bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses of Solid Organ Transplant Recipients to the As03-Adjuvanted Pandemic Influenza Vaccine
Authors: Siegrist Claire-Anne , Ambrosioni Juan , Bel Michael , Combescure Christophe , Hadaya Karine , Martin Pierre-Yves , Soccal Paola M , Berney Thierry , Noble Stephane , Meier Sara , Posfay-Barbe Klara , Grillet Stephane , Kaiser Laurent , van Delden Christian ,   for the H1N1 study group
Published: April 2012

Background Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are a priority group for influenza vaccination and strategies enhancing immunogenicity are needed. Methods We determined adverse reactions, changes in biomarkers of graft function and immune responses to two doses of the AS03-adjuvanted influenza A/09/H1N1 vaccine in 216 SOT recipients and in 138 controls after one dose. Antibody responses were measured by haemag-glutination inhibition and confirmed by microneutralization. We calculated geometric mean titres (GMT) and seroprotection rates (GMT≥40). Results Adverse reactions were fewer than in controls and graft function remained unaffected. Seroprotection was achieved by only 70.3% of SOT recipients, with significant differences between groups (lung 43.6%, heart 72.0%, kidney 83.3%, liver 83.3% and pancreas 85%), compared to 87% of controls ( P<0.001). The weakest responses (seroprotection 43.5%) were elicited in lung transplant recipients. GMT remained threefold lower (115 versus 340) in SOT recipients than controls. Multivariate analyses identified increasing age, type of transplant and increasing blood levels of mycophenolate as independently associated to weaker responses. In contrast, even high blood levels of calcineurin inhibitors remained without significant influence on vaccine responses. Conclusions The squalene-based adjuvanted A/09/H1N1 vaccine was safe in SOT recipients. However, even two doses of this adjuvanted influenza vaccine did not provide adequate protection for lung transplant recipients and those with high mycophenolate blood levels. Additional prophylactic measures should, therefore, be considered for these high-risk groups.
Fyn Promotes Th17 Differentiation by Regulating the Kinetics of RORγt and Foxp3 Expression
Authors: Ueda Aki , Zhou Liang , Stein Paul L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Th17 cells constitute a proinflammatory CD4+ T cell subset that is important for microbial clearance, but also are implicated as propagators of various autoimmune pathologies. Evidence suggests that Th17 cells share common progenitors with immunosuppressive CD4+ inducible regulatory T cells (TREG) and that the developmental pathways of these two subsets are reciprocally regulated. In this study, we show evidence that the Src family tyrosine kinase Fyn helps regulate this Th17/TREG balance. When placed under Th17-skewing conditions, CD4+ T cells from fyn−/− mice had decreased levels of IL-17, but increased expression of the TREG transcription factor Foxp3. The defect in IL-17 expression occurred independently of the ectopic Foxp3 expression and correlated with a delay in retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt upregulation and an inability to maintain normal STAT3 activation. Fyn-deficient Th17 cells also exhibited delayed upregulation of Il23r, Il21, Rora, and Irf4, as well as aberrant expression of Socs3, suggesting that Fyn may function upstream of a variety of molecular pathways that contribute to Th17 polarization. The fyn−/− mice had fewer IL-17+CD4+ T cells in the large intestinal lamina propria compared with littermate controls. Furthermore, after transfer of either wild-type or fyn−/− naive CD4+ T cells into Rag1−/− hosts, recipients receiving fyn−/− cells had fewer IL-17–producing T cells, indicating that Fyn may also regulate Th17 differentiation in vivo. These results identify Fyn as a possible novel regulator of the developmental balance between the Th17 cell and TREG subsets.
Regulation of Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Phosphorylation by Proteolytic Cleavage of Annexin A1 in Activated Mast Cells
Authors: Kwon Joon Hyun , Lee Jea Hwang , Kim Ki Soon , Chung Youn Wook , Kim Ick Young 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAnnexin A1 (ANXA1) is cleaved at the N terminal in some activated cells, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelial cells. We previously observed that ANXA1 was proteolytically cleaved in lung extracts prepared from a murine OVA-induced asthma model. However, the cleavage and regulatory mechanisms of ANXA1 in the allergic response remain unclear. In this study, we found that ANXA1 was cleaved in both Ag-induced activated rat basophilic leukemia 2H3 (RBL-2H3) cells and bone marrow-derived mast cells. This cleavage event was inhibited when intracellular Ca2+ signaling was blocked. ANXA1-knockdown RBL-2H3 cells produced a greater amount of eicosanoids with simultaneous upregulation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) activity. However, there were no changes in degranulation activity or cytokine production in the knockdown cells. We also found that cPLA2 interacted with either full-length or cleaved ANXA1 in activated mast cells. cPLA2 mainly interacted with full-length ANXA1 in the cytosol and cleaved ANXA1 in the membrane fraction. In addition, introduction of a cleavage-resistant ANXA1 mutant had inhibitory effects on both the phosphorylation of cPLA2 and release of eicosanoids during the activation of RBL-2H3 cells and bone marrow-derived mast cells. These data suggest that cleavage of ANXA1 causes proinflammatory reactions by increasing the phosphorylation of cPLA2 and production of eicosanoids during mast-cell activation.
Protein Kinase C-θ Inhibits Inducible Regulatory T Cell Differentiation via an AKT-Foxo1/3a–Dependent Pathway
Authors: Ma Jian , Ding Yan , Fang Xianfeng , Wang Ruiqing , Sun Zuoming 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)-θ has been shown to be a critical TCR signaling molecule that promotes the activation and differentiation of naive T cells into inflammatory effector T cells. In this study, we demonstrate that PKC-θ–mediated signals inhibit inducible regulatory T cell (iTreg) differentiation via an AKT-Foxo1/3A pathway. TGF-β–induced iTreg differentiation was enhanced in PKC-θ−/− T cells or wild-type cells treated with a specific PKC-θ inhibitor, but was inhibited by the PKC-θ activator PMA, or by CD28 crosslinking, which enhances PKC-θ activation. PKC-θ−/− T cells had reduced activity of the AKT kinase, and the expression of a constitutively active form of AKT in PKC-θ−/− T cells restored the ability to inhibit iTreg differentiation. Furthermore, knockdown or overexpression of the AKT downstream targets Foxo1 and Foxo3a was found to inhibit or promote iTreg differentiation in PKC-θ−/− T cells accordingly, indicating that the AKT-Foxo1/3A pathway is responsible for the inhibition of iTreg differentiation of iTregs downstream of PKC-θ. We conclude that PKC-θ is able to control T cell-mediated immune responses by shifting the balance between the differentiation of effector T cells and inhibitory Tregs.
Dendritic Cell-Specific Ablation of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Shp1 Promotes Th1 Cell Differentiation and Induces Autoimmunity
Authors: Kaneko Tetsuya , Saito Yasuyuki , Kotani Takenori , Okazawa Hideki , Iwamura Hiroko , Sato-Hashimoto Miho , Kanazawa Yoshitake , Takahashi Satoshi , Hiromura Keiju , Kusakari Shinya , Kaneko Yoriaki , Murata Yoji , Ohnishi Hiroshi , Nojima Yoshihisa , Takagishi Kenji , Matozaki Takashi 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) promote immune responses to foreign Ags and immune tolerance to self-Ags. Deregulation of DCs is implicated in autoimmunity, but the molecules that regulate DCs to protect against autoimmunity have remained unknown. In this study, we show that mice lacking the protein tyrosine phosphatase Shp1 specifically in DCs develop splenomegaly associated with more CD11c+ DCs. Splenic DCs from the mutant mice showed upregulation of CD86 and CCR7 expression and of LPS-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines. The mice manifested more splenic Th1 cells, consistent with the increased ability of their DCs to induce production of IFN-γ by Ag-specific T cells in vitro. The number of splenic CD5+CD19+ B-1a cells and the serum concentrations of Igs M and G2a were also increased in the mutant mice. Moreover, aged mutant mice developed glomerulonephritis and interstitial pneumonitis together with increased serum concentrations of autoantibodies. Shp1 is thus a key regulator of DC functions that protects against autoimmunity.
Dental Bleaching with 35 and 38% Hydrogen Peroxide and Immersion in Soft Drink: Analysis by Reflectance and Fourier Transform-Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Torres Carlos Rocha Gomes , Jeronymo Raffaela Di Iorio , da Silva Eduardo Galera , Huhtala Maria Filomena Rocha Lima , Gomes Ana Paula Martins , de Luca Alves Gustavo , Munin Egberto 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dental bleaching with 35 and 38% hydrogen peroxide and soft drink immersion on the chemistry and color of the bovine enamel fragments before and after treatment using reflectance and Fourier transform-Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman spectroscopy).

Materials and methods
Sixty bovine enamel fragments were prepared and randomly divided into six experimental groups according to the hydrogen peroxide gel concentration or immersion in soft drink (n = 10): G1-Whiteness HP Maxx; G2-Whiteness HP Maxx + light lemon coke immersion; G3-Opalescence Xtra Boost; G4-Opalescence Xtra Boost + light lemon coke immersion; G5-Whiteform Perox Red Form gel; G6-Whiteform Perox Red Form gel + light lemon coke immersion. The bleaching treatment was performed in two sessions with a 7 days interval and the analysis before treatments were used as control (baseline). Samples were submitted to reflectance and FT-Raman spectroscopy analysis to evaluate surface mineral content and the reflectance before and after treatments.

Results
There was no significant statistical difference among the bleaching agents in the reflectance analysis (p = 0.63). The FT-Raman spectroscopy data showed significant loss in enamel mineral content after immersion in the light lemon coke and statistical significant differences for the interactions between ‘bleaching agent’ and ‘immersion in soft drink’ (p = 0.03) and between ‘bleaching agent’ and ‘time’ (p = 0.04). With regards to the whitened specimens, the Opalescence Xtra Boost agent demonstrated the greatest loss in enamel mineral content.

Conclusion
All bleaching agents exhibited great bleaching potential in reflectance analysis. This highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide gel (38%) changed significantly the enamel mineral content with or without immersion in soft drink. The specimens immersed in soft drink showed significant loss in enamel mineral content.

Clinical relevance
Some investigations have shown that hydrogen peroxide and beverages can modify enamel dental components, but more studies are necessary to explain its effects.
Management of Animal Bite Wounds on Face: Our Experience
Authors: Anup Kumar G , Mathur Abhishek , Ramesh Keerthi 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Bite wounds are among the commonest types of trauma to which the man is subjected. Infection is the most common complication in animal bite wounds. The surgical treatment of facial animal bites remains a source of controversy. The controversies continue to center on the timing of wound debridement and primary wound closure as well as the use of antibiotic prophylaxis and primary plastic reconstruction. We report 30 cases of animal bites treated in our department and our protocol in the management of the same.
Nanostructure of Crystal Hydroxyapatite from Fluorosis: Affected Enamel
Authors: Nasution Abdillah Imron 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Fluorosis is a condition due to ingestion of excessive amounts of fluor which can cause the change the teeth structure and strength. Currently, a little explanation was available to describe the surface and change of nanostructure crystal hydroxyapatite which contribute to influence the macrocharacteristic of fluorosis enamel.

Aims and objectives
To describe the change of surface structure, c-axis, a-axis and grain size of crystal hydroxyapatite on fluorosis enamel.

Materials and methods
This research was carried out the fluorosis and normal enamel specimen by using scanning electron microscopy/ energy disperse X-ray (SEM/EDX) to determine fluor concentration and the surfaces structure of fluorosis enamel, and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine change of c- and a-axis of hydroxyapatite of fluorosis enamel.

Results
Fluor concentration were higher in fluorosis enamel and the surface increasingly roughness and porous. SEM/EDX also confirmed gaps areas between enamel rods and visible aprismatic zone in some regions. The axis on fluorosis enamel was a-axis = 9.3786 Å and c-axis = 6.8836 Å. The a-axis on normal enamel was = 9.4148 Å and c-axis = 6.8791 Å. Grain size of fluorosis enamel was 19.59 nm and normal enamel was 20.30 nm.

Conclusion
Fluor as most electronegative element changes the c-axis, a-axis, and grain size of crystal hydroxyapatite and generates the internal atomic bonding which influences the stability of enamel strength.
Immunofluorescence in Oral Pathology: Part I—Methodology
Authors: Premalatha BR , Rao Roopa S , Mysorekar Vijaya 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Immunofluorescence is an immunological method used to demonstrate the presence of antigen and antibodies in tissues or serum. Immunofluorescence techniques have become indispensable in modern pathology laboratories and have greatly contributed to the diagnosis, treatment and understanding of autoimmune bullous diseases, hereditary bullous diseases, collagen-vascular diseases, many inflammatory dermatosis and cutaneous tumors. This review emphasizes the basics of immunofluorescence techniques, methodology, interpretation of the results and the newer advancements in the field.
The application of immunofluorescence techniques in various vesiculobullous disorders will be extensively discussed in the subsequent parts. Part II will deal with the pemphigus group and other dermatological conditions with oral involvement and part III with subepidermal immunobullous diseases.
When the Unthinkable Happens: Universal Work Precautions and Postexposure Prophylaxis in HIV
Authors: Ramdurg Praveen , Kambale Sharanappa , Mendigeri Vijaylaxmi B , Fayyaz Mohammad 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) with antiretrovirals is now widely used worldwide after either occupational contact (with blood or another blood-containing fluid), or nonoccupational contact (mainly sexual or injection-drug use). It is assumed to reduce the risk of HIV transmission by at least 80%, although its efficacy has not been completely proven. Several countries have issued guidelines to help the clinician in their decision to offer PEP and to improve its cost-effectiveness. This article reviews the different antiretroviral combinations used, their safety profile, the recommendations and indications of PEP.
Prosthetic Full Mouth Rehabilitation in a Case of Xerostomia following Radiation Therapy for Carcinoma of Esophagus: A Clinical Case Report
Authors: Shetty Karunakar B , Jayashankar Deepa 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTAim of the studyComplete rehabilitation of a 38-year-old female patient with radiation caries and xerostomia postirradiation therapy for the treatment of carcinoma of esophagus, by a multidisciplinary approach involving specialties of periodontics, endodontics and prosthodontics.SummaryThis 38-year-old female patient presented with missing teeth, ill fitting prosthesis, radiation caries and xerostomia as a consequence of radiation therapy. In addition, the patient was severely psychologically affected not just due to the carcinoma, but also due to the adverse effects of cancer therapy. Therefore, rehabilitation of such a patient was aimed not just at careful oral reconstruction of lost and damaged structures but also towards providing a boost to her self-esteem. The outcome of this multidisciplinary approach led to a completely wellrehabilitated patient, both orally as well as psychologically.
Dentin Bonding Agents I: Complete Classification—A Review
Authors: Kakar Surbhi , Kanase Anoop 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Traditional mechanical methods of retaining restorative materials have been replaced to a large extent by tooth conserving adhesive restorative techniques. Bonding techniques allow more conservative tooth preparation. Less reliance on macromechanical retention and less removal of unsupported enamel because adhesives have been evolving, so rapidly for the last few years, as the timing is right for evaluating the clinical status of present day adhesives. The purpose of this article is to provide a concise, comprehensive and updated classification of dentin bonding agents. Current products are highlighted to improve clinical use and performance of the materials.
Transplantation of Co-Microencapsulated Hepatocytes and HUVECs for Treatment of Fulminant Hepatic Failure
Authors: Qiu Liyuan , Wang Jian , Wen Xinyu , Wang Haibin , Wang Yan , Lin Qiuxia , Du Zhiyan , Duan Cuimi , Wang Chunren , Wang Changyong 
Published: April 2012

Purpose: Microencapsulated hepatocytes might solve immunological rejection, broadening a new perspective for the treatment of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF). However, the transplantation of microcapsulated hepatocytes is limited by low cell viability Nevertheless, the co-microencapsulation of hepatocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) may make the treatment of FHF more promising. Methods: We prepared the microcapsules using the high-voltage electrostatic droplet spray method, transplanted the empty microcapsules, isolated hepatocytes, microcapsulated hepatocytes, and co-microencapsulated hepatocytes and HUVEC intraperitoneally into rat models of FHF induced by D-aminogalactose (D-gal). After 1, 3, and 7 days, and 2, 3, and 4 weeks posttransplantation, we calculated the mortality and assessed alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and albumin (ALB) levels in the serum of the model; evaluated the integrality and recovery of microcapsules; and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) the recovered microcapsules as well as the liver of the FHF rats. Results: Hepatocyte-specific functions, including the levels of ALT, AST, and ALB in the serum of the co-microencapsulation group, were significantly better than those in the other groups (p<0.05) from 2 to 4 weeks after transplantation. Moreover, cotransplantation of the microencapsulated hepatocytes and HUVECs decreased the mortality rate of the FHF rats. The recovered microcapsules were intact, and recovery was up to 90%. H&E staining showed that the microencapsulated cells were still alive, and the liver tissues had started to recover after 4 weeks posttransplantation. Conclusion: The microcapsules have good biocompatibility and immunoprotection to protect the hepatocytes from immunological rejection. Cotransplantation of the microencapsulated hepatocytes and HUVECs could decrease mortality rates and improve liver function in FHF.
Comparison of Analytical and Clinical Performance of Three Methods for Detection of Clostridium difficile
Authors: LaSala P Rocco , Svensson Annika M. , Mohammad Amin A. , Perrotta Peter L. 
Published: April 2012

Context.—Diagnostic laboratory testing for Clostridium difficile infection has undergone considerable and rapid evolution during the last decade. The ideal detection method(s), which should exhibit high analytical and clinical sensitivity and specificity, remains undefined.
Objective.—We sought to evaluate the analytical and clinical performance characteristics of three methods for the laboratory detection of C difficile.
Design.—This study used 114 consecutive stool samples to compare three methods of C difficile detection: an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for toxins A/B, a lateral flow membrane immunoassay for glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), and a qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Medical records of all patients having ≥1 positive test result were reviewed to estimate the clinical likelihood of C difficile infection.
Results.—Based upon laboratory result consensus values, analytical sensitivity was significantly higher for GDH (94%) and PCR (94%) assays than for toxin EIA (25%). Analytical specificity was significantly higher for PCR (100%) and EIA (100%) than for GDH assay (93%). In contrast, assay performance based upon clinical probability of C difficile infection suggested lower discriminatory power (ie, clinical specificity) of the more analytically sensitive methods.
Conclusions.—Higher rates of C difficile detection will be realized upon implementation of GDH assay and/or real-time PCR–based testing algorithms than by testing with EIA alone. Further study is required to elucidate potential downstream costs for higher detection rates.
Advances in Treatment of Lung Cancer With Targeted Therapy
Authors: Cagle Philip T. , Chirieac Lucian R. 
Published: April 2012

Context.—Ongoing preclinical investigations and clinical trials involving new targeted therapies promise to improve survival for patients with lung cancer. Targeted therapeutic agents, based on genetic mutations and signaling pathways altered in lung cancer, have added significantly to our armamentarium for lung cancer treatment while minimizing drug toxicity. To date, 4 targeted therapies have been approved for treatment of lung cancer by the US Food and Drug Administration: gefitinib in 2002, erlotinib in 2003, bevacizumab in 2006, and crizotinib in 2011.
Objective.—To review targeted therapies in lung cancer, the molecular biomarkers that identify patients likely to benefit from these targeted therapies, the basic molecular biology principles, selected molecular diagnostic techniques, and pathologic features correlated with molecular abnormalities in lung cancer. To review new molecular abnormalities described in lung cancer that are predictive for response to novel promising targeted agents in various phases of clinical trials.
Data Sources.—Review of the literature covering the molecular abnormalities of lung cancer with a focus on the molecular diagnostics and targeted therapy. Special emphasis is placed on summarizing evolving technologies useful in the diagnosis and characterization of lung cancer.
Conclusions.—Molecular testing of lung cancer expands the expertise of the pathologist, who will identify the tumor markers that are predictive of sensitivity or resistance to various targeted therapies and allow patients with cancer to be selected for highly effective and less toxic therapies.