bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The End of the End of Ideology
Authors: Jost John T. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe “end of ideology” was declared by social scientists in the aftermath of World War II. They argued that ordinary citizens lack meaningful, coherent political attitudes that could be classified as “liberal” (or leftist) or “conservative” (or rightist). The end-of-ideologists were so influential that researchers ignored the topic of ideology for many years. However, current political realities, recent data from the American National Election Studies, and results from an emerging psychological paradigm provide strong grounds for returning to the study of ideology. Studies reveal that there are indeed meaningful political and psychological differences that covary with ideological self-placement. Situational variables—including system threat and mortality salience—and dispositional variables—including openness and conscientiousness—affect the degree to which an individual is drawn to liberal versus conservative leaders, parties, and opinions. A psychological analysis is also useful for understanding the political divide between “red states” and “blue states.”
The Policy IAT
Authors: Hanson Jon , Yeboah Mark 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSince its initial publication, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been applied in a diverse array of disciplines. Application to the legal and policy arenas, however, has been uncommon. This is true even though the dominant schemas that shape law and policy are like the attitudes, stereotypes, and other forms of implicit cognition that the IAT is so often harnessed to measure. Based upon research designed to identify the dominant knowledge structures, schemas and categories that shape law and policy, the most significant and salient policy scripts boil down to "markets are good, regulation is bad." This chapter will discuss the initial results of an ongoing Policy IAT intended to investigate the strength of those policy scripts across the ideological spectrum. The results shed light on the variability of policy scripts across political categories and attributional styles along a situationist-dispositionist spectrum as well as the malleability of implicit associations.
Identity, Belief, and Bias
Authors: Cohen Geoffrey L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents research on the social psychology of identity and belief. Beliefs tied to long-held identities resist change and bias the processing of new information. Theoe phenomena help explain defensive denigration of victims of social problems, resistance to persuasion, intransigence in negotiation, and discrimination in hiring decisions. In each case, intervention strategies based on a social-psychological analysis provide a potential remedy.
Backlash: The Reaction to Mind Sciences in Legal Academia
Authors: Benforado Adam , Hanson Jon 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter demonstrates that naive cynicism is a pervasive dynamic that shapes policy debates big and small. It argues that naïve cynicism can operate at a particular moment or over long periods of time, and that naïve cynicism is embraced and encouraged by both elite knowledge-producers and the average person on the street. Examining the reactions of prominent academics to situationist scholarship, the chapter offers evidence that naive cynicism has played a significant role in retarding the growth and influence of insights drawn from social psychology and related fields within the dominant legal theoretical frameworks of the last half-century. Despite providing a more accurate depiction of the behavior of legal actors, this research from the mind sciences has been dismissed for decades in favor of commonsense dispositionist notions of causation, responsibility, and blame.
The Mystique of Instrumentalism
Authors: Tyler Tom , Rankin Lindsay 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIdeology includes a set of shared assumptions about “truths” which are widely perceived as self-evident. This chapter focuses upon a set of truths concerning human nature in relationship to the law and legal authority. Those truths are united by their exaggerated belief in the effectiveness of instrumental approaches to people. An instrumental approach is one that seeks to shape behavior by either providing people with incentives or threatening to (or actually) punishing them. In law, the focus is on the efficacy of threatening to (or actually) punishing people for rule breaking behavior. This chapter argues for several basic propositions. First, people within our society share the belief that instrumental mechanisms are effective ways of motivating people—that punishment “works.” Second, empirical evidence consistently contradicts that belief. Third, there are alternative approaches that work better. Finally, the persistence of flawed beliefs despite contradictory evidence suggests that these beliefs are part of a culturally transmitted and supported ideology. This chapter concludes by discussing some of the reasons that this ideology persists.
Legal Interpretation and Intuitions of Public Policy
Authors: Furgeson Joshua , Babcock Linda 
Published: May 2012

AbstractStudies of actual judicial decisions and recent experimental work simulating legal decision-making reveal a strong relationship between ideology and judicial decisions. There is also preliminary evidence linking ideology and constitutional interpretation preferences. This chapter proposes that legal decisions’ policy implications generate an automatic, affective response that biases subsequent information processing. The biased processing can involve: positive-testing or searching mostly for information supporting initial beliefs; counter-arguing or more critically scrutinizing information inconsistent with goals; overweighting information consistent with goals and discounting inconsistent information; and biases in storing and retrieving information. This motivated reasoning is more likely to influence decisions when the legal evidence is more ambiguous. As ideology operates through non-conscious cognitive processes, judges cannot identify ideology’s impact, making debiasing difficult.
Depoliticizing Administrative Law
Authors: Sunstein Cass R. , Miles Thomas J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA large body of empirical evidence demonstrates that judicial review of agency action is highly politicized in both the federal courts of appeals and the Supreme Court. These results hold for both (a) judicial review of agency interpretations of law and (b) judicial review of agency decisions for “arbitrariness” on questions of policy and fact. The empirical results raise an obvious question: what might be done to depoliticize administrative law? Three sets of imaginable solutions have promise: (1) self-correction without formal doctrinal change, produced by a form of “debiasing” that might follow from a clearer judicial understanding of the current situation; (2) doctrinal innovations, as, for example, through rethinking existing deference principles and giving agencies more room to maneuver; and (3) institutional change, through novel voting rules and requirements of mixed panels. An investigation of these solutions has implications for other domains in which judges are divided along political lines, and indeed in which nonjudicial officials show some kind of politicized division or bias.
How we Grow Unequal
Authors: Emmenegger Patrick , Häusermann Silja , Palier Bruno , Seeleib-Kaiser Martin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter introduces the concept of dualization. Poverty, inequality, and social exclusion are back on the political agenda in many rich democracies of Western Europe and North America, not only as a consequence of the Great Recession that hit the global economy in 2008. It argues that the translation of structural pressures into policies and outcomes has to be understood as a political process. Dualization is a political process that is characterized by the differential treatment of insiders and outsiders and that can take the form of newly created institutional dualisms or the deepening of existing institutional dualisms (policy output). Thereby, changes in the labor market are translated into the social policy realm, where new distinctions arise or old institutional distinctions are re-activated. Feedback effects and vicious circles are likely to strengthen this effect because weak labor attachment and social exclusion are associated with weaker political representation.
How Rich Countries Cope with Deindustrialization
Authors: Emmenegger Patrick , Häusermann Silja , Palier Bruno , Seeleib-Kaiser Martin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis conclusive chapter reviews the comparative evidence accumulated throughout the book on the new, widening and deepening divides between insiders and outsiders. It answers two key questions: who are the outsiders? And what is driving dualization? Most importantly, the comparative evidence discussed in this chapter points to the crucial importance of political choice in shaping the social outcomes of deindustrialization. Hence, insider-outsider divides are not a straightforward consequence of deindustrialization, but rather the result of policy. Finally, the chapter speculates about the future development of dualized societies: are they on a road to ever more inequality and social exclusion, or can we expect new equilibria to last? It argues that several mechanisms - including institutional feedback, the occupational segmentation of labor markets and the weak political mobilization of outsiders – may stabilize the new inequalities brought about by dualization.
Religious Freedom, Democracy, and International Human Rights
Authors: Witte John , Green M. Christian 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter addresses questions concerning religious freedom, democracy, and human rights in international law. It discusses three particularly controversial issues that have become the focus of international attention and international law: proselytism (or evangelization in Christian terms); conversion (especially when conceived as apostasy); and blasphemy (recent reconceived as “defamation of religions”). Each of these three issues are among the most hotly contested religious freedom issues today, and arise particularly when religious traditions and religious believers confront each other in the current global resurgence of religion.
Where Is the Religion?
Authors: Barnett Michael 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter uses humanitarianism's androgynous quality—its possession of both religious and secular attributes—to explore two issues regarding the contemporary world order. First, the distinction between the religious and the secular is more deceptive than informative. Second, contemporary Western religious tradition and humanitarianism are equally wary of the “political.” The shifting terrain between religion and secularism within humanitarianism, and the political and the religious in humanitarianism, points to a faith-based world order.
Religion and Development
Authors: Marshall Katherine 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter argues that while the links between both ideas and practice that touch on religion and development are legion, an exploration of what that really means, intellectually and in practice, is still tentative and quite fragmented. The limitations in systematic investigation of the topic have several explanations. A prime reason is the breadth and complexity of the institutions and issues involved. Special sensitivities around the religion development nexus is another. Perhaps most significant is the historically shaped segmentation of language, relationships, and perspectives among different types of institutions. Despite much overlap and many synergies, the two worlds (development and faith) have largely operated in separate universes, with different institutional, intellectual, and ideological frames. The resulting disconnects and frictions can result in wasted resources and in the kind of tensions that sap will and operational efficiency. They dampen the potential energy and ingenuity that can come from creative partnerships among these different institutions. They matter above all because they represent missed opportunities in the global effort to confront the challenges of global poverty and inequity.
Interreligious Dialogue and International Relations
Authors: Banchoff Thomas 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn September 2006 a retired German professor was invited back to Regensburg University to address his former colleagues. His presentation, entitled “Faith, Reason, and the University: Memories and Reflections,” explored the relationship between religion and philosophy in an extended academic manner. His erudition, interspersed with reminiscences, delighted his audience. But his words reverberated far beyond the lecture hall. The retired professor was Pope Benedict XVI, and his lecture included unflattering references to the Prophet Mohammed and Islam. Condemnations and protests erupted within the Muslim world. Benedict's Regensburg address and its aftermath pose the question of how interreligious dialogue relates to international relations. This chapter explores both the impact of interreligious dialogue on international relations, and vice-versa. It then returns to the Regensburg controversy as an illustration of both.
Islam and the Promenades of Global Media
Authors: Boroujerdi Mehrzad , Allem Nichole J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter addresses the following questions: Are new media strengthening a global Muslim identity? Or are they putting theology and jurisprudence deeper into the bounds of politics and the chaos of skepticism? Should Muslims have a dystopian vision of new media as a site of debauchery, or an optimistic view of media as the protagonist of a new type of esprit de corps? In recent times, the body of work on Muslims and media seems to have moved beyond past scholarship that dissected the Western voyeuristic gaze cast on Muslims to begin to look at how Muslim actors and groups are using media to achieve their own interests in a globalized economy transformed by communications technology. The vista is decidedly mixed. While savvy Muslim cybernauts have initiated an exciting voyage of discovery and expression, the more numerous members of the religious chattering class live confidently in their own information ghetto.
ACUTE EXUDATIVE POLYMORPHOUS VITELLIFORM MACULOPATHY IN A YOUNG WOMAN
Authors: Wiklund Anna , Peebo Beatrice B. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose:
To describe ocular findings before and after the diagnosis of acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy, in an otherwise healthy 28-year-old woman.

Methods:
Case report with 21-months of follow-up. Fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and autofluorescence were used for imaging the retina. To examine retinal function, full-field electroretinogram, multifocal electroretinogram, electrooculography, and dark adaptometry were performed. Genetic analysis for mutations associated with Best disease was done.

Results:
In the asymptomatic patient before diagnosis, white-yellow, drusen-like, subretinal depositions were found in both eyes. A few months later, the patient developed bilateral visual disturbances. Retinal examination at the acute phase revealed a characteristic pattern of multifocal white-yellow subretinal lesions in both posterior poles, imaged by ophthalmoscopy, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and optical coherence tomography. Additionally, electrooculography and dark adaptometry were abnormal. Full-field electroretinogram was normal, but multifocal electroretinogram revealed central depression of peak amplitudes. During the 21-month follow-up without any treatment, visual acuity recovered, electrooculography and dark adaptometry normalized, and the patient experienced one episode of relapse. Genetic studies excluded mutations in the bestrophin gene (BEST1).

Conclusion:
Acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy is still a condition of unknown origin, primarily affecting the pigment epithelium. Earlier reports have discussed whether the condition is inherited or acquired. In this report, the presymptomatic retinal findings in acute exudative polymorphous vitelliform maculopathy are described for the first time, indicating that a condition may be associated with primarily affected retinal pigment epithelium.
The Vascular Pathogen Verticillium longisporum Requires a Jasmonic Acid-Independent COI1 Function in Roots to Elicit Disease Symptoms in Arabidopsis Shoots
Authors: Ralhan Anjali , Schöttle Sonja , Thurow Corinna , Iven Tim , Feussner Ivo , Polle Andrea , Gatz Christiane 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Verticillium longisporum is a soil-borne vascular pathogen that causes reduced shoot growth and early senescence in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we report that these disease symptoms are less pronounced in plants that lack the receptor of the plant defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA), CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1). Initial colonization of the roots was comparable in wild-type and coi1 plants, and fungal DNA accumulated to almost similar levels in petioles of wild-type and coi1 plants at 10 d post infection. Completion of the fungal life cycle was impaired in coi1, as indicated by the reduced number of plants with microsclerotia, which are detected on dead plant material at late stages of the disease. Contrary to the expectation that the hormone receptor mutant coi1 should display the same phenotype as the corresponding hormone biosynthesis mutant delayed dehiscence2 (dde2), dde2 plants developed wild-type-like disease symptoms. Marker genes of the JA and the JA/ethylene defense pathway were induced in petioles of wild-type plants but not in petioles of dde2 plants, indicating that fungal compounds that would activate the known COI1-dependent signal transduction chain were absent. Grafting experiments revealed that the susceptibility-enhancing COI1 function acts in the roots. Moreover, we show that the coi1-mediated tolerance is not due to the hyperactivation of the salicylic acid pathway. Together, our results have unraveled a novel COI1 function in the roots that acts independently from JA-isoleucine or any JA-isoleucine mimic. This COI1 activity is required for a yet unknown root-to-shoot signaling process that enables V. longisporum to elicit disease symptoms in Arabidopsis.
Rapid T cell repopulation after rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) treatment is driven mainly by cytomegalovirus
Authors: Havenith S H C , Remmerswaal E B M , Bemelman F J , Yong S L , van Donselaar- van der Pant K A M I , van Lier R A W , ten Berge I J M 
Published: May 2012

Summary
Rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (rATG) induces a long-lasting lymphocytopenia. CD4+ T cells remain depleted for up to 2 years, whereas the CD8+ T cell compartment is refilled rapidly by highly differentiated CD27–CD45RA+CD57+effector-type cells. Because the presence of these highly differentiated CD8+ T cells has been associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, we questioned to what extent restoration of CMV T cell immunity contributes to the re-emergence of T cells following rATG treatment. We compared T cell repopulation in six CMV-seropositive patients with CMV reactivation (reactivating CMV+) to that in three CMV+ patients without reactivation (non-reactivating CMV+), and to that in three CMV-seronegative recipients receiving a kidney from a CMV-seronegative donor (CMV−/−). All patients received rATG because of acute allograft rejection. Total CD4 and CD8 counts, frequency and phenotype of virus-specific CD8+ T cells were determined. In reactivating CMV+ patients, total CD8+ T cells reappeared rapidly, whereas in non-reactivating CMV+ patients they lagged behind. In CMV−/− patients, CD8+ T cell counts had not yet reached pretransplant levels after 2 years. CMV reactivation was indeed followed by a progressive accumulation of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells. During lymphocytopenia following rATG treatment, serum interleukin (IL)-7 levels were elevated. Although this was most prominent in the CMV-seronegative patients, it did not result in an advantage in T cell repopulation in these patients. Repopulated CD8+ T cells showed increased skewing in their Vβ repertoire in both CMV−/− and reactivating CMV-seropositive patients. We conclude that rapid T cell repopulation following rATG treatment is driven mainly by CMV.
Kinetics of the interaction between anti‐FVIII antibodies and FVIII from therapeutic concentrates, with and without von Willebrand factor, assessed by surface plasmon resonance
Authors: Grancha S. , Ortiz A. M. , Marañón C. , Hampel K. , Moret A. , Zimmermann B. , Jorquera J. I. , Aznar J. A. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe presence of VWF in plasma‐derived FVIII (pdFVIII/VWF) products has been pointed out as a key difference with recombinant FVIII (rFVIII) products with regard to immunogenicity. A Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) study was designed to characterize in detail the interaction between anti‐FVIII (IgGs) from a severe haemophilia A patient, and FVIII from concentrates of different sources. Full‐length rFVIII (preincubated or not with purified VWF), B domain‐deleted (BDD)‐rFVIII and pdFVIII/VWF were analysed. To ensure reproducible conditions for accurate determination of kinetic constants, a capture‐based assay format was developed using protein G surfaces for specific and reversible coupling of endogenous anti‐FVIII antibodies. Concentration ranges (nm) of FVIII products tested were 9–0.03 (rFVIII) and 6–0.024 (pdFVIII/VWF). The association with antibodies was monitored for 3–5 min, whereas dissociation of the complex was followed for 5–20–240 min. A strong interaction of rFVIII and BDD‐rFVIII with patient's IgG was detected with the K
D values in the low picomolar range (5.9 ± 3.0 and 12.7 ± 6.9 pm, respectively) and very slow dissociation rates, while pdFVIII/VWF showed only marginal binding signals. The VWF complexed rFVIII displayed reduced binding signals compared with uncomplexed rFVIII, but the K
D was still in the picomolar range (4.1 ± 1.9 pm) indicating insufficient complex formation. rFVIII, alone or bound to exogenously added VWF, showed high affinity for anti‐FVIII IgGs from a severe haemophilia A patient whereas pdFVIII/VWF did not. These results are in agreement with those studies that point towards rFVIII concentrates to be more immunogenic than pdFVIII concentrates.