bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Downstream Regulatory Element Cooperates with the Silencing Machinery to Repress EPA1 Expression in Candida glabrata
Authors: Gallegos-García Verónica , Pan Shih-Jung , Juárez-Cepeda Jacqueline , Ramírez-Zavaleta Candy Y , Martin-del-Campo Marcela Briones , Martínez-Jiménez Verónica , Castaño Irene , Cormack Brendan , De Las Peñas Alejandro 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Candida glabrata, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, adheres to mammalian epithelial cells; adherence is mediated primarily by the Epa1 adhesin. EPA1 is a member of a large gene family of ∼23 paralogues, which encode putative adhesins. In this study, we address how EPA1 transcription is regulated. Our data show that EPA1 expression is subject to two distinct negative regulatory mechanisms. EPA1 transcription is repressed by subtelomeric silencing: the Sir complex (Sir2–Sir4), Rap1, Rif1, yKu70, and yKu80 are required for full repression. Activation of EPA1 occurs immediately after dilution of stationary phase (SP) cells into fresh media; however, transcription is rapidly repressed again, limiting expression to lag phase, just as the cells exit stationary phase. This repression following lag phase requires a cis-acting regulatory negative element (NE) located in the EPA1 3′-intergenic region and is independent of telomere proximity. Bioinformatic analysis shows that there are 10 copies of the NE-like sequence in the C. glabrata genome associated with other EPA genes as well as non-EPA genes.
Field Emission from Nanocrystalline Diamond/Carbon Nanowall Composite Films Deposited on Scratched Substrates
Authors: Cheng C.Y. , Nakashima M. , Teii K. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTWe report the deposition and field emission properties of nanostructured composites consisting of carbon nanowalls (CNWs) and nanocrystalline diamond films by introducing two kinds of substrate scratching pretreatment, i.e., undulation and ultrasonic vibration. With increasing duration of scratching pretreatment, the morphology of the deposits changes from simple CNWs to a film/CNW composite and lastly to CNWs on a film, and then the space between the walls is increased. The emission turn-on field is reduced from 2.1 V/μm for simple CNWs to around 1.2 V/μm for the composite films, accompanied by an increase in field enhancement factor. The results indicate that electric field screening between the walls is successfully suppressed by widening of the wall spacing.
Self-Patterning Rear Contact Schemes for Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Lennon Alison , Lu Pei Hsuan , Lu Zhong , Wang Kai 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTHigher silicon solar efficiencies are possible if metal contact is made to the cell though openings in a well-passivated surface. Patterning for rear point-contact schemes has typically been achieved using deterministic patterning methods involving either the use of photolithography, laser or inkjet patterning. However, with these approaches it is difficult to achieve cost-effective, high-throughput and robust processing if very small and closely-spaced openings are required. In this paper we review recent progress in the use of self-patterning anodised aluminium oxide layers to both passivate and enable point metal contacts to the rear surface of silicon solar cells. We describe a wet chemical method for anodising aluminium layers thermally-evaporated on the rear surfaces of silicon solar cells, and demonstrate that the layers can result in excellent passivation of the underlying silicon and also enable metal contact to the solar cell. Additionally, we describe how patterning of either the anodic aluminium oxide layer or the source aluminium layer can result in patterns of metallic and dielectric regions on a surface, and how currently-available solar cell electroplating tools can be adapted to achieve anodisation of solar cells at commercial processing throughput rates.
Synthesis of ZnO Nanowires by Hydrothermal Technique for Integration Into Chalcopyrite Thin Films
Authors: Karaagac H. , Parlak M. , Islam M. Saif 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTVertically oriented, highly dense ZnO nanowires (NWs) array was successfully grown on both glass and silicon substrates using hydrothermal technique. A systematic study was carried out to investigate the effects of growth parameters including growth time and thickness of ZnO seed layer on the quality of ZnO NWs in terms of their homogeneity and orientation in the vertical direction. The diameter as well as the length of grown ZnO NWs was found to be closely dependent on the thickness of the pre-coated ZnO seed layer. The structures of ZnO NWs and electron-beam evaporated AgGa0.5In0.5Se2 (AGIS) thin film have been characterized by X-ray diffraction measurements and optical properties were measured by transmission measurement. The optic band gap of AGIS thin film was found to be almost optimum (1.56 eV) to match the abundant part of solar cell spectrum. AGIS thin film was deposited on the synthesized ZnO NWs to form p-n heterojunction based inorganic solar cell, which exhibited photovoltaic behavior with a power conversion efficiency of 0.37 % under A.M (1.5) illumination.
Synthesis and Morphology Control of Carbon Nanotube/Polyaniline Composite for Chemical Sensing
Authors: Ding Mengning , Star Alexander 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTComposites of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and polyaniline (PAni) were synthesized using different approaches. SWNT/PAni nanocomposite with controlled core/shell morphology was achieved. Our chemical sensing tests showed that such core/shell morphology resulted in superior sensor performance, with an increased sensitivity to acetone vapors, and a reversible detection of hydrazine vapors. The reversible detection of parts-per-billion concentrations of hydrazine offers promise for a portable solid-state detector that has potential application in aerospace.
Vector Magneto-Optical Generalized Ellipsometry on Passivated Permalloy Slanted Columnar Thin Films
Authors: Schmidt Daniel , Briley Chad , Schubert Eva , Schubert Mathias 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTVector magneto-optical generalized ellipsometry on passivated ferromagnetic permalloy slanted columnar thin films is reported. The nanostructured thin film was grown by electron-beam glancing angle deposition and subsequently coated with a thin Al2O3 layer by atomic layer deposition. Magneto-optical generalized ellipsometry data have been acquired while an external magnetic field H with constant amplitude was rotated with respect to the sample (spatial hysteresis loops). The magneto-optical coupling parameters, which are proportional to the sample magnetization M, reveal intriguing anisotropic magnetic behavior of the slanted columnar thin film. Three-dimensional graphs of the magneto-optical coupling parameters with respect to spatial hysteresis loops shown here are representative for the sample magnetization.
Synthesis of Si Nanowires by Electroless Etching Technique and Their Integration Into I-III-VI2 Thin Films For Solar Cells
Authors: Karaagac H. , Parlak M. , Saif Islam M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTSi nanowires (NWs) have been fabricated by Ag-assisted electroless etching technique using an HF/AgNO3 aqueous solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements have revealed that a highly dense array of Si NWs with length of ∼1.4 μm is formed over the surface of both n-type and p-type Si (100) substrates. Following the fabrication of Si NWs, electron-beam evaporated p-type AgGa0.5In0.5Se2 thin film was deposited on the n-type Si NWs to form p-n heterojunction solar cells. The fabricated solar cells yield a 5.50% power conversion efficiency under AM (1.5) illumination.
The Cleft-Columellar Angle: A Useful Variable to Describe the Unilateral Cleft Lip-Associated Nasal Deformity
Authors: Meltzer Noah E. , Vaidya Dhananjay , Capone Randolph B. 
Published: January 2012

Objective To study a method for quantification of the severity of either the unilateral cleft lip deformity or the associated cleft nasal deformity. A standard method would be useful for defining surgical outcomes. Design Using a developed rating questionnaire and patient photographs, 26 nonexpert volunteers rated 14 children with untreated unilateral cleft lip according to the severity of their overall deformity, as well as the individual lip and nose deformities. The cleft-columellar angle was measured as defined by the intersection of a line in the parasagittal plane and a line perpendicular to the columellar base along the midcolumellar line. The association between deformity ratings and the cleft-columellar angle was modeled using mixed-model regression analysis. Setting Tertiary care academic medical center. Results After accounting for within-rater and within-child effects, the cleft-columellar angle explained a statistically significant portion of the variance in the rated severity for lip deformity (49%, p = .0012), nasal deformity (57%, p = .0001), and overall deformity (57%, p = .0005). Conclusions Measurement of the cleft-columellar angle in two-dimensional digital photography is simple and correlative, capturing a substantial portion of nonexpert severity ratings of the constellation of deformities seen with the unilateral cleft lip deformity. Given its ease of application, the cleft-columellar angle is a useful variable in the description of the unilateral cleft lip deformity and may find utility across institutions as cleft surgeons seek to advance surgical care through outcomes research.
Shared Decision Making in Oncology Practice: What Do Oncologists Need to Know?
Authors: Politi Mary C. , Studts Jamie L. , Hayslip John W. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Outline the five steps that comprise shared decision making.Identify specific tactics that can be used to engage a patient in a shared decision making process.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.
There is growing interest by patients, policy makers, and clinicians in shared decision making (SDM) as a means to involve patients in health decisions and translate evidence into clinical practice. However, few clinicians feel optimally trained to implement SDM in practice, and many patients report that they are less involved than they desire to be in their cancer care decisions. SDM might help address the wide practice variation reported for many preference-sensitive decisions by incorporating patient preferences into decision discussions.

Methods.
This paper provides a perspective on how to incorporate SDM into routine oncology practice to facilitate patient-centered communication and promote effective treatment decisions. Oncology practice is uniquely positioned to lead the adoption of SDM because of the vast number of preference-sensitive decisions in which SDM can enhance the clinical encounter.

Results.
Clinicians can facilitate cancer decision making by: (a) determining the situations in which SDM is critical; (b) acknowledging the decision to a patient; (c) describing the available options, including the risks, benefits, and uncertainty associated with options; (d) eliciting patients' preferences; and (e) agreeing on a plan for the next steps in the decision-making process.

Conclusion.
Given recent policy movements toward incorporating SDM and translating evidence into routine clinical practice, oncologists are likely to continue expanding their use of SDM and will have to confront the challenges of incorporating SDM into their clinical workflow. More research is needed to explore ways to overcome these challenges such that both quality evidence and patient preferences are appropriately translated and incorporated into oncology care decisions.
Extreme Estimation Uncertainty in Fair Value Estimates: Implications for Audit Assurance
Authors: Christensen Brant E. , Glover Steven M. , Wood David A. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARY
The overall complexity and estimation uncertainty inherent in financial statements have increased in recent decades; however, the related reports and services have changed very little, including the format of the balance sheet and income statement, the content in the auditor's report, and the level and nature of assurance provided on estimates. We examine estimates reported by public companies and find that fair value and other estimates based on management's subjective models and inputs contain estimation uncertainty or imprecision that is many times greater than materiality. Importantly, changes in the estimates often impact net income; consequently, the extreme estimation uncertainty also resides in measures such as earnings per share. We do not question the value audits provide to the marketplace, the importance of fair value reporting, or the ability of auditors to deploy up-to-date valuation and auditing techniques. Rather, we suggest that the convergence of relatively recent events is placing an increasingly difficult, and perhaps in some cases unrealistic, burden on auditors. We consider whether the convergence of events in regulation and standard setting may have outstripped auditors' ability to provide the level and nature of assurance currently required on estimates with extreme estimation uncertainty by auditing standards and regulators. We discuss potential changes to financial reporting and auditing standards that may improve the information provided to users and also address the concerns we raise. Finally, we suggest avenues for future research that may be fruitful in addressing how changes to standards would influence the behavior of preparers, auditors, and users.
JEL Classifications: M4; M40; M41; M42.
Data Availability: All data are publicly available.
Domestic Income Shifting by Chinese Listed Firms
Authors: Shevlin Terry , Tang Tanya Y. H. , Wilson Ryan J. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
To encourage economic development in specific regions and industries, the Chinese Central and local governments offer a series of corporate income tax incentives (tax exemptions, reduced tax rates, tax holidays, and tax refunds). In China, parent and subsidiary companies are consolidated for financial reporting, but not for tax purposes. We take advantage of a unique disclosure in the tax footnotes of Chinese listed firms to examine income shifting among consolidated group members in response to these incentives. We find that intangible-intensive groups (“firms”), and firms concerned with meeting minimum earnings thresholds to issue equity, shift greater amounts of income. We find no evidence that high concentrations of either Central or local government ownership affect the level of income shifting.
The International Accounting Education Standards Board: Influencing Global Accounting Education
Authors: McPeak David , Pincus Karen V. , Sundem Gary L. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper is to make readers aware of Accounting Education Standards (IESs), which are developed by the International Accounting Education Standards Board (IAESB). These standards are influencing accounting education and training worldwide. Less than a decade old, the IESs are enforced through the member bodies of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) and professional accountancy organizations throughout the world. The goal of the IESs is to ensure that economic decision makers can rely on the competence of professional accountants regardless of the country where the accountants received their education and training.
Differing cultures, languages, and social, educational, and legal systems pose a challenge for developing a globally applicable set of international accounting education standards. Accounting educators can help the IAESB meet this challenge by responding to IAESB exposure drafts, undertaking research relevant to issues being addressed by the IAESB, becoming directly involved in the standard-setting process, and using IAESB standards, practice statements, information papers, and other information on the education and training of professional accountants in developing, assessing, and evolving accounting education programs.
Comment donner du sens à un « sale boulot » ?
Authors: Guerrero Sylvie , Maisy-Marengo Nadège 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Cet article présente une définition élargie du concept de sale boulot pour montrer que tout individu peut potentiellement effectuer une tâche jugée sale lors de son travail. Que faire alors ? Comment un superviseur peut-il aider les membres de son équipe qui doivent exécuter ce type de tâches ? À l’aide de citations d’individus ayant vécu ou vivant l’expérience d’un sale boulot, l’article détaille les principales stratégies de normalisation qu’ils utilisent pour apprendre à lutter contre le stigmate de leur emploi. L’article présente aussi comment les gestionnaires, à travers les pratiques de socialisation et de gestion, peuvent faciliter le déploiement de telles stratégies de normalisation chez les employés qu’ils supervisent.
Impact of ocular hypotensive lipids on clinically significant diabetic macular edema
Authors: Patel Anu S. , Patel Chirag C. , Goyal Anju , Anchala Anupama , Adrean Sean , Hughes Bret , Mahmoud Tamer H. 
Published: January 2012

Purpose To study the impact of ocular hypotensive lipids (OHL) on the incidence, progression, and response to treatment of clinically significant diabetic macular edema (CSDME). Methods A total of 379 patients (232 female, 147 male) with a history of diabetes mellitus (DM) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were identified and included in the study. Patients were stratified into groups based on CSDME development and OHL exposure. Main outcome measures included time to development of CSDME, total duration of OHL exposure, and duration of DM and POAG. Results Seven patients (1.8%) developed CSDME after OHL exposure (group 1A), 15 (4.0%) developed CSDME prior to OHL exposure (group 1B), and 197 (52.0%) were treated with OHL but never developed CSDME (group 2). Of patients not exposed to OHL, 22 (5.8%) developed CSDME (group 3) and 138 (36.4%) did not (group 4). Mean duration of DM was longer (p<0.0001) in patients who developed CSDME (20.2 years) compared to patients who did not (12.4 years). There was no difference (p=0.67) in the amount of OHL exposure between patients who developed CSDME (4.1 years) and patients who did not (4.6 years). Once developed, there was no difference in the interval until CSDME resolution between OHL treated (17.8 mo) and untreated (12.7 mo) patients (p=0.36). Conclusions The CSDME development correlated most strongly with the duration of diabetes, irrespective of OHL use. Ocular hypotensive lipids treatment of POAG seems not to affect the incidence, progression, or response to treatment of CSDME in diabetes.
Assessment of Long-Term Vasoplegia Induced by Brachial Plexus Block: A Favorable Effect for Hemodialysis Angioaccess Surgery?
Authors: Pirozzi Nicola , Pettorini Laura , Scrivano Jacopo , Giuliani Anna , Baldinelli Matteo , Punzo Giorgio , Pirozzi Vincenzo , Menè Paolo 
Published: January 2012

Purpose Loco-regional anesthesia, along with the neurosensitive inhibition causes arterial and venous vasodilatation, that could be of interest for vascular access surgery. We evaluated the long term vasoplegia persistence after brachial plexic block. Methods Five patients submitted to brachial plexus block for an orthopedic procedure have been observed. Both radial arteries, that of the blocked arm and the opposite as a control, were analyzed by ultrasound examination, at time 0 and 360 minutes after anesthesia induction. All patients were treated with the same anesthesiologic protocol: axillary approach, use of an electroneurostimulator, injection 10 ml of ropivacain 7.5% + 10 ml of mepivacain 2%. The parameters evaluated from the arterial ultrasound flowmetry were: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistance index (RI). Results. No modification of the arterial flow were observed in the control arm at 0 and 360'after block induction. The blocked arm instead showed a significant decrease of the resistive index, stable at 360minutes. Conclusions The vasoplegia accompaning plexic block lasted 6 hours after anesthesia induction. Whereas this longstanding haemodynamic effect is beneficial for early patency of vascular access for hemodialysis, needs to be ascertained by further investigations.
Primary Sjögren's syndrome as a systemic disease: A study of participants enrolled in an International Sjögren's syndrome registry
Authors: Malladi Arundathi S. , Sack Kenneth E. , Shiboski Stephen C. , Shiboski Caroline H. , Baer Alan N. , Banushree Ratukondla , Dong Yi , Helin Pekka , Kirkham Bruce W. , Li Mengtao , Sugai Susumu , Umehara Hisanori , Vivino Frederick B. , Vollenweider Cristina F. , Zhang Wen , Zhao Yan , Greenspan John S. , Daniels Troy E. , Criswell Lindsey A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo study the prevalence of extraglandular manifestations in primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) among participants enrolled in the Sjögren's International Collaborative Clinical Alliance (SICCA) Registry.MethodsA total of 1,927 participants in the SICCA registry were studied, including 886 participants who met the 2002 American–European Consensus Group (AECG) criteria for primary SS, 830 “intermediate” cases who had some objective findings of primary SS but did not meet AECG criteria, and 211 control individuals. We studied the prevalence of immunologic and hematologic laboratory abnormalities, specific rheumatologic examination findings, and physician‐confirmed thyroid, liver, and kidney disease, as well as lymphoma among SICCA participants.ResultsLaboratory abnormalities, including hematologic abnormalities, hypergammaglobulinemia, and hypocomplementemia, frequently occurred among primary SS cases and were more common among the intermediate cases than among control participants. Cutaneous vasculitis and lymphadenopathy were also more common among primary SS cases. In contrast, the frequency of physician‐confirmed diagnoses of thyroid, liver, and kidney disease and lymphoma was low and only primary biliary cirrhosis was associated with primary SS case status. Rheumatologic and neurologic symptoms were common among all SICCA participants, regardless of case status.ConclusionData from the international SICCA registry support the systemic nature of primary SS, manifested primarily in terms of specific immunologic and hematologic abnormalities. The occurrence of other systemic disorders among this cohort is relatively uncommon. Previously reported associations may be more specific to select patient subgroups, such as those referred for evaluation of certain neurologic, rheumatologic, or other systemic manifestations.