bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
U.S. Policy, Cultural Heritage, and U.S. Borders
Authors: Luke Christina 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article situates the discussion of illicit trafficking in antiquities in the context of the relationship between the U.S. Departments of State and Homeland Security. The main argument is that U.S. cultural heritage policy is part of a broader agenda of political discourse that links matters of heritage to wider concerns of security. If the underlying goal of the U.S. State Department is mutual understanding through open dialogue, how can initiatives that focus on the criminal networks and security, efforts tackled by the Department of Homeland Security, contribute to building a positive image for the United States abroad? Here I explore strategic aspects of U.S. cultural policies and federally supported programs aimed at mitigating against the illicit trade in antiquities as part of building and maintaining cultural relations.
Operation of TEAM I in a User Environment at NCEM
Authors: Ercius Peter , Boese Markus , Duden Thomas , Dahmen Ulrich 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTEAM I is the final product of the Transmission Electron Aberration-corrected Microscope (TEAM) Project, a collaborative project funded by the Department of Energy with the goal of designing and building a platform for a next generation aberration-corrected electron microscope capable of image resolution of up to 50 pm. The TEAM instrument incorporates a number of new technologies, including spherical- and chromatic-aberration correction, an all-piezo-electric sample stage and an active-pixel direct electron detector. This article describes the functionality of this advanced instrumentation, its response to changes in environment or operating conditions, and its stability during daily operation within the National Center for Electron Microscopy user facility.
Phosphodiesterase-2 inhibitor reverses corticosterone-induced neurotoxicity and related behavioural changes via cGMP/PKG dependent pathway
Authors: Xu Ying , Pan Jianchun , Chen Ling , Zhang Chong , Sun Jiao , Li Jianxin , Nguyen Linda , Nair Neetu , Zhang Hanting , O'Donnell James M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPhosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2) is an enzyme responsible for hydrolysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) to restrict intracellular signalling of these second messenger molecules. This study investigated how PDE2 inhibitor Bay 60-7550 affects the dysregulated glucocorticoid signalling in neuronal cells and regulates depressive behaviours after chronic stress in mice. We found that exposure of hippocampal neurons to corticosterone resulted in time- and concentration-dependent increases in PDE2 expression. These intriguing findings were confirmed in the hippocampal cell line HT-22. After corticosterone exposure for 24 h, HT-22 cells showed a concentration-dependent increase in mRNA levels for PDE2 subtypes, PDE2A1 and 2A3, as well as for the total PDE2A protein expression. Bay 60-7550 was found to reverse the cell lesion induced by corticosterone (50 µm). This neuroprotective effect was blocked by pretreatment with protein kinase G inhibitor KT5823, but not protein kinase A inhibitor H89, suggesting the involvement of cGMP-dependent signalling. Although Bay 60-7550 treatment for 24 h did not change the levels of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases ERK1/2 (pERK) and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB), it down-regulated pERK at 2 h and up-regulated a CREB co-activator, CREB-binding protein, at 24 h. Both of these effects were blocked by KT 5823. Furthermore, Bay 60-7550 reversed corticosterone-induced down-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein levels 24 h after corticosterone exposure. In behavioural testing, Bay 60-7550 produced antidepressant-like effects and reduced corticosterone levels in stressed mice, further supporting the involvement of a PDE2-dependent pathway in mediating Bay 60-7550's effect during stress hormone insults.
Analysing Aporia
Authors: BOHLMAN PHILIP V. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis essay draws upon approaches from music analysis, the cultural study of music, and the philosophy of language to examine the meaning and function of borders in music. Drawing upon Jacques Derrida's concept of multiple aporias as metaphors for understanding the relationship of life to death, the essay begins by exploring three functions of aporia at the borders in music: 1) a line to be crossed; 2) a zone of difference; 3) an area of impossibility and unknowability. Three case studies provide a comparative framework that seeks to extend my analytical approaches beyond specific cultural, geographic, and historical repertories. In the first case study I examine the function of caesura at the borders between oral and written tradition in epic; in the second, I examine the coterminous moment of emptiness and fullness known askhāliin South Asian music; in the third, I analyse the compositional language employed by Viktor Ullmann (1898–1944) in his concentration-camp melodrama,Die Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornets Christoph Rilke, to represent the musical transcendence of death in the Holocaust. By analysing aporia in such different traditions I demonstrate the ways in which they open possibilities for understanding the sameness that connects music from radically different musical traditions.
Cryo-transmission electron microscopy structure of a gigadalton peptide fiber of de novo design
Authors: Sharp Thomas H. , Bruning Marc , Mantell Judith , Sessions Richard B. , Thomson Andrew R. , Zaccai Nathan R. , Brady R. Leo , Verkade Paul , Woolfson Derek N. 
Published: July 2012

Nature presents various protein fibers that bridge the nanometer to micrometer regimes. These structures provide inspiration for the de novo design of biomimetic assemblies, both to address difficulties in studying and understanding natural systems, and to provide routes to new biomaterials with potential applications in nanotechnology and medicine. We have designed a self-assembling fiber system, the SAFs, in which two small α-helical peptides are programmed to form a dimeric coiled coil and assemble in a controlled manner. The resulting fibers are tens of nm wide and tens of μm long, and, therefore, comprise millions of peptides to give gigadalton supramolecular structures. Here, we describe the structure of the SAFs determined to approximately 8 Å resolution using cryotransmission electron microscopy. Individual micrographs show clear ultrastructure that allowed direct interpretation of the packing of individual α-helices within the fibers, and the construction of a 3D electron density map. Furthermore, a model was derived using the cryotransmission electron microscopy data and side chains taken from a 2.3 Å X-ray crystal structure of a peptide building block incapable of forming fibers. This was validated using single-particle analysis techniques, and was stable in prolonged molecular-dynamics simulation, confirming its structural viability. The level of self-assembly and self-organization in the SAFs is unprecedented for a designed peptide-based material, particularly for a system of considerably reduced complexity compared with natural proteins. This structural insight is a unique high-resolution description of how α-helical fibrils pack into larger protein fibers, and provides a basis for the design and engineering of future biomaterials.
A MATLAB toolbox for structural kinetic modeling
Authors: Girbig Dorothee , Selbig Joachim , Grimbs Sergio 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Summary: Structural kinetic modeling (SKM) enables the analysis of dynamical properties of metabolic networks solely based on topological information and experimental data. Current SKM-based experiments are hampered by the time-intensive process of assigning model parameters and choosing appropriate sampling intervals for Monte-Carlo experiments. We introduce a toolbox for the automatic and efficient construction and evaluation of structural kinetic models (SK models). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of network stability properties are performed in an automated manner. We illustrate the model building and analysis process in detailed example scripts that provide toolbox implementations of previously published literature models.
Availability: The source code is freely available for download at http://bioinformatics.uni-potsdam.de/projects/skm.
Contact: girbig@mpimp-golm.mpg.de
miR-203 Regulates Nociceptive Sensitization after Incision by Controlling Phospholipase A2 Activating Protein Expression
Authors: Sun Yuan , Li Xiang-Qi , Sahbaie Peyman , Shi Xiao-You , Li Wen-Wu , Liang De-Yong , Clark J. David 
Published: July 2012

Background
After incision keratinocytes in the epidermis become activated to produce a range of pain-related mediators. microRNA 203 (miR-203) is known to be involved in keratinocyte growth, differentiation, and skin inflammation. We hypothesized that one or more of these mediators might be under the control of miR-203.

Methods
The expression of miR-203 and its target gene, phospholipase A2 activating protein (PLAA), were examined after hind paw incision in mice. We investigated the local effect of intraplantar PLAA peptide injection in normal mice and the effects of a selective secretory phospholipase A2 inhibitor (HK064) on PLAA or incision-induced mechanical allodynia. Last, we investigated the role of substance P signaling in regulating miR-203 and PLAA expression in vitro and in vivo.

Results
Levels of miR-203 were strongly down-regulated in keratinocytes after incision. Informatics-based approaches identified PLAA as a likely candidate for regulation by miR-203. PLAA caused mechanical allodynia and conditioned place aversion but not thermal sensitization. HK064 reduced mechanical allodynia after incision and after intraplantar injection of PLAA. Using preprotachykinin gene knockout mice or with neurokinin-1 selective antagonist LY303870 treatment, we observed that substance P-mediated signaling was also required for miR-203 and PLAA regulation after incision. Finally, using the rat epidermal keratinocyte cell line, we observed that a miR-203 mimic molecule could block the substance P-induced increase in PLAA expression observed under control conditions.

Conclusions
miR-203 may regulate expression of the novel nociceptive mediator PLAA after incision. Furthermore, the regulation of miR-203 and PLAA levels is reliant upon intact substance P signaling.
Transparent Testa16Plays Multiple Roles in Plant Development and Is Involved in Lipid Synthesis and Embryo Development in Canola
Authors: Deng Wei , Chen Guanqun , Peng Fred , Truksa Martin , Snyder Crystal L. , Weselake Randall J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTransparent Testa16 (TT16), a transcript regulator belonging to the Bsister MADS box proteins, regulates proper endothelial differentiation and proanthocyanidin accumulation in the seed coat. Our understanding of its other physiological roles, however, is limited. In this study, the physiological and developmental roles of TT16 in an important oil crop, canola (Brassica napus), were dissected by a loss-of-function approach. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated down-regulation of tt16 in canola caused dwarf phenotypes with a decrease in the number of inflorescences, flowers, siliques, and seeds. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that tt16 deficiency affects pollen tube guidance, resulting in reduced fertility and negatively impacting embryo and seed development. Moreover, Bntt16 RNAi plants had reduced oil content and altered fatty acid composition. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the seeds of the RNAi plants had fewer oil bodies than the nontransgenic plants. In addition, tt16 RNAi transgenic lines were more sensitive to auxin. Further analysis by microarray showed that tt16 down-regulation alters the expression of genes involved in gynoecium and embryo development, lipid metabolism, auxin transport, and signal transduction. The broad regulatory function of TT16 at the transcriptional level may explain the altered phenotypes observed in the transgenic lines. Overall, the results uncovered important biological roles of TT16 in plant development, especially in fatty acid synthesis and embryo development.
Effectiveness of a national approach to prescribing education for multiple disciplines
Authors: Khanal Santosh , Buckley Tom , Harnden Chris , Koo Michelle , Peterson Gregory , Ryan Anna , Tse Justin , Westbury Juanita , Zuo Yeqin 
Published: July 2012

AimsTo evaluate the effectiveness of a national approach to prescribing education on health professional students’ prescribing and therapeutics knowledge, across multiple disciplines.MethodsIn a university examination setting, 83 medical, 40 pharmacy and 13 nurse practitioner students from three different universities completed a set of multiple choice questions (MCQs) before and after completing an online module from the National Prescribing Curriculum (NPC). To minimize overestimation of knowledge, students had to indicate the level of certainty for each answer on a three‐point scale. MCQs were scored using a validated certainty‐based marking scheme resulting in a composite score (maximum 30 and minimum −60). Students were asked to rate their perception of usefulness of the module.ResultsAt the pre‐module phase, there were no significant differences in the composite MCQ scores between the medical (9.0 ± 10.3), pharmacy (10.2 ± 10.6) and nurse practitioner (8.0 ± 10.7) students. The scores improved significantly for all groups at the post‐module phase (P < 0.01 for all groups) by similar extents (post‐module results: medical, 14.5 ± 9.6; pharmacy, 14.4 ± 9.9; nurse practitioner, 12.1 ± 9.6). 39.4% of the MCQs answered incorrectly with high level of certainty at the pre‐module phase were still answered incorrectly with high level of certainty at the post‐module phase. Almost all students (with no significant difference between the groups) found the NPC modules, post‐module MCQs and feedback useful as a learning tool.ConclusionsA national online approach to prescribing education can improve therapeutics knowledge of students from multiple disciplines of health care and contribute towards streamlining interdisciplinary learning in medication management.
Gender‐specific pollinator preference for floral traits
Authors: de Jager Marinus L. , Ellis Allan G. 
Published: July 2012

Summary

Shifts between alternative pollinator types are regarded as the main source of divergent selection underlying angiosperm floral diversification. However, pollinating species can exhibit substantial intraspecific variation, particularly between genders, in key morphological and behavioural traits determining their interactions with flowers. This potential mechanism of floral diversification remains largely unexplored.

The bee fly, Megapalpus capensis, is the predominant pollinator of the remarkable array of floral forms of the sexually deceptive daisy Gorteria diffusa. Flies exhibit strong gender‐specific interactions with the variable insect‐like spots which characterize G. diffusa inflorescences.

In order to explore variation in the preferences of male and female pollinators for the visual, tactile and olfactory components of these spots, and its implications for floral diversification, we used a sequence of binary choice tests where we manipulated individual spot components.

Male and female flies exhibited contrasting preferences for spot components with females preferring simplistic spots and avoiding UV highlights, whilst males prefer any additional visual and tactile phenotypic complexity.

Floral odour alone elicited significant preference in females only, indicating that, in contrast to orchids, sexual deception in G. diffusa is achieved largely through visual mimicry of female pollinators.

Our results clearly show that elaboration of the insect‐like spots has evolved in response to male preferences and suggest that a trade‐off exists between the attraction of male and female flies, which may have contributed to the divergence in floral phenotype between morphotypes of G. diffusa

Pollinators exhibit gender differences in floral preferences and behaviour which is another potential source of divergent selection contributing to angiosperm floral diversification.
Age‐dependent trade‐offs between immunity and male, but not female, reproduction
Authors: McNamara Kathryn B. , van Lieshout Emile , Jones Therésa M. , Simmons Leigh W. 
Published: July 2012

Summary

Immune function is costly and must be traded off against other life‐history traits, such as gamete production. Studies of immune trade‐offs typically focus on adult individuals, yet the juvenile stage can be a highly protracted period when reproductive resources are acquired and immune challenges are ubiquitous. Trade‐offs during development are likely to be important, yet no studies have considered changes in adult responses to immune challenges imposed at different stages of juvenile development.
By manipulating the timing of a bacterial immune challenge to the larvae of the cotton bollworm moth, we examined potential trade‐offs between investment into immunity at different stages of juvenile development (early or late) and subsequent adult reproductive investment into sperm or egg production.
Our data reveal an age‐dependent trade‐off between juvenile immune function and adult male reproductive investment. Activation of the immune response during late development resulted in a reduced allocation of resources to eupyrene (fertilizing) sperm production. Immune activation from the injection procedure itself (irrespective of whether individuals were injected with an immune elicitor or a control solution) also caused reproductive trade‐offs; males injected early in development produced fewer apyrene (nonfertilizing) sperm. Contrary to many other studies, our study demonstrates these immune trade‐offs under ad libitum nutritional conditions. No trade‐offs were observed between female immune activation and adult reproductive investment.
We suggest the differences in trade‐offs observed between male sperm types and the absence of reproductive trade‐offs in females may be the result of ontogenetic differences in gamete production in this species. Our data reveal developmental windows when trade‐offs between immune function and gametic investment are made, and highlight the importance of considering multiple developmental periods when making inferences regarding the fundamental trade‐offs expected between immune function and reproduction.
Cluster analysis of fruit and vegetable‐related perceptions: an alternative approach of consumer segmentation
Authors: Simunaniemi A.‐M. , Nydahl M. , Andersson A. 
Published: July 2012

How to cite this article  Simunaniemi A.‐M., Nydahl M. & Andersson A. (2012) Cluster analysis of fruit and vegetable related perceptions: an alternative approach of consumer segmentation. J Hum Nutr Diet. 26, 38–47AbstractBackground:  Audience segmentation optimises health communication aimed to promote healthy dietary habits, such as fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption. The present study aimed to segment respondents into clusters based on F&V‐related perceptions, and to describe these clusters with respect to F&V consumption and sex.Methods:  The cross‐sectional study was conducted using a semi‐structured questionnaire. The respondents were randomly selected among Swedish adults (n = 1304; response rate 51%; 56% women). A two‐step cluster analysis was conducted followed by a binary logistic regression with cluster membership as a dependent variable. The clusters were compared using t‐tests and chi‐squared tests. P < 0.05 (two‐sided) was considered statistically significant. The respondents’ open‐ended answers of determinants of F&V consumption were used as a descriptive support for the conducted multivariate analysis.Results:  Of the two identified clusters, the Positive cluster (n = 476) was older and consumed more vegetables (both sexes) and fruit (women only), whereas men in the Indifferent cluster (n = 715) consumed more juice. Indifferent cluster reported more F&V consumption preventing factors, such as storage and preparation difficulties and low satisfaction with F&V selection and price. Not liking or not having a habit of F&V consumption, laziness, forgetting and a lack of time were mentioned as main barriers to F&V consumption.Conclusions:  The Indifferent cluster reports more practical and life‐style related difficulties. The Positive cluster consumes more vegetables, perceives fewer F&V‐related difficulties, and looks for more dietary information. The findings confirm that cluster analysis is an appropriate way of identifying consumer subgroups for targeted health and nutrition communication.
Lesions of Hypothalamic Mammillary Body Desynchronise Milk‐Ejection Bursts of Rat Bilateral Supraoptic Oxytocin Neurones
Authors: Wang Y.‐F. , Negoro H. , Higuchi T. 
Published: July 2012

Successful milk ejection depends on a bolus release of oxytocin, which results from the synchronised burst firing of magnocellular oxytocin neurones in several hypothalamic nuclei. Despite extensive studies of the mechanism underlying the burst synchrony of oxytocin neurones in the same nucleus, brain regions controlling burst synchronisation among different nuclei remain elusive. We hypothesised that some structures in the ventroposterior hypothalamus may function as the major component of neural circuits controlling burst synchronisation of bilateral oxytocin neurones. To test this hypothesis, we recorded burst firing of bilateral oxytocin neurones in the two supraoptic nuclei after microsurgical disconnection of different hypothalamic regions in anaesthetised lactating rats. The results obtained showed that the interhemispheric section of the caudal part of the hypothalamus but not the rostral hypothalamus resulted in burst desynchronisation. The difference in burst onset time between paired bursts of bilateral oxytocin neurones was 129.2 ± 34.7 s, which is significantly (P < 0.01) longer than that of sham‐lesioned controls (0.24 ± 0.02 s). Hypothalamic lesions leading to the desynchronisation involved the mammillary body, supramammillary nucleus and tuberomammillary nucleus in the ventroposterior hypothalamus. Consistently, electrolytic lesion of the median part of this mammillary body region also desynchronised the burst of bilateral oxytocin neurones and disrupted milk ejections. These results indicate that the mammillary body region is critically involved in the burst synchronisation of bilateral oxytocin neurones during suckling and possibly functions as the major component of a putative synchronisation centre.