bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multi‐scale approach to condense the cyclic elastic‐plastic behaviour of the crack tip region into an extended constitutive model
Authors: POMMIER S. , LOPEZ‐CRESPO P. , DECREUSE P. Y. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThe general idea of this paper is to model the mixed‐mode cyclic elastic‐plastic behaviour of the crack tip region at the global scale. It should be helpful, for instance, for predicting the effect of mixed mode overloads in fatigue. It is aimed at establishing a model reasonably precise (compared with elastic‐plastic finite element (FE) computations) but condensed into a set of partial derivative equations so as to avoid huge elastic‐plastic FE computations in the future. For this purpose, the kinematics of the crack tip region is characterized by a set of condensed variables. This is classical in linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), the displacement field is approached by the product of spatial reference fields ( and ) and nominal stress intensity factors (K∞I and K∞II). Therefore, in LEFM, two condensed variables only, K∞I and K∞II, fully define the kinematics in the crack tip region. So as to generalize this approach to mixed mode cyclic elastic‐plastic conditions, we define first the intensity factors ( and ) of the elastic spatial reference fields ( and ) and we introduce two additional spatial reference fields ( and ) and their intensity factors ( and ) to account for plastic deformation within the crack tip region. Such an approximation is shown to be reasonably precise using FE computations. Therefore, the velocity field in the crack tip region is fully defined by only four condensed variables ( and ). Using the multi‐scale approach proposed herein, evolutions of ρI and ρII for various mixed‐mode loading conditions defined by K∞I and K∞II were generated using the finite‐element method (FEM). Then, it was shown that we can model these evolutions at the global scale through a yield locus, a flow rule and a kinematics hardening rule. It is also suggested how this model could be employed for predicting the effects of mixed mode plasticity on fatigue crack growth.
The evolution of intermediate castration virulence and ant coexistence in a spatially structured environment
Authors: Szilágyi András , Scheuring István , Edwards David P. , Orivel Jerome , Yu Douglas W. 
Published: September 2009

Ecology Letters (2009) 12: 1306–1316AbstractTheory suggests that spatial structuring should select for intermediate levels of virulence in parasites, but empirical tests are rare and have never been conducted with castration (sterilizing) parasites. To test this theory in a natural landscape, we construct a spatially explicit model of the symbiosis between the ant‐plant Cordia nodosa and its two, protecting ant symbionts, Allomerus and Azteca. Allomerus is also a castration parasite, preventing fruiting to increase colony fecundity. Limiting the dispersal of Allomerus and host plant selects for intermediate castration virulence. Increasing the frequency of the mutualist, Azteca, selects for higher castration virulence in Allomerus, because seeds from Azteca‐inhabited plants are a public good that Allomerus exploits. These results are consistent with field observations and, to our knowledge, provide the first empirical evidence supporting the hypothesis that spatial structure can reduce castration virulence and the first such evidence in a natural landscape for either mortality or castration virulence.
Intelligence in relation to obesity: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yu Z. B. , Han S. P. , Cao X. G. , Guo X. R. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryWe performed a systematic review describing obesity/intelligent quotient (IQ) association, particularly childhood IQ in relation to adulthood obesity. After screening 883 citations from five electronic databases, we included 26 studies, most of medium quality. The weighted mean difference (WMD) of the full IQ (FIQ)/obesity association in the pre‐school children was −15.1 (P > 0.05). Compared with controls, the WMD of FIQ and performance IQ of obese children were −2.8 and −10.0, respectively (P < 0.05), and the WMD of verbal IQ was −7.01 (P > 0.05). With increasing obesity, the FIQ in pre‐school children declined, with a significant difference for severely obese children and FIQ. In pubertal children, a slightly different effect of FIQ and obesity emerged. Two studies reported an inverse FIQ/obesity association in adults, but it was non‐significant after adjusting for educational attainment. Four papers found that childhood FIQ was inversely associated with adult body mass index, but after adjusting for education, became null. Overall there was an inverse FIQ/obesity association, except in pre‐school children. However, after adjusting for educational attainment, FIQ/obesity association was not significantly different. A lower FIQ in childhood was associated with obesity in later adulthood perhaps with educational level mediating the persistence of obesity in later life.
g‐BRDFs: An Intuitive and Editable BTF Representation
Authors: Menzel N. , Guthe M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMeasured reflection data such as the bidirectional texture function (BTF) represent spatial variation under the full hemisphere of view and light directions and offer a very realistic visual appearance. Despite its high‐dimensional nature, recent compression techniques allow rendering of BTFs in real time. Nevertheless, a still unsolved problem is that there is no representation suited for real‐time rendering that can be used by designers to modify the BTF's appearance. For intuitive editing, a set of low‐dimensional comprehensible parameters, stored as scalars, colour values or texture maps, is required. In this paper we present a novel way to represent BTF data by introducing the geometric BRDF (g‐BRDF), which describes both the underlying meso‐ and micro‐scale structure in a very compact way. Both are stored in texture maps with only a few additional scalar parameters that can all be modified at runtime and thus give the designer full control over the material's appearance in the final real‐time application. The g‐BRDF does not only allow intuitive editing, but also reduces the measured data into a small set of textures, yielding a very effective compression method. In contrast to common material representation combining heightfields and BRDFs, our g‐BRDF is physically based and derived from direct measurement, thus representing real‐world surface appearance. In addition, we propose an algorithm for fully automatic decomposition of a given measured BTF into the g‐BRDF representation.
A Dirty, Indolent, Priest‐Ridden City: British Soldiers in Lisbon during the Peninsular War, 1808–1813
Authors: DALY GAVIN 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBetween 1808 and 1813 Lisbon was the gateway for British soldiers entering the Peninsular War. For many British soldiers the Iberian Peninsula was not only their first combat experience but also their first time abroad, with their military service as part of a broader experience of travel and cross‐cultural contact. British letters, diaries and memoirs of the Peninsular War have long been used by historians as the basis for military and campaign histories; rarely have they been appreciated as travel and ethnographic accounts, allowing us to explore how British soldiers described, experienced and understood the foreign physical and cultural environments of Portugal and Spain. This article investigates British soldiers' attitudes to Lisbon and its inhabitants. Their writings illuminate the relationship between war, travel and identity; British views on Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula more generally; and the mentalities and cultural values of a broad cohort of young Britons in the early nineteenth century. Most soldiers wrote largely critical and hostile accounts of their time in Lisbon, identifying markers of cultural difference and in so doing revealing their own notions of what it meant to British and civilized.
Studying global change through investigation of the plastic responses of xylem anatomy in tree rings
Authors: Fonti Patrick , von Arx Georg , García‐González Ignacio , Eilmann Britta , Sass‐Klaassen Ute , Gärtner Holger , Eckstein Dieter 
Published: September 2009

SummaryVariability in xylem anatomy is of interest to plant scientists because of the role water transport plays in plant performance and survival. Insights into plant adjustments to changing environmental conditions have mainly been obtained through structural and functional comparative studies between taxa or within taxa on contrasting sites or along environmental gradients. Yet, a gap exists regarding the study of hydraulic adjustments in response to environmental changes over the lifetimes of plants. In trees, dated tree‐ring series are often exploited to reconstruct dynamics in ecological conditions, and recent work in which wood‐anatomical variables have been used in dendrochronology has produced promising results. Environmental signals identified in water‐conducting cells carry novel information reflecting changes in regional conditions and are mostly related to short, sub‐annual intervals. Although the idea of investigating environmental signals through wood anatomical time series goes back to the 1960s, it is only recently that low‐cost computerized image‐analysis systems have enabled increased scientific output in this field. We believe that the study of tree‐ring anatomy is emerging as a promising approach in tree biology and climate change research, particularly if complemented by physiological and ecological studies. This contribution presents the rationale, the potential, and the methodological challenges of this innovative approach.
Role of M2, M3, and M4muscarinic receptor subtypes in the spinal cholinergic control of nociception revealed using siRNA in rats
Authors: Cai You‐Qing , Chen Shao‐Rui , Han Hee‐Dong , Sood Anil K. , Lopez‐Berestein Gabriel , Pan Hui‐Lin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMuscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) are involved in the control of nociception in the spinal cord. The M2, M3, and M4mAChR subtypes are present in the spinal dorsal horn. However, the role of the individual subtypes in the anti‐nociceptive effect produced by mAChR agonists is uncertain. Here, we determined the contribution of M2, M3, and M4subtypes to spinal muscarinic analgesia by using small‐interference RNA (siRNA) targeting specific mAChR subtypes in rats. The neuronal uptake and distribution of a chitosan‐siRNA conjugated fluorescent dye in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion were confirmed after intrathecal injection. The control and gene‐specific siRNA‐chitosan complexes were injected intrathecally for three consecutive days. Quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that treatment with siRNA targeting M2, M3, or M4subtype produced a large reduction in the corresponding mRNA levels in the dorsal root ganglion and dorsal spinal cord. Also, the protein levels of the mAChR subtypes in the spinal cord were significantly down‐regulated by siRNA treatment, as determined by the immunoprecipitation and receptor‐binding assay. Treatment with the M2‐siRNA caused a large reduction in the inhibitory effect of muscarine on the nociceptive withdrawal threshold. Furthermore, M4knockdown at the spinal level significantly reduced the anti‐nociceptive effect of muscarine. However, the anti‐nociceptive effect of muscarine was not significantly changed by the M3‐specific siRNA. Our study suggests that chitosan nanoparticles can be used for efficient delivery of siRNA into the neuronal tissuesin vivo. Our findings also provide important functional evidence that M2and M4, but not M3, contribute to nociceptive regulation by mAChRs at the spinal level.
Undergraduate socialization in medical education: ideals of professional physicians’ practice
Authors: Lindberg Ola 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA study of professional socialization in a medical education programme in Sweden is presented. The aim of the study was to explore ideals held within the educational practice concerning what constitutes an effective professional practitioner. Sixteen respondents from educational practice, eight teachers and eight students, were interviewed regarding their views on what constitutes ‘the ideal physician’, i.e. the desirable end product of medical education. Their responses were classified into six virtues: wisdom, discipline, humility, empathy, maturity and strength, each with corresponding vices. These virtues and vices reflect a desired direction for professional socialization during medical training and the professional performance of physicians. They also provide useful indicators of what has been described as medicine’s hidden curriculum. Implications for curriculum planning and the organization of learning in medical education are discussed.
The Influence of Targeted Education on Medication Persistence and Generic Substitution among Consumer‐Directed Health Care Enrollees
Authors: Sedjo Rebecca L. , Cox Emily R. 
Published: September 2009

Objective. To evaluate an educational outreach among consumer‐directed health plan (CDHP) enrollees on medication persistence and lower‐cost generic substitution within four chronic medication therapies.Study Setting. A cross‐sectional analysis using pharmacy claims data from a national employer group that began offering a CDHP in 2006 and implemented an educational outreach to some CDHP enrollees in 2007 was used.Methods. The intervention group was comprised of CDHP enrollees who received education outreach and was compared with CDHP enrollees without the educational outreach. Adjusted and unadjusted medication persistence and lower‐cost generic substitutions were compared between groups.Principal Findings. There was no difference in medication persistence between groups. CDHP enrollees with the educational outreach were more likely to have converted to lower‐cost generic alternative antihypertensive medication compared with CDHP enrollees without the educational outreach (ORadj=29.82, 95 percent CI=4.41–201.93).Conclusion. Educational outreach directed to CDHP enrollees was associated with increases in lower‐cost generic alternatives with no change in patients' chronic medication use. However, considerable opportunity exists to assist CDHP enrollees in making sound health care decisions.
The Health Services Researcher of 2020: A Summit to Assess the Field's Workforce Needs
Authors: Pittman Patricia , Holve Erin 
Published: September 2009

Objective. To summarize the current state of the health services research (HSR) workforce and recommend ways to improve the field's ability to respond to future challenges facing the health system.Data. Summaries of workgroup discussions and recommendations at a stakeholder meeting.Study Design. In late 2007, 50 educators, students, employers, and funders of HSR participated in a meeting to discuss findings of three commissioned papers on the HSR workforce. The group undertook a consultative process to develop recommendations for the field.Principal Findings. Stakeholders developed recommendations in five major areas focused on HSR workforce needs: (1) improving the size and composition of the field; (2) understanding the growth of HSR in the private sector; (3) improving the graduate training of health services researchers, especially at the master's level; (4) expanding postgraduate training and continuing education opportunities; and (5) increasing awareness of the value of HSR.Conclusions. Specific recommendations in the five major areas emphasized developing partnerships between HSR organizations and other professional societies or health organizations, as well as ways to improve training for the future workforce. The need to develop a “client orientation” toward research by improving communication and dissemination skills was discussed, as was the importance of improving diversity in the field.
The Health Services Research Workforce: Current Stock
Authors: McGinnis Sandra , Moore Jean 
Published: September 2009

Objective. To examine the size and characteristics of the health services research (HSR) workforce; the job satisfaction, job security, and future plans reported by the workforce; and the future of the HSR workforce supply.Data Sources. (1) AcademyHealth active and lapsed members since 2000 and annual research meeting presenters and interest group participants; (2) principal investigators of research projects listed in the HSRProj database; and (3) authors of articles published in two HSR journals.Study Design. Data on investigators conducting HSR in selected venues were collected and compared in order to identify the percentage of the HSR workforce represented in the “core” versus related disciplines and to investigate the extent to which the “core” researchers publish, present, or participate in disciplinary venues.Principal Findings. The field appears to have grown dramatically since 1995, from an estimated 5,000 health services researchers to an estimated 11,596 in 2007. This is a broad workforce characterized by various levels of involvement in the field. Some researchers self‐identify with the field of HSR, while others are associated primarily with venues related to specific disciplines. Many researchers who identify with HSR also publish in venues related to multiple other disciplines.Conclusions. The field may face future challenges related to demographic change, such as an aging workforce and an increased need for diversity. International collaboration appears common, and in the future the field may need to be defined internationally rather than nationally. At the same time, there are also many indications that HSR is a good field to work in. Health services researchers reported high levels of satisfaction with their profession and current employer, as well as little desire to change jobs and little concern about job security.
Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Plays a Positive Role in the Upregulation of Heme Oxygenase and Acclimation to Oxidative Stress in Wheat Seedling Leaves
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Yue , Ding Xiao , Xu Sheng , Wang Ren , Xuan Wei , Cao Ze‐Yu , Chen Jian , Wu Hong‐Hong , Ye Mao‐Bing , Shen Wen‐Biao 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Pretreatment of lower H2O2 doses (0.05, 0.5 and 5 mM) for 24 h was able to dose‐dependently attenuate lipid peroxidation in wheat seedling leaves mediated by further oxidative damage elicited by higher dose of H2O2 (150 mM) for 6 h, with 0.5 mM H2O2 being the most effective concentrations. Further results illustrated that 0.5 mM H2O2 pretreatment triggered the biphasic production of H2O2 during a 24 h period. We also noticed that only peak I (0.25 h) rather than peak II (4 h) was approximately consistent with the enhancement of heme oxygenase (HO) activity, HO‐1 gene expression. Meanwhile, enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, Mn‐SOD and Cu,Zn‐SOD transcripts might be a potential source of peak I of endogenous H2O2. Further results confirmed that 0.5 mM H2O2 treatment for 0.5 h was able to upregulate HO gene expression, which was detected by enzyme activity determination, semi‐quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Meanwhile, the application of N,N’‐dimethylthiourea, a trap for endogenous H2O2, not only blocked the upregulation of HO, but also reversed the corresponding oxidation attenuation. Together, the above results suggest that endogenous H2O2 production (peak I) plays a positive role in the induction of HO by enhancing its mRNA level and protein expression, thus leading to the acclimation to oxidative stress.
INFLUENCE OF SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF ROSEMARY ON OXIDATION AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF WHEAT GERM OIL
Authors: YESIL‐CELIKTAS OZLEM , ISLETEN MUGE , KARAGUL‐YUCEER YONCA , BEDIR ERDAL , VARDAR‐SUKAN FAZILET 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTBoth supercritical CO2and methanolic extracts from the leaves of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) harvested from three different locations of Turkey at four different times of the year were added at a concentration of 100 mg/kg to wheat germ oil. Wheat germ oil samples were stored in an incubator for 10 days at 50C in order to promote oxidation and for the efficacy of the extracts for stabilization purposes to be examined. Degree of oxidation was determined by peroxide andp‐anisidine values, which were performed every 2 days. Extracts from Mersin and Canakkale regions performed better results. Additionally, June and September harvests had lower peroxide values. According to the descriptive sensory analysis, both locations and extraction methods were found to effect flavor. Some flavor attributes, such as wheatlike/starchy, fishy and rubbery/metallic changed during storage regardless of locations and extraction methods. Supercritical CO2extracts performed better results in terms of both oxidation and sensory properties.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFrom the perspective of the food industry, wheat germ oil stabilized with a natural antioxidant such as rosemary can be marketed as a functional product that can create a niche. Rosemary extracts containing higher amounts of rosmarinic acid and carnosic acid should be preferred in order to provide a better shelf life of an edible oil such as wheat germ oil.
SHALLOW‐MARINE MICROPOROUS CARBONATE RESERVOIR ROCKS IN THE MIDDLE EAST: RELATIONSHIP WITH SEAWATER Mg/Ca RATIO AND EUSTATIC SEA LEVEL
Authors: Volery C. , Davaud E. , Foubert A. , Caline B. 
Published: September 2009

The formation of shallow‐marine microporous carbonate reservoir rocks remains poorly understood in spite of their economic importance, particularly in the Middle East. In this paper, we investigate relationships between the stratigraphic occurrence of these carbonates in the Middle East and (i) the evolution of the Mg/Ca ratio in seawater; and (ii) cyclic variations in relative sea‐level.An inventory of carbonate formations in the Middle East was compiled for three geological time intervals characterised by different seawater chemistries: the Late Carboniferous to Triassic (aragonite seas); the Cretaceous (calcite seas); and the Cenozoic (transitional from calcite to aragonite seas). For each time interval, carbonate formations described as microporous have been listed.During the Cretaceous calcite sea, eleven microporous carbonate formations were deposited in the Middle East. However, no microporous carbonates were formed during the Late Carboniferous to Triassic, a time of aragonite seas. During the Cenozoic, four of the five microporous carbonate formations recorded were deposited before the transition from calcite to aragonite seas. Thus, these shallow‐marine microporous carbonates appear to have developed from precursor muds which were mainly composed of low‐Mg calcite crystals. Moreover, during the Cretaceous and the Cenozoic, microporous carbonate formations in the Middle East were generally associated with major transgressions and highstands of relative sea level.The relatively high stability of low‐Mg calcite muds may explain why shallow‐marine microporous carbonates formed during time intervals with calcite seas. In contrast to muds composed of aragonite or high‐Mg calcite crystals, the original microfabric (including intercrystalline microporosity) of low‐Mg calcite muds can partly survive moderate diagenesis.