bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Search for Parasites of White Grubs (Melolonthids) in Zanzibar, Algeria, Morocco and France
Authors: Moutia L. Andre 
Published: July 2009

(1) An extensive survey covering a period of 18 months was carried out in Zanzibar, Algeria, Morocco and some parts of France with a view to obtaining parasites of white grubs for furthering the control of Phytalus smithi, Arrow, in Mauritius.(2) In Zanzibar the results of the survey showed that white grubs are of no great economic importance in clove plantations in this Island. Larvae of several species of white grubs were obtained, viz.: Entyposis impressa, Kolbe, Schizonycha spp., Anomala delagoa, Pèr., etc. ; these larvae are parasitised by the Dexiid fly, Microphthalma disjunctum, Wied. The percentage of parasitism at the time of the survey was from 0·10 to 0·53 per cent. Scoliids were not in great number ; the parasitism amounted to 0·6 per cent. Parasites of adult beetles were obtained on the following insects: Entyposis impressa, Kolbe, Schizonycha spp. and Anomala plebejus, Ol., the parasites being Pexopsis pyrrhaspis, Villen., and an Adapsilia, not yet determined. The parasitism on the above mentioned beetles varied from 1 to 9·7 per cent.
New African and Oriental Species of Microdus, Nees, from known Hosts (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J. 
Published: July 2009

In this paper four new species are described and two already known ones are discussed. The justification for bringing forward new species in a genus whose Old World members are in a state of great disorder lies in the fact that their hosts are known and are Lepidopterous pests of economic importance.The types are in the British Museum.
Air Temperature Records as a Guide to the Date of Hatching of the Nymphs of Austroicetes cruciata, Sauss. (Orthoptera)
Authors: Andrewartha H. G. 
Published: July 2009

Most of this paper is occupied with the description of a method for evaluating the influence ol temperature, recorded in the field, on the rate of development of the eggs of a grasshopper (Austroicetes cruciata). When the conventional methods of temperature summation were used, important errors were introduced because:—(a) The temperature in the environment of the insect may be different from the temperature in the meteorological screen.(b) The arithmetic mean of the maximum and minimum temperature may not be an adequate estimate of the true mean temperature for the day.(c) The relationship between temperature and the rate of development of the organism over the range of temperature used, was not linear.(d) Development may proceed for less than 24 hours of each day.
New injurious Curculionidae from Africa (Col.)
Authors: Marshall A. K. 
Published: July 2009

♂♀. Derm black, with uniform dense grey scaling that has a coppery reflection.Head separated from rostrum by a narrow bisinuate stria; frons depressed below the level of the eyes and separated from them by a deep incision on each side, obliquely striolate and with a deep median sulcus; eyes moderately convex, extended sharply backwards for about one-third of their length, the orbit not projecting on the hind margin. Rostrum very slightly longer than its basal width, widest at base, gradually narrowing for two-thirds its length and thence more rapidly; dorsum broadly depressed, with longitudinally confluent punctures and a fine median carina. Antennae piceous; scape slightly exceeding hind margin of eye; funicle with joint 1 nearly twice as long as 2,3–7 subequal, about as long as broad and slightly widening distally. Prothorax nearly twice as broad as long, unusually flat, being only gently convex transversely, widest at the strongly arcuate base, the angles of which project laterally, with the sides almost straight and rapidly converging anteriorly, the apical margin being deeply sinuate on each side behind the eyes; dorsum flat longitudinally in the middle, densely squamose, each scale covering a minute granule. Elytra ovate, broader in ♀, widely sinuate at base, which is marginate, with the lateral angles projecting outwards and forwards, and the sides sinuate behind the angles; the dorsal outline moderately convex, sloping at the base; the shallow striae containing close deep punctures, which show through the scaling though partly covered and disappear behind, where the striae become deeper; intervals almost flat, with minute inconspicuous recumbent setae. Legs piceous, with dense concolorous scaling and their lower edges with a fringe of stiff erect setae; front tibiae compressed, with the outer edge carinate and the external apical angle produced laterally, the spines on the apical margin much reduced; hind tibiae with the inner face flattened and sinuate on the apical half, the corbels bare and ascending the dorsal edge more than usual, with the upper end angulate. Venter squamose laterally, but clothed elsewhere with dense stiff suberect setae.
Studies on the Ecology of the Levant House Fly (Musca domestica vicinaMacq.).
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B. 
Published: July 2009

Cow dung was found to be suitable for breedingM. domestica vicina.The dependence of the duration of development on the temperature was investigated for all stages of development and could be suitably expressed by the formula of an equilateral hyperbola.Adult longevity was studied under various conditions of temperature and humidity. The maximum length of life in captivity was found to be 106 days, the average being 20–30 days. As the temperature rises, longevity decreases. Above 20°C, life is longest at a relative humidity of 42–55 per cent., whereas below 20°C., a lower humidity (30–40 per cent. R.H.) is favourable.Fertility was studied from the point of view of size of individual egg hatches and the frequency of oviposition.The mean number of eggs deposited by a female fly per day of adult life does not depend on the duration of adult life and does not change considerably during life.
Biology ofhylurdrectonus araucariaeSchedl (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), a pest of hoop pine plantations in New Guinea
Authors: Gray B. , Lamb K. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHylurdrectonus araucariaeSchedl is a major pest in hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) plantations at Bulolo and Wau in Papua New Guinea, establishing itself in nests inside the branchlets. The length of the excavation is proportional to the age of the nest. Colour changes in infested branchlets reflect changes in colony composition and in excavation activity as the colony ages; the branchlet eventually dies and falls off and severely infested trees lose much of their foliage. Data from field observations between 1967 and 1972 show that there are 5–10 overlapping generations ofH. araucariaein a year. The life-cycle takes place wholly within the branchlet, except for a brief period of flight or walking by the adult when seeking new nesting sites. The eggs incubate for 5–15 days, larvae take 10–25 days, pupae 10–15 days, and the immature adult 2–10 days; the adult may live 60 days or more. The colony composition is fairly stable in heavily infested areas throughout the year, except during drought. Colony composition and size vary from branchlet to branchlet or from tree to tree, but are more similar on trees with a similar stage of infestation. No significant natural enemies were found.
The Chondrilla gall midge, Cystiphora schmidti (Rübsaamen) comb. n. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). I. Taxonomy and description
Authors: Harris K. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe taxonomic status of the Chondrilla gall midge, Cystiphora schmidti (Rübsaamen), is discussed and new generic and specific synonymy is established in the genus Cystiphora. Male, female and larval characters of C. schmidti are described and illustrated on the basis of specimens made available from recent studies of this species in Europe as part of a project to implement biological control of Chondrilla juncea in Australia.
The activity of some pyrethroids, DDT and lindane in smoke from coils for biting inhibition, knockdown and kill of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Chadwick P. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe action of smoke from smouldering mosquito coils against Aedes aegypti(L.), Anopheles stephensi List. and Culex pipiens fatigans Wied. was studied. Smokes from lindane or DDT coils did not inhibit biting of guinea-pigs by Ae. aegypti or A. stephensi nor did they cause knockdown. The pyrethroids (allethrin, pyrethrins, bioallethrin and S-bioallethrin in that order) were increasingly effective in knocking down and killing C. p. fatigans and Ae. aegypti, and their bite-inhibiting activity on Ae. aegypti and A. stephensi increased in the same sequence. Pyrethrins were inferior to allethrin for knockdown of A. stephensi. Smoke from a bioallethrin coil inhibited Ae. aegypti from probing and taking blood from man. Tests in a cylinder of 0·034 m3 and a room of 25 m3 suggested approximate relative potencies of 1:2:4 for allethrin, bioallethrin and S-bioallethrin, the bite-inhibitory and knockdown actions being closely associated. Use of gauze-ended test cages reduced the range of relative potencies. The discussion suggests that the sequence of effects exerted by smoke on a mosquito entering a room is deterrency, expellency, interference with host finding, bite inhibition, knockdown and, eventually, death.
Biology of and rearing technique for Sturmiopsis parasitica (Curr.) (Diptera, Tachinidae), a parasite of graminaceous borers in Africa
Authors: Nagarkatti Sudha , Rao V. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSturmiopsis parasitica (Curr.), an important larval pupal parasite of graminaceous borers in Africa south of the Sahara, was collected from Sesamia spp. and Eldana saccharina Wlk. in Ghana. Puparia were shipped to the CIBC station at Bangalore, where a rearing technique, using field-collected borers as hosts, was devised. At 26°C the larval period was 12–14 days, prepupal period 12 h, and the pupal period 12–19 days. In its 3–4 week life span a male could successfully inseminate 4–5 females, which each produced 500–900 maggots after a gestation period of 18–19 days. In the laboratory Sturmiopsis parasitica successfully parasitised Chilo auricilius Dudgn., C. partellus (Swinh.), C. infuscatellus Sn., C. sacchariphagus indicus (Kapur) and Sesamia inferens (Wlk.); it did not parasitise Tryporyza nivella (F.) or Corcyra cephalonica (Stnt.) and was only once recovered from Galleria mellonella (L.). Its potential as a biocontrol agent against graminaceous borers in the tropics is considered high.
Demonstration of differential domesticity of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera, Culicidae) in Africa by mark-release-recapture
Authors: Trpis Milan , Hausermann Walter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSamples of Aedes aegypti (L.) larvae were collected in domestic, peridomestic and feral habitats in the Rabai area, Kenya, and reared in the laboratory. Newly emerged mosquitoes, 2000 from each habitat, were marked with fluorescent pigments and released in a peridomestic habitat in Shauri Moyo village. Of the 407 mosquitoes recaptured in landing-biting collections on man inside houses, 83% were domestic, 15·5% were peridomestic and 1·5% were feral. These various recapture rates indicate the existence of three behaviourally distinct populations of A. aegypti: domestic, peridomestic and feral; they also indicate that the mosquitoes' ability to enter houses is a genetically controlled behavioural trait.
Two new sibling species of Gryon Haliday (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae), egg parasites of blood-sucking Reduviidae (Heteroptera)
Authors: Masner Lubomir 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo species of Gryon Haliday, parasites on eggs of blood-sucking Reduviids, are described, namely G. triatomae sp.n. from Singapore and India, reared from eggs of Triatoma rubrofasciata (De Geer) and Linshcosteus sp., and G. linshcostei sp.n. from India from eggs of Linshcosteus sp. The species differ in biological attributes but are not separable by morphology; with G. insularis (Ashmead) they form the insularis-group.
The genus spodoptera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Africa and the Near East
Authors: Brown E. S. , Dewhurst C. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA history of the changes in nomenclature within the genus Spodoptera is outlined. A key to the imagines of the eight species occurring in Africa and the Near East is presented, together with keys to the larvae and pupae of most of these species, including all those of economic importance in this region, as well as brief notes for identifying the eggs of six species. For each species, a separate account is given of its taxonomic features and affinities, general world and more detailed African distribution, as well as host-plants, including those of economic importance, and its vernacular names. The subspecies Spodoptera leucophlebia malagasy Viette, recorded only from the Malagasy Republic, has been raised to full specific status, and should now be known as Spodoptera malagasy Viette, stat. n.
Variations in the amino acids of haemolymph protein in females of Glossina austeni Newst. (Diptera, Glossinidae) during the reproductive cycle
Authors: Tobe S. S. , Langley P. A. , Whitehead D. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe amino acids of the haemolymph proteins of female Glossina austeni Newst. have been analysed at selected times during the first two pregnancy cycles by automatic amino acid analysis. The most prominent amino acids were glutamate, aspartate, lysine and leucine, with these amino acids accounting for almost 50% of the total amino acid residues. The molar percentage of all 16 amino acids observed varied only slightly throughout the pregnancy cycles. The amino acids of the perchloric acid-precipitable fraction of the gut contents of third-instar larvae (considered to be equivalent to milk secretion) have also been analysed and differ considerably from the haemolymph proteins, with glutamate and phenylalanine particularly prominent. Because of their low content of aromatic amino acids, the haemolymph proteins are not regarded as an important store of these compounds.
Observations on the reproductive biology ofAedes (Ochlerotatus) fryeri(Theo.) (Diptera, Culicidae)
Authors: Smith Stephen M. , Corbet Philip S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAedes (Ochlerotatus) fryeri(Theo.) was found developing in saline pools on the coastal margins of coral islands near Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Females were autogenous in the first ovarian cycle and anautogenous in the second ovarian cycle. The existence of autogeny was confirmed by examination of females reared from field-collected pupae and of the age structure of the population of females landing and biting. All females receiving carbohydrate and most females receiving only water as adults exhibited autogeny; only parous females were caught attempting to take blood. Water-fed females (and to a lesser extent, carbohydrate-fed females) showed a high incidence of follicular regression in the first gonotrophic cycle. The possible adaptive significance of autogeny inA. fryeriis briefly discussed.
The influence of moonlight on catches of insects in light-traps in Africa. III. The effective radius of a mercury-vapour light-trap and the analysis of catches using effective radius
Authors: Bowden John , Morris Marjory G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUsing the inverse square law, estimates can be made of the distances at which illumination from a light-trap is equal to that from background sources. From these distances an index of trap radius can be constructed which can be considered as a measure of trap potential. Between new moon and full moon trap radii vary, depending upon the times of the night at which the trap may be operating, in ratios from about 10:1 to 15:1. A comparable index of light-trap catches can be calculated which allows catches to be examined in relation to changing radius of the trap. Analysis of a series of catches in Uganda and Ghana shows that many species are more abundant than expected in periods of moonlight, particularly at and near full moon, the biggest difference between new moon and full moon being about 10:1 for Marasmia trapezalis (Gn.), whereas the Isoptera, Bostrychidae and Spodoptera triturata (Wlk.) are 3–4 times more frequent at full moon. The ratios between catch at new moon and catch at full moon suggest that the primary determinant of catch is the frequency with which insects cross the boundary of a region of influence whose size is determined by a radius of equal energy. Deductions about the pattern of insect activity through a lunation, and nightly, and the general agreement between curves describing the change in radius of the trap and those of trap catches suggest that changes in catch over a lunation can be explained by changes in the effectiveness of the trap. When corrections are made to allow for such changes, all taxa show some increase in numbers in moonlit periods and in many taxa this increase is substantial. Correction of catches should take account of flight periodicity and this periodicity should, if possible, be confirmed by methods independent of light-traps.
An artificial diet with improved acceptability to three strains of Myzus Persicae (Sulz.) (Hemiptera, Aphididae)
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Greenway A. R. , Lloyd Susan L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA laboratory-reared British strain of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) did not readily accept the artificial diet that has been used to maintain North American strains. All components of this diet were re-tested in factorial tests and a modified diet was developed which contained increased amounts of alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, serine, folic acid, calcium pantothenate and pyridoxine, while omitting arginine, glutamic acid, histidine, tryptophan, valine, ascorbic acid, choline chloride, nicotinic acid and riboflavin. This diet, although less adequate nutritionally than the original diet, could maintain M. persicae for several weeks and more than two generations. It was readily accepted by aphids with few deaths in the first generation, so that it should be more suitable than the Californian diet for bioassay of systemic insecticides and for studies on substances that might influence aphid behaviour.
Factors affecting the phenology of the first brood of the sugar-cane froghopper Aeneolamia varia saccharina (Dist.) (Homoptera, Cercopidae) in Trinidad
Authors: King A. B. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe size and occurrence of the first brood of adults of Aeneolamia varia saccharina (Dist.) are examined in relation to the pattern of egg eclosion and rainfall. The proportion of eggs hatching within a month of oviposition in the laboratory (short-period eggs) decreased from over 90% in August to less than 20% in January, but the incubation periods of the remaining, long-period eggs were longest in those laid during October and November. The overall hatching distributions tended to be bimodal with most eggs hatching during the early months of the year under moist conditions at 26°C. Dry soil conditions delay eclosion, and eggs obtained from fields during the dry season and then incubated under moist conditions tended to hatch at the normally expected time of the first rains in May. The numbers of eggs expected to produce the first brood, computed from laboratory hatching data and estimates of the numbers and fecundities of froghoppers during the second, third and fourth broods, were less than the actual numbers sampled just before the first rains. There was a close relationship between the first rainfall of over one inch within 48 h and adult emergence 27 and 34 days later, and 85% of field egg populations in May had hatched and/or died by the week after the first rains. However some variation in the date of their occurrence accounted for non-synchrony of first broods over the region. The numbers of diapause eggs in fields sampled during the dry season failed to give a good predictive relationship with first brood adult populations, probably because of density dependent mortality of eggs or hatchling nymphs.
Resistance in Blattella germanica (L.) (Orthoptera, Blattidae): the effect of propoxur selection and non-selection on the resistance spectrum developed by diazinon selection
Authors: Collins W. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo strains of Blattella germanica (L.) were developed from a laboratory colony that was resistant to diazinon, propoxur, pyrethrins, lindane and DDT due to selection with diazinon. One strain was reared for nine generations without selection; the other strain was selected with propoxur for 14 generations; selection of the parent strain with diazinon was continued. Resistance to all five insecticides was stable for nine generations in the unselected strain, indicating fixation of the recessive genetic factor for diazinon and propoxur resistance and the incompletely dominant factor(s) for pyrethrins, lindane and DDT resistance. Diazinon and propoxur were equally effective as selecting agents for increasing resistance to diazinon, propoxur and pyrethrins and maintaining resistance to lindane and DDT. Resistance to diazinon and propoxur is probably due to a single recessive factor which attained genetic fixation by selection with diazinon. Cross-resistance to pyrethrins, lindane and DDT, also fixed by diazinon selection, is not due to heterotic effects but may be the pleiotropic action of the diazinon-resistance gene or due to a separate genetic system. The practical implications of this research are discussed.
The larvae of some Ixodid ticks (Acarina) from the eastern Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: Arthur Don R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe larvae of ten species of Ixodid ticks are described, particular emphasis being placed on the setation of the capitulum and palps, and a key is provided to the larvae of 14 species from the eastern Cape Province of South Africa that are common, economically important or difficult to separate. Important characters are illustrated in 62 scanning electron micrographs.
Effect of chemical element deficiencies in nutrient solutions on the reproduction of Aceria sheldoni (Ewing)(Acarina, Eriophyidae)
Authors: Sternlicht M. , Regev S. , Goldenberg S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPomello and lemon seedlings kept for different time periods in various nutrient solutions were examined for their degree of infestation with Aceria sheldoni (Ewing), the citrus bud mite. Chemical analyses indicated that seedling leaves and buds had a higher nitrogen content in a potassium-free solution, and a lower nitrogen content in a nitrogen-free solution, when compared with their respective contents in a standard solution; in buds these differences were also shown by certain amino acids. Infested seedlings kept in a potassium-free solution had significantly more mites than those kept in a nitrogen-free solution, and the latter had significantly fewer mites than those kept in a standard solution. No increase in mite populations was noted on seedlings kept in high-nitrogen solutions. The relationship between the levels of potassium, nitrogen, magnesium and manganese and the mite population is discussed. No effect on mite reproduction was noted when sodium or calcium was used as a substitute for potassium.
Trap catches of the coconut rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae) in New Britain
Authors: Bedford G. O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe trend in the relative populations of Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) in two areas of the Gazelle Peninsula, New Britain, was studied by trapping adults searching for breeding sites. In a high rainfall area with 10-year-old palms and many possible breeding sites, there was a large initial population of beetles which declined over the next three years with the gradual disappearance of the breeding sites; weekly catches were higher when the undergrowth in the trapping area was slashed, and to some extent also at new moon; catches were depressed by heavy rain. The ♂/♂ sex ratio was 0·31; all females had mated and had mature eggs in the lower ends of the oviducts. These results were compared with those from a low rainfall area with 70-year-old palms and dispersed breeding sites. Catches were generally lower; they showed no long term trend and were not related to slashing or weekly rainfall, but were inversely related to the number of rainy days per week.