bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential trophodynamic and environmental drivers of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) productivity in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: ATCHESON MARGARET E. , MYERS KATHERINE W. , DAVIS NANCY D. , MANTUA NATHAN J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInformation on prey availability, diets, and trophic levels of fish predators and their prey provides a link between physical and biological changes in the ecosystem and subsequent productivity (growth and survival) of fish populations. In this study two long‐term data sets on summer diets of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in international waters of the central North Pacific Ocean (CNP; 1991–2009) and Gulf of Alaska (GOA; 1993–2002) were evaluated to identify potential drivers of steelhead productivity in the North Pacific. Stable isotopes of steelhead muscle tissue were assessed to corroborate the results of stomach content analysis. We found the composition of steelhead diets varied by ocean age group, region, and year. In both the GOA and CNP, gonatid squid (Berryteuthis anonychus) were the most influential component of steelhead diets, leading to higher prey energy densities and stomach fullness. Stomach contents during an exceptionally warm year in the GOA and CNP (1997) were characterized by high diversity of prey with low energy density, few squid, and a large amount of potentially toxic debris (e.g., plastic). Indicators of good diets (high proportions of squid and high prey energy density) were negatively correlated with abundance of wild populations of eastern Kamchatka pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) in the CNP. In conclusion, interannual variations in climate, abundance of squid, and density‐dependent interactions with highly‐abundant stocks of pink salmon were identified as potential key drivers of steelhead productivity in these ecosystems. Additional research in genetic stock identification is needed to link these potential drivers of productivity to individual populations.
Estimating the stocking potential of fish in impoundments by modelling supply and steady‐state demand
Authors: SMITH JAMES A. , BAUMGARTNER LEE J. , SUTHERS IAIN M. , IVES MATTHEW C. , TAYLOR MATTHEW D. 
Published: May 2012

Summary1. Fish stocking is an increasingly common management tool for freshwater and marine environments and is often used to create and maintain fisheries in closed waters. The densities at which fish are stocked can have a large impact on a stocking programme’s success and sustainability. Stocking densities in impoundment sport‐fisheries, for example, are often based on social or practical factors, and ecologically based stocking models are needed to assist the selection of stocking densities that are appropriate for the environment.2. In this study, stocking density is calculated with a numerical model that balances the supply of prey production with the energetic demand of stocked fish. The model aims to deliver outcomes over a range of potential management objectives, by providing specific consumption scenarios that represent the trade‐off between population abundance and individual body size in stocked fisheries.3. The model uses a steady‐state population approach to calculate stocking density, which optimises population consumption by maintaining a consistent biomass distribution and encourages sustainable stocking by considering the energetic needs of all cohorts. Carrying capacity is represented by the steady‐state stocking density under a minimum consumption scenario (when fish meet only their minimum energetic needs). The comparison between a desired consumption rate and the existing level of production is used to assess the status or ‘health’ of the existing population and is used to determine whether stocking can occur and whether stocking densities can be sustainably increased. The probability of incorrectly assuming populations are achieving a given consumption level is also estimated, which is an ideal approach for interpreting multiple probability distributions.4. A Monte‐Carlo analysis of uncertainty was used to provide a probability distribution of stocking density of Australian bass (Macquaria novemaculeata) in three Australian impoundments under various seasonal and consumption scenarios. The likely consumption rates of the existing populations were determined using historical stocking densities, which showed that the three populations were of reasonable health, although one impoundment may be overstocked. The steady‐state stocking densities depended on the desired consumption rate, and there was an eightfold difference in the stocking density aimed at providing large ‘trophy’ fish and the density required to reach carrying capacity.5. Model outputs of existing abundance and biomass density agreed with empirical estimates of abundance and relative density in these impoundments, which provides support to the model’s accuracy. This supply–demand approach to estimating the range of appropriate stocking densities shows promise as a decision‐support tool for stocked impoundments and other closed fisheries.
A transatlantic survey of nutrition practice in acute pancreatitis
Authors: Duggan S. N. , Smyth N. D. , Sullivan M. O’ , Feehan S. , Ridgway P. F. , Conlon K. C. 
Published: May 2012

How to cite this article
Duggan S.N., Smyth N.D., O'Sullivan M., Feehan S., Ridgway P.F. & Conlon K.C. (2012) A transatlantic survey of nutrition practice in acute pancreatitis. J Hum Nutr Diet. 25, 388–397AbstractBackground: Many guidelines exist for the nutritional management of acute pancreatitis; however, little is known regarding current practice. We aimed to investigate feeding practices, including the use of parenteral/enteral nutrition.Methods:  The study design was a cross‐sectional, descriptive survey. Electronic surveys were sent to dietitians in the UK, the Republic of Ireland and Canada. Of 253 dietitians surveyed, 204 saw patients with acute pancreatitis regularly or occasionally and were included in the analyses.Results:  Most dietitians (92.8%) considered early feeding to mean <48 h after presentation. Over half (54.2%) favoured early feeding in severe disease, less in obesity (42%) and more with pre‐existing malnutrition (81.9%). There was a tendency to feed earlier in university hospitals (P = 0.015), especially in obesity (P = 0.011). There was a tendency towards enteral (versus parenteral) nutrition in university hospitals (P = 0.000). The majority preferred the jejunal route (64.2%), although this was lower in the UK (43.8%) than in Canada (77.8%) or Ireland (54.2%). Under one‐quarter of UK dietitians (23.2%) reported the existence of a pancreatic multidisciplinary team in their institutions, although this was lower in Ireland and Canada.Conclusions:  Despite guidelines, there are gaps in the nutritional management of acute pancreatitis, including a continued reliance on parenteral feeding.
The evolution of alternative developmental pathways: footprints of selection on life‐history traits in a butterfly
Authors: AALBERG HAUGEN I. M. , BERGER D. , GOTTHARD K. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDevelopmental pathways may evolve to optimize alternative phenotypes across environments. However, the maintenance of such adaptive plasticity under relaxed selection has received little study. We compare the expression of life‐history traits across two developmental pathways in two populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria where both populations express a diapause pathway but one never expresses direct development in nature. In the population with ongoing selection on both pathways, the difference between pathways in development time and growth rate was larger, whereas the difference in body size was smaller compared with the population experiencing relaxed selection on one pathway. This indicates that relaxed selection on the direct pathway has allowed life‐history traits to drift towards values associated with lower fitness when following this pathway. Relaxed selection on direct development was also associated with a higher degree of genetic variation for protandry expressed as within‐family sexual dimorphism in growth rate. Genetic correlations for larval growth rate across sexes and pathways were generally positive, with the notable exception of correlation estimates that involved directly developing males of the population that experienced relaxed selection on this pathway. We conclude that relaxed selection on one developmental pathway appears to have partly disrupted the developmental regulation of life‐history trait expression. This in turn suggests that ongoing selection may be responsible for maintaining adaptive developmental regulation along alternative developmental pathways in these populations.
Interspecific genetics of speciation phenotypes: song and preference coevolution in Hawaiian crickets
Authors: OH K. P. , FERGUS D. J. , GRACE J. L. , SHAW K. L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractUnderstanding the genetic architecture of traits involved in premating isolation between recently diverged lineages can provide valuable insight regarding the mode and tempo of speciation. The repeated coevolution of male courtship song and female preference across the species radiation of Laupala crickets presents an unusual opportunity to compare the genetic basis of divergence across independent evolutionary histories. Previous studies of one pair of species revealed a polygenic basis (including a significant X chromosome contribution) to quantitative differences in male song and female acoustic preference. Here, we studied interspecific crosses between two phenotypically less‐diverged species that represents a phylogenetically independent occurrence of intersexual signalling evolution. We found patterns consistent with an additive polygenic basis to differentiation in both song and preference (nE = 5.3 and 5.1 genetic factors, respectively), and estimate a moderate contribution of the X chromosome (7.6%) of similar magnitude to that observed for Laupala species with nearly twice the phenotypic divergence. Together, these findings suggest a similar genetic architecture underlying the repeated evolution of sexual characters in this genus and provide a counterexample to prevailing theory predicting an association between early lineage divergence and sex‐linked ‘major genes’.
Do female parasitoid wasps recognize and adjust sex ratios to build cooperative relationships?
Authors: ABE J. , KAMIMURA Y. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSex allocation theories provide excellent opportunities to investigate not only the extent to which individuals’ behaviour is adaptive, but also how they use relevant information for their decision‐making. Here, we investigated whether female parasitoid wasps recognize the sex ratios of other females and adjust their laying sex ratios accordingly. Specifically, we tested the prediction of reciprocal cooperation over sex allocation. Theory predicts more female‐biased (cooperative) sex ratios than in the interest of individual benefit, when a restricted number of ovipositing females interact for a long period and their offspring mate within the natal patch. This is because the female‐biased sex ratio reduces competition for mates among the male offspring of the females and increases the overall reproductive productivity of the patch. In this case, females would be expected to respond to more even (noncooperative) sex ratios by others and to retaliate by also producing a less female‐biased sex ratio to avoid exploitation by defectors. However, contrary to this prediction, our experiment using a sterile male technique showed that femaleMelittobia australicadid not change their offspring sex ratios in response to the sex ratios produced by other females. This suggests that their extremely female‐biased sex ratios cannot be explained by reciprocity. A meta‐analysis of studies examining sex recognition ability in parasitoid wasps also did not support the predicted pattern of relevant sex ratio adjustment, suggesting that parasitoid females do not possess this ability. Here, we discuss the conditions necessary for the evolution of reciprocity linked to recognition ability.
Dysregulated expression of fatty acid oxidation enzymes and iron‐regulatory genes in livers of Nrf2‐null mice
Authors: Tanaka Yuji , Ikeda Takanori , Yamamoto Kazuo , Ogawa Hiroshi , Kamisako Toshinori 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Hepatic excessive iron may play a role in the pathogenesis of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Nrf2 is a master regulator of antioxidative responses. However, the role of Nrf2 in lipid and iron homeostasis remains unclear. Accordingly, it was examined how Nrf2 regulates lipid‐related and iron‐regulatory genes after feeding a high‐fat diet (HFD) with iron.Methods:  Wild‐type and Nrf2‐null mice were fed the following diets: (i) control diet (4% soybean oil) for 12 weeks, (ii) control diet for 8 weeks followed by control diet containing 0.5% carbonyl iron for 4 weeks, (iii) HFD (4% soybean oil and 16% lard) for 12 weeks, (iv) HFD for 8 weeks followed by HFD containing 0.5% carbonyl iron for 4 weeks. Blood and livers were removed after 12 weeks.Results:  Nrf2‐null control mice exhibited a tendency towards higher hepatic triglycerides compared to wild‐type control mice. Hepatic malondialdehyde was higher and hepatic iron levels tended to be higher in Nrf2‐null mice than wild‐type counterparts while on a HFD. The HFD with iron synergistically induced mRNA expression of Pparα targets, including Acox and Cpt1 in wild‐type mice, yet the induction was diminished in Nrf2‐null mice. Hepatic hepcidin and ferroportin 1 mRNA expression were increased in wild‐type mice after feeding a HFD with iron, but were unchanged in any group of Nrf2‐null mice.Conclusions:  Nrf2 deletion dysregulates hepatic mRNA expression of β‐oxidation enzymes and iron‐related genes, possibly causing a trend for increased hepatic triglyceride and iron concentrations. Nrf2 may have roles in the progression of NASH.
New three‐dimensional head‐mounted display system, TMDU‐S‐3D system, for minimally invasive surgery application: Procedures for gasless single‐port radical nephrectomy
Authors: Kihara Kazunori , Fujii Yasuhisa , Masuda Hitoshi , Saito Kazutaka , Koga Fumitaka , Matsuoka Yoh , Numao Noboru , Kojima Kazuyuki 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe present an application of a new three‐dimensional head‐mounted display system that combines a high‐definition three‐dimensional organic electroluminescent head‐mounted display with a high‐definition three‐dimensional endoscope to minimally invasive surgery, using gasless single‐port radical nephrectomy procedures as a model. This system presents the surgeon with a higher quality of magnified three‐dimensional imagery in front of the eyes regardless of head position, and simultaneously allows direct vision by moving the angle of sight downward. It is also significantly less expensive than the current robotic surgery system. While carrying out gasless single‐port radical nephrectomy, the system provided the surgeon with excellent three‐dimensional imagery of the operative field, direct vision of the outside and inside of the patient, and depth perception and tactile feedback through the devices. All four nephrectomies were safely completed within the operative time, blood loss was within usual limits and there were no complications. The display was light enough to comfortably be worn for a long operative time. Our experiences show that the three‐dimensional head‐mounted display system might facilitate maneuverability and safety in minimally invasive procedures, without prohibitive cost, and thus might mitigate the drawbacks of other three‐dimensional vision systems. Because of the potential benefits that this system offers, it deserves further refinements of its role in various minimally invasive surgeries.
‘You needed to rehab … families as well’: family members’ own goals for aphasia rehabilitation
Authors: Howe Tami , Davidson Bronwyn , Worrall Linda , Hersh Deborah , Ferguson Alison , Sherratt Sue , Gilbert Jocelyn 
Published: May 2012

Abstract Background: Aphasia affects family members in addition to the individuals with the communication disorder. In order to develop appropriate services for the relatives of people with aphasia post‐stroke, their rehabilitation goals need to be identified.Aim: The aim of the current investigation was to identify the rehabilitation goals that family members of individuals with aphasia have for themselves.Methods & Procedures: Forty‐eight family members of adults with aphasia post‐stroke participated in in‐depth semi‐structured interviews to identify the rehabilitation goals they had for themselves. All the interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using qualitative content analysis.Outcomes & Results: Analysis revealed seven categories of goals that the family members had for themselves: to be included in rehabilitation, to be provided with hope and positivity, to be able to communicate and maintain their relationship with the person with aphasia, to be given information, to be given support, to look after their own well‐being, and to be able to cope with new responsibilities. A few participants reported that, at certain times during the rehabilitation process, they did not have any goals for themselves.Conclusions & Implications: This study highlights that family members of individuals with aphasia have a number of aphasia‐related rehabilitation goals for themselves. In order to provide a family‐centred approach to rehabilitation, health professionals, including speech–language pathologists, need systematically to identify and address family members’ goals in light of the categories revealed in this investigation.
Recurrence of the acute Charcot foot in diabetes
Authors: Rudrappa S. , Game F. , Jeffcoate W. 
Published: May 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 819–821 (2012)AbstractBackground  The acute Charcot foot is thought to occur in people who have a number of predisposing factors, of which distal neuropathy is the most important. But while occurrence in the contralateral foot is not infrequent, recurrence in the same foot seems to be very rare.Case report  A case is described in which discrete episodes of inflammation of the midfoot occurred in the same foot over a period of 14 years, and were attributed to acute Charcot neuroarthropathy (Charcot foot). There was coincidental evidence of osteomyelitis of the 4th toe but there was no suspicion that the inflammatory episodes of the midfoot were the result of bone infection and they settled without treatment with antibiotics.Conclusion  This case had clinically diagnosed recurrences of inflammation and destruction typical of the acute Charcot foot over an extended period, and this is most unusual. The implications of the rarity of such recurrences are discussed.
CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO PARTIAL AUCS
Authors: Huang Xin , Qin Gengsheng , Yuan Yan , Zhou Xiao‐hua 
Published: May 2012

SummaryAs new diagnostic tests are developed and marketed, it is very important to be able to compare the accuracy of a given two continuous‐scale diagnostic tests. An effective method to evaluate the difference between the diagnostic accuracy of two tests is to compare partial areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUCs). In this paper, we review existing parametric methods. Then, we propose a new semiparametric method and a new nonparametric method to investigate the difference between two partial AUCs. For the difference between two partial AUCs under each method, we derive a normal approximation, define an empirical log‐likelihood ratio, and show that the empirical log‐likelihood ratio follows a scaled chi‐square distribution. We construct five confidence intervals for the difference based on normal approximation, bootstrap, and empirical likelihood methods. Finally, extensive simulation studies are conducted to compare the finite‐sample performances of these intervals, and a real example is used as an application of our recommended intervals. The simulation results indicate that the proposed hybrid bootstrap and empirical likelihood intervals outperform other existing intervals in most cases.
Revisiting the Migration–Development Nexus: From Social Networks and Remittances to Markets for Migration Control
Authors: Sørensen Ninna Nyberg 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this paper, I explore the nexus between migration, development and security in South–North migration through an analysis of certain discursive constructions in current migration policy debates; in particular, the migration–development nexus that attempts to make migration work for development in the global South, and the migration–security nexus that legitimizes stricter border controls and migration management in the global North. Shifting geopolitical concerns have changed the balance between the two nexuses over time, but by and large policy debates have been driven by the interests of Northern governments, whereby “development” has been reduced to an instrument of migration policy and “security” to an issue of keeping unwanted and potentially dangerous migratory flows out. The security situation of journeying migrants may make it to the policy debating tables of international organizations and forums, but has thus far not radically changed migration policy. I suggest analysing the nexus constructions through an analytical lens capable of encompassing both migrants and their border‐spanning social networks, on the one hand, and migration policies and state responses aimed at controlling human mobility, on the other. The starting point for this analytical endeavour is the intersection between the migration industry, understood as the broad array of both legal and clandestine actors linked to the facilitation of international migration, and the growing markets for migration management both at the inter‐state level and in the increased use of private and commercial agents for control purposes.
Is there a future for Amur tigers in a restored tiger conservation landscape in Northeast China?
Authors: Hebblewhite M. , Zimmermann F. , Li Z. , Miquelle D. G. , Zhang M. , Sun H. , Mörschel F. , Wu Z. , Sheng L. , Purekhovsky A. , Chunquan Z. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe future of wild tigers is dire, and the Global Tiger Initiative's (GTI) goal of doubling tiger population size by the next year of the tiger in 2022 will be challenging. The GTI has identified 20 tiger conservation landscapes (TCL) within which recovery actions will be needed to achieve these goals. The Amur tiger conservation landscape offers the best hope for tiger recovery in China where all other subspecies have most likely become extirpated. To prioritize recovery planning within this TCL, we used tiger occurrence data from adjacent areas of the Russian Far East to develop two empirical models of potential habitat that were then averaged with an expert‐based habitat suitability model to identify potential tiger habitat in the Changbaishan ecosystem in Northeast China. We assessed the connectivity of tiger habitat patches using least‐cost path analysis calibrated against known tiger movements in the Russian Far East to identify priority tiger conservation areas (TCAs). Using a habitat‐based population estimation approach, we predicted that a potential of 98 (83–112) adult tigers could occupy all TCAs in the Changbaishan ecosystem. By combining information about habitat quality, connectivity and potential population size, we identified the three best TCAs totaling over 25 000 km2 of potential habitat that could hold 79 (63–82) adult tigers. Strong recovery actions are needed to restore potential tiger habitat to promote recovery of Amur tigers in China, including restoring ungulate populations, increasing tiger survival through improved anti‐poaching activities, land‐use planning that reduces human access and agricultural lands in and adjacent to key TCAs, and maintaining connectivity both within and across international boundaries. Our approach will be useful in other TCLs to prioritize recovery actions to restore worldwide tiger populations.