bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon deposition from irradiated methane
Authors: Blake A. R. , Hilton D. A. , Robins I. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCarbon‐14 tracer techniques have been used to measure directly the carbon deposition resulting from the radiolysis of methane by itself and in the presence of carbon dioxide, oxygen and graphite. It is shown that carbon deposition is increased in the presence of carbon dioxide and decreased in the presence of oxygen. at high carbon dioxide pressures (40 cm Hg) and high doses (>100 Mrad), the majority of the methane is decomposed to deposit. Irradiation of methane by itself produces less deposit than in the presence of graphite and there is an enhancement of the surface deposit compared with that within the bulk of the graphite.The results of the analyses for light hydrocarbons produced during methane radiolysis over a range of conditions are also briefly discussed.
Absorption in laminar jets
Authors: Thomas W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe precision of laminar jet techniques for the determination of diffusion coefficients in gas‐liquid systems is considered. It is shown that diffusion coefficients for the CO2‐water system can be obtained with a 1–2% accuracy, but that in many cases reported in the literature this precision is not achieved. This is due to abnormalities in the jet at the receiver or to vibration.The system CO2‐aqueous mono‐ethanolamine is used to assess the accuracy of laminar jets for chemical absorption.
Removal of Zn2+ from the ternary system Zn2+ ‐Na+ ‐H+ by cation‐exchange resin column
Authors: Blake W. E. , Randle J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVery dilute solutions containing zinc sulphate, sodium and sulphuric acid were passed down a column of Zeo‐Karb 225 cation‐exchange resin, and the volume at which zinc first appeared in the effluent (breakthrough volume), together with the volume at which the concentration of zinc in the effluent became equal to its concentration in the influent (equivalent volume), were determined.
Liquid‐liquid equilibrium data for the ternary system water‐isopropyl alcohol‐ethylbenzene at 25°
Authors: Knypl E. T. , Wojdylo S. Z. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid‐liquid equilibrium data at 25° for the system water‐isopropyl alcohol‐ethyl benzene together with refractive index and density data for mixtures on the binodal curve, are presented. A number of correlation methods were found to represent satisfactorily the equilibrium data and comparison is made with known water‐isopropyl alcohol‐benzene and water‐isopropyl alcohol‐toluene systems.
Thermal decomposition products of polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Tsuchiya Yoshio , Sumi Kikuo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen plastics are involved in a fire they may yield toxic decomposition products. Some quantitative data on the decomposition products of plastics are available in the literature, but it is difficult to assess the danger from the different amounts of various products because of the absence of a suitable method of evaluation. The authors have proposed a method of evaluation based on pyrolysis followed by gas chromatographic analysis and have used it to assess toxicity from various thermal decomposition products of polyvinyl chloride. Hydrogen chloride was found to be the main toxic decomposition product.
Hydrophilation of glass surfaces I. Investigation of possible promoters of filmwise condensation
Authors: Blackman L. C. F. , Harrop R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe tenacity of bonding of various functional groups to glass was investigated by subjecting glass coated with various silanes and quaternary ammonium compounds to steam. Contact angle and infra‐red absorption results indicated that the most strongly attached compounds were polymethylsiloxane and methyl tri‐chlorosilane followed by some quaternary ammonium compounds. Although some compounds bonded strongly they were found to be inefficient promoters of filmwise condensation because they were readily desorbed from the glass surfaces; this throws doubt on the basic hypothesis of orientated monolayer formation for this type of compound. Oxidation of the olefinic bonds of a siloxane film previously adsorbed on a glass surface formed the most strongly bonded hydrophilic coating.
Precipitate flotation I. Removal of nickel from dilute aqueous solutions and its separation from cobalt
Authors: Mahne E. J. , Pinfold T. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new technique, called precipitate flotation of the second kind, in which no surfactant is used to float precipitates, is described. Nickel is completely removed from 1.5 × 10−5 m‐NiCl2 solutions in 3 minutes using a tenfold excess of nioxime. Flotation improves with increasing temperature between 21° and 40° if the pH is in the range 8–11. Increase in ionic strength has no deleterious effect, unlike conventional precipitate flotation. Nickel can be completely separated from a hundredfold excess of cobalt by complexing the latter with nitroso‐R‐salt before flotation. Iron does not float on its own but recoveries of 50% can be achieved by entrainment of ferric hydroxide in nickel nioximate.
Crystallographic characteristics of carbons derived from cellulose and hemi‐cellulose
Authors: Kellett E. A. , Richards B. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe crystallographic characteristics of carbons derived from both cellulose and hemi‐cellulose are reported. It is shown that, although such carbons normally exhibit little crystal development, the presence of impurities at the calcining stage catalyses the graphitisation process.X‐ray examination indicated that the high degree of directional orientation present in the untreated fibres is not carried over into the carbon material produced by heat‐treatment.Results of electron microscope and X‐ray small‐angle scattering studies are used to demonstrate the existence of a complex pore structure which changes with temperature of heat‐treatment.Crystal thermal expansion results indicate a large coefficient perpendicular to the layer planes, comparable in magnitude with those observed in graphitic carbons. This fact, together with helium density measurements, indicates that the crystallites in cellulose carbons consist essentially of graphite‐like layers in a ‘turbo‐stratic’ stack.
Infra‐red absorption spectra of ion‐exchange resins
Authors: Whittington D. , Millar J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInfra‐red absorption spectra have been obtained by the KBr disc technique for some fifty commercial ion‐exchange resins with quaternary ammonium, tertiary and mixed amine, sulphonic, phosphonic, secondary phosphate, and carboxylic groups, as well as for a number of experimental resins, including some of the solvent‐modified type. The use of the technique in structural characterisation of ion‐exchange resins is discussed.
FOam separation of colloidal particulates: Rate studies
Authors: Grieves R. B. , Bhattacharyya D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experimental investigation is presented of the rate of foam separation of colloidal ferric oxide from aqueous suspension. A cationic surfactant in initial concentrations of from 0·05 to 0·13 mmole/1 is used with negatively charged ferric oxide at pH 10·8. An anionic surfactant in initial concentrations of from 0·03 to 0·10 mmole/1 is used with positively charged ferric oxide at pH 5·8. The initial concentrations of particulates are 2·38 and 1·67 mmole/1, as trivalent iron. The process involves variable volumes and a consideration of relative rates of adsorption and foam separation. The rates of removal of surfactant are directly proportional to the quantities of surfactant in the residual suspension and are independent of the quantities of particulates. The rates of removal of particles are directly proportional to the surfactant to particulate ratio in the residual suspension and are a power function of the quantity of particulates in the residual suspension. In one case, the initial surfactant concentration is significant. The relations obtained are accurate to about 15% for the surfactant removals and to about 24% for the particulate removals; these are reasonable considering process complexities.
Diffusion and mass transfer of ammonium and potassium chloride in aqueous solution
Authors: Nienow A. W. , Unahabhokha R. , Mullin J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDifferential diffusion coefficients of the systems KClH2O and NH4ClH2O have been measured at 20° by an interferometric technique, over a range of concentration up to saturation. Integral diffusivities have been calculated from these differential coefficients, and it is shown that the former are the preferred quantities to use in the standard mass transfer correlations.
Microbiological deterioration of rubbers and plastics
Authors: Heap Wendy M. , Morrell S. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of micro‐organisms on rubbers and plastics are reviewed, with reference to the chemical nature of the polymers and their possible additives. The confused and sometimes contradictory nature of the evidence is indicated, and it is concluded that both synthetic and naturally‐occurring polymers are attacked but it is not possible at this stage to say which chemical groups in each polymer are susceptible.
Precipitate flotation. III. Parameters of precipitate flotation of the first kind
Authors: Sheiham I. , Pinfold T. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrecipitates of strontium carbonate (10−3 mole litre−1) were floated using dodecylpyridinium chloride, hexadecylpyridinium bromide, hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride and a dialkyldimethylammonium chloride. Flotations were performed at a gas flow‐rate of 7 litre hour−1 for 3 minutes or 2 litre hour−1 for 20 minutes. Complete recoveries were possible by both methods, provided optimum concentrations of collector were used. If too little collector was present, redispersion of precipitate occurred because the foam formed was insufficient to support it. With too much collector, the precipitate was excluded from the bubbles and also became coated by a double layer of collector which gave a hydrophilic surface.Increase of temperature and of time allowed for precipitation, improved recoveries because of increased particle size. Flotations were not complete below 10−3 m unless the strontium carbonate was co‐precipitated in calcium carbonate, when 10−8 m could be recovered. Increased ionic strength reduced recoveries because it caused precipitation to be slower, attachment of collector to the precipitate to be less secure, flotation of the collector to be more rapid and foam drainage, and hence redispersion, to increase.
Mechanism for the anti‐redeposition action of sodium carboxy‐methyl cellulose with cotton. IV. Practical‐scale tests
Authors: Johnson G. A. , Foster F. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA variety of cotton articles—such as tea towels, hand towels, and sheets—and test cloths, both cambric and sheeting, have been washed in a ‘Hotpoint’ Empress washing machine in a heavy‐duty detergent product containing radioactive sodium carboxy‐methyl cellulose (SCMC). There was good agreement between the results of laboratory tests using small discs of fabric and results of the practical test. Even when the cotton fabrics had been pre‐washed up to 25 times in a product containing SCMC, some SCMC was still adsorbed (up to 40 μg/g of fabric) in each wash. It is suggested that in each wash some SCMC desorbs from the fabric and is replaced by SCMC adsorbed from solution.
Preparation of dialkoxyphosphinothioylthioacetamide insecticides
Authors: Carter P. L. , Lambie A. J. , Lane D. W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDialkoxyphosphinothioylthioacetamides may be prepared conveniently in good yields and high purity from the reaction between dialkoxyphosphinothioylthioacetic acetic anhydrides and the appropriate amine. The necessary mixed anhydrides were readily prepared under very mild conditions by allowing keten to react with a dialkoxyphosphinothioylthioacetic acid in acetone. The method was applied to the preparation of both dimethoxy‐ and diethoxyphosphinothioylthioacetic anhydrides. The former was then interacted with methylamine to yield N‐methyl dimethoxyphosphinothioylthioacetamide (dimethoate) or with morpholine to yield N‐(dimethoxyphosphinothioylthioacetyl) morpholine. The diethoxy compound was converted to diethoxyphosphinothioylthioacetamide with ammonia. An alternative approach via the acid halides was examined. For this purpose dimethoxyphosphinothioylthioacetyl chloride and diethoxyphosphinothioylthioacetyl chloride and fluoride were prepared. They could not be obtained pure. The alkaline hydrolysis rates of dimethoxy‐ and diethoxyphosphinothioylthioacetic acids were determined and the acid dissociation constant of the latter compound was obtained by two methods.
Persistence of bubbles on inorganic salt solutions
Authors: Bikerman J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe lifetime, t, of single bubbles on aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium sulphate, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride and two salt mixtures was determined. It was almost independent of the salt used, slightly increased with the concentration (e.g., 0·07, 0·09, 0·12 and 0·13 sec for 1·2, 3, 12 and 20% NaCl respectively and bubble diameters, d, between 0·007 and 0·19 cm), was not affected by d as long as this was between 0·002 and 0·06 cm, but was greater (1 sec) when d was 0·08–0·13 cm. The lifetime of mixtures exceeded that of the constituents. The absolute values of t were smaller than those recorded in the literature indicating the extreme sensitivity of bubble persistance to traces of impurities. The effect of d on t, so different from that in detergent solutions, is qualitatively explained.
Influence of amorphous Al(OH)3 on the hydration of tricalcium aluminate
Authors: de Jong J. G. M. , Stein H. N. , Stevels J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of amorphous Al(OH)3 on the hydration of tricalcium aluminate was investigated in pastes and in suspensions. In suspensions it was found that amorphous Al(OH)3 started to dissolve almost immediately, and a stage was passed in which most of the anions present in the aqueous phase were polymeric aluminate units. Paste hydration results could be understood by assuming that highly soluble amorphous Al(OH)3 dissolved and, by so doing, adjusted the concentrations in the aqueous phase so as to cause precipitation of some less soluble form of Al(OH)3, thereby retarding hydration.
Quantitative determination of uncombined MgO in portland cement clinker by X‐ray diffractometry
Authors: Rehsi S. S. , Majumdar A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA quantitative X‐ray diffractometric method using corundum (α‐Al2O3) as an external standard has been developed for estimating uncombined MgO in high‐magnesia cement clinkers. For these clinkers, separation of the silicate phases by selective hydrolysis is not necessary.The X‐ray method has provided results reproducible to ± 0·5% and it compares favourably with chemical methods. The non‐destructive nature of the test and its rapidity are the main advantages.
Electron‐activated cracking of gaseous hydrocarbons. II Further results with methane in anomalous glow‐discharges at reduced pressure
Authors: Hesp W. R. , Rigby D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the course of optimisation studies on the cracking of methane in anomalous glow‐discharges (50 Hz a.c., maximum potential 2000 V, maximum current 300 mA) at sub‐atmospheric pressures (20–270 torr), high yields (up to 80% per pass) of acetylene were obtained. The effects of pressure, contact time, reactor geometry, cooling of reactor wall, pre‐heating of reactant, and solid‐ and vapour‐phase catalysis, as well as the role and mode of decomposition reactions, have been investigated. Further evidence was obtained on the role of electron activation in these reactions. By optimisation of the reaction conditions, it proved possible to achieve a considerable reduction in the specific consumption of electrical energy.
Synthesis of acetic acid and acetone by oxidation of hexanes
Authors: Rouchaud J. , Lutete B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractN‐Hexane and 2,3‐dimethylbutane were oxidised separately and as a mixture, in the liquid phase by oxygen at 160°, under 25 atm. pressure and in the presence of 0·30 wt.‐% of manganese as the naphthenate. The variables of the reaction which influence the yield of acetic acid and acetone were studied. It has been shown that the co‐oxidation of a mixture of linear and branched hydrocarbons increases the yield of useful products, and the rate of oxidation. The effect of the molecular structure of the hydrocarbons in the co‐oxidation systems is briefly discussed in relation to the theory of the degenerately branched chain reactions.
Reverse osmosis applied to the recovery of water from aqueous salt solutions
Authors: Shor S. M. , Thodos G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA cellulose acetate membrane was applied to the study of reverse osmosis on aqueous solutions of LiCl, NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, SrCl2 and BaCl2. This membrane, 71 microns thick and having an effective diameter of 1 1/2 in. was mounted within a specially constructed cell, made of stainless steel and designed to withstand pressures up to 1500 psi. The cell consisted of two chambers, which were separated by the membrane, and a porous plate supporting it. Solutions of 0·05 N, for all of these salts, were used to establish the osmotic pressure of each solution, the water fluxes through the membrane, and the extent of salt rejection. These variables were also determined for NaCl normalities of 0·2 and 0·6. On a single pass basis, the salt rejections ranged from 76% for KCl up to 95% for CaCl2.The results are discussed in terms of the size of the hydrated cation. The water fluxes for all these solutions were found to be essentially the same and were independent of the type of salt. For solutions of 0·05 N, the water fluxes ranged from zero at the osmotic pressure up to about 44 × 10−5 g sec−1cm−2 (8·8 gal day−1ft−2) at 800 psi and 77°F. Also, for the 0·05 N‐NaCl solution, the temperature was varied from 77°F to 120°F. The results of this temperature study show that the extent of salt rejection remains essentially fixed, while the water flux at any given pressure at 120°F becomes nearly double that of 77°F.
Application of thermal analysis in investigations on calcium silicate bricks
Authors: Coldrey J. M. , Purton M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe principles of differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis are outlined and two examples of their application to autoclaved calcium silicate products are given. The proportions of calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate in samples can be estimated. Useful information on calcium hydrosilicate binding materials can be obtained in experiments where the number of variables is strictly controlled.
Radiometric studies of mercury loss from fungicidal paints. 1. Loss of phenyl mercuric acetate
Authors: Taylor C. G. , Tickle W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExposure tests have been made on paint films prepared from an emulsion paint containing phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA) labelled with 203Hg. Loss of mercury from the films has been followed radiometrically.Films exposed indoors in a confined space (no air circulation) showed little, if any, mercury loss for up to 8 months. Films exposed in the open laboratory lost from 20 to more than 60% of mercury after 250 days. This agrees qualitatively with the results of other workers on similar paints. At 50°, films lost mercury at rates about 10 times greater than those at ambient temperature.Films exposed out‐of‐doors lost the majority of their mercury after a few days of rain. Pre‐treatment of films, e.g. by u.v. radiation, had no effect on their subsequent outdoor behaviour. Even well‐dried films lost mercury at the same rate as newly applied films.Films with a low PMA content (0·02% Hg) lost mercury at a higher percentage rate than films with a high one (0·2% Hg). Thick films (0·002 in.) lost mercury at a lower rate than thin ones (0·001 in.). A mercury‐free top coat also reduced loss rate. All loss rates decreased with increasing time. These trends applied to all the exposure conditions studied.Mercury loss appears to be due to both volatilisation and dissolution of PMA and not to decomposition. The results indicate a non‐homogeneous distribution of PMA throughout the paint film, and a diffusion‐controlled process.
Radiometric studies of mercury loss from fungicidal paints. II. Comparison of three phenyl mercury compounds
Authors: Taylor C. G. , Tickle W. , Dwyer A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe fungicides, phenyl mercuric dodecyl succinate (PMS) and phenyl mercuric dimethyldithiocarbamate (PMDDC), have been prepared labelled with 203Hg. Comparative exposure tests have been carried out on emulsion paints each containing one of the labelled compounds phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA), PMS, or PMDDC.After 236 days of indoor exposure, approximate losses from films are 60 (PMA), 50 (PMS), and 20% (PMDDC). Relative losses from films of low‐Hg content (0·02%) are a few per cent higher than those from comparable films of high‐Hg content (0·2%).After 56 days of outdoor exposure, approximate losses are 95 (PMA), 90 (PMS), and 40% (PMDDC). PMS and PMDCC films of high‐Hg content show relative losses slightly higher than those of low‐Hg content; a behaviour opposite to that of PMA films. This may be due to the distribution of PMS or PMDDC through a paint film being less uniform than that of PMA. A correlation between mercury loss and rainfall is observed for all three fungicides.The loss rates from all films decrease with time during indoor exposure. Out‐of‐doors, this decrease becomes well defined only when a substantial portion of the fungicide has been removed by rain.The results indicate that in emulsion paint films, under the exposure conditions used in this work, PMS is retained slightly better than PMA, but that PMDDC is retained much better than either. The high retention of PMDDC is probably due to its low saturation vapour pressure and to its low solubility in water.The solubility of PMDDC in water at 20° has been determined radiometrically as 5·7 ppm.
Recovery of plutonium from non‐irradiated refractory plutonium and uranium‐plutonium oxides, nitrides and carbides
Authors: Maurice M. J. , Fischer J. , Kramer G. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the recovery of plutonium from high‐fired uranium‐plutonium oxides dissolution is the most critical step. It has been found that 100% solid solutions of uranium‐plutonium oxides are readily soluble in 14 m nitric acid. A procedure has been developed to convert any mixed oxide completely into a solid solution, so that dissolution is faster than the usual direct dissolution in nitric acid‐hydrofluoric acid. The use of the latter acid is thus avoided. Nitrides and carbides are oxidised to oxides which are subsequently dissolved in pure concentrated nitric acid. Detailed procedures are given.
Catalytic hydrogenolysis of saccharides. II. Formation of glycerol
Authors: van Ling G. , Vlugter J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe selectivity of the formation of glycerol from saccharides and hexitols by catalytic hydrogenolysis is determined by a number of reaction variables. Evaluation of the results of variations in operating conditions was effected by the use of the parameters: cleavage selectivity, hydrogenation selectivity, and cleavage percentage. There were strong indications that the cleavage selectivity was controlled by the molecular structure of the saccharide used, being considerably higher for a fructofuranose structure than for a pyranose one.The main reactions were cracking, isomerisation, acid formation, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and dehydration. Of these, cracking and hydrogenation reactions had the greatest influence on the glycerol yield. The choice of the catalyst is difficult, because of the conflicting demands for maximum hydrogenation selectivity and maximum cleavage percentage.