bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UNRAVELING THE REGULATION OF NITROGEN ASSIMILATION IN THE MARINE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE): DIURNAL VARIATIONS IN TRANSCRIPT LEVELS FOR FIVE GENES INVOLVED IN NITROGEN ASSIMILATION1
Authors: Brown Kathryn L. , Twing Katrina I. , Robertson Deborah L. 
Published: April 2009

We examined the diurnal expression of five genes encoding nitrogen‐assimilating enzymes in the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hust.) Hasle et Heimdal following a transition from NH4+‐ to NO3−‐supplemented media. The accumulation of nia transcripts (encoding nitrate reductase, NR) following the transition to NO3−‐supplemented media was similar to previously reported changes in NR abundance and activity. Nia mRNA levels varied diurnally, and the diurnal oscillations were abolished when cells were transferred to continuous light. Genes encoding chloroplastic (niiA) and cytosolic (nirB) nitrite reductases were identified in the genome of T. pseudonana. NiiA and nirB transcript levels increased within 2 h following the addition of NO3− and varied diurnally. Patterns of diurnal variation in nia, niiA, and glnII (encoding the chloroplast‐localized glutamine synthetase) mRNA abundances were similar. NirB and glnN (encoding the cytosolic‐localized glutamine synthetase) mRNA levels also oscillated diurnally; however, the oscillation was out of phase with nia, niiA, and glnII. We propose that NO3− is assimilated into organic molecules in both the chloroplast and cytosol of diatoms and that enzymes encoded by nirB and glnN contribute to the ecologically important dark assimilation of NO3− observed in marine diatoms. As with nia, the diurnal variations in niiA, nirB, glnII, and glnN were abolished when cells were transferred to continuous light. Our results demonstrate that transcript accumulation is not circadian controlled, but, rather, changes in metabolic pools triggered by light:dark (L:D) transitions may be important in regulating the cellular mRNA levels encoding these key nitrogen assimilating enzymes.
TAXONOMIC STUDY OF TWO NEW GENERA OF FUSIFORM GREEN FLAGELLATES, TABRIS GEN. NOV. AND HAMAKKO GEN. NOV. (VOLVOCALES, CHLOROPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Nakada Takashi , Nozaki Hisayoshi 
Published: April 2009

On the basis of LM, we isolated strains of two species of fusiform green flagellates that could be assigned to former Chlorogonium (Cg.) Ehrenb. One species, “Cg.”heimii Bourr., lacked a pyrenoid in its vegetative cells and required organic compounds for growth. The other was similar to Cg. elongatum (P. A. Dang.) Francé and “Cg.”acus Nayal, but with slightly smaller vegetative cells. Their molecular phylogeny was also studied based on combined 18S rRNA, RUBISCO LSU (rbcL), and P700 chl a‐apoprotein A2 (psaB) gene sequences. Both species were separated from Chlorogonium emend., Gungnir Nakada and Rusalka Nakada, which were formerly assigned to Chlorogonium. They were accordingly assigned to new genera, Tabris Nakada gen. nov. and Hamakko (Hk.) Nakada gen. nov. as T. heimii (Bourr.) Nakada comb. nov. and Hk. caudatus Nakada sp. nov., respectively. Tabris is differentiated from other genera of fusiform green flagellates by its vegetative cells, which only have two apical contractile vacuoles and lack a pyrenoid in the chloroplast. Hamakko, on the other hand, is distinguishable by the fact that its pyrenoids in vegetative cells are penetrated by flattened thylakoid lamellae.
Is Hyperglycemia Associated with Frailty Status in Older Women?
Authors: Blaum Caroline S. , Xue Qian Li , Tian Jing , Semba Richard D. , Fried Linda P. , Walston Jeremy 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether hyperglycemia is related to prevalent frailty status in older women.DESIGN: Secondary data analysis of baseline data of a prospective cohort study.SETTING: Baltimore, Maryland.PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred forty‐three women aged 70 to 79.METHODS: Research used baseline data from 543 participants in the Women's Health and Aging Studies I and II aged 70 to 79 who had all variables needed for analyses. The dependent variable was baseline frailty status (not frail, prefrail, frail), measured using an empirically derived model defining frailty according to weight loss, slow walking speed, weakness, exhaustion, and low activity (1–2 characteristics present=prefrail, ≥3=frail). Covariates included body mass index (BMI), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), age, race, and several chronic diseases. Analyses included descriptive methods and multinomial logistic regression to adjust for key covariates.RESULTS: A hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of 6.5% or greater in older women was significantly associated with higher likelihood of prefrail and frail status (normal HbA1c <6.0% was reference). The association between HbA1C levels of 6.0% to 6.5% and frailty status was not different from that of normal HbA1c, but HbA1c levels of 6.5% to 6.9% had nearly twice the likelihood of frailty (odds ratio (OR)=1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.47–2.59) as normal HbA1c. A HbA1c level of 9.0% or greater was also strongly associated (OR=2.57, 95% CI=1.99,3.32). Significant associations were also seen between baseline prefrail and frail status and low (18.5–20.0 kg/m2) and high (>30.0 kg/m2) body mass index (BMI), interleukin‐6, and all chronic diseases evaluated, but controlling for these covariates only minimally attenuated the independent association between HbA1c and frailty status.CONCLUSION: Hyperglycemia is associated with greater prevalence of prefrail and frail status; BMI, inflammation, and comorbidities do not explain the association. Longitudinal research and study of alternative pathways are needed.
Impact of an Audit Program and Other Factors on Door‐to‐balloon Times in Acute ST‐elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Destined for Primary Coronary Intervention
Authors: Lai Chao‐Lun , Fan Chieh‐Min , Liao Pen‐Chih , Tsai Kuang‐Chau , Yang Chi‐Yu , Chu Shu‐Hsun , Chien Kuo‐Liong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectives:  This before–after study investigated the association between an audit program and door‐to‐balloon times in patients with acute ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and explored other factors associated with the door‐to‐balloon time.Methods:  An audit program that collected time data for essential time intervals in acute STEMI was developed with data feedback to both the Department of Emergency Medicine and the Department of Cardiology. The door‐to‐balloon times for 76 consecutive acute STEMI patients were collected from February 16, 2007, through October 31, 2007, after the implementation of the audit program, as the intervention group. The control group was defined by 104 consecutive acute STEMI patients presenting from April 1, 2006, through February 15, 2007, before the audit was applied. A multivariate linear regression model was used for analysis of factors associated with the door‐to‐balloon time.Results:  The geometric mean 95% CI of the door‐to‐balloon time decreased from 164.9 (150.3, 180.9) minutes to 141.9 (127.4, 158.2) minutes (p = 0.039) in the intervention phase. The median door‐to‐balloon time was 147.5 minutes in the control group and 136.0 minutes in the intervention group (p = 0.09). In the multivariate regression model, the audit program was associated with a shortening of the door‐to‐balloon time by 35.5 minutes (160.4 minutes vs. 195.9 minutes, p = 0.004); female gender was associated with a mean delay of 58.4 minutes (208.9 minutes vs. 150.5 minutes; p = 0.001); posterolateral wall infarction was associated with a mean delay of 70.5 minutes compared to anterior wall infarction (215.4 minutes vs. 144.9 minutes; p = 0.037) and a mean delay of 69.5 minutes compared to inferior wall infarction (215.4 minutes vs. 145.9 minutes; p = 0.044). The use of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor was associated with a 46.1 minutes mean shortening of door‐to‐balloon time (155.7 minutes vs. 201.8 minutes; p < 0.001).Conclusions:  The implementation of an audit program was associated with a significant reduction in door‐to‐balloon times among patients with acute STEMI. In addition, female patients, posterolateral wall infarction territory, and nonuse of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor were associated with longer door‐to‐balloon times.
Managing the Goal‐Setting Paradox: How to Get Better Results from High Goals and Be Happy
Authors: Freshman Clark , Guthrie Chris 
Published: April 2009

Many negotiation teachers share the same tip early on: negotiators who set higher goals “do better.” It turns out that one of the most empirically supported “truths” about negotiation comes with a big “but.” Negotiators who set higher goals are likely to feel worse. In other words, negotiators who set optimistic goals are likely to obtain better objective outcomes but worse subjective outcomes.We call this empirical finding the “goal‐setting paradox.” This article considers sources of and explanations for the goal‐setting paradox and suggests how negotiators and negotiation teachers may better manage this paradox through mindfulness and other techniques.
PU.1 and partners: regulation of haematopoietic stem cell fate in normal and malignant haematopoiesis
Authors: Gupta Pallavi , Gurudutta Gangenahalli U. , Saluja Daman , Tripathi Rajendra P. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Introduction
Transcription factor PU.1: expression distribution and function
PU.1‐interacting proteins
Concluding remarks

During normal haematopoiesis, cell development and differentiation programs are accomplished by switching ‘on’ and ‘off’ specific set of genes. Specificity of gene expression is primarily achieved by combinatorial control, i.e. through physical and functional interactions among several transcription factors that form sequence‐specific multiprotein complexes on regulatory regions (gene promoters and enhancers). Such combinatorial gene switches permit flexibility of regulation and allow numerous developmental decisions to be taken with a limited number of regulators. The haematopoietic‐specific Ets family transcription factor PU.1 regulates many lymphoid‐ and myeloid‐specific gene promoters and enhancers by interacting with multiple proteins during haematopoietic development. Such protein–protein interactions regulate DNA binding, subcellular localization, target gene selection and transcriptional activity of PU.1 itself in response to diverse signals including cytokines, growth factors, antigen and cellular stresses. Specific domains of PU.1 interact with many protein motifs such as bHLH, bZipper, zinc fingers and paired domain for regulating its activity. This review focuses on important protein–protein interactions of PU.1 that play a crucial role in regulation of normal as well as malignant haematopoiesis. Precise delineation of PU.1 protein‐partner interacting interface may provide an improved insight of the molecular mechanisms underlying haematopoietic stem cell fate regulation. Its interactions with some proteins could be targeted to modulate the aberrant signalling pathways for reversing the malignant phenotype and to control the generation of specific haematopoietic progeny for treatment of haematopoietic disorders.
Non‐infectious inflammatory disorders of the nail apparatus
Authors: Haneke Eckart 
Published: April 2009

SummaryInflammatory non‐infectious diseases of the nails are not uncommon. The nail changes may look different in the same diseases, but also very much alike in various different nail disorders depending on which particular structure of the nail apparatus is involved. Of all skin diseases, psoriasis is the one with the most frequent nail involvement. The presence of many pits allows the diagnosis to be made, but salmon spots and onycholysis are also characteristic features. Lichen planus may occur isolated on the nails or in association with lesions of the skin and adjacent mucosal membranes. Longitudinal striations and loss of the nail plate shine are the most frequent features of nail lichen planus. The more severe the alopecia areata is and the younger the patient is, the more often it affects the nail, usually with a rough surface and loss of shine. Eczemas and various autoimmune dermatoses may also affect the nails but the changes are not clinically specific.
Off‐label use in dermatology in Germany: What has changed since 2004?
Authors: Brockmeyer Norbert H. , Brucklacher Ulrike , Potthoff Anja , Reich‐Schupke Stefanie 
Published: April 2009

SummaryOff‐label use is defined as the usage of pharmaceuticals beyond their submitted, tested and approved use. Not only indications but also doses, route of administration, patients’ characteristics and concomitant therapies are affected by the approval. In recent years, the impact of off‐label use has increased markedly primarily because of the large number of new medications with often limited approval.In dermatology, a multitude of diagnoses exist which are so uncommon that they have no chance of approval studies. Experiences of off‐label use often provide important scientific data that can influence or even improve further concepts of therapy.Both professional liability and mode of payment are still controversial for medications in off‐label use. There is an urgent need for more legal certainty in use of off‐label medication to guarantee maximum safety for patients and medical staff. Both professional societies and funding agencies should work together to resolve this problem.
Perspectives on the Competitiveness of EU Dairy Farming Perspektiven für die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der europäischen Milchwirtschaft Perspectives sur la compétitivité de la production laitière de l’UE
Authors: Donnellan Trevor , Hennessy Thia , Thorne Fiona 
Published: April 2009

SummaryPerspectives on the Competitiveness of EU Dairy FarmingThis article considers the challenges that may lie ahead for dairy producers over the next ten years, such as trade policy reform, other market developments and changes in input costs. It examines the present competitive position of the dairy sector in a number of EU Member States. Milk price and input cost projections are developed using the FAPRI‐Ireland, FAPRI EU GOLD model and FADN data on farm level costs. In turn these allow the projection of how cost to output price ratios might evolve over the next ten years in the absence of structural change, thereby indicating the extent of structural change required. The results suggest that the phasing out of export subsidies, a reduction in import tariffs for dairy products and rising input costs would have serious ramifications for the viability of dairy farming across the EU. Furthermore, the results suggest that significant structural change will need to occur in dairy farming sectors across the EU. It is concluded that the future ability of many EU Member States to sustain current milk production levels will be largely dependent on the efficient transfer of resources between exiting farmers and those wishing to expand production.
Making Markets – and Institutions – Work for the Poor Märkte – und Institutionen – für die Armen zugänglich machen Faire fonctionner les marchés ‐ et les institutions – au bénéfice des pauvres
Authors: Poole Nigel 
Published: April 2009

SummaryMaking Markets – and Institutions – Work for the Poor‘Making Markets Work for the Poor’ (MMW4P) is an approach to poverty reduction in developing countries that stresses the importance of commercial activities in the livelihoods of poor peoples, but acknowledges that the competitive market ideal, like states, often fails to provide the structures, incentives and information to include all the poor. It includes analysis from a systems perspective, and presupposes the participation of diverse stakeholders, usually including the poor, non‐governmental organizations, civil society and private sector businesses. The approach does not envisage a strong policy dimension to making markets work for poor people. Interventions are not aimed primarily at individuals or groups of the poor themselves, but at making the market systems work. Institutions are key, and improvements are sought through organisational and institutional development initiatives and self‐regulatory activities to improve the efficiency and equity in commercial arrangements. This article argues that improvements in the institutional environment for business have an important policy dimension which can create stronger incentives through legal and policy initiatives. One such area which needs attention in developing countries is competition policy, needed to regulate economic activity to protect small firms and other stakeholders, and promote economic initiatives at early stages of development.
Geographical Aspects of Food Industry FDI in the CEE Countries Geografische Aspekte ausländischer Direktinvestitionen (ADI) in der Lebensmittelindustrie in mittel‐ und osteuropäischen Ländern Les dimensions géographiques de l’IDE dans l’industrie alimentaire des pays d’Europe centrale et orientale
Authors: Jansik Csaba 
Published: April 2009

SummaryGeographical Aspects of Food Industry FDI in the CEE CountriesFood industry FDI has favoured certain food processing sub‐sectors over others and it has also been distributed rather unevenly in geographical terms both between countries and regionally within each country. As for the regional distribution, foreign investors have typically targeted locations with a relatively high density of consumers as opposed for instance to prioritising the proximity of agricultural raw materials. The capital city areas and their surrounding regions have attracted a much higher proportion of total food industry FDI than their contribution to agricultural and food processing output would warrant. FDI has contributed in many ways to the development of the regions and industries which have received capital inflows. There has been some levelling off in FDI between countries more recently, a trend driven by the tendency for multinational enterprises to shift their production capacity across national borders among their CEE subsidiaries in a search for greater economies of scale or cost savings. This realignment has helped certain branches of the food industry in some CEE countries perform better than others in competing for common EU food markets. Positive effects of the recent FDI inflows include rapid productivity improvements and enhancement of food export volumes.
Fine‐scale population structure of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Tampa Bay, Florida
Authors: Urian Kim W. , Hofmann Sue , Wells Randall S. , Read Andrew J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSome populations of coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) comprise discrete communities, defined by patterns of social association and long‐term site fidelity. We tested the hypothesis that bottlenose dolphins in Tampa Bay, Florida, form a single community. The longitudinal study of dolphins in Sarasota Bay, adjacent to Tampa Bay, allowed us to ground‐truth the definition of community and test whether our approach was robust to small sample sizes of resightings. We conducted photo‐identification surveys in Tampa Bay during 1988–1993, and identified 102 dolphins with 10 or more sightings. We used hierarchical cluster analysis to examine the locations and association indices of these dolphins. We used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test for differences in mean locations and determine whether mean coefficient of association (CoA) values within a community were higher than among communities. Dolphins in Tampa Bay clustered into five putative communities differing significantly in location and CoA values. Kernel estimates of the ranges of these five communities exhibited little overlap; some communities had no overlap at all. We conclude that five discrete communities of bottlenose dolphins exist in Tampa Bay and that such fine‐scale structure may be a common feature of bottlenose dolphin populations throughout the southeastern United States.
Primary Photoprocesses in a Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic Sarafloxacin†
Authors: Lorenzo Fernando , Navaratnam Suppiah , Edge Ruth , Allen Norman S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe photophysical properties of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic sarafloxacin (SFX) were investigated in aqueous media. SFX in water, at pH 7.4, shows intense absorption with peaks at 272, 322 and 335 nm, (ɛ = 36800 and 17000 dm3 mol−1 cm−1, respectively). Both the absorption and emission properties of SFX are pH‐dependent; pKa values for the protonation equilibria of both the ground (5.8 and 9.1) and excited singlet states (5.7 and 9.0) of SFX were determined spectroscopically. SFX fluoresces weakly, the quantum yield for fluorescence emission being maximum (0.07) at pH 8. Laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis studies have been carried out in order to characterize the transient species of SFX in aqueous solution. Triplet–triplet absorption has a maximum at 610 nm with a molar absorption coefficient of 17,000 ± 1000 dm3 mol−1 cm−1. The quantum yield of triplet formation has been determined to be 0.35 ± 0.05. In the presence of oxygen, the triplet reacts to form excited singlet oxygen with quantum yield of 0.10. The initial triplet (3A*) was found to react with phosphate buffer to form triplet 3B* with lower energy and longer lifetime and having an absorption band centered at 700 nm. SFX triplet was also found to oxidize tryptophan to its radical with concomitant formation of the anion radical of SFX. Hence the photosensitivity of SFX could be initiated by the oxygen radicals and/or by SFX radicals acting as haptens.
Characterization of an Unusual LOV Domain Protein in the α‐Proteobacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides
Authors: Hendrischk Anne‐Kathrin , Moldt Julia , Frühwirth Sebastian Walter , Klug Gabriele 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe facultatively phototrophic purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 harbors a LOV (light, oxygen and voltage) domain protein, which shows a particular structure. LOV domains perceive blue light by a noncovalently bound flavin and transmit the signal to various coupled output domains. Proteins, that harbor a LOV core, function e.g. as phototropins or circadian clock regulators. Jα helices, which act as linker between the LOV core and the output domain, were shown to be involved in the light‐dependent activation of the output domain. Like PpSB2 from Pseudomonas putida, the LOV domain protein of R. sphaeroides is not coupled to an effector domain and harbors an extended C‐terminal α helix. We expressed the R. sphaeroides LOV domain recombinantly in Escherichia coli. The protein binds an FMN as a cofactor and shows a photocycle typical for LOV domain containing proteins. In R. sphaeroides, we detected the protein as well in the cytoplasm as in the membrane fraction, which was not reported for other bacterial LOV domain proteins.