bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethers
Authors: Mehlman Myron A. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractNaturally occurring ethers may be constituents of essential oils and may be extracted from these sources. Although some ethers may appear naturally, they may be prepared synthetically from other chemicals or other ethers.Symmetrical ethers are produced by the catalytic dehydration of their corresponding alcohols, for example, diethyl ether from ethanol. They are also obtained as by‐products from the formation of their corresponding esters or alcohols. Ethers may also be made by special synthesis procedures. Some ethers are obtained through the destructive distillation of selected hardwoods.Ethers have a wide variety of industrial uses. Their commercial value is recognized in the following industries: rubber, plastics, paints and coatings, refrigeration, medicine, dentistry, petroleum, chemical, perfume, cosmetics, toiletries, and food.The more volatile ethers have been used as liquid refrigerants, general anesthetics, commercial solvents, primers for gasoline engines, fuel additives, and rocket propellants. Other ethers have been used as alkylating agents in chemical syntheses of organic chemicals and in the manufacture of polymers. They are also used to denature alcohol. Halogenated ethers are used in the preparation of ion‐exchange resin, which is a modified polystyrene resin that is chloromethylated and then treated with a tertiary amine or with a polyamine. Ethers have wide use as commercial solvents and extractants for esters, gums, hydrocarbons, alkaloids, oils, resins, dyes, plastics, lacquers, and paints. They are used as dewaxing extractants for lubricating oils. Ethers have had limited use as cleaning and spotting agents. They are used as chemical intermediates in the manufacture of textile aids, such as dyes and resins. In the pharmaceutical industry, ethers are used as solvents, suspending agents, flavorings for oral drugs, and dental products. They are used to increase viscosity, as penetrants and wetting agents and as antioxidants and stabilizers. Ethers are used in foods as flavorings and in perfumes as fragrances. They are used as solvents for elastomers and for regenerating rubber. They have use as antiskinning agents in surface coatings and as weathering agents for paints and plastics. Ethers are also used in soaps. Ethers appear in heat transfer agents. Several industries use specific ethers for thickening, dispersing, suspending, binding, and film forming.The data presented here are arranged according to the chemical structure of the compounds. An effort has been made to place the chemicals within each group in an order that represents an increase in chain length. Even though the number of chemicals in any one group is limited, it is possible to make general, comparative statements. This corresponds with the acute toxicity data available in theNIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances.The oral toxicity and concentrated vapor data indicate that as the chain length increases in the symmetrical ethers, the toxicity is reduced. The inverse is true for skin penetration toxicity.
Linac‐ and CyberKnife‐based MRI‐only treatment planning of prostate SBRT using an optimized synthetic CT calibration curve
Authors: Scholey Jessica , Nano Tomi , Singhrao Kamal , Mohamad Osama , Singer Lisa , Larson Peder Eric Zufall , Descovich Martina 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPurposeCT Hounsfield Units (HUs) are converted to electron density using a calibration curve obtained from physical measurements of an electron density phantom. HU values assigned to an MRI‐derived synthetic computed tomography (sCT) may present a different relationship with electron density compared to CT HU. Correct assignment of sCT HU values is critical for accurate dose calculation and delivery. The goals of this work were to develop a sCT calibration curve using patient data acquired on a clinically commissioned CT scanner and assess for CyberKnife‐ and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT)‐based MR‐only treatment planning of prostate SBRT.MethodsSame‐day CT and MRI simulation in the treatment position were performed on 10 patients treated with SBRT to the prostate. Dixon in‐phase and out‐of‐phase MRIs were acquired on a 3T scanner using a 3D T1‐weighted gradient‐echo sequence to generate sCTs using a commercial sCT algorithm. CT and sCT datasets were co‐registered and HU values compared using mean absolute error (MAE). An optimized HU‐to‐density calibration curve was created based on average HU values across an institutional patient database for each of the four sCT tissue types. Clinical CyberKnife and VMAT treatment plans were generated on each patient CT and recomputed onto corresponding sCTs. Dose distributions computed using CT and sCT were compared using gamma criteria and dose‐volume‐histograms.ResultsFor the optimized calibration curve, HU values were −96, 37, 204, and 1170 and relative electron densities were 0.95, 1.04, 1.1, and 1.7 for adipose, soft tissue, inner bone, and outer bone, respectively. The proposed sCT protocol produced total MAE of 94 ± 20HU. Gamma values mean ± std (min‐max) were 98.9% ± 0.9% (97.1%–100%) and 97.7% ± 1.3% (95.3%–99.3%) for VMAT and CyberKnife plans, respectively.ConclusionMRI‐derived sCT using the proposed approach shows excellent dosimetric agreement with conventional CT simulation, demonstrating the feasibility of MRI‐derived sCT for prostate SBRT treatment planning.
Late‐onset Krabbe disease presenting as spastic paraplegia – implications of GCase and CTSB/D
Authors: Mächtel Rebecca , Dobert Jan‐Philipp , Hehr Ute , Weiss Alexander , Kettwig Matthias , Laugwitz Lucia , Groeschel Samuel , Schmidt Manuel , Arnold Philipp , Regensburger Martin , Zunke Friederike 
Published: June 2024

AbstractObjectiveKrabbe disease (KD) is a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder with severe disability and premature death, mostly with an infancy/childhood onset. In rare cases of late‐onset phenotypes, symptoms are often milder and difficult to diagnose. We here present a translational approach combining diagnostic and biochemical analyses of a male patient with a progressive gait disorder starting at the age of 44 years, with a final diagnosis of late‐onset KD (LOKD).MethodsAdditionally to cerebral MRI, protein structural analyses of the β‐galactocerebrosidase protein (GALC) were performed. Moreover, expression, lysosomal localization, and activities of β‐glucocerebrosidase (GCase), cathepsin B (CTSB), and cathepsin D (CTSD) were analyzed in leukocytes, fibroblasts, and lysosomes of fibroblasts.ResultsExome sequencing revealed biallelic likely pathogenic variants: GALC exons 11–17: 33 kb deletion; exon 4: missense variant (c.334A>G, p.Thr112Ala). We detected a reduced GALC activity in leukocytes and fibroblasts. While histological KD phenotypes were absent in fibroblasts, they showed a significantly decreased activities of GCase, CTSB, and CTSD in lysosomal fractions, while expression levels were unaffected.InterpretationThe presented LOKD case underlines the age‐dependent appearance of a mildly pathogenic GALC variant and its interplay with other lysosomal proteins. As GALC malfunction results in reduced ceramide levels, we assume this to be causative for the here described decrease in CTSB and CTSD activity, potentially leading to diminished GCase activity. Hence, we emphasize the importance of a functional interplay between the lysosomal enzymes GALC, CTSB, CTSD, and GCase, as well as between their substrates, and propose their conjoined contribution in KD pathology.
Harnessing Multi‐Modal Exciton Migration in Hybrid Halide Perovskite for Photocatalytic Amplification of Nitric Oxide and Hydroxyl Radicals toward Bacterial Killing and Biofilm Disruption
Authors: Kandoth Noufal , Gupta Shresth , Raksha Kumari , Gupta Subhadeep , Chaudhary Sonu Pratap , Pramanik Sumit Kumar , Mallick Amirul Islam , Bhattacharyya Sayan , Das Amitava 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance is a multifaceted phenomenon and a serious threat to the prevailing global healthcare options. Photocatalytic therapy using nanotherapeutics is a promising alternative as this enables redox‐tuning of substrates inside biofilm while forming cytotoxic reactive oxygen species at hypoxic conditions. Herein, a new paradigm using the heterostructure of metal halide perovskite (PeV) nanocrystals is introduced by in situ capping with a nitric oxide (NO) releasing derivative (NTFA) and a •OH releasing phenothiazine ligand (BA‐PTZ) to yield NTFA@PeV@BA‐PTZ heterostructure. Material characterization, along with the mechanistic insights for the sunlight‐induced exciton formation, separation, and migration into respective molecular ligands inducing the catalytic generation of cytotoxic •OH/NO species are supported by in situ spectroscopic/microscopic studies. Encapsulation of NTFA@PeV@BA‐PTZ NCs with silica results NTFA@PeV@BA‐PTZ@SiO2, ensures its physiological stability and biologically benign nature. The efficacy of heterostructure toward biofilm inactivation and bactericidal activity are established through appropriate in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility, biodistribution, and assessment of antibacterial activity. The results also confirm the minimal toxicity and effective excretion of NTFA@PeV@BA‐PTZ@SiO2 from orally administered Balb/c mice. Together, based on manipulating the redox gradient omnipresent in bacterial/biofilm microenvironments and by catapulting the exciton‐mediated redox process, a proof‐of‐concept for an efficient multimodal photocatalytic nanotherapeutics is demonstrated.
Circularly Polarized Electroluminescence from Intrinsically Axial Chiral Materials Based on Bidibenzo[b,d]furan/bidibenzo[b,d]thiophene
Authors: Yuan Li , Yang Yi‐Fan , Yan Zhi‐Ping , Hu Jia‐Jun , Mao Dan , Ni Hua‐Xiu , Zheng You‐Xuan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractHerein, by connecting chiral bidibenzo[b,d]furan/bidibenzo[b,d]thiophene and multi‐resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) units, two pairs of intrinsically axial chiral MR‐TADF materials (R/S‐BDBF‐BNO and R/S‐BDBT‐BNO) realize mirror‐symmetric circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) and narrowband emission. The chiral moieties effectively engage in frontier molecular orbital distributions through the establishment of covalent bonds with boron atoms. The proportions of (1,1′‐bidibenzo[b,d]furan)‐2,2′‐diol in the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied natural transition orbitals (HONTO/LUNTO) are 25.3% and 64.7%, respectively. In addition, BDBT‐BNO processes a dual‐channel transition mode, thus the (1,1′‐bidibenzo[b,d]thiophene)‐2,2′‐diol constitutes 22.8%, 24.3% and 54.0%, 46.9% of the distributions of HONTO, HONTO‐1 and LUNTO, LUNTO+1, respectively. The high proportions endow R/S‐BDBF‐BNO and R/S‐BDBT‐BNO with good CPL properties with dissymmetry factors (|gPL|) of 1.7/1.8 × 10−3. Correspondingly, the circularly polarized organic light‐emitting diodes based on the enantiomers exhibit mirror symmetrical circularly polarized electroluminescence with |gEL| factors of 1.5/1.6 × 10−3. Furthermore, the introduction of sulphur atoms enables BDBT‐BNO to have a high maximum external quantum efficiency of 35.7% in device.
High‐Performance Tin‐Halide Perovskite Transistors Enabled by Multiple A‐Cation Engineering
Authors: Yang Xiaomin , Liu Yu , Yang Shuzhang , Wu Yanqiu , Lei Yusheng , Yang Yingguo , Liu Ao , Chu Junhao , Li Wenwu 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMetal‐halide perovskite semiconductors have garnered great attention in optoelectronic devices due to their remarkable properties and processing capabilities. Among them, tin (Sn2+) perovskites stand out as promising candidates for use as channel layers in high‐performance p‐channel thin‐film transistors (TFTs) owing to their excellent hole transport property. In this study, a multi A‐cation approach is applied to pure Sn2+ perovskite, incorporating a small amount (7 mol%) of bulky PEA+ cation. This addition greatly improved the crystallinity and orientation of 3D FA0.9Cs0.1SnI3 perovskite, leading to optimized p‐channel Sn2+‐perovskite TFT with a hole mobility of ≈18 cm2 V−1 s−1, a high on/off current ratio of 108, and a small subthreshold swing of 0.5 V dec−1. These TFTs also exhibit a low contact resistance of 87 Ω·cm, attributed to the improved electrode/perovskite channel interface. Furthermore, the TFTs are utilized as an electrical characterization platform to study the charge transport properties and interfacial defects using the low‐frequency noise method, providing insights into the interface properties of perovskite electronic devices.
Visible Light Activation of Virucidal Surfaces Empowered by Pro‐Oxidant Carbon Dots
Authors: Malfatti Luca , Poddighe Matteo , Stagi Luigi , Carboni Davide , Anedda Roberto , Casula Maria Francesca , Poddesu Barbara , De Forni Davide , Lori Franco , Livraghi Stefano , Zollo Alessia , Calvillo Laura , Innocenzi Plinio 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe scientific community is actively engaged in the development of innovative nanomaterials with broad‐spectrum virucidal properties, particularly those capable of producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), to combat upcoming pandemics effectively. The generation of ROS capable of inhibiting viral activity on high‐touch surfaces can prove an effective means of reducing pathogenic and viral infections, while avoiding the exacerbation of antibiotic resistance resulting from the extensive use of chemical disinfectants. Carbon dots (C‐dots), in particular, are a class of nanomaterials that under specific conditions is able to generate reactive species. They are, therefore, excellent candidates for fabricating light‐activated functional antiviral devices. Pro‐oxidant C‐dots have been developed via microwave synthesis using an amino acid, glycine (Gly), and 1,5‐diaminonaphtalene (DAN) as precursors. The formation of C‐dots has been obtained by reacting the precursors in microwave using two different acid catalysts, H3BO3 or HCl. The HCl catalyst promotes the formation of a copolymer while using H3BO3 the precursors preferentially self‐condense. The boron‐catalyzed samples have shown to contain radical centers whose intensity increases upon illumination by UV and also visible light. They also show the capability of generating singlet oxygen through energy transfer to oxygen molecules when irradiated. The C‐dots exhibit effective virucidal activity and have been tested in vitro using two different variants of SARS‐CoV‐2, the original strain, and Omicron. Antiviral C‐dots have been finally used to functionalize a model surface, inducing a strong virucidal activity against the SARS‐CoV‐2 coronavirus with both ultraviolet (UV) and visible (VL) light.
Mineral Fusion via Dehydration‐Induced Residual Stress: From Gels to Ceramic Monoliths
Authors: Li Bo , Zhong Jing , Li Hongkun , Wu Haikun , Yan Jie , Gu Jialun , Dong Weixia , Wang Peiyu , Li Lanxi , Tang Xinxue , Wang Xunli , Ren Yang , Lu Jian , Li Yang Yang 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMan‐made ceramics generally undergo harsh manufacturing conditions (e.g., high‐temperature sintering). In contrast, mineral structures with superior mechanical strength are generated in organisms under mild biocompatible conditions. Herein, it is reported that ceramic objects can be directly produced and strengthened by drying purely inorganic gels (PIGs), mimicking the biological tactic of fabricating continuous monoliths from hydrated amorphous precursors. The overall process is easy and biocompatible in that solutions of common iron and molybdate salts are mixed to generate a PIG, consisting of 80 wt% liquid water and amorphous mineral nanoparticles (hydrated iron molybdate: FeMo2H7O11), which, upon drying under mild temperature, turns into a residual stress‐strengthened ceramic block that displays a high mechanical performance (with a hardness/elastic modulus of 1.7/17.5 GPa). Analogous to the well‐known Prince Rupert's drop reinforced by residual stress upon quenching, the uneven volume shrinkage from the outside inwards during dehydration builds up residual stress that enables amorphous mineral fusion (with the assistance of hydration water) and strengthening. Furthermore, a dramatic bandgap reduction is achieved in the dried objects due to local structural changes of the Fe atoms under residual stress. This PIG‐dehydration approach holds promise for green ceramic manufacturing and offers insights into biomineralization puzzles.
Generalized Interfacial Assembly of 2D Mesoporous Heterostructures for High‐Energy Solid‐State Micro‐Supercapacitors
Authors: Qin Jieqiong , Zhang Hongtao , Bai Tiesheng , Liu Xiaohua , Ren Yunlai , Xie Lixia , Wang Xiao , Zheng Shuanghao , Zhou Feng , Wu Zhong‐Shuai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract2D materials have garnered considerable interest in various applications from catalysis to energy storage. However, the self‐stacking and poor air stability of 2D materials (e.g., MXene) leads to serious performance degradation, in particular, of micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) with narrow working voltage and low energy density. Here, a universal confined interfacial assembly strategy is demonstrated for controllably synthesizing a series of 2D mesoporous heterostructures for high‐voltage and high‐energy ionogel‐based MSCs. This assembly process reveals accurate controllability and extraordinary versatility, endowing the 2D mesoporous heterostructures with highly adjustable mesopore size (7–22 nm), tunable thickness (15–29 nm), variable carbon precursors (including oligochitosan, glucose, and sucrose), and replaceable 2D substrates (e.g., MXene, graphene, BN, and MoS2). As a proof of concept, the 2D mesoporous carbon@MXene based MSCs with ionic liquid ionogel electrolyte deliver ultrahigh voltage of 3.7 V, superior areal energy density of 181.3 µWh cm−2, excellent flexibility with 99% of capacitance retention at 180°, and excellent modular self‐integration for variable voltage/capacitance output, surpassing most reported MXene based MSCs. Therefore, this work will open a novel available paradigm for scalable fabrication of 2D mesoporous materials to target high‐performance and functional microscale power source.
Metasurface‐Based Mueller Matrix Microscope
Authors: Zuo Jiawei , Babu Ashutosh Bangalore Aravinda , Tian Mo , Wang Dongyao , Cen Zengyu , Chidambaranathan Kolappan , Bai Jing , Choi Shinhyuk , Faruque Hossain Mansur Resalat , Swain Smitha S. , Kozicki Michael N. , Wang Chao , Yao Yu 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn conventional optical microscopes, image contrast of objects mainly results from the differences in light intensity and/or color. Muller matrix optical microscopes (MMMs), on the other hand, can provide significantly enhanced image contrast and rich information about objects by analyzing their interactions with polarized light. However, state‐of‐the‐art MMMs are fundamentally limited by bulky and slow polarization state generators and analyzers. Here, the study demonstrates a metasurface‐based MMM, i.e., Meta‐MMM, which is equipped with a chip‐integrated, single‐shot metasurface polarization state analyzer (Meta‐PSA). The Meta‐MMM is featured with high‐speed measurement (≈2s per Muller matrix (MM) image), superior operation stability, dual‐color operation, and high measurement accuracy (measurement error 1–2%) for MM imaging. The Meta‐MMM is applied to nanostructure characterization, surface morphology analysis, and discovering birefringent structures in honeybee wings. The Meta‐MMMs hold the promise to revolutionize various applications from biological imaging, medical diagnosis, and material characterization to industry inspection and space exploration.
Light Promotion and Different Reaction Pathways Enhance Photothermocatalytic Syngas Production for Cellulose Steam Reforming Over Ni/θ‐Al2O3
Authors: Zhong Mengqi , Li Yuanzhi , Wu Jichun , Hu Qianqian , Hu Yaqi , Du Qing , Ji Cong , Cao Huamin , Ji Lei 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe photothermocatalytic cellulose steam reforming strategy has provided a sustainable approach, directly converting the largest renewable carbon resource (biomass), into syngas (H2 and CO) which are clean and high‐value‐added energy carriers. However, this strategy for achieving high catalytic efficiency inevitably produces char, resulting in rapid deactivation and difficult recovery of catalysts, impeding industrial application. Herein, the Ni NPs (nanoparticles) loaded on θ‐phase Al2O3 (Ni/θ‐Al2O3) catalyst enable efficient conversion of char generated during photothermocatalytic cellulose steam reforming process, thereby exhibiting high production rates of syngas (H2 3776.3 and CO 2028.1 mmol h−1) and excellent durability (no deactivation after 4 cycles). Compared with a reference catalyst of Ni NPs loaded on amorphous SiO2 (Ni/am‐SiO2), this study finds that the elementary step of char conversion with H2O to syngas can be enhanced on Ni/θ‐Al2O3. With an emphasis on the mechanism, a different pathway is discovered that surface hydroxyl groups participating in the formation of HCO* intermediates, further dissociating to syngas, significantly facilitate the conversion of char. Additionally, on Ni/θ‐Al2O3, the photoactivation effect enhances catalytic activity, particularly promoting the conversion of H2O with char to syngas, thus preventing deactivation caused by encapsulation of char.
Visual‐Audio Thermoelectric Detectors for Images and Sound Recognition
Authors: Liu Zekun , Zhang Shuai , Wu Zhenhua , Wang Xing‐Er , Zou Kangning , Zhu Zhiyuan , Wang Xuyu , Mu Erzhen , Zhang Xiaotian , Liu Yan , Shi Huilie , Hu Zhiyu 
Published: June 2024

AbstractInherent in humans is the capacity to perceive music and art, engaging both the visual and auditory senses, with profound effects on physiological and psychological states. Sound and light possess the remarkable ability to transform into thermal energy and, ultimately, electrical signals, playing a crucial role in human sensory perception. This research introduces a previously unmentioned synesthesia‐inspired image and sound recognition system, diverging from conventional image/sound acquisition techniques based on photo/mechanical‐electrical conversion. Leveraging the photo/acoustic‐thermal‐electric effects, the system utilizes micro‐/commercial thermoelectric devices as a conduit for energy conversion. It successfully discriminates monochromatic red, green, blue (RGB) and color coverage, showcasing its proficiency in distinguishing ten digital paintings. Additionally, by probing fiber responses to varied sound frequencies and loudness levels, the system achieves time‐domain identification of four classical music compositions. The device exhibits high sensitivity to detecting input energy and its inputting rate power, offering a novel approach to image and sound recognition through thermal signals. Potential applications span from bionic image sensors and time‐domain thermal monitoring of audio. With further exploration, this thermoelectric‐based system holds promise in quantifying emotional responses to images and sound.