bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation of bi-exponential T1ρ relaxation of in-vivo rat muscles at 3T
Authors: Yuan Jing , Zhao Feng , Chan Queenie , Wang Yi-Xiang J 
Published: July 2012

Background Spin-lattice relaxation in the rotating frame, or T1ρ relaxation, is normally described by a mono-exponential decay model. However, compartmentation of tissues and microscopic molecular exchange may lead to bi-exponential or multi-exponential T1ρ relaxation behavior in certain tissues under the application of spin lock pulse field strength. Purpose To investigate the presence of bi-exponential T1ρ relaxations in in-vivo rat head tissues of brain and muscle. Material and Methods Five Sprague-Dawley rats underwent T1ρ imaging at 3T. A B1-insensitive rotary echo spin lock pulse was used for T1ρ preparation with a spin lock frequency of 500Hz. Twenty-five T1ρ-weighted images with spin lock times ranging from 1 to 60 ms were acquired using a 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence. Image intensities over different spin lock times were fitted using mono-exponential as well as bi-exponential models both on region-of-interest basis and pixel-by-pixel basis. F-test with a significance level P value of 0.01 was used to evaluate whether bi-exponential model gave a better fitting than mono-exponential model. Results In rat brains, only mono-exponential but no apparent bi-exponential T1ρ relaxation (∼70–71 ms) was found. In contrast, bi-exponential T1ρ relaxation was observed in muscles of all five rats ( P < 10−4). A longer and a shorter T1ρ relaxation component were extracted to be ∼37– ∼ 41 ms (a fraction of ∼80– ∼88%) and ∼9– ∼11 ms (∼12–20%), compared to the normal single T1ρ relaxation of ∼30– ∼ 33 ms. Conclusion Bi-exponential relaxation components were detected in rat muscles. The long and the short T1ρ relaxation component are thought to correspond to the restricted intracellular water population and the hydrogen exchange between amine and hydroxyl groups, respectively.
Hepatic contrast medium enhancement at computed tomography and its correlation with various body size measures
Authors: Svensson Anders , Nouhad Jallo , Cederlund Kerstin , Aspelin Peter , Nyman Ulf , Björk Jonas , Torkel Brismar B 
Published: July 2012

Background When the same dose of iodine is given to all patients when performing abdominal computed tomography (CT) there may be a wide inter-individual variation in contrast medium (CM) enhancement of the liver. Purpose To evaluate if any of the measures body height (BH), body mass index (BMI), lean body mass (LBM), ideal body weight (IBW), and body surface area (BSA) correlated better than body weight (BW) with hepatic enhancement, and to compare the enhancement when using iodixanol and iomeprol. Material and Methods One hundred patients referred for standard three-phase CT examination of abdomen were enrolled. Body weight and height were measured at the time of the CT examination. Forty grams of iodine (iodixanol 320 mg I/mL or iomeprol 400 mg I/mL) was injected at a rate of 1.6 g-I/s, followed by a 50 mL saline flush. The late arterial phase was determined by using a semi-automatic smart prep technique with a scan delay of 20 s. The hepatic parenchymal phase started automatically 25 s after the late arterial phase. CM concentration was estimated by placement of regions of interest in aorta (native and late arterial phase) and in liver (native and parenchymal phase). Results BW ( r = −0.51 and −0.64), LBM ( r = −0.54 and −0.59), and BSA ( r = −0.54 and −0.65) showed the best correlation coefficients with aortic and hepatic parenchymal enhancement, respectively, without any significant differences between the measures. Comparing iodixanol and iomeprol there was no significant difference in aortic enhancement. The liver enhancement was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) using iodixanol than iomeprol. Conclusion To achieve a consistent hepatic enhancement, CM dose may simply be adjusted to body weight instead of using more complicated calculated parameters based on both weight and height.
Dalfampridine: A Medication to Improve Walking in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Pikoulas Theodore E , Fuller Matthew A 
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of dalfampridine. DATA SOURCES: A search of PubMed (1966-March 2012) was conducted using the words dalfampridine and Ampyra. Bibliographies of retrieved articles were reviewed to identify additional references. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: All identified studies published in English involving the efficacy and safety of dalfampridine were reviewed. DATA SYNTHESIS: Dalfampridine (Ampyra) is a broad-spectrum potassium channel blocker that is indicated as a treatment to improve walking in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Dalfampridine is the only medication approved for this indication. Efficacy has been demonstrated in 2 Phase 3 trials involving patients with MS. Dalfampridine 10 mg twice daily improved walking, as shown by a higher proportion of timed walk responders in the dalfampridine-treated group (42.9% and 35%) versus the placebo-treated group (9.3% and 8%) during the 2 studies (p < 0.001). The maximum recommended dose of dalfampridine is 10 mg twice daily; higher doses are associated with an increased risk of seizures. At doses greater than 10 mg twice daily, the frequency of other adverse reactions and discontinuations was greater and showed no additional benefit. The average wholesale price of a 10-mg dalfampridine tablet is $21.12, which would make a 1-month supply of therapy cost $1267.20. CONCLUSIONS: In clinical trials, dalfampridine improved walking speed in approximately one third of patients with MS. The risk of seizures appears to be dose-related and the incidence is low at doses of 10 mg twice daily. Because of the cost, dalfampridine should be reserved for patients who meet criteria for the drug and continued only if they have an adequate response.
Systemic Exposure to Aminoglycosides following Knee and Hip Arthroplasty with Aminoglycoside-Loaded Bone Cement Implants
Authors: Kalil Graziela Z , Ernst Erika J , Johnson Sarah J , Johannsson Birgir , Polgreen Philip M , Bertolatus J Andrew , Clark Charles R 
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND: Aminoglycoside-loaded bone cement (ALBC) implants are frequently used in orthopedic surgery. Parenteral aminoglycosides are known to cause nephrotoxicity. Reports of acute renal failure in patients receiving ALBC implants have been reported in the literature and at our hospital. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, as part of a performance improvement project, whether patients undergoing arthroplasty procedures have detectable aminoglycoside serum concentrations following ALBC implantation and to evaluate corresponding changes in serum creatinine. METHODS: Patients undergoing hip or knee revision or resection4-up clinic visit when possible. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were evaluated: 13 women and 4 men with a mean age of 69 years (range 50-84). Eight patients had a preoperative diagnosis of infection and received high-dose ALBC implants as treatment and 9 patients received lower-dose ALBC implants for infection prophylaxis. Eight patients had detectable aminoglycoside serum concentrations (mean 0.42 μg/mL; range 0.3 to 2.0); 1 patient had an aminoglycoside serum concentration of 0.9 μg/mL on postoperative day 38. Patients who did not have a detectable aminoglycoside serum concentration on the first postoperative day did not have a detectable concentration in the following serum samples. Six patients had elevation of serum creatinine by greater than 0.3 mg/dL from baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The number of patients in this study is small; however, this report raises a potential concern for the safety of high-dose ALBC implants. We recommend measuring aminoglycoside serum concentrations in the early postoperative period to identify patients in need of further monitoring. Further studies are needed to determine risk factors for systemic toxicity.
Pharmacokinetic and Clinical Implications of Dabigatran Use in Severe Renal Impairment for Stroke Prevention in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Mack Diana R , Kim Jenny J 
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVE: To review the literature regarding the pharmacokinetic (PK) and clinical implications of the use of dabigatran in severe renal impairment for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). DATA SOURCES: Searches of MEDLINE (2000-April 2012) and the Cochrane Database (2000-April 2012) were conducted. Key search terms included dabigatran, renal impairment, renal failure, and renal dysfunction. Additional limits included articles written in English and those involving human subjects. Bibliographic reviews were conducted to identify other pertinent data. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Primary data were considered eligible for inclusion if they were from studies that evaluated the PKs of dabigatran in renal impairment or the effect of renal impairment on the risk for major bleeding with dabigatran. DATA SYNTHESIS: Dabigatran is an oral direct thrombin inhibitor indicated for the prevention of stroke and systemic thromboembolism in patients with nonvalvular AF, at a dose of 150 mg twice daily. Renal elimination is responsible for approximately 80% of dabigatran's clearance; thus, dose adjustment is required for patients with severe renal impairment. The approved dosing regimen for patients with creatinine clearance 15-30 mL/min (75 mg twice daily) was derived from PK modeling studies, limiting its applicability to the clinical setting. CONCLUSIONS: At this time, there is limited evidence to support safety or efficacy outcomes with the use of dabigatran for stroke prevention in patients with severe renal impairment and nonvalvular AF. Postmarketing data and large clinical trials are needed to determine the role of dabigatran in this population.
Confidence Intervals and Power Calculations for Within-Person Biological Variation: Effect of Analytical Imprecision, Number of Replicates, Number of Samples, and Number of Individuals
Authors: Røraas Thomas , Petersen Per H , Sandberg Sverre 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Reliable estimates of within-person biological variation and reference change value are of great importance when interpreting test results, monitoring patients, and setting quality specifications. Little information has been published regarding what experimental design is optimal to achieve the best estimates of within-person biological variation.

METHOD
Expected CIs were calculated for different balanced designs for a 2-level nested variance analysis model with varying analytical imprecision. We also simulated data sets based on the model to calculate the power of different study designs for detection of within-person biological variation.

RESULTS
The reliability of an estimate for biological variation and a study's power is very much influenced by the study design and by the ratio between analytical imprecision and within-person biological variation. For a fixed number of measurements, it is preferable to have a high number of samples from each individual. Shortcomings in analytical imprecision can be controlled by increasing the number of replicates.

CONCLUSIONS
The design of an experiment to estimate biological variation should take into account the analytical imprecision of the method and focus on obtaining the highest possible reliability. Estimates of biological variation should always be reported with CIs.
Happy accidents: Participatory culture and the public reconstruction of Bob Ross
Authors: Falvey L. D. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
Using American populist landscape artist Bob Ross as a case study, I examine how participatory culture can challenge elitist notions of 'high art'. Traditionally, the act of consecrating the artist and her work has been a polarizing, marginalizing 'private' performance that privileges a powerful cadre of 'taste makers' at the exclusion of the masses. Through the evaluation of a body of work on YouTube by amateurs who seek to replicate and parody Ross' thematic ideological and instructional messages, I suggest that this type of amateur production offers an alternate, oppositional read of Ross and provides him with a posthumous success that negates the elitist criticism that otherwise dismisses his work as trite and transparent.
Security for sale! The visual rhetoric of marketing counter-terrorism technologies
Authors: Feigenbaum Anna 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
While much is written on government, legal and media discourses of security and counter-terrorism, very few studies turn a critical eye towards 'mediation' as it applies to the marketing of counter-terrorism technologies. Counter-terrorism technologies include everything from surveillance cameras to biometric scanners, data protection software to perimeter-security fencing. Together they comprise one of the largest, most profitable product sectors in the global economy. In this article I look at the visual corporate communication strategies used to market counter-terrorism technologies to both governments and the private sector. I use a dual method approach to perform this investigation. First, I conduct a visual analysis of promotional material produced by counter-terrorism technology manufacturers including product brochures and advertisements in defence magazines. Second, I draw from participant-observation research carried out over the past three years at counter-terrorism expos. This research offers insight into how discourses around security and counter-terrorism are shaped not only through government and military PR (as it is often spread through the mass media), but also by defence technology manufacturers and marketers ranging from major security conglomerates such as Group4Securicor and Magal Security Systems, to telecommunication giants including AT&T and IBM.
The renaissance of 'Keep Calm and Carry On'
Authors: Lewis Bex 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT
In the twenty-first century, 'Keep Calm and Carry On' and other Second World War posters have grown in popularity, particularly in the United Kingdom, but also globally. This article returns us to the original history of 'Keep Calm and Carry On': how it was planned, prepared, created and then abandoned in 1939. We consider why the Second World War remains important in British memories, and how the poster, rediscovered in 2000, has become so important in more recent times of recession.
Fratrie et exil : plasticité relationnelle et perspectives de soin
Authors: Daure Ivy , Reveyrand-Coulon Odile 
Published: July 2012

Toute relation fraternelle dépend de l’organisation de la famille, du mythe et de l’histoire familiale. En situation d’exil, des éléments supplémentaires entrent en jeu. Ces relations sont étroitement liées aux interactions parents/enfants et à l’étape du cycle de vie de la famille lors de l’arrivée de l’enfant. La migration remet en question l’équilibre des places et des rôles des enfants. Quelle va être la fonction de ceux-ci dans un système recomposé ? Quelles sont les modalités de leur investissement dans la survie du système familial ? La rencontre avec les familles d’origine étrangère, dans un contexte de recherche, permet d’observer que les fratries se structurent autour de la situation d’exil : entre pays/cultures d’origine et d’accueil. Les exemples cliniques visent à mieux saisir les subtils aménagements à l’intérieur de ces fratries qui permettront de dégager des perspectives de soin.
La fratrie dans les ménages d'enfants sans parents au Rwanda... après le génocide
Authors: Uwera Kanyamanza Claudine , Brackelaire Jean-Luc , Munyandamutsa Naasson 
Published: July 2012

Résumé Le phénomène des « ménages d’enfants » est apparu au Rwanda après le génocide des Tutsis qui a profondément ébranlé la structure familiale et l’organisation de la société. Certains enfants ont ainsi été amenés à vivre dans des « ménages » sans parents, menés par un autre enfant un peu plus âgé, considéré simultanément comme parent et comme grand(e) frère ou sœur. Comment fonctionnent ces nouveaux types de familles ? Quels sont le rôle et la place de chacun des membres de la fratrie ? Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche qui s’appuie sur des entretiens menés sous forme de « récits de vie » auprès de seize personnes. L’analyse des entretiens révèle notamment le rôle de l’aîné et la façon dont la fratrie crée une nouvelle structure familiale qui tente de répondre tant bien que mal à la souffrance relative à l’absence parentale et constitue une ressource et un étayage psychique.
Technologies du « bien vieillir et du lien social » : questions d'acceptabilité, enjeux de sens et de continuité de l'existence - la canne et le brise-vitre
Authors: Gucher Catherine 
Published: July 2012

Le développement des « technologies de la santé et de l’autonomie à domicile » s’inscrit dans une volonté politique d’apporter aux systèmes d’aide et de soins existants des compléments technologiques, susceptibles de favoriser le « vivre chez soi », conformément aux attentes des personnes âgées. Cependant l’acceptation et l’appropriation de ces technologies par les vieilles personnes font encore problème. Cet article se propose d’analyser les enjeux et les conditions de l’acceptabilité des NT au regard des « épreuves » de la vieillesse.
Solidarités de proximité, réseau social et technologies numériques
Authors: Dreyer Pascal , Pandolfo Giovanni 
Published: July 2012

Résumé Voisin-Age, réseau social créé par les Petits frères des pauvres, est dédié à la relation aux personnes âgées d’un quartier. Il réunit des voisinés, les personnes âgées, et des voisineurs, la plupart actifs. Le réseau social utilise Internet pour se coordonner, se donner des nouvelles et agir au quotidien. Signe de son succès, l’outil technologique va connaître sa V2 et une adaptation aux smartphones et aux tablettes afin de répondre aux usages en mobilité des jeunes voisineurs. À travers cet outil, les Petits frères des pauvres entendent restituer à la société ce que soixante-dix ans de pratique sociale auprès des plus démunis leur ont appris en termes de réciprocité et de solidarité. Mais aussi affirmer une autre voie de présence à l’autre que celle du bénévolat. Entretien avec Giovanni Pandolfo, coordinateur national Voisin-Age.
Le géronmonde technologique est-il vraiment accueillant ?
Authors: Quentin Bertrand 
Published: July 2012

Résumé Les gérontechnologies ne doivent pas être envisagées trop naïvement. Elles peuvent certes apporter une aide précieuse tant aux personnes âgées qu’aux aidants à domicile. Mais elles peuvent aussi tendre à enfermer les personnes âgées dans un monde à part, un « géronmonde » fait sur mesure. L’article vise à exhiber des sous-entendus masqués et part d’usages technologiques concrets pour montrer l’ambivalence de ce phénomène de notre temps.
Un gouvernement des pairs ?
Authors: Bachelot Carole 
Published: July 2012

Résumé Depuis les travaux de l’école élitiste, les partis et a fortiori leurs dirigeants sont souvent étudiés en fonction de relations hiérarchiques d’autorité, elles-mêmes contraintes par la quête du pouvoir. Or, l’étude de ces dirigeants gagnerait à porter davantage sur les relations existant entre « pairs » au sommet des organisations. En se fondant sur l’exemple du Parti socialiste, cet article fait ainsi appel à la notion de collégialité empruntée à la sociologie des organisations pour rendre compte de la tension entre égalité formelle et différenciations entre dirigeants. Ces relations conditionnent en effet leurs activités : négociation, délibération, décision.
Release and recapture of three insect species test the efficacy of trap method and air flow in insect containment
Authors: De Clerck-Floate R.A. , Saunders P. , Floate K.D. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRegulations for the containment of arthropods stipulate that containment facilities be specially designed and operated to prevent arthropod escapes. A key area for security is the entrance–exit anteroom on the facility's periphery, which is to have an insect trap for capturing incident arthropods, and an inward directional flow of air. To test the efficacy of these features, a release-recapture study was conducted in the anteroom of an operational containment facility using different trap methods (ceiling-mounted ultraviolet [UV] or incandescent light traps, floor-situated pan water trap), and three insect species (dung beetle, Chilothorax distinctus (Müller) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) – formerly known as Aphodius distinctus; house fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae); parasitic wasp, Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)). The optimum method for capturing insects within the anteroom varied with species and their behaviours; UV light trap + water trap for C. distinctus (mean catch: 82.3% ± 2.7% of recovered beetles), water trap + incandescent light trap for M. domestica (mean catch: 78.3% ± 4.1%), and UV light trap for U. rufipes (mean catch: 13.0% ± 8.5%; but no trap worked particularly well). Inward flow of air was deemed most effective for containing the small and active U. rufipes, with 23% of detected escapees moving deeper into quarantine. Awareness of insect behaviour in artificial environments is advised for determining whether additional security protocols are required.
Engager et enrôler les jeunes dans la lutte contre le changement climatique : le documentaire jeunesse et l’attitude des collégiens d’aujourd’hui
Authors: Kovacs Susan 
Published: July 2012

Résumé Les ouvrages documentaires pour la jeunesse se sont emparés d’une thématique fertile pour la transmission de notions scientifiques, celle du changement climatique. L’analyse sémio-discursive menée par l’auteur révèle que ceux-ci répondent aussi à l’enjeu d’engager le jeune lecteur dans la « cause » du climat. Ainsi, la figure du destinataire prend souvent les allures d’un apprenti écologiste, sauveur de la planète. Cette vision de l’action s’accorde avec une rhétorique de la responsabilité individuelle répandue dans les médias et qui s’accompagne d’un appel aux émotions, visant à culpabiliser et à angoisser. Afin d’évaluer la pertinence de ces constructions discursives, l’auteur s’appuie sur des entretiens menés avec des collégiens mettant en évidence les stratégies de recul face à la médiatisation du changement climatique.
Le comique à la télévision des années 1960 : l’Atelier Prévert-Derlon, entre héritage et recherche
Authors: Chambat-Houillon Marie-France 
Published: July 2012

Résumé En travaillant sur la télévision française de la fin des années 1960, Marie-France Chambat-Houillon saisit ce moment particulier où le média cherche à poser sa singularité en se délestant partiellement de son héritage cinématographique. L’analyse inédite de l’Atelier Prévert Derlon, collection de programmes comiques produits par le service de la recherche de l’ORTF, permet en outre de s’interroger sur la construction du genre « comique », qui de manière particulièrement évidente ne peut pas être défini seulement dans son intentionnalité : il faut tenir compte des « interprétants » construits par les métadiscours (presse critique, chaîne, auteur). Or dans ce cas précis, il apparaît que les critiques du magazine Télérama révèlent un écart sensible avec les intentions médiatisées de l’auteur, Pierre Prévert, ainsi qu’une difficulté à évaluer la production télévisuelle indépendamment du cadre cinématographique.