bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational models of syntactic acquisition
Authors: Yang Charles 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe computational approach to syntactic acquisition can be fruitfully pursued by integrating results and perspectives from computer science, linguistics, and developmental psychology. In this article, we first review some key results in computational learning theory and their implications for language acquisition. We then turn to examine specific learning models, some of which exploit distributional information in the input while others rely on a constrained space of hypotheses, yet both approaches share a common set of characteristics to overcome the learning problem. We conclude with a discussion of how computational models connects with the empirical study of child grammar, making the case for computationally tractable, psychologically plausible and developmentally realistic models of acquisition.WIREs Cogn Sci2012, 3:205–213. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1154This article is categorized under:Linguistics > Computational Models of Language
{Sn10[Si(SiMe3)3]5}– : An Anionic Metalloid Tin Cluster from an Isolable SnI Halide Solution
Authors: Schrenk Claudio , Helmlinger Jens , Schnepf Andreas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe disproportionation reaction of the subvalent metastable halide SnBr proved to be a powerful synthetic method for the synthesis of metalloid cluster compounds of tin. Hence the neutral metalloid cluster compound Sn10[Si(SiMe3)3]6 (1) was synthesized from a reaction of a SnBr emulsion with LiSi(SiMe3)3. Using the phosphane PnBu3 as a donor component during the synthesis of the monohalide solution, an isolable SnI halide solution is obtained. The reaction of such an isolable SnCl solution with LiSi(SiMe3)3 gives the anionic metalloid cluster compound {Sn10[Si(SiMe3)3]5}– (5) in 63 % yield, where only five tin atoms are bound to one ligand and where a centaur polyhedral arrangement of the ten tin atoms is present. Due to the open structure 5 might be used for further applications in the field of subsequent build‐up reactions.
Syntheses, Structures, and Luminescent Properties of two Cadmium(II) Entangled Frameworks Based on 5‐Bromoisophthalic Acid and Bipyridyl Ligands
Authors: Liu Guang‐Xiang , Wang Xiao‐Feng , Zhou Hong 
Published: December 2011

Abstract Two cadmium(II) entangled frameworks, Cd(BIPA)(bpe)1.5 (1) and Cd(BIPA)(bpp)(H2O) (2), were prepared by hydrothermal reactions based on rigid 5‐bromoisophthalic acid (H2BIPA) and two flexible bipyridyl ligands 1, 2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane (bpe) and 1, 3‐bis(4‐pyridyl)propane (bpp). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 is a rare example of a polycatenated array of 1D nanotubes, whereas complex 2 exhibits a three‐dimensional twofold interpenetrating diamondoid network. The analysis results reveal that the flexibility of the bipyridyl ligands plays a significant role in the structure of the final products. Moreover, the luminescent properties of the complexes were investigated.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Energetic Properties of Nitroso Compounds
Authors: Miró Sabaté Carles , Delalu Henri 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSodium and potassium methyl(nitroso)amide (M[CH3N2O], M = Na (1), K (2)) were prepared by the reaction of monomethylhydrazine with iso‐pentyl nitrite or n‐butyl nitrite and a suitable metal ethoxide (M[CH3CH2O], M = Na, K) in an ethanol‐ether mixture. The reaction of monomethylhydrazine with a small excess of iso‐pentyl nitrite or n‐butyl nitrite and in the absence of a metal ethoxide led to the formation of N‐nitroso‐N‐methylhydrazine (CH3(NO)N–NH2, (3)). Alternatively, compound 3 was prepared by the amination reaction of 1 or 2 using the sodium salt of HOSA in ethanol solution. Compounds 1–3 were characterized using elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, mass spectrometry, vibrational (infrared and Raman) and UV spectroscopy and multinuclear (1H, 13C and 15N) NMR spectroscopy. For compounds 1–3, several physical and chemical properties of interest and sensitivity data were measured and for compound 3 thermodynamic and explosive properties are also given. Additionally, the solid‐state structure of compound 3 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis and the structures of the cis‐ and trans‐[CH3N2O]– anions and that of 3 were optimized using DFT calculations and used to calculate the NBO charges.
Effects of Tween 80 and pH on mycelial pellets and exopolysaccharide production in liquid culture of a medicinal fungus
Authors: Liu Yuan-Shuai , Wu Jian-Yong 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of surfactant additives and medium pH on mycelial morphology and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production in liquid culture of a valuable medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis Cs-HK1. In the medium containing 20 g l−1 glucose and 6 g l−1 peptone as the sole nitrogen source, the Cs-HK1 fungal mycelia formed smooth and spherical pellets about 1.8-mm mean diameter. The mycelial pellets became less uniform at pH (4.0–5.0) lower than the optimum (pH 6.0) or turned to filamentous form at higher pH (8–9). Surfactants added to the medium inhibited pellet formation, resulting in smaller and looser pellets. Tween 80 exhibited a remarkable promoting effect on EPS production, increasing the EPS yield more than twofold at 1.5% (w/v), which was most probably attributed to the stimulation of EPS biosynthesis and release from the fungal cells by Tween 80.
Medical Students' Exposure to Urology in the Undergraduate Curriculum, a Web Based Survey
Authors: Derbyshire L.F. , O'Flynn K.J. 
Published: December 2011

Objective: Urological knowledge and skills are lacking in junior doctors and Urology is undersubscribed for specialist training. Lack of exposure as undergraduates may be responsible. We aimed to assess Urology exposure, confidence about managing common conditions and career prospects, in current UK medical students. Methods: All UK medical schools were contacted. Final year students were asked to complete an online survey about Urology. Results: 610 responses were received. Only 42% of respondents had a compulsory clinical attachment in Urology, lasting on average 1 week. 46% had compulsory attachments partially based in Urology, mainly with other surgical specialities. Common urological activities had been attended by >50% of respondents, however 6% had not attended any. Over 80% of respondents received teaching on common Urology topics except for urological emergencies (62%). Lectures and anatomy sessions were the main teaching methods. 87% of teaching was from Urologists. Most respondents felt ‘confident’ managing common urological problems, but 32% felt ‘not very confident' with urological emergencies. Only 14% of respondents would consider a career in Urology. Conclusion: Urology experience is not compulsory in UK medical schools and is variable. Final year students lack confidence managing urological emergencies and have limited interest in Urology as a career. Development of a Urology undergraduate curriculum should help address these issues.
The association between insight and symptoms in bipolar inpatients: An Italian prospective study
Authors: Bressi C. , Porcellana M. , Marinaccio P.M. , Nocito E.P. , Ciabatti M. , Magri L. , Altamura A.C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate potential differences in insight among bipolar manic, mixed and bipolar depressed inpatients and assess the role of clinical and demographic characteristics as possible predictors.MethodOne hundred and twenty consecutive inpatients divided into three diagnostic groups were studied on admission (T0), at discharge (T1) and at 18weeks after hospitalization (T2). The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) and the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) were used.ResultsPatients with mixed mania showed highest scores on the SUMD than patients with mania or bipolar depression. It was found a significant relationship between improvements in mania and in the insight. The level of insight at baseline was the only predictor of awareness in social consequences, moreover clinical and demographic characteristics were predictors of insight into mental illness. For what concerns insight about therapy benefits it was influenced by level of mania at baseline.ConclusionThe three general dimensions of insight revealed significant differences among the three groups. Regression models suggest that insight is a multidimensional concept in which some aspects are state-related, associated with psychopathology, whereas others are trait-like qualities, not directly associated with symptoms and predicted only by level at baseline.
Planar controlled gliding, tumbling and descent
Authors: Paoletti P. , Mahadevan L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractControlled gliding during descent has been thought of as a crucial intermediate step toward the evolution of powered flight in a variety of animals. Here we develop and analyse a model for the controlled descent of thin bodies in quiescent fluids. Focusing on motion in two dimensions for simplicity, we formulate the question of steering an elliptical body to a desired landing location with a specific orientation using the framework of optimal control theory with a single control variable. We derive both time- and energy-optimal trajectories using a combination of numerical and analytical approximations. In particular, we find that energy-optimal strategies converge to constant control, while time-optimal strategies converge to bang–coast–bang control that leads to bounding flight, alternating between tumbling and gliding phases. Our study of these optimal strategies thus places natural limits on how they may be implemented in biological and biomimetic systems.
Analytical solutions for turbulent Boussinesq fountains in a linearly stratified environment
Authors: Mehaddi Rabah , Vauquelin Olivier , Candelier Fabien 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper theoretically investigates the initial up-flow of a vertical turbulent fountain (round or plane) in a linearly stratified environment. Conservation equations (volume, momentum and buoyancy) are written under the Boussinesq approximation assuming an entrainment proportional to the vertical velocity of the fountain. Analytical integration leads to exact values of both density and flow rate at the maximal height reached by the fountain. This maximal height is expressed as a function of the release conditions and the stratification strength and plotted from a numerical integration in order to exhibit overall behaviour. Then, analytical expressions for the maximal height are derived from asymptotic analysis and compared to experimental correlations available for forced fountains. For weak fountains, these analytical expressions constitute a new theoretical model. Finally, modified expressions are also proposed in the singular case of an initially non-buoyant vertical release.
Flow structure on finite-span wings due to pitch-up motion
Authors: Yilmaz T. O. , Rockwell D. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe flow structure on low-aspect-ratio wings arising from pitch-up motion is addressed via a technique of particle image velocimetry. The objectives are to: determine the onset and evolution of the three-dimensional leading-edge vortex; provide complementary interpretations of the vortex structure in terms of streamlines, projections of spanwise and surface-normal vorticity, and surfaces of constant values of the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor (iso-$Q$ surfaces); and to characterize the effect of wing planform (rectangular versus elliptical) on this vortex structure. The pitch-up motion of the wing (plate) is from 0 to $4{5}^{\ensuremath{\circ} } $ over a time span corresponding to four convective time scales, and the Reynolds number based on chord is 10 000. Volumes of constant magnitude of the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor are interpreted in conjunction with three-dimensional streamline patterns and vorticity projections in orthogonal directions. The wing motion gives rise to ordered vortical structures along its wing surface. In contrast to development of the classical two-dimensional leading-edge vortex, the flow pattern evolves to a strongly three-dimensional form at high angle of attack. The state of the vortex system, after attainment of maximum angle of attack, has a similar form for extreme configurations of wing planform. Near the plane of symmetry, a large-scale region of predominantly spanwise vorticity dominates. Away from the plane of symmetry, the flow is dominated by two extensive regions of surface-normal vorticity, i.e. swirl patterns parallel to the wing surface. This similar state of the vortex structure is, however, preceded by different sequences of events that depend on the magnitude of the spanwise velocity within the developing vortex from the leading edge of the wing. Spanwise velocity of the order of one-half the free stream velocity, which is oriented towards the plane of symmetry of the wing, results in regions of surface-normal vorticity. In contrast, if negligible spanwise velocity occurs within the developing leading-edge vortex, onset of the regions of surface-normal vorticity occurs near the tips of the wing. These extremes of large and insignificant spanwise velocity within the leading-edge vortex are induced respectively on rectangular and elliptical planforms.
30.—Weather Routing of Ships on the North Atlantic.
Authors: Zobel R. F. 
Published: December 2011

Modern ship routing is a matter for specialist forecasters using a mass of meteorological observations processed by large, high-speed electronic computers, as will appear below.Historically, some form of routing has been practised for centuries as the result of observations made by navigators and explorers as they gradually laid bare the geography of the earth's oceans and continents.It cannot be known whether the very early navigators followed routes based on weather considerations, but they may have done so in limited areas of the globe. There is some reason to suppose that the Atlantic islands and even perhaps the West Indies were known to the Phoenicians. Legends which suggest this are supported by the finding of a stock of fourth century b.c. Phoenician coins at Corvo in the Azores. It has been reasonably supposed in some quarters that these coins were from a Phoenician trader wrecked on the island whilst on passage westwards, but how far west we cannot be sure.It has never been seriously doubted that the north-east coast of America was discovered and temporarily colonised by Vikings from Greenland during the latter part of the first century A.D. Certain archaeological finds have been held by some to support this view. An account of some early pioneering voyages has been given by Villiers (1956).These early voyages can hardly have been consciously weather routed, though some knowledge of the prevailing wind conditions may well have been acquired. Perhaps it was as late as the end of the fifteenth century that the first known weather-routed voyage was made. Henry the Navigator (Prince Henry of Portugal) was intent on finding a way round the Cape into the Indian Ocean in order to oust the Venetians and Arabs from their lucrative trading in that area. He fitted out expedition after expedition, but they all turned back as they hugged the African coast and were caught in the doldrums. Eventually they learned to stand well out to sea and so get the benefit of the N.E. trades and in 1434 they reached the equator. However, it was another half-century before the Cape was reached and this could conceivably be regarded as the first weather-routed voyage.
45.—Early Investigations of the Suez Canal Waters during and after its Opening in 1869
Authors: Morcos Selim A. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisA historical review of the physical and chemical data collected from the Suez Canal waters in the first 40 years (1867–1906) during and after its filling shows that it was the focus of interest of many explorers and scientists. From 27 successive observations (table) the waters were completely analysed
seven times. The salinity (density) was measured along the canal on eight occasions, of which four were not previously known. The first observations along the Canal were made in May 1870 by the Admiralty Ship Blue Cross. Her results, together with the second set of observations (February 1872), were found in a small booklet printed in Alexandria (Tissot 1872). The data of two sections (Durand-Claye 1875a; Anonymous 1907) were found by the author as unpublished manuscripts and are revealed here for the first time.A comment on the determination of salinity of sea water by evaporation to dryness was found in a handwritten manuscript by Durand-Claye (1873). This comment was eliminated in the published text (Durand-Claye 1874), and is reproduced here for its interest to the history of chemical oceanography.The difficulties in making a comparative study of these old data are explored. It is suggested to start some sort of ‘practical historical oceanography’ by studying old hydrometers, thermometers and other oceanographic apparatus using modern equipments in order to reassess the data of old expeditions.
The Exploration of Submarine Canyons and their Benthic Faunal Assemblages.
Authors: Rowe Gilbert T. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe geological exploration of submarine canyons and valleys began late in the nineteenth century.Theories of canyon genesis are many, but the probable causes are turbidity currents or sediment slumps, or both. Recent biological investigations indicate that the faunal composition of canyons is quite different from adjacent depths without canyons. The predominance of motility in the fauna implies that canyons today are physically more dynamic than previously expected. Motility could be an adaptive strategy for survival in an unstable sedimentary environment, or the species may be trophic opportunists which are able to take advantage of the entrapment by canyons of large aggregates of organic detritus.
Planktonic Oceanic Ostracods—Historical, Present and Future
Authors: Angel M. V. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisBrady's (1880)Challengerreport mentioned only three species of planktonic ostracods, all halocyprids. At that time only 10 halocyprid species were known and only 14 papers had been written on the group. The major burst of interest came in the twenty years 1890–1909, when first Claus and then G. W. Müller published series of papers describing the majority of the present species. Table 1 shows the wax and wane in the numbers of papers published and the species described by decades since 1849 when Dana described the first species. The table clearly shows the recent upsurge of interest in the group. Many of the papers include only passing mention of planktonic ostracods, and so this review attempts to assemble all these scattered references so that the ecological importance of the group can be appreciated and further research requirements become clearer
Some Developments in the Study of Luminescent Marine Animals
Authors: Herring Peter J. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe bacterial and chemical bases for the luminescence of a number of marine animals had been demonstrated by the end of the nineteenth century. Since that time a considerable amount has been learned about the chemical reaction systems of some bioluminescent animals and a generalised reaction sequence can be postulated to encompass the various components extracted from the different species.The factors which determine, at the various biological levels, the intensity and the spectral and spatial distribution of the emitted light are described and discussed in terms of the chemical nature of the reaction systems and the biology of the animals concerned.
History of Investigations on Plankton in the Norwegian Sea and the Main Results of Soviet Investigations
Authors: Pavshtiks E. A. , Timokhina A. F. 
Published: December 2011

The end of the nineteenth century saw the publication of the first works on plankton of the Norwegian Sea.In 1886 G. O. Sars wrote about abundant zooplankton in the banks off the Norwegian coast and the rich fauna of the cold waters. In their monographs, Gran (1902) and Damas (1905) also dwelt on plankton of the Norwegian Sea. Gran singled out the groups of plankton characteristic of the Atlantic, mixed and Arctic waters. He believed that the terms of development of plankton depended on the thermal state of the Atlantic Current.
Maximizing measures for partially hyperbolic systems with compact center leaves
Authors: RODRIGUEZ HERTZ F. , RODRIGUEZ HERTZ M. A. , TAHZIBI A. , URES R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe obtain the following dichotomy for accessible partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms of three-dimensional manifolds having compact center leaves: either there is a unique entropy-maximizing measure, this measure has the Bernoulli property and its center Lyapunov exponent is 0, or there are a finite number of entropy-maximizing measures, all of them with non-zero center Lyapunov exponents (at least one with a negative exponent and one with a positive exponent), that are finite extensions of a Bernoulli system. In the first case of the dichotomy, we obtain that the system is topologically conjugated to a rotation extension of a hyperbolic system. This implies that the second case of the dichotomy holds for an open and dense set of diffeomorphisms in the hypothesis of our result. As a consequence, we obtain an open set of topologically mixing diffeomorphisms having more than one entropy-maximizing measure.
Some late nineteenth-century Scottish travellers in Africa
Authors: Dow Derek A. 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisIn the late eighteenth century the Scottish Highlands were attractive to travellers eager to test themselves against climatic, dietetic and other deprivations. From the early nineteenth century, the Scots themselves became more adventurous and Scottish medical men, notably Mungo Park and David Livingstone, played a prominent part in the exploration of Africa. In the 1860s Livingstone's prolonged travels through the Dark Continent and his belief that he had conquered malarial fever led to the dispatch of the first Christian Mission to the Zambesi region, a venture which failed largely as a result of the missionaries' ignorance of hygiene and medicine.The establishment of the European presence in British Central Africa (now Malawi) was accomplished by representatives of the Scottish Presbyterian Churches in the 1870s. This paper examines some of the problems encountered during the ensuing half century. Specific themes include the impact of developments in transport systems; housing and sanitation; hints on suitable clothing; the presence of trained medical personnel in both Mission and Government and their role in the study of tropical disease; use and abuse of alcohol.
Tourism and illness
Authors: Reid Daniel 
Published: December 2011

SynopsisThe occurrence of an outbreak of Legionnaires' Disease among members of a package tour who had stayed in Benidorm, Spain, in 1973 gave an insight into some of the hazards encountered by tourists abroad.Subsequent surveys of travellers returning to Scotland have been carried out and of 2,211 persons questioned 43% had been ill during their stay abroad or shortly after return. Package holidaymakers reported most symptoms and university personnel least. Alimentary disorders accounted for the majority of illnesses but respiratory difficulties were recorded by 16% of those who were ill. Tourists to North Africa were particularly affected. Most attributed their illnesses to problems associated with food, drink or excessive sunbathing.