bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir butt welded dissimilar pure copper/brass alloy plates
Authors: Barlas Zafer , Uzun Huseyin 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The present study is focused on the effect of tool rotation speed on the microstructure and mechanical properties of butt welded dissimilar pure copper/brass alloy plates by friction stir welding. The joint performances were evaluated by microhardness measurements, tensile and bend tests. The results show that the grain size and the onion ring formation in the weld nugget zone and the mechanical properties of the joints were affected by tool rotation speed. It was found that the tensile strength of the joints was lower than that of the copper and brass base metals, while the bend strength was higher than that of the copper base metal and lower than the brass base metal. The highest mechanical properties were obtained from a tool rotation speed of 800 rpm at a travel speed of 22 mm min−1. The average microhardness values in the weld nugget zone increased with decreasing the tool rotation speed.
Influence of data conversion methods from torsion tests on the Garofalo equation parameters for a high nitrogen steel
Authors: Castellanos Jesús , Rieiro Ignacio , Mehtedi Mohamad El , Carsí Manuel , Ruano Oscar A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Torsion tests in the temperature range 900 to 1 200 °C and strain rates varying from 0.005 to 5s−1 for a high nitrogen steel were analyzed. The influence of various conversion methods from torsion tests on the stress – strain curves and on the Garofalo equation parameters as a function of strain was studied for this steel. In addition, the creep behavior of the high nitrogen steel was analyzed using the Garofalo equation. The high values of the activation energy and stress exponent using the peak stress are attributed to the microstructure that changes strongly during the first stages of deformation. The analysis of the Garofalo parameters allowed determination of a steady state at strains of about 2.5. At this strain, the values of the activation energy and the stress exponent correlated well with slip creep mechanisms operating in other reinforced steels at high strain rates.
Induction of early degeneration of the adjacent segment after posterior lumbar interbody fusion by excessive distraction of lumbar disc space
Authors: Kaito Takashi , Hosono Noboru , Mukai Yoshihiro , Makino Takahiro , Fuji Takeshi , Yonenobu Kazuo 
Published: June 2010

Object
Spinal fusion at the L4–5 disc space alters the normal biomechanics of the spine, and the loss of motion at the fused level is compensated by increased motion and load at the other unfused segments. This may lead to deterioration of the adjacent segments of the lumbar spine, called adjacent-segment disease (ASD). In this study, the authors investigate the distracted disc height of the fused segment, caused by cage or bone insertion during surgery, as a novel risk factor for ASD after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF).

Methods
Radiographic L3–4 ASD is defined by development of spondylolisthesis greater than 3 mm, a decrease in disc height of more than 3 mm, or intervertebral angle at flexion smaller than −5°. Symptomatic ASD is defined by a decrease of 4 points or more on the Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale. Eighty-five patients with L-4 spondylolisthesis treated by L4–5 PLIF underwent follow-up for more than 2 years (mean 38.8 ± 17.1 months). The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the final outcome. Group A comprised those patients without ASD (58), Group B patients had radiographic ASD (14), and Group C patients had symptomatic ASD (13).

Results
The L4–5 disc space distraction by cage insertion was 3.1 mm in the group without ASD, 4.4 mm in the group with radiographic ASD, and 6.2 mm in the group with symptomatic ASD, as measured using lateral spinal radiographs just after surgery. Multivariate analysis showed that distraction was the most significant risk factor.

Conclusions
The excessive distraction of the L4–5 disc space during PLIF surgery is a significant and potentially avoidable risk factor for the development of radiographic, symptomatic ASD.
The effect of patient age on the internal carotid artery location around the atlas
Authors: Hong Jae Taek , Kim Tae Hyung , Kim Il Sup , Yang Seung Ho , Sung Jae Hoon , Son Byung Chul , Lee Sang Won 
Published: June 2010

ObjectThe aim of this study was to analyze the exact location of the internal carotid artery (ICA) relative to the C-1 lateral mass and describe the effect of age on the tortuosity of the ICA.MethodsThe authors analyzed 641 patients who had undergone CT angiography to evaluate the location of the ICA in relation to the C-1 lateral mass. Each patient was assigned to 1 of 3 age groups (< 41 years, 41–60 years, and > 60 years of age). The degree of lateral positioning of the ICA was classified into 4 groups: Group 1 (lateral to the C-1 lateral mass), Group 2 (lateral half of the lateral mass), Group 3 (medial half of the lateral mass), or Group 4 (medial to the lateral mass). The anteroposterior relationship of the ICA was classified into Group A (posterior to the anterior tubercle) or Group B (anterior to the anterior tubercle). Distances from the ICA to the midline, anterior tubercle, and anterior cortex of the lateral mass were measured. Distances between the lateral margin of the lateral mass and the longus capitis muscle were also evaluated.ResultsThe prevalence of the ICA located in front of the lateral mass (Groups 2 and 3) was 47.4% overall. The position of the ICA changes with age due to vessel tortuosity. Only 18.3% of patients in the youngest age group (< 41 years of age) had an ICA in front of the lateral mass (Group 2 or 3 area). However, this percentage increased in the older 2 groups (43.5% in the 41–60 year old group, and 57% in the > 60-year-old age group). The mean distance from the midline to the ICA was 22.6 mm, and the mean distance from the ICA to the C-1 anterior tubercle and the ventral cortex of the lateral mass was 4.7 and 4.5 mm, respectively. Moreover, the ICA is more prone to injury during bicortical C-1 screw placement when the longus capitis muscle is hypotrophic and does not cover the entire ventral surface of the lateral mass.ConclusionsElderly patients have a higher incidence of a medially located ICA that may contribute to the risk of injury to the ICA during bicortical C-1 screw or C1–2 transarticular screw placement. Although the small number of reported cases of ICA injury does not allow for determination of a direct relationship with specific anatomical characteristics, the presence of unfavorable anatomy does warrant serious consideration during evaluation for C-1 screw placement in elderly patients.
Molecular phylogeny of the genus Vitis (Vitaceae) based on plastid markers
Authors: Tröndle Dorothee , Schröder Stephan , Kassemeyer Hanns‐Heinz , Kiefer Christiane , Koch Marcus A. , Nick Peter 
Published: June 2010

• Premise of the study: This work represents the first molecular phylogeny of the economically important genus Vitis, an important genetic resource for breeding in grapevine, Vitis vinifera.• Methods: A molecular phylogeny of Vitis using a combined data set of three noncoding regions of the plastid DNA genome was constructed from 47 accessions covering 30 species of Vitis. The data for the trnL‐F marker were combined with previously published data across the Vitaceae.• Key results: The molecular phylogeny demonstrated monophyly of the genus Vitis. Based on the combined analysis of three genes, Vitis is split into three clades that mirror the continental distribution of these accessions. The diversity is highest in the Asian clade, but the general genetic distances across taxa from different continents are relatively small.• Conclusions: The findings support a relatively recent and intense gene flow between East Asia and North America and the possible impact of hybridization on the evolution of the genus Vitis. Taxon identity in important stock collections should be screened carefully because roughly 10% of the accessions analyzed in the present study had been misidentified.
Diagnosis of Chronic Gout: Evaluating the American College of Rheumatology Proposal, European League Against Rheumatism Recommendations, and Clinical Judgment
Authors: PELÁEZ-BALLESTAS INGRIS , HERNÁNDEZ CUEVAS CLAUDIA , BURGOS-VARGAS RUBÉN , HERNÁNDEZ ROQUE LIZANDRA , TERÁN LEOBARDO , ESPINOZA JESÚS , ESQUIVEL-VALERIO JORGE A. , GOYCOCHEA-ROBLES MARÍA VICTORIA , ACEVES FRANCISCO J. , BERNARD ANA GUILAISNE , VENTURA LUCIO , SHUMSKY CLARA , HERNÁNDEZ GARDUÑO ADOLFO , VÁZQUEZ-MELLADO JANITZIA 
Published: June 2010

Objective.Observation of monosodium urate (MSU) crystal is the gold standard for diagnosis of gout, but is rarely performed in daily clinical practice, and diagnosis is based on clinical judgment. Our aim was to identify clinical and paraclinical data included in the European League Against Rheumatism recommendations (EULARr) and American College of Rheumatology proposed criteria (ACRp) for diagnosis of gout in patients with chronic gout according to their attending rheumatologists.Methods.This cross-sectional and multicenter study included consecutive patients from outpatient clinics with a diagnosis of gout by their attending rheumatologists according to their expertise. The frequency of each item from the ACRp and EULARr was determined. Possible combinations of the items that were frequent, clinically relevant, and simple to evaluate in daily practice were determined.Results.We studied 549 patients (96% men), mean age 50 ± 14 years. Analysis of MSU crystals was performed in 15%. We selected 7 clinical criteria and 1 laboratory measure because of their frequency, importance, and simplicity to obtain: current or past history of: > 1 attack of acute arthritis (93%); mono or oligoarthritis attacks (74%); rapid progression of pain and swelling (< 24 hours; 74%); podagra (70%); erythema (56%); unilateral tarsitis (33%); tophi (52%); and hyperuricemia (93%). The chronic gout diagnosis (CGD) proposal comprised ≥ 4/8 of these; 88% of patients had the criteria of the CGD proposal while 75% had 6/11 ACRp criteria (p = 0.001). When analysis of MSU crystals was added, 90.1% (CGD) and 83.9% (ACRp) met the criteria (p = 0.004).Conclusion.Current or past history of ≥ 4/8 CGD parameters is highly suggestive of chronic gout.
Early Growing Season Flooding Influence on Seedlings of Three Common Bottomland Hardwood Species in Western Tennessee
Authors: McCurry Jonathan R. , Gray Matthew J. , Mercker David C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUnderstanding relative flood tolerance of hardwood bottomland seedlings is fundamental to restoring floodplain ecosystems. Thus, we quantified the effects of three early growing season flood duration (0, 15, and 30 d) treatments on survival and growth of overcup Quercus lyrata, Nuttall Q. nuttallii, and willow Q. phellos oak seedlings. Seedlings (n  =  5,003) were planted January–March 2004 in a randomized design among six impoundments in a western Tennessee bottomland. We flooded four impoundments (two 15-d and two 30-d treatments) after seedling bud break initiated in April 2005 and 2006 to simulate overbank flooding of a river. Overall seedling survival measured in July and October 2005 and July 2006 was 96, 89, and 84% overcup, Nuttall, and willow, respectively. Survival of Nuttall and willow was greatest in unflooded control impoundments. All species exhibited the least growth in the 30-d treatment. Growth of Nuttall and willow were generally greater in the 15-d treatment than in the control treatment. We ranked relative seedling flood tolerance as decreasing from overcup to Nuttall to willow, which corresponds with previous greenhouse studies. We recommend that natural resource practitioners plant overcup at low elevations in bottomlands that flood frequently, plant Nuttall at mid-range elevations, and plant willow exclusively at higher elevations that flood infrequently to increase the likelihood of restoration success.
Synergistic Antitumor Effects of Regulatory T Cell Blockade Combined with Pemetrexed in Murine Malignant Mesothelioma
Authors: Anraku Masaki , Tagawa Tetsuzo , Wu Licun , Yun Zhihong , Keshavjee Shaf , Zhang Li , Johnston Michael R. , de Perrot Marc 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) can promote the growth of some tumors, but it is unknown whether this is true for all tumors, including malignant pleural mesothelioma. We have previously shown that the existence of Tregs was associated with poor survival in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma. In this study, using an intrathoracic murine model of malignant mesothelioma (MM), we provide evidence suggesting that Treg blockade could enhance survival when combined with pemetrexed in established tumor. AC29 murine MM cells were injected into the right pleural cavity of CBA mice for tumor development. Four days after the tumor injection, tumor-bearing mice were then treated with pemetrexed alone, Treg blockade alone, or a combination of pemetrexed and Treg blockade. We observed a synergistic antitumor effect of Treg blockade combined with pemetrexed resulting in prolonged survival. The combination of Treg blockade and pemetrexed was associated with decreased tumor-infiltrating Tregs, increased IL-2 production, dendritic cell maturation, and increased CD3+CD8+IFN-γ+ tumor-infiltrating T cells when compared with mice treated with pemetrexed alone or Treg blockade alone. The survival benefit was abrogated if anti-CD8 mAb was administered simultaneously. Likewise, the survival benefit resulting from the combined Treg blockade with pemetrexed was not observed when immunodeficient mice were used. Therefore, this study suggests that Treg blockade combined with pemetrexed can suppress mesothelioma growth in established tumor in vivo through an immune-mediated process. This study also validates a new intrathoracic tumor model of pleural effusion to explore the role of antitumor immunity in murine MM.
Stimulation of FcγRI on Primary Sensory Neurons Increases Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Production, Thereby Reducing Reperfusion-Induced Renal Injury in Mice
Authors: Harada Naoaki , Zhao Juan , Kurihara Hiroki , Nakagata Naomi , Okajima Kenji 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBiological role(s) of FcγRI on mouse primary sensory neurons are not fully understood. Sensory neuron stimulation increases insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production, thereby reducing ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced tissue injury in mice. In this study, we examined whether the Fc fragment of IgG (IgGFc) increases IGF-I production through sensory neuron stimulation, thereby reducing I/R-induced renal injury in mice. IgGFc increased the calcitonin-gene–related peptide (CGRP) release and cellular cAMP levels in dorsal root ganglion neurons isolated from wild-type (WT) mice, whereas, native IgG did not. Pretreatment with anti-FcγRI Ab, a protein kinase A inhibitor KT5710, and a phospholipase A2 inhibitor 4-bromophenylacyl bromide inhibited these effects induced by IgGFc. Administration of IgGFc enhanced increases of renal tissue levels of CGRP and IGF-I and reduced I/R-induced renal injury in WT mice. Increases of renal tissue level of caspase-3, renal accumulation of neutorphils, and renal tubular apoptosis were inhibited by administration of IgGFc in WT mice subjected to renal I/R. Pretreatment with anti–IGF-I Ab completely reversed these effects induced by IgGFc in WT mice. Administration of native IgG did not show any effects in WT mice subjected to renal I/R. None of the effects observed in WT mice was seen after IgGFc administration in CGRP-knockout mice and denervated WT mice. These observations suggest that activation of FcγRI by IgGFc may stimulate sensory neurons, thereby promoting IGF-I production, contributing to reduction of the reperfusion-induced renal injury via attenuation of inflammatory responses in mice.
Cutting Edge: Programmed Death-1 Defines CD8+CD122+ T Cells as Regulatory versus Memory T Cells
Authors: Dai Hehua , Wan Ni , Zhang Shuzi , Moore Yolonda , Wan Fusheng , Dai Zhenhua 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Recent convincing data have shown that naturally occurring CD8+CD122+ T cells are also regulatory T cells. Paradoxically, CD8+CD122+ T cells have been well described as memory T cells. Given their critical role in tolerance versus long-term immunity, it is important to reconcile this profound dichotomy. In this study, we reported that CD8+CD122+ T cells contain both programmed death-1 (PD-1)− and PD-1+ populations. It was CD8+CD122+PD-1+ T cells, but not their PD-1− counterparts, that suppressed T cell responses in vitro and in vivo. This suppression was largely dependent on their production of IL-10. Moreover, the costimulatory signaling of both CD28 and PD-1 is required for their optimal IL-10 production. In contrast, Ag-specific CD8+CD122+PD-1− T cells were bona fide memory T cells. Thus, CD8+CD122+ T cells can be either regulatory T or memory T cells, depending on their PD-1 expression and Ag specificity. This study reconciles previously contradictory findings and has important implications for tolerance induction.
Direct Comparison of Dll1- and Dll4-Mediated Notch Activation Levels Shows Differential Lymphomyeloid Lineage Commitment Outcomes
Authors: Mohtashami Mahmood , Shah Divya K. , Nakase Hiroshi , Kianizad Korosh , Petrie Howard T. , Zúñiga-Pflücker Juan Carlos 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In the thymus, Notch signaling is essential for T lymphopoiesis, with Delta-like (Dll)4 uniquely involved in this process. However, using cocultures, either Dll4 or Dll1 were shown to support T lymphopoiesis. To address which Dll is more effective at inducing hematopoietic progenitor cells to give rise to T lineage cells in vitro, we generated OP9 cells expressing a series of incrementally discrete and equivalent levels of Dll1 or Dll4. In keeping with previous findings, OP9 cells expressing high levels of either Dll1 or Dll4 gave rise to T lineage cells with similar efficacy, and prevented the differentiation of B and myeloid-lineage cells. However, at limiting levels, Dll4 maintained its ability to inhibit B lineage choice and induce T lineage commitment and differentiation at lower levels than Dll1. This manifest property of Dll4 is evident despite lower levels of steady-state surface expression than Dll1 on OP9 cells. The heightened effectiveness of Dll4 over Dll1 also corresponded to the induction of Notch target genes, and inhibition of B and myeloid-specific transcription factors. Furthermore, we show that OP9 cells expressing levels of Dll4 equivalent to those present in thymic epithelial cells, as expected, gave rise to T lineage cells, but were also permissive for the differentiation of myeloid cells; whereas, still inhibiting B lymphopoiesis. Our findings show that Dll4 expressed at physiological levels on OP9 cells is functionally distinct from similarly expressed levels of Dll1, illustrating the unique properties of Dll4 in supporting the combined T lineage and specific myeloid-lineage outcomes that underpin its function within the thymus.
Costimulation-Dependent Expression of MicroRNA-214 Increases the Ability of T Cells To Proliferate by Targeting Pten
Authors: Jindra Peter T. , Bagley Jessamyn , Godwin Jonathan G. , Iacomini John 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
T cell activation requires signaling through the TCR and costimulatory molecules, such as CD28. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally and are also known to be involved in lymphocyte development and function. In this paper, we set out to examine potential roles of miRNAs in T cell activation, using genome-wide expression profiling to identify miRNAs differentially regulated following T cell activation. One of the miRNAs upregulated after T cell activation, miR-214, was predicted to be capable of targeting Pten based on bioinformatics and reports suggesting that it targets Pten in ovarian tumor cells. Upregulation of miR-214 in T cells inversely correlated with levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10. In vivo, transcripts containing the 3′ untranslated region of Pten, including the miR-214 target sequence, were negatively regulated after T cell activation, and forced expression of miR-214 in T cells led to increased proliferation after stimulation. Blocking CD28 signaling in vivo prevented miR-214 upregulation in alloreactive T cells. Stimulation of T cells through the TCR alone was not sufficient to result in upregulation of miR-214. Thus, costimulation-dependent upregulation of miR-214 promotes T cell activation by targeting the negative regulator Pten. Thus, the requirement for T cell costimulation is, in part, related to its ability to regulate expression of miRNAs that control T cell activation.
Fluid and particle signatures of dayside reconnection
Authors: Bauer T. M. , Paschmann G. , Sckopke N. , Treumann R. A. , Baumjohann W. , Phan T.-D. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Using measurements of the AMPTE/IRM spacecraft, we study reconnection signatures at the dayside magnetopause. If the magnetopause is open, it should have the properties of a rotational discontinuity. Applying the fluid concept of a rotational discontinuity, we check for the existence of a de Hoffmann-Teller frame and the tangential stress balance (Walén relation). For 13 out of 40 magnetopause crossings in a statistical survey we find a reasonable agreement between observed plasma flows and those predicted by the Walén relation. In addition, we check if the measured distribution functions show single particle signatures which are expected on open field lines. We find the following types of signatures: field-aligned streaming of ring current particles, "D-shaped" distributions of solar wind particles, counterstreaming of solar wind and cold ionospheric ions, two-beam distributions of solar wind ions, and distributions of solar wind particles associated with field-aligned heat flux. While a particular type of particle signature is observed only for the minority of magnetopause crossings, 24 of the 40 crossings show at least one type of signature. Both the particle signatures and the fit to the Walén relation can be used to infer the sign of the normal magnetic field, Bn. We find that the two ways of inferring the sign of Bn lead primarily to the same result. Thus, both the particle signatures and a reasonable agreement with the Walén relation can, in a statistical sense, be considered as a useful indicator of open field lines. On the other hand, many crossings do not show any reconnection signatures. We discuss the possible reasons for their absence.Key words. Magnetopause, cusp and boundary layers; magnetosheath; solar wind – magnetosphere interactions