bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Native American Elders: Unique Histories and Special Needs
Authors: Barusch Amanda 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Although they represent a tiny fraction of the U.S. population, Native American elders' history and culture lead to distinct opportunities and needs. This chapter examines the status of Native American elders in the United States. Following a brief review of current living conditions, it examines the history of forced assimilation and colonization, and the impact of that history on Native American elders. This is followed by a discussion of service approaches that empower elders and improve their quality of life; and a suggestion that the pursuit of culturally appropriate interventions should begin with the employment of Native American service providers.
Caregivers to Older Adults
Authors: Greenberg Jan , Seltzer Marsha , Brewer Eva 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Over the past two decades, considerable effort has been devoted to documenting the experiences of family caregivers of frail elders, in particular those with Alzheimer's disease. Researchers have more recently begun to focus on special populations of caregivers. The first section of this chapter reviews the general research on caregivers to older adults using Pearlin and his colleagues' stress process model as a framework for organizing this literature. The second section explores special populations of caregivers, specifically male caregivers, end-of-life caregivers, and aging parents as caregivers to adults with disabilities.
Community Mental Health Centers
Authors: Cummings Sherry M. , Cassie Kimberly M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on community mental health centers (CMHCs), which are traditionally underutilized by seniors. Tracing the background of social work practice in community mental health centers, the impact of deinstitutionalization and devolution is considered. The chapter identifies the emerging focus on “behavioral health care,” and a role for CMHCs in managed care. It cites recent studies suggesting that nearly all CMHCs provide services to older adults, and that the majority of centers now offer specialized geriatric services. Nonetheless, mental illness among older adults continues to be undertreated, and seniors continue to be underrepresented in these care settings. The increased CMHC use by seniors is expected in coming years, and the challenges this will pose for the setting itself and the professionals involved are outlined.
Advocacy and Protection of Older Adults
Authors: Kosberg Jordan I. , Rothman Max B. , Dunlop Burton D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on those who are vulnerable to possible adversity and the mechanisms by which social workers can be engaged in the surveillance and protection of such persons. Specifically, it provides an overview of the ombudsman program, concerned with the quality of care within long-term care facilities; adult protective service (APS) programs, created to intervene in cases of community-based abuse, neglect, and maltreatment; and legal efforts designed to safeguard the elderly and their resources.
Policies Affecting Community-Based Social Services, Housing, and Transportation
Authors: Keigher Sharon 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the essentials of “aging policy” in community services. The first section highlights the broad mandates of the federal Older Americans Act (OAA), the foundation of the U.S.'s “aging network” of state and local social services. The second section overviews federal housing policies that benefit low income and disabled older Americans. The third section highlights federal transportation programs benefiting older adults and their local challenges.
Policies Related to End-of-Life Care
Authors: H.Raveis Victoria 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed review of issues related to end-of-life care. Specific attention is focused on financing the care of dying elders, including information on how care is paid for, the gaps and limitations in coverage, and relevant regulations and policies impacting end-of-life care options. Disparities in care at the end of life are examined. Attention is also focused on cultural factors that influence elders' care decisions. Ethical and legal issues related to end-of-life care for the elderly are addressed, including advanced directives and assisted suicide. The chapter concludes with policy recommendations to improve care at the end of life.
Policy to Protect the Rights of Older Adults
Authors: Davitt Joan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on select policies that protect the rights of older adults in relation to many of the above objectives. It begins by discussing those policies that prohibit employment discrimination due to age. It also addresses various policies that indirectly promote the civil rights of older adults by making discrimination based on disability illegal. In addition, the chapter addresses grandparents' rights, the patient's bill of rights, and the right to be free from abuse, neglect, or exploitation.
Teaching the Normative Theory of Causal Reasoning
Authors: Seheines Richard , Easterday Matt , Danks David 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Nearly all of the psychological research on human causal learning involves naïve participants; that is, individuals who have not been taught the normative theory in any way, shape, or form. Almost all of this research involves single-trial learning: observing how subjects form and update their causal beliefs from the outcome of a series of trials, each either an experiment on a single individual or a single episode of a system's behavior. No work is known to attempt to train people normatively on this and related tasks, and no work compares the performance of naïve participants and those taught the normative theory. This chapter describes such a project. The goal is to determine if formal education about normative causal reasoning helps students draw accurate causal inferences. The chapter is organized as follows. It first briefly describes what the authors' take to be the normative theory of causal reasoning. It then describes the online corpus developed for teaching it. Finally, it describes four pilot studies performed in the fall of 2004 with the Causality Lab, a major part of the online corpus.
Order Out of Chaos: Order in Neural Networks
Authors: Lane Peter C. R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides details about order effects in neural networks, a commonly used modeling approach. It examines two networks in detail, the Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) architecture and Jeff Elman's recurrent networks. The ART model shows that about a 25% difference in recognition rates can arise from using different orders. Elman's recurrent network shows that, with the wrong order, a task might not even be learnable. The chapter also discusses why these effects arise, which is important for understanding the impact and claims of computational models.
Epilogue: Let’s Educate
Authors: Selfridge Oliver G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter contends that there is much we can learn about the education of people by studying learning in machines. Indeed, machine learning (ML) is an important major part of artificial intelligence (AI). Although we have a very long way to go, we have already learned some significant lessons about learning and education. It suggests that we should find out how to produce software that can be at least partly educated instead of having to be carefully programmed. The software must be able to learn not only how to accomplish the top-level desired tasks but also how to check and improve its performance on a continuing basis at many different levels. Once we know how to better educate our software, we shall be in a much better position to understand how to educate not just our software but also our children — and indeed ourselves.
Psychological Distress
Authors: Beck Elizabeth , Britto Sarah , Andrews Arlene 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the psychological distress associated with a death sentence. Sixty-three percent of the sample of interviewees indicated that they had been diagnosed with depression and that they had been symptomatic for at least one year. Forty-two percent reported that they were presently depressed and did not see it lifting in the future. These individuals also showed symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The theoretical frameworks of non-finite loss, disenfranchised grief, and complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder are used to examine the unique features of pain associated with a death sentence. In addition to exploring the causes of the pain, the chapter also describes its consequences.
The Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition
Authors: Egan Daniel , Miron Jeffrey A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Advocates of marijuana prohibition argue that it reduces marijuana trafficking and use, thereby discouraging crime, improving productivity, and enhancing public health. Critics counter that prohibition has only modest effects on trafficking and use, and that it causes many problems typically attributed to marijuana itself. Both sides agree, however, that the cost of prohibition enforcement is quite large. And anti-prohibitionists note that prohibition prevents taxation of marijuana production and sale. If marijuana were legal, they argue, enforcement costs would be negligible, and governments could have a rich new source of revenue by levying taxes on the production and sale of marijuana. This chapter is devoted to estimating these savings and revenue gains. The chapter proceeds as follows. Section II estimates state and local expenditure on marijuana prohibition. Section III estimates federal expenditure on marijuana prohibition. Section IV estimates the tax revenue that would accrue from legalized marijuana. Section V discusses caveats and implications.
Law, Culture, and Cannabis: Comparing Use Patterns in Amsterdam and San Francisco
Authors: Reinarman Craig , Cohen Peter 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter compares marijuana users in two comparable cities: San Francisco and Amsterdam. It shows that regardless of its legal status, cannabis use is in fact a cultural practice in modern societies. Most drug users are governed most of the time not so much by formal social controls like law as by the informal social controls that operate close-up in their social worlds. Unlike their formal, statutory siblings, these informal social controls are widely adhered to by users precisely because they were invented by and for them, within their culture, rather than imposed upon them from outside it.
Marijuana Abuse Prevention
Authors: Pentz Mary Ann , Sussman Steve 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe variety of possible types of marijuana-use policies has received virtually no attention as a potential drug-abuse prevention strategy. Marijuana policies for adults, and debates related to those policies, can alter adolescent perceptions. This chapter examines possibilities for changing policies to improve prevention of adolescent marijuana use, taking into account existing and perceived policies, and the potential for prevention programs and policies to interact in their effects on youths' marijuana use.
Study 1: Experimental Study of Violent Video Games With Elementary School and College Students
Authors: Anderson Craig A. , Gentile Douglas A. , Buckley Katherine E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents Study 1, which examined the effects of exposure to the mildest form of violent video games (cartoonish children's games) on short-term aggressive behavior by children and college students. In this experimental study, some of children and some of the college students were randomly assigned to played a children's game with violent or one without violent content. Some of the college students played a teen-rated violent game. Afterwards, all of the participants played another computer game in which they set punishment levels that they thought would be delivered to another participant. Actually, there was no other person receiving the punishments. The main finding was that playing a violent video game increased the severity of punishments that participants tried to deliver to another person by more that 40%. Even college students playing children's violent games became more aggressive. Other findings are reported concerning the effects of past media habits, parental involvement, having TVs and video games in the bedroom, and attitudes towards violence.
7 Risk Factor Illustrations
Authors: Anderson Craig A. , Gentile Douglas A. , Buckley Katherine E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Chapter 3 described theoretically how media violence can be considered a risk factor for aggression. This chapter further explores the risk factor approach, which provides the testable hypothesis that if media violence is a risk factor, it should increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior. It should increase the risk even in the presence of other risk factors and protective factors. Data from three studies of children and adolescents were examined; all three yielded strong evidence that violent video game play increases the risk of aggressive behaviors. The children with the greatest likelihood of physical fights and other aggressive behaviors were those with multiple risk factors and no protective factor. Holding other risk and protective factors equal, violent video game exposure almost doubled the risk of children being involved in physical fights.
9 Interpretations and Public Policy
Authors: Anderson Craig A. , Gentile Douglas A. , Buckley Katherine E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the magnitude of media violence effects, the idea of media violence providing catharsis (venting) for aggression, and a host of public policy questions. It shows, for example, that the harmful effects of violent video games are at least as large as many other known risk factors, such having abusive parents. Furthermore, video game violence is important because almost all children are exposed to this risk factor. The vast array of media violence studies over the last 50 years strongly disproves the catharsis idea that (unfortunately) remains so popular in modern culture. This is the idea that using violent media allows a person to vent their pent up aggressive inclinations, thereby reducing real aggressive behavior. Although this idea is appealing, it is wrong. The chapter concludes with descriptions of a wide array of public policy options that various concerned parents, legislators, and policy makers in a number of countries have proposed to address the harmful effects of violent video games.
Changing Classroom Social Settings Through Attention to Norms
Authors: Henry David B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Building on theories of social settings, this chapter describes the norms that develop among students in classrooms in terms of feedback circuits, and offers a theory of change based on altering the normative feedback students receive. It recommends that teachers work to establish norms early in the life of a classroom social setting; provide regular behavioral feedback that includes behavioral praise as well as correction; and make use of opportunities to make behavioral norms salient to students. Further, the chapter also proposes research on measurement of classroom norms and on interventions to change them. The measurement theory offered is based on Jackson's Return Potential Model, which sees norms as the interaction between behavior and approval in a social setting. Finally, the chapter reviews interventions that attempt to change behavior through changing norms, and evaluates the effects of such normative feedback interventions on substance abuse among college students. Using meta-analysis to estimate the mean effect size of such normative feedback interventions, it contends that the effect size compares favorably to the mean effect size found for a popular substance use preventive intervention. The chapter concludes by encouraging further development of theory and intervention about normative processes.
Quality Accountability: Improving Fidelity of Broad Developmentally Focused Interventions
Authors: Smith Charles , Akiva Tom 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the Youth Program Quality Intervention (YPQI), a setting-level intervention model designed to raise quality in out-of-school time programs. The YPQI takes managers and staff from a network of youth programs through a process of identifying and addressing strengths and areas for improvement, using a standardized assessment tool. This tool operationalizes a definition of program quality based on providing youth access to key developmental experiences. Descriptive findings about the quality of youth programs are presented. A three-level model of settings also addresses system accountability, management, and the point of service in youth programs. The chapter discusses accountability structures ranging from low stakes to higher stakes, and presents a generic model for setting change.
Chapter 3 Limitations of Economic and Social Indicators
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEconomically developed societies devote considerable resources to collecting economic and social indicators to help policy makers in their deliberations about how to best increase quality of life. These measures have had notable successes, and yet they suffer from substantial limitations. The reasons that economic and social indicators cannot reflect the full range of factors that affect quality of life are described. For example, no complete list of factors affecting quality of life can be created, and the way people weight these factors differs. Furthermore, it is often not clear which set of measures best reflects desirable states in various areas such as the economy. In the context of the economy, there is disagreement about which forms of goods and services need to be counted, for example whether housework should be part of the gross domestic product (GDP). Because of the shortcomings of economic and social indicators, additional information is required for wide policy making.
Chapter 6 Issues Regarding the Use of Well-Being Measures for Policy
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBesides concerns about measurement validity, a number of other potential problems are often believed to accompany the use of well-being measures to assist policy makers. One objection is that it is paternalistic for policy makers to be concerned with the well-being of individuals, and another concern is that people adapt to circumstances so that the objective conditions of a society are not reflected in people’s subjective evaluations of life. The underlying issue here is whether people’s well-being is so subject to comparisons—with other people, with one’s past, and with personal aspirations—that using the surveys to inform policy becomes unwise. Evidence is reviewed that certain conditions have enduring effects on well-being, and that subjective well-being is not completely relative. Thus, many of the concerns about using well-being for policy are exaggerated or unfounded.
Chapter 9 The Environment and Well-Being: Policy Examples
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOne of the most pressing policy concerns in the world is the health of the environment, and the problems for the environment caused by economic development and population growth. We describe four specific policy areas that might be enlightened by referring to well-being measures: the impact of aircraft noise, the effects of air pollution, problems arising in conjunction with commuting, and the influence of parks and green spaces on well-being. In each of these instances, existing well-being data indicate that the subjective well-being of people is influenced by environmental conditions, and measures of well-being are one method by which interventions to correct environmental problems can be assessed. Furthermore, well-being measures can help suggest which of various interventions might be most effective in ameliorating the problems. It is emphasized that the existing well-being data are often not sufficient for fully informing policy discussions. Rather, the potential for adequate data, when it becomes available, to inform policy is emphasized.
Chapter 13 Conclusions
Authors: Diener Ed , Lucas Richard E. , Schimmack Ulrich , Helliwell John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWell-being measures can shed light on a large number of questions about diverse policy issues. Existing surveys are not sufficiently developed to offer definitive information, and therefore broad and ongoing accounts of well-being are needed. The well-being measures will not replace the information gained from existing social and economic measures but will complement it. The well-being measures have the ability to provide a broader perspective on quality of life than do measures that focus on a single objective such as economic growth. Although we do not fully understand well-being and the societal factors that influence it, it is nonetheless timely to implement national indicators of well-being because these measures are likely to inform the decisions of individual citizens as well as policy makers. Initial steps toward measuring societal well-being have already been taken in many nations, and show the promise of the well-being findings to create better policies. Although a full-blown set of national accounts of well-being are desirable, calculated steps to implement this goal incrementally can be taken, starting with the inclusion of life satisfaction and other measures in many ongoing studies and surveys.
Chapter 7 Social Identity and Citizenship in a Pluralistic Society
Authors: Brewer Marilynn B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A large body of research has demonstrated the centrality of group identification to political behaviors and attitudes. This chapter examines the interrelationships among multiple overlapping group memberships, and the consequences of these dynamics for our understanding of citizenship in pluralistic democratic states. Social identity is critical to understanding citizenship and national attachment, with situational and motivational factors functioning to make these identities salient. This implies that national identity can come into conflict with competing subnational identities when role requirements between the two groups are incompatible, and when the two groups have distinct and incompatible group prototypes. The chapter explores the dynamics of the cross-cutting group identities in a pluralist democracy, and concludes that cross-cutting category structure and multiple social identities with awareness of ingroup diversity provide an effective formula for reducing intergroup prejudice and for promoting cultural pluralism.
Chapter 8 The Politics of Recognition: A Social Psychological Perspective
Authors: Conover Pamela Johnston 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Political theory has been engaged in an ongoing debate about the role of recognition in liberal democracies. Recognition demands, among other things, respect for all social groups and their fundamental way of life. A failure to fulfill this demand can lead to discrimination and prejudice, and ultimately impedes effective democratic citizenship. This chapter argues that these claims are ultimately psychological in nature, and that psychological science provides evidence to support a politics of recognition. Specifically, psychological research suggests that misrecognition impedes democratic citizenship, and that meeting the demands of recognition can actually enhance the dynamics of democratic deliberation.