bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dyslexia, authorial identity, and approaches to learning and writing: A mixed methods study
Authors: Kinder Julianne , Elander James 
Published: March 2011

Background. Dyslexia may lead to difficulties with academic writing as well as reading. The authorial identity approach aims to help students improve their academic writing and avoid unintentional plagiarism, and could help to understand dyslexic students’ approaches to writing.Aims. (1) To compare dyslexic and non‐dyslexic students’ authorial identity and approaches to learning and writing; (2) to compare correlations between approaches to writing and approaches to learning among dyslexic and non‐dyslexic students; (3) to explore dyslexic students’ understandings of authorship and beliefs about dyslexia, writing and plagiarism.Sample. Dyslexic (n= 31) and non‐dyslexic (n= 31) university students.Method. Questionnaire measures of self‐rated confidence in writing, understanding of authorship, knowledge to avoid plagiarism, and top‐down, bottom‐up and pragmatic approaches to writing (Student Authorship Questionnaire; SAQ), and deep, surface and strategic approaches to learning (Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students; ASSIST), plus qualitative interviews with dyslexic students with high and low SAQ scores.Results. Dyslexic students scored lower for confidence in writing, understanding authorship, and strategic approaches to learning, and higher for surface approaches to learning. Correlations among SAQ and ASSIST scores were larger and more frequently significant among non‐dyslexic students. Self‐rated knowledge to avoid plagiarism was associated with a top‐down approach to writing among dyslexic students and with a bottom‐up approach to writing among non‐dyslexic students. All the dyslexic students interviewed described how dyslexia made writing more difficult and reduced their confidence in academic writing, but they had varying views about whether dyslexia increased the risk of plagiarism.Conclusions. Dyslexic students have less strong authorial identities, and less congruent approaches to learning and writing. Knowledge to avoid plagiarism may be more salient for dyslexic students, who may benefit from specific interventions to increase confidence in writing and understanding of authorship. Further research could investigate how dyslexic students develop approaches to academic writing, and how that could be affected by perceived knowledge to avoid plagiarism.
Endovascular treatment of patients with intracranial stenosis with moyamoya-type collaterals
Authors: Natarajan Sabareesh K , Karmon Yuval , Tawk Rabih G , Hauck Erik F , Hopkins L Nelson , Siddiqui Adnan H , Levy Elad I 
Published: March 2011

PurposeThe authors report the endovascular treatment of intracranial stenosis in six patients with moyamoya-type collaterals.PatientsAll patients previously had experienced a stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lesion locations included a unilateral M1-segment lesion in five patients; and ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA)-T, M1 and A1 lesions with contralateral supraclinoid ICA stenosis in one patient. Mean M1 stenosis was 77.3±14.3%.ResultsSix patients had balloon angioplasty; in one, a Wingspan stent deployed successfully after angioplasty failed to relieve the stenosis. Mean post-treatment stenosis was 41.0±33.0%. In one patient, vessel rupture occurring during angioplasty caused severe disability. Two patients were asymptomatic for 4 years and 6 months, respectively. One asymptomatic patient had severe restenosis re-treated with intracranial stenting. Two patients became symptomatic and had re-treatment at 1 and 2 months, respectively.ConclusionEndovascular treatment of intracranial stenosis with moyamoya-type collaterals is possible but is associated with high rates of symptomatic restenosis and target-lesion revascularization.
Treatment Options for Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Lonial Sagar , Mitsiades Constantine S. , Richardson Paul G. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Treatment options for patients with relapsed myeloma have benefited from the development of new targeted agents. The use of bortezomib, thalidomide, and lenalidomide have dramatically changed outcomes for patients with relapsed myeloma. New agents are also in development, on the basis of preclinical rationale, as well as combinations of conventional and novel agents. Together each of these treatment approaches are being tested in phase I, II, and III clinical trials, with the goal of prolonged duration of remission and, ultimately, improved overall survival. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1264–77. ©2011 AACR.
From Myeloma Precursor Disease to Multiple Myeloma: New Diagnostic Concepts and Opportunities for Early Intervention
Authors: Landgren Ola , Kyle Robert A. , Rajkumar S. Vincent 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Since monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) was first described more than 30 years ago, the definition of the entity has evolved. Today, 3 distinct clinical MGUS subtypes have been defined: non–immunoglobulin M (IgM; IgG or IgA) MGUS, IgM MGUS, and light chain MGUS. Each clinical MGUS subtype is characterized by unique intermediate stages and progression events. Although we now have strong evidence that multiple myeloma is consistently preceded by a precursor state at the molecular level, there is urgent need to better understand mechanisms that regulate transformation from precursor to full-blown multiple myeloma. In the future, if such knowledge was available, it would allow clinicians to define high-risk and low-risk precursor patients for a more tailored clinical management. Also, it would provide insights on the individual patient's disease biology, which, in turn, can be used for targeted and more individualized treatment strategies. On the basis of current clinical guidelines, patients diagnosed with MGUS and smoldering myeloma should not be treated outside of clinical trials. In the near future, it seems reasonable to believe that high-risk precursor patients will likely become candidates for early treatment strategies. In this review, we discuss novel insights from recent studies and propose future directions of relevance for clinical management and research studies. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1243–52. ©2011 AACR.
Genomics in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Munshi Nikhil C. , Avet-Loiseau Hervé 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a complex disease that is driven by numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations. Comprehensive oncogenomic analysis indicates the presence of many highly recurrent and highly focal amplifications and/or deletions in the MM genome. Integrated oncogenomic analyses of human MM have identified candidates resident within regions of amplification and/or deletions that are predicted to be involved in MM pathogenesis and progression. The biological behavior and clinical outcome in MM are dependent on these molecular determinants, which are also attractive therapeutic targets. The data obtained from extensive analysis of patient samples, with annotated clinical outcomes, are providing insights into molecular mechanisms of disease behavior, helping to develop sensitive prognostic models, identifying novel therapeutic targets, providing the framework for the development of molecularly based therapies, and, eventually, will help in developing individualized therapy to improve outcomes, with reduced toxicity. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1234–42. ©2011 AACR.
Activation of NF-κB Is a Novel Target of KRAS-Induced Endometrial Carcinogenesis
Authors: Mizumoto Yasunari , Kyo Satoru , Kiyono Tohru , Takakura Masahiro , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Maida Yoshiko , Mori Noriko , Bono Yukiko , Sakurai Hiroaki , Inoue Masaki 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Although the KRAS mutation is one of critical genetic alterations in endometrial carcinogenesis, the downstream targets are not known.
Experimental Design: In this study, we investigated the molecular targets of KRAS signals, using tumorigenic cells with oncogenic KRAS mutation established from telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)-immortalized endometrial epithelial cells.
Results: We first confirmed that the RAF-ERK pathway, but not the PI3K-Akt pathway, was activated in KRAS tumorigenic cells. However, the introduction of constitutively active MAP/ERK kinase into immortalized cells to mimic RAF-ERK activation failed to obtain tumorigenic phenotypes, indicating the existence of other carcinogenic pathways triggered by KRAS. Recent evidence suggestive of linkage with KRAS signals prompted us to examine the involvement of NF-κB in endometrial carcinogenesis. We found that the DNA-binding activity of NF-κB was markedly elevated in KRAS tumorigenic cells compared with TERT-immortalized cells. Furthermore, the ability of NF-κB to activate the target gene promoters significantly increased in KRAS tumorigenic cells. Introduction of a mutant IκB that is resistant to degradation and thereby enhances the inhibitory effect on NF-κB largely abrogated the transformed phenotypes of KRAS tumorigenic cells. Thus, oncogenic KRAS signals contributed to the tumorigenic phenotypes of endometrial cells by activating the transcription function of NF-κB.
Conclusions: These findings clearly show that NF-κB activation is a novel target of oncogenic KRAS in endometrial carcinogenesis, implying the potential utility of NF-κB inhibitors for endometrial cancer chemoprevention, especially with KRAS mutation. Clin Cancer Res; 17(6); 1341–50. ©2011 AACR.
DNAM-1 ligand expression on Ag-stimulated T lymphocytes is mediated by ROS-dependent activation of DNA-damage response: relevance for NK–T cell interaction
Authors: Ardolino Michele , Zingoni Alessandra , Cerboni Cristina , Cecere Francesca , Soriani Alessandra , Iannitto Maria Luisa , Santoni Angela 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
An important role for natural killer (NK) cells in the regulation of T-cell responses is emerging, although the receptor pairs regulating the NK–T-cell interaction have still not been identified. We found that superantigen-stimulated T cells express Nectin-2 (CD112) and poliovirus receptor (PVR; CD155), the ligands of the activating NK receptor DNAX accessory molecule-1 (DNAM-1; CD226). Interestingly, only PVR was present at the T cell surface, particularly on cells in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle. The up-regulation of PVR expression involves DNA-damage response (DDR)–dependent pathways, because we found that pharmacologic inhibition of ATM and ATR kinases reduced PVR expression and that PVR was almost exclusively induced on cells expressing the DDR marker γH2AX. Oxidative stress contributed to DDR activation, and our results showed impaired PVR levels in the presence of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), being monocytes the main ROS source needed for optimal PVR expression on activated T cells. Interestingly, in accordance with ligand expression, NK cells lysed allogeneic proliferating more efficiently than nonproliferating T lymphocytes, with a mechanism requiring the cooperation between DNAM-1 and NKG2D. These results could contribute to unraveling the role of NK cells in the down-regulation of T-cell responses in physiologic and pathologic processes such as autoimmunity or GVHD.
In vitro and in vivo model of a novel immunotherapy approach for chronic lymphocytic leukemia by anti-CD23 chimeric antigen receptor
Authors: Giordano Attianese Greta Maria Paola , Marin Virna , Hoyos Valentina , Savoldo Barbara , Pizzitola Irene , Tettamanti Sarah , Agostoni Valentina , Parma Matteo , Ponzoni Maurilio , Bertilaccio Maria T. S. , Ghia Paolo , Biondi Andrea , Dotti Gianpietro , Biagi Ettore 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by an accumulation of mature CD19+CD5+CD20dim B lymphocytes that typically express the B-cell activation marker CD23. In the present study, we cloned and expressed in T lymphocytes a novel chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting the CD23 antigen (CD23.CAR). CD23.CAR+ T cells showed specific cytotoxic activity against CD23+ tumor cell lines (average lysis 42%) and primary CD23+ CLL cells (average lysis 58%). This effect was obtained without significant toxicity against normal B lymphocytes, in contrast to CARs targeting CD19 or CD20 antigens, which are also expressed physiologically by normal B lymphocytes. Moreover, CLL-derived CD23.CAR+ T cells released inflammatory cytokines (1445-fold more TNF-β, 20-fold more TNF-α, and 4-fold more IFN-γ). IL-2 was also produced (average release 2681 pg/mL) and sustained the antigen-dependent proliferation of CD23.CAR+ T cells. Redirected T cells were also effective in vivo in a CLL Rag2−/−γc−/− xenograft mouse model. Compared with mice treated with control T cells, the infusion of CD23.CAR+ T cells resulted in a significant delay in the growth of the MEC-1 CLL cell line. These data suggest that CD23.CAR+ T cells represent a selective immunotherapy for the elimination of CD23+ leukemic cells in patients with CLL.
Bone and the hematopoietic niche: a tale of two stem cells
Authors: Bianco Paolo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe revived interest in (hematopoietic) stem cell (HSC) niches has highlighted the role of multiple cellular players found in the bone environment. Initially focused on the role of osteoblasts and sinusoid endothelial cells, the quest for HSC niche cells has recently focused on a unique role for osteoprogenitor cells (skeletal stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells). Strongly validated by observations of HSC dysregulation dictated by the dysregulation of osteoprogenitors, the role of osteoprogenitors in the HSC niche integrates data from different studies into a unified view. As preosteoblastic, periendothelial cells residing at the sinusoid wall, skeletal progenitors reconcile the notions of “osteoblastic” and “sinusoidal” niches with one another. In addition, they bring into focus the cross-regulation of skeletal and hematopoietic physiology as rooted into the interplay of two stem cells (hematopoietic and skeletal) sharing a single niche. As direct regulators of hematopoietic space formation, sinusoid development, and hematopoietic function(s), as well as direct progenitors of positive and negative regulators of HSCs such as osteoblasts and adipocytes, skeletal progenitors have emerged as pivotal organizers of a complex, highly plastic niche. This development seems to represents an evolutionary advance over the deterministic stem cell niches found in archetypal invertebrate systems.
Inner dynein arm defects causing primary ciliary dyskinesia: repeat testing required
Authors: O’Callaghan C. , Rutman A. , Williams G.M. , Hirst R.A. 
Published: March 2011

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) results in chronic nasal symptoms and chest disease leading to bronchiectasis. We noted a number of patients referred for diagnostic testing whose initial results suggested PCD due to an inner dynein arm or radial spoke defect but in whom no abnormality was found on retesting.The present study was an audit of all patients referred for PCD diagnostic testing over a 3-yr period whose initial electron microscopy (EM) and beat pattern analysis suggested an inner dynein arm or radial spoke defect.21 patients referred for diagnostic testing for PCD suspected of an inner dynein arm defect and six suspected of a radial spoke defect on initial EM and beat pattern analysis had repeat testing performed. On repeat testing, five patients initially suspected of an inner dynein arm defect and one with a radial spoke defect had normal EM and beat pattern, leading to the initial diagnosis being questioned.Patients suspected of PCD due to an inner dynein arm defect or radial spoke defect should have the diagnosis reassessed if it has been based on only one diagnostic sample.
Endothelin receptor expression in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: effect of bosentan and epoprostenol treatment
Authors: Hall S.M. , Davie N. , Klein N. , Haworth S.G. 
Published: March 2011

Endothelin receptor antagonists are used to treat idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), but human pulmonary arterial endothelin receptor expression is not well defined. We hypothesised that disease and treatment would modify normal receptor distribution in pulmonary resistance arteries of children.Using immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative analysis, we investigated endothelin receptor subtypes A and B (ETAand ETB, respectively), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression in peripheral pulmonary arteries of tissue from untreated children with IPAH (n=7), following extended combined bosentan and epoprostenol therapy (n=5) and from normal subjects (n=5).Clinical, haemodynamic and pathological abnormalities were severe and advanced in all IPAH cases. ETAwas detected in pulmonary arterial endothelial cells of all normal and diseased tissue and cultured cells. Endothelial ETA, ETBand eNOS expression was reduced in patent, plexiform and dilatation lesions of untreated cases, but in treated cases, ETAand ETBwere normal and eNOS increased. In smooth muscle, ETAexpression was reduced in treated cases but ETBexpression increased in all arteries of both treated and untreated cases.In summary, ETAis expressed on human pulmonary arterial endothelium. In IPAH, combination treatment with bosentan and epoprostenol had a more marked influence on endothelin receptor expression of endothelial than smooth muscle cells.
Biochemical and physiological characterization of the GTP-binding protein Obg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Sasindran Smitha J , Saikolappan Sankaralingam , Scofield Virginia L , Dhandayuthapani Subramanian 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Background
Obg is a highly conserved GTP-binding protein that has homologues in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. In bacteria, Obg proteins are essential for growth, and they participate in spore formation, stress adaptation, ribosome assembly and chromosomal partitioning. This study was undertaken to investigate the biochemical and physiological characteristics of Obg in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which causes tuberculosis in humans.

Results
We overexpressed M. tuberculosis Obg in Escherichia coli and then purified the protein. This protein binds to, hydrolyzes and is phosphorylated with GTP. An anti-Obg antiserum, raised against the purified Obg, detects a 55 kDa protein in immunoblots of M. tuberculosis extracts. Immunoblotting also discloses that cultured M. tuberculosis cells contain increased amounts of Obg in the late log phase and in the stationary phase. Obg is also associated with ribosomes in M. tuberculosis, and it is distributed to all three ribosomal fractions (30 S, 50 S and 70 S). Finally, yeast two-hybrid analysis reveals that Obg interacts with the stress protein UsfX, indicating that M. tuberculosis Obg, like other bacterial Obgs, is a stress related protein.

Conclusions
Although its GTP-hydrolyzing and phosphorylating activities resemble those of other bacterial Obg homologues, M. tuberculosis Obg differs from them in these respects: (a) preferential association with the bacterial membrane; (b) association with all three ribosomal subunits, and (c) binding to the stress protein UsfX, rather than to RelA. Generation of mutant alleles of Obg of M. tuberculosis, and their characterization in vivo, may provide additional insights regarding its role in this important human pathogen.
Inhibitory activity of a standardized elderberry liquid extract against clinically-relevant human respiratory bacterial pathogens and influenza A and B viruses
Authors: Krawitz Christian , Mraheil Mobarak Abu , Stein Michael , Imirzalioglu Can , Domann Eugen , Pleschka Stephan , Hain Torsten 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Background
Black elderberries (Sambucus nigra L.) are well known as supportive agents against common cold and influenza. It is further known that bacterial super-infection during an influenza virus (IV) infection can lead to severe pneumonia. We have analyzed a standardized elderberry extract (Rubini, BerryPharma AG) for its antimicrobial and antiviral activity using the microtitre broth micro-dilution assay against three Gram-positive bacteria and one Gram-negative bacteria responsible for infections of the upper respiratory tract, as well as cell culture experiments for two different strains of influenza virus.

Methods
The antimicrobial activity of the elderberry extract was determined by bacterial growth experiments in liquid cultures using the extract at concentrations of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The inhibitory effects were determined by plating the bacteria on agar plates. In addition, the inhibitory potential of the extract on the propagation of human pathogenic H5N1-type influenza A virus isolated from a patient and an influenza B virus strain was investigated using MTT and focus assays.

Results
For the first time, it was shown that a standardized elderberry liquid extract possesses antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive bacteria of Streptococcus pyogenes and group C and G Streptococci, and the Gram-negative bacterium Branhamella catarrhalis in liquid cultures. The liquid extract also displays an inhibitory effect on the propagation of human pathogenic influenza viruses.

Conclusion
Rubini elderberry liquid extract is active against human pathogenic bacteria as well as influenza viruses. The activities shown suggest that additional and alternative approaches to combat infections might be provided by this natural product.
Reliability and validity of Thai versions of the MOS-HIV and SF-12 quality of life questionnaires in people living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Chariyalertsak Suwat , Wansom Tanyaporn , Kawichai Surinda , Ruangyuttikarna Cholthicha , Kemerer Verne F , Wu Albert W 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Background/Aim
As Thai people living with HIV/AIDS gain increasing access to antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, it is important to evaluate the impact this has not only on clinical outcomes, but also on patients' functional status and well-being. In this study, we translated, culturally adapted and tested the reliability and validity of two widely-used health-related quality of life questionnaires - the MOS-HIV Health Survey and the SF-12 - in people living with HIV/AIDS in Northern Thailand. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to 100 patients at community hospital outpatient ARV clinics in northern Thailand. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha, while evidence for validity was tested using known-groups comparison based on CD4 group, symptom distress score, bed days and days of reduced activity in the past three months.

Results
Patients' median age was 36, with 58% female, 58% working as laborers, and 60% completing at least primary education. Median CD4 count was 218 cells/mm3. There were no missing data. For the MOS-HIV and SF-12, mean physical summary scores were 53.1 and 49.0 respectively; mean mental summary scores were 53.4 and 45.6, respectively. Internal consistency coefficients were >0.7 for all but one scale, the PF scale (0.67). As hypothesized, scores were slightly to moderately correlated with CD4 count, symptom score, number of days in bed or with reduced activity. Correlations were higher with physical health scores than with mental health scales. The MOS-HIV discriminated clinical known groups slightly better than the SF-12.

Conclusion
Both the MOS-HIV and the shorter SF-12 were successfully adapted for people with HIV/AIDS in Northern Thailand, and showed encouraging evidence for reliability and validity. These patient reported questionnaires could be valuable tools in evaluating therapeutic interventions and other innovations in health and social services, and to estimate health needs and population disability related to HIV.