bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Upper Khirthar beds of North-West India
Authors: Davies Lewis Merson 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The type locality for the Upper Khirthar beds of India is the “Spin tangi” (or “white gorge”), a ravine traversing a prominent ridge in north-eastern Baluchistan; so it may be as well to recall the main facts regarding the Eocene sequence there, which was said by R. D. Oldham (1890b, pp. 94–6; 1892, pp. 21–4) to consist, in ascending order, of Dunghan Limestone, Ghazij Shales and the Spintangi Group.

This designation does not seem to be applicable to an Eocene formation. It first appears on a map (Oldham 1890a, facing p. 58), where an area largely composed of Cretaceous outcrops is coloured as “Dunghan Limestone”. Similarly, when first described in the text (1890b, p. 94), this limestone is said to form “the greater portion, if not the whole” of Dunghan Hill, and to be from 1500 to 1800 feet in thickness. Dunghan Hill appears to be entirely composed of Mesozoic rocks; and the “Dunghan Limestone” probably represents the whole Cretaceous sequence following the Neocomian belemnite bed, and may range from the Turonian to the Maestrichtian inclusive. The Geological Survey of India seems to have accepted Dunghan Hill as the type area for this formation (
vide
Holland and Tipper 1913–6, p. 46), and referred it to the Cretaceous. Oldham himself stated that the Dunghan Limestone contains “characteristically cretaceous forms” such as “
Crioceras, Baculites
and
Ammonites
” (1893, p. 291); while the supposed “nummulites” in it, to which Oldham (
loc. cit.
) and Griesbach (1893, p. 115) referred, were afterwards said by
Pleistocene gravels of the Cotswold sub-edge plain from Mickleton to the Frome Valley
Authors: Tomlinson Mabel E. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The district with which this paper is concerned is defined by the rivers Avon and Severn on the north and west and by the escarpment of the Cotswolds from Mickleton to the Frome valley on the east.
In the north of the area, the low ground or sub-edge plain which lies between the hills and the Avon is broken by Bredon Hill. This hill is an outlier of the Cotswolds capped by Inferior Oolite and separated from the main escarpment by a broad vale of Lower Lias clay some six miles wide in the north, between Ashton under Hill and Broadway, but narrower towards the southern end, where the outliers of Dumbleton Hill (Middle and Upper Lias) and Oxenton Hill (Middle and Upper Lias with a small capping of Inferior Oolite) occupy some of the space between Bredon Hill and the escarpment. The north and east of this vale is drained northwards by a small stream, the Isbourne, which rises south of Winchcomb and joins the Avon at Evesham. The Carrant and Tirle brooks drain the south-west part of the vale on the south side of Bredon Hill and join the Avon near Tewkesbury.
South of Tewkesbury, the sub-edge plain varies from about three to seven miles in breadth and is broken by the Upper and Middle Lias outliers of Churchdown Hill and Robin's Wood Hill. Numerous small streams drain from the Cotswolds to the Severn, the largest being the river Frome, which flows through Stroud to join
Distinct MicroRNA Alterations Characterize High- and Low-Grade Bladder Cancer
Authors: Catto James W.F. , Miah Saiful , Owen Helen C. , Bryant Helen , Myers Katie , Dudziec Ewa , Larré Stéphane , Milo Marta , Rehman Ishtiaq , Rosario Derek J. , Di Martino Erica , Knowles Margaret A. , Meuth Mark , Harris Adrian L. , Hamdy Freddie C. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCC) is a common disease that arises by at least two different molecular pathways. The biology of UCC is incompletely understood, making the management of this disease difficult. Recent evidence implicates a regulatory role for microRNA in cancer. We hypothesized that altered microRNA expression contributes to UCC carcinogenesis. To test this hypothesis, we examined the expression of 322 microRNAs and their processing machinery in 78 normal and malignant urothelial samples using real-time rtPCR. Genes targeted by differentially expressed microRNA were investigated using real-time quantification and microRNA knockdown. We also examined the role of aberrant DNA hypermethylation in microRNA downregulation. We found that altered microRNA expression is common in UCC and occurs early in tumorogenesis. In normal urothelium from patients with UCC, 11% of microRNAs had altered expression when compared with disease-free controls. This was associated with upregulation of Dicer, Drosha, and Exportin 5. In UCC, microRNA alterations occur in a tumor phenotype–specific manner and can predict disease progression. High-grade UCC were characterized by microRNA upregulation, including microRNA-21 that suppresses p53 function. In low-grade UCC, there was downregulation of many microRNA molecules. In particular, loss of microRNAs-99a/100 leads to upregulation of FGFR3 before its mutation. Promoter hypermethylation is partly responsible for microRNA downregulation. In conclusion, distinct microRNA alterations characterize UCC and target genes in a pathway-specific manner. These data reveal new insights into the disease biology and have implications regarding tumor diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. [Cancer Res 2009;69(21):8472–81]
Pseudaphelenchus yukiae n. gen., n. sp. (Tylenchina: Aphelenchoididae) associated with Cylindrotermes macrognathus (Termitidae: Termitinae) in La Selva, Costa Rica
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Scheffrahn Rudolf H. , Center Barbara J. , Davies Kerrie A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A species of aphelenchoidid nematode was isolated from a subterranean
termite, Cylindrotermes macrognathus, during a survey of termite-associated
nematodes in a conserved forest in La Selva, Costa Rica. The nematode was
morphologically intermediate between the families Aphelenchidae and
Aphelenchoididae, i.e., the nematode had a true bursa supported by bursal
limb-like genital papillae but lacked a clear pharyngeal isthmus. The
molecular phylogenetic status of the new nematode among tylenchid,
cephalobid, panagrolaimid, aphelenchid and aphelenchoidid genera was
analysed based on ca 1.2 kb of SSU ribosomal DNA sequence and the inferred
position was basal to the family Aphelenchoididae. It was clearly not part
of the clade containing the genus Aphelenchus (=Aphelenchidae). This
nematode is described herein as Pseudaphelenchus yukiae n. gen., n. sp., and
the family definition of Aphelenchoididae is emended to include the unique
morphological characters of this new genus. The molecular phylogenetic
analysis supported the paraphyly of the three Aphelenchoidinae genera
Aphelenchoides, Laimaphelenchus and Schistonchus and the monophyly of
Ektaphelenchinae, Seinura (Seinurinae) and Noctuidonema (Acugutturinae).
However, many more representatives are needed to resolve the family-genus
level phylogeny of Aphelenchoididae.
A dosimetric comparison of four treatment planning methods for high grade glioma
Authors: Zach Leor , Stall Bronwyn , Ning Holly , Ondos John , Arora Barbara , Uma Shankavaram , Miller Robert W , Citrin Deborah , Camphausen Kevin 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
High grade gliomas (HGG) are typically treated with a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Three dimensional (3D) conformal radiotherapy treatment planning is still the main stay of treatment for these patients. New treatment planning methods suggest better dose distributions and organ sparing but their clinical benefit is unclear. The purpose of the current study was to compare normal tissue sparing and tumor coverage using four different radiotherapy planning methods in patients with high grade glioma.

Methods
Three dimensional conformal (3D), sequential boost IMRT, integrated boost (IB) IMRT and Tomotherapy (TOMO) treatment plans were generated for 20 high grade glioma patients. T1 and T2 MRI abnormalities were used to define GTV and CTV with 2 and 2.5 cm margins to define PTV1 and PTV2 respectively.

Results
The mean dose to PTV2 but not to PTV1 was less then 95% of the prescribed dose with IB and IMRT plans. The mean doses to the optic chiasm and the ipsilateral globe were highest with 3D plans and least with IB plans. The mean dose to the contralateral globe was highest with TOMO plans. The mean of the integral dose (ID) to the brain was least with the IB plan and was lower with IMRT compared to 3D plans. The TOMO plans had the least mean D10 to the normal brain but higher mean D50 and D90 compared to IB and IMRT plans. The mean D10 and D50 but not D90 were significantly lower with the IMRT plans compared to the 3D plans.

Conclusion
No single treatment planning method was found to be superior to all others and a personalized approach is advised for planning and treating high-grade glioma patients with radiotherapy. Integral dose did not reflect accurately the dose volume histogram (DVH) of the normal brain and may not be a good indicator of delayed radiation toxicity.
A Comparative Study of HIV/AIDS: The Knowledge, Attitudes, and Risk Behaviors of Schizophrenic and Diabetic Patients in Regard to HIV/AIDS in Nigeria
Authors: Ogunsemi Olawale O , Lawal Rahmaan A , Okulate Gbenga T , Alebiosu Christopher O , Olatawura Michael O 
Published: October 2009

ContextStudies on knowledge and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS reported from developed countries have shown that people with psychiatric disorders constitute a special risk group. In Nigeria, although similar studies have been conducted on various population groups, there has, so far, been no reported study on people suffering from psychiatric disorders.ObjectiveThe present study set out to compare knowledge, attitudes, and risk behaviors related to HIV/AIDS among schizophrenic patients and diabetic patients.MethodsNinety‐eight consecutive schizophrenic patients attending the outpatient clinics of a psychiatric hospital over a period of 8 weeks completed an interviewer's administered questionnaire. The interview covered demographics, risk behaviors, knowledge related to HIV/AIDS, and patients' attitudes toward people infected with HIV/AIDS. Their responses were compared with those of 56 diabetic patients who were similarly interviewed in a teaching hospital.ResultsCompared with the diabetic patients, the schizophrenic patients were significantly less sexually active in the previous 12 months (P < .05). They had more misconceptions about HIV/AIDS and were less tolerant towards people living with HIV/AIDS compared with the diabetic patients. They were also more likely to engage in high‐risk behaviors.ConclusionMental health providers rarely educate psychiatric patients about HIV/AIDS and should be more involved in doing so. Despite being less sexually active, patients with schizophrenia engaged in risk behaviors as did the diabetic patients.
Long term immunologic consequences of experimental stroke and mucosal tolerance
Authors: Gee J Michael , Zierath Dannielle , Hadwin Jessica , Savos Anna , Kalil Angela , Thullbery Matthew , Becker Kyra J 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundAn inflammatory insult following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) is associated with a predisposition to develop a deleterious autoimmune response to the brain antigen myelin basic protein (MBP). Induction of immunologic tolerance to brain antigens prior to MCAO prevents this deleterious autoimmune response and is associated with better functional outcome early after stroke. In this study, we sought to determine the long term immunologic consequences of experimental stroke and induction of mucosal tolerance.MethodsMale Lewis rats were tolerized to MBP or ovalbumin (OVA) by intranasal administration prior to MCAO and administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Neurological outcome was assessed at set points after MCAO and animals sacrificed at 3 months; the immune response to MBP in brain and spleen was determined using ELISPOT assay and degree of cellular inflammatory brain infiltrate assessed by immunocytochemistry.ResultsAnimals that developed a pro-inflammatory (TH1) response to MBP experienced worse outcome, while those that developed a regulatory response (TREG) experienced better outcome. A TREGresponse in spleen was also associated with decreased inflammation and an increase in the number of FoxP3 positive cells in brain. In this study, tolerization to MBP prior to MCAO was associated with a tendency to develop a TH1 response to MBP by 3 months after MCAO.ConclusionThese data show that induction of immunological tolerance to MBP is associated with improved outcome after stroke. This study, however, raises concern about the potential for inadvertent induction of detrimental autoimmunity through mucosal administration of antigen.
Persistent treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors and/or memantine slows clinical progression of Alzheimer disease
Authors: Rountree Susan D , Chan Wenyaw , Pavlik Valory N , Darby Eveleen J , Siddiqui Samina , Doody Rachelle S 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Introduction
There are no empiric data to support guidelines for duration of therapy with antidementia drugs. This study examined whether persistent use of antidementia drugs slows clinical progression of Alzheimer disease (AD) assessed by repeated measures on serial tests of cognition and function.

Methods
Six hundred forty-one probable AD patients were followed prospectively at an academic center over 20 years. Cumulative drug exposure was expressed as a persistency index (PI) reflecting total years of drug use divided by total years of disease symptoms. Baseline and annual testing consisted of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), Baylor Profound Mental Status Examination (BPMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating-Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB), Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS), and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL). Annual change in slope of neuropsychological and functional tests as predicted by follow-up time, PI, and the interaction of these two variables was evaluated.

Results
PI was associated with significantly slower rates of decline (with, without adjustment for covariates) on MMSE (P < 0.0001), PSMS (P < 0.05), IADL (P < 0.0001), and CDR-SB (P < 0.001). There was an insignificant trend (P = 0.053) for the PI to be associated with slower rate of decline on BPMSE. The association of PI with ADAS-Cog followed a quadratic trend (P < 0.01). Analysis including both linear and quadratic terms suggests that PI slowed ADAS-Cog decline temporarily. The magnitude of the favorable effect of a rate change in PI was: MMSE 1 point per year, PSMS 0.4 points per year, IADL 1.4 points per year, and CDR-SB 0.6 points per year. The change in mean test scores is additive over the follow-up period (3 ± 1.94 years).

Conclusions
Persistent drug treatment had a positive impact on AD progression assessed by multiple cognitive, functional, and global outcome measures. The magnitude of the treatment effect was clinically significant. Positive treatment effects were even found in those with advanced disease.
Decreased ERK and JNK signaling contribute to gene overexpression in “senescent” CD4+CD28– T cells through epigenetic mechanisms
Authors: Chen Yingxuan , Gorelik Gabriela J , Strickland Faith M , Richardson Bruce C 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Decreased ERK and JNK signaling in CD4+CD28− T cells decreases DNA methyltransferase levels causes demethylation and overexpression of genes normally suppressed by chromatin structure.
An inflammatory and cytotoxic CD4+CD28– T cell subset infiltrates atherosclerotic plaques and is implicated in plaque rupture and myocardial infarctions. This pathologic subset develops with replicative stress and is found in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases such as RA as well as with aging. CD4+CD28– cells overexpress genes normally suppressed by DNA methylation in CD4+CD28+ T cells, such as KIR, perforin, and CD70. How this subset overexpresses methylation-sensitive genes is unknown. DNA methylation patterns are maintained in proliferating cells by Dnmts, which are up-regulated during mitosis by the ERK and JNK signaling pathways. We hypothesized that defects in these signaling pathways contribute to altered gene expression in human CD4+CD28– cells through effects on DNA methylation. We report that signaling through the ERK and JNK pathways is decreased in CD4+CD28– relative to CD4+CD28+ cells from the same individuals and that ERK and JNK pathway inhibition decreases Dnmt1 and −3a levels, which in turn, causes demethylation and overexpression of the TNFSF7 (CD70) gene. We also report that CD4+CD28– T cells overexpress PP5, a stress-induced inhibitor of the ERK and JNK signaling pathways that may contribute to the signaling defects. We conclude that decreased ERK and JNK signaling in the CD4+CD28– subset, arising with replicative stress, can lead to the overexpression of normally suppressed genes through effects on Dnmts and consequently, chromatin structure.
Should Pathologists Send All or Only Selected Slides for Patient-Requested Interlaboratory Second Opinion?
Authors: Renshaw Megan A. , Renshaw Andrew A. , Gould Edwin W. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
For interlaboratory second opinions requested by patients or clinicians, whether all or selected slides should be sent is unknown. We compared the disagreement rate for requested second opinions for 4 years of sending selected slides with the rate for 1 year of sending all slides. Disagreements were identified in 81 (13.6%) of 596 cases (468 selected slides, 128 all slides). The disagreement rate was less when sending selected slides (n = 58 [12%]) vs all slides (n = 23 [18%]; P = .03). Only 5 cases were identified with disagreement related to whether all or selected slides were sent (selected slides, 1 case [slide of interest inadvertently not chosen]; all slides, 4 cases; P = .03). When all slides were sent (disagreement in number of positive nodes, 2 cases; failure of second laboratory to identify microinvasive ductal carcinoma when present in 1 of 10 core biopsy slides, and ductal carcinoma in situ [DCIS] adjacent to invasive ductal carcinoma when DCIS present on only 1 of 5 slides [2/81 (2%)], 1 case each). Sending all slides is associated with a higher disagreement rate than sending only selected slides, but this disagreement comes from correcting and introducing error.
Lymphocyte-Depleted Thymic Remnants
Authors: Talmon Geoffrey A. , Lewis Jean E. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The head and neck region is a frequent site for potentially confusing incidental benign findings not related to the primary pathologic process and having no impact on patient prognosis. Several lesions are thymic in origin. We report 3 cases of lymphocyte-poor thymic remnants identified in central cervical (level VI) lymph node dissections for unrelated benign and malignant pathology. In each, the rests were nearly completely composed of bland epithelial cells with rare admixed lymphocytes. These cells were immunophenotypically similar to thymic epithelial cells, although they differed in the paucity of associated thymic lymphocytes and lack of Hassall corpuscles. Lymphocyte-depleted thymic remnants in the central cervical compartment are not well described in the literature. It is important to be aware of these and other benign inclusions to avoid making incorrect diagnoses of malignancy.
Grammar and Lexicon in Individuals With Autism: A Quantitative Analysis of a Large Italian Corpus
Authors: Tuzzi Arjuna 
Published: October 2009

AbstractStatistical and linguistic procedures were implemented to analyze a large corpus of texts written by 37 individuals with autism and 92 facilitators (without disabilities), producing written conversations by means of PCs. Such texts were compared and contrasted to identify the specific traits of the lexis of the group of individuals with autism and assess to what extent it differed from the lexis of the facilitators. The purpose of this research was to identify specific language features using statistical procedures to analyze contingency lexical tables that reported on the frequencies of words and grammatical categories in different subcorpora and among different writers. The results support the existence of lexis and distributional patterns of grammatical categories that are characteristic of the written production of individuals with autism and that are different from those of facilitators.
Teacher Qualifications and Attitudes Toward Inclusion
Authors: Hsien Michelle , Brown P. Margaret , Bortoli Anna 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe inclusion of children with disabilities into the regular education classroom has resulted in many studies on teacher attitudes. Current research has examined teacher beliefs about inclusion, their concerns, and issues pertaining to their ability to cater effectively for children with disabilities in their classrooms. Despite this, there appears to be little research investigating potential associations between teacher attitudes and beliefs toward inclusion, their education levels, and teacher training. This study investigated the attitudes and beliefs of 36 general and special education/early intervention teachers in Victoria. Results of the study show that teachers with higher educational qualifications in special education were more positive about inclusion.
HYDROLYSIS OF URINARY 17-KETOSTEROID CONJUGATES WITH β-GLUCURONIDASE PREPARATIONS FROM LIVER, BACTERIAE AND PATELLA VULGATA
Authors: Vestergaard Per 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A comparative study has been undertaken of three commercial preparations of β-glucuronidase: a liver preparation, a preparation of bacterial origin and a preparation deriving from patella vulgata.
Studies on pooled urine showed that each of these preparations would release (within the experimental error of the method) the same amounts of individual 17-ketosteroids from the same pool if proper combinations of incubation time and concentration of enzyme were used.
Optimal concentrations of enzyme for different incubation periods were established and it was shown that most of the recommendations in the literature call for low or suboptimal concentrations of β-glucuronidase to be used.
The use of ether/alcohol extracts of urine instead of the urine itself was found to greatly activate the liver and limpet preparations whereas it had the opposite effect on the bacterial preparation. Enzymatic hydrolysis of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate through the effect of the steroid sulfatase in the patella vulgata preparation is possible in such conjugates.
Artefact formation with transformation of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate into i-androstenolone was noted under the conditions of the enzymatic assay.
Organic solvents were found without activating effect on the bacterial preparation in the splitting of 17-ketosteroid conjugates.