bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of end‐functionalized poly(phenylacetylene)s with well‐characterized palladium catalysts
Authors: Shiotsuki Masashi , Nakagawa Atsushi , Castañon Jesus Rodriguez , Onishi Naoya , Kobayashi Tatsurou , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio 
Published: October 2010

AbstractEnd‐functionalized poly(phenylacetylene)s were synthesized by the polymerization of phenylacetylene (PA) using the well‐defined palladium catalysts represented as [(dppf)PdBr(R)] {dppf = 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene}. The Pd catalysts having a series of R groups such as o‐tolyl, mesityl, C(Ph)CPh2, C6H4‐o‐CH2OH, C6H4‐p‐CN, and C6H4‐p‐NO2 in conjunction with silver triflate polymerized PA to give end‐functionalized poly(PA)s bearing the corresponding R groups in high yields. The results of IR and NMR spectroscopies and MALDI‐TOF mass analyses proved the introduction of these R groups at one end of each polymer chain. The poly(PA) bearing a hydroxy end group was applied as a macroinitiator to the synthesis of a block copolymer composed of poly(PA) and poly(β‐propiolactone) moieties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Probing the active site of the sugar isomerase domain from E. coli arabinose‐5‐phosphate isomerase via X‐ray crystallography
Authors: Gourlay Louise J. , Sommaruga Silvia , Nardini Marco , Sperandeo Paola , Dehò Gianni , Polissi Alessandra , Bolognesi Martino 
Published: October 2010

AbstractLipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis represents an underexploited target pathway for novel antimicrobial development to combat the emergence of multidrug‐resistant bacteria. A key player in LPS synthesis is the enzyme D‐arabinose‐5‐phosphate isomerase (API), which catalyzes the reversible isomerization of D‐ribulose‐5‐phosphate to D‐arabinose‐5‐phosphate, a precursor of 3‐deoxy‐D‐manno‐octulosonate that is an essential residue of the LPS inner core. API is composed of two main domains: an N‐terminal sugar isomerase domain (SIS) and a pair of cystathionine‐β‐synthase domains of unknown function. As the three‐dimensional structure of an enzyme is a prerequisite for the rational development of novel inhibitors, we present here the crystal structure of the SIS domain of a catalytic mutant (K59A) of E. coli
D‐arabinose‐5‐phosphate isomerase at 2.6‐Å resolution. Our structural analyses and comparisons made with other SIS domains highlight several potentially important active site residues. In particular, the crystal structure allowed us to identify a previously unpredicted His residue (H88) located at the mouth of the active site cavity as a possible catalytic residue. On the basis of such structural data, subsequently supported by biochemical and mutational experiments, we confirm the catalytic role of H88, which appears to be a generally conserved residue among two‐domain isomerases.
Calculating pKa values in the cAMP‐dependent protein kinase: The effect of conformational change and ligand binding
Authors: Bjarnadottir Una , Nielsen Jens Erik 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe conformational change observed upon ligand binding and phosphorylation for the cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (protein kinase A—PKA) is of high importance for the regulation of its activity. We calculate pKa values and net charges for 18 3D structures of PKA in various conformations and liganded states to examine the role of electrostatics in ligand binding and activation. We find that the conformational change of PKA takes place without any significant net proton uptake/release at all pH values, thus indicating that PKA has evolved to reduce any pH‐dependent barriers to the conformational motion. We furthermore find that the binding of ligands induces large changes in the net charge of PKA at most pH values, but significantly, we find that the net charge difference at physiological pH is close to zero, thus indicating that the active‐site pKa values have been preorganized for substrate binding. We are unable to unequivocally resolve the identity of the groups responsible for determining the pH‐activity profile of PKA but speculate that the titration of Lys 168 or the titration of ATP itself could be responsible for the loss of activity at high pH values. Finally, we examine the effect of point mutations on the pKa values of the PKA catalytic residues and find these to be relatively insensitive to both noncharge‐altering and charge‐altering mutations.
Search for ferromagnetism in manganese‐stabilized zirconia
Authors: Dimri M. Chandra , Kooskora H. , Pahapill J. , Joon E. , Heinmaa I. , Subbi J. , Stern R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMagnetic properties of Mn‐stabilized cubic zirconia (ZrO2) powder samples were investigated to verify the recent theoretical predictions of ferromagnetism in transition‐metal‐doped ZrO2. It was found that 5% Mn‐doped cubic ZrO2 samples, when heat treated in argon and air environments, exhibit tiny hysteresis loops at room temperature (300 K). Antiferromagnetic interactions were observed to be enhanced for higher Mn doping. Even though we could not produce the room‐temperature long‐range ferromagnetism in our samples, we discuss the observed effects of annealing on structural and magnetic properties and their sensitivity to moisture.
Improved switching characteristics of perovskite oxide‐based resistance random access memory by high‐pressure oxygen annealing at low temperature
Authors: Lee Wootae , Jo Minseok , Park Jubong , Lee Joonmyoung , Park Sangsu , Kim Seonghyun , Jung Seungjae , Shin Jungho , Lee Daeseok , Siddik Manzar , Hwang Hyunsang 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe successfully fabricated perovskite oxide‐based resistance random access memory (RRAM) with improved resistance switching characteristics, at a low temperature. A high‐pressure oxygen‐annealed (HPOA) W/Al/Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3 (PCMO)/Pt device shows good memory characteristics such as device uniformity, endurance, and improved switching speed. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals large amounts of oxygen effectively incorporated into the PCMO layer during HPOA, enhancing the crystallization of PCMO at low temperature. X‐ray diffraction analysis confirmed that an amorphous PCMO layer was converted to a polycrystalline structure. These results suggest that HPOA is a promising method for fabricating reliable perovskite oxide‐based RRAM at a low temperature.
Testing non‐inferiority and superiority for two endpoints for several treatments with a control
Authors: Lawrence John 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSome multiple comparison procedures are described for multiple armed studies. The procedures are appropriate for testing all hypotheses for comparing two endpoints and multiple test arms to a single control group, for example three different fixed doses compared to a placebo. The procedure assumes that among the two endpoints, one is designated as a primary endpoint such that for a given treatment arm, no hypothesis for the secondary endpoint can be rejected unless the hypothesis for the primary endpoint was rejected. The procedures described control the family‐wise error rate in the strong sense at a specified level α. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional image‐guided placement of percutaneous pedicle screws without the use of biplanar fluoroscopy or Kirschner wires: technical note
Authors: Nottmeier Eric W. , Fenton Douglas 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundPercutaneous pedicle screws are commonly used in minimally invasive spinal procedures. Traditional techniques of percutaneous pedicle screw placement have employed the use of multiplanar fluoroscopy and Kirschner wires (K‐wires). The use of multiplanar fluoroscopy for the placement of percutaneous pedicle screws likely increases radiation exposure to the surgeon when compared to open techniques. K‐wires can break or become bent during the procedure, making it difficult to insert and remove instrumentation over them. Additionally, there is also a risk of visceral or vascular injury with the use of K‐wires. The authors present a novel method of percutaneous pedicle screw placement utilizing three‐dimensional (3D) fluoroscopy‐based image guidance in which K‐wires are not used and there is minimal to no radiation exposure to the surgeon and operating room staff.MethodsThirty‐six screws were placed in 15 patients using this technique. An independent radiologist graded screw placement using computed tomographic (CT) scans and the breach rate of the percutaneous pedicle screws was compared to the breach rate of 33 pedicle screws placed contralaterally using the mini‐open technique.ResultsNo bony breach was noted by any screw in either group and no complications occurred in this study as a result of screw placement.ConclusionsPercutaneous pedicle screws can be placed accurately and safely using 3D image guidance without the use of K‐wires. Little to no radiation exposure to the surgeon or OR staff occurs with this technique. No complications occurred in this study as a result of screw placement or image guidance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of genetic variation in polioviruses
Authors: Savolainen‐Kopra Carita , Blomqvist Soile 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPolioviruses, as with all RNA viruses, are in a constant process of evolution driven by different mechanisms. With multiple mechanisms for genetic variability, they are successful conformists, adapting to changes in their habitat. The evolution of polioviruses may occur with generation of point mutations followed by genetic drift and selection. The mutation rate of polioviruses based on several studies is approximately 3 × 10−2 mutations/synonymous site/year in the gene encoding viral protein 1. Genetic variation in polioviruses may also be increased by sharing of genetic data of two different poliovirus lineages by means of homologous recombination. According to the current view, recombination is considered usually to occur by strand‐switching, but a non‐replicative model has also been described. In recombination, polioviruses may either gain a set of advantageous mutations selected and fixed in previous generations of the parental viruses or get rid of deleterious ones. The prerequisites and constraints of the evolution mechanisms will be discussed. Furthermore, consequences of poliovirus evolution will be reviewed in the light of observations made on currently circulating polioviruses. We will also describe how polioviruses strike back: as wild type polioviruses approach eradication, vaccine derived strains increase their occurrence and genetic variability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondrial DNA Integrity Is Essential For Mitochondrial Maturation During Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Wang Wei , Osenbroch Pia , Skinnes Ragnhild , Esbensen Ying , Bjørås Magnar , Eide Lars 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) involves the activation of aerobic metabolism, which is dependent on mitochondrial function. Here, we show that the differentiation of NSCs involves robust increases in mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, and respiration capacity. The increased respiration activity renders mtDNA vulnerable to oxidative damage, and NSCs defective for the mitochondrial 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1) function accumulate mtDNA damage during the differentiation. The accumulated mtDNA damages in ogg1−/− cells inhibit the normal maturation of mitochondria that is manifested by reduced cellular levels of mitochondrial encoded complex proteins (complex I [cI], cIII, and cIV) with normal levels of the nuclear encoded cII present. The specific cI activity and inner membrane organization of respiratory complexes are similar in wt and ogg1−/− cells, inferring that mtDNA damage manifests itself as diminished mitochondrial biogenesis rather than the generation of dysfunctional mitochondria. Aerobic metabolism increases during differentiation in wild-type cells and to a lesser extent in ogg1−/− cells, whereas anaerobic rates of metabolism are constant and similar in both cell types. Our results demonstrate that mtDNA integrity is essential for effective mitochondrial maturation during NSC differentiation.
Knowledge of prenatal screening and psychological management of test decisions
Authors: Dahl K. , Hvidman L. , Jørgensen F. S. , Kesmodel U. S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo study associations between pregnant women's knowledge of prenatal screening and decisional conflict in deciding whether to participate in first‐trimester screening for Down syndrome in a setting of required informed consent, and to study associations between knowledge and personal wellbeing, and worries in pregnancy.MethodsA population‐based cross‐sectional study with 6427 pregnant women consecutively included before the time of a nuchal translucency scan. Participants were recruited from three Danish obstetric departments offering prenatal screening free of charge. The results presented are based on 4111 pregnant women (64%). Knowledge was measured using 15 questions. The primary outcomes were measured using pre‐existing validated scales, i.e. The Decisional Conflict Scale, the WHO Well‐Being Index and the Cambridge Worry Scale. Associations were analyzed by multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses.ResultsA higher level of knowledge was associated with less decisional conflict when deciding whether to participate in first‐trimester Down syndrome screening (adjusted odds ratio 1.31 (95% CI, 1.26–1.37)). An increased level of knowledge was also associated with higher levels of wellbeing (adjusted linear coefficient 0.51 (95% CI, 0.26–0.75), P < 0.001). Knowledge was not associated with worries, either in general or specifically about something being wrong with the baby.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate the importance of ensuring a high level of knowledge for pregnant women making choices about participation in prenatal screening for Down syndrome in order to improve the psychological management of test decisions. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Game theory
Authors: Dufwenberg Martin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractGame theory is a toolkit for examining situations where decision makers influence each other. I discuss the nature of game‐theoretic analysis, the history of game theory, why game theory is useful for understanding human psychology, and why game theory has played a key role in the recent explosion of interest in the field of behavioral economics. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 167–173 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.119This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition
The use of technology to enhance zoological parks
Authors: Clay Andrea W. , Perdue Bonnie M. , Gaalema Diann E. , Dolins Francine L. , Bloomsmith Mollie A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTechnology can be used in a zoological setting to improve visitor experience, increase research opportunities, and enhance animal welfare. Evaluating the quality of these technological innovations and their use by nonhuman and human counterparts is a critical part of extending the uses of technology to enhance animal welfare and visitor experience at zoological parks. Survey data from a small sample of institutions housing primates suggest that computers, television, radio, and sprinklers are the most prevalent types of technological enrichment currently used. Survey respondents were positive about the technology implemented, stating a desire to increase its use. Zoo Biol 30:487–497, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prävention von Essstörungen – vom Pilotprojekt zur Routinemaßnahme
Authors: Berger Uwe , Wick Katharina , Schwartze Dominique , Strauß Bernhard 
Published: October 2010

Einleitung
Das Gefühl der Ohnmacht gegenüber der Macht der Magersucht ruft Gesundheitsexperten auf den Plan, um dieser nach wie vor „rätselhaften Erkrankung“ Einhalt zu gebieten. In Thüringen wurde ein Programm zur Primärprävention von Magersucht bei Mädchen ab 12 Jahren (kurz: PriMa) entwickelt und nach den Standards der „Society for Prevention Research“ (SPR) in drei Schritten „Erprobung“, „Bewährung im Feld“ und „flächendeckende Verbreitung“ umfassend evaluiert.
Socio-economic, demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics associated with consumption of fatty-sweetened and fatty-salted foods in middle-aged French adults
Authors: Méjean Caroline , Macouillard Pauline , Castetbon Katia , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Hercberg Serge 
Published: October 2010

Few studies have specifically focused on characteristics associated with consumption of combined fatty-salted and fatty-sweetened foods, whereas their identification could be useful for defining effective public health measures. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle and health characteristics and consumption of these types of food in a general sample of French adults. Dietary intake was assessed using a minimum of six 24 h dietary records collected over a 2-year period in 6240 subjects aged 35–60 years who participated in the Supplémentation en VItamines Minéraux et AntioXydants cohort study. Associations of individual characteristics with high and intermediate consumption of fatty-sweetened and fatty-salted foods were assessed using multivariate polytomic logistic regression models. Risk of moderate or high consumption of fatty-salted foods decreased with increasing age. Current smokers, drinkers, individuals with overweight and with hypertension were more likely to consume moderate or high amounts of such foods. Risk of moderate or high consumption of fatty-sweetened foods decreased with increasing age. Women, individuals living as a couple, moderate drinkers and persons with low or medium physical activity level were more likely to consume moderate or high amounts of such foods. Lower educated subjects, current smokers, heavy drinkers and individuals with severe hypertriacylglycerolaemia were less likely to have moderate or high consumption. Consumption of fatty-sweetened and fatty-salted foods varied according to demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics. Common unhealthy behaviours such as smoking, low physical activity and alcohol drinking, associated with high consumption of these food groups, may help to effectively target public health efforts.
ACROSS THE BLACK SANDS AND THE RED: TRAVEL WRITING, NATURE, AND THE RECLAMATION OF THE EURASIAN STEPPE CIRCA 1850
Authors: Khazeni Arash 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThrough a reading of 19th-century Persian travel narratives, this article locates the history of Iran and Central Eurasia within recent literature on global frontier processes and the encounter between empire and nature. It argues that Persianate travel books about Central Eurasia were part of the imperial project to order and reclaim the natural world and were forged through the material encounter with the steppes. Far from a passive act of collecting information and more than merely an extension of the observer's preconceptions, description was essential to the expansion and preservation of empire. Although there exists a vast literature on Western geographical and ethnographic representations of the Middle East, only recently have scholars begun to mine contacts that took place outside of a Western colonial framework and within an Asian setting. Based on an analysis of Riza Quli Khan Hidayat'sSifaratnama-yi Khvarazm, the record of an expedition sent from the Qajar Dynasty to the Oxus River in 1851, the article explores the 19th-century Muslim “discovery” of the Eurasian steppe world. The expedition set out to define imperial boundaries and to reclaim the desert, but along the way it found a permeable “middle ground” between empires, marked by transfrontier and cross-cultural exchanges.
BEYOND THE WAR? THE LEBANESE POSTMEMORY EXPERIENCE
Authors: Larkin Craig 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article seeks to address how Lebanese youth are dealing with the legacy of civil war (1975–90), given the national backdrop of official silence, persisting injustice, and competing memory discourses. Drawing on Marianne Hirsch's concept of postmemory, it explores the memory of a generation of Lebanese who have grown up dominated not by traumatic events but by narrative accounts of events that preceded their birth. This residual form of memory carries and connects with the pain of others, suffusing temporal frames and liminal positions. The article examines how postmemory is mediated and transformed through the mnemonic lenses of visual landscapes and oral narratives. Consideration is given to the dynamic production of “memoryscapes”—memories of violence localized in particular sites—and to narrative constructions of the past implicated in the ongoing search for meaning, historical truth, and identity. This article seeks to challenge pervasive notions of Lebanese postwar amnesia and of a generational detachment from the residual effects and future implications of war recollections.
Piperonyl butoxide enhances triclabendazole action against triclabendazole-resistant Fasciola hepatica
Authors: DEVINE C. , BRENNAN G. P. , LANUSSE C. E. , ALVAREZ L. I. , TRUDGETT A. , HOEY E. , FAIRWEATHER I. 
Published: October 2010

SUMMARYA study has been carried out to determine whether the action of triclabendazole (TCBZ) against the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica is altered by inhibition of the cytochrome P450 (CYP 450)-mediated drug metabolism pathway. The Oberon TCBZ-resistant and Cullompton TCBZ-susceptible fluke isolates were used for these experiments, the basic design of which is given in the paper by Devine et al. (2010a). Piperonyl butoxide (PB) was the CYP P450 inhibitor used. Morphological changes resulting from drug treatment and following metabolic inhibition were assessed by means of transmission electron microscopy. After treatment with either TCBZ or TCBZ.SO on their own, there was greater disruption to the TCBZ-susceptible than TCBZ–resistant isolate. However, co-incubation with PB+TCBZ, but more particularly PB+TCBZ.SO, led to greater changes to the TCBZ-resistant isolate than with each drug on its own, with blebbing of the apical plasma membrane, severe swelling of the basal infolds and their associated mucopolysaccharide masses in the syncytium and flooding in the internal tissues. Golgi complexes were greatly reduced or absent in the tegumental cells and the synthesis and production of secretory bodies were badly disrupted. The mitochondria were swollen throughout the tegumental system and the somatic muscle blocks were disrupted. With the TCBZ-susceptible Cullompton isolate, there was a limited increase in drug action following co-incubation with PB. The results provide evidence that the condition of a TCBZ-resistant fluke can be altered by inhibition of drug metabolism. Moreover, they support the concept that altered drug metabolism contributes to the mechanism of resistance to TCBZ.