bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Directive Versus Supportive Approaches Used by Midwives When Providing Care During the Second Stage of Labor
Authors: Osborne Kathryn , Hanson Lisa 
Published: January 2012

Introduction: Although the risks associated with using sustained and forceful maternal bearing‐down efforts during the second stage of labor have been well documented, most women who give birth in the United States bear down in response to direction from care providers about when and how to push rather than in response to their own physiologic urges. The purpose of this study was to describe the practices used by certified nurse‐midwives/certified midwives (CNMs/CMs) in response to maternal bearing‐down efforts when caring for women in second‐stage labor and to identify factors associated with the use of supportive approaches to second‐stage labor care.Methods: A national survey of 705 CNMs/CMs was conducted using mailed questionnaires. The instrument was an 84‐item, fixed‐choice questionnaire using Likert type scales that had been validated. A 72.6% response rate was achieved, and 375 of the respondents cared for women during the second stage of labor.Results: Most CNMs/CMs (82.4%) often or almost always supported women without epidural anesthesia to initiate bearing‐down efforts only when the woman felt an urge to do so. When caring for women without an epidural, most of the respondents (67%) reported that they often or almost always supported a woman's spontaneous bearing‐down efforts without providing direction. Most participants reported using more directive practices when caring for women with epidural anesthesia. Whether caring for women with or without an epidural, most respondents (77.1% and 79.6%, respectively) often or almost always provided more direction as the fetal head emerged and the final stretching of the perineum was taking place. A change in fetal heart tones that led the midwife to believe the birth needed to occur quickly was the circumstance that had the greatest degree of influence on the participant's (90.6%) decision to provide more direction during bearing‐down efforts. Many participants indicated that they also were influenced to provide more direction when women in labor asked for more direction (73.3%) or appeared to be fatigued (74.6%).Discussion: The majority of CNMs/CMs use supportive approaches to bearing‐down efforts during second‐stage labor care and most used directive approaches as an intervention aimed at avoiding potential problems.
Context Effects in Multi‐Alternative Decision Making: Empirical Data and a Bayesian Model
Authors: Hawkins Guy , Brown Scott D. , Steyvers Mark , Wagenmakers Eric‐Jan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFor decisions between many alternatives, the benchmark result is Hick's Law: that response time increases log‐linearly with the number of choice alternatives. Even when Hick's Law is observed for response times, divergent results have been observed for error rates—sometimes error rates increase with the number of choice alternatives, and sometimes they are constant. We provide evidence from two experiments that error rates are mostly independent of the number of choice alternatives, unless context effects induce participants to trade speed for accuracy across conditions. Error rate data have previously been used to discriminate between competing theoretical accounts of Hick's Law, and our results question the validity of those conclusions. We show that a previously dismissed optimal observer model might provide a parsimonious account of both response time and error rate data. The model suggests that people approximate Bayesian inference in multi‐alternative choice, except for some perceptual limitations.
Traumatic Subperiostial Emphysema Caused by Hyperpneumatization of the Temporal and Occipital Bone
Authors: Zhang Xiangtong , Jing Meng , Liang Hongsheng , Meng Xiangxi , Liu Enzhong , Zhao Shiguang 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTHyperpneumatization of the temporal bone with extension into the occipital bone and even the parietal bones is a rare condition. We report a case in which the patient suffered periodically from a palpable mass in the parietal‐occipital region which originated from extensive occipital bone pneumatization. Computed tomography examination revealed extensive temporal and occipital pneumatization and subperiosteal pneumatoceles, which was corrected by surgery.
The Effect of Stylet Choice on the Success Rate of Intubation Using the GlideScope Video Laryngoscope in the Emergency Department
Authors: Sakles John C. , Kalin Leah 
Published: January 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 1–4 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  The objective was to determine whether the using the GlideRite rigid stylet (GRS) compared with a standard malleable stylet (SMS) affects the success rate of intubation using the GlideScope in emergency intubations.Methods:  This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected continuous quality improvement (CQI) data based on intubations performed in an academic emergency department (ED) over a 4‐year period. Following each intubation the operator completed a data form regarding multiple aspects of the intubation, including the device used, type of stylet used, procedural complications, outcome of the intubation, difficult airway predictors (DAPs), and the operator’s postgraduate year (PGY). Intubation was considered successful if the GlideScope was used as the initial device and resulted in successful intubation of the trachea.Results:  Over the 4‐year study period, the GlideScope video laryngoscope (GVL) was used for 473 intubations. Of these, 322 (68%) used the GRS, while 151 (32%) used the SMS. When the GRS was used, operators were ultimately successful in 93.5% of cases (301 of 322), whereas when the SMS was used, operators were successful in 78.1% of cases (118 of 151; p < 0.0001). The first‐attempt success rate for the GRS group was 82.9% (267 of 322) and for the SMS group was 67.5% (102 of 151; p < 0.001). The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) complication rate was 0.25 (±0.5) in the GRS group and was 0.47 (±0.7) in the SMS group (p = 0.0003). In the GRS group, 18% of patients (58 of 322) had oxygen desaturation, while in the SMS group, 31% of patients (46 of 151) had oxygen desaturation (p = 0.003). The mean number of DAPs was 2.0 (±1.5) in the GRS group and 2.0 (±1.5) in the SMS group (p = 0.65). The mean (±SD) PGY of the operator was 2.2 (±0.8) years in the GRS group and 2.2 (±0.8) years in the SMS group (p = 0.79).Conclusions:  Both first‐attempt and ultimate success rates were higher with GlideScope intubations in the ED when the rigid stylet was used compared to the malleable stylet. The number of complications and, in particular, the incidence of oxygen desaturation were lower in the GRS group than in the SMS group. The two stylet groups were similar regarding difficulty of the airway and experience level of the operator.
Methyl isonicotinate induces increased walking and take‐off behaviour in western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
Authors: van Tol R. W. H. M. , de Bruin A. , Butler R. C. , Davidson M. M. , Teulon D. A. J. , de Kogel W. J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTimely detection of western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is important to help prevent economic damage to crops. Coloured traps are commonly used for thrips monitoring and their efficacy can be markedly improved with the addition of semiochemicals such as methyl isonicotinate (MI). However, the behavioural response of thrips to these compounds is poorly understood. In leaf/petal disc laboratory experiments the effect of MI on adult female WFT was examined with respect to walking and take‐off behaviour. Clean air or air with MI was blown over the leaf/petal discs at an angle of 30° via a glass pipette connected to a wash bottle containing a cotton dental roll with or without a defined amount of MI. At airspeeds of 0.6–1.2 m s−1 and at doses of 1, 10, 50, 100, and 1000 μl (equivalent to indicative concentrations of 1.7, 4.5, 7.3, 8.8, and 14.9 ng MI l−1 air blown over the leaf discs), WFT spent a greater proportion of time walking on chrysanthemum leaf discs in the presence of MI than the non‐attractive thrips compound β‐caryophyllene or clean air. Western flower thrips showed a dose‐dependent take‐off response to the thrips attractant MI, but not to β‐caryophyllene (virtually no take‐off). At 100 μl of MI (8.8 ng l−1 air), WFT spent a greater proportion of time walking on host plant tissue than in clean air, depending on plant disc substrates. Furthermore, WFT took off more often from plant discs exposed to an air current containing MI than from those exposed to clean air. Western flower thrips exposed to MI took off at a similar rate from chrysanthemum leaves, chrysanthemum flower petals, and sweet pepper leaves, but much less readily from bean leaves. The results show that MI stimulates walking and take‐off behaviour for adult female WFT under these experimental conditions and these responses are dose‐dependent and mediated by the host plant. These results are placed in the context of previous research on the behavioural response of thrips to semiochemicals and their implications for thrips pest management are discussed.
Facultative gregarious development in a solitary koinobiont parasitoid, Ephedrus californicus: implications of larval ecology and host constraints
Authors: Mackauer M. , Chow F. J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn solitary parasitoids, the mandibulate first instars behave aggressively towards potential competitors so that generally only one larva survives per host. A ‘failure of competition’ may result in facultative gregarious development, however. We used Ephedrus californicus Baker (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), a solitary koinobiont parasitoid of aphids, to test two hypotheses in the laboratory that could explain facultative gregarious development. Gregarious development increased with the intensity of parasitism, with two (rarely three) parasitoids successfully developing in a single aphid. In heavily superparasitized hosts, interference between surviving larvae often caused abnormal pupation behaviour and inability to emerge from the mummy. The hypothesis that the survival of more than one larva per host is dependent on differences in larval age was not supported. The total body size in terms of dry mass of two males or two females developing together in the same host was higher than that of same‐sex counterparts developing singly. Females were larger than males with which they shared a host. Hypotheses about the evolutionary transition from a solitary to a gregarious lifestyle in parasitoid Hymenoptera have focused on lethal fighting between first instars but have ignored other constraints including immature mortality during later development and limiting host resources. Especially in species that pupate inside the dead host, specific requirements for pupation and emergence may determine whether one or several offspring per host can develop to adult.
The reliability of cone‐beam computed tomography to assess bone density at dental implant recipient sites: a histomorphometric analysis by micro‐CT
Authors: González‐García Raúl , Monje Florencio 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to objectively assess the reliability of the cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) as a tool to pre‐operatively determine radiographic bone density (RBD) by the density values provided by the system, analyzing its relationship with histomorphometric bone density expressed as bone volumetric fraction (BV/TV) assessed by micro‐CT of bone biopsies at the site of insertion of dental implants in the maxillary bones.Material and methodsThirty‐nine bone biopsies of the maxillary bones at the sites of 39 dental implants from 31 edentulous healthy patients were analyzed. The NobelGuide™ software was used for implant planning, which also allowed fabrication of individual stereolithographic surgical guides. The analysis of CBCT images allowed pre‐operative determination of mean density values of implant recipient sites along the major axis of the planned implants (axial RBD). Stereolithographic surgical guides were used to guide implant insertion and also to extract cylindrical bone biopsies from the core of the exact implant site. Further analysis of several osseous micro‐structural variables including BV/TV was performed by micro‐CT of the extracted bone biopsies.ResultsMean axial RBD was 478 ± 212 (range: 144–953). A statistically significant difference (P = 0.02) was observed among density values of the cortical bone of the upper maxilla and mandible. A high positive Pearson's correlation coefficient (r = 0.858, P < 0.001) was observed between RBD and BV/TV, with the regression equations: (1) Axial RBD = −19.974 + 10.238·BV/TV; (2) BV/TV = 14.258 + 0.72·Axial RBD. RBD was also positively correlated with the trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular number (Tb.N), but negatively correlated with trabecular separation (Tb.Sp), structural model index, and inverse connectivity (Tb.Pf). Density values upper than 450 were associated with BV/TV upper than 50%, mean Tb.Th upper than 0.2 mm, mean Tb.Sp lower than 0.3 mm, and mean Tb.N upper than 2.ConclusionRBD assessed by CBCT has a strong positive correlation with BV/TV assessed by micro‐CT at the site of dental implants in the maxillary bones. Pre‐operative estimation of density values by CBCT is a reliable tool to objectively determine bone density.
Common genetic risk variants of TLR2 are not associated with periodontitis in large European case‐control populations
Authors: Richter Gesa M. , Graetz Christian , Pohler Pia , Nothnagel Michael , Dommisch Henrik , Laine Marja L. , Folwaczny Mathias , Noack Barbara , Eickholz Peter , Groessner‐Schreiber Birte , Jepsen Søren , Loos Bruno G. , Schreiber Stefan , Schaefer Arne S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAimInvolvement of TLR2 in the pathophysiology of periodontitis has widely been discussed, but hitherto, no validated genetic associations were reported. Previous association studies lacked sufficient statistical power and adequate haplotype information to draw unambiguous conclusions. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate TLR2 linkage disequilibrium (LD) regions for their potential associations with periodontitis in two large analysis populations of aggressive (AgP) and chronic periodontitis (CP) of North West European descent.Materials and methodsThe study population comprised 598 AgP patients, 914 CP patients and 1804 healthy controls. Analysis of TLR2 LD regions was performed with haplotype tagging SNPs (tagSNPs) using SNPlex and TaqMan genotyping assays. Genotypic, dominant, multiplicative, and recessive genetic models were tested. The genotypes were adjusted for the covariates smoking, diabetes, and gender. Resequencing was performed by Sanger technology.ResultsUpon covariate adjustment and correction for multiple testing, no tagSNPs showed significant associations with AgP or CP. Targeted resequencing of exon 3 in 47 AgP cases identified carriership of two common and three rare variants.ConclusionCommon LD regions of TLR2 do not show genetic associations with periodontitis in the North West European population. Resequencing of exon 3 could not identify disease‐associated rare variants in TLR2.
Non‐exposed bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a critical assessment of current definition, staging, and treatment guidelines
Authors: Patel S , Choyee S , Uyanne J , Nguyen AL , Lee P , Sedghizadeh PP , Kumar SKS , Lytle J , Shi S , Le AD 
Published: January 2012

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 625–632Non‐exposed bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a newly reported complication arising from bisphosphonate therapy that presents with atypical symptoms and no apparent mucosal fenestration or exposure of necrotic bone. The clinical observation of the presence of necrotic bone underneath normal epithelial coverage was not conclusive for the diagnosis of BRONJ based on current guidelines established by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) and the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR), which specify the presence of clinically exposed necrotic bone for more than 8 weeks. Hence, the purpose of this review is to critically assess the current guidelines for diagnosis and management of BRONJ and propose a modified staging system and treatment guidelines to properly address the non‐exposed variant of BRONJ lesions.
Gene cloning, bacterial expression, and purification of calreticulin from Anopheles stephensi (AsCRT)
Authors: BORHANI Nahid , HEIDARI Mansour , BASSERI Hamid R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDuring the invasion of Plasmodium ookinetes to the mosquito midgut epithelium, several proteins or glycoproteins are involved. Recent study has shown that the calreticulin (CRT) of the midgut from Anopheles albimanus can bind to the protein receptor Pvs25 on surface of Plasmodium vivax ookinetes. Thus, in order to get more insight into the potential roles of Anopheles stephensi calreticulin (AsCRT) in the midgut, we amplified and cloned the full‐length of calreticulin coding sequence from Anopheles stephensi. The AsCRT consists of 1221 bp nucleic acids with one open reading frame (ORF) encoding 406 amino acids and an apparent molecular weight around 46 KDa. Subsequently, the recombinant calreticulin as Glutathione S‐transferase (GST) fusion in pGEX −6p‐1 expression vector (GST‐AsCRT) was produced in the prokaryotic system under optimum conditions. GST‐AsCRT fusion protein has a molecular weight around 73 KDa. The recombinant protein was detected by Western blotting using a rabbit anti‐GST polyclonal antibody. Here, we report via single protein purification procedure using MagneGST beads, 25 mg of the recombinant protein was obtained per liter of bacterial culture. This is the first report describing the heterologous expression of Anopheles stephensi calreticulin in the prokaryotic system. The production of this recombinant protein will now allow us to further investigate AsCRT molecular protein analyses, characterization of physiochemical properties, as well as interaction between calreticulin and plasmodium protein surface.
Paraventricular Nucleus Neuropeptide Expression in Huntington's Disease Patients
Authors: van Wamelen Daniel J. , Aziz N. Ahmad , Anink Jasper J. , Roos Raymund A. C. , Swaab Dick F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractNeuroendocrine, metabolic and autonomic nervous system dysfunctions are prevalent among patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and may underlie symptoms such as depression, weight loss and autonomic failure. Using post‐mortem paraffin‐embedded tissue, we assessed the integrity of the major neuropeptide populations in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN)—the hypothalamic neuroendocrine and autonomic integration center—in HD patients. The number corticotropin‐releasing hormone, cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript, arginine vasopressin and oxytocin immunoreactive (ir) neurons did not differ between HD patients and control subjects. However, the significant positive correlation between arginine vasopressin and oxytocin ir neurons in control subjects (P = 0.036) was absent in patients. Corticotropin‐releasing hormone mRNA levels were 68% higher in HD patients (P = 0.046). Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone mRNA levels did not differ between HD patients and control subjects, although a negative correlation with disease duration was present in the former (P = 0.036). These findings indicate that the PVN is largely unaffected in HD patients. However, our findings suggest that hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis activity may alter during the course of the disease and that autonomic nervous system dysfunction might partly arise from an imbalance between arginine vasopressin and oxytocin neurons in the PVN.
Excitation Energy Transfer in Isolated Chlorosomes from Chlorobaculum tepidum and Prosthecochloris aestuarii
Authors: Martiskainen Jari , Linnanto Juha , Aumanen Viivi , Myllyperkiö Pasi , Korppi‐Tommola Jouko 
Published: January 2012

AbstractExcitation energy transfer in chlorosomes from photosynthetic green sulfur bacteria, Chlorobaculum (Cba.) tepidum and Prosthecochloris (Pst.) aestuarii, have been studied at room temperature by time‐resolved femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Bleach rise times from 117 to 270 fs resolved for both chlorosomes reflect extremely efficient intrachlorosomal energy transfer. Bleach relaxation times, from 1 to 3 ps and 25 to 35 ps, probed at 758 nm were tentatively assigned to intrachlorosomal energy transfer based on amplitude changes of the global fits and model calculations. The anisotropy decay constant of about 1 ps resolved at 807 nm probe wavelength for the chlorosomes from Chloroflexus aurantiacus, Pst. aestuarii and Cba. tepidum was related to energy transfer between bacteriochlorophyll a molecules of the baseplate and partly to intrachlorosomal energy transfer. The longer anisotropy components 6.6, 8.8 and 12.1 ps resolved for the three chlorosomes, respectively, were assigned to chlorosome to baseplate energy transfer. Global fits of magic‐angle data also revealed longer chlorosome to baseplate energy transfer components from 95 to 135 ps, in accord with results from simulations.
Removing external DNA contamination from arthropod predators destined for molecular gut‐content analysis
Authors: GREENSTONE MATTHEW H. , WEBER DONALD C. , COUDRON THOMAS A. , PAYTON MARK E. , HU JING S. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEcological research requires large samples for statistical validity, typically hundreds or thousands of individuals, which are most efficiently gathered by mass‐collecting techniques. For the study of interspecific interactions, molecular gut‐content analysis enables detection of arthropod predation with minimal disruption of community interactions. Field experiments have demonstrated that standard mass‐collection methods, such as sweep netting, vacuum sampling and foliage beating, sometimes lead to contamination of predators with nontarget DNA, thereby compromising resultant gut‐content data. We deliberately contaminated immature Coleomegilla maculata and Podisus maculiventris that had been fed larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata by topically applying homogenate of the alternate prey Leptinotarsa juncta. We then attempted to remove contaminating DNA by washing in ethanol or bleach. A 40‐min wash with end‐over‐end rotation in 80% EtOH did not reliably reduce external DNA contamination. Identical treatment with 2.5% commercial bleach removed most externally contaminating DNA without affecting the detectability of the target prey DNA in the gut. Use of this bleaching protocol, perhaps with minor modifications tailored to different predator–prey systems, should reliably eliminate external DNA contamination, thereby alleviating concerns about this possible source of cross‐contamination for mass‐collected arthropod predators destined for molecular gut‐content analysis.