bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of tungstate‐containing green rust (Cl–) in aqueous solution
Authors: Shinoda K. , Fujieda S. , Tsuri S. , Suzuki S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe influence of tungstate on the oxidation of green rust [GR(Cl–)], which contains both Fe(II) and Fe(III), was investigated by synthesizing suspensions of GR(Cl–) containing tungstate and oxidizing them via injection of N2 gas containing O2. XRD and TEM analyses were used for characterizing the solid particles formed during synthesis and oxidation. The results showed that the formation of fine α‐FeOOH was enhanced by the addition of tungstate to the GR(Cl–) suspensions, while GR(Cl–) without tungstate was transformed primarily into γ‐FeOOH. The pH, oxidation‐reduction potential (ORP), and dissolved oxygen (DO) values of the aqueous solution were measured during oxidation of GR(Cl–) with and without tungstate. The results showed that whereas the pH value of the solution was decreased and the ORP value was increased monotonically by oxidation of GR(Cl–), the pH and ORP values during oxidation the GR(Cl–) suspension containing tungstate revealed characteristic changes with time. XAS was also used for characterizing the chemical state and local structure of tungstate in the oxidized particles. The results indicated that the local structure of WO was essentially retained in the particles precipitated from GR(Cl–) suspensions.
Cavity expansion in cross‐anisotropic rock
Authors: Kolymbas Dimitrios , Wagner Peter , Blioumi Anastasia 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYSchistous rock can be considered—in a first approximation—as cross‐anisotropic linear elastic material. The determination of the corresponding material constants on the basis of the laboratory investigation of rock samples often fails, as the extraction of appropriate cores proves to be unfeasible (the cores disintegrate if the schistosity is pronounced). In this paper a new method is presented to determine the material constants of a linear elastic cross‐anisotropic rock on the basis of cavity expansion field tests, e.g. with a radial jack. To this purpose, an analytic approximation for the deformation of a hydrostatically loaded cylindrical cavity in cross‐anisotropic rock is derived which serves to the inverse analysis of the material parameters. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of random fields and their impact on the mechanics of geosystems at multiple scales
Authors: Chen Qiushi , Seifried Andrew , Andrade José E. , Baker Jack W. 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYThe behavior of particulate media, such as sands, is encoded at the granular‐scale and hence methods for upscaling such behavior across relevant scales of interest—from granular‐scale (∼1 mm) to field‐scale (>1m)—are needed to attain a more accurate prediction of soil behavior. Multi‐scale analysis is especially important under extreme conditions, such as strain localization, penetration, or liquefaction, where the classical constitutive description may no longer apply. In this paper, internally consistent probabilistic models for undrained shear strength and Young's modulus are developed at multiple scales, and incorporated into a simulation framework where refinement of the material description to finer scales is pursued only as necessary. This probabilistic simulation approach is then coupled with the finite element method. Numerical examples are presented to show how the performance of the geosystem is influenced by taking into account multi‐scale random fields. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematik und Biologie der Hepatitis‐Viren. Ähnliche Erkrankung – unterschiedliche Viren
Authors: Winckler Thomas 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHepatitis‐Viren wurden und werden dadurch gefunden und letztlich auch benannt, dass man die infektiösen Agenzien – meist in Form ihrer Nukleinsäuren – im Blut von Patienten mit Leberentzündungen nachweist. Die Nomenklatur folgt dann dem Alphabet. So ist es leicht nachvollziehbar, dass durchaus sehr unterschiedliche Virustypen gefunden wurden, die strukturell keine oder nur wenig Gemeinsamkeiten aufweisen. Umso interessanter ist es, sich die Biologie der verschiedenen Hepatitis‐Viren genauer anzusehen.
Alfa‐Interferone. Gentechnisch hergestellte Virustatika
Authors: Dingermann Theo , Zündorf Ilse 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBereits seit den 1980er Jahren wird IFN‐α für die Therapie der Hepatitis C erfolgreich eingesetzt. Mit den gentechnisch hergestellten Wirkstoffen und vor allem durch die Modifikation mit Methoxy‐Polyethylenglycolketten konnte die Effizienz der Therapie gesteigert werden, so dass die Peginterferone in Kombination mit dem nukleosidischen Polymeraseinhibitor Ribavirin die Standardtherapie der Hepatitis C darstellen. Die beiden derzeit verfügbaren Peginterferone PegIntron® und Pegasys® unterscheiden sich nur in einer Aminosäure innerhalb des Proteinanteils, allerdings erheblich bezüglich der Art und Struktur der Pegylierung, was sich in der Pharmakodynamik und ‐kinetik auswirkt. Die mittlerweile mit beiden Wirkstoffen durchgeführten Head‐to‐Head‐Studien zeigen nur einen geringen Unterschied in der Wirksamkeit der beiden Peginterferone, mit einem minimalen Vorteil für Peginterferon‐α‐2a.Die Pipeline mit neuen Interferon‐Modifikationen und ‐Molekülen ist gut gefüllt, nicht zuletzt deshalb weil der Hepatitis‐Markt eine gute Verdienstmöglichkeit liefert.
Intravenous iron sucrose for children with iron deficiency failing to respond to oral iron therapy
Authors: Crary Shelley E. , Hall Katherine , Buchanan George R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundFor decades, parenteral iron has been used in patients with iron deficiency unresponsive to oral iron therapy and in hemodialysis‐dependent patients receiving erythropoietin. Newer intravenous (IV) iron formulations such as iron sucrose have replaced high‐molecular weight iron (HMW) dextran in dialysis patients; however, the use of parenteral iron in children without renal disease has not been well defined.ProcedurePharmacy records were reviewed on children (≤18 years of age) who received IV iron sucrose at Children's Medical Center Dallas between January 1, 2004 and June 30, 2009. Patients who received iron sucrose for chronic renal disease were excluded from analysis.ResultsThirty‐eight children received iron sucrose for non‐renal indications, 13 with iron deficiency refractory to oral iron therapy, 13 with iron malabsorption or dependence on parenteral nutrition, 7 for chronic gastrointestinal blood loss, and 5 for miscellaneous indications. Among these 38 children, who received a total of 510 doses of IV iron sucrose, there were only six adverse reactions. Patients in all categories had a good response to the iron sucrose, with a median hemoglobin rise of 1.9–3.1 g/dl depending on the indication.ConclusionsParenteral iron is a safe and effective means to treat iron deficiency in children who cannot receive or do not respond to oral iron due to intolerance, poor adherence, or iron malabsorption. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:615–619. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved rapid detection of trypsin isoinhibitors using non‐denaturing polyacrylamide gels with immobilised azoalbumin
Authors: Alizadeh Hossein , Leung David W.M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIntroduction – Proteinaceous inhibitors of animal trypsin occur naturally as isoforms in seeds and some are of interest as antinutritional or anti‐pest agents.Objective – To establish a simplified electrophorectic, in‐gel method for rapid and direct detection of trypsin isoinhibitors present in crude plant extracts that are particularly suitable for many studies including rapid evaluation of cultivars.Methodology – Azoalbumin (3%, w/v) is immobilised in 7.5% polyacrylamide gels before electrophoresis under non‐denaturing conditions.Results – This improved method eliminates the need for both time‐consuming and labourious staining and destaining or renaturation steps.Conclusion – Immobilised azoalbumin in polyacrylamide gels, run under non‐denaturing electrophoresis conditions, can be used to assist rapid evaluation of trypsin isoinhibitors in numerous crude plant extracts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stratum‐specific positive predictive values of claims for acute pancreatitis among commercial health insurance plan enrollees with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Dore David D. , Chaudhry Saadia , Hoffman Clorinda , Seeger John D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPurposeTo estimate the positive predictive value (PPV) of claims for acute pancreatitis among initiators of antihyperglycemic drugs in commercial health insurance claims data.MethodsAs part of a systematic study of the occurrence of acute pancreatitis among antihyperglycemic drug initiators (N = 260 255) within a large US health insurer's claims database, we identified potential cases of acute pancreatitis and confirmed them through medical record review. Potential cases had an International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision diagnosis code for acute pancreatitis (577.0) associated with an inpatient or emergency department claim. We sought 860 medical records to confirm potential cases and received 585 (70%), which were reviewed by a clinical adjudication committee. We estimated the PPV and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of claims for these medical records and a subset that had the diagnosis code listed in the first position of an inpatient claim.ResultsThe PPV was 0.50 (95% CI 0.44−0.53) for an acute pancreatitis diagnosis code in any position and 0.60 (95% CI 0.55−0.65) if in the first position of an inpatient claim. The estimated PPV varied across strata defined by patient characteristics and was generally lower within strata where potential risk factors for acute pancreatitis were present.ConclusionsThese data indicate that health insurance claims‐based identification of acute pancreatitis might overestimate actual cases and introduce appreciable bias, usually toward the null. Further case confirmation or relative risk correction may be necessary to address potential bias. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient characteristics and process factors associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy in a nationwide sample of psychiatric inpatients in Italy
Authors: Santone Giovanni , Bellantuono Cesario , Rucci Paola , Picardi Angelo , Preti Antonio , de Girolamo Giovanni 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTPurposeThe present study investigated: (i) the rate of prescription of antipsychotic (AP) polypharmacy (APP) in a large, representative sample of psychiatric inpatients; and (ii) the relationship between APP prescription and the characteristics of patients and facilities.MethodsThe sample included 1022 psychiatric patients scheduled to be discharged from acute inpatient facilities with drug therapies including AP. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the treating physician or retrieved from patients' records through a standardized Patient Form. Patients were administered the 24‐item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Three indicators were used to describe the process of care in the facilities: a Restrictiveness score, a Standardization score, and a Treatment score. A multilevel mixed‐effect logistic regression was used to predict APP using patient and facility as the variables.ResultsAPP was prescribed to 333 (32.5%) patients, the most common patterns being a first‐generation and a second‐generation AP (n = 178, 17.6%) or of two first‐generation APs (n = 80, 7.8%). Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia and poorer insight into illness at admission were significantly more likely to receive APP. The availability of more complex therapeutic interventions in the facility was also associated with APP.ConclusionsIn our nationwide sample of psychiatric inpatients, APP was frequently prescribed to treat the more severe patients. However, it was also associated with process of care characteristics such as delivery of more complex therapeutic interventions, and was therefore not used only to control patient behavior. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do people regard cheaper medicines effective? Population survey on public opinion of generic substitution in Finland
Authors: Heikkilä Reeta , Mäntyselkä Pekka , Ahonen Riitta 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPurposeGeneric substitution (GS) is an important way to decrease medical costs. We aimed to study the opinions and attitudes of Finnish people about GS five years after it was introduced, the reasons for substituting and what people think about generic medicines.MethodsWe sent a postal survey to a random stratified population sample of 3000 Finnish people aged at least 18 years in 2008. The random sample was drawn from five mainland counties. The sampling was conducted by the Finnish Population Register Centre. The response rate was 62% (n = 1844) after exclusion of unobtainable addressees (n = 34).ResultsMost of the respondents (70.9%) considered GS a good law reform. However, there were many respondents who were unsure about their opinion (26.9%). The respondents also held the opinion that cheaper medicines are effective (80.9%) and that GS does not cause any risk to drug safety (84.9%). Most of the respondents (88.4%) who had substituted their medicines had not noticed any difference between the previously used and substituted medicines. Two main reasons for substituting were a desire to save money and recommendation by pharmacists. Of the respondents, 16.3% had experience with both substituting and refusing it. The percentage of the respondents who only had experience with refusing GS was 8.6%. Female gender, older age and use of prescription drugs were associated with refusing.ConclusionsFinnish people consider GS a good reform. They also have confidence in the effect of cheaper medicines. Savings are the main reason for accepting GS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Das Nahfeld‐Rasterwärmemikroskop
Authors: Kittel Achim , Hellmann David , Worbes Ludwig , Holthaus Martin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEvaneszente elektromagnetische Felder – Felder also, die an eine Oberfläche gebunden sind und exponentiell im angrenzenden Medium abklingen – üben schon lange eine große Faszination aus. Meist werden sie durch die interne Totalreflexion von eingestrahltem Licht erzeugt. Sie können jedoch auch durch Wärmebewegung von Ladungen in Festkörpern entstehen. Mit einem von uns an der Universität Oldenburg entwickelten Nahfeld‐Rasterwärmemikroskop lassen sich aus der Untersuchung dieser evaneszenten Felder bisher unzugängliche, lokale Eigenschaften des Festkörpers, wie die photonische Zustandsdichte, messen.
Ein Hammer aus Wasser. Spielwiese
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim , Ucke Christian 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEin luftdicht verschlossener, etwa zur Hälfte mit Wasser gefüllter Glaszylinder gibt ein erstaunlich hartes Geräusch von sich, wenn man ihn ruckartig auf und ab bewegt. Ursache hierfür ist ein schlagartig aufeinander folgendes Sieden und Kondensieren von Wasserdampf unter der Flüssigkeitssäule. Die in diesem Wasserhammer ablaufenden Vorgänge sind ebenso für das Hämmern einer Heizungsanlage wie für das Rauschen von siedendem Wasser verantwortlich.
Lichtmikroskopie unterhalb des Abbe‐Limits. Lokalisationsmikroskopie
Authors: Cremer Christoph 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEin Jahrhundert lang galt die von Ernst Abbe und Lord Rayleigh postulierte Grenze der lichtmikroskopischen Auflösung bei etwa 200 nm als unüberwindlich. Neue physikalische und optoelektronische Verfahren haben sie durchbrochen. Das ihnen zugrunde liegende Prinzip der Lokalisationsmikroskopie nutzt aus, dass näher zusammen liegende Lichtpunkte, etwa zur Fluoreszenz angeregte Moleküle, durch ihre unterschiedlichen spektralen Signaturen räumlich trennbar sind. Solche Signaturen können zum Beispiel verschiedene Fluoreszenzfarben sein oder zeitlich differierende und damit trennbare Fluoreszenzübergänge. Inzwischen sind mehrere Varianten experimentell realisiert. Diese Verfahren können mit sichtbarem Licht Nanostrukturen bis ins molekulare Detail abbilden. Dies gelingt zunehmend auch an lebenden Zellen.
Lung function and overweight in school aged children after early childhood wheezing
Authors: Sidoroff Virpi , Hyvärinen Mari , Piippo‐Savolainen Eija , Korppi Matti 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground and purposeRecently, obesity has been connected with wheezing, asthma and reduced lung function. Most previous studies have been cross‐sectional. The aim of the present follow‐up study was to evaluate the association of preceding or current overweight or obesity with lung function at early and late school age after early childhood wheezing.Material and methodsFrom the 100 children hospitalized for infection associated wheezing at <24 months of age, 83 attended the control visit at 4.0 years, 82 at 7.2 years and 81 at 12.3 years of age. Flow‐volume spirometry was performed in 79 children at 7.2 years and in 80 children at 12.3 years of age. The weight status was assessed by calculating body mass index (BMI) at all visits. Age‐ and gender‐specific BMI standard deviation scores (BMI–SDS) of >1.3 SD and >2.0 SD were defined to mean overweight and obesity, respectively.ResultsOverweight at both 7.2 and 12.3 years of age was associated with decreased FEV1/FVC (forced expiratory volume in 1 sec/forced vital capacity). Overweight and obesity at 7.2 years of age were associated with decreased FEV1/FVC and MEF50 (maximal expiratory flow at 50% of FVC) at 12.3 years of age. The results were similar by continuous and categorized analyses, being robust to adjustments for viral findings during early childhood wheezing and asthma maintenance medication at school age.ConclusionOverweight and obesity are significant risk factors for reduced lung function at school age after early childhood wheezing. Thus, early‐life wheezers should avoid excessive weight gain during childhood. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:435–441. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Race and asthma control in the pediatric population of hawaii
Authors: Wu Brian H. , Cabana Michael D. , Hilton Joan F. , Ly Ngoc P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectivesThe racially unique population of Hawaii has one of the highest prevalences of childhood asthma in America. We estimate the prevalence of impaired asthma control among asthmatic children in Hawaii and determine which factors are associated with impaired control.Patients and MethodsWe analyzed data from 477 asthmatic children living in Hawaii participating in the 2006–2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) Asthma Call‐Back Surveys. Impaired asthma control was modeled after 2007 National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors associated with impaired asthma control.ResultsChildren (53.8%) with asthma were either part or full Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. While 35.6% of asthmatic children met criteria for impaired asthma control, being part or full Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander was not associated with impaired control. Only 31.1% of children with impaired control reported the use of inhaled corticosteroids despite >80% having had a routine checkup for asthma in the past year and receipt of asthma education from a healthcare provider.ConclusionA large proportion of asthmatic children in Hawaii have impaired asthma control that does not appear to be associated with race but may be associated with inadequate pharmacologic therapy. While a significant percentage reported receiving routine asthma care and asthma education, a minority reported using inhaled corticosteroids. Reasons for this discrepancy between asthma assessment and treatment are unclear. However, additional education on part of the physician, community, and healthcare system are likely to improve management and reduce morbidity in this population. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:442–451. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complications of mechanical ventilation in the pediatric population
Authors: Principi Tania , Fraser Douglas D. , Morrison Gavin C. , Farsi Sami Al , Carrelas Jose F. , Maurice Elizabeth A. , Kornecki Alik 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundMechanical ventilation (MV) strategies are continuously evolving in an effort to minimize adverse events. The objective of this study was to determine the complications associated with MV in children.Study DesignProspective observational study. Over a period of 10 consecutive months, 150 patients (median age 0.8 years, IQR 4.4, 59% male) were enrolled in this study.ResultsThe median duration of MV was 3.1 days (IQR 3.9). A total of 85 complications were observed in 60 (40%) patients (114 complications per 1,000 ventilation days). 16.7% of patients developed atelectasis, 13.3% post‐extubation stridor, 9.3% failed extubation, 2.0% pneumothorax, 3.3% accidental extubation, 2.7% nasal or perioral tissue damage and 1.9% ventilator associated pneumonia. Atelectasis occurred most often in the left lower lobe (36%) or in the right upper lobe (26%). The incidence of atelectasis in children <1 year of age was 12% (31 episodes per 1,000 days of ventilation) compared to 18% (57 episodes per 1,000 days of ventilation) in children ≥1 year of age (P < 0.05). Patients that failed extubation were ventilated for a median of 8.5 (IQR 8.8) days compared to 2.9 days (IQR, 3.8) in patients that were successfully extubated (P < 0.01). The absence of an air leak prior to extubation did not correlate with failed extubation. Accidental extubation was limited to orally intubated patients.ConclusionMV complications occurred in 40% of patients and most often consisted of atelectasis and post‐extubation stridor. Further studies are needed to examine associated risk factors and strategies to reduce their occurrence. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2011; 46:452–457. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term home ventilation of children in Italy: A national survey
Authors: Racca F. , Berta G. , Sequi M. , Bignamini E. , Capello E. , Cutrera R. , Ottonello G. , Ranieri V.M. , Salvo I. , Testa R. , Wolfler A. , Bonati M. ,   on behalf of the “LTV Pediatric Italian Network”
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundImproved technology, as well as professional and parental awareness, enable many ventilator‐dependent children to live at home. However, the profile of this growing population, the quality and adequacy of home care, and patients' needs still require thorough assessment.ObjectivesTo define the characteristics of Italian children receiving long‐term home mechanical ventilation (HMV) in Italy.MethodsA detailed questionnaire was sent to 302 National Health Service hospitals potentially involved in the care of HVM in children (aged <17 years). Information was collected on patient characteristics, type of ventilation, and home respiratory care.ResultsA total of 362 HMV children was identified. The prevalence was 4.2 per 100,000 (95% CI: 3.8–4.6), median age was 8 years (interquartile range 4–14), median age at starting mechanical ventilation was 4 years (1–11), and 56% were male. The most frequent diagnostic categories were neuromuscular disorders (49%), lung and upper respiratory tract diseases (18%), hypoxic (ischemic) encephalopathy (13%), and abnormal ventilation control (12%). Medical professionals with nurses (for 62% of children) and physiotherapists (20%) participated in the patients' discharge from hospital, though parents were the primary care giver, and in 47% of cases, the sole care giver. Invasive ventilation was used in 41% and was significantly related to young age, southern regional residence, longer time spent under mechanical ventilation, neuromuscular disorders, or hypoxic (ischemic) encephalopathy.ConclusionsCare and technical assistance of long‐term HMV children need assessment, planning, and resources. A wide variability in pattern of HMV was found throughout Italy. An Italian national ventilation program, as well as a national registry, could be useful in improving the care of these often critically ill children. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:566–572. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.