bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ORIGIN, IDENTITY AND FUNCTION OF NEUTRAL‐RED BODIES IN LIVING, FIXED, AND FROZEN‐DRIED ACINOUS CELLS OF THE PANCREAS OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Lacy D. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe effect of injecting mice with 1 ml. each of a saturated solution of neutral‐red chloride in Ringer's solution was studied before making an attempt to determine the origin, identity, and function of neutral‐red bodies in acinous cells of the pancreas.The existence of a neutral‐red “granule” cycle was confirmed. This was partly divided into two main phases: phase I, in which there were a few homogeneously staining granules and phase II, in which there were large numbers of homogeneously staining granules and vacuoles.The neutral‐red granules seen in phase I of the cycle appeared to correspond with granular lipoidal bodies observed either in cells of the same pancreas or in cells of normal (not coloured with neutral red) organs. The neutral‐red granules and vacuoles seen in phase II of the cycle were shown to correspond with granular and vacuolated lipoidal bodies recognized in cells of the same pancreas. In neither phase I nor phase II of the cycle were neutral‐red vacuoles observed amongst zymogen granules. However, vacuolated lipoidal bodies were seen in this position in cells previously coloured with neutral red or in normal cells. All these results are consistent with the view that neutral red first colours preexisting granular lipoidal bodies and is then responsible for the formation of new lipoidal bodies (granular and vacuolated).The neutral‐red bodies were observed to originate in contact with mitochondria. They then passed towards the zymogen zone. In both respects they resemble lipoidal bodies of normal cells.In normal cells lipoidal bodies probably segregate and synthesize substances needed for the formation of zymogen. In cells coloured by neutral red the lipoidal bodies segregate the dye and appear no longer to form zymogen. It would seem that in the latter instance the lipoidal bodies act in a protective capacity and protect the acinous cells from the injurious effects of neutral red. This suggests that under the sustained influence of neutral red, the lipoidal bodies, and therefore the cells, may be deviated from their normal function of synthesizing zymogen.The observations in normal cells that lipoidal bodies originate from mitochondria and then accumulate on the walls of Golgi canals before completing zymogen synthesis, suggests that the Golgi apparatus makes some contribution to lipoidal bodies that enables them finally to complete this synthesis.
PHASE‐CONTRAST AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON THE DICTYOSOME AND ACROBLAST (GOLGI BODIES) IN THE MALE GERM CELLS OF THE CRICKET*
Authors: Beams H. W. , Tahmisian T. N. , Devine R. L. , Anderson Everett 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISElectron micrographs of the dictyosomes and acroblasts of the male germ cells of the cricket reveal their ultramicroscopic structure to be comparable to that of the Golgi apparatus of vertebrates. They are made up of two components, namely, double membrane lamellæ and vacuoles. These results suggest that the dictyosomes and acroblasts (Golgi material) are real cellular structures, distinct from mitochondria and homologous to the Golgi apparatus in vertebrate cells.
AN ADVANCE IN COLOUR PHOTOMICROGRAPHY OF THE LIVING EYE
Authors: Prince J. H. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISA new slit‐lamp microscope camera has been designed with a daylight spectral emission, a non‐stroboscopic flash unit, and a wide aperture lens system that enables photographs to be taken in colour of the transparent tissues of the human cornea, crystalline lens, lens capsule, lens nucleus in section, and with high magnification.
A PROJECTOR FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF FISH‐SCALES
Authors: Hartley W. G. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThis paper describes a low‐power micro‐projector especially designed for routine examination of fish‐scales. A particular feature of this apparatus is the use for proportional measurement of a simple electrical potentiometer system which can be readily applied in similar circumstances irrespective of magnification.
I.—MORPHOLOGICAL VARIANTS IN MAMMALIAN TISSUE FIBRES
Authors: Cruise A. J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe behaviour of microscopic collagen fibres under pressures applied radially to the bundles has shown that distinct morphological differences exist between them. Four types have been observed and defined by their structural differences and their related optical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Resistance to acid swelling, birefringence, and the elastic and plastic deformation under pressure all vary with the structure, and it is suggested that in these variant types the molecular chains may be in a state of “closer packing.”The variant types have been observed in a wide range of tissues from many species but there are marked variations between the proportions present in specimens from the same species. There is some evidence that the proportion of variant types is associated with the age of the specimen.In addition two other fibrous types have been observed, which may be of a keratinous nature but which are always closely associated with normal collagen bundles. These possess jointed or segmented structures which under extreme pressures exhibit complex fibrillar structures which appear to run from one joint to another. The presence of these in otherwise normal tissue suggests that their origin may involve several orders of control over the fibrogenesis to produce the alternating parallel and swollen sections.
II.—BIOMETRY OF HUMAN SPERMATOZOA
Authors: van Duijn C. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISA description is given of investigations on size distribution of normal human spermatozoa. The size distribution curves found are not Gaussian but logarithmic, and can accurately be described by the equation:where N = number of sperm heads with length L, Nmax = number of sperm heads having the most frequently occurring length Lme = base of Napierian logarithmsk = a constant.A similar distribution was found for the length and the breadth of the nucleus.In addition, empirical formulae for calculating the area of the optical longitudinal section of the sperm head and its volume were derived from model experiments. The area of the section can be calculated with fair accuracy for practical purposes from the equation:where L = length and Bmax is the breadth at the broadest part. The empirical equation for the volume V is:where d = thickness. Using this equation, the volume of a sperm head of the most probable dimensions L = 4.4 μ, Bmax = 3.2 μ and d = 2.0 μ is found to be 6.4 μ3 ± 0.4.Methods for calculating the volume of the middle‐piece, the tail, and the tail‐end are also discussed.Some estimates of weight, based on measurements with the Baker interference microscope, are given.
V ‐REACTIONS TO IMPLANTATION OF METHYLCHOLANTHRENE SOAKED SILK THREAD INTO KIDNEYS AND ADRENALS OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Authors: Hirtzler Raoul 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISSilk threads dipped in molten methylcholanthrene were implanted into kidneys of mice, hamsters, and rats, as well as into adrenals of hamsters and rats. One sarcoma and one carcinoma developed in kidneys of mice after a latency of 6 months. It is very likely that the sarcoma originated from the connective tissue which incapsulated the thread, and the carcinoma from the epithelium of the renal pelvis. No tumours were produced in rats and hamsters 6 months after the beginning of the experiment, probably because of a too short observation.Rats are not suitable for such experiments because of their prominent fibrous reaction, so that tumours, if any could be induced, would very likely be sarcomata. Hamsters react with very slight or no fibrosis, especially in the adrenals, so that there is a possibility of direct contact of the carcinogen and the epithelium. They are therefore suitable for implantation experiments, but the observation should last more than 6 months, or another carcinogen with shorter latency should be chosen.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE PINEAL EYE*
Authors: Steyn Willem 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe ultrastructure of most of the pineal eye cell types is surveyed, excepting the cell clusters (lens‐bodies) occurring in the lens and sometimes in the lumen. Greatly improved technique and apparatus resulted in interesting and new phase‐contrast observations, especially as regards the occurrence of ganglion cells in the nerve‐fibre layer and on the appearance of the sensory cell appendages. It is found that there are two types of sensory cells in the pineal eye; most of them are cone‐like cells very similar to the lateral eye cone cells. The pineal eye sensory cells have inner and outer segments, the former often having dense particles, mitochondria and oil droplets, and the latter, rod disks. The two segments are connected by a connecting cilium with ciliary filaments. The pineal eye sensory cells are obviously ciliary derivatives, and the possibility is discussed that they may develop from cilia seen to protrude through the microvillous border of the organ's lumen. It is further suggested that the outer segments may be transitory structures, or changeable in appearance.Structures resembling the two types of synapses described for the lateral eye are reported. The ultrastructure of the nerve‐fibre layer of the pineal eye is described.The inclusions and structure of the sensory cells and of pigment cells at various levels in the organ are described, and the nature of a coagulate which may represent a secretion or fluid occurring in the lumen is discussed. The fine structure of the pineal eye lens cells is described, and the absence of an inner limiting membrane noted.The possible functional significance of the above observations is discussed.
STUDIES OF ELASTIN LIPOPROTEIN OF HUMAN AND CHICKEN AORTA
Authors: Saxl H. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe morphology and physical ultrastructure of the lipoprotein component of elastic tissue has been characterized; its synthesis by the interaction of elastin and lipid by van der Waals' forces was observed. Comparative studies of the elastic tissue of chicken and young human aorta have been made.In vivo studies demonstrate how general lipid metabolism, and morphological and histochemical changes are integrated. The general lipid metabolism and that which occurs in vascular tissue in situ were studied in chickens which received a hypercholesterolæmic diet, and a prophylactic therapy with the enzyme E1*** of the elastase complex and a globulin fraction of the serum. Physiological adaption to the diet was shown, especially by the formation of elastin lipoprotein in the vascular wall, which thereby demonstrates a mode of enzyme action.Macromolecular reactions have been visualized with the electron microscope in the vascular wall, especially in areas where compression occurs.The activity of fibroblasts of the internal elastic lamina of the chicken has been observed and the intracellular formation and secretion of sheet elastin with retractile properties is described for the first time; filaments have also been observed.
INORGANIC MATERIALS ON THE SURFACES OF COARSE VEGETABLE FIBRES
Authors: Chesswas M. , Cowell D. , Kidd F. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISIn the manufacture and use of textiles, the movement of one fibre over another is important, and the same is true for the coarser fibrous materials used in brushes. For this reason, a study has been made of the surface characteristics of brushmaking fibres of animal, vegetable, and man‐made origin. The surface structures of animal fibres have been described elsewhere (Kidd, 1957; Wildman, 1954; Apple‐yard, 1960); a brief account of certain features of coarse vegetable fibres is given below.
24‐HOUR RHYTHM IN THE MITOTIC ACTIVITY OF A GRAFTED MAMMARY CARCINOMA IN FEMALE C3H/Mza MICE ON NORMAL AND INVERTED LIGHTING REGIMENS
Authors: Llanos J. M. Echave , Badran A. F. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe existence of a 24‐hour rhythm in the mitotic activity of histologically‐selected zones of a mammary carcinoma, grafted in female C3H/Mza subjected to a regular illumination schedule (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) is demonstrated.Inverting the periodicity of illumination conditions (6 p.m. to 6 a.m.) leads to a shift in the times of maximal and minimal mitotic activity.On both illumination schedules, the maxima of the mitotic activity are observed during the light period (rest) and the minima during the dark period (activity); this demonstrates that light is the factor responsible for the rhythm with both illumination schedules and excludes the hour of the day as such.Results of other authors and the possible mechanisms involved in the production of this rhythm are discussed.
THE POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE OF SOME DETAILS OF FLAGELLAR BASES IN PLANTS
Authors: Manton I. 
Published: November 2011

Since the publication of the elegant work of Gibbons and Grimstone (1960) on flagellar structure in certain colourless flagellates, the microanatomy of flagellar bases in general might have been thought of as known but for the fact that green algae, and their derivatives the land plants, show certain additional features that these authors did not encounter.These features can be detected, though with difficulty, after methacrylate embedding with or without staining (cf. my own earlier work on a fern spermatozoid and the zoospores of green algae in papers such as Manton, 1959; Hoffman & Manton, 1962), but with the greater clarity made possible by epon embedding and lead staining (e.g. Manton, 1964) they become so spectacular as to arrest the attention. An interpretation is nevertheless not at once self‐evident and, apart from using these details as a convenient means of distinguishing with certainty between the two ends of a detached flagellar base in the special case of the germinating zoospore of Stigeoclonium (Manton, 1964), my own recent comments were limited to noting an apparent phyletic restriction to green algae and their relatives or descendants, as opposed to other types of pigmented flagellated cells known to me.
THE DEMONSTRATION OF SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM IN BOVINE MUSCLE
Authors: Voyle C. A. , Lawrie R. A. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe fine sarcoplasmic network described by a number of workers, and demonstrated by Veratti using a Golgi‐type reaction, has been studied in several bovine muscles. The similarity in the appearance of this network in the muscles examined is noted, and suggestions made to explain the slight variations encountered. Various features of the reticular pattern are discussed with reference to myofibrillar arrangement within the muscle fibre.
Relation of effective thickness and refractive index to permeability of tissue components in fixed sections
Authors: GOLDSTEIN D. J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISAccurate and reproducible interference microscopy of unstained sections requires (a) the use of a shearing system, preferably with a half‐shade eye‐piece; (b) complete removal of embedding wax from the section; (c) complete replacement of one mounting medium by any successive medium; (d) accurate measurement of the refractive index (RI) of the mounting media at the temperature and wave‐length used for microscopy. The optical path through a specimen mounted in water is consistently lower than expected from measurements in non‐polar fluids—this is attributed to swelling of the tissues in water. Cellulose, glycogen and some mucins have a relatively low RI, and secretory granules and cytoplasmic chromidial substance a relatively high one. The highest RI observed was in calcified cartilage matrix. The “effective thickness” of tissue components, especially certain mucins, is often considerably less than the geometrical thickness of the section. This is attributed to the presence in the tissues of substantial spaces containing mounting medium.The relation of the RI and the effective thickness of tissue components in sections to their permeability to histological dyes is discussed. It is concluded that both the RI and the effective thickness may be of some value in predicting the ease with which dye particles of a given size can penetrate the tissue.
An electron microscopical examination of Nobert's ten‐band test‐plate
Authors: BRADBURY S. , TURNER G. L'E. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe need for microscopical test objects at the beginning of the 19th century is discussed. The first series of natural objects to serve as resolution tests was selected by Dr. C. R. Goring c. 1824. Later, diatoms were added as tests, but variations inherent in all natural objects made them unsuitable as universal standards. To meet this requirement, F. A. Nobert, a German optician, made artificial test objects by ruling series of lines on glass plates at definite distances apart. The first of these tests was produced in 1845, and comprised ten bands; the intended separation in the first band being 2·256 μ and in the tenth band 0·564 μ. A specimen of one of these ten‐band test‐plates, now in the possession of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, has been the subject of an optical and electron microscopical examination. The character of the rulings is described, and it is shown that the band spacing figures given by Nobert are substantially correct for this plate. The measured spacing in the first band is 2·172 μ and in the tenth 0·591 μ.
Isolation of fossil osteocytes
Authors: NEVES R. , TARLO L. B. HALSTEAD 
Published: November 2011

During routine maceration of shales for the extraction of fossil spores, a number of unusual structures appeared which were eventually identified as osteocytes from scales belonging to a palaeoniscid, a primitive bony fish. No vertebrate tissues had been expected, since the technique employed destroys virtually all substances with the exception of carbon, chitin and cellulose. It thus appears that certain vertebrate tissues are far more resistant than was generally believed.The specimen comes from rocks of Upper Carboniferous age (Namurian, Arnsbergian Stage, zone E2b), which outcrops at Hollywood Dingle, near Endon, Staffordshire (Grid ref. SJ.945509), and the palaeoniscid was kindly identified by Mr. H. A. Toombs of the British Museum (Natural History) as Elonichthys semi‐striatus Traquair.
New observations on the role of the erythrocyte in hæmostasis
Authors: FORD BRIAN J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISClassical expositions of the theory of blood coagulation hold that consolidation of the fibrinous reticulum is due to the mechanical enmeshment of erythrocytes within it. Studies of coagulating blood by dark‐ground microscopy have revealed the attachment of submicroscopic threads to the erythrocyte walls at precise loci: it is postulated that the formation of captive cells (penderocytes) leads to haemostatic occlusion and the total retention of erythrocytes within the contracting coagulum. Filmed records of the phenomena provide distinction between true penderocytes, those erythrocytes attached at random, and occasional enmeshed cells.
Studies on British Chytrids
Authors: CANTER HILDA M. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISEntophlyctis molesta Canter, which parasitizes Stylosphœridium stipitatum (Bachm.) Geitler et Gimesi (itself an epiphyte on the blue green alga Gomphosphœria nœgeliana (Unger) Lemm.) in several lakes in the English Lake District is described and illustrated. Its position with regard to E. apiculata (Braun) Fischer is discussed.
An examination of some factors affecting histological preservation in frozen sections of unfixed tissue
Authors: SILCOX A. A. , POULTER L. W. , BITENSKY LUCILLE , CHAYEN J. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISNo ice deformity could be detected histologically when rat liver was chilled rapidly to the temperature of solid carbon dioxide and was sectioned with a chilled knife in a cabinet refrigerated to −30°C. Slower chilling produced extra‐cellular ice deformities while elevated temperatures of the cabinet or the knife produced distortion probably due to heating during cutting.
Observations on cortical‐cell size and arrangement in some animal fibres
Authors: APPLEYARD H. M. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe relation between the size and number of cortical cells and fibre thickness is discussed with reference to various animal fibres, including several types of wool, cashmere, alpaca, and camel hair. It was found that it was possible to distinguish camel hair in a mixture from the other fibres examined on the basis of cortical‐cell size but this was the limit of positive identification by this method. The arrangement and shape of cortical cells in fibres of different cross‐sectional shape was also compared.
Preparation of rodent kidney for light microscopy by freeze‐drying and embedding in water‐soluble methacrylate
Authors: MIDDLETON E. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISMethods for the elimination of five main artifacts common to frozen‐dried specimens embedded in methacrylate are described in detail. Two of these are associated with the drying technique and three to the methacrylate embedding process. One of the “drying” artifacts, contamination of the tissues by pump oil, can be overcome by inserting an oil trap between the vacuum pump and the freeze‐dryer. The other, “zoning” in the specimens, is shown to be due to incomplete drying. Using an Edwards TD2 or TD4 freeze dryer a point in the drying process is reached when the pressure exerted by the water extracted from the specimens equals that exerted by the residual water within the specimens. Drying then ceases and cannot be completed merely by prolonging the procedure. To complete drying, the tissues are transferred to a second clean drying head and the process is repeated.Good impregnation of tissues is achieved by evacuating them in a chamber before adding the methacrylate, which is then allowed to penetrate the tissues at atmospheric pressure. This calls for a viscous methacrylate such as the glycol compound. The rate of penetration varies greatly for different tissues and methacrylates and a glycol/butyl methacrylate mixture penetrates frozen‐dried kidney very slowly at a rate of about 1 mm in twelve hours. The remaining artifacts are ballooning of the tissues, leaching out of material from them, and bubbling of the methacrylate. The properties of glycol, butyl, and methyl methacrylates, alone and in mixtures, have been studied in association with different catalyst concentrations. A mixture of 85 p.c. distilled glycol and 15 p.c. distilled butyl methacrylate with 0.5 p.c. benzoyl peroxide catalyst added, satisfies the vacuum embedding requirements, obviates ballooning of tissues and leaching out of material from them, does not bubble and produces a block with an acceptable cutting texture. It is necessary to polymerize some of the mixture to within ½ hour of completion for casting the final block.