bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty infiltration of the liver: analysis of prevalence, radiological and clinical features and influence on patient management
Authors: El-Hassan Abdulla Y. , Ibrahim Ezzeldin M. , Al-Mulhim Fatma A. , Nabhan Arwa A. , Chammas Milad Y. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Over a 6-year period, in 1425 adult computed tomographic studies, radiological evidence of fatty infiltration of the liver (FIL) was found in 138 patients (9.7%). Patients with FIL had a mean age ±SD of 45.9±15.7 years and 57% were males; the majority were Saudis (73%). Most patients (95%) had one or more underlying aetiological causes. Haematological and nonhaematological malignancies with or without liver involvement were the most frequently encountered aetiological factors (66% of patients). FIL contibuted to hepatomegaly or was associated with abnormality in one or more of the liver function tests in 30% and 39% of patients, respectively. Assessment of the various radiological patterns showed diffuse fatty changes in 68% of patients and solitary or multiple focal changes in 9% and 22%, respectively. 13 patients (9%) showed sparing of the caudate lobe within a diffuse fatty process. Patients with diffuse FIL had significantly higher values for alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.0016) and serum asparate aminotransferase (p = 0.0251) than those who had the focal pattern. FIL in 20 patients (14%) imposed a difficulty in making an appropriate diagnosis, led to inaccurate impressions, or forced unnecessary invasive or non-invasive investigations. We conclude from our large series of patients that FIL is not uncommon in hospital practice and among those at risk should always be considered as an appropriate diagnosis.
External carotid angioplasty in the treatment of developing stroke
Authors: Troughton A. H. , Morgan R. A. , Paxton R. M. , Wells I. P. 
Published: July 2009

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is gradually becoming accepted as a method of treatment for internal and common carotid stenoses, although the exact indications, risks and outcomes have not yet been determined (Brown et al, 1990). Angioplasty of atherosclerotic stenoses of the external carotid artery has been performed less often. We present a case where a patient developed increasing hemiparesis since much of the left cerebral circulation was supplied from a stenosed external carotid artery and collaterals. The left internal carotid artery was occluded and the right internal carotid stenosed. The patient's symptoms improved markedly following PTA of the left external carotid artery.
A 76-year-old woman presented with a 2 month history of slurred speech and increasing weakness of the right arm and leg. She was a lifelong smoker. On examination she was dysarthric, normotensive and in sinus rhythm. The heart sounds were normal but there were bilateral high pitched carotid bruits. On the right side there was mild weakness of the arm and leg, an increased ankle jerk and an extensor plantar reflex. Cranial nerve assessment was normal.
Carotid angiography demonstrated complete occlusion of the left internal carotid and a severe stenosis at the orgin of the left external carotid artery (Fig. 1).
Radiation-induced hearing impairment—a pilot study in patients treated for malignant parotid tumours
Authors: Kirkbride P. , Liu F.-F. , Wax M. K. 
Published: July 2009

There are few reports in the literature concerning the long-term effects of radiation on hearing. A recent paper reviewed eight studies which estimated the incidence of post-irradiation hearing loss at 0–54% (Talmi et al, 1989). The nature of the impairment is unclear, since both sensorineural and conductive deafness are reported. Most surveys have studied patients with cancer of the nasopharynx or paediatric tumours, the management of which require bilateral radiotherapy techniques, thus any deterioration in hearing that may occur after radiotherapy (XRT) owing to the lack of controls cannot be definitely ascribed to the effects of ionizing radiation.Radical radiation of parotid tumours involves unilateral techniques which encompass the entire ear. The 10 year survival from parotid tumours is high—71% at the Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) (Theriault & Fitzpatrick, 1986)—and, therefore, such patients are ideal candidates to be evaluated for the long-term effects of XRT on the ear. We recently reviewed 269 patients with malignant parotid tumours treated at PMH between 1970 and 1986 and noted that 10 patients out of 202 who received XRT reported unilateral hearing loss during follow-up. This number may be an underestimate of the true incidence because auditory function is not routinely discussed at routine follow-up visits.Therefore, in an attempt to elucidate the magnitude of this problem, we contacted all patients in the above survey treated between 1978 and 1983, who therefore had at least 7 years of follow-up, and we requested their attendance for a formal audiometric evaluation.
The role of hysterosalpingography in modern gynaecological practice
Authors: Rajah R. , McHugo J. M. , Obhrai M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A retrospective review of hysterosalpingography (HSG) in a major gynaecological centre was carried out. 324 patients attended (95%) for HSG out of 341 patients referred for this investigation. 189 examinations (58.3%) were abnormal. The requests and radiological findings were reviewed and the results compared with laparoscopy. HSG remains an integral part of gynaecological investigation and its value has not diminished in modern practice.
Efficacy of low-dose iodine-131 ablation of post-operative thyroid remnants: a study of 69 cases
Authors: Leung S. F. , Law Martin W. M. , Ho Stephen K. W. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Low-dose iodine-131 of mean activity 1117 MBq was used to ablate post-operative thyroid remnants in 69 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Successful ablation was defined as uptake of less than 1% at 48 h and absence of visible image on the post-ablation scan. Ablation by one dose was successful in 95% of patients after total or subtotal thyroidectomy, and 56% of patients after partial or hemithyroidectomy. All patients with uptake of 10% or less on the pre-ablation scan had successful ablation. The results are compared with other reports using low-dose radioiodine ablation and the significance of the findings discussed.
Radiation protection associated with well woman screening
Authors: Roebuck E. J. 
Published: July 2009

It was of interest to see the issues on this topic which Moores and Henshaw considered worthy to be raised in your pages (Moores & Henshaw, 1992).
The principle issue in their eyes seems to be the classification for radiation protection purposes of women presenting for breast screening. An examination of the design and structure of the NHS Breast Screening Programme will confirm that in no way can this be confused with a research project. Breast screening is offered to (a section of) the public, just like any other service in the NHS. In common with all the other medical services, this offer can be accepted or rejected. All patients are, in this sense, “volunteers” and simply to accept an offer of an established service does not make one the subject of a research project.
Standards of radiation protection in mammographic screening
Authors: Shrimpton P. C. , Wall B. F. 
Published: July 2009

We wish to clarify some of the radiological protection issues raised by Moores and Henshaw (1992) in connection with the UK breast cancer screening programme using X-ray mammography.
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has defined the category of “medical exposure” as principally the exposure of persons as part of their diagnosis or treatment with such exposure usually intended to provide a direct benefit to the exposed individual (ICRP, 1991). If the practice is justified and the protection optimized, the dose to the patient will be as low as is compatible with the medical purpose. ICRP suggests that the application of limits might be to the patient's detriment and therefore does not recommend dose limits for medical exposures.
Calcium antagonists protect mice against lethal doses of ionizing radiation
Authors: Floersheim G. L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Currently available radioprotectors are poorly tolerated in man and the general use of aminothiol radioprotectors is compromised by their side-effects. In a search for less toxic radioprotective agents, diltiazem, a calcium antagonist with a
benzothiazepine structure, was found to protect mice against a lethal (LD100) γ radiation dose allowing survival of up to 93%. Dihydropyridine calcium antagonists such as nifedipine, nimodipine, isradipine and nitrendipine also provided radioprotection. Calcium antagonists might attenuate radiation-induced injury by inhibiting cellular calcium overload, subsequent to cell: membrane damage caused by radiation-generated free radicals. In view of their good tolerance, calcium antagonists may be applied safely in situations of radiation exposure, including radiotherapy and internal radionuclide contamination. These calcium antagonists may also be viewed in other contexts where free radicals are implicated in pathological processes.
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder associated with Crohn's disease: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Fujimura Y. , Kihara T. , Uchida J. , Hoshika K. , Sato I. , Eimoto T. , Furukawa Y. , Sone A. , Ohashi K. 
Published: July 2009

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder rarely occurs within the first two decades of life. We report a case of transitional cell cancer of the bladder complicating Crohn's disease and review the relevant literature.
The patient was a 15-year-old boy admitted to hospital in May 1990 with a fever and diarrhoea of four years' duration. There was no relevant past or family history. On admission, his temperature was 38.2°C and there was tenderness on palpation of the right lower quadrant. Laboratory findings on admission were as follows: white blood cell count was normal, C-reactive protein was 4.2 mg/dl (normal &lt; 0.3 mg/dl), the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was 30 mm/h, albumin was 2.2 g/dl (normal, 3.5–4.5 g/dl), cholesterol was 92 mg/dl (normal, 130–220 mg/dl) and other blood tests were within normal limits. There were 20–25 red blood cells per high-power field in his urine. A chest radiograph was normal.
Vasoconstriction by angiographic contrast media in isolated canine arteries
Authors: Gomi Naoya 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
To study the mechanism of the pain produced by contrast media (CM) in peripheral arteriography, we examined the direct effects of low concentrations (1.85–100 mg I/ml) of CM (diatrizoate, iopamidol, ioxaglate, and iotrolan) on helically cut strips of canine blood vessels taken from six different regions. We found that: (a) low concentrations of CM induced vasoconstriction. (b) This occurred immediately after the application of CM and produced sustained constriction, (c) The constriction produced in arteries was dose-dependent, (d) The production and intensity of constriction in the arterial strips differed as follows: cranial mesenteric artery &gt; renal artery &gt; femoral artery &gt; common carotid artery &gt; thoracic aorta &gt; coronary artery. The effects of the CM were, in order of magnitude: diatrizoate &gt; iopamidol &gt; ioxaglate &gt; iotrolan. Differences between CM corresponded with the differences in osmolality of the CM solutions, (e) Low concentrations of meglumine and mannitol also produced vasoconstriction. (f) Constriction caused by all drug samples used was reversible, but the process of relaxation to the original tension was much slower in CM-treated arterial strips than in the other strips. From these results, we confirmed that the incidence and degree of vasoconstriction produced by all drug samples used in this experiment depended on solution osmolality, rather than on chemotoxicity or ionicity. We discuss the physiological mechanism of these results and stress the importance of CM hyperosmolality in vasoconstriction and vascular pain production.
One-view versus two-view mammography in baseline screening for breast cancer: a review
Authors: van Dijck J. A. A. M. , Verbeek A. L. M. , Hendriks J. H. C. L. , Holland R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Two-view mammography is generally preferred as an initial screening examination because the number of missed carcinomas and false positive results in one-view mammography is considered too large. The present review was performed to assess the difference in screening quality between one- and two-view mammography. Nineteen previous studies were reviewed and differences in sensitivity as well as specificity between two-view and one-view mammography were calculated. The results ranged from –5.7% to 19.4% (median 3.9%), and 2.7% to 36.1% (median 14.8%), respectively, and indicate a higher screening quality of two-view mammography. However, in the studies considered there is a large variation in study population, screening tests used and assessment of disease outcome, which makes the numerical results less conclusive. None of the studies provided adequate information for deciding whether two-view mammography in baseline screening for breast cancer is preferable to one-view mammography. If a screening programme using one-view mammography has already achieved high sensitivity and specificity, the value of an additional craniocaudal view is only marginal.
Prediction of birthweight by fetal ultrasound biometry
Authors: Nzeh D. A. , Rimmer S. , Moore W. M. O. , Hunt L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A total of 104 women with singleton pregnancies who were delivered between 37 and 42 weeks gestation had ultrasound scans during the fortnight before delivery. The biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL) were measured in all cases. Estimation of fetal weight (EFW) was done by four different methods: using AC alone, AC/BPD, AC/FL and AC/BPD/FL. Results were compared with values of actual birthweights at delivery. There was no significant difference between the mean birthweights of the 47 boy and 57 girl fetuses studied. The EFW(Shepard) method showed the least bias overall: mean percentage error 1.7%, standard deviation (SD) 10.6%. The other three methods significantly underestimated birthweights on average: EFW(Deter), mean error 2.2%, SD 9.3%, p &lt; 0.02; EFW (Campbell), mean error 5.4%, SD 9.5%, p &lt; 0.001; EFW(Hadlock), mean error 5.6%, SD 9.3%, p &lt; 0.001. The percentage error in each group was significantly negatively correlated (p &lt; 0.001) with the scan–delivery interval. Two new equations were generated which gave more accurate predictions for the cases under study using AC, BPD and FL as a combination and also in addition to scan–delivery interval (SDI) in days.
Clearance of iopamidol, a non-ionic contrast medium, by CAPD in patients with end-stage renal failure
Authors: Donnelly P. K. , Burwell N. , McBurney A. , Ward J. W. , Walls J. , Watkin E. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In normal healthy subjects radiographic contrast media are cleared by the kidneys with a half-life of approximately 2 h and a total body clearance of 8 1/h. The mechanism of contrast clearance has not been previously investigated in chronic renal failure patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). A study was undertaken to investigate the pharmacokinetics of a non-ionic water soluble radiographic contrast medium (iopamidol) in 10 patients stabilized on CAPD. All patients (eight male, two female) aged 22–68 years (median 53 years) had injection of 30 ml of iopamidol 300 via a forearm vein to investigate subclavian vein patency following previous cannulation for haemodialysis. Venous blood samples, CAPD dialysate and urine were collected for seven days post injection. The mean plasma half-life was 37.9 h (SD 10.6) (range 24.1–57.2 h) for the CAPD patients and was greatly prolonged in comparison to healthy subjects. The total body clearance of iopamidol was also greatly reduced (0.377 1/h). CAPD removed an average of 53.6% of the administered dose (range 36.3–80.8%) whilst an average of 26.9% was excreted in the urine (range 1.3–56.3%). The combined renal and dialysate clearance was up to 93% of the administered dose over the period of the study. There is therefore some evidence for a small extra renal clearance of iopamidol in end-stage renal failure patients. This study has shown for the first time that patients with end-stage renal failure undergoing CAPD have significantly delayed elimination of contrast medium. This should be taken into consideration when extensive or prolonged investigations using contrast medium are proposed.
Late follow-up of lung function after whole lung irradiation for Wilms' tumour
Authors: Attard-Montalto S. P. , Kingston J. E. , Eden O. B. , Plowman P. N. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Radiotherapy is known to have acute and long term deleterious effects on lung tissue. However, pulmonary irradiation is an established treatment in advanced childhood tumours with pulmonary metastases not responsive to chemotherapy. In this study eight patients with Wilms' tumours and lung metastases treated with whole lung irradiation (1200–1837 cGy) and chemotherapy were reassessed clinically, radiologically and with lung function tests 6–26 years after radiotherapy. One patient was breathless after mild exertion, four after strenuous exercise and three were asymptomatic. Clinically all had small chests and four of five females had underdeveloped breasts. A chest radiograph showed clear lung fields in all cases. Lung volumes, especially total lung capacity (TLC) and vital capacity (VC), were decreased when compared with predicted values for age and height. However, gas transfer per unit lung volume (KCO) was normal. This study suggests that pulmonary irradiation in childhood results primarily in underdevelopment of the thorax and that diffuse interstitial lung fibrosis is not a significant feature at this dose level.
Sialography using a paediatric intravenous cannula
Authors: Walker G. D. 
Published: July 2009

Sialography is the best way of assessing disease of the duct system of the parotid and submandibular glands. However, it can often be difficult to cannulate the orifices of Stenson's and Wharton's ducts with the available range of plastic and metal instruments.
A 24 G Jelco Teflon intravenous cannula (Critikon Ltd) offers practical benefits whilst costing less than 5% of one commercially produced alternative in use in the department.
Yolk sac tumour of the testis in childhood
Authors: Thava V. , Cooper N. , Egginton J. A. 
Published: July 2009

Despite being a rare neoplasm, yolk sac tumour is the commonest of all childhood testicular malignancies. Early detection and treatment result in an excellent prognosis. Ultrasound can play a valuable role in differentiating benign and malignant forms of testicular pathology at any age. Detailed description of ultrasonic appearances of specific tumours with pathological correlation is, however, as yet incomplete.
A 13-month-old child was admitted with a scrotal swelling that was thought by the mother to have been present since birth but had increased considerably in size over the previous 4 weeks. Clinical examination revealed a large, tense, non-tender swelling which did not transilluminate. A complicated hydrocele was suspected.
Abnormalities in rCBF and computed tomography in patients with Alzheimer's disease and in controls
Authors: Wyper D , Teasdale E , Patterson J , Montaldi D , Brown D , Hunter R , Graham D , McCulloch J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The pattern of abnormal distribution of the single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) cerebral blood flow tracer 99m-technetium-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99Tcm-HMPAO) was investigated in 14 patients with clinically diagnosed Alzheimer's disease (AD) who subsequently had post-mortem confirmation of the disease and also in 14 elderly control subjects. These abnormalities were compared with computed tomography (CT) scans to investigate the degree to which the focal SPECT deficits were due to atrophy. The results show that SPECT imaging with 99Tcm-HMPAO and CT scanning both have a higher incidence of abnormality in AD patients than in controls and that the difference between patients and controls is greater with SPECT than with CT. Frontal SPECT and CT abnormalities in moderate/severe Alzheimer's disease occur as frequently as temporal/occipital abnormalities but the latter are rare in control subjects. Around 50% of the SPECT deficits occur in CT normal brain regions, showing that atrophy is not the sole cause of SPECT deficits.
Imaging of dialysis access: a review of 67 failing fistulas investigated by intravenous digital subtraction angiography
Authors: England R E M , Jackson A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have reviewed 67 failing haemodialysis fistulas imaged by intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IVDSA). Peripheral venous injection of non-ionic contrast was used in all examinations. No complications relating to peripheral injection, contrast dose or fluid load were experienced. Image quality was poor, owing to inadequate vascular opacification, in 1/67. Image quality was excellent (53/67), or good (13/67) in the remaining 66. 56/66 of these examinations were diagnostic. Diagnoses included abnormalities of feeding arteries, anastomoses, draining veins, and central veins. Multiple abnormalities were demonstrated in 10/56 examinations. Conventional arm venography was performed in addition to IVDSA in five cases where venous images were inadequate owing to anastomotic obstruction (3/5) or poor opacification (2/5). 5/66 examinations were non-diagnostic owing to failure to image the central veins where no cause for fistula failure had been demonstrated. A further 5/66 examinations were non-diagnostic owing to failure to obtain oblique projections of the shunt where vascular details was obscured by overlapping vessels. The authors recommended routine imaging of the dialysis shunt in two planes and central venous imaging in all cases. This would have resulted in reduction of the failure rate from 16% to 1.5% in this series. IVDSA using a peripheral injection technique is simple, free from complications, and provides good quality images of both arterial and venous components of the fistula. Images of vessels not directly involved in fistula formation are routinely obtained and aid the planning of fistula revision.
Metaphyseal abnormalities in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Authors: O'Reilly Marian , Renton Peter 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare, congenital disorder characterized by diffuse ossification of extraskeletal connective tissue. The classical features and progression of the disease are described and three cases are presented which fall into the general pattern of FOP clinically and radiologically. A constant feature seen was a slight metaphyseal flaring with spiking at the edges of the metaphyses, compatible with minor alteration in bone morphology during growth. These changes cannot be seen after epiphyseal fusion. The major abnormalities persist into adult life.