bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microchips and controlled‐release drug reservoirs
Authors: Staples Mark 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis review summarizes and updates the development of implantable microchip‐containing devices that control dosing from drug reservoirs integrated with the devices. As the expense and risk of new drug development continues to increase, technologies that make the best use of existing therapeutics may add significant value. Trends of future medical care that may require advanced drug delivery systems include individualized therapy and the capability to automate drug delivery. Implantable drug delivery devices that promise to address these anticipated needs have been constructed in a variety of ways using micro‐ and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS or NEMS)‐based technology. These devices expand treatment options for addressing unmet medical needs related to dosing. Within the last few years, advances in several technologies (MEMS or NEMS fabrication, materials science, polymer chemistry, and data management) have converged to enable the construction of miniaturized implantable devices for controlled delivery of therapeutic agents from one or more reservoirs. Suboptimal performance of conventional dosing methods in terms of safety, efficacy, pain, or convenience can be improved with advanced delivery devices. Microchip‐based implantable drug delivery devices allow localized delivery by direct placement of the device at the treatment site, delivery on demand (emergency administration, pulsatile, or adjustable continuous dosing), programmable dosing cycles, automated delivery of multiple drugs, and dosing in response to physiological and diagnostic feedback. In addition, innovative drug‐medical device combinations may protect labile active ingredients within hermetically sealed reservoirs.WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol2010 2 400–417This article is categorized under:Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants
On the evolution of fungal and yeast cell walls
Authors: Xie Xianfa , Lipke Peter N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRecent developments in genomics and proteomics provide evidence that yeast and other fungal cell walls share a common origin. The fibrous component of yeast cell walls usually consists of β‐glucan and/or chitin. N‐glycosylated proteins form an amorphous, cross‐linking matrix as well as fibres on the outer surfaces of the walls. While the enzymes responsible for cross‐linking walls into covalent complexes are conserved, the wall‐resident proteins have diversified rapidly. These cell wall proteins are usually members of multi‐gene families, and paralogues are often subject to gene silencing through epigenetic mechanisms and environmentally induced expression regulation. Comparative studies of protein sequences reveal that there has been fast sequence divergence of the Saccharomyces sexual agglutinins, potentially serving as a driver for yeast speciation. In addition, cell wall proteins show an unusually high content of tandem and non‐tandem repeats, and a high frequency of changes in the number of repeats both among paralogues and among orthologues from conspecific strains. The rapid diversification and regulated expression of yeast cell wall proteins help yeast cells to respond to different stimuli and adapt them to diverse biotic and abiotic environments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cystic fibrosis newborn screening: using experience to optimize the screening algorithm
Authors: Hale Jaime E. , Parad Richard B. , Dorkin Henry L. , Gerstle Robert , Lapey Allen , O'Sullivan Brian P. , Spencer Terry , Yee William , Comeau Anne Marie 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNewborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) offers the opportunity for early diagnosis and improved outcomes in patients with CF and has been universally available in the state of Massachusetts since 1999 using an immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT)‐DNA algorithm. Ideally, CF NBS is incorporated as part of an integrated NBS system that allows for comprehensive and coordinated education, laboratory screening, clinical follow‐up, and evaluation so that evidence‐based data can be used to maximize quality improvements and optimize the screening algorithm. The New England Newborn Screening Program (NENSP) retrospectively analyzed Massachusetts's CF newborn screening data that yielded decisions to eliminate a screen‐positive category, maintain the IRT cutoff value that prompts the second tier DNA testing, and communicate CF relative risk to primary care providers (PCPs) based on categorization of positive CF NBS results.
Millennial-scale vegetation changes during the last 40,000 yr based on a pollen record from Lake Biwa, Japan
Authors: Hayashi Ryoma , Takahara Hikaru , Hayashida Akira , Takemura Keiji 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA high-resolution pollen record covering the last 40,000 yr (BIW95-4) from Lake Biwa, western Japan, shows regional vegetation responses to millennial-scale climate changes. From 40 to 30 ka,Cryptomeria japonicawas dominant around the lake among pinaceous conifers and deciduous broad-leaved trees. During this period, fluctuations ofC. japonicaare correlated with Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O) cycles recognized from the anhysteretic remanent magnetization (ARM) record. Increases in the abundance of this taxon may have been caused by wetter summer conditions influenced by the East Asian monsoon or increased snowfall on the Sea of Japan side of the Japanese archipelago. Between 29 and 14 ka, pinaceous conifer forests mainly composed ofPinussubgenusHaploxylon,Tsuga, andPiceatrees developed. At approximately 23 ka,Piceatrees increased in abundance as ARM values decreased. This expansion ofPiceatrees has been correlated with Heinrich event (HE) 2 in the North Atlantic. At about 14 ka, the distribution of broad-leaved forest (mainly composed of deciduous oaks) began to expand after D–O 1. Evidence of significant vegetation change related to the abrupt Younger Dryas cooling event has not been found.
LIMIT SETS AND COMMENSURABILITY OF KLEINIAN GROUPS
Authors: YANG WEN-YUAN , JIANG YUE-PING 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we obtain several results on the commensurability of two Kleinian groups and their limit sets. We prove that two finitely generated subgroupsG1andG2of an infinite co-volume Kleinian groupG⊂Isom(H3) having Λ(G1)=Λ(G2) are commensurable. In particular, we prove that any finitely generated subgroupHof a Kleinian groupG⊂Isom(H3) with Λ(H)=Λ(G) is of finite index if and only ifHis not a virtually fibered subgroup.
Hydrozoan diversity on hard bottom in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard
Authors: Voronkov Andrey , Stepanjants Sofia D. , Hop Haakon 
Published: June 2010

Hydroids in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, were studied on five hard-bottom transects along gradients of environmental conditions from the glacier at the fjord's head to the fjord's mouth at depth-range 0–30 m. Hydrozoa colonies are widely distributed on rock and gravel substrata in Kongsfjorden. In general, however, hydroids are not dominant or subdominant in zoobenthic communities. The exception isSymplectoscyphus tricuspidatusvar.acuminatus, colonies of which were sometimes abundant enough to determine the community structure and characteristics of benthic diversity. Of the 23 species recorded in this study,Laomedea flexuosa,Phialella quadrataandHalecium tenellumas well as representatives of family Stylasteridae were recorded from Svalbard waters for the first time. Hydroid diversity was highest in the zoobenthic community structured by branched bryozoans. The abundance and distribution of hydroids were reduced, to some extent, in the inner part of the fjord compared to the outer fjord. Species richness of hydroids was high at shallow depths, decreased at around 15 m and then increased again to 30 m depth. Species with Low-boreal–Arctic and Panoceanic distributional ranges were the most frequently occurring species. Depth, type of background substratum and amount of silt on its surface were the main factors influencing hydroid distribution. Description of all recorded taxa distributions together with data on their habitat and associations in zoobenthic communities are presented in an Appendix.
Role of single-celled organisms in mucilage formation on the shores of Büyükada Island (the Marmara Sea)
Authors: Balkis Neslıhan , Atabay Hakan , Türetgen Irfan , Albayrak Serhat , Balkis Hüsamettın , Tüfekçi Vıldan 
Published: June 2010

This study was implemented to determine the environmental factors and causative organisms of the recent mucilage formation in the Marmara Sea. Samples were taken during the study from 7 different depths (0.5–30 m) of one sampling point of the Büyükada Island shore between January and June 2008. As a result, 62 phytoplankton species belonging to 5 different groups were identified. Dinoflagellates were dominant in terms of species number, and diatoms in terms of cell number. In January and February, mucilage formation was very dense, where 5 phytoplankton species (Clindrotheca closterium, Pseudo-nitzschiasp.,Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira rotula(Bacillariophyceae) andGonyaulax fragilis(Dinophyceae)) were reported as dominant organisms. Among them,Gonyaulax fragilishas never been reported in the Marmara Sea previously, thus that organism appeared firstly with the formation of dense mucilage and then when the mucilage decayed in May and June 2008,G. fragilisdisappeared. Autofluorescent single-celled organisms were classified in three groups depending on their cell sizes (>20 μm, >2 μm, >0.2 μm) by membrane filtration and total count of bacteria were determined by epifluorescence microscope after dying with DAPI. The highest total bacteria was recorded in April at 25 m depth (6655 ± 44.4 cells ml−1) while the lowest count was in June at 0.5 m depth (1077 ± 26.1 cells ml−1). The seawater temperature ranged between 7.0 and 21.5°C, salinity between 20.9 and 37.4 ppt and dissolved oxygen amount between 2.75 and 12.75 mg l−1. The chlorophyll-aamount ranged between 0.10 and 6.35 μg l−1, the higher values were recorded in January at 15 m depth (6.35 μg l−1) and in April at 10 m depth (4.89 μg l−1). Among the nutrients, the amounts of nitrite + nitrate-N varied between 0.02 and 7.67 μg-at N l−1, phosphate-P between 0.11 and 0.96 μg-at P l−1and silicate-Si between 0.37 and 8.93 μg-at Si l−1. The highest values were determined at a deeper layer where nutrients are accumulated. On the other hand, the N:P ratio interval was found as 0.1–11.3, Si:P ratio as 2.92–52.33 and N:Si ratio as 0.01–1.10 during the sampling period. Nitrogen was the limiting nutrient and the silica amount was enough to enable the development of diatoms.
Summer mesozooplankton assemblages in the north-eastern Aegean Sea: the influence of Black Sea water and an associated anticyclonic eddy
Authors: Isari Stamatina , Somarakis Stylianos , Christou Epaminondas D. , Fragopoulu Nina 
Published: June 2010

The north-eastern Aegean Sea (NEA) is a marine system of high hydrological complexity, principally induced by the inflow and subsequent advection of the low salinity (<30) Black Sea water (BSW). This water mass occupies the upper layer (~0–20 m) of the NEA and plays a key role in the determination of circulation patterns and the generation of various frontal and eddy structures. Here we are concerned with the examination of mesozooplankton assemblages in the NEA during the thermal stratification period (July 2004) in two discrete sampling layers: (a) Layer 1 (from the base of halocline to the surface: ~0–20 m) which is directly influenced by BSW; and (b) the deeper ~20–50 m layer (Layer 2). Our main objective was to assess the response of mesozooplankton to the BSW and the associated hydrological structures. In July 2004, the BSW was mainly restricted in the eastern part of the NEA where it was entrapped in a ~50-km wide anticyclonic gyre (Samothraki gyre). A marked spatial differentiation in mesozooplankton assemblage structure, significantly related to this hydrodynamic partitioning, was detected in Layer 1. Sampling sites under the direct influence of low salinity–high temperature gyre waters were characterized by a considerably higher mesozooplankton stock than the remaining area, mainly due to the outstanding numerical dominance of the cladoceran species Penilia avirostris. Copepods displayed notably low densities within the gyre and low species diversity, the calanoid Temora stylifera was the only abundant species. The mesozooplankton community outside the gyre zone shifted towards lower levels of total abundance, with a lesser contribution of cladocerans and an increase in the importance of small-sized copepods (e.g. Acartia clausi, Paracalanus parvus, copepodites of Oithona spp. and Clausocalanus spp.). In the subsurface layer (Layer 2), the mesozooplankton community also exhibited spatial heterogeneity which could be hardly explained by variability in environmental parameters. The periphery of the anticyclone below the halocline was distinguished from the remaining neritic area, presenting markedly high mesozooplankton productivity and distinct group composition. An inverse pattern in the mesozooplankton stock vertical distribution was observed at the periphery of the gyre (Layer 2> Layer 1) comparative to the remaining sites (Layer 1 > Layer 2), which was mainly due to unusually high concentrations of surface-living zooplankters below the halocline. The latter could be explained in terms of expected water flow patterns in an anticyclonic eddy.
Burrow morphology and associated animals of the mud shrimpUpogebia yokoyai(Crustacea: Thalassinidea: Upogebiidae)
Authors: Kinoshita Kyoko , Itani Gyo , Uchino Takashi 
Published: June 2010

The burrow morphology of the mud shrimpUpogebia yokoyaiwas investigated on a tidal flat in the Nanakita River mouth in north-eastern Japan usingin situresin casting. A total of 26 burrow casts were recovered, including those of 16 large shrimps and 10 small shrimps. Burrows of large shrimp were relatively simple and Y-shaped with depth exceeding 1.2 m. Although burrow diameter was related to shrimp size, correlation with other burrow measurements was low. Three large casts were connected to others via a narrow horizontal portion potentially reflecting mating behaviour of the shrimp. Burrows of small shrimp were more complex than those of the other upogebiids and were connected to large burrows. In 6.7% of cases, bopyrid isopods were present in the branchial chamber. Three species of gobies were found in the burrows. These data show that burrows ofU. yokoyaiserve not only as a recruitment site for conspecific shrimp, but also as habitat for other animals in the tidal flat.
Reproduction of the sea urchin Arbacia dufresnii (Echinoidea: Arbaciidae) from Golfo Nuevo, Argentina
Authors: Brogger M.I. , Martinez M.I. , Penchaszadeh P.E. 
Published: June 2010

Arbacia dufresnii is a common and abundant sea urchin in Argentinean waters. The gonad index cycle was studied for this species in Golfo Nuevo, Patagonia, from May 2001 to March 2003. Comparative studies of gonad index and gonad histology were performed for the three years of 2001, 2002 and 2003. The gonad index reflects gonadal stages, and the results showed two spawning peaks for the studied period. The first spawning event occurred during spring and a second major spawning occurred in summer. Proliferation and differentiation of gametes, and the presence of mature gonads were synchronous among males and females. Male and female individuals spawned synchronically. Gonad resorption was observed for males and females. Histological examination data reflected gonad index analysis, providing together a good estimation of the reproductive cycle of A. dufresnii. Statistical analyses showed a positive correlation between gonad index and photoperiod. The mean fresh oocyte diameter observed was 87.1 µm (SD = 1.3 µm) with a jelly coat of 12.7 µm (SD = 0.9 µm), which corresponds to planktotrophic larval development.
Short-term exposure to hypercapnia does not compromise feeding, acid–base balance or respiration ofPatella vulgatabut surprisingly is accompanied by radula damage
Authors: Marchant Hannah K. , Calosi Piero , Spicer John I. 
Published: June 2010

The effect of short-term (5 days) exposure to CO2-acidified seawater (year 2100 predicted values, ocean pH = 7.6) on key aspects of the function of the intertidal common limpetPatella vulgata(Gastropoda: Patellidae) was investigated. Changes in extracellular acid–base balance were almost completely compensated by an increase in bicarbonate ions. A concomitant increase in haemolymph Ca2+and visible shell dissolution implicated passive shell dissolution as the bicarbonate source. Analysis of the radula using SEM revealed that individuals from the hypercapnic treatment showed an increase in the number of damaged teeth and the extent to which such teeth were damaged compared with controls. As radula teeth are composed mainly of chitin, acid dissolution seems unlikely, and so the proximate cause of damage is unknown. There was no hypercapnia-related change in metabolism (O2uptake) or feeding rate, also discounting the possibility that teeth damage was a result of a CO2-related increase in grazing. We conclude that although the limpet appears to have the physiological capacity to maintain its extracellular acid–base balance, metabolism and feeding rate over a 5 days exposure to acidified seawater, radular damage somehow incurred during this time could still compromise feeding in the longer term, in turn decreasing the top-down ecosystem control thatP. vulgataexerts over rocky shore environments.
Growth and branching patterns of Lophelia pertusa (Scleractinia) from the North Sea
Authors: Gass S.E. , Roberts J.M. 
Published: June 2010

Lophelia pertusa, a cosmopolitan cold-water coral, offers potential for new palaeoclimate proxies. This study investigated its skeletal growth patterns to aid in this development. Corallite characteristics (calyx diameter, height, thecal width and banding) of L. pertusa sampled from oil platforms in the northern North Sea were examined. The mean distance between daughter polyps along a growth axis (27.4 ± 5 mm, SD) was equivalent to the estimated annual growth rate; hence, the polyps bud once a year. The majority of growth occurred in the first year when the characteristic trumpet shape of a corallite was formed, while the thecal wall thickened more consistently. Further examination of two polyps showed a dark growth band and centres of calcification along the full length of the inner theca, which represents early skeletal growth. Skeletal sampling adjacent to this area along sequential polyps shows promise as an annual chronology in these North Sea corals.
Description of two new species ofOphthalmolycus(Teleostei: Zoarcidae) from the southern Ocean and key to species of the genus
Authors: Matallanas Jesús 
Published: June 2010

Two new species of zoarcid fish,Ophthalmolycus eastmanisp. nov., andOphthalmolycus polylepissp. nov. are described from specimens collected from the Bellingshausen Sea and Gerlache Strait, Southern Ocean, at depths of 1837 and 1056 m.Ophthalmolycus eastmanican be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: two posterior nasal pores; epidermal prickles on lips and snout; gill slit extending ventrally to the lower margin of the pectoral fin base; vertebrae asymmetrical 26 − 27 + 91 − 92 = 117 − 118; dorsal fin rays 111–113; dorsal fin origin associated with vertebra 6, with no free pterygiophores; pectoral fin rays 17–18; two postorbital pores; lateral line with ventral and mediolateral branches; scales extending anteriorly to just anterior to the anal fin origin; six branchiostegal rays; oral valve nearly reaching the anterior edge of vomer; palatine teeth in two rows anteriorly; 3–5 pseudobranch filaments; two well developed pyloric caeca; pelvic fin and vomerine teeth present.Ophthalmolycus polylepiscan be distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: two posterior nasal pores; epidermal prickles on lips; gill slit extending ventrally just to below mid-pectoral fin base; interorbital pore present; two postorbital pores; lateral line triple with ventral, mediolateral and dorsolateral branches; scales extending anteriorly to predorsal area, abdomen, pelvic fins base, and pectoral fins base and axil; vertebrae asymmetrical 22 + 76; dorsal fin origin associated with vertebra 5; pectoral fin rays 18; six branchiostegal rays; oral valve overlapping the anterior edge of vomer; two rows of palatine teeth anteriorly; two vestigial pyloric caeca and 2 pseudobranch filaments; pelvic fin and vomerine teeth present. A key to the species ofOphthalmolycusis provided.
A survey of formalisms for representing and reasoning with scientific knowledge
Authors: Hunter Anthony , Liu Weiru 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWith the rapid growth in the quantity and complexity of scientific knowledge available for scientists, and allied professionals, the problems associated with harnessing this knowledge are well recognized. Some of these problems are a result of the uncertainties and inconsistencies that arise in this knowledge. Other problems arise from heterogeneous and informal formats for this knowledge. To address these problems, developments in the application of knowledge representation and reasoning technologies can allow scientific knowledge to be captured in logic-based formalisms. Using such formalisms, we can undertake reasoning with the uncertainty and inconsistency to allow automated techniques to be used for querying and combining of scientific knowledge. Furthermore, by harnessing background knowledge, the querying and combining tasks can be carried out more intelligently. In this paper, we review some of the significant proposals for formalisms for representing and reasoning with scientific knowledge.
Web-based expert systems and services
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , Mishra Ravi Bhushan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWeb-based expert systems (WBESs) provide the benefits of both expert system technology and web technology. The use of web services to deliver functionalities of WBESs allows the integration of these systems in web-portals. WBESs are used in a diversity of areas like engineering, management, medicine, agriculture, education, tourism, finance etc. A study on the various features of WBESs like knowledge-representation, reasoning, languages, implementation tools, use of various web services-related processes such as discovery, selection, composition etc. can result into some interesting conclusions. Presented work tries to fulfill the same purpose. The paper presents various WBESs classified according to their use of domain. The comparisons, observations, and assessments of these systems are presented by emphasizing the above-mentioned features of WBESs. A discussion on different web services-related processes and some representative techniques for performing each has also been provided to clarify their use in the WBESs. On the basis of assessments and surveys from different perspectives, some remarkable conclusions are drawn.