bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ion current measurements as a tool for ignition detection in the cone calorimeter
Authors: Försth Michael , Larsson Anders 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMeasurements of the ion current between two electrodes have been conducted in order to assess whether the ion current can be used for the detection of ignition in a cone calorimeter, and for fire dynamics investigations in general. The measured ion current clearly indicates when ignition occurs, in agreement with traditional results based on visual inspection. It was also seen that soot deposits on the electrodes do not adversely affect the ability of the ion current to indicate ignition. However, short circuiting may occur if the electrodes are kept in a sooty flame long enough for the soot to completely bridge the gap between the electrodes. The latter scenario is not a problem from an ignition detection point of view since soot growth occurs after ignition has taken place.Measurement of the ion current between the electrodes was also conducted in a premixed propane flame in order to characterize the dependence of the current on applied voltage and on combustion conditions. The ion current obeys Ohm's law since the current increases linearly with applied voltage in the investigated voltage range. It was also seen that the ion current gave unique results based on its position in a propane flame and the fuel/air ratio of the flame. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mechanistic method for scrutinising LIFT ignition data
Authors: Tobeck D. O. , Spearpoint M. J. , Fleischmann C. M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe lateral ignition and flame spread test (LIFT) standard (ASTM E 1321‐97a) requires the Thermal Response correlation to be scrutinized for data points that violate the zero heat loss requirement, but the standard gives no guidance on how this should be done. The fundamentals of linear regression were reviewed and an unbiased and mechanistic algorithm for scrutinising LIFT ignition data without human intervention was developed. The algorithm produced reasonable results compared with human interpretation of exemplar test data taken from the literature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early event‐related cortical activity originating in the frontal eye fields and inferior parietal lobe predicts the occurrence of correct and error saccades
Authors: Ptak Radek , Camen Christian , Morand Stéphanie , Schnider Armin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAlthough the cortical circuitry underlying saccade execution has well been specified by neurophysiological and functional imaging studies, the temporal dynamics of cortical activity predicting the occurrence of voluntary or reflexive saccades in humans are largely unknown. Here, we examined electrophysiological activity preceding the onset of correct (i.e., voluntary) or error (i.e., reflexive) saccades in an oculomotor capture task. Participants executed saccades to lateralized visual targets while attempting to inhibit reflexive glances to abruptly appearing distracters. Since the visual display was identical for both types of saccades, different electrophysiological patterns preceding correct and error saccades could not be explained by low‐level perceptual differences. Compared to correct saccades electrophysiological activity preceding error saccades showed significant differences of the scalp electric field and of voltage amplitudes at posterior electrodes. In addition, though error saccades had significantly shorter latency than correct saccades a prolonged topographic configuration of electric potentials prior to error saccades was found ∼120–140 ms following target onset. In agreement with the known asymmetry in hemispheric dominance for spatial attention, distinct electrophysiological patterns were only found for leftward saccades. While error saccades were associated with stronger activity in the right Frontal Eye Field, correct saccades were preceded by stronger activity in the inferior parietal lobule. These findings suggest that selection of the saccade target in a conflicting situation is determined by early top‐down biases originating in frontal and parietal cortical regions critical for spatial attention and saccade programming. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemotherapy‐induced structural changes in cerebral white matter and its correlation with impaired cognitive functioning in breast cancer patients
Authors: Deprez Sabine , Amant Frederic , Yigit Refika , Porke Kathleen , Verhoeven Judith , Stock Jan Van den , Smeets Ann , Christiaens Marie‐Rose , Leemans Alexander , Hecke Wim Van , Vandenberghe Joris , Vandenbulcke Mathieu , Sunaert Stefan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA subgroup of patients with breast cancer suffers from mild cognitive impairment after chemotherapy. To uncover the neural substrate of these mental complaints, we examined cerebral white matter (WM) integrity after chemotherapy using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in combination with detailed cognitive assessment. Postchemotherapy breast cancer patients (n = 17) and matched healthy controls (n = 18) were recruited for DTI and neuropsychological testing, including the self‐report cognitive failure questionnaire (CFQ). Differences in DTI WM integrity parameters [fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD)] between patients and healthy controls were assessed using a voxel‐based two‐sample‐t‐test. In comparison with healthy controls, the patient group demonstrated decreased FA in frontal and temporal WM tracts and increased MD in frontal WM. These differences were also confirmed when comparing this patient group with an additional control group of nonchemotherapy‐treated breast cancer patients (n = 10). To address the heterogeneity observed in cognitive function after chemotherapy, we performed a voxel‐based correlation analysis between FA values and individual neuropsychological test scores. Significant correlations of FA with neuropsychological tests covering the domain of attention and processing/psychomotor speed were found in temporal and parietal WM tracts. Furthermore, CFQ scores correlated negatively in frontal and parietal WM. These studies show that chemotherapy seems to affect WM integrity and that parameters derived from DTI have the required sensitivity to quantify neural changes related to chemotherapy‐induced mild cognitive impairment. Hum Brain Mapp 32:480–493, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An ex vivo imaging pipeline for producing high‐quality and high‐resolution diffusion‐weighted imaging datasets
Authors: Dyrby Tim B. , Baaré William F.C. , Alexander Daniel C. , Jelsing Jacob , Garde Ellen , Søgaard Lise V. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDiffusion tensor (DT) imaging and related multifiber reconstruction algorithms allow the study of in vivo microstructure and, by means of tractography, structural connectivity. Although reconstruction algorithms are promising imaging tools, high‐quality diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) datasets for verification and validation of postprocessing and analysis methods are lacking. Clinical in vivo DWI is limited by, for example, physiological noise and low signal‐to‐noise ratio. Here, we performed a series of DWI measurements on postmortem pig brains, which resemble the human brain in neuroanatomical complexity, to establish an ex vivo imaging pipeline for generating high‐quality DWI datasets. Perfusion fixation ensured that tissue characteristics were comparable to in vivo conditions. There were three main results: (i) heat conduction and unstable tissue mechanics accounted for time‐varying artefacts in the DWI dataset, which were present for up to 15 h after positioning brain tissue in the scanner; (ii) using fitted DT, q‐ball, and persistent angular structure magnetic resonance imaging algorithms, any b‐value between ∼2,000 and ∼8,000 s/mm2, with an optimal value around 4,000 s/mm2, allowed for consistent reconstruction of fiber directions; (iii) diffusivity measures in the postmortem brain tissue were stable over a 3‐year period. On the basis of these results, we established an optimized ex vivo pipeline for high‐quality and high‐resolution DWI. The pipeline produces DWI data sets with a high level of tissue structure detail showing for example two parallel horizontal rims in the cerebral cortex and multiple rims in the hippocampus. We conclude that high‐quality ex vivo DWI can be used to validate fiber reconstruction algorithms and to complement histological studies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The synthesis of optically active P‐heterocycles
Authors: Keglevich György , Dvorszki Judit , Ujj Viktória , Ludányi Krisztina 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOptically active 1‐alkoxy‐ and 1‐amino‐3‐phospholene oxides were synthesized by the reaction of the corresponding 1‐chloro‐3‐phospholene oxides with (1R,2S,5R)‐(–)menthol and (S)‐(–)‐α‐phenylethylamine. The 3‐methyl‐3‐phospholene oxides were subjected to dichlorocyclopropanation under liquid–liquid phase transfer catalytic conditions to afford the 3‐phosphabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane 3‐oxides as a mixture of four diastereomers. Thermolysis of the menthyl‐phosphabicyclohexane oxides led to the corresponding 1,2‐dihydrophosphinine oxide as a diastereomeric mixture of two double‐bond isomers. As a result of additional steps, the dichlorocarbene addition reaction of the 1‐menthyl‐3,4‐dimethyl‐3‐phospholene oxide resulted in eventually, the formation of a 4‐dichloromethylene‐1,4‐dihydrophosphinine oxide. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:271–277, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20599
Structure–activity relationship of s‐triazoles and thiadiazoles as analgesics
Authors: Siwek Agata , Wujec Monika , Plech Tomasz , Kuśmierz Edyta , Jagiełło‐Wójtowicz Ewa , Chodkowska Anna 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe influence of s‐triazoles (6–9) and thiadiazoles (10–11) on the central nervous system of mice in some behavioral tests was investigated. It was found that compounds (10) and (11) are the possible candidates for further development as analgesic agents. The correlation between the molecular descriptors and analgesic potential has been studied by using the pattern recognition methods: principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Our results, however, showed that the relationship between molecular descriptors and analgesic activity of s‐triazoles and thiadiazoles cannot be easily explained on the basis of PCA and HCA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:256–264, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20605
Acute Liver Failure Is Associated With Elevated Liver Stiffness and Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation†
Authors: Dechêne Alexander , Sowa Jan-Peter , Gieseler Robert K. , Jochum Christoph , Bechmann Lars P. , El Fouly Amr , Schlattjan Martin , Saner Fuat , Baba Hideo A. , Paul Andreas , Dries Volker , Odenthal Margarethe , Gerken Guido , Friedman Scott L. , Canbay Ali 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Acute liver failure (ALF) is associated with massive short-term cell death, whereas chronic liver injury is accompanied by continuous cell death. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to tissue repair and liver fibrosis in chronic liver injury, although their role in ALF remains unexplained. Twenty-nine patients (median age = 43 years, 17 females and 12 males) with ALF according to the Acute Liver Failure Study Group criteria were included. Upon the diagnosis of ALF and after 7 days, we determined liver stiffness (LS) with FibroScan, standard laboratory parameters, and serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-2, MMP-9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), TIMP-2, hyaluronic acid, and markers of overall cell death (M65) and apoptosis (M30). Stellate cell activation and progenitor response were analyzed immunohistochemically in biopsy samples of 12 patients with α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), keratin-17, and keratin-19 staining, respectively. Cell death markers (M30 level = 2243 ± 559.6 U/L, M65 level = 3732 ± 839.9 U/L) and fibrosis markers (TIMP-1 level = 629.9 ± 69.4 U/mL, MMP-2 level = 264 ± 32.5 U/mL, hyaluronic acid level = 438.5 ± 69.3 μg/mL) were significantly increased in patients versus healthy controls. This was paralleled by collagen deposition, elevated α-SMA expression, and higher LS (25.6 ± 3.0 kPa). ALF was associated with ductular progenitor proliferation.

Conclusion:

Our results demonstrate HSC activation and a progenitor response in ALF. Positive correlations between LS, the degree of liver cell damage, and the intensity of HSC activation suggest that fibrosis is a response to ALF in an attempt to repair damaged tissue.
On the analytical solution of the Bejan‐Khair equation arising in free convection in porous media
Authors: Bansod V.J. , Jadhav R.K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis paper revisits the fundamental problem of free convection heat and mass transfer over a heated vertical surface embedded in a porous medium using analytical techniques. An integral procedure is applied to the boundary layer similar equation for the combined heat and mass transfer from a vertical surface in a porous medium. The analytical approximations have covered a wide range of governing parameters of the problem. The results for both Nusselt and Sherwood numbers agree well with numerical results published in the literature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20297
The newborn infant: a missing stage in developmental psychology
Authors: Nagy Emese 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAlthough neonatology, the study of the newborn, is well established in medical science, psychological research on the newborn is relatively scarce. Can we justify this period as a distinct stage of human development in Psychology? This introductory article considers the unique characteristics of the neonatal period, the impact of the transition to extrauterine life, including the impact of birth itself, and the stages of brain development that characterize this period. It presents evidence of an intentional, intersubjective neonate, and uses behavioural and neuroscientific evidence to argue that the neonate's early social preferences and responses indicate a unique, sensitive, experience‐expectant stage of development.The authors of this issue agree in proposing that the newborn infant is prepared, evolutionarily and psychobiologically, to be born intersubjective. The notion of an intersubjective newborn infant, however, is virtually impossible to support without data and models from neuroscience, medicine, perinatology, physiology, ethology, evolutionary psychology and cognitive science. This issue is an attempt to bring scientists together from many of these fields to explore the unique characteristics of the first weeks of life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is it like to be a person who knows nothing? Defining the active intersubjective mind of a newborn human being
Authors: Trevarthen Colwyn 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAs thinking adults depend upon years of practical experience, reasoning about facts and causes, and language to sustain their knowledge, beliefs and memories, and to understand one another, it seems quite absurd to suggest that a newborn infant has intersubjective mental capacities. But detailed research on how neonatal selves coordinate the rhythms of their movements and senses, and how they engage in intimate and seductive precision with other persons' movements, sensing their purposes and feelings, gives evidence that it is so. The developmental and functional neuroscience of the human brain agrees. Indeed it seems that cultural intelligence itself is motivated at every stage by the kind of powers of innate intersubjective sympathy that an alert infant can show shortly after birth. We are born to generate shifting states of self‐awareness, to show them to other persons, and to provoke interest and affectionate responses from them. Thus starts a new psychology of the creativity and cooperative knowing and meaning in human communities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MHC II lung cancer vaccines prime and boost tumor‐specific CD4+ T cells that cross‐react with multiple histologic subtypes of nonsmall cell lung cancer cells
Authors: Srivastava Minu K. , Bosch Jacobus J. , Wilson Ashley L. , Edelman Martin J. , Ostrand‐Rosenberg Suzanne 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the major cause of lung cancer‐related deaths in the United States. We are developing cell‐based vaccines as a new approach for the treatment of NSCLC. NSCLC is broadly divided into 3 histologic subtypes: adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma. Since these subtypes are derived from the same progenitor cells, we hypothesized that they share common tumor antigens, and vaccines that induce immune reactivity against 1 subtype may also induce immunity against other subtypes. Our vaccine strategy has focused on activating tumor‐specific CD4+ T cells, a population of lymphocytes that facilitates the optimal activation of effector and memory cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. We now report that our NSCLC MHC II vaccines prepared from adeno, squamous or large cell carcinomas each activate CD4+ T cells that cross‐react with the other NSCLC subtypes and do not react with HLA‐DR‐matched normal lung fibroblasts or other HLA‐DR‐matched nonlung tumor cells. Using MHC II NSCLC vaccines expressing the DR1, DR4, DR7 or DR15 alleles, we also demonstrate that antigens shared among the different subtypes are presented by multiple HLA‐DR alleles. Therefore, MHC II NSCLC vaccines expressing a single HLA‐DR allele activate NSCLC‐specific CD4+ T cells that react with the 3 major classes of NSCLC, and the antigens recognized by the activated T cells are presented by several common HLA‐DR alleles, suggesting that the MHC II NSCLC vaccines are potential immunotherapeutics for a range of NSCLC patients.
Prognostic significance of regulatory T cells in tumor
Authors: Wilke Cailin Moira , Wu Ke , Zhao Ende , Wang Guobin , Zou Weiping 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSince entering the immunological stage several decades ago, regulatory T cell biology has been realized as fundamentally important in the prevention of autoimmune conditions, induction of transplant tolerance and the immune response to cancer. The role of regulatory T cells in tumor immunobiology is still being elucidated. Currently, regulatory T cells are implicated in the dampening of antitumor T‐cell responses both through direct and indirect means. A number of investigators have demonstrated that regulatory T cell density and location may serve as independent prognostic factors in several types of cancer and are alternately detrimental or beneficial to patient survival. In this article, we will review the characteristics and functional phenotype of classical regulatory T cells, describe their distribution and quantification in tumor‐bearing hosts and summarize recent studies investigating the prognostic significance of regulatory T cell number and locality in various cancers.
Yield and water use efficiency of corn planted in one or two rows and applying furrow or drip tape irrigation systems in Ghazvin Province, Iran
Authors: Karimi Mohammad , Gomrokchi Afshin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis study investigated water use efficiency and yield in corn (SC 704) irrigated with drip (tape) and furrow irrigation systems in Ghazvin, Iran, in 2006. Four levels of irrigation including: 80, 100 and 120% of water requirement with drip irrigation (tape) and 100% water requirement with furrow irrigation as main plots and method of planting (one and two rows), as well as three levels of crop density including: 75 000, 90 000 and 105 000 (plants ha−1) as subplots were considered. The highest average grain yield was 12.9 t ha−1 while the treatment was drip irrigation at level of 120% water requirement in a two‐row planting pattern and crop density equal to 75 000 plants ha−1 (I3R2D1 treatment). The highest water use efficiency (WUE) was obtained in I3R2D1 treatment as 1.96 kg m−3, while the lowest was found in drip irrigation at a level of 80% water requirement in a two‐row planting pattern and crop density equal to 75 000 plants ha−1 (I1R2D1 treatment) as 0.82 kg m−3. Variance analysis of the grain yield data indicated that both planting pattern and interaction of planting pattern and crop density significantly affected the yields. Generally, the planting of one row resulted in significantly higher grain yields than the other planting pattern. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryogenic prototyping of chitosan scaffolds with controlled micro and macro architecture and their effect on in vivo neo‐vascularization and cellular infiltration
Authors: Lim Tze Chiun , Chian Kerm Sin , Leong Kah Fai 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA major challenge in tissue engineering has been to develop scaffolds with controlled complex geometries, on both the macro‐ and micro‐scale. One group of techniques, using rapid prototyping (RP) processes, has the capability to produce complex three‐dimensional structures with good control over the size, geometry, and connectivity of the pores. In this article, a novel technique based on RP technology, that is, cryogenic prototyping (CP), that has the capability to fabricate scaffolds with controlled macro‐ and micro‐structures, is presented. Our in vivo studies showed that the micro architecture (i.e., both pore size and pore orientation) and macro structures of the CP scaffolds affect both cellular infiltration and neo‐vascularization. Full cellular infiltration and neo‐vascularization were observed after 28 days in scaffolds with micropore sizes of 90 μm. In addition, it was observed that channels (300 μm) created in scaffolds were effective at enhancing cellular infiltration and vascularization. Our results have demonstrated that CP is a viable method for fabricating scaffolds for a wide range of tissue engineering applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010
Fabrication of a biodegradable calcium polyphosphate/polyvinyl‐urethane carbonate composite for high load bearing osteosynthesis applications
Authors: Ramsay Scott D. , Pilliar Robert M. , Santerre J. Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe formation of biodegradable implants for use in osteosynthesis has been a major goal of biomaterials research for the past 2–3 decades. Self‐reinforced polylactide systems represent the most significant success of this research to date, however, with elastic constants up to 12–15 GPa at best, they fail to provide the initial stiffness required of devices for stabilizing fractures of major load‐bearing bones. Our research has investigated the use of calcium polyphosphate (CPP), an inorganic polymer in combination with polyvinyl‐urethane carbonate (PVUC) organic polymers for such applications. Initial studies indicated that composite samples formed as interpenetrating phase composites (IPC) exhibited suitable as‐made strength and stiffness, however, they displayed a rapid loss of properties when exposed to in vitro aging. An investigation to determine the mechanism of this accelerated in vitro degradation for the IPCs as well as to identify possible design changes to overcome this drawback was undertaken using a model IPC system. It was found that strong interfacial strength and minimal swelling of the PVUC are very important for obtaining and maintaining appropriate mechanical properties in vitro. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.