bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National Minority Rights Provisions (1990–1995)
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The fundamental dilemma in recognising national minority rights — whether post-1919, post-1945, or post-1989 — concerns that gap which continues to exist between those principles of order that affirm the territorial integrity and sovereignty of existing states and those principles of legitimacy that affirm the right of all nations to independent statehood. The main public policy problem in adopting international standards of national minority rights has unavoidably centred upon the need to determine whose rights — those of states, national minorities, or individuals — should have priority in any given situation where they might come into conflict. This chapter assesses the extent to which these European initiatives of the period 1990–1995 enlarged upon previous international requirements for state conduct towards national minorities. The focus is on whether the measures adopted accorded priority to the rights of states or to the rights of national minorities, and why.
National Minority Rights Enforcement Mechanisms (1990–1995)
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
By the mid-1990s, international society had come to include, alongside those traditional rights which states could claim against one another, a growing number of human and national minority rights men and women could claim against states. However, these humanitarian principles remained subordinate to the preservation of international order defined in statist terms — equal sovereignty, non-intervention, inviolability of borders, etc. National minority rights were acceptable only in so far as they encouraged democratisation in post-communist states, ameliorated national minority/majority tensions, reduced migration to kin-states, and improved bilateral relations between kin-states and those states where their kin-minority resided. Attempting to get the balance correct was the main challenge confronting both the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Council of Europe in their efforts to enforce the emerging European standard of state conduct towards national minorities between 1990 and 1995. This chapter describes and evaluates the various mechanisms of national minority rights enforcement in Europe at that time.
Conclusion
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book shows that national minority rights have always been subservient to national interest and security within states, and to international peace and stability within the society of states. In other words, state sovereignty — the organising principle within and between states — is the trump card in the minority rights game. To summarise the argument which supports this claim, this chapter considers the three questions which were raised in the introduction: why national minorities and considerations regarding their status — which, as substate groups, would initially appear to be subjects of domestic rather than international politics — are recurring features of European treaties, conferences, and organisations from 1919 onwards; how, and more importantly, why has the formulation of minority rights changed over time; what these changes suggest about the theory and practice of Europe’s nation-states system.
Measurement, Data, and Statistical Analysis
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents and explains the five basic problems of using a quantitative research design and methodology in studying the development and performance of the twenty countries over thirty decades: the use of a single, interval-scaled variable in measuring institutional concepts; how indicators do not reflect validity; the time series properties of the cross-sectional data used in the study; the use of significance tests in analysing the ‘populations’ of the countries involved; and the limited number of variables that can be included. The study takes on a theoretical approach to analyse the impact of internationalization of labour relations and the effects of institutional factors. The study's main focus lies on developing new measures for labour relations that fair comparably better while addressing the issues in question.
Associational Centralization
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAccording to some industrial relations accounts like corporatist theory, the ability of unions and employer associations to employ incomes policy depends on their degree of centralization. Despite this, the application of centralization and the collection of comparable data have been given little attention. When looking into associational centralization, the relationship between associations and their members has to be considered. With the occurrence of problems such as the complex multi-level hierarchy and the discrepancy between the formal distribution of powers and the actual relations, centralization, in this chapter, is measured by looking at the following indicators: the formal powers/obligations of the largest structural peak with regard to its affiliates, the formal powers/obligations of the said affiliates to lower associational levels, the formal associational control over the lowest level, and the actual role of the largest peak in bargaining and negotiation.
Associational Power
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSince the study takes on power as a structural property, this chapter deals with organized power. Organized power is derived primarily and secondarily, from membership strength and resources extracted from third parties respectively. Mutual recognition in collective bargaining has heightened the power of organized business and labor and collective agreements may be used to raise resources. This chapter discusses membership density as one of the main sources of primary associational power and how corporatist regulation can be a key source of secondary associational power. Also, the chapter contains a discussion about the implications of the primary and secondary associational powers on unions and employer associations through analysing mathematical models.
Coordination, Institutions, and Performance
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPeak-level coordination involves bargaining structures — the most important factor in determining performance — that are most sensitive to wage externalities when under high governability and pattern bargaining. Under the Keynesian regime during the 1970s, the main contribution of labour relations to performance was to limit demand management by keeping price stability compatible with full employment by making use of an incomes policy. In cases like the 1973 oil shock, the need for an incomes policy increased because absorbing income loss required wage increases to be scaled down for investment so that probability could be maintained. It was during this period that only a few countries were able to attain the right combination of incomes policy and centralized structures or corporatism. Other countries tried to apply a state-sponsored wage coordination accompanied by more centralized bargaining. This chapter describes and compares how institutions responded to shifts in the first and last subperiods of the 1970s.
The Metamorphoses of Labour Relations
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBecause of the change from demand-side to supply-side policies, both liberal and corporatist labour relations underwent shifts in the period under consideratin in this book: from pluralism to neoliberalism on one hand, and from classic to lean corporatism on the other. In the 1970s though, the experience of no form of coordinated bargaining did not match with empirical evidence. Nonetheless, uncoordinated bargaining outperformed peak-level coordination under low governability. Decentralized and uncoordinated bargaining and poorly organized labour relations thus proved to be more effective because they were more consistent with supply-side policies than with Keynesianism. The opposite, however, applies to classic corporatism. This chapter attempts to further explain these metamorphoses and shifts while also differentiating the different labour-relations regimes with one another in terms of coordination, bargaining, participation, centralization, and other such criteria.
Corporate Strategy and Environmental Regulation: Corporate Strategy Perspectives
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn the previous chapter, we developed a framework in which we were able to observe the variety of strategic responses exhibited by firms towards certain environmental regulations. In this chapter, we attempt to document and provide an explanation regarding the said strategic responses available to these forms so that the framework may serve as an explanatory tool. We examine the case of the North American marketplace, where various firms in both Canada and the United States attempted to prevent firms from other NAFTA countries from attaining market access under the administration of environmental regulation. As we look into five different cases, we aim to explore, identify, and describe the government and corporate players in each case, and how these have formed alliances with environmental groups. In the chapter, the firm responses observed may range from foreign direct investments to intensive lobbying.
MMT and Investment Dispute Settlement
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe new conditions associated with complex institutional responsiveness, specifically the new network established for NAFTA institutions, provide firms with a wide variety of specific incentives for dealing with both local and national environmental regulatory protectionism in foreign markets that will bring about improvements in their competitiveness. In this and the next two chapters, case studies of three environmental regulatory issues that were faced by three North American countries involved in NAFTA's institutions are utilized. In this chapter, attention is drawn to the case of the banned importation by the Canadian government of an environmentally harmful automobile fuel additive referred to as MMT. As such, the US-owned exporter and distributor, Ethyl Corporation, utilized NAFTA's investment dispute-settlement mechanism.
Trade and Environment Regimes in Operation: The North American Auto Industry
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe new NAFTA regime offers several instruments for capacity building, convergence, coalition building, and regulatory communication. These constitute improved mechanisms for dealing with environmental regulatory protectionism when certain conflicts arise between governments, firms, and environmental non-government organizations (ENGOs). Also, to reduce regulatory barriers, the NAFTA regime entails instruments that advocate proactive cooperation. As such, this regulatory regime not only utilizes international commerce in improving the competitiveness of firms, but also enhances and protects the natural environment. The North American automotive industry demonstrates the creation and implementation of some of these new cooperative instruments. In this chapter, we illustrate the automotive industry case in which vehicle emissions were being reduced, and in which maintenance and operational inspection also proved to be important elements.
Implications for Firm Strategy and Public Policy
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFor firms that are currently doing business in North America, the new conditions of complex institutional responsiveness prove to be the dominant themes. In assuring their competitiveness in the global economy, firms have to consider significant adjustments in both their political and corporate strategies so that they can gain access to foreign markets. Although these new conditions may initially be seen as obstructions, they present new opportunities to North American firms for competing in the global market. In this concluding chapter, we look into how environmental regulatory protectionism is integrated in strategies. We also explore some of the major implications of the NAFTA regime, particularly on public policies and the various corporate strategies.
Knowledge, the Firm, and the Market
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Adam Smith's notion of the ‘invisible hand’ is countered with Chandler's notion of a ‘visible hand’ that replaces market mechanisms in coordination and allocation of resources. Firms continued to grow through the internalization and centralization of their processes until developments in computing and communications offered opportunities for decentralization, cost cutting, and less administrative complexity. Soon after that, the application of IT allowed improved coordination and production. Firms continue to grow and shrink simultaneously. This chapter discusses the types of transactions a firm will make, trends in employment, patterns of ownership, and control in a knowledge economy.
Beyond Employment: Towards a Model of Knowledge Supply
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Because of the advent of this knowledge economy, there have been empirical evidences that suggest that there are also corresponding changes to the character of employment. Despite the trend veering away from full-time employment, opportunities for employment are said to be improving. Although the OECD has reported that there is a 7% decline in unemployment, a shift is occurring towards non-standard work arrangements. With this, a large portion of the workforce is working under these arrangements. This chapter attempts to explain how the shift away from traditional employment practices can be attributed to changing workforce demographics, globalization, technological change, and the need from firms for ‘flexible employment’ resulting from the growing economic value of knowledge.
From Jobs to Careers
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Flexihire is one of the four major sources of knowledge supply outside the firm. Flexihire serves as a starting point for exploring external knowledge supply markets. Also, this marks the first step away from traditional employment arrangements and increasing the variety of work arrangements. A firm's use of flexihire is linked to the need for the firm to have access to individuals who have firm-specific and task-specific knowledge of the firm's process. However, as knowledge specificity reduces, the need of firms for flexihire workers diminishes. This chapter provides an analysis of trends in flexihire arrangements and a discussion regarding the implications of these trends for management, the workers, the government, and other stakeholders of the firm.
The changing National Health Service, user involvement and palliative care
Authors: Small Neil 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses what has changed and what has remained the same in the National Health Service (NHS). It enumerates the crucial developments that have occurred in the NHS since 1997 and highlights key features of the development of consumerist rhetoric. The chapter also considers how changing times and policy initiatives impact on palliative care and how user involvement developed here. It concludes with a consideration of whether the new NHS constitutes an opportunity or a threat for the capacity of palliative care to maximize its achievements and overcome its challenges.
Multi-professional teamwork
Authors: Firth Pam 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses and provides a brief overview of the development of multi-professional working in hospitals and the community. It examines what is meant by teams and teamworking and looks at some of the reasons for conflict. The chapter also considers the development of hospices, specialist palliative care teams, and the ways these operate as systems. It looks at the challenges, opportunities, and dilemmas for multi-professional teamwork.
Palliative care and psychology
Authors: Kalus Christine 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses clinical psychology, a relative ‘latecomer’ to the field of specialist palliative care. It places clinical psychology in the context of the world of the users and potential users, beginning with a brief explanation of how a person becomes a clinical psychologist. This gives a sense of how their professional background may influence the way they work. The chapter also discusses the meaning of the term ‘user’ as understood by the profession.
Conclusions
Authors: Lishman Alwyn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This concluding chapter discusses the personal experience of the author in dealing with palliative care and the concept of the user's voice, which is widely welcomed in seeking to refine the way forward. It reveals that the common thread that unites the chapters in this book is a deep humanity, which is focused on improving the lot of the terminally ill. The chapter also shows that palliative care needs to operate within complex structures: organizational and even political. Alliances between diverse groups of people must be formed and financial limitations faced.
Assessment and treatment of psychosocial and spiritual problems
Authors: Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWHO defines palliative care as an approach that is not only aimed at improving the quality of life of the patients and their families but also one aimed at the treatment of the physical, psychosocial, and spiritual problems of all the parties involved. This chapter discusses another philosophy of palliative care that focuses on the treatment of the emotional, psychosocial, and spiritual distress of the patients and their families. It examines the responsibility of the health-care professionals in addressing the psychosocial and spiritual problems of the patients and their families. The chapter also explores alternative means to address such needs in the event that treatment of such needs is not possible or desirable.
The Spanish Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief historical background of the Spanish financial system, which has experienced significant changes over the course of the last 13 years at varying rates, though a sense of purpose has persisted and ultimately served to create a modern and open financial system. It notes that, from a market point of view, important changes have occurred in banking activities due to the attitudes of families and firms regarding financial intermediation and the deregulation process. The chapter explains that the concept of liberalization has been the driving force behind the process of reform, and that deregulatory activity in the banking industry has been constant. It adds that financial innovation has also caused changes in the system, creating new products and markets, increasing competition between institutions, and presenting new challenges to the financial authorities. The chapter discusses the structure and trends in the industry and analyses the Spanish banks' profitability.
The French Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides a structural overview of the French banking system. It presents an overview of savings and investment in the French economy, which is broken down into various sectors and provides an international comparison of French corporate indebtedness to other industrialized countries, measured according to cash flow over gross investments. The chapter notes that the principal characteristic of the old regulation was that it encouraged specialization within credit activities, establishing different legal requirements for each type of bank (deposit banks, investment banks, and medium- and long-term credit banks). In contrast, the new legislation is based on the principle of universality and establishes standardized directives. The chapter observes that the nature of French banking is the recent trend in the public sector toward progressive deregulation of the institutions and financial markets. However, it notes that some very significant regulations still exist, principally in the area of deposit remuneration.
The Italian Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides a structural overview of the Italian financial system. It notes that the Italian system, like that of other industrialized nations, has experienced very profound changes motivated by factors external to the financial system, such as economic adjustment policies in response to the second oil crisis or the high public-sector deficit. The chapter adds that other changes, such as advancements in communications, information technology, and technological innovation, correspond to common developments in the worldwide financial system. It points out that the regulation of the Italian financial system rejected the possibility of universal banking and instead opted for specialization according to criteria based on credit and deposit-maturity terms. However, the chapter notes that in recent years there has been considerable deregulation, which, together with the consolidation of activities within individual banks, has led to an erosion of the differences between the various types of institutions.
Competitive Strategies of the European Banks
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter describes the three generic strategies available to any bank to build a sustainable competitive advantage vis-ávis competitors. It examines how one strategy or another should be implemented within the context of a unified market in 1992. In other words, what should banks be considering in order to successfully adapt given the new conditions within the industry? The chapter presents a conceptual scheme that helps to provide a better understanding of the velocity of change within the banking industry from a strategic point of view. It also presents a brief discussion of the three strategic moves: scale, diversification of activities, and segmentation.
Resilience and the psychobiological base
Authors: Watson Max 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the psychobiological base of resilience in relation to palliative care. It explores the useful concepts of allostasis and allostatic load and describes some of the psychobiological processes that have been identified to connect the mind, brain, and behaviour they collectively and interactively adapt to change. It also discusses psychologist Victor Frankl's observation of resilience through a psychobiological model and suggests that it is impossible to promote resilience as it is as much a myth to believe that all resilience is just a matter of ‘pulling ourselves together’.
Resilience and spirituality
Authors: Vanistendael Stefan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the relation between spirituality and resilience in a palliative care setting. It provides a pragmatic clarification of the concepts of resilience and spirituality and proposes a resilience model focusing on spirituality. It suggests that spiritual support in palliative care setting requires special attention from the staff in order to see the person in care and his or her situation and history as a whole, beyond the immediate physical needs.