bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Weil and Triple Weil Osteotomies in the Treatment of Propulsive Metatarsalgia
Authors: Pérez-Muñoz Israel , Escobar-Antón David , Sanz-Gómez Tomás Angel 
Published: July 2012

Background: The Weil and triple Weil osteotomy are widely used to treat third rocker metatarsalgia. The aim of this study was to analyze the results and complications of Weil and triple Weil osteotomy used for the treatment of third rocker metatarsalgia. Methods: This is a report of 82 patients who were operated due to third rocker metatarsalgia from March 2004 to May 2007. A total of 76 completed the study, 68 women and eight men, with a total of 93 operated feet, 52 right and 41 left (17 bilateral). The clinical results were evaluated using the AOFAS score for the assessment of lesser metatarsals and interphalangeal joints, and weightbearing lateral and AP foot X-ray for radiological evaluation. Results: The median AOFAS score was 90 (range, 34 to 100). We had good results in 80% and unsatisfactory in 20%. Prior to surgery 75 feet were index minus, but after all 81 feet were plus-minus. With regard to complications, we had serious recurrence of metatarsalgia in 4.3%, moderate stiffness in 60.2% (severe in one case), floating toes in 4.3% and delays in bone healing in 7.5%. Conclusion: We believe that Weil and triple Weil osteotomies are effective procedures in the treatment of third rocker metatarsalgia. We feel preoperative planning with tracing on the weightbearing AP radiographs is an essential step. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series Study
Precision of Targeting Device for Subtalar Screw Placement
Authors: Betz Michael , Wieser Karl , Vich Magdalena , Wirth Stephan Hermann , Espinosa Norman 
Published: July 2012

Background: When performing subtalar arthrodesis, proper screw placement is fundamental to provide primary stability and to help ensure bone healing. In inexperienced hands this step can be time-consuming and exposes surgeons and patients to radiation. By means of a targeting device these potential drawbacks and dangers could be reduced. It was hypothesized that a specifically designed targeting device would reduce radiation exposure while improving screw placement when compared with the conventional “free-hand” method. Methods: Twenty matched-pairs of cadaveric hindfoot specimens (Thiel fixation) were prepared for the purpose of the study. The specimens were randomly assigned into two groups consisting of 10 specimens each: in Group 1 screw placement was performed with the targeting device and in Group 2 screw placement was performed under fluoroscopic control. Screw placement was radiographically judged to be optimal, suboptimal and poor. An experienced, fellowship-trained foot and ankle surgeon and a resident, who had never done subtalar fusions performed the screw placements. Exposure to radiation was assessed by means of the dose area product given by the fluoroscope. Results: Optimal screw positioning was achieved in both groups in ten out of 20 specimens (Group 1, n = 5; Group 2, n = 5). Suboptimal screw placement was found in eight cases (Group 1, n = 4; Group 2, n = 4). There were two failures which occurred in fusions performed by the resident (Group 1, n = 1; Group 2, n = 1). Exposure to radiation was significantly reduced in Group 1 when compared with Group 2 (4.1cGy∗cm 2 versus 8.1cGy∗cm 2 ; p = 0.012). No lesion of neurovascular structures due to aiming device placement occurred in Group 1. Conclusion: A target-device for screw-placement did not provide a significant technical advantage but did result in less radiation exposure. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
The Combat Myth and the Gospel’s Apocalypse in the Harry Potter Series: Subversion of a Supposed Existential Given
Authors: Barber Peter John 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:There appear to be strong parallels between the Christian Gospels and Joanne Rowling’s Harry Potter series that have gone largely unnoticed in the literature to date surrounding the Potter phenomenon. Identification of these correspondences likely indicates that Rowling performed a fantastical representation of the Gospel in one of the most popular novel series ever written. René Girard’s anthropology of violence and religion is employed here to illuminate the shared content of battling ideologies. The similarities between these writings appear in the use of equivalent literary techniques by the respective writers: combat myth plot and imagery, subversive Hebrew-style parallelism known as the “reflection narrative,” and metaphors of consumption creating an abstract understanding of the psychosocial pursuit of life, all of which engage to form a polemic between two types of logic: violence and love.
Meme Splicing Genesis 6:1–4 and the Apocalypse of 2012
Authors: Thomas Paul 
Published: July 2012

Abstract: In the morass that has become year 2012 apocalyptic thought, there has emerged a group of authors who are linking the year 2012, Genesis 6:1–4, and cultural fears concerning genetic engineering. This article examines the manner in which various authors combine these seemingly disparate threads to argue that Genesis 6:1–4 is a record of devious ancient genetic engineering and that the Bible foretells a time when similar events will herald the coming apocalypse, thought by some to coincide with the year 2012. Looking at this literature as representative of a type of improvisational millennialism, this article examines the rhetorical devices used to make this argument.
Jouer au laboratoire. Le jeu vidéo à l'université (1962-1979)
Authors: Triclot Mathieu 
Published: July 2012

Résumé Le jeu à l’université ou dans les institutions d’enseignement constitue la première période de l’histoire des jeux vidéo. Celle-ci a été largement négligée par l’historiographie existante, en dehors de quelques cas exceptionnels comme Spacewar ou les jeux d’aventure en mode texte. L’objet de cet article est d’élaborer pour la première fois un catalogue des jeux universitaires. Il s’agit non seulement d’écrire une histoire des formes ludiques, mais aussi d’analyser le lien entre ces formes et leur contexte de production et d’exercice. Les jeux vidéo à l’université relèvent d’un « régime d’expérience » spécifique qui se caractérise par un rapport singulier au temps, à la simulation et au code.
Jouer aux jeux vidéo avec style. Pour une ethnographie des sociabilités vidéoludiques
Authors: Boutet Manuel 
Published: July 2012

Résumé Partant de trois terrains ethnographiques, l’article propose une observation rapprochée des pratiques de jeu vidéo. Dans l’activité de jeu, au fil des répétitions, se constituent des formes sociales, et plus précisément des styles de jeu. La répétition joue dans les jeux vidéo, comme dans de nombreuses formes populaires, un rôle central. Trois styles sont décrits, à travers leur genèse et leur mise en partage, afin de souligner la pluralité des voies ouvertes à la stylisation. La singularité de ces styles, qui émergent de l’exploration locale de ce qui fait un bon moment, peut laisser ceux qui les découvrent, quand ils paraissent dans l’espace public, surpris, indifférents, choqués, intéressés...
The Development of Benchmarking Techniques in Airport Performance Evaluation Research
Authors: Lai Po-Lin , Potter Andrew , Beynon Malcolm 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to further an understanding of the airport sector through a systematic analysis of the existing studies assessing the economic efficiency and productivity of the sector. A full review of journal papers from 1990 to 2011 was undertaken. The emphasis is on the measurement methodologies, the variables used, and the results associated with the various airport activities. Particular attention is given to the increased employment of mathematical modeling and advanced statistical analysis methods. However, this is also yielding an increasing set of inputs and outputs used for analysis, which can then influence the comparability between studies. As well as overall efficiency, two questions particularly emerge as being of interest for this research—the influence of airport size and ownership structure/governance on efficiency. However, current research does not provide a conclusive answer. A number of research opportunities are identified, including the necessity to more closely include the opinions of relevant stakeholders in order to improve the data analysis system and future research samples.
A Fiduciary Argument Against Stakeholder Theory
Authors: Marcoux Alexei M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:Critics attack normative ethical stakeholder theory for failing to recognize the special moral status of shareholders that justifies the fiduciary duties owed to them at law by managers. Stakeholder theorists reply that there is nothing morally significant about shareholders that can underwrite those fiduciary duties. I advance an argument that seeks to demonstrate both the special moral status of shareholders in a firm and the concomitant moral inadequacy of stakeholder theory. I argue that (i) if some relations morally require fiduciary duties, and (ii) the shareholder-manager relation possesses the features that make fiduciary duties morally necessary to those relations, then (iii) stakeholder theory is morally lacking.
Victims of Circumstances? A Defense of Virtue Ethics in Business
Authors: Solomon Robert C. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:Should the responsibilities of business managers be understood independently of the social circumstances and “market forces” that surround them, or (in accord with empiricism and the social sciences) are agents and their choices shaped by their circumstances, free only insofar as they act in accordance with antecedently established dispositions, their “character”? Virtue ethics, of which I consider myself a proponent, shares with empiricism this emphasis on character as well as an affinity with the social sciences. But recent criticisms of both empiricist and virtue ethical accounts of character deny even this apparent compromise between agency and environment. Here is an account of character that emphasizes dynamic interaction both in the formation and in the interplay between personal agency and responsibility on the one hand and social pressures and the environment on the other.
No Character or Personality
Authors: Harman Gilbert 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:Solomon argues that, although recent research in social psychology has important implications for business ethics, it does not undermine an approach that stresses virtue ethics. However, he underestimates the empirical threat to virtue ethics, and his a priori claim that empirical research cannot overturn our ordinary moral psychology is overstated. His appeal to seemingly obvious differences in character traits between people simply illustrates the fundamental attribution error. His suggestion that the Milgram and Darley and Batson experiments have to do with such character traits as obedience and punctuality cannot help to explain the relevant differences in the way people behave in different situations. His appeal to personality theory fails, because, as an intellectual academic discipline, personality theory is in shambles, mainly because it has been concerned with conceptions of personality rather than with what is true about personality. Solomon’s rejection of Doris’s claims about the fragmentation of character is at odds with the received view in social psychology. Finally, he is mistaken to think that rejecting virtue ethics implies rejecting free will and moral responsibility.
Does Lottery Advertising Exploit Disadvantaged and Vulnerable Markets?
Authors: Borg Mary O. , Stranahan Harriet A. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:Is it unethical to advertise lotteries? Many citizens think that states should not be actively promoting and encouraging the public to spend hard-earned dollars on a bet that they are virtually guaranteed to lose. Perhaps more importantly, business ethicists are concerned that lottery advertising may be targeting the most vulnerable markets: households with the lowest income and education levels. If this were true, then it would increase the already disproportionately large burden of lottery taxes on the poor. Fortunately, our research finds no evidence to support the contention that advertising is responsible for high rates of lottery participation and expenditures by lower income groups or that low-income groups are more affected by advertising than high-income groups. On the contrary, awareness of lottery advertising seems to be associated with a higher probability to play Lotto only for the middle income group. This means that lottery advertising may actually reduce the regressivity of lottery taxes.
In Defense of a Self-Disciplined, Domain-Specific Social Contract Theory of Business Ethics
Authors: Wempe Ben 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:This article sets out two central theses. Both theses primarily involve a fundamental criticism of current contractarian business ethics (CBE), but if these can be sustained, they also constitute two boundary conditions for any future contractarian theory of business ethics. The first, which I label the self-discipline thesis, claims that current CBE would gain considerably in focus if more attention were paid to the logic of the social contract argument. By this I mean the aims set by the theorist and method of reasoning by which normative conclusions are drawn in the contract model. The second, to which I refer as the domain-specificity thesis, argues that current CBE needs to be better adapted to its field of application and the specific goals which it aims to establish. I will substantiate these two theses on the basis of a comparative analysis of CBE with two earlier families of social contract theories.
Transforming our Students: Teaching Business Ethics Post-Enron
Authors: Koehn Daryl 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:Teachers and managers strive to be determining causes, leading those whom we instruct or supervise to act in some ways rather than others. If we are seeking to be causes, then we ought to admit our mission and monitor how well we are doing. Yet, instead of owning up to our failures, we hide behind claims such as “some students are unteachable because their habits are bad,” or “we have little time to affect our students who are being indoctrinated by other business school professors to believe that narrow self-interest does and should rule the world.” Perhaps it is we who have failed our students, not the reverse. Examining our business ethics pedagogy is crucial because regulation is not by itself going to prevent future scandals. This paper presents three structures for teaching business ethics in a liberal arts, transformative way. While no pedagogy comes with a guarantee, these approaches at least have the potential to transform students because they force students to have “some skin in the game.”
Bad Apples in Bad Barrels Revisited: Cognitive Moral Development, Just World Beliefs, Rewards, and Ethical Decision-Making
Authors: Ashkanasy Neal M. , Windsor Carolyn A. , Treviño Linda K. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:In this study, we test the interactive effect on ethical decision-making of (1) personal characteristics, and (2) personal expectancies based on perceptions of organizational rewards and punishments. Personal characteristics studied were cognitive moral development and belief in a just world. Using an in-basket simulation, we found that exposure to reward system information influenced managers’ outcome expectancies. Further, outcome expectancies and belief in a just world interacted with managers’ cognitive moral development to influence managers’ ethical decision-making. In particular, low-cognitive moral development managers who expected that their organization condoned unethical behavior made less ethical decisions while high cognitive moral development managers became more ethical in this environment. Low cognitive moral development managers also behaved less ethically when their belief in a just world was high.
From the Wright Brothers to Microsoft: Issues in the Moral Grounding of Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Lea David 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:This paper considers the arguments that could support the proposition that intellectual property rights as applied to software have a moral basis. Undeniably, ownership rights were first applied to chattels and land and so we begin by considering the moral basis of these rights. We then consider if these arguments make moral sense when they are extended to intellectual phenomenon. We identified two principal moral defenses: one based on utilitarian concerns relating to human welfare, the other appeals to issues of individual autonomy and private control. We conclude that intellectual property rights could not be defended from a moral perspective that emphasizes autonomy and individual control because copyright and patent restrict fundamental freedoms to transfer and redistribute one’s property. We also find it difficult to defend intellectual property in software from a utilitarian perspective because of the current structure of the market. We mention two characteristics of the software market that make it distinct and promote monopolistic conditions and excessive profit taking: the facility of replication, and the need for compatibility in operating systems. We conclude that there are good reasons to reverse the current market’s structure. We suggest three possible remedies. The government could rigorously enforce antitrust legislation, impose greater monitoring and price controls, or obviate the commercial aspect altogether by denying the application of intellectual property rights to software.
The Legacy Motive: A Catalyst for Sustainable Decision Making in Organizations
Authors: Fox Matthew , Tost Leigh Plunkett , Wade-Benzoni Kimberly A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:In this article, we review and build on intergenerational and behavioral ethics research to consider how the motive to build a lasting legacy can impact ethical behavior in intergenerational decision making. We discuss how people can utilize their relationships to organizations to craft their legacies. Further, we elucidate how the legacy motive can enhance business ethics, incorporating theory and empirical findings from research on intergenerational decision making, generativity, and terror management theory to develop the legacy construct and to outline the psychological underpinnings of motivations to leave a positive legacy. We discuss the ways in which legacies can provide a link between life-meaning and pro-social motivation, and we consider the ways in which individuals’ social environments can moderate the intensity of the legacy motive and can impact legacy-building behavior by determining the types of legacies that are valued. Finally, we highlight the implications of these ideas for ethical behavior and sustainable decision making in business contexts.
Exploitation and Sweatshop Labor: Perspectives and Issues
Authors: Snyder Jeremy 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:In this review, I survey theoretical accounts of exploitation in business, chiefly through the example of low wage or sweatshop labor. Labor of this kind is often described as self-evidently exploitative and immoral. But for defenders of sweatshops as the first rung on a ladder toward greater economic development, the charge that sweatshop labor is self-evidently exploitative is unconvincing. I aim to accomplish three tasks. First, I will provide an overview of the many different uses of the charge of exploitation in business practice through an examination of the uses of the term in the literature on sweatshop labor. Second, I will discuss which of these senses of exploitation are defensible as identifying clear moral wrongs that take place in the context of business and, specifically, sweatshop labor. Third, I will apply the lessons learned from my exploration of exploitation in sweatshop labor to other specific areas of business.
Do Ethical Leaders Get Ahead? Exploring Ethical Leadership and Promotability
Authors: Rubin Robert S. , Dierdorff Erich C. , Brown Michael E. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:Despite sustained attention to ethical leadership in organizations, scholarship remains largely descriptive. This study employs an empirical approach to examine the consequences of ethical leadership on leader promotability. From a sample of ninety-six managers from two independent organizations, we found that ethical leaders were increasingly likely to be rated by their superior as exhibiting potential to reach senior leadership positions. However, leaders who displayed increased ethical leadership were no more likely to be viewed as promotable in the near-term compared to those who displayed less ethical leadership. Our findings also show ethical culture and pressure to achieve results are important contextual factors that moderate the relationships between ethical leadership and leader promotability to senior leadership roles.
Transnational Corporations and the Duty to Respect Basic Human Rights
Authors: Arnold Denis G. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:In a series of reports the United Nations Special Representative on the issue of Human Rights and Transnational Corporations has emphasized a tripartite framework regarding business and human rights that includes the state “duty to protect,” the TNC “responsibility to respect,” and “appropriate remedies” for human rights violations. This article examines the recent history of UN initiatives regarding business and human rights and places the tripartite framework in historical context. Three approaches to human rights are distinguished: moral, political, and legal. It is argued that the tripartite framework’s grounding of the responsibility of TNCs to respect human rights is properly understood as moral and not merely as a political or legal duty. A moral account of the duty of TNCs to respect basic human rights is defended and contrasted with a merely strategic approach. The main conclusion of the article is that only a moral account of the basic human rights duties of TNCs provides a sufficiently deep justification of “the corporate responsibility to respect human rights” feature of the tripartite framework.
Business Ethics and (or as) Political Philosophy
Authors: Heath Joseph , Moriarty Jeffrey , Norman Wayne 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACT:There is considerable overlap between the interests of business ethicists and those of political philosophers. Questions about the moral justifiability of the capitalist system, the basis of property rights, and the problem of inequality in the distribution of income have been of central importance in both fields. However, political philosophers have developed, especially over the past four decades, a set of tools and concepts for addressing these questions that are in many ways quite distinctive. Most business ethicists, on the other hand, consider their field to be primarily a domain of applied ethics, and so adopt methods and conceptual frameworks developed by moral philosophers. In this paper, we discuss some of the salient differences between these two approaches, and suggest some ways in which business ethicists could benefit from taking a more “political philosophy” approach to these questions. Throughout, we underline the importance of seeking greater compatibility among the principles used in normative theorizing about markets, regulations, corporate governance, and business practices.