bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of novel fluorescent compounds derived from 1,4‐diethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐6‐nitroquinoxaline
Authors: Satam Vijay S. , Rajule Rajkumar N. , Jagtap Amit R. , Bendre Samir R. , Pati Hari N. , Kanetkar Vinod R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
magnified image 1,4‐Diethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐6‐nitroquinoxaline 4 was synthesized by alkylative reduction of 6‐nitroquinoxaline. Catalytic reduction of 4 followed by cyclocondensation with heterocyclic malondialdehydes afforded novel 8‐(heteroaryl)‐1,4‐diethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrido[2,3‐g]quinoxalines. The solutions of these novel compounds having 1,4‐diethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoxaline framework as an electron releasing system showed absorption in the range of 424–426 nm in the visible region and exhibited brilliant bluish‐green fluorescence. The thermogravimetric curve obtained by thermogravimetric analysis displayed that these fluorophores possess excellent thermal stability with one‐step thermal decomposition. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis of new 1,1′‐carbonyl‐bis[3‐aryl(heteroaryl)‐5‐(trihalomethyl)‐1H‐pyrazoles] and trifluoromethyl derivatives through ring‐opening reactions
Authors: Bonacorso Helio G. , Cechinel Cleber A. , Porte Liliane M. F. , Navarini Jussara , Cavinatto Susiane , Sehnem Ronan C. , Martins Demetrius B. , Zanatta Nilo , Martins Marcos A. P. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
magnified image Two new series of 1,1′‐carbonyl‐bis[3‐aryl(heteroaryl)‐5‐trihalomethyl‐1H‐pyrazoles], where aryl = C6H5, 4‐CH3C6H4, 4‐FC6H4, 4‐OCH3C6H4, 4‐NO2C6H4, 4,4′‐BiPh, 1‐naphthyl, and heteroaryl = 2‐thienyl and 2‐furyl have been synthesized, in a one‐pot methodology, from the reaction of 4‐methoxy‐4‐aryl(heteroaryl)‐1,1,1‐trihalobut‐3‐en‐2‐ones with 1,3‐diaminoguanidine monohydrochloride. The heterocycles were obtained regioselectively in good yields (62–86%) and in a short reaction time. Ring‐opening reactions with 1,2‐dinuleophiles and the synthesis of ethyl carboxylate derivative from a pyrazolycarbohydrazide is also reported. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
New tandem cyclo‐ and/or addition reactions between N‐arylisoindolines with benzyne and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate
Authors: Aly Ashraf A. , Hassan Alaa A. , El‐Shaieb Kamal M. , El‐Emary Talaat I. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
magnified image Reaction of N‐arylisoindolines with benzyne afforded predominantly 10‐arylisoindolo[2,1‐f]phenanthridines. On the other hand, N‐arylisoindolines react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate to give dimethyl 2‐(2‐aryl‐2H‐isoindol‐1‐yl)fumarates. Possible reaction mechanisms are discussed. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
A clean and one‐pot synthesis of spiroindoline‐pyranopyrazoles
Authors: Ahadi Somayeh , Yasaei Zahra , Bazgir Ayoob 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
magnified image Piperidine catalyzes efficiently the one‐pot, four‐component reaction of β‐ketoesters, hydrazine hydrate, malononitrile, and isatines in aqueous media. The reaction was done at room temperature and the spiro[indoline‐3,4′‐pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole]‐5′‐carbonitriles were obtained with high yields and purity via an easy work‐up procedure. These compounds were also investigated in vitro for antibacterial activities. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
A practical and stereoselective synthesis of (+/−)‐trans‐4‐benzyloctahydropyrrolo[3,4‐b][1,4]oxazine
Authors: Walker Daniel P. , Strohbach Joseph W. , McGlynn Molly A. , Lu Hwang‐Fun 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
magnified image trans‐Octahydropyrrolo[3,4‐b][1,4]oxazine is an important heterocycle within the pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of biologically active analogs, including the phase III drug, finafloxacin. A practical synthesis of the title compound (2) is described in eight steps and ca. 10% overall yield. The key synthetic step is the formation of the pyrrolo[3,4‐b][1,4]oxazine core 20 via a one pot double N‐alkylation of the corresponding bis‐tosylate 18 with 4‐nitrobenzenesulfonamide. Subsequent removal of the nosyl group occurred under mild conditions. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Age‐specific reference values for cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration in neonates and young infants
Authors: Shah Samir S. , Ebberson Jessica , Kestenbaum Lori A. , Hodinka Richard L. , Zorc Joseph J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein values decline over the first few months of life as the infant's blood‐CSF barrier matures. However, published studies differ in the reported rate, timing, and magnitude of this decline.OBJECTIVE:To quantify the age‐related changes in CSF protein concentration and to determine accurate, age‐specific reference values for neonates and young infants.DESIGN, SETTING AND PATIENTS:This cross‐sectional study included infants age 56 days or younger who had a lumbar puncture performed in the emergency department of an urban tertiary care children's hospital between January 1, 2005 and June 30, 2007. Infants with conditions associated with elevated CSF protein concentrations, including traumatic lumbar puncture and bacterial or viral meningitis, were excluded.RESULTS:Of 1064 infants undergoing lumbar puncture, 375 (35%) met inclusion criteria. The median CSF protein value was 58 mg/dL (interquartile range: 48–72 mg/dL). In linear regression, the CSF protein concentration decreased 6.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4%‐8.1%; P < 0.001) with each 1 week increase in age. The 95th percentile values were 115 mg/dL for infants ≤28 days and 89 mg/dL for infants 29–56 days. The 95th percentile values by age category were as follows: ages 0–14 days, 132 mg/dL; ages 15–28 days, 100 mg/dL; ages 29–42 days, 89 mg/dL; and ages 43–56 days, 83 mg/dL.CONCLUSIONS:We quantify the age‐related decline in CSF protein concentration among infants 56 days of age and younger and provide age‐specific reference values. The values reported here represent the largest series to‐date for this age group. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Improving teamwork: Impact of structured interdisciplinary rounds on a hospitalist unit
Authors: O'Leary Kevin J. , Haviley Corinne , Slade Maureen E. , Shah Hiren M. , Lee Jungwha , Williams Mark V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Effective collaboration and teamwork is essential in providing safe and effective care. Research reveals deficiencies in teamwork on medical units involving hospitalists.OBJECTIVE:The aim of this study was to assess the impact of an intervention, Structured Inter‐Disciplinary Rounds (SIDR), on nurses' ratings of collaboration and teamwork.METHODS:The study was a controlled trial involving an intervention and control hospitalist unit. The intervention, SIDR, combined a structured format for communication with a forum for regular interdisciplinary meetings. We asked nurses to rate the quality of communication and collaboration with hospitalists using a 5‐point ordinal scale. We also assessed teamwork and safety climate using a validated instrument. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess the impact on length of stay (LOS) and cost using both a concurrent and historic control.RESULTS:A total of 49 of 58 (84%) nurses completed surveys. A larger percentage of nurses rated the quality of communication and collaboration with hospitalists as high or very high on the intervention unit compared to the control unit (80% vs. 54%; P = 0.05). Nurses also rated the teamwork and safety climate significantly higher on the intervention unit (P = 0.008 and P = 0.03 for teamwork and safety climate, respectively). Multivariable analyses demonstrated no difference in the adjusted LOS and an inconsistent effect on cost.CONCLUSIONS:SIDR had a positive effect on nurses' ratings of collaboration and teamwork on a hospitalist unit, yet no impact on LOS and cost. Further study is required to assess the impact of SIDR on patient safety measures. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinase‐2 perturbs brain sphingolipid balance and spatial memory in mice
Authors: Tabatadze Nino , Savonenko Alena , Song Hongjun , Bandaru Veera Venkata Ratnam , Chu Michael , Haughey Norman J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sphingolipid ceramide is a bioactive signaling lipid that is thought to play important roles in modulating synaptic activity, in part by regulating the function of excitatory postsynaptic receptors. However, the molecular mechanisms by which ceramide exerts its effects on synaptic activity remain largely unknown. We recently demonstrated that a rapid generation of ceramide by neutral sphingomyelinase‐2 (nSMase2; also known as “sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase‐3”) played a key role in modulating excitatory postsynaptic currents by controlling the insertion and clustering of NMDA receptors (Wheeler et al. [2009] J. Neurochem. 109:1237–1249). We now demonstrate that nSMase2 plays a role in memory. Inhibition of nSMase2 impaired spatial and episodic‐like memory in mice. At the molecular level, inhibition of nSMase2 decreased ceramide, increased PSD‐95, increased the number of AMPA receptors, and altered the subunit composition of NMDA receptors. Our study identifies nSMase2 as an important component for efficient memory formation and underscores the importance of ceramide in regulating synaptic events related to learning and memory. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors promoting neurite outgrowth during deer antler regeneration
Authors: Pita‐Thomas Wolfgang , Nieto‐Sampedro Manuel , Maza Rodrigo M. , Nieto‐Diaz Manuel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvery year male deers completely regenerate their antlers. During this process, antlers are reinnervated by sensory fibers, growing at the highest rate recorded for any adult mammal. Despite its clinical potential, only a few studies have dealt with this fascinating phenomenon. Among the possible factors underlying fast growth of the antler's innervation, the effects of the antler's endocrine and paracrine factors were evaluated, using an in vitro assay for sensory neurite growth. We found that soluble molecules secreted by the velvet, the modified skin that covers the antler, strongly promote neurite outgrowth. Using specific blocking antibodies, we demonstrated that nerve growth factor is partially responsible for these effects, although other unidentified molecules are also involved. On the contrary, neither endocrine serum factors nor antler substrates promoted neurite outgrowth, although antler substrata from deep velvet layers cause neurite outgrowth orientation. Taken together, our results point to the existence in the deep velvet of an environment that promotes oriented axon growth, in agreement with the distribution of the antler innervation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Replication of atmospheric oscillations, and their patterns, in predictors derived from Atmosphere–Ocean Global Climate Model output
Authors: Harding Andrew E. , Gachon Philippe , Nguyen Van‐Thanh‐Van 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAtmosphere–Ocean Global Climate Model (AOGCM) output is used for many climate change impact studies and to produce ‘predictor’ data sets for statistical downscaling methods. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation and validation are required to make informed choices concerning reliable variables and their optimum combinations for both forms of research. Previous study suggests that although mean sea‐level pressure is generally well represented in models, biases associated with over‐ or underestimated activity for the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the El Nino Southern Oscillation may exist within certain AOGCMs. This potential bias in indices of large‐scale atmospheric variability is explored. Improvements in the replication of circulation indices are discovered between the second and third generations of the Canadian AOGCM (CGCM2 and CGCM3). With respect to reanalysis product, CGCM3 output shows less winter‐time bias for the Northern Annular Mode and the North Atlantic Index than evident for the other indices under consideration. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Impact of two low ozone events on surface solar UV radiation over the northeast of Spain
Authors: Sola Y. , Lorente J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTotal ozone column (TOC) abundance over northeastern Spain follows a strong seasonal pattern with higher values in spring and lower values in fall. The annual cycle has weakened since the late 1970s, due to a decrease in the ozone annual maximum monthly mean in spring. The long‐term trend and the seasonal variability of the TOC suggest that thresholds of ozone ‘mini‐holes’ should be defined as deviations from local monthly mean levels. Ozone mini‐holes are synoptic scale regions of short‐term, large TOC reductions. The climatology of ozone mini‐holes over Barcelona shows a seasonal pattern, with a higher frequency in winter and early spring. Nevertheless, many of these events are detected in September, when the UV irradiance reaching the Earth's surface is still high. This may enhance negative effects such as erythema.The deepest ozone ‘mini‐hole’ ever reported over the area was on 10 January 2004, when the daily TOC was about 40% lower than the climatological mean for January. A high‐pressure system induced cloud‐free skies, and the small temporal variations in aerosol concentrations indicated that low TOC was responsible for the enhanced UV radiation at ground level: the erythemal irradiance at noon was 36% higher than the day before. However, in absolute terms, this increase is relatively small as UV levels in winter are low. Nevertheless, the low ozone events observed in late spring could be biologically harmful, even though the TOC anomaly was rather less than the winter values. On 20 April 2004, low TOC and high solar elevation favoured the increase that was detected in UVB radiation, especially at shorter wavelengths. The UV Index at noon was 1 unit higher than the previous day's value, due to an uplift of the tropopause and a reduction in the ozone mixing ratio in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) region. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Prolonged dry episodes and drought over China
Authors: Lei Yonghui , Duan Anmin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProlonged dry episodes, defined by the 90th percentile of long durations without efficient precipitation (above the 0.1 mm/day threshold) in both the wet and dry seasons, have been investigated from 1958 to 2008 at 404 stations over China. Associated with droughts over northern China in summer, the enhancement of the prolonged dry episode duration is an essential feature, together with a lack of precipitation and the negative Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) in the wet season. In the dry season, durations of prolonged dry episodes have significantly increased over southern China and the Yellow River valley during the last 51 years. The prolonged dry episodes highlight the impact of a decrease in precipitation frequency, and are useful for representing short‐term droughts, particularly over semi‐arid regions and in the dry season. The occurrence of the maximum prolonged dry episodes over vulnerable regions in the early twenty‐first century is suggestive of a greater risk of droughts during both the wet and dry seasons in a warmer climate over China. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Century‐scale variability in global annual runoff examined using a water balance model
Authors: McCabe Gregory J. , Wolock David M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA monthly water balance model (WB model) is used with CRUTS2.1 monthly temperature and precipitation data to generate time series of monthly runoff for all land areas of the globe for the period 1905 through 2002. Even though annual precipitation accounts for most of the temporal and spatial variability in annual runoff, increases in temperature have had an increasingly negative effect on annual runoff after 1980. Although the effects of increasing temperature on runoff became more apparent after 1980, the relative magnitude of these effects are small compared to the effects of precipitation on global runoff. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Rat tibial osteotomy model providing a range of normal to impaired healing
Authors: Miles Joan D. , Weinhold Paul , Brimmo Olubusola , Dahners Laurence 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop an inexpensive and easily implemented rat tibial osteotomy model capable of producing a range of healing outcomes. A saw blade was used to create a transverse osteotomy of the tibia in 89 Sprague–Dawley rats. A 0.89 mm diameter stainless steel wire was then inserted as an intramedullary nail to stabilize the fracture. To impair healing, 1, 2, or 3 mm cylindrical polyetheretherketone (PEEK) spacer beads were threaded onto the wires, between the bone ends. Fracture healing was evaluated radiographically, biomechanically, and histologically at 5 weeks. Means were compared for statistical differences by one‐way ANOVA and Holm–Sidak multiple comparison testing. The mean number of “cortices bridged” for the no spacer group was 3.4 (SD ± 0.8), which was significantly greater than in the 1 mm (2.3 ± 1.4), 2 mm (0.8 ± 0.7), and 3 mm (0.3 ± 0.4) groups (p < 0.003). Biomechanical results correlated with radiographic findings, with an ultimate torque of 172 ± 53, 137 ± 41, 90 ± 38, and 24 ± 23 N/mm with a 0, 1, 2, or 3 mm defect, respectively. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that this inexpensive, technically straightforward model can be used to create a range of outcomes from normal healing to impaired healing, to nonunions. This model may be useful for testing new therapeutic strategies to promote fracture healing, materials thought to be able to heal critical‐sized defects, or evaluating agents suspected of impairing healing. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:109–115, 2011.
Telomere length of anterior crucial ligament after rupture: Similar telomere length in injured and noninjured ACL portions
Authors: Ponsot Elodie , Langberg Henning , Krogsgaard Michael R. , Kjaer Michael , Kadi Fawzi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe regeneration of ligaments following injury is a slow process compared to the healing of many other tissues and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the proliferative potential of ligaments by assessing telomere length within three distinct parts of human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) obtained during ACL reconstruction: the macroscopically injured proximal part and macroscopically noninjured mid‐ and distal portions in eight subjects (age 28 ± 8 years). The mean telomere length in ACL was within normal range of values usually reported for other tissues indicating that the endogenous machinery responsible for the proliferative potential of ligament is not implicated in its poor healing capacity. The three ACL parts showed similar mean TRF lengths (distal part: 11.5 ± 0.8 kbp, mid‐portion: 11.8 ± 1.2 kbp, proximal part: 11.9 ± 1.6 kbp) and there was no relationship between mean telomere length in ACL and the healing duration after rupture. This implies that despite the occurrence of ligament repair including a phase of intense cell proliferation the proliferative potential of ruptured ACL is not impaired. This knowledge is important for scientists and clinicians aiming to understand the mechanisms behind the low healing capacity of ligament. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:73–83, 2011.
Up‐regulating arginase contributes to amelioration of chilling stress and the antioxidant system in cherry tomato fruits
Authors: Zhang Xinhua , Shen Lin , Li Fujun , Zhang Yanxin , Meng Demin , Sheng Jiping 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Arginase, which plays an important role in regulating the metabolism of L‐arginine (Arg) in mammalian cells, has been reported to be involved in stress responses in higher plants. In view of the well‐established roles of polyamines, nitric oxide and proline in plant tolerance to chilling stress, arginase may play an important role in fruit chilling tolerance by regulating the metabolism of Arg. However, the current information available on this is very limited.RESULTS: Cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum cv.Messina) at the mature green stage were treated with Arg or Nω ‐hydroxy‐nor‐L‐arginine (nor‐NOHA) and analysed for chilling injury, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde and proline contents and arginase and antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidaseand ascorbate peroxidase) activities during cold storage. The effects of low temperature on the transcriptional levels of two arginase genes (LeARG1 and LeARG2) were also evaluated. LeARG1 and LeARG2 expression and arginase activity were significantly induced by low temperature. Compared with the control, Arg treatment alleviated fruit chilling injury, reduced electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde content and peroxidaseactivity and increased other parameters. Treatment with nor‐NOHA caused the opposite effects.CONCLUSION: Up‐regulation of arginase activity and gene expression may be a chilling tolerance strategy in cherry tomato fruit. Inhibition of chilling‐induced arginase activity could aggravate chilling injury and oxidation damage. Arginase appears to play an important role in the chilling resistance process of cherry tomato fruit induced by Arg. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Compositions of phenolic compounds, amino acids and reducing sugars in commercial potato varieties and their effects on acrylamide formation
Authors: Zhu Fan , Cai Yi‐Zhong , Ke Jinxia , Corke Harold 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Potato is consumed as an important source of carbohydrate and other nutrients as well as a good source of phenolics. Acrylamide is a potential carcinogen formed during frying of potato products. This study investigated the compositions of phenolic compounds, amino acids and reducing sugars in 16 commercial potato varieties from eight countries and analysed the relationships between these compositions and the levels of acrylamide generated by heating (185 °C, 25 min) potato powders.RESULTS: Major phenolic compounds in the tested potato varieties were identified as hydroxycinnamoylquinic/hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Great variations in the contents of phenolic compounds, free reducing sugars and amino acids as well as wide variations in acrylamide concentration were found among the different potato varieties. Correlation analysis revealed that fructose (r = 0.956***), glucose (r = 0.826***) and asparagine (r = 0.842***) were positively correlated with acrylamide formation. Interestingly, it was observed that higher levels of phenolic compounds were related to lower levels of acrylamide (r = − 0.692*).CONCLUSION: Careful selection of potato varieties with lower levels of fructose, glucose and asparagine and higher levels of phenolic compounds may mitigate acrylamide formation during thermal processing of potato products. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Is ideology a risk factor for PTSD symptom severity among Israeli political evacuees?
Authors: Oren Lior , Possick Chaya 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo study the role of ideology in situations of extreme stress, a research questionnaire, measuring posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), settlement ideology (the importance of Jewish settlement in Gaza), and type of evacuation was administered to 326 Jewish residents who were evacuated from Gaza settlements by the Israeli government. Forty percent of the participants met the criteria of probable PTSD. Forcibly evicted individuals reported higher levels of settlement ideology and higher levels of PTSD symptom severity compared to voluntarily evacuated individuals. Contrary to previous studies, ideology was found to be positively associated with PTSD symptom severity. The results are explained by the conservation of resources and terror management theories. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.