bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combinational Sensitization of Leishmania with Uroporphyrin and Aluminum Phthalocyanine Synergistically Enhances their Photodynamic Inactivation in vitro and in vivo†
Authors: Dutta Sujoy , Waki Kayoko , Chang Kwang Poo 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLeishmania were previously shown to undergo photolysis when their transgenic mutants were induced endogenously to accumulate cytoplasmic uroporphyrin or when loaded exogenously with aluminum phthalocyanine chloride. A combinational use of both is reported here, which renders Leishmania far more susceptible to photolysis. Fluorescence microscopy of cells loaded with the two photosensitizers localized them to different subcellular sites. Pre‐exposure of Leishmania to both synergistically sensitized them for photolysis as extracellular promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes in infected macrophages in vitro when illuminated at specific wavelengths to excite the respective photosensitizers for production of reactive oxygen species. Both Leishmania stages lost their viability completely when doubly photosensitized optimally and illuminated at low intensity, the host cells being left unscathed. Inoculation of mice with photoinactivated Leishmania produced no lesions, which invariably developed in the control groups during a period of observations for 8 weeks. Pretreatment of Leishmania with both photosensitizers rendered these cells susceptible to clearance from the ear dermis by white light illumination. The results suggest that double photosensitization for synergistic activity enhances the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy in general and for Leishmania in particular.
Geographical Variation in Residence and Risk of Multiple Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers in US Women and Men
Authors: Wei‐Passanese Erin X. , Han Jiali , Lin Wen , Li Tricia , Laden Francine , Qureshi Abrar A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractResidence in high ultraviolet (UV) locations is associated with increased risk for incident nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). However, the effect of geographic location on multiple NMSC development has not been well studied. We evaluated the association between state of residence at birth, age 15 and 30 and risk of multiple NMSCs among 80 275 women and men. After adjusting for age, gender, hair color, number of sunburns, tanning ability, family history of melanoma and nevus count, the cumulative relative risks (RRs) of developing ≥1 NMSC for those consistently residing in medium‐ and high‐UV index states were 1.20 (95% CI 1.14–1.27) and 1.42 (95% CI 1.32–1.53) respectively. We found that compared to individuals with one lifetime NMSC, the multivariate cumulative RRs of developing ≥2 NMSCs for those who stayed in medium‐ and high‐UV index states at all three timepoints were 1.09 (95% CI 1.00–1.19) and 1.15 (95% CI 1.02–1.30) respectively. These results cannot account for migration during the interval period and seasonal changes in residence; further, as BCC is the predominant NMSC, the results may be BCC‐driven. In conclusion, we found that consistent residence in medium‐ or high‐UVR locations was significantly associated an incremental risk of ≥2 NMSCs later in life.
Photochemically Generated Elemental Selenium Forms Conjugates with Serum Proteins That Are Preferentially Cytotoxic to Leukemia and Selected Solid Tumor Cells
Authors: Daziano Jean‐Pierre , Günther Wolfgang H.H. , Krieg Marianne , Tsujino Ichiro , Miyagi Kiyoko , Anderson Gregory S. , Sampson Reynée W. , Ostrowski Martin D. , Muir Sarah A. , Bula Raymond J. , Sieber Fritz 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine if and how photoproducts contribute to the antitumor effect of merocyanine‐mediated PDT. A panel of barbituric, thiobarbituric and selenobarbituric acid analogues of Merocyanine 540 was photobleached, and the resulting photoproducts were characterized by absorption, fluorescence emission, mass, energy dispersive X‐ray, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and tested for cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines and freshly explanted bone marrow cells. While all dyes were readily photobleached, only photoproducts of selone dyes showed cytotoxic activity. One‐hour incubations with micromolar concentrations of selone‐derived photoproducts were sufficient to reduce leukemia/lymphoma cells ≥10 000 fold, whereas preserving virtually all normal CD34‐positive bone marrow cells. Of six multidrug‐resistant tumor cell lines tested, five were as sensitive or more sensitive to photoproducts than the corresponding wild‐type lines. Physicochemical characterizations of the cytotoxic activity indicated that it consisted of conjugates of subnano particles of elemental selenium and (lipo)proteins. The discovery of cytotoxic Se‐protein conjugates provides a rare example of photoproducts contributing substantially to the antitumor effect of PDT and challenges the long‐held view that Se in oxidation state zero is biologically inert. Agents modeled after our Se‐protein conjugates may prove useful for the treatment of leukemia.
Xanthene Dyes Induce Membrane Permeabilization of Bacteria and Erythrocytes by Photoinactivation
Authors: Kato Hisato , Komagoe Keiko , Nakanishi Yuka , Inoue Tsuyoshi , Katsu Takashi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe analyzed the photoinactivation of the membrane functions of bacteria and erythrocytes induced by xanthene dyes. The dyes tested were rose bengal, phloxine B, erythrosine B and eosin B. These dyes induced the leakage of K+ from Staphylococcus aureus cells within minutes of photoirradiation, in the order of rose bengal > phloxine B > erythrosine B > eosin B. The ability of dyes to inhibit respiration was weak, except for rose bengal, and the dyes dissipated the membrane potential in similar time traces with changes in K+ permeability. The xanthene dyes also induced the leakage of K+ from bovine erythrocytes upon photoirradiation in the same order as that observed with bacteria. Furthermore, we found that the ability to cause the leakage of K+ from erythrocytes was associated with dye‐induced morphological changes, forming a crenated form from the normal discoid. These results are discussed in connection with the ability of xanthene dyes to generate singlet oxygen and bind to bacterial cells, and further compared with the actions of cationic porphyrins, which induced photoinactivation of bacteria through respiratory inhibition.
Approach and Avoidance Motives and Close Relationships
Authors: Gable Shelly L. , Impett Emily A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDespite the fact that humans have a deep motivation to pursue and maintain close relationships, little research has examined social relationships from a motivational perspective. In the current paper, we argue that any model of close relationships must simultaneously account for people’s tendencies to both approach incentives and avoid threats in close relationships. To that end, we review research stemming from Gable’s (2006) social and relationship model of motivation on both the antecedents and the consequences of approach and avoidance goal pursuit in the context of close relationships. We conclude with recommendations for future research in this area.
Social Relationships and Mortality
Authors: Holt‐Lunstad Julianne , Smith Timothy B. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSocial relationships benefit not only mental health but also physical health. This review addresses the following questions: (1) What is the overall magnitude of the effect of social relationships on risk for premature death? (2) How generalized is the effect and are there factors known to influence this association? (3) What are the likely pathways by which social relationships influence longevity? The article concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for potential interventions aimed at reducing risk for mortality.
Is Good Sex Good for You? Rethinking Sexuality and Health
Authors: Diamond Lisa M. , Huebner David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDespite the central importance of sexuality to human well‐being, the study of sexuality remains marginalized within health psychology, which hampers the ability of clinicians and policy‐makers to promote comprehensive health and well‐being. In this review we discuss the evidence that sexual functioning makes critical contributions to human health, focusing specifically on findings linking sexual activity to morbidity and mortality, to the health‐promoting effects of intimate relationships, and to processes of emotion regulation. We argue that researchers studying the psychology of health and well‐being should more substantively integrate sexuality into their research agendas. Health psychologists’ specific expertise in investigating and interpreting complex, reciprocal associations between subjective emotional states, health‐relevant cognitions, and health‐relevant behavior can make a notable contribution to elucidating some of the most intruiging correlations between sexuality and health that have emerged from medical and epidemiological studies. If we want to foster optimum physical and mental health among youths and adults, we must rigorously investigate the multiple mechanisms through which positive sexual functioning plays a unique and fundamental role in human well‐being across the life course.
Group Dynamics in Physical Activity Promotion: What works?
Authors: Estabrooks Paul A. , Harden Samantha M. , Burke Shauna M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOver the past 20 years group dynamics‐based interventions have been used to successfully increase physical activity. However, the literature is less clear on the underlying mechanisms of effectiveness. That is, what makes these group dynamics interventions work? We conducted a systematic review to identify studies that used different group dynamics strategies to promote physical activity. Seventeen studies were identified and were coded by two raters to determine the degree to which group dynamics strategies were used, the format of the programs, and any analytic procedures used to determine the causal mechanisms underlying intervention effectiveness. The results of the coding indicated that while there is no standard package of group dynamics strategies being applied across the literature‐ and regardless of the breadth of the underlying theory or the structure of the programs‐ the effect on physical activity is robust. However, few studies explicitly measured potential causal mechanisms and even fewer completed the necessary analysis to detect mediation. We concluded that future research on developing a unified theory for group dynamics with appropriate measurement tools is necessary to further enhance the effects of group dynamics on physical activity promotion.
Social Class and Parenting: Classic Debates and New Understandings
Authors: Sherman Jennifer , Harris Elizabeth 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMany scholars pinpoint the family as one of the most important loci of class differences and see parenting in particular as a mechanism for the reinforcement and reproduction of class variation. In this article, the authors explore the role of educational background, occupations, family resources, state surveillance, and culture in explaining how and why parenting practices vary by class backgrounds. The article reviews research that focuses on class‐based cultural norms and values, as well as research that argues that structural conditions and access to resources are more important than culture in influencing parenting norms, beliefs, and outcomes. The authors then discuss recent research that suggests that rather than seeing culture and structure as dichotomous, in fact, culture and structure are intertwined and it is through seeing them as mutually reinforcing factors that we can best make sense of class‐related parenting differences.
Experiencing Homelessness: A Review of Recent Literature
Authors: Meanwell Emily 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHomelessness holds a longstanding place on the sociological research agenda, and has become particularly prominent in sociological literature since the 1980s. Recent literature reviews have summarized this research, but have only briefly considered the body of work focused on theexperienceof homelessness. I use this literature review to provide a more complete summary of this work on the daily lives, activities, subcultures, social relationships and networks, and social interactions of homeless individuals. I then explore variations in these experiences across important characteristics – such as gender, race and ethnicity, family status, and sexual orientation – as well as within three particular contexts that have been studied by sociologists: the streets, shelters and other service organizations, and social movements and collective action. I also consider how the homeless encounter and manage stigma and salvage the self. In addition to reviewing this literature, I consider how this work contributes to sociological understandings more broadly, and potential future research directions.
Unauthorized Migrants and the (Il)Logic of “Crime Control”: A Human Rights Perspective on US Federal and Local State Immigration Policies
Authors: Gunkel Steven E. , González Wahl Ana‐María 
Published: January 2012

AbstractImmigration control, widely regarded the sovereign right of nation states, has often been pursued at the expense of civil and human rights. More than a century ago, nativists legitimated a punitive approach to immigration control that treated migrants’ rights as secondary by branding millions of newcomers to the United States as a “dangerous class”. In many ways, recent policies similarly criminalize immigrants and deploy crime control strategies in response. This article reviews the most significant of these policies at the federal and local state level, including: border security measures, detention and deportation, the 287(g) program, anti‐immigrant city ordinances, and the Arizona law (SB1070). Each initiative has been framed as necessary to protect American citizens from serious crime. We focus on four ways in which these policies violate human rights: first, border security measures that result in migrant deaths violate the right to life; second, detention and deportation violate the right to liberty; third, detention and deportation punish unlawful residents as though they were guilty of criminal rather than civil violations of the law, imposing penalties that are arbitrary and disproportionately harsh; and fourth, local state policies to counter illegal immigration encourage racial profiling, a practice that violates the right to freedom from discrimination.
Sexuality Education in the United States: Shared Cultural Ideas across a Political Divide
Authors: Fields Jessica 
Published: January 2012

Abstract“Sexuality education”– broadly defined as teaching and learning about a range of issues related to puberty, sexuality, and relationships – occurs all day every day, formally and informally, intentionally and unintentionally. Nevertheless, adults organize policy and instruction for young people around a constrained set of concerns: first, that the sexuality education youth receive does not help them navigate an increasingly sexualized and dangerous world and, second, that the lessons are themselves damaging, exacerbating the risks youth and children already face. I discuss sexuality education’s entanglement with these conventional cultural ideas about youth, sexuality, and education. I consider the ways that abstinence‐only and comprehensive school‐based sexuality education rest on a series of a discursive framings, including a commitment to regulating sexuality and youth, a contemporary “moral panic” that renders all talk about youth and sexuality provocative, and normative and instrumental conceptions of teaching and learning about sexuality. I conclude by discussing the implications of these discursive framings for classroom practice and imagining an alternative model in which sexuality education might embrace ambiguity and ambivalence as a necessary and even welcome condition of young people’s sexuality and education.
Weathering Risk: Uncertainty, Weather Forecasting, and Expertise
Authors: Daipha Phaedra 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBridging the sociology of uncertainty and weather, this review paper provides a sociological examination of the weather forecasting enterprise in order to illustrate how expert decision makers negotiate high uncertainty. It begins with an outline of the literature on uncertainty and risk, particularly as it regards the modern experience. It then fleshes out and expands the discussion through an examination of weather forecasting practice. The final section reprises the theme of expert decision making under uncertainty, this time focusing on the communication of risk and uncertainty, and it concludes with a few thoughts on the future of the field.
Bordetella bronchiseptica in a Paediatric Cystic Fibrosis Patient: Possible Transmission from a Household Cat
Authors: Register K. B. , Sukumar N. , Palavecino E. L. , Rubin B. K. , Deora R. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBordetella bronchiseptica is a zoonotic respiratory pathogen commonly found in domesticated farm and companion animals, including dogs and cats. Here, we report isolation of B. bronchiseptica from a sputum sample of a cystic fibrosis patient recently exposed to a kitten with an acute respiratory illness. Genetic characterization of the isolate and comparison with other isolates of human or feline origin strongly suggest that the kitten was the source of infection.
Effect of Ribavirin on Junin Virus Infection in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Salazar M. , Yun N. E. , Poussard A. L. , Smith J. N. , Smith J. K. , Kolokoltsova O. A. , Patterson M. J. , Linde J. , Paessler S. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryJunin virus (JUNV) is the aetiological agent of Argentine haemorrhagic fever. The pathogenesis of the infection is not well understood, no licensed vaccines exist and no specific antiviral therapy is available. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of ribavirin to delay and reduce JUNV disease and virus burden in guinea pigs without preventing death. Based on available data, we performed three different studies to determine the efficacy of ribavirin against JUNV in the guinea pig model with a focus on survival. Different doses and treatment schedules of ribavirin were tested in a lethal model of JUNV infection. Our results show that prolonged treatment with high doses of ribavirin significantly reduces the mortality in guinea pigs infected with JUNV. These results may be useful in future experimental studies or clinical testing.
A Longitudinal Look at Attitudes and Perceptions Related to the Integration of Mathematics, Science, and Technology Education
Authors: Berlin Donna F. , White Arthur L. 
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study is to provide an in‐depth analysis of attitudes and perceptions related to the integration of mathematics, science, and technology education of preservice teachers preparing to teach STEM disciplines. Longitudinal data by individual cohort and across 7 years of the Integrated Mathematics, Science, and Technology (MSAT) Program are reported, analyzed, and interpreted to help design and improve preservice teacher education programs and improve teaching and learning in STEM classrooms. Results of quantitative analyses indicate that there was generally no change in preservice teacher attitudes and perceptions related to the value of the integration of mathematics, science, and technology education—they clearly valued integration at the onset and at the completion of the program. However, there was a significant change in preservice teacher attitudes and perceptions related to integration feasibility in terms of inefficiency and difficulty.Implications for teacher education programs include: (a) more exposure to concepts, processes, and skills in STEM that are similar, analogous, complementary, or synergistic; (b) familiarity with instructional strategies and access to resources; (c) deeper understanding of content across STEM; and (d) strategies for collaboration and team work to make integrated instruction time more efficient and less difficult to manage.
Morningness‐eveningness and educational outcomes: the lark has an advantage over the owl at high school
Authors: Preckel Franzis , Lipnevich Anastasiya A. , Boehme Katharina , Brandner Lena , Georgi Karsten , Könen Tanja , Mursin Katharina , Roberts Richard D. 
Published: January 2012

Background.Chronotype refers to individuals’ preference for morning or evening activities. Its two dimensions (morningness and eveningness) are related to a number of academic outcomes.Aims.The main goal of the study was to investigate the incremental validity of chronotype as a predictor of academic achievement after controlling for a number of traditional predictors. In so doing, a further aim was ongoing validation of a chronotype questionnaire, the Lark‐Owl Chronotype Indicator.Sample.The sample comprised 272 students attending 9th and 10th grades at five German high schools. Data was also obtained from 132 parents of these students.Method.Students were assessed in class via self‐report questionnaires and a standardized cognitive test. Parents filled out a questionnaire at home. The incremental validity of chronotype was investigated using hierarchical linear regression. Validity of the chronotype questionnaire was assessed by correlating student ratings of their chronotype with behavioural data on sleep, food intake, and drug consumption and with parent ratings of chronotype.Results.Eveningness was a significant (negative) predictor of overall grade point average (GPA), math–science GPA, and language GPA, after cognitive ability, conscientiousness, need for cognition, achievement motivation, and gender were held constant. Validity evidence for the chronotype measure was established by significant correlations with parent‐ratings and behavioural data.Conclusions.Results point to the possible discrimination of adolescents with a proclivity towards eveningness at school. Possible explanations for the relationship between chronotype and academic achievement are presented. Implications for educational practice are also discussed.
Improving hand hygiene in a paediatric hospital: a multimodal quality improvement approach
Authors: Jamal Ahmed , O'Grady G , Harnett E , Dalton D , Andresen D 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundEffective hand hygiene has long been recognised as an important way to reduce the transmission of bacterial and viral pathogens in healthcare settings. However, many studies have shown that adherence to hand hygiene remains low, and improvement efforts have often not delivered sustainable results. The Children's Hospital at Westmead is the largest tertiary paediatric hospital in Sydney, Australia. The hospital participated in a state-wide ‘Clean hands save lives’ campaign which was initiated in 2006.InterventionStrong leadership, good stakeholder engagement, readily accessible alcohol-based hand rub at the point of patient care, a multifaceted education programme, monitoring of staff, adherence to recommended hand hygiene practices and contemporaneous feedback of performance data have significantly improved and maintained compliance with hand hygiene.ResultsHand hygiene compliance has increased from 23% in 2006 to 87% in 2011 (p<0.001). Sustained improvement in compliance with hand hygiene has been evident in the last 4 years. A decline in a set of hospital-acquired infections (including rotavirus, multiresistant organism transmission, and nosocomial bacteraemia) has also been noted as hand hygiene rates have improved. Monthly usage of alcohol-based hand rub has increased from 16 litres/1000 bed days to 51 litres/1000 bed days during this same period.ConclusionThis project has delivered sustained improvement in hand hygiene compliance by establishing a framework of multimodal evidence-based strategies.