bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substance P in the synovial membrane and fluid of the equine middle carpal joint
Authors: CARON J. P. , BOWKER R. M. , ABHOLD R. H. , TOPPIN D. S. , SONEA I. M. , VEX K. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis preliminary study was designed to determine whether the neurotransmitter substance P was present in the middle carpal synovial membrane of the normal horse and whether the neuropeptide could be identified in the synovial fluid of normal horses and those with joint diseases. Immunocytochemistry on middle carpal synovial membrane biopsies from fresh cadavers was used to demonstrate substance P‐containing neural elements. Substance P was most abundant in the subintimal portion of the membrane, with occasional filaments coursing via synovial fronds to the intimai portion. Radioimmunoassay techniques were used on acidified acetonitrile‐preserved synovial fluid samples to measure substance P concentrations. Fluid from 9 joints of 5 normal horses and 6 joints of 4 horses with joint diseases were analysed. Disease conditions included acute and chronic osteoarthritis and osteochondrosis. Synovia from normal horses contained a mean concentration of substance P significantly less than that of horses with joint diseases (P < 0.05). Elevated concentrations of neurotransmitters in diseased joints suggests a potential contribution to the pathophysiology of joint disorders in horses.
Idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the equine small intestine: 11 cases (1980–1991)
Authors: CHAFFIN M. K. , FUENTEABLA I. CARMEN , SCHUMACHER J. , WELCH R. D. , EDWARDS J. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe medical records of 11 horses with idiopathic muscular hypertrophy (MH) of the small intestine were reviewed to determine the clinical and pathological features of the disease. The median age of affected horses was 10.0 years (range 5–18 years). No breed or sex predisposition was apparent. Ten horses (91%) had chronic (23 days to 2.4 years) signs of mild, intermittent colic, and 1 horse had signs of severe colic of only 3 days' duration. Partial anorexia and chronic weight loss of variable duration (1–6 months) were prominent historical findings in 5 (45%) horses. Diagnostic tests, with the exception of exploratory caeliotomy, were ineffective for definitive diagnosis of intestinal MH as a cause of colic. In 2 horses, however, a thickened, rigid ileum was detected by palpationper rectum, and in 5 horses, multiple loops of distended small intestine were detected by palpationper rectum. Hypertrophy of both the circular and longitudinal layers of muscularis was determined as the cause of intestinal thickening in all horses. Muscular hypertrophy of the ileum was present in 9 (82%) horses. Two horses (18%) had MH of a section of jejunum only, and 4 (36%) horses had MH of the ileum in combination with MH of other sections of small intestine. Two (18%) horses had MH of the entire small intestine. In 9 (82%) horses, intestinal MH resulted in narrowing of the luminal diameter at the site of MH. Small diverticula were present on the mesenteric border of the hypertrophied ileum of 5 (45%) horses. Five linear (up to 150‐cm) diverticula were present in the hypertrophied jejunum of 1 (9%) horse. Haemomelasma ilei was present on the antimesenteric serosal surface of affected intestine of 8 (73%) horses. Full‐thickness rupture of the ileum with subsequent diffuse, septic peritonitis occurred in 3 (27%) horses.
Comparison of two grafting methods in 4.0‐mm drill defects in the third metacarpal bone of horses
Authors: HANIE ELIZABETH. A. , SULLINS K. E. , POWERS B. E. , NELSON P. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn 6 horses, bilateral metacarpal vertical series of three 4.0‐mm unicortical drill holes were made. At random, one of each series of 3 holes was filled using a sternal 4.0‐mm cancellous bone cylinder or a slurry of cancellous bone injected into the hole or left as an empty control. All horses had lateral metacarpal xeroradiographs at monthly intervals. Three horses (6 metacarpi) were examined post mortem after 4 months and 3 others after 6 months.Immediate through 4‐month post‐operative xeroradiographs demonstrated increased density in the holes with cancellous cylinders and no difference could be seen between the untreated controls and holes injected with slurry. From 5 months, no radiographic difference could be seen between the treatment groups. No consistent histological difference between treatment groups could be detected. In conclusion, no justification for clinical grafting of 4.0‐mm unicortical dorsal metacarpal drill holes could be found.
Septic arthritis in 15 Standardbred racehorses after intra‐articular injection
Authors: LAPOINTE J. M. , LAVERTY SHEILA , LAVOIE J. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryCase histories, results of synovial fluid analyses, treatment regimens and outcome are described for 15 adult Standardbred horses with confirmed post‐injection septic arthritis. Joint sepsis followed injection of corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid, polysulphated glycosaminoglycan, or local anaesthetic. The median interval from injection to appearance of clinical signs was 2.5 days, and median interval from injection to referral was 9 days. The median initial synovial leucocyte count on admission was 57 times 109/litre, but there was a wide range of values (18–258 times 109/litre). The median synovial neutrophil percentage was 95% (77–99%). All bacterial isolates were Gram‐positive cocci, 86% of which were staphylococci. All treated horses (12/15) initially received broad‐spectrum parenteral antibiotic therapy, and the articulations of all horses except one were lavaged, either with non‐surgical through‐and‐through techniques only (N=3), or surgically with arthrotomy (N=1) or arthroscopy (N=7). The owners of all treated horses were contacted and racing records were consulted. Eleven of 12 horses returned to racing. Outcome was judged as either satisfactory (3/12) if the horse had returned to racing levels similar to or better than before treatment, or unsatisfactory (9/12) if the horse had poorer performance or could not return to racing. The 3 horses with satisfactory follow‐up had been treated with arthroscopy and post‐surgical closed suction drainage. The results of bacterial cultures suggest that the initial antimicrobial agents used should be effective against penicillin‐resistant staphylococci.
A retrospective study of 192 horses affected with septic arthritis/tenosynovitis
Authors: SCHNEIDER R. K. , BRAMLAGE L. R. , MOORE R. M. , MECKLENBURG LINDA M. , KOHN CATHERINE W. , GABEL A. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe medical records of 192 horses with septic arthritis/tenosynovitis 1979–1989 were reviewed. Forty‐three horses developed infection after an intra‐articular injection, 46 following a penetrating wound, 25 following surgery, 66 were foals less than 6 months old, and 12 were adult horses without a known aetiology. Haematogenous infection of a joint occurs in adult horses and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in horses with an acute onset of severe lameness. The aetiology of the infection had a significant effect on the type of bacteria identified by culture.Staphylococcuswas cultured from most of the horses that developed infection following a joint injection or surgery, 69% of the horses from which an organism was identified. Horses that developed infection secondary to a penetrating wound frequently provided cultures of more than one organism; Enterobacteriaceae and anaerobes were more frequently isolated in this group. The most common organisms isolated from foals were Enterobacteriaceae;E. coliwas identified in more than 27% of the foals. The hock was the most frequently involved joint. Multiple treatments were used over the 10‐year period of study. Survival rates were lowest in foals; only 45% survived to be released from the hospital. Survival was greater in adult horses; 85% of the horses that were treated were released from the hospital. Survival was significantly greater in horses with septic tenosynovitis; all 14 of the horses that were treated survived. Survival was not significantly affected by the joint involved or by the type of bacteria cultured from the synovial fluid. Follow‐up racing data were obtained for all horses of racing age that were released from the hospital; 56.5% of these horses returned to racing and over 45% of these horses were able to make at least 5 starts. We suggest that if the infection can be eliminated before irreversible damage to the articular cartilage occurs, horses can return to athletic function.
Open drainage, intra‐articular and systemic antibiotics in the treatment of septic arthritis/tenosynovitis in horses
Authors: SCHNEIDER R. K. , BRAMLAGE L. R. , MECKLENBURG LINDA M. , MOORE R. M. , GABEL A. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOpen drainage was used to treat 26 horses with persistent or severe septic arthritis/tenosynovitis. Infected synovial structures were drained through a small (3 cm) arthrotomy incision that was left open and protected by a sterile bandage. Joint lavage was performed in all 26 horses. In addition to systemic antibiotics, 23 of these horses were also treated with intra‐articular antibiotics; amikacin (17 horses), gentamycin (2 horses), cefazolin (2 horses), and 2 horses were injected at different times with gentamycin and amikacin. The infection was eliminated from the involved synovial structures in 25 of 26 horses; 24 survived and were released from the hospital. The arthrotomy incisions healed by granulation in 16 horses; in 9 horses the arthrotomy incision was sutured closed once the infection was eliminated. Seventeen horses returned to soundness and resumed athletic function. Open drainage was an effective method of achieving chronic drainage from a joint or tendon sheath. It is indicated in horses that have established intra‐synovial infections or in horses that do not respond to joint lavage through needles.
Evaluation of progesterone treatment to create a model for equine endometritis
Authors: HINRICHS KATRIN , SPENSLEY M. S. , McDONOUGH P. L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTo investigate a model for equine endometritis, 12 mares with normal reproductive tracts were divided into 2 groups. All mares received progesterone in oil, 250 mg im, daily. At 5 days after initiation of progesterone administration, the uteri were inoculated with 106colony forming units ofPseudomonas aeruginosa. The day of inoculation was designated Day 0. On Day 6, endometrial swab samples yieldedP. aeruginosain 5 mares; samples from the other 7 mares yielded heavy growth ofEscherichia coli, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacterspp.,Citrobacter diversus, Staphylococcus epidermidisandStreptococcus morbillorum. On Days 6, 7 and 8, Group A mares received intrauterine infusions of 6 g ticarcillin disodium and 0.2 g clavulanate potassium in 100 ml sterile saline. Group B mares received infusions of saline only. The incidence of swab specimens yielding no bacterial growth was significantly higher in Group A than Group B mares on Days 8 and 13 (4/6 vs 0/6). Swab samples from 5 of the 6 mares in Group A yielded growth of fungi on Days 13 and 19. Mares in Group B were then similarly treated with ticarcillin/clavulanate infusions, on Days 19, 20 and 21. The incidence of swab specimens yielding no bacterial growth was 2/6 and 1/6 on Days 21 and 26, respectively; fungi were not recovered from these mares at any time. The incidence of no‐growth swabs after antibiotic treatment tended to be higher in Group A and incidence of fungal recovery after antibiotic treatment was significantly higher in Group A. Although the progesterone‐treated, uterine‐inoculated mares consistently developed endometritis that, in Group A, responded to intrauterine infusion of antibiotics, it was concluded that the model's problems for studying equine endometritis, include 1) failure of establishment of inoculated bacteria; 2) changing population of bacteria, probably attributable to introduction of organisms at the times of transcervical manipulation; 3) acquisition of fungal infection after intrauterine treatment with antibiotics; and 4) variable response to antibiotic treatment, apparently associated with duration of progesterone administration and/or endometritis.
Effects of high‐intensity exercise on plasma catecholamines in the Thoroughbred horse
Authors: SNOW D. H. , HARRIS R. C. , MACDONALD I. A. , FORSTER C. D. , MARLIN D. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn Study 1, a single speed test of 6 to 12 m/sec was performed for 2 mins at an incline of 5° on a high‐speed treadmill (single‐step test). Only one speed was performed per session and blood samples were taken before and after the test. In Study 2 horses cantered for 1 min at increasing speeds of 6 to 13 m/sec on an incline of 3° (multiple‐step test). Blood samples were taken before exercise, throughout the test and during recovery.In the single‐step test plasma concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline both increased at speeds of 9 m/sec, as did blood lactate. Mean concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline at the end of the 12 m/sec test were 153 and 148 nmol/litre, respectively. Plasma concentrations were similar over all speeds although there was a tendency for the increase in noradrenaline to be greater than that of adrenaline at the lower speeds. The multiple‐step test resulted in smaller increases in both adrenaline and noradrenaline. Although again closely correlated, increases in adrenaline were 20–30% greater than those for noradrenaline.In both exercise models, changes in plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline values with exercise showed an exponential relationship to plasma lactate. A plasma half‐life of less than 30 secs was indicated during recovery from the multiple‐step test. Changes in adrenaline and noradrenaline were much greater than previously recorded in man and emphasise the importance of catecholamines in mediating the physiological response of the horse to exercise.
Outcome of treatment in 23 horses with progressive ethmoidal haematoma
Authors: GREET T. R. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis paper describes the outcome of treatment in 23 horses with an ethmoidal haematoma. In 22 cases a diagnosis could be made by endoscopic means alone but in 1 horse the lesion was confined to the maxillary sinus and a diagnosis was made only at surgery. One horse was destroyed at the owner's request but the other 22 underwent radical excision of the lesion via a facial flap approach under general anaesthesia. Post‐operative haemorrhage was controlled by nasal packing with a gauze bandage and this was removed between the 2nd and 4th post‐operative day. One horse died from encephalitis the day after surgery. Other complications included facial wound dehiscence, sequestration and suture periostitis. Of 21 horses followed up post‐operatively there was definite recurrence of lesion in 2 cases and possibly a third. However, in 18 horses there was no evidence of recurrence (follow up times were 2 to 85 months). It is suggested that radical excision of the lesion provides an effective means of treatment.
Effect of dietary biotin supplement on equine hoof horn growth rate and hardness
Authors: BUFFA E. A. , VAN DEN BERG S. S. , VERSTRAETE F. J. M. , SWART N. G. N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOver a 10‐month period, 24 randomly selected riding horses were fed various amounts of biotin. Statistically significant improvements in growth rates and hardness of hooves were produced by biotin supplementation. Greater growth rates and hardness were achieved at a daily dose of 15 mg than at 7.5 mg. Increased hoof hardness was greatest in the hoof quarters and toe. No ring formation occurred in hooves of horses fed biotin intermittently.
Ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in equine superficial digital flexor tendon injury
Authors: MARR CELIA M. , McMILLAN I. , BOYD J. S. , WRIGHT N. G. , MURRAY M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe ultrasonographic and histopathological findings in 12 normal and 28 injured superficial digital flexor tendons, with lesions ranging in duration from 2 days to 15 months, were compared. A consistent relationship between the ultrasonographic and histological findings was demonstrated. The echogenicity of lesions, the distinctness of their delineation from the surrounding tissue, and the presence and arrangement of the linear echoes were useful features by which to assess the ultrasonograms. Acute lesions were anechoic, a complex mixture of anechoic and hypoechoic areas, or diffusely hypoechoic. These appearances represented haemorrhage, fibrolysis and early granulation tissue. Fibroplasia and granulation tissue produced well to moderately well defined hypoechoic lesions. Chronic fibrosis was characterised by heterogeneously echogenic areas which were poorly defined from the surrounding tissue and had irregularly‐arranged linear echoes on longitudinal images. Intratendinous scar formation resulted in multiple hyperechoic foci. Extensive peritendinous lesions were readily apparent on ultrasonograms, but intertendinous adhesions were more difficult to assess, and produced ill‐definition of the borders between the superficial and deep digital flexor tendons.
A method for loading equine platelets with the fluorescent calcium indicator Fura‐2: ADP induces a rise in the cytosolic free calcium ion concentration
Authors: POOLE A. W. , HEATH M. F. , SAGE S. O. , EVANS R. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEquine platelets in platelet‐rich plasma were incubated with the fluorescent indicator dye, Fura‐2‐AM (Fura‐2‐acetoxymethyl ester) and the degree of loading of the cells with the dye and the extent of hydrolysis of the ester was assessed by quantitative fluorimetry and by thin‐layer chromatography respectively. Under these conditions the cells loaded poorly with Fura‐2 to a concentration of 4 μM. The technique was validated by demonstrating adequate loading of human platelets with Fura‐2, to a concentration of 250–300 μM, using the same method. The removal of plasma from the extracellular medium was important for successful loading of the cells with the dye since washed cells resuspended in a physiological salt solution loaded adequately with Fura‐2 to a concentration of 190 μM. Cells loaded as such showed a resting [Ca2+]i of 129 nM and a concentration‐dependent rise in [Ca2+]i to a transient maximum of 350 nM when stimulated by the pro‐aggregatory agonist adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (ADP).
A retrospective evaluation of laminitis in horses
Authors: HUNT R. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryCase records of 202 horses treated for laminitis were reviewed with the intent of determining the long‐term outcome and correlating this with digital radiographic findings and with the degree of pain associated with the laminitis. At long‐term follow‐up 57 horses had returned to athletic soundness (Group 1), 20 horses were intermittently lame (Group 2), 19 horses had permanent severe lameness (Group 3), 97 were dead (Group 4), and 9 were lost to follow up. Using simple regression analysis, functional outcome did not correlate with the degree of rotation (R2= 0.004) or the presence of distal displacement (R2= 0.139). Functional outcome did correlate with the clinical grade of laminitis (R2= 0.504). Horses in Group 1 had significantly less distal phalangeal rotation (5.89 ± 6.48 degrees) than did horses in Group 2 (11.10 ± 8.19) and Group 3 (14.50 ± 10.80), but were not significantly different from Group 4 horses (7.49 ± 6.57). Of 96 surviving horses, 23 had evidence of distal displacement compared with 54 of 97 non‐survivors. Based on these results, horses that develop distal displacement of the distal phalanx are more likely to die than are horses without distal displacement; however, the presence or absence of distal phalangeal displacement and the degree of distal phalangeal rotation cannot be used to predict the outcome of a horse with laminitis. Clinical assessment is a more reliable means of determining the final outcome and should be given precedence over radiographic findings.
Characterisation of equine influenza isolates from the 1987 epizootic in India by nucleotide sequencing of the HA1 gene
Authors: GUPTA A. K. , YADAV M. P. , UPPAL P. K. , MUMFORD JENNIFER A. , BINNS M. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTwo A/Equi‐2 (H3N8) isolates were obtained during the 1987 Indian equine influenza epizootic. The sequence of the Ludhiana/87 HA1 gene revealed that this isolate was very similar to recent European and North American isolates of equine influenza. In contrast, the Bhiwani/87 HA1 gene was nearly identical to the Miami/63 prototype H3 sequence. These results support the antigenic analysis previously carried out on these isolates using monoclonal antibodies. However, the finding that Bhiwani/87 is so similar to Miami/63, coupled with the finding that equine H3N8 influenza viruses have previously been shown to evolve along a single lineage, suggests that Miami/63 virus from either a vaccine or laboratory source may be the origin of the Bhiwani/87 isolate.
Recognition ofPneumocystis cariniiin foals with respiratory distress
Authors: AINSWORTH DOROTHY M. , WELDON A. D. , BECK KATHY A. , ROWLAND P. H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFive 3‐month‐old foals presenting with fever and respiratory disease were found to have pulmonary abscesses with patchy to diffuse alveolar and interstitial pneumonia on post‐mortem examination. All affected foals had evidence ofRhodococcus equiinfection and had few to abundantPneumocystis cariniicysts in the sections of affected lung. Of the 5 foals examined radiographically, 3 had a distinct reticulonodular (miliary) pattern which may aid in the ante‐mortem diagnosis ofP. cariniipneumonia (PCP). Leukocyte counts of foals with PCP were significantly greater than in the control group of foals with uncomplicated bacterial pneumonia. Foals with PCP tended to be more tachypnoeic than the control foals and 4 of the 5 PCP+ foals appeared dyspnoeic before death. The ante‐mortem recognition of PCP may be expedited by bronchoalveolar lavage and successful treatment of foals with PCP may require the administration of adequate levels of potentiated sulphonamides.
An immunohistological study of MHC Class II expression and T lymphocytes in the endometrium of the mare
Authors: WATSON ELAINE D. , DIXON C. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe distribution of T lymphocytes and of cells bearing MHC Class II antigens in the endometrium of the mare was studied using an avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase staining method. The cells within the endometrium which expressed MHC Class II were macrophages, lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, epithelial cells and endothelial cells. MHC Class II expression increased significantly (P<0.05) in the luminal epithelium and tended (P=0.0573) to increase in the subepithelial layers during oestrus. Numbers of T lymphocytes did not differ between oestrus and dioestrus. MHC Class II expression and T lymphocyte numbers were not significantly different in samples collected on Day 14 of dioestrus and on Day 14 of pregnancy. The presence of endometritis greatly increased MHC Class II expression and T lymphocyte numbers within the endometrium.