bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LINFER: inferring implications from the WALS database
Authors: Bakker Dik 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In linguistic typology, implications typically emerge as a result of in-depth study of a few related linguistic parameters. Another way to find implications is to infer them from a typological database with a large number of variables. In this contribution, I discuss the LINFER computer program that was developed precisely for this goal. I have applied the program to the database on which the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) is based, arguably one of the largest typological databases available. In this paper, I will report on some first findings. Further, I will show that around one in every 2000 value pairs from the WALS leads to an acceptable and potentially interesting implication. A simulation shows that this is 4 times as many as a purely random dataset of the same size would produce.
A refined sampling procedure for genealogical control
Authors: Bickel Balthasar 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Typological distributions are the combined result of universal structural principles, areal diffusion, and shared descent. The core concern of quantitative typology is to disentangle and to identify these various factors. While areal and structural factors can be tested against each other in standard multivariate designs based on sample stratification, genealogical factors cannot be handled by sample stratification since about one third of all proven families (the strata needed) are isolates, i.e. count only one member. In response, typologists have since long sought to control for genealogical relations during sampling rather than during statistical testing. But available methods suffer from a number of drawbacks. Most importantly, they are not sensitive to the fact that different typological variable have different degrees of stability (genealogical dependence) within families, and that this again varies from family to family. This article proposes a refined method for genealogical control during sampling, which is based on DRYER′s (1989) proposals but is sensitive to actual distributions within genealogical units at each taxonomic level.
Which parts of language are the most stable?
Authors: Parkvall Mikael 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This paper presents an algorithm intended to quantify the diachronic stability of linguistic characteristics. It is argued that a linguistic feature whose presence or absence is best predicted by language families is a stable feature. Conversely, a feature that correlates better with geographical areas than with families is one that is sensitive to diffusion. Contrasting the structural heterogeneity within families with that found within geographical areas, it is thus possible to make a statement regarding the varying diachronic stability of specific features. While the main aim of the paper is methodological exploration, and while the method certainly not devoid of problems, I propose that the current approach can be useful in studies of language contact and long-range historical comparison.
Grammaticalization as a creative process
Authors: Heine Bernd , Stolz Thomas 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
While language has been described in many previous linguistic theories as a static, self-contained system, it is viewed as a dynamic, open-ended phenomenon in recent studies on grammaticalization. In the present paper it is argued that both the genesis and the development of grammatical categories are the result of a general cognitive process that is creative in nature.
„Nur eingeschränkte Krisenbereitschaft”. Die staatliche Reaktion auf die Entführung des CDU-Politikers Peter Lorenz 1975
Authors: Dahlke Matthias 
Published: April 2010

Vorspann
Die Bundesrepublik Deutschland reagierte während der siebziger Jahre sehr unterschiedlich auf die Bedrohung durch den internationalen Terrorismus. Kam es 1972 zu einer blutigen Eskalation, so gelang es der Bundesregierung 1977, ihre Position zu behaupten. Darüber wird gern übersehen, dass der Staat 1975, bei der Entführung von Peter Lorenz, ganz anders handelte, indem er die Forderungen der Terroristen erfüllte. Wie kam es zu dieser Entscheidung? Erstmals wird hier aufgrund des nun zugänglichen Aktenmaterials das staatliche Handeln in dieser Krise systematisch rekonstruiert.
Die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft 1933 bis 1945. Politik und Selbstverständnis einer Großforschungseinrichtung
Authors: Hachtmann Rüdiger 
Published: April 2010

VorspannDie Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft musste im „Dritten Reich“ mitnichten um das Überleben kämpfen, sondern konnte im Gegenteil auf eine stupende Erfolgsgeschichte zurückblicken, als sie 1946/47 in Max-Planck-Gesellschaft umbenannt wurde. Der Berliner Historiker Rüdiger Hachtmann beleuchtet die Dimensionen des Erfolgs und analysiert die Etappen, die dazu führten. Besondere Bedeutung findet dabei die Kontaktpflege zur NS-Regierung, die von der Spitze der Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft und hier namentlich von Ernst Telschow betrieben wurde, der nach 1945 unangetastet blieb.
Vertriebene im doppelten Deutschland. Integrations- und Erinnerungspolitik in der DDR und in der Bundesrepublik
Authors: Schwartz Michael 
Published: April 2010

VorspannWährend die Bundesrepublik gegenüber den Heimatvertriebenen aus den deutschen Reichs- und Siedlungsgebieten im Osten nach 1949 lange eine Strategie der „Eingliederung auf Vorbehalt“ verfolgte, betrieb die DDR zur Lösung des sogenannten „Umsiedlerproblems“ eine Politik der Zwangsassimilation. Gründe und Hintergründe dieser gegensätzlichen sozialen und wirtschaftlichen Integrationspolitiken untersucht Michael Schwartz ebenso wie die damit eng zusammenhängenden konkurrierenden Erinnerungskulturen in Ost und West. Bei allen Unterschieden sieht Schwartz aber auch eine wichtige Parallele: Die in beiden Teilen Deutschlands lange verdrängten Erfahrungen der „Gewalt durch Vertreibung“ sowie der „Gewalt durch Integrationskonflikte nach der Vertreibung“. Diese Erfahrungen, so das Plädoyer von Schwartz, müßten behutsam in die kollektive Erinnerung der deutschen Nation und ihrer europäischen Nachbarn eingebettet werden.
First Record of a Polypodium sp. Parasitizing Eggs of Shovelnose Sturgeon from the Wabash River, Indiana
Authors: Sepúlveda Maria S. , Stefanavage Tom , Goforth Reuben 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This article reports the presence of an endocellular parasite, Polypodium sp., in the eggs of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus from the Wabash River, Indiana. The parasite was detected in 18% (2/11) of adult female sturgeon necropsied in April 2008. This constitutes the first record of this parasite in this host and in Indiana. The implications for the quality of the caviar remain unknown at this time.
Use of Asiatic Pennywort Centella asiatica Aqueous Extract as a Bath Treatment to Control Columnaris in Nile Tilapia
Authors: Rattanachaikunsopon P. , Phumkhachorn P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
To develop antibiotic-free and chemical-free aquaculture, it is necessary to have natural substances to control diseases of aquatic animals. The aim of this study was to find an herb having therapeutic effect against columnaris, a fish disease caused by the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare. Of all tested herbs (including kalmegh Andrographis paniculata, candle bush Cassia alata, Asiatic pennywort Centella asiatica, mangosteen Garcinia mangostana, pomegranate Punica granatum, and guava Psidium guajava), the aqueous extract of Asiatic pennywort exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity against F. columnare; the minimal inhibitory concentration was 31.25 μg/mL. It was also found to have a bactericidal effect on F. columnare. When experimental bath exposures of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus to F. columnare were performed, the median lethal dose was determined to be 2.37 × 105 colony forming units/mL. For in vivo trials, six different concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) of Asiatic pennywort aqueous extract were used as bath treatments to control experimentally induced columnaris in Nile tilapia. The decrease in fish mortality was dose dependent, and at a concentration of 100 mg/L no mortality or adverse effects were noted in the infected fish. This study suggests that Asiatic pennywort aqueous extract has the potential to control disease caused by F. columnare.
Genetic variation in plant morphology contributes to the species‐level structure of grassland communities
Authors: Whitlock Raj , Grime J. Phil , Burke Terry 
Published: April 2010

It is becoming apparent that genetic diversity can influence the species diversity and structure of ecological communities. Here, we investigated the intraspecific trait variation responsible for this relationship. We grew 10 genotypes of the sedge Carex caryophyllea, as monocultures, under standardized conditions and measured traits related to morphology, growth, and life history. The same genotypes had been prominent in determining the structure of multispecies experimental communities, equivalent in species diversity, in which the genetic diversity of the constituent plant species had been varied in parallel. The trait measurements revealed substantial phenotypic variation among Carex genotypes, related predominantly to differences in physical size and to the spatial deployment of above‐ and belowground tissue. Genotypes successful in experimental communities were larger in size and tended to adopt a “guerrilla” clonal growth strategy.In general, multivariate trait summaries of genotype size (and to a lesser extent, variation along a linear discriminant axis) predicted genotype and species abundance in experimental communities. However, one genotype exhibited a large disparity in this respect. The performance of this genotype lay closer to prediction when it was growing with a highly competitive grass genotype. The strength of the relationship between genotype size and performance within communities decreased with decreasing community genetic diversity. These results indicate that intraspecific trait measurements are useful for predicting and understanding community structure. They also imply that competitive interactions between the genotypes of different species play an increased role in determining phenotype in genetically impoverished communities.
Fractional recurrence in discrete-time quantum walk
Authors: Chandrashekar C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractQuantum recurrence theorem holds for quantum systems with discrete energy eigenvalues and fails to hold in general for systems with continuous energy. We show that during quantum walk process dominated by interference of amplitude corresponding to different paths fail to satisfy the complete quantum recurrence theorem. Due to the revival of the fractional wave packet, a fractional recurrence characterized using quantum Pólya number can be seen.
Jet spaces in modern Hamiltonian biomechanics
Authors: Ivancevic Tijana , Jovanovic Bojan , Stankovic Ratko , Markovic Sasa 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this paper we propose the time-dependent Hamiltonian form of human biomechanics, as a sequel to our previous work in time-dependent Lagrangian biomechanics [1]. This is the time-dependent generalization of an ‘ordinary’ autonomous human biomechanics, in which total mechanical + biochemical energy is not conserved. In our view, this time-dependent energetic approach is much more realistic than the autonomous one. Starting with the Covariant Force Law, we first develop autonomous Hamiltonian biomechanics. Then we extend it using a powerful geometrical machinery consisting of fibre bundles and jet manifolds associated to the biomechanical configuration manifold. We derive time-dependent, dissipative, Hamiltonian equations and the fitness evolution equation for the general time-dependent human biomechanical system.
Non-coding RNAs and a layered architecture of genetic networks
Authors: Zhdanov Vladimir 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn eukaryotic cells, protein-coding sequences constitute a relatively small part of the genome. The rest of the genome is transcribed to non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Such RNAs form the cornerstone of a regulatory network that operates in parallel with the protein network. Their biological functions are based primarily on the ability to pair with and deactivate target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). To clarify the likely role of ncRNAs in complex genetic networks, we present and comprehensively analyze a kinetic model of one of the key counterparts of the network architectures. Specifically, the genes transcribed to ncRNAs are considered to interplay with a hierarchical two-layer set of genes transcribed to mRNAs. The genes forming the bottom layer are regulated from the top and negatively self-regulated. If the former regulation is positive, the dependence of the RNA populations on the governing parameters is found to be often non-monotonous. Specifically, the model predicts bistability. If the regulation is negative, the dependence of the RNA populations on the governing parameters is monotonous. In particular, the population of the mRNAs, corresponding to the genes forming the bottom layer, is nearly constant.
Hyperhomocysteinemia’s effect on antioxidant capacity in rats
Authors: Filip Christian , Albu Elena , Zamosteanu Nina , Irina M. , Silion Mihaela , Jerca Luminita , Gheorghita Nastasia , Costel Mungiu 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia represents elevated homocysteine (Hcys) concentrations in blood above the normal range. In humans, the normal range of homocysteine is 5.0–15.9 mM/ml. High levels of homocysteine disturb the normal epithelial functions and correlate with cardiovascular diseases even at slightly increased concentrations. In homocysteine metabolism, vitamins play an important role. The mechanism through which homocysteine triggers these effects is not yet elucidated, but the involvement of reactive species may be the answer. It is not known whether the intra- or extracellular antioxidant system is more affected by elevated homocysteine levels. We studied the effects of hyperhomocysteinemia on the intra- and extracellular antioxidant defense systems in two different types of diet in rats. Type I was food with low folic acid and vitamin B12 content and type II was food with normal amounts of these two vitamins. Hyperhomocysteinemia was experimentally induced by oral administration of methionine 2 mg/kg body weight, single daily dose, for a 15-day period. Plasma concentrations of homocysteine were measured using an HPLC method. In the response of the intracellular antioxidant defense system against hyperhomocysteinemia, we determined the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in red blood cells, using RANDOX kits for manual use. For the extracellular response we determined the plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) also using a RANDOX kit for manual use. Our data show that methionine load induces hyperhomocysteinemia despite normal vitamin supply in rats. SOD activity rose with simultaneous decrease in GPx activity independently of diet; this might suggest that the intracellular defense system was disturbed by the rise in homocysteine level. TAS decrease suggests that the extracellular antioxidant defense was also affected. We assume that hyperhomocysteinemia is directly linked to reactive species generation and the intracellular space seems to be more affected than the extracellular one.
Practice Guidelines for Assessing Pain in Older Persons with Dementia Residing in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Hadjistavropoulos Thomas , Fitzgerald Theresa Dever , Marchildon Gregory P. 
Published: April 2010

Purpose: Frail patients with dementia most frequently present with musculoskeletal pain and mobility concerns; therefore, physiotherapy interventions for this population are likely to be of great benefit. However, physiotherapists who work with older adults with dementia confront a considerable challenge: the communication impairments that characterize dementia make it difficult to assess pain and determine its source. For an effective physiotherapy programme to be implemented, valid pain assessment is necessary. This paper is intended to provide practice guidelines for pain assessment among older persons with dementia. Summary of Key Points: Over the last several years, there has been tremendous research progress in this area. While more research is needed, several promising assessment methodologies are available. These methodologies most often involve the use of observational checklists to record specific pain behaviours. Recommendations: We encourage the ongoing and regular evidence-based pain assessment of older persons with dementia, using standardized procedures. Without regular and systematic assessment, pain problems will often go undetected in this population. Given the need for systematic pain assessment and intervention for long-term care populations with mobility concerns and muculoskeletal pain problems, we call for increased involvement of physical therapists in long-term care facilities.
Les entreprises françaises de 1991 à 2001. L'adaptation du système économique français au nouvel environnement international
Authors: Weinberg Serge 
Published: April 2010

La décennie 1991-2001 a constitué une période de profondes mutations pour les entreprises françaises et pour le capitalisme français. Sous la pression de trois mouvements simultanés – politiques de privatisation, mondialisation et avènement de l’euro –, les grandes entreprises nationales se sont peu à peu renforcées dans les années 90, ce qui a considérablement modifié le paysage économique et industriel français. Cela a également eu une influence sur les pratiques du capitalisme hexagonal : on est ainsi passé d’un système où l’État jouait un rôle clé à un système plus ouvert à l’économie de marché, adoptant, par là même, de nombreux modes de fonctionnement anglo-saxon en matière de gouvernement d’entreprise. Néanmoins, si la France veut faire face aux nouveaux défis de l’économie globale et de l’Internet, elle doit d’abord dépasser certaines contradictions liées à l’« exception française », sans pour autant renoncer à sa propre identité culturelle.
1991-2001 : permanences et changements
Authors: Musitelli Jean 
Published: April 2010

La fin de la guerre froide a profondément modifié la carte du monde et la hiérarchie des puissances. Elle n’a cependant pas engendré un nouvel ordre mondial de nature à fonder les relations entre nations sur des valeurs coopératives et pacifiques. Le monde s’est structuré selon un schéma unipolaire sanctionnant la prédominance des États-Unis, que les progrès de l’Union européenne n’ont pas suffi à compenser. Le fossé Nord-Sud est resté béant et s’est imposé comme le défi majeur pour l’équilibre planétaire. Face aux risques de privatisation du monde que porte en elle une mondialisation exclusivement économique, les efforts pour en maîtriser le cours et l’orienter dans un sens plus démocratique, plus équitable et plus respectueux de l’intérêt commun de l’humanité n’ont produit que des résultats limités.
Les grands débats théoriques de la décennie
Authors: Badie Bertrand 
Published: April 2010

La guerre froide s’est achevée sur des débats théoriques beaucoup plus tranchés que ceux qui avaient marqué ses débuts. En effet, c’est au cours de cette période historique que se sont développés les nouveaux paradigmes interprétatifs des relations internationales. Qu’ils s’agissent des transformations économiques et de l’essor des premières analyses interdépendantistes ; de la crise de l’État et de la remise en cause du paradigme réaliste, ou bien du mouvement de mondialisation et de l’émergence des thèses transnationalistes, la décennie écoulée a vu ces débats se prolonger et s’intensifier. Les évolutions récentes sont davantage le fait d’une adaptation liée à l’apparition de pratiques nouvelles sur la scène internationale, l’absence d’innovation scientifique en la matière dissimulant mal le désarroi intellectuel engendré par la fin de l’ordre bipolaire.
Dix ans de politique de développement économique : échec ou réussite ?
Authors: Hugon Philippe 
Published: April 2010

Après la « décennie perdue du développement » des années 80 pour l’Afrique et pour l’Amérique latine, peut-on parler d’une décennie de développement gagnée durant la décennie 90 ? Les divergences dans les trajectoires de développement sont-elles liées à des différences de politiques de développement, à des divergences d’insertion dans l’économie mondiale ou à des effets de seuil conduisant, à défaut d’investissements suffisants, à des pièges de pauvreté ? Cet article différencie l’impact de la mondialisation sur la libéralisation des économies en développement et la diversité des politiques et des trajectoires des économies émergentes ou en voie de marginalisation.
De Maastricht à Nice : la laborieuse ascension de l'Union européenne
Authors: Nivet Bastien 
Published: April 2010

L’Union économique et monétaire matérialisée par l’euro ainsi que la Politique étrangère et de sécurité commune constituent, au regard de ces dix dernières années, les avancées les plus significatives de la construction européenne. Au demeurant, l’Europe reste marquée par l’absence d’un projet commun politiquement cohérent, oscillant entre fédéralisme et souverainisme, dont le sommet de Nice de décembre 2000 fournit une dernière illustration. À ce titre, l’Union semble davantage s’analyser comme un instrument de promotion et de protection des intérêts propres aux États. Aussi, l’avenir européen, et notamment le projet d’une grande Europe – en raison de l’élargissement à 28 ou 30 États membres –, risque d’être source de nouvelles désillusions si une profonde remise en cause des habitus tant nationaux qu’européens n’est pas entreprise.
L'affaire de la prise d'otages de Jolo : un exemple de criminalisation du politique en Asie du Sud-Est
Authors: Bertrand Romain 
Published: April 2010

L’affaire de la prise d’otages de Jolo a mis au jour le système dans lequel s’inscrit la prolifération des « zones grises » en Asie. Champ d’investigation privilégié, le Sud-Est asiatique offre un terrain propice au développement d’une marginalité para-étatique. Dans un jeu complexe de miroirs et d’apparences, se dessinent des mouvements « hors-la-loi » en quête de visibilité. Et derrière une mystification politico-religieuse, seule la recherche des moyens nécessaires à leur survie semble inspirer l’action de ces groupements. Dès lors, pour s’attirer capitaux et légitimité, le discours transnational est opportunément brandi : c’est en tissant les liens d’une solidarité islamique transfrontalière, que le groupe Abu Sayyaf s’est affirmé. Jeu de dupes auquel chacun aime à se prendre, les États y trouvent aussi leur compte. Car c’est bien dans la porosité d’une structure étatique délétère que s’insinuent ces nouvelles formes d’illégalismes transnationaux.
La piraterie en Asie du Sud-Est
Authors: Cordonnier Isabelle 
Published: April 2010

En Asie du Sud-Est, la piraterie maritime constitue l’une des activités illicites transnationales les plus visibles. Pour enrayer son développement, acteurs privés, étatiques et organisations internationales s’efforcent de coopérer. L’entrée en vigueur, en décembre 1994, de la convention sur le droit de la mer de Montego Bay, illustre cependant les limites de cette coopération. En la matière, l’accumulation de règles et de structures ne suffit pas ; encore faut-il que les États aient les moyens et la volonté de participer. Et c’est ici que se révèle le caractère paradoxal de la situation, qui confie aux acteurs internationaux un rôle accru, alors que c’est en profitant d’un contexte géographique et géopolitique particulièrement trouble que la piraterie continue de se jouer des initiatives censées lui faire obstacle.