bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REDEFINITION OF MEGEREMAEUS (ACARI: MEGEREMAEIDAE) WITH DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES, AND NYMPHS OF M. MONTANUS HIGGINS AND WOOLLEY
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe oribatid mite genus Megeremaeus is redefined, with the addition of information on leg chaetotaxy and immature instars. Three new species are described, Megeremaeus hylaius from northeastern North America, and M. keewatin and M. kootenai from northwestern North America. Descriptions of the former two species are based on adults and immatures, the latter species on adults only. Nymphs of M. montanus Higgins and Woolley are described. A key is given for the six known species in the genus.
NEWLY DETECTED EXOTIC SPECIES OF XYLEBORUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) WITH A REVISED KEY TO SPECIES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Atkinson Thomas H. , Rabaglia Robert J. , Bright Donald E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo exotic species of Xyleborus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) of Asian origin have recently been detected in the United States. Xyleborus pelliculosus Eichhoff has been collected in Pennsylvania and Maryland, and X. atratus Eichhoff from Tennessee, Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. Descriptions of both species and a revised, illustrated key to members of the genus Xyleborus in eastern North America are presented. An explanation is proposed for the large numbers of recent introductions of exotic ambrosia beetles from eastern Asia into eastern North America.
PSALLUS SALICICOLA, A NEW SPECIES, WITH ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF RECENTLY DISCOVERED PALEARCTIC PSALLUS FIEBER FROM CANADA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE: PHYLINAE)
Authors: Schwartz Michael D. , Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPsallus salicicola sp.nov. is described from northern Canada. Dorsal habitus and male genitalia illustrations are included. Psallus aethiops Zetterstedt is considered to be the senior synonym of P. drakei Knight. Additional distributional records are given for P. aethiops and P. betuleti (Fallén) from Alaska and northern and maritime Canada, which indicate that these two species are genuinely Holarctic taxa.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF FUNGUS GNATS, BRADYSIA SPP. (DIPTERA: SCIARIDAE), AND WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS, FRANKLINIELLA OCCIDENTALS (PERGANDE) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE), IN GREENHOUSES USING A SOIL-DWELLING PREDATORY MITE, GEOLAELAPS SP. NR. ACULEIFER (CANESTRINI) (ACARI: LAELAPIDAE)
Authors: Gillespie David R. , Quiring Donald M.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA soil-dwelling predatory mite, Geolaelaps sp. nr. aculeifer (Canestrini), introduced inundatively at a rate of 6000 mites per plant to the sawdust substrate of hydroponically grown, greenhouse cucumbers significantly reduced numbers of fungus gnat, Bradysia spp., larvae and adults over a 10-week period. Inundative introductions of 1600 mites per plant reduced emergence of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), adults to about 30% of that in the controls over a 40-day trial. An inoculative introduction of 125 mites per plant to cucumber plants in selected rows in a commercial greenhouse reduced peak fungus gnat numbers to about 20% of those in untreated rows. These results suggest that a single inoculative introduction of Geolaelaps sp. nr. aculeifer, early in the crop cycle, would maintain control of fungus gnat populations in greenhouse cucumber crops at an acceptable level. This predator would also contribute to biological control of western flower thrips by reducing emergence of adults.
DEVELOPMENTAL TIMES AND FECUNDITY OF IXODES COOKEI PACKARD (ACARI: IXODIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS
Authors: Farkas Martha J. , Surgeoner Gordon A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIxodes cookei Packard required ca. 14 weeks to complete development under laboratory conditions, using groundhogs [Marmota monax (L.)] as the blood meal source and off-host conditions of 25–29°C and 93–100% relative humidity. All three post-embryonic instars engorged in ca. 6–8 days. Larvae and nymphs maintained at 25°C moulted to the next instar ca. 18–20 days after detachment. Moult occurred under conditions of either a 0L:24D or a 16L:8D photoperiod. Adult females increased in weight ca. 49-fold from the unfed to the engorged state, attaining a weight of 194.1 ± 15.0 (mean ± SE) mg and producing 1281.5 ± 139.1 (mean ± SE) eggs at 29°C. The pre-ovipositional and ovipositional periods were 4.7 ± 0.3 and 20.2 ± 1.7(mean ± SE) days, respectively, at 29°C. Fifty percent of eggs were deposited within the 1st week of the ovipositional period at 29°C. First egg hatch at 29°C occurred ca. 31 days after oviposition was started. Eggs maintained at 10°C did not hatch, and the thermal threshold for egg development was calculated to be 11.2°C.
METZNERIA PAUCIPUNCTELLA ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA: GELECHIIDAE), A MOTH INTRODUCED AGAINST SPOTTED KNAPWEED: ITS FEEDING STRATEGY AND IMPACT ON TWO INTRODUCED UROPHORA SPP. (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Story J.M. , Boggs K.W. , Good W.R. , Harris P. , Nowierski R.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMetzneria paucipunctella Zeller is a seed head moth introduced for biological control of spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lamarck, in the Pacific Northwest. A cage study was conducted in Montana in 1987 and 1988 to assess the feeding strategy of the M. paucipunctella larva and its impact on two seed head flies, Urophora spp., also introduced on spotted knapweed. Each moth larva destroyed an average of 8.13 knapweed seeds. Most of the seeds were destroyed prior to seed dispersal in early September but the remaining seeds were attacked in the spring of the following year. Each larva tied an average of 7.0 seeds with silk webbing which allowed for feeding long after normal seed dispersal. Seed survival in cages containing both the moth and the two fly species (4.71 seeds per head) was significantly less than in fly-only cages (9.75 seeds per head). The moth larvae caused extensive mortality to the two Urophora species, especially during the spring months. Moth-caused mortality to U. affinis larvae increased from 19% during June through October to 67% in May of the following year. Mortality to U. quadrifasciata also occurred but did not increase significantly in the spring. Data from 10 field sites showed very little association between M. paucipunctella and the two Urophora species which suggests that the unnatural conditions associated with the cages did not increase the incidence of joint moth and fly attack to individual seed heads. The moth is a valuable biocontrol agent as it is contributing significantly to the overall consumer pressure on spotted knapweed seed heads.
PARASITISM IN SUSTAINED AND COLLAPSING POPULATIONS OF THE JACK PINE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA PINUS PINUS FREE. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), IN ONTARIO, 1985–1987
Authors: Nealis V.G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSixteen species of parasitoids were found attacking outbreak and collapsing populations of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in several plots in northeastern and northwestern Ontario. The patterns of parasitism were similar among widely separated plots with only a few species consistently dominating the parasitoid fauna. The greatest difference in the pattern of parasitism was between sustained and collapsing infestations. Collapsing populations of jack pine bud-worm were associated with relatively high levels of parasitism by Meteorus trachynotus Vier. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Lypha setifacies (West.) (Diptera: Tachinidae) which attacked the late larval stages of the budworm. The results are discussed in comparison with other jack pine budworm studies and with spruce budworm population studies.
REVISION OFSPILOMICRUSWESTWOOD IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA, DIAPRIIDAE)
Authors: Masner Lubomir 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe species of the genusSpilomicrusin America north of Mexico are revised. A generic diagnosis ofSpilomicrus, key to genera of Nearctic Spilomicrini, and key toSpilomicrusspecies in America north of Mexico are given. Four species-groups are defined, viz.distinctus,exul,formosus, andstigmaticalis. Character states, variation, distribution, and relationships of each species are discussed. Twelve of 21 species are recognized as new:S.boweni,S.crassicornis,S.distinctus,S.exul,S.inornatus,S.palustris,S.pumilio,S.robustus,S.sanbornei,S.stepheni,S.superbus, andS.sylvicola. Nine previously known species are redescribed:S.antennatus(Jurine),S.atriclavusAshmead,S.bifoveatusKieffer,S.brevicornis(Ashmead),S.flavicornisAshmead,S.formosusJansson,S.ruficornis(Provancher),S.stigmaticalisWestwood, andS.virginicusFouts. The males ofS.brevicornisandS.virginicus, as well as the females ofS.flavicornisandS.ruficornis, are described for the first time. The following new synonymies are proposed:S.antennatus(=Basalys californicaAshmead),S.atriclavus(=S.foutsiMasner,S.kiefferiFouts), andS.stigmaticalis(=S.armatusAshmead).
COLEOPHORA DEAURATELLA LIENIG AND ZELLER (LEPIDOPTERA, COLEOPHORIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: AN INTRODUCED, NEWLY DETECTED EUROPEAN MOTH INJURIOUS TO RED CLOVER SEEDS
Authors: Landry Jean-François 
Published: November 2009

AbstractColeophora deauratella Lienig and Zeller is reported for the first time in North America. This casebearer species was introduced accidentally from Europe almost 30 years ago but remained unrecognized. It currently is known from eastern Canada and northeastern United States. Larvae feed on seeds of red clover, Trifolium pratense L. Diagnostic characters of the larval case and the adult, as well as features separating C. deauratella from two similar casebearer species, are presented.
TOXICITY OF PERMETHRIN, AZINPHOSMETHYL, AND METHOMYL TO PHOLETESOR ORNIGIS (WEED) AND PHOLETESOR PEDIAS NIXON (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), PARASITES OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (FABR.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Fisher P.A. , Laing J.E. , Pree D.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe toxicity of the insecticides permethrin, azinphosmethyl, and methomyl to adult Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) and P. pedias Nixon was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Older P. pedias (2 and 3 days old) were more susceptible than younger parasites (1 day old) to permethrin. Azinphosmethyl was slightly more toxic to female P. ornigis than to male P. ornigis or to P. pedias. There was no consistent difference in the response of adult P. ornigis compared with P. pedias exposed to permethrin or methomyl on treated paper disks. Methomyl was twice as toxic as either azinphosmethyl or permethrin. Male P. ornigis were less susceptible than female P. ornigis to permethrin, but the difference was significant in only one of four populations tested. Male P. ornigis were less susceptible than females to azinphosmethyl. In 1986, populations of P. ornigis which had been exposed previously to pyrethroid insecticides were less susceptible to permethrin than P. ornigis from orchards where pyrethroids had never been applied. The response of both Pholetesor spp. to permethrin varied significantly from 1986 to 1987.
A TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT MODEL OF EGG DEVELOPMENT OF THE WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM, DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Schaafsma A.W. , Whitfield G.H. , Ellis C.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDevelopmental rates of post-diapause eggs of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte were compared in the laboratory at six constant temperatures, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32°C. Linear and nonlinear models were fitted to temperature versus developmental data and were used to predict egg hatch in the field. A four-parameter model fitted to median developmental rates (r2 = 0.99) indicated that development was linear between 16 and 28°C, optimal at 28°C, and decreased at 32°C. The lower development threshold (± SE) (10.5 ± 0.1°C) was determined by linear regression and the x-intercept method. Completion of post-diapause egg development required 258 ± 3 degree-days (± SE) above the base temperature. This compared well with the mean degree-days accumulated to 50% hatch (± SE) of 265 ± 24 which we observed in the field at several locations over 3 years using a degree-day model incorporating an 11°C developmental threshold and soil temperatures at 5- and 10-cm depths. A stochastic simulation model, incorporating a nonlinear developmental function dependant on soil temperatures taken every 2 h also predicted 50% hatch within 2 days. This model was validated in the field with 19 independent records of soil temperatures for several locations at two depths in the soil over 3 years. The simulation model accurately predicted time of 5 and 95% hatch, which indicates that this model has broad application in predicting the pattern of egg hatch for pest management.
IDENTIFICATION OF SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS FOR TWO LEPIDOPTERAN DEFOLIATORS, THE OAK OLETHREUTID LEAFROLLER, PSEUDEXENTERA SPOLIANA (CLEMENS), AND THE ASPEN LEAFROLLER, PSEUDEXENTERA OREGONANA (WALSINGHAM)
Authors: Grant G.G. , Pendrel B. , Slessor K.N. , Meng X.Z. , Miller W.E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMoths of the genus Pseudexentera are early-season fliers that include three species of economic importance: P. spoliana (Clemens) on oak (Quercus), P. oregonana (Walsingham) on aspen (Populus), and P. mali Freeman on apple (Malus). GC and GC/MS analysis, EAG and behavioral bioassays, and field tests confirmed that Z10-16:Ac is an attractive sex pheromone component of female P. spoliana. Capillary GC analysis supported by GC/MS also indicated the presence of 16:Ac, Z10-16:OH, and 16:OH in pheromone extracts and there was tentative GC evidence for Z12-16:Ac. However, addition of these compounds to Z10-16:Ac in various blends did not enhance male attraction. The major sex pheromone component of female P. oregonana is Z8-14:Ac. There was also GC and GC/MS evidence for Z8-14:OH and tentative GC evidence for 14:Ac in the pheromone of this species. Their addition to Z8-14:Ac failed to increase moth catches in baited traps. Pseudexentera mali males were attracted by Z,Z-8,10-16:Ac, a previously reported sex pheromone of this species. Pheromone lures targeted for each species were not cross-attractive.
RESOURCE USE AND CLONAL DIFFERENCES IN ATTACK RATE BY THE DOUGLAS-FIR SEED CHALCID,MEGASTIGMUS SPERMOTROPHUSWACHTL (HYMENOPTERA: TORYMIDAE), IN FRANCE
Authors: Rappaport Nancy , Roques Alain 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe within-cone distribution ofMegastigmus spermotrophusWachtl (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), the Douglas-fir seed chalcid, infesting Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco] cones from north-central France was compared with that in samples from California. Results indicate that the mid-region of cones was more intensively utilized by seed chalcids in France than in California, whereas in the northwestern United States the mid-region is characteristically occupied by dipteran and lepidopteran species. This difference in distribution may explain the large discrepancy in infestation rates on the two continents. The potential impact of this finding on pest management strategies is discussed.Cones were measured and dissected or X-rayed to determine seed chalcid infestation levels. Analysis of covariance performed on data from cones that were collected in 1986 and dissected showed cone diameter at maturity to be a highly significant factor in attack rate, although slopes were different among clones. Between-tree variation was also significant, but clonal source was not. Cone diameter, clonal source, and between-tree variation constituted 87.1% of the variation in rate of attack by the seed chalcid. Although clone was not a significant factor in data from dissected cones, X-rayed cones showed significant differences in attack rates for some clones.
ENGRAVER BEETLES (SCOLYTIDAE: IPS SPECIES) AS VECTORS OF THE PITCH CANKER FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SUBGLUTINANS
Authors: Fox J.W. , Wood D.L. , Koehler C.S. , O’Keefe S.T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIps mexicanus (Hopkins) and I. paraconfusus Lanier can transmit a frugal pathogen that causes pitch canker [Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw, and Reink.) Nelson, Toussoun, andMarasas], a disease recently identified in Monterey pines (Pirns radiata D. Don) in California. In Santa Cruz County, F. subglutinans was recovered from Ips spp. that emerged from pitch canker-in fee ted P. radiata and were captured in multiple-funnel traps baited with racemic Ips spp. pheromones. Ips paraconfusus adults experimentally contaminated with propagules of the fungus transmitted it to seedlings and mature pines. Field transmission was demonstrated when cankers were produced following pheromone-induced beetle attacks on pines. Ips spp. inoculated F. subglutinans into pine slash, thus creating reservoirs of this fungus. Larvae, pupae, and young adults acquired the fungus when their parents introduced it into logs. Ips spp. progeny production and development were not significantly altered by the fungus. In proximity to other bark beetle-associated fungi, growth of F. subglutinans was reduced and patchy. A new association may be developing among native Ips spp. and F. subglutinans.
CHANGES IN FEEDING HABITS OF SELECTED NONTARGET AQUATIC INSECTS IN RESPONSE TO LIVE AND BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS VAR. ISRAELENSIS DE BARJAC-KILLED BLACK FLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Merritt Richard W. , Wipfli Mark S. , Wotton R.S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis de Barjac (B.t.i.) on the feeding habits of two black fly predators, Nigronia serricornis (Say) and Acroneuria lycorias (Newman), and a detritivore, Prostoia completa (Walker), were examined. We assessed whether B.t.i.-killed and hot water-killed black fly larvae were less or more desirable to these consumers than live larvae. Nigronia larvae showed no significant differences in predation on larvae within the three categories. Acroneuria nymphs consumed more live than dead prey. Experiments with the detritivore, Prostoia, showed that they preferred dead black fly larvae to live ones. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis treatment may have little direct effect on nontarget organisms, but these studies indicate that there still may be consequences for predators and detritivores when a viable population of larval black flies is transformed into dead organic matter.
LIFE HISTORY OF THE JACK PINE TIP BEETLE, CONOPHTHORUS BANKSIANAE McPHERSON (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): IMPLICATIONS FOR SPECIES STATUS
Authors: de Groot Peter , Borden John H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe jack pine tip beetle, Conophthorus banksianae McPherson (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), has been distinguished from its sibling species, C. resinosae Hopkins, partly because immature stages were present in the field longer and because it may be bivoltine. A life history study of the tip beetle revealed it is univoitine, overwintering as an adult. The developmental period of C. banksianae from eggs to adults is about the same as that for C. resinosae. As in C. resinosae, adult C. banksianae usually mate in the spring, but some mate the previous fall. Mating occurs on or in the host. Female-biased sex ratios are found consistently throughout the life cycle of C. banksianae and in overwintering adults of C. resinosae. In Ontario, oviposition galleries are initiated in the old shoots until mid-June, thereafter in new shoots. Peak oviposition is completed before new shoots have fully elongated. The very similar life history traits of C. banksianae and C. resinosae suggest the species are closely related, if not the same species as recently proposed.
LIFE CYCLE PATHWAYS AND THE ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX LIFE CYCLES IN INSECTS
Authors: Danks H.V. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe structure and temporal control of insect life cycles can best be understood by viewing them as pathways along which various options (e.g. develop or enter diapause; grow rapidly or grow slowly) are chosen in response to environmental controls such as photoperiod and temperature. Simple life cycles include small numbers of such options. The combination of several successive simple elements, however, can produce remarkably complex life cycle patterns, which are more prevalent than most entomologists have recognized. The ways in which these simple elements contribute to life cycle pathways are outlined and illustrated schematically. Flow charts showing the successive decision points in the life cycle then are constructed for selected species. This approach confirms the different simple elements, and shows how they are used in combination to control seasonal life cycles in nature.
SENSITIVITY OF BLUEBERRY LEAFTIER MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) (KEARFOTT) TO THEIR OWN SEX PHEROMONE: MATING BIOASSAY, ELECTROANTENNOGRAM, AND TRAP ATTRACTANCY STUDIES
Authors: Ponder B.M. , Seabrook W.D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA mating suppression bioassay, an electroantennogram study, and a lure attractancy study demonstrated the sensitivity of theCroesia curvalana(Kft.) moth to the female sex pheromone. Mating suppression of 98% was achieved with source concentrations of 30 μg of either (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (95:5) or the natural pheromone blend of (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (90:10) + (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (85:15) (aldehyde:acetate = 9:1), and was 60% with a source concentration of 0.6 μg. Source concentrations of the minor component acetate, ranging from 15 to 0.6 μg, produced mating suppressions of from 78 to 38%. Male antennae responded to source concentrations of 2 × 10−10mg (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenal (90:10) and antennal saturation occurred at 2 × 10−4mg. Little female response was found at any age. Polyvinyl chloride lures releasing 1–2 ng/h captured males at approximately the same rate as did virgin moths. Release rates as low as 8 ng/h reduced trap capture from the 4 ng/h release rate found to be most effective under prevailing environmental conditions using Pherocon 1C traps. Results from these studies suggestC.curvalanacould be a candidate for pheromone-based field mating suppression.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (HARRIS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO THE MICROSPORIDIUM NOSEMA FUMIFERANAE (THOMSON) (MICROSPORIDA: NOSEMATIDAE)
Authors: Cossentine J.E. , Gardiner M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPathogenicity of the microsporidium Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) in the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris), was evaluated in laboratory bio-assays. When consumed by first-, fourth-, or fifth-instar obliquebanded leafroller larvae, Nosema spores primarily infected the gut and Malpighian tubules. When 2000 spores per square millimetre diet surface were consumed by neonate, fourth-, or fifth-instar larvae, the N. fumiferanae caused 91, 24, and 5% mortality, respectively. Infection by N. fumiferanae had a delayed impact on the older larvae. Large numbers of spores were retained to the adult stage by obliquebanded leafrollers treated as fourth- or fifth-instar larvae.