bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 18 Ambivalent Sexism at Home and at Work: How Attitudes Toward Women in Relationships Foster Exclusion in the Public Sphere
Authors: Cikara Mina , Lee Tiane L. , Fiske Susan T. , Glick Peter 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAccording to ambivalent sexism theory, sexism combines complementary gender ideologies, held by both men and women worldwide, which serve to justify social hierarchy. This chapter reviews how benevolent and hostile attitudes toward women operate in concert to ultimately maintain gender inequity. Research specifically targets the relationship between sexism and system justification as endorsed and enacted by men and women. Hostile and benevolent beliefs map onto widely held prescriptions and proscriptions for men and women; these beliefs shape men’s and women’s interactions in the private sphere (i.e., the home, close relationships). Finally, these system justifying beliefs extend to the workplace and impede women from progressing in the public sphere.
Creating a Context for Children's Memory
Authors: Sales Jessica McDermott 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores how parent-child conversations about past stressful events may facilitate children's meaning-making following stressful events. It presents findings demonstrating the importance of meaning-making for psychological well-being in the aftermath of stressors. It also explores two factors that contribute to differences in parents' ability to scaffold elaborative and emotionally integrated co-constructed narratives of past stressful events with their children: their attachment status and coping ability.
Development and Social Regulation of Stress Neurobiology in Human Development
Authors: Wiik Kristen L. , Gunnar Megan R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis activity and glucocorticoids on memory processes while emphasizing the importance of developmental processes and characteristics of HPA axis functioning in childhood. It begins with a brief overview of human HPA axis anatomy and physiology and a discussion of regulation of glucocorticoid production and glucocorticoid receptor activity. It then presents animal and human research regarding the impact of glucocorticoids on learning, memory consolidation, and memory retrieval as a foundation for understanding the effects of stress on memory processes. Developmental changes in HPA axis activity and the social regulation of children's developing HPA axis functioning by caregivers are discussed as central factors to consider in the study of stress neurobiology and memory in children. Finally, implications of the developmental timing and social context of stressors in childhood on memory processes are presented.
Physiological Stress Responses and Children's Event Memory
Authors: Wallin Allison R. , Quas Jodi A. , Yim Ilona S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the role children's physiological stress responses play in memory. It begins with a brief discussion of the rationale underlying the need to consider physiological stress responses when studying children's memory for emotional, primarily stressful, experiences. It then provides an overview of existing research that has included general measures of physiological arousal (i.e., heart rate), followed by a review of the biological systems that respond to stressful events and how arousal as driven by each of these specific systems may affect children's memory. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the need to consider developmental factors concurrent with physiological stress responses when studying children's memory for stressful events.
Co-constructing Memories and Meaning over Time
Authors: Fivush Robyn 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter considers how time is conceptualized as a developmental process that occurs both within individuals and within socioemotional contexts that both shape and are shaped by what we remember. It begins with a discussion of aspects of individual development, focusing on the tension between change and continuity, and how developmental level and individual differences are complexly intertwined across time. It then turns to how individual development is modulated within socioemotional contexts that provide the framework for the development and expression of memory and emotion. It argues that the concept of “scaffolding,” how adults guide and structure social interaction, helps to integrate the ways in which attachment and reminiscing interact with individual development in shaping memories of emotional events. Finally, the chapter returns to the question of meaning-making. In the end, what may matter the most about our memories of highly emotional and stressful events is how we are able to create meaning in such a way that our memories do not overwhelm us, and this is a process that may only be possible within a social context in which meaning is co-constructed.
Emotion and Memory in Development
Authors: Salmon Karen , Conroy Rowena 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a commentary on how the chapters in this book, which provide different “windows” on the association between emotion and memory, have potentially far-reaching implications, translating into significant benefits for the most vulnerable of children. It considers the implications of the contributing chapters for understanding the association between emotion and memory in relation to psychopathology and its treatment.
Introduction
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter states the aims of the book: its core question of the compatibility between formal Islamic doctrine and liberal citizenship It emphasizes how this book differs from historical, anthropological, sociological, or genealogical approaches to Islam and how the book seeks to avoid the pitfalls of studies which inquire into the “compatibility” of Islam with democracy or human rights. It introduces the idea of an overlapping consensus within political liberalism as an answer to the theologico-political problem and the place of a normatively committed comparative ethics, or what John Rawls referred to as “conjecture.”
2 Methods: The Ethics of Comparative Ethics
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter elaborates a methodology for engaging in what Rawls referred to as “conjecture,” here called “justificatory comparative political theory” or “comparative ethics.” It moves beyond Rawls’s remarks to a conception of comparative ethics that takes the integrity of religious ethics seriously, and advances the following principles designed to guide the search for an overlapping consensus: plausibility, sincerity, “canon first,” transparency, sympathy, and restraint. This results in a less ambitious form of conjecture suggested by Rawls which is characterized as diagnostic, evaluative and synthetic. This chapter also addresses the problem of locating “Islam” as a comprehensive doctrine, justifying this book’s preference for arguments drawn from the Islamic legal tradition, particularly the “jurisprudence of Muslim minorities” (fiqh al-aqalliyyat al-muslima).
3 Islamic Objections to Citizenship in Non-Muslim Liberal Democracies
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents the Islamic doctrinal opposition to liberal citizenship in three parts: the problem of migrating from (hijra) or residing in (iqama) a non-Muslim state; the problem of loyalty (muwalah) to such a state; and the problem of political solidarity with non-Muslims. One can readily find, within classical and modern legal discourses on jihad and loyalty/disassociation (al-wala wa’l-bara’a), prohibitions on submitting to the authority of non-Muslim states, serving in their armies, contributing to their strength or welfare, participating in their political systems and, indeed, even residing within them. These prohibitions are not mere medieval legalisms, but rather are reflections of a range of more general Islamic beliefs, including that Muslims must always strive to live under Islamic law and political authority, that Muslims have obligations of loyalty (perhaps exclusively) to Muslims and Muslim polities, and that non-Muslims are not eligible for relationships of solidarity.
Conclusion
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the arguments of the book and introduces general observations on how Islamic methods are used to justify liberal citizenship and the relationship of moral obligation with non-Muslims. One pattern is that of broad, general, conservative statements (often against certain aspects of liberal citizenship) followed by clarification or qualification in the details. A second pattern consists in a general claim about the inherent flexibility, pragmatism, and eudaemonism of Islamic law, with an emphasis on the cost-benefit analysis of each individual practice. A third pattern emphasizes the general substantive aims of Islamic law (maqasid al-shari’a) and ethics without necessarily claiming that this constitutes or necessitates a general rethinking or reworking of shari’a. All of these approaches are made easier when one assumes that the non-Muslim state in question proclaims a public neutrality similar to Rawls’s political liberalism.
The Autonomy of Tradition
Authors: Weiss Richard S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers the largest social compass that siddha practitioners have claimed as their own—that of Indian traditional doctors. In opposition to British medical imperialism and later Western biomedicine supported by the Indian state, siddha doctors have joined forces with practitioners of the other two major traditional medical systems in India, ayurveda and unani, to argue for the inadequacy of Western biomedicine in healing Indian bodies. They have formulated an autonomous space of Indian medical practice and knowledge, ascribing a radical uniqueness and relativism to their knowledge that renders it immune to the critiques of biomedicine.
The Miraculous Origins of Siddha Medicine
Authors: Weiss Richard S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a detailed analysis of narratives that Tamils tell about the siddhar yogis, the ascribed founders of siddha medicine. It highlights the rhetorical force of narratives of the miraculous, especially when such narratives are expressed within broader accounts of community. Accounts of the siddhar Tirumular are treated in some detail, in order to argue that the Tamil character attributed to this yogi, and the identification of him as a siddhar, are largely modern. The chapter concludes with a consideration of contemporary narratives about the siddhars’ scientific and technological mastery. It argues that insofar as the siddhars are identified with the Tamil community, those who tell these narratives participate in an apologetic formulation of Tamil civilization as advanced, scientific, and modern.
The Invasion of Utopia
Authors: Weiss Richard S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis is an exploration of the utopian elements of accounts of the history of siddha medicine. Siddha practitioners and authors of Tamil revivalism often locate the origins of siddha medicine on a primordial, utopian island called Kumari Kandam or more commonly Lemuria. They describe this island as a place where pure Tamil traditions flourished and where siddha medical knowledge was at its most effective, unadulterated by non-Tamil traditions. Later, with the rising of the seas, Aryans descended on the Tamil lands from the north, bringing an end to the harmonious society and pure sciences of the Tamils. In these utopian medical narratives, the other, sometimes biomedicine but more commonly ayurveda, plays the role of the destroyer of utopia. This demonization of ayurveda emerges out of broader Tamil nationalist and revivalist formulations of Tamil civilization as a protest against the homogenizing project of the Indian state.
The Loss and Recovery of Medical Knowledge
Authors: Weiss Richard S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn Tamil-speaking south India, and in South Asia more generally, secrecy as a mode of disseminating knowledge has undergone a radical change in value, from its consideration as a moral duty that keeps powerful knowledge in the hands of the good, to its regard as a selfish act that has led to the disintegration of a unified Tamil community. This chapter documents the historical trajectory of obfuscation in siddha medicine, a history that is just one instance of more general debates in South Asia about whether the proper locus of knowledge is in public or private spheres, in the archive or in the home. It argues that the function of secrecy as a strategy for garnering prestige is now served by another form of concealed knowledge—that is, Tamil medical knowledge that has been lost in the ravages of time.
Conclusion
Authors: Weiss Richard S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis final chapter gives recipes for two siddha medicines, one that is said to have the potential to restore youth and cure all diseases. It then discusses two general features of siddha medical discourse. The first is the ambiguous and often ambivalent relationship between science and religion in siddha medical rhetoric. In promoting their medicine, siddha practitioners often join physics and metaphysics, the banal and the extraordinary, in order to ascribe authority to the manifest world of Tamil society and material culture. The chapter then discusses the globalizing aspirations of siddha medicine, arguing that for the time being, siddha vaidyas continue to focus their commercial efforts on local, Tamil audiences.
Introduction
Authors: Gubar Marah 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This introduction proposes that Golden Age children’s authors and members of the cult of the child were at best ambivalent and often hostile to the growing cultural pressure to conceive of children as a separate species from adults. Rather than wholeheartedly embracing the “Child of Nature” paradigm, figures such as Lewis Carroll and Kenneth Grahame conceived of children as socially saturated, highly acculturated beings—and, unlike Dickens and other chroniclers of childhood writing primarily for adults, these and other children’s authors refused to assume that precocious exposure to the civilized world would doom the child to a depressing fate. Contemporary reviews of Golden Age children’s classics and 19th-century discourse about the cult of the child reveal that Golden Age commentators recognized this: ironically, the two groups most strongly faulted by recent critics for portraying childhood as a static, remote, and idealized state—children’s authors and members of the cult—were censured in their own time for failing to promote a Romantic ideal of primitive simplicity.
“Our Field”
Authors: Gubar Marah 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Self-conscious about the fact that adult-produced stories shape children, Golden Age children’s authors represented young people as capable of reshaping stories, of revising rather than simply reenacting the scripts handed to them by adults. Their ground-breaking decision to employ child narrators provides the best concrete illustration of this tendency. In tracing how this technique caught on, this account acknowledges the crucial role played by critically neglected writers such as Dinah Craik and Juliana Ewing, even as it challenges the common assumption that the act of employing a child narrator allows adult authors to obscure their own presence in order to secure the child reader’s unreflective identification with an ideal of innocence. Rather than characterize child storytellers in Romantic terms, as visionary beings who effortlessly produce original work, these writers depict child narrators as highly socialized, hyper-literate subjects who work with grown-ups, peers, and pre–existing texts in composing their stories. The child narrator thus provides Golden Age authors with a vehicle to explore how young people enmeshed in ideology might nevertheless deviate from rather than ventriloquize various social, cultural, and literary protocols—including the imperialistic ethos that often pervades boys’ adventure stories.
Partners in Crime
Authors: Gubar Marah 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Like many of the other authors studied here, Nesbit portrays children as marked but not necessarily disabled by the influence of adults and their texts. Blurring the line between child and adult, reader and writer, she characterizes young and old alike as “treasure seekers” who trespass onto other people’s property: grown-ups plunder the realm of childhood for literary material, while children swipe scenarios for their games from storybooks and shape their speech and behavior around texts created by adults. To keep this cycle of cross-colonization pleasurable and productive for both parties, Nesbit suggests, children must learn to become better borrowers, to plunder texts selectively, stealing what appeals to them and rejecting—or revising—the rest. Thus, her child protagonists get into trouble when they adhere too closely to treasured texts, whereas magical adventures begin when they improvise on texts rather than plagiarizing them. Nesbit’s use of a child narrator in The Story of the Treasure Seekers and its sequels provides child readers with an extended lesson in how to deviate from rather than ventriloquize what they read: Oswald Bastable manages to find his own inimitable style by mimicking, criticizing, and improvising on the work of other authors.
THE Cutt of the Child and the Controversy Over Child Actors
Authors: Gubar Marah 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter argues that critics have overestimated the extent of the Victorians' investment in the ideology of innocence. The “otherness” of children was not an accepted fact in the 19th century, but the subject of a long, drawn-out fight. The phenomenon of the cult of the child reflects this larger cultural ambivalence. While cultists such as Carroll, Burnett, and Barrie were indisputably drawn to and affected by Romantic figurations of childhood purity, they also resisted the growing tendency to conceive of children as a separate species from adults. Thus, even as they extolled the child’s innocent simplicity, they also opposed activists' efforts to erect a strict line of division between youth and age. For example, during the century-long controversy over the popularity of child actors, many commentators complained that the phenomenon of the stage child constituted a threat to the Romantic ideal of innocence. Yet the cultists eagerly embraced these figures, glorying in their precocious abilities and resisting reformers' attempts to portray them as incompetent victims who needed to be shielded from the glare of the public spotlight.
Burnett, Barrie, and the Emergence of Children’s Theatre
Authors: Gubar Marah 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter traces how Frances Hodgson Burnett and J. M. Barrie both participated in and resisted the creation of the emerging subgenre of children’s theatre. On the one hand, Little Lord Fauntleroy and Peter Pan drew large numbers of children into the playhouse, and turn-of-the-century commentators credited them with helping to establish the category of “children’s play” as a distinct dramatic genre. On the other hand, when we compare these two dramas to other productions which aimed to attract child playgoers during this time, it becomes evident that Burnett and Barrie were resisting the increasing pressure to cater shows specifically and exclusively to the young. Even as more and more critics began to insist that children needed their own specially simplified and sanitized shows, these playwrights stubbornly continued to include “adult” content in their dramas, clinging to the old pantomime tradition of trying to attract a mixed audience and resisting the idea that children needed to be shielded from such matters and addressed in very different terms from adults. Their plays thus provide a final piece of support for Gubar’s argument that Golden Age authors often resisted the growing pressure to conceive of the young as a race apart.
8 Once and the Sixties
Authors: Dietrich Ralf 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
ONCE had two lives, each of which can be associated with one half of the 1960s. Chronologically, the ONCE Festival of musical premieres in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and the nationwide performing ONCE Group overlapped, but they differed in terms of funding, repertory and audiences. Aesthetic and political frames of reference, changing over the course of the decade from post‐war conservatism to baby boomer defiance, informed ONCE's use of electronics and theatricality and widened the scope of ONCE performances. Focusing on pieces by Robert Ashley (Public Opinion Descends Upon the Demonstrators; The Wolfman Motor‐City Revue) and Gordon Mumma (Megaton for William Burroughs), this chapter outlines correlations between the societal changes of the time and ONCE's status as an avant‐garde music venture.
12 From Scriabin to Pink Floyd
Authors: Schmelz Peter J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The first Soviet synthesizer was developed in the late 1950s by a military engineer named Yevgeniy Murzin. Named after Murzin's hero Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin, the ANS synthesiser was soon toured overseas as a symbol of the Soviet Union's technological prowess. However, by the mid 1960s official interest had waned and both the synthesizer and its studio, although continuing to be supported by official subsidies, fell into the hands of the musical“underground”. The studio thereby became a centre for“unofficial” concerts which undercut the dominant Soviet Realist aesthetic codes. It also witnessed a generational shift within the underground, from the older“academic” avant‐gardists to a younger generation fascinated by progressive rock. The multimedia“happenings” staged at the studio in the early seventies finally precipitated the studio's closure, although it was the synthesizer's brief association with avant‐garde composers such as Schnittke, Denisov and Gubaidulina that figured most prominently in the official justification.
Hierarchic Paternalism
Authors: Buckley F. H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Hierarchic paternalism distinguishes between a superior set of paternalists and an inferior set of subjects who are incapable of looking after themselves properly. People in the latter category include: non-controversially, children, and the mentally impaired. Formerly, African-American slaves and women were also subjected to paternalistic fetters, on the grounds that these would leave them better off. Such views belong in a political bestiary today. Paternalistic restrictions make sense when they treat children like children — but not when they treat adults like children. Nevertheless, ostensibly benign rules that impugn choices continue to be proposed, and attract support from those who are suspicious of free markets and free choices.
Akrasia
Authors: Buckley F. H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Akrasia is weakness of the will, where a person knows what choice is in his best interest, but lacks the strength of will to make it. The akrates might be in the grip of an overpowering passion; he might be an addict; he might be self-deceived about his strength of will; he might be a divided self, where a strong- and weak-willed person battle for control, or undergo a reversal of preferences in which a later self regrets choices made by a prior self. Finally, he might be a hyperbolic discounter who over-consumes in the present and doesn't save enough for the future. None of this makes a case for paternalism if the person might remove temptation from his path through self-binding strategies.