bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitigating by‐catch of diamondback terrapins in crab pots
Authors: Hart Kristen M. , Crowder Larry B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChronic by‐catch of diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) in blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) pots is a concern for terrapin conservation along the United States Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. Despite the availability of by‐catch reduction devices (BRDs) for crab pots, adoption of BRDs has not been mandated and by‐catch of terrapins continues. We conducted experimental fishing studies in North Carolina's year‐round blue crab fishery from 2000 to 2004 to evaluate the ability of various BRDs to reduce terrapin by‐catch without a concomitant reduction in the catch of blue crabs. In 4,822 crab pot days fished, we recorded only 21 terrapin captures. Estimated capture rates were 0.003 terrapins/pot per day in hard crab experimental fishing and 0.008 terrapins/pot per day in peeler experimental fishing. All terrapin captures occurred from April to mid‐May within 321.4 m of the shoreline. Longer soak times produced more dead terrapins, with 4 live and 4 dead during hard crab experimental fishing and 11 live and 2 dead during peeler experimental fishing. The 4.0‐cm BRDs in fall and 4.5‐cm and 5.0‐cm BRDs in spring reduced the catch of legal‐sized male hard crabs by 26.6%, 21.2%, and 5.7%, respectively. Only the 5.0‐cm BRDs did not significantly affect the catch of legal‐sized hard male crabs. However, BRDs had no measurable effect on catch of target crabs in the peeler crab fishery. Our results identify 3 complementary and economically feasible tools for blue crab fishery managers to exclude terrapins from commercially fished crab pots in North Carolina: 1) gear modifications (e.g., BRDs); 2) distance‐to‐shore restrictions; and 3) time‐of‐year regulations. These measures combined could provide a reduction in terrapin by‐catch of up to 95% without a significant reduction in target crab catch. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Survival and detectability bias of avian fence collision surveys in sagebrush steppe
Authors: Stevens Bryan S. , Reese Kerry P. , Connelly John W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe used female ring‐necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) carcasses as surrogates for greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) to study factors influencing survival and detection bias associated with avian fence collision surveys in southern Idaho, USA, during spring 2009. We randomly placed 50 pheasant carcasses on each of 2 study areas, estimated detection probability during fence‐line surveys, and monitored survival and retention of carcasses and their associated sign over a 31‐day period. Survival modeling suggested site and habitat features had little impact on carcass survival, and constant survival models were most supported by the data. Model averaged carcass daily survival probability was low on both study areas and ranged from 0.776 to 0.812. Survival of all carcass sign varied strongly by location, and the top sign survival model included a site effect parameter. Model averaged daily survival probability for collision sign on the 2 study sites ranged from 0.863 to 0.988 and varied between sites. Logistic regression modeling indicated detection probability of carcasses during fence‐line surveys for avian collision victims was influenced by habitat type and microsite shrub height at the carcass location. Carcasses located in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) habitats were detected at a lower rate (0.36) than carcasses in little (A. arbuscula) and black sagebrush (A. nova) habitats (0.71). Increasing shrub height at the carcass location from the little sagebrush mean of 16.5 cm to the big sagebrush mean of 36.0 cm reduced detection probability by approximately 30%. Avian fence collision surveys in sagebrush‐steppe habitats should be conducted at ≤2‐week sampling intervals to reduce the impact of survival bias on collision rate estimates. Two‐week sampling intervals may be too long in areas with low carcass and sign survival, therefore survival rates should be estimated on all study areas to determine the appropriate sampling interval duration. Researchers should be aware of the effects of local vegetation on detection probabilities, and methods to correct detection probabilities based on collision site attributes should be applied to ensure more accurate collision rate estimates. Additionally, caution should be used when aggregating or comparing uncorrected collision data from areas with differing vegetation, as detection probabilities are likely different between sites. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Bayesian adaptive survey protocols for resource management
Authors: Halstead Brian J. , Wylie Glenn D. , Coates Peter S. , Casazza Michael L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTransparency in resource management decisions requires a proper accounting of uncertainty at multiple stages of the decision‐making process. As information becomes available, periodic review and updating of resource management protocols reduces uncertainty and improves management decisions. One of the most basic steps to mitigating anthropogenic effects on populations is determining if a population of a species occurs in an area that will be affected by human activity. Species are rarely detected with certainty, however, and falsely declaring a species absent can cause improper conservation decisions or even extirpation of populations. We propose a method to design survey protocols for imperfectly detected species that accounts for multiple sources of uncertainty in the detection process, is capable of quantitatively incorporating expert opinion into the decision‐making process, allows periodic updates to the protocol, and permits resource managers to weigh the severity of consequences if the species is falsely declared absent. We developed our method using the giant gartersnake (Thamnophis gigas), a threatened species precinctive to the Central Valley of California, as a case study. Survey date was negatively related to the probability of detecting the giant gartersnake, and water temperature was positively related to the probability of detecting the giant gartersnake at a sampled location. Reporting sampling effort, timing and duration of surveys, and water temperatures would allow resource managers to evaluate the probability that the giant gartersnake occurs at sampled sites where it is not detected. This information would also allow periodic updates and quantitative evaluation of changes to the giant gartersnake survey protocol. Because it naturally allows multiple sources of information and is predicated upon the idea of updating information, Bayesian analysis is well‐suited to solving the problem of developing efficient sampling protocols for species of conservation concern. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Image‐guided endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea by the bath plug grafting technique
Authors: Saleh Hazem , Bahkaly Sameer Al 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Several techniques of endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea were prescribed. Defect localization was mandatory for all.Study Design:Prospective study.Methods:A prospective study was conducted on nonaccidental CSF rhinorrhea. The sensitivity and specificity of image‐guided navigation in localizing the defect were studied. The feasibility and reliability of the bath plug technique in repairing the defect were assessed. Six cases were included.Results:CFS rhinorrhea was spontaneous in four and iatrogenic in two. Two defects were in the fovea ethmoidalis, two in the cribriform plate, and two in the sphenoid. The repairing graft was successfully positioned in five cases. In one case a sphenoid obliteration was done. Image‐guided navigation proved useful in localizing the defect with a sensitivity and specificity of 100%. All patients were available for follow‐up (mean = 19 months). The overall success rate was 83%, and the mean number of surgeries per patient was one.Conclusions:The bath plug was feasible for repairing the anterior skull base defects but not for all the sphenoid defects. It proved reliable as a single management in cases with normal intracranial pressure. The image‐guided navigation overrides, in sensitivity and specificity, other methods of localization of the anterior skull base defects.
Description of the nanostructured morphology of [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) by XRD, DSC and solid‐state NMR
Authors: Mens Raoul , Chambon Sylvain , Bertho Sabine , Reggers Guy , Ruttens Bart , D'Haen Jan , Manca Jean , Carleer Robert , Vanderzande Dirk , Adriaensens Peter 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPCBM or [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester is nowadays still one of the most successful electron acceptors for plastic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic devices. In this study, a set of complementary techniques, i.e. solid‐state NMR, XRD and DSC, is proposed as a fast and sensitive tool to screen the morphology of PCBM specimens with different preparation histories. Based on proton NMR relaxation decay time values, an interval can be derived that situates the average crystal dimensions and which can further be refined on the basis of XRD patterns and DSC thermograms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bimodality Criterion for the Chemical Composition Distribution of Ethylene/1‐Olefin Copolymers: Theoretical Development and Experimental Validation
Authors: Narkchamnan Kanyanut , Anantawaraskul Siripon , Soares João B.P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEthylene/1‐olefin copolymers with controlled bimodal molecular weight distributions (MWDs) and chemical composition distributions (CCDs) have improved mechanical and rheological properties. In this work, the Stockmayer's distribution was used to develop a criterion for CCD bimodality. The proposed criterion was validated theoretically using simulation data and experimentally using crystallization analysis fractionation (CRYSTAF) and crystallization elution fractionation (CEF) of ethylene/1‐octene copolymer blends. The effect of mass fraction and number average molecular weight of copolymer produced with each metallocene catalyst on CCD bimodality was also examined. The proposed criterion was then used as a benchmark for describing cocrystallization effects in both CRYSTAF and CEF techniques. magnified image
Synthesis and properties of oxetane‐based polysiloxanes used for cationic UV curing coatings
Authors: Zhan Fu , Cheng Xi‐e , Shi Wenfang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe polysiloxanes end‐capped with oxetane group (PSiO‐H and PSiO‐L) were synthesized via hydrosilylation reaction based on α,ω‐dihydrogen‐terminated polydimethylsiloxanes with a higher (0.23%, PDSi‐H) and lower (0.12%, PDSi‐L) hydrogen amount. The molecular structures were characterized by FT‐IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The polysiloxanes were added into a commercial oxetane‐based resin, 3,3′‐(oxydi(methylene)) bis(3‐ethyloxetane) (DOX), as an additive to prepare a series of cationic UV curable formulations. The photo‐DSC results showed that the maximum photopolymerization rate decreased while the oxetane conversion increased with the polysiloxane content increasing. The surface hydrophobic property of cured films was improved having the water contact angles of 97° and 99° compared with 82° of the cured DOX film with only 1 wt% PSiOs, respectively. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis results showed that both the storage modulus on the rubbery plateau region and the glass transition temperature decreased with increasing PSiO‐H loading. Moreover, the decrease became more obvious as PSiO‐L was added instead of PSiO‐H due to its lower concentration of oxetane group. The thermal stability of cured films was enhanced by the addition of PSiOs from the thermogravimetric analysis. And the DOX/PSiO‐H film possessed higher thermal degradation temperatures than DOX/PSiO‐L film. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of the number of multiple prescribers for opioids utilizing data from the California Prescription Monitoring Program
Authors: Wilsey Barth L. , Fishman Scott M. , Gilson Aaron M. , Casamalhuapa Carlos , Baxi Hassan , Lin Tzu‐Chun , Li Chin‐Shang 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTBackgroundPrescription monitoring programs scrutinize the prescribing of controlled substances to diminish the utilization of multiple prescribers (aka. “doctor shopping”). The use of multiple prescribers is not a problem per se and can be legitimate, as when the patient's regular physician is not available or a concurrent painful condition is being cared for by a different practitioner.PurposeThe primary objective of this study was to determine if those patients who used a few prescribers (two to five) in a 1‐year period were distinguishable from those who used only one prescriber.MethodsWe performed a secondary data analysis of the California Prescription Monitoring Program, the Controlled Substance Utilization Review and Evaluation System, by using data collected during 1999–2007.ResultsThe group who used a few providers (two to five) differed substantially from those who visited one provider over a 1‐year period. However, the dissimilarity did not suggest that these patients were more prone to the abuse of opioids.ConclusionsThe decision not to investigate patients who visit a low number of multiple prescribers (two to five) appears to be justifiable. If the number of providers in a given period of time is used to determine if a patient should be challenged as being a “doctor shopper,” cutoffs with high specificity (low false‐positive rates) should be chosen. Further epidemiologic research is needed to determine the association of the number of prescribers and misuse and/or abuse of opioids. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conduction behavior in ionic liquids assisted electrodeposited polypyrrole layers
Authors: Ahmad Shahzada , Deepa M. , Sen Vikram , Kazim Samrana , Agarwal S. K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe electropolymerization of pyrrole in ionic liquid media was carried out to produce an adherent, uniform, and durable polypyrrole (PPy) films with enhanced electrical properties. A threefold increase in the conductivity value can be attained with the selective choice of polymerizing media and ambient temperature dc conductivity value of 43, 15, and 13 S cm−1 for films grown in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(perfluoroethanesulfonyl)imide, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium triflate and in lithium triflate in acetonitrile respectively. The corresponding localization lengths were found to be 17, 33, and 48 nm indicate that carriers are strongly localized. At low temperature, all three types of PPy films show metallic type behavior. Though transition is observed above 200 K for all the three films, the charge transport mechanism remains unaltered at higher temperatures for the films grown in ionic liquids, while the film grown in lithium triflate in acetonitrile assumes a three‐dimensional variable range hopping conduction behavior. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Laser transfer doping for contacting n‐type crystalline Si solar cells
Authors: Ferré Rafel , Gogolin Ralf , Müller Jens , Harder Nils‐Peter , Brendel Rolf 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe demonstrate laser transfer doping (LTD) for producing locally doped regions in surface passivated Silicon wafers. A pulsed laser transfers phosphorus‐doped amorphous silicon from a carrier glass to a surface passivated silicon wafer. We employ this process for producing local high‐low junctions for the formation of n+–n back surface field layers that are contacted with Al. The contact's surface recombination velocities and the contact resistances depend on the laser processing and annealing conditions. They range from Scont = 20 to 1500 cm s−1 and from Rcont = 1 to 1000 mΩ cm2, respectively. The combination of acceptable contact resistance and low recombination velocities makes the LTD technique suitable for the formation of the rear contacts of n‐type high‐efficiency solar cells. The simplicity of the process makes it a candidate for industrial production.
Calculations of quasi‐particle spectra of semiconductors under pressure
Authors: Christensen N. E. , Svane A. , Cardona M. , Chantis A. N. , Laskowski R. , van Schilfgaarde M. , Kotani T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDifferent approximations in calculations of electronic quasi‐particle states in semiconductors are compared and evaluated with respect to their validity in predictions of optical properties. The quasi‐particle self‐consistent GW (QSGW) approach yields values of the band gaps which are close to experiments and represents a significant improvement over “single‐shot” GW calculations using local density approximation (LDA) start wavefunctions. The QSGW approximation is compared to LDA bands for a wide‐gap material (CuAlO2) and materials with very small gaps, PbX (X = S, Se, and Te). For wide‐gap materials QSGW overestimates the gaps by 0.3–0.8 eV, an error which is ascribed to the omission of “vertex corrections.” This is confirmed by calculations of excitonic effects, by solving the Bethe‐Salpeter equation. The LDA error in predicting the binding energy of the Cu‐3d states is examined and the QSGW and LDA + U approximations are compared. For PbX the spin‐orbit coupling is included, and it is shown that although LDA gives a reasonable magnitude of the gap at L, only QSGW predicts the correct order of the ${\rm L}_{6}^{ + } $ and ${\rm L}_{6}^{{-} } $ states and thus the correct sign (negative) of the gap pressure coefficient. The pressure‐induced gap closure leads to linear (Dirac‐type) band dispersions around the L point.
Blends of PP/PE co‐octene for modified atmosphere packaging applications
Authors: Acosta Mariela N. , Ercoli Daniel R. , Goizueta Graciela S. , Lozano Jorge E. , Capiati Numa J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe aim of this work was to obtain films of polypropylene (PP)/polyethylene co‐octene (POE) blends and study the influence of their composition and mixing conditions on final morphology and ultimate properties (thermal, mechanical, oxygen and water vapour transmission rates).Scanning electron microscopy showed segregation of POE domains in the PP matrix. Thermal analysis indicated that the addition of POE modified neither the melting temperature nor the crystallinity of PP in the pressed films. It was found that permeabilities of films were mainly related to POE content rather than morphological features. For the maximum POE concentration used (40%), the oxygen permeability increased up to ∼100% from that of neat PP. A similar trend was found for water vapour permeability. Rigidity of blends dropped significantly with the addition of POE although their ductility slightly increased when compared to pure PP. No significant effect of blend preparation conditions on these properties was found. Mechanical and permeability characteristics of films make them very attractive to be used for MAP of fresh produce such as apple, blueberry and mushroom. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of reaction conditions for potato starch sulphate and its chemical and structural characterization
Authors: Cui Dapeng , Liu Mingzhu , Zhang Bing , Gong Honghong , Bi Yinghui 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPotato starch sulphate (PSS) was synthesized by the reaction between potato starch and sulphuric acid in ethanol. In order to obtain the products with high degree of substitution (DS), the reaction conditions which could influence the DS were optimized, including $m_{{\rm St}} /V_{{\rm H}_{2} {\rm SO}_{4} } $, $V_{{\rm EtOH}} /V_{{\rm H}_{{\rm 2}} {\rm SO}_{{\rm 4}} } $, water content in the reaction medium, the reaction temperature and reaction time in sulphation. In this process, the DS of each PSS sample was determined by barium sulphate‐glutin nephelometery method. By investigating the relationship between these conditions and DS, the optimal conditions could be obtained with the maximum DS. Besides, the physical properties and chemical structure of PSS were studied, containing solubility, swelling power, FTIR spectra, XRD patterns, gelatinization temperatures and enthalpy measurements.
Synthesis and Characterization of Glycoside‐Based Trisiloxane Surfactant
Authors: Han Fu , Chen Yan‐hong , Zhou Ya‐wen , Xu Bao‐cai 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of glycoside‐based trisiloxane surfactants of the general formula Me3SiOSiMeR1OSiMe3(R1= (CH2)3(OCH2CH2)2OR2, R2= glycosyl) is described, and the surface activity properties of the surfactant are studied. Diethylene glycol monoallyl ether glycoside is synthesized by reacting the diethylene glycol monoallyl ether with glucose. The glycoside‐based trisiloxane surfactant is prepared by hydrosilylation of the precursor glycoside with hydrogen‐containing trisiloxane. The product is structurally characterized by IR,1H NMR and MS. The surface tension of an aqueous solution is reduced to approximately 20 mN m−1at concentration level of 10−4mol L−1.
Growth Hormone Enhances Arachidonic Acid Metabolites in a Growth Hormone Transgenic Mouse
Authors: Oberbauer A. M. , German J. B. , Murray J. D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn a transgenic growth hormone (GH) mouse model, highly elevated GH increases overall growth and decreases adipose depots while low or moderate circulating GH enhances adipose deposition with differential effects on body growth. Using this model, the effects of low, moderate, and high chronic GH on fatty acid composition were determined for adipose and hepatic tissue and the metabolites of 20:4n‐6 (arachidonic acid) were characterized to identify metabolic targets of action of elevated GH. The products of Δ‐9 desaturase in hepatic, but not adipose, tissue were reduced in response to elevated GH. Proportional to the level of circulating GH, the products of Δ‐5 and Δ‐6 were increased in both adipose and hepatic tissue for the omega‐6 lipids (e.g., 20:4n‐6), while only the hepatic tissues showed an increase for omega‐3 lipids (e.g., 22:6n‐3). The eicosanoids, PGE2 and 12‐HETE, were elevated with high GH but circulating thromboxane was not. Hepatic PTGS1 and 2 (COX1 and COX 2), SOD1, and FADS2 (Δ‐6 desaturase) mRNAs were increased with elevated GH while FAS mRNA was reduced; SCD1 (stearoyl‐coenzyme A desaturase) and SCD2 mRNA did not significantly differ. The present study showed that GH influences the net flux through various aspects of lipid metabolism and especially the desaturase metabolic processes. The combination of altered metabolism and tissue specificity suggest that the regulation of membrane composition and its effects on signaling pathways, including the production and actions of eicosanoids, can be mediated by the GH regulatory axis.
A Comprehensive GC–MS Sub‐Microscale Assay for Fatty Acids and its Applications
Authors: Bigelow Nicholas W. , Hardin William R. , Barker James P. , Ryken Scott A. , MacRae Alex C. , Cattolico Rose Ann 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFatty acid analysis is essential to a broad range of applications including those associated with the nascent algal biofuel and algal bioproduct industries. Current fatty acid profiling methods require lengthy, sequential extraction and transesterification steps necessitating significant quantities of analyte. We report the development of a rapid, microscale, single‐step, in situ protocol for GC–MS lipid analysis that requires only 250 μg dry mass per sample. We furthermore demonstrate the broad applications of this technique by profiling the fatty acids of several algal species, small aquatic organisms, insects and terrestrial plant material. When combined with fluorescent techniques utilizing the BODIPY dye family and flow cytometry, this micro‐assay serves as a powerful tool for analyzing fatty acids in laboratory and field collected samples, for high‐throughput screening, and for crop assessment. Additionally, the high sensitivity of the technique allows for population analyses across a wide variety of taxa.