bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic intraligamentary injection of piroxicam (feldene) for the management of post‐endodontic pain in molar teeth with irreversible pulpitis
Authors: Atbaei Adnan , Mortazavi Nazanin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this prospective research was to evaluate the post‐endodontic pain‐reducing effect of piroxicam (feldene), a non‐selective non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug. Pain following endodontic treatment is often linked to the inflammatory process as well as additional central mechanisms. The effects of intraligamentary injection of piroxicam have not previously been studied. Sixty‐five patients with irreversible pulpitis were randomly divided into two groups. The active group received intraligamentary injections totalling 0.4 mL of piroxicam, while the placebo group received the same amount of lidocaine. One‐appointment endodontic therapy was performed by a single endodontist. Visual Analogue Scale was used to record pain before treatment and 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 h postoperatively. The decrease in the intensity of post‐treatment pain between the two groups was very significant. Intraligamentary injection of piroxicam can be considered an effective method for reducing post‐endodontic pain.
IntestinalBacteroidesspecies associated with coeliac disease
Authors: Sánchez Ester , Donat Ester , Ribes-Koninckx Carmen , Calabuig Miguel , Sanz Yolanda 
Published: October 2010

AimsTo characterise the predominant species of bacterial populations associated with duodenal biopsies of paediatric patients with active and treated coeliac disease.Methods20 biopsy specimens from patients with active coeliac disease, 12 from patients with treated coeliac disease, and eight from age-matched controls were evaluated for comparative purposes.Bacteroides,Bifidobacteriumand lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations were analysed by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis using group-specific primers.ResultsBacteroidesdiversity was higher in biopsy specimens from controls than in those from patients with active and treated coeliac disease.Bacteroides distasonis,Bacteroides fragilis/Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron,Bacteroides uniformisandBacteroides ovatuswere more abundant in controls than in patients with coeliac disease (p<0.05).Bacteroides vulgatuswas more frequently detected in controls than in patients with treated coeliac disease (p<0.01).Bacteroides doreiwas more common in patients with active coeliac disease than in those with treated coeliac disease and control children (p<0.01).Bifidobacteriumdiversity was higher in patients with coeliac disease than in controls.Bifidobacterium adolescentisandBifidobacterium animalissubsplactiswere more prevalent in patients with active coeliac disease than in patients with treated coeliac disease and control children. A higher LAB diversity was found in patients with treated coeliac disease and controls than in patients with active coeliac disease.Weissellaspp andLactobacillus fermentumwere more frequently detected in patients with treated coeliac disease than in controls and patients with active coeliac disease.ConclusionsBacteroides,Bifidobacteriumand LAB populations in the duodenum of Spanish children with typical coeliac disease (active and treated) and controls differ in diversity and species composition; this could contribute to features of the disease.
Transarterial Onyx embolization of sacral chordoma: case report and review of the literature: Figure 1
Authors: Hu Yin C , Newman C Benjamin , Porter Randall W , Albuquerque Felipe C 
Published: October 2010

AimTo report a successful transarterial Onyx embolization of a highly vascularized sacral chordoma.Case presentationA 74-year-old patient presented with progressive lower back pain and anorectal and urogenital dysfunction complicated by excessive intraoperative blood loss requiring emergent endovascular intervention.InterventionEmergent pelvic angiography demonstrated a highly vascularized sacral chordoma. Transarterial embolization with Onyx was performed successfully via a single arterial pedicle, the median sacral artery. Surgical extirpation was achieved with the expected amount of intraoperative blood loss without further complications.ConclusionPreoperative transarterial Onyx embolization can be performed safely and effectively to assist in the surgical resection of sacral chordomas.
Ignition strength of 25 international cigarette brands
Authors: Seidenberg Andrew B , Rees Vaughan W , Alpert Hillel R , O'Connor Richard J , Connolly Gregory N 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundCigarette-ignited fires are a leading cause of fire death and injury throughout the world and remain a global public health and safety problem. To reduce this harm, a small number of countries now require cigarettes to have reduced ignition propensity (RIP). It is not known if cigarette manufacturers are voluntarily introducing RIP cigarettes in other countries to help save lives.MethodsUsing the ASTM E2187-04 test method, per cent full length burn (%FLB) was measured for three popular brands from each of seven countries that did not have RIP legislation at the time of purchase. Results were compared with %FLB measurements from four popular US brands purchased in a jurisdiction (Vermont) with an RIP law. SRM 1082 reference cigarette was also tested to assure laboratory quality control.ResultsAll cigarette brands purchased in countries not requiring fire safety standards for cigarettes exceeded 75% FLB. In contrast, none of the cigarette brands from the USA exceeded 10% FLB. The SRM 1082 reference cigarette demonstrated 5% FLB.ConclusionCigarette ignition propensity can be greatly reduced through legislation that requires cigarette fire safety standards. RIP cigarettes have the potential to significantly decrease the number of fire deaths, injuries and destruction of property caused by cigarette-ignited fires. Appropriate standards should be applied in cigarette markets globally.
Impact of residual and intrafractional errors on strategy of correction for image-guided accelerated partial breast irradiation
Authors: Cai Gang , Hu Wei-Gang , Chen Jia-Yi , Yu Xiao-Li , Pan Zi-Qiang , Yang Zhao-Zhi , Guo Xiao-Mao , Shao Zhi-Min , Jiang Guo-Liang 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Background
The cone beam CT (CBCT) guided radiation can reduce the systematic and random setup errors as compared to the skin-mark setup. However, the residual and intrafractional (RAIF) errors are still unknown. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the magnitude of RAIF errors and correction action levels needed in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) guided accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI).

Methods
Ten patients were enrolled in the prospective study of CBCT guided APBI. The postoperative tumor bed was irradiated with 38.5 Gy in 10 fractions over 5 days. Two cone-beam CT data sets were obtained with one before and one after the treatment delivery. The CBCT images were registered online to the planning CT images using the automatic algorithm followed by a fine manual adjustment. An action level of 3 mm, meaning that corrections were performed for translations exceeding 3 mm, was implemented in clinical treatments. Based on the acquired data, different correction action levels were simulated, and random RAIF errors, systematic RAIF errors and related margins before and after the treatments were determined for varying correction action levels.

Results
A total of 75 pairs of CBCT data sets were analyzed. The systematic and random setup errors based on skin-mark setup prior to treatment delivery were 2.1 mm and 1.8 mm in the lateral (LR), 3.1 mm and 2.3 mm in the superior-inferior (SI), and 2.3 mm and 2.0 mm in the anterior-posterior (AP) directions. With the 3 mm correction action level, the systematic and random RAIF errors were 2.5 mm and 2.3 mm in the LR direction, 2.3 mm and 2.3 mm in the SI direction, and 2.3 mm and 2.2 mm in the AP direction after treatments delivery. Accordingly, the margins for correction action levels of 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm and no correction were 7.9 mm, 8.0 mm, 8.0 mm, 7.9 mm and 8.0 mm in the LR direction; 6.4 mm, 7.1 mm, 7.9 mm, 9.2 mm and 10.5 mm in the SI direction; 7.6 mm, 7.9 mm, 9.4 mm, 10.1 mm and 12.7 mm in the AP direction, respectively.

Conclusions
Residual and intrafractional errors can significantly affect the accuracy of image-guided APBI with nonplanar 3DCRT techniques. If a 10-mm CTV-PTV margin is applied, a correction action level of 5 mm or less is necessary so as to maintain the RAIF errors within 10 mm for more than 95% of fractions. Pre-treatment CBCT guidance is not a guarantee for safe delivery of the treatment despite its known benefits of reducing the initial setup errors. A patient position verification and correction during the treatment may be a method for the safe delivery.
Availability of Experimental Therapy Outside Oncology Randomized Clinical Trials in the United States
Authors: Hamilton Erika P. , Lyman Gary H. , Peppercorn Jeffrey 
Published: October 2010

PurposeInvestigational cancer therapies may be available outside trials as “off-protocol therapy” (OPRx), with implications for patient safety, trial accrual, and access to care. We conducted a literature-based analysis of recent randomized trials to evaluate the potential scope and impact of OPRx in the United States.MethodsA MEDLINE search identified all English-language phase III medical oncology randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published over a 2-year period ending April 17, 2008. Determination of OPRx availability was based on US Food and Drug Administration approval for any indication. We limited assessment of accrual to studies with US sites. Data from articles were extracted independently by two investigators.ResultsAmong 172 eligible RCTs, the majority (108; 63%) evaluated drugs that were available OPRx in the United States at trial initiation, while an additional 19 (11%) evaluated interventions that became available during the trial. Among trials with US sites, time to accrual was slower (41 vs 22 months; P = .002) and less efficient (8.8 v 22.7 patients per month; P = .001) when OPRx was available. Sixty-six percent of RCTs reported at least one increased grade 3 to 4 toxicity in the experimental arm, 47% reported superior efficacy for at least one major clinical outcome in the experimental arm, and 27% reported improvement in overall survival. These outcomes did not vary on the basis of OPRx availability.ConclusionThe majority of recent oncology RCTs involve experimental interventions that are available outside trials in the United States with potential impact on trial accrual. The safety and efficacy of novel interventions must be determined by clinical trials.
Facilitating longer working lives: International evidence on why and how
Authors: Wise David A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The article advances the view that social and economic choices in societies can reasonably adjust as the age structure of the population changes; in particular, some of the bounty of longer lives can reasonably be allocated to prolonging the labor force participation of older workers. Data on reductions in mortality and, in some countries, declines in disability are presented in ways that help to clarify that prolonged working lives may be a natural concomitant of living longer. The article reviews the problems inherent in the combination of living longer and reducing labor force participation at older ages. It discusses two ways to facilitate longer working lives: (1) eliminating penalties on work at older ages—inherent in the provisions of the social security programs in many countries—that induce older persons to leave the labor force at younger ages; and (2) correcting a false rationale—the “boxed economy” view of the labor market—that is often used to support retention of the provisions that induce older persons to leave the labor force.
Key themes in research on the demography of aging
Authors: Schoeni Robert F. , Ofstedal Mary Beth 
Published: October 2010

Conclusion
For years, researchers and policymakers have attempted to focus attention on population aging by discussing the likely implications to individuals, governments, and society of the baby boom generation reaching old age. No longer can researchers and policymakers say that these are issues that will arise far into the future; the leading edge of the baby boom cohort—born in 1946—will turn age 65 next year. The future is upon us.
The implications of this change in age structure are tremendous, although we may not fully understand the impact for years to come. However, an incredibly rich research infrastructure is now in place that did not exist just 20 years ago. Drawing on this infrastructure, scientists of today and tomorrow will generate new knowledge that will allow us to more intelligently address the most pressing social and economic issues facing society, issues such as the ones examined in this special issue.
Some macroeconomic aspects of global population aging
Authors: Lee Ronald , Mason Andrew 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Across the demographic transition, declining mortality followed by declining fertility produces decades of rising support ratios as child dependency falls. These improving support ratios raise per capita consumption, other things equal, but eventually deteriorate as the population ages. Population aging and the forces leading to it can produce not only frightening declines in support ratios but also very substantial increases in productivity and per capita income by raising investment in physical and human capital. Longer life, lower fertility, and population aging all raise the demand for wealth needed to provide for old-age consumption. This leads to increased capital per worker even as aggregate saving rates fall. However, capital per worker may not rise if the increased demand for wealth is satisfied by increased familial or public pension transfers to the elderly. Thus, institutions and policies matter for the consequences of population aging. The accumulation of human capital also varies across the transition. Lower fertility and mortality are associated with higher human capital investment per child, also raising labor productivity. Together, the positive changes due to human and physical capital accumulation will likely outweigh the problems of declining support ratios. We draw on estimates and analyses from the National Transfer Accounts project to illustrate and quantify these points.
Trends in health of older adults in the United States: Past, present, future
Authors: Martin Linda G. , Schoeni Robert F. , Andreski Patricia M. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The decline in late-life disability prevalence in the United States was one of the most important developments in the well-being of older Americans in the 1980s and 1990s, but there is no guarantee that it will continue into the future. We review the past literature on trends in disability and other health indicators and then estimate the most recent trends in biomarkers and limitations for both the population aged 65 and older and those aged 40 to 64, the future elderly. We then investigate the extent to which trends in education, smoking, and obesity can account for recent trends in limitations and discuss how these three factors might influence future prospects for late-life health. We find that improvements in the health of the older population generally have continued into the first decade of the twenty-first century. The recent increase in the proportion of the younger population needing help with activities of daily living is concerning, as is the doubling of obesity in the last few decades. However, the increase in obesity has recently paused, and favorable trends in education and smoking are encouraging.
The potential impact of comparative effectiveness research on U.S. Health Care expenditures
Authors: Perlroth Daniella J. , Goldman Dana P. , Garber Alan M. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Comparative effectiveness research (CER) has the potential to slow health care spending growth by focusing resources on health interventions that provide the most value. In this article, we discuss issues surrounding CER and its implementation and apply these methods to a salient clinical example: treatment of prostate cancer. Physicians have several options for treating patients recently diagnosed with localized disease, including removal of the prostate (radical prostatectomy), treatment with radioactive seeds (brachytherapy), radiation therapy (IMRT), or—if none of these are pursued—active surveillance. Using a commercial health insurance claims database and after adjustment for comorbid conditions, we estimate that the additional cost of treatment with radical prostatectomy is $7,300, while other alternatives are more expensive—$19,000 for brachytherapy and $46,900 for IMRT. However, a review of the clinical literature uncovers no evidence that justifies the use of these more expensive approaches. These results imply that if patient management strategies were shifted to those supported by CER-based criteria, an estimated $1.7 to $3.0 billion (2009 present value) could be saved each year.
Biodemography: New approaches to understanding trends and differences in population health and mortality
Authors: Crimmins Eileen , Kim Jung Ki , Vasunilashorn Sarinnapha 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The incorporation of biological information in large population surveys has expanded demographic analysis to clarify the meaning of observed trends and differences in population health and mortality. Levels of measured biological risk in the population were reduced in recent years largely because of the expanded use of prescription drugs. The increased use of antihypertensives and, to a lesser extent, lipid-lowering drugs was a likely cause of significant mortality reduction. Blacks and persons with lower educational attainment experience higher levels of biological risk factors, more diseases, and more frailty; these differences are the sources of higher mortality for these groups. Hispanics are less likely to have a higher prevalence of risk factors and diseases than the non-Hispanic population, providing further understanding of the “Hispanic paradox.” Almost every examined indicator of biological risk, disease, and frailty is related to higher mortality, indicating how incorporation of this information provides a fuller understanding of the morbidity process.
What can we learn from (and about) global aging?
Authors: Kapteyn Arie 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Although aging is a global phenomenon, there are large differences across countries in both the speed of aging and the current age composition. Furthermore, countries adopt vastly different policies. This creates a natural laboratory that scientists can use to understand how policies affect outcomes. I discuss under what circumstances data from different countries can be used for inference about policy effects. Although comparable health and retirement data are currently being collected in some 25 countries, the use of such data requires careful modeling of differences in institutions and in response styles across countries.
Causes and consequences of early-life health
Authors: Case Anne , Paxson Christina 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
We examine the consequences of child health for economic and health outcomes in adulthood, using height as a marker of childhood health. After reviewing previous evidence, we present a conceptual framework that highlights data limitations and methodological problems that complicate the study of this topic. We then present estimates of the associations between height and a range of outcomes—including schooling, employment, earnings, health, and cognitive ability—measured in five data sets from early to late adulthood. These results indicate that, on average, taller individuals attain higher levels of education. Height is also positively associated with better economic, health, and cognitive outcomes. These associations are only partially explained by the higher average educational attainment of taller individuals. We then use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults survey to document the associations between health, cognitive development, and growth in childhood. Even among children with the same mother, taller siblings score better on cognitive tests and progress through school more quickly. Part of the differences found between siblings arises from differences in their birth weights and lengths attributable to mother’s behaviors while pregnant. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that childhood health influences health and economic status throughout adulthood.
Disease prevalence, disease incidence, and mortality in the United States and in England
Authors: Banks James , Muriel Alastair , Smith James P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe find that both disease incidence and disease prevalence are higher among Americans in age groups 55–64 and 70–80, indicating that Americans suffer from higher past cumulative disease risk and experience higher immediate risk of new disease onset compared with the English. In contrast, age-specific mortality rates are similar in the two countries, with an even higher risk among the English after age 65. We also examine reasons for the large financial gradients in mortality in the two countries. Among 55- to 64-year-olds, we estimate similar health gradients in income and wealth in both countries, but for 70- to 80-year-olds, we find no income gradient in the United Kingdom. Standard behavioral risk factor’s (work, marriage, obesity, exercise, and smoking) almost fully explain income gradients among those aged 55–64 in both countries and a significant part among Americans 70–80 years old. The most likely explanation of the absence of an English income gradient relates to the English income benefit system: below the median, retirement benefits are largely flat and independent of past income, and hence past health, during the working years. Finally, we report evidence using a long panel of American respondents that their subsequent mortality is not related to large changes in wealth experienced during the prior 10-year period.
Families, social life, and well-being at older ages
Authors: Waite Linda , Das Aniruddha 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
As people age, many aspects of their lives tend to change, including the constellation of people with whom they are connected, their social context, their families, and their health—changes that are often interrelated. Wave I of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) has yielded rich information on intimate ties, especially dyads and families, and on social connections generally. Combined with extensive biological and other health measures, NSHAP enables researchers to address key questions on health and aging. We begin with recent findings on intimate dyads, then move to social participation, and finally to elder mistreatment. Among dyads, we find that whereas sexual activity drops sharply with age for both women and men, gender differences in partner loss as well as psychosocial and normative pressures constrain women’s sex more than men’s. However, surviving partnerships tend to be emotionally and physically satisfying and are marked by relatively frequent sex. In contrast to sex, nonsexual intimacy is highly prevalent at older ages, especially among women. Older adults are also socially resilient—adapting to the loss of social ties by increasing involvement with community and kin networks. Despite these social assets, older adults remain vulnerable to mistreatment. Overall, these findings yield a mixed picture of gender-differentiated vulnerabilities balanced by proactive adaptation and maintenance of social and dyadic assets.