bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of High‐Pressure Process on Kinetics of Leaching Oil from Soybean Powder Using Hexane in Batch Systems
Authors: Uhm Joo Tae , Yoon Won Byong 
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  Mass transfer models of leaching oil from soybean (Glycine max) flour with hexane after high‐pressure process (HPP) treatment were developed. High pressure (450 MPa) was applied to the soybean flour (mean diameter of flour particle: 365 μm) for 30 min before leaching the oil components in the solvent. The ratio of solvent (volume, mL) to soybean flour (mass, g), such as 1:10 and 1:20, was employed to characterize the effect of solvent ratio on the leaching rate in the batch type of extraction process. Ultraviolet absorbance at 300 nm was used to monitor the extraction rate. Saturation solubility (CAS) was determined to be 21.73 kg/m3. The mass transfer coefficients (k) were determined based on the 1st‐ and 2nd‐order kinetic models. The 2nd kinetic model showed better fit. The HPP treatment showed a higher extraction rate and yield compared to the control, while the amount of solvent did not affect the extraction rate and yield. The scanning electron microscope showed that HPP‐treated soybean particles included more pores than the untreated. The pores observed in the HPP‐treated soybean flours might help increase the mass transfer rate of solvent and solute in the solid matrix.Practical Application:  High‐pressure processing can help increase the extraction rate of oil from the soybean flour operated in batch systems. The conventional solid to solvent ratio (1:20) used to extract oil composition from the plant seed did not help increase the amount of oil extracted from the soybean flour.
Antimicrobial Activity of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) Aqueous Extracts against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Burris Kellie P. , Davidson Philip M. , Stewart, Jr Charles N. , Harte Federico M. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  Bioactive compounds from natural plant sources are becoming increasingly important to the food industry. Ilex paraguariensis is used in the preparation of a widely popular tea beverage (Yerba Mate) in the countries of Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil. In this study, extracts of 4 brands of commercial tea, derived from the holly plant species, Ilex paraguariensis, were evaluated for their ability to inhibit or inactivate bacterial foodborne pathogens. The ultimate goal was to evaluate potential use of the extracts in commercial applications. Dialyzed aqueous extracts were screened for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus was found to be the more sensitive to extracts than E. coli O157:H7. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined to be approximately 150 to 800 μg/mL and 25 to 50 μg/mL against E. coli O157:H7 and S. aureus, respectively. A Uruguayan brand had reduced activity against E. coli O157:H7 compared to the Argentinean brands tested. It was concluded that Yerba Mate could be used as a potential antimicrobial in foods and beverages against these pathogenic bacteria.Practical Application:  Soluble extracts from Yerba Mate are natural antimicrobials that can be incorporated into food products to achieve longer shelf life.
Sensory Shelf‐Life Limiting Factor of High Hydrostatic Pressure Processed Avocado Paste
Authors: Jacobo‐Velázquez D. A. , Hernández‐Brenes C. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing pasteurizes avocado paste without a significant impact on flavor. Although HHP‐treated avocado paste stored under refrigeration is safe for human consumption for months, sensory changes taking place during storage cause the rejection of the product by consumers within days. Although it is known that the shelf life of the product ends before its microbial counts are high, its sensory shelf life limiting factor remains unknown. The present study focused on the use of a trained panel and a consumer panel to determine the sensory shelf life limiting factor of HHP‐treated avocado paste. The trained panel identified sour and rancid flavors as the main sensory descriptors (critical descriptors) that differentiated stored from freshly processed samples. Further data obtained from consumers identified sour flavor as the main cause for a significant decrease in the acceptability (shelf life limiting factor) of refrigerated HHP‐treated avocado paste. The study allowed the elucidation of a proposed deterioration mechanism for HHP‐treated avocado paste during its refrigerated shelf life. The information through this work enhances scientific knowledge of the product and proposes the sour flavor development during storage as a relevant sensory attribute that needs to be improved in order to enhance the product shelf life.Practical Application:  At present, HHP is the most effective commercial nonthermal technology to process avocado paste when compared to thermal and chemical alternatives. HHP‐treated avocado paste is a microbiologically stable food for a period of at least 45 d stored under refrigeration. However, previous published work indicated that consumers rejected the product after approximately 19 d of storage due to sensory changes. This manuscript presents a sensory study that permitted the identification of the critical sensory descriptor that is acting as the sensory shelf life limiting factor of the product. The data presented herein along with previous reported data allows a better understanding of the deterioration mechanism that occurs during the storage of HHP‐treated avocado paste. This information is relevant and useful for the elucidation of possible alternatives to enhance the shelf life of HHP‐treated avocado paste.
Inhibition of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Clostridium sporogenes in Spinach Packaged in Modified Atmospheres after Treatment Combined with Chlorine and Lactic Acid Bacteria
Authors: Brown Alison L. , Brooks J. Chance , Karunasena Enusha , Echeverry Alejandro , Laury Angela , Brashears Mindy M. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  Implementation of modified atmospheric packaging (MAP) into retail produce is a less commonly practiced method due to differences among commodities and the potential growth of anaerobes. Pathogens including Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been responsible for spinach outbreaks across the United States. In this study, hurdles, including those currently used with produce safety, such as MAP and chlorine, were combined with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) to inhibit pathogens. Spinach was coinoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and Clostridium sporogenes, a surrogate for C. botulinum, and treated with water or a hurdle that included water, chlorine, and LAB. Spinach from treatments were packaged in air (traditional), oxygen (80% O2, 20% CO2), or nitrogen (80% N2, 20% CO2) and stored in a retail display case for 9 d at 4 to 7 °C. The hurdle inhibited E. coli O157:H7 and C. sporogenes compared to controls with reductions of 1.43 and 1.10 log (P < 0.05), respectively. The nitrogen atmosphere was outperformed by air and oxygen in the reduction of E. coli O157:H7 (P < 0.05) with a decrease of 0.26 and 0.15 logs. There were no significant differences among the 3 atmospheres on C. sporogenes survival. Relative to these hurdles, we also chose to evaluate the potential benefits of LAB in pathogen control. The survival of LAB in interventions demonstrates implementation of LAB into produce could control pathogens, without damaging produce or altering organoleptic properties.Practical Application:  The goal of our work was to identify methods that could reduce food‐borne pathogens in packaged spinach products. Using current industry techniques in combination with unique methods, such as the use of beneficial bacteria, our research identified whether harmful microorganisms could be eliminated. Our data demonstrate that specific packaging conditions with beneficial bacteria can help eliminate or reduce the survival of E. coli O157:H7 and C. sporogenes (a model for C. botulinum) in produce.
Microencapsulated Antimicrobial Compounds as a Means to Enhance Electron Beam Irradiation Treatment for Inactivation of Pathogens on Fresh Spinach Leaves
Authors: Gomes Carmen , Moreira Rosana G. , Castell‐Perez Elena 
Published: July 2011

Abstract:  Recent outbreaks associated to the consumption of raw or minimally processed vegetable products that have resulted in several illnesses and a few deaths call for urgent actions aimed at improving the safety of those products. Electron beam irradiation can extend shelf‐life and assure safety of fresh produce. However, undesirable effects on the organoleptic quality at doses required to achieve pathogen inactivation limit irradiation. Ways to increase pathogen radiation sensitivity could reduce the dose required for a certain level of microbial kill. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using natural antimicrobials when irradiating fresh produce. The minimum inhibitory concentration of 5 natural compounds and extracts (trans‐cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, garlic extract, propolis extract, and lysozyme with ethylenediaminetetraacetate acid (disodium salt dihydrate) was determined against Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. In order to mask odor and off‐flavor inherent of several compounds, and to increase their solubility, complexes of these compounds and extracts with β‐cyclodextrin were prepared by the freeze‐drying method. All compounds showed bacteriostatic effect at different levels for both bacteria. The effectiveness of the microencapsulated compounds was tested by spraying them on the surface of baby spinach inoculated with Salmonella spp. The dose (D10 value) required to reduce the bacterial population by 1 log was 0.190 kGy without antimicrobial addition. The increase in radiation sensitivity (up to 40%) varied with the antimicrobial compound. These results confirm that the combination of spraying microencapsulated antimicrobials with electron beam irradiation was effective in increasing the killing effect of irradiation.Practical Application:  Foodborne illness outbreaks attributed to fresh produce consumption have increased and present new challenges to food safety. Current technologies (water washing or treating with 200 ppm chlorine) cannot eliminate internalized pathogens. Ionizing radiation is a viable alternative for eliminating pathogens; however, the dose required to inactivate these pathogens is often too high to be tolerated by the fresh produce without undesirable quality changes. This study uses natural antimicrobial ingredients as radiosensitizers. These ingredients were encapsulated and applied to fresh produce that was subsequently irradiated. The process results in high level of microorganism inactivation using lower doses than the conventional irradiation treatments.
Findings from bipolar offspring studies: methodology matters
Authors: Duffy Anne , Doucette Sarah , Lewitzka Ute , Alda Martin , Hajek Tomas , Grof Paul 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAim: High‐risk studies provide the opportunity to describe the early natural history of bipolar disorder (BD); however, findings have varied substantially. In this review, we compare different methods of ascertainment and assessment, and their impact on study findings.Methods: Through a literature search, we identified 11 high‐risk studies meeting inclusion criteria for this review. Studies included were those that focused on lifetime psychopathology in the offspring as the main outcome and provided adequate information on the methods of family ascertainment, as well as on parent and offspring assessment. We compared and contrasted psychopathological outcomes in the offspring among the studies using different methods.Results: High‐risk studies that identified affected parents through their involvement in neurobiological research and confirmed diagnosis in the parent and offspring through best estimate procedures tended to report lower rates of co‐morbidity in the proband parent, lower rates of psychopathology in the non‐proband parent, lower rates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and externalizing disorders, and older ages of onset of major mood disorders in the offspring compared with studies that identified affected parents through self‐referral and confirmed diagnosis in the parent and offspring through structured research interviews. Studies that identified severely ill parents and used semi‐structured assessments tended to have an intermediate position in terms of outcomes.Conclusions: This review indicates that different methods of family ascertainment and of assessment of parent and offspring impact the findings pertaining to lifetime psychopathology and clinical course of BD in high‐risk studies. The implications of this finding for mapping the natural history of BD are discussed.
Radiographic changes of the jaws in HbSS and HbSC genotypes of sickle cell disease
Authors: Neves Frederico Sampaio , de Almeida Dayane Araújo , Oliveira‐Santos Christiano , dos Santos Jean Nunes , Toralles Maria Betânia Pereira , da Silva Maria Christina Bahiana Olympio , Campos Maria Isabela Guimarães , Crusoé‐Rebello Iêda 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT This study used panoramic radiographs to evaluate the presence of radiographic changes in the jaws of a population who had sickle cell disease (SCD). The authors compared the frequency of findings between subjects with and without SCD. Panoramic radiographs of 71 subjects with SCD (36 with HbSS and 35 with HbSC) and 52 healthy controls (HbAA) were evaluated for the presence of the following radiographic alterations: radiopaque areas, increased spacing of bony trabeculae, horizontal arrangement of bony trabeculae, and absence of mandibular canal corticalization. The control group had a significantly smaller number of all the radiographic features evaluated. Differences were not statistically significant between the groups with HbSS and HbSC, except for more trabecular spacing in the molar region in the HbSS genotype, suggesting a possible correlation between radiographic findings and disease presentation.
Use of a single implant to retain a mandibular complete overdenture on the compromised atrophic alveolar ridge: a case report
Authors: Schneider Galen B. , Synan William J. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT This case report illustrates some of the advantages gained by placing a single implant in the midline of the intersym‐physeal region of the mandible, which can be used to retain a complete mandibular overdenture in patients with a compromised atrophic mandible opposing a maxillary complete denture. This approach is a valid treatment option for patients with limited financial and therapeutic means.This case report, along with other evidence, demonstrates that a mandibular single implant‐retained overdenture is a viable treatment option for a specific group of patients.
Diagnostic utility of endobronchial ultrasound guided transbronchial needle aspiration for mediastinal lesions: A prospective three year, single centre analysis
Authors: Mohan Anant , Naik Samir , Pandey Ravinder Mohan , Mills Janet , Munavvar Mohammed 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground:  The diagnostic yield of endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) over a 3‐year period was analyzed.Methods:  Consecutive patients who underwent EBUS for the evaluation of pulmonary/mediastinal lesions were recruited.Results:  One hundred and ninety‐one patients were studied (54% male, mean age, 65 years [standard deviation 11.1]). A final diagnosis of a malignant disorder was made in 151 patients (79%). Of these, EBUS‐TBNA alone provided the diagnosis in 135 patients. The majority of the remaining 56 patients had reactive changes (n = 32). Nineteen patients, either because they did not respond to appropriate treatment or based on clinical indication, underwent a different procedure resulting in an additional diagnosis of malignancy in 16 patients, tuberculosis in one and indeterminate in two. The diagnostic yield of EBUS for malignant disorders was 70.7% (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.86, 0. 77). The overall ability of EBUS to achieve a definitive diagnosis (benign plus malignant) was 90.1% (95% CI, 0.85, 0. 94). Logistic regression and stepwise regression analysis revealed that older age, greater lymph node size, and the presence of intraprocedure complications significantly influenced EBUS yield for malignancy.Conclusion:  EBUS‐TBNA has a high diagnostic yield for mediastinal lesions, both benign and malignant. The yield depends on both lesion‐ and patient‐related factors.
Will our junior doctors be ready for the next major incident? A questionnaire audit on major incident awareness across three NHS Trusts in Wales
Authors: Hobson Joseph M 
Published: July 2011

AimThe aim was to assess junior doctors' understanding of their role in the Major Incident Contingency Plan at their hospital, and to evaluate the effectiveness of a teaching intervention on increasing awareness.BackgroundIn this audit, ‘junior doctor’ refers to the first 2 years of work after qualifying from medical school. Once a major incident is confirmed, junior doctors should go to their ward, contact the senior nurse in charge and compile a list of the patients who could safely be discharged from the hospital. This action is standard across NHS Trusts in Wales.MethodA questionnaire was given to 89 junior doctors across three NHS Trusts in Wales. It involved general aspects of a major incident, as well as ascertaining perceptions of their role as junior doctors. They then received formal teaching by Emergency Planning Faculty. Following this, a repeat questionnaire was completed.Results91% felt they did not know what would be expected of them during a major incident; 47% would initially go to the Emergency Department; 27% were unclear where to go; 31% were unaware who to contact on hearing of a major incident; and 16% would telephone switchboard. Junior doctors believe their primary role would be triage (16%); clerking in the emergency department (36%); clerking in Medical Assessment Unit/Surgical Assessment Unit (17%); and practical work (15%). Only 3% would first go to their ward; 12% believe their primary role would involve patients on the ward; and only 1% would list patients for discharge. 90% of completed questionnaires included a request for teaching. Following teaching, 97% knew who to call, where to go and what to do during a major incident.ConclusionJunior doctors' awareness of major incidents within Wales was near absent prior to teaching. This teaching is vital to help ensure smooth running of the hospital on the day.
The clinical diagnostic accuracy of rapid detection of healthcare-associated bloodstream infection in intensive care using multipathogen real-time PCR technology
Authors: Dark Paul , Dunn Graham , Chadwick Paul , Young Duncan , Bentley Andrew , Carlson Gordon , Warhurst Geoffrey 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundThere is growing interest in the potential utility of real-time PCR in diagnosing bloodstream infection by detecting pathogen DNA in blood samples within a few hours. SeptiFast is a multipathogen probe-based real-time PCR system targeting ribosomal DNA sequences of bacteria and fungi. It detects and identifies the commonest pathogens causing bloodstream infection and has European regulatory approval. The SeptiFast pathogen panel is suited to identifying healthcare-associated bloodstream infection acquired during complex healthcare, and the authors report here the protocol for the first detailed health-technology assessment of multiplex real-time PCR in this setting.Methods/designA Phase III multicentre double-blinded diagnostic study will determine the clinical validity of SeptiFast for the rapid detection of healthcare-associated bloodstream infection, against the current service standard of microbiological culture, in an adequately sized population of critically ill adult patients. Results from SeptiFast and standard microbiological culture procedures in each patient will be compared at study conclusion and the metrics of clinical diagnostic accuracy of SeptiFast determined in this population setting. In addition, this study aims to assess further the preliminary evidence that the detection of pathogen DNA in the bloodstream using SeptiFast may have value in identifying the presence of infection elsewhere in the body. Furthermore, differences in circulating immune-inflammatory markers in patient groups differentiated by the presence/absence of culturable pathogens and pathogen DNA will help elucidate further the patho-physiology of infection developing in the critically ill.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval has been granted by the North West 6 Research Ethics Committee (09/H1003/109). Based on the results of this first non-commercial study, independent recommendations will be made to The Department of Health (open-access health technology assessment report) as to whether SeptiFast has sufficient clinical diagnostic accuracy to move forward to efficacy testing during the provision of routine clinical care.
The impact of heatwaves on mortality and emergency hospital admissions from non-external causes in Brisbane, Australia
Authors: Wang Xiao Yu , Barnett Adrian Gerard , Yu Weiwei , FitzGerald Gerry , Tippett Vivienne , Aitken Peter , Neville Gerard , McRae David , Verrall Ken , Tong Shilu 
Published: July 2011

ObjectivesHeatwaves can have significant health consequences resulting in increased mortality and morbidity. However, their impact on people living in tropical/subtropical regions remains largely unknown. This study assessed the impact of heatwaves on mortality and emergency hospital admissions (EHAs) from non-external causes (NEC) in Brisbane, a subtropical city in Australia.MethodsWe acquired daily data on weather, air pollution and EHAs for patients aged 15 years and over in Brisbane between January 1996 and December 2005, and on mortality between January 1996 and November 2004. A locally derived definition of heatwave (daily maximum ≥37°C for 2 or more consecutive days) was adopted. Case–crossover analyses were used to assess the impact of heatwaves on cause-specific mortality and EHAs.ResultsDuring heatwaves, there was a statistically significant increase in NEC mortality (OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.21 to 1.77), cardiovascular mortality (OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.44 to 2.48), diabetes mortality in those aged 75+ (OR 9.96; 95% CI 1.02 to 96.85), NEC EHAs (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.23) and EHAs from renal diseases (OR 1.41; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.83). The elderly were found to be particularly vulnerable to heatwaves (eg, for NEC EHAs, OR 1.24 for 65–74-year-olds and 1.39 for those aged 75+).ConclusionsSignificant increases in NEC mortality and EHAs were observed during heatwaves in Brisbane where people are well accustomed to hot summer weather. The most vulnerable were the elderly and people with cardiovascular, renal or diabetic disease.
FIXED POINTS AND COINCIDENCES IN TORUS BUNDLES
Authors: KOSCHORKE ULRICH 
Published: July 2011

Minimum numbers of fixed points or of coincidence components (realized by maps in given homotopy classes) are the principal objects of study in topological fixed point and coincidence theory. In this paper, we investigate fiberwise analoga and present a general approach e.g. to the question when two maps can be deformed until they are coincidence free. Our method involves normal bordism theory, a certain pathspace EB and a natural generalization of Nielsen numbers. As an illustration we determine the minimum numbers for all maps between torus bundles of arbitrary (possibly different) dimensions over spheres and, in particular, over the unit circle. Our results are based on a careful analysis of the geometry of generic coincidence manifolds. They also allow a simple algebraic description in terms of the Reidemeister invariant (a certain selfmap of an abelian group) and its orbit behavior (e.g. the number of odd order orbits which capture certain nonorientability phenomena). We carry out several explicit sample computations, e.g. for fixed points in (S1)2-bundles. In particular, we obtain existence criteria for fixed point free fiberwise maps.