bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Lisfranc Fracture-Dislocations with Primary Partial Arthrodesis
Authors: Reinhardt Keith R. , Oh Luke S. , Schottel Patrick , Roberts Matthew M. , Levine David 
Published: March 2012

Background: The optimal method of treatment for Lisfranc fracture-dislocations remains controversial, and the role of primary partial arthrodesis for combined osseous-ligamentous Lisfranc injuries is unclear. This study reviewed the outcomes of Lisfranc injuries treated by primary partial arthrodesis. Methods: Patients who underwent primary partial arthrodesis for a primarily ligamentous or combined osseous and ligamentous Lisfranc fracture-dislocation were reviewed retrospectively and assessed at followup according to radiographic, clinical and standardized patient-based outcomes. Twenty-five patients (12 ligamentous, 13 combined), median age of 46 (range, 20 to 73) years, were followed for an average of 42 (range, 24 to 96) months. Results: The average American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was 81 points (scale 0 to 100), with patients in general losing points for mild pain, limitations of recreational activities, and fashionable footwear requirements. There was no statistical difference between ligamentous and combined injuries with regard to the physical or mental component scores on the SF-36. At latest followup, patients reported an average return to 85% of their preinjury activity level (range, 50% to 100%). Twenty-one patients (84%) expressed satisfaction with their outcome and at latest followup, the mean visual analog pain scale (VAS) score was 1.8 out of 10 (range, 0 to 8). Three patients showed radiographic signs of posttraumatic arthritis of adjacent joints. Conclusion: Treatment of both primarily ligamentous and combined osseous and ligamentous lisfranc injuries with primary partial arthrodesis produced good clinical and patient-based outcomes. Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Comparative Study
Responsiveness and Validity of the SF-36, Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale, AOFAS Ankle Hindfoot Score, and Foot Function Index in End Stage Ankle Arthritis
Authors: Madeley N. Jane , Wing Kevin J. , Topliss Claire , Penner Murray J. , Glazebrook Mark A. , Younger Alastair SE 
Published: March 2012

Background: We examined four commonly used scores, the SF-36, the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS), the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle Hindfoot Score, and the Foot Function Index (FFI) to determine their responsiveness and validity. Methods: Patients with end stage ankle arthritis were recruited into a prospective multicenter cohort study and baseline and one year outcome scores were compared. The Standardized Response Mean and Effect Size for the AOS, AOFAS, and FFI were calculated and the three region- or disease-specific scores were compared with the SF-36 to determine their criterion validity. Results: All four scores showed acceptable responsiveness, and when using the validated SF-36 as the standard the three region or disease specific scores all showed similar criterion validity. Conclusion: All four scores are responsive and can be considered for use in this population. The objective component of the AOFAS Ankle Hindfoot Score may make it harder to perform than the other three scores which have subjective components only, and as yet its objective component has not been shown to demonstrate reliability. We recommend use of a purely subjective score such as the Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale or Foot Function Index as the region- or disease-specific score of choice in this population. As the SF-36 shows acceptable responsiveness, using it alone could also be considered. Level of Evidence: II, Prospective Comparative Study
Testing the effect of water in crevasses on a physically based calving model
Authors: Cook S. , Zwinger T. , Rutt I.C. , O'Neel S. , Murray T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA new implementation of a calving model, using the finite-element code Elmer, is presented and used to investigate the effects of surface water within crevasses on calving rate. For this work, we use a two-dimensional flowline model of Columbia Glacier, Alaska. Using the glacier’s 1993 geometry as a starting point, we apply a crevasse-depth calving criterion, which predicts calving at the location where surface crevasses cross the waterline. Crevasse depth is calculated using the Nye formulation. We find that calving rate in such a regime is highly dependent on the depth of water in surface crevasses, with a change of just a few metres in water depth causing the glacier to change from advancing at a rate of 3.5 kma–1 to retreating at a rate of 1.9 km a–1. These results highlight the potential for atmospheric warming and surface meltwater to trigger glacier retreat, but also the difficulty of modelling calving rates, as crevasse water depth is difficult to determine either by measurement in situ or surface mass-balance modelling.
Epidemic cholera in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya, 2009: the importance of sanitation and soap
Authors: Mahamud Abdirahman Sheikh , Ahmed Jamal A , Nyoka Raymond , Auko Erick , Kahi Vincet , Ndirangu James , Nguhi Margaret , Burton John Wagacha , Muhindo Bosco Z , Breiman Robert F , Eidex Rachel B. 
Published: March 2012

Introduction: Cholera remains a major public health problem that causes substantial morbidity and mortality in displaced populations due to inadequate or unprotected water supplies, poor sanitation and hygiene, overcrowding, and limited resources. A cholera outbreak with 224 cases and four deaths occurred in Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya from September to December 2009. Methodology: We conducted a case-control study to characterize the epidemiology of the outbreak. Cases were identified by reviewing the hospital registry for patients meeting the World Health Organization (WHO) case definition for cholera. For each case a matched control was selected. A questionnaire focusing on potential risk factors was administered to cases and controls. Results: From 18 September to 15 December 2009, a total of 224 cases were identified and were hospitalised at Kakuma IRC hospital. Three refugees and one Kenyan national died of cholera. V. cholerae O1, serotype Inaba was isolated in 44 (42%) out of 104 stool specimens collected. A total of 93 cases and 93 matched controls were enrolled in the study. In a multivariate model, washing hands with soap was protective against cholera (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =0.25[0.09-0.71]; p < 0.01), while presence of dirty water storage containers was a risk factor (AOR=4.39[1.12-17.14]; p=0.03). Conclusion: Provision of soap, along with education on hand hygiene and cleaning water storage containers, may be an affordable intervention to prevent cholera.
Prevalence of virulence determinants in Staphylococcus epidermidis from ICU patients in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Okee Moses S , Joloba Moses L , Okello Margaret , Najjuka Florence Christine , Katabazi Fred Ashaba , Bwanga Freddie , Nanteza Ann , Kateete David Patrick 
Published: March 2012

Introduction: Staphylococcus epidermidis is often considered a non-pathogenic organism but it causes nosocomial infections. To distinguish invasive strains, comparative studies of patient and community isolates may offer some clues. We investigated the distribution of virulence determinants in patient isolates from Uganda. Methodology: S. epidermidis isolates were identified with the Staph API ID 32 kit. Antimicrobial susceptibility, biofilm formation and hemolysis were detected with standard procedures. Genes associated with virulence (aap, atlE, bhp, hla, hld, ica, IS256, sdrE, sea, tsst) and antimicrobial resistance (aac(6')-Ie-aph(2'')-Ia, aph(3')-IIIa, ant(4')-Ia, blaZ, mecA, vanA/vanB1) were detected by PCR. Results: S. epidermidis grew in 30 (30/50, 60%) ICU samples and 20 (20/60, 33%) community samples (one isolate per sample per patient/person). All ICU isolates (30/30, 100%) were IS256 and hld positive, 22 (22/30, 73%) were biofilm/ica positive, 21 (21/30, 70%) were hemolytic on blood agar, nine (9/30, 30%) contained atlE gene, six (6/30, 20%) hla gene, five (5/30, 17%) aap gene, and three (3/30, 10%) bhp gene. A gene encoding an aminoglycoside-modifying enzyme, aph(3')-IIIa, was highly prevalent (28/30, 93%), while blaZ (2/30, 7%), mecA (3/30, 10%), vanA (3/30, 10%) and vanB1 (3/30, 10%) were less prevalent. Of the community isolates, one (1/20, 5%) was ica positive, two (2/20, 10%) formed biofilms, and three (3/20, 15%) possessed the atlE gene. bhp, aap, IS256, hld and antimicrobial resistance genes were not detected in community isolates. Conclusions: S. epidermidis from ICU patients in Mulago Hospital is potentially virulent and could be a reservoir for antimicrobial resistant genes.
Loss of natural heritage from the geomorphological perspective – Do geomorphic processes shape or destroy the natural heritage?
Authors: Komac Blaž , Zorn Matija , Erhartič Bojan 
Published: March 2012

This study deals with geomorphological natural features (geomorphosites) relative to the natural processes that create, shape, or destroy such features. As a rule, geomorphologic processes are geographical constants in the landscape although some, due to their high magnitude or low frequency of occurrence, can be seen as an exception (e.g., natural disasters). The importance of geomorphosites is relative to their size, rarity (spatial distribution), and duration (existence in time), which depend on both the frequency and magnitude of geomorphological processes and on the standards of the observer. Human influence and perception of geomorphosites is also important in this regard.
Evaluation of Ischemia-Modified Albumin and C-Reactive Protein in Type 2 Diabetics with and without Ketosis
Authors: Ma Shao-gang , Jin Yao , Hu Wen , Bai Feng , Xu Wen , Yu Wei-nan 
Published: March 2012

Overview To investigate whether serum ischemia-modified albumin or C-reactive protein is reliable for predicting type 2 diabetic patients with ketosis. Approach One hundred and four diabetic patients, 48 with diabetic ketosis, and 33 controls were enrolled in the study. Serum ischemia-modified albumin and C-reactive protein were measured and evaluated for their ability to distinguish diabetic ketosis. Results Compared to the controls, the ischemia-modified albumin and C-reactive protein levels were higher in patients with diabetic ketosis and type 2 diabetes at the baseline. The levels of ischemia-modified albumin were higher in patients with type 2 diabetes than in the controls. C-reactive protein and ischemia-modified albumin levels were reduced after insulin treatment. The level of ischemia-modified albumin was an independent risk marker for diabetic ketosis ( OR = 1.085, P = 0.008, 95% CI: 1.022–1.152). Receiver operating characteristic curves revealed that the areas under the curve were 0.917 for the modified albumin and 0.357 for C-reactive protein. Conclusion This study indicates that ischemia-modified albumin was significantly associated with diabetic ketosis and was more sensitive than C-reactive protein in reflecting diabetic ketosis.
Personal Consumption and Single Persons: A Comment
Authors: Ireland Thomas R. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Kurt Krueger's paper on “Personal Consumption and Single Persons” (2011) identifies five approaches for determining the amount that should be subtracted from the income of wrongfully killed single persons living in single person households to account for the personal expenses of those single persons when calculating economic damages in wrongful death circumstances. However, none of Krueger's methods are useful in the large majority of states with conventional Wrongful Death Acts. The reason is not flaws in Krueger's calculations, but flaws in Krueger's understanding of what is required in Wrongful Death Actions.
A Protocol to Quantify Mammary Early Common Progenitors from Long‐Term Mammosphere Culture
Authors: Bachelard‐Cascales Elodie , Chapellier Marion , Delay Emmanuel , Maguer‐Satta Véronique 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHere we describe a protocol established in our laboratory to quantify early common progenitors/stem cells grown as spheres in non‐adherent culture conditions. This protocol is based on the combination of two functional tests: the mammosphere assay to maintain and enrich early mammary progenitors/stem cells, and the epithelial colony‐forming cells (E‐CFC) assay to identify and quantify further differentiated epithelial progenitors. Primary spheres mainly contain progenitors and rare stem/early common progenitor cells while secondary and tertiary spheres contain progenitor cells derived from the early common progenitor/stem cell population maintained through passages and partially differentiated. Spheres are enzymatically and mechanically dissociated; the derived cells are subsequently plated on irradiated NIH‐3T3 fibroblasts for further processing, as in the E‐CFC assay. The principle of this assay is to quantify the number of epithelial colonies generated by cells present in the different sequential spheres. This assay has therefore been named ECP‐DC, standing for Early Common Progenitor‐Derived Colonies assay. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 20:1E.7.1‐1E.7.6. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reproducible Expansion and Characterization of Mouse Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells in Adherent Cultures Derived from the Adult Subventricular Zone
Authors: Theus Michelle H. , Ricard Jerome , Liebl Daniel J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractEndogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) residing in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult mouse forebrain have been shown to enhance their neurogenic potential in response to CNS injury. Mechanisms involved in regulating adult neurogenesis under naïve or stressed conditions can be studied using a monolayer cell‐culture system of the nestin‐expressing NSPC lineage to analyze proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Here, a protocol for the expansion of NSPCs for studies aimed at understanding the functional role of NSPCs in maintaining adult neurogenic processes is described. This unit outlines detailed procedures for: (1) isolation, maintenance, and culture of the NSPC component of the SVZ niche from the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle; (2) characterization of NSPC functions by examining proliferation, survival, and differentiation; and (3) efficient siRNA transfection methods in 96‐well format. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 20:2D.8.1‐2D.8.10. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using MicroRNAs to Enhance the Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Li Zhonghan , Rana Tariq M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSomatic cells reprogrammed to acquire an ES‐like state are termed iPS cells. In this unit, a protocol to use microRNAs as enhancers to increase the reprogramming efficiency is described. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are isolated from E13.5 mouse embryos and seeded for reprogramming by defined factors. microRNA mimics are transfected into MEFs at two time points during this process to enhance the overall reprogramming efficiency. Two standard protocols for characterization of these miR‐iPSCs, embryoid body formation and teratoma formation, are also provided. By using this method, the investigators can obtain a significantly higher number of bona‐fide iPSC colonies and miR‐iPSCs can be derived at a faster rate than with non‐treated cells. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 20:4A.4.1‐4A.4.14. © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Accountability
Authors: Newell Peter 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Accountability has mainly come to the fore in debates about globalization because of concerns over the growing power of private actors and international institutions, in particular over governments and citizens alike. There is concern that many actors driving the process of globalization, such as multinational companies and institutions such as the World Bank and World Trade Organization, exercise power without responsibility and there are no means to hold them to account for their actions. Such fears underpin calls for a UN Corporate Accountability Convention, for example, that would provide legally binding regulation of multinational corporations (MNCs) wherever they operate, or for enhanced involvement of developing country governments and civil society organizations in global decision‐making on trade, finance and development.
Accumulation
Authors: Huang Chung‐Hsien 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

At the core of Marxist political economy is the idea that capitalism is highly dynamic and inevitably expansionary through accumulation. Exclaiming, “Accumulate, accumulate! That is Moses and the prophets,” Marx (1967), in Volume One of
Capital
, defined the most important driving force and the inner law of motion of the capitalist mode of production. What makes capitalism tick is not only that capitalists make a profit by exploiting workers, but that they reinvest part of the profit in further production. Capitalists are forced to act in that way as a result of competition. The rule that governs the behavior of all capitalists is, then, “accumulation for accumulation sakes, production for production sakes” (Marx 1967: 595). The inner logic of capitalism is thus not only to “work for profit,” but also to “work for capital accumulation.”
Acid Rain
Authors: Peter Brimblecombe  
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Rainfall is naturally acidic. Carbon dioxide present in the air dissolves in rainwater and it becomes acidic enough (pH about 5.6) to dissolve limestone and form caves. Acid rain is a general term used to describe the delivery of acids to the surface of the Earth where the acidity exceeds that of natural rainfall. This usually arises because pollutants have dissolved in the rainwater.
Amnesty International
Authors: Waltz Susan 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Founded in 1961, Amnesty International (AI) is the world's largest human rights organization as reflected by membership figures, geographic presence, and annual budget. In many ways AI is an archetype of the transnational social movements that flourished in the late twentieth century. More than two million individuals linked to internationally chartered local units work collaboratively across national borders to promote and protect human rights as elaborated in a commonly agreed set of objectives. AI's centralized research and campaigning activities are developed in its International Secretariat in London. Around the world the organization's advocacy work is carried out by AI entities organized at the local and national levels. For example, the United Kingdom section of AI has its main office in London, and like other national sections it works in collaboration with AI's International Secretariat, a few city blocks away.
Anti‐Capitalism
Authors: Tormey Simon 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Anti‐capitalism is a broad term denoting those theorists, movements, and groupings who oppose capitalism, or some key feature of capitalism such as wage labor or private property. In recent commentary the term is usually used to describe those who oppose
neoliberal
capitalism. Anti‐capitalism in this latter sense is identified with the emergence of the anti‐globalization movement (also called the “Global Justice Movement”), which came to media attention during the Seattle protests in 1999. Not all participants in this and subsequent “summit protests” are opposed to capitalism on the strict reading of the term. Nearly all, however, would identify themselves as opposed to neoliberalism. The distinction is important in understanding contemporary political developments, and gives us insight into the aims and objectives of today's anti‐capitalists.
Anti‐Consumerism
Authors: Humphery Kim 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Anti‐consumerism is a diverse field of social analysis and global political action that critiques and opposes excessive levels of consumption, especially the consumer excess characteristic of affluent economies. This critique focuses on both the environmental and cultural ramifications of an increasing consumerization of life, warns of the global reach and consequences of an unconstrained consumer marketplace, and is closely aligned with advocacy of ethical forms of exchange and sustainable lifestyles. While consumerism has long been challenged by critics worldwide, Western nations in particular have since the 1990s been the site of a vigorous renaissance of anti‐consumerist debate and action.
Architecture
Authors: Sklair Leslie 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Architecture, like most other industries and forms of artistic expression, has in recent decades been globalized both directly — in what has come to be known as global architecture — and indirectly, by the transnational migration of specific local or regional architectural forms. The spread of what is known as international modernism as an architectural style from its heartlands in Europe and North America to Latin America, Asia, and Africa in the forms of postmodernism and even supermodernism (Ibelings 1998) is the most visible manifestation of global architecture. If we date the era of globalization from the advent of the electronic revolution, notably transformations in the technological base and global scope of the electronic mass media and in general the means of production, distribution, and exchange, architecture can be considered as a relatively globalized industry. Electronic technologies have made possible a new international division of labor between architectural offices in developed and developing countries (Tombesi 2001). This has occurred to an extraordinary degree in China, the most vibrant architectural marketplace since the mid 1990s (see Chung
et al
. 2001; Campanella 2008). Most celebrated living architects readily accept that they could not have made their most famous buildings without the help of computer‐aided design: for example, Norman Foster's Swiss Re (the Gherkin) in London, Frank Gehry's Guggenheim Bilbao, Cesar Pelli's Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, and SOM's Jinmao Tower in Shanghai. All of these buildings are commonly labeled global icons in the sense that they combine fame outside their host countries with distinctive symbolic‐aesthetic significance (Sklair 2006). It is a feature of architecture in the global era that the drivers of iconicity tend to be in the corporate and/or consumerist sectors, whereas iconic buildings of pre‐global eras tended to be driven by the state and/or religious institutions (like the Houses of Parliament, the White House, the great gothic cathedrals, the Parthenon, the Taj Mahal, and the Pyramids).
Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
Authors: Yamazawa Ippei 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAsia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an intergovernmental forum for increasing trade and investment as well as economic cooperation in the Asia Pacific region. It began in 1989 as a series of annual meetings of foreign and trade ministers from 12 member economies (the five industrialized economies of Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, and the United States, the Republic of Korea, and the six ASEAN members of Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand), focusing on economic cooperation. Three Chinas (the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, and Chinese Taipei) joined in 1991. Since the first Economic Leaders' Meeting in Seattle in 1993, APEC leaders declared that they would achieve “free and open trade and investment in the region.” In 1994 they declared ambitious Bogor Goals, setting a deadline for achieving them by 2010 for industrialized economies and by 2020 for the rest of the members. The Osaka Action Agenda was adopted in 1995, and since 1997 each member economy has been submitting an annual Individual Action Plan (IAP) detailing their actions to meet the Bogor Goals and implementing them.