bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Candidate Molecular Pathway Genes Related to Appetite Regulatory Neural Network, Adipocyte Homeostasis and Obesity: Results from the CARDIA Study
Authors: Friedlander Yechiel , Li Guo , Fornage Myriam , Williams O. Dale , Lewis Cora E. , Schreiner Pamela , Pletcher Mark J. , Enquobahrie Daniel , Williams Michelle , Siscovick David S. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryAppetite regulatory neural network and adipocyte homeostasis molecular pathways are critical to long‐term weight maintenance.Associations between obesity‐related phenotypes and four genes in these pathways – leptin (LEP), leptin receptor (LEPR), neuropeptide Y2 receptor (NPY2R) and peptide YY (PYY) were examined in CARDIA Study participants (aged 18–30 at recruitment in 1985–6). Weight, BMI and waist circumference were measured at baseline and at years 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20. Genotyping was conducted using tag SNPs characterising common genetic variations in these genes. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models estimated associations between SNPs and repeated anthropometric measurements, controlling for sex and age. False discovery rate was used to adjust for multiple testing.In African‐Americans, SNPs across theLEPgene demonstrated significant overall associations with all obesity‐related phenotypes. The associations between LEP rs17151919 with weight tended to strengthen with time – the difference in weight associated with each additional minor allele increased from 2.6 kg at baseline to 4.8 kg at year 20 (SNP*time interaction p = 0.0193).NPY2Rgene SNPs were associated with waist circumference among African‐American men (p = 0.0462). In Caucasians,LEPSNPs also tended to be associated with weight (p = 0.0471), andPYYrs11684664 was associated with obesity‐related phenotypes in women only (p = 0.010–0.026).SeveralLEP, andNPY2RandPYYSNPs were associated with obesity‐related phenotypes in young adults, particularly among African‐Americans.
Dynamics of longitudinal arch support in relation to walking speed: contribution of the plantar aponeurosis
Authors: Caravaggi Paolo , Pataky Todd , Günther Michael , Savage Russell , Crompton Robin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe plantar aponeurosis (PA), in spanning the whole length of the plantar aspect of the foot, is clearly identified as one of the key structures that is likely to affect compliance and stability of the longitudinal arch. A recent study performed in our laboratory showed that tension/elongation in the PA can be predicted from the kinematics of the segments to which the PA is attached. In the present investigation, stereophotogrammetry and inverse kinematics were employed to shed light on the mechanics of the longitudinal arch and its main passive stabilizer, the PA, in relation to walking speed. When compared with a neutral unloaded position, the medial longitudinal arch underwent greater collapse during the weight‐acceptance phase of stance at higher walking speed (0.1°±1.9° in slow walking; 0.9°±2.6° in fast walking; P = 0.0368). During late stance the arch was higher (3.4°±3.1° in slow walking; 2.8°±2.7° in fast walking; P = 0.0227) and the metatarsophalangeal joints more dorsiflexed (e.g. at the first metatarsophalangeal joint, 52°±5° in slow walking; 64°±4° in fast walking; P < 0.001) during fast walking. Early‐stance tension in the PA increased with speed, whereas maximum tension during late stance did not seem to be significantly affected by walking speed. Although, on the one hand, these results give evidence for the existence of a pre‐heel‐strike, speed‐dependent, arch‐stiffening mechanism, on the other hand they suggest that augmentation of arch height in late stance is enhanced by higher forces exerted by the intrinsic muscles on the plantar aspect of the foot when walking at faster speeds.
Dynamic methylation and expression of Oct4 in early neural stem cells
Authors: Lee Shih‐Han , Jeyapalan Jennie N. , Appleby Vanessa , Mohamed Noor Dzul Azri , Sottile Virginie , Scotting Paul J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNeural stem cells are a multipotent population of tissue‐specific stem cells with a broad but limited differentiation potential. However, recent studies have shown that over‐expression of the pluripotency gene, Oct4, alone is sufficient to initiate a process by which these can form ‘induced pluripotent stem cells’ (iPS cells) with the same broad potential as embryonic stem cells. This led us to examine the expression of Oct4 in endogenous neural stem cells, as data regarding its expression in neural stem cells in vivo are contradictory and incomplete. In this study we have therefore analysed the expression of Oct4 and other genes associated with pluripotency throughout development of the mouse CNS and in neural stem cells grown in vitro. We find that Oct4 is still expressed in the CNS by E8.5, but that this expression declines rapidly until it is undetectable by E15.5. This decline is coincident with the gradual methylation of the Oct4 promoter and proximal enhancer. Immunostaining suggests that the Oct4 protein is predominantly cytoplasmic in location. We also found that neural stem cells from all ages expressed the pluripotency associated genes, Sox2, c‐Myc, Klf4 and Nanog. These data provide an explanation for the varying behaviour of cells from the early neuroepithelium at different stages of development. The expression of these genes also provides an indication of why Oct4 alone is sufficient to induce iPS formation in neural stem cells at later stages.
Effects of growth and exercise on composition, structural maturation and appearance of osteoarthritis in articular cartilage of hamsters
Authors: Julkunen Petro , Halmesmäki Esa P. , Iivarinen Jarkko , Rieppo Lassi , Närhi Tommi , Marjanen Juho , Rieppo Jarno , Arokoski Jari , Brama Pieter A. , Jurvelin Jukka S. , Helminen Heikki J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractArticular cartilage composition and structure are maintained and remodeled by chondrocytes under the influence of loading. Exercise‐induced changes in the composition, structure, mechanical properties and tissue integrity of growing and aging hamster articular cartilage were investigated. Articular cartilage samples (n = 191) were harvested from the proximal tibiae of hamsters aged 1, 3, 6, 12 and 15 months. The hamsters were divided into runners and controls. The runners had free access to a running wheel between 1 and 3 months (runner groups 3‐, 12‐ and 15‐month‐old hamsters) or 1 and 6 months (runner group 6‐month‐old hamsters) of age. Control animals were subjected to a sedentary lifestyle. Mechanical indentation tests and depth‐wise compositional and structural analyses were performed for the cartilage samples. Furthermore, the integrity of articular cartilage was assessed using histological osteoarthritis grading. Exercise affected the collagen network organization after a 5‐month exercise period, especially in the middle and deep zones. However, no effect on the mechanical properties was detected after exercise. Before the age of 12 months, the runners showed less osteoarthritis than the controls, whereas at 15 months of age the situation was reversed. It is concluded that, in hamsters, physical exercise at a young age enhances cartilage maturation and alters the depth‐wise cartilage structure and composition. This may be considered beneficial. However, exercise at a young age demonstrated adverse effects on cartilage at a later age with a significant increase in the incidence of osteoarthritis.
The Neuropathology of Cerebral Palsy and its Importance in Treatment and Diagnosis: The Cerebral Palsy Problem. B. Normal Development of Motor Abilities. C. Causes of Motor Handicap in Cerebral Palsy. D. Early Diagnosis.
Authors: Bobath K. 
Published: July 2010

In the cerebral palsied child early treatment seems desirable but impossible for lack of active co‐operation by the patient. Dr. and Mrs. Bobath have used inherent motor reactions to promote good movement patterns even in infancy. This “meaty” article gives a postgraduate course on the postural reflexes underlying our equilibrium, their emergence and later integration and inhibition in the normal infant's early years.A knowledge of these reactions and of the abnormal reflexes of the cerebral palsied child will help us to recognise the postures displayed and to understand the ideas underlying the Bobaths' methods of treatment.
RESULTS OF CEREBRAL SURGERY FOR MOTOR DISORDERS*
Authors: BATES JOHN A. V. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYFollowing a chance observation, it has been discovered that the destruction of nervous tissue deep in the cerebral hemisphere can relieve tremor and rigidity on the contralateral side in some cases of Parkinson's disease, without impairing motor performance.There are many possible explanations for this, and six are briefly reviewed here, but the full significance of this knowledge will only be realised when post‐mortem studies of the lesion in successful and unsuccessful cases are available.
Hip Deformities in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: BATCHELOR J. S. 
Published: July 2010

RÉSUMÉLes difformités de la hancheLes deux techniques les plus utiles pour corriger les difformités spastiques de la hanche sont l'ostéotomie de rotation de la diaphyse fémorale et l'ostéotomie de Lorenz. Ces techniques corrigent la difformité au dessous de l'insertion des muscles spastiques de la hanche qui ne sont pas modifyés.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDeformitäten der HüfteDie zwei üblichsten Verfahren für die Verbesserung der spastischen Deformitúten der Hüfte sind die Drehungsosteotomie der Diaphyse des Oberschenkelknochens und die Lorenzsche Osteotomie. Diese Verfahren verbessern die Deformität unter der Ansatzstelle der spastischen Hüftenmuskeln, welche nicht verändert werden.
Pneumoencephalographic Findings in Various Forms of Cerebral Palsy
Authors: DITTRICH J. , VLACH V. , JIROUT J. 
Published: July 2010

Pneumoencephalography can be useful in the differential diagnosis and classification of cerebral palsy, in localising the lesions, and in defining the indications for surgery.SUMMARYPneumoencephalography examination is an important method for the study of cerebral palsy. It to some extent acts as a substitute for pathological observations. By showing the site of the maximal tissue lesion it helps in pathological analysis. It also helps in the differentiation of various forms of the disease and in their clinical study. The method is useful in the differential diagnosis of cerebral palsy from congenital neoplasms, developmental abnormalities, etc., and it helps us to draw up more precise indications for surgical intervention.The number of patients in this series (117) is small when it has to be divided into separate forms. It is therefore not possible to draw any final conclusions.RÉSUMÉL'encéphalographie gazeuse dans les différentes formes d'infirmite motrice cérébrale.L'encéphalographie gazeuse est une importante méthode d'examen dans l'étude de l'infirmité motrice cérébrale. Elle se substitue dans une certaine mesure aux études anatomo‐pathologiques. La détermination du siège de la lésion tissulaire maxima facilite l'analyse physiopathologique. Elle permet de distinguer les différentes formes de la maladie et d'effectuer leur étude clinique. La méthode est utile pour le diagnostic différentiel de l'infirmité motrice cérébrale d'avec les néoplasmes congénitaux, les anomalies du développe‐ment, etc. Elle nous aide à poser des indications chirurgicales plus précises.Le nombre de malades dans cette étude (117) est faible si on les répartit sous différentes rubriques. Aussi n'est‐il pas possible d'émettre de conclusion définitive.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Befunde der Pneumoencephalographie in den verschiedenen Formen der zerebralen Kinderlähmung.Die Pneumoencephalographie ist eine wichtige Untersuchungsmethode für das Studium der Zerebrallähmung. Sie ersetzt in gewissem Mass pathologische Beobachtungen. Indem sie den Sitz der maximalen Gewebsschädigung angibt, erleichtert sie die physiopathologische Analyse. Sie erlaubt es, die verschiedene Formen der Krankheit zu unterscheiden und ihr klinisches Studium durchzuführen. Die Methode ist für die Differentialdiagnostik der Zerebrallähmung gegenüber angeborenen Neubildungen, Entwicklungsmissbildungen, usw., nützlich. Sie hilft uns, genauere chirurgische Indikationen zu stellen.Die Zahl der Kranken dieser Serie ist gering (117), wenn man sie in verschiedenen Formen aufteilt. Darum ist es nicht möglich, endgültige Schlüsse zu Ziehen.
The Subacute Encephalitides
Authors: BOGAERT LUDO van 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe subacute encephalitides are becoming increasingly common, and the cases often pass unrecognised because of their resemblance to unadapted extrapyramidal degenerative disease.The various forms of the condition and their symptoms are described.Unfortunately the treatment is still wholly ineffective and the cause remains unknown.RÉSUMÉLes Encéphalites SubaiguësLes encéphalites subaigués deviennent de plus en plus fréquentes. Les diagnostics ne sont souvent pas précisés à cause de leur ressemblance avec les maladies extrapyramidales dégénératives.Les différentes formes et leur sémiologie sont décrites.Malheureusement le traitement est encore totalement inefficace et la cause en demeure inconnue.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSubakute EncephalitidesDie subakuten Encephalitides werden immer häufiger und die Fälle verlaufen oft, ohne erkannt zu werden, weil sie den extrapyramidalen Entartungskrankheiten ähnlich sehen.Die verschiedenen Formen der Krankheit und ihre Semiotik werden beschrieben. Leider ist die Behandlung noch völlig unwirksam und die Ursache unbekannt.
Hearing and Speech Disorders
Authors: REED MICHAEL 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYMany children present a complex picture, of which the outstanding symptom is lack of response to sound or a varying response to sound. Many different conditions in children may give rise to this superficial picture of hearing defect, and all the possible causes have to be differentiated. This problem of differentiation is discussed in detail.In some cases children may be thought to hear normally and yet have an impairment of hearing or of speech‐perception. It is important to know of all the possible conditions that might be influencing the situation, so as to make an accurate diagnosis as early as possible.RÉSUMÉ Les troubles de l'audition et de la parole.De mombreux enfants présentent un tableau complexe dont le symptôme principal est l'absence de réponse au son ou une réponse variable au son. De nombreuses maladies peuvent donner lieu, chez l'enfant, à ce tableau superficiel des troubles de l'audition et les causes possibles doivent être reconnues. Ce problème diagnostique est discuté en détail.Dans certains cas, on considère que les enfants entendent normalement, ils peuvent cependant avoir une atteinte de l'audition ou de la perception de la parole. Il est important de connaître tous les états qui peuvent influencer cette situation arm de faire un diagnostic exact aussi précoce que possible.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGGehör‐ und SprachstörungenViele Kinder zeigen ein verwickeltes Bild, dessen Hauptsymptom Ausfall der Antwort auf den Klang oder eine veränderliche Antwort auf den Klang ist. Viele Krankheiten können bei Kindern dieses oberflächliche Bild der Gehörstörungen geben und es ist nötig, alle möglichen Ursachen zu erkennen. Dieses diagnostische Problem wird gründlich besprochen.In gewissen Fällen nimmt man an, dass die Kinder normal hören. Sie können aber an einer Störung der Gehörfähigkeit oder der Wahrnehmung der Sprache leiden. Es ist nötig, alle Bedingungen, die einen Einfluss auf diesen Zustand ausüben können, zu kennen, um eine genaue Diagnose so rasch wie möglich zu stellen.
Assessment, Training and Employment of Adolescents and Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: KEITH R. C. MAC , BAX M. C. O. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThis article, which is intended to supplement Miss Morgan's account of the facilities now available for cerebral palsied adolescents and adults, discusses some of the problems which remain unsolved for these people after they leave school. It is by no means a full account of these problems, but it may stimulate more thought about, and ultimately better facilities for, the adolescent with cerebral palsy.RÉSUMÉCet article, destinéà complèter le compte rendu de Miss Morgan sur les facilités dont dispose actuellement le spastique, a amorcé des discussions sur certains problèmes non encore résolus pour lui, une fois qu'il a quitté l'ecole. Il ne faut nullement y voir un compte rendu complet de ces problèmes. Nous espérons simplement qu'il servira à faire penser davantage à l'adolescent infirme moteur cérébral et à lui apporter, par la suite, de plus grandes facilités.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn diesem Artikel, der den Bericht von Miss Morgan über die Erleichterungen über die jetzt der Spastiker verfucht ergänzensoll, wird versucht einige Probleme für die der Spastiker noch keine Lösung gefunden hat wenn er die Schule verlässt, zu erörtern. Man darf darin nicht einen vollstärdigen Bericht über diese Probleme sehen. Wir hoffe nnur, dass er dazu dienen wird, dass man mehr an den Jugendlichen mit Zerebrallähmung denkt und ihm später grössere Erleichterungen bringt.
Assessment, Training and Employment of Adolescents and Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: MORGAN Miss M. R. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWhen a child with cerebral palsy leaves school, it is usual for a completely new set of people to take over responsibility for the boy or girl, and there is no clear‐cut guidance about spheres of responsibility or the local authority or department who can best offer advice.Parents and advisers are often unaware of what is available in different parts of the country or to whom to apply for guidance and help.An attempt has here been made to indicate what facilities are now available for assessment, vocational guidance, training, employment (open and sheltered), residential centres, and home‐work.RÉSUMÉ L'adolescent et l'adulte infirmes moteurs cérébraux. Lorsqu'un enfant atteint d'infirmité motrice cérébrate quitte l'école, un groupe de personnes totalement nouveau assume d'habitude la responsabilité de ce jeune; or il n'existe rien qui puisse nettement les guider sur l'étendue de leurs responsabilités ou sur les autorités qui, à l'échelon local ou départemental, sont les plus aptes àêtre consultées.Parents et conseillers ignorent souvent les facilités dont ils disposent dans différentes parties du pays et ne savent à qui demander conseil ou aide.Nous avons essayé d'indiquer quelles facilités s'offraient actuellement à eux en ce qui concerne l'évaluation des capacités, l'orientation professionnelle, la formation, l'emploi (libre ou protégé) et le travail à domicile.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Der Jugendliche und der Erwachsene mil Zerebrallähmung. Wenn ein an Zerebrallähmung leidendes Kind die Schule verlässt, ubernimmt gewöhnlich eine ganz neue Gruppe von Personen die Verantwortung dieses jungen Menschen; nun gibt es aber keine ganz klare Führung in betreff ihres Verantwortungs kreises oder der lokalen oder Bezirksautoritäten die am fähigsten sind, sie zu beraten.Eltern und Erzieher wissen oft nicht, was ihnen in den verschiedenen Teilen des Landes zur Verfügung steht und an wen sie sich wenden miissen, urn Rat oder Hilfe zu bekommen.In diesem Artikel hat man versucht zu zeigen, welche Erleichterungen sich jetzt im Bereiche der Abschätzung der Fähigkeiten, der Berufsberatung, der Ausbildung, der Anstellung (frei oder geschützt) und der Heimarbeit darbieten.
Social Status of the Parents of Cerebral Palsied Children
Authors: ILLINGWORTH R. S. , WOODS GRACE E. , GORDON R. R. , ROBERTS LLYWELYN 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYWe have studied the social status of parents of children with cerebral palsy in Bristol and Sheffield. There was no significant difference from the normal distribution of the social classes in those regions.RÉSUMÉStatut social des parents d'enfants atteints de paralysie cérébraleNous avons étudié le groupement social des parents d'enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale à Bristol et à Sheffield. Il n'a été trouvé aucune différence significative avec la répartition normale des groupes sociaux dans ces régions.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGSoziales Statut der Kinder mit ZerehrallaehmungWir haben die soziale Zusammenstellung der Eltern der Kinder mit Zerebrallähmung in Bristol und Sheffield untersucht. Es wurde kein bedeutsamer Unterschied mit der normalen Verteilung der sozialen Gruppen in diesen Gegenden gefunden.
The Care of Children with Motor Handicaps in Sweden
Authors: D'AVIGNON MARCEL 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe medical and educational care of motor‐handicapped children and young people in Sweden is described. Emphasis is on home care where possible. Regional and local institutions offer specialist treatment and educational facilities, and provide residential accommodation if desirable.Eugeniahemmet in Stockholm is a national institution of 160 beds which provides modern comprehensive care of the cerebral‐palsied child.Re‐organisation of the provisions for cerebral palsied children is in progress, pari‐passu with an increased national awareness of the problems of the handicapped.RÉSUMÉSoins aux enfants atteints d'infirmités motrices, en SuèdeDescription des soins médicaux et éducatifs donnés en Suède aux enfants et aux jeunes gens atteints d'infirmités motrices. La préférence va aux soins à domicile, partout où ils sont possibles. On trouve dans des établissements régionaux et locaux des traitements par spécialistes et des facilités d'ordre éducatif; on peut y séjourner, si c'est opportun.A Stockholm, Eugeniahemmet est un établissement d'Etat de 160 lits où l'on donne des soins modernes éclairés à l'enfant infirme moteur cérébral.La refonte des dispositions relatives aux enfants infirmes moteurs est en cours, cependant que la conscience nationale s'émeut de plus en plus des problemes de l'infirme.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Pftege der Kinder mit moförischen Störungen in SchwedenÄrztliche und erzieherische Pflege der Kinder und Jugendlichen mit motorischen Störungen in Schweden wird beschrieben. Wo möglich ist, hat Hauspflege den Vorzug. Regionale und lokale Einrichtungen bieten Behandlung durch Spezialisten und Erziehungs‐erleichterungen und beschaffen Wohnmöglichkeiten, wenn es wünschenswert ist.Eugeniahemmet in Stockholm ist eine Staatsanstalt von 160 Betten, wo das Kind mit Zerebrallähmung sachkundige moderne Pflege bekommt.Die Reorganisation der Einrichtungen für Kinder mit Zerebrallähmung ist im Gang, gleichzeitig mit dem zunehmenden nationalen Bewustsein der Probleme des Krüppels.