bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐linear relationship between 5‐HT transporter gene expression and frequency sensitivity of 5‐HT signals
Authors: Jennings Katie Ann , Lesch Klaus‐Peter , Sharp Trevor , Cragg Stephanie Jane 
Published: September 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 965–973.AbstractMuch evidence suggests that variation in expression of the 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) transporter (5‐HTT) is linked to risk of psychiatric illness, but the neurobiological basis of this association is uncertain. In this study, we investigated the impact of variation in 5‐HTT expression on subsecond fluctuations in extracellular 5‐HT concentrations ([5‐HT]o). Stimulus‐evoked [5‐HT]o was detected using fast‐scan cyclic voltammetry at carbon‐fibre microelectrodes in the substantia nigra in brain slices from 5‐HTT knockout (KO) and 5‐HTT over‐expressing (OE) mice. Compared with wild‐type (WT) controls, evoked [5‐HT]o was greater in KO and less in OE mice. In WT controls, evoked [5‐HT]o was frequency‐sensitive; however, in both KO and OE mice, evoked [5‐HT]o showed a striking loss of frequency sensitivity. The latter was observed in WT mice after application of a 5‐HTT blocker. These data show that while variation in 5‐HTT expression modified the peak magnitude of [5‐HT]o evoked by any given stimulus in a gene dose dependent manner, there was a non‐linear relationship between 5‐HTT expression and frequency sensitivity. Overall, the findings suggest that variation in 5‐HTT expression has a marked effect on frequency sensitivity which is a fundamental property of normal 5‐HT transmission.
Basic Science (32)
Authors: Oprée A. , Kress M. 
Published: September 2010

Involvement of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐alpha, IL‐1 beta, and IL‐6 but not IL‐8 in the development of heat hyperalgesia: effects on heat‐evoked calcitonin gene‐related peptide release from rat. (Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany) J Neurosci 2000;20:6289–6293.In this study, the rat skin model was used to investigate the effects of proinflammatory cytokines on the basal and heat‐evoked release of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CCRP) from nociceptors in vivo. In contrast to the excitatory effects of cytokines observed in vivo, none of the cytokines tested evoked any CCRP release at normal skin temperature of 32°C. However, the cytokines IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and IL‐6 but not IL‐8 induced a pronounced and transient sensitization of the heat‐evoked CGRP release from nociceptors in vitro. This heat sensitization was dose dependent, with EC50 for IL‐1β of 2.7 ng/mL and for TNF‐α of 3.1 ng/mL. The maximum IL‐1β effect reached almost 600% of the heat‐evoked release, and the maximum TNF‐α effect induced a rise in CGRP release of 350%. In contrast to IL‐1β and TNF‐α, IL‐6 did not induce heat sensitization when applied alone, but was only effective in the presence of soluble IL‐6 receptor. This suggests a constitutive expression of signaling receptors for TNF and IL‐1β and the signal transduction molecule gp 130, but not IL‐6 receptor or IL‐8 receptor. Furthermore, the acute cytokine signaling observed was independent of transcriptional pathways because sensitization occurred on short latency in vitro and under conditions that excluded chemotactic accumulation of immune cells from blood vessels. Conclude that interleukins may play an important role in the initiation of heat hyperalgesia in inflammation and neuropathy. Comment by Marshall Devor, PhD.Impulses in nociceptive afferents signal pain to a conscious brain, but in addition, they have an efferent, effector role in peripheral tissue. Specifically, impulses arriving at a sensory ending may cause the release of various peptides and other potential inflammatory mediators, affecting local tissue circulation and the trophic state of the tissue. Oprée and Kress show that specific cytokines can facilitate this release by lowering the temperature required to evoke release of the calcitonin gene‐related peptide. If the temperature required were lowered to basal tissue temperature, a real possibility, then the peptides would be released on a tonic basis at normal body temperature. This could be a mechanism for the disruption of normal tissue integrity in chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Treatment of Chronic Pain by Long‐Acting Opioids and the Effects on Sleep
Authors: Mystakidou Kyriaki , Clark A. John , Fischer Jürgen , Lam Annette , Pappert Karin , Richarz Ute 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChronic pain affects a substantial part of the population, and conveys a huge economic cost to society. Owing to its prevalence and adverse impact, it is of particular interest to clinicians, patients, and the pharmaceutical industry. Conversely, the effects of pain on sleep, sleep on pain, and opioid analgesics on sleep represent a large gap in our understanding, even though pain and sleep are closely linked, inter‐related conditions. Chronic pain is often treated by opioid analgesics, which are often thought to promote restful sleep. Indeed it may be assumed that by relieving pain, sleep quality will improve concomitantly. In fact, the reality is much more complicated. The effects of opioids vary according to their formulation and duration of action, and have diverse effects on sleep processes. Despite the prevalence of this problem, there is a surprising paucity of data on the effects of opioids on sleep. This review attempts to summarize the links between pain and sleep, and to look at the studies with opioid analgesics, particularly those with extended‐release formulations, that have investigated the effects of opioid analgesics on sleep.
How Smart Is Smart Money? A Two‐Sided Matching Model of Venture Capital
Authors: SØRENSEN MORTEN 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTI find that companies funded by more experienced VCs are more likely to go public. This follows both from the direct influence of more experienced VCs and from sorting in the market, which leads experienced VCs to invest in better companies. Sorting creates an endogeneity problem, but a structural model based on a two‐sided matching model is able to exploit the characteristics of the other agents in the market to separately identify and estimate influence and sorting. Both effects are found to be significant, with sorting almost twice as important as influence for the difference in IPO rates.
U.S. Banking Deregulation, Small Businesses, and Interstate Insurance of Personal Income
Authors: DEMYANYK YULIYA , OSTERGAARD CHARLOTTE , SØRENSEN BENT E. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWe estimate the effects of deregulation of U.S. banking restrictions on interstate personal income insurance for the period 1970 to 2001. Interstate income insurance occurs when personal income reacts less than one‐to‐one to state‐specific output shocks. We find that insurance improved after banking deregulation, with a larger effect in states where small businesses are more important and on proprietors' income than on other components of personal income. Our explanation centers on the role of banks as a prime source of small business finance and on the close intertwining of the personal and business finances of small business owners.
Adaptive Traders and the Design of Financial Markets
Authors: POUGET SEBASTIEN 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper studies a financial market populated by adaptive traders. Learning is modeled followingCamerer and Ho (1999). A call market and a Walrasian tatonnement are compared in an environment in which both institutions have the same Nash and competitive equilibrium outcomes. When traders learn via a belief‐based model, equilibrium is discovered in both types of markets. In contrast, when traders learn via a reinforcement‐based model, convergence to equilibrium is achieved in the Walrasian tatonnement but not in the call market. This paper suggests that market mechanisms can be designed to foster traders' learning of equilibrium strategies.
Heterogeneous Beliefs, Speculation, and the Equity Premium
Authors: DAVID ALEXANDER 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAgents with heterogeneous beliefs about fundamental growth do not share risks perfectly but instead speculate with each other on the relative accuracy of their models' predictions. They face the risk that market prices move more in line with the trading models of competing agents than with their own. Less risk‐averse agents speculate more aggressively and demand higher risk premiums. My calibrated model generates countercyclical consumption volatility, earnings forecast dispersion, and cross‐sectional consumption dispersion. With a risk aversion coefficient less than one, agents' speculation causes half the observed equity premium and lowers the riskless rate by about 1%.
Which Money Is Smart? Mutual Fund Buys and Sells of Individual and Institutional Investors
Authors: KESWANI ANEEL , STOLIN DAVID 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTGruber (1996) and Zheng (1999) report that investors channel money toward mutual funds that subsequently perform well. Sapp and Tiwari (2004) find that this “smart money” effect no longer holds after controlling for stock return momentum. While prior work uses quarterly U.S. data, we employ a British data set of monthly fund inflows and outflows differentiated between individual and institutional investors. We document a robust smart money effect in the United Kingdom. The effect is caused by buying (but not selling) decisions of both individuals and institutions. Using monthly data available post‐1991 we show that money is comparably smart in the United States.
Price Volatility and Investor Behavior in an Overlapping Generations Model with Information Asymmetry
Authors: WATANABE MASAHIRO 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper studies an overlapping generations model with multiple securities and heterogeneously informed agents. The model produces multiple equilibria, including highly volatile equilibria that can exhibit strong or weak correlations between asset returns—even when asset supplies and future dividends are uncorrelated across assets. Less informed agents rationally behave like trend‐followers, while better informed agents follow contrarian strategies. Trading volume has a hump‐shaped relation with information precision and is positively correlated with absolute price changes. Finally, accurate information increases the volatility and correlation of stock returns in the highly volatile, strongly correlated equilibrium.
The Demise of Investment Banking Partnerships: Theory and Evidence
Authors: MORRISON ALAN D. , WILHELM WILLIAM J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn 1970 the New York Stock Exchange relaxed rules that prohibited the public incorporation of member firms. Investment banking concerns went public in waves, with Goldman Sachs the last of the bulge bracket banks to float. We explain the pattern of investment bank flotations. We argue that partnerships foster the formation of human capital and we use technological advances that undermine the role of human capital to explain the partnership's going‐public decision. We support our theory using a new data set of investment bank partnership statistics.
INNOVATION IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE, 1969‐1981: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Cannon Mork W. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTInnovation in judicial administration has proceeded slowly for many reasons. The attitudes of judges not‐inclined by training toward management, the tradition of Judicial independence, and the separation of powers are examined as contributing factors inhibiting judicial modernization. Federal Judicial reform has defended historically upon the leadership of a Chief Justine of the United State? willing to use the office to dramatize and promote the issues. The most recent period of dramatic change in judicial administration, from 1969‐1981, is reviewed with a focus upon the strategies for change employed by Chief Justice Warren E, Burger.
ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR ORGANIZATION OF STATE COURT SYSTEMS*
Authors: Baar Carl , Henderson Thomna A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe dominant theme in court reorganization has been to state judiciaries by consolidating trial courts and centralizing their administration in a state level office. This article suggests that the debate over the relative merits of a centralized vs. a decentralized (or fragmented) court system ignores the rich variety of organizational structures used in other fields. The potential judicial implications of three models‐franchise, corporate, and federal‐are examined in detail. Their underlying assumptions are compared with those of the centralization approach. The argument is made that none of the models is appropriate for all circumstances. Each approach to court organization emphasizes a particular set of objectives at the expense of another set. An effort is made to identify what each approach has to offer.
Survival with short‐daily hemodialysis: Association of time, site, and dose of dialysis
Authors: KJELLSTRAND Carl , BUONCRISTIANI Umberto , TING George , TRAEGER Jules , PICCOLI Giorgina B. , SIBAI‐GALLAND Roula , YOUNG Bessie A. , BLAGG Christopher R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn thrice‐weekly hemodialysis, survival correlates with the length of time (t) of each dialysis and the dose (Kt/V), and deaths occur most frequently on Mondays and Tuesdays. We studied the influence of t and Kt/V on survival in 262 patients on short‐daily hemodialysis (SDHD) and also noted death rate by weekday. Contingency tables, Kaplan‐Meier analysis, regression analysis, and stepwise Cox proportional hazard analysis were used to study the associations of clinical variables with survival. Patients had been on SDHD for a mean of 2.1 (range 0.1–11) years. Mean dialysis time was 12.9 ± 2.3 h/wk and mean weekly stdKt/V was 2.7 ± 0.5. Fifty‐two of the patients died (20%) and 8‐year survival was 54 ± 5%. In an analysis of 4 groups by weekly dialysis time, 5‐year survival continuously increased from 45 ± 8% in those dialyzing <12 hours to 100% in those dialyzing >15 hours without any apparent threshold. There was no association between Kt/V and survival. In Cox proportional hazard analysis, 4 factors were independently associated with survival: age in years Hazard Ratio (HR)=1.05, weekly dialysis hours HR=0.84, home dialysis HR=0.50, and secondary renal disease HR=2.30. Unlike conventional HD, no pattern of excessive death occurred early in the week during SDHD. With SDHD, longer time and dialysis at home were independently associated with improved survival, while Kt/V was not. Homedialysis and dialysis 15+ h/wk appear to maximize survival in SDHD.
Modulation of the Antigenic Phenotype of Human Melanoma Cells by Differentiation‐inducing and Growth‐suppressing Agents
Authors: Guarini Ludovico , Graham Gray M. , Jiang Hongping , Ferrone Soldano , Zucker Shoshanna , Fisher Paul B. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryTumor cells often display alterations in their normal program of cellular differentiation. A promising approach for the treatment of cancer involves the induction of terminal differentiation and a loss of proliferative capacity in cancer cells. In human melanoma cells, the combination of mezerein (MEZ) and fibroblast interferon (IFN‐β), results in a rapid and irreversible suppression of cell growth with a concomitant increase in the synthesis of melanin. The induction of terminal differentiation is associated with alterations in the expression of several cellular genes, including fibronectin, ISG‐15 and ISG‐54, and changes in the expression of specific cell surface antigens, including intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and HLA Class I antigens. In the HO‐1 human melanoma cell line, induction of terminal differentiation by MEZ plus IFN‐β results in an induction and/or increased expression of ICAM‐1. HLA Class I antigens and HLA Class II antigens. IFN‐β and MEZ alone can modulate expression of these antigens to a lower extent than does the combination of compounds. Induction of terminal differentiation and the irreversible suppression of cell growth is not a prerequisite for antigenic modulation in HO‐1 cells. This is indicated by the inability of immune interferon (IFN‐γ), a strong inducer of ICAM‐1, HLA Class I antigens and HLA Class II antigens synthesis, or the combination of IFN‐β plus IFN‐γ which synergistically but reversibly suppresses HO‐1 growth. to induce melanin synthesis or terminal differentiation in HO‐1 cells. The inhibitor of protein kinase C, H‐7, only marginally alters 72 hr growth suppression induced by MEZ or the interferons, used alone or in combination. In several experiments, H‐7 only partially and variably inhibited the enhanced expression of ICAM‐1, HLA Class I antigens and HLA Class II antigens in HO‐1 cells treated with MEZ. IFN‐β or IFN‐γ, used alone or in various combinations. This model system will be useful in defining the biochemical, genomic and antigenic changes associated with the chemical induction of terminal differentiation and the loss of proliferative capacity in human melanoma cells.
Neurogenic dysregulation, oxidative stress, autoimmunity, and melanocytorrhagy in vitiligo: can they be interconnected?
Authors: Namazi M. R. 
Published: September 2010

SummarySeveral hypotheses have been proposed to explain vitiligo, including the neural theory, impaired redux status, autoimmunity, and more recently melanocytorrhagy arising from defective cell‐cell adhesion. It is most likely that the loss of melanocytes in vitiligo arises through a combination of pathogenic mechanisms that act in concert. Here, we discuss the potential interconnection of several mechanisms that are likely to operate. These include the alteration of melanocyte‐specific factors by reactive oxygen species to produce neo‐antigens and the role of hypoxia and oxidative stress in antigen presentation and the auto‐immune destruction of melanocytes.
Cystine calculi I in the dog: an epidemiological retrospective study
Authors: Wallerström B. I. , Wågberg T. I. , Lagergren C. H. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTDuring 1970 to 1990, 134 cases of obstructive cystine calculi were diagnosed in Sweden; it was estimated that at least two out of 10,000 male dogs in Sweden had this condition. The disease was found especially in the dachshund, basset hound and Welsh corgi (0–2 to 04 per cent). The study showed that obstructive cystine calculi occur in male dogs of all ages, but not in females or pups. Most cases (53 per cent) were detected at the age of three to five years. Recurrence was common (38 per cent), but was rare in older dogs. Eight dogs which originally had cystine calculi suffered recurrent stones consisting of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Surgery was performed in 40 per cent for the first time (n=122) during the first quarter of the year and in 71 per cent during January to July. Since this condition affects only male dogs after sexual maturity, it was assumed that the formation of cystine calculi involved the sex hormone(s).
Successful treatment of two cases of metaphyseal osteomyelitis in the dog
Authors: Dunn J. K. , Dennis R. , Houlton J. E. F. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper describes two cases of metaphyseal osteomyelitis in young dogs. The condition was characterised by generalised stiffness, muscle atrophy and reluctance to stand. Pain was evident on deep palpation of the distal extremities of long bones. Radiographic lesions, consisting of diffuse areas of bone lysis and pronounced periosteal reaction, were demonstrated in the metaphyseal regions of multiple long bones, particularly the distal radii and ulnae. Growth plates appeared unaffected and remained open. Biochemical abnormalities included significant increases in the plasma concentrations of fibrinogen and alkaline phosphatase. A pronounced neutrophilia and absolute monocytosis were noted in one dog. A six week course of amoxycil‐lin/clavulanic acid in combination with metronidazole resulted in complete resolution of clinical and radiographic signs in each case. Growth disturbances were not observed.
Patellar luxation in 70 large breed dogs
Authors: Gibbons S. E. , Macias C. , Tonzing M. A. , Pinchbeck G. L. , McKee W. M. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:To report the signalment, history, clinical features, and outcome in dogs weighing greater than 15 kg, treated surgically and non‐surgically for patellar luxation. Risk factors for the development of patellar luxation, postoperative complications, and outcome were evaluated.Methods:Details regarding signalment, bodyweight, breed, aetiology, unilateral or bilateral luxation, duration of lameness, grade of luxation, direction of luxation, grade of lameness at presentation, concomitant cranial cruciate ligament rupture, method of treatment, surgical technique, surgeon, and complications were obtained from the medical records. Outcome was graded as excellent, good, fair, or poor, according to the degree of lameness.Results:Seventy dogs (45 males and 25 females) were included. Thirty‐five had bilateral luxations (105 limbs). Mean age was two years, and mean weight was 30 kg. The relative risk for Labrador retrievers was 3·3 (P<0·001). All luxations were developmental. Luxations were medial in 102 stifles and lateral in three. Fourteen stifles had concomitant cranial cruciate ligament rupture. As the grade of patellar luxation increased, so did the grade of lameness (P<0·001). Surgery was performed in 70 stifles, and outcome was excellent/good in 94 per cent and fair/poor in 6 per cent of stifles. Complications occurred in 29 per cent of stifles, and increasing bodyweight was found to be a risk factor (P=0·03). Thirty‐five stifles were managed non‐surgically, and outcome was excellent/good in 86 per cent and fair/poor in 14 per cent of stifles.ClinicalSignificance:In view of the potential risk of postoperative complications, all surgically treated cases of patellar luxation in large breed dogs should be managed with a femoral trochleoplasty, a tibial tuberosity transposition (stabilised with K‐wires and a tension band wire), and soft tissue releasing and tightening procedures.
Heart failure is common in diabetic cats: findings from a retrospective case‐controlled study in first‐opinion practice
Authors: Little C. J. L. , Gettinby G. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:To study the prognosis and cause of death in cats with diabetes mellitus.Methods:Twenty consecutive cases of feline diabetes mellitus diagnosed in first‐opinion practice were followed. Three control cats, without diabetes, were matched to each case of diabetes; these were also followed.Results:One Somali cat with diabetes could not be matched, so complete data analysis considered only 19 diabetics and 57 matched controls. Death occurred in 14 of 20 diabetics and 23 of 57 controls although one control cat was eventually lost to follow‐up. Heart disease and heart failure led to death in six diabetic cats. One of these was the non‐matched Somali; nevertheless, the death rate from heart disease in the diabetics was five of 19 compared with two of 57 in controls. The relative risk of heart failure in diabetic cats was 10·4 times that of the controls; this difference in rates was statistically significant. Survival amongst diabetics was significantly worse than for controls. For the control cats median survival was 718 days after the index visit, whereas for the diabetic cases median survival was 385 days after diagnosis.ClinicalSignificance:Heart disease and failure are common in diabetic cats. This observation deserves further attention.