bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child maltreatment and trajectories of personality and behavioral functioning: Implications for the development of personality disorder
Authors: Kim Jungmeen , Cicchetti Dante , Rogosch Fred A. , Manly Jody Todd 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study investigated the longitudinal impact of maltreatment parameters on personality processes and maladjustment and prospective relationships between personality trajectory classes and subsequent maladjustment outcomes. The sample involved maltreated (n= 249) and nonmaltreated (n= 200) children followed longitudinally between ages 6 and 10. Growth mixture modeling indicated multifinality in personality development depending on the risk status (i.e., maltreated vs. nonmaltreated). Two trajectory classes of ego resiliency were identified for maltreated children: those who showed a declining trajectory exhibited greater maladjustment. In contrast, three trajectory classes of ego control were identified for nonmaltreated children; the subgroups showing increases in ego undercontrol or dramatic changes from high ego undercontrol to high ego overcontrol exhibited poor adjustment. Experiencing multiple maltreatment subtypes and physical/sexual abuse were related to higher levels of ego undercontrol and externalizing symptomatology, whereas early onset of maltreatment was associated with the low and decreasing trajectory of ego resiliency and higher levels of internalizing symptomatology. The findings suggest that ego resiliency and ego control, personality processes related to self-regulation, may be important factors in identifying distinct pathways to later personality disorders as well as pathways to resilient functioning.
Neighborhoods and genes and everything in between: Understanding adolescent aggression in social and biological contexts
Authors: Hart Daniel , Marmorstein Naomi R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdolescent aggression was explored in relation to neighborhood and genetic characteristics. Child saturation (the proportion of the population consisting of children under the age of 15), ethnic heterogeneity, poverty, and urbanicity of neighborhoods were examined in relation to adolescent aggression in 12,098 adolescents followed longitudinally for 1 year. Longitudinal analyses indicated that child saturation was positively associated with increases in aggression, with this finding emerging among those living in the same neighborhood at both testing times and those who moved between testing times. In a subsample of males for whom genetic data were available, the relation of child saturation to adolescent aggression was moderated by the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene. The regression of aggression on child saturation was steeper for those with the low activity version of the MAOA allele than among those with the high activity version of the allele. The implications of the results for an understanding of the origins and ontogeny of aggression and personality disorders are discussed.
Self-heating phenomena in high-power III-N transistors and new thermal characterization methods developed within EU project TARGET
Authors: Kuzmik Jan , Bychikhin Sergey , Pichonat Emmanuelle , Gaquière Christophe , Morvan Erwan , Kohn Erhard , Teyssier Jean-Pierre , Pogany Dionyz 
Published: July 2009

In the framework of the Top Amplifier Research Groups in a European Team (TARGET) project, we developed a new electrical method for the temperature measurement of HEMTs and performed several unique studies on the self-heating effects in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. This method, in combination with transient interferometric mapping (TIM), provides a fundamental understanding of the heat propagation in a transient state of HEMTs. The AlGaN/GaN/Si HEMT thermal resistance was determined to be ~70 K/W after 400 ns from the start of a pulse, and the heating time constant was ~200 ns. Our experimental methods were further applied on multifinger high-power AlGaN/GaN/sapphire HEMTs. The TIM method indicates that the airbridge structure serves as a cooler, removing approximately 10% of the heat energy. In the next study we used TIM and the micro-Raman technique to quantify thermal boundary resistance (TBR) between different wafer materials and GaN epi-structure. We found TBR to be ~7 × 10−8 m2K/W for GaN/Si and ~1.2 × 10−7 m2K/W for GaN/SiC interfaces. The role of TBR at the GaN/sapphire interface was found to be less important.
Evaluation of the relationship between hyperinsulinaemia and myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model of depression
Authors: Solskov Lasse , Løfgren Bo , Pold Rasmus , Kristiansen Steen B. , Nielsen Torsten T. , Overstreet David H. , Schmitz Ole , Bøtker Hans Erik , Lund Sten , Wegener Gregers 
Published: July 2009

Major depression is associated with medical co-morbidity, such as ischaemic heart disease and diabetes, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. The FSL (Flinders Sensitive Line) rat is a genetic animal model of depression exhibiting features similar to those of depressed individuals. The aim of the present study was to compare the myocardial responsiveness to I/R (ischaemia/reperfusion) injury and the effects of IPC (ischaemic preconditioning) in hearts from FSL rats using SD (Sprague–Dawley) rats as controls and to characterize differences in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity between FSL and SD rats. Hearts were perfused in a Langendorff model and were subjected or not to IPC before 40 min of global ischaemia, followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size was found to be significantly larger in the FSL rats than in the SD rats following I/R injury (62.4±4.2 compared with 46.9±2.9%; P&lt;0.05). IPC reduced the infarct size (P&lt;0.01) and improved haemodynamic function (P&lt;0.01) in both FSL and SD rats. No significant difference was found in blood glucose levels between the two groups measured after 12 h of fasting, but fasting plasma insulin (70.1±8.9 compared with 40.9±4.7 pmol/l; P&lt;0.05) and the HOMA (homoeostatic model assessment) index (P&lt;0.01) were significantly higher in FSL rats compared with SD rats. In conclusion, FSL rats had larger infarct sizes following I/R injury and were found to be hyperinsulinaemic compared with SD rats, but appeared to have a maintained cardioprotective mechanism against I/R injury, as IPC reduced infarct size in these rats. This animal model may be useful in future studies when examining the mechanisms that contribute to the cardiovascular complications associated with depression.
Beyond the Consulting Room: Intuition and Intersubjectivity in Journal Peer Review
Authors: Lipworth Wendy 
Published: July 2009

Objective: The manuscript review process is a central part of medicine, but has become increasingly the subject of criticism. A frequent claim is that the process is insufficiently objective and that it is inconsistent in its capacity to assess manuscript quality. Implicit in this is the expectation that manuscript review is, or should be, a ‘scientific’ process. In this paper I examine and critique this ‘scientific imperative’. Conclusions: Manuscript review, like clinical medicine and (ironically) like science itself, is not and cannot be a ‘scientific’ process, and this needs to be taken into account both by those carrying out reviews and those who wish to evaluate and improve the manuscript review process.
Risk Factors and Outcomes Associated with Isolation of Meropenem High-Level-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Eagye Kathryn J. , Kuti Joseph L. , Nicolau David P. 
Published: July 2009

Objective.To determine risk factors and outcomes for patients with meropenem high–level-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MRPA) (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] ≥ 32 μg/mL).Design.Case-control-control.Setting.An 867-bed urban, teaching hospital.Patients.Fifty-eight MRPA case patients identified from an earlier P. aeruginosa study; 125 randomly selected control patients with meropenem-susceptible P. aeruginosa (MSPA) (MIC ≤ 4 μg/mL), and 57 control patients without P. aeruginosa (sampled by case date/location).Methods.Patient data, outcomes, and costs were obtained via administrative database. Cases were compared to each control group while controlling for time at risk (days between admission and culture, or entire length of stay [LOS] for patients without P. aeruginosa).Results.A multivariable model predicted risks for MRPA versus MSPA (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]): more admissions (in the prior 12 months) (1.41 [1.15, 1.74]), congestive heart failure (2.19 [1.03, 4.68]), and Foley catheter (2.53 [1.18, 5.45]) (adj. R2 = 0.28). For MRPA versus no P. aeruginosa, risks were age (in 5-year increments) (1.17 [1.03, 1.33]), more prior admissions (1.40 [1.08, 1.81]), and more days in the intensive care unit (1.10 [1.03, 1.18]) (adj. R2 = 0.32). Other invasive devices (including mechanical ventilation) and previous antibiotic use (including carbapenems) were nonsignificant. MRPA mortality (31%) did not differ from that of MSPA (15%) when adjusted for time at risk (P = .15) but did from mortality without P. aeruginosa (9%) (P = .01 ). Median LOS and costs were greater for MRPA patients versus MSPA patients and patients without P. aeruginosa: 30 days versus 16 and 10 (P < .01 ) and $88,425 versus $28,620 and $22,605 (P <.01).Conclusions.Although antibiotic use has been shown to promote resistance, our data found that prior antibiotic use was not associated with MRPA acquisition. However, admission frequency and Foley catheters were, suggesting that infection control measures are essential to reducing MRPA transmission.
Association of plasma visfatin levels with inflammation, atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) in humans
Authors: Liu Sheng Wen , Qiao Shu Bin , Yuan Jian Song , Liu Dong Qin 
Published: July 2009

SummaryObjectives  Visfatin is a new cytokine that act as an insulin analogue on the insulin receptor and may link obesity and insulin resistance. It was recently shown that visfatin plays a role in plaque destabilization. However, the role of visfatin in atherosclerosis remains to be elucidated. We sought to assess whether plasma visfatin level is independently associated with inflammation, atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes (ACS).Design and patients  Two hundred and fifty‐three patients undergoing coronary angiography were divided into three subgroups: chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) (n = 102), ACS (n = 100) and control patients (n = 51). The plasma samples were thawed and analysed for circulating visfatin, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP). The association of visfatin with risk factors, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and ACS was determined.Results  Plasma visfatin levels were significantly higher in chronic CAD and ACS compared with control patients. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that plasma visfatin levels correlated with inflammatory factors and were associated with chronic CAD (odds ratio [OR][95% confidence interval], for second, third and fourth quartiles were 1·74 [0·96–2·69], 1·54 [0·85–2·28] and 1·84 [0·98–2·87], respectively) and ACS (ORs for second, third and fourth quartiles were 2·56 [1·57–3·34], 4·61 [1·94–10·96] and 6·52 [2·34–18·12], respectively) following adjustment for established risk factors and other inflammatory factors.Conclusions  Plasma visfatin levels are significantly associated with CAD, particularly ACS, independent of well‐known CAD risk factors.
Endogenous sex steroid hormones and measures of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a nationally representative sample of men
Authors: Yi Stella , Selvin Elizabeth , Rohrmann Sabine , Basaria Shehzad , Menke Andy , Rifai Nader , Guallar Eliseo , Platz Elizabeth A. , Astor Brad 
Published: July 2009

SummaryContext   Sex steroid hormones may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD).Objective   To determine whether sex steroid hormone concentrations are associated with kidney function or kidney damage in men in the general US population. We hypothesized that lower serum testosterone and E2 concentrations are associated with CKD.Design patients and measurements   Serum sex steroid hormones were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassays for 1470 men who attended the morning session of Phase I of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). We used two measures of CKD, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1·73 m2 calculated using serum creatinine or cystatin C levels and the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study formulae and urinary albumin : creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥ 17 mg/g.Results  Mean free testosterone concentration was higher in men with an eGFR < 60 ml/min/1·73 m2 than in men with a higher eGFR. In multivariable adjusted models, the odds of an eGFR < 60 ml/min/1·73 m2 or UACR ≥ 17 mg/g did not differ across tertiles of hormones with the exception of free E2; those in the highest vs. lowest tertile had an elevated odds of decreased eGFR (OR: 3·04, 95% CI (1·22, 7·57); P‐trend = 0·02).Conclusions  In a nationally representative sample of US adult men, higher free E2 concentration was significantly associated with an eGFR < 60 ml/min/1·73 m2 as assessed by serum creatinine or cystatin C even after multivariable adjustment. These findings are in contrast to the hypothesis that oestrogens may protect against CKD, though reverse causation cannot be ruled out. Longitudinal investigation of the role of oestrogens in kidney haemodynamics, function, and pathophysiology is warranted.
Variable antigen uptake due to different expression of the macrophage mannose receptor by dendritic cells in various inbred mouse strains
Authors: Autenrieth Stella Eugenie , Autenrieth Ingo Birger 
Published: July 2009

SummaryAntigen uptake by dendritic cells is essential for the induction of antigen‐specific T‐cell responses. Here, we investigate the ability of dendritic cells from different mouse strains to endocytose antigens. The uptake of different fluorescently labelled soluble antigens by bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells from BALB/c, C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN mice was analysed by flow cytometry. Using transferrin as a specific marker for clathrin‐mediated endocytosis, we observed no significant differences of transferrin uptake by dendritic cells from BALB/c, C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN mice. Similar results were obtained by analysing macropinocytosis with lucifer yellow. In contrast, analysing the uptake of ovalbumin, which is predominantly mediated by clathrin‐mediated endocytosis via the macrophage mannose receptor, we found that dendritic cells from C3H/HeN mice take up three‐ to fivefold more ovalbumin than dendritic cells from BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. Blocking the uptake of ovalbumin via the macrophage mannose receptor by using mannan led to a comparable uptake of ovalbumin by dendritic cells from all three mouse strains. Consistently, dendritic cells from C3H/HeN mice displayed significantly increased expression of the macrophage mannose receptor compared to dendritic cells from BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice. In conclusion, receptors involved in antigen uptake such as the macrophage mannose receptor may be differentially expressed and may explain variations of T‐cell responses after vaccination in different individuals.
Identification and characterization of antimicrobial peptide, defensin, in the taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus
Authors: Saito Y. , Konnai S. , Yamada S. , Imamura S. , Nishikado H. , Ito T. , Onuma M. , Ohashi K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract Ixodes persulcatus is the primary vector for human tick‐borne diseases in Japan. A cDNA library was constructed from whole body homogenates of fed nymphs of I. persulcatus. From this library, one cDNA encoding defensin‐like antimicrobial peptide was identified. The amino‐acid sequence showed high similarity to those of the defensins of other ticks and arthropods. I. persulcatus defensin mRNA transcripts were detected at all life cycle stages of fed ticks and found to be predominantly expressed in the midguts of adult female ticks, but not in the salivary glands, a finding corroborated by Western blotting analysis. To investigate the function of I. persulcatus defensin, we examined its antibacterial activity by evaluation of growth of several bacterial strains in the presence of the synthetic peptide. The defensin from I. persulcatus markedly inhibited the growth of Gram‐positive bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium renale, but not Gram‐negative bacteria except Escherichia coli O157. In conclusion, these results suggest that I. persulcatus defensin may be playing a significant role in the defence against microbes from bloodmeals.
Testing a biological mechanism of the insurance hypothesis in experimental aquatic communities
Authors: Leary Daniel J. , Petchey Owen L. 
Published: July 2009

Summary1. The insurance hypothesis predicts a stabilizing effect of increasing species richness on community and ecosystem properties. Difference among species’ responses to environmental fluctuations provides a general mechanism for the hypothesis. Previous experimental investigations of the insurance hypothesis have not examined this mechanism directly.2. First, responses to temperature of four protist species were measured in laboratory microcosms. For each species, we measured the response of intrinsic rate of increase (r) and carrying capacity (K) to temperature.3. Next, communities containing pairs of species were exposed to temperature fluctuations. Community biomass varied less when correlation inKbetween species (but notr) was more negative, and this resulted from more negative covariances in population sizes, as predicted. Results were contingent on species identity, with findings differing between analyses including or not including communities containing one particular species.4. These findings provide the clearest support to date for this mechanism of the insurance hypothesis. Biodiversity, in terms of differences in species’ responses to environmental fluctuations (i.e. functional response diversity) stabilizes community dynamics.
Track analysis of the Mexican species of Buprestidae (Coleoptera): testing the complex nature of the Mexican Transition Zone
Authors: Corona Angélica Ma. , Toledo Víctor H. , Morrone Juan J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim We analysed the geographical distributions of species of Buprestidae (Coleoptera) in Mexico by means of a panbiogeographical analysis, in order to identify their main distributional patterns and test the complex nature of the Mexican Transition Zone, located between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions.Location Mexico.Methods The geographical distributions of 228 species belonging to 33 genera of Buprestidae were analysed. Localities of the buprestid species were represented on maps and their individual tracks were drawn. Based on a comparison of the individual tracks, generalized tracks were detected and mapped. Nodes were identified as the areas where generalized tracks converged.Results Thirteen generalized tracks were obtained: one was restricted to the Mexican Transition Zone and five to the Neotropical region (Antillean and Mesoamerican dominions), a further two occurred in both the Nearctic region (Continental Nearctic dominion) and the Mexican Transition Zone, and a further five in both the Neotropical region (Mesoamerican dominion) and the Mexican Transition Zone. Seven nodes were identified at the intersections of the generalized tracks – in the Mesoamerican dominion (Mexican Pacific Coast, Mexican Gulf and Chiapas biogeographical provinces) and the Mexican Transition Zone (Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt, Balsas Basin and Sierra Madre Oriental biogeographical provinces).Main conclusions We conclude that the geographical distribution of Buprestidae is mainly Neotropical, corresponding to the Mesoamerican dominion and the Antillean dominion of the Neotropical region, and the Mexican Transition Zone. Most of the generalized tracks and nodes correspond to the Mexican Transition Zone, thus confirming its complex nature. We suggest that the nodes we have identified could be particularly important areas to choose for conservation prioritization.
Phylogeographic analyses suggest that a deciduous species (Ostryopsis davidiana Decne., Betulaceae) survived in northern China during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Tian Bin , Liu Ruirui , Wang Liuyang , Qiu Qiang , Chen Kangming , Liu Jianquan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim  Palaeontologial data suggest that all temperate forest species in northern China migrated southwards during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and recolonized post‐glacially within the Holocene. We tested this assumption using phylogeographical studies of a temperate deciduous shrub species (Ostryopsis davidiana Decne., Betulaceae), which has a wide distribution in northern China.Location  Northern China.Methods  We sequenced two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments (trnL–trnF and psbA–trnH, together about 1300 bp in length) of 294 plants from 21 populations across the total distribution range of this species. We used maximum parsimony and haplotype network methods to construct phylogenetic relationships among haplotypes.Results  The analysis of cpDNA variation identified eight haplotypes. A single haplotype was fixed in all populations except for one population that was polymorphic, having two haplotypes. The population subdivisions were extremely high (GST = 0.972 and NST = 0.974), suggesting very low gene flow between populations. Haplotypes clustered into two tentative clades, both of which occur in the southern region of the species’ range but only one of which occurs in the northern region. Across the sampled populations, the haplotype distributions were differentiated geographically.Main conclusions  Our analyses suggest that multiple refugia were maintained across the range of O. davidiana in both northern (north of the Qing Mountains) and southern (south of the Qing Mountains) regions during the LGM rather than that the species survived only in the south and subsequently colonized northwards. The extremely low within‐population diversity of this species suggests strong bottleneck or founder effects within each fragmented region during the Quaternary climatic oscillations. These findings provide important clues for understanding range shifts and changes in within‐ and/or between‐population genetic diversity of temperate forests in response to past climatic oscillations in northern China.