bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of hydroxyspiro‐orthocarbonates on the cationic photopolymerization of an epoxy resin and on the mechanical properties of the final polymer
Authors: Ortiz Ricardo Acosta , Savage Gomez Amy Grace , Duarte María Lydia Berlanga , Sangermano Marco 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIt is well known that bicyclic compounds like spiro‐orthocarbonates (SOCs) have the ability to reduce or eliminate the shrinkage produced during polymerization. In the work reported, four different SOCs were prepared, two of them with one and two hydroxyl groups, respectively, another with two alkoxy groups and one reference compound without substituents. It was found that the SOCs with hydroxyl groups increased the photopolymerization rate and conversion of an epoxycycloaliphatic monomer, while the compound with butoxy groups had an antagonistic effect, reducing both photopolymerization rate and conversion, due to the basic character of the ether groups. The reference compound did not display accelerating effects but it did increase slightly the conversion. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that the SOC with two hydroxyl groups increased the values of storage modulus of the obtained polymer in comparison with the polymer from pristine monomer. This may be due to the multifunctionality of this compound that induced a higher level of crosslinking, while the SOC with one hydroxyl group had the opposite effect, decreasing the viscoelastic property values of the polymer due to chain‐transfer reactions originated by the hydroxyl groups. The SOC with two hydroxyl groups was the more efficient of the studied compounds in reducing the shrinkage of the cured polyether. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Meteorology, Topography and Snowpack Conditions causing Two Extreme Mid‐Winter Slush and Wet Slab Avalanche Periods in High Arctic Maritime Svalbard
Authors: Eckerstorfer M. , Christiansen H. H. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTMid‐winter wet avalanche cycles in High Arctic Svalbard occurred during January 2010 and March 2011, allowing studies of slush and wet slab avalanche deposits. Both cycles represented extreme events in magnitude and frequency and were caused by the passage of low‐pressure atmospheric systems with positive air temperatures, high wind speeds and 100‐year record monthly rainfall. Slush avalanches were confined to river‐cut gorges, with low starting‐zone inclinations, and deposits consisting of flow lobes and levées. Wet slab avalanches were not confined topographically, started anywhere on open mountain slopes and displayed tongue‐shaped debris deposits. During both of the two wet avalanche periods analysed, snowpack conditions favoured the release of slush avalanches, as the snowpack consisted of a coarse‐grained middle section above a water‐impermeable ice layer. Such snowpack conditions are typical for central Svalbard. The resulting slush and wet slab avalanches were extreme in their size and runout distances, crossing frequently used snowmobile tracks at 20 locations and posing a threat to traffic and infrastructure. Four additional potential large‐scale slush avalanche periods were identified from analysis of the meteorological record from Longyearbyen (1912–2011). They cluster in the mid to early 1990s, with comparable meteorological conditions to the January 2010 and March 2011 wet avalanche cycles. It is concluded that the frequency and duration of low‐pressure weather systems are the dominant controls on wet snow avalanches, and that mean snow season air temperature (October–May) is of little importance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semiconductor nanorod layers aligned through mechanical rubbing
Authors: Amit Yorai , Faust Adam , Lieberman Itai , Yedidya Lior , Banin Uri 
Published: December 2011

AbstractLarge‐scale lateral alignment of nanorods (NRs) is of interest for manifestation of their anistropic properties including polarized emission and directional electrical transport. This study investigates the utility of mechanical rubbing for macroscopic scale alignment of colloidal semiconductor NRs. CdSe/CdS seeded‐rods, exhibiting linearly polarized emission, are aligned by mechanical rubbing of a spin‐coated glass substrate. The dragging force exerted by the rubbing fibers results in deflection and reorientation of the NRs along the rubbing direction. The rubbed samples were characterized by various methods including absorption, polarized emission, optical fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and ultra‐high resolution scanning electron microscopy. The emission polarization contrast ratio (CR), defined as the ratio between emission intensities parallel and perpendicular to the rubbing direction, was used to characterize the rods alignment. The effects of substrate treatments on the CR were studied, showing that partially hydrophobic surface provides optimal conditions for alignment. Excess organic ligands added to the deposited NR solution strongly affect the extent of alignment. This was studied for a series of NR samples of different dimensions and an optimal additive ratio of ∼3 ligand molecules per 1 nm2 NR surface area was found to yield the highest CR. Average CR values of 3.5 were detected over the entire 6 cm2 substrate area, with local values exceeding 4.5. While samples of rubbed spherical quantum dots and spin‐coated films of NRs show no emission polarization, the emission intensity from rubbed NR samples is polarized obeying Malus' law (wherein, the intensity is proportional to cos2(θ)). Mechanical rubbing, well known for its use in LC devices, may be considered as a method for large‐scale alignment of NRs on substrates.
Adverse Outcomes in Patients with Postoperative Ascites after Liver Resection for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Chan Kun‐Ming , Lee Chen‐Fang , Wu Ting‐Jung , Chou Hong‐Shiue , Yu Ming‐Chin , Lee Wei‐Chen , Chen Miin‐Fu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative ascites (POA) is a common complication after liver resection (LR). The aim of the present study was to identify the risk factors for developing POA and to evaluate its clinical significance in the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of data obtained from 651 patients who underwent LR for the treatment of HCC between January 2001 and July 2005. The patients selected for the study were categorized and analyzed on the basis of the presence or absence of POA.ResultsOverall, 166 (25.5%) patients developed POA. A multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that five significant factors—cirrhotic liver, high indocyanine green retention, portal hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, and extent of LR—were associated with the development of POA. The recurrence‐free survival and overall survival of patients with POA were significantly lower than those of patients without POA. The 5‐year recurrence‐free survival rates of patients with intractable POA over those of patients without POA were 31.7% versus 36.1%, and the corresponding 5‐year overall survival rates were 17.4% versus 57.0%. The relative risk of mortality within 1 year in patients with POA was 2.4 times (95% confidence interval, 1.76–3.27; p < 0.001) higher than that in patients without POA.ConclusionsA nomogram for predicting the probability of POA after LR for HCC was constructed on the basis of the identified risk factors, which may be used for risk‐stratifying patients who may or may not benefit from surgical resection. Because patients with POA after LR show a high incidence of HCC recurrence and mortality risk, those with intractable ascites should be considered for prompt liver transplantation.
Potential risk factors for the reactivation of the replication of hepatitis B and C viruses after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lin Chia‐I. , Lin Zu‐Yau , Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Huang Chung‐Feng , Chen Su‐Hwei , Chuang Wan‐Long 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the potential risk factors for the reactivation of the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) of hepatocellular carcinoma. Forty‐four hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated by TACE using epirubicin plus mitomycin C were studied. Serum HBV DNA (n = 17) and HCV RNA (n = 27) levels were measured 1 day before and 3 months after TACE. Plasma concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents were determined at 1 hour and 72 hours after TACE. A total of 29 patients (n = 13 for chronic hepatitis Band n = 16 for chronic hepatitis C) showed significant changes of the viral loads after TACE. Patients with increased viral loads after TACE were older (p = 0.041), had higher incidence of pre‐TACE white blood cell counts being less than normal limit (p = 0.023), and had higher plasma mitomycin C concentrations (p = 0.039) than those in patients with decreased viral loads. Analysis by multiple logistic regressions using age, decreased or normal pre‐TACE white blood cell counts, mitomycin C concentrations >3.95 ng/mL adopted by receiver operating characteristic curve (p = 0.037), and epirubicin concentrations have shown that decreased pre‐TACE white blood cell counts was the only significant factor associated with increased viral loads after TACE (p = 0.048). In conclusion, patients with decreased pre‐TACE white blood cell counts have a potential risk for the reactivation of the replication of HBV or HCV after TACE.
Structure and stability of hollow vortex equilibria
Authors: Llewellyn Smith Stefan G. , Crowdy Darren G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper considers the structure and linear stability of two-dimensional hollow vortex equilibria. Equilibrium solutions for a single hollow vortex in linear and nonlinear straining flows are derived in analytical form using free streamline theory. The linear stability properties of this solution class are then determined numerically and a new type of resonance-induced displacement instability is identified. It is found to be a consequence of the fact that one of the shape distortion modes of a circular hollow vortex has the same frequency as one of the modes corresponding to displacement of the vortex centroid. The instability is observed in the case of an isolated hollow vortex situated in straining flow of order three. We also revisit the hollow vortex row solution due to Baker, Saffman & Sheffield (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 74, 1976, p. 1469), and since it is currently lacking in the literature, we present a full linear stability analysis of this solution using Floquet analysis.
A large foodborne outbreak of norovirus in diners at a restaurant in England between January and February 2009
Authors: SMITH A. J. , McCARTHY N. , SALDANA L. , IHEKWEAZU C. , McPHEDRAN K. , ADAK G. K. , ITURRIZA-GÓMARA M. , BICKLER G. , O'MOORE É. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYAn outbreak of gastroenteritis affected at least 240 persons who had eaten at a gourmet restaurant over a period of 7 weeks in 2009 in England. Epidemiological, microbiological, and environmental studies were conducted. The case-control study demonstrated increased risk of illness in those who ate from a special ‘tasting menu’ and in particular an oyster, passion fruit jelly and lavender dish (odds ratio 7·0, 95% confidence interval 1·1–45·2). Ten diners and six staff members had laboratory-confirmed norovirus infection. Diners were infected with multiple norovirus strains belonging to genogroups I and II, a pattern characteristic of molluscan shellfish-associated outbreaks. The ongoing risk from dining at the restaurant may have been due to persistent contamination of the oyster supply alone or in combination with further spread via infected food handlers or the restaurant environment. Delayed notification of the outbreak to public health authorities may have contributed to outbreak size and duration.
Denitrification likely catalyzed by endobionts in an allogromiid foraminifer
Authors: Bernhard Joan M , Edgcomb Virginia P , Casciotti Karen L , McIlvin Matthew R , Beaudoin David J 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Nitrogen can be a limiting macronutrient for carbon uptake by the marine biosphere. The process of denitrification (conversion of nitrate to gaseous compounds, including N2 (nitrogen gas)) removes bioavailable nitrogen, particularly in marine sediments, making it a key factor in the marine nitrogen budget. Benthic foraminifera reportedly perform complete denitrification, a process previously considered nearly exclusively performed by bacteria and archaea. If the ability to denitrify is widespread among these diverse and abundant protists, a paradigm shift is required for biogeochemistry and marine microbial ecology. However, to date, the mechanisms of foraminiferal denitrification are unclear, and it is possible that the ability to perform complete denitrification is because of the symbiont metabolism in some foraminiferal species. Using sequence analysis and GeneFISH, we show that for a symbiont-bearing foraminifer, the potential for denitrification resides in the endobionts. Results also identify the endobionts as denitrifying pseudomonads and show that the allogromiid accumulates nitrate intracellularly, presumably for use in denitrification. Endobionts have been observed within many foraminiferal species, and in the case of associations with denitrifying bacteria, may provide fitness for survival in anoxic conditions. These associations may have been a driving force for early foraminiferal diversification, which is thought to have occurred in the Neoproterozoic era when anoxia was widespread.
Engagement with the National Healthy Schools Programme is associated with higher fruit and vegetable consumption in primary school children
Authors: Keyte J. , Harris S. , Margetts B. , Robinson S. , Baird J. 
Published: December 2011

How to cite this article
Keyte J., Harris S., Margetts B., Robinson S. & Baird J. (2012) Engagement with the National Healthy Schools Programme is associated with higher fruit and vegetable consumption in primary school children. J Hum Nutr Diet.25, 155–160AbstractBackground:  Improving children’s diets is currently a government focus. However, fruit and vegetable consumption, a key target, is still far below the government guidelines of five portions per day. The present study aimed to assess the impact of engagement with the National Healthy Schools Programme (NHSP) on fruit and vegetable consumption in a sample of primary school children.Methods:  A sample of 511 children, aged 7–9 years, who were attending 10 randomly selected schools in Hampshire, completed the Day in the Life Questionnaire, a validated 24‐h recall method of dietary assessment. Fruit and vegetable intake in pupils attending schools engaged with the NHSP was compared with that of pupils attending schools not engaged with the programme.Results:  Children attending schools engaged with the NHSP ate a median of two (interquartile range, 0–8.0) portions of fruit and vegetables, compared to one portion (interquartile range, 0–8.0) consumed by pupils attending a school not engaged with the programme (P = 0.001). Gender was also a significant predictor of fruit and vegetable consumption, with girls being 1.68 times more likely to consume 2.5 or more portions of fruit and vegetables. After adjustment for free school meal eligibility (as a measure of socio‐economic status) and gender, pupils attending schools engaged with NHSP were twice as likely to eat 2.5 portions of fruit and vegetables or more per day.Conclusions:  Engagement with the NHSP may be an effective way of increasing fruit and vegetable consumption in primary school children. Further evaluation of the programme is recommended to determine which aspects of the NHSP are successful in achieving this.
Peripheral α‐helical CRF (9‐41) does not reverse stress‐induced mast cell dependent visceral hypersensitivity in maternally separated rats
Authors: van den Wijngaard R. M. , Stanisor O. I. , van Diest S. A. , Welting O. , Wouters M. M. , de Jonge W. J. , Boeckxstaens G. E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground  Acute stress‐induced hypersensitivity to colorectal distention was shown to depend on corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)‐induced mast cell degranulation. At present it remains unclear whether CRF also induces chronic poststress activation of these cells. Accordingly, the objective of this study was to compare pre‐ and poststress CRF‐receptor antagonist treatment protocols for their ability to, respectively, prevent and reverse mast cell dependent visceral hypersensitivity in a rat model of neonatal maternal separation.Methods  The visceromotor response to colonic distention was assessed in adult maternally separated and non‐handled rats before and at different time points after 1 h of water avoidance (WA). Rats were treated with the mast cell stabilizer doxantrazole and the CRF receptor‐antagonist α‐helical‐CRF (9‐41). Western blotting was used to assess mucosal protein levels of the mast cell protease RMCP‐2 and the tight junction protein occludin.Key Results  In maternally separated, but not in non‐handled rats, WA induced chronic hypersensitivity (up to 30 days) to colorectal distention. Visceral hypersensitivity was prevented, but could not be reversed by administration of α‐helical‐CRF (9‐41). In contrast, however, the mast cell stabilizer doxantrazole reversed visceral hypersensitivity. Compared with vehicle‐treated rats, pre‐WA α‐helical‐CRF (9‐41) treated animals displayed higher mucosal RMCP‐2 and occludin levels.Conclusions & Inferences  Water avoidance‐stress leads to persistent mast cell dependent visceral hypersensitivity in maternally separated rats, which can be prevented, but not reversed by blockade of peripheral CRF‐receptors. We conclude that persistent poststress mast cell activation and subsequent visceral hypersensitivity are not targeted by CRF‐receptor antagonists.
Quantification of pericaudal adipocyte diameter in dairy cattle during peripartum: a complementary method to study energetic status using conventional histology
Authors: Verdes J. M. , Espino L. , Goicoa A. , Rigueira L. , Ramil L. A. , Fidalgo L. E. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryThe energetic status of high‐yielding Holstein‐Friesian dairy cattle was studied during peripartum under field conditions using body condition score (BCS), glycemia, seric ß–hydroxybutyrate and adipose tissue cellularity. This last method was tested as a complementary tool for energetic status assessment. Biopsies of pericaudal subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained from 25 multiparous animals at 28 days before and 21 days after parturition. Samples were routinely processed for histological examination and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). The mean diameter of adipocytes (MDA) was measured with the aid of a digital image processor. During the same period, blood samples were collected weekly for metabolite determinations. The MDA at 28 days pre‐partum and 21 days post‐partum were 72.1 vs. 66.2 μm respectively (p = 0.055), and the corresponding BCS at these moments was 3.32 vs. 3.19 (p = 0.068). At −28 days pre‐partum, the BCS was positively correlated with MDA (Pearson’s r = 0.521, p = 0.016) and with glycemia (Pearson’s r = 0.404, p = 0.056). Correlations between BCS and MDA, and between BCS and glycemia, with ß–hydroxybutyrate although not significant, suggest that routine histological preparations of biopsies from subcutaneous adipose tissue could be included as an easy and valuable tool for research purposes to evaluate metabolic adaptation of dairy cows to peripartum, as well as the incidence of metabolic disorders and productive performance.
A 90‐day adaptation to a high glycaemic diet alters postprandial lipid metabolism in non‐obese horses without affecting peripheral insulin sensitivity
Authors: Suagee J. K. , Corl B. A. , Swyers K. L. , Smith T. L. , Flinn C. D. , Geor R. J. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryHigh glycaemic feeds are associated with the development of insulin resistance in horses. However, studies that evaluated the effect of high glycaemic feeds used horses that either ranged in body condition from lean to obese or were fed to increase body condition over a period of months; thus, the ability of high glycaemic feeds to induce insulin resistance in lean horses has not been determined. This study evaluated the insulin sensitivity of 18 lean horses fed a 10% (LO; n = 6), 20% (MED; n = 6) or 60% (HI; n = 6) non‐structural carbohydrate complementary feed for 90 days. Although both the MED and HI diets increased insulinaemic responses to concentrate feeding in relation to the LO diet (p > 0.05), neither induced insulin resistance, as assessed by glucose tolerance test, following the 90‐day feeding trial. Interestingly, the post‐feeding suppression of plasma non‐esterified fatty acids was less pronounced in HI‐fed horses (p = 0.054) on days 30 and 90 of the study, potentially indicating that insulin‐induced suppression of adipose tissue lipolysis was reduced. As insulin‐resistant animals often have elevated plasma lipid concentrations, it is possible that altered lipid metabolism is an early event in the development of insulin resistance. The effects of high glycaemic feeds that are fed for a longer duration of time, on glucose and lipid metabolism, should be investigated further.
Genetic variability in the kappa‐casein gene in Sahiwal, Cholistani and Red Sindhi cattle breeds
Authors: RIAZ MUHAMMAD N , MALIK NAVEED A , NASREEN FOZIA , QURESHI JAVED A , KHAN SAEED‐UL‐HASSAN 
Published: December 2011

Polymorphism of kappa‐casein (κ‐CN) gene in three Bos indicus cattle breeds was investigated using a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) technique. Only genotypes AA and AB were observed, and no BB, AE, BE, EE, AC or BC genotypes were detected in the three cattle breeds. In the Sahiwal, Cholistani and Red Sindhi breeds, the frequencies of the allele A were 0.69, 0.90 and 0.86, and the frequencies of the allele B were 0.31, 0.10 and 0.14, respectively. The Sahiwal breed was found to have a higher frequency of the AB genotype as compared to the Cholistani and Red Sindhi breeds. The frequency of the κ‐CN alleles noted in the three cattle breeds was similar to those observed in other cattle breeds of B. indicus origin.
Regression models in periodontal epidemiology: purpose, approach and interpretation
Authors: Jimenez Monik , Dietrich Thomas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractStatistical models, including those using regression analyses, are ubiquitous in periodontal research. However, many investigators may not have a thorough understanding of the concepts underlying the complex statistical models used in much of the current literature. This review aims to demystify biostatical regression models and familiarize the reader with the regression models most commonly encountered in the periodontal literature. Complex models can be intuitively understood in terms of stratified analyses. Therefore, we discuss the use of stratified analyses and emphasize their natural connection to regression models using examples from the periodontal research literature. We critically review various types of regression models, as well as the fundamental assumptions unique to each. An introduction to the fundamentals of model building describes the basics of variable selection procedures and variable management, including discussions regarding the assumptions inherent in common practices. Lastly, modeling approaches to assess confounding and effect modification are discussed by use of examples from the periodontal epidemiological literature.