bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection Algorithm for Single Motor Unit Firing in Surface EMG of the Trapezius Muscle
Authors: Deburchgraeve W. , Van Damme K. , Adriaensen T. , Spaepen A. , Van Huffel S. , Taelman J. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) of the neck and the shoulders are a growing problem in society. An interesting pattern of spontaneous muscle activity, the firing of a single motor unit, in the trapezius muscle is observed during a laboratory study in a rest state or a state with a mental load.
Objective: In this study, we report on the finding of the single motor unit firing and we present a detection algorithm to localize these single motor unit firings.
Methods: A spike train detection algorithm, using a nonlinear energy operator and correlation, is presented to detect burst of highly correlated, high energetic spike-like segments.
Results: This single motor unit was visible in 65% of the test subjects on one or both trapezius muscles although there was no change in posture of the test subjects. All the segments in the data that were determined as single motor unit firings were detected by the algorithm.
Discussion: The physiological meaning of this firing pattern is a very low and subconscious contraction of the muscle. A long-term contraction could lead to the exhaustion of the muscle fibers, thus resulting in musculoskeletal disorders. The detection algorithm is able to localize this phenomenon in a sEMG measurement. The ability of detecting these firings is helpful in the research of its origin.
Conclusion: The detection algorithm can be used to gain insight in the physiological origin of this phenomenon. In addition, the algorithm can also be used in a biofeedback system to warn the user for this undesired contraction to prevent MSD.
Interferences between Baroreflex and Respiration
Authors: Vallais F. , Porta A. , Lucini D. , Pagani M. , Aletti F. , Baselli G. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Background: The baroreflex is one of the most important short-term cardiovascular autonomic control mechanisms. Its interactions with other reflexes, mainly cardio-pulmonary reflexes, are of paramount importance in controlling heart rate.
Objectives: This study assesses the coupling between baroreflex and respiration during a progressive bicycle mild dynamical exercise.
Methods: The coupling was assessed by symbolic analysis and conditional entropy.
Results: Findings suggested the close relationship between the baroreflex sequences and the phase of respiratory signal and, thus, the interference between baroreflex and cardiopulmonary reflexes.
Conclusions: Indexes describing baroreflex based on spontaneous variability are strongly affected by cardiopulmonary influences.
A Virtual Reality Simulator for Teaching and Evaluating Dental Procedures
Authors: Haddawy P. , Khanal P. , Suebnukarn S. , Dailey M. N. , Rhienmora P. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Objectives: We present a dental training system with a haptic interface that allows dental students or experts to practice dental procedures in a virtual environment. The simulator is able to monitor and classify the performance of an operator into novice or expert categories. The intelligent training module allows a student to simultaneously and proactively follow the correct dental procedures demonstrated by an intelligent tutor.
Methods: The virtual reality (VR) simulator simulates the tooth preparation procedure both graphically and haptically, using a video display and haptic device. We evaluated the performance of users using hidden Markov models (HMMs) incorporating various data collected by the simulator. We implemented an intelligent training module which is able to record and replay the procedure that was performed by an expert and allows students to follow the correct steps and apply force proactively by themselves while reproducing the procedure.
Results: We find that the level of graphics and haptics fidelity is acceptable as evaluated by dentists. The accuracy of the objective performance assessment using HMMs is encouraging with 100 percent accuracy.
Conclusions: The simulator can simulate realistic tooth surface exploration and cutting. The accuracy of automatic performance assessment system using HMMs is also acceptable on relatively small data sets. The intelligent training allows skill transfer in a proactive manner which is an advantage over the passive method in a traditional training. We will soon conduct experiments with more participants and implement a variety of training strategies.
Extra- and intra-articular synovial chondromatosis and malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma
Authors: Díaz-Bertrana C. , Rial M.Rial. , Franch J. , Fontecha P. , Ramis A. , Durall I. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryIntra- and extra-articular primary synovial chondromatosis (SC) was observed in a five-year-old, entire male German Shepherd. Thousands of small cartilaginous nodules were removed from the stifle joint as well as from several adjacent muscles. Diagnosis of SC was established based on clinical, radio-graphic and biopsy results. The owner declined to have a new surgery performed for complete nodule removal and partial synovectomy. Nine months after the initial presentation, a proximal pathological intraarticular tibial fracture was observed and malignant transformation to chondrosarcoma was diagnosed after limb amputation. No metastasis was observed after 1.5 years of follow-up.
Effect of bandaging on postoperative swelling after tibial plateau levelling osteotomy
Authors: Roush J.K. , Bilicki K. L. , Baker G.Baker. , Unis M.D. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Objective: To compare the effects of bandaging on immediate postoperative swelling using a modified Robert-Jones bandage after tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs.
Study design: Prospective case series.
Methods: Dogs undergoing a TPLO were randomly placed into two groups. Group 1 received a modified Robert-Jones bandage postoperatively for a 24 hour period and Group 2 was not bandaged. Hindlimb circumference was measured at the level of the mid-patella, the distal aspect of the tibial crest, the midpoint of the tibial diaphysis and the hock. Measurements were recorded and compared in each group preoperatively and at 24 hours and 48 hours post-operatively. Interobserver variability was compared between the two observers.
Results: There was no significant difference in postoperative swelling, as measured by the percentage change in circumference, between bandaged and unbandaged operated limbs after the TPLO at 24 and 48 hours at any site. Some significant differences in measurement at particular sites were observed between the two different observers, but there was a significant linear correlation at all sites between observers. The observer with the least experience consistently had slightly higher measurements at these sites.
Clinical relevance: The use of a modified Robert-Jones bandage after TPLO did not prevent statistically significant postoperative swelling, and thus may not be indicated for this purpose. Postoperative bandages placed to control swelling after other small animal orthopaedic procedures should be evaluated individually for efficacy.
Torsion of the urinary bladder after pelvic trauma and surgical fixation
Authors: Pozzi A. , Thieman K. M. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryUrinary bladder torsion in a dog was successfully treated with reduction of the torsion and cystopexy. Urinary bladder torsion is a rare occurrence in dogs and has only been reported once previously. In the previous report, the bladder torsion was iatrogenic. This Brief Communication describes a case of bladder torsion and subtotal necrosis following reduction and stabilisation of pelvic fractures sustained during a road traffic accident. Proposed aetiology, diagnosis, treatment and postoperative management are discussed.
Chondrosarcoma in the humerus of a goat
Authors: Hilbe M. , Ohlert S. , Nuss K. , Schmid T. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThe clinical, radiographical and histo-pathological findings of a chondrosarcoma in the humerus of a goat are discussed. An 11-year-old female Saanen goat was admitted for evaluation of chronic, progressive left forelimb lameness. Clinical examination revealed signs of pain in the shoulder region. Radiographs of the scapulohumeral joint showed a large lytic lesion of the proximal third of the humerus with cortical destruction, intralesional calcification and marked periosteal reactions. Differential diagnoses included aggressive bone lesions as seen with osteomyelitis or a primary bone tumour, such as osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma or fibrosarcoma. The goat was euthanatized for humane reasons because of the poor prognosis. On the basis of the histopathological findings, the lesion was diagnosed as grade II chondrosarcoma. The tumour had already spread to the lungs and the left prescapular lymph node at the time of diagnosis.
Innovative telemonitoring system for cardiology: from science to routine operation
Authors: Morak J. , Modre R. , Kollmann A. , Ebner C. , Fruhwald FM. , Schreier G. , Kastner P. 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Objective: Results of the Austrian MOBITEL (MOBIle phone based TELemonitoring for heart failure patients) trial indicate that home-based telemonitoring improves outcome of chronic heart failure (CHF) patients and reduces both frequency and duration of hospitalizations. Based on lessons learned, we assessed the weak points to clear the way for routine operations.
Methods: We analyzed the system with respect to recommendations of the ESC Guidelines and experiences gained throughout the trial to identify potential improvements. The following components have been identified: a patient terminal with highest usability, integrated way to document drug-intake and well-being, and automated event detection for worsening of CHF. As a consequence the system was extended by Near Field Communication (NFC) technology and by an event management tool.
Results: Usability evaluation with 30 adults (14f, median 51y. IQR[45-65]) showed that 21 (8f) were able to immediately operate the system after reading a step-by-step manual. Eight (6f) needed one time demonstration and one man (80y) failed to operate the blood pressure meter. Routine operation of the revised system started in March 2009. Within 9 months, 15 patients (4f, median 74y. IQR[71-83], all NYHA-III) transmitted 17,149 items. 43 events were detected because of body weight gain of more then 2kg within 2 days. 49 therapy adjustments were documented. Three patients stopped using the system, two (1f) because of non-compliance and one (m, 82y) because of death. Overall, the rate of adherence to daily data transfer was 78%.
Conclusion: First results confirm the applicability of the revised telemonitoring system in routine operation.
Citation: Kastner P, MorakJ, Modre R, Kollmann A, Ebner C, Fruhwald FM, Schreier G. Innovative telemonitoring system for cardiology: from science to routine operation. Appl Clin Inf 2010; 1: 165–176 http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2009-12-RA-0021
Heat Transfer in Combustion Systems
Authors: Xu Jinliang 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Combustion is one of the most difficult processes to deal with in Nature and engineering. It involves simultaneous three‐dimensional multiphase fluid dynamics, heat transfer (conduction, convection, and radiation), chemical kinetics, and the turbulent mixing of different species, all of which processes are coupled to each other. Chemical kinetics is heavily dependent on the temperature level, while thermal analysis is also strongly related to the energy utilization efficiency of the whole system when coal, oil, or gas is combusted. Thus, heat transfer is a very important issue to be considered. This chapter provides a brief review on heat transfer in combustion systems, with the three heat transfer modes – conduction, convection, and radiation – being discussed separately. For each heat transfer mode, the basic concept is introduced, including the important dimensionless parameters, theory, and some analytical or empirical correlations; heat transfer mechanisms, as applied to combustion systems, are then reviewed. Within the chapter, analytical or empirical correlations are provided for the thermal analysis of combustion systems, together with details of recent research into heat transfer modes in industrial combustion systems. It is hoped that the chapter will be helpful in both the design and thermal analysis of combustion systems.
Combustion Kinetic Modeling
Authors: Javed Muhammed Tayyeb , Irfan Naseem , Ibrahim Muhammad Asim 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCombustion is a complex phenomenon characterized by the interaction and competition of various physical and chemical processes. The correct description of chemical changes requires the application of reaction mechanisms that consist of several hundreds or thousands of elementary reactions. This creates an opportunity for kinetic modeling to play important role in understanding the combustion phenomenon. This chapter provides an overview of combustion modeling, the main aim being to present a comprehensive knowledge base for combustion kinetic modeling. The coupling of fluid dynamics and chemical kinetics using commercial software such as CHEMKIN and FLUENT is also discussed. Moreover, an exemplary approach for reducing complex chemical reaction mechanisms is illustrated with reference to an H2+ O2mixture in an adiabatic system. This approach involves the identification of redundant species via rate sensitivity analysis, and of redundant reactions, by principal component analysis of the rate sensitivity matrix. An eigenvalue–eigenvector analysis is used to extract meaningful kinetic information from linear sensitivity coefficients computed for all species of chemical mechanism at several time points. The main advantage of this method lies in its ability to reveal those parts of the mechanism, which consist of strongly interacting reactions, and to indicate their importance within the mechanism. By using the above procedures, reduced reaction mechanisms could be developed at different chosen conditions and employed in CFD codes in place of detailed mechanisms, giving due consideration to flow fields.
Fuel Cells
Authors: Yuan Xiao‐Zi , Wang Haijiang 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of contemporary fuel cell technology. After an introduction to the fuel cell and its history, fuel cell theories are described, including the principles, thermodynamics, and reaction kinetics, laying the foundations of a basic understanding of fuel cell technologies. The different types of fuel cell, such as PEMFC, SOFC, AFC, PAFC, and MCFC, are then described, and the state‐of‐the‐art components, systems, and performances of each fuel cell type are discussed. Cell applications are then outlined, including stationary power generation, transportation, backup power, and small portable power applications. Finally, the major challenges and barriers to fuel cell commercialization are summarized.
Explosion Safety
Authors: Andrews Gordon E. , Phylaktou Herodotos N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, explosion stoichiometry is reviewed as air/fuel by mass for gases vapors, mists, and dusts. The measurement of lean flammability limits is reviewed, and legislated methods of measurement are outlined and compared with the previously accepted methods. The legislated methods provide about 15% leaner flammability limits than have previously been accepted. Applications of stoichiometry are discussed for explosion hazards, fuel tank explosions, and boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs). The influence of temperature and pressure on flammability is reviewed. The problem of explosions in the vapor space of flammable liquid storage tanks is discussed, with aircraft fuel tank vapor space explosions as the main application. The generation of a wind ahead of an explosion is discussed, and linked to flame speed and burning velocity. The reactivity parameterKG, which is used in explosion vent design, is shown to be directly related to the laminar burning velocity. Explosion protection using venting is reviewed, and the physics underlying the legislated vent design equations described, together with some shortcomings in the design procedures.
Eulerian (Field) Monte Carlo Methods for Solving
PDF
Transport Equations in Turbulent Reacting Flows
Authors: Sabel'nikov Vladimir , Soulard Olivier 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews some recent progress made in the field of Eulerian (field) Monte Carlo (EMC) methods, used for solving probability density function (PDF) transport equations in turbulent reacting flows. The framework of this review includes both Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and large eddy simulation (LES) approaches, and both composition and velocity–composition PDFs. Instead of stochastic particles, as in Lagrangian Monte Carlo (LMC) methods, stochastic Eulerian fields are used to represent the PDF in EMC methods. These fields evolve according to stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs), stochastically equivalent to the PDF equation. These SPDEs are derived from Lagrangian stochastic ordinary differential equations (SODEs), in the same way as in classical hydrodynamics one transforms the Navier–Stokes equations written in Lagrangian variables into Eulerian coordinates. Boundary conditions for the stochastic fields are discussed. From a numerical point of view, recent publications give evidence that EMC methods converge more rapidly than LMC methods. Further, EMC methods offer an additional advantage over LMC methods: they allow typical Eulerian transport solvers to be employed, thus facilitating the coupling in hybrid EMC–RANS or EMC–LES algorithms. The novel hybrid EMC–RANS is developed and then applied to a premixed methane–air flame stabilized by a backward‐facing step. Other examples of recent applications are reviewed, including the simulation of the auto‐ignition of a hydrogen jet issuing into a co‐flow of vitiated hot air with a scalar EMC–LES method and the simulation of an NO plume in the atmosphere with a scalar EMC–RANS method. Finally, potential future developments and areas of EMC methods are highlighted.
Overview of Liquid Fuels
Authors: van Rheinberg Oliver 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCrude Oil and Refinery – Production of Petroleum‐Based Liquid FuelsAtmospheric DistillationVacuum DistillationThermal Cracking and VisbreakingCatalytic CrackingHydrotreatingHydrodesulfurizationHydrocrackingHydrogenationIsomerization and Catalytic ReformingAlkylationPolymerizationClassification of Liquid FuelsPetroleum‐Based FuelsRenewable FuelsPolitical Regulation and DirectivesChemical and Physical Properties of Liquid FuelsMain Components of Petroleum‐Based FuelsAliphatic HydrocarbonsAromatic HydrocarbonsPhenolsPhysical and Chemical Properties of Aliphatic and Aromatic HydrocarbonsSulfur SpeciesGasoline and Common Renewable FuelsDiesel and Common Renewable FuelsKeroseneMarine and Residual FuelsStability of FuelsAuto‐Oxidation – Aging Mechanism of Petroleum‐Based FuelsAging Mechanism of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters
Oil Outlook
Authors: Clemens Torsten 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionFormation and Migration of OilOil Reserves ClassificationOil ResourcesOil Production History and Reserves DevelopmentOil Production ForecastOil Production Based on Currently Producing FieldsOil Production from Discovered Fields that Will be DevelopedOil Production from Yet to be Found FieldsOil Production Due to Additional Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and UnconventionalOil ProductionOil Production from Natural Gas LiquidsImplications of Increased Oil Demand/ProductionImpact ofCO2EmissionsOil Price OutlookDiscussion and Conclusion
Small‐Scale Biomass Combustion
Authors: Gaderer Matthias , Volz Florian , Kunde Robert 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction and Summary

Biomass Fuels

Biomass Combustion Techniques

Combustion Process

Manually Operated Systems

Log Wood Combustor Systems

Log Wood Fired Heating Systems

Automatically Fed Combustors

Combustion Concepts for Automatically Fed Firing Systems

Automatically Operated Wood Chip and Pellet Heating Systems

Emissions

Electricity Production and Combined Heat and Power
Pulverized Coal‐Fired Boilers
Authors: Zhang Hai , Lu Junfu 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

PC
Combustion and
PC
Fired Boiler

Physical Properties of
PC
Particles

Conventional Layout of a
PC
Boiler

Heating Surfaces and Water‐Vapor Path in a
PC
Boiler

Heat Transfer Calculation Procedure of a
PC
Boiler

Some Theories

Theoretical Air and Coefficient of Excess Air

Heat Balance and Efficiency of a
PC
Boiler

Ignition of
PC
Particles

Char Combustion

NO

x

Formation Mechanisms

Thermal NO

Fuel
NO

PC
Fired Furnace

Furnace Layout and Firing Type

Cross‐Section Heat Release Rates Selection

Volumetric Heat Release Rates Selection

Empirical Heat Transfer Calculation in the Furnace

General Introduction

Heat Input to the Furnace

Emissivity of the Flame and the Furnace

Empirical Heat Transfer Calculation in the Furnace

PC
Fired Burners

General Introduction

Arrangement of Burners

Low

NO
x

burners (
LNB
)

Examples of
LNBs

Boat‐Shaped Bluff‐Body Burner

Double
PA
Channel Burner

DRB
Burner

WR
Burner

PM
Burner and Vertical Rich/Lean

Louver Damper Burner and Bias Combustion

In‐Furnace
HTAC
Burner

Outlook

Summary
Gasification of Biomass and Waste
Authors: Gómez‐Barea Alberto , Leckner Bo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractGasification increases the opportunities of using biomass and waste as an energy source because the fuel is converted into a fuel gas suitable for various applications. The variety of methods for gasification of solid biofuels is described, illustrating the main types of gasifier and technology used to generate fuel gas for various applications. The difference between gasification of biofuels and coal is emphasized, underlining the impact of the fuels on the design and operation of the gasifier. Gas cleaning options are treated on the basis of gasification technology and end‐gas application. The commercial status of biomass and waste gasification is discussed, outlining the areas where R&D efforts are currently focused.
Agglomeration in Fluidized Bed Combustion: Mechanisms, Detection, and Counteraction
Authors: van Ommen J. Ruud , Lin Weigang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAgglomeration of bed material is a major operational problem in fluidized bed combustion, especially when using biofuels. The main mechanism of agglomeration involves the formation of low melting point compounds, which results in increased particle stickiness and formation of agglomerates. The presence of alkali components from the biofuels leads to reactions with silica from the bed material, forming alkali silicates that have a melting point below the typical operating temperatures of about 850 °C. In addition, hydrodynamics and particle interaction mechanisms will play a role. If no counteraction is taken, severe agglomeration can eventually result in defluidization of the bed and subsequent shut‐down of the installation. Therefore, an early warning system to reliably detect agglomeration is of high importance. Such a system typically consists of the measurement of operating variables such as pressure coupled with analysis of these data. Different methods proposed in the literature are reviewed in this chapter. As soon as agglomeration has been detected, appropriate counteractions should be taken, such as changing the operating conditions or using additives. Alternatively, different bed materials can be used or the fluidized bed design may be adapted to become less susceptible to agglomeration.