bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of MCPA Applied to Successive Generations of Flax
Authors: Comstock V. E. , Ford J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApplication of high rates of [(4‐chloro‐o‐tolyl)oxy] acetic acid (MCPA) on four relatively homogeneous populations of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) for seven successive generations and on two heterogeneous populations for three successive generations (F2, F2, and F4) caused no detectable genetic change in yield, oil content, iodine value, or maturity. Tolerance to MCPA was not increased by successive generation treatment with MCPA.The lack of detectable mutants in the progenies of flax populations sprayed with high rates of MCPA for several successive generations suggested that MCPA was not mutagenic. The frequency of mutations should not be increased as a result of successive applications of MCPA to commercially grown flax cultivars or to breeding populations.
Effects of Treated Municipal Wastewater on Oat Forage and Grain
Authors: Day A. D. , Kirkpatrick R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted at Tucson, Arizona to study some effects of treated municipal wastewater on growth, yield, and quality of oats (Avena sativa L.) grown for pasture forage and grain. No differences were observed in plant height, tillers per plant, green forage yield, and total protein between forage grown with well water plus suggested amounts of N, P, and K and forage grown with wastewater alone. Oats produced more dry forage when grown with well water plus suggested N, P, and K than when irrigated with wastewater. Wastewater produced forage with higher moisture content than well water plus N, P, and K. When grown for forage, cultivars differed in plant height, dry forage yield, and total protein content.Oat grain data showed no differences between irrigation and fertilizer treatments for maturity, plant height, panicles per unit area, grain yield, and total protein. Well water plus suggested N, P, and K resulted in fewer seeds per panicle and heavier seeds than wastewater. Cultivars differed in maturity, plant height, panicles per unit area, seeds per panicle, seed weight, grain yield, and total protein. Treated municipal wastewater can be utilized to produce oats with grain yields and forage and grain protein contents approximately equal to those obtained when oats are grown with well water and suggested levels of N, P, and K.
Pesticide Volatilization as Related to Water Loss From Soil
Authors: Spencer W. F. , Cliath M. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults of experiments to determine the relationship between pesticide volatilization and water loss from soil indicate that volatilization rate is controlled by diffusion of the pesticide and by mass flow of water to the soil surface. Volatilization of soil‐incorporated lindane and dieldrin was measured under conditions whereby the soil surface remained relatively moist while the humidity of the air passing over the soil was varied to regulate water loss from the soil. Water loss accelerated pesticide volatilization rate, but only after the soil surface had been depleted of the pesticide, indicating that the enhancement was due to the “wick effect,” whereby pesticides move to the soil surface by mass flow in water moving to the surface to replace that evaporated, and not due to the mechanism called “codistillation.” There was good agreement between measured increases in volatilization rates and calculated amounts of lindane or dieldrin moving to the soil surface in evaporating water. Lindane is more water soluble than dieldrin and its volatilization was more enhanced by concurrent evaporation of water from the soil surface. At very low relative humidities, dieldrin accumulated at the soil surface; this resulted in rapid volatilization when the surface was again moistened by exposure to a relative humidity of 100%. Results indicate that pesticides carried to the surface in evaporating water will volatilize, either immediately or after remoistening the soil surface following drying. Desorption isotherms relating soil pesticide concentrations to soil solution concentrations should be useful in predicting volatilization rates associated with evaporating water.
Effect of Detergent Application on the Growth of Corn
Authors: Judy J. N. , Martens D. C. , Kroontje W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of two detergents on the growth of corn (Zea mays L.) on Davidson clay loam and Norfolk fine sandy loam. A heavy‐duty non‐enzyme detergent (Bz) and a heavy‐duty enzyme detergent (Tx) were applied to the soils in watering solutions at concentrations of 0, 20, 800, 1,600, 4,800, 8,000, 10,000, 12,000, and 14,000 ppm. Stimulations in growth occurred on the Davidson soil that received the 1,600 ppm Bz or the 800, 1,600, 4,800, and 8,000 ppm Tx solutions and on the Norfolk soil that received the 800 ppm Tx solution. These stimulations were attributed to responses to P contained in the detergents. Yield decreases occurred on the Davidson soil that received solutions containing 8,000 through 14,000 ppm Bz or 14,000 ppm Tx, and on the Norfolk soil that received solutions containing 1,600 through 14,000 ppm Bz or 4,800 through 14,000 ppm Tx. These yield decreases were attributed to soluble salt damage from the Na salts contained in the detergents on all treatments, except where Tx was applied to the Norfolk soil. In the latter case, specific Na salts effects could not be separated from general salinity effects. Plants grown on the Davidson soil were more tolerant to detergent applications than those grown on the Norfolk soil, probably because of the greater salt retention of the former soil. It was concluded that the changes in soil pH and B availability due to detergent applications were not responsible for the yield decreases in this study.
Pelletized Municipal Refuse Compost as a Soil Amendment and Nutrient Source for Sorghum
Authors: Hortenstine C. C. , Rothwell D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe handling, processing, and disposal of solid waste have reached such proportions in the USA as to constitute one of our major environmental problems. Over 480 million metric tons of solid waste are discarded annually by American citizens. In the past, most of this waste was burned in open dumps or deposited in mismanaged landfills. Because of air and water pollution, more satisfactory methods must be developed for solid waste disposal. Composting with efficient machinery under sanitary conditions shows promise in helping to solve this problem. The end product of composting has value as a soil amendment and contains nutrients which are available for plant use. The objective of this study was to evaluate a pelletized compost of much improved physical conditions as compared to other composted municipal refuse.Pelletized compost was used in a greenhouse study as a soil amendment and plant nutrient source after incorporation in Arredondo sand. The application of 8 metric tons/ha of compost increased the yields of two sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) crops as compared to the control. Also, the highest rate of compost (64 metric tons/ha) produced higher yields as compared to 10‐4.4‐8.3 fertilizer at 2 tons/ha. Uptake of all plant nutrients measured, except for Mn, was increased by compost applications. In addition, water retention and cation exchange capacity of the Arredondo sand were generally increased by compost applications.
Oxygen Utilization in Soils Flooded with Sewage Water
Authors: Lance J. C. , Whisler F. D. , Bouwer H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiffusion and mass flow were important mechanisms of oxygen transport in soil columns intermittently flooded with sewage water. The amount of oxygen entering the soil by mass flow during drainage was 30 to 40% of the total amount entering the soil. Most of the estimated available oxygen was used in the oxidation of NH4+ to NO3−. Enough oxygen entered the soil during a 5‐day dry period to oxidize all of the nitrogen applied when the soil was flooded for 6 days with secondary sewage effluent containing 20 mg/liter of NH4‐N at an infiltration rate of 50 cm/day. Application of NH4+ in excess of that which could be oxidized during the dry period resulted in a gradual increase in the NH4+ concentration of the reclaimed water. An increase in NH4+ concentration can be prevented by balancing the NH4‐N applied against the oxygen entered during the dry period.Most of the oxygen entered the columns during the first 3–4 days of the dry period. Thus the amount of oxygen entering the soil can be increased more effectively by increasing the frequency rather than the length of the dry periods.The soil profile remained in a reduced state below the 140‐cm depth during a 10‐day dry period. This showed that NH4+ stored below this depth would not be nitrified and that an environment favorable for denitrification was maintained in part of the profile at all times. Anaerobic reactions were as effective as aerobic reactions in reducing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of sewage water from 50 to 18 mg/liter.
Cadmium Content of Soybeans Grown in Sewage‐Sludge Amended Soil
Authors: Jones Robert L. , Hinesly T. D. , Ziegler E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDisposal of municipal sludge on cropland raises the question of availability to plants of Cd which is often much more concentrated in sludges compared to native levels in soil. In a greenhouse experiment, Cd added in a factorial design with heated anaerobically digested sewage sludge and Cd acetate as factors was readily available to the soybean plant (Glycine max L.) where it was translocated to aerial parts, accumulating up to 18 ppm in the mature plant. Incremental additions of sewage sludge tended to depress the Cd levels observed in the mature plant and seed. Cd contents in the plant at harvest and in seed were directly related to soil levels extractable by 0.1/V HCl. Seed levels of about 1.0 ppm Cd produced by application of 144 metric tons/ha of sludge solids were not within toxic limits reported in the literature.
Nitrogen‐15 Enrichment of Soils and Soil‐Derived Nitrate
Authors: Bremner J. M. , Tabatabai M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen‐isotope analysis of soils and soil‐derived nitrate showed (i) that there is considerable variation in the 15N enrichment (Δ 15N) of the nitrate nitrogen produced on aerobic incubation of different soils and (ii) that the Δ 15N of this nitrate nitrogen depends upon the time of incubation and can differ markedly from that of the total soil N. The data reported illustrate the impracticability of a recently proposed method of assessing the contribution of fertilizers to nitrate in surface waters that requires measurement of the natural 15N enrichment of soil‐ and fertilizer‐derived nitrate.
An Open‐Top Field Chamber to Assess the Impact of Air Pollution on Plants
Authors: Heagle Allen S. , Body Denis E. , Heck Walter W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReasonable air pollution control policies depend upon a comparison of the costs of air pollution losses with the costs of controls. Present estimates of national economic losses to agricultural and ornamental vegetation are based primarily on field observations and partially on growth and yield data obtained from closed‐top field chambers and greenhouses. This research describes the design and evaluation of an open‐top field chamber that was developed to provide an environment more closely resembling ambient conditions than the environment found in closed‐top chambers.Temperature and relative humidity within open‐top chambers were similar to ambient conditions. Direct sunlight reached the plants for a portion of each day and rain entered, although not always uniformly over the chamber base. Chambers receiving charcoal‐filtered air protected sensitive ‘Bel W3’ tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) from ambient ozone concentrations. Plants growing in chambers receiving unfiltered air or in ambient air plots were severely injured.
A Cylindrical, Open‐Top Chamber for the Exposure of Plants to Air Pollutants in the Field
Authors: Mandl R. H. , Weinstein L. H. , McCune D. C. , Keveny Monica 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMuch of the information on the effects of air pollutants on plant life has been derived from studies with controlled‐environment, greenhouse, and field fumigation equipment. Each of these is important for the gaining of conditional information on the response of plants to air pollutants, but none of them can simulate ambient environmental conditions. Portable and fixed field fumigation chambers have perhaps come the closest to providing the ambient milieu, but the usual closed design alters normal conditions of light intensity and quality, temperature and humidity fluctuations, precipitation, and free access of insects and plant pathogens.A simple, relatively inexpensive, and light‐weight open‐top chamber of modular design has been built and tested. Each module is 1.22 m (4 feet) high and 2.74 m (9 feet) in diameter, and can be stacked vertically in combinations of 1, 2, or 3 modules. The modules are fabricated from corrugated fiberglass panels attached to aluminum hoops and the air‐delivery plenum from lay‐flat polyethylene tubing. A mobile air filter and blower assembly provides air that has passed through a dust filter and an activated‐charcoal filter. An open plastic mesh placed across the top of the chamber reduces the influence of wind on the air distribution system, but it does not impede the entrance of precipitation or of insects.The chamber was tested in several ways: (i) efficiency of the chamber and filter‐blower assembly for exclusion of ambient oxidants was tested by monitoring the atmosphere and by growing susceptible plants in chambers with or without charcoal filters and in outside plots; (ii) distribution and concentration of an introduced pollutant within the chamber were measured by a dynamic air monitoring method; and (iii) accumulation of an introduced pollutant was studied with both plants and a static monitoring method.
Salinity‐Ozone Interactions on Pinto Bean: Integrated Response to Ozone Concentration and Duration
Authors: Maas E. V. , Hoffman G. J. , Rawlins S. L. , Ogata G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis investigation was conducted to determine the integrated effects of concentration and duration of ozone exposure on the injury, growth, and mineral composition of pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) during rapid vegetative growth and to evaluate the interactive effects of salinity.Plants were grown in controlled environment chambers in non‐saline and two saline nutrients solution cultures having osmotic potentials of −0.4, −2.4, and −4.4 bars, respectively. Ozone‐free plants were compared with plants treated daily for 2 weeks with ozone doses of from 0.15 to 0.90 ppm‐hour.Plant injury and reduction in growth were sigmoidal functions of ozone dose. Plant tolerance thresholds were found for both concentration and duration of ozone exposure. Daily exposures above threshold levels produced cumulative injury that progressed from the primary leaves to subsequent trifoliate leaves. Although salinity suppressed plant growth, it extended the tolerance threshold for duration of ozone exposure and significantly reduced the injury by ozone. Ozone decreased Ca, Mg, K, and N contents of the leaves, increased stem contents of these elements, and had relatively little effect on root contents. However, no serious nutritional imbalances were observed.
Termination of Late Season Cotton Fruiting with Growth Regulators as an Insect‐Control Technique
Authors: Kittock D. L. , Mauney Jack R. , Arle H. Fred , Bariola L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA technique is proposed for reducing the number of overwintering pink bollworms [Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)] by reducing their food supply late in the year. This is done by using growth regulators that prevent formation of new cotton (Gossypium sp.) bolls late in the season, but do not affect development of existing bolls or vegetation. Since most of the late‐season bolls do not mature, the effect on lint yield would be minimal.Three chemicals, (2‐chloroethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride, (CCC); dimethylamine salt of (2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid, (2,4‐D); and 2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethephon) were used. They were sprayed on cotton late in August and early in September. Each of the chemicals reduced the number of green bolls remaining after harvest by more than 90% at one or more dates in one or more tests. In most cases, lint yields were also reduced. In limited observations, we obtained 87 to 96% reduction in diapausing pink bollworm larvae from these treatments.The effects of Ethephon on seed and fiber quality were too severe to warrant its further use. Residue of 2,4‐D in seeds reduced germination. CCC reduced fiber strength in two of four tests. Further testing of the last two chemicals and evaluation of other chemicals are warranted.
Effect of Feedlot Manure on Soil and Water Quality
Authors: Sommerfeldt Theron G. , Pittman U. J. , Milne R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearch was conducted (i) to determine the contribution of representative feedlots in semiarid southern Alberta to soil and water pollution, and (ii) to determine the effect of long‐term applications of manure on the N, P, and soluble salt content of cultivated soil under irrigation.The NO3‐N and available P content of the surface soil adjacent to the feedlots was generally greater than that of the soil away from the feedlots, but at depths greater than 150 cm the differences were usually small. Similarly, the concentration of NO3‐N and P in the ground water at 1‐ to 5‐m depths was usually increased only adjacent to the feedlot and, with minor exceptions, remained within “safe” limits most of the time. There was no evidence that a small lake or three permanent streams near feedlots were polluted by effluents from the feedlots.Manure applied annually for 40 years at a rate of 70 metric tons/ha did not cause an undesirable buildup of N, P, or soluble salts in the soil.
Significance of pH and Chloride Concentration on Behavior of Heavy Metal Pollutants: Mercury(II), Cadmium(II), Zinc(II), and Lead(II)
Authors: Hahne H. C. H. , Kroontje W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalculations were performed (i) to assess the degree to which Hg(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) complex with hydroxyl and chloride ions and (ii) to evaluate the significance of such complexation in natural systems. Results indicate that both the hydroxy and chloride complexes may contribute to the mobilization of these heavy metal ions in the environment.Hydrolysis of Hg(II) becomes important at pH values above 1 whereas Pb(II), Zn(II), and Cd(ll) hydrolyze above pH 5, 7, and 8, respectively. Chlorides complex with Hg(II) at chloride concentrations above 10−9M (35 × 10−6 ppm). HgCl2 forms above 10−7.5M Cl−(1.1 × 10−3 ppm), and HgCl3− and HgCl42‐ formation occurs above 10−2M Cl−(350 ppm). The MCl+ species of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) appear at chloride concentrations above 10−3M (35 ppm), and MCl2 complexes occur above 10−2M (350 ppm Cl−). The respective MCl3− and MCl42‐ species become important above 10−1M Cl−(3,500 ppm).Hydrolysis and chloride complexation of these heavy metal ions are important factors affecting the solubility of the sparingly soluble salts of these metal ions. This is most pronounced for mercuric salts.Intrinsic solubilities of the metal‐ion hydroxides allow for 160 ppm Zn(II) and 107 ppm Hg(II) to be soluble as complexed Zn(OH)2 and Hg(OH)2, respectively. These values are higher than calculated solubilities based on solubility products.An example of the competition between hydroxy and chloride complexes shows that at pH 8.5 and a chloride concentration range of 350–60,000 ppm, Hg(II) and Cd(II) are mainly complexed by chlorides. Zn(II) and Pb(II), under these conditions, are predominantly in the form of hydroxy complexes.
Acetylcholinesterase Toxicity of Malathion and Its Metabolites
Authors: Walker W. W. , Stojanovic B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMalathion, under in vitro laboratory conditions, is readily degraded by an Arthrobacter species to four metabolites—malathion half‐ester, malathion dicarboxylic acid, potassium dimethyl phosphorothioate, and potassium dimethyl phosphorodithioate. However, it is not clear whether or not this degradation represents a simultaneous detoxication of the malathion molecule. With this in mind, the relative toxicity of each of the four metabolites to bovine acetylcholinesterase was determined manometrically with the Warburg apparatus. Malathion half‐ester retained roughly one‐third the enzyme toxicity of unaltered malathion, while the other metabolites showed essentially no enzyme inhibition. It was concluded that while microbial conversion of malathion to malathion halfester may well represent complete malathion degradation, it does not constitute complete insecticide detoxication.
Screening for Phytotoxic Pesticide Interactions
Authors: Nash Ralph G. , Harris William G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOf 165 combinations of pesticides screened on two plant species in the greenhouse, 13 combinations indicated a phytotoxic interaction on at least one plant species. Combinations of the herbicide 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (diuron) plus the insecticides O,O‐diethyl S‐[2‐(ethylthio)ethyl] phosphorodithioate (disulfoton) or 1‐naphthyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl) in soil were synergistically phytotoxic to oats (Avena sativa L.) and cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.). A fungicide, p‐(dimethylamino) benzenediazo sodium sulfonate, was antagonistic to the herbicidal activity of all s‐triazine herbicides tested on cucumbers in greenhouse experiments, but not in the field or to other plant species. The fungicide apparently limited root uptake of the s‐triazine herbicides by limiting root growth. No chemical reaction was observed between the fungicide and the s‐triazine herbicides.
Using Poultry Litter, Irrigation, and Tall Fescue for No‐Till Corn Production
Authors: Carreker J. R. , Wilkinson S. R. , Box J. E. , Dawson R. N. , Beaty E. R. , Morris H. D. , Jones J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA cropping system is needed in the Southern Piedmont and related areas for increasing production of grain and forage, controlling erosion, and providing a place for safe utilization of poultry litter. No‐till corn (Zea mays L.) production in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) appears to offer such a system. Corn was notill planted and irrigated in live sod and in sod that was killed with 2.2 and 0.28 kg/ha atrazine and paraquat, respectively. Nitrogen, P, K, and lime applied uniformly to all treatments included 145, 98, 185, and 3,330 kg/ha in 1970 and 145, 138, 323, and 3,330 kg/ha in 1971, respectively. Subplot treatments were 5.6, 11.2, 22.4, and 44.8 metric tons/ha poultry litter, and 335 kg/ha N.Measurements with electrical resistance blocks showed that soilwater content under the corn was never below 50% of the water between field capacity and wilting point. Corn population was higher and yields were better in the killed sod than in live sod both years. Yields in the killed sod were very satisfactory with 9,500 kg/ha (153 bu/acre) from 5.6 metric tons/ha poultry litter plus 145 kg/ha N and 12,960 kg/ha (207 bu/acre) from 480 kg/ha N. Tall fescue present in the live sod after corn harvest was above 2,000 kg/ha in 1970 and above 6,000 kg/ha in 1971. Dead grass plus poultry litter residues after killed sod in 1970 ranged from 6,360 kg/ha with N only to 30,200 kg/ha with 44.8 metric tons/ha poultry litter.Poultry litter provides a vast resource of plant nutrients. No‐till corn in tall fescue with irrigation and poultry litter will produce needed grain, conserve soil and water, and turn a waste product into a resource.