bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CIRCULATION OF SURFACE WATERS IN RALEIGH BAY, NORTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Gray I. E. , Cerame‐Vivas M. J. 
Published: March 2010

Returns from helicopter‐released drift bottles over Diamond Shoals, in April and August 1962, revealed a definite southwesterly coastal flow from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.Influenced by northeast winds the flow was more pronounced in late summer than in late spring, some of the bottles rounding Cape Lookout. Recovery of drift bottles from Onslow Bay and Bogue Sound strongly supports the theory that the temporary winter populations of distinctly northern species in the Beaufort, North Carolina, area become established from planktonic larvae that originated north of Cape Hatteras and were transported around the capes. A postulated circulation, involving the influences of Diamond and Lookout shoals, runoff, northeasterly and southwesterly winds, and back eddies from the Florida Current and from wind‐induced currents, is presented for Raleigh Bay.
THE EFFECTS OF PROLONGED DARKNESS ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, RESPIRATION, AND CHLOROPHYLL IN THE MARINE FLAGELLATE, DUNALIELLA EUCHLORA1
Authors: Yentsch Charles S. , Reichert Carol A. 
Published: March 2010

After darkening Dunaliella cultures previously grown in continuous light, the capacity for oxygen evolution for one hr at light saturation increases as a function of time in darkness, reaching a maximum after 24 hr, and declining after 50 hr. Compensation occurs after 100 hrs. This pattern was observed whether nitrate‐ or ammonia—nitrogen was used in the culture medium.Oxygen evolution per unit chlorophyll reaches a maximum after 24 hr of darkness. Approximately 3.5 times more oxygen per unit chlorophyll is produced by cultures supplied with nitrate than by those supplied with ammonia.After 40 hr of darkness cultures show no signs of adaptation of photosynthesis to lower intensities. Attempts to reestablish growth after 100 hr failed.The importance of those results in connection with changes in the daily photosynthetic capacity of natural populations is discussed.
HYDROLOGICAL CHANGES IN RELATION TO BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN LAKE TANGANYIKA
Authors: Coulter G, W. 
Published: March 2010

A review of the hydrology and an account of hydrological changes in the southeastern arm of Lake Tanganyika between July 1960 and January 1962 are given. Thermal stratification broke down here in July 1960 and 1961, and instability and vertical mixing persisted throughout each cool season until restratification in September. The distribution of dissolved oxygen in this period in 1961 indicated upwelling which, it is suggested, was caused by internal seiche movements. The effects of these movements may have been brought closer to the southern shore by a downward, northward tilt of the isotherms under strong southerly winds. A possible form of the seiche is discussed.Phytoplankton is more abundant in the large bays than in the open lake. In 1960 and 1961, phytoplankton maxima caused by local overturn occurred from July to September, and secondary maxima occurred in November–December, caused either by a lifting of the thermocline or the effects of the first rains. Nitzschia spp. dominated the phytoplankton except in November–December, when Anabaena increased considerably. Some effects of hyrological changes and plankton periodicity on the biology of the important sardines and Lates spp. are discussed.
INFLUENCE OF THE CAPE COD CANAL ON THE HYDROGRAPHY AND ON THE COPEPODS IN BUZZARDS BAY AND CAPE COD BAY, MASSACHUSETTS. I. HYDROGRAPHY AND DISTRIBUTION OF COPEPODS1
Authors: Anraku Masateru 
Published: March 2010

Seventeen hydrographic (temperature and salinity) surveys and plankton collections were made from June 1959 to May 1961. In the summer, there is a thermocline in both Buzzards Bay and Cape Cod Bay, with complete mixing of the water in the canal itself. With a westerly tidal flow, the colder water of Cape Cod Bay enters the canal but scarcely penetrates as far as the northern end of Buzzards Bay. When the tide runs to the east, the warmer water from Buzzards Bay moves toward Cape Cod Bay but does not extend far out into it. In winter, horizontal and vertical temperature differences almost entirely disappear throughout the area. In general, a relatively high salinity is found in Cape Cod Bay and at the southern stations in Buzzards Bay, with less saline “canal” water separating them.Calanus finmarchicus, an inhabitant of Cape Cod Bay, does not propagate in Buzzards Bay. Since this species is abundant between 4 and 9C and is scarce above 18 or below 3C, the high temperature in Buzzards Bay is presumably one of the important factors limiting its distribution. Temperatures above 20C appear to be harmful to Pseudocalanus minutus, since it disappears from the warm water of Buzzards Bay in summer. Likewise, Acartia clausi disappears completely from Buzzards Bay in summer and is scarce there in early fall, since temperatures above 18C are probably unfavorable. On the contrary, Labidocera aestiva is found abundantly only in Buzzards Bay at temperatures above 20C, but it is scarce at lower temperatures. Acartia tonsa occurs throughout the year in Buzzards Bay, but it is absent from Cape Cod Bay in winter. The temperature‐salinity characteristics indicate that temperatures of around 20C are more favorable to A. tonsa than are lower ones. Pseudodiaptomus coronatus is limited to the less saline “canal” water throughout the year. Hence, salinity may chiefly restrict its distribution. The length‐distribution analyses of A. tonsa and A. clausi suggest that both temperature and food supply are important in determining their size variations. Thus, temperature, salinity, and the amount of food available seem to be environmental factors important to the species selected for study. Laboratory experiments should clarify these relationships.
PRIMARY PRODUCTION IN LABORATORY STREAMS 1,2
Authors: Mclntire C. David , Garrison Robert L. , Phinney Harry K. , Warren Charles E. 
Published: March 2010

Six laboratory streams are being used to study primary production and community respiration in simple communities under different environmental conditions. A photosynthesis‐respiration chamber has been developed to perform experiments relating primary production to different environmental conditions and to verify primary production measurements made directly in the laboratory streams or in natural streams.Gross primary production in the six streams under 6,000 lux of illumination ranged from 2.4 to 4.7 g of oxygen per m2 per day. Community respiration ranged from 1.6 to 4.2 g of oxygen per m2 per day. The P/R ratios usually varied between 1.0 and 2.0. The relationship between illumination intensity and primary production was approximately linear between zero and 4,000 lux, and maximum photosynthetic rates were obtained at about 21,000 lux.
PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE INORGANIC NITROGEN CYCLE OF THE SEA 1
Authors: Hamilton R. D. 
Published: March 2010

There appears to be some confusion in the literature as to the role photochemical processes play in the nitrogen cycle. An attempt has been made to reevaluate the problem with regard to the sea.Test solutions of seawaters and distilled water enriched with nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia were exposed to sunlight while in open an while immersed the sea. In addition, experiments were carried out using a fixed‐wavelength ultraviolet source.It is concluded that the photooxidation of ammonia is of no significance while the photoreduction of nitrate is of possible but doubtful significance. In general, it may be concluded that photochemical processes exert an extremely limited effect upon the nitrogen cycle of the sea.
INFLUENCE OF THE CAPE COD CANAL ON THE HYDROGRAPHY AND ON THE COPEPODS IN BUZZARDS BAY AND CAPE COD BAY, MASSACHUSETTS. II. RESPIRATION AND FEEDING1
Authors: Anraku Masateru 
Published: March 2010

Respiration and feeding experiments were carried out on Calanus finmarchicus, Pseudocalanus minutus, Labidocera aestiva, Acartia tonsa, and A. clausi. The relationship between metabolism‐temperature and the feeding‐temperature curves appears to be correlated with the distribution of these species in nature. There was apparently some seasonal adaptation, but the high metabolic rate of some species in spring could not be attributed to temperature alone.Tests on Calanus finmarchicus and Centropages hamatus indicated that salinity may also become a limiting factor in the distribution of copepods.The amount of organic matter consumed is much larger than that calculated from respiratory rates. The assimilation of the food consumed thus seems to be quite low, perhaps as low as 10% or even less.
WATER POLLUTION BY INSECTICIDES IN AN AGRICULTURAL RIVER .BASIN. I. OCCURRENCE OF INSECTICIDES IN RIVER AND TREATED MUNICIPAL WATER
Authors: Nicholson H. Page , Grzenda Alfred R. , Lauer Gerald J. , Cox William S. , Teasley John I. 
Published: March 2010

Insecticide contamination was studied in a stream from the summer of 1959 through the winter of 1962–63. The stream drains a 400‐square‐mile (1,036‐km2) watershed in northern Alabama, in which approximately 15,000 acres (6,070 ha) of cotton are cultivated annually. Estimates of insecticide usage on cotton varied from 58,000 lb technical (26.3 metric tons) in 1960 to 139,000 lb (63.0 metric tons) in 1962. Toxaphene, DDT, and BHC (benzene hexachloride) comprised over 90% of the insecticides used.Water was sampled by the carbon adsorption method at a municipal water treatment plant. The data are reported as concentrations of insecticide recovered.DDT was never detected, but toxaphene and BHC were detected in all samples. Toxaphene ranged from 7 to 410 parts per trillion (ppt), and BHC from 7 ppt to 1.0 part per billion (ppb). Samples of treated and untreated water showed that the purification process failed to remove toxaphene and BIIC. Samples taken in the summer of 1960 from the stream system indicated the same order of contamination observed at the water treatment plant. The data suggest that soil‐persistent insecticides in the stream are related to levels of usage and to the solubility of the compounds.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON ESTUARINE ZOOPLANKTON1
Authors: Jeffries Harry P. 
Published: March 2010

The seasonal cycle of zooplankton in Raritan Bay, New Jersey, was compared with Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and the York River, Virginia, to determine the effects of local conditions on latitudinal gradients in species distributions. The dominant copepods in each estuary, Acartia clausi and A. tonsa, alternated cycles of abundance in a similar and predictable manner, and the distribution of Eurytemora spp. reflected the salinity distribution in several embayments. Relative proportions of the major groups comprising the temporary plankton differed significantly between estuaries. Paucity of lamellibranch larvae in the Raritan system probably resulted from organic debris in the water column, whereas the importance of Balanus nauplii in the York River appeared to be the expression of a natural zoogeographie pattern.Local irregularities were noticed in Raritan Bay when A. tonsa disappeared during summer. This highly abnormal situation paralleled drastic fluctuations in the phytoplankton. Lamellibranch veligers and Balanus nauplii increased in numbers where pollution had been reduced. Plant nutrients arising from discharged wastes and land runoff produced fertile conditions for an extremely dense and persistent spring bloom of phytoplankton. The overabundance of food or associated factors may have been responsible for delayed reproduction by Balanus and polychaetes.
THE HYDROGRAPHY AND SEDIMENTS OF THE GULF OF VENEZUELA1
Authors: Zeigler John M. 
Published: March 2010

It is the object of this paper to examine the sediments of the Gulf of Venezuela and to relate them to the hydrography. The hydrography is, therefore, described in some detail. New data support the general conclusions of Redfield (1955) that the Gulf of Venezuela and Calabozo Bay operate as two estuarine cells driven by the trade winds and by outflow from Lake Maracaibo. New data also show that water enters the Outer Gulf from thc northwest and flows at mid‐depths towards the southeast in response to upwelling taking place off the coast of Paraguaná. Sediment parameters that reflect circulation best are shells of pelagic foraminifera, sand distribution, and silt clay distribution. Of unknown importance is the distribution of resistant fecal pellets and the distribution of carbonate (shell material). The distribution of foraminifera indicated that water does not enter Calabozo Bay over the central part of the sill but rather along both coasts. The silt clay distribution reflects an outflow of water from Calabozo Bay into the Outer Gulf over the sill, a flow that had been first seen in the hydrographic stations.Rainfall data showed the great dependence of water character in the Gulf of Venezuela on rainfall and outflow from Lake Maracaibo. Hydrographic stations made in 1958 following a protracted dry period showed differences in salinity of 1–3‰ between stations occupied in 1954 that were taken following 2 months of heavy rainfall.
BENTHIC REPOPULATION OF THE RARITAN RIVER ESTUARY FOLLOWING POLLUTION ABATEMENT1
Authors: Dean David , Haskin Harold H. 
Published: March 2010

A total of 69 samples of benthic animals was taken in the lower 20 km of the Raritan River estuary from 1957 to 1960. During 1957, under heavily polluted conditions, no freshwater species were discovered. Of the 17 marine species found, the barnacle Balanus improvisus extended 8.5 km above the river mouth; the remaining species were confined to the seaward 4.6 km of the river.In January 1958, a trunk sewer system began operation in the lower Raritan Valley, and pollution was abated in the river. Rapid repopulation of the estuary occurred. The sequence and numbers of freshwater and marine species invading the estuary and colonizing the bottom sediments were followed in the samples of 1958, 1959, and 1960.The most obvious change in 1958 was the distribution and density of Balanus improvisus. These barnacles coated all firm substrata in the previously uninhabited section, extending upriver to the limit of salt penetration. The 12 stations sampled in both 1958 and 1959 yielded 6 freshwater and 21 marine species in 1958 and 8 freshwater and 28 marine species in 1959. In 1960, freshwater species continued to increase, but there was a slight decrease in the number of marine species. Dominant components of the freshwater fauna were the oligochaetes Limnodrilus spp., the leech Erpobdella punctata, and the bivalve Sphaerium sp. A density of 7,102 organisms/m2 was found at one of the freshwater stations in 1960.Marine species that invaded the river following pollution abatement are placed in five groups—three of pioneers, one of secondary invaders, and one of progressive penetrators— on the basis of their year of arrival, penetration, and length of stay.By the end of the study, biotic recovery had so progressed that a plot of the quantitative distribution of species illustrated the classic V‐shaped curve for estuaries. A similarly shaped curve was obtained for the distribution of population densities.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE COSTA RICA DOME IN THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC OCEAN
Authors: Broenkow William W. 
Published: March 2010

The distributions of salinity, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrate, and silicate in the Costa Rica Dome are described from data collected during the Costa Rica Dome cruise November–December 1959. The dome is an area where nutrient‐rich, oxygen‐poor water is brought to the surface by upwelling.The ratios of change of oxygen, phosphate, and nitrate are computed statistically from the observed data to 1,100 m depth.A simple mixing model is used to explain the observed vertical distribution of oxygen above 65 m when allowances are made for photosynthetic oxygen production. The contributions of oxygen from various sources are estimated by use of the model. A similar model is used to compute the ratios in which nutrients are assimilated by phytoplankton.
EXCRETION OF SOME ORGANIC COMPOUNDS BY MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Hellebust J. A. 
Published: March 2010

The excretion of photoassimilated carbon was determined for 22 species of unicellular marine algae in culture during periods of log‐phase growth and for some natural marine phytoplankton populations from Vineyard Sound and the Gulf of Maine. Carbon 14 tracers gave some information about the composition of the excreted material. Most of the algae excreted 3–6% of their photoassimilated carbon during logarithmic growth. A few species excreted as much as 10–25% under the same conditions. Algae subjected to two different light intensities, 3,000 lux and 25,000 lux, varied less than 30% in their relative rates of excretion. However, algae exposed to direct sunlight (100,000–120,000 lux) had very high excretion rates, possibly resulting from damage to the cells by photooxidation.Glycolic acid formed 9–38% of the total carbon excretion in Olisthodiscus sp., Chaetoceros pelagicus, Chlorococcum sp. and Skeletonema costatum. Lower relative amounts were excreted by most of the species studied. Skeletonena costatum excreted considerably more glycolic acid at light intensities below 15,000 lux than above. This is contrary to the findings of other investigators using the freshwater alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa.The amount of carbon excreted as protein ranged from 0.2 to 5.9%, and that excreted as chloroform‐soluble material ranged from 2.8 to 10.3% of the total. After electrodialysis, 12–34% of the compounds were recovered in the anion fraction. Considerable quantities of amino acids and peptides were also detected as excretory products of many of the algae. A few species excreted a single substance almost exclusively. Thus, Chlorella sp. excreted mainly proline, Dunaliella tertiolecta mainly glycerol, and Olisthodiscus sp. mainly mannitol.Apparently healthy populations of natural phytoplankton excreted 4–16% of their photoassimilated carbon. However, 17–38% was excreted by a sample taken at the end of a diatom bloom, when a large number of empty frustules was present.
NITRATE REDUCTION BY MARINE BACTERIA AT INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES1
Authors: ZoBell Claude E. , Budge Keith M. 
Published: March 2010

Thirty species of marine bacteria were examined for their ability to grow and reduce nitrate at increased hydrostatic pressures. All grew and reduced nitrate at pressures up to 300 atm, but not as rapidly as at lower pressures. Only 21 species grew in nutrient medium compressed to 400 atm, 11 grew at 600 atm, and 8 grew and reduced nitrate at 1,000 atm. Washed cells, grown at 1 atm, of all species reduced nitrate at deep‐sea pressures, the average rate being only about one‐fifth as fast at 1,000 atm as at 1 atm.The nitrate‐reducing ability of washed cell suspensions of Pseudomonas perfectomarinus slowly diminished during storage, more slowly at 2C than at 30C. At 2C, such diminution was more rapid at 1,000 atm than at 1 atm, thereby indicating that high pressure inactivates the nitrate‐reducing enzyme system of Ps. perfectomarinus. Subjecting washed cells of this organism suspended in oxygen‐free seawater to pressures of 1,000 to 1,800 atm for a few minutes had no measurable effect on their ability to reduce nitrate after decompressing them to 1 atm, but holding such cells for several hours at high pressures inactivated their nitrate‐reducing enzyme system. Such inactivation was complete and irreversible after holding the cells for 24 hr at 10C at 1,800 atm. Enzyme inactivation by increased pressures was more rapid at low temperatures, 2C, than at higher temperatures (tests made at 10, 21, and 3OC).
DIGGING CHARACTERISTICS AND SAMPLING EFFICIENCY OF THE 0.1 m2 VAN VEEN GRAB1
Authors: Lie Ulf , Pamatmat Mario M. 
Published: March 2010

Replicate samples were collected with a 0.1 m2 van Veen grab during high tide and by hand‐digging during low tide on an intertidal sandflat. The volume of sediment in the grab samples was measured; the coefficient of variation from replicate series varied from 7.4 to 20.3%, with a mean for all stations of 13.4%. Digging characteristics of the grab were studied by SCUBA‐divers under water, and by an experiment on a sandy beach. It was concluded that the jaws approached each other horizontally when closing rather than digging a semi‐circular cut. The shock‐wave of the grab appeared to be negligible for the infauna included in this study.Sample counts for the most abundant species obtained by digging and with the grab were compared. In only 8 out of 37 cases was there a significant difference between the two sets of samples. The vertical distribution of the fauna in the substrate in terms of numbers and biomass was studied.
CARBONATE EQUILIBRIA: A GRAPHIC AND ALGEBRAIC APPROACH1
Authors: Deffeyes Kenneth S. 
Published: March 2010

Graphic solutions for a wide variety of problems in carbonate equilibrium can be obtained if one uses the total carbonate carbon and alkalinity as abscissa and ordinate. At any point on such a diagram the carbonate system is completely defined and the pH, carbon dioxide pressure, bicarbonate concentration, and carbonate concentration can be presented as contours. The diagrams can be prepared for systems which contain other buffers in addition to carbonate. On such diagrams, the addition or removal of CO2, HCO3-, CO3=, acid, or base is a vector property. Diagrams have been prepared for systems that are buffered only by H+ and OH- ions and by the carbonate species at 25C and 1 atm pressure. For solutions in equilibrium with calcite, the magnitude of the alkalinity minus the calcium can also be contoured.An algebraic treatment that is equivalent to graphic solutions can be used either to obtain greater precision or to work with different equilibrium constants.
PROCESSES AFFECTING SEAWATER CIIARACTERISTICS ALONG THE OREGON COAST
Authors: Pattullo June , Denner Warren 
Published: March 2010

Local processes that modify surface water properties are described. Temperature and salinity data from Oregon coastal waters during 1961 and 1962 are examined to assess the effects of the various processes.The temperature‐salinity pairs are divided into sets; each set is considered as dominated by a single modifying process. The set is defined by a process sector on a T‐S field. The percentage of observations in each process sector is determined; these provide a basis for quantitative comparison of different samples of data.During winter, rainfall is the dominant process all along the Oregon coast. Rainfall effects were found in 72% of the winter observations. During summer, two other processes dominate: along the northern Oregon coast, mixing with Columbia River water occurred 23% of the time; near Cape Blanco, upwelling in conjunction with heating was found 42% of the time.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH, CALCIFICATION, AND COCCOLITH FORM IN COCCOLITHUS HUXLEYI (COCCOLITHINEAE)
Authors: Watabe Norimitsu , Wilbur Karl M. 
Published: March 2010

Rates of growth of Coccolithus huxleyi were determined at 7, 12, 18, 24, and 27C and found to be highest at 18 and 24C. The mean minimum doubling time was about 19 hr. The Q10 of growth rates for the interval 7–18C was 2.95. The Q10 value was 1.66 in medium lacking Na2CO3. The percentage of cells forming coccoliths was twofold to threefold greater at 18 and 24C than at 7 and 27C.Coccolith dimensions were significantly different at 12, 18, 24, and 27C. The width and length of the coccoliths and the length of the elements of the upper disc decreased progressively above 18C. In contrast, the width of the upper elements increased to a maximum at 24C. Abnormal coccoliths were produced at all temperatures and were minimal in number at 18C.