of the limited bandwidth. The main problem of compression and decompression algorithms is the only coarse‐grained random access. A similar problem occurs in view‐dependent LOD techniques. Because of the interdependency of split operations, the adaption rate is reduced leading to visible popping artefacts during fast movements. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm for real‐time view‐dependent rendering of gigabyte‐sized models. It is based on a neighbourhood dependency‐free progressive mesh data structure. Using a per operation compression method, it is suitable for parallel random‐access decompression and out‐of‐core memory management without storing decompressed data.
A TRUTHMAKING ACCOUNT OF REALISM AND ANTI‐REALISM
Authors: ASAY JAMIN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRealism and anti‐realism about a domain of thought are metaphysical theses that involve the natures of the truthmakers in that domain and the truthmaking relation that is operant in the domain. Truthmaker theory is not exclusive territory for realists: anti‐realist views are also best understood in terms of how they understand truthmakers and truthmaking. In particular, I explore the possibility of projectivist truthmaking, and show how it makes sense of quasi‐realism. In addition to critically examining some extant accounts of the relationship between realism and truthmaking, I offer an account that best captures the nature of the various realism debates.
Expanding Research Capacity at United States Universities: a Study of Academic Research and Development Investment from 1990–2005
Authors: Cantwell Brendan , Mathies Charles F. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGrowing emphasis has been placed on universities to contribute to the innovation process and as a result academic research and development expenditures have increased in recent years. Nevertheless, little is known about the specific ways in which universities have expanded their research capacity. This paper examines how universities in the United States (US) have expanded research capacity as research funding has increased. Specifically, it identifies what type of research infrastructure, including various categories of human capital and research equipment, are most closely associated with increased academic research funding. Using data from 375 US universities spanning the period 1990–2005, through multiple regression analysis this study finds that ‘traditional’ and new ‘market’ based elements of research capacity are associated with increased research funding. The implications of this study extend beyond the US since many countries are both investing in expanding research capacity and transforming the way research is organised within universities.
Pharmacological characterization of the peripheral FAAH inhibitor URB937 in female rodents: interaction with the Abcg2 transporter in the blood‐placenta barrier
Authors: Moreno‐Sanz G , Sasso O , Guijarro A , Oluyemi O , Bertorelli R , Reggiani A , Piomelli D 
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEURB937 is a peripherally restricted inhibitor of the anandamide‐deactivating enzyme fatty‐acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Despite its limited access to the CNS, URB937 produces marked antinociceptive effects in rodents. URB937 is actively extruded from the CNS by the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) membrane transporter, Abcg2. Tissue Abcg2 levels are markedly different between males and females, and this transporter is known to limit the access of xenobiotics to the fetoplacental unit in gestating female rodents. In the present study, we investigated the tissue distribution and antinociceptive properties of URB937 in female mice and rats.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHWe studied the systemic disposition of URB937 in female mice and the antinociceptive effects of this compound in models of visceral (acetic acid‐induced writhing) and inflammatory nociception (carrageenan‐induced hyperalgesia) in female mice and rats. Furthermore, we evaluated the interaction of URB937 with the blood‐placenta barrier in gestating mice and rats.KEY RESULTSAbcg2 restricted the access of URB937 to the CNS of female mice and rats. Nevertheless, URB937 produced a high degree of antinociception in female mice and rats in models of visceral and inflammatory pain. Moreover, the compound displayed a restricted access to placental and fetal tissues in pregnant mice and rats.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSPeripheral FAAH blockade with URB937 reduces nociception in female mice and rats, as previously shown for males of the same species. In female mice and rats, Abcg2 limits the access of URB937, not only to the CNS, but also to the fetoplacental unit.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue‐8
Low Rate of Secondary Prevention ICDs in the General Population: Multiple‐Year Multiple‐Source Surveillance of Sudden Cardiac Death in the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study
Authors: HAVMOELLER RASMUS , REINIER KYNDARON , TEODORESCU CARMEN , UY‐EVANADO AUDREY , MARIANI RONALD , GUNSON KAREN , JUI JONATHAN , CHUGH SUMEET S. 
Published: July 2012

Sudden Cardiac Death. Introduction: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a large public health problem that warrants on‐going evaluation in the general population. While single‐year community‐based studies have been performed there is a lack of studies that have extended evaluation to multiple years in the same community.
Methods and Results: From the on‐going Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study, we analyzed prospectively identified SCD cases in Multnomah County, Ore, (population ≈700,000) from February 1, 2002 to January 31, 2005. Detailed information ascertained from multiple sources (first responders, clinical records, and medical examiner) was analyzed. A total of 1,175 SCD cases were identified (61% male) with a mean age of 65 ± 18 years for men versus 70 ± 20 for women (P < 0.001). The overall incidence rate for the period was 58/100,000 residents/year. One‐quarter (24.6%) was ≤55 years of age. The most common initial rhythm was ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (39% of cases, survival 27%) followed by asystole (36%, survival 0.7%) and pulseless electrical activity (23%, survival 6%). Among subjects that underwent resuscitation, the rate of survival to hospital discharge was 12% and overall survival to hospital discharge irrespective of resuscitation was 8%. Of the 68 survivors, 16 (24%) received a secondary prevention ICD.
Conclusion: We report annualized SCD incidence from a multiple‐year, multiple‐source community‐based study, with higher than expected rates of women and subjects age ≤55 years. The low implantation rate of secondary prevention ICDs is likely to be multifactorial, but there are potential implications for recalibration of the projected need for ICD implantation; larger and more detailed studies are warranted.
(J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 24, pp. 60‐65, January 2013)
Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance of Separately Ni‐Doped and Ni/Sr‐Codoped LaCoO3 Nanocomposites
Authors: Li Fu , Li Jing‐Feng 
Published: July 2012

A composite structure with two separately doped phases was introduced into Ni‐doped LaCoO3 ceramics to enhance its electrical conductivity while keeping low thermal conductivity. LaCo0.9Ni0.1O3−δ nanoparticles were dispersed in the sol solution of La0.9Sr0.1Co0.9Ni0.1O3−δ and separated from the solution by centrifugation, which were then calcined and consolidated using normal sintering in air. The electrical conductivity of the coated samples was obviously increased, although the Seebeck coefficient was slightly decreased by the above particle‐ coating method, resulting in a great improvement of power factor. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity are strongly dependent on the concentration of La0.9Sr0.1Co0.9Ni0.1O3−δ sol, which affects the coating content, but the thermal conductivity is less affected by its concentration especially at room temperature. The power factor was increased to 2.58 × 10−4 Wm−1 K−2 at room temperature, resulting in a twofold enhancement in a peak ZT value at 373 K for the coated sample as compared with that without coating.
Thermodynamics of Nanocrystalline Sn0.586Ti0.414O2 Rutile Solid Solution: Comparison with Nanocrystalline SnO2 and TiO2 and with Bulk Materials
Authors: Ma Yuanyuan , Navrotsky Alexandra 
Published: July 2012

Nanocrystalline
Sn

x

Ti

1−x

O

2 rutile solid solutions are important materials for a variety of gas sensors and catalysts. Although thermodynamic data are available for nanocrystalline
SnO

2 and
TiO

2 and for bulk (coarse‐grained)
Sn

x

Ti

1−x

O

2 solid solutions, there is a lack of experimental thermochemical data on the energetics of
Sn

x

Ti

1−x

O

2 nanoparticles. In this work,
Sn

0.586

Ti

0.414

O

2 rutile solid solution nanoparticles were synthesized. The surface energies of anhydrous and hydrated nanoparticles were measured by combining high‐temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry molten 2PbO·B2O3 at 800°C and water adsorption calorimetry. The surface energy of the anhydrous surface is 2.02 ± 0.03 J·m−2, and that of the hydrated surface is 1.68 ± 0.03 J·m−2. These values lie between the previously reported surface energies of rutile SnO2 and TiO2. The integral heat of water adsorption is −80 kJ·mol−1, with a chemisorbed maximum coverage of ~6 H2O·nm−2. These values are also between those for TiO2 and SnO2 (rutile) reported previously. The strongly positive (unfavorable) energetics of mixing in SnO2–TiO2 bulk solid solutions are predicted to change little at the nanoscale, and the extensive solid solution seen in the nanophase system prepared near room temperature reflects kinetic hindrance to exsolution of an initially homogeneous precipitate rather than thermodynamic stability.
History of non‐fatal cardiovascular disease in a cohort of Dutch and British patients with haemophilia
Authors: Fransen van de Putte Dietje E. , Fischer Kathelijn , Makris Michael , Tait R. Campbell , Chowdary Pratima , Collins Peter W. , Meijer Karina , Roosendaal Goris , Schutgens Roger E. G. , Mauser‐Bunschoten Eveline P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveCardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality is reported to be lower in haemophilia patients than in the general population, but information on the occurrence of non‐fatal CVD is lacking. The aim of our study was to assess CVD history in a cohort of living haemophilia patients.MethodsRetrospective data on the occurrence of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, ischaemic stroke and intracranial bleeding in 709 living Dutch and British haemophilia patients aged 30 yr or older were analysed and compared with the general age‐matched male population.ResultsThere was a trend towards a lower cumulative incidence of myocardial infarction (1.7% vs. 4.0%) and ischaemic stroke (0% vs. 1.5%) in patients with severe haemophilia than in the general population, while the occurrence of angina pectoris was similar (3.2 vs. 3.7%). As expected, the cumulative incidence of intracranial bleeding was, on the other hand, significantly increased in haemophilia patients (1.6% vs. 0.4% in the general population).ConclusionOur results suggest a protective effect of severe haemophilia against acute ischaemic CVD.
The Cyrilian Solution: Cyril of Jerusalem and Saul Kripke on Naming
God
Authors: English Adam C. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Cyril of Jerusalem's proposed theology of the Trinity has been labeled
generic. That is, the term “God” identifies not so much a species of being
or an individual being, but a unique, sui generis
genus. Within the genus of God there are three species or ways of being God,
though not three discrete individual beings. The article will attempt to
defend and renew Cyril's theology by an appeal to the contemporary
philosopher, Saul Kripke, and his notion of rigid designators. One way to
contemporize and perhaps better understand Cyril's position is to interpret
the term “God” as a Kripkean natural kind rigid designator with the
properties of Fatherhood, Sonship, and Spiration.
Antinociceptive activity of carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol) in mice
Authors: Cavalcante Melo Francisca Helvira , Rios Emiliano Ricardo Vasconcelos , Rocha Nayrton Flávio Moura , Citó Maria do Carmo de Oliveira , Fernandes Mariana Lima , de Sousa Damião Pergentino , de Vasconcelos Silvânia Maria Mendes , de Sousa Francisca Cléa Florenço 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Objectives
Carvacrol (5-isopropyl-2-methylphenol) is a monoterpenic phenol which is present in the essential oil of oregano and thyme. We have investigated the behavioural effects of carvacrol in animal models of pain, such as acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, formalin and hot-plate tests in mice. The spontaneous motor activity of animals treated with carvacrol was investigated using open-field and rotarod tests.

Methods
Carvacrol was administered orally, at single doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg while indometacin (5 mg/kg), morphine (7.5 mg/kg) and diazepam (2 mg/kg) were used as standard drugs. Naloxone (1 mg/kg) and l-arginine (150 mg/kg) were used to elucidate the possible antinociceptive mechanism of carvacrol on acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction and formalin tests.

Key findings
The results showed that carvacrol produced significant inhibitions on nociception in the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction, formalin and hot-plate tests. In the open-field and rotarod tests carvacrol did not significantly impair the motor performance. The effect of the highest dose of carvacrol in mice in the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction and formalin tests were not reversed by naloxone or l-arginine.

Conclusions
Based on these results, it has been suggested that carvacrol presents antinociceptive activity that may not act through the opioid system nor through inhibition of the nitric oxide pathway.
Effects of St John's wort and its active constituents, hypericin and hyperforin, on isolated rat urinary bladder
Authors: Valeri Aurora , Capasso Raffaele , Valoti Massimo , Pessina Federica 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the effect of St John's wort (SJW) and its active constituents hypericin and hyperforin on detrusor smooth muscle contractility and their possible neuroprotective role against ischaemic-like conditions, which could arise during overactive bladder disease.

Methods
In whole bladders, intrinsic nerves underwent electrical field stimulation (EFS). The effect of drugs on the contractile response and its recovery in reperfusion phase (R) was monitored at different concentrations during 1 or 2 h of anoxia-glucopenia (A-G) and the first 30 min of R. The effects of the drugs were also investigated on rat detrusor muscle strips contracted with carbachol, KCl and electrically.

Key findings
SJW has spasmolytic activity, which increases with increasing concentration and it worsens the damage induced by A-G/R on rat urinary bladder. Hypericin and hyperforin had no effect during ischemic-like conditions but they both exert a dual modulation of rat detrusor strips contraction. At high micromolar concentrations they showed a relaxing effect, but at submicromolar range hypericin increased the plasma membrane depolarisation and hyperforin showed a stimulatory effect on the cholinergic system.

Conclusions
The results of our study showed that SJW and its constituents could modulate urinary bladder contractility and even worsen A-G/R injury.
Scale Localization of Cloud Particle Clustering Statistics
Authors: Larsen Michael L. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Recent work has examined the spatial distribution of droplets within a cloud. Experimentally, most studies analyze interevent times from static probes flown linearly through a cloud, allowing the spatial information to be conveyed through a time series of particle detections. Analysis of these data has shown unequivocally that most clouds have nontrivial spatial structure. There is still debate as to which of many different possible statistical descriptions is most appropriate for characterizing this spatial structure and for identifying spatiotemporal scales of physical significance from the data record. This paper seeks to clarify some pervasive misunderstandings and to outline more carefully the range of validity for several of these statistical tools. Simulations are used to explore the relative scale-localizing capabilities of various commonly used statistical tools.
Potential Predictability of the North Atlantic Heat Transport Based on an Oceanic State Estimate
Authors: Tiedje Bente , Köhl Armin , Baehr Johanna 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
This paper investigates the potential predictability of the meridional heat transport (MHT) in the North Atlantic on interannual time scales using hindcast ensembles based on an oceanic data assimilation product. The work analyzes the prognostic potential predictability (PPP), using the ocean synthesis of the German partner of the consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (GECCO) as initial conditions and as boundary conditions. The PPP of the MHT varies with latitude: local maxima are apparent within the subpolar and the subtropical gyres, and a minimum is apparent at the boundary between the gyres. This PPP minimum can also be seen in the PPP structure of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), although it is considerably less pronounced. The decomposition of the MHT shows that within the subpolar gyre, the gyre component of the MHT influences the PPP structure of the MHT. Within the subtropical gyre, the overturning component of the MHT characterizes the PPP structure of the MHT. At the boundary between the subpolar and the subtropical gyres, the dynamics of the Ekman heat transport limit the predictable lead times of the MHT. At most latitudes, variations in the velocity field control the PPP structure of the MHT. The PPP structure of the AMOC can also be classified into gyre and gyre-boundary regimes, but the predictable lead times within the gyres are only similar to those of the overturning component of the MHT. Overall, the analysis provides a reference point for the latitude dependence of the MHT’s PPP structure and relates it to the latitude dependence of the AMOC’s PPP structure.
Tissue-specific differential induction of duplicated fatty acid-binding protein genes by the peroxisome proliferator, clofibrate, in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Venkatachalam Ananda B , Lall Santosh P , Denovan-Wright Eileen M , Wright Jonathan M 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Background
Force, Lynch and Conery proposed the duplication-degeneration-complementation (DDC) model in which partitioning of ancestral functions (subfunctionalization) and acquisition of novel functions (neofunctionalization) were the two primary mechanisms for the retention of duplicated genes. The DDC model was tested by analyzing the transcriptional induction of the duplicated fatty acid-binding protein (fabp) genes by clofibrate in zebrafish. Clofibrate is a specific ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR); it activates PPAR which then binds to a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) to induce the transcriptional initiation of genes primarily involved in lipid homeostasis. Zebrafish was chosen as our model organism as it has many duplicated genes owing to a whole genome duplication (WGD) event that occurred ~230-400 million years ago in the teleost fish lineage. We assayed the steady-state levels of fabp mRNA and heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) transcripts in liver, intestine, muscle, brain and heart for four sets of duplicated fabp genes, fabp1a/fabp1b.1/fabp1b.2, fabp7a/fabp7b, fabp10a/fabp10b and fabp11a/fabp11b in zebrafish fed different concentrations of clofibrate.

Result
Electron microscopy showed an increase in the number of peroxisomes and mitochondria in liver and heart, respectively, in zebrafish fed clofibrate. Clofibrate also increased the steady-state level of acox1 mRNA and hnRNA transcripts in different tissues, a gene with a functional PPRE. These results demonstrate that zebrafish is responsive to clofibrate, unlike some other fishes. The levels of fabp mRNA and hnRNA transcripts for the four sets of duplicated fabp genes was determined by reverse transcription, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The level of hnRNA coded by a gene is an indirect estimate of the rate of transcriptional initiation of that gene. Clofibrate increased the steady-state level of fabp mRNAs and hnRNAs for both the duplicated copies of fabp1a/fabp1b.1, and fabp7a/fabp7b, but in different tissues. Clofibrate also increased the steady-state level of fabp10a and fabp11a mRNAs and hnRNAs in liver, but not for fabp10b and fabp11b.

Conclusion
Some duplicated fabp genes have, most likely, retained PPREs, but induction by clofibrate is over-ridden by an, as yet, unknown tissue-specific mechanism(s). Regardless of the tissue-specific mechanism(s), transcriptional control of duplicated zebrafish fabp genes by clofibrate has markedly diverged since the WGD event.