bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
At the nanoscale: nanohemostat, a new class of hemostatic agent
Authors: Ellis‐Behnke Rutledge 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThree basic categories of hemostats are widely used in surgery today: chemical agents, thermal devices, and mechanical methods that use pressure or ligature to slow bleeding. Each has its benefits and limitations. However, nanotechnology is rapidly ushering in new medical technologies. This review focuses on the ‘nanohemostat’, a new class of hemostatic agent that stops bleeding in less than 15 seconds by using (RADA)4, referred to as nanohemostat‐1 (NHS‐1), a synthetic biological material that self‐assembles at the nanoscale when applied to a wound, and compares it to the characteristics of the ‘ideal hemostat’. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 70–78 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.110This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants
Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery
Contributions on the theory and computation of mono‐ and poly‐crystalline cyclic martensitic phase transformations
Authors: Sagar G. , Stein E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this article new contributions to the theory and computation of cyclic martensitic phase transformations (PT) in mono‐ and poly‐crystalline metallic shape memory alloys are presented. The PT models of the non‐convex variational problem are based on the Cauchy‐Born hypothesis and Bain's principle. A quasi‐convexified C1‐continuous thermo‐mechanical micro‐macro constitutive model for metallic monocrystals is developed which is represented together with the phase transformation constraints by a unified Lagrangian variational functional including phase evolution equations with mass conservation. The unified setting presented here includes poly‐crystalline shape memory alloys whose microstructure is modeled using lattice variants. A pre‐averaging scheme for randomly distributed poly‐crystalline variants of transformation strains is used to transform them into those of a fictitious monocrystal. Thus, the incremental integration in process time and the spatial integration algorithms of the discrete variational problems for both mono‐ and poly‐crystalline phase transformations can be implemented into a unified algorithm with branching for mono‐ and poly‐crystalline phase transformations. Furthermore, an error‐controlled adaptive 3D finite element method in space is presented for phase transformation problems using explicit error indicator with gradient smoothing and mesh refinements via new mesh generation in each adaptive step. Computations of informative examples with convergence studies, and comparisons with published experimental results are presented using 3D finite elements.
Environmental risk factors for haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in a French new epidemic area
Authors: VIEL J.-F. , LEFEBVRE A. , MARIANNEAU P. , JOLY D. , GIRAUDOUX P. , UPEGUI E. , TORDO N. , HOEN B. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYIn France, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is endemic along the Belgian border. However, this rodent-borne zoonosis caused by the Puumala virus has recently spread south to the Franche-Comté region. We investigated the space–time distribution of HFRS and evaluated the influence of environmental factors that drive the hantavirus reservoir abundance and/or the disease transmission in this area. A scan test clearly indicated space–time clustering, highlighting a single-year (2005) epidemic in the southern part of the region, preceded by a heat-wave 2 years earlier. A Bayesian regression approach showed an association between a variable reflecting biomass (normalized difference vegetation index) and HFRS incidence. The reasons why HFRS cases recently emerged remain largely unknown, and climate parameters alone do not reliably predict outbreaks. Concerted efforts that combine reservoir monitoring, surveillance, and investigation of human cases are warranted to better understand the epidemiological patterns of HFRS in this area.
Copyright? Why Would I Need to Worry About That? The Challenges of Providing Copyright Support for Staff
Authors: Secker Jane , Bell Maria 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article by Jane Secker and Maria Bell presents an overview of the challenges of providing copyright training for staff at LSE. The institution does not employ a dedicated copyright officer, but uses a range of tactics to ensure academic, administrative and Library staff are made aware of copyright issues. Several training sessions are run throughout the year. LSE have also developed an online course and produce a range of online and printed guides to brief staff. Advice and queries are also dealt with by a number of individuals who have specialist knowledge in areas such as copyright and the internet and copying archival materials.
Potential Impact of Climate Change on Improved and Unimproved Water Supplies in Africa
Authors: Bonsor Helen , MacDonald Alan , Calow Roger 
Published: September 2010

With significant climate change predicted in Africa over the next century, this chapter explores a key question: how will rural water supplies in Africa be affected ? Approximately 550 million people in Africa live in rural communities and are reliant on water resources within walking distance of their community for drinking water. Less than half have access to improved sources (generally large diameter wells, springs or boreholes equipped with hand pumps); the majority rely on unimproved sources, such as open water and shallow wells. Major climate modelling uncertainties, combined with rapid socio-economic change, make predicting the future state of African water resources difficult; an appropriate response to climate change is to assume much greater uncertainty in climate and intensification of past climate variability. Based on this assumption the following should be considered:Those relying on unimproved water sources (300 million in rural Africa) are likely to be most affected by climate change because unimproved sources often use highly vulnerable water resources.Improved rural water supplies in Africa are overwhelmingly dependent on groundwater, due to the unreliability of other sources.Climate change is unlikely to lead to a continent-wide failure of improved rural water sources that access deeper groundwater (generally over 20 metres below ground surface) through boreholes or deep wells. This is because groundwater-based domestic supply requires little recharge, and the groundwater resources at depth will generally be of sufficient storage capacity to remain a secure water resource. However, a significant minority of people could be affected if the frequency and length of drought increases – particularly those in areas with limited groundwater storage.In most areas, the key determinants of water security will continue to be driven by access to water rather than absolute water availability. Extending access, and ensuring that targeting and technology decisions are informed by an understanding of groundwater conditions, will become increasingly important.Accelerating groundwater development for irrigation could increase food production, raise farm incomes and reduce overall vulnerability. However, ad hoc development could threaten domestic supplies and, in some areas, lead to groundwater depletion.
Although climate change will undoubtedly be important in determining future water security, other drivers (such as population growth and rising food demands) are likely to provide greater pressure on rural water supplies.
The European Water Framework Directive – Chemical Monitoring Programmes, Analytical Challenges and Results from an Irish Case Study
Authors: Borchers Ulrich , Schwesig David , O'Donnell Ciaran , Concannon Colman 
Published: September 2010

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is one of the most important legislative instruments in the water field. The overarching objective of the policy is the achievement of a “good status” in all waters of European Member States by the end of 2015. Important milestones include the analysis of pressures and impacts, a characterisation of water bodies and monitoring programmes.
The effectiveness of these monitoring programmes and hence of the overall WFD implementation will depend highly on the ability of Member States’ laboratories to measure the status of water bodies. The chemical status of water bodies is linked to compliance with EU Environmental Quality Standards defined in a daughter directive. In order to assess the chemical status, a number of priority substances and priority hazardous substances have to be monitored. Requirements on the analytical methods to be used for chemical monitoring are laid down in terms of technical specifications by another daughter directive.
In some cases, the requirements on analytical methods (e.g. limit of quantification and measurement uncertainty) for chemical monitoring under WFD pose a real challenge, even for state-of-the-art analytical techniques. This has initiated a number of European activities in the development of guidance documents, harmonisation efforts and demand-driven research.
The main tasks, challenges and research needs related to chemical monitoring of water bodies under the WFD are presented, including an outlook on how these issues are tackled. This is completed by the presentation of actual chemical monitoring results from surface waters from the Republic of Ireland.
Real-time single-cell response to stiffness
Authors: Mitrossilis Démosthène , Fouchard Jonathan , Pereira David , Postic François , Richert Alain , Saint-Jean Michel , Asnacios Atef 
Published: September 2010

Living cells adapt to the stiffness of their environment. However, cell response to stiffness is mainly thought to be initiated by the deformation of adhesion complexes under applied force. In order to determine whether cell response was triggered by stiffness or force, we have developed a unique method allowing us to tune, in real time, the effective stiffness experienced by a single living cell in a uniaxial traction geometry. In these conditions, the rate of traction force buildup
dF
/
dt
was adapted to stiffness in less than 0.1 s. This integrated fast response was unambiguously triggered by stiffness, and not by force. It suggests that early cell response could be mechanical in nature. In fact, local force-dependent signaling through adhesion complexes could be triggered and coordinated by the instantaneous cell-scale adaptation of
dF
/
dt
to stiffness. Remarkably, the effective stiffness method presented here can be implemented on any mechanical setup. Thus, beyond single-cell mechanosensing, this method should be useful to determine the role of rigidity in many fundamental phenomena such as morphogenesis and development.
Automated construction and analysis of the design space for biochemical systems
Authors: Fasani Rick A. , Savageau Michael A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMotivation: Our recent work introduced a generic method to construct the design space of biochemical systems: a representation of the relationships between system parameters, environmental variables and phenotypic behavior. In design space, the qualitatively distinct phenotypes of a biochemical system can be identified, counted, analyzed and compared. Boundaries in design space indicate a transition between phenotypic behaviors and can be used to measure a system's tolerance to large changes in parameters. Moreover, the relative size and arrangement of such phenotypic regions can suggest or confirm global properties of the system.Results: Our work here demonstrates that the construction and analysis of design space can be automated. We present a formal description of design space and a detailed explanation of its construction. We also extend the notion to include variable kinetic orders. We describe algorithms that automate common steps of design space construction and analysis, introduce new analyses that are made possible by such automation and discuss challenges of implementation and scaling. In the end, we demonstrate the techniques using software we have created.Availability: The Design Space Toolbox for MATLAB is freely available at http://www.bme.ucdavis.edu/savageaulab/Contact: masavageau@ucdavis.edu
Haemodynamic effects of rolofylline in the treatment of patients with heart failure and impaired renal function
Authors: Ponikowski Piotr , Mitrovic Veselin , O'Connor Christopher M. , Dittrich Howard , Cotter Gad , Massie Barry M. , Givertz Michael M. , Chen Erluo , Murray Meredith , Weatherley Beth D. , Fujita Kenji P. , Metra Marco 
Published: September 2010

AimsThe direct effects of adenosine A1 receptor antagonists on haemodynamic parameters in patients with acute heart failure (HF) remain largely unknown.Methods and resultsWe evaluated the haemodynamic effects of the AA1RA rolofylline in 59 HF patients with concomitant renal impairment (estimated creatinine clearance 20–80 mL/min). Placebo or rolofylline 30 mg was administered as a 4 h infusion followed by intravenous (i.v.) loop diuretic administration. Haemodynamic measurements were carried out hourly up to 8 h post‐dosing by pulmonary artery catheterization. Urine output, fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, urea, and uric acid, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were also measured. In both groups, the changes from baseline in all haemodynamic indices except mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) were not clinically significant. Mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] PAP showed a placebo‐adjusted decrease with rolofylline of −1.5 (−4.1, 1.1)mmHg at Hour 4 and −3.5 mmHg (95% CI: −6.2, −0.2) at Hour 8. There was a significant increase with rolofylline in diuresis [placebo‐corrected mean (95% CI) change of 68 (20, 116)mL/h at Hour 2–4 and 103 (21, 185)mL/h at Hour 4–8] and in fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, and uric acid. Placebo‐corrected changes in plasma levels of creatinine and BUN with rolofylline were non‐significant.ConclusionSingle administration of rolofylline in patients with HF and impaired renal function produced a slight decrease in mean PAP and consistently increased diuresis and natriuresis without compromising renal function, both before and after administration of i.v. loop diuretics.
Recovery of the Bristol Bay stock of red king crabs under a rebuilding plan
Authors: Kruse Gordon H. , Zheng Jie , Stram Diana L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Kruse, G. H., Zheng, J., and Stram, D. L. 2010. Recovery of the Bristol Bay stock of red king crabs under a rebuilding plan. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1866–1874. After peak landings in 1980, the red king crab fishery in Bristol Bay (Alaska) was closed in 1983 because of stock collapse. In the following decade, small commercial harvests and additional fishery closures (1994 and 1995) associated with depressed stock status prompted a reappraisal of the management strategy. A length-based population model was developed, which provided an improved stock assessment for setting annual catch quota. A management strategy evaluation revealed that a harvest strategy, which included a stair-stepped harvest rate of 10–15% of mature males and a threshold for effective spawning biomass below which no fishing is permitted, provides for relatively high long-term yield, greater stability in yield, fewer fishery closures, and higher effective spawning biomass. This strategy was adopted in 1996, in addition to crab bycatch caps and closed areas, to protect sensitive crab habitats implemented in the management of the groundfish trawl fishery. Since then, abundance of legal-sized males increased by 58%, that of mature males doubled, and mature female abundance and effective spawning biomass tripled through 2008. The stock has been considered rebuilt since 2003. Subsequently, a sharp reduction in fishing capacity improved profitability of the fishery, after implementation of an individual fishing quota programme in 2005.
What mucosal biopsies have to offer
Authors: RIDDELL R. H. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYBiopsies are the current gold standard test for the diagnosis of all acute and chronic inflammatory diseases in the upper gastrointestinal tract, because changes associated with these diseases are not always visible on endoscopy. However, the correlation of inflammation with symptoms such as those that might suggest ulcers, erosions or non‐ulcer dyspepsia is unclear. Terms such as erosions and mucosal breaks are often misinterpretations of endoscopic features frequently associated with some form of redness. However, redness often does not correlate with histological inflammation. In the stomach, it may be a marker of ingestion of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or of other chemicals such as alcohol, or of duodeno‐gastric reflux. Endoscopic findings should remain descriptive and attempts at interpretation should not be made unless the endoscopist is quite certain that the interpretation is correct. It makes little sense to base treatment and symptom‐related improvement on these new paradigms, until there is evidence that such assumptions and correlations are justified.Histological changes indicative of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease are found on both sides of the squamo‐columnar junction (Z‐line). In the gastric cardia, inflammation is found in the absence of Helicobacter pylori or other known causes of gastritis (carditis); the squamous mucosa is most likely to show inflammatory changes such as neutrophils or eosinophils close to the Z‐line, while traditional reactive changes in the squamous mucosa remain valid only in biopsies taken at least 3 cm above the Z‐line. Endoscopic criteria of reflux disease have a morphological counterpart in capillary congestion and haemorrhage into the papillae, which have largely been ignored by pathologists as secondary to biopsy trauma. A biopsy protocol that maximizes the chances of detecting changes due to reflux disease is suggested.The traditional definition of Barrett's oesophagus as requiring 3 cm of glandular mucosa extending into the oesophagus is no longer tenable. It is suggested that Barrett's oesophagus is redefined as intestinal metaplasia in the lower oesophagus. It is currently unclear whether patients with such minimal Barrett's epithelium are at increased risk of adenocarcinoma, or require surveillance.
Assessment and significance of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: UNGE P. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYAlthough Helicobacter pylori gastritis, that is, H. pylori infection and its complications, is currently the focus of tremendous research activity, there is no gold standard test for its detection. Current methods of assessment of H. pylori infection are reviewed in this paper, and the diseases associated with the bacterium are discussed. Histological tests can indicate the presence of infection with H. pylori. Culture tests, however, are more specific but rely on the presence of viable bacteria, and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can detect DNA from H. pylori. Indirect methods of detecting infection include urease tests, but these recognize only active bacteria. Serological tests are usually satisfactory screening methods but are not suitable for assessing treatment outcome. There are now many reports that associate diseases other than peptic ulcer disease with the presence of H. pylori infection. In 1994, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, sponsored by the World Health Organization, classified the bacterium as a group I carcinogen. Results of studies on patients with functional dyspepsia indicate that eradication of H. pylori gives a range of levels of symptom relief, from no relief to significant relief, with a geometric mean value indicating a positive effect on a sub‐group of this category of patients. Other groups of patients with symptoms similar to functional dyspepsia and a significant risk for negative investigation are those with endoscopy negative reflux, mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma or mild non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) lesions. Both MALT lymphoma and NSAID lesions are partly linked to H. pylori infection, while the possible correlation between reflux disease and H. pylori infection is controversial. In conclusion, H. pylori gastritis seems to be associated with a number of complications, some of which are serious. There are no reliable data showing any positive aspects of the infection. Eradication of H. pylori infection should therefore, in most cases, be regarded as an appropriate therapeutic strategy.
Motility, heartburn and dyspepsia
Authors: QUIGLEY E. M. M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYDisordered motility has been considered fundamental to the pathophysiology of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease and a number of dyspeptic syndromes. Motor activity is certainly essential for the homeostasis of the oesophagus and stomach ‐ in the oesophagus, the lower oesophageal sphincter and peristalsis are fundamental components of the ‘normal’ anti‐reflux defence mechanism, whereas, in the stomach, contractile activity regulates the orderly emptying of the various components of a meal.Recent studies have clarified considerably the role of the lower oesophageal sphincter in permitting reflux to occur under both physiological and pathological situations, and transient relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter is now regarded as the most important mechanism of reflux.Interest has also been renewed in the role of hiatus hernia in the pathogenesis of reflux disease. By moving the lower oesophageal sphincter into the thorax, a hiatus hernia deprives this sphincter of the beneficial effects of intra‐abdominal pressure and crural augmentation. Altered anatomical relationships also predispose the patient with a non‐reducing hiatus hernia to impaired clearance of acid, thus exacerbating reflux.Relationships between disordered peristalsis and reflux are complex. Primary disorders of peristalsis, such as scleroderma, are associated with severe and often complicated reflux disease. It is also evident that reflux may itself result in impaired peristalsis, particularly in the distal oesophagus. Whether aggressive treatment of reflux disease by either medical or surgical means can restore peristaltic function remains uncertain.The importance of co‐ordinated function of the antrum, pylorus and duodenum in the regulation of gastric emptying is being increasingly recognized. Foregut motor dysfunction is implicated in dyspepsia. Abnormalities in patients with dyspepsia include gastroparesis, antral hypomotility, gastric dysrhythmias, duodenal dysmotility, and duodeno‐gastric reflux. The true prevalence of these disorders is uncertain, and the reported relationship between these abnormalities and symptoms has often been inconsistent. The specificity of the abnormalities for dyspepsia is also open to question. In many instances, it remains unclear whether the motor abnormality is truly primary or rather an epi‐phenomenon. It seems reasonable to conclude that while considerable advances have been made in our understanding of both foregut motor physiology and the role of motor dysfunction in patients with reflux disease, the role of dysmotility in dyspeptic patients remains uncertain.