bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The current state of road safety legislation in the region of the Americas
Authors: Incln-Valadez C , Péez-Núnez R , Hijar-Medina M 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe legislation over main of the road traffic injury risk factors and its accurate applicability is essential for developing an integral culture of road safety. The analysis of the level of progression in the law enforcement allows evaluating the state of world regions in a positive and realistic way, highlighting their assets and gaps.ObjectiveTo analyse the level of progression of road safety legislation in the region of the Americas.MethodologyA secondary analysis of the 2008-Global status report on road safety survey was undertaken to evaluate legislation on five risk factors (speed management, drinking and driving, motorcycle helmet use, use of seatbelt and use of child restrains) in the Americas. Laws were classified depending on their level of progression: existence of legislation, existence of adequate legislation, law enforcement ≤6 (on a scale of 0–10) and comprehensive law.ResultsThe totality of the countries has national or sub-national legislations in at least one of the five risk factors. However, a reduced 66% have laws on the five risk factors, and none of them have comprehensive laws in all five risk factors. The use of helmet appears as the most extended enforced legislation, while the use of child restrains the least one. When comparing subregions, the panorama is highly differentiated.ConclusionsThe region of the Americas stands in different moments of progression. Improvement in law enforcement is still needed in the region although there are positive efforts that should be recognised particularly in terms of the existence of legislation over the five risk factors studied. Laws should be based on evidence on what is already known to be more effective.
A pilot trial of all-terrain vehicle safety messaging in a movie theatre
Authors: Graham J , Mullins S Hope , Miller B , Nixon J , Eoff S , Brann M , Aitken M E 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionAll terrain vehicle (ATV) injuries are increasing among rural children and adolescents. Methods to effectively promote ATV safety messages are not well described. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using a movie theatre as a venue for ATV injury prevention.MethodsA public service announcement on ATV safety was shown in a rural movie theatre in Arkansas, USA, for a period of 8 weeks in the summer, 2009. Patrons were asked to complete exit surveys by trained volunteers. The survey tested the recall of messages in the movie previews, including the ATV announcement. χ2was used to determine statistical significance.Results703 movie patrons completed the survey; 508 reported arriving in the theatre before the previews started and 195 reported arriving after the previews. Of those arriving before the previews, 75% recalled an ATV safety message versus. 23% of those who arrived after the previews (p<0.0001). More patrons remembered the ATV announcement than an advertisement for a popular soft drink (75% vs 58%, p<0.0001). More patrons arriving before the previews reported agreeing with the safety message than those arriving after previews (90% vs 75%, p<0.0001).ConclusionsThis trial demonstrated that an ATV safety message shown in a rural movie theatre is associated with rates of recall higher than commercial advertising shown in the same preview and is associated with high rates of agreement with the primary safety message. This strategy may be effective in spreading injury prevention messages.
Drink or drunk: why do staff members at licensed premises continue to serve patrons to intoxication despite current laws and interventions?
Authors: Costello D , Robertson A J 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundAlcohol is a major contributing cause of violence in Australia. Injury and damage from excessive alcohol consumption on single occurrences have been shown to generally cause more problems than long term alcohol dependence. In particular, licensed premises have been identified as locations that are especially high risk for alcohol-related intoxication and problem behaviours such as aggression and violence. Research carried out byInjury Control Council of Western Australiaon community violence among young people indicated that perpetrators of violence regard the practice of serving to intoxication at licensed premises as a major contributing factor to violence.AimsThe drink or drunk project has been funded through the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund. The project examines why staff at licensed premises continue to serve to intoxication despite current laws and interventions. The objectives of the study are to better understand why staff continue to serve to intoxication, examine factors that increase the probability of staff serving to intoxication and to identify new strategies to reduce the likelihood of this occurring.MethodsThis project collected data from those with experience in working in licensed premises across both metropolitan and rural locations. Data was mostly collected through written, telephone and online surveys. The data has been analysed and the final report has recently been submitted to the funding agency.DiscussionIt is envisaged that the findings and recommendations will play a key role in informing both enforcement and management practices around licensed venues, in order to make them safer places for staff and patrons.
Downward trend in hip fracture rates in persons aged 65 years and older, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Cassell E , Clapperton A 
Published: March 2011

AimExamine the trend in fall-related hip fracture hospital admission rates among Victorian seniors aged 65 years and older over the decade 1998/9 to 2007/2008.Method Data SourceVictorian Admitted Episodes Dataset (VAED) General case inclusion criteria:Age 65 years and olderFirst (left-most) external cause code indicates a fall (W01-W19) AND Primary Diagnosis is injury or poisoningCases transferred from another acute care hospital and deaths in hospital were excludedAnalysisRates were age-adjusted and trends were determined using a log-linear regression model of the rate data assuming a Poisson distribution of cases.ResultsOver the decade 1998/1999 to 2007/2008:falls increased by an estimated 22.5%hip fractures decreased by an estimated 23.4%all fractures showed a non-significant downward trendfractures excluding the hip increased significantly by 12%pelvic fractures increased significantly by 12% * open wounds (57%), superficial injury (25%), dislocations, sprains, strains (24%) and intracranial injury (106%) all increased significantly.DiscussionThe observed decrease in the hip fracture is a welcome development, but caution should be exercised when interpreting/using this finding as it requires further investigation and confirmation. There is some confirmatory evidence from New South Wales, New Zealand and elsewhere where reports indicate that hip fracture hospitalisation rates for persons aged 65 years and over have stabilised, or decreased slightly in some age or gender groups, through the 1990s (Boufouset al, 2004; Fieldenet al, 2001) .
Transport injury and road safety behaviours in a Thai national adult cohort
Authors: Stephan K , Kelly M , McClure R , Seubsman S , Yiengprugsawan V , Bain C , Sleigh A 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesTo determine the baseline frequency and distribution of transport injury and prevalence of road safety behaviours in an ongoing cohort study of Thai adults.MethodsThe Thai Health-Risk Transition Study includes an ongoing cohort study of 87 134 adult Open University students residing across Thailand. The baseline survey data collected in 2005 includes information on self-reported transport injury within the previous 12 months and demographic, behavioural and transportation factors that could be linked to Thailand's transport risks. Findings Overall, 7279 (8.4%) of respondents reported experiencing a transport related injury in the previous 12 months, with risk being higher for males and those aged 15–19 years. Most of the injuries occurred while using motorcycles. Approximately half of the male drivers reported driving after three or more glasses of alcohol at least once in the previous year, compared to 10% of female drivers. The prevalence of motorcycle helmet wearing and seat belt wearing were higher than previously reported for Thailand, however there is still much room for improvement.ConclusionsWe found much higher rates of transport injury than previously estimated and revealed valuable information about the prevalence of various road safety behaviours. Our ongoing study provides an opportunity to monitor these risks and behaviours in the context of future road safety programs. These data make a valuable contribution to the available evidence from which Thai authorities can draw on to address transport injury, one of the major causes of individual and social burden of health.
A 12 months audit of burns admitted to one surgical unit at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Mtonga R E 
Published: March 2011

SummaryBurns occasioned by open flames and hot fluids affecting all ages, gender and socio-economic classes are commonly seen at the University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia.The outcome of burns management is a function of the standard of care and host factors in the victims.Internal causes of mortality arising from burns include infections, dehydration, percentage of burns, malnutrition, hypovolemic shock among others.MethodThis was a retrospective study using existing Hospital Records of Patients who were admitted to one of the 8 Surgical Units January and December 2005.Simple statistical methods were used to analyse the data.ResultsThe average percentage of body surface affected was 24.8%.17 (18.3%)of the 93 burns admissions resulted in deaths. The age range was 6 months to 54 years with 14 years as the average.11 (64.7%) of the deaths occurred in Children under 5 years.11 (64.7%) were males while 6 (35.3%) were females.Hot water caused 7 (58.3%) of the burns while 6 (41.7%) were occasioned by open flames.The internal causes of death were wound sepsis hypovolemic shock (as result of dehydration) and, malnutrition.All body sites were affected, especially limbs and the anterior trunk.6 (37.5%) of the mortality cases had partial thickness burns. 5 (31.2%) had no classification, 4 (25%) had mixed burns while 1 (6.2%) had full thickness burns.Discussions/conclusionsBurns are a common cause of mortality and male children were mainly affected.
GBD2005: estimating mortality and morbidity associated with fatal and nonfatal unintentional drowning episodes
Authors: Watt K , Franklin R C , Wallis B 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundWorldwide, there are over 400 000 deaths per annum from unintentional drowning it is recognised as the 2nd leading cause of global unintentional fatalities. This systematic literature review is being completed for the GBD2005 Injury Expert Group. The purpose of the review is to estimate the global incidence rates for fatal and nonfatal unintentional drowning episodes, and to describe the duration of drowning consequences among those who survive.MethodsStudies published in any language cited in MEDLINE; EMBASE; PsychINFO or SPORTSDISCUSS between January 1980 and December 2007 were obtained for review. Population-level studies that describe incidence or prevalence of fatal (death occurring within 24 h of a submersion incident) or nonfatal (submersion incident involves cardiac arrest and asphyxia for which resuscitation occurs, resulting in survival beyond 24 h) drowning episodes in predetermined GBD regions or counties within a region, as well as studies that describe the progression of drowning consequences among survivors, were retained for analyses. This includes studies on drowning related to natural disasters (eg, floods, cyclones, tsunamis), water and other transport incidents. Data were extracted using a standardised abstraction procedure.Results and DiscussionAt the time of abstract submission, this systematic review is well underway. The initial search strategy yielded 14 926 papers. After reading the title and/or abstract, 13 697 were discarded, leaving 1229 papers for checking against the review criteria. Data on the incidence of unintentional fatal and nonfatal drowning episodes in each of the GBD regions will be presented and compared at the conference. Results will be discussed in the context of the strengths and limitations of this approach.
A study of warfare injuries draining to teaching hospital, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijayarathne H K , Amarakoon G G G T , Jeewantha H B D , Senanayake J K , Dharmaratne S D 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundArmed conflict has been a major cause of ill health and death throughout history and not received the same attention from public health practitioners and researchers as other causes of illness. But has been projected to be the 8th most important cause of death by 2020.The Sri Lankan Civil War was an on-and-off insurgency against the government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, a separatist militant organisation which fought to create an independent Tamil state. After a 30 month long military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009.ObjectivesTo determine the incidence of warfare injuries draining to Teaching Hospital, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka and interventions for those injuries.MethodsThis is a retrospective analytical study and obtained data from May 2007 to May 2009. All the patients admitted to surgical units with warfare injuries were collected from bed head tickets.ResultsTotal admissions to the surgical unit of TH/A is 22 707 and out of which 85.41% were causalities including 5574 Army Casualties and 13 821 civil Casualties. Eighteen percent of army causalities were managed by Laparotomies, 0.25% by Thoracotomies and 66.54% by other surgical procedures. Fifteen percent of total army causalities were end up with amputationsConclusionsHigher percentage of total hospital admissions on surgical units was due to causalities out of which considerable percentage due to warfare injuries. At the battle, thoracic region of a soldier is covered with an armour, but may have not been adequate abdominal cover. So the Injuries to the abdominal organs was much higher than thoracic organs. To prevent those abdominal injuries, bullet proof abdominal armours can be introduced. Number of amputations shows the incidence of disable individuals and rehabilitation programs should launch for them.
Estimating burden of disease from fatal and nonfatal natural disaster-related injuries
Authors: Watt K , Dwyer K 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundInjury and death from natural disasters are recognised as direct health consequences of climate change. The frequency of natural disasters (including extreme weather events) has increased over the last few decades, and this trend is expected to continue. The purpose of this systematic review is to estimate global population level morbidity and mortality for injuries arising from natural disasters, to gain a clear understanding of the progression and duration of these injuries. This systematic literature review is being undertaken for the GBD2005 Injury Expert Group.MethodsStudies published in any language cited in MEDLINE; EMBASE or PsychINFO between January 1980 and December 2007 were obtained for review. Population-level studies describing incidence or prevalence of fatal or non-fatal injuries that occur as a result of natural disasters in predetermined GBD regions or counties within a region, as well as studies that describe the duration and sequelae of injures among survivors of these events, were retained for analyses. Data were extracted using a standardised abstraction procedure.Results and DiscussionThis systematic review is well underway at the time of abstract submission. The initial search strategy yielded 2835 papers, of which 327 were retained for checking against the review criteria after reading the title and/or abstract. Data on the incidence of fatal and non-fatal injuries that occur as a consequence of natural disasters will be presented and compared at the conference. As the frequency of climate change-related natural disasters increases, these data will be crucial to help inform disaster preparedness. It may not be possible to prevent such events, but harm can be minimised by understanding the injury pattern and profile of persons fatally and non-fatally injured due to these events.
Cyclists' injury epidemiology based on a road trauma registry
Authors: Amoros E , Chiron M , Thelot B , Ndiaye A , Laumon B 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionCycling is increasing in some cities. Bicycle injuries are often overlooked, partly because police crash data largely under-report them.MethodA road trauma registry in a French area (Rhne county, population=1.6 Million) includes both in- and out-patients, with injuries coded with the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). Over 1996–2006, 14 437 people were recorded as injured (or killed) while cycling. Type of cyclists is approximately defined by crash location and age: in or out of town, or children (0–10 years old). A multivariate logistic regression is performed to quantify risk factors of injury severity.ResultsIncidence peaks at 7–8 years old in females and at 12 in males; the sex-ratio (M/F) is 2.2 among injured children, 3.5 among in town injured cyclists and 5.7 among out of town. Most cyclists are injured on their own: 85% in children, 62% among in-town cyclists and 73% among out-of-town. Proportion of MAIS3+ is 4.6% in children, 7.3% among in-town and 10.6% among out-of-town. Adjusted risk factors for injury severity (Max.AIS3+) are as follows: being male, aged 45 or older, not wearing a helmet, crashing in a rural place, at night, on 90 km/h roads and colliding with a motorised vehicle. MAIS1 cyclists are mostly injured at the limbs (75% of them) and at the face (27%), MAIS2 cyclists at the upper limbs (58%) and head (22%), MAIS3 at the upper limbs (58%). Finally MAIS4+ cyclists (ie, with possibly fatal injuries) are mostly injured at the head (73%) and at the thorax (24%).
Bicycle helmet and head, face and neck injuries: a case–control study based on 12 000 injured cyclists from a road trauma registry
Authors: Amoros E , Chiron M , Thelot B , Ndiaye A , Laumon B 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionSeveral case–control studies have assessed the effectiveness of the bicycle helmet against head and face injuries. This is the first case–control study in a non anglo-saxon setting; it is based on recent years, when foam helmets are the most common helmets.Material and MethodsThe study is based on a road trauma registry that covers both in and outpatients. Some 14 000 injured cyclists are included. Helmet wearing is routinely collected as part of the registry notification form. All injuries are recorded and coded with the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). Cases are respectively defined as being AIS3+ head injured, AIS1+ head injured, AIS1+ face injured, AIS2+ neck injured and AIS1+ neck injured. A first analysis is similar to the analyses selected in the Cochrane review, adjusting for age, sex, motorised antagonist (yes/no). A second analysis restricts the dataset to cyclists who are at least injured in a body region other than head, face or neck (n=11 889), to sidestep the bias due to missing crash-involved but non-injured cyclists. This analysis moreover adjusts for more crash-force related variables.ResultsFully adjusted OR on the restricted dataset for wearing a helmet is 0.29, 95% CI=[0.13 to 0.56] for AIS3+ head injuries, 0.75, CI=[0.62 to 0.91] for AIS1+ head injuries, 0.71, CI=[0.58 to 0.86] for AIS1+ face injuries, 1.51, CI=[0.56 to 3.82] for AIS2+ neck injuries and 1.34, CI=[1.01 to 1.77] for AIS1+ neck injuries. The Cochrane-like analyses lead to the same conclusions except for the risk of AIS1+ neck injuries.ConclusionsThe bicycle helmet protects against head and face injuries.
What are the cyclists' safety behaviours? a survey on 900 cyclists (sports, commuting cyclists and children)
Authors: Amoros E , Supernant K , Thelot B , Chiron M 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionIn the context of increasing cycle use, what is the current behaviour of cyclists towards their own safety equipment: helmet and conspicuity equipment?Material and MethodsA survey was conducted in a big city (Lyon) and its surroundings. Three main types of cyclists were distinguished: children, sports cyclists and commuting cyclists. Some 900 cyclists responded. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify factors related to helmet wearing.ResultsHelmet wearing is strongly related to cyclist types: the helmet is always worn by 49% of riding children, by 68% of sports cyclists and by 17% of commuting cyclists. Commuting cyclists are less likely to wear a helmet if they are female, riding mostly in rural areas, driving a car everyday or never, judging the helmet to be cumbersome (after leaving the bike), and not feeling fragile. Bright coloured clothes are always used by 49% of sports cyclists and by 9% of commuting cyclists. Among cyclists riding at night time, the rear mandatory light is always used by 57% of sports cyclists and by 64% of commuting cyclists. Reasons for non-use are mostly out of order and oversight. A reflective jacket is always worn at night by 10% of adult cyclists.ConclusionThere is much room for increasing the use of safety equipments by cyclists. Helmet wearing is put forward but conspicuity (precrash prevention) should not be overlooked; additionally, cyclists compliance with conspicuity recommendations might be easier to increase. Finally, prevention campaigns should take cyclists types into account.
Evaluation of speed humps on pedestrian injuries in Ghana
Authors: Afukaar F K , Damsere-Derry J 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of speed humps in reducing pedestrian crashes at selected settlements located along the Konongo-Kumasi highway.Materials and MethodsThe study adopted before and after comparison of police reported casualty crashes at six treated sites. The crash data for the evaluation was obtained from the National Road Accident Database which is maintained through the use of the Micro-computer Accident Analysis Package (MAAP) software. Unobtrusive vehicles speeds were also measured with the aid of radar speed gun.ResultsThe speed humps are effective in reducing casualty crash frequencies by 37.5%, fatal crashes by 46% and pedestrian crashes by 72%. Generally, road traffic crashes reduced both in number and severity at the treated sites. On average, there has been an annual pedestrian crash reduction of 3.25 fatal crashes, 2.75 serious injury crashes and 0.25 minor injury crashes; resulting in an annual reduction in pedestrian casualties of 63%. The average vehicle speeds established to be between 71 km/h and 87 km/h before installation of the speed humps reduced considerably to an average of between 32 km/h and 36 km/h after installation.ConclusionsSpeed humps are effective in reducing pedestrian crashes in settlements located along the interurban highway. The speed humps are able to lower the average speeds of vehicles to levels below the 50 km/h posted speed limit desirable for settlements. The results are useful for black spots management in settlement areas and for strategic road safety investments.