bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communities contain closely related species during ecosystem disturbance
Authors: Helmus Matthew R. , Keller Wendel (Bill) , Paterson Michael J. , Yan Norman D. , Cannon Charles H. , Rusak James A. 
Published: January 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 162–174AbstractPredicting community and species responses to disturbance is complicated by incomplete knowledge about species traits. A phylogenetic framework should partially solve this problem, as trait similarity is generally correlated with species relatedness, closely related species should have similar sensitivities to disturbance. Disturbance should thus result in community assemblages of closely related species. We tested this hypothesis with 18 disturbed and 16 reference whole‐lake, long‐term zooplankton data sets. Regardless of disturbance type, communities generally contained more closely related species when disturbed. This effect was independent of species richness, evenness, and abundance. Communities already under stress (i.e., those in acidic lakes) changed most when disturbed. Species sensitivities to specific disturbances were phylogenetically conserved, were independent of body size, and could be predicted by the sensitivities of close relatives within the same community. Phylogenetic relatedness can effectively act as a proxy for missing trait information when predicting community and species responses to disturbance.
Analysis of acid‐stressed Bacillus cereus reveals a major oxidative response and inactivation‐associated radical formation
Authors: Mols Maarten , Van Kranenburg Richard , Van Melis Clint C. J. , Moezelaar Roy , Abee Tjakko 
Published: January 2010

SummaryAcid stress resistance of the food‐borne human pathogen Bacillus cereus may contribute to its survival in acidic environments, such as encountered in soil, food and the human gastrointestinal tract. The acid stress responses of B. cereus strains ATCC 14579 and ATCC 10987 were analysed in aerobically grown cultures acidified to pH values ranging from pH 5.4 to pH 4.4 with HCl. Comparative phenotype and transcriptome analyses revealed three acid stress‐induced responses in this pH range: growth rate reduction, growth arrest and loss of viability. These physiological responses showed to be associated with metabolic shifts and the induction of general stress response mechanisms with a major oxidative component, including upregulation of catalases and superoxide dismutases. Flow cytometry analysis in combination with the hydroxyl (OH·) and peroxynitrite (ONOO‐)‐specific fluorescent probe 3′‐(p‐hydroxyphenyl) fluorescein (HPF) showed excessive radicals to be formed in both B. cereus strains in bactericidal conditions only. Our study shows that radicals can indicate acid‐induced malfunctioning of cellular processes that lead to cell death.
THE FISCAL FRAMEWORK OF MONETARY POLICY
Authors: FELDSTEIN MARTIN 
Published: January 2010

This paper i11ustrates the importance of the fiscal framework for monetary analysis by discussing three separate issues. I begin by examining how the fiscal framework changes the macroeconomic equilibrium associated with different steady state rates of money growth. This includes a summary of research that I have presented elsewhere and comments on several additional aspects of the way in which the fiscal structure destroys the neutrality of monetary policy.The second section deals with the short‐run impact of changes in monetary policy. Here again the fiscal structure complicates the economy's response to monetary policy.The final section looks at the effect of the fiscal structure on the central banks choice of monetary policies. Fiscal structures are likely to influence the policies adopted because they affect the costs and benefits of monetary policies.
INTERNATIONAL PRICE BEHAVIOR AND THE DEMAND FOR MONEY
Authors: GANDOLFI ARTHUR E. , LOTHIAN JAMES R. 
Published: January 2010

Oil prices, commodity prices and American monetary policy, the last operating through a variety of channels, have all figured prominently in explanations of the international inflation process in the late 1960s and early 70s. OUT major purpose in this paper is to test these various hypotheses. We do so in the context of a reduced‐form rational‐expectations price equation which we estimate for the United States and seven other industrial countries using quarterly data for the period 1955 through 1976.The principal conclusion that emerges from this exercise is that movements in domestic money in these countries served as the key link in the inflation process. The factors that produced these monetary changes, however, differed among countries. Price shocks of various sorts were clearly of secondary importance.The other important set of conclusions concerns the demand for money. In place of a traditional stock adjustment model, we used GLS with a second‐order correction for autocorrelation. We believe this produced more plausible estimates of the parameters of the long‐run demand function and of the adjustment process itself.
DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE‐BASED PRODUCTS: APPLICATIONS TO DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
Authors: BURSTEIN M. L. 
Published: January 2010

Demand for a knowledge‐based product often must be created by the product's innovator. But the process which diffuses knowledge, and so enhances demand, accelerates decay of the company's ability to appropriate benefits generated both by the product and by the company's complementary explanation of its qualities and uses.Decay of the ability to appropriate profit arises from a pervasive free‐rider problem. Rivals, as well as users, become educated by the innovator. As the market deepens and expands, entry will become feasible for firms capable of production but incapable of supplying effective educational packages.At least two principal themes emerge: i) logically, innovative products will be sold bundled with education and other complementary services, at least in their early stages; ii) intensity of diffusion will be sensitive to the nature of governing property‐rights regimes.The analysis suggests that, because of free‐rider and other problems, an innovator often finds initial product development plans unproductive and must resort to alternatives. Feasible diffusion often requires that the product space allocated to an innovator by grants of property rights be larger (contain more dimensions) than one confined to primary invention(s).
A CONTRACTUAL REMEDY TO PREMATURE INNOVATION: THE VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF BRAND‐NAME SPECIFIC RESEARCH
Authors: YU BEN T. 
Published: January 2010

Is there any private contractual mechanism which can reduce premature innovation? Vertical integration of inventors and manufacturers is shown to be an answer. So is exclusive dealing between inventors and manufacturers: the prospect of getting ahead of other manufacturers and the fear of being left behind would induce a manufacturer to contract for an inventor's output. Inventors, assured of markets for their results, can focus more on the quality than on the completion dates of their work.The paper examines contractual remedies for premature innovation consistent with the idea of competition. The analysis develops from the conventional “rushing” model. First it is shown that self‐interest of consumers, manufacturers and inventors contradicts the intrinsic consequences of the rushing model. Correction requires exclusive commitments by manufacturers to the innovating results of winning inventors. Second it is hypothesized that vertical integration of inventors with production facilities of manufacturers is a form of prior commitment discouraging premature innovation. Viewed this way, an entry‐barrier raised by brand‐name advertising may not be entirely undesirable.
THE BEHAVIOR OF REGULATORY ACTIVITY OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST
Authors: AMACHER RYAN , HIGGINS RICHARD , II WILLIAM SHUGHART , TOLLISON ROBERT 
Published: January 2010

This paper tests a prediction of the interest‐group theory of regulation which suggests that regulators generally will not force any one group to bear the full adjustment costs associated with variations in the business cycle. That is, the interest‐group model predicts that regulatory agencies will redistribute cyclical gains and losses by supplying more “producer protection” regulation during contractions and more “consumer protection” regulation during expansions; i.e., regulatory activity which reduces consumer welfare will tend to be countercyclical, intensifying when aggregate demand falls and abating as demand increases. The empirical results show a countercyclical and statistically significant ceteris paribus relationship between Federal Trade Commission enforcement efforts under the Robinson‐Patman Act and several alternative measures of general business conditions. Since the Robinson‐Patman Act is viewed widely as anti‐consumer, the findings suggest that in cyclical downturns the Commission moves to protect producers against losses by bringing more cases which limit the tendency for prices to fall. This result may be rationalized under the view that during recessions, the Federal Trade Commission is in the business of transferring wealth from consumers either to protect small business or to bolster cartels. On the other hand, during business expansions the Commission reduces its Robinson‐Patman case load, and such a change in enforcement may serve to mitigate producer gains, transferring wealth to consumers at the margin. In any case the paper offers empirical support for the interest‐group model by providing evidence that the business cycle plays an important part in explaining the level and pattern of regulatory activity.
ARTICLE POPULARITY
Authors: LABAND DAVID N. 
Published: January 2010

This paper briefly examines the causes and consequences of article popularity. Tracing subsequent citations to nearly 6,000 articles published during 1974‐76 reveals that most articles are cited rarely, if ever. Over 90% are cited fewer than 20 times over the ensuing 6 years, whereas only 3/10ths of 1% are cited over 100 times. Regression analysis demonstrates that author reputation, article length, and quality of publishing journal are strong determinants of article popularity.The relative importance of various economics journals, though not their rankings, is sensitive to inclusion of “hit” articles; the differential impact of a journal may be more closely approximated by its ability to attract a significant proportion of the “hit parade” of articles.
FUTURES MARKET BACKWARDATION UNDER RISK NEUTRALITY
Authors: BRESNAHAN TIMOTHY F. , SPILLER PABLO T. 
Published: January 2010

J.M. Keynes first introduced the theory of normal backwardation in futures markets. In the language of (British) commodities markets, a backwardation is an excess of the spot price over futures prices. As is well‐known, Keynes suggested that this might be explained as a risk premium. Less well known is that Keynes actually proposed two distinct theories of backwardation.Of these two theories of backwardation, the latter has recently received much attention. The purpose of this paper is to formalize Keynes' first theory, his liquid stocks theory, with an eye to its eventual empirical test.We follow the recent formalizations of the risk premium theory by assuming the existence of perfectly competitive asset markets. To emphasize the differences between the two theories, however, we assume that there are well‐funded risk neutral investors. Thus, risk premia cannot explain backwardation under our assumptions. Instead, backwardations arise because of interactions between equilibrium in the commodities exchange, both in spot and futures trading, and the production, consumption and storage decisions taken on the real side of the economy.
ON IMPERFECT EVALUATION AND EARNING DIFFERENTIALS
Authors: BARRON JOHN M. , LOEWENSTEIN MARK A. 
Published: January 2010

This paper investigates the relationship between the technology for evaluating performance and optimal contract choice. Specifically, the paper examines the different compensation packages that arise when occupations differ in evaluation technology, workers are risk averse, work effort is endogenous, and there exists asymmetric information. In occupations in which it is less difficult to measure output, it is shown that compensation is more closely tied to output; the implications for work effort, the sorting of workers by ability, and average compensation are developed. Analysis of a new data set confirms our predictions concerning earning differentials and wage growth.The powerful 1.6 million‐member National Education Association and other teacher organizations have traditionally fought the notion of rewarding better teachers with more money, arguing that there is no objective way to measure a teacher's competence and that it would lead to favoritism, and bad morale [Time, June 20, 1983].
Harvesting Family Firms' Organizational Social Capital: A Relational Perspective
Authors: Zahra Shaker A. 
Published: January 2010

abstractOrganizational social capital (OSC), the goodwill and resources companies gain from their relationships with other companies, enables family firms to assemble the resources (especially knowledge) necessary for successful adaptation. Connecting with new ventures, the vanguard of radical change, is a priority for family firms seeking to achieve survival, profitability and growth. Yet, new ventures are often not well known and their networks are poorly structured, making access to them difficult. Using the relational perspectives on interorganizational relationships, this study proposes that family firms can employ their OSC to reach new ventures. Family firms can invest in these ventures, build profitable business relationships and alliances with them, as well as assist in governing their operations. Data from 779 companies show that family firms are in better positions to harvest their large OSC stocks to connect with new ventures. The results underscore the value of OSC as an important relational resource for family firms.
Unequal Japan: Conservative Corporatism and Labour Market Disparities
Authors: Yun Ji‐Whan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe majority of the literature on the increasing labour market disparities in Japan has attributed the trend to changing market circumstances or new government policies. However, this article claims that widening income disparities, especially between regular and non‐regular workers, are more deeply rooted in the nature of Japan's policy‐making mechanism. Combining industrial actors' conservative orientation towards dual labour markets and their corporatist interactions for policy making, this article argues that Japan's disparity problem has originated from its ‘conservative corporatism’. The article presents the manner in which conservative corporatism has widened the disparities in employment security and welfare benefits.
ALS disease onset may occur later in patients with pre‐morbid diabetes mellitus
Authors: Jawaid A. , Salamone A. R. , Strutt A. M. , Murthy S. B. , Wheaton M. , McDowell E. J. , Simpson E. , Appel S. H. , York M. K. , Schulz P. E. 
Published: January 2010

Background  Several metabolic derangements associated with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM) have been associated with a better outcome in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), including hyperlipidemia and obesity. Here, we tested the hypothesis that DM would have a positive effect on the motor and cognitive findings of ALS.Methods:  We compared data from ALS patients with pre‐morbid DM (ALS‐DM; n = 175) versus without DM (ALS; n = 2196) with regard to the age of onset, rate of motor progression, survival, and neuropsychological test performance.Results:  The age of onset was later for women, Caucasians and patients with bulbar‐onset ALS. However, we also found that after adjusting for gender, ethnicity and site of onset, DM was associated with a 4‐year later onset of ALS (ALS = 56.3, ALS‐DM = 60.3, P < 0.05).Conclusion:  Diabetes mellitus type 2 may delay the onset of motor symptoms in ALS. These findings support other studies suggesting a relationship between the pathophysiology of ALS and metabolic derangements. Further investigations are needed to ascertain whether manipulating metabolic parameters would improve outcomes in ALS.
Low Unemployment and Bad Jobs for New Immigrants in Italy
Authors: Fullin Giovanna , Reyneri Emilio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe article analyses the incorporation of immigrants into the Italian labour market and the difficulties they encounter in accessing both employment and qualified occupations. The analysis is based on the Italian Labour Force Survey and highlights the fact that the great majority of immigrants entering Italy are hardly disadvantaged in comparison to Italians as regards the risk of unemployment, but, in contrast, they are highly disfavoured as regards the socio‐professional status of their jobs. Unlike what would happen with the old European immigration, nowadays the segregation of immigrant workers in the lowest ranks of the occupational ladder is not due to their poor education. On the contrary, their disadvantage increases if educational attainment is taken into account. The leading role of low‐skilled labour demand and underground economy in shaping immigrants’ integration in the Italian labour market is confirmed by the fact that they have fairly easy access to unskilled and semi‐skilled manual jobs, whereas they experience serious difficulties in entering self‐employment and in obtaining non‐manual jobs.
Moisturizing and anti‐sebum secretion effects of cosmetic application on human facial skin
Authors: Cheng Y. , Dong Y. , Wang J. , Dong M. , Zou Y. , Ren D. , Yang X. , Li M. , Schrader A. , Rohr M. , Liu W. 
Published: January 2010

J. Cosmet. Sci., 60, 7–14 (January/February 2009) SynopsisFor human skin, high water content and low sebum secretion are considered to be main features of fair skin. To explore the proper personal care regimen for facial skin, we investigated the change of skin physiologic parameters after cosmetic application by measuring the skin water content, transepidermal water loss, and skin sebum secretion on facial skin before and after the cosmetic application using the Corneometer, Tewameter, and Sebumeter, respectively. The results indicated that the cosmetics application kept a higher water content and a lower transepidermal water loss, and at the same time, a lower sebum secretion 4 h and 8 h after the cosmetic application, compared with those before it. The situation was maintained in the succeeding three week continuous use of the cosmetics. It could be concluded that the cosmetic application on human facial skin might provide some moisturizing effect and at the same time an anti‐sebum effect, which favors the maintenance of good skin physiological function after applying skin care products. Our results might provide a scientific personal care regimen for human facial skin to prompt the balance for the hydrolipid film on skin.
Maternal control of Pol IV‐dependent siRNAs in Arabidopsis endosperm
Authors: Mosher Rebecca A. 
Published: January 2010

SummarySmall RNAs recently emerged as ubiquitous regulators of gene expression. However, the most abundant class of small RNAs in flowering plants is poorly understood. Known as Pol IV‐dependent (p4‐)siRNAs, these small RNAs are associated with transcriptional gene silencing, transposable elements and heterochromatin formation. Recent research demonstrates that they are initially expressed in the maternal gametophyte and uniparentally expressed from maternal chromosomes in developing endosperm. This unique expression pattern links p4‐siRNAs to double fertilization, parental genome interactions and imprinted gene expression.
Who teaches them to consume: a study of Brazilian youngsters
Authors: Beyda Tânia Tisser 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article is aligned with Burgess and Steenkamp's suggestion of the need for a marketing renaissance through research into emerging markets in order to advance marketing science and practice. The objective was to study the consumer socialization of pre‐adolescents and adolescents living in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The study also seeks to understand the consumer socialization process and primary influences. Being an exploratory study, it was developed through interviews with 10 participants, aged 11–13. Findings highlighted aspects not yet reported by the international literature, such as the postponement of mobility and autonomy for consumer behaviour because of parents' concerns with violence in a major urban centre. Another issue that is discussed is the probability that grandparents and domestic workers act as potential agents for children's consumer socialization.
A 1‐year follow up of psychological wellbeing after subtotal and total hysterectomy—a randomised study
Authors: Persson P , Brynhildsen J , Kjølhede P ,   on behalf of the Hysterectomy Multicentre Study Group in South‐East Sweden
Published: January 2010

Please cite this paper as: Persson P, Brynhildsen J, Kjølhede P on behalf of the Hysterectomy Multicentre Study Group in South‐East Sweden. A 1‐year follow up of psychological wellbeing after subtotal and total hysterectomy—a randomised study. BJOG 2010;117:479–487.Objective  To compare subtotal abdominal hysterectomy (SH) and total abdominal hysterectomy (TH) regarding influence on postoperative psychological wellbeing and surgical outcome measurements.Design  A prospective, open, randomised multicentre trial.Setting  Seven hospitals and one private clinic in the south‐east of Sweden.Population  Two‐hundred women scheduled for abdominal hysterectomy for benign conditions were enrolled in the study; 179 women completed the study (94 SH and 85 TH).Methods  Four different psychometric tests were used to measure general wellbeing, depression and anxiety preoperatively, and at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Statistical analysis of variance and covariance were used.Main outcome measures  Effects of operating method on psychological wellbeing postoperatively. Analysis of demographic, clinical and surgical data, including peri‐ and postoperative complications and complaints at follow up.Results  No significant differences were observed between the two groups in any of the psychometric tests. Both surgical methods were associated with a significantly higher degree of psychological wellbeing at 6 and 12 months postoperatively, compared with preoperatively. No significant differences were found in the clinical measures including complications. A substantial number of women experienced persistent cyclic vaginal bleedings after SH. Neither minor or major postoperative complications, nor serum concentration of sex hormones, were associated with general psychological wellbeing 12 months after the operation.Conclusions  General psychological wellbeing is equally improved after both SH and TH within 12 months of the operation, and does not seem to be associated with the occurrence of peroperative complications or serum concentration of sex hormones.