bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association of snus and smoking behaviour: a cohort analysis of Swedish males in the 1990s
Authors: Stenbeck Magnus , Hagquist Curt , Rosén Måns 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTBackground  The European Union has banned sales of moist snuff (snus) in all member states, with the exception of Sweden. The ban is motivated by the potential adverse health effects of snus, but snus may also help people to avoid smoking or stop tobacco use.Aims  The purpose of this study is to investigate the association between snus and smoking behaviour.Measurements  The Swedish Survey of Living Conditions (ULF) health interview panel running from 1988/9 to 1996/7 was used to examine the gross and net flows between smoking and snus among Swedish males. Females were excluded from the analysis due to low snus prevalence. Contingency table models were used to investigate several hypotheses about the relationships between snus and smoking behaviour.Findings  We found clear associations between the two habits. For the younger cohort (age 16–44 years), snus use contributed to approximately six smoking quitters per smoking starter attributable to snus. For the older cohort (age 45–84) there were slightly more than two quitters per starter. In terms of odds ratios, in the younger group smoking cessation attributable to snus was twice as common as smoking initiation, but in the older group the odds of starting smoking attributable to snus was 2.5 times higher than for quitting.Conclusions  Snus contributed to the reduction of smoking among Swedish males in the 1990s. Snus had different effects among non‐smokers and smokers in different age groups.
Gender and alcohol consumption: patterns from the multinational GENACIS project
Authors: Wilsnack Richard W. , Wilsnack Sharon C. , Kristjanson Arlinda F. , Vogeltanz‐Holm Nancy D. , Gmel Gerhard 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To evaluate multinational patterns of gender‐ and age‐specific alcohol consumption.Design and participants  Large general‐population surveys of men's and women's drinking behavior (n's > 900) in 35 countries in 1997–2007 used a standardized questionnaire (25 countries) or measures comparable to those in the standardized questionnaire.Measurements  Data from men and women in three age groups (18–34, 35–49, 50–65) showed the prevalence of drinkers, former drinkers, and lifetime abstainers; and the prevalence of high‐frequency, high‐volume, and heavy episodic drinking among current drinkers. Analyses examined gender ratios for prevalence rates and the direction of changes in prevalence rates across age groups.Findings  Drinking per se and high‐volume drinking were consistently more prevalent among men than among women, but lifetime abstention from alcohol was consistently more prevalent among women. Among respondents who had ever been drinkers, women in all age groups were consistently more likely to have stopped drinking than men were. Among drinkers, the prevalence of high‐frequency drinking was consistently greatest in the oldest age group, particularly among men. Unexpectedly, the prevalence of drinking per se did not decline consistently with increasing age, and declines in high‐volume and heavy episodic drinking with increasing age were more typical in Europe and English‐speaking countries.Conclusions  As expected, men still exceed women in drinking and high‐volume drinking, although gender ratios vary. Better explanations are needed for why more women than men quit drinking, and why aging does not consistently reduce drinking and heavy drinking outside Europe and English‐speaking countries.
Estimating the burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and mental disorders: what is ‘Global Burden of Disease 2005’ and why does it matter?
Authors: Degenhardt Louisa , Whiteford Harvey , Hall Wayne , Vos Theo 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTBackground  The estimated impact of illicit drug use and mental disorders upon population health needs to be understood because there is evidence that they produce substantial loss of life and disability, and information is needed on the comparative population health impact of different diseases and risk factors to help focus policy, service and research planning and execution.Aims  To provide an overview of a global project, running since the end of 2007—Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2005.Methods  The new GBD aims to update comprehensively the findings of the first GBD exercise. It aims to provide regional and global estimates of the burden of disease attributable to hundreds of diseases, injuries and their risk factors. Groups have been assembled to provide expert advice on the parameters needed to inform these estimates; here, we provide a brief summary of the broad range of work being undertaken by the group examining illicit drug use and mental disorders.Discussion  The estimates of the contribution of mental disorders and illicit drugs to GBD will inform and potentially shape the focus of researchers, clinicians and governments in the years to come. We hope that interested readers might be encouraged to submit new data or feedback on the work completed thus far, as well as the work that is still under way and yet to be completed.
Acquired factor V inhibitor in a critically ill patient
Authors: Morris C. J. , Curry N. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryAcquired inhibitor of factor V is a rare condition with a variety of clinical manifestations, from extremely mild to life threatening haemorrhage. We present a case from our intensive care unit as a reminder of the less common causes of elevated prothombin and activated partial thromboplastin times, and how knowledge of the variable presentation may aid management.
A comparison of volatile and non volatile agents for cardioprotection during on‐pump coronary surgery
Authors: De Hert S. , Vlasselaers D. , Barbé R. , Ory J‐P. , Dekegel D. , Donnadonni R. , Demeere J‐L. , Mulier J. , Wouters P. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryA randomised study of 414 patients undergoing coronary artery surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass was conducted to compare the effects of a volatile anaesthetic regimen with either deesflurane or sevoflurane, and a total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) regimen on postoperative troponin T release. The primary outcome variable was postoperative troponin T release, secondary outcome variables were hospital length of stay and 1‐year mortality. Maximal postoperative troponin T values did not differ between groups (TIVA: 0.30 [0.00–4.79] ng.ml−1 (median [range]), sevoflurane: 0.33 [0.02–3.68] ng.ml−1, and desflurane: 0.39 [0.08–3.74] ng.ml−1). The independent predictors of hospital length of stay were the EuroSCORE (p < 0.001), female gender (p = 0.042) and the group assignment (p < 0.001). The one‐year mortality was 12.3% in the TIVA group, 3.3% in the sevoflurane group, and 6.7% in the desflurane group. The EuroSCORE (p = 0.003) was the only significant independent predictor of 1‐year mortality.
A comparison of stroke volume variation measured by the LiDCOplus and FloTrac‐Vigileo system
Authors: De Wilde R. B. P. , Geerts B. F. , Van Den Berg P. C. M. , Jansen J. R. C. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of stroke volume variation (SVV) as measured by the LiDCOplus system (SVVli) and by the FloTrac‐Vigileo system (SVVed). We measured SVVli and SVVed in 15 postoperative cardiac surgical patients following five study interventions; a 50% increase in tidal volume, an increase of PEEP by 10 cm H2O, passive leg raising, a head‐up tilt procedure and fluid loading. Between each intervention, baseline measurements were performed. 136 data pairs were obtained. SVVli ranged from 1.4% to 26.8% (mean (SD) 8.7 (4.6)%); SVVed from 2.0% to 26.0% (10.2 (4.7)%). The bias was found to be significantly different from zero at 1.5 (2.5)%, p < 0.001, (95% confidence interval 1.1–1.9). The upper and lower limits of agreement were found to be 6.4 and −3.5% respectively. The coefficient of variation for the differences between SVVli and SVVed was 26%. This results in a relative large range for the percentage limits of agreement of 52%. Analysis in repeated measures showed coefficients of variation of 21% for SVVli and 22% for SVVed. The LiDCOplus and FloTrac‐Vigileo system are not interchangeable. Furthermore, the determination of SVVli and SVVed are too ambiguous, as can be concluded from the high values of the coefficient of variation for repeated measures. These findings underline Pinsky’s warning of caution in the clinical use of SVV by pulse contour techniques.
Increased levels of T cell granzyme b in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome are not suppressed adequately by current immunosuppressive regimens
Authors: Hodge S , Hodge G , Ahern J , Liew C-L , Hopkins P , Chambers D C , Reynolds P N , Holmes M 
Published: August 2009

SummaryBronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is characterized by persistent alloreactive, infective and non-specific epithelial injury, loss of epithelial integrity and dysregulated repair. We have reported increased apoptosis of epithelial cells collected from the large airway in lung transplant recipients. As part of the alloreactive response, T cells induce apoptosis of target epithelial cells by secreting granzyme b. We hypothesized that granzyme b would be increased in lung transplant patients with acute rejection and BOS and that commonly used immunosuppressive agents would fail to suppress this serine protease adequately. We investigated intracellular T cell granzyme b in blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and large airway brushing (23 controls, 29 stable transplant, 23 BOS, 28 acute rejection, 31 infection) using flow cytometry and assessed the effect of clinically relevant concentrations of cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, methylprednisolone and a protease inhibitor, gabexate mesilate, on in vitro granzyme b production. Granzyme b was increased significantly in all compartments of all transplant groups compared to controls. Surprisingly, granzyme b was even higher in patients with BOS than in patients with acute rejection. In longitudinal analysis in three patients, blood granzyme b increased prior to or at the onset of BOS. In vitro, methylprednisolone and gabexate mesilate had no effect and cyclosporin A and tacrolimus only a moderate effect on production of granzyme b by CD8+ T cells. Increased T cell granzyme b production may contribute to BOS pathogenesis and is not curtailed by current immunosuppressants. Longitudinal investigation of granzyme b in blood may provide an adjunctive non-invasive method for predicting BOS/OB.
Feasibility of joint 1D velocity model and event location inversion by the Neighbourhood algorithm
Authors: Jansky Jaromir , Plicka Vladimir , Eisner Leo 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTUsing a set of synthetic P‐ and S‐wave onsets, computed in a 1D medium model from sources that mimic a distribution of microseismic events induced by hydrofrac treatment to a monitoring geophone array(s), we test the possibility to invert back jointly the model and events location. We use the Neighbourhood algorithm for data inversion to account for non‐linear effects of velocity model and grid search for event location. The velocity model used is composed of homogeneous layers, derived from sonic logging. Results for the case of one and two monitoring wells are compared. These results show that the velocity model can be obtained in the case of two monitoring wells, if they have optimal relative position. The use of one monitoring well fails due to the trade‐off between the velocity model and event locations.
A species well travelled – the Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae) complex based on phylogenetic analyses of nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETSf sequences
Authors: Harrington Mark G. , Gadek Paul A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim  To determine the evolutionary history of the widely studied, cosmopolitan polymorphic species Dodonaea viscosa (hop bush, varnish tree).Location  All continents except Antarctica, extending from 44° S (in the South Island of New Zealand) to 33° N (in California and Arizona).Methods  For 50 samples across the worldwide distribution, Bayesian analyses of nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacers (ITS 1, ITS 2 and partial ETS) were performed. The alignment was partitioned by secondary structure and analysed using separate models of sequence evolution for each spacer’s stem and loop partition. Bayesian relaxed‐clock estimations of divergence times were used to investigate the tempo of the transoceanic dispersal history of Dodonaea viscosa.Results  The widely distributed Dodonaea viscosa evolved in Australia from its most recent common ancestor in the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene and subsequently split into two distinct, geographically based, intraspecific lineages. There are a number of regional subclades that are also supported by specific molecular elements.Main conclusions  Dodonaea viscosa is not an old lineage, as has often been speculated based primarily on its vast distribution. It diverged from its most recent common ancestor and subsequently dispersed and established around the world within the last 2 Myr. Two distinct lineages within Dodonaea viscosa, which have been shaped by Quaternary climatic change, have separate dispersal histories. The molecular investigations have identified that, although there are least two evolutionary lineages within the complex, they do not correlate with any distinct morphological subunits. It is proposed that Dodonaea viscosa (including D. biloba and D. procumbens) be recognized as an ochlospecies.
Neuropsychological effects of subsequent exposure to phenylalanine in adolescents and young adults with eariy‐treated phenylketonuria
Authors: Griffiths P. , Paterson L. , Harvie A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSevere mental handicap in phenytketonuHa (PKU) can be prevented if dietary treatment is implemented at birth. Controversy remains about the optimum age for terminating treatment, A group of adolescents and young adults with PKU from the West of Scotland Register was identified which had received early treatment, been well‐controlled on diet, ceased treatment at 10 years old and subsequently were hyperphenyialaninaemic for 3 years or more. They were given a battery of neuropsychologcal tests and their results were compared with those of onndiet subjects with PKU and normal controls. The findings generally supported the view that dietary cessation at age 10 is sufficient to prevent a substantial reduction of cognitive and motor ability, and that the central nervous system is probably mature enough to withstand the toxic effects of high blood phenylaianine by then. However, there were minor indications, in keeping with Welsh et al.'s hypothesis [M.C. Welsh. B.F. Pennington. S. Ozonoff. B. Rouse E.R.B. McCabe (1990) Neuropsychology of early‐treated phenylketonuria: specific executive function deficits. Child Development 61, 1697–713], that subtle intelleaual deficiencies might arise both during and after treatment, possibly in the realm of frontal‐executive functions.
Characteristics of the eating disorder in Prader‐Willi syndrome: implications for treatment
Authors: Holland A. J. , Treasure J. , Coskeran P. , Dallow J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOver‐eating and resultant obesity is well recognized as a central feature of the Prader–Willi Syndrome (PWS). The eating behaviour of 13 subjects with PWS was been studied retrospectively over a 28‐day period and also by direct observation when given free access to food. Changing cognitions normally associated with food intake (e.g. changes in hunger) were assessed using visual analogue scales (VAS) and by asking subjects to rate photographs of particular foods. Eight out of 13 subjects (61 %) with PWS had to have their access to food severely restricted. Ten (77%) ate excessive amounts when given free access to food, and although feelings of ‘hunger',‘desire to eat’ and ‘fullness’ changed in the expected direaion. these changes were delayed, compared to a control group, and only occurred after eating a significantly greater amount of food. Ratings of ‘hunger’ and ‘fullness’ started to return to pre‐meal levels sooner than in the controls. The present authors consider that PWS is an example of genetic obesity secondary to an impaired satiety response. These observations have important implications for treatment.
Sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities
Authors: Beail N. , Warden S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper reports a clinical study of reported or disclosed sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities. The findings support the results of a recent survey [V. Turk & H. Brown (1993) Sexual abuse of adults with learning disabilities: results of a two‐year incidence survey. Mental Handicap Research 6, 193–216] but some differences were found, particularly with regard to sex of the survivors. The study also illustrates more than previous studies a link Isetween sexual abuse and sexualized and Inappropriate sexual behaviour and other challenging behaviours in men with learning disabilities.
Ageing in adults with Down's syndrome in institutionally based and community‐based residences
Authors: Roeden J. M. , Zitman F. G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSeventy‐one subjects with Down's syndrome (DS), between the ages of 29 and 68 years, and 46 matched controls (without DS) were examined for intelligence, memory (short‐ and long‐term memory, and spatial and temporal orientation), communication (receptive, expressive and written language) and daily living skills (personal, domestic and community daily living skills). All subjects were screened on hearing and visual functions, thyroid functions; depression and dementia. DS‐subjects and controls were matched on chronological age, mental age, living conditions and male/female ratio. Comparisons were made between five subgroups (I) non‐demented institutionalized subjects with DS (DSI‐group; n=35); (2) non‐demented institutionalized controls without DS (Ci‐group; n=22); (3) demented institutionalized subjects with DS (n= 10); (4) non‐demented subjects with DS living in group homes (DSg; n=26); and (5) non‐demented controls without DS living in group homes (Cg; n=24). Institutionalized and non‐institutionalized subjects, as well as demented and non‐demented subjects differed significantly on all functions measured. Multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the influence of age and sensory deficits on adaptive and cognitive functioning. In DSg subjects, significant associations were found between age and mental age, and between age and performances on written language. In (non‐demented) DSi subjects, significant relations were found between age and memory functions observed in daily circumstances. Moreover, in the (non‐demented) DSi elderly, visual impairment was significantly related to depressed performance on daily living skills. No age effects were seen in control subjects. Infirmities of old age like dementia and sensory deficits were far more common in people with DS than in controls. Psychiatric and diagnostic aspects of clinical depression and dementia were emphasized in particular.
Two longitudinal studies of the abilities of people with Down's syndrome
Authors: Shepperdson B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA cohort of subjects with Down's syndrome born in South Wales, UK, in 1964, 1965 and 1966, and living at home, was studied as infants, teenagers and young adults (the original cohort). Carers were interviewed and the abilities of the subjects assessed, using a variety of measures. Average scores of the cohort improved over the years, although the rate of progress slowed down between the teenage and adult years. Scores were related to social class, stimulation given in the home, and at older ages, maternal age at the birth of the subject. This latter finding was unexpected. A comparative cohort of subjects with Down's syndrome from South Wales born in 1973, 1974 and 1975 was studied as infants and teenagers. They were at the same stage as the original cohort as infants and teenagers, but living 9 years later. In spite of the comparative cohort coming from a favoured background, in terms of social class and having access to improved services, mean scores at the teenage stage were only significantly better on one test of language than those of the original cohort at the same age. Most studies find that females with Down's syndrome have higher abilities than males: this was the case for the original cohort, but not for the comparative cohort.
Catatonic syndrome following recovery from neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Authors: Dent J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn June 1992, a 51 ‐year‐old Caucasian man with a mild learning disability was prescribed chlorpromazine and thioridazine for sleeplessness and agitation. He developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) which was treated successfully with Intravenous diazepam. Without further exposure to neuroleptics, the patient became acutely unwell with signs of catatonic syndrome in March 1993 and responded to oral diazepam. When the dose of diazepam was reduced in August 1993, the catatonic syndrome recurred and responded to an increase in his oral diazepam. In the past, the patient had been admitted to hospital in 1983 and 1986 with severe extrapyramidal symptoms and parkinsonism following prescription of neuroleptics for agitation. This case provides evidence that patients with a predisposition to catatonic syndrome may be at increased risk of developing NMS, and therefore, should not be treated with neuroleptics.
The prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in men: an echocardiographic population screening study with a review of death records
Authors: AGNARSSON U. T. , HARDARSON T. , HALLGRIMSSON J. , SIGFUSSON N. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in 3607 men from the Reykjavik study of 1979‐81. Of these, 452 men had an abnormal (group A) and 3155 a normal electrocardiogram. An echocardiographic control group of 128 men was selected from cohorts with a normal electrocardiogram (group B). Until 1987, 189 deaths had occurred, 59 from group A and 130 from cohorts with a normal ECG including 4 from group B. To identify subjects with HCM, survivors of groups A and B were examined by echocardiography and by review of all autopsy data and death certificates. HCM was found in 14 subjects from group A but none in group B. Two additional cases were found at autopsy in cohorts with a normal ECG.The prevalence of HCM in men with an abnormal and normal ECG was 3.6% and 0.8%, respectively. The overall prevalence was calculated to be 1.1% with a 95% confidence interval of 0.3‐3.2%. Men with HCM reported more symptoms than others in groups A and B (P < 0.05‐0.001), 25% were without symptoms. Asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias were detected by Holter monitoring in 45% of men with HCM. The total annual mortality was 1.6% compared with 0.5% in the group with a normal ECG (P < 0.001).