bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ observation of β‐BaB2O4 microcrystal growth in glass matrix
Authors: Pan X. H. , Jin W. Q. , Liu Y. , Ai F. , Jin F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe morphological evolution and growth mechanism of β‐BaB2O4 microcrystal in Li2B4O7‐BaB2O4 glass (Li2O‐B2O3‐BaO) matrix were investigated by optical in situ observation method. And the crystallization temperature Tc has been examined by differential thermal analysis (DTA). It demonstrates that homogeneous distribution of hexagonal shaped BBO microcrystals with size up to several tens of microns is typical when temperature is much higher than Tc, however, heterogeneous nucleation occurs when annealing temperature is close to Tc. For the latter case, crystal clusters that consist of several microcrystal grains are obvious. When the crystals in one specific cluster grows larger, crystal motion occurs in glass matrix while their orientation and symmetrical shape keep nearly no changes. Additionally, the BBO microcrystal has been determined to grow nearly in linear with time, which suggests a mechanism of interface‐controlled growth. Furthermore, the activation energy of BBO crystal growth in glass matrix is calculated which is around 2.4 eV. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Facile synthesis and characterization of hierarchical CuO nanoarchitectures by a simple solution route
Authors: Wang Yongqian , Meng Dawei , Liu Xueqin , Li Fei 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe controlled synthesis of hierarchical CuO nanomaterials in a solution phase has been realized with high yield at low temperature using copper acetate hydrate and NaOH as starting materials with the assistance of surfactant under hydrothermal conditions. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy (UV‐Vis) were used to characterize the products. It was shown that the hierarchical CuO nanoarchitectures were formed through aggregation of tiny single‐crystal CuO nanorods. Experiments demonstrated that the morphology of CuO products was significantly influenced by hydrothermal temperature and reaction time. A rational growth mechanism based on oriented attachment was proposed for the selective formation of the hierarchical CuO nanoarchitectures. Our work demonstrated the growth of hierarchical CuO nanoarchitectures built from one‐dimentional nanorods through a one‐step solution‐phase chemical route under controlled conditions. In addition, The UV‐Vis spectrum of the hierarchical CuO nanoarchitectures showed large blue shift because of the quantum size effect. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
RECA: Referenced energy‐based CDS algorithm in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Ma Yajie , Guo Yike , Ghanem Moustafa 
Published: September 2009

AbstractConnected dominating sets (CDS) can be used to form virtual backbones for the hierarchical routing to save energy in the wireless sensor networks. The existing algorithms for CDS can only be used to the topologies that have larger vertex connective degrees. Besides, most of them do not consider the energy characteristics of the virtual backbones constructed by the dominating sets. In this paper, a referenced energy‐based CDS algorithm (RECA) is proposed, which can generate smaller CDS in random topologies without the limitation of vertex connective degrees. At the same time, the algorithm introduces Referenced Energy as a parameter for nodes when making the decision whether they are chosen to be the dominators or not. Therefore, as the experimental results show, the energy characteristic of the dominating set is improved and routing in the virtual backbones constructed by such CDSs will have a better performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders and the criminal justice system
Authors: Fast Diane K. , Conry Julianne 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe life‐long neurological impairments found in people with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs), including learning disabilities, impulsivity, hyperactivity, social ineptness, and poor judgment, can increase susceptibility to victimization and involvement in the criminal justice system (CJS). Individuals with FASDs become involved in the CJS as complainants, witnesses, and accused. Their disabilities, resulting from the prenatal alcohol exposure, must be considered at all stages in the legal process. Adverse experiences, such as having a dysfunctional family background, mental health problems, and substance use disorders, are compounding factors. Experiencing physical, sexual, and emotional abuse also increases the risk that these individuals will become involved in the CJS. It is critical that everyone involved in the CJS receives education and training to understand FASD and the implications for the individual offender. A comprehensive medical‐legal report, prepared by professionals experienced with FASD, can help judges and lawyers understand the complex interactions among brain damage, genetics and the environment. Corrections workers and probation officers need to comprehend the significance of FASD and how it affects the offender's abilities to understand and follow rules and probation orders. Caregivers and parents need to be involved whenever possible. Early recognition of the disabilities associated with FASDs may help reduce the over‐representation of this group in the CJS. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:250–257.
Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of FASD from various research methods with an emphasis on recent in‐school studies
Authors: May Philip A. , Gossage J. Phillip , Kalberg Wendy O. , Robinson Luther K. , Buckley David , Manning Melanie , Hoyme H. Eugene 
Published: September 2009

AbstractResearching the epidemiology and estimating the prevalence of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and other fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) for mainstream populations anywhere in the world has presented a challenge to researchers. Three major approaches have been used in the past: surveillance and record review systems, clinic‐based studies, and active case ascertainment methods. The literature on each of these methods is reviewed citing the strengths, weaknesses, prevalence results, and other practical considerations for each method. Previous conclusions about the prevalence of FAS and total FASD in the United States (US) population are summarized. Active approaches which provide clinical outreach, recruitment, and diagnostic services in specific populations have been demonstrated to produce the highest prevalence estimates. We then describe and review studies utilizing in‐school screening and diagnosis, a special type of active case ascertainment. Selected results from a number of in‐school studies in South Africa, Italy, and the US are highlighted. The particular focus of the review is on the nature of the data produced from in‐school methods and the specific prevalence rates of FAS and total FASD which have emanated from them. We conclude that FAS and other FASD are more prevalent in school populations, and therefore the general population, than previously estimated. We believe that the prevalence of FAS in typical, mixed‐racial, and mixed‐socioeconomic populations of the US is at least 2 to 7 per 1,000. Regarding all levels of FASD, we estimate that the current prevalence of FASD in populations of younger school children may be as high as 2–5% in the US and some Western European countries. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009; 15:176–192.
Animal models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: Impact of the social environment
Authors: Kelly Sandra J. , Goodlett Charles R. , Hannigan John H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAnimal models of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) have been used to demonstrate the specificity of alcohol's teratogenic effects and some of the underlying changes in the central nervous system (CNS) and, more recently, to explore ways to ameliorate the effects of alcohol. The main point of this review is to highlight research findings from the animal literature which point to the impact of the social context or social behavior on the effect(s) of alcohol exposure during development, and also to point to research questions about the social environment and effects of prenatal alcohol exposure that remain to be answered. Alcohol exposure during early development alters maternal responding to the exposed pup in a variety of ways and the alteration in maternal responding could alter later stress responsivity and adult maternal and social behavior of the exposed offspring. Environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise have been shown to ameliorate some of alcohol's impact during development, but the roles of enhanced social interactions in the case of enrichment and of social housing during voluntary exercise need to be more fully delineated. Similarly, the role of social context across the lifespan, such as social housing, social experiences, and contact with siblings, needs further study. Because of findings that alcohol during development alters DNA methylation patterns and that there are alterations in the maternal care of the alcohol‐exposed offspring, epigenetic effects and their relationship to social behavior in animal models of FASD are likely to become a fruitful area of research. Because of the simpler social behavior and the short lifespan of rodents, animal models of FASD can be useful in determining how the social context impacts the effects of alcohol exposure during development. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:200–208.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: When science, medicine, public policy, and laws collide
Authors: Warren Kenneth R. , Hewitt Brenda G. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHistorically, alcohol has been used for different purposes including as a part of religious observances, as a food, at times as a medicine and its well‐known use as a beverage. Until relatively recently these purposes have not changed and have at times been at odds with one another, resulting in collisions among policies and practices in science, medicine, public policy and the law. One area in which this has been particularly true is that of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) where the adverse consequences of consumed alcohol on children in the womb and after birth may have been observed since antiquity, but the actions taken based on such observations have been influenced as much by the socio/cultural/political context of the times in which they were made as by evidence of harm. This article provides an overview of the inherent confusion when new scientific findings confront prevailing medical practice, the history involved in this confusion with respect to FASD, including public policy and legal issues that have arisen around alcohol and pregnancy, and the research and clinical challenges still being faced. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:170–175.
Psychiatric conditions associated with prenatal alcohol exposure
Authors: O'Connor Mary J. , Paley Blair 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSince the identification of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) over 35 years ago, mounting evidence about the impact of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy has prompted increased attention to the link between prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and a constellation of developmental disabilities that are characterized by physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments. These disabilities include a continuum of developmental disorders known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs). Longitudinal studies suggest that individuals with FASDs are at a greatly increased risk for adverse long‐term outcomes, including mental health problems and poor social adjustment. This review summarizes the existing literature on mental health outcomes for individuals with PAE across the lifespan, including findings in infancy and early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence and early adulthood. Research on the psychiatric disabilities suffered by individuals with FASDs throughout development highlights the need for training of mental health professionals in the identification and the provision of specific treatments to address the unique features of this developmental disability since early identification and treatment have been demonstrated to be protective against more serious secondary disabilities. It is hoped that with greater awareness of the mental health problems experienced by individuals with FASDs, these individuals can receive appropriate and early treatment resulting in more adaptive and rewarding lives. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009;15:225–234.
Vinyl Sulfone Modified Hex‐3‐enopyranosides: Novel Routes to C3–C4 and C4–C5 Cyclopropanated Pyranosides
Authors: Bhattacharya Rahul , Dey Debanjana , Pathak Tanmaya 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn a departure from metal‐based cyclopropanation reactions, 4‐sulfonylhex‐3‐enopyranosides carrying a leaving group at either of the two γ‐positions are used as efficient intermediates for the synthesis of C3–C4 and C4–C5 cyclopropanated pyranosides. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The Electrochemical Behavior of Nitrazepam at a Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrode and Its Determination in Beverages by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: McGuire Natasha D. , Honeychurch Kevin C. , Hart John P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe cyclic voltammetric behavior of nitrazepam was investigated at screen‐printed carbon electrodes over the range −1.5 V to +1.5 V. Two reduction peaks were observable on the negative scan, at −0.7 V, and −1.2 V using pH 6 buffer. On the return scan a single oxidation peak was obtained at −0.05 V. For quantitative analysis of beverages, we developed an anodic adsorptive stripping voltammetric method which required only dilution with buffer. The identification of nitrazepam and flunitrazepam could be achieved using cyclic voltammetry.
Metallic Free Carbon Nanotube Cluster Modified Screen Printed Electrodes for the Sensing of Nicotine in Artificial Saliva
Authors: Highton Louise , Kadara Rashid O. , Jenkinson Norman , Logan Riehl Bill , Banks Craig E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe demonstrate that metallic free carbon nanotube cluster modified screen printed electrodes provide an advantageous sensing methodology for nicotine. The electrochemical oxidation of nicotine is possible at low potentials compared to other commercially available carbon electrodes. Using the carbon nanotube cluster modified screen printed electrodes a detection range of 10 to 1000 μM is possible with a limit of detection of 2 μM. The sensing protocol is shown to be viable in artificial saliva and is promising as a portable and rapid sensor for nicotine in oral fluid (saliva) in areas such as health/life insurance, instances where smoking is banned and also as a point of care test to help improve smoking quit rates.
Kriging and cross‐validation for massive spatial data
Authors: Zhang Hao , Wang Yong 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSpatial prediction such as kriging involves the inversion of a covariance matrix. When the number of locations is very large as in many studies, inversion of the covariance matrix may not be practical. Covariance tapering, predictive process models, and low rank kriging are some methods for overcoming the large matrix problem, all of which can be regarded as approximations to the underlying stationary process. Therefore, efficient cross‐validation is very helpful for spatial prediction with large data to assess how well an approximation works. This work studies the calculation of drop‐one prediction and various prediction scores. Estimators are constructed to minimize some prediction scores. One advantage of this approach is that it integrates estimation and cross‐validation and does not treat them as two separate procedures. Further simplification of calculation is studied that is based on the infill asymptotic theory. The methods are illustrated through the analysis of a US precipitation dataset. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectrophotometric aspects in the working of photocatalytic reactors
Authors: Cortés J.A. , Alarcón‐Herrera M.T. , Villicaña‐Méndez M. , González‐Hernández J. , Pérez‐Robles J.F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe current research work presents a methodology for determining the area of influence of the ultraviolet light emitted by a lamp located in the center of a photocatalytic reactor, at different concentrations of the catalyst TiO2 degussa P25 and of the acid blue 9 dye. The measurements for the development of the corresponding methodology were performed through a novel system that allows the evaluation of light intensity at different distances from the lamp and at real working concentrations (with no dilution). The results obtained from these measurements indicate that for 600 mg L−1, 450 mg L−1, 300 mg L−1, and 150 mg L−1 catalyst concentrations there is complete absorption of the light emitted by the lamp at distances of 0.8, 1.0, 1.6, and 2.4 cm, respectively. For the dye it was observed that at 2.4 cm from the lamp, there is an intensity reduction in the order of 91%, 85%, 71%, and 50% for concentrations of 80 mg L−1, 60 mg L−1, 40 mg L−1, and 20 mg L−1, respectively.The results obtained with the application of the developed methodology for the evaluation of the combined effect of the catalyst and dye absorption, show that, the absorption of the catalyst is more important than that of dye in the concentrations evaluated. With higher catalyst concentration, complete light absorption happens closer to the lamp wall, which produces an increment in the reaction kinetics; with higher dye concentrations, the amount of energy reaching by the catalyst decreases and causes an exponential decrease in the reaction kinetics. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Application of microwave energy to treat granular activated carbon contaminated with chlorobenzene
Authors: Jou Chih‐Ju G. , Wu Chung‐Rung , Lee Chien‐Li 
Published: September 2009

AbstractGranular activated carbon (GAC) is an excellent dielectric material to absorb and convert microwave (MW) energy into thermal energy. The MW heat is effective in decomposing organic substances adsorbed on the carbon. One gram of GAC loaded with chlorobenzene (CB) was subject to the MW output power varying from 400 to 800 W for 60 s, the carbon temperature rises to 325 to 470°C; 81.9% to 100% of the adsorbed CB is decomposed with the GAC dielectric loss factor between 16.2 and 24.8 F/m. Additionally, for the same dielectric material, larger surface area will absorb more MW energy. With more GAC (e.g., 2 g), the heat generated within GAC will cause sparks to occur if the MW irradiation time exceeds 80 s. The occurrence of sparks causes the GAC surface to graphitize thus destroying the surface micropore structure that leads to more smooth surface with less adsorption capacity. After five repetitive uses, dielectric loss of the recovered GAC decreases from 29.8 to 19.4 and the CB removal rate declines from 100 to 91%. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Biofiltration of simulated air pollutants from distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) dryer vents at corn‐derived ethanol production facilities
Authors: Chen Li‐Jung , Bangs Katherine M. , Kinney Kerry A. , Katz Lynn E. , Seibert A. Frank 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe DDGS dryer vents at corn‐derived ethanol production facilities often contain a mixture of odorous and/or potentially hazardous air pollutants including acetaldehyde and formaldehyde. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of utilizing a biofilter system to treat the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from the DDGS dryer stack during ethanol production. Single aldehyde elimination capacity experiments indicate that both acetaldehyde and formaldehyde are readily biodegraded in a biofilter at a short contact time of 10 s, although the acetaldehyde removals during the initial start up period were lower than those observed during later operation. A biofilter packed with porous silicate pellets at neutral pH successfully achieved greater than 90% removal of VOC mixtures containing acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, ethanol, and acetic acid. However, extended operation with the four component VOC mixture led to a decline in biofilter pH. At low pH (4.6), acetaldehyde removal declined from 95 to 62% and ethanol removal declined from 90 to 57%. The option of utilizing a water scrubber upstream of the biofilter to remove acetic acid was investigated; it was determined that effective acetic acid removal was possible in a recirculating water scrubber maintained at a pH level above ∼7, where the rate of removal was controlled by gas phase mass transfer resistance. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Optimisation and Evaluation of La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 – δ Cathode for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Tao Youkun , Shao Jing , Wang Wei Guo , Wang Jianxin 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this work, La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 – δ/Ce1 – xGdxO2 – δ (LSC/GDC) composite cathodes are investigated for SOFC application at intermediate temperatures, especially below 700 °C. The symmetrical cells are prepared by spraying LSC/GDC composite cathodes on a GDC tape, and the lowest polarisation resistance (Rp) of 0.11 Ω cm2 at 700 °C is obtained for the cathode containing 30 wt.‐% GDC. For the application on YSZ electrolyte, symmetrical LSC cathodes are fabricated on a YSZ tape coated on a GDC interlayer. The impact of the sintering temperature on the microstructure and electrochemical properties is investigated. The optimum temperature is determined to be 950 °C; the corresponding Rp of 0.24 Ω cm2 at 600 °C and 0.06 Ω cm2 at 700 °C are achieved, respectively. An YSZ‐based anode‐supported solid oxide fuel cell is fabricated by employing LSC/GDC composite cathode sintered at 950 °C. The cell with an active electrode area of 4 × 4 cm2 exhibits the maximum power density of 0.42 W cm–2 at 650 °C and 0.54 W cm–2 at 700 °C. More than 300 h operating at 650 °C is carried out for an estimate of performance and degradation of a single cell. Despite a decline at the beginning, the stable performance during the later term suggests a potential application.
Mental stress in Ireland, 1994–2000: a stochastic dominance approach
Authors: Madden David 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is frequently used as a measure of mental well‐being with those people with values below a certain threshold regarded as suffering from mental stress. Comparison of mental stress levels across populations may then be sensitive to the chosen threshold. This paper uses stochastic dominance techniques to show that mental stress fell in Ireland over the 1994–2000 period regardless of the threshold chosen. Decomposition techniques suggest that changes in the proportion unemployed and in the protective effect of income, education and marital status upon mental health were the principal factors underlying this fall. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.