bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cladoceran juvenile growth1
Authors: Tessier Alan J. , Goulden Clyde E. 
Published: April 2010

We examined juvenile growth of five species of Daphniidae raised at several food levels. For each species, an exponential model with a species‐specific exponent accurately described the weight gain of preadult instars. This finding indicates that weight‐specific net production within a species is constant throughout juvenile development; early and late instars are equal in exploitative ability.Among clones born at different body weights, specific net production depended on food level. At high food levels, larger bodied animals displayed greater exploitative ability (larger exponents). However, as food level was lowered, specific net production of large‐bodied animals was depressed more severely than that of small‐bodied animals. At the lowest food level, smaller bodied animals exhibited greater exploitative ability.
The feeding condition of Calanus pacificus and other zooplankton in relation to phytoplankton pigments in the California Current
Authors: Håkanson John L. 
Published: April 2010

Calanus pacificus copepodite V stages were taken from 40 stations in the California Current between Los Angeles and San Francisco in April 1984. Wax ester and triglyceride contents of the copepods were determined as indices of their feeding condition. The regions with high Chl a concentrations had copepods with high lipid contents and dry weights, while the low Chl a region farther offshore had copepods with low lipid levels and dry weights. The Southern California Bight generally had intermediate to low Chl a concentrations, which was also reflected in the copepod parameters.Wax ester content and dry weight of Calanus had higher correlations with primary production (r = 0.86; r = 0.89) than with total integrated Chl a (r = 0.65; r = 0.55). Lipid content of field‐caught copepods was much higher than that of laboratory animals reared at a high concentration of food.Additional species were taken in a subarea south of Point Conception. Lipid content of the grazing copepod Rhincalanus nasutus was also significantly related to pigment concentration and showed good concordance with Calanus. Lipid contents of furcilia stages of Euphausia pacifica and chaetognaths, on the other hand, were not significantly correlated with the pigment concentrations or the lipid contents and dry weights of the copepods.
Discrimination between algae and artificial particles by freshwater and marine copepods1
Authors: DeMott William R. 
Published: April 2010

Chemically mediated food selection was studied with combinations of living algae and algal‐flavored and untreated polystyrene spheres. The freshwater calanoid Eudiaptomus exhibited a strong preference for flavored spheres over untreated spheres when algae were scarce, but ingested few spheres of either type when algae were abundant. Experiments using a “zooplankton sandwich technique” revealed a distinct ranking of preference: 6‐µm Chlamydomonas >6‐µm Chlamydomonas‐flavored spheres >6‐µm untreated spheres. Consistent with foraging theory, Eudiaptomus very strongly selected algae over flavored spheres when algae were abundant but was less selective when algae were scarce.Sandwich experiments revealed differences in selectivity among individuals and between species of marine and freshwater zooplankton. In experiments with 12‐µm algae and untreated 12‐µm spheres, Eudiaptomus was highly selective, ingesting about 1,000 × more algae than spheres, whereas the cladocerans Daphnia and Sida fed nonselectively. The marine copepod Temora longicornis was less selective than Pseudocalanus sp., and both marine copepods were less selective than Eudiaptomus. These complex foraging patterns emphasize the need for carefully designed experiments with mixtures of natural particles of differing nutritional quality.
Alona weinecki Studer on the subantarctic islands, not Alona rectangula Sars (Chydoridae, Cladocera)1
Authors: Frey David G. 
Published: April 2010

Since Harding in 1967 named the Alona on Signy Island (South Orkneys) Alona rectangula, this binomen has persisted there and has been extended to other island groups in the Scotia Arc. Elsewhere among the subantarctic islands the binomen Alona weinecki has been used, based on a description in 1878 and a redescription in 1914. A detailed redescription of A. rectangula from Norway and Denmark permitted comparison with available populations of A. weinecki from Signy and South Georgia and of the synonymous taxa Alona bukobensis var. subantarctica and Alona subantarctica. The two taxa, although related, are completely different. Alona rectangula sens. str. does not occur on the subantarctic islands at all.Whether the A. weinecki populations on these islands are the same species is presently unknown. Specimens on Kerguelen Island are reported to be larger than those on the Scotia Arc islands, and among the latter populations there are differences in structure of at least the labrum. The islands in the Scotia Arc, except the Falklands, were completely ice covered during the last glacial age, with documented advances and retreats of the glaciers during the Holocene until 2000 b.p. Conditions on at least some other subantarctic islands were probably comparable. If the Cladocera were eliminated by glacier advances, the islands must have been recolonized during the Holocene from a refugic population, possibly in the Falklands. Strong westerly winds and migration of sea birds might have spread the taxon. If the populations are different, however, then the taxa must have survived on their respective islands during the glacial ages. Large populations containing ephippial females and the three instars of males are needed to resolve this uncertainty.Lectotypes of A. rectangula Sars, A. bukobensis var. subantarctica Ekman, and A. subantarctica Ekman have been selected and are on deposit in the Zoological Museums in Oslo and Stockholm.
Epidemiology and Medical Mycology of Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Chatterjee Shiv Sekhar , Chakrabarti Arunaloke 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFungal rhinosinusitis (FRS) refers to a spectrum of disease ranging from benign colonization of the nose and sinuses by pathogenic fungi to acute invasive and fatal inflammation extending to the orbit and brain. FRS is classified into two categories: invasive and noninvasive. Invasive FRS may again be subcategorized into acute invasive (fulminant) FRS, granulomatous invasive FRS, and chronic invasive FRS; while noninvasive FRS is subcategorized into localized fungal colonization, sinus fungal ball and eosinophil related FRS (including allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis). This classification is not without controversies, and intermediate and semi-invasive forms may also exist in particular patients. Acute invasive FRS is an increasingly common disease worldwide among the immunocompromised patients and caused most frequently byRhizopus oryzae, andAspergillusspp. Granulomatous invasive FRS has mostly been reported from Sudan, India, and Pakistan and is characterized by noncaseating granuloma formation, vascular proliferation, vasculitis, perivascular fibrosis, sparse hyphae in tissue, and isolation ofA. flavusfrom sinus contents. Chronic invasive FRS is an emerging entity occurring commonly in diabetics and patients on corticosteroid therapy, and is characterized by dense accumulation of hyphae, occasional presence of vascular invasion, sparse inflammatory reaction, involvement of local structures, and isolation ofA. fumigatus. While localized fungal colonization describes the most benign of all fungal sinusitis in the superficial nasal crusts, sinus fungal ball is a dense mycetoma like aggregate of fungal hyphae in diseased sinuses. Common in southern Europe, especially France, majority of them are sterile on culture while 30-50% may yieldAspergillusspp. The definitions and pathogenesis of the group of syndromes in eosinophil related FRS (AFRS, EFRS) are contentious and a matter of intense research among otolaryngologists, pathologists, immunologists and microbiologists. While dematiaceous fungi are the foremost initiators of these syndromes in the west,Aspergillus flavusis the predominant pathogen in India and the Middle-East.
Invasive Fungal Sinusitis: An Overview
Authors: Sant Kailashnath 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCurrently two main categories of fungal sinusitis are described; invasive and noninvasive. The invasive type can be; 1. Acute, fulminant, 2. Chronic, indolent, and 3. Granulomatous type. The noninvasive types are more common of which Allergic fungal sinusitis is commonly present in almost all extensive polyposis cases in India. The other noninvasive type is mycetoma or fungal ball, which carries the best prognosis if treated surgically well. The acute invasive fugal infection of sinuses by mucormycosis is an aggressive opportunistic infection caused by phycomycetes, first described in 1885 by Paltauf. The genera most commonly causing mucormycosis are Mucor or Rhizopus. Sinus and nasal infection by mucor causes orbitocerebral spread. Other organs involved are the lungs, GI tract and skin. Rhinorbito-cerebral mucormycosis has a mortality rate as high as 50%, since they occur in immunocompromised state like uncontrolled diabetes, metabolic acidosis, chronic renal failure, AIDS, leukemia, etc.
Intracranial Extension of Fungal Sinusitis
Authors: Rathore Anamika , Shah Nishit J 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIntracranial extension is the most dreaded complication of fungal sinusitis with high mortality rates. Fungal sinusitis is notorious for insidious and rapid intracranial spread. Therefore the most appropriate approach lies in timely diagnosis and early intervention.With various diagnostic modalities available; like CT scan, MRI, fungal stains, cultures and nasal endoscopy, the diagnosis has become much simpler, nevertheless, a high degree of clinical suspicion is a must.The treatment outcomes have now improved a lot, with the advancement in medical and surgical technology. The new antifungal agents and other drugs have immensely contributed to better results by minimizing the toxic side effects of the traditional drugs and showing better efficacy. The surgical approach, with the advent of endoscopes has led to successful outcomes.Despite this, in about 50% of the cases, since the host is immunocompromised, the prognosis is guarded and mortality rates of approximately 85 to 100% are noted.So, it is very important to treat intracranial extension of fungal sinusitis as a medical and surgical emergency.
Postoperative Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Murthy Vedang , Kundu Sayan , Shahid Tanweer , Budrukkar Ashwini , Gupta Tejpal , Laskar Sarbani Ghosh , Agarwal Jaiprakash 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThough early stage head and neck cancers can be cured either by surgery or radiation, patients with locally advanced disease continues to pose a therapeutic challenge. Locoregional failure is the major cause of death in head and neck cancers. As the outcome of locally advanced head and neck cancer is less than promising, a combined modality approach is generally undertaken in this group of patients. The combination of surgery, radiation and more recently, chemotherapy and targeted therapy can improve outcomes in locally advanced head and neck cancer patients. This overview discusses the rationale and role of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in advanced head and neck cancers, the radiotherapy technique in brief and methods of enhancing the efficacy of postoperative RT by altering the fractionation schedules and adding chemotherapy and targeted therapy.
Complications in Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Pai Prathamesh S 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSurgical outcomes are more or less predictable with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Head and neck surgery has potential for many complications due to presence of a large number of major vessels and nerves. In head and neck surgery, complications can arise due to airway compromise, vascular injury, infections and rarely physiologic causes. Carefully performed surgery is the cornerstone of success. Step by step approach with attention to details and a thorough check after completion of the procedure will ensure optimal results without complications.
Transoral Laser Microsurgery for Malignancies of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract
Authors: Durel Jason , Gaudet Jacques , Kunduk Melda , McWhorter Andrew J 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTransoral laser microsurgery (TLM) is an important option in the treatment plan for tumors of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, and hypopharynx. For properly selected patients, TLM provides equivalent oncologic outcomes when compared to traditional therapies, while improving the functional aspects of postoperative speech, voice and swallowing.
Sequential Screening with Cytology and Colposcopy in Detection of Cervical Neoplasia
Authors: Desai BR , Malur PR , Anita Dalal , Geeta Durdi , Bhavana Sherigar , Pallav Gupta 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Background
Pap smear is the most commonly used screening test for cervical cancer, however it has disadvantage of having low sensitivity. Colposcopy has higher sensitivity as compared to Pap smear but low specificity. Sequential screening with both Pap smear and colposcopy can overcome these problems.

Aim
The study was aimed to find out the diagnostic efficacy of both Pap smear and colposcopy. It was also intended to find out the advantages of sequential use of Pap smear and colposcopy in screening for cervical cancer.

Design
It was a cross-sectional study conducted in colposcopy clinic of KLE's Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and MRC, Belgaum from November 2006 to September 2008.

Material and methods
A total of 190 patients with complaints of postcoital bleeding, intermenstrual bleeding, postmenopausal bleeding, persistent vaginal discharge or those found to have an unhealthy cervix on per speculum examination were included in the study. In all the 190 cases Pap smear, colposcopic evaluation and colposcopic directed biopsy were performed.

Statistical analysis
Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value of both Pap smear and colposcopy were calculated with histopathology as a gold standard, keeping LSIL as a disease threshold for test positivity.

Results
Pap smear was positive in 14.21% (27/190) cases, colposcopy was positive in 37.89% (72/190) cases. Biopsy confirmed LSIL and higher lesions in 31.57% cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Pap smear were 41.66%, 96.92%, 86.21% and 78.26% respectively and 80%, 81.54%, 66.66% and 89.83% respectively for colposcopy. Combined colposcopy and Pap smear could accurately diagnose 53/60 biopsy confirmed cases of LSIL and higher lesions with an accuracy of 88.33%.

Conclusion
Sequential use of Pap smear and colposcopy in screening for cervical cancer increases the accuracy of the test.
Letrozole versus Clomiphene Citrate in Patients with Anovulatory Infertility
Authors: Paul PG , Gada Dhiraj , Parihar Mandakini , Bhowmik Shravanti 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Objective
To compare the effectiveness of letrozole and clomiphene citrate (CC) in patients with anovulatory infertility.

Design
Open, prospective, randomized, parallel group, multicentric, comparative trial.

Setting
Outpatient clinics of infertility centers in India.

Patient(s)
Fifty-five patients with anovulatory infertility were recruited. Twenty-seven patients (59 cycles) were given letrozole and twenty-eight patients (68 cycles) were given CC. Both drugs were given orally on days 3-7 of menstrual cycle.

Intervention(s)
Letrozole, CC, ovulation induction, vaginal micronized progesterone, IUI.

Main outcome measure(s)
Occurrence of ovulation, endometrial thickness and pregnancy rates.

Result(s)
Ovulation occurred in 77.9 % (46/59) of letrozole cycles and in 80.9 % (55/68) of CC cycles. The mean endometrial thickness on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration was 9 mm in letrozole group and 8.76 mm in the CC group. Pregnancy rate per cycle was 11.9 % (7/59) in the letrozole group and 8.8 % (6/68) in the CC group.

Conclusion(s)
Letrozole and CC have comparable effectiveness in anovulatory infertility patients. Letrozole may be an acceptable alternative to CC as an ovulation-inducing drug.
Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy: Case Reports and Management Modalities
Authors: Gupta Vineeta , Acharya Rajiv , Rani Aruna 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
Cervical pregnancy is a rare variety of ectopic pregnancy. The diagnosis of cervical pregnancy can be missed by an unsuspecting mind inspite of the routine use of first trimester ultrasonography. We present two cases of cervical pregnancy managed at our hospital alongwith a brief review of literature highlighting the various treatment modalities.
Dramatic Regression of Dermatoses after Delivery
Authors: Inamdar SA , Hinduja Ritu , Bhute SB , Shrivastava Deepti , Patil VS 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
Atopic eruptions of pregnancy may be sometimes very distressing to mother because of intense itching and aggressive appearing and difficult to manage due to nonresponding to symptomatic treatment but usually regress very well after delivery without any adverse maternal and fetal out come. We are presenting a case which appeared very virulent antenatally but resolved dramatically after delivery.
Predicting Preclinical Disease by Using The Mixed‐Effects Regression Model
Authors: Sheng Shan L. , Brant Larry J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMost methods of disease prediction are generally restricted to logistic or Cox proportional hazards model regression using only baseline values of the risk factor, and where the individuals age and sex account for most of the predictive capacity of the method. This chapter presents a method of risk prediction appropriate for repeated measures or time‐dependent risk factors from longitudinal studies. The method is based on posterior probabilities calculated from mixed‐effects regression models to model intra‐ and inter‐individual differences in the serial risk factor measurements, to predict a disease‐related outcome or other future event according to age changes within gender groups. While aging is inevitable and the occurrence of disease increases with age, disease and aging are not synonymous. Disease is a selective event that occurs in only some members of the population; others maintain a greater degree of physiological function as they age and remain relatively disease free. Thus, longitudinal data that considers each individual as their own control and the use of an appropriate method of prediction can play an important role in promoting a healthy human life throughout the aging process.
Probabilistic and Statistical Models for Conception
Authors: Scarpa Bruno 
Published: March 2010

AbstractStatistical models of fertility studies play a crucial role in understanding the biology of conception. Heterogeneity in women and men's requires specific statistical methods to be used in order to allow for the variability in behavioral and physical characteristics, as well as for the variability in frequency and timing of sexual intercourse and for the progressive selection of patients during the fertility studies that provide data. A review of the most used models is offered, starting from classical population models, based only on aggregated data we then discuss time to pregnancy models and the models that predict the day‐specific probability of conception.
Change Point Methods in Genetics
Authors: Chen Jie 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this review article, recent applications of change point methods in genetics will be discussed. The latest advances in bio‐technology have provided new tools for scientists to carry out health and life science research. The array, or microarray, technology has made it possible to simultaneously quantify expression patterns of thousands or hundreds of thousands of genes in various cell lines, tissues, and conditions. The resulting datasets from various experiments using microarray technology are of high‐throughput and cast challenges to data analysts.Specifically, to study the genetic reasons of tumor growth, cancer formation, and genetic diseases, geneticists can now use microarray technology to conduct DNA copy number experiments to obtain gene positions, log base 2 ratio intensities, and DNA copy numbers along the genome. It turns out that identifying loci of DNA copy number variations along the chromosome or genome can be viewed as a change point problem of detecting the changes presented in the sequence of log ratio intensities. The author will discuss the background of DNA copy number experiments, especially the experiments using the array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) technique, the resulting aCGH data, and the appropriate change point methods that can be used to analyze the aCGH data. Several applications of the change point methods to the analysis of fibroblast cell line data, the breast tumor data, and the breast cancer data will be given.
Interrater Agreement
Authors: Choudhary Pankaj K. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAs the technology advances, new methods of measuring a continuous clinical variable become available that may be cheaper or less invasive than the old ones. But before a new method is adopted for general use, it is validated by evaluating its agreement with an established standard. This article presents a comparative discussion of the various approaches for measuring agreement between two measurement methods. Their application is illustrated using a blood pressure data from the literature.
Group Sequential Methods in Biomedical Research
Authors: Liu Aiyi , Liu Chunling , Yu Kai F. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractGroup sequential methods have become a common practice in biomedical research due to various reasons such as ethical, administrative, and economic concerns. In testing statistical hypotheses a group sequential procedure allows the hypotheses to be tested repeatedly at several time points after a group of observations have been completed.The sequential methods pose great challenges to statisticians. These challenges include not only finding appropriate methods of determining critical values at each interim test to control error rates such as false positive/negative rate, but also developing efficient inferential procedures for secondary analysis such as estimation, confidence intervals,p‐values and secondary endpoints. This is because the data‐based random stopping of the sampling process introduces bias to conventional procedures that are appropriate in a non‐sequential (fixed‐size) setting.In the context of Brownian motion as approximation to various test statistics, this article presents an overview of several common group sequential testing procedures, and methods for computing point estimation, confidence intervals, andp‐values.