bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency Medicine and the Development of the Food and Drug Administration's Final Rule on Informed Consent and Waiver of Informed Consent in Emergency Research Circumstances
Authors: Biros Michelle H. , Runge Jeffrey W. , Lewis Roger J. , Doherty Christopher 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the federal regulations for emergency and acute resuscitation research in effect prior to October 1996, the historical issues that contributed to the development of these regulations, the controversies that arose surrounding the application of these regulations to emergency research circumstances, and the methods by which the regulations were changed. The new regulations introduced by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also are reviewed.
Determination of the Minimal Clinically Significant Difference on a Patient Visual Analog Satisfaction Scale
Authors: Singer Adam J. , Jr. Henry C. Thode 
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Objective:To determine the minimal clinically significant difference (MCSD) on a visual analog patient satisfaction scale.Methods:The authors prospectively collected patient satisfaction evaluations during a clinical trial assessing the effect of introducing personal television sets on overall patient satisfaction from their ED encounters. Patient satisfaction was assessed with 2 scales: a 100‐mm visual analog scale (VAS) (0 = least satisfied, 100 = most satisfied) and a 7‐point categorical scale (“terrible,”“mostly dissatisfied,”“mixed,”“partially satisfied,”“mostly satisfied,”“pleased,” and “delighted”). The differences between the mean VAS scores of “delighted” and “pleased” patients, and between “pleased” and “mostly satisfied” patients were used to determine the MCSD on the VAS. Reliability of each of the scales was determined.Results:181 patients were evaluated. Mean age was 41 years; 59% were female. On a subset of 19 patients, the VAS yielded an interobserver correlation of 0.93. The kappa measurement of agreement on the categorical scale was 0.77. The mean difference between “delighted” and “pleased” patient VAS satisfaction scores was 6.8 mm (95% CI, 1.3–12.3 mm). The mean difference between “pleased” and “mostly satisfied” patient VAS satisfaction scores was 10.7 mm (95% CI, 5.5–15.8 mm).Conclusion:The MCSD in patient satisfaction scores measured with a 100‐mm VAS was approximately 7–11 mm. Future studies evaluating differences in patient satisfaction should be designed to detect this difference.
Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Holter Monitoring of Emergency Physicians before, during, and after a Night Shift
Authors: Adams Stephen L. , Roxe David M. , Weiss Jerry , Zhang Frank , Rosenthal James E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract. Background: Occupational stress may affect measured hemodynamic and electrocardiographic variables. Data describing the physiologic effects of work on the emergency physician (EP) are sparse.Objective: lb determine whether blood pressure (BP) and heart rate variability (HRV) of the EP are affected during a night shift in the ED.Methods: This prospective study evaluated BP and HRV in attending EPs at an urban academic medical center for a 24‐hour period during which a night shift was scheduled. Participants were fitted with an oscillometric ambulatory BP device and a Holter monitor at 1500 hours on the day of a night shift. The monitors were worn continuously before, during, and after a night shift (2300‐0700) in the ED and were removed at 1500. Systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), measures of HRV, and occurrence of cardiac dysrhythmias were evaluated. Comparisons were made for ED and non‐ED awake periods and non‐ED sleep periods.Results: Twelve participants completed the study. Eight (67%) subjects were men and 4 (33%) were women. Age ranged from 28 to 40 years (mean 34.1 ± 4.1). Results were analyzed using repeated‐measures AN‐OVA. An elevation of mean DBP (5.5 mm Hg ± 4.37; p < 0.05; 95% CI 1–10) during night shift activity was seen. A trend toward elevation of SBP, MAP, and HR was discernible. HRV measures indicated a significant relative increase in sympathetic vs parasympathetic tone and an increase in HR of prework and work compared with postwork. Dysrhythmias observed included sinus tachycardia, sinus bradycardia, sinus pause, atrial premature beats, atrial couplets and triplets, supraventricular tachycardia, and premature ventricular contractions.Conclusions: The elevation of DBP during a night shift suggests that these patterns of BP variability are activity‐ or stress‐related rather than a result of a true diurnal variation. HRV analysis suggests that sympathetic tone is heightened both before work and during work. The implications of such findings to the health of the EP warrant further investigation.
Modification of Macrosiphum euphorbiae colonisation behaviour and reproduction on potato plants treated by mineral oil
Authors: Ameline A. , Couty A. , Martoub M. , Sourice S. , Giordanengo P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough mineral oil spray is one of the most effective ways to control the transmission of non‐persistent aphid‐borne viruses in the field, its mode of action is poorly understood. In this study, the effects of mineral oil treatment of potato plants on host selection behaviour, growth, and reproduction of potato aphids, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were investigated. The effects were assessed 30 min, 1 day, and 7 days after treatment, (1) on aphid orientation behaviour by using a Y‐tube olfactometer, and (2) on aphid feeding behaviour by using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. Olfactory experiments showed that the oil had a repulsive effect only 30 min after spraying. EPG experiments showed a slight modification of the aphid feeding behaviour mainly 7 days after treatment. The number of both salivation and sap ingestion events during the phloem phases were increased 7 days after treatment. In addition, irrespective of the time after treatment, xylem ingestion time was increased. Clip cage experiments were set up to assess potential effects of the oil treatment on aphid survival and population parameters. Nymphal mortality was increased on treated plants, whereas fecundity of surviving insects was enhanced. The antagonistic effects of oil treatment on aphids are discussed in a plant protection context.
Effects of single and mixed infections with wild type and genetically modified Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus on movement behaviour of cotton bollworm larvae
Authors: Georgievska Liljana , Joosten Nina , Hoover Kelli , Cory Jenny S. , Vlak Just M. , Van Der Werf Wopke 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNaturally occurring insect viruses can modify the behaviour of infected insects and thereby modulate virus transmission. Modifications of the virus genome could alter these behavioural effects. We studied the distance moved and the position of virus‐killed cadavers of fourth instars of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infected with a wild‐type genotype of H. armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaSNPV) or with one of two recombinant genotypes of this virus on cotton plants. The behavioural effects of virus infection were examined both in larvae infected with a single virus genotype, and in larvae challenged with mixtures of the wild‐type and one of the recombinant viruses. An egt‐negative virus variant caused more rapid death and lower virus yield in fourth instars, but egt‐deletion did not produce consistent behavioural effects over three experiments, two under controlled glasshouse conditions and one in field cages. A recombinant virus containing the AaIT‐(Androctonus australis Hector) insect‐selective toxin gene, which expresses a neurotoxin derived from a scorpion, caused faster death and cadavers were found lower down the plant than insects infected with unmodified virus. Larvae that died from mixed infections of the AaIT‐expressing recombinant and the wild‐type virus died at positions significantly lower, compared to infection with the pure wild‐type viral strain. The results indicate that transmission of egt‐negative variants of HaSNPV are likely to be affected by lower virus yield, but not by behavioural effects of egt gene deletion. By contrast, the AaIT recombinant will produce lower virus yields as well as modified behaviour, which together can contribute to reduced virus transmission under field conditions. In addition, larvae infected with both the wild‐type virus and the toxin recombinant behaved as larvae infected with the toxin recombinant only, which might be a positive factor for the risk assessment of such toxin recombinants in the environment.
The effects of flooding, plant traits, and predation on purple loosestrife leaf‐beetles
Authors: Dávalos Andrea , Blossey Bernd 
Published: March 2010

AbstractClassical biological weed control is based on the premise that introducing specialized natural enemies from the native range re‐establishes herbivore control of plant invaders, ultimately leading to negative population growth rates. Evidence from past biocontrol programs suggests that herbivores are not solely responsible for shaping plant demography. Diverse environmental conditions in the introduced range may not only affect demography, but also influence top‐down control of target plants. We investigated how flooding affects impacts of predators (top‐down) and plant quality (bottom‐up) on performance of two leaf‐beetles, Galerucella calmariensis L. and Galerucella pusilla Duftschmid (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucini), released in North America as biocontrol agents of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae). Predation and flooding regime have been linked to low leaf‐beetle recruitment at sites where insects failed to attain outbreak populations. Predator exclusion experiments at adjacent flooded and non‐flooded sites indicated a positive effect of flooding on leaf‐beetle survival for all developmental stages, whereas predator exposure had little effect. There was no difference in predation rates at sites with successful or failed purple loosestrife control, questioning the importance of predation in limiting growth and impact of these biocontrol agents’ populations. Effect of flooding on purple loosestrife quality was evaluated in a common garden study where plants were grown under different flooding treatments. Plants grown in flooded soil had higher water content and lower tannic acid concentration than plants grown in well‐drained soil. Consistent with field observations, leaf‐beetle oviposition rate and survival were higher on flooded plants. Results indicate that both bottom‐up and top‐down forces operate on Galerucella populations, yet their relative strength is mediated by flooding regime. Ignoring intricacies of plant‐herbivore and trophic interactions in the introduced range appears to be a major handicap for the improvement of weed biocontrol programs.
Effect of diet on survival, in the laboratory and the field, of sterile male Mediterranean fruit flies
Authors: Gavriel Sagi , Gazit Yoav , Yuval Boaz 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTo improve the effectiveness of the sterile insect technique against the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), our objectives in this study were two‐fold. First, to evaluate the ability of sterile males of the Vienna‐8 strain to survive starvation, we compared them to wild males under laboratory conditions. The second objective was to determine the effect of protein‐rich nutrition on sterile male fly survival, under starvation conditions in the laboratory, under semi‐natural conditions in a field enclosure, and under natural conditions in the open field. Therefore, we released marked sterile flies of the two diet regimes, protein‐fed or protein‐deprived, and monitored their survival by recapturing them after 4, 6, and 7 days. In the laboratory, wild males endured starvation significantly better than sterile ones and protein addition to sterile fly diet resulted in even greater reduced capability to endure starvation. On the other hand, the addition of protein to sterile‐male diet did not affect their ability to survive in a field enclosure or in the open field. We conclude that under natural conditions, where food is available, sterile male fly survival is unaffected by protein‐rich pre‐release diet.
Pedigreed crosses to estimate recessive virulence allele frequencies in natural populations of gall midges
Authors: Andow D. A. , Bentur J. S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMonitoring changes in rare, recessive allele frequencies in natural populations can be accomplished using pedigreed individuals sampled from these populations. A pedigree keeps track of and limits the mating of sampled individuals, to preserve information about the genotype of the sampled individual in the phenotypes of its descendents. To estimate allele frequencies in a natural population using pedigreed crosses, four relations must be specified: (1) a method to determine whether the pedigreed line carries the desired allele; (2) a method to estimate the phenotypic frequency of the trait among the pedigreed lines and a credibility limit for the estimate; (3) the genetic relation between the phenotype frequency among the lines and the allele frequency in the natural population; and (4) a method to estimate the probability that the first method did not detect the trait, assuming that the allele was present in the sampled individual. Knowledge about the segregation patterns of the allele enables specification of (3) and (4). Bayesian statistics were used to estimate the phenotypic frequency of the trait among the pedigreed lines. The method determining whether the pedigreed line carries the desired allele will vary with the species and trait of concern. We focused on monitoring of vGm1, a recessive autosomal allele, and vGm2, a recessive sex‐linked allele, which provide virulence against certain rice resistance genes in rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood‐Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). We show how three pedigrees can be used to estimate these allele frequencies. An F1 field screen challenges the F1 offspring of sampled individuals on the rice differentials. A P1 test‐cross mates the sampled individual with a homozygous lab colony for the allele of interest, and evaluates their offspring on the rice differentials. A conditional F1 test‐cross takes the offspring from pedigrees that were negative in an F1 field screen, and test‐crosses these offspring with the homozygous laboratory colony. We also indicate how to test for independent assortment when a double (or multiple) homozygote laboratory colony is used in a test‐cross, how to test for differences among samples, and how to pool data to produce a single estimate based on a larger number of pedigreed lines. These methods may encourage the development of a variety of pedigreed monitoring strategies that could improve and prolong the use of scarce plant resistance alleles in rice and other plants.
Occurrence ofWolbachiain central European weevils: correlations with host systematics, ecology, and biology
Authors: Lachowska Dorota , Kajtoch Łukasz , Knutelski Stanisław 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe studied the occurrence ofWolbachiain relation to the systematics, ecology, and biology of 40 weevil species from central Europe. Identification ofWolbachiasupergroups and phylogeny was performed on the basis of16S rDNA,ftsZ,wsp, andhcpAsequences. Sixteen species (40%) were infected byWolbachia. Six of these possess only supergroup A (15% of all studied species, 37.5% of the infected species), and four harbored only supergroup B (10 and 25%, respectively). Six species were infected by both supergroups A and B or their genomes harbored parts of these two supergroups (15 and 37.5%, respectively). No differences betweenWolbachiasupergroup frequencies were detected. There was almost no correlation betweenWolbachiaphylogeny and host systematics and phylogeny at the level of subfamily and tribe, because the representatives of both supergroups were detected in all the studied multi‐species tribes.Wolbachiastrains were probably inherited from a common ancestor only in the case of the genusStrophosoma, where two of three analyzed species possessed bacteria which are genetically very close in all the studied genes. There was also only limited congruence between phylogenies obtained from the four studied genes. These results suggest horizontal transmission ofWolbachiastrains between species and recombination events between different strains. A significant correlation was detected between infected and uninfected species in relation to mobility (flying species were 2×  more frequently infected than non‐flying species), foraging (polyphagous species were 2.5×  less frequently infected than mono‐ or oligophagous species), and reproductive mode (parthenogenetic weevils were infected nearly 2×  as often as bisexuals). No differences were detected between mesophilous and xerothermophilous species, nor between those inhabiting open areas vs. arboreal species. However, these results might have been influenced by common ancestry among the studied weevils. Because weevils include many plant pests of economic importance, it is possible to use these data in developing alternative, biology‐based strategies for controlling them.
Genetic stability analysis of diapause‐induced multivoltine silkworm Bombyx mori germplasm using inter simple sequence repeat markers
Authors: Saravanakumar R. , Ponnuvel K. M. , Qadri S. M. H. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractConservation of silkworm [Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)] germplasm aids in prevention of genetic erosion and race extinction. Multivoltine silkworm germplasm maintenance involves rearing five generations per year and this requires expenditure, manpower, and infrastructure, in addition to frequent exposure of the silkworms to diseases, pests, and predators. To minimize these problems, an alternative protocol was developed by way of induction of egg diapause in the multivoltine silkworms through rearing of the fourth and fifth instars at low temperature (18–20 °C) under regulated photoperiod (L6:D18). This method allowed induction of egg diapause in the selected races at levels ranging from 26 to 94% and the diapause‐induced eggs were maintained under cold preservation conditions. The stability of genotypic characters was confirmed in the diapause‐induced silkworm batches after the seventh generation, by comparison with control batches of silkworm using inter simple sequence repeat‐polymerase chain reaction (ISSR‐PCR). Analysis of Nei’s genetic distance for the different races indicated no significant variation between control and diapause‐induced races. This reveals that all the selected races maintained genetic stability even after the seventh generation at the phenotypic and molecular level. Hence, it can be concluded that induction of egg diapause is an appropriate alternative method to preserve multivoltine races for longer periods of time.
A protein‐based approach to mark arthropods for mark‐capture type research
Authors: Hagler James R. , Jones Vincent P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA series of studies was conducted to test methods for marking a wide variety of arthropods with inexpensive proteins for mark‐capture dispersal research. The markers tested included egg albumin protein in chicken egg whites and casein protein in bovine milk. The first study qualified the effectiveness of the two marks on more than 50 arthropod species inhabiting cotton via two application procedures. The application methods included: (1) a topical plus residue protein application, and (2) a residue‐only protein application. Both protein marks, regardless of the method of application, were readily retained on the arthropod assemblage over the duration of the study. The second study determined how rapidly insects acquire chicken egg albumin protein after contact exposure to cotton tissue sprayed with an egg whites solution. Under laboratory conditions, the vast majority of adult Hippodamia convergens Guérin‐Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae) acquired the mark after 5 min, and immature Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) acquired the marker after 40 min. The third study determined how rapidly H. convergens and L. hesperus acquire bovine casein protein after contact exposure to either alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Fabaceae), or lesquerella, Lesquerella fendleri (Watson) (Brassicaceae), plants sprayed with a bovine milk solution. These insects rapidly acquired the casein mark from the plant residue under field conditions. A final study determined how long H. convergens retain casein protein after 24‐h exposure to alfalfa and lesquerella plants containing a 7‐day‐old residue of bovine milk. Approximately 95% of the H. convergens maintained the casein mark for 2 days after removal from each type of plant.
Effect of conical configuration of fixture on the maintenance of marginal bone level: preliminary results at 1 year of function
Authors: Kim Jung‐Joo , Lee Dong‐Won , Kim Chong‐Kwan , Park Kwang‐Ho , Moon Ik‐Sang 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate and to compare the effect of the conical neck design on marginal bone loss around the fixtures, when both implants were provided with micro‐threads to the top of the fixture.Materials and methods: Two types of implant, one with a straight shape (S) and the other with a conical neck design (C) provided with a retentive element to the top of the fixture, were placed adjacent to each other in the partially edentulous areas of 12 patients. Bone loss around each implant was analyzed after 1 year of functional loading. The bone losses after loading were compared using Wilcoxon's signed‐rank test.Results: The mean marginal bone losses (S, 0.05±0.09 mm; C, 0.07±0.14 mm) were not statistically significant between the two groups (P=0.578).Conclusions: There was no significant difference between conical and straight neck implants in terms of marginal bone loss after 1 year of loading. To cite this article:
Kim J‐J, Lee D‐W, Kim C‐K, Park K‐H, Moon I‐S. Effect of conical configuration of fixture on the maintenance of marginal bone level: preliminary results at 1 year of function. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 439–444 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01871.x