bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Propos de César Chesneau du Marsais et Son Rôle Dans L’évolution de la Grammaire Générale (Paris, 1928) De Gunvor Sahlin
Authors: Clerico Geneviève 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Depuis quelques années l’ouvrage de G. Sahlin (1928) sur Du Marsais suscite à nouveau de l’intérêt parmi les historiens de la linguistique. L’auteur de cet article s’interroge sur les conditions historiques dans lesquelles une telle étude, apparemment très isolée, a pu être menée à bien, et tente d’expliquer le paradoxe suivant: les historiographes de la linguistique, peu nombreux en ce début du XXe siècle, sont le plus souvent sévères pour les grammairiens philosophes du XVIII siècle dans la mesure où ils leur reprochent leur ‘logicisme’. Ils leur consacrent néanmoins des travaux intéressants à un double titre: d’une part ils s’engagent dans la description de textes peu connus des linguistes théoriciens et suggèrent des parentés qui éclairent le courant dit de la ‘grammaire générale’ (influence possible des grammairiens modistes, de Scaliger ou Sanctius, des grammairiens de Port-Royal sur la pensée de Du Marsais); d’autre part ils s’inscrivent eux-mêmes dans un contexte intellectuel (le positivisme historique) qui conditionne les polémiques, instructives en soi, qu’ils entretiennent à l’égard des grammairiens antérieurs au XIXe siècle. En réalité, la linguistique ‘générale’ qui se cherche et s’affirme conjointement à ces travaux de recherche sur le passé, rencontre bien des problématiques que, sous une autre terminologie, et dans un contexte philosophique évidemment différent, les grammairiens philosophes avaient eux-mêmes thématisées. Un demi siècle après la rédaction du livre de G. Sahlin, les historiens de la linguistique se consacrent de nouveau à expliquer les postulats de la pensée de Du Marsais et à mettre au jour la cohérence de ses vues sur les relations de la pensée et de la langue, sur la répartition des activités relatives à l’analyse du langage (rhétorique, grammaire, logique), sur les incidences pédagogiques de l’attitude empiriste, sur les avantages méthodologiques de certaines hypothèses fort stimulantes émises par lui (opposition syntaxe/construction; rôle de la figuration dans l’analyse et la pratique de la langue, etc.). Cet article est donc à la fois une présentation de l’ouvrage de G. Sahlin et une mise au point sur les recherches actuelles concernant Du Marsais.
Romance and Indo-European Linguistics in Italy
Authors: Malkiel Yakov 
Published: November 2010

SummaryWhereas in other countries in which historical linguistics struck root in the past century it became customary, particularly after 1870, to cultivate Romance and Indo-European studies as two separate, exacting disciplines which few specialists would want to bridge, Italy – initially under the impulse of Graziadio Isaia Ascoli — went her own way, allowing, above all, her ‘glottologi’ and, on a minor scale, her ‘filologi’ to participate actively in research conducted in both domains, with Latin serving as the obvious connection. Giacomo Devoto was the last major embodiment of this dual expertise; but many other names come to mind as well.
An Outbreak of Carbapenem-ResistantAcinetobacter baumanniiInfection in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Investigation and Control
Authors: McGrath Eric J. , Chopra Teena , Abdel-Haq Nahed , Preney Katherine , Koo Winston , Asmar Basim I. , Kaye Keith S. 
Published: November 2010

Objective.To investigate the mode of transmission of and assess control measures for an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant (multidrug-resistant)Acinetobacter baumanniiinfection involving 6 premature infants.Design.An outbreak investigation based on medical record review was performed for each neonate during the outbreak (from November 2008 through January 2009) in conjunction with an infection control investigation.Setting.A 36-bed, level 3 neonatal intensive care unit in a university-affiliated teaching hospital in Detroit, Michigan.Interventions.Specimens were obtained for surveillance cultures from all infants in the unit. In addition, geographic cohorting of affected infants and their nursing staff, contact isolation, re-emphasis of adherence to infection control practices, environmental cleaning, and use of educational modules were implemented to control the outbreak.Results.Six infants (age, 10-197 days) with multidrug-resistantA. baumanniiinfection were identified. All 6 infants were premature (gestational age, 23-30 weeks) and had extremely low birth weights (birth weight, 1000 g or less). Conditions included conjunctivitis (2 infants), pneumonia (4 infants), and bacteremia (1 infant). One infant died of causes not attributed to infection with the organism; the remaining 5 infants were discharged home. All surveillance cultures of unaffected infants yielded negative results.Conclusions.The spread of multidrug-resistantA. baumanniiinfection was suspected to be due to staff members who spread the pathogen through close contact with infants. Clinical staff recognition of the importance of multidrug-resistantA. baumanniirecovery from neonatal intensive care unit patients, geographic cohorting of infected patients, enhanced infection control practices, and staff education resulted in control of the spread of the organism.
Improved diabetic control in advanced heart failure patients treated with left ventricular assist devices
Authors: Uriel Nir , Naka Yoshifumi , Colombo Paolo C. , Farr MaryJane , Pak Sang‐Woo , Cotarlan Vlad , Albu Jeanine B. , Gallagher Dympna , Mancini Donna , Ginsberg Henry N. , Jorde Ulrich P. 
Published: November 2010

AimsLeft ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are increasingly used as therapeutic options for patients with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF), many of whom suffer from diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of restoration of normal cardiac output using LVAD support on diabetes control in patients with advanced CHF.Methods and resultsA retrospective chart review of all clinic patients supported with long‐term LVADs between July 2008 and July 2009 at Columbia University Medical Center was performed. Patients with DM diagnosed prior to device implantation were included in this analysis. Clinical and laboratory data within 1 month preceding and 6 months following LVAD implantation were collected. Of 43 LVAD patients followed in our clinic during the study period, 15 had a diagnosis of DM. Thirteen of the 15 patients were male, mean age was 63 ± 11 years, and the pre‐LVAD left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 16.5 ± 5.7%. Fasting glucose levels, HbA1c, and daily insulin requirement within 1 month before and an average of 4.0 ± 2.3 months after LVAD placement were 157.7 ± 50.6 vs. 104.1 ± 21.4 mg/dL, 7.7 ± 0.9 vs. 6.0 ± 0.8.%, and 53.3 ± 51.7 vs. 24.2 ± 27.2 IU, respectively (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Six of the 15 patients were completely free of antidiabetic medications and had blood glucose <126 mg/dL as well as HbA1c <6% after LVAD. Body mass index (BMI) was slightly increased after LVAD (28.7 ± 5.3 vs. 30.2 ± 4.1 kg/m2, P NS).ConclusionRestoration of normal cardiac output after LVAD implantation improves diabetic control in patients with advanced CHF. Additional studies are warranted to determine the mechanisms that worsen or possibly induce DM in patients with advanced CHF.
First Report of Impatiens necrotic spot virus in Gentiana macrophylla in China
Authors: Ding M. , Yin Y. , Fang Q. , Li S. , Zhang Z. 
Published: November 2010

Large leaf gentian, Gentiana macrophylla Pall., known as Qin Jiao in Chinese, is a medicinal herb. Its root is most commonly used in Chinese traditional medicine to relieve rheumatic conditions and to remove damp-heat. During a survey in July 2009, large leaf gentian plants exhibiting foliar chlorotic and necrotic spots as well as severe stunting were collected in Lijiang County, Yunnan Province of China. Incidence of symptomatic plants ranged from 10 to 30% in the field. Symptomatic leaves from five different G. macrophylla plants were collected and tested for Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), Tomato spotted wilt virus, Watermelon silver mottle virus, Groundnut bud necrosis virus, Tomato chlorotic spot virus, and Groundnut ringspot virus by double-antibody sandwich-ELISA kits (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). All tested samples were positive only for INSV. To further confirm the presence of INSV, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was conducted. Total RNA was extracted from the symptomatic large leaf gentian plants leaves with a RNeasy Plant Kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) and used as a template in RT-PCR using forward (5′-CTT TGC TTT TTA GAA CTG TGC A-3′) and reverse (5′-AGA GCA ATT GTG TCA CGA ATA T-3′) primers specific to the partial INSV nucleoprotein (N) gene (GenBank No. DQ425096). Amplicons of the expected size (approximately 760 bp) were obtained from all ELISA-positive samples. Three clones were sequenced and the partial nucleocapsid protein genes consensus sequences of these isolates were determined (GenBank No. HQ317133). Nucleotide sequences of large leaf gentian isolates shared 98 to 99% nucleotide identity with INSV sequences of isolates from China, Italy, Japan, United States, and the Netherlands (GenBank Nos. FN400772, GQ336989, DQ425096, AB109100, D00914, AB109100, and X66972). INSV is one of the most serious viral pathogens of ornamental plants in North America, Europe, and Asia (1–3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of natural occurrence of INSV in G. macrophylla in China. References: (1) S. T. Koike. Plant Dis. 92:1248, 2008. (2) E. K. Tóth et al. Plant Dis. 91:331, 2007. (3) Q. Zhang et al. Plant Dis. 94:915, 2010.
Rice xa13 Recessive Resistance to Bacterial Blight Is Defeated by Induction of the Disease Susceptibility Gene Os-11N3
Authors: Antony Ginny , Zhou Junhui , Huang Sheng , Li Ting , Liu Bo , White Frank , Yang Bing 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The rice (Oryza sativa) gene xa13 is a recessive resistance allele of Os-8N3, a member of the NODULIN3 (N3) gene family, located on rice chromosome 8. Os-8N3 is a susceptibility (S) gene for Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight, and the recessive allele is defeated by strains of the pathogen producing any one of the type III effectors AvrXa7, PthXo2, or PthXo3, which are all members of the transcription activator-like (TAL) effector family. Both AvrXa7 and PthXo3 induce the expression of a second member of the N3 gene family, here named Os-11N3. Insertional mutagenesis or RNA-mediated silencing of Os-11N3 resulted in plants with loss of susceptibility specifically to strains of X. oryzae pv oryzae dependent on AvrXa7 or PthXo3 for virulence. We further show that AvrXa7 drives expression of Os-11N3 and that AvrXa7 interacts and binds specifically to an effector binding element within the Os-11N3 promoter, lending support to the predictive models for TAL effector binding specificity. The result indicates that variations in the TAL effector repetitive domains are driven by selection to overcome both dominant and recessive forms of resistance to bacterial blight in rice. The finding that Os-8N3 and Os-11N3 encode closely related proteins also provides evidence that N3 proteins have a specific function in facilitating bacterial blight disease.
Adjustment of nicotine replacement therapies according to saliva cotinine concentration: the ADONIS* trial—a randomized study in smokers with medical comorbidities
Authors: Berlin Ivan , Jacob Nelly , Coudert Mathieu , Perriot Jean , Schultz Laurette , Rodon Nicolas 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the efficacy of nicotine replacement therapies (NRT) when the daily dose was adapted according to saliva cotinine concentrations.Design  Randomized, multi‐centre, single‐blind, controlled trial.Setting  Twenty‐one smoking cessation clinics in France.Participants  A total of 310 smokers with medical comorbidities, motivated to quit, smoking ≥10 cigarettes/day, for whom smoking cessation was mandatory. NRT was administered for 3 months. The standard care group received nicotine patches with monthly dose decreases; buccal absorption NRT could be co‐administered at the discretion of the investigator. In the dose adaptation group, the aim was a 100 ± 5% nicotine substitution with respect to smoking state based on the determination of saliva cotinine concentrations. NRT daily doses were prescribed according to the previous week's saliva cotinine concentrations in the dose adaptation group; saliva cotinine concentrations were not provided in the standard care group.Measurements  Prolonged abstinence rate (weeks 9–12, main outcome measure), point‐prevalence and continuous abstinence rate, saliva cotinine concentration, NRT daily dose, craving for cigarettes.Findings  The median daily prescribed NRT dose was 30 and 31 mg/day in the first study week and 17.25 and 35.5 mg/day during weeks 9–12 in the standard care group and dose adaptation group, respectively. Saliva cotinine remained stable in the dose adaptation group and decreased in the standard care group (P < 0.01) by weeks 9–12. The cotinine substitution rate was significantly lower in the standard care group than in the dose adaptation group. Despite differences in NRT doses and cotinine substitution rates, prolonged (standard care group: 26.4%, dose adaptation group: 30.3%), continuous (standard care group: 8%, dose adaptation group: 12%) and point‐prevalence abstinence rates were similar.Conclusions  In smokers with medical comorbidities and highly motivated to quit, adaptation of the nicotine replacement therapy daily dose according to saliva cotinine does not appear to be substantially superior to standard nicotine replacement therapy use.
Relative bioavailability of terbutaline to the lung following inhalation, using urinary excretion
Authors: Abdelrahim Mohamed E. , Assi Khaled H. , Chrystyn Henry 
Published: November 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • The relative bioavailability of salbutamol to the lung and body following inhalation can be identified by a urinary pharmacokinetic method. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The amount of terbutaline excreted in the urine during the first 30 min and over the 24 h period post inhalation represents the relative bioavailability of terbutaline to the lung and the body following an inhalation.• Terbutaline study doses can replace a routine salbutamol dose during studies in patients when comparing different inhalation methods.AIMS The aim of the study was to determine the relative lung and systemic bioavailability of terbutaline.METHODS On separate days healthy volunteers received 500 µg terbutaline study doses either inhaled from a metered dose inhaler or swallowed as a solution with and without oral charcoal. Urine samples were provided at timed intervals post dosing.RESULTS Mean (SD) urinary terbutaline 0.5 h post inhalation, in 12 volunteers, with (IC) and without (I) oral charcoal and oral (O) dosing was 7.4 (2.2), 6.5 (2.1) and 0.2 (0.2) µg. I and IC were similar and both significantly greater than O (P < 0.001). Urinary 24 h terbutaline post I was similar to IC + O. The method was linear and reproducible, similar to that of the urinary salbutamol method.CONCLUSIONS The urinary salbutamol pharmacokinetic method post inhalation applies to terbutaline. Terbutaline study doses can replace routine salbutamol during these studies when patients are studied.
Image division technique in pre‐acquisition analysis of information content for automated microscopy
Authors: BRÁZDILOVÁ S.L. , KOZUBEK M. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis article presents a method that allows for reliable automated image acquisition of specimens with high information content in light microscopy with emphasis on fluorescence microscopy applications. Automated microscopy typically relies on autofocusing used for the analysis of information content behaviour along the z‐axis within each field of view. However, in the case of a field of view containing more objects that do not lie precisely in one z‐plane, traditional autofocusing methods fail due to their principle of operation. We avoid this issue by reducing the original problem to a set of simple and performable tasks: we divide the field of view into a small number of tiles and process each of them individually. The obtained results enable discovering z‐planes with rich information content that remain hidden during global analysis of the whole field of view. Our approach therefore outperforms other acquisition methods including the manual one. A large part of the contribution is oriented towards practical application.
Speciation genetics of biological invasions with hybridization
Authors: BRUMFIELD ROBB T. 
Published: November 2010

The negative effects of human‐induced habitat disturbance and modification on multiple dimensions of biological diversity are well chronicled (Turner 1996;Hardinget al.1998;Lawtonet al.1998;Sakaiet al.2001). Among the more insidious consequences is secondary contact between formerly allopatric taxa (Anderson & Hubricht 1938;Perryet al.2002;Seehausen 2006). How the secondary contact will play out is unpredictable (Ellstrandet al.2010), but if the taxa are not fully reproductively isolated, hybridization is likely, and if the resulting progeny are fertile, the eventual outcome is often devastating from a conservation perspective (Rhymer & Simberloff 1996;Wolfet al.2001;McDonaldet al.2008). In this issue ofMolecular Ecology,Steeveset al.(2010)present an analysis of hybridization between two avian species, one of which is critically endangered and the other of which is invasive. Their discovery that the endangered species has not yet been hybridized to extinction is promising and not what one would necessarily expect from theory.
Preanalytical stability of HIV‐1 and HCV RNA: impact of storage and plasma separation from cells on blood donation testing by NAT
Authors: Schulze T. J. , Weiß C. , Luhm J. , Brockmann C. , Görg S. , Hennig H. 
Published: November 2010

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the optimal preanalytical conditions prior to nucleic acid amplification technology (NAT) for human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) or Hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in pools of 96 plasma specimens with regard to storage temperature, time and plasma separation in a blood donation environment. Study design and methods: Changes in viral nucleic acid concentration of HIV‐1 and HCV were observed for 5 days according to the Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institute's (PEI) guidelines that demand 95%‐detection limit of at least 10 000 IU mL−1 for HIV‐1 RNA and 5000 IU mL−1 for HCV RNA within a single donor blood specimen. Ninety‐five per cent detection limits of HIV‐1 RNA over 3 days after storage at either 5 or 21 °C were evaluated by using standardised HIV‐1 RNA‐positive plasma. Results: HCV RNA in whole blood samples proved to be more stable than HIV‐1 RNA. Whole blood storage at 21 °C was shown to decrease the detectability of HIV‐1 RNA even after only 18 h. Plasma samples once used for NAT at time 18 h did not alter viral stability up to 48 h after donation. Ninety‐five per cent detection limits of HIV‐1 RNA were securely below 10 000 IU mL−1 for 24 h after whole blood storage at 5 °C. Conclusions: These results may lead to a discussion around the most suitable preanalytical conditions in blood donation environments. Contrary to the current PEI guidelines that allow storage of whole blood specimens up to 18 h at 21 °C, these results suggest that immediate storage in a 5 °C container after blood donation is more suitable and would permit storage of whole blood up to 24 h prior to the separation of plasma from cells.
Epitheliotropic T‐cell lymphoma in a guinea pig
Authors: Koebrich Stefanie , Grest Paula , Favrot Claude , Wilhelm Sylvia 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA 4‐year‐old female guinea pig was presented with pruritic, erythematous, hypotrichotic and scaling skin lesions, mainly involving the abdomen and the hindlegs. Clinical abnormalities were limited to the skin, and the guinea pig was otherwise healthy. The dermatological diagnostic work‐up excluded ectoparasites, dermatophytosis and an endocrinopathy as differential diagnoses for the pruritus and hair loss. An allergic dermatitis was under investigation when the general and skin condition deteriorated. A neoplastic skin disorder was suspected, and skin biopsies revealed changes consistent with a cutaneous epitheliotropic T‐cell lymphoma. Pautrier’s microabscesses and immunophenotyped CD3+CD79−lymphocytes were identified. Owing to the deteriorating condition of the animal and the unknown but most likely poor prognosis of this disease, the guinea pig was euthanized. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report of cutaneous epitheliotropic T‐cell lymphoma in the guinea pig with characteristic histopathological and immunohistochemical features.
Paleogenomic data suggest mammal‐like genome size in the ancestral amniote and derived large genome size in amphibians
Authors: ORGAN C. L. , CANOVILLE A. , REISZ R. R. , LAURIN M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAn unsolved question in evolutionary genomics is whether amniote genomes have been expanding or contracting since the common ancestor of this diverse group. Here, we report on the polarity of amniote genome size evolution using genome size estimates for 14 extinct tetrapod genera from the Paleozoic and early Mesozoic Eras using osteocyte lacunae size as a correlate. We find substantial support for a phylogenetically controlled regression model relating genome size to osteocyte lacunae size (P of slopes < 0.01, r2 = 0.65, phylogenetic signal (λ) = 0.83). Genome size appears to have been homogeneous across Paleozoic crown‐tetrapod lineages (average haploid genome size 2.9–3.7 pg) with values similar to those of extant mammals. The differentiation in genome size and underlying architecture among extant tetrapod lineages likely evolved in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras, with expansion in amphibians, contractions along the diapsid lineage, and no directional change within the synapsid lineage leading to mammals.
Strategic Regulation of Body Mass and Singing Behavior in New Zealand Robins
Authors: Barnett Craig A. , Briskie James V. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe ‘small bird in winter’ paradigm states that body mass is a balance between the conflicting demands of carrying enough energy to survive nightly fasts while minimizing the risk of predation associated with carrying additional fat reserves. We conducted a short‐term food‐supplementation experiment during which New Zealand robins (Petroica australis) were provided with food on the second day of a 3‐d trial. This allowed us to test two predictions from models of strategic mass regulation in small birds: (1) individual birds reach the same end‐of‐day mass despite differences in their initial morning mass while, (2) using surplus energy for increased singing. As expected, robins gained mass at a higher rate early in the morning on the fed day than they did on either of the two control days, but there was no significant difference in their evening masses across the 3 d of the experiment despite birds on day 3 starting at higher initial masses than birds on day 1. Robins displayed a significantly higher rate of singing when receiving food supplements on day 2, supporting a link between energetic reserves and behavior. Our results suggest that potentially energetically costly behaviors, such as song production, are sensitive to short‐term changes in energy reserves, and that both state and behavioral predictions can be successfully integrated to provide tests of state‐based models of behavior.