bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the cutting management of grass-clover swards. III. The effects of prolonged close and lax cutting on herbage yields and quality
Authors: Reid D. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effects of two heights of cutting—down to either 1 in. or 2–2½ in. from ground level—on herbage yields were studied for five seasons with a perennial rye-grass-white clover mixture and for three seasons with a timothy-white clover mixture. Superimposed on these height-of-cutting treatments were treatments simulating strip grazing with and without a back-fence, and also three fertilizer nitrogen treatments.2. Over the 5-year period the rye-grass mixture consistently gave greater dry-matter and crude-protein yields of herbage when cut to 1 in. than it did when cut to 2–2½ in. from ground level, the mean dry-matter yield difference being 34%. The decline in the total yield per season with increasing age of the grass sward was similar under both heights of cutting.3. The effects of the height-of-cutting treatments on the timothy mixture were similar to those noted on the rye-grass mixture in the first three seasons of the experiment, but in the third year the beneficial effects of close cutting were much reduced. It is suggested that this resulted from the rest period between cuts being insufficient for timothy to recover fully from the close defoliation.4. The effects of the height-of-cutting treatments on the botanical composition of the sward were slight, particularly on plots of the rye-grass mixture.5. Possible factors leading to the observed effects of the height-of-cutting treatments are discussed with reference to the results of other workers and to the results from a preliminary study of the differential effects of the treatments on stem and leaf formation in perennial rye-grass.6. A simulation of strip grazing with and without a back-fence showed that the herbage yields from both seeds mixtures under both height-of-cutting treatments were considerably reduced by the removal of the regrowth which could take place in the absence of a back-fence.7. The effects of delaying the first nitrogenoua fertilizer application of the season noted in an earlier experiment were fully confirmed in this experiment.
Genetic variability in time to germination of sugar-beet clusters
Authors: Battle J. P. , Whittington W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn analysis of germination characteristics of progeny from a diallel cross between five sugar-beet plants showed that the genotype of the maternal parent controlled to a marked extent the behaviour of the progeny. This may be related to the presence in the fruits of inhibitory substances.Some evidence was found for genie and maternal interactions but these were always of less importance than the maternal effects. Heritability estimates from parent, off spring regression and analysis of half-sib family variances demonstrated that genetic variation for germination characteristics had not been eliminated during the improvement of sugar beet from the wild form.
Evaluation of phosphate fertilizers. III. Immediate and residual values of potassium metaphosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate for potatoes, radishes, barley and ryegrass
Authors: Mattingly G. E. G. , Penny A. , Blakemore Marie 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTriple superphosphate (21.6% P), potassium metaphosphate (25.0% P) and magnesium ammonium phosphate (19.0% P) were compared as phosphate fertilizers alone and in combination, and as powders and granules, in two experiments on acid soils. Basal nutrients were adjusted to allow for the amounts of N, K, and Mg in the test fertilizers. Immediate effects of the fertilizers were measured by early potatoes and barley, and residual effects by radishes and ryegrass.All powdered fertilizers, alone or in combination, were equivalent to powdered superphosphate for early potatoes. The value of granular fertilizers for potatoes increased with the proportion of superphosphate in the mixtures. Superphosphate equivalents of the granular fertilizers were: magnesium ammonium phosphate, 14%; potassium metaphosphate + magnesium ammonium phosphate, 36%; potassium metaphosphate, 53%; superphosphate + potassium metaphosphate + magnesium ammonium phosphate, 54%; superphosphate + magnesium ammonium phosphate, 60%; superphosphate + potassium metaphosphate, 81%.Residues from powdered fertilizers, applied to potatoes, were equivalent, for radishes, to residues from powdered superphosphate. Residues from granular fertilizers were more effective for radishes than residues from powders.All powdered fertilizers were equivalent to powdered superphosphate for barley cut green. Granular magnesium ammonium phosphate, either alone or mixed with potassium metaphosphate, was slightly less effective than powder.Residues from all powdered fertilizers applied to barley were equivalent for ryegrass. Residues from granular fertilizers, especially potassium metaphosphate and magnesium ammonium phosphate, produced more grass than residues from powders.Apparent recoveries of P by the four crops ranged from 24% to 32% and were more from granules than from powders. Residues from all fertilizers increased 0.5M-NaHCO3-soluble P in soils, and mean yields of ryegrass, the final test crop, increased by 3.2 to 5.1 cwt dry matter/acre/ppm NaHCO3-soluble P in the soils.
Field trials on hexoestrol implantation of steers on New Zealand farms
Authors: Everitt G. C. , Carter A. H. 
Published: March 2009

Field trials on hexoestrol implantation were conducted in the Waikato area of the North Island of New Zealand during 1958–59, involving 260 two and three year old Aberdeen Angus steers from nine farms. Two levels of hormone implantation were studied, namely, 30 and 45 mg. The trials ranged in duration from three to five months with an average of four months.Pronounced differences were apparent between farms in the overall growth rates and carcass quality scores of the cattle.Hexoestrol implantation led to a significant increase in carcass weight, estimated at approximately 22 lb., with little evidence of real differences between farms in the average response to the hormone.Response to the higher as compared with the lower dose of hexoestrol varied markedly among the separate farms. In general, the lower dose of 30 mg. tended to yield the greater increase in carcass weight.A small, but consistent, depression of carcass quality scores was manifest under hormone treatment, with no real differences between the two dosage levels.
The digestible energy content of some tropical forages
Authors: Butterworth M. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The content of gross and digestible energy of twenty-four forages grown in Trinidad was determined using samples of food and faeces from previously described digestibility trials.2. The content of gross energy of the forages ranged from 4-13 to 5-02 kcal./g. and that of digestible energy, from 2-23 to 3-20 kcal./g. The corresponding regression equations could be used for the prediction of digestible energy.4. The calorific equivalent of TDN was calculated in each case and the mean value was found to be 2114 kcal./lb. Highly significant differences in this parameter existed among diets.
A simple instrument for the measurement of low air speeds, with special reference to pig housing
Authors: Mount L. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. A simple inexpensive anemometer is described; the instrument is intended for general husbandry use.2. The essential part of the apparatus is a 1 in. diameter electrically heated duralumin sphere
capping a mercury-in-glass thermometer.3. Charts are given relating wind-speed to sphere temperature, ambient temperature and heat input to the sphere. No further calibration is required.
Leys and soil organic matter
Authors: Clement C. R. , Williams T. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. The increase in soil carbon has been assessed in arable land sown to different leys variously managed.2. Under swards cut for herbage conservation, carbon in the top 15 cm. of soil increased by about 0-05 % each year. Although an increase of 0-3 % was found immediately under drills of cocksfoot grown for seed production, there was no increase midway between the drills and, for a given area of land, the carbon increment under such row-crops is probably similar to that under cut swards.
Studies on the muscles of meat animals
Authors: Lawrie R. A. , Pomeroy R. W. , Cuthbertson A. 
Published: March 2009

1. The contents of moisture, intramuscular fat and total nitrogen in various muscles of boars at 200 and 260 lb. live weight have been compared with corresponding data from hogs.2. Although total nitrogen was higher and moisture and fat lower in the muscles of boars than those of hogs at 200 lb. live weight the converse tended to apply when comparisons were made at 260 lb.
Field experiments on the fertilizer requirements of maincrop potatoes
Authors: Birch J. A. , Devine J. R. , Holmes M. R. J. , Whitear J. D. 
Published: March 2009

1. Fifty-one experiments on the nitrogen, phosphate and potash requirements of maincrop potatoes were carried out in Great Britain in 1956–62. Each experiment tested four rates of each nutrient in all combinations and both total and riddled yields and quality data were obtained.2. Nitrogen requirement was influenced by previous cropping and the rainfall during the preceding winter. 50–80 lb/acre of N are recommended in mixed farming rotations depending on winter rainfall, and 120–150 lb/acre of N in arable rotations.3. Yield increases from phosphate were usually larger on soils with low citric-soluble phosphate. Nevertheless, irrespective of soil phosphate status, optimum rates of application were at least 120 lb/acre of P2O5 which was the highest rate tested in most of the experiments.
Statistical research on the fate of water in the adult cow. II. The lactating cow
Authors: Paquay R. , De Baere R. , Lousse A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYStatistical tests were made on the data obtained from 100 non-pregnant lactating cows, whose milk production ranged from 4 to 22 kg/day. The cows were kept in metabolism stalls and fed 37 different rations.The authors have studied the correlation between total water intake, faecal and urinary water losses, absorbed and available water and the numerous other factors which were analysed in each of the 37 rations.Total water intake is closely related to the dry-matter intake and the dry-matter content of the diet; it is related also to the composition of the ingested dry matter but is unrelated to the daily milk production.Faecal water losses are closely related to the dry-matter intake and the dry-matter content of the diet; increase of pentosans and crude-fibre intake enhances the losses.Urinary water excretion is related to the amount of absorbed water and to the dry-matter content of the diet; a highly significant correlation exists also between urinary water and urinary nitrogen and potassium. Daily milk production and urinary water are negatively correlated.Water secretion in the milk depends on the dry-matter intake and on its composition; but there is no significant correlation between total water intake and milk water.
Carcass composition of fattened rams and wethers of Sudan Desert sheep
Authors: Osman A. H. , Shafie S. A. El , Khattab A. G. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCarcass yield and chemical composition of edible meat of fifteen fattened yearling rams and fifteen fattened yearling wethers of Sudan Desert sheep were studied. The animals studied were random samples from groups which had been fattened for 2 months on three different rations. They were about 14 months old at slaughter, and their weights at slaughter ranged from 25 to 52 kg. The average dressing percentage for rams and wethers was 53·0 and 52·2% respectively. Warm carcass weights were 20·22 kg for rams and 19·64 kg for wethers, and these carcasses lost 4·2 and 3·1% of their weight respectively, after 48 h storage in the cold room at 0°C. The bone content of carcasses of rams and wethers was 23·4 and 21·3% respectively. The longissimus dorsi ‘loin eye’ area at the 12th rib was 8·6 cm2 and 8·3 cm2 for rams and wethers. The proportions of wholesale cuts in ram and wether carcasses were comparable, whereas the proportions of slaughter by-products varied between the two ‘sexes’. Mean weight of kidney fat in wethers was 50% greater than in intact rams, but the mesenteric and caul fat was heavier in rams than in wethers.Ram carcasses had higher specific gravity than those of wether carcasses. Specific gravity was negatively correlated with fat content and positively correlated with protein, moisture and ash content of the edible meat of the carcass. The regression equations relating specific gravity to the major chemical components of meat had too high standard errors to be of predictive value in a practical sense.
The voluntary intake by sheep and cattle of silages differing in free-acid content
Authors: Mcleod D. S. , Wilkins R. J. , Raymond W. F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe free-acid content of grass silages was reduced by the addition of sodium bicarbonate to the silage and increased by additions of lactic acid. In each of four comparisons the addition of sodium bicarbonate to increase pH from about 4·0 to about 5·4 resulted in significant increases in intake of dry matter which ranged from 9·7 to 20·7%. Intake of organic matter was consistently increased by this partial neutralization treatment, but the increases were not significant in all experiments. The addition of sodium as sodium chloride rather than sodium bicarbonate did not alter the intake of a highly acid silage. Addition of lactic acid to reduce the pH of a silage feed from 5·4 to 3·8 resulted in a decrease in dry-matter intake of 22%. The correlation between dry-matter intake and the silage characteristics: titratable acidity, total organic-acid content, lactic-acid content and pH were all significant.It is concluded that the acids produced during the normal silage fermentation can limit the intake of the silage and it is suggested that chemical treatments to preserve wet grass without the presence or formation of large quantities of acids be investigated.
The effect of roughage to concentrate ratio in the diet on protein and energy utilization by the non-pregnant ewe
Authors: Robinson J. J. , Forbes T. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThirty-six Border Leicester x Scottish Blackface ewes were separated from their lambs after approximately 12 weeks lactation and brought indoors. They were allocated at random to nine dietary treatments comprising three dietary ratios of chopped roughage to concentrate, each offered at three levels of feeding. During the course of the experiment digestibility and nitrogen balance trials were carried out using three ewes from each dietary treatment.The daily nitrogen intakes required for nitrogen equilibrium were calculated from the regressions of nitrogen intake on nitrogen retained for each of the three ratios. The intakes increased from 0·47 g/kg W0·75 on the diet containing the lowest proportion of roughage to 0·59 g/kg W0·75 on the diet containing the highest proportion of roughage. The corresponding digestible organic matter intakes did not differ significantly from the pooled value of 18·8 g/kg W0·75.The daily digestible organic matter intakes required for the maintenance of live weight on the three ratios did not differ significantly from the pooled estimate of 26·9 g/kg W0·75 which is in close agreement with other published results. The nitrogen intakes required for the maintenance of live weight increased from 0·70 on the diet containing the lowest proportion of roughage to 0·84 g/kg W0·75/day on the diet containing the highest proportion of roughage.The coefficients for live-weight change in the regression equations relating digestible organic matter to live weight and live-weight change for each ratio did not differ significantly from the pooled estimate of 2·0 g DOMI/g live-weight change.The significance of the results are discussed in relation, to the nutritional status of the ewe and other research findings.
The effects of subtoxic concentrations of 2,4–D in combination with mineral nutrients on the potato (Solarium Tuberosum)
Authors: Thompson A. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe application of 2,4-D in combination with certain mineral nutrients was shown to produce a wide range of results on yield of the potato crop. Several variables were studied for their effects on the response of the crop to a commercially available compound of the above constituents (NCL).While no environmental factors were shown to influence the response of the crop to NCL, the following factors did: time of application, potato variety, time of harvest, plant population and the presence or absence of the parent tuber. NCL was shown to modify the growth pattern of the crop and to increase the efficiency of the leaf canopy.
The effect of seedling age, depth of planting and fertilizer placement on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Enyi B. A. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Early transplanting of seedlings resulted in the production of rice plants with greater total tiller and leaf number, greater total leaf area, leaf area per shoot and per leaf lamina, greater height, greater total fresh weight yield and yield of grain than late transplanting.2. Early transplanting reduced the number of days from seeding to ear emergence.3. Deep transplanting favoured greater leaf area per shoot and per leaf lamina and greater maximum tiller number and reduced the percentage tiller mortality.4. Deep placement of fertilizer resulted in the production of plants with greater tiller and total leaf numbers, greater height, greater total leaf area, leaf area per shoot and per leaf lamina and greater total fresh weight and grain dry weight than surface placement.5. Deep placement of fertilizer hastened the time of ear emergence of late transplanted seedlings.6. The practical significance of these findings is that early transplanting of seedlings (30 days old), shallow transplanting, and deep placement of fertilizer will lead to greater yield of the rice variety BG 79.
Experiments comparing yield, and residual effects on winter wheat, of 1-year clover, rye-grass and clover-rye-grass leys
Authors: Widdowson F. V. , Penny A. , Williams R. J. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. In 1958, leys of late flowering red clover (S. 151) and of Italian rye-grass (S. 22) were undersown in barley. In 1959, yield and N and K uptake by clover, and by rye-grass given 0·0, 0·75 or 1·5 cwt. N/acre, were compared; rye-grass, given 1·5 cwt. N/acre, yielded most dry matter and removed three times as much K, but rather less N than did clover.2. In 1960, wheat given 0·0, 0·25, 0·5 or 0·75 cwt. N/acre as a top-dressing measured residual effects of the N left by each ley. When no N was given to wheat, most grain and straw was obtained after clover ley and least after rye-grass given no N. The residual N from clover was equivalent to 0·14 cwt. N/acre as a fresh top-dressing; N given to rye-grass left only a small residue. When the wheat had 0·5 or 0·75 cwt. N/acre as a top-dressing, N given to rye-grass in 1959 decreased yield, probably because the rye-grass removed much K, but K uptake at harvest was independent of ley.3. In 1960, leys of early flowering red clover (Dorset Marl) and of Italian rye-grass (S. 22) and a mixture of the two were under-sown in barley. In 1961, yields and N and K uptakes of clover, and of rye-grass given 0·0, 1·0 or 2·0 cwt. N/acre and of clover-rye-grass given 0·0 or 1·0 cwt. N/acre were compared. Rye-grass given 2·0 cwt. N/acre yielded most dry matter and removed one-third more K than did clover, but clover yielded one-third more N.
Yield-density relations and Jarvis's lucerne data
Authors: Nelder J. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. Methods of fitting certain yield-density relations are given which are appropriate when the proportional rather than the absolute standard error of the yields is constant.2. These methods are applied to relations discussed by Jarvis in connexion with his data on lucerne, and it is shown that no clear advantage can be claimed for any of the relations.3. The role of significance tests in the interpretation of the data is briefly discussed.
Sources of nitrogen and methods of application for flooded rice: I. Comparison of two methods of applying slow release and standard fertilizer materials
Authors: Simsiman G. V. , De Datta S. K. , Moomaw J. C. 
Published: March 2009

Field experiments with rice were conducted on a flooded soil comparing two standard fertilizers with N fertilizers with various release rates. For each of these fertilizer materials two methods of application were compared: broadcast and incorporated, and placement at 15 cm depth. The .slow release materials resulted in a lower grain yield than did fast or medium release rate or standard fertilizer materials. They released N too slowly during the early growth of rice to permit optimum plant growth and development.Placement of 80 kg/ha N at 15 cm depth increased the plant N content at all stages of growth and significantly increased the grain yield compared with the broadcast-and-incorporated fertilizer treatment. The highest grain yield in the experiment (7701 kg/ha rough rice) was obtained from a medium release material, which was 88 % more efficient in increasing grain yield per unit of N when placed at 15 cm than when broadcast-and-incorporated.The recovery of fertilizer N was 68% when deeply placed and 38 % when broadcast-andincorporated.
The relationship of circulating glucose, ketones, and F.F.A. to milk production in Awassi ewes
Authors: Adler J. H. , Lotan E. 
Published: March 2009

The relationship between milk production, blood glucose, blood ketones and free fatty acids (F.F.A.) were studied in lactating Awassi ewes. Increased milk production in ewes was associated with diminished blood glucose and increased serum F.F.A. Clinical cases of ketosis were not observed.The ewes studied here could be divided into two metabolic populations depending on their blood ketone levels. Those with blood ketone levels of 11 mg % or more, did not show a significant increase in serum F.F.A. or a decrease in blood glucose values with increased milk production. The group of ewes with less than 11 mg % blood ketones showed a significant decrease in blood glucose and a significant increase in serum F.F.A. as milk production increased. Ketonemia of the high ketone group of ewes, was associated with relatively low serum F.F.A. levels. It is suggested that these ketones not originate from depot fat via serum F.F.A. These ketones and/or their precursors, acetic and butyric acids probably participate in caloric homeostasis and are associated with a glucose sparing serum F.F.A. suppressing mechanism.The suggestion that ketones derived from rumen (R.D.K.) should be distinguished from those derived from adipose tissue (A.D.K.) is discussed.
The evaluation of an improved artificial rumen technique for the study of rumen fermentation
Authors: Griffiths T. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. An improved artificial rumen apparatus of the dialysis type with multiple fermentation units was built and a method for its operation was evolved. Biochemical criteria of validity were used and particular reference was made to the molar percentage of the volatile fatty acids produced.2. It was found that the apparatus was best used in a comparative manner, to measure treatment differences produced between individual fermentation units.3. A series of experiments was carried out to measure the effects of a range of dietary treatments on rumen fermentation. In each case anin vivocomparison was also made using a cow with a permanent rumen fistula.4. Correlation coefficients for treatment differences of 0·43 and 0·46 were found for ammonia T.V.F.A., and 0·73, 0·90 and 0·70 for the molecular proportions of acetic, propionic and butyric all the latter being significant.5. The results were discussed with particular reference to the advantages and limitations of apparatus and the most suitable application of technique.