bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structure, Aggregation‐Induced Emission, Self‐Assembly, and Electron Mobility of 2,5‐Bis(triphenylsilylethynyl)‐3,4‐diphenylsiloles
Authors: Zhao Zujin , Liu Dandan , Mahtab Faisal , Xin Linyuan , Shen Zhongfang , Yu Yong , Chan Carrie Y. K. , Lu Ping , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Sung Herman H. Y. , Williams Ian D. , Yang Bing , Ma Yuguang , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: April 2011

Abstract2,5‐Bis(triphenylsilylethynyl)‐3,4‐diphenylsiloles with different 1,1‐substituents [XYSi(CPh)2(CCCSiPh3)2] (Ph=phenyl) were synthesized in high yields by the Sonogashira coupling of 2,5‐dibromo‐3,4‐diphenylsiloles with triphenylsilylacetylene, and two of these were characterized crystallographically. Crystal structures and theoretical calculations showed that the new silole molecules had higher conjugation than 2,5‐diarylsiloles. They possessed low HOMO and LUMO energy levels due to the electron‐withdrawing effect of the triphenylsilylethynyl groups. Cyclic voltammetry analysis revealed low electron affinities, which were comparable to those of perfluoroarylsiloles. B3LYP/6‐31* calculations demonstrated that the new siloles possessed large reorganization energies for electron and hole transfers and high electron mobilities. A mobility of up to 1.2×10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1 was obtained by the transient electroluminescence method, which was about fivefold higher than that of tris(8‐hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum, a widely used electron‐transport material, under the same conditions. All of the silole molecules possessed high thermal stability. Although, their solutions were weakly emissive, their nanoparticle suspensions and thin films emitted intense blue‐green light upon photoexcitation, demonstrating a novel feature of aggregation‐induced emission (AIE). Polarized emissions were observed in the silole crystals. The addition of solvents, which did not dissolve the silole molecules, into silole‐containing solutions caused self‐assembly of the molecules, which produced macroscopic fibrils with strong light emissions.
Signal Transducers and Enzyme Cofactors are Susceptible to Oxidation by Nanographite Impurities in Carbon Nanotube Materials
Authors: J. E. Stuart Emma , Pumera Martin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are often employed in biofuel cells, artificial photosystems and bioelectronics in order to enhance electron transfer and to efficiently shuttle electrons between redox active molecules and the electrode surface. However, it should be noted that typical CNTs are highly heterogeneous materials, containing large amounts of impurities. Herein, we report the influence of nanographite impurities contained within CNTs upon the redox properties of signal transducers and enzyme cofactors that are vital for the functioning of biofuel cells, artificial leaves and bioelectronics as well as for the survival of living organisms. We investigate the susceptibility of tyrosine and tryptophan, amino acids involved in electron transfer and biorecognition reactions as well in the synthesis of neurotransmitters, in addition we also consider the susceptibility of the principal electron carrier β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. We conclude that nanographite impurities within CNTs are responsible for the “electrocatalytic” oxidation of NADH and two amino acids involved in signal transduction, tyrosine and tryptophan. Our findings are of high importance for both industrial and biomedical applications.
UV–Raman and NMR Spectroscopic Studies on the Crystallization of Zeolite A and a New Synthetic Route
Authors: Ren Limin , Li Caijin , Fan Fengtao , Guo Qiang , Liang Desheng , Feng Zhaochi , Li Can , Li Shougui , Xiao Feng‐Shou 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUV–Raman and NMR spectroscopy, combined with other techniques, have been used to characterize crystallization of zeolite A. In situ UV–Raman spectroscopy shows that the starting gel for crystallization of zeolite A contains a lot of four‐ring (4R) building units and the appearance of six‐ring (6R) building blocks is the signal for crystal formation. 29Si NMR spectroscopy results suggest that the starting gel is double four‐ring (D4R) rich and during crystallization of zeolite A both α and β cages appear. 27Al NMR spectroscopy results indicate the absence of Al (2Si) species in the starting gel, suggesting the absence of single 4R building units in the starting gel. Furthermore, composition analysis of both solid and liquid samples shows that the solid rather than liquid phase predominates for the crystallization of zeolite A. Therefore, it is proposed that the crystallization of zeolite A mainly occurs in the solid phase by self‐assembly or rearrangement starting from the zeolite building units mainly consisting of D4R. The essential role of D4R is directly confirmed by successful conversion from a solution of D4R to zeolite A in the presence of NaCl, and the importance of solid phase is reasonably demonstrated by the successful synthesis of zeolite A from a dry aluminosilicate gel. By considering that the solid phase has a major contribution to crystallization, a novel route was designed to synthesizing zeolite A from the raw materials water glass (Na2SiO3 in aqueous solution) and NaAlO2, without additional water and NaOH; this route not only simplifies synthetic procedures, but reduces water consumption.
Chiral Monofluorobenzyl Carbanions: Synthesis of Enantiopure β‐Fluorinated β‐Phenylethylamines
Authors: García Ruano José L. , Parra Alejandro , Alonso Inés , Fustero Santos , del Pozo Carlos , Arroyo Yolanda , Sanz‐Tejedor Ascensión 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe preparation of a stabilized monofluorobenzyl carbanion by means of a remote homochiral sulfinyl group and its completely stereoselective reactions with N‐p‐tolylsulfinylimines are described. The use of these reactions followed by the simultaneous removal of both chiral auxiliaries with tBuLi, which occurs without epimerization at the benzylic position, provides the quickest entry to enantiomerically pure β‐fluorinated β‐phenylethylamines.
Numerical Determination of the Translocation Rate of Particles Through a Pore
Authors: Geier Stephanie , Hernández‐Ortiz Juan P. , de Pablo Juan J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDie Bewegung von großen Partikeln durch enge Poren hindurch ist ein sehr seltenes Ereignis. Deshalb ist die Bestimmung der Durchgangsrate mit Hilfe von konventionellen Simulationsmethoden wenig effizient. Die Durchgangsrate eines kugelförmigen Partikels durch eine Porengeometrie wurde in dieser Arbeit mit Hilfe des Forward Flux Sampling (FFS) bestimmt und mit dem Ergebnis konventioneller Simulationsmethoden verglichen.
Investigation on the effect of blade patterns on continuous solid mixing performance
Authors: Gao Yijie , Ierapetritou Marianthi , Muzzio Fernando 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPrevious experimental and computational work has demonstrated that the geometry of the impeller has a significant effect on the mixing performance of continuous powder mixers. In particular, different blade patterns using either all blades pushing the powder forward (‘forward pattern’) are less effective than patterns where some of the blades push the powder backwards (‘alternate pattern’). In this article, we use Discrete Element Method to investigate this issue, as well as to examine whether batch mixers can be used to estimate the cross‐sectional mixing rate of continuous mixing process. Mixing and flow of particles are examined in simple geometries consisting of a cylindrical cross‐section agitated by impellers. In these geometries, blades are designed ‘forward’ and ‘alternate’ to study different blade patterns. Periodic boundary conditions are used to approximate an idealised cross‐section of a continuous mixer. In addition, to examine whether an experimentally realisable batch system could be used to validate these cross‐sectional simulations, we examine mixing in geometries with solid end walls. Performance in these elemental systems is compared qualitatively in terms of radially averaged velocity vectors, and quantitatively in terms of the mixing rate and the fill level profile. Results show that end walls and symmetric blade pairs of the ‘alternate’ blade patterns lead to faster mixing. Non‐symmetric elemental systems display both increased fill level uniformity and similar mixing performance for both blade patterns. Results demonstrate the need for caution when attempting to use batch mixing information to estimate the cross‐sectional mixing rate of continuous powder mixers.
Decitabine and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) inhibit growth of ovarian cancer cell lines and xenografts while inducing expression of imprinted tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis, G2/M arrest, and autophagy
Authors: Chen Min‐Yu , Liao Warren S.‐L. , Lu Zhen , Bornmann William G. , Hennessey Violeta , Washington Michele N. , Rosner Gary L. , Yu Yinhua , Ahmed Ahmed Ashour , Bast Robert C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Epigenetic therapy has had a significant impact on the management of hematologic malignancies, but its role in the treatment of ovarian cancer remains to be defined. The authors previously demonstrated that treatment of ovarian and breast cancer cells with DNA methyltransferase and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors can up‐regulate the expression of imprinted tumor suppressors. In this study, demethylating agents and HDAC inhibitors were tested for their ability to induce re‐expression of tumor suppressor genes, inhibiting growth of ovarian cancer cells in culture and in xenografts.METHODS:Ovarian cancer cells (Hey and SKOv3) were treated with demethylating agents (5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine [DAC] or 5‐azacitidine [AZA]) or with HDAC inhibitors (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [SAHA] or trichostatin A [TSA]) to determine their impact on cellular proliferation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, autophagy, and re‐expression of 2 growth inhibitory imprinted tumor suppressor genes: guanosine triphosphate‐binding Di‐RAS‐like 3 (ARHI) and paternally expressed 3 (PEG3). The in vivo activities of DAC and SAHA were assessed in a Hey xenograft model.RESULTS:The combination of DAC and SAHA produced synergistic inhibition of Hey and SKOv3 cell growth by apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. DAC induced autophagy in Hey cells that was enhanced by SAHA. Treatment with both agents induced re‐expression of ARHI and PEG3 in cultured cells and in xenografts, correlating with growth inhibition. Knockdown of ARHI decreased DAC‐induced autophagy. DAC and SAHA inhibited the growth of Hey xenografts and induced autophagy in vivo.CONCLUSIONS:A combination of DAC and SAHA inhibited ovarian cancer growth while inducing apoptosis, G2/M arrest, autophagy, and re‐expression of imprinted tumor suppressor genes. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Analysis of differential shrinkage in frozen brain sections and its implications for the use of guard zones in stereology
Authors: Carlo C.N. , Stevens C.F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIncreasing numbers of neuroanatomists are using stereological methods, and unbiased stereological estimation rules recommend the use of guard zones with the optical disector method to count objects of interest within a volume. Although these methods are statistically unbiased, we believe there is a need to explore sources of systematic bias (e.g., effects of tissue processing and sectioning) that may be affecting estimates of object number. Toward this end, we evaluated neuron distribution through, and tissue shrinkage in, non‐embedded tissue cut on a freezing microtome. Our data show that in the x‐ and y‐planes there are minimal changes in tissue area during tissue processing, sectioning, and staining. In the z‐axis (perpendicular to the cutting surface), however, sections shrink to ∼25% of the cut thickness. This z‐axis shrinkage was quite variable between sections (coefficient of variation about 10%) but stable within the same section (coefficient of variation about 3%). Lastly, individual particle densities are non‐uniform through the thickness of the section when the densities should have been uniform. We advise experimenters to use a new protocol, a modified optical disector, for estimation when objects to be counted are marked such that the x‐, y‐, and z‐coordinates are recorded through the full thickness of a section and guard zones are applied post data collection based on the characteristics of the object distribution along the z‐axis. It is likely that individual experiments with different embedding materials and histological processing steps could require guard zones of varying sizes, or none at all, depending on object distribution in the z‐axis. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2803–2810, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and physiological effects of B‐type allatostatins (myoinhibitory peptides, MIPs) in the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab Cancer borealis
Authors: Szabo Theresa M. , Chen Ruibing , Goeritz Marie L. , Maloney Ryan T. , Tang Lamont S. , Li Lingjun , Marder Eve 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is modulated by a large number of amines and neuropeptides that are found in descending pathways from anterior ganglia or reach the STG via the hemolymph. Among these are the allatostatin (AST) B types, also known as myoinhibitory peptides (MIPs). We used mass spectrometry to determine the sequences of nine members of the AST‐B family of peptides that were found in the stomatogastric nervous system of the crab Cancer borealis. We raised an antibody against Cancer borealis allatostatin‐B1 (CbAST‐B1; VPNDWAHFRGSWa) and used it to map the distribution of CbAST‐B1‐like immunoreactivity (‐LI) in the stomatogastric nervous system. CbAST‐B1‐LI was found in neurons and neuropil in the commissural ganglia (CoGs), in somata in the esophageal ganglion (OG), in fibers in the stomatogastric nerve (stn), and in neuropilar processes in the STG. CbAST‐B1‐LI was blocked by preincubation with 10−6 M CbAST‐B1 and was partially blocked by lower concentrations. Electrophysiological recordings of the effects of CbAST‐B1, CbAST‐B2, and CbAST‐B3 on the pyloric rhythm of the STG showed that all three peptides inhibited the pyloric rhythm in a state‐dependent manner. Specifically, all three peptides at 10−8 M significantly decreased the frequency of the pyloric rhythm when the initial frequency of the pyloric rhythm was below 0.6 Hz. These data suggest important neuromodulatory roles for the CbAST‐B family in the stomatogastric nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2658–2676, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Size‐, Shape‐ and Composition‐Dependent Alloying Ability of Bimetallic Nanoparticles
Authors: Xiong Shiyun , Qi Weihong , Huang Baiyun , Wang Mingpu 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBased on the surface‐area‐difference model, the formation enthalpies and the formation Gibbs free energies of bimetallic nanoparticles are calculated by considering size and shape effects. Composition–critical size diagrams were graphed for bulk immiscible bimetallic nanoparticles with the developed model. The results reveal that both the formation enthalpy and formation Gibbs free energy decrease with the decrease of particle size. The effect of rising temperature is similar to the diminishing of particle size on reducing the formation Gibbs free energy. Contrary to the positive formation enthalpy of the bulk immiscible system, a negative formation enthalpy is obtained when the particles are smaller than a critical size. With the decrease of size, the alloying process first takes place in the dilute solute regions, then broadens to the dense solute regions and finally, particles with all compositions can be alloyed. The composition–critical size diagram is classified into three regions by the critical size curves with shape factors of 1 and 1.49, that is, the non‐alloying region, alloying region and possible alloying region. The model predictions correspond well with experimental evidences and computer simulation results for Cu–Ag, Au–Ni, Ag–Pt and Au–Pt systems.
Palliative care and withholding and withdrawing dialysis
Authors: Holley Jean L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe aging dialysis population, with its decreasing functional status, the high mortality of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), and the rise of palliative medicine as a specialty have all served to promote the importance of end‐of‐life care for ESRD patients. Even though nephrologists have an increased understanding of the issues involved in ESRD end‐of‐life care, most individuals working in dialysis know of a case in which it felt as if “the dead were being dia‐lyzed.” An increased effort to focus on palliative care issues in ESRD, especially advance care planning, may serve to reduce the frequency of such cases.
Home dialysis: A Dutch perspective
Authors: Boeschoten Elisabeth W. , Michels Wieneke M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFor patients with end‐stage renal disease who are not (yet) eligible for renal transplantation, treatment with dialy‐sis is mandatory for survival. Home dialysis modalities (home hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) offer patients more ﬂexibility compared with in‐center treatment and have been advocated as the ﬁrst choice in clinically stable patients. However, despite encouraging developments in dialysis systems that make the procedure easier, in many countries the proportion of patients using home dialysis, especially peritoneal dialysis, is decreasing. In Europe this decrease is most pronounced in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. This evolution cannot be motivated by an inferiority of home dialysis modalities compared with in‐center treatment, as all these modalities have been shown to generate similar results. Other, often non‐medical, factors (such as reimbursement, social and logistic issues, and the experience of physicians and nurses with home dialysis) seem to be responsible for this development.
Developmental mechanisms for the generation of telencephalic interneurons
Authors: Corbin Joshua G. , Butt Simon J.B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractInterneurons, which release the neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), are the major inhibitory cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Despite comprising only 20–30% of the cerebral cortical neuronal population, these cells play an essential and powerful role in modulating the electrical activity of the excitatory pyramidal cells onto which they synapse. Although interneurons are present in all regions of the mature telencephalon, during embryogenesis these cells are generated in specific compartments of the ventral (subpallial) telencephalon known as ganglionic eminences. To reach their final destinations in the mature brain, immature interneurons migrate from the ganglionic eminences to developing telencephalic structures that are both near and far from their site of origin. The specification and migration of these cells is a complex but precisely orchestrated process that is regulated by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic signals. The final outcome of which is the wiring together of excitatory and inhibitory neurons that were born in separate regions of the developing telencephalon. Disruption of any aspect of this sequence of events during development, either from an environmental insult or due to genetic mutations, can have devastating consequences on normal brain function. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 710–732, 2011
Fgfr3 regulates development of the caudal telencephalon
Authors: Moldrich Randal X. , Mezzera Cecilia , Holmes William M. , Goda Sailaja , Brookfield Sam J. , Rankin Alastair J. , Barr Emily , Kurniawan Nyoman , Dewar Deborah , Richards Linda J. , López‐Bendito Guillermina , Iwata Tomoko 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (Fgfr3) is expressed in a rostrallow to caudalhigh gradient in the developing cerebral cortex. Therefore, we hypothesized that Fgfr3 contributes to the correct morphology and connectivity of the caudal cortex. Overall, the forebrain structures appeared normal in Fgfr3−/− mice. However, cortical and hippocampal volumes were reduced by 26.7% and 16.3%, respectively. Hypoplasia was particularly evident in the caudo‐ventral region of the telencephalon where proliferation was mildly decreased at embryonic day 18.5. Dysplasia of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala and piriform cortex was seen following GAD67 immunohistochemistry. Dye‐tracing studies and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and tractography detected a subtle thalamocortical tract deficit, and significant decreases in the stria terminalis and lateral arms of the anterior commissure. These results indicate the subtle role of Fgfr3 in formation of caudal regions of the telencephalon affecting some brain projections. Developmental Dynamics 240:1586–1599, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of Nitrophenols in Drinking and River Water by Differential Pulse Voltammetry at Boron‐Doped Diamond Film Electrode
Authors: Musilová Jana , Barek Jiří , Pecková Karolina 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA differential pulse voltammetric method was developed for the determination of 2‐nitrophenol, 4‐nitrophenol and 2,4‐dinitrophenol at a boron‐doped diamond film electrode using electrochemical reduction and of 4‐nitrophenol and 2,4‐dinitrophenol using electrochemical oxidation. The method was successfully applied for the direct determination of these compounds in drinking and river water in the concentration range from 4×10−7 to 2×10−5 mol L−1. To improve the limit of quantification, a preconcentration by solid phase extraction from 100 mL and 1000 mL of water samples was used with limit of determination around 2×10−8 and 2×10−7 mol L−1, respectively.
Building a dynamic electro‐mechanical model for the Pacific AC intertie using distributed synchrophasor measurements
Authors: Chakrabortty Aranya , Salazar Armando 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we present a novel algorithm for constructing simplified interarea models of large power networks by using dynamic measurements available from phasor measurement units (PMUs) installed at specific points on the transmission line. Our example of study in this paper is a widely encountered realistic system, namely the Pacific AC intertie, which closely resembles a star‐connected three‐area power system. We derive analytical results showing how the voltage, phase angle, and frequency oscillations at different buses on the transfer path of this intertie can be used to estimate the essential parameters of the three‐machine equivalent model of this three‐area system. We illustrate the results with actual disturbance event data from the Western Electricity Coordinating Council. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring Survey‐Based Inflation Forecasts
Authors: Gil‐Alana Luis , Moreno Antonio , Pérez de Gracia Fernando 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper first shows that survey‐based expectations (SBE) outperform standard time series models in US quarterly inflation out‐of‐sample prediction and that the term structure of survey‐based inflation forecasts has predictive power over the path of future inflation changes. It then proposes some empirical explanations for the forecasting success of survey‐based inflation expectations. We show that SBE pool a large amount of heterogeneous information on inflation expectations and react more flexibly and accurately to macro conditions both contemporaneously and dynamically. We illustrate the flexibility of SBE forecasts in the context of the 2008 financial crisis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.