bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of different bedside techniques to determine endotracheal tube position in a neonatal piglet model
Authors: Schmölzer Georg M. , Bhatia Risha , Davis Peter G. , Tingay David G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRationaleEndotracheal tube (ETT) malposition is common and an increasing number of non‐invasive techniques to aid rapid identification of tube position are available. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is advocated as a tool to monitor ventilation.ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare EIT with five other non‐invasive techniques for identifying ETT position in a piglet model.MethodologySix saline lavage surfactant‐depleted piglets were studied. Periods of ventilation with ETT placed in the oesophagus or a main bronchus (MB) were compared with an appropriately placed mid‐tracheal ETT. Colorimetric end‐tidal CO2 (Pedi‐Cap®), SpO2 and heart rate, tidal volume (${\rm V}_{{\rm T}_{{\rm ao}} } $) using a hot‐wire anemometer at the airway opening, tidal volume using respiratory inductive plethysmography (${\rm V}_{{\rm T}_{{\rm RIP}} } $) and regional tidal ventilation within each hemithorax (EIT) were measured.ResultsOesophageal ventilation: Pedi‐Cap® demonstrated absence of color change. ${\rm V}_{{\rm T}_{{\rm ao}} } $, ${\rm V}_{{\rm T}_{{\rm RIP}} } $, and EIT correctly demonstrated no tidal ventilation. SpO2 decreased from mean (SD) 96 (2)% to 74 (12)% (P < 0.05; Bonferroni post‐test), without heart rate change. MB ventilation: SpO2, heart rate and Pedi‐Cap® were unchanged compared with mid‐tracheal position. ${\rm V}_{{\rm T}_{{\rm ao}} } $ and ${\rm V}_{{\rm T}_{{\rm RIP}} } $ decreased from a mean (SD) 10.8 (5.6) ml/kg and 14.6 (6.2) ml/kg to 5.5 (1.9) ml/kg and 6.4 (2.6) ml/kg (both P < 0.05; Bonferroni post‐test). EIT identified the side of MB ventilation, with a mean (SD) 95 (3)% reduction in tidal volume in the unventilated lung.ConclusionsEIT not only correctly identified oesophageal ventilation but also localized the side of MB ventilation. At present, no one technique is without limitations and clinicians should utilize a combination in addition to clinical judgement. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:138–145. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in chinese children with obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome
Authors: Xu Zhifei , Li Bei , Shen Kunling 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveObstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common sleep problem. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between OSAHS and blood pressure (BP) in snoring children.MethodsSnoring children were recruited from January 2009 to December 2010. Clinical history was taken accompanied by a physical examination and polysomnography were performed. A child with an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) greater than 5 hr−1 or obstructive apnea index (OAI) greater than 1 hr−1 was diagnosed as having OSAHS. Ambulatory BP monitoring was performed for each child. BP load, BP index and nocturnal BP dipping were calculated for each child.ResultsOne hundred forty‐five children with snoring were recruited and 107 of them were diagnosed with OSAHS. There were no differences between those with or without OSA in age or gender distribution. The OSAHS children had higher mean nighttime systolic and diastolic BP, increased BP load, and decreased nocturnal BP dipping compared to the non‐OSAHS children (SBP: P = 0.03, DBP: P < 0.001, BP load: P = 0.001, SBP dipping: P = 0.03, DBP dipping: P = 0.04). Multiple regression analysis showed that mean nighttime systolic BP was related to age, obesity, and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) (P = 0.04, 0.03, and 0.02 respectively), while mean nighttime diastolic BP was related to obesity and ODI (P = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively).ConclusionsOSAHS children had a higher nocturnal BP than non‐OSAHS children and dysregulation of BP control reflected by decreased nocturnal BP dipping. Frequency of oxygen desaturation, apneas, and obesity were related to BP. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:274–279. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of C60 as an electron buffer layer in polythiophene‐methanofullerene based bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Elumalai Naveen Kumar , Yin Leung Man , Chellappan Vijila , Jie Zhang , Peining Zhu , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe effect of C60 interlayer on charge transport and device performance in bulk heterojunction solar cells with active layer of poly3‐hexylthiophene (P3HT) and l‐3‐methoxycarbonyl‐propyl‐l‐phenyl‐6,6 methanofullerene (PCBM) have been studied. The C60 layer of different thicknesses (5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, and 20 nm) was introduced between the cathode and the photoactive layer of the solar cell. The solar cell performance was found to be maximized at an optimum C60 thickness of about 5 nm. Subsequent increase in C60 interlayer thickness promotes charge transfer near the Al‐C60 interface due to increased diffusion of Al atoms into the interstitials of C60. This results in the formation of s‐shaped kink in J–V spectra. To further investigate the cause of this detrimental effects, photoinduced charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (PhotoCELIV) and CELIV studies were performed on the real solar cell devices. The CELIV transients obtained from the device with 5 nm C60 interlayer shows no charge extraction peak whereas the devices with C60 layer of thicknesses from 10 nm to 20 nm shows characteristic maxima due to the transferred charge carriers from the Al‐C60 interface. The PhotoCELIV studies performed on the devices showed characteristic single peak for the device with 5 nm C60 interlayer whereas the other devices exhibited dual peaks due to charges generated from photo excitation and injection at the interface respectively. The charge mobility values calculated from the dual photoCELIV transients indicates the charge mobility imbalance between the carriers in the devices.
Spectrally resolved cathodoluminescence imaging study of periodic [001]/[00‐1] GaAs structures for nonlinear optical conversion
Authors: Hortelano V. , Martínez O. , Jiménez J. , Lynch C. , Snure M. , Bliss D. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOrientation patterned (OP)‐GaAs crystals are very promising as nonlinear optical materials. They are suitable for mid‐infrared and terahertz laser sources, by frequency conversion of shorter wavelength pump sources. OP‐GaAs crystals must contain low concentrations of defects and must be homogeneous to reduce fluctuations, in the refractive index and the concomitant optical propagation losses. Understanding of the defects with electrooptic signature is crucial to improve the growth conditions for reducing their presence. Spectrally resolved cathodoluminescence imaging is used to study the main defects and how they are distributed throughout the OP‐GaAs crystal (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Formation of GaP nanostructures on GaAs (100) by droplet molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Prongjit P. , Pankaow N. , Thainoi S. , Panyakeow S. , Ratanathammaphan S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this contribution, we have demonstrated the fabrication of tensile strained GaP nanostructures on GaAs (100) substrates by droplet epitaxy using molecular beam epitaxy. The GaP nanostructures are ring‐like structure due to crystallization with low P2 pressure. The density of GaP ring‐like nanostructures varies between 8.92×108‐2.17×109 cm‐2 and the average of diameter varies between 88.4‐133 nm with increasing the Ga amount deposition in the range of 2.4‐4.8 ML. The photoluminescence result shows the tensile strain‐modified band gap effect of GaP nanostructure in GaAs matrix and it also confirms the high‐quality of GaP nanocrystal (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
THE SOLAR‐TO‐STREAM POWER RATIO: A DIMENSIONLESS NUMBER EXPLAINING DIEL FLUCTUATIONS OF TEMPERATURE IN MESOSCALE RIVERS
Authors: Link O. , Huerta A. , Stehr A. , Monsalve A. , Meier C. , Aguayo M. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe diel variation of temperature in mesoscale river reaches (catchment area > 1000 km2) is analysed using concurrent measurements of water temperature and of those meteorological (incident short‐wave radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed variables) and hydraulic variables (streamflow, top width, channel slope and flow depth) controlling the thermal regime. Measurements were taken along two river reaches located in central Chile, on the Itata (11 290 km2, Strahler's order 6, reach length 30 km,Qbankfull = 400 m3s−1) and Vergara (4340 km2, Strahler's order 5, reach length 20 km,Qbankfull = 85 m3s−1) rivers. The measuring frequency was 15 min. The relevant energy fluxes at the air–water interface, that is, atmospheric long‐wave radiation, net short‐wave radiation, radiation emitted by the water body, evaporation (latent heat) and conduction heat are computed and analysed for four scenarios of 12 days duration each, representing typical conditions for the austral winter, spring, summer and autumn. We find large differences in the diel river temperature range between the two sites and across seasons (and thus, flows and meteorological conditions), as reported in previous studies, but no clear relationship with the controlling variables is overtly observed. Following a dimensional analysis, we obtain a dimensionless parameter corresponding to the ratio of solar‐to‐stream power, which adequately explains the diel variation of water temperature in mesoscale rivers. A number of our own measurements as well as literature data are used for preliminary testing of the proposed parameter. This easy‐to‐compute number is shown to predict quite well all of the cases, constituting a simple and useful criterion to estimatea priorithe magnitude of temperature diel variations in a river reach, given prevailing meteorological (daily maximum solar radiation) and hydrologic–hydraulic (streamflow, mean top width) conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaction of (PPh3)2C→CO2 with Halogenated Hydrocarbons; Formation and Crystal Structure of a Cationic Ester with 1, 2‐Dichloroethane
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Neumüller Bernhard 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe carbodiphosphorane CO2 adduct (2) reacts slowly with 1, 2‐dichloroethane to give (HC{PPh3}2)Cl (5) as result of HCl abstraction along with the ester‐like salt (ClCH2CH2O(O)CC{PPh3}2)Cl (4) from nucleophilic substitution of one Cl– by 2. Both compounds could be separated by fractional crystallization. Attempts to dissolve 2 in 1, 2‐difluorobenzene leads to small amounts of the hydrolysis product (HC{PPh3}2)(HCO3)·H2O (6·H2O) caused by some humidity in the solvent. All compounds could be crystallized and the structures studied by X‐ray analyses and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
Time series data for Canadian arctic vertebrates: IPY contributions to science, management, and policy
Authors: Ferguson S. H. , Berteaux D. , Gaston A. J. , Higdon J. W. , Lecomte N. , Lunn N. , Mallory M. L. , Reist J. , Russell D. , Yoccoz N. G. , Zhu X. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLong-term data are critically important to science, management, and policy formation. Here we describe a number of data collections from arctic Canada that monitor vertebrate population trends of freshwater and marine fish, marine birds, marine and terrestrial mammals. These time series data cover the last ca. 30 years and capture a period from the onset of global changes affecting the Arctic up to recent years with a rapid increase in temperature. While many of these data collections were initiated through a variety of government and university programs, they also include a surge in polar research launched with the recent International Polar Year (2007–2008). We estimated the long-term vertebrate index from our data that summarizes various taxa abundance trends within a global context and observed a continuous decline of about 30 % in population abundance since the 1990s. Though most data collections are biased towards few taxa, we conduct time-series analyses to show that the potential value of long-term data emerges as individual monitoring sites can be spread across space and time scales. Despite covering a handful of populations, the different time series data covered a large spectrum of dynamics, cyclic to non-cyclic, including coherence with the North Atlantic Oscillation, lag effects, and density dependence. We describe a synthesis framework to integrate ecological time-series research and thereby derive additional benefits to management, science, and policy. Future requirements include: (1) continuation of current observation systems; (2) expansion of current monitoring sites to include additional trophic links and taxonomic indicators; (3) expansion beyond the existing program to include greater spatial coverage into less-sampled ecosystems and key representative locations; and (4) integration of circumpolar observations and comprehensive analyses. Development of a circumpolar observation system is necessary for innovative science, large-scale adaptive management, and policy revision essential to respond to rapid global change.
The optimal threshold values for the severity of urinary incontinence based on the 1‐hour pad test
Authors: Li Bin , Zhu Lan , Xu Tao , Lang Jinghe 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the correlation between the 1‐hour pad test and Stamey incontinence grading and to obtain the optimal threshold values for the severity of urinary incontinence.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional retrospective study at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1‐hour pad test results and Stamey grades of female patients who had undergone therapy for urinary incontinence between June 2005 and December 2010 were reviewed. The correlation between the objective and subjective measurements was assessed via a Spearman rank correlation test. The optimal diagnostic threshold was evaluated by ROC curve, and areas under the ROC curve reflected the accuracy of the 1‐hour pad test.ResultsA strong positive correlation was found between the 1‐hour pad test results and the subjective grades of 320 patients (correlation coefficient 0.757, P < 0.001). On the basis of the 1‐hour pad test, the optimal diagnostic cutoff points for the severity of urinary incontinence were 3.4 g and 10.2 g.ConclusionThe 1‐hour pad test could assess the severity of urinary incontinence accurately. The threshold values should be, approximately, less than 3 g for mild, 3–10 g for moderate, and more than 10 g for severe urinary incontinence.
Social anxiety disorder and shame cognitions in psychosis
Authors: Michail M. , Birchwood M. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundSocial anxiety disorder (SAD) is surprisingly prevalent among people with psychosis and exerts significant impact on social disability. The processes that underlie its development remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between shame cognitions arising from a stigmatizing psychosis illness and perceived loss of social status in co-morbid SAD in psychosis.MethodThis was a cross-sectional study. A sample of individuals with SAD (with or without psychosis) was compared with a sample with psychosis only and healthy controls on shame proneness, shame cognitions linked to psychosis and perceived social status.ResultsShame proneness (p < 0.01) and loss of social status (p < 0.01) were significantly elevated in those with SAD (with or without psychosis) compared to those with psychosis only and healthy controls. Individuals with psychosis and social anxiety expressed significantly greater levels of shame (p < 0.05), rejection (p < 0.01) and appraisals of entrapment (p < 0.01) linked to their diagnosis and associated stigma, compared to those without social anxiety.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that shame cognitions arising from a stigmatizing illness play a significant role in social anxiety in psychosis. Psychological interventions could be enhanced by taking into consideration these idiosyncratic shame appraisals when addressing symptoms of social anxiety and associated distress in psychosis. Further investigation into the content of shame cognitions and their role in motivating concealment of the stigmatized identity of being ‘ill’ is needed.
SPECIFICATION TEST FOR MISSING FUNCTIONAL DATA
Authors: Bugni Federico A. 
Published: May 2012

Economic data are frequently generated by stochastic processes that can be modeled as realizations of random functions (functional data). This paper adapts the specification test for functional data developed by Bugni, Hall, Horowitz, and Neumann (2009, Econometrics Journal12, S1–S18) to the presence of missing observations. By using a worst case scenario approach, our method is able to extract the information available in the observed portion of the data while being agnostic about the nature of the missing observations. The presence of missing data implies that our test will not only result in the rejection or lack of rejection of the null hypothesis, but it may also be inconclusive.Under the null hypothesis, our specification test will reject the null hypothesis with a probability that, in the limit, does not exceed the significance level of the test. Moreover, the power of the test converges to one whenever the distribution of the observations conveys that the null hypothesis is false.Monte Carlo evidence shows that the test may produce informative results (either rejection or lack of rejection of the null hypothesis) even under the presence of significant amounts of missing data. The procedure is illustrated by testing whether the Burdett–Mortensen labor market model is the correct framework for wage paths constructed from the National Longitudinal Survery of Youth, 1979 survey.
Consent in psychiatric biobanks for pharmacogenetic research
Authors: van der Baan Frederieke H. , Bernabe Rose D. C. , Bredenoord Annelien L. , Gregoor Jochem G. , Meynen Gerben , Knol Mirjam J. , van Thiel Ghislaine J. M. W. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In psychiatric practice, pharmacogenetics has the potential to identify patients with an increased risk of unsatisfactory drug responses. Genotype-guided treatment adjustments may increase benefits and reduce harm in these patients; however, pharmacogenetic testing is not (yet) common practice and more pharmacogenetic research in psychiatric patients is warranted. An important precondition for this type of research is the establishment of biobanks. In this paper, we argue that, for the storage of samples in psychiatric biobanks, waiving of consent is not ethically justifiable since the risks cannot be considered minimal and the argument of impracticability does not apply. An opt-out consent procedure is also not justifiable, since it presumes competence while the decisional competence of psychiatric patients needs to be carefully evaluated. We state that an enhanced opt-in consent procedure is ethically necessary, i.e. a procedure that supports the patients’ decision-making at the time when the patient is most competent. Nevertheless, such a procedure is not the traditional exhaustive informed consent procedure, since this is not feasible in the case of biobanking.
Computational intelligence with applications to general insurance: a review
Authors: Parodi Pietro 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper argues that most of the problems that actuaries have to deal with in the context of non-life insurance can be usefully cast in the framework of computational intelligence (a.k.a. artificial intelligence), the discipline that studies the design of agents which exhibit intelligent behaviour. Finding an adequate framework for actuarial problems has more than a simply theoretical interest: it also allows a technological transfer from the computational intelligence discipline to general insurance, wherever techniques have been developed for problems which are common to both contexts. This has already happened in the past (neural networks, clustering, data mining have all found applications to general insurance) but not in a systematic way. One of the objectives of this paper will therefore be to introduce some useful techniques such as sparsity-based regularisation and dynamic decision networks that are not yet known to the wider actuarial community.Whilst in the first part of this paper we dealt mainly with data-driven loss modelling under the assumption that all the data were accurate and fully relevant to the exercise, in this second part of the paper we explore how to deal with uncertain knowledge, whether this uncertainty comes from the fact that the data are not fully reliable (e.g. they are estimates) or from the fact that the knowledge is “soft” (e.g. expert beliefs) or not fully relevant (e.g. market information on a given risk). Most importantly, we will deal with the problem of making pricing, reserving and capital decisions under uncertainty. It will be concluded that a Bayesian framework is the most adequate for dealing with uncertainty, and we will present a number of computational intelligence techniques to do this in practice.
Undulations in MeV solar energetic particle fluxes in Earth's magnetosphere associated with substorm magnetic field reconfigurations
Authors: Rodriguez J. V. 
Published: May 2012

East‐west anisotropies in GOES solar energetic particle (SEP) flux observations provide evidence of a time‐varying radial gradient between L ≈ 4 and L ≈ 7. During elevated auroral activity, the gradient, represented by the ratio of inner (eastward‐observed) to outer (westward‐observed) fluxes, exhibits undulations lasting 1–3 h. A superposed epoch analysis based on 85 geosynchronous field dipolarizations observed during 19 SEP events between 1998 and 2006 shows that >4 MeV inner proton fluxes increase as the geosynchronous field stretches during substorm growth phase, then decrease gradually following field dipolarization at substorm onset. This behavior is distinct from the sharp increase of outer belt electrons and protons at the time of the dipolarization. The undulations indicate that substorm‐related field changes in the near‐Earth magnetotail enhance access of SEPs to the inner magnetosphere (down to L ≈ 4). The observation of undulations at geosynchronous orbit is suppressed during high solar wind dynamic pressure (Pdyn > 5 nPa) or strong geomagnetic storm conditions (Dst∗ < −100 nT) because the radial gradient is greatly reduced under these conditions and the interplanetary flux level provides an upper limit to the SEP fluxes in the magnetosphere. A sequence of 10 SEP undulations was observed during and following the 18 April 2002 sawtooth event. Analysis of this sequence shows that undulations observed at all local times are associated with substorm‐related field changes on the nightside. GOES eastward SEP observations at all local times can thus serve as global trace particle sensing of substorm‐related field reconfigurations in the near‐Earth magnetotail.