bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing visitors' experiences at hot spring recreation areas in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Tsung‐Hung 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study assessed the recreational experiences of tourists and aims to discuss the sustainable development of hot spring recreation areas in Taiwan. The study employed questionnaires that included variables measuring importance, satisfaction, sustainable development, and demographic and recreational characteristics. The rate of repeat visits was extremely high. Moreover, tourists strongly agreed that hot spring recreation areas should develop ecotourism programmes. This study concludes that hot spring recreation areas could utilise their natural landscapes, hot spring quality, hotel service quality and proximity to neighbouring destinations to develop themselves. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sphenoid septations and their relationship with internal carotid arteries: Anatomical and radiological study
Authors: Fernandez‐Miranda Juan C. , Prevedello Daniel M. , Madhok Ricky , Morera Victor , Barges‐Coll Juan , Reineman Katharine , Snyderman Carl H. , Gardner Paul , Carrau Ricardo , Kassam Amin B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:We sought to investigate the anatomical relation of the intrasphenoid septations to the internal carotid artery (ICA).Methods:Twenty‐seven preoperative high‐resolution computed tomography angiographic (CTA) scans with 1 mm of separation acquisition were examined. In addition, an endoscopic endonasal approach and high‐resolution computed tomography were done on 27 fresh‐frozen cadaveric heads. The number of intrasphenoid septa and their relation to the ICAs were analyzed endoscopically and radiologically. Complete and incomplete septations were included in the analysis. A total of 54 sphenoid sinuses were studied.Results:Out of 27 sphenoid sinuses radiologically studied from real patients, 23 (85%) and 11 (41%) had at least one or two septa, respectively, touching one of the ICA. Out of 27 sphenoid sinuses endoscopically examined from cadavers (excluding one conchal type), 24 (89%) had at least one septation inserted in the ICAs. Two or more septations were inserted in the carotid prominence in 48% of sphenoid sinuses. The radiological examination of the anatomical specimens revealed similar results, with discrepancy in just one case (1/27) where it did not identify an incomplete septation inserting at ICA. No significant differences were found between the groups. From a total of 54 sphenoid sinuses studied, 47 (87%) had at least one septum related to the ICA, and only 13% presented a typical isolated midline septation.Conclusions:As demonstrated both radiographically and endoscopically, most intrasphenoidal septa insert at the parasellar or paraclival carotid prominence. As such, extreme care should be taken when identifying and removing these septations intraoperatively. Laryngoscope, 2009
Polyrotaxanes of Pyrene–Triazole Conjugated Azomethine and α‐Cyclodextrin with High Fluorescence Properties
Authors: Farcas Aurica , Jarroux Nathalie , Ghosh Indrajit , Guégan Philippe , Nau Werner M. , Harabagiu Valeria 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe paper reports on the preparation of a new 2‐rotaxane monomer through an acid coupling reaction between 1‐pyrenecarboxaldehyde and α‐CD/3,5‐diamino‐1,2,4‐triazole inclusion complex. Pyrenyl groups are large enough to provide a blocking effect toward cyclodextrin de‐threading. The oxidative CC coupling of 2‐rotaxane in the presence of RuCl3 catalyst afforded conjugated azomethine polyrotaxanes. The expected modifications of the solubility, morphology, film forming ability for rotaxane polymer were proved. As shown by fluorescence and UV‐vis spectroscopy, a material with optical properties appropriate for use in photonics was obtained.magnified image
Revealing Triple‐Shape Memory Effect by Polymer Bilayers
Authors: Xie Tao , Xiao Xingcheng , Cheng Yang‐Tse 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBilayer polymers that consist of two epoxy dual‐shape memory polymers of well‐separated glass transition temperatures have been synthesized. These bilayer epoxy samples exhibit a triple‐shape memory effect (TSME) with shape fixities tailorable by changing the ratio between the two layers. The triple‐shape fixities of the bilayer epoxy polymers can be explained by the balance of stress between the two layers. Based on this work, it is believed that the following three molecular design criterions should be considered in designing triple‐shape memory polymers with optimum TSME: 1) well‐separated thermal transitions, 2) a strong interface, and 3) an appropriate balance of moduli and relative ratios between the layers (or microphases).magnified image
Characteristics of Bimodal Polyethylene Prepared via Co‐Immobilization of Chromium and Iron Catalysts on an MgCl2‐Based Support
Authors: Kukalyekar Nileshkumar , Balzano Luigi , Peters Gerrit W. M. , Rastogi Sanjay , Chadwick John C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBimodal polyethylenes comprising varying proportions of high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight fractions are synthesized in a single polymerization stage, via the co‐immobilization of a chromium and an iron catalyst on an MgCl2/AlEtn(OEt)3−n support. Changes observed in the viscoelastic response of the polymer melt with increasing content of the high‐molecular‐weight fraction indicate effective mixing in the bimodal blend. In flow, chains in the high‐molecular weight fraction tend to orient and stretch under shear. Due to the longer relaxation time of the high‐molecular‐weight component, X‐ray diffraction and scattering reveal that shear‐induced crystallization takes place at temperatures close to the equilibrium melting point of linear polyethylene. The so‐crystallized high‐molecular‐weight component suppresses the nucleation barrier for further crystallization, leading to the formation of a “shish‐kebab” polymer morphology.magnified image
Noninvasive quantification of human brain ascorbate concentration using 1H NMR spectroscopy at 7 T
Authors: Terpstra Melissa , Ugurbil Kamil , Tkac Ivan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAscorbate (Asc, vitamin C) was quantified in the human brain noninvasively using two different 1H NMR spectroscopy methods: short‐echo time STEAM and MEGA‐PRESS homonuclear editing. Taking advantage of increased sensitivity and chemical shift dispersion at 7 T, Asc was quantified with increased reliability relative to our previous study accomplished at 4 T. Asc concentration quantified from short‐echo time spectra measured from the occipital lobe of eight healthy subjects ([Asc] = 1.1 ± 0.3 µmol/g, mean ± SD) was in excellent agreement with Asc concentration quantified from the same volume of interest using homonuclear editing ([Asc] = 1.2 ± 0.2 µmol/g). This agreement indicates that at 7 T, Asc can be reliably quantified in the human brain simultaneously with 15 other metabolites. Additional advantages of the short‐echo time approach were: shorter measurement time than homonuclear editing and minimal effect of T2 relaxation on Asc quantification. High magnetic field was also beneficial for Asc quantification with MEGA‐PRESS because increased chemical shift dispersion enabled editing with full efficiency, which resulted in a supra‐linear gain in signal‐to‐noise ratio relative to 4 T. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stafne's defects in two mandibles from archaeological sites in Croatia
Authors: Vodanović M. , Šlaus M. , Galić I. , Marotti M. , Brkić H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSalivary gland inclusions in the mandible are relatively uncommon in recent as well as archaeological populations. This condition is well known to oral surgeons, but less so to anthropologists, osteologists and skeletal biologists. At present a limited number of reports pertaining to this condition in ancient populations are available in anthropological and palaeopathological literature, although scattered reports of cases in recent populations are found in dental journals. This paper analyses the prevalence of Stafne's bone defect in a large composite Croatian archaeological series (n = 4250 mandibles), and reports on two cases in which computerised tomography was performed, in order to draw the attention of anthropologists, osteologists and skeletal biologists to this condition when faced with differential diagnosis of odontogenic lesions, cysts and neoplasms in the area of the angle of the mandible. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of dispersion on graphite nanosheet composites
Authors: Wu Tsung‐Lin , Lo Tzu‐Sen , Kuo Wen‐Shyong 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBy intercalating and exfoliating natural graphite flakes, expanded graphite was obtained and used as the additive for making composites. The expanded graphite was composed of partly connected graphite nanosheets. Three types of composites were made, representing three levels of dispersing the graphite nanosheets. The first was the impregnation of epoxy resin to the expanded graphite by resin transfer molding. No dispersion was applied, and the expanded graphite can retain its original shape. The second was the use of a high‐power sonication to break apart the expanded graphite. The thickness of the sonicated expanded graphite was reduced to about 100 times. The third method was to use a high‐shear strain rate to separate the graphite nanosheets from the expanded graphite and to disperse them into the resin. The thickness range of the graphite nanosheets was 20–50 nm, about 100 times thinner than the sonicated ones. Compression and impact tests were conducted. The influence of dispersion on the material behavior was studied. Some fracture modes associated with the layered microstructures of the graphite nanosheets were observed. A simple model was used to study the stress transfer and frictional energy consumption of the pullout of the nanosheet. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effects of filler size and content on shrinkage and gloss of injection molded PBT/PET/talc composites
Authors: Kim Myung Wook , Lee Seung Hwan , Youn Jae Ryoun 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEffects of filler size and content on the shrinkage of injection molded poly(butylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene terephthalate)/talc (PBT/PET/talc) composites were investigated. Circular plate specimens were examined by a field emission scanning electron microscope and a numerical analysis code was used for modeling of the injection molding. Orientation effects of polymer molecules and fillers on the shrinkage behavior of PBT/PET/talc composites were illustrated by using schematic diagrams. It was found that the planes of talc particles were aligned parallel to the mold wall due to applied shear stresses and the largest axes of the disk‐like talc particles were oriented along the flow direction. Shrinkage of the PBT/PET/talc composites was decreased more rapidly along the flow direction than along the transverse direction as the talc content was increased. Small‐sized talc was more effective for reduction of the surface shrinkage of PBT/PET composites than titanium dioxide (TiO2) or large‐sized talc. Although the PBT/PET polymer matrix almost covered the surface of talc particles, surface gloss of the particle filled composites was decreased as the size of mineral filler was increased. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/clay nanocomposites prepared by melt processing
Authors: Durmus Ali , Ercan Nevra , Soyubol Göksu , Deligöz Hüseyin , Kaşgöz Ahmet 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this study, cold and melt crystallization behaviors of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/clay nanocomposites were investigated. Two nanocomposite samples with the same amount of inorganic content were prepared by melt processing using natural montmorillonite (Na‐MMT) and organo‐modified montmorillonite (org‐MMT). Depending on the clay structure, clay dispersion into PET and crystallization behavior of the samples were studied using X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry methods, respectively. Effects of clay structure and organic groups between clay layers in org‐MMT on the melt crystallization kinetics of the samples were analyzed with various kinetic models, namely, the Ozawa, Avrami modified by Jeziorny, and Liu‐Mo. Crystallization activation energies of the samples were also determined by the Kissinger and Augis–Bennett models. Exfoliated structures were obtained in the nanocomposite samples prepared with both the Na‐MMT and org‐MMT. From the kinetics study, it was found that the melt‐crystallization rate of the sample prepared with the Na‐MMT was higher than that prepared with the org‐MMT at a given cooling rate. It can be concluded that organic ammonium groups in the org‐MMT decelerate the crystallization rate of PET chains possibly by affecting the chain diffusion and folding. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Properties of unidirectional kenaf fiber–polyolefin laminates
Authors: Lee Sangyeob , Shi Sheldon Q. , Groom Leslie H. , Xue Yibin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of kenaf fiber orientation and furnish formulation on the properties of laminated natural fiber–polymer composites (LNPC). The uniaxial fiber orientation provided property enhancement of the LNPC. The randomly oriented kenaf fibers, regardless of fiber contents in the laminates, provided an equal performance compared to the composites made of 25% fiber glass reinforced polyvinyl ester resin in the same laboratory processing conditions. Thermal properties of the laminates obtained from thermal gravimetry with differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC) showed that the melting point (Tm) of the polypropylene (PP) film laminates decreased, and the crystallization peak increased as the kenaf fiber content in the laminates increased. The surface morphology results of the kenaf fiber and fractures of the laminates showed that some fibers pulled out from the matrix. The mechanical properties increased as the kenaf fiber content increased. The tensile stress of the laminated composites fabricated with unidirectional fiber orientation was about 2–4 times higher than those with the randomly oriented samples. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction: effect on emotional distress in diabetes
Authors: Young LA , Cappola AR , Baime MJ 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPsychological distress is common in patients with diabetes. Little is known about the impact of Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR), a non‐traditional, cognitive behavioural intervention designed to improve stress management skills, in patients with diabetes.The purpose of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the impact of MBSR training on mood states in 25 individuals with diabetes. All participants completed the Profile of Mood States Short Form (POMS‐SF) at baseline and following eight weeks of MBSR. Overall psychological distress measured by the total mood score (TMS) and six subscales—including tension/anxiety, depression/dejection, anger/hostility, fatigue/inertia, confusion/bewilderment and vigour/activity—were assessed.Overall mood, measured by the TMS, as well as all subscale mood measurements improved significantly from baseline following MBSR training. Compared to population means, those with diabetes had higher distress at baseline and similar levels of distress following MBSR training. The primary reason participants reported for enrolling in the MBSR course was to improve stress management skills.It was concluded that MBSR training is a promising, group‐based intervention that can be used to decrease psychological distress in individuals with diabetes who perceive a need for training in stress management. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and electroluminescence of novel copolyfluorenes and their applications in white light emission
Authors: Wang Ping , Jin Hao , Yang Qian , Liu Wanli , Shen Zhihao , Chen Xiaofang , Fan Xinghe , Zou Dechun , Zhou Qifeng 
Published: August 2009

AbstractNew copolyfluorenes (PC8OF0–PC8OF50) comprised of 9,9‐dioctylfluorene and jacketed units 2,5‐bis[(5‐octyloxy‐phenyl)‐1,3,4‐ oxadiazole]‐1‐(3,5‐dibromophenyl)‐benzene (35C8) were synthesized by palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling reaction. They were characterized by molecular weight determination, 1H NMR, elemental analysis, DSC, TGA, absorption and emission spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). These copolymers were readily soluble in common organic solvents and exhibited high glass transition temperature and thermal stability.The copolymer films showed absorption peaks from 381 nm to 351 nm, and PL peaks from 432 nm to 421 nm with a blue shift originated from 35C8 units. Both the HOMO energy levels and LUMO levels changed little as the content of 35C8 units increased (−5.59 eV to −5.48 eV and −2.60 eV to −2.49 eV). Electroluminescent devices: ITO/PEDOT:PSS[poly(ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate]/polymer/Ca (25 nm)/Ag(80 nm) (a), ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/TPBI [1,3,5‐ tris(N‐phenylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)benzene](15 nm)/Mg:Ag(10:1, wt)/Ag (b), and ITO/ PEDOT:PSS/PVK[Poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)]/polymer/TPBI(15 nm)/Ca(25 nm)/Ag(80 nm) (c) were fabricated to investigate the influence of jacketed contents and device architectures on emission characteristics. The maximum brightness and current efficiency of the PC8OF25 device (5097.8 cd/m2 and 0.484 cd/A) surpassed those of the PC8OF0 device (3122.8 cd/m2 and 0.416 cd/A). The EL emissions of PC8OF0 – PC8OF50 were pure blue and low‐energy excimer emission bands were successfully suppressed, indicating that these copolymers could be good candidates for blue light‐emitting materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4555–4565, 2009
Two‐dimensionally extended aromatic polyamines for optimization of charge‐transporting properties by partial oxidation
Authors: Michinobu Tsuyoshi , Kato Fumiaki , Inui Jun , Nishide Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis article describes the synthesis of the two‐dimensionally extended aromatic polyamines by polycondensation between the tri‐sec‐amine monomer and p‐phenylenediamine‐based dibromide, the polyradical generation by chemical and electrochemical oxidations, and the hole‐transporting properties. The molecular weights (Mn) of the polyamines, 3a and 3b, were 7700 and 5000, respectively, and both polymers were very soluble in the typical organic solvents, ensuring a good film formation capability by a spin‐coating technique. The thermal stability of the aromatic polyamines, elucidated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), was quite high. More important, the cross‐conjugated structure is essential for the controlled radical generation and the maintenance of the radical stability. Cyclic voltammograms of the neutral polyamines in the presence of 1 vol % of trifluoroacetic acid and the intervalence bands of the partially oxidized polyamines with NOPF6 revealed that the generated radicals delocalize over the p‐phenylenediamine moieties. The half‐life of the polyradicals was about 12 h even under ambient conditions, which allowed us to fabricate and measure the hole‐only devices. The charge‐transporting properties of the polyamines were dramatically changed by the partial oxidation (20 mol %/aminium unit) with NOPF6. The neutral polyamines showed the conventional injection‐limit behaviors, whereas the hole‐transporting behaviors of the polyradicals are bulk‐limit and highly dependent on the chemical structure. The efficient hole‐transport of the all‐conjugated poly(aminium cationic radical)s was for the first time realized for the polyradical of 3b. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4577–4586, 2009
Modification of silica nanoparticles by grafting of copolymers containing organosilane and fluorine moities
Authors: Pardal Francis , Lapinte Vincent , Robin Jean‐Jacques 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe free‐radical cotelomerization of 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) with 1,1,2,2‐tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate (PFDA) in the presence of 2‐mercaptoethanol was performed at 80 °C in acetonitrile. Hydroxy end‐groups of the cotelomers were reacted with 2‐isocyanatoethyl methacrylate to give macromonomers. The P(TMSPMA‐stat‐PFDA) cotelomers, containing fluoro and silane groups, were then grafted onto silica nanoparticles. Optimal grafting conditions were found with TMSPMA monomer alone in toluene at 110 °C. The structure of the modified silica was analyzed by FTIR and29Si solid‐state NMR. The amount of grafted TMSPMA or P(TMSPMA‐stat‐PFDA) was calculated by thermogravimetric and elemental analyzes. The grafting yield increased with the copolymer/silica weight ratio until a maximum value of 2.26 μmol/m2. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4617–4628, 2009
Polyaddition of bifunctional cyclic carbonate with diamine in ionic liquids: In situ ion composite formation and simple separation of ionic liquid
Authors: Ochiai Bungo , Satoh Yuriko , Endo Takeshi 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPolyaddition of bifunctional cyclic carbonates and diamines in ionic liquids proceeded smoothly to afford polyurethanes having hydroxyl groups in the side chain (i.e., poly(hydroxyurethane)). The reaction mixtures separated into ionic liquids and ionic composites consisting of poly(hydroxyurethane) and ionic liquids. The ionic composites originated from the interactions between hydroxyl groups in the side chains and the ionic liquids, confirmed by IR spectroscopic analysis. When the polyaddition was conducted in the mixed solvent consists of water and N‐n‐butylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. After the reaction, the polymer and the ionic liquid could be separated easily. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4629–4635, 2009
A kinked unit‐containing thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester with low glass transition temperature and broad phase transition temperature
Authors: Huang Heng‐Zhen , Chen Li , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA novel phosphorus‐containing thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester with kinked unit named as poly(hydroxybenzate‐co‐DOPO‐benzenediol dihydrodipheyl ether terephthalate) (PHDDT) was synthesized successfully by melting transesterification from terephthalic acid (TPA), p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (p‐ABH), 2‐(6‐oxid‐6H‐dibenz(c, e) (1,2) oxaphosphorin 6‐yl)1,4‐benzenediol (DOPO‐HQ), and 4,4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl ether (DOP). The chemical structure, the mesophase behavior, and the thermal properties of the copolyesters were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H, 13C, and 31P NMR), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, polarizing light microscopy (PLM), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Results suggested that PHDDTs exhibited the typical nematic mesophase that occurred at low temperatures and maintained in a broad temperature range from 230 °C to higher than 400 °C, and had low glass transition temperature ranging from 154.5 to 166.9 °C. The novel phosphorus‐containing thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester will have a potential application in preparing various in situ reinforced polymer materials with excellent mechanical properties and flame retardancy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4703–4709, 2009