bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absorption of Rubidium by Plants from Solution and Soils
Authors: Murphy W. S. , Hunter A. H. , Pratt P. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe absorption by plants of Rb from soils and sand was measured. The Rb was added to the soil as RbCl, and in the sand culture various ratios of K to Rb were used. Corn was grown in the soils and the distribution in the plant and the soil determined. Beans were grown in the culture solutions, and the distribution of K and Rb measured in the various plant parts.The percent recovery of Rb by the corn plant from three soils was inversely related to the K in the soil. The K to Rb ratios in the plants showed high correlation with the HNO3‐soluble K. The percent of the added Rb fixed against extraction with NH4OAc or HNO3 during the 11 weeks growing period was small.Where bean plants were grown in sand culture with various ratios of K and Rb, the molar ratios of K and Rb in the plants differed somewhat from those in the solutions. There was also a significant difference between the K/Rb ratios in the various plant parts. Growth and fruit production in beans were reduced where the molar ratios of K to Rb were less than 5/1.
Residual Soil Phosphorus from Various Fertilizer Phosphates Extracted by Different Solvents
Authors: Salomon Milton , Smith John B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Bridgehampton silt loam of moderate acidity which had received phosphate from several sources for 48 years followed by 10 years without additional phosphates was analyzed for “extractable” phosphorus by 8 methods. Phosphorus from superphosphate, rock phosphate, Thomas slag, and ground bone, determined by these chemical tests, was correlated with yields of hay, phosphorus uptake, yields of sudangrass, and total soil phosphorus.Methods using relatively strong acid extracting solutions (Bray's 0.1 HCl + 0.03 N NH4F and Thornton's 0.1 N HCl + (NH4)2 MoO4) and those employing weaker acids with wide soil extracting solution ratios (Peech's CH3COOH + NaC2H3O2 and Truog's 0.002 N H2SO4 + (NH4)2 SO4), gave the most consistent positive correlations. Bray's weaker acid solution (0.025N HCl) distinguished soils receiving rock phosphate from those receiving phosphorus from superphosphate. Alkaline extractants (NaOH and NaHCO3) and Morgan's extracting solution (NaC2H3O2 + CH3COOH), proved least adapted to the soil tested. The Peech and Truog methods, although inconvenient for quick soil tests, gave a better indication in terms of probable crop response to phosphorus than did the Bray (P2) method which, although it reflected the phosphorus status of the soil very well, extracted excessive quantities when compared to the levels of Low, Medium and High phosphorus proposed by Bray as a guide for fertilizer recommendations. The Thornton method extracted somewhat more phosphorus than had been previously established at this station for use in making recommendations based upon rapid soil tests.Subsoils accumulated less phosphorus than topsoils but there was no correlation between the level of phosphorus in topsoil and the amount recovered from the subsoil.Total phosphorus accumulation due to treatment was greatest in the rock phosphate plots, and least where triple superphosphate had been added. Residual effects from superphosphate, Thomas slag, and ground bone were intermediate.
Soil Test Summaries for Predicting Fertilizer Ratios and Type of Lime Needed
Authors: Fitts J. W. , Welch C. D. , Nelson W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil test summaries have been instrumental in preparing general fertilizer recommendations on an area basis rather than for the state as a whole. Results for phosphorus and potassium, when summarized together in a two‐way table, give a good indication of the ratios of these nutrients most needed in fertilizers. The summary tables were blocked off to show the number of pounds of P2O5 and K2O recommended at different fertility levels for the various crops. The percentage of samples in the various categories indicates the proportion of fertilizer ratios needed.Two‐way summary tables were prepared to determine the relationship of calcium and magnesium in North Carolina soils. Regardless of soil region, crops grown, or the level of calcium and magnesium, the ratio of the two elements remained remarkably constant. In general, the ratio of magnesium to calcium was about 1 to 5 which indicates that most soils throughout the state that need liming should receive a dolomitic limestone.
Crop Response to Deep Tillage with Lime and Fertilizer
Authors: Engelbert L. E. , Truog E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInvestigations over a 5‐year period on deep plowing, subsoiling, and deep incorporation of lime and fertilizer were conducted on Almena silt loam (strongly acid and tight subsoil). Subsoil treatments included tillage only, tillage with liming, and tillage with liming and fertilizing. The plow‐layer of all subsoiled plots was limed to pH 6.5 and fertilized uniformly. Plots not subsoiled received varying amounts of fertilizer, equal in several cases to the total applied to both the plow‐layer and subsoil of the subsoiled plots.Deeper root penetration of alfalfa was promoted by subsoil liming and fertilizing, but not by subsoiling alone. Subsoil liming and fertilizing helped materially in establishing alfalfa during a dry year. Second‐year and especially third‐ and fourth‐year hay yields appeared to be increased (up to one‐half ton per acre in dry years) by subsoil liming and fertilizing, but were not increased by subsoil treatment where the fertilizer was omitted. The potassium content of the alfalfa from subsoil fertilized plots was as much as 1% higher during dry years.Corn and oats did not appear to respond to these subsoil treatments even in the dry years, and when they followed the alfalfa‐brome grown with subsoil treatments.In the case of deep plowing with liming and fertilizing, first‐year alfalfa‐brome gave a consistent but small response to this deep treatment; however, second‐year hay yields were increased appreciably when plowing was to a 12‐inch depth. Where the depth of plowing was 9 inches, the response was somewhat less, but still greater than where plowing, liming, and fertilizing was to a 6‐inch depth only.In no year were the yields of corn and oats increased by deeper plowing, liming, and fertilizing, although increased vigor was noted in some years.
The Effect of Various Rates and Frequencies of Application of Rock and Superphosphate on the Yield and Composition of Forage on a Lake Charles Clay Loam Soil
Authors: Cheaney R. L. , Weihing Ralph M. , Ford R. Norton 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of various rates and frequencies of application of rock and superphosphate on the yield and chemical composition of pasture forage was studied on a Lake Charles clay loam soil. The amount of P2O5 in pounds per acre from each source and the frequency of fall application of this amount were: 30 lbs. every year, 60 lbs. every 2 years, 120 lbs. every 4 years, 240 lbs. every 8 years, and 480 lbs. every 16 years. The area was seeded to a pasture mixture of Dallisgrass and white, Persian, and hop clovers. Yield and chemical data are reported for the first 4 years, 1950–53. At the end of the fourth year, 4 yearly 30‐pound applications and two 60‐pound applications of P2O5 from superphosphate had equalled and surpassed the production from single applications of 120 and 240 pounds of P2O5 from the same source. There appeared to be a similar trend with rock phosphate; however, the yearly 30‐pound application has not proven very effective to date.
Characteristics of Some Forest Soils from the Gray‐Brown Podzolic‐Podzol Transition Zone in Northeastern Minnesota
Authors: Holt R. F. , McMiller P. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGray‐Brown Podzolic soils grade into the Podzols in a relatively narrow belt of soils in Northeastern Minnesota. It is the purpose of this paper to present the properties of soils found in this narrow transition zone.Podzols and Brown Podzolic soils are found predominantly in the northern part of this zone and Gray‐Brown Podzolic soils predominate to the south. In the narrow belt under consideration there is an intermingling of Podzols, Brown Podzolic, Gray‐Brown Podzolic, and Gray Wooded soils. Influence of climatic and biotic factors on an interlacing of parent materials from several different glacial drifts has given rise to some rather distinctive profile differentiations in this zone.
Degrees of Adoption of Erosion Control Practices in Shelby County, Iowa
Authors: Sutherland W. N. , Shrader W. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA land use study in Shelby County, Iowa, is used as an example of a procedure for studying the land use status of an area. A land use history was obtained for 1950, 1951, 1952, and 1953 on a 2% statistical sample of the land in the county. Detailed soil survey informatiou was available for the sample. The land use history was tabulated by soil units.All land was classified as to the intensity of cropping and to the intensity of treatment. When so classified, land use data can be readily compared against any appropriate standard. Comparisons of the land use history of two soil units against two different standards, a soil loss standard and a crop yield standard are given. The degree of compliance on all soil units with the soil loss standard is presented.It was found that there was no significant difference in the way in which any of the upland soils were being used but there is a wide difference in the degree of compliance with the soil loss standard.
A Method for Study of the Influence of Mechanical Impedance and Aeration on the Growth of Seedling Roots
Authors: Gill William R. , Miller Robert D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApparatus was developed to permit simultaneous study of the effects of two of the factors regarded as responsible for the poor growth of roots in some compacted soils. The other factors were purposely minimized by the use of glass beads and tap water as the substrate and sterilized, freshly germinated corn seedlings as the plant material. The factors investigated were mechanical impedance and oxygen supply to the root. Although the mechanical impedance imposed could not be precisely stated, the control of the soil atmosphere was excellent. It was found that the rate of growth of unimpeded roots declines when the oxygen content falls below 10% and that the growth of impeded roots is seriously reduced under these conditions. Microscopic examination of roots grown under conditions of severe mechanical restraint have not yet revealed reliable symptoms of impedance other than a distortion of the normal shape.
Reactions of Some Polyamine Polyacetate Iron Chelates in Various Soils
Authors: Lunt O. R. , Hemaidan N. , Wallace A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solution‐solid phase distribution of Fe supplied as polyamine polyacetate chelates in several soils and clays at various pH levels was studied. In the pH range from 7 to 8, the disappearance of Fe from solution from clays and soils having moderate amounts or more of clays was much more rapid than is the loss of Fe from nutrient solutions in the same pH range. Clays apparently catalyze the hydrolysis reaction by which Fe is fixed in alkaline solutions. With a number of soils and clays, there was considerable loss of Fe from the soil solution under acid conditions. The process by which FeEDTA is fixed in acid soils is obscure, although Fe and EDTA were removed from solution at about the same rate. The rates of reaction indicated that simple surface exchange was not involved. Movement of Fe chelates in fine textured soils is slow. Organic matter content, wetting and drying, microbiological activity, and nominal quantities of salts in soils did not affect the loss of Fe from solution greatly. The recovery of fixed chelated Fe by plants was poor as compared to soluble chelated iron.
Release of Potassium from Nonexchangeable Forms in Relation to Soil Reaction
Authors: Pratt P. F. , Simon R. H. , Volk G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlternate incubations at various pH values and extractions with 0.5 N HCl for a Crosby soil indicated an increase in K release from nonexchangeable forms with increase in pH. Incubations of samples of the same soil with various cations in the exchange complex indicated higher K release from nonexchangeable forms with Ca rather than H as the exchangeable cation. Samples of six soils were extracted with AlCl3 or with HOAc and then incubated in the moist after removal of excess salts and the addition of various quantities of lime. There was about 50% less K release with the AlCl3 treated soils than with the HOAc treated soils. With the AlCl3 soils there was no change in K release with increase in pH. In the HOAc treated soils there was a tendency for K release to increase with increase in pH.
The Effect of Seed Treatment on Yield and Germination of Garden Peas
Authors: Seay William A. , West S. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of Spergon treatment and Rhizobium inoculation of five varieties of garden pea seed on the yield and germination of peas in the field and on germination of peas in soil at 40°, 45°, and 50° F. in the laboratory were investigated. Although there was a trend towards increased yield due to either Rhizobium or Spergon treatment and the combination of both treatments gave somewhat better yields than either treatment alone, yield increases were not significant. Spergon treatment increased germination whereas Rhizobium inoculation did not affect germination. As the Maury soil employed evidently contained the correct rhizobia (non‐inoculated plants were nodulated), the data presented shed no light on the question of inoculant compatibility with seed treatment.
Isolation and Identification of Some Amino Compounds in Soils
Authors: Stevenson F. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn isolation experiment was conducted to obtain sufficient amounts of all of the amino acids in a soil hydrolysate to permit their identification. This was done by a selective separation on a large column of Dowex 50, in which elution was carried out by hydrochloric acid. The identification of the various compounds was accomplished by the application of specific tests, by paper partition chromatography, and by ion exchange chromatography on a sodium column of Dowex 50, using the procedure of Moore and Stein.Twenty‐nine ninhydrin‐reacting compounds were identified positively as products of acid hydrolysis of soils, one compound was identified tentatively, and three others were isolated but not characterized. In addition to the compounds previously verified, the following were confirmed: cysteic acid, N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine, methionine sulfone, α, ε‐diaminopimelic acid, α‐amino‐n‐butyric acid, methionine sulfoxide, methionine, cystine, and ornithine. A discussion is given concerning the natural occurrence of these compounds in soils.
Some Effects of Kudzu versus Continuous Corn on Soil Properties and Crop Yields
Authors: Jordan Howard V. , Crockett S. P. , Bardsley Charles E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a continuing study of means of improving a soil with genetic pan, kudzu, a deep‐rooted perennial legume, was introduced in rotation with corn. Following 4 years of kudzu, the nitrogen, organic carbon, and exchangeable potassium in the 0 to 12‐inch soil were higher than in continuous corn plots. The bulk density was lower, and the porosity, aggregation, and intrinsic permeability were higher on the kudzu plots. Evidence, both from soil moisture studies and from uptake of deeply‐placed radioactive phosphorus, indicated deeper rooting of corn following the kudzu. Corn yields were increased as a result of growing the legume, and, particularly in the absence of the legume, by supplemental nitrogen. Some data on the persistence of these effects are reported.
Cotton Growth and Production as Affected by Moisture, Nitrogen, and Plant Spacing on the Yuma Mesa
Authors: Hamilton J. , Stanberry C. O. , Wootton W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcala 44 cotton was grown near Yuma, Ariz. on irrigated Superstition loamy sand having a steep productivity gradient from one end of the field to the other. Effects of soil moisture, N rate, and plant spacing, each at 3 levels in a factorial experiment, were determined for vegetative growth, fruiting, N uptake, yields, and ginning and fiber characteristics.Yields were increased substantially by N, and significantly, but less so by moisture and spacing. The spacing effect was limited to the second of 2 pickings. Considering the 4 direct factors which determine cotton yields (total flowers, percent boll‐set, boll size, and percent lint) fertilizer affected 2 and spacing 4 of these factors. The precision of the experiment did not permit a decision as to how moisture increased yields since none of the 4 factors were affected significantly.Cotton growth and production were unsatisfactory where substantial cuts were made in leveling the field before planting. The range of yields among individual plots varied almost 800% with a maximum of 2.51 bales and a mean of 1.28 bales of lint per acre. In spite of the large productivity gradient and resultant variations in growth and yield, relative response to a given treatment was remarkably consistent.
The Effect of a Dense Soil Layer and Varying Air‐Water Relations on the Growth, Root Development, and Nutrient Uptake of Cotton in Commerce Silt Loam
Authors: Jamison V. C. , Domby C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were made of a Commerce silt loam traffic pan soil at St. Joseph, La., to determine the cause of the poor productivity in droughty field areas locally known as “hotspots”. The pan in the problem area was only slightly more dense and less permeable than that of the productive areas. Large cylinders (10 by 24 inches) of soil were cut undisturbed and placed in a covered pit with the surface exposed. Restricted drainage, with a water table maintained at 24 inches, reduced oxygen diffusion and retarded the growth of cotton planted in the cylinders. Supplemental aeration provided by perforating some of the walls of the cylinders had very little effect on oxygen diffusion or plant growth. Reduced oxygen diffusion in this soil was associated with lower nitrogen uptake but had little effect on the uptake of potassium since the soil supply was sufficient to allow for luxury consumption by the cotton plants. It appears that a combination of factors affecting air‐water relationships and root extension are responsible for these problem areas in fields of the lower Mississippi River Delta areas.
Reactions of Some Iron, Zinc, and Manganese Chelates in Various Soils
Authors: Wallace A. , Lunt O. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolyamine‐polyacetate chelating agents were previously reported to be fixed on the clay portion of soils. Further studies have been made to characterize the method of fixation on clays. From these studies it has been postulated that ferric iron EDTA can become attached to clay through an Fe‐O‐clay linkage on the edges of clay crystals. Divalent zinc and manganese EDTA chelates did not fix on clays. The degree of fixation in relation to the cation exchange capacity of different clay minerals indicated the fixation occurs principally on the edges of the clay rather than on the basal planes. This theory is supported by X‐ray examination. Some divalent metal chelates other than EDTA fixed readily on clays while others did not. A new chelating agent, APCA, was examined which was extremely stable under alkaline soil conditions. Iron APCA was not adsorbed on clay in the pH range encountered in calcareous soils. Zinc and manganese APCA, in contrast, readily fixed on clay. For certain chelating agents in various soils, there was an isotopic exchange which sometimes was of considerable magnitude between the chelated iron and the natural iron of the soil.
Estimation of Available Zinc in Soils from Yield‐of‐Zinc Curves
Authors: Nearpass D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe native soil zinc that is equally as available to plants as is a standard source of zinc supplied as fertilizer, may be estimated from yield‐of‐zinc curves if the total zinc in the aerial portions of the plants is related to the available zinc supply in a soil, and the amount of available native soil zinc is unaffected by the addition of fertilizer zinc.A logarithmic relationship between zinc in the substrate and zinc in the aerial portions of plants was found when plants were grown in ion exchange resin‐sand‐nutrient cultures. From 88 to 95% of the variation was accounted for by the logarithmic regression equation.When plants were grown in soils, the yield‐of‐zinc curves obtained were also curvilinear and could be described by logarithmic or parabolic equations. The estimated available native soil zinc values found by solving the logarithmic regression equations were significantly correlated, r being +0.800, with the zinc contents of the control plants. On the other hand, available zinc by parabolic fit and dithizone extractable zinc were also significantly correlated, with a correlation coefficient of +0.847. In further experiments, the soil zinc values found from the yield‐of‐zinc curves obtained by growing millet, were less than those found from the yield‐of‐zinc curves obtained by growing oat and tomato plants.
The Formation of Nitrate from Ammonium Nitrogen in Soils: I. Effect of Temperature
Authors: Frederick Lloyd R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe quantitative relationship between temperature and nitrification rates was determined in four different soils under laboratory conditions. The formation of nitrates took place at all temperatures studied between 2 and 35° C. when other factors were favorable. The rate of nitrification increased with temperature with the greatest increase between 7 and 15° C.In Genesee silt loam (pH 7.7) nitrate nitrogen was formed at rates of 2, 10, 45, 60, 90, and 120 ppm. per week at 2, 7, 15.5, 21, 27, and 35° C., respectively, until the 200 ppm. ammonium nitrogen (NH4 ‐N) added was oxidized. The maximum rate in the Mellott C horizon (pH 7.8) was nearly equal to that achieved in the Genesee; the rate in the Chalmers silty clay loam (pH 6.2) was intermediate; the slowest rates found occurred in the Clermont silt loam (pH 5.0) which had maximum rates of 0, 0, 25, 30, 30, and 15 ppm. per week at the temperatures from 2 to 35° C. given above. The initial rate in the Mellott C and Clermont was much slower than the maximum rate. After 4 weeks the rate decreased in the Chalmers and Clermont, probably due to increased acidity.A marked decrease in the rate of nitrification occurred as the pH dropped below neutrality. Change of pH by adding calcium carbonate did not change the temperature range of nitrification in Clermont silt loam. Differences in temperature range existed between the soils as well as differences in the rate of nitrification.Temperatures fluctuating in a 24‐hour cycle generally resulted in an increased rate of nitrification at temperatures below 15.5° C. and a decreased rate above 15.5° C. in Genesee silt loam.