bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction of multi-word expressions from small parallel corpora
Authors: TSVETKOV YULIA , WINTNER SHULY 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe present a general, novel methodology for extracting multi-word expressions (MWEs) of various types, along with their translations, from small, word-aligned parallel corpora. Unlike existing approaches, we focus on misalignments; these typically indicate expressions in the source language that are translated to the target in a non-compositional way. We introduce a simple algorithm that proposes MWE candidates based on such misalignments, relying on 1:1 alignments as anchors that delimit the search space. We use a large monolingual corpus to rank and filter these candidates. Evaluation of the quality of the extraction algorithm reveals significant improvements over naïve alignment-based methods. The extracted MWEs, with their translations, are used in the training of a statistical machine translation system, showing a small but significant improvement in its performance.
AIRS impact on analysis and forecast of an extreme rainfall event (Indus River Valley, Pakistan, 2010) with a global data assimilation and forecast system
Authors: Reale O. , Lau K. M. , Susskind J. , Rosenberg R. 
Published: March 2012

A set of data assimilation and forecast experiments is performed with the NASA Global data assimilation and forecast system GEOS‐5, to compare the impact of different approaches toward assimilation of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) data. The impact is first assessed globally on a sample of more than forty forecasts per experiment, through the standard 500 hPa anomaly correlation metrics. Next, the focus is on precipitation analysis and precipitation forecast skill relative to one particular event: an extreme rainfall episode which occurred in late July 2010 in Pakistan, causing massive floods along the Indus River Valley. Results show that, in addition to improving the global forecast skill, the assimilation of quality‐controlled AIRS temperature retrievals obtained under partly cloudy conditions produce better precipitation analyses, and substantially better 7‐day forecasts, than assimilation of clear‐sky radiances. The improvement of precipitation forecast skill up to 7 days is very significant in the tropics, and is caused by an improved representation, attributed to cloudy retrieval assimilation, of two contributing mechanisms: the low‐level moisture advection, and the concentration of moisture over the area in the days preceding the precipitation peak.
Regional mtDNA SNP differentiation in European Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): an assessment of potential utility for determination of natal origin
Authors: Verspoor Eric , Consuegra Sonia , Fridjonsson Olafur , Hjorleifsdottir Sigridur , Knox David , Olafsson Kristinn , Tompsett Scott , Wennevik Vidar , Garcia de Leaniz Carlos 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Verspoor, E., Consuegra, S., Fridjonsson, O., Hjorleifsdottir, S., Knox, D., Olafsson, K., Tompsett, S., Wennevik, V., and Garciá de Leániz, C. 2012. Regional mtDNA SNP differentiation in European Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): an assessment of potential utility for determination of natal origin. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1625–1636. The Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, shows geographically structured differentiation at various classes of molecular genetic variation, among and within river stocks. Nuclear microsatellite locus variation at multiple loci has been exploited for more than a decade as a marker for the continental origin of fish caught at sea in distant-water fisheries. However, a simpler, more cost-effective, but still accurate, assignment can be obtained using a single microsatellite locus in combination with a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detected by restriction enzyme digestion. Following on from this, a preliminary study was made of the potential for using mtDNA SNP variation to enhance the resolving power and cost-effectiveness of within-continent assignment of European salmon as determined using microsatellites. Variation in 20 mtDNA regions, encompassing ∼43% of this genome, in 330 salmon from 29 rivers across Europe, was analysed. High levels of inter-individual and inter-river variation were found, as well as evidence of regional differentiation paralleling observed microsatellite differentiation. The observations indicate scope for using mtDNA SNPs along with microsatellites for genetically based assignment of European salmon to region and river of natal origin, but further study is needed.
Reduced T‐bet in addition to enhanced STAT6 and GATA3 expressing T cells contribute to human allergen‐induced late responses
Authors: Eifan A. O. , Furukido K. , Dumitru A. , Jacobson M. R. , Schmidt‐Weber C. , Banfield G. , Durham S. R. , Nouri‐Aria K. T. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryBackgroundT‐bet and GATA‐3 are transcriptional factors involved in Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, although their concomitant roles at protein levels in target organs during human allergic disease have not been assessed.ObjectivesWe investigated the expression of T‐bet and GATA‐3 in nasal and cutaneous models of Th2 (grass‐pollen allergen) and a cutaneous model of Th1 (PPD) responses in man.MethodsNasal biopsies were obtained at 8 h and skin biopsies at 8 and 48 h after allergen and PPD challenges, respectively, from 10 allergic rhinitics and 6 non‐atopic controls. T cells were assessed using immunofluorescence microscopy.ResultsThere were increases in CD3+STAT6+cells (P = 0.01 for nose and skin) and CD3+GATA3+cells (P = 0.03 for skin) in response to allergen compared with diluent in allergics. When compared with non‐atopics after allergen challenge the difference between the two groups was also significant for CD3+STAT6+ (P = 0.001 and 0.03) and for CD3+GATA3+cells (P = 0.04 and 0.001) for nose and skin respectively. Following PPD challenge CD3+STAT4+cells and CD3+T‐bet+cells increased in both groups compared with diluent (P = 0.02 and 0.03 for both TFs), whereas only CD3+T‐bet+ cells were significantly greater in non‐atopics compared with allergics (P = 0.04). The ratio of GATA3+:T‐bet+ T cells in allergen‐induced responses was significantly greater in the allergics (P = 0.008 and 0.01 nose and skin respectively), whereas the ratio of T‐bet:GATA3+T cells was significantly higher in the non‐atopics during PPD‐induced responses (P = 0.003).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceDysregulation of Th1 transcription may contribute to heightened expression of STAT6 and GATA3 leading to exaggerated Th2‐driven manifestations of allergic disease.
Targeted massively parallel sequencing provides comprehensive genetic diagnosis for patients with disorders of sex development
Authors: Arboleda VA , Lee H , Sánchez FJ , Délot EC , Sandberg DE , Grody WW , Nelson SF , Vilain E 
Published: March 2012

Arboleda VA, Lee H, Sánchez FJ, Délot EC, Sandberg DE, Grody WW, Nelson SF, Vilain E. Targeted massively parallel sequencing provides comprehensive genetic diagnosis for patients with disorders of sex development.Disorders of sex development (DSD) are rare disorders in which there is discordance between chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex. Only a minority of patients clinically diagnosed with DSD obtains a molecular diagnosis, leaving a large gap in our understanding of the prevalence, management, and outcomes in affected patients. We created a novel DSD‐genetic diagnostic tool, in which sex development genes are captured using RNA probes and undergo massively parallel sequencing. In the pilot group of 14 patients, we determined sex chromosome dosage, copy number variation, and gene mutations. In the patients with a known genetic diagnosis (obtained either on a clinical or research basis), this test identified the molecular cause in 100% (7/7) of patients. In patients in whom no molecular diagnosis had been made, this tool identified a genetic diagnosis in two of seven patients. Targeted sequencing of genes representing a specific spectrum of disorders can result in a higher rate of genetic diagnoses than current diagnostic approaches. Our DSD diagnostic tool provides for first time, in a single blood test, a comprehensive genetic diagnosis in patients presenting with a wide range of urogenital anomalies.
Fitness trade‐offs and the maintenance of alternative male morphs in the bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini)
Authors: SMALLEGANGE I. M. , THORNE N. , CHARALAMBOUS M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAlternative reproductive phenotypes (ARPs) occur across a wide range of taxa. Most ARPs are conditionally expressed in response to a cue, for example body size, that reliably correlates with the status of the environment: individuals below the (body size) threshold then develop into one morph, and individuals above the threshold develop into the alternative morph. The environmental threshold model provides a theoretical framework to understand the evolution and maintenance of such ARPs, yet no study has examined the underlying fitness functions that are necessary to realize this. Here, we empirically examined fitness functions for the two male morphs of the bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus robini). Fitness functions were derived in relation to male size for solitary males and in relation to female size under competition. In both cases, the fitness functions of the two morphs intersected, and the resulting fitness trade‐offs may play a role in the maintenance of this male dimorphism. We furthermore found that competition was strongest between males of the same morph, suggesting that fitness trade‐off in relation to male size may persist under competition. Our results are a first step towards unravelling fitness functions of ARPs that are environmentally cued threshold traits, which is essential for understanding their maintenance and in explaining the response to selection against alternative morphs.
Long‐term multiple risk factor interventions in Japanese elderly diabetic patients: The Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial – study design, baseline characteristics and effects of intervention
Authors: Araki Atsushi , Iimuro Satoshi , Sakurai Takashi , Umegaki Hiroyuki , Iijima Katsuya , Nakano Hiroshi , Oba Kenzo , Yokono Koichi , Sone Hirohito , Yamada Nobuhiro , Ako Junya , Kozaki Koichi , Miura Hisayuki , Kashiwagi Atsunori , Kikkawa Ryuichi , Yoshimura Yukio , Nakano Tadasumi , Ohashi Yasuo , Ito Hideki ,   the Japanese Elderly Diabetes Intervention Trial Study Group
Published: March 2012

Aim:  To evaluate long‐term, multiple risk factor intervention on physical, psychological and mental prognosis, and development of complications and cardiovascular disease in elderly type 2 diabetes patients.Methods:  Our randomized, controlled, multicenter, prospective intervention trial included 1173 elderly type 2 diabetes patients who were enrolled from 39 Japanese institutions and randomized to an intensive or conservative treatment group. Glycemic control, dyslipidemia, hypertension, obesity, diabetic complications and atherosclerotic disease were measured annually. Instrumental activity of daily living, cognitive impairment, depressive symptoms and diabetes burden were assessed at baseline and 3 years.Results:  There was no significant difference in clinical or cognitive parameters at baseline between the two groups. The prevalence of low activities of daily living, depressive symptoms and cognitive impairment was 13%, 28% and 4%, respectively, and was similar in the two groups. A small, but significant difference in HbA1c between the two groups was observed at 1 year after the start of intervention (7.9% vs 8.1%, P < 0.05), although this significant difference was not observed after the second year. With the exception of coronary revascularization, there was no significant difference in fatal or non‐fatal events between the two groups. Composite events were also similar in the two groups.Conclusions:  This study showed no significant differences in fatal or non‐fatal events between intensive and conventional treatment. The present study might clarify whether treatment of risk factors influences function and quality of life in elderly diabetic patients. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12 (Suppl. 1): 7–17.
Insulin secretion based on the late oral glucose tolerance test period and incident diabetes: the San Antonio Heart Study
Authors: Lorenzo C. , Williams K. , Haffner S. M. 
Published: March 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, e151–e158 (2012)AbstractAims  The Insulinogenic Index from 0 to 30 min (ΔI 0‐30/ΔG0‐30), a measure of insulin secretion derived from the early period of the oral glucose tolerance test, predicts future diabetes. However, there are few data on secretory measures from the late oral glucose tolerance test period. We therefore investigated the association of the ratio of the area under the insulin curve to the area under the glucose curve from 60 to 120 min (I/GAUC 60‐120) with incident diabetes.Methods  Participants were 1540 Mexican Americans and non‐Hispanic whites in the San Antonio Heart Study who were free of diabetes at baseline. We analysed indices of sensitivity (Matsuda index) and secretion from the early (ΔI0‐30/ΔG0‐30) and late oral glucose tolerance test periods (I/GAUC 60‐120).Results  A total of 179 participants developed diabetes after 7.5 years. I/GAUC60‐120 was an independent predictor of diabetes [odds ratio × 1 SD unit increase, 0.37 (0.26–0.54)] in a model that also included age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, family history of diabetes, Matsuda index and (ΔI 0‐30/ΔG0‐30) as covariates. I/GAUC 60–120 increased the C statistic (a test of discrimination) of the model (0.882 vs. 0.875, P = 0.044). I/GAUC 60–120 correctly reclassified one‐fifth of individuals with moderate and strong risks of future diabetes. The net reclassification improvement was 0.13 (P < 0.001) and the integrated discrimination improvement was 0.033 (P < 0.001).Conclusions  An insulin secretory measure derived from the late oral glucose tolerance test period is useful for classifying individuals at risk of future diabetes independently of other risk factors, including insulin sensitivity and a secretory measure from the early oral glucose tolerance test period.
Effect of age and COX‐2‐derived prostanoids on the progression of adult vascular dysfunction in the offspring of diabetic rats
Authors: Ramos‐Alves FE , de Queiroz DB , Santos‐Rocha J , Duarte GP , Xavier FE 
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The present study was designed to determine how diabetes in pregnancy affects vascular function in their offspring, the influence of age and whether COX activation is involved in this effect.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Relaxation responses to ACh were analysed in mesenteric resistance arteries from the offspring of control rats (O‐CR) and those of diabetic rats (O‐DR) at 3, 6 and 12 months of age. TxB2, PGE2 and PGF2α release were determined by enzyme immunoassay. COX‐1 and COX‐2 expression were measured by Western blot analysis.KEY RESULTS O‐DR developed hypertension from 6 months of age compared with O‐CR. In O‐DR, relaxation responses to ACh were impaired in all ages studied and were restored by COX‐2 inhibition. TP receptor blockade (SQ29548) restored ACh relaxation in arteries from 3‐month‐old O‐DR while TP and EP receptor blockade (SQ29548 + AH6809) was required to restore it in 6‐month‐old O‐DR. In 12‐month‐old O‐DR, ACh relaxation was restored when TP, EP and FP receptors were blocked (SQ29548 + AH6809 + AL8810). ACh‐stimulated TxB2 was higher in all O‐DR. ACh‐stimulated PGE2 release was increased in arteries from 6‐ and 12‐month‐old O‐DR, whereas PGF2α was increased only in 12‐month‐old O‐DR. COX‐2, but not COX‐1, expression was higher in O‐DR than O‐CR.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The results indicate an age‐dependent up‐regulation of COX‐2 coupled to an enhanced formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids in resistance arteries from O‐DR. This effect plays a key role in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction, which in turn could contribute to the progression of vascular dysfunction in these rats.
Elastin overexpression by cell‐based gene therapy preserves matrix and prevents cardiac dilation
Authors: Li Shu‐Hong , Sun Zhuo , Guo Lily , Han Mihan , Wood Michael F. G. , Ghosh Nirmalya , Alex Vitkin I. , Weisel Richard D. , Li Ren‐Ke 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAfter a myocardial infarction, thinning and expansion of the fibrotic scar contribute to progressive heart failure. The loss of elastin is a major contributor to adverse extracellular matrix remodelling of the infarcted heart, and restoration of the elastic properties of the infarct region can prevent ventricular dysfunction. We implanted cells genetically modified to overexpress elastin to re‐establish the elastic properties of the infarcted myocardium and prevent cardiac failure. A full‐length human elastin cDNA was cloned, subcloned into an adenoviral vector and then transduced into rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). In vitro studies showed that BMSCs expressed the elastin protein, which was deposited into the extracellular matrix. Transduced BMSCs were injected into the infarcted myocardium of adult rats. Control groups received either BMSCs transduced with the green fluorescent protein gene or medium alone. Elastin deposition in the infarcted myocardium was associated with preservation of myocardial tissue structural integrity (by birefringence of polarized light; P < 0.05 versus controls). As a result, infarct scar thickness and diastolic compliance were maintained and infarct expansion was prevented (P < 0.05 versus controls). Over a 9‐week period, rats implanted with BMSCs demonstrated better cardiac function than medium controls; however, rats receiving BMSCs overexpressing elastin showed the greatest functional improvement (P < 0.01). Overexpression of elastin in the infarcted heart preserved the elastic structure of the extracellular matrix, which, in turn, preserved diastolic function, prevented ventricular dilation and preserved cardiac function. This cell‐based gene therapy provides a new approach to cardiac regeneration.
Shear induced collateral artery growth modulated by endoglin but not by ALK1
Authors: Seghers Leonard , de Vries Margreet R. , Pardali Evangelia , Hoefer Imo E. , Hierck Beerend P. , Dijke Peter ten , Goumans Marie Jose , Quax Paul H.A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTransforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) stimulates both ischaemia induced angiogenesis and shear stress induced arteriogenesis by signalling through different receptors. How these receptors are involved in both these processes of blood flow recovery is not entirely clear. In this study the role of TGF‐β receptors 1 and endoglin is assessed in neovascularization in mice. Unilateral femoral artery ligation was performed in mice heterozygous for either endoglin or ALK1 and in littermate controls. Compared with littermate controls, blood flow recovery, monitored by laser Doppler perfusion imaging, was significantly hampered by maximal 40% in endoglin heterozygous mice and by maximal 49% in ALK1 heterozygous mice. Collateral artery size was significantly reduced in endoglin heterozygous mice compared with controls but not in ALK1 heterozygous mice. Capillary density in ischaemic calf muscles was unaffected, but capillaries from endoglin and ALK1 heterozygous mice were significantly larger when compared with controls. To provide mechanistic evidence for the differential role of endoglin and ALK1 in shear induced or ischaemia induced neovascularization, murine endothelial cells were exposed to shear stress in vitro. This induced increased levels of endoglin mRNA but not ALK1. In this study it is demonstrated that both endoglin and ALK1 facilitate blood flow recovery. Importantly, endoglin contributes to both shear induced collateral artery growth and to ischaemia induced angiogenesis, whereas ALK1 is only involved in ischaemia induced angiogenesis.
The effect of diabetes on bone formation following application of the GBR principle with the use of titanium domes
Authors: Lee Sang‐Bok , Retzepi Maria , Petrie Aviva , Hakimi Ahmad‐Reza , Schwarz Frank , Donos Nikolaos 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of experimental diabetes and metabolic control on de novo bone formation following the GBR principle under titanium dome with a hydrophobic or hydrophilic surface.Material and methodsThree groups of equal number of randomly allocated Wistar strain rats were created: (a) uncontrolled, streptozotocin‐induced diabetes (D); (b) insulin‐controlled diabetes (CD); (c) healthy (H). Each group was then further divided into two groups according to either 7 or 42 days of healing period, which received either a hydrophobic (SLA: A) or a hydrophilic (SLActive: B) dome. The undecalcified sections were evaluated by qualitative and quantitative histological analysis and the differences between means for the groups (D, CD, and H) and the type of domes (SLA and SLActive) at each of two observational periods (i.e. 7 and 42 days) were assessed by performing a two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA).ResultsIn all experimental groups, significant de novo bone formation under the domes was observed at 42 days of healing. There was a tendency of increased new total bone (TB) formation in H and CD groups compared to D group at 42 days of healing. Also, the SLActive titanium surface showed a trend of promoting superior TB formation at the early observational period among the experimental groups, however these differences did not reach statistical significance. In regards to the bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC%) under the both dome treatments (SLA and SLActive), there was no statistically significant difference among the H, CD, and D groups at both 7 and 42 days.ConclusionDespite of the presence of uncontrolled diabetes, substantial de novo bone formation can be achieved in titanium domes with a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic surface. The use of SLActive titanium surface may present a tendency to promote new bone formation in healthy and diabetic conditions at 7 days of healing, however the obtained data do not allow any robust conclusions.
Evidence for tissue iron overload in long‐term hemodialysis patients and the impact of withdrawing parenteral iron
Authors: Ghoti Hussam , Rachmilewitz Eliezer A. , Simon‐Lopez Ramon , Gaber Raed , Katzir Zeev , Konen Eli , Kushnir Tamar , Girelli Domenico , Campostrini Natascia , Fibach Eitan , Goitein Orly 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground/aimsErythropoiesis in long‐term hemodialyzed (LTH) patients is supported by erythropoietin (rHuEpo) and intravenous (IV) iron. This treatment may end up in iron overload (IO) in major organs. We studied such patients for the parameters of IO in the serum and in major organs.MethodsPatients were treated with rHuEpo (6–8 x 103 units × 1–3/wk) and IV 100 mg ferric saccharate.ResultsOf 115 patients, 21 had serum ferritin (SF) > 1000 ng/mL. This group was further analyzed. Their SF and transferrin saturation (TSAT) were 2688 ± 1489 ng/mL and 54.2 ± 32.7%, respectively (vs. 125–360 ng/mL and 20–50% in normal controls). Serum hepcidin was 60.1 ± 29.5 nm (vs. 10.61 ± 6.44 nm in controls) (P < 0.001). Nineteen patients had increased malonyldialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, indicating oxidative stress. T2* MRI disclosed in 19 of 21 patients moderate to severe IO in the liver and spleen, in three of eight patients in the pancreas, but in no patient in the heart. After stopping IV iron for a mean of 12 months, while continuing rHuEpo, the mean SF decreased in 11 patients to 1682 ng/mL and the mean TSAT decreased to 28%, whereas hemoglobin did not change indicating that tissue iron was utilized.ConclusionHigh SF correlates with IO in the liver and spleen, but not in the heart.