bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P–T‐deformation‐Fe3+/Fe2+ mapping at the thin section scale and comparison with XANES mapping: application to a garnet‐bearing metapelite from the Sambagawa metamorphic belt (Japan)
Authors: VIDAL O. , DE ANDRADE V. , LEWIN E. , MUNOZ M. , PARRA T. , PASCARELLI S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractQuantitative X‐ray maps of composition from a chlorite, K‐white mica, albite, quartz and garnet bearing thin section from a Sambagawa blueschist facies metapelite were combined with a multi‐equilibrium calculation method to calculate a P–T‐Fe3+/Fe2+‐deformation map at the millimetre scale. The studied sample was chosen because elongated chlorite crystallization tails (pressure shadows) rimmed by phengite are present, which is an appropriate assemblage for the quantification of the P–T evolution. Chlorite temperature and Fe3+ content maps were calculated by successive iterations for each pixel analysis of Fe3+ until convergence of the four chlorite‐quartz‐H2O equilibria that can be written using the Fe‐ and Mg‐amesite, clinchlore, daphnite and sudoite chlorite end‐members. The calculated map of Fe2+/Fe3+ in chlorite is in good qualitative agreement with the in situ mapping of this ratio using XANES (X‐ray absorption near edge structure) techniques. The temperature map indicates that high temperature chlorite zones with low Fe3+ contents alternate with lower temperature zones and higher Fe3+ contents in the crystallization tail. Late fractures perpendicular to the elongation axis of the tail are filled by very low temperature chlorite (<250 °C) showing Fe3+/Fetotal up to 0.4. Groups of chlorite and mica pixels were then identified based on compositional and structural criteria, and a P–T‐deformation map was calculated using representative analyses of these groups. The calculated P–T‐deformation map suggests that in contrast to chlorite, the composition of most mica did not change significantly during exhumation. Mica reequilibrated in late EW shear bands only. EW shearing was already active at 0.1 GPa, 500 °C, which corresponds to the peak temperature (and probably pressure) conditions, at reduced redox conditions. The intensity of deformation probably decreased with decrease in temperature to ∼350–400 °C. At this temperature, a second main deformation event corresponding to a further EW stretching occurred and was still active below 250 °C and more oxidizing conditions. These results indicate that the scale at which P–T data can be obtained is now close to the scale of observation of structural geologists. A close link between deformation and mineral reaction is therefore possible at the microscopic scale, which provides information about the relationship between deformation and mineral reactivity, the modalities of deformation with time and the P–T conditions at which it occurred.
Origin of migmatites by deformation‐enhanced melt infiltration of orthogneiss: a new model based on quantitative microstructural analysis
Authors: HASALOVÁ P. , SCHULMANN K. , LEXA O. , ŠTÍPSKÁ P. , HROUDA F. , ULRICH S. , HALODA J. , TÝCOVÁ P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA detailed field study reveals a gradual transition from high‐grade solid‐state banded orthogneiss via stromatic migmatite and schlieren migmatite to irregular, foliation‐parallel bodies of nebulitic migmatite within the eastern part of the Gföhl Unit (Moldanubian domain, Bohemian Massif). The orthogneiss to nebulitic migmatite sequence is characterized by progressive destruction of well‐equilibrated banded microstructure by crystallization of new interstitial phases (Kfs, Pl and Qtz) along feldspar boundaries and by resorption of relict feldspar and biotite. The grain size of all felsic phases decreases continuously, whereas the population density of new phases increases. The new phases preferentially nucleate along high‐energy like–like boundaries causing the development of a regular distribution of individual phases. This evolutionary trend is accompanied by a decrease in grain shape preferred orientation of all felsic phases. To explain these data, a new petrogenetic model is proposed for the origin of felsic migmatites by melt infiltration from an external source into banded orthogneiss during deformation. In this model, infiltrating melt passes pervasively along grain boundaries through the whole‐rock volume and changes completely its macro‐ and microscopic appearance. It is suggested that the individual migmatite types represent different degrees of equilibration between the host rock and migrating melt during exhumation. The melt topology mimicked by feldspar in banded orthogneiss forms elongate pockets oriented at a high angle to the compositional banding, indicating that the melt distribution was controlled by the deformation of the solid framework. The microstructure exhibits features compatible with a combination of dislocation creep and grain boundary sliding deformation mechanisms. The migmatite microstructures developed by granular flow accompanied by melt‐enhanced diffusion and/or melt flow. However, an AMS study and quartz microfabrics suggest that the amount of melt present did not exceed a critical threshold during the deformation to allow free movements of grains.
A case of fatal anaphylaxis in a dog associated with a dexamethasone suppression test
Authors: Schaer Michael , Ginn Pamela E. , Hanel Rita M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective: To describe a case of fatal anaphylaxis in a dog associated with a ‘routine’ dexamethasone suppression test.Case summary: An 8‐year‐old, spayed female dog, was treated with parenteral dexamethasone for a diagnosis of immune‐mediated thrombocytopenia. The dog had responded to treatment, but 9 months later was evaluated for endogenous hyperadrenocorticism, prior to surgery for a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. A normal ACTH stimulation test was followed by a high‐dose dexamethasone suppression test. Immediately following the intravenous injection of dexamethasone, the dog developed severe anaphylactic shock and died. The postmortem examination findings supported the diagnosis of anaphylaxis.New information provided: The anaphylaxis in this dog was fulminating and by‐passed the usual early signs of drug hypersensitivity. This is the first case in the veterinary literature reporting on dexamethasone as the cause of this dog's catastrophic event.
SUSTAINABILITY AND DECISION‐MAKING:
Authors: Farrell Alex 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTSustainability has been advanced as an important societal goal which governments should adopt and implement. However, sustainability is a complex concept and one for which afirm consensus definition does not appear likely any time soon. This article briefly provides the conceptual background for a discussion of sustainability and then reviews one of the first attempts by the U.S. government to implement a policy specifically designed to promote sustainability, the Environmental Protection Agency's Sustainable Development Challenge Grant (SDCG) Program. The history for the program, the experience of it's first year are examined and a formal decision analysis of the problem facing the SDCG program managers is developed. Implications of this research for the SDCG and for other government policy‐making are discussed.
SEPARATING ANALYSIS FROM POLITICS:
Authors: Patt Anthony 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTOver the last twenty years, policy‐makers in Europe have attempted to solve the problem of acid rain using detailed analysis grounded in natural science and economics. The results are impressive, as Europeans have successfully implemented a number of international agreements to reduce pollution emissions, agreements that in theory achieve the greatest environmental benefit at the lowest aggregate cost across Europe. This article examines the analysis on which these policies were based. First, it finds a pattern of investigating the use of cost‐benefit analysis, together with a lack of usefulness associated with the actual results of such analysis. Second, it finds that the analytic framework that came to replace cost‐ benefit analysis—“critical loads”—contained many of the same uncertainties and political decisions that plagued cost‐benefit analysis. Nevertheless, “critical loads” analysis was seen as less value‐laden and more reliable, and contributed significantly to policy development. Desire for rapid action led policy‐makers to ignore or overlook the politics and uncertainties inherent in efforts at scientific assessment and modeling.
USING NEW APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION‐MAKING:
Authors: Mathis Mitchell L. 
Published: September 2010

ABSRACTThis article examines a unique application of integrated assessment methodologies to analyze water scarcity, development and the environment in the semi‐arid Lower Rio Grande/Rio Bravo watershed. U.S. and Mexican data are analyzed to produce an integrated “baseline report” of current socio‐economic, ecological, water supply and demand, water quality, and management conditions and trends. The baseline report provides the basis for subsequent analysis of alternative future scenarios for the region. Scenarios are developed by combining demographic projections with alternatives for future water availability, irrigation technologies, and management practices. The integrated assessment methodology is evaluated as a general tool for environmental decisionmaking. Problems encountered in applying the methodology are discussed, as are possibilities for improvements. The article concludes that, despite inherent difficulties, integrated assessments can provide a powerful framework by which to analyze complex environmental issues involving different disciplines and large amounts of information.
IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL DECISION‐MAKING THROUGH COLLABORATIVE METHODS
Authors: Randolph John , Bauer Michael 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn the past, government agencies with environmental missions rarely allowed public oversight over final decisions. However, faced with loss of control as policy and planning are increasingly carried out by Congress or the courts, some agencies, supported by businesses, communities, and environmental groups, are using collaborative methods in the decisionmaking process. This emerging paradigm for environmental decisionmaking is driven by practical necessity rather than by abstract theory.This article will demonstrate that collaborative management is a process that broadens the influence of all entities concerned with an environmental decision, and is more likely to: (1) include the needs and opinions of affected parties; (2) bring a dialogue on normative values into the deliberative process; and (3) result in decisions that enhance environmental protection.
THE PROBLEM OF POWER:
Authors: Parsons Michael D. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to offer a methodological approach for reconstructing and reclaiming power in policy analysis and research. Positivist and post‐positivist researchers have largely abandoned the concept after failing to produce a universal definition of power. Interpretive researchers tend to produce definitions that are a function of the methodology and theory selected to guide the inquiry review earlier efforts to define power before presenting a methodology that was used to guide a study of power in the federal higher education policy arena. The methodology combines several methods with the common thread being interpretation. At the heart of this approach is Callon and Latour's (1981) sociology of translation. The claim made for this approach is that it presents a clearer field of vision unimpeded by a priori interpretations or theories of power. The meaning of power is allowed to emerge from the social setting which is being studied.
RAILROAD POLICY AND INTERMODALISM: Policy Choices after Deregulation
Authors: Plant Jeremy F. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIntermodalism is widely viewed as a promising recent development in transportation. This article examines the role played by railroads in intermodal freight transportation and the framework of public policies around whic intermodal freight movement has evolved. Intermodalism emerged because of technological, organizational, and public policy developments that contributed to its rapid growth. Deregulation of the rail industry since 1980 has led to significant restructuring through mergers and direct contracts between railroads and customers. As intermodal shipments become more important to the overall transportation system in the United States, attention will need to be given to ways in which intermodal concerns are addressed in surface transportation programs.
HIGHWAY INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION: A Policy and Administration Challenge for the New Millennium
Authors: Field Mary 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article provides an overview of factors influencing highway intermodal freight transportation planning and policy in the United States. The article provides examples of state and local initiatives to manage or balance the increasing highway transportation of freight with decreasing system capacity. It also identifies important trends in commerce affecting intermodal freight generation. It concludes with a discussion of issues facing intermodal freight transportation planning and policy making at the millennium.
INTERMODALISM—A SOLUTION FOR HIGHWAY CONGESTION AT THE MILLENNIUM?
Authors: Handman Arthur L. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTHighway congestion in the Northeastern U.S. is increasing beyond practical ability to obtain relief by the construction of added lanes. Single mode solutions, including HOV lanes and transit, have failed to significantly mitigate problems of highway congestion. Traditional and innovative public transportation modes using intermodal centers and enhanced transfer facilities are discussed as solutions for the congestion. Efforts in Connecticut, including projects in New Haven, Norwalk, Hartford, and New Britain are examined to show the need for coordinated transportation services that provide seamless trip options for users.
TRANSPORTATION AT THE MILLENNIUM: In Search of a Megaproject Lens
Authors: Haynes Wendy 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTPenetrating the complexity of publicly funded megaprojects‐ those costing in excess of $1 billion—is no small task, but it can be a rewarding one. Five tiers of rich descriptors emerge from the literature: history and purpose; context; project structure; funding; and performance measures. The five‐tier approach is used to analyze one megaproject: Boston's $14‐billion‐plus Central Artery/Tunnel Project. With time and attention, this preliminary framework could be helpful in profiling and learning from public works megaprojects generally, and transportation megaprojects particularly.
EXPLAINING FEDERAL RESERVE MONETARY POLICY
Authors: Saeki Manabu , Shull Steven A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn an examination of Federal Funds rate monthly from 1954 to 2000, we compare a model using presidential party as a compositional variable with a model using presidential party as an interactive variable. Federal Reserve monetary policy was found responsive to the economy, to business elites, and to political circumstances. However, these influences had different patterns depending upon presidential party. The Federal Reserve appears to act neither randomly nor in isolation. It is responsive to the economy and interest groups but a President's partisan preference is particularly influential in decisions on monetary policy.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO POLICY TRANSER AND DIFFUSION
Authors: Newmark Adam J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the existing literature on policy transfer and diffusion and offers a more integrated theory for examining the spreading of policy. Typical studies have treated each as separate, yet they are similar in many respects. For example, both involve many of the same agents and processes involved in the spreading of policy. This article integrates the two literatures by developing a theoretical continuum upon which varying degrees of policy diffusion occur.
Tradable Permits for Common‐Pool Resources: An Assessment
Authors: Dolšak Nives 
Published: September 2010

AbstractScholars often attribute deterioration in common‐pool resources (CPRs) to ill‐defined property rights and suggest privatization and tradable permit markets as a solution to the commons problem. CPRs are heterogeneous, differing in physical characteristics and use patterns. Regulating their use requires tailored policy solutions that cohere with these characteristics. This paper examines factors that contribute to a well‐performing tradable permit market. While the literature offers rich empirical analyses of individual tradable permit markets, it has not provided an analytical framework enabling comparative analysis of these markets. This paper develops and employs an analytical framework for comparing across markets. The comparative analysis of market performance suggests that markets are not successful in all environmental problems and all demand situations. Further, it shows that even some markets frequently cited as exemplary successes have been that for nonmarket‐related reasons. On the other hand, this comparative analysis identifies sources of success for markets that partial analytical frameworks would have predicted to fail.
Material Objects and Aura: Popular Culture Images against and for War
Authors: Toohey David 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSurrealism, altered to fit the politics of marginalized people, helps to analyze popular culture's response to war and terrorism. Metaphors from surrealist art and sources from popular culture, including Fahrenheit 9/11 and the apocalyptic, violent, dispensationalist, Left Behind novel series, reveal many discussions of U.S. policy that are currently occurring. This article asks how political agendas are communicated and framed to society via images and how this influences debate over war. The overall conclusion is that the prowar movement uses images that dissuade U.S. society from critical thought and debate on foreign policy issues. While surrealist imagery provides metaphors for the analytic framework, imagery in support of war uses less thought and more violence, which is appropriately analyzed using German Romantic film as a metaphor.
Universities and State Policy Formation: Rationalizing a Nanotechnology Strategy in Pennsylvania
Authors: Sá Creso M. , Geiger Roger L. , Hallacher Paul M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTechnology‐based economic development programs have become a salient feature of the state policy landscape since the 1980s. While much research exists on the topic, little attention has been given to the processes of policy formation. State programs have moved towards high technology areas emphasized at the federal level over the past decades, and nanotechnology became one of the latest targets. This paper examines the eight‐year process through which Pennsylvania adopted a “state‐wide strategy,” culminating in the Pennsylvania Initiative for Nanotechnology. In this process, programs that responded to the interests of multiple agents came first, and a state policy was formulated after the fact. This pattern of “rationalized policy formation,” as opposed to rational policy formation, may be more common than suspected. Its strengths and weaknesses in this Pennsylvania case are discussed.
Public Participation and Environmental Policy: What Factors Shape State Agency's Public Participation Provisions?
Authors: Daley Dorothy M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPublic participation is becoming increasingly common in environmental decision making. While researchers have focused on understanding why individuals get involved and the impact of their engagement, less is known about the forces that shape agency and legislative decision making regarding participation. This paper uses multinomial logistic regression to explore the determinants of public participation provisions in state hazardous waste programs over time. The results suggest that states with more liberal citizenry, higher levels of manufacturing, and urban areas are more likely to formalize the participation provisions in their hazardous waste programs. Comparatively, states with fewer Democratic representatives are more likely to informally engage in public participation procedures in their states programs.
Race, Medicine, and Social Justice: Pharmacogenetics, Diversity, and the Case of BiDil
Authors: Jordan Sara R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this article, I probe an example of high‐technology medicine as a case study in the problems of the regulation of advancing technology. Specifically, I address the implications of pharmacogenomics—an emerging form of population‐based health care intervention—for public policies designed to eliminate racial disparities in health. Using the case of BiDil, a historical precursor to pharmacogenetic technology, I offer a framework for further studies of high‐technology medicine in which policy analysis is part of a social review based on the justice standard of ex ante mutual advantage. It is the contention in this article that the most just and reasonable deployment of pharmacogenomics is as a compensatory tool to alleviate health disparities.
The effect of PUVA on Langerhans cells in rat oral epithelium photosensitized with systemic methoxsalen or topical trioxsalen
Authors: Kuusilehto A. , Happonen R.‐P. , Peltola J. , Lehtinen R. , Jansén C. T. 
Published: September 2010

Background/purpose: Ultraviolet‐A radiation (UVA) of the oral mucosa after photosensitization with either systemic methoxsalen (8‐MOP) or topical trioxsalen (TMP), i.e. mouth‐PUVA, has been reported to be successful in the treatment of oral lichenoid lesions. In the case of PUVA treatment of skin disorders, local immune suppressive effects have been demonstrated, and the antigen presenting epithelial Langerhans cells (LCs) have been shown to be especially sensitive to ultraviolet treatments. Our aim was to compare the photobiological effects of PUVA in oral mucous membrane (OMM) using topical TMP or systemic 8‐MOP photosensitization.Methods: Rat OMM photosensitized with topical TMP or systemic 8‐MOP was treated with PUVA using UVA doses of 1–8 J/cm2. The LCs were demonstrated in epithelial sheets of the treated OMM with ATPase staining.Results: Both treatments caused a similar, dose‐dependent depletion of ATPase‐positive LCs, with a maximal depletion of 80% or 73% with 8 J/cm2 at 2 days after irradiation as photosensitized with TMP or 8‐MOP, respectively. This contrasts with earlier published findings in human skin, where topical TMP is an order of magnitude greater a sensitizer than 8‐MOP, and PUVA‐induced depletion of LCs occurs maximally 5 days after irradiation.Conclusion: The depletion of LCs of rat OMM after PUVA treatment is greater using topical TMP compared to systemic 8‐MOP, but the difference is significantly smaller than reported earlier in human skin.
Downregulation of Bcl‐2 and activation of caspase‐8 in the UVB‐induced apoptosis of a cultured human melanoma cell line
Authors: Park K. H. , Choi H. O. , Jang D. D. , Park Y. I. , Park K. C. 
Published: September 2010

Purpose: This study was performed to determine the effect of UV radiation on the activation of apoptosis regulatory proteins using cultured human melanoma cells.Methods: G361 lightly pigmented melanoma cells were irradiated with increasing doses of UVB and analyzed for an apoptotic mechanism using a cell viability test, TEM, FACS, and western blotting analysis.Results: TEM and FACS showed apoptotic features of cell death after UVB irradiation. Western blotting disclosed downregulation of Bcl‐2 and the activation of caspase‐9. Caspase‐8, a downstream molecule of Fas/FasL interaction, was also activated. The activation of downstream molecules of both caspase‐8 and caspase‐9 was also demonstrated.Conclusion: Our data showed that the regulation of the Bcl‐2 family and caspase‐8 may work together to activate a caspase‐3 mediated apoptotic pathway following UVB irradiation of cultured human melanoma cells.