bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
rTMS age-dependent response in treatment-resistant depressed subjects: a mini-review
Authors: Pallanti Stefano , Cantisani Andrea , Grassi Giacomo , Antonini Sarah , Cecchelli Chiara , Burian Jiulia , Cauli Gilla , Quercioli Leonardo 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundIn old age, depressive syndromes often affect people with chronic medical illnesses, cognitive impairment, and disability, which can worsen the outcomes of other medical disorders and promote disability. Repetitive magnetic transcranial stimulation (rTMS) is a simple and effective treatment in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Therefore the use of rTMS could be of particular potential benefit in treatment-resistant elderly patients, who often cannot tolerate the higher doses of drugs needed or show phenomena of intolerance and interaction. However, several studies assessing the efficacy of rTMS found smaller response rates in elderly patients when compared to younger samples. Nevertheless, the correlation between age and response is still a controversial issue, and there is no strong evidence to date. The aim of our study was to retest the effectiveness and safety of low-frequency rTMS in a 3 weeks active treatment in a group of resistant-depressed patients, and to investigate the role of age in the response to stimulation treatment.MethodsEnrolled in this study were 102 treatment-resistant depressed patients. The patients were treated with low-frequency rTMS over the right dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) for 3 weeks with a simple protocol (420 pulses per session for 15 sessions). At baseline, at the end of the second week, and at the end of the third week of treatment, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) were administered.ResultsLow-frequency rTMS on the prefrontal dorsolateral right area resulted in a statistically significant reduction of mean HAM-D scores in the entire group of patients at the end of treatment. The responder's rate in the whole group at the end of the third week was 56.86%. A significant inverse relationship between HAM-D reduction and age was found in the “older” (>60 years old) group, not in the “younger” (<60 years old) group.ConclusionResults from this study show that low-frequency rTMS over the right DLPFC, with a relatively low number of pulses (420 pulses per session) and a relatively short period of treatment, is effective in the treatment of resistant patients (in a sample also including elderly patients) in a 3-weeks treatment protocol with a low reduction with the progress of age. Furthermore, we found a greater response in younger patients and an inverse correlation between age and treatment response. Adaptations of the protocol according to age are reviewed.
NEITHER CATEGORICAL NOR SET-THEORETIC FOUNDATIONS
Authors: HELLMAN GEOFFREY 
Published: April 2012

AbstractFirst we review highlights of the ongoing debate about foundations of category theory, beginning with Feferman’s important article of 1977, then moving to our own paper of 2003, contrasting replies by McLarty and Awodey, and our own rejoinders to them. Then we offer a modest proposal for reformulating a theory of category of categories that would actually meet the objections of Feferman and Hellman and provide a genuine alternative to set theory as a foundation for mathematics. This proposal is more modest than that of our (2003) in omitting modal logic and in permitting a more “top-down” approach, where particular categories and functors need not be explicitly defined. Possible reasons for resisting the proposal are offered and countered. The upshot is to sustain a pluralism of foundations along lines actually foreseen by Feferman (1977), something that should be welcomed as a way of resolving this long-standing debate.
Wind‐induced splash in Class A evaporation pan
Authors: Chu Chia‐Ren , Li Ming‐Hsu , Chang Yu‐Feng , Liu Tsung‐Chiang , Chen Yi‐Ying 
Published: April 2012

This study investigates the wind‐induced splash in the Class A evaporation pan through a series of wind tunnel experiments. The experimental results revealed that high wind speed can generate seiche wave inside the pan and splash water out of the pan in several minutes. The splash loss increases as the wind speed increases, and the loss rate is at least one order of magnitude greater than the evaporation rate. In other words, the water loss from the pan is not entirely due to evaporation, and the evaporation rates under high wind speeds are over‐estimated. By checking the wind speeds and evaporation rates from a four‐year (2004–2008) field observation collected in northern Taiwan, it is found that the hourly evaporation rate was unusually high when wind speed was larger than 7 m s−1. The splash‐out criterion is set as: hourly average wind speed U ≥ 7 m s−1 and evaporation rate E > 1.64 mm hr−1. The ratio of the splash‐out to the average evaporation rate is 0.75% at this site. In addition, this study examines the influence of the initial water depth in the pan on the evaporation rate. The results demonstrate that, because of the shelter effect caused by the rim of the pan, the evaporation rates for water depth less than 8 cm are lower than that of standard water depth (20 cm) when wind speed U = 4 and 6 m s−1. However, the shelter effect becomes insignificant when wind speed was U = 2 m s−1.
Hydrometeorological triggers of periglacial debris flows in the Zermatt valley (Switzerland) since 1864
Authors: Schneuwly‐Bollschweiler Michelle , Stoffel Markus 
Published: April 2012

The triggering of debris flows depends on a critical combination of available unconsolidated material and water supply. In periglacial environments, debris flows are generally triggered by liquefaction of loose material in a channel, or by progressive erosion during a large release of water. Here, we link an unusually dense and highly resolved database on periglacial debris flows with meteorological records dating back to AD 1864 to reconstruct ∼150 yr of rainstorms that triggered debris flows at high‐elevation sites (source area elevations ranging from 2000 to 4545 m a.s.l.) in the Swiss Alps. Analysis is based on a tree ring‐derived frequency series of debris flows from eight torrents, as well as on daily records from three meteorological stations and runoff data from four river gauging stations. Results show that the debris‐flow season at these high‐altitude sites now is much longer (May to October) than it used to be in the late nineteenth century when activity was limited to June–September. Debris flows early in the season are generally triggered by lower rainstorm totals (<20 mm/day) than those occurring later in the season because early season snowmelt adds considerable amounts of water to the system and therefore facilitates debris‐flow formation. Debris flows in May, June, July, and August are triggered primarily by short‐duration high‐intensity rainstorms (local thunderstorms) whereas late season (September, October) debris flows are commonly related to longer‐lasting advective rainstorms.
Seven years of postseismic deformation following the 2003 Mw = 6.8 Zemmouri earthquake (Algeria) from InSAR time series
Authors: Cetin Esra , Meghraoui Mustapha , Cakir Ziyadin , Akoglu Ahmet M. , Mimouni Omar , Chebbah Mouloud 
Published: April 2012

We study the postseismic surface deformation of the Mw 6.8, 2003 Zemmouri earthquake (northern Algeria) using the Multi‐Temporal Small Baseline InSAR technique. InSAR time series obtained from 31 Envisat ASAR images from 2003 to 2010 reveal sub‐cm coastline ground movements between Cap Matifou and Dellys. Two regions display subsidence at a maximum rate of 2 mm/yr in Cap Djenet and 3.5 mm/yr in Boumerdes. These regions correlate well with areas of maximum coseismic uplifts, and their association with two rupture segments. Inverse modeling suggest that subsidence in the areas of high coseismic uplift can be explained by afterslip on shallow sections (<5 km) of the fault above the areas of coseismic slip, in agreement with previous GPS observations. The earthquake impact on soft sediments and the ground water table southwest of the earthquake area, characterizes ground deformation of non‐tectonic origin. The cumulative postseismic moment due to 7 years afterslip is equivalent to an Mw 6.3 earthquake. Therefore, the postseismic deformation and stress buildup has significant implications on the earthquake cycle models and recurrence intervals of large earthquakes in the Algiers area.
Whistler mode wave growth and propagation in the prenoon magnetosphere
Authors: Watt C. E. J. , Rankin R. , Degeling A. W. 
Published: April 2012

Pitch angle scattering of electrons can limit the stably trapped particle flux in the magnetosphere and precipitate energetic electrons into the ionosphere. Whistler mode waves generated by a temperature anisotropy can mediate this pitch angle scattering over a wide range of radial distances and latitudes, but in order to correctly predict the phase space diffusion, it is important to characterize the whistler mode wave distributions that result from the instability. We use previously published observations of number density, pitch angle anisotropy, and phase space density to model the plasma in the quiet prenoon magnetosphere (defined as periods when AE < 100 nT). We investigate the global propagation and growth of whistler mode waves by studying millions of growing raypaths and demonstrate that the wave distribution at any one location is a superposition of many waves at different points along their trajectories and with different histories. We show that for observed electron plasma properties, very few raypaths undergo magnetospheric reflection; most rays grow and decay within 30 degrees of the magnetic equator. The frequency range of the wave distribution at large L can be adequately described by the solutions of the local dispersion relation, but the range of wave normal angle is different. The wave distribution is asymmetric with respect to the wave normal angle. The numerical results suggest that it is important to determine the variation of magnetospheric parameters as a function of latitude, as well as local time and L‐shell.
A metaproteomic assessment of winter and summer bacterioplankton from Antarctic Peninsula coastal surface waters
Authors: Williams Timothy J , Long Emilie , Evans Flavia , DeMaere Mathew Z , Lauro Federico M , Raftery Mark J , Ducklow Hugh , Grzymski Joseph J , Murray Alison E , Cavicchioli Ricardo 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A metaproteomic survey of surface coastal waters near Palmer Station on the Antarctic Peninsula, West Antarctica, was performed, revealing marked differences in the functional capacity of summer and winter communities of bacterioplankton. Proteins from Flavobacteria were more abundant in the summer metaproteome, whereas winter was characterized by proteins from ammonia-oxidizing Marine Group I Crenarchaeota. Proteins prevalent in both seasons were from SAR11 and Rhodobacterales clades of Alphaproteobacteria, as well as many lineages of Gammaproteobacteria. The metaproteome data were used to elucidate the main metabolic and energy generation pathways and transport processes occurring at the microbial level in each season. In summer, autotrophic carbon assimilation appears to be driven by oxygenic photoautotrophy, consistent with high light availability and intensity. In contrast, during the dark polar winter, the metaproteome supported the occurrence of chemolithoautotrophy via the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle and the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, respectively. Proteins involved in nitrification were also detected in the metaproteome. Taurine appears to be an important source of carbon and nitrogen for heterotrophs (especially SAR11), with transporters and enzymes for taurine uptake and degradation abundant in the metaproteome. Divergent heterotrophic strategies for Alphaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria were indicated by the metaproteome data, with Alphaproteobacteria capturing (by high-affinity transport) and processing labile solutes, and Flavobacteria expressing outer membrane receptors for particle adhesion to facilitate the exploitation of non-labile substrates. TonB-dependent receptors from Gammaproteobacteria and Flavobacteria (particularly in summer) were abundant, indicating that scavenging of substrates was likely an important strategy for these clades of Southern Ocean bacteria. This study provides the first insight into differences in functional processes occurring between summer and winter microbial communities in coastal Antarctic waters, and particularly highlights the important role that ‘dark’ carbon fixation has in winter.
A metagenomic assessment of winter and summer bacterioplankton from Antarctica Peninsula coastal surface waters
Authors: Grzymski Joseph J , Riesenfeld Christian S , Williams Timothy J , Dussaq Alex M , Ducklow Hugh , Erickson Matthew , Cavicchioli Ricardo , Murray Alison E 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Antarctic surface oceans are well-studied during summer when irradiance levels are high, sea ice is melting and primary productivity is at a maximum. Coincident with this timing, the bacterioplankton respond with significant increases in secondary productivity. Little is known about bacterioplankton in winter when darkness and sea-ice cover inhibit photoautotrophic primary production. We report here an environmental genomic and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) analysis of winter and summer Antarctic Peninsula coastal seawater bacterioplankton. Intense inter-seasonal differences were reflected through shifts in community composition and functional capacities encoded in winter and summer environmental genomes with significantly higher phylogenetic and functional diversity in winter. In general, inferred metabolisms of summer bacterioplankton were characterized by chemoheterotrophy, photoheterotrophy and aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis while the winter community included the capacity for bacterial and archaeal chemolithoautotrophy. Chemolithoautotrophic pathways were dominant in winter and were similar to those recently reported in global ‘dark ocean’ mesopelagic waters. If chemolithoautotrophy is widespread in the Southern Ocean in winter, this process may be a previously unaccounted carbon sink and may help account for the unexplained anomalies in surface inorganic nitrogen content.
Leaf microbiota in an agroecosystem: spatiotemporal variation in bacterial community composition on field-grown lettuce
Authors: Rastogi Gurdeep , Sbodio Adrian , Tech Jan J , Suslow Trevor V , Coaker Gitta L , Leveau Johan H J 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The presence, size and importance of bacterial communities on plant leaf surfaces are widely appreciated. However, information is scarce regarding their composition and how it changes along geographical and seasonal scales. We collected 106 samples of field-grown Romaine lettuce from commercial production regions in California and Arizona during the 2009–2010 crop cycle. Total bacterial populations averaged between 105 and 106 per gram of tissue, whereas counts of culturable bacteria were on average one (summer season) or two (winter season) orders of magnitude lower. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons from 88 samples revealed that Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria were the most abundantly represented phyla. At the genus level, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Massilia, Arthrobacter and Pantoea were the most consistently found across samples, suggesting that they form the bacterial ‘core’ phyllosphere microbiota on lettuce. The foliar presence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vitians, which is the causal agent of bacterial leaf spot of lettuce, correlated positively with the relative representation of bacteria from the genus Alkanindiges, but negatively with Bacillus, Erwinia and Pantoea. Summer samples showed an overrepresentation of Enterobacteriaceae sequences and culturable coliforms compared with winter samples. The distance between fields or the timing of a dust storm, but not Romaine cultivar, explained differences in bacterial community composition between several of the fields sampled. As one of the largest surveys of leaf surface microbiology, this study offers new insights into the extent and underlying causes of variability in bacterial community composition on plant leaves as a function of time, space and environment.
Measuring the needs of people with mental illness
Authors: Slade Mike , Glover Gyles , Tansella Michele 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The importance of needs assessment has been one of the most consistent themes to emerge from the evolution of community mental health services. The term ‘need’ has become especially influential in European mental health practice. In the United Kingdom, for example, national policy has emphasized the importance of needs assessment underpinning the planning, development, and evaluation of mental health services (Department of Health, 1999). However, the concept of ‘need’ is used in different, and sometimes contradictory, ways. At the individual level, all mental health and social care should be provided on the basis of need. At the population level, funding allocation is intended to match the needs of the population, so that whether or not overall resources are adequate, efficiency and equity are achieved. The aim of this chapter is to define needs assessment, to consider different approaches to assessing needs at the individual and at the population levels, and to discuss how needs assessments can be applied in real-world settings in planning and delivering clinical care.
Mental health, ethnicity, and cultural diversity: evidence and challenges
Authors: Morgan Craig 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Migration is the primary driving force behind increasing ethnic and cultural diversity in many societies around the world. The movement of people across (and within) national boundaries, be it in search of economic prosperity or fleeing war and persecution, has been a central feature of modern history and has accelerated in recent years (Castles and Miller, 2009). Estimates by the United Nations (UN) suggest the total number of migrants (i.e. persons who have lived outside their country of birth for 12 months or more) is around 190 to 200 million or 3 % of the world’s population (UNDESA, 2004). These estimates do not include settled minority ethnic populations where, increasingly, the majority were born in the countries to which their parents or grandparents migrated. In the United Kingdom (UK), for example, minority ethnic groups now form 12 % of the population, with this rising to over 50 % in some areas of London (e.g. Newham) (Office for National Statistics). In the most recent edition of their textbook, Castles and Miller (2009) identify a number of trends in migration that are likely to have important ongoing political, economic, and social consequences. These include: the globalization of migration (i.e. the tendency for more countries to be affected by migration, both inward and outward); the acceleration of migration (i.e. the continued rise in absolute numbers of migrants in most regions of the world); and the differentiation of migration (i.e. the increased diversity of types and origins of migrants moving to single countries). These trends are already evident in, for example, many European countries, including Britain which has migrants from over 40 countries (Institute for Public Policy Research), and the United States (US) where estimates suggest that by 2050 minority ethnic and racial groups will comprise over 50 % of the population (U.S. Census Bureau, 2004). What these processes point to is an inexorable rise in ethnic and cultural diversity in many countries. This has major implications for the development and delivery of public services and, in particular, poses an ongoing challenge for mental health policy and service provision. It is these challenges that are the focus of this chapter. Three specific aspects are critically reviewed, with examples drawn mainly from the US and the UK: 1) the extent of, and variations in, mental health needs in migrant and minority ethnic groups; 2) access to and use of mental health services among these groups; and 3) proposals for ensuring mental health services are more responsive to the needs of ethnically and culturally diverse populations. To begin with, some definitions are necessary.
Organizing the range of community mental health services
Authors: Thornicroft Graham , Tansella Michele , Drake Robert E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In discussing the organization of the full range of community mental health services in this chapter, we shall first consider some important pre-conditions, namely the scale of needs in any given population, the degree of coverage of these needs by existing services, the quantity and quality of available resources, and how far the attitudes of staff and the population at large promote or hinder a service primarily focused upon the needs of service users. We go on to describe a ‘balanced care’ model, which includes both hospital-based and community-based care, and its application in low-, medium-, and high-resource settings. We then summarize our own experience in developing community care to draw out the key lessons learned, including the need to include a wide range of stakeholder groups. Finally we discuss the key barriers that can impede the implementation of the balanced care model, and methods to overcome these forms of resistance.
Illness self-management programmes
Authors: Mueser Kim T. , Gingerich Susan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In recent years there has been a growth in programmes aimed at teaching illness self-management skills to individuals with a major mental illness. This trend reflects a broader trend in modern medicine towards adopting a more collaborative approach that includes the patient and family members in the management of chronic medical disorders. Education about psychiatric disorders and teaching of illness self-management strategies is now a common practice in the mental health field, and a growing number of programmes have been developed with standard curriculum and teaching methods designed to achieve this. While the goal of these programmes is to improve illness self-management through better adherence to treatment recommendations and improved skills for coping with persistent symptoms and impairments, the management of psychiatric disorders in these programmes is generally viewed as a collaborative process that involves the client, treatment team, and family members or friends.
We begin this chapter with a review of factors that led to the development and growth of illness self-management programmes. We then discuss the goals of illness self-management programmes, followed by a review of different approaches to teaching illness self-management. We then address research supporting illness self-management, and briefly describe several programmes. We conclude with a brief summary of illness self-management for people with serious psychiatric disorders.