bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relations Between Leaf Area Index and Growth Characteristics of Florunner, Southern Runner, and Sunrunner Peanut1
Authors: Davis David P. , Mack Timothy P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Growth characteristics of three commonly planted peanut cultivars were measured during the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons at the Wiregrass Substation in Headland, Ala., to develop equations for predicting leaf area index (LAI) from other growth varibales. These equations were needed to allow rapid estimation of leaf area loss from foliar-feeding insects or foliar-fungal pathogens. Conventionally planted and tilled fields of Florunner, Sunrunner and Southern Runner peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were sampled for plant vegetative stage, reproductive stage, height, number of leaves, leaf area, leaf dry weight, number of pods, pod dry weight, stem dry weight, and stand density. Most growth characteristics increased linearly (p&lt;0.05) with time in both years. LAI was significantly correlated (P&lt;0.05) with most growth variables for each cultivar. Linear regression was used to create equations for prediction of LAI from leaf dry weight (range of R2 = 0.93 to 0.97) and number of leaves (range of R2 = 0.74 to 0.95) for each cultivar, and all cultivars combined. Equations were also developed to predict LAI from plant height (range of R2 = 0.85 to 0.96) and plant vegetative stage (range of R2 = 0.81 to 0.83). These equations should be useful to those who wish to estimate LAI from other growth variables.
Effects of Application Timing and Method on Control of Southern Stem Rot of Peanut With Foliar-Applied Fungicides1
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Weeks J. R. , Bowen K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Foliar-applied flutolanil, diniconazole, tebuconazole, and propiconazole were compared to granular PCNB for the control of southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii) and their effects on yield of peanut in 1988 and 1989 in southeastern Alabama. Numbers of stem rot loci were significantly decreased and yields were increased in plots treated with banded and broadcast applications of flutolanil, diniconazole, and tebucnzole. While yields of flutolanil-, diniconazole-, and tebuconazole-treated plots were significantly higher than the PCNB-treated plots, efficacy of these fungicides in controlling southern stem rot differed only in one of two years. Banded applications of flutolanil gave similar disease control but yielded less than broadcast applications of the same fungicide. Disease control and yield response with propiconazole was comparable to that obtained with PCNB in one of two years and proved far less efficacious against stem rot than the other fungicides evaluated.
The Influence of Planting and Digging Dates on Yield, Value, and Grade of Four Virginia-type Peanut Cultivars1
Authors: Mozingo R. Walton , Coffelt Terry A. , Wright F. Scott 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Obtaining maximum yield, value, and grade of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by deciding the correct planting and digging date of various cultivars is a complex management decision. The influence of planting and digging dates on four large-seeded virginia-type cultivars was determined in a non-irrigated field study at the Tidewater Agricultural Experiment Station in Suffolk, Virginia, from 1983 through 1986. Florigiant, NC 7, NC 9, and VA 81B cultivars were planted at four 10-day intervals beginning about 23 April and harvested at five 10-day intervals beginning about 12 September. Significant differences occurred among cultivars and digging dates each year. NC 7 produced the highest yield, value, extra large kernels, and total kernels. Later digging dates produced higher yield, value, total kernels, and extra large kernels in 1983. The same was true in 1984 through digging date four when the yield and value declined for the fifth digging, while grade characteristics remained the same as digging date four. No significant changes in yield or value occurred after the second digging date in 1986 (22 September); however, total kernels and extra large kernels increased through the fourth digging date. Planting date affected yield only in 1983 (under moisture stress conditions) when each 10-day delay in planting after 29 April resulted in reduced yield and value, while in 1984 the earliest planting date of 20 April (under adverse weather conditions) was the lowest in yield and value. Significant digging date × planting date, digging date × cultivar, and planting date × cultivar interactions were obtained. These results indicate that cultivar selection and digging dates are more important than planting dates in normal years. However, since environmental stress conditions cannot be anticipated, early planting dates would seem to be an advantage when soil temperatures and moisture levels are conducive to good germination and seedling growth.
Alternate Tillage Practices for Peanut Production in Virginia
Authors: Wright F. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This study compared alternate tillage practices for peanut production. The influence of these alternate tillage practices on peanut yield, crop value, and grade factors were evaluated. Alternate tillage practices consisted of a power-driven rotary tiller or rolling cultivators with planters attached. Tillage and planting were performed simultaneously immediately following moldboard plowing. This was compared to the conventional practice of moldboard plowing in late March, and two disking operations prior to planting. Results indicated approximately a 10% increase in peanut yield and crop value for the alternate tillage treatments as compared to the conventional treatment. Although not determined in this study, the alternate tillage practices have the potential to reduce soil compaction, reduce the potential of soil erosion, and reduce land preparation input costs.
Immunological Characterization of a 36kD Polypeptide in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Shokarii E. H. , Esen A. , Mozingo R. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Antiserum against a 36 kD polypeptide (a subunit of arachin) that occurs in poor blanching peanuts was prepared. This antiserum was of high titer but was not monospecific for the homologous 36 kD anitgen; it showed cross-reactivity with other peanut proteins. The antiserum was adsorbed by the whole seed protein fraction of a good blanching cultivar to render it monospecific. The adsorbed antiserum could accurately differentiate the protein extracts from good blanching and poor blanching peanuts when tested by the enzyme linked immounosorbent assay (ELISA) and by immunoblotting. Time course studies of protein deposition during seed development revealed that the 36 kD polypeptide was present from the early stages of embryogenesis. In addition, it was present in all parts of the cotyledon and not limited to the surface of seed. Although the function of the 36 kD polypeptide is not known, our results indicate that its presence can be detected uising immunological assays.
Imazethapyr for Broadleaf Weed Control in Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Wilcut John W. , Walls F. Robert , Horton David N. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted at the Tidewater Agric. Exp. Station, Suffolk, VA in 1988 and 1989 to evaluate imazethapyr [(±)-2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridine-carboxylic acid]for broadleaf weed control in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Imazethapyr was applied preplant-incorporated (PPI), preemergence (PRE), at ground-cracking (GC), and postemergence (POT) at rates of 0.036, 0.071, or 0.105 kg ai ha-1. Several sequential imazathapyr systems were also included. The standard of pendimethalin (N-ethylpropyl)-3, 4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine) PPI, metolachlor(2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide) PRE, and acifluorfen (5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid) plus bentazon (3-(1-methyethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2, 2-dioxide) POT was included for comparative purposes. Imazethapyr applied either PPI or PRE at 0.071 or 0.105 kg ha-1 provided &lt;90% spurred anoda (Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.), control and &lt;96% prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), control. Eclipta (Eclipta prostrata L.) control was 95% when imazathapyr was applied PRE at 0.105 kg ha-1. Greater than 90% annual morningglory (Ipomoea spp.) control was only achieved with imazethapyr applied PPI or PRE at 0.105 kg ha-1. The standard provided complete control of eclipta, and 51%, 92%, and 94% control of spurred anoda (Anoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.), prickly sida (Sida spinosa L.), and annual morningglories, respectively. Several imazethapyr systems yielded equivalent to the standard. Averaged across all rates, imazathapyr applied PPI yielded 4110 kg ha-1, PRE = 3860 kg ha-1, GC = 3680 kg ha-1, and POT = 3370 kg ha-1. Several imazethapyr systems provided net returns equivalent to the standard. Corn grown the following year was not injured by any imazethapyr treatment to peanuts the previous year.
Efficacy and Economics of Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Wilcut John W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted in 1988 and 1989 to evaluate various postemergence graminicides for common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L). Pers.) control in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea). A single application of fluazifop-P [(R)-2-[4[[5-(trifluorornethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid] or clethodim [(E, E)-(±)-2-[1-[[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy]imino] propyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one] controlled approximately 25 to 30% more common bermudagrass than a single application of sethoxydim (2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one) or quizalofop [(±)-2-[4[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid]. Two graminicide applications were required for greater than 90% common bermudagrass control. Treatments which provided greater than 90% control included two applications of sethoxydim (0.31 followed by (fb) 0.31 kg ha-1 or 0.31 fb 0.16 kg ha-1), fluazifop-P (0.21 fb 0.21 kg ha-1) or 0.21 fb 0.11 kg ha-1), and clethodim (0.28 fb 0.28 kg ha-1). These same treatments provided complete common bermudagrass control when evaluated the following summer. Peanut yield and net return from a single graminicide application generally were not improved with two applications.
Variability Associated with Determining Grade Factors and Support Price of Farmers Stock Peanuts1
Authors: Whitaker Thomas B. , Dickens James W. , Giesbrecht Francis G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Replicated grade samples were taken from runner, Spanish, and virginia-type farmers stock peanut lots. Each sample was graded according to the procedures of the Federal State Inspection Service. The variability of % foreign material (%FM) and % loose shelled kernels (%LSK) associated with a 1800-g sample was measured. The variability of % sound mature kernels (%SMK), % sound splits (%SS), % other kernels (%OK), % damage (%DAM), and % extra large kernels (%ELK) associated with a 500-g sample was also measured. The variance was shown to be a function of the magnitude of the grade determination and was described by a relationship derived from binomial theory. From the measured grade factors, the support price per gross ton was calculated for each grade sample using the 1988 USDA loan schedule. The variance of the price per gross ton was also estimated and appeared to be independent of the price per gross ton. The coefficients of variation averaged across all lots tested were 21.1, 18.7, 2.6, 21.2, 14.0, 55.3, 7.8, and 2.4% for %FM, %LSK, %SMK, %SS, %OK, %DAM, %ELK, and price per gross ton, respectively. The computed price per gross ton of a farmers lot that has a true value of $600 was estimated to vary from $573 to $627 95% of the time when using the 500 and 1800 g grade sample to measure each grade factor.
Accuracy and Feasibility of Determining Single Peanut Kernel Moisture Content1
Authors: Dowell F. E. , Lamb M. C. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The accuracy of a single peanut kernel moisture meter (SKM) was determined on peanuts with moisture contents (mc) from 4 to 50%. Results indicated a significant difference between calibration curves determined over the 4–12% mc range and the 4–50% mc range. No mechanical failures of the SKM occurred; however, excess residue build-up on the SKM rollers affected the moisture meter accuracy. Correlation coefficients for average and single kernel moisture calibration equations were 0.88 and 0.91, respectively, for field cured peanuts over the range of 4 to 12% mc. Procedures for integrating the SKM into the present farmers stock grading process are discussed.
Digging Date and Conservational Tillage Influence on Peanut Production1
Authors: Wright F. S. , Porter D. M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The influence of conservational tillage and date of digging on pod yield, crop value, and grade factors were evaluated as a means to increase the production efficiency of peanuts. Two conservational tillage systems, in-row and band tillage, and one conventional tillage system were compared over 3 yr. The Florigiant cultivar was planted in immature wheat killed with glyphosate (Roundup) or clean tilled soil. Peanuts were dug 8 to 11 d before and after the medium (normal) digging date of 141 DAP. Pod yields averaged 19% less and crop values averaged 25% less for the conservational tillage systems as compared to the conventional tillage system. Digging 8 to 11 d early reduced yield 15% and value 21%; whereas, digging 8 to 9 d late reduced yield 6% and value 5% as compared to the medium digging date. The early digging date significantly decreased the grade factors of extra-large kernels (ELK), sound mature kernels (SMK), and total meat content (TM). Tillage systems did not have a consistent effect on grade factors over the 3-yr period. Results from this study indicate that yield and value for the Florigiant cultivar were significantly less under conservational tillage as compared to conventional tillage.
Early Leafspot of Peanuts: Effect of Conservational Tillage Practices on Disease Development1
Authors: Porter D. M. , Wright F. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The effects of tillage systems on the incidence and severity of early leafspot of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Cercospora arachidicola were determined in three peanut cultivars during a four-year field study. Conventional and conservational tillage systems were utilized. In the conventional system, the land was tilled with a moldboard plow to a depth of approximately 25 cm, disked, and peanut seed were planted in soil with minimum plant residue. In the conservational system the existing winter cover crop, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), was killed with a herbicide. Two methods of seedbed preparation were used (in-row tillage and band-tillage) in the conservational tillage systems. A 25-cm wide band was tilled with a modified rotary tiller in the band-tilled plots. In the in-row tilled plots, seed were planted directly into the killed winter wheat residue with minimal soil preparation. At the end of the growing season, leafspot incidence and severity were significantly less in 1984 and 1986 than in 1985 and 1987. Leaflet infection, precentage defoliation, and lesions per leaflet were significantly greater in conventional tilled plots than in band-tilled or in-row tilled plots. Disease incidence and severity were similar in band-tilled and in-row tilled plots. Pod yields were greater in conventional tilled plots than in band-tilled or in-row tilled plots.
Effects of Various Postemergence Herbicide Treatments and Tobacco Thrips (Frankliniella fusca) Injury on Peanut Yields in Virginia1
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Wilcut J. W. , Swann C. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A two-year field study was conducted in Virginia to determine the combined effects of earlyseason injury caused by certain postemergence-applied herbicides and tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), feeding on cv. NC7, virginia-type peanuts. Treatments included combinations of aldicarb, applied as granules in-furrow at planting, and carbaryl, paraquat, acifluorfen, and pyridate applied postemergence. Main stem height, canopy width, tobacco thrips injury, pod weight, and value were measured. Paraquat and acifluorfen treatments significantly reduced main stem height and canopy width compared with pyridate. Thrips injured approximately 40 to 50% of untreated plant leaves. Aldicarb significantly reduced thrips injury to less than 17%. Combined early-season herbicide and thrips significantly reduced peanut main stem height and canopy width compared with plants that were protected from thrips and not subjected to herbicide stress, and differences remained apparent as late as 59 days after treatment, 79 days after planting. Although injured plants achieved normal foliar growth by harvest time, pod weight and value were significantly reduced.
Use of Pinolene or Other Spray Adjuvants with Iprodione for Improved Control of Sclerotinia Blight on Peanut1
Authors: Smith F. D. , Phipps P. M. , Stipes R. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Various spray adjuvants were evaluated in 1985 and 1986 with iprodione (Rovral®) for improved control of Sclerotinia blight of peanut, caused by Sclerotinia minor (Jagger) Kohn. Treatments were applied three times on demand, using high-volume nozzles to deliver 335 L/ha or low-volume nozzles to deliver 140 L/ha. Acetic acid, Buffer P.S.®, Chem Wert Plus®, hydrochloric acid, pinolene (Nu-Film-17®), SoyOil 937® and Spray-Aide® were tested with iprodione in 1985, and ChemWett Plus®, pinolene and Spray-Aide® were chosen for additional trials in 1986. Treatments of iprodione at 1.12 kg/ha with pinolene at 0.42% in low-volume sprays and 0.18% (v/v) in high-volume sprays produced the greatest yield of peanut during both years. Additional testing of iprodione with pinolene used only high-volume sprays, and these treatments were applied on demand: three times in 1987 and twice in 1988, 1989 and 1990. Yield and value of peanut over the 6-yr period of high-volume treatments were increased significantly (P = 0.05) by iprodione with pinolene, compared to iprodione alone. The addition of pinolene increased the mean yield by 348 kg/ha and value of peanut by $291/ha. The cost of using pinolene as an adjuvant averaged $6.95/ha each year. Disease incidence was 12% lower in plots treated with iprodione and pinolene, compared to iprodione alone, but this difference was not significant over the period.
Evaluation of a Bulk Drying Model for Peanuts1
Authors: Parti M. , Young J. H. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Results of a peanut bulk drying model, PEADRY8, have been compared with experimental test results for Virginia-type peanuts. The model describes the peanut pod as two separate components with moisture movement in both liquid and vapor form. The Henderson equation was used to describe the equilibrium moisture contents of the kernel and the hull. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) predicted drying times averaged 11% longer than the observed values; (2) predicted kernel moisture contents at the top of the wagons averaged 5% less than the measured values; (3) predicted hull moisture contents at the top of the wagons averaged 17% higher than the observed values; (4) predicted hull final moisture contents at the top of the wagons average 21% higher than measured values and (5) predicted exhaust air temperatures averaged 1% higher than measured values.
An attempt was made to improve the fit of the observed and simulated results by changing the equation to describe the equilibrium moisture contents. The Chung-Pfost equation, compared to the Henderson equation, was more accurate in describing the hull moisture content and less accurate in describing the kernel moisture content history. Changing the reference air flow rate of the thin-layer drying relationship did not give a better fit between the observed and predicted data.
Several drying simulations were found to be very sensitive to small changes in either wet-bulb or dry-bulb temperature. Small errors in wet-bulb temperature measurement could account for the predicted drying times for six experiments which were excessively long relative to observed values.
Resistance to Sclerotinia Blight and Early Leafspot in Chinese Peanut Germplasm1
Authors: Porter D. M. , Coffelt T. A. , Wright F. S. , Mozingo R. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Sclerotinia minor, causal agent of Sclerotinia blight, and Cercospora arachidicola, causal agent of early leafspot, are two of the most important pathogens of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Virginia and North Carolina. Twenty-two Chinese peanut germplasm lines were screened to identify resistance to these two pathogens, and evaluated for agronomic characteristics including seed size, testa color, and pod yield. Germplasm lines with PI numbers 476824 and 476843 exhibited more resistance to S. minor than other Chinese plant introductions, or the U.S. cultivars Florigiant and VA 81B. PI 476823 and PI 476837 were most resistant to C. arachidicola. Resistance to one pathogen was often associated with high levels of susceptibility to the other pathogen. Resistance to S. minor was also associated with undesirable characteristics for large-seeded virginia-type peanuts such as tan testa color and small seed size.
Variation in Yield and Resistance to Southern Stem Rot Among Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Lines Selected for Pythium Pod Rot Resistance1
Authors: Grichar W. James , Smith O. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Five Spanish and seven runner peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes and five check cultivars were compared for southern blight susceptibility on heavily Sclerotium rolfsii-infested soil. Inoculum density of S. rolfsii at the test site was enhanced by continuous years of residue management. The genotypes derived from crosses with PI 365553 and PI 475871 were selected based on reaction to Pythium pod rot and agronomic performance. Variation for southern blight incidence occurred among lines in both runner and Spanish genotypes. Disease incidence was lower in four runner genotypes, Southern Runner, and TxAG-3 than in Okrun and Florunner. Significantly (p=.05) less disease occurred in one breeding line, Tx855138, than in other Spanish entries. Three-year average yields of runner genotypes ranged to 25% higher than runner cultivars, while Tx855138 averaged 50% higher in yield than Tamnut 74. Over entries, the coefficients of correlation for yield and southern blight incidence, and southern blight incidence and disease discolored pods were not statistically significant.
Comparison of Fluorescence Sorting and Color Sorting for the Removal of Aflatoxin from Large Groups of Peanuts
Authors: Pelletier M. J. , Reizner J. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Fluorescence sorting (by both machine and hand) and color sorting (by both machine and hand) are compared as methods for reducing aflatoxin levels in groups of peanuts. An experimental design is used that allows the four methods to be compared quantitatively. Approximately 1200 photographs of peanut groups were taken, allowing for a more complete understanding of the visual characteristics of contaminated peanuts. Sampling errors are controlled by the experimental design and by including a large fraction of the peanuts in aflatoxin assays. Fluorescence sorting was not effective as an aflatoxin control method. Machine color sorting was shown to be effective in the removal of aflatoxin-contaminated peanuts. Hand sorting was shown to be even more effective than machine color sorting in aflatoxin removal.