bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’échéance des Jeux Olympiques de 2016 et les stratégies de restructuration du transport métropolitain de Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Beyer Antoine 
Published: July 2011

La question des transports a joué un rôle décisif dans la candidature de Rio aux Jeux Olympiques de 2016. Pour remporter d’adhésion du CIO, les autorités locales ont fait la promesse d’une restructuration radicale de l’offre. L’ambitieux plan à réaliser s’appuie sur les divers projets laissés jusque-là sans suite. Faute de financements ? En partie seulement. La raison plus profonde est à chercher dans l’incapacité structurelle des politiques à modifier le cadre d’exercice du service public des transports, laissé au puissant cartel des sociétés d’autobus. L’organisation actuelle répond de plus en plus mal aux besoins de mobilité d’une métropole de plus de 11 millions d’habitants et contribue à approfondir les déséquilibres sociaux et spatiaux que l’offre de transport informel suscitée par la carence du système contribue encore à le fragiliser. La situation de Rio est d’autant plus paradoxale que la seconde ville du pays est restée à l’écart des innovations retenues par l’emblématique ville de Curitiba, dont les solutions de Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) ont été adoptées dans la plupart des métropoles du pays. Pour Rio, l’échéance des Olympiades est donc un défi de taille. Présentés comme des investissements d’infrastructure, les projets de BRT doivent relier entre eux les sites olympiques et au-delà assurer l’émergence de pôles d’échange structurants à l’échelle métropolitaine. La question est alors de savoir si les aménagements planifiés vont parvenir à agir comme un levier pour restructurer en profondeur de l’offre. Un pari encore incertain dont l’enjeu est la redéfinition des rapports de pouvoir entre les sociétés de transport privées et les autorités publiques.
Prostaglandin D2 Regulates CD4+ Memory T Cell Trafficking across Blood Vascular Endothelium and Primes These Cells for Clearance across Lymphatic Endothelium
Authors: Ahmed S. Rumel , McGettrick Helen M. , Yates Clara M. , Buckley Christopher D. , Ratcliffe Marianne J. , Nash Gerard B. , Rainger G. Ed 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Memory lymphocytes support inflammatory and immune responses. To do this, they enter tissue via blood vascular endothelial cells (BVEC) and leave tissue via lymphatic vascular endothelial cells (LVEC). In this study, we describe a hierarchy of signals, including novel regulatory steps, which direct the sequential migration of human T cells across the blood and the lymphatic EC. Cytokine-stimulated (TNF and IFN) human BVEC preferentially recruited memory T cells from purified PBL. Lymphocyte recruitment from flow could be blocked using a function-neutralizing Ab against CXCR3. However, a receptor antagonist directed against the PGD2 receptor DP2 (formerly chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells) inhibited transendothelial migration, demonstrating that the sequential delivery of the chemokine and prostanoid signals was required for efficient lymphocyte recruitment. CD4+ T cells recruited by BVEC migrated with significantly greater efficiency across a second barrier of human LVEC, an effect reproduced by the addition of exogenous PGD2 to nonmigrated cells. Migration across BVEC or exogenous PGD2 modified the function, but not the expression, of CCR7, so that chemotaxis toward CCL21 was significantly enhanced. Thus, chemokines may not regulate all stages of lymphocyte migration during inflammation, and paradigms describing their trafficking may need to account for the role of PGD2.
The Development of Care Pathways and Packages in Mental Health Based on the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool
Authors: Lee Sun Wook , Morley Mary , Taylor Renee R , Kielhofner Gary , Garnham Mike , Heasman David , Forsyth Kirsty 
Published: July 2011

Purpose: Payment by Results (PbR) was recently introduced to mental health care in England. The system allocates service users to one of 20 clusters and will provide funding based on cluster membership, rather than on block contracts. Occupational therapists are challenged to define care packages for each of the clusters. Method: To facilitate their development, this study identified the occupational profiles of service users in each cluster based on measures offered by the Model of Human Occupation. The study used existing data from the clinical records of 625 service users from two organisations, collected through use of the Mental Health Clustering Tool and the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool. Results: Across the sample, service users showed greatest problems with habituation, followed by volition and process skills. Qualitatively distinct occupational profiles were identified across the clusters. Service users with non-psychotic problems showed the least interference with occupational participation; those in clusters involving psychosis showed moderate levels of interference; and those in clusters involving cognitive impairment demonstrated the most difficulty with occupational participation. Conclusion: These findings provide an important evidence base for thinking about the occupational needs of service users within the various PbR clusters and the corresponding services that might be offered.
Improved Efficiency in Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Devices Using Host Materials of Lower Triplet Energy than the Phosphorescent Blue Emitter
Authors: Swensen James S. , Polikarpov Evgueni , Von Ruden Amber , Wang Liang , Sapochak Linda S. , Padmaperuma Asanga B. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractData from a series of phosphorescent blue organic light‐emitting devices with emissive layers consisting of either 4,4′‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)‐2,2′‐biphenyl (CBP):6% bis[(4,6‐difluorophenyl)pyridinato‐N,C2](picolinato)iridium(III) (FIrpic) or bis(9‐carbazolyl)benzene (mCP):6% FIrpic show that the triplet energy of the hole and electron transport layers can have a larger influence on the external quantum efficiency of an operating device than the triplet energy of the host material. A maximum external quantum efficiency of 14% was obtained for CBP:6% FIrpic devices which is nearly double all other published CBP:6% FIrpic results. A new host material, 4‐(diphenylphosphoryl)‐N,N‐di‐p‐tolylaniline (DHM‐A2), which has a triplet energy lower than that of FIrpic is also reported. Devices fabricated using DHM‐A2 show improved performance (lower drive voltage and higher external quantum efficiency) over devices using 4‐(diphenylphosphoryl)‐N,N‐diphenylaniline (HM‐A1), a high performance ambipolar DHM‐A2 analogue with a triplet energy greater than FIrpic. Nearly 18% external quantum efficiency was obtained for the DHM‐A2:5% FIrpic devices. The results suggest modified design rules for the development of high performance host materials: more focus can be placed on molecular structures that provide good charge transport (ambipolarity for charge balance) and good molecular stability (for long lifetimes) rather than first focusing on the triplet energy of the host material.
Nanoparticle/Dye Interface Optimization in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Bazzan Giorgio , Deneault James R. , Kang Tae‐Sik , Taylor Barney E. , Durstock Michael F. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA critical component in the development of highly efficient dye‐sensitized solar cells is the interface between the ruthenium bipyridyl complex dye and the surface of the mesoporous titanium dioxide film. In spite of many studies aimed at examining the detailed anchoring mechanism of the dye on the titania surface, there is as yet no commonly accepted understanding. Furthermore, it is generally believed that a single monolayer of strongly attached molecules is required in order to maximize the efficiency of electron injection into the semiconductor. In this study, the amount of adsorbed dye on the mesoporous film is maximised, which in turn increases the light absorption and decreases carrier recombination, resulting in improved device performance. A process that increases the surface concentration of the dye molecules adsorbed on the TiO2 surface by up to 20% is developed. This process is based on partial desorption of the dye after the initial adsorption, followed by readsorption. This desorption/adsorption cycling process can be repeated multiple times and yields a continual increase in dye uptake, up to a saturation limit. The effect on device performance is directly related and a 23% increase in power conversion efficiency is observed. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance analysis were used to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms behind this observation.
Solid Free‐Form Fabrication of Tissue‐Engineering Scaffolds with a Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) Grafted Hyaluronic Acid Conjugate Encapsulating an Intact Bone Morphogenetic Protein–2/Poly(ethylene glycol) Complex
Authors: Park Jung Kyu , Shim Jin‐Hyung , Kang Kyung Shin , Yeom Junseok , Jung Ho Sang , Kim Jong Young , Lee Keum Hong , Kim Tae‐Ho , Kim Shin‐Yoon , Cho Dong‐Woo , Hahn Sei Kwang 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDespite wide applications of bone morphogenetic protein–2 (BMP‐2), there are few methods to incorporate BPM‐2 within polymeric scaffolds while maintaining biological activity. Solid free‐form fabrication (SFF) of tissue‐engineering scaffold is successfully carried out with poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) grafted hyaluronic acid (HA‐PLGA) encapsulating intact BMP‐2/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) complex. HA‐PLGA conjugate is synthesized in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) by the conjugation reaction of adipic acid dihydrazide modified HA (HA‐ADH) and PLGA activated with N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). BMP‐2 is complexed with PEG, which is encapsulated within the PLGA domain of the HA‐PLGA conjugate by SFF to prepare tissue‐engineering scaffolds. In vitro release tests confirm the sustained release of intact BMP‐2 from the scaffolds for up to a month. After confirmation of the enhanced osteoblast cell growth, and high gene‐expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), and osterix (OSX) in the cells, the HA‐PLGA/PEG/BMP‐2 scaffolds are implanted into calvarial bone defects of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Microcomputed tomography (μCT) and histological analyses with Masson's trichrome, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining reveal effective bone regeneration on the scaffolds of HA‐PLGA/PEG/BMP‐2 blends.
Estimation and numerical simulation of atmospheric surface layer parameters at Mangalore, west coast of India
Authors: Hegde A. K. , Venkatesan R. , Srinivas C. V. , Balakrishna K. M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAtmospheric surface layer meteorological observations obtained from 20 m height meteorological tower at Mangalore University campus, situated along the west coast of India, are used to estimate the surface layer scaling parameters of roughness length (zo) and drag coefficient (CD) and the surface layer fluxes of sensible heat and momentum. These parameters are computed using the simple flux‐profile relationships under the framework of Monin–Obukhov (M–O) similarity theory. The estimated values of zo are higher (1.35–1.54 m) than the reported values in the literature (>0.4–0.9 m), probably due to the undulating topography surrounding the location. The magnitude of CD is high for low wind speed (<1.5 m/s) and found to be in the range of 0.005–0.03. The variations of sensible heat fluxes (SHFs) and momentum fluxes (MFs) are also discussed. Relatively high fluxes of heat and momentum are observed during typical days on 26–27 February 2004 and 10–11 April 2004, due to the daytime unstable atmospheric conditions. Stable or near neutral conditions prevail after 1700 h IST with negative SHF. A mesoscale model PSU/NCAR MM5 is run using a high‐resolution (1 km) grid over the study region to examine the influence of complex topography on the surface layer parameters and the simulated fluxes are compared with the estimated values. Spatial variations of the friction velocity (u*), CD, surface fluxes, planetary boundary layer(PBL) height and surface winds are observed according to the topographic variations in the simulation. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Umschnürungswirkung textilbewehrter Verstärkungen im Lasteinleitungsbereich von Stützen in Abhängigkeit von der Geometrie
Authors: Ortlepp Regine , Lorenz Andy , Curbach Manfred 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDie Tragfähigkeitserhöhung von Stützen, die mit textilbewehrtem Beton (TRC) verstärkt wurden, wird zum einen durch den zusätzlichen Betonmantel erreicht. Zum anderen wird sie aber entscheidend durch die Umschnürungswirkung der textilen Bewehrung bewirkt, was insbesondere im Lasteinleitungsbereich von Stützen von großer Bedeutung ist. Die Umschnürung erzeugt dabei einen günstig wirkenden dreiaxialen Spannungszustand im Kern der Stütze. Die Wirksamkeit einer solchen Umschnürung ist insbesondere abhängig von der Geometrie der zu verstärkenden Betonstütze. Mit Hilfe von Versuchen an Stützenköpfen mit Querschnitten vom Quadrat bis hin zum Kreis mit unterschiedlichen Ausrundungsradien wird der Einfluss des Ausrundungsradius auf die Wirksamkeit der Bewehrungstextilien erfasst. Des Weiteren wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Fasermaterialien und Bewehrungsgrade der TRC‐Verstärkungsschicht untersucht und mit üblichen CFK‐Sheet‐Verstärkungen verglichen. Ein Berechnungsmodell für die Traglaststeigerung durch die TRC‐Verstärkung wird vorgestellt.Confinement Effect of Textile Reinforced Strengthening in the Support Region Subject to the GeometryThe increase of the load carrying capacity of columns being reinforced with Textile Reinforced Concrete (TRC) is partly achieved by the additional concrete cover. But then it is also decisively caused by the confinement effect of the textile reinforcement, which is particularly in the support region of great importance. The confinement is thereby producing a three axial state of stress within the concrete core of the column. The effectiveness of such a confinement is especially dependent on the geometry of the concrete column to be strengthened. With the help of experiments on column heads with all possible cross sections from square to circle with different transition radiuses the influence of the transition radius onto the local bearing capacity of the reinforcing textile was recorded. Furthermore the impact of different fibre materials and reinforcement degrees of the TRC strengthening layer have been examined and compared with usual CFKSheet strengthenings. A computation model for the load increase by the TRC strengthening is introduced.
Die Aussagegenauigkeit der Potentialfeldmessung
Authors: Keßler Sylvia , Gehlen Christoph , Ebell Gino , Burkert Andreas 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDie Potentialfeldmessung ist ein Standardverfahren zur Zustandserfassung von Stahlbetonbauwerken. Sie dient der zerstörungsfreien Detektion von aktiv korrodierenden Bereichen. Die Aussagegenauigkeit der Potentialfeldmessung ist von großer wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung, da deren Messergebnisse eine wichtige Entscheidungsgrundlage für die Erarbeitung von Instandsetzungsmaßnahmen bilden. Zur Ermittlung der Aussagegenauigkeit der Potentialfeldmessung wird ein numerisches Verfahren vorgestellt. Die wichtigsten Einflussgrößen auf die Potentialfeldmessung wie Anodengröße, Elektrolytwiderstand und Messraster wurden im Hinblick auf die Aussagegenauigkeit ausgewertet.Potential mapping and its probability of detectionPotential mapping is a feasible non‐destructive method to detect actively corroding areas in reinforced concrete structures. The probability of detection of potential mapping has a high economical impact, because the test results of this method are the basis for maintenance and repair schedules. A numerical approach is presented to evaluate the probability of detection. The probability of detection of potential mapping has been evaluated regarding the most influencing parameters like anode area, concrete resistivity and grid size.
Zur Dauerhaftigkeit der Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonkonstruktion in Schwimmbadluft und ‐wasser
Authors: Schäper Michael 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDie untersuchten Stahlbeton‐ und Spannbetonkonstruktionen für Dach und Wand von Hallenbädern zeigen in der Schwimmbadluft im Normalzustand keine Bewehrungskorrosion. Zwar ist die Betonoberfläche tief karbonatisiert, und eine gewisse geringe Chlorideindringung ist gegeben, aber der Beton bleibt ausreichend trocken. Eine unvorhergesehene Wasserbeaufschlagung jedoch, verbunden mit weiterem Chlorideintrag, führt rasch zu chlorid unterstützter Karbonatisierungskorrosion. Diese wird beschleunigt durch die erhöhte Raumtemperatur von 30 °C und mehr.Die Stahlbetonkonstruktion des Beckens im Hallen‐ und Freibad zeigt ebenfalls im Normalzustand keine Korrosion, der Chlorgehalt des Wassers ist zu gering und der CO2‐ und O2‐Zutritt ist begrenzt. Aber aus Rissen austretendes Wasser wirkt als unvorhergesehenes, Korrosion auslösendes Wasser für die Beckenaußenseiten und für die umgehende Stahlbetonkonstruktion. Das Beckenwasser trägt dort durch ständige Erneuerung Chloride in die Oberfläche, die solche Korrosion verstärken.Es wird vorgeschlagen, für die Konstruktionsteile, für die eine nachträgliche Wasserbeaufschlagung nicht ausgeschlossen werden kann, besondere Dauerhaftigkeitsmaßnahmen vorzusehen. Die Bauherren sind vom Planer aufzufordern, Wartungspläne zu erstellen, um unvorhergesehene Wasserbeaufschlagungen frühzeitig zu erkennen. Es werden Planungshinweise für schwind‐ und rissarme Beckenkonstruktionen gegeben.Durability of reinforced and prestressed concrete constructions exposed to air and water of swimming poolsThe examined reinforced and prestressed concrete constructions for roof and wall of indoor swimming pools, exposed to the swimming pool air, do not show any corrosion of the embeded steel under normal conditions. The concrete surface is deeply carbonated and a certain chloride intruding is given, but the concrete remains in a sufficiently dry state. An unexpected water admission however, connected with further chloride entry, leads rapidly to chloridesupported carbonating corrosion. This is accelerated by the increased ambient temperature of 30 °C and more. The reinforced concrete construction of the pool itself, indoor and outdoor, shows also in normal state no corrosion, the chloride content of the water and the CO2 and O2‐admission is limited. But unexpected water, leaving the pool by cracks, causes steel corrosion on the outside of the pool and on surrounding reinforced concrete structures. This basin water carries by steady renewal considerably chlorides into the concrete surface, strengthening the corrosion.It is suggested for construction parts, for which an unexpected water‐admission can not to be excluded, to take special durability measures. The owners are to be requested by the planner to provide maintenance plans in order to recognize unexpected water admissions promptly. Planning advices to result for the concrete constructions only a little shrinking and a few cracks are given.
Prediction, prevention and management of postresection liver failure
Authors: Hammond J S , Guha I N , Beckingham I J , Lobo D N 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Background
Postresection liver failure (PLF) is the major cause of death following liver resection. However, there is no unified definition, the pathophysiology is understood poorly and there are few controlled trials to optimize its management. The aim of this review article is to present strategies to predict, prevent and manage PLF.

Methods
The Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library databases were searched for studies using the terms ‘liver resection’, ‘partial hepatectomy’, ‘liver dysfunction’ and ‘liver failure’ for relevant studies from the 15 years preceding May 2011. Key papers published more than 15 years ago were included if more recent data were not available. Papers published in languages other than English were excluded.

Results
The incidence of PLF ranges from 0 to 13 per cent. The absence of a unified definition prevents direct comparison between studies. The major risk factors are the extent of resection and the presence of underlying parenchymal disease. Small-for-size syndrome, sepsis and ischaemia–reperfusion injury are key mechanisms in the pathophysiology of PLF. Jaundice is the most sensitive predictor of outcome. An evidence-based approach to the prevention and management of PLF is presented.

Conclusion
PLF is the major cause of morbidity and mortality after liver resection. There is a need for a unified definition and improved strategies to treat it.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of 2′‐Fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA‐Modified Oligonucleotides
Authors: Bundgaard Jensen Troels , Pasternak Anna , Stahl Madsen Andreas , Petersen Michael , Wengel Jesper 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe describe the synthesis and binding properties of oligonucleotides that contain one or more 2′‐fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA thymine monomer(s). Incorporation of 2′‐fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA thymine into oligodeoxynucleotides decreased thermal binding stability slightly upon hybridization with complementary DNA and RNA with the smallest destabilization towards RNA. Thermodynamic data show that the duplex formation with 2′‐fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA nucleotides is enthalpically disfavored but entropically favored. 2′‐Fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA nucleotides exhibit very good base pairing specificity following Watson–Crick rules. The 2′‐fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA monomer was designed as a monocyclic mimic of the bicyclic α‐L‐LNA, and molecular modeling showed that this indeed is the case as the 2′‐fluoro monomer adopts a C3′‐endo/C2′‐exosugar pucker. Molecular modeling of modified duplexes show that the 2′‐fluoro‐α‐L‐RNA nucleotides partake in Watson–Crick base pairing and nucleobase stacking when incorporated in duplexes while the unnatural α‐L‐riboconfigured geometry of the sugar is absorbed by changes in the sugar–phosphate backbone torsion angles. The duplex behavior of our new nucleotide follows that of α‐L‐LNA, by and large.
Imidazole to NHC Rearrangements at Molybdenum Centers: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Brill Marcel , Díaz Jesús , Huertos Miguel A. , López Ramón , Pérez Julio , Riera Lucía 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBoth manganese and rhenium complexes of the type [M(bipy)(CO)3(N‐RIm)]+ (bipy=2,2′‐bipyridine) undergo deprotonation of the central CH group of the N‐alkylimidazole (N‐RIm) ligand when treated with a strong base. However, the outcome of the reaction is very different for either metal. For Mn, the addition of the equimolar amount of an acid to the product of the deprotonation affords an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complex, whereas for Re, once the deprotonation of the central imidazole CH group has occurred, the bipy ligand undergoes a nucleophilic attack on an ortho carbon, affording the CC coupling product. The extension of these studies to pseudo‐octahedral [Mo(η3‐allyl)(bipy)(CO)2(N‐RIm)]+ complexes has allowed us to isolate cationic NHC complexes (MnI‐type behavior), as well as their neutral imidazol‐2‐yl precursors. Theoretical studies of the reaction mechanisms using DFT computations were carried out on the deprotonation of [Mn(bipy)(CO)3(N‐PhIm)]+, [Re(bipy)(CO)3(N‐MesIm)]+, and [Mo(η3‐C4H7)(bipy)(CO)2(N‐MesIm)]+ complexes (Mes=mesityl) at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) (LANL2DZ for Mn, Re, and Mo) level of theory. Our results explain why different products have been found experimentally for Mn, Mo, and Re complexes. For Re, the process leading to a CC coupling product is clearly more favored than those forming an imidazol‐2‐yl product. In contrast, for Mn and Mo complexes, the lower stabilizing interaction between the central imidazole and ortho bipy C atoms, along with the higher lability of the ligands, make the formation of an NHC‐type product kinetically more accessible, in good agreement with experimental findings.