bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEASONAL BIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE DOGWOOD BORER, SYNANTHEDON SCITULA (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE) ON CLONAL APPLE ROOTSTOCKS IN NEW YORK
Authors: Riedl H. , Weires R.W. , Seaman A. , Hoying S.A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe dogwood borer, Synanthedon scitula (Harris), is a relatively new pest problem on apples. Larvae feed principally in burr knots on the above-ground portion of clonal rootstocks. According to a survey of 33 orchards on dwarf or semidwarf apple root-stocks, about 70% of the trees had burr knots. The tendency to develop burr knots was similar among the rootstocks examined in this survey. The proportion of trees infested with dogwood borer in an orchard ranged from 0 to 100% and averaged 30%. The dogwood borer overwinters in the larval stage (2nd to 6th instar) and pupates in the feeding tunnel. Emergence and pheromone-trap records indicate 1 generation a year. In western New York, adults begin to emerge in mid-June, peak in mid-July, and continue to emerge through September. In several tests conducted over a 3-year period, chlorpyrifos at 180 g/100 L provided the most consistent control. At this rate a single spray timed to first or peak egg hatch was as effective as 2 sprays. Latex paint applied by brush to the trunk at the beginning of the oviposition period also reduced the infestation. In established plantings, dogwood borer can also be controlled by berming with soil up to the graft union to prevent access to burr knots. Destroying burr knots chemically with naphthalene acetic acid will not eliminate an infestation and may invite other borer problems.
MONITORING FUNGUS GNATS (DIPTERA: SCIARIDAE) IN CUCUMBER GREENHOUSES
Authors: Rutherford T.A. , Trotter D.B. , Webster J.M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSimple, sticky traps were used to monitor adult sciarid populations, and soil cores were used to monitor larval sciarid populations in commercial cucumber greenhouses. Four methods of sticky-trap placement were compared and it was found that 5 traps in a “W” formation correlated closely with more intensive 12- and 30-trap random placements. All 4 of the greenhouses studied exhibited similar sciarid population patterns in 1983 but only 2 showed large sciarid populations in 1984 and the other 2, using different overwinter sanitation methods, had no detectable sciarid populations. Moth-flies (Psychodidae) were often the most numerous form of small dipteran found on the traps. Larval sciarids occurred in the upper 5 cm of each 10-cucumber bag, and weekly 50-mL core samples showed a range of 0.0 to 1.1 larvae/mL which corresponded to estimated larval populations of up to 2500 per bag. Plants that had succumbed to fungal pathogens and then been sampled immediately for sciarid larvae were found to have fewer larvae per bag than apparently healthy plants. Insect monitoring in cucumber greenhouses has enabled growers to reduce and/or eliminate the need for insecticide applications against sciarids during the growing season.
EFFECT OF SPACING AND CLUMPING OF CORN PLANTS ON DENSITY OF CORN-ROOTWORM LARVAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) PER ROOT SYSTEM
Authors: Piedrahita Olga , Ellis C. R. , Allen O. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe relative density of corn-rootworm larvae was estimated in two field plots with 4 different plant spacings and with up to 4 plants clumped per location. In both fields the relationship between plant spacing and the number of corn rootworms per sample was similar with the maximum number of larvae occurring when plants were 46 or 50 cm apart. The number of plants clumped per location affected the numbers of corn rootworm in only one field. The relationship between clumping of plants and number of corn rootworms was curvilinear in this field with the most corn rootworms occurring at 3 plants per location.
SOME PRO- AND MESOTHORACIC STRUCTURES IMPORTANT FOR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF HYMENOPTERA, WITH A REVIEW OF TERMS USED FOR THE STRUCTURES
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe character-state distribution of various external and internal pro- and mesothoracic structures of Hymenoptera is described. Structures discussed are the transscutal articulation, axillae, notauli, median mesoscutal sulcus, parapsidal lines, pronotal lobe, postspiracular sclerite, prepectus, netrion, epicnemium, basalare, pronotal-mesothor-acic attachment mechanism, and 2 mesothoracic muscles,viz.mesotrochanteral depressor and second-phragmal flexor. Ancestral state and transformation of the characters are hypothesized, and shared derived states of higher taxa are determined. Hypotheses of synapomorphy are based on the shared derived states, and these hypotheses used to test previous hypotheses of relationship and classification. Relationships of Symphyta to Apocrita and of Aculeata to Terebrantes are discussed, and various aspects of classification of Symphyta and Terebrantes are examined. Finally, prior use of terms is reviewed for the thoracic structures studied. A single set of terms is selected for use throughout the order based on original use of each term and on hypotheses of homology.
RESIDUES OF FOUR SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS AND AZINPHOS-METHYL ON APPLE FOLIAGE AND THEIR TOXICITY TO AMBLYSEIUS FALLACIS (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE)
Authors: Bostanian N. J. , Belanger A. , Rivard I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractResidue analysis of apple foliage obtained from an orchard treated with the insecticides cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin, permethrin, and azinphos-methyl revealed detectable residues on the leaves 8–9 weeks after the last treatment. Laboratory studies of foliage showed that of the synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin was initially as toxic as the other synthetic pyrethroids; however, its toxicity decreased considerably by the 5th and 6th week post-treatment. Azinphos-methyl was the least persistent and toxic insecticide evaluated. Unless new pest-management strategies are developed, the use of synthetic pyrethroids post-bloom in an integrated-pest-management program would not be desirable where Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) is the principal predator of phytophagous mites.
PETROVA ALBICAPITANA (BUSCK) AND P. METALLICA (BUSCK) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN PINUS CONTORTA DOUGL. STANDS OF ALBERTA
Authors: Wong H.R. , Drouin J.A. , Rentz C.L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBoth Petrova albicapitana (Busck) and P. metallica (Busck) attack Pinus contorta Dougl. in Alberta. The similarity of their larvae and of the pitch-blister nodules that they construct make it difficult to identify the 2 species in the field; however, they can be separated on the basis of their feeding damage. The abundance of males caught in pheromone traps indicates that P. metallica was more common than P. albicapitana in 1981–1984, and more widely distributed than previously recorded in Alberta. The examination of the feeding damage and the pheromone trapping of males indicate P. metallica occur only in stands of P. contorta in Alberta. Petrova albicapitana, however, was collected in stands of P. contorta, P. banksiana Lamb., and a mixture of P. contorta and P. banksiana. The 2 species differed in seasonal occurrence and abundance at different elevations.
POST-DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT OF SYMPATRIC CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS AND C. RETINIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND THEIR HYBRIDS
Authors: Volney W. Jan A. , Liebhold Andrew M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEmergence from hibernacula of 2nd instars of Choristoneura occidentalis was more variable but later than that of C. retiniana. However, early-instar development was faster in C. occidentalis and compensated for the difference in emergence times so that both species entered the 6th instar simultaneously. There were no species-related differences in development beyond the 6th instar. Though they have different resource-tracking patterns early in their life cycle, temporal isolation between these species is unlikely. No developmental morphs were found in either species but there were several instances where individuals that developed at an increased (or decreased) rate in one stage developed slower (or faster) than the mean rate in a substantial stage. Negative correlations between development times were indicative of this. These correlations reduced variation in adult eclosion times induced by extended spring emergence and are indicative of homeostasis in development within populations. Negative correlation coefficients between development periods were more common in C. occidentalis, which also had the more variable spring-emergence pattern. Hybrids were intermediate in almost all development traits.
POLLINATOR ACTIVITY AND ABIOTIC FACTORS IN AN APPLE ORCHARD
Authors: Boyle-Makowski R.M.D. , Philogène B.J.R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe activity of native and domestic insect pollinators was studied for 3 consecutive years, during the blossom period in a semi-dwarf apple orchard of the Niagara Peninsula. Insect numbers and activity were correlated with apple cultivars (Empire, McIntosh, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious) located on the east and west slopes of the orchard and with temperature, humidity, and light intensity fluctuations. The physical factors, especially temperature, were mainly responsible for the variation in the numbers of honeybees. Factors such as cultivar, east and west slopes, and year were more significant for native pollinators. Native pollinators less affected by adverse conditions seem to compensate for reduced honeybee activity during unfavorable years.
SAMPLING FOR ADULT COCCINELLIDS AND THEIR NUMERICAL RESPONSE TO STRAWBERRY APHIDS (COLEOPTERA:COCCINELLIDAE: HOMOPTERA:APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Frazer B. D. , Raworth D. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSearching for adult coccinellids in large cages placed over sections of strawberry fields produced an average of 10 times as many coccinellids per metre of row as a relative method of sampling. Methods of converting relative indices to absolute indices of abundance were found. Results suggest that the frequently observed slow increase in abundance of aphid predators in response to increasing aphid abundance may be an artifact resulting from using relative indices of abundance that make no correction for the effects of hunger on predator activity. Calibrating the samples shows that numbers of adult coccinellids follow the trend of aphid abundance closely enough that coccinellid numbers may be predictable.
ELYMANA SULPHURELLA (ZETTERSTEDT): BIOLOGY, TAXONOMY, AND RELATIVES IN NORTH AMERICA (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Chiykowski L.N. , Hamilton K.G.A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractElymana sulphurella (Zetterstedt) is confirmed as an introduced European species, and is distinguished from its relatives in the New World, including 2 new species E. circius (British Columbia to Saskatchewan) and E. pacifica Hamilton (British Columbia). Elymana acrita DeLong 1936 is synonymized with E. acuma DeLong 1936, and E. caduca DeLong 1936 is synonymized with E. inornata (Van Duzee 1892). A key to the New World species is presented. A method of rearing E. sulphurella in a controlled environment is described. Of 11 plant species tested as food hosts, Agrostis gigantea Roth., Elymus glaucus Buckl., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., F. elatior L., F. rubra L., and Phleum pratense L. were suitable for nymphs and adults, Lolium perenne L. for nymphs, and Alopecurus pratensis L., Bromus inermis Leyss., and Dactylis glomerata L. for adults. Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. were unsuitable for both stages. Ten of 11 plant species tested as oviposition hosts yielded nymphs but the numbers varied widely. Leaf blades were preferred over sheaths as oviposition sites and most eggs were laid in the lower two-thirds of the leaf. Eggs appeared to be in diapause when laid and required several months to hatch if held at room temperature. Cold treatment of such eggs decreased the minimum hatching time and reduced the period over which hatching occurred. The mean developmental period of females was 24.9 days and males 23.5 days. The mean longevity of mated females (83.2 days) was significantly (P = 0.05) longer than that of males (62.1 days).
OPIINE PARASITOIDS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) OF RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA AND R. ZEPHYRIA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY, OREGON
Authors: AliNiazee M. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo species of opiine (Braconidae) parasitoids, Opius lectoides Gahan and O. downesi Gahan parasitized Rhagoletis zephyria Snow and R. pomonella (Walsh) in the Willamette Valley, OR. Almost equal numbers of O. lectoides and O. downesi were recorded from R. zephyria, whereas about 91% of the opiines associated with R. pomonella were O. downesi. In general, percent parasitization of R. pomonella was variable from sample to sample, but substantially higher on hawthorn than on apple fruit. It appears that both the opiine species have made a rapid host shift from R. zephyria to newly introduced populations of R. pomonella.
SOME POPULATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND SPRUCE CONEWORM, DIORYCTRIA RENICULELLOIDES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Spies C. J. , Dimond J. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCoincident populations of spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and spruce coneworm, Dioryctria reniculelloides (Mutuura and Munroe) were studied to compare spatial distribution, temporal abundance, relative abundance on spruce species, and the relative efficacy of aerial insecticide treatments.Most individuals of both species were found overwintering on the mid-crown branches of red spruce, and a whole branch is a suitable unit for simultaneous sampling of overwintering budworm/coneworm populations on red spruce. Survey records since 1949 show similar geographical and temporal population trends for these 2 insects in Maine. A correlation analysis (r = 0.87) indicates that the size of their coincident populations is related spatially. Both species were found overwintering in nearly equal proportions on red and white spruce sampled from the same stands. But twice as many budworm and coneworm were found overwintering on red spruce when red and black spruce were sampled on the same stands. Due to behavioral or physiological traits the coneworm appeared resistant to aerial spray treatments that significantly reduced budworm populations.
INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR NITROGEN LEVELS ON SURVIVAL, DEVELOPMENT, AND REPRODUCTION OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Brewer J. Wayne , Capinera John L. , Deshon Robert E. , Walmsley Mary L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe influence of nitrogen levels in foliage of white-fir, Abies concolor, and Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii, seedlings on various biological characteristics of the western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, was studied. Seedlings were grown under greenhouse conditions and provided with nutrient solutions to maintain five foliar nitrogen levels ranging from 1.29 to 4.42% dry weight for white fir and 1.43 to 3.94% for Douglas fir. Larvae confined to treated seedlings were monitored through the next generation. Larval mortality was higher, and development time longer, at both upper and lower extremes of foliar nitrogen than at mid-level. Mean pupal weight was significantly greater for larvae reared on white fir with the mid-range foliar-nitrogen level. Mean number, and weight, of eggs laid were highest when larvae fed on foliage from the mid-range nitrogen level. Total number of larvae produced was lowest at the high and low extremes of foliar nitrogen levels.
EPIDAMAEUS (ACARI: DAMAEIDAE) OF SUBARCTIC WESTERN NORTH AMERICA AND EXTREME NORTHEASTERN USSR
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M. , Norton Roy A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNine species of Epidamaeus of subarctic western North America and extreme northeastern USSR are discussed. Six new species, Epidamaeus aborigensis, E. chukchi, E. floccosus, E. gilyarovi, E. koyukon and E. nasutus, are proposed; E. gibbofemoratus, E. hastatus and E. tenuissimus, previously described by Hammer, are redescribed.
DIAPAUSE AND THE SEASONAL ECOLOGY OF THE INTRODUCED PARASITE, COTESIA (APANTELES) RUBECULA (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Nealis Vincent 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe insect parasite Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) shows a long-day, photoperiodic response that results in diapause in the eonymph. Within the region of the critical photoperiod, the diapause response is modified by temperature and by the duration of the developmental period of the larval parasite, but in field populations in Vancouver, diapause is predominantly a response to short photoperiods. There is evidence that the parasite's response is largely independent of the host's response. Once diapause is induced, there is an obligatory dormant period of at least 2 months after which diapause terminates when specific-heat requirements are fulfilled. The estimated heat requirements are used to predict the date of diapause termination and the emergence of parasite adults in the field. Parasite activity begins almost 6 weeks after that of its host.The critical photoperiod for populations in Vancouver, Canada, lies between 15- and 16-h photophase but in Canberra, Australia, the critical photoperiod is less than 13 h. The significance of this difference in the diapause response of the 2 introduced populations is discussed and recommendations are made for further biocontrol efforts.
ACTION OF MOUTHPARTS DURING FEEDING IN THE DARK-SIDED CUTWORM, EUXOA MESSORIA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Devitt B.D. , Smith J.J.B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFilm records of cutworms feeding on cabbage showed that in sampling and continuous feeding, the mandibles, maxillary palps, galeae, labial palps, and labrum contacted the leaf. Sampling involves palpation with the maxillary palps; this is followed by test biting, during which the galeae, labrum, and labial palps make initial contact with the plant. Test biting may be followed by continuous feeding in which all of the mouthparts contact the leaf in characteristic patterns. The actions of the mouthparts are discussed in relation to the function of their chemosensilla.
PARASITES RECOVERED FROM THE OVERWINTERING GENERATION OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE) IN PEST-MANAGEMENT APPLE ORCHARDS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Hagley E.A.C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe braconid Pholetesor (= Apanteles) ornigis (Weed) was the major parasite of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.), at 21 sites, in 9 counties in southern Ontario. The eulophids Sympiesis sericeicornis (Nees) (12 sites, 6 counties), S. dolichogaster Ashmead (9 sites, 5 counties), S. marylandensis Girault (8 sites, 6 counties) and Pnigalio maculipes (Crawford) (6 sites, 5 counties) were the major chalcidoids recovered. Other species recovered were 10 eulophids, 2 pteromalids, and 2 ichneumonids. The major hyperparasite of P. ornigis was S. sericeicornis, but S. dolichogaster, Habrocytus sp., Catolaccus sp., Gelis sp., and Hypopteromalus sp. were also recovered.
SYSTEMATICS OF NEW WORLDTRISSOLCUS(HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE): SPECIES RELATED TOT. BASALIS
Authors: Johnson Norman F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe New World species ofTrissolcus, exclusive of the flavipes and thyantae species groups, are revised. This encompasses seven species:T. basalis(Wollaston) recorded in the southeastern USA, West Indies, Venezuela, and southeastern Brazil;T. cosmopeplae(Gahan) from the USA and Canada;T. erugatusn. sp. from the western USA and Canada;T. hullensis(Harrington) widely distributed throughout Canada, USA, Mexico, Dominica, and Venezuela;T. radixn. sp. from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Venezuela, and the southeastern USA;T. solocisn. sp. from Mexico and the southeastern USA; andT. utahensis(Ashmead) from the western USA and Canada. Available host information for each species is summarized. These species are described and an identification key is provided.
EFFECTS OF ATTRACTANT COMPOSITION AND RELEASE RATE ON ATTRACTION OF MALE CHORISTONEURA RETINIANA, C. OCCIDENTALS, AND C. CARNANA (LEPIDOPTERA : TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Liebhold Andrew M. , Volney W. Jan A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAttraction of male Choristoneura spp. to various mixtures of the pheromone components of C. occidentalis Freeman and C. retiniana (Walsingham) released at various rates was evaluated at several sites in western North America. At all but 1 location, male trap capture increased with progressively greater release rates of a 92:8 mixture of (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenals (TDALs), previously identified as active components of the attractant pheromone of C. occidentalis. Similarly, trap catch was positively correlated with release rate of an 84:7:8:1 mixture of (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetates and (E)- and (Z)-11-tetradecenols (1:0.1 TDACs:TDOLs), previously identified as active components of the attractant pheromone of C. retiniana. All release rates of TDALs attracted only C. carnana (C. occidentalis and C. carnana probably are subspecies of the same species) in the central Sierra Nevada, but in the southern Cascades all but the lowest release rate of TDALs attracted significant numbers of males classified as C. retiniana in addition to those classified as C. occidentalis. At all locations, 1:0.1 TDACs: TDOLs exhibited complete species specificity, attracting only C. retiniana at all release rates tested. The 1:0.1 ratio of TDACs: TDOLs was the most attractive mixture of these components to C. retiniana. Addition of 1:0.1 TDACs: TDOLs did not significantly affect attraction of C. carnana to TDALs. However addition of TDALs significantly decreased attraction of C. retiniana to 1:0.1 TDACs:TDOLs.
A SURVEY FOR THE AMBROSIA BEETLES TRYPODENDRON LINEATUM AND GNATHOTRICHUS RETUSUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN A SAWMILL USING PHEROMONE-BAITED TRAPS
Authors: Shore T. L. , McLean J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe pheromones lineatum and (+)-sulcatol were used in traps in a sawmill to survey the ambrosia beetles Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) and Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte) respectively. Spatial and temporal distribution patterns for both species were identified. This information can be used for the establishment of a pheromone-based mass-trapping program for ambrosia beetles. The addition of ethanol and α-pinene to traps baited with (+)-sulcatol significantly increased the catches of G. retusus.
EFFECTS OF DENSITY ON THE PROPORTION OF MALE AND FEMALE PUPAE IN GYPSY-MOTH POPULATIONS
Authors: Mauffette Yves , Jobin Luc 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe numbers of larvae and pupae of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., were monitored in southwestern Quebec from June through August 1980 at 13 sites. In 10 sites, the proportion of male pupae was significantly different from an expected proportion of 0.5. Linear-regression analyses of the proportion of male pupae on larval density showed a significant increase in the number of male pupae with increasing larval density. Changes in the sex ratio could be an important indicator of the dynamic state of a population, and should be considered in modeling the population dynamics of gypsy moth.
THE PERIODICITY OF FEMALE CALLING IN THE BLUEBERRY SPANWORM ITAME ARGILLACEARIA PACK. (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Alford A. Randall , Diehl Jennifer R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe calling of female blueberry spanworms occurs primarily during the first few hours of the photophase under controlled laboratory and field conditions. Peak calling occurred 2 h after lights-on at laboratory test temperatures of 20,15, and 10 °C under a light:dark regime of 16:8; duration of calling was prolonged at 10 °C. Under continuous scotophase, female calling activity free-runs at a natural periodicity of ca. 27 h. However, under continuous photophase the circadian rhythm is damped to a low level of activity but maintains a ca.24-h periodicity.