bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xanthophylls are key constituents of semi‐synthetic diets for continuous breeding of Pieris brassicae without food plant
Authors: Kayser H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSemi‐synthetic or fully artificial diets are well established in culturing laboratory insects on a large scale. In Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), a published semi‐synthetic diet supplemented with sinigrin, a chemical label of cruciferous plants, is well accepted by the larvae but the adults fail to produce offspring; continuous breeding, therefore, requires the addition of cabbage powder to the diet. We set out to identify essential substances to eliminate the need for cabbage in our long‐term mass culture. The studies revealed that the dietary difference, which becomes most evident at the adult stage only, is because of a severe lack of carotenoids in the cabbage‐free version. This was uncovered in larvae, fed cabbage‐supplemented diet, that respond to blue light of sufficient intensity by high cuticle melanization on pupation; larvae fed the carotenoid‐deficient sinigrin‐supplemented diet fail to respond in this way. Males were found to be more sensitive than females to blue light in this respect. The essential substance mediating this photo response was found to be lutein and/or zeaxanthin, two abundant xanthophylls of green leaves. β‐Carotene was only marginally active. These xanthophylls are known to serve as precursors to the synthesis of 3‐hydroxyretinal, the exclusive visual chromophore of lepidopteran insects; retinal, derived from β‐carotene, is not (substantially) used by these insects. In conclusion, the absence of flying and mating activity in the adults from the sinigrin diet may indicate visual deficiency owing to a lack of a specific structural class of carotenoids in the larval food. Our results enabled us to formulate a semi‐synthetic diet that allows continuous mass rearing of P. brassicae without cabbage at any stage including oviposition. In addition to the key constituents sinigrin and xanthophylls, this superior diet includes tryptophan, as methyl ester, and α‐tocopherol.
Separation of fluorescence‐labelled terminal restriction fragment DNA on a two‐dimensional gel (T‐RFs‐2D) – an efficient approach for microbial consortium characterization
Authors: Wang Shanquan , He Jianzhong 
Published: August 2011

SummaryFingerprinting techniques provide access to understanding the ecology of uncultured microbial consortia. However, the application of current techniques such as terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) has been hindered due to their limitations in characterizing complex microbial communities. This is due to that different populations possibly share the same terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) and DNA fragments may co‐migrate on DGGE gels. To overcome these limitations, a new approach was developed to separate terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) of 16S rRNA genes on a two‐dimensional gel (T‐RFs‐2D). T‐RFs‐2D involves restriction digestion of terminal fluorescence‐labelled PCR amplified 16S rRNA gene products and their high‐resolution separation via a two‐dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis based on the T‐RF fragment size (1st D) and its sequence composition on the denaturing gradient gel (2nd D). The sequence information of interested T‐RFs on 2D gels can be obtained through serial poly(A) tailing reaction, PCR amplification and subsequent DNA sequencing. By employing the T‐RFs‐2D method, bacteria with MspI digested T‐RF size of 436 (±1) bp and 514 (±1) bp were identified to be a Lysobacter sp. and a Dehalococcoides sp. in a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) dechlorinating culture. With the high resolution of 2D separation, T‐RFs‐2D separated 63 DNA fragments in a complex river‐sediment microbial community, while traditional DGGE detected only 41 DNA fragments in the same sample. In all, T‐RFs‐2D has its advantage in obtaining sequence information of interested T‐RFs and also in characterization of complex microbial communities.
Eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in two rabbits
Authors: Grinninger Petra , Sanchez Rick , Kraijer‐Huver Ingrid M. G. , Kitslaar Willem‐Jan P. , Schoemaker Nico J. , Grinwis Guy C. M. , Boevé Michael H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this case report is to describe the clinical course and cytologic findings, treatment, and outcome of eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis in two rabbits. Ophthalmic examination revealed ocular discharge, dacryocystitis, blepharitis, conjunctivitis, white conjunctival and corneal plaques, corneal vascularization, and stromal infiltration with different degrees of severity in each case. In case 2 there was also ulcerative disease of the cornea. Computerized tomography scan of the head, corneal biopsy for histopathologic examination with additional Luna and Giemsa stain were performed in case 2 and conjunctival as well as corneal specimens were obtained for bacteriologic culture and cytologic examination in case 1. Based on test results, a diagnosis of eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis was made in case 2 and a tentative diagnosis of eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis was made in case 1. Response to treatment with a topical steroid and topical cyclosporin was supportive of the diagnosis in both cases and shared many similarities with the response to treatment previously described in cats. Eosinophilic keratitis should be considered as part of a differential diagnosis list in rabbits with a history of keratitis.
Aqueous humor vascular endothelial growth factor in dogs: association with intraocular disease and the development of pre‐iridal fibrovascular membrane
Authors: Sandberg Christina A. , Herring Ian P. , Huckle William R. , LeRoith Tanya , Pickett J. Phillip , Rossmeisl John H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective  To examine the concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in aqueous humor of dogs with intraocular disease and to evaluate the association of aqueous humor VEGF with pre‐iridal fibrovascular membrane (PIFM) formation.Procedures  Two hundred and twenty six aqueous humor samples and 101 plasma samples were collected from 178 dogs with a variety of intraocular diseases (including cataract, primary glaucoma, uveitic glaucoma, aphakic/pseudophakic glaucoma, retinal detachment, lens luxation, and intraocular neoplasia), and aqueous humor was collected from 13 ophthalmically normal control dogs. Systemic disease status and administration of select medications were recorded. Aqueous and plasma VEGF was assayed via enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay validated for canine VEGF. Available histopathology samples were examined for the presence of PIFM. Where present, PIFMs were categorized as none, cellular, vascular or fibrous, and fibrovascular. Data were evaluated by mixed model anova, with application of Tukey–Kramer adjustment for multiple comparisons.Results  There was no association between aqueous humor and plasma VEGF levels. Compared with normal controls, aqueous humor VEGF was significantly elevated for all intraocular diseases (P < 0.05) except for primary and diabetic cataracts. Systemic disease and administered medications had no significant effect on aqueous humor VEGF concentration. Compared to dogs without PIFM, aqueous humor VEGF was significantly higher in dogs with fibrovascular PIFM (P = 0.001), but not cellular (P = 0.1704) or fibrous/vascular PIFM (P = 0.0667).Conclusions  These findings confirm that VEGF is commonly elevated in aqueous humor of dogs with intraocular disease and likely plays a role in the causation or progression of a variety of intraocular disorders, including the development of PIFM.
Ectopic brain tissue in the retina of a beagle dog: a case report and literature review
Authors: Allavena Rachel E. , Phillips Keli , Andrews Marcus H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIsolated ectopic brain tissue within the orbit is an extremely rare finding and has never been reported in dogs or other domestic species. In this case, a focal choristoma of ectopic grey matter‐like tissue was present within the retina of a mature female beagle dog, and consisted of neurons and astrocytes as demonstrated respectively by microtubule‐associated protein 2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. The lesion was located within the optic fundus adjacent to the optic disk and surrounded by dysplastic retina. The case is presented with a review of literature on this rare entity.
A portable, contact animal fundus imaging system based on Rol’s GRIN lenses
Authors: Hernandez Victor , Albini Thomas , Lee William , Rowaan Cornelis , Nankivil Derek , Arrieta Esdras , Parel Jean‐Marie 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective  To demonstrate a cost‐effective, portable, and simple‐to‐use fundus imaging system for laboratory animals.Animals Studied  Albino rats, pigmented mice, albino guinea pigs, and New Zealand white rabbits.Procedure  A contact fundus imaging system was designed and constructed using standard optical and mechanical components: a digital camera, an otoscope, a fiber optic light source, and standard optical lenses and mounts. Digital fundus video and photography of two albino rats, two pigmented mice, two New Zealand white rabbits, and two albino guinea pigs were obtained. For all animals examined, pupils were dilated and local anesthetic was administered.Results  Digital images of the fundus were obtained in all animals. Contrast of retinal vasculature and overall image quality varied from one species to another, as the axial length, ocular optics, and retinal reflectance varied significantly across species. Light intensity and focus were optimized via the light source and lens focusing mount to produce high‐quality images for each animal.Conclusions  The portable, cost‐effective contact fundus imaging system was easy to use for fundus examination of laboratory animals.
Risk of injury from alcohol and drug use in the emergency department: A case‐crossover study
Authors: CHERPITEL CHERYL J. , YE YU , WATTERS KATIE , BRUBACHER JEFFREY R. , STENSTROM ROB 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. A substantial literature exists demonstrating the risk of injury from alcohol, but less is known about the association of alcohol in combination with other drugs and injury. This study examined the risk of injury associated with alcohol and drug use prior to the event.Design and Methods. Case‐crossover analysis was used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of injury due to alcohol use alone, compared with alcohol in combination with other drug use in a sample of emergency department injured patients from two sites in Vancouver, British Columbia (n = 443). Alcohol and drug use in the 6 h prior to injury was compared with the patient's use of these substances during the same 6 h period the day prior and the week prior to injury.Results. Using multiple matching for the two control time periods, RR of injury was significantly related to both alcohol use (RR = 3.3) and to alcohol combined with drug use (RR = 3.0), but not to drug use alone. Effect modification was found only for age for alcohol combined with drug use, with a significant increase in injury risk (P = 0.087) for those over 30.Discussion and Conclusion. While a similar elevated risk of injury was found for alcohol use alone and alcohol used with other drugs, the literature suggests that alcohol in combination with some drugs may be potentially more risky for injury occurrence. Findings suggest the need for future research on risk of injury for specific alcohol and drug combinations.[Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y, Watters K, Brubacher JR, Stenstrom R. Risk of injury from alcohol and drug use in the emergency department: A case‐crossover study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:431–438]
Differential N‐glycosylation of a monoclonal antibody expressed in tobacco leaves with and without endoplasmic reticulum retention signal apparently induces similar in vivo stability in mice
Authors: Triguero Ada , Cabrera Gleysin , Rodríguez Meilyn , Soto Jeny , Zamora Yasser , Pérez Marlene , Wormald Mark R. , Cremata José A. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryPlant cells are able to perform most of the post‐translational modifications that are required by recombinant proteins to achieve adequate bioactivity and pharmacokinetics. However, regarding N‐glycosylation the processing of plant N‐glycans in the Golgi apparatus displays major differences when compared with that of mammalian cells. These differences in N‐glycosylation are expected to influence serum clearance rate of plant‐derived monoclonal antibodies. The monoclonal antibody against the hepatitis B virus surface antigen expressed in Nicotiana tabacum leaves without KDEL endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal (CB.Hep1(−)KDEL) and with a KDEL (Lys‐Asp‐Glu‐Leu) fused to both IgG light and heavy chains (CB.Hep1(+)KDEL) were tested for in vivo stability in mice. Full characterization of N‐glycosylation and aggregate formation in each monoclonal antibody batch was determined. The mouse counterpart (CB.Hep1) was used as control. Both (CB.Hep1(−)KDEL) and (CB.Hep1(+)KDEL) showed a faster initial clearance rate (first 24 h) compared with the analogous murine antibody while the terminal phase was similar in the three antibodies. Despite the differences between CB.Hep1(+)KDEL and CB.Hep1(−)KDEL N‐glycans, the in vivo elimination in mice was indistinguishable from each other and higher than the murine monoclonal antibody. Molecular modelling confirmed that N‐glycans linked to plantibodies were oriented away from the interdomain region, increasing the accessibility of the potential glycan epitopes by glycoprotein receptors that might be responsible for the difference in stability of these molecules.
Apoptosis‐related genes confer resistance to Fusarium wilt in transgenic ‘Lady Finger’ bananas
Authors: Paul Jean‐Yves , Becker Douglas K. , Dickman Martin B. , Harding Robert M. , Khanna Harjeet K. , Dale James L. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryFusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is one of the most devastating diseases of banana (Musa spp.). Apart from resistant cultivars, there are no effective control measures for the disease. We investigated whether the transgenic expression of apoptosis‐inhibition‐related genes in banana could be used to confer disease resistance. Embryogenic cell suspensions of the banana cultivar, ‘Lady Finger’, were stably transformed with animal genes that negatively regulate apoptosis, namely Bcl‐xL, Ced‐9 and Bcl‐2 3′ UTR, and independently transformed plant lines were regenerated for testing. Following a 12‐week exposure to Foc race 1 in small‐plant glasshouse bioassays, seven transgenic lines (2 × Bcl‐xL, 3 × Ced‐9 and 2 × Bcl‐2 3′ UTR) showed significantly less internal and external disease symptoms than the wild‐type susceptible ‘Lady Finger’ banana plants used as positive controls. Of these, one Bcl‐2 3′ UTR line showed resistance that was equivalent to that of wild‐type Cavendish bananas that were included as resistant negative controls. Further, the resistance of this line continued for 23‐week postinoculation at which time the experiment was terminated. Using TUNEL assays, Foc race 1 was shown to induce apoptosis‐like features in the roots of wild‐type ‘Lady Finger’ plants consistent with a necrotrophic phase in the life cycle of this pathogen. This was further supported by the observed reduction in these effects in the roots of the resistant Bcl‐2 3′ UTR‐transgenic line. This is the first report on the generation of transgenic banana plants with resistance to Fusarium wilt.
Multi‐Level Democracy
Authors: MÖLLERS CHRISTOPH 
Published: August 2011

AbstractModern democratic polities regularly operate at several political levels. In the case of the EU at the level of the member‐states and the EU itself, and in addition at federal, regional, and municipal levels. Is there any democratic rule to determine which level is more legitimate than the others? The article argues that from a majoritarian perspective there is none. Individual citizens may have quite different preferences with regard to the level that is of particular political importance for them. The article critically analyses different concepts, from sovereignty to demos, subsidiarity, and the judicial review of competences, and tries to show that none of them can provide a solution to the dilemma. Instead, democratic theory has to assume that in the co‐evolutionary process of institutions and societies at different political levels, the question of the final say has to be left open.
Comparisons: colonial or cosmopolitan?
Authors: Robinson Jennifer 
Published: August 2011

Editors' Note: The following is the ninth in the Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography Lecture Series. It is based on the plenary presentation of 3 September at the Annual Conference of the Royal Geography Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) held in London in 2010.In the search for a more international approach to theorizing cities, comparative methods hold considerable promise, although one concern might be that in their theoretical ambitions they foster a universalising approach rather than one appreciative of diverse and sometimes divergent urban experiences. The potentially universalizing ambitions of comparative methods lead some postcolonial theorists to question the extent to which comparativism carries the marks of colonial histories. Critics argue that some aspects of formal comparative methods can be traced to ambitious and geographically encompassing intellectual projects from the colonial era, when the interest and capacity to bring different parts of the world together within the same intellectual frame advanced significantly. This paper explores the complexities of these colonial lineages of comparative research with a view to assessing their implications for postcolonial comparative urbanism. It concludes by assessing the potential for more modest comparative experiments in a postcolonial vein through attending to the diverse vernacular cosmopolitanisms of cities. Following the spatialities of cities themselves has the potential to offer non‐universalizing but variously internationalizing theoretical engagements with different places.
Clinical and prognostic reports from 270 patients with multiple primary melanomas: a 34‐year single‐institution study
Authors: Savoia P. , Osella‐Abate S. , Deboli T. , Marenco F. , Stroppiana E. , Novelli M. , Fierro M.T. , Bernengo M.G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackground  Development of more than one primary melanoma in a sole patient is frequent, accounting for 1.2–8.2% of melanoma patients in most recent series.Objective and methods  Clinical, histological and epidemiological characteristics of 270 multiple primary melanomas patients were reviewed.Results  Two‐hundred and seven patients (76.7%) had two melanomas, whereas in the remaining 63 the number of primary ranged from three to eight; on the whole, 639 multiple primary melanomas were identified. Synchronous melanomas developed more frequently in patients with three or more lesions; median age was significantly lower in the group of patients with more than three melanomas than in the others. Mean Breslow’s thickness significantly decreases (P < 0.001) from the first (1.77 ± 1.76 mm) to subsequent primaries (0.85 ± 1.25 mm for the second and 0.66 ± 0.48 mm for the third melanoma). Percentage of ‘in situ’ melanomas was 5.6% as first diagnosis, but increased to 24.8% for the second melanoma; number of nodular melanomas was significantly lower for succeeding diagnosis. AJCC stage at diagnosis showed a statistical prognostic significance, whereas outcome and survival did not depend on the number of primary lesions. Multivariate analysis confirmed the prognostic role of Breslow’s thickness, ulceration, gender and patient age, and the better prognosis of patients with multiple melanomas, respect to those with single primary melanoma.Conclusions  Skin examination and long‐term follow‐up are mandatory for patients affected by melanoma, with the intent to promptly diagnose not only a disease progression but also possible new primary melanomas.
The predictive value of low heart rate and heart rate variability during stress for reoffending in delinquent male adolescents
Authors: De Vries‐Bouw Marjan , Popma Arne , Vermeiren Robert , Doreleijers Theo A. H. , Van De Ven Peter M. , Jansen Lucres M. C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLow autonomic (re)activity is a consistent correlate of antisocial behavior in juveniles. However, longitudinal research relating autonomic measures to persistent antisocial behavior has remained scarce. Therefore, in the present study we examined the predictive value of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV, often studied as respiratory sinus arrhythmia) for reoffending in delinquent male adolescents. At initial assessment, HR and HRV were measured at rest and in response to a public speaking task. Registered reoffending was assessed after 5‐year follow‐up. Attenuated HR response and stronger HRV response to stress predicted higher reoffending rates. Results provide evidence that HR/HRV reactivity are neurobiological markers for persistent juvenile antisocial behavior. Although effect sizes were small to moderate, our findings underscore the consistency of the relationship between autonomic markers and antisocial behavior.
Factors that influence the consumption of food outside the home in Brazil
Authors: de Rezende Daniel Carvalho , de Avelar Ana Elisa Stacanelli 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe food sector has taken on an unprecedented dynamism in recent years. The processing and distribution of food, although heavily influenced by tradition, have seen intensive innovations, leading to changes in the way individuals consume. One of these changes is the consistent growth of the habit of eating outside the home. Consuming food outside the home involves a number of practices such as eating at commercial establishments that specialize in food (restaurants, fast food restaurants and snack bars) and those that offer food as a part of their services (hotels, in‐flight meals), and non‐commercial alternatives such as the homes of family and friends. In order to describe the eating habits of consumers in the town of Lavras in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, especially when it comes to eating outside the home, a quantitative study was conducted, with 413 questionnaires being distributed by convenience sampling. Among the main results are: (a) a search for variety as a motivator for eating outside the home; (b) convenience as an important element on many occasions of consumption; (c) more intensive consumption and more favourable attitudes towards eating out on the part of younger people, people with higher incomes, no children and a higher degree of schooling; (d) importance of paying for food by the kilo. When compared with a study conducted in England, important similarities were identified in socio‐demographic influences, although the cultural factors are notable when it comes to dishes and the types of eating establishment. The growing habit of eating out has therefore become a worldwide phenomenon, but with cultural and regional differences that have led to different rhythms in terms of change and the way food is supplied. The recovery of embedded cultural habits, with increased value being given to slow food, traditional dishes and tradition itself, appears to co‐exist with a productivity model of food courts, pasteurization and accessible prices. The occasion for consumption, which may be understood as the dichotomies of ‘weekday versus weekend’ or ‘convenience versus leisure’, is an important element that influences consumer behaviours. The undertaking of a cross‐cultural comparative study can be seen as an important step in this field of research.