bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Best Defence
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on judicial curse tablets, which offer a unique viewpoint on Ancient Greek litigation, revealing the fears of those going to court. At the same time, they add to the understanding of the legal process, the different roles played by its personnel, and the actual and symbolic significance of litigation within the city. The curse texts indicate that litigation was likely to have been fought in teams, suggesting that current versions of Athenian litigation as consisting simply of one-on-one power struggles between elite politicians are too limited. The range of personnel bound on the curse tablets suggests that not only more people, but more kinds of people (including women) were involved. But this study also questions how we categorize curses as judicial, and argues that for a number of curses usually placed in this category, the context of their creation is far from certain; it suggests other possible explanations for their creation.
Curses and Risk
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the findings of the chapters on curses, arguing that interpreting curses as attempts to manage sources of risk allows the reader to acknowledge and explore the complexity and ambiguity of the relationships presented across the texts, something that the current popular explanation of competition, usually of a political nature, tends to constrain or ignore. It suggests that other explanations of motivations for cursing must be considered; for example, the breakdown of social relations because of phthonos or envy. If we examine these curses with the social construction of risk in mind, then a range of individual and cultural concerns emerge, illuminating surprising aspects of personal and social life in this period, providing insights into the nexus of values, relationships, and institutions that underpinned life in the ancient Greek city.
2. The Pediments of the Aphaia Temple
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The lords of Aigina engaged in an act of mythic manipulation that was grandiose, arrogant, and antagonistic to Athens, in which the exploited Aiakids were not small cult statues but enormous pieces of sculpture, and they were not sent abroad but conspicuously hoisted up during the construction of an imposing local building. This was the new temple of Aphaia, put up in the 490s at the north-eastern tip of the island, on the site of an older temple that had burnt c.500 BC. Aphaia represented a combination of land and sea, being both nymph and naiad, and as divine inventor of the net she was a patron divinity of fishermen. She was close to Artemis and perhaps to Hekate, and votive figurines from her temple prove that, like her Olympian doublet, she was a virgin protector of children. This chapter examines the pediments of the Aphaia temple and its use as a place for cult activities.
12. Nemean 7: Neoptolemos at Delphi
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In the ode Nemean 7, Pindar ostensibly praises a boy named Sogenes, the first Aiginetan to win the boys' pentathlon at the games held for Zeus at Nemea. It is a highly polished epinician performance on a grand scale, but thanks to a remark made by a Hellenistic commentator it is often read as if Pindar had here indulged in an act of private self-vindication. Nemean 7 ceases to be Pindar's contorted defence of himself and becomes instead an extended and inventive celebration of Sogenes. In its course, Nemean 7 moves its boy victor from birthchamber to palaistra, transferring him from the care of Eleithyia to that of Herakles. Such transfer is achieved, as one would expect, by way of an Aiakid, and it occurs under the patronage of a second female figure, that of Aigina. For critics ancient and modern, however, it has been Neoptolemos at Delphi who opens any discussion of Nemean 7.
13. Olympian 8: Aiakos at the Walls of Troy
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Olympian 8 is the only Aiginetan ode by Pindar that celebrates an Olympic victory. In 460 BC, Alkimedon, a boy of the Blepsiad tribe, sailed round the Peloponnese, probably in the company of his trainer, and after a month's preparation at Pisa, defeated all his opponents in the wrestling ring in the Olympics. Through this rare triumph, Zeus ‘exalted’ the boy's city and his tribe, the elder generations of which had also known major victories. Olympian 8 is a Zeus-filled song in which the god is four times formally named — as Zeus of the Silver Bolt, Zeus genethlios, Zeus Xenios, and Zeus the deep-thundering Son of Kronos — before a final prayer in which he is summoned as one who apportions splendid things among mortals. From an Aiakos set down on Aigina by his divine chauffeur, the chorus turns directly and with a rhetorical flourish to Alkimedon's trainer. The snakes and the Aiakid takers of Troy cannot really be reconciled, and Pindar covers the course of two long wars in ten words.
14. Pythian 8: A Phantom’s Dream
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
According to ancient scholars, Pythian 8 was performed in 446 BC, shortly before Pindar's death. Pythian 8 is the first Pindaric ode known to have been performed on Aigina since the island lost its freedom to Athens. A system of five triads produces a cleanly marked sequence of invocation, turn towards Aigina and victor, mimesis of mythic episode, prayerful precaution, and direct praise, but in every part there are anomalies and innovations. Here, Hesychia has nothing maternal or kourotrophic about her. Instead, she promises the kind of luxury that adults appreciate while she also carries a bitter threat of violence, for she is Janus-faced. Both personifications are closely associated with Apollo and through him with song and choral dancing, activities in which disorder and rebellion are unthinkable. The song turns directly to the actual triumphs of Aristomenes, a boy who has posted a victory each at Marathon and at Megara, and three wins at the local games for Hera.
15. Afternote: The Audience as Participant
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Pindar meant that his odes for the young athletes of Aigina should bring audiences into the state of healing jollity that he called Euphrosyna. As distinct from the symposium, a victory celebration had a further and more complex aim, for the choral performance was meant to present the victor with his own triumph rendered imperishable, while it also offered that same permanent glory to his neighbours and friends. The audience, in all eleven odes, was essentially the same, a gathering of aristocrats united in wealth, commercial interests, cult duties, and devotion to the Aiakids. In all cases, however, this group was joined by an ‘outside’ element, for immature boys appeared among its active men and responsible elders. The celebration introduced this adolescent group to the ways of maturity, while the elders were led to accept the imminent newcomers, and spectators of all ages were brought to a common experience of the magic of success.
Population Exchange in Greek Macedonia
Authors: Kontogiorgi Elisabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Following the defeat of the Greek Army in 1922 by nationalist Turkish forces, the Convention of Lausanne in 1923 specified the first compulsory exchange of populations ratified by an international organization. The arrival in Greece of over 1.2 million refugees and their settlement proved to be a watershed with far-reaching consequences for the country. This book examines the exchange of populations and the agricultural settlement in Greek Macedonia of hundreds of thousands of refugees from Asia Minor and the Pontus, Eastern Thrace, the Caucasus, and Bulgaria during the inter-war period. It examines Greek state policy and the role of the Refugee Settlement Commission which, under the auspices of the League of Nations, carried out the refugee resettlement project. Macedonia, a multilingual and ethnically diverse society, experienced a transformation so dramatic that it literally changed its character. The author charts that change and attempts to provide the means of understanding it. The consequences of the settlement of refugees for the ethnological composition of the population, and its political, social, demographic, and economic implications are treated in the light of new archival material. Reality is separated from myth in examining the factors involved in the process of integration of the newcomers and assimilation of the inhabitants — both refugees and indigenous — of the New Lands into the nation-state. The author examines the impact of the agrarian reforms and land distribution and makes an effort to convert the climate of the rural society of Macedonia during the inter-war period. The antagonisms between Slavophone and Vlach-speaking natives and refugee newcomers regarding the reallocation of former Muslim properties had significant ramifications for the political events in the region in the years to come. Other recurring themes in the book include the geographical distribution of the refugees, changing patterns of settlement and toponyms, the organisation of health services in the countryside, as well as the execution of irrigation and drainage works in marshlands. The book also throws light upon and analyses the puzzling mixture of achievement and failure which characterizes the history of the region during this transitional period. As the first successful refugee resettlement project of its kind, the ‘refugee experiment’ in Macedonia could provide a template for similar projects involving refugee movements in many parts of the world today.
Introduction
Authors: Kontogiorgi Elisabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of how the First World War brought about the disintegration of autocratic regimes in Europe and paved the way for the establishment of constitutional governments and the consolidation of nationalism. It then discusses the focus of this book, which is the settlement of refugees in rural areas of Greek Macedonia and on the role of the Refugee Settlement Commission (RSC), which, under the auspices of the League of Nations, supervised the project of refugee resettlement.
7 The Ethnological Impacts
Authors: Kontogiorgi Elisabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of differences in emigration patterns and the underlying factors that contributed to people leaving Macedonia among various ethnic groups. It then considers the question of the number of Slav-speakers remaining in Greek Macedonia. The figures proposed by Greek, Bulgarian, and Yugoslav historians to date show great differences between them as the purported ‘number’ of Slav Macedonians in Greek Macedonia has been and continues to be the basic argument used by concerned parties in promoting irredentist claims.
2 The Impact of the Persian Wars on Classical Greece
Authors: Rhodes P. J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the key ways in which the memory of Darius' and Xerxes' campaigns influenced subsequent events (and the ways in which those events were portrayed) until the final overthrow of the Persian empire by Alexander in 330 bc. After examining the background to the enmity between Greece and Persia, the chapter shows how the initial fear of Persian return and the later possibility of alliance with Persia impacted on the relations between individual Greek states. Crucially, the role that a state had played in the wars came to be manipulated for propaganda (most notably in Athens' justification for her imperial dominance). It also illustrates some of the ways in which ambiguity towards Persia manifested itself in the literature and politics of the classical period; seen variously as either potential allies or enemies still waiting to pounce, the Persians were also alternately portrayed as terrifying despotic invaders or effeminate eastern weaklings.
4 The View from Eleusis Demeter in the Persian Wars
Authors: Boedeker Deborah 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores another tradition in which Eleusinian Demeter played a particularly important role, especially at Plataea, where a fragmentary dedicatory inscription has been found in situ, but also at Mycale, Salamis, and Marathon. It argues that Demeter's role can be illuminated by her association throughout the Greek world not only with intransigent anger, but also with the defence of territory, and sovereignty. Moreover, her panhellenic status seems to have made her susceptible to the Athenians' desire to develop their Eleusinian goddess's importance in the theological explanation for the victory, a belief that developed in tandem with the better known Delphic tradition.
8 De Malignitate Plutarchi Plutarch, Herodotus, and the Persian Wars
Authors: Pelling Christopher 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the complexities evident in the presentation of the Persian Wars, mediated heavily through the text of Herodotus, to be found in the Lives of Plutarch. Plutarch's contribution to the development and later reception of the Persian Wars narratives is extraordinarily important, and yet has elicited very little specialist scholarly discussion. Plutarch's Persian Wars are uniquely complex, since their author was a Greek intellectual writing at the site of some of the Persians' worst acts of vandalism. But many centuries after the Persian Wars, under the Roman empire, an administration for which the archetypal image of the heroic Greek repulse of the tyrannical eastern invader had acquired many new and complicated resonances, not least in respect of the Parthians.
9 Aeschylus’ Persians via the Ottoman Empire to Saddam Hussein
Authors: Hall Edith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Through a diachronic study of the uses to which Aeschylus' Persians has been put, this chapter argues that one of the most important factors underlying the longevity of the Persian Wars traditions has been the identification of the ancient Greeks' struggle against Achaemenid Persia with the Christian West's adversarial relationship with Islam. Although the image of the Ottoman Turk — with his turban, moustache, and curving sabre — certainly affected the iconography of other battles such as Marathon, the identification has been made most prominent culturally since the 16th century by authors revisiting the battle of Salamis. The facile identification of the entire Islamic world with the caricatured ancient Persians staged by Aeschylus has also been a factor informing the West's crude stereotype of the eastern tyrant, Muslim despot, and the polemical terminology of Freedom and Democracy that has often played an unhelpful role by fomenting aggression on both local and global scales.
12 From Marathon to Waterloo: Byron, Battle Monuments, and the Persian Wars
Authors: Rood Timothy 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that if the 18th century was ‘the age of Thermopylae’, Marathon began to overtake its main competitor in cultural prominence during the 19th century, a trend that seems to have been inaugurated in Britain by its equation with Waterloo both in the poetry of Byron and in wider public discourse. The particular focus is on the way the two battles were united in an exhibition of new paintings by Benjamin Robert Haydon that opened in London in March 1830. Haydon's obsession can be traced back to the acrimonious national debate over the best form of public monument with which to commemorate the victory at Waterloo, when it was suggested that a replica of the Parthenon (believed by many to be a monument to the Persian Wars) should be erected on Primrose Hill. The failure of the London Parthenon campaign was followed, however, by the building of the ‘Calton Hill Parthenon’, in Edinburgh, the ‘Athens of the North’.
13 Enacting History and Patriotic Myth: Aeschylus’ Persians on the Eve of the Greek War of Independence
Authors: Steen GondaVan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the account written by the Comte de Marcellus, a French diplomat in Constantinople, of a reading of Aeschylus' Persians, in ancient Greek, that took place at a literary evening held in that city in the year before the uprising was launched in 1821. Marcellus' memoir describes a group of Greek intellectuals who embodied ‘classical’ nobility coming together to define a new Hellenism, through the regeneration of the spirit and glory of the Persian Wars. Marcellus' writing is dependent partly on the writings of the militant liberal philhellene Chateaubriand, but much more on the inspiration taken from ancient Greece by Greek intellectuals and revolutionaries including Adamantios Koraes, and especially, the Orthodox cleric and pedagogue Konstantinos Oikonomos, who was responsible for proposing the recitation of Persians in the first place.
14 The Persian Wars as the ‘Origin’ of Historiography: Ancient and Modern Orientalism in George Grote’s History of Greece
Authors: Lianeri Alexandra 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the new trends in academic discussion of the Persian Wars in the wake of the reforms of the 1830s, articulated above all in George Grote's work in Greek history. It relates Grote's analysis of the Persian Wars not only to contemporary British legislation but also to German Idealism, in particular the Kantian notion of war as the supreme force bringing man to a state of civilization, and the Hegelian principle of historical dialectic. The Persian Wars, and the advances achieved through them, thus become the foundation text not only of Enlightenment notions of liberty, but of early Victorian civil-democratic society.
Questions in the Odyssey: Rhythm and Regularity
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins a study of the question forms in Homer. It represents an attempt to identify some of the habits that a poet within an oral tradition had to develop, and some of the techniques on which he came to rely, in order to generate works on a monumental scale. The chapter offers an account of the observable regularities in question forms in Homer's Odyssey: exemplary adjacency pairs, careful use of explanatory material, a predictable range of options for the presentation of question-strings, whether double or multiple questions, and the answers they attract. Stylized rhythmical and structural patterns based on everyday talk have been developed by the tradition to facilitate and sustain poetic composition in an oral context.
Conclusion
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents a number of conclusions about how a poet in an oral tradition may have formulated and generated the substantial stretches of speech that we encounter in the Iliad and the Odyssey. The first area of discussion is memory and discourse: the stylized speech-formats and question and answer patterns that we observe in Homer have their origins in the pre-patterned forms of everyday speech. The second area of discussion is discourse and gender. Here the evidence is not uniform. There are areas of consistency and inconsistency in Homer's representation of men's and women's talk in the worlds he describes.
Between Slavery and Freedom
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Distinctions between slaves and free persons were far from clear-cut as far as status, work, and lifestyle were concerned. In their dependence on the householder, women and minors often resembled slaves; many slaves worked alongside free persons or were even better educated, clothed, and nourished than the free. In antiquity, everyone had to reckon with the possibility that he or she could become enslaved, but slaves could also hope to obtain freedom. In ancient society, some people seem to have stood on the border between slavery and freedom, being part of both worlds but not properly belonging to either of them. This was the case with half-slaves, who worked for themselves as well as for their masters, and with freed slaves, whose former enslavement had left a lasting mark and who had to fulfil certain obligations towards their former master, at least as far as Roman society is concerned.
The Sources of Slaves
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The main source of slaves in antiquity was the enslavement of war captives, which accompanied conquest of foreign territories in the course of imperialist policies. Other forms of enslavement such as natural reproduction, debt slavery, child exposure and sale, and the theft of human beings seem to have been less common and dependent on particular socioeconomic conditions and behavioural patterns. They will have gained in significance in late antiquity, however, when new war captives became scarce. Slaves would be sold at slave markets but also on other occasions, on the basis of mutual sales agreements between owners. Since the category of the slave was markedly distinct from that of the free person in both Jewish and Roman society, the transition from one mode to the other was legally regulated, so that particular forms of enslavement were prohibited and others allowed. However, it is not clear whether and to what extent these legal limitations were actually followed by the populace.
Slavery and the Exodus Experience
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The biblical story about the Israelites' enslavement in Egypt and eventual liberation by God became significant in post-biblical Judaism as evidenced by the numerous paraphrases, allusions to, and creative adaptations of it in ancient Jewish writing. The Exodus became the paradigm not only for freedom from physical slavery, but also for political freedom, spiritual freedom, and freedom from oppressing desires and emotions. In the time after the destruction of the Temple and the Bar Kokhba revolt, rabbis sought for meanings behind the Exodus story which would explain their and their fellow Jews' oppression by the Romans and help them maintain their hope for an eventual end of foreign rule. By transforming the Temple-centred rite of the Passover sacrifice into a family gathering centred around a ritual meal they were able to give the annual remembrance of the Exodus a new form and meaning, suited to their own time and place.
5 Ending Marriage by Judicial Divorce under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Divorce first became available in the ordinary courts as a result of highly controversial legislation passed in mid-Victorian times. The 1837 Matrimonial Causes Act was intended to promote respect for marriage by restricting divorce to what were described as a few extreme and specific cases. The Act was also based on the assumption that the person seeking divorce should be wholly innocent of any responsibility for what had happened, had not forgiven the ‘guilty party’ and that the parties had not come to an agreement that the marriage should be ended. These considerations had a strong influence on the law for a century or more.
6 The Campaign for Reform of the Victorian Divorce Law
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The 1857 Act was effectively restricted to the richer sections of society — the working classes had to seek a separation or maintenance order from the magistrates’ courts with their criminal overtones. Getting such an order did not allow either party to remarry. Over the years, there was increasing pressure for reform to allow those whose marriages had broken down to be allowed to remarry, whether or not the ‘innocent party’ agreed with this. There was a Royal Commission but it was split in its recommendations. Only in 1923 were women allowed to divorce on the same grounds as men, and only in 1937 was the law modified to allow divorce for cruelty and desertion. The pressures underlying these changes (and failures to allow change) are fully examined in this chapter.