bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability‐based design of axially loaded drilled shafts using Monte Carlo method
Authors: Fan Haijian , Liang Robert 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThis paper presents a performance‐based reliability design methodology for axially loaded drilled shaft foundations using the Monte Carlo statistical methods. The performance criteria for an axially loaded drilled shaft are defined in terms of the drilled shaft head displacement. The load transfer method is used as the computational model for solving the nonlinear soil–foundation interaction problem and to predict the load–settlement curve at the drilled shaft head. The input to the computational model and the model error are treated as random variables. Particularly, soil properties such as soil strength parameters are modeled as random fields to account for soil spatial variability. Random field samples are generated using local averaging subdivision according to the prescribed statistical descriptors, including mean, variance, and correlation length. Given performance‐based acceptance criteria, the probability of failure can be evaluated for the prescribed load effects. A computer program is developed to facilitate the computation of the load–displacement curves of the drilled shaft head by using the commonly adopted load transfer concepts (t–z curves and q–w curves for shaft side and toe, respectively). Two design examples are presented, one for uplift and the other for compression, to illustrate the application of the developed performance‐based reliability design methodology. One of the important observations from the examples is that the computed probability of failure can be sensitive to the spatial variations of soil strengths characterized by the correlation structures. It is strongly recommended that spatial variation of soil properties be considered in the reliability‐based foundation design. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear behavior of current‐dependent emission for diamond light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Makino Toshiharu , Kanno Shokichi , Yamasaki Satoshi , Kato Hiromitsu , Okushi Hideyo 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNonlinear emission characteristics of (111)‐oriented diamond p–i–n junction light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) were investigated. We measured the superlinear increase of excitonic emission and sublinear increase of deep‐level emission due to defects and/or impurity centers depending on injected current at room temperature (RT). These characteristics could not be explained by conventional carrier trapping and recombination processes at deep levels based on simple Shockley–Read–Hall statistics. We introduced three‐step processes of carrier trapping and recombination at charged deep levels via bound states, where the bound states are stable even at RT because of low dielectric constant in diamond. Rate equation analysis based on this concept simultaneously explained the superlinear increase of excitonic emission and sublinear increase of deep‐level emission for diamond LEDs.
Estimating deformations of random processes for correlation modelling in a limited area model
Authors: Michel Y. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractCovariance models are widely used in data assimilation, especially when a variational formulation is chosen. Autocovariances for each variable are generally split into variance and correlation parts. Despite recent progress, the correlations are still often modelled as space‐stationary. A novel approach is introduced in this paper, where background error correlations are approximated by the spatial deformation of a stationary correlation model. The statistical calibration of this model involves estimating the deformation, its inverse and the stationary correlations. Leveraging previous work in the computer vision community, the problem is first described in two dimensions. Directional wavelets, also called warplets, are able to measure the energy of a random process at different scales and orientations. The texture gradient equation relates the wavelet analysis of a deformed process to local metric changes. From a few realizations, it is therefore possible to estimate local variations of the Jacobian of the deformation. This paper shows that a deformation can be recovered from the deformation gradient by solving partial differential equations of elliptic nature with inhomogeneous coefficients. The choice of boundary conditions is discussed. The method is then applied to the modelling of background error correlations in a limited area model. Qualitative intercomparison with other horizontal correlation models frequently used in atmospheric data assimilation, such as the diffusion equation or the diagonal assumption in a wavelet basis, suggests that the approach is also able to represent anisotropy to a fair degree. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Finite element simulation of infrared laser ablation for mass spectrometry
Authors: Huang Fan , Murray Kermit K. 
Published: August 2012

RATIONALELaser ablation is widely used in conjunction with ambient ionization techniques, and a fundamental understanding of the mechanism of material removal is important to its optimal use in mass spectrometry. Finite element analysis simulates the laser material interaction on larger time and distance scales than atomistic approaches. Here, a two‐dimensional finite element model was developed to simulate infrared laser irradiation of glycerol using a wavelength‐tunable infrared (IR) laser.METHODSThe laser fluence used for the simulations was varied from 1000 to 6000 J/m2, the wavelength was varied from 2.7 to 3.7 µm, and both flat‐top and Gaussian shape laser profiles were studied.RESULTSPhase explosion conditions were found for laser wavelengths near 3 µm (which corresponds to the OH stretch absorption of glycerol) and fluences above 2000 J/m2. This suggests that laser ablation of glycerol is driven by phase explosion in the OH stretch region. The Gaussian profile generated regions of higher glycerol temperature, whereas the flat‐top profile heated a larger volume of material above the phase explosion temperature.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that the best performance for pulsed IR laser sample irradiation is in the wavelength range from 2.9 to 3.1 µm for materials with a strong OH stretch absorption. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
End‐group rearrangements in poly(propylene sulfide) matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight analysis. Experimental evidence and possible mechanisms
Authors: Lallana Enrique , Ferreri Tiziana , Carroccio Sabrina C. , Puga Ana M. , Tirelli Nicola 
Published: August 2012

RATIONALEPolysulfides [poly(1,2‐alkylene sulfides)] are oxidation‐responsive polymers that are finding application in drug release and biomaterials. The precise knowledge of their macromolecular characteristics is of the essence in view of their application to biological systems.METHODSMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) with and without silver trifluoroacetate was used to characterize a series of polymers with increasing molecular weight in the range 1000–4000 g/mol and with low polydispersity (<1.12).RESULTSWell‐resolved peaks and accurate mass‐measured values were obtained using a 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HABA) matrix, but significant fragmentations took place in the absence of silver as a cationizing reagent. Elimination reactions appeared to occur at terminal groups and limited depolymerization could be recorded. Interestingly, the most common fragmentation pathway seemed to be based on an as‐yet‐unreported process of hydrogen transfer requiring the presence both of ester groups and of thioethers.CONCLUSIONSThe use of an appropriate cationizing reagent (silver trifluoroacetate) appeared to suppress end‐group eliminations; we hypothesize that this action is based on the involvement of the terminal groups in silver chelation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping with Stressful or Traumatic Events: What Aspects of Trauma Reactions are Associated with Health Outcomes?
Authors: Boals Adriel , Riggs Shelley A. , Kraha Amanda 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms has been shown to be related to a number of health outcomes. In the current study, we explored which specific aspects of PTSD are most related to health measures. The associations between the specific DSM‐IV‐TR PTSD criteria (criteria A–F) and five indicators of health and well‐being—physical health symptoms, quality of life, mental health, depression and negative affect—were examined. The sample consisted of 711 undergraduates. A non‐clinical sample was recruited so there would be variability in the various criteria for PTSD. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the hyperarousal (criterion D) was the most consistent and strongest predictor of outcomes. However, the F criterion (causes significant impairment) predicted additional variance in quality of life, depression and negative affect. These results suggest that it is not just the mere frequency of trauma symptoms that affect well‐being but also the disruptive capability of these symptoms. In addition, follow‐up analyses indicated that hyperarousal mediated the association between the A2 criterion (traumatic response) and all five outcome measures. These results underscore the importance of the hyperarousal criterion, while also suggesting the need for increased attention to the F criterion when considering the impact of stressful events on health and well‐being. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative Analysis of Micro‐Textures during Recrystallization in an Interstitial‐Free Steel
Authors: Lee Kye‐Man , Huh Moo‐Young , Engler Olaf 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTwo interstitial‐free steel samples were prepared by normal and by cross rolling. The effect of the resulting different deformation textures and microstructures on the subsequent recrystallization behavior was studied by micro‐texture analysis. The differences in recrystallization textures of the two differently rolled samples can be attributed to the microstructural differences in the as‐deformed state. The orientation distribution of the recrystallized grains forming at the early stages of the recrystallization dominated the final recrystallization textures, pointing to the importance of oriented nucleation in the formation of recrystallization textures of interstitial‐free steels.
Communicating probabilistic information from climate model ensembles—lessons from numerical weather prediction
Authors: Stephens Elisabeth M. , Edwards Tamsin L. , Demeritt David 
Published: August 2012

AbstractClimate model ensembles are widely heralded for their potential to quantify uncertainties and generate probabilistic climate projections. However, such technical improvements to modeling science will do little to deliver on their ultimate promise of improving climate policymaking and adaptation unless the insights they generate can be effectively communicated to decision makers. While some of these communicative challenges are unique to climate ensembles, others are common to hydrometeorological modeling more generally, and to the tensions arising between the imperatives for saliency, robustness, and richness in risk communication. The paper reviews emerging approaches to visualizing and communicating climate ensembles and compares them to the more established and thoroughly evaluated communication methods used in the numerical weather prediction domains of day‐to‐day weather forecasting (in particular probabilities of precipitation), hurricane and flood warning, and seasonal forecasting. This comparative analysis informs recommendations on best practice for climate modelers, as well as prompting some further thoughts on key research challenges to improve the future communication of climate change uncertainties. WIREs Clim Change 2012. doi: 10.1002/wcc.187This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Knowledge Generation with Models
Perceptions, Behavior, and Communication of Climate Change > Communication
Social learning and traditions in animals: evidence, definitions, and relationship to human culture
Authors: Galef Bennett G. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe number of publications concerned with social learning in nonhuman animals has expanded dramatically in recent decades. In this article, recent literature addressing three issues that have been of particular concern to those with both an interest in social learning and a background in experimental psychology are reviewed: (1) the definition as well as (2) empirical investigation of the numerous behavioral processes that support social learning in animals, and (3) the relationship of the ‘traditions’ seen in animals to the ‘culture’ that is so important in shaping the development of behavioral repertoires in humans. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012 doi: 10.1002/wcs.1196This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Comparative Psychology
Models of care that have reduced maternal mortality and morbidity in Sri Lanka
Authors: Haththotuwa Rohana , Senanayake Lakshmen , Senarath Upul , Attygalle Deepika 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSri Lanka, a non‐industrialized country with limited resources, has been able to achieve a maternal mortality ratio that is markedly lower than the ratios of similar countries. Many factors have contributed to Sri Lanka's success story. A political commitment to the cause and implementation of clear policies through well‐structured and organized community‐based and institutional healthcare services—expanded to cover the whole country and provided free of charge—have been the foundation of maternal and child health (MCH) services in the country. The healthcare programs have been well accepted and utilized by the people as the literacy rate is more than 90% for both men and women. Public health midwives form the backbone of MCH services and provide frontline reproductive health care. More than 98% of deliveries occur in hospitals and are attended by midwives. Furthermore, 85% of women in Sri Lanka deliver in facilities served by specialist obstetricians/gynecologists. The Sri Lanka College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists plays a leading role by assisting the Family Health Bureau in making policies and guidelines, training staff, and acting as team leaders for maternity care services. This was evident after the tsunami in December 2004. National maternal mortality reviews, monitoring and evaluation of MCH activities, and relatively high contraceptive prevalence rates have also contributed to the success in Sri Lanka, which could serve as a model for other countries.
Strategies for the prevention of unsafe abortion
Authors: Faúndes Anibal 
Published: August 2012

AbstractUnsafe abortion is one of the main causes of maternal mortality and severe morbidity in countries with restrictive abortion laws. In 2007, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) created a Working Group on the Prevention of Unsafe Abortion and its Consequences (WGPUA). This led to a FIGO initiative with that aim which has the active participation of 43 FIGO member societies. The WGPUA has recommended that the plans of action of the countries participating in the initiative consider several levels of prevention shown to have the potential to successfully reduce unsafe abortions: (1) primary prevention of unintended pregnancy and induced abortion; (2) secondary prevention to ensure the safety of an abortion procedure that could not be avoided; (3) tertiary prevention of further complications of an unsafe abortion procedure that has taken place already, through high‐quality postabortion care; and (4) quaternary prevention of repeated abortion procedures through postabortion family planning counseling and contraceptive services. This paper reviews these levels of prevention and the evidence that they can be effective.
Radicular cyst in a patient with untreated Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome: A case report
Authors: Kita Ryosuke , Seto Mika , Takahashi Hiromasa , Sakamoto Yumiko , Kikuta Toshihiro 
Published: August 2012

AbstractWiskott‐Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a condition with variable expression, which causes persistent thrombocytopenia and, in its complete form, also causes small platelets and humoral immunodeficiency. A 14‐year‐old boy, diagnosed with WAS but never treated, presented with symptoms of heart and renal failure. His right buccal region was swollen and his right first molar showed a cyst‐like image on dental X‐ray films. The boy’s symptoms were attributed to an infected cyst, greatly aggravated by WAS‐related immunodeficiency. The boy was sedated and the affected tooth and cyst were enucleated. Invasive treatment was safely achieved by paying close attention to whole‐body management.
Variation of Initial Soil Suction with Compaction Conditions for Clayey Soils
Authors: Yang S.-R. , Lin H.-D. , Huang W.-H. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this study, the initial soil suction of as-compacted clayey soils was evaluated for various compaction conditions, covering a wide range of compaction energy and molding water content. The soil specimens were prepared by impact compaction under three levels of compaction energy. The filter paper method was used to measure the initial soil suction of as-compacted specimens. Test results indicate that the relationship between the soil suction and the molding water content is bilinear under three different compaction energies. However, the effect of compaction energy on soil suction is different for the soils with different amounts of clay fraction and is elucidated by the macro soil properties. The change of soil suction due to different compaction energies can be predicted by the void ratio and the degree of saturation.
A Macromechanical Constitutive Model of Shape Memory Alloys Under Uniaxial Cyclic Loading
Authors: Lei H. , Zhou B. , Wang Z. , Wang Y. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this paper, the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloys (SMAs) subjected to uniaxial cyclic loading is investigated. To obtain experimental data, the strain-controlled cyclic loading-unloading tests are conducted at various strain-rates and temperatures. Dislocations slip and deformation twins are considered to be the main reason that causes the unique cyclic mechanical behavior of SMAs. A new variable of shape memory residual factor was introduced, which will tend to zero with the increasing of the number of cycles. Exponential form equations are established to describe the evolution of shape memory residual factor, elastic modulus and critical stress, in which the influence of strain-rate, number of cycles and temperature are taken into account. The relationship between critical stresses and temperature is modified by considering the cycling effect. A macromechanical constitutive model was constructed to predict the cyclic mechanical behavior at constant temperature. Based on the material parameters obtained from test results, the hysteretic behavior of SMAs subjected to isothermal uniaxial cyclic loading is simulated. It is shown that the numerical results of the modified model match well with the test results.
CANCELLING COMPLEX POINTS IN CODIMENSION TWO
Authors: SLAPAR MARKO 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA generically embedded real submanifold of codimension two in a complex manifold has isolated complex points that can be classified as either elliptic or hyperbolic. In this paper we show that a pair consisting of one elliptic and one hyperbolic complex point of the same sign can be cancelled by a $\mathcal {C}^{0}$small isotopy of embeddings.
The population dynamics of Ophidiaster ophidianus (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) in the Azores, at the north-western periphery of its distribution
Authors: Micael J. , Alves M.J. , Costa A.C. 
Published: August 2012

The warm water Ophidiaster ophidianus has a protected status in the Mediterranean Sea and also occurs in the shallow subtidal of the Azorean Archipelago. From April 2007 to August 2009, the population structure and seasonal abundance of O. ophidianus was studied at different depths within a marine conservation area offshore from São Miguel (SAC: PTMIG0020, Natura 2000). Ophidiaster ophidianus showed a marked seasonal trend in abundance, with higher numbers being recorded from 5 m depth during spring and autumn, and higher numbers at 10 m depth in summer and winter. Densities ranged from 9 to 16 individuals per 100 m2 over the sampling period. The size–frequency distribution of O. ophidianus was uni-modal for each sampling month. Small individuals dominated at 5 m depth, intermediate-sized individuals at 10 m and larger individuals were more frequent at 15 m. The present study establishes population parameters for O. ophidianus and provides the necessary information for management purposes at the north-western periphery of its range in the Azores.
Cross-national differences in the prevalence and correlates of burden among older family caregivers in the World Health Organization World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys
Authors: Shahly V. , Chatterji S. , Gruber M. J. , Al-Hamzawi A. , Alonso J. , Andrade L. H. , Angermeyer M. C. , Bruffaerts R. , Bunting B. , Caldas-de-Almeida J. M. , de Girolamo G. , de Jonge P. , Florescu S. , Gureje O. , Haro J. M. , Hinkov H. R. , Hu C. , Karam E. G. , Lépine J.-P. , Levinson D. , Medina-Mora M. E. , Posada-Villa J. , Sampson N. A. , Trivedi J. K. , Viana M. C. , Kessler R. C. 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundCurrent trends in population aging affect both recipients and providers of informal family caregiving, as the pool of family caregivers is shrinking while demand is increasing. Epidemiological research has not yet examined the implications of these trends for burdens experienced by aging family caregivers.MethodCross-sectional community surveys in 20 countries asked 13 892 respondents aged 50+ years about the objective (time, financial) and subjective (distress, embarrassment) burdens they experience in providing care to first-degree relatives with 12 broadly defined serious physical and mental conditions. Differential burden was examined by country income category, kinship status and type of condition.ResultsAmong the 26.9–42.5% respondents in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries reporting serious relative health conditions, 35.7–42.5% reported burden. Of those, 25.2–29.0% spent time and 13.5–19.4% money, while 24.4–30.6% felt distress and 6.4–21.7% embarrassment. Mean caregiving hours per week in those giving any time were 16.6–23.6 (169.9–205.8 h/week per 100 people aged 50+ years). Burden in low-/lower-middle-income countries was 2- to 3-fold higher than in higher-income countries, with any financial burden averaging 14.3% of median family income in high-, 17.7% in upper-middle-, and 39.8% in low-/lower-middle-income countries. Higher burden was reported by women than men and for conditions of spouses and children than parents or siblings.ConclusionsUncompensated family caregiving is an important societal asset that offsets rising formal healthcare costs. However, the substantial burdens experienced by aging caregivers across multiple family health conditions and geographic regions threaten the continued integrity of their caregiving capacity. Initiatives supporting older family caregivers are consequently needed, especially in low-/lower-middle-income countries.