bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of polytypism in lead iodide
Authors: Beckmann P. A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLead Iodide (PbI2) is an important inorganic solid for both basic scientific research and possible technological applications and in this brief review we discuss the structure of PbI2. Although the basic structure is a simple I‐Pb‐I layered structure with a [PbI6]4‐ near‐octahedron being the basic building block, there are many ways of stacking the layers which results in many polytypes. We present 20 of the 23 entries for the structure of PbI2 from the Inorganic Structural Database and order them by polytype. This represents more than 80 years of crystallographic research in the structure of this compound. We present a simple way to view the 2H, 4H, 6H, and 6R polytypes and extend the procedure to higher‐order polytypes. We note a relationship, not generally appreciated, between the distortion of the near [PbI6]4‐ octahedrons and the polytype. We suggest that the significance of vacancies has only recently been appreciated. We suggest that small discrepancies in structure determination are probably due to different distributions of vacancies and that there are, in practice, very many structures for macroscopic or even mesoscopic samples of a given polytype when vacancies are considered. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of antioxidants on heterocharge generation in polymeric dielectrics
Authors: Suzuki Hirokazu , Sekii Yasuo , Noguchi Kazuo , Shimura Koichi , Maeno Takashi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe generation of space charges in polymeric dielectric materials is known to be affected by such inclusions as cross‐linking by‐products, antioxidants, and moisture. We reported previously that negative heterocharges in XLPE are generated in the presence of acetophenone and sulfur‐containing antioxidants. In this paper we describe further experiments using samples containing DCP and three different antioxidants in order to examine the mechanism of this phenomenon. Negative heterocharges near the positive electrode were detected in samples containing both DCP and antioxidants when those samples were soaked in acetophenone. Negative heterocharges were not detected in samples containing either DCP or the antioxidant, even when the sample was soaked in acetophenone. These results demonstrate that a heterocharge is generated by the combined effect of acetophenone and the substance produced by interaction between DCP and the antioxidant. Based on the results of experiments measuring the amount of heterocharge in samples that had been heatpressed at different temperatures, the mechanism of negative heterocharge generation in polymeric dielectric material is inferred. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 172(2): 1–9, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20941
Anion‐Dependent Facile Route to Magnetic Dinuclear and Dodecanuclear Cobalt Clusters
Authors: Zheng Ling‐Ling , Leng Ji‐Dong , Herchel Radovan , Lan Yan‐Hua , Powell Annie K. , Tong Ming‐Liang 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAn unprecedented dodecanuclear CoIII3CoII9 and a dinuclear CoII2 cluster were synthesized facilely from reactions of different coblt(II) salts with the ligand (1H‐benzimidazol‐2‐yl)methanol. The cobalt ions in the Co12 supercluster are linked into a disclike structures through μ3‐OL, μ‐OL, μ3‐O2–, μ1,1‐N3– and μ1,1,1‐N3– bridges. Magnetic studies reveal that strong ferromagnetic coupling through double end‐on (EO) azido bridges exists in 1, while both ferromagnetic coupling through the μ3‐OL and μ‐OL pathways and antiferromagnetc coupling through the μ1,1,1‐N3– pathway exist in 2, which results in a ferrimagnetic behaviour of 2.
An Efficient Synthesis of Substituted meta‐Halophenols and Their Methyl Ethers: Insight into the Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Khan Faiz Ahmed , Choudhury Sumit 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAn expeditious synthetic methodology leading to substituted meta‐halophenols and their corresponding methyl ether derivatives through acid‐mediated fragmentation of suitably substituted dihalonorbornyl ketones has been devised. The reaction sequence consists of TBTH‐mediated (TBTH is tri‐n‐butyltin hydride) selective bridgehead halogen reduction of easily accessible Diels–Alder adducts derived from 1,2,3,4‐tetrahalo‐5,5‐dimethoxycyclopentadiene and β‐substituted vinyl acetates, with subsequent conversion into the requisite bicyclic ketones by a two‐step hydrolysis/oxidation approach. An extensive mechanistic investigation based on isotope labeling and cross experiments has been carried out and plausible mechanistic pathways based on these results have been proposed. The absence of halogen atoms at the bridgehead positions steers the reaction through a novel pathway involving the incorporation of proton (or deuterium) followed by elimination of HX (or DX), so the described methodology also provides a reliable route to ortho‐para dideuteratedphenolic derivatives.
Medieval environmental impacts and feedbacks: The lowland floodplains of England and Wales
Authors: Lewin John 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBecause of their varying channel styles (braided, meandering, and anastomosing) medieval lowland floodplains in England and Wales provided varying opportunities for defense, settlement, river crossing, and resource exploitation. In turn, these activities altered the character of channels and floodplains, with medieval and later development obscuring the former variety of floodplains themselves. The changing nature of river floodplains is reviewed using archaeological, documentary, and geomorphological evidence. Anastomosing channels and floodplain wetlands have now all but disappeared but were formerly of considerable significance; also discussed are interactions involving flooding, fording, bridging, modifications to channels and their dimensions, and those arising from accelerated soil erosion—most of which peaked in the medieval period when floodplains were significantly transformed. Deliberately or inadvertently, dynamic floodplain landforms were interactively involved with human development during a critical time period in a totality of ways not previously fully identified. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐resolution remote sensing and GIS techniques for geobase data supporting archaeological surveys: A case study of ancient Doliche, southeast Turkey
Authors: Prinz Torsten , Lasar Benedikt , Krüger Karl Peter 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe detection, surveying, and analysis of ancient settlement structures using remote sensing techniques offer a unique opportunity to quickly map the locations of archaeological objects in a relatively short time. High‐resolution images contribute information to the documentation and spatial relation of these objects, especially if Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Web‐based applications are used. The aim of this study was to assess the potential use of satellite data and aerial imagesacquired by a remote‐controlled balloon to generate geospatial data with a range of resolutions and information depths. The study area was Doliche, in the landscape of ancient Commagene (Turkey), where conventional flight campaigns are impossible or strongly restricted. Recently generated data sets (i.e., topographic maps, ortho‐images, terrain models) were combined with field observations to derive ancient and modern landscape patterns and their possible relation to an assumed “ancient procession road” between the village Doliche (Dülük) and the nearby sanctuary of theRoman divinity Iupiter Dolichenus. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimating gene penetrance from family data
Authors: Gong Gail , Hannon Nathan , Whittemore Alice S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFamily data are useful for estimating disease risk in carriers of specific genotypes of a given gene (penetrance). Penetrance is frequently estimated assuming that relatives' phenotypes are independent, given their genotypes for the gene of interest. This assumption is unrealistic when multiple shared risk factors contribute to disease risk. In this setting, the phenotypes of relatives are correlated even after adjustment for the genotypes of any one gene (residual correlation). Many methods have been proposed to address this problem, but their performance has not been evaluated systematically. In simulations we generated genotypes for a rare (frequency 0.35%) allele of moderate penetrance, and a common (frequency 15%) allele of low penetrance, and then generated correlated disease survival times using the Clayton‐Oakes copula model. We ascertained families using both population and clinic designs. We then compared the estimates of several methods to the optimal ones obtained from the model used to generate the data. We found that penetrance estimates for common low‐risk genotypes were more robust to model misspecification than those for rare, moderate‐risk genotypes. For the latter, penetrance estimates obtained ignoring residual disease correlation had large biases. Also biased were estimates based only on families that segregate the risk allele. In contrast, a method for accommodating phenotype correlation by assuming the presence of genetic heterogeneity performed nearly optimally, even when the survival data were coded as binary outcomes. We conclude that penetrance estimates that accommodate residual phenotype correlation (even only approximately) outperform those that ignore it, and that coding censored survival outcomes as binary does not substantially increase the mean‐square errror of the estimates, provided the censoring is not extensive. Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 373–381, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of educational interventions on primary dementia care: A systematic review
Authors: Perry M. , Drašković I. , Lucassen P. , Vernooij‐Dassen M. , van Achterberg T. , Rikkert M. Olde 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the effects of educational interventions about dementia, directed at primary care providers (PCPs).DesignWe searched Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Cinahl and the Cochrane library for relevant articles. Two researchers independently assessed the citations identified against the following inclusion criteria: educational intervention on dementia directed at PCPs and study designs being randomized controlled trials (RCTs), controlled clinical trials (CCTs), controlled before and after studies (CBAs) or interrupted time series (ITS) analyses. Outcomes of interest were PCPs' knowledge and attitude on dementia, and quality of dementia care at PCP and patient level.ResultsOf 3953 citations identified, six articles representing five studies (four cluster RCTs and one CBA) were eligible, describing educational interventions directed at 1904 PCPs. Compliance to the interventions varied from 18 to 100%. Systematic review of the studies showed moderate positive results. Five articles reported at least some effects of the interventions. A small group workshop and a decision support system (DSS) increased dementia detection rates. An interactive 2‐h seminar raised GPs' suspicion of dementia. Adherence to dementia guidelines only improved when an educational intervention was combined with the appointment of dementia care managers. This combined intervention also improved patients' and caregivers' quality of life. Effects on knowledge and attitudes were minor.ConclusionEducational interventions for PCPs that require active participation improve detection of dementia. Educational interventions alone do not seem to increase adherence to dementia guidelines. To effectively change professionals' performance in primary dementia care, education probably needs to be combined with adequate reimbursement or other organizational incentives. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of mood symptoms on recovery one year after stroke
Authors: Donnellan C. , Hickey A. , Hevey D. , O'Neill D. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundDepression and anxiety are the most common mood symptoms and psychological consequences of stroke. This study aimed to examine the influence of acute depression and anxiety symptoms on functional recovery and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) one year after stroke.MethodsAt one month and one year after stroke, the prevalence and severity of depression and anxiety symptoms were examined in consecutively admitted patients, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Functional recovery was assessed using the Nottingham Extended Activities of Daily Living (NEADL) and HRQoL using the Stroke‐Specific Quality of Life scale (SSQOL).ResultsIn 107 patients, the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms was 35% at one month and 36% and 34%, respectively, at one year. Depression symptoms were significantly associated with functional ability (r = −0.19, p < 0.05) and HRQoL (r = −0.41, p < 0.001) at one year. Anxiety symptoms were significantly associated with HRQoL (r = −0.33, p < 0.001) only. Multivariate analyses indicated that both depression (β = −0.33, p < 0.001) and anxiety (β = −0.26, p < 0.01) symptoms explained some variance in HRQoL at one month and did not predict functional recovery or HRQoL at one year, after controlling for other independent variables such as stroke severity and pre‐morbid conditions.DiscussionMood symptoms following acute stroke were associated with a poorer HRQoL one year later but only depression symptoms influenced functional recovery. Other clinical factors such as pre‐morbid conditions may need to be taken into consideration when determining the effect of mood symptoms on stroke recovery. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐injurious behavior in the nursing home setting
Authors: Mahgoub Nahla , Klimstra Sibel , Kotbi Nabil , Docherty John P 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundSelf‐injurious behavior (SIB) in older adults is defined as harm inflicted on oneself without conscious suicidal intent. SIB as a separate entity distinct from suicidal intent is poorly understood. However, it is of great concern to the patients' families and caregivers and it poses serious clinical challenges for clinicians.MethodsWe searched the database of PubMed, Ovid Medline, and ScienceDirect for reports published between 1970 and 2009 using combination of the following keywords: “self‐injurious behavior”, “self‐destructive behavior”, “self‐mutilating behavior”, “older adults”, “geriatric population”, and “nursing homes”. The term “self‐harm behavior” which also appears in the literature is broader in scope than “self‐injurious behavior”. It encompasses high suicide intent and failed suicide attempts; therefore, we excluded this term in order to focus purely on “self‐injurious behavior”. Our search yielded 10 publications concerning SIB in older adults, four of which included studies investigating SIB in nursing homes.ResultsClinical studies of SIB in older adult nursing home residents are sparse. This limited literature suggests that SIB is a prevalent phenomenon and is reported to be as high as 14% in one study of nursing home subjects aged 65 and older. It is reported to be strongly associated with dementia and a risk of accidental death. It has been suggested that SIB among demented patients occurs in the context of poor impulse control and physical isolation.ConclusionSIB is likely a common phenomenon in older adult nursing home residents. There is little evidence‐based treatment guidance for SIB in older population. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baseline leisure time activity and cognition more than two decades later
Authors: Kåreholt Ingemar , Lennartsson Carin , Gatz Margaret , Parker Marti G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveMany studies of the relation between factors earlier in life and late‐life cognition have a short follow‐up time, often less than 10 years. Since cognitive decline can be present up to 20 years prior to dementia it is difficult to distinguish the direction of the relationships without a long follow‐up. We analyzed the association between different types of leisure time activity at baseline and cognition more than 20 years later. A wide range of activities was included—political, mental, socio‐cultural, social, physical, and organizational activities.MethodsBaseline studies were random Swedish samples aged 46–75 years (mean 57.4) (n = 1643) interviewed in 1968 or 1981. Activities were measured at baseline. Cognition was measured with items from the Mini‐Mental State Examination in 1992, 2002, or 2004.ResultsThere was a significant association between later cognition and earlier political, mental, and socio‐cultural activities controlling for age, age‐square, sex, follow‐up‐time, mobility problems, symptoms of mental distress, employment status, education, adult and childhood socioeconomic status, income, smoking, and drinking. Physical activities had a significant association with cognition only among women. Organizational activities were not significant when controlling for all covariates. Social activities had no significant association. Including all covariates and all leisure activities simultaneously, only mid‐life political and mental activities remained significantly related to later life cognition.ConclusionsThese findings add support to the theory that various forms of engagement in mid‐life can have a protective effect with respect to cognition in later life. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The AddNeuroMed framework for multi‐centre MRI assessment of Alzheimer's disease : experience from the first 24 months
Authors: Simmons Andrew , Westman Eric , Muehlboeck Sebastian , Mecocci Patrizia , Vellas Bruno , Tsolaki Magda , Kłoszewska Iwona , Wahlund Lars‐Olof , Soininen Hilkka , Lovestone Simon , Evans Alan , Spenger Christian 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the AddNeuroMed imaging framework for multi‐centre magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of longitudinal changes in Alzheimer's disease and report on early results from the first 24 months of the project.MethodsA multi‐centre study similarly to a faux clinical trial has been established to assess longitudinal MRI changes in Alzheimer disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy control subjects using an image acquisition protocol compatible with Alzheimer disease neuroimaging initiative (ADNI). Comprehensive quality control (QC) measures have been established throughout the study. An intelligent web‐accessible database holds details on both the raw images and data processed using a sophisticated image analysis pipeline.ResultsA total of 378 subjects have been recruited (130 AD, 131 MCI, 117 healthy controls) of which a high percentage (97.3%) of the T1‐weighted volumes passed the QC criteria. Measurements of normalized whole brain volume and whole brain cortical thickness showed significant differences between AD and controls, AD and MCI and MCI and controls.ConclusionsA framework for multi‐centre MRI studies of Alzheimer's disease has been established consisting of a harmonized MRI acquisition protocol across centres, rigorous QC at both the sites and central data analysis hub and an automated image analysis pipeline. Early results demonstrate the high quality of the images acquired and the applicability of the automated image analysis techniques employed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of memantine on sleep behaviour in dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia
Authors: Larsson Victoria , Aarsland Dag , Ballard Clive , Minthon Lennart , Londos Elisabet 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveTwo common and characteristic sleep disturbances have been described in dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD); excessive daytime sleepiness and REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD). This study is an analysis of a secondary outcome measure of a larger study already reported, aimed to determine whether memantine has an effect on the sleep disturbances in DLB and PDD patients.MethodsPatients with DLB or PDD were included in a placebo‐controlled, randomised controlled study of memantine (20 mg per day) for 24 weeks. The Stavanger Sleep Questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale were used to evaluate the effect on sleep disturbances.ResultsForty two patients started treatment; 20 with memantine and 22 with placebo. The primary analysis was the comparison of change between the two groups during a 24‐week period, using the modified ITT population (last observation carried forward). At 24 weeks, patients treated with memantine were less physically active during sleep while patients in the placebo group worsened. Mean difference between the groups (0.5 [0.05–0.90]) was significant (p = 0.006). No significant change was observed in severity of excessive daytime sleepiness.ConclusionsMemantine decreases probable REM sleep behaviour disorder in patients with DLB and PDD. Both diagnostic groups contributed equally to the outcome. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The growth of brain tumors can be suppressed by multiple transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase
Authors: Chang Da‐Young , Yoo Seung‐Wan , Hong Youngtae , Kim Sujeong , Kim Se Joong , Yoon Sung‐Hwa , Cho Kyung‐Gi , Paek Sun Ha , Lee Young‐Don , Kim Sung‐Soo , Suh‐Kim Haeyoung 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSuicide genes have recently emerged as an attractive alternative therapy for the treatment of various types of intractable cancers. The efficacy of suicide gene therapy relies on efficient gene delivery to target tissues and the localized concentration of final gene products. Here, we showed a potential ex vivo therapy that used mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as cellular vehicles to deliver a bacterial suicide gene, cytosine deaminase (CD) to brain tumors. MSCs were engineered to produce CD enzymes at various levels using different promoters. When co‐cultured, CD‐expressing MSCs had a bystander, anti‐cancer effect on neighboring C6 glioma cells in proportion to the levels of CD enzymes that could convert a nontoxic prodrug, 5‐fluorocytosine (5‐FC) into cytotoxic 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) in vitro. Consistent with the in vitro results, for early stage brain tumors induced by intracranial inoculation of C6 cells, transplantation of CD‐expressing MSCs reduced tumor mass in proportion to 5‐FC dosages. However, for later stage, established tumors, a single treatment was insufficient, but only multiple transplantations were able to successfully repress tumor growth. Our findings indicate that the level of total CD enzyme activity is a critical parameter that is likely to affect the clinical efficacy for CD gene therapy. Our results also highlight the potential advantages of autograftable MSCs compared with other types of allogeneic stem cells for the treatment of recurrent glioblastomas through repetitive treatments.