bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Relation of Aerobic Fitness and Physical Activity to Brain Structure and Function in Children
Authors: Chaddock Laura , Pontifex Matthew B. , Hillman Charles H. , Kramer Arthur F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA growing number of schools have increasingly de-emphasized the importance of providing physical activity opportunities during the school day, despite emerging research that illustrates the deleterious relationship between low levels of aerobic fitness and neurocognition in children. Accordingly, a brief review of studies that link fitness-related differences in brain structure and brain function to cognitive abilities is provided herein. Overall, the extant literature suggests that childhood aerobic fitness is associated with higher levels of cognition and differences in regional brain structure and function. Indeed, it has recently been found that aerobic fitness level even predicts cognition over time. Given the paucity of work in this area, several avenues for future investigations are also highlighted. (JINS, 2011, 17, 975–985)
Patterns of food acquisition in Brazilian households and associated factors: a population-based survey
Authors: Marchioni Dirce M , Claro Rafael M , Levy Renata B , Monteiro Carlos A 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo identify food acquisition patterns in Brazil and relate them to the sociodemographic characteristics of the household.DesignA cross-sectional national Household Budget Survey (HBS). Principal component factor analysis was used to derive food patterns (factors) on the basis of the acquisition of food classified into thirty-two food groups.SettingThe source of data originates from the 2002–2003 HBS carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics between June 2002 and July 2003 using a representative sample of all Brazilian households.SubjectA total of 48 470 households allocated into 443 strata of households that were geographically and socio-economically homogeneous as a study unit.ResultsWe identified two patterns of food acquisition. The first, named ‘dual’, was characterized by dairy, fruit, fruit juice, vegetables, processed meat, soft drinks, sweets, bread and margarine, and by inverse correlations with Brazilian staple foods. In contrast, the second pattern, named ‘traditional’, was characterized by rice, beans, manioc, flour, milk and sugar. The ‘dual’ pattern was associated with higher household educational level, income and the average age of adults on the strata, whereas the ‘traditional’ presented higher loadings in less-educated households and in the rural setting.ConclusionsDietary patterns described here suggest that policies and programmes to promote healthy eating need to consider that healthy and non-healthy foods may be integral in the same pattern.
Theorizing ‘Death’ The Meaning of Negation as a Hegelian Inheritance in Richard Wagner'sMusik als Idee
Authors: Siopsi Anastasia 
Published: April 2011

If the phenomenon of, or even ‘obsession’ with, the aestheticization of ‘death’ in nineteenth-century German culture was central to Schopenhauer's philosophy, its firm roots lay in Hegel's philosophy.Hegel is the first thinker to recognize the force of negation; for him negativity creates a positive action: it is brought into presence carried forward by the dialectical activity of the Spirit. It is within this context, as I shall argue in the present article, that Wagner's notion of ‘negativity’, or the ‘utopian celebration of nothingness and death’, appears in his work. Consequently, it is within this framework of thought that Wagner's music acts – or is intended to act – asMusik als Idee.
Introduction: Music and Cultures of Racial Representation in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Deaville James 
Published: April 2011

[When] the word race, as applied to man, is spoken of, the English mind wanders immediately to distant countries; to Negroes and Hottentots, Red Indians and savages. (1850)It is our hope that the musicologies might rise ... to the occasion and find their way in the emerging national and international conversation on race, for it is in music that the racial resonates most vividly, with greatest affect and power. (2000)
Of Refrains, Fairy-tales and Compositional Hesitation: Act II of Wagner'sSiegfriedRevisited
Authors: Hunt Graham 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAs is well known, Wagner began creating the cycleDer Ring des Nibelungenby writing a three-act dramatic poem entitledSiegfrieds Tod, the story of a mythical hero, Siegfried, and his downfall. ButSiegfrieds Todwas burdened by extended moments of static, explanatory narrative, and Wagner's dramaturgical instincts ultimately led him to write three works that would precede the tragedy of Siegfried's fall.Der junge Siegfried, ultimately retitledSiegfried, presents the rise of the hero,Die Walkürethe hero's origins, andDas Rheingoldserves as a one-act prologue to the Ring-trilogy. The character of Siegfried was, thus, the generative impulse behind Wagner's cycle and is central to its dramaturgy. The operaSiegfriedfocuses upon the upbringing and, more importantly, the coming of age of this pivotal character.
Truth in Art, and Erik Satie's Judgement
Authors: Dayan Peter 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIt is certainly true that Satie, in his later years, did not tire of repeating that there is ‘no Truth in Art’; and in saying so, he was doubtless very much in tune with the spirit of his artistic milieu, which included, after all, such aesthetic anarchists as Picabia and Tzara, as well as the great artistic revolutionaries of the time, Picasso and Stravinsky, for whom he had unbounded admiration. And every time he did so, he was careful to attribute the erroneous belief that there is a Truth in Art to that class of writers whom he variously called ‘critiques’, ‘pédagogues’, ‘Pontifes’, ‘pions’: people of the serious persuasion, who think it is possible to teach or describe what makes a piece of art good or bad. Attacks against this tribe are, in fact, the staple of Satie's writings. It might appear sensible to infer from this that it would be foolish for a critic to look for Truth in Erik Satie's writings about art. Nonetheless, that is what I shall be doing in this article. I shall argue that, while there may, for Satie, be no truth in art, there are truths about art, susceptible of at least indirect expression, which Satie himself maintained with remarkable adroitness. Whether those truths are peculiar to the aesthetics of Satie's writings; whether they are relevant to the way we might appreciate his music; and whether they have echoes in the thought of his artistic companions (especially those mentioned above) – these are questions that will remain open; but I would like at least to suggest that they are worth asking.
Cobweb: a Java applet for network exploration and visualisation
Authors: von Eichborn Joachim , Bourne Philip E. , Preissner Robert 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Summary: Cobweb is a Java applet for real-time network visualization; its strength lies in enabling the interactive exploration of networks. Therefore, it allows new nodes to be interactively added to a network by querying a database on a server. The network constantly rearranges to provide the most meaningful topological view.
Availability: Cobweb is available under the GPLv3 and may be freely downloaded at http://bioinformatics.charite.de/cobweb.
Contact: joachim.eichborn@charite.de
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Perioperative Stroke and Associated Mortality after Noncardiac, Nonneurologic Surgery
Authors: Mashour George A. , Shanks Amy M. , Kheterpal Sachin 
Published: April 2011

Background
Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and occurs in the perioperative period. The authors studied the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of perioperative stroke using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

Methods
Data on 523,059 noncardiac, nonneurologic patients in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database were analyzed for the current study. The incidence of perioperative stroke was identified. Logistic regression was applied to a derivation cohort of 350,031 patients to generate independent predictors of stroke and develop a risk model. The risk model was subsequently applied to a validation cohort of 173,028 patients. The role of perioperative stroke in 30-day mortality was also assessed.

Results
The incidence of perioperative stroke in both the derivation and validation cohorts was 0.1%. Multivariate analysis revealed the following independent predictors of stroke in the derivation cohort: age ≥ 62 yr, history of myocardial infarction within 6 months before surgery, acute renal failure, history of stroke, dialysis, hypertension, history of transient ischemic attack, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, current tobacco use, and body mass index 35-40 kg/m² (protective). These risk factors were confirmed in the validation cohort. Surgical procedure also influenced the incidence of stroke. Perioperative stroke was associated with an 8-fold increase in perioperative mortality within 30 days (95% CI, 4.6-12.6).

Conclusions
Noncardiac, nonneurologic surgery carries a risk of perioperative stroke, which is associated with higher mortality. The models developed in this study may be informative for clinicians and patients regarding risk and prevention of this complication.
Intronic T-DNA Insertion Renders Arabidopsisopr3a Conditional Jasmonic Acid-Producing Mutant
Authors: Chehab E. Wassim , Kim Se , Savchenko Tatyana , Kliebenstein Daniel , Dehesh Katayoon , Braam Janet 
Published: April 2011

AbstractJasmonic acid and its derived metabolites (JAs) orchestrate plant defense against insects and fungi. 12-Oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA), a JA precursor, has also been implicated in plant defense. We sought to define JAs and OPDA functions through comparative defense susceptibility characteristics of three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genotypes: aos, lacking JAs and OPDA; opda reductase3 (opr3), deficient in JA production but can accumulate OPDA; and transgenics that overexpress OPR3. opr3, like aos, is susceptible to cabbage loopers (Trichoplusia ni) but, relative to aos, opr3 has enhanced resistance to a necrotrophic fungus. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry reveals that opr3 produces OPDA but no detectable JAs following wounding and looper infestation; unexpectedly, substantial levels of JAs accumulate in opr3 upon fungal infection. Full-length OPR3 transcripts accumulate in fungal-infected opr3, potentially through splicing of the T-DNA containing intron. Fungal resistance correlates with levels of JAs not OPDA; therefore, opr3 resistance to some pests is likely due to JA accumulation, and signaling activities ascribed to OPDA should be reassessed because opr3 can produce JAs. Together these data (1) reinforce the primary role JAs play in plant defense against insects and necrotrophic fungi, (2) argue for a reassessment of signaling activities ascribed to OPDA, and (3) provide evidence that mutants with intron insertions can retain gene function.
Activation of coagulation in bullous pemphigoid and other eosinophil-related inflammatory skin diseases
Authors: Marzano A V , Tedeschi A , Berti E , Fanoni D , Crosti C , Cugno M 
Published: April 2011

SummaryBullous pemphigoid (BP) is a skin disease caused by autoantibodies to hemidesmosomal proteins BP180 and BP230, with eosinophils participating in blister formation. Tissue factor (TF), the initiator of coagulation, is embodied within the eosinophil granules and exposed upon activation. We evaluated the coagulation activation in patients with BP (63), chronic urticaria (CU; 20), atopic dermatitis (AD; 14), cutaneous drug reactions (CDRs; six), psoriasis (20), dermatitis herpetiformis (DH; four) and primary cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL; five), and in 40 healthy controls. Prothrombin fragment F1+2 and d-dimer (coagulation markers) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in all plasma samples and BP blister fluid. Skin TF expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in the patients and 20 controls. F1+2 and d-dimer levels were higher in BP plasma than in control plasma (P = 0·0001 for both), and dramatically high in blister fluid; both correlated positively with disease severity, esinophil counts and anti-BP180 antibodies (P = 0·006–0·0001). Plasma F1+2 and d-dimer levels were higher in the CU, AD and CDR patients than in controls (P = 0·0001 for all), but normal in the psoriasis, DH and CTCL patients. Skin TF was expressed in the BP (P = 0·0001), CU (P = 0·0001), AD (P = 0·001) and CDR patients (P = 0·01), but not in the psoriasis, DH or CTCL patients. Co-localization confocal microscopy studies confirmed eosinophils as the source of TF in 10 BP patients. The coagulation cascade is activated in BP and other eosinophil-mediated skin disorders, but not in non-eosinophil driven conditions. This hypercoagulability may contribute to inflammation, tissue damage and, possibly, thrombotic risk.
CD46 in innate and adaptive immunity: an update
Authors: Cardone J , Le Friec G , Kemper C 
Published: April 2011

SummaryCD46 was discovered in 1986 during a search for novel C3b-binding proteins. CD46 is expressed ubiquitously and functions as a co-factor in the factor I-mediated proteolytic cleavage of C3b and C4b. Its vital role in preventing complement deposition on host tissue is underpinned by the fact that deficiency of CD46 is a predisposing factor for numerous disease conditions arising from complement-mediated ‘self-attack’. However, in the last 10 years, it has become apparent that CD46 is also heavily involved in a new and somewhat surprising functional aspect of the complement system: the down-modulation of adaptive T helper type 1 (Th1) immune responses by regulating the production of interferon (IFN)-γversus interleukin (IL)-10 within these cells. Specifically, this latter function of CD46 is a tantalizing discovery – it may not only have delivered the explanation as to why so many pathogens use and abuse CD46 as cell entry receptor but clearly has important clinical implications for the better understanding of Th1-mediated disease states and novel therapeutic approaches for their amelioration. Here, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge about CD46 and its expanding roles in the immune system.
Intrageneric variation in antipredator responses of coral reef fishes affected by ocean acidification: implications for climate change projections on marine communities
Authors: FERRARI MAUD C. O. , DIXSON DANIELLE L. , MUNDAY PHILIP L. , McCORMICK MARK I. , MEEKAN MARK G. , SIH ANDREW , CHIVERS DOUGLAS P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOur planet is experiencing an increase in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) unprecedented in the past 800 000 years. About 30% of excess atmospheric CO2 is absorbed by the oceans, thus increasing the concentration of carbonic acid and reducing the ocean's pH. Species able to survive the physiological stress imposed by ocean acidification may still suffer strong indirect negative consequences. Comparing the tolerance of different species to dissolved CO2 is a necessary first step towards predicting the ecological impacts of rising CO2 levels on marine communities. While it is intuitive that not all aquatic species will be affected the same way by CO2, one could predict that closely related species, sharing similar life histories and ecology, may show similar tolerance levels to CO2. Our ability to create functional groups of species according to their CO2 tolerance may be crucial in our ability to predict community change in the future. Here, we tested the effects of CO2 exposure on the antipredator responses of four damselfish species (Pomacentrus chrysurus, Pomacentrus moluccensis, Pomacentrus amboinensis and Pomacentrus nagasakiensis). Although being sympatric and sharing the same ecology and life history, the four congeneric species showed striking and unexpected variation in CO2 tolerance, with CO2‐induced loss of response to predation risk ranging from 30% to 95%. Using P. chrysurus as a model species, we further tested if these behavioural differences translated into differential ability to survive predators under natural conditions. Our results indicate that P. chrysurus larvae raised under CO2 levels predicted by 2070 and 2100 showed decreased antipredator responses to risk, leading to a five‐ to sevenfold increase in predation‐related mortality in the first few hours of settlement. Examining ocean acidification, along with other environmental variables, will be a critical step in further evaluating ecological responses to predicted climatic change.
Postfire energy exchange in arctic tundra: the importance and climatic implications of burn severity
Authors: ROCHA ADRIAN V. , SHAVER GAIUS R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFires produce land cover changes that have consequences for surface energy balance and temperature. Three eddy covariance towers were setup along a burn severity gradient (i.e. Severely, Moderately, and Unburned tundra) to determine the effect of fire and burn severity on arctic tundra surface energy exchange and temperature for three growing seasons (2008–2010) following the 2007 Anaktuvuk River fire. The three sites were well matched before the fire, experienced similar weather, and had similar energy budget closure, indicating that the measured energy exchange differences between sites were largely attributable to burn severity. Increased burn severity resulted in decreased vegetation and moss cover, organic layer depth, and the rate of postfire vegetation recovery. Albedo and surface greenness steadily recovered with Moderately matching Unburned tundra by the third growing season. Decreased albedo increased net radiation and partly fueled increased latent and ground heat fluxes, soil temperatures, and thaw depth. Decreases in moss cover and the organic layer also influenced the ground thermal regime and increased latent heat fluxes. These changes either offset or decreased the surface warming effect from decreased albedo, resulting in a small surface warming in Severely and a small surface cooling in Moderately relative to Unburned tundra. These results indicate that fires have a significant impact on surface energy balance and highlight the importance of moss and permafrost thaw in regulating arctic surface energy exchange and temperature.
The effect of grazing management on plant species richness on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Cao J. , Holden N. M. , Lü X‐T. , Du G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn Maqu County, Gansu Province, China, there are two types of grazing management. Under multi‐household (MH) management, grassland is jointly managed by two or more households without fences between pastures. Under single‐household (SH) management, fenced‐off parcels of grassland are used. SH management was imposed in the belief that it would alleviate grassland degradation. Comparable land parcels with similar stocking rates subject to MH and SH management were identified and surveyed to determine the species present and species density (m−2). MH land had greater number values than SH but the differences were not significant. A further analysis indicated that the number of households using MH land influenced species richness. There was also evidence to suggest that the quality of the forage available deteriorated under SH management. It was concluded that MH grazing resulted in greater species richness than SH and is perhaps an important contributor to biodiversity conservation and grassland management for the region.
Short‐term soil quality response to forage species and pH
Authors: Karki U. , Goodman M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractForages are important throughout the south‐east USA for livestock production and wildlife habitat. However, little is known about how forage species commonly grown in this region influence soil‐quality indicators. The objectives of this research were to determine short‐term response of soil water‐stable aggregates (WSA) and density of fungal hyphae (DFH) to: (i) forage species or mixtures grown at identical soil pH levels and (ii) forage species or mixtures grown at field‐state versus adjusted soil pH levels. Nine warm‐season species (sole crop) and eleven cool‐season sole crop or legume–grass mixtures were grown under protected culture in southern coastal plain soil microcosms. Levels of WSA and DFH, and plant shoot and root biomass were evaluated after two 12‐week experimental growth periods in both field‐state and adjusted‐pH soil. Both warm‐ and cool‐season forage species significantly altered short‐term responses of WSA and DFH levels; these responses differed when the soil pH was adjusted from the field state with lime addition. The short‐term responses of both WSA and DFH to lime addition in coastal plain soil were negative only when certain forage species were grown, and no response was detected for the control. It appeared that differences in plant shoot and root developmental characteristics played a key role in soil WSA and DFH responses to the species studied. Further long‐term studies are needed to understand how these relationships are expressed in more variable environments over expanded time frames.
Sleep EEG alterations: effects of different pulse‐modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields
Authors: SCHMID MARC R. , LOUGHRAN SARAH P. , REGEL SABINE J. , MURBACH MANUEL , BRATIC GRUNAUER ALEKSANDRA , RUSTERHOLZ THOMAS , BERSAGLIERE ALESSIA , KUSTER NIELS , ACHERMANN PETER 
Published: April 2011

SummaryPrevious studies have observed increases in electroencephalographic power during sleep in the spindle frequency range (approximately 11–15 Hz) after exposure to mobile phone‐like radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF). Results also suggest that pulse modulation of the signal is crucial to induce these effects. Nevertheless, it remains unclear which specific elements of the field are responsible for the observed changes. We investigated whether pulse‐modulation frequency components in the range of sleep spindles may be involved in mediating these effects. Thirty young healthy men were exposed, at weekly intervals, to three different conditions for 30 min directly prior to an 8‐h sleep period. Exposure consisted of a 900‐MHz RF EMF, pulse modulated at 14 Hz or 217 Hz, and a sham control condition. Both active conditions had a peak spatial specific absorption rate of 2 W kg−1. During exposure subjects performed three different cognitive tasks (measuring attention, reaction speed and working memory), which were presented in a fixed order. Electroencephalographic power in the spindle frequency range was increased during non‐rapid eye movement sleep (2nd episode) following the 14‐Hz pulse‐modulated condition. A similar but non‐significant increase was also observed following the 217‐Hz pulse‐modulated condition. Importantly, this exposure‐induced effect showed considerable individual variability. Regarding cognitive performance, no clear exposure‐related effects were seen. Consistent with previous findings, our results provide further evidence that pulse‐modulated RF EMF alter brain physiology, although the time‐course of the effect remains variable across studies. Additionally, we demonstrated that modulation frequency components within a physiological range may be sufficient to induce these effects.