bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thirty years later: enrichment practices for captive mammals
Authors: Hoy Julia M. , Murray Peter J. , Tribe Andrew 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEnvironmental enrichment of captive mammals has been steadily evolving over the past thirty years. For this process to continue, it is first necessary to define current enrichment practices and then identify the factors that limit enhancing the quality and quantity of enrichment, as well as the evaluation of its effectiveness. With the objective of obtaining this information, an international multi‐institutional questionnaire survey was conducted with individuals working with zoo‐housed mammals. Results of the survey showed that regardless of how important different types of enrichment were perceived to be, if providing them was particularly time‐consuming, they were not made available to captive mammals as frequently as those requiring less staff time and effort. The groups of mammals provided with enrichment most frequently received it on average fewer than four times per day, resulting in less than two hours per day spent by each animal care staff member on tasks related to enrichment. The time required for staff to complete other husbandry tasks was the factor most limiting the implementation and evaluation of enrichment. The majority of survey respondents agreed that they would provide more enrichment and carry out more evaluation of enrichment if it was manageable to do so. The results of this study support the need for greater quantity, variety, frequency, and evaluation of enrichment provided to captive mammals housed in zoos without impinging on available staff time. Zoo Biol 29:303–316, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of snake‐cage polyelectrolytes for purifying glycerine
Authors: Hatch Melvin J. , Smith Hugh B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAmphoteric snake‐cage resins were applied successfully to separate sodium chloride from glycerine. Good separations were obtained by the ion‐retardation method at glycerine feed concentrations as high as 50% and at flow rates as fast as 1 gal. per square foot per minute in beds which were 3 ft. deep or less. Glycerine product was obtained at concentrations of 20舑35%; glycerine loss was only 1% and removal of the sodium chloride 90% or more. Thus greater resin productivity and higher product concentration resulted that in comparative ion‐exclusion experiments. As a results, the calculated capital investment was much less for an ion‐retardation plant for purifying glycerine. The calculated operating costs were slightly less.
Bland undenatured soybean flakes by alcohol washing and flash desolventizing
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Kirk L. D. , Griffin E. L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe conditions for removing the beany and bitter flavor from defatted soybean meal with ethanol and isopropyl alcohol were investigated. In the presence of alcohols, soybean protein is extremely sensitive to denaturation when temperature, moisture, and residence time are increased. If protein is to be isolated in good yield and quality, retention of the original, high watersolubility is important, and denaturation must be kept to a minimum.Defatted soybean flakes were successfully debittered by countereurrent washing with aqueous alcohols on a pilot‐plant scale, and the entrained solvent was recovered by flash desolventizing without excessive denaturation of protein. Effective debittering was obtained with 95 volume percentage ethanol and 91 volume percentage isopropyl alcohol whereas satisfactory flavor was not obtained with absolute ethanol. The solubility of the nitrogenous compounds in the meal product (Nitrogen Solubility Index舒NSI=water‐soluble nitrogenȕ100ɇ total nitrogen) was maintained at 68 NSI, or higher, regardless of the solvent system or conditions used when starting with 80 NSI defatted flakes. Residual alcohol in the desolventized products was reduced to 1舑2% with the aqueous alcohol system and to less than 1% for the absolute alcohol system. Lower residual values can be obtained by recycling the material through the desolventizing unit. The desolventizing system described is simple, low in cost, and should be useful in any process requiring the rapid removal of solvent from residual solids where heat‐sensitive constituents are present.
An hypothesis for the mechanism of the heme catalyzed lipid oxidation in animal tissues
Authors: Tarladgis Basil G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe catalytic activity of the heme compounds on lipid oxidation in muscle tissues has been reviewed. Evidence from experiments found in the literature, and unpublished studies in this laboratory on meats and fishery products, lead to the conclusion that the ferric heme compounds initiate lipid oxidation, while the ferrous heme compounds are inactive in the absence of preformed peroxides. The latter are decomposed by both types of heme compounds, but by a different mechanism.A comprehensive mechanism of the different catalytic activities of the various heme compounds has been presented, based on both experimental evidence and theoretical considerations.
The effect of calcium ions on carbon suspensions
Authors: Peper H. , Rosano H. L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA high degree of dispersion of carbon black in water is obtained only in the presence of adsorbing long‐chain, amphipathic molecules. Calcium ions flocculate these dispersions, but agglomeration can be prevented if anionic detergents are adsorbed on the carbon. Fine dispersions of carbon coated with a fatty acid or alcohol were maintained in the presence of calcium ions with detergents which coadsorb with the acid or alcohol monolayer. The significance of these results in regard to detergency theory is discussed.
The influence of moisture content and cooking on the screw pressing and prepressing of corn oil from corn germ
Authors: Moreau Robert A. , Johnston David B. , Hicks Kevin B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSamples of corn germ were obtained from a commercial corn wet mill (factory dried to about 3% moisture) and a commerical corn dry mill (undried, produced in the mill with about 13% moisture). The germ samples (200 g each) were cooked for various times in either a conventional oven at 180°C or a microwave oven at 1500 W. Bench‐scale single screw pressing was then performed. With the dry milled corn germ, no oil was obtained from the uncooked germ. A maximal yield of about 5% oil [26% of total oil recovery (TOR), relative to hexane extraction] was obtained by cooking the dry‐milled germ for 6.5 min in a conventional oven at 180°C before pressing. A maximal yield of about 7% oil (37% TOR) was obtained by cooking the dry‐milled germ for 4.5 min in a microwave oven at 1500 W before pressing. With the wet‐milled germ, yields of about 7% oil (18% TOR) were obtained with the uncooked germ and yields increased to a maximum of about 22% oil (56% TOR) by cooking in a conventional oven at 180°C for 5 min or a maximum of about 17% oil (44% TOR) by cooking for 4 min in a microwave oven at 1500 W. These results indicate that microwave and conventional oven cooking are both effective pretreatments before pressing. Microwave preheating resulted in higher oil yields with dry‐milled germ, and conventional oven pretreatment resulted in higher oil yields with factory‐dried wet‐milled corn germ.
Growth and nitrogen dynamics of spring chickpea genotypes in a Mediterranean-type climate
Authors: KOUTROUBAS S. D. , PAPAGEORGIOU M. , FOTIADIS S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important legume of rainfed farming systems, contributing to the sustainability of production and reducing the need for nitrogen (N) fertilization through fixing atmospheric N2. The relative importance of factors causing variations in growth, seed yield, N accumulation and N utilization efficiency among spring chickpea varieties grown in a Mediterranean-type climate was investigated in field experiments conducted in 2003 and 2004. Five chickpea varieties were grown in a silty clay soil in the farm of the Democritus University of Thrace in Orestiada, Greece. Yearly differences in plant growth and productivity were observed and were mainly associated with the variations in the weather parameters between the growing seasons. Nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) for biomass production during the seed-filling period was higher compared with that during the vegetative period. NUE for seed yield (SY) ranged from 18·3 to 24·5 g dry matter (DM)/g N and was positively correlated with seed yield, suggesting that high SY was associated with more efficient exploitation of N. When the environmental conditions favoured high early N accumulation, the differences among varieties in NUE were mainly due to the differences in N partitioning at maturity, e.g. the nitrogen harvest index (NHI). The amount and the efficiency of N content at the beginning of seed growth (growth stage (GS) R5) that was translocated to the seed differed among varieties and ranged from 7·0 to 16·6 g N/m2 and from 68·2 to 86·8 g DM/g N, respectively. Most of the variation (0·96) between varieties in N translocation could be accounted for by the differences in total N content at GS R5. N losses from the plant foliage between 0·61 and 9·92 g N/m2 were detected during the seed-filling period when SY was low and N content at GS R5 was high.
Species, climate and fertilizer effects on grass fibre and protein in tropical environments
Authors: TRAN H. , SALGADO P. , LECOMTE P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA 3-year experiment (2005–07) was conducted on Reunion Island (France) to evaluate the effect of species, climate and fertilization levels on fibre and protein fractions of tropical (C4;Chloris gayanaandPennisetum clandestinum) and temperate (C3;Dactylis glomerataandLotium multiflorum) grasses. A near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) prediction referential was developed to estimate neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), crude protein (CP), NDF insoluble protein (NDF-IP) and ADF insoluble protein (ADF-IP). The NIRS equations were then used to screen many regrowth grass samples collected at heading stage continuously for 3 years to evaluate their changes during the seasons. Results showed that grass species differed significantly in fibre and protein fractions. NDF, ADF and ADF-IP were the lowest inD. glomerata/L. multiflorumand the highest inC. gayana. The wet season was associated with higher NDF, ADF and NDF-IP inD. glomerata/L. multiflorumand lower NDF-IP inP. clandestinum.Fertilization increased the CP inC. gayanaand the NDF-IP inP. clandestinum, but decreased the ADF-IP of bothC. gayanaandD. glomerata/L. multiflorum. Growth rate strongly changed NDF, ADF, NDF-IP and ADF-IP although no change in CP appeared. In general, NDF, ADF and NDF-IP increased with the growth rate. In contrast, the ADF-IP content decreased from slow to fast growth rate inC. gayanaandD. glomerata/L. multiflorum. Growth rate changes were thus considered as a general indicator for fibre and protein fraction variations of these grasses.
The ‘Masai’ and miraa: public authority, vigilance and criminality in a Ugandan border town
Authors: Titeca Kristof 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTRecent studies on vigilante groups show how they often begin as popular schemes for imposing order, before degenerating into violent militias which contribute in turn to social and political disorder. The Masai, a group of khat sellers and consumers in the Ugandan border town of Bwera, represent a more complex case. By using vigilance tactics in the provision of security, the Masai actually help to shape public authority within Bwera town instead of creating institutional chaos. They also provide a range of services, imposing a degree of order on illegal cross-border activities in the area. However, a closer look at the Masai shows that their vigilance activities are mainly performed out of self-interest, as a quid pro quo enabling them to continue their illegal activities of smuggling, general criminality outside town and illegal drug use. Therefore they straddle the ‘crime or social order’ dynamic, representing a criminal gang of illegal drug traffickers which also provides services for public community interests. As such, they contribute to both order and crime.
Note on a Leptocephalus Stage of the Conger
Authors: Ford E. 
Published: May 2009

On September 17th, 1919, a specimen of Leptocephalus Congri vulgaris (L. Morrisii) was captured in “bottom” haul No. 69 of the young fish trawl in locality Eddystone bearing S. by W. (magnetic) 1½ miles, over a depth of 31 fathoms. It was alive and active when taken, measuring between 115 and 120 mm. in length, and has been kept alive up to the present date in a glass aquarium under circulation. It was at a fairly advanced stage of development, intermediate between those exhibited in Figs. 2 and 3, Pl. I of Schmidt (1), the dorsal fin commencing slightly farther back than in Fig. 3, and the median row of pigment spots along either side of the body not extending forward beyond about 1 cm. in front of the commencement of the dorsal fin. There is a close resemblance also to the specimen figured by Fulton (2), with the exception that, as just pointed out, the median row of pigment along the body on either side does not reach forward quite to the head, and in addition the pigment spots at the base of the dorsal fin rays are only two or three in number, situated at the extreme posterior end of the fin.Since the date of capture, observations 'have been made periodically and certain measurements taken as accurately as possible, but on account of the movements of the fish the latter could only be obtained approximately.
North Sea Investigations
Authors: Holt Ernest W. L. 
Published: May 2009

I subjoin the results of statistical inquiries into this question, continued from the point at which they were left in the last number of this Journal. Having been permitted by the Council of the Association to undertake a series of lectures along the coast of Yorkshire on behalf of the North-eastern Sea Fisheries Committee during the present autumn and winter, I find it necessary to restrict the present paper to the smallest possible compass, reserving practically everything except the mere statement of figures until more time shall be available for the deduction of results.I regret to have to say that the statistics for the month of May are by no means complete. Bibliographical work in connection with several scientific papers on which I was then engaged necessitated my absence from Grimsby during the early part of the month, and the sudden illness of my subordinate during the same period interfered with the arrangements I had made for keeping up the records. The statistics as to plaice are, therefore, a blank for the first week of May; Mr. Clark unfortunately remained unwell for the rest of the month, while a serious break-down in the circulating apparatus of the Cleethorpes aquarium made great demands upon the time which I should otherwise have been able to devote to market observations; and, though I was able to keep account of all plaice landed, my statistics as to haddock and cod are too meagre to be worth insertion.
An accessory organ of the circulatory system in Sepia and Loligo
Authors: Alexandrowicz J. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn accessory organ of the circulatory system has been found in Sepia officinalis and Loligo forbesi, situated on the inner surface of the mantle around the posterior pallial vessels. It is spheroidal in shape and consists chiefly of muscle fibres forming bundles anastomosing with one another, most of them taking a general circular course round the artery and the vein. In Sepia the muscle bundles are more loosely arranged, being imbedded in connective tissue of soft consistency; they are not continuous either with the musculature of the vessels or with that of the mantle, and show certain structural differences from them. The nerves approaching this organ from various directions carry elements of two systems: (a) fibres given off by the branches innervating the neighbouring mantle muscles; (b) elements of the vasomotor system; these are 3 trunks consisting of fibres of small calibre and containing groups or rows of ganglion cells. One of these trunks associates with one of the main mantle nerves, another runs through the retractor muscle of the branchia. Within the accessory organ they intermingle with the motor fibres, but the nerve bundles passing to the posterior pallial vessels consist of fibres of the vasomotor system only; it is possible that the muscles of the accessory organ are supplied, in addition to their motor innervation, with fibres of the vasomotor system.
Hydrographic surveys off Plymouth in 1959 and 1960
Authors: Armstrong F. A. J. , Butler E. I. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn area in the English Channel of about 30 x 45 miles centred on a position about 25 miles south of Plymouth was surveyed twice in 1959 and six times in i960. Temperature and salinity were measured at 0, 10 and 50 m, and phosphate and silicate concentrations at 10 and 50 m.Lower temperatures were usually found near the coast, though the converse was observed in October i960.Isotherms generally ran east-west in winter and north-south in summer.Salinity was usually lower near the coast, but not in the summer.Density contours generally resembled those of temperature, and suggested an eastward water movement in winter. In summer they suggested an offshore movement at the surface and an onshore movement of the deeper water.In winter the distribution of phosphate and silicate resembled that of salinity, high values of nutrients corresponding to low salinities.In summer the depth of thermocline was greater to the westThe properties of the water were so variable from place to place, and changes in them so rapid, that it is difficult to accept results from station Ei, or any other single station in the area, as typical of the whole.
The Effects of Salinity on Herring After Metamorphosis
Authors: Holliday F. G. T. , Blaxter J. H. S. 
Published: May 2009

The salinity tolerance of herring 9-ca24 cm in length was found to lie between 6‰0 and 40–45‰0.Determinations of changes in weight and blood concentration (by measurement of the freezing-point), when herring were transferred from one salinity to another, demonstrated that extensive changes occurred in the blood. Under these conditions the herring experienced and survived blood concentrations equivalent to salinites of 13–22·5‰. A recovery to near normal (δ0·95 ≡ 15·8‰) took place in all the salinities within the tolerance range.Badly descaled herring in sea water showed large increases in blood concentration before death.A study of the kidney of the herring indicated that the ability to withstand the low salinities for long periods probably rested in the high glomerular count of the kidney.The importance of damage to the skin for survival is discussed in relation to tagging experiments.The results are also discussed in relation to the evolution of the herring.
The Behaviour of Macoma Balthica (L.)
Authors: Brafield A. E. , Newell G. E. 
Published: May 2009

The tellinid Macoma balthica moves extensively about the surface of the sand, its activities not being restricted to vertical movements as hitherto supposed.These horizontal migrations comprise a movement towards the sun followed by a movement away from it. If there is heavy cloud movements still occur, in summer at least, but are at random.Other intertidal species indulge in similar movements, possibly indicating a widespread habit which confers the advantage of bringing the animal into contact with surrounding areas while maintaining its station on the shore.
Note on a Specimen of Echinorhinus spinosus
Authors: Stead F. B. 
Published: May 2009

A specimen of this somewhat uncommon shark was recently brought to the Laboratory by some fishermen. The following notes on it may be of interest. The fish was taken with a long line baited with mackerel, for conger. It was captured forty miles south of the Mewstone, at a depth of about forty-five fathoms. The specimen was a female, and measured 6 feet 6 inches from the end of the snout to the tip of the tail. The following are the principal other measurements: snout to anterior edge of first dorsal fin, 46 inches; snout to anterior edge of pectoral, 20 inches; the interval between the anterior edge of the pectoral, and the pelvic fin was 26 inches. The first dorsal, which was small, was thus situated immediately above the pelvic. The second dorsal, which was smaller than the first, was situated as nearly as possible midway between the first dorsal and the commencement of the caudal fin. The measurements so far tally with Day's description of the species.Attention may, however, be drawn to the measurements which follow in connection with the following statement in Day: “Ventral (fin) … commences mid-way between the front gill opening and the end of the caudal fin in elongated forms: or anterior end of the snout and middle of the caudal fin, as observed in the Plymouth and Aberdeen stouter specimens.” (Day's British Fishes, vol. ii. p. 323.)In my specimen the distance from the front gill opening to the anterior edge of the ventral was 30 inches: thence to the end of the caudal was 33 inches.
A spring-loaded bottom-sampler
Authors: Smith W. , Mcintyre A. D. 
Published: May 2009

For routine sampling of the infauna of the sea bottom an apparatus is required which is simple, easily handled, and which can give samples of consistent volume from different types of bottom and in varying weather conditions.The Petersen sampler and its modification, the van Veen, are simple and easily handled and give reasonably consistent samples from some types of soil. But on hard ground they are less satisfactory, and in rough weather they tend either to land unevenly on the bottom, thereby taking smaller samples of variable volume, or to release in mid-water with the rolling of the ship, so that no sample is taken.
Naphthaquinone pigments in Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin)
Authors: Yoshida M. 
Published: May 2009

Since MacMunn (1885), the nature and distribution of naphthaquinone pigments in sea urchins have been widely surveyed, and the main findings have been summarized in reviews by Lederer (1952), Fox (1953) and Thomson (1957). Among spinochromes and echinochromes, the most unusual one is the Spinochrome E discovered by Lederer (1952), which is insoluble in ether.Recently, the author has examined the napthaquinone pigment in the echinoid, Psammechinus miliaris (Gmel.), and has found a similar pigment to Spinochrome E together with other common spinochromes.
Evaporation and Temperature Changes in the English Channel
Authors: Harvey H. W. 
Published: May 2009

Since April, 1921, observations of temperature and salinity have been made at depths from top to bottom of the sea at Station El, 20 miles to the south-west of Plymouth, where the depth is 70 metres. These observations already throw some light on the causes of different sea temperatures during the same month in different years. As these temperature differences from year to year play an all-important part in the life of cold-blooded marine animals (1), it is of particular interest not only to follow their seasonal changes, but to arrive as far as possible at the causes which govern them.Changes in salinity and the temperature conditions during 1921 showed a marked inflow of warm highly saline Atlantic water into the English Channel, and a very marked inflow into the El area during September, October and November of that year (2). From that time until the end of 1923 there has been an irregular fall in salinity of the water at El.