bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure determination without Fourier inversion. Part IV: Using quasi-normalized data
Authors: Kirfel Armin , Fischer Karl F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
For a centric crystal structure represented by m equal point scatterers at rest, absolute scaling of a small number n of reflection data reduced to relative geometrical structure amplitudes g′(
h
) = K · |∑ cos (2πi

hr

j
)|, j = 1, …, m; K = scaling factor) is obtained by dividing each amplitude through the r.m.s. average of the amplitudes to be considered. For the same batch of reflections, the resulting values e(
h
, n) are proportional to the well known normalized structure amplitudes |E(
h
)| in Direct Methods. Choosing a set of n harmonic reflections of a central reciprocal lattice row, the e(
h
, n) serve to determine the m independent coordinates of the point scatterers projected onto the corresponding direct space direction, e.g. h00-reflections for coordinates xj
, hh0-reflections for (x + y)j (j = 1, …, m), etc.
This is achieved by applying the concept of an m-dimensional parameter space P

m
with asymmetric part A

m
containing (m – 1)-dimensional iso-surfaces E(
h
, n; e) determined by the values e(
h
, n), which define boundaries between forbidden and permitted solution regions (the latter containing test structure vectors
Xt
) based on observed inequalities, e.g. e(
h
, n) < e(
k
, n). Due to the spatial resolution potential of the concept even less than m data suffice to yield in A

m
tractable amounts of such test structure vectors ready for conventional least-squares refinement based on n > m data in order to obtain the “best” solution of the considered one-dimensional structure projection. The refined coordinates of various different projections can then be combined for reconstructing the three-dimensional structure. Properties of the e(
h
, n) and their iso-surfaces E(
h
, n; e) are discussed and determinations of two very small structures (centric and acentric) as well as of a centric 15-atom structure are presented as examples for the applicability of the method.
Structure and properties of Eu2Pt3Sn5
Authors: Harmening Thomas , Hermes Wilfried , Eul Matthias , Schappacher Falko M. , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The new stannide Eu2Pt3Sn5 was synthesized by induction melting of the elements in a sealed tantalum tube in a water-cooled silica sample chamber. The structure was refined on the basis of single crystal X-ray diffractometer data: Y2Rh3Sn5 type, Cmc21, a = 453.30(9), b = 2662.9(8), c = 731.8(2) pm, wR2 = 0.0472, 1493 F
2 values and 62 variables). The platinum and tin atoms build up a complex three-dimensional [Pt3Sn5] network with a broad range of Pt—Sn (264–293 pm) and Sn—Sn (308–373 pm) distances. The two crystallographically independent europium sites occupy large voids of coordination numbers 20 (Eu1) and 18 (Eu2) within the [Pt3Sn5] network. Eu2Pt3Sn5 shows Curie-Weiss behaviour in the temperature range 50–305 K with an experimental magnetic moment of 7.82(1) μ

B
per Eu atom indicating purely divalent europium. C

p
measurements show a broad anomaly with two maxima at 4.9(2) and 6.1(2) K. 151Eu Mössbauer spectra revealed both crystallographically independent europium sites to be divalent. At 4.2 K two rather different sizes of magnetic hyperfine field splittings are observed due to separate ordering of the two sites. The 119Sn Mössbauer spectrum shows complex superposition of the five signals in the paramagnetic range.
Contamination and screening level toxicity of sediments from remediated and unremediated wetlands near Sydney, Australia
Authors: Ying Guang-Guo , Rawson Christopher A. , Kookana Rai S. , Peng Ping-An , Warne Michael S.J. , Tremblay Louis A. , Laginestra Edwina , Chapman John C. , Lim Richard P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe present study assessed contamination and toxicity of sediments from seven remediated and remnant wetland sites within Sydney Olympic Park, Australia, and four unremediated sites adjacent to its boundary using chemical analysis and a luminescent bacterial biosensor assay (Escherichia coli). Concentrations of metals (Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, and As) and persistent organic chemicals (DDT and its metabolites, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; polychlorinated biphenyls; and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans) in sediments and their pore-water samples were determined. Zinc concentrations were the highest of the metals in the sediments (84–618 mg/kg), and at eight sites, metal concentrations in sediments exceeded the Australian ecological trigger values for Pb, Zn, and Ni. Concentrations of organic contaminants in the sediments exceeded the trigger values at all 11 sites for DDTs, at 6 sites for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and 5 sites for polychlorinated biphenyls. Sediment samples from the four unremediated sites outside the Sydney Olympic Park had dioxin concentrations greater than 200 pg (toxic equivalency per gram). The same four sites were identified as contaminated in pore-water toxicity tests with the luminescent biosensor, generally consistent with the bioavailable fractions of the contaminants (pore-water and Tenax® extraction data), as well as dioxin levels, in the sediments. Preliminary toxicity identification and evaluation tests of the pore water from the four sites outside the park demonstrated that organic contaminants were the main cause of toxicity to E. coli, with no evidence that metals contributed to the toxicity of the pore water.
Vasohibin-1, a Negative Feedback Regulator of Angiogenesis, Ameliorates Renal Alterations in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Nasu Tatsuyo , Maeshima Yohei , Kinomura Masaru , Hirokoshi-Kawahara Kumiko , Tanabe Katsuyuki , Sugiyama Hitoshi , Sonoda Hikaru , Sato Yasufumi , Makino Hirofumi 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE
The involvement of proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor as well as the therapeutic efficacy of angiogenesis inhibitors in early diabetic nephropathy has been reported. Vasohibin-1 (VASH-1) is a unique endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor that is induced in endothelial cells by proangiogenic factors. We investigated the therapeutic efficacy of VASH-1 in an early diabetic nephropathy model.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Streptozotocin- induced type 1 diabetic mice received intravenous injections of adenoviral vectors encoding VASH-1 (AdhVASH-1) or β-gal (AdLacZ) every other week and were killed after 28 days.

RESULTS
Treatment with AdhVASH-1 resulted in sustained increase in the protein levels of VASH-1 in the liver and sera, in the absence of any inflammatory alterations. AdhVASH-1 treatment significantly suppressed renal hypertrophy, glomerular hypertrophy, glomerular hyperfiltration, albuminuria, increase of the CD31+ glomerular endothelial area, F4/80+ monocyte/macrophage infiltration, the accumulation of type IV collagen, and mesangial matrix compared with AdLacZ-treated diabetic mice. Increase in the renal levels of transforming growth factor-β1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and receptor for advanced glycation end products in diabetic animals was significantly suppressed by AdhVASH-1 (real-time PCR and immunoblot). VASH-1 significantly suppressed the increase of transforming growth factor-β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and receptor for advanced glycation end products, induced by high ambient glucose in cultured mouse mesangial cells. Increased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 was suppressed in AdVASH-1–treated diabetic animals and in cultured glomerular endothelial cells. Endogenous mouse VASH-1 was localized to the mesangial and endothelial area in glomeruli of diabetic mice.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest the potential therapeutic efficacy of VASH-1 in treating early diabetic nephropathy potentially mediated via glomerular endothelial and mesangial cells.
Renal Effects of Aliskiren Compared With and in Combination With Irbesartan in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes, Hypertension, and Albuminuria
Authors: Persson Frederik , Rossing Peter , Reinhard Henrik , Juhl Tina , Stehouwer Coen D.A. , Schalkwijk Casper , Danser A.H. Jan , Boomsma Frans , Frandsen Erik , Parving Hans-Henrik 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE
We investigated whether the antiproteinuric effect of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren is comparable to that of irbesartan and the effect of the combination.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a double-blind, randomized, crossover trial. After a 1-month washout period, 26 patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and albuminuria (&gt;100 mg/day) were randomly assigned to four 2-month treatment periods in random order with placebo, 300 mg aliskiren once daily, 300 mg irbesartan once daily, or the combination using identical doses. Patients received furosemide in a stable dose throughout the study. The primary end point was a change in albuminuria. Secondary measures included change in 24-h blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

RESULTS
Placebo geometric mean albuminuria was 258 mg/day (range 84–2,361), mean ± SD 24-h blood pressure was 140/73 ± 15/8 mmHg, and GFR was 89 ± 27 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Aliskiren treatment reduced albuminuria by 48% (95% CI 27–62) compared with placebo (P &lt; 0.001), not significantly different from the 58% (42–79) reduction with irbesartan treatment (P &lt; 0.001 vs. placebo). Combination treatment reduced albuminuria by 71% (59–79), more than either monotherapy (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.028). Fractional clearances of albumin were significantly reduced (46, 56, and 67% reduction vs. placebo). Twenty-four-hour blood pressure was reduced 3/4 mmHg by aliskiren (NS/P = 0.009), 12/5 mmHg by irbesartan (P &lt; 0.001/P = 0.002), and 10/6 mmHg by the combination (P = 0.001/P &lt; 0.001). GFR was significantly reduced 4.6 (95% CI 0.3–8.8) ml/min per 1.73 m2 by aliskiren, 8.0 (3.6–12.3) ml/min per 1.73 m2 by irbesartan, and 11.7 (7.4–15.9) ml/min per 1.73 m2 by the combination.

CONCLUSIONS
The combination of aliskiren and irbesartan is more antiproteinuric in type 2 diabetic patients with albuminuria than monotherapy.
Cystatin C, Albuminuria, and Mortality Among Older Adults With Diabetes
Authors: de Boer Ian H. , Katz Ronit , Cao Jie J. , Fried Linda F. , Kestenbaum Bryan , Mukamal Ken , Rifkin Dena E. , Sarnak Mark J. , Shlipak Michael G. , Siscovick David S. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE
Albuminuria and impaired glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are each associated with poor health outcomes among individuals with diabetes. Joint associations of albuminuria and impaired GFR with mortality have not been comprehensively evaluated in this population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This is a cohort study among Cardiovascular Health Study participants with diabetes, mean age 78 years. GFR was estimated using serum cystatin C and serum creatinine. Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) was measured in single-voided urine samples.

RESULTS
Of 691 participants, 378 died over 10 years of follow-up. Cystatin C–estimated GFR &lt;60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, creatinine-based estimated GFR &lt;60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, and urine ACR ≥30 mg/g were each associated with increased mortality risk with hazard ratios of 1.73 (95% CI 1.37–2.18), 1.54 (1.21–1.97), and 1.73 (1.39–2.17), respectively, adjusting for age, sex, race, diabetes duration, hypoglycemic medications, hypertension, BMI, smoking, cholesterol, lipid-lowering medications, prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD), and prevalent heart failure. Cystatin C–estimated GFR and urine ACR were additive in terms of mortality risk. Cystatin C–estimated GFR predicted mortality more strongly than creatinine-based estimated GFR.

CONCLUSIONS
Albuminuria and impaired GFR were independent, additive risk factors for mortality among older adults with diabetes. These findings support current recommendations to regularly assess both albuminuria and GFR in the clinical care of patients with diabetes; a focus on interventions to prevent or treat CVD in the presence of albuminuria, impaired GFR, or both; and further consideration of cystatin C use in clinical care.
Wound Chronicity, Inpatient Care, and Chronic Kidney Disease Predispose to MRSA Infection in Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Authors: Yates Christopher , May Kerry , Hale Thomas , Allard Bernard , Rowlings Naomi , Freeman Amy , Harrison Jessica , McCann Jane , Wraight Paul 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine the microbiological profile of diabetes-related foot infections (DRFIs) and the impact of wound duration, inpatient treatment, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Postdebridement microbiological samples were collected from individuals presenting with DRFIs from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2007.

RESULTS
A total of 653 specimens were collected from 379 individuals with 36% identifying only one isolate. Of the total isolates, 77% were gram-positive bacteria (staphylococci 43%, streptococci 13%). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was isolated from 23%; risk factors for MRSA included prolonged wound duration (odds ratio 2.31), inpatient management (2.19), and CKD (OR 1.49). Gram-negative infections were more prevalent with inpatient management (P = 0.002) and prolonged wound duration (P &lt; 0.001). Pseudomonal isolates were more common in chronic wounds (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
DRFIs are predominantly due to gram-positive aerobes but are usually polymicrobial and increase in complexity with inpatient care and ulcer duration. In the presence of prolonged duration, inpatient management, or CKD, empiric MRSA antibiotic cover should be considered.
Large-Fiber Dysfunction in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy Is Predicted by Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Elliott Jackie , Tesfaye Solomon , Chaturvedi Nish , Gandhi Rajiv A. , Stevens Lynda K. , Emery Celia , Fuller John H. ,   on behalf of the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE
Diabetic large–nerve fiber dysfunction, as measured by vibration perception threshold (VPT), predicts foot ulceration, amputation, and mortality. Thus, determination of modifiable risk factors is of great clinical importance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We assessed 1,407 patients with type 1 diabetes and a normal VPT participating in the EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study, at baseline mean ± SD age of 32.7 ± 10.2 years with diabetes duration of 14.7 ± 9.3 years and follow-up of 7.3 ± 0.6 years. VPT was measured using biothesiometry on the right big toe and medial malleolus. An abnormal result was defined as &gt;2 SD from the predicted mean for the patient s age.

RESULTS
An abnormal VPT was associated with an increased incidence of gangrene, amputation, foot ulceration, leg bypass or angioplasty, and mortality (P ≤ 0.02). The incidence of abnormal VPT was 24% over the 7.3-year follow-up. Duration of diabetes and A1C significantly influenced the incidence of abnormal VPT (P &lt; 0.0001). After correction for these, established risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including male sex (P = 0.0004), hypertension (P &lt; 0.0001), total cholesterol (P = 0.002), LDL cholesterol (P = 0.01), smoking (P &lt; 0.0001), weight (P &lt; 0.0001), and diabetes complications (retinopathy [P = 0.0001], nephropathy [P = 0.01], and autonomic neuropathy [P = 0.001]), were all found to be significant risk factors. A previous history of CVD doubled the incidence of abnormal VPT.

CONCLUSIONS
This prospective study indicates that cardiovascular risk factors predict development of large-fiber dysfunction, which may account for the high mortality rate in patients with an abnormal VPT, and emphasizes the importance of early determination of VPT to detect subclinical neuropathy and to address cardiovascular risk factors.
A microsatellite study to disentangle the ambiguity of linguistic, geographic, ethnic and genetic influences on tribes of India to get a better clarity of the antiquity and peopling of South Asia
Authors: Krithika S. , Maji Suvendu , Vasulu T.S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn understanding of the genetic affinity and the past history of the tribal populations of India requires the untangling of the confounding influences of language, ethnicity, and geography on the extant diverse tribes. The present study examines the genetic relationship of linguistically (Dravidian, Austro‐Asiatic, and Tibeto‐Burman) and ethnically (Australian and East Asian) diverse tribal populations (46) inhabiting different regions of the Indian subcontinent. For the purpose, we have utilized the published data on allele frequency of 15 autosomal STR loci of our study on six Adi sub‐tribes of Arunachal Pradesh and compared the same with the reported allele frequency data, for nine common autosomal STR loci, of 40 other tribes. Phylogenetic and principal component analyses exhibit geography based clustering of Tibeto‐Burman speakers and separation of the Mundari and Mon‐Khmer speaking Austro‐Asiatic populations. The combined analyses of all 46 populations show clustering of the groups belonging to same ethnicity and inhabiting contiguous geographic regions, irrespective of their different languages. These results help us to reconstruct and understand three plausible scenarios of the antiquity of Indian tribal populations: the Dravidian and Austro‐Asiatic (Mundari) tribes were possibly derived from common early settlers; the Tibeto‐Burman tribes possibly belonged to a different ancestry and the Mon‐Khmer speaking Austro‐Asiatic populations share a common ancestry with some of the Tibeto‐Burman speakers. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylate amic acid) and its application as negative‐tone photosensitive polyimides
Authors: Ho Chang‐Hong , Chang Sheng , Lee Yu‐Der 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe dianhydride monomer 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride and two diamine monomers, 4,4′‐diamino‐3,3′‐biphenyldiol (HAB) and 2,4‐diaminophenol dihydrochloride (DAP), were used to synthesize a series of poly(hydroxyl amic acid). Further functionalization by grafting acrylate groups yields the corresponding poly(acrylate amic acid) that underwent a crosslinking reaction on exposure to UV‐light and was used as a negative‐tone photosensitive polyimide (PSPI). The analysis of chemical composition and molecular weight of these poly(amic acid)s determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography revealed that the molecular weight of the poly(hydroxyl amic acid) increased with the molar content of HAB in the feedstock, because HAB exhibited higher polymerization reactivity than DAP. Moreover, the degree of grafting acrylate groups onto poly(hydroxyl amic acid) was determined by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The photoresist was formulated by adding 2‐benzyl‐2‐N,N‐dimethylamino‐1‐(4‐morpholinophenyl) butanone (IRG369) and isopropylthioxanthone as a photoinitiator, tetra(ethylene glycol) diacrylate as a crosslinker, and tribromomethyl phenyl sulfone as a photosensitizer. The PSPI precursor exhibited a photosensitivity of 200 mJ/cm2 and a contrast of 1.78. A pattern with a resolution of 10 μm was observed in an optical micrograph after thermal imidization at 300°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Lanthanide(II) amide complexes: Efficient initiators for the living polymerization of methyl methacrylate
Authors: Zhou Liying , Yao Yingming , Shen Qi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLanthanide(II) complexes supported by amido ligands, [(C6H5)(Me3Si)N]2Ln(DME)2 [Ln = Sm (1) or Yb (2); DME = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane] and [(C6H3iPr2‐2,6)(Me3Si)N]2Ln(THF)2 [Ln = Sm (3) or Yb (4); THF = tetrahydrofuran], were found to initiate the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) as efficient single‐component initiators (in toluene for 3 and 4 and in toluene with a small amount of THF for 1 and 2) to produce syndiotactic polymers. The catalytic behavior was highly dependent on both the amido ligand and the polymerization temperature. Initiators 3 and 4 initiated MMA polymerization over a wide range of temperatures (20°C to −40°C), whereas the polymerization with 1 and 2 proceeded smoothly only at low temperatures (≤0°C). The kinetic behavior and some features of the polymerizations of MMA initiated by 3 and 4 were studied at −40°C. The polymerization rate was first‐order with the monomer concentration. The molar masses of the polymers increased linearly with the increase in the polymer yields, whereas the molar mass distributions remained narrow and unchanged throughout the polymerization; this indicated that these systems had living character. A polymerization mechanism initiated by bimetallic bisenolate formed in situ was proposed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Curing kinetics of medium reactive unsaturated polyester resin used for liquid composite molding process
Authors: Raja Pandiyan K. Raghu , Chakraborty Saikat , Kundu Gautam , Neogi Swati 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe cure kinetics of medium reactivity unsaturated polyester resin formulated for Liquid Composite Molding process simulation was studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) under isothermal conditions over a specific range of temperature. For isothermal curing reactions performed at 100, 110, and 120°C, several influencing factors were evaluated using the heat evolution behavior of curing process. We propose two‐ and three‐parameter kinetic models to describe the cure kinetics of thermoset resins. Comparisons of the model solutions with our experimental data showed that the three‐parameter model was the lowest parameter model capable of capturing both the degree of cure and the curing rate qualitatively and quantitatively. The model parameters were evaluated by a non‐linear multiple regression method and the temperature dependence of the kinetic rate constants thus obtained has been determined by fitting to the Arrhenius equation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Polymer chain extension in semibatch emulsion polymerization with RAFT‐based transfer agent: The influence of reaction conditions on polymerization rate and product properties
Authors: Altarawneh Ibrahem S. , Gomes Vincent G. , Srour Mourtada H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA mathematical model was developed for batch and semiemulsion polymerizations of styrene in the presence of a xanthate‐based RAFT agent. Zero–one kinetics was employed along with population balance equations to predict monomer conversion, molecular weight (MWD), and particle size (PSD) distributions in the presence of xanthate‐based RAFT agents. The effects of the transfer agent (AR), surfactant, initiator, and temperature were investigated. Monomer conversion, MWD, and PSD were found to be strongly affected by monomer feed rate. The polymerization rate (Rp), number average molecular weight (Mn) and particle size (r) decreased with increasing AR. With increases in surfactant and initiator concentrations Rp increased, whereas with increase in temperature Mn decreased, Rp increased and r increased. In semibatch mode, Mn and r increased with increase in monomer flow rate. By feeding the RAFT agent along with the monomer (FM/FAR = NMo/NARo = 100), Mn attained a constant value proportional to monomer/RAFT molar ratio. The observed retardation in polymerization and growth rates is due to the exit and re‐entry of small radicals. Thus, chain extension was successfully achieved in semibatch mode. The simulations compared well with our experimental data, and the model was able to accurately predict monomer conversion, Mn, MWD, and PSD of polymer products. Our simulations and experimental results show that monomer feed rate is suitable for controlling the PSD, and the initial concentration and the feed rate of AR for controlling the MWD and PSD. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009