bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Link between lipid metabolism and voluntary food intake in rainbow trout fed coconut oil rich in medium-chain TAG
Authors: Figueiredo-Silva A. Cláudia , Kaushik Sadasivam , Terrier Frédéric , Schrama Johan W. , Médale Françoise , Geurden Inge 
Published: September 2011

We examined the long-term effect of feeding coconut oil (CO; rich in lauric acid, C12) on voluntary food intake and nutrient utilisation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), with particular attention to the metabolic use (storage or oxidation) of ingested medium-chain TAG. Trout were fed for 15 weeks one of the four isoproteic diets containing fish oil (FO) or CO as fat source (FS), incorporated at 5 % (low fat, LF) or 15 % (high fat, HF). Fat level or FS did not modify food intake (g/kg0·8per d), despite higher intestinal cholecystokinin-T mRNA in trout fed the HF-FO diet. The HF diets relative to the LF ones induced higher growth and adiposity, whereas the replacements of FO by CO resulted in similar growth and adiposity. This, together with the substantial retention of C12 (57 % of intake), suggests the relatively low oxidation of ingested C12. The down-regulation of carnitine palmitoyl-transferase-1 (CPT-1) confirms the minor dependency of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) on CPT-1 to enter the mitochondria. However, MCFA did not up-regulate mitochondrial oxidation evaluated using hepatic hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase as a marker, in line with their high retention in body lipids. At a low lipid level, MCFA increased mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase, elongase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase in liver, showing the hepatic activation of fatty acid synthesis pathways by MCFA, reflected by increased 16 : 0, 18 : 0, 16 : 1, 18 : 1 body levels. The high capacity of trout to incorporate and transform C12, rather than to readily oxidise C12, contrasts with data in mammals and may explain the absence of a satiating effect of CO in rainbow trout.
Coarse, but not finely ground, dietary fibre increases intestinalFirmicutes:Bacteroidetesratio and reduces diarrhoea induced by experimental infection in piglets
Authors: Molist Francesc , Manzanilla Edgar Garcia , Pérez José Francisco , Nyachoti Charles Martin 
Published: September 2011

Using dietary fibre to control childhood diarrhoea has rarely been discussed. However, dietary fibre is being proposed to prevent diarrhoea in piglets. The present study aimed to study the effects of introducing fibre in the post-weaning piglet diet and its particle size on the intestinal ecosystem before and after an experimental infection withEscherichia coli. A total of thirty-six post-weaning piglets were assigned to four experimental diets: a negative control (NC) diet, the same diet with 4 % wheat bran coarse (WBc) particle size or finely milled (WBF) and a positive control (PC) diet with an antibiotic. On day 9, animals were challenged withE. coli. Faecal and digesta samples were obtained before and after the experimental infection and changes in the microbial ecosystem were measured. Animals fed the WBc and the PC diets showed a significant reduction in the faecal score compared with the NC diet. The inclusion of WBc in the diet increased total volatile fatty acid concentration, reduced Bacteroidetes in the faeces before and after the experimental infection compared with the NC diet and increased Firmicutes at the end of the experiment. Based on the results, diarrhoea scours and the composition of the pig gut microbial community are modified by the inclusion of a relatively small amount of wheat bran in the diet, being the physical presentation of the fibre a determinant of that difference.
TRANSPIRATION, GROWTH AND LATEX PRODUCTION OF A HEVEA BRASILIENSIS STAND FACING DROUGHT IN NORTHEAST THAILAND: THE USE OF THE WaNuLCAS MODEL AS AN EXPLORATORY TOOL
Authors: BOITHIAS L. , DO F. C. , ISARANGKOOL NA AYUTTHAYA S. , JUNJITTAKARN J. , SILTECHO S. , HAMMECKER C. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIn order to get the benefit of the growing world demand for natural rubber, Hevea brasiliensis is increasingly planted in drought-prone areas, such as in the southern part of northeast Thailand. Modelling can be a useful approach in identifying key points of improvement for rubber tree cultivation in such water-limited areas. The first objective of this study was to test the possibility of using the Water Nutrients and Light Capture in Agroforestry Systems (WaNuLCAS) model as an exploratory tool to simulate water use, growth and latex production in a pure stand on a daily basis. The second was to evaluate the relative accuracy of predictions with the current model version. Finally, the third aim of this study was to identify particular parameterisations that may be adapted to improve overall prediction quality. Model outputs were compared to measurements recorded in a mature rubber tree stand of RRIM 600 clones growing in the water-limited area of northeast Thailand. The period of analysis concerned seven months of full foliation, from May to November, including a severe drought spell. Whole-tree transpiration was estimated by xylem sap flow measurement from 11 trees. The results show that the model was able to simulate daily and seasonal change of soil water content, tree transpiration, girth increment and latex production within plausible ranges. However, under detailed scrutiny, the predictions show large inaccuracies compared to the observations: soil water content (determination coefficient (R2) = 0.461, relative root mean square error (RMSErel) = 35%), tree transpiration (R2 = 0.104, RMSErel = 94%), tree girth increment (R2 = 0.916, RMSErel = 208%) and latex production (R2 = 0.423, RMSErel = 169%). As soil water content was overestimated during the driest periods, no water stress was predicted and transpiration, growth and latex production were logically overestimated during such periods. However, tree transpiration was also largely overestimated in conditions of non-limiting soil water availability with high evaporative demand. Hence, two key points of parameterisation and improvement are identified for better simulation in our conditions: the soil water balance and particularly the ratio between water infiltration and run-off, and the regulation of transpiration under high evaporative demand. In conclusion, the WaNuLCAS model is usable as an exploratory model to simulate water use, growth and production for a pure rubber tree stand. However, in our conditions of much degraded soil and high evaporative demand, the modules of soil water balance and tree transpiration require particular parameterisations and improvement.
Empirical versus exact numerical quasilinear analysis of electromagnetic instabilities driven by temperature anisotropy
Authors: YOON PETER H. , SEOUGH JUNG JOON , KIM KHAN HYUK , LEE DONG HUN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn the present paper, quasilinear development of anisotropy-driven electromagnetic instabilities is computed on the basis of recently formulated empirical wave dispersion relation and compared against exact numerical calculation based upon transcendental plasma dispersion function and exact numerical roots. Upon comparison with the exact method it is demonstrated that the empirical model provides reasonable results. The present findings may be relevant to space physical application, as the present paper provides a useful short-cut research method for self-consistent analysis of temporal development of anisotropy-driven instabilities.
Improving nutrition in home child care: are food costs a barrier?
Authors: Monsivais Pablo , Johnson Donna B 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveChild-care providers have a key role to play in promoting child nutrition, but the higher cost of nutritious foods may pose a barrier. The present study tested the hypothesis that higher nutritional quality of foods served was associated with higher food expenditures in child care homes participating in the Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP).DesignIn this cross-sectional study, nutritional quality of foods served to children and food expenditures were analysed based on 5 d menus and food shopping receipts. Nutritional quality was based on servings of whole grains, fresh whole fruits and vegetables, energy density (kJ/g) and mean nutrient adequacy (mean percentage of dietary reference intake) for seven nutrients of concern for child health. Food expenditures were calculated by linking receipt and menu data. Associations between food expenditures and menu quality were examined using bivariate statistics and multiple linear regression models.SettingUSA in 2008–2009.SubjectsSixty child-care providers participating in CACFP in King County, Washington State.ResultsIn bivariate analyses, higher daily food expenditures were associated with higher total food energy and higher nutritional quality of menus. Controlling for energy and other covariates, higher food expenditures were strongly and positively associated with number of portions of whole grains and fresh produce served (P= 0·001 and 0·005, respectively), with lower energy density and with higher mean nutrient adequacy of menus overall (P= 0·003 and 0·032, respectively).ConclusionsThe results indicate that improving the nutritional quality of foods in child care may require higher food spending.
Novel lineages of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus in the global oceans
Authors: Huang Sijun , Wilhelm Steven W , Harvey H Rodger , Taylor Karen , Jiao Nianzhi , Chen Feng 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Picocyanobacteria represented by Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus have an important role in oceanic carbon fixation and nutrient cycling. In this study, we compared the community composition of picocyanobacteria from diverse marine ecosystems ranging from estuary to open oceans, tropical to polar oceans and surface to deep water, based on the sequences of 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS). A total of 1339 ITS sequences recovered from 20 samples unveiled diverse and several previously unknown clades of Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. Six high-light (HL)-adapted Prochlorococcus clades were identified, among which clade HLVI had not been described previously. Prochlorococcus clades HLIII, HLIV and HLV, detected in the Equatorial Pacific samples, could be related to the HNLC clades recently found in the high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC), iron-depleted tropical oceans. At least four novel Synechococcus clades (out of six clades in total) in subcluster 5.3 were found in subtropical open oceans and the South China Sea. A niche partitioning with depth was observed in the Synechococcus subcluster 5.3. Members of Synechococcus subcluster 5.2 were dominant in the high-latitude waters (northern Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea), suggesting a possible cold-adaptation of some marine Synechococcus in this subcluster. A distinct shift of the picocyanobacterial community was observed from the Bering Sea to the Chukchi Sea, which reflected the change of water temperature. Our study demonstrates that oceanic systems contain a large pool of diverse picocyanobacteria, and further suggest that new genotypes or ecotypes of picocyanobacteria will continue to emerge, as microbial consortia are explored with advanced sequencing technology.
Shifts in bacterial communities of two caribbean reef-building coral species affected by white plague disease
Authors: Cárdenas Anny , Rodriguez-R Luis M , Pizarro Valeria , Cadavid Luis F , Arévalo-Ferro Catalina 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Coral reefs are deteriorating at an alarming rate mainly as a consequence of the emergence of coral diseases. The white plague disease (WPD) is the most prevalent coral disease in the southwestern Caribbean, affecting dozens of coral species. However, the identification of a single causal agent has proved problematic. This suggests more complex etiological scenarios involving alterations in the dynamic interaction between environmental factors, the coral immune system and the symbiotic microbial communities. Here we compare the microbiome of healthy and WPD-affected corals from the two reef-building species Diploria strigosa and Siderastrea siderea collected at the Tayrona National Park in the Caribbean of Colombia. Microbiomes were analyzed by combining culture-dependent methods and pyrosequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) V5-V6 hypervariable regions. A total of 20 410 classifiable 16S rDNA sequences reads were obtained including all samples. No significant differences in operational taxonomic unit diversity were found between healthy and affected tissues; however, a significant increase of Alphaproteobacteria and a concomitant decrease in the Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria was observed in WPD-affected corals of both species. Significant shifts were also observed in the orders Rhizobiales, Caulobacteriales, Burkholderiales, Rhodobacterales, Aleteromonadales and Xanthomonadales, although they were not consistent between the two coral species. These shifts in the microbiome structure of WPD-affected corals suggest a loss of community-mediated growth control mechanisms on bacterial populations specific for each holobiont system.
Urinary F2‐Isoprostanes, Obesity, and Weight Gain in the IRAS Cohort
Authors: Il'yasova Dora , Wang Frances , Spasojevic Ivan , Base Karel , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Wagenknecht Lynne E. 
Published: September 2011

Obesity has been associated with increased F2‐isoprostane (F2‐IsoP) levels cross‐sectionally. However, the prospective association may be inverse, based on our earlier finding that elevated urinary F2‐IsoP levels predict lower risk of diabetes. This earlier finding led us to hypothesize that urinary F2‐IsoPs reflect the intensity of oxidative metabolism and as such predict lower risk of both diabetes and weight gain. We examined cross‐sectional relationships with obesity and prospective relationships with weight gain using the data from 299 participants of the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS), all of whom were free of diabetes at baseline. Four urinary F2‐IsoPs were assayed in stored baseline urine samples using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: iPF(2α)‐III, 2,3‐dinor‐iPF(2α)‐III, iPF(2α)‐VI, and 8,12‐iso‐iPF(2α)‐VI (F2‐IsoP 1–4, respectively). Baseline F2‐IsoPs were positively associated with baseline measures of obesity; the strongest associations were found with two F2‐IsoPs: odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for overall and abdominal obesity were 1.74 (1.26–2.40) and 1.63 (1.18–2.24) for F2‐IsoP2 and 1.47 (1.12–1.94) and 1.64 (1.22–2.20) for F2‐IsoP4. F2‐IsoP2 showed the strongest and significant inverse association with weight gain during the 5‐year follow‐up period: increase in F2‐IsoP2 equal to 1 s.d. was associated with 0.90 kg lower weight gain (P = 0.02) and the odds ratios for relative (≥5%) and absolute (≥5 kg) weight gain were 0.67 (0.47–0.96) and 0.57 (0.37–0.87), respectively. The other three F2‐IsoPs were consistently inversely associated with weight gain, although not significantly, suggesting that different F2‐IsoPs vary in their ability to detect the association with weight gain.
Invited Article: Millimeter-wave bolometer array receiver for the Atacama pathfinder experiment Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (APEX-SZ) instrument
Authors: Schwan D. , Ade P. A. R. , Basu K. , Bender A. N. , Bertoldi F. , Cho H.-M. , Chon G. , Clarke John , Dobbs M. , Ferrusca D. , Güsten R. , Halverson N. W. , Holzapfel W. L. , Horellou C. , Johansson D. , Johnson B. R. , Kennedy J. , Kermish Z. , Kneissl R. , Lanting T. , Lee A. T. , Lueker M. , Mehl J. , Menten K. M. , Muders D. , Pacaud F. , Plagge T. , Reichardt C. L. , Richards P. L. , Schaaf R. , Schilke P. , Sommer M. W. , Spieler H. , Tucker C. , Weiss A. , Westbrook B. , Zahn O. 
Published: September 2011

The Atacama pathfinder experiment Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (APEX-SZ) instrument is a millimeter-wave cryogenic receiver designed to observe galaxy clusters via the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect from the 12 m APEX telescope on the Atacama plateau in Chile. The receiver contains a focal plane of 280 superconducting transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers instrumented with a frequency-domain multiplexed readout system. The bolometers are cooled to 280 mK via a three-stage helium sorption refrigerator and a mechanical pulse-tube cooler. Three warm mirrors, two 4 K lenses, and a horn array couple the TES bolometers to the telescope. APEX-SZ observes in a single frequency band at 150 GHz with 1′ angular resolution and a 22′ field-of-view, all well suited for cluster mapping. The APEX-SZ receiver has played a key role in the introduction of several new technologies including TES bolometers, the frequency-domain multiplexed readout, and the use of a pulse-tube cooler with bolometers. As a result of these new technologies, the instrument has a higher instantaneous sensitivity and covers a larger field-of-view than earlier generations of Sunyaev-Zel'dovich instruments. The TES bolometers have a median sensitivity of 890 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mu {\rm K}_{\rm CMB}\sqrt{s}$\end{document}μK CMB s (NEy of 3.5 × 10−4 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\sqrt{s}$\end{document}s). We have also demonstrated upgraded detectors with improved sensitivity of 530 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\mu {\rm K}_{\rm CMB}\sqrt{s}$\end{document}μK CMB s (NEy of 2.2 × 10−4 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\sqrt{s}$\end{document}s). Since its commissioning in April 2007, APEX-SZ has been used to map 48 clusters. We describe the design of the receiver and its performance when installed on the APEX telescope.
City Histories in Medieval Iran
Authors: Bulliet Richard W. 
Published: September 2011

The object of this article is to open up to speculation a historiographical problem which the serious student of Iranian urban history necessarily encounters. This is the problem of the motivation of the authors of medieval urban histories. In studying any single work or city, it may be possible to work around the problem; but as soon as a broader approach is attempted, encompassing several cities and numerous works, it looms as a major obstacle.The root of the problem is essentially the very richness and volume of medieval urban historical writing itself, for that is what makes the comparative study of Iranian cities potentially so rewarding. There is hardly a single major city in the Persian speaking world that has not been the subject of at least one local history. Many of these works are extant, published or unpublished; but many, many more that at one time existed have disappeared.
From Model to Crop: Functional Analysis of a STAY-GREEN Gene in the Model Legume Medicago truncatula and Effective Use of the Gene for Alfalfa Improvement
Authors: Zhou Chuanen , Han Lu , Pislariu Catalina , Nakashima Jin , Fu Chunxiang , Jiang Qingzhen , Quan Li , Blancaflor Elison B. , Tang Yuhong , Bouton Joseph H. , Udvardi Michael , Xia Guangmin , Wang Zeng-Yu 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Medicago truncatula has been developed into a model legume. Its close relative alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is the most widely grown forage legume crop in the United States. By screening a large population of M. truncatula mutants tagged with the transposable element of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell type1 (Tnt1), we identified a mutant line (NF2089) that maintained green leaves and showed green anthers, central carpels, mature pods, and seeds during senescence. Genetic and molecular analyses revealed that the mutation was caused by Tnt1 insertion in a STAY-GREEN (MtSGR) gene. Transcript profiling analysis of the mutant showed that loss of the MtSGR function affected the expression of a large number of genes involved in different biological processes. Further analyses revealed that SGR is implicated in nodule development and senescence. MtSGR expression was detected across all nodule developmental zones and was higher in the senescence zone. The number of young nodules on the mutant roots was higher than in the wild type. Expression levels of several nodule senescence markers were reduced in the sgr mutant. Based on the MtSGR sequence, an alfalfa SGR gene (MsSGR) was cloned, and transgenic alfalfa lines were produced by RNA interference. Silencing of MsSGR led to the production of stay-green transgenic alfalfa. This beneficial trait offers the opportunity to produce premium alfalfa hay with a more greenish appearance. In addition, most of the transgenic alfalfa lines retained more than 50% of chlorophylls during senescence and had increased crude protein content. This study illustrates the effective use of knowledge gained from a model system for the genetic improvement of an important commercial crop.
Mycobacterium shigaense sp. nov., a novel slowly growing scotochromogenic mycobacterium that produced nodules in an erythroderma patient with severe cellular immunodeficiency and a history of Hodgkin’s disease
Authors: NAKANAGA Kazue , HOSHINO Yoshihiko , WAKABAYASHI Makiko , FUJIMOTO Noriki , TORTOLI Enrico , MAKINO Masahiko , TANAKA Toshihiro , ISHII Norihisa 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA novel slow‐growing scotochromogenic mycobacterium was isolated from skin biopsies from a patient with a history of Hodgkin’s disease and severe cellular immunodeficiency as an opportunistic pathogen. Clinical characterization of these lesions revealed papules and nodules with pathological granuloma formation. Genotypic analysis using 16S rRNA misidentified this isolate as Mycobacterium simiae. However, multiple gene analysis using the internal transcribed spacer between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes, and the rpoB and hsp65 genes revealed the presence of a novel mycobacterium. The antimicrobial susceptibility of this isolate was completely different from that of M. simiae. On the basis of these findings, we propose naming this new species Mycobacterium shigaense sp. nov., and conclude that multiple gene analysis is required for the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of non‐tuberculous mycobacterial infections.
The effectiveness of opioid maintenance treatment in prison settings: a systematic review
Authors: Hedrich Dagmar , Alves Paula , Farrell Michael , Stöver Heino , Møller Lars , Mayet Soraya 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To review evidence on the effectiveness of opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) in prison and post‐release.Methods  Systematic review of experimental and observational studies of prisoners receiving OMT regarding treatment retention, opioid use, risk behaviours, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) incidence, criminality, re‐incarceration and mortality. We searched electronic research databases, specialist journals and the EMCDDA library for relevant studies until January 2011. Review conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.Results  Twenty‐one studies were identified: six experimental and 15 observational. OMT was associated significantly with reduced heroin use, injecting and syringe‐sharing in prison if doses were adequate. Pre‐release OMT was associated significantly with increased treatment entry and retention after release if arrangements existed to continue treatment. For other outcomes, associations with pre‐release OMT were weaker. Four of five studies found post‐release reductions in heroin use. Evidence regarding crime and re‐incarceration was equivocal. There was insufficient evidence concerning HIV/HCV incidence. There was limited evidence that pre‐release OMT reduces post‐release mortality. Disruption of OMT continuity, especially due to brief periods of imprisonment, was associated with very significant increases in HCV incidence.Conclusions  Benefits of prison OMT are similar to those in community settings. OMT presents an opportunity to recruit problem opioid users into treatment, to reduce illicit opioid use and risk behaviours in prison and potentially minimize overdose risks on release. If liaison with community‐based programmes exists, prison OMT facilitates continuity of treatment and longer‐term benefits can be achieved. For prisoners in OMT before imprisonment, prison OMT provides treatment continuity.