bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence and predisposing factors for severe disease in previously healthy term infants experiencing their first episode of bronchiolitis
Authors: Papoff Paola , Moretti Corrado , Cangiano Giulia , Bonci Enea , Roggini Mario , Pierangeli Alessandra , Scagnolari Carolina , Antonelli Guido , Midulla Fabio 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  To determine the incidence and predisposing factors for severe bronchiolitis in previously healthy term infants <12 months of age experiencing their first episode of bronchiolitis.Methods:  Epidemiological, clinical and virological data were prospectively collected. Severity was assessed by the need for ventilatory support.Results:  Of the 310 infants enrolled, 16 (5.1%) presented with severe bronchiolitis requiring ventilatory support (11 since admission). Compared with infants with less severe bronchiolitis, infants with severe disease presented with lower birth weight, gestational age, postnatal weight and postnatal age, and were more likely to be born by cesarian section. C‐reactive protein positive results (>0.8 mg/dL) and pulmonary consolidation on chest X‐ray were more common among infants with severe disease. Severity was independently associated with younger age on admission <30 days, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection and lymphocyte counts <3200/μL. No significant differences were found between epidemiologic variables.Conclusions:  Severe bronchiolitis is uncommon in previously healthy term infants <12 months of age and when present develops soon after disease onset. Severity is predicted by young age and RSV carriage, whereas epidemiologic variables seem less likely to intervene.
Children with screening‐detected coeliac disease show increased levels of nitric oxide products in urine
Authors: Högberg L , Webb C , Fälth‐Magnusson K , Forslund T , Magnusson K‐E , Danielsson L , Ivarsson A , Sandström O , Sundqvist T 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  Increased concentration of nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, nitrite and nitrate, in the urine is a strong indication of ongoing small intestinal inflammation, which is a hallmark of the enteropathy of coeliac disease (CD). It has previously been shown that children with symptomatic, untreated CD have increased levels of NO oxidation products in their urine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether screening‐detected, asymptomatic coeliac children display the same urinary nitrite/nitrate pattern.Methods:  In a multicenter screening study, serum samples were collected from 7208 12‐year‐old children without previously diagnosed CD. Sera were analysed for anti‐human tissue transglutaminase (tTG) of isotype IgA. Small bowel biopsy was performed in antibody‐positive children, yielding 153 new cases of CD. In the screening‐detected individuals, the sum of nitrite and nitrate concentrations in the urine was analysed and used as an indicator of NO production. For comparison, 73 children with untreated, symptomatic CD were studied.Results:  The nitrite/nitrate levels in children with screening‐detected CD and those with untreated symptomatic CD did not differ significantly. Both groups had significantly increased urinary nitrite/nitrate concentrations compared to the children with normal small bowel biopsy (p < 0.001).Conclusion:  Children with screening‐detected CD have increased production of NO just as children with untreated symptomatic CD. High NO metabolite levels in the urine may indicate a pathogenetic feature of CD and be a marker of major clinical importance.
Indomethacin prophylaxis revisited: changing practice and supportive evidence
Authors: AlFaleh K 
Published: February 2011

AbstractImportant short‐term intermediate outcomes such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), severe intraventricular haemorrhage, surgical ligation of PDA and serious pulmonary haemorrhage correlate with worse neurosensory outcomes in extreme low birth weight infants. Indomethacin prophylaxis has been shown to significantly prevent such outcomes. However, this positive effect did not translate into neither prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia nor long‐term neurosensory outcome. The indomethacin prophylaxis story is indeed a puzzling one to neonatal practitioners. We present a summary of evidence and possible explanations to the lack of appreciated long‐term effect of indomethacin prophylaxis. As the trial of indomethacin prophylaxis for preterms trial is a major contributor to current evidence, a detailed critical analysis of its methodology is presented. Methodological concerns such as the use of a composite outcome, statistical power, anticipated side effects of indomethacin prophylaxis and lack of predictive validity of cognitive delay measurements are presented.Conclusion:  Conclusive evidence of indomethacin prophylaxis use in extreme low birth weight infants is still lacking. Future research should put more emphasis on parental preferences, synergistic effect of indomethacin prophylaxis and fluid restriction and early targeted approach to PDA management.
A case of neonatal intrapericardial teratoma. Clinical and pathological findings
Authors: Laforgia N , Calderoni G , Di Mauro A , Marzullo A , Troise D , Annecchino P 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  It is of general agreement that complete surgical removal after birth of intrapericardial fetal teratomas is needed, because of the risk of severe cardiovascular and respiratory distress, related to the mass size, location and secondary pericardial effusion. Histological examination generally shows mature aspect of cells and tissues.Methods:  We present a case of grade II immature pericardial teratoma, diagnosed in utero and completely removed after birth.Results:  Even surgical removal was complete, histological aspects raised the need of long follow‐up with serial alpha‐fetoprotein determinations.Conclusion:  A neonatal grade II immature pericardial teratoma was completely removed after birth. The follow‐up of the patient, until 10 months of life, was good with no recurrence of the disease.
Revealing O vii from stacked X-ray grating spectra of clusters, groups and elliptical galaxies
Authors: Sanders J. S. , Fabian A. C. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We stack 4.6 Ms of high spectral resolution XMM–Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer spectra from galaxy clusters, groups of galaxies and elliptical galaxies. For those objects with a central temperature of less than 1 keV, we detect O vii for the first time, with a probability of false detection of 2.5 × 10−4. The flux ratio of the O vii to Fe xvii lines is one-fourth to one-eighth of the emission expected for isobaric radiative cooling in the absence of heating. There is either a process preventing cooling below 0.5 keV, anomalous O/Fe abundance ratios, absorbing material around the coolest X-ray-emitting gas or non-radiative cooling taking place. The mean N vii emission line is strong in the sub-keV sample. As the ratio of the hydrogenic N and O lines is largely independent of temperature, we measure a mean N/O ratio of 4.0 ± 0.6 Z⊙. Although the continuum around the C vi lines is difficult to measure, we can similarly estimate that the C/O ratio is 0.9 ± 0.3 Z⊙.
KEY CONSTITUENTS AFFECTING WINE BODY – AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
Authors: RUNNEBAUM R.C. , BOULTON R.B. , POWELL R.L. , HEYMANN H. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTMultivariate statistical modeling was used to identify significant correlations between several chemical constituents and physical properties of wine and its perceived body or viscous mouthfeel. Seventeen white wines that span an anecdotal range of perceived viscous mouthfeel, including Chardonnay, Viognier, Pinot gris, Riesling and Sauvignon blanc, were assessed using a descriptive analysis technique to determine quantitative ratings of viscous mouthfeel. These wines were also submitted to a wide range of chemical constituents and physical property analyses, including viscosity, density and concentrations of ethanol, total phenolics, organic acids (lactate, citrate, tartrate, malate, succinate), glycerol, sugars (fructose and glucose), total extract, and several inorganic anions and cations. The multivariate statistical model shows that the viscous mouthfeel of these white wines is significantly correlated with physical properties, such as viscosity and osmotic potential, chemical properties, such as lactate and total extract. This work is also consistent with previously published results from other researchers indicating that ethanol and glycerol do not significantly contribute to viscous mouthfeel.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research provides evidence that panelists can differentiate the mouthfeel of wines that span a relatively narrow range of viscosities. The results were also correlated with various chemical and physical properties of wine. Sensory and analytical measurements such as these could provide a link from viscous mouthfeel to viticultural and winemaking practices of wine.
Oxygen gradients in the microcirculation
Authors: Pittman R. N. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEarly in the last century August Krogh embarked on a series of seminal studies to understand the connection between tissue metabolism and mechanisms by which the cardiovascular system supplied oxygen to meet those needs. Krogh recognized that oxygen was supplied from blood to the tissues by passive diffusion and that the most likely site for oxygen exchange was the capillary network. Studies of tissue oxygen consumption and diffusion coefficient, coupled with anatomical studies of capillarity in various tissues, led him to formulate a model of oxygen diffusion from a single capillary. Fifty years after the publication of this work, new methods were developed which allowed the direct measurement of oxygen in and around microvessels. These direct measurements have confirmed the predictions by Krogh and have led to extensions of his ideas resulting in our current understanding of oxygenation within the microcirculation. Developments during the last 40 years are reviewed, including studies of oxygen gradients in arterioles, capillaries, venules, microvessel wall and surrounding tissue. These measurements were made possible by the development and use of new methods to investigate oxygen in the microcirculation, so mention is made of oxygen microelectrodes, microspectrophotometry of haemoglobin and phosphorescence quenching microscopy. Our understanding of oxygen transport from the perspective of the microcirculation has gone from a consideration of oxygen gradients in capillaries and tissue to the realization that oxygen has the ability to diffuse from any microvessel to another location under the conditions that there exists a large enough PO2 gradient and that the permeability for oxygen along the intervening pathway is sufficient.
Pregnancy protects against antiangiogenic and fibrogenic effects of angiotensin II in rat hearts
Authors: Aljabri M. B. , Songstad N. T. , Lund T. , Serrano M. C. , Andreasen T. V. , Al‐Saad S. , Lindal S. , Sitras V. , Acharya G. , Ytrehus K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  To investigate the difference between physiological and pathological cardiac remodelling induced, respectively, by pregnancy and angiotensin (Ang) II, and to test the hypothesis that pregnancy protects against Ang II effects.Methods:  Female Wistar rats, pregnant (n = 12) and non‐pregnant (n = 12), were implanted with mini‐pumps containing saline (sham) or 150 ng kg−1 min−1 Ang II. Ten days later echocardiography and blood pressure measurement were performed. Expression of 22 genes was assessed using RT‐PCR. Microscopic sections of LV were prepared to determine collagen content (Sirius Red staining), vessel density (β‐actin immunolabelling) and myocytes diameter (Toluidine Blue).Results:  Heart weight (HW) was increased in Ang II treated groups compared with their controls. Furthermore, HW of Ang II treated pregnant rats (1.0 ± 0.03 g) was higher than that in non‐pregnant sham (0.7 ± 0.02 g), pregnant (0.8 ± 0.01 g) and Ang II treated non‐pregnant (0.8 ± 0.02 g) rats. Relative LV wall thickness showed similar pattern. Aortic pressure was significantly increased in Ang II groups. Collagen content was increased in Ang II (4.0 ± 0.5%) compared with sham (1.5 ± 0.1%) but reduced again when treated rats were pregnant (2.8 ± 0.4%). Vessel density was reduced by 47.8% after Ang II treatment in non‐pregnant and by only 13.9% in pregnant rats. Gene expression analysis showed increased expression of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), anykrin repeat domain‐containing protein 1 (Ankrd‐1), protein kinase C‐α and ‐δ and tumour suppressor gene TP53 (p53) in Ang II treated groups and upregulation of ANF, BNP and Ankrd‐1 remained when pregnancy was combined with Ang II. Pregnancy reduced expression of: α‐myosin heavy chain, tumour necrosis factor‐α, p53, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and inducible nitric oxide synthase.Conclusion:  Pregnancy seems to counteract the detrimental effects of Ang II on fibrosis and angiogenesis in heart. In addition, pregnancy and Ang II lead to partly opposite changes in the expression of some genes important for heart function.
On the function of the mammalian renal papilla and the peristalsis of the surrounding pelvis
Authors: Schmidt‐Nielsen Bodil , Schmidt‐Nielsen Bent 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis is an informal personal review of the development over time of my ideas about the concentrating mechanism of the mammalian renal papilla. It had been observed that animals with a need to produce a concentrated urine have a long renal papilla. I saw the function of the long papilla in desert rodents as an elongation of the counter‐current concentrating mechanism of the inner medulla. This model led me to overlook contrary evidence. For example, in many experiments, the final urine has a higher osmolality than that of the tissue at the tip of the papilla. In addition, we had observations of the peristalsis of the renal pelvis surrounding the papilla. The urine concentration falls if the peristalsis is stopped. I was wrong; together, these lines of evidence show that the renal papilla is not just an elongation of the inner medulla. We are left without a full explanation of the concentrating mechanism of the mammalian renal papilla. It is hoped that other researchers will tackle this interesting problem.
Monitoring of Cocoa Volatiles Produced during Roasting by Selected Ion Flow Tube‐Mass Spectrometry (SIFT‐MS)
Authors: Huang Yang , Barringer Sheryl A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:  Selected ion flow tube‐mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) was used to measure the real‐time concentrations of cocoa volatiles in the headspace during roasting. Alkalized and unalkalized Don Homero and Arriba cocoa beans were roasted at 120, 150, and 170 °C in a rotary roaster. The concentrations of total alcohols, acids, aldehydes, esters, ketones, and alkylpyrazines increased, peaked, and decreased within the timeframe used for typical roasting. The concentrations of alkylpyrazines and Strecker aldehydes increased as the roasting temperature increased from 120 to 170 °C. For most of the volatile compounds, there was no significant difference between Arriba and Don Homero beans, but Arriba beans showed higher concentrations of 2‐heptanone, acetone, ethyl acetate, methylbutanal, phenylacetaldehyde, and trimethylpyrazine. For unalkalized Don Homero beans (pH 5.7), the time to peak concentration decreased from 13.5 to 7.4 min for pyrazines, and from 12.7 to 7.4 min for aldehydes as the roasting temperature increased from 120 to 170 °C. Also, at 150 °C roasting, the time to peak concentration was shortened from 9 to 5.1 min for pyrazines, and from 9.1 to 5 min for aldehydes as the pH increased from 5.7 to 8.7.Practical Application:  SIFT‐MS allows for real‐time monitoring of the key volatile compounds contributing to chocolate flavor, with minimal sample preparation, thus can be used to facilitate adjusting the roasting conditions, such as temperature and time, to optimize chocolate flavor during roasting. Real‐time monitoring during roasting can also be used to evaluate the flavor quality of different types of beans by comparing the concentrations of key flavor compounds.
Poly (DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) Nanoparticles with Entrapped trans‐Cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol for Antimicrobial Delivery Applications
Authors: Gomes Carmen , Moreira Rosana G. , Castell‐Perez Elena 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:  Eugenol and trans‐cinnamaldehyde are natural compounds known to be highly effective antimicrobials; however, both are hydrophobic molecules, a limitation to their use within the food industry. The goal of this study was to synthesize spherical poly (DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles with entrapped eugenol and trans‐cinnamaldehyde for future antimicrobial delivery applications. The emulsion evaporation method was used to form the nanoparticles in the presence of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a surfactant. The inclusion of antimicrobial compounds into the PLGA nanoparticles was accomplished in the organic phase. Synthesis was followed by ultrafiltration (performed to eliminate the excess of PVA and antimicrobial compound) and freeze‐drying. The nanoparticles were characterized by their shape, size, entrapment efficiency, and antimicrobial efficiency. The entrapment efficiency for eugenol and trans‐cinnamaldehyde was approximately 98% and 92%, respectively. Controlled release experiments conducted in vitro at 37 °C and 100 rpm for 72 h showed an initial burst followed by a slower rate of release of the antimicrobial entrapped inside the PLGA matrix. All loaded nanoparticles formulations proved to be efficient in inhibiting growth of Salmonella spp. (Gram‐negative bacterium) and Listeria spp. (Gram‐positive bacterium) with concentrations ranging from 20 to 10 mg/mL. Results suggest that the application of these antimicrobial nanoparticles in food systems may be effective at inhibiting specific pathogens.Practical Application:  Nanoencapsulation of lipophilic antimicrobial compounds has great potential for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of delivery in food systems. This study consisted of synthesizing PLGA nanoparticles with entrapped eugenol and trans‐cinnamaldehyde. By characterizing these new delivery systems, one can understand the controlled‐release mechanism and antimicrobial efficiency that provides a foundation that will enable food manufacturers to design smart food systems for future delivery applications, including packaging and processing, capable of ensuring food safety to consumers.
Behavior of Flavonols and Carotenoids of Minimally Processed Kale Leaves during Storage in Passive Modified Atmosphere Packaging
Authors: Kobori C.N. , Huber L.S. , Sarantópoulos C.I.G.L , Rodriguez‐Amaya D.B. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract: Minimally processed kale leaves were packed in passive modified atmosphere and stored at 3 conditions: 1 °C in the dark and 11 °C with or without light exposure. The products were evaluated during storage in terms of headspace gas composition, sensory attributes, flavonol, and carotenoid contents. The sensory quality decreased slightly during 17 d at 1 °C in the dark. At 11 °C, the vegetable shelf life was predicted to be 6 d in the dark and 3 d with light. Quercetin and kaempferol were stable during storage for 15 d at 1 °C in the absence of light. At 11 °C in the dark, quercetin was stable during 10 d, increasing slightly on the 8th day. Kaempferol decreased up to the 5th day but increased on the 8th day, decreasing again on the 10th day. After 5 d at 11 °C under light, the flavonol levels were significantly higher than those of the initial values. Neoxanthin and violaxanthin did not change significantly after 15 d at 1 °C in the dark. Lutein and β‐carotene, however, decreased 7.1% and 11.3%, respectively. At 11 °C in the dark, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, lutein, and β‐carotene decreased 16.1%, 13.2%, 24.1%, and 23.7% after 10 d, respectively. At 11 °C under light, neoxanthin and lutein had a slight increase while violaxanthin and β‐carotene decreased 23.1% and 16.5% after 5 d.Practical Application: Passive modified atmosphere packaging together with refrigeration can extend the shelf life of minimally processed kale, retaining the health‐promoting compounds, flavonols and carotenoids. Quercetin, kaempferol, neoxanthin, and violaxanthin are stable and lutein and β‐carotene slightly reduced.
Genotoxicity Evaluation of Moringa oleifera Seed Extract and Lectin
Authors: Rolim Lucíola A.D.M.M. , Macêdo Márcia F.S. , Sisenando Herbert Ary , Napoleão Thiago H. , Felzenszwalb Israel , Aiub Claudia A. F. , Coelho Luana C.B.B. , Medeiros Silvia R.B. , Paiva Patrícia M.G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract:  This article reports the genotoxicity assessment of an extract of M. oleifera seed powder and the water‐soluble Moringa oleifera lectin (WSMoL) isolated from seeds. The lectin isolated by chitin chromatography showed hemagglutinating activity with different erythrocytes, activity in a broad pH range (4.5 to 9.5), and retention of hemagglutinating activity after being heated to 100 °C. Genotoxicity of the seed extract and WSMoL were assessed using the cell‐free plasmid DNA as well as the Salmonella typhimurium (Ames and Kado) assays with TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102 in the presence or absence of hepatic metabolization. Seed extract at concentration (0.2 μg/μL) recommended to treat water was not genotoxic by Ames, Kado, and cell‐free plasmid DNA assays. S. typhimurium strains showed to be sensitive to M. oleifera extract revealing a mutagenic effect at doses higher than 0.6 μg/μL with hepatic metabolization. The extract at doses higher than 0.4 μg/μL, without hepatic metabolization, was mutagenic for TA100 and TA102. WSMoL was nonmutagenic by used assays. The use of high concentrations of the extract may pose a risk to human health and the safe use of M. oleifera seed powder to treat water for human consumption requires more study; however, the purified lectin could be an alternative for water treatment.Practical Application:  The concentration 0.2 μg/μL of M. oleifera seed extract recommended to treat water for humans did not pose a risk to human health. The mutagenicity detected at concentrations higher than 0.4 μg/μL was not due to WSMoL, lectin isolated from extract.