bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON-FARM INNOVATION IN THE AUSTRALIAN WOOL INDUSTRY: A SENSEMAKING PERSPECTIVE
Authors: SNEDDON JOANNE N. , SOUTAR GEOFFREY N. , MAZZAROL TIM 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn agricultural innovation, the success of widely used technologies is often assumed to have been inevitable. Conversely, the blame for the failure of new technologies that researchers, policy makers and extensionists consider superior to existing solutions is often placed on farmers. However, these assumptions can be challenged by taking a social-constructivist view of on-farm innovation to examine how and why farmers made sense of new technologies and how this sensemaking shaped their use of these technologies over time. The present study took such an approach in its analysis of Australian woolgrowers’ adoption, abandonment, implementation and use of new wool-testing technologies that highlighted the social and dynamic nature of innovation on-farm. On-farm innovation in this case was an evolving, dynamic process that changed over time as woolgrowers made sense of new technologies. The primary message to agricultural innovation researchers, technology developers, policy makers and extensionists is that successful on-farm innovation requires the active, ongoing engagement of industry participants. In order to engage industry participants in the innovation process, sensemakers’ personal identity frames and social context, and how these interpretation frameworks relate to the new technology need to be understood.
RELIGIOUS CHANGE AND THE TIMING OF BAPTISM IN ENGLAND, 1538–1750
Authors: KITSON P. M. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe religious reforms of the sixteenth century exerted a profound impact upon the liturgy of baptism in England. While historians' attention has been drawn to the theological debates concerning the making of the sign of the cross, the new baptism liturgy contained within the Book of common prayer also placed an innovative importance on the public performance of the rite in the presence of the whole congregation on Sundays and other holy days. Both religious radicals and conservatives contested this stress on ceremony and publicity throughout the early modern period. Through the collection of large numbers of baptism dates from parish registers, it is possible to measure adherence to these new requirements across both space and time. Before the introduction of the first prayer book in 1549, there was considerable uniformity among communities in terms of the timing of baptism, and the observed patterns are suggestive of conformity to the requirements of the late medieval church. After the mid-sixteenth century, parishes exhibited a range of responses, ranging from enthusiastic adoption by many communities to complete disregard in religiously conservative parts of Lancashire and Cheshire. Additionally, the popularity of saints' festivals as popular days for baptism fell markedly after 1660, suggesting a decline in the observance of these feasts.
LORD CURZON AND E. G. BROWNE CONFRONT THE ‘PERSIAN QUESTION’
Authors: ROSS CHRISTOPHER N. B. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTAs British efforts to secure the approaches to India intensified in the closing years of the nineteenth century, expert knowledge of the states bordering the subcontinent became an increasingly sought-after commodity. Particularly high demand existed for individuals possessing first-hand experience of Qajar Persia, a state viewed by many policymakers as a vulnerable anteroom on the glacis of the Raj. Britain's two foremost Persian experts during this period were George Nathaniel Curzon and Edward Granville Browne. While Curzon epitomized the traditional gentleman amateur, Browne embodied the emerging professional scholar. Drawing on both their private papers and publications, this article analyses the relationship between these two men as well as surveys their respective views of British policy toward Iran from the late 1880s until the end of the First World War. Ultimately it contends that Curzon's knowledge of Persia proved deficient in significant ways and that Anglo-Iranian relations, at least in the aftermath of the Great War, might well have been placed on a better footing had Browne's more nuanced understanding of the country and its inhabitants prevailed within the foreign policymaking establishment.
Radiative and Convective Stimuli of Threshold Intensity
Authors: Turner Derek 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe results of experiments designed to determine the threshold values for various thermal stimuli have been reported. The threshold increments in the intensity of radiation in ‘still’ air were determined first for several areas of exposure. In further experiments the effects of simultaneous changes in both the speed and temperature of the air, and the air speed and radiation intensity, were examined.The data from these experiments were then used to estimate the relation between the temperature and speed of the air on the rate of heat loss by convection. The findings were shown to be in good accord with previously published data.
Litter-Mate Assays of Pertussis Vaccine
Authors: Irwin J. O. , Standfast A. F. B. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA series of comparative assays of two pertussis vaccines was carried out by the mouse intracerebral method, using litter-mates and placing one member of each litter on each dose.A statistical analysis of the results by the method described by Irwin (1950, p. 231), was carried out, making due allowance for the use of litter-mates. A slight increase of accuracy was found in five out of six assays, but this did not reach the 5% level of significance. Any real increase of accuracy must have been small. The results show that, as far as these tests are concerned, there is no advantage in the use of litter-mates, particularly when one takes account of the large amount of additional work necessary in the animal house.
Passive Protection Experiments with Brucella Antisera
Authors: Sulitzeanu D. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA passive protection test with brucella antibodies, based on the spleen counts technique, has been described. This test has been found more sensitive than that based on lethal challenge.Normal human sera have been shown to possess marked protecting power.Protective activity of human sera was considerably increased following vaccination with living streptomycin-dependent brucellae, or after natural disease.The bearing of these findings on several brucellosis problems has been briefly discussed.The author wishes to express his thanks to Prof. A. L. Olitzki for constant advice and encouragement; to Dr H. V. Muhsam, Department of Statistics, the Hebrew University, for generous help in the statistical analysis; and to Miss R. Avraam for technical assistance.
A Study of Antigenic Structure ofEscherichia ColiO111B4H2Possessing β Antigen
Authors: Mushin Rose 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. Coliform and paracolon β strains agglutinated to a high titre with OB antisera from two strains ofEscherichia coliO111B4H2.2. The presence of β antigen in some strains ofEsch. coliO111B4H2has been shown and therefore such strains should be classified as plus β forms. This factor could not be demonstrated by agglutination tests but was evident by its ability to produce and absorb β antibodies.3. The dissociation and complex nature of β forms was discussed.The writer wishes to express her thanks to Prof. S. D. Rubbo for his helpful criticism of the manuscript.
Q Fever in Britain: Isolation ofRickettsia Burnetifrom the TickHaemaphysalis Punctata
Authors: Stoker M. G. P. , Marmion B. P. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1.Rickettsia burnetihas been isolated from the tickHaemaphysalis punctatacollected from sheep in an endemic area of Q fever in south-east England.2. Isolation from one batch may have been due to contamination from the wool of sheep excretingR. burneti, but evidence is presented that isolation from another batch was due to the presence of the rickettsia in the tick tissues.We should like to express our gratitude to Mr R. D. Brown, M.R.C.V.S., Mr F. L. J. Kett, F.R.E.S., and Mr J. Carey, who helped to collect the specimens. We are also indebted to Dr A. D. Lees (Agricultural Research Council Unit of Insect Physiology) for his help with the identification of the ticks. Finally we wish to acknowledge the valuable laboratory assistance given by Mr P. C. Collings, Miss Z. Page and Miss K. Arnold.
Studies with Marked Antisera 2. Variation in the Specific Adsorption by Red Cells from Different Rabbits of One 131I-marked rabbit ISO-Antiserum
Authors: Boursnell J. C. , Heard D. H. , Rizk Vivien 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. An apparently pure rabbit iso-antibody marked with 131I has been shown to adsorb specifically to a greater extent on some rabbit cells than on others. This accords with previous evidence that the same iso-antibody exhibits a higher titre with the cells which are shown here to absorb more marked antibody than with those which adsorb less.2. Saturation of two of these red cell types by repeated application of fresh quantities of the 131I iso-antibody until no more is specifically adsorbed, suggests that the number of functional antigenic sites is six or seven times greater on the one than on the other cell.3. There is no apparent difference in the amount of 131I iso-antibody adsorbed by any one type of rabbit cell in comparative titrations using 3·3 % MgSO4.7H2O medium instead of normal saline.
On the Mechanism of Complement Fixation
Authors: Dean H. R. 
Published: May 2009

(1) If a series of dilutions of an antiserum are prepared, a dilution can be selected which when mixed with an appropriate quantity of the homologous antigen forms no precipitate but nevertheless binds complement. If complement is added to such a mixture of antigen and antiserum a precipitate appears after an interval of six to twenty-four hours.(2) By using an appropriate mixture of antigen and antiserum the amount of the precipitate can be increased, within certain limits, by increasing the amount of guinea-pig serum (complement) present in the mixture.(3) Similar results can be obtained if an euglobulin solution prepared from guinea-pig serum is substituted for the normal guinea-pig serum.(4) A suitable mixture of antigen and antiserum precipitates the euglobulin of guinea-pig serum in a manner which may be compared with the precipitation of euglobulin by carbon dioxide.(5) By keeping a, precipitating mixture of antigen, antiserum and complement at a temperature of 0° C. it is possible to demonstrate that the resulting precipitate contains the mid-piece fraction of the complement in an active state.The mid-piece fraction is not used up when it is bound by a mixture of serum with its homologous antiserum.(6) The precipitate which results from the interaction of antigen and antiserum fixes both fractions of the complement. The mid-piece is fixed much more readily than the end-piece but it is possible to demonstrate a stage when a considerable quantity of end-piece has been bound while a small quantity of mid-piece still remains free.(7) The results obtained in these experiments show that the fixation of the fractions of the complement by a mixture of antigen and antiserum is essentially similar to the fixation produced by suspensions of barium sulphate and similar complement fixing substances. These experiments confirm the recent work of Gengou on this subject.(8) The particles of a precipitate probably adsorb the euglobulin of the guinea-pig serum and this adsorption of euglobulin is an essential part of the mechanism of complement fixation.
The Influence of Metabolic Factors in Beri-Beri. Part I. The Effect of increasing the Carbohydrate Ration on the Development of Polyneuritis in Birds Fed on Polished Rice
Authors: Braddon W. L. , Cooper E. A. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Chickens fed on a 1/20th their body-weight daily of padi, cured or parboiled unpolished rice, or fresh (partly polished) rice, remain free from polyneuritis for at least 28 to 100 days.(2) Chickens fed on the same ration of polished Siam rice develop symptoms of polyneuritis in from 20 to 70 days.(3) When the polished rice is soaked in excess of water for 24 hours the birds succumb to polyneuritis in from 10 to 35 days; when the rice is soaked for 48 hours the disease appears still more readily, viz. in 15 days.(4) Chickens fed on 1/20th their body-weight of parboiled rice which had been soaked for 24 hours also develop polyneuritis in from 13 to 39 days. This fact is of practical importance, as epidemics of beri-beri have been traced to the practice of soaking unpolished rice prior to cooking and discarding the water.(5) Although birds fed on diets of polished rice, sago, or glucose develop polyneuritis, when fed on commercial starch they often fail to do so and merely lose considerably in weight. An explanation is offered.(6) While fowls fed on 1/20th their body-weight of padi remain free from polyneuritis for at least 60 to 100 days, when this ration is supplemented by 1/6th the body-weight of washed unpolished rice or 1/10th of polished rice polyneuritis appears in from 20 to 30 days.(7) On the other hand, chickens fed on rations varying from 1/5th to 1/30th of their body-weight of washed unpolished rice develop polyneuritis in about the same time, 10 to 20 days.(8) On dietaries composed of rations of polished rice varying from 1/20th to 1/40th the body-weight and of yeast varying from 1/2500th to 1/3500th the body-weight pigeons and chickens do not develop polyneuritis until at least 32 to 100 days have elapsed, but when the carbohydrate ration is doubled by the addition of polished rice or sago the birds fall ill in from 13 to 46 days.(9) Even when daily rations of polished rice as large as 1/10th the body-weight are fed to chickens together with varying amounts of yeast, 93 to 98 per cent, of the carbohydrate is digested and absorbed and the excreta contain no anti-neuritic substance. This shows that the rapid development of polyneuritis induced by feeding large rations of starch is not due to interference of undigested carbohydrate with the absorption of the active material.(10) Intestinal bacteria, unlike yeast, contain little anti-neuritic substance.
Serological Tests
Authors: Gózony Lajos , Hindle Edward , Ross Philip H. 
Published: May 2009

1. Sera and antisera when kept in the dark at room temperature sealed in glass tubes occasionally give specific reactions after a period of 12 years. In most cases, however, negative results were obtained with the antisera, whilst in others the reactions were non-specific.2. Fowl blood will still give specific complement fixation and precipitin reactions after being in the alimentary canal of either Argas persicus or Ornithodorus moubata for at least 23 months. The gut contents of Pediculus vestimenti fed on man three days previously, also will give specific reactions with human antisera.
Studies on the Berkefeld-Filtration of Complement
Authors: Schmidt Hans 
Published: May 2009

In the Berkefeld filtration of a fresh guinea-pig serum, adsorption on the filter surface takes place, and the serum passes unaltered, if the saturation of the adsorbing surface has become complete.This adsorption involves most probably first the albumins, which process then secondly influences the filtrability of the globulins. It is also shown that the physical conditions of the serum as regards salt concentration and dilution as well as H.-concentration modify the effect of filtration to a large extent.
An Experimental Investigation of an Australian Epidemic of Acute Encephalo-myelitis
Authors: Cleland J. Burton , Campbell A. W. 
Published: May 2009

1. The disease is an acute encephalo-myelitis produced by a virus akin to, but not identical with, that of the Heine-Medin disease.2. The disease was readily communicated, with fatal results, to monkeys (Macacus rhesus) by intracerebral inoculation of a suitably-prepared emulsion of nervous substance (brain, cerebellum, pons, medulla and spinal cord) from the human subject dead from “X disease.” Moreover, the virus was found to breed true in a succession of thirteen monkey (Macacus rhesus) generations.3. The disease was not communicated to Macacus cynomolgus (several trials).4. The disease was communicated by the above-mentioned method from monkey to sheep (10 times), from sheep back to monkey and on again from monkey to monkey.5. A certain number of sheep, perhaps 50 per cent., were found wholly insusceptible to the disease; others suffered lightly and recovered.6. The disease was communicated, with fatal results, by the same method, from monkey to horse (1 case) and to calf (1 case). Two calves suffered lightly after intracerebral inoculation of the usual virus-containing material taken from monkey and horse respectively.7. The virus appears to be held back completely, or to a great degree, by the pores of a Berkefeld filter.8. Storage of the virus-containing material in diluted glycerine, under cool conditions, for longer than a few days, reduced or annulled its nocive properties.9. Drying of the virus-containing material in Petri dishes, in an incubator, probably destroys its activity.10. In the case of the sheep, there was failure to induce the disease by swabbing the nostrils with virus-containing emulsion.11. There is some evidence that in the case of the sheep and the calf a previous inoculation with the virus confers immunity.12. One experiment suggested that artificial immunity might be induced in the monkey by inoculation of virus treated with serum from an “X disease” sheep.13. Intracerebral inoculation of three dogs, one kitten, two rabbits and one hen failed to produce any signs of the disease; and similar inoculations of two guinea-pigs gave doubtful results.14. Treatment of the virus-containing emulsion with (a) normal human serum, (b) serum from recovered human cases of “acute poliomyelitis” and (c) serum from “X disease” sheep prolonged the incubation period of the disease in the monkey but did not destroy the virus.15. Normal sheep serum and serum from “X disease” sheep did not neutralise the virus in its operation on other sheep.16. Two experiments suggested that the virus was no longer present in the monkey on the eighth or tenth day of illness.17. Two experiments towards the end of the investigation suggested a waning in strength of the virus.18. Intraperitoneal and intrasciatic inoculations of virus-containing material, also intracerebral inoculations of cerebro-spinal fluid, of a filtrate of faeces, of a “Noguchi culture,” of an emulsion of fowl ticks, of naso-pharyngeal swabs from human cases and contacts, and inoculations into veins, all failed.
The Milk Supply of the City of Edinburgh
Authors: Cunningham Andrew , Thorpe B. A. 
Published: May 2009

In tests of 40 samples of milk from the supply of the city of Edinburgh:(1) The bacterial content was, on the average, high but not abnormally so when compared with that of the milk supply of other cities. It ranged from 20,000 to 29,000,000 per c.c.(2) The results of the reductase test corresponded well with the bacterial counts and the test is recommended for obtaining a good rough idea of the bacterial numbers present, where results are required in a short time.(3) About half of the samples contained lactose-fermenting organisms in unduly high numbers; this is attributed chiefly to the lack of attention to cleanliness in production.(4) The value of the fermentation test for speedily indicating the nature of bacterial contamination is pointed out. In a general way the test corroborated the results of counts of the lactose fermenters and indicated that a number of the samples, which did not produce blown curds, contained large numbers of undesirable organisms.(5) Taken as a whole, the results seem to indicate not so much particularly high contamination as contamination of a very undesirable nature. They point to the necessity of educating the producer and distributor in the principles underlying the production of clean milk and emphasise the importance of proper control of the industry from this point of view.
The Serological Classification ofBacillus Diphtheriae
Authors: Eagleton A. J. , Baxter Edith M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Evidence is given that there exists a multiplicity of serological groups ofB. diphtheriae.2. Ten of these groups have been studied in this communication.3. Into these ten groups could be placed all except 16 of 348 strains of virulentB. diphtheriaeinvestigated.4. A description of the technical difficulties encountered is included in the hope that this may prove of service to other workers.Some evidence on the antigenic structures of different strains is advanced.5. The application of this method of investigation to the problems of epidemiology is briefly discussed, and evidence of its value brought forward.
The Pulmonary Lesions produced by the Inhalation of Dust in Guinea-Pigs: A Report to the Medical Research Council
Authors: Carleton H. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The lesions produced by the different dusts employed in these experiments, and the conclusions to be derived thereform, have already been discussed in Section 6 of this paper (see p. 455, et seq.).2. Plaque formation has been discussed. Evidence has been produced to show that the large plaques which tend to be formed in the parenchyma represent permanent pulmonary lesions. Small plaques, on the other hand, may be formed within the pulmonary lymphatics, in which case they may disintegrate in course of time. Such plaques have been termed “intralymphatic plaques.”3. Evidence has been brought forward against the view that the degree of harmfulness of a dust is proportionate to the degree of angularity and sharpness of its consituent particles. Nor has the supposition that the dusts which stimulated phagocytosis were those which contained organic matter been confirmed experimentally. Although silica may be regarded as a cellpoison and that this may account for the inability of the phagocytes to remove it, there are probably other factors than this, since shale—universally admitted to be one of the least harmful dusts—contains from 55 per cent. to 60 per cent. of silica. As to why one dust is harmful, and another not, is a problem as yet unsolved.4. The origin of the dust-cells has been studied. Reasons have been given to justify the belief that dust-cells are frequently derived from the alveolar epithelium. This, however, does not exclude the possibility of some participation of leucocytes or endothelial cells in the phagocytosis of dust particles.5. The chief modes of elimination of dust from the lungs have been discussed. It has been shown that the dusts which stimulate phagocytosis tend to be eliminated from the lung by both bronchi and lymphatics, while such elimination as occurs of the dusts which elicit but a feeble phagocytic response is through the lymphatics rather than the bronchi.
The Selection of a Strain of Bacillus pestis for the Preparation of Vaccine, with Special Reference to the effect of Animal Passage on Virulence
Authors: Burgess A. S. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Strains of B. pestis, kept in culture for 7 and 9 months, showed no loss of virulence.(2) Virulent strains, when subjected to passage through an immunised Cricetomys gambianus (African pouched rat), suffer distinct loss of virulence for this species, and virulence is not regained in culture or on repeated passage through susceptible C. gambianus. The so-called avirulent plague bacillus, obtained in this way, appears to be a rough variant. It differs in micro-scopical appearance from the ordinary virulent forms, tending to the appearance from the ordinary virulent forms, tending to the appearance of involution forms, which develop in salt media.(3) As regards immunising properties:(a) Vaccine prepared from virulent strain gives considerable protection against infection with virulent strain.(b) Vaccine prepared from virulent strain gives no protection against infection with avirulent strain.(c) Vaccine prepared from avirulent strain gives little or no protection against infection with virulent strain.(4) Animals, which recover from infection with an avirulent strain, are immune to subsequent infection with virulent strain.