bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
China's First Independent Cobalt Deposit and its Metallogenic Mechanism: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and Isotopic Geochemistry
Authors: Chengyou FENG , Feng QI , Dequan ZHANG , Daxin LI , Hongquan SHE 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:The Tuolugou cobalt deposit is the first independent large‐scale Co‐ and Au‐bearing deposit discovered in northwestern China. It is located in the eastern Kunlun orogenic belt in Qinghai Province, and occurs conformably in low‐grade metamorphic volcano‐sedimentary rock series with well‐developed Na‐rich hydrothermal sedimentary rocks and typical hydrothermal sedimentary ore fabrics. Fluid inclusions and isotopic geochemistry studies suggest that cobalt mineralizing fluid is dominated by NaCl‐H2O system, accompanied by NaCl‐CO2‐H2O‐N2 system responsible for gold mineralization. Massive, banded and disseminated pyrite ores have similar compositions of He and Ar isotopes from the mineralizing fluid, with 3He/4He range between 0.10 to 0.31Ra (averaging 0.21Ra), and 40Ar/36Ar between 302 and 569 (averaging 373), which reflects that Co mineralizing fluids derived dominantly from meteoric water deeply circulating. δ34S values of pyrite approaches to zero (δ34S ranging from –4.5‰ to +1.5‰, centering around ‐1.8‰ to ‐0.2‰), reflecting its deep source. Ore lead is characterized by distinctly high radiogenesis, with 206Pb/204Pb>19.279, 207Pb/204Pb>15.691 and 208Pb/204Pb>39.627, and its values show an increase trend from country rocks, regional Paleozoic volcanic rocks to ores. This may have suggested that high radiogentic ore Pb derived mainly from country rocks by leaching meteoric water‐dominated hydrothermal fluid during its circulation at depth. Cobalt occurs mainly in sulfide phase (such as pyrite), but cobalt enrichment, and presence and increasing contents of Co‐bearing minerals have a positive correlation with metamorphic degree. The Tuolugou deposit and other typical strata‐bound Co‐Cu‐Au deposits have striking similarities in the geological features and metallogenic pattern of primary cobalt All of them are syngenetic hydrothermal exhalative sedimentation in origin.
Geology and Geochemistry of the Yangtizishan‐Moshishan Metamorphosed Sedimentary Anatase Deposit in Zhenglan Qi, Inner Mongolia: Discovery of a New Genetic Type of Titanium Deposit
Authors: Yiming ZHAO , Daxin LI , Liangshi WU , Wenming CHEN , Chengyou FENG , Peihua WANG , Xuedong GAO 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:Anatase and its allomorphic mineral rutile have the most prominent economic significance among titanium mineral resources and constitute one of the badly needed mineral resources currently in China. The Yantizishan‐Moshishan anatase deposit was formerly referred to as an iron deposit Based on recent investigation and exploration the authors believe that it is actually a large metamorphosed sedimentary anatase‐dominated deposit belonging to a new genetic type. Ore bodies occur in stratoid and lenticular forms in Mesoproterozoic (1751 Ma) schist, metasandstone (metasiltstone), and amphibolite. Rich ores have perthitic structure comprising chiefly interbedded quartz perthite (with disseminated anatase and rutile) and anatase perthite. Ore minerals are mainly anatase and subordinately rutile and ilmenite (±hematite), while nonmetallic minerals are chiefly quartz with a certain amount of anthophyllite and biotite (±garnet). The grain sizes of anatase, rutile and ilmenite are 0.01–0.1 mm. Rich ores contain 3.14% to 15.46% TiO2, averaging 6.91%, while the low‐grade ores have TiO2 content about 1.2%to 2.97%, averaging 1.76%. The ores have relatively high TFe and V contents. Trace elements in anatase and rutile such as Nb and Cr were analyzed by the electron microprobe. According to their relatively low Nb and Cr contents, source anatase and rutile must have come from meta‐mafic rocks. Trace elements of the associated ilmenite show relatively high MnO and low MgO contents, just in contrast to those of ilmenite in V‐Ti‐magnetite ores of magmatic origin. The protoliths of amphibolite wall rocks should be basalt and picrite‐basalt. Pertochemical data suggest that the tectonic setting of these rocks belongs to an island arc or a transitional belt between the island arc and oceanic ridge. Silicon isotope study shows that δ30Si values of different anatase ores, quartzite, and schist in this deposit are 0.1‰ to ‐0.9‰, similar to those of marine hydrothermal exhalative sedimentary deposits. All of these geological and geochemical characteristics of the ore deposit suggest that the anatase ores and amphibolite are products of submarine basic volcanism. The ores had chemical precipitation features, but were later subjected to regional intermediate (or somewhat lower) grade metamorphism (1158 Ma). Rutile was formed mainly in the process of this metamorphism. The ore belt locally underwent hydrothermal modification during the emplacement of Late Yanshanian granite (118 Ma).
The Impact of Aqueous Medium on Gas Yields and Kinetic Behaviors of Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation during Organic Matter Thermal Degradation
Authors: Shuangfang LU , Min WANG , Haitao XUE , Jijun LI , Fangwen CHEN , Qingxia XU 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:In order to recognize the impact of aqueous medium on gas yields and the kinetic behaviors of hydrogen isotope fractionation during organic matter thermal degradation, the gold tube apparatus was used to conduct thermal simulation experiments by mixing the nC18 with the water of different properties and proportions. The yields of natural gas components, the relation among hydrogen isotope composition of each component and the experimental temperatures vs. heating rates have been obtained, and the results indicate that under the higher temperature conditions, the hydrous experiment has obvious impact on gas yields, such as when more water is added, higher amounts of hydrocarbon gas and H2 are yielded, and the existence of water obviously prolongs the temperature interval with the existence of heavy hydrocarbon gas. It also shows that the hydrogen isotope of hydrocarbon gas generated by the hydrous experiment is obviously lighter than that generated by the anhydrous experiment, and with the increasing amount of added water, the δD value of hydrocarbon gas gradually decreases. Compared with gas yields, the variation of δ5D value is more sensitive to aqueous medium in the thermal simulation experiment. However, compared with the amount of the added water, the aqueous medium property has smaller impact on the gas yields, which still shows the inherit effect on hydrogen isotope composition of aqueous medium. Through the model simulation and the isotope fractionation behavior analysis, it is validated that the hydrogen isotope fractionation process can be well described by the chemical kinetic model. The difference of reaction fraction of normal methane and D‐containing methane is large, corresponding to the same activation energy. The content of normal methane is obviously higher in the part with lower activation energy, while the content of D‐containing methane is higher in the part with higher activation energy. Therefore, it will result in larger hydrogen isotope fractionation amplitude, and the δD values will be more sensitive to the variation of maturity. Meanwhile, the average activation energy of methane generation from nC18 in the hydrous experiment is higher than that in the anhydrous experiment, and the greater amount of added water, the larger the average activation energy of methane generation reaction. This has laid foundation for its exploratory application in the study of gas reservoir forming history and the gas‐source correlation, which indicates the research and application prospects in this orientation.
The Characteristics and Causes of Land Subsidence in Tanggu Based on the GPS Survey System and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Fengshan MA , Aihua WEI , Zhantao HAN , Haijun ZHAO , Jie GUO 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:Land subsidence is a severe hazard threatening Tanggu, a flat lowland area, and evidences of land subsidence can be seen throughout the city. A new reasonable GPS network was set up in this area from 2008 to 2010. The monitoring data show that land subsidence was serious and two main subsidence cones were obviously formed in the region. One emerged at Hujiayuan, with the maximum rate reaching 60 mm/a, and the influence region enlarged prominently from 2005 to 2010. The other one occurred at Kaifaqu, which became obvious only after 2005, and it showed a decreasing tendency with time. To analyze the causes of ground settlement, a correlation between groundwater withdrawal and land subsidence was firstly made. The results confirmed that over‐exploitation of groundwater was the major cause for the severe settlement in Hujiayuan. Meanwhile, the subsidence of Kaifaqu was also related to groundwater withdrawal before 2005. However, the relationship became unconspicuous after 2005. To find the cause of this abnormity, a three‐dimensional finite element numerical model, coupled with groundwater flow and subsidence, was built The simulation results indicate that the subsidence induced by high‐rise buildings is serious, but the affected range is limited and it also shows a decreasing trend with time, corresponding to the subsidence characteristics at Kaifaqu. Therefore, more attention should be paid to this hazard induced by engineering construction besides groundwater withdrawal, as more high‐rise buildings are under construction in Tanggu.
Human Health Risk Assessment Model of Organic Pollution in Groundwater: Shijiazhuang Industrial Zone
Authors: Mei YANG , Yuhong FEI , Yiwen JU , Huaqi LI 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:In this study, a risk‐based management model is developed and applied to an industrial zone. The models proposed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Han Bing have been improved by adding a residual ratio of volatile organic compounds (VOC) after boiling and deleting the related parameters in half‐life. Using this improved model, an integrated process was used to assess human health risk level in the study area. Compared with water quality analysis, the results highlight the importance of applying an integrated approach for decision making on risk levels and water protection. The results of this study demonstrated that: (1) Compared with these permissible level standards in China (GB 3838–2002) and National Primary Drinking Water Regulations of the United States, the residents' daily life had not been affected by the groundwater in this area (except for relative bad water quality of HB3–4 and HB3–6); (2) The typical detected organic contaminants of all groundwater samples were chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethene, and the pollution sources were mainly industrial sources by preliminary investigations; (3) As for groundwater, the non‐carcinogenic risk values of all samples do not exceed the permissible level of 1.0 and the carcinogenic risk values are relatively lower than the permissible level of 1.00E‐06 to 1.00E‐04; (4) Drinking water pathway of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene mainly contribute to increasing the health risk of residents' in study areas; (5) In terms of non‐carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk, the health risk order for drinking water pathway and dermal contact pathway was: drinking water pathway > dermal contact pathway.
Divergence-Free Spatial Velocity Flow Field Interpolator for Improving Measurements from ADCP-Equipped Small Unmanned Underwater Vehicles
Authors: MacMahan Jamie , Vennell Ross , Beatson Rick , Brown Jenna , Reniers Ad 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Applying a two-dimensional (2D) divergence-free (DF) interpolation to a one-person deployable unmanned underwater vehicle’s (UUV) noisy moving-vessel acoustic Doppler current profiler (MV-ADCP) measurements improves the results and increases the utility of the UUV in tidal environments. For a 3.5-h MV-ACDP simulation that spatially and temporally varies with the M2 tide, the 2D DF-estimated velocity magnitude and orientation improves by approximately 85%. Next the 2D DF method was applied to velocity data obtained from two UUVs that repeatedly performed seven 1-h survey tracks in Bear Cut Inlet, Miami, Florida. The DF method provides a more realistic and consistent representation of the ADCP measured flow field, improving magnitude and orientation estimates by approximately 25%. The improvement increases for lower flow velocities, when the ADCP measurements have low environmental signal-to-noise ratio. However, near slack tide when flow reversal occurs, the DF estimates are invalid because the flows are not steady state within the survey circuit.
Application of a WRF Mesoscale Data Assimilation System to Springtime Severe Weather Events 2007–09
Authors: Wheatley Dustan M. , Stensrud David J. , Dowell David C. , Yussouf Nusrat 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
An ensemble-based data assimilation system using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) has been used to initialize forecasts of prolific severe weather events from springs 2007 to 2009. These experiments build on previous work that has shown the ability of ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation to produce realistic mesoscale features, such as drylines and convectively driven cold pools, which often play an important role in future convective development. For each event in this study, severe weather parameters are calculated from an experimental ensemble forecast started from EnKF analyses, and then compared to a control ensemble forecast in which no ensemble-based data assimilation is performed. Root-mean-square errors for surface observations averaged across all events are generally smaller for the experimental ensemble over the 0–6-h forecast period. At model grid points nearest to tornado reports, the ensemble-mean significant tornado parameter (STP) and the probability that STP &gt; 1 are often greater in the experimental 0–6-h ensemble forecasts than in the control forecasts. Likewise, the probability of mesoscale convective system (MCS) maintenance probability (MMP) is often greater with the experimental ensemble at model grid points nearest to wind reports. Severe weather forecasts can be sharpened by coupling the respective severe weather parameter with the probability of measurable rainfall at model grid points. The differences between the two ensembles are found to be significant at the 95% level, suggesting that even a short period of ensemble data assimilation can yield improved forecast guidance for severe weather events.
Choosing a Boundary Layer Parameterization for Tropical Cyclone Modeling
Authors: Kepert Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The boundary layer in a tropical cyclone is in some respects unlike that elsewhere in the atmosphere. It is therefore necessary to evaluate boundary layer parameterizations for their suitability for use in tropical cyclone simulation. Previous work has shown substantial sensitivity to the choice of scheme and identified specific shortcomings in some schemes, but without recommending which schemes are most suitable. Here, several schemes, representative of those available in popular modeling systems, are reviewed and applied in a simplified modeling framework. Based on a comparison with observations and on theoretical grounds, one popular class of schemes is shown to be badly flawed in that it incorrectly predicts the near-surface wind profile, and therefore should not be used. Another is shown to be sensitive to diagnosis of the boundary layer depth, a difficult problem in the core of the tropical cyclone, and caution is advised. The Louis boundary layer scheme and a higher-order closure scheme are, so far as can be discerned, without major problems, and are recommended. The recommendations and discussion herein should help users make a more informed choice of boundary layer parameterization, and to better understand the results that they obtain.
Assimilation of F-16 Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder Data in the NCEP Global Forecast System
Authors: Yan Banghua , Weng Fuzhong 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) on board the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F-16 satellite is the first conically scanning sounding instrument that provides information on atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles. The SSMIS data were preprocessed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) using its Unified Preprocessor Package (UPP) and then distributed to the numerical weather prediction centers by the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC). This dataset was assimilated into the Global Forecast System (GFS) using gridpoint statistical interpolation (GSI). The initial assimilation of the SSMIS data into the GFS did not improve the medium-range (5–7 days) forecast skill. The SSMIS bias (O-B) still changes with location and time after the GSI bias-correction scheme is implemented. This bias characteristic is related to residual calibration errors in the correction of the SSMIS antenna emission and warm target contamination. The large O-B standard deviation is probably due to the large instrument noise in the SSMIS UPP data. The large O-B and its standard deviation for several surface sensitive channels are also caused by uncertainty in surface emissivity. In this study, a new scheme is developed to remove regionally dependent bias using a weekly composite O-B. The SSMIS noise is reduced through a Gaussian function filter. A new emissivity database for snow and sea ice is developed for the SSMIS surface sensitive channels. After applying these algorithms, the quality of the SSMIS low-atmospheric sounding (LAS) data is improved; the surface-sensitive channels can be effectively assimilated, and the impacts of SSMIS LAS data on the medium-range forecast in the GFS are positive and similar to those from Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) data.
A Method for Calibrating Deterministic Forecasts of Rare Events
Authors: Marsh Patrick T. , Kain John S. , Lakshmanan Valliappa , Clark Adam J. , Hitchens Nathan M. , Hardy Jill 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Convection-allowing models offer forecasters unique insight into convective hazards relative to numerical models using parameterized convection. However, methods to best characterize the uncertainty of guidance derived from convection-allowing models are still unrefined. This paper proposes a method of deriving calibrated probabilistic forecasts of rare events from deterministic forecasts by fitting a parametric kernel density function to the model’s historical spatial error characteristics. This kernel density function is then applied to individual forecast fields to produce probabilistic forecasts.
Parental Smoking and Vascular Damage in Their 5-year-old Children
Authors: Geerts Caroline C. , Bots Michiel L. , van der Ent Cornelis K. , Grobbee Diederick E. , Uiterwaal Cuno S. P. M. 
Published: December 2011

Background:
The relation between smoke exposure in early life, the prenatal period in particular, and the vascular development of young children is largely unknown.

Methods:
Data from the birth cohort participating in the WHISTLER-Cardio study were used to relate the smoking of parents during pregnancy to subsequent vascular properties in their children. In 259 participating children who turned 5 years of age, parental smoking data were updated and children’s carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) and arterial wall distensibility were measured by using ultrasonography.

Results:
Children of mothers who had smoked throughout pregnancy had 18.8 μm thicker CIMT (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1, 36.5, P = .04) and 15% lower distensibility (95% CI −0.3, −0.02, P = .02) after adjustment for child’s age, maternal age, gender, and breastfeeding. The associations were not found in children of mothers who had not smoked in pregnancy but had smoked thereafter. The associations were strongest if both parents had smoked during pregnancy, with 27.7 μm thicker CIMT (95% CI 0.2, 55.3) and 21% lower distensibility (95% CI −0.4, −0.03).

Conclusion:
Exposure of children to parental tobacco smoke during pregnancy affects their arterial structure and function in early life.
Aerobic Capacity and Exercise Performance in Young People Born Extremely Preterm
Authors: Clemm Hege , Røksund Ola , Thorsen Einar , Eide Geir Egil , Markestad Trond , Halvorsen Thomas 
Published: December 2011

Objectives:
The goal of this study was to compare aerobic capacity and exercise performance of children and adolescents born extremely preterm and at term, and to relate findings to medical history and lifestyle factors. Potential cohort effects were assessed by studying subjects born in different decades.

Methods:
Two area-based cohorts of subjects born with gestational age ≤28 weeks or birth weight ≤1000 g in 1982–1985 and 1991–1992 and matched control subjects born at term were compared by using standardized maximal treadmill exercise and pulmonary function tests. Background data were collected from questionnaires and medical records.

Results:
Seventy-five of 86 eligible preterm subjects (87%) and 75 control subjects were assessed at mean ages of 17.6 years (n = 40 + 40) and 10.6 years (n = 35 + 35). At average, measures of aerobic capacity for subjects born preterm and at term were in the same range, whereas average running distance was modestly reduced for those born preterm. Leisure-time physical activity was similarly and positively associated with exercise capacity in preterm and term-born adolescents alike, although participation was lower among those born preterm. Neonatal bronchopulmonary dysplasia and current forced expiratory vol in 1 second was unrelated to exercise capacity. Differences between subjects born preterm and at term had not changed over the 2 decades studied.

Conclusion:
Despite their high-risk start to life and a series of potential shortcomings, subjects born preterm may achieve normal exercise capacity, and their response to physical training seems comparable to peers born at term.
Brain tumor-initiating cells and cells of origin in glioblastoma
Authors: Agnihotri Sameer , Munoz Diana , Zadeh Gelareh , Guha Abhijit 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGlioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant and devastating primary brain tumour with a median survival of ∼12–16 months. Although recent large scale sequencing projects have shed considerable light into the complexity of the disease, there remains much to be elucidated in the hopes of generating effective therapeutic strategies. Although these studies investigate the mutations and expression of bulk tumour they have limits with respect to cell of origin and the concept of brain tumour initiating cells (BTIC). Current research has challenged the old paradigm of the stochastic model as recent evidence suggests that a subset of cancer cells within a tumor is responsible for tumor initiation, maintenance, and resistance to therapy. To gain a better understanding of the different compartment of cells that GBM comprise of require careful and elegant experiments. In addition to studying GBM, exploring the role of normal neural stem cells and progenitors cells is essential to partially explain whether these GBM BTIC behave similarly or differently then their non transformed counterparts. Here we discuss the recent literature between the two models, candidate regions of glioma genesis, candidate cells of origin for GBM, and possible therapeutic avenues to explore.