bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass balance and metabolism of aclidinium bromide following intravenous administration of [14C]‐aclidinium bromide in healthy subjects
Authors: Ortiz Stephan , Flach Stephen , Ho John , Li Fanying , Caracta Cynthia F. , Gil Esther Garcia , Jansat Josep M. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAclidinium bromide is a novel, inhaled long‐acting muscarinic antagonist with low systemic activity developed for the treatment of COPD. It is an ester compound rapidly hydrolysed in plasma into inactive alcohol and acid metabolites. In this Phase I, open‐label study, the rates and routes of elimination of radioactivity following intravenous administration of [14 C]‐aclidinium bromide were determined. The metabolites of aclidinium were also characterized and identified in plasma and excreta. Twelve healthy males were randomized (1:1) to receive a single intravenous 400 µg dose of [phenyl‐U‐14 C]‐ or [glycolyl‐U‐14 C]‐aclidinium bromide (via 5 min infusion) to label alcohol or acid metabolites of aclidinium, respectively. Safety and tolerability were assessed over a 9‐day period. Following intravenous administration, the parent compound was rapidly hydrolysed into its acid and alcohol metabolites. Primary excretion routes for [phenyl‐U‐14 C]‐ and [glycolyl‐U‐14 C]‐aclidinium were renal (urine: 65% and 54%, respectively; feces: 33% and 20%, respectively), with 1% excreted as unchanged aclidinium. A total of three treatment‐emergent adverse events in two subjects were reported and were related to infusion site pain. Overall, aclidinium is rapidly hydrolysed into two main metabolites, which are predominantly excreted in urine. Aclidinium bromide 400 µg administered intravenously was safe and well tolerated in healthy subjects. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The enhanced pre‐ and postnatal study for nonhuman primates: Update and perspectives
Authors: Weinbauer Gerhard F. , Fuchs Antje , Niehaus Michael , Luetjens Craig M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe enhanced pre‐ and postnatal (ePPND) study design has been developed in response to new scientific knowledge and subsequent guideline changes, that is, ICH M3(R2) and ICH S6(R1). The design changes were basically driven by the experiences obtained during preclinical development of biopharmaceuticals. The ePPND concept typically does not apply to pharmaceuticals. In essence, the ePPND design is a PPND study in which key elements of an embryofetal development (EFD) study are being investigated in newborns and infants rather than in the fetus. The current relevant nonhuman primate model is the cynomolgus monkey. The ICH S6(R1) has reached step 4 during June 2011 and provides detailed recommendations on various parameters and the conduct of an ePPND study. By the time this article is written, it appears that for monoclonal antibodies, the ePPND study is the preferred approach although ICH S6(R1) also leaves options for modified EFD and PPND study concepts. Our data also demonstrate that social housing is feasible for developmental toxicity studies in the cynomolgus monkey model. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 93:324–333, 2011. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adsorption Characteristics of Atrazine on Granulated Activated Carbon and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Rambabu N. , Guzman C. A. , Soltan J. , Himabindu V. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAdsorption of atrazine (ATZ) from aqueous solutions by granular activated carbon (GAC) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) was studied in a batch‐mode adsorption system at different initial concentrations of ATZ (1.0–30.0 mg L–1) and at three temperatures of 288, 296 and 304 K. The adsorption isotherms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Polanyi–Manes, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (modified) were used to model the process. The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters ΔH0, ΔS0, and ΔG0 of the adsorption were estimated. The thermodynamic parameters indicate that the adsorption process is spontaneous and exothermic.
Real‐time simulation of surgery by reduced‐order modeling and X‐FEM techniques
Authors: Niroomandi S. , Alfaro I. , González D. , Cueto E. , Chinesta F. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThis paper describes a novel approach for the simulation of surgery by a combined technique of model order reduction and extended finite element method (X‐FEM) methods. Whereas model order reduction techniques employ globally supported (Ritz) shape functions, a combination with X‐FEM methods on a locally superimposed patch is developed for cutting simulation without remeshing. This enables to obtain models with very few degrees of freedom that run under real‐time constrains even for highly non‐linear tissue constitutive equations. To show the performance of the technique, we studied an application to refractive surgery in the cornea. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to Define, Find and Classify Side Effects in Psychotherapy: From Unwanted Events to Adverse Treatment Reactions
Authors: Linden Michael 
Published: January 2012

ObjectiveEmpirical research on the negative effects of psychotherapy is insufficient, partly because there is a lack of theoretical concept on how to define, classify and assess psychotherapy side effects. This paper proposes a model for the definition, classification and assessment of psychotherapy side effects.MethodDefinitions are provided for ‘unwanted events’, ‘treatment‐emergent reactions’, ‘adverse treatment reactions’, ‘malpractice reactions’, ‘treatment non‐response’, ‘deterioration of illness’, ‘therapeutic risks’ and ‘contraindications’. We describe processes analysing the causality of negative events and the correctness of treatment.ResultA procedural model on how to find, classify and evaluate negative events is described, the unwanted event to adverse treatment reaction (UE–ATR) checklist.ConclusionRecognition of adverse treatment effects is a characteristic of good therapists and treatments. Psychotherapists should be sensitive for negative effects. This can help improve the quality of treatment. The UE–ATR checklist can be used in psychotherapy trials, quality assurance, clinical practice and training of psychotherapists.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner MessageIf you do not find adverse treatment effects, then ask yourself why and do not assume that there are no side effects.The detection and management of adverse treatment effects is not a sign of bad but of good clinical practice.
Application of Metal‐Based Reagents and Catalysts in Microstructured Flow Devices
Authors: Chinnusamy Tamilselvi , Yudha S Salprima , Hager Markus , Kreitmeier Peter , Reiser Oliver 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOver the years, organic synthesis has witnessed several improvements through the development of new chemical transformations or more efficient reagents for known processes. Likewise, technological advances, aiming at speeding up reactions and facilitating their work‐up, have established themselves in academic as well as in industrial laboratories. In this Minireview, we highlight very recent developments in flow chemistry, focusing on organometallic reagents and catalysts. First, we describe reactions with homogeneous catalysts immobilized on different support materials using the concept of packed bed reactors. In the last chapter, we will discuss applications that utilize organometallic reagents.
Analysis and design of a dual‐mode control flyback converter
Authors: Lo Yu‐Kang , Lin Jing‐Yuan , Wang Chao‐Fu 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThis letter presents a dual‐mode control scheme to improve the efficiency of a flyback converter in a wide load range. The proposed flyback converter features a novel dual‐mode operation. The valley‐switching technique is adopted to reduce the switching loss at light load. On the other hand, the fixed off‐time (FOT) controls with continuous conduction mode operations decrease the conduction losses at heavy load. The principles and design procedures of the proposed dual‐mode controller are discussed and analyzed. Finally, a 140‐W dual‐mode flyback converter with an output voltage of 19 V is implemented. Experimental results agree with the theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculations of Electrical Conductivity of Ag and Au Plasma
Authors: Apfelbaum E. M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe conductivity of silver and gold plasma is calculated within the relaxation‐time approximation at T ≥ 10 kK. The most accurate at present time momentum cross‐section for electron‐atom scattering was used. The ionic composition of plasma was calculated by means of generalized chemical model (GCM). The results of calculation were compared with the available data of others researchers (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bound States in Coulomb Systems ‐ Old Problems and New Solutions
Authors: Ebeling W. , Kraeft W.D. , Röpke G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe analyze the quantum statistical treatment of bound states in Hydrogen considered as a system of electrons and protons. Within this physical picture we calculate analytically isotherms of pressure for Hydrogen in a broad density region and compare to some results from the chemical picture. Our study is restricted to the range of intermediate temperatures 104K < T < 105K and not too high densities n < 1024 protons per cm3, the formation of molecules is neglected. First we resume in detail the two transitions along isotherms:(i) formation of bound states occurring by increasing the density from low to moderate values,(ii) the destruction of bound states in the high density region, modelled here by Pauli‐Fock effects. Avoiding chemical models we will show, why bound states according to a discrete part of the spectra occur only in a valley in the T‐p plane. First we study virial expansions in the canonical ensemble and then in the grand canonical ensemble. We show that in fugacity representations the population of bound states saturates at higher density and that a combination of both representations provides quickly converging equations of state. In the case of degenerate systems we calculated first the density‐dependent energy levels, and find the pressure in Hartree‐Fock‐Wigner approximation showing the prominent role of Pauli blocking and Fock effects in the selfenergy (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dynamic Dust Particle Confinement in Corona Discharge Plasma
Authors: Filinov V. S. , Lapitsky D. S. , Deputatova L. V. , Vasilyak L. M. , Vladimirov V. I. , Sinkevich O. A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractUsually electrostatic fields created by electrodes of the trap are used for dust particle confinement in plasma devices. In this work the possibility of the dust particle confinement by electrodynamic fields is investigated for improved quadrupole traps. The behavior of dust particles is simulated by Brownian dynamics. Dust particle parameters and parameters of the traps needed for dust particle confinement have been obtained (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Atomic Ionization and Molecular Dissociation in a Hydrogen Gas within the Physical Picture
Authors: Alastuey A. , Ballenegger V. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe study a hydrogen gas at low densities within the physical picture. Recombination processes leading to the formation of atoms and molecules are properly taken into account via the well‐known Ebeling function and a new four‐body partition function. Our method provides a reliable equation of state which covers the plasma, atomic and molecular phases (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Joint Effects of Risk Status, Gender, Early Literacy and Cognitive Skills on the Presence of Dyslexia Among a Group of High‐Risk Chinese Children
Authors: Wong Simpson W. L. , McBride‐Chang Catherine , Lam Catherine , Chan Becky , Lam Fanny W. F. , Doo Sylvia 
Published: January 2012

This study sought to examine factors that are predictive of future developmental dyslexia among a group of 5‐year‐old Chinese children at risk for dyslexia, including 62 children with a sibling who had been previously diagnosed with dyslexia and 52 children who manifested clinical at‐risk factors in aspects of language according to testing by paediatricians. The age‐5 performances on various literacy and cognitive tasks, gender and group status (familial risk or language delayed) were used to predict developmental dyslexia 2 years later using logistic regression analysis. Results showed that greater risk of dyslexia was related to slower rapid automatized naming, lower scores on morphological awareness, Chinese character recognition and English letter naming, and gender (boys had more risk). Three logistic equations were generated for estimating individual risk of dyslexia. The strongest models were those that included all print‐related variables (including speeded number naming, character recognition and letter identification) and gender, with about 70% accuracy or above. Early identification of those Chinese children at risk for dyslexia can facilitate better dyslexia risk management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Practitioner Points

Pre‐diagnostic screening is useful to assess the presence of future dyslexia among children at risk for dyslexia.
Individual risk can be estimated with more than one logistic regression equation containing different combinations of predictors of future dyslexia.
Print‐related skills have strong associations with future dyslexia in Chinese children.
Gender is an important factor in predicting future dyslexia, but it is not advisable to give differential attention based on gender.
Boundary crossing and non‐linear theory in earth‐system sciences – a proof of concept based on tsunami and post‐eruption scenarios on Java Island, Indonesia
Authors: Gomez Christopher , Soltanzadeh Iman 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAlthough volcanic eruptions are well‐known to be the trigger of some weather and climatic changes, land‐cover changes by pyroclastic‐flows and lahars do not get this recognition, neither do major hazards such as tsunami. These two earth processes are even lesser considered as being able to modify other earth processes they are not directly connected to, such as landslides or river discharge in non‐connected basins more than a hundred kilometres away. In this contribution the authors argue that these ideas are mainly driven by the process of being ‘educated’ in a single academic discipline and once put to the test interactions and retroactions between earth processes and atmospheric processes are far more reaching than commonly thought. For this study, the site of Java Island (Indonesia) was chosen to conduct (1) an analysis of a major tsunami impact – in the same area as the 2006 Java tsunami and (2) an analysis of the post‐eruption impacts of Merapi Volcano after a major eruption – excluding any ejecta in the atmosphere for the sake of the demonstration. The atmospheric feedback simulations were conducted using the regional climate model (RegCM‐4) with calibration from weather stations in Java Island. As a result, both simulations have proven that large scale deposits of pyroclasts (not introducing the ejectas sent in the atmosphere) and tsunamis can have outstanding impacts on the atmospheric situation and the bio‐geomorphologic evolution of the landscape in the following weeks to months. Interestingly enough these impacts are not limited to the area impacted by the earth process and the effect are not linear in time as they work following thresholds. These rainfalls ‘tele‐impacts’ are important enough to, in turn, modify earth‐surface processes in areas remote from the original phenomenon. This system acts in the same manner as a famous butterfly in Africa that could trigger a hurricane on the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The response of CO2 flux to rain pulses at a saline desert
Authors: Ma Jie , Zheng Xin‐Jun , Li Yan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAs the substantial component of the ecosystem respiration, soil CO2 flux is strongly influenced by infrequent and unpredictable precipitation in arid region. In the current study, we investigated the response of soil CO2 flux to rain pulses at a saline desert in western China. Soil CO2 flux was measured continuously during the whole growing season of 2009 at six sites. We found that there were remarkable changes in amplitude or diurnal patterns of soil CO2 flux induced by rainfall events: from bimodal before rain to a single peak after that. Further analysis indicated that there is a significant linear relationship (P < 0.001) between soil CO2 flux and soil temperature (Tsoil). However, a hysteresis between the waveform of diurnal course of CO2 flux and Tsoil was observed: with soil CO2 flux always peaked earlier than Tsoil. Furthermore, a double exponential decay function was fitted to the soil CO2 flux after rainfall, and total carbon (C) releases were estimated by numerical integration for rainfall events. The relative enhancement and total C release, in association with the rain pulses, was linearly related to the amount of precipitation. According to the size and frequency of rainfall events, the total amount of C release induced by rain pulses was computed as much as 7.88 g C·m–2 in 2009, equivalent to 10.25% of gross primary production. These results indicated that rain pulses played a significant role in the carbon budget of this saline desert ecosystem, and the size of them was a good indicator of rain‐induced flux enhancement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone turnover markers correlate with implant fixation in a rat model using LPS‐doped particles to induced implant loosening
Authors: Liu Shuo , Virdi Amarjit S. , Sena Kotaro , Hughes W. Frank , Sumner Dale R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRevision surgery for particle‐induced implant loosening in total joint replacement is expected to increase dramatically over the next few decades. This study was designed to investigate if local tissue and serum markers of bone remodeling reflect implant fixation following administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐doped polyethylene (PE) particles in a rat model. Twenty‐four rats received bilateral implantation of intramedullary titanium rods in the distal femur, followed by weekly bilateral intra‐articular injection of either LPS‐doped PE particles (n= 12) or vehicle that contained no particles (n= 12) for 12 weeks. The group in which the particles were injected had increased serum C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX‐I), decreased serum osteocalcin (OC), increased peri‐implant eroded surface, decreased peri‐implant bone volume, and decreased mechanical pull‐out strength compared to the controls. Implant fixation strength was positively correlated with peri‐implant bone volume and serum OC and inversely correlated with serum CTX‐I, while energy to yield was positively correlated with serum OC and inversely correlated with the number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase positive cells at the interface and the amount of peri‐implant eroded surface. There was no effect on trabecular bone volume at a remote site. Thus, the particle‐induced impaired fixation in this rat model was directly associated with local and serum markers of elevated bone resorption and depressed bone formation, supporting the rationale of exploring both anticatabolic and anabolic strategies to treat and prevent particle‐related implant osteolysis and loosening, and indicating that serum markers may prove useful in tracking implant fixation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2012.
Chitosan‐based nanoparticles as a sustained protein release carrier for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Hou Yaping , Hu Junli , Park Hyejin , Lee Min 
Published: January 2012

AbstractChitosan/tripolyphosphate/chondroitin sulfate (Chi/TPP/CS) nanoparticles were prepared by an ionic gelation method to obtain a controlled release of proteins. Using Nel‐like molecule‐1 (Nell‐1), a novel osteogenic protein, as a model protein, it was demonstrated that adjusting the composition of the particles modulated the protein association and release kinetics of incorporated proteins. Increasing the amounts of Chi crosslinking agents, TPP and CS, in the particles achieved sustained protein release. An increase in crosslinking density decreased degradation rates of the particles. Furthermore, the bioactivity of the protein was preserved during the encapsulating procedure into the particles. To demonstrate the feasibility of Chi/TPP/CS nanoparticles as sustained release carriers for tissue engineering scaffold applications, protein‐loaded nanoparticles were successfully incorporated into collagen hydrogels or prefabricated porous poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds without obstructing the integrity of the hydrogels or porous structure of the scaffolds. Thus, we expect that these particles have a potential for efficient protein carriers in tissue engineering applications, and will be further evaluated in vivo. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2012.
Prevalence and natural course of craniocervical junction anomalies during growth in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Arponen Heidi , Mäkitie Outi , Haukka Jari , Ranta Helena , Ekholm Marja , Mäyränpää Mervi K , Kaitila Ilkka , Waltimo-Sirén Janna 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Pathology in the craniocervical junction is a serious complication of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Our aim was to analyze the prevalence and natural course of craniocervical junction anomalies in patients with OI during growth. In a one-center retrospective study, we analyzed lateral skull radiographs and midsagittal magnetic resonance images of 76 patients with either type I, III, or IV OI. The material included longitudinal series of 31 patients. In total, 150 patient images taken at ages 0 to 39 years were analyzed and compared with age-matched control data. Craniocervical anomalies were observed in 37% of patients and in all OI types studied. Of the three types of anomalies, basilar invagination was seen in 13%, basilar impression in 15%, and platybasia in 29% of the patients. From those with an abnormal finding, 44% displayed more than one type of anomaly. At a group level, we found no evidence of progression of craniocervical junction pathology with age. We provide longitudinal and cross-sectional data on craniocervical junction dimensions in growing patients with OI and, based on those, suggest a radiological management strategy for diagnosis of cranial base pathology. A higher risk of having any of the pathological conditions was associated with a lower height Z-score. Careful follow-up of cranial base anomalies particularly in subjects with OI and severe growth failure is warranted. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Voids and necks in liquid ammonia and their roles in diffusion of ions of varying size
Authors: Chakraborty Debashree , Chandra Amalendu 
Published: January 2012

AbstractVoids in a medium are defined as the regions that are located outside an appropriately defined occupied space associated with molecules. Dynamical properties like diffusion can be related to the structure and distribution of voids present in the medium. This work deals with an analysis of voids and diffusion in liquid ammonia. The analysis of voids is done by the construction of Voronoi polyhedra and Delaunay tessellation. We have performed a series of molecular dynamics simulations of monovalent cations and anions of varying size in liquid ammonia at two different temperatures of 210 and 240 K to investigate the effects of ion size on the diffusion of ions and roles of voids in determining the observed diffusion behavior. It is found that with the increase of ion size, the diffusion coefficients first increase and then pass through a maximum similar to the behavior observed earlier for diffusion in water. The observed results are explained in terms of passage through voids and necks that are present in liquid ammonia. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.