bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF BENOMYL ON THE INCIDENCE OF MICROSPORIDIA AND THE DEVELOPMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Harvey G. T. , Gaudet P. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBenomyl or MBC phosphate incorporated into the meridic diet of eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), reduces the incidence of infection of adults by the microsporidian Nosema fumiferanae (Thom.). Some reduction in microsporidian levels is produced by 25 ppm benomyl; higher concentrations are more effective but even 250 ppm failed to reduce the incidence of microsporidia below 29% in a heavily infected stock. At benomyl concentrations of 75 ppm and above, budworm growth and fertility were reduced. The most notable effect of benomyl was the reduction of fertile matings and of percentage eclosion of eggs. Males were more sensitive to benomyl than females.
DEVELOPMENT, HATCH DATES, OVERWINTERING SUCCESS, AND SPRING EMERGENCE OF A “NON-DIAPAUSING” GYPSY MOTH STRAIN (LEPIDOPTERA: ORGYIIDAE) IN FIELD CAGES
Authors: Hoy Marjorie A. , Knop Nancy Fike 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNewly-hatched larvae from a selected (S) “non-diapausing” gypsy moth strain and larvae from field-collected wild (W) eggs were reared in field cages in Connecticut, U.S.A. beginning May 1976 to determine developmental rates and interbreeding potential. Reciprocal and inter se matings between S and W moths were monitored to determine if hatch occurred during the fall and if S and reciprocal F1 hybrid (SW, WS) eggs could successfully overwinter and hatch at an appropriate time the following spring. Hatch of S eggs did occur in the fall. Survival of SW, WS, and some S eggs over the Connecticut winter demonstrated that this non-diapause colony is not suitable for a genetic control program in which the non-diapause trait is expected to act as a conditional lethal.
THE IMPACT OF AERIAL FENITROTHION SPRAYING UPON THE POPULATION BIOLOGY OF BUMBLE BEES (BOMBUS LATR.: HYM.) IN SOUTH-WESTERN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Plowright R. C. , Pendrel B. A. , McLaren I. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAerially sprayed fenitrothion (0.21 kg/ha) caused mortalities from 100% among experimentally caged bees in exposed habitats to 47% in cages placed under dense forest canopy. Bumble bees found foraging in sprayed areas during the days immediately following the spray suffered significantly higher subsequent mortality than those in unsprayed areas.Long-term effects were investigated by comparing late summer Bombus population densities among sites representing various spray histories. For all species combined, abundances in unsprayed areas averaged 3 times higher than in fenitrothion treated areas. Population recovery appeared to be complete within a few years after discontinuation of spraying.Foraging performance by laboratory reared colonies was significantly higher in sprayed areas with reduced bee populations than in a control area, possibly because of relaxation of competitive stress. The diversity of plant species used for pollen collection was nearly twice as great in the control as compared with sprayed areas, suggesting that the effect of fenitrothion spraying on cross-pollination may be greatest for plants which are subdominant in the hierarchy of bee preference In one such plant, red clover, reduced seed-set was demonstrated.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL PATTERNS OF WITHIN-TREE COLONIZATION BY DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Fargo W. Scott , Coulson Robert N. , Pulley Paul E. , Pope Don N. , Kelley Claude L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWithin-tree colonization by Dendroctonus frontalis infesting loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., was investigated. Two components of the colonization process were studied: the establishment of attacking adults (ATK) and the ensuing construction of egg galleries (GL). Data on the two variables were taken from standing trees beginning at the time of initial attack and continuing for 14 consecutive days.The spatial and temporal sequence of ATK was described for 1.5 m intervals along the infested bole for the duration of the process. A three parameter nonlinear function was used to describe the data. The pattern of attack was also described as an average process for the entire tree using the same model. A frequency histogram encompassing the range in variation for peak ATK from 134 trees was prepared to provide starting values for simulation purposes.The spatial and temporal sequence of GL construction was described using essentially the same approach as employed for ATK. The modeling process was complicated by loss or obscuring of GL from the radiograph by omission errors and foraging by Monochamus spp. and other associates. GL construction was also described as an average function for the entire tree and the rate of GL construction was defined. A frequency histogram of peak GL was prepared from data on 54 trees for use in selecting starting values for simulation purposes.Numerical relationships between ATK and GL were defined by combining the data on ATK and cumulative expected GL.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF AERIALLY-APPLIED SPRAY DEPOSITS IN SPRUCE TREES
Authors: Armstrong J. A. , Yule W. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA plot of 6 m tall white spruce trees was treated with an aerial application of an oil-base spray containing a non-toxic compound, Tris (2 ethyl hexyl) phosphate (referred to as TOF), which was amenable to gas-liquid chromatographic analysis The spray was formulated and applied at a rate to approximate the eastern Canadian operational spruce budworm control sprays. Meteorological measurements were made in the airspace from mid-crown height to the height of spray emission for the period of spray application and deposition. Spray deposit collection units (kromekote cards and glass plates) were used to record spray deposit at ground level.Foliage samples and complete branches were taken from each of three trees at a series of heights and each of the four compass quadrants and returned to the laboratory for chemical analysis. Spray deposit was determined in terms of ppm TOF on the foliage. The kromekote cards provided information from which the drop size characteristics of the spray cloud and the deposit in terms of drops/cmK were determined; a colorimetric analysis of spray deposit on the glass plates indicated the volume of spray deposited.Analysis of the spray deposits on the foliage indicated gradients in deposits with most on the upper, outer, upwind portions of the trees and least on the lower, inner, downwind portions. These differences were significant. These gradients can be attributed to two weather factors (a) the prevailing wind drifting the pesticide cloud through the forest canopy resulting in a filtering to produce a decreasing gradient from upwind to downwind side of the tree, and (b) air eddies around the tree tops resulting in an increased deposit and slight penetration of the spray cloud on the outer downwind portions of the tree.This study demonstrates that a finely atomized spray applied to a white spruce forest under suitable weather conditions will give a deposit on the outer portions of the tree with a variation of only about 50% in spray deposit but with significantly less deposit on the inner, lower portions of the tree.
ECOLOGY OF STORED GRAIN IN THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES: I. THE DISTRIBUTION AND SIZE OF A LOW DENSITY POPULATION OF CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE)
Authors: Smith L. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo metal granaries each containing 27.3 tonnes of dry wheat (13–14% m.c.) were artificially infested with Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and sampled for up to 4 years to determine fluctuations in insect density as influenced by changes in grain temperature and moisture content during storage. Density remained low (fewer than 5 insects/kg) throughout the period of study. Most insects were found at the floor near the wall on the south side of the granary. The temperature in the centre of the grain mass ranged from −5° to 22 °C during the 4 years. During a single season, moisture content varied as much as 5% at the centre near the surface of each grain mass, but did not vary more than 1% at other locations. In the first year of storage, the viability of the wheat ranged from 80% to 96%, and after 3 years in storage, 68% to 100%. Since no significant change was recorded in the temperature, moisture content, or germination of the wheat in the granaries, it was concluded that the biological activity of a low density population of C. ferrugineus does not initiate heating that occasionally occurs in farm-stored grain in Canada.
STUDIES ON NEARCTICCRASPEDOLEPTAENDERLEIN, 1921 (HOMOPTERA: PSYLLOIDEA): EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Journet Alan R. P. , Vickery V. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this paper, a discussion of aspects of the external morphology of NearcticCraspedoleptaEnderlein, 1921 (Homoptera: Psylloidea) is presented. The discussion concerns those structures of the head, thorax, abdomen, and genitalia which were investigated during the course of a systematic and taxonomic study of the genus. It includes, where appropriate, reference to and comparison with other publications on psyllid morphology, especially where the current study illuminates previous discussions of psyllids.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVORSHIP OF THE CITRUS BLACKFLY (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE)
Authors: Dowell Robert V. , Fitzpatrick George E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSurvivorship of the citrus blackfly was greatest at 25.6 °C and decreased in either direction from this temperature. A series of linear equations were derived to describe stadium length in thermal units for each development stage of the citrus blackfly and for the complete life cycle. There was no significant difference between the calculated stadium lengths and those observed in the field using linear thermal units.
THE OPTIMUM POPULATION STRATEGY FOR PLANTHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: DELPHACIDAE) IN STABLE MARSH HABITATS
Authors: Denno Robert F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe wing-morph composition of populations of planthoppers exploiting stable and temporally uncertain resources was determined. In stable habitats like salt and fresh water marshes, the optimum population strategy of most planthoppers is to produce flightless brachypters which can efficiently use and remain on the immediate resource. Macropters, which can fly, are more adaptive and predominate in temporary habitats because they can emigrate and colonize new resources when conditions are no longer suitable.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC WOLF SPIDER GENUSSCHIZOCOSA(ARANEIDA: LYCOSIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Redner J. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSchizocosaChamberlin, 1904, with type-speciesLycosa ocreataHentz, 1844, comprises 20 species occurring in southern Canada, the U.S.A., and Mexico:S.ocreata(=Lycosa charonoidesMontgomery, 1902, SYN. N.);S.crassipes(Walckenaer, 1837);S.floridanaBryant, 1934;S.saltatrix(Hentz, 1844);S.humilis(Banks, 1892) (=Lycosa episimaChamberlin, 1924, SYN. N.);S.duplexChamberlin, 1925;S.salsaBarnes, 1953;S.bilineata(Emerton, 1885);S.segregataGertsch and Wallace, 1937;S.auloniaDondale, 1969;S.crassipalpataRoewer, 1951;S.mimula(Gertsch, 1934) (=Lycosa coahuilanaGertsch and Davis, 1940, SYN. N.);S.minnesotensis(Gertsch, 1934);S.retrorsa(Banks, 1911);S.avida(Walckenaer, 1837);S.maximasp. n.;S.chiricahuasp. n.;S.cespitumsp. n.;S.communis(Emerton, 1885), comb. n. (=S.heasmaniDondale, 1969, SYN. N.);S.mccooki(Montgomery, 1904), comb. n. (=Lycosa pacificaBanks, 1904, SYN. N. =S.wasatchensisChamberlin and Ivie, 1942, SYN. N).AvicosaChamberlin and Ivie, 1942 andEpihognaRoewer, 1960 are synonymized underSchizocosa. Fourteen of the species ofSchizocosaare represented only in the southeastern United States, the northeastern U.S., and eastern Canada, or are widespread in the eastern half of the continent; three are represented only on the prairies, and the remainder in the Rockies or the Pacific coast.
FACTORS AFFECTING DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT AND SURVIVAL IN THE PUPA OF MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Bodnaryk Robert P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOnly soil temperatures below −7°C are likely to cause significant pupal mortality of M. configurata in the field, and only if exposure periods are sufficiently prolonged. At −17°C, a temperature not uncommonly encountered in the soil at 10 cm during the prairie winter, near total mortality occurred within 1 week in laboratory tests and significant mortality (20–30%) occurred within 1 day. The survival time at −12°C was considerably longer, and 50% mortality occurred after about 6 weeks of exposure. Pupal mortality caused by cold might thus vary from 0 to 100% depending on local climatic and field conditions and therefore is an essential component of a survival model for the species.Exposure to cold accelerates diapause development by as much as four orders of magnitude for the lowest temperature tested (−17°C). However, the acceleration of diapause development by sub-zero temperatures appears to be of limited phenological significance, since in western Canada the pupae spend at least 40 weeks in the soil and can easily complete diapause development within this time at 0° to 5°C. Further evidence for a major reorganization of the endocrine system of M. configurata pupae during stage 2 of diapause development is presented.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUSEUXOA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): X. INCIDENCE AND LEVEL OF MULTIPLE MATING IN NATURAL AND LABORATORY POPULATIONS
Authors: Byers J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn most species ofEuxoaa high proportion of the females mate more than once. The mean number of matings per mated female in natural populations of 13 species ranged from 1.65 to 10.86. Mating frequency data for laboratory populations of three of these species indicate that laboratory rearing and confinement does not significantly alter the incidence and level of multiple mating. The propensity for multiple mating is species characteristic although the observed level in samples from the field can vary significantly depending on the age structure of the populations sampled and probably also on other parameters of populations or environmental factors. Since species differences in the tendency for multiple mating are probably manifestations of different reproductive strategies some of the possible advantages of this behavior are discussed.
LABORATORY BIOASSAYS OF MIXTURES OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AND CHITINASE
Authors: Fast Paul G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe addition of chitinase at the rate of 1000–4000 nephelometric units/U.S. gallon to Bacillus thuringiensis insecticide for use against spruce budworm has been advocated.Bioassays of V instar spruce budworm larvae against seven levels of Thuricide® at four levels of chitinase corresponding to 0, 22, 220, and 2200 nephelometric units/U.S. gallon were conducted by placing larvae on balsam fir foliage (Abies balsamea) dipped in appropriate dilutions of Thuricide® with chitinase. Mortality was assessed 6 days later. An additional replicated assay at a relatively massive dose of chitinase, 33,000 nephelometric units/U.S. gallon, was compared simultaneously with a 0 chitinase control. The data were homogeneous and linear by statistical standards. No effect of chitinase on LC50 or slope of the regression line was observed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FOOD, FEEDING BEHAVIOUR, AND ASSOCIATED SENSE ORGANS OF GRYLLOBLATTA CAMPODEIFORMIS (GRYLLOBLATTODEA)
Authors: Pritchard Gordon , Scholefield Patrick 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGrylloblatta campodeiformis Walker were collected from a site in the Alberta Rocky Mountains at an altitude of 1300 m. The gut contents in the autumn consist almost entirely of arthropods. Dominant among these was a tipulid fly, equally typical of the cold, montane habitat as Grylloblatta itself. In the laboratory, G. campodeiformis adults eat only live or recently killed animal prey, and neither adults nor larvae grow without animal food. Prey is detected by the antennae and then seized by the mandibles. Five types of sensilla, all of which are probably involved in prey identification, are described from the antennae and palpi.
ARTHROPOD COLONIZATION OF PRE-AGED AS COMPARED WITH FRESH FECES
Authors: Helsel Ethel D. , Wicklow D. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA field study was designed to compare the attractiveness of pre-aged (laboratory incubated) and fresh rabbit feces to potential arthropod colonists. Laboratory collected rabbit feces were incubated on moist peat for intervals of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 days before exposure (48 h) in one of four field sites in northwestern Pennsylvania. Greater numbers and kinds of arthropods were attracted to 0-day-old dung samples than to fecal pellets that were preincubated for 10 or more days in the laboratory. Furthermore, numbers and kinds of arthropods attracted to fecal pellets increased with increasing habitat complexity. The results indicate that loss in attractiveness of aged feces to potential arthropod colonists cannot be attributed entirely to the drying of the substrate or to prior arthropod colonization. It is suggested that microfloral activity contributes to chemical changes in the incubating feces which render them less attractive to potential early colonists.
TRANSPORT OF THE EUROPEAN SKIPPER, THYMELICUS LINEOLA (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE), ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRODUCTION OF CERTIFIED TIMOTHY SEED
Authors: Duchesne Raymond-Marie , McNeil Jeremy N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAnalysis of samples taken during different stages of the cleaning process for certified timothy seed following harvest showed high densities of European skipper eggs in the waste. These eggs could represent a source of infestation of this insect as the waste is not destroyed but used as lawn seed or discarded on the farm.
VARIATION IN SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE ATTACK HEIGHT ASSOCIATED WITH PHORETIC UROPODID MITES
Authors: Kinn D. N. , Witcosky J. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSouthern pine beetles (Dendroctonus frontalis) carrying phoretic Trichouropoda australis deutonymphs were caught in bucket traps baited with frontalin-alpha pinene at heights of 3, 6, and 9 m on the boles of loblolly pines. Of 8475 beetles collected, 36.3% carried uropodids or their pedicels. Beetles trapped at 3 m carried more pedicels than those trapped at 6 or 9 m, indicating that the flight of beetles is influenced by the presence of phoretic mites. Re-emerging parent beetles can be differentiated from brood adults by the color of the mite pedicels.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF THE CEREAL LEAF BEETLE, OULEMA MELANOPUS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Guppy J. C. , Harcourt D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSurvival and development rates were obtained for the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus (L.), at 12 constant temperatures. Rates of survival for eggs were high at temperatures ranging from 12°C to 32°C, but none hatched at 6°C or 34°C. Larvae survived at 8° to 32°C with no drastic rise in mortality at the extremes; mortality at 34°C increased with larval age. Pupal survival was low at all temperatures from 8°C to 32°C, ranging from about 3% at these limits to 40% at intermediate temperatures (14° to 30°C). Duration of egg and larval stages decreased with rise in temperature up to 30°C, and that for pupae, up to 32°C. Developmental rates plotted against temperature did not deviate significantly from fitted curves of the form 1/y = K/(1 + ea-bx).The threshold for complete development was at some point between 6°C and 8°C. Thermal requirements, with 7°C as developmental zero, were calculated at 105, 41, 36, 43, 46, and 282°D, respectively, for the eggs, the four larval instars and the pupae. Accumulated heat units (°D7) during development of O. melanopus in field plots at Ottawa did not differ significantly from those expected. Similar calculations using a base of 9°C (ca. 48°F) predicted development equally well.
NEST SITE SELECTION BY BUMBLE BEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Richards K. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe niche breadth and overlap in nesting preferences of 15 species of bumble bees were investigated in Alberta. Some of the factors that influence the distribution of nesting sites and abundance of species and permit the species to coexist in sympatry are discussed. Artificial domiciles were used as potential nesting sites. Some species were specialists in terms of nest site selection while others were generalists. The few natural nests found, the long periods spent by queens searching for nests, the high frequency of usurpation or direct interference and death of intruders, and the frequency of high niche overlap values between species are evidence that nesting sites are limited and are incompletely partitioned among the coexisting species. Usurpation also demonstrates the competition among individuals and species. Phenological differences in nest establishment influence the competition among the species. Camouflaging of tunnels presumably reduces the intensity of usurpation and protects queens and the brood from inclement weather and from social parasites (e.g.,Psithyrus) and predators.
EVALUATION OF THE INSECT GROWTH REGULATORS METHOPRENE AND DIFLUBENZURON AGAINST FLOODWATER MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Rodrigues C. S. , Wright R. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn field trials conducted at Guelph, Ont., methoprene (Altosid® SR-10) at 0.028 kg AI/ha (0.025 lb AI/ac) effectively controlled spring Aedes species following treatment of third- and fourth-instar larvae. However, when treated in the first to third instar, only partial control was obtained. The formulation remained active in the pools for 13 days during which time the average temperature was < 20°C. Methoprene also effectively controlled early-summer Aedes vexans (Meigen) after treatment of fourth-instar larvae. Diflubenzuron (Dimilin® 25% WP) at 0.022 kg AI/ha and 0.045 kg AI/ha (0.02 and 0.04 lb AI/ac) was effective against spring Aedes species following treatment of third-instar larvae.
AN ARTIFICIAL HOST: ENCAPSULATED SYNTHETIC MEDIUM FORIN VITROOVIPOSITION AND REARING THE ENDOPARASITOIDITOPLECTIS CONQUISITOR(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: House H. L. 
Published: December 2009

This note reports the firstin vitrooviposition and rearing of a parasitic insect, the endoparasitoid waspItoplectis conquisitor(Say), a male, on an artificial host consisting of an encapsulated synthetic, or meridic (Dougherty 1959, p. 53), medium.Parasitic insects, of course, have been rearedin vitroon meridic diets (House 1954; Yazgan 1972; Thompson 1975). Some were reported to oviposit into artificial objects (Arthuret al.1972; Rajendram and Hagen 1974; Hoffmanet al.1975).Trichogramma pretiosumRiley laid viable eggs and development to adults occurred in small wax-resin spheres filled with host haemolymph (Hoffmanet al.1975).
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVIPOSITION HISTORY, CURRENT FECUNDITY, AND THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO ULV AERIAL SPRAYS OF INSECTICIDES
Authors: Thomas A. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe susceptibility of female spruce budworm moths to ULV aerial sprays of aminocarb and phosphamidon was dependent on the proportion of the total complement of eggs a female had laid. Females which laid few eggs were not killed by the insecticides whereas spent and almost-spent females were killed. Methods are described for determining the number of eggs a female has laid, the number of eggs she has to lay, and her total fecundity. These methods are used to evaluate the efficacy of ULV aerial sprays against budworm moths.