bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of the Grain of Wheat
Authors: Brenchley W. E. , Hall A. D. 
Published: March 2009

A study during 1907 and 1908 of various plots of wheat cut at three-day intervals leads to the following general conclusions:(1) The whole plant, and with it the nitrogen, ash, and phosphoric acid it contains, increases in weight until about a week before it would be regarded as ready to cut. Some decrease of dry weight takes place during the last week.(2) In the formation of the grain three stages may be distinguished:(a) a period during which the pericarp is the most prominent feature,(b) the main period during which the endosperm is filled,(c) the ripening period characterised by the desiccation of the grain.(3) For the filling of the endosperm each plant possesses as it were a special mould, and continually moves into the grain uniform material cast in that mould, possessing always the same ratio of nitrogenous to non-nitrogenous materials and ash. The character of the mould possessed by each plant is determined by variety, soil, season, &c.(4) The main feature of the ripening process is desiccation rather than the setting in of such chemical changes as the conversion of sugars into starch, non-protein into protein, though the latter change also takes place.(5) The maximum dry weight of grain is attained a day or two before the grain would be regarded as ripe by the farmer. Allowing for the fact that the tillered shoots are a little behind the central shoots, no loss of weight in the crop will be incurred by cutting before the corn appears quite ripe, while a number of accidental mechanical losses due to birds, shedding, weather, may thus be avoided. Other experiments have shown that, though there may be no gain, there will be no loss in the quality of the wheat due to such early cutting.
The Chemistry of Strength of Wheat Flour
Authors: Wood T. B. 
Published: March 2009

Attention is drawn to the complexity of the ideas comprised in the term strength as applied to flour, and the necessity of investigating each idea separately.The chemical composition of the gliadin and glutenin of strong and weak flours has been investigated, and it is shown that they are identical in all the flours examined. It is suggested therefore that the difference between strong and weak flours is connected rather with the physical properties of their gluten than with the chemical composition. Since it is well known that the physical properties of proteids are profoundly affected by small quantities of acids, alkalis, and salts, the amounts of these substances in strong and weak flours were determined. In the few cases examined, it was found that strength was associated with a high ratio of proteid to salts, and weakness with a low ratio. It is suggested that the variation of this ratio may be the explanation of the different physical behaviour of the gluten of strong and weak flours, and that this is the factor which determines that component of strength which governs the shape of the loaf, and its power of retaining gas. This point is receiving further investigation.The factor which primarily determines the size of the loaf which a flour can make is quite distinct. The size of the loaf is shown to depend in the first instance on the amount of sugar contained in the flour together with that formed in the dough by diastatic action. It is proposed to measure this by incubating the flour with yeast and water, and collecting the carbon dioxide evolved during 24 hours. Particular attention should be paid to the rate of gas evolution in the later stages of the fermentation, as this is shown to be more directly connected with the size of the loaf.Taking Humphries and Biffen's definition of strength as “the capacity for making large well-piled loaves,” and applying the above ideas, it is stated that the largeness of the loaf depends chiefly on the capacity of the flour to give off gas when fermented with yeast, especially in the later stages of dough fermentation, and the suggestion is made that shapeliness, and probably gas retention, are dependent on the physical properties of the gluten as modified by the presence of varying proportions of salts.
The Direct Assimilation of Inorganic and Organic Forms of Nitrogen by Higher Plants
Authors: Hutchinson H. B. , Miller N. H. J. 
Published: March 2009

The results of all the experiments above described may be shortly summarised as follows.Nitrites have been shown by Molisch, M. Schultz, and by Perciabosco and Rosso to be assimilated by various plants from sufficiently dilute solutions. Perciabosco and Rosso found that plants supplied with nitrogen in this form contain higher percentages of nitrogen than with nitrates as source of nitrogen. This is also the case, as was already shown, when plants take up all, or most, of their nitrogen as ammonium salts.Experiments with other inorganic forms of nitrogen—amidosulphonic acid, hydroxylamine, hydrazine and azoimide—have all given negative results up to the present time.As regards organic compounds the majority have given negative if not uncertain results. The results in which at least 1 milligram of nitrogen was assimilated are set out in Table I, p. 291.
Studies on Soil Phyics.
Authors: Heber Green W. , Ampt G. A. 
Published: March 2009

§ 34. 1. The permeability and capillarity constants of soil have been defined.2. The movements of air and water through three types of soil have been measured and shewn to conform to equations connecting the rate of motion with the above constants.3. It is suggested that the measurement of S, Pα, Pω and K is of more importance than, and should replace, the determination of the sizes of the soil particles as in the usual “mechanical analysis” of soils.In conclusion, we have to acknowledge our indebtedness to Professors T. R. Lyle and R. J. A. Barnard for valuable advice and suggestions and to the Victorian Government for financial assistance towards the expenses of this research.
“Silver-leaf” Disease
Authors: Brooks F. T. 
Published: March 2009

1. The distribution of Silver-leaf disease is described.2. Inoculations of branches of Plum trees with sporophores of Stereum purpureum have almost invariably resulted in silvering.3. The mycelium of Stereum purpureum has been cultivated in pure culture from spores and inoculations with this mycelium have caused silvering.4. A small number of inoculations with the spores of Stereum purpureum have resulted in silvering.5. Various series of control experiments have given negative results.6. The investigations strengthen the view that Stereum purpureum is the active agent which causes Silver-leaf disease in this country.
Partial Sterilisation of Soil by Volatile and Non-Volatile Antiseptics
Authors: Buddin Walter 
Published: March 2009

1. The characteristics of true partial sterilisation have been found to be common to a large number of antiseptics and are(a) An initial decrease in the numbers of bacteria followed by a large sustained rise.(b) The killing of protozoa and nitrifying organisms. In no case have we observed all the usual partial sterilisation phenomena without the death of the larger protozoa which occur abundantly in cultures made from our soils.
The changes taking place during the storage of farmyard manure.
Authors: Russell E. J. , Richards E. H. 
Published: March 2009

We can now bring together the various results obtained during the course of our investigations.We find that the changes are at a minimum underanaerobicconditions, and they are as follows:1. In the laboratory experiments as much as 17 % of the dry matter may be converted into gas: in the heap the proportion is less.2. The non-nitrogenous constituents are particularly affected, as much as one quarter of the pentosans may disappear during the process and other constituents break down in like proportion. The gas evolved contains carbon dioxide, marsh gas, and hydrogen.
Pot-culture experiments with an electric discharge
Authors: Blackman V. H. , Legg A. T. 
Published: March 2009

Pot-culture experiments carried out during a period of four years with Wheat, Barley and Maize show that these plants exhibit increase of dry weight when subjected to minute electric currents (of an intensity as low as 0·1 × 10–10 amp. per plant) from wire networks charged to a high voltage suspended above them. Of 28 sets in which the cultural conditions were satisfactory 23 showed an increased yield.A percentage increase in dry weight of 27 ± 5·8 was shown by Maize plants grown under glass and little more than a month old. With Barley the largest percentage increase was 18 ± 2·4.Direct currents were mostly studied, but increased growth was obtained with both direct and alternating current, the alternating current being apparently as effective or even more effective than the direct; the plants themselves, however, are able to bring about a slight rectification of the current.Electrification of Barley for the first month of the growing season appears to be as effective as electrification during the whole growing season.The discharging networks were usually charged positively, but a similar stimulating effect on dry weight production was obtained with a negative charge on the network.Currents of the order of 1 × 10–8 amp. per plant and higher are injurious, causing a reduction of dry weight.In one experiment plants screened from the normal atmospheric current by a series of parallel “earthed” wires (0·35 mm. diameter) showed, by comparison with the controls, a percentage decrease of 4·7 ± 2·3, which is hardly significant. It indicates however that though a favourable effect may be exerted by the normal atmospheric (air-earth) current, yet the effect can be but slight.In one experiment with Barley indications of a differential effect of the discharge were obtained, for the increase in grain yield brought about by the discharge was greater than the increase in total dry weight.The effect is to be.classed as of the nature of a stimulation since the energy-value of the additional plant material produced is out of all proportion to the energy supplied by the electric discharge.These experiments with pot-cultures fall into line with those from the field (1) and from the laboratory(2); they leave no uncertainty as to the favourable action of the electric discharge.
Studies on soil reaction. II. The colorimetric determination of the hydrogen ion concentration in soils and aqueous soil extracts (Preliminary communication.)
Authors: Fisher E. A. 
Published: March 2009

Themethods used for the determination of — log [] fall naturally into two groups:(a) Electrometric, and(b) Colorimetrie methods.Electrometric methods were first introduced into analytical practice in 1897 by Böttger(l) who determined the neutral point in titrating acids with alkalis by using a gas chain; subsequent improvements were made by Hildebrand (16), Gumming and Gilchrist(10); Hasselbalch(15), W. M. Clark(6), Michaelis(19), Walpole(28, 29) and others. The method has been applied to the measurement of [] of biological fluids with considerable success*. It was first applied to the measurement of [] of soil suspensions by G. Fischer (12) in Germany in 1914 and subsequently in America by Sharp and Hoagland(23), and by Gillespie(13, 14) and his co-workers.
On the measurement of hydrion concentration in some dairy products by means of Biilmann's quinhydrone electrode
Authors: Lester Vera 
Published: March 2009

In the above I have shown the result of a series of measurements of the hydrion concentration in milk, cream, buttermilk and whey, partly employing Biilmann's Quinhydrone Electrode, partly Höber-Hasselbalch's Hydrogen Electrode.The results of the tests agree.Measurements have also been made in fresh and heated milk.By these measurements I found no difference in the reaction or buffer action of the fresh and heated milk.The Höber-Hasselblach method is rather slow. This is unfortunate as the reaction of the dairy products (especially whey) is apt to change when kept standing, even for a short time. By this method one also runs the risk of too high pH values owing to loss of carbon dioxide and it is therefore far from being an ideal one.Biilmann's Quinhydrone Electrode is quick working, easy and simple and you avoid the above-mentioned sources of error. It is therefore to be preferred for measurements in the fluids in question. It is especially well adapted for titrations, as it makes possible a large number of measurements in a short time.
Comparative studies of meat III. Rates of fattening in relation to the percentage of muscular and fatty tissue in a carcass
Authors: Callow E. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. It has been shown in a previous paper (Callow, 1948) that, with ‘standard’ carcasses of cattle, sheep and pigs containing more than 18 % of fatty tissue, FT/C, there is a close correlation between FT/C and MT/C, the percentage of muscular tissue. This is shown by the linear regression equationMT/C = 76·1 — 0·684FT/C ± 1·0 (r= — 0·9782).The reasons for this close correlation and the effects of varying rates of fattening on the constants of the generalized equationMT/C = a — bFT/Chave been deduced by a mathematical and biological analysis of the data.
The distribution of dry matter and nitrogen in the potato tuber. Variety, King Edward
Authors: Glynne Mary D. , Jackson Violet G. 
Published: March 2009

1. The percentage of dry matter in the potato tuber is lowest in the skin and increases to the inner cortical layer, the zone containing the greater part of the vascular system, and decreases towards the centre of the tuber.2. In each zone the proportion of dry matter is higher towards the umbilical than the terminal end of the tuber.3. The percentage of nitrogen in the fresh material tends to decrease from the skin to the inner cortical layer and to increase in the medullary zone. Thus it increases from zone to zone in the opposite direction to the dry matter.4. Nitrogen tends to increase with dry matter from the terminal to the umbilical end.5. Microscopical examination shows the starch grains densest in the region of the vascular system, and decreasing towards the centre and surface of the tuber.6. A high degree of correlation is found between the specific gravity and percentage dry matter of whole tubers.7. For purposes of sampling the method of taking two radially opposed sectors, or two diagonally opposed eighths, was far more accurate than the coring method.
The amount and composition of rain falling at Rothamsted: (Based on Analyses Made by the Late Norman H. J. Miller.)
Authors: Russell E. J. , Richards E. H. 
Published: March 2009

The ammoniacal nitrogen in the Rothamsted rainwater amounts on an average to 0·405 part per million, corresponding to 2·64 lb. per acre per annum. The yearly fluctuations in lbs. per acre follow the rainfall fairly closely. The monthly fluctuations also move in the same direction as the rain, but the general level is highest during May, June, July and August, and lowest during January, February, March and April (Tables 1, 2, 3, and Figs. 1 and 2).The nitric nitrogen is on an average one-half the ammoniacal, viz., 1·33 Ib. per acre per annum. The amounts fluctuated year by year and month by month in the same way as the ammoniacal nitrogen and the rainfall until 1910, since when there has been no simple relationship (Tables 1, 2, 3, and Figs. 1 and 2).Reasons are adduced for supposing that the ammonia arises from several sources. The sea, the soil, and city pollution may all contribute. Neither the sea nor city pollution seems able to account for all the phenomena: the soil is indicated as an important source by the fact that the ammonia content is high during periods of high biochemical activity in the soil, and low during periods of low biochemical activity.
The composition and nutritive value, when fed to pigs, of whale-meat meal, white-fish meal, feedingmeat meal, extracted decorticated ground-nut meal, bean meal and dried yeast
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe writers are at present engaged in carrying out investigations into the relative supplemental values of the proteins in certain feeding stuffs that are commonly used to correct the protein deficiencies, in respect both of amount and quality, of the cereal grains and their by-products. As a preliminary to this work, it was necessary to obtain information about the digestibility of these protein supplements and their content of digestible protein and ‘total digestible nutrients’.
A method for determining the degree of humification of soil organic matter
Authors: Robinson G. W. , Jones J. O. 
Published: March 2009

(1) Hydrogen peroxide oxidises or renders soluble a portion of the organic matter of soils. It appears to be without action on fibrous organic substances such as cellulose and lignins. Humified material seems to be oxidised completely or brought into a water soluble state.(2) Treatment with hydrogen peroxide is proposed as the basis of a method for estimating the approximate degree of humification of soil organic matter.(3) Among the soils examined, the highest degree of humification is found in peats and uncultivated soils. It is possible that the degree of humification is correlated with the prevalence of anaerobic conditions.
Studies in the physical properties of soils: I. Mechanical properties concerned in cultivation
Authors: Haines William B. 
Published: March 2009

The mechanical properties of soils which are concerned in ploughing are considered under the three heads:(1) Soil cohesion.(2) Soil plasticity.(3) Surface friction between soil and metal.In each case methods of measurements are discussed and experimental curves are given for representative soils over the whole moisture range with which the practical agriculturist is concerned.In the case of cohesion Atterberg's method of measurement is followed. A certain difference in character between his results and the author's is discussed.A new technique is described for measuring one of the plastic constants, which is specially adapted to clays, and throws fresh light on their physical characteristics.The measurements on soil friction open up a fresh subject, and promise to provide a sensitive means of investigating soil-water relationships from a new angle.
An investigation into the changes which occur during the ensilage of oats and tares
Authors: Amos Arthur , Woodman Herbert Ernest 
Published: March 2009

Experiments have been described which had primarily as their object the investigation of the effect of varying moisture content in the green oat and tare crop on the type of silage produced from such forage. The magnitude of the changes affecting the constituents of the green crop under the different conditions of ensilage have also been detailed.The main conclusions are summarized below:
The availability of mineral plant food
Authors: Comber N. M. 
Published: March 2009

The assumption that plants feed in the soil just as they feed in water culture solution is unjustified and contrary to the facts. In modification of the usual hypothesis two possibilities are discussed.1. The absorption of colloids by the plant.2. The union of the root hair with soil and other mineral particles (so that the plant and the soil form one system) and the dissolution of the particle by the organic matter of the root hair so attached.
Pasture type in relation to live-weight gain, carcass composition, iodine nutrition and some rumen characteristics of sheep I. Live-weight growth of the sheep
Authors: Rae A. L. , Brougham R. W. , Glenday A. C. , Butler G. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Two trials are described in which the live weights of sheep grazing four different pastures were compared. The four pastures comprised perennial rye-grass (P), perennial rye-grass plus white clover (P + C), short-rotation rye-grass (S), short-rotation rye-grass plus white clover (S + C).2. Large and highly significant differences existed between the mean live weight of the sheep on the various pastures in each trial. Thus the P sheep had a mean live weight of 107 and 102 lb. in trials I and II, respectively, at the end of each investigation, the P + C sheep 123 and 122 lb., the S sheep 125 and 126 lb., and the S + C sheep 140 and 137 lb.3. The differences in live-weight growth on the four pastures contain two major effects; an effect due to the difference between P and S and an effect which can be attributed to the presence of white clover in the pasture treatment.
Pasture type in relation to live-weight gain, carcass composition, iodine nutrition and some rumen characteristics of sheep III. Effects of treatment with iodine
Authors: Flux D. S. , Butler G. W. , Glenday A. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. The mean thyroid weights of ewes grazed on the different pastures (perennial rye-grass (P), perennial rye-grass plus white clover (P + C), short-rotation rye-grass (S), short-rotation rye-grass plus white clover (S + C)) did not differ significantly, but those injected with iodinated poppy-seed oil had lighter (P < 0·01) thyroids than the non-injected ewes grazed on the same pastures.2. Neither the live weights of the ewes nor their lambing performances were affected significantly by treatment with iodine.3. Lambs from ewes grazed on pastures containing white clover had thyroid glands significantly heavier than those of ewes grazed on rye-grass pastures. The largest thyroids were from the lambs of ewes not treated with iodine and grazed on S.4. The iodine contents of the thyroids of the lambs at slaughter, measured as percentage dry weight, did not differ significantly. It seems likely that the differences in thyroid weights were caused by factors operating early in the lives of the lambs.5. The lambs of ewes injected with iodine grew faster after weaning than those of non-injected ewes on the same pastures. The interpretation that this difference was in fact caused by the iodine treatment of the ewes was not wholly acceptable, because the differences in growth rate were not greatest in those groups of lambs showing greatest differences in thyroid weight.
Water metabolism of cattle in East Africa I. The problem and the experimental procedure
Authors: Payne W. J. A. , Hutchison H. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. The direct and indirect effects of low rainfall on the problems of cattle husbandry in East Africa are discussed, and an example of what these problems mean in practice is described.2. A co-operative experiment is described that was planned to assess the water requirements of Bos indicus type cattle in a semi-arid region of Tanganyika, and to determine the effect of water deprivation on cattle productivity.3. Ten sets of identical twin zebu (Bos indicus) or part-zebu cattle were used in this experiment. The basic layout consisted of two treatments, an ‘experimental’ and a ‘control’, one twin from each set being placed on one or other of the treatments. Twins in the ‘experimental’ group were used to determine the effect of watering at 24-, 48- and 72-hr. intervals and of forced walking of 3, 6 and 10 miles per day in addition to normal grazing exercise. The experiment lasted 2 years from 16 April 1960 to 11 May 1962.4. Climate at the experimental site, the experimental layout, the experimental animals and grazings, management of animals and grazings and experimental observations are described in detail.5. Data on seasonal changes in the nutrient content of forage on the grazings is given, and the effect of these changes on the nutrition of the experimental cattle is discussed briefly.