bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific central nervous system recruitment of HLA‐G+ regulatory T cells in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Huang Yu‐Hwa , Zozulya Alla L. , Weidenfeller Christian , Metz Imke , Buck Dorothea , Toyka Klaus V. , Brück Wolfgang , Wiendl Heinz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveWe have recently described a novel population of natural regulatory T cells (Treg) that are characterized by the expression of HLA‐G and may be found at sites of tissue inflammation (HLA‐Gpos Treg). Here we studied the role of these cells in multiple sclerosis (MS), a prototypic autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS).MethodsSixty‐four patients with different types of MS, 9 patients with other neurological diseases, and 20 healthy donors were included in this study. Inflamed brain lesions from 5 additional untreated MS patients were examined. HLA‐Gpos Treg were analyzed in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by flow cytometry and in inflammatory demyelinating lesions of MS brain specimens by immunohistochemistry. Functional capacity was accessed and transmigration was determined using an in vitro model of the human blood‐brain barrier (BBB).ResultsHLA‐Gpos Treg were found enriched in the inflamed CSF of MS patients and in inflammatory demyelinating lesions of MS brain specimens. HLA‐Gpos Treg showed a strong propensity to transmigrate across BBB, which was vigorously driven by inflammatory chemokines, and associated with a gain of suppressive capacity upon transmigration. CSF‐derived HLA‐Gpos Treg of MS patients represented a population of activated central memory activated T cells with an upregulated expression of inflammatory chemokine receptors and exhibiting full suppressive capacity. Unlike natural FoxP3‐expressing Treg, HLA‐Gpos Treg derived from peripheral blood were functionally unimpaired in MS.InterpretationIn MS, HLA‐Gpos Treg may serve to control potentially destructive immune responses directly at the sites of CNS inflammation and to counterbalance inflammation once specifically recruited to the CNS. Ann Neurol 2009
The neuropathology of probable Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Schneider Julie A. , Arvanitakis Zoe , Leurgans Sue E. , Bennett David A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveMixed pathologies are common in older persons with dementia. Little is known about mixed pathologies in probable Alzheimer disease (AD) and about the spectrum of neuropathology in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The objective of this study was to investigate single and mixed common age‐related neuropathologies in persons with probable AD and MCI.MethodsThe study included 483 autopsied participants from the Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project with probable AD (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke–Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria), MCI (amnestic and nonamnestic), or no cognitive impairment. We excluded 41 persons with clinically possible AD and 14 with other dementias. We documented the neuropathology of AD (National Institute on Aging–Reagan criteria), macroscopic cerebral infarcts, and neocortical Lewy body (LB) disease.ResultsOf 179 persons (average age, 86.9 years) with probable AD, 87.7% had pathologically confirmed AD, and 45.8% had mixed pathologies, most commonly AD with macroscopic infarcts (n = 54), followed by AD with neocortical LB disease (n = 19) and both (n = 8). Of the 134 persons with MCI, 54.4% had pathologically diagnosed AD (58.7% amnestic; 49.2% nonamnestic); 19.4% had mixed pathologies (22.7% amnestic; 15.3% nonamnestic). Macroscopic infarcts without pathologically diagnosed AD accounted for 4.5% of probable AD, 13.3% of amnestic MCI, and 18.6% of nonamnestic MCI. Pure neocortical LB disease was uncommon in all persons with cognitive impairment (<6%). Microscopic infarcts (without macroscopic infarcts) were common as a mixed pathology, but rarely accounted for a clinical diagnosis of probable AD (n = 4) or MCI (n = 3).InterpretationClinically diagnosed probable AD and MCI, even amnestic MCI, are pathologically heterogeneous disorders, with many persons exhibiting mixed pathologies. Ann Neurol 2009;66:200–208
Schutzgruppengesteuerte Oberflächenchemie – Organisation und temperaturinduzierte Kupplung von 4,4′‐Di(tert‐Butoxycarbonylamino)biphenyl auf Metalloberflächen
Authors: Boz Serpil , Stöhr Meike , Soydaner Umut , Mayor Marcel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWie die Perlen einer Kette wurden molekulare Bausteine auf einer Oberfläche vororganisiert, um sie anschließend miteinander zu verbinden. Dabei wurde sowohl die supramolekulare Anordnung der Reaktanten als auch die anschließende thermische Aktivierung zur Verknüpfung von der Schutzgruppe bestimmt.magnified image
Biotin–Avidin as a Protease‐Responsive Cap System for Controlled Guest Release from Colloidal Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Schlossbauer Axel , Kecht Johann , Bein Thomas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRegelbare Freisetzung: Wenn Avidin als „Deckel“ an biotinyliertem kolloidalem mesoporösem Silica angebracht wird, können seine vier Untereinheiten einzeln an Biotin‐Gruppierungen an der Oberfläche binden (siehe Bild). Das erhaltene Material ist ein vielversprechender Kandidat für die Entwicklung intelligenter Detergenzien oder Wirkstofftransportsysteme. Die Deckel können durch kontrollierte enzymatische Hydrolyse geöffnet werden, um Gastmoleküle freizusetzen.magnified image
Selective Isomerization of Epoxides to Allylic Alcohols Catalyzed by TiO2‐Supported Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Raptis Christos , Garcia Hermenegildo , Stratakis Manolis 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRingöffnungs‐ReakTiO2nen: Goldnanopartikel auf TiO2 vermitteln die heterogenkatalysierte Isomerisierung von Epoxiden zu Allylalkoholen nach einem konzertierten Mechanismus (siehe Schema). Die Reaktion liefert die Produkte in hohen Ausbeuten und mit bemerkenswerter Selektivität.magnified image
Solution‐Based Direct Growth of Organic Crystals on an Active Channel Region for Printable Bottom‐Contact Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Hong Jung‐Pyo , Lee Seonghoon 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWachstum und Selbstorganistation organischer Kristalle zwischen Source(S)‐ und Drain(D)‐Elektrode lieferten – unter Verwendung einer Mikropipette und isothermem Abdampfen des Lösungsmittels in einem Zwei‐Flüssigkeiten‐System – organisch‐kristalline Transistoren (siehe Mikroskopieaufnahme unter polarisiertem Licht). Die Methode ähnelt dem Tintenstrahldruck und dürfte für die kostengünstige Fabrikation gedruckter Elektroniken in großem Maßstab geeignet sein.magnified image
Wasserstoffbrücken in protischen ionischen Flüssigkeiten – Ähnlichkeiten mit Wasser
Authors: Fumino Koichi , Wulf Alexander , Ludwig Ralf 
Published: March 2009

AbstractÄhnlichkeiten und Unterschiede: Die Banden in den Ferninfrarotspektren protischer ionischer Flüssigkeiten konnten intermolekularen Deformations‐ und Streckschwingungen von Wasserstoffbrücken zugeordnet werden. Die charakteristischen Beiträge im Niedrigfrequenzbereich ähneln stark denen des Wassers. Offensichtlich nehmen beide Flüssigkeiten dreidimensionale Netzwerkstrukturen ein, aber nur Wasser bildet tetraedrische Konfigurationen. EAN: Ethylammoniumnitrat, PAN: Propylammoniumnitrat, DMAN: Dimethylammoniumnitrat.magnified image
Selective Adsorption of DNA on Chiral Surfaces: Supercoiled or Relaxed Conformation
Authors: Gan Hui , Tang Kangjian , Sun Taolei , Hirtz Michael , Li Yong , Chi Lifeng , Butz Stefan , Fuchs Harald 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAdsorption bestimmt Konformation: DNA‐Moleküle gehen chiralitätsabhängige Wechselwirkungen mit Goldoberflächen ein, die mit L‐ oder D‐N‐Isobutyrylcystein modifiziert wurden. Auf der L‐Oberfläche werden die Moleküle fest adsorbiert und in eine relaxierte Konformation gezwungen, während sie auf der D‐Oberfläche ihre superhelicale Konformation als Zeichen einer schwächeren Adsorption behalten (siehe Bild).magnified image
Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Intermolecular Difunctionalization of Terminal Alkenes with Organostannanes and Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Urkalan Kaveri Balan , Sigman Matthew S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEin kationischer Palladiumkomplexkatalysiert die Titelreaktionen, die vermutlich über ein π‐Allyl‐ oder π‐Benzylintermediat verlaufen. Die Regioselektivität (1,2‐ oder 1,1‐Difunktionalisierung) hängt davon ab, ob die terminale Doppelbindung des Substrats konjugiert ist oder nicht (siehe Schema) und scheint vom Verhältnis der Geschwindigkeiten von β‐Hydrideliminierung und Transmetallierung bestimmt zu sein. DMA=Dimethylacetamid, Tf=Triflyl.magnified image
Supramolecular Chiral Transcription and Recognition by Mesoporous Silica Prepared by Chiral Imprinting of a Helical Micelle
Authors: Qiu Huibin , Inoue Yoshihisa , Che Shunai 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEine Helix findet Nachahmer: Die Chiralität einer helicalen, propellerähnlichen Micelle wurde von funktionellen Gruppen auf der Oberfläche einer Mesopore von chiralem mesoporösem Siliciumdioxid übernommen. Eine derart eingeprägte supramolekulare Chiralität kann auf das Natriumsalz von Poly(propiolsäure) und auf Tetraphenylporphin‐Tetrasulfonsäure übertragen werden (siehe Bild) und wird von B‐DNA erkannt.magnified image
Protecting‐Group‐Controlled Surface Chemistry—Organization and Heat‐Induced Coupling of 4,4′‐Di(tert‐butoxycarbonylamino)biphenyl on Metal Surfaces
Authors: Boz Serpil , Stöhr Meike , Soydaner Umut , Mayor Marcel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLike pearls on a string, molecular building blocks have been preorganized and then interlinked on a surface (see STM images). In this way both the supramolecular self‐assembly of the reactants as well as the subsequent thermal activation to release the protecting group are controlled.magnified image
Selective Isomerization of Epoxides to Allylic Alcohols Catalyzed by TiO2‐Supported Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Raptis Christos , Garcia Hermenegildo , Stratakis Manolis 
Published: March 2009

AbstractReacTiO2ns for rings: Gold nanoparticles supported on TiO2 are used as a novel heterogeneous catalyst for the isomerization of epoxides to allylic alcohols by a concerted mechanism (see scheme). The reaction proceeds in high yields and the product selectivity is often remarkable.magnified image
Selective Adsorption of DNA on Chiral Surfaces: Supercoiled or Relaxed Conformation
Authors: Gan Hui , Tang Kangjian , Sun Taolei , Hirtz Michael , Li Yong , Chi Lifeng , Butz Stefan , Fuchs Harald 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe right fit: Plasmid DNA molecules show chirality‐dependent interaction with gold surfaces modified by L and D N‐isobutyrylcysteine. Relaxed DNA molecules have a stronger interaction and adsorption on the L surface, while their counterparts on the D surface maintain a supercoiled conformation, indicating a weak interaction (see picture).magnified image
Towards an Integrated Chemical Circuit
Authors: Belder Detlev 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEverything on a chip: Recent developments in microfluidics enable the combination of droplet microfluidics with continuous‐flow systems (see picture). This is a promising step towards the development of integrated, complex synthesis and analysis laboratories on chips. For example, a building‐block principle could be used to integrate a multistep reaction with purification and analysis.magnified image
Devising Boron Reagents for Orthogonal Functionalization through Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Tobisu Mamoru , Chatani Naoto 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeeing the sites: The Suzuki–Miyaura reaction of substrates containing multiple coupling sites has been performed in a directed manner through the reactivity modulation of the boron moiety (see scheme). Several other strategies are also discussed.magnified image
Correction of Errors during Protein Synthesis
Authors: Sprinzl Mathias 
Published: March 2009

AbstractQuality control: The incorporation of a wrong amino acid into a growing polypeptide chain induces a correction step in which the release factor (RF1) hydrolyzes the peptide from the incorrectly matched peptidyl‐tRNA (see picture). The nascent erroneous polypeptide is released from the ribosome and degraded.magnified image
Preparation and characterization of poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposites containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Chen Dan , Wang Min , Zhang Wei‐De , Liu Tianxi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPoly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposites with different loadings of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were prepared by melt‐compounding technique. A homogeneous dispersion of MWNT throughout PVDF matrix was observed on the cryo‐fractured surfaces by scanning electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicated that the thermal stability of neat PVDF was improved with the incorporation of MWNT. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed a significant improvement in the storage modulus over a temperature range from −125 to 75°C with the addition of MWNT. The melt‐rheological studies illustrated that incorporating MWNT into PVDF matrix resulted in higher complex viscosities (|η*|), storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″), and lower loss factor (tan δ) than those of neat PVDF. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Modeling thermomechanical behaviors of shape memory polymer
Authors: Wang Z. D. , Li D. F. , Xiong Z. Y. , Chang R. N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe thermomechanical constitutive equations are critical for shape memory polymers (SMPs) in analyzing their shape, memory, and recovery responses under different constraints. In this study, a new physical‐based, temperature and time‐dependent constitutive model was proposed. The deformation mechanisms of this class of functional materials were explained, and the theoretical predicting values by different models were compared with available experimental results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Hardness of irradiated hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer at elevated temperatures
Authors: Lu K. P. , Fu Y. K. , Lee Sanboh 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe hardness of irradiated hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) copolymer at elevated temperatures was measured using a microhardness tester. The hardness increases with annealing time, and is attributed to the defects present in the molecular chains. The defects that control the hardness are related to the entanglement of polymer chain and follow a first order kinetics process. The relaxation time satisfies the Arrhenius equation, with constant activation energy of 25 kJ/mol independent of the irradiation dose. The results were compared with those of PMMA and LiF single crystals reported in the literature. The present findings are useful in the study of soft contact lens, kidney dialysis system, drug delivery system, and artificial liver support system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Nanoclay exfoliation in rubber compounds characterized by online measurements of electrical conductance
Authors: Ali Zulfiqar , Hong Le Hai , Ilisch Sybill , Busse Karsten , Radusch Hans‐Joachim 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new method based on the online measured electrical conductance is presented for the characterization of the kinetics of dispersion of organoclay in a polar rubber matrix during melt mixing. The charge carriers available in the clay galleries become released as a result of the dispersion processes; thus, the conductance of the nanocomposites is altering during mixing. A coupled conductance/temperature sensor installed inside the mixing chamber enables the online measurement of the electrical conductance during mixing. The online measured conductance shows a characteristic chart correlating to the nanoclay dispersion process. To clarify the structural background of the conductance curve the kinetics of macro‐ and microdispersion of nanoclay have been investigated with the use of optical microscopy, small‐angle X‐ray diffraction (SAXS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), as well as bound rubber measurements. A close correlation was found between the online conductance chart and the development of the clay dispersion. In the first mixing step, breakdown of agglomerates, diffusion of polymer chains into the galleries of the clay, wetting, and intercalation processes take place simultaneously. As a result, a significant increase of conductance is observed during this period. Subsequently, the intercalated structures undergo the exfoliation process, which causes a further but moderate increase of the electrical conductance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Exfoliation of organically modified montmorillonite driven by molecular diffusion in maleated polypropylene
Authors: Meng Xiaoyu , Wang Zhe , Du Xiaohua , Wang Yanhui , Tang Tao 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis work is focused on the factors influencing the intercalation of maleated polypropylene (PPMA) into organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT). Two kinds of PPMA were used to explore the optimal candidate for effective intercalation into OMMT. The grafting degree of maleic anhydride and the viscosity of PPMA have effects on the diffusion of polymer molecules. Moreover, the loading level of surfactant was varied to optimize the modification of montmorillonite because the appropriate loading level can provide a balance between interlayer distance and steric hindrance. The kind of surfactant changes the interaction between OMMT and PPMA, and accordingly the intercalation of PPMA is different, resulting in the discrepancy of the intercalation of PPMA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Graham little's theory of political leadership
Authors: Brett Judith 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the theory of political leadership developed by the Australian academic and writer on psychoanalysis and politics, Graham Little – a theory that both provides a general framework for understanding political leadership and posits three types that can be used to develop interpretations of contemporary and historical leaders. Building upon the typologies developed by Wilfred Bion, Little worked from both a deep knowledge of psychoanalytic theory and practice and from empirical work to write his interpretations of individual leaders, such as Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan, and two recent Australian prime ministers, Bob Hawke and Paul Keating. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation and characterization of farnesyl diphosphate synthase from the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis
Authors: Taban A. Huma , Tittiger Claus , Blomquist Gary J. , Welch William H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFarnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) catalyzes the consecutive condensation of two molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate with dimethylallyl diphosphate to form farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). In insects, FPP is used for the synthesis of ubiquinones, dolicols, protein prenyl groups, and juvenile hormone. A full‐length cDNA of FPPS was cloned from the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis (AgFPPS). AgFPPS cDNA consists of 1,835 nucleotides and encodes a protein of 438 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence has high similarity to previously isolated insect FPPSs and other known FPPSs. Recombinant AgFPPS expressed in E. coli converted labeled isopentenyl diphosphate in the presence of dimethylallyl diphosphate to FPP. Southern blot analysis indicated the presence of a single copy gene. Using molecular modeling, the three‐dimensional structure of coleopteran FPPS was determined and compared to the X‐ray crystal structure of avian FPPS. The α‐helical fold is conserved in AgFPPS and the size of the active site cavity is consistent with the enzyme being a FPPS. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biomolecular Oxidative Damage Activated by Enzymatic Logic Systems: Biologically Inspired Approach
Authors: Zhou Jian , Melman Galina , Pita Marcos , Ornatska Maryna , Wang Xuemei , Melman Artem , Katz Evgeny 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLogical, responsible, practical. Enzymatic logic gates that process chemical input signals were used to trigger the release of redox‐active iron ions, which produce reactive oxygen species in a catalytic cascade, and thus result in oxidative damage in biomolecules. Functional coupling between enzymatic logic gates and oxidative damage systems resulted in “smart” biochemical ensembles that are activated upon receiving a certain pattern of biochemical signals.magnified imageSystems that perform oxidative damage to biomolecules through catalytic cascades in the presence of iron‐redox labile species were activated by enzymatic logic gates that process chemical input signals according to built‐in logic operations. AND/OR enzymatic logic gates were composed of glucose oxidase (GOx) and GOx/esterase, respectively. The AND/OR logic functions of the enzyme gates were activated by application of glucose–oxygen and glucose–ethyl acetate input signals, respectively. The enzymatic logic gates, upon activation by specific patterns of the chemical input signals, produced acidic solutions and triggered release of redox labile iron species from a complex that is unstable under acidic conditions. This resulted in the activation of a catalytic cascade, which produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequently yielded oxidative damage in biomolecules. Functional integration of the enzyme‐based logic systems with the catalytic redox cascade that performs damage in biomolecules on demand is a first step towards “smart” systems capable of programmed detection, identification, and neutralization of potential biohazards.
In Vivo Modification of Native Carrier Protein Domains
Authors: Mercer Andrew C. , Meier Jordan L. , Torpey Justin W. , Burkart Michael D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractInsider information: Selective labeling of endogenous proteins within cells has been an elusive goal. Here carrier protein labeling has been optimized for visualization, isolation, and protein sequencing.magnified imageCarrier proteins are central to the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites in all organisms. Here we describe metabolic labeling and manipulation of native acyl carrier proteins in both type I and II fatty acid synthases. By utilizing natural promiscuity in the CoA biosynthetic pathway in combination with synthetic pantetheine analogues, we demonstrate metabolic labeling of endogenous carrier proteins with reporter tags in Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria and in a human carcinoma cell line. The highly specific nature of the post‐translational modification that was utilized for tagging allows for simple visualization of labeled carrier proteins, either by direct fluorescence imaging or after chemical conjugation to a fluorescent reporter. In addition, we demonstrate the utility of this approach for the isolation and enrichment of carrier proteins by affinity purification. Finally, we use these techniques to identify a carrier protein from an unsequenced organism, a finding that validates this proteomic approach to natural product biosynthetic enzyme discovery.