bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanometer to micron scale mechanics of [100] silicon nanowires using atomistic simulations at accelerated time steps
Authors: Kim Hansung , Tomar Vikas 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAtomistic simulations have a unique capability to reveal the material deformation mechanisms and the corresponding deformation‐based constitutive behavior. However, atomistic simulations are limited by the accessible length and time scales. In the present work an equivalent crystal lattice method is used to perform mechanical deformation atomistic simulations of nanometer to micrometer sized silicon (Si) nanowires at accelerated time steps. The equivalent crystal lattice method's validity is verified by comparing the method's results with the results of classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at MD strain rates. The simulations predict that when the nanowire cross‐sectional size exceeds 50 nm, the dependence of the nanowire Young's moduli values on the changes in nanowire cross‐sectional size is considerably reduced. Analyses show a transition in nanowire failure mechanism from being ductile to being brittle with increase in the nanowire cross‐sectional size. Examinations of the surface effect reveal that below a critical surface to volume ratio value of 0.05 nm−1, the peak nanowire strength is independent of further reduction in the surface to volume ratio value. This finding places a size limit on the surface effect observed in Si nanowires.
Implantation of single crystalline iron garnet thin films with He+, B+, and Si+ ions
Authors: Ostafiychuk B. K. , Fedoriv V. D. , Yaremiy I. P. , Garpul O. Z. , Kurovets V. V. , Yaremiy I. C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe mechanisms of defect formation in single crystalline epitaxial iron garnet thin films implanted with intermediate energy He+, B+, and Si+ ions have been investigated. X‐ray diffraction and modeling of the implantation process are used to show the effectiveness of defect formation from the electronic energy losses of ion implants decelerating in the target. High temperature diffractometry demonstrates the existence of two centers of disorder in the crystal lattices of ion‐implanted thin films: one due to the defect formation from the electronic energy losses and the other – from the nuclear energy losses of the implant ions.
Theoretical study of the band gap of SrS in GW approximation
Authors: Zhu Xiao‐Ling , Zhang Hong , Chen Gang , Cheng Xin‐Lu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractUsing the first‐principles pseudopotential method within a local density approximation of the density functional theory (DFT), the structural, electronic properties of SrS in the NaCl(B1) and CsCl(B2) structures have been studied. The calculated lattice parameters, bulk modulus and elastic constants are in excellent agreement with the experiment value and other theoretical value, whereas the minimum gap error is as high as 50.46% in the B1 structure. To get the reliable band gap values of the B1 structure, we employ the GW (G is Green's function and W is the screened Coulomb interaction) approximation method. The result in GW approximation improves the band gap value of the B1 structure greatly and agrees with the value of experimental measurement. And we also predict the band gap value of the B2 structure reliably by GW approximation.
Thermal wave propagation in thin films on substrate: the time‐harmonic thermal transfer function
Authors: Straube Hilmar , Breitenstein Otwin , Wagner Jan‐Martin 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe present an analytical description of thermal wave propagation for cylindrical symmetry based on a transfer function concept which is analogous to optics. This concept leads to a general criterion for the spatial resolution and to computational benefits. It is applied to a medium consisting of a thermally thin layer of highly heat conductive material on a finite substrate. The result is then specialized to the two cases of highly heat conductive layer on quasi‐infinite substrate and finite substrate with no additional layer. This completes the theory of heat propagation between the thermally thick and thermally thin cases. We encounter the mathematical necessity to revise the definition of the latter terms, taking into account the lateral modulation of the thermal signal. The derived expressions are verified experimentally using infrared lock‐in thermography.
Large hidden orbital moments in magnetite
Authors: Goering Eberhard 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe orbital magnetic moments in magnetite have recently been discussed with strong controversy. Here, the presence of orbital moments has been revealed by the independent analysis of the Fe L2,3 edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) spectra, a moment analysis fit of the Fe L2,3 edge X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), and by the comparison with O K edge XMCD. These orbital moments are located at the A and B sites of magnetite and aligned antiparallel with each other, similar to the spin moments. They also cancel each other and are not observable by methods averaging over the whole unit cell. These findings have strong implications for the understanding of the A and B site valence states, because the existence of orbital moments is also an indicator for the half‐metallic character of magnetite.
Trivalent Er and Sm ions in fluorochlorozirconate glasses: optical properties and X‐ray luminescence
Authors: Koughia Cyril , Belev George , Soundararajan Gokulakrishnan , Okada Go , Tonchev Dancho , Edgar Andy , Varoy Christopher R. , von Seggern Heinz , Kasap Safa 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe optical properties and X‐ray luminescence of fluorochlorozirconate glasses and glass‐ceramics with composition 53% ZrF4, 20% NaF, 3% AlF3, 3% LaF3, 1% SmF3, (20‐ x)% BaF2 and x% BaCl2 with x varying from 0% to 19% and doped by the addition of ErCl3 or SmF3 have been investigated. The glasses show absorption and emission bands typical for trivalent Er3+ and Sm3+ ions. The samples doped with Sm showed X‐ray stimulated luminescence while those doped with Er gave no response. The annealing of samples at temperatures 250‐290 °C increases the X‐ray stimulated luminescence while there were no changes in optical absorption and photoluminescence. The observed effects are explained in terms of changes in the host glass and the enhancement of excitation transfer from the glass to embedded Sm3+ ions (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoinduced mass transfer in amorphous As2S3 films
Authors: Teteris Janis , Gertners Ugis , Reinfelde Mara 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe surface relief grating formation in amorphous As2S3 films strongly depends on the polarization state of recording beams. The surface relief grating formation efficiency of s‐s and p‐p recording beam combination can be essentially enhanced by additional illumination with orthogonal polarization. It is shown that the direction of mass transport on the film surface is determined by the direction of light electric vector (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spectroscopy and structural properties of amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon carbide thin films
Authors: Halindintwali Sylvain , Knoesen D. , Julies B. A. , Arendse C. J. , Muller T. , Gengler Régis Y. N. , Rudolf P. , van Loosdrecht P. H. M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAmorphous SiC:H thin films were grown by hot wire chemical vapour deposition from a SiH4/CH4/H2 mixture at a substrate temperature below 400 °C. Thermal annealing in an argon environment up to 900 °C shows that the films crystallize as μc‐Si:H and SiC with a porous microstructure that favours an oxidation process. By a combination of spectroscopic tools comprising Fourier transform infrared, Raman scattering and X‐rays photoelectron spectroscopy we show that the films evolve from the amorphous SiHx/SiCH2 structure to nanocrystalline Si and SiC upon annealing at a temperature of 900 °C. A strong RT photoluminescence peak of similar shape has been observed at around 420 nm in both as‐deposited and annealed samples. Time‐resolved luminescence measurements reveal that this peak is fast decaying with lifetimes ranging from 0.5 to ∼1.1 ns. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of multilayer silicon nitride structures with silicon quantum dots
Authors: Lipiński Marek , Jaglarz Janusz , Chrzanowska Agnieszka , Hejduk Krzysztof 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn our study we report the investigation of nanostructures embedded in silicon nitride films deposited by RF plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The multilayer structure consisting of fifty near‐stoichiometric silicon nitride layers followed by silicon–rich silicon nitride layers has been deposited and heated in 1100 °C in order to realize the quantum dot superlattice. The properties of the quantum dots are investigated using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and spectroscopic ellipsometry. It has been observed that after annealing the photoluminescence that was previously observed in the sample is strongly suppressed. At the same time a new absorption peak in the dispersion of the extinction coefficient occurred almost at the same value of the wavelength. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Developmental exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE‐209): Effects on sperm oxidative stress and chromatin dna damage in mouse offspring
Authors: Tseng Li‐Ho , Hsu Ping‐Chi , Lee Chia‐Wei , Tsai Shinn‐Shyong , Pan Min‐Hsiung , Li Mei‐Hui 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as brominated flame retardants and have been found in human milk in recent years. This study investigates whether prenatal exposure to decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE‐209) induces sperm dysfunction in male offspring. Pregnant CD‐1 mice were gavaged once daily with corn oil (control), 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg−1 body weight of BDE‐209 from day 0 of gestation to day 17. The outcomes of male reproductive parameters were assessed on postnatal day 71. Anogenital distance, sperm‐head abnormalities, and testicular histopathology were significantly affected in male offspring prenatally exposed to 1500 mg kg−1. Significant increases in the tendency for sperm DNA denaturation (αT) induction and the DNA fragmentation index (DFI) were found in those exposed to 10, 500, and 1500 mg kg−1 (P < 0.05). We observed a significant increase of sperm hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation in the 10 and 1500 mg/kg/day groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Although our findings suggested that the mechanisms underlying BDE‐209‐induced sperm DNA damage and H2O2 generation might not be represented as a dose‐response relationship, we found that the greater the excess production of sperm H2O2, the greater the sperm αT (r = 0.65, P = 0.0155) and DFI (r = 0.53, P = 0.002). In conclusion, developmental exposure to BDE‐209 induced sperm‐head abnormality, oxidative stress, chromatin DNA damage, and testicular histopathological changes. These findings suggest that BDE‐209‐induced male reproductive effects might involve the formation of sperm H2O2 which attacks nucleic acids via H2O2 generation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
Oxidation of Corn Oils with Spiked Tocols
Authors: Dolde David , Wang Tong 
Published: May 2011

AbstractStripped corn oils with added tocopherols and tocotrienols, at concentrations between 100 and 5,000 ppm, were used to evaluate antioxidant activity of these tocol compounds. The formation of lipid hydroperoxides, measured as peroxide value (PV), was accelerated at 60 °C in the dark for 5 days. Resistance to oxidation as induction period (IP) was also measured using an oxidative stability instrument (OSI) at 100 °C. For PV inhibition, the oils containing α‐tocols exhibited decreasing effectiveness with increasing concentration. At day five, samples with 100 ppm α‐tocols had the lowest PVs of about 40 mequiv/kg and samples containing 5,000 ppm had the highest values, ranging from 150 to 200 mequiv/kg. At concentrations above 700 ppm of α‐tocols, there was an inversion of antioxidative properties as α‐tocols promoted lipid oxidation. The opposite concentration effect was observed with δ‐tocols and γ‐tocotrienol (T3) for which antioxidant effectiveness increased with concentration. OSI‐IP hour at 100 °C increased with increasing tocol concentrations for all tocol homologs, although with diminishing effectiveness at greater than 700 ppm. The α‐tocols were less effective in extending the IP (~9 h at 5,000 ppm) than the δ‐tocols and γ‐T3 (13–14 h at 5,000 ppm). Therefore, the antioxidant or prooxidant activities of different tocols are different and the outcomes are different depending on the evaluation methods used.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the spleen: an introduction and pictorial essay
Authors: Sutherland Tom , Temple Faye , Galvin Angela , Hennessy Oliver 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A wide variety of pathologies can produce focal lesions within the spleen. These are being more frequently encountered as imaging technology improves. It is vital that radiologists are aware of these pathologies to enable accurate diagnosis. The role of ultrasound contrast in splenic disease will be discussed and illustrated with cases likely to be encountered by general and abdominal radiologists.
Purchasing IPOs with Commissions
Authors: Goldstein Michael A. , Irvine Paul , Puckett Andy 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe find direct evidence that institutions increase round-trip stock trades, increase average commissions per share, and pay unusually high commissions on some trades in order to send abnormally high commissions to the lead underwriters of profitable initial public offerings (IPOs). These excess commission payments are a particularly effective way for transient investors to receive lucrative IPO allocations. Our results suggest that the underwriter’s concern for their long-term client relationships limits the payment-for-IPO practice. We estimate that abnormal commission payments are large for the most profitable issues, and that an additional $1 excess commission payment to the lead underwriter results in $2.21 in investor profits from allocated shares.
Comparison of self-fields effects in two-stream electromagnetically pumped FEL with ion-channel guiding and axial magnetic field
Authors: SAVIZ S. , MEHDIAN H. , AGHAMIR FARZIN M. , GHORANNEVIS M. , ASHKARRAN A. A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA theory of two-stream free-electron laser in a combined electromagnetic wiggler and an ion-channel guiding is developed. In the analysis, the electron trajectories and the small signal gain are derived by considering the effects of self-fields. Numerical calculations show that there are seven group's trajectories rather than nine groups reported in Mehdian and Saviz (2010 Chin. Phys. B 19(1), 014214). The comparison of the normalized gains and their corresponding normalized frequencies by employing the axial magnetic field and ion-channel guiding, with and without self-fields, in FEL has been studied numerically. The results show that the normalized maximum gain in FEL with axial magnetic is larger than that for using ion-channel guiding except in small region, but the results for their corresponding normalized frequencies are opposite.
The ‘routes’ and ‘roots’ ofdanzón: a critique of the history of a genre
Authors: Malcomson Hettie 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this article, I examine the history of a genre that spans several continents and several centuries. I bring together material from Mexico, Cuba, France and the UK to create anew, expand upon and critique the ‘standard’ histories of danzón narrated by Mexico's danzón experts (and others). In these ‘standard’ histories, origins and nationality are key to the constitution of genres which are racialised and moralised for political ends. Danzón, its antecedents and successors are treated as generic equivalents despite being quite different. From the danzón on, these genres are positioned as being the products of individual, male originators (and their nations). ‘Africa’ is treated as a conceptual nation, and ‘Africanness’ as something extra which racialises hegemonic European music-dance forms. Political leanings and strategies determine whether these music-dance forms are interpreted, adopted or co-opted as being ‘black’ or ‘white’.
The External Ion Microbeam of the LABEC Laboratory in Florence: Some Applications to Cultural Heritage
Authors: Calusi Silvia 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIon beam analysis (IBA) techniques are a powerful analytical tool used to investigate the composition and structure of precious materials principally because they can be applied in atmosphere. Thus, the sample can be analyzed as is, and heating and charging effects are strongly diminished. Since IBA measurements can be made with low ion currents and acquisition time, the damage risk is limited. At the microbeam line of the LABEC laboratory, it is possible to exploit the potentials of IBA techniques in an external set up to reconstruct the distribution maps of all the detected elements over the analyzed area with spatial resolutions as low as 10 μm. This is an important feature when objects with inhomogeneous structures—on a scale of hundred microns or so—are investigated, as happens in some cases with artworks. The detection set up installed on our external microbeam allows us to use different IBA techniques simultaneously. Thus, in a single measurement run, it is possible to obtain complementary information on both sample composition and structure. Some applications to works of art are presented here as examples of the analytical capabilities of the external scanning microbeam in the cultural heritage field.
The role of wildlife in transboundary animal diseases
Authors: Siembieda J. L. , Kock R. A. , McCracken T. A. , Newman S. H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper identifies some of the more important diseases at the wildlife–livestock interface and the role wildlife plays in disease transmission. Domestic livestock, wildlife and humans share many similar pathogens. Pathogens of wild or domestic animal origin that can cause infections in humans are known as zoonotic organisms and the converse are termed as anthroponotic organisms. Seventy-seven percent of livestock pathogens and 91% of domestic carnivore pathogens are known to infect multiple hosts, including wildlife. Understanding this group of pathogens is critical to public health safety, because they infect a wide range of hosts and are most likely to emerge as novel causes of infection in humans and domestic animals. Diseases at the wildlife–livestock interface, particularly those that are zoonotic, must be an area of focus for public health programs and surveillance for emerging infectious diseases. Additionally, understanding wildlife and their role is a vital part of understanding the epidemiology and ecology of diseases. To do this, a multi-faceted approach combining capacity building and training, wildlife disease surveillance, wildlife–livestock interface and disease ecology studies, data and information sharing and outbreak investigation are needed.
Introduction
Authors: Brackmann D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe effect on tinnitus in 110 patients undergoing translabyrinthine vestibular nerve section is presented. The effect on tinnitus of vestibular and cochlear nerve section (VCNS) together and vestibular nerve section (VNS) alone was studied. The number of patients improved with VCNS (61 per cent) was slightly better than with VNS alone (49 per cent). VNS alone worsened tinnitus more often than VCNS. Age, side involved, sex, etiology of vertigo, severity of tinnitus, interference with sleep and activities, slope of the pre-operative audiogram, and magnitude of the hearing loss had no value in predicting the change in tinnitus following either VNS or VCNS.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) pharmacogenetics, activity and expression analysis in cancer patients and healthy volunteers
Authors: Zaremba Tomasz , Thomas Huw D. , Cole Michael , Coulthard Sally A. , Plummer Elizabeth R. , Curtin Nicola J. 
Published: May 2011

There is a wide inter-individual variation in PARP-1 {PAR [poly(ADP-ribose)] polymerase 1} activity, which may have implications for health. We investigated if the variation: (i) is due to polymorphisms in the PARP-1 gene or PARP-1 protein expression; and (ii) affects patients' response to anticancer treatment. We studied 56 HV (healthy volunteers) and 118 CP (cancer patients) with supporting in vivo experiments. PARP activity ranged between 10 and 2600 pmol of PAR/106 cells and expression between 0.02–1.55 ng of PARP-1/μg of protein. PARP-1 expression correlated with activity in HV (R2=0.19, P=0.003) and CP (R2=0.06, P=0.01). A short CA repeat in the promoter was significantly associated with increased cancer risk [OR (odds ratio), 5.22; 95% CI (confidence interval), 1.79–15.24]. PARP activity was higher in men than women (P=0.04) in the HV. Male mice also had higher PARP activity than females or castrated males. Oestrogen supplementation activated PARP in PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) from female mice (P=0.003), but inhibited PARP-1 in their livers by 80%. PARP activity and expression were not dependent on the investigated polymorphisms, but there was a modest correlation of PARP activity with expression. Studies in the HV revealed sex differences in PARP activity, which was confirmed in mice and shown to be associated with sex hormones. Toxic response to treatment was not associated with PARP activity and/or expression.