bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progressivism and Modernism in South Asian Fiction: 1930–1970
Authors: Singh Amardeep 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis essay aims to periodize South Asian literary modernism in fiction, noting its several identifiable phases and arguing that its stylistic peak occurred after independence, in the era of the ‘New Story’ movement of the 1960s. Earlier phases in South Asian modernism included the Bengal Renaissance, as well as the Progressive Writers’ Movement, which began in the early 1930s. The strides made by the Progressive Writers clearly nourished the emergence of the New Story movement in the 1950s, and a number of authors might well be located in both or can be seen transitioning from the social realism of the Progressive Writers era to a more introspective and experimentalist mode beginning in the late 1950s. The goal here is to develop a non‐exclusive analytic for studying the Progressive Writers’ and New Story movements as species of transnational modernism without foreclosing their links to other literary movements, both within India and abroad.
The Art of Theatre in Nineteenth‐Century America: George L. Fox, Pantomime and Artaud
Authors: Saxon Theresa 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article argues that, through specific stagings orchestrated in the pantomimist’s art, George Lafayette Fox demonstrates a consciousness of staging and of theatricality that presages the blatant theatricalities of twentieth‐century theatre and theatre theory. The Theatre and Its Double is essential to assessing theatre’s response to theatricality, specifically in its awareness of non‐verbal strategies. My discussion of pantomime founds itself on a critical engagement with the concept of a total theatre, of gestures, physicality, movement and the performance of a theatrical ‘language’ beyond words. I argue that the theatrical language of Fox’s pantomime exhibits dramatic dimensions that appealed to the edgy rebellious urges of their audiences, the performances of the white‐face clown articulating an awareness of cultural anxieties, responding to and participating in the formation of the social response to political agenda and debate. Pantomime, with its glory in excess, its incipient display of anti‐establishmentarianism, its fluidity and emphasis on show, contributed to the development of American theatre as a dynamic form. Providing a concrete space with its ‘concrete language, intended for the senses and independent of speech,’ (Artaud, p.37), Fox’s gestural theatre can shed additional light on theoretical approaches to mime.
The Not‐Forgotten Empire: Images of Persia in English Renaissance Writing
Authors: Grogan Jane 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis essay argues that the image of Persia is a familiar, largely positive and particularly compelling one for English Renaissance readers and writers. It surveys the range of sources of information available, and the kinds of uses to which they were put. Challenging the weight of recent scholarship on the Ottomans which presents them writ large as the representatives of the ‘East’ for English audiences and readers, I hope to show that the distinctiveness of Persia in the English imagination is an important counter‐weight to this sense of Eastern difference predicated on conceptions of Ottoman threat.
Tennyson at 200: The Bicentenary of the Victorian Laureate
Authors: Morton John 
Published: September 2010

Abstract2009 saw the 200th anniversary of the birth of Alfred Tennyson, the most famous poet in the world in the Victorian period and Victoria’s Laureate. This article will detail the publications, events and media response which commemorated this bicentenary. Considering writers as diverse as Christopher Ricks, Mick Imlah, Robert Douglas‐Fairhurst, Adam Foulds and Angela Leighton, as well as popular culture, current affairs and journalism, it will also provide an assessment (by its nature introductory) of Tennyson’s significance to the world ‘two hundred years after’.
In vitroCharacterization of Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Responses in Cyclophosphamide‐Induced Cystitis in the Rat
Authors: Giglio Daniel , Aronsson Patrik , Eriksson Leif , Tobin Gunnar 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: In cyclophosphamide‐induced cystitis in the rat, detrusor function is impaired and the expression and effects of muscarinic receptors altered. Whether or not the neuronal transmission may be affected by cystitis was presently investigated. Responses of urinary strip preparations from control and cyclophosphamide‐pretreated rats to electrical field stimulation and to agonists were assessed in the absence and presence of muscarinic, adrenergic and purinergic receptor antagonists. Generally, atropine reduced contractions, but in contrast to controls, it also reduced responses to low electrical field stimulation intensity (1–5 Hz) in inflamed preparations. In both types, purinoceptor desensitization with α,β‐methylene adenosine‐5’‐triphosphate (α,β‐meATP) caused further reductions at low frequencies (<10 Hz). The muscarinic receptor antagonists atropine, 4‐diphenylacetoxy‐N‐methylpiperidine (4‐DAMP) (‘M1/M3/M5‐selective’), methoctramine (‘M2‐selective’) and pirenzepine (‘M1‐selective’) antagonized the tonic component of the electrical field stimulation‐evoked contractile response more potently than the phasic component. 4‐DAMP inhibited the tonic contractions in controls more potently than methoctramine and pirenzepine. In inflamed preparations, the muscarinic receptor antagonism on the phasic component of the electrical field stimulation‐evoked contraction was decreased and the pirenzepine and 4‐DAMP antagonism on the tonic component was much less efficient than in controls. In contrast to controls, methoctramine increased – instead of decreased – the tonic responses at high frequencies. While contractions to carbachol and ATP were the same in inflamed and in control strips when related to a reference potassium response, isoprenaline‐induced relaxations were smaller in inflamed strips. Thus, in cystitis substantial changes of the efferent functional responses occur. While postjunctional β‐adrenoceptor‐mediated relaxations are reduced, effects by prejunctional inhibitory muscarinic receptors may be increased.
THE ECOLOGY OF THE LARGER FUNGI: CONSTANCY AND FREQUENCY OF FUNGAL SPECIES IN RELATION TO CERTAIN VEGETATION COMMUNITIES, PARTICULARLY OAK AND BEECH
Authors: WILKINS W. H. , ELLIS E. M. , HARLEY J. L. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY

The paper is an investigation into the ecological distribution of the larger fungi with the object of determining the relationship between fungi and vegetation with particular reference to oak woods and beech woods.
Previous literature is briefly summarized.
The experimental method is described.
Results of observations over a period of 5 years on five different vegetation communities are presented from the respective standpoints of (a) constancy of species, and (6) frequency of individuals.
The fungus floras associated with oak woods and beech woods have been dealt with in greater detail and lists of characteristic species have been given for each of the two communities.
An attempt has been made to show the relation between fungal species and ecological types of oak woods and beech woods.
The results have been briefly discussed and suggestions for future work have been put forward.
What's “Up”? A Critical Look at the Basic Terms of Canopy Biology1
Authors: Moffett Mark W. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe lack of recent critiques about terminology has led to the frequent misuse or confusingly varied use of the words that are more or less specific to the field of terrestrial canopy biology, I provide definitions forca170 terms and subterms, with translations into four languages. Rather than limit coverage to tree crowns, I define canopy biology as the study of life within any aboveground parts of all plant communities, temperate and tropical. This broadened perspective enables ecologists to consider the entire range of challenges faced by organisms living in aboveground plant life, from just above the rhizosphere to the outer limits of plant growth into the atmosphere. Further, this redefinition may reduce the potential for anthropocentric biases in interpreting life on trees or other plants; encourage the use of alternative ecosystems for hypotheses that may be difficult to address in treetops; and promote more general conceptual thinking about life on vegetation, most notably the importance of scaling in ecology. Among the salient points in terminology: the concept of “stratification” has been criticized in part because strata have been defined many ways, but a flexible application of the word is central to its utility; the source of nutrients is pivotal in distinguishing epiphytes from parasites, rather than the more general issue of an organism's effects on its host; “hemiepiphyte,” as currently used, confounds two radically different life cycle strategies, suggesting a new term, “nomadic vine,” to describe the strategy typical of many aroids; there is a confusion in the literature caused by varied applications of the word “climb;” locomotor terms may have to be modified as more becomes known about forces underlying limb kinematics; and studies of leaping and falling organisms tend to overemphasize arbitrary distinctions between gliding and parachuting to the detriment of the more critical issue of capacity for “controlled descent.”
Variation in Nutrient Distribution and Potential Nutrient Losses by Selective Logging in a Humid Tropical Forest of Rondonia, Brazil1
Authors: Martinelli L. A. , Almeida S. , Brown I. F. , Moreira M. Z. , Victoria R. L. , Filoso S. , Ferreira C. A. C. , Thomas W. W. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTDespite having one of the world's highest deforestation rates, the tropical forest of Rondónia state in the southwest Amazon is virtually unknown in terms of nutrient dynamics. To fill this knowledge gap, the distribution of nutrients in a humid tropical forest located in the Ecological Reserve of Samuel, Rondónia state, was addressed. A total of 474 trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) >10 cm were mapped at the Ecological Reserve of Samuel, a 20,000‐ha area bordering the Samuel Hydroelectric Reservoir, which is located 50 km south of Porto Velho, Rondónia state, Amazon region, Brazil. These individuals belonged to ca 220 species distributed in 41 families. From this total, leaves of 354 trees were collected for chemical compositional analysis; boles of 96 trees and fine branches of 75 trees also were collected. Soil samples were gathered for fertility analysis at two soil depth intervals: 0–50 and 50–100 cm. In general, soils were acidic and very poor in terms of elemental contents. For plants, the highest concentrations of P, K, and Mg were found in leaves and fine branches, and the highest concentration of Ca was in the litter. The lowest nutrient concentration was observed in boles. The nutrient concentrations of leaves collected at Samuel were similar to that found in other terra firme forests of the Amazon region and other tropical forests growing on poor soils. Comparisons of nutrient concentrations among families, genera, and species revealed that only N concentrations were distinct among botanical taxa; the variability found in concentrations of other nutrients were larger and did not reveal any significant differences. Like aboveground biomass, the total nutrient stocks of trees was concentrated in a few large individuals. This fact reveals important implications about the impacts caused by selective logging. Although few trees are cut per hectare in this activity, the effects on the ecosystem structure, due to the loss of nutrients, may be underestimated.
Ant Activity along Moisture Gradients in a Neotropical Forest1
Authors: Kaspari Michael , Weiser Michael D. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTInsect activity often tracks moisture gradients. We studied ant activity, size, and diversity along three moisture gradients in a Panamanian rain forest. Ant activity at baits increased by 25 percent from the dry to the wet season, and > 200 percent on a topographical gradient from a ravine to an exposed plateau. Activity varied little from day to night. Three microhabitats–tree trunk, shrub, and litter–showed different responses to these three gradients. The size distribution of the species pool (N= 63) was right skewed, but the average size of ants at a bait was strongly bimodal. Ants active in moister times and places were not significantly smaller. We suggest that gradients of desiccation risk and food availability were the two most likely causes of these patterns. Two temporal niche axes (daily and seasonal) showed little species specialization, but half of the common species could be categorized as litter or plant microhabitat specialists.
Evaporative Water Loss in Insular Populations of Anolis cristatellus (Reptilia: Sauria) in the British Virgin Islands. III. Response to the End of Drought and a Common Garden Experiment1
Authors: Perry Gad , Dmi'el Razi , Lazell James 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTEvaporative water loss in Anolis cristatellus from the British Virgin Islands was negatively correlated with the aridity of their habitats. Phenotypic plasticity and/or differential mortality of less well‐adapted individuals allowed rapid changes within populations. Here we report the results of two studies intended to differentiate between the two processes. We took advantage of the end of a major drought to study the rapidity with which populations recovered from unusually dry conditions. Population values changed rapidly from those measured in the past. There was no correlation between long‐term habitat aridity and measured water‐loss rate, but the multiyear correlation between aridity and skin resistance to water loss persisted. We also conducted a common garden experiment in which animals from the wettest and driest habitats were housed under intermediate conditions for one month. We detected no change in skin resistance to water loss in any of the three populations we studied; however, the mass of lizards from Sage Mountain increased significantly during the experiment, and their water loss per unit mass decreased significantly. These results support the existence of both phenotypic plasticity and genetic differences resulting from rapid selection within populations. The magnitude and relative importance of the two, however, remain to be determined.
Roosts Used bySturnira lilium(Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Belize1
Authors: Fenton M. B. , Vonhof M. J. , Bouchard S. , Gill S. A. , Johnston D. S. , Reid F. A. , Riskin D. K. , Standing K. L. , Taylor J. R. , Wagner R. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTBetween 9 and 22 January 1999, radio‐tracking revealed that nineSturnira lilium(seven females, one lactating, and two males) used hollow trees (N = 5), vine tangles (TV = 2), or the bases of palm fronds (TV = 1) as day roosts near Lamanai in Belize over 43 roost days. The bats roosted in hollows of four tree species, and the roost entrances ranged from 2.0 to 7.9 m above the ground. Radio–tagged individuals returned to the same roosts day after day, with the exception of a subadult female that used at least three day roosts over the course of the study. In their day roosts,S. liliumwere inconspicuous, difficult to flush, and easily overlooked. Radio–tagged bats usually roosted alone and emerged significantly later than bats without radio tags.
Diversity and Abundance of Arbuscular–Mycorrhizal Fungus Spores in Tropical Forest and Pasture1
Authors: Picone Chris 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAs Neotropical forests are increasingly converted to agriculture (especially pastures), little is known about the impacts on microbial biodiversity. To assess such impacts, I compared spore abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soils from lowland evergreen forests and pastures in Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Species composition, dominance–diversity curves, and Simpson's diversity indices were similar for both forest and pasture soils. Of 28 distinct fungus morphospecies, 11 produced more spores in pasture, while only 1 produced more spores in forest. According to species–accumulation curves, local AMF species richness did not significantly decline following conversion of forest to pasture. Because pastures contained a surprising abundance and diversity of AMF spores compared to native forest, a lack of mycorrhizal fungi is unlikely to limit plant succession, restoration, or reforestation in the pastures studied. At the regional scale, however, species‐accumulation curves showed significantly greater gamma (G) diversity of spores in forest. In addition to these trends in diversity, species that sporulated more in pasture tended to have small spores, while the one species that sporulated more in forest had the largest spores. Similarly, only largespored fungi (>300 μm) showed any seasonal variation in spore abundance, being more common in the wet season.
Post‐Dispersal Seed Removal and Germination Selected Tree Species Dispersed byCebus capucinuson Barro Colorado Island, Panama1
Authors: Wehncke Elisabet V. , Dalling James W. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTDispersal quality, an important component of seed disperser effectiveness, may strongly affect the rate of plant recruitment. Here we evaluated the quality ofCebusmonkey dispersal by comparing the secondary removal fate and germination of fresh andCebus‐ingested seeds of nine tree species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Overall, rates of secondary seed removal by vertebrates were low, with mostCebusdefecations remaining undisturbed for extended periods on the forest floor. Only four of 30 feces were completely buried by dung beetles, and we found significantly higher vertebrate removal of defecated seeds than control seeds for only one species,Cordia bicolor. Seed germination varied greatly between plant taxa. Seeds of 3 out of 9 species showed significantly higher percent germination after monkey gut passage than control fresh seeds. Germination times tended to be shorter for defecated than for control seeds but were significantly different only for one of nine species,Cecropia insignis. Low rates of seed removal fromCebusfeces, coupled with high germination probabilities, suggest high dispersal effectiveness forCebusand contrasts strongly with patterns of post‐dispersal seed fate recorded for other primate species.
Species from Darwin onward
Authors: BARBEROUSSE Anouk , SAMADI Sarah 
Published: September 2010

AbstractControversy regarding the species problem has been going on for many decades and no consensus has ever been reached about what a “species” really is and how best to define the concept. De Queiroz (1998) introduced a distinction between two aspects of this problem: on the one hand, the definition proper, and on the other, the criteria allowing biologists to recognize species in practice. This distinction is a first step on the way toward a solution of the problem. In the present paper, we show that de Queiroz's distinction is made possible by the radical theoretical change introduced by Darwin. We emphasize that the species problem did not appear in the 20thcentury, but long before, and that Darwin addresses it indirectly in theOrigin of Species. It might seem paradoxical to refer to Darwin's views about species, because they are usually considered as unclear. However, we propose that an analysis of these views in the context of Darwin's own theory of evolution might reveal how a definition of the concept of species is made possible by being anchored to the very theory of evolution. To this aim, we present a plausible reconstruction of Darwin's implicit conception of species and show how this conception fits with the debates on species that took place in the 18thand 19thcenturies. We then turn to today's biology and show what changes Darwin's implicit conception of species has brought about relative to the species concept and species delimitation.
Preference status does not indicate intrinsic quality differences inDrosophila pseudoobscura
Authors: KIM Yong‐Kyu , WEBER Mary Beth , ANDERSON Wyatt W. , GOWATY Patricia Adair 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe good genes hypothesis states that choosers prefer individuals of high intrinsic quality to individuals of lower intrinsic quality. Variation in longevity is thought to reflect, in part, intrinsic quality differences of individuals in addition to the costs of mating and reproduction. Here we report longevity variation ofDrosophila pseudoobscura, a species in which previous experiments have demonstrated that individual mate preferences (pre‐touching mate assessments) of females and males are associated with enhanced numbers of eclosed (adult) offspring and higher egg‐to‐adult survival (offspring viability). Using mate assessment arenas and protocols similar to those in a previous experiment that demonstrated fitness benefits to breeders and their offspring of mating with individuals they preferred, we tested the following predictions: (i) preferred discriminatees live longer than non‐preferred discriminatees; (ii) males live longer than females; and (iii) virgins live longer than mated individuals. The experiment yielded 938 individuals for longevity analysis. Sex and mating status affected longevity: males lived longer than females, virgin females lived longer than mated females, but there were no differences in longevity for mated and virgin males. Non‐preferred discriminatees of both sexes survived as long as preferred discriminatees, a result inconsistent with the prediction of the good genes hypothesis for mate preferences. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the cost of reproduction for females inD. pseudoobscuraand of longevity variation of preferred and non‐preferred discriminatees.
Aspects on the relief of living surfaces using atomic force microscopy allow “art” to imitate nature
Authors: POLYMENI Rosa , SPANAKIS Emmanuel , ARGIROPOULOS Apostolos , RHIZOPOULOU Sophia 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe visualization of the surface of biological samples using an atomic force microscope reveals features of the external relief and can resolve very fine and detailed features of the surface. We examined specimens from the skin of the amphibians Salamandra salamandra Linnaeus, 1758, Lyciasalamandra luschani basoglui Baran & Atatür, 1980 and Mesotriton alpestris Laurenti, 1768, and from the surface of pollen grains of the plant species Cyclamen graecum Link, 1835 and Cistus salviifolius Linnaeus, 1753, which exhibit certain interesting features, imaged at the nanoscale level. It is likely that the relief influences the attributes of the interfaces between the tissues and the environment. We found that the microsculpture increases in size the surface of the examined tissues and this might be particularly important for their performance in the field. Microsculpturing of amphibians' skin may affect water regulation, dehydration and rehydration, and cutaneous gas exchange. Pollen grain relief might affect the firmness of the contact between pollen surface and water droplets. High resolution imaging of the external relief showed that roughening might induce wetting and influence the water status of the specimens. In addition, roughness affects the radius of water droplets retained in between the projections of the external relief. Roughness of the tissues was highly correlated with their vertical distance, whereas surface distances were highly correlated with horizontal distances. By enabling a more detailed characterization of the external sculptures, through sophisticated techniques, a more comprehensive examination of the samples indicates similarities among different living tissues, originated from different kingdoms, which can be attributed to environmental conditions and physiological circumstances.