bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organizational Resources for the Occupational Therapist in the Public Schools
Authors: Sears Carol J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Many organizational resources can assist the public school occupational therapist in fulfilling his or her commitment to the population being served. This paper presents four types of organizational resources that are readily available to the therapist: professional, nonprofit/volunteer, and commercial organizations, and information search and retrieval systems. Each category of resource contains examples and a brief description of each example. Descriptions of professional and nonprofit/volunteer organizations include information about their purpose, membership, and publications. The examples in each of these categories cover a variety of disciplines and disabling conditions; however, all are involved with and provide information about children with disabilities. Descriptions of commercial organizations highlight specific products that are applicable to occupational therapy in the schools. Descriptions of information search and retrieval systems state the kinds of materials each system maintains and provide information on how to gain access to each system.
The Reliability of the Motor Development Checklist
Authors: Gevelinger Marcia , Ottenbacher Kenneth J. , Tiffany Trina 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the interrater and test–retest reliability of the Motor Development Checklist (Doudlah, 1976). Thirty-six subjects with diagnosed multiple disabilities and severe and profound mental retardation were evaluated by two experienced occupational therapists. Reliability was established by means of the intraclass correlation approach, and results indicated that coefficients ranged from .93 to .99. The study results suggest that the Motor Development Checklist, when administered by experienced raters, can provide consistent information regarding the spontaneous motor performance of persons with multiple disabilities. Implications for practice and future research are briefly discussed.
Comparison of Myoelectric and Conventional Prostheses for Adolescent Amputees
Authors: Weaver Shirley A. , Lange Lawrence R. , Vogts Virginia M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We questioned whether myoelectric prostheses were a reasonable alternative to conventional prostheses for adolescents with unilateral, congenital, below-elbow amputations in respect to fit, function, cosmesis, and cost. Ten patients were studied. Each received a physical, functional, and psychosocial evaluation prior to prosthetic fitting. The physical evaluation included myopotential, residual limb length and circumference, active range of motion, terminal device grasp force, and mechanical range. The functional evaluation consisted of a questionnaire of 38 bimanual activities. The psychosocial evaluation included an assessment of both the patient and the family. Following prosthesis fabrication, each patient received 10 days of training, a 3-month checkup, and a 6-month reevaluation. Wearing patterns, perception of cosmesis, change in physical attributes of the residual limb, and functional performance were documented. Results indicate that for these subjects myoelectric prostheses with a hand were an acceptable alternative to conventional prostheses with a hook.
The OSOT Perceptual Evaluation: A Research Perspective
Authors: Boys Marian , Fisher Pat , Holzberg Claire , Reid David W. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Although the Ontario Society of Occupational Therapists (OSOT) Perceptual Evaluation has been widely used, it has never been standardized. A study was undertaken to examine the validity of the battery for differentiating neurologically normal persons from those who have been independently diagnosed as neurologically impaired. A group of 80 brain-damaged patients was compared with a matched group of 70 neurologically normal persons. Comparison of scores for the two groups supports the validity of the instrument for differentiating the neurologically normal from the perceptually impaired person. The distribution of scores suggests that the degree of impairment can be classified as mild, moderate, or severe. Finally, the OSOT Perceptual Evaluation is found to be a reliable procedure for the assessment of perceptual dysfunction.
Intrinsic Motivation in Product-Oriented and Non-Product-Oriented Activities
Authors: Thibodeaux Carol S. , Ludwig Ferol Menks 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study investigated the hypothesis that purposeful activity is an intrinsic motivator. We hypothesized that subjects would take longer to perceive themselves to be working hard and would have a higher heart rate increase when working on a product-oriented activity than when working on a non-product-oriented activity. Fifteen subjects sanded a cutting board that they could keep and a piece of wood that they could not keep until they reached a rating of 15( hard) on the Borg Rating Scale of Perceived Exertion. No significant differences were found in the subjects’ heart rate increase or in the time it took subjects to perceive themselves as working hard. Subjects reported significantly more enjoyment in sanding the cutting board than in sanding the wood, and significance increased further upon completion of the sanding board. Ex post facto, when subjects were categorized into three groups depending upon the degree of liking for each activity, it appeared that the degree of liking may be important in predicting exercise effort. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
Hand Splinting for Infants in the Intensive Care and Special Care Nurseries
Authors: Anderson Linda J. , Anderson J. Michael 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Infants in intensive care nurseries often have hand deformities and hand dysfunction. The traditional therapeutic approaches to hand care used in the treatment of adults, young children, and older infants are not always adequate to prevent progressive deformity in preterm and neonatal infants. Medical instability, time constraints, lack of family participation in the therapeutic program, the complexity of the treatment program, and fear of harming the infant are considerations that may indicate the need for splinting as an adjunctive therapeutic intervention. A number of factors are particularly important in making splints for infants, including splint alignment and padding, strap attachment, and thermoplastic malleability.
Sexual Functioning as a Topic in Occupational Therapy Training: A Survey of Programs
Authors: Payne Mary Jane , Greer Donald L. , Corbin David E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
To investigate the current status of sex education in occupational therapy curricula, a questionnaire survey was mailed to department chairs of 67 university programs that were either accredited or in the application process. A total of 50 programs returned usable responses. The results indicate that occupational therapy may be in a transition period: A significant minority of the respondents were either undecided about or against including sexual functioning in occupational therapy, but the majority were of the opinion that the patient’s sexual functioning is an important domain of occupational therapy practice. A high percentage of programs reported that instructional time was being devoted to the basics of sexual functioning, but programs varied considerably in the amount of time allocated for this topic.
Teaching Ethical Analysis in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Haddad Amy M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Ethical decision making is a cognitive skill requiring education in ethical principles and an understanding of specific ethical issues. It is also a psychodynamic process involving personalities, values, opinions, and perceptions. This article proposes the use of case studies and role-playing techniques in teaching ethics in occupational therapy to supplement conventional methods of presenting ethical theories and principles. These two approaches invite students to discuss and analyze crucial issues in occupational therapy from a variety of viewpoints. Methodology of developing case studies and role-playing exercises are discussed. The techniques are evaluated and their application to the teaching of ethics is examined.
Attitudes of Occupational Therapy Personnel Toward Persons With Disabilities
Authors: Benham Patricia K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The study described in the following article investigated the attitudes of occupational therapy personnel toward persons with disabilities. The examination involved attitudes in general as measured by the Scale of Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons (SADP) (Antonak, 1981), specific attitudes toward infants with Down’s syndrome, beliefs concerning the importance of favorable attitudes toward patients, and beliefs concerning the role of the American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) in the development of ethical guidelines for the delivery of health care services.
The results of a survey of 619 occupational therapy personnel indicate that they hold a very favorable attitude toward persons with disabilities, and that they believe that a negative attitude would adversely affect the therapeutic relationship. The majority agree that the expression of a favorable attitude should be a criterion in student selection. The majority also agree that AOTA should develop position papers on ethical issues and take a public position on issues pertinent to the rights of the disabled person.
Occupational therapy personnel proved to be very homogeneous on the general attitudinal scale. However, the Down’s syndrome scenario uncovered significant differences among the different categories of respondents in the variables for professional level, area of practice, years of practice, and geographic location. A majority of respondents agreed that it is unethical to withhold needed surgery from a child because of disability. However, they differed on the ethics of aborting a fetus with Down’s syndrome (most thought it was unethical).
The Relationship Between Visual-Perceptual Motor Abilities and Clumsiness in Children With and Without Learning Disabilities
Authors: O’Brien Valerie , Cermak Sharon A. , Murray Elizabeth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
One visual-perceptual test, four visual-motor tests, and a test of motor impairment were administered to 22 children with learning disabilities and 22 children without learning disabilities, aged 5 to 8 years. The children with learning disabilities were divided into two groups—“clumsy” and “nonclumsy”—based on their scores on the motor impairment test. It was hypothesized that the clumsy children with learning disabilities would score significantly lower on visual-perceptual and visual-motor tests than the nonclumsy children with learning disabilities who, in turn, would score significantly lower than the children without learning disabilities. It was further hypothesized that there would be a significant correlation between the degree of clumsiness and the degree of visual-perceptual and visual-motor deficit. Analysis of the data indicated that, as expected, the clumsy children with learning disabilities scored significantly lower than the children without learning disabilities (the control group). There was no significant difference between the clumsy and nonclumsy children with learning disabilities or between the nonclumsy children with learning disabilities and the control group. Degree of clumsiness significantly correlated with scores on four of five tests. Results are discussed in terms of subtypes of learning disabilities and sample size.
Tongue Movements in Normal 2- to 8-Year-Old Children: Extended Profile of an Eating Assessment
Authors: Gisel Erika G. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this study tongue movements of 103 normal 5-, 6-, 7-, and 8-year-old children were measured and compared. The 5-year-olds were compared with children of an earlier study and data were combined for 2- to 8-year-old children.
Two different tongue positions were measured as three standard textures of food were presented: first, the position of the tongue as the food was 5 cm away from the lips, and second, the position of the tongue or other oral characteristics as the food was swallowed. For the anticipation of food a significant age–texture (p &lt; .001) as well as an age–sex–texture interaction was noted (p &lt; .035). For swallowing, significant age (p &lt; .0001), texture (p &lt; .0001), and sex–age interactions (p &lt; .0001) were found. Although food is anticipated in a similar fashion by both sexes, age and texture differences must be taken into account when swallowing is evaluated. A preliminary developmental curve for the two eating behaviors is presented for children 2 to 8 years old.
The Effects of Chronic Otitis Media on Motor Performance in 5- and 6-Year-Old Children
Authors: Von Therese , Deitz Jean C. , McLaughlin John , DeButts Suzette , Richardson Mark 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Two 16-member groups of 5- and 6-year-old children, one group with a history of chronic otitis media and one without such a history, were tested on three measures of motor performance. These were the Motor Accuracy Test–Revised, the Stott Test of Motor Impairment, and measures of duration of standing balance. These instruments assess, respectively, fine motor coordination, overall motor skills, and balance. On each of these measures, children with a history of chronic otitis media scored lower than children without such a history. However, when these scores were compared statistically, no significant differences were found between the two groups. Because the results of this study were inconclusive, routine motor performance evaluation of children with a history of chronic otitis media is not advocated at this time.
Unilateral Neglect: Suggestions for Research by Occupational Therapists
Authors: Van Deusen Julia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper reviews the research literature pertinent to the evaluation of and therapy for patients having unilaterial neglect. Emphasis is on areas in need of research by occupational therapists. Specific suggestions are made for studies to relate evaluation tools to functional criteria, to adapt the environment, and to investigate the effectiveness of compensatory or neurologically based treatment.
A Comparison of Motor Performance of Preschoolers Enrolled in Mental Health Programs and Non–Mental Health Programs
Authors: Kramer Lois Arms , Deitz Jean C. , Crowe Terry K. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Recognizing that the etiologies of some major mental illnesses may be in the physical domain, this study described and compared the motor performance of 27 preschool children enrolled in mental health programs with 27 children enrolled in Project Head Start, a non–mental health program. The two groups were matched for age, race, and sex. The Gross and Fine Motor scales of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales were administered to all subjects. On both measures the children enrolled in mental health programs scored significantly lower than the children enrolled in Project Head Start. In addition their scores were more variable. The results of this study support other findings suggesting that developmental delays may be characteristic of children with emotional disturbances.
The Scholarly Productivity of Occupational Therapy Faculty Members: Results of a Regional Study
Authors: Holcomb J. David , Christiansen Charles H. , Roush Robert E. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A study of the scholarly activities of 66 occupational therapy faculty members at selected academic health centers was conducted through a mailed survey. An analysis of the responses showed that (a) the respondents’ primary scholarly activities were reporting research findings in refereed journal articles and presenting papers at professional meetings and (b) only a small percentage of the respondents had directed extramurally funded projects. In addition, the level of scholarly productivity of the occupational therapists was significantly lower than that of their allied health colleagues. The majority of the respondents indicated that their own academic preparation was the primary factor that encouraged their scholarly pursuits and that heavy teaching responsibility was the primary discouraging factor. The respondents indicated also that faculty scholarly activities are, and will continue to be, important considerations in academic promotion decisions.
A Medical Review Approach to Medicare Outpatient Documentation
Authors: Allen Claudia , Foto Mary , Moon-Sperling Terry , Wilson Dorothy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Blue Cross of California has recognized the problem of reimbursement delays due to Medicare claims that have been returned or denied. The information in this article applies to the medical review process and suggests an interpretation of the new Medicare outpatient guidelines used by the Blue Cross of California Medicare reviewers. As a solution to the problem of delayed reimbursement, medical reviewers—who are also practicing occupational therapists—offer an explanation of the Medicare review process and suggestions for correcting technical billing errors. Methods for keeping complete and timely medical records are discussed, with the suggestion that clinicians follow these methods from the start of care. A process for documentation is presented that will clearly prove to the medical reviewer the need for the special skills of an occupational therapist. This article also proposes reasons for noncoverage because of insufficient medical necessity. It is important to note, however, that variance between fiscal intermediaries’ interpretations and requirements exists nationwide. This article, therefore, represents only one fiscal intermediary’s approach to reviewing claims and medical records.
The Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation: Development and Standardization
Authors: Houston Dale , Williams Susan Lang , Bloomer Judith , Mann William C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Bay Area Functional Performance Evaluation (BaFPE) was developed in 1977–1978 to meet the need for a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the general functional performance of patients treated in psychiatric occupational therapy. It consists of two subtests, the Task-Oriented Assessment and the Social Interaction Scale. These subtests evaluate two aspects of general functional performance—task-oriented and social behavior—that are important in assessing clients with emotional, cognitive, or behavioral deficits. This article traces the instrument’s standardization over a 10-year period of development and includes a discussion of its theoretical premises, its content, and the revisions to date. Research on the reliability and validity of the BaFPE is summarized.
Occupational Therapy: A Study of Supply and Demand in Georgia
Authors: Morris Libby V. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In 1986 the University of Georgia’s Institute of Higher Education conducted a statewide needs assessment of the supply of and demand for health care professionals in over 25 health care fields. Of the 638 hospitals, nursing homes, home health agencies, and freestanding ambulatory surgical centers surveyed, 321 replied (50%). Respondents reported that occupational therapy positions have one of the highest vacancy rates and pose severe recruitment difficulties.
The occupational therapy vacancies in Georgia hospitals were 16.1% and averaged 15% in all surveyed facilities. In the hospital setting, the length of time needed to hire an occupational therapist ranged from 0 to 280 days with 3 months as average. Nevertheless, the respondents projected a 41% increase in employment of occupational therapists by 1995.
Occupational therapy employment opportunities in Georgia far exceed the supply, and this imbalance will continue until the turn of the century. Although much publicity has been focused on the severe nursing shortage nationwide, in Georgia and apparently in other states, the shortage of occupational therapists is also severe. A concerted effort is required to turn this situation around.
Bilateral Motor Coordination in 5- to 9-Year-Old Children: A Pilot Study
Authors: Magalhaes Livia C. , Koomar Jane A. , Cermak Sharon A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to collect normative data on and to assess the clinical usefulness of scales designed to measure the quality of children’s ability to perform three bilateral motor coordination tasks: jumping jacks, symmetrical stride jumps and reciprocal stride jumps. One hundred children, aged 5 to 9 years, were tested according to the scales developed for this study. Results indicated that scores tended to increase with age and that sex differences were not significant. Jumping jacks were found to be the most reliable and the easiest of the three tasks. Reciprocal stride jumps were the most difficult. Quality of performance was assessed, and the number of jumps in a 10-sec trial was recorded for each age. The data from this study may be useful in comparing the performance of children with motor deficits to the performance of normal children of the same age.
Videotaped Versus Live Instruction in Demonstrating Evaluation Skills to Occupational Therapy Students
Authors: Bazyk Susan , Jeziorowski John 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study compared the effectiveness of videotaped and live instruction in demonstrating a developmental evaluation to occupational therapy students. Twenty-three students were randomly assigned to either the videotape or the live instruction group. While the videotape group watched a 25-minute commercially available videotape demonstrating the Milani-Comparetti Motor Development Screening Test, the live group received the same information from an instructor. A written examination that assessed student knowledge of the purpose and procedures of the evaluation tool served as the pretest and posttest. After the posttest, the students were asked to answer questions regarding their learning experience.
Results indicated no difference in test scores between the two groups. Although both groups rated the learning experience as good, all students stated a preference for live over videotaped instruction because of the opportunity to ask questions and interact with the instructor. These findings suggest that although videotaped instruction may be an effective teaching method, there may be ways to enhance student satisfaction with its use.
The Effect of Positioning on the Hand Function of Boys With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Noronha Janette , Bundy Anita , Groll Janet 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The effect of positioning (sitting and prone standing) on the hand function of 10 boys (mean age = 12.5 years, SD = 1.2 years) with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy was studied. Two groups of subjects were tested twice (Tests 1 and 2) with the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (Jebsen, Taylor, Treischmann, Trotter, & Howard, 1969; Taylor, Sand, & Jebsen, 1973) to measure rate of manipulation. In addition, a scale modified from Hohlstein (1982) was used to measure quality of grasp on each subtest of the Jebsen-Taylor test. No significant differences between the mean scores of the two groups were found on the total scores of the Jebsen-Taylor test, either between Tests 1 and 2 or between sitting and prone standing. When the data from Tests 1 and 2 were combined, it was found that on one subtest—simulated feeding—the subjects performed significantly faster while in a prone standing position. On another subtest—picking up small objects—the subjects performed significantly faster while in a sitting position. Except during the simulated feeding subtest, the quality of the subjects’ grasp was observed to be mature and tailored to the objects manipulated. This paper presents considerations for analyzing positioning in relation to upper extremity tasks.