bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytotoxic Pesticide Interactions in Soil
Authors: Nash R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhytotoxic interactions resulting from pesticide combinations in soil and bioassay techniques for determination of such phytotoxic effects were investigated. A combination of dalapon with Di‐Syston, phorate, or carbaryl in soil resulted in additive phytotoxic effects. Diuron combined with Di‐Syston, phorate, or carbaryl produced synergistic phytotoxic effects. Captan combined with dalapon gave an independent effect, while chloranil was antagonistic toward the herbicidal activity of diuron. Dry rather than fresh weights were a more precise measurement of phytotoxic effects. Identification of phytotoxic interactions was not affected by growth durations of 3 or 5 weeks when oats were the bioassay plant. Combinations of more than two pesticides in soil usually did not result in third order interactions.
Tannin Content of Crown Vetich (Coronilla varia L.) Herbage1
Authors: Burns R. E. , Henson P. R. , Cummins D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe tannin contents of three varieties of crown vetch from a cutting‐management study were found to be between 3.2 and 3.8%, about half that found in well‐managed sericea. The astringent fraction was approximately 30% of that found in sericea. Leuco‐cyanidin and leucodelphinidin were present in equal quantities. It is not likely that the small amount of tannin present, especially of the astringent fraction, would affect forage quality of crown vetch.
Accumulation of Sodium and Calcium by Seedlings of Some Cereal Crops Under Saline Conditions1
Authors: George Leon Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBarley, wheat, and rice have widely differing abilities to tolerate saline conditions. In a study of the amounts of Na .and Ca accumulated by seedlings under progressively increasing saline conditions, seeds were allowed to germinate in glass dishes on filter paper saturated with distilled water. Eight days after germination started saline solutions having osmotic concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 atm were added to each germination flask. After 24 hours of the saline treatments, seedlings were washed with distilled water and dried in oven. Sodium and calcium contents of shoots and roots were then determined by flame photometer. During the period of investigation rice accumulated more Na and Ca in both shoots and roots than either barley or wheat. Wheat accumulated more Na and less Ca in shoots than barley whereas the roots have less Na and more Ca than barley. Rice roots were less selective between both cations than those of barley and wheat.
Sustained Production of Blue Panicgrass, Panicum antidotale Retz., as Influenced by Management Practices
Authors: Holt Ethan C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBlue panicgrass, Panicum antidotale Retz., frequently loses vigor following the year of establishment. The effect of cutting height, defoliation frequency, and nitrogen level on sustained production was studied at College Station and Iowa Park, Texas. Delaying harvest later than the boot stage had no advantage in yield in either the current or succeeding year and yield was less with greater stubble heights. Nitrogen increased yields but did not prevent a decline from one year to the next. Yields declined 38% at College Station and 56% at Iowa Park from the first to the second year of treatment. Uniform harvests in the third year indicated slightly favorable effects of some treatment combinations, but no combination prevented a decline in yield.
Leaf Area Indices and Nitrogen Uptake of Flue‐Cured Tobacco as Affected by Plant Density and Nitrogen Rate1
Authors: Miller R. J. , Langdale G. W. , Myhre D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of three plant densities and two nitrogen rates on leaf areas and nitrogen uptake by tobacco plants were studied during 1961 and 1962. A study was also made on the economics of these treatments.Leaf area indices (LAI's) for both years increased with time until the reduction in total leaf area through loss of senescent lower leaves became greater than the gain in leaf area of the active upper leaves. The highest maximum LAI of 5 in 1961 was obtained for the high nitrogen rate and the 25‐cm spacing. The lowest maximum LAI of 2.5 was obtained for the low nitrogen rate and the 76‐cm spacing. LAI's increased with high nitrogen and at both levels of nitrogen the LAI's were in the order of 25 > 51 > 76‐cm spacings in 122‐cm beds.Relationships between leaf area and leaf weight per plant were very similar during 1961 and 1962. Correlation coefficients for leaf areas and weights varied from 0.95 to 0.99 in 1961 and from 0.92 to 0.99 in 1962. In both years, better correlation appeared between leaf areas and weights at the high nitrogen rate than at the low nitrogen rate, with spacing treatments having little effect on the relationships.Nitrogen uptake was much higher with the high nitrogen treatment than with the low nitrogen treatment.The yield of flue‐cured tobacco increased with closer plant spacing and the higher nitrogen rate. However, leaf quality decreased with the high nitrogen rate and offset the higher yields in total dollar value per hectare. The quality of tobacco appeared to be influenced more by the nitrogen application than by the different plant spacings~ The most profitable treatment combination appeared to be the 76‐cm spacing at the low nitrogen rate.
An Inheritance Study of Resistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus in Corn (Zea mays L)1
Authors: Loesch P. J. , Zuber M. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe inheritance of host response to maize dwarf mosaic virus was studied under natural field conditions. Inbred lines 38‐11 (moderately resistant) and H55 (susceptible) and their F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 progenies were evaluated at two testing sites. Numerous variables, including the possible confounding effect of the presence of additional viruses inciting stunting in corn, prevented a valid classical Mendelian analysis. Genetic ratios proved meaningless due to substantial variation in disease scores even in true‐breeding entries. However, resistance appeared to be partially dominant, and indirect evidence from other studies in Missouri indicate that (1) resistance is due to more than one gene, or (2) the host plants respond differentially to a heterogeneous virus population.Artificial inoculations of corn with pure isolates of maize dwarf mosaic virus are recommended for the determination of genetic ratios and gene numbers associated with resistance. But for experiments in the field in which the objectives are to determine the level of resistance and dominance relationships, diallel mating schemes employing F1 hybrids are recommended.
Effect of Relative Humidity, Temperature, and Light Intensity During Boll Opening on Cottonseed Quality1
Authors: Woodruff J. M. , McCain F. S. , Hoveland C. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo laboratory experiments were conducted to study the influence of relative humidity, temperature, and light intensity during the boll‐opening period on cottonseed quality. Seed quality was reduced as relative humidity increased above 60% during a 21‐day exposure period. Increasing relative humidity from 60 to 70% caused a rapid decrease in rate of radicle growth of 5‐day old seedlings. Raising relative humidity to 80% and above resulted in a rapid increase in free fatty acids accumulated in seed oil during the exposure period.Raising temperature of exposure period from 25 C to 40 C at constant relative humidities had little influence on seed quality. Increasing light intensity from 50 ft‐c to 2,000 ft‐c at 35 C and 80% relative humidity did not influence seed quality.
An Experimental Container Adaptable for Soil‐Crop Investigations under Greenhouse and Outdoor Environments1
Authors: Timm Herman , Perdue J. W. , Puri Y. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA wooden, box‐like container for use in crop‐soil investigations is described. The container provides a soil volume comparable to that for field‐grown plants and is easily assembled. Forklift tractor power is necessary to move a soil‐filled container. When insulation is provided, soil temperature in the container varies less than 5 C from field soil temperature. Potato tuber yield per plant in container soil was equal to field yield.
Vernonia anthelmintica: A Potential Seed Oil Source of Epoxy Acid. I. Phenology of Seed Yield1
Authors: Higgins J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. was investigated as a potential seed oil source of epoxy acid. During the period 1963 to 66, phenological studies were conducted at Glenn Dale, Md. Fruit development stages of plants were identified quantitatively and related to seed yield. For highest seed yields, the optimum harvest period was found to be Sept. 15 to Oct. 1, with seeds planted May 1 to 18. Highest seed yields approached 1 metric ton/ha. Post‐frost harvests resulted in reduced yields.Photoperiod influenced the time at which flowering occurred. Short days promoted flowering, but highest yields resulted from an intermediate photoperiod of 14 hours at planting with a reduced photoperiod after the first flowers began to develop.
Corn Silage Yield as Affected by Different Harvesting Techniques1
Authors: Mays D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAt a yield level of 10,000 kg/ha, harvesting corn silage at 45 to 75 cm above the soil instead of at 15 cm, topping above the ear, or making center‐cut silage decreased dry matter yields 1,960, 3,790, 2,110, and 5,901 kg/ha, respectively. Digestible energy levels were correspondingly reduced by 1,030, 2,110, 1,160, and 3,263 kg/ha.
Effect of Bulk Density and Seed Placement on Upland Rice Seedling Emergence
Authors: Varade S. B. , Ghildyal B. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experiment was carried out under laboratory conditions to find out the critical bulk density and seed placement depths for upland rice seedling emergence. Aluminum cylinders were used to accomplish various combinations of bulk densities and depths of seed placement by compacting soil at moisture content of 9%. Seedling emergences was observed till the 10th day after sowing in a constant temperature incubator of 35 C.Depths down to 8 cm with 1.6 g/cc or 0.7hg/cm2 pressures and lower densities and pressures were not limiting for seedling emergence when moisture was above field capacity. Depths beyond 8 cm with these densities and below 5 cm with 1.7 and 1.8 g/cc bulk densities seem to be limiting. The pressure of 2.8hg/cm2 at 10 cm depth became so critical that the emergence ceased totally. It seems that the mechanical impedance or the increased soil strength with increasing bulk densities affected seedling emergence adversely.
Influence of Selected Environmental Variables on the Transpiration Rate of Mesquite [Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa (torr.) Cockr.]1
Authors: Wendt Charles W. , Haas Robert H. , Runkles J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of soil moisture, soil temperature, and vapor pressure deficit on the transpiration rate of mesquite [Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa (Torr.) Cockr.] was studied in controlled environment chambers.Four soil moisture levels were maintained by adding water when tlhe soil moisture contents were 12.9, 15.4, 19.0, and 25.2% to increase the moisture content to 39.3%. The suction at these moisture contents was 15J), 6.3, 1.5, 0.5, aud 0.1 bar, respectively. There was no significant difference in the transpiration rate between the different soil moisture levels.The plants were grown at soil temperatures of 13, 21, 29, and 38 C. The transpiration rate was the highest at 29 C.As the mean vapor pressure deficit of the atmosphere was increased from 3.5 to 20.9 mm Hg it had a diminishing effect on the transpiration rate indicating that mesquite does not increase its transpiration rate proportionally with increasing vapor pressure deficit.
Lime, P, K, and Mn Interactions in Sugar Beets and Sweet Corn1
Authors: Brown A. L. , Hills F. J. , Krantz B. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSugar beets (Beta vulgaris) and sweet corn (Zea mays) were used as test crops in the greenhouse to study lime, P, K, and Mn interactions in two acid soils from the Sacramento‐San Joaquin Delta area. Bronzing symptoms in sugar beets were corrected with applications of K, and Mn toxicity was not involved. Sugar beets apparently tolerate high concentrations of Mn, up to 5590 ppm in leaf blades without apparent deleterious effects. Sweet corn showed growth responses to P and K applications but CaCO3 tended to depress growth. Supplying P or K or both was more important on these two soils than liming.
Minimum Seedbed Preparation for Cotton1
Authors: Phillips R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of minimum seedbed preparation treatments on growth and yield of cotton grown on Sharkey clay and Dundee silt loam soil was investigated. Cotton was grown on Sharkey clay for a period of 5 years at one location and a period of 4 years at another location. Cotton was grown on Dundee silt loam for a period of 4 years at one location. Plant and soil measurements were made to evaluate the effect of seedbed preparation on growth and yield of cotton. Plant measurements which were conducted were: final stand count, soil water content of seedbed at time of planting, mature cotton plant height, total hoe‐time, total seedcotton yield, and seedcotton yield at first harvest.Growth of cotton and seedcotton yield from treatments considered to be minimum seedbed preparation treatments on both Sharkey clay soil and Dundee silt loam soil were as high as from treatments considered to be current or innovations of current seedbed preparation systems provided heavy weed infestations did not exist. Seedcotton yields of spring prepared seedbeds were equal to fall prepared seedbeds for two direct comparisons on Sharkey clay soil. Date of maturity of cotton was not affected by differing degrees of seedbed preparation. Heavy infestations of late winter or early spring weeds must be killed on seedbeds receiving minimum preparation if adequate stands and no reduction in yields are to be obtained.
Nutrient Uptake by Lowland Rice Under Flooded and Nonflooded Soil Conditions1
Authors: Cherian E. C. , Paulsen Gary M. , Murphy Larry S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLowland rice (Oryzea sativa L.) produced more foliage and usually adsorbed more P and Mn from flooded soil than from nonflooded soil. Flooding, however, decreased the contents of Ca and Mg, and frequently the contents of K and Zn, in rice foliage. The responses of Fe and Cu contents of rice foliage to flooding varied.Prosphorus fertilization increased the growth of rice and caused similar levels of phosphorus to accumulate in the foliage under flooded and nonflooded conditions. Super phosphate and liquid ammonium polyphosphate were more effective sources than solid ammonium polyphosphate under flooded conditions, but there was little difference among sources under nonflooded conditions. The highest P rate (100 ppm) produced most rice growth under flooded conditions while, under nonflooded conditions, the medium P rate (50 ppm) was as effective. Managanese fertilizer increased the Mn content of rice foliage only when applied at extremely high rates (50 ppm) and there was little difference between Mn contents of flooded and nonflooded plants at the higher Mn rates. Neither Mn nor Fe fertilizers affected rice growth.
A Linear Program for Determining Nutrient Culture Mixtures1
Authors: Jensen D. R. , Sutton Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProcedures are given for determining the quantities of compounds to be used in preparing nutrient cultures which satisfy the requirements of quantitative plant nutrition experiments. In the example discussed the concentrations of N(as NH+4), P, and N(as NO−3) are specified exactly, while minimum concentrations are given for K and Mg. From a set of compounds containing the requisite nutrient elements, a recipe is obtained which satisfies the requirements while minimizing concentrations of Na and Cl. This formulation is achieved by an iterative procedure called linear programming which utilizes a tabular solution to the problem.
Relationship between Exchangeable and Boiling Nitric Acid‐Extractable Potassium in Seventy‐Five West Virginia Soil Series1
Authors: Jencks E. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relationship between exchangeable K and boiling HNO3 extractable K was determined in 75 West Virginia soil series varying in mode of development and in chemical properties. Contents of each form were related to topographic position, soil series, parent material, cation exchange capacity, pH, and K fixing capacity. Amounts of each form were significantly higher in limestone soils as a group than in non‐limestone soils. Neither form was closely related to either topographic position or series. Potassium fixing capacity was significantly related to topographic position, however. For all soils as a group both exchangeable and boiling HNO3 extractable K were closely related to cation exchange capacity and pH, but there was considerable variation among topographic positions and parent material classes. Exchangeable K correlated poorly with K fixing capacity in all soils as a group. Both significantly positive and negative r values were obtained on the basis of topographic position and parent material. Boiling HNO3 extractable K appeared to relate more closely with K fixing capacity in all soils as a group. There was generally good correlation between exchangeable and boiling HNO3 extractable K in the aggregate and among the topographic groups and parent material classes. Bottomland soils differed, however, in that all r values were negative with those for the group and the non‐limestone class being significantly so. These negative r values are attributed in part to the relatively higher organic matter content of the Bottomland soils.
Winter Wheat Yields and Response to Nitrogen as Affected by Soil and Climatic Factors1
Authors: Eck Harold V. , Tucker Billy B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil moisture, precipitation, temperature, and organic matter variables were related to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields and yield response to N fertilizer. Though significant simple and multiple correlations were found, relationships were not sufficiently close to yield satisfactory equations for predicting wheat yields or yield response to N fertilizer. However, the fact that soil moisture alone or in combination with the other variables studied did not yield a satisfactory predictive equation does not preclude their use in decisions regarding fertilizer applications.
Effect of Soil Temperature on the Reproductive Processes of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. ‘Newport’)1
Authors: Maun M. A. , Teare I. D. , Canode C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKentucky bluegrass plants grown in pots for 38 weeks under field conditions were subjected to soil temperatures of 14 ± 0.5 and 22 ± 2 C in a greenhouse environment. A soil temperature of 22 C significantly increased culm height, number of spikelets per head, percentage fertility of florets, and seed production. The 22 C soil temperature also resulted in a 5‐ to 8‐day earlier maturity of panicles compared to the 14 C soil temperature. There was no significant difference in number of heads per plant between the two temperatures.
Effect of Fertilizer Nitrogen, Variety and Maturity on the Dry Matter Yield and Nitrogen Fractions of Corn Grown for Silage1
Authors: Gonske R. G. , Keeney D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of nitrogen fertilizer rates, variety and maturity on the dry matter yield and the amounts of total N, ethanol insoluble N and ethanol soluble forms of N (nitrate, free ammonium, amide and α‐amino acid) in three single cross corn varieties harvested for silage at early and late dent maturity were investigated on a sandy loam soil in northwest Wisconsin. Nitrogen was applied at 100, 200, and 300 kg/ha rates. Irrigated and non‐irrigated treatments were used, with these treatments having plant populations of 64,200 and 44,600 plants/ha, respectively. Considerable difference existed among varieties with respect to dry matter yield and content of the various N fractions. Nitrate N and total ethanol soluble N increased markedly at the fertilizer N rates beyond that required for maximum dry matter production. Harvesting at late dent maturity resulted in higher dry matter and protein yields and lower nitrate N and total soluble N levels. The results of this investigation indicate that application of excess amounts of fertilizer N to corn should be avoided to minimize accumulation of delterious soluble N compounds in silage corn.
Weather Factors Affecting the Change of Kernel Moisture in Windrowed Wheat1
Authors: Dodds M. E. , Pelton W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of change in kernel moisture in a windrowed crop of wheat was influenced by the vapor pressure deficit of the air. Any gain of moisture was mainly attributable to rainfall, although condensation, during extended periods of low temperatures and high humidity, contributed to an increase in kernel moisture. Windrowed wheat will continue to lose moisture until the kernels come to moisture equilibrium with the surrounding atmosphere.
Assessment of the Effect of Inter‐Cane Variability on the Sampling and Harvesting of Stalks of Sugarcane1
Authors: Yates R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRandom cane samples were collected from a number of commercial fields at harvest time. The canes were analysed individually to calculate the sample size required to give values within 5% of the mean at a 5% level of probability. The desired sample size to estimate quality (sugar content) varied from 12 to 618 canes; for percent fibre from 42 to 93 canes; and for average weight per cane from 204 to 397 canes. In the estimation of quality, the very large sample sizes were required only in old (19‐20‐month) crops; the sample size required was related to the degree of deterioration. In 12‐month crops, the sample size was related to the degree of lodging, being greatest (an 81‐cane sample) in a very heavily lodged crop. The high proportion of low quality, deteriorated, and dead cane in old, heavily lodged crops is discussed in relation to mechanical harvesting. Individual cane deterioration is attributed to the lodging of old, non‐vigorous canes.
Influences of Water Management and Fertility on Rice Growth and Yield1
Authors: Oelke E. A. , Mueller K. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral water‐management systems for water‐seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.), each with several nitrogen levels, were compared for 3 years as to their influence on growth and yield. A shallow (4 cm) water depth all season consistently gave higher yields than intermediate (8 cm), deep (18 cm), or fluctuating (4 cm and then 18 cm) water depths. Relative fertility and varietal responses were similar for all water‐management systems. Daytime water temperature, tillers per plant, shoot dry weight, plant population, active leaf area per plant, panicles per plant, panicles per square meter, total nitrogen in the shoots at 30 days, and total nitrogen in the grain were greater in shallow water than in the other water‐management systems. Seedling emergence and flowering were earlier in shallow water, but lodging was greater and total nitrogen in the straw was lower than in the other systems. The greater number of panicles per square meter was the yield component which contributed most significantly to the higher yields obtained with shallow water.