bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peace, Overcoming Psychological–Cognitive Barriers to
Authors: Maoz Ifat 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn important phenomenon in ethnopolitical intergroup conflict is the sides' lack of rationality. Deutsch, a major researcher in the area of conflict, asserts that the great tension that is associated with conflict diminishes intellectual resources for dealing with information and leads to perceptual distortions. Such perceptual distortions and biases can contribute substantially to the maintenance and escalation of conflict (Deutsch, 1973). This article will describe major psychological–cognitive barriers to peace in ethnopolitical conflict and will discuss ways to overcome these barriers.
Peace Studies, Psychological Contributions to
Authors: Webel Charles P. , Sotakova Viera 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe relationships between psychology and peace studies, often called peace and conflict studies, are, like the disciplines themselves, complex, significant, sometimes contested, and in process. Peace studies emerged after World War II and is largely a response by people in higher education to the nuclear age and the Cold War. It is also a child of peace, antiwar, and social justice movements, and has shifting relationships with peace education, peacekeeping, peace movements, and peace and conflict research. Similarly, what is now known as peace psychology is also a product of the Cold War and its termination, when the perceived threat to global peace posed by nuclear weapons was at its peak.
Police–Community Relations
Authors: Diaz Eduardo I. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The nature of policing has changed considerably in the United States, and in many other countries, since the advent of the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s and '60s. It is important to note that, historically, police officers have been the enforcers of racist laws and unjust political administrations (Gabbidon & Greene, 2009). Modern policing varies greatly in policy and practice, depending on the agency's adherence to democratic principles and human rights. Unfortunately, in too many places police may still be involved in oppression; consciously, by the unquestioning following of orders, or subconsciously as a consequence of ethnocultural bias. This article aims to introduce the reader to mechanisms that have been set up worldwide to address both direct and structural violence associated with policing (Diaz, 2009).
Power: Hard, Soft, and Smart
Authors: Nye Joseph S. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Power is a contested term with multiple definitions, but the dictionary suggests that its core is the capacity to achieve one's purposes or goals. More specifically, it is the ability to affect others to get the outcomes one wants. There are three main ways to produce such behavior — coercion, payment, and attraction. In an influential behavioral definition, Dahl (1961) defined power as the ability to get others to do what they otherwise would not do, but this captures only part of power behavior. One can also obtain preferred outcomes through co‐opting others through agenda setting, attraction, and persuasion. Hard power rests primarily on coercion and payment. Soft power (Nye, 2004) is the ability to obtain preferred outcomes through attraction and persuasion rather than coercion or payments.
Psychosocial Impact of Political Violence
Authors: Wessells Michael , Kostelny Kathleen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractContemporary political violence tends to be fought within state boundaries and is often intercommunal in nature and exacts a heavy toll on civilian populations, which may be targeted directly. For example, in Sierra Leone, the rebel group named the Revolutionary United Front frequently attacked villages, killed civilians, raped women, and looted and plundered as they went. As a result, people suffered enormously not only from the visible, physical wounds of war but also from the invisible wounds of war, which interweave physical, emotional, social, and spiritual elements.
Reconciliation: Instrumental and Socioemotional Aspects
Authors: Nadler Arie 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Different concepts have been used to describe peacemaking between groups and nations, among them resolution, settlement, and reconciliation (Kelman, 2008). This article focuses on the latter concept, of which Gibson once commented, “No one seems to know what reconciliation means” (Gibson, 2006, p. 85). We aim to define reconciliation, to differentiate it from related concepts, and to discuss its central dimensions. In particular, we situate reconciliation with respect to the distinction between the “real conflict” and “psychological needs” perspectives on intergroup conflicts, and between processes of socioemotional versus instrumental reconciliation (Nadler & Shnabel, 2008).
Refugee Mental Health Interventions
Authors: Philpot Catherine , Schweitzer Robert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere is great diversity in the type of interventions carried out under the rubric of “refugee mental health.” This is partly due to the holistic ecological and psychosocial approaches that have come to dominate research and humanitarian understandings of refugee mental health. The diverse application of psychosocial principles in refugee mental health is also extended by the many varied locations in which such interventions are carried out. Guidelines have been developed to aid would‐be practitioners of mental health care amongst refugee communities. However, challenges remain in demonstrating the effectiveness of the approaches used. The maxim “do no harm” which must guide all interventions in this area has nonetheless been threatened at times by well‐meaning, yet misguided actions. Despite these issues, there is much promise that together with refugees themselves, steps can be taken to promote well‐being and relieve distress in communities of people displaced by conflict.
Siege Mentality
Authors: Bar‐Tal Daniel 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The experience of being under siege is an interesting sociopolitical–psychological phenomenon which can be observed in different societies. It involves a widely shared societal belief — i.e., a shared cognition by society members that addresses themes and issues with which they are particularly occupied and which contribute to their sense of uniqueness — that the rest of the world has highly negative intentions towards one's own society or that one's own society is surrounded by a hostile world. The focus is on “negative intentions” and “the rest of the world.” Negative intentions refer to the desire and motivation of the world to inflict harm or to hurt the society, so that they imply a threat to the society's well‐being (Bar‐Tal, 2000).)
Social Identity Theory
Authors: Ferguson Neil 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Social identity theory (SIT: Tajfel, 1978, 1981; Tajfel & Turner, 1979, 1986) emerged in the 1970s and was developed in order to explain the unwarranted discrimination that Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, and Flament (1971) found in their
minimal group paradigm
experiments. In a typical minimal group experiment, boys aged 14 to 15 were placed into groups on the basis of their preference for one style of abstract art over another (either the work of Paul Klee or that of Vassilij Kandinsky). However, regardless of their preference, every participant was privately informed that they preferred Klee to Kandinsky and were members of the Klee group. The participants were then asked to distribute points to random unknown members of the Klee ingroup and of the Kandinsky outgroup by using specially designed booklets of decision matrices. The results indicated that the participants persistently gave higher rewards to unknown ingroup members over unknown outgroup members, even when they had the possibility of maximizing joint profits. They also demonstrated a tendency to allocate rewards that maximized the difference between ingroup rewards over outgroup rewards rather than maximizing ingroup rewards, even when this led to the ingroup gaining smaller total rewards. So doing better than the outgroup was more important to the participants than doing as well as possible.
Social Representation Theory
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Communities are characterized by their name, which reflects their self‐attributed identity, and by the fact that their members communicate among themselves by virtue of a shared meanings system. This system of meanings describes and, indeed, defines their local world and the objects populating it. The biggest part of the shared meanings system comprises cultural items that derive from traditions and long‐term historical processes. The sociologist Émile Durkheim called these traditional structures
collective representations
. Given their long history, they are relatively stable and comprise core ideas about the world. They give the religious and moral justification for what is right or wrong, and they comprise the rules of the community's social structure.
Tribal Culture and Violence
Authors: Najam Najma 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe evolutionary development ofHomo sapiensnecessitated living and hunting in groups for survival, and these groups emerged where protection was ensured with safety in numbers. The evolution of social grouping naturally progressed to a formalized system of tribes where regulation of behaviors was carried out through appropriate controls. These controls ensured that members had a strong core identity (for ingroup–outgroup differentiation) and were able to hunt and fight together. Further, the separation of male and female roles as hunter‐gatherers (with the female role specialized for bearing and nurturing the young) also emerged out of this process of evolution (physiological and social).
Cyclic RGD–Polyethylene Glycol–Polyethylenimine for Intracranial Glioblastoma‐Targeted Gene Delivery
Authors: Zhan Changyou , Meng Qinggang , Li Qinghua , Feng Linglin , Zhu Jianhua , Lu Weiyue 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEven though the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is compromised for angiogenesis, therapeutic agents for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are particularly inefficient due to the existence of a blood–tumor barrier (BTB), which hampers tumor accumulation and uptake. Integrin αvβ3 is overexpressed on glioblastoma U87 cells and neovasculture, thus making its ligands such as the RGD motif target glioblastoma in vitro and in vivo. In the present work, we have designed a modified polyethylene glycol–polyethylenimine (PEG–PEI) gene carrier by conjugating it with a cyclic RGD sequence, c(RGDyK) (cyclic arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid‐D‐tyrosine‐lysine). When complexed with plasmid DNA, this gene carrier, termed RGD–PEG–PEI, formed homogenous nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 73 nm. These nanoparticles had a high binding affinity with U87 cells and facilitated targeted gene delivery against intracranial glioblastoma in vivo, thereby leading to a higher gene transfer efficiency compared to the PEG–PEI gene carrier without RGD decoration. This intracranial glioblastoma‐targeted gene carrier also enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of pORF‐hTRAIL, as evidenced by a significantly prolonged survival of intracranial glioblastoma‐bearing nude mice. Considering the contribution of glioblastoma neovasculature to the BBB under angiogenic conditions, our results demonstrated the therapeutic feasibility of treating a brain tumor through mediation of integrin αvβ3, as well as the potential of using RGD–PEG–PEI as a targeted gene carrier in the treatment of intracranial glioblastoma.
Simultaneous in vivo RP‐HPLC‐DAD quantification of multiple‐component and drug–drug interaction by pharmacokinetics, using 6,7‐dimethylesculetin, geniposide and rhein as examples
Authors: Zhang Aihua , Sun Hui , Wang Xijun , Jiao Guozheng , Yuan Ye , Sun Wenjun 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTIncreasing evidence has demonstrated that multidrug combinations could amplify the therapeutic efficacies of each agent. Interestingly, the pharmacological effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is usually attributed to the drug‐interaction property (synergism) of multiple active constituents. Pharmacokinetics is a useful means of evaluating the drug interactions of major active compounds in TCM. A simple, sensitive and reliable RP‐HPLC‐DAD method has been developed to simultaneously quantify 6,7‐dimethylesculetin (D), geniposide (G) and rhein (R), which are the active ingredients in Yin–Chen–Hao–Tang (YCHT), performing drug‐interaction pharmacokinetics studies in vivo. Plasma samples were prepared using methanolic precipitation, a filtration step, and then injection of the methanolic extract onto a Nova‐Pak C18 Guard‐Pak™ guard column with a gradient mobile phase. Triple‐wavelength diode array detection was set at λmax values of 343 nm for D, 241 nm for the G, and 259 nm for R. Our results successfully demonstrate that this method has excellent and satisfactory selectivity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and recovery. In healthy rats, the estimated pharmacokinetic parameters (i.e. Cmax, AUC and Cl) of D, G and R, when administered with COC (a combination of D, G and R), were Cmax 16.05 mg/L, AUC 108.96 mg h/L and Cl 0.36 L/h for D; Cmax 9.35 mg/L, AUC 64.71 mg h/L and Cl 0.88 L/h for G; and Cmax 14.18 mg/L, AUC 57.98 mg h/L and Cl 1.77 L/h for R. Here, we report that the COC combination could significantly increase the plasma level and slow the elimination rate compared with any one or two of the three individual compounds, which may indicate a drug–drug interaction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthetic Prodiginine Obatoclax (GX15‐070) and Related Analogues: Anion Binding, Transmembrane Transport, and Cytotoxicity Properties
Authors: Díaz de Greñu Borja , Hernández Paulina Iglesias , Espona Margarita , Quiñonero David , Light Mark E. , Torroba Tomás , Pérez‐Tomás Ricardo , Quesada Roberto 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSynthetic prodiginine obatoclax shows promise as a potential anticancer drug. This compound promotes apoptosis of cancer cells, although the mechanism of action is unclear. To date, only the inhibition of BCL‐2 proteins has been proposed as a mechanism of action. To gain insight into other possible modes of action, we have studied the anion‐binding properties of obatoclax and related analogues in solution, in the solid state, and by means of density functional theory calculations. These compounds are well suited to interact with anions such as chloride and bicarbonate. The anion‐transport properties of the compounds synthesized were assayed in model phospholipid liposomes by using a chloride‐selective‐electrode technique and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that these compounds are efficient anion exchangers that promote chloride, bicarbonate, and nitrate transport through lipid bilayers at very low concentrations. In vitro studies on small‐cell lung carcinoma cell line GLC4 showed that active ionophores are able to discharge pH gradients in living cells and the cytotoxicity of these compounds correlates well with ionophoric activity.
Meißener Klausurtagung: Positionierung des Fachausschusses Kristallisation zu Zukunftsthemen
Authors: Lorenz Heike , Ulrich Joachim 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIm April 2011 fand die Klausurtagung des ProcessNet‐Fachausschusses Kristallisation statt. Basierend auf den Beiträgen von Teilnehmern aus Industrie und universitärer Forschung sowie den anschließenden Diskussionen wurden potenzielle Zukunftsthemen und die damit verbundenen Herausforderungen auf dem Gebiet der Kristallisation abgeleitet. Diese Orientierung ist notwendig, um künftige Trends und Schnittstellen mit anderen Fachdisziplinen frühzeitig zu erkennen und entsprechende Kooperations‐ und Fördermöglichkeiten zu gewährleisten. Im Ergebnis hat sich herausgestellt, dass insbesondere drei wesentliche Bereiche in der Zukunft gezielte Forschungsaktivitäten erfordern: die Vorhersage und Ermittlung thermodynamischer und kinetischer Größen, das Aufklären der Kristallisationsmechanismen auf der Ebene der Gitterbausteine (und damit der Struktur‐Eigenschaftsbeziehungen beim Produktdesign) und die Sensorentwickung zur Überwachung von Kristallisationsprozessen.
Dielectric Radio‐Frequency Heating of Zeolites – Selectivity, Thermo‐Chromatographic Pulse and Drying by Water
Authors: Roland Ulf , Kraus Markus , Trommler Ulf , Holzer Frank , Kopinke Frank‐Dieter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDie dielektrische Erwärmung mittels Radiowellen ist für ein breites Spektrum von Zeolithen sowohl im trockenen als auch im feuchten Zustand anwendbar. Dabei ist es auch möglich, Schüttbetten im technischen Maßstab homogen aufzuheizen. Die Energieabsorption variiert stark für die einzelnen Zeolithtypen, was eine selektive Erwärmung in Schüttanordnungen unterschiedlicher Materialien ermöglicht. Die spezifische Wirkung des Wassers in Wechselwirkung mit den strukturellen Kationen erlaubt es, ausgeprägte Temperaturgradienten in Festbetten mit variierender Feuchte zu realisieren. Für bestimmte Materialien wie für den Zeolith NaY kann dabei ein gekoppelter Wasser‐Temperatur‐Puls entstehen, der das Festbett durchläuft. Anwendungsoptionen für diesen sogenannten thermo‐chromatographischen Puls reichen von der adsorptiv‐katalytischen Abluftreinigung bis hin zur thermischen Regeneration von Zeolithen im Zusammenhang mit der Trocknung von Gasen.
A multicenter, randomized, phase 2 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination docetaxel and carboplatin and sequential therapy with docetaxel then carboplatin in patients with recurrent platinum‐sensitive ovarian cancer
Authors: Secord Angeles Alvarez , Berchuck Andrew , Higgins Robert V. , Nycum Lawrence R. , Kohler Matthew F. , Puls Larry E. , Holloway Robert W. , Lewandowski George S. , Valea Fidel A. , Havrilesky Laura J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination (cDC) and sequential (sDC) weekly docetaxel and carboplatin in women with recurrent platinum‐sensitive epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).METHODS:Participants were randomized to either weekly docetaxel 30 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 and carboplatin area under the curve (AUC) = 6 on day 1, every 3 weeks or docetaxel 30 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, every 3 weeks for 6 cycles followed by carboplatin AUC = 6 on day 1, every 3 weeks for 6 cycles or until disease progression. The primary endpoint was measurable progression‐free survival (PFS).RESULTS:Between January 2004 and March 2007, 150 participants were enrolled. The response rate was 55.4% and 43.2% for those treated with cDC and sDC, respectively. The median PFS was 13.7 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.9‐16.8) for cDC and 8.4 months (95% CI, 7.1‐11.0) for sDC. On the basis of an exploratory analysis, patients treated with sDC were at a 62% increased risk of disease progression compared to those treated with cDC (hazard ratio = 1.62; 95% CI, 1.08‐2.45; P = .02). The median overall survival time was similar in both groups (33.2 and 30.1 months, P = .2). The incidence of grade 2 or 3 neurotoxicity and grade 3 or 4 neutropenia was higher with cDC than with sDC (11.7% vs 8.5%; 36.8% vs 11.3%). The sDC group demonstrated significant improvements in the Functional Assessment for Cancer Therapy–Ovarian, Quality of Life Trial Outcome Index scores compared with the combination cohort (P = .013).CONCLUSIONS:Both cDC and sDC regimens have activity in recurrent platinum‐sensitive EOC with acceptable toxicity profiles. The cDC regimen may provide a PFS advantage over sDC. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Reclassification of serous ovarian carcinoma by a 2‐tier system
Authors: Bodurka Diane C. , Deavers Michael T. , Tian Chunqiao , Sun Charlotte C. , Malpica Anais , Coleman Robert L. , Lu Karen H. , Sood Anil K. , Birrer Michael J. , Ozols Robert , Baergen Rebecca , Emerson Robert E. , Steinhoff Margaret , Behmaram Behnaz , Rasty Golnar , Gershenson David M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:A study was undertaken to use the 2‐tier system to reclassify the grade of serous ovarian tumors previously classified using the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 3‐tier system and determine the progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients treated on Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) Protocol 158.METHODS:The authors retrospectively reviewed demographic, pathologic, and survival data of 290 patients with stage III serous ovarian carcinoma treated with surgery and chemotherapy on GOG Protocol 158, a cooperative multicenter group trial. A blinded pathology review was performed by a panel of 6 gynecologic pathologists to verify histology and regrade tumors using the 2‐tier system. The association of tumor grade with PFS and OS was assessed.RESULTS:Of 241 cases, both systems demonstrated substantial agreement when combining FIGO grades 2 and 3 (overall agreement, 95%; kappa statistic, 0.68). By using the 2‐tier system, patients with low‐grade versus high‐grade tumors had significantly longer PFS (45.0 vs 19.8 months, respectively; P = .01). By using FIGO criteria, median PFS for patients with grade 1, 2, and 3 tumors was 37.5, 19.8, and 20.1 months, respectively (P = .07). There was no difference in clinical outcome in patients with grade 2 or 3 tumors in multivariate analysis. Woman with high‐grade versus low‐grade tumors demonstrated significantly higher risk of death (hazard ratio, 2.43; 95% confidence interval, 1.17‐5.04; P = .02).CONCLUSIONS:Women with high‐grade versus low‐grade serous carcinoma of the ovary are 2 distinct patient populations. Adoption of the 2‐tier grading system provides a simple yet precise framework for predicting clinical outcomes. Cancer 2012;118: 3087–94. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Reasons for underuse of recommended therapies for colorectal and lung cancer in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Landrum Mary Beth , Keating Nancy L. , Lamont Elizabeth B. , Bozeman Samuel R. , McNeil Barbara J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Many studies have documented low rates of effective cancer therapies, particularly in older or minority populations. However, little is known about why effective therapies are underused in these populations.METHODS:The authors examined medical records of 584 patients with cancer diagnosed or treated in Department of Veterans Affairs facilities to assess reasons for lack of 1) surgery for stage I/II nonsmall cell lung cancer, 2) surgery for stage I/II/III rectal cancer, 3) adjuvant radiation therapy for stage II/III rectal cancer, and 4) adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer. They also assessed differences in reasons for underuse by patient age and race.RESULTS:Across the 4 guideline‐recommended treatments, 92% to 99% of eligible patients were referred to the appropriate cancer specialist; however, therapy was recommended in only 74% to 92% of eligible cases. Poor health was cited in the medical record as the reason for lack of therapy in 15% to 61% of underuse cases; patient refusal explained 26% to 58% of underuse cases. African American patients were more likely to refuse surgery. Older patients were more likely to refuse treatments.CONCLUSIONS:Recommendation against therapy was a primary factor in underuse of effective therapies in older and sicker patients. Patients' refusal of therapy contributed to age and racial disparities in care. Improved data on the effectiveness of cancer therapies in community populations and interventions aimed at improved communication of known risks and benefits of therapy to cancer patients could be effective tools to reduce underuse and lingering disparities in care. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.