bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation Between Foster Care Experience and Outcomes
Authors: Pecora Peter J. , Kessler Ronald C. , Williams Jason , Downs A. Chris , English Diana J. , White James , O'Brien Kirk 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the third primary research question: Are there key factors or program components that are linked with better functioning in adulthood? It was hypothesized that a more positive foster care experience would be related to more desirable outcomes. These include the following: A more stable placement history; Educational stability and more access to educational tutoring supports; More access to therapeutic service and supports; More involvement with the foster family; Greater preparation for leaving care (e.g., employment training and support); More tangible resources upon leaving care (e.g., $250 in cash and a driver's license); A positive relationship with an adult while growing up. Each outcome (e.g., no PTSD in last twelve months, no major depression in last twelve months) was examined separately after controlling for demographics and risk factor variables that were significant in a stepwise logistic regression: agency serving the youth, the state in which the youth was served, and the interaction between agency and state.
7 Experiments and Subjects
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTo investigate how wine drinkers apply wine descriptors to wines, experiments using a variety of tasks were carried out with three groups of subjects. The basic question was to determine the consensus (agreement) of subjects in each group. Tasks included selecting appropriate words for a list for each wine, comparing three or more wines at a tasting, matching wines with a partner's descriptions, discussing wines with one's partners) to find satisfactory descriptions for each wine tasted, and discussing the words themselves to determine if subjects understood them in the same way. Of the three groups of subjects, two groups consisted mostly of non-experts, and one group consisted entirely of experts, namely enologists from the University of California at Davis.
9 The Tucson Subjects
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe purpose of the next experiments was to see if non-expert subjects would develop a common wine vocabulary which they used consensually if they met regularly for eight months to drink and discuss wine and wine words. At each session three or four wines were served, and tasks were performed, similar to those used with the Stanford subjects. Afterwards the wines and the descriptors were discussed. Discussions were tape-recorded and analyzed. Tasks carried out at the beginning of the year were replicated with the same wines at the end. Although these results showed no over-all group consensus, subjects reported that they learned a great deal about wines and wine-language and that they could understand the descriptions of the other subjects better, even if they did not use the same descriptors.
12 Research on Taste and Smell
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMuch progress has been made in the psychophysics of taste and smell. Gas chromatography has enabled scientist to determine even trace amount of aroma compounds in wine. Functional magnetic resonance imaging provides information on neural activity in the cortex. Differences in individual sensitivity in tasting and smelling wine has long been known, but recent research shows that everyone has a unique tasting and smelling profile. Some disagreements among wine tasters may occur because they do not perceive a wine identically. Although women outperform men in olfactory and gustatory discrimination, wine experts have historically been men, and experienced tasters discriminate wines better than inexperienced tasters.
15 Nonscientific Uses of Language
Authors: Lehrer Adrienne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSome wine talk has an aesthetic function. Isenberg, discussing art criticism, shows that the critic tries to get the perceiver to see or hear some non-obvious aspects of a work of art. He calls this critical communication. When wine drinkers discuss the wines they drink together, they are also engaging in critical communication. Discussion among the Tucson subjects showed that much of the wine talk served this purpose. Another function of wine talk involves phatic communion, where the emphasis is on social bonding, created by shared experiences in wine drinking. Analyses of the Tucson subjects' discussions also showed much humor, making the experiences more fun. Discourse features of these conversations are also discussed.
Addressing environmental health issues
Authors: Claudio Luz , Garg Anjali , Landrigan Philip J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter addresses environmental health issues related to the World Trade Center disaster, including asbestos, lead, particulate matter, polychlorinated biphenyls, and other hazards at the World Trade Center site. It describes specific hazards to workers and to children. It also addresses future needs, including follow-up assessment of those rescue and recovery workers, residents of lower Manhattan, and others exposed to this disaster.
Small arms, explosives, and incendiaries
Authors: Cukier Wendy , Chapdelaine Antoine 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes and discusses small arms, explosives, and incendiaries that can be used as terrorist weapons. It describes antipersonnel landmines and the Mine Ban Treaty of 1997. It concludes that in order to prevent terrorism with small arms, explosives, and incendiaries, we must reduce the diversion of legal small arms and explosives to illegal markets, improve information exchange and investigations, “harden” targets, and strengthen injury control and emergency preparedness.
Nuclear, radiological, and related weapons
Authors: Sutton Patrice M. , Gould Robert M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes nuclear, radiological, and related weapons; their use, their proliferation, and adverse consequences of production and use. It describes international measures to control nuclear weapons, the prevention of nuclear terrorism, safeguarding nuclear power facilities and nuclear weapon stockpiles, ending proliferation of fissile materials and nuclear weapons while promoting disarmament, and nuclear abolition.
CHAPTER THREE Paris, 1782–92
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes Viotti's becoming the most acclaimed violinist of his time after his sensational debut at the Concert spirituel in Paris. After only two seasons Viotti renounced public performance, but continued to play in private salon concerts (which this chapter treats in some detail) and for a time he was in the service of the queen, Marie Antoinette. Viotti's Paris works are described, including a section on his improvising, as well as his activities as a violin teacher. The possibility that Viotti's trip to his hometown, Fontanetto, took place in the summer and autumn of 1782, rather than the summer of 1783, as is commonly thought, is considered. Viotti's friendships with Madame Vigée-Lebrun, the painter, and Madame de Genlis, the educator and novelist, are introduced in this chapter. Viotti's putative musical participation in the Masonic Concert olympique, of which he was a member in 1786, is speculated upon.
CHAPTER FIVE Viotti's Achievement Thus Far
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses and evaluates Viotti's immediate influence on violin playing in Paris and elsewhere, chiefly through his compositions, especially his violin concertos, and his playing and that of his pupils, chief among whom was Pierre Rode. A veritable Viotti school of violin playing was established by his pupils and followers, particularly in the Paris Conservatoire, which trained several generations of violinists. The violin methods of Viotti's three principal followers, Rode, Rodolph Kreutzer, and Pierre Baillot, were extremely influential. The influence of Viotti's violin concertos on such composers as Ludwig Spohr, Mozart, and Beethoven is considered.
CHAPTER SIX London, 1792–98, and Exile, 1798–ca. 1800
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with Viotti's resumption of public performance at the Hanover Square concerts in London. His London concertos (the last ten of his twenty-nine concertos) are discussed. His trip to the Continent in the summer of 1793 is described, as well as his sojourn in Bath, where he performed in 1794. The Chinnery family—William and Margaret and their three children—are introduced, a family with whom he was to be intimately associated for the rest of his life, and with whom, beginning in 1796, he lived at their home, Gillwell, near London. Viotti's positions at the King's Theatre in London, variously as acting director, director of the Opera Concert, where he appeared with Haydn, and leader of the orchestra, are described in detail. His second temporary renunciation of public performance in 1796, his entering the wine business, and, finally, his exile from England for alleged Jacobin activities, and his sojourn in the village of Schönfeld, near Hamburg, are all described.
CHAPTER SEVEN Gillwell, Paris, Oxford, London, ca. 1800–1812
Authors: Lister Warwick 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes Viotti's life of music making at the private concerts of Margaret Chinnery at Gillwell, and as a guest in other homes, and his participation in the education of the Chinnery children. Well-known visitors to Gillwell included the composer Francesco Bianchi, the singers Giuseppina Grassini, Angelica Catalani, and Giuseppe Viganoni, the violinists Johann Salomon and Feliks Janiewitz, the cellist John Crosdill, and the double bassist Domenico Dragonetti, all friends and colleagues of Viotti's. Viotti's friendship with the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Cambridge, the poet William Spencer, and many other prominent persons of the time is given due consideration. His visits to Christ Church College, Oxford, to see George Chinnery, who was a student there, 1808–11, and to St. Omer and Paris with the Chinnerys in 1802, are described. The end of the chapter considers the death of Caroline Chinnery, aged twenty-one, a talented pianist, and the forced departure from England of William Chinnery, both events occurring in March 1812, with the subsequent sale of Gillwell.
Cognitive Systems and the Extended Mind
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis book surveys philosophical issues raised by the situated movement in cognitive science—the treatment of cognitive phenomena as the joint product of brain, body, and environment. The book focuses specifically on the hypothesis of extended cognition, according to which human cognitive processes literally comprise elements beyond the boundary of the human organism. A systems-based approach is held to provide the only plausible criterion distinguishing what is cognitive from what is not. In most human cases, this system appears within the boundary of the human organism. It is argued that the systems-based view explains the existing successes of cognitive psychology and cognate fields in a way that extended conceptions of cognition do not and, furthermore, that once the systems-based view has been adopted, it is especially clear how extant arguments in support of the extended view go wrong. Additional aspects of the situated program, including the embedded and embodied views, are also examined. The book considers whether plausible incarnations of such views depart from orthodox, computational cognitive science, especially with regard to the role of representation and computation. It is argued that the embedded and embodied views do not constitute radical shifts in perspective. For instance, properly understood, the embodied view does not offer a new role for the nonneural body, different in principle from the one presupposed by orthodox cognitive science.
1 Introduction: The Mind, the Computer, and the Alternatives
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter briefly describes the history leading up to the situated revolution. It then introduces and motivates the three varieties of situated view to be discussed: (a) the extended view, which holds that human cognitive processing literally extends into the environment beyond the boundary of the organism; (b) the embedded view, which asserts that the human cognitive system is bounded by the organism but relies in surprising and extensive ways on interaction with the environment; and (c) the embodied view, according to which the human's nonneural physical body deeply influences cognitive processing. The chapter also sets out the book's naturalistic methodology and explores the way in which this methodology might support conclusions about the human mind and self.
4 Realization and Extended Cognition
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses a realization-based interpretation of the extended approach. On this view, cognitive states are states of an organismically bounded cognitive system, yet may still have realizers—that is, physical implementations—that extend beyond the boundary of the organism. Functionalism in philosophy of mind, as well as the associated idea of a physical realization, is spelled out in detail. It is then argued that the extension-friendly approach to realization is untenable. The relevant view of realization either undermines the examples motivating the extended view or is too liberal to be of use in cognitive science. Difficulty with this view arises largely because standard examples of extended cognitive processing involve interactions with the environment, and during these interactions, the realizers of the cognitive states at issue are distinct from those things with which the cognitive system interacts.
10 Embedded Cognition and Mental Representation
Authors: Rupert Robert D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter contains four sections. The first argues that what are supposed to be the innovative characteristics of embedded representations do not, in fact, differentiate them from representations included in orthodox, computational models. The second section argues that the supposedly unhelpful characteristics of orthodox representations are likely to be shared by the representations appearing in embedded models. In Section Three, it is shown how the embedded view can be fruitfully incorporated into standard theories of the fixation of externalist content for mental representations. Section Four applies the lessons of the preceding sections to a common objection to orthodox, computational modeling: that computationalist representations must come prefitted to a prelabeled world. It is argued that the weak sense in which computationalist representations are innate allows them to emerge epigenetically in a world rich with properties some of which come to be represented and some of which do not.
Setting the scene (largely from the UK point of view)
Authors: Pemberton John 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins recollections of how epidemiology was perceived in the 1930s. It then discusses the concept of social medicine in relation to clinical medicine, politics, and war as well as the acceptance of social medicine as part of physicians' training. The establishment of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and origins and contribution to epidemiology of the International Epidemiological Association are discussed.
Epidemiological methods and concepts in the nineteenth century and their influences on the twentieth century
Authors: Morabia Alfredo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on epidemiology in the 19th century. It describes the emergence of what has historically been the specific contribution of epidemiology to science; that is, the progressive constitution of a coherent ensemble of methods and concepts, aimed at assessing health determinants and based on two principles — population thinking and group comparisons. It then discusses pre-formal epidemiology and the influence of 19th-century epidemiology on early modern epidemiology.
Perinatal epidemiology
Authors: Rumeau-Rouquette Claude , Bréart Gérard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter traces the development of perinatal epidemiology. It illustrates the development of knowledge and the contribution that good epidemiology can make to improvement in maternal and child health and how epidemiological science helps in the formulation of health policy. It also demonstrates the dangers of reliance on central direction in modern heterogeneous populations.
Malaria
Authors: Morrow Richard H. , Moss William J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the epidemiology of malaria. Topics covered include malaria and its life cycle, epidemiology of malaria at the turn of the 20th century, advances in malaria epidemiology after the First World War, progress in the fight against malaria in the years preceding the Second World War, national malaria eradication programmes, and the era of molecular biology.
Data sources and their utilization
Authors: Kogevinas Manolis 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Mortality statistics remain the most widely available health data sources. The availability of adequate mortality data in more than 100 countries is the most important achievement of that last fifty years in the area of data sources. The second transforming achievement is linked to the development of the World Wide Web that signified the public availability of a rich variety of health-related information in populations. Connected to the latter is an extremely positive change among researchers in the last ten years regarding the public availability of information and a willingness to share data. This chapter discusses the availability of diverse data sources and their use, and then discusses limitations, mistakes, and challenges for the future.
Health transitions in Mexico and Central America: implications for health policy
Authors: Frenk Julio , Lozano Rafael , Gómez-Dantes Octavio 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the interaction of epidemiological and health systems analysis in Mexico and Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama). Emphasis is given to the specificities of health transitions in the region and what has been called the double burden of disease, and their influence on health policies. Mexico is used as a case study to illustrate the use of population health and health services assessment in the design, implementation, and evaluation of health policies.
Epidemiology and public health in Finland and Scandinavia: development and current state
Authors: Aromaa Arpo 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of epidemiology in Finland. It argues that epidemiology and health services research are both more developed and used more in Finland than in many other European countries. The current relative strength is related to factors including the early adoption of a systematic approach to disease control to control tuberculosis; since the 1940s visionary paediatricians were able to push for the creation of a nationwide network of child welfare clinics; and after the Second World War the whole of Finnish society expressed an urge for international contacts, which led amongst other things to post-graduate public health training in the USA and the UK.
A probabilistic toolbox
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe three fields that form the subject of this book all deal with large sets of random variables. Not surprisingly, they possess common underlying structures and techniques. This chapter describes some of them, insisting on the mathematical structures. It discusses on one hand large deviations, Sanov's theorem, and asymptotic equipartition. On the other hand, it introduces Markov chains for Monte Carlo computations, and its application to optimization with simulated annealing.
The random energy model
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe random energy model is probably the simplest statistical physics model of a disordered system which exhibits a phase transition. This chapter studies its thermodynamic properties and its phase transition, and describes in detail the condensation phenomenon at work in the low temperature phase. The same mathematical structure and techniques appear in a large number of contexts. This is witnessed by the examples from information theory and combinatorial optimization presented in the next two chapters.
Low-density parity-check codes
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLow-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are among the most efficient error correcting codes in use. This chapter introduces an important family of LDPC ensembles, based on random factor graphs, and studies some of their basic properties. It focuses on performances under optimal decoding, when no constraint is imposed on the computational complexity of the decoding procedure. Bounds in their performances are derived through an analysis of the geometric properties of their codebook. In particular, it shows that appropriately chosen LDPC ensembles allow for communication reliably at rates close to Shannon's capacity.
Bridges: Inference and the Monte Carlo method
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe mathematical structure highlighted in this chapter by the factor graph representation is the locality of probabilistic dependencies between variables. Locality also emerges in many problems of probabilistic inference, which provides another unifying view of the field. This chapter describes coding theory, statistical physics, and combinatorial optimization as inference problems. It also explores one generic inference method, the use of Monte Carlo Markov chains (MCMC) in order to sample from complex probabilistic models. Many of the difficulties encountered in decoding, in constraint satisfaction problems, or in glassy phases, are connected to a dramatic slowing down of MCMC dynamics, which is explored through simple numerical experiments on some examples.
Belief propogation
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses a general method for approximating marginals of large graphical models. This powerful technique has been discovered independently in various fields: statistical physics (under the name ‘Bethe Peierls approximation’), coding theory (‘sum-product’ and ‘min-sum’ algorithms), and artificial intelligence (‘belief propagation’). It is based on an exchange of messages between variables and factors, along the edges of the factor graph. These messages are interpreted as probability distributions for the variable in a graph where a cavity has been dug. The chapter also discusses the statistical analysis of these messages in large random graphical models: density evolution and the replica symmetric cavity method.
The 1RSB cavity method
Authors: Mézard Marc , Montanari Andrea 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn graphical models whose factor graph has a locally tree-like structure, belief propagation may fail because variables become correlated at large distances. This phenomenon has been observed in many problems, from satisfiability to colouring or error correcting codes. This chapter describes a physics-based approach for dealing with such a problem, the ‘one step replica symmetry breaking’ (1RSB) cavity method. It is based on the idea of counting solutions to belief propagation equations, and has strong connections with the theory of pure states decomposition. Its algorithmic side, the survey propagation algorithm, is motivated and described in details. The general theory is illustrated through its application to the XORSAT problem studied in Chapter 18.