bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomechanics of human movement and its clinical applications
Authors: Lu Tung‐Wu , Chang Chu‐Fen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAll life forms on earth, including humans, are constantly subjected to the universal force of gravitation, and thus to forces from within and surrounding the body. Through the study of the interaction of these forces and their effects, the form, function and motion of our bodies can be examined and the resulting knowledge applied to promote quality of life. Under gravity and other loads, and controlled by the nervous system, human movement is achieved through a complex and highly coordinated mechanical interaction between bones, muscles, ligaments and joints within the musculoskeletal system. Any injury to, or lesion in, any of the individual elements of the musculoskeletal system will change the mechanical interaction and cause degradation, instability or disability of movement. On the other hand, proper modification, manipulation and control of the mechanical environment can help prevent injury, correct abnormality, and speed healing and rehabilitation. Therefore, understanding the biomechanics and loading of each element during movement using motion analysis is helpful for studying disease etiology, making decisions about treatment, and evaluating treatment effects. In this article, the history and methodology of human movement biomechanics, and the theoretical and experimental methods developed for the study of human movement, are reviewed. Examples of motion analysis of various patient groups, prostheses and orthoses, and sports and exercises, are used to demonstrate the use of biomechanical and stereophotogrammetry‐based human motion analysis studies to address clinical issues. It is suggested that further study of the biomechanics of human movement and its clinical applications will benefit from the integration of existing engineering techniques and the continuing development of new technology.
‘NORMAL POLITICAL ACTIVITIES’: RHODESIA, THE PEARCE COMMISSION, AND THE AFRICAN NATIONAL COUNCIL
Authors: WHITE LUISE 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn 1972 a British commission arrived in Rhodesia to test how acceptable the latest and most comprehensive proposals to end Rhodesia's rebellion were to its entire people. Africans rejected the proposals in overwhelming numbers. Such powerful opposition was attributed to the African National Council, said to be a new and spontaneous organization, but in fact the creation of the banned political parties. This article examines the political agitation during the Pearce Commission's visit to show how commonplace the layers of political affiliation, substitution, and deception were in the groups that both supported and opposed the proposals in 1970s Rhodesia.
WHO BELONGS TO THE ‘STAR PEOPLE’? NEGOTIATING BEER AND GIN ADVERTISEMENTS IN WEST AFRICA, 1949–75
Authors: VAN DEN BERSSELAAR DMITRI 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis article explores the different trajectories of advertising for schnapps gin and beer in Ghana and Nigeria during the period of decolonisation and independence up to 1975. It analyses published newspaper advertisements alongside correspondence, advertising briefs, and market research reports found in business archives. Advertising that promoted a ‘modern’ life-style worked for beer, but not for gin. This study shows how advertisements became the product of negotiations between foreign companies, local businesses, and consumers. It provides insights into the development of advertising in West Africa, the differing ways in which African consumers attached meanings to specific commodities, and possibilities for the use of advertisements as sources for African history.
HOW SLAVES USED ISLAM: THE LETTERS OF ENSLAVED MUSLIM COMMERCIAL AGENTS IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY NIGER BEND AND CENTRAL SAHARA
Authors: HALL BRUCE S. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTHistorians of slavery in Africa have long struggled to recover the voices of enslaved people. In this article, an unusual set of sources found in Timbuktu (Mali) reveals the existence of a stratum of literate, Muslim slaves who wrote and received letters written in Arabic. These letters make it possible to probe the Islamic rhetoric used by Muslim slaves and ask how enslaved people who adopted Islam understood their faith. Did Muslim slaves arrive at different interpretations of Islam than those Muslims who were free? Using the correspondence of two slaves who worked as agents in their master's commercial activities in the Niger Bend and Central Sahara during the second half of the nineteenth century, this article demonstrates the extent to which Muslim slaves used appeals to their own piety in attempting to carve out a certain amount of social autonomy. For these Muslim slaves, Islam could be made to serve both spiritual and practical ends. And yet, this did not require slaves to interpret Islam in ways that rejected the legitimacy of slavery.
Policy Success and Public Health: The Case of Public Health in England
Authors: BAGGOTT ROB 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLike many countries, England has introduced a range of policies and strategies on public health since the early 1990s. Using concepts drawn from the policy success and failure literature, this article concludes that recent governments in England achieved only ‘precarious success’ in McConnell's typology. It demonstrates, with wider significance, that success or failure is not merely about policy achievement in programme terms, but that policy processes and the political dimensions of policy must be included in any evaluation. It also highlights the adversarial nature of public health policy, the subjectivity of judgments about effectiveness and the political problems this creates for government. The article pinpoints the relevance of public health policies for judgements about government competence, trustworthiness and accountability. It argues that failures of public health policy, including poor evaluation and failures to learn from experience, may be more comprehensible by adopting a political analysis of public policy making in this field.
1-loop graphs and configuration space integral for embedding spaces
Authors: SAKAI KEIICHI , WATANABE TADAYUKI 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe will construct differential forms on the embedding spaces Emb(j, n) for n − j ≥ 2 using configuration space integral associated with 1-loop graphs, and show that some linear combinations of these forms are closed in some dimensions. There are other dimensions in which we can show the closedness if we replace Emb(j, n) by Emb(j, n), the homotopy fiber of the inclusion Emb(j, n) ↪ Imm(j, n). We also show that the closed forms obtained give rise to nontrivial cohomology classes, evaluating them on some cycles of Emb(j, n) and Emb(j, n). In particular we obtain nontrivial cohomology classes (for example, in H3(Emb(2, 5))) of higher degrees than those of the first nonvanishing homotopy groups.
‘In each town I find a triple harmony’: idealizing the city and the language of community in early modern (East) Central European urban historiography
Authors: MILLER JAROSLAV 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT:In referring to the sociological concept of community as a cultural field with a complex of symbols, the article examines the language of urban communities as applied by pre-1800 urban historiography. The analysis of mostly (East) Central European urban chronicles, burgher diaries and panegyrical texts discloses the strong presence of a normative vision of an idealized community which was projected, however, into the life of a real city.
Mumbai's suburban mass housing
Authors: URBAN FLORIAN 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT:In the 1960s and 1970s, the state-operated Maharashtra Housing Board and its successor organization Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA) responded to Mumbai's exponential growth with what at the time was internationally considered to be the most effective measure to fight the housing shortage: large estates of standardized apartment blocks. In Mumbai's northern suburbs, housing compounds were built for designated income levels, such as Kannamwar Nagar and Sahyadri Nagar for the ‘low-income group’ and DN Nagar or Sahakar Nagar for the ‘middle-income group’. This article argues that Mumbai's state-sponsored tower blocks adapted an internationally discussed urban design concept to specific local conditions. The designers took up influences from both local Maharashtrian and European housing typologies of the mid-twentieth century, including upper-class art deco apartments, socialist housing compounds and serially built working-class chawls. In contrast to mass housing developments in Chicago, Moscow or Paris, Mumbai's tower blocks were built individually rather than from prefabricated parts, offered rather high standards of living compared to that of the majority and, as a result, became increasingly inhabited by comparably wealthy groups. Since the beginning of economic liberalization in the 1990s, many have been converted into private co-operatives. Once designed to house the masses, they are now visible symbols for a growing minority that constitutes Mumbai's new middle class. At the same time, they are an example for the local evolution of the modernist housing block type that is only apparently similar all over the world.
Imagining the street in post-war Britain
Authors: MORAN JOE 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT:This article discusses the changing ways in which the residential street has been imagined in post-war Britain. From the ethnographers and street photographers who emerged in Bethnal Green in the late 1940s and early 1950s, to the planning concept of ‘streets in the air’, to modern geodemographics, the street has been a way of thinking through shifting ideas about civil society and collective social life. Imagined as a space of spontaneous community when set against the rational, contractual operations of both the market and the state, the street has been a means of articulating hopes for and anxieties about social change.
Perceived quality and availability of fruit and vegetables are associated with perceptions of fruit and vegetable affordability among socio-economically disadvantaged women
Authors: Williams Lauren K , Thornton Lukar , Crawford David , Ball Kylie 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectivePerceptions that fruit and vegetables are expensive have been found to be associated with lower consumption of fruit and vegetables among disadvantaged women; however, the determinants of these perceptions are relatively unknown. The purpose of the current paper is to examine whether perceived availability and quality of fruit and vegetables, and social support for healthy eating, are associated with perceptions of fruit and vegetable affordability among women residing in disadvantaged neighbourhoods.DesignCross-sectional self-report survey.SettingThe study was conducted in Melbourne, Australia.SubjectsAn Australian sample of 4131 women, aged 18–45 years, residing in neighbourhoods ranked in the lowest Victorian tertile of relative disadvantage by the Australian Bureau of Statistics, an index that considers aspects of disadvantage such as residents’ income, education, motor vehicle access and employment.ResultsResults showed that irrespective of education, income and other key covariates, women who perceived poor availability and quality of fruit and vegetables in their local neighbourhood were more likely to perceive fruit and vegetables as expensive.ConclusionsOur results suggest that perceptions of fruit and vegetable affordability are not driven exclusively by lack of financial or knowledge-related resources, but also by women's psychological response and interpretation of their local nutrition environment.
Vegetarian diets and blood pressure among white subjects: results from the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2)
Authors: Pettersen Betty J , Anousheh Ramtin , Fan Jing , Jaceldo-Siegl Karen , Fraser Gary E 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectivePrevious work studying vegetarians has often found that they have lower blood pressure (BP). Reasons may include their lower BMI and higher intake levels of fruit and vegetables. Here we seek to extend this evidence in a geographically diverse population containing vegans, lacto-ovo vegetarians and omnivores.DesignData are analysed from a calibration sub-study of the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2) cohort who attended clinics and provided validated FFQ. Criteria were established for vegan, lacto-ovo vegetarian, partial vegetarian and omnivorous dietary patterns.SettingClinics were conducted at churches across the USA and Canada. Dietary data were gathered by mailed questionnaire.SubjectsFive hundred white subjects representing the AHS-2 cohort.ResultsCovariate-adjusted regression analyses demonstrated that the vegan vegetarians had lower systolic and diastolic BP (mmHg) than omnivorous Adventists (β = −6·8, P < 0·05 and β = −6·9, P < 0·001). Findings for lacto-ovo vegetarians (β = −9·1, P < 0·001 and β = −5·8, P < 0·001) were similar. The vegetarians (mainly the vegans) were also less likely to be using antihypertensive medications. Defining hypertension as systolic BP > 139 mmHg or diastolic BP > 89 mmHg or use of antihypertensive medications, the odds ratio of hypertension compared with omnivores was 0·37 (95 % CI 0·19, 0·74), 0·57 (95 % CI 0·36, 0·92) and 0·92 (95 % CI 0·50, 1·70), respectively, for vegans, lacto-ovo vegetarians and partial vegetarians. Effects were reduced after adjustment for BMI.ConclusionsWe conclude from this relatively large study that vegetarians, especially vegans, with otherwise diverse characteristics but stable diets, do have lower systolic and diastolic BP and less hypertension than omnivores. This is only partly due to their lower body mass.
The importance of an asymmetric distribution of acidic lipids for synaptotagmin 1 function as a Ca2+ sensor
Authors: Lai Ying , Shin Yeon-Kyun 
Published: January 2012

Syt1 (synaptotagmin 1) is a major Ca2+ sensor for synaptic vesicle fusion. Although Syt1 is known to bind to SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein-attachment protein receptor) complexes and to the membrane, the mechanism by which Syt1 regulates vesicle fusion is controversial. In the present study we used in vitro lipid-mixing assays to investigate the Ca2+-dependent Syt1 function in proteoliposome fusion. To study the role of acidic lipids, the concentration of negatively charged DOPS (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine) in the vesicle was varied. Syt1 stimulated lipid mixing by 3–10-fold without Ca2+. However, with Ca2+ there was an additional 2–5-fold enhancement. This Ca2+-dependent stimulation was observed only when there was excess PS (phosphatidylserine) on the t-SNARE (target SNARE) side. If there was equal or more PS on the v-SNARE (vesicule SNARE) side the Ca2+-dependent stimulation was not observed. We found that Ca2+ at a concentration between 10 and 50 μM was sufficient to give rise to the maximal enhancement. The single-vesicle-fusion assay indicates that the Ca2+-dependent enhancement was mainly on docking, whereas its effect on lipid mixing was small. Thus for Syt1 to function as a Ca2+ sensor, a charge asymmetry appears to be important and this may play a role in steering Syt1 to productively trans bind to the plasma membrane.
An Examination of the Associations Among Multiple Memory Systems, Past Tense, and Vocabulary in Typically Developing 5-Year-Old Children
Authors: Lum Jarrad A. G. , Kidd Evan 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
Considerable research has investigated the role of verbal working memory in language development in children with and without language problems. Much less is currently known about the relationship between language and the declarative and procedural memory systems. This study examined whether these 2 memory systems were related to typically developing children’s past tense and lexical knowledge.

Method
Fifty-eight typically developing children approximately 5 years of age completed a battery of linguistic and nonlinguistic tasks, including tests of vocabulary, past tense production, and procedural and declarative memory.

Results
The results showed that declarative and procedural memory were not correlated with either regular or irregular past tense use. A significant correlation was observed between declarative memory and vocabulary.

Conclusions
The results of the study were not consistent with the view that the declarative and procedural memory systems support children’s use of the regular and irregular past tense. However, evidence was found suggesting that declarative memory supports vocabulary in this age group.
Linking Outcomes From Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Forms Using Item Response Models
Authors: Hoffman Lesa , Templin Jonathan , Rice Mabel L. 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
The present work describes how vocabulary ability as assessed by 3 different forms of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT; Dunn & Dunn, 1997) can be placed on a common latent metric through item response theory (IRT) modeling, by which valid comparisons of ability between samples or over time can then be made.

Method
Responses from 2,625 cases in a longitudinal study of 697 persons for 459 unique PPVT items (175 items from Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised [PPVT–R] Form M [Dunn & Dunn, 1981], 201 items from Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—3 [PPVT–3] Form A [Dunn & Dunn, 1997], and 83 items from PPVT–3 Form B [Dunn & Dunn, 1997]) were analyzed using a 2-parameter logistic IRT model.

Results

The test forms each covered approximately ±3
SD
s of vocabulary ability with high reliability. Some differences between item sets in item difficulty and discrimination were found between the PPVT–3 Forms A and B.

Conclusions
Comparable estimates of vocabulary ability obtained from different test forms can be created through IRT modeling. The authors have also written a freely available SAS program that uses the obtained item parameters to provide IRT ability estimates given item responses to any of the 3 forms. This scoring resource will allow others with existing PPVT data to benefit from this work as well.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963565
Application of the Envelope Difference Index to Spectrally Sparse Speech
Authors: Souza Pamela , Hoover Eric , Gallun Frederick 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
Amplitude compression is a common hearing aid processing strategy that can improve speech audibility and loudness comfort but also has the potential to alter important cues carried by the speech envelope. In previous work, a measure of envelope change, the Envelope Difference Index (EDI; Fortune, Woodruff, & Preves, 1994), was moderately related to recognition of spectrally robust consonants. This follow-up study investigated the relationship between the EDI and recognition of spectrally sparse consonants.

Method
Stimuli were vowel-consonant-vowel tokens processed to reduce spectral cues. Compression parameters were chosen to achieve a range of EDI values. Recognition was measured for 20 listeners with normal hearing.

Results
Both overall recognition and perception of consonant features were reduced at higher EDI values. Similar effects were noted with noise-vocoded and sine-vocoded processing and regardless of whether periodicity cues were available.

Conclusion
The data provide information about the acceptable limits of envelope distortion under constrained conditions. These limits can be used to consider the impact of envelope distortions in situations where other cues are available to varying extents.
The Impact of Sound-Field Systems on Learning and Attention in Elementary School Classrooms
Authors: Dockrell Julie E. , Shield Bridget 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
The authors evaluated the installation and use of sound-field systems to investigate the impact of these systems on teaching and learning in elementary school classrooms.

Methods
The evaluation included acoustic surveys of classrooms, questionnaire surveys of students and teachers, and experimental testing of students with and without the use of sound-field systems. In this article, the authors report students' perceptions of classroom environments and objective data evaluating change in performance on cognitive and academic assessments with amplification over a 6-month period.

Results
Teachers were positive about the use of sound-field systems in improving children’s listening and attention to verbal instructions. Over time, students in amplified classrooms did not differ from those in nonamplified classrooms in their reports of listening conditions, nor did their performance differ in measures of numeracy, reading, or spelling. Use of sound-field systems in the classrooms resulted in significantly larger gains in performance in the number of correct items on the nonverbal measure of speed of processing and the measure of listening comprehension. Analysis controlling for classroom acoustics indicated that students' listening comprehension scores improved significantly in amplified classrooms with poorer acoustics but not in amplified classrooms with better acoustics.

Conclusions
Both teacher ratings and student performance on standardized tests indicated that sound-field systems improved performance on children’s understanding of spoken language. However, academic attainments showed no benefits from the use of sound-field systems. Classroom acoustics were a significant factor influencing the efficacy of sound-field systems; children in classes with poorer acoustics benefited in listening comprehension, whereas there was no additional benefit for children in classrooms with better acoustics.
Intelligibility of 4-Year-Old Children With and Without Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Hustad Katherine C. , Schueler Brynn , Schultz Laurel , DuHadway Caitlin 
Published: January 2012

Purpose
The authors examined speech intelligibility in typically developing (TD) children and 3 groups of children with cerebral palsy (CP) who were classified into speech/language profile groups following Hustad, Gorton, and Lee (2010). Questions addressed differences in transcription intelligibility scores among groups, the effects of utterance length on intelligibility, the relationship between ordinal ratings of intelligibility and orthographic transcription intelligibility scores, and the difference between parent and naïve listener ordinal ratings.

Method

Speech samples varying in length from 1 to 7 words were elicited from 23 children with CP (
M
age
= 54.3 months) and 20 TD children (
M
age
= 55.1 months). Two hundred fifteen naïve listeners made orthographic transcriptions and ordinal ratings of intelligibility. Parent ordinal ratings of intelligibility were obtained from a previous study (Hustad et al., 2010).

Results
Intelligibility varied with speech/language profile group and utterance length, with different patterns observed by profile group. Ratings of intelligibility by parents and naïve listeners did not differ, and both were highly correlated with transcription intelligibility scores.

Conclusion
Intelligibility was reduced for all groups of children with CP relative to TD children, suggesting the importance of speech-language intervention and the need for research investigating variables associated with changes in intelligibility in children.