bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival of Eggs and Larvae of Swine Nematode Parasites in Aerobic and Anaerobic Waste Treatment Systems
Authors: Marti O. G. , Booram C. V. , Hale O. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted at 12 and 22°C to compare the effects of aerobic and anaerobic treatment systems on the development and survival of eggs and larvae of swine nematode parasites. Swine feces containing eggs of Ascaris suum, Metastrongylus spp., Oesophagostomum dentatum, Hyostrongylus rubidus, and Strongyloides ransomi were used in both experiments. Treatment system fluids were sampled and examined periodically for the presence of parasite eggs and larvae. Cultures of fluids were prepared and examined for the presence of larvae after 7 days of incubation at 25°C. Ascaris eggs embryonated in 28 days in the 22°C aerobic system. Unembryonated Ascaris eggs in the other three treatment systems completed their development when transferred to 2% formalin at 25°C. Metastrongylus eggs survived in all treatment systems, but some larvae hatched and died in both aerobic systems. Oesophagostomum and Hyostrongylus larvae survived well under 12°C aerobic conditions, but were destroyed within 11 days at 22°C. Eggs of Strongyloides hatched rapidly under aerobic conditions, but survived at least 7 days under anaerobic conditions in both experiments. The development of free‐living adults of Strongyloides and the survival of third‐stage larvae were favored in 22°C aerobic conditions. Knowledge of the parasite genera present in a swine herd and of the responses of the eggs and larvae to different temperatures and treatment systems is important for effective management and safe recycling of wastes.
Sulfur Fractions and Distribution of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus in Profiles of Coal Mines
Authors: Dick W. A. , Chancy H. F. , Tabatabai M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnalysis of samples of four profiles, two containing calcareous shale and two acid shale, from a coal mine in Iowa showed that the total S content of the coal seam under acid shale ranged from 9 to 10% and of the coal under calcareous shale was about 5%. Zinc‐HCl‐reducible S always exceeded the Raney Ni‐reducible S in all the samples studied. With the exception of one coal sample under acid shale that contained an appreciable amount of sulfide S, all the shale and coal samples contained small amounts of sulfide S. The shale samples generally contained greater amounts of pyrite S (52–85%) than did the coal samples (35–63%). Pyrite S was significantly correlated with total S in the shale (r = 0.95**) and coal (r = 0.93**) samples studied.Other results indicated that total N values were much lower in the overburden materials (0.01–0.13%) than in the coal samples (0.65–0.81%). Total P content was the greatest in the shale samples. The coal seam under acid shale contained greater P concentrations, with the organic P fraction exceeding the inorganic P, than did the coal seam under the calcareous shale, where the amounts of organic and inorganic P fractions were similar. The sulfur fractions in the various horizons of the four profiles studied and the relationships among organic C, N, and P are discussed.
Dissipation of the Herbicides Atrazine and Alachlor in a Maryland Corn Field
Authors: Wu Tung L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAtrazine and alachlor are commonly used in Maryland corn fields (Zea mays L.), primarily as pre‐emergence herbicides. This research was part of a watershed program designed to monitor nonpoint source pollution due to runoff of chemicals from agricultural lands. Atrazne (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine) and alachlor (2‐chloro‐2′,6′‐diethyl‐N‐methoxymethyl acetanilide) were sprayed on a corn field at rates of 1.7 kg/ha and 2.3 kg/ha, respectively. Soil cores were taken from sites at four elevations in the field. At the highest elevation, atrazine underwent a decrease in the surface 5‐cm layer, but a fraction of atrazine was leached into the deeper soil profile. At the middle altitude, atrazine concentrations in the 2.5‐ to 30‐cm soil profile changed very little during the growing season. At the lowest elevation, where soil moisture was rather high, atrazine had an even distribution in the soil profile. Thus, the data on field soil indicated both downward and lateral movement of atrazine. Alachlor remained in the top 8 cm of the soil. Low teachability of alachlor in field soil is believed to result from a strong affinity of alachlor molecules for soil organic matter. Runoff losses were detected at a weir situated near the bottom of the drainage channel of the watershed. During the 1976 growing season, 17 g/ha of atrazine and 3.6 g/ha of alachlor were discharged. About 60% of the discharged herbicides were in the dissolved phase. Flow‐weighted mean herbicide concentrations in the runoff water were 16.9 µg/liter (atrazine) and 0.6 µg/liter (alachlor). Atrazine carryover detected in the corn field soils was generally from 0.09 to 0.56 µg/g. Between 5 and 13% of the atrazine applied to the fields was estimated to be carried over to the next growing season.
Effectiveness of Vegetated Buffer Strips in Controlling Pollution from Feedlot Runoff
Authors: Young R. A. , Huntrods Terry , Anderson Wayne 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rainulator was used to test vegetative buffer strips for their ability to control pollution from feedlot runoff. Cropped buffer strips on a 4% slope reduced runoff and total solids transported from a feedlot by 67 and 79%, respectively. Total N and P were reduced by an average of 84 and 83%, respectively. Ammonium‐N and PO4‐P were similarly reduced, but average NO3‐N in the runoff increased because some NO3‐N was gained from the sorghum (Sorghum vulgare L.)‐sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense L.) and the oat (Avena sativa L.) buffer strips. During both years, the number of coliform organisms in the runoff water was reduced after runoff passed through the vegetated buffer strips. These results indicated that nonstructural feedlot discharge control practices are a promising alternative method for controlling pollution from feedlot runoff.
Soil Loss and Microbiological Quality of Runoff from Land Treated with Poultry Litter
Authors: Giddens Joel , Barnett A. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBecause large amounts of poultry wastes are often applied to hilly land in the southeastern United States, information is needed on the environmental hazards of this practice. A rainfall simulator was used to study the effect of application of poultry litter (manure plus wood residues) on runoff water quality and soil loss, on moderately sloping (7%) land. Increasing rates of litter were surface‐applied on fallow soil and grassland and also incorporated in the fallow soil. Runoff and soil loss were drastically decreased by litter application on fallow soil, and runoff was reduced on the grassed soil. The grassed soil had little soil loss with or without litter application. The coliform bacterial content of runoff water from plots receiving the higher application rates of surface‐applied litter was appreciable afterward. Incorporating litter into soil generally reduced coliforms during the later stages of runoff. Moderate applications of poultry manure to sloping land (especially grassland) should not create a major water quality problem, unless excessive rainfall occurs.
Phosphate Desorption from Soils and Sediments with Varying Levels of Extractable Phosphate
Authors: Oloya Tom O. , Logan T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDesorption of P from soils and sediments was studied using sequential (10‐cycle) batch equilibration in 0.01M CaCl2 for equilibration periods of 2, 60, 480, 1,440, and 5,760 minutes. Soils with high Bray P1‐extractable P contained a pool of easily desorbable P which was depleted by the fifth cycle. Stream suspended sediments, bottom sediments, and soils low in Bray‐extractable P released small, but constant, amounts of P. Desorption of P from high extractable P soils was independent of equilibration time for the first two equilibrations, but obeyed first‐order kinetics for the subsequent eight extractions. Phosphate desorbed from all soils and sediments was highly correlated with Bray P1‐extractable P. The sediments and Hoytville soils from Defiance County, Ohio, gave a linear relationship between Bray P1 and desorbable P, while the Hoytville soils from the tillage study gave a quadratic increase in desorbed P with increasing Bray P1‐extractable P.
Algal Availability of Sediment Phosphorus in Drainage Water of the Black Creek Watershed
Authors: Dorich R. A. , Nelson D. W. , Sommers L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe water quality problems resulting from sediment P additions to rivers and lakes can only be assessed if the biological availability of sediment‐borne P is known. A study was conducted to evaluate the availability to algae of sediment P in drainage water samples collected from an agricultural watershed in northeastern Indiana. Sediments suspended in drainage water were separated, resuspended in a nutrient medium, inoculated with Selanastrum capricornutum, and incubated under illumination for 2 weeks. The sediment‐treated media were analyzed for algal numbers and P assimilated by algal cells by sequential extraction with NH4F, NaOH, and HCl initially and after 2 weeks of incubation. Phosphorus assimilated by algal cells was calculated as the decrease in each sediment P fraction observed during the incubation period.The proportions of sediment P available for algal uptake in drainage water samples collected in March and June averaged 20.7% of the total sediment P and 30.1% of the sediment inorganic P(Pi). Of the three sediment Pi fractions investigated, the NH4F‐extractable fraction contributed the largest proportion (42.2%) of the sediment Pi utilized by algae. The NaOH‐ and HCl‐extractable fractions of sediment Pi contributed 36.3% and 21.6%, respectively, of the Pi utilized by algae. A significant proportion (59.8%) of the NH4F‐extractable P present in sediment prior to incubation was utilized by algal cells during the 2‐week incubation period. Of the NaOH‐ and HCl‐extractable Pi present initially, 26.8% and 12.8%, respectively, were utilized by algae during the 2‐week incubation period. Although all of the soluble Pi initially present in the sediment‐medium mixtures was rapidly utilized by algae, sediment P contributed a significantly larger quantity of P than soluble P for algal growth during incubation.
Hydrocarbon Adsorption by Soils as the Stationary Phase of Gas‐Solid Chromatography
Authors: Bohn Hinrich L. , Prososki Gale K. , Eckhardt J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil adsorption of C1 to C8 hydrocarbons was measured by columns of subsoils serving as the stationary phase in gas‐solid chromatography. Hydrocarbon retention by such dry soils increased with molecular weight and unsaturation, and decreased with branching, of the hydrocarbon molecules. Aromatic and oxygenated hydrocarbons were held more strongly than related aliphatics. Fine‐textured soils retained hydrocarbons more strongly than coarse‐textured soils. The retetion under these conditions was only poorly correlated with the clay contents of the soils.
Behavior of 2,4‐D in Belgian Soils
Authors: Moreale A. , Van Bladel R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis investigation was conducted to determine the physicochemical parameters of soils useful in predicting the adsorption and movement of 2,4‐D ([2,4‐dichlorophenoxy] acetic acid) in selected soils (surface and subhorizons) from the sandy and loam regions of Belgium. A statistical analysis showed that organic matter, soil pH (surface horizons), and exchangeable aluminum (subhorizons) could be used as key characteristics in the quantitative determination of the percentage of 2,4‐D adsorbed. Adsorption isotherms demonstrated that changing the initial concentration of 2,4‐D in solution (0.01–10 ppm) was of negligible importance in determining key soil properties related to the percentage of 2,4‐D adsorbed. Desorption data were significantly correlated (r = −0.96) with the percentage of 2,4‐D initially adsorbed. The overall effect of increasing the ionic strength of the calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution was to enhance 2,4‐D adsorption. However, this effect was relatively small between 0.075 and 0.75 ionic strength. Degradation of 2,4‐D added at a rate of 10 µg/g of soil (soil/solution ratio 1:1) was followed by CO2 evolution resulting from the oxidation of [Carboxyl‐14C] 2,4‐D. Within 1 month of incubation, extensive degradation occurred in neutral soils, but the degradation rate was considerably lower in acid soils. Leaching experiments indicated that 2,4‐D mobility was inversely related to the amount of 2,4‐D adsorbed. After 62‐days of leaching in a Podzol soil column, 1 m long, the recovery of 2,4.D nondegraded in the profile was only 7% of the initial application rate. No trace of the herbicide was detected in the column effluent for this period.
Calcium Phosphate Precipitation in Aqueous Calcitic Limestone Suspensions
Authors: Brown James L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalcium phosphate precipitation was studied by measuring the decline in phosphate concentration resulting from the reaction between dilute orthophosphate and aqueous calcitic limestone suspensions. The rate of phosphate disappearance from solution increased with an elevation of pH between 7.0 and 8.4, and increased strongly in the presence of hydroxyapatite seed crystals. The presence of from 0.1 to 0.2 mM sodium fluoride increased the phosphate disappearance rate strongly, but only when seed crystals were present. Participation of fluoride and hydroxyapatite in the reactions suggests that hydroxyapatite or fluorapatite may have precipitated in some of the experiments, although the phosphate solubility after a prolonged reaction period was intermediate between that of octacalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite.
Growth and Mineral Nutrition of Cattail (Typha) as Influenced by Thermal Alteration
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Fulenwider A. , Sharitz R. R. , Ciravolo T. G. , Hoyt G. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate growth and mineral nutrition responses of Typha latifolia L. (common cattail), a ubiquitous emergent aquatic macrophyte, to changes in certain environmental conditions. Typha was found to be sensitive to temperature and nutrient changes in the soil. Elevations in temperature affected the growth and mineral nutrition more than increases of the soil N and P. An incremental change of 7°C, from 18 to 25°C, increased the shoot biomass 1.7 times. However, a 14°C elevation, from lg to 32°C, increased the biomass only 2.2 times. Of the elements analyzed (Al, Ba, B, Ca, Cu, 137Cs, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, P, Sr, and Zn), only the Cu content was not changed by elevated temperatures. In general, elemental contents increased with increasing level of temperature, paralleling the biomass production. The results indicate that Typha's potential to remove some elements from contaminated soil may be influenced by certain environmental factors.
Potential Use of Dredged Material to Improve Marginal Agricultural Soils: I. Physical Properties and Plant Growth
Authors: Gupta S. C. , Larson W. E. , Gast R. G. , Combs S. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImproving marginal or degraded land for agricultural or recreational uses with dredged material is a possible alternative to the present practice of land disposal. The purposes of this study were (i) to determine the physical properties of dredged material, marginal soils, and mixtures of the two; and (ii) to compare dry matter production of crops grown in the greenhouse on these materials.Samples of dredged material and marginal soils were collected from 10 locations in the eastern and central United States. In addition, three productive soils from Minnesota were chosen as reference materials for comparison. The texture of the dredged material samples ranged from sand to clay. The marginal soils were chosen for their extreme textural differences from the dredged material.The bulk density of the medium‐ to fine‐textured dredged material samples was low, ranging from 0.74 to 1.21 g/cm.3 The bulk density of the two coarse‐textured dredged material samples was similar to that of the coarse‐textured marginal soils. The addition of fine‐textured material to coarse‐textured material resulted in intermediate bulk densities.The water‐holding capacity of the fine‐textured dredged material samples was extremely high as compared with that of fine‐textured productive soils from Minnesota. The two coarse‐textured dredged material samples had very low water retention values. The 0.33‐ and 15‐bar percentages for the mixtures of dredged material and marginal soil were intermediate between the values of the samples of dredged material and marginal soil alone.Plant yields in the greenhouse were greater from the eight fine‐textured dredged material samples than from the marginal soils. When dredged material was mixed with marginal soil, plant yields were intermediate between yields for either dredged material or marginal soil. When location effects were taken out, an F‐test on multiple regression analysis showed that percent sand and silt were significant (p = 0.01) in explaining the yield differences. These regression equations are used to predict a range of sand and silt content at which the dry matter production is near maximum.
Sewage Farming in Iraq: A Potential Hazard for Pollution
Authors: Mutlak S. M. , Hamdi Y. A. , Nour M. A. , Bakal N. , Al‐Gazzaly M. , Ayar N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA number of surface and subsurface soil and sewage samples were collected from a sewage‐irrigated farm near Baghdad. A bacteriological examination of the samples included the determination of the total counts of bacteria, coliforms, streptococci, staphylococci, and the detection of salmonellae. Changes in the population density of coliforms, faecal streptococci, and salmonellae in surface soils incubated at 10 and 37°C were followed over 5 weeks. Samples of lettuce (Lactuca saliva) grown in this farm were tested for coliforms as an indicator for microbial pollution.Total bacterial counts were 4 × 106 cell/g for surface and subsurface soils, and 45 × 109 cell/ml for sewage samples. The average number of coliforms was 4 × 105 cell/ml for surface and subsurface soils, and 34 × 105 cell/ml for sewage. The percentages of Escherichia coli type I in surface soil, subsurface soil, and sewage samples were 60, 44, and 39%, respectively. The densities of faecal streptococci in the surface soil, subsurface soil, and sewage samples were 6 × 103 cell/g, 4 × 103 cell/g, and 17 × 103 cell/ml, respectively. Coagulase positive staphylococci were 26 × 103 cell/g, 6 × 103 cell/g, and 3 × 103 cell/ml, in the surface soil, subsurface soil, and sewage samples, respectively. Salmonellae were detected in most of the soil and sewage samples. Estimates of coliforms in lettuce indicated the presence of these organisms in all parts of the plant, which indicates the probability of the presence of intestinal pathogens. The population of different bacteria progressively declined with time, but the reduction in numbers was relatively greater in samples incubated at 37°C, than in those incubated at 10°C. Salmonellae were detected after 1 week, but disappeared thereafter.The potential hazard for pollution caused by sewage farming, as it is practiced, threatens vegetables grown on the farms as well as ground and surface waters of the nearby area. Sewage farming may seriously affect the consumers. It is recommended that the conventional methods of treating the sewage effluents be adopted.
Aflatoxin‐producing Fungi in Preharvest Corn: Inoculum Source in Insects and Soils
Authors: Lillehoj E. B. , Mc Millian W. W. , Guthrie W. D. , Barry D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant and soil insects and soil samples were obtained from test plots of 1978 corn (Zea mays L.) during crop maturation in Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri. From 871 samples, 205 visually identified Aspergillus isolates were obtained and examined by utilization of the Aspergillus differential medium (ADM) technique; approximately one‐third of the preliminary isolates were ADM positive. The A. flavus group isolates were tested for aflatoxin production during development on rice (Oryza sativa L.); about one‐half were toxin producers. Aspergillus parasiticus Speare was observed only in soil and soil insects, whereas Aspergillus flavus Link ex. Fr. was also detected in plant insects. No specific corn maturity or environmental factor was associated with occurrence of aflatoxin‐producing fungal isolates. Although both toxin‐positive species were observed in the test plots at the Georgia location, only the A. flavus toxins (B1, B2) were detected in mature corn kernels from the location.
Controlling the Rate of Acid Loss from Strip Mine Spoil
Authors: Pionke H. B. , Rogowski A. S. , De Angelis R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective was to identify and compare processes that potentially dominate acid production and loss at the spoil particle scale. This information is presently lacking, but is critical for correctly hypothesizing and testing the effects of alternative management (reclamation) on ground water quality. The effectiveness of selected diffusion and kinetic processes for controlling the rate of acid product loss from the spoil particle were compared. Initially, the acid production rate in unweathered fresh spoil exposed to 20% O2 appears controlled by the pyrite oxidation rate. However, the control of acid product loss rates from a partially weathered spoil particle decreased in the order: acid product diffusion > O2 diffusion > pyrite oxidation.The acid product contributing zone of the assumed‐cylindrical spoil particle was calculated using experimental and published data. For the acid products, i.e., common SO4 salts, the acid product contributing zone was 0.022‐cm depth/0.25‐cm particle radius or 17% of total particle volume. For O2, the zone was 0.06‐cm depth/0.25‐cm particle radius or 42% of total particle volume. Under these experimental conditions, the remaining particle volume was essentially noncontributing. Based on these data, increasing the particle radius substantially reduced the contributing volume.Experimental results showed that acid‐product generation over the long term averaged 0.16 mg SO4/g pyrite per hour for the air‐incubated system and 0.018 mg SO4/g pyrite per hour for the O2‐free (N2) incubated system.
Potentials of Cassava Peels as a Soil Amendment: I. Corn Growth
Authors: Agbim N. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a greenhouse study on corn (Zea mays L.) to assess the potentials of cassava peels (CP) as a soil amendment, the peels were mixed with cattle dung (D) in different proportions and applied at rates up to 200 metric tons/ha to 4 kg of potted soil. Nitrogen, P, K, and Mg fertilizers (F) were added as a variable. The higher the rate of the CP + D mixture and the more the proportion of D in the mixture, the greater the yield for the first crop except that CP + D + F treatments did not increase yield when applied at > 150 metric tons/ha. Mixtures without F containing 50% CP or above, and CP with F at and above 100 metric tons/ha, gave higher yields with the second cropping. This suggests that preplant incubation beyond the 3 weeks used was desirable to obtain greater N mineralization during the first cropping.Over the two cropping periods, increasing rates of CP increased yields from 29% to 244% of the control, thus showing the value of CP as a soil amendment. Moreover, CP + F was generally as effective as CP + D and D + F combinations. This obviates the necessity for D which is relatively scarce in West Africa. The CP + D mixtures enhanced fertilizer efficiency with the first cropping.