bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of motor branching of the musculocutaneous nerve in human fetuses and clinical significance
Authors: Kervancioglu Piraye , Orhan Mustafa , Kilinc Nihal 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this morphologic study is to investigate the course and the branching pattern of motor branches of musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) in human fetuses. Twenty upper limbs (10 right, 10 left) of spontaneously aborted formalin‐fixed fetuses were dissected under a stereomicroscope to determine motor branches for the biceps brachii and brachialis and the communicating branches between the MCN and median nerve (MN). The MCN entered the proximal and middle part of coracobrachialis in 13/20 and 5/20 of arms, respectively, and the remaining 2/20 did not pierce coracobrachialis. The communication between MCN and MN was observed in 5/20 of the arms and detected only in the distal part of the coracobrachialis. The most frequently observed innervation is the type wherein a single branch to biceps brachii, which bifurcated for supplying the short and long heads (12/20). For the innervation of brachialis, the most frequent type was a single branch from the main trunk of the MCN (15/20). During the dissections, the distance between the acromion and the emerging point of the motor branches was measured. The mean distance between the acromion and the emerging point of the all motor branches for biceps brachii in all types of specimens was 33.8 ± 6.1% of acromion‐lateral epicondyle length and for brachialis was 50.6 ± 11.5% of acromion‐lateral epicondyle length. The data of the MCN variations in the human fetus may be useful for the clinicians and pediatric surgery. Clin. Anat. 24:168–178, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulation of the Anaerobic Process for the Biogas Production
Authors: Rojas Christian , Uhlenhut Frank , Schlaak Michael , Borchert Axel , Steinigeweg Sven 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEs wird eine Simulation des anaeroben Prozesses in Biogasanlagen beschrieben, die es erlaubt den Prozess für den Einsatz verschiedener realer Substrate zu optimieren. Als Basis zur Modellierung wird das ADM1‐Modell (Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1) verwendet. Es wurden Batch‐Versuche mit verschiedenen Substraten sowie Experimente in einem kontinuierlichen Laborreaktor durchgeführt. Anhand der experimentellen Ergebnisse erfolgten eine Parametrisierung und Modifikationen im Modell. Es zeigte sich, dass eine Unterteilung des Substrates in verschieden schnell abbaubare Klassen zu einer guten Übereinbestimmung zwischen der Simulation des anaeroben Abbaus und den experimentellen Ergebnissen führt.
The concept of spatially‐encoded single‐scan NMR
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSpatially‐encoded single‐scan NMR offers an enormous improvement in speed for multidimensional NMR measurements. A typical two‐dimensional experiment can be completed in less than a second. This review offers a simple and largely pictorial description of the basic concepts underpinning this ingenious technique, and outlines the relationship to conventional NMR methodology. Simple vector model descriptions are presented with the goal of understanding the basic spin physics of this complex experiment. Detailed and more mathematical treatments can be found in the original publications of Frydman and coworkers, listed among the cited references. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 38A: 1–6, 2011.
Huddling behavior as critical phase transition triggered by low temperatures
Authors: Canals Mauricio , Bozinovic Francisco 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHuddling is a grouping behavior where animals maintain close bodily contact and save energy. We tested the hypothesis that this thermoregulatory behavior behaves as a system with continuous (second‐order phase) transition called critical when the environmental temperature (driving parameter) is near a critical value. To do so, we followed theoretical and experimental approaches, examining data from geometrical models, metabolic rate during huddling in small mammals, and also conducting an experiment on thermoregulatory huddling behavior with white mice. Our results support all predictions for systems under continuous‐phase transition triggered by low temperatures, a phenomenon reported for first time in a biological system. We suggest that huddling behavior in social animals, a recognized adaptive behavior, may be considered a self‐organized system coupled with an external driving parameter. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2011
BFD‐based failure detection and localization in IP over OBS/WDM multilayer network
Authors: Fu Minglei , Le Zichun , Zhu Zhijun 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYOptical burst switching (OBS), which takes advantage of both high capacity of optical fiber and sophisticated control of electronics, has been considered as a promising paradigm for the modern Internet. In this paper, the recovery procedures for IP over OBS/WDM multilayer network are addressed, which focus on the failure detection and failure localization. Bidirectional forwarding detection (BFD) mechanism which provides low‐overhead, short‐duration detection of failures in the path between adjacent forwarding engines, including the interfaces, data link(s) is introduced for the failure detection and localization in the IP over OBS/WDM multilayer network, especially at the OBS/WDM layer. The unique feature of OBS and the easy‐to‐implement merit of BFD make it feasible for BFD adopted at OBS/WDM layer. Besides, BFD is a highly cost effective method when compared with traditional methods such as detecting the Loss of Light of each wavelength. Not only the implementation details of BFD‐based failure detection for the OBS/WDM layer are demonstrated in this paper, but also how the BFD localizes failures such as fiber failure, link failure and node failure. Moreover, extensive simulations have been done at different scenarios such as single failure and multiple failures. And the numerical results concerning the performance of BFD‐based failure detection and localization in terms of failure detection and localization time and BDP lost rate verified the proposed solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucosamine and osteoarthritis: time to quit?
Authors: Muniyappa Ranganath 
Published: January 2011

AbstractGlucosamine (2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose), an amino monosaccharide derivative of glucose, is a precursor of the glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans that make up articular cartilage. The notion that augmenting the intake of the precursor molecule, glucosamine, may directly stimulate articular proteoglycan synthesis to modulate osteoarthritis has provided the rationale for its widespread use. Theoretically, exogenous glucosamine may augment glycosaminoglycan synthesis in cartilage. There is a simultaneous theoretical concern that it might also induce insulin resistance in insulin‐sensitive tissues.In a previous issue of DMRR, Simon et al. conclude that typical doses of oral glucosamine have no significant effects on glucose metabolism or insulin sensitivity. On the basis of the results from clinical, animal, and cell‐based studies they conclude that oral glucosamine neither augments the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway nor reduces insulin‐mediated glucose uptake. In recent meta‐analyses restricted to well‐designed randomized controlled trials that include adequate allocation concealment or to non‐industry‐funded studies, oral glucosamine fails to show any significant clinical benefit in individuals with osteoarthritis. These data should raise serious questions from patients and their health care providers about its continued use. Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pax6 regulates craniofacial form through its control of an essential cephalic ectodermal patterning center
Authors: Compagnucci Claudia , Fish Jennifer L. , Schwark Manuela , Tarabykin Victor , Depew Michael J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractNormal patterning and morphogenesis of the complex skeletal structures of the skull requires an exquisite, reciprocal cross‐talk between the embryonic cephalic epithelia and mesenchyme. The mesenchyme associated with the jaws and the optic and olfactory capsules is derived from a Hox‐negative cranial neural crest (CNC) population that acts much as an equivalence group in its interactions with specific local cephalic epithelial signals. Craniofacial pattern and morphogenesis is therefore controlled in large part through the regulation of these local cephalic epithelial signals. Here, we demonstrate that Pax6 is essential to the formation and maturation of the complex cephalic ectodermal patterning centers that govern the development and morphogenesis of the upper jaws and associated nasal capsules. Previous examinations of the craniofacial skeletal defects associated with Pax6 mutations have suggested that they arise from an optic‐associated blockage in the migration of a specific subpopulation of midbrain CNC to the lateral frontonasal processes. We have addressed an alternative explanation for the craniofacial skeletal defects. We show that in Pax6SeyN/SeyN mutants regional CNC is present by E9.25 while there is already specific disruption in the early ontogenetic elaboration of cephalic ectodermal expression, associated with the nascent lambdoidal junction, of secreted signaling factors (including Fgf8 and Bmp4) and transcription factors (including Six1 and Dlx5) essential for upper jaw and/or nasal capsular development. Pax6 therefore regulates craniofacial form, at stages when CNC has just arrived in the frontonasal region, through its control of surface cephalic ectodermal competence to form an essential craniofacial patterning center. genesis 49:307‐325, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method for abstraction and reproduction of environment based on frequency characteristic
Authors: Hyodo Shoyo , Ohnishi Kouhei 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWith progress in information technology, recording and reproduction technologies for sound and images have been improved. In addition, recording and reproduction technologies for haptic displays are developing. This paper proposes a method for abstraction and reproduction of the environmental stiffness based on the frequency characteristic. In the proposed method, environmental position response from a force input is measured. Then, the Fourier‐transformed position response divided by the Fourier‐transformed force input is calculated for abstraction of the environmental frequency characteristic. The control system for reproduction of the environment is designed on the basis of the abstracted environmental frequency characteristic. A finite impulse response (FIR) filter is utilized for the reproduction of the environmental frequency characteristic. Finally, the validity of the proposed method is shown by experimental results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(2): 23–31, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10300
A study of imprint mold materials suited for B2O3‐La2O3‐based glass
Authors: Yasui Manabu , Omata Yukiko , Sugimoto Koh‐ichi , Kaneko Satoru , Hirabayashi Yasuo , Takahashi Masaharu , Maeda Ryutaro 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe reactivity between nanoimprint mold materials and optical glass has been investigated by measuring the contact angle between these materials in a nitrogen atmosphere at high temperatures up to 1000 °C. Since low‐softening‐temperature optical glass was chosen in this study, the thermal upper limit of the contact angle measurement was set as 800 °C. As mold materials, electrodeposited Ni‐W alloy containing 40 wt‐% W and glasslike carbon (GC) were chosen. In the case of GC, the contact angle did not change greatly at temperatures up to 800 °C, and an obvious reactant phase in the interface layer between the GC and the molten glass was observed. In the case of the Ni‐W alloy, the contact angle decreased with increasing temperature, and no reactant phase was observed at the interface. This indicates that the Ni‐W alloy is suitable as a mold material for B2O3‐La2O3‐based optical glass. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(2): 17–22, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10301
Genetic effects on transpiration, canopy conductance, stomatal sensitivity to vapour pressure deficit, and cavitation resistance in loblolly pine
Authors: Aspinwall Michael J. , King John S. , Domec Jean‐Christophe , McKeand Steven E. , Isik Fikret 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPhysiological uniformity and genetic effects on canopy‐level gas‐exchange and hydraulic function could impact loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation sustainability and ecosystem dynamics under projected changes in climate. Over a 1‐year period, we examined genetic effects on mean and maximum mid‐day canopy conductance (Gs, Gsmax) and transpiration (E, max‐E) within a juvenile loblolly pine plantation composed of ‘genotypes’ (e.g. different genetic entries) from each of the three different genetic groups (clones, full‐sibs, open‐pollinated). We also compared reference canopy conductance (Gs−ref or Gs at a vapour pressure deficit (D) = 1 kPa), maximum E (Emax) in response to D, stomatal sensitivity to D, specific hydraulic conductivity (ks), and cavitation resistance among genotypes. Based on genetic and physiological principles, we hypothesized that (1) within genotypes, physiological uniformity will increase as inherent genetic diversity decreases and (2) genotypes with greater ks and higher canopy‐level gas‐exchange rates will be more sensitive to increases in D, and more susceptible to loss of ks. In our results, high‐ and low‐genetic diversity genotypes showed no differences in E and Gs uniformity over time. However, E and max‐E were significantly different among genotypes, and genotypes showed significant seasonal variability in Gs and Gsmax. Additionally, there were significant differences in Emax, Gs−ref, Gs sensitivity to D, and the pressure at which 50% loss of ks occurs (P50) among individual genotypes. We found no relationship between mean hydraulic conductivity parameters and overall Gs−ref or Gs sensitivity. However, the genotype full embolism point (P88) and loss of ks rate (LCrate) both showed a significant positive relationship with genotype Gs−ref during the spring, indicating that genotypes with higher Gs were less resistant to cavitation. Overall, genetic effects on canopy‐level gas‐exchange and cavitation resistance were significant, implying that physiological differences among genotypes might affect stand water use, carbon gain, drought tolerance, and hydrologic processes. Contrary to our expectations, uniformity in physiological process rates did not increase as inherent genetic diversity decreased, suggesting that clonal genotypes exhibit high physiological plasticity under plantation conditions. Lastly, our results imply that genotypes with higher spring‐time gas‐exchange rates may be more susceptible to catastrophic loss of ks. With changes in climate expected to continue, physiological differences among genotypes may affect loblolly pine plantation carbon and water cycling. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urbanization alters watershed hydrology in the Piedmont of North Carolina
Authors: Boggs J. L. , Sun G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe ecohydrologic effects of urbanization that is dominated by forests clearing are not well understood in the southeastern United States. We utilized long‐term monitoring data to quantify the annual water balance, stormflow characteristics, and seasonal flow patterns of an urbanized watershed (UR) (0·70 km2) and compared it to a fully forested watershed (FOR) (2·95 km2) in central North Carolina. The goal of this study was to assess how past urbanization altered watershed hydrology and to offer reference data for urban watershed planning. The mean annual discharge coefficient (discharge/precipitation) in the UR and FOR from 2000 to 2007 was 0·42 and 0·24, respectively. The UR generated about 75% more stormflow than the FOR. The UR had a lower mean evapotranspiration (ET) rate (58%) than the FOR (77%). Peakflow rates and stormflow volume of the UR were higher (e.g. 76·6 mm/day versus 5·8 mm/day for peakflow rate and 77·9 mm/day versus 7·1 mm/day for stormflow volume) than the FOR, especially during the growing season. Growing season precipitation minus discharge normalized by precipitation (P − Q)/P (i.e. normalized ET ± change in water storage) was higher in the FOR compared to the UR. Differences between the two watersheds occurred mostly during the growing season and became smaller during the dormant season. We conclude that intensive urbanization elevated watershed peakflow rates and annual discharge volumes partially due to reduction in ET during the growing season. Maintaining ET capacity of vegetation in an urbanizing watershed is important in development planning for reducing stormflow and watershed degradation. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
A new method for AERMOD with missing sounding data
Authors: Jiang Lei , Li Shibei , Wu Wenjun , Ding Feng , Wang Xinhua , Xu Yisheng , Lan Ru 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this article, an experimental formula method of using surface observation data to estimate the potential temperature profile for AERMIC(AMS/EPA Regulatory Model Improvement Committee) Model (AERMOD) was developed. This method's validity was tested by comparison of hourly averaged concentrations predicted by AERMOD for four field sites (Clifty Creek, Bowline, Lovett, and Westvaco) datasets in US in the convective boundary layer (CBL) using estimated potential temperature and sounding data. When predicting the hourly averaged concentrations, the CBL were divided into convective and near neutral cases based on the values of Monin‐Obukhov length (L). Q‐Q plots and some statistical measures such as Pearson Correlation Coefficient (R), Fractional Bias (FB), Normalized Mean Square Error (NMSE), Mean Bias Error (MBE), Index of Agreement (D) and Robust Highest Concentration (RHC) were used. The statistical results and Q‐Q plots indicated that the concentrations in the CBL using estimated potential temperature had a good relationship and agreement, a little bias, accepted predicted highest concentrations with those derived from sounding data. The statistical results and Q‐Q plots in the neutral case were better than those in the convective case. We can conclude that this method was feasible in planetary boundary layer (PBL) for AERMOD. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Eating in eating disorders
Authors: Treasure Janet , Cardi Valentina , Kan Carol 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to bring eating back into the centre of the eating disorder discourse. The ability to interrogate and understand the central processes of appetite has increased considerably since the discovery of leptin and the ability to observe brain function with scanning methodologies. This has led to substantial progress in understanding the biological causative and maintaining factors in eating disorders, opening up the possibility of translating the latest findings into new forms of treatment. The biological mechanisms underpinning symptoms evolution and course of illness will first be described, follows by a discussion on integrating the research evidence in fear and feeding into patient care. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Simulation of free surface flows using the flux‐difference splitting scheme on the hybrid Cartesian/immersed boundary method
Authors: Shin Sangmook , Bae Sung Yong , Kim In Chul , Kim Yong Jig , Yoon Hyeon Kyu 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this study, a method is developed to simulate the interaction between free surface flows and moving or deforming boundaries using the flux‐difference splitting scheme on the hybrid Cartesian/immersed boundary method. At each physical time step, the boundary is defined by an unstructured triangular surface grid. Immersed boundary (IB) nodes are distributed inside an instantaneous fluid domain based on edges crossing the boundary. At an IB node, dependent variables are reconstructed along the local normal line to the boundary. Inviscid fluxes are computed using Roe's flux‐difference splitting scheme for immiscible and incompressible fluids. The free surface is considered as a contact discontinuity in the density field. The motion of free surface is captured without any additional treatment along the fluid interface. The developed code is validated by comparisons with other experimental and computational results for a piston‐type wave maker, impulsive motion of a submerged circular cylinder, flow around a submerged hydrofoil, and Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The developed code is applied to simulate wave generation due to a continuously deforming bed beneath the free surface. The violent motion of a free surface caused by sloshing in a spherical tank is simulated. In this case, the free surface undergoes breakup and reconnection. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and cytotoxicity studies of achiral azaindole‐substituted titanocenes
Authors: Méndez Luis Miguel Menéndez , Deally Anthony , O'Shea Donal F. , Tacke Matthias 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFrom the reaction of 1‐methyl‐1 H‐pyr‐rolo[2,3‐b]pyridine (1a),1‐(methoxymethyl)‐1 H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridine (1b), 1‐isopropyl‐1 H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridine (1c), and 1‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐1 H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridine (1d) under Vilsmeier–Haak conditions, the corresponding aldehydes in position 3 (2a–2d) were synthesized. These aldehydes were transformed in the corresponding fulvenes (3a–3d) by the Knoevenagel condensation and treated with Li[BEt3H] to obtain the corresponding lithiated cyclopentadienide intermediates (3′a–3′d). These intermediates were, finally transmetallated to titanium with TiCl4 to yield the 7‐azaindol‐3‐yl‐substituted titanocenes bis {[(1‐methyl‐1‐H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridin‐3‐yl)methyl] cyclopentadienyl} titanium(IV) dichloride (4a), bis{[(1‐methoxymethyl‐1‐H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridin‐3‐yl)methyl]cyclopentadienyl} titanium(IV)dichloride (4b), bis{[(1‐Isopropyl‐1‐H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridin‐3‐yl)methyl]cyclopentadienyl} titanium(IV) dichloride (4c), and bis{[(4‐methoxybenzyl‐1‐H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridin‐3‐yl)methyl]cyclopentadienyl} titanium(IV) dichloride (4d). All the titanocenes had their cytotoxicity investigated through MTT‐based preliminary in vitro testing on the Caki‐1 cell lines to determinate their IC50 values. Titanocenes 4a–4c were found to have IC50 values of 120 ± 10, 83 ± 13, and 54 ± 12, µM respectively, whereas 4d showed no cytotoxic activity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:148–157, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20668