bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the activity of dhurrin and sorghum towards Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Curto Giovanna , Curto Giovanna , Dallavalle Elisabetta , Curto Giovanna , Dallavalle Elisabetta , De Nicola Gina Rosalinda , Curto Giovanna , Dallavalle Elisabetta , De Nicola Gina Rosalinda , Lazzeri Luca 
Published: April 2012

The epidermal cells of leaf and roots of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), sudangrass (S. sudanensis) and sorghum-sudangrass hybrids (S. bicolor × S. sudanensis) contain the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin, which can degrade into hydrogen cyanide (HCN), well known for its toxicity to many organisms, including nematodes. In vitro bioassays were carried out with the aim of evaluating the nematicidal and the nematistatic effects of dhurrin concentrations on second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita, and the effectiveness of dhurrin in decreasing or preventing hatching of M. incognita. Furthermore, Sorghum hybrid cv. Super Dolce 10, selected for its dhurrin content, and Eruca sativa sel. Nemat were used in two glasshouse experiments to study the host-nematode relationship and the development of M. incognita life cycle in the roots. In the in vitro bioassays, Sorghum hybrid cv. Super Dolce 10 showed an inhibitory effect on hatching, a slow nematicidal effect on J2 and no nematistatic activity. In the glasshouse experiments, both Sorghum hybrid cv. Super Dolce 10 and E. sativa sel. Nemat proved to be a poor to non-host of M. incognita, with reproduction factor (R) always <1, compared with Solanum lycopersicum cv. UC82, an excellent host (R = 43). In both bioactive accessions two generations were completed in 15 weeks (four cycles in S. lycopersicum), but with the production of very few egg masses, while root infestation was also always very low, with gall index (G.I.) < 1, compared with S. lycopersicum (G.I. = 4). In this study, the effectiveness of E. sativa sel. Nemat in controlling M. incognita confirmed data from previous work.
Bursaphelenchus paraluxuriosae sp. n. (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) in packaging wood from Indonesia
Authors: Gu Jianfeng , Wang Jiangling , Braasch Helen , Burgermeister Wolfgang , Schröder Thomas 
Published: April 2012

Bursaphelenchus paraluxuriosae sp. n., isolated in Ningbo, China, from packaging wood made from Alphitonia sp. (Rhamnaceae) imported from Indonesia is described. It is characterised by a slim body (a = 29-39), lateral field with four lines, excretory pore located at level of median bulb or slightly posterior, vulva at 75% of total body length, presence of a distinct vulval flap in lateral view, post-uterine branch ca two-thirds of the vulva-anus distance, female tail conical and slightly ventrally bent with irregular or roughened terminus (c′ = 4.4), spicules large and arcuate, with pointed rostrum and a cucullus, which is typical for the xylophilus group, but is reduced to a small blunt extension, and three pairs of ventro-sublateral papillae (one pair precloacal, two pairs postcloacal just anterior to the bursal flap and adjacent to each other) and a small single precloacal papilla present. The new species belongs to the xylophilus group and is most similar to B. luxuriosae. It is distinguished from other Bursaphelenchus species by morphology, ITS-RFLP patterns and sequencing results.
Marine Protected Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Some Practical Perspectives for Moving Ahead
Authors: Gjerde Kristina M. , Rulska-Domino Anna 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Despite strong legal duties and political commitments for marine conservation and ecosystem-based management, biodiversity in the high seas and the Area (jointly referred to as areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ)) is under increasing threat. One important tool for enhancing conservation and multi-sectoral cooperation is the establishment and maintenance of representative networks of marine protected areas (MPAs). This commentary reviews potential avenues for accelerating progress towards representative MPA networks as part of a larger-scale effort towards improving the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction. It builds on the report by Petra Drankier, Marine Protected Areas in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction, Report on Research Question 2 of the Study on ‘Biological Diversity and Governance of the High Seas’ (2011), which describes the applicable global and regional conventions by discussing the strengths and weaknesses of proposed avenues for progress, including a possible multilateral agreement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC). The commentary concludes with some observations for a pragmatic path ahead.
Moving the Marine Genetic Resources Debate Forward: Some Reflections
Authors: Leary David 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper offers some brief reflections on issues surrounding the ongoing debate in relation to the legal status of marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. It considers one possible solution to the ideological divide over the relevance of the common heritage of mankind to marine genetic resources, modelled on Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty. The suitability of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture as a possible model is also considered. The fact that this later model is now being canvassed by some States marks a major step forward in international discussions on the issue. Other possible models that have been canvassed in the academic literature are also considered. The fact that these alternatives have not been canvassed at length in diplomatic discussions to date highlights the fact that a detailed examination of the wide range of possible options is urgently needed.
Environmental Impact Assessment in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Oude Elferink Alex G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has become widely accepted as an indispensable instrument to manage and control negative impacts of human activities on the environment. The present report analyzes the general legal framework for EIA in maritime areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) and also considers the regime for assessments in respect of specific activities in ABNJ. The report concludes that these existing frameworks will have to be taken into account if it were to be decided to develop a global instrument on EIA for all activities in ABNJ. The report provides a number of suggestions to move the current international debate on EIA in ABNJ forward.
The International Residual Mechanism for Criminal tribunals: The Beginning of the end for the ICTY and ICTR
Authors: Landale Brigitte Benoit , Llewellyn Huw 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article identifies the significant steps that led to the adoption of Security Council Resolution 1966 (2010) establishing a Residual Mechanism for the ICTY and ICTR, and summarises the principal features of the Mechanism. It looks more closely at some of the Resolution's most important aspects, including the continuity of the Tribunals' jurisdiction, the way in which it seeks to avoid impunity for the fugitive indictees, and the commencement, transitional and duration provisions. Based on the current trials and appeals schedules of the ICTY and ICTR, the article sets out which case(s) will fall to the Residual Mechanism to conduct rather than to the Tribunals. It identifies some of the key underlying considerations taken into account in the Security Council Informal Working Group on International Tribunals (IWGIT), which negotiated Resolution 1966 (2010) over a four year period.
Piercing the Corporate Veil: The Responsibility of Member states of an International Organization
Authors: Murray Odette 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper applies two manifestations of the principle of good faith – pacta sunt servanda and the doctrine of abuse of rights – to the complex relationship between member states and international organizations. The paper argues that these existing doctrines operate as a legal limit on the conduct of states when creating, controlling and functioning within international organizations. The paper begins by exploring an innovative provision in the International Law Commission's recently finalised Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organisations – Draft Article 61 – according to which a member state will bear international responsibility for the act of an international organization where the member state uses the organization to circumvent its own international obligations. Examining the development of Draft Article 61 and the jurisprudence upon which it is based, this paper argues that the principle which the Commission in fact seeks to articulate in Draft Article 61 is that of good faith in the performance of treaties. As such, being based on a primary rule of international law, this paper queries whether Draft Article 61 belongs in a set of secondary rules.
The paper then considers the role of states in the decision-making organs of international organizations and argues that the widely held presumption against member state responsibility for participation in decision-making organs can and should be displaced in certain cases, in recognition of the various voting mechanisms in international organizations and the varied power which certain states may wield. The paper argues that the doctrine of abuse of rights operates as a fundamental legal limit on the exercise of a member state's voting discretion, and thereby forms a complementary primary obligation placed on states in the context of their participation in international organizations.
Doing it differently: The Bible in Fundamentalism and in African Christianity
Authors: James Rob 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper explores and attempts to debunk the idea that much African usage of the Bible is Fundamentalist. It describes the Fundamentalist position on the Bible and then looks at two particular instances of African usage of the Bible. Although occasionally the usage can be described as “Fundamentalist,” even though similar language is used, the vast majority of the time such a label misses the point. African theology usually carries out its interpretation of the Bible in an entirely different way from the Fundamentalists and this term is usually inappropriate.
“The satan” in Light of the Creation Theology of Job
Authors: Moses Robert 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The figure who instigates God to afflict Job, “the satan,” vanishes entirely after the prologue of the book of Job. But his role in the prologue is mirrored by Job’s friends in the poetry section of the book. We argue that the presentation of “the satan” in the prologue is entirely consistent with the theology of creation proffered in the poetry section of the book of Job. The possible implication of this finding for the fate of Satan is spelled out.
The Influence of Ground Contact and Visible Horizon on Perception of Distance and Size under Severely Degraded Vision
Authors: Rand Kristina M. , Tarampi Margaret R. , Creem-Regehr Sarah H. , Thompson William B. 
Published: April 2012

For low vision navigation, misperceiving the locations of hazards can have serious consequences. Potential sources of such misperceptions are hazards that are not visually associated with the ground plane, thus, depriving the viewer of important perspective cues for egocentric distance. In Experiment 1, we assessed absolute distance and size judgments to targets on stands under degraded vision conditions. Normally sighted observers wore blur goggles that severely reduced acuity and contrast, and viewed targets placed on either detectable or undetectable stands. Participants in the detectable stand condition demonstrated accurate distance judgments, whereas participants in the undetectable stand condition overestimated target distances. Similarly, the perceived size of targets in the undetectable stand condition was judged to be significantly larger than in the detectable stand condition, suggesting a perceptual coupling of size and distance in conditions of degraded vision. In Experiment 2, we investigated size and implied distance perception of targets elevated above a visible horizon for individuals in an induced state of degraded vision. When participants’ size judgments are inserted into the size–distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH) formula, distance to above-horizon objects increased compared to those below the horizon. Together, our results emphasize the importance of salient visible ground-contact information for accurate distance perception. The absence of this ground-contact information could be the source of perceptual errors leading to potential hazards for low vision individuals with severely degraded acuity and contrast sensitivity.
The Dogmatists and Wright on Moore’s “Proof”
Authors: McBride Mark 
Published: April 2012

Suppose one has a visual experience as of having hands, and then reasons as follows: (MOORE) (1) I have hands, (2) If I have hands an external world exists; (3) An external world exists. Suppose one’s visual experience gives one defeasible perceptual warrant, or justification, to believe (1) – that is, one’s experience makes it epistemically appropriate to believe (1). And suppose one comes to believe (1) on the basis of this visual experience. The conditional premise (2) is knowable a priori. And (3) can be established by modus ponens inference. If one reasons thus, say one’s engaged in (MOORE)-reasoning. What, if anything, is wrong with (MOORE)-reasoning? I consider two prominent responses to this question – the dogmatists’ and Crispin Wright’s. Each finds fault in (MOORE)-reasoning, but on different grounds. I argue Wright’s response faces a problem which is standardly only taken to be faced by dogmatists.
Prospects for Dynamical Prediction of Meteorological Drought
Authors: Quan Xiao-Wei , Hoerling Martin P. , Lyon Bradfield , Kumar Arun , Bell Michael A. , Tippett Michael K. , Wang Hui 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe prospects for U.S. seasonal drought prediction are assessed by diagnosing simulation and hindcast skill of drought indicators during 1982–2008. The 6-month standardized precipitation index is used as the primary drought indicator. The skill of unconditioned, persistence forecasts serves as the baseline against which the performance of dynamical methods is evaluated. Predictions conditioned on the state of global sea surface temperatures (SST) are assessed using atmospheric climate simulations conducted in which observed SSTs are specified. Predictions conditioned on the initial states of atmosphere, land surfaces, and oceans are next analyzed using coupled climate-model experiments. The persistence of the drought indicator yields considerable seasonal skill, with a region’s annual cycle of precipitation driving a strong seasonality in baseline skill. The unconditioned forecast skill for drought is greatest during a region’s climatological dry season and is least during a wet season. Dynamical models forced by observed global SSTs yield increased skill relative to this baseline, with improvements realized during the cold season over regions where precipitation is sensitive to El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Fully coupled initialized model hindcasts yield little additional skill relative to the uninitialized SST-forced simulations. In particular, neither of these dynamical seasonal forecasts materially increases summer skill for the drought indicator over the Great Plains, a consequence of small SST sensitivity of that region’s summer rainfall and the small impact of antecedent soil moisture conditions, on average, upon the summer rainfall. The fully initialized predictions for monthly forecasts appreciably improve on the seasonal skill, however, especially during winter and spring over the northern Great Plains.
Prevalence of Noncalcified Coronary Plaque in Patients With Calcium Score of 0
Authors: Koulaouzidis George , Charisopoulou Dafni , Jenkins Paul J. , Koulaouzidis Anastasios , McArthur Tony 
Published: April 2012

Noncalcified coronary artery plaques (NCAPs) are susceptible to rupture, resulting in coronary artery thrombosis. Using computer tomography coronary angiography (CTCA), we evaluated the prevalence and degree of stenosis caused by NCAP in patients without coronary artery calcification (CAC). A retrospective analysis of 447 symptomatic patients with 0 CAC score revealed negative CTCA in 400 (89.5%). Noncalcified coronary artery plaques were demonstrated in 47 (10.5%), with 4 presenting stenosis >50%. Patients with positive CTCA, compared to those with normal CTCA, had significantly higher mean age (56.2 years vs 50.6 years, P < .004) and higher pretest coronary artery disease (CAD) probability (26% vs 34%, P < .0001). Noncalcified coronary artery plaque was predominantly developed in the proximal segment of the left anterior descending artery. Noncalcified coronary artery plaque is present in up to 10% of patients with a CAC score of 0. Computer tomography coronary angiography could be of diagnostic value in symptomatic patients with multiple risk factors for CAD, even in the absence of CAC.
Quality of life and social determinants of anxiolytics and hypnotics use in women in Poland: A population-based study
Authors: Zagozdzon Pawel , Kolarzyk Emilia , Marcinkowski Jerzy T. 
Published: April 2012

Background: The majority of studies show a substantially higher consumption of anxiolytics and antidepressants among women than among men and in the age bracket above 45 years. Aims: To analyse association between the use of hypnotics/anxiolytics, and various characteristics of Polish women, including health-related quality of life. Method: One thousand, five hundred and sixty (1,560) women aged 45–60 years completed a questionnaire dealing with the use of hypnotics/anxiolytics, demographic characteristics, environmental and work stress exposure, and self-reported quality of life (SF-36 form). Results: The following variables were revealed as the predictors of hypnotic/anxiolytic use on univariate analysis: age; social pension; stress at work and environmental stress; hormone replacement therapy; headache; palpitations; mood swings or increased muscular tension; anger; duration of symptoms longer than one week; consulting a specialist; and low physical and mental health-related quality of life. The significant protective factors included: vocational and tertiary education; job satisfaction; and home as place of rest. The independent predictors of anxiolytic/hypnotic use included consulting a specialist and symptoms lasting more than one week, while job satisfaction and home as place of rest were the independent protective factors. Conclusions: The use of hypnotic/anxiolytic medication is strongly associated with environmental and psychosocial characteristics of women between 40 and 65 years of age.
Social inequalities in adolescent depression: The role of parental social support and optimism
Authors: Piko Bettina F , Luszczynska Aleksandra , Fitzpatrick Kevin M 
Published: April 2012

Aims: Interpersonal theory suggests relationships between socio-economic status (SES) and adolescent psychopathology mediated by negative parenting. This study examines the role of perceived parental social support and optimism in understanding adolescents’ depression and self-rated health among a sample of Hungarian youth. Methods: Using a self-administered questionnaire, data ( N = 881) were collected from high-school students (14–20 years old) in Szeged, Hungary (a regional centre in the southeastern region, near to the Serbian border, with a population of 170,000 inhabitants). To analyse the overall structure of the relationship between objective/subjective SES, parental support, optimism and health outcomes (depression, self-perceived health), structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed. Results: Findings suggest the following: (1) SES variables generate social inequalities in adolescent depression through parental social support, particularly maternal support; and (2) parents provide youths with different levels of social support that in turn may strengthen or weaken optimism during the socialization process. Conclusions: In addressing depression prevention and treatment, we may want to take into account socio-economic differences in social networks and levels of optimism, which may influence youths’ psychosocial adjustment and development of psychopathology.
Population dynamics with a mixed type of sexual and asexual reproduction in a fluctuating environment
Authors: Barbuti Roberto , Mautner Selma , Carnevale Giorgio , Milazzo Paolo , Rama Aureliano , Sturmbauer Christian 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundCarassius gibelio, a cyprinid fish from Eurasia, has the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. This fish is also known as an invasive species which colonized almost all continental Europe, most likely originating from Asia and Eastern Europe. Populations of both sexually and asexually reproducing individuals exist in sympatry. In this study we try to elucidate the advantages of such a mixed type of reproduction. We investigate the dynamics of two sympatric populations with sexual and asexual reproduction in a periodically fluctuating environment. We define an individual-based computational model in which genotypes are represented byLloci, and the environment is composed ofLresources for which the two populations compete.ResultsOur model demonstrates advantageous population dynamics where the optimal percentage of asexual reproduction depends on selection strength, on the number of selected loci and on the timescale of environmental fluctuations. We show that the sexual reproduction is necessary for "generating" fit genotypes, while the asexual reproduction is suitable for "amplifying" them. The simulations show that the optimal percentage of asexual reproduction increases with the length of the environment stability period and decrease with the strength of the selection and the number of loci.ConclusionsIn this paper we addressed the advantages of a mixed type of sexual and asexual reproduction in a changing environment and explored the idea that a species that is able to adapt itself to environmental fluctuation can easily colonize a new habitat. Our results could provide a possible explanation for the rapid and efficient invasion of species with a variable ratio of sexual and asexual reproduction such asCarassius gibelio.