bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐organizing traffic lights at multiple‐street intersections
Authors: Gershenson Carlos , Rosenblueth David A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe elementary cellular automaton following rule 184 can mimic particles flowing in one direction at a constant speed. Therefore, this automaton can model highway traffic qualitatively. In a recent paper, we have incorporated intersections regulated by traffic lights to this model using exclusively elementary cellular automata. In such a paper, however, we only explored a rectangular grid. We now extend our model to more complex scenarios using an hexagonal grid. This extension shows first that our model can readily incorporate multiple‐way intersections and hence simulate complex scenarios. In addition, the current extension allows us to study and evaluate the behavior of two different kinds of traffic‐light controller for a grid of six‐way streets allowing for either two‐ or three‐street intersections: a traffic light that tries to adapt to the amount of traffic (which results in self‐organizing traffic lights) and a system of synchronized traffic lights with coordinated rigid periods (sometimes called the “green‐wave” method). We observe a tradeoff between system capacity and topological complexity. The green‐wave method is unable to cope with the complexity of a higher‐capacity scenario, while the self‐organizing method is scalable, adapting to the complexity of a scenario and exploiting its maximum capacity. Additionally, in this article, we propose a benchmark, independent of methods and models, to measure the performance of a traffic‐light controller comparing it against a theoretical optimum. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012
Solid superacid catalyzed glycerol esterification of free fatty acids in waste cooking oil for biodiesel production
Authors: Wang Yong , Ma Shun , Wang Lili , Tang Shuze , Riley William W. , Reaney Martin J. T. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe free fatty acids (FFAs) of waste cooking oil (WCO) are readily esterified with crude glycerol in the presence of the solid superacid SO/ZrO2–Al2O3. This reaction lowers the acidity of WCO before biodiesel production. The solid superacid SO/ZrO2–Al2O3 catalyzes both FFA esterification and TAG glycerolysis during the reaction. The conversion of FFA in the WCO with an acid value of 88.4 ± 0.5 mg KOH/g to acylglycerols was 98.4% under optimal conditions (mole ratio of glycerol to FFA = 1.4:1; reaction time = 4 h; reaction temperature = 200°C; catalyst loading = 0.3 wt%) obtained through an orthogonal experiment. The final FAME product with a FAME content of 96.9 ± 0.3 wt% yield was 94.8 wt%, after transesterification of the esterified WCO with methanol, catalyzed by potassium hydroxide. The FAME composition of the products produced by transesterification were identified and quantified by GC–MS. The results suggest that this new glycerol esterification process, using a solid superacid catalyst, affords a promising method to convert oils with high FFA levels, like WCO, to biodiesel. The process has the inherent advantage of easy separation steps for removing excess alcohol and significant savings in energy, when compared to acid catalyzed reactions with methanol to lower acidity.Practical applications: In this work, WCO with a high acid value was esterified with crude glycerol catalyzed by solid super acid, whose formula was expressed as SO/ZrO2–Al2O3. There are distinct advantages to this new esterification process, which include easy separation of the excess crude glycerol by sedimentation or centrifugation, the use of the low cost reactant crude glycerol direct from the byproducts of transesterification, the potential to achieve a very low content of FFAs by post‐refining to improve the yield of the final product, and time and energy saving are found as compared to the traditional methanol esterification process. This new technology provides a promising alternative method for processing feedstocks of high acid value, such as WCO, for the production of biodiesel.
Evaluation of remotely‐sensed DEMs and modification based on plausibility rules and initial sediment budgets of an artificially‐created catchment
Authors: Schneider Anna , Gerke Horst H. , Maurer Thomas , Seifert Stefan , Nenov Rossen , Hüttl Reinhard F. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTTo quantify landscape change resulting from processes of erosion and deposition and to establish spatially distributed sediment budgets, ‘models of change’ can be established from a time series of digital elevation models (DEMs). However, resolution effects and measurement errors in DEMs may propagate to these models. This study aimed to evaluate and to modify remotely‐sensed DEMs for an improved quantification of initial sediment mass changes in an artificially‐created catchment. DEMs were constructed from photogrammetry‐based, airborne (ALS) and ground‐based laser scanning (TLS) data. Regions of differing morphological characteristics and vegetation cover were delineated. Three‐dimensional (3D) models of volume change were established and mass change was derived from these models. DEMs were modified region‐by‐region for rill, interrill and alluvial areas, based on logical and hydro‐geomorphological principles. Additional DEMs were constructed by combining multi‐source, modified data. Models were evaluated by comparison with d‐GPS reference data and by considering sediment budget plausibility. Comprehensive evaluation showed that DEM usability depends on a relation between the technique used to obtain elevation data, surface morphology and vegetation cover characteristics. Photogrammetry‐based DEMs were suited to quantification of change in interrill areas but strongly underestimated surface lowering in erosion rills. TLS DEMs were best suited to rill areas, while ALS DEMs performed best in vegetation‐covered alluvial areas. Agreement with reference data and budget plausibility were improved by modifications to photogrammetry‐ and TLS‐based DEMs. Results suggest that artefacts in DEMs can be reduced and hydro‐geomorphic surface structures can be better represented by applying region‐specific modifications. Photogrammetry‐based DEMs can be improved by combining higher and lower resolution data in defined structural units and applying modifications based on principles given by characteristic hydro‐geomorphic evolution. Results of the critical comparative evaluation of remotely‐sensed elevation data can help to better interpret DEM‐based quantifications of earth‐surface processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volatile aroma components of Thai fish sauce in relation to product categorization
Authors: Wichaphon Jetsada , Thongthai Chaufah , Assavanig Apinya , Lertsiri Sittiwat 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTNumerous investigations on aroma characteristics of fish sauce in particular samples have been conducted extensively; however, the relation of those volatile aroma profiles and aroma characteristics to quality and categorization of the product have never been reported. This study explored the contribution of volatile aroma components on product quality categorization of 52 Thai fish sauce samples. First, odour‐active compounds were investigated by dynamic headspace gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC‐O) from eight selected samples with four different qualities, including mature–unblended samples, premium‐grade samples, first‐grade samples and second‐grade samples. Eleven odour‐active compounds, i.e. acetic acid, propanoic acid, 2‐methylpropanoic acid, butanoic acid, 3‐methylbutanoic acid, dimethyl trisulfide, 3‐(methylthio)propanal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 2‐butanol, trimethylamine and n‐propanol, contributed to the aroma characteristics of Thai fish sauce. A combination score was assigned to express the integration of flavour dilution on dynamic headspace dilution analysis and intensity of odour perceived on GC‐O. The combination scores were analysed with principal component analysis to categorize these eight selected samples. Furthermore, these odour‐active compounds detected as released volatile compounds from 52 fish sauce samples were applied for categorization of 52 samples. As a result, both combination scores and relative concentrations of these odour‐active compounds could discriminate the fish sauce products according to their conventional grading which is based on total nitrogen of the sample. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur thermisch‐hydraulisch‐mechanisch gekoppelten Simulation eines Energiepfahls
Authors: Ma Xiaolong , Qiu Gang , Grabe Jürgen 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThermische Aktivierung von Pfählen bietet eine wirtschaftliche Möglichkeit, oberflächennahe Geothermie zu nutzen. Allerdings verursacht die Temperaturänderung in den Pfählen und im umliegenden Boden eine Wärmedehnung. Da die Temperaturänderungen nicht gleichmäßig und die Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten von Beton und Boden unterschiedlich sind, wird die Interaktion zwischen diesen dadurch beeinflusst. In diesem Artikel wird das thermisch‐hydraulisch‐mechanische (THM) Verhalten eines Energiepfahls mit numerischen Methoden untersucht. Ein visko‐hypoplastisches Stoffmodell wird verwendet, um das viskose Verhalten einschließlich Kriechen, Relaxation und Viskosität eines bindigen Bodens abzubilden. Die numerischen Ergebnisse werden mit Messergebnissen eines Feldtests verglichen.Thermo‐hydro‐mechanical coupeld simulation of an energy pile. Thermal activation of piles provides a cost‐effective opportunity to use shallow geothermal energy. However, the temperature changes in piles and soils induce thermal expansion. As temperature changes and the thermal expansion coefficients of concrete and soils are not the same, the interaction between them will be affected. In this article the thermal‐hydro‐mechanical behaviour of an energy pile is simulated. A visco‐hypoplastic soil model is used to reproduce the viscose behaviour including creep, relaxation and rate dependency of fine grained soils. The numerical results will be compared with measurements of a field test.
Modeling the effects of riparian planting strategies on stream temperature: Increasing suitable habitat for endangered Formosan Landlocked Salmon in Shei‐Pa National Park, Taiwan
Authors: Lee T. Y. , Huang J. C. , Kao S. J. , Liao L. Y. , Tzeng C. S. , Yang C. H. , Kalita P. K. , Tung C. P. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractReducing or stabilizing the stream temperature of ChiChiaWan Creek is a crucial work for Formosan Landlocked Salmon because ChiChiaWan Creek is the only one habitat for this endangered species. Planting trees in the riparian zone would be one of the alternatives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of several planting strategies on daily maximum stream temperature along the river. The results showed the effective vegetative shading angles should be more than 50° along ChiChiaWan Creek to reduce the direct solar radiation heating effectively. Upstream planting with 70° vegetative shading angle could be the most effective way among all the scenarios. However, this planting strategy could not improve the worst situations in summer because of the large solar elevation angles. The upstream planting in ChiChiaWan Creek was strongly recommended because the canopies could be easier to extend to totally cover the narrow width of river producing the most effective shades. Practicing the upstream planting with 90° vegetative shading angle can increase more than 1 km long suitable habitats for the endangered Salmon in summer. Alternatively, the west‐side planting scenario was the second effective way for temperature reduction. Our result provided a useful suggestion for the authorities in charge of saving the Formosan Landlocked Salmon, particularly under the stress of global warming. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dan Shechtman’s Quasicrystal Discovery in Perspective
Authors: Hargittai Istvan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDan Shechtman’s discovery of quasicrystals brought about a paradigm change in chemistry, physics, materials science, and other areas of science and engineering. Although superficially it could be looked at as a serendipitous event, Shechtman’s curiosity and drive played equal parts with serendipity in this discovery. Shechtman was a lonely discoverer, again, seemingly detached from the main stream of generalized crystallography for which his contribution was a milestone. Generalized crystallography is the science of structures without restrictions — “structures beyond crystals.”1 The discovery of quasicrystals can be seen as written into the history of ideas that have much extended our views about the tools of our scientific inquiry and the materials we aim at producing and utilizing. This review augments a recent Editorial in the August 2011 issue of Structural Chemistry about the lessons of the quasicrystal discovery2 and a book chapter about Dan Shechtman’s traits as a discoverer and about his road to the discovery.3
EFFECT OF GROUNDWATER LEVEL DEPTH AND IRRIGATION AMOUNT ON WATER FLUXES AT THE GROUNDWATER TABLE AND WATER USE OF WHEAT
Authors: Huo Zailin , Feng Shaoyuan , Huang Guanhua , Zheng Yanyan , Wang Yahui , Guo Ping 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThree irrigation water regimes (90.0, 67.5, and 45.0 mm) and five groundwater table depths (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 m) were considered in a lysimeter experiment to investigate the effect of groundwater level and irrigation amount on water fluxes at the groundwater table and water use of wheat. Results show that deep percolation (irrigation of 16–23%) occurred to a considerable extent in the present irrigation level at a shallow groundwater table of 1.5–2.0 m. Capillary rise comprised 29% of the water use of wheat, within the period from regreening to harvest, at 1.5 m groundwater table depth, and was reduced with an increase in table depth. A relationship between groundwater contribution and groundwater table depth was also found. In the present irrigation conditions, the water productivity (WPb) of wheat was enhanced from 3.59 kg m‐3 at a shallower groundwater level depth of 1.5 m, to 4.58 kg m‐3 at a deeper groundwater level depth of 3.5 m. WPb can be higher if deficit irrigation is enforced and can reach 3.93–6.03 kg m‐3. Similarly, a relationship between WPb and groundwater table depth was found. Hence, the irrigation amount per time for local wheat can be reduced to 45.0–67.5 mm, depending on the groundwater level depth, in order to use water resources effectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovery of common urinary biomarkers for hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen and methotrexate by mass spectrometry‐based metabolomics
Authors: Kumar Bhowmik Salil , Chung Bong Chul , Kwon Oh‐Seung , Jung Byung Hwa 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTLiver toxicity represents an important healthcare issue because it causes significant morbidity and mortality and can be difficult to predict before symptoms appear owing to drug therapy or exposure to toxicants. Using metabolomic techniques, we discovered common biomarkers for the prediction of hepatotoxicity in rat urine using mass spectrometry. For this purpose, liver toxicity was induced by 5 days of oral administration of carbon tetrachloride (1 ml kg−1 per day), acetaminophen (1000 mg kg−1 per day) and methotrexate (50 mg kg−1 per day). Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and histopathology in liver tissue were then checked to demonstrate liver toxicity. Global metabolic profiling with UPLC‐TOF‐MS (ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry), multivariate analysis (partial least square‐discriminant analysis, hierarchical analysis) and database searching were performed to discover common biomarkers for liver toxicity induced by these three compounds. Urinary concentrations of the newly discovered biomarkers were then quantified to confirm them as biomarkers of hepatotoxicity with targeted metabolic profiling using GC (gas chromatography)–MS and CE (capillary electrophoresis)–MS. In the results, steroids, amino acids and bile acids were metabolically changed between the control and drug‐treated groups in global metabolic profiling; 11β‐hydroxyandrosterone, epiandrosterone, estrone, 11‐dehydrocorticosterone, glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, dl‐ornithine, 3‐methylhistidine, cholic acid and lithocholic acid were selected as liver toxicity biomarkers after performing targeted metabolic profiling. In conclusion, we discovered metabolite biomarkers belonging to three different metabolic pathways to check for liver toxicity with mass spectrometry from a metabolomics study that could be used to evaluate hepatotoxicity induced by drugs or other toxic compounds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronic inhalation of biomass smoke is associated with DNA damage in airway cells: involvement of particulate pollutants and benzene
Authors: Mukherjee Bidisha , Dutta Anindita , Roychoudhury Sanghita , Ray Manas Ranjan 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThis study examined whether indoor air pollution from biomass fuel burning induces DNA damage in airway cells. For this, sputum cells were collected from 56 premenopausal rural women who cooked with biomass (wood, dung, crop residues) and 49 age‐matched controls who cooked with cleaner liquefied petroleum gas. The levels of particulate matters with diameters of less than 10 and 2.5 µm (PM10 and PM2.5) in indoor air were measured using a real‐time aerosol monitor. Benzene exposure was monitored by measuring trans,trans‐muconic acid (t,t‐MA) in urine by HPLC‐UV. DNA damage was examined by alkaline comet assay in sputum cells. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and level of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in sputum cells were measured by flow cytometry and spectrophotometry, respectively. Compared with controls, biomass users had 4 times higher tail percentage DNA, 37% more comet tail length and 5 times more Olive tail moment (p < 0.001) in inflammatory and epithelial cells in sputum, suggesting extensive DNA damage. In addition, women who cooked with biomass had 6 times higher levels of urinary t,t‐MA and 2‐fold higher levels of ROS generation concomitant with 28% depletion of SOD. Indoor air of biomass‐using households had 2–4 times more PM10 and PM2.5 than that of controls. After controlling potential confounders, positive association was found between DNA damage parameters, particulate pollution, urinary t,t‐MA and ROS. Thus, long‐term exposure to biomass smoke induces DNA damage in airway cells and the effect was probably mediated, at least in part, by oxidative stress generated by inhaled particulate matter and benzene. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioluminescence imaging of energy depletion in vascular pathology: patent ductus arteriosus and atherosclerosis
Authors: Leppänen Olli , Ekstrand Matias , Bräsen Jan Hinrich , Levin Max 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe artery wall may develop energy depletion due to insufficient nutritional supply. However, until recently it has not been possible to validate this hypothesis because no available technology has allowed assessment of energy metabolism with sufficient spatial resolution. We use high resolution bioluminescence metabolic imaging to study energy metabolism in two mechanistically different vascular pathologies: patent ductus arteriosus and atherosclerosis. Physiological energy depletion in postnatally constricting ductus arteriosus promotes permanent closure. Insufficient ductus energy depletion, common in preterm infants, is associated with persistent patent ductus arteriosus, a condition with significantly increased morbidity and mortality. In contrast, in atherosclerosis, energy depletion in the macrophage‐rich lesion core promotes cell death contributing to lesion instability and disease progression. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Beliefs and personality disorders: an overview of the personality beliefs questionnaire
Authors: Bhar Sunil S. , Beck Aaron T. , Butler Andrew C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjective: This article presents an overview of the Personality Beliefs Questionnaire (PBQ)—a 126‐item self‐report measure of beliefs associated with 10 personality disorders. Design: It consolidates the literature on the PBQ over the last 20 years to provide a summary of the psychometric status, revisions and applications of the PBQ scales. Results: The PBQ scales are psychometrically reliable (α = 77–94, test‐retest stability r=.57–.93) and discriminate between individuals with and without a specific personality disorder. Two revisions have been made to the measure: A 14‐item subscale measuring beliefs central to borderline personality disorder has been identified, and a short form version of the PBQ has been validated. The PBQ has been used to measure cognitive mechanisms of treatment outcomes, and has been found to be sensitive to changes in beliefs. Conclusions: Given the proposed shift in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM‐5) to a dimensional conceptualization of psychological components of personality dysfunction, the PBQ is likely to remain relevant and useful for identifying such components in individuals with personality disorders. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 68:1–13, 2012.
Debris and smear removal in flattened root canals after use of different irrigant agitation protocols
Authors: Ribeiro Eduardo Milani , Silva‐Sousa Yara T.C. , Souza‐Gabriel Aline Evangelista , Sousa‐Neto Manoel DamiÃO , Lorencetti Karina Torales , Silva Silvio Rocha Correa 
Published: December 2011

AbstractScanning electron microscopy (SEM) can be used to analyze the presence of debris and smear layer on the internal walls of root canal. This study evaluated the debris and smear removal in flattened root canals using SEM after use of different irrigant agitation protocols. Fifty mandibular incisors were distributed into five groups (n = 10) according to the irrigant agitation protocol used during chemomechanical preparation: conventional syringe irrigation with NaviTip needle (no activation), active scrubbing of irrigant with brush‐covered NaviTip FX needle, manual dynamic irrigation, continuous passive ultrasonic irrigation, and apical negative pressure irrigation (EndoVac system). Canals were irrigated with 5 mL of 2.5% NaOCl at each change of instrument and received a final flush with 17% EDTA for 1 min. After instrumentation, the roots were split longitudinally and SEM micrographs at ×100 and ×1,000 were taken to evaluate the amount of debris and smear layer, respectively, in each third. Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn's post‐hoc tests (α = 5%). Manual dynamic activation left significantly (p < 0.05) more debris inside the canals than the other protocols, while ultrasonic irrigation and EndoVac were the most effective (p < 0.05) for debris removal. Regarding the removal of smear layer, there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) either among the irrigant agitation protocols or between the protocol–canal third interactions. Although none of the irrigant agitation protocols completely removed debris and smear layer from flattened root canals, the machine‐assisted agitation systems (ultrasound and EndoVac) removed more debris than the manual techniques. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:781–790, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.