bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Variability of Diapycnal Mixing in Shag Rocks Passage
Authors: Damerell Gillian M. , Heywood Karen J. , Stevens David P. , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Diapycnal mixing rates in the oceans have been shown to have a great deal of spatial variability, but the temporal variability has been little studied. Here results are presented from a method developed to calculate diapycnal diffusivity from moored acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) velocity shear profiles. An 18-month time series of diffusivity is presented from data taken by a LongRanger ADCP moored at 2400-m depth, 600 m above the seafloor, in Shag Rocks Passage, a deep passage in the North Scotia Ridge (Southern Ocean). The Polar Front is constrained to pass through this passage, and the strong currents and complex topography are expected to result in enhanced mixing. The spatial distribution of diffusivity in Shag Rocks Passage deduced from lowered ADCP shear is consistent with published values for similar regions, with diffusivity possibly as large as 90 × 10−4 m2 s−1 near the seafloor, decreasing to the expected background level of ~0.1 × 10−4 m2 s−1 in areas away from topography. The moored ADCP profiles spanned a depth range of 2400–1800 m; thus, the moored time series was obtained from a region of moderately enhanced diffusivity.
The diffusivity time series has a median of 3.3 × 10−4 m2 s−1 and a range from 0.5 × 10−4 to 57 × 10−4 m2 s−1. There is no significant signal at annual or semiannual periods, but there is evidence of signals at periods of approximately 14 days (likely due to the spring–neap tidal cycle) and at periods of 3.8 and 2.6 days most likely due to topographically trapped waves propagating around the local seamount. Using the observed stratification and an axisymmetric seamount, of similar dimensions to the one west of the mooring, in a model of baroclinic topographically trapped waves, produces periods of 3.8 and 2.6 days, in agreement with the signals observed. The diffusivity is anticorrelated with the rotary coefficient (indicating that stronger mixing occurs during times of upward energy propagation), which suggests that mixing occurs due to the breaking of internal waves generated at topography.
Developing versus Nondeveloping Disturbances for Tropical Cyclone Formation. Part I: North Atlantic
Authors: Peng Melinda S. , Fu Bing , Li Tim , Stevens Duane E. 
Published: October 2011

This study investigates the characteristic differences of tropical disturbances that eventually develop into tropical cyclones (TCs) versus those that did not, using global daily analysis fields of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) from the years 2003 to 2008. Time filtering is applied to the data to extract tropical waves with different frequencies. Waves with a 3–8-day period represent the synoptic-scale disturbances that are representatives as precursors of TCs, and waves with periods greater than 20 days represent the large-scale background environmental flow. Composites are made for the developing and nondeveloping synoptic-scale disturbances in a Lagrangian frame following the disturbances. Similarities and differences between them are analyzed to understand the dynamics and thermodynamics of TC genesis. Part I of this study focuses on events in the North Atlantic, while Part II focuses on the western North Pacific. A box difference index (BDI), accounting for both the mean and variability of the individual sample, is introduced to subjectively and quantitatively identify controlling parameters measuring the differences between developing and nondeveloping disturbances. Larger amplitude of the BDI implies a greater possibility to differentiate the difference between two groups. Based on their BDI values, the following parameters are identified as the best predictors for cyclogenesis in the North Atlantic, in the order of importance: 1) water vapor content within 925 and 400 hPa, 2) rain rate, 3) sea surface temperature (SST), 4) 700-hPa maximum relative vorticity, 5) 1000–600-hPa vertical shear, 6) translational speed, and 7) vertically averaged horizontal shear. This list identifies thermodynamic variables as more important controlling parameters than dynamic variables for TC genesis in the North Atlantic. When the east and west (separated by 40°W) Atlantic are examined separately, the 925–400-hPa water vapor content remains as the most important parameter for both regions. The SST and maximum vorticity at 700 hPa have higher importance in the east Atlantic, while SST becomes less important and the vertically averaged horizontal shear and horizontal divergence become more important in the west Atlantic.
A Prospective Multicenter Study on the Outcome of Type I Collagen Hydrogel–Based Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (CaReS) for the Repair of Articular Cartilage Defects in the Knee
Authors: Schneider Ulrich , Rackwitz Lars , Andereya Stefan , Siebenlist Sebastian , Fensky Florian , Reichert Johannes , Löer Ingo , Barthel Thomas , Rudert Maximilian , Nöth Ulrich 
Published: October 2011

Background: The Cartilage Regeneration System (CaReS) is a novel matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) technique for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral lesions (Outerbridge grades III and IV). For this technology, no expansion of the chondrocytes in a monolayer culture is needed, and a homogeneous cell distribution within the gel is guaranteed. Purpose: To report a prospective multicenter study of matrix-associated ACI of the knee using a new type I collagen hydrogel (CaReS). Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: From 2003 to 2008, 116 patients (49 women and 67 men; mean age, 32.5 ± 8.9 years) had CaReS implantation of the knee in 9 different centers. On the basis of the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) Cartilage Injury Evaluation Package 2000, the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, pain score (visual analog scale [VAS]), SF-36 score, overall treatment satisfaction and the IKDC functional status were evaluated. Patient follow-up was performed at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery and annually thereafter. Mean follow-up was 30.2 ± 17.4 months (range, 12-60 months). There were 67 defects of the medial condyle, 14 of the lateral, 22 of the patella/trochlea, and 3 of the tibial plateau, and 10 patients had 2 lesions. The mean defect size was 5.4 ± 2.4 cm2. Thirty percent of the defects were <4 cm2 and 70% were >4 cm2. Results: The IKDC score improved significantly from 42.4 ± 13.8 preoperatively to 70.5 ± 18.7 ( P < .001) at latest follow-up. Global pain level significantly decreased ( P < .001) from 6.7 ± 2.2 preoperatively to 3.2 ± 3.1 at latest follow-up. There also was a significant increase of both components of the SF-36 score. The overall treatment satisfaction was judged as very good or good in 88% by the surgeon and 80% by the patient. The IKDC functional knee status was grade I in 23.4%, II in 56.3%, III in 17.2%, and IV in 3.1% of the patients. Conclusion: Matrix-associated ACI employing the CaReS technology for the treatment of chondral or osteochondral defects of the knee is a safe and clinically effective treatment that yields significant functional improvement and improvement in pain level. However, further investigation is necessary to determine the long-term viability and clinical outcome of this procedure.
Use of iQPR-H2O for bone regeneration and its potential in the improvement of osteoporosis
Authors: Lee Chiming , Cheong Meileng , Hsiao Wentien , Liu Henyu , Tsai Chingyu , Wang Mingfu , Wu Chihhsiung , Chang Kwanghwa , Lam Gowlin , Deng Winping 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Background
Current treatments for osteoporosis are associated with various side effects and do not prevent the age-related decrease in osteoblast number. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of iQPR-H2O on osteogenesis.

Methods
Mouse fibroblast NIH3T3 and pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in medium prepared with iQPR-H2O or unprocessed mineral water (control cells), and proliferation and differentiation were assessed by MTT and alkaline phosphatase assay, respectively. Mineral deposition by the cells was determined using Alizarin red S staining. A mouse model of osteoporosis, ovariectomized SAMP8 mice, was used to evaluate the effects of iQPR-H2O on osteogenesis in vivo. Mice were given either iQPR-H2O or unprocessed mineral water (control group) for four months after which bone mass density (BMD) measurements were made using a bone densitometer and hematoxylin and eosin staining of bone samples.

Results
NIH3T3 cells grown in medium prepared with iQPR-H2O exhibited significantly greater proliferation. NIH3T3 and MC3T3-E1 cells demonstrated a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase levels in the iQPR-H2O group. MC3T3-E1 cells showed mineralization at day 28. mRNA expression levels of both osteopontin and runt-related transcription factor 2 in MC3T3-E1 cells were higher in the iQPR-H2O group compared with the control group. After four months, significantly greater bone regeneration was evident in ovariectomized SAMP8 mice administered iQPR-H2O as compared with control group.

Conclusions
iQPR-H2O may reduce the symptoms of osteoporosis by improving osteogenesis.
The Aspergillus niger multicopper oxidase family: analysis and overexpression of laccase-like encoding genes
Authors: Tamayo Ramos Juan A , Barends Sharief , Verhaert Raymond MD , de Graaff Leo H 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Background
Many filamentous fungal genomes contain complex groups of multicopper oxidase (MCO) coding genes that makes them a good source for new laccases with potential biotechnological interest. A bioinformatics analysis of the Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015 genome resulted in the identification of thirteen MCO genes. Ten of them were cloned and homologously overexpressed.

Results
A bioinformatic analysis of the A. niger ATCC 1015 genome revealed the presence of 13 MCO genes belonging to three different subfamilies on the basis of their phylogenetic relationships: ascomycete laccases, fungal pigment MCOs and fungal ferroxidases. According to in silico amino acid sequence analysis, the putative genes encoding for functional extracellular laccases (mcoA, mcoB, mcoC, mcoD, mcoE, mcoF, mcoG, mcoI, mcoJ and mcoM) were placed under the control of the glaA promoter and overexpressed in A. niger N593. Enzyme activity plate assays with several common laccase substrates showed that all genes are actually expressed and code for active MCOs. Interestingly, expressed enzymes show different substrate specificities. In addition, optimization of fungal pigment MCOs extracellular production was investigated. The performance of the widely used glucoamylase signal sequence (ssGlaA) in McoA secretion was studied. Results obtained suggest that ssGlaA do not yield higher levels of secreted McoA when compared to its native secretion signal. Also, McoB synthesis was investigated using different nitrogen sources in minimal medium liquid cultures. Higher yields of extracellular McoB were achieved with (NH4)2 tartrate.

Conclusions

Aspergillus niger is a good source of new laccases. The different substrate specificity observed in plate assays makes them interesting to be purified and biochemically compared. The homologous signal sequence of McoA has been shown to be a good choice for its extracellular overexpression. From the nitrogen sources tested (NH4)2 tartrate has been found to be the most appropriate for McoB production in A. niger.
Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on expression of kynurenine pathway enzymes in human dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Asp Linnéa , Johansson Anne-Sofie , Mann Amandeep , Owe-Larsson Björn , Urbanska Ewa M , Kocki Tomasz , Kegel Magdalena , Engberg Göran , Lundkvist Gabriella BS , Karlsson Håkan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Background
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the main route of tryptophan degradation in the human body and generates several neuroactive and immunomodulatory metabolites. Altered levels of KP-metabolites have been observed in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders as well as in patients with affective disorders. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if skin derived human fibroblasts are useful for studies of expression of enzymes in the KP.

Methods
Fibroblast cultures were established from cutaneous biopsies taken from the arm of consenting volunteers. Such cultures were subsequently treated with interferon (IFN)-γ 200 U/ml and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, 100 U/ml for 48 hours in serum-free medium. Levels of transcripts encoding different enzymes were determined by real-time PCR and levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA) were determined by HPLC.

Results
At base-line all cultures harbored detectable levels of transcripts encoding KP enzymes, albeit with considerable variation across individuals. Following cytokine treatment, considerable changes in many of the transcripts investigated were observed. For example, increases in the abundance of transcripts encoding indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, kynureninase or 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid oxygenase and decreases in the levels of transcripts encoding tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine aminotransferases or quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase were observed following IFN-γ and TNF-α treatment. Finally, the fibroblast cultures released detectable levels of KYNA in the cell culture medium at base-line conditions, which were increased after IFN-γ, but not TNF-α, treatments.

Conclusions
All of the investigated genes encoding KP enzymes were expressed in human fibroblasts. Expression of many of these appeared to be regulated in response to cytokine treatment as previously reported for other cell types. Fibroblast cultures, thus, appear to be useful for studies of disease-related abnormalities in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan degradation.
1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene-promoted Regioselective Elimination of Vicinal Dibromides Having an Adjacent O- and/or N-Functional Group
Authors: Kutsumura Noriki , Iijima Masatoshi , Toguchi Shohei , Saito Takao 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We have investigated the DBU-promoted HBr-elimination of vicinal dibromides having an adjacent O- and/or N-functional group under mild basic conditions. The elimination of 1-oxygen-functionalized 2,3-dibromopropanes was more regioselective than that of 1-nitrogen-functionalized 2,3-dibromopropanes. This observation suggests that the elimination selectivity is affected by the electronegativity of the neighboring heteroatoms themselves and not by the entire functional group.
In Situ Generation of Silver Nanoparticles in Ion-exchangeable Polymer Photonic Crystals
Authors: Tsuruoka Takaaki , Kumazaki Shota , Nawafune Hidemi , Akamatsu Kensuke 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Silver/polymer composite photonic crystals have been synthesized via the controlled in situ growth of silver nanoparticles in an ion-exchangeable polymer as host photonic crystals. This in situ approach using ion-doped precursors allows for size of silver nanoparticles and the optical reflection wavelength of the obtained crystals to be systematically controlled. This synthesis represents a simple methodology for the synthesis of functional composite photonic crystals with tunable microstructures and thus optical properties.
Nickel-catalyzed Decarboxylative Polymerization of 6-Alkynylisatoic Anhydride
Authors: Nakai Kenichiro , Shiba Takahiro , Yoshino Yasufumi , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A new methodology for preparation of polyquinolone was developed. Iterative nickel-catalyzed reaction of 6-alkynylisatoic anhydride monomer affords polyquinolone via decarboxylative cycloaddition without formation of residual by-product. It was demonstrated for the first time that decarboxylative cycloaddition can be an elementary process of chain growth polymerization for preparation of polyheterocycles with high regioregularity.
SiO2–Fe2O3-pillared Clay Nanohybrid with an Enhanced Gas Removal Property
Authors: Yang Jae-Hun , Lee Hee-Suk , Paek Seung-Min , Han Yang-Su 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
New layered inorganic–inorganic nanohybrids with highly porous structures were prepared by pillaring SiO2–Fe2O3 nanoparticles into montmorillonite via exfoliation and reassembly. Gas removal activity of SiO2–Fe2O3-pillared clay is much higher than that of active carbon, suggesting that pillaring strategy could be an effective method for removal of various gases.
Treating the torn rotator cuff: current practice in the UK
Authors: Robinson PM , Doll HA , Roy BR 
Published: October 2011

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to characterise current rotator cuff repair activity in the UK with emphasis on the management of rotator cuff tears in the elderly population (over 70s). METHODS A one-page web-based survey was created. All British Elbow and Shoulder Society (BESS) members and surgeons who listed the shoulder as an area of specialist interest on the website http://www.specialistInfo.com/ were invited to complete this. RESULTS A total of 103 surgeons completed the survey; most (n=89, 86%) were BESS members. They had spent a median of 10 years (range: 9 months — 30 years) in consultant practice and performed an annual median of 200 (range: 0—1,000) arthroscopic shoulder procedures. For rotator cuff repair the favoured method was arthroscopic for 47 consultants (46.5%), open or mini-open for 41 (40.6%) and both for 13 (12.9%). The annual median number of arthroscopic and open cuff repairs was 20 (range: 0—250) and 12 (range: 0—100) respectively. The longer the time in practice, the fewer the reported number of arthroscopic cuff repairs (rs=-0.22, p=0.027) and the greater the number of open and mini-open cuff repairs (rs=0.33, p=0.001). In the management of a full-thickness rotator cuff tear in a patient over 70 years of age, 27 (26.7%) would perform an open or mini-open repair, 43 (42.6%) an arthroscopic repair and 22 (21.8%) would not attempt a repair. CONCLUSIONS Surgeons performing a higher volume of arthroscopic cuff repairs annually were more likely to repair cuff tears and they predicted significantly better outcomes of cuff repair for both pain and shoulder movement. Our results reflect the existing conflicting evidence regarding the indications for and methods of treatment of rotator cuff disease.
Surgeon-operated ultrasonography in a one-stop shoulder clinic
Authors: Seagger R , Bunker T , Hamer P 
Published: October 2011

INTRODUCTION Nearly 1 in 40 of the population seeks medical advice related to a shoulder problem every year. The majority pertain to rotator cuff pathology. Prior to intervention in such patients it is imperative to define whether the tendons are intact or torn. Ultrasonography has become an essential adjunct to clinical assessment in diagnosing rotator cuff tears. This study was designed to investigate if a surgeon using a portable ultrasonography machine in a one-stop shoulder clinic could significantly reduce the time a patient waited from initial outpatient presentation to the end of the treatment episode (be it surgery, injection or conservative management). METHODS A total of 77 patients were allocated to one of two groups: Group A, consisting of 37 patients who were assessed and had ultrasonography as outpatients, and Group B, consisting of 40 patients who were assessed and referred for departmental ultrasonography where appropriate. Three clear outcome groups were defined: those who required surgical repair, those who had irreparable tears and those who declined surgery. RESULTS For all outcomes (surgery, irreparable tears and conservative treatment), the patients in Group A all completed their clinical episodes significantly quicker than those in Group B (p<0.02). As well as the time saving benefits, there was a substantial financial saving for Group A. By performing ultrasonography in the outpatients department, those patients avoided the requirement of departmental imaging (£120) and subsequent follow-up appointments (£73) to discuss results and management, resulting in a saving of nearly £200 per patient. CONCLUSIONS The use of a portable ultrasonography machine by an orthopaedic surgeon can significantly reduce the time to treatment and the financial cost for patients with rotator cuff tears.
Research on Half of the Bandwidth of the En-/Decoding Spectrum Application Based on SSFBG
Authors: FenFei Hou 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A scheme for half of the bandwidth of the en-/decoding spectrum application based on superstructured fiber Bragg grating (SSFBG) is presented in this paper. As verified by theoretical and simulation analysis, the half of the bandwidth of the en-/decoding spectrum has already contained all code information and en-/decoding function can be completed as long as the reflection spectrum covers half of the original bandwidth (half of the bandwidth of the en-/decoding spectrum). As indicated by the en-/decoding experiment, the en-/decoding performance of the half of the bandwidth of the en-/decoding spectrum application is better than that of the conventional mode of center alignment. The half of the bandwidth of the en-/decoding spectrum application shall choose half of en-/decoding spectrum inclining to Level 0, thus both ensuring auto-/cross-correlation of the en-/decoding and minimizing insertion loss. The half of the bandwidth of the en-/decoding spectrum application reduces costs for light sources and improves performance of the receiver, being conducive to the practical design of the system.
Investigation of Microstructured Optical Fiber in Eight Fiber Laser
Authors: Bahloul Faouzi , Ennejah Tarek , Attia Rabah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In passively mode locked fiber laser, case of 8FL (Eight Fiber Laser), the management of length, linear and non linear parameters of the cavity plays a paramount role in the generation of stable ultra short pulses with high peak powers. In this work, we propose an 8FL consisted of MOF (Microstructured Optical Fiber). According to the various properties of the MOF, we studied the variation of the pulses peak power and width. We demonstrated that there are optimal parameters of the MOF for which the peak power is maximal and the width is minimal.
Performance Analysis of Optical CDMA Systems Utilizing Optical Encoding in Presence of Interference and Receiver Noises
Authors: Sabbagh Abbasali Ghorban , Kakhki Mohammad Molavi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In this paper, performance of incoherent and asynchronous optical CDMA (OCDMA) systems employing “optical encoding” is investigated and the results are compared with the results obtained when the encoding is performed in electrical domain. These investigations are performed for receiver structures that employ a single hard limiter (SHL), a double optical hard limiter (DHL) and also for the structures without a hard limiter (WHL). In addition, “electrical encoding” OCDMA systems using DHL in their receiver structures are investigated. In this work, conventional optical orthogonal codes are used and Gaussian approximation is assumed for the output of APD. Besides interference, other destructive effects such as APD and thermal noises are also taken into account.
It is shown that when the number of users N is equal to or greater than pulsed laser's modulation extinction ratio Me
, for all receiver structures (SHL, DHL and WHL) “optical encoding” systems are superior to their “electrical encoding” counterparts and this superiority becomes much more apparent in SHL and DHL receivers. We will also show that when N < Me
, “optical encoding” WHL systems outperform their “electrical encoding” counterparts. Our results also indicate that the performance of “optical encoding” SHL systems approaches the performance of DHL systems as the transmitted power increases.