bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of inbreeding depression on growth and fluctuating asymmetry in Turkish young males
Authors: Özener Bariş 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis study sought to examine the effects of inbreeding on physical development and fluctuating asymmetry (FA). A total 144 male high‐school students (mean age = 18.11 ± 0.52) whose parents are first cousins (F = 0.125) of low‐socioeconomic status and 146 male students (mean age = 18.08 ± 0.54) from the same school who do not have any consanguineous parents (F = 0) were observed in Ankara. In addition to the weight and height measurements of the individuals, eight bilateral traits (hand width, elbow width, wrist width, knee width, ankle width, foot width, ear length, and ear width) were measured. Whereas the inbred group has lower values in terms of weight and height, the difference in body mass index between the groups is not significant. Although the inbred group is more asymmetric in terms of the observed bilateral traits, the differences are below the significance level. However, the composite FA index shows that the inbred group is more asymmetric and the difference is significant (P < 0.05). Inbreeding depression has a negative effect on weight and height development, and a negative effect on developmental stability.Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brief communication: The London atlas of human tooth development and eruption
Authors: AlQahtani S.J. , Hector M.P. , Liversidge H.M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop a comprehensive evidence‐based atlas to estimate age using both tooth development and alveolar eruption for human individuals between 28 weeks in utero and 23 years. This was a cross‐sectional, retrospective study of archived material with the sample aged 2 years and older having a uniform age and sex distribution. Developing teeth from 72 prenatal and 104 postnatal skeletal remains of known age‐at‐death were examined from collections held at the Royal College of Surgeons of England and the Natural History Museum, London, UK (M 91, F 72, unknown sex 13). Data were also collected from dental radiographs of living individuals (M 264, F 264). Median stage for tooth development and eruption for all age categories was used to construct the atlas. Tooth development was determined according to Moorrees et al. (J Dent Res 42 (1963a) 490–502; Am J Phys Anthropol 21 (1963b) 205–213) and eruption was assessed relative to the alveolar bone level. Intraexaminer reproducibility calculated using Kappa on 150 teeth was 0.90 for 15 skeletal remains of age <2 years, and 0.81 from 605 teeth (50 radiographs). Age categories were monthly in the last trimester, 2 weeks perinatally, 3‐month intervals during the first year, and at every year thereafter. Results show that tooth formation is least variable in infancy and most variable after the age of 16 years for the development of the third molar. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional significance of genetic variation underlying limb bone diaphyseal structure
Authors: Wallace Ian J. , Middleton Kevin M. , Lublinsky Svetlana , Kelly Scott A. , Judex Stefan , Garland Theodore , Demes Brigitte 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLimb bone diaphyseal structure is frequently used to infer hominin activity levels from skeletal remains, an approach based on the well‐documented ability of bone to adjust to its loading environment during life. However, diaphyseal structure is also determined in part by genetic factors. This study investigates the possibility that genetic variation underlying diaphyseal structure is influenced by the activity levels of ancestral populations and might also have functional significance in an evolutionary context. We adopted an experimental evolution approach and tested for differences in femoral diaphyseal structure in 1‐week‐old mice from a line that had been artificially selected (45 generations) for high voluntary wheel running and non‐selected controls. As adults, selected mice are significantly more active on wheels and in home cages, and have thicker diaphyses. Structural differences at 1 week can be assumed to primarily reflect the effects of selective breeding rather than direct mechanical stimuli, given that the onset of locomotion in mice is shortly after Day 7. We hypothesized that if genetically determined diaphyseal structure reflects the activity patterns of members of a lineage, then selected animals will have relatively larger diaphyseal dimensions at 1 week compared to controls. The results provide strong support for this hypothesis and suggest that limb bone cross sections may not always only reflect the activity levels of particular fossil individuals, but also convey an evolutionary signal providing information about hominin activity in the past. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:21–30, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new species of Pseudoloris (Omomyidae, Primates) from the middle Eocene of Sant Jaume de Frontanyà (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain)
Authors: Minwer‐Barakat Raef , Marigó Judit , Moyà‐Solà Salvador 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this article we describe a new species of Pseudoloris (Omomyidae, Primates) from the Robiacian (middle Eocene) locality of Sant Jaume de Frontanyà (Eastern Pyrenees, Spain). Pseudoloris pyrenaicus is characterized by its medium size, thickened paracristid, absence of a distinct paraconid, and well‐developed buccal cingulid in the lower molars, large hypoconulid in the M3, paraconule and hypocone reduced in the M1 and M2 and absent in the M3. The material from Sant Jaume de Frontanyà constitutes the most abundant sample of the genus Pseudoloris found until now in the Iberian Peninsula. Almost all the dental elements have been recovered, including those teeth hardly known for other species of the genus, such as lower and upper incisors. The new species shows intermediate features between Pseudoloris isabenae from Capella and Pseudoloris parvulus, present in different Spanish and French sites. Therefore, we consider that Pseudoloris pyrenaicus is an intermediate form between these two species. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:92–99, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation electroactive film of (n‐pyrrolyl)1,1‐methane dihydroxamic acid and its derivative containing complexing cavities preformed by entwining ligands on metallic centers
Authors: Hosseini Seyyed Hossein 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe (N‐pyrrolyl)1,1‐methane dihydroxamic acid have been synthesized from its N‐substituted ester group derivative, then chemically polymerized in the presence of oxidants such as ammonium persulphate and Iron(III) perchlorate for hydroxamic acid and ester groups derivatives, respectively. This compound and its ester group derivative was successfully electropolymerized by a cyclic voltammetry method. New functionalized polypyrrole films containing transition metal complexes have been prepared and studied. The strategy is based on the three‐dimensional template effect of a metal center (CuII, NiII, CrIII, FeIII) able to entwine two and three end functionalized chelating ligand before or after polymerization. The used ligand consists of a methyl dihydroxamic acid bearing one pyrrole nuclei. The rigidity of the polymer matrix is sufficient to allow demetalation of the template center (by CN− or SCN−) without collapse of the three‐dimensional structure. Such property is related to the expected complex topology of the material prepared. The organic backbone certainly contains interlocking rings and various network substructures. The polymer matrix thus keeps a little memory of the templating metal used for building it. Fe(III) ion turned out to be the most convenient template during the polymer electrosynthesis and seemed to lead to the most structured network. The various complexes obtained using electrochemical synthesis method display electrochemical properties analogous to those of the corresponding catenate in solution. All complexes in low oxidation states are remarkably stabilized by the entwined and entangled system. The conductivity of these polymers and it metal complexes were measured using four‐probe method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis of novel poly 2‐vinylpyridine‐mixed metal complexes and studying their effect as antitumor chemotherapeutic agents, part 2
Authors: Mazrouaa A. M. , Badawi A. M. , Noaman E. , Youssif M. A. , Mansour N. A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe poly2‐vinylpyridine and cationic polymer‐mixed metal complexes (P2VPMC) have been prepared and characterized by analytical measurement such as: molecular weight, elemental analysis, IR‐spectroscopy, NMR‐spectroscopy, XRD, and UV. The degree of N‐alkylation of poly vinyl pyridine (P‐2VP) was 10% determined by chlorine content according to elemental microanalysis. Through ICP instrument the complexation between P‐2VPC and the mixed metal chlorides was proven. The structure of the samples was characterized using X‐ray diffraction. It was found that the complexes have amorphous properties. The antitumor activity of this compound was examined in vitro on cell lines. The results reflect pronounced cytotoxicity of P‐2VPMC against animal experimental EAC cells line, and human, HeLa, HCT116 and Hep‐G2, cell lines. Antitumor activity of the novel compound as applied on mice bearing Ehrlich solid carcinoma, revealed delays tumor growth compared with untreated animals and decreases tumor volume. The antitumor activity of the P2VPMC might be due to its ability to pass through the membrane and interact with, DNA causing cross‐linking action which might be the key factor for great antitumor activity of the P2VPMC compound. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of binary copolymers of methyl methacrylate with glycidyl methacrylate and 2‐hydroxy ethyl methacrylate as carriers for cellulase
Authors: El‐Ghaffar M. A. Abd , Atia K. S. , Hashem M. S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCellulase was immobilized directly on methyl methacrylate‐glycidyl methacrylate copolymer (MMA‐co‐GMA) and methyl methacrylate‐2‐hydroxy ethyl methacrylate copolymer (MMA‐co‐HEMA) by covalent attachment and crosslinking methods. The properties of the immobilized cellulase were investigated and compared with those of the free one. For the assays carried out through crosslinking method at 25°C and pH 7, the retained activities were found to be 91.92% and 74.63%, respectively, for MMA‐co‐GMA and MMA‐co‐HEMA crosslinked with 0.1% of 1‐cyclohexyl‐3‐(2‐morpholino‐ethyl) carbodiimide metho‐p‐toluenesulfonate (CMCT), respectively. The immobilized cellulase had better stability and higher retained activities with respect to pH, temperature, and storage stability than the free one. In the repeated use experiments, the immobilized cellulase using (MMA‐co‐GMA)‐CMCT (0.1%) and (MMA‐co‐HEMA)‐CMCT (0.1%) did not change after 10 and eight times of repeated use and maintained 67% and 62% from their original activities after 25 times, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
In situ crosslinking of hyperbranched polyglycerol in casting solutions and its effect on the structure and properties of porous PVDF membranes
Authors: Zhao Yong‐Hong , Xu You‐Yi , Zhu Bao‐Ku 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPorous membranes were prepared via phase inversion process from casting solutions composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride), hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG), and N,N‐dimethylacetamide. To seek a stable presence of HPG in the resulting membranes, it was crosslinked in the casting solutions using 4,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride as the crosslinking agent. The membranes were characterized in terms of morphology, surface and bulk chemical compositions, water contact angle, porosity, water flux, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption experiments. The effects of HPG content and crosslinking degree on the membrane structure and properties were investigated. The increasing of crosslinking degree resulted in a significant improvement in HPG stability in the membrane matrix, and a remarkable enrichment of the crosslinked HPG at the separation surface was observed when the membrane was shaken in water at a relatively high temperature (60°C). This enrichment led to a decrease in the value of water contact angle and an improvement in fouling‐resistance. To optimize the membrane performance, a small amount of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was used as an additive, and it was found that the addition of PVP led to a considerable increase in water flux. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Studies on the cure kinetics and networks properties of neat and polydimethylsioxane modified tetrafunctional epoxy resins
Authors: Hsieh Tar‐Hwa , Ho Tsung‐Han , Ho Ko‐Shan , Chen Ho‐Ruei , Li Po‐Hsing , Yang Shin‐Shiao , Ye Shi‐Hao , Chang Yu‐Chen 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe cure kinetics of tetrafunctional epoxy resins with three different backbone structures and their modification by polydimethylsioxane (PDMS) were studied by means of differential scanning calorimetry with dynamic approach. The development of epoxy networks was characterized by dynamic viscoelastic measurements. Results showed that all the epoxy resins obeyed the autocatalytic reaction mechanism with a reaction order of about 3. Epoxy resin with softer aliphatic backbone demonstrated a higher cure reactivity and stronger tendency towards autocatalysis, as well as lower crosslinking density. The PDMS‐modified epoxy resins showed higher early cure reactivity and a lower crosslinking density due to the plasticization and restriction effect of the dispersed PDMS phase, respectively. Based on cure kinetics and dynamic viscoelastic results, the αm was found to be an effective precursor for describing the developing of epoxy networks during the course of cure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Manganese stearate initiated photo‐oxidative and thermo‐oxidative degradation of LDPE, LLDPE and their blends
Authors: Roy Prasun Kumar , Singh Priyanka , Kumar Devendra , Rajagopal Chitra 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis study is an attempt to investigate the effect of a representative pro‐oxidant (manganese stearate) on the degradation behavior of 70 ± 5 μ thickness films of LDPE, LLDPE and their blends. Films were prepared by film blowing technique in the presence of varying quantities of manganese stearate (0.5–1% w/w) and subsequently subjected to accelerated degradative tests: xenon arc exposure and air‐oven exposure (at 70°C). The physico–chemical changes induced as a result of aging were followed by monitoring the mechanical properties (Tensile strength and Elongation at break), carbonyl index (CI), morphology (SEM), melt flow index (MFI), oxygen content (Elemental analysis), and DSC crystallinity. The results indicate that the degradative effect of pro‐oxidant is more pronounced in LDPE than LLDPE and blends, due to the presence of larger number of weak branches in the former. The degradation was also found to be proportional to the concentration of the pro‐oxidant. Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa iso‐conversion technique was used to determine the kinetic parameters of degradation, which were used to determine the effect of the pro‐oxidant on the theoretical lifetime of the polymer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Characteristics of cotton fabrics treated with epichlorohydrin and chitosan
Authors: Lee Shin‐Hee , Kim Min‐Ji , Park Heungsup 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCotton fabrics treated with a crosslinking agent, epicholorohydrin, in the presence of chitosan (CEC) provide many possible reactive sites for reactive dyes and antimicrobial properties of the grafted chitosan to the cellulose structure. This process was applied by means of the conventional mercerizing process. The chitosan finishing and durable press finishing of the cotton fabrics occurred simultaneously in the mercerization bath. ECH is expected to react with hydroxyl groups in cellulose and chitosan or with amino groups in chitosan to form alcohol crosslinking by the Belfast process. The fixed chitosan content in the CEC was calculated by the nitrogen percentage of an Elemental Analyzer. The color strength (K/S) of the reactive dyes of the treated cotton fabrics did not significantly change with an increase of chitosan; however, the degree of swelling of the treated cotton fabrics decreased with an increase of chitosan and ECH. These performances were retained through 20 washing and tumble drying cycles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Morphological and ecological responses to a conservation translocation of powan (Coregonus lavaretus) in Scotland
Authors: Etheridge E. C. , Bean C. W. , Maitland P. S. , Adams C. E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The establishment of refuge populations has become a common management tool for threatened fish species in recent years, yet the effects of translocation are not fully understood in a conservation context.
This paper examines the hypothesis that phenotypic changes have occurred during the formation of two refuge populations of the nationally rare powan (a freshwater fish species) which were established in Loch Sloy and Carron Valley Reservoir in Scotland.
Significant differences in head morphology, size and growth between the founder and refuge populations and between the two refuge populations were demonstrated. These changes are probably due to a combination of founder effects, intense selection and phenotypic plasticity. These changes can undermine the rationale behind the establishment of refuge populations.
The results call into question the usefulness of translocation as a conservation measure; however, there are times when this is the only viable management option available. The future of translocation and the validity of establishing refuge populations for powan conservation are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breaking T cell tolerance against self type II collagen in HLA–DR4–transgenic mice and development of autoimmune arthritis
Authors: Batsalova Tsvetelina , Dzhambazov Balik , Merky Patrick , Bäcklund Alexandra , Bäcklund Johan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo establish a new animal model in DRB1*0401 (DR4)–transgenic mice in which T cell tolerance to self type II collagen (CII) can be broken and allow for the development of autoimmune arthritis, to investigate the role of posttranslational modifications of the CII259–273 epitope in the induction and breaking of tolerance of DR4‐restricted T cells, and to characterize DR4‐restricted T cell recognition of the immunodominant CII259–273 epitope.MethodsDR4‐transgenic mice expressing either the entire human CII protein (HuCII) or only the immunodominant T cell epitope of heterologous CII (MMC) in joint cartilage were established on different genetic backgrounds, and susceptibility to collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) was tested.ResultsHuCII mice displayed stronger T cell tolerance to heterologous CII than did MMC mice. On the B10 background, arthritis developed only in MMC mice with a defective oxidative burst. However, MMC mice on the C3H background were susceptible to arthritis also with a functional oxidative burst. Significant recall responses in tolerized mice were detected only against the nonglycosylated CII259–273 epitope. Recognition of the CII259–273 epitope was heterogeneous, but the majority of T cells in DR4 mice specifically recognized the nonglycosylated side chain of lysine at position 264.ConclusionIt is possible to break tolerance to self CII and induce arthritis in DR4 mice. However, arthritis susceptibility is tightly controlled by the genetic background and by the source of the transgenic element for expressing the heterologous CII peptide as a self CII protein in the joint. In contrast to CIA in Aq‐expressing mice, the nonglycosylated CII259–273 epitope is clearly immunodominant in both tolerized and nontolerized DR4 mice.
Angiogenesis and the persistence of inflammation in a rat model of proliferative synovitis
Authors: Ashraf Sadaf , Mapp Paul I. , Walsh David A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether blood vessel growth at the onset of resolving synovitis leads to its subsequent persistence and whether inhibiting this angiogenesis at the onset of persistent inflammation leads to its subsequent resolution.MethodsInflammation and angiogenesis were induced by injection of 0.03% carrageenan and/or 6 pmoles of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF‐2) into rat knees. A brief treatment with the angiogenesis inhibitor PPI‐2458 (5 mg/kg orally on alternate days) was administered 1 day before and up to 3 days after synovitis induction. Controls comprised naive and vehicle‐treated rats. Synovial angiogenesis was measured using the endothelial cell proliferation index, and inflammation was determined by measuring joint swelling and macrophage percentage area. Data are presented as the geometric mean (95% confidence interval).ResultsIntraarticular injection of 0.03% carrageenan into rat knees produced acute synovitis, which was not associated with synovial angiogenesis and which resolved within 29 days. Injection of FGF‐2 (6 pmoles) induced synovial angiogenesis without significant synovitis. Stimulation of angiogenesis with FGF‐2 at the time of carrageenan injection was followed by synovitis that persisted for 29 days. Persistence of carrageenan/FGF‐2–induced synovitis was prevented by systemic administration of 3 doses of the angiogenesis inhibitor PPI‐2458 during the acute phase.ConclusionOur findings indicate that conversion of acute inflammation to chronic inflammation may be due to the stimulation of angiogenesis, and brief antiangiogenic treatment during the acute phase of synovitis may prevent its subsequent progression. Clinical studies will be needed to determine whether brief antiangiogenic treatment may reduce the burden of inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis by facilitating the resolution of early synovitis.
A functional model of the digital extensor mechanism: Demonstrating biomechanics with hair bands
Authors: Cloud Beth A. , Youdas James W. , Hellyer Nathan J. , Krause David A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe action of muscles about joints can be explained through analysis of their spatial relationship. A functional model of these relationships can be valuable in learning and understanding the muscular action about a joint. A model can be particularly helpful when examining complex actions across multiple joints such as in the digital extensor mechanism of the hand. A functional model using two hair bands representing the components of the digital extensor mechanism is described. Through superimposition of the model over one's digit, the combined actions of metacarpophalangeal joint flexion and interphalangeal joint extension are clearly demonstrated. The model provides a conceptual demonstration to enhance understanding of this unique combination of muscle actions about multiple joints. Anat Sci Educ, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.