bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of an N-Terminal Recognition Site in TLR9 That Contributes to CpG-DNA-Mediated Receptor Activation
Authors: Peter Mirjam E. , Kubarenko Andriy V. , Weber Alexander N. R. , Dalpke Alexander H. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Although it is well established that TLR9 recognizes CpG-DNA, the structural details of ligand-receptor interaction are still mostly unknown. The extracellular domain of TLR9 is composed of 25 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) motifs, 5 of which bear inserting sequences that do not conform to the LRR consensus motif. In this study, we show that the functional integrity of the extracellular domain of murine TLR9 is lost by deletion of individual LRR motifs. When deleting only the inserting sequences, we observed that LRR2, 5, and 8 contribute to receptor activation by CpG-DNA. The latter deletions did not affect receptor dimerization but inhibited CpG-DNA binding. On the basis of a homology modeling approach, we furthermore identify a positively charged region in the N terminus that is essential for CpG-DNA-induced TLR9 activation. This interaction site mirrors findings previously shown for the structural recognition of dsRNA by TLR3 and hints toward a general principle of nucleic acid recognition by the respective TLR.
La mort du livre ?
Authors: Chartier Roger 
Published: June 2009

Résumé Confronté à la question récurrente de la mort supposée du livre, Roger Chartier se propose de revenir dans cet article 1 sur les raisons qui motivent une telle inquiétude. Pour ce faire, il aborde en historien la double nature du livre et ses implications en droit. Après avoir rappelé l’opposition formulée par Kant entre le bien matériel et le discours , opposition que Fichte réévalue en proposant une nouvelle dichotomie entre les idées et la forme qui leur est donnée à travers l’écriture, Chartier s’arrête sur le discours d’un imprimeur espagnol, Alonso Víctor Paredes, qui au xvii e siècle, formulait un autre point de vue soucieux de ne pas séparer la matérialité du texte et la textualité du livre. Au regard de cette approche qui ne dissocie pas le texte du livre, il rappelle que notre culture écrite s’est ordonnée, au fil d’une histoire de longue durée, autour d’une relation ternaire établie entre les objets , les catégories de textes et leurs usages . Or le défi de la textualité électronique (de « la grande conversion numérique ») n’est-il pas précisément de remettre en cause cet ordre et d’interroger ainsi l’unité du texte à travers la fragmentation de la lecture ?
Genetically Engineered Mouse Models of Ovarian Cancer and Their Utility in Drug Discovery
Authors: Šale Sanja 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOvarian cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women and the most lethal gynecological malignancy. The high mortality rate is attributable to the asymptomatic nature of the early stage of the disease, the lack of reliable screening tests, and the development of drug resistance. Approximately 90% of ovarian cancers are thought to originate from the ovarian surface epithelia (OSE). Development of in vivo experimental models that accurately recapitulate genetic events that occur during human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) initiation and progression is crucial for a better understanding of EOC pathogenesis, identification of early disease markers, and development of more effective therapy. Historically, one of the most challenging problems in developing genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) of EOC has been the lack of tissue‐specific promoters that regulate transgene expression exclusively in adult OSE cells. Recent improvements in gene delivery technology have greatly accelerated development of GEMMs of EOC. This unit describes two distinct methods of transforming OSE cells in GEMMs and the potential applications of these models in oncology drug discovery and development. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 45:14.11.1‐14.11.14. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Xenograft and Transgenic Mouse Models of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and Non‐Invasive Imaging Modalities to Monitor Ovarian Tumor Growth In Situ: Applications in Evaluating Novel Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Connolly Denise C. , Hensley Harvey H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEpithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most commonly fatal gynecologic malignancy in developed countries. Most EOC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage when disease has spread beyond the ovary. While many patients initially respond to surgery and chemotherapy, the long‐term prognosis is generally unfavorable, with recurrence and development of drug‐resistant disease. There is a critical need to identify new therapeutic agents that prolong disease‐free intervals and effectively manage recurrent disease. Murine models of ovarian carcinoma are excellent models to study tumor biology in the search for new treatments for EOC. Described in this unit are methods for establishing xenograft or allograft models of EOC using ovarian carcinoma cell lines, in vivo imaging strategies for detection and quantification of EOC in transgenic and in xenograft/allograft models, and procedures for necropsy and pathological evaluation of experimental animals. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 45:14.12.1‐14.12.26. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preparation of Short Interfering RNA Containing the Modified Nucleosides 2‐Thiouridine, Pseudouridine, or Dihydrouridine
Authors: Nawrot Barbara , Sochacka Elzbieta 
Published: June 2009

AbstractModified uridine derivatives such as 2‐thiouridine (s2U), pseudouridine (Ψ), and dihydrouridine (D) are naturally existing nucleoside units identified in tRNA molecules. Recently, we have shown that such base‐modified units introduced into functionally important sites of siRNA modulate thermodynamic stability of the duplex and its gene silencing activity. In this unit, we describe chemical synthesis of 3′‐phosphoramidite derivatives of s2U and D units (the 3′‐phosphoramidite derivative of Ψ is commercially available), and their use for the synthesis of RNA oligonucleotides according to the routine phosphoramidite protocol. The only exception concerns the oxidation step with I2/pyridine/water which, if applied towards oligonucleotides containing s2U units, would lead to the loss of sulfur. Therefore, to avoid this side reaction, tert‐butyl hydroperoxide is used as an oxidizing reagent. After the oligonucleotide chain assembly is completed, the resulting oligomer is deprotected under mild basic conditions (MeNH2/EtOH/DMSO) to avoid dihydrouracil ring opening, which is a reported side‐reaction during the routine synthesis of dihydrouridine‐containing RNA. Oligonucleotides modified with s2U, D, or Ψ units are useful models for structure‐function studies. Here, the procedure for preparation of siRNA duplexes is described. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 37:16.2.1‐16.2.16. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RNA Secondary Structure Analysis Using the Vienna RNA Package
Authors: Hofacker Ivo L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis unit documents how to use the Vienna RNA package for RNA secondary structure analysis. Possible tasks include structure prediction for single sequences, prediction of consensus structures, prediction of RNA‐RNA interactions, and sequence design. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 26:12.2.1‐12.2.16. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Poly(trimethylene carbonate) from Biometals‐Based Initiators/Catalysts: Highly Efficient Immortal Ring‐Opening Polymerization Processes
Authors: Helou Marion , Miserque Olivier , Brusson Jean‐Michel , Carpentier Jean‐François , Guillaume Sophie M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) was evaluated in bulk at 60–110 °C using various catalyst systems based on bio‐friendly metals, including the metal bis(trimethylsilylamides) Mg[N(SiMe3)2]2, Ca[N(SiMe3)2]2(THF)2, Y[N(SiMe3)2]3, (BDI)Fe[N(SiMe3)2] [BDI=CH(CMeNC6H3‐2,6‐i‐Pr2)2], Fe[N(SiMe3)2]2, Fe[N(SiMe3)2]3, Zn[N(SiMe3)2]2, (BDI)Zn[N(SiMe3)2] and ZnEt2, associated with an alcohol such as isopropyl or benzyl alcohol. The actual metal alkoxide initiating species has been formed in situ prior to the addition of TMC. Introduction of the alcohol component in excess leads to the “immortal” ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of TMC. According to such an “immortal” ROP process of TMC, whichever the metal species, as many as 200 polycarbonate chains could be successfully grown from a unique metal center in a well controlled ROP process. The best performances were obtained using the discrete (BDI)Zn[N(SiMe3)2] precursor. Under optimized conditions, as many as 50,000 equivalents of TMC could be fully converted from as little as 20 ppm of this metallic precursor, allowing the preparation of a polytrimethylene carbonate (PTMC) with a molar mass as high as 185,200 g mol−1 with a relatively narrow molar mass distribution (Mw/Mn=1.68). A double monomer feed experiment carried out with the (BDI)Zn[N(SiMe3)2]/BnOH initiating system proved the “living” character of the polymerization. Characterization of the PTMCs by NMR and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) showed well‐defined α‐hydroxy‐ω‐alkoxycarbonate telechelic polymers, highlighting the controlled character of this “living and immortal” ROP process. Using the (BDI)Zn[N(SiMe3)2] precursor, varying the alcohol (ROH) to 2‐butanol, 3‐buten‐2‐ol or 4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzyl alcohol, revealed the versatility of this approach, allowing the preparation of accordingly end‐functionalized HO‐PTMC‐OR polymers. The very low initial loading of metal catalyst considerably limits the potential toxicity and thus allows such polycarbonates to be used in the biomedical field.
Hydrosilylation of Ketone and Imine over Poly‐N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Particles
Authors: Tan MeiXuan , Zhang Yugen , Ying Jackie Y. 
Published: June 2009

Abstractmagnified imageN‐Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐catalyzed ketone/imine hydrosilylation, silane alcohol condensation and asymmetric ketone hydrosilylation reactions were demonstrated for the first time over solid, main‐chain poly‐NHC particles. The stable and robust poly‐NHC particles were easily recovered, and exhibited good catalytic recyclability. A novel chiral induction protocol with a cheap and easily accessible secondary alcohol as the chiral source was also developed in this catalytic system.
Ablative heat transfer in a shrinking packed‐bed of ZnO undergoing solar thermal dissociation
Authors: Schunk L. O. , Lipiński W. , Steinfeld A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA transient heat transfer model is formulated for a shrinking packed‐bed of reacting ZnO particles exposed to concentrated solar irradiation. The model combines conduction, convection, and radiation heat transfer with simultaneous sintering and reaction kinetics. Validation is accomplished in terms of temperatures and dissociation rates experimentally measured using a solar‐driven thermogravimeter with ZnO packed‐bed samples subjected to solar flux concentration ratios in the range 1225–2133 suns and surface temperatures in the range 1834–2109 K. Operating conditions are typical of an ablation regime controlled by the rate of radiative heat transfer to the first layers of ZnO undergoing endothermic dissociation. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Skeletal health: primate model of postmenopausal osteoporosis
Authors: Smith S.Y. , Jolette J. , Turner C.H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCurrently, the nonhuman primate is the most widely used large animal model to evaluate the safety and efficacy of new drug entities to treat or prevent estrogen‐deficiency‐induced bone loss and osteoporosis. Surgical ovariectomy (OVX) induces a state of high bone turnover and rapid bone loss establishing a new steady‐state bone mass within 8–9 months. Many systems in the monkey are similar to humans, including skeletal and reproductive physiology and the immune system, making this a plausible model suitable to evaluate the effects of new bone drugs. The long‐term sequelae following OVX and withdrawal of monthly exposure to cyclic reproductive hormones in older female monkeys (cynomolgus and rhesus) mimics estrogen depletion and postmenopausal bone loss occurring in women. Characterization of the primate model revealed an apparent limitation to the extent of bone loss. Animals lose bone mass after OVX, but the extent of the bone loss cannot be described as osteoporotic. The small differences between OVX and sham‐operated controls in many important bone measurements is overcome by including 15–20 animals per group to provide adequate statistical power. The long‐term, at least 16 month, bone safety studies performed to satisfy regulatory guidelines provide an opportunity to study treatment effects for an extended period not covered in shorter‐term safety studies. In vivo end‐points such as densitometry and biochemical markers translate easily to clinical use, while biomechanical end‐points that cannot be measured clinically can be used to predict fracture prevention. To date, the monkey OVX model has been used to support submissions for many new drugs including anabolics, bisphosphonates and selective estrogen receptor modulators. Despite its limitations, the OVX monkey model remains the best characterized of the large animal models of osteopenia and has become integral to osteoporosis drug development. Am. J. Primatol. 71:752–765, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adapting N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Azide Coupling Chemistry for Polymer Synthesis: Enabling Access to Aromatic Polytriazenes
Authors: Coady Daniel J. , Khramov Dimitri M. , Norris Brent C. , Tennyson Andrew G. , Bielawski Christopher W. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract„Klick“ mit ungewohntem Partner: Die Kupplung dimerer N‐heterocyclischer Carbene mit Bisaziden ergibt neuartige konjugierte Polytriazene (siehe Schema). Diese Polymere wurden durch Dotieren elektrisch leitfähig, und Varianten mit Fluorengruppen waren lumineszierend. Die vorgestellte Anwendung belegt das Potenzial von NHCs als Bausteine für Polymere mit nützlichen elektronischen Eigenschaften.magnified image
Sulfonium Boranes for the Selective Capture of Cyanide Ions in Water
Authors: Kim Youngmin , Zhao Haiyan , Gabbaï François P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFischen nach CN−:Das Sulfonioboran [1]+komplexiert Cyanid in reinem Wasser bei der EU‐weit empfohlenen maximalen Arbeitsplatzkonzentration von 50 ppb. Die hohe Affinität für Cyanidionen ist das Ergebnis günstiger Coulomb‐Effekte im Verbund mit einer direkten bindenden Wechselwirkung zwischen Cyanidionen und Sulfoniogruppen.magnified image
Suprapolymer Structures from Nanostructured Polymer Particles
Authors: Higuchi Takeshi , Tajima Atsunori , Motoyoshi Kiwamu , Yabu Hiroshi , Shimomura Masatsugu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractDivide and conquer: Polymer nanoparticles with phase‐separation structures prepared with block copolymers and homopolymer blends were used to fabricate unique suprapolymer structures by cross‐linking one polymer moiety and dissolving the other (see scheme; PI=polyisoprene, PSt=polystyrene).magnified image
An [(NHC)(NHCEWG)RuCl2(CHPh)] Complex for the Efficient Formation of Sterically Hindered Olefins by Ring‐Closing Metathesis
Authors: Vorfalt Tim , Leuthäußer Steffen , Plenio Herbert 
Published: June 2009

AbstractNHC with EWGs for RCM: Ruthenium complexes with two N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), one of them substituted with electron‐withdrawing groups (EWGs), are highly efficient (pre)catalysts for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted olefins and trisubstituted olefins by ring‐closing metathesis reactions (RCM, see scheme).magnified image
Adapting N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Azide Coupling Chemistry for Polymer Synthesis: Enabling Access to Aromatic Polytriazenes
Authors: Coady Daniel J. , Khramov Dimitri M. , Norris Brent C. , Tennyson Andrew G. , Bielawski Christopher W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA click by any other name: Coupling bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene)s with bis(azide)s afforded a novel class of conjugated polytriazenes. These polymers were rendered electrically conductive upon doping, and fluorene‐containing variants exhibited luminescence. This adaptation of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)/azide coupling chemistry to polymer synthesis reveals the potential of NHCs as building blocks for accessing polymers having useful electronic properties.magnified image
Sulfonium Boranes for the Selective Capture of Cyanide Ions in Water
Authors: Kim Youngmin , Zhao Haiyan , Gabbaï François P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGoing fishing! The sulfonium borane [1]+complexes cyanide in pure water at the maximum allowable concentration of 50 ppb recommended by the European Union. The high cyanide ion affinity displayed by this compound arises from favorable Coulombic effects augmented by a direct bonding interaction between the cyano and sulfonio groups.magnified image
Rheological properties, shear‐dependent electrical resistance, and settling phenomena of polyaniline in ECO solution
Authors: Bhadra Sambhu , Khastgir Dipak 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPolyaniline (PAni) was synthesized by the miniemulsion polymerization and dispersed in a poly(epichlorohydrine‐co‐ethylene oxide) (ECO) solution. The rheological properties using an R/S Rheometer and the shear‐dependent electrical resistance using a homemade setup were measured. The addition of PAni particles to the ECO solution causes an increase in the shear stress and shear viscosity and the nature of flow changes from a dilatant to a Newtonian fluid. For both the ECO solution and ECO‐PAni mixture, the viscosity at any particular shear rate is higher during the increasing cycle of shear rate compared with the decreasing cycle of shear rate called hysteresis. The ECO‐PAni mixture executes a step‐like viscosity transition over the shear rate region 50–150 s−1, which is known as shear rate‐induced phase transition. The resistance of ECO solution decreases with the increase in shear rate and reversibly increases with the decrease in shear rate, whereas the resistance of ECO‐PAni mixture increases during both the increasing and decreasing cycles of the shear rate. The difference in resistance at zero shear rate before and after the end of shear cycle is termed as electrical set. The ECO solution and ECO‐PAni mixture exhibit 4% and 79% electrical set in terms of decrease and increase of resistance, respectively. The settling process of PAni in the ECO‐PAni mixture is slower compared with the pure ECO in solution. The settling time of PAni in the ECO‐PAni mixture increases with the decrease in shear rate. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Nucleating polymer crystallization with poly(tetrafluoroethylene) nanofibrils
Authors: Bernland Karin , Smith Paul 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe ability of nanofibrils of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) – in situ generated during compounding – to efficiently nucleate crystal growth of the bulk polymers isotactic polypropylene (i‐PP), high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyamide 12 (PA12) and poly(ethylene therephthalate) (PET) is demonstrated. Enhanced nucleation is shown to occur already at PTFE contents as low as 0.001% w/w in i‐PP and HDPE. In addition it was found that compounding with PTFE lead to improved clarity of the latter polymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Monodisperse micron‐size polymer core/nanoparticle pigment shell composite particles via heteroaggregation
Authors: Zubitur Manoli M. , Sudol E. David , Dimonie Victoria L. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA process for preparing monodisperse, micron‐size composite particles consisting of a polymer core and a nanoparticle pigment shell is described. A heteroaggregation process employing uniform, stable micron‐size polymer particles prepared by dispersion polymerization and unstable carbon black pigment particles proved successful for a variety of polymers including poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PBuA), and several functional copolymers. Sonication is applied to the mixture enabling the pigment to be broken into its primary particle size, allowing it to form a relatively uniform layer on the surface of the polymer particles by heteroaggregation when the sonication is removed. Attempts to encapsulate these pigment‐coated particles by seeded polymerization resulted in only partial engulfment of the pigment particles in the surface. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Thermally curable adhesive tapes with complex catalyst system for fabricating semiconductor packages
Authors: Saiki Naoya , Nakajima Emi , Shizuhata Hironori , Seno Hideo , Ebe Kazuyoshi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThermal curing of adhesive films was investigated to facilitate the fabrication of a reliable bonding for semiconductors. The formulated adhesive films contained acrylic polymer, epoxy resins, phenol resin, and an imidazole derivative that was the catalyst for curing the epoxy resins with phenol resin. The solubility, thermally latent characteristics, mechanical and adhesive properties of 2‐methylimidazole/boron trifluoride (2MZ/BF3), and 2MZ/aluminum trisacetylacetonate (AlAC) were investigated. It was found that 2MZ/BF3 and 2MZ/AlAC had excellent solubility in adhesive materials and they had excellent latent characteristics as thermal curing catalysts for epoxy resins, whereas conventional catalysts (2MZ and 2‐phenyl‐4, 5‐dihydroxymethylimidazole (2PHZ)) could not achieve both excellent solubility and thermally latent characteristics. The mechanical and adhesive properties of the post‐thermal‐cured adhesive film that contained 2MZ/BF3 or 2MZ/AlAC were comparable to those of the post‐thermal‐cured adhesive films that contained conventional catalysts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Development of high efficiency particulate absorbing filter materials
Authors: Patanaik Asis , Anandjiwala Rajesh D. , Boguslavsky Lydia 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe have developed new high efficiency particulate absorbing filter materials by bonding the fiber web with the help of high pressure water jets emerging from micron sized nozzles and subsequently coating the filters with a chemical binder. Two different types of nonwoven filters are produced by varying the water jet pressure during the bonding process. The performance characteristics of the filter materials are evaluated in terms of filtration parameters, such as filtration efficiency, dust holding capacity, and pressure drop. Filtration efficiency depends on the pore characteristics, namely pore size and their distribution in the filters. The developed filter materials have shown promising performance characteristics by capturing higher amount of dust particles with a relatively low pressure drop during use. These filter materials can be used for a wide range of industrial applications, where high filtration efficiency is required at low energy consumption. A fluid flow simulation is carried out by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to understand flow pattern during the bonding process. The CFD is also used to predict the pressure drop in the nonwoven filter materials during filtration process. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009