bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionarily independent genes and genomes and insights on genetic structure, evolution and conservation of the collis group of darters
Authors: Oswald K. J. , Rohde F. C. , Arndt R. G. , Grady J. M. , Quattro J. M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractComparing variation across evolutionarily independent characters, notably nuclear and mitochondrial genes, yields a more robust estimate of diversification than is generally recovered from individual characters. Patterns of variation across multiple molecular markers from the mitochondrial (16SrRNA, cytochrome b) and nuclear (ldhA6 and aldB) genomes were examined from six populations of Etheostoma collis and two populations of Etheostoma saludae, species aligned in the collis groups. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that sequence variation among individuals from the Roanoke, Tar and Neuse Rivers and the Catawba and Pee Dee Rivers, respectively, form highly supported, deeply divergent clades. Relationships of alleles sampled from Saluda River E. saludae and Cape Fear River E. collis to these lineages are unresolved, but all groups are reciprocally monophyletic for both nuclear and mtDNA loci. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that historical factors have had a strong influence on the distribution of genetic variation among populations. Genetic variation within the collis group is consistent with all previously proposed taxonomic hypotheses for the collis group, providing no taxonomic insights. From a conservation standpoint, each population of the collis group is an ESU, thereby warranting a drainage‐specific management strategy.
Farmed arctic foxes on the Fennoscandian mountain tundra: implications for conservation
Authors: Norén K. , Kvaløy K. , Nyström V. , Landa A. , Dalén L. , Eide N. E. , Østbye E. , Henttonen H. , Angerbjörn A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHybridization between wild and captive‐bred individuals is a serious conservation issue that requires measures to prevent negative effects. Such measures are, however, often considered controversial by the public, especially when concerning charismatic species. One of the threats to the critically endangered Fennoscandian arctic fox Alopex lagopus is hybridization with escaped farm foxes, conveying a risk of outbreeding depression through loss of local adaptations to the lemming cycle. In this study, we investigate the existence of escaped farm foxes among wild arctic foxes and whether hybridization has occurred in the wild. We analysed mitochondrial control region sequences and 10 microsatellite loci in samples from free‐ranging foxes and compared them with reference samples of known farm foxes and true Fennoscandian arctic foxes. We identified the farm fox specific mitochondrial haplotype H9 in 25 out of 182 samples, 21 of which had been collected within or nearby the wild subpopulation on Hardangervidda in south‐western Norway. Genetic analyses of museum specimens collected on Hardangervidda (1897–1975) suggested that farm fox genotypes have recently been introduced to the area. Principal component analysis as well as both model‐ and frequency‐based analyses of microsatellite data imply that the free‐ranging H9s were farm foxes rather than wild arctic foxes and that the entire Hardangervidda population consisted of farm foxes or putative hybrids. We strongly recommend removal of farm foxes and hybrids in the wild to prevent genetic pollution of the remaining wild subpopulations of threatened arctic foxes.
Physical exercise is required for environmental enrichment to offset the quantitative effects of dark‐rearing on the S‐100β astrocytic density in the rat visual cortex
Authors: Argandoña Enrike G. , Bengoetxea Harkaitz , Lafuente José V. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAfter birth, exposure to visual inputs modulates cortical development, inducing numerous changes in all of the components of the visual cortex. Most of the cortical changes thus induced occur during what is called the critical period. Astrocytes play an important role in the development, maintenance and plasticity of the cortex as well as in the structure and function of the vascular network. Visual deprivation induces a decrease in the astroglial population, whereas enhanced experience increases it. Exposure to an enriched environment has been shown to prevent the effects of dark‐rearing in the visual cortex. Our purpose was to study the effects of an enriched environment on the density of astrocytes per reference surface at the visual cortex of dark‐reared rats, in order to determine if enhanced experience is able to compensate the quantitative effects of visual deprivation and the role of physical exercise on the enrichment paradigm. Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were raised in one of the following rearing conditions: control rats with standard housing (12‐h light/dark cycle); in total darkness for the dark‐rearing experiments; and dark‐rearing in conditions of enriched environment without and with physical exercise. The astrocytic density was estimated by immunohistochemistry for S‐100β protein. Quantifications were performed in layer IV. The somatosensorial cortex barrel field was also studied as control. The volume of layer IV was stereologically calculated for each region, age and experimental condition. From the beginning of the critical period, astrocyte density was higher in control rats than in the enriched environment group without physical exercise, with densities of astrocytes around 20% higher at all of the different ages. In contrast, when the animals had access to voluntary exercise, densities were significantly higher than even the control rats. Our main result shows that strategies to apply environmental enrichment should always consider the incorporation of physical exercise, even for sensorial areas such as the visual area, where complex enriched experience by itself is not enough to compensate the effects of visual deprivation.
5‐HT1A receptors are involved in the effects of xaliproden on G‐protein activation, neurotransmitter release and nociception
Authors: Martel J‐C , Assié M‐B , Bardin L , Depoortère R , Cussac D , Newman‐Tancredi A 
Published: June 2009

Background and purpose:  Xaliproden (SR57746A) is a 5‐HT1A receptor agonist and neurotrophic agent that reduces oxaliplatin‐mediated neuropathy in clinical trials. The present study investigated its profile on in vitro transduction, neurochemical responses and acute nociceptive pain tests in rats.Experimental approach:  Xaliproden was tested on models associated with 5‐HT1A receptor activation including G‐protein activation, extracellular dopamine and 5‐HT levels measured by microdialysis and formalin‐induced pain. Activation of 5‐HT1A receptors was confirmed by antagonism with WAY100635.Key results:  Xaliproden exhibited high affinity for rat (r) and human (h) 5‐HT1A receptors (pKi= 8.84 and 9.00). In [35S]GTPγS (guanosine 5'‐O‐(3‐[35S]thio)triphosphate) assays it activated both hippocampal r5‐HT1A[pEC50/EMAX of 7.58/61% (%5‐HT)] and recombinant h5‐HT1A receptors (glioma C6‐h5‐HT1A: 7.39/62%; HeLa‐h5‐HT1A: 7.24/93%). In functional [35S]GTPγS autoradiography, xaliproden induced labelling in structures enriched with 5‐HT1A receptors (hippocampus, lateral septum, prefrontal and entorhinal cortices). Xaliproden inhibited in vivo binding of [3H]WAY100635 to 5‐HT1A receptors in mouse frontal cortex and hippocampus (ID50: 3.5 and 3.3 mg·kg−1, p.o. respectively). In rat, it increased extracellular dopamine levels in frontal cortex and reduced hippocampal 5‐HT levels (ED50: 1.2 and 0.7 mg·kg−1, i.p. respectively). In a rat pain model, xaliproden inhibited paw licking and elevation (ED50: 1 and 3 mg·kg−1, i.p. respectively) following formalin injection in the paw. All effects were reversed by pretreatment with WAY100635.Conclusions and implications:  These results indicate that activation of 5‐HT1A receptors is the principal mechanism of action of xaliproden and provide further support for the utility of 5‐HT1A receptor activation as an anti‐nociceptive strategy.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression in canine intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Rossmeisl J. H. , Robertson J. L. , Zimmerman K. L. , Higgins M. A. , Geiger D. A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMeningiomas are the most common canine intracranial tumour. Neurologic disability and death from treatment failure remain problematic despite current surgical and radiotheraputic treatments for canine intracranial meningiomas. Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) over‐expression has been demonstrated in multiple canine malignancies, and COX‐2 inhibitory treatment strategies have been shown to have both preventative and therapeutic effects in spontaneous and experimental models of cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate COX‐2 expression in canine intracranial meningiomas. Immunohistochemical and Western blot (WB) analyses showed COX‐2 expression in multiple tissues of the normal canine brain, and 87% (21/24) of intracranial meningiomas studied were immunoreactive to COX‐2. No significant associations between COX‐2 immunoreactivity and tumour grade were identified. Further studies are required to elucidate the physiologic roles of constitutive COX‐2 expression in the central nervous system as well as its participation in meningioma tumourigenesis.
Assessment of Hormone Loss Through Hemofiltration
Authors: Kramer Peter , Matthaei Dieter , Fuchs Christoph , Arnold Rudolf , Ebert Reinhold , McIntosh Christopher , Schauder Peter , Schwinn Gottfried , Scheler Fritz , Ludwig Helga , Spitteller Gerhard 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe concentrations of testosterone, cortisone, gastrin, insulin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), somatomedin B, parathyroid hormone (PTH), human growth hormone (HGH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) have been determined in the plasma and the ultrafiltrate of five uremic patients undergoing intermittent hemofiltration treatment. There was a considerable loss of gastrin, insulin, GIP, somatomedin B and PTH by hemofiltration treatment. The plasma concentrations, however, did not decrease except for immunoreactive‐PTH (IR‐PTH) which returned from elevated to normal levels. Cortisone, HGH and TSH concentrations in the ultrafiltrate were below the measureable range. A significant elimination of 11‐hydroxylated androstans by hemofiltration may have a positive effect on the disturbed steroid metabolism. Results indicate that hemofiltration does not cause a hormone deficiency syndrome. On the contrary, the loss of degradation products of hormones with disturbing biological activity may be a favorable effect of the hemofiltration treatment.
Reduced Protein Loss During Hemofiltration Using Cuprophan Membranes
Authors: Rubin Jack E. , Adler Andrew J. , Friedman Eli A. , Berlyne Geoffrey M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIn a study of four patients treated with one hour of hemofiltration using Cuprophan membranes, followed by three hours of hemodialysis, it was found that protein loss during hemofiltration was minimal. Losses ranged from 0.013 mg/ml at a transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 300 mmHg to 0.012 mg/ml at a TMP of 600 mmHg. Protein loss was not dependent on TMP and varied from dialyzer to dialyzer. Protein levels in serum remained unchanged during the period of hemofiltration in these patients and no evidence of protein wastage was evident.
Clinical Experience with Continuously Monitored Fluid Balance in Automatic Hemofiltration
Authors: Kramer Peter , Wigger Wilhelm , Matthaei Dieter , Langescheid Cornells , Rieger Joachim , Fuchs Christoph , Rumpf Karl‐Wolfgang , Scheler Fritz 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAutomatic fluid balancing, as obtained with the hemofiltration machines from Sartorius (Göttingen, West Germany) and Dialysetechnik (Karlsruhe, West Germany), is accurate enough to replace bed scales, which have been necessary in conventional hemodialysis for patients who are confined to beds. Side effects such as hypotension, nausea and muscle cramps during treatment may be reduced with these new machines, compared to conventional methods, provided that the rate of effective fluid withdrawal does not exceed 0.5 L/hr. In particular, the constant weight loss associated with automatic hemofiltration seems to be well tolerated by the patients with fewer side effects.
Molecular, Microscopic, Microstructural and Mechanical Methods of Analyzing Pseudoneointimal Linings within Partial Artificial Hearts in Man and the Calf
Authors: Trono Ruben , Brewer M. Alan , Edmonds Charles H. , Fuqua John M. , Hibbs C. Wayne , Holub Daniel A. , Igo Stephen R. , Norman John C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT Ex vivo molecular, microscopic (cellular), microstructural and mechanical methods have been utilized to evaluate biologic, blood‐interfacing linings (pseudneointima) formed on textured, fibril‐flocked pumping surfaces within abdominal left ventricular assist devices (ALVADs) or partial artificial hearts. Thus far, seventeen human and twenty bovine pseudoneointimal linings (1–28 day pumping durations) have been evaluated by these methods. The results indicate that pseudoneointima begins developing within 24 hours after contact of the pumping surface with blood and is well developed at five days. The linings exhibit surface immunofluorescent fibrinogen activity, viable surface macrophages and histiocytes and scattered erythrocytes at ALVAD removal. Structurally similar linings (20 μ to 500 μ in thickness) develop in calves and in man. Mechanically, pseudoneointima is a stable, adherent, highly compliant, isotropic structural material. It is linearly elastic and strain‐rate independent, with small viscous energy losses under physiologic strains. The methods employed for the evaluation of pseudoneointima provide useful information to determine the suitability of textured or rough surfaces for blood interfacing. The cumulative results indicate that the textured surface approach is useful for intermediate‐term clinical ALVAD utilization.
Clinical Experience with a New Pulsatile Assist Device (PAD®) During Open‐Heart Surgery
Authors: Bregman David 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTUntil now, it has not been possible to routinely use counterpulsation during open‐heart surgery. A new pulsatile assist device (PAD®) has been developed to convert roller pump flow to pulsatile flow in a simple fashion. In addition, the PADr̀ can be used as an arterial counterpulsator before and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).The PAD® is inserted in the arterial line close to the aortic root. The device consists of a flexible, valveless balloon through which the arterial blood flows. The balloon is contained within a rigid plastic housing which is connected to a standard intra‐aortic balloon pump unit, thereby enabling the blood‐filled balloon to be squeezed.The PAD® was employed in 400 adult patients undergoing open‐heart surgery for coronary artery and/or valvular heart disease from 1975 to 1978. Seventy‐two percent of these patients were categorized in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV, or had ejection fractions of less than 0.3. The device functioned as a hemodynamically effective counterpulsator before and after CPB. Urinary outputs during CPB were more than doubled on the PAD® when compared to a control group. In addition, during CPB, coronary graft blood flow increased an average of 21.4% with the PAD®. Free plasma hemoglobin levels after CPB were not elevated. Only eight patients (2%) had a perioperative myocardial infarction. Six patients were treated with intra‐aortic balloon pumping (IABP) and five survived. Total mortality in this series was eight patients (2%).It is suggested that the PAD® is a simple and reliable device for both intraoperative counterpulsation and creation of pulsatile CPB. More significantly, use of the PAD® may decrease both the incidence of perioperative myocardial infarction and the need for postoperative IABP.
A Simple Left Heart Assist Device For Use After Intracardiac Surgery: Development, Deployment and Clinical Experience
Authors: Koffsky Robert M. , Litwak Robert S. , Mitchell Bennett L. , Jurado Roy A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA simple left heart assist device (LHAD) has been developed and employed in nineteen patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction who could not be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass following intracardiac surgery. It has been used when all other means of weaning, including maximum pharmacologic therapy and intra‐aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABC), had failed. The device utilizes specially designed and constructed obturated cannulae in the left atrium and the ascending aorta, and an extracorporeal roller pump to partially bypass the left ventricle. With improved cardiac performance, the patient may be separated from the device without need for thoracic reentry.Of the nineteen patients having LHAD support (2–500 hours), thirteen were eventually weaned from the device and seven were discharged from the hospital. Five patients remain alive and well (18 to 50 months postoperatively).
Biological Reactors As Renal Substitutes
Authors: Malchesky Paul S. , Nosé Yukihiko 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIt is the goal of research on renal substitutes to develop systems that may be more physiologic in that they provide continuous purification, provide selective adaptive transport mechanisms, are suitable for in situ use and aid other physiologic processes. In an effort to meet these goals, the concept of using specific strains of microorganisms (biological reactors) was studied. Batch reactor studies, carried out in uitro with normal urine in an aerobic environment, were done to assess the mass transfer characteristics of select strains of microorganisms, based upon the removal of nitrogenous metabolites. Appreciable quantities of these metabolites (urea, creatinine and uric acid) were removed. Studies indicated that mixed strains of microorganisms are required and that interdependence among the, different strains exists. For certain solutes, such as creatinine, there was a temperature dependence. While further work is required, these background studies stimulate further research into the possibility of applying nature's own mechanisms for the treatment of renal failure. Whether as viable species or as carriers of enzymes, biological reactors may be useful in combination with other present technologies and in the design of future treatment modalities.
Thiols and Hepatic Coma
Authors: Holloway C. J. , Brunner Gorig , Schmidt E. , Schmidt F. W. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe plasma concentrations of methane and ethane thiols have been determined during the course of acute liver failure by a gas‐chromatographic technique, and a prognostic evaluation is possible using this analysis. Further, the effects of some therapeutic measures, notably hemoperfusion, on the thiol levels have been investigated. It is concluded that these toxins, which are to a large extent co‐valently protein‐bound, are extremely difficult to remove in an extracorporeal liver support system. Since the cause of the pathological thiol concentrations is probably the elevated plasma methionine levels associated with severe liver disease, it is suggested that the most hopeful course of action against the accumulation of thiols in the body might be a preventative therapy involving the normalization of methionine at an early stage of the disease.
Effects of Glucose Dehydrogenase in Converting Urea and Ammonia into Amino Acid Using Artificial Cells
Authors: Chang Thomas M. S. , Malouf Celeste 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA microencapsulated multienzyme system containing urease, glutamate dehydrogenase and glucose dehydrogenase has been used to convert urea and ammonia into an amino acid. The effect of two different glucose dehydrogenases was studied in detail. High‐specific‐activity glucose dehydrogenase requires minimal cofactor and glucose and can greatly facilitate the further development of this approach for possible clinical applications.
An Extracorporeal System That Modifies Hemoglobin in Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Babb Albert L. , Scribner Belding H. , Uvelli David A. , Fry DeLoss L. , Agodoa Laurence C. Y. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe authors have developed an extracorporeal device, the Sickle Cell Machine (SCM), which adds sodium cyanate to the blood, allows time for irreversible reaction with hemoglobin (carbamylation), removes the excess free cyanate by dialysis and monitors the flowing blood to prevent excess free cyanate from returning to the patient. In vivo trials on sheep confirmed the safety and reliability of the SCM and performance criteria for the three disposable components in the extracorporeal circuit: 1) the Hemo‐Reactor, in which sodium cyanate reacts predominantly with NHAerminal valine on hemoglobin chains; 2) the Hemo‐Detoxifier, which is a specially designed hollow fiber dialyzer with an extraction efficiency of 97% or more at Qsbb/sb> = 20–40 ml/min and Qsbd/sb> = 500 ml/min; and 3) the Hemo‐Analyzer, which is a small hollow fiber dialyzer for continuous on‐line analysis of the concentration of free (unreacted) sodium cyanate in blood returned continuously to the patient during a treatment. For a 70‐Kg patient at steady state, the average degree of carbamylation following one 4‐hr treatment will be about 1.8 moles cyanate/mole sickle cell hemoglobin tetramer and will drop to about 1.2 at the end of a two‐to‐three‐week intertreatment period. The postcarbamylation distribution will be such that about 90% of the red cells will have been treated whereas the precarbamylation distribution will be such that 55% will still be carbamylated.The system described herein can be modified to continuously treat whole blood with any chemical agent that binds to blood components and then remove the unreacted chemical before it is returned to the patient. A special on‐line monitor continuously measures the concentration of the residual drug in the blood before it is returned. It then compares by computer both the rate and total amount of drug returned with respect to pre‐set limits and automatically isolates the patient from the extracorporeal circuit if these limits are exceeded.The first clinical trials of the SCM will begin soon. It is important to understand that, whereas the machine is safe to use on patients, there is no conclusive evidence that cyanate will indeed prevent sickle cell crises. It is anticipated that it will take several years to determine whether or not cyanate treatment of sickle cell blood with the SCM will prove of benefit to patients with sickle cell disease.
Heparin Allergy Accompanying Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Rosenzweig Philip , Gary Nancy E. , Gocke David J. , Saidi Parvin , Felton Stephen M. , Eisinger Robert P. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTA generalized cutaneous hypersensitivity reaction to a porcine heparin preparation was observed in a patient during the course of acute renal failure. Im‐munological studies, including gel diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, suggested that the reaction was to a contaminant of the heparin and involved both IgG and IgE antibodies.
Plasma Administration to Defibrinogenated Dogs During Extracorporeal Circulation
Authors: Berglin Eva , Hansson Hans‐Arne , William‐Olsson Goran 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTPlasma, in an amount corresponding to 0.05 gm fibrinogen/Kg of body weight, was administered during one hour to defibrinogenated dogs subjected to extracorporeal circulation. Four blood filters included in the extracorporeal circuit were removed one by one at 30‐minute intervals. The prefilter pressures rose gradually during the whole experiment. Scanning electron microscopy of the filter surfaces revealed equal amounts of deposits before, during and after the infusion of plasma. Only minimal amounts of fibrin were found on the filter surfaces by immunoelectrophoresis. Mean arterial pressure, arterial blood gases, fibrinogen concentration, platelet count and leukocyte count were followed before, during and after plasma infusion and showed no significant changes. Thus, it is possible to administer limited amounts of plasma to defibrinogenated dogs subjected to extracorporeal circulation.