bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current British veterinary attitudes to the use of perioperative antimicrobials in small animal surgery
Authors: Knights C. B. , Mateus A. , Baines S. J. 
Published: May 2012

A questionnaire was sent to 2951 mixed and small animal veterinary practices to examine the use of perioperative antimicrobials in cats and dogs in the UK. The percentage of respondents who always used antimicrobials in two surgical procedures classified according to NRC criteria as ‘clean’ was 25.3 per cent for removal of a 1 cm cutaneous mass and 32.1 per cent for routine prescrotal castration. Factors considered important in decision‐making about when to use antimicrobial agents included immunosuppression, presence of a drain, degree of wound contamination, potential for spillage of visceral contents and implantation of prosthesis. The most common antimicrobial agents mentioned were potentiated amoxicillin (98.0 per cent), amoxicillin (60.5 per cent), clindamycin (21.8 per cent), enrofloxacin (21.7 per cent), cephalexin (18.6 per cent) and metronidazole (12.7 per cent). Forty‐three per cent of all responding veterinarians listed a long‐acting preparation for perioperative use. The routes used were subcutaneous (76.1 per cent), intravenous (25.8 per cent), intramuscular (19.8 per cent), oral (13.5 per cent) and topical (7.7 per cent). Antimicrobials were given before surgery (66.6 per cent), during surgery (30.2 per cent), immediately after surgery (12.0 per cent) and after surgery (6.3 per cent). This survey has identified the suboptimal use of perioperative antimicrobials in small animal surgery with improvements needed with respect to timing, duration, choice of antimicrobial and a more prudent selection of surgical cases requiring prophylaxis.
Muscle cellular properties in the ice hockey player: a model for investigating overtraining?
Authors: Green Howard J. , Batada Aziz , Cole Bill , Burnett Margaret E. , Kollias Helen , McKay Scott , Roy Brian , Schertzer Jonathan D. , Smith Ian C. , Tupling Susan 
Published: May 2012

In this study, we hypothesized that athletes involved in 5–6 months of sprint-type training would display higher levels of proteins and processes involved in muscle energy supply and utilization. Tissue was sampled from the vastus lateralis of 13 elite ice hockey players (peak oxygen consumption = 51.8 ± 1.3 mL·kg–1·min–1; mean ± standard error) at the end of a season (POST) and compared with samples from 8 controls (peak oxygen consumption = 45.5 ± 1.4 mL·kg–1·min–1) (CON). Compared with CON, higher activities were observed in POST (p < 0.05) only for succinic dehydrogenase (3.32 ± 0.16 mol·(mg protein)–1·min–1 vs. 4.10 ± 0.11 mol·(mg protein)–1·min–1) and hexokinase (0.73 ± 0.05 mol·(mg protein)–1·min–1 vs. 0.90 ± 0.05mol·(mg protein)–1·min–1) but not for phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, and creatine phosphokinase. No differences were found in Na+,K+-ATPase concentration (βmax: 262 ± 36 pmol·(g wet weight)–1 vs. 275 ± 27 pmol·(g wet weight)–1) and the maximal activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (98.1 ± 6.1 µmol·(g protein)–1·min–1 vs. 102 ± 3.3 µmol·(g protein)–1·min–1). Cross-sectional area was lower (p < 0.05) in POST but only for the type IIA fibres (6312 ± 684 μm2 vs. 5512 ± 335 μm2), while the number of capillary counts per fibre and the capillary to fibre area ratio were generally higher (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that elite trained ice hockey players display elevations only in support of glucose-based aerobic metabolism that occur in the absence of alterations in excitation–contraction processes.
Oxygen absorption by skin exposed to oxygen supersaturated water
Authors: Reading Stacey A. , Yeomans Maggie 
Published: May 2012

The present study tests the hypothesis that skin on the plantar surface of the foot absorbs oxygen (O2) when immersed in water that has a high dissolved O2 content. Healthy male and female subjects (24.2 ± 1.4 years) soaked each foot in tap water (1.7 ± 0.1 mg O2·L–1; 30.7 ± 0.3 °C) or O2-infused water (50.2 ± 1.7 mg O2·L–1; 32.1 ± 0.5 °C) for up to 30 min in 50 different experiments. Transcutaneous oximetry and near infrared spectroscopy were used to evaluate changes in skin PO2, oxygenated haemoglobin, and cytochrome oxidase aa3 that resulted from treatment. Compared with the tap water condition, tissue oxygenation index was 3.5% ± 1.3% higher in feet treated for 30 min with O2-infused water. This effect persisted after treatment, as skin PO2 was higher in feet treated with O2-infused water at 2 min (237 ± 9 vs. 112 ± 5 mm HG) and 15 min (131 ± 1 vs. 87 ± 4 mm HG) post-treatment. When blood flow to the foot was occluded for 5 min, feet resting in O2-infused water maintained a 3-fold higher O2 consumption rate than feet treated with tap water (9.1 ± 1.4 vs. 3.0 ± 1.0 µL·100 g–1·min–1). We estimate that skin absorbs 4.5 mL of O2·m–2·min–1 from O2-infused water. Thus, skin absorbs appreciable amounts of O2 from O2-infused water. This finding may prove useful and assist development of treatments targeting skin diseases with ischemic origin.
Grape seed and skin extract mitigates garlic-induced oxidative stress in rat liver
Authors: Hamlaoui-Gasmi Sonia , Mokni Meherzia , Limam Nadia , N’guessan Prudence , Carrier Alice , Limam Ferid , Amri Mohamed , Aouani Ezzedine , Marzouki Lamjed 
Published: May 2012

Garlic is a commonly used spice in folk medicine that can exert adverse health effects when given at a high dose. Grape seed and skin extract (GSSE) exhibits a variety of beneficial effects even at a high dose. In the present study we evaluated the toxicity of high-dose garlic treatment on liver and the protective effect of GSSE. Rats were intraperitoneally administered either with garlic extract (5 g·(kg body weight)–1) or GSSE (500 mg·(kg body weight)–1) or a combination of garlic and GSSE at the same doses daily for 1 month. Plasma and hepatic levels of cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and transaminases and liver antioxidant status were evaluated. Data showed that a high garlic dose induced liver toxicity and a pro-oxidative status characterized by increased malondialdehyde and decreased antioxidant enzyme activities as catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Garlic increased intracellular H2O2but decreased free iron and Ca2+. GSSE alone or in co-treatment with garlic had the reverse effect and counteracted almost all garlic-induced deleterious impacts to near control levels. In conclusion, a high garlic dose induced a pro-oxidative state characterized by the Fenton reaction between H2O2and free iron, inducing Ca2+depletion, while GSSE exerted antioxidant properties and Ca2+repletion.
Effects of swimming training on tissue glycogen content in experimental thyrotoxic rats
Authors: Ribeiro Luiz Fernando Paulino , Teixeira Inaian Pignatti , Aparecido da Silva Glaucio , Dalia Rodrigo Augusto , Júnior Marcelo Costa , Bertolini Natalia Oliveira , Rostom de Mello Maria Alice , Luciano Eliete 
Published: May 2012

Thyrotoxicosis, a condition in which there is an excessive amount of circulating thyroid hormones, leads to reduced glycogen content in different tissues. In this study we analyzed the effects of aerobic swimming training on liver, heart, and skeletal muscle glycogen content in experimentally induced thyrotoxicosis. Wistar male rats were divided into euthyroid sedentary (ES, n = 12), euthyroid trained (ET, n = 11), thyrotoxic sedentary (TS, n = 12), and thyrotoxic trained (TT, n = 10) groups. Thyrotoxic groups received daily i.p. doses of T4 (sodium levothyroxine, 25 µg/100 g body mass) through the experimental period, and trained groups swam for 1 h at 80% of the aerobic–anaerobic transition intensity, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Heart and liver glycogen stores were ∼30% lower in T4 treated compared with nontreated groups, but were not changed by training status. On the other hand, glycogen content in mixed fiber type gastrocnemius of TT was 1.5- to 2.3-fold greater than those in other groups, whereas no significant differences were found for the slow soleus muscle. Increased gastrocnemius but not soleus, liver, or heart glycogen indicates that in mild long-term thyrotoxicosis chronic swimming affects glycogen stores in a tissue-specific manner.
Effect of chronic excess iodine intake on thyroid function and oxidative stress in hypothyroid rats
Authors: Hussein Abd El-Aziz M. , Abbas Amr M. , El Wakil Gehan A. , Elsamanoudy Ayman Z. , El Aziz Azza Abd 
Published: May 2012

Our objective was to investigate the effects of chronic excess iodine intake on thyroid functions and thyroid oxidative stress state in hypothyroid rats. Sixty rats were divided into euthyroid and hypothyroid (thiocyanate-induced) groups with or without administration of excess iodine (3000 or 6000 μg/L) for 8 weeks. Serum thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase enzymes, and total antioxidants), and lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde; MDA) were measured. Reverse transcription – PCR gene expression for thyroidal Na+/I– symporter (NIS), D1 deiodinase, and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) were performed. Thiocyanate significantly decreased thyroid hormones (T3, T4), increased lipid peroxides and antioxidants, and increased gene expression of NIS, D1 deiodinase, and TPO. Excess iodine intake in hypothyroid rats increased T3 and T4. Also, high iodine intake by hypothyroid rats significantly decreased NIS, D1 deiodinase, and TPO genes expression. Excess iodine significantly increased MDA and antioxidants in euthyroid and hypothyroid rats. In conclusion, thiocyanate-hypothyroidism increases gene expression of NIS, TPO, and TPO and induces oxidative stress. High iodine intake decreases NIS and D1 deiodinase gene expression in hypothyroid rats. Moreover, excess iodine increase thyroid hormones, lipid peroxides, and antioxidants in hypothyroid rats.
Antigen Shedding May Improve Efficiencies for Delivery of Antibody-Based Anticancer Agents in Solid Tumors
Authors: Pak Youngshang , Zhang Yujian , Pastan Ira , Lee Byungkook 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RIT) are targeted anticancer agents that are composed of a targeting antibody fragment and a protein toxin fragment. SS1P is a RIT that targets mesothelin on the surface of cancer cells and is being evaluated in patients with mesothelioma. Mesothelin, like many other target antigens, is shed from the cell surface. However, whether antigen shedding positively or negatively affects the delivery of RIT remains unknown. In this study, we used experimental data with SS1P to develop a mathematical model that describes the relationship between tumor volume changes and the dose level of the administered RIT, while accounting for the potential effects of antigen shedding. Cancer Res; 72(13); 3143–52. ©2012 AACR.
Effect of a Low-Fat Diet Combined with IGF-1 Receptor Blockade on 22Rv1 Prostate Cancer Xenografts
Authors: Konijeti Ramdev , Koyama Satomi , Gray Ashley , Barnard R. James , Said Jonathan W. , Castor Brandon , Elashoff David , Wan Junxiang , Beltran Pedro J. , Calzone Frank J. , Cohen Pinchas , Galet Colette , Aronson William J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In preclinical models, both dietary fat reduction and insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R) blockade individually inhibit prostate cancer xenograft growth. We hypothesized that a low-fat diet combined with IGF-1R blockade would cause additive inhibition of prostate cancer growth and offset possible untoward metabolic effects of IGF-1R blockade antibody therapy. Fifty severe combined immunodeficient mice were injected with 22Rv1 cells subcutaneously. Ten days postinjection, the animals were randomized to four groups: (i) high-fat diet + saline (HF); (ii) high-fat diet + IGF-1R blocking antibody, ganitumab (HF/Ab); (iii) low-fat diet + saline (LF); and (iv) low-fat diet + ganitumab (LF/Ab). After 19 days of treatment, the animals were euthanized, serum was collected, and tumors were weighed. Tumor Ki67, Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, serum insulin, IGF-I and TNF-α were measured. In vitro, ganitumab treatment inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in several prostate cancer cell lines. In vivo, tumor weights and volumes were unaffected by the different treatments. The LF/Ab therapy significantly reduced proliferation (Ki67) and ERK activation in tumors. The HF/Ab group had significantly higher serum insulin levels than the HF group. However, LF/Ab combination significantly reduced serum insulin back to normal levels as well as normalizing serum TNF-α level. Whereas the combination of low-fat diet and IGF-1R blockade did not have additive inhibitory effects on tumor weight, it led to reduced tumor cell proliferation and a reduction in serum insulin and TNF-α levels. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(7); 1539–46. ©2012 AACR.
Early FDG/PET Scanning as a Pharmacodynamic Marker of Anti-EGFR Antibody Activity in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Krystal Geoffrey W. , Alesi Erin , Tatum James L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPanitumumab is an anti-EGF receptor (EGFR) antibody approved for use in treatment of chemotherapy-refractory colorectal cancers lacking K-RAS mutations. Despite overall response rates approximating 10%, no marker predictive of clinical benefit has been identified. We describe a chemotherapy-refractory patient whose clinical condition necessitated rapid identification of an effective agent in whom we used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/computed tomographic scanning 48 hours after an initial dose of panitumumab to document a pharmacodynamic response to the antibody. The initial 46% ± 2.7% drop in SUVmax of four target lesions correlated with a partial response by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors and a &gt;90% drop in serum carcinoembryonic antigen at 8 weeks, indicating that an early decrease in FDG uptake may predict subsequent clinical benefit in response to anti-EGFR antibody therapy in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(7); 1385–8. ©2012 AACR.
Repression of Malignant Tumor Progression upon Pharmacologic IGF1R Blockade in a Mouse Model of Insulinoma
Authors: Zumsteg Adrian , Caviezel Christoph , Pisarsky Laura , Strittmatter Karin , García-Echeverría Carlos , Hofmann Francesco , Christofori Gerhard 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
NVP-AEW541, a specific ATP-competitive inhibitor of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) tyrosine kinase, has been reported to interfere with tumor growth in various tumor transplantation models. We have assessed the efficacy of NVP-AEW541 in repressing tumor growth and tumor progression in the Rip1Tag2 transgenic mouse model of pancreatic β-cell carcinogenesis. In addition, we have tested NVP-AEW541 in Rip1Tag2;RipIGF1R double-transgenic mice which show accelerated tumor growth and increased tumor malignancy compared with Rip1Tag2 single-transgenic mice. Previously, we have shown that high levels of IGF-2, a high-affinity ligand for IGF1R, are required for Rip1Tag2 tumor cell survival and tumor growth. Unexpectedly, treatment of Rip1Tag2 mice with NVP-AEW541 in prevention and intervention trials neither did affect tumor growth nor tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis. Yet, it significantly repressed progression to tumor malignancy, that is, the rate of the transition from differentiated adenoma to invasive carcinoma. Treatment of Rip1Tag2;RipIGF1R double-transgenic mice resulted in moderately reduced tumor volumes and increased rates of tumor cell apoptosis. Sustained expression of IGF-2 and of the IGF-2–binding form of insulin receptor (IR-A) in tumor cells suggests a compensatory role of IR-A upon IGF1R blockade. The results indicate that inhibition of IGF1R alone is not sufficient to efficiently block insulinoma growth and imply an overlapping role of IGF1R and insulin receptor in executing mitogenic and survival stimuli elicited by IGF-2. The reduction of tumor invasion upon IGF1R blockade on the other hand indicates a critical function of IGF1R signaling for the acquisition of a malignant phenotype. Mol Cancer Res; 10(6); 800–9. ©2012 AACR.
Costs and Benefits of Targeted Screening for Causes of Sudden Cardiac Death in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Leslie Laurel K. , Cohen Joshua T. , Newburger Jane W. , Alexander Mark E. , Wong John B. , Sherwin Elizabeth D. , Rodday Angie Mae , Parsons Susan K. , Triedman John K. 
Published: May 2012

Background—
Sudden cardiac death in children is a rare but devastating event. Experts have debated the merits of community-based screening programs using an ECG and targeting 2 potential high-risk groups: school-aged children initiating stimulant medications to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adolescents participating in sports.

Methods and Results—

Simulation models incorporating detailed prevalence, sensitivity and specificity, and treatment algorithms were built to determine the cost-effectiveness of targeted sudden cardiac death screening. Clinical care algorithms were constructed for asymptomatic children initiating stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (8 years of age) or participating in sports (14 years of age) and presenting with a positive ECG finding suggestive of 1 of the 3 most common pediatric disorders causing sudden cardiac death and identifiable by ECG. Information to develop simulation model assumptions was drawn from the existing literature, Medicaid fees, and expert judgment. Sensitivity analyses examined parameter ranges to identify influential sources of uncertainty. Outcomes included costs and lost life-years caused by condition-related mortality. Our models estimate that screening for all 3 conditions simultaneously would reduce sudden death risk by 3.6 to 7.5×10
−5
with projected life expectancy increases of 0.8 to 1.6 days per screened individual. The incremental cost-effectiveness of screening is $91 000 to $204 000 per life-year. Sensitivity analysis showed that assumed disease prevalence, baseline mortality, and the relative risk of mortality resulting from stimulant medication use and sports participation had the greatest impact on estimated cost-effectiveness.

Conclusion—
Results based on assumptions favoring sudden cardiac death screening indicated that its cost is high relative to its health benefits.
Policy and service development implications of the second Australian National Survey of High Impact Psychosis (SHIP)
Authors: Carr Vaughan J , Whiteford Harvey , Groves Aaron , McGorry Patrick , Shepherd Alana M 
Published: May 2012

Objective: We consider insights from the second Australian National Survey of High Impact Psychosis (2010) in order to identify the key policy and service development implications. Method: The Survey of High Impact Psychosis (SHIP) provides an updated description of the experiences of people living with psychosis in Australia. We discuss the SHIP survey participants’ greatest challenges for the future in light of the strength of existing literature, highlighting prospective opportunities for policy and service planning. Results: Targets for future policy development and service initiatives are informed by the survey participants’ leading challenges: financial difficulties, social isolation, lack of employment, physical and mental ill health, accommodation, and access to services. Conclusions: Many of the areas of need identified by survey participants are supported by quality research that may be more widely translated into effective services. For areas of need where the evidence is lacking, more clinical research is urgently needed. A targeted approach is vital to secure necessary investment in the wider dissemination of efficacious interventions and their systematic evaluation in ordinary clinical practice, enabled by both research investment and active integration of the research effort within ordinary clinical settings.
Nondepressed Linear Skull Fractures in Children Younger Than 2 Years
Authors: Reid Samuel R. , Liu Meixia , Ortega Henry W. 
Published: May 2012

Background. Current recommendations are that young children with a skull fracture following head injury undergo computed tomography (CT) examination of their head to exclude significant intracranial injury. Recent reports, however, have raised concern that radiation exposure from CT scanning may cause malignancies. Objective. To estimate the proportion of children with nondisplaced linear skull fractures who have clinically significant intracranial injury. Methods. Retrospective review of patients younger than 2 years who presented to an emergency department and received a diagnosis of skull fracture. Results. Ninety-two patients met the criteria for inclusion in the study; all had a head CT scan performed. None suffered a clinically significant intracranial injury. Conclusion. Observation, rather than CT, may be a reasonable management option for head-injured children younger than 2 years who have a nondisplaced linear skull fracture on plain radiography but no clinical signs of intracranial injury.
Afferent stimulation provided by glove electrode during task-specific arm exercise following stroke
Authors: Sullivan Jane E , Hurley Donna , Hedman Lois D 
Published: May 2012

Background: Sensory amplitude electrical stimulation (SES) and repetitive task practice reduce impairments and arm dysfunction when delivered separately following stroke. Objective: To determine if home-based, task-specific arm exercise was more effective when administered concurrent with SES. Methods: Thirty-eight subjects with chronic stroke and mean Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) score 28/66 (15–45) participated. Subjects were randomly assigned to an SES ( n = 20) or sham stimulation ( n = 18) group. Subjects engaged in task-based home exercise for 30 minutes, twice daily, for four weeks while wearing a glove electrode on the impaired hand. Experimental subjects received SES while control subjects received sham stimulation during exercise. Primary outcome measures: FMA and Arm Motor Ability Test (AMAT). Results: There were no significant between-group differences for outcome measures. There was a significant difference between the pre- and post-test scores in the SES group AMAT median time ( P = 0.003 95% confidence interval (CI): −14.304, −6.365; effect size: 0.84). Practice time was not associated with changes in outcomes. Subjects with more sensorimotor dysfunction had significantly greater improvements on AMAT median time ( P = 0.037). There was a significant relationship between baseline FMA score and FMA change score ( r = 0.402; P = 0.006). Conclusions: This study describes a unique SES delivery system via glove electrode that enabled delivery of SES during home-based arm task practice in stroke survivors. Task practice with concurrent SES did not demonstrate significantly better effects than task practice with sham stimulation, however there was a trend for greater improvement in one activity measure.