bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Brachial Artery Bifurcation: Clinical Considerations and Practical Implications for an Arteriovenous Access
Authors: Kian Kaveh , Shapiro Joshua A. , Salman Loay , Khan Rao Ali Hashim , Merrill Donna , Garcia Leonel , Eid Nadia , Asif Arif , Aldahan Adam , Beathard Gerald 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHigh brachial artery bifurcation (HiBAB) is not a rare occurrence. Recent data have emphasized that HiBAB can have major clinical implications including high failure rate and decreased functional patency of an arteriovenous (AV) fistula. In this retrospective study, we investigated the incidence of HiBAB. Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease and end‐stage renal disease on chronic hemodialysis undergoing preoperative vascular mapping for the creation of an AV access were included in this analysis. Ultrasound examination was used to map the arteries of the upper extremities. Four hundred and eighty‐one arms in 340 patients were examined (right arm = 181, left arm = 300). Sixty‐nine of the 481 (12.3%) demonstrated HiBAB. The internal diameter of the radial and ulnar arteries measured at the elbow region was found to be 2.9 ± 0.8 and 3.6 ± 1.0 mm, respectively (p = 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences in terms of race, gender, and right versus left arms regarding the incidence of HiBAB. As HiBAB can be present in a significant number of patients and have an impact on the AV access, its presence should be evaluated during vascular mapping prior to an AV access creation.
A Limited Access Mouse Model of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure that Produces Long‐Lasting Deficits in Hippocampal‐Dependent Learning and Memory
Authors: Brady Megan L. , Allan Andrea M. , Caldwell Kevin K. 
Published: September 2011

Background: It has been estimated that approximately 12% of women consume alcohol at some time during their pregnancy, and as many as 5% of children born in the United States are impacted by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). The range of physical, behavioral, emotional, and social dysfunctions that are associated with PAE are collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD).Methods: Using a saccharin‐sweetened ethanol solution, we developed a limited access model of PAE. C57BL/6J mice were provided access to a solution of either 10% (w/v) ethanol and 0.066% (w/v) saccharin or 0.066% (w/v) saccharin (control) for 4 h/d. After establishing consistent drinking, mice were mated and continued drinking during gestation. Following parturition, solutions were decreased to 0% in a stepwise fashion over a period of 6 days. Characterization of the model included measurements of maternal consumption patterns, blood ethanol levels, litter size, pup weight, maternal care, and the effects of PAE on fear‐conditioned and spatial learning, and locomotor activity.Results: Mothers had mean daily ethanol intake of 7.17 ± 0.17 g ethanol/kg body weight per day, with average blood ethanol concentrations of 68.5 ± 9.2 mg/dl after 2 hours of drinking and 88.3 ± 11.5 mg/dl after 4 hours of drinking. Food and water consumption, maternal weight gain, litter size, pup weight, pup retrieval times, and time on nest did not differ between the alcohol‐exposed and control animals. Compared with control offspring, mice that were exposed to ethanol prenatally displayed no difference in spontaneous locomotor activity but demonstrated learning deficits in 3 hippocampal‐dependent tasks: delay fear conditioning, trace fear conditioning, and the delay nonmatch to place radial‐arm maze task.Conclusions: These results indicate that this model appropriately mimics the human condition of PAE and will be a useful tool in studying the learning deficits seen in FASD.
Microsatellites and Alu elements from the human MHC in Valencia (Spain): analysis of genetic relationships and linkage disequilibrium
Authors: García‐Obregón S. , Alfonso‐Sánchez M. A. , Gómez‐Pérez L. , Pérez‐Miranda A. M. , Arroyo D. , de Pancorbo M. M. , Peña J. A. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryTwo different sets of noncoding markers (microsatellites and Alu elements) from the human chromosome six were analysed in 106 individuals from Valencia (Spain), with the aim of exploring the effect of evolutionary forces on the genetic variability of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and assessing the potential usefulness of these genetic loci in phylogenetic studies. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses revealed statistically significant associations among markers located in the MHC class I region, and also between the microsatellite D6S2792 and several genetic loci from MHC class I, II and III regions. Results of the Ewens‐Watterson test indicated that only D6S2792 showed significant departure from selective neutrality. Despite the paucity of haplotype data in the literature, results of the phylogenetic analyses at world scale (Alu elements) showed that the genetic relationships of Valencia were mainly determined by the ethnic ancestry of the populations considered, whereas at European scale (microsatellites) population affinities were strongly influenced by geography. Our findings suggest that noncoding markers from the MHC such as Alu and microsatellite loci might have a potential value as lineage (ancestry) markers in investigations into evolutionary, medical and forensic perspectives.
Multiple human pressures and their spatial patterns in European running waters
Authors: Schinegger Rafaela , Trautwein Clemens , Melcher Andreas , Schmutz Stefan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractRunning water ecosystems of Europe are affected by various human pressures. However, little is known about the prevalence, spatial patterns, interactions with natural environment and co‐occurrence of pressures. This study represents the first high‐resolution data analysis of human pressures at the European scale, where important pressure criteria for 9330 sampling sites in 14 European countries were analysed. We identified 15 criteria describing major anthropogenic degradation and combined these into a global pressure index by taking additive effects of multiple pressures into account. Rivers are affected by alterations of water quality (59%), hydrology (41%) and morphology (38%). Connectivity is disrupted at the catchment level in 85% and 35% at the river segment level. Approximately 31% of all sites are affected by one, 29% by two, 28% by three and 12% by four pressure groups; only 21% are unaffected. In total, 47% of the sites are multi‐impacted. Approximately 90% of lowland rivers are impacted by a combination of all four pressure groups.
Chemical Stability of Extra‐Virgin Olive Oil Added with Oregano Essential Oil
Authors: Asensio Claudia M. , Nepote Valeria , Grosso Nelson R. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  Extra virgin olive oil is highly consumed and well known for its nutritional and health benefits. However, it is fatty food highly susceptible to lipid oxidation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the preserving effect of oregano (Origanum vulgare L. spp vulgare called “oregano compacto”) essential oil on physical and chemical properties in extra virgin olive oil during storage. Oregano essential oil composition was analyzed by GC‐MS. This essential oil was added into extra virgin olive oil at 0.05%. The samples were stored in 3 different conditions: darkness, light exposure, and temperature (60 °C). Chemical indicators of lipid oxidation (peroxide value, p‐anisidine value, conjugated dienes, free fatty acidity, and carotenoid and chlorophyll contents) were measured. High content in carvomenthol (22.52%), terpinolene (19.77%), thymol (13.51%), and γ‐terpinene (10.30%) were detected in oregano essential oil. Olive oil samples without oregano essential oil stored at 60 °C and exposure at artificial light had the highest peroxide values during storage. Higher p‐anisidine and K232 values after day 7 of storage were detected in temperature, darkness, and light exposure treatments. Light treatment was the main factor that degraded chlorophyll causing loss of color. The highest chlorophyll content (3.87 mg/kg) was observed in olive oil with essential oil at the end of storage. In general, olive oil samples added with oregano essential oil had lower peroxide, conjugated dienes, and p‐anisidine values and higher chlorophyll and carotenoid contents during storage. Oregano essential oil retards lipid oxidation process in olive oil prolonging its shelf life.Practical Application:  Oregano essential oil was and is used with the purpose of flavoring and aromatizing food. This essential oil due to its composition has shown antioxidant activity. Synthetic antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are thought to be promoters of carcinogenesis. Extra virgin olive oil is widely consumed because of its nutritional benefits and sensory properties which are very important to be preserved in the product. In this study, the oregano essential oil showed remarkable antioxidant activity in olive oil. Therefore, this essential oil could be considered for the industry as natural antioxidant not only to be used in olive oil but also in other fatty food products to substitute synthetic ones.
Species richness and turnover patterns in European tenebrionid beetles
Authors: FATTORINI SIMONE , BASELGA ANDRÉS 
Published: September 2011

Abstract. 1. We used a hyperdiverse invertebrate group, tenebrionid beetles, to test competing hypotheses about the factors correlated with the spatial variation in species richness and composition across Europe.2. We considered the following hypotheses for explaining variation in species richness, (i) spatial heterogeneity, (ii) environmental energy, and (iii) dispersal limitation and post‐glacial recolonisation, and the following hypotheses for variation in species composition, (i) current climate, (ii) Pleistocene glaciations, and (iii) neutral dynamics.3. We used inventories of 36 European territories, built from a database containing the distributions of 1010 species or subspecies. Area, spatial position, and topographical and climatic variables were used as predictors in regression (richness) and constrained analysis of principal coordinates (composition) analyses.4. The latitudinal richness gradient found in European tenebrionids was mostly explained by the joint effect of environmental and spatial variables, supporting the climate and incomplete recolonisation hypotheses.5. A parabolic relationship of endemism with longitude points to the presence of centres of endemism in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkans. Current climatic conditions alone were not sufficient to explain spatial turnover patterns of European tenebrionids, which are largely influenced by spatial factors.6. Both the Pleistocene glaciations and neutral hypotheses were supported, but the fact that turnover is not uniform across Europe suggests that the historical effects of Pleistocene glaciations had a deeper impact on tenebrionid assemblages than neutral dynamics. Thus, variation in species richness seems more directly controlled by climatic factors, whereas geographical constraints related to dispersal limitation or stochastic colonisation events influenced species composition.
Identification of BPR3P0128 as an Inhibitor of Cap-Snatching Activities of Influenza Virus
Authors: Hsu John T.-A. , Yeh Jiann-Yih , Lin Ta-Jen , Li Mei-ling , Wu Ming-Sian , Hsieh Chung-Fan , Chou Yao Chieh , Tang Wen-Fang , Lau Kean Seng , Hung Hui-Chen , Fang Ming-Yu , Ko Shengkai , Hsieh Hsing-Pang , Horng Jim-Tong 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to identify the antiviral mechanism of a novel compound, BPR3P0128. From a large-scale screening of a library of small compounds, BPR3P compounds were found to be potent inhibitors of influenza viral replication in Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. BPR3P0128 exhibited inhibitory activity against both influenza A and B viruses. The 50% inhibitory concentrations were in the range of 51 to 190 nM in MDCK cells, as measured by inhibition-of-cytopathic-effect assays. BPR3P0128 appeared to target the viral replication cycle but had no effect on viral adsorption. The inhibition of cap-dependent mRNA transcription by BPR3P0128 was more prominent with a concurrent increase in cap-independent cRNA replication in a primer extension assay, suggesting a role of BPR3P0128 in switching transcription to replication. This reduction in mRNA expression resulted from the BPR3P-mediated inhibition of the cap-dependent endoribonuclease (cap-snatching) activities of nuclear extracts containing the influenza virus polymerase complex. No inhibition of binding of 5′ viral RNA to the viral polymerase complex by this compound was detected. BPR3P0128 also effectively inhibited other RNA viruses, such as enterovirus 71 and human rhinovirus, but not DNA viruses, suggesting that BPR3P0128 targets a cellular factor(s) associated with viral PB2 cap-snatching activity. The identification of this factor(s) could help redefine the regulation of viral transcription and replication and thereby provide a potential target for antiviral chemotherapeutics.
Parsing with derivatives
Authors: Might Matthew , Darais David , Spiewak Daniel 
Published: September 2011

We present a functional approach to parsing unrestricted context-free grammars based on Brzozowski's derivative of regular expressions. If we consider context-free grammars as recursive regular expressions, Brzozowski's equational theory extends without modification to context-free grammars (and it generalizes to parser combinators). The supporting actors in this story are three concepts familiar to functional programmers - laziness, memoization and fixed points; these allow Brzozowski's original equations to be transliterated into purely functional code in about 30 lines spread over three functions.

Yet, this almost impossibly brief implementation has a drawback: its performance is sour - in both theory
and
practice. The culprit? Each derivative can
double
the size of a grammar, and with it, the cost of the next derivative.

Fortunately, much of the new structure inflicted by the derivative is either dead on arrival, or it dies after the very next derivative. To eliminate it, we once again exploit laziness and memoization to transliterate an equational theory that prunes such debris into working code. Thanks to this compaction, parsing times become reasonable in practice.
We equip the functional programmer with two equational theories that, when combined, make for an abbreviated understanding and implementation of a system for parsing context-free languages.
Typed self-interpretation by pattern matching
Authors: Jay Barry , Palsberg Jens 
Published: September 2011

Self-interpreters can be roughly divided into two sorts: self-recognisers that recover the input program from a canonical representation, and self-enactors that execute the input program. Major progress for statically-typed languages was achieved in 2009 by Rendel, Ostermann, and Hofer who presented the first typed self-recogniser that allows representations of different terms to have different types. A key feature of their type system is a type:type rule that renders the kind system of their language inconsistent.
In this paper we present the first statically-typed language that not only allows representations of different terms to have different types, and supports a self-recogniser, but also supports a self-enactor. Our language is a factorisation calculus in the style of Jay and Given-Wilson, a combinatory calculus with a factorisation operator that is powerful enough to support the pattern-matching functions necessary for a self-interpreter. This allows us to avoid a type:type rule. Indeed, the types of System F are sufficient. We have implemented our approach and our experiments support the theory.
Frenetic
Authors: Foster Nate , Harrison Rob , Freedman Michael J. , Monsanto Christopher , Rexford Jennifer , Story Alec , Walker David 
Published: September 2011

Modern networks provide a variety of interrelated services including routing, traffic monitoring, load balancing, and access control. Unfortunately, the languages used to program today's networks lack modern features - they are usually defined at the low level of abstraction supplied by the underlying hardware and they fail to provide even rudimentary support for modular programming. As a result, network programs tend to be complicated, error-prone, and difficult to maintain.
This paper presents Frenetic, a high-level language for programming distributed collections of network switches. Frenetic provides a declarative query language for classifying and aggregating network traffic as well as a functional reactive combinator library for describing high-level packet-forwarding policies. Unlike prior work in this domain, these constructs are - by design - fully compositional, which facilitates modular reasoning and enables code reuse. This important property is enabled by Frenetic's novel run-time system which manages all of the details related to installing, uninstalling, and querying low-level packet-processing rules on physical switches.
Overall, this paper makes three main contributions: (1) We analyze the state-of-the art in languages for programming networks and identify the key limitations; (2) We present a language design that addresses these limitations, using a series of examples to motivate and validate our choices; (3) We describe an implementation of the language and evaluate its performance on several benchmarks.
A kripke logical relation for effect-based program transformations
Authors: Thamsborg Jacob , Birkedal Lars 
Published: September 2011

We present a Kripke logical relation for showing the correctness of program transformations based on a type-and-effect system for an ML-like programming language with higher-order store and dynamic allocation.
We show how to use our model to verify a number of interesting program transformations that rely on effect annotations.
Our model is constructed as a step-indexed model over the standard operational semantics of the programming language. It extends earlier work [7, 8]that has considered, respectively, dynamically allocated first-order references and higher-order store for global variables (but no dynamic allocation). It builds on ideas from region-based memory management [21], and on Kripke logical relations for higher-order store [12, 14].
Our type-and-effect system is region-based and includes a region-masking rule which allows to hide local effects. One of the key challenges in the model construction for dynamically allocated higher-order store is that the meaning of a type may change since references, conceptually speaking, may become dangling due to region-masking. We explain how our Kripke model can be used to show correctness of program transformations for programs involving references that, conceptually, are dangling.
On the Increased Frequency of Mediterranean Drought
Authors: Hoerling Martin , Eischeid Jon , Perlwitz Judith , Quan Xiaowei , Zhang Tao , Pegion Philip 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The land area surrounding the Mediterranean Sea has experienced 10 of the 12 driest winters since 1902 in just the last 20 years. A change in wintertime Mediterranean precipitation toward drier conditions has likely occurred over 1902–2010 whose magnitude cannot be reconciled with internal variability alone. Anthropogenic greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing are key attributable factors for this increased drying, though the external signal explains only half of the drying magnitude. Furthermore, sea surface temperature (SST) forcing during 1902–2010 likely played an important role in the observed Mediterranean drying, and the externally forced drying signal likely also occurs through an SST change signal.
The observed wintertime Mediterranean drying over the last century can be understood in a simple framework of the region’s sensitivity to a uniform global ocean warming and to modest changes in the ocean’s zonal and meridional SST gradients. Climate models subjected to a uniform +0.5°C warming of the world oceans induce eastern Mediterranean drying but fail to generate the observed widespread Mediterranean drying pattern. For a +0.5°C SST warming confined to tropical latitudes only, a dry signal spanning the entire Mediterranean region occurs. The simulated Mediterranean drying intensifies further when the Indian Ocean is warmed +0.5°C more than the remaining tropical oceans, an enhanced drying signal attributable to a distinctive atmospheric circulation response resembling the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation. The extent to which these mechanisms and the region’s overall drying since 1902 reflect similar mechanisms operating in association with external radiative forcing are discussed.
Detection of myocardial microvascular disease using contrast echocardiography during adenosine stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Prospective comparison with single-photon emission computed tomography
Authors: Abdelmoneim Sahar S , Basu Ananda , Bernier Mathieu , Dhoble Abhijeet , Abdel-Kader Samir S , Pellikka Patricia A , Mulvagh Sharon L 
Published: September 2011

Purrpose: To evaluate myocardial microvascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) using myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) and to report on its diagnostic accuracy using single photon emission tomography (SPECT) as reference test. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 79 patients (25 DM; 66±11 years) who underwent simultaneous SPECT and MCE with contrast agent during adenosine stress. MCE and SPECT were visually analyzed using 17 segments. Quantitative MCE parameters were derived from replenishment curves. Microbubble velocity (β min−1), absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF ml/min/g), and reserve values were calculated. Diagnostic accuracy and area under curve (AUC) was reported. Results: Patients with DM had higher BMI vs non DM (33±7 vs 28±5kg/m2 P=0 .007), with more prior myocardial infarction (40 vs 15% P=.01). Visual MCE was abnormal in 40 (51%) patients (60% in DM vs 46% in non DM P=0.04). SPECT was abnormal in 38 (48%) patients [60% in DM vs 42% non DM, P=0.01]. Reserve parameters were lower in DM vs. non DM patients: (β 1.77±1.12 vs 2.20±1.4, P<0.001 and MBF 2.86± 2.62 vs. 3.67±2.84, P<0.001). DM patients without CAD on SPECT had significantly lower β, and MBF reserve compared to non DM patients without CAD. Compared to SPECT, β reserve cutoff 1.6 had AUC 0.817, sensitivity 81%, and specificity 66% while MBF reserve cutoff 1.9 had AUC 0.760, sensitivity 79%, and specificity 63% in DM patients. Conclusion: Diabetes is associated with myocardial microvascular abnormalities as evidenced by abnormal myocardial perfusion on visual and quantitative MCE.