bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is a categorical model of the differential and the resource λ-calculi?
Authors: MANZONETTO GIULIO 
Published: February 2012

The differential λ-calculus is a paradigmatic functional programming language endowed with a syntactical differentiation operator that allows the application of a program to an argument in a linear way. One of the main features of this language is that it is resource conscious and gives the programmer suitable primitives to handle explicitly the resources used by a program during its execution. The differential operator also allows us to write the full Taylor expansion of a program. Through this expansion, every program can be decomposed into an infinite sum (representing non-deterministic choice) of ‘simpler’ programs that are strictly linear.The aim of this paper is to develop an abstract ‘model theory’ for the untyped differential λ-calculus. In particular, we investigate what form a general categorical definition of a denotational model for this calculus should take. Starting from the work of Blute, Cockett and Seely on differential categories, we develop the notion of a Cartesian closed differential category and prove that linear reflexive objects living in such categories constitute sound and complete models of the untyped differential λ-calculus. We also give sufficient conditions for Cartesian closed differential categories to model the Taylor expansion. This requires that every model living in such categories equates all programs having the same full Taylor expansion.We then provide a concrete example of a Cartesian closed differential category modelling the Taylor expansion, namely the category MRel of sets and relations from finite multisets to sets. We prove that the extensional model of λ-calculus we have recently built in MRel is linear, and is thus also an extensional model of the untyped differential λ-calculus. In the same category, we build a non-extensional model and prove that it is, nevertheless, extensional on its differential part.Finally, we study the relationship between the differential λ-calculus and the resource calculus, which is a functional programming language combining the ideas behind the differential λ-calculus with those behind Boudol's λ-calculus with multiplicities. We define two translation maps between these two calculi and study the properties of these translations. In particular, this analysis shows that the two calculi share the same notion of a model, and thus that the resource calculus can be interpreted by translation into every linear reflexive object living in a Cartesian closed differential category.
Towards an international system of professional recognition for public health nutritionists: a feasibility study within the European Union
Authors: Davies Jennifer , Hughes Roger , Margetts Barrie 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo test the feasibility of a pan-European professional recognition system for public health nutrition.DesignA multistage consultation process was used to test the feasibility of a model system for public health nutritionist certification. A review of existing national-level systems for professional quality assurance was conducted via literature review and a web-based search, followed by direct inquiries among stakeholders. This information was used to construct a consultation document circulated to key stakeholders summarising the rationale of the proposed system and inviting feedback about the feasibility of the system. Two consultation workshops were also held. The qualitative data gathered through the consultation were collated and thematically analysed.SettingEurope.SubjectsPublic health nutrition workforce stakeholders across twenty-nine countries in the European Union.ResultsOne hundred and forty-five contacts/experts representing twenty-nine countries were contacted with responses received from a total of twenty-eight countries. The system proposed involved a certification system of professional peer review of an applicant's professional practice portfolio, utilising systems supported by information technology for document management and distribution similar to peer-review journals. Through the consultation process it was clear that there was overall agreement with the model proposed although some points of caution and concern were raised, including the need for a robust quality assurance framework that ensures transparency and is open to scrutiny.ConclusionsThe consultation process suggested that the added value of such a system goes beyond workforce development to enhancing recognition of the important role of public health nutrition as a professional discipline in the European public health workforce.
Seasonal variation of solitary wave properties in Lake Constance
Authors: Preusse M. , Freistühler H. , Peeters F. 
Published: February 2012

The properties of internal solitary waves (ISWs) depend on the stratification of the water body. In most climatic regions the stratification in lakes and oceans varies during the year, and hence the properties of the ISWs can also be expected to change over the seasons. On the basis of a long‐term temperature time series recorded over 6 years, this paper investigates seasonal changes in the characteristic properties of ISWs in Lake Überlingen, a subbasin of Lake Constance. A large number of ISWs with amplitudes ranging from 3 m to 30 m were identified. More than 15% of the leading ISWs of a wave train were associated with density inversions, often indicating shear instabilities or trapped cores. For all waves the propagation depth and the value of a nonlinearity index nlp providing the degree of nonlinearity were determined, propagation depth being the rest height of the isotherm undergoing maximum displacement and nlp the ratio between wave amplitude and propagation depth. The index nlp was found to be a good parameter for predicting the occurrence of inversions. The statistical analysis of the wave properties derived from the observations revealed that the degree of nonlinearity of the ISWs changes with season. Complementary to the statistical analysis, the seasonally averaged ISW properties were compared with wave prototypes obtained numerically from the Dubreil‐Jacotin‐Long (DJL) and the stratified Korteweg‐deVries (KdV) models. The simulations indicate that the typical stratification and its seasonal variation are responsible for the degree and the seasonality of nonlinearity of the ISWs.
Protocol for Metatranscriptomic analysis of Intestinal Microbiota
Authors: Poroyko Valeriy , Hernandez Alvaro , Alverdy John , Liu Donald 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe objective of this publication is to provide the detailed protocol for metartancriptomisc studies of animal intestinal microbiota. The protocol describes isolation of high quality microbial community RNA from the mammalian intestinal content, subsequent mRNA enrichment, cDNA synthesis and sequencing. Twelve libraries were prepared, pooled in equimolar concentrations into a single library and sequenced on one GS Titanium 70 × 75 picotiter plate, following this protocol. The total number of reads obtained for 12 libraries was 1,155,062 (average 96,000 per library) and the combined size of 12 libraries was 521 million bases (average 43 million bases per library). The reported size of non-ribosomal RNA library fraction is ~15%, the fraction of non-ribosomal reads is ~17%. Hence we described a robust technique for metranscriptomic studies of animal intestinal microbiota. The double stranded cDNAs, prepared following this protocol, are suitable for pyrosequencing (454, Illumina), clone library construction or could be used to archive and store metaranscriptomic samples.
Environmental isolation and characterisation of Cryptococcus species from living trees in Havana city, Cuba
Authors: Illnait‐Zaragozí M. T. , Martínez‐Machín G. F. , Fernández‐Andreu C. M. , Perurena‐Lancha M. R. , Theelen B. , Boekhout T. , Meis J. F. , Klaassen C. H. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryCryptococcus isolates from Cuban patients were identified as C. neoformans var. grubii. Although this species has since long been associated with bird droppings, a recent genotyping study provided strong evidence for additional origins of exposure. We sampled different species of trees in Havana, Cuba to identify other potential sources of exposure to this fungus. A total of 662 samples were collected from 331 trees and cacti from Havana, Cuba. Initial selection of the isolates was carried out by conventional techniques. Isolates were further characterised using a combination of AFLP analysis and DNA sequence analysis. Identification by conventional methods yielded 121 C. neoformans and 61 C. gattii isolates. Molecular analyses showed that none of these isolates was C. gattii and only one isolate proved to be C. neoformans var. grubii. A total of 27 different other species were identified. The most prevalent species was C. heveanensis (33%). Sixty‐five unidentifiable isolates segregated into ten potentially novel species. Conventional cultivation methods have a low specificity for C. neoformans complex and molecular analyses need to be applied to confirm identification of isolates from environmental sources. Environmental niches responsible for most of human cryptococcal infections in Cuba remain to be identified.
Inheritance of white petiole in celery and development of a tightly linked SCAR marker
Authors: Han Qing , Wang Shuai , Yang Wencai , Shen Huolin 
Published: February 2012

With 2 figures and 1 tableAbstractPetiole colour is an important breeding objective for celery. An F2 segregation population of 185 plants was constructed from a cross between the white petiole parent ‘CE72W’ and the normal green parent ‘CE82L’ in celery. Field statistic data revealed that all F1 individuals had white petioles and the ratio of white to normal green was 3 : 1 in the F2 population. These results indicated that a dominant gene, designated Wp1, controlled the white petiole trait. Sequence‐related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) techniques combined with bulked segregant analysis were subsequently carried out in an F2 population. One hundred and thirty‐five SRAP markers were screened and tested. Only one SRAP marker (E67M59) that was tightly linked to the white petiole trait was identified and successfully converted into sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. In conclusion, this SCAR marker will facilitate the marker‐assisted selection of celery breeding and can be used for further genetic study and genetic map building.
Gene expression analysis of chilling requirements for flower bud break in peach
Authors: Leida Carmen , Romeu José F. , García‐Brunton Jesús , Ríos Gabino , Badenes María L. 
Published: February 2012

With 2 figures and 2 tablesAbstractDormancy has been defined as the inability to initiate growth from meristem under favourable environmental conditions. The length of dormancy is a genotype‐specific trait that limits the climatic adaptability of temperate crops, as peach. A better knowledge of the genes involved in dormancy may provide genetic tools for an early assessment of the trait in breeding programmes. Recent studies on the molecular aspects of dormancy provided an initial description of candidate genes involved in bud dormancy maintenance and release in peach. In this paper, we compare the chilling requirement for dormancy release of five peach cultivars with the expression of five genes and ESTs related to bud dormancy: DAM5, DB396 (ppa007606m), DB247 (ppa012188m), SB280 (ppa006974m) and PpB63 (ppa008309m). Results indicated that gene expression analysis could contribute to estimate the chilling requirement for dormancy release of new cultivars.
Lucretius Hebraizant: Spinoza's Reading of Ecclesiastes
Authors: Montag Warren 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSpinoza viewed the book of Ecclesiastes, in its original Hebrew and thus cleared of the interpretations imposed upon it in the guise of translation, as a powerful critique of the two most important variants of the superstition that taught human beings to regard both nature and themselves as degraded expressions of an unattainable perfection. The first was organized around the concept of miracle, the divine suspension of the actual concatenation of things, as if God were an earthly sovereign declaring a state of exception. The second was the apparent opposite of this first, the idea that the concatenation of things has an origin and an end, that is, an order decreed by God. Spinoza reads Ecclesiastes through the lens of Epicurus and Lucretius, as if it were an attempt in the Hebrew idiom, an idiom in certain ways perhaps better suited for this task than either Greek or Latin, to shatter the decrees of destiny and to regard with pleasure those singular things (both human and non‐human) that cannot and need not be made straight.
Acute Postictal Psychosis: A Stereo EEG Study
Authors: So N. K. , Savard G. , Andermann F. , Olivier A. , Quesney L. F. 
Published: February 2012

Summary An acute psychosis characterized by auditory hallucinations and paranoid delusions developed in a 19‐year‐old man with temporal lobe epilepsy after he had a cluster of seizures when antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) had been gradually discontinued. Continuous stereotactic depth and epidural EEG recordings confirmed that this was a postictal rather than an ictal event. Acute postictal psychosis is a self‐limited condition phenomenologically distinct from ictal or postictal confusion.RÉSUMÉUne psychose aiguë caractérisée par des hallucinations auditives et un délire paranoïde s'est installée chez un homme âgé de 19 ans présentant une épilepsie temporale, à la suite d'une série de crises succédant une diminution progressive du traitement antiépileptique. Des enregistrements EEG profonds par méthode stéréotaxique et épiduraux ont confirmé qu'il s'agissait là d'un état post‐critique plutôt que d'un état critique. La psychose aiguë post‐critique est un tat auto‐limité qui se distingue sur le Plan phénoménologique de la confusion critique ou post‐critique.RESUMENEn un hombre de 19 años con epilepsía del lóbulo temporal mostró un cuadro de psicosis aguda caracterizado por alucinaciones auditivas y delirios paranóicos después de una serie de ataques que aparecieron una vez que se había interrumpido la medicación anti‐epiléptica tras una reducción gradual. Los registros stereotácticos con EEG de superficie y epidural, confirmaron que se trataba de un acontecimiento post‐ictal más que ictal. La psicosis aguda post‐ictal es una situación de breve duración que difiere de la confusión ictal o post‐ictal.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBei einem 19 Jahre alten Mann mit Temporallappenepilepsie entwickelte sich nach einer. Serie von Anfällen, nach dem die Antiepileptika allmählich abgesetzt worden waren, eine akute Psychose mit auditorischen Halluzinationen und paranoiden Vorstellungen. Kontinuierliche sterotaktische Tiefen und Epidural‐Elektroden—EEG Ableitungen bestätigten, daß es sich um ein postiktales Ereignis und nicht um ein iktales Ereignis handelte. Die akute Psychose ist ein eigenständiger Zustand, der phänomenologisch von den iktalen oder postiktalen Konfusionszuständen absugrenzen ist.
Transcranial Doppler Quantification of Residual Shunt after Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovale Closure: Correlation of Device Efficacy with Intracardiac Anatomic Measures
Authors: SORENSEN SHERMAN G. , SPRUANCE SPOTSWOOD L. , SMOUT RANDALL , HORN SUSAN 
Published: February 2012

Background:

Percutaneous, mechanical closure of defects of the atrial septum fails to completely resolve shunting in up to 20% of cases. Little is known about the factors associated with device failure.
Methods:

We measured the left atrial opening (X), right atrial opening (Z), tunnel length (Y), septum secundum, device‐septum primum separation, and tunnel compressibility of the patent foramen ovale (PFO) in 301 patients with cryptogenic neurological events, PFO anatomy, and severe Valsalva shunting (Spencer Grade 5–5+). All patients then underwent percutaneous closure with the GORE®HELEX Septal Occluder device and were evaluated at 3 months for residual shunt by transcranial Doppler (TCD).
Results:

Severe residual Valsalva shunt (TCD Grade 5–5+) was found at 3 months in 21 of 301 (7%) patients. X, Y, and Z were associated with failure with a high degree of statistical significance, whereas the width of the septum secundum, device‐septum primum separation, and tunnel compressibility were not. An unanticipated finding was that 14 of 35 (40%) patients sized with a large balloon failed compared with 9 of 280 (3%) sized with a small balloon (P < 0.0001). In the multivariate logistic regression model, X (P = < 0.0001) and balloon size (P < 0.0001) were both strong predictors of failure.
Conclusions:

In an intracardiac echocardiography‐defined PFO population, characterized by severe baseline Valsalva shunt and a high incidence of persistent (rest) shunting, association of six intracardiac measurements to closure device failure by multivariate logistic regression showed that the width of the left atrial opening was a strong predictor of residual shunting. An unanticipated finding was that use of a large sizing balloon was also strongly associated with failure. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:304–312)
Reducing Needle‐To‐Balloon Time by Using a Single Guiding Catheter during Transradial Primary Coronary Intervention
Authors: MOON KEON‐WOONG , KIM JI‐HOON , KIM JU‐YOUN , JUNG MI‐HYANG , KIM GEE‐HEE , YOO KI‐DONG , KIM CHUL‐MIN 
Published: February 2012

Objectives and Background: It is unknown whether using a single guiding catheter for both nonculprit and culprit vessel angiography and intervention during transradial primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is feasible.
Methods: This single‐center study enrolled 242 consecutive patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who received primary PCI. Among them, 102 patients received primary PCI via transfemoral approach (TFI), 109 patients received primary PCI via transradial approach using conventional technique (Conventional TRI), and 31 underwent primary TRI using a single guiding catheter (Single Guiding TRI). The catheter used for this purpose was 6 Fr RM® 3.5 guiding catheter.
Results: Using a single guiding catheter, both coronary artery angiograms and intervention were successful in 30 of 31 patients (96.7%). Needle‐to‐balloon time (from puncture to first balloon) and door‐to‐balloon (D2B) time were similar between TFI and Conventional TRI groups and significantly lower in the Single Guiding TRI group (13.8 [TFI] and 14.1 [Conventional TRI] vs. 7.6 minutes, P < 0.001; 89.5 [TFI] and 91.0 [Conventional TRI] vs. 68.5 minutes, P = 0.008, respectively), whereas proportion of patients achieving D2B time within 90 minutes increased significantly in the Single Guiding TRI group from 51.0% for TFI and 49.5% for Conventional TRI to 74.2% (P = 0.023).
Conclusions: Primary transradial PCI using a single guiding catheter is feasible and highly successful and might allow timely restoration of blood flow in infarct‐related artery. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:330–336)
Quality of cluster randomized controlled trials in oral health: a systematic review of reports published between 2005 and 2009
Authors: Froud Robert , Eldridge Sandra , Diaz Ordaz Karla , Marinho Valeria Coelho Catao , Donner Allan 
Published: February 2012

Froud R, Eldridge S, Diaz Ordaz K, Marinho VCC, Donner A. Quality of cluster randomized controlled trials in oral health: a systematic review of reports published between 2005 and 2009. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40 (Suppl. 1): 3–14. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –
Objectives:  To assess the quality of methods and reporting of recently published cluster randomized trials (CRTs) in oral health.
Methods:  We searched PubMed for CRTs that included at least one oral health‐related outcome and were published from 2005 to 2009 inclusive. We developed a list of criteria for assessing trial quality and reporting. This was influenced largely by the extended CONSORT statement for CRTs but also included criteria suggested by other authors. We examined the extent to which trials were consistent with these criteria.
Results:  Twenty‐three trials were included in the review. In 15 (65%) trials, clustering had been accounted for in sample size calculations, and in 18 (78%) authors had accounted for clustering in analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were reported for eight (35%) trials; the outcome assessor was reported as having been blinded to allocation in 12 (52%) trials; 17 (74%) described eligibility criteria at individual level, but only nine (39%) described such criteria at cluster level. Sixteen of 20 trials (80%), in which individuals were recruited, reported that individual informed consent was obtained.
Conclusions:  These results suggest that the quality of recent CRTs in oral health is relatively high and appears to compare favourably with other fields. However, there remains room for improvement. Authors of future trials should endeavour to ensure sample size calculations and analyses properly account for clustering (and are reported as such), consider the potential for recruitment/identification bias at the design stage, describe the steps taken to avoid this in the final report and report observed ICCs and cluster‐level eligibility criteria.
Discovering factors influencing examiner agreement for periodontal measures
Authors: Slate Elizabeth H. , Hill Elizabeth G. 
Published: February 2012

Slate EH, Hill EG. Discovering factors influencing examiner agreement for periodontal measures. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40 (Suppl. 1): 21–27. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –
Objectives:  Calibration studies are routinely performed to establish examiner reliability in clinical periodontal research. In these studies, each periodontal site is assessed in duplicate, enabling point and interval estimation of agreement measures. We show how these data can be used additionally to discover subgroups among the periodontal sites according to degree of agreement with true periodontal status and to identify factors associated with examiner bias.
Methods:  A Bayesian hierarchical model is developed that, for all examiners, links the examiner’s recorded measurement with the site’s true periodontal status, allowing for site‐specific examiner effects on the recorded measurement. These site‐specific examiner effects are modeled as arising from a Dirichlet process mixture, which yields a small number (relative to the number of sites) of distinct effects for each examiner. Hence, sites that share the same examiner effect form a subgroup for which that examiner exhibits consistent bias relative to truth. We fit this model to data from a pilot calibration study for probed pocket depth measurements and use the results to explore examiner‐specific groupings of sites according to degree of agreement with true pocket depth. The discovered group assignments were then associated with characteristics of the site.
Results:  The Bayesian hierarchical modeling revealed that periodontal sites were grouped according to bias into three, two, and two subgroups, respectively, for each of the three study examiners. The magnitude of the bias was associated with tooth position and true depth of the pocket.
Conclusions:  Our Bayesian hierarchical model enhances the utility of data obtained from calibration studies for periodontal pocket depth by facilitating discovery of subgroups of sites according to examiner bias. The results indicate that targeting specific tooth locations and pocket depths during examiner training, uniquely for each examiner, may reduce bias in periodontal pocket depth measurements, thereby enhancing the quality of oral epidemiologic research.