bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of feeding water-soaked and dry wheat straw on feed intake, digestibility of nutrients and VFA production in growing zebu and buffalo calves
Authors: Chaturvedi M. L. , Singh U. B. , Ranjhan S. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryExperiments were conducted on 12 male growing calves of zebu cattle (Bos indicus) and buffalo (Bos bubalis) to study the effect of feeding wheat straw presoaked with water on the voluntary feed intake, digestibility coefficients of nutrients and volatile fatty acid concentration and production. The feed intake was improved significantly (P < 0·05) in both the species as a result of soaking. The digestibility of crude protein and crude fibre was depressed (P < 0·05), whereas the nitrogen-free extract utilization increased significantly (P < 0·01) on soaking of straw. The availability of digestible energy and metabolizable energy was also more as a result of water treatment of wheat straw. The production rates of total volatile fatty acids and acetic acid were higher in both the species fed on water-soaked wheat straw. It is concluded that pre-soaking of wheat straw for 1–2 h with ordinary tap water may give an overall beneficial effect in both zebu and buffalo calves.
Studies in grazing management. III The behaviour of dairy cows grazed under the close-folding and rotational systems of management
Authors: Waite R. , MacDonald W. B. , Holmes W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Two groups, each of six Ayrshire dairy cows, have been watched in the field for a total of twentytwo 24 hr. periods during the months May to September. No supplementary foods were fed at any time. One group grazed under a system of close-folding and the other in small rotational paddocks.2. The effect of the different systems of management was small. It was clear, however, that closefolding increased the time spent in grazing and decreased the weight of herbage eaten. The milk yields from both groups were very similar.3. A very constant pattern of behaviour over the 24 hr. period, similar for both groups, was observed. The most prolonged grazing period always occurred immediately after the cows returned from evening milking.4. The amount of grazing during the hours of darkness was small at all times of the season but tended to increase as the evenings shortened and the nights lengthened. The cessation of evening grazing was closely linked with the fall of darkness at all times of the year.5. The activities during the ‘day’ period were less regular but, nevertheless, showed a marked division into three main spells of grazing, of which one occurred immediately after morning milking, separated by two main spells of rest.6. Stage of lactation, individual milk yield and live weight appeared to have no direct relation to the amount of time spent in grazing. Cows watched in both 1949 and 1950 grazed for very similar times despite differences in their stage of lactation.7. Increasing defoliation of the paddock resulted in an increased grazing time by the rotationally grazed cows.8. Close-folded cows grazed for a shorter time on herbage of low moisture content than on herbage of high moisture content, whilst eating virtually the same weight of dry matter.9. Climatic changes to the extent met with in south-west Scotland had only a limited effect on the general pattern of grazing.10. The physiological activities of dunging, urinating and drinking showed only small day to day variations.11. The distance walked during grazing in the 24 hr. by one individual cow from each group showed only a slightly longer track for the rotationally grazed animal, the average distance being about 2000 yards.
Effects of growth regulators and controlled atmosphere on stored carrots
Authors: Abdel-Rahman M. , Isenberg F. M. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPreharvest sprays with 6-hydroxy-3-(2H)-pyridazinone (MH), or immersion in solutions of MH, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), coumarin or (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) inhibited both sprouting and rooting of treated carrots during storage at 0 °C whencompared with water-dipped or untreated carrots, while N-6-benzyl-adenine (BA) dips stimulated extensive rooting and sprouting. In contrast, immersion in gibberellic acid (GA3) solutions had very little effect.Storage atmospheres containing 1, 2.5, 5 or 10% oxygen inhibited both sprouting and rooting but increased mould infection. Atmospheres containing 21% (air) or 40% oxygen reduced mould infection, but increased sprouting and rooting of stored carrots. Washing carrots in water before storage did not significantly affect mould infection, while washing in 0.5% clorox increased it. However, washing in water followed by immersion in MH inhibited both sprouting and rooting and also reduced mould infection. ‘Jumbo’ and large-size carrots stored better than medium and small carrots.
Effect of sowing date and soil type on yield, yield components and survival of dry beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.)
Authors: Ishag H. M. , Ayoub Ali T. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryField experiments were conducted on clay and sandy clay-loam soils to investigate the effects of sowing date on the incidence of plant losses. Early sowing dates from 2 to 23 September resulted in very low seed yield (360 kg/ha) mainly because fewer plants survived. High air temperature increased the rate of plant death which was highly correlated with degree days, r = +0·95.Number of plants/m2 was the predominant factor determining seed yield and number of pods/plant could not compensate for loss of plants.
Effects of differences in date of ear emergence and height on yield of winter wheat
Authors: Innes P. , Hoogendoorn J. , Blackwell R. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEarly and late, and short and tall lines were selected from a cross between the winter wheat varieties Norman and Talent. All short selections carried the Rht2 dwarfing gene while the tall ones did not. The selections were compared in field experiments at the Plant Breeding Institute in Trumpington and at The Murrays Experimental Farm of the Scottish Crop Research Institute near Pathhead. In one of the experiments at Trumpington the plots were automatically sheltered from rain and the effects of withholding water before anthesis and withholding water during grain filling were studied.In all trials the early selections gave grain yields equal to or greater than the late selections. There were no differences in number of ears/m2 or in number of grains per ear between the early and the late selections. Mean weight per grain of the early selections was greater than that of the late selections.The short selections gave grain yields equal to or greater than the tall selections, except when water was withheld during grain filling in the sheltered experiment. There were no differences in number of ears/m2 between the short and the tall selections. The number of grains per ear was greater and mean weight per grain was less for the short selections than for the tall selections.It is concluded that for general fitness to U.K. conditions, new varieties should be semi-dwarf, but earlier than current varieties.
The digestibility by sheep and goats of five roughages offered alone or with concentrates
Authors: Antoniou T. , Hadjipanayiotou M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe digestive efficiency, rumen fermentation pattern, nitrogen balance, water intake and urine excretion were compared using four mature vasectomized Chios rams and four Damascus goats for each of five roughages (barley, lucerne or sudax hay, barley straw and leaves and twigs of acacia) offered alone or with concentrates (1:1 ratio), at approximately the maintenance energy level.There were no species differences in the apparent digestibility of nutrients when the roughages were offered alone except for the significantly higher digestibility of dry matter, organic matter (OM), and gross energy (GE) of straw by goats. Sheep exceeded goats significantly in the digestibility of D.M., OM, GE and crude protein (CP) of lucerne hay plus concentrate and of CP when barley hay or sudax hay were supplemented with concentrate.Compared with sheep, goats tended to consume more D.M. per kg W0·75 and drink less water and excrete less urine, but significant differences for water were obtained only with barley straw plus concentrate and for urine with barley hay and acacia.Daily protein retention (g/kg W0·75) was consistently lower in goats than sheep but significant difference was obtained with acacia and with lucerne hay or straw plus concentrate. These results would suggest that Damascus goats require more protein for maintenance than sheep.Compared with sheep, goats had significantly higher rumen NH3·N concentration with both acacia diets but lower with lucerne hay.Total VFA concentration tended to be higher in sheep with all diets, but significance was observed only with barley hay although rumen pH was lower (acacia diets) or similar compared with goats. The molar proportion of acetic was significantly higher in sheep than goats with barley hay plus concentrate. Goats exceeded sheep significantly in the proportion of propionic with straw, of butyric with both barley hay and sudax hay plus concentrate diets, and of isobutyric with barley hay or acacia plus concentrate; with the other diets goats tended to have higher proportions of butyric and isobutyric.
The effects of consolidating the soil beneath potato seed tubers and of inter-row grubbing on the growth and yield of the crop
Authors: Beveridge J. L. , Hanley F. , Jarvis R. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. Three experiments designed to investigate the effects of consolidation and aeration of soil beneath potato seed tubers before planting, and inter-row grubbing after planting, on the growth and yield of potatoes are described and the results discussed.2. Consolidation of furrows beneath seed tubers by tractor wheels at planting had no effect on total weight of ware-size tubers produced but increased the weight of mis-shapen waresize tubers. It is argued that this effect was related to soil moisture content and tilth at planting time.
Seed ripening in grasses. I. Changes in carbohydrate content
Authors: Stoddart J. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. In grass seed crops accurate assessment of the optimum harvest date is made difficult by the lack of knowledge of seed ripeness. In order to define ripeness in physiological terms studies have been initiated the first of which is described in this paper.2. Samples of Aberystwyth S. 321 perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.), S. 143 cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerataL.), S. 48 and S. 352 timothy varieties (Phleum pratense L.) were taken at 3-day intervals from inflorescence emergence to seed harvest. These were analysed for total 80 % ethanol soluble carbohydrates (TSC) reducing sugars, sucrose and starch, whilst duplicate samples were air-dried for determination of thousand seed weight and percentage germination.
The influence of the amount and the origin of calcium carbonates on the isotopically exchangeable phosphate in calcareous soils
Authors: Talibudeen O. , Arambarri P. 
Published: March 2009

The kinetics of the isotopic exchange of phosphate ions in soils with and without phosphate added in the laboratory were examined in relation to the amount and origin of the CaCO3they contained. The isotopic exchange index, ‘Pr/Pe’, and the recovery of added phosphate were inversely proportional to carbonate content in soils containing carbonates of similar geological origin; soils from the Lower Lias showed the biggest change in Pr/Pewith carbonate content.In soils from the Cretaceous Chalk, the first-order rate of isotopic exchange of the ‘slow’ phosphate fraction was constant. It increased to a larger but constant value in the soils incubated for 6 months after adding phosphate in the laboratory. This rate constant is therefore specific to the calcium phosphates in a group of soils derived from the same calcareous parent material and with similar phosphate manuring.
Nutritive value of mustard cake derived from seeds of different genetic make up for growing chicks
Authors: Cilly V. K. , Lodhi G. N. , Ichhponani J. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryCakes derived from Taramira (Eruca sativa), Raya (Brassica juncea), Toria (B. campestris var. toria) and yellow and brown sarson (B. campestris var. sarson) were evaluated for their contents of crude protein, true protein, essential amino acids, available carbohydrate and tannins. Feeding trials were also conducted to compare the suitability of these cakes with groundnut cake for broilers and White Leghorn chicks up to 4 weeks of age.The crude protein content of Taramira cake was 33% whereas all the other cakes contained 37–38%. True protein accounted for 80–83% of crude protein in all the varieties and albumin and globulin constitutes the bulk of protein. The critical amino acid content of all the brassica seed proteins was found to be higher than that of other vegetable proteins although varietal differences were observed with respect to a few essential amino acids. The hulls accounted for 19% of whole Brassica seed and their removal raised the concentration of protein from 39 to 46% and reduced the crude fibre content from 15 to 6% in the defatted meal. Tannin content was higher in Taramira (1·74%) than in all other varieties (1·0–1·4%) and the major quantity of it was localized in the endosperm. The average metabolizable energy content of all the mustard cakes was 9·62 and 8·75 MJ/kg for meat-type and egg-type chicks, respectively. The nutritive value of Taramira cake was poorer than that of other Brassica cakes or groundnut cake for supporting growth rate of chicks of either breed.
The effects of the date of defoliation of the seed potato crop and the storage temperature of the seed on subsequent growth: 2. Field growth
Authors: Wurr D. C. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySix experiments carried out over 3 years investigated the effects of the date of defoliation of the seed potato crop and the storage temperature of the seed on the growth of the subsequent ware crop.Defoliation of the seed crop in July tended to reduce foliage dry weight particularly at later harvests, and in two experiments in 1974 affected the tuber yield. In one of these experiments defoliation in July resulted in a lower yield than from defoliation in August, while in the other experiment it significantly reduced the bulking rate of the ware crop and gave a lower yield of King Edward at the final harvest. Storage of the seed tubers at low temperature (2–3 °C) tended to increase the amount of foliage produced but only in two out of six experiments was there any effect of storage temperature on yield; in both storage at low temperature gave the lowest yield.There was a significant relationship between the effect of storage temperature on tuber yield and its effect on the time to emergence of 50% of the plants. It is suggested that in these experiments a combination of late planting and weather conditions before emergence reduced the effect of storage temperature on the time to 50% crop emergence and therefore reduced its effect on tuber yield.In 1973 when there was a large effect of storage temperature on yield, there was a significant relationship between the tuber yield of the ware crop and the physiological age of the seed measured as accumulated day degrees above 0 °C from dormancy break to planting.
Indices of the carcass composition of Dorset Horn top-cross lambs. III. Relationships between chemical composition, specific gravity and weight of carcasses and joints
Authors: Pradhan S. L. , McManus W. R. , Goldstone C. L. , Hart R. F. , Khandekar V. N. , Arnold G. W. 
Published: March 2009

The half-carcasses from twelve Dorset Horn x Border Leicester-Merino lambs (3-5 months old) were used to investigate the relationships between the weight of the carcass and its cuts and their chemical composition. The specific gravity of the whole carcass and of the cuts was also measured.Half-carcass weight and chemical composition were highly correlated. Weight could be used to predict the chemical composition with a reasonable degree of accuracy. The loin, the leg, the leg plus loin and the residual were shown to be highly correlated with the chemical composition of the halfcarcass. The loin and leg plus loin are the most convenient to use.
Effects of varying static and changing moisture contents during incubation on ammonia and nitrate levels in soil
Authors: Ekpete D. M. , Cornfield A. H. 
Published: March 2009

The effects of varying static and changing moisture contents on mineralization of nitrogen after incubation (28° C.) for 3, 6 and 12 weeks were studied.Mineral-nitrogen, accounted for entirely by nitrate, increased with increasing static moisture content up to 40-50% water-holding capacity (W.H.C). With further increasing moisture up to waterlogging, both mineral-nitrogen and nitrate decreased, the latter to negative values, indicating disappearance of nitrate originally present in the soil. Ammonia accumulated only at moisture contents above 50 % W.H.C. and its extent of accumulation increased with moisture content.When soils with moisture contents of 10-50% W.H.C. during an initial 6-week period were changed to waterlogging for a second 6-week period, mineralnitrogen and nitrate accumulation decreased with increasing initial moisture in comparison with soils left at initial moisture contents for the second period.
Seasonal changes in the amounts of phosphorus and potassium dissolved from soils by dilute calcium chloride solutions
Authors: Blakemore M. 
Published: March 2009

Variations during 12 months in the concentrations of soil P and K soluble in 0-01M CaCl2 solution were measured on several sites with contrasted histories at both Rothamsted and Woburn. Concentrations were always less in fresh than in airdried soils.P concentrations in the heavy soils at Rothamsted were remarkably constant, seasonal variation only occurring where FYM or phosphate fertilizers had been applied during the year. At Woburn P concentrations were also constant in the poorer soils, but varied during the year in rich soils.On Barnfield at Rothamsted the plots receiving FYM each year contained more soluble P than those treated with superphosphate. Where both FYM and superphosphate were applied, P concentrations were greater than the sum of values on plots receiving FYM and superphosphate separately because a given amount of P remained more soluble when FYM was regularly applied. P also remained more soluble on plots given ammonium sulphate.
The evaluation of grasses in micro plots
Authors: Rogers H. H. , Lazenby A. 
Published: March 2009

1. Two experiments were conducted in a lowtemperature cabinet. In the first experiment three grass varieties (two North African fescues and S 22 Italian rye-grass) were subjected to two cutting treatments (herbage cut from 8 in. to 2 in. and from 4 in. to 1 in.). Dry-matter production, dry-matter content and tiller number were recorded from plots of 9, 16 or 25 plants. The second experiment, a uniformity trial, was planted with a uniform population of a North African fescue. The optimum plot size and shape within the cabinet, and the optimum arrangement of blocks, was determined using a Titan autocode programme.2. Treatment and variety differences could be detected using very small plots. For the material and apparatus used, an 18-plant plot was the optimum size.
Absorption of methionine by foetal and neonatal lamb colon
Authors: Smith M. W. , James P. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryProximal colons taken from foetal and newly born lambs have been shown to actively transport methionine from lumen to blood when incubated under in vitroconditions. The lumen to blood flux of methionine, measured across foetal and early post-natal colons was approximately 25 and 15 times greater than the blood to lumen flux, each flux being determined in the presence of 1 mM methionine.The ability of the colon to transport methionine decreased with age, there being no net transport across the colon of a 26-day-old lamb. The post-natal disappearance of this transport function appeared to be roughly exponential with a half-time of approximately 2 days.The short-circuit currents and open-circuit voltages, measured across proximal colons of lambs of different ages, remained stable throughout incubation. The transtissue electrical resistance of colons taken from 9- and 16-day-old lambs was approximately double that recorded across colons taken from younger animals.These results are discussed both in relation to what is already known concerning amino acid transport in the neonatal pig colon and in relation to what their possible physiological significance might be to normal post-natal development in lambs.
Effects of length of sprouting period on growth and yield of contrasting early potato varieties
Authors: Allen E. J. , Bean J. N. , Griffith R. L. , O'Brien P. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree experiments carried out in 3 years (1973–5) which examined the effects of length of sprouting period and temperature of sprouting on growth and yield of three early potato varieties are described. In Home Guard in 1973 at the earliest harvests, tuber yields increased with increase in length and temperature of sprouting period. At later harvests tuber yields decreased with increase in sprouting period especially at the higher temperature (13 rather than 8 °C) and increasing the temperature of sprouting reduced tuber yield. In 1974 length of sprouting period had few effects on yield at any harvest and increasing the temperature increased yields only at the first harvest. In Vanessa cold storage at 3 °C prior to entry to sprouting temperatures induced an earlier onset of sprout growth than continuous exposure to temperatures conducive to sprout growth. Long sprouting periods produced less sprout growth and at the earliest harvest lower tuber yields than all except the shortest period. Judged from the onset of sprout growth increases in length and temperature of sprouting generally increased tuber yields especially at early harvests. In Pentland Javelin sprout growth was very slow and tuber yields at early harvests decreased at both sprouting temperatures if sprouting began after mid-November. At later harvests effects of both factors were small.The implications of differences in the effects of sprouting periods according to variety and, in Home Guard, season, are discussed in relation to the provision of the most desirable sprouting environment and to variety testing. The similarity in the effects of lengthening the sprouting period and of increasing the temperature of sprouting suggest that temperature is the major causal factor in sprout growth and its effect on field growth. Sprouting periods may therefore be measured most accurately by accumulated day degrees > 0 °C and a close relationship between such a scale and tuber yields is demonstrated. The relevance of such scales for advice to growers is discussed.Tuber growth rates for Vanessa and to a lesser extent Home Guard in 1974 were extremely high, in excess of 10 t/ha/week for Vanessa. These high rates were associated with high levels of radiation received by coastal sites in May and June and are discussed in relation to the canopy structure of the varieties.