bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopamine increases renal oxygenation: a clinical study in post‐cardiac surgery patients
Authors: REDFORS BENGT , BRAGADOTTIR GUDRUN , SELLGREN JOHAN , SWÄRD KRISTINA , RICKSTEN SVEN‐ERIK 
Published: September 2009

Background: Imbalance of the renal medullary oxygen supply/demand relationship can cause ischaemic acute renal failure (ARF). The use of dopamine for prevention/treatment of ischaemic ARF has been questioned. It has been suggested that dopamine may increase renal oxygen consumption (RVO2) due to increased solute delivery to tubular cells, which may jeopardise renal oxygenation. Information on the effects of dopamine on renal perfusion, filtration and oxygenation in man is, however, lacking. We evaluated the effects of dopamine on renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), RVO2 and renal O2 demand/supply relationship, i.e. renal oxygen extraction (RO2Ex).Methods: Twelve uncomplicated, mechanically ventilated and sedated post‐cardiac surgery patients with pre‐operatively normal renal function were studied. Dopamine was sequentially infused at 2 and 4 ug/kg/min. Systemic haemodynamics were evaluated by a pulmonary artery catheter. Absolute RBF was measured using two independent techniques: by the renal vein thermodilution technique and by infusion clearance of paraaminohippuric acid (PAH), with a correction for renal extraction of PAH. The filtration fraction (FF) was measured by the renal extraction of 51Cr‐EDTA.Results: Neither GFR, tubular sodium reabsorption nor RVO2 was affected by dopamine, which increased RBF (45–55%) with both methods, decreased renal vascular resistance (30–35%), FF (21–26%) and RO2Ex (28–34%). The RBF/CI ratio increased with dopamine. Dopamine decreased renal PAH extraction, suggestive of a flow distribution to the medulla.Conclusions: In post‐cardiac surgery patients, dopamine increases the renal oxygenation by a pronounced renal pre‐and post‐glomerular vasodilation with no increases in GFR, tubular sodium reabsorption or renal oxygen consumption.
Pre‐operative fasting: a nationwide survey of German anaesthesia departments
Authors: BREUER J.‐P. , BOSSE G. , SEIFERT S. , PROCHNOW L. , MARTIN J. , SCHLEPPERS A. , GELDNER G. , SOREIDE E. , SPIES C. 
Published: September 2009

Background: Shorter pre‐operative fasting improves clinical outcome without an increased risk. Since October 2004, German Anaesthesiology Societies have officially recommended a fast of 2 h for clear fluids and 6 h for solid food before elective surgery. We conducted a nationwide survey to evaluate the current clinical practice in Germany.Methods: Between July 2006 and January 2007, standardized questionnaires were mailed to 3751 Anaesthesiology Society members in leading positions requesting anonymous response.Results: The overall response rate was 66% (n=2418). Of those, 2148 (92%) claimed familiarity with the new guidelines. About a third (n=806, 34%) reported full adherence to the new recommendations, whereas 1043 (45%) reported an eased fasting practice. Traditional Nil per os after midnight was still recommended by 157 (7%). Commonest reasons reported for adopting the new guidelines were: ‘improved pre‐operative comfort’ (84%), and ‘increased patient satisfaction’ (83%); reasons against were: ‘low flexibility in operation room management’ (19%), and ‘increased risk of aspiration’ (13%).Conclusion: Despite the apparent understanding of the benefits from reduced pre‐operative fasting, full implementation of the guidelines remains poor in German anaesthesiology departments.
Effects of surfactant replacement on alveolar overdistension and plasma cytokines in ventilator‐induced lung injury
Authors: WU H. , KOBAYASHI T. , WAN Q. , SHI W. , QIAN H. , CUI X. , LI W. 
Published: September 2009

Background: Overdistension of the lung causes ventilator‐induced lung injury (VILI) accompanied by surfactant abnormalities and inflammatory changes. We investigated the effects of surfactant replacement on overdistension of the terminal airspaces and plasma cytokine levels in VILI.Methods: VILI was induced by high‐pressure ventilation (HPV) in rats anesthetized with pentobarbital, followed by ventilation for 2 h in the maintenance mode (tidal volume=10 ml/kg, positive end‐expiratory pressure=7.5 cmH2O) with or without surfactant replacement. The sizes of the terminal airspaces were determined after fixing the lungs at an airway pressure of 10 cmH2O on deflation. Cytokine levels were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The mean ratio of the largest terminal airspace size class (≥64,000 μm2) was increased from 13.4% to 32.0% by HPV (P<0.05). After maintenance‐mode ventilation, the ratio decreased to 16.1% with surfactant replacement (P<0.05), but increased to 44.6% without surfactant replacement (P<0.05). Mean macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2) levels in the plasma increased from <0.02 to 6.9 ng/ml with HPV (P<0.05), and further increased to ≥11.8 ng/ml, regardless of surfactant replacement after maintenance‐mode ventilation. Similar tendencies were observed in the interleukin (IL)‐6 and IL‐10 levels. Tumor necrosis factor‐α levels were almost negligible during the experiment.Conclusion: In rats with VILI, surfactant replacement reversed overdistension of the terminal airspaces that may induce barotrauma, but not upregulation of MIP‐2, IL‐6, and IL‐10 within 2 h.
Inbreeding trends and pedigree analysis of Bavarian mountain hounds, Hanoverian hounds and Tyrolean hounds
Authors: Voges S. , Distl O. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThe objective of this study was to analyse genetic diversity for the three scent‐hound breeds Bavarian mountain hound (BMH), Hanoverian hound (HH) and Tyrolean hound (TH) using all available pedigree information from scent‐hound kennel clubs for these three breeds throughout Europe. The pedigree data of the BMH and the HH date back to 1912 and 1894, respectively. Pedigree data of the TH were available from the 1960s onwards. The reference populations included all BMH (n = 3231), HH (n = 1371) and TH (n = 1167) dogs registered between 1992 and 2004. Average generation intervals were 5.3 years for the BMH and 5.0 years for the HH and TH. Average inbreeding coefficients for the reference populations were 4.5%, 6.8% and 9.5% for the BMH, HH and TH. The effective numbers of founders, ancestors and founder genomes were lowest for the TH and highest for the BMH. The effective numbers of founder genomes were 10.9, 5.6 and 4.3 for the BMH, HH and TH. Effective population size was largest for the BMH with 72.7 effective breeding animals, followed by the HH with 50.9 and TH with 26.5. The most important ten ancestors had genetic contributions to the reference populations of 54.4%, 65.2% and 77.9% in the BMH, HH and TH. The results of our study indicate the need for careful breed management in these highly specialized hound breeds to maintain genetic diversity. European stud books should be established for these dog breeds in order to avoid inbreeding due to missing pedigree records.
Analysis of the mouse high‐growth region in pigs
Authors: Ramos A.M. , Pita R.H. , Malek M. , Lopes P.S. , Guimarães S.E.F. , Rothschild M.F. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryIn the mouse, homozygous animals for the high growth mutation show a 30–50% increase in growth without becoming obese. This region is homologous to the distal part of pig chromosome 5 (SSC5). A previous genome scan detected several quantitative trait loci (QTL) in this region for body composition and meat quality using a three generation Berkshire × Yorkshire resource family. In this study, the effects on swine growth, fat and meat quality traits of three genes previously identified within the mouse high growth region were analysed. The genes studied were CASP2 and RIPKI domain containing adaptor with death domain (CRADD), suppressor of cytokine signalling 2 (SOCS2) and plexinC1 (PLXNC1). In addition, the influence of two other genes located very close to this region, namely the plasma membrane calcium‐transporting ATPase 1 (ATP2B1) and dual specificity phosphatase 6 (DUSP6) genes, was also investigated. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified and used to map these genes to the QTL region on SSC5. Results indicate significant associations between these genes and several phenotypic traits, including fat deposition and growth in pigs. The present study suggests associations of these genes with swine fat and growth related traits, but further studies are needed in order to clearly identify the genes involved in the regulation of the QTL located on SSC5.
Inhibition of Pepper mild mottle virus with Commercial Cellulases
Authors: Oka N. , Ohki T. , Honda Y. , Nagaoka K. , Takenaka M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) is one of the most important pathogens of pepper crops (Capsicum annuum L.) worldwide. We have found that commercial cellulases from Trichoderma reesei and Trichoderma viride strongly inhibit PMMoV infection of plants. When purified PMMoV was mixed with the cellulases, it greatly lost the capacity to induce local lesions on leaves of Nicotiana glutinosa. Pretreatment of sweet pepper leaves (C. annuum L.) with cellulase solutions before PMMoV inoculation greatly reduced the number of infected plants. These effects were superior to the effects of known viral inhibitors such as skim milk or Lentinula edodes culture filtrates. Although the mechanism of inhibition remains unknown, this is the first report of antiviral activity ascribed to commercially available cellulases.
Study on Rosellinia necatrix Isolates Causing White Root Rot Disease in Taiwan
Authors: Sun E.‐J. , Lin H.‐S. , Hsieh H.‐J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWhite root rot is a serious soil‐borne disease of several woods and crops. Recently, white root rot of tea shrubs and ornamental trees has increasingly been observed in Taiwan. Thirty‐six isolates of white root rot pathogen, showing pear‐shape swellings adjacent to the hyphal septa, had been isolated from samples of white root rot collected from Taiwan for about 4 years. The pathogen isolates produced Dematophora anamorph. Conidia of the pathogen were one‐celled, hyaline, subglobal, with truncate base, 2.9–5.8 × 1.9–3.5 μm. Ascospore dimensions were in the range of 37.0–55.0 × 5.4–7.9 μm with a short, longitudinal and straight germ slit, which complied with Rosellinia necatrix. Based on molecular studies, the pathogen isolates collected from Taiwan except R701 were identified as R. nectarix. Isolate R701, which was relatively polymorphic in internal transcribed spacer DNA sequence than other isolates, was temporarily considered as R. necatrix‐related pathogenic Rosellinia spp. All the tea cuttings (Camellia sinensis) inoculated with isolates developed typical white root rot symptoms. Pathogenicity tests demonstrated the presence of variation in virulence among the Rosellina isolates. Most of the R. necatrix isolates originating from Acer morrisonense were less virulent than those that originated from other hosts. The pathogenic Rosellinia spp., isolate R701, was also highly virulent to both cultivars of tea cuttings.
Vapor Fixation of Intractable Fungal Cells for Simple and Versatile Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Kim K. W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractImaging of exudation of conidia from fruiting bodies by scanning electron microscopy is challenging because of the difficulty in achieving specimen fixation that enables conidia to be immobilized from fruiting bodies. Conidia in chains borne on conidiophores are readily dissipated on coming in contact with liquid fixatives before fixation becomes effective. Two phialide‐forming fungi including Aspergillus and Penicillium species, and a pycnidium‐forming fungus Fusicoccum species were subjected to a vapor fixation procedure for scanning electron microscopy rather than conventional immersion fixation procedures. The intractable fungi were exposed to the vapor of 2% glutaraldehyde and 2% osmium tetroxide each for at least 2 h, subsequently followed by gold coating. Through the vapor fixation, excellent retention of conidial chains in phialides was achieved in this study. It appeared that conidial masses from pycnidia were usually held together in globose to oval drops. The simple vapor fixation procedure for preserving delicate fungal cells could be widely used for routine applications to facilitate morphological characterization of diverse plant pathogenic fungi as they are in ex planta ecological niches during the saprophytic phase as well as in host parts during the parasitic phase.
Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Putative ABC Transporter Gene BgABC1 from the Biotrophic Pathogenic Fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici
Authors: Hu W. , Yan L. , Ma Z. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA putative ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter gene (BgABC1) was isolated from the biotrophic pathogenic fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt). Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of BgABC1 showed that the BgABC1 protein had a conserved nucleotide‐binding fold in the N‐terminus, and six transmembrane domains (TMDs) in the C‐terminus. Analysis of the BgABC1 expression using real‐time polymerase chain reaction showed that expression of the gene was increased significantly when the fungus was growing in wheat seedlings treated with 14α‐demethylase‐inhibiting fungicide, triadimefon. The results indicated that the BgABC1 was involved in the protection of the fungus against fungicide toxicity.
First Detection of Stolbur Phytoplasma in Grapevines (Vitis vinifera cv. Merlot) Affected with Grapevine Yellows in Bulgaria
Authors: Avramov Z. , Gillet J. , Laginova M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBetween 2003 and 2005, a survey was conducted throughout the grape‐growing regions of Bulgaria to identify possible infection with grapevine yellows diseases, especially Flavescence dorée (FD). The samples were checked for phytoplasmas and viruses inducing similar symptoms in the Central Laboratory for Plant Quarantine. To confirm stolbur phytoplasma infection of grapevine, a multiplex nested‐PCR assay for direct detection of FD and stolbur phytoplasmas was used. Infection of grapevine with phytoplasma was detected. The disease is very common disease in Bulgaria on tomatoes, potatoes and other crops. Monitoring is being continued. This is the first report of phytoplasma‐infected grapevine in Bulgaria.
Detection and Isolation of Preformed Antifungal Compounds from the Peel of Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Pingguoli at Different Stages of Maturity
Authors: Li Y. C. , An L. Z. , Ge Y. H. , Li Y. , Bi Y. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEthanol‐dichloromethane crude extract from peel of pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd. cv. Pingguoli) was separated by thin layer chromatographic plates and bioassayed with conidia of Alternaria alternata. The inhibition zones differed significantly in retention factor (Rf) at expanding stage, harvest time and after 100 days of cold storage. The compounds in the inhibition zones were isolated and identified with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Palmitate methyl, oleic acid methyl, linolenic acid methyl and squalene were present at all stages. The concentration of these chemicals was the highest in expanding stage fruit peel and decreased rapidly with fruit development. It is suggested that these compounds may be the main antifungal compounds in the growing fruit. The phthalate alkyl esters occurred at relatively higher concentrations in pear peel at harvest and after 100 days of cold storage. Six phthalate alkyl esters were identified from peel of pear fruit after 100 days of cold storage. It is also supposed that these esters may be the antifungal compounds in postharvest pear.
Patient‐reported outcomes in a survey of patients treated with oral antihyperglycaemic medications: associations with hypoglycaemia and weight gain
Authors: Marrett E. , Stargardt T. , Mavros P. , Alexander C. M. 
Published: September 2009

Aim: To examine the association between medication side‐effects (SEs) and patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) among patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral antihyperglycaemic agents (OAHAs). Methods: A total of 1984 participants responded to an internet‐based survey in the United States. Data were collected on hypoglycaemia 6 months and weight gain 12 months prior to the survey. Health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) was measured using the EuroQol‐5D (EQ‐5D). Also administered were the Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication v.1.4 (TSQM) and the Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey II (HFS). Results: Symptoms of hypoglycaemia were reported by 62.9% of participants, and 36.9% reported weight gain. For those reporting hypoglycaemia, mean scores were lower for TSQM and EQ‐5D and higher for HFS when compared with those with no symptoms (TSQM: 69.7 vs. 75.1; EQ‐5D: 0.78 vs. 0.86; HFS: 17.5 vs. 6.2; all p < 0.0001). The same remained true when accounting for symptom severity, where severity was monotonically related with PRO scores (all p < 0.0001). Similarly, reported weight gain was associated with lower treatment satisfaction (69.0 vs. 73.3) and HRQoL (0.77 vs. 0.83), and increased fear of hypoglycaemia (15.7 vs. 11.8) (all p < 0.0001). In mixed linear regression analysis, the associations between medication SEs and PROs remained significant after adjusting for patient and disease characteristics. Conclusions: Among patients with type 2 diabetes treated with OAHAs, self‐reported hypoglycaemia and weight gain were associated with decreased treatment satisfaction and HRQoL. In addition, the presence of these SEs was associated with increased fear of hypoglycaemia.
Alogliptin added to insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes reduces HbA1c without causing weight gain or increased hypoglycaemia
Authors: Rosenstock J. , Rendell M. S. , Gross J. L. , Fleck P. R. , Wilson C. A. , Mekki Q. 
Published: September 2009

Aims: To assess the efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with insulin alone or combined with metformin. Methods: In this 26‐week, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, 390 patients were randomized to receive alogliptin 12.5 mg (n = 131), alogliptin 25 mg (n = 129) or placebo (n = 130) once daily, as add‐on to stable insulin therapy with or without metformin. The primary endpoint was change in haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) at week 26. Results: At week 26, mean HbA1C changes from the mean baseline value of 9.3% were significantly greater for alogliptin 12.5 mg (–0.63 ± 0.08%) and alogliptin 25 mg (−0.71 ± 0.08%) than placebo (−0.13 ± 0.08%; p < 0.001). Significantly greater proportions of patients receiving alogliptin 12.5 or 25 mg than placebo had HbA1C decreases of ≥0.5, ≥1.0 and ≥1.5%. Insulin doses remained unchanged, and there were no differences in the proportions of patients experiencing hypoglycaemia among placebo (24%), alogliptin 12.5 mg (27%) and alogliptin 25 mg (27%). Mean weight increases from baseline at week 26 were similar for placebo (0.6 ± 0.2 kg), alogliptin 12.5 mg (0.7 ± 0.2 kg) and alogliptin 25 mg (0.6 ± 0.2 kg). Incidences of overall adverse events, and of gastrointestinal, dermatological and infection‐related events, were similar among groups. Conclusions: Adding alogliptin to previous insulin therapy (with or without metformin) significantly improved glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on insulin, without causing weight gain or increasing the incidence of hypoglycaemia. Further studies are warranted to explore the role of alogliptin added to optimized basal insulin regimens.
A case of orbital hemangiopericytoma in a dog
Authors: Beltran William A. , Colle Marie‐Anne , Boulouha Lilia , Daude‐Lagrave Arnaud , Moissonnier Pierre , Clerc Bernard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA 7‐and‐a‐half‐year‐old‐dog was presented with progressive unilateral exophthalmos. Computed tomography imaging revealed an orbital mass that was surgically excised by lateral orbitotomy to preserve vision. The tumor was diagnosed histologically as a hemangiopericytoma. Twelve months postoperatively there were no signs of a local recurrence. This is the first case report of a hemangiopericytoma involving the orbit of a dog.
The contribution of contemporary climate to ectothermic and endothermic vertebrate distributions in a glacial refuge
Authors: Aragón Pedro , Lobo Jorge M. , Olalla‐Tárraga Miguel Á. , Rodríguez Miguel Á. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTAim  Climatic factors are known to influence species distributions. However, elucidating the underlying mechanisms is challenging because direct and indirect effects of climatic and non‐climatic factors are correlated. In the absence of this covariation and at fine‐grain resolutions the direct effect of climate via physiological constraints should be stronger on the distributions of ectothermic organisms. So far, no comprehensive study has explicitly tested the influence of climate on species distributions by quantitatively comparing ectothermic and endothermic vertebrates.Location  Peninsular Spain.Methods  Presence–absence data of native terrestrial vertebrates in Peninsular Spain were modelled using generalized additive models to disentangle the influence of climate and other contemporary correlated factors (topography and plant cover). We performed partial regressions to partition the deviance explained by climatic and non‐climatic effects into independent and shared components. We compared the independent contributions of climatic and non‐climatic effects between ectothermic and endothermic vertebrates, and among mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians.Results  After reducing the covariation with non‐climatic factors, climate explained a greater proportion of deviance in ectotherms than in endotherms. Also, the contribution of temperature was highest for reptiles, and the contribution of precipitation was highest for amphibians, after extracting their overlaps with precipitation and temperature, respectively. The contribution of topography and plant cover remained high for birds after extracting the overlap with climate.Main conclusions  Our results are consistent with the prediction that, at fine resolutions, the direct influence of climate (via physiological constraints) on range distributions is stronger in ectothermic vertebrates. Also, at least for birds, indirect effects of climate (via plant productivity) and other habitat characteristics remained relatively important once their covariation with climate was reduced. This study shows that controlling the direct effects of climate by their indirect effects and/or other correlated factors, combined with comparisons among functional groups, can be a useful approach to elucidate causal links with the spatial patterns of organisms.