bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
'Ruined and Lost': Spanish Destruction of the Pearl Coast in the Early Sixteenth Century
Authors: Perri Michael 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
In the early sixteenth century, the area that today comprises eastern Venezuela and its offshore islands enriched Spain with pearls, supplied Spanish colonists with Indian slaves, and generated high hopes of finding interior civilisations rich in gold. However, the prosperity of Spanish colonies in this region (called the Pearl Coast) proved tragically short-lived, lasting less than two decades. Using Garrett Hardin's concept of the 'tragedy of the commons', this article examines Spanish overexploitation of both the oyster beds around the island of Cubagua and the native peoples along the mainland by competing groups of Spaniards. Building upon the works of historians such as Pablo Ojer and Enrique Otte, and utilising archival research and Otte's seldom-used compilations of primary documents, this article analyses the dramatic but little-known history of the Pearl Coast, where damage to the environment went hand in hand with the enslavement and decimation of native populations.
An Imperial, National and State Debate: The Rise and Near Fall of the Australian Forestry School, 1927-1945
Authors: Bennett Brett 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A variety of debates that surrounded the opening of the Australian Forestry School at Canberra in 1927 illuminate the divergent beliefs about forestry education and conservation policy that many British imperial and Australian foresters and politicians held during the 1910s-1940s. A controversial English-born forester, Charles Edward Lane Poole, lobbied for the School's creation and headed it for many years. The Commonwealth Government supported the School throughout the 1920s-1940s amidst a variety of financial hardships and state criticisms. Many leading foresters throughout the British Empire who were born outside of Australia supported the School. But many professionally trained foresters and Australian politicians who had been born in Australia were more ambivalent or critical of the School. This article traces these contentious debates throughout the years leading up to and following the creation of the Australian Forestry School.
Learning Susceptibility of a Pathogen to Antibiotics Using Data from Similar Pathogens
Authors: Andreassen S. , Leibovici L. , Paul M. , Zalounina A. 
Published: April 2009

Summary
Objectives: Selection of empirical antibiotic therapy relies on knowledge of the in vitro susceptibilities of potential pathogens to antibiotics. In this paper the limitations of this knowledge are outlined and a method that can reduce some of the problems is developed.
Methods: We propose hierarchical Dirichlet learning for estimation of pathogen susceptibilities to antibiotics, using data from a group of similar pathogens in a bacteremia database.
Results: A threefold cross-validation showed that maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of susceptibilities based on individual pathogens gave a distance between estimates obtained from the training set and observed frequencies in the validation set of 16.3%. Estimates based on the initial grouping of pathogens gave a distance of 16.7%. Dirichlet learning gave a distance of 15.6%. Inspection of the pathogen groups led to subdivision of three groups, Citrobacter, Other Gram Negatives and Acinetobacter, out of 26 groups. Estimates based on the subdivided groups gave a distance of 15.4% and Dirichlet learning further reduced this to 15.0%. The optimal size of the imaginary sample inherited from the group was 3.
Conclusion: Dirichlet learning improved estimates of susceptibilities relative to ML estimators based on individual pathogens and to classical grouped estimators. The initial pathogen grouping was well founded and improvement by subdivision of the groups was only obtained in three groups. Dirichlet learning was robust to these revisions of the grouping, giving improved estimates in both cases, while the group-based estimates only gave improved estimates after the revision of the groups.
Improving Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning With a Continuing Education Course
Authors: Cruz Dina Monteiro , Pimenta Cibele Mattos , Lunney Margaret 
Published: April 2009

Background:
Continuing education courses related to critical thinking and clinical reasoning are needed to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.

Method:
This study evaluated a 4-day, 16-hour continuing education course conducted in Brazil. Thirty-nine nurses completed a pretest and a posttest consisting of two written case studies designed to measure the accuracy of nurses' diagnoses.

Results:

There were significant differences in accuracy from pretest to posttest for case 1 (
p
= .008) and case 2 (
p
= .042) and overall (
p
= .001).

Conclusion:
Continuing education courses should be implemented to improve the accuracy of nurses' diagnoses.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2009;40(3):121–127.
Relationship Between Educational Programs Offered at Midsize Hospitals in Japan and Novice Nurses' Anxiety Levels
Authors: Kuroda Tomoko , Kanoya Yuka , Sasaki Akiyo O. , Katsuki Takeshi , Sato Chifumi 
Published: April 2009

Background:
This article describes training methods for novice nurses in midsize hospitals and examines how preceptorship is related to their anxiety levels.

Methods:
Questionnaires were sent to nurse managers in 15 hospitals; completed questionnaires were received from 11 hospitals. Sixty-three novice nurses evaluated the educational programs, and their anxiety levels were determined using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Results:
Ten hospitals performed group orientation. Among these, 8 hospitals had a preceptorship program. The novice nurses in hospitals with a preceptorship program reported that preceptorship offered learning opportunities.

Conclusion:
It is important that novice nurses receive appropriate education, which will reduce their anxiety.

J Contin Educ Nurs
2009;40(3):132–138.
Psychological Effects of Deployments on Military Families
Authors: Warner Christopher H. , Appenzeller George N. , Warner Carolynn M. , Grieger Thomas 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Identify stressors that occur among spouses of about-to-be deployed service members.

2.
Identify perceived barriers, among spouses, to mental healthcare.

3.
Identify the levels of depression and stress that occur among spouses of about-to-be deployed service members.
Food Allergies and Atopic Dermatitis: Differentiating Myth from Reality
Authors: Forbes Lisa R. , Saltzman Rushani W. , Spergel Jonathan M. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Discuss the mechanisms behind food-related reactions.

2.
Describe a systematic approach to the evaluation of food allergy.

3.
Explain the relationship between IgE-mediated food allergy and atopic dermatitis.
Common Genodermatoses: What the Pediatrician Needs to Know
Authors: Mann Julianne A. , Siegel Dawn H. 
Published: April 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Identify the diagnostic criteria for tuberous sclerosis and discuss available treatment options for facial angiofibromas.

2.
Describe the diagnostic criteria for neurofibromatosis and recognize the segmental presentation of neurofibromatosis.

3.
Review the cutaneous manifestations of incontinentia pigmenti and discuss the presentation found in male patients.
Using a Modified Electronic Health Record to Develop Nursing Process Skills
Authors: Kennedy Diane , Pallikkathayil Leonie , Warren Judith J. 
Published: April 2009

In our study, we described the experiences and behaviors of beginning nursing students learning the nursing process using a modified electronic health record. Eight students led by an experienced nursing instructor from a midwestern university comprised the criterion purposive sample. Data were obtained from observations of the group, interviews with students and the teacher, and evaluation of care plans that were generated using the technology. Two foundational themes were identified through qualitative content analysis:

Techno-Savvy Students and Teacher, Simulated Technology, and Data-Rich Case Studies—a valuable hybrid “SEED” for learning.
Seeing, Hearing, and Doing—a catalyst for application and spontaneous interaction.

The concluding theme emerged: Honing the Data Gatherer and Data User Roles with a Modified Electronic Health Record—an authentic, learner-centered experience. Further study is needed to measure learning outcomes with similar technology-based, learner-centered activities.
Nursing Student and Faculty Perceptions of Computer-Based Instruction at a 2-Year College
Authors: Leski Joanne 
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of computer-based instruction (CBI) from the students' perspective. The study was conducted among faculty and second-year nursing students at a community college. Fifteen students, the nursing director, and two laboratory staff members were interviewed using open-ended questions. A focus group was conducted among nine nursing faculty members to determine whether student perceptions differed from faculty expectations.
Comments made by students and faculty were coded, counted, and rank ordered. Analysis of the coded responses led to five major themes: Student Recollections of CBI Are Time Bound, CBI Enhances Learning Under Certain Conditions, CBI Hinders Learning Under Certain Conditions, Effective Application of CBI Depends on a Variety of Conditions, and CBI Benefits Nursing Education in Certain Areas. Three conclusions emerged: CBI should be applied to appropriate content areas, CBI should make reasonable demands on students, and CBI should occur in an environment with minimal distractions.
Faculty Achievement Tracking Tool
Authors: Pettus Sarah , Reifschneider Ellen , Burruss Nancy 
Published: April 2009

Faculty development and scholarship is an expectation of nurse educators. Accrediting institutions, such as the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education, the National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission, and the Higher Learning Commission, all have criteria regarding faculty achievement. A faculty achievement tracking tool (FATT) was developed to facilitate documentation of accreditation criteria attainment.
Based on criteria from accrediting organizations, the roles that are addressed include scholarship, service, and practice. Definitions and benchmarks for the faculty as an aggregate are included. Undergoing reviews from different accrediting organizations, the FATT has been used once for accreditation of the undergraduate program and once for accreditation of the graduate program. The FATT is easy to use and has become an excellent adjunct for the preparation for accreditation reports. In addition, the FATT may be used for yearly evaluations, advancement, and merit.
Refractive Errors and Strabismus in Children With Down Syndrome: A Controlled Study
Authors: Akinci Arsen , Oner Ozgur , Bozkurt Ozlem Hekim , Guven Alev , Degerliyurt Aydan , Munir Kerim 
Published: April 2009

Purpose:
To evaluate the prevalence of refractive errors, strabismus, nystagmus, and congenital cataract in children with Down syndrome and control subjects of similar age.

Methods:
Seventy-seven children with Down syndrome and 151 control subjects were evaluated for the prevalence of ocular findings.

Results:

Ocular findings were discovered in 97.4% of children with Down syndrome and 42.4% of control subjects (
P
< .0001). The point prevalence of nystagmus, strabismus, hypermetropia, astigmatism, and congenital cataract was significantly higher in children with Down syndrome (
P
< .0001 for the first four categories, and
P
< .01 for congenital cataract).

Conclusion:
Evaluation, treatment, and regular review of ocular and refractive findings in children with Down syndrome is urgently needed.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:83–86.]
Vitrectorhexis Versus Forceps Capsulorhexis for Anterior and Posterior Capsulotomy in Congenital Cataract Surgery
Authors: Hazirolan Dicle O. , Altiparmak Ugur E. , Aslan Bekir S. , Duman Sunay 
Published: April 2009

Purpose:
To compare the results of anterior and posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis created using forceps with those created using vitrector in eyes suffering from congenital cataract.

Methods:
Twenty-eight eyes with congenital cataract were included in the study. The anterior and posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexes were created using microforceps in 17 eyes or through a vitrector in 11 eyes.

Results:

Corneal edema (
P
= .56) and anterior chamber flare (
P
= 1.0) were comparable in both groups. In addition, the time for optical axis clarity was also similar between the groups (
P
= .98).

Conclusion:
The current results suggest that the use of both techniques appears to be equally safe and effective for the achievement of anterior and posterior capsulorhexis.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:104–107.]
Advantages of Using a Ray-traced, Three-Dimensional Rendering System for Spectral Domain Cirrus HD-OCT to Visualize Subtle Structures of the Vitreoretinal Interface
Authors: Glittenberg Carl , Krebs Ilse , Falkner-Radler Christiane , Zeiler Florian , Haas Paulina , Hagen Stefan , Binder Susanne 
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:
To create a ray-traced, three-dimensional display system for Cirrus high-definition optical coherence tomography (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) that improves the visualization of subtle structures of the vitreoretinal interface.

Patients and Methods:
High-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) data for epiretinal membranes (17 eyes), macular holes (11 eyes), and posterior vitreal detachments (17 eyes) were collected. A display system that visualizes the acquired data using ray-tracing algorithms was designed and compared with the Cirrus HD-OCT 2.0 advanced visualization software system. The area around the vitreoretinal interface was visualized using a 100-µm-thick internal limiting membrane (ILM) fitted slab as well as ILM and retinal pigment epithelium surface reconstructions.

Results:
Subtle structures could be visualized more distinctly using the ray-traced, three-dimensional rendering software.

Conclusion:
A ray-traced visualization system improves the visualization of subtle structures in and around the vitreoretinal interface.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:127–134.]
Analysis of the Outer Retina Reconstructed by High-Resolution, Three-Dimensional Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Kaluzny Jakub J. , Wojtkowski Maciej , Sikorski Bartosz L. , Szkulmowski Maciej , Szkulmowska Anna , Bajraszewski Tomasz , Fujimoto James G. , Duker Jay S. , Schuman Joel S. , Kowalczyk Andrzej 
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:
A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to demonstrate an analysis of an outer retinal layer reconstructed by the three-dimensional and high-speed spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) instrument.

Patients and Methods:
New measurement protocols for SD-OCT and methods of analysis and visualization of the individual segmented retinal layer reconstructed by SD-OCT were proposed. Three contour maps representing mutual distances between the basal part of the retinal pigment epithelium, the junction between the inner and outer segments of photoreceptors, and a reference contour representing the shape of a healthy retina were introduced.

Results:
The analysis of the outer retina was performed on pathological eyes. Three cases of central serous chorioretinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and acute zonal occult outer retinopathy are demonstrated.

Conclusion:
Three contour maps reconstructed for clinical cases demonstrate high variability of observed patterns depending on analyzed pathology. The authors believe this can help to present OCT data simultaneously in a more comprehensive and convenient way to assist in everyday clinical diagnosis.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:102–108.]
Resident-Performed Prophylactic Retinopexy and the Risk of Retinal Detachment
Authors: Levin Marc , Naseri Ayman , Stewart Jay M. 
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:
To examine the natural history of retinopexies performed by ophthalmology residents at university-affiliated clinics and to determine the rate of progression to rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Patients and Methods:
Charts of patients receiving prophylactic thermal coagulation between 1997 and 2006 were reviewed retrospectively. Outcome measures included subsequent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and additional prophylactic treatments.

Results:
Review of the medical records identified 166 eyes with peripheral retinal lesions treated by resi dents, with an average follow-up of 2.4 ± 0.2 years. At presentation, only 43.4% of patients were symptomatic. Two (1.2%) eyes developed rhegmatogenous retinal detachment during follow-up, with each arising in a previously healthy area of retina in a patient with a history of detachment of the fellow retina. Twenty-five eyes (15%) received at least one additional prophylactic procedure.

Conclusion:
The rate of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment following prophylactic retinopexy performed by residents at hospital-based clinics is low, supporting this standard practice.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:120–126.]
Fixation Point After Successful Macular Hole Surgery With Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling
Authors: Yanagita Tomohiko , Shimizu Kimiya , Fujimura Fusako , Takano Masahiko 
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective:
This study evaluated the fixation points of macular holes using scanning laser ophthalmoscope microperimetry before and after surgery with internal limiting membrane peeling.

Patients and Methods:
This prospective non-comparative study examined 21 eyes (21 patients) with macular holes. Hole size and distance between preoperative and postoperative fixation points were measured.

Results:

The fixation points were located on the superior edge of the macular hole in 18 (86%) cases preoperatively and shifted centrally in 15 (71.4%) cases postoperatively. Macular hole size correlated well with the distance moved by the fixation points (r = .83,
P
< .0001).

Conclusion:
Scanning laser ophthalmoscope microperimetry facilitated pinpointing of fixation points before and after surgery. The correlation between macular hole size and fixation point shift suggests that the retina around the hole moves centripetally after surgery.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:109–114.]
Dyes, Natural
Authors: Cofrancesco A. J. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
From the earliest times humans admired the beautiful natural colors of plants and minerals and sought to enhance human appearance by color. Ancient peoples used these dyes in cosmetics,food, and as medicine. The greatest use of natural dyes occurred when the art of weaving was developed. A few synthetic dyes were manufactured before 1856, but the big break through in synthetic dye manufacture came from Perkin who developed the synthesis for the dye Mauve. Synthetic dyes replaced natural dyes, but natural dyes are making a comeback. Hand dyeing is popular and there is an ever increasing demand for natural dyes as food colorings. This article discusses those natural dyes formerly manufactured. Basic categores include anthraquinones; napthoquinone dyes; indigoid dyes, and the natural food colors.The use of biogenic sources for color is a common practice, and for the most part, these do not produce adverse reactions. However, a few biogenic substances have been linked to allergic type reactions. Literature makes reference to carmine and annatto. Regulations of natural dyes are not numerous, but are discussed here.
Food Toxicants, Naturally Occurring
Authors: Hoskins Fred H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFood products are fundamentally mixtures of chemical compounds. That certain of these compounds may produce human toxicities has been known before recorded time. Because human diets are normally composed of large numbers of different foods, only minute quantities of any specific toxic materials are consumed. Thus, dilution exerts a significant protection effect against acute toxication. Toxicants are substances, which upon ingestion, produce changes in homeostasis that are threatening to the normal function of the organism. There are substantial differences in the toxicity thresholds of individuals to specific agents. Some of the naturally occurring food toxicants discussed are aflatoxin, caffeine, goitrin, oxalic acid, and solanine. Groups include toxic proteins, peptides, amides, amino acids, alkaloids, oligosaccharides, essential minerals and heavy trace elements, cyanogenic glycosides, phytoalexins, antinutrients, vitamins, mycotoxins, nitrates. There is little specific legislation that pertains to natural toxicants in food.
Gemstone Materials
Authors: Nassau Kurt 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
There are three types of gemstones defined by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission: (1) natural gemstones are found in nature and at the most are enhanced; (2) imitation or simulated fake, faux, etc., material resembles the natural appearance and is frequently only colored glass or plastic; and (3) synthetic material is the exact duplicate of the natural material having the same composition and properties of the natural material, but is made in the laboratory. The word gem cannot be used for synthetic gemstones. Important manufacturing methods are crystal growth from the melt or crystal growth from solution. High temperature‐high pressure (HTHP) and the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process are the main synthesis routes. Distinguishing between natural and synthetic gemstones is one of the tasks of a trained gemologist.
Gemstone Treatment
Authors: Nassau Kurt 
Published: April 2009

AbstractColor and clarity are the two attributes that give gemstones used in jewelry value. Gemstones deficient in color or clarity can be enhanced. Almost worthless material can at times be converted into valuable‐appearing gemstones. An estimated two‐thirds of all colored gemstones used in jewelry have been treated. Identification of the use of treatments and disclosure of enhancements to the purchaser are important. Heat and radiation treatments of gems are common. Other treatments include bleaching, impregnations, crack fillings and dyeing. Surfaces of gems can be modified with waxes, paints, etc. Laser drillings to burn out inclusions are frequent. Lattice diffusion changes the material's atoms and is considered unethical. A trained gemologist is needed for identification of treated gems. The U.S. Federal Trade Commission lists guidelines for the sale of treated gemstones.