bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European Union
Authors: Buller Jim 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article uses a temporal perspective to fully understand the nature of change in the British government's relations with the European Union (EU). It first examines the reason for Britain's awkwardness, concentrating on the period 1987–97. Moreover, it attempts to document and account for a number of gradual changes that has taken place in Britain's relations with the EU over the last decade or so. It specifically deals with the alterations to the international and European context that has benefited British diplomacy since 1997. The depoliticization of Europe at the domestic level reflects in part a conscious strategy by political agents at the top of the Blair government. It has been argued that a subtle change has taken place in the British government's relations with the EU, and that this trend is the result of a complex interplay of institutional and agential factors.
Participation and Social Capital
Authors: Whiteley Paul 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article investigates the link between social capital and political participation in Britain. It also outlines evidence on political participation in contemporary Britain, as well as changes in participation over time. This is followed by an examination of the thesis that social capital drives political participation. In addition, evidence on the relationship between social capital and political participation from the 2005 British Election Study is explored. The article then describes the findings and their implications for civic engagement in contemporary Britain. A long-term decline in electoral participation in Britain has been taking place, something which has been happening in other advanced industrial democracies as well. Increasingly citizens are instrumental in their approach to participation, and they will get involved if this furthers their interests, and they avoid involvement when it does not.
European Economy
Authors: Clift Ben 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article reports on analysis and assumptions underpinning the prevailing analysis and prescription (diagnosis and cure) for European economic reform within British politics. These two discursive framings inform and shape the relationship between British politics and the European political economy. The article also deals with the clash of capitalisms and social models within the implementation, successes, and failings of the ‘Lisbon agenda’. The relationship between the welfare state regime and economic performance is then explored, before considering attempts to tackle unemployment through ‘flexicurity’ reforms to labour market institutions, and the framing and content of macroeconomic policy. The UK model was successful in terms of employment between 1997 and 2007, but this success has been bought at what many consider too high a price in terms of social inequality. The Lisbon process is insufficient in the mechanisms to induce the convergence it exhorts.
The Medievals
Authors: Marenbon John 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMedieval philosophers used the language of cause and effect as frequently as philosophers do now. Viewed very, very broadly, they had in mind a similar notion, at least when they were speaking of efficient causality (and even the three other types of Aristotelian cause — material, formal, and final — can be brought loosely under this concept): causes are in some sense prior to their effects, which they produce and the existence of which they explain. Viewed more closely, medieval notions of causality are sharply different from contemporary ones, and these differences are especially evident in explicit discussions of causation. This article discusses the idea of essential causation. It looks at the aspect of medieval thought about causation that seems to come closest to the modern debates instigated by Hume, the supposed medieval occasionalists such as the Islamic thinker al-Ghazali (1058–1111) and the Parisian Arts Master and student of theology, Nicholas of Autrecourt (d. 1369), and the critiques of occasionalism offered by Averroes (c.1126–98), who wrote in Muslim Spain, and Aquinas.
Probabilistic Theories
Authors: Williamson Jon 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Causal relationships are typically accompanied by probabilistic dependencies — normally when A causes B the former raises or lowers the probability of the latter. Probabilistic theories of causality usually try to characterize or analyse causality in terms of these probabilistic dependencies: they try to provide probabilistic criteria for deciding whether A causes B, and often maintain that causality just is the corresponding pattern of probabilistic relationships. This article provides an introduction to and criticism of such accounts. While it is argued that probabilistic theories are ultimately unsuccessful, work on probabilistic causality has shed a great deal of light on the relationship between causality and probability and hence these theories repay a thorough understanding.
Causal Modelling
Authors: Hitchcock Christopher 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
‘Causal modelling’ is a general term that applies to a wide variety of formal methods for representing, and facilitating inferences about, causal relationships. The end of the twentieth century saw an explosion of work on causal modelling, with contributions from such fields as statistics, computer science, and philosophy; as well as from more subject-specific disciplines such as econometrics and epidemiology. This article focuses on two programmes that have attracted considerable philosophical attention, one due to the computer scientist Judea Pearl and his collaborators, and the other to the philosophers Peter Spirtes, Clark Glymour, and Richard Scheines. It offers a much simplified presentation of causal models that emphasizes various points of philosophical interest.
Platitudes and Counterexamples
Authors: Menzies Peter 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article explains the conception of causation as a natural relation in more detail. It outlines some of the features of our use of the causal concept that do not fit with the idea of causation as a natural relation between events. It then outlines the correct explanation of these features, replacing the metaphysical conception of causation with a conception of causation in terms of a contrastive difference-making relation, where the contrasts are determined contextually on the basis of what are often normative considerations.
The Time‐Asymmetry of Causation
Authors: Price Huw , Weslake Brad 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOne of the most striking features of causation is that causes typically precede their effects — the causal arrow seems strongly aligned with the temporal arrow, as it were. Why should this be so? This is the puzzle of the time-asymmetry of causation. This article offers an opinionated guide to this problem, and to the solutions currently on offer.
Effects of Soil Type and Tillage on Protein and Starch Quality in Three Related Wheat Genotypes
Authors: Wilkes Meredith A. , Seung David , Levavasseur Gilles , Trethowan Richard M. , Copeland Les 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted using three related wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown on two different soil types (a grey vertosol and a red kandosol) using two different tillage practices (complete and zero) to test the effects of environmental influence on grain quality. Wheat grains from plants grown in each environment were milled into flour; protein and starch were analyzed. The soil type had the biggest impact on both protein and starch content, with the grains from the grey vertosol soil having higher total, insoluble, and soluble protein contents, and lower starch content and flour swelling values. When protein was analyzed using SDS‐PAGE, the major difference observed between grains from the two soil types was an increased intensity of polypeptide bands corresponding to β‐amylase in grains from plants grown on grey vertosol soils.
Frequent hypermethylation and loss of heterozygosity of the testis derived transcript gene in ovarian cancer
Authors: Qiu Haifeng , Zhu Jiezhi , Yuan Cunzhong , Yan Shi , Yang Qifeng , Kong Beihua 
Published: January 2010

Testis derived transcript (TES) is a candidate tumor suppressor gene located at the human chromosome 7q31, and its function in ovarian cancer is still unknown. Using ovarian cancer cell lines and tissue samples, we demonstrated that both loss of heterozygosity and hypermethylation of the TES gene occurred in ovarian cancer at high frequencies, and there were significant correlations between TES expression and hypermethylation or loss of heterozygosity. We also detected methylation in ovarian cancer cell line A2780 after treatment with 5‐aza‐2‐deoxycytidine. The expression level of TES was enormously up‐regulated, then caused changes to the biological behaviors of A2780 cells: cell growth properties were greatly impaired, colony formatting abilities were suppressed to very low levels, and the apoptosis rate was highly raised compared to the control group. Our findings suggest that the TES gene functions as a tumor suppressor gene and is frequently silenced by hypermethylation and loss of heterozygosity in ovarian cancers.(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 1255–1260)
An in vitro method for the analysis of infection‐related morphogenesis in Fusarium graminearum
Authors: RITTENOUR WILLIAM R. , HARRIS STEVEN D. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARY Fusarium graminearum is a significant pathogen of many cereal crops. With its genetic tractability, ease of culture, genome sequence availability and economic significance, F. graminearum has become the subject of intensive molecular research. Although molecular tools have been developed to enhance research into virulence determinants of F. graminearum, simple assays for infection‐related development are lacking. As such, the objective of this study was to develop an in vitro protocol for the analysis of infection‐related morphogenesis in F. graminearum. We demonstrate that two morphologically distinct hyphal structures are produced by F. graminearum during the invasion of detached wheat glumes: subcuticular hyphae and bulbous infection hyphae. Specialized wheat epidermal cells (papillae) appear to act as sites of invasion by F. graminearum on the adaxial side of detached wheat glumes. In addition, the development of bulbous infection hyphae is dependent on the pathogenicity mitogen‐activated protein kinase Gpmk1, further supporting the infection‐related nature of these structures. This relatively simple assay will contribute to the tractability of the F. graminearum system and help to uncover molecular requirements for infection‐related development.
Acute leukaemias of ambiguous lineage in children: characterization, prognosis and therapy recommendations
Authors: Gerr Heidrun , Zimmermann Martin , Schrappe Martin , Dworzak Michael , Ludwig Wolf‐Dieter , Bradtke Jutta , Moericke Anja , Schabath Richard , Creutzig Ursula , Reinhardt Dirk 
Published: January 2010

SummaryAcute leukaemias of ambiguous lineage (ALAL) represent a rare type of leukaemia, expressing both myeloid and lymphoid markers. This study retrospectively analyzed data from 92 children (biphenotypic n = 78, bilineal n = 6, lineage switch n = 8) with ALAL registered in the Berlin‐Frankfürt‐Münster (BFM) acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) studies between 1998 and 2006 (2·4% of all cases with acute leukaemia). Our cohort of ALAL patients was characterized by comparatively high median age (8·9 years), high median white blood cell count (14·9 × 109/l), as well as frequent hyperleucocytosis (18·5%) and central nervous system involvement (24·1%). The most frequent cytogenetic abnormalities were ETV6/RUNX1 fusion (16%) and trisomy 8 (14·6%). Complete remission rate was significantly lower than in ALL‐BFM patients (91·8% vs. 99·1%, P < 0·001), but comparable to AML‐BFM patients (87·9%). Event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of ALAL patients were low, at 62 ± 5%. 5‐year probability of EFS was significantly worse than in ALL patients (80 ± 1%, P < 0·001), but better than for AML patients (49 ± 2%, P = 0·027). Our data suggest that an intensive therapy regimen including stem cell transplantation may be favourable for bilineal or lineage switch cases, whereas patients with ETV6/RUNX1 fusion, lymphoid morphology and patients with expression of cyCD22 and cyCD79a should be treated with an ALL‐directed therapy.
Validation of a qPCR assay for the detection of Ictalurid herpesvirus‐2 (IcHV‐2) in fish tissues and cell culture supernatants
Authors: Goodwin A E , Marecaux E 
Published: January 2010

Abstract Ictalurid herpesvirus‐2 (IcHV‐2) is a pathogen of cultured black bullhead, Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque), and has been shown to produce high mortality in experimental exposures of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque). During acute infections, the virus grows readily in cell cultures but produces a cytopathic effect (CPE) similar to that of Ictalurid herpesvirus‐1 (IcHV‐1) and the channel catfish reovirus. We have developed a quantitative PCR assay that can be used to detect IcHV‐2 in fish tissues and cell culture supernatants. The assay does not amplify other fish herpesviruses tested or host DNA. It is quantitative over a range of eight logs, and the limit of detection is <10 copies per reaction. In replicate assays carried out on different days, the coefficient of variability was 10%. The best organs for the detection of acute IcHV‐2 infections by our assay are the spleen and kidney. This assay should be useful for the diagnosis of IcHV‐2 disease, the identification of syncytial CPEs in cell cultures, and for the detection of latent infections in carrier fish.
Division and cell envelope regulation by Ser/Thr phosphorylation: Mycobacterium shows the way
Authors: Molle Virginie , Kremer Laurent 
Published: January 2010

Summary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) has a complex lifestyle in different environments and involving several developmental stages. The success of M. tb results from its remarkable capacity to survive within the infected host, where it can persist in a non‐replicating state for several decades. The survival strategies developed by M. tb are linked to the presence of an unusual cell envelope. However, little is known regarding its capacity to modulate and adapt production of cell wall components in response to environmental conditions or to changes in cell shape and cell division. Signal sensing leading to cellular responses must be tightly regulated to allow survival under variable conditions. Although prokaryotes generally control their signal transduction processes through two‐component systems, signalling through Ser/Thr phosphorylation has recently emerged as a critical regulatory mechanism in bacteria. The genome of M. tb possesses a large family of eukaryotic‐like Ser/Thr protein kinases (STPKs). The physiological roles of several mycobacterial STPK substrates are connected to cell shape/division and cell envelope biosynthesis. Although these regulatory mechanisms have mostly been studied in Mycobacterium, Ser/Thr phosphorylation appears also to regulate cell division and peptidoglycan synthesis in Corynebacterium and Streptomyces. This review focuses on the proteins which have been identified as STPK substrates and involved in the synthesis of major cell envelope components and cell shape/division in actinomycetes. It is also intended to describe how phosphorylation affects the activity of peptidoglycan biosynthetic enzymes or cell division proteins.
Macrofaunal community structure in the western Indian continental margin including the oxygen minimum zone
Authors: Ingole Baban S. , Sautya Sabyasachi , Sivadas Sanitha , Singh Ravail , Nanajkar Mandar 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPatterns of macrofaunal distribution were studied along the western Indian continental margin to distinguish the role of habitat heterogeneity in generating and maintaining community structure. A transect perpendicular to the coast at 14°N latitude was selected for seabed sampling. Eight stations were sampled in the depth range 34–2546 m and characterized with respect to macrofaunal composition, abundance, biomass, diversity and feeding type. The sediments in the shelf region (34, 48, 100 m) and upper slope (525 m) were characterized by silty and sandy facies, whereas the mid slope (1001 m), lower slope (1524 m) and basin (2001, 2546 m) consisted of clayey silts. The highest value of sediment chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) and total organic carbon (Corg) were recorded from the mid slope areas. Faunal abundance and biomass increased from the shallow to deeper depths in the shelf region, and decreased in the slope region (525–1001 m) due to the reduced bottom‐water oxygen. The community parameters showed an overall increase in both the lower slope and basin areas. A total of 81 macro‐invertebrate species belonging to five major groups represented the macrofauna of the area. Polychaeta was the major group at all depths. Among polychaete families, species of the Spionidae, particularly Prionospio pinnata, predominated at the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) core and Cossuridae dominated in the lower part of the OMZ in sediments of the mid slope region (1001 m depth). Species diversity was higher in the basin than in the slope region. Fluctuations in diversity appear to be partly due to the bottom‐water dissolved oxygen (DO) gradient which includes values that are below the oxygen tolerance of many benthic species. Further, Margalef’s index (d) and Shannon–Wiener index (H′) showed a significant negative (P < 0.01) relationship between sediment Chl‐a and Corg, suggesting food availability as a critical factor in species dominance. Results of multivariate analyses suggest that for continental margin fauna, different physiographic provinces and an oxygen gradient have a higher influence on the species composition and diversity than other oceanographic conditions.
Mental health impact for adolescents living with prolonged drought
Authors: Dean John G. , Stain Helen J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground:  A 2004 study showed adolescents living in rural Australia were aware of the impact of drought on self, family and community, but did not report levels of emotional distress higher than adolescents of similar age and gender in the Australian community. It was proposed that the rural lifestyle had helped adolescents build resilience for managing this environmental adversity. Objective:  To re sample adolescents from the same rural area and determine if this resilience remained after ongoing drought three years later. Design:  A mixed methods approach using focus groups and a self‐report questionnaire. Setting:  Government Central Schools within the Riverina region of New South Wales. Participants:  Male and female adolescents (n = 111) aged 11–17 years completed the self‐report questionnaires, while some adolescents (n = 61) within this group also participated in focus groups.Main outcome measure:  The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and a Drought and Community Survey for Children comprised the self‐report survey. Results:  Adolescents reported significantly higher levels of emotional distress than those in the previous study (t (191) = 2.80, P < 0.01) and 12% of adolescents scored in the clinical caseness range. Thematic analysis showed consistency with the previous study as well as new themes of grief, loss and the impacts of global climate change. Conclusions:  Results indicate a reporting of lesser well‐being than was reported by a comparable group of young people four years earlier. A preventative intervention with a focus on family and community is recommended to address the mental health of adolescents enduring a chronic environmental adversity such as drought.
Systematic review of statins for the prevention of vascular dementia or dementia
Authors: Muangpaisan Weerasak , Brayne Carol ,   the Alzheimer's Society Vascular Dementia Systematic Review Group
Published: January 2010

Aim:  Non‐hypolipidemic effects of statins, known as pleiotropic effects, are likely to explain the effect of statins on dementia. Results of the relationship between statins and dementia in previous studies are conflicting. There is no systematic review investigating the effect of statins on vascular dementia (VaD). This systematic review evaluates the role of statins in the prevention of VaD or dementia. The possible causes of conflicting results in the existing published work will be explored.Methods:  Relevant studies were systematically identified and reviewed. The Cochrane Controlled Trials and three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycInfo) were searched. The selection criteria were defined a priori. Included studies were rated by quality assessment checklists and two independent reviewers.Results:  Six studies in dementia, two studies in VaD (one study reported both dementia and VaD) and two meta‐analyses met the selection criteria. The studies covered 1372 cases of dementia from 14 430 participants and 116 cases of VaD from 4924 participants from the USA and UK. There was no association between statin use and risk of VaD. The protective effect of statins on dementia was demonstrated only in a nested case–control study of lower quality and one recently published cohort study. In most other cohort and high quality studies, statin use did not show a beneficial effect.Conclusion:  Study design differences among the studies and methodological shortcomings may have resulted in different outcomes. On the basis of these conflicting results, statins could not be recommended as a preventative treatment for dementia.
A generalized frequency separation–strain energy damage function model for low cycle fatigue–creep life prediction
Authors: ZHU S.‐P. , HUANG H.‐Z. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTFatigue–creep interaction is a key factor for the failures of many engineering components and structures under high temperature and cyclic loading. These fatigue–creep life prediction issues are significant in selection, design and safety assessments of those components. Based on the frequency‐modified Manson–Coffin equation and Ostergren's model, a new model for high temperature low cycle fatigue (HTLCF), a generalized frequency separation–strain energy damage function model is developed. The approach used in this model to reflect the effects of time‐dependent damaging mechanisms on HTLCF life is different from those used in all the earlier models. A new strain energy damage function is used to reduce the difference between the approximate strain energy and real strain energy absorbed during the damage process. This proposed model can describe the effects of different time‐dependent damaging mechanisms on HTLCF life more accurately than others. Comparing traditional frequency separation technique (FS) and strain energy frequency‐modified approach (SEFS), the proposed model is widely applicable and more precise in predicting the life of fatigue–creep interaction. Experimental data from existing literature are used to demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the proposed model. A good agreement is found between the predicted results and experimental data.