bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural translation: acceptability and efficacy of a US-based injury prevention intervention in China
Authors: Erkoboni Danielle , Ozanne-Smith Joan , Rouxiang Cao , Winston Flaura K 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundIncreased belt-positioning booster seat (BPB) awareness and access have led to increased use in the USA. Although transportation in Beijing is rapidly becoming ‘motorised’, Beijing's population has limited awareness of or access to BPBs.ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy and acceptability of using a US-developed BPB use promotion intervention in Beijing.DesignMethods were adapted from a previously executed US-based study involving parents of 3–8-year old children. Focus groups (five groups, 71 participants) elicited behavioural antecedents to BPB use and reactions to video interventions promoting BPB use: a Chinese-produced instructional video and an English-language (dubbed into Mandarin) video that delivered concrete, theoretically driven messages through a personal story. Immediately after the focus groups, participants were provided with education and a free BPB. Participants were contacted 6 weeks later via telephone about use, knowledge and attitudes.ResultsChinese parents saw safety as the most important benefit of BPB use; lack of accurate knowledge about and access to BPBs were parents' most prevalent barriers. Chinese participants described the videos as persuasive and instructional. At 6 weeks, participants remembered the messages of the English-language video, and reported BPB use increased from a baseline of 15.5% to 85.5%.ConclusionsThis study shows the possibility of exporting US-designed prevention interventions dubbed into Mandarin without the need to alter their original context (in this case, an African American family in a US setting) into a Chinese context. Successful cultural translation involved ensuring that the behavioural antecedents targeted in the intervention (eg, barriers and benefits) were of relevance to the Chinese population.
Catastrophic disturbances in headwater streams: the long-term ecological effects of debris flows and debris floods in the Klamath Mountains, northern California
Authors: Cover Matthew R. , de la Fuente Juan A. , Resh Vincent H. 
Published: October 2010

Debris flows and debris floods are catastrophic disturbances in steep, mountainous landscapes throughout the world, but little is known about the long-term ecological effects of these events on headwater streams. In 10 basins (10–20 km2) in the Klamath Mountains, northern California, USA, we used a space-for-time substitution to infer the long-term (10–100 years) effects of debris flows on stream ecosystem structure. Debris flows mobilized sediment and wood and removed riparian vegetation from large portions of channel networks. Stream temperatures were significantly warmer in streams that had recent debris flows (<10 years ago). Large wood, benthic organic matter, and detritivorous stoneflies were all very sparse in recent debris flow streams, suggesting that allochthonous energy pathways took decades to recover. Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) were abundant in recent debris flow streams, but populations of other vertebrates such as coastal giant salamander ( Dicamptodon tenebrosus ) and coastal tailed frog ( Ascaphus truei ) were virtually absent. Increased frequencies of catastrophic debris flows associated with forest management practices can have significant negative impacts on aquatic biodiversity in forested, mountainous landscapes.
Assessing habitat utilization and rockfish (Sebastes spp.) biomass on an isolated rocky ridge using acoustics and stereo image analysis
Authors: Rooper Christopher N. , Hoff Gerald R. , De Robertis Alex 
Published: October 2010

For those marine fish species with specific habitat preferences, a habitat-based assessment may provide an alternative to traditional surveys. We conducted a habitat-based acoustic and stereo image stock assessment survey for rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) on a rocky ridge habitat in the eastern Bering Sea. Video analysis suggested that juvenile and adult rockfishes were more abundant on the seafloor in the rocky ridge area than on the surrounding sandy flats. Over the ridges, the distribution of rockfishes was uniformly low in the water column during nighttime surveys and higher during daytime surveys. The opposite pattern was observed in the video on the seafloor between night (high density) and day (lower density), indicating that fish in the water column during the day moved to the seafloor at night. Mean biomass of adult rockfishes for the rocky ridges was 1.54 × 104 tonnes based on acoustic data. The biomass of juvenile fish was estimated to be 9.2 × 102 tonnes. Utilization of similar survey methodologies on a larger scale might improve assessment of rockfishes not only in Alaska, but also throughout their range where fishery-independent biomass estimates have been difficult to obtain.
A fuzzy logic approach to predict seismic ductility and shear strength of reinforced concrete elements
Authors: Elmenshawi Abdelsamie , Brown Tom , Shrive Nigel 
Published: October 2010

Structures require ductility to withstand severe earthquake-induced loads and remain standing. A new method for modelling seismic displacement ductility is proposed here, in which a fuzzy inference system is utilized to include the uncertainty in the parameters that influence this behaviour. The proposed model is also used to determine the lateral shear strength, a vital parameter in seismic design. Experimental data are presented for beams subjected to cyclic loading. Numerous input design parameters were considered including the beam width/depth ratio, the longitudinal reinforcement ratio, the bottom/top reinforcement ratio, the concrete compressive strength, the transverse reinforcement strength, and the shear span-to-depth ratio. Output parameters included the displacement ductility and lateral shear strength. The proposed model can predict the outputs successfully with an error of ±20%, but is more effective in predicting shear strength than displacement ductility.
Protection of reinforced concrete beams retrofitted by carbon fibre-reinforced polymer composites against elevated temperatures
Authors: Elkady H. , Hasan A. 
Published: October 2010

This paper presents the outcome of the first part of a 3 year project aiming to investigate the effect of elevated temperatures on carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) retrofitted structures. Accordingly, different protecting mixes to be used as thermal insulating covers were proposed and evaluated. This experimental program addresses a series of indirect fire tests on reinforced concrete beams retrofitted with CFRP laminates exposed to a temperature of 900 °C (1652 °F) after being protected with ten types of special mortar covers. Materials known for their low coefficient of thermal conductivity were added in certain ratios to form mortars for these protective covers. Tests were carried out in a test furnace designed to produce the standard temperature–time curve specified in ASTM E119–95a. Scale effect was considered by proper adjustment of the exposure time to fire test. Temperature at the CFRP level, just below the protecting covers, was monitored to determine the efficiency of the covers in reducing heat transfer during the fire test. Furthermore, mechanical bending load tests were performed on specimens before and after fire tests to determine reduction in flexure failure load of the specimens due to indirect fire exposure. This reduction was found to vary from 10% to 48% for different tested coatings. In spite of the high damage in the protection covers expressing the lowest performance, reinforced concrete beams were still unaffected and could be restrengthened to return to their original status. Recommendations showing proper thicknesses of application and necessary precautions to be taken when using CFRP in retrofitting reinforced concrete structures to enhance their fire resistance were presented.
Numerical modeling study of impact of a large sediment capping facility on local industrial cooling water temperature
Authors: He Cheng 
Published: October 2010

This study assesses the potential increase in the intake cooling water temperatures if both the local industrial intake water and outfall cooling waters are trapped in the same narrow long channel. A three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic model was used to quantitatively investigate water temperature structures in the channel. The model was verified in a previous hydrodynamic study at the same location using vertical current profiles measured by an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and further verified in this study with the measured vertical temperature profile. Several scenarios were investigated under various wind and geometrical conditions. The simulated results revealed that because of the strong buoyant force induced by water temperature differences the trapped hot outfall water would not be directly retaken by the intake located about 70 m away from the outlet and 6 m below the surface. The thermal structure in the channel eventually reached an equilibrium stage due to additional fresh bay water and heat loss through various heat-transfer mechanisms from the air–water interface. The results of this modelling study can be extended to solve other similar environmental and civil engineering problems.
Hepatoprotection by carotenoids in isoniazid–rifampicin induced hepatic injury in rats
Authors: Rana S. V. , Pal R. , Vaiphei K. , Ola R. P. , Singh K. 
Published: October 2010

This study evaluates the hepatoprotective effect of carotenoids against isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF). Thirty-six adult rats were divided into the following 4 groups: (1) control group treated with normal saline; (2) INH + RIF group treated with 50 mg·(kg body mass)–1·day–1of INH and RIF each; (3) INH + RIF+ carotenoids group treated with 50 mg·(kg body mass)–1·day–1of INH and RIF each and 10 mg·(kg body mass)–1·day–1of carotenoids; and (4) carotenoids group treated with 10 mg·(kg body mass)–1·day–1of carotenoids for 28 days intragastrically. Oxidative stress and antioxidant levels in liver and blood, liver histology and change in transaminases were measured in all the above-mentioned groups. There was an increase in lipid peroxidation with a reduction in thiols, catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver and blood of rats accompanied by an increase in transaminases, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase. Treatment with carotenoids along with INH + RIF partially reversed lipid peroxidation, thiols, catalase, and SOD in the liver and blood of rats. Elevated levels of the enzymes in serum were also reversed partially by this treatment. The degree of necrosis, portal triaditis, and inflammation were also lowered in the carotenoids group. In conclusion, carotenoids supplementation in INH + RIF treated rats showed partial protection.
A Gamma-Poisson model for vertical location and frequency of buds on lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) leaders
Authors: Nemec Amanda F. Linnell , Goudie James W. , Parish Roberta 
Published: October 2010

The aim of this work was to model the vertical location and number of branch primordia (buds) on the leader of lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Doug. ex Loud.) trees in central British Columbia. For species such as lodgepole pine, where branches occur in clusters rather than individually, the Gamma-Poisson model provides a natural framework for describing and simulating the distribution of buds on the annual shoot. Parameters in the model are identifiable with measurable attributes, that is, the average number of clusters per unit length of the annual shoot and the average number of buds per cluster, and can be related to explanatory variables via a log link. Applicability of the Gamma-Poisson model was demonstrated for a sample of 58 lodgepole pine trees ranging in age from 29 to 103 years old. The agreement between observed and expected cluster counts and spacing, cluster sizes, and total number of branches was good. Height to crown base and length of the annual shoot were selected as the best predictors of the number of clusters and number of buds per cluster, respectively, although other single variables were also identified as having significant predictive value.
Effect of fasudil on growth, adhesion, invasion, and migration of 95D lung carcinoma cells in vitro
Authors: Yang Xueying , Zhang Yang , Wang Shumin , Shi Wenjun 
Published: October 2010

The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of a Rho-kinase inhibitor on 95D lung carcinoma cell growth, adhesion, invasion, and migration and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in this process. After treatment of 95D lung carcinoma cells with fasudil, an inhibitor of Rho-kinase, cell biological behaviors such as growth, adhesion, invasion, and migration were observed. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and Western blot assay were used to evaluate underlying molecular mechanisms. The IC50 of fasudil to 95D lung carcinoma cells was approximately 0.79 mg/mL (95% confidence limits 0.58–1.11 mg/mL). After treatment with 0.75 mg/mL fasudil, the ability of 95D lung carcinoma cells for growth, adhesion, migration, and invasion was decreased significantly. Total active MMP2 was decreased approximately 22.7% (p < 0.05) and total MMP9 65.9% (p < 0.01). Myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT1) was reduced by 29.4% (p < 0.05). We conclude that the Rho-kinase inhibitor prevents the growth, adhesion, invasion, and migration of 95D lung carcinoma cells by inhibiting the Rho/Rho-kinase pathway. Changes in MMP2, MMP9, and MYPT1 may be part of its molecular mechanisms.
Using blood pressure telemetry to assess acute changes in arterial stiffness in rats after nitric oxide synthase inhibition or environmental tobacco smoke exposure
Authors: Gentner Nicole J. , Weber Lynn P. 
Published: October 2010

Although environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure has been reported to acutely increase arterial stiffness in humans, understanding of the underlying mechanisms is unclear and few studies have measured these effects in experimental animals. One potential mechanism for the increased arterial stiffness is reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity as a result of oxidative stress. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether acute changes in arterial stiffness could be detected using arterial pulse wave dP/dt in blood pressure telemetry implanted rats and to investigate the role of NO in regulating dP/dt. Intravenous injection of acetylcholine (0.91 ng/kg) decreased and norepinephrine (0.02 mg/kg) increased dP/dt compared to saline vehicle (0.5 mL/kg). Injection of the NO synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 30 mg/kg) decreased plasma nitrate/nitrite (NOx), but transiently increased dP/dt. ETS at low and high doses had no effect on dP/dt, but increased plasma NOxlevels at high ETS exposure and increased plasma nitrotyrosine levels in both ETS groups. In conclusion, acute changes in NO production via acetylcholine or L-NAME alter the arterial pulse wave dP/dt consistently with the predicted changes in arterial stiffness. Although acute ETS appears to biologically inactivate NO, a concomitant increase in NO production at high ETS exposure may explain why dP/dt was not acutely altered by ETS in the current study.
Apocynum venetum leaf extract protects rat cortical neurons from injury induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation in vitro
Authors: Xiang Jun , Tang Yu-Ping , Zhou Zi-Yi , Wu Pin , Wang Zhong , Mori Masao , Cai Ding-Fang 
Published: October 2010

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Apocynum venetum leaf extract (AVLE) on an in vitro model of ischemia–reperfusion induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and further explored the possible mechanisms underlying protection. Cell injury was assessed by morphological examination using phase-contrast microscopy and quantified by measuring the amount of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage; cell viability was measured by XTT reduction. Neuronal apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry, and electron microscopy was used to study morphological changes of neurons. Caspase-3, -8, and -9 activation and Bcl-2/Bax protein expression were determined by Western blot analysis. We report that treatment with AVLE (5 and 50 µg/mL) effectively reduced neuronal cell death and relieved cell injury induced by OGD. Moreover, AVLE decreased the percentage of apoptotic neurons, relieved neuronal morphological damage, suppressed overexpression of active caspase-3 and -8 and Bax, and inhibited the reduction of Bcl-2 expression. These findings indicate that AVLE protects against OGD-induced injury by inhibiting apoptosis in rat cortical neurons by down-regulating caspase-3 activation and modulating the Bcl-2/Bax ratio.
Den-site selection is critical for Pallas’s cats (Otocolobus manul)
Authors: Ross S. , Kamnitzer R. , Munkhtsog B. , Harris S. 
Published: October 2010

We evaluated the habitat selection of 101 den sites used by 21 individual Pallas’s cats ( Otocolobus manul (Pallas, 1776) = Felis manul Pallas, 1776) in summer, winter, and the maternal period in central Mongolia using generalized linear mixed models. Pallas’s cats used rock crevices and marmot burrows as dens for giving birth, raising young, thermoregulation, feeding, mating, and as important cover from predators. Den sites were selected with higher proportions of rocky and ravine habitats in the surroundings, and in winter Pallas’s cats avoided the presence of humans. Habitat and structural features suggested that dens were selected to minimize predation risk. Selection of dens in shade in summer and the use of insulated dens of Siberian marmots ( Marmota sibirica (Radde, 1862)) in winter indicated that thermal properties may also be important. We contend that dens are a critical habitat for Pallas’s cats and the availability of suitable den sites is critical for the conservation of the species. Repeated use of maternal dens suggested they may be a limiting resource. Although marmot dens are unlikely to be limiting at present, over hunting of marmots is likely to reduce burrow availability in the future.
On the Phonetics of Intensifying Emphasis in German
Authors: Niebuhr Oliver 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This paper presents an exploratory study in the field of emphasis in German. It provides a comprehensive acoustic analysis for a type of emphasis that intensifies lexical meanings either positively or negatively. A speech corpus was recorded using an elicitation method adapted to yield natural-sounding, conversational, expressive speech under controlled conditions. Supporting the distinction between positive and negative intensification, two clearly different phonetic profiles emerged. These phonetic profiles of positive and negative intensification involve voice quality as well as the dynamics of the speech signal across its segmental and prosodic layers. By means of these profiles, the intensifying emphases were correctly classified by a discriminant analysis as positive or negative in around 90% of the cases. Moreover, indications were found for a third type of intensifying emphasis, which was called ‘reinforcement’. Its multidimensional phonetic profile falls in between the ones of positive and negative intensification.
Detecting the Ratio of Rain and Cloud Water in Low-Latitude Shallow Marine Clouds
Authors: Lebsock Matthew D. , L’Ecuyer Tristan S. , Stephens Graeme L. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Satellite observations are used to deduce the relationship between cloud water and precipitation water for low-latitude shallow marine clouds. The specific sensors that facilitate the analysis are the collocated CloudSat profiling radar and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The separation of the cloud water and precipitation water signals relies on the relative insensitivity of MODIS to the presence of precipitation water in conjunction with estimates of the path-integrated attenuation of the CloudSat radar beam while explicitly accounting for the effect of precipitation water on the observed MODIS optical depth. Variations in the precipitation water path are shown to be associated with both the cloud water path and the cloud effective radius, suggesting both macrophysical and microphysical controls on the production of precipitation water. The method outlined here is used to place broad bounds on the mean relationship between the precipitation water path and the cloud water path in shallow marine clouds, given certain clearly stated assumptions. The ratio of precipitation water to cloud water is shown to increase from zero at low cloud water path values to roughly 0.5 at 500 g m−2 of cloud water. The retrieval results further show that the median influence of precipitation on the observed optical depth increases monotonically with optical depth varying between 1% and 5% at 500 g m−2 of cloud water with the source of the uncertainty deriving from the assumption of the nature of the precipitation drop size distribution.
On the Effective Number of Climate Models
Authors: Pennell Christopher , Reichler Thomas 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Projections of future climate change are increasingly based on the output of many different models. Typically, the mean over all model simulations is considered as the optimal prediction, with the underlying assumption that different models provide statistically independent information evenly distributed around the true state. However, there is reason to believe that this is not the best assumption. Coupled models are of comparable complexity and are constructed in similar ways. Some models share parts of the same code and some models are even developed at the same center. Therefore, the limitations of these models tend to be fairly similar, contributing to the well-known problem of common model biases and possibly to an unrealistically small spread in the outcomes of model predictions.
This study attempts to quantify the extent of this problem by asking how many models there effectively are and how to best determine this number. Quantifying the effective number of models is achieved by evaluating 24 state-of-the-art models and their ability to simulate broad aspects of twentieth-century climate. Using two different approaches, the amount of unique information in the ensemble is calculated and the effective ensemble size is found to be much smaller than the actual number of models. As more models are included in an ensemble, the amount of new information diminishes in proportion. Furthermore, this reduction is found to go beyond the problem of “same center” models and systemic similarities are seen to exist across all models. The results suggest that current methodologies for the interpretation of multimodel ensembles may lead to overly confident climate predictions.