bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atrazine Adsorption and Colloid‐Facilitated Transport through the Unsaturated Zone
Authors: Sprague Lori A. , Herman Janet S. , Hornberger George M. , Mills Aaron L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne explanation for unexpectedly widespread ground water contamination from atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine) may be the occurrence of colloid‐facilitated transport, whereby the dissolved herbicide becomes adsorbed to mobile colloids that migrate through preferential flow‐paths in the soil zone and into the ground water. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of adsorption of atrazine to bulk soil and to soil colloids and to determine the extent of colloid‐facilitated transport of atrazine at a field site in Virginia during simulated rainfall events. Equilibrium batch adsorption experiments were performed over a concentration range of 0.05 to 10.0 mg atrazine L−1 on bulk soil samples and on colloidal suspensions of 75 mg L−1, a concentration comparable with those observed at the field site. Linear partition coefficients ranged from 0.496 to 2.48 L kg−1 for the bulk soil and from 70.8 to 832 L kg−1 for the soil colloids. In the field, gravity lysimeters were installed at a depth of 25 cm below the surface of six 0.25‐m2 undisturbed plots. Mass recovery of surface‐applied atrazine in the lysimeters was not significantly affected by rainfall rate and was, on average, 2.7% for plots receiving 25 mm h−1 simulated rainfall and 3.6% for plots receiving 50 mm h−1 simulated rainfall. Of the total atrazine collected in the lysimeters, the fraction that was colloid‐associated ranged from 4.9 to 30% (mean of 15%), indicating that a measurable portion of mobile atrazine is transported via association with colloids.
Wood Ash Control of Odor from Biosolids Application
Authors: Rosenfeld Paul E. , Henry Charles L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOdor emissions from land application of biosolids have become a concern for biosolids managers. Chemical odorant emissions from biosolids were identified using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and included dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl sulfide (DMS), carbon disulfide (CS2), ammonia (NH3), trimethyl amine (TMA), and acetone. Odor unit measurements (odor intensity as perceived by people) were then related to chemical odorant concentrations. Odor unit emissions were positively correlated with DMDS emissions. To control biosolids odor, wood ash containing 87, 32, 27, 5.4, and 0.24% carbon was incorporated with biosolids (1:1 dry weight ratio). The wood ash possessed surface areas of 520, 85, 74, 25, and 2.1 m2 g−1, respectively. Ash additions reduced odor unit and emissions of DMDS, DMS, and CS2 when compared with the biosolids control, depending upon ash C content and surface area. Although ash additions reduced emissions of acetone, TMA, and sometimes NH3, reduction was not consistently significant. Using the SCREEN3 dispersion model (USEPA, 1995a), maximum DMDS and NH3 concentrations at a 21 Mg ha−1 biosolids application (dry weight) were estimated to be 8.9 and 6.8 times above published human detection limits, respectively, while maximum CS2, DMS, acetone, and TMA concentrations were predicted to be 0.013, 0.017, 0.026, and 0.45 times below published human detection limits, respectively. Incorporation of high carbon wood ash with biosolids eliminated DMDS odor, while wood ash did not significantly reduce the NH3 odor.
Nitrogen and Carbon Mineralization of Potential Manure Components
Authors: Van Kessel J. S. , Reeves J. B. , Meisinger J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCurrent estimates of plant availability of manure N are highly variable. A study was conducted to examine C and N mineralization characteristics of manure components from feeds (immature and mature alfalfa and orchardgrass, soybean meal, roasted soybean meal), forage cell walls (acid detergent fiber [ADF] and neutral detergent fiber [NDFI), simple N compounds (urea, amino acids and peptides), and nondietary metabolic components (ruminal bacteria and colonic cells). Nitrogen and C mineralization were determined by aerobic incubation of sample‐amended soil. Changes in NH+4 and NO−3 concentration and CO2 production were monitored over 112 d. At C to N ratios below 15, there was a declining exponential relationship between the initial potential rate of C mineralization and the sample C to N ratio. However, at C to N ratios above 15, the initial potential rate of C mineralization was low and insensitive to C to N ratio. Percent of added N mineralized ranged from 92% for urea and 13% for mature orchardgrass to a net N immobilization for ADF‐ and NDF‐amended soils. When the C to N ratio was below 42, there was a linear relationship between readily mineralizable N and the C to N ratio. There were also positive relationships between readily mineralizable C and N and the components' total N concentration. Manure contains a range of compounds that have rapid or intermediate N mineralization characteristics, or that are strong immobilizers of N. These results suggest that improved estimates of manure N mineralization may be obtained by considering both the readily available N components and components that strongly immobilize N.
Fate and Behavior of Lead in Soils Planted with Metal‐Resistant Species (River Birch and Smallwing Sedge)
Authors: Klassen Steve P. , McLean Joan E. , Grossl Paul R. , Sims Ronald C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhytoremediation of metal‐contaminated soils requires an understanding of the interactions between metal‐tolerant plant species and soil chemical properties controlling the bioavailability of metals. We conducted controlled laboratory studies to investigate the effects that river birch (Betula occidentalis Hook.) and smallwing sedge (Carex microptera Mack.) had on the fate and behavior of Pb in a contaminated soil (3000 mg Pb/kg) and tailings (13 000 mg Pb/kg) collected from an abandoned mining site in Utah. Significant Pb accumulation in aboveground tissue was observed in smallwing sedge (≥1000 mg/kg dry wt.) in both the soil and tailings, but Pb was primarily excluded by birch (≤300 mg/kg dry wt.). Lead exclusion in birch resulted in elevated concentrations of Pb in the rooting zone in both the soil and tailings. In the soil, the exchangeable Pb concentration of the unplanted control was not significantly different than the birch rhizosphere but was higher than the birch bulk (nonrhizosphere) soil fraction. This suggested that plants using exclusionary mechanisms of metal resistance may promote soil Pb stabilization by sequestering normally mobile fractions of Pb in the rhizosphere. However, both birch and smailwing sedge increased the leachate Pb concentration by 2 mg/L and decreased the pH by one unit in the tailings compared with unplanted controls. Leachate Pb concentrations and pH were not significantly affected by plants in the soil. This indicated that the ability of metal‐resistant plants to promote soil Pb stabilization is soil specific and depends on the level of Pb contamination and soil characteristics controlling the solubility and mobility of Pb.
Direct Quantification of Metal‐Organic Interactions by Size‐Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP‐MS)
Authors: Piatina Tatiana B. , Hering Janet G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMetal speciation significantly influences the geochemical cycling of trace metals and can control metal bioavailability and toxicity. Advanced analytical techniques have been applied to address some difficulties encountered in identifying metal organic species. In this method, size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) was directly coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) to determine conditional stability constants of metal complexes with strong organic ligands in competitive equilibration experiments. Molecular size calibration of the column was performed with polystyrenesulfonate standards and the effects of hydrophobic interactions on the column were determined. Metal concentrations corresponding to different organic fractions were measured directly, in the SEC column effluent, by ICP‐MS. The method was validated with well‐defined organic ligands in ligand competition studies with a single metal and a binary metal mixture. The distribution of metal‐ligand species determined analytically was shown to correspond to the calculated equilibrium speciation. Model studies using metal complexes with weaker organic ligands demonstrated that the technique is subject to kinetic limitations since labile metal‐organic complexes can dissociate during chromatographic separation. Nonetheless, the kinetic window of the method should be appropriate for the strong ligands postulated to control metal speciation in natural waters.
Microbial Decomposition of Dissolved Organic Matter and Its Control during a Sorption Experiment
Authors: Zhou L. X. , Wong J. W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a detailed investigation on the effect of microbial activity on apparent dissolved organic matter (DOM) sorption in batch experiments and means to control it. The adsorption and decomposition dynamics of DOM derived from three organic wastes (green manure, pig manure, and sewage sludge) were performed at 4 or 22°C in the presence and absence of 5 mM NaN3. No DOM decomposition occurred in sorption experiments performed at 4 or 22°C receiving NaN3, while significant reduction was noted at 22°C without NaN3 addition after 24 h shaking. The sequence of DOM susceptibility to microbial decomposition in a 24‐h period was: green manure > pig manure > sewage sludge. A shaking period of 2 h was found too short for notable microbial activity as compared with that of 24 h shaking but long enough to achieve equilibrium adsorption at 22°C. Therefore, sorption experiments performed at ambient temperatures with a long equilibrium period will overestimate the amount of DOM adsorbed and lead to an incorrect interpretation of the DOM adsorption behavior because of the involvement of microbial decay of DOM. It is recommended that batch equilibrium DOM adsorption studies be performed at either 4°C for 24 h or at ambient temperatures for 2 h, while addition of 2.5 to 5 mM of NaN3 is also a possible alternative for an equilibrium period of >2 h.
Phosphorus Accumulation in Farm Ponds and Dams in Southwestern Australia
Authors: Ruan Huada D. , Gilkes Robert J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEutrophication of farm ponds and dams (earth tanks) due to elevated dissolved phosphorus concentrations causes death of fish, crustaceans, and animals. Phosphorus accumulation in water and sediment in 50 farm ponds and dams and 2 streams was investigated for a 4000‐ha area near York, Western Australia. Water, sediment, and soil samples were analyzed for total, inorganic, and organic P. Sediments contained between 4 and 54% clay. The major minerals in the clay fraction were quartz, kaolinite, and smectite with minor amounts of illite, felspars, calcite, and iron oxides. Sediments contained between 0.4 and 5.9 g kg−1 N, 6.0 and 14.3 g kg−1 AI, 15.0 and 77.0 g kg−1 Fe, and 3.0 and 80.0 g kg−1 organic carbon. The dissolved P concentration in pond, dam, and stream water ranged from 0.001 to 4.15 mg L−1 and suspended particulate P (>0.22 µm) ranged from 0.016 to 2.78 mg L−1. Total P in sediments ranged from 29 to 1101 mg kg−1 compared with 134 to 554 mg kg−1 in soils. Inorganic P accounted for 57% of total P in sediments and 75% of total P in soils. Relationships between concentrations of total P, inorganic P, and organic P in sediments and dissolved P in dam water were linear, indicating a buffering action of the sediment constituents on dissolved P. There was a linear relationship between the concentrations of P in sediments and in soils of catchments.
The Efficacy of Polyacrylamide and Related Compounds to Remove Microorganisms and Nutrients from Animal Wastewater
Authors: Entry James A. , Sojka R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolyacrylamide (PAM) is an effective flocculent and we hypothesized that it would reduce transport of microorganisms and nutrients in water flowing over and through soil. We measured nutrients, total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, fecal streptococci, active and total fungi, and active and total bacteria in water leached through cattle, fish, and swine manure, PAM, PAM + Al(SO4)3, or PAM + CaO mixtures, and 25‐cm sand columns. In the laboratory study, PAM, PAM + Al(SO4)3, and PAM + CaO treatments reduced total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and fecal streptococci by 10‐ to 1000‐fold in water leached through sand columns. Polyacrylamide + Al(SO4)3 and PAM + CaO treatments reduced the concentration of NH4, total P, and PO4 by 20 to 60% in leachate when cattle and swine manure were applied. In a field study, after water flowed over all three manure sources and then PAM, PAM + Al(SO4)3, or PAM + CaO in furrows, total coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, and fecal streptococci were reduced by 10‐ to 1000‐fold in water flowing 1 and 27 m downstream of the treatments compared with the control treatment. When water flowed over cattle manure and then PAM + Al(SO4)3 or PAM + CaO, PO4 concentration was reduced by 50 to 70% and total P concentration was reduced by 0 to 75% in water 27 m downstream of the treatments compared with the PAM alone treatment. Polyacrylamide + Al(SO4)3 and PAM + CaO should be able to reduce the numbers of enteric microorganisms and nutrient concentration in animal wastewater running off animal confinement areas, reducing the amount of these pollutants entering surface and ground waters.
Use of Aluminum‐ and Iron‐Rich Residues to Immobilize Phosphorus in Poultry Litter and Litter‐Amended Soils
Authors: Codling Eton E. , Chaney Rufus L. , Mulchi Charles L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPoultry production is concentrated on Maryland's eastern shore on areas with sandy soils low in sesquioxides. Water quality has been affected by runoff and leaching of phosphorus from poultry litter‐amended fields. Phosphorus movement is of major concern because P is a limiting nutrient for eutrophication in surface water. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the ability of Al‐rich drinking water treatment residue (DWTR) and iron‐rich residue (IRR) to reduce water‐soluble P and Bray and Kurtz no. 1‐extractable phosphorus (BK‐1 P) in poultry litter and three long‐term litter‐amended soils and (ii) determine the effects of these residues on pH and electrical conductivity (EC) in the amended litter and soils. Poultry litter and soils were treated with four rates of DWTR and IRR and incubated for 7 wk at 25°C. Litter and soils were sampled at 2, 4, and 7 wk. Both residue materials increased the pH of the litter and the soils. The DWTR was more effective in reducing both water‐soluble P and BK‐1 P in litter at all rates. At the 25 and 50 g kg−1 rates, reductions in water‐soluble P with IRR were comparable with that of DWTR, but DWTR was twice as effective as IRR in reducing BK‐1 P concentration. The results showed that water‐soluble P and BK‐1 P in poultry litter and long‐term litter‐amended soils can be substantially reduced by incorporating residues rich in Al and Fe; these residues may be useful for reducing P runoff and leaching from poultry litter and litter‐amended fields.
A Water Chemistry Assessment of Wastewater Remediation in a Natural Swamp
Authors: Zhang Xiaowei , Feagley Sam E. , Day John W. , Conner William H. , Hesse Irene D. , Rybczyk John M. , Hudnall Wayne H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious aspects of water chemistry of a natural forested wetland were studied in order to determine the possibility of using the wetland for advanced wastewater treatment in Louisiana and to evaluate the wastewater effect on swamp water quality. The study was carried out by comparing treatment and control cypress‐tupelo forests separated by a bottomland hardwood forest ridge. The treatment area (231 ha) received secondarily treated municipal wastewater at a rate of 6.3 × 106 L d−1. The calculated hydraulic detention time of the wastewater was 120 d. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and concentrations of 5‐d biological oxygen demand (BOD5), dissolved oxygen (DO), solids, nutrients, and trace metals were monitored. Mean concentrations for the wastewater were 14.6 mg L−1 for total N and 2.5 mg L−1 for total P. The dominant form of N in the wastewater was NO3‐N. The swamp system attenuated the NO3‐N by 100%, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) by 69%, and total P by 66%. It appears that tertiary wastewater treatment was achieved due to the nutrient attenuations. Based upon our findings, we predict that the high N attenuation efficiency would enable the swamp to work well if the N loading rate were doubled. However, P removal was dependent on loading rate, hydraulic retention time, and temperature. The swamp was more efficient in treating wastewater during warm seasons than cool seasons. During the monitoring period, trace metals were not significantly increased in the swamp water because of very low concentrations in the wastewater.
Coal Fly Ash as a Soil Conditioner for Field Crops in Southern Ontario
Authors: Cline J. A. , Bijl M. , Torrenueva A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSixty‐eight percent of the 957 000 Mg of fly ash (FA) from coal‐fired generating stations in Ontario was landfilled in 1998. Current restrictions by government regulators prevent its use for agricultural purposes. Greenhouse and field experiments were therefore initiated to assess the effects of FA on plant growth. The objective of the greenhouse study was to evaluate various rates of FA (0–80 Mg ha−1 equivalent) on soil pH, soil and plant nutrient levels, and plant growth using representative acidic clay and sandy soils from Southern Ontario. After 90 d of soil incubation, the highest rates of FA increased soil pH, but had no significant effect on hot‐water extractable B. Dry weights of plants grown in the same soil types were unaffected by FA rates. In a 3‐yr field study, FA was applied to acidic clay and sandy loam soils at rates ranging from 0 to 50 Mg ha−1 (dry wt. basis). Lime control treatments were also included. In Year 1, corn (Zea mays L.) plant emergence, grain yield, percent moisture, and harvest index were not significantly influenced by FA applications. However, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields treated with 50 Mg ha−1 FA increased by as much as 35 and 31% in comparison with untreated and lime control treatments, respectively. Selenium and boron, while presently the rate‐limiting elements for maximum permissible loading rates of FA for soil amendments in the province, did not accumulate in plants in quantities that would be of concern for plant health or animal and human consumption.
Volcanic glass textures, shape characteristics and compositions of phreatomagmatic rock units from the Western Hungarian monogenetic volcanic fields and their implications for magma fragmentation
Authors: Németh Karoly 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe majority of the Mio-Pleistocene monogenetic volcanoes in Western Hungary had, at least in their initial eruptive phase, phreatomagmatic eruptions that produced pyroclastic deposits rich in volcanic glass shards. Electron microprobe studies on fresh samples of volcanic glass from the pyroclastic deposits revealed a primarily tephritic composition. A shape analysis of the volcanic glass shards indicated that the fine-ash fractions of the phreatomagmatic material fragmented in a brittle fashion. In general, the glass shards are blocky in shape, low in vesicularity, and have a low-to-moderate microlite content. The glass-shape analysis was supplemented by fractal dimension calculations of the glassy pyroclasts. The fractal dimensions of the glass shards range from 1.06802 to 1.50088, with an average value of 1.237072876, based on fractal dimension tests of 157 individual glass shards. The average and mean fractal-dimension values are similar to the theoretical Koch-flake (snowflake) value of 1.262, suggesting that the majority of the glass shards are bulky with complex boundaries. Light-microscopy and backscattered-electron-microscopy images confirm that the glass shards are typically bulky with fractured and complex particle outlines and low vesicularity; features that are observed in glass shards generated in either a laboratory setting or naturally through the interaction of hot melt and external water. Textural features identified in fine- and coarse-ash particles suggest that they were formed by brittle fragmentation both at the hot melt-water interface (forming active particles) as well as in the vicinity of the interaction interface. Brittle fragmentation may have occurred when hot melt rapidly penetrated abundant water-rich zones causing the melt to cool rapidly and rupture explosively.
An Examination of Delusional Thinking and Cognitive Styles in Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Labuschagne Izelle , Castle David J. , Dunai Judy , Kyrios Michael , Rossell Susan L. 
Published: July 2010

Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by severe dissatisfaction with one's appearance. The aim of this study was to examine belief characteristics in BDD, particularly delusional beliefs and their relationship to other cognitive styles. Methods: Fourteen DSM-IV BDD patients and 14 matched control participants completed questionnaires that measured delusions, creative experiences, self-esteem, self-ambivalence, depression and anxiety symptoms. Results: BDD patients endorsed three times as many delusional beliefs as controls, but the number of delusional ideas in the BDD sample was on a continuum and did not divide patients into two discrete groups. Additionally, the BDD group had higher fantasy proneness, lower self-esteem, higher self-ambivalence and higher depression and anxiety. Conclusions: The data support the conceptualization of BDD as a single disorder with varying degrees of delusional thinking and suggests that BDD should not be dichotomized according to the presence or absence of delusional thinking, as is currently the case in the DSM-IV.
Prevalence of Stalking in a Psychiatric Hospital Population
Authors: Dressing Harald , Gass Peter 
Published: July 2010

Objective: Study of the lifetime prevalence of stalking and types of stalking in a sample of psychiatric inpatients. Methods: A total of 300 patients consecutively admitted to the psychiatric hospital of the Central Institute of Mental Health (Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit) in Mannheim were studied by means of the Stalking Behaviour Questionnaire (Stalking-Verhaltens-Fragebogen). Results: Of the sample, 21% at some time in their lives had been the victim of stalking. Men were affected as often as women were. The course of stalking was more difficult and more violent in this sample than in a sample taken from the general population in Mannheim. In the majority of the cases the mental disorder had manifested itself before the first stalking incident. In only four out of 64 cases did the responsible physicians know of the previous or ongoing stalking victimization of their patients. Conclusions: Mentally ill individuals are more often affected by stalking than the general population. The topic of stalking should thus be addressed more frequently when taking the case histories of mentally ill patients, in order to provide them with the appropriate type of medical care and support.