bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value of Follow-up Examinations of Children and Adolescents Evaluated for Sexual Abuse and Assault
Authors: Gavril Amy R. , Kellogg Nancy D. , Nair Prakash 
Published: January 2012

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to determine whether follow-up examinations of suspected victims of child sexual abuse influence medical diagnosis or treatment.METHODS:A retrospective chart review of patients with initial and follow-up examinations (examinations 1 and 2, respectively) over a 5-year study period was conducted. Patient and abuse characteristics, interval between examinations and abuse, and examiner experience levels were collected; examination findings and test results for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were compared for examinations 1 and 2.RESULTS:Among 727 patients, examination 2 resulted in a change in interpretation of trauma likelihood in 129 (17.7%) patients and identified STIs in 47 (6.5%) patients. Changes in trauma likelihood and detection of additional STIs during follow-up examinations were more likely in adolescent, female, and sexually active patients and those with a history of genital−genital contact, unknown examination 1 findings, or drug-facilitated sexual assault. Although examination 2 was less likely to affect the interpretation of trauma likelihood and STIs in preadolescent patients, a change in interpretation of trauma likelihood was noted for 49 (15.5%) of these patients, and 16 (5.1%) were diagnosed with a new STI on examination 2. The level of clinician experience during examination 1 did affect the likelihood of changes in examination findings during examination 2.CONCLUSIONS:Follow-up examinations by specialists affected the interpretation of trauma and detection of STIs in ∼23% of pediatric patients undergoing sexual abuse assessments.
Characterization of the Fracture of an Automobile Drum Brake
Authors: Perrusquia N. López , Doñu M. A. , Cortez V. J. , Sánchez D. , Vázquez F. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn this research we studied the fracture of a cast iron drum for 3.5 ton trucks, and it seeks to determine the causes that led to a series of cracks in different areas of the part of drum brake during the manufacturing process, casting or machining. The work followed the methodology usually used in failure analysis; we used the following analytical techniques: visual inspection, penetrating liquids, fractography, metallography, chemical analysis and mechanical testing of hardness. The analysis of the automotive part surface is divided into four sections which are the flange, track, belt and covers powders which were evaluated by the above techniques to determine the failure of the piece. Metallography analysis in each section of the piece showed different microstructure on gray cast iron; showing that pieces works with different cooling conditions during manufacture, giving a mechanism of failure-prone fragile.
Microstructural Rejuvenation Through Non-conventional Heat Treatments of an Inconel 939 Superalloy
Authors: González M. A. , Martínez D. I. , Pérez A. , Guajardo H. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe microstructural rejuvenation through non-conventional heat treatments (NCHT) of a conventional cast superalloy Inconel 939 was investigated. The primary and secondary main constituents of the NCHT microstructures were characterized through its morphology and composition applying conventional microscopy and analytical scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed a complete rejuvenation of the overage microstructure (disordered coarse cuboids of 1.2μm from γ´, continuous films of M23C6 carbides and coarse MC carbides as well as γ-γ´eutectics) into a more homogeneous microstructure; spherical ordered primary γ´ and secondary γ´ precipitates ranging between 357 to 442 nm and 30 to50 nm respectively and depending on the applied heat treatment. Also blocky type MC and discreet M23C6 carbides dispersed within the dendrite and in the interdendritic regions were observed. There was no evidence of the formation of detrimental phases with the NCHT, which can affect the long-term properties of the alloy during service.
Structural Characterization of Nanoparticles Obtained by a Polyol Synthesis in the Bimetallic System Pt-Pd
Authors: García-Ruiz A. F. , Salazar J. J. Velázquez , Esparza R. , Castillo N. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTA modified polyol synthesis has been utilized to study the different structures obtained in the bimetallic system of platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd). Some results are shown in this work. Thermal methods under refluxing, carrying on the reaction up to 285 ºC, have been assayed to reduce metallic salts using ethylene glycol (EG) as reducer and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as protective reagent of the formed bimetallic nanoparticles. The special core-shell structure has been observed in these bimetallic nanoparticles, whose synthesis was assisted by Ag, showing polyhedral shapes. The average diameter size of the core has been estimated at 10 nm, and the diameter size of the shell in 13 nm, consequently the thickness of the shell is around 1.5 nm. Nanoparticles were structurally characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) equipped with detector to generate high angle annular dark field (HAADF) images. This kind of structures have been studied and utilized to increase successfully the catalytic properties of monometallic nanoparticles of Pt or Pd according to other works. Here, the synthesis procedure is described; as the main results, several images are presented showing the obtained bimetallic core-shell structures and their fast Fourier transform (FFT), and also the size and the elemental analysis of the nanoparticles are reported, concluding that this synthesis method is very efficient for preparing bimetallic core shell structures.
Effect of the Thermal Treatment on the Capacity of Removal of Cr (VI) of Sol-Gel Hydrotalcite-like Materials
Authors: Ramos E. , Gutiérrez N. L. , Contreras C. A. , del Angel G. A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn this work the effect on the adsorption of Cr (VI) by thermally treated Hydrotalcite-like Material (HTM) synthesized by the sol-gel method with a Mg/Al = 2 was studied. The characterization of the HTM before and after Cr (VI) removal, as well as the kinetic studies were carried out. When the HTM are thermally treated at 350ºC the hydrotalcite crystalline structure remains and the textural properties improve. The Cr (VI) adsorption capacity of HTM was 125 mg of Cr (VI) / g of HTM. This capacity augments at 132 mg of Cr (VI) / g of HTM after heating HTM at 300°C. The crystallinity as well the porosity of the HTM diminished after adsorption of Cr (VI), due to the obstruction of both the pores and the interlayer space. The adsorption of Cr (VI) occurred before 4 minutes contact time. It can be concluded that HTM exhibits a high Cr (VI) adsorption capacity in a short time.
Structural Characterization of Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized by Chemical -Methods
Authors: Ruíz-Baltazar A. , López Claudia , Pérez R. , Rosas G. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTDifferent synthesis methods has been employed to produce nanoparticles, however, chemical reduction method offer a effective route to obtained sizes nanoparticles controlled and morphologies very well defined. Iron nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical reduction using sodium borohydride (SB) NaBH4, Fe (III) Chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) as starting metallic salt (MS) and Poly-vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as surfactant agent. The nanoparticles have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Effects of Displacing Radiation on Graphite Observed Using in situ Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Hinks J.A. , Jones A.N. , Donnelly S.E. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTGraphite is used as a moderator and structural component in the United Kingdom’s fleet of Advanced Gas-Cooled Reactors (AGRs) and features in two Generation IV reactor concepts: the Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) and the Molten Salt Reactor (MSR). Under the temperature and neutron irradiation conditions of an AGR, nuclear-grade graphite demonstrates significant changes to it mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. These changes include considerable dimensional change with expansion in the c-direction and contraction in the a/b-directions. As the United Kingdom’s AGRs approach their scheduled decommissioning dates, it is essential that this behaviour be understood in order to determine under what reactor conditions their operating lifetimes can be safely extended.Two models have been proposed for the dimensional change in graphite due to displacing radiation: the “Standard Model” and “Ruck and Tuck”. The Standard Model draws on a conventional model of Frenkel pair production, point defect migration and agglomeration but fails to explain several key experimental observations. The Ruck and Tuck model has been proposed by M.I. Heggie et al. and is based upon the movement of basal dislocation to create folds in the “graphene” sheets and seeks not only to account for the dimension change but also the other phenomena not explained by the Standard Model.In order to test the validity of these models, work is underway to gather experimental evidence of the microstructural evolution of graphite under displacing radiation. One of the primary techniques for this is transmission electron microscopy with in situ ion irradiation. This paper presents the results of electron irradiation at a range of energies (performed in order to separate the effects of the electron and ion beams) and of combined electron and ion beam irradiation.
Relating the fatigue lifetime of hot rolled AA7xxx alloys to the pore size distribution as determined by 3D X-ray tomography
Authors: Wu Xiaomin , Schlangen Erik , van der Zwaag Sybrand 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTA set of hot rolled 7xxx aluminum alloys with modification of processing conditions were analyzed on their fatigue life time as well as the internal microstructure using 3D computed X-ray tomography with a lab scale scanner and optical microscopy. It is shown that for conventional hot rolling conditions many large (>300μm) casting pores were retained in the material. With modifications of the rolling conditions the size and density distribution of the retained casting pores were significantly reduced, leading to greatly improved fatigue life times.
Near-Equilibrium Solubility of Nanocrystalline Alloys
Authors: Kirchner Alexander , Riedl Thomas , Eymann Konrad , Noethe Michael , Kieback Bernd 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTGrain boundaries are the dominating type of defect in nanocrystalline materials. Understanding their properties is crucial to the comprehension of nanocrystalline materials behavior. A facile thermodynamic model for alloy grain boundaries is developed. The macroscopic analysis is based on established descriptions of metallic solutions and the universal equation of state at negative pressure, using mainly parameters obtainable from measurements on macroscopic samples. The free energy of atoms in grain boundaries is derived as a function of excess volume, composition, and temperature. Interfacial enrichment is computed using equilibrium conditions between bulk phase and grain boundaries. The excess volume of symmetric ‘100’ tilt grain boundaries in Cu as a common system is obtained by atomistic computer simulation. In a general case the predictions of the proposed model are compared to experimental grain boundary segregation data, yielding a good match. The near-equilibrium solubility of Ag in nanocrystalline Cu and of Cu in nanocrystalline Fe is calculated.
Polymer Nanohybrids With High Electrical Conductivities
Authors: Yañez-Macías R. , González-Morones P. , Ávila-Orta C , Torres-Rincón S. , Valdéz-Garza J. , Rosales-Jasso A. , Telles-Padilla J.G. , Saénz-Galindo A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTMultiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/Nylon-6 nanohybrids were prepared by in situ polymerization under microwave irradiation. The effect of time and power of irradiation on the surface conductivity of the nanohybrid was studied. It was observed that the resistivity increases with irradiation time at low microwave power (200W). On the other hand, at high power (600W) an opposite behavior was observed. And at intermediate power (400W) the resistivity was independent of the irradiation time. Resistivity values range from 102 to 101 Ω/sq. This behavior was associated with the polymer nanocoating covering the surface of the carbon nanotubes.
Study of Fracture Behavior of Polypropylene/MWCNT and Polypropylene/m-MMT Nanocomposites by Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)
Authors: Mata-Padilla José. M. , Ávila-Orta Carlos. A. , Medellín-Rodríguez Francisco. J. , Valdéz-Garza Janet. A. , Torres-Martínez Adriana 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe fracture behavior of polypropylene (PP) and its composites was studied as a function of concentration of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and modified montmorillonite (m-MMT). SAXS and WAXS (Small/Wide Angle X-ray Scattering) techniques were used to monitor the morphological changes (i.e. nanocomposite structure and crystalline morphology) caused by various nanoparticle concentrations and polymer uniaxial stretching deformation. The effect of nanoparticle nature was also investigated. The mechanical analysis shows a great effect of nanoclay concentration on the PP deformation, while uniaxial stretching of the PP/MWCNT nanocomposites was less affected by carbon nanotubes concentration. The SAXS and WAXS analysis of stretched samples indicated that the pure polypropylene and nanocomposites with low nanoparticles concentrations (1 wt/wt%) developed a fracture governed by shear yielding mechanism, while PP nanocomposites with higher concentrations of carbon nanotubes and nanoclay showed a crazing and microcraking fracture mechanism. On the other hand, different chemical nature of MWCNT and m-MMT did not affect the fracture mechanism of polypropylene at low nanoparticles concentrations.
Synthesis of Soluble Carcerands
Authors: Eddy Jiménez-Gutiérrez I. , Erika Sánchez-Montes K. , Sandra Cortez-Maya , Gabriel Flores-Rojas , Marcos Martínez-García 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAn efficient synthetic route for the synthesis of carcerands derived from tetramethylchlorocavitands and its tetraesters derivative were synthesized. A large-scale preparation was achieved in good yield. These carcerands are in bridging unit between oxygen atoms, i.e. contains a 3,5 dihydroxybencyl alcohol units. 1H, and 13C NMR in solution, FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, MS-FAB+ spectrometry and elemental analysis confirmed the structure of this carcerands.
Shape and stability of silver nanoparticles and their dependence on the conditions of preparation.
Authors: Hernández-Castillo M.I. , Zaca-Moran O. , Zaca-Moran P. , Rojas-López M. , Gayou V.L. , Delgado-Macuil R. , Orduña-Díaz A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTBy using the citrate reduction procedure we have synthesized Ag nanoparticles, applying several conditions of preparation, being after characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Following a logical sequence, the starting experiment was realized varying the reaction time, after that it was varied the concentration of the reductor agent, and finally it was varied the volume of the reductor agent. According to this methodology, TEM measurements show that firstly we have nanostructures with different shape and size, whereas in the last part of the experiment we have Ag nanoparticles with homogeneous shape and size.
Three-dimensional tomography of single charge inside dielectric materials using electrostatic force microscopy
Authors: Riedel Clement , Arinero Richard , Alegria Angel , Colmenero Juan , Saenz Juan Jose 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn this contribution, we report on a numerical study demonstrating how to realize Electrostatic Force Microscopy (EFM) tomography. Based on the Equivalent Charge Method, both force and force gradient between a buried object (or trapped charges) and the Atomic Force Microscope tip are calculated. The main idea is to scan the sample at different tip sample distances and obtain the position and charge value of the object using reconstruction algorithms. The quantitative analysis here presented is a first step toward tomography for samples presenting “dilute” point charges creating non correlated signals by the interpretation of EFM signals. Lateral resolution, sensitivity (i.e. ability to detect an object), performance and limitations of EFM are also discussed in the paper.
Evidence Based Development of a Novel Lateral Fibula Plate (VariAx Fibula) Using a Real CT Bone Data Based Optimization Process During Device Development
Authors: Schulz Arndt P , Reimers Nils , Wipf Felix , Vallotton Michel , Bonaretti Serena , Kozic Nina , Reyes Mauricio , Kienast Benjamin J 
Published: January 2012

Development of novel implants in orthopaedic trauma surgery is based on limited datasets of cadaver trials or artificial bone models. A method has been developed whereby implants can be constructed in an evidence based method founded on a large anatomic database consisting of more than 2.000 datasets of bones extracted from CT scans. The aim of this study was the development and clinical application of an anatomically pre-contoured plate for the treatment of distal fibular fractures based on the anatomical database.48 Caucasian and Asian bone models (left and right) from the database were used for the preliminary optimization process and validation of the fibula plate. The implant was constructed to fit bilaterally in a lateral position of the fibula. Then a biomechanical comparison of the designed implant to the current gold standard in the treatment of distal fibular fractures (locking 1/3 tubular plate) was conducted. Finally, a clinical surveillance study to evaluate the grade of implant fit achieved was performed. The results showed that with a virtual anatomic database it was possible to design a fibula plate with an optimized fit for a large proportion of the population. Biomechanical testing showed the novel fibula plate to be superior to 1/3 tubular plates in 4-point bending tests. The clinical application showed a very high degree of primary implant fit. Only in a small minority of cases further intra-operative implant bending was necessary. Therefore, the goal to develop an implant for the treatment of distal fibular fractures based on the evidence of a large anatomical database could be attained. Biomechanical testing showed good results regarding the stability and the clinical application confirmed the high grade of anatomical fit.
Determining Performance Targets
Authors: Dekker Henri C. , Groot Tom , Schoute Martijn 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Performance targets direct organizational participants toward firm strategy, provide guidance for allocating effort, and induce effort toward performance goals. Key aspects of the setting of performance targets are how specific they should be and at which levels they should be set. We develop a structural model that aims to explain the specificity of targets set for subordinate managers and the information sources used to set target levels for defined performance dimensions, which sources include past performance, future planning, and benchmarking information. An analysis of 364 survey responses provides support for our expectations that both target specificity and the use of information sources to determine target levels vary with firms' environmental dynamism and task uncertainty, and with the intensity of financial incentives provided to subordinate managers. In addition, the results show that in response to these contextual variables, firms typically combine information sources to determine adequate target levels, instead of treating them as substitutes.
The Effects of Incentive System and Cognitive Orientation on Teams' Performance
Authors: Naranjo-Gil David , Cuevas-Rodríguez Gloria , López-Cabrales Álvaro , Sánchez Jose M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Organizations are adopting team-based structures to promote cooperation and coordination of actions and, thus, enhance performance (Libby and Thorne 2009; Chenhall 2008). However, team-based structures do not automatically improve performance. The economics literature suggests that working in teams may impair performance because of the potential conflict between individual and group incentives. In contrast, the organizational behavior literature argues that working in teams may enhance performance via members' collectivist cognitive orientation. This paper analyzes how both the economic incentive system and the team's predominant (individualist or collectivist) cognitive orientation affect team performance. We conduct an experiment with postgraduate students. Our results show that enhanced team performance is positively related to both individual economic incentives and predominately collectivist orientation in the team, and that the effectiveness of any incentive system design seems to be related to the team's predominant cognitive orientation.
Genetic algorithm using a modified backward pass heuristic for the dynamic facility layout problem *
Authors: Ripon Kazi Shah Nawaz , Glette Kyrre , Koch Dirk , Hovin Mats , Torresen Jim 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLayout planning in a manufacturing company is an important economical consideration. In the past, research examining the facility layout problem (FLP) generally concerned static cases, where the material flows between facilities in the layout have been assumed to be invariant over time. However, in today’s real-world scenario, manufacturing system must operate in a dynamic and market-driven environment in which production rates and product mixes are continuously adapting. The dynamic facility layout problem (DFLP) addresses situations in which the flow among various facilities changes over time. Recently, there is an increasing trend towards implementation of industrial robot as a material handling device among the facilities. Reducing the robot energy usage for transporting materials among the facilities of an optimal layout for completing a product will result in an increased life for the robots and thus enhance the productivity of the manufacturing system. In this paper, we present a hybrid genetic algorithm incorporating jumping genes operations and a modified backward pass pair-wise exchange heuristic to determine its effectiveness in optimizing material handling cost while solving the DFLP. A computational study is performed with several existing heuristic algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is effective in dealing with the DFLP.
Livestock Inheritance and Education: Attitudes and Decision Making among Samburu Pastoralists
Authors: Lesorogol Carolyn , Chowa Gina , Ansong David 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This study investigates current practices and attitudes regarding livestock inheritance and education. There is evidence that investments in education may in some cases replace traditional forms of livestock inheritance, reflecting current perceptions of the relative values of pastoralism and forms of employment for which formal education is required. This trend suggests that a long-standing and critical mechanism for intergenerational transmission of wealth is changing.