bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Glass-Forming Ability in the Ni-Zr and Ni-Ti Systems from Interatomic Potentials
Authors: Lai W.S. , Liu B.X. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFor the Ni-Zr and Ni-Ti systems, Molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations are conducted to compare the relative stability of the terminal solid solutions versus the corresponding amorphous states as a function of solute concentrations. It turns out that the terminal solid solutions transform into an amorphous state spontaneously when the solute concentrations are beyond the maximum allowable values, i.e. the critical solubilities, determined to be 14 at.% Zr in Ni and 25 at.% Ni in Zr for Ni-Zr system and 38 at.% Ti in Ni and 15 at.% Ni in Ti for the Ni-Ti system, respectively. The glass-forming ranges are therefore deduced to be within the respective critical solubilities, i.e. 14-75 at.% Zr and 38-85 at.% Ti for the Ni-Zr and Ni-Ti systems, respectively, which are compatible with those from experiments and/or from the generalized Lindemann criterion. Moreover, MD simulation also reveals that solid-state amorphization does take place and that the growth of the amorphous interlayer follows exactly a t½ law. Besides, a solubility criterion is proposed that the lower the maximum solid solubility the less stable is the lattice of the metal upon solid-state reaction and it can explain the fact that the growing speed of amorphous interlayer toward Ni (melting point = 1528 K) is greater than that directed to the Zr (2128 K) lattice, while it is smaller than that to Ti (1941 K) side.
Critical Cooling Rate and Thermal Stability in Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be Bulk Metallic Glasses
Authors: Waniuk Theodore A. , Schroers Jan , Johnson William L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe crystallization behavior of a series of alloys in the Zr-Ti-Cu-Ni-Be system is studied. Upon cooling from the molten state with different rates, alloys with compositions ranging along a tie line from (Zr75Ti25)55(Ni45Cu55)22.5Be22.5 (Vit1) to (Zr85Ti15)55(Ni57Cu43)17.5Be27.5 (Vit4) show a continuous increase in the critical cooling rate to suppress crystallization. In contrast, thermal analysis of the same alloys shows that the undercooled liquid region, the temperature difference between the glass transition temperature and the crystallization temperature, is largest for compositions midway between the two endpoints, revealing that glass forming ability does not correlate with thermal stability. The relationship between the change in glass forming ability and thermal stability is discussed with reference to a chemical decomposition process.
Synthesis and Stability of Amorphous Al Alloys
Authors: Perepezko J. H. , Wu R.I. , Hebert R. , Wilde G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe recent innovations in metallic glasses have led to new alloy classes that may be vitrified and a re-examination of the commonly used criteria for glass formation and stability. The new alloy classes are usually at least ternary systems and often higher order that can be grouped into two general categories. In one case large, bulk volumes may be slowly cooled to the glassy state which signifies a nucleation controlled synthesis. The other important class is represented by Al and Fe based glasses that can be synthesized only by rapid solidification processes such as melt spinning. These glasses are often called marginal glass formers that are synthesized under growth controlled kinetic conditions. With marginal glass forming alloys the termination of the amorphous state upon heating is often not characterized by a clear glass transition signal, Tg, but instead by the rapid onset of a primary crystallization reaction that represents the partial crystallization into a high number density of nanocrystals of the major component (i.e. Al or Fe) dispersed within a residual amorphous matrix. However, a closer examination by modulated or dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DDSC) has identified a true reversible Tg signal that confirms the amorphous state and has revealed additional low temperature annealing behavior that impacts the overall thermal stability and microstructure evolution. At the same time alternate synthesis strategies involving deformation alloying by intense cold rolling reveals that the primary crystallization reaction can be bypassed. Alternatively other approaches have demonstrated that by suitable alloying it is possible to innoculate the primary crystallization reaction and increase the density of primary nanocrystals by about an order of magnitude. These developments represent a major level of microstructure control that have an impact on the structural performance and stability.
Formation of Nano Icosahedral Quasicrystalline Phase in Zr-based Binary and Ternary Glassy Alloys
Authors: Saida Junji , Matsushita Mitsuhide , Inoue Akihisa 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIt is found that a nano icosahedral phase with diameters below 50 nm is formed as a primary phase in the Zr70Ni10M20, Zr70TM10Pd20, Zr70Au10Pd20 and Zr75Pt10Pd15 ternary and Zr70Pd30 binary glassy alloys. The nanoscale icosahedral phase in the diameter range below 10 nm was also found to be formed directly in the melt-spun Zr80Pt20 binary alloy. These icosahedral phases transform to the crystalline phase(s) at the higher annealing temperature. The nucleation kinetics for the precipitation of the icosahedral phase from supercooled liquid were examined in the Zr70Pd30 and Zr70Ni10Pd20 glassy alloys. It was clarified that the transformation of both alloys proceeds in the diffusion-controlled growth mode with increasing nucleation rate. The formation of the nanometer-scale icosahedral phase is due to the transformation mode. The activation energy of nucleation is evaluated to be 267 kJmol−1 for the binary alloy and 311 kJmol−1 for the ternary alloy. The difference between the two alloy systems seems to originate from the difference in the number of atoms for rearrgements in the nucleation mode. The short-range ordering is observed in the as-quenched Zr70Pd30 glassy alloy, which is indicative of the icosahedral structure. The formation of the nano-scale icosahedral phase in the Zr-based binary and ternary alloys is due to the existence of an icosahedral short-range order in the glassy or liquid state. It is suggested that the icosahedral short-range order is stabilized by the restraint of the long-range atomic rearrangements that lead to the transition to a periodic structure by the strong chemical affinities of Pd or Pt with Zr.
Local Magnetic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Nd50Fe40Si10-xAlx Bulk Glassy Hard Magnets
Authors: Chiriac H. , Lupu N. , Vandenberghe R.E. , Rao K.V. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe large values over 300 kA/m at room temperature were found for the coercive field of Nd50Fe40Si10−xAlx (x = 0; 10) amorphous melt-spun ribbons and cast rods. The dependence of the coercive field on the thickness and the preparation method, namely the cooling rate, is ascribed to the existence in the amorphous matrix of very small ferromagnetic clusters, which approach of a single magnetic domain. Coercivity increases substantially up to 600 kA/m by decreasing the temperature down to 200 K, although the measurements are carried out in low fields (up to 800 kA/m). The Mässbauer spectra can be fitted to two Fe sites with magnetic moments ranging from 1.25 to 2.20νB depending on the additional element.
R&D Status and Needs for Improved EB-PVD Thermal Barrier Coating Performance
Authors: Leyens C. , Schulz U. , Bartsch M. , Peters M. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe key issues for thermal barrier coating development are high temperature capability and durability under thermal cyclic conditions as experienced in the hot section of gas turbines. Due to the complexity of the system and the interaction of the constituents, performance improvements require a systems approach. However, there are issues closely related to the ceramic top coating and the bond coat, respectively. Reduced thermal conductivity, sintering, and stresses within the ceramic coating are addressed in the paper as well as factors affecting failure of the TBC by spallation. The latter is primarily governed by the formation and growth of the thermally grown oxide scale and therefore related to the bond coat. A strategy for lifetime assessment of TBCs is discussed.
Non-Destructive Characterisation of Thermal Barrier Coatings Using Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Mei Junfa , Wang Xin , Xiao Ping 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTImpedance spectroscopy (IS) has been used to characterise the degradation of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) due to thermal treatments at 1100°C for a period up to 200 hrs. The growth of the oxide layer at the yttria stabilised zirconia (YSZ)/bond coat interface in TBCs can be examined by measuring the impedance diagrams. From the analysis of the impedance diagrams of TBCs, the electrical properties of YSZ were found to be nearly constant during the thermal treatments, indicating there was little change in the microstructure and composition of YSZ. However, there was a clear change in the electrical properties of the oxide layer in the TBCs after thermal treatments, suggesting both microstructural and composition changes occurred in the oxide layer. These studies indicate that the IS is a very useful method in non-destructive characterisation of the degradation of TBCs.
In-Plane Cracking Behavior Near and Away from Interface of Thermal Barrier Coatings and Thermally Grown Oxides
Authors: Zhang Z. , Kameda J. , Swanson A. H. , Sakurai S. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe initiation characteristics of in-plane cracks near and away from the interface of thermal barrier coatings (TBC) and thermally grown oxides (TGO) have been studied using a protruded four-point bend testing technique together with a finite element analysis. In-plane TBC cracks were initiated near and away from the TBC/TGO interface, respectively, in protruded specimens without and with grooved substrates. It was shown that the onset of in-plane TBC cracks near or away from the interface in the protruded TBC tests was controlled by the out-of-plane tensile stress but not by the principal tensile stress acting upon an inclined plane to the interface. The critical local tensile stress for the initiation of TBC cracks near the interface was found to be 20% lower than that away from the interface. The TBC cracking near and away from the TBC/TGO interface is discussed in light of the residual stress distribution through the TBC thickness.
Measuring the Properties of Diffusion Aluminide Bond Coat Layers with Microsample Tensile Testing
Authors: Pan Deng , Wright P.K. , Hemker K.J. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe bond coat layer plays an important role in the TBC system by providing oxidation resistance and a foundation for the ceramic top coat. The thermal cyclic durability of a TBC is thought to be strongly dependent on the physical and mechanical properties of the bond coat layer. Attempts to measure these properties for as-deposited and thermally cycled diffusion aluminide bond coats have been greatly inhibited by the limited thickness (∼60 μm) of these coatings. In the present study, novel high temperature microsample tensile testing technique is employed to measure the Young's modulus (E), coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), yield strength and stress relaxation behavior of an as-deposited (Ni, Pt)Al bond coat in the temperature range of 25 oC to 1150 °C. Preliminary results for these material parameters are reported here. They are being used as material inputs for an independent finite element analysis (FEA) study of the development of stresses in the TBC layers during thermal cycling.
A Numerical Model of Ratcheting in Thermal Barrier Systems
Authors: Karlsson Anette M. , Evans Anthony G. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTMorphological instabilities in thermally grown oxide, observed in a range of thermal barrier systems, have been simulated by developing and using a numerical code. The simulations are based on a range of phenomena and constituent properties, such as plasticity in the bond coat and growth strains in the TGO at high temperature. One of the key implications is that the incidence of reverse yielding upon reheating is a necessary condition for morphological instabilities. That is, whenever the condition for reverse yielding is satisfied during the initial cycles, the imperfection amplitude increases with thermal cycling (ratcheting). Otherwise, shakedown occurs, i.e., the imperfection amplitude stops growing.
Phase Identification in Heated Thermal Barrier Coatings using Microbeam X-ray Diffraction Combined with Quantitative X-ray Mapping
Authors: Verkouteren Jennifer R. , Marinenko Ryna B. , Bright David S. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTPhase evolution in a yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia (Y-PSZ) thermal barrier coating (TBC) was studied by using quantitative electron probe x-ray mapping combined with microbeam x-ray diffraction. The as-sprayed coating contains a single t' phase with the composition of the feedstock material. After annealing at 1400 °C for 1 hour, the yttria content of the t' phase increases slightly to compensate for the formation of 0.06 mass fraction of a t phase containing 0.01 mole fraction YO1.5. These results are in contrast to those determined by bulk x-ray and neutron diffraction, and therefore highlight the need for multiple techniques of phase analysis in Y-PSZ.
Development of a Creep Resistant Tial-Base Alloy
Authors: Deevi S.C. , Zhang W.J. , Liu C.T. , Reddy B.V. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the mechanical and physical properties of a Ti-47Al-4(Nb, W, B) alloy (CTI-8) developed by Chrysalis Technologies are presented. The properties of CTI-8 alloy are compared with other TiAl-base alloys and currently used materials for high temperature applications. The CTI-8 alloy exhibits excellent creep resistance, good high temperature strength and better physical properties than the currently used materials. The comparisons suggest that CTI-8 has a great potential in aerospace and automotive industries.
Creep Behavior and Microstructural Stability of Lamellar γ-T1AI (Cr, Mo, Si, B) with Extremely Fine Lamellar Spacing
Authors: Schillinger Wolfram , Zhang Dezhi , Dehm Gerhard , Bartels Arno , Clemens Helmut 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTγ-T1AI (Cr, Mo, Si, B) specimens with two different fine lamellar microstructures were produced by vacuum arc melting followed by a two-stage heat treatment. The average lamellar spacing was determined to be 200 nm and 25–50 nm, respectively. Creep tests at 700°C showed a very strong primary creep for both samples. After annealing for 24 hours at 1000 °C the primary creep for both materials is significantly decreased. The steady-state creep for the specimens with the wider lamellar spacing appears to be similar to the creep behavior prior to annealing while the creep rate of the material with the previously smaller lamellar spacing is significantly higher. Optical microscopy and TEM-studies show that the microstructure of the specimens with the wider lamellar specing is nearly unchanged, whereas the previously finer material was completely recrystallized to a globular microstructure with a low creep resistance. The dissolution of the fine lamellar microstructure was also observed during creep tests at 800 °C as manifested in an acceleration of the creep rate. It is concluded that extremely fine lamellar microstructures come along with a very high dislocation density and internal stresses which causes the observed high primary creep. The microstructure has a composition far away from the thermodynamical equilibrium which leads to a dissolution of the structure even at relatively low temperatures close to the intended operating temperature of γ-T1AI structural parts. As a consequence this limits the benefit of fine lamellar microstructures on the creep behavior.
Creep Mechanisms in Equiaxed and Lamellar Ti-48Al
Authors: Viswanathan G. B. , Karthikeyan S. , Vasudevan V. K. , Mills M. J. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTMinimum creep rates as a function of stress have been obtained for Ti-48Al binary alloy with a near gamma and a fully lamellar microstructure. TEM investigation reveals that deformation structures in both microstructures are dominated by jogged screw 1/2[110] dislocations in γ phase. A modif ied jogged screw model is adopted to predict minimum creep rates where the rate controlling step is assumed to be the non-conservative motion of 1/2[110] unit dislocations. In the case of equiaxed microstructure where the deformation was mostly uniform, the creep rates predicted by this model were in agreement with experimental values. Conversely, deformation in lamellar microstructures were highly inhomogeneous where the density of jogged 1/2[110] unit dislocations were seen in varying proportions depending on the width of the γ laths. The creep rates and stress exponents in these microstructures is explained in terms of active volume fractions of γ laths participating in deformation for a given applied stress.
Anomalous Strengthening Mechanism in NbSi2-Based Silicide Single Crystals
Authors: Umakoshi Yukichi , Nakano Takayoshi , Azuma Masafumi 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTAnomalous strengthening behavior of NbSi2-based silicide single crystals with C40 structure was examined focusing on the effect of substitutional alloying elements and the formation of a solute dragging atmosphere. After pre-straining to 1% at temperatures between 600 and 1600°C, single crystals were deformed at 400°C to examine the effects of dislocation sources and segregation of solute atoms around dislocations. The stress amplitude of yield drop was derived by the segregation of solute atoms at the superlattice intrinsic stacking fault (SISF) between two superpartials. Introduction of dislocation sources by pre-straining remarkably improved fracture strain, but the segregation of solute atoms around dislocations during pre-straining at higher temperatures induced a rapid drop of fracture strain. Change in the SISF energy by static and dynamic aging was observed to obtain evidence of segregation of solute atoms at the SISF between two superpartials.
Microstructures and thermoelectric power of the higher manganese silicide alloys
Authors: Kakubo Kimiko , Kimura Yoshisato , Mishima Yoshinao 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTIn the present work, we investigate microstructures and thermoelectric power of the binary higher manganese silicide (hereafter denoted as HMS) base alloys prepared by ingot metallurgy, i.e., arc-melting in an Ar gas atmosphere. Alloys with 63.5, 64.0 and 64.5 at% Si have a small amount of second phase, either the primary metallic MnSi phase or Si solid solution (hereafter denoted as (Si)). A slight revision is thereby made on the HMS single phase region of the Mn-Si binary phase diagram. The presence of MnSi seems to reduce the thermoelectric power of the HMS, while that of (Si) enhances it. An alloy having the HMS/(Si) eutectic microstructure, 67.9at%Si, shows the highest thermoelectric power in the Mn-Si binary alloys examined. Moreover, effect of doping the p-type elements, Fe and Cr, on the thermoelectric power and microstructural features is also investigated for a 63.5at%Si alloy which consists mostly of HMS phase with a small amount of (Si) phase. It is shown that both elements, especially 0.5 at% Cr addition, enhance the thermoelectric power of the alloys.
The Role of Carbon and Vacancies in Determining the Hardness of FeAl Intermetallic in the Quenched and the Aged States
Authors: García-Oca C. , Morris D.G. , Muñoz-Morris M.A. , Deevi S.C. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe role of quenched-in vacancies in FeAl intermetallics on producing considerable hardening is well known, as is the softening on annealing as vacancies are annihilated. The present study examines quench hardening and anneal softening by quenched-in vacancies and interstitial carbon solute in Fe-40Al-C. Interstitial carbon is seen to be a more potent hardening agent than the vacancy, while the co-annihilation of vacancies and carbon atoms from solution during annealing leads to dislocation loop debris, and equiaxed or plate-like carbide precipitation, according to the annealing conditions. The processes occurring have been followed by detailed TEM studies, and are discussed in terms of the relative solubilities and diffusion rates of vacancies and carbon. The relevance of such interstitial solute hardening to the behaviour of other FeAl intermetallics is also briefly considered.
High-Temperature Strength of Ir-Based Refractory Superalloys
Authors: Yamabe-Mitarai Yoko 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTIr-based refractory superalloys with an fcc and L12two-phase structure similar to that in Ni-based superalloys but with considerably higher melting temperatures are proposed. First, the microstructure and strength are shown for several kinds of binary alloys. Then, the effect that the third element and the combination of Ni-Al with an fcc and L12two-phase structure in binary alloys had on the lattice misfit, microstructure, and strength was investigated. The precipitation-hardening effect in Ir-based alloys was investigated and discussed in terms of precipitate morphology and lattice misfit. The creep properties of Ir-based alloys were also investigated.
High-Temperature Materials Based on Quaternary Ir-Nb-Ni-Al Alloys
Authors: Yu X. , Yamabe-Mitarai Y. , Ro Y. , Nakaza S. , Harada H. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTA novel method to develop new quaternary alloys with an fcc/L12 coherent structure is proposed. This paper reviews the development of quaternary Ir-Nb-Ni-Al alloys. The microstructure, lattice misfit, and compressive 0.2% flow stress of 15 kinds of alloys were investigated systematically. Two kinds of coherent structures, fcc/L12-Ir3Nb and fcc/ L12-Ni3Al, were observed in most alloys. Two two-phase structures, fcc+L12-Ir3Nb and fcc+L12-Ni3Al, were observed in Ir-rich and Ni-rich regions, respectively. The lattice misfits of quaternary Ir-Nb-Ni-Al alloys were higher than those of Ni- or Ir-base binary alloys. The compressive 0.2% flow stresses of quaternary alloys increased dramatically compared with those of Ni-base superalloys. The quaternary alloys located in the Ir-rich region were not only had higher strength but also better ductility than Ir-base binary alloys. The potential use of quaternary alloys is discussed.
Hydrogen Pulverization in Intermetallic-based Alloys
Authors: Semboshi Satoshi , Masahashi Naoya , Hanada Shuji 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTPulverization behavior and microstructure evolution with hydrogenation in hydrogen absorbing Ta-Ni intermetallic-based alloys, such as Ta2Ni with Ta solid solution (Tass), TiMn2 with TiMn and Nb3Al with Nb solid solution (Nbss), are investigated to elucidate the mechanism of the hydrogen pulverization. Ta-10at.%Ni consisting of Ta solid solution (Tass) and Ta2Ni Laves phase is pulverized to coarse powder over 100 μm in hydrogenation. Crack propagation occurs preferentially in the brittle Ta2Ni phase rather than in the ductile Tass phase. When the volume fraction of brittle Ta2Ni increases with increasing Ni content, hydrogen pulverization is enhanced. The lattice parameter of Tass increases by hydrogenation, while it does not change in Ta2Ni. In addition, nano-sized regions with Moiré patterns are produced in Tass and Debye rings corresponding to tantalum hydride β-TaH appear in the diffraction pattern. These features are very similar to those of TiMn2 based alloy and Nb3 Al based alloys in the literature. Based on the present results along with those in the literature it is concluded that the hydrogen pulverization is attributable to (1) the absorption of a large amount of hydrogen in constituent phase(s), (2) the large strain introduced by lattice expansion and the hydride formation, and (3) the ease of crack nucleation and propagation in brittle constituent phase(s).