bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Chemical and Microscopical Characters of the Whin Sill
Authors: Teall J. J. H. 
Published: October 2009

The term Whin Sill is applied in the north of England to the intrusive sheet of basic igneous rock which forms such a marked feature in certain portions of the Lower Carboniferous district of Durham, Cumberland, and Northumberland. It is unnecessary, on the present occasion, to describe the stratigraphical relations of the rock, because full details are to be found in the papers cited above, and especially in those by Prof. Sedgwick and Messrs. Topley and Lebour. For some time there was a discussion as to whether the rock was intrusive or interbedded, but this discussion may be regarded as having been closed by the publication of the able paper by Messrs. Topley and Lebour. It is now admitted on all hands to be intrusive. To give some idea of its extent, I may mention that it is exposed as an inlier in Teesdale for a distance of many miles. It reappears in the Cross-Fell escarpment in Cumberland, and may be traced thence, with slight interruptions, across the county of Northumberland, to the sea-coast at Dunstanburgh, following in a general way the strike of the beds with which it is associated. As the strike bends round to the N.W. in the northern portion of Northumberland, the Whin Sill reappears on the coast at Bamburgh, and may be traced from this point to Kyloe, where it is last seen.
The distance from the point in the Cross-Fell escarpment, where it first appears, to Dunstanburgh is about 60 or 70 miles. Speaking
Fossil Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from Australia
Authors: Waters Arthur Wm. 
Published: October 2009

I have already described in the Journal of this Society the Chilostomatous Bryozoa from Curdies Creek, S.-W. Australia (vol. xxxvii.), Mount Gambier, South Australia (vol. xxxviii.), Bairnsdale, Gippsland (vol. xxxviii.), and Muddy Creek, Waurn Ponds, and Bird Rock, Victoria (vol. xxxix.). But the Cyclostomata I kept back, in order to deal with them all together; and since I completed my last paper I have received for description from Prof. Tate an interesting collection from Murray Cliffs and Aldinga, South Australia, and all are now considered together. I have also in my hands a collection of fossils (belonging to Miss E. C. Jelly) from Napier, New Zealand, to which I allude in the text.
The determination of the Cyclostomata presents much greater difficulties, and is much more unsatisfactory than that of the Chilostomata, as there are fewer characters which can be used, so that classification has been made to depend principally upon the mode of growth—a character which has frequently proved of no value in the Chilostomata. Until within a recent period this was in both considered the main characteristic; but now, thanks to the labours of Smitt, Hincks, and other recent workers, it has been shown to be of secondary importance in the classification of the Chilostomata, swhich, however, possess many distinctive characters, such as the form of the cell or zoceeium, together with the shape of the aperture (which is, perhaps, best indicated by the shape of the operculum) ; the presence, in a large number of cases, of
Note on a Section near Llanberis
Authors: Green A. H. 
Published: October 2009

Those geologists who hold that the quartz-felsites between Llanberis and Caernarvon are of Pre-Cambrian age, rest their belief mainly on the fact that the conglomerate which they take to be the base of the Cambrian rocks in that district contains numerous pebbles of this felsite. It would be very desirable to have this inference confirmed by direct evidence of stratigraphical unconformity between the two rocks; but I do not know that any one has been able to point to a section where that conglomerate is seen actually resting on the felsite, and where there is an unconformity at the junction. The section which I wish to describe, and which seems to have escaped the notice of the geologists who have from time to time during the last few years reexamined the district, does show the conglomerate resting with the most marked unconformity on a lower group of rocks; and it is for this reason that I call attention to it. I saw the section first in the summer of 1880, and visited it again during the summer of the present year.
The section is found in one of the cuttings of the railway which runs from the Dinorwig quarries along the north-eastern shore of Llyn Padarn; to show its position with respect to the adjoining rocks, I have plotted, in fig. 1, the section along the railway from some distance on either side of it. We start at the south-eastern end in the bottom beds of the slaty series which
On some West Indian Phosphates
Authors: Hughes George 
Published: October 2009

From the specimens of West Indian phosphates and coral I have the privilege of bringing under your notice, I desire to direct your attention to the fact that, under certain conditions, it is possible for coral-stone to be converted into phosphate of lime. Dana, in his work on Corals and Coral-islands, speaking about the formation of Howland's Island, says: “Some interesting pseudomorphs occur buried in the guano of this island. Coral fragments of various species were found that had long been covered up under the deposit, and in some of which the carbonic acid had been almost entirely replaced by phosphoric acid. In such I have found 70 per cent. of phosphate of lime. In many others the change was only partial, and on breaking some of these, in the centre was usually found a nucleus or core of coral still retaining its original hardness and composition, while the external parts had been changed from carbonate to phosphate, which, though soft and friable, still preserved the structure and appearance of the coral.”
My attention was first directed to this fact in the island of Barbuda, where I found a small vein, rich in phosphate of lime, starting from the bottom of a cave in the face of a coral cliff. The earth in this cave consisted of phosphatic guano formed from excrement of bats, and similar in composition to the earth that is generally found in tropical caves. The water draining from this guano-earth must have contained phosphoric acid in
The Metamorphosis of Dolerite into Hornblende-schist
Authors: Teall J. J. H. 
Published: October 2009

The object of this communication is to describe the gradual change from dolerite to hornblende-schist as it may be observed in two more or less parallel dykes which occur in the Archæan gneiss of the north-west of Scotland, near the village of Scourie in Sutherlandshire.
The northern promontory of Scourie Bay is named on the Ordnance map Creag a'Mhail. Near this point two dykes of basic igneous rock may be seen. The one to the south is about 30 yards wide; it has been more affected by denudation than the surrounding gneiss, and its course is thus marked by a depression which is occupied by the sea at high tide. A short distance to the north of the actual promontory is another dyke, about 20 or 30 feet wide, of similar character, which terminates westward in a vertical cliff. This may be traced in a south-easterly direction down to a small beach where the southern dyke is again seen, and from this point the two dykes may be followed, running parallel to each other towards the south-east, for a distance of a quarter of a mile or more. The prevalent strike of the gneissic banding in this district is E.N.E. and W.S.W., with a moderate dip to N.N.W. The dykes therefore cut across the strike and cannot possibly be regarded as bands in the gneiss.
On the opposite shores of Scourie Lake (Loch a' Bhaid Daraich) and close by the side of the road to Laxford Bridge (three quarters of
On Fulgurite from Mont Blanc; with a Note on the Bouteillenstein, or Pseudo-chrysolite of Moldauthein, in Bohemia
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

An interesting paper by Mr. J. S. Diller, of the United-States Geological Survey, upon fulgurite from Mt. Thielson in Oregon, appeared in the ‘American Journal of Science,’ vol. xxviii. Oct. 1884, in which allusion was made to the effect of lightning upon hornblende-schist on the summit of Mont Blanc, as noted by De Saussure.
On reading this, I remembered that some years ago Mr. James Eccles gave me two or three small specimens showing evidence of fusion on their surfaces, which he at the time considered to be due to the action of lightning. They were collected by him on the summit of the Dômedu Gouté from small peaks of rock rising out of the snow at a height of 14,000 feet above the sea-level. These peaks form part of the chain of Mont Blanc. The fragments are small and consist of hornblende gneiss ; for they contain some felspar, and one of the specimens is traversed by coarse irregular foliations of felspar. Mr. Cuttell has made several attempts to prepare a section through this specimen with the thin fulgurite film adhering to it, but unfortunately failed, the fulgurite crumbling away in each trial. The cuts made through the specimen at various points show, however, that the fulgurite is quite superficial, no trace of fusion being visible below the original surface when the cut surfaces are examined with a lens. Indeed there appears to be no alteration of the rock from the electric flash, except on the actual surface itself
On Brecciated Porfido-rosso antico
Authors: Rutley Frank 
Published: October 2009

This well-known rock, the porphyrites of Pliny, the typical porphyry of the earlier, and one of the typical hornblende-porphyrites of more recent petrologists, has already been described in considerable detail by numerous writers, especially in an admirable paper by the late Prof. Delesse. His observations upon a large number of specimens collected at Djebel Dokhan, the Porphyrites Mons of the ancients, by M. Lefebvre, are remarkable for the precision with which they were made at a period when the microscopic examination of thin sections of rock was unknown, or at all events in the very year (1850) when such sections were first made by Dr. H. C. Sorby.
The observations of Delesse were made chiefly with low magnifying-powers upon polished surfaces of the rock, and by reflected light. Brief descriptions of it, based on the examination of thin sections, have also been published in several works. On looking at a section recently prepared from a specimen of this rock, I was surprised to see that it consisted, not of a continuous section of hornblende-porphyrite, but of fragments of that rock held together by a micro-crystalline granular cement. On referring to Delesse's paper, I found that he described two kinds of the Porfido-rosso antico, one being the rock in its normal condition, the other a brecciated variety. It is to the latter that I would now direct attention.
The specimen is of reddish-brown or maroon colour, flecked with small white or reddish-white crystals of felspar and dark hornblende crystals, which as
On hollow Spherulites and their Occurrence in ancient British Lavas
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J. 
Published: October 2009

It is now quite unnecessary to call attention to the fact that many of the Silurian “felstones” of North Wales were originally lavas of a highly glassy type. The investigation of their characters by Mr. Rutley and Prof. Bonney, and their comparison with volcanic rocks of far later periods, has fairly removed them from the convenient class of felstones, and given them a stricter position as altered rhyolites, trachytes, or obsidians. Perlitic, spherulitic, and banded structures have been recorded in them; the present paper deals with a structure which has been often noticed, and which is far more obvious to the eye, its original character being, however, veiled by much subsequent alteration.
Every one who has examined the group of Bala lava-flows in the Pass of Llanberis, notably at the foot of Esgair-felen, the great spur of the Glyder-fawr, or on the slopes leading to Cwm-glas, must have observed whole masses of the compact grey rock crowded with white or brownish spheroids. These are especially conspicuous on weathered surfaces, or where a great joint-plane has made a section through some hundreds, their diameters ranging from less than a tenth of an inch to fully two and a half inches. Some are evidently radial aggregates, whether concretionary or amygdaloidal it would be hard at first to say; but others, and by far the most striking, are mere hollow nodules, giving the rock a coarsely vesicular aspect. Clear quartz-crystals often line the inner surfaces, and it is noteworthy that the matrix has
On the Granitic and Schistose Rocks of Northern Donegal
Authors: Callaway C. 
Published: October 2009

In my paper on “The Age of the Newer Gneissic Rocks of the Northern Highlands,” I suggested that a study of the old rocks of Ireland would probably aid in connecting the Scottish types with those of South Britain; and, in the summer of 1884, I visited the north of Ireland to ascertain how far my suspicion was justified by the facts. As Professor Hull had announced the discovery of Laurentian gneiss in the same area, I included the relations between this group and the schists in my investigation. A continuance of stormy weather prevented the completion of my plans; but I obtained satisfactory proof of the nature and relations of the chief granitoid mass, and collected partial material for the study of the schistose rocks. As the result of a month's work, I came to the conclusion that the schistose rocks of Northern Donegal were separable into two groups, and that the so-called “Laurentian” was merely a mass of granite intrusive in the older of them.
The President (Professor Bonney), with his usual kindness, has examined fifty-five microscopic sections of Irish rocks, and he permits me to use at my discretion the rough notes which he has furnished. It is to be regretted that pressure of other work has prevented him from undertaking a more elaborate investigation.

I.
The
Granite
.

1.
State
of Previous Opinion.

Mr. R. H. Scott, F.R.S., claims a metamorphic origin for this rock.
Mr. E. H. Blake takes the same view.
In a subsequent paper
On an almost perfect Skeleton of
Rhytina gigas
(
Rhytina Stelleri
, “Steller's Sea-Cow”), obtained by Mr. Robert Damom, F.G.S., from the Pleistocene Peat-deposits on Behring's Island
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: October 2009

The extinction of any group of animals by the influence of man or other agencies cannot fail to be a subject of interest to the palæontologist. Unfortunately the list of exterminated species has now become extremely large, and it seems impossible to doubt that in a few more years all the larger Mammalia not reduced to domestication, or under protective legislation, will have succumbed to man the destroyer.
The musk-sheep, bison, giraffe, African elephant, wild deer, antelopes, and the large-horned wild sheep of the Alpine ranges, are all eagerly stalked down by the modern sportsman; whilst the hunter, in search of ivory, horn, bone, furs, or hides, wages a ruthless war of extermination against them all. The “fur-seal” and the “whale-fisheries” are still pursued; and though the pursuit of the latter is now much diminished, the steady destruction of all the Pinnipedia in both the northern and the southern hemisphere continues with unabated ardour.

I wish, very briefly, to draw your attention this evening to a remarkable animal, now extinct, the
Rhytina gigas
(=
Rhytina Stelleri
), commonly known as “Steller's Sea-cow.”

This interesting species of marine phytophagous mammal, once no doubt abuudant along the shores of Kamtschatka, the Kurile Islands, and Aliaska peninsula, but now entirely extinct, was first discovered by the eminent German naturalist Steller, who, in company with Vitus Behring, a captain in the Russian Navy and a celebrated navigator of the northern seas, was with his vessel and crew cast away upon Behring's Island (where behring died), in
Supplementary Notes on the Deep Boring at Richmond, Surrey
Authors: Judd John W. , Homersham Collett 
Published: October 2009

At the time when our former communication to the Society was published (November 1884), we were able to report that this very interesting well had, on the 15th of October, reached a depth of 1409 feet. We now propose to chronicle the subsequent progress and termination of the undertaking, adding some new observations which have an important bearing upon the subjects discussed in that paper.
Subsequently to the date mentioned, many very serious difficulties were unfortunately encountered in carrying on the work; but, in spite of these disappointments, the Richmond Vestry, acting under the advice of their engineer, Mr. S. C. Homersham, determined to persevere in their efforts so long as they felt justified in incurring the necessarily large outlay. After many vexatious accidents and consequent delays the work had, by the end of the year 1884, reached the depth of 1442 feet. At this point the Richmond Vestry, to whose spirit of enterprise geologists are so greatly indebted for the important evidence afforded by this undertaking, decided that they could no longer incur the responsibility of further expenditure, and gave orders to stop the work.
The work did not come to an end immediately, however ; for the contractors, Messrs. T. Docwra and Son, with great public spirit, offered to attempt to make further progress with the important undertaking at their own expense and risk. All their efforts, however, succeeded only in deepening the well to the extent of 5 feet, and the boring was finally abandoned when it
On the Igneous and Associated Rocks of the Breidden Hills in East Montgomeryshire and West Shropshire
Authors: Watts W. W. 
Published: October 2009

The rocks described in this paper occur in a district on the borders of Shropshire and Montgomeryshire, on the east side of the Severn, about 12 miles W. of Shrewsbury and 6 miles N.E. of Welshpool. They are mapped by the Geological Survey, but no detailed description, except a few notices in Murchison's works, has yet been published.
There are three chief parallel ridges running N.E. and S.W. The two westerly ones, called the Breidden or Rodney's Pillar Hill (1143′) —extending northwards as far as Brimford Wood—and the Criggan, are composed of intrusive basic rock, and of this there are also one or two other little hills,—the Garreg near Trewern and Foel Coppice to the south, Belan Bank rising out of the alluvial plain of the Severn, and two small hills to the north. The easterly ridge, whose chief summits are Moel-y-Golfa (1199′), Middletown Hill, Bulthey Hill, and Bausley Hill, consists of lavas, ashes, and conglomerates of an intermediate type. Associated with these igneous rocks are shales, sandstones, and mudstones, which appear to be an inlier of the Bala rocks of Shelve reappearing under the Silurian synclinal of the Long Mountain to the S.E., which also seem to reappear as a tiny inlier at Buttington, and are apparently continued further to the S.W. in a strip of similar rocks to the E. and S.E. of Welshpool.
In this paper I propose to describe the contemporaneous and intrusive igneous rocks of the region, and to give a short account of the
On the Correlations of the “Curiosity-Shop Bed” in Canterbury, New Zealand
Authors: Hutton F. W. 
Published: October 2009

The River Rakaia, after leaving the mountains, flows in a south-east direction across the Canterbury Plains. In cutting its way down through the shingles and silts of these plains, it has come across and exposed on its left bank a small patch of calcareous and arenaceous rocks, which are so full of fossils as to have given the name “Curiosity-Shop” to the locality. It is situated between five and six miles below the bridge over the Rakaia Gorge.
I visited the Curiosity-Shop in February 1873, and made the accompanying section (fig. 1). All the exposed beds dip 20° E.S.E., and they appeared to me to be]ong to a single series.
Mr. A. McKay, of the Geological Survey, has given a detailed description of these beds, which I have embodied in the following Table :—

1.
River-gravels.

Pareora Series.

2.
Loose grey quartz sands, 15 feet thick, with a bed of badly preserved shells.

Upper Eocene Series.

3.
Soft calcareous sandstone, 10 or 12 feet thick; in the upper part highly charged with glauconite; passing downwards into irregular beds of tufaceous clay.

Cretaceo- Tertiary Series.

4.
Calcareous sandstone without glaueonite grains.

.
Loose grey or yellowish-brown sands; 35 feet thick.

Nos. 2 and 5 are much obscured by shingle-slips from the high river-bank.
The upper part of No. 3 is the principal horizon for fossils, although they are also found in No. 4. & list of
On the Fossil Flora of Sagor, in Carniola
Authors: von Ettingshausen Constantin Baron 
Published: October 2009

Having recently brought the third and last part of my work on the Fossil Flora of Sagor before the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Vienna, I take the liberty of reporting to the Geological Society on the facts which may be considered interesting to the science of Palæontology, and on the principal results which have been obtained from my investigations upon the subject. The fossil plant-remains which were brought to light, mostly by my method of impregnating the stones with water and splitting them by freezing, came from fourteen localities:—

1.

Beds called “Friedhofschichten,” beneath the Brown Coal of Sagor. They occur near the churchyard of Sager, and consist of yellowish-grey indurated clay. They contain many well-preserved plant-remains belonging to 40 species, many of which have also been found at Häring and Sotzka, and in the Lower Tertiary beds of Switzerland. Among the specimens I have examined there are cones of
Actinostrobus
, seeds of
Embothrium leptospermum
and
Hakea macroptera
, flowers of
Celastrus protogœus
, fruits of
Terminalia Fenzliana
, and leaves of
Corylus MacQuarrii, Quercus cuspidata, Ficus primœva, Cinnamomum lanceolatum, Grevillea hœringiana, Dodonœa salicites, Zizyphus undulatus, Eucalyptus hœringiana, Dalbergia primœva, Cœsalpina Haidingeri
, &c.

2.
Beds called “Bachschichten,” near Sagor. These and all the following beds here enumerated lie above the Brown Coal. Their plant remains indicate a flora which in no respect differs from the fossil flora of the Wetterau, of the Brown-coal formation of the Lower Rhine, and of the Aquitanian Tertiary beds of Switzerland.
Notes on Remains of
Elephas primigenius
from one of the Creswell Bone-caves
Authors: Owen Richard 
Published: October 2009

Cuvier, in his chapter “Sur les Eléphans Fossiles”, notices a fossil molar tooth discovered at Fouvent as having come from a very young individual and as being “une vraie molaire du lait;” a figure of the grinding-surface is given, of the natural size, in pl. xii. fig. 2. The antero-posterior extent of that surface is 22 millim., the extreme transverse extent is 13 millim.
The difference of size between the tooth figured by Cuvier and that preserved in the jaw in Mr. Metcalfe's specimen is such as to suggest one of specific value; but the greater degree of wear to which the Cresswell-cave fossil has been subject, during life, and the inability to compare it with the original of the figure above cited, prevents such conclusion. The second detached molar figured by Cuvier, and noted as a “second molar of a young mammoth,” shows no such increase of size: it is stated to have been derived from the environs of Toulouse.

Subsequent figures and indications of the first and second molars ascribed to
Elephas primigenius
represent, like Cuvier's, detached teeth or tooth-crowns, leaving it undetermined whether they be from the upper or the lower jaw.

In the account of the succession of the molar teeth of the existing Indian Elephant, the first molar, upper jaw, has a crown 20 millim. in antero-posterior diameter, 13 millim, transversely; the crown consists of four principal plates and a fifth smaller one, or “talon”. That the
Elephas primigenius
had a similar first grinder of