bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of representational aggression in preschool children of low‐income urban African American adolescent mothers
Authors: Goodman Geoff , Aber J. Lawrence 
Published: January 2010

AbstractResponses to five doll‐story stems thematically related to attachment experiences with the mother were videotaped in the home and used to evaluate child, maternal, and environmental predictors of representational aggression in 93 preschool children of African American women receiving public assistance who had become pregnant as teenagers. Significant correlations were found between representational aggression and child's gender (male), birth weight, maternal depressive affect, maternal educational attainment, recent employment, mother's historical residence with her own mother, and felt social support, accounting for 40% of the variance in representational aggression. A significant Felt Social Support × Gender interaction effect suggested that girls of mothers who perceive higher levels of felt social support are more likely to represent less aggression in their stories; felt social support was not associated with boys' representational aggression. A significant Felt Social Support × Employment interaction effect suggested that representational aggression is associated with lower levels of felt social support only among employed mothers. Findings suggest that different pathways exist for representational aggression in children of low‐income adolescent mothers, which nevertheless share predictors associated with poverty.
Monetary policy and uncertainty in an empirical small open‐economy model
Authors: Justiniano Alejandro , Preston Bruce 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper explores optimal policy design in an estimated model of three small open economies: Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Within a class of generalized Taylor rules, we show that to stabilize a weighted objective of output consumer price inflation and nominal interest variation optimal policy does not respond to the nominal exchange. This is despite the presence of local currency pricing and due, in large part, to observed exchange rate disconnect in these economies. Optimal policies that account for the uncertainty of model estimates, as captured by the parameters' posterior distribution, similarly exhibit a lack of exchange rate response. In contrast to Brainard (1967), the presence of parameter uncertainty can lead to more or less aggressive policy responses, depending on the model at hand. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Context‐dependent variability in the components of fish escape response: integrating locomotor performance and behavior
Authors: Domenici Paolo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEscape responses are used by most fish species in order to avoid predation. Escape responses include a number of behavioral and kinematic components, such as responsiveness, reaction distance, escape latency, directionality, and distance‐derived performance. All of these components can contribute to escape success. Work on the context‐dependent variability has focused on reaction distance, and suggests that this component is largely determined by the relative cost and benefits of escaping (economic hypothesis). For example, reaction distance was found to depend on many factors related to perceived risk and cost of escaping, such as the attack speed and size of the predators, the proximity to refuges, and engagement in other activities (e.g., feeding). Evidence from many behavioral, kinematic, and physiological studies suggest that performance in other components of the escape response is also not always maximized. For example, escape latencies may increase in the presence of schooling neighbors, and escape speed is higher in fish that have been subject to higher predation pressure. In addition, all escape components are further modulated by the effect of environmental factors. Variability in escape components can be interpreted by using both ultimate and proximate explanations, for example, the effect of stimulus strength on escape latency can be interpreted as the triggering neural threshold varying with stimulus strength (proximate explanation) and high intensity stimuli representing higher risk to the prey (ultimate explanation). An integrative approach is suggested for a full, ecologically relevant, assessment of escape performance in fish. J. Exp. Zool. 313A:59–79, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal development of Crocodylus niloticus niloticus Laurenti, 1768
Authors: Peterka Miroslav , Yves Sire Jean , Hovorakova Maria , Prochazka Jan , Fougeirol Luc , Peterkova Renata , Viriot Laurent 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPrenatal development in crocodilians represents a very interesting model for comparative studies. As the speed of prenatal development of crocodilians varies depending on incubation conditions, the staging of embryos and fetuses is a very important prerequisite for data correlation. To establish a background for future developmental studies on Crocodylus niloticus, we characterized its prenatal development in a collection comprising 169 animals during embryonic/incubation days 9–70. The characteristics included external morphology, head morphometry, and wet body weight determined before fixation. We documented the external morphology of prenatal Nile crocodiles in a large collection of photographs and described landmarks during the morphogenesis of the head, face and limbs. In the development of the facial processes (medial nasal, lateral nasal, maxillary), three phases could be distinguished: union, separation, reunion. At the free jaw margin, a regular series of prominences was present. The outer aspect of a prominence gave rise to a labial scale, the inner aspect to a tooth. In contrast to mammals (humans and mice), the hindlimbs of C. niloticus developed faster than the forelimbs. We also determined changes in basic measures of the head and of the wet body weight. Both morphological and morphometric characteristics showed an apparent inter‐individual variability among animals of the same age. This variability decreased among animals of a similar body weight (irrespective of their age). Body weight can be considered as the most representative and complex parameter for crocodile staging reflecting the overall growth of a whole embryo/fetus. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:353–368, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mesmerists inquire about “Oriental mind powers”: West meets East in the search for the universal trance
Authors: Schmit David T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractContemporary interest in Asian meditation raises questions about when Westerners began investigating these practices. A synopsis of Western‐originating scientific meditation research is followed by a brief introduction to mesmerism. Next, the unappreciated ways the mesmerists explored Oriental mind powers is recounted. How the mesmerists' cultural positioning, philosophy, and interest in mind—body practices facilitated their inquiries of Oriental medicine and Hindu contemplative practices is explored, followed by a consideration of why these investigations were unique for the era. The way this work subverted Western cultural imperialism is examined. A consideration of the historical continuities and discontinuities between the mesmerists' inquiries and twentieth‐century meditation research concludes the article. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The individual and “the general situation”: The tension barometer and the race problem at the University of Chicago, 1947–1954
Authors: Gordon Leah N. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article explains how social theories that posited white attitudes as the root of racial injustice gained traction in postwar social thought. Examining the production of a “tension barometer,” an attitude survey that scholars from the University of Chicago's Committee on Education, Training, and Research in Race Relations created to predict interracial violence, I chart vigorous debate over the nature and causes of racial oppression in the critical postwar decades. Available—and unavailable—social scientific frameworks, activists” interests, and emerging anticommunism, the Committee's history shows, created an environment where individualistic conceptions of the race problem won out, despite critique. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mice expressing the A53T mutant form of human alpha‐synuclein exhibit hyperactivity and reduced anxiety‐like behavior
Authors: Graham Dianca R. , Sidhu Anita 
Published: January 2010

AbstractGenetic mutations associated with α‐synuclein (α‐Syn) are implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is primarily a movement disorder, but patients are known to experience anxiety and other mood disorders. In this study, we examined the effect of the hA53T mutation during development by analyzing the protein expression of norepinephrine (NET), serotonin (SERT), and dopamine (DAT) transporters in addition to assessing locomotor and anxiety‐like behavior. We observed significant decreases in DAT expression at 8 months in transgenic animals compared with normal and younger mice. We used the elevated plus maze, open‐field test, and rotarod apparatus to evaluate wild‐type and hA53T hemizygous mice at 2, 8, and 12 months of age. Our results showed that 12‐month‐old transgenic mice spend more time in the open arms and display a greater number of open entries of the elevated plus maze compared with wild‐type controls and younger mice. Open‐field test results showed that 12‐month‐old mice travel a greater distance overall and travel more in the inner zone than either wild‐type or younger mice. Rotarod testing showed that 8‐ and 12‐month‐old transgenic mice perform better than either wild‐type controls or younger mice. Overall, 8–12‐month‐old transgenic mice showed a trend toward reduced anxiety‐like behavior and increased hyperactivity. These results indicate a possible role of the A53T α‐Syn mutation in anxiety‐like and hyperactive behaviors in a PD mouse model, suggesting that these behaviors might be comorbid with this disease. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histological comparison of two different fractional photothermolysis devices operating at 1,550 nm
Authors: Thongsima Siremon , Zurakowski David , Manstein Dieter 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundThere are a wide variety of fractional resurfacing devices that are available and it is important to understand the tissue effect of different devices at different parameters to ensure a well‐controlled treatment. Thus, we have chosen to characterize and compare two different fractional laser devices, the Fraxel SR750 and SR1500 (re:store™) (Solta Medical, Hayward, CA). While the SR750 has a fixed focus spot diameter, the SR1500 features an internally controlled zoom optic allowing for an adjustable spot size.Materials and MethodsExposures were performed in vitro on human skin samples at 37°C. The exposures were performed for the SR750 at pulse energies between 6 and 40 mJ at 125 MTZ/cm2 with up to 20 passes, and for the SR1500 between 6 and 100 mJ, at Treatment Level 7 and 8 passes. The skin samples then were processed for serial frozen sectioning, stained with Nitro‐Blue‐Tetrazolium‐Chloride (NBTC) and lesion depth and width was determined.ResultsMean lesion depth was significantly greater for lesions treated with the SR1500 laser compared to the SR750 at pulse energies of 6, 10, 30, and 40 mJ (P<0.001) with a borderline difference at 20 mJ. Mean lesion width was comparable for energies up to 20 mJ and relatively increased for the SR1500 for higher energies. The depth‐to‐width ratio (DWR) was in general higher for the SR1500, reaching significance at 6, 10, and 40 mJ.ConclusionWe have characterized the lesion depth and width for the for two different Fractional Photothermolysis devices (SR750 vs. SR1500). The device with the adjustable spot size (SR1500 or Fraxel re:store™) provides generally deeper lesions at the same energy level. It remains to be shown whether increased lesion depth improves efficacy for certain clinical applications. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:32–37, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cathodic protection of XL 52 steel under the influence of sulfate reducing bacteria
Authors: Esquivel R. García , Olivares G. Zavala , Gayosso M. J. Hernández , Trejo A. Gayosso 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe effect of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) upon the cathodic protection of XL 52 steel was determined, in order to identify if the potential value of −0.950 V versus copper/copper sulfate electrode is good enough to protect the metal surface. During the experiments, different operational parameters were monitored: hydrogen sulfide production, iron concentration, electrolyte alkalinity, microorganisms' population, as well as the metal surface damage. At the same time, the corrosion rate was determined using two electrochemical techniques: polarization resistance (PR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). According to the results, it was observed that the protection potential of −0.950 V versus copper/copper sulfate electrode is not enough to control the microbiologically induced corrosion. This situation is reinforced by the fact that significant iron concentration was found in the electrolyte. The microbiological activity is not affected by the protection potential. On the contrary, the population growth is slightly strengthened. The alkalinity generated by the applied potential did not stop the SRB growth. A type of localized corrosion was developed during the experiments with microorganisms, even when the protection potential was applied to the system.
Synthesis and mechanical properties of nickel‐titania composite coatings
Authors: Lajevardi S. A. , Shahrabi T. , Hasannaeimi V. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNickel‐titania composite coatings were prepared under direct current conditions by codeposition of nano titania particles (21 nm) and nickel from a nickel Watts type bath. Current density, concentration of titania particles, effect of agitation, and ultrasonic waves were investigated and the optimum values of these parameters for reaching to maximum vol% of titania particles in the coating were determined. Microhardness of these coatings was investigated by Vickers method and their morphological properties and chemical composition were studied by SEM and EDS analysis, respectively. The results showed that optimal values of current density, concentration of particles, and agitation rate exist that maximum percent of particles codeposited in the coating. Also it is demonstrated that using the ultrasonic waves dramatically decrease the agglomeration of particles in the coating.
On the role of deterioration of structures in their performance; with a focus on mining industry equipment and structures
Authors: Javaherdashti R. , Nikraz H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSome examples of materials performance of civil materials such as steel and concrete in mining industry are considered. These examples are about structural steels (either as support for the structure or the equipment) and concrete structures. Also, it is mentioned that in mine sites that contain sulphide minerals, the formation of acid mine drainage (AMD) may also contribute to decreasing the integrity of civil and supportive structures. Using these examples, an effort has been made to emphasise that in order to extend the service life of structures in very aggressive environments such as those encountered in mining industry, a sound knowledge of deterioration and corrosion‐enhancing factors in addition to standardised application of measures against deterioration (such as painting) can be very applicative.
Simulation for fretting corrosion of tin‐coated copper contacts
Authors: Lee K. Y. , Jeong D. K. , Joo H. G. , Park Y. W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe simulations of contact resistance variation under various oxide fractions are conducted. The copper oxide is assigned on the contact area with various fractions by the random distribution technique. The calculated contact resistance at each oxide area fraction is compared with the experimental result. The increase in contact resistance results in an increased oxide area fraction.
Characterization of New Amphiphilic Block Copolymers of N‐Vinyl Pyrrolidone and Vinyl Acetate, 1 – Analysis of Copolymer Composition, End Groups, Molar Masses and Molar Mass Distributions
Authors: Fandrich Nick , Falkenhagen Jana , Weidner Steffen M. , Pfeifer Dietmar , Staal Bastiaan , Thünemann Andreas F. , Laschewsky André 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNew amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of N‐vinyl pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate were synthesized via controlled radical polymerization using a reversible addition/fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)/macromolecular design via the interchange of xanthates (MADIX) system. The synthesis was carried out in 1,4‐dioxane as process solvent. In order to get conclusions on the mechanism of the polymerization the molecular structure of formed copolymers was analysed by means of different analytical techniques. 13C NMR spectroscopy was used for the determination of the monomer ratios. End groups were analysed by means of matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. This technique was also used to determine possible fragmentations of the RAFT end groups. By means of a combination of size exclusion chromatography, 13C NMR and static light scattering molar mass distributions and absolute molar masses could be analysed. The results clearly show a non‐ideal RAFT mechanism.magnified image
Self‐management rehabilitation and health‐related quality of life in Parkinson's disease: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tickle‐Degnen Linda , Ellis Terry , Saint‐Hilaire Marie H. , Thomas Cathi A. , Wagenaar Robert C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to determine whether increasing hours of self‐management rehabilitation had increasing benefits for health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in Parkinson's disease beyond best medical treatment, whether effects persisted at 2 and 6 months of follow‐up, and whether targeted compared with nontargeted HRQOL domains responded more to rehabilitation. Participants on best medication therapy were randomly assigned to one of three conditions for 6 weeks intervention: 0 hours of rehabilitation; 18 hours of clinic group rehabilitation plus 9 hours of attention control social sessions; and 27 hours of rehabilitation, with 18 in clinic group rehabilitation and 9 hours of rehabilitation designed to transfer clinic training into home and community routines. Results (N = 116) showed that at 6 weeks, there was a beneficial effect of increased rehabilitation hours on HRQOL measured with the Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire‐39 summary index (F(1,112) = 6.48, η = 0.23, CI = 0.05–0.40, P = 0.01). Benefits persisted at follow‐up. The difference between 18 and 27 hours was not significant. Clinically relevant improvement occurred at a greater rate for 18 and 27 hours (54% improved) than for 0 hours (18% improved), a significant 36% difference in rates (95% CI = 20–52% difference). Effects were largest in two targeted domains: communication and mobility. More concerns with mobility and activities of daily living at baseline predicted more benefit from rehabilitation. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Mild parkinsonian signs are associated with increased risk of dementia in a prospective, population‐based study of elders
Authors: Louis Elan D. , Tang Ming X. , Schupf Nicole 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThere is some evidence that mild parkinsonian signs (MPSs) are associated with increased risk of dementia, suggesting that MPS could be an early biomarker for dementia. Our aims, in a new cohort, were to determine whether (1) baseline MPS are a predictor of incident dementia and (2) there is an interaction between MPS and other baseline risk factors for dementia (i.e., the presence of both together greatly elevates the risk of dementia) was the objective. In a prospective, longitudinal study of community‐dwelling elders in northern Manhattan, NY, Parkinsonian signs were rated with an abbreviated Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Risk of incident dementia was assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. There were 1,851 participants (mean follow‐up = 3.7 years). Participants with baseline MPS were twice as likely to develop dementia as participants without MPS: 16.3% versus 7.7%, unadjusted hazards ratio (HR) = 2.24 (P< 0.001), adjusted HR = 1.98 (P < 0.001). MPS were divided into three subtypes: adjusted HRaxial dysfunction = 2.45 (P < 0.001), adjusted HRtremor = 2.38 (P = 0.006), and adjusted HRrigidity = 1.16 (P = 0.58). When MPS were treated as a continuous variable, the adjusted HR = 1.15 (P = 0.001). There were no interactions between MPS and other baseline risk factors for dementia, including gender, education, race, family history of dementia, stroke, and apolipoprotein E‐e4. Baseline MPS seems to be a predictor of incident dementia. These motor signs might, therefore, serve as a useful biomarker for emerging dementia. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Clinical experience with the lateral septocutaneous superior gluteal artery perforator flap for autologous breast reconstruction
Authors: Rad Ariel N. , Flores Jaime I. , Prucz Roni B. , Stapleton Sahael M. , Rosson Gedge D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground: Superior gluteal artery perforator (SGAP) flaps are a useful adjunct for autologous microvascular breast reconstruction. However, limitations of short pedicle length, complex anatomy, and donor site deformity make it an unpopular choice. Our goals were to define the anatomic characteristics of SGAPs in cadavers, and report preliminary clinical and radiographic results of using the lateral septocutaneous perforating branches of the superior gluteal artery (LSGAP) as the basis for a modified gluteal flap. Methods: We performed 12 cadaveric dissections and retrospectively reviewed 12 consecutive breast reconstruction patients with gluteal flaps (19 flaps: 9 LSGAP, 10 traditional SGAP) over a 12‐month period. The LSGAP flap was converted to traditional SGAP in 53% of flaps because of dominance of a traditional intramuscular perforator. Preoperative 3D computed tomography angiography (CTA) and cadaveric dissections were used to define anatomy. Anatomic, demographic, radiographic, perioperative, and outcomes data were analyzed. Mean follow‐up was 4 ± 3.4 months (range 4 weeks to 10 months). Results: Compared with the pedicle in the SGAP flap, the mean pedicle length in the LSGAP flap was 1.54 times longer by CTA, 2.05 times longer by cadaver dissection, and 2.36 times longer by intraoperative bilateral measurement. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Clinically, 100% of the flaps survived. Conclusions: LSGAP flap reconstruction is advantageous, when feasible, because of the septocutaneous pedicle dissection and gain in pedicle length that make microsurgical anastomoses easier without compromising gluteus function. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 30:339–347, 2010.