bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Treatment of International Crimes in Chilean Jurisprudence: A Janus Face
Authors: Guzmán Dalbora José Luis 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article discusses how Chilean jurisprudence has reviewed the crimes perpetrated by the military regime that ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990. Because the Chilean legislation did not have a catalogue of international crimes until 2009, the jurisprudence had to prosecute the military regime's crimes as common offences—mainly as abductions and murders. After years of resistance to accept international principles, the attitude of higher courts, especially the Supreme Court, started to change in the nineties, consistent with the consolidation of the restored democracy. This change is especially reflected in the question of the validity of the prosecution of these crimes, which were hindered by an amnesty law issued in the period of the military regime and by the statute of limitations. As the Amnesty Law is no longer applicable, today the debate focuses on the non-applicability of the statute of limitations. All this has led to rulings with hybrid content: half domestic law, half international law, a Janus face — as the author mentions — that may be dangerous for the principle of legality.
Criminal Prosecution of International Crimes: The Colombian Case
Authors: Cardona Alejandro Aponte 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe criminal prosecution of international crimes in Colombia is conditioned by the chronic armed conflict that the country experiences. The incorporation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court into the internal legal system demonstrates this situation. In this context, confusion between criminal law language and human rights language has emerged, and different areas of human rights protection are being obscured. Also, the history that precedes the prosecution of homicide as an international crime is at the same time the history of the integration of the language of war with the language of law. However, Colombian criminal justice system has "humanized" international humanitarian law, and is now advancing to clearer formulas to charge the crime of homicide of a protected person in complex scenarios, such as the ones presented in the cases of extralegal executions of youth from poor neighbourhoods (the so-called "false positives").
Bilateral, wide-spread, mechanical pain sensitivity in children with frequent episodic tension-type headache suggesting impairment in central nociceptive processing
Authors: Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Fernández-Mayoralas Daniel M , Ortega-Santiago Ricardo , Ambite-Quesada Silvia , Gil-Crujera Antonio , Fernández-Jaén Alberto 
Published: August 2010

Introduction: The aim was to investigate bilateral, wide-spread pressure pain hyperalgesia in symptomatic (trigeminocervical) and non-symptomatic (pain-free distant) regions in children with frequent episodic tension-type headache (FETTH). Methods: Twenty-five children, 6 boys and 19 girls (mean age, 8.9 ± 1.8 years) with FETTH and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy children (12 boys, 38 girls; mean age: 8.8 ± 1.7 years) were recruited. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were bilaterally assessed over temporalis muscle, upper trapezius muscle, second metacarpal and tibialis anterior muscles in a blinded design. Results: The results showed that PPT levels were significantly decreased bilaterally over the temporalis, upper trapezius and tibialis muscles, and the second metacarpal in children with FETTH as compared to controls (all sites, P < 0.001). No significant differences in the magnitude of PPT decrease between the upper trapezius muscle, second metacarpal and tibialis anterior muscles were found. PPT over both upper trapezius muscles were negatively correlated with the history and intensity of headache (rs = −0.415; P = 0.045). Conclusions: The findings revealed bilateral, wide-spread pressure pain hypersensitivity in children with FETTH suggesting that wide-spread central sensitisation is involved in children with this headache pain condition.
Covalent Attachment of Organic Groups onto Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes via Copper(I)-promoted Radical Addition
Authors: Li Yongsheng , Xu Chunhua , Xu Yaomin 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) via atom-transfer radical addition in the presence of copper(I/II) redox systems allows for covalent attachment of a variety of different groups such as carboxylate and aryl. Modified SWNTs were characterized by ATR-IR, TG-MS, as well as Raman spectra, clearly indicating the formation of covalent bonding between organic groups and nanotubes.
Synthetic Studies on the Natural Multidrug Resistance Modulator, Irciniasulfonic Acid B
Authors: Emura Chisato , Higuchi Ryuichi , Miyamoto Tomofumi 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Synthetic studies on the natural multidrug resistance (MDR) modulator irciniasulfonic acid (ISA)-B utilizing cross metathesis and the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination is described. The key intermediate, 7-hydroxy-2-nonanone was optically resolved using a cyclopenta[b]furan derivative (ALBO-V).
Reversible Aggregation and Deaggregation of Helicene-grafted Chiral Silica Nanoparticles Induced by Aromatic Solvents
Authors: An Zengjian , Yasui Yoshizumi , Togashi Takanari , Adschiri Tadafumi , Hitosugi Shunpei , Isobe Hiroyuki , Higuchi Takeshi , Shimomura Masatsugu , Yamaguchi Masahiko 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Silica nanoparticles with sizes of 210 and 440 nm were grafted with (P)- or (M)-1,12-dimethylbenzo[c]phenanthrenes by silane coupling with helicenamidated (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane. The chiral nanoparticles deaggregated and aggregated with sonication in soft and hard aromatic solvents.
PEGylated Polymer Micelle-based Nitric Oxide (NO) Photodonor with NO-mediated Antitumor Activity
Authors: Kanayama Naoki , Yamaguchi Kazuhiro , Nagasaki Yukio 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
PEGylated polymer micelles containing 4-nitro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl units within the core moiety were prepared, and their phototriggered nitric oxide (NO)-generating ability was confirmed by electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping and the Griess method. These micelles were found to be capable of delivering exogenous NO into tumor cells in a photocontrolled manner and showed an NO-mediated antitumor effect, indicating the usability of this molecular system in NO-based tumor therapy.
Seasonal habitat use by greater horseshoe bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in Changbai Mountain temperate forest, Northeast China
Authors: Wang Jing , Kanwal Jagmeet , Zhang Chunli , Jiang Tinglei , Lu Guanjun , Feng Jiang 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
We performed acoustic surveys at 78 sites around one bat colony to examine seasonal patterns of habitat use by greater horseshoe bats. Insect abundance and temperature were determined in each season. Bat diets were assessed by analysing faecal composition. Greater horseshoe bats tended to forage in mixed broadleaved and mixed broadleaved and coniferous woodland and were rarely found foraging in coniferous woodland. Bat activity in mixed broadleaved woodland and woodland glades significantly decreased from June to September. There were significant seasonal differences in the frequency of utilization of different habitats. Distance from the day roost had significant effects on bat activity only in June and July. The diet of greater horseshoe bats was clearly dominated by Lepidoptera and Coleoptera, with some variations with seasons. The seasonal variation of habitat use by greater horseshoe bats probably depended on resource availability that fluctuates over space and time. These results have important implications for the conservation of this bat species. Cluttered broadleaved woodland and mixed broadleaved woodland constitute an important target for conservation. Instead of reforestation with the non-native pure coniferous woodland, planting and maintaining broadleaved forests or mixed forests should be encouraged.
Insulation Draws Water
Authors: Rose William B. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
In the late 1930s, an architect and two researchers created a version of hygrothermal building science for the United States that focused on moisture conditions in exterior materials during cold weather. The version they created was partial, and it was biased: It highlighted the importance of vapor transport, while it obscured the importance of temperature impact. They based their argument on the prevention of “condensation,” yet they failed to provide a definition of condensation sufficient for use as a performance measure or criterion. They produced prescriptive recommendations that later became code requirements, and these prescriptions embodied the incomplete and biased nature of their analysis. They supported their argument with a flawed and misleading analogy. They and their followers left a legacy of consumer fear of ill-defined moisture effects in buildings and of designers assigning excessive importance to prescriptive measures. Their version provides inadequate preparation for the anticipated re-insulation of millions of U.S. buildings in the years to come. This paper will provide a short description of the hygrothermal issues involved. It will trace the development of the condensation version by Rogers, Teesdale, and Rowley and the efforts that followed up to 1952. It will explain the legacy and impact of this approach related to existing building re-insulation and professional practice in design and architecture. It will propose a framework for reviewing the link between moisture control prescriptive requirements and performance outcomes.
Marginal Bone Loss Around Implants Supporting Fixed Restorations
Authors: Mumcu Emre , Bilhan Hakan , Cekici Ali 
Published: August 2010

A key criterion of success following dental implants is the marginal bone level. Long-term clinical and radiographic evaluation is necessary to test the results of in vitro studies investigating how cantilevering of restorations or implant size affect bone level changes around implants. There is no consensus on the effect of several variables such as age, gender, implant size, and cantilever prostheses on marginal bone levels around fixed dentures supported by dental implants. Patients who received cemented, fixed restorations supported by implants and who were examined in routine recall sessions 6, 12, 24, and 36 months after loading were included in the study group. Comparative bone level measurements were obtained from images of radiographs at ×20 magnification using the CorelDraw 11.0 software program. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test and 1-way analysis of variance. In the 36-month observation period, there were no incidences of implant failure, excessive bone loss around implants, or peri-implant inflammation. One hundred twenty-six implants in 36 patients were evaluated, and the effect of several factors on marginal bone loss (MBL) during the 36 months after loading was analyzed statistically. There was no significant relationship between MBL and implant length or diameter, whereas age, gender, and cantilevers affected bone loss rates. MBL was elevated in older and female patients as well as in patients who received cantilevers. In cases of limiting anatomic conditions, short and/or narrow implants should be preferred over cantilever extensions.
Evaluation of radiographic and genetic aspects of hereditary subluxation of the radial head in Bouviers des Flandres
Authors: Temwichitr Jedee , Leegwater Peter A. J. , Auriemma Edoardo , van't Veld Esther M. , Zijlstra Carla , Voorhout George , Hazewinkel Herman A. W. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Objective—To study radiographic and genetic aspects of hereditary radial head subluxation in Bouviers des Flandres.
Animals—26 related Bouviers des Flandres affected with bilateral subluxation of the radial head, 10 unaffected related dogs, and 29 unrelated Bouviers des Flandres with diagnoses of nonskeletal diseases.
Procedures—All dogs were radiographically studied, and their DNA was analyzed with a genome-wide screen of 1,536 single nucleotide polymorphisms. In addition, karyotyping was performed in an unaffected dam and its affected offspring.
Results—Both forelimbs of affected dogs were disproportionately short with caudolateral subluxation or luxation of the radial head. Angulation of the radial axis at the mid-diaphysis ranged from 9.3° to 30.3° (mean ± SD, 14.9 ± 6.1°), with an estimated age of onset from 0 to 4 months. Poorly defined medial coronoid processes and osteoarthritis of the elbow joint, cranial bowing of the olecranon, and disturbed growth in length of the ulna with sharply demarcated spurs were noticed on radiographs of affected dogs. Genealogical analysis indicated that most affected dogs were closely related, but the mode of inheritance was not clear. The DNA analysis found that 205 single nucleotide polymorphisms were monomorphic in the affected dogs. Conventional chromosome staining revealed no numerical chromosomal aberration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Congenital radial head luxation and subluxation in the studied Bouviers des Flandres were characterized by angulation of the radial axis leading to caudolateral subluxation of the radial head and insufficient growth of the distal portion of the ulna together with cranial bowing of the olecranon.
Evaluation of the influence of age on pulmonary arterial pressure by use of right ventricular catheterization, pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography, and pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging in healthy Beagles
Authors: Mercier Elise , Mathieu Myrielle , Sandersen Charlotte F. , Delvaux François H. , Clercx Cécile M. , Entee Kathleen Mc 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Objective—To assess the influence of age on pulmonary hemodynamics and hemorheological properties in healthy dogs.
Animals—14 healthy Beagles.
Procedures—Dogs were placed in 2 age groups as follows: young dogs (≤ 5 years old; n = 8) and old dogs (≥ 8 years old; 6). Hematologic characteristics, plasma total protein and fibrinogen concentrations, and blood viscosity were measured. Systolic time intervals of pulmonary blood flow were recorded by pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography. Early (E′) and late (A′) diastolic myocardial velocities, isovolumic contraction velocity, and systolic myocardial velocity of the free tricuspid annulus were recorded by pulsed-wave tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). Dogs were anesthetized and pulmonary arterial pressures (PAP) and cardiac output were recorded with a pediatric thermodilution Swan-Ganz catheter.
Results—Hemorheological measurements were not different between the 2 groups. Systolic, mean, and diastolic PAP were higher in old dogs, compared with values in young dogs; this difference was attributed to a high pulmonary vascular resistance and low arterial compliance in old dogs. Systolic time intervals of pulmonary blood flow stayed unchanged. The A′ wave of the free tricuspid annulus was increased in old, compared with that young dogs, and the E′:A′ ratio was decreased. Pulmonary vascular resistance was inversely correlated with compliance.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The age of dogs should be taken into account when interpreting pulmonary hemodynamic results and TDI variables of right ventricular diastolic function.
Variability associated with repeated measurements of gastrointestinal tract motility in dogs obtained by use of a wireless motility capsule system and scintigraphy
Authors: Boillat Carol S. , Gaschen Frédéric P. , Gaschen Lorrie , Stout Rhett W. , Hosgood Giselle L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Objective—To compare repeatability of measurements of gastrointestinal tract motility in healthy dogs obtained by use of a wireless motility capsule (WMC) and scintigraphy.
Animals—6 healthy adult dogs (mean ± SD body weight, 21.5 ± 1.8 kg).
Procedures—A radiolabeled test meal was offered immediately after oral administration of a WMC. Serial static scintigraphic abdominal images were acquired for 270 minutes. A dedicated remote receiver was used for data collection from the WMC until the WMC was expelled in the feces. Each dog was evaluated 3 times at intervals of 1 to 2 weeks.
Results—Mean gastric emptying half-time measured by use of scintigraphy (T1/2-GES) for each dog ranged from 99.9 to 181.2 minutes. Mean gastric emptying time (GET) measured by use of the WMC (GET-WMC) in each dog ranged from 385.3 to 669.7 minutes. Mean coefficient of variation was 11.8% for T1/2-GES and 7.8% for GET-WMC. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 69% for T1/2-GES and 71% for GET-WMC. Results for a nested analysis of covariance suggested that both methods were comparable for the evaluation of gastric emptying.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Scintigraphy and a WMC system had similar variation for assessment of gastric emptying. Moderate intraindividual variability was detected for both methods and must be considered when interpreting test results for individual dogs. Repeatability of measurements obtained by use of the WMC was equivalent to that obtained by use of scintigraphy. The WMC system offers a nonradioactive, user-friendly method for assessment of gastric emptying in dogs.
Validation of a urine test and characterization of the putative genetic mutation for hyperuricosuria in Bulldogs and Black Russian Terriers
Authors: Karmi Nili , Safra Noa , Young Amy , Bannasch Danika L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether hyperuricosuria was a predisposing factor for urate urolithiasis in Bulldogs and Black Russian Terriers (BRTs) and to estimate the allele frequency of the Cys181Phe genetic mutation in urate transporter SLC2A9 in these breeds.
Animals—192 Bulldogs, 101 BRTs, 10 Dalmatians, and 9 dogs of other breeds.
Procedures—Uric acid (UA) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations were quantified in urine samples collected from all dogs via midstream catch during natural voiding. Buccal swab or blood samples were also obtained, and DNA was extracted and used to genotype SLC2A9 sequence variants by use of pyrosequencing assays. A urine test for hyperuricosuria was validated in adult dogs by comparing urinary UA:Cr ratios between known hyperuricosuric and nonhyperuricosuric dogs.
Results—Significantly higher UA:Cr ratios were found in some Bulldogs and BRTs, compared with ratios in other dogs from these breeds. These dogs were also homozygous for the SLC2A9 Cys181Phe mutation. The allele frequency of the Cys181Phe mutation was 0.16 in Bulldogs and 0.51 in BRTs. On the basis of these allele frequencies, 3% of the Bulldog population and 27% of the BRT population were estimated to be hyperuricosuric.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested the genetic mutation associated with hyperuricosuria, first identified in Dalmatians, also appears to cause hyperuricosuria in Bulldogs and BRTs, indicating that similar management strategies for urate urolithiasis can be used in these breeds. The allele frequency of the mutation was high in both breeds, and DNA testing can be used to select against the mutation.
Detection of pathogenic elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in routine trunk washes from healthy adult Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) by use of a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay
Authors: Stanton Jeffrey J. , Zong Jian-Chao , Latimer Erin , Tan Jie , Herron Alan , Hayward Gary S. , Ling Paul D. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the pathogenesis and transmission of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV1) by analyzing various elephant fluid samples with a novel EEHV1-specific real-time PCR assay.
Animals—5 apparently healthy captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) from the same herd.
Procedures—A real-time PCR assay was developed that specifically detects EEHV1. The assay was used to evaluate paired whole blood and trunk-wash samples obtained from the 5 elephants during a 15-week period. Deoxyribonucleic acid sequencing and viral gene subtyping analysis were performed on trunk-wash DNA preparations that had positive results for EEHV1. Viral gene subtypes were compared with those associated with past fatal cases of herpesvirus-associated disease within the herd.
Results—The PCR assay detected viral DNA to a level of 1,200 copies/mL of whole blood. It was used to detect EEHV1 in trunk secretions of 3 of the 5 elephants surveyed during the 15-week period. Viral gene subtyping analysis identified 2 distinct elephant herpesviruses, 1 of which was identical to the virus associated with a previous fatal case of herpesvirus-associated disease within the herd.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—EEHV1 was shed in the trunk secretions of healthy Asian elephants. Trunk secretions may provide a mode of transmission for this virus. Results of this study may be useful for the diagnosis, treatment, and management of EEHV1-associated disease and the overall management of captive elephant populations.
Effects of antifungal drugs and delivery vehicles on morphology and proliferation of equine corneal keratocytes in vitro
Authors: Mathes Rachel L. , Reber Adrian J. , Hurley David J. , Dietrich Ursula M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of topical antifungal drugs and delivery vehicles on the morphology and proliferation rate of cultured equine keratocytes.
Study Population—16 corneas obtained from 8 apparently ophthalmologically normal horses < 0.5 hours after euthanasia for reasons unrelated to the study.
Procedures—Primary cultures of equine keratocytes were obtained from corneal stroma and were exposed to several concentrations of 3 commonly used, topically applied antifungals: natamycin, itraconazole, and miconazole. In addition, effects of drug delivery vehicles DMSO, benzalkonium chloride, and carboxymethylcellulose and a combination vehicle composed of polyethylene glycol, methylparaben, and propylparaben were also evaluated. Morphological changes and cellular proliferation were assessed 24, 48, and 72 hours after application.
Results—At the highest concentrations tested, all antifungals caused marked cellular morphological changes and inhibited proliferation. At low concentrations, natamycin and miconazole induced rounding, shrinking, and detaching of the cells with inhibition of cellular proliferation. Natamycin caused the most severe cellular changes. Itraconazole, at the low concentrations, caused minimal morphological changes and had a minimal effect on proliferation. All vehicles tested had significantly less effects on cellular morphology and proliferation when compared with the antifungals, except for the combination vehicle, which caused severe morphological changes and inhibited proliferation, even at low concentrations. The DMSO had minimal effects on cellular morphology and proliferation, even at high concentrations.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Itraconazole had significantly less cytotoxic effects on equine keratocytes in culture than did natamycin or miconazole. Natamycin had severe cytotoxic effects in vitro.