bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eight Years of High Cloud Statistics Using HIRS
Authors: Wylie Donald P. , Menzel W. Paul 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Over the last 8 yr frequency and location of cloud observations have been compiled using multispectral High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar-orbiting satellites; this work is an extension of the 4-yr dataset reported by D. Wylie et al. The CO2 slicing algorithm applied to the HIRS data exhibits a higher sensitivity to semitransparent cirrus clouds than the cloud algorithm used by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project; the threshold for cloud detection appears to require visible optical depths (τvis) greater than 0.1.
The geographical distributions of clouds in the 8-yr dataset are nearly the same as those reported from 4 yr of data. The detection of upper-tropospheric clouds occurs most often in the intertropical convergence zone and midlatitude storm belts with lower concentrations in subtropical deserts and oceanic subtropical highs. The areas of concentrated cloud cover exhibit latitudinal movement with the seasons as in other cloud datasets. HIRS finds clear sky in 25%, opaque cloud in 32%, and semitransparent cloud in 43% of all its observations. The effective emissivity of the all semitransparent clouds (τvis &lt; 6) ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 with an average value of about 0.5.
Time trends are reexamined in detail. A possible cirrus increase in 1991 reported by Wylie and coauthors in 1994 is found to be diminished upon reinspection. The revised 8-yr record has indications of an increase in high clouds in the northern midlatitudes (0.5% yr−1) but little change elsewhere. The seasonal cycle of cloud cover in the Southern Hemisphere becomes very noticeable in 1993.
Application of Fuzzy Grade-of-Membership Clustering to Analysis of Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Talbot Lisa M. , Talbot Bryan G. , Peterson Robert E. , Tolley H. Dennis , Mecham Harvey D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA fuzzy grade-of-membership (GoM) clustering algorithm is applied to analysis of remote sensing data, in particular, the type of data used in climatic classification. The methodology is applied to a cloud product data subset derived from NASA’s International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project, which includes remotely sensed global monthly average surface temperature and precipitation data for land and coastal regions for the year 1984. GoM partitions for this case are similar to those of vector quantization and fuzzy c-means clustering algorithms, which is significant given the striking differences between the algorithms. The GoM clustering approach is shown to provide an alternative means of interpreting large heterogeneous datasets for exploratory analysis, which broadens the application base by admitting categorical data.
The Influence of Midlatitude Ocean–Atmosphere Coupling on the Low-Frequency Variability of a GCM. Part II: Interannual Variability Induced by Tropical SST Forcing*
Authors: Bladé Ileana 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
This study extends the investigation of the impact of midlatitude ocean–atmosphere interactions on the atmospheric circulation to the interannual timescale by incorporating SST variability in the tropical Pacific representative of observed conditions. Two perpetual January GCM simulations are performed to examine the changes in the low-frequency atmospheric variability brought about by the inclusion of an interactive slab mixed layer in midlatitudes, in particular the changes in the extratropical response to ENSO-like tropical 90-day mean SST anomalies.
It is found that midlatitude coupling alters the spatial organization of the low-frequency variability in qualitatively the same manner (but not to the same extent) as tropical SST variability—namely, by selectively enhancing (in terms of amplitude, persistence, and/or frequency of occurrence) certain of the preexisting (natural) dominant modes without significantly modifying them or generating new ones. While tropical SST forcing results in a notable amplification of the Pacific–North American (PNA) mode of the model, midlatitude SST anomalies appear to favor the regional zonal index circulations in the eastern and western Pacific (through decreased thermal damping at the surface). As a result, the PNA response to ENSO-like tropical SST forcing is not reinforced but slightly weakened by the presence of interactions with the underlying mixed layer. On the other hand, coupling increases the persistence of the overall extratropical signal and causes it to acquire distinct Western Pacific–like features, thus improving its resemblance to the observed ENSO teleconnection pattern.
The leading mode of covariability between the hemispheric atmospheric circulation and North Pacific SST qualitatively reproduces its observational counterpart, with the atmosphere leading by about one month and surface atmospheric variations consistent with the notion that the atmosphere is driving the ocean. This agreement suggests that, even on interannual timescales, two-way air–sea interactions and ocean dynamics do not play an essential role in establishing the large-scale spatial structure of this observed dominant mode of ocean–atmosphere interaction. In addition, the simulated patterns of covariability in this sector possess the same kind of interannual–intraseasonal duality exhibited by the observations. In the North Atlantic the model essentially recovers the results from Part I of this study.
A Land Surface Water Deficit Model for an Arid and Semiarid Region: Impact of Desertification on the Water Deficit Status in the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Wang Qinxue , Takahashi Hidenori 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA land surface water deficit model was developed for a large-scale heterogeneous arid and semiarid area with various soil, vegetation, and land use types, and used to simulate seasonal and spatial variability in potential (E0) and actual (Ea) evapotranspiration and an index of water deficit (WDI). Comparisons with the results of other commonly used models and natural vegetation conditions suggest that this model can give an estimate of the success for large-scale regional studies. By using the model, the authors estimated E0, Ea, and WDI in a grid cell of 0.25° lat × 0.25° long over the Loess Plateau, China. Finally, the sensitivities of the model to both a vegetation parameter and an assumed desertification case were simulated, and several highly sensitive areas were found to be the risk regions to desertification.
Verification of GCM-Generated Regional Seasonal Precipitation for Current Climate and of Statistical Downscaling Estimates under Changing Climate Conditions
Authors: Busuioc Aristita , von Storch Hans , Schnur Reiner 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Empirical downscaling procedures relate large-scale atmospheric features with local features such as station rainfall in order to facilitate local scenarios of climate change. The purpose of the present paper is twofold: first, a downscaling technique is used as a diagnostic tool to verify the performance of climate models on the regional scale; second, a technique is proposed for verifying the validity of empirical downscaling procedures in climate change applications.
The case considered is regional seasonal precipitation in Romania. The downscaling model is a regression based on canonical correlation analysis between observed station precipitation and European-scale sea level pressure (SLP). The climate models considered here are the T21 and T42 versions of the Hamburg ECHAM3 atmospheric GCM run in “time-slice” mode. The climate change scenario refers to the expected time of doubled carbon dioxide concentrations around the year 2050.
The downscaling model is skillful for all seasons except spring. The general features of the large-scale SLP variability are reproduced fairly well by both GCMs in all seasons. The climate models reproduce the empirically determined precipitation–SLP link in winter, whereas the observed link is only partially captured for the other seasons. Thus, these models may be considered skillful with respect to regional precipitation during winter, and partially during the other seasons. Generally, applications of statistical downscaling to climate change scenarios have been based on the assumption that the empirical link between the large-scale and regional parameters remains valid under a changed climate. In this study, a rationale is proposed for this assumption by showing the consistency of the 2 × CO2 GCM scenarios in winter, derived directly from the gridpoint data, with the regional scenarios obtained through empirical downscaling. Since the skill of the GCMs in regional terms is already established, it is concluded that the downscaling technique is adequate for describing climatically changing regional and local conditions, at least for precipitation in Romania during winter.
Tropical Ocean Decadal Variability and Resonance of Planetary Wave Basin Modes. Part I: Theory*
Authors: Liu Z. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Oceanic response to decadal wind forcing is studied in a tropical–extratropical basin using two classical theoretical shallow water wave models: the equatorial wave model and the planetary wave model. Extratropical winds are found to generate significant thermocline variability in the tropical ocean with a spectral peak at decadal timescale; the preferred decadal time of the response is due to the resonance of the gravest planetary wave basin modes. The resonant response, however, is unimportant in the interior extratropical ocean, where it is distorted by the forced response to local Ekman pumping. It is proposed that the resonance of planetary wave basin modes may provide a mechanism for the generation of decadal variability in the tropical ocean and, potentially, in the coupled ocean–atmosphere system.
Interdecadal Changes of 30-Yr SST Normals during 1871–2000
Authors: Xue Yan , Smith Thomas M. , Reynolds Richard W. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
SST predictions are usually issued in terms of anomalies and standardized anomalies relative to a 30-yr normal: climatological mean (CM) and standard deviation (SD). The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) suggests updating the 30-yr normal every 10 yr. In complying with the WMO's suggestion, a new 30-yr normal for the 1971–2000 base period is constructed. To put the new 30-yr normal in historical perspective, all the 30-yr normals since 1871 are investigated, starting from the beginning of each decade (1871–1900, 1881–1910, … , 1971–2000). Using the extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (ERSST) on a 2° grid for 1854–2000 and the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and SST dataset (HadISST) on a 1° grid for 1870–1999, eleven 30-yr normals are calculated, and the interdecadal changes of seasonal CM, seasonal SD, and seasonal persistence (P) are discussed. The interdecadal changes of seasonal CM are prominent (0.3°–0.6°) in the tropical Indian Ocean, the midlatitude North Pacific, the midlatitude North Atlantic, most of the South Atlantic, and the sub-Antarctic front. Four SST indices are used to represent the key regions of the interdecadal changes: the Indian Ocean (“INDIAN”; 10°S–25°N, 45°–100°E), the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO; 35°–45°N, 160°E–160°W), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO; 40°–60°N, 20°–60°W), and the South Atlantic (SATL; 22°S–2°N, 35°W–10°E). Both INDIAN and SATL show a warming trend that is consistent between ERSST and HadISST. Both PDO and NAO show a multidecadal oscillation that is consistent between ERSST and HadISST except that HadISST is biased toward warm in summer and cold in winter relative to ERSST. The interdecadal changes in Niño-3 (5°S–5°N, 90°–150°W) are small (0.2°) and are inconsistent between ERSST and HadISST. The seasonal SD is prominent in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the North Pacific, and North Atlantic. The seasonal SD in Niño-3 varies interdecadally: intermediate during 1885–1910, small during 1910–65, and large during 1965–2000. These interdecadal changes of ENSO variance are further verified by the Darwin sea level pressure. The seasonality of ENSO variance (smallest in spring and largest in winter) also varies interdecadally: moderate during 1885–1910, weak during 1910–65, and strong during 1965–2000. The interdecadal changes of the seasonal SD of other indices are weak and cannot be determined well by the datasets. The seasonal P, measured by the autocorrelation of seasonal anomalies at a two-season lag, is largest in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the tropical Indian, and the tropical North and South Atlantic Oceans. It is also seasonally dependent. The “spring barrier” of P in Niño-3 (largest in summer and smallest in winter) varies interdecadally: relatively weak during 1885–1910, moderate during 1910–55, strong during 1955–75, and moderate during 1975–2000. The interdecadal changes of SD and P not only have important implications for SST forecasts but also have significant scientific values to be explored.
Shift in ENSO Teleconnections Recorded by a Northern Red Sea Coral
Authors: Rimbu N. , Lohmann G. , Felis T. , Pätzold J. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections over Europe and the Middle East are evaluated using an oxygen isotope coral time series from the northern Red Sea and various instrumental datasets. A shift in the correlation between the Niño-3 index and the Red Sea coral record in the 1970s is detected, and it is shown that this shift can be attributed to nonstationary circulation regimes and related ENSO teleconnections. It is found that positive anomalies of oxygen isotope in the Red Sea coral record from the middle 1930s to the late 1960s are associated with a strong Pacific–North Atlantic teleconnection accompanied by a weak Aleutian low, a more zonal flow at midlatitudes, and La Niña conditions in tropical Pacific. In contrast, positive anomalies of oxygen isotopes in the Red Sea coral after the 1970s are related to El Niño conditions and weaker Pan-Pacific–Atlantic circulation regimes. Using the window correlation of the northern Red Sea coral record with two coral records from the tropical and subtropical Pacific, nonstationary relationships between the tropical Pacific and the European–Middle Eastern climate during the preinstrumental period are found. The results imply that the modulation of teleconnections at interdecadal timescales provides a limitation in the prediction and reconstruction of remote climate phenomena such as the ENSO impact over Europe.
Parameterization-Induced Error Characteristics of MM5 and WRF Operated in Climate Mode over the Alpine Region: An Ensemble-Based Analysis
Authors: Awan Nauman K. , Truhetz H. , Gobiet A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
This study investigates the role of physical parameterization in regional climate model simulations. The authors also present a comprehensive assessment of errors arising from use of physical parameterization schemes, and their consequent impact on model performance in a region of complex topography. An error range related to the choice of physical parameterization is provided for 2-m air temperature T2m and precipitation.
Two state-of-the-art nonhydrostatic mesoscale regional climate models, the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, are used to dynamically downscale the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) to a spatial resolution of 10 km × 10 km in the European alpine region. Simulated T2m and precipitation are compared with gridded observational datasets. The model performance on regional and subregional scales is evaluated on daily, monthly, seasonal, and annual time scales.
The results are based on a mixed physics ensemble of twenty-nine 1-yr-long hindcast simulations generated by choosing different model configurations. These results indicate that performance of both models is sensitive to the choice of physical parameterization and WRF is more sensitive than MM5. This sensitivity is higher during summer than during winter. The cumulus and microphysics scheme have the dominant effect on model performance during summer while boundary layer and radiation schemes affect the results during all seasons.
It is found that annual mean error in the alpine region for T2m and precipitation lies between −2.75° and −1.08°C (−1.12° and 1.33°C) and 0.27 and 0.80 mm day−1 (0.13 and 1.51 mm day−1) for MM5 (WRF), respectively. The authors also found that the error range during winter for subregional scales is higher than the regional-scale error range, while during the other seasons the subregional error ranges are higher only in case of precipitation but not for T2m.
These results suggest that significant reductions of errors can be achieved by choosing a suitable model configuration for the region of interest. The other outcome of these experiments is a suitable setup, which can be used to conduct further long-term high-resolution climate simulations.
Statistical Parameters of the Air Turbulent Boundary Layer over Steep Water Waves Measured by the PIV Technique
Authors: Troitskaya Yu. , Sergeev D. , Ermakova O. , Balandina G. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A turbulent airflow with a centerline velocity of 4 m s−1 above 2.5-Hz mechanically generated gravity waves of different amplitudes has been studied in experiments using the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Direct measurements of the instantaneous flow velocity fields above a curvilinear interface demonstrating flow separation are presented. Because the airflow above the wavy water surface is turbulent and nonstationary, the individual vector fields are conditionally averaged sampled on the phase of the water elevation. The flow patterns of the phase-averaged fields are relatively smooth. Because the averaged flow does not show any strongly nonlinear effects, the quasi-linear approximation can be used. The parameters obtained by the flow averaging are compared with the theoretical results obtained within the theoretical quasi-linear model of a turbulent boundary layer above the wavy water surface. The wave-induced pressure disturbances in the airflow are calculated using the retrieved statistical ensemble of wind flow velocities. The energy flux from the wind to waves and the wind–wave interaction parameter are estimated using the obtained wave-induced pressure disturbances. The estimated values of the wind–wave interaction parameter are in a good agreement with the theory.
A Liposuction Technique for Extraction of Bio-Alcamid and Other Permanent Fillers
Authors: Khan Imran , Shokrollahi Kayvan , Bisarya Kamal , Murison Maxwell S C 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Bio-Alcamid (Polymekon Research, Brindisi, Italy) is a permanent soft tissue filler that has been injected for the correction of contour deformities. It has a number of indications, including pectus excavatum. Infection and migration seem to be the most common complications with this product. The authors report an illustrative case of pectus excavatum deformity treated with Bio-Alcamid. Results highlight the successful treatment of gel migration with liposuction, which has not been recommended by the manufacturer nor reported in the literature to date.
Impaired exercise tolerance is associated with increased urine albumin excretion in the early stages of essential hypertension
Authors: Tsiachris Dimitris , Tsioufis Costas , Syrseloudis Dimitris , Thomopoulos Costas , Mpafakis Ioannis , Michaelides Andreas , Redon Josep , Stefanadis Christodoulos 
Published: March 2011

Background: Our aim was to investigate the relationship between impaired exercise capacity and albumin excretion level in the setting of never treated essential hypertension. Design and methods: For this purpose, 338 consecutive essential hypertensives (52 ± 8.5 years, 227 males, office BP = 148.6/96.1 mmHg) performed a negative for myocardial ischemia, maximal treadmill exercise testing and were classified based on the gender specific median value of the amount of metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved (10.1 ml/kg/min for women and 11 ml/kg/min for men) as fit ( n = 177) and unfit ( n = 161). All the participants underwent 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring, complete echocardiographic study including left ventricular diastolic function evaluation and determination of albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) on two non-consecutive morning spot urine samples. Results: Unfit hypertensives compared to the fit ones were older by 4.5 years ( p < 0.001) and had greater waist circumference by 4.5 cm ( p < 0.001), body mass index by 1.3 kg/m2 ( p = 0.001), 24-h pulse pressure by 3.0 mmHg ( p = 0.005), ACR levels by 12.6% ( p = 0.003) and prevalence of microalbuminuria (19.5% vs 10.3%, p = 0.007) while the differences in diastolic function indices lost significance after adjustment for confounders. By applying stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis in order to identify the predictors of METs, it was revealed that age (β = −0.338, p = 0.045), gender (β = 0.274, p = 0.045), body mass index (β = −0.230, p = 0.045) and logACR (β = −0.151, p = 0.004) were the only independent predictors of exercise capacity. Conclusions: Increased ACR is associated with diminished exercise capacity in the early stages of essential hypertension independently from adverse cardiac adaptations, further elucidating the adverse prognostic role of albuminuria in this setting.
Dasatinib enhances megakaryocyte differentiation but inhibits platelet formation
Authors: Mazharian Alexandra , Ghevaert Cedric , Zhang Lin , Massberg Steffen , Watson Steve P. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Dasatinib is a novel, potent, ATP-competitive inhibitor of Bcr-Abl, cKIT, and Src family kinases that exhibits efficacy in patients with imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia. Dasatinib treatment is associated with mild thrombocytopenia and an increased risk of bleeding, but its biological effect on megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production is unknown. In this study, we show that dasatinib causes mild thrombocytopenia in mice without altering platelet half-life, suggesting that it inhibits platelet formation. Conversely, the number of megakaryocytes (MKs) in the bone marrow of dasatinib-treated mice was increased and the ploidy of MKs derived from bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro was elevated in the presence of dasatinib. Furthermore, a significant delay in platelet recovery after immune-induced thrombocytopenia was observed in dasatinib-treated mice even though the number of MKs in the bone marrow was increased relative to controls at all time points. Interestingly, the migration of MKs toward a gradient of stromal cell–derived factor 1α (SDF1α) and the formation of proplatelets in vitro were abolished by dasatinib. We propose that dasatinib causes thrombocytopenia as a consequence of ineffective thrombopoiesis, promoting MK differentiation but also impairing MK migration and proplatelet formation.