bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NEIGHBOURHOOD WALKS: A SEMI‐QUANTITATIVE METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE ACCESS PEOPLE WITH A LEARNING DIFFICULTY HAVE TO RESOURCES IN THEIR COMMUNITY
Authors: Drewett Robert , Dagnan David , Tonner John , Maychell Carol 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA method is presented for assessing the extent to which people with mental handicaps living in residential homes can independently locate resources available in their communities. A range of facilities necessary to an ordinary life is plotted on a map for each home. The person is then accompanied on a ‘neighbourhood walk’ on which they are asked to take the researcher to each of the facilities on the list. Data from a reliability study based on two assessments carried out by independent researchers eight months apart showed a very high correlation for the number of facilities correctly located (Pearson's r was 0.96). In addition to this quantitative data, the neighbourhood walk provides qualitative data, of the kind normally associated with ethnographic studies, which allows some assessment of the extent of social as well as physical integration. Data collected independently of care staff was shown to be reliable and can be summarised in a way that allows comparisons of different kinds of home.
THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS ON OUTCOMES IN RESIDENTIAL SERVICES
Authors: Joyce Theresa 
Published: August 2010

AbstractResearch over a number of years has shown the damaging and dehumanising effects of institutional living on people with learning disabilities (e.g. King, Raynes & Tizard, 1971), and has exposed the fact that the quality of life experienced in such settings is not solely a consequence of having a learning disability, but is as much a consequence of the nature of the service offered. Increasingly, evidence has suggested that smaller, community based facilities are ‘better’ than large institutions. This study builds on this evidence; it uses data from some London residential services to not only compare the outcomes for clients of different types of residential service, but also to investigate the actual factors and processes which produce those outcomes.
RECOGNISING THE FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF ADULTS WITH MENTAL HANDICAPS
Authors: Reed Julie , Callow Hilary , Davis John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study investigated the ability of adults with mental handicaps to pose recognisable happy and sad facial expressions. Happy facial expressions were more likely to be correctly recognised than sad facial expressions when posed by individuals who showed an understanding of happy and sad emotional states. Language comprehension was not associated with the abillity to pose recognisable facial expressions. These findings lead to a discussion of ideas for social skills training with this client group and further research in this area.
USE OF ICD‐10 RESEARCH DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA TO CATEGORISE PSYCHIATRIC AND BEHAVIOURAL ABNORMALITIES AMONG PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES: THE WEST MIDLANDS FIELD TRIAL
Authors: Clarke David J. , Cumella Stuart , Corbett John , Baxter Mark , Langton John , Prasher Verinder , Roy Ashok , Roy Meera , Thinn Kyaw 
Published: August 2010

AbstractICD‐10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research (DCR) based on the Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines for Mental and Behavioural Disorders were used to assign diagnoses to 38 people with mental retardation (MR) who had additional behavioural or psychiatric disorders. Problems were encountered with criteria for schizophrenia and related disorders. Recommendations were made regarding some diagnostic criteria, the method of coding diagnoses, and the need for additional guidance when classifying disorders associated with MR.Multiaxial classification during the field trial allowed mental and physical health problems and the severity of MR to be summarised in a standard format, assisting record keeping and the communication of information. The DCR represent an advance on previous diagnostic systems, and with additional axes (now being developed for use with a MR fascicle) will be a useful research tool. Psychiatric diagnoses and classificatory systems still suffer from the lack of external validating criteria or specific treatment responses for many disorders within them, and this poses special problems when the person with the disorder has difficulties with communication.
STAFF BURNOUT AND ABSENTEEISM THROUGH SERVICE TRANSITION: FROM HOSPITAL TO HOSTEL
Authors: Harvey Emma , Burns Jan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractResidential nursing staff were asked to complete the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) each month for a total of six months throughout a service transition involving the move of a group of men with profound learning disabilities, some with additional challenging behaviours, from two hospital wards to a community‐living orientated hostel. The MBI was used to measure the effect on staff of the intense reorganisation in their working environment. Significant increases in Emotional Exhaustion and Depersonalisation, and a (non significant) decrease in Personal Accomplishment were found during the transition. Levels reverted to baseline following the move, but burnout remained above the mean of a previously published study, for two of the three dimensions. Levels of absenteeism largely mirrored the pattern of the MBI scores, with a one‐month lapse between high burnout and high absenteeism, supporting previous research indicating an association between the two.
SURVIVAL IN MENTAL RETARDATION
Authors: Mölsä P.K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSurvival and causes of death of 429 subjects with mental handicap were examined by following 212 inpatient and 217 outpatient subjects for twenty years or until death. Survival analysed in terms of aetiology showed that congenital malformations and acquired postnatal disorders were associated with increasing mortality. There was a sigificant difference in survival between institutionalised and non‐institutionalised people and a very significant difference in survival between long‐term institutional residents and subjects living at home with their parents. Epilepsy shortened the life expectancy significantly among subjects living outside the institution, especially in hostels. The most frequent immediate cause of death, both within and outside institution, were bronchopneumonia, cardiovascular disease and epileptic seizures.
THE PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH PARADIGM AND INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Authors: Cocks Errol , Cockram Judith 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe believe that we are living through an age of transition, perhaps moving towards some ‘post technological’ era and that this time is marked by considerable turbulence in society. Because of die place of disability within our society this era contains more dian its fair share of risks to people with disabilities. Our enduring concern is about the ability of human service organisations to deliver meaningful services—to become or to remain compassionate, humane and responsive to people's needs and, in particular, to devise strategies in which research and action are closely linked. In this study we advocate a participatory research paradigm as a powerful and liberating strategy to deliver meaningful services to people with disabilities. Through the participatory process the sharing of client experiences benefits both the clients (by turning their passivity into activity) and those who deliver services to them. It is a major thesis of this paper that a new research paradigm in the field of learning disability must emerge from a clearer comprehension of the essential identity of people with a learning disability and the reality of their life experiences and situations.
THE PATTERN OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION WITHIN A SAMPLE OF MENTALLY HANDICAPPED PEOPLE IN TAYSIDE
Authors: Lawrenson Helen , Lindsay William R. , Walker Phyllis 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe drinking pattern occurring amongst people with learning difficulties in Dundee was investigated. The main conclusions are that fewer individuals actually reported drinking alcohol and fewer weekly units were consumed, than is found in the general population. A need for general alcohol education was identified since only one‐third of the sample appreciated the potential dangers associated with alcohol and none knew, specifically, what these dangers might be.
INTERACTION AND ENGAGEMENT OF WORKERS IN SUPPORTED EMPLOYMENT: A BRITISH COMPARISON BETWEEN WORKERS WITH AND WITHOUT LEARNING DISABILITIES
Authors: Beyer Stephen , Kilsby Mark , Willson Claire 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSupported employment represents an important alternative to traditional forms of day service in Britain. Social integration in the workplace has been seen as one of its primary aims and this has been a key outcome measure in research. Few studies have looked at engagement in meaningful activity as an outcome measure. This paper describes a direct observation study which compared patterns of interaction and engagement for eight people with learning disabilities being supported in ordinary work settings and eight non‐disabled co‐workers. The results for engagement were favourable, showing no significant difference in percentage of time engaged for the two groups, although supported workers spent more time in on‐task activities than their colleagues. There was no significant difference in frequency of interaction, and who people talked with, between the groups, except where Job Coaches were present, where they became the main focus of interaction for supported workers. Content of interaction differed, co‐workers being more frequently involved in directing others and teasing and joking, while supported workers received praise and greetings more frequently. Reasons for the observed differences and implications for supported employment services are discussed.
ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONING AND BEHAVIOUR OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS: COMPARISON BETWEEN ETHNIC GROUPS
Authors: Bickerton Wai‐Lin , Vostanis Panos , Cumella Stuart , Chung Man Cheung , Doran John , Winchester Caroline 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between behaviour and adaptive functioning in 70 children of 5–16 years of age with special needs from three ethnic groups who lived in an urban health district. Parents were interviewed and completed the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale (VABS) and the Aberrant Behaviour Checklist (ABC). The most pronounced developmental deficits were found in communication and daily living skills. Two‐thirds of the subjects were rated as having a moderately severe behaviour problem on at least one item of the ABC. Asian children presented slightly more difficulties in communication, and Afro‐Caribbean children did better than the other children on all domains (though this was not statistically significant). In addition, European children were rated significantly higher than the other two groups in the behavioural scales of hyperactivity and inappropriate speech. Within the whole sample, domains of adaptive functioning, particularly socialisation, were negatively correlated with behavioural problems. Inappropriate speech, as rated by the ABC, was associated with developmental delay on all three VABS domains.
PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS IN A HOSPITAL FOR INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY: THE STORY OF 18 YEARS
Authors: Etherington J. , Sheppard L. C. , Ballinger B. R. , Fenton G. W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPsychotropic prescribing was surveyed over an 18‐year period in an intellectual disability hospital between 1972 and 1990. The number of inpatients fell from 605 to 242 but the proportion receiving psychotropic drugs rose from 33% to 47% widi an increase in die percentage of the population receiving neuroleptics and lidiium. Polypharmacy applied to 29% of the patients receiving psychotropic drugs in 1990. The changes in prescribing may be partly related to the increased proportion of individuals with more severe psychiatric symptomatology in the population.
INTER‐INFORMANT AGREEMENT ON THE MOTIVATION ASSESSMENT SCALE: ANOTHER FAILURE TO REPLICATE
Authors: Thompson Sarah , Emerson Eric 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe present study evaluated inter‐informant agreement on the Motivation Assessment Scale across 42 topographies of challenging behaviour in five children with severe intellectual disabilities. The results revealed unacceptably low levels of inter‐rater reliability on all sub‐scales of the MAS and unacceptably low levels of inter‐informant agreement on the purported behavioural function of the rated challenging behaviours.
STRESS AND RESIDENTIAL STAFF: TOWARDS AN INTEGRATION OF EXISTING RESEARCH
Authors: Rose John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the literature relating to stress in staff who care for people with learning disabilities. The majority of published studies have considered stress in residential staff. When assessing the studies, it soon becomes apparent that there is considerable variability between them in terms of methodology and results. However, the main reason for the range of results probably represent differences in organisational structure of the services surveyed. Despite this variability some simple general trends emerge which suggest that potential stressors and supports vary depending upon their proximity within the organisational structure. Models are presented on how these inter‐relationships might be considered.
UNDERSTANDING FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE STAFF RESPONSES TO CHALLENGING BEHAVIOURS: AN EXPLORATORY INTERVIEW STUDY
Authors: Hastings Richard P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStaff beliefs about challenging behaviours, and their perception of their working environment, are important for two main reasons. Firstly, the manner in which staff define challenging behaviour affects who is labelled as a challenge, and who is referred to specialist services. Secondly, staff views of their working environment may help us to understand why staff interact with people with learning disabilities in the apparently counter‐habilitative ways outlined in previous reasearch. These issues were investigated in a systematic semi‐structured interview of 19 care staff. The interview covered staff definitions of challenging behaviour, the reasons for its occurrence, and strategies for its amelioration; their views on training and behavioural programmes; and their reported emotional responses to challenging behaviour. Content analysis of the interview transcripts revealed several patterns that may help in generating an account of staff behaviour. For example, staff's beliefs about the causes of challenging behaviour were partially congruent with those of psychological analyses, but their reported interventions for challenging behaviour could not be characterised as ‘functional’ strategies. Staff reports also revealed some of the factors in the service environment that may explain why they respond ‘inappropriately’ to challenging behaviour in the short term. These included: an emphasis in staff training on techniques for managing behaviour rather than understanding it, the (possibly resulting) belief that challenging behaviour is to be controlled, and the aversive nature of challenging behaviours. These findings, and their implications for research and practice, are discussed.
Switch‐specific and general preparation map onto different ERP components in a task‐switching paradigm
Authors: Karayanidis Frini , Provost Alexander , Brown Scott , Paton Bryan , Heathcote Andrew 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe examined whether the cue‐locked centroparietal positivity is associated with switch‐specific or general preparation processes. If this positivity (300–400 ms) indexes switch‐specific preparation, faster switch trials associated with smaller RT switch cost should have a larger positivity as compared to slower switch trials, but no such association should be evident for repeat trials. We extracted ERP waveforms corresponding to semi‐deciles of each participant's RT distribution (i.e., fastest to slowest 5% of trials) for switch and repeat conditions. Consistent with a switch‐specific preparation process, centroparietal positivity amplitude was linked to slower RT and larger RT switch cost for switch but not repeat trials. A later pre‐target negativity (500–600 ms) was inversely correlated with RT for both switch and repeat trials, consistent with a general anticipatory preparation processes.
A randomised controlled trial of low‐dose misoprostol and dinoprostone vaginal pessaries for cervical priming
Authors: Tan T‐C , Yan SY , Chua TM , Biswas A , Chong Y‐S 
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Tan T‐C, Yan S, Chua T, Biswas A, Chong Y‐S. A randomised controlled trial of low‐dose misoprostol and dinoprostone vaginal pessaries for cervical priming. BJOG 2010;117:1270–1277.Objective  We studied the efficacy of 25‐μg misoprostol pessaries as either single or double dose compared with a 3‐mg dinoprostone pessary for cervical priming.Design and setting  A randomised controlled trial in Singapore.Population  One hundred and seventy‐one women with term pregnancies and modified Bishop scores (mBS) ≤6 from 2003 to 2004.Method  Patients were randomised to single misoprostol dose, double misoprostol dose or the current dinoprostone regimen.Main outcome measures  Primary outcome was number of women who achieved favourable mBS >6 or active labour by day 2. Secondary outcomes were time interval from insertion to delivery, cardiotocographic abnormalities, delivery and neonatal outcome.Results  More women in the misoprostol double‐dose group (96.6%) and dinoprostone group (93%) achieved the primary outcome compared with the single‐dose group (77.8%) (P = 0.003 and P = 0.03, respectively). There was no difference in secondary outcomes. More multiparous women achieve primary outcome compared with nulliparous women (odds ratio 0.21, 95% confidence interval 0.06–0.77).Conclusion  Double‐dose misoprostol 25 μg is as effective as dinoprostone 3 mg inserts for cervical priming; both are more efficacious than a single‐dose misoprostol pessary. Parity prognosticates the success of induction.
Invasive procedures for fetal karyotyping: no cause of subsequent gestational hypertension or pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Lindgren P , Cederholm M , Haglund B , Axelsson O 
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Lindgren P, Cederholm M, Haglund B, Axelsson O. Invasive procedures for fetal karyotyping: no cause of subsequent gestational hypertension or pre‐eclampsia. BJOG 2010;117:1422–1425.The aim was to estimate the risk of maternal hypertensive complications following first‐ or second‐trimester invasive diagnostic procedures, i.e. chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis (AC). Odds ratios (ORs) for gestational hypertension, mild pre‐eclampsia or severe pre‐eclampsia were calculated for women who underwent CVS (n = 1 984) or AC (n = 21 748) compared with non‐exposed women (n = 47 854). No increase in the development of gestational hypertension, mild pre‐eclampsia or severe pre‐eclampsia was observed. The results do not support an association between invasive procedures for fetal karyotyping and subsequent gestational hypertension or pre‐eclampsia.
Antiretroviral therapy and preterm delivery—a pooled analysis of data from the United States and Europe
Authors: Townsend CL , Schulte J , Thorne C , Dominguez KL , Tookey PA , Cortina‐Borja M , Peckham CS , Bohannon B , Newell M‐L ,   for the Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease Consortium, the European Collaborative Study and the National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Townsend C, Schulte J, Thorne C, Dominguez K, Tookey P, Cortina‐Borja M, Peckham C, Bohannon B, Newell M, for the Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease Consortium, the European Collaborative Study and the National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood. Antiretroviral therapy and preterm delivery—a pooled analysis of data from the United States and Europe. BJOG 2010;117:1399–1410.Objective  To investigate reported differences in the association between highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in pregnancy and the risk of preterm delivery among HIV‐infected women.Design  Combined analysis of data from three observational studies.Setting  USA and Europe.Population  A total of 19 585 singleton infants born to HIV‐infected women, 1990–2006.Methods  Data from the Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease project (PSD), a US monitoring study, the European Collaborative Study (ECS), a consented cohort study, and the National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood (NSHPC), the United Kingdom and Ireland surveillance study.Main outcome measure  Preterm delivery rate (<37 weeks of gestation).Results  Compared with monotherapy, HAART was associated with increased preterm delivery risk in the ECS (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.40, 95% CI 1.49–3.86) and NSHPC (AOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.10–1.86), but not in the PSD (AOR 0.92, 95% CI 0.67–1.26), after adjusting for relevant covariates. Because of heterogeneity, data were not pooled for this comparison, but heterogeneity disappeared when HAART was compared with dual therapy (P = 0.26). In a pooled analysis, HAART was associated with 1.5‐fold increased odds of preterm delivery compared with dual therapy (95% CI 1.19–1.87, P = 0.001), after adjusting for covariates.Conclusions  Heterogeneity in the association between HAART and preterm delivery was not explained by study design, adjustment for confounders or a standard analytical approach, but may have been the result of substantial differences in populations and data collected. The pooled analysis comparing HAART with dual therapy showed an increased risk of preterm delivery associated with HAART.
BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH: Fidelity to foraging sites, consistency of migration routes and habitat modulation of home range by sea turtles
Authors: Schofield Gail , Hobson Victoria J. , Fossette Sabrina , Lilley Martin K. S. , Katselidis Kostas A. , Hays Graeme C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim  Resources can shape patterns of habitat utilization. Recently a broad foraging dichotomy between oceanic and coastal sites has been revealed for loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta). Since oceanic and coastal foraging sites differ in prey availability, we might expect a gross difference in home‐range size across these habitats. We tested this hypothesis by equipping nine adult male loggerhead sea turtles with GPS tracking devices.Location  National Marine Park of Zakynthos (NMPZ) Greece, central and eastern Mediterranean (Adriatic, Ionian and Aegean seas).Methods  In 2007, 2008 and 2009, Fastloc GPS‐Argos transmitters were attached to nine male loggerheads. In addition, a Sirtrack PTT unit was attached to one male in 2007. Four of the turtles were tracked on successive years. We filtered the GPS data to ensure comparable data volumes. Route consistency between breeding and foraging sites of the four re‐tracked turtles was conducted. Foraging site home range areas and within site movement patterns were investigated by the fixed kernel density method.Results  Foraging home range size ranged between circa 10 km2 at neritic habitats (coastal and open‐sea on the continental shelf) to circa 1000 km2 at oceanic sites (using 90% kernel estimates), the latter most probably reflecting sparsely distributed oceanic prey. Across different years individuals did not follow exactly the same migration routes, but did show fidelity to their previous foraging sites, whether oceanic or neritic, with accurate homing in the final stages of migration.Main conclusions  The broad distribution and diverse life‐history strategies of this population could complicate the identification of priority marine protected areas beyond the core breeding site.