bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Venetian Milch-Cow
Authors: LAVEN DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
One of the chief criticisms of Austrian rule voiced by Risorgimento propagandists and echoed by subsequent historians is that it was fiscally exploitative of Venetia. This chapter questions the extent to which the Austrians set out to impose heavy tax burdens on the region. While not investigating all aspects of fiscal policy in detail, it provides a brief survey of the attitudes of the Habsburg bureaucracy in Venetia, and a detailed case study of the operation of the widely-resented poll tax.
Censorship
Authors: LAVEN DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Austrian censorship, while milder than that of most Italian states in the post-Napoleonic era, was nevertheless oppressive and unenlightened. The attempt to circle the citizens of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia with a cordon sanitaire to prevent contact with dangerous ideas was not only ineffective, but counterproductive: grievances about censorship ultimately assumed a major place in the opposition to Austrian rule.
The Forces of Law and Order
Authors: LAVEN DAVID 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Traditionally Austrian rule of Venetia has been associated with repressive policing. This chapter highlights a very different story. Not only does it emphasise that relatively little police activity went into dealing with subversion — in part because of the quiescence of Venetia during the period on which this study focuses — but also that the police played a key part in ensuring the good government of the region through information gathering, monitoring the bureaucracy, and, perhaps surprisingly, representing Venetian interests to central government.
Women in a Celtic Church
Authors: Harrington Christina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book covers the development of women's religious professions in the primitive church in Saint Patrick's era and the development of large women's monasteries such as Kildare, Clonbroney, Cloonburren, and Killeedy. It traces its subject through the heyday of the 7th century, through the Viking era, and the Culdee reforms, to the era of the Europeanisation of the 12th century. The place of women and their establishments is considered against the wider Irish background and compared with female religiosity elsewhere in early medieval Europe. The book shows that while Ireland was distinct it was still very much part of the wider world of Western Christendom, and it must be appreciated as such. Grounded in the primary material of the period, the book places in the foreground many largely unknown Irish texts in order to bring them to the attention of scholars in related fields. The book explores widespread ideas about Celtic women, pagan priestesses, and Saint Brigit, considering how these perceptions came about in light of the texts and historiographical traditions of the previous centuries.
Introduction: The Irish Holy Woman and her Modern Inquisitors
Authors: Harrington Christina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Religious women in early medieval Ireland have begun to receive attention only recently. This book examines whether there were different grades or sorts of religious women, the extent to which they were creatures of their families' political ambition, and how often, if ever, they were strictly enclosed. It also explores whether women under vows ever continued to control wealth, whether powerful abbesses owed their power to royal or noble status rather than ex officio, whether the number of female houses declined over time, whether female houses were more vulnerable to dissolution than male ones, and whether double houses were anything other than nunneries with male workers attached. First, the academic historiography of early medieval nuns is discussed, along with popular perceptions and non-specialist historiography on early Irish holy women, modern Celtic Christianity movement, and modern pagans, especially those who practice a revived druidism.
Christian Virgins and their Churches in the Sixth Century: The View from the Seventh
Authors: Harrington Christina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Between Saint Patrick's era and c.600 there came into existence places in Ireland where consecrated women could live in community under an abbess. At the turn of the 7th century, many doubtless still lived in their home environments, as they had in Patrick's day, but many did not. In the course of the 5th and 6th centuries, hundreds of churches and monasteries were established, so that by c.600 there existed across Ireland small women's ‘churches’ and a handful of flourishing nunneries. This chapter considers how these places came into existence, looking in particular at the role of those great evangelising women founders who subsequently were revered as saints, as well as at those male missionaries who helped devout Christian women to establish the small churches at which so many lived.
Nuns in Other Settings
Authors: Harrington Christina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
There were many women in early Ireland following a monastic life, yet only four women's foundations survived as major monasteries over a long period: Kildare, Killeedy, Killevy, and Clonbroney. It is not just the martyrologies (calendars) in which the myriad names of holy nuns appear; they are also found in hundreds in the corpus of so-called genealogical texts of the saints. Virtually unmentioned in the voluminous scholarly literature of Irish monasticism is the fact that many male monasteries had nuns in their familiae. Nuns who were at a men's monastery include those who were within the administrative structure and who were physically within its bounds or locale. This chapter looks at monasteries at which women were reported only as temporary members, that is to say, students. This is because there would have been a constant female presence, transient though it may have been. This chapter also looks at nuns in local churches and religious women on family property.
Women of God in the Seventh to Ninth Centuries
Authors: Harrington Christina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
If the living situations of religious women in early medieval Ireland were diverse, so too were the grades and varieties of their profession. There were two, possibly three, grades of female monastic: the virgin, the widow/penitent, and the priest's ‘wife’, in addition to the peregrina or religious pilgrim. Some religious women acquired a special status in law, achieving a high degree of law-worthiness, and were deemed as equivalents to bishops and presbyters. Their high legal and ecclesiastical status is understandable in the context of the theological ideas which lay behind the idea of their offices. The virgin and penitent widow in particular carried a complex of symbolisms which, though grounded in the Western tradition, reflected a particularly Irish ‘take’ on them. This chapter discusses the ecclesiastical status of nuns as well as their status with respect to the law in Ireland during the 7th to 9th centuries.
Abbesses and other High-Ranking Holy Women
Authors: Harrington Christina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The highest level a nun could achieve in Ireland was the office of abbess and, like other female professions, it was imbued with symbols and metaphors. This chapter looks at abbesses and other high-ranking holy women during the early medieval period, as well as the other types of ‘exceptional’ nuns which the Irish acknowledged. As for the latter group, these were women who gained many of the honours and even elements of the legal status of abbesses, without being heads of monasteries. They seem to have earned their status through pilgrimage, holiness, miracle-working, or service to their wider communities. In the highest echelons of the female religious profession, there was the same trend toward diversity and flexibility which have already been seen in the living arrangements and grades of nunhood. This chapter also discusses the selection and consecration of abbesses and their attendance of synods.
Private thoughts, public utterances: Law, privacy, and the consequences for community
Authors: ROSEN LAWRENCE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Western ideas of privacy are less applicable to the Muslim world than are ideas of when something is public. This chapter shows that actions that impact webs of relationship are public and hence garner attention, whereas those acts that do not affect relationships are regarded as being of no concern to others. This affects what is seen as slander.
Other Theories of Obligation
Authors: WATSON GEOFFREY R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines whether the Accords might be binding as unilateral declarations, as customary international law, or as some quasi-binding for ‘soft law’. It rejects these suggestions as incompatible with the nature of the Accords and the intent of their drafters. It also rejects suggestions that the Accords have no legal effect.
The Oslo Accords as Binding Agreements Between Subjects of International Law
Authors: WATSON GEOFFREY R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Accords are binding as formal agreements between subjects of international law. Thus, there is a legal basis for the assertion that the Oslo process is ‘irreversible’. Whether there is a practical basis for that assertion is more a question of political will. Conversely, there is no basis for the claim that the Accords are non-binding ‘political’ documents.
Redeployment from the West Bank
Authors: WATSON GEOFFREY R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines Israel's compliance with its obligations to redeploy Israeli troops from the West Bank. It begins by analyzing the relevant provisions of the Accords. It then considers Israel's argument that Palestinian violations of the Accords justify Israel's suspension of its obligations to withdraw. The chapter concludes by analyzing the parties' disagreement over the meaning of ‘specified military locations’.
Settlements
Authors: WATSON GEOFFREY R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter asks whether the Har Homa project and other Israeli settlements violate either the Oslo Accords or any other source of international law. The first section considers whether the text of the Oslo Accords outlaws new or existing settlements. The second section asks whether the settlements are inconsistent with any other source of law. It argues that the law of belligerent occupation is applicable to territories occupied by Israel in 1967, and that aspects of Israeli settlement policy are inconsistent with occupation law.
Passages, Ports, and Economic Issues
Authors: WATSON GEOFFREY R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Israeli compliance with its obligations on safe passage for Palestinians between the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, on the establishment and operation of a seaport and airport in the Gaza Strip, on economic questions, and on other related questions of infrastructure and civil affairs. It argues that most of the so-called ‘Israeli responsibilities’ on ports, passages, and economics are really joint obligations of negotiation and implementation. In particular, Israel and Palestinian Authority are both obliged to negotiate and implement in good faith.
The Palestinian Duty to Prevent Terror and Violence
Authors: WATSON GEOFFREY R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the Palestinian record on counter-terrorism and security matters. The Palestinian Authority has a disappointing record on its obligation to prevent and punish terror and other forms of violence. It has taken some steps to strengthen security cooperation with Israel, but has permitted (and sometimes engaged) in inflammatory anti-Israel propaganda verging on incitement to violence.
International Law and the ‘Permanent Status’ Issues
Authors: WATSON GEOFFREY R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Oslo Accords lists seven ‘permanent status’ issues in the following order: (1) Jerusalem, (2) refugees, (3) settlements, (4) security arrangements, (5) borders, (6) relations and cooperation with other neighbours, and (7) other issues of common interest. This chapter considers these issues. International law offers general guidance on how the parties might resolve most of the final-status issues. The main part of the task ahead it political, not legal. The law will not dictate any particular outcome. But it can draw baselines for parties, set limits, and help advance negotiations by providing a common language for discussion.
The Bcs Model
Authors: Kopnin Nikolai B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter applies the Green function formalism to the BCS theory of superconductivity — the Gor'kov equations are derived which make the basis for the further analysis. The Green functions are used to derive the expressions for such physical quantities as the superconducting order parameter, the electric current, the electron density, and the thermodynamic potential. The Bogoliubov–de Gennes equations are derived from the Gor'kov equations. The Gor'kov theoy is used to derive the Green functions in a homogeneous state, the gap function, the critical temperature, the supercurrent, etc.
Superconducting Alloys
Authors: Kopnin Nikolai B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explains how to incorporate scattering by random impurity atoms into the general Green function formalism of the theory of superconductivity. The cross-diagram technique based on the averaging over random impurity positions is derived using the Born approximation for the scattering amplitude. Impurity self-energy is derived. Homogeneous state of an s-wave superconductor is considered.
General Principles of the Quasiclassical Approximation
Authors: Kopnin Nikolai B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces the quasiclassical Green functions integrated over the energy near the Fermi surface. Using these functions, the expressions for supercurrent, electron density, and order parameter are derived. Self-energy, Eilenberger equations, and the normalization condition are derived for the quasiclassical Green functions. How to reduce the Eilenberger equations to diffusion-like Usadel equations in the case of superconducting alloys is shown. The boundary conditions for the quasiclassical Green functions at a rough interface between a superconductor and an insulator are derived.
Quasiclassical Methods in Stationary Problems
Authors: Kopnin Nikolai B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the potentialities of the quasiclassical method for selected problems in the theory of stationary superconductivity. The Ginzburg–Landau equations are derived, the upper critical field of dirty superconductors at arbitrary temperatures is calculated, and the gapless regime in superconductors with magnetic impurities is discussed. Effects of impurities on the critical temperature and the density of states in d-wave superconductors are discussed. The energy spectra of excitations in vortex cores of s-wave and d-wave superconductors are calculated.
Nonstationary Theory
Authors: Kopnin Nikolai B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers two methods designed for calculating the real-time (retarded, advanced, and Keldysh) Green functions of nonstationary superconductors: (i) the method of analytical continuation worked out by Eliashberg; and (ii) the Keldysh diagram technique. The Eliashberg phonon model of superconductivity is discussed and the equation for the order parameter is derived. Expressions for self-energies of electron-phonon and electron-electron interactions are obtained. Transport-like equations for the retarded (advanced) and Keldysh Green functions of particles interacting with impurities, phonons, and with each other are derived. Expressions for the electron density, electric current, internal energy, and energy current are derived in terms of the Keldysh Green functions.
The Time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau Theory
Authors: Kopnin Nikolai B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter specifies the conditions when the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau (TDGL) model can be justified microscopically. The TDGL model is shown to be exact for gapless superconductors. It is not exact, however, for systems with a finite energy gap. The role of nonequilibrium excitations is elucidated in the dynamics of superconductors. The generalized version of TDGL-like model is derived for superconductors with relatively strong pair-breaking effects due to inelastic relaxation. The (different) characteristic relaxation times for the order parameter and for the superconducting phase are identified. The TDGL-like theory is developed for d-wave superconductors. The charge imbalance, the decay of a d.c. electric field in a superconductor, and the surface resistance are discussed.
Time-Dependent Ginzburg–Landau Analysis
Authors: Kopnin Nikolai B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers vortex dynamics within the frameworks of the conventional and generalized TDGL models. The forces (the Lorenz force and the force from environment) acting on a moving vortex are identified and the force balance is derived from the free energy considerations. The vortex viscosity and the flux flow conductivity are calculated in the limits of rare (low fields) and dense (high fields) vortex lattice for both s-wave and d-wave superconductors. The flux flow conductivity for anisotropic and layered superconductors is also calculated. A modification of the TDGL model is considered which allows one to account for a small flux-flow Hall effect.
Vortex Dynamics in Clean Superconductors
Authors: Kopnin Nikolai B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The general features of the vortex dynamics in clean superconductors are first discussed using the Boltzmann kinetic equation. The conditions when the dissipative dynamics of vortices transforms into a Hamiltonian one are established. The crucial importance of excitations localized in vortex cores is clarified. Next the quasiclassical Green function technique and the kinetic equations of the previous chapters are used to calculate the longitudinal and Hall components of the flux flow conductivity for s-wave superconductors. The forces on a vortex, vortex cross sections, and the flux-flow conductivity are discussed in detail as functions of temperature and of purity of the superconductor. The transition from viscous to non-dissipative vortex dynamics is demonstrated to occur as a function of the relaxation time in superconductor.
Bolizmann Kinetic Equation
Authors: Kopnin Nikolai B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter derives the canonical Boltzmann kinetic equation for two particular examples. First case is a superconductor with homogeneous in space order-parameter magnitude and current. The second example treats the excitations in the vortex core. The Boltzmann equation is then applied to calculate the vortex momentum and vortex mass. It is also used for the vortex dynamics in a d-wave superconductor. The non-trivial behaviour of the d-wave flux-flow conductivity and the Hall effect is discussed.
Mean-Field Theory of Spin Glasses
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the problem of spin glasses. If the interactions between spins are not uniform in space, the analysis of the previous chapter does not apply. In particular, when the interactions are ferromagnetic for some bonds and antiferromagnetic for others, the spin orientation cannot be uniform in space, unlike the ferromagnetic system. Under such a circumstance it sometimes happens that spins become randomly frozen — random in space but frozen in time. This is the intuitive picture of the spin glass phase. The chapter investigates the condition for the existence of the spin glass phase as an extension of the mean-field theory. In particular, the properties of the so-called replica-symmetric solution are explained in detail for the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick (SK) model.
Replica Symmetry Breaking
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter continues the analysis of the Sherrington–Kirkpatrick (SK) model started in the preceding chapter. The free energy of the SK model derived under the ansatz of replica symmetry has the problem of negative entropy at low temperatures. It is therefore natural to investigate the possibility that the order parameter may assume various values depending upon the replica indices. The theory of replica symmetry breaking started in this way as a mathematical effort to avoid unphysical conclusions of the replica-symmetric solution. It turned out, however, that the scheme of replica symmetry breaking developed by Parisi has a very rich physical implication, namely the existence of a vast variety of stable states with ultrametric structure in the phase space. The chapter is devoted to the elucidation of this story.
Error-Correcting Codes
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Reliable transmission of information through noisy channels plays a vital role in modern society. Some aspects of this problem have close formal similarities to the theory of spin glasses. Noise in the transmission channel can be related to random interactions in spin glasses and the bit sequence representing information corresponds to the Ising spin configuration. The replica method serves as a powerful tool of analysis, and TAP-like equations can be used as a practical implementation of the algorithm to infer the original message. The gauge theory also provides an interesting point of view. This chapter introduces these problems.
Associative Memory
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The scope of the theory of neural networks has been expanding rapidly. The statistical-mechanical techniques stemming from the theory of spin glasses have been playing important roles in the analysis of model systems. This chapter summarizes basic concepts, such as neurons, synapses, axons, and studies the characteristics of networks with interneuron connections given by a specific prescription called the generalized Hebb rule. An important goal is to elucidate the structure of the phase diagram with various parameters as their axes, such as the temperature and number of memorized patterns. Related is the capacity of a network, which means the number of patterns that can be memorized. The problem of learning, where the connections gradually change according to some rules to achieve specified goals, is delegated to the next chapter.
Learning In Perceptron
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The capacity of a simple perceptron has been calculated in the previous chapter under random combinations of input and output. The problem of learning is different from the capacity problem in that the perceptron is required to simulate the functioning of another perceptron even for new inputs, not just to reproduce random signals as in the previous chapter. For this purpose, the couplings are gradually adjusted so that the probability of correct output increases. An important objective of the theory of learning is to estimate the functional relation between the number of examples and the expected error under a given algorithm to change couplings. The argument in this chapter concerns the learning in simple perceptrons.
Introduction
Authors: Henriksen Niels E. , Hansen Flemming Y. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter considers first the relation between molecular reaction dynamics and the major branches of physical chemistry. The concept of elementary chemical reactions at the quantized state-to-state level is discussed. The theoretical description of these reactions based on the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is introduced and the resulting time-dependent Schrödinger equation describing the nuclear dynamics is discussed. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of matter at thermal equilibrium, focusing at the Boltzmann distribution. Thus, the Boltzmann distribution for vibrational, rotational, and translational degrees of freedom is discussed and illustrated.