bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of home on the mental health of British forces serving in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Mulligan Kathleen , Jones Norman , Davies Mark , McAllister Peter , Fear Nicola T. , Wessely Simon , Greenberg Neil 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundMost studies of the mental health of UK armed forces focus on retrospective accounts of deployment and few sample personnel while they are deployed.AimsThis study reports the results of a survey of deployed personnel, examining the perceived impact of events at home and military support for the family on current mental health during the deployment.MethodSurveys were conducted with 2042 British forces personnel serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. Prevalence of common mental disorders was assessed with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was assessed with the PTSD Checklist – Civilian version (PCL-C).ResultsThe prevalence of common mental disorders was 17.8% and of probable PTSD was 2.8%. Perceived home difficulties significantly influenced the mental health of deployed personnel; the greater the perception of negative events in the home environment, the greater the reporting of adverse mental health effects. This finding was independent of combat exposure and was only partially mitigated by being well led and reporting subjectively good unit cohesion; however, the effect of the totality of home-front events was not improved by the latter. Poor perceived military support for the family had a detrimental impact on deployment mental health.ConclusionsThe armed forces offer many support services to the partners and families of deployed personnel and ensuring that the efforts being made on their behalf are well communicated might improve the mental health of deployed personnel.
Clifford–Wolf translations of Finsler spaces
Authors: Deng Shaoqiang , Xu Ming 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this paper, we study Clifford–Wolf translations of Finsler
spaces. We give a characterization of those Clifford–Wolf
translations generated by Killing vector fields. In particular, we
show that there is a natural interrelation between the local one-parameter groups of Clifford–Wolf
translations and the Killing vector fields of constant length. In
the special case of homogeneous Randers spaces, we give some
explicit sufficient and necessary conditions for a Killing vector field to
have a constant length, in which case the local one-parameter group of isometries generated by the Killing field consist of Clifford–Wolf translations. Finally, we construct explicit examples to explain
some of the results of this paper.
Defining the Role of PET–CT in Staging Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Groves Ashley M. , Shastry Manu , Ben-Haim Simona , Kayani Irfan , Malhotra Anmol , Davidson Timothy , Kelleher Tina , Whittaker Diane , Meagher Marie , Holloway Brian , Warren Ruth M. , Ell Peter J. , Keshtgar Mohammed R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Introduction.
Currently, there is a lack of data on the role of combined positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET–CT) in the staging of early invasive primary breast cancer. We therefore evaluated the role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG)-PET–CT in this patient population.

Methods.
We prospectively recruited 70 consecutive patients (69 women, one man; mean age, 61.9 ± 8.1 years) with early primary breast cancer for staging with 18F-FDG-PET–CT. All PET–CT images were interpreted by two readers (independently of each other). A third reader adjudicated any discrepancies. All readers had ≥5 years of specific experience. Ethics board approval and informed consent were obtained.

Results.
The mean clinical follow-up was 22.7 ± 12.6 months. The primary tumor was identified with PET–CT in 64 of 70 patients. Of the unidentified lesions, surgical pathology revealed two intraductal carcinomas, one invasive tubular carcinoma, and three invasive lobular carcinomas. Undiagnosed multifocal breast disease was shown in seven of 70 patients. PET–CT identified avid axillary lymph nodes in 19 of 70 patients, compared with 24 of 70 confirmed during surgery. There were four patients who were axillary node positive on PET but had no axillary disease at surgery.
Five patients were reported with avid metastases. Two of those patients were treated for metastatic disease (nodal, lung, and liver in one and bone metastases in the other) following further imaging and clinical assessment. In the other three patients, lesions (lung, n = 1; pleural, n = 1; paratrachael node, n = 1) were subsequently diagnosed as benign lesions.

Conclusion.
Integrated 18F-FDG-PET–CT may have a role in staging patients presenting with early breast cancer.
Postfire changes in forest carbon storage over a 300‐year chronosequence ofPinus contorta‐dominated forests
Authors: Kashian Daniel M. , Romme William H. , Tinker Daniel B. , Turner Monica G. , Ryan Michael G. 
Published: April 2012

A warming climate may increase the frequency and severity of stand‐replacing wildfires, reducing carbon (C) storage in forest ecosystems. Understanding the variability of postfire C cycling on heterogeneous landscapes is critical for predicting changes in C storage with more frequent disturbance. We measured C pools and fluxes for 77 lodgepole pine (Pinus contortaDougl. ex Loud var.latifoliaEngelm.) stands in and around Yellowstone National Park (YNP) along a 300‐year chronosequence to examine how quickly forest C pools recover after a stand‐replacing fire, their variability through time across a complex landscape, and the role of stand structure in this variability.Carbon accumulation after fire was rapid relative to the historical mean fire interval of 150–300 years, recovering nearly 80% of prefire C in 50 years and 90% within 100 years. Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) declined monotonically, from 160 g C·m−2·yr−1at age 12 to 5 g C·m−2·yr−1at age 250, but was never negative after disturbance. Decomposition and accumulation of dead wood contributed little to NECB relative to live biomass in this system. Aboveground net primary productivity was correlated with leaf area for all stands, and the decline in aboveground net primary productivity with forest age was related to a decline in both leaf area and growth efficiency. Forest structure was an important driver of ecosystem C, with ecosystem C, live biomass C, and organic soil C varying with basal area or tree density in addition to forest age. Rather than identifying a single chronosequence, we found high variability in many components of ecosystem C stocks through time; a >50% random subsample of the sampled stands was necessary to reliably estimate the nonlinear equation coefficients for ecosystem C. At the spatial scale of YNP, this variability suggests that landscape C develops via many pathways over decades and centuries, with prior stand structure, regeneration, and within‐stand disturbance all important. With fire rotation projected to be <30 years by mid century in response to a changing climate, forests in YNP will store substantially less C (at least 4.8 kg C/m2or 30% less).
Seasonality of soil microbial nitrogen turnover in continental steppe soils of Inner Mongolia
Authors: Wu H. , Dannenmann M. , Wolf B. , Han X. G. , Zheng X. , Butterbach-Bahl K. 
Published: April 2012

Annual estimates and seasonal patterns of gross nitrogen turnover in terrestrial soils are poorly understood due to the lack of experimental evidence. Based on year round sampling in wintergrazed and ungrazed steppe soils of Inner Mongolia, we show that measurements of net rates of ammonification (−9 to −6 kg N ha−1 year−1) or nitrification (19 to 31 kg N ha−1 year−1) do not at all reflect the pronounced dynamics of gross rates of ammonification (215–240 kg N ha−1 year−1) or nitrification (362–417 kg N ha−1 year−1).Four different seasons with characteristic functional patterns of N turnover were identified: (1) Growing season dynamics as characterized by drying/rewetting cycles and negatively correlated temporal courses of net microbial growth and periods with intensive gross ammonification, contributing 40–52% and 29–32% to cumulative annual gross ammonification and nitrification, respectively. Net N mineralization was almost exclusively observed during the growing season. (2) Microbial N dynamics during the autumn freeze‐thaw period was characterized by a sharp decline in microbial biomass in conjunction with a peak of gross nitrification contributing 19–36% to cumulative annual fluxes. (3) During winter at constantly frozen soil, a net build‐up of microbial biomass was observed, whereas gross N turnover rates were low, contributing 7–10% and 6–11% to cumulative annual gross ammonification or gross nitrification, respectively. (4) The spring freeze‐thaw period showed extremely dynamic changes in gross N turnover and soil nitrate concentrations. This period contributed 34–44% and 21–46% to cumulative annual gross ammonification and nitrification, respectively. This study highlights that freeze‐thaw cycles are key periods for understanding patterns and magnitudes of gross N turnover in semi‐arid continental steppe ecosystems. The results further imply that the observed patterns of microbial biomass and gross N turnover dynamics are likely the consequence of a seasonal succession of microbial communities and turnover of microbial biomass. Our findings emphasize the necessity for high resolution studies on gross N turnover as a prerequisite to infer functioning and annual budgets of ecosystem N cycling.
Timing of clinical grade assessment and poor outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Giraldo Elias A. , Mandrekar Jay N. , Rubin Mark N. , Dupont Stefan A. , Zhang Yi , Lanzino Giuseppe , Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. 
Published: April 2012

Object
Timing of clinical grading has not been fully studied in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The primary objective of this study was to identify at which time point clinical assessment using the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) grading scale and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is most predictive of poor functional outcome.

Methods
This study is a retrospective cohort study on the association between poor outcome and clinical grading determined at presentation, nadir, and postresuscitation. Poor functional outcome was defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1–3 at 6 months after SAH.

Results
The authors identified 186 consecutive patients admitted to a teaching hospital between January 2002 and June 2008. The patients' mean age (± SD) was 56.9 ± 13.7 years, and 63% were women. Twenty-four percent had poor functional outcome (the mortality rate was 17%). On univariable logistic regression analyses, GCS score determined at presentation (OR 0.80, p < 0.0001), nadir (OR 0.73, p < 0.0001), and postresuscitation (OR 0.53, p < 0.0001); modified Fisher scale (OR 2.21, p = 0.0013); WFNS grade assessed at presentation (OR 1.92, p < 0.0001), nadir (OR 3.51, < 0.0001), and postresuscitation (OR 3.91, p < 0.0001); intracerebral hematoma on initial CT (OR 4.55, p < 0.0002); acute hydrocephalus (OR 2.29, p = 0.0375); and cerebral infarction (OR 4.84, p < 0.0001) were associated with poor outcome. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, only cerebral infarction (OR 5.80, p = 0.0013) and WFNS grade postresuscitation (OR 3.43, p < 0.0001) were associated with poor outcome. Receiver operating characteristic/area under the curve (AUC) analysis demonstrated that WFNS grade determined postresuscitation had a stronger association with poor outcome (AUC 0.90) than WFNS grade assessed upon admission or at nadir.

Conclusions
Timing of WFNS grade assessment affects its prognostic value. Outcome after aneurysmal SAH is best predicted by assessing WFNS grade after neurological resuscitation.
Is congenital bony stenosis of the cervical spine associated with lumbar spine stenosis? An anatomical study of 1072 human cadaveric specimens
Authors: Bajwa Navkirat S. , Toy Jason O. , Young Ernest Y. , Ahn Nicholas U. 
Published: April 2012

Object
Congenital cervical and lumbar stenosis occurs when the bony anatomy of the spinal canal is smaller than expected, predisposing an individual to symptomatic neural compression. While tandem stenosis is known to occur in 5%–25% of individuals, it is not known whether this relationship is due to an increased risk of degenerative disease in these individuals or whether this finding is due to the tandem presence of a congenitally small cervical and lumbar canal. The purpose of the present study was to determine if the presence of congenital cervical stenosis is associated with congenital lumbar stenosis.

Methods
One thousand seventy-two adult skeletal specimens from the Hamann-Todd Collection in the Cleveland Museum of Natural History were selected. The canal area at each level was calculated using a formula that was verified by computerized measurements. Values that were 2 standard deviations below the mean were considered to represent congenitally stenotic regions. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the association between the sum of canal areas at all levels in the cervical and lumbar spine. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios for congenital stenosis in one area if congenital stenosis was present in the other.

Results
A positive association was found between the additive area of all cervical (that is, the sum of C3–7) and lumbar (that is, the sum of L1–5) levels (p < 0.01). A positive association was also found between the number of cervical and lumbar levels affected by congenital stenosis (p < 0.01). Logistic regression also demonstrated a significant association between congenital stenosis in the cervical and lumbar spine, with an odds ratio of 0.2 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Based on the authors' findings in a large population of adult skeletal specimens, it appears that congenital stenosis of the cervical spine is associated with congenital stenosis of the lumbar spine. Thus, the presence of tandem stenosis appears to be, at least in part, related to the tandem presence of a congenitally small cervical and lumbar canal.
Sagittal spinopelvic parameters in children with achondroplasia: identification of 2 distinct groups
Authors: Karikari Isaac O. , Mehta Ankit I. , Solakoglu Can , Bagley Carlos A. , Ain Michael C. , Gottfried Oren N. 
Published: April 2012

Object
Spinopelvic parameters in children with achondroplasia have not been described. Because they observed a unique sagittal spinopelvic phenotype in some achondroplastic children with very horizontal sacrums, the authors sought to quantify the spinopelvic parameters in a pediatric patient population.

Methods
A retrospective review was performed to identify all children (age range 1 month–10 years) with a diagnosis of achondroplasia between 2004 and 2009. Clinical and radiographic data were analyzed for age, sex, lumbar lordosis (LL), thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracolumbar kyphosis (TLK), sacral slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), and pelvic incidence (PI). Differences among these variables were analyzed using a 2-tailed, unpaired Student t-test.

Results
Forty children, 23 males and 17 females, with achondroplasia were identified during the study period. The mean age was 2.6 years. Two groups of patients were identified based on PT (that is, negative or positive tilt and horizontal or not horizontal sacrum). A negative PT was identified in all children with an extremely horizontal sacrum. Seventeen children had a negative PT (mean −16.6°), and the mean parameters in this group were 65.4° for LL, 31.7° for TLK, 18.5° for TK, 43.3° for SS, and 26.4° for PI. Twenty-three children had a positive PT (mean 17.9°), and the mean parameters in this group were 53.4° for LL, 41.5° for TLK, 9.6° for TK, 30.8° for SS, and 43.8° for PI. A statistically significant difference was observed for LL (p = 0.01), TLK (p = 0.05), SS (p = 0.006), PT (p = 0.006), and PI (0.0002).

Conclusions
Spinopelvic parameters in achondroplasia are potentially dichotomous. The future implications of this observation are not known and will need to be explored in future long-term studies that follow pediatric patients with achondroplasia through adulthood.
Incidental durotomy after spinal surgery: a prospective study in an academic institution
Authors: McMahon Paul , Dididze Marina , Levi Allan D. 
Published: April 2012

Object
Incidental durotomies (IDs) are an unfortunate but anticipated potential complication of spinal surgery. The authors surveyed the frequency of IDs for a single spine surgeon and analyzed the major risk factors as well as the impact on long-term patient outcomes.

Methods
The authors conducted a prospective review of elective spinal surgeries performed over a 15-year period. Any surgery involving peripheral nerve only, intradural procedures, or dural tears due to trauma were excluded from analysis. The incidence of ID was categorized by surgery type including primary surgery, revision surgery, and so forth. Incidence of ID was also examined in the context of years of physician experience and training. Furthermore, the incidence and types of sequelae were examined in patients with an ID.

Results
Among 3000 elective spinal surgery cases, 3.5% (104) had an ID. The incidence of ID during minimally invasive procedures (3.3%) was similar, but no patients experienced long-term sequelae. The incidence of ID during revision surgery (6.5%) was higher. There was a marked difference in incidence between cervical (1.3%) and thoracolumbar (5.1%) cases. The incidence was lower for cases involving instrumentation (2.4%). When physician training was examined, residents were responsible for 49% of all IDs, whereas fellows were responsible for 26% and the attending for 25%. Among all of the cases that involved an ID, 7.7% of patients went on to experience a neurological deficit as compared with 1.5% of those without an ID. The overall failure rate of dural repair was 6.9%, and failure was almost 3 times higher (13%) in revision surgery as compared with a primary procedure (5%).

Conclusions
The authors established a reliable baseline incidence for durotomy after spine surgery: 3.5%. They also identified risk factors that can increase the likelihood of a durotomy, including location of the spinal procedure, type of procedure performed, and the implementation of a new procedure. The years of physician training or resident experience did not appear to be a major risk for ID.
Hot-water extraction and characterization of spruce bark non-cellulosic polysaccharides
Authors: Le Normand Myriam , Edlund Ulrica , Holmbom Bjarne , Ek Monica 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCP) from bark offer large potential as a class of natural raw materials for functional materials development and production of biochemicals. We have elaborated a process for sequential extraction of NCP from industrial Norway spruce bark using an accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) with water at 100 to 160°C. Carbohydrates, Klason lignin and ash content as well as size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analyses were performed for all hot-water extracts. NCP were mainly composed of glucose, arabinose and galacturonic acid units which revealed the presence of starch, arabinose-rich hemicelluloses and pectins. In total, the industrial bark of Norway spruce contained up to 20% of NCP which were extracted with pressurized hot water. NCP were mainly extractable at 140°C and started to undergo degradation at higher temperature.
The development of hydrophobised ground calcium carbonate particles for the effective adsorption of dissolved and colloidal substances (DCS) from thermo mechanical pulp (TMP) filtrates
Authors: Gantenbein Daniel , Schoelkopf Joachim , Matthews G. Peter , Gane Patrick A.C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Talc is often used to control unwanted deposition of resins and wood processing derivatives in the wet end circuit of a paper mill. It was the aim of this study to develop a calcium carbonate based mineral particle with improved pitch adsorption properties, and to compare these properties with those of talc. Partially treating the surface of the calcium carbonate with stearic acid led to improved adsorption of wood resin constituents and useful wetting properties. It was shown that the partially hydrophobised calcium carbonate had a higher capacity for the adsorption of the colloidal fraction of TMP than did the corresponding untreated calcium carbonate. Both calcium carbonates preferentially adsorb colloidal substances together with a minor amount of dissolved carbohydrates. In contrast, talc preferably adsorbs colloidal substances when the colloidal concentration is high but starts to adsorb substantial amounts of dissolved carbohydrates at lower concentration of colloidal wood resin droplets.
Online detection of moisture in heatset printing: Liquid transfer to printed image and non-image areas
Authors: Tåg Carl-Mikael , Toiviainen Maunu , Juuti Mikko , Gane Patrick 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In the present study, near-infrared sensors are used to investigate moisture variations on paper in the heatset web offset printing process. The moisture content was determined from both non-image and image printed areas at multiple locations along the printing line. The amount of water based liquid (fountain solution) transferred to the two studied areas as well as the internal moisture content of the paper was investigated in terms of near-infrared absorbance response. In order to achieve absolute moisture content estimates, the sensors were calibrated for the respective measurement regions. It was found that the moisture content was higher in the areas with printing ink compared to those without. The heatset drying had a stronger moisture drying effect on the non-image areas. The tests were performed in both a laboratory and a full-scale heatset offset printing environment.
Evaluation of furnishes for tissue manufacturing; suction box dewatering and paper testing
Authors: Kullander Johan , Nilsson Lars , Barbier Christophe 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Water removal on a tissue machine becomes progressively more difficult and expensive in each successive zone. A good way to reduce cost can therefore be to improve the dewatering prior to evaporative drying. This can be done by selecting proper raw materials and optimizing the treatment of the fibres in the furnish. In this work, four pulps beaten to different levels were studied in vacuum dewatering trials. Mixing of the pulps, common in tissue manufacturing, was also performed. To simulate the suction boxes on a tissue machine, benchscale laboratory equipment was used. Conditions typically used on a tissue machine regarding dwell times and vacuum levels were chosen. Paper properties relevant for tissue, like wet strength and absorption were measured on non-creped papers. To obtain information about the fibre properties, fibre characterization and microscope studies were also conducted. Vacuum dewatering in tissue manufacturing is shown to be affected by the choice of pulp which can be explained by structural differences in the networks caused by variations in fibre properties. Beating has a strong negative impact on the solids contents reached, which is believed to be an effect of both internal and external fibrillation. These results, together with additional data from mixing and paper testing, give a better understanding of how the furnish should be prepared to reduce energy use in the process and still fulfil consumer requirements on properties.