bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transforming (Private) Rights through (Public) International Law: Readings on a ‘Strange and Painful Odyssey’ in the PCIJ Mavrommatis Case
Authors: BURGIS MICHELLE 
Published: November 2011

AbstractStraddling both the centres of (European) power and the shifting dynamics of the post-Ottoman world in a quest to guarantee private rights through public international legal redress, the PCIJ Mavrommatis case provides a rich resource for interrogating the extent to which international law during the League period could speak for voices on the edge of empire. In this article, historical consideration of the regimes of empire and Mandate form the backdrop to an exploration into how international legal discourse (re)configured the relationship between the core and the periphery, especially for those peoples awaiting the promise of self-determination and sovereignty. The figure of a lone Greek investor and his dashed hopes in the newly created Palestine Mandate is the backdrop to this tail of ever-shifting interpretations of public and private rights, of speech as well as silence before and beyond the Peace Palace.
The 1937 International Sugar Agreement: Neo-Colonial Cuba and Economic Aspects of the League of Nations
Authors: FAKHRI MICHAEL 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTo many in the West, the League of Nations was to establish political peace between nations. To the Cuban sugar-producing elite of the 1920s and 1930s, however, the League was an important socioeconomic institution used to augment many of Cuba's first modern state institutions. This article explores how and why Cuban delegates were the principals behind the 1937 International Sugar Agreement – one of the League's few operational economic treaties. This treaty sheds light onto how actors from the so-called industrial core and agricultural periphery used international law, institutions, and practice to negotiate and renegotiate their relationship with each other.
Common Civility: The Culture of Alegality in International Criminal Law
Authors: DUBBER MARKUS D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWritten from an outsider's perspective, this paper tries to capture the ethos, or, if you prefer, the Sittlichkeit, of international criminal law. It argues that international criminal law can profitably be seen as an ethos, rather than a body of law. In this telling, international criminal law, despite its name, emerges as an ethical–administrative enterprise rather than a legal one. If placed alongside global administrative law, for instance, international criminal law appears as alegal rather than illegal, so that to criticize international criminal law for violating, say, the ‘principle of legality’ would be like faulting apples for not producing orange juice, and oranges for not making apple pie.
Autonomisation du français en usage en Suisse romande: quels indicateurs?
Authors: PRIKHODKINE ALEXEI 
Published: November 2011

RÉSUMÉDans les études ayant conclu à une dépréciation de la variété endogène, les attitudes linguistiques ont été suscitées à partir de stimuli généraux (p.ex.,accent). Dans cet article, nous soulignons les limites de ces travaux, en montrant au travers d'une récente enquête que la réponse à un stimulus général est formulée sur la base d'une partie seulement des variantes lexicales, celles relevant d'un contact de langues et présentant un déficit de prestige. Les résultats de cette recherche mettent parallèlement au jour la légitimité de tout un pan de variantes endogènes (archaïsmes et innovations romandes). Tout en expliquant pourquoi certaines ressources linguistiques sont plus susceptibles que d'autres de servir de fondement à la variété endogène légitime, nous discutons les facteurs contribuant à l'autonomisation du français en Suisse romande.
Water supply and the reconstruction of urban space in early twentieth-century Tianjin
Authors: HAIYAN LIU 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACT:The emergence of tap water supplied through water grids changed the spatial structure of cities. As a commercial port containing foreign settlements and divided urban political systems, Tianjin became host to two major, long-term water supply systems. Different social environments and systems of municipal government meant that tap water was accepted by urban society in different ways. In the settlements, the supply of tap water was the foundation for the formation of a modern community. In the Old City, the introduction of tap water for the most part had a different effect: it manifested the ways in which traditional and new lifestyles conflicted and mingled with each other. Yet, in any case, as tap water entered the lives of the people from the end of the Qing to the Republican period, new ideas of health and hygiene associated with tap water were gradually accepted, and modern urban lifestyles gradually took shape.
Explaining the variability in recommended intakes of folate, vitamin B12, iron and zinc for adults and elderly people
Authors: Doets Esmée L , Cavelaars Adrienne EJM , Dhonukshe-Rutten Rosalie AM , van ‘t Veer Pieter , de Groot Lisette CPGM 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo signal key issues for harmonising approaches for establishing micronutrient recommendations by explaining observed variation in recommended intakes of folate, vitamin B12, Fe and Zn for adults and elderly people.DesignWe explored differences in recommended intakes of folate, vitamin B12, Fe and Zn for adults between nine reports on micronutrient recommendations. Approaches used for setting recommendations were compared as well as eminence-based decisions regarding the selection of health indicators indicating adequacy of intakes and the consulted evidence base.ResultsIn nearly all reports, recommendations were based on the average nutrient requirement. Variation in recommended folate intakes (200–400 μg/d) was related to differences in the consulted evidence base, whereas variation in vitamin B12recommendations (1·4–3·0 μg/d) was due to the selection of different CV (10–20 %) and health indicators (maintenance of haematological status or basal losses). Variation in recommended Fe intakes (men 8–10 mg/d, premenopausal women 14·8–19·6 mg/d, postmenopausal women 7·5–10·0 mg/d) was explained by different assumed reference weights and bioavailability factors (10–18 %). Variation in Zn recommendations (men 7–14 mg/d, women 4·9–9·0 mg/d) was also explained by different bioavailability factors (24–48 %) as well as differences in the consulted evidence base.ConclusionsFor the harmonisation of approaches for setting recommended intakes of folate, vitamin B12, Fe and Zn across European countries, standardised methods are needed to (i) select health indicators and define adequate biomarker concentrations, (ii) make assumptions about inter-individual variation in requirements, (iii) derive bioavailability factors and (iv) collate, select, interpret and integrate evidence on requirements.
The effect of pre-pregnancy BMI on intention, initiation and duration of breast-feeding
Authors: Guelinckx Isabelle , Devlieger Roland , Bogaerts Annick , Pauwels Sara , Vansant Greet 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether pre-pregnancy BMI influences breast-feeding practice.DesignRetrospective epidemiological study.SettingUniversity Hospital Leuven, Catholic University Leuven, Belgium.SubjectsTwo hundred women (median age 29 years, interquartile range (IQR) 4; 52 % nulliparae) were grouped into four categories according to pre-pregnancy BMI using WHO cut-offs.ResultsThe incidence of intention and initiation of breast-feeding was significantly lower in underweight (64 %) and obese women (68 %) compared with normal weight (92 %) and overweight women (80 %). Initiation was also related to parity (OR = 0·582; 95 % CI 0·400, 0·846), but not to gestational weight gain, method of delivery or hypertensive disorders. Fifty-two per cent of underweight, 70 % of normal weight and 56 % of overweight women were exclusively breast-feeding their infant during the first month of life. This incidence was significantly lower in the obese group (34 %; P = 0·030). Only 40 % of all infants were exclusively breast-fed at 3 months of age, with the lowest prevalence among women with obesity (P = 0·0 0 1). The median duration of any breast-feeding in the obese group (1·8 months, IQR 3·4) was significantly shorter than in the underweight (3·0 months, IQR 3·1), normal weight (3·0 months, IQR 2·4) and overweight group (3·0 months, IQR 3·5; P = 0·024). Reasons given for ceasing breast-feeding in the obese group were maternal complications (29 %), insufficient milk supply (23 %), sucking problems (21 %) and work resumption (21 %).ConclusionsBreast-feeding practice in the total population, but especially among women with obesity, fell short of global WHO recommended standards. Policy initiatives and local interventions should continue to support breast-feeding, but also prevent maternal obesity.
Adsorption of Humic Acid onto Carbonaceous Surfaces: Atomic Force Microscopy Study
Authors: Liu Zhiguo , Zu Yuangang , Meng Ronghua , Xing Zhimin , Tan Shengnan , Zhao Lin , Sun Tongze , Zhou Zhen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe adsorption of humic acid (HA) onto highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces at different concentrations has been studied by atomic force microscopy. When HA concentration was increased from 10 to 1,000 mg/L, HA can sequentially form spherical particles, layered structures, and connected blocks on HOPG surfaces. The findings of the layer structures and small amount of fine chains have been verified and discussed. When HA was acidified by addition of acetic acid, it changed into small rigid particles. These results indicated that HA can be considered as supramolecular associations of self-assembling heterogeneous and relatively small molecules, and a small amount of polymers. The present results are important for understanding HA molecular structures and their adsorption characteristic on carbonaceous surfaces.
The Bible in the Political Rhetoric of the American Founding
Authors: Dreisbach Daniel L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe American founders frequently alluded to and quoted from the Bible in their political rhetoric. This fact alone reveals little about how and for what purposes the founding generation used the Bible and, more important, how the Bible influenced the political thought of the founding era. Drawing on some of the most familiar political rhetoric of the founding era, this article examines the founders' diverse uses of the Bible in political discourse, ranging from the strictly literary and cultural to the theological, from the stylistic to the substantive. Recognition of these distinct uses is important insofar as it is misleading to read spiritual meaning into purely political or rhetorical uses of the Bible orvice versa.
Creating an Enabling Environment for Sustainable Production and Marketing of Gum Acacia – The Case of Southern Sudan
Authors: Wani J.T.E. , Yor T.T.O. , Owino F. , Jiji B. 
Published: November 2011

The Government of Southern Sudan, established by the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in Jan 2005, has a land area of about 648,051 km2, which is endowed with vast quantities of natural resources including Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal trees. The Southern Sudan gum belt, based on the African Gum Belt Map and the Probability Map produced by SNV (2009), is estimated at 300,740.6 km2 (30,074,060 ha), which is about 46.4% of the total land area and covers 7 states: Upper Nile, Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Unity, Northern Bahr El Gazal, Central Equatoria and Warrap. Although Southern Sudan has these vast natural resources, it has not formally participated in the commercial production and marketing of the valuable gum acacia. Some communities in Southern Sudan states bordering North Sudan have some idea of commercial gum collection and marketing as they, over time, have been marginally involved and most of the gum has been sold to northern traders or brokers.
These vast resources therefore remain underdeveloped and untapped for meaningful benefit to the rural communities and livelihood improvement. As the newly formed ‘Republic of South Sudan’ enters a new phase of independence (from 9th July 2011), the Government of South Sudan (GoSS) is committed to developing the gum sector for the benefit of the many years marginalised and war ravaged rural communities' socio-economic development, banking on the reversion from traditional local uses to modern production, processing and marketing strategies and as an alternative non-oil revenue earner. Sustainable natural gums production shall be the corner stone to developing the rural communities as this promotes people's livelihoods in harmony with forests and woodlands.
As South Sudan enters the international arena on Acacia gum marketing, the desire is to also fulfil the Global Consensus on actions towards sustainable management of forests. Sustainable and reliable production of quality organic gums from South Sudan that meets international standards and requirements is therefore the Government of South Sudan's focus. This provides huge investment opportunities for the sub-sector to foster socio-economic development of rural populace in potential gum production zones: quality products, fair pricing, value addition and marketing channels.
This article seeks to share the several steps taken so far in creating an enabling environment, lessons learnt and the way forward in order to fully achieve the goal of gum being the corner stone to developing the war ravaged rural communities and restoring the dignity of the South Sudanese.
Effect of Methods of Tapping on Gum Yield of Acacia Seyal Var. Seyal in South Kordofan State, Sudan
Authors: Fadl K.E.M. 
Published: November 2011

Acacia seyal var. seyal (talha) is an important multipurpose tree in the savanna zone of South Kordofan. The tree produces gum, which is collected from the natural exudation by the rural people. However, little information is available about the tapping possibility of A. seyal var. seyal. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of tapping tools, position of tapping, date of tapping and intensity of tapping on A. seyal var. seyal gum yield, to find an improved procedure, suitable tool and optimum time for tapping the tree. Therefore, two experiments each with two factors/variables were carried out at Umfakarin forest reserve in 2001/02.
In the first experiment the first factor was tapping tool, which was tested using four types (namely Makamak, Axe, Mohfar and Sonki). Sonki was developed by the gum research program for tapping A. senegal whilst the axe is the traditional tool for tapping the gum arabic tree. The second factor was position of tapping, which was tested at four levels: lower stem (0-50 cm), middle stem (50-100 cm), higher stem (100-150 cm) and branch tapping. In the second experiment, the first factor was the date of tapping which was tested at three times (1st November, 15th November and 1st December), and the second factor was intensity of tapping, which was tested at four levels (2, 4, 6 and 8 branches).
The present study revealed the possibility of talha gum production by tapping A. seyal var. seyal. The tapping tools showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between the four tapping tools with respect to gum yield. The yield of Axe, Mohfar and Sonki was 58, 60 and 50% lower than that obtained using Makmak. The position of tapping had a significant effect (P &lt; 0.05) on the amount of gum production; the middle stem tapping caused the highest gum yield with a total of 275 g\tree. The yields from the lower stem, higher stem and branch tapping were 25, 57 and 41% lower than that obtained from middle stem tapping. The interaction effect between the tapping tools and position of tapping was not significantly different. In the second experiment, the tapping date had a significant effect (P &lt; 0.05) on the amount of produced talha gum. Trees in this experiment produced the highest gum yield when tapped on the 1st of November. However, the tapping intensity did not show significant effect on gum yield. Therefore, a tapping intensity of two to four branches is recommended in order to minimise the likelihood of damaging the A. seyal var. seyal tapped trees.
Enhancement of Bottled Water Characteristics using Gum Arabic
Authors: Rabah A.A. , Mahmoud T.E. , Al-Assaf S. 
Published: November 2011

This study investigated the enhancement of bottled water characteristics using gum arabic. A commercially available mechanical powder of Acacia senegal (hashab) originating from Kordofan, Sudan, was used. The physicochemical properties of the test material were as follows: moisture content (10%), ash content (3.5%), specific optical rotation (−29.8), intrinsic viscosity (18.5 mL/g) and pH (4.33). Its minerals contents were 0.9 and 0.2 g / 100 g of Ca2+ and Mg2+ respectively. A value of 0.28% was determined for the nitrogen content, which corresponds to a protein content of 1.85% w/w. The sample was free of Pb, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr and Mn. Again, commercially available bottled water with a calcium carbonate hardness of 92 ppm and a pH of 7.6 was used. The bottled water was treated with gum arabic and analysed for pH, hardness, viscosity, colour, odour and microbiological characteristics. The results showed that the hardness was enhanced from 92 to 169 ppm by adding only 2 g of gum arabic to 1 L of bottled water. At this level of addition there was almost negligible increase in the viscosity whilst the mineral content, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ was doubled. All other characteristics remained within the local and international accepted levels. The microbiological analysis showed no contamination and the physical tests also showed no significant odour and colour changes even when the treated bottled water was left for a period of a month under controlled conditions.
La protonthérapie, technique de pointe à l’interface entre la physique et la médecine
Authors: Ferrand Régis 
Published: November 2011

Forme de radiothérapie née pendant les années 50 autour d’accélérateurs de
physique nucléaire, la protonthérapie utilise les propriétés balistiques
spécifiques des faisceaux de protons pour mieux déposer la dose d’irradiation
dans les tumeurs en protégeant les organes sensibles avoisinants.
Nous aborderons dans cet article les étapes de la réalisation d’un traitement,
depuis les accélérateurs jusqu’à la mise en forme du faisceau, ainsi que
certaines pistes de recherche actuelles visant à réduire la taille et le coût
des installations, enjeu de la prochaine décennie pour démocratiser cette
modalité efficace mais encore marginale.
The pathogenesis and management of the coagulopathy of acute promyelocytic leukaemia
Authors: Breen Karen A. , Grimwade David , Hunt Beverley J. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryCoagulopathy occurs in most patients with (APML) and is life‐threatening; therefore prompt diagnosis and recognition of any coagulation defect is imperative. Unfortunately haemorrhage remains a major cause of early death, preventing some from reaching treatment. The coagulopathy is caused directly or indirectly by the leukaemic cells through expression of activators of coagulation and fibrinolysis, proteases and cytokine generation, compounded by failure of platelet production due to marrow invasion. At presentation the predominant feature is usually hyperfibrinolysis. Since the introduction of all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA), patient outcome has dramatically improved; yet, haemorrhagic complications remain the most frequent cause of mortality. Thrombotic complications occur but are less well recognized and potentially underreported. Supportive measures and prompt initiation of ATRA currently represent the mainstay of treatment of the coagulopathy in patients with suspected APML, but unanswered questions remain as to the optimal approach to further decrease the associated haemorrhagic and thrombotic risks. In particular, it is unclear how to best predict and monitor the coagulopathy; whether there is a role for the early use of antifibrinolytics; the most appropriate trigger for giving fibrinogen replacement and the value of low‐dose anticoagulation to suppress coagulation activation once fibrinolysis has been suppressed.
Stable bone mineral density over 6 years in HIV‐infected men treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
Authors: Bolland Mark J , Grey Andrew , Horne Anne M , Briggs Simon E , Thomas Mark G , Ellis‐Pegler Rod B , Gamble Greg D , Reid Ian R 
Published: October 2011

SummaryObjective  Most longitudinal studies of bone mineral density (BMD) in HIV‐infected cohorts have been of short duration, typically 1–2 years. Some studies, especially of cohorts treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), report short‐term stable or increasing BMD, but other studies, often in cohorts initiating HAART, report short‐term losses in BMD. We assessed BMD changes over the medium term in HIV‐infected men already established on HAART at baseline.Design  Six‐year, prospective, longitudinal study.Subjects  Forty‐four HIV‐infected men treated with HAART and 37 uninfected, healthy controls.Measurements  Participants had measurements of BMD at baseline, 2 and 6 years.Results  In the HIV‐infected men at baseline, the mean age was 49 years, the mean duration of infection was 8 years, and the mean duration of HAART was 50 months. Over 6 years of follow‐up, there was a greater increase in lumbar spine BMD (5·3%, 95% CI 3·8–6·5%) in the HIV‐infected men compared with controls (0·3%, 95% CI −1·0 to 1·6%), P < 0·001. There was no difference between the groups in the change in BMD over time at the total hip (HIV group: −0·6%, 95% CI −1·7 to 0·4%, controls −1·0%, 95% CI −2·2 to 0%, P = 0·8) or at the total body (HIV group, 0·3%, 95% CI −0·3 to 1·0%; controls, 0·5%, 95% CI −0·2 to 1·1%, P = 0·15). Lean mass increased in the HIV group, but not in the controls.Conclusions  There was no evidence of accelerated bone loss over 6 years in middle‐aged, HIV‐infected men treated with HAART. For such patients, routine monitoring of BMD is not necessary over the short/medium term.
Ingestion and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus by beef cattle under contrasting grazing intensities
Authors: Orr R. J. , Griffith B. A. , Cook J. E. , Champion R. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere is increased global interest in the environmental impacts of farming, including the need to prevent the contamination of soil, water and air with excessive amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in grazed systems. Reduction in grazing intensity has frequently been recommended to meet biodiversity and production goals in sustainable grazing systems. The objective of this experiment was to measure N and P ingestion and excretion by beef cattle grazing semi‐natural pastures at two grazing intensities (Moderate or Lenient). The cattle grazing at Moderate grazing intensity had significantly more defaecations each day than those grazing at Lenient intensity (9·5 vs. 7·5) and tended to have more urinations (7·0 vs. 5·8). For the Moderate and Lenient treatments, respectively, 113 vs. 76 g N d−1 was excreted compared with 136 vs. 94 g N d−1 ingested; 12 vs. 8 g P d−1 was excreted compared with 13 vs. 10 g P d−1 ingested and urine N comprised 0·51 and 0·52 of the total N excreted each day. In improved, intensively managed grassland systems, urine N comprises a much higher proportion (approximately 0·70–0·85) of the daily total N excreted. The lower level found here is likely to impact on potential volatilization, denitrification and leaching losses, and these aspects should be examined further to see the extent to which semi‐improved grasslands containing increased plant diversity compared with improved grasslands can deliver higher resource protection, as well as enhanced grassland faunal diversity and abundance.