bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arthroscopic Bankart Suture-Anchor Repair
Authors: Castagna Alessandro , Markopoulos Nikolaos , Conti Marco , Delle Rose Giacomo , Papadakou Eugenia , Garofalo Raffaele 
Published: July 2010

Background There are not many reports in the literature about the long-term outcomes in terms of recurrence and degenerative changes after arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction for anterior shoulder instability. Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term follow-up (minimum 10 years) of arthroscopic suture-anchor repair for traumatic unidirectional anterior instability, with special emphasis on the radiological evidence of arthritis and clinical outcome. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Forty-two patients (43 shoulders) treated at our institute from 1995 to 1997 were included in the study. Thirty patients (31 shoulders) were available for clinical and radiological examination (71%). The mean follow-up was 10.9 years (range, 9.8-14.3 years). Patients were evaluated preoperatively and after surgery using the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Simple Shoulder Test (SST), and Rowe score. Patient satisfaction was determined by asking the patients if they would do this operation again. Radiological outcome was used to evaluate the incidence and grade of arthritis according to the Samilson-Prieto classification. Results At the final follow-up examination, 5 patients (16%) reported an atraumatic recurrent instability, while 2 recurrences (7%) occurred after a major injury. Three of the 7 recurrences occurred 6 years after surgery. All of the patients in the recurrence group except 1 were contact or overhead athletes. Twenty-six patients were satisfied (84%) with the outcome. The SST showed an improvement of shoulder function in 23 cases, the UCLA score improved from 21.8 to 32.1, and the Rowe score showed excellent or good results in 77.3% of cases. Twenty-two patients (71%) were able to return to their preoperative sports level. Radiographic findings showed 9 cases with mild arthritis (29%) and 3 cases with moderate arthritis (10%). Conclusion The recurrence rate deteriorated with time. Involvement in contact sports and overhead activities appears to be a risk factor for recurrence of instability, although this could not be proved statistically with the numbers available, whereas age, gender, and number of preoperative dislocations did not reveal any correlation with recurrence. Degenerative changes of the glenohumeral joint were noted but had no significant effect on the clinical outcomes.
RapGEF2 is essential for embryonic hematopoiesis but dispensable for adult hematopoiesis
Authors: Satyanarayana Ande , Gudmundsson Kristbjorn Orri , Chen Xiu , Coppola Vincenzo , Tessarollo Lino , Keller Jonathan R. , Hou Steven X. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
RapGEF2 is one of many guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that specifically activate Rap1. Here, we generated RapGEF2 conditional knockout mice and studied its role in embryogenesis and fetal as well as adult hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) regulation. RapGEF2 deficiency led to embryonic lethality at ∼ E11.5 due to severe yolk sac vascular defects. However, a similar number of Flk1+ cells were present in RapGEF2+/+ and RapGEF2−/− yolk sacs indicating that the bipotential early progenitors were in fact generated in the absence of RapGEF2. Further analysis of yolk sacs and embryos revealed a significant reduction of CD41 expressing cells in RapGEF2−/− genotype, suggesting a defect in the maintenance of definitive hematopoiesis. RapGEF2−/− cells displayed defects in proliferation and migration, and the in vitro colony formation ability of hematopoietic progenitors was also impaired. At the molecular level, Rap1 activation was impaired in RapGEF2−/− cells that in turn lead to defective B-raf/ERK signaling. Scl/Gata transcription factor expression was significantly reduced, indicating that the defects observed in RapGEF2−/− cells could be mediated through Scl/Gata deregulation. Inducible deletion of RapGEF2 during late embryogenesis in RapGEF2cko/ckoERcre mice leads to defective fetal liver erythropoiesis. Conversely, inducible deletion in the adult bone marrow, or specific deletion in B cells, T cells, HSCs, and endothelial cells has no impact on hematopoiesis.
Reduced soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products in COPD
Authors: Smith D.J. , Yerkovich S.T. , Towers M.A. , Carroll M.L. , Thomas R. , Upham J.W. 
Published: July 2010

The soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) has anti-inflammatory properties, and deficiency of circulating sRAGE is associated with various human diseases. Whether sRAGE concentrations are reduced in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has not been determined. The aim of this study was to determine plasma levels of sRAGE in COPD patients and establish whether sRAGE varies in relation to forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and other inflammatory markers.61 COPD patients and 42 healthy controls were recruited. Plasma sRAGE, C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured in patients with stable COPD. A subgroup had measurements during acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD).sRAGE was significantly lower in stable COPD than in healthy controls (p<0.001), while CRP (p<0.001) and SAA (p = 0.015) were higher in stable COPD than in healthy controls. Multiple linear regression confirmed that COPD was negatively associated with sRAGE (p<0.001). Plasma sRAGE was positively correlated with FEV1(r2= 0.530, p<0.001), while CRP and SAA were inversely proportional to FEV1. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that only sRAGE was a strong predictor of FEV1. AECOPD were associated with even lower sRAGE levels that increased with convalescence.Circulating sRAGE is lower in COPD and shows a strong correlation to the degree of airflow limitation.
Prognostic value of procalcitonin in community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Schuetz P. , Suter-Widmer I. , Chaudri A. , Christ-Crain M. , Zimmerli W. , Mueller B. 
Published: July 2010

The prognostic value of procalcitonin (PCT) levels to predict mortality and other adverse events in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains undefined.We assessed the performance of PCT overall, stratified into four predefined procalcitonin tiers (<0.1, 0.1–0.25, >0.25–0.5, >0.5 μg·L−1) and stratified by Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and CURB-65 (confusion, urea >7 mmol·L−1, respiratory frequency ≥30 breaths·min−1, systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≤60 mmHg, and age ≥65 yrs) risk classes to predict all-cause mortality and adverse events within 30 days follow-up in 925 CAP patients.In receiver operating characteristic curves, initial PCT levels performed only moderately for mortality prediction (area under the curve (AUC) 0.60) and did not improve clinical risk scores. Follow-up measurements on days 3, 5 and 7 showed better prognostic performance (AUCs 0.61, 0.68 and 0.73). For prediction of adverse events, the AUC was 0.66 and PCT significantly improved the PSI (from 0.67 to 0.71) and the CURB-65 (from 0.64 to 0.70). In Kaplan–Meier curves, PCT tiers significantly separated patients within PSI and CURB-65 risk classes for adverse events prediction, but not for mortality. Reclassification analysis confirmed the added value of PCT for adverse event prediction, but not mortality.Initial PCT levels provide only moderate prognostic information concerning mortality risk and did not improve clinical risk scores. However, PCT was helpful during follow-up and for prediction of adverse events and, thereby, improved the PSI and CURB65 scores.
Factors associated with inflammatory cytokine patterns in community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Martínez R. , Menéndez R. , Reyes S. , Polverino E. , Cillóniz C. , Martínez A. , Esquinas C. , Filella X. , Ramírez P. , Torres A. 
Published: July 2010

Raised systemic levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 cytokines have been associated with poorer outcome in community-acquired pneumonia. The aim of our study was to identify potential associated factors with increased levels of IL-6, IL-10, or both cytokines.We performed a prospective study of 685 patients admitted to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. IL-6 and IL-10 were measured in blood in the first 24 h.30-day mortality increased from 4.8% to 11.4% (p = 0.003) when both cytokines were higher than the median. Independent associated factors with an excess of IL-6 were neurologic disease, confusion, serum sodium <130 mEq·L−1, pleural effusion, and bacteraemia. The associated factors for an excess of IL-10 were respiratory rate ≥30 breaths·min−1, systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg and glycaemia ≥250 mg·dL−1. The independent associated factors for an excess of both cytokines were confusion, systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg, pleural effusion and bacteraemia. Protective factors were prior antibiotic treatment and pneumococcal vaccination.Different independent factors are related to an excess of IL-6 and IL-10. Confusion, hypotension, pleural effusion and bacteraemia were associated with the inflammatory profile with the highest mortality rate, whereas anti-pneumococcal vaccination and previous antibiotic treatment appeared to be protective factors.
High-contrast three-dimensional imaging of the Arabidopsis leaf enables the analysis of cell dimensions in the epidermis and mesophyll
Authors: Wuyts Nathalie , Palauqui Jean-Christophe , Conejero Geneviève , Verdeil Jean-Luc , Granier Christine , Massonnet Catherine 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Despite the wide spread application of confocal and multiphoton laser scanning microscopy in plant biology, leaf phenotype assessment still relies on two-dimensional imaging with a limited appreciation of the cells' structural context and an inherent inaccuracy of cell measurements. Here, a successful procedure for the three-dimensional imaging and analysis of plant leaves is presented.

Results
The procedure was developed based on a range of developmental stages, from leaf initiation to senescence, of soil-grown Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Rigorous clearing of tissues, made possible by enhanced leaf permeability to clearing agents, allowed the optical sectioning of the entire leaf thickness by both confocal and multiphoton microscopy. The superior image quality, in resolution and contrast, obtained by the latter technique enabled the three-dimensional visualisation of leaf morphology at the individual cell level, cell segmentation and the construction of structural models. Image analysis macros were developed to measure leaf thickness and tissue proportions, as well as to determine for the epidermis and all layers of mesophyll tissue, cell density, volume, length and width. For mesophyll tissue, the proportion of intercellular spaces and the surface areas of cells were also estimated. The performance of the procedure was demonstrated for the expanding 6th leaf of the Arabidopsis rosette. Furthermore, it was proven to be effective for leaves of another dicotyledon, apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), which has a very different cellular organisation.

Conclusions
The pipeline for the three-dimensional imaging and analysis of plant leaves provides the means to include variables on internal tissues in leaf growth studies and the assessment of leaf phenotypes. It also allows the visualisation and quantification of alterations in leaf structure alongside changes in leaf functioning observed under environmental constraints. Data obtained using this procedure can further be integrated in leaf development and functioning models.
Development of novel measurement assay for calcium in serum by the chlorophosphonazo-III vanadate method
Authors: Noda K , Sato Y , Miura T , Katayama K , Kojima R 
Published: July 2010

Background Chlorophosphonazo-III (2,7-bis[4-chloro-2-phosphonophenylazo]-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalenedisulphonic acid, disodium salt; CPZ-III) reacts with calcium and magnesium in a sample under acidic to neutral conditions. However, the specific method of measuring calcium in serum using CPZ-III has not been established because of the difficulty of avoiding the interaction between CPZ-III and albumin. Methods In this study, we found that the non-specific reaction between CPZ-III and albumin could be controlled and calcium in serum could be specifically detected using CPZ-III combined with vanadate. On the basis of this finding, we evaluated a novel method of serum calcium determination using CPZ-III. Results This CPZ-III vanadate method gave linear results from 0 to 7.0 mmol/L. The coefficient of variation was 0.63–0.76%. There was no interference except with Omniscan. There was no change in control performance during 60 d under open-air conditions. The assay results correlated well with those of the Arsenazo-III (2,7-bis(2-arsonophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxy-3,6-naphthalenedisulphonic acid) method (slope = 1.067; intercept = −0.120; r = 0.989; Sy/ x = 0.036 mmol/L), o-cresolphthalein complexone method (slope = 0.911; intercept = 0.186; r = 0.988; Sy/ x = 0.035 mmol/L), amylase enzymatic method (slope = 0.981; intercept = 0.072; r = 0.989; Sy/ x = 0.036 mmol/L) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy method (slope = 0.955; intercept = −0.001; r = 0.979; Sy/ x = 0.048 mmol/L). Conclusions These results suggested that the present method has great clinical potential for measuring calcium.
Retention Requirements for Alpine Ski Bindings
Authors: Ettlinger Carl F. , Dodge David , Johnson Robert J. , Shealy Jasper E. , Sargent Michael 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Releasable ski bindings have helped to reduce the risk of lower leg injury but have not been effective in abating the risk of injury to the knee’s anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The authors theorized that if binding retention requirements were better understood, bindings could be developed that would eliminate excess retention under conditions associated with known mechanisms of injury, while providing an appropriate margin of retention during controlled skiing maneuvers. Currently, release/retention requirements for Alpine bindings are defined simply by a moment (couple). But the moment sensed by a skier’s leg at release is dependent on not only the release moment to which the binding has been adjusted also but by where on the ski the load is applied. During the Winter of 2006–2007, the authors developed the instrumentation, protocols, and methods of data reduction and analysis necessary to express retention requirements of Alpine skiers in terms of load and load position on a virtual ski of infinite length. During the Winter of 2007–2008, 15 experienced skiers were fitted with a pair of skis in which one ski was equipped with a platform for measuring forces transverse to the long axis of the ski boot in a plane parallel to the bottom of the sole. Each subject in the study performed a series of skiing, recovery, and climbing maneuvers. Video and audio records of those maneuvers were synchronized with the 90 min of recorded data, allowing the data to be classified by skiing activity and reduced to a force and moment resolved about an axis approximating the skier’s tibia. The force was then divided into the moment resulting in the position (lever arm) of the force necessary to produce the moment. Using current standards, the moment was scaled as a percentage of the recommended release moment. Loads applied to the inside edge of the rear body of the ski, an area commonly associated with ACL injuries, were rarely found to be both more than 45 cm from the tibia and more than 40 % of the recommended. The few events in this “zone of ACL vulnerability” were associated with loss of control while skiing backward at low speed. From these observations, a release simulating platform was developed, which isolated the binding from the ski. The platform sounded an alarm if the moment sensed by the simulator exceeded 50 % of the recommended release moment and the load was applied in the “zone of vulnerability.” In more than 120 min of skiing, the alarm never sounded, indicating that no inadvertent release would have taken place if the simulator had been an active release binding. However, subjects were able to initiate the alarm, thus simulating a release, by attempting to twist out of the binding with only the tail end of the ski engaged with the snow surface. The authors believe that the database and analytical techniques developed in this study may help to optimize the overall release/retention capabilities of future bindings.
The Logic of Policy Change after Crisis: Proximity and Subsystem Interaction
Authors: Nohrstedt Daniel , Weible Christopher M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhat mechanisms link external events to policy change in a policy subsystem? This paper responds to this question by offering a nuanced re‐conceptualization of external events and by identifying the mechanisms that link disruptive crises to policy change. Building from the tenets of the advocacy coalition framework and a synthesis of the crisis management and policy change literatures, this paper (1) introduces the concept of policy and geographical proximity as a means to show how different types of crises alter the incentives for policy action within policy subsystems; (2) discusses an integrated set of proposals on how geographical and policy proximity affects the prospects of change in a policy subsystem; and (3) presents hypothesized scenarios outlining plausible intervening pathways linking a crisis to changes as contingent on policy subsystem structures.
Morphology of the Inner Ear in Mammals with Different Ecological Peculiarities in Ontogeny
Authors: Solntseva G. 
Published: July 2010

Morphology of the Inner Ear in Mammals with Different Ecological Peculiarities in OntogenyThe inner ear is the first to form, as the core, phylogenetically most ancient formation of the peripheral auditory system both in phylogenesis and in ontogenesis. As the development of the inner ear continues, the other parts of the peripheral auditory system of different evolutionary age start to be formed, and the outer ear is the evolutionary youngest among them. All parts of the peripheral auditory system are multicomponent formations. As opposed to the outer and middle ears, which are characterized by different structural variations and a wide spectrum of adaptable transformations connected with the peculiarities of species ecology, the inner ear possesses a variety of functions in the repre-sentatives of different ecological groups and, therefore, keeps a similar structural organization. Usually, both in the cochlear and vestibular analyzers the topography, form and size of separate components vary. Basically, the anatomic formation of the structures of the inner ear finishes in the early prefetal period, while the cellular differentiation of the sensory epithelium of the cochlea, maculas and cristae in immature-born species continues up to the early stages of postnatal ontogenesis. In mature-born species (cetaceans, ungulates), the differentiation of the inner ear structures is complete by the moment of birth.
The First Eocene Species of the Genus Micrambe (Coleoptera, Clavicornia, Cryptophagidae)
Authors: Lyubarsky G. , Perkovsky E. 
Published: July 2010

The First Eocene Species of the GenusMicrambe(Coleoptera, Clavicornia, Cryptophagidae)Based on a fossil specimen from the Late Eocene Rovno amber (Ukraine),Micrambe sarnensisLyubarsky et Perkovsky, sp. n., the first Eocene species of this genus is described. The new species is similar to the extantMicrambe abietis(Paykull) andM. ulicis(Stephens), differing by having the callosity with an acutangular caudolateral corner.
Pulmonary hypertension after ventriculoatrial shunt implantation
Authors: Kluge Stefan , Baumann Hans Jörg , Regelsberger Jan , Kehler Uwe , Gliemroth Jan , Koziej Barbara , Klose Hans , Meyer Andreas 
Published: July 2010

Object
Ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts inserted for the treatment of hydrocephalus are known to be a risk factor for pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of pulmonary hypertension among adult patients with VA shunts.

Methods
All patients who had received a VA shunt at one of two institutions between 1985 and 2000 were invited for a cardiopulmonary evaluation. The investigation included a thorough history taking, clinical examination, echocardiography, and pulmonary function testing including diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Pulmonary hypertension was defined as systolic pulmonary artery pressure > 35 mm Hg at rest.

Results
The study group consisted of 86 patients, of whom 38 (44%) could be examined. The patients' mean age was 47.1 ± 18.4 years; the median interval between shunt insertion and cardiopulmonary evaluation was 15 years (range 5–20 years). Of the 38 patients, 20 (53%) had Doppler velocity profiles of tricuspid regurgitation that were adequate for the estimation of pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Doppler-defined pulmonary hypertension was observed in 3 patients (8%), 2 of whom underwent right heart catheterization. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension was confirmed in both patients, and medical therapy, including anticoagulation, was started. The VA shunt was removed in both cases and replaced with a different type of device. Pulmonary function tests revealed a restrictive pattern in 15% and typical obstructive findings in 9% of patients. In 30% of patients the DLCO was less than 80% of predicted, and blood gas analysis showed hypoxemia in 6% of patients. No significant differences in pulmonary function tests were noted between the patients with and without echocardiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension. However, patients with pulmonary hypertension had significantly lower DLCO values.

Conclusions
The authors detected pulmonary hypertension by using Doppler echocardiography in a significant proportion of patients with VA shunts. It is therefore recommended that practitioners perform regular echocardiography and pulmonary function tests, including single-breath DLCO in these patients to screen for pulmonary hypertension to prevent hazardous late cardiopulmonary complications.
Relationship between bacterial colonization of external cerebrospinal fluid drains and secondary meningitis: a retrospective analysis of an 8-year period
Authors: Hetem David J. , Woerdeman Peter A. , Bonten Marc J. M. , Ekkelenkamp Miquel B. 
Published: July 2010

Object
A frequent complication of CSF drains is secondary meningitis. This study was designed to assess the predictive value of a positive culture from a CSF drain tip for the development of secondary meningitis.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective study of an 8-year period in which patients were treated in a tertiary care hospital in The Netherlands. Patients with positive cultures from CSF drain tips were identified from the microbiology database. Patient charts were reviewed to retrieve demographic, clinical, and laboratory data. Statistical analysis was performed using multivariate logistic regression to determine significant risk factors for the development of secondary meningitis.

Results
A total of 139 patients with positive CSF-drain cultures were included; 72 patients (52%) suffered secondary meningitis at the time of CSF drain removal, or developed it consecutively. Development of secondary meningitis was associated with use of ventricular drains (OR 3.4 vs lumbar drains; 95% CI 1.7–6.8), with age less than 18 years (OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.3–17.3), and with colonization with Staphylococcus aureus (OR 3.1 vs other microorganisms; CI 1.2–8.5). Thirty-two patients (44% of total secondary meningitis) were diagnosed with secondary meningitis 24 hours or more after CSF drain removal; in 13 patients (18%) the diagnosis was made after 48 hours or more.

Conclusions
Positive CSF-drain cultures are strongly associated with development of secondary meningitis. A positive CSF-drain culture may precede clinical symptoms and should therefore be communicated to the treating physician by the microbiological laboratory as soon as possible, and prophylactic antibiotic therapy should be considered.