bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feminist Philosophy of Biology
Authors: Fehr Carla 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article deals with certain areas of biological sciences related to social issues. It demonstrates the feminist and non-feminist philosophy of biology to get the science regarding sex, women, and gender right. The gender norms range from specific claims about men being suited to business and women to domestic labor. There are arguments to limit women's access to the public sphere. Sociobiologist investigated assumptions to show isomorphism between a particular theory and the world. It focuses on the assumptions that need to be tested in order to apply biological theories of sexual selection. A view known as “reductionism” is also discussed according to which things in the universe are arranged hierarchically and that causal interactions are limited to the lowest levels of this hierarchy. Feminist philosophy of biology functions to maximize the accuracy of biological knowledge claims and the clarity of biological concepts.
Introduction
Authors: Eldridge Richard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This introductory article explains the coverage of this book, which is about the relations of complementarity and opposition between philosophy and literature. This book explores the interests for human life of specific genres of literature, considers broad modes of attention that have marked off certain large cultural periods from one another, traces workings of certain central literary devices for achieving attention and evaluates the use of literature as a practice in relation to the practices of inquiry, morality and politics. It also discusses the significance of the works of some philosophers in analyzing literary practice.
Tragedy
Authors: Bernstein Jay 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at the relevance of the literary genre of tragedy to philosophy. It suggests that tragedy matters to philosophy in part because philosophy at its inception attempts to authorize itself by banishing the tragic poets. There is something about tragedy that directly challenges philosophy's original self-understanding and some content or manner of tragedy requires either refutation or acknowledgment that cannot be put aside. This article examines Aristotle's Poetics and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's Lectures on Fine Art and describes three tragic narratives, Oedipus the King, Hamlet, and the emergent tragic narration of the Holocaust.
Postcolonialism
Authors: Bertacco Simona 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article looks towards the influence of post-colonialism on literary theory. It discusses the reading of postcolonial text as a repository of sociological or historical information with its aesthetic dimension being put to one side as trivial and not essential to the communication of its social message. It suggests that this interpretive stance seems to contradict the notion of textual politics shaped by postcolonial theory and goes back to the question of what it means to respond to a work of literature as literature when the postcolonial qualifier enters the picture. The article also evaluates the value of the canonical literary text from a postcolonial perspective.
Style
Authors: Altieri Charles 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at the history of the study of literary style. It claims that style should be seen as purposive activity inseparable from the aesthetic shaping of the work as a whole and that the best way of modeling this activity is to take the foregrounding of style as a demonstrative speech act. It analyzes the works of Dante and argues that style matters in art and life because if we fail to establish manner as substance, we have only picture thinking. If we are reduced to picture thinking, we lose any language either for the variations in intensity afforded by aesthetic experiences or for the capacity to make discriminations that having that repository of examples might afford.
Literature and Morality
Authors: Cohen Ted 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at the influence of literature on morality. The idea that art or literature has or can have something to do with morality is an old and enduring idea, but today this idea appears in at least two continuing discussions. These discussions revolve around the questions of whether acquaintance with works of art can have a moral effect upon an audience and whether the moral character of a work of art is relevant in its aesthetic assessment. This article also examines whether morally objectionable features of a fiction count against its aesthetic merit.
Plato in his Time and Place
Authors: Schofield Malcolm 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article traces the circumstances, which led to Plato becoming a great philosopher. Gradual unraveling of the article brings out more of young Plato and how he became a part of Socrates' circle. Doing philosophy meant trying to understand how to live the life of a just person: getting rid of illusions about what we know or what we think we want, and coming to see what living well really consists of. That is the manifesto Socrates enunciates in his speech to the jurors in the Apology. That is the theme Plato makes him elaborate and defends on a massive scale in the Republic, the longest and most complex of all his works. Fundamental in what he took from Socrates is the idea that philosophy is an inquiry, and inquiry best pursued in conversation with someone else.
Socratic Ethics and Moral Psychology
Authors: Devereux Daniel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPlato's dialogues form the basis of Socratic Ethics and Moral Psychology. Among Plato's thirty-five dialogues there is a group of eleven or twelve that share certain features setting them apart from the rest. In these dialogues, which are considerably shorter than the others, Socrates always has the role of questioner. The questions he discusses are mostly about specific virtues and how they are related to each other: for example, piety is discussed in the Euthyphro, courage in the Laches, temperance in the Charmides, and justice and temperance in the Gorgias. A major theme of Socratic dialogues is Socrates' opposition to the “sophists,” a varied lot with different interests and claims to fame who shared certain characteristics that justified their common designation. Socrates debates the issue, if virtue is an art or skill that involves knowing what is truly good and evil, the virtuous person should be able to “size up” a situation and determine, as to what sort of action is called for to resolve a particular situation.
Plato's Epistemology
Authors: Taylor Christopher C. W. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe attempt to understand and develop Plato's philosophical views has a long history, starting with Aristotle and Plato's institutional successors in the academy towards the end of the fourth century bc. This article traces the history and development of the idea of Platonism. The development of a specifically Platonic philosophy took place mainly within the academy. As a result, the idea that Plato's dialogues already presented a well defined, comprehensive, and essentially correct philosophical system seems not to have arisen until the first century bc. And it was probably not until toward the beginning of the second century ad that a disparate set of philosophers who identified themselves as “Platonists” conceived the project of advocating and defending a specifically Platonic philosophy of this kind by systematically interpreting and explaining Plato's texts.
Plato's Ethics
Authors: Annas Julia 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEthics, is referred to as a concern to act rightly and to live a good life, is pervasive in Plato's work, and so we find Plato's ethical thinking throughout the dialogues. The article discusses the idea of ethics as propounded by Plato. Why does Plato take most people to be drastically wrong about goodness but not about happiness? The answer here lies in the notion of happiness, which is how we have hitherto rendered eudaimonia. Plato's ethical thought is, then, structured by a broad eudaimonist assumption. His main concern is to challenge the views most people have about goodness, for it is here that they go disastrously wrong in trying to live happy lives. Most people think that virtue is a minor good, or even an impediment to living a happy life. Plato considers this to be utterly incorrect; it is only by being virtuous that we can hope to be happy.
TheParmenides
Authors: Peterson Sandra 
Published: September 2009

AbstractParmenides contrasts with Plato's other works in several ways. For example, Socrates is depicted as “very young perhaps fifteen or nineteen.” Parmenides questions Socrates, who contradicts himself; in other dialogues of question and answer, Socrates typically questions others, who contradict themselves. The article deals with the philosophical dialogues had take place between Socrates and Zeno. Parmenides refutes Socrates on the topic of forms, items such as justice itself and good itself, while the older Socrates of other dialogues presents forms as central to philosophy; the dialogue thus raises the question whether its criticism of forms signals Plato's revision of views expressed in previous writings. The article also elaborates on the dialogue between Socrates and Zeno, which gradually unravels a discourse on form and likeness. Parmenides speaks of “something beautiful and just and good.” As it proceeds, the article unravels a debate that rages over things becoming like and unlike in a respect and to an extent. Both of them through their individual dialogues unfold a series of philosophical theories and treatise.
TheTheaetetus
Authors: Lee Mi‐Kyoung 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Theaetetus is a principal field of battle for one of the main disputes between Plato's interpreters. This is the dispute between unitarians and revisionists. This article focuses on Plato's ideas on unitarians and revisionists. Plato's greatest work on epistemology, in the Theaetetus, Plato has much to say about the nature of knowledge elsewhere. But only the Theaetetus offers a set-piece discussion of the question “What is knowledge?” This question is raised most vividly for readers of Plato when assessing the central epistemological claim of the Republic: that knowledge is impossible unless one grasps the forms, and also for those who do not recognize the existence of the forms. Plato adopts a complex strategy for examining the nature of knowledge in the Theaetetus: he sometimes has Socrates examine a conception of knowledge purely on its own terms. The two major ideas dealt with in the article are change and form.
Plato and Aristotle in the Academy
Authors: Shields Christopher 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses Aristotle as a source of data regarding Plato's philosophy. The first pictures Aristotle beginning his intellectual life as a meek and dutiful Platonist and coming into his own as a philosopher only after the passing of his master, some twenty years beyond their earliest association. There are certain controversies regarding each other's approach towards philosophy; because Aristotle later on is seen to be disagreeing with his master on certain issues. Still less is there reason to credit the bewildering contention, common to antiquity and modernity, that Aristotle never developed to the point of grasping the rudiments of Platonic philosophy: “In the first place,” says Burnet of Aristotle, “it is certain that he never understood the teaching of the head of the Academy.” However, keeping aside the above controversies, it must be acknowledged that Aristotle does cite Plato's views in illuminating ways in some of his surviving corpus. It can be concluded that, despite certain difference of opinion, Aristotle's corpus continues to be a great source of information of his master, Plato.
Plato and Platonism
Authors: Brittain Charles 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAs the title suggests, the article focuses on the development of Plato and his philosophy, which is better known as Platonism. The advent of the Hellenestic schools advocated a more empirical approach to the study of philosophy as well as Platonism. And it was probably not until toward the beginning of the second century ad that a disparate set of philosophers who identified themselves as “Platonists” conceived the project of advocating and defending a specifically Platonic philosophy of interpreting Plato's works and ideas. The problem of the delayed development of Platonism is an interesting one because the general conditions for its emergence seem to have been in place from at least 50 bc. Notable among these conditions were three significant changes in late Hellenistic philosophy. The first was the demise of the skeptical academy by the middle of the first century bc, which released the interpretation of the Platonic corpus from institutional constraints, and in particular from the skeptical interpretations of Plato the academics had advocated since the third century bc. How much may the debate continue; Platonism still continues to be an integral part of present day philosophical interpretations.
The Pyrrhonian Problematic
Authors: Lammenranta Markus 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses three interpretations of the Pyrrhonian problematic in relation to the work of Sextus Empiricus. It explains the shortcomings of the theoretical and psychological interpretations and argues that it is the dialectical interpretation that provides a serious skeptical challenge to our beliefs. There seems to be no satisfactory nonskeptical response to it. According to the dialectical interpretation, the proper scope of Pyrrhonian skepticism involves things we have disagreements about.
Hume's Skepticism
Authors: Williams Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the skepticism of philosopher David Hume based on the philosophy contained in his A Treatise of Human Nature and An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. It investigates how the various ways in which forms of skepticism can differ and characterizes the general tendencies of Hume's skeptical thinking. It attempts to address the connection between skeptical argumentation and Hume's naturalistic science of man and the way by which Hume's naturalism subserve his critical project. It also explores whether Hume's skeptical tendencies get out of hand.
Kant's Response to Skepticism
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at philosopher Immanuel Kant's view and argument against skepticism. It explains that Kant's response to skepticism has come to be epitomized by an appeal to transcendental arguments and that this argument is said to provide a distinctively Kantian way of dealing with the skeptic. It suggests that at least one of Kant's transcendental arguments can in fact be understood in a way that involves very little appeal to the rest of the Kantian framework and argues that the preoccupation with transcendental arguments is not the right way to get the full picture of how Kant saw the threat of skepticism or what he took skepticism to be.
Peirce and Skepticism
Authors: Hookway Christopher 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce's thoughts about skepticism. It discusses the concept of fallibilism and evaluates how to better understand Hilary Putnam's claim that the combination of fallibilism with antiskepticism was one of the defining marks of American pragmatism. It explores some of Peirce's views about doubt and highlights his rejection of a foundationalist account of justification, together with the rejection of some metaphysical pictures that would lead us to think that such an account of justification was required.
Moore and Skepticism
Authors: Lemos Noah 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines philosopher G. E. Moore's thoughts and arguments against skepticism. It explains that Moore wrestled with issues of knowledge and skepticism throughout his career, examining and responding in several influential essays to various skeptical arguments. It describes Moore's response to one form of skeptical argument and contrasts it with two alternative approaches, relevantism and contextualism. It evaluates whether Moorean response to skepticism stifle epistemological inquiry and discusses Moore's denial that skepticism is epistemically possible in the sense that it is reasonable to believe that skepticism is true.
Austin's Way with Skepticism
Authors: Kaplan Mark 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article examines philosopher J. L. Austin's argument against skepticism. It explains Austin's response to questions concerning the evaluation of Cartesian arguments in favour of skepticism and the correctness of the conclusion of the said arguments. It also mentions Austin's argument in his 1946 article that attention to everyday practice of making and challenging knowledge claims makes it clear that it is a practice in which there is a substantial constraint on what counts as a legitimate challenge to a person's claim to knowledge.
The Relativist Response to Radical Skepticism
Authors: Graham Peter J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article considers the response of relativism to radical skepticism. It analyzes two different versions of relativism, one about truth and one about justification, and evaluates whether common sense would stand in need of some defense. It argues that the “relativist about truth” holds a deeply implausible view which in a sense defends common sense but only at the cost of abandoning common sense. It also discusses the structure of the radical skeptic's argument and the validity of relativism about truth as a response to the radical skeptic.
Externalist Responses to Skepticism
Authors: Bergmann Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the epistemic externalist responses to skepticism. It focuses on two prominent theses about externalist responses to skepticism, one positive and one negative. The positive thesis holds that externalism alone avoids skepticism and the negative thesis identifies a defect of externalism that it implausibly avoids skepticism. It discusses the four objections to externalism's handling of skepticism and suggests that externalists can respond to these objections by arguing that the objections apply just as strongly to the only live option for nonexternalists which is serious moderate nonexternalism.
Internalist Responses to Skepticism
Authors: Vogel Jonathan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the key responses to internalism and skepticism. There are three primary internalist responses to skepticism, namely, apriorism, dogmatism, and explanationism. This article suggests that explanationism is the best response because we are justified on explanatory grounds in believing that skeptical hypotheses are false and that our ordinary beliefs about the world are, by and large, true. It discusses the veridicality principles and concludes that explanationism is the solution to the problem of skepticism about the external world.
Virtue‐Theoretic Responses to Skepticism
Authors: Axtell Guy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article examines the different responses of virtue theory to skepticism. It explains that virtue theory is concerned with philosophical evaluation of human agents in their interaction with the world and its central focus in on understanding agents and the habits and dispositions through which their interactions in the world unfold allows for the acknowledgment of analogies between epistemic and ethical evaluation. It analyses the responses of the proponents of the virtue epistemology (VE) to radical skepticism, particularly the Pyrrhonian skepticism and the underdetermination-based argument. It provides suggestions on how to improve the prospects of virtue-theoretic responses to skepticism and outline a version of VE that seeks to recast somewhat how we understand the externalist turn in epistemology.
Introduction: The New Philosophy of Economics
Authors: Ross Don , Kincaid Harold 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article outlines a vision of what philosophy of economics should be. Its focus is on economic science, as opposed to the somewhat broader field taken by the philosophy of economics in general. In drawing this distinction, it follows Lionel Robbins, whose Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science had its seventy-fifth anniversary of publication celebrated in 2007. Economists are far less preoccupied with abstract, grand, unified theories than they once were. Therefore, philosophers of economics should be less interested in this, too. Led by Nancy Cartwight and others, this was a conclusion many philosophers of science had arrived at independently. But this has led many to criticize economics because they did not quickly pick up on changes taking place in economics graduate curricula or circulating working papers. The new, situational, and pragmatic economics beautifully exemplifies the themes that philosophers of sciences had recently gathered from other disciplines.
If Economics Is a Science, What Kind of a Science Is It?
Authors: Rosenberg Alex 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTo begin with, economics has a paradigm, as plainly exhibited by the uniformity of its textbooks. It is a commonplace that unlike every other social and behavioral science, the introductory texts in economics are all pretty much the same. By and large you could permute the problems at the ends of chapters among the five largest selling textbooks in the field and still test students' understanding of the chapters they had actually read. Second, the language of the discipline is highly mathematized. Third, the discipline has identifiable proprietary laws, albeit inexact ones, and a set of proprietary kinds, which the discipline's “discipline” requires be applied to the solution of puzzles. And it rewards most generously those who find new puzzles to which to apply the laws and concepts. This progressive expansion of the domain of economics is often decried by some social scientists as economic imperialism.
Realistic Realism about Unrealistic Models
Authors: Mäki Uskali 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe special challenge the philosophy of economics must meet is to provide a scientific realist account that is realistic of a discipline that deals with a complex subject matter and operates with highly unrealistic models. Unrealisticness in economic models must not constitute an obstacle to realism about those models. This article gives a selective and somewhat abstract summary of its author's thinking about economics, outlined from two perspectives: first historical and autobiographical, then systematic and comparative. The first angle helps understand motives and trajectories of ideas against their backgrounds in intellectual history. The story of this article turns out to have both unique and generalizable aspects. The second approach outlines some of the key concepts and arguments as well as their interrelations in this chapter's philosophy of economics, with occasional comparisons to other views. More space is devoted to this second perspective than to the first.
Methodological Issues in Experimental Design and Interpretation
Authors: Guala Francesco 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article is organized around two topics: the first one is the methodology of experimental economics, a research program that is becoming increasingly influential in contemporary economic science. The second one is normative methodology, an issue that has been widely debated by philosophers of economics over the last two decades. A methodological discussion of experimental economics could simply aim at describing the methods used by experimental economists in their daily work, without asking questions of efficacy or justification. Another approach, the one that is pursued here, is to take a more direct normative stance: instead of passively observing what economists do, the philosopher steps down in the arena of scientific debate and tries to issue some cautious advice on methodological matters.