bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthetic pyrethroids for the control of cowpea insect pests
Authors: Dina S. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn field trials made in 1977, the synthetic pyrethroids Deois and Permethrin offered better protection to cowpea flowers and pods but the crop did not outyield that treated with Nuvacron in grain production. Further evaluation of Decis and Permethrin in 1978 showed that the relationships between rate and insect damage, and yield were curvilinear. On the early crop, Decis at 15 g a.i./ha and lOga.i./ha reduced insect damage to flowers and pods, respectively, below the control but yield differences were not significant from 5 to 50 g. Four or five applications of Decis were most effective in reducing insect damage, but yields obtained from them were not better than that from one application. Permethrin at 12·5 g a.i./ha reduced insect damage below the control but produced grain yield which was significantly lower than 25 g and above.On the late crop, Permethrin was effective from 5 to 25 g in reducing insect damage and providing increased grain yield. One application of Decis was sufficient to reduce pod damage and increase grain yield over the control, but appreciable yields were obtained from the three and four application regimes.A cost/benefit analysis of insecticide application shows that the synthetic pyrethroids compared favourably with Nuvacron. In 1978, two and three applications of Decis gave the highest net returns on the early and late season crops, respectively. Decis appeared most economical at 10 g on the early crop while Permethrin was most rewarding at 62·5 g in the early crop and 10 g in the late crop. The seasonal differences in weather are discussed in relation to the performance of the crop.
Soil-sampling errors and advisory analyses
Authors: Hemingway R. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Twenty-four sampling units from 50 fields of differing soil type and past manurial history have been examined separately for pH and 1% citric soluble phosphorus and potassium to determine the errors which can occur in obtaining a representative sample for analysis.2. Soils which had received lime and fertilizers within 3 years of the sampling date showed appreciably greater sampling errors than those which had not.3. The sampling errors were greater than the analytical errors and were such that the common practice of classifying soils into six fertility groups was not justified. Three major groups are more reasonable and practical for routine advisory purposes.
The value of electrically warmed floors for fattening pigs
Authors: Barber R. S. , Braude R. , Mitchell K. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Three experiments are described in which the value of electrically warmed floors for fattening pigs, aged 9 weeks or more at the start of the trials, was determined.2. Under the conditions of the experiments, no benefit was obtained either in live-weight gain or efficiency of food utilization by the provision of artificial floor warming.3. Data relating to the effect on floor surface temperatures of ambient inside temperature, electrical warming, provision of straw and the pigs themselves were presented.
The effect on conception rates of semen diluents containing citrate or phosphate buffer, with all combinations of sulphanilamide, streptomycin and penicillin
Authors: Campbell R. C. , Edwards J. 
Published: March 2009

1. A 24 factorial experiment involving 68,713 first inseminations was carried out at four artificial insemination centres, to compare semen diluents containing citrate or phosphate buffers and all combinations of sulphanilamide, streptomycin and penicillin.2. The analysis of the results was carried out on punched card machines and on an automatic calculator (EDSAC), as well as on bench machines.3. The main results obtained were:(i) Unsupplemented phosphate buffer gave a conception rate 5·5% above that obtained with unsupplemented citrate buffer.(ii) Citrate buffer with sulphanilamide, streptomycin and penicillin gave a conception rate 6·8% above that obtained with unsupplemented citrate buffer; and(iii) Phosphate buffer with penicillin gave a conception rate 9·3% above that obtained with unsupplemented citrate buffer. This effect was not, however, significantly greater than that referred to in (ii).4. Phosphate buffer depressed conception rate when used with sulphanilamide or streptomycin.
Field experiments on uptake of nitrogen from leaf sprays by sugar beet
Authors: Thorne Gillian N. , Watson D. J. 
Published: March 2009

When the leaves of sugar-beet crops were sprayed on six occasions in late September and early October with 100 gal./acre of a 3% solution of ammonium nitrate or equivalent urea, in two experiments about 70% of the nitrogen was recovered in the plants in mid-October, compared with 40% recovered from applications of the same amounts of fertilizer to the soil at the same times. In a third experiment the recovery from similar sprayings with urea solution was less than 40%, but very little nitrogen was absorbed from soil dressings, so that the difference between the recoveries from spray and soil applications was nearly the same as in the other experiments.Nitrogen per cent of dry matter in all parts of the plant was increased by the sprays. More than half of the nitrogen absorbed from the sprays was in the leaf laminae, and the remainder was equally divided between petioles (including crowns) and roots. Between 20 and 30% of the nitrogen supplied in spray in the first two experiments was converted to protein in the leaf laminae, and half of this was present as soluble protein precipitable by trichloracetic acid, a fraction that is extracted in the largescale preparation of leaf protein.Spraying slightly increased the dry-matter yield of the tops, but not of the roots. It reduced the sugar content of the roots by about 1% of fresh weight. In one experiment it had no effect on sugar yield; in the others it caused losses of 2 and 5 cwt./acre.The recovery of nitrogen in the tops from a single low-volume spraying (12½ or 25 gal./acre) with nearly saturated urea solution was about the same as from repeated high-volume sprays supplying the same total amount of nitrogen, but in the roots it was higher from the single than from the repeated sprays.
Variations in the amounts of thick and thin albumen in hen's eggs with the age of the bird
Authors: Greenwood A. W. , Bolton W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The partition of the egg into shell, yolk, thick and thin albumen has been determined for eggs from pullets, 1-year-old hens and hens aged 6–10 years.2. The proportion of thick albumen increased, and that of the thin albumen decreased, with advancing age of the hen.3. It is suggested that these observations may be explained by the action of one or more of the following agencies: an increase in the amount of ovomucin relative to the amount of albumen; an impairment of the adrenal function; and a reduction of the period of time spent by the egg in the shell gland.
The storage of ware potatoes in permanent buildings II. The temperature of unventilated stacks of potatoes
Authors: Burton W. G. , Mann G. , Wager H. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Under normal English storage conditions, the heat production of mature potatoes drops rapidly from a value of probably about 150 b.th.u./ton/hr. immediately after harvest to about 30–50 b.th.u./ton/hr. Sprouting is accompanied by an increase in the rate of heat production. The initial heat production of immature potatoes may be of the order of 250 b.th.u./ton/hr.2. As a result of the production of heat, the temperatures in stacks of potatoes will tend to rise to levels above that of the outside air which are just sufficient to cause the convection and conduction necessary to remove the metabolic heat as fast as it is produced.3. The difference in temperature between the potatoes and the ambient air is a function of the heat production of the potatoes and of the height of the stack, and is practically independent of its other dimensions if these exceed twice the height. Under average conditions during the middle of the storage season, and for heights of storage of from about 6 to 12 ft. it may be taken as a rough practical guide that the average and maximum temperatures of the potatoes will tend to exceed the average temperature of the store air by about 2/3 and 1° F. respectively for every foot of height.4. Overheating is possible at both the beginning and end of the storage season, when heat production is high and the outside temperatures also possibly high. In general it is safe to store unventilated potatoes to a height of about 6 ft. if they are mature, though if they are harvested with a great deal of earth late storage should not be attempted. If there is no intention of storing late, and the potatoes are fairly clean, storage to aheight of 12 ft. may be permissible. Immature potatoes should not be stored to a height of more than 3 ft.
Effect of successive ejaculations on semen characteristics in the buffalo
Authors: Hafez E. S. E. , Darwish Y. H. 
Published: March 2009

Semen samples were collected from buffalo bulls by a.v. at intervals of 24, 12, 8 and 2 hr., four consecutive ejaculates being collected for each bull in every treatment. Semen qualities were measured in fresh and stored ejaculate at 4° C. for 48 hr.1. (a) In fresh semen, the average initial values were 3·12 ml. for volume, 645 × 103 for concentration per cubic millimetre, 2134 × 106 per ejaculate, 7·25 for motility, 80·1% for live spermatozoa and 21·1% for abnormals.(b) Volume, concentration and percentage of live sperm were not affected by successive ejaculations.(c) Motility started to decrease after the third collection in most cases.(d) Percentage of abnormals was highly affected irrespective of interval of collection.(e) When the interval of collection was short, enlarged middle piece of spermatozoa and detached galea capitis were observed.2. (a) In stored semen, the average values were for motility 3·12%, for live sperm 64·5%, and for abnormals 27·4%.(b) Storage caused a decrease in motility and an increase in percentage of abnormals, while it had no effect on percentage of live sperm.(c) The rupture of head membrane of spermatozoa was observed in stored semen.
The effect of the grinding and cubing process on the utilization of the energy of dried grass
Authors: Blaxter K. L. , Graham N. McC. 
Published: March 2009

1. Eighteen determinations of the energy retention of six sheep were made when they were given the same batch of dried grass in the form of chopped material or as cubes. The cubes were made following hammer milling to a medium and fine particle size. The fasting heat production of each sheep was also determined, following subsistence on a standard ration.2. Agreement between determinations of energy retention calculated from the carbon and nitrogen retentions and from the energy exchange was good. The mean discrepancy was 4 Cal./24 hr.3. There were no statistically significant differences in energy retention as between the three materials at either a low (600 g./24 hr.) or a high (1500 g./24 hr.) level of feeding. Calculations of net energy/100 Cal. of food ingested showed that higher values occurred at the lower level of feeding. Standard errors of the means were small, about ±3% of the determined values. Further analysis showed that no large differences in the net energy value of the materials would appear within the normal feeding range, but slight extrapolation of the data indicated that the cubes would be superior at high feeding levels.4. Faecal losses of energy were considerably greater when cubes were given and methane losses were much smaller. Individual sheep which showed low methane losses also showed high faecal energy losses. Faecal losses of energy were smaller at the lower feeding level. Urine energy losses were unaffected by the amount or physical form of the food given.5. Heat losses were greater at the higher nutritional level and were considerably less for cubes than for chopped material. Constancy of net energy value in this study thus involved compensation of high faecal energy losses by low losses of energy as heat and methane.6. The determinations of the digestibility of the carbohydrate fractions of the grass showed that a fall in the digestibility of the structural components of the cell was the major factor causing increased faecal losses. The digestibility of intracellular constituents fell very much less.7. It is shown that evaluation of the grasses in terms of metabolizable or digested energy does not place them in their correct physiological order of nutritive value, and that estimates of nutritive value using Kellner's and other factors do not give their true nutritive worth.8. It is pointed out that physical factors, which change the rate of passage of food through the gut, change the rate and nature of the microbial fermentation, and cause variation in the mechanical work involved in prehending, masticating and cudding food, are as important as the chemical composition of the food in determining its nutritive value.
Performance of mixtures of cereal and legume forages under irrigation in the Sudan
Authors: Osman A. E. , Osman A. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDifferent seeding combinations and monocultures of sorghum forage, Abu Sabein, and legume forage, Lubia, were grown under irrigation on saline marginal lands for two seasons. Certain seeding combination treatinents, particularly (¾ Abu Sabein + ¼ Lubia), produced higher total D.M. than the higher yielding component, Abu Sabein, grown as a monoculture. This mixture treatment, together with some others, yielded more total crude protein than Abu Sabein alone. The seeding combination treatments influenced the pattern of D.M. distribution amongst different strata in the crop canopy. As the percentage of Lubia in the mixture increased, the D.M. of Abu Sabein tended to accumulate in greater proportions in the higher strata.
Developmental characteristics of grass varieties in relation to their herbage production:6. Spring and summer growth of Sabrina hybrid ryegrass and RvP Italian ryegrass as influenced by the date of the initial cut in spring and the length of the succeeding growth period
Authors: Davies I. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe yield and chemical composition of Sabrina hybrid ryegrass and RvP Italian ryegrass were compared, with special reference to regrowth after defoliation in spring and early summer. Initial cuts were taken on 6, 20 April and 4. and 18 May; subsequently a conservation crop was harvested at either 5 or 7 weeks, and a second regrowth 30 days later. There were four fertilizer treatments. Tiller density, stem development and individual tiller dry weight were recorded in selected treatments.At the initial cuts and in the conservation crops after the first three initial cuts, varietal differences in yield and dry-matter digestibility (DMD) were relatively small. In all other harvests, RvP was appreciably higher yielding than Sabrina, and it showed greater responses to fertilizer in all second regrowth harvests. The water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of RvP was consistently higher than that of Sabrina in regrowth harvests; the DMD was higher in Sabrina.In primary growth of the two cultivars, tillering was suppressed at the time of head emergence, but active tillering was resumed earlier in RvP, the later-heading cultivar. In RvP, tillers arising early in the regrowth periods attained head emergence within 5 weeks. In Sabrina there was a marked decline in head production during June, and an increase in the size of individual vegetative tillers.In regrowth harvests both the yield and the % WSC were markedly reduced when drought conditions were most severe; the most marked varietal differences occurred at this time, both in terms of yield of dry matter and % crude protein responses to fertilizer treatment.In the two cultivars the DMD of 7-week conservation crops harvested in late May was at least equal to that of 5-week crops harvested later during drought conditions. A distinctly more advanced stage of development was attained in the earlier, heavieryielding crops.
Results from an experiment on permanent grass evaluating the cumulative effects of aqueous urea, injected alone or with a nitrification inhibitor, with those of ‘Nitro-Chalk’
Authors: Ashworth J. , Widdowson F. V. , Penny A. , Gibbs A. J. , Hodgkinson R. A. , Hewitt M. V. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn an experiment on permanent grass at Rothamsted during 1975–9 fertilizer-N was applied each year either by injecting an aqueous solution of urea (supplying 250, 375 or 500 kg N/ha) in spring, or by broadcasting ‘Nitro-Chalk’ granules (supplying 100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 kg N/ha) in six equal dressings for each of six cuts.Dry-matter production was largest on plots injected with urea through knives 30 cm apart, and more N was recovered from the injected than from the broadcast applications. Aqueous urea injected at the 60 cm knife spacing nitrified more slowly and persisted in the soil longer than urea injected at 30 cm spacing; this persistence caused grass to grow more uniformly throughout the season, but yields were less. Injecting the nitrification inhibitor sodium trithiocarbonate (STC) with the aqueous urea postponed N uptake much less than doubling knife spacing, but the inhibitor substantially diminished percentage N03-N in harvested grass.In spring 1977 individual plots were split to measure N residues. Half-plots thus received N at the specified rates, either in 4 successive years (1975–8) or in two pairs of successive years (1975 and 1976; 1978 and 1979). In 1977 urea injected in the 2 previous years gave large residual effects, which were increased by STC and also by injecting in bands 60 instead of 30 cm apart. Broadcast ‘Nitro-Chalk’ had much smaller residual effects. In 1979 residual effects of N applied in the 4 previous years were apparently small, regardless of the method of application, because clover became abundant on plots not given N.In 1978 dry-matter production was smaller where N had been given each year during 1975–8 than where N was withheld in 1977. Analysis showed this was caused by a shortage of potassium. This effect was most pronounced where 375 or 500 kg N/ha had been injected in bands 60 cm apart.The results showed that a single, injected application of aqueous urea increased yields of dry grass as effectively as equivalent repeated dressings of ‘Nitro-Chalk’.
Plant development and grain yield in spring and winter barley
Authors: Ellis R. P. , Russell G. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe development of spring and winter barley sown in both the spring and autumn has been followed in two seasons. The rates of development were similar in both types for autumn sowings but the spring types developed faster in spring sowings. Differences in the rate of development were related to photoperiod and temperature although soil water stress modified variety response. Yields were higher from autumn and early spring sowings. Sowing in April resulted in a considerable reduction in yield. The significance of these results for barley breeders is discussed.
Floret survival in wheat: significance of the time of floret initiation relative to terminal spikelet formation
Authors: Whingwiri E. E. , Stern W. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Gamenya was grown in a Mediterranean type environment in two separate field experiments, to determine the effects of nitrogen application and date of seeding on floret survival. One treatment, intermediate in nitrogen level and sowing date, was common in both experiments. Rates and durations of spikelet initiation and durations of the floret initiation period were estimated. At maturity, yield and yield components were measured and occurrence of individual grains at each floret position on odd-numbered spikelets were recorded. The time of floret initiation relative to terminal spikelet formation and the subsequent occurrence of grain were examined.Florets developed first in spikelets 5-13 and last in spikelet 1. Added nitrogen hastened the initiation of florets but did not affect the number initiated; it also increased the numbers of grains per spikelet. In the last sowing date treatment, time to floret initiation decreased, but the sequence of floret initiation was unaffected.Numbers of florets and grains on tillers were less than on main shoots. Only about 28% of all florets initiated developed into grain.The main conclusion was that the florets which initiated before the terminal spikelet formed grain and those that initiated afterwards did not; we accordingly postulate that the vascular system between the rachis and the floret develops as the floret is initiated, but that after terminal spikelet formation, this is inhibited and further grains then fail to develop.
Comparative weights of dairy calves at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks of ag at Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Adeneye J. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn a comparative study of some factors that influence the body weights of 36 Friesian, 54 Holstein, 22 Holstein-Friesian, 24 Jersey and 17 Brown Swiss calves born during 1964–9 at the Moor Plantation dairy herd, Ibadan, breeds differed significantly (P <0·01) at all ages. Highly significant sex differences (P <0·01) existed at 4 and 8 weeks of age. The season of birth significantly influenced the weight at 4 and 8 (P < 0·05) and at 12 weeks (P < 0·01). The season × sex and season × breed interactions significantly affected the weights at virtually all ages but the sex × breed interaction did not. The birth weight exerted a highly significant influence (P < 0·01) on all other body weights. It reduced the residual variation as well as the differences and interactions between the main effects. After adjusting for birth-weight differences, body weight was significantly (P < 0·05) influenced at various ages by breed of calf, season of birth, sex × breed and season × breed interactions. The sex and season × sex interaction effects on adjusted body weights at all ages were negligible (P > 0·05).
Contact toxicity of synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides to adults of the parasiteChelonus blackburniCameron
Authors: Surulivelu T. , Menon M. Vijayaraghava 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour synthetic pyrethroids: fenvalerate, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin were evaluated as spray deposits on cotton leaves for their contact toxicity to adults of the parasiteChelonus blackburniCameron (Braconidae). Fenvalerate was found to be the least toxic of the four pyrethroids. In another study five organophosphorus insecticides (profenofos, bromophos ethyl, chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, monocrotophos), three carbamates (U.C.51762, carbosulfan, bendiocarb) and diflubenzuron were evaluated for their contact toxicity to the same parasite. U.C.51762 (carbamate group experimental insecticide) and diflubenzuron were less toxic while the five organophosphorus insecticides, carbosulfan and bendiocarb were highly toxic to the parasite.Contact toxicity of spray deposits of four synthetic pyrethroids were studied against parasitization and subsequent development of the parasiteC. blackburnion thin strips of egg cardsCorcyra cephlonicaStainton. It was observed that fenvalerate was not reducing oviposition or affecting subsequent development of the parasite and emergence from the parasitized eggs while the other pyrethroids, permethrin, cypermethrin and deltamethrin, were toxic.