bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elemental Composition of Developing Oat Plants1
Authors: Peterson David M. , Schrader L. E. , Youngs V. L. 
Published: July 2010

The utilization of elements by oats (Avena sativa L.) and their distribution within the plant at various stages of development were of interest as background information for determination of fertility requirements, as data for determination of nutritional value of oats forage, and as a basis for further investigations on the physiology of elemental uptake and redistribution.Shoots of two oat cultivars, ‘Dal’ and ‘Froker,’ were harvested at various intervals during development. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Al were determined by emission spectroscopy in leaf blades, culm plus leaf sheaths, and panicles. Sampling was from a measured plot size, and the amount of each element contained in each plant part per unit land area was calculated.Phosphorus was the only element whose concentration increased with maturity in the panicle. In leaf blades, concentrations of Ca and Mg increased between 46 and 74 days after planting, and concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Al increased between 67 days and maturity. Because of increasing dry weight with maturity, the amount per hectare of most elements increased in the panicle, although the increase for K was slight. Amount of K (kg/ha) in the culm and leaf sheath fraction increased. Iron and Al amounts (g/ha) in leaf blades increased after panicle emergence. Of those elements measured, accumulation of K by the entire shoot was greatest, about 79 kg/ha at maturity. The amounts of P, Ca, and Mg accumulated were similar, approximately 20 kg/ha each. Microelement accumulation was greatest for Al (653 g/ha) and Fe (555 g/ha). Lesser amounts of Mn and Zn were contained in the shoots at maturity.Cultivar differences were most pronounced for Mn concentration, which was considerably lower in Dal than in Froker in all plant parts.
Groat Protein Percentage in Avena Sativa L. Fatuoids and in a Fatuoid ✕ A. Sterilis L. Cross1
Authors: Lyrene P. M. , Shands H. L. 
Published: July 2010

Groat protein percentages were compared for fatuoid and nonfatuoid plants from two plots of Avena sativa found to be segregating for spontaneous fatuoid mutations. Fatuoid plants averaged 3.0% higher in protein. The “fatuoid complex” of characters in A. sativa fatuoids, which includes spikelet shattering, awns, and rachilla pubescence, is closely paralleled by the “wild oat” complex of A. sterilis. In A. sativa ✕ A. sterilis crosses, progeny showing the wild‐oat traits average 2 to 3% higher in protein than those that do not. This figure was closely matched by the increased protein of fatuoids over nonfatuoids.The gene which produces the fatuoid characters in A. sativa fatuoids was found to be allelic with the one producing the wild‐oat characters of A. sterilis. Evidence for this was the presence of shattering, awns, and rachilla pubescence in 12 F1 plants from the cross A. sativa ‘Garland’ fatuoid ✕ A sterilis PI 295932. In the F2, plants segregated in a ratio of 3 plants with spikelets like A. sterilis to 1 plant with fatuoid‐like spikelets. The two groups did not differ in groat protein percentage. The higher protein percentages associated with spikelet shattering and awns in A. sterilis and the fatuoids may be caused by these undesirable traits, and thus inseparable from them. If this is the case, A. sterilis and the fatuoids may prove less useful in protein breeding than originally thought.
Effects of Depth and Duration of Burial on Shattercane Seed1
Authors: Jacques G. L. , Vesecky J. F. , Feltner K. C. , Vanderlip R. L. 
Published: July 2010

Shattercane and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] seeds were buried at three depths for various times. Few grain sorghum seeds were viable 4 months after burial regardless of burial depth. None were viable 8 months after burial.Only a few shattercane seeds from compact panicles were viable 4 months after burial, but some remained viable 3 years, mostly at the deeper burial depths (30.5 to 38.0 cm). Light was not a major requirement for germination after seeds were retrieved from burial regardless of time buried.Some shattercane seeds from open panicles germinated after retrieval from all three burial depths even after 3 years. In general, number of viable seeds increased as depth of burial increased regardless of time buried. Germination, light‐dependent in many wild cane seeds from open panicles, increased in light dependence with length of burial.
Resistance of Cotton Cultivars to Verticillium Wilt and Its Relationship to Yield1
Authors: Bassett D. M. 
Published: July 2010

Twenty‐eight to 35 upland cotton cultivars (Gossypium hirsutum L.) representing a wide range of resistance to the fungus Verticillium albo‐atrum (microsclerotial form) were grown in six tests spanning a 3‐year period on moderately to severely infested fields. Various assessments of foliar or vascular damage to each of the cottons were made during the course of the season.Ratings based on visual estimates of foliar damage made in either August or September were most closely related to yield performance, accounting for 35 to 65% of the yield variation among the cottons in five of the six tests. Percentages of plants showing early season foliar symptoms were less well correlated with yield, while postharvest vascular ratings showed virtually no yield correlation.
Seed Transmission of Viruses in Soybean1
Authors: Demski James W. , Harris H. B. 
Published: July 2010

Varietal differences, time of inoculation, and time of planting were evaluated for effects on the transmission of tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV) through soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed at Experiment, Georgia. Also, evaluations were made on the transmissibility of peanut mottle virus, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, and soybean mosaic virus through seed.All 10 soybean varieties tested had a high percentage seed transmission of TRSV with no evidence of varietal differences. Seed transmission of TRSV was high and seed germination reduced when inoculation occurred before flowering. Seed transmission of TRSV was less than 1% from soybeans planted in late August and seed germination increased. A marked increase in seedling vigor was noted in progeny from late August plantings. Soybean mosaic virus was transmitted through the seed at a low rate (lye or less depending on variety). Peanut mottle virus and cowpea chlorotic mottle virus were not transmitted through the seed.
Effects of Granular Ethephon on Male Sterility in Wheat1
Authors: Fairey D. T. , Stoskopf N. C. 
Published: July 2010

Granular ethephon (2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid) was studied as a gametocide on three winter and six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Applications were made during four stages in ontogeny viz, seeding, primary tiller emergence, initiation of spikelet primordia on the main culm, and during the early‐boot phase, in rate categories of 2 to 8, 26.9 to 109.2, and 164.5 to 822.0 kg a.i./ha. Sterility levels reached mean values of 65 (range 10 to 95), 71 (range 48 to 94) and 89% (range 36 to 100) for the respective rate categories. These values are means of pot/plot data and include different order tillers. Mean sterility levels rose with increase in the rate of gametocide; it was most effective when applied at the highest rate during reproductive development on the main culm. At low rates of application, winter cultivars were more responsive than spring cultivars perhaps because of their increased uptake with a more extensively developed root system.The granular form of ethephon may be more suited to practical use than the liquid form because the latter demands precision in the time of spraying and causes undesirable side effects. No apparent morphological or physiological abnormalities were observed with the granular form even at the very high rates used in these studies. A better understanding of the site and form of uptake may permit the use of lower rates with effective gametocidal action.
Alkaloid Concentration in Plant Parts of Reed Canarygrass of Varying Maturity1
Authors: Hagman J. L. , Marten G. C. , Hovin A. W. 
Published: July 2010

These experiments were conducted to assist plant breeders and forage management researchers who need to know the primary site of alkaloids within reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) forage at specific stages of plant maturity. Alkaloids appear to be responsible for the relatively poor palatability and potential toxicity of this grass to ruminants. We determined alkaloid distribution in leaves and stems of reed canarygrass at various growth stages. Leaf blades (both tip and base parts) contained more than twice as much alkaloid as leaf sheaths and stems in both greenhouse and field studies. The alkaloid concentration of the leaf blades increased with advanced plant maturity of the first growth, but the concentrations in the stems and leaf sheaths decreased. The concentrations decreased in blades, sheaths, and stems with advanced maturity of the regrowth.The upper third of the total herbage had the highest and most uniform alkaloid concentration when compared to the middle and lower thirds. High correlations (r = 0.94 to 0.98) between alkaloid concentrations in the upper third and in the total herbage enable us to recommend sampling only the upper third of herbage canopies for routine alkaloid screening of reed canarygrass genotypes. This procedure will be most convenient and most precise for use in breeding programs.
Inhibition of Corn, Soybean, and Wheat Seedling Growth by Amino Acid Analogs1
Authors: Singh Mahendra , Widholm J. M. 
Published: July 2010

The inhibitory effects of the amino acid analogs DL‐5‐methyltryptophan (5MT, tryptophan analog), S(2‐aminoethyl)‐L‐cysteine (AEC, lysine analog), L‐ethionine (Eth, methionine analog), and DL‐methionine‐DL‐sulfoximine (MS, methionine analog) on the growth of corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max), and wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings were determined when the compounds were supplied in the nutrient solution. Twenty ppm 5MT, 20 ppm Eth, or 50 ppm AEC inhibited seedling growth; this inhibition could be reversed by 350 ppm L‐tryptophan, 150 ppm L‐methionine, or 240 ppm L‐lysine, respectively. The growth inhibition caused by 5MT was specifically reversed by the corresponding natural amino acid.Ethylmethane sulfonate‐treated seeds were allowed to growth to maturity and the seeds collected. The screening of 100,000 wheat seedlings (M2) in inhibitory 5MT concentrations (20 ppm) has resulted in the recovery of 5 plants resistant to this analog. These plants are being studied further.Growing wheat plants to maturity in nutrient solution containing 2.5 mM L‐tryptophan, resulted in a 13‐ fold increase in free tryptophan in the mature seed.
Relationship of Seed/Boll to Other Yield Components and Fiber Quality of Pima Cotton1
Authors: Kittock D. L. , Pinkas Leonard L. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship of number of seed/boll to other yield components and fiber quality of two cultivars of Pima cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) was investigated as part of a study of the effects of environment on the variability of these cultivars in three tests. A fourth test had only one cultivar. Bolls examined contained from 1 to 31 seed. Environment of the four tests strongly influenced the proportion of bolls in the different seed number classes. Plants grown under favorable production conditions, such as lower summer temperatures, productive soil, and a wet irigation regime, produced a higher percentage of large bolls (more seed) than those grown less favorable environments. Cultivars did not differ in seed/boll. An increase in the number of seed/boll was associated with the following: decreased mean seed wt, increased lint wt/seed, decreased fiber length and uniformity, and increased micronaire, but strength was unaffected. The unexpected increase in lint wt/seed with a decrease in seed size can be explained by the observed concomitant increase in fiber coarseness.
Isogenic Analysis of Productivity in Barley: Interaction of Genes Affecting Awn Length and Leaf‐spotting1
Authors: Schaller C. W. , Qualset C. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA dominant leaf‐spotting mutation (Sp sp) was studied in combination with two genes that control awn development in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Eight isogenic lines, normal green and spotted in each of four awn genotypes (‘Awnless’ and ‘Quarter,’ ‘Half,’ and ‘Full‐awned’) of ‘Atlas,’ were evaluated in field experiments for 3 years. Leaf‐spotting was expressed similarly in all awn genotypes (i.e., about 1.5% leaf coverage in the seedling stage and 15.6% in the adult stage). Mean grain yield was reduced 13.6% in the spotted genotypes compared to green, but the effect decreased linearly with increasing awn length (16.9, 14.7, 13.1, and 10.1% for Awnless and Quarter, Half, and Full‐awned, respectively). Kernel size and plant height showed a similar pattern, but the effect of spotting on total and fertile floret numbers was the opposite, being increased linearly with increasing awn development. Tillering was unaffected by either the awn or leaf‐spot loci. The developmental effects of leaf‐spotting on yield were similar to those caused by stress environments such as drought, disease, or high temperature conditions. Awn development during seedling growth apparently imposes developmental stress, thus long‐awned types are detrimental when additional stress conditions are present. However, if stress is applied later in development, the awn with its assimilatory activities, can minimize the stress effects on yield.
Inflorescence Gas Exchange and Seed Weight of Blue Panicgrass1
Authors: Abernethy Rollin H. , Wright L. Neal 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBlue panicgrass (Panicum antidotale Retz.) selections from six cycles of recurrent selection for heavy and lightseed weight were evaluated to establish the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration rates of inflorescences and seed weight. Selections with light seed weight had lower apparent photosynthesis and higher dark‐respiration rates of inflorescences. Data suggest that differences in seed weight of plants grown from heavy and light‐seed weight can be attributed partly to availability of less assimilate for storage during development of seed of lightseed weight selections.
Fruiting Behavior of Insect‐resistant Cotton Strains in an Insect‐free Environment1
Authors: Thomas Robert O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNectariless and frego bract strains of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were compared with background‐related strains or cultivars Bayou Sm 1, ‘Deltapine 16,’ and ‘Stoneville 7A’ on the basis of productivity and maturity in an insect‐free greenhouse environment. The nectariless strain of Deltapine 16 was similar to its parent cultivar, whereas nectariless Bayou D2Sm and Stoneville 7A were more productive from late flowers than their background‐related nectaried counterparts. La Frego 2 was similar to its Stoneville 7A parent, whereas La Frego 3159 was more productive from midseason flowers, and La Rak Frego 3161 yielded less and was earlier than Stoneville 7A. Neither trait differed consistently in fruiting behavior compared to that of its background‐related nectaried and normal bract counterparts. Thus, the observed differences may be due to heritable factors not associated with the trait per se, or to selection during the backcross program.
Genetic Recombination in Maize as Affected by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Dimethyl Sulfoxide1
Authors: Ihrke Charles A. , Kronstad W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecombination frequencies for seven selected regions on five chromosomes of maize (Zea mays L.) were measured to ascertain the effect of complexing agents on recombination. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were used in three concentrations singly, and in all combinations. Plants heterozgous for linked genes governing endosperm and seedling characteristics were treated with premeiotic foliar spray of EDTA and DMSO for two durations. Appropriate crosses were made and recombination values were calculated from data resulting from test cross and sib cross progeny.The complexing agents were found to influence the frequency of recombination in each of the regions tested. Increases in recombination frequencies were significant in six of the seven chromosome's regions when treated with several concentrations of the two complexing agents. Reduction in recombination was observed in two regions treated at high concentrations of the chemicals and at the longer duration. In these latter cases, it was concluded that a threshold had been reached causing interference with crossing over or with recovery of recombination products.Changes in recombination frequency were found to be of similar magnitude whether the complexing agents were used alone or in combination, and it was concluded that the two chemicals did not have a synergistic effect in changing recombination frequency. Although the two agents differ in cation affinity both were shown to influence crossing over, indicating that the action was by a mechanism other than removal of a specific cation from the chromosome. A relationship was shown between length of crossover region and effect of the chemical treatment. No such relationship was found between specific locations in chromosomes and response to complexing agents for the seven regions tested.
Seedling Survival from Cottonseed Treatment Experiments at Several Locations1
Authors: Minton Earl B. , Fest Gary A. 
Published: July 2010

Cottonseed treatment containing both experimental and commercial seed protectants used alone and in combination with systemic fungicides were evaluated for their effects on percent seedling survival of Gossypium hirsuturn L., ‘Stoneville 213,’ at several test sites. Although differences among fungicide treatments were not significant within some individual tests, the combined analysis of the data across tests at the same site; with different methods of delinting; with both methods of delinting and sites; or with one method of delinting at several sites, usually showed significant differences among fungicide treatments.The combined analysis of the data across sites should more clearly define those fungicide treatments effective over a wide range of environments and soil types than did the individual‐test analyses, because the combined experiments were conducted over a wide area. Analyses of the data within tests, across tests at the same site, and across sites, showed that fungicides for coating cotton. seed, enabling higher stands than the standards, are being developed. Combination treatments, two or more fungicides, usually gave higher stands than treatments containing one fungicide. Some experimental materials, when used either alone or in combinations, gave stands equal to or better than the stands for the standards. By use of these methods of analysis, the time, cost, and amount of treated seed required to evaluate seed protestants would probably be reduced, because ineffective treatments could be identified and eliminated early in the research program, while effective treatments could be carried forward.
Tiller Bud Inhibition by Young Foliage Leaves in Jointing Wheat1
Authors: Laude Horton M. 
Published: July 2010

Young foliage leaves have been associated with bud inhibition in dicotyledonous plants. Whether or not young leaves influence tiller buds in a grass is important, and particularly so in species repeatedly mown or grazed for herbage since the regrowth arises primarily from new tillers. ‘Sonora 64’ wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the jointing stage possessed the tiHering characteristics desired for this investigation.The influence of removing selected leaf laminae on stems retaining the shoot apex was studied on plants in the greenhouse and on uprooted culms in growth chambers. Basal axillary buds on these culms were exposed by stripping off the sheaths of lower leaves. The greatest bud elongation was obtained on culms devoid of foliage leaf blades. Less bud elongation occurred in the presence of an intact flag leaf, and still less if several of the younger leaves retained laminae. On plants in the greenhouse, removal of the younger leaves delayed tiller senescence,i ncreasedt he numbeorf tillers surviving the heading stage, and resulted in the resumption of tillering after heading. These responses were indicative of conditions favoring tiller growth. Tiller bud elongation in Sonora 64 was suppressed on culms retaining the younger foliage leaves. Such leaf influence should be considered among the factors regulating tillering.
Glycine canescens F. J. Herm., a Wild Relative of the Soybean1
Authors: Newell C. A. , Hymowitz T. 
Published: July 2010

An accession of Glycine canescens F. J. Herm was studied with respect to morphological, cytological, and chemical characteristics. This species, a wild relative of cultivated soybeans G. max (L.) Merr., was collected near Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia and has not previously been available in the United States for examination.Morphologically the accession did not conform unequivocally to the published description of the species, possibly due partly to greenhouse growth conditions. Also, one accession should not be considered representative of the species as a whole. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to investigate external characteristics of seed and leaf surfaces. Cytological analysis of mitosis and meiosis gave a chromosome number of 2n = 40, with regular bivalent formation at diakinesis. Chemical characteristics such as seed oil, protein, and fatty acid content fell within the range previously determined for the subgenus. Preliminary screening of wild Glycine species for disease resistance suggested that G. canescens was resistant to powdery mildew, Microsphaera diffusa Cke. and Pk.
Detection of Epistatic, Additive, and Dominance Variation in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.)1
Authors: Ketata H. , Smith E. L. , Edwards L. H. , McNew R. W. 
Published: July 2010

The objectives of this study were to determine whether epistasis plays a significant role in the genetic systems for selected traits among several winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) cultivars and to evaluate the importance of additive vs. dominance gene action for traits not influenced by epistasis. In each of two replicated experiments, two cultivars (referred to as testers L1 and L2) and their F1 (L3) were crossed to each of 10 other cultivars and evaluated in a single field experiment. The deviations (cultivar ✕ L1 + cultivar ✕ L2 — 2 cultivar ✕ L3) were analyzed to provide a test for epistasis. An additive‐lominance model was fitted to the data for those characters not affected by gene interactions.Results of the two experiments were generally consistent with respect to the detection of epistasis. Epistasis affected the expression of heading date, kernels/spikelet, and grain yield, but not of plant height, protein content, tiller number, spikelets/spike, and kernels/spike in both experiments. Epistasis was indicated for kernel weight in one experiment but not the other. Expression of epistasis was influenced by particular cultivars, indicating that a limited number of cultivars may not be sufficient to detect nonallelic interactions for a character within this species.Additive gene action was predominant in both experiments for protein content, spikelets/spike, and kernels/spike, suggesting that improvement of those characters can be achieved through standard selection procedures. Evidence for dominance gene action was obtained for plant height and kernels/spike in one experiment.The results of this study indicated that epistasis may be a nontrivial factor in the inheritance of agronomic traits. Genetic models neglecting epistasis may result in biased information.