bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CFD simulation of stirred tanks: Comparison of turbulence models. Part I: Radial flow impellers
Authors: Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. , Nere Nandkishor K. , Rane Chinmay V. , Murthy B. N. , Mathpati Channamallikarjun S. , Patwardhan Ashwin W. , Ranade Vivek V. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA critical review of the published literature regarding the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of single‐phase turbulent flow in stirred tank reactors is presented. In this part of review, CFD simulations of radial flow impellers (mainly disc turbine (DT)) in a fully baffled vessel operating in a turbulent regime have been presented. Simulated results obtained with different impeller modelling approaches (impeller boundary condition, multiple reference frame, computational snap shot and the sliding mesh approaches) and different turbulence models (standard k − ε model, RNG k − ε model, the Reynolds stress model (RSM) and large eddy simulation) have been compared with the in‐house laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) experimental data. In addition, recently proposed modifications to the standard k − ε models were also evaluated. The model predictions (of all the mean velocities, turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate) have been compared with the experimental measurements at various locations in the tank. A discussion is presented to highlight strengths and weaknesses of currently used CFD models. A preliminary analysis of sensitivity of modelling assumptions in the k − ε models and RSM has been carried out using LES database. The quantitative comparison of exact and modelled turbulence production, transport and dissipation terms has highlighted the reasons behind the partial success of various modifications of standard k − ε model as well as RSM. The volume integral of predicted energy dissipation rate is compared with the energy input rate. Based on these results, suggestions have been made for the future work in this area.
Sinus Rhythm Restoration and Treatment Success: Insight From Recent Clinical Trials
Authors: Saliba Walid , Wazni Oussama M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a common supraventricular tachyarrhythmia with substantial morbidity and mortality. This review briefly describes the mechanisms of AF development and progression, including electrical, structural, and contractile remodeling. In addition, the potential benefits of achieving and maintaining sinus rhythm are discussed. For example, rhythm control has been associated with improvements in left ventricular function, AF symptoms, exercise tolerance, the ability to perform activities of daily living, and quality of life. More recently, dronedarone, a noniodinated benzofuran derivative approved for use in the treatment of AF, was shown to significantly improve clinical outcomes including cardiovascular hospitalizations and death from any cause in A Placebo‐Controlled, Double‐Blind, Parallel Arm Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Dronedarone 400 mg bid for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Hospitalization or Death From Any Cause in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation/Atrial Flutter (ATHENA). The review concludes with an examination of AF treatment options and expectations. Evidence suggests that the complete absence of AF recurrence is not always achievable; however, complete restoration of sinus rhythm may not be necessary for patients to achieve clinically meaningful benefits. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The editorial assistance provided for this manuscript was funded by Sanofi‐Aventis. The authors were fully responsible for all content and editorial decision, and received no financial support or other form of compensation related to the development of the paper. The authors have no other funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Myocardial Ischemia Is Not Always Due to Epicardial Atheromatous Disease
Authors: Richard Conti C. 
Published: January 2011

Abstractmagnified image Symptoms related to myocardial ischemia, for the most part, are due to high‐grade epicardial coronary artery stenoses. However, in some instances at coronary angiography, no such lesions are seen to account for symptoms due to an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and myocardial oxygen demand. Thus, the finding of normal or nonobstructive epicardial coronary arteries at coronary angiography does not exclude the presence of myocardial ischemia in some patients. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The author has no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole‐Based Agents Active Against Tuberculosis (TB), Multidrug‐Resistant (MDR) TB and Extensively Drug‐Resistant (XDR) TB
Authors: Pieroni Marco , Tipparaju Suresh K. , Lun Shichun , Song Yang , Sturm A. Willem , Bishai William R. , Kozikowski Alan P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe struggle against tuberculosis (TB) is still far from over. TB, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the deadliest infections worldwide. Co‐infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the emergence of multidrug‐resistant tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) and extensively drug‐resistant tuberculosis (XDR‐TB) strains have further increased the burden for this disease. Herein, we report the discovery of 2‐(4‐chlorobenzyl)‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxo‐1H,5H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole‐4‐carbonitrile as an effective antitubercular agent and the structural modifications of this molecule that have led to analogues with improved potency and lower toxicity. A number of these derivatives were also active at sub‐micromolar concentrations against resistant TB strains and devoid of apparent toxicity to Vero cells, thereby underscoring their value as novel scaffolds for the development of new anti‐TB drugs.
Soybean Oil–Isosorbide‐Based Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Dispersions
Authors: Xia Ying , Larock Richard C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA series of soybean oil‐based amide diol‐isosorbide waterborne polyurethane–urea (PUU) dispersions have been successfully prepared, with amounts of isosorbide ranging from 0 to 20 wt % of the total diol content. The thermal and mechanical properties of the resulting PUU films have been characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and mechanical testing. The results reveal that the glass transition temperature is increased with increased amounts of isosorbide, and the mechanical properties are improved significantly with the incorporation of isosorbide. For example, the Young’s modulus increases from 2.3 to 63 MPa and the ultimate tensile strength increases from 0.7 to 8.2 MPa when the isosorbide amount is increased from 0 to 20 wt %. The thermal stability decreases slightly with the incorporation of isosorbide. This work provides a new way of utilizing biorenewable materials, such as isosorbide and a soybean oil‐based amide diol, for the preparation of high‐performance polyurethane–urea coatings.
Otx genes in neurogenesis of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons
Authors: Simeone Antonio , Puelles Eduardo , Omodei Daniela , Acampora Dario , Di Giovannantonio Luca Giovanni , Di Salvio Michela , Mancuso Pietro , Tomasetti Carmine 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMesencephalic‐diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons play a relevant role in the control of movement, behavior, and cognition. Indeed loss and/or abnormal functioning of mdDA neurons are responsible for Parkinson's disease as well as for addictive and psychiatric disorders. In the last years a wealth of information has been provided on gene functions controlling identity, fate, and proliferation of mdDA progenitors. This review will focus on the role exerted by Otx genes in early decisions regulating sequential steps required for the neurogenesis of mesencephalic dopaminergic (mesDA) neurons. In this context, the regulatory network involving Otx functional interactions with signaling molecules and transcription factors required to promote or prevent the development of mesDA neurons will be analyzed in detail. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71:665–679, 2011
Electrochemical Detection of Uric Acid in Mixed and Clinical Samples: A Review
Authors: Lakshmi Dhana , Whitcombe Michael J. , Davis Frank , Sharma Piyush Sindhu , Prasad Bhim Bali 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe present review has sought to explore the technological advances that have been made in recent years towards the selective analysis of uric acid and critically evaluate how they could, in fact, be exploited as a basis for a multi analyte sensor incorporating uric acid detection. Numerous strategies have evolved in recent years but these have invariably focused on the manufacture and response characterization of discrete sensors. Various methods of obtaining selective detection such as use of uricase enzymes, nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, polymers, conducting polymers and MIPs are also discussed along with the clinical relevance of UA determination.
Pulmonary response to surface‐coated nanotitanium dioxide particles includes induction of acute phase response genes, inflammatory cascades, and changes in microRNAs: A toxicogenomic study
Authors: Halappanavar Sabina , Jackson Petra , Williams Andrew , Jensen Keld A. , Hougaard Karin S. , Vogel Ulla , Yauk Carole L. , Wallin Håkan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTitanium dioxide nanoparticles (nanoTiO2) are used in various applications including in paints. NanoTiO2 inhalation may induce pulmonary toxicity and systemic effects. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, the effects of inhaled surface‐coated nanoTiO2 on pulmonary global messenger RNA (mRNA) and microRNA (miRNA) expression in mouse were characterized to provide insight into the molecular response. Female C57BL/6BomTac mice were exposed for 1 hr daily to 42.4 ± 2.9 (SEM) mg surface‐coated nanoTiO2/m3 for 11 consecutive days by inhalation and were sacrificed 5 days following the last exposure. Physicochemical properties of the particles were determined. Pulmonary response to nanoTiO2 was characterized using DNA microarrays and pathway‐specific PCR arrays and related to data on pulmonary inflammation from bronchial lavages. NanoTiO2 exposure resulted in increased levels of mRNA for acute phase markers serum amyloid A‐1 (Saa1) and serum amyloid A‐3 (Saa3), several C‐X‐C and C‐C motif chemokines, and cytokine tumor necrosis factor genes. Protein analysis of Saa1 and 3 showed selective upregulation of Saa3 in lung tissues. Sixteen miRNAs were induced by more than 1.2‐fold (adjusted P‐value < 0.05) following exposure. Real time polymerase chain reaction confirmed the upregulation of miR‐1, miR‐449a and revealed dramatic induction of miR‐135b (60‐fold). Thus, inhalation of surface‐coated nanoTiO2 results in changes in the expression of genes associated with acute phase, inflammation and immune response 5 days post exposure with concomitant changes in several miRNAs. The role of these miRNAs in pulmonary response to inhaled particles is unknown and warrants further research. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parachuting in the epigenome: the biology of gene vector insertion profiles in the context of clinical trials
Authors: Baum Christopher 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRetroviral pre‐integration complexes (PICs) provide a most efficient mechanism to integrate foreign DNA into cellular chromatin. This has made retrovirus‐based vectors a preferred tool for gene delivery in therapeutic settings where the chromosomal integration of a recombinant expression cassette that encodes a protein of interest can lead to a long‐lasting correction of monogenetic diseases (so‐called gene addition strategy). However, the efficiency of retroviral gene addition comes at the expense of a lack of precision in the choice of the integration site. Insertional mutagenesis with potential activation of proto‐oncogenes as a first hit in a multistep scenario of cancer development thus represents one of the major hurdles to a more widespread exploration of gene‐based treatments (Kustikova et al, 2010). To date, four clinical trials were reported to be associated with severe adverse reactions induced by insertional mutagenesis in haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSC/P); two targeting the X‐linked form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID‐X1), one targeting chronic granulomatous disease, and most recently another trial exploring gene therapy for the Wiskott–Aldrich‐Syndrome. In contrast, in the SCID caused by mutations in the gene encoding the metabolic enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA), retroviral gene addition so far has been free of such complications. Furthermore, numerous trials using similar gene vectors to transfer genes into mature T cells have not been complicated by clonal outgrowth. This explains the great interest in a deeper understanding of retroviral vector–host interactions in the therapeutic setting of SCID‐ADA.
Important technologies applied for UHV AC substations in Japan
Authors: Yamagata Yoshibumi , Ono Masatomo , Sasamori Kenji , Uehara Kyoichi 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThe Tokyo Electric Power Company, Inc (TEPCO) plans 1100 kV power network system in Japan in order to meet the steady increasing demand for electricity. Four‐hundred kilometer 1100‐kV‐designed double‐circuit transmission lines have already been constructed and are now operated at 550 kV. 1100‐kV substation equipment has also been developed.To realize the best design technically and economically throughout the transmission line and the substation, important technical solutions for network problems peculiar to the ultra high voltage (UHV) system have been introduced. They include insulation coordination, overvoltage countermeasures, and fast multi‐phase reclosing systems with high speed earthing switches (HSESs). The overvoltage countermeasures are realized by high performance metal oxide surge arresters (MOSAs), gas circuit breakers (GCBs) with closing/opening resistor, and disconnectors (DSs) with resistor. These sophisticated technologies realize highly reliable and economical UHV substations and transmission lines.This paper describes important, fundamental, and specific requirements for UHV substations such as their compactness, economical view, and environmental harmony. There are many technical/economical aspects to be considered on UHV substation and based on those considerations: (a) compactness, (b) less impacts to the environment, (c) optimizing cost, could be fulfilled.This paper also describes the technologies addressed to UHV class components such as the introduction of new concept “on‐site assembly transformer,” VFTO reduction countermeasure and the necessity of full‐scale seismic qualification test. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observer‐based model following discrete sliding mode PSS for single machine system
Authors: Yazici I. , Ozdemir A. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYPower system stabilisers (PSSs) are added to excitation systems of a synchronous generator as a supplementary controller to improve the dynamic stability of a power system by damping the electromechanical oscillations occured in the system. Over the last four decades various approaches, such as phase lead‐lag, Proportional‐Integral‐Derivative (PID), linear quadratic regulator, H∞, sliding mode controller (SMC) and etc., have been reported in the literature for the PSS design. The SMC has some advantages, such as parameter insensitivity and realisation simplicity, over the other approaches. To the best of our knowledge, observer‐based model following discrete SMC (OMFDSMC) method has not been used in the PSS design. Therefore, this paper is the first study that used OMFDSMC method in the PSS design in the literature. Simulation results show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed OMFDSMC‐based PSS under normal load operations, operating point and parameters variation conditions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Altered default mode network connectivity in alzheimer's disease—A resting functional MRI and bayesian network study
Authors: Wu Xia , Li Rui , Fleisher Adam S. , Reiman Eric M. , Guan Xiaoting , Zhang Yumei , Chen Kewei , Yao Li 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA number of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies reported the existence of default mode network (DMN) and its disruption due to the presence of a disease such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this investigation, first, we used the independent component analysis (ICA) technique to confirm the DMN difference between patients with AD and normal control (NC) reported in previous studies. Consistent with the previous studies, the decreased resting‐state functional connectivity of DMN in AD was identified in posterior cingulated cortex (PCC), medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), inferior parietal cortex (IPC), inferior temporal cortex (ITC), and hippocampus (HC). Moreover, we introduced Bayesian network (BN) to study the effective connectivity of DMN and the difference between AD and NC. When compared the DMN effective connectivity in AD with the one in NC using a nonparametric random permutation test, we found that connections from left HC to left IPC, left ITC to right HC, right HC to left IPC, to MPFC and to PCC were all lost. In addition, in AD group, the connection directions between right HC and left HC, between left HC and left ITC, and between right IPC and right ITC were opposite to those in NC group. The connections of right HC to other regions, except left HC, within the BN were all statistically in‐distinguishable from 0, suggesting an increased right hippocampal pathological and functional burden in AD. The altered effective connectivity in patients with AD may reveal more characteristics of the disease and may serve as a potential biomarker. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliability of functional magnetic resonance imaging associative encoding memory paradigms in non‐demented elderly adults
Authors: Putcha Deepti , O'Keefe Kelly , LaViolette Pete , O'Brien Jackie , Greve Doug , Rentz Dorene M. , Locascio Joseph , Atri Alireza , Sperling Reisa 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) holds significant potential to aid in the development of early interventions to improve memory function, and to assess longitudinal change in memory systems in aging and early Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the test–retest reliability of hippocampal activation and of “beneficial” deactivation in the precuneus has yet to be fully established during memory encoding tasks in older subjects. Using a mixed block and event‐related face‐name associative encoding paradigm, we assessed the reliability of hippocampal activation and default network deactivation over a 4‐ to 6‐week interscan interval in 27 older individuals who were cognitively normal [Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) Scale = 0; n = 18] or mildly impaired (CDR = 0.5; n = 9). Reliability was assessed in whole brain maps and regions of interest using both a full‐task paradigm of six functional runs as well as an abbreviated paradigm of the first two functional runs, which would be advantageous for use in clinical trials. We found reliable hippocampal signal response across both block‐ and event‐related designs in the right hippocampus. Comparable reliability in hippocampal activation was found in the full and the abbreviated paradigm. Similar reliability in hippocampal activation was observed across both CDR groups overall, but the CDR 0.5 group was more variable in left hippocampal activity. Task‐related deactivation in the precuneus demonstrated much greater variability than hippocampal activation in all analyses. Overall, these results are encouraging for the utility of fMRI in “Proof of Concept” clinical trials investigating the efficacy of potentially therapeutic agents for treatment of age‐related memory changes, cognitive impairment, and early AD. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Do we mind other minds when we mind other minds' actions? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Wurm Moritz F. , von Cramon D. Yves , Schubotz Ricarda I. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAction observation engages higher motor areas, possibly reflecting an internal simulation. However, actions considered odd or unusual were found to trigger additional activity in the so‐called theory of mind (ToM) network, pointing to deliberations on the actor's mental states. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, the hypothesis was tested that an allocentric perspective on a normal action, and even more so the sight of the actor's face, suffices to evoke ToM activity. Subjects observed short videos of object manipulation filmed from either the egocentric or the allocentric perspective, the latter including the actor's face in half of the trials. On the basis of a regions of interest analysis using ToM coordinates, we found increased neural activity in several regions of the ToM network. First, perceiving actions from an allocentric compared with the egocentric perspective enhanced activity in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ). Second, the presence of the actor's face enhanced activation in the TPJ bilaterally, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Finally, the mPFC and PCC showed increased responses when the actor changed with respect to the preceding trial. These findings were further corroborated by zmap findings for the latter two contrasts. Together, findings indicate that observation of normal everyday actions can engage ToM areas and that an allocentric perspective, seeing the actor's face and seeing a face switch, are effective triggers. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inverse association between toothbrushing and upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk in a Japanese population
Authors: Sato Fumihito , Oze Isao , Kawakita Daisuke , Yamamoto Noriyuki , Ito Hidemi , Hosono Satoyo , Suzuki Takeshi , Kawase Takakazu , Furue Hiroki , Watanabe Miki , Hatooka Shunzo , Yatabe Yasushi , Hasegawa Yasuhisa , Shinoda Masayuki , Ueda Minoru , Tajima Kazuo , Tanaka Hideo , Matsuo Keitaro 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundOral hygiene is attracting increasing attention as a potential risk factor for cancers. To investigate the association between toothbrushing frequency and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer, the authors conducted a large‐scale case‐control study.MethodsA total of 856 UADT cancer case participants and 2696 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects without cancer were included. Edentulous or participants with unknown frequency of toothbrushing or number of remaining teeth were excluded. Associations were assessed by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals in logistic regression models with adjustment for potential confounders.ResultsCompared with toothbrushing once per day, the adjusted odds ratio for brushing twice or more was 0.82 (95% confidence interval: 0.68, 0.99) whereas that for not brushing was 1.79 (0.79, 4.05). This association was observed especially in subjects who had a history of heavy smoking or drinking.ConclusionsThe authors suggest that toothbrushing could have a protective effect for UADT cancer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011