bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overcoming sequelae of childhood sexual abuse with stress management
Authors: WILSON D. R. , VIDAL B. , WILSON W. A. , SALYER S. L. 
Published: September 2011

Accessible summaryThe immense stress associated with experiencing and surviving childhood sexual abuse (CSA) directly influences coping, immune function, and overall health.There are long‐term consequences from sexual abuse of children. Those who survive CSA tend to show evidence of damaging effects on physical, psychological, emotional, social, and spiritual well‐being. The early stress associated with experiencing and surviving CSA directly influences immune function and overall health. As a result, stress prevention and management play an increasingly important role in the holistic health of adult survivors of CSA.The current study re‐examined stress management as part of the holistic care of adult survivors of CSA. The purpose of this research was to examine if a stress management education programme remains effective in improving coping skills as measured by the Ways of Coping.Four weeks of stress management training classes were completed by 32 female adult survivors of CSA. After training, participants reported using fewer avoidance behaviours, more problem‐solving approaches, more direction on seeking social support, and more positive perception of stressors.This study is relevant to the professions who serve adult survivors of CSA as it provides further evidence for including or continuing stress management education as part of clinical practice.AbstractThe immense stress associated with experiencing and surviving childhood sexual abuse directly influences coping, immune function and overall health. Lifelong overuse of maladaptive coping strategies results in impaired adjustment to stress. The purpose of this research was to re‐examine if stress management education would be effective in improving coping skills for this population. Two 4‐week series of stress management workshops were completed by 32 adult survivors who completed the Ways of Coping Questionnaire before and after the training. Four categories of coping showed significant change. Stress management education is an effective and cost‐efficient approach that gives adult survivors an empowering set of tools for their healing journey.
Role of ethylene in alleviation of cadmium‐induced photosynthetic capacity inhibition by sulphur in mustard
Authors: MASOOD ASIM , IQBAL NOUSHINA , KHAN NAFEES A. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTSulphur (S) assimilation leads to the formation of glutathione (GSH) and alleviation of cadmium (Cd) stress. GSH is synthesized from its immediate metabolite cysteine, which also serves as a metabolite for ethylene formation through S‐adenosyl methionine. To assess the role of ethylene in S‐induced alleviation of Cd stress on photosynthesis, the effects of S or ethephon (ethylene source) on GSH and ethylene were examined in mustard (Brassica juncea L. cv. Varuna). Sufficient‐S at 100 mg S kg−1 soil alleviated Cd‐induced photosynthetic inhibition more than excess‐S (200 mg S kg−1 soil) via ethylene by increased GSH. Under Cd stress, plants were less sensitive to ethylene, despite high ethylene evolution, and showed photosynthetic inhibition. Ethylene sensitivity of plants increased with ethephon or sufficient‐S, triggering the induction of an antioxidant system, and leading to increased photosynthesis even under Cd stress. The effects of ethephon and S under Cd stress were similar. The effects of S were reversed by ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), suggesting that ethylene plays an important role in S‐induced alleviation of Cd stress on photosynthesis.
Arabidopsis lonely guy (LOG) multiple mutants reveal a central role of the LOG‐dependent pathway in cytokinin activation
Authors: Tokunaga Hiroki , Kojima Mikiko , Kuroha Takeshi , Ishida Takashi , Sugimoto Keiko , Kiba Takatoshi , Sakakibara Hitoshi 
Published: September 2011

SummaryCytokinins are phytohormones that play key roles in the maintenance of stem cell activity in plants. Although alternative single‐step and two‐step activation pathways for cytokinin have been proposed, the significance of the single‐step pathway which is catalyzed by LONELY GUY (LOG), is not fully understood. We analyzed the metabolic flow of cytokinin activation in Arabidopsis log multiple mutants using stable isotope‐labeled tracers and characterized the mutants’ morphological and developmental phenotypes. In tracer experiments, cytokinin activation was inhibited most pronouncedly by log7, while the other log mutations had cumulative effects. Although sextuple or lower‐order mutants did not show drastic phenotypes in vegetative growth, the log1log2log3log4log5log7log8 septuple T‐DNA insertion mutant in which the LOG‐dependent pathway is impaired, displayed severe retardation of shoot and root growth with defects in the maintenance of the apical meristems. Detailed observation of the mutants showed that LOG7 was required for the maintenance of shoot apical meristem size. LOG7 was also suggested to play a role for normal primary root growth together with LOG3 and LOG4. These results suggest a dominant role of the single‐step activation pathway mediated by LOGs for cytokinin production, and overlapping but differentiated functions of the members of the LOG gene family in growth and development.
‘Living stones’ reveal alternative petal identity programs within the core eudicots
Authors: Brockington Samuel F. , Rudall Paula J. , Frohlich Michael W. , Oppenheimer David G. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryPetals, defined as the showy laminar floral organs in the second floral whorl, have been shown to be under similar genetic control in distantly related core eudicot model organisms. On the basis of these findings, it is commonly assumed that the petal identity program regulated by B‐class MADS‐box gene homologs is invariant across the core eudicot clade. However, the core eudicots, which comprise >70% of angiosperm species, exhibit numerous instances of petal and sepal loss, transference of petal function between floral whorls, and recurrent petal evolution. In the face of these complex patterns of perianth evolution, the concept of a core eudicot petal identity program has not been tested. We therefore examined the petal identity program in the Caryophyllales, a core eudicot clade in which perianth differentiation into sepals and petals has evolved multiple times. Specifically, we analyzed the expression patterns of B‐ and C‐class MADS‐box homologs for evidence of a conserved petal identity program between sepal‐derived and stamen‐derived petaloid organs in the ‘living stone’ family Aizoaceae. We found that neither sepal‐derived nor stamen‐derived petaloid organs exhibit gene expression patterns consistent with the core eudicot petal identity program. B‐class gene homologs are not expressed during the development of sepal‐derived petals and are not implicated in petal identity in stamen‐derived petals, as their transient expression coincides with early expression of the C‐class homolog. We therefore provide evidence for petal development that is independent of B‐class genes and suggest that different genetic control of petal identity has evolved within this lineage of core eudicots. These findings call for a more comprehensive understanding of perianth variation and its genetic causes within the core eudicots – an endeavor that will have broader implications for the interpretation of perianth evolution across angiosperms.
The H2S test versus standard indicator bacteria tests for faecal contamination of water: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wright Jim A. , Yang Hong , Walker Kate , Pedley Steve , Elliott John , Gundry Stephen W. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectives  To assess the diagnostic accuracy of the H2S test for microbiological contamination of domestic water across different settings, as a basis for providing guidance on its use.Methods  We searched a range of bibliographic and ‘grey’ literature databases to identify studies that had processed domestic water samples using both the H2S test and recognized tests for thermotolerant coliforms or Escherichia coli. We screened 661 study abstracts and identified 51 relevant studies based on 13 853 water samples. For each relevant study, we recorded the level of correspondence between the H2S and recognized tests, microbial testing procedures, details of the samples processed and study quality indicators. We conducted a meta‐analysis to investigate the impact of testing procedures, study quality and sample characteristics on the diagnostic accuracy of the H2S test.Results  H2S test implementation varied between studies, and the test’s diagnostic accuracy varied significantly and substantially between studies. Little of this variation was explained by testing procedures, study quality or the nature of the samples processed.Conclusions  Although in widespread use, our findings suggest that the diagnostic accuracy, particularly specificity, of the H2S test is variable. Optimal conditions for conducting the test remain unclear. As H2S test accuracy is low in a minority of these studies, we recommend that its performance be evaluated relative to standard methods, prior to its operational deployment in a new setting.
Clinical predictors and outcome of hypoxaemia among under‐five diarrhoeal children with or without pneumonia in an urban hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Chisti Mohammod J. , Duke Trevor , Robertson Colin F. , Ahmed Tahmeed , Faruque Abu S. G. , Ashraf Hasan , La Vincente Sophie , Bardhan Pradip K. , Salam Mohammed A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjective  To explore the predictors and outcome of hypoxaemia in children under 5 years of age who were hospitalized for the management of diarrhoea in Dhaka, where comorbidities are common.Methods  In a prospective cohort study, we enrolled all children <5 years of age admitted to the special care ward (SCW) of the Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B from September to December 2007. Those who presented with hypoxaemia (SpO2 < 90%) constituted the study group, and those without hypoxaemia formed the comparison group.Results  A total of 258 children were enrolled, all had diarrhoea. Of the total, 198 (77%) had pneumonia and 106 (41%) had severe malnutrition (<−3 Z‐score of weight for age of the median of the National Centre for Health Statistics), 119 (46%) had hypoxaemia and 138 children did not have hypoxaemia at the time of admission. Children with hypoxaemia had a higher probability of a fatal outcome (21%vs. 4%; P < 0.001). Using logistic regression analysis, the independent predictors of hypoxaemia at the time of presentation were lower chest wall indrawing [OR 6.91, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.66–13.08, P < 0.001], nasal flaring (OR 3.22, 95% CI 1.45–7.17, P = 0.004) and severe sepsis (OR 4.48, 95% CI 1.62–12.42, P = 0.004).Conclusion  In this seriously ill population of children with diarrhoea and comorbidities, hypoxaemia was associated with high case–fatality rates. Independent clinical predictors of hypoxaemia in this population, identifiable at the time of admission, were lower chest wall indrawing, nasal flaring and the clinical syndrome of severe sepsis.
Folliculitis keloidalis nuchae is associated with the risk for bleeding from haircuts
Authors: Khumalo Nonhlanhla P. , Gumedze Freedom , Lehloenya Rannakoe 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  Folliculitis keloidalis nuchae (FKN), characterized by nucheal pimples and keloids, has a predilection for curly African hair. The disease is 10 times more common in males than females. The aim of this study was to investigate determinants of FKN in males.Methods  Factors associated with the presence of FKN were investigated from two cross‐sectional studies involving 1042 children and 874 adults, respectively. All participants had given informed consent. A clinical diagnosis of FKN was made only if nucheal keloidal papules (or plaques) were present. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between FKN and specific characteristics in male participants.Results  The odds ratio (OR) for FKN in males was higher in the adult than the child study [OR = 7.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.13–16.88; P < 0.0001]. The OR in the group aged <25 years was similar to that in the group aged >50 years (OR = 2.44, 95% CI 0.75–7.89; P = 0.14) but significantly higher in those aged >25–50 years (OR = 5.75, 95% CI 2.67–12.64; P < 0.0001), which is inconsistent with inherent degenerative disease (in which the OR would be expected to increase or remain constant) and may correspond to the current popularity of closely shaven hairstyles. Most hair (86%) was cut close to the scalp with clippers, a process often accompanied by the exhibition of symptoms. For example, 47% of respondents reported transient haircut‐related crusts or pimples (Yes vs. No, FKN OR = 3.44, 95% CI 1.43–8.301; P = 0.006), and 32% of adult males reported at least one episode of bleeding (Yes vs. Never, FKN OR = 3.45, 95% CI 1.23–9.68; P < 0.019).Conclusions  Prospective studies are needed to clarify the extent to which mechanical haircut‐associated injuries cause or are the result of FKN. Haircut‐associated bleeding raises concern about the potential transmission of blood‐borne infections.
Ethical considerations in paediatric neurology: Neuromuscular disease and epilepsy
Authors: Bodensteiner John B , Ng Yu‐Tze 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe pace of developing technology with respect to many diagnostic tests, as well as available treatments including artificial ventilation, may have progressed at a faster rate than our ethical, humane ability to decide on the optimal choices for our patients. In fact, who should make these choices; physicians or patients and families? Certain ethical aspects of neuromuscular disorders and epilepsy are reviewed. For neuromuscular disease, the example of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) with regards to genetic testing, relatively early wheelchair placement and individualised invasive ventilation is discussed. In epilepsy, performing neurosurgery in severely impaired children is probably appropriate in some cases if desired by the family. Financial and human costs restrict therapies and testing for epilepsy as well as other neurological and medical diseases. Whether it is ethical to consider costs in medical treatment or not, it is certainly a reality.
Ethical issues in bone marrow transplantation in children
Authors: Bendorf Aric , Kerridge Ian H 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn the 50 years since the first successful human bone marrow transplant (BMT) was performed in 1959, BMT has become the optimal therapy for a wide variety of life‐threatening paediatric haematological, immunological and genetic disorders. Unfortunately, while BMT generally provides the only possibility of cure for such afflicted children, few (25%) have a matched sibling available, and suitably matched unrelated donors are often not identified for many children in need of BMT. And even where BMT is possible, treatment is complex and arduous and associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The issues raised when either or both the donor and recipient are children and lack the capacity to make informed and rational decisions relating to BMT pose great challenges for all involved. This paper examines some of the ethical dilemmas that confront patients, families and medical practitioners when considering bone marrow transplantation in a child.
Ethics, law and paediatric medicine
Authors: Waller Louis 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMedicine is practised within an ethical and a legal framework. Doctors must obtain the broad consent of their patients before treatment begins, and tell them of their choices and the material risks inherent in treatment. Where children are the patients, it is their parents or guardians who must give their consent, unless the situation is an emergency or the children have been removed from parental custody and care. Today, mature teenagers may consent to their own medical treatment. Doctors must protect their patients' confidential information, however acquired. There are very limited exceptions where confidential information may be revealed, and a few where revelation is mandatory. Effective communication between doctors and their patients, or their parents, is of signal importance.
Evaluation of clinical endobronchial ultrasound skills following clinical versus simulation training
Authors: STATHER DAVID R. , MAC EACHERN PAUL , CHEE ALEX , DUMOULIN ELAINE , TREMBLAY ALAIN 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) is a pulmonary procedure that can be challenging to learn. This study aims to compare trainee EBUS‐TBNA performance during clinical procedures, following training with a computer EBUS‐TBNA simulator versus conventional clinical EBUS‐TBNA training.Methods:  A prospective study of pulmonary trainees performing EBUS‐TBNA procedures on patients with suspected lung cancer and mediastinal adenopathy. Two cohorts of trainees were each evaluated while performing EBUS‐TBNA on two patients. Group 1 received training by performing 15 cases on an EBUS‐TBNA simulator (n = 4) and had never performed a clinical EBUS‐TBNA procedure. Group 2 received training by doing 15–25 EBUS‐TBNA procedures on patients (n = 4).Results:  There was no significant difference in the primary outcome measure of total EBUS‐TBNA procedure time/number of successful aspirates between Groups 1 and 2 (3.95 (±0.93) vs 3.64 (±0.89), P = 0.51). Total learner EBUS‐TBNA procedure time in minutes (23.67 (±5.58) vs 21.81 (±5.36), P = 0.17) and percentage of successful aspirates (93.3% (±5.8%) vs 86.3% (±6.7%), P = 0.12) were not significantly different between Group 1 and Group 2. The only significant difference found between Group 1 and Group 2 was time to intubation in minutes (0.99 (±0.46) vs 0.50 (±0.42), P = 0.04).Conclusions:  EBUS‐TBNA simulator use leads to rapid acquisition of clinical EBUS‐TBNA skills comparable with that obtained with conventional training methods using practice on patients, suggesting that skills learned using an EBUS‐TBNA simulator are transferable to clinical EBUS‐TBNA performance. EBUS‐TBNA simulators show promise for training, potentially minimizing the burden of procedural learning on patients.
Core lower urinary tract symptom score (CLSS) for the assessment of female lower urinary tract symptoms: A comparative study
Authors: Fujimura Tetsuya , Kume Haruki , Tsurumaki Yuzuri , Yoshimura Yasukuni , Hosoda Chihiro , Suzuki Motofumi , Fukuhara Hiroshi , Enomoto Yutaka , Nishimatsu Hiroaki , Homma Yukio 
Published: September 2011

Objective:  We have recently developed the core lower urinary tract symptom score (CLSS) questionnaire to readily address 10 important lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the performance of the CLSS in women compared with the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS).Methods:  Three hundred and eighteen treatment‐naïve consecutive female patients, including 48 controls, completed the three questionnaires. Quality of life (QOL) was determined as per the IPSS QOL Index. The clinical diagnoses were overactive bladder (n = 69), mixed incontinence (n = 42), stress incontinence (n = 17), pelvic organ prolapse (n = 56), interstitial cystitis (n = 31), bacterial cystitis (n = 16), underactive bladder (n = 16), and “other” (n = 23). Simple statistics and the relationship between symptom scores and poor QOL (QOL Index ≥4) were examined.Results:  All symptom scores were significantly increased in symptomatic women. The CLSS described the symptom profiles of patients with distinct conditions. The scores of corresponding symptoms on the three questionnaires were significantly correlated (r = 0.51–0.85; all P < 0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression modeling proved five CLSS symptoms (daytime frequency, nocturia, urgency incontinence, straining, and urethral pain) as independent predictors of poor QOL, with hazard ratios ranging from 2.0 to 4.2. The IPSS included only two (urgency and straining) significant symptoms.Conclusions:  The IPSS alone does not fully evaluate female LUTS, with a possible negative impact on QOL. Using the CLSS questionnaire would enable a simple and comprehensive assessment of female LUTS.
Asian chestnut gall wasp in Tuscany: gall characteristics, egg distribution and chestnut cultivar susceptibility
Authors: Panzavolta Tiziana , Bracalini Matteo , Croci Francesco , Campani Carlo , Bartoletti Tamaro , Miniati Giuditta , Benedettelli Stefano , Tiberi Riziero 
Published: September 2011

Preliminary investigations were carried out on Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu on Castanea sativa Miller in Tuscany to assess variations in gall characteristics in coppice and high forest at two crown heights (height < 2 or 2–6 m), influence of bud size and bud position on oviposition rates and susceptibility of three cultivars.
Gall size may depend on various factors, including wasp population density. In the present study area, small galls (with one or two cells) were the most numerous in 2008, whereas larger galls (with more than three cells) prevailed in 2009.
Dryocosmus kuriphilus oviposition occurrence was influenced by both bud size and bud position. Buds with eggs tended to be larger in size compared with bud without eggs, suggesting that D. kuriphilus females prefer to lay eggs in larger buds (approximately 6 mm3) compared with smaller buds (approximately 3 mm3). The mean number of eggs per bud tended to decrease from the apical bud toward the basal bud.
Three C. sativa cultivars, Carpinese, Fusca and Cesurone, were examined. Fusca grafts had significantly more galls compared with Carpinese and Cesurone, whereas Cesurone grafts had more larvae per bud compared with Carpinese and Fusca. Overall, the Carpinese cultivar may be less susceptible to D. kuriphilus galling compared with the Fusca and Cesurone cultivars.
Fat burners: nutrition supplements that increase fat metabolism
Authors: Jeukendrup A. E. , Randell R. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe term ‘fat burner’ is used to describe nutrition supplements that are claimed to acutely increase fat metabolism or energy expenditure, impair fat absorption, increase weight loss, increase fat oxidation during exercise, or somehow cause long‐term adaptations that promote fat metabolism. Often, these supplements contain a number of ingredients, each with its own proposed mechanism of action and it is often claimed that the combination of these substances will have additive effects. The list of supplements that are claimed to increase or improve fat metabolism is long; the most popular supplements include caffeine, carnitine, green tea, conjugated linoleic acid, forskolin, chromium, kelp and fucoxanthin. In this review the evidence for some of these supplements is briefly summarized. Based on the available literature, caffeine and green tea have data to back up its fat metabolism‐enhancing properties. For many other supplements, although some show some promise, evidence is lacking. The list of supplements is industry‐driven and is likely to grow at a rate that is not matched by a similar increase in scientific underpinning.