bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and mechanism of thermal decomposition of cornstarches with different amylose/amylopectin ratios
Authors: Liu Xingxun , Yu Long , Xie Fengwei , Li Ming , Chen Ling , Li Xiaoxi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThermal decomposition of cornstarches with different amylose/amylopectin ratios (waxy: 0/100, maize: 23/77, Gelose 50: 50/50, and Gelose 80: 80/20) under nitrogen condition was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Various decomposition models including Friedman, Kissinger, Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa, and modified Coast‐Redfern methods were used to determine the apparent activation energy of different starches. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and TGA‐FTIR were also used to study the mechanism of thermal decomposition process. The results show a multiple‐step mechanism for the thermal decomposition of all cornstarches. The sequence of activation energy for the cornstarches is waxy>maize>G50>G80, which corresponds to amylopectin content. FTIR results confirm that the thermal decomposition of cornstarch is due to the long‐chain scission. The higher activation energy for cornstarch with higher amylopectin content can be explained by its higher molecular weight and more α‐1,6 bonds.
Pasting properties of hydroxypropylated starches before or after proteinase treatment
Authors: Han Jung‐Ah 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTo examine the effect of starch protein on hydroxypropylation, corn (normal and waxy) and potato starches were hydroxypropylated with propylene oxide at two levels (8.3 and 12.3% based on dry basis of starch weight) before or after proteinase (thermolysin) treatment, and then pasting properties of the starches were measured. For normal corn starch, protein appeared to be involved in hydroxypropylation, especially at the higher concentration of reagent (12.3%); the starch hydroxypropylated after proteinase treatment (Enz‐HP) showed less reaction efficiency than that only hydroxypropylated (HP) or proteinase treated starch after hydroxypropylation (HP‐Enz). This suggests a possible reaction between some of the reagent and the starch proteins that exist in the channel and surface of the starch granules. However, not much difference was found with the waxy corn starch, as it contains much lower amounts of amylose and protein than normal corn starch. The potato starch, which has no channels, showed complicated protein effects. For potato starch, a different access of the enzyme and chemical reagents to the granule matrix could be possible.
Characterization of starches isolated from different Chinese Baizhi (Angelica dahurica) cultivars
Authors: Zhou Hongying , Wang Jianhua , Zhao Hongjie , Fang Xinsheng , Sun Yinshi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractStarches from three cultivars of Baizhi (Angelica dahurica; named Chuan Baizhi, Yu Baizhi, and Qi Baizhi, respectively) growing in Sichuan, Henan, and Hebei province in China were used to investigate the physicochemical properties, appearances, X‐ray powder diffraction, thermal and pasting properties. These Baizhi starch granules were in irregular polygonal shape, and their sizes range from 1 to10 µm. The average granule diameter of Chuan Baizhi, Yu Baizhi, and Qi Baizhi starches was 6.78, 8.02, and 9.09 µm, respectively. Amylose content in Qi Baizhi, Yu Baizhi, and Chuan Baizhi was 9.98, 13.15, and 17.65%, respectively. These Baizhi starches exhibited “B” type X‐ray pattern and the degrees of crystallinity were similar (16.7–17.1%). Yu Baizhi starch had the highest pasting temperature (DSC parameters was To 66.5°C, Tp 69.6°C, and Tc 75.8°C, respectively; RVA pasting temperature was 69.45°C). Qi Baizhi starch had the highest pasting viscosity (Pv 214.58, Tv 127.33, and Fv 201.08 RVU, respectively).
Cornstarch–mimosa tannin–urea formaldehyde resins as adhesives in the particleboard production
Authors: Moubarik Amine , Pizzi Antonio , Allal Ahmed , Charrier Fatima , Khoukh Abdelouahed , Charrier Bertrand 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe objective of this work was to demonstrate the utilisation of cornstarch–mimosa tannin‐based resins designed for application as an adhesive in particleboard production. Bond qualities of cornstarch–mimosa tannin–urea formaldehyde (UF) resins and commercial UF resin were assessed by using an automatic bonding evaluation system, prior to production of particleboards panels. In order to evaluate the quality of cornstarch–mimosa tannin–UF resins, particleboards were produced and physical and mechanical properties were investigated. These physical properties included rheological, thermogravimetric analysis and solid phase 13C NMR analysis of resins. Internal bond, surface soundness, thickness swelling, porosity, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity mechanical properties of particleboards bonded with cornstarch–mimosa tannin–UF resins were also determined.The results showed that it is possible to add cornstarch and mimosa tannin, respectively, up to 10 and 4% to the UF resin without to alter the physical and mechanical properties of the boards. The performance of these panels is comparable to those of boards made using commercial UF resin. Petrochemical UF resins could be partially substituted in industrial applications by addition of cornstarch and mimosa tannin extracts.
Dünne Schichten durch Deposition unter streifenden Einfall
Authors: Rauschenbach Bernd , Platzig Christian 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEine physikalische Deposition unter den Bedingungen eines schräg einfallenden Partikelflusses und begrenzter Adatom‐Diffusion führt zu Schichten mit einer säulenartigen Mikrostruktur. Diese Säulen sind in Richtung der Partikelquelle orientiert. Eine zusätzliche Substratrotation kann genutzt werden, um diese Strukturen in unterschiedlicher Gestalt (senkrechte und geneigte Säulen, Zick‐Zack‐Strukturen, Schrauben, Spiralen) zu entwickeln. Mit der Deposition unter schrägem Partikeleinfall (GLAD) können poröse dünne Schichten von isolierenden, halbleitenden und metallischen Materialien konstruiert werden. In dieser Arbeit werden die physikalischen Grundlagen der GLAD‐Technologie vorgestellt, die Herstellung von Mikro‐ und Nano‐Struktruren unterschiedlichen Habitus auf nicht strukturierten und vorstrukturierten Substraten demonstriert und auf einige potentielle Anwendungen dieser neuen Depositionstechnologie hingewiesen.
Anforderungen an Metalloxid‐Schichten für Interferenzoptik
Authors: Pulker Hans Karl 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDie Anforderungen an PVd‐Metalloxidschichten sind hoch und nehmen mit komplexen Schichten‐Designs und Ausdehnung des spektralen Anwendungsbereiches weiter zu. Moderne reaktive, oftmals hybride Ionen‐ und Plasma‐Prozesstechnologien, kontinuierlich arbeitend oder in gepulsten Moden, erzielen hervorragende optische und mechanische Schichtqualitäten. Charakteristische Daten wichtiger Prozesse sind tabellarisch angegeben.
Molecular Dynamics and Partitioning of Di‐tert‐butyl Nitroxide in Stratum Corneum Membranes: Effect of Terpenes
Authors: Camargos Heverton Silva , Silva Adolfo Henrique Moraes , Anjos Jorge Luiz Vieira , Alonso Antonio 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this work, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of the small spin label di‐tert‐butyl nitroxide (DTBN), which partitions the aqueous and hydrocarbon phases, to study the interaction of the terpenes α‐terpineol, 1,8‐cineole, l(−)‐carvone and (+)‐limonene with the uppermost skin layer, the stratum corneum, and the membrane models of 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DMPC). The EPR spectra indicated that the terpenes increase both the partition coefficient and the rotational correlation time of the spin labels in the stratum corneum membranes, whereas similar effects were observed in the DMPC and DPPC bilayers only at temperatures below the liquid‐crystalline phase. The EPR parameter associated to probe polarity inside the membranes showed thermotropically induced changes, suggesting relocations of spin probe, which were dependent on the membrane phases. While the DMPC and DPPC bilayers showed abrupt changes in the partitioning and rotational correlation time parameters in the phase transitions, the SC membranes were characterized by slight changes in the total range of measured temperatures, presenting the greatest changes or membranes reorganizations in the temperature range of ~50 to ~74 °C. The results suggest that terpenes act as spacers, weakening the hydrogen‐bonded network at the polar interface and thus fluidizing the stratum corneum lipids.
The effects of a 30-month dietary intervention on bone mineral density: The Postmenopausal Health Study
Authors: Moschonis George , Katsaroli Ioanna , Lyritis George P. , Manios Yannis 
Published: April 2010

Low dietary Ca intake and vitamin D insufficiency have been implicated as part of the aetiology leading to osteoporosis. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of a 30-month dietary intervention that combined supplementation of dairy products fortified with Ca and vitamin D3 and lifestyle and nutrition counselling sessions on bone mineral density (BMD) of postmenopausal women. Sixty-six postmenopausal women (aged 55–65 years) were randomised into a dietary group (DG; n 35), receiving daily and for the first 12 months 1200 mg Ca and 7·5 μg vitamin D3, while for the next 18 months of intervention 1200 mg Ca and 22·5 μg vitamin D3 through fortified dairy products, and a control group (CG; n 31) receiving neither counselling nor dairy products. The DG was found to have more favourable changes in arms (P < 0·001), total spine (P = 0·001) and total body BMD (P < 0·001) compared with the CG. Furthermore, a significant increase was observed for the DG in lumbar spine BMD (0·056; 95 % CI 0·009, 0·103), which was not found to differentiate significantly compared with the change observed in the CG (P = 0·075). In conclusion, the present study showed that intakes of vitamin D of about 22·5 μg/d and of Ca close to the recommended level of 1200 mg from fortified dairy foods for 30 months, with compliance ensured by lifestyle and nutrition counselling sessions, can induce favourable changes in arms, total spine and total body BMD of postmenopausal women.
The wake behind a cylinder rolling on a wall at varying rotation rates
Authors: STEWART B. E. , THOMPSON M. C. , LEWEKE T. , HOURIGAN K. 
Published: April 2010

A study investigating the flow around a cylinder rolling or sliding on a wall has been undertaken in two and three dimensions. The cylinder motion is specified from a set of five discrete rotation rates, ranging from prograde through to retrograde rolling. A Reynolds number range of 20–500 is considered. The effects of the nearby wall and the imposed body motion on the wake structure and dominant wake transitions have been determined. Prograde rolling is shown to destabilize the wake flow, while retrograde rotation delays the onset of unsteady flow to Reynolds numbers well above those observed for a cylinder in an unbounded flow.Two-dimensional simulations show the presence of two recirculation zones in the steady wake, the lengths of which increase approximately linearly with the Reynolds number. Values of the lift and drag coefficient are also reported for the steady flow regime. Results from a linear stability analysis show that the wake initially undergoes a regular bifurcation from a steady two-dimensional flow to a steady three-dimensional wake for all rotation rates. The critical Reynolds number Rec of transition and the spanwise wavelength of the dominant mode are shown to be highly dependent on, but smoothly varying with, the rotation rate of the cylinder. Varying the rotation from prograde to retrograde rolling acts to increase the value of Rec and decrease the preferred wavelength. The structure of the fully evolved wake mode is then established through three-dimensional simulations. In fact it is found that at Reynolds numbers only marginally (~5%) above critical, the three-dimensional simulations indicate that the saturated state becomes time dependent, although at least initially, this does not result in a significant change to the mode structure. It is only at higher Reynolds numbers that the wake undergoes a transition to vortex shedding.An analysis of the three-dimensional transition indicates that it is unlikely to be due to a centrifugal instability despite the superficial similarity to the flow over a backward-facing step, for which the transition mechanism has been speculated to be centrifugal. However, the attached elongated recirculation region and distribution of the spanwise perturbation vorticity field, and the similarity of these features with those of the flow through a partially blocked channel, suggest the possibility that the mechanism is elliptic in nature. Some analysis which supports this conjecture is undertaken.
Immunological responses against human papilloma virus and human papilloma virus induced laryngeal cancer
Authors: Chitose S , Sakazaki T , Ono T , Kurita T , Mihashi H , Nakashima T 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to clarify the local immune status in the larynx in the presence of infection or carcinogenesis associated with human papilloma virus.Methods:Cytological samples (for human papilloma virus detection) and laryngeal secretions (for immunoglobulin assessment) were obtained from 31 patients with laryngeal disease, during microscopic laryngeal surgery. On histological examination, 12 patients had squamous cell carcinoma, four had laryngeal papilloma and 15 had other benign laryngeal disease. Cytological samples were tested for human papilloma virus DNA using the Hybrid Capture 2 assay.Results:High risk human papilloma virus DNA was detected in 25 per cent of patients (three of 12) with laryngeal cancer. Low risk human papilloma virus DNA was detected only in three laryngeal papilloma patients. The mean laryngeal secretion concentrations of immunoglobulins M, G and A and secretory immunoglobulin A in human papilloma virus DNA positive patients were more than twice those in human papilloma virus DNA negative patients. A statistically significant difference was observed between the secretory immunoglobulin A concentrations in the two groups. Patients with laryngeal cancer had higher laryngeal secretion concentrations of each immunoglobulin type, compared with patients with benign laryngeal disease. The study assessed the mean laryngeal secretion concentrations of each immunoglobulin type in the 12 laryngeal cancer patients, comparing human papilloma virus DNA positive patients (n = 3) and human papilloma virus DNA negative patients (n = 9); the mean concentrations of immunoglobulins M, G and A and secretory immunoglobulin A tended to be greater in human papilloma virus DNA positive cancer patients, compared with human papilloma virus DNA negative cancer patients.Conclusion:These results suggest that the local laryngeal immune response is activated by infection or carcinogenesis due to human papilloma virus. The findings strongly suggest that secretory IgA has inhibitory activity against infection or carcinogenesis associated with human papilloma virus in the larynx.
The prevalence of family childhood adversities and their association with first onset of DSM-IV disorders in metropolitan China
Authors: Lee S. , Guo W. J. , Tsang A. , He Y. L. , Huang Y. Q. , Zhang M. Y. , Liu Z. R. , Shen Y. C. , Kessler R. C. 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundThe prevalence of family childhood adversities (FCAs) and their joint effects on the first onset of subsequent mental disorders throughout the life course are rarely examined, especially in Asian communities.MethodFace-to-face household interviews of 5201 people aged 18–70 years in Beijing and Shanghai were conducted by a multi-stage household probability sampling method. The first onsets of four broad groups of mental disorders and six categories of FCAs were assessed using The World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI). Joint effects of FCAs were analyzed by the best fitting of several competitive multivariate models.ResultsFCAs were highly prevalent and inter-correlated. Half of them were in a family-dysfunction cluster. The best-fitting model included each of six types of FCA (with family-dysfunction FCAs being the strongest predictors), number of family-dysfunction FCAs, and number of other FCAs. Family-dysfunction FCAs had a significant subadditive association with subsequent disorders. Little specificity was found for the effects of particular FCAs with particular disorders. Predictive effects of FCAs reached the highest in ages 13–24 compared to ages 4–12 and ⩾25. Estimates of population-attributable risk proportions indicated that all FCAs together explained 38.5% of all first-onset disorders.ConclusionsChinese children were exposed to a broad spectrum of inter-related FCAs, as found in Western countries. FCAs related to family dysfunction were especially associated with subsequent mental disorders. Biological and/or environmental factors that mediate these long-term effects should be studied in prospective research on broad groups of FCAs.
Some further reflections regarding the Talbott–Crisp debate on the Augustinian concept of everlasting punishment
Authors: EHRLICH DROR 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article consists of a critical discussion of the debate between Thomas Talbott and Oliver Crisp on the philosophical justification for the traditional Augustinian concept of everlasting punishment in hell. First, I outline the debate, describing Talbott's challenges to the Augustinian retributivist understanding of everlasting punishment and Crisp's responses to them. Next, I analyse their main points of disagreement, indicating the strengths and weaknesses of their arguments. Finally, I present conclusions arising from analysis of the debate in the framework of Christian theology, and I discuss possible implications for the thesis of everlasting punishment in monotheistic religious thought in general.
Medium request: Talking language shift into being
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn his landmark contribution to the field of language shift/maintenance, Fishman maintains that, for language shift to be reversed, “face-to-face, small-scale social life must be pursued in their own right and focused upon directly.” This article responds to this call to examine language shift at the level of face-to-face interaction. It describes a specific interactional practice, referred to as “medium request,” observed in the Rwandan community in Belgium, where language shift is taking place from Kinyarwanda-French bilingualism to French monolingualism. The practice consists in the fact that younger members of the community, when in interaction with adult members, constantly (albeit indirectly) request the latter to “medium-switch” from Kinyarwanda to French. The article therefore describes the practice as a specific type of language/medium negotiation, examines its various strategies, and shows how, through this interactional practice, members of the community actually talk language shift into being. (Medium request, language shift, language maintenance, language/medium negotiation, other-initiated medium repair, embedded medium repair, generalized content repair, targeted content repair, understanding check)
Identity and social conduct in a transient multilingual setting
Authors: Goebel Zane 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article focuses on the question of how systems of expectations for social conduct develop in a context characterized by diversity and transience. The empirical focus is a series of women's neighborhood meetings in a transient urban milieu in Indonesia. Drawing on work on semiotic register formation, I argue that expectations for social conduct within this neighborhood are constructed through the positioning of self and others in talk across speech situations. In doing so, I explore interdiscursive relationships between this conversational activity and more perduring signs of personhood and social relations. (Enregisterment, identity, Indonesia, migration, trust)*
CONTRIBUTIONS OF GEOARCHAEOLOGY TO MESOAMERICAN STUDIES
Authors: Sheets Payson 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA survey of the Mesoamerican geoarchaeological literature published from 1990 to the present—in celebration of Ancient Mesoamerica's first 20-year katun anniversary—shows the full spectrum of small, focused projects to broad-range programs. Some scholars defend subdisciplinary boundaries and only do their research as physical science. Others combine natural with social science investigations, and some delve well into the humanities. I suggest here that the more successful programs are the latter because I believe the human experience in ancient Mesoamerica does not fit neatly into one or two of our Western disciplinary categories. Hopefully the next katun can be characterized by more open inquiry including the fullest range of scholarship from the natural sciences, through the social sciences, and embracing the humanities. The growth of new “bottom-up” approaches and post-structural theory—often including agency, practice theory, and resistance—help broaden inquiry and therefore bode well for the next katun.
AZTEC STUDIES
Authors: Nichols Deborah L. , Evans Susan Toby 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAztec culture provides a gateway to Mesoamerican studies because it represents the connecting point between the pre-Hispanic past and the globalized present. Current research on the Aztecs comes from several disciplines: anthropology, history, art history, religion, and literature. The nearly fifty articles on the Aztecs published by Ancient Mesoamerica since its inception in 1990 encompass the various branches of Aztec scholarship. In this article we discuss major themes in recent scholarship on the Aztecs: environment and subsistence, settlement and demography, economy, politics, and social relations, ideology and masterworks, and interregional relations.
Comparison of computational methods for the evaluation of learning potential in schizophrenia
Authors: FISZDON JOANNA M. , JOHANNESEN JASON K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLearning potential (LP) refers to the ability to improve cognitive performance as a result of training. It is typically assessed by test-train-test administrations of a task, wherein changes in pre-post performance are an index of LP. In schizophrenia research, LP has been suggested as a mediator of the relationship between static neurocognition and functional outcome. While a number of studies do indicate that LP assessment improves prediction of functioning beyond standard administrations of the same task, multiple approaches of computing LP indices have been used in this work. Multiple psychometric issues have been raised with respect to computation of change scores, but have not been widely recognized in LP assessment. To address this issue, the current study aimed to evaluate the test-retest reliability, interrelatedness, construct, and criterion validity of several conventional indices of LP, obtained from a test-train-test version of a list-learning task administered to 43 individuals with chronic schizophrenia. Overall, test-retest and intercorrelation coefficients indicated variable reliability and convergence across methods. While LP indices generally correlated more highly with independent measures of neurocognition and community functioning than pretraining list learning scores, coefficients were comparably small. Recommendations and measurement issues inherent to the LP construct are discussed. (JINS, 2010, 16, 613–620.)