bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
North Sea Investigations
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L. 
Published: May 2009

I. On The Destructionof Immature fishin the North SeaIntroductory.—Owing to enforced idleness during the period which would otherwise have been devoted to preparing my reports for publication, I am under the necessity of reserving much of the information collected during the last four months for a future occasion, and of treating only in the briefest possible manner the few subjects selected for present discussion. I have again to express my obligations for much courtesy and assistance received from members of the Grimsby fishing community, and to the Marine Fisheries Society of the same town for cordial co-operation in the work carried on at their laboratory and aquarium at Cleethorpes.
The Effect of China Clay on the Bottom Fauna of St Austell and Mevagissey Bays
Authors: Howell B. R. , Shelton R. G. J. 
Published: May 2009

This investigation of the bottom fauna of St Austell and Mevagissey Bays was prompted by the feeling among local fishermen that the increasing amount of china-clay waste being deposited in the bays was adversely affecting the local fishery. Physical pollution on a large scale can harm a fishery in a number of ways. The smothering of shellfish grounds is often to be expected, and where the pollutant contains a high proportion of very fine particles there is the danger that unstable clay banks will build up and constitute a purely mechanical hazard to trawling and potting. In this paper, however, we are concerned only with the effects of clay-waste pollution upon the bottom fauna, since it had been suggested that clay deposition might be impairing St Austell and Mevagissey Bays as feeding grounds for demersal fish.Previous work on the biological effects of china-clay waste includes that of Miss N. Sproston (1945, unpublished), who examined the effects of suspended clay upon some species of pelagic fish. This worker was unable to demonstrate any recognizable effect of mica particles (present in clay waste) upon the gill tissues of fish taken from polluted water at Pentewan. However, Herbert et al. (1961) recorded cases of gill damage in Salmo trutta from china-clay-polluted reaches of the River Fal. These workers also showed that ‘the bottom fauna in the control streams was on average 3.3 times greater than in the polluted part of the Fal and 19 times greater than in the polluted part of the Par’.
A Note on the British Species of Cucumarians, Involving the Erection of Two New Nominal Genera
Authors: Rowe F. W. E. 
Published: May 2009

While preparing a report on Echinodermata from the Stilly Isles, based on collections made by the University of London Sub-Aqua Club but including also earlier records by various authors (F. W. E. Rowe,J. nat. Hist., in the Press), it became apparent that the species generally known asCucumaria saxicolaBrady & Robertson andC. normaniPace, from Mortensen's classic handbook (1927), have not been satisfactorily reassigned generically since the break-up ofCucumaria sensu extensoand need new generic names in conformity with current views on generic distinctions in the Dendrochirotida.Mortensen (1927), in his survey of the Echinoderms of the British Isles, includes seven species in the genusCucumaria: C. frondosa(Gunnerus);C. elongataDüben & Koren;C. hyndmanniThompson;C. saxicolaBrady & Robertson;C. normaniPace;C. lactea(Forbes) andC. planci(Brandt), this last species being wrongly credited to von Marenzeller.C. frondosais a plump to barrel-shaped animal with ten large, bushy tentacles, podia, at least in the older specimens, not restricted to the ambulacral areas, a calcareous ring with no posterior bifurcations on the radial plates or any fusion of the ventralmost radial and adjacent interradial plates and spicules of the body wall comprising thin, multilocular, smooth or slightly thorny plates, these being more or less restricted to the posterior region and to the podia in older animals. It has been designated type-species of the genus by Panning (1949), thus delimitingCucumaria sensu stricto. The other species included by Mortensen cannot be treated as being congeneric withfrondosaby virtue of their elongate body, ten relatively small tentacles of which the ventralmost two are smaller than the remaining eight, podia restricted to the ambulacral areas, calcareous ring showing a tendency, in some forms, to develop posterior bifurcations on the radial plates and fusion of the ventral-most radial and adjacent interradial plates and the differing form and combinations of spicules of the body wall.
The Distribution Of Some Plankton Animals In The English Channel And Approaches: III. Theories About Long-Term Biological Changes, Including Fish
Authors: Southward A. J. 
Published: May 2009

Various biological and environmental changes that have been observed during the present century in the area of the western English Channel are briefly described, and then theories that have been put forward to account for them discussed and compared critically with one another.At the moment, the rise in sea temperature and a possible accompanying change in emphasis of water movements offers the best explanation of all the changes. Such a theory is obviously applicable to the replacement of coldwater northern forms by warmer-water species that has taken place in many habitats (e.g. demersal fishes, pelagic fishes, intertidal zone). A decline in number of macroplankton animals, including the pelagic young of some demersal fish, can be regarded as another aspect of the temperature change, in part related to a shift in distributional boundaries, but also influenced by the replacement of herring by pilchard, which has apparently led to increased stocks of pelagic fish, and perhaps a higher level of predation throughout the year. It is suggested that the plankton production cycle may have become slightly smoother, and possibly a little more efficient, with less' wastage' to the bottom-fauna, the biomass of which may also have suffered indirectly from the increased stocks of pelagic fish.
Adaptations of two Intertidal Isopods II. Comparison betweenCampecopea HirsutaandNAESA BIDENTATA(Sphaeromatidae)
Authors: Wieser Wolfgang 
Published: May 2009

In the investigation described in this paper, respiration, resistance to desiccation and feeding behaviour of .the mid- to upper-tidal isopod Campecopea hirsuta was studied and compared with the analogous parameters of behaviour in the lower intertidal species Naesa bidentataC. hirsutaoccurs in the middle part of the shore where it can be found within empty shells ofChthamalus.Its preferred habitat, however, is the lichenLichina pygmaeathe vertical distribution of which extends from OD to MHWS.Campecopea hirsuta feeds on the blue-green algae that make up the outer layer of the lichen L. pygmaea. When continuously submerged the isopod feeds in bursts, the timing of which is different in different specimens. This mode of feeding under experimental conditions is taken as reflecting the rhythmic way of life of this species in its natural environment but it seems to be controlled by endogenous factors. Naesa bidentata, on the other hand, does not display such endogenous rhythms in its feeding behaviour.
Studies on the Physiology of Digestion inCorophium Volutator
Authors: Agrawal V. P. 
Published: May 2009

It has been observed that the pH in the different parts of the alimentary canal of Corophium is nearer neutrality; while the medium in the ventral hepatopancreatic caeca is more acidic, being in the neighbourhood of 6.2.Investigations on the qualitative estimation of enzymes indicate that none of the enzymes are secreted by the gut proper. However, the ventral caeca only secrete many of the carbohydrate splitting enzymes; proteases and lipase are also secreted by the caecal cells of CorophiumIt has also been estimated that the optimum pH for the activity of the caecal amylase lies in the neighbourhood of 5.8.
The Metabolism During Starvation of Balanus Balanoides
Authors: Barnes H. , Barnes Margaret , Finlayson D. M. 
Published: May 2009

There is some reduction in oxygen uptake of isolated bodies on starvation when carbohydrate is being utilized.There is a gross discrepancy between the oxygen demand as measured in isolated bodies and the available substrate; respiration is probably reduced during inanition.It is suggested that the moulting cycle is coupled to the metabolic activity in an obligatory fashion rather than being dominated by the kind of hormonal control found in decapods.
Note on the Occurrence of Arthopyrenia foveolata at Plymouth
Authors: Batten Lily 
Published: May 2009

When shore-collecting for marine algæ at Plymouth in early April, an organism which has now been identified as a calcareous lichen was brought to my notice by Dr. Orton. It occurred in large patches on the rocks both above and below high-water mark in the neighbourhood of the Marine Biological Station, and was also very frequent on the limpets and barnacles in the vicinity. When examined with a lens, the thallus of the lichen was observed to be thickly dotted either with perithecia or with well-marked pits which had apparently been previously occupied with fruits. The lichen was found to be identical with the species collected in Robin Hood Bay, Yorkshire, by E. M. Holmes, in 1901, and described by A. Lorrain Smith as Arthopyrenia foveolata. Arthopyrenia differs from Verrucaria in the fact that the associated alga is Trentepohlia, and the above species is easily distinguished by the pits which occur on the thallus.The same species has been recorded by M. C. Knowles from various places round the coast of Ireland, including the western shore of Blacksod Bay. It occurred on limestone rocks at about high neap-tide level, and also on live and dead barnacles where it was almost always associated with colonies of Rivularia atra. At Plymouth, the frequent occurrence of the lichen on limpet shells is a conspicuous feature in the distribution.
A New Species of the Genus Acanthephyra [Crustacea: Natantia]: First Discovered and Described in Ms Notes by Dr Stanley W. Kemp
Authors: Foxton P. 
Published: May 2009

During recent cruises of R.R.S. ‘Discovery’ in the eastern North Atlantic an investigation has been made of the depth distribution and diurnal migration of the pelagic fauna in selected oceanic areas. This continuing programme has entailed intensive mid-water sampling with opening-closing nets, fishing discrete depth horizons mainly within the upper 1000 m but also on occasion at greater depths. Hauls made during the cruise of January-April 1968 in a position 11°N, 20°W, south-east of the Cape Verde Islands, yielded 43 specimens of an apparently new species of the genus Acanthephyra. A further 113 specimens were taken during a subsequent cruise to the same area and the species has also been recorded in a sample collected in the Indian Ocean during the International Indian Ocean Expedition.Having examined the literature and concluded that the species was undescribed the author referred to the large collection of decapod Crustacea that had been amassed as a result of cruises of ships of the Discovery Committee made prior to 1939. This material, together with that taken on the Dana Expeditions, had formed the subject of Dr Stanley W. Kemp's extensive studies on the Oplophoridae (Kemp, 1939), consequently the carefully preserved, labelled, and identified specimens represent a unique reference collection. It proved to contain five specimens identical to those taken at 11°N in 1968. Not unexpectedly Kemp had realized their uniqueness and had not only designated the type but named it. A description, however, was never published although it was prepared and has in part survived.
Incubation of the English Prawn Palaemon Serratus
Authors: Phillips Graham 
Published: May 2009

When beginning research into the cultivation of marine shrimps and prawns, it is usually the most worth while of the local species that is chosen for study. From this it follows that in tropical regions the penaeids tend to be favoured, especially following the pioneering work of Hudinaga (1942) with Penaeus japonicus (Bate), whereas in the temperate regions of Europe and Canada it is the carideans that are receiving most attention, particularly the palaemonids. One notable exception is the advanced study of the Asiatic Giant Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man), which was initiated in Malaysia and subsequently taken up in Hawaii and Great Britain (Ling, 1962).Doubtless each chosen species has its merits, but overriding importance must be attached to ease of mating, for this imposes an immediate limit on the reliability of the whole process and holds the key to the selective breeding of improved strains. Indeed, it has been pointed out that reliance on wild-spawned animals is a major obstacle to commercial development (Tabb et al., 1969) and such vagaries in the supply of young shrimps has already limited some research (Cook & Murphy, 1969).Under captive conditions it has proved a great deal easier to mate carideans than penaeids, but the continuing part played by caridean females in incubating the eggs over a contracted period is a disadvantage. Relieving the ovigerous females of this task would allow the eggs to be incubated at greatly increased densities in conditions no longer dictated by the females. Further, it would lead to the more effective use of the female during the period she would otherwise be incubating.
The Distribution of Trace Elements in Some Species of Phytoplankton Grown in Culture
Authors: Riley J. P. , Roth Igal 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONIn common with other plants, marine phytoplankton will only thrive if they are able to obtain essential trace elements. There is some evidence that shortages of available iron and manganese may occasionally restrict the growth of these organisms (Harvey, 1939, 1947). However, other essential trace metals are present in the sea at concentrations which, although very low, appear to be adequate to sustain abundant growth. The concentrations of trace elements necessary for optimum growth differ considerably from species to species (see e.g. Harvey, 1947; Goldberg, 1952). Krauss & Porter (1954) have demonstrated that manganese, iron and zinc are taken up by the freshwater alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa in proportion to their concentrations in the medium. However, this is not true for all elements, at least so far as the larger algae are concerned (Young & Langille, 1958). The concentrations of trace elements present in phytoplankton grown in culture may also depend on the age and density of the culture. Thus, Hayward (1969) has shown that although iron and zinc were initially rapidly taken up by Phaeodactylum tricornutum from a medium rich in chelated forms of these metals, their concentrations in the cells decreased as their numbers increased. The uptake of trace elements is not confined to those which have a definitely established physiological function.
Retinal Structure inPlatytroctes Apus, A Deep-Sea Fish with a Pure Rod Fovea
Authors: Locket N. A. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe retinae of deep sea fishes have been studied by optical microscopy by several authors. Brauer's (1908) work is the most important early account, and the major recent work is that of Munk (1966a). In this monograph he reviews previous papers including that of Contino (1939), Franz (1907), Hanyu & Ali (1962), Verrier (1931), Vilter (1953, 1954a,b) and Wunder (1958), and also describes the eyes of a number of species himself. Since then Munk (1966band 1968) has described other species by optical microscopy. Locket (1969, 1970) has used electron microscopic methods of fixation to study two species by optical and electron microscopy. These two fishes,Poromitra nigrofulvusandSternoptyx diaphana, are not closely related and have different retinal structures.Poromitrahas banks of rods in its retina, a condition first described by Vilter (1953) inBathylagus;Sternoptyxhas a single layer of long rods, a condition also found in the present species. The earlier authors worked on material collected during research expeditions and preserved in alcohol or formalin. During the 1966 biological cruise of R.R.S. ‘Discovery’ Locket was able to fix eyes from deep-sea fish with a view to electron microscopy. Though the fixation is not perfect, it does preserve much ultrastructural detail and interspecies variation in retinal structure can be studied in this material.
On Some British Marine Tardigrada, Including two New Species of Batillipes
Authors: Pollock Leland W. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONUntil recently only two marine members of the phylum Tardigrada were known to occur in Britain. Echiniscoides sigismundi (Schultze), was found associated with mussels (Green, 1950) and intertidal barnacles (Crisp & Hobart, 1954). The interstitial species, Batillipes mirus Richters, was located at beaches in North Wales (Boaden, 1963) and Strangford Lough in Northern Ireland (Boaden, 1966).Interstitial tardigrades have been reported from several localities around the North Sea. The fauna of the German coast is particularly well studied; Schultze, 1867; Richters, 1908, 1909; Schulz, 1935, 1951, 1953; Grell, 1937; Remane, 1940; Freidrich, 1963; Riemann, 1966a, b; Schmidt, 1969. This German fauna includes three species of Batillipes and single representatives of five other genera. In addition, E. sigismundi and B. mirus have been found in Norway (Tambs-Lyche, 1939–40). Along the French coast of the English Channel, eight species from six genera are reported. While most studies originated at RoscofT, including Cuénot, 1892; Cantacuzène, 1951; Guèrin, 1960; Swedmark, 1951, 1955, 1956a; Swedmark & Teissier, 1967; Thulin, 1942, two species of Batillipes have been located elsewhere on the northern coast of France (Renaud-Debyser & Salvat, 1963).In recent surveys of beaches in Britain, additional tardigrades have been located. Gray & Rieger (1971) reported their occurrence at several beaches on the north-east coast of Yorkshire, especially at Stoupe Beck, Robin Hood's Bay and Filey Beach near Scar-borough. Also, A. D. Mclntyre has found them in his collections at Firemore Bay in Loch Ewe on the west coast of Scotland. This paper describes specimens generously provided from these two studies.
A Simple Method to Determine the O:N Ratio of Small Marine Animals
Authors: Snow N. B. , Williams P. J. Leb. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe atomic ratio of oxygen-consumed to ammonia-nitrogen excreted by marine organisms (O:N ratio) is more conveniently and precisely determined with current analytical procedures than the respiratory quotient (R.Q.). When an organism is oxidizing protein exclusively the O: N ratio will be low, less than 7; it will be high when either fat or carbohydrate is oxidized.
Observations by Means of Cine Photography on the Behaviour of the Haptonema in Plankton Flagellates of the Class Haptophyceae
Authors: Leadbeater B. S. C. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONInitially the haptonema was recorded as a ‘little additional flagellum’ by Scherffel (1899) when he describedPhaeocystis globosa. Similarly, the haptonema was referred to as the ‘third flagellum’ on the apparently tri-flagellate, brackish-waterPrymnesium saltansMassart (Massart, 1920). Two further brackish water species ofPrymnesiumwere described by Carter (1937) and all were characterized by a very short immobile ‘third appendage’. Lackey (1939) found a freshwater organism similar toPrymnesiumbut it possessed a ‘third flagellum’ several times the length of the true flagella. He re-corded that the third appendage was held out rigidly when the cell was at rest but during rapid swimming he was unable to see it and thought that this was due to an extremely rapid beat. He named his new organismChrysochromulina parvaandC. parvaLackey is now the type species of a considerable genus.Parke, Manton & Clarke (1955,1956,1958,1959) made a study of the light microscopy and fine structure of numerous marine species ofChrysochromulina. Their results showed that the ‘third flagellum’ differed in appearance and structure from that of a true flagellum and hence they decided to call this organelle ahaptonemaowing to its thread-like form and its ability to adhere to a smooth surface (Parke, Manton & Clarke, 1955). Their observations revealed that the haptonema could attach to a surface by an ‘adhesive tip’ and that the majority of species could coil their haptonemata into a helix and extend it again. In some species, e.g.C. strobilus(Parke, Manton & Clarke, 1959), the haptonema was usually tightly coiled whilst the cell was swimming.
Ultrastructure of the ‘Zooxanthella’Endodinium Chattoniiin Situ
Authors: Taylor D. L. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONRecent experiments with symbiosis in the flatwormConvoluta roscqffensisGraff (Provasoli, Yamasu & Manton, 1968; Provasoli, Yamasu & Mabuchi, 1969) reveal an important area in the investigation of algal-invertebrate associations, demonstrating the potential of studies based on the principle of cross-infections using various experimental symbionts. The studies which these authors describe are feasible only if detailed taxonomic data are available to facilitate rapid identification of symbiontsin situ. This kind of experimentation is impossible in symbiotic systems involving ‘zooxanthellae’, because of the general failure to provide adequate descriptions of the genera and species included in this ill-defined group. Admittedly, the situation shows signs of improvement. We now know that the ‘zooxanthella’ associated withC. convolutaAbildgaard is a diatom belonging to the genusLicmophora(Ax & Apelt, 1965; Apelt, 1969), the morphological criteria for the identification ofSymbiodinium microadriaticumFreudenthal have been redefined (Taylor, 1969 a) and a revised taxonomic description of this species is now available (Kevin, Hall, McLaughlin & Zahl, 1969). Nevertheless, we are still a long way from achieving a representative collection of well known experimental symbionts for use in comparative studies. It therefore seems worthwhile (not merely an exercise in micro-taxonomy and micro-horticulture) to continue to collect, identify and describe the range of genera and species that may be hidden among the ‘zooxanthellae’. The present paper is one in a series (see Taylor, 1969a,b,c) intended to explore the potential variety of these organisms.
On the biology of the opisthobranchPleurobranchus membranaceus
Authors: Thompson T. E. , Slinn D. J. 
Published: May 2009

On 5 November 1958 our attention was drawn, by Mr A. K. Nagabhushanam, to the presence in Port Erin bay of large numbers of swimming gastropods. These gastropods proved on examination to bePleurobranchus membranaceus(Montagu), a species generally believed to be exclusively benthic in habit. This paper is a report on this occurrence and on some aspects of the biology of P.membranaceus.For 4 days these animals were abundant in the bay and hundreds could have been captured with a hand-net from the steps of the Raglan Pier. Only approximately forty specimens were taken, this number being ample for our purpose. Between 5 and 9 November, numbers were stranded on the beach by the receding tide. Although many local fishermen consented to look out for these easily recognizable animals, and the Port Erin research vessels were out each day, no record of their swimming outside the bay was obtained, although specimens were occasionally dredged. On 9 November they disappeared from the bay without trace, and otter trawl and D-net hauls in the bay yielded only two further specimens; none were found on frequent shore collecting expeditions. However, on 2 December five more specimens were captured swimming near the Raglan Pier and occasional individuals were seen in the same place on 9 December. During the periods of their abundance it was ascertained that they swam during the hours of darkness as well as in daytime.