bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time analysis of men's and youth boy's top-level volleyball
Authors: Häyrinen M , Lehto H , Mikkola T , Honkanen P , Lahtinen P , Paananen A , Blomqvist M 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundSome time analysis studies in men's top-level volleyball have been reported, but no studies exist from the youth boy's top-level. The purpose of this study was to conduct a time analysis in men's and youth boy's top-level volleyball to update the current data and to compare the results between men and boys.Design, setting, and methodsFour men's matches (finals and semi-finals of the 2008 Olympic Games, OG08) and four youth boy's matches (finals and semi-finals of the 2009 Youth U19 Boy's European Championships, YEC09) were analyzed using Dartfish TeamPro 5.5 -software. The duration of the rallies, sets (no fifth sets), breaks between rallies (no time outs or breaks between sets) and sets were analyzed. The accuracy of the time analysis was 0.04 s. The t test for independent samples was used to compare the results between the groups.ResultsThe duration of the rallies in OG08 and YEC09 was 5.45±4.77 s and 5.76±4.40 s (ns), the number of rallies per set 45.3±5.1 and 44.0±6.7 (ns), the duration of the breaks between rallies 23.54±5.55 s and 19.99±5.70 s (p<0.001), the duration of the sets 1582±133 s and 1412±143 s (p<0.01) and the duration of the breaks between sets 217±17 s and 213±20 s (ns), respectively.ConclusionsThe duration of the rallies in men's matches was very close to the previously presented values. The number of rallies per set has constantly been around 45 in the Olympic matches in the 21st century. The duration of the breaks between rallies on the other hand has increased and thus the total length of the sets has increased approximately 4 min. In the boy's matches the duration of the breaks between rallies was significantly shorter than in the men's matches and thus also the total duration of the sets was shorter.
Level of play related anthropometric differences in volleyball players
Authors: Zadraznik M , Dervisevic E 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundVolleyball is a sport where anthropometric measures strongly influence the level of play.ObjectiveThe aim of our study was to explore the differences in the anthropometric measures in volleyball players among different levels of play.DesignControlled laboratory study.SettingElite national division (competitive).Participants and methods301 volleyball player (115 males and 134 females) underwent the anthropometric testing at the Faculty of sport in Ljubljana at the end of competitive season 2006–2007. Players were recruited from Slovenian 1st (49 males, 66 females) and 2nd league (66 males, 68 females). Testing included body height, body mass and 9-site skinfold measurements. Later on body mass index and body composition (percentage fat, lean body mass, somatotyping …) was calculated. Multivariate analysis of variance with correction for age was used to evaluate the differences among different levels of play.ResultsOn multivariate level the differences among the 1st and 2nd division existed in both sexes (males F=4.41, p=0.0001; females F=2.84, p=0.004). On univariate level the main differences in both sexes were related to the body height (males F=10.92, p=0.01; females 10.20, p=0.002) and lean body mass (males F=14.96, p=0.0002; females 8.13, p=0.005), while in males the differences existed in the bone mass as well (F=4.21, p=0.04).ConclusionsOur results suggest that body height remains the important factor of success in volleyball players. While the body height is genetically determined and virtually impossible to modify, the lean body mass is the modifiable factor that should be regularly monitored and adjusted in volleyball players. Our study offers solid reference values for the anthropometric evaluation of volleyball players.
Biomechanical analysis of the jump serve in men's volleyball
Authors: Häyrinen M , Mikkola T , Honkanen P , Lahtinen P , Paananen A , Blomqvist M 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundThe most used serve technique in men's top volleyball is jump serve (JS). The efficiency of JS is related to the ball velocity (BV) of the serve. BVs have increased lately and thus a biomechanical analysis of JS was justified to investigate which elements have the biggest influence to BV of JS.Setting and participantsSix players of the Finnish men's national volleyball team (23.40±2.28 years, 196.50±1.52 cm, 90.67±1.63 kg) served as subjects.Methods3D-motion analysis (100 Hz) was made from two of the each player's JSs (the fastest (FS) and one slower serve (SS)). T test for paired samples was used to compare the velocities of FS and SS. Analysis of variance was applied to compare JSs in which the velocity was over 30 m/s (+30S) and under 30 m/s (−30S). The relationships between motion analysis variables and BV in all JSs were examined using Pearson's correlation coefficient.ResultsThe most essential variables in which statistically significant differences between FS and SS and velocities +30S and −30S were found were: the position of the ball and the centre of gravity of the body at the time of the ball contact, the minimum angle and the maximal angle velocity of the thigh-trunk joint, the maximal forward velocities of the shoulder, elbow and wrist joints of the hitting hand and forward velocities of the elbow and wrist joints and middle finger at the time of the ball contact. The same variables correlated significantly with BV.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that in JS a successful throw is crucial in achieving higher BVs. Furthermore good power production abilities in the core, shoulder and arm and optimal function of the kinetic chain are important elements. The mobility of the hip joint and the thoracic vertebrae are also important factors in achieving high BVs.
Off-balance dorsal position at volleyball service involved in sciatic nerve inflammation
Authors: Ntolopoulou M S 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveThe aim of the study is to demonstrate that wrong physical position in volleyball service hit is associated with sciatic nerve injuries sustained by young female athletes.DesignObservational study through the Dartfish framework video analysis of biomechanical movement.SettingPersonal study.ParticipantsYoung female (aged 16–18) volleyball players(N=20) from a single country public school district trained at high-level competition in school and in youth teams were recruited to participate in biomechanical video analysis combined with a study of their pathological minor injuries medical record.InterventionPrevention through use of video analysis of sciatic nerve minor injuries caused by frequent repetition of wrong service position/movement.ResultsYoung female athletes' long-term exposure to biomechanically wrong position of trunk and, more particularly, of ankle-knee-hip axis in young female athletes in the course of holding the ball and delivering the service hit accounts for pathological sciatic nerve minor injuries (painful inflammations).ConclusionsIn preventing sciatic nerve minor injuries a major role is played by a knowledgeable trainer insisting on biomechanically proper service position to be adopted at the earliest age in combination with a set of exercises aimed at dorsal musculature build-up. Practice aimed at mastering the perfect movement/position is essential right from the start of female volleyball players' training at the age of 12.
The ‘stable/unstable’ chronic isolated anterior syndesmotic injury: A presentation of three cases and a new surgical technique
Authors: Laver L , Massarwa S , Mann G , Mei-Dan O , Maoz G , Nyska M 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundIsolated syndesmotic injuries are reported to comprise 1–11% of all ankle sprains. This number may increase to more than 40% in those involved in high contact and collision sports. These injuries are frequently under-diagnosed often being mistaken for the more common lateral ankle sprains and are inadequately treated as a result, leading to chronic syndesmotic instability. When instability can be objectively documented with clinical and radiographic measures it is defined as mechanical instability. When it is only based on clinical symptoms, it is defined as functional. Symptoms vary from long standing pain, stiffness, recurrent swelling and an instability sensation without actual giving way or mechanical correlation. It may lead often to functional disability and substantial activity restriction. Imaging of the instability may be performed by dynamic ultrasound. However if there is no instability proven in imaging, the surgical decision to explore the syndesmosis is problematic. Proven pathology in the syndesmosis in MRI or CT may serve as relative indication for operation. Surgical options for chronic anterior syndesmotic proven instability include combinations of debridement, ligamentoplasty with varying graft options, syndesmotic screw fixation, translation osteotomy of AITFL insertion and arthroscopic debridement with graft reconstruction and screw fixation – with most techniques reporting satisfying results. There are no clear indications of surgical approach to stable syndesmotic injury.Setting, participants and methodsWe present three cases of chronic anterior syndesmotic instability suffering from chronic pain and instability sensation, all of which were stable upon radiographic evaluation including Dynamic US examination. MRI disclosed pathology in the anterior synsesmosis – with mainly scar tissue present. All three cases were operated and proven unstable upon in-operative mechanical examination after debridement of the scar tissue. The anterior syndesmosis was reconstructed using figure of eight suturing of the Chaput process to the anterior Fibula. In 6–18 months followup the patients recovered from their symptoms and returned to full activity.Results and conclusionsIn cases of stable symptomatic syndesmosis injuries there is indication for exploration of the anterior syndesmosis and stabilization if proven unstable.
Hypothenar hammer syndrome in a middle blocker – case report and brief review
Authors: Massada M , Aido R , Magalhaes C , Puga N 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundHypothenar hammer syndrome (HHS) is an uncommon vascular overuse syndrome caused by trauma to the palmar portion of the ulnar artery.ObjectiveIn this report, we describe a representative case in the volleyball player as well as a brief approach to clinical features, pathogenesis, diagnosis, imaging and management.DesignCase report.SettingVolleyball National Team.MethodsThe athlete is a 22-year-old right-hand dominant male, national team middle blocker, who presented to the Medical Department for evaluation of painful and paresthetic fourth and fifth digits. He described the affected fingertips and hypothenar region as being tender and sensitive to touch. When queried, he stated that he would use the hypothenar portion of his right hand to spike and block. There was an abnormal Allen test in the right hand with refill of the palmar vasculature with release of the radial artery but no refill with release of the ulnar artery, consistent with a diagnosis of HHS. He started a platelet aggregation inhibitor and was instructed and trained to change his hitting technique.ResultsOn follow-up the athlete's remaining symptom was mild cold sensitivity. He was able to perform his usual sports activities without impairment.ConclusionsTypically, HHS occurs in men in their 40s involving the dominant hand and in occupational settings where the workers use the hypothenar portion of the hand as a tool to hammer, push or squeeze hard objects (metal workers, machinists, brick layers, carpenters, etc.). It is a curable and preventable cause of upper extremity digital ischemia, rarely seen in volleyball.
Lumbar intervertebral disk degeneration in Japanese male volleyball players belonging to the national team
Authors: Hayashi M , Hamu Y , Hashimoto Y , Kaneoka K , Hangai M , Okuwak T 
Published: April 2011

BackgroundLower back pain occurs more frequently among volleyball than other players and one of the main course affecting their performance on the court.ObjectiveTo identify the reason of the lower back pain, a detailed MRI analysis of disk degeneration (DD) and survey were conducted.Design, setting and participantsThere were 48 players from the 2009 and 2010 national teams; mean age, 25.1 years; mean height, 188.7 cm, mean weight, 81.9 kg; mean length of career as a volleyball player, 15.1 years. They practiced volleyball on 5.9 days of the week and for 4.1 h a day, on average.InterventionDD of each case was evaluated retrospectively based on the signal intensity (rated on a 5-grade scale: I through V) of five intervertebral disks (L1/2 to L5/S1) on MRI using Pfirrmann's classification.ResultsThe DD grade was I-II in five players (10.4%) and III-V in 43 players (89.6%). It was 20.8% at L1/2, 22.9% at L2/3, 16.7% at L3/4, 45.8% at L4/5, and 75.0% at L5/S1. Of all the players, 95.8% had had lower back pain.ConclusionsHangaiet al.1 reported a higher prevalence of DD among baseball players (59.7%) and swimmers (57.5%) than among non-athletes (31.4%). The prevalence of DD among the volleyball players was as high as 89.6% in this study. With an average of 200 jumps a day, a volleyball player will jump about one million times during a 15-year career. Factors possibly responsible for DD and lower back pain are: (1) shocks from jumping and landing associated with attacks, blocks, jump serves, etc., (2) body trunk twisting in the air at the time of attack, (3) flying receiving, etc. In summary, the prevalence of DD among Japanese male national volleyball players was 89.6%. DD was closely associated with volleyball tactics.
PDK1 Attenuation Fails to Prevent Tumor Formation in PTEN-Deficient Transgenic Mouse Models
Authors: Ellwood-Yen Katharine , Keilhack Heike , Kunii Kaiko , Dolinski Brian , Connor Yamicia , Hu Kun , Nagashima Kumiko , O'Hare Erin , Erkul Yusuf , Di Bacco Alessandra , Gargano Diana , Shomer Nirah H. , Angagaw Minilik , Leccese Erica , Andrade Paula , Hurd Melissa , Shin Myung K. , Vogt Thomas F. , Northrup Alan , Bobkova Ekaterina V. , Kasibhatla Shailaja , Bronson Roderick T. , Scott Martin L. , Draetta Giulio , Richon Victoria , Kohl Nancy , Blume-Jensen Peter , Andersen Jannik N. , Kraus Manfred 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
PDK1 activates AKT suggesting that PDK1 inhibition might suppress tumor development. However, while PDK1 has been investigated intensively as an oncology target, selective inhibitors suitable for in vivo studies have remained elusive. In this study we present the results of in vivo PDK1 inhibition through a universally applicable RNAi approach for functional drug target validation in oncogenic pathway contexts. This approach, which relies on doxycycline-inducible shRNA expression from the Rosa26 locus, is ideal for functional studies of genes like PDK1 where constitutive mouse models lead to strong developmental phenotypes or embryonic lethality. We achieved more than 90% PDK1 knockdown in vivo, a level sufficient to impact physiological functions resulting in hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. This phenotype was reversible on PDK1 reexpression. Unexpectedly, long-term PDK1 knockdown revealed a lack of potent antitumor efficacy in 3 different mouse models of PTEN-deficient cancer. Thus, despite efficient PDK1 knockdown, inhibition of the PI3K pathway was marginal suggesting that PDK1 was not a rate limiting factor. Ex vivo analysis of pharmacological inhibitors revealed that AKT and mTOR inhibitors undergoing clinical development are more effective than PDK1 inhibitors at blocking activated PI3K pathway signaling. Taken together our findings weaken the widely held expectation that PDK1 represents an appealing oncology target. Cancer Res; 71(8); 3052–65. ©2011 AACR.
PI3K Pathway Mutations and PTEN Levels in Primary and Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Gonzalez-Angulo Ana M. , Ferrer-Lozano Jaime , Stemke-Hale Katherine , Sahin Aysegul , Liu Shuying , Barrera Juan A. , Burgues Octavio , Lluch Ana M. , Chen Huiqin , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Mills Gordon B. , Meric-Bernstam Funda 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this work was to determine whether there are differences in PIK3CA mutation status and PTEN protein expression between primary and matched metastatic breast tumors as this could influence patient management. Paraffin sections of 50 μm were used for DNA extraction and slides of 3 μm for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and FISH. Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and HER2 IHC were repeated in a central laboratory for both primary tumors and metastases. PTEN levels were assessed by IHC and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway mutations were detected by a mass spectroscopy–based approach. Median age was 48 years (range: 30–83 years). Tumor subtype included 72% hormone receptor positive/HER2 negative, 20% HER2-positive, and less than 7.8% triple receptor negative. Tissues were available for PTEN IHC in 46 primary tumors and 52 metastases. PTEN was lost in 14 (30%) primary tumors and 13 (25%) metastases. There were five cases of PTEN loss and eight cases of PTEN gain from primary tumors to metastases (26% discordance). Adequate DNA was obtained from 46 primary tumors and from 50 metastases for PIK3CA analysis. PIK3CA mutations were detected in 19 (40%) of primary tumors and 21 (42%) of metastases. There were five cases of PIK3CA mutation loss and four cases of mutation gain (18% discordance). There was an increase of the level of PIK3CA mutations in four cases and decrease in one case from primary tumors to metastases. There is a high level of discordance in PTEN level, PIK3CA mutations, and receptor status between primary tumors and metastases that may influence patient selection and response to PI3K-targeted therapies. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(6); 1093–101. ©2011 AACR.
The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor SCH 727965 (Dinacliclib) Induces the Apoptosis of Osteosarcoma Cells
Authors: Fu Wei , Ma Le , Chu Baoky , Wang Xue , Bui Marilyn M. , Gemmer Jennifer , Altiok Soner , Pledger W. Jackson 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAlthough rare, osteosarcoma is an aggressive cancer that often metastasizes to the lungs. Toward the goal of developing new treatment options for osteosarcoma, we show that the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor SCH 727965 (SCH) induces the apoptosis of several osteosarcoma cell lines including those resistant to doxorubicin and dasatinib. Cell lines prepared in our laboratory from patients who had received adjuvant chemotherapy and explants derived from a human osteosarcoma xenograft in mice were also responsive to SCH. Apoptosis occurred at low nanomolar concentrations of SCH, as did CDK inhibition, and was p53-independent. SCH activated the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis as evidenced by caspase-9 cleavage and accumulation of cytoplasmic cytochrome c. Amounts of the apoptotic proteins Bax and Bim increased in mitochondria, whereas amounts of the antiapoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL declined. Osteosarcoma cells apoptosed when codepleted of CDK1 and CDK2 but not when depleted of other CDK combinations. We suggest that SCH triggers the apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells by inactivating CDK1 and CDK2 and that SCH may be useful for treatment of drug-resistant osteosarcomas. SCH also induced the apoptosis of other sarcoma types but not of normal quiescent osteoblasts or fibroblasts. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(6); 1018–27. ©2011 AACR.
The use of crisis medication in the management of terminal haemorrhage due to incurable cancer: A qualitative study
Authors: Harris DG , Finlay IG , Flowers S , Noble SIR 
Published: April 2011

Background: Terminal haemorrhage is a rare but devastating event that may occur in certain advanced cancers. The focus of management involves administration of ‘crisis medicine’ with the intention of relieving patient distress through sedative doses of anxiolytics or opioids. This practice, whilst widely accepted, is based on limited evidence and has never been formally evaluated. Aim: To evaluate the utility of crisis medication in the management of terminal haemorrhage, through the experiences of nurses who had personally managed such events. Method: Semi-structured interviews exploring the experiences of palliative care and head and neck oncology nurses were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Saturation of themes occurred after interviewing 11 nurses with cumulative experience of managing 37 terminal haemorrhages. Results: Participants reported crisis medication to have little, if any, role in the management of terminal haemorrhage, which was such a rapid event that patients died before it could be administered. As many events had not been predicted, anticipatory prescribing of crisis medication did not always occur. Staying with and supporting the patient, and using dark-coloured towels to camouflage blood were reported to be of more practical use. A focus on accessing crisis medicines had often been to the detriment of these simple yet beneficial measures. Conclusion: Anticipatory prescribing of crisis medication rarely benefits the patient and may unintentionally detract from nursing care. Guidelines on the management of terminal haemorrhage should reconsider the emphasis on crisis medication and focus on non-pharmacological approaches to this invariably fatal event.
Detection and discrimination of flicker contrast in migraine
Authors: Karanovic Olivera , Thabet Michel , Wilson Hugh R , Wilkinson Frances 
Published: April 2011

Aims: Flickering light is strongly aversive to many individuals with migraine. This study was designed to evaluate other abnormalities in the processing of temporally modulating visual stimulation. Methods: We measured psychophysical thresholds for detection of a flickering target and for the discrimination of suprathreshold flicker contrasts (increment thresholds) in 14 migraineurs and 14 healthy controls with and without prior adaptation to high-contrast flicker. Visual discomfort (aversion) thresholds were also assessed. Results: In the baseline (no adaptation) conditions, detection and discrimination thresholds did not differ significantly between groups. Following adaptation, flicker detection thresholds were elevated equivalently in both groups; however, discrimination thresholds were more strongly affected in migraineurs than in controls, showing greater elevation at moderate contrasts and greater threshold reduction (sensitisation) at high contrast (70%). Migraineurs also had significantly elevated discomfort scores, and these were significantly correlated with number of years with migraine. Discussion: We conclude that visual flicker not only causes discomfort but also exerts measurable effects on contrast processing in the visual pathways in migraine. The findings are discussed in the context of the existing literature on habituation, adaptation and contrast-gain control.