bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benthic diatom flora in supraglacial habitats: a generic-level comparison
Authors: Yallop M.L. , Anesio A.M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMeltwaters on the surface of glaciers have been identified as hot spots for microbial activity. Records indicate that cyanobacteria and green algae dominate the autotrophic assemblages found in the benthic debris in cryoconite holes. Diatoms are commonly recorded in lentic and lotic ecosystems within polar habitats and, in line with the ubiquity principle for microbial communities, potentially, diatoms should be frequently found in the cryoconite of supraglacial environments. In this study, we cultured debris from cryoconite material collected in Svalbard and Greenland, to promote the growth of diatoms. Diatom generic richness varied between 12 and 17 between sites and was ∼5-fold higher than previously reported. Cryoconite supported aerophytic, halophytic, epipelic and bryophilic diatoms, suggesting multiple origins of colonizing cells. Twenty-seven genera were cultured from material that had been frozen (–20°C) for >1 year, indicating their long-term cryotolerance. The diatom flora composition was similar to that recorded in relatively acidic arctic lakes of low conductivity, and bore similarities at the generic level to those from terrestrial/semi-terrestrial moss communities from both the Arctic and Antarctic. As glaciers retreat, the diatom cells residing in cryoconite have the potential to act as seeding agents for a variety of terrestrial and aquatic habitats in proglacial regions and beyond.
Seed germination, seedling traits, and seed bank of the tree Moringa peregrina (Moringaceae) in a hyper‐arid environment
Authors: Gomaa Nasr.H. , Picó F. Xavier 
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the study: Water‐limited hot environments are good examples of hyper‐aridity. Trees are scarce in these environments but some manage to survive, such as the tree Moringa peregrina. Understanding how trees maintain viable populations in extremely arid environments may provide insight into the adaptive mechanisms by which trees cope with extremely arid weather conditions. This understanding is relevant to the current increasing aridity in several regions of the world.• Methods: Seed germination experiments were conducted to assess variation in seed mass, seed germination, and seedling traits of Moringa peregrina plants and the correlations among these traits. A seed burial experiment was also designed to study the fate of M. peregrina seeds buried at two depths in the soil for two time periods.• Key results: On average, seeds germinated in three days and seedling shoots grew 0.7 cm per day over three weeks. Larger seeds decreased germination time and increased seedling growth rates relative to smaller seeds. Seeds remained quiescent in the soil and germination was very high at both depths and burial times.• Conclusions: The after‐ripening time of Moringa peregrina seeds is short and seeds germinate quickly after imbibition. Plants of M. peregrina may increase in hyper‐arid environments from seeds with larger mass, shorter germination times, and faster seedling growth rates. The results also illustrate the adjustment in allocation to seed biomass and correlations among seed and seedling traits that allows M. peregrina to be successful in coping with aridity in its environment.
Effect of natural root grafting on growth response of jack pine (Pinus banksiana; Pinaceae)
Authors: Tarroux Emilie , DesRochers Annie 
Published: June 2011

• Premise of study: Trees are traditionally considered as distinct entities even though they can share a communal root system through root grafts, which are morphological unions between two or more roots. Little is known regarding the ecological significance of natural root grafting, but because grafted trees can share resources and secondary compounds, growth of linked trees can be affected directly by the presence of root grafts. Traditional forest ecology concepts may have to be revised to include direct interactions between connected trees.• Methods: We hydraulically excavated six 30–50‐m2 plots (three natural stands and three plantations). We measured yearly radial growth and determined the influence of root grafting on radial growth of grafted trees.• Key results: During periods of root graft formation, root grafting tended to reduce radial growth of jack pine trees, after which growth generally increased. The influence of root grafting on growth was more significant in natural stands, where root grafting was more frequent than in plantations.• Conclusions: These results suggest that root grafting initially is an energetically costly process but that it is afterward nonprejudicial and maybe beneficial to tree growth. The use of a communal root system allows for a maximum use of resources by redistributing them among trees, leading to increased tree growth.
Au-delà de la féminité et du maternel, le travail du care
Authors: Molinier Pascale 
Published: June 2011

L’éthique du care qui trouve son origine dans les travaux de Carol Gilligan en psychologie du développement moral conduit à une critique de la justice mais aussi de certaines conceptions psychologiques de la féminité, du féminin et de la maternité comme catégories normatives aisément réversibles dans des formes de stigmatisation sociale. L’auteure aborde la perspective du care selon cinq descriptions : 1) le care comme gentleness , 2) le care comme savoir faire discret, 3) le care comme sale boulot, 4) le care comme travail inestimable, 5) le care comme récit éthique. Chacune d’entre elles permet de rompre avec l’idée du care comme sentimentalisme ou morale féminine et de transformer les représentations des agent-e-s du care en insistant sur la pluralité de leurs expériences et la nécessité de surmonter certains clivages disciplinaires pour en rendre compte.
Usage du droit et discriminations multiples : le genre des plaintes visant à lutter contre les discriminations raciales
Authors: Carles Isabelle 
Published: June 2011

L’article s’inscrit dans la lignée des travaux menés en sociologie juridique sur la conscience du droit. Il a pour objectif d’évaluer l’effectivité des lois visant à lutter contre les discriminations raciales à partir du point de vue du sujet et dans une perspective de genre. L’hypothèse principale est que les rapports sociaux de sexe, de classe et ethnique ont un impact tant sur la perception de la discrimination raciale que sur le traitement institutionnel des plaintes. Des méthodes quantitatives (analyse de dossiers de plainte) et qualitatives (entretiens avec des juristes et des plaignants) sont utilisées pour parvenir à analyser les différences par genre à trois niveaux : celui de l’expérience genrée de la discrimination raciale, celui de l’utilisation des ressources, celui du traitement genré des plaintes par les institutions.
Monsieur Drogue. Claude Olievenstein, trente ans d'interventions médiatiques
Authors: Blaise Mario , Rossé Elizabeth 
Published: June 2011

Résumé Du début des années 1970 à la fin des années 1990, le docteur Claude Olievenstein incarnera le « problème drogue » sur le petit écran et dans les journaux au point de devenir le « Monsieur Drogue ». L’émergence de ce personnage médiatique est issue de la rencontre d’une personnalité, d’un produit et d’un moment socio-culturel, ce qui n’est pas sans rappeler sa définition de la toxicomanie. Qui est donc ce Monsieur Drogue ? Cet article se propose d’explorer les différentes facettes de ce personnage complexe et contradictoire, ardent défenseur des personnes toxicomanes allant jusqu’à faire don de sa personne et fondateur du centre expérimental Marmottan. Remarquable pour son sens de la formule, tantôt parano et moraliste, tantôt visionnaire et provocateur, il prend un sérieux coup de vieux après l’épidémie du sida. Le personnage de Monsieur Drogue disparaît avec le XX e siècle, sans connaître ni être reconnu par le média le plus en vogue : Internet.
Transcriptional Control of Rapid Recall by Memory CD4 T Cells
Authors: Lai Wendy , Yu Minjun , Huang Min-Nung , Okoye Francesca , Keegan Achsah D. , Farber Donna L. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Memory T cells are distinguished from naive T cells by their rapid production of effector cytokines, although mechanisms for this recall response remain undefined. In this study, we investigated transcriptional mechanisms for rapid IFN-γ production by Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells. In naive CD4 T cells, IFN-γ production only occurred after sustained Ag activation and was associated with high expression of the T-bet transcription factor required for Th1 differentiation and with T-bet binding to the IFN-γ promoter as assessed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. By contrast, immediate IFN-γ production by Ag-stimulated memory CD4 T cells occurred in the absence of significant nuclear T-bet expression or T-bet engagement on the IFN-γ promoter. We identified rapid induction of NF-κB transcriptional activity and increased engagement of NF-κB on the IFN-γ promoter at rapid times after TCR stimulation of memory compared with naive CD4 T cells. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition of NF-κB activity or peptide-mediated inhibition of NF-κB p50 translocation abrogated early memory T cell signaling and TCR-mediated effector function. Our results reveal a molecular mechanism for memory T cell recall through enhanced NF-κB p50 activation and promoter engagement, with important implications for memory T cell modulation in vaccines, autoimmunity, and transplantation.
Knockdown of HMGB1 in Tumor Cells Attenuates Their Ability To Induce Regulatory T Cells and Uncovers Naturally Acquired CD8 T Cell-Dependent Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Liu Zuqiang , Falo Louis D. , You Zhaoyang 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Although high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in tumor cells is involved in many aspects of tumor progression, its role in tumor immune suppression remains elusive. Host cell-derived IL-10 suppressed a naturally acquired CD8 T cell-dependent antitumor response. The suppressive activity of tumor-associated Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) was IL-10 dependent. Neutralizing HMGB1 impaired tumor cell-promoted IL-10 production by Treg. Short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of HMGB1 (HMGB1 KD) in tumor cells did not affect tumor cell growth but uncovered naturally acquired long-lasting tumor-specific IFN-γ– or TNF-α–producing CD8 T cell responses and attenuated their ability to induce Treg, leading to naturally acquired CD8 T cell- or IFN-γ–dependent tumor rejection. The data suggest that tumor cell-derived HMGB1 may suppress naturally acquired CD8 T cell-dependent antitumor immunity via enhancing Treg to produce IL-10, which is necessary for Treg-mediated immune suppression.
Connexin 43 Signaling Enhances the Generation of Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Kuczma Michal , Lee Jeffrey R. , Kraj Piotr 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Despite their importance for the functioning of the immune system, thymic development and peripheral maintenance of Foxp3+ regulatory T (TR) cells are poorly understood. We have found that connexin 43 (Cx43), expressed by thymic TR cells progenitors, supports TR development. Mice with deletion of the Cx43 gene induced in T cells produce only few TR cells and had increased proportion of activated T cells in the lymph nodes, suggesting impaired peripheral tolerance. Reduction of the TR cell numbers was accompanied by increased presence of CD4+CD25+GITR+Foxp3− T cells, which did not produce inflammatory cytokines and lost suppressor function. These results strongly argue that we have discovered a novel signaling pathway, controlled by Cx43, that enhances the generation of TR cells. We propose that a possible mechanism of Cx43 activity is by regulating Foxp3 expression in TR lineage cells.
Binding of Flavivirus Nonstructural Protein NS1 to C4b Binding Protein Modulates Complement Activation
Authors: Avirutnan Panisadee , Hauhart Richard E. , Somnuke Pawit , Blom Anna M. , Diamond Michael S. , Atkinson John P. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The complement system plays a pivotal protective role in the innate immune response to many pathogens including flaviviruses. Flavivirus nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a secreted nonstructural glycoprotein that accumulates in plasma to high levels and is displayed on the surface of infected cells but absent from viral particles. Previous work has defined an immune evasion role of flavivirus NS1 in limiting complement activation by forming a complex with C1s and C4 to promote cleavage of C4 to C4b. In this study, we demonstrate a second mechanism, also involving C4 and its active fragment C4b, by which NS1 antagonizes complement activation. Dengue, West Nile, or yellow fever virus NS1 directly associated with C4b binding protein (C4BP), a complement regulatory plasma protein that attenuates the classical and lectin pathways. Soluble NS1 recruited C4BP to inactivate C4b in solution and on the plasma membrane. Mapping studies revealed that the interaction sites of NS1 on C4BP partially overlap with the C4b binding sites. Together, these studies further define the immune evasion potential of NS1 in reducing the functional capacity of C4 in complement activation and control of flavivirus infection.
Role of glutathione-s-transferase and CYP1A1FNx012A polymorphisms in the therapy outcome of south Indian acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients
Authors: Suneetha K J , Nancy K Nirmala , Rajalekshmy K R , Rama R , Sagar T G , Rajkumar T 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Background: Polymorphisms in the drug-metabolizing enzymes are found to be associated with the inter-individual variation in response to a particular drug. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are involved in the metabolism of several anticancer drugs, including alkylating agents, anthracyclines, and cyclophosphamides. Aim: The present study is aimed to examine the association of GST and CYP1A1FNx012A polymorphisms in the susceptibility to acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and the prognostic significance. Materials and Methods: A total of 92 immunophenotyped patients and 150 cord blood controls were genotyped by PCR for GSTM1 and GSTT1, RQ-PCR allelic discrimination assay for GSTP1 and PCR-RFLP for CYP1A1FNx012A polymorphism. Results: We have previously reported the significant association of GSTM1 (null) and combined GSTP1 {(Ile/Val)/ (Val/Val)} /GSTM1 (null) genotype with the susceptibility to ALL. No significant association was observed with GSTT1 (P=0.75) and CYP1A1FNx012A (P=0.61 for +/- and P=0.86 for -/- respectively) in the susceptibility to ALL. Survival analysis was performed in 50 of the 92 patients who were followed for three years. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for three years showed significant lower event-free survival in patients harboring GSTP1 (Ile/Val) and GSTP1 (Val/Val) (P=0.038 and 0.0001, respectively) genotype. Cox regression analysis revealed GSTP1 as an independent prognostic marker with 6-fold higher risk with Val/Val genotype (P=0.003). Conclusions: Our results show that GSTP1 (Ile/Val) polymorphism has a role in the susceptibility to ALL and also influence treatment outcome.
Childhood cancer in developing society: A roadmap of health care
Authors: Ramesh P M , Marwaha R K , Anish T S 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Background: We assessed referral patterns of children with hematological malignancies (HM) in North India. Materials and Methods: The parents/guardians were interviewed at presentation, in the period between October 2001 and November 2002. Patient delay (symptom-contact), health system delay (contact-diagnosis), total delay (symptom-diagnosis), and number of contacts were compared between high- and standard-risk disease group. Results: Of the 79 children (55 boys; 69.6%) with HM, 47 (59.5%) had Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Forty-four children had high-risk disease. The patient, system and total delay were a median of 2 days (with Interquartile range IQR of 1−6), 37 days (IQR 13−55), and 38 days (IQR 15−60) respectively. Majority of patients (64/79; 81%) went to private sector (non governmental health care providers) for health care. Number of contacts, which was the most significant, correlate with system delay. Conclusions: Sensitizing the private sector practitioners about cancer in symptomatic children (pallor, bleeding, fever) may be effective.
The relationship between serum lipid levels and the risk of oral cancer
Authors: Chawda Jyoti G , Jain Shikha S , Patel Hemali R , Chaduvula Nandini , Patel Kunal 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Background: Lipids are the major cell membrane components essential for various biological functions including cell growth and division for the maintenance of cell integrity of normal and malignant tissues. The changes in lipid profile have long been associated with cancer. Hypocholesterolemia has been observed in patients with cancers of various organs. Therefore, a causative relationship might exist between plasma lipid levels and oral cancer patients. Aim: The objective of this study was to investigate the alterations and clinical significance of plasma lipid profiles in untreated head and neck cancer patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 subjects (25 oral cancer patients and 5 controls) were included. Fasting blood lipid profile including cholesterol (C), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) were evaluated using spectrophotometric kits, with CHOD PAP technique. The values were then statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc methods. Results: The levels of total lipids, cholesterol and HDL were significantly lower in oral cancer patients as compared to controls, but LDL and VLDL values were not significant. Conclusion: An inverse relationship was found between the lipid levels and the occurrence of oral cancer. Hence, the lower plasma lipid status may be a useful indicator to detect the initial changes seen in neoplastic process.
The Relationship between Sensory Processing Difficulties and Anxiety Level of Healthy Adults
Authors: Engel-Yeger Batya , Dunn Winnie 
Published: June 2011

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between extreme sensory reactivity as expressed in daily living situations, and trait and state anxiety, among healthy individuals. Procedures: One hundred and thirty-five healthy individuals filled in the Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile regarding their responses to daily sensory experiences. Anxiety was assessed by Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Findings: Participants with sensory hypersensitivity, as well as those with Low Registration of sensory input, showed elevated trait anxiety and state anxiety. Men with lower registration had more elevated trait anxiety than women. Sensation Avoiding was found to be the significant predictor for state anxiety. Conclusion: Trait anxiety and state anxiety might be related to extreme sensory processing patterns. Occupational therapy intervention with people who express enhanced anxiety level should refer to their sensory reactivity as a means to optimise intervention outcomes, increase their self-confidence, improve their functioning and participation in daily living, and enhance their wellbeing.
Reliability and Validation Properties of the Malaysian Language Version of the Occupational Self Assessment Version 2.2 for Injured Workers with Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Murad Mohd Suleiman , Farnworth Louise , O'Brien Lisa 
Published: June 2011

Introduction: It has been difficult for occupational therapists in Asia to use occupational therapy assessments, such as the Occupational Self Assessment (OSA) version 2.2, that are not validated in the local language. This study aimed to produce and assess the psychometric properties of a Malaysian version of the 21-item OSA. Method: The translation process involved the forward and back translation from the original English version into the Malaysian version, followed by field tests conducted with a small group of occupational therapists and workers to confirm the translation's equivalence and appropriateness. A total of 35 Malaysian injured workers with musculoskeletal disorders who were not involved in a return to work programme were assessed using the Malaysian version of the OSA. Twenty-three were reassessed 7–14 days later to determine test-retest reliability. Results: The Malaysian version of the OSA showed acceptable reliability (internal consistency, corrected item correlation and test-retest reliability) and validity (convergent and discriminant validity). Conclusion: The results suggest that the OSA is reliable and valid in assessing occupational functioning for injured Asian workers with musculoskeletal disorders.
Appreciative Inquiry in Occupational Therapy Education
Authors: Rubin Rona , Kerrell Rupert , Roberts Gwilym 
Published: June 2011

Introduction: The background to this study is the growing literature on the potential of applying appreciative inquiry (AI), commonly associated with business, to health care. As AI encourages creative thinking and is based on considering what can be done as opposed to what cannot, it seems suitable for educating occupational therapy students. To date, just one school of occupational therapy in the United Kingdom is known to have incorporated AI into its problem-based learning programme, whereby students are encouraged to think positively and creatively about clients and themselves. This study aimed to evaluate this pedagogic innovation with a focus on usefulness in practice placements. Method: Participants comprised students (n = 25) and relevant teaching staff (n = 6). Data collection was by semi-structured interviews withstaff, and focus groups with students. Qualitative thematic content analysis was undertaken inductively. Findings: The findings suggested that students found AI an enjoyable and interesting learning method, and staff enjoyed teaching using this paradigm. Moreover, AI encouraged students to think more positively about clients on practice placement, especially in mental health settings. Conclusion: The implications for practice are an ability to think more creatively in therapeutic interventions, and to provide therapists with another tool that they could use when working with clients.
Randomised controlled trials: important but overrated?
Authors: Boylan JF , Kavanagh BP , Armitage J 
Published: June 2011

Practising physicians individualise treatments, hoping to achieve optimal outcomes by tackling relevant patient variables. The randomised controlled trial (RCT) is universally accepted as the best means of comparison. Yet doctors sometimes wonder if particular patients might benefit more from treatments that fared worse in the RCT comparisons. Such clinicians may even feel ostracised by their peers for stepping outside treatments based on RCTs and guidelines. Are RCTs the only acceptable evaluations of how patient care can be assessed and delivered? In this controversy we explore the interpretation of RCT data for practising clinicians facing individualised patient choices. First, critical care anaesthetists John Boylan and Brian Kavanagh emphasise the dangers of bias and show how Bayesian approaches utilise prior probabilities to improve posterior (combined) probability estimates. Secondly, Jane Armitage, of the Clinical Trial Service Unit in Oxford, argues why RCTs remain essential and explores how the quality of randomisation can be improved through systematic reviews and by avoiding selective reporting.