bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Np Incorporation into Uranyl Alteration Phases: A Quantum Mechanical Approach
Authors: Shuller Lindsay , Ewing Rodney C , Becker Udo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNeptunium is a major contributor to the long-term radioactivity in a geologic repository for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) due to its long half-life (2.1 million years). The mobility of Np may be decreased by its incorporation into the U6+ phases that form during the corrosion of SNF. The ionic radii of Np5+ (0.089nm) and U6+ (0.087nm) are similar, as is their chemistry. Experimental studies have shown that Np can be incorporated into uranyl phases up to concentrations on the order of 100 ppm. The low concentration of Np in the uranyl phases complicates experimental detection and presents a significant challenge for determining the incorporation mechanism. Therefore, we have used quantum mechanical calculations to investigate incorporation mechanisms and evaluate the energetics of Np substituting for U.CASTEP, a density functional theory based code that uses plane waves to model the behavior of the valence electrons and pseudo-potentials to model the behavior of the core and inner valence electrons, was used to calculate optimal H positions, relaxed geometry, and energy of different uranyl phases. The incorporation energy for Np in uranyl alteration phases was calculated for studtite, [(UO2)O2(H2O)2](H2O)2, and boltwoodite, HK(UO2)(SiO4)1.5(H2O). Studtite is the rare case of a stable, naturally-occurring peroxide mineral, in this case a uranyl hydroxyl peroxide that forms in the presence of H2O2 from the radiolysis of H2O. For studtite, two incorporation mechanisms were evaluated: (1) charge-balanced substitution of Np5+ and H+ for one U6+, and (2) direct substitution of Np6+ for U6+. For boltwoodite, the H atomic positions prior to Np incorporation were determined, as well as the Np incorporation mechanisms and the corresponding substitution energies. The preferential incorporation of Np into different structure types of U6+ minerals was also investigated. Quantum mechanical substitution energies have to be derived at Np concentrations higher than the ones found in experiments or expected in a repository in order to avoid the calculation of unit cells that are too large to be handled quantum mechanically. However, the quantum mechanical results are crucial for subsequent empirical force-field and Monte-Carlo simulations to determine the thermodynamically stable limit of Np incorporation into these uranyl phases.
The Effect of Diluents on Extraction of Actinides and Lanthanides
Authors: Retegan Teodora Valeria , Ekberg Christian , Fermvik Anna , Skarnemark Gunnar 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA screening experiment was carried out where the organic phase consisted of different concentrations of 2,6-bis-(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-benzo[1,2,4]triazy-3-yl)-[2,2']bipyridinyl (CyMe4-BTBP) [1], which is the extracting molecule, dissolved in different diluents. The aqueous phase consisted of 0.01 M HNO3 and was spiked with trace amounts of 241Am and 152Eu acting as analogues for actinides and lanthanides. The ionic strength was kept constant at 1.0 M using NaNO3. Three of the selected diluents used to dissolve CyMe4-BTBP were abandoned: n-hexane, TPH and TBB. Another extraction experiment screened out anisole, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane and benzaldehyde.A kinetic experiment was then performed. Three very different kinetic behaviors were observed in three different organic systems. For a proper understanding of the kinetic mechanism, further investigations are needed.
Comparative Study of Oil Recovery during Miscible CO2 Injection in Carbonate Cores and Slimtube
Authors: Aleidan Ahmed , Mamora Daulat 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Three types of displacement experiments were performed using 31°API oil and CO2: (1) slimtube experiments using the DBR model Jefri (40ft long ¼ inch OD tubing uniformly-packed with 100 mesh sand), (2) a coreflood experiment at the miscible pressure and temperature determined in (1) using 6 inch by 2 inch OD carbonate core, and (3) combined slimtube-coreflood (injectant gas goes through the slimtube in (1) before entering the coreholder in (2)). The objective of the slimtube experiments was to measure the minimum miscibility pressure. The coreflood experiment was made to verify if miscibility occurred at the shorter core length. The combined coreflood-slimtube experiment was conducted to provide sufficient length and ensure miscibility of CO2 in the oil before being injected into the carbonate core.
The results may be summarized as follows. First, the MMP was measured to be 1800 psig. Second, oil recovery from the carbonate coreflood experiment was 75% of oil initially-in-place (OIIP), 20% lower than that from the sand packed slimtube experiments (95% OIIP). The combined slimtube-coreflood arrangement resulted in no incremental recovery over that from the coreflood experiment. Third, decrease in oil recovery from the coreflood (compared to the slimtube experiments) was further investigated by CT scanning the core before and after the CO2 flood. It was found that because of the rock’s heterogeneity, CO2 only swept the larger pores while the smaller pores had higher residual oil saturation. The heterogeneity resulted in small scale dispersion which grows with length and will always be greater in carbonate rocks than in slimtube and sandstones. Therefore, it was concluded that extra length will not help increase recovery (miscibility). This conclusion is analogous to field applications where the distance between the injector and producer may be sufficient, yet miscible CO2 floods often result in lower than expected recoveries. Finally, the measured MMP from the slimtube was compared to nine published MMP correlations for CO2 and oil and the error was reported. It was found that Cronquist and Holm-Josendal correlations that include temperature and molecular weight of C5+ gave the closest agreement with the measured MMP.
Tax Equalization in Mutual Funds
Authors: Gill Steven L. , Schwarz Christopher 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
By making an annual tax election, open-ended mutual funds can treat redeeming shareholders as if they have been allocated a pro-rata share of taxable gains, when in fact they have not (known as “equalization”). Equalization provides significant benefits to shareholders and funds; however, it also leads to additional fund-level costs. In this study, we use equalization elections to examine how managers weigh the costs and benefits of tax minimization. Overall, our results suggest both are important in the decision-making process. Even though funds and investors both benefit, only 10 percent of funds use equalization. Funds in larger fund families and with higher expense ratios, both proxies for the additional infrastructure necessary to calculate equalization dividends, are more likely to use equalization. Equalization is also used when its benefits are highest, such as by funds with greater redemptions and larger unrealized gains.
Data Availability: Contact the first author.
The Effects of Increased Book-Tax Difference Tax Return Disclosures on Firm Valuation and Behavior
Authors: Donohoe Michael P. , McGill Gary A. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
We use event study techniques to gauge market participants' ex ante perceptions regarding the benefits and burdens of the Schedule M-3, and structural break analysis to investigate whether managers make ex ante or ex post changes in book-tax differences as a result of this mandatory change in federal tax return disclosures. We find evidence suggesting investors believe ex ante the substantial increase in book-tax difference disclosures will increase future tax burdens and/or tax-compliance costs. Investors also appear to believe the M-3 may be more costly for firms having the types of book-tax differences that attract additional IRS scrutiny (e.g., discretionary permanent differences) and when such firms are weakly monitored. Further, we find evidence of a substantial reduction in our proxy for discretionary permanent book-tax differences prior and subsequent to the implementation of the M-3 and other regulatory events, suggesting both ex ante and ex post real effects on firm behavior.
JEL Classifications: G14; H25; H26; M48.
Data Availability: Data used in this study are available from public sources identified in the paper.
Short-Term Incentive Effects of a Reduction in the NOL Carryback Period
Authors: Albring Susan M. , Dhaliwal Dan S. , Khurana Inder K. , Pereira Raynolde 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACT
We examine whether the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 (TRA 1997), which reduced the net operating loss (NOL) carryback period from three to two years, created a short-term incentive effect to shift income to accelerate loss recognition in the tax year 1997. We find that our sample of NOL firms in the treatment year of 1997 display higher (lower) levels of income-decreasing (-increasing) earnings management, compared to a control sample of loss firms. When we focus strictly on the NOL firms in the transition year, we find that firms with higher reported income tax expense in fiscal year 1995 display greater income shifting to accelerate loss recognition. We also find that income shifting is greater for treatment NOL firms that expect to report losses in the post-TRA 1997 regime. Overall, our study highlights how changes in tax law provisions (as opposed to tax rate changes) affect firms' reporting behavior.
La « fragilité narcissique », une clinique contemporaine
Authors: Kapsambelis Vassilis 
Published: October 2011

Résumé La notion de « fragilité narcissique », qui s’est propagée dans le langage psychopathologique courant, ne renvoie pas à ce que le terme devrait théoriquement désigner, à savoir les pathologies psychotiques et la précarité de leur moi, mais à une clinique en rapport étroit avec l’objet. L’étude de cette clinique met en évidence l’importance de l’objet de perception dans ces pathologies. Cet objet de perception est étudié dans ses rapports avec l’objet issu de la perte de l’objet du besoin et la constitution de l’autoérotisme. En analysant cette « relation d’objet de perception », apparaissent trois figures cliniques : la clinique de la confirmation, la clinique de la réparation et la clinique de la vérification qui semblent renvoyer à des tendances et attitudes plus générales caractérisant le monde contemporain.
Art Education and the Emergence of Radical Art Movements in Egypt: The Surrealists and the Contemporary Arts Group, 1938–1951
Authors: KANE PATRICK 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
So it wasn’t the aim of the artist to just toss out a work of art. A tradition of the exhibition of the natural, and its meaning was not that it fled from life, but that it had penetrated and plunged into reality. Its meaning was not a prescription or plain exercise in the taste of the sublime, or harmony of forms and charming scenes; and its meaning was not as a decoration of life; it was in its expression of what life inspires in us to give back.
—Henry Moore, as quoted by Ramses Yunan, in “The Aim of the Contemporary Artist”1
In these crucial days of difficulty, the artists in this country live in tall aristocratic towers…. For this peasant has an art of his own that sustains him, and it is not that art of the educated class.
—Kamil Al-Tilmisani (c. 1941-1942)
Trauma-associated hyperfibrinolysis
Authors: Voelckel W. , Maegele M. , Solomon C. , Schöchl H. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryTrauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) has been considered for a long time as being due to depletion of coagulation factors secondary to blood loss, dilution and consumption. Dysfunction of the remaining coagulation factors due to hypothermia and acidosis is assumed to additionally contribute to TIC. Recent data suggest that hyperfibrinolysis (HF) represents an additional important confounder to the disturbed coagulation process. Severe shock and major tissue trauma are the main drivers of this HF. The incidence of HF is still speculative. According to visco-elastic testing of trauma patients upon emergency room admission, HF is present in approximately 2.5–7% of all trauma patients. However, visco-elastic tests provide information on severe forms of HF only. Occult HF seems to be much more common but diagnosis is still challenging. Results from a recent randomized, placebo-controlled trial suggest that the early treatment of trauma patients with tranexamic acid may result in a significant reduction of trauma-associated mortality.
A Literature Review of Self Adjusting File
Authors: ADIGÜZEL Özkan 
Published: October 2011

A primary aim of root canal treatment is to completely clean and shape the root canal system. Various instruments are available for endodontic instrumentation. Although rotary systems do prepare many canals without major procedural errors, they do not address canal types with long-oval or flat cross sections. A newly developed self-adjusting file (SAF) was designed to address the shortcomings of traditional rotary files by adjusting itself to the canal cross section. This instrument consists of a compressible opened NiTi tube that, on placement into a root canal, will exert pressure against the canal Wall. The SAF is used in an in-and-out motion powered by a handpiece and under constant irrigation. The aim of this review was to describe instrument design, usage parameters and features of Self Adjusting File.
How to cite this article: Adıgüzel Ö. A Literature Review of Self Adjusting File. Int Dent Res 2011;1:18-25.
Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Diagnosis and Treatment Modalities of Internal and External Cervical Root Resorptions: Review of the Literature with Case Reports
Authors: YİĞİT ÖZER Senem 
Published: October 2011

The clinical presentation of internal and external cervical lesions vary considerably, and detection of lesions is often made incidentally. Accurate diagnosis is the most important step of the treatment plan because these pathologies are quite different from each other concerning their treatment procedures. This paper gives a literature review of internal and external root resorptions with respect of their etiology and addresses the difference in treatment modalities.
How to cite this article: Yiğit Özer S. Diagnosis and Treatment Modalities of Internal and External Cervical Root Resorptions: Review of the Literature with Case Reports Int Dent Res 2011;1:32-37.
Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Association of magnetic resonance imaging–based knee cartilage T2 measurements and focal knee lesions with knee pain: Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Baum Thomas , Joseph Gabby B. , Arulanandan Ahilan , Nardo Lorenzo , Virayavanich Warapat , Carballido‐Gamio Julio , Nevitt Michael C. , Lynch John , McCulloch Charles E. , Link Thomas M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–based knee cartilage T2 measurements and focal knee lesions with knee pain in knees without radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) among subjects with OA risk factors.MethodsWe studied the right knees of 126 subjects from the Osteoarthritis Initiative database. We randomly selected 42 subjects ages 45–55 years with OA risk factors, right knee pain (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC] pain score ≥5), no left knee pain (WOMAC pain score 0), and no radiographic OA (Kellgren/Lawrence [K/L] score ≤1) in the right knee. We also selected 2 comparison groups: 42 subjects without knee pain in either knee and 42 with bilateral knee pain. Both groups were frequency matched to subjects with right knee pain only by sex, age, body mass index, and K/L score. All of the subjects underwent 3T MRI of the right knee. Focal knee lesions were assessed and cartilage T2 measurements were performed.ResultsPrevalences of meniscal, bone marrow, and ligamentous lesions and joint effusion were not significantly different between the groups (P > 0.05), while cartilage lesions were more frequent in subjects with right knee pain only compared to subjects without knee pain (P < 0.05). T2 values averaged over all of the compartments were similar in subjects with right knee pain only (mean ± SD 34.4 ± 1.8 msec) and in subjects with bilateral knee pain (mean ± SD 34.7 ± 4.7 msec), but were significantly higher compared to subjects without knee pain (mean ± SD 32.4 ± 1.8 msec; P < 0.05).ConclusionThese results suggest that elevated cartilage T2 values are associated with findings of pain in the early phase of OA, whereas among morphologic knee abnormalities only knee cartilage lesions are significantly associated with knee pain status.
Scleroderma digital ulcers complicated by infection with fecal pathogens
Authors: Giuggioli Dilia , Manfredi Andreina , Colaci Michele , Lumetti Federica , Ferri Clodoveo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveDigital ulcers represent one of the most frequent complications of systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma); they are very painful, scarcely responsive to treatment, and often responsible for marked limitations on daily activities, including patient self‐care. Infectious complications may severely compromise the outcome of skin lesions in a significant percentage of patients. Numerous pathogens of different origin may be involved, including bacteria from patient endogenous flora. Here we evaluated the possible involvement of fecal pathogens in scleroderma digital ulcers.MethodsAmong a series of 82 SSc patients with digital ulcers, we retrospectively analyzed 42 subjects with clinical signs of local bacterial infection. All digital ulcers with suspected infection have been investigated by microbiologic examinations.ResultsBacterial infection was confirmed in all 42 patients investigated; in particular, Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequently found (50%). Interestingly, 11 (26%) of 42 patients showed digital ulcers infected with intestinal bacteria; specifically, 7 patients were positive for Escherichia coli and 4 for Enterococcus faecalis. Diffuse cutaneous SSc patients were more numerous in this subgroup versus the other 31 patients (Fisher's P = 0.011).ConclusionA number of effective measures involving health care personnel and hospital environment are essential in the management of digital ulcers and prevention of infectious complications. In addition, the prevalence of fecal pathogens in one‐quarter of cases, never reported previously, suggests an important role of a patient's self‐care limitations, mainly during intercurrent home medications. Consequently, methodical education on hand hygiene of both patients and relatives, frequently involved in ulcer medications, is mandatory to avoid such deleterious complications.
Use of disease‐modifying medications for rheumatoid arthritis by race and ethnicity in the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Authors: Solomon Daniel H. , Ayanian John Z. , Yelin Ed , Shaykevich Tamara , Brookhart M. Alan , Katz Jeffrey N. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveDisease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are recommended for virtually all patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the use of DMARDs in patients with RA in a nationally representative sample of visits to US physicians in the National Ambulatory Care Medical Survey (NAMCS).MethodsWe analyzed the NAMCS visit data from 1996 through 2007 if the physician noted a diagnosis of RA. DMARD utilization was based on the medications listed by the physician. We used generalized linear models to examine the adjusted associations between DMARD use and potential predictors.ResultsOf the 859 visits with a diagnosis code of RA identified over the study period, 404 visits (47%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 44–50%) had an associated DMARD. The percentage of RA visits with DMARDs increased slightly over the 12 years (P = 0.048), with biologic DMARDs increasing to 20% of visits after their introduction (P for trend <0.001). In fully adjusted models, African American race was associated with a 30% reduction in DMARD prescribing (risk ratio [RR] 0.70, 95% CI 0.48–1.00). A visit to a rheumatologist was the strongest correlate of DMARD prescribing (RR 2.33, 95% CI 1.89–2.86). Among visits to nonrheumatologists, African Americans were significantly less likely than whites to receive a DMARD (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.17–0.92), but not among visits with rheumatologists (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.52–1.27).ConclusionIn the NAMCS, most visits coded with RA did not have an associated DMARD prescription. African Americans were less likely to receive DMARDs than whites, particularly when visiting nonrheumatologists.
Work productivity in scleroderma: Analysis from the University of California, Los Angeles scleroderma quality of life study
Authors: Singh Manjit K. , Clements Philip J. , Furst Daniel E. , Maranian Paul , Khanna Dinesh 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the productivity of patients with scleroderma (systemic sclerosis [SSc]) both outside of and within the home in a large observational cohort.MethodsOne hundred sixty‐two patients completed the Work Productivity Survey. Patients indicated whether or not they were employed outside of the home, how many days per month they missed work (employment or household work) due to SSc, and how many days per month productivity was decreased by ≥50%. Patients also completed other patient‐reported outcome measures. We developed binomial regression models to assess the predictors of days missed from work (paid employment or household activities). The covariates included: type of SSc, education, physician and patient global assessments, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue, and Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Short Form.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 51.8 years and 52% had limited cutaneous SSc. Of the 37% of patients employed outside of the home, patients reported missing 2.6 days per month of work and had 2.5 days per month of productivity reduced by half. Of the 102 patients who were not employed, 39.4% were unable to work due to their SSc. When we assessed patients for household activities (n = 162), patients missed an average of 8 days of housework per month and had productivity reduced by an average of 6 days per month. In the regression models, patients with lower education and poor assessment of overall health by a physician were more likely to miss work outside of the home. Patients with limited cutaneous SSc and high HAQ DI scores were more likely to miss work at home.ConclusionSSc has a major impact on productivity at home and at work. Nearly 40% of patients reported disability due to their SSc.