bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MR imaging of the reconstructed breast: What the radiologist needs to know
Authors: Dialani Vandana , Lai Kenny C. , Slanetz Priscilla J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Objective
The objective is to review the different types of breast reconstruction following cancer surgery and describe expected imaging appearances and complications seen in the reconstructed breast.

Methods
Surgical management of breast cancer often entails lumpectomy or mastectomy. When mastectomy is performed, patients often opt for breast reconstruction. Most facilities do not routinely image the reconstructed breast with mammography.

Results
However, many of these women are imaged with screening breast MRI for evaluation of the contralateral breast, or they may develop a clinical problem that warrants a diagnostic evaluation with MRI. In this article, we will review the more commonly encountered types of breast reconstruction, which include implants, tranversus rectus abdomnis flap, latissimus dorsi flap, deep inferior epigastric perforator flap, and gluteal flaps. Each of these types of reconstruction has different appearances on MR. We will also discuss potential complications that can be seen in the reconstructed breasts, including fat necrosis and recurrence.

Conclusion
Radiologists will better understand the different types of breast reconstruction after mastectomy and their normal imaging appearance on MRI. Radiologists will be more aware of how to recognize complications related to surgery as well as how to determine whether recurrence is present.

Main Messages
• The different surgical techniques used in breast reconstruction are discussed.

• Describes the normal magnetic resonance imaging appearance of the breast after reconstruction.

• Identify MR imaging features of benign sequelae and recurrence following breast reconstruction.
Intravesical Botulinum Toxin for Overactive Bladder Syndrome without Detrusor Overactivity
Authors: Jackson B.L. , Burge F. , Bronjewski E. , Parkinson R.J. 
Published: March 2012

Objective: To report our experience of intravesical botulinum toxin for idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) without detrusor overactivity (DOA) on urodynamic assessment. Patients and methods: Data regarding presentation, diagnosis, urodynamic findings, date and dose of treatment, and outcomes were recorded prospectively for 94 patients undergoing intravesical botulinum toxin injection for idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome at our institution. The cohort included 19 patients without DOA on urodynamics. A positive response to treatment was defined as patient-reported improvement without the need for further treatment. ICIQ-OAB and UI scores, and bladder diary parameters were also recorded. Rates of urinary retention requiring intermittent or indwelling catheterisation were noted. Results: The overall response rate to treatment was 82% ( n = 94). Patients without DOA ( n = 19) had a response rate of 89%, which compared favourably with a response rate of 81% in patients with DOA ( n = 75). Overall, 29% of patients who were voiding normally prior to treatment required intermittent self-catheterisation after the procedure. The requirement for self-catheterisation did not appear to be influenced by urodynamic findings. Conclusion: These preliminary, non-randomised data suggest that intravesical botulinum toxin injection may be efficacious in patients with OAB symptoms without DOA. Further evaluation by means of a randomised, controlled trial is suggested.
Are dieting-related cognitive impairments a function of iron status?
Authors: Green Michael W. , Elliman Nicola A. 
Published: March 2012

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the impairments in cognitive function observed in unsupported dieting are related to compromised Fe status. During a non-clinical intervention, overweight participants (age: 18–45 years, BMI: 25–30 kg/m2) either participated in a commercially available weight-loss regimen (n14), dieted without support (n17) or acted as a non-dieting control group (n14) for a period of 8 weeks. Measurements of cognitive function and blood chemistry were taken at a pre-diet baseline, after 1 week and 8 weeks of dieting. After 1 week, unsupported dieters displayed impaired verbal memory, executive function and slower reaction speeds than the other two groups, this difference disappearing by the end of the study. There were no significant group-related changes in blood chemistry over the course of the study, although there were group-related changes in a number of self-reported food-related cognitions. In conclusion, impaired cognition among unsupported dieters is not due to compromised Fe status and is most likely to result from psychological variables.
A universality result for endomorphism monoids of some ultrahomogeneous structures
Authors: Dolinka Igor , Mašulović Dragan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe devise a fairly general sufficient condition ensuring that the endomorphism monoid of a countably infinite ultrahomogeneous structure (i.e. a Fraïssé limit) embeds all countable semigroups. This approach not only provides us with a framework unifying the previous scattered results in this vein, but actually yields new applications for endomorphism monoids of the (rational) Urysohn space and the countable universal ultrahomogeneous semilattice.
Parasite glycans and antibody-mediated immune responses inSchistosomainfection
Authors: VAN DIEPEN ANGELA , VAN DER VELDEN NIELS S. J. , SMIT CORNELIS H. , MEEVISSEN MONIEK H. J. , HOKKE CORNELIS H. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYSchistosome infections in humans are characterized by the development of chronic disease and high re-infection rates after treatment due to the slow development of immunity. It appears that anti-schistosome antibodies are at least partially mediating protective mechanisms. Efforts to develop a vaccine based on immunization with surface-exposed or secreted larval or worm proteins are ongoing. Schistosomes also express a large number of glycans as part of their glycoprotein and glycolipid repertoire, and antibody responses to those glycans are mounted by the infected host. This observation raises the question if glycans might also form novel vaccine targets for immune intervention in schistosomiasis. This review summarizes current knowledge of antibody responses and immunity in experimental and natural infections withSchistosoma, the expression profiles of schistosome glycans (the glycome), and antibody responses to individual antigenic glycan motifs. Future directions to study anti-glycan responses in schistosomiasis in more detail in order to address more precisely the possible role of glycans in antibody-mediated immunity are discussed.
When Should Philosophers Be Silent?
Authors: Decker Jason , Taliaferro Charles 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAre there general precepts governing when philosophers should not conduct inquiry on a given topic? When, if ever, should a philosopher just be silent? In this paper we look at a number of practical, epistemic, and moral arguments for philosophical silence. Some are quite general, and suggest that it is best never to engage in philosophical inquiry, while others are more domain – or context – specific. We argue that these arguments fail to establish their conclusions. We do, however, try to identify and defend several substantive constraints on philosophical dialogue and inquiry. In practice, though, respecting these constraints needn't lead to much philosophical silence.
The Words of Others
Authors: Reinhardt Lloyd 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe great bulk of what we are pleased to deem knowledge comes to us via the words of others. But such knowledge is limited to (mere) information or plain fact. Theoretical, Ethical and Aesthetic discourse are three regions in which, even when we accept the words of others, we transmit content with what I dub prefaces, not flatly, not in our own voice. Explanation of this is suggested: in these regions assertions claim truth without claiming knowledge. So fact-theory and fact-value differ from plain fact for similar reasons, reasons which alleviate the urge to downgrade ethical discourse to the expressive or prescriptive.
Fast analytical models of wheeled locomotion in deformable terrain for mobile robots
Authors: Jia Zhenzhong , Smith William , Peng Huei 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYHazardous terrains pose a crucial challenge to mobile robots. To operate safely and efficiently, it is necessary to detect the terrain type and modify operation strategies in real-time. Fast analytical models of wheeled locomotion on deformable terrains are thus important. Based on classic terramechanics, a closed-form wheel–soil interaction model was derived by quadratic approximation of stresses along the wheel–soil interface. The bulldozing resistance and the effects of grousers were also added for more accurate prediction of wheel contact forces. A non-iterative method was proposed to estimate the entry angle, by using approximated vertical pressure acting on the wheels. The computational efficiency was improved by avoiding traditional recursive search. Real-time computation of the wheel contact forces is achieved by the terramechanics-based formula (TBF), which was developed by integrating the wheel–soil interaction model and the entry angle estimator. In addition, an automotive-inspired approach was used to integrate the TBF and the simplified vehicle dynamics model for fast simulation of mobile robots. Stability problems in numerical simulation could be avoided by this method. The above models were verified by comparing simulation results and experiment data, including single-wheel experiments and full-vehicle experiments.
Spatial management of deep-sea seamount fisheries: balancing sustainable exploitation and habitat conservation
Authors: CLARK MALCOLM R. , DUNN MATTHEW R. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYSeamounts throughout the world's oceans can support diverse and abundant fish communities. Many have been subject to commercial deep-sea bottom trawl fisheries and have exhibited ‘boom and bust’ characteristics. There is growing concern about the effect of fishing on fragile and vulnerable benthic invertebrate species. This review examines why deep-sea fisheries have generally failed, and recommends measures that are necessary to improve their sustainability. Much is based on lessons learned in the south-west Pacific that may be more generally applicable to global deep-sea fisheries. Sustainable fisheries require highly precautionary feature-based catch limits, and credible and timely stock assessment advice. Management also needs to consider fishing impacts on the benthic habitat, and while reducing and spreading fishing effort on seamounts is beneficial for fish stocks, it can have a negative effect on the benthos. To balance exploitation and conservation, elements of spatial management are required, whereby some seamounts are protected before any fishing has occurred. Protected areas should include entire seamounts, and multiple seamounts in a network. A management regime should incorporate closed seamounts, open seamounts for fishing, and management of adjacent slope areas where these are important for the productivity of fish and invertebrate populations.
Umpires as Legal Realists
Authors: Blake William 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDuring his confirmation hearings, then-judge John Roberts analogized the role of a judge to the role of a baseball umpire. Roberts argued that umpires do not make the rules; they simply apply them. Legal scholars have criticized Roberts from a legal realist perspective because the analogy misconstrues the nature of judging as formalistic. I believe Roberts also misconstrued the nature of umpiring as formalistic. Like judges, umpires must rely on their experience, rather than logic, because the rules of baseball are sometimes incomplete, indeterminate, and contradictory. On occasion, umpires even ignore the rulebook (justifiably). The judges-as-umpires analogy thus illustrates the differences between legal formalism and legal realism in a way that students can more easily understand.
Youth, Life, and Politics: Examining the Everyday in Comparative Politics
Authors: Ortuoste Maria 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe traditional way of introducing comparative politics to freshmen, which is through the study of institutions, is contrasted with an alternative approach. An everyday-politics approach compares the daily struggles of global youth—how they cope in times of peace and war, and with issues of wealth and poverty, identity, education and employment, and citizenship and immigration. This approach contains four elements: juxtapositions, recognition of the vicissitudes of growing up in a more complex world, the use of stories, and social action in our daily lives. This combination “gently” introduces the concepts of comparative politics but with an emphasis on how politics affect the lives of other young people. These stories also show the various forms of political participation and political resistance in different countries. An everyday-politics approach, while still experimental, seems to yield some positive results in helping students care about politics, gaining an understanding of how much is at stake for them, and connecting them to the wider world.
Nuclear Weapons in the 112th Congress: Politics and Policy after New START
Authors: Karako Thomas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPassed by the US House of Representatives as part of the annual defense authorization bill in May 2011, provisions of the New START Implementation Act (NSIA) represented an attempt by Congress to exercise more robust involvement in US nuclear policy, an area historically subject to a great deal of deference to the executive branch. The bill sought to implement the “grand bargain” that preceded the ratification of the New START treaty—namely, that the treaty's seven-year window of reductions to US nuclear forces should be made in tandem with a 10-year modernization program of both the weapons themselves and their aging delivery systems. The context of this arrangement was growing concern about the ability of the United States to retain a sustainable nuclear deterrent for the indefinite future. Although the NSIA provisions were abandoned during conference with the Senate in December 2011, their underlying concerns remain unresolved, and the sustainability of the nuclear enterprise is certain to reappear as a future point of controversy.
How do supervisee's learn during supervision? A Grounded Theory study of the perceived developmental process
Authors: Johnston Lynne H. , Milne Derek L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTo contribute to a model of CBT supervision, we interpreted supervisees' understanding of the processes involved in their receipt of supervision. Second, we assessed the utility of a Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM) to study supervision. Supervisees were interviewed about their experiences of supervision, within a cross-sectional, qualitative design. In-depth, face-to-face individual interviews were conducted with seven trainee clinical psychologists. Their perceptions of supervision were analysed by means of a constructivist revision of GTM. A conceptual model is presented, to show the learning process from the perspective of the supervisees. This suggests that the receipt of supervision was experienced against a developmental backdrop involving a progression along two continua: competency and awareness. A set of core processes (Reflection, Socratic Information Exchange, Scaffolding, Supervisory Alliance) were thought to interact, enabling appropriate learning across developmental stages. This was thought to facilitate movement through individualized Zones of Proximal Development (ZPD). The fidelity construct of ‘receipt’ is complex and does not lend itself to quantification and measurement using a positivistic approach. By contrast, GTM was a useful methodology to use in this context. Further research using a similar methodology may further contribute to a model of CBT supervision.
Religion, Religiosity, and the Moral Divide in Canadian Politics
Authors: Ang Adrian , Petrocik John R. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSocial group conflict along regional, ethnic, linguistic, and religious cleavages is deeply embedded in the Canadian historical experience. Contemporary analyses, however, have deprecated the role of religion and religiosity in shaping Canadians' political attitudes. This analysis demonstrates that religion and religiosity are significant correlates of Canadian attitudes on moral issues, paralleling the pattern observed in the United States. It demonstrates that the religious cleavage has been a salient feature of Canadian politics for some time and considers whether the contemporary moral divide could serve as a portent of cultural-religious conflict in Canada if a “political entrepreneur” articulated an issue agenda linked to these religion-based differences.
Humanitarian engagement under counter-terrorism: a conflict of norms and the emerging policy landscape
Authors: Modirzadeh Naz K. , Lewis Dustin A. , Bruderlein Claude 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article identifies two countervailing sets of norms – one promoting humanitarian engagement with non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in armed conflict in order to protect populations in need, and the other prohibiting such engagement with listed ‘terrorist’ groups in order to protect security – and discusses how this conflict of norms might affect the capacity of humanitarian organizations to deliver life-saving assistance in areas under the control of one of these groups. Rooted in international humanitarian law (IHL), the first set of norms provides a basis for humanitarian engagement with NSAGs in non-international armed conflict for the purpose of assisting populations under their control and promoting compliance with the rules of IHL. The second set of rules attempts to curtail financial and other forms of material support, including technical training and co-ordination, to listed ‘terrorist’ organizations, some of which may qualify as NSAGs under IHL. The article highlights counter-terrorism regulations developed by the United States and the United Nations Security Council, though other states and multilateral bodies have similar regulations. The article concludes by sketching ways in which humanitarian organizations might respond to the identified tensions.
Mobile Image Ratiometry for the Detection of Botrytis cinerea (Gray Mold)
Authors: Cooper Donald 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMobile Platform Informatics (MPI) and Smartphone Informatics (SPI) methods like Mobile Image Ratiometry (MIR) are potentially transformative point-of-use instantaneous analysis tools that are useful across a variety of industries. In agriculture, MIR-compatible immuno test strips allow early detection of a number of biotic stressors before devastating crop losses occur. Here we describe a low-cost and easy-to-use Smartphone and/or tablet-based protocol (Mobile Assay Inc., www.mobileassay.com) for the detection and on-sight instantaneous analysis of B. cinerea, a fungus that causes significant damage to a variety of plants and flowers. Early detection and tracking of the B. cinerea fungus before the visible gray mold appears has the potential to increase agricultural productivity especially in the developing world.
Characterization of a novel copper-haem c dissimilatory nitrite reductase from Ralstonia pickettii
Authors: Han Cong , Wright Gareth S. A. , Fisher Karl , Rigby Stephen E. J. , Eady Robert R. , Hasnain S. Samar 
Published: March 2012

NiRs (nitrite reductases) convert nitrite into NO in the denitrification process. RpNiR (Ralstonia pickettii NiR), a new type of dissimilatory Cu-containing NiR with a C-terminal haem c domain from R. pickettii, has been cloned, overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. The enzyme has a subunit molecular mass of 50515 Da, consistent with sequence data showing homology to the well-studied two-domain Cu NiRs, but with an attached C-terminal haem c domain. Gel filtration and combined SEC (size-exclusion chromatography)-SAXS (small angle X-ray scattering) analysis shows the protein to be trimeric. The metal content of RpNiR is consistent with each monomer having a single haem c group and the two Cu sites being metallated by Cu2+ ions. The absorption spectrum of the oxidized as-isolated recombinant enzyme is dominated by the haem c. X-band EPR spectra have clear features arising from both type 1 Cu and type 2 Cu centres in addition to those of low-spin ferric haem. The requirements for activity and low apparent Km for nitrite are similar to other CuNiRs (Cu-centre NiRs). However, EPR and direct binding measurements of nitrite show that oxidized RpNiR binds nitrite very weakly, suggesting that substrate binds to the reduced type 2 Cu site during turnover. Analysis of SEC-SAXS data suggests that the haem c domains in RpNiR form extensions into the solvent, conferring a high degree of conformational flexibility in solution. SAXS data yield Rg (gyration radius) and Dmax (maximum particle diameter) values of 43.4 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) and 154 Å compared with 28 Å and 80 Å found for the two-domain CuNiR of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans.
Farm Level and Geographic Predictors of Antibiotic Use in Sri Lankan Shrimp Farms
Authors: Munasinghe Nalaka , Stephen Craig , Robertson Colin , Abeynayake Preeni 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon farming is important for Sri Lanka's rural development plans. Consumer confidence is critical for the development and maintenance of export and domestic shrimp markets. Public concern about the use of antimicrobial drugs and chemicals on shrimp farms, however, could threaten market access. We sought to identify high-risk areas and farm-level risk factors for antimicrobial use to inform the core messages and strategic placement of extension programs to help farmers develop best management practices for antimicrobial use. We undertook a survey of 603 operating farms within the Puttalam district over 42 weeks. Lower stocking density and early harvest were associated with a lower risk of antimicrobial use, whereas standard management practices, including water treatment, feed supplements, probiotic use, pond fertilizing, disinfectant use, and pesticide use, were associated with increased risk. Spatial cluster detection found three significant clusters of antimicrobial-using farms. Antimicrobials were more likely to be used in areas with lower farm density. Some of our counterintuitive findings are discussed from a socioecological perspective. A comprehensive understanding of why antimicrobials are used on shrimp farms requires an evaluation of the physical, epidemiological, and socioeconomic factors.
Received June 10, 2011; accepted December 6, 2011
Places to Stand: The Practices and Politics of Writing Histories
Authors: Olson Christa J. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis article situates itself within recent calls for rhetorical studies to expand its regional and cultural scope, offering an analysis of rhetorical constitution in republican Ecuador. Identifying the unavoidable ethical problems that arise when rhetoricians travel, the article argues for a flexible, learning-focused approach to rhetorical historiography that neither abandons existing rhetorical concepts nor rests easily in the face of their limitations. In light of the new insights that emerge when Burke's constitutional theories encounter Ecuador's complicated constitutional scene, the article suggests that our understandings of how rhetoric works can be tempered—both bent and strengthened—by displacement.