bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The estimation of yield in cereal crops by sampling methods
Authors: Clapham A. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. Cereal plots were sampled by three different methods; two systematic, and one involving a random location of sampling units.2. The disadvantages of the systematic methods as compared with random sampling, emerged clearly.3. These disadvantages were further emphasised in an analysis of earlier data on sampling methods. For this purpose the methods and. results of certain recent contributions to statistical theory were used.4. By the use of a random sampling method, the variance due to sampling errors may be made a satisfactorily small fraction of the total variance of cereal plots one-fortieth of an acre in area.
Total carotenoids in carrots
Authors: Dark S. O. S. , Booth V. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. 238 samples of carrots comprising over seventy varieties were analysed for total carotenoids (t.c.) during five autumns.2. The average t.c. value for common types (excluding certain very high value varieties and the almost colourless varieties) is 13·8 mg./100 g. fresh carrot. Assuming 90% of the carotenoids to be ‘carotene’ the average for the latter is 12·4 mg./100 g. Negligible correlation is found between named variety and t.c. Red-cored and small-cored varieties are slightly richer than others. The pedigree of the seed is the most reliable indicator of probable t.c. content.3. Six high t.c. varieties and a Red-Cored Chantenay are described in detail. Four of them are of the long slim type with small red cores. One of them (Dippe's Surrey Long) has a mean t.c. value of 37·1 mg./100 g. The high values have been further improved by selection in two subsequent generations.The authors thank Drs L. J. Harris and T. Moore for their interest in this work, and Miss D. Bailey, Messrs A. G. Dockrill and K. R. Symonds for technical assistance.
Wartime changes in the winter diet of dairy cows in the Eastern Counties of England
Authors: Pettit G. H. N. 
Published: March 2009

The general characteristics of a group of thirtynine herds of dairy cows in the Eastern Counties of England, and the method of obtaining information about their diet during the winters 1938–9 to 1942–3 inclusive, are briefly described.The first three winters of the war show a continuous decline in starch equivalent and protein equivalent per cow, followed by a recovery during winter 1942–3.Comparing winter 1942–3 with winter 1938–9: Consumption per cow of concentrates declined by one-third, reductions in proprietary compounds and mixtures and in maize and wheat products being outstanding.The more important increases were in oats, straw and succulent foods, notably mangolds, sugar-beet tops and kale.Hay retained its important place with little overall change; a modest increase in silage was restricted to a few herds.The crude weight of the average daily ration increased from 44 to 61 lb., but its dry matter only from 21·0 to 22·6 lb.The residue: total dry matter less digestible organic matter—increased from 7·2 to 8·4 lb. per cow daily. Reference is made to changes in palatability.
A survey of the analytical composition of field beans (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Eden A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYStudies were made of the proximate and mineral compositions of modern strains of both spring· and winter-sown beans. The majority of the winter beans were of the Throws M.S. variety, of the spring beans Minors. On the dry-matter basis spring beans averaged 31·4% crude.protein, winter beans 26·5%—a highly significant difference. The true protein values showed a parallel trend. Winter beans averaged 9% crude fibre, spring beans 8%, again a highly significant difference. The strains confirmed the usually accepted levels of oil and of the principal mineral components, except that modern beans appear to be richer in phosphorus.
The influence of the addition of calcium carbonate to a ration low in lime on the appetite and digestibility of the food in swine
Authors: Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

(1) Animals on a calcium-deficient diet suffer periodically from loss of appetite though the ration is in every other respect satisfactory.(2) The results of twenty-two digestion trials show no enhanced effect on the digestibility of the organic constituents of the food on adding calcium carbonate to a lime-deficient ration.In conclusion, I wish to express my thanks to Prof. T. B. Wood, F.R.S., for giving me the necessary facilities to carry out the work; to Mr H. R. Davidson, M.A., for placing the experimental animals at my disposal and also to Dr H. E. Woodman for his active interest and supervision at all stages of the work.
Seasonal and management effects on the composition and availability of herbage, steer diet and live-weight gains in a Themeda triandra grassland in Kenya. I. Methods and study of techniques
Authors: McKay A. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA 2·year grazing trial was carried out on an equatorial Themeda triandra range grassland in the Rift Valley of Kenya, at 1890 m altitude with a bimodal rainfall of 700 mm p.a., to characterize seasonal changes in the pasture and to determine the influence of climatic and management factors on forage availability and composition, grazing selection and live-weight gains on Boran steers (Bos indicus).Fourteen categories of sampling and measurement techniques used in this work are described and some methodology problems in rangeland evaluation discussed.For precise estimation of herbage yields in large paddocks unacceptably large plotsizes and numbers were required so an arbitrary sample of twelve 10 yd x 1 yd plots per paddock was adopted giving c.v.s of 16–50%. Subsequent sampling was limited to three contrasting treatments in the most uniform block. A ‘forceps point’ method was developed for botanical estimation of oesophageal fistula samples and provisional weight correction factors calculated. In a parallel feeding trial regressions were calculated for relating the chemical composition of oesophageal fistula samples to that of the herbage ingested.
Body composition studies with the milk-fed lamb. III. The effect of the protein and energy intake on the composition of the live-weight gain
Authors: Norton B. W. , Jagusch K. T. , Walker D. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNineteen male cross-bred lambs, aged between 2 and 5 days, were allotted to each of three dietary treatments. The protein contents of the diets (on a dry-matter basis) were 12·0% (diet A), 28·5% (diet B) and 45·5% (diet C). The energy intakes of groups of lambs within each dietary treatment varied from below maintenance to ad lib.The experimental period was of 3 weeks and the composition of the live-weight gain was estimated by the comparative slaughter method.Body composition within each dietary treatment was highly correlated with empty body weight, but not with the previous energy intake. The fat content of the gain decreased, and the water and protein contents increased, as the dietary-protein concentration increased.When compared at the same empty body weight, the protein content of the fat-free body of lambs given diet C was significantly higher than that of lambs given diet A. This effect of dietary-protein concentration could not be explained by differences in the amounts of protein stored as wool.
The ensiling characteristics of different herbage species and varieties
Authors: Jones D. I. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe ensiling characteristics of grasses and of red clover were examined by means of a small scale vacuum silage technique. Eight grasses, comprising three varieties each of perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot and two varieties of timothy, were evaluated after application of two levels of nitrogen fertilizer. Three varieties of red clover were evaluated at two stages of growth with and without sucrose supplementation during ensiling.Perennial ryegrass varieties contained more water soluble carbohydrates than cocksfoot and timothy varieties. At the low level of fertilizer N, silages made from the first cut in mid-May were all well preserved 3 weeks after ensiling. At the high level of fertilizer only perennial ryegrass varieties and S345 cocksfoot were well preserved. After ensiling for 14 weeks perennial ryegrass silages remained well preserved but secondary fermentation in the cocksfoot and timothy varieties resulted in poor preservation. Silages made from the second cut at the end of May were all badly preserved except for silage made from tetraploid ryegrass at the low nitrogen level.Significant correlations were established between the water soluble carbohydrate content of the grasses and the quality of the resulting silage, but herbage dry-matter content and buffering capacity were not significantly correlated with silage quality.The red clover varieties were lower in water soluble carbohydrate and higher in buffering capacity than the grasses. Although the silages from red clover were well preserved they were of high pH. Supplementation with sucrose significantly reduced pH and ammonia content and increased lactic-acid content.
A study of the effect of supplementing a concentrate diet with roughages of different quality on the performance of Friesian steers. II. Growth rate, efficiency of food conversion and carcass yield
Authors: McCullough T. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYConcentrate diets supplemented with 5, 20 and 40% high- and low-quality hay were given ad libitum to British Friesian steers from 9 weeks of age to slaughter.The performance of the animals was studied over 91 kg weight ranges from 91 to 363 kg live weight and from 9 weeks of age to slaughter. In the whole experimental period the daily live-weight gain was significantly greater on diets containing high-quality hay. There was also an increase in the daily live-weight gain in each of the weight ranges studied on diets supplemented with high-quality hay but this increase was not significant at the stage of growth from 272 to 363 kg live weight. As the level of concentrate in the diet increased there was a significant increase in the daily live-weight gain at each stage of growth studied and over the complete experimental period.The mean feed conversion ratio was greater for diets containing low-quality hay. Except during the stage of growth from 272 to 363 kg live weight the proportion of hay in the diet significantly affected the mean concentrate conversion ratio. With increasing levels of hay in the diet there was a significant increase in the total dry-matter conversion ratio.The conversion ratio of metabolizable energy was also increased on diets containing low-quality hay. The proportion of concentrate in the diet significantly affected the conversion ratio of metabolizable energy at all stages of growth studied.There were significant differences in the killing-out percentages, weight and contents of the reticulo-rumen and the omasum plus abomasum expressed as a percentage of empty body weight, with increasing levels of hay in the diet. These measurements were not significantly affected by the quality of hay in the diet.Indirect measurements of carcass composition indicated that the level of hay in the diet tended to affect the amount of fat in the carcass but the amount of lean was similar at the different ratios of concentrate to hay. The ratios of the weight of separable lean to the weight of separable bone in the 9–10–11th rib cut were similar at different levels of hay supplementation. The organoleptic appraisal of sample joints indicated that carcass quality was satisfactory.
Studies of a Scottish drift soil
Authors: Hendrick James , Newlands George 
Published: March 2009

1. An examination is made of some aspects of the replacement or exchange of bases by ammonium chloride solution, in a soil about which considerable information had been acquired regarding its physical, chemical, and mineralogical constitution, namely, the soil of Craibstone Experiment Farm, Aberdeen. Certain data in this connection are given.2. The “course of replacement” of calcium by ammonia, by successive applications of equal amounts of a normal solution of ammonium chloride is examined, according to the method of Gedroiz. Comparison is made between the results got for the Craibstone soil and those for a tshernoziem soil examined by Gedroiz. By means of graphs the agreement between the two soils as to the “course of replacement” is shown, and a distinction made between easily extractable calcium, and that more slowly removed in solution. The “course of replacement” of potassium and magnesium in the Craibstone soil is also examined.3. The presence of silicon, aluminium, iron and manganese is also noted in the extracts.4. The soil is also examined for “Total Exchangeable Bases” by extraction with normal ammonium chloride, according to the method of Hissink, with minor modifications.5. Exchangeable aluminium, iron, calcium, magnesium, manganese, potassium and sodium were found and in addition silicon was present in the extracts.6. The question of the presence of silicon, aluminium, iron and manganese in measurable amounts in extracts from acid soils is discussed.7. The relative proportions of exchangeable divalent and monovalent bases found were as follows. Calcium 85·02 per cent., magnesium 8·11 per cent., potassium 2·18 per cent., sodium 4·68 per cent. These results are in general agreement with those found for acid soils.
The relative proportions of exchangeable bases in some Scottish soils
Authors: Smith A. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. The relative proportions of exchangeable bases in nine soils from the east of Scotland area and the changes effected by dilute chloride solutions have been examined.2. The changes due to N/50 solutions are large, and magnesium is displaced to a greater extent by calcium than by potassium.3. The changes due to N/500 solutions are very small, comparable to what might be expected in manurial practice, and not greater than field sampling error.4. The content of exchangeable bases and their relative proportions, therefore, seem to be fairly permanent for any soil under normal conditions, but vary considerably from soil to soil, and should prove useful as an additional characteristic of soil type as distinguished in the field.
The mechanism of secretion of calcium and phosphorus in milk
Authors: Wright Norman Charles 
Published: March 2009

1. The formation of colloidal CaHPO4by the interaction of CaCl2and Na2HPO4in the presence of neutral casemates has been demonstrated.2. The colloidal CaHPO4is shown to be non-diffusible across a membrane of cellophane.3. A theory is outlined which will account for the secretion of the high concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in milk from the low concentrations of these elements in the blood.
The Composition of Crude Fibre
Authors: Norman A. G. 
Published: March 2009

The crude-fibre determination is misleading, because the fraction obtained does not bear any definite relationship to the structural constituents of the material. The cellulose is partially attacked, and lignin extensively removed. Considerable variation is found in the lignin content of crude-fibre fractions. Highly lignified materials do not necessarily yield a crude fibre high in lignin.Since the presence of lignin exercises a direct effect on the digestibility of the material, any empirical method should include all the lignin, and alkaline treatment must be avoided. Acid hydrolysis may be a possible alternative method, if a correction for protein be made in the case of materials high in nitrogen, and a determination of the lignin content made.
The chemical composition of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum)
Authors: Ferguson W. S. , Armitage E. R. 
Published: March 2009

Samples of bracken were taken at fortnightly intervals from June to November at two centres. These were separated into leaf and stem and analysed.Larger samples were treated for the preparation of proteins and sugars by passing the bracken through a roller-mill, precipitating the protein with acid and concentrating the juice for sugars.Chemical composition. The main points in the analyses of the whole plants were as follows, all figures quoted being on a dry-matter basis:(1) The crude and true protein contents of young bracken in early June were high, 21 and 18%, but these fell rapidly to 10% in mid-July and finally to 3% in October.(2) The lignin content was high throughout, rising from almost 20% in young bracken to 34% in the nearly dead material.(3) The cellulose content followed the lignin content.(4) In July and August the bracken contained about 10% of total sugars. A rapid fall occurred in October, and the final samples contained very little sugars.
Fertilizer requirements of sugar beet on fen peat soils
Authors: Tinker P.B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEighteen trials were carried out to test factorial combinations of N, P, K and Na fertilizers on sugar beet over 3 years on deep light peat soils in the area surrounding the Wash. The average yield responses to all fertilizers were very small, and only rarely profitable, except to sodium. Nitrogen increased yield on a few sites, but there was no obvious way of distinguishing these, and on average there was no justification for using this fertilizer, which depressed sugar percentage. The difference from earlier work, which showed good responses to P and K, is ascribed to repeated heavy dressing of fertilizer given to these soils during the last two decades.
Infertility and neonatal mortality in the sow III. Neonatal mortality and foetal development
Authors: Pomeroy R. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. An analysis of pre-weaning mortality in inbred Large White pigs showed that the over-all mortality in ten generations of sows was 47·3%. During the first four generations mortality fluctuated between 30 and 45%; from the 5th to the 9th it fluctuated between 50 and 68% and in the 10th rose to 88%.2. 70·2% of all deaths occurred in the first 3 days post-parturition and the average birth weight of pigs which died within 3 days was only 1003·5 g. compared with 1258·5 g. for those which survived. 83·0% of pigs weighing less than 900 g. at birth died within 3 days, whereas only 18·5% of pigs weighing more than 1400 g. died within the same period.3. There were marked seasonal variations in mortality, this being highest during the winter months. Mortality was highest in litters of under 5 and over 15, but between 5 and 15 there was no increase in mortality with litter size. There was no difference in mortality between males and females.4. Foetal growth was studied in 80 outbred sows of various breeds. Foetal weight was affected not only by age but also by litter size. The withinlitter variation in foetal weight increased with litter size but no increase in between-litter variation with litter size could be demonstrated statistically. Male foetuses were slightly heavier than females at all stages of pregnancy investigated.5. The growth of the inbred Large White foetus was also studied at an early and late stage of inbreeding, and the reduced birth weight in the latter was shown to be reflected in slower growth of the foetus from mid-pregnancy onwards.6. The anatomical composition of inbred Large White foetuses at a late stage of inbreeding has been compared with that of similar foetuses at an earlier stage and also with normal outbred Essex foetuses, at 51, 74, 97 and 108 days of pregnancy. The chemical composition of inbred Large White foetuses of a later stage of inbreeding was compared with that of outbred Essex foetuses at 51, 74, 97 and 108 days. The differences in anatomical composition between the smallest and largest foetuses within litters are comparable with those found postnatally in pigs fed on a high or low plane of nutrition, but this was not reflected in a very definite way in the chemical composition. X-ray photographs showed that ossification was more advanced in the largest foetus within a litter than in the smallest but the appearance of the ossification centres was not delayed in the latter.7. Attempts to make reciprocal ovum transfers between inbred Large White and outbred Essex sows met with little success, probably due to the low fertility of the Large Whites, the prolonged exposure of the ovum during transference and the necessity of effecting the transfer of the ova at the 2-cell stage. The latter was conditioned by the rate of passage of the ova through the tube and the fact that they enter the uterus in the 4-cell stage.
The relation of production to mortality in the domestic fowl
Authors: Munro S. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. In both Barred Plymouth Rocks and White Leghorns, the birds which died in Canadian Egg-Laying Contests during the year 1929–30 were, on the average, poorer layers than pen mates which survived.2. The majority of deaths occurred in the lower producing pens.3. The rise which has occurred in the death-rate since the inception of egg-laying contests in Canada is not connected with the rise in production which has occurred during the same period.4. During the year 1929–30, although there is a tendency for the rate of production to parallel the rate of mortality throughout the year, a critical analysis of the data shows that the two rates are, in reality, independent.5. It would appear that practices which contribute towards increased production, in the aggregate at least, contribute also toward health and lowered mortality.
The transport of water through heavy clay soils. I
Authors: Childs E. C. 
Published: March 2009

Assuming a uniform heavy soil, without tilth, the water movement in which obeys diffusion laws, expressions have been deduced for four quantities, starting with a known moisture profile.(a) The moisture profile at any subsequent time in the absence of rainfall or irrigation (neglecting evaporation, transpiration, and any other source of loss of moisture).(b) The moisture profile at any subsequent time during such rainfall as causes flushing of the drains.(c) The minimum rainfall necessary to cause flushing of the drains (maximum acceptable rainfall).(d) The acceptable rainfall after a period of recovery following the previous drainage period.
The Determination of phosphorus in soils
Authors: McLean W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Phosphorus in hydrochloric acid extracts of soil may be conveniently determined by digestion with sulphuric and nitric acids.2. By boiling soil with hydrochloric acid (B.P. 110° C.) for 48 hours under reflux an end-point of extraction is reached.3. Digestion of soil with sulphuric and nitric acids gives results in agreement with results by 48 hours” hydrochloric acid extraction.4. It is suggested that the phosphorus thus extracted represents a definite category of soil phosphorus, which may be taken as the total phosphorus present in the soil.5. Details of the suggested method are given.
The buffer capacity and the specific gravity of bull semen
Authors: Anderson James 
Published: March 2009

There was a significant positive correlation between the buffer capacity and motility of sperm and a highly significant negative correlation between the buffer capacity and thepH. There was no correlation between the buffer capacity and the volume of the ejaculate or the number of sperm per c.mm. Specimens which maintained a good motility on storage had a better buffer capacity than those which did not.The specific gravity of 125 semen specimens was 1·0337. There was a highly significant positive correlation between the specific gravity and the number of sperm per c.mm. and the percentage motility and a highly significant negative correlation between the specific gravity and thepH. There was no relationship between the specific gravity of semen and the volume of the ejaculate, or thepH change. In general, the higher the specific gravity of the seminal fluid, the better was motility maintained on storage. The higher the specific gravity, the lower was thepH and the better the buffer capacity of seminal fluid.