bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulse Signal Generator for Simulated Gamma-ray Spectrometer Detection
Authors: Guo Cheng , Zhang Yan , Hu Yuan , Lai Wanchang , Zhao Qing 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This paper introduces an integrated nuclear pulse generator aimed at simulating authentic radiation detection signals, allowing for the convenient calibration and testing of nuclear instruments without the need for radioactive sources. An innovative method is adopted, generating energy spectrum distributions via Monte Carlo simulation and deriving nuclear pulse waveforms using difference equations. This approach enables real-time computation of particle transport processes on a hardware platform, and generates pulse sequences that closely resemble the statistical characteristics of actual nuclear events. Compared to traditional nuclear signal generators, this new type of generator significantly enhances the flexibility and real-time capabilities of the equipment, as it no longer relies on pre-stored empirical data or simulation software to generate energy spectrum data. As a case for gamma-ray spectrometer detection, the signal waveforms and energy spectrum distributions produced closely match those obtained using a NaI scintillation detector in a lead chamber to detect a Cs-137 source.
Key Technology Research and Equipment Development of Automatic Spool Feeding Device
Authors: Xu Aiqun , Cheng Peng , Hong Ling , Du Haoran 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
To solve the problems of high labour intensity and low efficiency of artificial spool feeding, an automatic spool feeding device is developed. SolidWorks is used for overall structural scheme design and determination of design parameters. The kinematic equation of the chain conveyor line is established, a mathematical model is solved with MATLAB, and sprocket, and chain parameters are selected. The clamping mechanism and turnover mechanism are designed, theoretical analysis of the key structure is completed. Dynamic simulation of the chain conveyor line is carried out by ADAMS, and preliminary operational stability is determined by combining motion curves. The test prototype is developed for feeding tests and measurement of the operating parameters. The test results show that the efficiency of machine feeding is 13% higher than that of manual feeding, the average feeding time is 43% lower, the halt waiting time is 43% lower, and the operating parameters are by the theoretical design and the work is reliable. The research results can provide a reference for similar spool-feeding devices.
Studying the effect of changing optical fibers parameters on their modes properties at 1000 nm wavelength
Authors: Ibrahim Hussein K , Salih Aqeel R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Optical fiber technology is without a doubt one of the most significant phases of the communications revolution and is crucial to our daily lives. Using the free version (2022) of RP Fiber Calculator, the modal properties for optical fibers with core radii (1.5−7.5) μm, core index (1.44−1.48) and cladding index (1.43−1.47) have been determined at a wavelength of 1000 nm. When the fiber core’s radius is larger than its operating wavelength, multimode fibers can be created. The result is a single-mode fiber in all other cases. All of the calculated properties, it has been shown, increase with increasing core radius. The modes’ intensity profiles were displayed.
Analyze the Structure and Electrical Properties of PbBr2 Ca1.9Sb0.1Cu3O8+
δ Superconducting Gamma Irradiation
Authors: Ismael Noori Rafah , Abdulmajeed Mahdi Hind , Daham Abdullah Marwah , Jasim Kareem. A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The purpose of the current work was to evaluate the effect of Radiation of Gamma on the superconducting characteristics of the compound PbBr2Ca1.9Sb0.1Cu3O8+
δ utilizing a 137Cs source at doses of 10, 15, and 20MRad. Solid state reaction technology was used to prepare the samples. Before and after irradiation, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and superconductor properties were examined. Results indicated that the tetragonal structure of our chemical corresponds to the Pb-1223 phase with an increase in the ratio c/a as a result of gamma irradiation. (Tc (onset)) and on set temperature Tc (offset)) were also dropping from 113 to the 85.6 K and 129.5 to 97 K, respectively, for a transition temperatures.
Study of The Effect of Concentration on The Efficiency of The Sensitive N749-TiO2 Solar Cell
Authors: Al-Agealy Hadi J.M , Haider Mahdi Mahdi , Hassooni Mohsin A. , Younis Taghreed A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this research, we studied the effect of concentration carriers on the efficiency of the N749-TiO2 heterogeneous solar cell based on quantum electron transfer theory using a donor-acceptor scenario. The photoelectric properties of the N749-TiO2 interfaces in dye sensitized solar cells DSSCs are calculated using the J-V curves. For the (CH3)3COH solvent, the N749-TiO2 heterogeneous solar cell shows that the concentration carrier together with the strength coupling are the main factors affecting the current density, fill factor and efficiency. The current density and current increase as the concentration increases and the strength coupling increases as the N749-TiO2 heterogeneous in solar cell. However, the efficiency is more sensitive as the carrier increases and the coupling strength gradually increases from 0.1 × 10−2|eV|2 to 1.5 × 10−2|eV|2 respectivelly. However, the concentration carrier changes of the N749-TiO2 device affect the performance of the dye solar cell and it has a higher efficiency with concentration 4.5 × 10241/m
3 than with less concentration 1.5 × 10241/m
3.
Dual harvesting from exhaust gas of diesel generators using thermoelectric generators and cold water tank
Authors: Faraj Jalal , Salameh Wassim , Al Takash Ahmad , El Achakr Georges , El Hajj Hicham , Castelain Cathy , Khaled Mahmoud 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The present work concerns a dual harvesting concept applied to exhaust gas of Diesel generators using thermoelectric generators and cold water tank. To proceed, a simplified thermal modelling is developed and appropriate parametric analysis of power generation with the TEGs and heat recovered is conducted in function of the Diesel generator power and the TEG thermal conductivity and thickness. It was shown that powers up to 534 W can be generated with the TEGs and heat recovery rates up to 4463 W can be obtained for a Diesel generator power of 125 kW. Also, it was shown that the temperature difference across the TEGs and the power generated increase exponentially when the Diesel generator power and ratio of thickness to thermal conductivity of TEGs increase.
Hybridization of heat recovery from exhaust gas of boilers using thermoelectric generators
Authors: Farhat Obeida , Khaled Mahmoud , Faraj Jalal , Hachem Farouk , Castelain Cathy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the possibilities for energy recovery and environmental effect reduction of waste heat, a consequence of industrial activities. The main objective of the work is to integrate thermoelectric generators (TEGs) into industrial hybrid waste heat recovery system. The study consists of combining TEGs modules with a boiler waste heat recovery system with Rockwool insulation, taking into consideration variables like thermal resistance, power output, water temperature, and energy conversion efficiency. The results show that TEG placement has a major impact on system performance. One of the promising configuration is TEGs placed close to heat source, especially outside exhaust pipe outer walls, where electrical power up to 27 W can be generated and heat of 4215 W can be recovered from the exhaust gas.
Investigations for Soil Contamination with Hydrocarbon Compounds near Oil Stations
Authors: Khaleel Zahraa A. , Shaban Auday H. , Al Maliki Ali A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Field companies are subject to many standards to preserve the environment. Oil companies are considered among the companies that cause the most environmental pollution for two reasons: the first is the extraction of large quantities of crude oil, and the second is their violation of the controls imposed on them. In this research the investigations on the nearby and around a Rumaila oil station area were abducted scientifically through a real tested sample. In this research, investigations in an area near and around the Rumaila Oil Station were conducted scientifically through real laboratory samples. An analysis was made to determine the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), where 22 samples were collected, as well as 5 laboratory samples of soil from an unpolluted area, and crude oil was added to it in known proportions to determine the spectral signature. The ASD Field spec 3 device was used to record the spectral signatures of each sample. Areas sensitive to hydrocarbons 17050 and 1350 appeared. The results show a variation in the concentrations of hydrocarbon in the samples from (2 ppm) at the minimum and reach (197 ppm) at other locations around the station.
Thermal management techniques for enhancing hydrogen adsorption and desorption in metal hydride reactors: a short recent review
Authors: Faraj Khaireldin , Khaled Mahmoud , Faraj Jalal , Faraj Ahmad , Castelain Cathy 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This manuscript presents a short recent review of various techniques used for thermal management enhancement in metal hydride reactors, emphasizing their effect on hydrogen adsorption and desorption. Mainly, the article highlights 4 techniques: The incorporation of various fin types, the integration of heat exchangers within the metal hydride reactor, the addition of heat transfer enhancing material into the MH bed, and the addition of phase change material (PCM). The analysis presented provides brief insightful information about the state of Metal hydride reactors now, laying the groundwork for future studies and advancements in this area.
A three-dimensional spring-loaded inverted pendulum walking model considering human movement speed and frequency
Authors: Bao Yu , Yang Hao-wen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model is an effective model to capture the essential dynamics during human walking and/or running. However, most of the existing three-dimensional (3D) SLIP model does not explicitly account for human movement speed and frequency. To address this knowledge gap, this paper develops a new SLIP model, which includes a roller foot, massless spring, and concentrated mass. The governing equations-of-motion for the SLIP model during its double support phase are derived. It is noted that in the current formulation, the motion of the roller foot is prescribed; therefore, only the equations for the concentrated mass need to be solved. To yield model parameters leading to a periodic walking gait, a constrained optimization problem is formulated and solved using a gradient-based approach with a global search strategy. The optimization results show that when the attack angle ranges from 68° to 74°, the 3D SLIP model can yield a periodic walking gait with walking speeds varying from 0.5 to 2.0 m s−1. The predicted human walking data are also compared with published experimental data, showing reasonable accuracy.
Economics of enhanced methane oxidation relative to carbon dioxide removal
Authors: Hickey Conor , Allen Myles 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Mitigating short-term global warming is imperative, and a key strategy involves reducing atmospheric methane (CH4) due to its high radiative forcing and short lifespan. This objective can be achieved through methods such as oxidising methane at its source or implementing enhanced oxidation techniques to reduce atmospheric CH4 concentrations. In this study, we use a range of metrics to analyse both the impact and value of enhanced CH4 oxidation relative to carbon dioxide (CO2) removal on global temperature. We apply these metrics to a select group of model studies of thermal-catalytic, photocatalytic, biological and capture-based oxidation processes under different greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. Using a target cost of €220-1000/tCO2 for CO2 removal, our findings indicate that metrics valuing enhanced oxidation techniques based on their contribution to mitigating the long-term level of warming show these techniques are uncompetitive with CO2 removal. However, when using metrics that value enhanced oxidation of CH4 based on its impact on the immediate rate of warming, photocatalytic methods may be competitive with CO2 removal, whereas biofiltration, thermal-catalytic oxidation and capture-based units remain uncompetitive. We conclude that if the policy goal is to target the immediate rate of warming, it may be more valuable to incentivise CO2 removal and enhanced oxidation of methane under separate GHG targets.
Darboux transformations for Dunkl–Schrödinger equations with energy-dependent potential and position-dependent mass
Authors: Schulze-Halberg Axel , Roy Pinaki 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We construct arbitrary-order Darboux transformations for Schrödinger equations with energy-dependent potential and position-dependent mass within the Dunkl formalism. Our construction is based on a point transformation that interrelates our equations with the standard Schrödinger case. We apply our method to generate several solvable Dunkl–Schrödinger equations.
Third-harmonic optical process in Zn:NiO thin films under the influence of femtosecond and continuous wave laser excitation
Authors: Thundiyil Ramseena , Anusha  , P Poornesh , Ozga K , Rakus P 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this study, we focused on the impact of nonlinear optical properties on Zn-doped NiO thin film, which was analyzed using z scan and THG technique. The z-scan technique was performed using a continuous wave laser. The open aperture shows that all films exhibit the reverse saturable absorption and the mechanism responsible for two-photon absorption, excited state absorption, and free carrier absorption. The closed aperture results in the negative nonlinear refraction caused by the thermal effects. The enhancement in the third-order susceptibility from 5.37 × 10−3 to 13.24 × 10−3 esu with Zn doping is due to the presence and increase in the concentration of defect levels in the films. The THG studies were performed using femtosecond and nanosecond lasers and revealed that the enhancement in the signal with the rise in Zn doping concentration was attributed to the enhancement of photoexcitation and relaxation processes within the sample. These results suggest that Zn-doped NiO films have significant potential for applications in the realm of optoelectronic applications.
Curcumin based polyurethane materials and their functional applications: a review
Authors: Lan Qiaoqiao , Mao Xiaoyu , Xia Chendong , Zhang Dandan , Huang Peipei , Zhang Weiyi , Shi Shan , Wang Zefeng 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Bio-based polyurethanes are novel material with potential advantages for sustainable development, and their development play significant roles in promoting sustainability. Curcumin, a natural monomer, possesses high biological activity and features a symmetrical chemical structure with various functional groups such as phenolic hydroxyl, carbonyl and benzene ring. The presence of hydroxyl groups in the structure of curcumin provides essential conditions for its involvement in polyurethane synthesis. This review article provides an overview of the applications of curcumin as a chain extender, crosslinking agent and end-capper in polyurethanes, as well as its effects on the chemical structure, mechanical properties, and chemical stability of polyurethanes. Furthermore, the functional applications of curcumin-based polyurethanes in various fields such as medicine, food packaging, and coatings are discussed. Finally, considering the current research status and inherent properties of curcumin, the future prospects of curcumin-based polyurethanes are contemplated.
Effect of glass frit composition on reliability of silver paste metallization in crystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Li Huixin , Sun Xinjie , Xing Juanjuan , Yang Yunxia , Yuan Xiao , Tong Hua 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Glass frit used in conductive silver (Ag) pastes has a significant impact not only on the electrical performance but also on the long-term reliability of metallized electrodes in crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. Here, we investigated the role of compositional changes on the metallization process of silver pastes by adjusting the SiO2, ZnO, Li2O, or Bi2O3 in lead borate glass melts, and performed damp heat (DH) tests in an acidic damp heat environment. It was found that the addition of Bi2O3 resulted in a decrease in conversion efficiency (Eta) of only 6.44% after the cell was treated with dilute acetic acid. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was observed that the cell with this glass frit had minimal changes in the microstructure of its silver-silicon contacts and silver electrodes. This finding helps to improve the performance and stability of solar cells in harsh environments.
On the optimality of the radical-pair quantum compass
Authors: Smith Luke D , Glatthard Jonas , Chowdhury Farhan T , Kattnig Daniel R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Quantum sensing enables the ultimate precision attainable in parameter estimation. Circumstantial evidence suggests that certain organisms, most notably migratory songbirds, also harness quantum-enhanced magnetic field sensing via a radical-pair-based chemical compass for the precise detection of the weak geomagnetic field. However, what underpins the acuity of such a compass operating in a noisy biological setting, at physiological temperatures, remains an open question. Here, we address the fundamental limits of inferring geomagnetic field directions from radical-pair spin dynamics. Specifically, we compare the compass precision, as derived from the directional dependence of the radical-pair recombination yield, to the ultimate precision potentially realisable by a quantum measurement on the spin system under steady-state conditions. To this end, we probe the quantum Fisher information and associated Cramér–Rao bound in spin models of realistic complexity, accounting for complex inter-radical interactions, a multitude of hyperfine couplings, and asymmetric recombination kinetics, as characteristic for the magnetosensory protein cryptochrome. We compare several models implicated in cryptochrome magnetoreception and unveil their optimality through the precision of measurements ostensibly accessible to nature. Overall, the comparison provides insight into processes honed by nature to realise optimality whilst constrained to operating with mere reaction yields. Generally, the inference of compass orientation from recombination yields approaches optimality in the limits of complexity, yet levels off short of the theoretical optimal precision bounds by up to one or two orders of magnitude, thus underscoring the potential for improving on design principles inherent to natural systems.
Tribological performance of functional coated fiber reinforced additively manufactured polymer composite
Authors: Balan G Sakthi , Aravind Raj S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Additive manufacturing has witnessed an upward trend in utilization across diverse industries in recent years. This study examines the tribological properties of polymer composites produced using additive manufacturing. The polymer composites were produced using the fusion deposition modeling process. Subsequently, they undergo thermal spray coating and spin coating processes that deposit hafnium carbide particles onto their surface. The wear test studies were conducted at three distinct temperature levels in accordance with the ASTM standard procedure. The findings demonstrated that the application of a ceramic particle coating led to a substantial decrease in the specific wear rates. Additionally, there were observed differences in the wear rates depending on the specific methods used for applying the coating. The application of thermal coating shown high efficacy in reducing wear rates and safeguarding the underlying materials against material loss. The uncoated carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid (PLA-CF) material showed a slightly significant amount of material degradation as the test chamber temperature increased, in comparison to the coated specimens. The average specific wear rate of the thermally coated carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid specimen at a temperature of 70 °C is 0.000156 kg Nm−1.
Global Value Chains, Labor Rights, and the Nature of Transnational Law
Authors: McDougall Pascal 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This Article develops a framework to analyze the laws that bear on working conditions in global value chains (GVCs), a production structure based on hierarchical international firm networks. In so doing, it contributes to broader debates about how to conceptualize law under contemporary “globalization.” The Article argues against the widespread view that GVCs—and today’s globalized legal order—are fundamentally different from a prior regime of Westphalian state sovereignty. Instead of this vision of globalization as rupture with the past, the Article proposes a “monist” perspective according to which the state has always been embedded in a single body of conflicting and contested transnational legal rules. In this view, sovereign power was never something of which all states could have more or less. Rather, sovereignty is a bundle of rights that can only ever be distributed to specific states vis-à-vis one another and private actors like labor unions and corporations. The Article emphasizes the analytical benefits of this conceptualization of transnational law for policy projects like those of improving working conditions in GVCs and empowering workers globally.
Letter Writing and Legal Consciousness during World War I
Authors: Hoffmann Elizabeth A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This article explores how ordinary Americans thought about law during World War I by examining 119 letters to Congress regarding charges under the Espionage Act. These letters are a product of their time and shed new light on our understanding of the first Red Scare. This lens of legal consciousness explains how people remain within established modes of engagement, rather than either withdrawing or becoming violent, as is found in the extant literature. Despite opposing goals, the letter writers’ shared master frame enabled them to ‘speak to’ the other side, rather than ‘past’ those with opposing views. This article explains how individuals who opposed and supported seating Berger rallied under the same master frame of Americanism. Yet, the two groups displayed strikingly different legal consciousness. These disparate groups not only conceptualized the law itself differently, but engaged the law as a tool for different agendas. At a time when violence was on the rise, these people eschewed violent means and maintained the most conventional, peaceful means of protest: letter writing. How they managed this was by embracing the law as their key, nonviolent tool.