bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerated Oxidation and Corrosion Testing of Engine Coolants Using a Rotary Pressure Vessel Oxidation Test
Authors: Alverson Fred C. , Balfe Steven L. , Skrobul Anthony P. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Today’s modern engines are exposing engine coolants to more severe operating conditions involving higher coolant temperatures, greater heat rejection requirements, greater metal to coolant heat fluxes, higher coolant flow rates, higher cooling system pressures, and slower deaeration. These conditions will have a tendency to accelerate oxidation/thermal degradation, reduce corrosion protection, and shorten coolant life. In efforts to simulate the increased severity in operating conditions, an accelerated oxidation and corrosion test, using a rotary pressure vessel oxidation test, was developed and evaluated to assess the oxidation/thermal stability and corrosion protection of conventional, hybrid, and extended life coolants. The test involves exposing the coolant to a high temperature oxygen rich environment under pressure with six different metal corrosion coupons. The test allows a quantitative assessment of corrosion protection of the coupons and the effects on coolant chemistry. Test results are provided on conventional, hybrid, and extended life coolants. The test has also been found to be a promising predictive tool to screen satisfactory versus unsatisfactory coolant formulations, including recycled coolants.
Thermal and Oxidative Properties of Physiologically Relevant Free Fatty Acids by Dielectric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Authors: Riga Alan T. , Alexander Kenneth S. , Williams Kevin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Physiologically relevant fatty acids and related organic acids are basic for human life. The essential fatty acids, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids, are sourced from vegetable seed oils (corn, sunflower, safflower), and margarines blended with vegetable oils. The functions of these special acids are in the synthesis of prostaglandins and membrane structures. Growth cessation and dermatitis occurs with a deficiency of the fatty acids. A typical therapeutic dosage of the essential fatty acids is up to 10 g per day. The polyunsaturated fatty acids. linoleic (9,12-octadecaidienoic), linolenic (9,12,15-octadecatrienoic), and arachidonic (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic) are referred to as essential fatty acids. They unlike other lipids must be provided by diet. Arachidonic acid can be produced in the body by linoleic acid. This thermal analytical study is to determine fatty acids’ physical transitions [melting] by DSC at low temperatures and their surface properties by low frequency dielectric analysis and relate those properties to the inherent amount of unsaturation in the fatty acids. It is our premise that the degree of unsaturation will affect low temperature melt temperature and electrical properties, e.g., electrical conductivity and complex permittivity. We have observed that the DEA properties of the air-aged liquid fatty acids indicate that the electrical conductivity and complex permittivity can be correlated with the degree of unsaturation. It is our objective to establish a relationship between the amount of unsaturation, number of double bond sites and the electrical properties, complex permittivity, and electrical conductivity.
Effects of Phase Transformations on Fatigue Endurance of a Superelastic NiTi Alloy
Authors: Wu Ming H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
It is well known that NiTi shape memory alloys exhibit superelasticity where a large elastic deformation proceeds under a constant stress due to the formation of stress-induced martensite. However, for most commercial NiTi alloys used in medical devices, the materials are processed in such a way that the R-phase transformation is apparently separated from the martensitic transformation. The B2 to R-phase change exhibits a much smaller shape change and a narrower hysteresis than does the B2 to B19′ martensite transformation. Hence, the transformation temperatures as well as the thermomechanical properties associated with the R-phase are much more stable during cyclic deformation when compared to those associated with the B19′martensite. The crystallographic features for both martensitic and R-phase transformations are reviewed, and their effects on the tensile properties and rotating-beam fatigue endurance are studied in the present paper.
The Natural Cement Revival
Authors: Uracius Ken 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Although lime has long been an important component in masonry construction, experienced masons working on the restoration of historic buildings in the United States cannot help but notice that some American mortars are very different from the traditional lime mortars used in Europe. American mortars, as found in many 19th century commercial, industrial and government buildings, are clearly tougher and more tenacious than the typical lime mortars. While some claimed that this is due to the importation of hydraulic limes from Europe, study of the period's plentiful documentation reveals that natural cement was the most widely used hydraulic binder in its time. This paper retraces key steps in the search for the history of natural cement use in the United States, and in rediscovering its origins, production methods and use. Ultimately, these steps led to the commercial reintroduction of natural cement for use in historic restoration.
Statistical Distribution of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beam Test Data
Authors: Bernard E. S. , Xu G. G. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Experience in post-crack performance testing of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) and shotcrete (FRS) using beams has demonstrated that variability both at first crack and in the post-crack range is high. When variability in performance is high it is important to carefully consider the within-set standard deviation in order to distinguish significant from insignificant differences between sets of data. It is also important to consider the characteristic distribution of results and use an appropriate probability distribution function (PDF) to estimate the standard deviation. The present investigation has sought to identify whether the Normal probability distribution function is the most appropriate model describing variability in cracking and post-crack performance parameters derived using beam tests.
Microencapsulated Clomazone: Formulation Stability, Tank Mix Volatility, and Solvent Effects
Authors: Keifer David W. , Dexter Robin W. , Nicholson Paul , Pepper Robert F. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Clomazone is microencapsulated and sold in the U.S. as a dispersion in water, a capsule suspension (CS), under the name Command®®Command is a trademark of FMC Corporation. 3ME herbicide. Our encapsulated formulation reduces the volatility of the active ingredient when it is applied to the soil surface in a typical agricultural spray use. The commercialized formulation was selected from among hundreds of encapsulated formulations for its ability to reliably control volatility. Many of the rejected formulations did not control volatility, and it was only through a careful optimization of the encapsulation process that we came to our selection. As part of our formulation development process, we developed a laboratory volatility assessment method for use in screening formulations. This method determined the volatility following a soil application and normalized the volatility of the encapsulated formulations to that of the older Command 4EC herbicide formulation. Our optimized formulation was introduced to the market in 1996 to control volatility. A sample of the first production batch of commercial clomazone 3CS formulation, which had been stored at room temperature and regularly assessed for ten years, continues to provide excellent control of volatility. This indicates that the capsules have remained intact and functional, and that the proportion of clomazone in the capsule, versus outside, has not changed as the formulation aged. When these capsules are diluted in water, some clomazone slowly diffuses out of the capsules. This release is limited by the water solubility of clomazone. Even for excessive residence times in the spray tank, the volatility from the soil surface increased only slightly and was well within the acceptable range, for dilutions used for agricultural spray application. Improper addition of solvents and surfactants to the formulation can provide a phase where the clomazone is soluble, and this solubility will extract clomazone from the capsules. Under these conditions the volatility of the product increased so that it was similar to an unencapsulated formulation. In contrast, addition of other herbicides or spray additives to the spray tank mix had little impact on the volatility.
New Polymeric Comb Dispersants for Agricultural Formulations: A Comparison of Performance in Pesticide Suspension Concentrates
Authors: Stern Alan J. , Elsik Curtis M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A new family of dispersants for agrochemical suspension concentrate (SC) formulations has been created by reacting an anhydride-bearing resin with a methyl capped polyether amine. The result is a moderate molecular weight graft polyamide, with the desirable “comb” geometry. From this family of materials, four were chosen for comparison to three commercially available benchmark dispersants in several typical pesticide suspension concentrates. The criteria used to compare the new to the old dispersants were: ability to reduce suspension viscosity, zeta potential, syneresis, and tendency of the concentrate to “hardpack.” The study demonstrated that the new dispersants are generally very effective dispersants, but care must be used in selecting the best dispersant/wetting agent combination for a given pesticide formulation.
Thermal and Epithermal Fluence Rate Measurements in Multipurpose Reactors: Application of a Least-Squares Fitting Code RESDET to Obtain Thermal and Epithermal Fluence Rates from Measured Reaction Rates
Authors: Voorbraak W. P. , Freudenreich W. E. , Leendertse G. P. , Aaldijk J. K. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A generalized least-squares, two group neutron spectrum adjustment code is presented that uses measured reaction rates of activation foils and thermal and epithermal energy cross-section data to calculate the thermal and epithermal fluence rates in case of well-moderated neutron spectra. The code uses the covariance matrices of the measurements and cross sections to produce the covariance matrix of the calculated thermal and epithermal fluence rates. The report also gives some application examples of the code.
C-Crack Initiation in Quasi-Static and Impact Loading of a Bearing-Grade Silicon Nitride
Authors: Shetty Dinesh K. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Silicon nitride balls are used in hybrid precision bearings for a variety of applications. The performance of hybrid bearings is generally superior to all-steel bearings. Two problems, however, have been noted. Large balls of silicon nitride form surface cracks, referred to as C-cracks, during surface finishing or handling. Also, some grades of silicon nitride are more susceptible to cracking than others. This paper describes the results of an experimental study of the critical loads (P¯c) for C-crack initiation in ball-on-plate loading using silicon nitride plates and tungsten carbide balls. Cumulative distribution plots were generated from multiple indentation tests at varying peak loads to define the critical load at 50 % probability of cracking. The critical load exhibited a ductile-brittle transition at a ball radius R*. For R&lt;R*, indentation plasticity preceded cracking and the critical load increased as R2, while for R&gt;R*, the material response was elastic and the critical load increased linearly with R. The latter behavior is referred to as Auerbach’s law. The material properties that determine the critical loads in each regime were identified using plasticity and fracture theories. In the elastic regime, the Auerbach constant is directly proportional to the fracture surface energy (γ) or square of the fracture toughness (KIc). The results of the quasi-static tests were employed to predict critical velocities (vc) and drop heights (hc) for C-crack initiation in ball-on-plate and ball-on-ball impact using a general dynamic analysis. The predictions were accurate in the elastic regime (R&gt;R*), the situation most likely to be encountered in practice. It is shown that the material resistance to C-cracking and the maximum force generated in impact can be plotted on figures that are useful as guides in both material selection and handling of silicon nitride balls.
Multi-Scale Approach to the Fatigue Crack Propagation in High-Strength Pearlitic Steel Wires
Authors: Toribio J. , González B. , Matos J. C. , Ayaso F. J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper deals with the influence of the manufacturing process on the fatigue behavior of pearlitic steels with different degrees of cold drawing. The fatigue crack growth rate (da/dN) is related to the stress intensity range (ΔK) by means a compliance method to evaluate the crack depth a in the samples at any instant during the tests. The analysis is focused on the Region II (Paris) of the fatigue behavior in which da/dN=C(ΔK)m, measuring the constants (C and m) for the different degrees of drawing. From the engineering point of view, the manufacturing process by cold drawing improves the fatigue behavior of the steels, since the fatigue crack growth rate decreases as the strain hardening level in the material increases. In particular, the coefficient m (slope of the Paris Law) remains almost constant and independent of the drawing degree, whereas the constant C decreases as the drawing degree rises. The paper focuses on the relationship between the pearlitic microstructure of the steels (progressively oriented as a consequence of the manufacturing process by cold drawing) and the macroscopic fatigue behavior. To this end, a detailed metallographic analysis was performed on the fatigue crack propagation path after cutting and polishing on a plane perpendicular to the crack front. It is seen that the fatigue crack growth path presents certain roughness at the microscopic level, such a roughness being related to the pearlitic colony boundaries more than to the ferrite/cementite lamellae interfaces.
Gas-Jet Quenching
Authors: Stratton Paul 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
It has been suggested that gas quenching of a single component or single layers of components that have been heated in vacuum or conventional atmosphere furnaces can achieve higher quenching rates than those possible with conventional multi-component gas quenching. Such treatments could meet the need for a clean, non-toxic quenching medium that leaves no residues to be removed after processing. The processing of single components gives the operator complete control of quenching intensity, both locally and overall. Moreover, the quenching rate may be changed during the quenching cycle. Extensive computational fluid dynamics modeling of cooling using nitrogen jets has shown that an array of high velocity gas jets close to the surface of a part can cool it at a speed similar to oil. The optimum conditions were: an approximately uniform nozzle field with the jets four to eight times their own diameter apart, at a distance from the part to be quenched of a quarter of the diameter of the jets; and a jet velocity of 100 m/s (224 mph). When these optimized conditions were applied to an idealized gear form, the model suggested that it would be fully hardened if a nitrogen/hydrogen mixture was used.Calculation indicated that in this type of nozzle field, the part would float between the arrays of jets, eliminating the need to fix it. The model was validated using a physical test rig and was found to give results very close to reality, so it could be used to predict cooling behavior. The test rig was also used to quench carburized gear blanks. The hardness profiles produced by quenching in different gas mixtures were compared to those from oil quenched samples, the results confirming the original modeling.
A Human Factors Evaluation of Stethoscopes
Authors: Van Houten Curtis M. , Van Houten Joni M. , Latman Neal S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Background: The need to hear sounds of the human body is important in health care. The stethoscope was designed to improve practitioner’s method of “immediate auscultation.” The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare 16 human factor characteristics of two electrically amplified and one standard acoustic stethoscope. Methods: Each subject examined the three stethoscopes by listening to heart sounds of the investigator. After examination, each of the 77 subjects evaluated the stethoscopes by completing a questionnaire according to the following categories: sound, comfort, ease of use, and instruction manuals. Subjects ranged in age from 18 to 67 years, with 51 % of the subjects having prior experience with stethoscopes. Results: Both electronically amplified stethoscopes were found to have a significant difference in regard to preference compared with the non-electronically amplified standard stethoscope on all characteristics. No significant differences were found between the two electronically amplified stethoscopes, with the exception of turning the stethoscopes on and off. The average mean ratings of the two electronically amplified stethoscopes were not significantly different. Conclusion: It is clear that electronic amplification was preferred over acoustically amplified sound in this study. As the complexity increases with electronic amplification, the importance of ease-of-use design becomes more important.
Performance Testing of Flashing Installation Methods for Brick Mold and Nonflanged Windows
Authors: Crowder-Moore BJ , Weston TA , Katsaros JD 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
One of the major sources of water intrusion in buildings is through openings in walls caused by windows and other fenestrations, in particular the interface between the window and wall. Numerous flashing products, including self-adhered products, have recently been developed to protect this window-wall interface from moisture intrusion. However, the proper installation of these flashing products is not well understood and installation methods are often misused. Various installation methods have been developed and tested to evaluate performance and ease of installation. While most of the flashing installation development has been focused on residential flanged-style windows, effective installation methods for wood framed “brick mold” windows as well as other “nonflanged” windows have not previously been developed and tested. A series of laboratory wall tests were used to compare the air leakage resistance (ASTM E 283), water leakage resistance (ASTM E 331), and durability (ASTM E 330) of various flashing materials and installation methods. The performance and durability of flashing as installed with round top windows, brick mold windows, and nonflanged windows were tested and evaluated.
Use of Optical Imaging/Image Analysis System for the Quantitative Analysis of Surface Changes Induced by Outdoor Weathering on Sealants
Authors: Wolf AT , Sugiyama S , Lee F 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Six sealant samples that had been weathered outdoors for 6.8 years in Japan were evaluated using an Optical Imaging/Image Analysis System, Atlas VIEEW™. The specimens were first visually evaluated with aesthetic ratings assigned. These ratings were then used as the reference for the optical image analysis. Image analysis was carried out on sealant images taken under optimized diffuse illumination at a constant illuminance. Two sets of images were captured per specimen, first the weathered surface for deterioration evaluation, and second the unweathered surface as a control (reference) image. Four distinct surface defects are quantifiable in the samples. These are cracking (crazing), visual color change, spatial uniformity of deterioration (due to dirt pick-up and uneven color change, or both), and overall surface texture. Chalking and dirt pick up, as rated visually prior to this evaluation, could not be accurately assessed with the digital imaging technique. The analysis shows that surface cracking and crazing generally can be well characterized using the automated VIEEW™ system. Judging color changes visually is problematic, since cracking and crazing interferes with color judgment. Further investigations are needed to develop an automated surface characterization method for sealants.
Sampling and Analysis of Beryllium at JET: Policy Cost and Impact
Authors: Campling D , Patel B 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the sampling and analysis of beryllium at the Joint European Torus (JET) fusion facility. The current policy requiring 100% personal air sampling (PAS) and taking many surface contamination smears generates 40 000 samples per year. Sample processing, analysis, and the quality assurance (QA) program are described. Costs are summarized to derive a cost per sample of ≈£4.2 ($8). This is economical but as 99.8% of PAS measurements are &lt; 2μg/m3 and the aggregated costs are high, reviewing the policy is justified. The disadvantages of the present strategy, the options for a change of policy, and the role that an accredited real-time analysis instrument could play are discussed. Retrospective analysis affects the machine operating time; a quicker technique would have a significant impact on improving experimental time. The project's experience is that turnaround times of 2–6 h can be routinely achieved for large numbers of samples.
Opportunities for Development of Reference Materials for Beryllium
Authors: Watters RL , Hoover MD , Day GA , Stefaniak AB 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Reference materials provide the foundation for assessment of analytical chemistry methods, accurate quantification of occupational and environmental exposures, and conduct of in vitro and in vivo toxicology studies for health effects research. Although the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) supplies industry, academia, government, and other users with over 1300 reference materials of the highest quality and metrological value, the number of beryllium reference materials is limited. Currently available beryllium reference materials include standard spectroscopy solutions of beryllium and copper-beryllium alloy in the form of blocks, chips, and rods. Beryllium is present as a trace element in some standard soil-sludge, coal fly ash, and urine reference materials. Beryllium on filter media was available at one time, but is not currently available. A number of opportunities exist for identification and development of needed beryllium reference materials for beryllium-containing ores, beryllium oxide, beryllium metal, beryllium metal-matrix materials, beryllium-containing alloys, and beryllium in biological samples. These opportunities will require multidisciplinary and multi-organizational collaboration. Needed actions include consensus on the relevant chemical and physical forms of beryllium; market analyses of demand for the materials; identification of candidate industrial or laboratory-produced samples of the materials; selection of samples that meet criteria for uniformity, physical form, measured quantities, and continued availability; development of production protocols for collection and preparation of the materials, including adequate provisions for occupational health and environmental protection; incorporation of these materials into a supply, distribution, and cost-recovery infrastructure; and continued feedback and information sharing to ensure that the reference materials are meeting user needs or are modified as necessary. Lessons from other major initiatives for reference materials of lead, silica, and similar materials provide guidance on how to optimize and implement an enhanced program for beryllium reference materials.