bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative, global and transnational constitutionalism: The emergence of a transnational legal-pluralist order
Authors: ZUMBANSEN PEER 
Published: March 2012

AbstractComparative lawyers have for more than a century sought to increase the understanding of ‘foreign’ legal orders and regulatory systems. Despite some never fully resolved methodological questions, great advances have been made in the comparative study of different regulatory areas both in ‘private’ (contract, tort, corporate, labour) and ‘public’ law (administrative law, environmental law). Comparative constitutional law [CCL] has emerged as a field with particular significance. Born in the context of a politically extremely divided world after the Second World War, CCL has undergone tremendous change in an economically fast-integrating world since the late 1980s. The distinction between ‘liberal’ and ‘socialist’ constitutional orders that characterized early monographical treatments of the subjects has since given way to a very incoherent landscape ofvarieties of constitutionalism, with enormous consequences for the task of comparative constitutional law. Rather than being able to set side-by-side distinct doctrinal instruments or legal principles that can be associated with a particular constitutional system, the emerging transnational legal-pluralist order demands a methodologically radically opened and methodologically interdisciplinary approach to capture the dynamics of constitutionalization, which characterize today’s processes of public-private norm creation and diffusion.
Complexity of the Mw 6.3 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake: 2. Broadband strong motion modeling
Authors: Ameri G. , Gallovič F. , Pacor F. 
Published: March 2012

Near‐fault strong‐ground motions (0.1–10 Hz) recorded during the Mw 6.3 2009 L'Aquila earthquake exhibit great spatial variability. Modeling the observed seismograms allows linking distinct features of the observed wavefield to particular source and propagation effects and provides insights on strong motion complexity from this moderate magnitude event. We utilize a hybrid integral‐composite approach based on a k‐square kinematic rupture model, combining low‐frequency coherent and high‐frequency incoherent source radiation and providing omega‐squared source spectral decay. Several source model features, proven to be stable by means of an uncertainty analysis in the preceding low‐frequency (<0.2 Hz) multiple finite‐extent source inversion (Paper 1), were constrained. Synthetic Green's functions are calculated in a 1D‐layered crustal model including 1D soil profiles to account for site‐specific response (where available). The results show that although the local site effects improve the modeling, the spatial broadband ground‐motion variability is to large extent controlled by the rupture kinematics. The modeling thus confirms and further constraints the source model features, including the position and slip amount of the two main asperities, the largest asperity time delay and the rupture velocity distribution on the fault. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the crossover frequency dividing the coherent and incoherent wavefield, often considered independent on the station position, has to be variable in order to adequately reproduce both near and far station recordings. This suggests that the incoherency of the radiated wavefield is controlled by the wave‐propagation phenomena and/or the initial updip rupture propagation was very smooth (coherent) up to relatively high frequencies (>2 Hz).
The solubility of fish‐produced high magnesium calcite in seawater
Authors: Woosley Ryan J. , Millero Frank J. , Grosell Martin 
Published: March 2012

Fish have been shown to produce high (10 to 48 mol %) magnesium calcite as part of the physiological mechanisms responsible for maintaining salt and water balance. The importance of this source to the marine carbon cycle is only now being considered. In this paper, we report the first measurements of the solubility of this CaCO3 in seawater. The resulting solubility (pK*sp = 5.89 ± 0.09) is approximately two times higher than aragonite and similar to the high magnesium calcite generated on the Bahamas Banks (pK*sp = 5.90). This high solubility of fish‐produced CaCO3 is a result of the high magnesium content and not a product of micro‐environments created by microbial activity. This material is soluble in near surface waters, contributing to the input of carbonate to surface ocean waters, and may at least partially explain the observed increase in total alkalinity above the aragonite saturation horizon.
A year of lava fountaining at Etna: Volumes from SEVIRI
Authors: Ganci G. , Harris A. J. L. , Del Negro C. , Guehenneux Y. , Cappello A. , Labazuy P. , Calvari S. , Gouhier M. 
Published: March 2012

We present a new method that uses cooling curves, apparent in high temporal resolution thermal data acquired by geostationary sensors, to estimate erupted volumes and mean output rates during short lava fountaining events. The 15 minute temporal resolution of the data allows phases of waxing and peak activity to be identified during short (150‐to‐810 minute‐long) events. Cooling curves, which decay over 8‐to‐21 hour‐periods following the fountaining event, can also be identified. Application to 19 fountaining events recorded at Etna by MSG's SEVIRI sensor between 10 January 2011 and 9 January 2012, yields a total erupted dense rock lava volume of ∼28 × 106 m3, with a maximum intensity of 227 m3 s−1being obtained for the 12 August 2011 event. The time‐averaged output over the year was 0.9 m3 s−1, this being the same as the rate that has characterized Etna's effusive activity for the last 40 years.
Electric structure of dipolarization front at sub‐proton scale
Authors: Fu H. S. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Vaivads A. , André M. , Huang S. Y. 
Published: March 2012

Using Cluster data, we investigate the electric structure of a dipolarization front (DF) – the ion inertial length (c/ωpi) scale boundary in the Earth's magnetotail formed at the front edge of an earthward propagating flow with reconnected magnetic flux. We estimate the current density and the electron pressure gradient throughout the DF by both single‐spacecraft and multi‐spacecraft methods. Comparison of the results from the two methods shows that the single‐spacecraft analysis, which is capable of resolving the detailed structure of the boundary, can be applied for the DF we study. Based on this, we use the current density and the electron pressure gradient from the single‐spacecraft method to investigate which terms in the generalized Ohm's law balance the electric field throughout the DF. We find that there is an electric field at ion inertia scale directed normal to the DF; it has a duskward component at the dusk flank of DF but a dawnward component at the dawn flank of DF. This electric field is balanced by the Hall (j × B/ne) and electron pressure gradient (∇ Pe/ne) terms at the DF, with the Hall term being dominant. Outside the narrow DF region, however, the electric field is balanced by the convection (Vi × B) term, meaning the frozen‐in condition for ions is broken only at the DF itself. In the reference frame moving with the DF the tangential electric field is almost zero, indicating there is no flow of plasma across the DF and that the DF is a tangential discontinuity. The normal electric field at the DF constitutes a potential drop of ∼1 keV, which may reflect and accelerate the surrounding ions.
The mechanical properties of various chemical vapor deposition diamond structures compared to the ideal single crystal
Authors: Hess Peter 
Published: March 2012

The structural and electronic properties of the diamond lattice, leading to its outstanding mechanical properties, are discussed. These include the highest elastic moduli and fracture strength of any known material. Its extreme hardness is strongly connected with the extreme shear modulus, which even exceeds the large bulk modulus, revealing that diamond is more resistant to shear deformation than to volume changes. These unique features protect the ideal diamond lattice also against mechanical failure and fracture. Besides fast heat conduction, the fast vibrational movement of carbon atoms results in an extreme speed of sound and propagation of crack tips with comparable velocity. The ideal mechanical properties are compared with those of real diamond films, plates, and crystals, such as ultrananocrystalline (UNC), nanocrystalline, microcrystalline, and homo- and heteroepitaxial single-crystal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond, produced by metastable synthesis using CVD.
Ultrasonic methods have played and continue to play a dominant role in the determination of the linear elastic properties, such as elastic moduli of crystals or the Young’s modulus of thin films with substantially varying impurity levels and morphologies. A surprising result of these extensive measurements is that even UNC diamond may approach the extreme Young’s modulus of single-crystal diamond under optimized deposition conditions. The physical reasons for why the stiffness often deviates by no more than a factor of two from the ideal value are discussed, keeping in mind the large variety of diamond materials grown by various deposition conditions.
Diamond is also known for its extreme hardness and fracture strength, despite its brittle nature. However, even for the best natural and synthetic diamond crystals, the measured critical fracture stress is one to two orders of magnitude smaller than the ideal value obtained by ab initio calculations for the ideal cubic lattice. Currently, fracture is studied mainly by indentation or mechanical breaking of freestanding films, e.g., by bending or bursting. It is very difficult to study the fracture mechanism, discriminating between tensile, shear, and tearing stress components (mode I–III fracture) with these partly semiquantitative methods. A novel ultrasonic laser-based technique using short nonlinear surface acoustic wave pulses, developing shock fronts during propagation, has recently been employed to study mode-resolved fractures of single-crystal silicon. This method allows the generation of finite cracks and the evaluation of the fracture strength for well-defined crystallographic configurations. Laser ultrasonics reaches the critical stress at which real diamond fails and therefore can be employed as a new tool for mechanistic studies of the fracture behavior of CVD diamond in the future.
Plant mutation breeding in agriculture.
Authors: Pathirana R. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

A mutation is a sudden heritable change in the DNA in a living cell, not caused by genetic segregation or genetic recombination. Mutation breeding is the purposeful application of mutations in plant breeding. Unlike hybridization and selection, mutation breeding has the advantage of improving a defect in an otherwise elite cultivar, without losing its agronomic and quality characteristics. Mutation breeding is the only straightforward alternative for improving seedless crops. Since the first release of mutant cultivars that resulted from basic mutation research in Europe, mutation breeding has found a niche in plant breeding because of these advantages. Methodologies for mutation induction have been improved in main crops for both physical and chemical mutagens, and selection methodologies for mutant populations have been described. New mutagenic agents such as ion-beam radiation and cosmic rays are being investigated and a hitherto undescribed wide spectrum of mutations has been observed. Nevertheless, alkylating agents and ionizing radiation are still popular. The development of robust
in vitro
techniques for many crop species has contributed to improving the efficiency of mutation breeding. The ability to handle large mutagenized populations in a confined space, faster progeny turnover in vegetatively propagated species and the ability to screen for several biotic and abiotic stress factors in the culture environment make
in vitro
approaches very efficient. Mutant screening has undergone revolutionary changes in the past decade with reverse genetic approaches taking precedence. Therefore, integration of mutation techniques with molecular approaches is providing exciting opportunities for modern plant breeding.
Does brain lateralization have practical implications for improving animal welfare?
Authors: Rogers L. J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Many vertebrate species are known to have a similar pattern of brain lateralization, often expressed as eye preferences or side biases. Fear and aggression are specializations of the right hemisphere, expressed as left-side biases. The left hemisphere categorizes stimuli and follows learnt rules of behaviour. Here, it is argued that eye, ear and nostril preferences could be useful in interpreting cognitive processes of individual animals and beneficially applied to predicting behaviour and improving welfare. Knowledge of lateralization may be particularly useful in reducing accidents involving large animals (e.g. flight and aggression of horses is stronger on their left side). The right hemisphere is highlighted as being important in welfare since its activity involves stress responses and the expression of intense emotions. It is hypothesized that a balance between left and right hemisphere activity aids welfare by preventing aggression, excessive fear, depression or negative cognitive bias. Ideas on how a balance between the hemispheres might be reinstated in animals suffering chronic stress and persistent right-hemisphere dominance are discussed. Limb preferences may reflect hemispheric dominance and be associated with different temperaments or personalities, as first found in primates. A relationship between limb preference and temperament, as well as state of health, is also present in four-legged animals. Lateral biases in moving a medial appendage, as seen in the tail wagging of dogs, can indicate which hemisphere is dominant and could be a social signal valuable in assessing welfare. In conclusion, knowledge of lateralization may be applied constructively to improving animal welfare.
Bioinformatics approaches to livestock animal genomics research.
Authors: Hu Z. L. , Koltes J. E. , Park C. A. , Fritz E. R. , Reecy J. M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The unprecedented advancement of genomics research in the past 20 years has led to the phenomenal development of bioinformatics as an emerging field of science. Bioinformatics has been shaped largely by the biology while also changing how genetic and genomic studies are carried out. Animal genomics studies have benefited greatly from bioinformatics, not only by the incorporation of its tools for data handling but also by the adoption of new strategies based on virtual analysis, for how biology research is carried out. This review summarizes the progress in the application of bioinformatics to animal genomics research over the past 20 years and previews future development possibilities. Because the rise of next-generation sequencing has significantly changed the landscape in terms of the scale of bioinformatics in genomic/genetic analysis, it is a critical time to recognize the new needs and challenges that lie ahead, and to optimize resources and efforts in bioinformatics research to embrace the upcoming boom in livestock animal genomics.
High-sugar grasses.
Authors: Parsons A. J. , Rowarth J. S. , Rasmussen S. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Perennial ryegrass diploids with elevated concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC), commonly termed 'high-sugar grasses' (HSGs), have been promoted as a tool for increasing the efficiency of the use of protein (nitrogen (N)) in the rumen and thus offering scope for increasing milk production and animal growth rates, while reducing N losses (in the form of urine) to the environment. Much controversy has arisen about efficacy, largely because benefits have not been seen in all trials, and partly because of variation in the degree to which the sugar trait has been present, or expressed, in several cases reflecting gene × environment or gene × management interactions. Combining the data from multiple trials shows that there is a continuum of response in N-use efficiency (NUE) to WSC:crude protein (CP) ratio, and so 'proof of concept' has been shown. A considerable amount of research is still required to demonstrate a consistently high expression of the trait, and to demonstrate reliably the potential for yield gains and reduced N loss. Associated reductions in nitrous oxide emissions (a potent greenhouse gas (GHG)) are yet to be confirmed. Even more uncertain is the prospect for reducing methane emissions, whether per hectare or per unit energy intake or animal product. Nonetheless, there has been a determined effort to pursue this trait, and to confirm the long-standing hypothesis for NUE. There is no basis as yet for dismissing the prospects of success. The trait remains one of very few low-cost tools being investigated for its potential to mitigate the environmental footprint of livestock production.
Estimating the economic costs of invasive alien species as a tool for prioritization.
Authors: Oreska M. P. J. , Aldridge D. C. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Studies frequently quantify the economic impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) by estimating their management and damage costs. Despite uncertainties in the cost estimation process, the resulting figures potentially allow managers to weigh species' relative impacts. However, IAS economic cost estimates are not the only factors that determine which species receive management priority, as evidenced by prominent eradication programmes in the UK and by the British Environment Agency's (EA's) 2006 list of target IAS. This literature review investigates British IAS cases to determine whether policy-makers utilize economic cost figures when prioritizing species for management. We focus specifically on the EA's ten priority IAS and consider whether the exclusion of other prominent British IAS from the EA's 'most wanted' list relates to their estimated costs. Comparing the various cases underscores the importance of cost estimation and also highlights three other factors that feature prominently in IAS prioritization: threat to biodiversity, IAS distribution and management feasibility. Certain costly IAS do not currently receive national management attention (e.g. the pondweeds
Elodea
spp.) because they are either too widespread or too difficult to manage in a coordinated, national campaign. In comparison, the EA quickly prioritized the new arrival
Ludwigia grandiflora
(water primrose) for management because of its high potential costs, limited dispersal and feasibility of eradication.
The mechanisms of prion disease.
Authors: Gill A. C. , Lane F. M. , Alibhai J. , Manson J. C. , McCutcheon S. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Prion diseases are enigmatic, neurodegenerative disorders affecting several mammalian species. The family of diseases include scrapie of sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) of humans and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk. Prion diseases are believed to be caused by the misfolding of an endogenous host protein and the abnormal, protease-resistant isoform of this protein is suggested to represent the infectious entity. Through many transmission experiments, we know much about the course of prion diseases and the ensuing pathology in the central nervous system. However, few of the causative mechanisms have been deciphered at a level that allows prediction of the disease characteristics of novel prion strains or that allows rational design of chemo-therapeutics. This review article outlines the state of our knowledge of prion disease mechanisms from the concept of protein misfolding, through the factors that may encode different strains of disease, mechanisms of neuronal loss and the ways that disease are transmitted.
Animal diet formulation models: a review (1950-2010).
Authors: Pratiksha Saxena Pratiksha Saxena , Mukesh Chandra Mukesh Chandra 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Mathematical models have been used for the purpose of maximization of animal yield and weight gain. These models vary in formulation, solution and complexity according to the objective of study. This review focuses on optimization techniques that are used to formulate animal diet, taking into consideration different aspects of ration formulation. It then describes the fluctuations in the objective of diet formulation which have occurred over time. It also discusses actions to control environmental factors that contribute to variation in the responses of laboratory animals to scientific manipulation. The objective is to review techniques and models developed by researchers and nutritionists in detail. Additionally, a non-linear technique to take simultaneous effect of nutrient ingredient with the objective of maximization of animal yield is proposed. Overall, this review contributes a history of animal diet formulation models for the last 60 years.
Rates and risk factors for contagious disease and mortality in young dairy heifers.
Authors: Johnson K. , Burn C. C. , Wathes D. C. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Dairy heifers, particularly when <3 months, are at high risk for mortality and morbidity. Accurate data are lacking because of poor recording on farm, difficulties over disease diagnosis and potential bias of farm selection. Mortality during rearing varied from 6 to 14% between studies. The range from 0 to 30% on individual farms suggested that deaths are preventable with good husbandry. Contagious disease was the major cause of mortality at <6 months, with trauma, accidents and infertility more important in older animals. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and diarrhoea were the most common diseases. Both are endemic, low-mortality and high-morbidity conditions. The prevalence of diarrhoea was 19-35%, with higher incidences during disease outbreaks.
Cryptosporidium parvum
and rotavirus were the dominant pathogens. The causative pathogens for BRD were harder to identify, with large differences between levels of farmer- and veterinarian-diagnosed disease and higher incidences in North America (around 16%) than Europe (around 3%). Analysis of the risk factors for disease and mortality highlighted that closed herds, good hygiene and availability of roughage were consistently associated with improved outcomes. Some common practices were challenged by the results of large, prospective studies. Calf diarrhoea was only weakly associated with good passive transfer of immunity via colostrum, suggesting other control strategies are required. Morbidity with small group housing demonstrated no disadvantages compared with contiguous single pens, so this system should be encouraged to improve welfare. Routine use of antibiotics in calf diarrhoea was associated with negative outcomes, so is actively discouraged.
Shock wave compression and self-generated electric field repolarization in ferroelectric ceramics Pb0.99[(Zr0.90Sn0.10)0.96Ti0.04]0.98Nb0.02O3
Authors: Jiang Dongdong , Du Jinmei , Gu Yan , Feng Yujun 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The shock wave induced depoling current of Pb0.99[(Zr0.90Sn0.10)0.96Ti0.04]0.98Nb0.02O3 ceramics was investigated with a system composed of a resistive load and an unpoled ceramic. Disparity in the depoling current was explained by considering the drawing charge effect of unpoled ceramic. The drawing effect for poled ceramics was analysed by developing a model incorporating a time- and electric-field-dependent repolarization. This model predicts that the high-impedance current eventually becomes higher than the short-circuit current, which is consistent with the experimental results in the literature. This work indicates that both the repolarization of uncompressed ceramics caused by the self-generated electric field and depolarization of compressed ceramics caused by the shock wave govern the output current.