bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive repair of central tarsal bone luxation in a dog
Authors: Pozzi A. , Hudson C. C. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryObjectives: To describe the use of closed reduction and minimally invasive fixation for treatment of a central tarsal bone luxation in a six-year-old spayed female, mixed breed dog with acute onset non-weight bearing right hindlimb lameness.Methods: Physical examination and tarsal radiographs resulted in a diagnosis of central tarsal bone luxation. Closed reduction and minimally invasive screw stabilization were performed with fluoroscopic guidance. External coaptation for six weeks was followed by a gradual return to full function.Results: Follow-up examination at 34 months post-surgery revealed the patient to be fully functional on the surgically repaired limb. Radiographs revealed ankylosis of the intertarsal joints.Clinical significance: Minimally invasive ankle surgery is commonly performed in humans but is uncommon in dogs. Based on the results of this single case, minimally invasive reduction and stabilization of central tarsal bone luxation is feasible.
Pollinator‐mediated gene flow fosters genetic variability in a narrow alpine endemic, Abronia alpina (Nyctaginaceae)
Authors: Jabis Meredith D. , Ayers Tina J. , Allan Gerard J. 
Published: October 2011

• Premise of the study: For rare and endemic plants that exist in small, isolated habitats, natural selection is expected to favor self‐compatibility, which can result in low genetic diversity due to inbreeding and genetic drift. Using Abronia alpina, a rare alpine endemic of the California Floristic Province, we demonstrate that there are exceptions to these predictions.• Methods: We present the results of both a pollination experiment and a genetic study using AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymorphisms). Using controlled hand‐pollination and pollinator observations, we examined the breeding system, pollination ecology, and mechanism for self‐incompatibility in A. alpina.• Key results: Abronia alpina exhibits an allogamous mating system with probable self‐incompatibility resulting from limited growth of pollen tubes originating from self‐pollination. Only xenogamous crosses and open‐pollinated controls produced seed, and only xenogamous crosses produced pollen tubes that reached the ovary. The molecular study shows that A. alpina has substantial genetic diversity for a rare, endemic species, evidenced by the high percentage of polymorphic loci and average expected heterozygosity. Gene flow among subpopulations, as inferred from AFLP markers, appears to be substantial, although the Kern River is an important physical barrier.• Conclusions: Our results indicate that A. alpina is dependent on insects for both seed production and the maintenance of genetic diversity. This finding suggests that pollinators may be crucial to the long‐term adaptive potential of rare, endemic plants and that conservation of rare endemics is, in part, dependent on community‐level interactions such as plant–pollinator mutualisms.
Ménages d'enfants sans parents au Rwanda
Authors: Uwera Kanyamanza Claudine , Brackelaire Jean-Luc 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Le phénomène des « enfants chefs de ménage » et des « ménages d’enfants » surgit au Rwanda après le génocide des Tutsis en 1994. Rien ne pouvait être institué, prévu, comme forme d’organisation familiale pour ces enfants qui en viennent à vivre seuls dans des ménages sans parents et sans adultes, avec à leur tête un autre enfant un peu plus grand, un aîné, qui assume des fonctions parentales et fraternelles qui ne sont pas nécessairement basées sur des liens de consanguinité. L’enfance et le passage à l’âge adulte, ici vécus sans parents, sur le fond de la disparition des parents et sous la marque de l’innommable, se révèlent difficiles, sources de souffrance, quand bien même les raisons de ce destin restent différentes pour chaque enfant. Les auteurs se demandent comment ces enfants en sont arrivés là, ce qui fait qu’à un certain moment, on se met à créer un « ménage », une « famille », ce qui est déterminant dans cette construction des ménages d’enfants, ce qui permet qu’ils y arrivent, qu’ils réussissent à y vivre, mais aussi ce à quoi ils renoncent, et ce que représente pour eux cette vie menée dans le ménage d’enfants. Une hypothèse est que pour ces enfants vivre dans un ménage d’enfants est une tentative singulière d’arriver à créer un nouveau groupe familial et d’y vivre, en remobilisant la structure sous-jacente de la famille, un essai donc, non sans désespoir, de recréer une espèce de foyer, simultanément personnel et social, un lieu où vivre, ou plutôt d’abord à partir duquel survivre, sur les cendres de celui pourtant perdu, déréalisé, anéanti dans le génocide et son cortège de ravages. L’analyse d’entretiens menés sous la forme du récit de vie auprès de 16 enfants déploie leur arrachement à l’enfance et leur projection dans une lourde responsabilité, celle d’une parentalité précoce qu’ils adoptent en étant « comme des parents » à la différence d’être parents. Ils témoignent de la manière dont des paroles, gestes, souhaits et modes d’être intériorisés issus des parents s’avèrent porteurs pour les enfants des ménages en les poussant à assumer en propre une position et un rôle personnels créateurs de groupes d’appartenance et de filiation.
Exil, transmission et fonction parentale face aux idéaux contemporains
Authors: Stitou Rajaa 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Comment devenir parent lorsque le sujet est déstabilisé dans ce qu’il a de plus intime et que les repères culturels et familiaux censés soutenir cette position se fragilisent ou ne sont pas reconnus comme structurant par la société d’accueil ? Ce regard de l’Autre social peut exposer au ravage lorsque la différence de l’autre est perçue non pas comme porteuse d’altérité mais comme une menace ou un danger. L’auteur prend appui sur l’actualité de la clinique dans son rapport aux idéaux contemporains pour montrer que les vicissitudes subjectives que traversent parfois les parents immigrés, ne sont pas sans répercussions sur la dimension de la transmission.
Ly6G+ Neutrophils Are Dispensable for Defense against Systemic Listeria monocytogenes Infection
Authors: Shi Chao , Hohl Tobias M. , Leiner Ingrid , Equinda Michele J. , Fan Xiaozhou , Pamer Eric G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes systemic infections in immunocompromised hosts. Early recruitment of myeloid cells, including inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, to sites of L. monocytogenes infection is essential for the control of infection and host survival. Because previous experimental studies used depleting or blocking Abs that affected both inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils, the relative contributions of these cell populations to defense against L. monocytogenes infection remain incompletely defined. In this article, we used highly selective depletion strategies to either deplete inflammatory monocytes or neutrophils from L. monocytogenes-infected mice and demonstrate that neutrophils are dispensable for early and late control of infection. In contrast, inflammatory monocytes are essential for bacterial clearance during the innate and adaptive phases of the immune response to L. monocytogenes infection.
Tropical influence on the summer Mediterranean climate
Authors: Losada T. , Rodríguez‐Fonseca B. , Kucharski F. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObservational evidence shows that, during 1979–2001, the summer Atlantic Niño is related to an increase in the precipitation over the Central Mediterranean and a decrease in the west and east of the basin, a relation absent in previous decades. Using a set of integrations with a global climate model, this work investigates the dynamics underlying such change before and after the 1970s.We find that the post‐1970's response depends on the interactions between the influences from different tropical regions, and that one needs to consider the different impacts of the tropical oceans for the correct prediction of summer Mediterranean climate. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Membrane Development for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Schwenzer Birgit , Zhang Jianlu , Kim Soowhan , Li Liyu , Liu Jun , Yang Zhenguo 
Published: October 2011

AbstractLarge‐scale energy storage has become the main bottleneck for increasing the percentage of renewable energy in our electricity grids. Redox flow batteries are considered to be among the best options for electricity storage in the megawatt range and large demonstration systems have already been installed. Although the full technological potential of these systems has not been reached yet, currently the main problem hindering more widespread commercialization is the high cost of redox flow batteries. Nafion, as the preferred membrane material, is responsible for about 11 % of the overall cost of a 1 MW/8 MWh system. Therefore, in recent years two main membrane‐related research threads have emerged: 1) chemical and physical modification of Nafion membranes to optimize their properties with regard to vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) application; and 2) replacement of the Nafion membranes with different, less expensive materials. This review summarizes the underlying basic scientific issues associated with membrane use in VRFBs and presents an overview of membrane‐related research approaches aimed at improving the efficiency of VRFBs and making the technology cost‐competitive. Promising research strategies and materials are identified and suggestions are provided on how materials issues could be overcome.
Throughput of DS‐CDMA/unslotted ALOHA radio networks with Markovian arrival processes
Authors: Tseng Shu-Ming , Wang Yung‐Chung 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYPrevious works on the throughput analysis of the direct sequence‐code division multiple access/unslotted ALOHA radio network all used the Poisson arrival process (PAP). However, the interarrival times of PAP are independent, so it is not suited to model today's Internet and multimedia traffic, which have correlated interarrival times. We are motivated to use the Markovian arrival process (MAP), a more general input traffic model that captures the correlation of interarrival times. We are the first to analyze the throughput of the direct sequence‐code division multiple access/unslotted ALOHA radio network with MAP. We propose the use of MAP, which encompasses the PAP as a special case. The new MAP model basically generalizes the current traffic and queuing models of multimedia in wireless networks. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CROSS‐SPECULATION IN CURRENCY FUTURES MARKETS
Authors: Röthig Andreas 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper studies cross‐market herding of speculators in the Canadian dollar, Swiss francs, British pound and Japanese yen futures markets from 6 October 1992 to 26 January 2010. The relations between (i) total speculation (long plus short), (ii) long speculation and (iii) short speculation are investigated. The empirical results present strong evidence of short‐run causal relationships between speculative activities in currency futures markets. There is a significant feedback effect (bidirectional causality) between each pair of total speculation. In addition, impulse response analysis points to positive interrelations between speculative trading activity and therefore to cross‐market herding. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tris buffer improves fluorescence yield of ram spermatozoa when evaluating membrane integrity
Authors: Yániz Jesús Luis , Mateos José angel , Santolaria Pilar 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis study was designed to evaluate the effect of various buffers on the fluorescence signal intensity of two fluorochromes (IP and CFDA) when used to assess the membrane integrity of ram sperm. Second ejaculates (18) from nine adult males were collected using an artificial vagina and diluted in either MOPS, TRIS, TES, HEPES, citrate, or phosphate‐based extenders. Semen samples were stored at 15°C and the membrane integrity was assessed within the first 24 h of storage. Mean fluorescence intensity (FI) of PI‐ and CDFA‐labeled sperm heads and fluorescence background noise (FBN) were determined quantitatively using Image J software. Fluorescence contrast (FC) was expressed as the difference between FI and FBN. Significantly, higher FI and FC were recorded when TRIS diluent was used, rather than the other diluents, both in the propidium‐ and fluorescein‐labeled cells. The citrate and phosphate‐based extenders showed intermediate results of FC between those of TRIS and zwitterionic (MOPS, TES and HEPES) groups for the PI‐labeled sperm. However, in the CFDA‐labeled sperm, the lower values of FC were obtained in the citrate and phosphate groups due to increased levels of FBN. For the membrane‐damaged sperm, fluorescent labeling was limited to the sperm heads when TRIS‐buffer was used, whereas in the other groups, the sperm tail was also frequently observed. It was concluded that TRIS buffer solution markedly increases the fluorescence yield of IP/CFDA‐labeled sperm cells in the ram and that this should be considered when evaluating their membrane integrity. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agricultural insurances based on meteorological indices: realizations, methods and research challenges
Authors: Leblois A. , Quirion Philippe 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn many low‐income countries, agriculture is mostly rainfed and crop yield depends highly on climatic factors. Furthermore, farmers have little access to traditional crop insurance, which suffers from high information asymmetry and transaction costs. Insurances based on meteorological indices could fill this gap since they do not face such drawbacks. However, a full‐scale implementation has been slow so far.In this article, the most advanced projects that have taken place in developing countries using these types of crop insurances are described. Following this, the methodology that has been used to design such projects in order to choose the meteorological index, the indemnity schedule and the insurance premium, is described. Finally the main research issues are discussed. In particular, more research is needed on implementation, assessment of benefits, how to deal with climate change, spatial variability of weather and interactions with other hedging methods. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Level set‐based topology optimization targeting dielectric resonator‐based composite right‐ and left‐handed transmission lines
Authors: Yamasaki Shintaro , Nomura Tsuyoshi , Sato Kazuo , Michishita Naobumi , Yamada Yoshihide , Kawamoto Atsushi 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYIn the last decade, metamaterials have been gaining attention and have been investigated because of their unique characteristics, which conventional materials do not have, such as negative refraction indexes. However, it is sometimes difficult to design metamaterials on the basis of experience and theoretical considerations because the relationship between their electromagnetic characteristics and structure is often vague. A mathematical structural design methodology targeting metamaterials may therefore be useful for expanding the engineering applications of metamaterials in industry. In this paper, a new level set‐based topology optimization method is proposed for designing composite right‐ and left‐handed transmission lines, each of which consists of a waveguide and periodically located dielectric resonators. Such transmission lines function as a fundamental metamaterial. In the proposed method, the shape and topology of the dielectric resonators are represented by the level set function, and topology optimization problems are formulated on the basis of the level set‐based representation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Processing and characterization of a TiO2 paste based on small particle size powders for dye‐sensitized solar cell semi‐transparent photo‐electrodes
Authors: Vesce Luigi , Riccitelli Riccardo 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe formulation and the preparation of a TiO2 paste for dye‐sensitized solar cell technology are proposed. The TiO2 paste is characterized in terms of rheology, morphology, cross section, specific surface area, and average pore size. A conversion efficiency of 7.42% without any chemical treatment or scattering layer was obtained using the optimal thickness of 11 µm as carried out in this work. The results over different batches of the paste confirm the stability and the reproducibility. The characterization of the TiO2 semi‐transparent film is completed by investigating the dye adsorption saturation time after cyclic dye dipping steps through UV–Vis spectra measurements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Well‐defined drug‐conjugated biodegradable nanoparticles by azide–alkyne click crosslinking in miniemulsion
Authors: Zou Jiong , Yu Yun , Yu Lu , Li Yukun , Chen Chih‐Kuang , Cheng Chong 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new type of biodegradable polymer–drug nanoconjugate was fabricated via the combination of oil‐in‐water miniemulsion and Huisgen azide–alkyne click chemistry. Diazide‐functionalized paclitaxel (PTXL) were prepared through functional group transformation on the C‐2′ and C‐7 positions of PTXL and served as both drug carrier and crosslinker. Acetylene‐functionalized polylactide (PLA) was used as the base polymer. Oil‐in‐water miniemulsion technique was used to create nanodroplets with diameters of round 50 nm, which were used as nanoreactors to control the size and morphology of the drug conjugates. Using sodium ascorbate/CuSO4·5H2O as catalysts, click reaction was performed within the nanodroplets between the azide functionalities of the PTXL‐based crosslinker and the pendant acetylene groups of the functional PLA. High extent of reaction was confirmed by FTIR analysis and the resulting drug‐conjugated nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy measurements. These NPs exhibited considerable degradation in proteinase K solution within 1 week. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
The fire hazard of an ethanol process facility
Authors: Ditch Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA large release of high purity ethanol has been shown to pose a significant hazard to the structure and sensitive equipment of an unprotected process facility. A new methodology was developed that provides a practical means of measuring the maximum heat flux from an unprotected fire and the relative effectiveness of various water‐based protection schemes. These results were combined with large‐scale testing, using a representative multilevel process structure, to evaluate the performance of several sprinkler and water spray systems designs common to the industry. Several of these protection systems were shown to be inadequate to reduce the hazard below an acceptable level. However, when designed properly, sprinkler systems were shown to provide acceptable protection of the process structure, though local area water spray was needed for protecting objects near the pool fire surface. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011
Particle dynamics in the channel flow of a turbulent particle–gas suspension at high Stokes number. Part 1. DNS and fluctuating force model
Authors: Goswami Partha S. , Kumaran V. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe fluctuating force model is developed and applied to the turbulent flow of a gas–particle suspension in a channel in the limit of high Stokes number, where the particle relaxation time is large compared to the fluid correlation time, and low particle Reynolds number where the Stokes drag law can be used to describe the interaction between the particles and fluid. In contrast to the Couette flow, the fluid velocity variances in the different directions in the channel are highly non-homogeneous, and they exhibit significant variation across the channel. First, we analyse the fluctuating particle velocity and acceleration distributions at different locations across the channel. The distributions are found to be non-Gaussian near the centre of the channel, and they exhibit significant skewness and flatness. However, acceleration distributions are closer to Gaussian at locations away from the channel centre, especially in regions where the variances of the fluid velocity fluctuations are at a maximum. The time correlations for the fluid velocity fluctuations and particle acceleration fluctuations are evaluated, and it is found that the time correlation of the particle acceleration fluctuations is close to the time correlations of the fluid velocity in a ‘moving Eulerian’ reference, moving with the mean fluid velocity. The variances of the fluctuating force distributions in the Langevin simulations are determined from the time correlations of the fluid velocity fluctuations and the results are compared with direct numerical simulations. Quantitative agreement between the two simulations are obtained provided the particle viscous relaxation time is at least five times larger than the fluid integral time.
The Liuyuan complex in the Beishan, NW China: a Carboniferous–Permian ophiolitic fore-arc sliver in the southern Altaids
Authors: MAO QIGUI , XIAO WENJIAO , WINDLEY BRIAN F. , HAN CHUNMING , QU JUNFENG , AO SONGJIAN , ZHANG JI'EN , GUO QIANQIAN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe tectonic history and time of closure of the Palaeo-Asian ocean of the Altaids are issues of lively current debate. To address these issues, this paper presents detailed geological, petrological and geochemical data of the Liuyuan complex (LC) in the Beishan region in NW China, located in the southernmost Altaids, in order to constrain its age, origin and tectonic setting. The LC mainly comprises massive basalts, pillow basalts, basaltic breccias, gabbros and ultramafic rocks together with cherts and tuffs. Most prominent are gabbros and large volumes of basaltic lavas. These mafic rocks have high TiO2 contents, flat rare earth element (REE) patterns and show high-field-strength elements (HFSEs) similar to those of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). The mafic rocks exhibit positive εNd(t) (6.6–9.0) values, representing magmas derived from the mantle. But these basic rocks are also enriched in Th relative to REEs, and are systematically depleted in Nb–Ta–(Ti) relative to REEs. There is also a large range in initial 87Sr/86Sr (0.7037–0.7093). All these variables indicate that mantle-derived magma was contaminated by fluids and/or melts from a subducting lithospheric slab, and formed in a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) setting. A gabbro intruded in the complex was dated by LA-ICP-MS on 20 zircons that yielded a 206Pb–238U weighted average age of 286 ± 2 Ma. Considering the fact that all these basalts are imbricated against Permian tuffaceous sediments and limestone, we propose that the LC formed as an ophiolite in a fore-arc in Carboniferous–Permian time. This indicates that the Palaeo-Asian ocean still existed at 286 ± 2 Ma in early Permian time, and thus the time of closure of the Palaeo-Asian ocean was in or after the late Permian.