bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of social networks in determining migration and labour market outcomes
Authors: Rainer Helmut , Siedler Thomas 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper empirically examines social network explanations for migration decisions in the context of German reunification. Using longitudinal data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel, we first show that the presence of a family in West Germany is an important predictor for the migration hazard rate of East Germans. We then explore whether pre‐migration networks have a discernible impact on the economic and social assimilation of East German immigrants in West Germany. We find that East German immigrants are more likely to be employed and to hold higher paying jobs when socially connected to the West prior to emigrating.
How does entry regulation influence entry into self‐employment and occupational mobility?1
Authors: Prantl Susanne , Spitz‐Oener Alexandra 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe analyse how an entry regulation that imposes a mandatory educational standard affects entry into self‐employment and occupational mobility. We exploit German reunification as a natural experiment and identify regulatory effects by comparing differences between regulated and unregulated occupations in East Germany with the corresponding differences in West Germany after reunification. Consistent with our expectations, we find that entry regulation reduces entry into self‐employment and occupational mobility after reunification more in regulated occupations in East Germany than in West Germany. Our findings are relevant for transition or emerging economies as well as for mature market economies requiring large structural changes after unforeseen economic shocks.
Gruppe 47: Literature, Politics, and the Political Economy of Postwar Publishing
Authors: Rebien Kristin 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTScholars have long acknowledged the significance of Gruppe 47's close ties to the literary market. Group meetings from the early 1950s onward included a large number of media and publishing representatives. This is generally seen as a strong indicator of the group's success. However, the circumstances under which the group was able to form these market connections remain poorly understood. Studies tend to imply that there was a natural transition from literary merit to widespread public attention. This article reveals that the common perception hinges on a teleological bias. Gruppe 47's rise to success was neither linear nor self‐evident. Most importantly, the group's success was not brought about by literary merit. Other factors had a far greater impact, including political orientation, and an organisational structure that facilitated market connections. As a model, the particular case of Gruppe 47 is indicative of both the potential and the drawbacks of any such institution: While a cultural organisation with close ties to the market is exceptionally effective at promoting and popularising talent, it is equally effective at eclipsing commensurate talent, especially outside its boundaries.
Use and Abuse of the Film in Recording the Behaviour and Reactions of the Newborn Infant*
Authors: ENGEL C. E. , HANSELL P. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYThe apparatus, methods and evaluation for film recording are outlined, with particular emphasis on standardisation for comparability. Questions of finance and administration must be decided in relation to other requirements. A comprehensive programme of standardised visual recording promises to contribute to the establishment of what constitutes a normal newborn. From this it may be possible to diagnose abnormalities at a very much earlier age than at present, and to assess the effectiveness of treatment and education with enhanced accuracy.RÉSUMÉ Usage et abus de Ľenregistrement filmé du comportement et des réactions du nouveau‐né Appareils, méthodes et évaluations sont décrits avec référence particulière à la normalisation dans un but de comparaison. Il s'agit de trancher de questions financières et administratives par rapport àďautres besoins dans le cadre général de la conférence. Cependant un programme rationnel ďenregistrement visuel permet de contribuer àĽétablissement de ce qui constitue un nouveau‐né normal. Cette méthode permettra de diagnostiquer les anomalies à un âge beaucoup plus précoce qu'aujourďhui et ďapprécier Ľefficacité du traitement et de Ľéducation avec une précision accrue.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGGebrauch und Missbrauch des Films für die Wiedergabe des Benehmens und der Reaktionen des NeugeborenenApparate, Methoden und Bestimmungen werden beschrieben, mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Vergleiche gestattende Normierung. Finanz‐ und Verwaltungsfragen müssen in Verbindung mit anderen Forderungen im allgemeinen Rahmen der Konferenz gelösst werden. Ein umfassendes Programm für normierte Wiedergabe erlaubt es jedoch, zur Festsetzung der Züge eines normalen Neugeborenen beizutragen. Es wird dadurch möglich werden, Abnormitäten in einem viel früheren Alter als gegenwärtig zu erkennen und die Wirksamkeit der Behandlung und Erziehung mit erhöhter Genauigkeit abzuschätzen.
The Dental Care of the Cerebral Palsied Child
Authors: SWALLOW J. N. 
Published: August 2009

Successful treatment of the cerebral palsied depends on the co‐operation of skilled individuals of different disciplines. This paper outlines the role of the dental surgeon in this team, and ways in which the other members can assist in the maintenance of healthy oral tissues in the cerebral palsied child.SUMMARYThe maintenance of healthy oral tissues in cerebral palsied children is not only the responsibility of the dental profession. Co‐operation is needed in this work.Dental disease is to a great extent preventable. Refined carbohydrates, such as sweets and other confections, are largely to blame for dental caries, and in the cerebral palsied child they should be reduced to the minimum and only taken at meal‐times. Any remaining food must be removed by tooth brushing, which should be taught to both the child and his parent, and practised after every meal.Specially designed clinics are needed if dental care for these children is to be a reality.RÉSUMÉLes soins dentaires de Ľenfant encéphalopatheLes membres des professions dentaires ne sont pas seuls responsables du maintien en bon état de santé des tissus buccaux des enfants encéphalopathes. La coopération est nécessaire en cette matière.On peut prévenir les affections dentaires dans une large mesure. Les hydrates de carbone raffinés, tels que les bonbons et autres préparations, sont, dans une large mesure, responsables des caries dentaires, et chez les enfants encéphalopathes il y a lieu de les réduire au minimum et de ne les absorber qu'aux heures des repas. Il faut apprendre àĽenfant et à ses parents que les aliments résiduels doivent être éliminés en brossant les dents et que ce brossage doit étre pratiqué après chaque repas.Des cliniques spécialisées sont nécessaires si ces enfants ont besoin de soins dentaires.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Zahnpflege beim Kind mit ZerebrallähmungFür das Gesundhalten der Gewebe des Mundes bei Kindern mit Zerebrallähmung ist der zahnärztliche Beruf nicht allein verantwortlich. Zusammenarbeit ist für diese Arbeit nötig.Zahnkrankheiten sind in gossem Masse verhütbar. RafBnierte Kohlenhydrate wie Bonbons und anderes Konfekt sind zum grossen Teil an Zahnkaries schuldig und sie müssen beim Kind mit Zerebrallähmung aufs Minimum herabgesetzt und nur während der Mahlzeiten genossen werden. Man muss dem Kinde und seinen Eltern beibringen dass alle Speisereste durch bürsten der Zähne, nach alien Mahlzeiten zu beseitigen.Spezialisierte Kliniken sind nötig wenn Zahnpflege für diese Kinder eine Wirklichkeit sein soil.
Probability of walking, wheeled mobility, and assisted mobility in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy
Authors: PALISANO ROBERT J , HANNA STEVEN E , ROSENBAUM PETER L , TIEMAN BETH 
Published: August 2009

Aim  Our aim was to describe how the probability of walking, wheeled mobility, and assisted mobility changes with environmental setting and age in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP).Method  The parents of a population‐based sample of 642 children and adolescents (360 males, 282 females; age range 16mo–21y) reported their children’s mobility at home, school, and outdoors at 6‐ or 12‐month intervals a mean of 5.2 times. Generalized mixed‐effects analyses were used to model the probabilities.Results  By age 3 years, children with motor function classified as level I according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) walked in all three settings. Children/adolescents classified as level V used assisted mobility, with a small number using wheeled mobility. In the case of children classified as GMFCS level II, the probability of walking varied with the environmental setting, which, at age 18, is outdoors 90% of the time. Among children classified as GMFCS level III, the probability of walking was highest at age 9 at school (68%), and at age 18 was approximately 50% in all three settings. Among children/adolescents rated as GMFCS level IV, the probability of wheeled mobility increased with age and, at age 18, 57% of mobility took place outdoors.Interpretation  The results provide evidence that age and environmental setting influence method of mobility of children/adolescents with CP. The method that is preferred in one setting may not be preferred in another setting or at another age.
Matrix metalloproteinases inhibition provides neuroprotection against hypoxia‐ischemia in the developing brain
Authors: Chen Wanqiu , Hartman Richard , Ayer Robert , Marcantonio Suzanne , Kamper Joel , Tang Jiping , Zhang John H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe present study was designed to investigate the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the immature brain and the long term effects of early MMPs inhibition after hypoxic‐ischemic (HI) injury. HI was induced by unilateral ligation of the right carotid artery followed by hypoxia (8% O2 for 2 h) in P7 rat pups. GM6001, a broad spectrum MMPs inhibitor, was injected (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally at 2 h and 24 h after HI injury. Blood‐brain barrier (BBB) integrity, brain edema, MMP‐2/‐9 activity, TIMP‐1/‐2 and tight junction protein (TJP) level were evaluated using IgG staining, Evan’s blue extravasation, brain water content, zymography and western blot. Doxycycline, another MMPs inhibitor, was injected (10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally at 2 h after HI, then BBB integrity and brain edema were measured at 48 h post‐HI using brain water content measurement and IgG staining. The long‐term effects of early MMPs inhibition (GM6001, 100 mg/kg) were evaluated by neurobehavioral tests, body weight, and brain atrophy measurement. GM6001 attenuated brain edema and BBB disruption at the dosage of 100 mg/kg. MMP‐2 activity increased at 24 h and peaked at 48 h after HI, whereas MMP‐9 activity peaked at 24 h and tapered by 48 h after HI. MMP‐9/‐2 activities were significantly attenuated by GM6001 at 24 h and 48 h after HI. The degradation of TJPs (ZO‐1 and occludin) at 48 h after HI was reversed by GM6001 treatment. Early MMPs inhibition had long‐term effects that attenuated ipsilateral brain tissue loss, and improved neurobehavioral outcomes after HI. These results suggest that early MMPs inhibition with a broad‐spectrum inhibitor provides both acute and long‐term neuroprotection in the developing brain by reducing TJPs degradation, preserving BBB integrity, and ameliorating brain edema after neonatal HI injury.
Evaluating chemical and physical quality indicators for a structurally fragile tropical soil
Authors: Moura E. G. , Moura N. G. , Marques E. S. , Pinheiro K. M. , Costa Sobrinho J. R. S. , Aguiar A. C. F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn tropical regions with well‐defined wet and dry seasons, repeated wetting and drying cycles can harden exposed soils and inhibit root growth. While this phenomenon has been well documented, the relationships between plant productivity and chemical and physical soil parameters have not been well defined. The current study identifies the abiotic parameters that best relate to measures of plant development, specifically to corn productivity. The primary goal of this research was to provide information to improve agricultural sustainability in humid tropical ecosystems. The effects of using plant residues as a cover on a sandy soil were studied. Four leguminous species were planted in an alley cropping system, Leucaena leucocephala, Cajanus cajan, Clitoria fairchildiana and Acacia mangium, and corn was planted in January 2007 between legume rows. We measured the most important chemical and physical soil parameters. Yield indicators included cob weight and the weight of 100 kernels. The application of plant residues altered soil conditions and increased rootable soil volume. This change was associated with an increase by 10% in water retention above field capacity in the uppermost soil layer of the residue‐covered sections of the experiment. In the control sections cobs were up to three times lighter (31.43–93.38 g) in the bare soil control than those from residue‐covered sections of the experiment. Dynamic indicators related to nutrient absorption and crop evapotranspiration, such as the number of days with water stress and rootable soil volume, were the most suitable indicators for assessing soil quality. The response of corn was best related to complex physical indicators, including the amount of N applied via legume residues.
Proof‐of‐concept study on the suitability of 13C‐urea as a marker substance for assessment of in vivo behaviour of oral colon‐targeted dosage forms
Authors: Schellekens RCA , Olsder GG , Langenberg SMCH , Boer T , Woerdenbag HJ , Frijlink HW , Kosterink JGW , Stellaard F 
Published: August 2009

Background and purpose:  13C‐urea may be a suitable marker to assess the in vivo fate of colon‐targeted dosage forms given by mouth. We postulated that release in the colon (urease‐rich segment) of 13C‐urea from colon‐targeted capsules would lead to fermentation of 13C‐urea by bacterial ureases into 13CO2. Subsequent absorption into the blood and circulation would lead to detectable 13C (as 13CO2) in breath. If, however, release of 13C‐urea occurred in the small intestine (urease‐poor segment), we expected detectable 13C (as 13C‐urea) in blood but no breath 13C (as 13CO2). The differential kinetics of 13C‐urea could thus potentially describe both release kinetics and indicate the gastrointestinal segment of release.Experimental approach:  The in vivo study consisted of three experiments, during which the same group of four volunteers participated.Key results:  The kinetic model was internally valid. The appearance of 13C‐in breath CO2 (Ffermented) and the appearance of 13C in blood as 13C‐urea (Fnot fermented) show a high inverse correlation (Pearson's r=−0.981, P= 0.06). The total recovery of 13C (Ffermented+Fnot fermented) averaged 99%, indicating complete recovery of the administered 13C via breath and blood. 13CO2 exhalation was observed in all subjects. This indicates that 13C‐urea was available in urease‐rich segments, such as the caecum or colon.Conclusions and implications:  In this proof‐of‐concept study, 13C‐urea was able to provide information on both the release kinetics of a colon‐targeted oral dosage form and the gastrointestinal segment where it was released.
Modulation of cellular redox state underlies antagonism between oxaliplatin and cetuximab in human colorectal cancer cell lines
Authors: Dahan Laetitia , Sadok Amine , Formento Jean‐Louis , Seitz Jean François , Kovacic Hervé 
Published: August 2009

Background and purpose:  Oxaliplatin is the first platinum‐based compound effective in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Oxaliplatin combined with cetuximab for metastatic colorectal cancer is under evaluation. The preliminary results seem controversial, particularly for the use of cetuximab in K‐Ras mutated patients. K‐Ras mutation is known to affect redox homeostasis. Here we evaluated how the efficacy of oxaliplatin alone or combined with cetuximab varied according to the Ras mutation and redox status in a panel of colorectal tumour cell lines.Experimental approach:  Viability was evaluated by methylthiazoletetrazolium assay, reactive oxygen species production by DCFDA and lucigenin on HT29‐D4, Caco‐2, SW480 and SW620 cell lines.Key results:  Combination of oxaliplatin and cetuximab was less cytotoxic than oxaliplatin alone in colorectal cells harbouring wild‐type Ras and membrane expression of receptors for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), such as HT29‐D4 and Caco‐2 cells. In contrast, cetuximab did not affect oxaliplatin efficiency in cells harbouring K‐RasV12 mutation, irrespective of membrane EGFR expression (SW620 and SW480 cells). Transfection of HT29‐D4 with K‐RasV12 decreased oxaliplatin IC50 and impaired cetuximab sensitivity, without affecting expression of membrane EGFR compared with HT29‐D4 control. Oxaliplatin efficacy relies on endogenous production of H2O2. Cetuximab inhibits H2O2 production inhibiting the EGFR/Nox1 NADPH oxidase pathway. Oxaliplatin efficacy was impaired by short hairpin RNA for Nox1 and by catalase (H2O2 scavenger).Conclusions and implications:  Cetuximab limited oxaliplatin efficiency by affecting the redox status of cancer cells through Nox1. Such combined therapy might be improved by controlling H2O2 elimination.
On‐the‐fly server‐based aerial imagery management system
Authors: Seguí Ana E. , Lerma José L. , Navarro Santiago , Portalés Cristina 
Published: August 2009

Abstract Aerial images are valuable products when dealing with both geospatial and geotemporal analysis. Nowadays, they are widely used for many different purposes and by an extensive public, including private companies, official administrations and individual users. Although in the past few years there has been an increasing interest in showing all kinds of geographical information on the World Wide Web, access to aerial imagery and its dissemination are still difficult and lack flexibility. This paper introduces an aerial imagery management system based on client–server principles, operated so as to allow users quick and efficient queries, processing and management of huge sets of photogrammetric imagery stored on raster servers. It is a novel product that is ready to provide image‐based cartographic data available in public and private digital warehouses, facilitating all the required visualisations and queries, as well as geometric and radiometric processing on the fly. This paper shows the design, system architecture and various functionalities of the system in a real‐life scenario.
Performance Management in Insurance Firms by Using Transfer Pricing
Authors: Doff René , Bilderbeek Jan , Bruggink Bert , Emmen Pieter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this article, we analyze the asset and liability management and market risk systems of insurance companies. We discuss that the current system is not goal congruent and does not satisfy necessary conditions for effective control. It follows that managers are unable to run their business effectively. We develop a transfer pricing system that allows the clear separation of underwriting and investment activities, both on the risk and return aspects. It creates the appropriate incentive schemes. We illustrate this system with an example indicating the differences in incentives between the traditional embedded value measures and the proposed funds transfer pricing system.
Recent Developments in the Aviation Insurance Industry
Authors: Flouris Triant , Hayes Paul , Pukthuanthong‐Le Kuntara , Thiengtham Dolruedee , Walker Thomas 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe aviation industry has been hard hit in recent years. While there are numerous factors that have contributed to the industry's dilemma, rising and volatile insurance premiums—particularly after the events of 9/11—have posed a particular problem for many airline managers. Despite a general trend for accident rates involving commercial passenger airplanes to decrease as aviation technology has advanced over the years and airplanes have become safer, the aviation insurance market has been far from stable. This article provides an overview of how the aviation insurance industry works and how it has changed in recent years. We take a look at how the risk is spread between insurers, how insurers treat deliberate acts of violence, and lastly, how insurers price the risk. Our article shows that the aviation insurance market has undergone considerable changes in recent years and that it has adjusted to the post‐9/11 aviation insurance realities being reasonably ready to handle events of an even more catastrophic magnitude.
Debt Sustainability Under Catastrophic Risk: The Case for Government Budget Insurance
Authors: Borensztein Eduardo , Cavallo Eduardo , Valenzuela Patricio 
Published: August 2009

AbstractNatural disasters are an important source of vulnerability in the Caribbean region. Despite being one of the more disaster‐prone areas of the world, it has the lowest levels of insurance coverage. This article examines the vulnerability of Belize's public finance to the occurrence of hurricanes and the potential impact of insurance instruments in reducing that vulnerability. The article finds that catastrophic risk insurance significantly improves Belize's debt sustainability. In addition, the methodology employed makes it possible to estimate the appropriate level of insurance, which for the case of Belize is a maximum coverage of US$120 million per year. International organizations can play a role in assisting countries to overcome distortions in insurance markets, as well as in helping to relax internal political resistance to the purchase of insurance policies.
Prognostic Evaluation of QT‐Dispersion in Elderly Hypertensive and Normotensive Patients
Authors: DIMOPOULOS STAVROS , NICOSIA FRANCO , TURINI DANIELE , ZULLI ROBERTO 
Published: August 2009

Background:

QT‐corrected interval dispersion (QTcD) is an indirect index of increased heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization. However, the prognostic value of (QTcD) in elderly hypertensive and normotensive patients has not been thoroughly investigated yet.
Methods:

The study population consisted of 60 consecutive patients (34 males/26 females; mean age: 63±11 years) with mild to moderate essential arterial hypertension and 48 consecutive age‐matched healthy subjects (24 males/24 females; 65±16 years). QTcD was measured by a 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) as the difference between maximum and minimum QT‐interval, corrected for heart rate. Ventricular arrhythmias were recorded by a 24‐hour Holter ECG and classified by a modified Lown's score (range: 0–6). Left ventricular mass was measured echocardiographically and indexed by body surface area [left ventricular mass index (LVMI)]. Nine patients were lost during the follow‐up period. Patients were followed up for 54±9 months, and the primary end‐point was the major cardiovascular events (including cardiac mortality).
Results:

Major cardiovascular events occurred in 22 patients (22%). Patients with QTcD ≥45 ms (n = 35) had a higher rate of major cardiovascular events (43% vs 11%; log rank: 14.8; P < 0.001), a higher LVMI (146±29 vs 104±21 g/m2; P < 0.001), greater values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (154±16 vs 144±18 mmHg; P < 0.01 and 92±10 vs 88±8 mmHg; P < 0.05, respectively), a higher number of premature ventricular beats (354±870 vs 113±301; P < 0.05), and a greater Lown's score (3.7±1.9 vs 1.4±1.8; P < 0.05) than patients with QTcD <45 ms. QTcD (≥ or < 45 ms) was an independent predictor of major cardiovascular events (odds ratio: 4.9; 95% confidence interval: 2.0–12.1; P = 0.001) after adjustment for LVMI, Lown's score (≥ or <3), age (≥ or <65 years), and QTc max (≥ or <437 ms).
Conclusions:

QTcD is an independent predictor of major cardiovascular events in elderly hypertensive and normotensive patients and might be used in their risk stratification.