bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Substance Use, Problems, Social Situation and Treatment Experiences among Clients Entering Addiction Treatment in Stockholm
Authors: Storbjörk Jessica 
Published: August 2011

AIM While gender differences in substance use/problems have been found to be smaller in more gender-equal countries such as Sweden, gender-specific norms still prevail, and women's (mis)use continues to be more condemned than men's. This article analyses and discusses similarities and differences between the sexes in alcohol and drug treatment in terms of men's and women's treatment experiences, consumption/problems, social situation, and life-domain problems. METHOD 1865 respondents were interviewed (structured interview) at the beginning of a new treatment episode in 2000–2002 in Stockholm County (sample representative of those starting a new treatment episode for alcohol or drug problems in Stockholm County). Responses are cross-tabulated by sex and multivariate logistic regression is used to predict whether men or women have more severe problems in various life domains of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI composite scores). Results Bivariate analyses showed that women and men differ significantly in their treatment experiences. Women are more likely to have contact with mental health services, whereas men tend to deal more with the criminal justice system. The sexes do not differ in alcohol and drug problem severity, but women are more likely to have problems with pharmaceuticals. In contrast to the hypothesis, it turned out that men, not women, are more marginalised as concerns housing, income, family situation, lack of friends. Women report more problems related to family, social life and mental/physical health, while men report higher criminality and financial problems. Conclusions There are no gender differences among the clients in the treatment system when it comes to substance problem severity but differences occur concerning the clients’ social situation and different life-domain problems. As men are more socially exposed a focus on women may obscure problems among men.
Research Report
Authors: Reitan Therese 
Published: August 2011

AIM The aim of this article is to present a first overview of pregnant substance abusers in compulsory care in Sweden. The current legislation does not allow for compulsory care on the grounds of pregnancy, i.e. out of consideration for the foetus. Nonetheless, a number of the women placed in compulsory care every year also “happen to be” pregnant. DATA Through client screening interviews, which include a question about whether the client is pregnant, and data from the client administrative system of the National Board of Institutional Care, a total of 81 unique pregnancies (79 unique women) were identified between 2001 and 2008. The average age at admission was 28 years and the women for whom such data was available were on average 5.9 months pregnant. Results Compared to other clients in compulsory care the situation of the pregnant clients was relatively favourable in some domains, such as living conditions, and physical and psychological status. Their drug profile mostly resembled that of the youngest client group in compulsory care, i.e. dominated by heroine and amphetamine. There were, however, relatively speaking fewer pregnant women who never have injected drugs and it was more common among the pregnant clients to have lost custody of a child or to have a child placed in foster care. Conclusions More empirical studies are necessary in order to increase our knowledge about this selected group of clients, both follow-ups on the women and their children as well as in-depth studies of how these women are “processed” in the social and legal systems.
Alcohol Prevention and Evaluation in the Era of Evidence Based Practice – the Need for a Systematic Approach to Evaluation
Authors: Sandberg Bo 
Published: August 2011

AIMS This article focuses on the shortcomings of experimental outcome evaluations. MATERIAL The study uses two studies of the alcohol prevention program Prime for Life (PFL) to illustrate problems associated with a ‘one dimensional’ goal focus and how implementation may affect the efficiency of an intervention. Results As evidence based practice often fails to acknowledge the importance of context and implementation quality in its quest to find ‘what works’, it is argued in the article that a wider perspective on efficiency is needed in evaluations of alcohol prevention. CONSLUSIONS To be able to find out what works and during what circumstances, evaluators need to look for a wider set of traits that constitute effective interventions.
Impact of Pain Reported During Isometric Quadriceps Muscle Strength Testing in People With Knee Pain: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
Authors: Riddle Daniel L. , Stratford Paul W. 
Published: August 2011

Background
Muscle force testing is one of the more common categories of diagnostic tests used in clinical practice. Clinicians have little evidence to guide interpretations of muscle force tests when pain is elicited during testing.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to examine the construct validity of isometric quadriceps muscle strength tests by determining whether the relationship between maximal isometric quadriceps muscle strength and functional status was influenced by pain during isometric testing.

Design
A cross-sectional design was used.

Methods
Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative were used to identify 1,344 people with unilateral knee pain and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain subscale scores of 1 or higher on the involved side. Measurements of maximal isometric quadriceps strength and ratings of pain during isometric testing were collected. Outcome variables were WOMAC physical function subscale, 20-m walk test, 400-m walk test, and a repeated chair stand test. Multiple regression models were used to determine whether pain during testing modified or confounded the relationship between strength and functional status.

Results
Pearson r correlations among the isometric quadriceps strength measures and the 4 outcome measures ranged from −.36 (95% confidence interval=−.41, −.31) for repeated chair stands to .36 (95% confidence interval=.31, .41) for the 20-m walk test. In the final analyses, neither effect modification nor confounding was found for the repeated chair stand test, the 20-m walk test, the 400-m walk test, or the WOMAC physical function subscale. Moderate or severe pain during testing was weakly associated with reduced strength, but mild pain was not.

Limitations
The disease spectrum was skewed toward mild or moderate symptoms, and the pain measurement scale used during muscle force testing was not ideal.

Conclusions
Given that the spectrum of the sample was skewed toward mild or moderate symptoms and disease, the data suggest that isometric quadriceps muscle strength tests maintain their relationship with self-report or performance-based disability measures even when pain is elicited during testing.
Expedition Yukon 1967: Centennial and the Politics of Mountaineering in Kluane
Authors: Reichwein PearlAnn 
Published: August 2011

Abstract: The Yukon Alpine Centennial Expedition was a mass outdoor adventure to celebrate Canada's Centennial in 1967. Organized by the Alpine Club of Canada, it mobilized unifying narratives of federal nationhood through athletic exploits and sporting bodies. Funded by federal, provincial, and territorial governments, three prongs of this major expedition involved more than three hundred mountaineers and resulted in thirty-three climbs in the St Elias Range, including twenty-seven first ascents. The expedition named many geographic features and left imprints on the cultural landscape. Although the expedition officially commemorated nationhood, climbers nonetheless challenged common assumptions through their ways of knowing mountain landscapes. Looking back to the 1925 first ascent of Mt Logan and forward to the declaration of Kluane National Park in 1972, yace represented Canadian federalist nationalism in northern mountain landscapes, situated amid the Southern Tutchone homelands. Imagining peaks in the St Elias Range as the domain of Canada's national alpine club contributed to imagining Canada's northern national parks established in the 1970s. This study considers how encounters and stories associated with the expedition might be read to place the study of commemoration and mountaineering history within discussions of local knowledge, cultural landscapes, and environmental philosophy.
Rats in Alberta: Looking at Pest-Control Posters from the 1950s
Authors: McTavish Lianne , Zheng Jingjing 
Published: August 2011

Abstract: How did the rat-control program, launched by the Government of Alberta in 1950, become associated with the identity and heritage of the province? The authors answer this question by undertaking close visual analyses of the anti-rat posters and pamphlets that were distributed by the government throughout the 1950s. Using a visual methodology inspired by semiotics, they argue that the early rat-control program ambitiously promoted Alberta as a unified, clean province that was both distinct from its prairie neighbours and for the most part populated with vigilant, hardworking citizens eager to remove unwanted intruders.
Integrated geophysical profiles and H/V microtremor measurements for subsoil characterization
Authors: Benjumea Beatriz , Macau Albert , Gabàs Anna , Bellmunt Fabian , Figueras Sara , Cirés Jordi 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTMapping bedrock structure beneath overburden is crucial for understanding geological and hydrogeological processes. Acquiring this information is generally done using well drilling or geophysical surveys; but these studies are expensive and require large periods of acquisition and processing time. In addition, geophysical data acquisition can be logistically challenging in urban zones with limited available areas for instrumentation deployment.Under favourable conditions (1D structure and high acoustic impedance contrast) the H/V microtremor technique can provide estimates of bedrock depth. This technique is used to obtain the soil resonance frequency in seismic microzonation studies. It is based on the computation of the horizontal to vertical spectral ratio of microtremor recordings acquired at a single station. The soil resonance frequency is related to soil shear‐wave velocity and thickness.Here we investigate the capability of combining microtremor and traditional exploration geophysical techniques (electrical resistivity and seismic tomography) to obtain an empirical relationship relating soil resonance frequency and overburden thickness. Subsequently we propose to extend microtremor measurements to adjacent areas that have not been covered by geophysical surveys.This methodology has been applied at a test site located in a granitic environment where alluvial/colluvial sediments cover the granite weathering profile. This area is characterized by urban development and sectors having rugged topography. A priori, this area has suitable conditions to apply the H/V microtremor technique. Overburden thickness has been estimated to range between 20–50 m. The proposed methodology has been validated at the test site, encouraging us to apply the H/V method as an exploration tool in similar geological environments.
Statistical stacking and adaptive notch filter to remove high‐level electromagnetic noise from MRS measurements
Authors: Jiang Chuandong , Lin Jun , Duan Qingming , Sun Shuqin , Tian Baofeng 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTTraditionally, one of the major limitations for magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) measurement is that the weak signal generated by subsurface water molecules is prone to be disturbed by high‐level electromagnetic noise. In China, the power grid coverage is 94.6% and spiky noise and powerline harmonic noise are always present when utilizing MRS measurement in suburban areas or towns. In order to improve the performance of the MRS method, two new techniques, statistical stacking and adaptive notch filter, are introduced to remove spiky noise and power‐line harmonic noise. Firstly, four stacking procedures are analysed to suppress the natural noise and spiky noise. It could be found that statistical stacking can be utilized in the areas with serious spiky noise and can improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio by a factor of 4 to 7. Moreover, the stacking number is less than other stacking procedures and the measurement time may decrease by nearly 50% in some suburban areas or towns. Secondly, there are a variety of filtering procedures available to suppress power‐line harmonic noise, which are all based on analogue or digital notch filtering. But nearly all of them may cause distortion. An adaptive notch filter is applied here to remove power‐line harmonic noise because harmonic frequencies are away from and (or) close to the Larmor frequency, even when the frequency offset between them is zero. From simulation results, it could be noted that the signal can be recovered after adaptive notch filtering because it is not irretrievably distorted but proportionally attenuated. Thus, the amplitude attenuation can accurately be compensated. The effectiveness of the two techniques applied to MRS measurements is demonstrated by field testing with the prototype of the MRS system developed by Jilin University, China. The results show that the statistical stacking and adaptive notch filter are effective methods to remove high‐level electromagnetic noise from MRS measurements.
Autoreactive Memory CD4+ T Lymphocytes That Mediate Chronic Uveitis Reside in the Bone Marrow through STAT3-Dependent Mechanisms
Authors: Oh Hyun-Mee , Yu Cheng-Rong , Lee YongJun , Chan Chi-Chao , Maminishkis Arvydas , Egwuagu Charles E. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Organ-specific autoimmune diseases are usually characterized by repeated cycles of remission and recurrent inflammation. However, where the autoreactive memory T cells reside in between episodes of recurrent inflammation is largely unknown. In this study, we have established a mouse model of chronic uveitis characterized by progressive photoreceptor cell loss, retinal degeneration, focal retinitis, retinal vasculitis, multifocal choroiditis, and choroidal neovascularization, providing for the first time to our knowledge a useful model for studying long-term pathological consequences of chronic inflammation of the neuroretina. We show that several months after inception of acute uveitis, autoreactive memory T cells specific to retinal autoantigen, interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), relocated to bone marrow (BM). The IRBP-specific memory T cells (IL-7RαHighLy6CHighCD4+) resided in BM in resting state but upon restimulation converted to IL-17/IFN-γ–expressing effectors (IL-7RαLowLy6CLowCD4+) that mediated uveitis. We further show that T cells from STAT3-deficient (CD4-STAT3KO) mice are defective in α4β1 and osteopontin expression, defects that correlated with inability of IRBP-specific memory CD4-STAT3KO T cells to traffic into BM. We adoptively transferred uveitis to naive mice using BM cells from wild-type mice with chronic uveitis but not BM cells from CD4-STAT3KO, providing direct evidence that memory T cells that mediate uveitis reside in BM and that STAT3-dependent mechanism may be required for migration into and retention of memory T cells in BM. Identifying BM as a survival niche for T cells that cause uveitis suggests that BM stromal cells that provide survival signals to autoreactive memory T cells and STAT3-dependent mechanisms that mediate their relocation into BM are attractive therapeutic targets that can be exploited to selectively deplete memory T cells that drive chronic inflammation.
Mucosa-Associated Epithelial Chemokine/CCL28 Expression in the Uterus Attracts CCR10+ IgA Plasma Cells following Mucosal Vaccination via Estrogen Control
Authors: Cha Hye-Ran , Ko Hyun-Jeong , Kim Eun-Do , Chang Sun-Young , Seo Sang-Uk , Cuburu Nicolas , Ryu Sangryeol , Kim Sunghoon , Kweon Mi-Na 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated cross talk between mucosal and reproductive organs during secretory IgA Ab induction. In this study, we aimed to clarify the underlying mechanisms of this cross talk. We found significantly higher titers of Ag-specific secretory IgA Ab in the vaginal wash after mucosal vaccination by both the intranasal (i.n.) and the intravaginal routes but not by the s.c. route. Interestingly, Ag-specific IgA Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) were found mainly in the uterus but not in the cervix and vaginal canal after i.n. vaccination. The fact that most Ag-specific IgA ASCs isolated from the uteri of vaccinated mice migrated toward mucosa-associated epithelial chemokine (MEC)/CCL28 suggests dominant expression of CCR10 on the IgA ASCs. Further, IgA ASCs in the uteri of vaccinated mice were reduced drastically in mice treated with neutralizing anti-MEC/CCL28 Ab. Most intriguingly, the female sex hormone estrogen directly regulated MEC/CCL28 expression and was augmented by i.n. vaccination with cholera toxin or stimulators for innate immunity. Further, blockage of estrogen function in the uterus by oral administration of the estrogen antagonist raloxifene significantly inhibited migration of Ag-specific IgA ASCs after i.n. vaccination with OVA plus cholera toxin. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that CCR10+ IgA ASCs induced by mucosal vaccination via the i.n. route migrate into the uterus in a MEC/CCL28-dependent manner and that estrogen might have a crucial role in the protection against genital infection by regulating MEC/CCL28 expression in the uterus.
The Actin-Bundling Protein L-Plastin Is Essential for Marginal Zone B Cell Development
Authors: Todd Elizabeth M. , Deady Lauren E. , Morley Sharon Celeste 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
B cell development is exquisitely sensitive to location within specialized niches in the bone marrow and spleen. Location within these niches is carefully orchestrated through chemotactic and adhesive cues. In this article, we demonstrate the requirement for the actin-bundling protein L-plastin (LPL) in B cell motility toward the chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL13 and the lipid chemoattractant sphingosine-1-phosphate, which guide normal B cell development. Impaired motility of B cells in LPL−/− mice correlated with diminished splenic maturation of B cells, with a moderate (40%) loss of follicular B cells and a profound (&gt;80%) loss of marginal zone B cells. Entry of LPL−/− B cells into the lymph nodes and bone marrow of mice was also impaired. Furthermore, LPL was required for the integrin-mediated enhancement of Transwell migration but was dispensable for integrin-mediated lymphocyte adhesion. These results suggest that LPL may participate in signaling that enables lymphocyte transmigration. In support of this hypothesis, the phosphorylation of Pyk-2, a tyrosine kinase that integrates chemotactic and adhesive cues, is diminished in LPL−/− B cells stimulated with chemokine. Finally, a well-characterized role of marginal zone B cells is the generation of a rapid humoral response to polysaccharide Ags. LPL−/− mice exhibited a defective Ab response to Streptococcus pneumoniae, indicating a functional consequence of defective marginal zone B cell development in LPL−/− mice.
Antibiotic utilization pattern in a general medical ward of a tertiary medical center in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Shimemeri A Al , Ghadeer H Al , Memish Z 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTo assess the pattern of antibiotic utilization and outcome of patients with bacteremia in a General Medical Ward, all positive blood cultures (BC) over a 12-month period from January 1994 to December 1995 were retrospectively reviewed. Fifty-two positive BC were recorded in 43 patients (63% males, 37% females; mean age 65.9 ± 16.6). 72% of the patients received antibiotics before or soon after obtaining the BC, and ceftriaxone was the most frequently-prescribed antibiotic (41.93%), either alone or in combination with other antibiotics. The bacteremia was due to gram-positive cocci in 60.46% of cases, gram-negative rods in 30.23%, and gram-positive rods in 9.30%. Positive BC due to contamination were not included. The most common gram-positive cocci were Staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by S. aureus, while the most common gram-negative bacilli were Brucella species, Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella sp. The suspected sources of the bacteremia were respiratory (21.2%), urinary (19.2%), or skin (19.2%). A subsequent change in the antibiotics regimen was done in 69.76% cases after BC results became available with no apparent effect on the outcome. Adding vancomycin and clindamycin was the most frequent change done (19.4% for each equally). Complications developed in 69.76% of patients, with 88.66% of them suffering from sepsis/shock. 69.23% of the patients improved and 30.77% expired; death was related to infection in 87.5% of cases. In conclusion, most bacteremia in the medical ward of the hospital were due to gram-positive cocci, which should be considered in antibiotic selection prior to BC. Risk factors for acquiring Brucellosis should always be obtained.
A phase II pilot trial investigating the efficacy and activity of single agent granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor as maintenance approach in castration - resistant prostate cancer patients responding to chemotherapy
Authors: Nabhan Chadi , Meyer Andrew , Tolzien Kathy , Bitran Jacob D , Lestingi Timothy M 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the toxicity and efficacy of GM-CSF in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients who maximized their response to systemic chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: CRPC patients who maximized their response to either docetaxel or mitoxantrone chemotherapy were eligible if they demonstrated adequate performance status, liver, kidney, and bone marrow function. Maximum response to chemotherapy was defined as either receiving at least 8 cycles of chemotherapy without radiographic or biochemical progression, receiving less than 8 cycles as long as the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) changes by less than 10%, or being off chemotherapy for less than 12 weeks without disease progression. Patients received GM-CSF at 250 mcg/m 2 subcutaneously for 14 days followed by 14 days of rest. GM-CSF was continued until disease progression. Results: Fifteen patients were enrolled of which all were evaluable for toxicity and 13 were evaluable for efficacy. Median age was 78 (range 66-96) and 93% of patients had a Gleason score ≥ 7. Biochemically, 2 patients (15.3%) attained partial response (PR) and 4 (30.7%) had stable disease (SD). Median time to PSA progression was 6 months (range 4-12). Radiographically, 9 patients (69.2%) had SD that lasted a median of 6 months (range 2-10). With a median follow-up of 24 months from starting GM-CSF (range 2-38), 2 patients (13.3%) remain alive and well. Median OS from start of any chemotherapy was 21 months (range 10-44). GM-CSF was well-tolerated with minimal expected manageable toxicities.Conclusions: GM-CSF is active post-chemotherapy in CRPC patients. Further studies with GM-CSF in this setting are warranted.