bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Reduction in HLA‐D Typing with the Primed Lymphocyte Typing (PLT) Technique. The Normalized Median Response (NMR)
Authors: Morling N. , Platz P. , Ryder L.P. , Svejgaard A. , Thomsen M. 
Published: July 2010

We describe here a simple non‐parametric method for the evaluation of data obtained from primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) experiments. The method is designed to compensate for both differences in the PLT responsiveness and stimulatory capacity by a double normalization procedure based on a representative negative reaction (the median) for each PLT‐cell and for each secondary stimulator. The index of response is called the Normalized Median Response (NMR). The NMR‐method was developed from data from one of a series of PLT experiments aimed at HLA‐D typing. The NMR‐method was applied to eight other PLT experiments and was compared to two other calculation methods based on the maximal response of each PLT‐cell: (i) a method without compensation for stimulator variation, and(ii) a method including non‐parametric compensation for stimulator variation. The eight experiments involved 37 different PLT cells tested against 74 different stimulating cells yielding a total of 1,334 secondary combinations. The NMR‐method descriminated significantly better than the other methods when the results were compared to the HLA‐D types obtained with homozygous typing cell technique. In particular, the number of extra positive reactions was diminished by the NMR‐method.The reproducibility and the sources of variation were studied in the eight experiments and in five additional experiments. The NMR‐method reduced the combined priming‐to‐priming variation and day‐to‐day variation to a level comparable to the variation between duplicate testings of the same PLT cell tested towards the same set of secondary stimulators in the same secondary PLT experiment.
Anthropometric growth and utilization of enteral feeding support in pediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Bannister Louise , Manlhiot Cedric , Pollock‐BarZiv Stacey , Stone Tanya , McCrindle Brian W. , Dipchand Anne I. 
Published: July 2010

Bannister L, Manlhiot C, Pollock‐BarZiv S, Stone T, McCrindle BW, Dipchand AI. Anthropometric growth and utilization of enteral feeding support in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Pediatr Transplantation 2010: 14:879–886. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  We sought to outline trends in anthropometric growth before and after cardiac transplantation and to document our experience with the use of EFS in this population. A total of 130 patients (59% male) were enrolled and followed for a median of 4.4 yr after transplantation. Negative changes over time in weight z‐score (EST: −0.256 [0.160] z/yr, p = 0.01), height z‐score (EST: −0.214 [0.096] z/yr, p = 0.03), and BMI z‐score (EST: −0.287 [0.161] z/yr, p = 0.07) were observed prior to transplantation. Significant increases in weight z‐score (EST: +0.342 [0.143] z/yr, p < 0.001) and BMI z‐score (EST: +0.396 [0.140] z/yr, p = 0.005) were seen in the first 18 months following transplantation. No further increases in height, weight, or BMI z‐score were seen beyond this. Forty‐two (32%) patients received EFS. Prior to transplantation, it was not found to be associated with change in anthropomorphic growth. Post‐transplantation exposure to EFS was associated with a faster increase in weight z‐score (EST: +0.480 [0.231] z/yr, p = 0.04) and height z‐score over time (EST: +0.366 [0.141] z/yr, p = 0.01). Normalization of weight and height z‐scores was not achieved during the study follow‐up period. This study suggests that further investigation into the role of EFS is warranted to identify strategies to improve growth in pediatric heart transplant recipients.
Union Activism in an Inclusive System of Industrial Relations: Evidence from a Spanish Case Study
Authors: Jódar Pere , Vidal Sergi , Alós Ramon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this article we analyse the reasons for active trade union participation within the context of Spanish industrial relations. Spain represents a particularly interesting case as the unions' main activity, collective bargaining, is considered a public good. The present study is based on a representative survey of one region of the ‘Worker Commissions’ trade union and provides empirical evidence that union presence in the workplace has a significant influence on members' propensity for activism. Union presence in the workplace enhances collectivism and builds incentive for action in inclusive systems of industrial relations. By contrast, individualistic orientations and instrumental motives are of little relevance in the Spanish industrial relations context.
PRICE AND QUANTITY RESPONSES TO COST AND DEMAND SHOCKS*
Authors: Geroski P. A. , Hall S. G. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTWhen prices are inflexible, real variables like production and inventories must bear the brunt of responding to cost and demand shocks. In these circumstances, one expects to observe rather more variation in quantities than in prices, and that is, in fact, what we observe in the data. To explain this observation, one must explain why prices are inflexible. Our goal in this paper is to ascertain whether it is selectivity in response to demand shocks or just a more extensive smoothing of prices than quantities which accounts for the relatively higher variation in quantities which we observe. We conclude that selectivity in response is clearly evident in the data: demand shocks have only very weak effects on prices, but they have substantial (if rather transitory) effects on quantities.
DURATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN SPAIN: RELATIVE EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT AND FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Ahn Namkee , Ugidos‐Olazabal Arantza 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTWe estimate the effects of unemployment benefit and family situation on the unemployment duration in Spain. Empirical results indicate that the distinctions between the exits into employment and the exits from the labour force and between men and women are important. Although unemployment benefit reduces significantly the job‐finding probabilities, its effects are much larger on exits from the labour force. Many people who decide to go out of the labour force delay their exits until they exhaust their unemployment benefits. Family situation also has strong effects on the duration of unemployment in Spain. Household heads have about twice larger job‐finding probability than non‐heads, and having a working household head or other working household members improves employment probability. This suggests that family connections in the labour market are important determinants of unemployment duration in Spain.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUPERVISION AND PAY: EVIDENCE FROM THE BRITISH NEW EARNINGS SURVEY†
Authors: Brunello Giorgio 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTSThis paper looks at the relationship between supervision and pay using British data, that refer to a different institutional context. The analysis is based on information provided by the British New Earnings Survery over the period 1975–1982. The empirical investigation reveals that the relationship between supervision and pay is likely to be affected in a significant way not only by the estimation technique, as stressed by the existing literature, but also by errors in the measurement of the main variables.
INTRAHOUSEHOLD INEQUALITY AT DIFFERENT WELFARE LEVELS: ENERGY INTAKE AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE DATA FROM THE PHILIPPINES*
Authors: Haddad Lawrence , Kanbur Ravi , Bouis Howarth 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTSThis paper investigates the relationship between intrahousehold inequality and levels of household welfare. Under certain conditions it is demonstrated — with both the unitary model of the household and with some collective models — that the relationship between household welfare and inequality within the household can have an inverted u‐shape. Using two sets of calorie adequacy data from a sample of 455 households in the Philippines, a spline analysis is used to test the hypothesis that inequality within the household first increases and then decreases as per capita household total expenditure increases. The two sets of calorie adequacy data are based on repeated 24‐ hour recalls of dietary intake, and on calorie requirements that are unadjusted and then adjusted for individual activity patterns. Results indicate that once activity patterns are accounted for, calorie intake shortfalls are borne fairly equally within the household at all per capita household total expenditure levels.
BANKING SECTOR POLICIES AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NEPAL
Authors: Demetriades Panicos O. , Luintel Kul B. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the interactions between banking sector policies, financial development and economic growth in Nepal employing recently developed time series techniques. Policies such as interest rate controls, directed credit programmes, reserve and liquidity requirements are identified and measured. A summary measure of repressive policies is constructed by the method of principal components. This measure is found to have a statistically significant influence deepening, independently of the real interest rate. We argue that our findings are consistent with the hypothesis of market failure.Exogeneity tests suggest that financial deepening and economic growth are jointly determined. Thus, policies which affect financial deepening may also have an influence on economic growth.
Structural VAR Estimation with Exogeneity Restrictions
Authors: Dias Francisco C. , Machado José A. F. , Pinheiro Maximiano R. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTExogenous variables arise quite naturally in macroeconomic models of small open economies. In these models overidentification is also a common feature. In the presence of exogeneity restrictions and overidentification the usual two‐steps approach to the estimation of structural VAR's is not equivalent to Maximum Likelihood (ML). We propose a simple modification of that usual approach which produces ML estimators.
HOW EFFECTIVE ARE STATE EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES? JOBCENTRE USE AND JOB MATCHING IN BRITAIN
Authors: Gregg Paul , Wadsworth Jonathan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractState sponsored employment agencies are an important source of job matching in Britain. This study tracks Jobcentre use in Britain over the previous decade and the effectiveness of Jobcentre use in securing entry into employment for those who utilise its services. Amongst the unemployed, use of Jobcentres is highly counter‐cyclical. This can be attributed principally to the changing composition of the stock over the economic cycle. In good times, there are relatively more short duration, voluntary quits in the stock, who tend to rely on Jobcentres least. Jobcentres are found to have a significant positive effect on the job entry rates of its clients. The greatest beneficial impact is amongst those, the low skilled and the long term unemployed with the lowest exit rates from unemployment.
COMMON SEASONAL FEATURES: GLOBAL UNEMPLOYMENT
Authors: Engle Robert F. , Hylleberg Svend 
Published: July 2010

Seasonal patterns in economic time series are generally examined from a univariate point of view. Using extensions of the unit root literature, important classes of seasonal processes are deterministic, stationary stochastic or mean reverting, and unit root stochastic. Time series tests have been developed for each of these.This paper examines seasonality in a multivariate context. Systems of economic variables can have trends, cycles and unit roots as well as the various types of seasonality. Restrictions such as cointegration and common cycles are here applied also to examine multivariate seasonal behaviour of economic variables. If each of a collection of series has a certain type of seasonality but a linear combination of these series can be found without seasonality, then the seasonal is said to be ‘common’. New tests are developed to determine if seasonal characteristics are common to a set of time series. These tests can be employed in the presence of various other time series structures.The analysis is applied to OECD data on unemployment for the period 1975.1 to 1993.4, and it is found that four diverse countries (Australia, Canada, Japan and USA) not only have common trends in their unemployment, but also have common deterministic seasonal features and a common cycle/stochastic seasonal feature. Such a collection of characteristics were not found in other groups of OECD countries.
Cointegration Testing in Panels with Common Factors*
Authors: Gengenbach Christian , Palm Franz C. , Urbain Jean‐Pierre 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPanel unit‐root and no‐cointegration tests that rely on cross‐sectional independence of the panel unit experience severe size distortions when this assumption is violated, as has, for example, been shown by Banerjee, Marcellino and Osbat [Econometrics Journal (2004), Vol. 7, pp. 322–340; Empirical Economics (2005), Vol. 30, pp. 77–91] via Monte Carlo simulations. Several studies have recently addressed this issue for panel unit‐root tests using a common factor structure to model the cross‐sectional dependence, but not much work has been done yet for panel no‐cointegration tests. This paper proposes a model for panel no‐cointegration using an unobserved common factor structure, following the study by Bai and Ng [Econometrica (2004), Vol. 72, pp. 1127–1177] for panel unit roots. We distinguish two important cases: (i) the case when the non‐stationarity in the data is driven by a reduced number of common stochastic trends, and (ii) the case where we have common and idiosyncratic stochastic trends present in the data. We discuss the homogeneity restrictions on the cointegrating vectors resulting from the presence of common factor cointegration. Furthermore, we study the asymptotic behaviour of some existing residual‐based panel no‐cointegration tests, as suggested by Kao [Journal of Econometrics (1999), Vol. 90, pp. 1–44] and Pedroni [Econometric Theory (2004a), Vol. 20, pp. 597–625]. Under the data‐generating processes (DGP) used, the test statistics are no longer asymptotically normal, and convergence occurs at rate T rather than as for independent panels. We then examine the possibilities of testing for various forms of no‐cointegration by extracting the common factors and individual components from the observed data directly and then testing for no‐cointegration using residual‐based panel tests applied to the defactored data.
Threshold Effects in Cointegrating Relationships*
Authors: Gonzalo Jesús , Pitarakis Jean‐Yves 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce threshold‐type nonlinearities within a single‐equation cointegrating regression model and propose a testing procedure for testing the null hypothesis of linear cointegration vs. cointegration with threshold effects. Our framework allows the modelling of long‐run equilibrium relationships that may change according to the magnitude of a threshold variable assumed to be stationary and ergodic, and thus constitutes an attempt to deal econometrically with the potential presence of multiple equilibria. The framework is flexible enough to accommodate regressor endogeneity and serial correlation.
Explaining US–UK Interest Rate Differentials: A Reassessment of the Uncovered Interest Rate Parity in a Bayesian Framework*
Authors: Carriero Andrea 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we test the uncovered interest rate parity (UIRP), allowing for transitory deviations from it. These deviations may arise from variations in risk premia, errors in expectations and linearization errors, and are modelled as a zero‐mean noise around the restrictions implied by the UIRP on a vector autoregression (VAR) in the interest rate differential and the spot exchange rate. Importantly, this approach includes the traditional one as a special case, which is derived by simply setting the noise to zero. When the noise is set to zero the UIRP is rejected, but if we allow for some degree of noise the UIRP is strongly supported by the data. Thus the UIRP relation does not hold exactly, but on average, with a stationary risk premium as opposed to a constant one. This result implies that analysing the effects of policy experiments under the null of the UIRP may be both safe and useful.
Further Evidence on the Statistical Properties of Real GNP*
Authors: Mayoral Laura 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe well‐known lack of power of unit‐root tests has often been attributed to the short length of macroeconomic variables and also to data‐generating processes (DGPs) departing from the I(1)–I(0) models. This paper shows that by using long spans of annual real gross national product (GNP) and GNP per capita (133 years), high power can be achieved, leading to the rejection of both the unit‐root and the trend‐stationary hypothesis. More flexible representations are then considered, namely, processes containing structural breaks (SB) and fractional orders of integration (FI). Economic justification for the presence of these features in GNP is provided. It is shown that both FI and SB formulations are in general preferred to the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) [I(1) or I(0)] formulations. As a novelty in this literature, new techniques are applied to discriminate between FI and SB. It turns out that the FI specification is preferred, implying that GNP and GNP per capita are non‐stationary, highly persistent but mean‐reverting series. Finally, it is shown that the results are robust when breaks in the deterministic component are allowed for in the FI model. Some macroeconomic implications of these findings are also discussed.
A field study of potential ecological costs of resistance by ‘stem ducking’ in tall goldenrod, Solidago altissima
Authors: Wise Michael J. , Cole Julia A. , Carr David E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe maintenance of genetic variation for resistance in a plant population that experiences herbivory suggests that resistance entails costs as well as benefits. Ecological costs – which result from indirect effects that a resistance trait has on other members of the host plant’s community – constitute a potentially widespread but relatively understudied constraint on the evolution of resistance. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ecological costs may act to constrain the evolution of the recently identified ‘stem‐ducking’ resistance trait in Solidago altissima L. (Asteraceae). Previous studies have shown that, although ducking is effective against some harmful apex‐attacking insects, ducking genets are consistently in the minority in S. altissima populations. Potential ecological costs of ducking include increased susceptibility to non‐target herbivores and reduction of attack by the third trophic level (i.e., natural enemies of herbivores). In a field study involving more than 2 100 stems, erect stems of S. altissima were galled about 50% more often than ducking stems by the rosette galler Rhopalomyia solidaginis (Loew) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). The two other common stem herbivores in this study – the stem‐boring moths (Lepidoptera) Dichomeris inserrata (Walsingham) (Gelechiidae) and Oidaematophorus kellicottii (Fish) (Pterophoridae) – were equally abundant on ducking and erect‐stemmed plants, suggesting a lack of ecological cost of ducking in terms of susceptibility to other herbivores. Rhopalomyia solidaginis eggs were parasitized by the wasp Platygaster variabilis Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae) at the same rate whether the eggs were laid on ducking or erect stems, suggesting a lack of ecological costs to ducking in terms of reduced attraction of the third trophic level. This study confirmed that ducking is an effective resistance against apex gallers but did not support the hypothesis that ecological costs keep ducking stems in the minority.
Isokinetic eccentric exercise as a model to induce and reproduce pathophysiological alterations related to delayed onset muscle soreness
Authors: Lund H. , Vestergaard‐Poulsen P. , Kanstrup I.‐L. , Sejrsen P. 
Published: July 2010

Physiological alterations following unaccustomed eccentric exercise in an isokinetic dynamometer of the right m. quadriceps until exhaustion were studied, in order to create a model in which the physiological responses to physiotherapy could be measured. In experiment I (exp. I), seven selected parameters were measured bilaterally in 7 healthy subjects at day 0 as a control value. Then after a standardized bout of eccentric exercise the same parameters were measured daily for the following 7 d (test values). The measured parameters were: the ratio of phosphocreatine to inorganic phosphate (PCr/Pi), the ratio of inorganic phosphate to adenosintriphosphate (Pi/ATP), the ratio of phosphocreatine to adenosintriphosphate (PCr/ATP) (all three ratios measured with 31P‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy), dynamic muscle strength, plasma creatine kinase (CK), degree of pain and “muscle” blood flow rate (133Xenon washout technique). This was repeated in experiment II (exp. II) 6–12 months later in order to study reproducbility. In experiment III (exp. III), the normal fluctuations over 8 d of the seven parameters were measured, without intervention with eccentric exercise in 6 other subjects.All subjects experienced pain, reaching a maximum 48 h after eccentric exercise in both exp. I and II. A systematic effect over time for CK (increasing 278% resp. 308%), muscle strength (decreasing more than 10%), PCr/Pi (decreasing 31% resp. 43%) and Pi/ATP (increasing 55% resp. 99%) was found in both exp. I and II (P<0.05), but not in exp. III. No significant difference was observed between exp. I and II for CK, blood‐flow rate, concentric muscle strength, PCr/Pi, Pi/ATP and PCr/ATP. It is concluded that pathophysiological alterations in m. quadriceps following eccentric exercise can be induced and can be reproduced after an interval of 6 months. Thus, this model can be used to study the effects of physiotherapy.