bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of imaging ToF‐SIMS as a means to study coatings on wood
Authors: Nejad Mojgan , Cooper Paul , Sodhi Rana 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMeasurement of the penetration of coatings into wood may be performed by SEM analysis with OsO4 or other markers used for post‐treatment labeling. However, there are indications that the Os only binds with the uncured components of the resin. Since these are mainly located at the surface of the coating, the use of Os could thus misinterpret the actual penetration of the coatings into the wood surface. Time‐of‐Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) provides a unique means by which the penetration depths of the various components of the coating (resin + pigments) into the wood microstructure can be visualized. This arises from both the high spatial resolution (<100 nm) and high mass resolution achievable with the technique (albeit not at the same time). The latter feature is of importance to resolve different molecular fragments of similar molecular weight which could be needed as markers for the various components in the complex hydrocarbon systems constituting wood and the coating materials, whilst the former is required to ascertain differences in penetration depth of the components.In this work, imaging ToF‐SIMS spectra are obtained on cross‐sections of coated wood samples using a Bi cluster ion source. Coating distribution is followed by identifying fragments associated more with the coating and with the wood respectively. Sample preparation techniques are of importance and thus results are compared for cross‐sections prepared both by microtoming, as well as by mounting in epoxy resin and polishing. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SIMS quantification of SiGe composition with low‐energy ion beams
Authors: Zhu Zhengmao , Ronsheim Paul , Turansky Andrew , Hatzistergos Michael , Madan Anita , Pinto Teresa , Holt Judson , Reznicek Alexander 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSystematic SIMS analyses with low‐energy (250 eV ∼1 keV) oxygen, cesium and krypton primary beams have been carried out on a set of fully strained uniform epitaxial Si1−xGex films (x = 5 ∼ 60%), as well as a germanium ion‐implanted silicon standard to investigate the matrix effect under various conditions. It is shown that preferential ion yield enhancement of one matrix component over the other can occur as the result of primary ion incorporation. Through defining a matrix yield factor, this work demonstrated that constant secondary ion yield ratios between Si ion and Ge ion over a large concentration range are only valid under some very specific analysis conditions. Emphases were placed on oxygen beam analyses with regard to steady‐state ion yields and surface transients. Both show some unique features only accessible under low‐energy conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Size control of MnZn ferrite nanoparticles and their XAFS spectra
Authors: Moro Yuki , Katayanagi Hikaru , Kimura Shinji , Shigeoka Daiki , Hiroki Tomoyuki , Mashino Toshiyuki , Ichiyanagi Yuko 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMnZn ferrite (Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) nanoparticles in amorphous SiO2 were prepared using the chemical wet method. On the basis of the X‐ray diffraction peaks, the particle sizes were estimated to be between 17 and 41 nm, depending on the flow rate of Ar gas. The particle size increased with the flow rate of Ar gas. From magnetization measurements, the magnetization values varied in accordance with the conditions of Ar gas. To clarify the electronic state of metal ions of nanoparticles, X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements were performed, and the results were compared with X‐ray diffraction patterns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Reprogramming Efficiency Between Transduction of Reprogramming Factors, Cell–Cell Fusion, and Cytoplast Fusion
Authors: Hasegawa Kouichi , Zhang Peilin , Wei Zong , Pomeroy Jordan E. , Lu Wange , Pera Martin F. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Reprogramming human somatic cells into pluripotent cells opens up new possibilities for transplantation therapy, the study of disease, and drug screening. In addition to somatic cell nuclear transfer, several approaches to reprogramming human cells have been reported: transduction of defined transcription factors to generate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), human embryonic stem cell (hESC)–somatic cell fusion, and hESC cytoplast–somatic cell fusion or exposure to extracts of hESC. Here, we optimized techniques for hESC–human fibroblast fusion and enucleation and cytoplast fusion, and then compared the reprogramming efficiency between iPSC generation, cell-fusion and cytoplast-fusion. When compared with iPSC, hESC-fusion provided much faster and efficient reprogramming of somatic cells. The reprogramming required more than 4 weeks and the efficiency was less than 0.001% in iPSC generation, and it was less than 10 days and more than 0.005% in hESC-fusion. In addition, fusion yielded almost no partially reprogrammed cell colonies. However, the fused cells were tetraploid or aneuploid. hESC cytoplast fusion could initiate reprogramming but was never able to complete reprogramming. These data indicate that in cell fusion, as in nuclear transfer, reprogramming through direct introduction of a somatic nucleus into the environment of a pluripotent cell provides relatively efficient reprogramming. The findings also suggest that the nucleus of the host pluripotent cell may contain components that accelerate the reprogramming process.
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Derived Cells Exhibit Multilineage Differentiation Potential Similar to Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Battula Venkata Lokesh , Evans Kurt William , Hollier Brett George , Shi Yuexi , Marini Frank C. , Ayyanan Ayyakkannu , Wang Rui-yu , Brisken Cathrin , Guerra Rudy , Andreeff Michael , Mani Sendurai A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an embryonic process that becomes latent in most normal adult tissues. Recently, we have shown that induction of EMT endows breast epithelial cells with stem cell traits. In this report, we have further characterized the EMT-derived cells and shown that these cells are similar to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with the capacity to differentiate into multiple tissue lineages. For this purpose, we induced EMT by ectopic expression of Twist, Snail, or transforming growth factor-β in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells. We found that the EMT-derived cells and MSCs share many properties including the antigenic profile typical of MSCs, that is, CD44+, CD24−, and CD45−. Conversely, MSCs express EMT-associated genes, such as Twist, Snail, and mesenchyme forkhead 1 (FOXC2). Interestingly, CD140b (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β), a marker for naive MSCs, is exclusively expressed in EMT-derived cells and not in their epithelial counterparts. Moreover, functional analyses revealed that EMT-derived cells but not the control cells can differentiate into alizarin red S-positive mature osteoblasts, oil red O-positive adipocytes and alcian blue-positive chondrocytes similar to MSCs. We also observed that EMT-derived cells but not the control cells invade and migrate towards MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells similar to MSCs. In vivo wound homing assays in nude mice revealed that the EMT-derived cells home to wound sites similar to MSCs. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the EMT-derived cells are similar to MSCs in gene expression, multilineage differentiation, and ability to migrate towards tumor cells and wound sites.
How can the current CDM deliver sustainable development?
Authors: Bumpus Adam G. , Cole John C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe two aims of the clean development mechanism (CDM) were to reduce greenhouse gases cost effectively and contribute to sustainable development (SD) in developing countries. So far, however, SD components of the mechanism have been questionable. In this opinion article, we argue for a more theoretically informed engagement with the CDM that could be empowered through the better provision of transparent and clear information in the project implementation processes. Drawing on our work in Latin America, we concur with other authors that the CDM as it stands does not ‘deliver’ SD, but that improved information and a research agenda that focuses on the multi‐level political economy of project‐based CDM could assist in the mechanism delivering on multiple forms of SD in local contexts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Climate and Development > Decoupling Emissions from Development
Policy and Governance > International Policy Framework
Synthesis and Structure of Ag4Te(SO4) – a New Compound Featuring a Silver‐Telluride Framework
Authors: Shestimerova Tatiana A. , Mitiaev Alexander S. , Davliatshin Dmitry I. , Shevelkov Andrei V. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTetrasilver telluride sulfate was obtained as a black air‐stable polycrystalline powder; its structure was determined from X‐ray powder diffraction data. The new compound crystallizes in the cubic space group P213, with the unit cell parameter a = 8.6263(2) Å and Z = 4. The crystal structure of Ag4Te(SO4) is composed of a positively charged silver‐telluride three‐dimensional framework, in which the isolated tetrahedral SO42– anions are embedded. The framework features an irregular coordination for tellurium atoms with a coordination number of six and manifold Ag–Ag contacts ranging from 2.99 to 3.14 Å. The distortion of the SO42– anion as well as the interactions within the framework and between the framework and the SO42– anions are analyzed with the help of the structural data, vibrational spectra, and band structure calculations.
Phosphane Copper(I) Dicarboxylates: Synthesis and Their Potential Use as Precursors for the Spin‐coating Process in the Deposition of Copper
Authors: Jakob Alexander , Rüffer Tobias , Ecorchard Petra , Walfort Bernhard , Körbitz Kathrin , Frühauf Swantje , Schulz Stefan E. , Gessner Thomas , Lang Heinrich 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDicopper dicarboxylates [(R3P)mCuXCu(PR3)m] (5a, X = O2CCO2, R = Ph, m = 2; 5b, X = O2CCO2, R = nBu, m = 3) were prepared by treatment of [Cu2O] (1a) with HO2CCO2H (2a) in presence of PR3 (4a, R = Ph; 4b, R = nBu). A further synthesis approach to mono‐ and dicopper dicarboxylates is given using an electrolysis cell equipped with Cu electrodes and charged with acids H2X and phosphanes R3P. Without addition of a base mononuclear [(nBu3P)mCuXH] (6a, m = 3, XH = O2CCO2H, 6b, m = 3, XH = O2CCH2CO2H, 6c, m = 3, XH = O2CCH2CH2CO2H, 6d, m = 2, XH = O2C‐2‐C5H4N‐6‐CO2H) was formed, whereas in presence of NEt3 (3), the dicopper systems [(R3P)mCuXCu(PR3)m] (5a, X = O2CCO2, R = Ph, m = 2; 5b, X = O2CCO2, R = nBu, m = 3; 5c, X = O2CCH2CO2, R = nBu, m = 3; 5d, X = O2CCH2CH2CO2, R = nBu, m = 3; 5e, X = O2C‐2‐C5H4N‐6‐CO2, R = nBu, m = 3) were produced. When 6a reacted with [(tmeda)Zn(nBu)2] (7), trimetallic [(tmeda)Zn((nBu3P)3CuO2CCO2)2] (8) was accessible. In this heterobimetallic complex the Zn(tmeda) unit spans two CuO2CCO2 entities. The molecular structures of 5a, 6a and 6d in the solid state were determined by single X‐ray structure analysis. Complexes 5a and 6a are monomers, whereas 6d creates in the solid state a linear open chain coordination polymer by hydrogen bridge formation. Characteristic for 6d is the somewhat distorted trigonal bipyrimidal arrangement around the copper atom with the nBu3P ligands in axial and the C5H3NCO2H oxygen and nitrogen atoms in equatorial positions. In 5a the oxalate connectivity binds in a μ‐1,2,3,4 fashion being part of a planar Cu2(oxalate) core. TG studies of several mono‐ and dicopper dicarboxylates were carried out. Release of the PR3 ligands is recognized and the remaining Cu‐(di)carboxylate unit decomposes to afford elemental copper and CO2. The deposition of copper onto pieces of PVD‐Cu oxidized silicon wafers by applying the spin‐coating process and using 5c and 5d as precursors is discussed.
Magnetic Properties of Mixed Ligand NiII2 and NiII4 Complexes Composed of Macrocyclic Hexaamine‐Dithiophenolato and Bridging Tetrazolato Ligands
Authors: Lach Jochen , Voitekhovich Sergei V. , Lozan Vasile , Gaponik Pavel N. , Ivashkevich Oleg A. , Lincke Jörg , Lässig Daniel , Kersting Berthold 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe magnetic properties of the dinuclear and tetranuclear nickel(II) tetrazolato complexes [Ni2L(RCN4)][BPh4] (R = H (4), Me (5), Ph (6)) and [(Ni2L)2(1,4‐(CN4)2‐C6H4)][BPh4]2 (7), where (L)2– represents a 24‐membered macrocyclic N6S2 supporting ligand, are reported. Analysis of temperature‐dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements over the temperature range from 2 to 300 K revealed the presence of weak ferromagnetic exchange interactions between the NiII ions in the binuclear [Ni2L(μ‐L′)]+ subunits with magnetic exchange coupling constant values of J1 = 13.5 cm–1 for 4, J1 = 20.0 cm–1 for 5, J1 = 19.2 cm–1 for 6, and J1 = 15.2 cm–1 for 7 (H = –2JS1S2). The exchange coupling J2 across the bistetrazolato bridge in 7 is less than 0.1 cm–1, which suggests that no significant interdimer coupling occurs in this compound. The synthesis and crystal structure of the new complex 7·2MeCN is also reported.
Synthesis of Rare Earth (Oxo)nitridocarbonates by Employment of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide, Single‐source Precursor, Solid‐State, and Ion Exchange Reactions
Authors: Pagano Sandro , Zeuner Martin , Baisch Ulrich , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNovel synthetic approaches to rare earth nitrido‐ and oxonitridocarbonates are described. Dioxy mono‐carbodiimides (Ln2O2CN2) from the second half of the lanthanide series are accessible by insertion of supercritical CO2 into lanthanide amido compounds (e.g. [(Cp2ErNH2)2]), forming single‐source precursors. Ammonolyses of amorphous carbamate compounds afford phase pure Ln2O2CN2, which are also accessible via the crystalline carbamate compound [Ln2{μ‐η1:η2‐OC(OtBu)NH}Cp4] (Ln = Y, Ho, Er, Yb). Urea complexes and homoleptic cyanates of europium and strontium were synthesized by solid‐state reaction of urea with the respective metals. Subsequent thermal treatment (160–240 °C) results in formation of solvent‐free homoleptic cyanates. The Eu2+‐doped compounds [Sr(OCN)2(urea)]:Eu2+ and Sr(OCN)2:Eu2+ as well as the respective pure europium compounds exhibit strong broad band emissions due to 4f65d1–4f7 transitions in the bluish green region. Furthermore, rare earth dicyanamides Ln[N(CN)2]3·2H2O as well as Ln[N(CN)2]3 (with Ln = Eu, Tb, and Gd) were prepared by ion exchange in aqueous solution, followed by evaporation of the solvent at room temperature. Condensed nitridocarbonates such as rare earth tricyanomelaminates [NH4]Ln[HC6N9]2[H2O]7·H2O (Ln = La–Nd, Sm–Dy) were obtained through ion exchange reactions. The luminescence properties of the europium and terbium dicyanamides as well as the tricyanomelaminates have been explored in detail.
Insight in Structures of Superbulky Metallocenes with the CpBIG Ligand: Theoretical Considerations of Decaphenyl Metallocenes
Authors: Kuchenbecker Dennis , Harder Sjoerd , Jansen Georg 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe structures of a series of decaphenyl metallocenes (Ph5Cp)2M, which model superbulky metallocenes, are calculated by means of density functional theory including a semi‐empirical correction for dispersion interactions (DFT+D). Through a detailed investigation of the calcocene it is shown that the interactions between the phenyl substituents of the two cyclopentadienyl ligands lead to a preference of S10 symmetrical structures and that dispersion interactions contribute to the overall stability of superbulky metallocenes. Whereas the Ph substituents of the two ligands bend away from each other with standard DFT, inclusion of the dispersion correction reproduces the experimentally observed slight inclination towards each other. The experimentally observed linear correlation between the out‐of‐plane bending angle of the phenyl substituents and the size of the metal atom M (M = Fe, Ni, Cr, W, Ca, Yb, Sn, Sm, Sr, Ba) is also confirmed at the DFT+D level.
Mitochondrial medicine: to a new era of gene therapy for mitochondrial DNA mutations
Authors: Cwerman‐Thibault Hélène , Sahel José‐Alain , Corral‐Debrinski Marisol 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMitochondrial disorders can no longer be ignored in most medical disciplines. Such disorders include specific and widespread organ involvement, with tissue degeneration or tumor formation. Primary or secondary actors, mitochondrial dysfunctions also play a role in the aging process. Despite progresses made in identification of their molecular bases, nearly everything remains to be done as regards therapy. Research dealing with mitochondrial physiology and pathology has >20 years of history around the world. We are involved, as are many other laboratories, in the challenge of finding ways to fight these diseases. However, our main limitation is the scarcety of animal models required for both understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the diseases and evaluating therapeutic strategies. This is especially true for diseases due to mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), since an authentic genetic model of mtDNA mutations is technically a very difficult task due to both the inability of manipulating the mitochondrial genome of living mammalian cells and to its multicopy nature. This has led researchers in the field to consider the prospect of gene therapy approaches that can roughly be divided into three groups: (1) import of wild‐type copies or relevant sections of DNA or RNA into mitochondria, (2) manipulation of mitochondrial genetic content, and (3) rescue of a defect by expression of an engineered gene product from the nucleus (allotopic or xenotropic expression). We briefly introduce these concepts and indicate where promising progress has been made in the last decade.
Response of degradative enzymes to N fertilization during litter decomposition in a subtropical forest through a microcosm experiment
Authors: Wang Congyan , Feng Xiaoguang , Guo Peng , Han Guomin , Tian Xingjun 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWith the continuing increase in human activities causing accelerating rates of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition inputs into forests, there is considerable interest in understanding the effects of nitrogen deposition on litter decomposition. Two dominant litters were chosen from Zijin Mountain in China: Quercus acutissima from a broad‐leaved forest and Pinus massoniana from a coniferous forest. The litters were incubated in microcosms and treated with a gradient of nitrogen fertilization. During a 6‐month incubation, changes in chemical composition (i.e., lignin, total carbohydrate, and nitrogen), litter mass losses, soil pH values, and the activities of degradative enzymes were determined. Results showed that medium‐nitrogen and high‐nitrogen fertilization significantly accelerated litter decomposition rates of leaves, while only the high‐nitrogen fertilization significantly accelerated litter decomposition rates of needles. The results also showed that cellulase and nitrate reductase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the broad‐leaved forest, while catalase, cellulase, and acid phosphatase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the coniferous forest under conditions of no N fertilization; catalase, cellulase, and acid phosphatase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the broad‐leaved forest, while catalase, cellulase, invertase, and nitrate reductase were primarily responsible for litter decomposition in the coniferous forest under conditions of N fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization‐stimulated litter decomposition was due to the fact that the activities of enzymes, particularly cellulase, were accelerated.
Influence of the Mixed Propoxy/Ethoxy Spacer Arrangement Order and of the Ionic Head Group Nature on the Adsorption and Aggregation of Extended Surfactants
Authors: Forgiarini Ana M. , Scorzza Cesar , Velásquez Josmary , Vejar Francia , Zambrano Emérita , Salager Jean‐Louis 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTwo families of extended surfactants were prepared with the same head groups (carboxylate, sulfate, disodium phosphate) and different intermediate spacer structures. In one there was an average of 7 propylene oxide groups on the side of the tail and an average of 7 ethylene oxide groups on the side of the head, to produce a sequence of two different polarity segments. In the other case the spacer contained the same average numbers of propylene and ethylene oxide groups but in some homogeneous arrangement. The intermediate spacer structure, without ionic head group and in the cases of the carboxylate and sulfate extended surfactants, had a packing density reduction which is associated to the homogeneously alkoxide arrangement in the spacer. Such an arrangement was found to produce about 20% more surface area at the interface, apparently because it results in some plumpness due to the spacer folding to remain close to the interface. Both the critical micelle concentration and occupied interfacial area of the extended surfactant increased with the ionization of the anionic group associated with the electrostatic repulsion effect.
Question Stability in Brand Image Measurement: Comparing Alternative Answer Formats and Accounting for Heterogeneity in Descriptive Models
Authors: Dolnicar Sara , Grün Bettina 
Published: June 2010

High quality image data on how consumers perceive brands is essential to make good brand management decisions. Prior studies reveal that brand images are not very reliable, as they are typically measured in industry, which might be due to the answer format typically used (Rungie et al., 2005). The practical implication is that brand image data — as currently collected in consumer surveys — is not a valid source of market information. We challenge this implication. Using three measures of stability we test whether the binary answer format produces image data less reliable than alternative formats. We investigate whether the aggregate descriptive model of brand image stability proposed by Rungie et al. can be improved by accounting for heterogeneity. Results indicate that, compared to alternative formats, binary answer formats lead to equal stability levels, and most brand-attribute associations are stable. Unstable associations typically fail to describe adequately the brands under study. Practical implications include that binary brand-attribute associations can be used safely to measure brand images. Also, practitioners can get guidance about required brand management measures by discriminating between stable and unstable brand-attribute associations. A model that helps managers classify brand-attribute associations into stable or unstable is proposed in the article.