bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical Micro/Nanostructures of Natural Polymer for Release Process
Authors: Dluska Ewa , Markowska‐Radomska Agnieszka 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this paper the modeling of drug release process from hierarchical dispersed systems such as nano and microparticles prepared by thermal cross‐linking of multiple emulsions is described. The presented model considers the diffusion of a drug through spherical eroding natural polymer matrix and diffusion‐convection of the drug in the surrounding medium. Simulated release profiles were compared with experimental data of the drug release from microspheres of various structures. The differences in microspheres structure resulted from changes in mixing intensity of the external surrounding. The simulations of release profiles confirmed the importance of the internal structure of microspheres as well as an intensity of external mixing in the modeling of the controlled release process. The presented model allowed the mass of drug released to be determined with satisfactory agreement with experimental data after optimization of parameters describing internal microspheres structure. The proposed model describing release process of a drug from microspheres can be applied for simulation of release profiles with phasic behavior (primary/lag and continuous release). The model simulations were extended to drug release from nanoparticles with satisfactory results.
The distinct movement disorder in anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis may be related to status dissociatus: A hypothesis
Authors: Stamelou Maria , Plazzi Giuseppe , Lugaresi Elio , Edwards Mark J. , Bhatia Kailash P. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe majority of patients with anti‐N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate‐receptor encephalitis (NMDAE) present a characteristic movement disorder, which consists of complex bilateral stereotyped movements of the arms, with perioral and eye movements, and less frequently involvement of the legs. We have observed striking similarities in the characteristics of the abnormal movements observed in NMDAE and those described in Status Dissociatus, which is characterized by a complete breakdown of state‐determining boundaries (wakefulness, REM and NREM sleep) and can result from pathophysiologically diverse disorders (e.g. fatal familial insomnia, delirium tremens, Morvan's syndrome). Here, we suggest that the state of paradoxical responsiveness in which NMDAE patients present these stereotyped movements may be that of Status Dissociatus and discuss the clinical similarities and pathophysiological explanations that support such a suggestion. This hypothesis explains why patients that seem to be unconscious have a movement disorder that is not epileptic and may have management implications, since many patients with NMDAE‐related movement disorder are treated with anticonvulsants that may not be indicated. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Enhanced low‐frequency oscillatory activity of the subthalamic nucleus in a patient with dystonia
Authors: Neumann Wolf‐Julian , Huebl Julius , Brücke Christof , Ruiz Maria Herrojo , Kupsch Andreas , Schneider Gerd‐Helge , Kühn Andrea A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground:Local field potentials were recorded from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in a patient with dystonia to further elucidate disease‐specific aspects of basal ganglia oscillatory activity.Methods:STN local field potentials and electromyograms (EMGs) from dystonic muscles were recorded to provide an estimate of the power spectra and coherence between the STN activity and EMG.Results:STN power spectra revealed a distinct peak at approximately 7 Hz in our patient. This finding is similar to the pallidal activity seen in dystonic patients but clearly different from the subthalamic beta activity of patients with Parkinson's disease. Significant coherence between STN activity and EMG was present in the 4‐ to 12‐Hz band in this patient.Conclusions:Dystonia is associated with pathological activity in the theta range present throughout the cortical‐basal ganglia network. This activity differs from that in Parkinson's disease, suggesting that different movement disorders may involve distinct oscillatory circuit disturbances. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
An efficient integration technique for the voxel‐based finite cell method
Authors: Yang Z. , Ruess M. , Kollmannsberger S. , Düster A. , Rank E. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYThe finite cell method is a fictitious domain approach based on hierarchical Ansatz spaces of higher order. The method avoids time‐consuming and often error‐prone mesh‐generation and favorably exploits Cartesian grids to embed structures of complex geometry in a simple‐shaped computational domain thus shifting parts of the computational effort from mesh generation to the computation within the embedding finite cells of regular shape. This paper presents an effective integration approach for voxel‐based models of linear elasticity that drastically reduces the computational effort on cell level. The applied strategy allows the pre‐computation of an essential part of the cell matrices and vectors of higher order, representing stiffness and load, respectively. Several benchmark problems show the potential of the proposed method in particular for heterogeneous material properties as common in biomedical applications based on computer tomography scans. The applied strategy ensures a fast computation for time‐critical simulations and even allows user‐interactive simulations for models of moderate size at a high level of accuracy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The enhanced assumed strain method for the isogeometric analysis of nearly incompressible deformation of solids
Authors: Cardoso Rui P. R. , Cesar de Sa J. M. A. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYIsogeometric analysis has recently become very popular for the numerical modeling of structures and fluids. Among other potential features, advantages of using a non‐uniform rational B‐splines (NURBS)‐based isogeometric analysis over the traditional finite element method include the possibility of using higher‐order polynomials for the basis functions of the approximation space, which may be easily built on a recursive (hierarchical) fashion as well as higher convergence ratio. Nevertheless, NURBS‐based isogeometric analysis suffers from the same problems depicted by other methods when it comes to reproduce isochoric deformations, that is, it shows volumetric locking, especially for low‐order basis functions. Similar remedies as those that have been proposed for the finite element method may be appropriate for integration in the NURBS‐based isogeometric analysis and some have already been tried with success. In this work, the analysis of the underlying space of incompressible deformations of a NURBS‐based isogeometric approximation is performed with the main objective of understanding the likelihood of volumetric locking. As a remedy, the enhanced assumed strain methodology is blended with the NURBS‐based isogeometric analysis to alleviate the volumetric locking associated with incompressible deformations. The solution includes a stabilization term derived directly from a penalized form of the classical Veubeke–Hu–Washizu three‐field variational principle. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified resistivity–strain behavior through the incorporation of metallic particles in conductive polymer composite fibers containing carbon nanotubes
Authors: Lin Li , Deng Hua , Gao Xiang , Zhang Shuangmei , Bilotti Emiliano , Peijs Ton , Fu Qiang 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEutectic metal particles and carbon nanotubes are incorporated into a thermoplastic polyurethane matrix through a simple but efficient method, melt compounding, to tune the resistivity–strain behavior of conductive polymer composite (CPC) fibers. Such a combination of conductive fillers is rarely used for CPCs in the literature. To characterize the strain‐sensing properties of these fibers, both linear and dynamic strain loadings are carried out. It is noted that a higher metal content in the fibers results in higher strain sensitivity. These strain‐sensing results are discussed through a morphological study combined with a model based on the classic tunneling model of Simmons. It is suggested that a high tunneling barrier height is preferred in order to achieve higher strain sensitivity. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Geometrical optimization and contact configuration in radial pn junction silicon nanorod and microrod solar cells
Authors: Voigt F. , Stelzner T. , Christiansen S. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTElectric charge transport simulations of symmetrically doped radial pn junction silicon nanorod solar cells were performed using the Technology Computer‐aided Design software suite by Silvaco. Two schemes of electric contacting were applied, the first one consisting of a cathode wrapped around the cladding of the rod and the second one in a cathode located only on the top rod surface. In both cases, the anode was implemented just below the bottom end of the p‐type rod core. P‐type cores and n‐type shells of the rods were assumed, with dopant densities of 1018 cm− 3 in both regions. The location of the pn junction was chosen such that well‐formed space charge regions could be established with the outer end of the n‐type depletion region being adjacent to the cylindric surface of the nanorod. Rod radii and rod lengths were varied and optimized in a three‐step process for both types of contacting schemes. It was found that inhomogeneous carrier generation profiles diminish the open‐circuit voltage in case of a wrapped cathode configuration. Most realistic is the usage of a top contact configuration with rod radii of 2 µm and lengths of around 100 µm, leading to a cell efficiency of about 15%. Further enhancement of performance is expected, if light trapping of the nanorod layer is taken into account and photonic light harvesting is applied. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CdTe/CdS thin film solar cells grown in substrate configuration
Authors: Gretener Christina , Perrenoud Julian , Kranz Lukas , Kneer Luisa , Schmitt Rafael , Buecheler Stephan , Tiwari Ayodhya N. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe ability to grow efficient CdTe/CdS solar cells in substrate configuration would not only allow for the use of non‐transparent and flexible substrates but also enable a better control of junction formation. Yet, the problems of barrier formation at the back contact as well as the formation of a p–n junction with reduced recombination losses have to be solved. In this work, CdTe/CdS solar cells in substrate configuration were developed, and the results on different combinations of back contact materials are presented. The Cu content in the electrical back contact was found to be a crucial parameter for the optimal CdCl2‐treatment procedure. For Cu‐free cells, two activation treatments were applied, whereas Cu‐containing cells were only treated once after the CdTe deposition. A recrystallization behavior of the CdTe layer upon its activation similar to superstrate configuration was found; however, no CdTe–CdS intermixing could be observed when the layers were treated consecutively. Remarkably high VOC and fill factor of 768 mV and 68.6%, respectively, were achieved using a combination of MoO3, Te, and Cu as back contact buffer layer resulting in 11.3% conversion efficiency. With a Cu‐free MoO3/Te buffer material, a VOC of 733 mV, a fill factor of 62.3%, and an efficiency of 10.0% were obtained. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate explicit equations for the fill factor of real solar cells—Applications to thin‐film solar cells
Authors: Taretto K. , Soldera M. , Troviano M. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTEven within the simplest real solar cell model, the exact value of the fill factor (FF) is only computable by numerical calculations. Here, we perform approximations to the power–voltage curve given by the one‐diode model with series and shunt resistance losses, obtaining explicit expressions for the voltage and current at the maximum power point, and thus an explicit approach for the FF. Over a broad range of possible solar cell parameters, including cells where the impact of shunt losses on the fill factor is not negligible, the approximate equations yield relative errors typically around 1%. The equations are applied to explore the dependence of FF on alternative buffer material thickness of organic solar cells, and to investigate the incidence of shunt and series resistance losses on the FF of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells under indoor illumination conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Complex quest: The development and research of underachievement interventions for gifted students
Authors: Rubenstein Lisa Davia , Siegle Del , REIS Sally M. , Mccoach D. Betsy , Burton Meredith Greene 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe seeming lack of motivation of many academically gifted students is an area of frustration and concern for many parents, teachers, and psychologists. This article explores two studies in which researchers designed interventions to improve academic achievement. Both interventions were created using the Achievement‐Orientation Model. The first study matched the intervention to the student and found that the students' grades increased over the intervention period,t(45) = 2.56,p= .014,d= .38. Students using treatments linked to goal valuation and environmental perceptions showed the greatest academic grade growth; the self‐efficacy and self‐regulation groups showed little or no grade improvement. Building on the finding that goal valuation was important, the second study used a mixed‐methods design to pilot an intervention focused on goal valuation and student autonomy. The results of this study were mixed, as the intervention appeared to help two of the three students. Although these studies offer further insight into possibilities for promoting academic achievement among gifted students, further research examining how to best support and foster academic achievement in underachieving gifted students is needed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Suicide ideation and attempts among inpatient adolescents with borderline personality disorder: Frequency, intensity and age of onset
Authors: Venta Amanda , Ross Elizabeth , Schatte Dawnelle , Sharp Carla 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTSuicide ideation and attempts are a major health concern among adolescents, and recently, evidence has emerged suggesting that borderline personality disorder (BPD) may put individuals at even greater risk than depression alone. This is not surprising given that within adult samples, 8–10% of those diagnosed with BPD commit suicide. However, only a handful of studies have assessed the relation between BPD and suicide attempts among adolescents, and currently, nothing is known about the characteristics of suicide ideation among adolescents with BPD. Against this background, the aim of the present study was to examine the relation between BPD and the characteristics of suicide ideation and attempts (frequency, intensity and age of onset) in N = 106 adolescent inpatients. This question was examined using both clinician‐rated and adolescent‐rated measures of suicide ideation and attempts and both dimensional and categorical measures of BPD. The results of the present study indicate that adolescents with BPD experience suicide ideation earlier in life and more frequently than psychiatric controls. Notably, the groups did not differ with regard to adolescent‐rated intensity of suicide ideation nor frequency, intent to die or age of onset of suicide attempts. A number of possible explanations for the absence of these group differences are presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reverse DC bias stress shifts in organic thin‐film transistors with gate dielectrics using parylene‐C
Authors: Fukuda Kenjiro , Suzuki Tatsuya , Kumaki Daisuke , Tokito Shizuo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe have systematically investigated the reliability of organic thin‐film transistors (TFTs) using polychloro‐p‐xylylene (parylene‐C) as a gate dielectric material. The fabricated organic TFT devices exhibited positive bias shifts with negative DC gate‐source voltages; however, no hysteresis was observed in the transfer characteristics for the tested TFT devices. Moreover, this tendency was enhanced with increasing annealing temperatures, whereby X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the crystallinity of the parylene‐C layers increased with thermal annealing. As a result the total dipole moments normal to the surface of the parylene‐C layers grew, which caused reverse bias shifts in the TFT devices.
Beyond the thermal set point: Significance of the compensatory temperatures of water vapor condensation in biological interactions
Authors: Chun Paul W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis communication reports for the first time a link that has gone unrecognized between the compensatory temperatures of water vapor condensation and the thermal set point in interacting biological systems, where the bound unavailable energy TΔS° = 0, that is ΔH°(TS)(−) and ΔG°(TS)(−)min intersect. In addition to determining the unique thermal set point for water vapor, which falls at 260 K, our results indicate that in any biological interaction, the thermal set point must fall between the limits defined by the compensatory temperatures of water vapor, that is between 30 and 380 K, where ΔH°(Th)(+) ≅ TΔS°(Th)(+) at (Th) and ΔH°(Tm)(−) ≅ TΔS°(Tm)(−) at (Tm) or (Tcond). Only between these limits, where ΔG°(T) = 0, is the net chemical driving force favorable for biological interaction to occur. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Persistence of Epoxy‐Based Sealer Residues in Dentin Treated With Different Chemical Removal Protocols
Authors: Kuga Milton Carlos , Faria Gisele , Rossi Marcos Antonio , do Carmo Monteiro Jardel Camilo , Bonetti‐Filho Idomeo , Berbert Fábio Luiz Camargo Vilella , Keine Kátia Cristina , Só Marcus Vinicius Reis 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe presence of residual endodontic sealer in the pulp chamber may cause discoloration of the dental crown and interfere with the adhesion of restorative materials. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of different solvents in removing residues of an epoxy resin‐based sealer (AH Plus) from the dentin walls of the pulp chamber, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Forty‐four bovine incisor dental crown fragments were treated with 17% EDTA and 2.5% NaOCl. Specimens received a coating of AH Plus and were left undisturbed for 5 min. Then, specimens were divided in four groups (n = 10) and cleaned with one of the following solutions: isopropyl alcohol, 95% ethanol, acetone solution, or amyl acetate solution. Negative controls (n = 2) did not receive AH Plus, while in positive controls (n = 2) the sealer was not removed. AH Plus removal was evaluated by SEM, and a score system was applied. Data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests. None of the solutions tested was able to completely remove AH Plus from the dentin of the pulp chamber. Amyl acetate performed better than 95% ethanol and isopropyl alcohol (p < 0.05), but not better than acetone (p > 0.05) in removing the sealer from dentin. No significant differences were observed between acetone, 95% ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol (p > 0.05). It was concluded that amyl acetate and acetone may be good options for cleaning the pulp chamber after obturation with AH Plus. SCANNING 35:17‐21, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineered viral nanoparticles for flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy applications
Authors: Robertson Kelly L. , Liu Jinny L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractViral nanoparticles (VNPs) are attractive platforms for use in the biotechnology and biomedical fields because of their biological nature. A wide variety of these particles, labeled with fluorescent reporters, have been characterized using flow cytometry and cellular imaging techniques. Fluorescence microscopy allows the direct observation of VNPs on the cell surface or inside the membrane as well as the cellular localization of the nanoparticles while flow cytometry allows the statistical quantification of nanoparticle uptake and targeting specificity. These techniques are essential when characterizing the properties of VNPs and provide information toward the use of VNPs for targeting, imaging, and/or cargo delivery. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2012, 4:511–524. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1177This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices
Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
A Global Perspective of the Variables Associated with Acceptance of Evolution
Authors: Heddy Benjamin C. , Nadelson Louis S. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The controversy of biological evolution due to conflicts with personal beliefs and worldviews is a phenomenon that spans many cultures. Acceptance of evolution is essential for global advancement in science, technology, and agriculture. Previous research has tended to focus on the factors that can influence acceptance of evolution by culture or country. Our research explored the relationship on an international scale using secondary data analysis to research evolution acceptance for 35 countries. Our results indicate significant relationships between public acceptance of evolution and religiosity, school-life expectancy, science literacy, and gross domestic product per capita. Implications and future directions for research are addressed.
Accommodation Outcomes and Transitions Following Community-Based Intervention for Individuals with Acquired Brain Injury
Authors: Sloan Sue , Callaway Libby , Winkler Dianne , McKinley Kirsten , Ziino Carlo 
Published: June 2012

Objectives: To explore living situation, support and participation outcomes of people with severe acquired brain injury (ABI) residing in either home-like or disability-specific accommodation settings, who were provided with 3 years of occupational therapy intervention based on the Community Approach to Participation (CAP).To examine transitions for a subgroup whose accommodation and support model changed during this 3-year period and identify factors critical to this change.Method: Forty-three participants who had sustained severe to extremely severe ABI, and were an average of 6.73 years post-injury, were provided with CAP intervention over a 3-year period. Living situation and support model, participation levels and accommodation transition data were collected at four time points.Results: Participants were living in a range of home-like and disability-specific accommodation settings at baseline. The disability-specific accommodation group had mainly noncompensable injuries and required a significantly higher level of daily support at all four time points. They also received higher total hours of support, which averaged 170.83 hours per week at baseline and did not change significantly over the 3 years. In contrast, 86% of the participants residing in home-like settings had compensable injuries and received an average of 91.46 hours of support per week at baseline. This reduced to 70.97 hours per week over the 3-year intervention period, a change that was statistically significant.Conclusion: It is possible to achieve accommodation transitions to more independent, home-like situations many years post-injury and regardless of injury severity. Home-like settings provide scope to adjust support along a continuum to reflect gains in independence, community integration and role participation that the fixed models and hours of support in disability-specific accommodation do not. Over time, these gains can flow into a significant reduction in hours of support.