bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meiobenthos of Sub-Littoral Muds
Authors: McIntyre A. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMeiobenthos, here defined as metazoans passing through a ½ mm screen, is described from core samples collected on muddy grounds at 100-140 m depth in the North Sea and off the west coast of Scotland between February 1962 and August 1963.Sixteen cores of 2·2 cm diameter were collected from Loch Nevis, and 14 from the Fladen ground. The top 7 cm of each core was passed through a 500μ then a 76μ screen. The residues were examined entire, and the nitrate of the finest mesh was subsampled.The fauna consisted mainly of nematodes, kinorhynchs, ostracods, copepods, polychaetes, and lamellibranchs. Between 61 and 97 % of the population consisted of nematodes, but copepods were second in importance and were more abundant than recorded on other subtidal grounds.The fine mesh (76μ) retained almost all specimens of every animal group except Nematoda. Numerically 38% of the nematode population passed through the fine sieve, but this represented only 18% by weight.The mean dry weight of meiobenthos on Fladen was calculated as 0·76 g/m2 and the average number of individuals was 196 × 104/m2.In Loch Nevis the corresponding weight was 1·28 g and the number 101 × 104. The loch had a larger and more varied population of all groups except nematodes, which were particularly abundant on Fladen.The data do not indicate significant population fluctuations throughout the year in the permanent meiobenthos.Compared with other subtidal grounds Nevis and Fladen seem to support much richer populations, and the high values for Fladen are of particular interest since this is a poor macrobenthos area.An attempt is made to indicate the possible level of meiobenthos productivity and it is suggested that there may be competition between meio- and macrobenthos for available organic matter which could result in a less efficient production of fish food.
Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Certain Invertebrates VII. Crustacea: Copepoda
Authors: Fisher L. R. , Kon S. K. , Thompson S. Y. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTotal fat, carotenoids, and vitamin A were determined physicochemically in sixty-nine species and fifteen generic groups of pelagic marine copepods.Vitamin A was definitely present inEuchirella curticaudaand Gaetanuskruppiand possibly so inGaetanus pileatusand in a sample ofGaetanusspp. No vitamin A activity for vitamin A-depleted rats was found in fractions from a lipid extract of 1854 g ofCalanus finmarchicus.The significance of these findings is considered in relation to the high vitamin A reserves in many fish preying upon pelagic copepods.
Oxygen Uptake of Developing Eggs and Larvae of the Herring (Clupea Harengus)
Authors: Holliday F. G. T. , Blaxter J. H. S. , Lasker Reuben 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe oxygen uptake of eggs and larvae of Norwegian herring from Bergen (mean unfertilized egg dry weight about 035 mg) and of Baltic herring from Kiel (mean unfertilized egg dry weight about 0·10 mg) was measured by a reference diver and a Warburg respirometer. Anaesthetized Kiel larvae had values of about 0·10μl./larva/h and Bergen larvae 0·25μl./larva/h. When expressed as Qo(μl./mg dry weight/h) the values became Kiel 2·3, Bergen 2·5.Oxygen uptake of embryos before hatching and of larvae, expressed as Qo, was most affected by activity, increasing in very active organisms by five to ten times the resting value of 1-2 μl./mg dry weight/h. Experiments to test the effects of temperature and salinity were done using anaesthetized larvae in some cases.Temperature experiments with larvae gave a Q10of about 2, the Qo, of anaesthetized Kiel larvae ranging from about 2·0 at 50° C to 35 at 14°C, and that of unanaesthetized Bergen larvae from 2·5 at 6° C to 50 at 140°C.Eggs and larvae of both races reared in salinities from 5 to 50 %0 showed no detectable difference in oxygen uptake. However, abrupt transfer of anaesthetized larvae from one salinity to another caused violent fluctuations (by up to ten times) before adaptation took place. Buoyancy differences appeared to mask differences in oxygen uptake of unanaesthetized larvae in similar transfer experiments.There was little tendency for oxygen uptake to become reduced during darkness in either Bergen or Kiel larvae.The effect of age on oxygen uptake (expressed as Qo) was not marked, though there tended to be a peak at, and just after, hatching, with a tendency for a fall off during starvation.
Deep-Water Sipuncula from the Gulf of Gascogne
Authors: Cutler E. B. , Cutler N. J. 
Published: May 2009

An intensive study of the benthos at six deep-water stations in the Gulf of Gascogne was undertaken by the Centre Océanologique de Bretagne, Brest (during 1972–4) (Laubier & Sibuet, 1977, fig. 1). These stations were repeatedly sampled with a variety of gear during seven different ‘Biogas’ cruises, and over 1900 sipunculans belonging to 16 species including one new to science were collected. Table 1 lists these species and their abundance at the six stations. Specific station data on the samples can be obtained from the authors.The ubiquitous nature of sipunculans is well documented by this work. Of the 72 dredge hawls made, 86% contained sipunculans, while 80% of the 54 trawl collections yielded sipunculans. Sample CP 01 with 165 sipunculans belonging to five species was the richest collection. The efficiency of the collecting gear and richness of the fauna is indicated by the fact that 24% of the individual collections yielded four or five species while 12% yielded 6–9 species, compared with the usual 1–3 species often collected. At Sample DS 62 a single haul yielded nine out of the 12 species at Station 1.The following section contains brief comments on the species and their distribution. Full descriptions of these species and additional references can be found in Stephen & Edmonds (1972) and Cutler (1973). The subgenera ofGolfingtafollow Cutler & Murina (1977) and Cutler (1979).
Seasonal Variation in the Offspring Development ofOnchidoris Bilamellata(Gastropoda: Nudibranchia)
Authors: Lafuente Isabel 
Published: May 2009

The spawning period of the nudibranch molluscOnchidoris bilamellata(L.), although generally extending from December to May, has occasionally been reported to occur also in summer and early autumn. Preliminary data are presented here on the larval development of summer and early autumn spawnings and compared to previous studies of the larval development of ‘normal’ (winter-spring) spawnings. The possible causes and consequences of the rare summer and early autumn spawnings are discussed.The nudibranch molluscOnchidoris bilamellatais distributed around the British Isles, the Atlantic coast of France, Iceland, Greenland, and the coasts of North America and Japan (Thompson & Brown, 1976). It exhibits an annual life cycle with a single spawning season, generally extending from December to May in which the adults spawn repeatedly. At the end of May/June the post-spawning mortality of the adults is usually complete (Todd, 1979). Summer and early autumn spawnings have been recorded in intertidal populations only occasionally (Todd, 1979 and references therein; present study). Larval development has been studied previously on larvae hatching from eggs laid during the ‘normal’ spawning season. No information is available on the larval growth and development of summer and early autumn spawnings. In the present study two key points were addressed: the occurrence of individuals and spawn masses in the field throughout the year; and the identification of any distinctive traits of the July and September offspring.The field observations were carried out on the south-eastern coast of Scotland (56°18′N 2°39′W) from July 1993 to August 1994. The surface sea-water temperatures were recorded from January 1993 to August 1994 in St Andrews (56°20′N 2°47′W), seven miles from the location under study (Figure 1).
On Methods of Reproduction as Specific Characters
Authors: Stephenson T. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY1. Eight species of Actinians (enumerated on p. 148) have been specially studied with regard to their reproductive processes.2. Among these forms five methods of reproduction occur—longitudinal fission; laceration by tearing; laceration by constriction; production of young viviparously; deposition of ova.3. Deposition of ova may co-exist with any other method, except perhaps in certain viviparous forms.4. Apart from this, one method only prevails in any one of the selected species—A. Longitudinal fission inSagartia sphyrodetaandDiadumene luciœ.B. Laceration by tearing inSagartia elegansandDiadumene cincta.C. Laceration by constriction inSagartia lacerata.D. Viviparity inSagartia troglodytesandCereus pedunculatus.5. InSagartia anguicomaneither viviparity nor asexual reproduction occurs.6. The viviparous forms studied do not reproduce asexually; nor are those which reproduce asexually viviparous.7. In the experiments and observations of the author and of W. E. Evans, no exceptions to the above statements occurred. The question of exceptions is discussed on page 161.8. Four of the above species were selected for regeneration experiments. Pieces were cut off from the margin of the base in each (artificial laceration).9. InSagartia elegans(which lacerates naturally) it was found that nearly 100% of such pieces would regenerate easily; inS. laceratathe same was true in the best experiment.10. InSagartia troglodytes(which does not lacerate naturally) only two pieces out of 76 regenerated fully, and the regenerative ability of the species appeared to be weak. InS. anguicoma, however, the percentage of pieces which regenerated fully (and did so strongly) was very much higher, though not reaching that ofS. elegans.
On the presence of vitellogenic substances in the starfish,Asterias rubens(L.)
Authors: Broertjes J. J. S. , de Waard P. , Voogt P. A. 
Published: May 2009

Homogenates of pyloric caeca, gonads, spermatozoa and eggs from the starfishAsterias rubenswere fractionated by gel filtration chromatography.It appeared that a glycolipoprotein fraction, present in oocytes and gonads of female animals, is absent in spermatozoa and gonads of male animals.The possible role in vitellogenesis of this fraction and of a more omnipresent one is discussed.
The amphipod genus Aora in British and Irish waters
Authors: Myers A. A. , Costello M. J. 
Published: May 2009

Aora spinicornis Afonso is recorded for the first time from the British Isles. Two species of Aora, A. gracilis (Bate) and A. spinicornis Afonso are now known from these waters. A. typica Krøyer, long considered a British and Irish species, is actually known only from the Southern Hemisphere. Figures and diagnoses of both species are provided together with a key to their identification.IntroductionLincoln (1979) records one species of Aora Kreyer from British and Irish waters. Due to an oversight (Lincoln, personal communication) he overlooked the paper by Myers (1973) (although listed in the bibliography) and attributed the single species to A. typica Krøyer, a species actually known only from the Southern Ocean between 20° S and 50° S (see Myers & Moore, 1983 which also includes a key to the world species). Two species of Aora are now known from the British Isles: A gracilis (Bate) which is widely distributed, and A. spinicornis Afonso, recently discovered in Lough Hyne, Co. Cork, and herein reported for the first time from these waters. This latter species has a Lusitanian distribution (Azores, Canaries, Mediterranean) and may occur in south-western England and Wales, but has been confused previously with A.gracilis (Bate). Both species have been described and figured by Myers (1973, 1982) and do not require further detailed analysis. However, since both species are now known to occur in these waters and are not both treated by Lincoln's widely used monograph, the two species are figured here as entire specimens (for details of appendages including mouthparts see Myers, 1982) and briefly diagnosed, and a key is provided to facilitate their identification by British and Irish workers.
The distribution of benthic hydrographic indicator species in Svalbard waters, 1978–1981
Authors: Dyer M. F. , Cranmer G. J. , Fry P. D. , Fry W. G. 
Published: May 2009

Fourteen species of benthic invertebrates, found to be indicators of hydrographic conditions by Blacker (1957), were recorded during research cruises between Finmark and north Spitsbergen during the summers of 1978, 1979, 1980 and 1981. The distributions were compared with those found during surveys carried out between 1949 and 1959.Both Atlantic and Arctic species were found to the north of Bear Island and along the west coast of Spitsbergen, and the temperature ranges at which they were found were greater than those found by Blacker (1957).IntroductionDuring the past century the annual mean temperature of the Arctic regions has undergone a considerable change. The warming of the regions began about 1885 (Willett, 1950) and peaked around 1938, when the mean air temperature of Spitsbergen was nearly 6 °C warmer than at the turn of the century (Hoel, 1953). The warming of the seas in the region seems to have started later - Jensen (1939) suggests 1917 - and sea temperature changes were detected north of Spitsbergen in 1921 (Schokalsky, 1936). This warming resulted in the reappearance of cod in great quantities on the Bear Island Bank, after the absence of any sustained quantities for about 40 years (Blacker, 1957).The marine benthos of Svalbardf was surveyed during the latter part of the last century and the first half of this century (1878–1914,1923–31) when the benthos was recorded during several cruises in the region (see Blacker (1957) for review). The benthos was again recorded between 1949 and 1955 (Blacker, 1957) and 1955 and 1959 (Blacker, 1965); see Fig. lA.
Observation on the Biochemical Composition of an Unusual Diatom Bloom
Authors: Morris Robert J. , Carre Claude 
Published: May 2009

The development of a unispecies bloom of phytoplankton in the Rade de Villefranche (N.W. Mediterranean, near Nice) during June 1982 coincided with the disappearance of salps from the area. A phytoplankton haul was taken on 24 June and examined in detail. The sample consisted of virtually a unispecies diatom population; Rhizosolenium spp., together with a few small medusae and crustaceans. The diatom cells were unusual in that they appeared to be associated with large amounts of extracellular mucus.The appearance of this virtually monospecies bloom provided a rare opportunity to examine in detail the biochemical composition of a natural field diatom species (see discussion in Ballantine, Lavis & Morris, 1979 and Morris, 1984). After removal of zooplankton the phytoplankton were collected on a 30 μm clear nylon filter. A detailed biochemical analysis was carried out as previously described (Morris, McCartney & Robinson, 1983; Morris, 1984).The Rhizosolenium spp. sample was composed of almost equal amounts of lipid (23 mg), insoluble carbohydrate (19 mg) and protein (24 mg) with much smaller amounts of soluble carbohydrate (009 mg). The lipid was composed mainly of polar lipids (70% total lipids), neutral glycerides (20% total lipids) and sterols (8% total lipids). The detailed fatty acid and sterol composition of these major lipid fractions are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Monthly-Mean Residual Flows Through the Dover Strait, 1949–1980
Authors: Prandle D. 
Published: May 2009

In an earlier paper (Prandle, 1978b) estimates were made of the monthly-mean residual flows through the Dover Strait for the period 1949–72. This time series has proven to be of some interest to marine biologists (Colebrook, Reid & Coombs, 1978; Reid & Budd, 1979; Taylor et al. 1981). This short additional note extends this time series up to 1980 (Table 1).Other model studies of wind forcing in this region have been published in recent years.
Predation of Sagartiogeton Laceratus Upon Aurelia Aurita in Shallow Water
Authors: Berryman John 
Published: May 2009

Sagartiogeton laceratus Carlgren. was observed in 1979 in large numbers (11–20 m) in shallow water (5 m below chart datum Sullom Voe) at Whaal Firth, Yell, Shetland, at a site named Stany Pund. It was recorded at a nearby site, Poita, at a lower density (1–2 m) in deeper water (6–8 m below CD.), and was also recorded as ‘common’ at the shallow head of the firth.Very large numbers of Aurelia aurita (L.) were observed within the sheltered, shallow arm of the firth, within the upper few metres of water.Each year since 1979 the same occurrence has been noted, and in the summer of 1980 the predation of Sagartiogeton upon Aurelia was observed and photographed on several occasions. These observations were repeated in 1982.Sagartiogeton laceratus is found attached to shell fragments in silt, the column inclined towards the current. During ingestion the tentacles shorten, and the mouth, disc, and column, distend many times their normal dimensions. (Estimated to be 400% for the column, disc.)It seems likely that the occurrence of both species in sufficiently large numbers to make predation noteworthy is due to the position and depth of Whaal Firth. It forms a north facing ‘trap’ on the eastern side of Yell sound through which ebb and flood tides move rapidly. The total length of Whaal Firth is approximately 7 km of which 4 km are relatively exposed, and 3 km sheltered.
A Note on Feeding inLeptopentacta (=Cucumaria) Elongata
Authors: Douglas McKenzie J. , Picton B. E. 
Published: May 2009

Conflicting opinions exist as to the method of feeding employed byLeptopentacta elongata(Dub. and Kor). Orton (1914) and Mortensen (1927) suggested that it may be a deposit feeder. Chia & Buchanan (1969) noted that post larval specimens up to 1 year old deposit fed. Fankboner (1981), in a short study, concluded that the adults were cryptic deposit feeders. Hunt (1925) and Fish (1967), however, observed what they concluded was suspension feeding. All the above observations were the result of aquarium studies. Fish (1967) also demonstrated thatLeptopentactahibernated between October and April or May both in the field and in aquarium. He also observed that hibernation could be induced in the summer months by reducing water temperature to 8°C but that winter hibernation could not be curtailed by raising the water temperature.Obsevations made by one of us (B.P.) while diving indicate thatLeptopentactasuspension feeds. This behaviour has been observed on several occasions from several sites around the Irish coastline with specimens then being caught and their identity confirmed. While feeding the tentacles are held clear of the substrate to intercept suspended material.These observations clearly do not support the description ofLeptopentactasolely as a cryptic deposit feeder, indeed the evidence for the adults deposit feeding at all is weak. Orton (1914) and Mortensen were only speculating onLeptopentactabeing a deposit feeder based on the observation that specimens in aquaria spent much of their time completely buried. Hibernation, as shown by Fish (1967), is a possible explanation for this.
Acanthonotozoma Serratum, an Arctic Amphipod New to Britain
Authors: Moore P. G. 
Published: May 2009

The amphipod family Acanthonotozomatidae was represented hitherto in British waters by the generaIphimedia Rathke (includingPanoploea Thompson) andOdius Lilljeborg; Acanthonotozoma Boeck being unrecorded (Lincoln, 1979).Material referable toAcanthonotozoma serratum (O. Fabricuius, 1780) is here reported from the East coast of Scotland. Two specimens (1 juvenile,ca. 7 mm long and 1 immature female, broken in half, estimated length 85 mm) were taken by Dr R. Earll by diving (his sample no. CR2, St. 4/3) from amongst tubes occupied by the amphipodEricthonius rubricornis Stimpson attached to boulders amongst coarse sand, depth 345 m, at Coldingham Bay, St Abbs, Berwickshire, Scotland (55° 53' 30": 2° 5' 36") on 17 August 1982. Dr Earll kindly made over his amphipod material to me for identification.Just (1978) has reviewed the genusAcanthonotozoma and has commented on the variability of both morphology and coloration ofA. serratum from Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Russian Kara Sea, N. Norway and the Skagerrak. The Scottish material has Norwegian rather than Greenlandic characteristics. Thus the dorsal tooth on peraeonite 5 is lacking, giving the dorsum a 4-dentate appearance. Coxal plate 3 is bluntly tapered distally. Coxal plate 4 is squarish and coxal plate 7 has the posterodistal corner unproduced. The posterodistal projections of the third epimeral plate are short with a wide angle between them. The basal articles of peraeopods 57­ have a square, less sharply produced posterodistal corner.Mouthparts and anterior peraeopoda have been dissected from the right side of the female and mounted on three slides in polyvinyl-lactophenol. No significant differences are apparent in mouthpart morphology compared with fig. 4 in Just (1978).
Oxygen consumption and osmoregulation in the shanny,Blennius pholis
Authors: Milton P. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONIt is well known that littoral teleosts, such asBlennius pholis, are on occasions subjected to considerable and abrupt variations in the salinity of their environment. Smith (1930) constructed a tentative model of the processes involved in the osmoregulation of teleosts; quantification of the various components of the Smith model has been extensive, but little attention has been paid to the respiratory stresses undergone by teleosts in fluctuating salinities.
The epizoic fauna of Flustra foliacea [Bryozoa]
Authors: Stebbing A. R. D. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONVarious authors during the last century (Johnston, 1847; Hincks, 1868, 1880) and more recently (D. Eggleston, unpublished†) have recorded a number of species as epizoites on the perennial bryozoan Flustra foliacea (L.) (Table 1); but the ecology of the ‘community’ (Hedgpeth, 1957) of epizoites and their interaction with the living substratum has never been studied. The sessile fauna of Flustra fronds includes species of seven different phyla, but it can be said of only a few that the fronds provide their typical habitat. For example, the barnacles are never very numerous and the lamellibranchs rarely reach adult size. This paper is concerned mainly with the most common epizoites: the hydroids and bryozoans. The distribution and orientation of some of these species on the fronds are of ecological interest.