bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The financial crisis in Europe: evolution, policy responses and lessons for the future
Authors: Goddard John , Molyneux Phil , Wilson John O.S. 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an account of the financial crisis in Western Europe, primarily from a country‐level and banking sector perspective, from 2007 to the spring of 2009. It aims to detail measures enacted by governments and central banks to deal with impaired bank assets, recapitalize or otherwise resolve troubled banks, and inject liquidity into the banking system. It also aims to examine reform proposals aimed at creating a more secure and stable financial system.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on factual material and analysis that is presented in central bank reports, other banking sector surveys and reports, media reports, and analysis by leading academics and practitioners sourced from published articles and books, working papers and blogs.FindingsRecent firefighting measures to purchase impaired assets, recapitalize troubled banks, and inject liquidity have commanded widespread support, despite moral hazard concerns surrounding publicly funded bank bailouts. However, the roadmap to recovery remains uncertain. There is concern that significant volumes of impaired assets have been retained on many Western European bank balance sheets. Under the regulatory framework that is being shaped in response to the crisis, banks are expected to become leaner, more strongly capitalized and less highly leveraged, and to develop improved risk management practices.Originality/valueThis paper is written for a broad audience to provide a descriptive summary of the financial crisis in Western Europe, a survey of the debate concerning the implications for bank regulation and an extensive bibliography that will serve as a valuable resource for banking academics and practitioners.
Value at risk: a critical overview
Authors: Sollis Robert 
Published: November 2009

PurposeA misplaced reliance on value at risk (VaR) has been focused on in the media as one of the main reasons for the current financial crisis, and the recently published Turner Review by the UK Financial Services Authority concurs. The purpose of this paper is to present an introductory overview of VaR and its weaknesses which will be easily understood by non‐technical readers.Design/methodology/approachSimple numerical examples utilising real and simulated data are employed to reinforce the main arguments.FindingsThis paper explains that some of the main approaches employed by banks for computing VaR have serious weaknesses. These weaknesses have contributed to the current financial crisis.Research limitations/implicationsConsistent with the introductory nature of this paper, the empirical research is limited to simple examples.Practical implicationsThe evidence here suggest that if VaR is to play a major role under future financial regulation then research is required to develop improved estimation techniques and backtesting procedures.Originality/valueThis paper differs from many academic papers on VaR by assuming only a very basic knowledge of mathematics and statistics.
The future of regulation
Authors: Hindle Joanne 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the regulatory and other responses to the recent credit crisis with particular emphasis upon likely regulatory reform.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based upon an analysis of recent papers, speeches and articles to draw together common themes for regulatory reform across the European Union (EU). It pays particular attention to two key papers, that from the Chairman of the UK Financial Services Authority (The Turner Report) and from the senior EU Group, the de Larosiere Report.FindingsIt is suggested that some nine or ten common themes emerge for regulatory reform from the many authoritative writings on the subject and that the timeframe for change is very likely to be much shorter that is the norm for international action. However, some areas of debate are noted, for example, how the role of national vs international regulators is to be resolved.Practical implicationsAll regulated financial services firms, whether banks or not, should expect a far higher level of regulatory intervention and with change occurring more quickly that would normally be expected.Originality/valueIn pulling together and analysing most of what has been written to date on the topic of regulatory reform the paper gives a unique overview of likely future developments. By identifying common themes it shows regulated firms the areas where more intervention is most likely to occur and highlights the timescale for that.
Small city community policing and citizen satisfaction
Authors: Lord Vivian B. , Kuhns Joseph B. , Friday Paul C. 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the impact of the implementation of community‐oriented policing and problem solving in a small city.Design/methodology/approachCitizen surveys that measure perceptions and activities of the police are completed before and three years after broader implementation of community policing. Because the existing literature supports the influence of a number of individual, neighborhood, and situational characteristics, several variables are included and controlled.FindingsThe results show that although the police invest a great deal of time building partnerships with and problem solving in neighborhoods, there are no significant differences over time in citizen satisfaction with police or in fear of crime. Personal contact with police mediates the influence of individual and neighborhood characteristics on citizen satisfaction. Police presence remains a common significant predictor of citizen satisfaction.Research limitations/implicationsEnsuring anonymity of subjects requires different samples between data collection periods; however, the same stratified random sampling process is used both times. The pre/post research design allows for measuring changes over time, but the lack of a control city threatens internal and external validity.Practical implicationsCitizen satisfaction is an important concern for all police and local governmental administrators; therefore, the findings of this study are useful for smaller agencies that are implementing or planning to implement community‐oriented policing.Originality/valueWith its focus on a small city and the capability to survey citizens before department‐wide implementation, this article expands research conducted on citizen satisfaction with police in a small town.
Does politics matter? Cross‐national correlates of police strength
Authors: Ruddell Rick , Thomas Matthew O. 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the political, social, and legal factors that shape the deployment of the police in a cross‐national sample of nations.Design/methodology/approachOrdinary least squares regression models are used to investigate police strength in 70 developing and developed nations.FindingsControlling for indicators of crime, development, and population‐geography, it is found that political factors such as durability of the political regime, corruption, the presence of a black market, and state formation are significantly associated with police strength. Inconsistent with expectations, however, it is found that there is not a significant relationship between indicators of criminal justice system priorities, such as incarceration rates or use of the death penalty, and police strength.Research limitations/implicationsA lack of indicators of property or violent crime for large samples of nations makes it difficult to discount the role of crime in the deployment of the police. Further, cross‐national studies are hampered by a lack of data about the use of private security to bolster the formal activities of the police, or the role of the military in regulating social order.Practical implicationsThis study builds on the theoretical knowledge of how the police are deployed. A better understanding of police strength can contribute to discussions about a global policing community. Implications for theories of policing and criminal justice system operations are also outlined.Originality/valueVery few cross‐national studies of criminal justice system operations have been conducted, and this study increases knowledge of global patterns of policing.
Women Special Agents in Charge: the first generation
Authors: Moses Schulz Dorothy 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide findings of an exploratory study of Special Agents in Charge (SACs) in a variety of federal law enforcement agencies and presents summary descriptions, including demographics and career paths of female agents.Design/methodology/approachIncumbent SACs, reached with assistance from law enforcement organizations and through snowball techniques, anonymously completed questionnaires that were mailed to each individually. This methodology provided a snapshot in time of the first generation of women to have reached the rank of SAC.FindingsThe findings suggest that women are moving up the ranks of federal agencies even while their overall percentages of employment have become somewhat static. Regardless of type or size of federal agency, there are a number of common career paths and the ages and racial demographics of the women are also similar across agencies.Practical implicationsAs federal agency recruitment of women seems to have stagnated, a portrait of women who have reached middle management may provide insight into the obstacles women face in these agencies and also into how some women have overcome these obstacles.Originality/valueThe findings are derived from the first ever study of women SACs. In addition to providing a snapshot of incumbent women, it will provide baseline data for later studies of future generations of women who move up in the ranks of federal law enforcement.
Towards the unification of policing innovations under community policing
Authors: Scheider Matthew C. , Chapman Robert , Schapiro Amy 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how various policing innovations, including problem‐oriented policing, broken windows, intelligence‐led policing, Compstat, third‐party policing, and hot spots, could be integrated into the community policing philosophy.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a definition of community policing and individually examines each policing innovation to determine how they fit within the community policing philosophy.FindingsThe findings suggest that various policing innovations are wholly compatible with the community policing philosophy and that incorporating these innovations into community policing may improve their overall utility and the likelihood of their adoption.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper highlights the need for new ideas in policing to be built into existing policing innovations rather than developed in isolation.Practical implicationsThe findings have implications for how law enforcement agencies fundamentally approach their work and come to understand and use policing innovations and how they are developed by scholars.Originality/valueThe paper is valuable to scholars and police practitioners because it clarifies the community policing philosophy and unifies various ideas regarding policing under one framework.
Police use of force and the cumulative force factor
Authors: Wolf Ross , Mesloh Charlie , Henych Mark , Thompson L. Frank 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to build on and contribute to earlier studies on use of force by the police, and examines both officer and suspect force levels during altercations.Design/methodology/approachPrior attempts to study non‐lethal force have only recently begun to examine the multiple levels of force that may be used within a single encounter, advocating the use of a “force factor” approach. This study examines 4,303 “use of force” reports from the two agencies in Florida for a five‐year period.FindingsSimilar to prior studies which utilized data gathered by observation, this current study finds that law enforcement officers are operating at a force deficit; officer levels of force are consistently less than suspect resistance levels.Research limitations/implicationsData examined through police reports have certain inherent limitations, including the bias of the reporting officer. Analyses of these reports make it impossible for researchers to determine the length of each portion of a conflict. While verbal commands, threats, handcuffing, and takedowns may be important forces to review, they are not well represented in the data collected.Practical implicationsThese findings have critical implications for law enforcement by continuing to examine conflicts where police force is utilized, showing the importance of officers to be prepared to use decisive force at the point where verbal techniques and force de‐escalation have failed.Originality/valueThis paper is valuable to scholars and police practitioners because it continues to expand the scholarly review of police use of force, utilizing existing force continua to analyze the data, and taking into account levels of suspect resistance.
The diffusion of accreditation among Florida police agencies
Authors: Doerner William G. , Doerner William M. 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how the adoption of state accreditation has diffused or spread among Florida municipal police law enforcement agencies.Design/methodology/approachThe study group consists of all municipal police departments operating continuously in the State of Florida from 1997 through 2006. Independent variables are taken from an annual survey, sponsored by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, to compare agencies that became accredited (n=81) with agencies that did not gain state accreditation (n=189).FindingsWhile accredited agencies differ from non‐accredited agencies on a host of indicators at the zero‐order, it does not appear that the state accreditation process itself is responsible for nurturing organizational change. Having received national accreditation is an important predictor of gaining state accreditation.Research limitations/implicationsInstead of looking at organizational details, future researchers might wish to conceive of accreditation as a credentialing process and concentrate on characteristics of agency leaders, especially those who are seeking upward mobility in their professional careers.Practical implicationState accreditation status has reached only a small portion of the intended audience and appears to have morphed into a credential rather than an actual tool for meaningful reform.Originality/valueThis paper informs accreditation oversight bodies as to who their self‐selected constituents tend to be and which members of the target audience are not being reached.
The influence of business strategy on the decision to outsource human resource activities
Authors: Abdul‐Halim Hasliza , Che‐Ha Norbani , Geare Alan 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThis paper seeks to examine whether the decision to outsource human resource (HR) activities and the performance of the HR department are influenced by the particular business strategy espoused by the organisation. Four distinct strategies are considered: quality‐based, proactive, breadth, and reactive.Design/methodology/approachThe data for the study were obtained from survey responses from 232 organisations, of which 113 were engaged in HR outsourcing.FindingsThe findings suggest that there is a significant relationship between organisations with proactive strategies and the decision to outsource both traditional and transactional HR functions. Breadth strategies demonstrate a negative significant relationship with outsourcing of traditional functions. Outsourcing of both functions has a significant relationship with HR performance – traditional with a positive impact and transactional with a negative impact.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper focuses on the perceptions, knowledge and experience of senior HR managers. Therefore there are understandable limitations in respect of generalisation. In addition, the impact of HR outsourcing on the performance of the HR department focuses only on the reduction of the number of HR employees from the department.Practical implicationsThe results indicate that HR outsourcing has the potential to empower HR managers, allowing them to focus on strategic activities that add more value to their organisation. Also, the results show that HR reduces actual HR labour costs.Originality/valueThe study applies to a very under‐researched area.
Training programs and performance measurement
Authors: Cifalino Antonella , Baraldi Stefano 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to present an exploratory study of the evaluation of training programs, based on a theoretical framework reviewing both the training literature and the strategic performance measurement (SPM) literature. The purpose of the paper is to analyse whether the operational approach (suggested by the training literature) and the strategic approach (suggested by the SPM literature) are actionable and feasible to measure the performance of training programs, and which relationships occur between these approaches.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology supporting the paper is largely oriented to action research. The research project took about 12 months, working with five Italian healthcare organisations in order to develop an actionable system for measuring the performance of selected training programs.FindingsThe results suggest that the operational and the strategic approaches are actionable and feasible to measure the performance of selected training programs; that these approaches are complementary, and not alternative; and that their contextual use is mutually beneficial, because it allows alignment of the evaluation of training programs towards organisational priorities.Research limitations/implicationsThe limitations of the paper concern its explorative nature. The paper does not expand its focus from the training programs to the training function, and from the training literature to the strategic human resource literature. Research on these topics may contribute to further analysing the links between training evaluation and SPM systems.Practical implicationsThe paper shows the feasibility of a systematic evaluation of selected training programs at an organisational level of analysis, aiming at increasing organisational effectiveness.Originality/valueThe paper suggests the relevance of evaluating training programs according to an SPM framework based on the Balanced Scorecard.
Intellectual capital disclosures in Japanese IPO prospectuses
Authors: Rimmel Gunnar , Nielsen Christian , Yosano Tadanori 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to give an indication of the quantity of intellectual capital information in Japanese initial public offering (IPO) prospectuses from all stock exchange listings on the Japan Stock Exchange from 2003.Design/methodology/approachThe paper applied a disclosure index consisting of 78 items to quantify the amount of information regarding intellectual capital included in the IPO prospectuses of Japanese companies. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test, controlling for technological type of the company (high‐tech/low‐tech), and whether the extent of managerial ownership prior to the IPO, company age and company size influenced disclosure.FindingsFrom the analyses conclusions are derived for four hypotheses. The hypotheses “industry differences” (H1), “managerial ownership” (H2) and “company size” (H3) were found not to be significant factors explaining voluntary disclosure of information. The fourth factor, “company age” (H4), did, however, have a significant influence on the extent of disclosure for Japanese companies. Further testing of the Japanese companies regarding age showed a continuing trend.Originality/valueAlthough Japan has been strongly associated with the concept of the knowledge society, Japanese studies regarding intellectual capital have been very scarce. No studies, to the best of one's knowledge, have examined the specific disclosure of intellectual capital information included in Japanese IPO prospectuses.
The prospects for satisfactorily measuring and reporting intangibles
Authors: Roslender Robin 
Published: November 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to provide an overview of the development of approaches to measuring and reporting on intangibles since the mid‐1990s, and to identify intellectual capital self‐accounts as a possible means of continuing this process in a beneficial way.Design/methodology/approachPrincipally a literature review, the paper provides the opportunity to extend earlier, initial thoughts on the promise of intellectual capital self‐accounts.FindingsGiven the importance of primary intellectual capital (“people”) in the creation of intangibles (secondary intellectual capital), the paper draws attention to the limited role hitherto ascribed to people in reporting on intangibles in particular.Originality/valueThe value of the paper lies principally in the identification of possible content for self‐accounts in the context of brands and health and wellbeing as important intangibles.
An integrated model for business process measurement
Authors: Yen Vincent C. 
Published: November 2009

PurposeResearch in the evaluation of business processes (BPs) seems to have missed those of BP modeling techniques. Past studies on evaluations have focused in most cases on a single objective or goal of a BP using quantitative performance measures or qualitative surveys. In this paper, an approach that combines all relevant single purpose measures (relevant to the goals of the BP) into one overall measure is proposed. The overall measure will reflect all stakeholders' perspective and preference ratings on the attributes/criterion of the BP in question. The conceptual model is supported by the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology.Design/methodology/approachA discussion of factors that might be the root cause of difficulties in defining an appropriate evaluation is given along with a review of major measures used. The synthetic combination of single purpose measures basically follows the AHP, with major stake‐holders represented in defining the relative priority/ranking matrix between criteria of the BP goal.FindingsThe AHP could produce a set of more logical weights for the multiple criteria that are usually associated with a BP goal. These weights are then applied to each single purpose measure in order to come up with the final process score. This process score should represent a fairer rating viewed collectively by all concerned parties of the company. The procedure is practical and easy to apply.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper has not been implemented in real world applications; therefore a future work direction is to conduct an actual application and evaluate the feedback from actual implementations.Practical implicationsThe procedure utilizes different key criteria measures and stakeholders' preferences to come up with a composite measure. Final measurement outcome obtained in this manner is expected to be more acceptable to all stakeholders.Originality/valueThe paper proposes a new approach to creating a measure of BP based on all relevant single measures derived from the BP goal. The score from the new process measure has a more balanced meaning and therefore may be more valuable than by just relying on a single criterion measure.