bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined Lumbar Spinal and Thoracic High‐Epidural Regional Anesthesia as an Alternative to General Anesthesia for High‐Risk Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Skipworth James , Srilekha Attavar , Raptis Dimitri , O’Callaghan David , Siriwardhana Siri , Navaratnam Romi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveA prospective study was undertaken to review the use of combined lumbar spinal and thoracic high‐epidural regional anesthesia in high‐risk patients who underwent gastrointestinal/colorectal surgery from 2004 to 2006.MethodsTwelve high‐risk patients underwent 13 gastrointestinal/colorectal surgical procedures, using a regional anesthetic technique, which consisted of a thoracic epidural and lumbar subarachnoid block. All patients were classified as high risk based on anesthetic assessment (American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score 3 or 4).ResultsSix (46.2%) of the patients were men, and the overall median age was 86 years. Ten (76.9%) patients presented as emergencies, whereas only three (23.1%) patients underwent elective procedures. All patients subjectively rated their postoperative pain relief as effective. The 30‐day mortality was 2 (15.4%); however, both of these patients refused initial treatment. Only one (7.7%) patient required delayed ITU admission for respiratory support (CPAP). None of the patients required intubation at any stage. There were two (15.4%) minor and two (15.4%) major early complications and only one (7.7%) delayed complication to date. Median length of stay was 7 days. Two (15.4%) patients had delayed discharge dates, for social reasons.DiscussionThese patients demonstrated early postoperative recovery, with effective analgesia, no requirements for intubation, and lower morbidity and mortality rates than similar studies of high‐risk patients who underwent procedures using general anesthesia. Using this technique, patients were managed appropriately in HDU and the surgical ward, without affecting their overall length of hospital stay.ConclusionsThis study supports the role of regional anesthetic techniques, combined with targeted, minimally invasive surgery—particularly for the management of high‐risk patients presenting in the emergency setting.
Modulation of dendritic spine development and plasticity by BDNF and vesicular trafficking: fundamental roles in neurodevelopmental disorders associated with mental retardation and autism
Authors: Chapleau Christopher A. , Larimore Jennifer L. , Theibert Anne , Pozzo-Miller Lucas 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The process of axonal and dendritic development establishes the synaptic circuitry of the central nervous system (CNS) and is the result of interactions between intrinsic molecular factors and the external environment. One growth factor that has a compelling function in neuronal development is the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF participates in axonal and dendritic differentiation during embryonic stages of neuronal development, as well as in the formation and maturation of dendritic spines during postnatal development. Recent studies have also implicated vesicular trafficking of BDNF via secretory vesicles, and both secretory and endosomal trafficking of vesicles containing synaptic proteins, such as neurotransmitter and neurotrophin receptors, in the regulation of axonal and dendritic differentiation, and in dendritic spine morphogenesis. Several genes that are either mutated or deregulated in neurodevelopmental disorders associated with mental retardation have now been identified, and several mouse models of these disorders have been generated and characterized. Interestingly, abnormalities in dendritic and synaptic structure are consistently observed in human neurodevelopmental disorders associated with mental retardation, and in mouse models of these disorders as well. Abnormalities in dendritic and synaptic differentiation are thought to underlie altered synaptic function and network connectivity, thus contributing to the clinical outcome. Here, we review the roles of BDNF and vesicular trafficking in axonal and dendritic differentiation in the context of dendritic and axonal morphological impairments commonly observed in neurodevelopmental disorders associated with mental retardation.
How does the quality of surveys for nutrient intake adequacy assessment compare across Europe? A scoring system to rate the quality of data in such surveys
Authors: García-Álvarez Alicia , Blanquer Maria , Ribas-Barba Lourdes , Wijnhoven Trudy M. A. , Tabacchi Garden , Gurinovic Mirjana , Serra-Majem Lluís 
Published: July 2009

Research was conducted within the EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned (EURRECA) Network of Excellence, to find the best practice in assessing nutrient intakes. Objectives include: to search for and use data on individual nutrient intake adequacy (NIA) assessment collected in twenty-eight European countries and the four European Free Trade Association countries; to design and test innovative tools for data quality analysis. The information was obtained using the method described by Blanquer et al. in the present issue. The best-practice criteria were devised to select the most appropriate survey in each country. Then a survey quality scoring system was developed in consultation with experts and tested on these surveys. Weights were allocated according to a variable priority order agreed by consultation. The thirty-two countries yielded twenty-four national surveys (eight countries excluded). Data collection techniques: eleven countries/surveys used personal interviews only; six used combinations of techniques. Dietary assessment methods: two used repeated 24 h recalls only; eleven used combinations. NIA assessment methods: two used probabilistic approach and sd/Z-scores only; eleven used comparison with estimated average requirements/RDA only. Countries were ranked according to the survey quality scoring, but careful interpretation is needed because of incomplete data from some surveys; bearing this in mind, the information quality is high in 37·5 % countries, medium in 50·0 % and low in 12·5 %. Although there is room for improvement and caution should be taken when drawing conclusions and recommendations from these results, the lessons learned and tools developed at this first attempt form the basis for future work within the EURRECA framework for aligning European micronutrient recommendations.
Effects of dietary assessment methods on assessing risk of nutrient intake adequacy at the population level: from theory to practice
Authors: Ribas-Barba Lourdes , Serra-Majem Lluís , Román-Viñas Blanca , Ngo Joy , García-Álvarez Alicia 
Published: July 2009

The present study evaluated how applying different dietary methods affects risk assessment of inadequate intakes at the population level. A pooled analysis was conducted using data from two Spanish regional representative surveys both applying similar methodology with a total sample of 2615 individuals aged 12–80. Diet was assessed in the entire sample applying data from one 24 h recall (24HR), a mean of two non-consecutive 24HR, both crude and adjusted for intraindividual variability, and a FFQ. Intakes of vitamins A, C, E, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, Fe, Mg, P and Zn were compared to the average nutrient requirement (ANR or estimated average requirement) in the entire sample and also excluding under-reporters applying the ANR cut-point method (and the probability approach for Fe). Higher percentages of intakes below the ANR were seen for 1–24HR and the mean of 2–24HR, except for nutrients with the highest rates of inadequacy (vitamins A, E, folate and Mg). For these micronutrients, higher percentages of inadequacy were obtained by adjusted 24HR data and the lowest with FFQ. For the remaining nutrients, adjusted data gave the lowest inadequacy percentages. The best concordance was seen between 2–24HR and 1–24HR as well as for adjusted 24HR, with the least observed between FFQ and the other methods. Exclusion of under-reporters considerably reduced inadequacy in both daily methods and FFQ. Crude daily data gave higher estimates of inadequate intakes than adjusted data or FFQ. Reproducibility of daily methods was also reasonably good. Results may differ depending on the micronutrient thus impeding reaching conclusions/recommendations common for all micronutrients.
A new membrane for feeding Glossina morsitans Westw. (Diptera, Glossinidae)
Authors: Bauer B. , Wetzel H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe preparation and use of a simple, durable silicone membrane for feeding females of Glossina morsitans Westw. are described. Mean fecundity and mean pupal weight were nearly as good on the silicone membrane as on agar/Parafilm or rabbit ears, and survival of females after 108 days was 46·7%, as against 4·4% and 24·7%, respectively.
The phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) of caves in belize, Central America
Authors: Williams Paul 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBetween 1963 and 1969, approximately 15 000 Phlebotomine sandflies were collected in five limestone caves in Belize, Central America. Thirteen species of sandflies were identified, two of the genus Brumptomyia França & Parrot and 11 of the genus Lutzomyia França. L. beltrani (Vargas & Díaz Nájera) was the predominant species in all the caves; it is wholly adapted for life in caves and data on blood-meals and ovarian development allow a detailed discussion of its probable life-history (four generations per year) in relation to its supposed hosts, bats. Some specimens of L. deleoni (Fairchild & Hertig) were collected in all caves and it was the second most abundant species in all but one cave; this species, whose larval stages develop in the caves, is evolving from life in caves and is becoming adapted to life in forest. L. trinidadensis (Newst.) was abundant in one cave but rare in the others; this species probably enters caves in search of hosts for blood-meals. The eight other species of Lutzomyia and the two species of Brumptomyia were collected in small numbers and at irregular intervals; these species use caves only as temporary shelters.
Colonisation of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. (Diptera, Glossinidae) in the laboratory using in vitro feeding techniques
Authors: Mews A. R. , Baumgartner H. , Luger D. , Offori E. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFresh defibrinated bovine blood was superior to either haemolysed or freeze-dried defibrinated bovine blood when fed in vitro to female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. The presence of adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) or other additives did not improve reproductive performance. The flies were able to compensate for considerable dilution of the blood with both serum and saline. Both parental and F1 female size affected the weight of the F2 puparia produced. The feeding of females on rabbits' ears on one day and in vitro on five days per week prevented any deterioration in performance over successive generations compared with a purely in vitro regime. A colony was established using this technique and results over a 13-month period were compared with those from a colony fed without rabbit supplement and another fed on rabbits only. The reproductive performance of females in the all-membrane-fed colony deteriorated from generation to generation, while those in the rabbit supplement colony performed similarly to those of the rabbit-fed colony except that survival was better but fecundity was poorer and the puparia produced were smaller.
The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)
Authors: Bouček Z. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Trichospilus (pupal parasites of Lepidoptera) the species are keyed out, T. ferrierei sp.n. is described from Uganda, T. vorax sp.n. from Ivory Coast (also Angola and the Kenya-Ugandan border) and T. boops sp.n. from Kenya. The known data on the South Asiatic T. pupivora Ferrière and T. diatraeae Kurian & Margabandhu are reviewed. Similarly the Cotterellia species (parasites of Hispine and Lepidopterous leaf-miners) are keyed out, and C. nitifrons sp.n. from West Malaysia and C. javana sp.n. from Java are described. The other species of the genus are annotated, including the African C. lamellata (Kerrich) comb.n. (from Chrysocharis) and C. podagrica Waterston, the Madagascan and East African C. pilosa (Risbec) comb.n. (from Eurycranium, Pteromalidae), the Ceylonese C. lankensis Kerrich and the mainly New Guinean C. insularis Kerrich.
Studies on the oviposition ofRhyzopertha dominica(F.) in rice and paddy
Authors: Breese Michael H. 
Published: July 2009

No reduction in the amount of feeding or in the oviposition rate was observed when females ofRhyzopertha dominica(F.) were supplied with whole rather than with cut wheat grains. Although there was a marked reduction in feeding when females were supplied with cut grains of paddy and a further reduction when they were supplied with cut grains of hulled rice, the oviposition rate observed on these two types of grain was only slightly lower than on wheat.The difference in the oviposition rates observed on wheat and rice may be due to a difference in the nutritional values of these grains or it is possible that the harder texture of the rice kernel limits the feeding rate of the female sufficiently to affect the rate of egg production.Eggs are laid preferably in crevices and on rough surfaces rather than on smooth, and these preferences often overweigh the tendency shown by the female to avoid laying on the grain on which it is feeding.The results of experiments on egg distribution in paddy are in agreement with Crombie's (1942) observation that females ofR. dominicatend to lay all the eggs for a given day in one short period of intense ovipositing activity. Thus, although suitable oviposition sites may be numerous, if they are individually able to accommodate all the eggs laid on one day, eggs will usually be concentrated in fewer oviposition sites than are available.
Studies on the biting habits of East African mosquitos in the genera Uranotaenia, Ficalbia and Hodgesia
Authors: Haddow A. J. , Ssenkubuge Yovani 
Published: July 2009

Mosquitos in the genera Uranotaenia and Ficalbia seldom bite man. In Africa, only two species, U. alboabdominalis Theo. and F. plumosa, (Theo.), have been taken actually engorging on man, though others may occasionally alight on the skin.Hodgesia cyptopus Theo. bites man freely in forest, bush and plantations near Entebbe, Uganda, and sometimes enters houses.The bimodal nature of the biting cycle of H. cyptopus in certain series of catches led to an investigation of the daily march of light intensity near the forest floor. It was found that at least in some areas this is bimodal, with a midday period of lower intensity—a pattern reflected in the biting behaviour of various forest mosquitos.Though always diurnal, the biting cycle of H. cyptopus varies in form from station to station. It is thought that light intensity is of importance, and that this species probably bites in or around the small splashes of sunlight which penetrate the dense vegetation.
Lepidopterous leafminers on sweet potato in Fiji
Authors: Hinckley Alden D. 
Published: July 2009

Two Lepidopterous leafminers have been observed on sweet potato at Koronivia, Fiji. The Gracillariid Acrocercops prosacta Meyr. is the more abundant species in most areas but populations of a Lyonetiid, Bedellia ipomoeae Bradley, reach damaging levels in fields sprayed with dieldrin for control of weevils (Cylas formicarius elegantulus (Summers) and Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairm.)). Such treatment is shown to reduce parasitisation of B. ipomoeae by a species of Apanteles near A. tapatapaoanus Fullaway and of A. prosacta, by another Braconid, a species of Mesocoelus near M. acrocercopsis Mues. However, outbreaks of B. ipomoeae could not be attributed to such reduction. Elimination of ant predation by the dieldrin sprays was more likely to have initiated the outbreaks.Sprays containing malathion, diazinon, or dieldrin killed larvae, but not pupae, of B. ipomoeae. Outbreaks of B. ipomoeae can probably be prevented by relying on cultural methods to control weevils or by intensifying insecticide applications to control both B. ipomoeae and the weevils.
Biology and control of the dubas bug, Ommatissus binotatus lybicus de Berg. (Homoptera, Tropiduchidae), infesting date palms in Iraq
Authors: Hussain Ali A. 
Published: July 2009

The dubas bug, Ommatissus binotatus lybicus de Berg, is a serious pest of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) in Iraq, where there are two generations a year. Both nymphs and adults, which are described, suck the sap from the date palm. Repeated heavy infestations cause the weakening and death of some of the palms.The eggs are laid on all the green parts of the palm except the fruits, the majority on the leaflets, especially the upper surface. They are distributed evenly on the four aspects of the date palms, but unevenly on the frond rows, the second and fourth oldest rows having the majority of the eggs in the overwintering and summer generations, respectively. Deposition of eggs of the overwintering generation began in the second week of November and hatching started during the first week of April, the nymphal period lasting 47 days and the adults surviving for 15 days. Eggs of the summer generation were deposited from the second week of June, and hatching started in the first week of August, the nymphal period lasting 50 days and the adults surviving for 13 days. There are five nymphal instars.The nymphs excreted droplets of honeydew, and both nymphs and adults prefer the shady parts of the date palm. In order to escape the severe heat of the summer days, the nymphs and adults of the overwintering generation migrated towards the bases of the new fronds. The sex ratio was nearly 1:1, and the mean number of eggs laid per female was 106. The mortality rate for a constant population level was 98·11 per cent.The eggs were parasitised by a small Chalcidoid. The larvae of the lace wing Chrysopa carnea Steph. and the adults of Coccinella septempunctata L., C. undecimpunctata L., and Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) preyed upon the nymphs and adults.In tests with inseeticidal sprays containing 240 g. active ingredient per 100 gal. applied at the rate of 1½ gal. per palm against adults and nymphs, DDT and malathion were equally effective, but Dipterex was less so. Similar concentrations of mixtures of malathion with heptachlor and DDT with diazinon were also effective.
The effect of DDT on Myzus persicae (SULZ.) and Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Aphididae) in relation to the spread of cauliflower mosaic and cabbage black ring spot viruses
Authors: Heathcote G. D. , Ward J. 
Published: July 2009

Previous work in Britain has shown that insecticides, even systemic ones, fail to protect brassica plants in the seed-bed from virus diseases transmitted by aphids, and an explanation was sought through experiments carried out at Rothamsted. Observations on the effect on apterae and alates of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) of contact with leaves detached from cauliflower plants previously treated with a 0·2 per cent. DDT emulsion spray showed that exposure for up to 30 min. was insufficient to kill the majority of those tested, although many were temporarily incapacitated; alatae of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) were even less affected.In cage experiments using infected and healthy cauliflower seedlings, apterae of M. persicae were able to transmit cauliflower mosaic virus (ClMV) and cabbage black ring spot virus (CBRSV) from infected to healthy seedlings when no spray was used, but failed to do so when the infected plants were sprayed with DDT; when alates were used in similar tests using only CBRSV, only low rates of transmission were obtained. In similar experiments using turnip seedlings and ClMV, transmission by apterae of M. persicae was high on untreated plants when the infector plant was itself untreated, but distinctly lower when it was sprayed with DDT; alates of M. persicae were found to transmit ClMV from a DDT-treated infector to untreated plants but not to a treated plant. Virus spread was thus reduced but not prevented by the use of DDT sprays. It is considered that these results lend support to the hypothesis that increase of virus within a seed-bed is preponderantly the result of the arrival, in succession, of many individual viruliferous alates from outside.
Laboratory studies on dispersion behaviour of adult beetles in grain. VII.—The effect of isolated pockets of damp and mouldy grain onTribolium castaneum(Hbst.) (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Surtees Gordon 
Published: July 2009

The effect upon the three-dimensional dispersion of experimental populations ofTribolium castaneum(Hbst.) of internal pockets of grain at 18 per cent, moisture content, either mouldy or free from mould, and superficial ones of 25 per cent, moisture content, in a larger bulk of 14 per cent, moisture content, was investigated at 25°C. The behaviour under these circumstances of insects reared and maintained at 70 per cent, relative humidity was compared with those conditioned at 40 per cent. R.H. for 14 days. It was found that insects reared at 70 per cent. E.H. did not accumulate in the damp grain whereas conditioned ones did. The underlying response was shown to be hygrokinetic and the mechanism an orthokinetic one. The rate of movement of unconditioned adults in grain of 18 per cent, moisture content was approximately twice that in grain of 14 per cent, moisture content. Conditioned adults moved very slowly in the damper grain. There were no significant variations in irregularity of pathway (klinokinesis) under any of these circumstances. When grain of 18 per cent, moisture content supporting a mould growth was used, unconditioned adults did, however, accumulate in it due to trophic behaviour.While there is considerable plasticity of behaviour in this species a synthesis is attempted of the causal behavioural mechanisms underlying the spatial structure of populations in ecological situations involving humidity gradients; the results are also discussed in relation to grain storage conditions, and the detection and control of the species.
TRANSNATIONAL JUDICIAL DIALOGUE, HARMONIZATION AND THE COMMON EUROPEAN ASYLUM SYSTEM
Authors: Lambert Hélène 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIncreased policy harmonization on refugee matters in the European Union (EU), namely the creation of a Common European Asylum System (CEAS), has created the imperative for a transnational judicial comparative dialogue between national courts. This article is based on a structured, focused comparison approach to examining a key element of a transnational European legal dialogue, namely, the use of foreign law by national judges when making their own decisions on asylum. It does so by examining two countries, France and Britain, as representative of the difference in legal tradition and culture within the EU in terms of the civil–common law divide. Both case studies are structured around a common set of empirical and jurisprudential research questions. The empirical findings reveal a surprising lack of transnational use of national jurisprudence on asylum between judges. Nonetheless, a slight but noticeable increase in the use of transnational asylum jurisprudence in the British and French courts must be noted. Two broad accounts—one rational, the other cultural—are applied in each of the case studies to explain this empirical finding. This article concludes on the broader implications of these findings for the establishment of a CEAS by 2012.