Abstract PO4-23-11: Resistance Mechanisms to CDK4/6 Inhibitors and/or Tamoxifen Using Comprehensive Thermostable Group II Intron Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing
Authors: Iwase Toshiaki , Xu Hengyi , Oh Nakyung , Lee Jangsoon , Lambowitz Alan M , Ueno Naoto 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanisms of resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) and endocrine therapy (ET) is pivotal in exploring new therapeutic strategies for hormone receptor-positive (HR+), HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer. To decipher these resistance mechanisms, we analyzed the alterations in comprehensive RNA-seq (coding and non-coding RNAs) of HR+ HER2-negative BC cell lines via thermostable group II intron reverse transcriptase sequencing (TGIRT-seq). Methods We established Tamoxifen-resistant (TMR), Abemaciclib-resistant (ACR), Palbociclib-resistant (PCR), Tamoxifen/Abemaciclib double-resistant (TMR-ACR), and Tamoxifen/Palbociclib double-resistant (TMR-PCR) BC cell lines from MCF7 and T47D HR+/HER2- BC cell lines through stepwise dose-escalation continuous drug exposure. We performed a TGIRT-seq transcriptomic analysis using a protocol that allows the sequencing of both long and short non-coding and protein-coding RNAs in a single library. All libraries were sequenced using paired-end 150 bp on the Novaseq platform, resulting in an average of 50 million reads per library. For analysis, raw reads underwent adapter trimming, small RNA mapping, whole genome mapping, and the generation of annotated genes' read count. We used raw counts to detect differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with DESeq2 in R using the cut-off (log2 [fold change] &gt; 1, FDR &lt; 1e-3). We then used the selected DEGs for Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis from the TCGA database. Results The TGIRT-seq analysis identified 1171 to 3472 DEGs in different drug resistance and cell line combinations. Most DEGs in resistant cells were consistently downregulated compared to parent cells. Seventy-five percent of DEGs were protein-coding genes, with the rest being non-coding RNAs, such as small nucleolar RNAs, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and transposable element RNAs, which conventional RNA-seq poorly detects. In principal component analysis (PCA) plots, replicates per drug resistance clustered clearly in both cell line backgrounds. PCA also indicated distinctive pathways for acquiring drug resistance in MCF7 and T47D cells. The estrogen receptor (ER) expression decreased, while HER2 increased in resistant cell lines. DEGs identified were enriched in ESR1-related pathways in all MCF7 and T47D cell lines resistant models. Several ER-regulating genes like IL-1R1 and RET were upregulated, while ADCY1 was consistently downregulated across different resistance types. A significant overlap with single-resistance DEGs was observed among the DEGs in double-resistance cell lines, but 20-50% of up/down-regulated DEGs in double-resistance cell lines were uniquely altered. Several previously identified DEGs (e.g., SALL4, TOP2A) and 21 novel candidate genes correlated with poor survival outcomes. Conclusion The analysis identified unique DEGs in double resistance cell lines, suggesting that double resistance mechanisms may not merely be a cumulative effect of single resistance mechanisms, necessitating further investigation and validation. CDK4/6i and/or ET-resistant BC cell lines displayed significant transcriptome reprogramming during the development of drug resistance. In previously published research, ESR1-related pathway alterations were proposed in tamoxifen resistance cell lines. Here we find that CDK4/6i-resistant cells also modify these ESR1-related pathways. Additionally, we identified several targetable genes, such as IL-1R1 and RET, involved in ESR1-related pathways that could pave the way for developing new treatment strategies.
Citation Format: Toshiaki Iwase, Hengyi Xu, Nakyung Oh, Jangsoon Lee, Alan M Lambowitz, Naoto Ueno. Resistance Mechanisms to CDK4/6 Inhibitors and/or Tamoxifen Using Comprehensive Thermostable Group II Intron Reverse Transcriptase Sequencing [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2023 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2023 Dec 5-9; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(9 Suppl):Abstract nr PO4-23-11.