bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of plane of nutrition and type of diet offered to yearling Friesian steers during a winter store period on subsequent performance
Authors: Steen R. W. J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThree randomized block experiments, involving a total of 80 castrated male cattle, were carried out to examine the effects of plane of nutrition and type of diet offered during a winter store period from about 10 to 15 months of age on the subsequent performance of late-maturing, Friesian steers slaughtered at 22 to 23 months of age. A control diet of medium-quality grass silage (mean digestible organic matter in the dry matter (DOMD) 0·617) offered ad libitum and supplemented with 0·3 kg concentrates (17·1 to 25·6 g nitrogen per kg dry matter) per head daily, which was designed to sustain a live-weight gain of 0·4 kg/day, was compared with three diets which were designed to sustain a live-weight gain of 0·7 kg/day. These were medium-quality silage supplemented with 1·6 kg concentrates, medium-quality silage supplemented with 0·6 kg concentrates and 0·25 kg fish meal and high-quality silage (mean DOMD 0·704) supplemented with 0·3 kg concentrates. The animals were at pasture for 5 months after the treatment period and were then given silage and concentrates for 3 months until slaughter. The low and high planes of nutrition sustained mean daily live-weight gains of 0·43 and 0·73 kg respectively, giving a difference in live weight at the end of the treatment period of 45 kg. Compensatory growth at pasture reduced this difference to 30 kg. This resulted in a difference of 17 kg carcass weight between the two planes of nutrition. The type of diet offered at the high plane of nutrition did not affect subsequent performance. It is concluded that, when the live-weight gain of late-maturing, Friesian, yearling cattle was reduced below about 0·7 kg/day, there was relatively little compensatory growth during the subsequent period at pasture and consequently the optimum live-weight gain during the winter for this type of animal may be higher than that previously recommended.
The effect of level of concentrate supplementation in winter and grazing allowance on the milk production and financial performance of spring-calving cows
Authors: Reeve A. , Thompson W. , Hodson R. G. , Baker R. D. , Carswell A. J. P. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAn experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial design was used to assess the effects of offering either 6 (L6) or 12 (H12) kg concentrates daily from day 13 of lactation until turnout to grazing with grass silage (600 to 620 g digestible organic matter per kg dry matter (DM)) ad libitum and either ad libitum (G) or restricted (g) quantities of grass from turnout to the end of August. In each of 3 years, 60 to 70 January- to March-calving British Friesian cows were used. From calving until turnout to grazing the mean daily DM intakes of silage were 7·2 and 8·9 kg, and of concentrates 8·5 and 4·9 kg for the H12 and L6 groups respectively, giving a mean substitution rate of 0·47 kg silage DM per kg concentrate DM. Mean daily milk yields were 26·7 and 22·9 kg giving a direct response of 0·85 kg/kg additional concentrate DM. Milk from the L6 group had a higher fat concentration and these cows were also lighter at the end of the winter. At pasture, there were no significant interactions for milk variates between winter treatments and grass availability. The stocking rate of cows with restricted grass availability was 0·33 higher from turnout to the end of August. It resulted in a 0·10 proportional reduction in milk yield per cow but per ha there was a 0·21 proportional increase. At pasture, the H12 cows gave more milk at both grass availabilities. The total responses to concentrates were 1·59 and 2·11 kg milk per kg concentrate DM at the ad libitum and restricted grass availabilities respectively. The good response to concentrate coupled with a 0·35 cow per ha increase in annual stocking rate as a result of restricting the grazing area ensured that gross margins and grass utilization were highest for the H12g cows. Conception rates were similar on all treatments and there were no significant differences in live weight at the end of lactation.
Efficiency and performance of genetically high and low milk-producing British Friesian and Jersey cattle
Authors: Gibson J. P. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTGenetic lines for high and low liquid milk production were established within the British Friesian and British Jersey breeds by random matings of experimental dams to the ‘best’ and ‘worst’ nationally available progeny-tested sires. Some Friesian dams could also be classified as either high or low for genetic potential for milk yield on the basis of previous, but less rigorously controlled, matings to high-or low-production sires. The dams and their high and low potential-production female progeny were reared indoors, and given a single complete pelleted diet ad libitum from weaning until leaving the experiment after their third calving. Height at withers and width at hooks were recorded monthly, cumulate food intake and body weight fortnightly and milk yield, fat and protein concentration weekly, throughout life in the experiment. Measures of lactation production, food intake and efficiency of conversion of food to milk product during the whole calving-to-calving interval were obtained. Yields were about 0-8 times national average yields. Differences between high and low genetic lines appeared similar for the two breeds. High potential-production progeny produced more liquid milk, fat and protein but at a lower fat and protein concentration than did low-potential progeny. High-potential progeny consumed more food from calving to calving and had higher food conversion efficiencies to liquid milk, fat and protein. The response in efficiency accompanying a given change in production was close to that predicted by phenotypic regression of efficiency on yield with a 0-75% increase in efficiency for every 1% increase in yield. The likelihood of smaller returns in efficiency at higher yields is discussed. High potential-production progeny lost more body weight than did low during lactation, suggesting a greater withdrawal of energy from body reserves. High-potential progeny were neither heavier nor taller but were marginally narrower at the hooks than were low-potential progeny, suggesting the possibility of increased calving difficulties as selection for increased yield continues.Friesians produced 50% more liquid milk, 13% more milk fat and 29% more milk protein and consumed 22% more food from calving to calving than did Jerseys. As a consequence Friesians were markedly more efficient at producing liquid milk (+23%) but essentially no more efficient at producing milk energy (+2%) than were Jerseys. In terms of both biological and commercial application of the results, any biases in the experiment probably operated against the Jersey relative to the Friesian.Predictions of food intake using accepted feeding standards underestimated observed total food intake during lactation by a factor of 0-8. Linear regression indicated underestimation of maintenance requirement as a likely explanation.
The response of store lambs to dietary supplements of fish meal 2. effects of level of feeding
Authors: Hassan S. A. , Bryant M. J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTForty-eight, individually-penned lambs (mean live weight 31·4 kg) were given diets with or without fish meal (0 and 90 g intake daily) in sufficient quantities to provide energy for maintenance and either 100, 150 or 200 g daily gain. Nitrogen (N) degradability in the rumen and fractional outflow rates of protein supplements were determined and the diets formulated such that the lambs received about 2·2 and 6·7 g undegradable rumen N daily on all three feeding levels.Live-weight gains were generally greater during the first 3 weeks than during the final 4 weeks of the experiment. Lambs given fish meal had greater gains (P < 0·001) throughout the experiment, but there was a feeding level x protein interaction (P < 0·05) during the first 3 weeks, such that the difference between diets with or without fish meal was greater at the highest feeding level.Retention of N increased with feeding level (P < 0·001) and was greatest when fish meal was given (P < 0·001). There was a feeding level x protein interaction (P < 0·05) for g N retained per 100 g N digested; N retention increased with feeding level only when fish meal was given.
A note on the effect of molasses inclusion in sugar beet pulp on the yield and composition of the milk of dairy cows
Authors: Hemingway R. G. , Parkins J. J. , Fraser J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTDried molassed sugar-beet pulp in Great Britain has for many years contained about 400 g molasses per kg dry matter (DM). Whilst this high concentration of molasses might help to maximize palatability, in many places outside Great Britain considerably lower amounts of molasses (100 to 300 g/kg) are normally added to sugar beet. The relative costs depend on year-to-year fluctuations.
The effect on the performance of dairy cattle of plant protein concentration and of urea or urea-phosphate supplementation in the diet
Authors: Bruckental I. , Tagari H. , Amir S. , Kennit Hanna , Zamwell S. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTSixty Israeli-Friesian cows were allocated, after calving, to five treatment groups of 12 cows per group according to the concentration and source of crude protein (CP) in the concentrate. Three groups received all their protein from plant sources: a basal control group (BP) was given concentrate containing 92 g CP per kg dry matter (DM), a medium-protein group (MP) was given a diet with soya-bean meal (SBM) added to give a CP concentration of 143 g/kg DM, and a high-protein group (HP) was given a diet with SBM added to give a concentration of 180 g/kg DM. Two groups were given the basal concentrate supplemented with urea (MU) or urea phosphate (MUP) up to approximately the same CP level as the MP group. The only roughage used was vetch-oats hay at a level of 350 g/kg total DM intake. The cows were given the experimental diets ad libitum throughout lactation.No difference was found between treatments in DM intake (kg/day), mean milk and fat-corrected milk (FCM; 40 g fat per kg) yields (kg/day), milk protein concentration, days from calving to conception or services per conception, during the entire lactation period. However, FCM yields during 60 days after calving were significantly higher for cows given the CP-supplemented diets than for the BP group. The FCM yield of the cows given the HP concentrate was higher than for those given the other concentrate mixtures only during the first 15 days after calving. Milk fat concentration was higher in cows given the BP and HP concentrates than in those given the MP ration, but only a trend in this respect was observed when part of the plant protein was replaced by urea or urea phosphate.The rate of body-weight loss after calving tended to increase with increase in amount of plant protein in the diet but was highest for the cows given the diets supplemented with non-protein nitrogen. Later in lactation, the body-weights of cows given the MP, HP and MUP diets increased immediately after they reached their lowest weight whilst cows given the BP and MU diets started gaining weight 165 and 120 days after calving, respectively.Rumen ammonia-N and blood urea-N concentrations (mg/1) for treatments BP, MP, HP, MU and MUP were: 56 and 101; 120 and 226; 143 and 269; 191 and 227; and 179 and 212, respectively. The relationship between rumen ammonia concentrations, blood urea concentrations and CP utilization for the different treatments is discussed. Supplying urea as urea phosphate tended to improve performance by an increase in annual milk and milk protein yields as well as in live-weight gain.
The effects of different fats and their inclusion level in diets for growing rabbits
Authors: Santomá G. , de Blas J. C. , Carabaño R. M. , Fraga M. J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThree hundred and sixty male and female Californian ♂ × New Zealand White ♀ growing rabbits were used to study the influence of nine types of fat at 30 or 60 g/kg diet on growth and apparent digestibility. The fats used were: beef tallow (T), pork lard (L), sunflower oil (SO), two by-products from the oil-refining industry, sunflower oleins (O) and soya-bean lecithin (S), and 2: 1 (w/w) mixtures of T + S, L + S, O + S and T + O. All diets, including a diet without added fat, were formulated to a 190 g/kg acid-detergent fibre (ADF) level and to a 100 kJ digestible energy per g digestible protein ratio.As O level in the diet increased, growth was significantly impaired (P < 0·001) but the other fats had no significant effect on this variable (P > 0·05). A maximum oleins concentration in the diet of 10 g/kg is suggested. Excluding diets with more than 10 g oleins per kg, a significant improvement in food conversion ratio was recorded for diets containing 60 g added fat per kg (P < 0·05). This improvement was related not only to a higher gross energy concentration of added-fat diets but also to a significantly (P < 0·001) higher energy digestibility (0·653 v. 0·602 for 60 g/kg added-fat diets and control diet respectively). Fat addition both at 60 and 30 g/kg also improved significantly (P < 0·001) dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and ether extract (EED) digestibilities. As a result, the use of ether extract in addition to ADF for estimating the energy value of diets including added fat, is proposed.An increase in the degree of unsaturation of dietary ether extract increased significantly EED (P < 0·001), but did not affect other variables studied.
Effects on animal performance and fat composition of two fat concentrates in diets for growing-fattening bulls
Authors: Clinquart A. , Istasse L. , Dufrasne I. , Mayombo A. , van Eenaeme C. , Bienfait J. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo experiments were carried out with growing-fattening bulls, offered a fattening diet based on concentrate and supplemented with soya oil or steam-flaked linseed. Soya oil (200 g/kg) was mixed with middlings (800 g/kg). Linseed (500 g/kg) and whole barley (500 g/kg) were steam flaked. The fat incorporation resulted in an increase of the ether extract content from 26·5 g/kg dry matter to about 45 g/kg. The incorporation of soya oil increased the average daily gain (P> 0·05). The saturated: unsaturated fatty acid ratio was reduced in perirenal fat due to an increase of oleic acid and a reduction of stearic acid. The inclusion of steam-treated linseed resulted in a lower slaughter weight (P< 0·05) and a shorter fattening period (P> 0·05). The fatty acid composition of perirenal fat was affected significantly: the concentrations of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid were increased and the concentrations of myristic, palmitic and stearic acids were reduced. This resulted in a reduced saturated: unsaturated fatty acid ratio.In a third experiment, samples of the two fat concentrates were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen. The ether extract disappearance was high with both concentrates. Furthermore, the fatty acid composition was altered to a large extent for soya oil while large proportions of unsaturated fatty acids were still present with steam-flaked linseed.
The effect of different housing systems and feeding regimes on the performance and rectal temperature of sheep
Authors: Bøe K. , Nedkvitne J. J. , Austbø D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe effect of insulated (IN) and uninsulated (UN) buildings on food intake, performance and body temperature of sheep was studied over 4 years. The lowest average monthly temperature was -13·1°C. In the UN the temperature was on average 6-6°C higher than outside but the temperature in the IN remained fairly constant and was close to 10°C. Summarized for all 4 years the roughage intake was proportionately 0·02 higher in the UN than in IN (P > 0·05). There was no effect of treatment on weight gain, but the weight of the fleece was higher in IN than in UN (1·74 kg v. 1·66 kg per sheep). The mean age at first oestrus was 222 days. There was no difference in the length of pregnancy and lambing percentage was 185% in both treatments. The average birth weight was higher for lambs born in UN than IN (5·10 v. 4·95 kg), but the weight at weaning was the same. On only one occasion was the rectal temperature lower for ewes in UN than IN before shearing (38·7°C v. 39·2°C). After shearing no effect of treatment was found except for the 1st year, but in year 2 there was an interaction between plane of nutrition and housing. Results clearly indicated that uninsulated buildings are well suited for sheep.
The effect of supplementing straw with barley or unmolassed sugar-beet pulp on microbial protein supply in sheep estimated from urinary purine derivative excretion
Authors: Chen X. B. , Abdulrazak S. A. , Shand W. J. , Ørskov E. R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFour sheep (live weight 39 to 42 kg) fitted with rumen cannulas were offered ammonia-treated barley straw alone (control) or supplemented with unmolassed sugar-beet pulp or rolled barley at 0·20 or 0·40 of the total diet on a fresh weight basis (SBP20, SBP40, B20 and B40, respectively) using a 4 × 5 randomized block design. Total diet intakes were 710, 873, 1054, 843 and 1021 g dry matter per day for control, SBP20, SBP40, B20 and B40 respectively. The intake of straw was depressed significantly with SBP40 and B40 (P < 0·05). Rumen pH and ammonia concentration decreased, and total volatile fatty acid concentrations increased (P < 0·05) with increasing level of supplementation for both supplements. Rumen liquid outflow rate was affected little by the supplementation although this measurement for B40 was significantly higher than that for the other treatments. Microbial protein supply, estimated from urinary excretion of purine derivatives, increased significantly with the increasing amounts of supplements (4·5, 6·7, 8·5, 7·1 and 9·0 (s.e.d. 0·73) g N per day for control, SBP20, SBP40, B20 and B40 respectively) (P < 0·05). The calculated efficiency of microbial protein production was 12·8, 14·2, 14·3, 15·7 and 14·5 (s.e.d. 1·45) g N per kg digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) for the five treatments. Although this value was lowest with the control, differences between treatments were not significant (P > 0·05). It seems that microbial protein yield per unit DOMI for a diet based on ammonia-treated straw could not be improved substantially by supplementation with sugar-beet pulp or barley.
A comparison of growth rate in twin cattle of eight breeds and crosses
Authors: Gibson D. , Watson J. H. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. Rates of live-weight gain from 2 to 96 weeks of age are compared in twin cattle of 8 breeds and crosses. The 258 animals in the trial consisted of 77 pairs of one-egg (MZ) and 52 pairs of two-egg (DZ) twins. All were females.2. Between collection during the first week after birth, and 36 weeks of age, treatment of animals was uniform. After this some animals were grazed and others remained housed, depending on their date of birth. Members of each twin pair were, however, always treated alike. Between 36 and 96 weeks of age grazed stock gained 62 lb. more weight than housed stock. This difference was allowed for in making breed comparisons.3. The trial period was divided into six stages. The most rapid gains were made between 24 and 36 weeks of age (1·43 lb. per day) and between 36 and 52 weeks (1·48 lb. per day). Earlier and later growth rates were about 30% less than these.4. Rates of gain varied from 1·10 lb. per day in Ayrshires to 1·38 lb. per day in Friesian × Shorthorn crosses. The Friesian and its crosses with Shorthorn generally made fastest gains throughout the trial. The Ayrshire was slower than the rest. The Shorthorn and its crosses with Hereford and Ayrshire were intermediate in performance.5. Ratios of within-pair variance in MZ and DZ twins indicate that differences in performance are most strongly dependent on genetic differences-at 12 to 24 and 52 to 72 weeks of age.
The plane of nutrition and compensatory growth in pigs
Authors: Robinson D. W. 
Published: September 2010

1. An experiment was carried out with forty individually-fed Large White × Wessex pigs to examine the growth rates of females (gilts) and castrated males after varying periods of time on a restricted plane of nutrition.2. Compensatory growth was made by pigs in all treatments when some restriction in the plane of nutrition had been previously imposed.3. The immediate growth response after the restriction ceased was directly related to the duration of the period of restriction.4. In pigs on a restricted scale of feeding to 80 lb. live-weight, no compensatory growth was observed until a later stage in growth, whereas pigs on a restricted scale for a much longer period to 160 lb. live-weight showed immediate and significant compensatory growth.5. In the periods immediately after the food restriction was lifted, gilts responded more than castrated males on all treatments.6. The effect on the overall growth rate from 45 to 200 lb. live-weight became progressively worse as the period of restriction was prolonged and in no case did the compensatory growth fully compensate for the setback suffered during restriction.7. There were no significant differences in overall food conversion efficiency and it appears that pigs with an even rate of gain and an interrupted growth rate may be equally efficient.8. There were no significant differences in carcass length or dressing-out percentage although a moderate degree of restriction up to 120 lb. live-weight improved grading results, these being related, to non-significant improvements i n food conversion and therefore possibly to a lower carcass fat content.
The effect of weaning treatment on the development of solid food intake in calves
Authors: Hodgson J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYGroups of Friesian bull calves were reared on a high intake of milk substitute for either 21 or 28 days, and were then weaned over 7 or 14 days. Dried grass cubes were offered, as the only source of solid food, for 6 weeks from the start of weaning.The rate of increase of solid food intake of calves weaned from 28 days was considerably greater than that of calves weaned from 21 days, and the later weaned groups were less severely affected by weaning. There was little difference in either the development of solid food intake, or in the severity of the weaning check, between groups weaned at different rates, though the slower rate of weaning tended to delay the intake of solid food temporarily.The severity of the post-weaning check was inversely related to age at weaning, but was not affected by weaning weight. Growth after weaning was not related to either weight or age at weaning.There were significant correlations between weight or age at weaning and solid food intake 5 weeks later, and a close correlation between the level of liquid intake established before weaning, and subsequent solid food intake. It was not possible to evaluate the effect of each of these variables, in isolation, on food intake after weaning.