bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of particle strain in stirred bioreactors by drop breakage investigations
Authors: Maaß Sebastian , Buscher Susanne , Hermann Stephanie , Kraume Matthias 
Published: July 2011

AbstractUnderstanding of particle strain and drop breakage is relevant for various technical applications. To analyze it, single drop experiments in a breakage cell and evolving drop size distributions in an agitated system are studied. The mechanisms for particle strain and drop breakage are assumed to be comparable for the investigated turbulent flow regime. The agitation process is simulated using a population balance model. This model provides transient prediction capacities at different scales and can be used for scale‐up/down projects. The number and the size distributions of daughter fragments for single drops have been studied. The results clearly support the assumption of binary breakage. The most common assumption of a Gaussian distribution for the daughter drop size distribution could not be supported. The evolution of a breakage‐dominated toluene/water system was then simulated using different daughter drop size distributions from literature. The computational results were compared with experimental values. All simulations were able to predict the transient Sauter mean diameter excellently but varied strongly in the results on the shape of the distribution. In agreement with the experimental single drop results, the use of a bimodal or a very broad bell‐shaped distribution of the daughter drops is proposed for the simulations. Although these results were obtained in a particular vessel for a specific phase system, it can be applied to simulate transient multiphase systems at different scales. We would expect that the general trends observed in this study are comparable to various applications in multiphase bioreactors.
Development and validation of a method for the determination of buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine in breast milk by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Nikolaou Panagiota , Papoutsis Ioannis , Athanaselis Sotirios , Pistos Constantinos , Dona Artemis , Spiliopoulou Chara 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTBuprenorphine (BUP) is used for the maintenance of opioid‐addicted pregnant women. Because BUP and its main metabolite nor‐BUP are excreted into breast milk, a sensitive and specific GC/MS method has been developed, optimized and validated for their determination in breast milk. BUP‐d4 was used as internal standard. The sample preparation includes combination of protein precipitation with solid‐phase extraction and derivatization (acetylation). The absolute recovery for both analytes was found to be higher than 87.3%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.07 and 0.20 µg/L, respectively. The calibration curves were linear within the dynamic range 0.20–20.0 µg/L, with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.996. Intra‐ and inter‐day accuracies were ranged from −7.06 to 4.50 and from −5.88 to 7.00%, respectively, while intra‐ and inter‐day precision were less than 5.7 and 6.1%. The analytes were found to be stable in breast milk at 4°C for one week, at −20°C for one month, and after three freeze–thaw cycles. The method can be used for the determination of BUP and nor‐BUP in breast milk of BUP‐maintained mothers, in order to calculate the amount of drug that could pass to the newborn via breast milk and to avoid toxic consequences of breastfeeding. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion‐Channel Modulators: More Diversity Than Previously Thought
Authors: Dilly Sébastien , Lamy Cédric , Marrion Neil V. , Liégeois Jean‐François , Seutin Vincent 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIon‐channel function can be modified in various ways. For example, numerous studies have shown that currents through voltage‐gated ion channels are affected by pore block or modification of voltage dependence of activation/inactivation. Recent experiments performed on various ion channels show that allosteric modulation is an important mechanism for affecting channel function. For instance, in KCa2 (formerly SK) channels, the prototypic “blocker” apamin prevents conduction by an allosteric mechanism, while TRPV1 channels are prevented from closing by a tarantula toxin, DkTx, through an interaction with residues located away from the selectivity filter. The recent evidence, therefore, suggests that in several ion channels, the region around the outer mouth of the pore is rich in binding sites and could be exploited therapeutically. These discoveries also suggest that the pharmacological vocabulary should be adapted to define these various actions.
Noncovalent Water‐Based Materials: Robust yet Adaptive
Authors: Krieg Elisha , Rybtchinski Boris 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe adaptive properties of noncovalent materials allow easy processing, facile recycling, self‐healing, and stimuli responsiveness. However, the poor robustness of noncovalent systems has hampered their use in real‐life applications. In this Concept Article we discuss the possibility of creating robust noncovalent arrays by utilizing strong hydrophobic interactions. We describe examples from our work on aqueous assemblies based on aromatic amphiphiles with extended hydrophobic cores. These arrays exhibit fascinating properties, including robustness, multiple stimuli‐responsiveness, and pathway‐dependent self‐assembly. We have shown that this can lead to functional materials (filtration membranes) rivaling covalent systems. We anticipate that water‐based noncovalent materials have the potential to replace or complement conventional polymer materials in various fields, and to promote novel applications that require the combination of robustness and adaptivity.
Novel Silicon‐Containing Analogues of the Retinoid Agonist Bexarotene: Syntheses and Biological Effects on Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Bauer Jennifer B. , Lippert W. Peter , Dörrich Steffen , Tebbe David , Burschka Christian , Christie Victoria B. , Tams Daniel M. , Henderson Andrew P. , Murray Bridgid A. , Marder Todd B. , Przyborski Stefan A. , Tacke Reinhold 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTwofold sila‐substitution (C/Si exchange) of the clinically used RXR‐selective retinoid agonist bexarotene leads to disila‐bexarotene, which displays pharmacological potency similar to that of the parent carbon compound, as shown in a HeLa‐cell‐based RXR assay. Formal exchange of the SiCH2CH2Si group in disila‐bexarotene with a SiCH2Si or SiOSi moiety leads to the disila‐bexarotene analogues 8 and 9. The silicon compounds 8 and 9 were synthesized in multistep syntheses, starting from HCC(CH3)2SiCH2Si(CH3)2CCH and HCC(CH3)2SiOSi(CH3)2CCH, respectively. The key step in the syntheses of 8 and 9 is a cobalt‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction that affords the 1,3‐disilaindane and 2‐oxa‐1,3‐disilaindane skeletons. Disila‐bexarotene and its analogues 8 and 9 were studied for their biological effects relative to all‐trans retinoic acid in cultured human pluripotent stem cells. The parent carbon compound bexarotene was included in some of these biological studies. Although the silicon‐containing bexarotene analogues disila‐bexarotene, 8, and 9 appear not to regulate the differentiation of TERA2.cl.SP12 stem cells, preliminary evidence indicates that these compounds may possess enhanced functions over the parent compound bexarotene, such as induction and regulation of cell death and cell numbers. The biological data obtained indicate that bexarotene, contrary to the silicon‐containing analogues disila‐bexarotene, 8, and 9, may partially act to induce cell differentiation.
Stable‐path multi‐channel routing with extended level channel assignment
Authors: Mustafa Saad , Madani Sajjad A. , Bilal Kashif , Hayat Khizar , Khan Samee U. 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYWireless mesh networks (WMNs) have gained considerable popularity in recent times thanks to their self‐healing, self‐organizing, and self‐configuring nature. Because of their ability to provide high throughput and minimum packet delay, WMNs are considered to be favorable for broadband applications. For such applications, WMNs employ multiple channels, which give rise to issues like channel assignment, load balancing, and interference avoidance. Most of these issues fall into two broad categories, namely routing and channel assignment. For routing, we propose a novel proactive protocol, the stable‐path multi‐channel routing protocol (SMRP). Our proposed solution, to address channel assignment, is the extended level‐based channel assignment (ELCA) scheme. SMRP is designed to work in combination with ELCA in order to minimize interference and balance the load among the underlying nodes. Simulation results show enhanced throughput and minimal packet delay as compared with the contemporary schemes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Well‐Dispersed Aqueous‐Phase Magnetite Nanoparticles and Their Metabolism as an MRI Contrast Agent for the Reticuloendothelial System
Authors: Song Yujun , Wang Ruixue , Rong Rong , Ding Jie , Liu Jing , Li Runsheng , Liu Zhenghua , Li Hao , Wang Xiaoying , Zhang Jue , Fang Jing 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAqueous‐phase Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs), with a size of 9.8 ± 3.0 nm, are directly synthesized by a modified iron salt coprecipitation process, stabilized by the synergistic effect of a combination of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), trisodium citrate (TSC), and maleic anhydride (MAH). These NPs show good aqueous‐phase dispersion stability and excellent superparamagnetic properties with a saturation magnetization of 48.0 emu/g at a low magnetic field of 0.5 T. Their biocompatibility and metabolism for application in magnetic resonance reticuloendothelial system examinations are investigated by using rabbits as animal models for the determination of optimized dosage and diagnosis time for the enhanced imaging contrast for the early diagnosis of diseases. Results indicate that a significant darkening effect on the liver epithelial net lymph tissue can be observed in less than 30 min, with about 20 % reduction of the spin–spin relaxation time of T2 after injection. A metabolism study on the NPs indicates that they show little toxicity to the living organs examined, and finally enter into the spleen without obvious retention in any related organs after recycling for more than 2 d.
All else being equal: Are men always higher in social dominance orientation than women?
Authors: Batalha Luisa , Reynolds Katherine J. , Newbigin Carolyn A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe belief in the gender invariance of many traits is a view that dominates much of psychology. In social psychology, this position is clearly represented by social dominance theory and the construct of social dominance orientation (SDO) where it is argued that, all else being equal, men will be higher in SDO than women. In other domains, though, these assumptions are being questioned, and researchers are arguing for a gender similarities hypothesis. The argument is that men and women are more similar than different, and where there are effects for gender, these are small. In this investigation, men and women are compared under similar cultural (Study 1), ideological, (Study 2) and status (Study 3) contexts to examine whether, all else being equal, men really are higher in SDO than women. In an additional study (Study 4), a meta‐analysis is conducted aggregating the effect sizes of the previous studies. Results demonstrated either no effect for gender or an interaction between gender and the relevant social context and only a small effect size of gender—findings that disconfirm the ceteris paribus assumption of social dominance theory. In conclusion, the implications of the findings for understanding gender effects in social psychology are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A practice‐oriented estimation of the failure probability of building structures
Authors: Fajfar Peter , Dolšek Matjaž 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYIn the presented practice‐oriented probabilistic approach for the seismic performance assessment of building structures, the SAC‐FEMA method, which is a part of the broader PEER probabilistic framework and permits probability assessment in closed form, is combined with the pushover‐based N2 method. The most demanding part of the PEER probabilistic framework, that is incremental dynamic analysis, is replaced by the much simpler N2 method, which requires considerably less input data and much less computational time, but which can, nevertheless, often provide: acceptable estimates for the mean values of the structural response. Using some additional simplifying assumptions that are consistent with seismic code procedures, an explicit equation for a quick estimation of the annual probability of “failure” (i.e. the probability of exceeding the near collapse limit state) of a structure can be derived, which is appropriate for practical applications, provided that predetermined default values for the dispersion measures are available. In the paper, this simplified approach is summarized and applied to the estimation of the “failure” probability of reinforced concrete frame buildings representing both old structures, not designed for earthquake resistance, and new structures designed according to Eurocode 8. The results of the analyses indicate a high probability of the “failure” of buildings, which have not been designed for seismic loads. For a building designed according to a modern code, the conservatively determined probability of “failure” is about 30 times less but still significant (about 1% over the lifetime of the structure). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a historical aerial photograph analysis to inform trout habitat restoration efforts
Authors: Baillie Marshall B. , Salant Nira L. , Schmidt John C. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTRestoration of the upper Strawberry River included bank stabilization techniques because it was assumed that excessive bank erosion was degrading spawning habitat for Bonneville cutthroat trout (BCT). Using a long‐term aerial photograph record, the historical range of variability in bank erosion rates and channel geometry was determined, and this information was used to assess present‐day conditions and the rationale for restoration. Relative to historical variability, the channel planform was relatively stable and bank erosion rates were the lowest recorded in the post‐disturbance era. Although a historical loss of riparian vegetation coincided with a shift to a wider and more sinuous channel, lateral migration rates declined and the channel narrowed as riparian cover increased in the decades before restoration, indicating a process of natural recovery. Furthermore, it was found that the percentage of fine sediment in the streambed before restoration was insufficient to affect BCT spawning success. Together these results suggest that bank erosion and fine sediment did not affect the quality of spawning habitat or the abundance of BCT on the upper Strawberry River. The results highlight how a historical analysis can be used to identify the sources of habitat degradation and inform the selection of restoration goals and strategies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling time varying scouring at bed sills
Authors: Tregnaghi Matteo , Marion Andrea , Bottacin‐Busolin Andrea , Tait Simon J. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper a modelling approach is presented to predict local scour under time varying flow conditions. The approach is validated using experimental data of unsteady scour at bed sills. The model is based on a number of hypotheses concerning the characteristics of the flow hydrograph, the temporal evolution of the scour and the geometry of the scour hole. A key assumption is that, at any time, the scour depth evolves at the same rate as in an equivalent steady flow. The assumption is supported by existing evidence of geometrical affinity and similarity of scour holes formed under different steady hydraulic conditions. Experimental data are presented that show the scour hole development downstream of bed sills due to flood hydrographs follow a predictable pattern. Numerical simulations are performed with the same input parameters used in the experimental tests but with no post‐simulation calibration. Comparison between the experimental and model results indicates good correspondence, especially in the rising limb of the flow hydrograph. This suggests that the underlying assumptions used in the modelling approach are appropriate. In principle, the approach is general and can be applied to a wide range of environments (e.g. bed sills, step‐pool systems) in which scouring at rapid bed elevation changes caused by time varying flows occurs, provided appropriate scaling information is available, and the scour response to steady flow conditions can be estimated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some novel N2‐hydroxymethyl and N2‐aminomethyl derivatives of 4‐aryl‐5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione
Authors: Plech Tomasz , Wujec Monika , Kaproń Barbara , Kosikowska Urszula , Malm Anna 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this investigation, several novel N2‐hydroxymethyl and N2‐aminomethyl derivatives of 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐4‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐ 3H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione and 4‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐ 5‐(3‐chlorophenyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐ thione were prepared. All synthesized compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against six Gram‐positive and four Gram‐negative bacterial strains. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:737–743, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20737
Synthesis of alkylcarbazole aminoderivatives
Authors: Garman Krzysztof , Olewnik Ewa , Czerwinski Wojciech 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNew alkylcarbazole aminoderivatives were prepared with various alkyl chain lengths. Syntheses were evaluated and procedures simplified. Producing alkylcarbazole aminoderivatives is a two‐step process, where—in the first step—alkycarbazol is obtained in the alkyl chain substitution reaction and the appropriate aminoderivative of alkylcarbazole is synthesized in direct amination of aromatic compounds as the second step. The products were verified with nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and general thermal properties were determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Alkylcarbazole aminoderivatives are amphiphilic molecules, therefore expanding the list of known surfactants, compatibilizing agents, and other surface modifiers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:1–4, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/.20742
Vanadium pentoxide induces activation and death of endothelial cells
Authors: Montiel‐Dávalos Angélica , Gonzalez‐Villava Adriana , Rodriguez‐Lara Vianey , Montaño Luis Felipe , Fortoul Teresa I. , López‐Marure Rebeca 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTVanadium is a transition metal released into the atmosphere, as air‐suspended particles, as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels and some metallurgic industry activities. Air‐suspended particle pollution causes inflammation‐related processes such as thrombosis and other cardiovascular events. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) on endothelial cells since they are key participants in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. Cell adhesion, the expression of adhesion molecules and oxidative stress, as well as proliferation, morphology and cell death of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to V2O5, were evaluated. Vanadium pentoxide at a 3.12 µg cm−2 concentration induced an enhanced adhesion of the U937 macrophage cell line to HUVECs, owing to an increased expression of late adhesion molecules. HUVECs exposed to V2O5 showed an increase in ROS and nitric oxide production, and a diminished proliferation. These changes in vanadium‐treated HUVECs were accompanied by severe morphological changes and apoptotic cell death. Vanadium pentoxide induced serious endothelial cell damage, probably related to the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality observed in individuals living in highly air‐polluted areas. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloning, expression and functional characterization of carp, Cyprinus carpio, estrogen receptors and their differential activations by estrogens
Authors: Katsu Yoshinao , Lange Anke , Miyagawa Shinichi , Urushitani Hiroshi , Tatarazako Norishisa , Kawashima Yukio , Tyler Charles R. , Iguchi Taisen 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTSex‐steroid hormones are essential for normal reproductive activity in both sexes. Estrogens are necessary for ovarian differentiation during a critical developmental stage in vertebrates and promote the growth and differentiation of the female reproductive system. Importantly, environmental estrogens can influence the reproductive system and have been shown to disrupt gametogenesis in males. To understand the molecular mechanisms of estrogen actions and to evaluate estrogen receptor ligand interactions in the carp, Cyprinus carpio, a species used widely for both field‐ and laboratory‐based studies, we cloned all three carp estrogen receptors (ER; ERα, ERβ1 and ERβ2) and applied an estrogen‐responsive (ERE)‐luciferase reporter assay system to characterize the interactions of these receptors with steroidal and synthetic estrogens. DNA fragments encoding all three ERs in carp, ERα, ERβ1 and ERβ2, were obtained from the ovary using degenerate primer sets and PCR techniques, and full‐length carp ER (cER) cDNAs were then obtained using RACE (rapid amplification of the cDNA end) techniques. Amino acid sequences of cERs showed overall homology of 46% (α vs β1), 49% (α vs β2) and 53% (β1 vs β2). In the transient transfection ERE‐luciferase reporter assay system (using mammalian cells) the cER proteins displayed estrogen‐dependent activation of transcription and cERβ2 showed a higher sensitivity to the natural steroid oestrogen, 17β‐estradiol, than cERα. The assay system developed is a powerful assay for toxicology and provides a tool for future studies examining the receptor–environmental chemical interactions and estrogen‐disrupting mechanisms in carp. The data presented also expand our knowledge of estrogen receptor evolution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiosynthesis of C‐11 labeled auxin (3‐indolyl[1‐11C]acetic acid) and its derivatives from gramine
Authors: Reid Alicia E. , Kim Sung Won , Seiner Brienne , Fowler Frank W. , Hooker Jacob , Ferrieri Richard , Babst Benjamin , Fowler Joanna S. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract3‐Indolylacetic acid (IAA) is the major auxin in higher plants and plays a key role in plant growth and development. We report the rapid radiolabeling of the important plant hormone using carbon‐11 (half life: 20.4 min) enabling in vivo imaging of its distribution and movement in whole plants. 3‐Indolyl[1‐11C]acetic acid was synthesized in 2‐steps: (1) reaction of gramine with [11C]cyanide to give 3‐indolyl[1‐11C]acetonitrile in >99% radiochemical purity; (2) hydrolysis of the intermediate in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give 3‐indolyl[1‐11C]acetic acid in >98% radiochemical purity after HPLC purification. The overall nondecay corrected radiochemical yield was 28%, synthesis time was 68 min and specific activity was (0.7 mCi/nmol). Hydrolysis proceeded through the formation of 3‐indolyl[1‐11C]acetamide and by varying the temperature of this step, either C‐11 labeled acid or amide were obtained. This procedure provides unexpectedly high C‐11 incorporation in a short time and using a simple and selective hydrolysis without the need of an indole‐nitrogen protecting group or a typical leaving group. Since 3‐indolylacetonitrile and 3‐indolylacetamide are also intermediates in the biosynthesis of IAA, and also function as auxins, this versatile reaction makes all three of these labeled compounds available for imaging studies in whole plants in vivo. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.