bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The isolation of streptococci from human faeces
Authors: Unsworth P. F. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThree selective media were designed for isolation of streptococci from faeces. Samples of faeces from twelve normal adults were suspended and serially diluted in saline or broth saline, and equal volumes of each dilution were spread and incubated on the media. The number of colonies of each different type which developed was counted and one colony of each type was subcultured and identified.Altogether, streptococci of 13 taxa were found.S. faecium, S. mutans, S. milleri, S. faecalisandS. mitiorwere each found in over half the samples. Lancefield group B and G streptococci,S. bovisII, an atypical strain ofS. bovisI,S. cremoris, S. duransand a dextran-positive strain ofS. mitiorwere each present in 1 or 2 samples. Individual samples contained 2–7 (mean 4·6) streptococcal taxa, and total viable counts of streptococci of 3 × 103−3 × 108(geometric mean 7 × 105) per g. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The control of infection spread by synthetic cream
Authors: Hobbs Betty C. , Smith Muriel E. 
Published: May 2009

1. The growth in synthetic cream of certain pathogenic bacteria may be inhibited by two methods:(a) By limiting the ingredients to cooking fat or other fatty material, excluding margarine or butter, emulsifying agent such as methyl cellulose, sugar and salt. The cream must not then be left in contact with confectionery from which nutritive material may be absorbed. This last condition renders the method impracticable as a means of control.(b) By the addition to synthetic cream, including those containing milk and egg, of a bacteriostatic agent such as hydrogen peroxide.2. Contaminants may grow in emulsified fats in the absence of protein. These are probably lipolytic organisms which are able to utilize the products split from the fat. Organisms such as coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella paratyphi B, and Bacterium coli, tend to die out within 24 hr. or after a few days in creams lacking protein.3. The concentration of H2O2 necessary to inhibit the growth of test organisms is dependent on the ingredients of the cream. In the presence of butter, milk and egg yolk at least three times the concentration of H2O2 is necessary as when emulsified fat without added protein is used. The suggestion is made that concentrations of H2O2 from 0·005 to 0·02% should be added to all commercially produced synthetic cream, the actual concentration used depending on the constituents of the cream.4. To prevent the growth of contaminating organisms in commercially produced synthetic cream, H2O2 should be added immediately after pasteurization and cooling when the bacterial count is still low. Even comparatively high concentrations of H2O2 will not inhibit or control the growth of bacteria already present in large numbers.5. The inhibiting power of 0·012% of H2O2 remained effective in a fat-emulsion cream and also in a laboratory cream containing margarine, egg and milk for 3 weeks at + 4 and 20° C.; at higher temperatures of storage the stability of the oxidizing agent is doubtful.6. Since synthetic cream is exposed to so many different sources of contamination, particularly in the bakery, and since there is no method of controlling the growth of pathogenic organisms that have gained access to it other than by the addition of a bacteriostatic agent, it is strongly recommended that the present regulations on preservatives should be altered to allow the addition of H2O2 in suitable concentration to synthetic cream.We are grateful to all those who have helped in the supplies of material, and in particular we wish to thank the Public Health Department, St Pancras Town Hall; Mr E. Capstick, United Dairies Ltd.; Mr J. Valentine Backes, President, Bakery Allied Traders' Association; and also Messrs Bakcos Catering Supplies Ltd., A. Bellamy and Co. Ltd., Farma Cream Products Ltd., Krema Ltd., Malga Products Ltd., Ramsay, Braddon and Co. Ltd., Quality Foods Ltd., Sunnyside Products Ltd., Unicream Ltd., and Vitacream Ltd.We are indebted to Mr L. Bailey for his technical assistance.
The generation method of analysis applied to mortality from respiratory tuberculosis
Authors: Spicer C. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. A quantitative comparison has been made of the observed mortalities from respiratory tuberculosis with those expected from a simple scheme of generation mortality.2. This scheme gives a good account of the observed rates until about 1930, but is unsatisfactory thereafter.3. It is concluded that these discrepancies cannot be due to chance, and that the generation effect has become obscured by other factors.4. In particular the shift of maximum mortality into later life is not directly explained by the hypothesis, nor is such a shift a necessary consequence of the generation hypothesis of mortality.I am greatly indebted to Dr J. C. McDonald for advice and constructive criticism during the writing of this paper; my thanks are also due to Dr G. S. Wilson for his comments.
The somatic antigens of theCl. welchiigroup of organisms
Authors: Henderson D. W. 
Published: May 2009

The complex group of organisms with cultural and biochemical properties closely similar to the classicalCl. welchiiare at present differentiated into four types according to the quality and number of the toxins they elaboratein vitro.The present study is concerned with the specific affinities of the bacterial antigens of representative strains from these four types. The experiments confirm earlier reports concerning a wide diversity in the specificity of the somatic antigens of the classical type A strains. The bacterial antigens of the types B, C and D, however, have been shown to possess interesting similarities and affinities:(1) The O antigen of type A (classicalCl. welchii) strains is strictly strain specific.(2) The type B (L.D. bacillus) strains isolated in Great Britain share an identical O antigen but a strain from South Africa had a strictly specific O component.(3) The O antigen of the type C (B. paludis) strains isolated in Great Britain is identical.(4) The type D (B. ovitoxicus) strains exhibit wide diversity in the specificity of their O component. Thirteen strains were placed in not less than seven groups.(5) Cross O reactions between various types is negligible or entirely absent.(6) In addition to the heat-stable O antigen certain strains possess a heat-labile somatic component. This antigen occurs only among those types (B and D) that produce ɛ toxin but it is probably not present in all strains.(7) Colony variants reminiscent of the typical rough forms of Gram-negative organisms are frequently encountered among strains of each type. Certain of these forms appear as stable variants and they are characterized serologically by the loss of O antigen specific for the strain.(8) The rough forms still produce toxins characteristic of the type to which the parent culture belongs.
Chemotherapy in cerebrospinal meningitis in the Sudan
Authors: Buchanan R. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Meningococcal cerebrospinal meningitis in the Sudan does not materially differ in its progress and end result from the disease as found in Europe.2. There is no racial peculiarity in response to infection or to chemotherapy.3. There is no sex or age peculiarity in incidence. Both sexes and all ages respond to chemotherapy.4. Sulphapyridine is superior to sulphanilamide in the shortening of invalidism and in the prevention of complications.5. Oral administration of sulphapyridine is in the majority of cases as effective as intramuscular.6. Dosage is related to the clinical stage of the disease, and to its duration before treatment. An initial dose of 2·5 g. sulphapyridine for adults, and 1·0—1·5 g. for children is prescribed for the serious case, with subsequent gradation of treatment to provide a maintenance dose.7. Treatment, if it is going to give a good result, will produce a response within 24 hr. It need not be prolonged beyond 7 days. The third, fourth and seventh days of treatment are critical.
A family coefficient scale developed from the Australian nutrition survey
Authors: Clements F. W. 
Published: May 2009

1. The existing scales of family consumption coefficients are reviewed and an attempt made to determine the sources from which they were developed. In the absence of definite information it was assumed that the majority of previous family coefficients were based upon the physiological requirements of the various age groups.2. A family food budget survey recorded food purchased by the household. There was no guarantee that this food was eaten by the members of the house-hold in proportions similar to a scale of coefficients based upon physiological requirements.3. Using the statistical material collected by the Commonwealth Advisory Council on Nutrition a scale of family coefficients based on calories “purchased” has been evolved by a form of statistical treatment which measured the additional food purchased for an additional person. This scale was:This scale agrees more closely with that advanced by Lusk than any other.4. Comparisons were drawn between the values obtained in this analysis and the physiological requirements of various age groups. It was found that for men and women and the older children the calories as purchased closely approximated to the physiological requirements, whilst for children of 2–3 years and under 2 years the former were considerably higher.5. The protein purchased was within the range calculated to satisfy the physiological requirements.
Laboratory investigation of sewer swabs following the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak of 1964
Authors: Callaghan P. , Brodie J. 
Published: May 2009

Laboratory aspects of a programme of sewer swabbing during and after the Aberdeen typhoid fever outbreak, 1964, have been described. Results were discussed and reasons suggested for the relative insensitivity of methods employed in the isolation of Salmonella typhi. It was tentatively concluded that generalized sewer swabbing in a large city was not likely to be very helpful in tracing undetected excreters of S. typhi during and immediately after a major typhoid fever outbreak. The cost of the laboratory side of this investigation, for staff salaries, equipment, media, etc., was somewhat over £7000.The authors wish to express thanks to Dr I. A. G. MacQueen, M.O.H., Aberdeen, and his staff including Mr H. B. Parry, Chief Sanitary Inspector and staff, for willing and helpful co-operation throughout this programme. Grateful acknowledgement is also made to Dr B. Moore of the Public Health Laboratory, Exeter; to Dr E. S. Anderson of the Enteric Reference Laboratory, London, for ‘phage typing’ the numerous isolations and to Dr Joan Taylor of the Salmonella Reference Laboratory, London, for assistance in typing Salmonella spp. isolated. Especial thanks are due to our laboratory technicians and other staff for the willing support given during the investigation.
Sero-epidemiological study of reovirus infection amongst the normal population of the Chandigarh area—northern India
Authors: Pal S. R. , Agarwal S. C. 
Published: May 2009

Two hundred and sixty-four samples of sera obtained from normal healthy persons belonging to different age groups were examined for haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against reovirus types 1–3 to assess the prevalence of reovirus infection in the northern part of India.Reovirus infection appeared as early as 6 months to 1 year of age. With reovirus types 1 and 2, the maximum incidence of 67 and 48% respectively occurred by the age of 10–20 years, whereas with type 3 infection the maximum incidence (73%) was reached by the age of 25 years. The incidence of reovirus type 2 infection in all the age groups was remarkably low in this series. A drop in the incidence of reovirus type 2 infection was also noticed after the age of 20 years.The difference in geometric mean titre of antibody in different ages against reovirus type 2 was highly significant, suggesting probably that most of the infection occurred by the age of twenty years. The difference in the geometric mean value of the titres of antibody against types 1 and 3 was not significant in different age groups. The levels of antibody against types 1 and 3 in all the age groups were almost the same, suggesting that infection, specially with reovirus type 3, was occurring in all the age groups even beyond 20 years of age.The authors wish to express their sincerest thanks to Dr Leon Rosen, Pacific Research Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Honolulu, Hawaii, for the supply of prototype strains of reoviruses, to Drs B. K. Aikat, Director Professor of Pathology, R. N. Chakravarti, Department of Experimental Medicine, O. N. Bhakoo, and Sucheta Thukral, Department of Paediatrics, Post- Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chadigarh, for their invaluable help and co-operation, to Prof. P. V. K. Iyer, Department of Mathematics, Panjab University, and to Mr H. D. Gupta, Biostatistician, Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chadigarh for their statistical analysis of the results.The authors gratefully acknowledge the helpful criticism and suggestion of Dr C G. Pandit, Ex-Director, Indian Council of Medical Research, during the preparation of the paper.The authors acknowledge also the technical assistance of Mr Jagmohan Lai Pipat, Mr Gurmeet Singh Khatra, and Mr Amar Singh Saini.This work was partly supported by the Research Grant of the Indian Council of Medical Research sanctioned to one of the authors (S. R. P.).
Confirmatory tests for coliform organisms
Authors:   Public Health Laboratory Service Standing Committee on the Bacteriological Examination of Water Supplies
Published: May 2009

In nine laboratories 1% lactose ricinoleate broth has been investigated as a possible alternative to brilliant green bile broth as a confirmatory medium for coliform organisms and Escherichia coli.Although the results varied considerably from one laboratory to another, in the sum of the results and in the majority of the participating laboratories 1% lactose ricinoleate produced fewer false negative reactions than brilliant green bile broth as a confirmatory medium at both 37 and 44° C.Although both media are satisfactory, 1% lactose ricinoleate broth can be recommended as an alternative to brilliant green bile broth for the confirmation of coliform organisms and Esch. coli from presumptive positive tubes in the examination of water samples, as it is not subject to the known variability of brilliant green and ox-bile.
Isolation ofMycobacterium xenopeifrom water taps
Authors: Bullin C. H. , Tanner Elizabeth I. , Collins C. H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAn increase in the number of isolations ofMycobacterium xenopeifrom sputum suggested environmental contamination. The organism was recovered from water taps in 61 of 111 pairs of hot and cold water taps in one hospital, 20 of the 74 pairs in another hospital, but from only 3 of 61 pairs of taps in a third hospital and two of 34 pairs in private houses. Scotochromogens were recovered from taps in the first two hospitals only, andM. kansasiiwas isolated twice from the same tap in the first hospital. No mycobacteria were isolated from pigeon droppings or viscera, nor from patients' tooth brushes, tooth powder or razor debris. The source of contamination is not known.
A comparative study of two live measles vaccines in Iran
Authors: Mirchamsy H. , Shafyi A. , Bassali Y. , Bahrami S. , Nazari F. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe results of immunization of 523 children from 9 months to over 5 years of age with two attenuated measles vaccines, ‘Denken’ and ‘Biken’, are described. The clinical reactions following vaccination with both vaccines were mild, but Denken vaccine produced more rashes than the Biken vaccine. The serological conversion was satisfactory for both vaccines but a higher titre of neutralizing and haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies was found in children immunized with Denken vaccine. The incidence of severe reactions or complications was negligible in this trial. The immunity to diphtheria or tetanus was not altered by vaccination with live measles vaccine.
An investigation of the inhibitory properties of sodium thioglycollate in media for the recovery of clostridial spores
Authors: Hibbert H. R. , Spencer R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe effect of various concentrations of sodium thioglycollate (0–0·05 %) on the recovery of spores of four strains of clostridia was investigated. The results showed that thioglycollate at a concentration of 0·01 % can be inhibitory to some clostridia. However, the results also indicated that the inhibitory effect is dependent upon the composition of the growth medium. The presence of glucose appeared to be particularly important in reducing the inhibitory effect. These findings support the view that the use of sodium thioglycollate in sterility test media should be discontinued.
Comparison of materials used for cleaning equipment in retail food premises, and of two methods for the enumeration of bacteria on cleaned equipment and work surfaces
Authors: Gilbert R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThere is no official scheme for testing disinfectants and detergent/disinfectants for use in the retail food trade and few recommended procedures have been given for the cleaning of equipment with these agents. Therefore, field trials were carried out in a large self-service store. Comparisons were made of the various cleaning efficiencies, as determined by bacterial plate counts, of detergent and disinfectant solutions and machine cleaning oils applied with either clean cloths or disposable paper towels to items of equipment. The most satisfactory results were always obtained when anionic detergent (0·75 % w/v) and hypochlorite (200 p.p.m. available chlorine) solutions were applied in a ‘two-step’ procedure.Tests were made to compare the calcium alginate swab-rinse and the agar sausage (Agaroid) techniques for the enumeration of bacteria on stainless steel, plastic, formica and wooden surfaces before and after a cleaning process. Although recovery rates were always greater by the swab-rinse technique, the agar sausage technique was considered to be a useful routine control method for surface sampling.
Comparative toxicity of various ozonized olefins to bacteria suspended in air
Authors: Dark F. A. , Nash T. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAir containing olefin vapour was treated with known amounts of ozone simulating natural concentrations. The bactericidal effect of the mixture was tested using microthreads sprayed with washed cultures of Escherichia coli var. communis or Micrococcus albus, aerosol strain. With 20 different olefins a wide range of activity was found, those in which the double bond formed part of a ring being the most bactericidal; petrol vapour was about as active as the average open-chain olefin. The two organisms behaved similarly at the experimental relative humidity of 80%. The estimated amount of bactericidal substance present was only about one hundredth of that required to give the same kill with a ‘conventional’ air disinfectant; a simple physical explanation is proposed for this enhanced effect.
The passive haemagglutination test for the detection ofMycoplasma suipneumoniaeand the possible diagnosis of enzootic pneumonia of pigs
Authors: Goodwin R. F. W. , Hodgson Ruth G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFourteen cases of enzootic pneumonia, nearly all of which had presented diagnostic difficulties using the metabolic-inhibition test, were re-examined using specific pig antisera in the passive haemagglutination test (PHA). All proved positive forMycoplasma suipneumoniae, indicating that the test, used in this manner, might be particularly valuable for routine diagnosis.The PHA test was also used to demonstrate antibody toM. suipneumoniaein pneumonic tissue and the associated bronchial lymph nodes.To allay our concern that cross-reactions might interfere with this and other serological tests—the complement-fixation test (CF) and precipitation in agar-gel—the specificity of our reagents and the antigenic relationships ofMycoplasma hyorhinis,Mycoplasma granularum, mycoplasmaB3,Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaeand three strains ofM. suipneumoniae(including cloned and uncloned isolates of the J strain) were studied in various ways. Antibodies to medium constituents occurred in rabbit antiserum but did not present a problem with pig antisera. These antibodies were successfully absorbed from the rabbit antisera but it was not possible to remove medium constituents from the antigens used to produce antisera in rabbits by repeated washing.By all these tests, the main species of mycoplasmas studied seemed to be anti-genically distinct. No major antigenic differences between the three strains ofM. suipneumoniaewere revealed by the PHA test and the CF test; a slight difference in the precipitation lines of one of these strains (MG) in agar-gel might have indicated an antigenic variation or been a measure of some other factor.
Studies with inactivated equine influenza vaccine: 1. Serological responses of ponies to graded doses of vaccine
Authors: Wood J. M. , Mumford Jennifer , Folkers C. , Scott A. M. , Schild G. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSerological responses to three bivalent aqueous equine influenza vaccines of different potency and an adjuvanted bivalent vaccine containing inactivated A/equine/Prague/56 (H7N7) and A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8) viruses, were examined in seronegative ponies. Potencies of the vaccines, measured by single-radial-diffusion tests, ranged from 4 to 56 μg of haemagglutinin (HA) antigen activity/virus strain per dose. Serological responses to vaccination were examined by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and single-radial-haemolysis (SRH) tests.Four weeks after a primary dose, HI responses to both vaccine viruses were barely detectable; after a second dose the HI responses to A/Miami/63 virus were low or undetectable but HI responses to A/Prague/56 virus were higher (17/20 ponies with titres ≤ 1:16). In contrast SRH tests revealed dose-related antibody responses to both virus strains after one and two vaccine doses; levels after the second dose were 2- to 5-fold higher than after the primary dose. Highest post-vaccination antibody titres were obtained with the adjuvanted vaccine which contained 2- to 4-fold less antigen (13–23 μg HA) than the most potent aqueous vaccine. Post-vaccination antibody reacted well in SRH tests with recent antigenic variants of equine influenza virus. A remarkable finding was the high rate of decline in antibody, detected by HI or SRH tests, following one or two doses of vaccine. Even in animals with the highest post-vaccine antibody levels 2–4 weeks after a booster dose, antibody levels had declined to low or undectable levels 14 weeks later. The low antibody titres detected at 14–32 weeks after vaccination were nevertheless vaccine dose-related.
Sero-epizootiological study on swine influenza in a prefecture of Japan
Authors: Ogawa Y. , Goto H. , Hirano T. , Shimizu K. , Ohno Y. , Kuroda H. , Hongo H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA total of 1799 swine sera collected in Toyama prefecture in the central part of Japan during the years 1978–82 were tested for antibody against swine influenza virus (SIV), A/New Jersey/8/76 (H1N1). A high prevalence of antibody was observed in the years after the severe epizootic of SI, 34·5% in 1979 and 51·7% in 1982. In other years, the percentages of positive sera were low and ranged from 1·7 to 12·4%. Regional variations were seen in relation to a small scale epizootic. No antibody to SIV was detected in any of the sera collected during the warm season. In the following dry and cold winter, however, a severe epizootic occurred among the swine populations.