bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How useful is executive control training? Age differences in near and far transfer of task‐switching training
Authors: Karbach Julia , Kray Jutta 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAlthough executive functions can be improved by training, little is known about the extent to which these training‐related benefits can be transferred to other tasks, or whether this transfer can be modulated by the type of training. This study investigated lifespan changes in near transfer of task‐switching training to structurally similar tasks and its modulation by verbal self‐instructions and variable training, as well as far transfer to structurally dissimilar ‘executive’ tasks and fluid intelligence. Three age groups (8–10; 18–26; 62–76 years of age) were examined in a pretest‐training‐posttest design. We found near transfer of task‐switching training in all age groups, especially in children and older adults. Near transfer was enhanced in adults and impaired in children when training tasks were variable. We also found substantial far transfer to other executive tasks and fluid intelligence in all age groups, pointing to the transfer of relatively general executive control abilities after training.
Contribution of the priming paradigm to the understanding of the conceptual developmental shift from 5 to 9 years of age
Authors: Perraudin Sandrine , Mounoud Pierre 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe conducted three experiments to study the role of instrumental (e.g. knife–bread) and categorical (e.g. cake–bread) relations in the development of conceptual organization with a priming paradigm, by varying the nature of the task (naming – Experiment 1 – or categorical decision – Experiments 2 and 3). The participants were 5‐, 7‐ and 9‐year‐old children and adults. The results showed that on both types of task, adults and 9‐year‐old children presented instrumental and categorical priming effects, whereas 5‐year‐old children presented mainly instrumental priming effects, with categorical effects remaining marginal. Moreover, the magnitude of the instrumental priming effects decreased with age. Finally, the priming effects observed for 7‐year‐old children depended on the task, especially for the categorical effects. The theoretical implications of these results for our understanding of conceptual reorganization from 5 to 9 years of age are discussed.
Nonhost and basal resistance: how to explain specificity?
Authors: Niks Rients E. , Marcel Thierry C. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryNonhost resistance to plant pathogens can be constitutive or induced by microbes. Successful pathogens suppress microbe‐induced plant defences by delivering appropriate effectors, which are apparently not sufficiently effective on nonhost plant species, as can be concluded from the strong host specificity of many biotroph plant pathogens. Such effectors act on particular plant targets, such as promoters or motifs in expressed sequences. Despite much progress in the elucidation of the molecular aspects of nonhost resistance to plant pathogens, very little is known about the genes that determine whether effectors can or cannot suppress the basal defence. In hosts they can, in nonhosts they cannot. The targets determining the host status of plants can be identified in inheritance studies. Recent reports have indicated that nonhost resistance is inherited polygenically, and exhibits strong similarity and association with the basal resistance of plants to adapted pathogens.
Controlled cortical impact injury influences methylphenidate‐induced changes in striatal dopamine neurotransmission
Authors: Wagner Amy K. , Sokoloski Joshua E. , Chen Xiangbai , Harun Rashed , Clossin Damian P. , Khan Amina S. , Andes‐Koback Meghan , Michael Adrian C. , Dixon C. Edward 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTraumatic brain injury features deficits are often ameliorated by dopamine (DA) agonists. We have previously shown deficits in striatal DA neurotransmission using fast scan cyclic voltammetry after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury that are reversed after daily treatment with the DA uptake inhibitor methylphenidate (MPH). The goal of this study was to determine how a single dose of MPH (5 mg/kg) induces changes in basal DA and metabolite levels and with electrically evoked overflow (EO) DA in the striatum of CCI rats. MPH‐induced changes in EO DA after a 2‐week daily pre‐treatment regime with MPH was also assessed. There were no baseline differences in basal DA or metabolite levels. MPH injection significantly increased basal [DA] output in dialysates for control but not injured rats. Also, MPH injection increased striatal peak EO [DA] to a lesser degree in CCI (176% of baseline) versus control rats (233% of baseline). However, daily pre‐treatment with MPH resulted in CCI rats having a comparable increase in EO [DA] after MPH injection when compared with controls. The findings further support the concept that daily MPH therapy restores striatal DA neurotransmission after CCI.
Anxiolytic‐like effects and safety profile of a tryptic hydrolysate from bovine alpha s1‐casein in rats
Authors: Messaoudi Michaël , Lalonde Robert , Schroeder Henri , Desor Didier 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe anxiolytic activity and adverse benzodiazepine‐like effects of a bovine alpha s1‐casein tryptic hydrolysate (CH) were evaluated. The effects of CH orally administered at doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg were compared with those of diazepam (DZ) at 3 mg/kg in the conditioned defensive burying test. Rats treated either with CH at 15 mg/kg or with DZ showed a decrease in anxiety. A drug‐related difference was observed in terms of duration, as the anxiolytic‐like action of CH was maintained after 7 days with twice‐daily administration, whereas that of DZ was not. CH and DZ were then evaluated for their potential effects on memory in a passive avoidance paradigm. CH‐treated rats had significantly longer latencies before entering the dark compartment where they were previously delivered a shock, indicating better retention relative to DZ‐treated rats. In the final test, CH and DZ were evaluated for place preference, an index of the possible addictive potential of these substances. DZ‐treated rats spent more time in the compartment associated with drug exposure than control rats. This effect was not found in CH‐treated rats. Thus, CH did not display side effects associated with DZ, despite its affinity for gamma‐aminobutyric acid(A) (GABAA) receptors. Specific linking of CH on GABAA receptor function involved in anxiolysis, but not on that implied in memory‐impairing effects, may be hypothesized to explain its specific activity. This profile might render it advantageous for nutritional purposes.
The Veterans Learning to Improve Fitness and Function in Elders Study: A Randomized Trial of Primary Care–Based Physical Activity Counseling For Older Men
Authors: Morey Miriam C. , Peterson Matthew J. , Pieper Carl F. , Sloane Richard , Crowley Gail M. , Cowper Patricia A. , McConnell Eleanor S. , Bosworth Hayden B. , Ekelund Carola C. , Pearson Megan P. 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of primary care–based, multicomponent physical activity counseling (PAC) promoting physical activity (PA) guidelines on gait speed and related measures of PA and function in older veterans.DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial.SETTING: Veterans Affairs Medical Center of Durham, North Carolina.PARTICIPANTS: Three hundred ninety‐eight male veterans aged 70 and older.INTERVENTION: Twelve months of usual care (UC) or multicomponent PAC consisting of baseline in‐person and every other week and then monthly telephone counseling by a lifestyle counselor, one‐time clinical endorsement of PA, monthly automated telephone messaging from the primary care provider, and quarterly tailored mailings of progress in PA.MEASUREMENTS: Gait speed (usual and rapid), self‐reported PA, function, and disability at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months.RESULTS: Although no between‐group differences were noted for usual gait speed, rapid gait speed improved significantly more for the PAC group (1.56±0.41 m/s to 1.68±0.44 m/s) than with UC (1.57±0.40 m/sec to 1.59±0.42 m/sec, P=.04). Minutes of moderate/vigorous PA increased significantly in the PAC group (from 57.1±99.3 to 126.6±142.9 min/wk) but not in the UC group (from 60.2±116.1 to 69.6±116.1 min/wk, P<.001). Changes in other functional/disability outcomes were small.CONCLUSION: In this group of older male veterans, multicomponent PA significantly improved rapid gait and PA. Translation from increased PA to overall functioning was not observed. Integration with primary care was successful.
Insufficient energy and nutrient intake in children with motor disability
Authors: Kilpinen‐Loisa P , Pihko H , Vesander U , Paganus A , Ritanen U , Mäkitie O 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim: Children with motor disabilities are at increased risk of compromised bone health due to impaired weight bearing. Poor nutritional status may be an additional risk factor. The aim of this study was to evaluate energy and nutrient intakes in children with motor disability.Patients and Methods: Fifty‐four children with motor disability (cerebral palsy in 59%) were included. Three‐day food diaries were collected and analysed. The results were compared with recommended dietary allowances for age and sex.Results: The median age was 10.9 years. The median energy intake was 76% of the recommendation and <80% in 57% of children. Of the total energy, 17% was from protein, 32% from fat and 50% from carbohydrates. The medians were for calcium intake 142% and for vitamin D intake 76% of the recommendation; serum 25‐hydroxy‐vitamin D concentrations were low (median 46 nmol/L). Children with low energy intake were shorter and lighter and had more severe motor disability than children with sufficient energy intake.Conclusion:Insufficient energy and nutrient intake is common in children with motor disability. This may have adverse health effects especially when associated with low vitamin D intake. Energy and vitamin D supplements should be considered.
Differences in the Spinal Command of Ejaculation in Rapid Ejaculating Rats
Authors: Borgdorff Aren J. , Rössler Anne-Sophie , Clément Pierre , Bernabé Jacques , Alexandre Laurent , Giuliano François 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
It has been hypothesized that lifelong premature ejaculation is part of a biological variation in the intravaginal ejaculation latency, but what causes this variation remains poorly understood.

Aim
The aim of this study is to elucidate whether variations in ejaculation latencies in an experimental rat model for premature ejaculation are linked to differences in the spinal command of ejaculation.

Main Outcome Measures
Electrical microstimulation of the spinal generator for ejaculation revealed an accelerated expulsion phase in rapid ejaculating rats.

Methods
Adult male Wistar rats were categorized as “sluggish,”“normal,” or “rapid” ejaculators on the basis of their ejaculation frequency in sexual mating tests. One to three weeks after selection, males were urethane anesthetized and electrically microstimulated in the spinal generator for ejaculation, evoking ejaculation. Bulbospongiosus muscle electromyographic and intraluminal vas deferens pressure were measured simultaneously, representing, respectively, the expulsion and emission phase in ejaculation.

Results
Electrical microstimulation of the spinal generator for ejaculation evoked ejaculation in “sluggish” (N = 9), “normal” (N = 13), and “rapid” (N = 11) ejaculating rats. Vas deferens contraction (emission phase) was evoked at different stimulation strengths, but response properties were not statistically different between “sluggish,”“normal,” and “rapid” ejaculator rats. Bulbospongiosus muscle contractions (expulsion phase) following microstimulation was significantly accelerated in “rapid” rats as compared with “sluggish” and “normal” rats. The total duration of bulbospongiosus muscle contractions remained unchanged between the three ejaculator groups.

Conclusions
Our results provide the first scientific evidence supporting a neurophysiological difference between “rapid,”“normal,” and “sluggish” ejaculators, expressed as an accelerated expulsion phase in “rapid” ejaculator rats. This bridges the gap between a sexual behavior trait and the spinal command of ejaculation.
Oestradiol and SERM treatments influence oestrogen receptor coregulator gene expression in human skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Dieli‐Conwright C. M. , Spektor T. M. , Rice J. C. , Todd Schroeder E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  Oestrogen receptors (ER) are present in human skeletal muscle (hSkM) cells; however, the function of the receptor is currently unknown. We investigated the influence of oestradiol and selective ER modulators [tamoxifen (TAM), raloxifene (RAL)] on ER coregulator mRNA expression in hSkM.Methods:  Human skeletal muscle cells were treated with 10 nm oestradiol, 5 μm TAM and 10 μm RAL over a 24‐h period. Following the treatment period, mRNA expression was quantified using real‐time PCR to detect changes in ER‐α, ER‐β, steroid receptor coactivator (SRC), silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT), MyoD, GLUT4 and c‐fos.Results:  ER‐α mRNA expression increased with all three drug treatments (P < 0.05) while there was no change in mRNA expression of ER‐β in hSkM cells. mRNA expression of SRC increased and SMRT decreased with oestradiol, TAM and RAL in hSkM cells (P < 0.05). Importantly, mRNA expression of MyoD increased with oestradiol and decreased with TAM and RAL in hSkM cells (P < 0.05). mRNA expression of GLUT4 increased with oestradiol and RAL and decreased with TAM in hSkM cells (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  These findings are novel in that they provide the first evidence that oestradiol and selective ER modulators influence ER‐α function in hSkM cells. This demonstrates the importance of the ER and alterations in its coregulators, to potentially prevent sarcopenia and promote muscle growth in postmenopausal women using these forms of hormone replacement therapy.
Identification of Biomarkers in Human Head and Neck Tumor Cell Lines That Predict For In Vitro Sensitivity to Gefitinib
Authors: Hickinson D. Mark , Marshall Gayle B. , Beran Garry J. , Varella‐Garcia Marileila , Mills Elizabeth A. , South Marie C. , Cassidy Andrew M. , Acheson Kerry L , McWalter Gael , McCormack Rose M. , Bunn Paul A. , French Tim , Graham Alex , Holloway Brian R. , Hirsch Fred R. , Speake Georgina 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPotential biomarkers were identified for in vitro sensitivity to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib in head and neck cancer. Gefitinib sensitivity was determined in cell lines, followed by transcript profiling coupled with a novel pathway analysis approach. Eleven cell lines were highly sensitive to gefitinib (inhibitor concentration required to give 50% growth inhibition [GI50] < 1 μM), three had intermediate sensitivity (GI50 1–7 μM), and six were resistant (GI50 > 7 μM); an exploratory principal component analysis revealed a separation between the genomic profiles of sensitive and resistant cell lines. Subsequently, a hypothesis‐driven analysis of Affymetrix data (Affymetrix, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) revealed higher mRNA levels for E‐cadherin (CDH1); transforming growth factor, alpha (TGF‐α); amphiregulin (AREG); FLJ22662; EGFR; p21‐activated kinase 6 (PAK6); glutathione S‐transferase Pi (GSTP1); and ATP‐binding cassette, subfamily C, member 5 (ABCC5) in sensitive versus resistant cell lines. A hypothesis‐free analysis identified 46 gene transcripts that were strongly differentiated, seven of which had a known association with EGFR and head and neck cancer (human EGF receptor 3 [HER3], TGF‐α, CDH1, EGFR, keratin 16 [KRT16], fibroblast growth factor 2 [FGF2], and cortactin [CTTN]). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbant assay analysis confirmed Affymetrix data, and EGFR gene mutation, amplification, and genomic gain correlated strongly with gefitinib sensitivity. We identified biomarkers that predict for in vitro responsiveness to gefitinib, seven of which have known association with EGFR and head and neck cancer. These in vitro predictive biomarkers may have potential utility in the clinic and warrant further investigation.
ACUTE RENAL FAILURE: METHODS OF TREATMENT IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
Authors: Zyga Sofia , Sarafis Paul , Stathoulis John , Kolovos Peter , Theophilopoulos Dimitris 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPatients who are treated in an intensive care unit (ICU) show the need of recovery of their renal function. The reason is that, in this particular cohort of patients, we have to maintain the necessary balance between body fluids, electrolytes, and acid‐base, try to suspend further renal damage and purify the patient's blood to better accept the given therapy. In this paper, we try to demonstrate all the methods that can be used depending on the patient's condition, the therapist's preferences and the hospital's capabilities.
OFFICIAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR QUALITY OF FLUIDS IN DIALYSIS –THE NEED FOR STANDARDISATION
Authors: Nystrand Rolf 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRecommendations/guidelines regarding the microbiological and chemical quality of fluids in dialysis are increasing in numbers, both nationally and internationally. As dialysis is a worldwide issue, with many elements being similar regardless of geographical area, it is logical to have the same quality requirements on fluids used in dialysis. At present, there are large differences between the different documents. This situation makes studies where several nations participate more difficult to interpret as the fluids used in dialysis are crucial for the dialysis session.A special situation applies for substitution fluid produced ‘On‐Line’ for haemodiafiltration (HDF) and haemofiltration (HF), where some recommendations are questionable from a scientific standpoint.The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) is in the process of finishing a collection of standards including guideline for fluids in dialysis (water, concentrates, dialysis fluid, substitution fluid) and equipment used for water preparation. To have the same quality for reference worldwide will facilitate the interpretation of international studies as well as give dialysis patients treatments based on the same quality baseline.
Adult Height, Insulin, and 17β-Estradiol in Young Women
Authors: Finstad Sissi Espetvedt , Emaus Aina , Tretli Steinar , Jasienska Grazyna , Ellison Peter T. , Furberg Anne-Sofie , Wist Erik A. , Thune Inger 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackground: Adult height and insulin are thought to modify the development of breast cancer. However, little is known about the association between height and 17β-estradiol, a key factor in breast carcinogenesis, and whether insulin modifies such an association.Methods: Among 204 healthy women, ages 25 to 35 years, who participated in the Energy Balance and Breast Cancer Aspect I study, adult height (in centimeters) and fasting serum concentrations of insulin (pmol/L) were measured. 17β-Estradiol concentrations were measured in daily saliva samples throughout an entire menstrual cycle through RIA. Age and multivariate linear regression models were used to study the association between adult height and 17β-estradiol levels throughout an entire menstrual cycle and whether serum levels of fasting insulin may modify such an association.Results: The women had a mean age of 30.7 years, adult height of 166.9 cm, and serum insulin of 85.7 pmol/L. For each increase of one SD in insulin levels in the upper tertile of adult height, the adjusted level of 17β-estradiol increased by 3.1 pmol/L (95% confidence interval, 1.1-5.2), equivalent to a 17.3% higher mean average concentration of 17β-estradiol. Women with an adult height ≥170 cm (upper tertile) and insulin levels &gt;101 pmol/L (upper quartile) experienced, on average, 41% higher 17β-estradiol levels throughout the entire menstrual cycle compared with women with the same adult height and insulin levels &lt;101 pmol/L.Conclusion: Our findings support that premenopausal levels of 17β-estradiol vary in response to adult height and insulin levels, of possible importance for breast cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(5):1477–83)
COX-2 Limits Prostanoid Production in Activated HUVECs and Is a Source of PGH2for Transcellular Metabolism to PGE2by Tumor Cells
Authors: Salvado M. Dolores , Alfranca Arántzazu , Escolano Amelia , Haeggström Jesper Z. , Redondo Juan Miguel 
Published: May 2009

Objective—Inducible expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and terminal prostaglandin synthases (tPGS) has been mainly analyzed in tumor, stromal, and inflammatory cells, and little is known about the regulation of prostanoid biosynthesis by endothelial cells. Here we characterize the profile of prostanoids produced by activated HUVECs and analyze the expression and activities of tPGS.Methods and Results—Enzyme immunoassays indicated increased endothelial prostanoid production after proangiogenic stimulation, but without parallel upregulation of tPGS. Endothelial prostanoid production instead depended on the induction of COX-2 and was abolished by COX-2 silencing or pharmacological inhibition. COX-2 is functionally coupled to prostacyclin and thromboxane synthases in HUVECs, but these cells show no detectable PGE2synthase (PGES) activity. Endothelial PGE2production is partly mediated by nonenzymatic decomposition of COX-2-derived PGH2, but endothelial-produced PGH2can also be metabolized enzymatically by microsomal PGES-1 in cocultured tumor cells.Conclusions—Our findings identify a novel transcellular metabolism of PGE2between the endothelial and tumor compartments. Given the role of PGE2as a mediator of COX-2 proangiogenic effects, transcellular metabolism of endothelial-derived PGH2is a potential target for treatment of pathological angiogenesis.
IGF-IR tyrosine kinase interacts with NPM-ALK oncogene to induce survival of T-cell ALK+ anaplastic large-cell lymphoma cells
Authors: Shi Ping , Lai Raymond , Lin Quan , Iqbal Abid S. , Young Leah C. , Kwak Larry W. , Ford Richard J. , Amin Hesham M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) tyrosine kinase plays important roles in the pathogenesis of several malignancies. Although it promotes the growth of stimulated hematopoietic cells, a direct role of IGF-IR in malignant lymphoma has not been identified. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALK+ ALCL) is a unique type of T-cell lymphoma. Approximately 85% of ALK+ ALCL cases harbor the translocation t(2;5)(p23;q35), which generates the chimeric oncogene NPM-ALK. In the present study, we explored a possible role of IGF-IR in ALK+ ALCL. Our results demonstrate that IGF-IR and IGF-I are widely expressed in ALK+ ALCL cell lines and primary tumors. Importantly, we identified novel reciprocal functional interactions between IGF-IR and NPM-ALK. Antagonism of IGF-IR decreased the viability, induced apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest, and decreased proliferation and colony formation of ALK+ ALCL cell lines. These effects could be explained by alterations of cell survival regulatory proteins downstream of IGF-IR signaling. Our findings improve current understanding of the biology of IGF-IR and NPM-ALK and have significant therapeutic implications as they identify IGF-IR signaling as a potential therapeutic target in ALK+ ALCL and possibly other types of malignant lymphoma.