bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eastern North Pacific Hurricane Season of 2008
Authors: Blake Eric S. , Pasch Richard J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The hurricane season of 2008 in the eastern North Pacific basin is summarized, and the individual tropical cyclones are described. Official track and intensity forecasts of these cyclones are also evaluated. The 2008 eastern North Pacific season was relatively quiet, with overall activity at about 75% of the long-term median. A total of 16 tropical storms formed, of which 7 became hurricanes and 2 became major hurricanes. One hurricane, one tropical storm, and two tropical depressions made landfall in Mexico, causing eight direct deaths in that country along with significant property damage. In addition, Tropical Storm Alma was the first tropical cyclone on record to make landfall along the Pacific coast of Nicaragua. On average, the official track forecasts in the eastern Pacific for 2008 were quite skillful and set records for accuracy from 1 to 3 days. However, no appreciable improvement in mean intensity forecast skill was noted.
Utilizing Normalized Anomalies to Assess Synoptic-Scale Weather Events in the Western United States
Authors: Graham Randall A. , Grumm Richard H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Synoptic-scale weather events over the western United States are objectively ranked based on their associated tropospheric anomalies. Data from the NCEP 6-h reanalysis fields from 1948 to 2006 are compared to a 30-yr (1971–2000) reanalysis climatology. The relative rarity of an event is measured by the number of standard deviations that the 1000–200-hPa height, temperature, wind, and moisture fields depart from climatology. The top 20 synoptic-scale events were identified over the western United States, adjacent eastern Pacific Ocean, Mexico, and Canada. Events that composed the top 20 tended to be very anomalous in several, if not all four, of the atmospheric variables. The events included the northern Intermountain West region heavy rainfall and Yellowstone tornado of mid-July 1987 (ranked 5th), the Montana floods of September 1986 (ranked 4th), and the historic 1962 “Columbus Day” windstorm in the Pacific Northwest (ranked 10th). In addition, the top 10 most anomalous events were identified for each month and for each of the variables investigated revealing additional significant weather events.
Finally, anomaly return periods were computed for each variable at a variety of levels. To place a given anomaly in perspective for a specific level or element, forecasters need information on the frequency with which that anomaly is observed. These return periods can be utilized by forecasters to compare forecast anomalies to the actual occurrence of similar anomalies for the element and level of interest to gauge the potential significance of the event. It is believed that this approach may allow forecasters to better understand the historical significance of an event and provide additional information to the user community.
Improvements to an Operational Clear-Air Turbulence Diagnostic Index by Addition of a Divergence Trend Term
Authors: Ellrod Gary P. , Knox John A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
An operational clear-air turbulence (CAT) diagnostic index has been modified to improve its performance. The Ellrod–Knapp turbulence index (TI) was developed in the early 1990s and is in use at many aviation forecasting facilities worldwide. It has been recognized, however, that TI often does not sufficiently account for situations where anticyclonic shear or curvature is present. The proposed modification to TI is based on the addition of a proxy term for divergence tendency, appropriate for both anticyclonic flow and gravity wave generation in cyclonic regions. Examples show how the modified index [referred to as the divergence-modified turbulence index (DTI)] leads to better anticipation of significant CAT for two scenarios where rapid divergence changes were occurring. Preliminary objective evaluation of the 6-h forecast DTI derived from the Rapid Update Cycle-2 (RUC-2) was completed for 2 months in 2007 (using more than 1100 pilot reports). Results showed significant improvements over TI, based on verification metrics such as the probability of detection of turbulence (PODy) and the true skill statistic (TSS). Further evaluation is planned using a larger database of pilot reports, as well as forecast data from additional state-of-the-art prediction models, altitude ranges, and forecast times.
Synoptic Typing of Extreme Cool-Season Precipitation Events at St. John’s, Newfoundland, 1979–2005
Authors: Milrad Shawn M. , Atallah Eyad H. , Gyakum John R. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) continues to be a significant challenge in operational forecasting, particularly in regions susceptible to extreme precipitation events. St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada (CYYT), is affected frequently by such events, particularly in the cool season (October–April).
The 50 median events in the extreme (&gt;33.78 mm during a 48-h period) precipitation event category are selected for further analysis. A manual synoptic typing is performed on these 50 events, using two separate methodologies to partition events. The first method utilizes a Lagrangian backward air parcel trajectory analysis and the second method utilizes the evolution of dynamically relevant variables, including 1000–700-hPa horizontal temperature advection, 1000–700-hPa (vector) geostrophic frontogenesis, and 700–400-hPa absolute vorticity advection.
Utilizing the first partitioning method, it is found that south cases are characterized by a strong anticyclone downstream of St. John’s, southwest events are synoptically similar to the overall extreme composite and are marked by a strong cyclone that develops in the Gulf of Mexico, while west events are characterized by a weak Alberta clipper system that intensifies rapidly upon reaching the Atlantic Ocean. The second partitioning method suggests that while cyclone events are dominated by the presence of a rapidly developing cyclone moving northeastward toward St. John’s, frontal events are characterized by the presence of a strong downstream anticyclone and deformation zone at St. John’s.
It is the hope of the authors that the unique methodology and results of the synoptic typing in this paper will aid forecasters in identifying certain characteristics of future precipitation events at St. John’s and similar stations.
Not Just an Individual Journey: Social Aspects of Recovery
Authors: Topor A. , Borg M. , Di Girolamo S. , Davidson L. 
Published: October 2009

Background: Recent literature on recovery describes the process as deeply personal and unique to each individual. While there are aspects of recovery that are unique to each individual, this article argues that focusing solely on these overlooks the fact that recovery unfolds within a social and interpersonal context. Materials: Drawing from qualitative data, this article describes aspects of recovery that involve the contributions of others, the social environment and society. Discussion: These aspects of recovery include relationships, adequate material conditions and responsive services and supports. Conclusion: The authors consider the implications of these social factors for transforming psychiatric research and theory as well as for recovery-orientated practice.
Psychosocial Impact of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder on Patients and Their Caregivers: a Comparative Study With Depressive Disorder
Authors: Vikas Ashis , Avasthi Ajit , Sharan Pratap 
Published: October 2009

Background: Little empirical research has been done to assess the impact of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) on patients and their caregivers. Objective: To assess the psychosocial impact of OCD on patients and their caregivers and compare it with depressed controls. Method: Thirty two patients with OCD and their caregivers and 30 patients of depression and their caregivers were assessed on sociodemographic and clinical variables and the following scales: World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire-BREF version (WHOQOL-BREF); Schedule for Assessment of Psychiatric Disability; Family Burden Interview Schedule; and Family Accommodation Scale. Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Scale (YBOCS) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were applied to rate the severity of obsessive-compulsive and depressive symptoms. Results: Patients with OCD had the lowest scores in the psychological health domain of the WHOQOL-BREF. They were also disabled due to their illness with maximum disability being experienced in the overall behaviour domain. Caregivers of OCD patients experienced burden in several areas and had to accommodate to the patient’s behaviour. Patients with OCD had a better quality of life (QOL) and were less disabled compared with depressed patients, but their caregivers were more burdened and had to accommodate to a greater degree in comparison to caregivers of depressed patients. The OCD patients’ QOL and disability scores and their caregivers’ burden and accommodation scores correlated significantly with several sociodemographic, clinical and psychological variables. Conclusion: OCD patients, when compared with depressed subjects, have a better QOL and are less disabled, but their caregivers are more burdened and have to accommodate more.
Determinants of Psychological Distress Among Migrants From Ecuador and Romania in a Spanish City
Authors: González-Castro José Luis , Ubillos Silvia 
Published: October 2009

Background: Migration may have consequences on the mental health of those who enter a new cultural environment. In Spain, migration has increased tenfold in 20 years. It is important to study how these migrants are interacting within this new context and which variables hinder their personal and social development. Aims: To analyze acculturation differences in Spain between first-generation immigrants from two different countries; to analyze the self-reported mental health of these participants; and to evaluate which variables best predict mental health disorders. Method: One hundred and thirty five (135) respondents from Romania and Ecuador responded to a questionnaire analyzing mental health by means of the GHQ-12, coupled with other personal, social and psychosocial acculturation variables. Results: Both cultural groups differed significantly regarding the impact of personal and social variables on their well-being. Nevertheless, mental health distress was not explained by their cultural differences but by gender, gross income and perceived discrimination. Social support offered by those still living at home acted as a buffer. Conclusion: It is important to analyze female migration patterns in order to reduce mental health problems, stress the importance of economic income, and examine how social support offered by those living in one’s home culture is an effective buffer against mental distress.
Factors Associated With Care Burden and Quality of Life Among Caregivers of the Mentally Ill in Chinese Society
Authors: Chun Chieh Fan  , Chen Ying-Yeh 
Published: October 2009

Objectives: Few studies in Taiwan have looked into the burden of caregivers for the mentally ill and the influence of the burden on the quality of life among caregivers. The aim of this study is to explore the risk factors that may aggravate care burden and to assess the relationship between the caregivers’ burden and their quality of life. Method: Ninety caregivers of patients with mental illness, who were attending outpatient clinic services in Taipei City Psychiatric Centre, were assessed using a burden questionnaire and the brief questionnaire of the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF). Results: Burden scores were significantly correlated with the number of care hours the caregivers spent daily with the patient, irrespective of their age, gender, kinship and educational level. Caregivers of patients with different psychiatric illnesses had similar levels of burden. Higher burden scores were correlated with a lower quality of life and retained unique predictive variance in multiple regressions in all four domains of the WHOQOL-BREF. Conclusions: These findings indicate that care burden has a significant impact on caregivers’ quality of life. Daily care hours with the patient are the unique determinant of caregivers’ burden in Taiwan. Measures to reduce daily care hours should be considered.
Stressors and Reactions to Stressors Among University Students
Authors: Hamaideh Shaher H. 
Published: October 2009

Background: University students are prone to stressors due to the transitional nature of university life. High levels of stress are believed to affect students’ health as well as their academic performance. Aims: The aims of this study were to identify stressors and reactions to stressors among university students, and to examine the correlations between student stressors and study variables. Methods: A correlational descriptive design was used. Student-life Stress Inventory (SSI) was used to measure the stressors and reactions to stressors. Stratified random sampling was employed to recruit participants. The final sample consisted of 877 participants (students). Results: Results indicated that the highest group of stressors experienced by students were ‘self-imposed’ stressors followed by ‘pressures’. Cognitive responses were found to be the highest responses to stressors experienced by students. Negative correlations were found with student’s perception of health, and father’s and mother’s level of education. Conclusions: This study revealed that stressors among university students come from ‘self-imposed’ stressors and ‘pressures’. Stress management, assertiveness skills, time management and counselling sessions will be effective in reducing stress experienced by students.
Docetaxel combined with oral etoposide as second-line treatment for advanced gastric carcinoma after failure of platinum- and fluoropyrimidine-based regimens
Authors: Yildiz Ramazan , Kalender Mehmet Emin , Dane Faysal , Sevinc Alper , Gumus Mahmut , Camci Celalettin , Alici Suleyman , Kaya Ali Osman , Yaman Emel , Ozturk Banu , Coskun Ugur , Benekli Mustafa , Uncu Dogan , Buyukberber Suleyman 
Published: October 2009

Background. Platinum, antracyline, and fluoropyrimidine combination chemotherapy has been widely used as a first-line treatment for advanced gastric cancer (AGC). In the present study, we determined the efficacy and the safety of docetaxel and oral etoposide as second-line combination chemotherapy after failure of commonly used combination regimens in AGC. Methods. Patients with histologically proven gastric cancer and measurable metastatic disease received docetaxel 75 mg/m2 as a 1-h intravenous infusion on day 1, and oral etoposide 50 mg/m2 once daily on days 1—5, every 3 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicities. Results. Between June 2006 and September 2008, 32 patients, of median age 60 years (range 32—77 years) were included in the study. Overall response rate was 9.4% and 31.3% of patients achieved a stable disease. Median progression-free survival was 3 months (95% CI, 2.5—3.5). Median overall survival was 6 months (95% CI, 3.8—8.2) with 16.9% 1-year survival rate. Grade 3—4 toxicities included neutropenia (28.8%), febrile neutropenia (18.8%), thrombocytopenia (3.1%), nausea and vomiting (15.6%), diarrhea (9.4%), and mucositis (6.2%). Conclusion. Docetaxel and oral etoposide combination was moderately effective and safe in appropriately selected AGC patients after failure of platinum- and fluoropyrimidine-based combination regimens. J Oncol Pharm Practice (2010) 16: 173—178.
Drug administration error related to computerized prescribing
Authors: Le Garlantezec P. , Aupée O. , Alméras D. , Lefeuvre L. , Souleau B. , Sgarioto A. , Bohand X. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction. One of the main reasons for the implementation of computer-based prescribing was to reduce medication errors. However, the risk has not fallen to zero and new kinds of errors have been detected. Setting. The following case relates one of these medication errors involving a preparation of vincristine. This antineoplastic drug was injected to a patient via a subcutaneous route of administration instead of an intravenous bolus injection. Results. Consequently, a cutaneous erythema appeared. This incident resulted from an error in the programming of the administration route of the protocol operated by a pharmacist and a physician. The pharmacist, who was responsible for the validation of the computerized medical order and then for the compounding and the dispensing of the drug, did not detect the error. Conclusion. This case highlights the need of improved and irreproachable therapeutic protocols. Recorded in a database, they must be validated pharmaceutically and medicinally to secure computer-based prescribing, drug handling, dispensing, and administering of the antineoplastic drugs. Even if the pharmaceutical analysis of prescriptions is made easier with computerization, we encourage the training of nurses and the evaluation of their knowledge as well as the necessity for pharmacists to learn to detect new kinds of errors and to verify periodically protocols.
Identification of novel androgen-responsive genes by sequencing of LongSAGE libraries
Authors: Romanuik Tammy L , Wang Gang , Holt Robert A , Jones Steven JM , Marra Marco A , Sadar Marianne D 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
The development and maintenance of the prostate is dependent on androgens and the androgen receptor. The androgen pathway continues to be important in prostate cancer. Here, we evaluated the transcriptome of prostate cancer cells in response to androgen using long serial analysis of gene expression (LongSAGE) libraries.

Results
There were 131 tags (87 genes) that displayed statistically significant (p ≤ 0.001) differences in expression in response to androgen. Many of the genes identified by LongSAGE (35/87) have not been previously reported to change expression in the direction or sense observed. In regulatory regions of the promoter and/or enhancer regions of some of these genes there are confirmed or potential androgen response elements (AREs). The expression trends of 24 novel genes were validated using quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). These genes were: ARL6IP5, BLVRB, C19orf48, C1orf122, C6orf66, CAMK2N1, CCNI, DERA, ERRFI1, GLUL, GOLPH3, HM13, HSP90B1, MANEA, NANS, NIPSNAP3A, SLC41A1, SOD1, SVIP, TAOK3, TCP1, TMEM66, USP33, and VTA1. The physiological relevance of these expression trends was evaluated in vivo using the LNCaP Hollow Fibre model. Novel androgen-responsive genes identified here participate in protein synthesis and trafficking, response to oxidative stress, transcription, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation.

Conclusion
These processes may represent the molecular mechanisms of androgen-dependency of the prostate. Genes that participate in these pathways may be targets for therapies or biomarkers of prostate cancer.
Comprehensive analysis of the pseudogenes of glycolytic enzymes in vertebrates: the anomalously high number of GAPDH pseudogenes highlights a recent burst of retrotrans-positional activity
Authors: Liu Yuen-Jong , Zheng Deyou , Balasubramanian Suganthi , Carriero Nicholas , Khurana Ekta , Robilotto Rebecca , Gerstein Mark B 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
Pseudogenes provide a record of the molecular evolution of genes. As glycolysis is such a highly conserved and fundamental metabolic pathway, the pseudogenes of glycolytic enzymes comprise a standardized genomic measuring stick and an ideal platform for studying molecular evolution. One of the glycolytic enzymes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), has already been noted to have one of the largest numbers of associated pseudogenes, among all proteins.

Results
We assembled the first comprehensive catalog of the processed and duplicated pseudogenes of glycolytic enzymes in many vertebrate model-organism genomes, including human, chimpanzee, mouse, rat, chicken, zebrafish, pufferfish, fruitfly, and worm (available at http://pseudogene.org/glycolysis/). We found that glycolytic pseudogenes are predominantly processed, i.e. retrotransposed from the mRNA of their parent genes. Although each glycolytic enzyme plays a unique role, GAPDH has by far the most pseudogenes, perhaps reflecting its large number of non-glycolytic functions or its possession of a particularly retrotranspositionally active sub-sequence. Furthermore, the number of GAPDH pseudogenes varies significantly among the genomes we studied: none in zebrafish, pufferfish, fruitfly, and worm, 1 in chicken, 50 in chimpanzee, 62 in human, 331 in mouse, and 364 in rat. Next, we developed a simple method of identifying conserved syntenic blocks (consistently applicable to the wide range of organisms in the study) by using orthologous genes as anchors delimiting a conserved block between a pair of genomes. This approach showed that few glycolytic pseudogenes are shared between primate and rodent lineages. Finally, by estimating pseudogene ages using Kimura's two-parameter model of nucleotide substitution, we found evidence for bursts of retrotranspositional activity approximately 42, 36, and 26 million years ago in the human, mouse, and rat lineages, respectively.

Conclusion
Overall, we performed a consistent analysis of one group of pseudogenes across multiple genomes, finding evidence that most of them were created within the last 50 million years, subsequent to the divergence of rodent and primate lineages.
The VEGF -634G>C promoter polymorphism is associated with risk of gastric cancer
Authors: Guan Xiaoxiang , Zhao Hui , Niu Jiangong , Tang Dongfeng , Ajani Jaffer A , Wei Qingyi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundBoth TGF-β1 and VEGF play a critic role in the multiple-step process of tumorgenesis of gastric cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of theTGFB1andVEGFgenes have been associated with risk and progression of many cancers. In this study, we investigated the association between potentially functional SNPs of these two genes and risk of gastric cancer in a US population.MethodsThe risk associated with genotypes and haplotypes of fourTGFB1SNPs and fourVEGFSNPs were determined by multivariate logistic regression analysis in 171 patients with gastric cancer and 353 cancer-free controls frequency-matched by age, sex and ethnicity.ResultsCompared with theVEGF-634GG genotype, the -634CG genotype and the combined -634CG+CC genotypes were associated with a significantly elevated risk of gastric cancer (adjusted OR = 1.88, 95% CI = 1.24-2.86 and adjusted OR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.07-2.27, respectively). However, none of otherTGFB1andVEGFSNPs was associated with risk of gastric cancer.ConclusionOur data suggested that theVEGF-634G>C SNP may be a marker for susceptibility to gastric cancer, and this finding needs to be validated in larger studies.