bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetrically zoned reaction rims: assessment of grain boundary diffusivities and growth rates related to natural diffusion‐controlled mineral reactions
Authors: KELLER L. M. , WIRTH R. , RHEDE D. , KUNZE K. , ABART R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study explores garnet coronas around hedenbergite, which were formed by the reaction plagioclase + hedenbergite→garnet + quartz, to derive information about diffusion paths that allowed for material redistribution during reaction progress. Whereas quartz forms disconnected single grains along the garnet/hedenbergite boundaries, garnet forms ∼20‐μm‐wide continuous polycrystalline rims along former plagioclase/hedenbergite phase boundaries. Individual garnet crystals are separated by low‐angle grain boundaries, which commonly form a direct link between the reaction interfaces of the plagioclase|garnet|hedenbergite succession. Compositional variations in garnet involve: (i) an overall asymmetric compositional zoning in Ca, Fe2+, Fe3+ and Al across the garnet layer; and (ii) micron‐scale compositional variations in the near‐grain boundary regions and along plagioclase/garnet phase boundaries. These compositional variations formed during garnet rim growth. Thereby, transfer of the chemical components occurred by a combination of fast‐path diffusion along grain boundaries within the garnet rim, slow diffusion through the interior of the garnet grains, and by fast diffusion along the garnet/plagioclase and the garnet/hedenbergite phase boundaries. Numerical simulation indicates that diffusion of Ca, Al and Fe2+ occurred about three to four, four and six to seven orders of magnitude faster along the grain boundaries than through the interior of the garnet grains. Fast‐path diffusion along grain boundaries contributed substantially to the bulk material transfer across the growing garnet rim. Despite the contribution of fast‐path diffusion, bulk diffusion through the garnet rim was too slow to allow for chemical equilibration of the phases involved in garnet rim formation even on a micrometre scale. Based on published garnet volume diffusion data the growth interval of a 20‐μm‐wide garnet rim is estimated at ∼103–104 years at the inferred reaction conditions of 760 ± 50 °C at 7.6 kbar. Using the same parameterization of the growth law, 100‐μm‐ and 1‐mm‐thick garnet rims would grow within 105–106 and 106–107 years respectively.
USING SOCIAL GOALS TO EVALUATE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL DECISIONS
Authors: Beierle Thomas C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe need to increase public participation in environmental decision‐making is receiving renewed attention at all levels of government. However, there are few approaches to evaluating these processes that address the question: What are we getting from public participation? This article proposes one way to answer this question using a framework that evaluates the outcomes of participatory processes using a set of “social” goals. These social goals are: 1) educating the public; 2) incorporating public values, assumptions, and preferences into decision making; 3) increasing the substantive quality of decisions; 4) fostering trust in institutions; 5) reducing conflict; and 6) making decisions cost‐effectively. Although these goals apply to public participation writ large, there are a limited number of formalized mechanisms available to public agencies for involving the public. The article matches these six social goals to the participatory mechanisms by which they might be achieved. It concludes with areas for further research suggested by the framework.
AIR TRANSPORTATION POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION AT THE MILLENNIUM
Authors: Johnston Van. R. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article examines air transportation policy and administration at the millennium. It reviews and analyzes major problem areas and focuses on issues that have to be dealt with to streamline the policy and administration in the field as it becomes more integrated in our increasingly intermodal transportation system. The first part of the article sets the stage for the changes experienced after deregulation: It utilizes an analytical model to examine: airports; airline industry management; terrorism and security; and safety, equipment and human resources. The second part of the article focuses more specifically on a policy and administration analysis itself. It demonstrates how we have evolved into a customer model more aligned with the market place, efficiency, and risk taking; while moving away from a safer and less entrepreneurial period identified as the citizen model period. With the canage of models, we find trust diminished. Passengers, customers and citizens, become more disenchanted and cynical, to the point of organizing through elected officials to promote an airline passenger bill of rights and reform the system.
Can sunlight replace phototherapy units in the treatment of neonatal jaundice? An in vitro study
Authors: Salih Fadhil M. 
Published: September 2010

Background/Aim: Light can be efficiently used for the treatment of neonatal jaundice. Sunlight, which covers a large portion of the light spectrum including the bilirubin‐absorbing range, is abundant in the Middle East. Such advantages prompted the present study to investigate the efficiency of sunlight in isomerizing bilirubin. This may introduce a practical source of light for the treatment of hyperbilirubinic infants in areas where phototherapy units are not available.Methods: The efficiency of sunlight was quantified by a comparison with a phototherapy unit. Aqueous bilirubin solutions were exposed to periodic sunlight over the entire year and the reduction of bilirubin concentration was monitored spectrophotometrically. Bilirubin solutions were also exposed to a phototherapy unit intensity comparable to that of sunlight (17 cm away from the source).Results: The data indicated that at this comparable light intensity, the phototherapy unit was as effective as sunlight. However, for the treatment of neonatal jaundice, phototherapy units are usually operated at a distance of 50 cm (where the light intensity is six times less than that of sunlight). When this distance was tested, only 16% of bilirubin was isomerized in the first 5 min of exposure. In contrast, about 65% of bilirubin was isomerized when the phototherapy unit was placed at a distance of 17 cm and when the bilirubin solutions were exposed to sunlight for the same time period. The hourly and seasonal changes in sunlight intensity affected the reduction in bilirubin concentration significantly.Conclusion: Data revealed that sunlight is almost 6.5 times more effective than a phototherapy unit when operating at the ward geometry after taking isomerization efficiency and area of exposure into consideration. Moreover, sunlight is still more effective during the winter season, when its intensity is lower. Thus, sunlight may be considered an alternative phototherapy source for the treatment of neonatal jaundice, particularly in areas where conventional phototherapy units are unavailable.
Age and gender effects on contact sensitization and photoimmune suppression in young and middle‐aged adults
Authors: Morrissey Kelly , Xue Wei , Cooper Kevin , Baron Elma 
Published: September 2010

SummaryBackground/purpose: The contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response has been used to assess ultraviolet radiation (UVR)‐induced immunosuppression and to evaluate the photoimmune protection of different sunscreen preparations in vivo. Earlier reports of the effect of age and gender on CHS response have led to variations in inclusion criteria for participants in regards to age and gender in the study of sunscreen immune protection factor (IPF).Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of data from 73 volunteers from prior CHS studies with the goal of determining the effect of age and gender in young and middle‐aged adults on CHS response to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in unirradiated and UV‐irradiated skin.Results: In patients aged 18–63 years, the effect of age on CHS response as well as on UV suppression of CHS response was not statistically significant. In the unirradiated (n=45) and UV‐irradiated (n=28) groups, the CHS response between men and women was similar when the timing of DNCB application avoided the period within 5 days before or after the first day of the menstrual cycle.Conclusion: Within a certain range, 18–63 years, age does not significantly affect the normal CHS response and the suppression of CHS response by UV. This study also demonstrated that as long as certain days of the menstrual cycle are avoided when sensitizing women of reproductive age, gender does not significantly affect CHS response. Thus, within these parameters, CHS can be appropriately evaluated in healthy individuals without much concern regarding independent effects of age and gender.
Is the food frequency questionnaire suitable to assess micronutrient intake adequacy for infants, children and adolescents?
Authors: Roman‐Viñas Blanca , Ortiz‐Andrellucchi Adriana , Mendez Michelle , Sánchez‐Villegas Almudena , Quintana Luis Peña , Aznar Luis A. Moreno , Hermoso Maria , Serra‐Majem Lluís 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to review how accurately micronutrient intakes in infants, children, and adolescents were assessed with validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) to which study quality criteria had been applied. The methodology and the analysis presented were based on several research activities carried out within the European Micronutrient Recommendation Aligned Network of Excellence. The analysis was limited to vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin B12, folate, selenium, iron, zinc, iodine, calcium, and copper. A search strategy was defined in MEDLINE and EMBASE literature for studies validating FFQs that estimated intakes of micronutrients being evaluated. Identification of at least three validation studies per micronutrient was required to be included in the analysis. A total score for each nutrient was calculated from the mean of the correlation coefficients weighted by the quality of the study, which included a quality score that was based on sample size, statistics used, data collection procedure, consideration of seasonality and supplement use, an adjustment/weighting of the correlation coefficient according to the quality score, and a rating of the adjusted/weighted correlation. When the mean weighted correlation coefficient was equal to or higher than 0.5, micronutrient intake was considered as adequately estimated. Sufficient validation studies were identified for vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin B12, iron, zinc, and calcium for infants and pre‐school children, and vitamin C, calcium, and iron for older children and adolescents. Results showed that the FFQ was a good instrument for estimating intake of vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, zinc and iron in infants and pre‐school children, and for estimating calcium and vitamin C in children and adolescents.
Physiological and public health basis for assessing micronutrient requirements in children and adolescents. The EURRECA network
Authors: Iglesia Iris , Doets Esmée L. , Bel‐Serrat Silvia , Román Blanca , Hermoso Maria , Peña Quintana Luis , García‐Luzardo María del Rosario , Santana‐Salguero Beatriz , García‐Santos Yurena , Vucic Vesna , Frost Andersen Lene , Pérez‐Rodrigo Carmen , Aranceta Javier , Cavelaars Adrienne , Decsi Tamas , Serra‐Majem Lluis , Gurinovic Mirjana , Cetin Irene , Koletzko Berthold , Moreno Luis Alberto 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the current knowledge relating to the nutritional requirements and corresponding recommended nutrient intake values of children and adolescents for micronutrients and specificities related to these requirements in the course of childhood and adolescence in Europe. Aspects that can influence micronutrient requirements, such as physiological requirements and bioavailability of the nutrients in the organism, are discussed. The methodology used to obtain the data and also the main knowledge gaps regarding these concepts are emphasized. Methodological critical points in achieving the data and physiological aspects of children and adolescents are important in order to standardize the reference values for micronutrients among Europe for these stages of life.
Nutritional requirements during lactation. Towards European alignment of reference values: the EURRECA network
Authors: Hall Moran Victoria , Lowe Nicola , Crossland Nicola , Berti Cristiana , Cetin Irene , Hermoso Maria , Koletzko Berthold , Dykes Fiona 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThere is considerable variation in reference values for micronutrient intake during lactation across Europe. The European Micronutrients Recommendations Aligned project aims to harmonize dietary recommendations throughout Europe. Recommended nutrient intakes during lactation are based on limited data and are often extrapolated from known secretion of the nutrient in milk with adjustments for bioavailability, so that differences between values can be partly ascribed to differences in methodological approaches and how these approaches were applied. Few studies have considered the impact of lactation on the mother's nutritional status. Rather, focus has been placed on the influence of maternal nutritional status on the composition of her breast milk. Most common nutritional deficits in breast milk are the result of maternal deficiencies of the water‐soluble vitamins, thiamine, riboflavin and vitamins B6 and B12. Other than maternal vitamin A status, which to some extent is reflected in breast milk, concentrations of fat‐soluble vitamins and most minerals in breast milk are less affected by maternal status. Factors relating to suboptimal maternal nutritional status during lactation include maternal age, diet and lifestyle factors and spacing of consecutive births. Recent research is providing new knowledge on the micronutrient requirements of lactating women. Identifying needs for research and improving understanding of the differences in values that have been derived by various committees and groups across Europe will enhance transparency and facilitate the application of dietary recommendations in policy‐making decision and their translation into recommendations for lactating women. Given the wide variation in breastfeeding practices across Europe, making nutritional recommendations for lactating women is complex and challenging. Thus, it is crucial to first examine the cultural practices within and across European populations and to assess its relevance before making recommendations.
Obedience
Authors: McCabe Herbert 
Published: September 2010

A talk given to the Dominican Sisters at Rosary Priory, Bushey, England, on 12 March 1983.Let’s begin with the case against obedience, I mean the case against obedience in general. There is a very widely held view that obedience is a necessary evil. I think more of the sisters and brethren subscribe to this view than would admit to it, even to themselves. The view is not confined to people at the receiving end, those who have to do the obeying; it is shared by quite a lot of people who do the commanding. I don’t want to make this a matter of obedience’. To put someone under obedience is thought of as a sort of last resort. We ought to be able to get along without obedience but, the world being what it is, and interests conflicting as they do, we just have to use it from time to time, like war or surgical operations.The root of this opinion is a certain view of what it is to be a human being. The view that we are each unique individual subjects with our own personalities and desires and talents and that the good life consists in each one of us developing her/his individual personality as far as possible. As far as possible; because the full and complete development of the personality of Sister Ermyntrude may turn out to be incompatible with the full and complete development of the personality of Sister Gladiola: they therefore have to find some kind of compromise, a little give and take on each side.
Holding On To the Hand of God: Edward Schillebeeckx on the Mystery of Suffering
Authors: Ryan Robin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe experience of human suffering presents an ongoing challenge to believers who seek to sustain their relationship with God in the face of the tragedies of human history. Edward Schillebeeckx, O.P. is a seminal Christian thinker who has made a conscious attempt to take into account the harsh reality of suffering in his systematic theology. Rejecting theoretical attempts to reconcile belief in a good, all‐powerful God with the reality of evil and suffering, Schillebeeckx employs the categories of narrative and memory in his articulation of a Christian response to evil and suffering. He tells the story of Jesus as the story of God. The God who is disclosed in the ministry, death and resurrection of Jesus is the God who is “pure positivity”– the source of life and the opponent of evil and suffering. God's action in and through Jesus provides clues to the way in which God is present and active in the lives of suffering human beings. This revelation summons Christians to become people of memory and of praxis.
Control of Negative Gravitropism and Tension Wood Formation by Gibberellic Acid and Indole Acetic Acid in Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim Seedlings
Authors: Jiang Sha , Li Yi‐Fan , Chen Xu‐Hui , Xu Ke 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn the present study, we investigated the role of gibberellic acid (GA3) and indole acetic acid (IAA) in the gravity response of stems and tension wood formation using two‐year‐old stems of Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr. var. japonica Maxim seedlings. Forty‐five seedlings were used and divided into nine groups that included five seedlings in each group. Seedlings were treated with applications of GA3 alone at concentrations of 2.89 × 10−8and 2.89 × 10−7μmol/L, IAA alone at concentrations of 5.71×10−8 and 5.71×10−7μmol/L, or their combination to the apical bud of the stem using a micropipette. Seedlings were positioned horizontally after the first treatment. The same treatments were repeated six times per week. At the end of the experiment, all seedlings were harvested. Then, stem segments were cut under a light microscope. Application of exogenous GA3 at the higher concentration stimulated the upward bending of stems, whereas exogenous IAA had no effect. A synergistic effect of GA3 and IAA on upward stem bending was observed following application of the two combinations of GA3 and IAA. Moreover, application of exogenous GA3 at the higher dose stimulated wood formation on both the upper and lower sides of the stems, whereas the mixture of GA3 and IAA had a synergistic effect on wood formation in horizontal stems. Application of exogenous IAA alone at the lower concentration (5.71×10−8μmol/L) or application of a mixture of the higher concentrations of GA3 (2.89×10−7μmol/L) and IAA (5.71×10−7μmol/L) inhibited the development of gelatinous fibers (the G‐layer) of tension wood on the upper side of the horizontal stems. The differentiation of gelatinous fibers of tension wood was not inhibited by GA3 when it was applied alone, whereas the development of the gelatinous fibers of tension wood was strongly affected by the application of IAA. The findings of the present study suggest that the development of the G‐layer is not related to the dose of GA3, but needs a relatively lower concentration of IAA.(Managing editor: Ya‐Qin Han)
Capacity of Old Trees to Respond to Environmental Change
Authors: Phillips Nathan G. , Buckley Thomas N. , Tissue David T. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2] has increased dramatically within the current life spans of long‐lived trees and old forests. Consider that a 500‐year‐old tree in the early twenty‐first century has spent 70% of its life growing under pre‐industrial levels of [CO2], which were 30% lower than current levels. Here we address the question of whether old trees have already responded to the rapid rise in [CO2] occurring over the past 150 years. In spite of limited data, aging trees have been shown to possess a substantial capacity for increased net growth after a period of post‐maturity growth decline. Observations of renewed growth and physiological function in old trees have, in some instances, coincided with Industrial Age increases in key environmental resources, including [CO2], suggesting the potential for continued growth in old trees as a function of continued global climate change.
Global Change Effects on Plant Chemical Defenses against Insect Herbivores
Authors: Bidart‐Bouzat M. Gabriela , Imeh‐Nathaniel Adebobola 
Published: September 2010

Abstract This review focuses on individual effects of major global change factors, such as elevated CO2, O3, UV light and temperature, on plant secondary chemistry. These secondary metabolites are well‐known for their role in plant defense against insect herbivory. Global change effects on secondary chemicals appear to be plant species‐specific and dependent on the chemical type. Even though plant chemical responses induced by these factors are highly variable, there seems to be some specificity in the response to different environmental stressors. For example, even though the production of phenolic compounds is enhanced by both elevated CO2 and UV light levels, the latter appears to primarily increase the concentrations of flavonoids. Likewise, specific phenolic metabolites seem to be induced by O3 but not by other factors, and an increase in volatile organic compounds has been particularly detected under elevated temperature. More information is needed regarding how global change factors influence inducibility of plant chemical defenses as well as how their indirect and direct effects impact insect performance and behavior, herbivory rates and pathogen attack. This knowledge is crucial to better understand how plants and their associated natural enemies will be affected in future changing environments.
Effect of Elevated CO2 and Drought on Soil Microbial Communities Associated with Andropogon gerardii
Authors: Kassem Issmat I. , Joshi Puneet , Sigler Von , Heckathorn Scott , Wang Qi 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Our understanding of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2, singly and in combination with other environmental changes, on plant‐soil interactions is incomplete. Elevated CO2 effects on C4 plants, though smaller than on C3 species, are mediated mostly via decreased stomatal conductance and thus water loss. Therefore, we characterized the interactive effect of elevated CO2 and drought on soil microbial communities associated with a dominant C4 prairie grass, Andropogon gerardii Vitman. Elevated CO2 and drought both affected resources available to the soil microbial community. For example, elevated CO2 increased the soil C:N ratio and water content during drought, whereas drought alone decreased both. Drought significantly decreased soil microbial biomass. In contrast, elevated CO2 increased biomass while ameliorating biomass decreases that were induced under drought. Total and active direct bacterial counts and carbon substrate use (overall use and number of used sources) increased significantly under elevated CO2. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed that drought and elevated CO2, singly and combined, did not affect the soil bacteria community structure. We conclude that elevated CO2 alone increased bacterial abundance and microbial activity and carbon use, probably in response to increased root exudation. Elevated CO2 also limited drought‐related impacts on microbial activity and biomass, which likely resulted from decreased plant water use under elevated CO2. These are among the first results showing that elevated CO2 and drought work in opposition to modulate plant‐associated soil‐bacteria responses, which should then influence soil resources and plant and ecosystem function.