bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclic AMP‐mediated chloride secretion is induced by prostaglandin F2αin human isolated colon
Authors: Collins D , Hogan AM , Skelly MM , Baird AW , Winter DC 
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose: Prostaglandin F2α(PGF2α) is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer. This study investigates the effects of PGF2αon electrophysiological parameters in isolated human colonic mucosa.Experimental approach: Ion transport was measured as changes in short‐circuit current across human colonic epithelia mounted in Ussing chambers. Colonic crypts were isolated by calcium chelation and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was measured by ELISA.Key Results: PGF2αstimulated chloride secretion in a concentration‐dependent manner with an EC50of 130 nM. The PGF2αinduced increase in chloride secretion was inhibited by AL8810 (10 µM), a specific PGF2αreceptor antagonist. In addition, PGF2α(1 µM) significantly increased levels of cAMP in isolated colonic crypts.Conclusions and implications: PGF2αstimulated chloride secretion in samples of human colonin vitrothrough a previously unrecognizd cAMP‐mediated mechanism. These findings have implications for inflammatory states.
Host Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of MMP‐9 −1562/TIMP‐1 372 Have Gender Differences in the Risk of Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia After Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Hung Kuei‐Hsiang , Hung Hunt‐Wen , Yang Hsiao‐Bai , Lu Cheng‐Chan , Wu Jiunn‐Jong , Sheu Bor‐Shyang 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground:  Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic gastric inflammation and intestinal metaplasia (IM), related with deregulation of Wnt pathway and over‐expressions of COX‐2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP). We thus test the host genomic predispositions related to the risk of IM after H. pylori infection.Methods:  We enrolled 296 H. pylori‐infected patients to provide gastric biopsies for histology and genomic DNA for genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including APC, COX‐2, IL‐1B, IL‐1RN, IL‐10, MMP‐2, MMP‐9, TIMP‐1, and TIMP‐2 determined by sequence specific oligonucleotide probe, sequence specific primers, restriction fragment length polymorphism, or real‐time polymerase chain reaction.Results:  There was no association between the presence of IM and SNPs in APC, COX‐2, IL‐1B, IL‐1RN, IL‐10, MMP‐2, and TIMP‐2. The risk of IM was increased up to 2.29‐folds in males with TIMP‐1 372 C, and 3.03‐fold in females with T carrier (p < .05). The combination genotype of MMP‐9 −1562/TIMP‐1 372 as CC/C and CT/T in males had a 4.5‐fold increased risk of IM, as compared to CC/T (p < .05). Females with such combination genotype as CC/T‐carrier had a 3‐fold risk of IM than males with CC/T (p < .05). In contrast, males’ combination genotype as CC/C had a 3‐fold risk of IM than females with CC/CC (p = .05).Conclusions: The host MMP‐9 −1562/TIMP‐1 372 SNPs had gender differences in the risk of IM after H. pylori infection, and could possibly serve as a host factor to identify the risk group harboring gastric precancerous changes after H. pylori infection.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Cancer Survivors After Endoscopic Resection of Early Gastric Cancer
Authors: Shin Dong Wook , Yun Young Ho , Choi Il Ju , Koh Eurah , Park Sang Min 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground:  Clinical effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori eradication in gastric cancer survivors after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer (EGC) was recently established in a randomized controlled trial. We aimed to establish long‐term cost‐effectiveness in gastric cancer survivors after endoscopic resection of EGC.Materials and Methods:  A Markov model was constructed to compare the costs and outcomes of the two intervention strategies: (1) eradicate H. pylori after complete resection of EGC by endoscopy (2) do not eradicate. Estimates for variables in the model were obtained by extensive review of published reports. Analyses were made from the Korean public healthcare provider’s perspective.Results:  Base‐case analysis indicated H. pylori eradication costs less (US$ 29,780 vs. US$ 30,594) than no eradication, and save more lives (mean life expectancy from eradication: 13.60 years vs. 13.55 years). One‐way and three‐way sensitivity analyses showed the robustness of the cost‐effectiveness results.Conclusion:  In this selective population with very high risk of developing gastric cancer, H. pylori eradication should be considered for reimbursement with priority to prevent subsequent cancer and also reduce health care cost.
Modulation of Activation‐Induced Cytidine Deaminase by Curcumin in Helicobacter pylori‐Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells
Authors: Zaidi Syed Faisal Haider , Yamamoto Takeshi , Refaat Alaa , Ahmed Kanwal , Sakurai Hiroaki , Saiki Ikuo , Kondo Takashi , Usmanghani Khan , Kadowaki Makoto , Sugiyama Toshiro 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground:  Anomalous expression of activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID) in Helicobacter pylori‐infected gastric epithelial cells has been postulated as one of the key mechanisms in the development of gastric cancer. AID is overexpressed in the cells through nuclear factor (NF)‐κB activation by H. pylori and hence, inhibition of NF‐κB pathway can downregulate the expression of AID. Curcumin, a spice‐derived polyphenol, is known for its anti‐inflammatory activity via NF‐κB inhibition. Therefore, it was hypothesized that curcumin might suppress AID overexpression via NF‐κB inhibitory activity in H. pylori‐infected gastric epithelial cells.Materials and Methods:  MKN‐28 or MKN‐45 cells and H. pylori strain 193C isolated from gastric cancer patient were used for co‐culture experiments. Cells were pretreated with or without nonbactericidal concentrations of curcumin. Apoptosis was determined by DNA fragmentation assay. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was performed to evaluate the anti‐adhesion activity of curcumin. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction was employed to evaluate the expression of AID mRNA. Immunoblot assay was performed for the analysis of AID, NF‐κB, inhibitors of NF‐κB (IκB), and IκB kinase (IKK) complex regulation with or without curcumin.Results:  The adhesion of H. pylori to gastric epithelial cells was not inhibited by curcumin pretreatment at nonbactericidal concentrations (≤10 μmol/L). Pretreatment with nonbactericidal concentration of curcumin downregulated the expression of AID induced by H. pylori. Similarly, NF‐κB activation inhibitor (SN‐50) and proteasome inhibitor (MG‐132) also downregulated the mRNA expression of AID. Moreover, curcumin (≤10 μmol/L) has suppressed H. pylori‐induced NF‐κB activation via inhibition of IKK activation and IκB degradation.Conclusion:  Nonbactericidal concentrations of curcumin downregulated H. pylori‐induced AID expression in gastric epithelial cells, probably via the inhibition of NF‐κB pathway. Hence, curcumin can be considered as a potential chemopreventive candidate against H. pylori‐related gastric carcinogenesis.
Validation of Diagnostic Tests for Helicobacter pylori with Regard to Grade of Atrophic Gastritis and/or Intestinal Metaplasia
Authors: Shin Cheol Min , Kim Nayoung , Lee Hye Seung , Lee Hee Eun , Lee Sang Hyub , Park Young Soo , Hwang Jin Hyuk , Kim Jin‐Wook , Jeong Sook‐Hyang , Lee Dong Ho , Jung Hyun Chae , Song In Sung 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground and Aims:  To evaluate the validity of the biopsy‐based tests (histology, culture, and urease test) and serology in detecting current Helicobacter pylori infection against a background of atrophic gastritis (AG) or intestinal metaplasia (IM).Methods:  Helicobacter pylori infection was diagnosed in 651 subjects, using the predefined gold standard for H. pylori tests. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of culture, CLOtest, histology (Giemsa stain), and serology were calculated with regard to the histological grade of AG and IM. The level of serum pepsinogen (PG) I and II was also measured as a marker for the presence of AG.Results:  In the study population (n = 651), sensitivity and specificity, respectively, were as follows: culture, 56.2 and 100%; histology, 93.0 and 94.0%; CLOtest, 80.4 and 96.7%; serology, 96.0 and 67.5%. If the analysis is limited to those without AG or IM (n = 158) or to those younger than 40 years (n = 69), all tests, except for culture, had a sensitivity and specificity >90%. The sensitivity of CLOtest and the specificity of serology markedly decreased with progression of AG and IM, and serology was less specific in the presence of AG, as determined by a PG I/II ratio ≤4.1 (specificity, 83.7% vs 40.7% in PG I/II >4.1 and ≤4.1, respectively).Conclusions:  Any one of biopsy‐based tests or serology was found to be excellent for identifying current H. pylori infection among individuals without AG or IM and/or younger patients (<40 years). However, a combination of at least two tests is necessary in the clinical setting of AG or IM.
TRANSPLANTATION AND CELLULAR ENGINEERING: Compensated variability in the expression of globin‐related genes in erythroblasts generated ex vivo from different donors
Authors: Varricchio Lilian , Fabucci Maria Elena , Alfani Elena , Godbold James , Migliaccio Anna Rita 
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: Ex vivo generated erythroblasts are being evaluated for transfusion. Expression of balanced levels of globin mRNA is essential for normal red blood cell function and survival but it is unknown whether the expression of the globin genes in ex vivo expanded cells is balanced.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Immature erythroblasts (IEs) were expanded in human erythroid massive amplification cultures from blood mononuclear cells of 19 normal donors and four β0‐thalassemia patients (for comparison) and induced to mature for 4 days in the presence of erythropoietin. mRNA was prepared from IEs and mature erythroblasts to evaluate the expression of α‐, β‐, and γ‐globin genes and of adult hemoglobin‐stabilizing protein (AHSP) and BCL11A, two proteins directly controlling globin function and/or production. Results were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, the Wilcoxon signed rank, and the Mann‐Whitney rank sum tests.RESULTS: The absolute levels of globin, AHSP, and BCL11A mRNA expressed by erythroblasts generated ex vivo from normal donors were distributed along a 2‐log range. With maturation, the levels of γ‐globin and BCL11A mRNA did not decrease while those of α‐globin, γ + β‐globins, and AHSP mRNA greatly increased. In normal cells, the modest imbalance (two‐ to fourfold) observed between α‐ and γ + β‐globin mRNA was fully compensated by AHSP expression. Thus, the levels of α‐globin mRNA were correlated with those of γ + β‐globin (R2 = 0.93, p < 0.0001) and AHSP (R2 = 0.86, p < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONS: Ex vivo expanded erythroblasts from normal donors express modestly imbalanced levels of α‐globin and γ + β‐globin fully compensated by AHSP expression, likely ensuring normal function and survival.
Roles of pathologists in molecular targeted cancer therapy
Authors: Osamura Robert Y. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

Introduction
What is molecular targeted cancer therapy (MTCT)?
Molecular targeted cancer therapy and target molecules
Detection of target molecules and therapeutic response
Roles of pathologists in molecular targeted cancer therapy
Summary

Molecular targeted cancer therapy (MTCT) is the “personalized” or “individualized” approaches toward cancer which targets the particular molecular or genetic changes, i.e. over‐expression of molecules, and genetic amplification, mutations and translocations. MTCT is generally composed of two mechanisms, (1) humanized monoclonal antibodies (hMAB) and (2) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Somatostatin analogue (SA) is the unique situation for the therapy of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) which possess somatostatin receptor (SSTR). The cancers which are benefited by MTCT have been increased and will be increased to cover wide varieties of cancers. Good examples are (1) trastuzumab, hMAB against HER2 in breast cancers with HER2 over‐expression and amplification, (2) imatinib, TKI, for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) with c‐kit mutation, (3) gefitinib, TKI, for lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutation. The drug effects have been reported to be associated with these molecular and genetic changes. It should be particularly emphasized to treat the patients with corresponding targeted molecular changes. These molecular and genetic analysis should be performed! On the right areas of the cancers, ample amount of viable cancer cells, where the major roles of pathologists are lied. This introductory review of MTCT describes more details of each MTCT.
Pseudolymphomatous reaction to varicella zoster virus vaccination: role of viral in situ hybridization
Authors: Porto Dennis A. , Comfere Nneka I. , Myers Laura M. , Abbott Jared J. 
Published: November 2009

Herpes zoster (shingles) is the result of a reactivation of the varicella zoster virus (VZV). Many adults obtain a VZV vaccine in order to prevent zoster. Non‐specific injection site reactions and generalized herpes eruptions have been reported to occur, especially in immunocompromised patients. However, these are most often anatomically generalized reactions and histopathologically resemble typical herpes infections. We report a 61‐year‐old female on immunosuppressant medications for rheumatoid arthritis who presented with a subcutaneous nodule at the site of a recent herpes zoster vaccination. Histopathological examination revealed a dense nodular and interstitial mononuclear infiltrate throughout the mid and deep dermis with extension into the superficial subcutaneous fat. Immunohistochemical staining revealed an admixture of T‐cells and B‐cells, with a predominance of T‐cells. These findings are consistent with a pseudolymphoma (PL), a reactive inflammatory disorder that can resemble cutaneous lymphoma and has rarely been described in herpes infections and post‐herpetic scars. In situ hybridization studies for VZV were performed and highlighted occasional deep fibroblasts with nuclear positivity for VZV DNA. A review of post‐vaccination reactions and herpes‐related PL is discussed with emphasis on using in situ hybridization in establishing the diagnosis.Porto DA, Comfere NI, Myers LM, Abbott JJ. Pseudolymphomatous reaction to varicella zoster virus vaccination: role of viral in situ hybridization.
Protocols and Indications for Magnetic Resonance (Stress) First‐Pass Perfusion Imaging of the Myocardium
Authors: Lubbers D. D. , Kuijpers D. , Oudkerk M. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryFirst‐pass perfusion imaging with MRI under pharmacologically induced stress for the detection of myocardial ischemia has gained a lot of interest over the past years. With adenosine as the main pharmacological ‘stressor’. Issues regarding the best contrast dose and injection speed have become clear. Several perfusion sequences have been studied over the past. Even some large multi‐centre trail results have been published. Some issues are still extensively research, like interpretation strategies and patient population in regard to protocols. This review highlights the technique of adenosine perfusion MRI and other perfusion techniques. The short history and current important literature are reviewed. Furthermore building blocks for different stress perfusion examinations are discussed.
Comparison of Two Fast MRI Methods for Perfusion Imaging of the Heart
Authors: Sijens P. E. , Lubbers D. D. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryTime‐adaptive sensitivity encoding (TSENSE) and generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) were applied to a gradient‐echo sequence used for first‐pass myocardial perfusion imaging of 12 patients with coronary artery disease. The two parallel imaging methods were compared in terms of signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) and image artefacts. Image acquisition was started during the administration of a Gd‐contrast bolus (0.1 mmoL/kg) followed by a 20‐mL saline flush (3 mL/s), and the next perfusion was started at least 15 min thereafter using an identical bolus. The order of perfusion sequences was inverted in every other patient. Both acquisitions had an acceleration rate of 2, and were performed during breath‐holding. The SNR, CNR and image quality of the GRAPPA images were significantly better than were those of the TSENSE images. An exception was the lower CNR of GRAPPA when applied after the second bolus. Differences between subjects were larger with GRAPPA perfusion imaging than with TSENSE. The SNR and CNR also varied relatively much between the GRAPPA images, indicating that the diagnostic value of TSENSE may be superior after all.
The Clinical Impact of Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy in the Evaluation of Coronary Artery Disease in 2009
Authors: Pirich C. , Seifen T. , Keinrath P. , Rettenbacher L. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryMyocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET) techniques is a well‐established diagnostic tool in clinical medicine providing non‐invasively information about cardiac perfusion, function and prognosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Gated SPECT MPI has been used in clinical routine for years allowing the characterization of localization, extent and severity of perfusion abnormalities both in women and men. Recently, clinical studies employing nuclear techniques (e.g. BASKET or COURAGE) have underlined its diagnostic accuracy, prognostic validity and its importance for the clinical decision making. The extent of stress‐induced ischaemia is of clinical relevance to guide decision making in the management of the cardiac patient. Improvements in nuclear imaging equipment, software for image analysis and stress techniques will accelerate the procedure and increase its diagnostic accuracy while reducing radiation exposure.
Cardiac troponin‐I as a screening tool for myocarditis in children hospitalized for viral infection
Authors: Renko M , Leskinen M , Kontiokari T , Tapiainen T , Hedberg P , Uhari M 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim:  The incidence of myocarditis in children is uncertain because patients with minor symptoms can remain undiagnosed. We hypothesized that screening all children who are hospitalized for an acute infection with troponin‐I (TnI) would reveal myocarditis cases and performed a prospective screening study.Methods:  Between October 2005 and July 2008, a blood sample for TnI measurement was taken every time a sample for C‐reactive protein measurement was drawn. If TnI value was above the screening limit (0.06 μg/L), electrocardiogram (ECG) and cardiac ultrasound were performed. TnI measurements were repeated until at normal level.Results:  Altogether, 1009 children were screened during the 33 months. TnI was above the screening limit (0.06 μg/L) in six children. None of them had any signs of myocarditis in ECG or cardiac ultrasound. Five of those six children were younger than 30 days. All had a respiratory infection as a cause for hospitalization, three of which was caused by RSV. In four children, all younger than 30 days, TnI levels remained high (>0.37 μg/L) for two months, but decreased after that to normal levels.Conclusion:  The incidence of myocarditis during viral infections is low and a routine TnI screening for asymptomatic myocarditis is not useful.
Development of a community health promotion center based on the World Health Organization's Ottawa Charter health promotion strategies
Authors: LEE Chung Yul , KIM Hee Soon , AHN Yang Hee , KO Il Sun , CHO Yoon Hee 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim:  To describe the development process of nursing school‐led community health promotion centers (CHPC) to improve the health of the surrounding communities.Methods:  This study design was a research and development study. (i) Assessment of health needs by interviewing 359 people in the community to select health programs for the community health promotion center. (ii) Five health promotion strategies from the Ottawa Charter were applied to develop the community health promotion center for a city community.Results:  (i) The people in the community had higher socioeconomic status levels and better health behaviors compared to the general Korean population, and they also listed chronic health problem management as their first priority health service. (ii) Development of the community health promotion center was done based on the five World Health Organization's Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Strategies: build healthy public policy, create supportive environments, strengthen community actions, develop personal skills, and reorient health services.Conclusions:  The present study showed that the WHO's five Ottawa Charter Health Promotion Strategies were useful for developing health promotion centers in the community.
Primary End-Point Times, Functional Outcome and Adverse Event Profile after Acute Ischaemic Stroke
Authors: Ali M. , Sacco R.L. , Lees K.R. 
Published: November 2009

Background Poststroke complications such as pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis and pneumonia can impact outcome by causing deterioration in general health, delaying or preventing rehabilitation. While stroke carries a direct risk of complications, some events may be unrelated to index stroke severity and could confound outcome. We examined whether the presence of complications ‘unrelated’ to index stroke at later time-points could confound outcome, and if this could be minimised through altering study end-points. Methods We analysed 531 placebo-treated patients from the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive who had experienced an acute ischaemic stroke and at least one poststroke complication during the 90-day follow-up period. We categorised complications into those deemed ‘related’ or ‘unrelated’ to index stroke severity. We examined modified Rankin Scale at 30 and 90 days, stratified by type of complication and assessed the impact of eliminating ‘unrelated’ complications on functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale) at 30 and 90 days using logistic regression (accounting for age and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale). Results The majority of complications in the early acute period after index stroke were ‘stroke related’ (30·2%). Patients did not have a better modified Rankin Scale profile at 30 days when compared with 90 days, regardless of the type of complications experienced. The absence of ‘stroke unrelated’ complications was associated with a worse outcome at 30 days [ P = 0·04, adjusted odds ratio for good functional outcome = 0·54, 95% confidence interval (0·3, 0·96)], and had no significant effect on outcome at 90 days. Conclusions We identified complications, which we deemed not to have occurred as a direct consequence of index stroke, but found that the absence of these events did not beneficially alter outcome at either short-term (30 days) or long-term (90 days) follow-up periods. Our analyses did not support the shortening of trial follow-up periods with the aim of minimising the risk of stroke-unrelated complications.