bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of electric nets as sampling devices for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Packer M.J. , Brady John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVideo was used to provide objective measurements of the behaviour of tsetse around an electric net. Data were collected on: (1) the number and behaviour of flies which actively avoided the net; (2) the number and fate of flies which hit the net; (3) the distribution on the ground around the net of electrocuted flies. This allowed estimates to be made of net efficiency (=No. of flies sampled/No. sampled + No. escaped%). The three components of an electric net system (netting/grids, inverter-transformer (‘spark box’) and battery) were varied to determine the effect of each on efficiency: neither the condition (age) of the netting/grids nor the design or condition of the ‘spark boxes’ had a significant effect on efficiency, but efficiency was lower with partly-charged batteries than with fully-charged ones. When account was not taken of flies which behaviourally avoided the net, the best system had an efficiency of 55% (range 49–61%), (cf. a previous estimate of 94%); when the behavioural avoiders were included in the estimate the efficiency was only 46% (range 43–49%). The efficiency of the system is discussed in terms of the way the high voltage across the electric grid is generated, and also how it might affect interpretation of sample data.
Estimation of development times for immature stages of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae), and their simulation from air temperature and solar radiation records
Authors: Vogt W. G. , Walker J.M. , Runko S 
Published: July 2009

AbstractImmature stages of bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker, were reared at constant temperatures ranging from 18°C to 39°C. Mean egg to adult development times ranged from 7.0 to 25.8 days. Eggs, larval instars I, II and III, and pupae averaged, respectively, 3.1, 4.4, 5.5, 36.4 and 50.6% of the total development time. Mean development rate was a non-linear function of temperature. A non-linear development rate model accurately estimated mean development times of immature stages under both constant and fluctuating temperature regimes. Simulation of dung pad temperatures, from air temperature and solar radiation records, predicted development times of soil- and dunginhabiting stages of M. vetustissima to within 4% of those observed under field conditions.
The biosystematics of Syntretomorpha szaboi Papp (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae) attacking the Oriental honey bee, Apis cerana Fabricius. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), with a review of braconid parasitoids attacking bees
Authors: Walker Annette K. , Joshi N. K. , Verma S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRecords of braconid parasitoids attacking bees (Apidae) are reviewed and their biology is discussed. The adult of Syntretomorpha szaboi Papp (Braconidae) is redescribed, the female for the first time. The final-instar larva is also described for the first time and the implications of interpreting larval characters are discussed. The Oriental honey bee, Apis cerana Fabricius, is recorded here for the first time as the host of S. szaboi.
Tephritids of knapweeds, starthistles and safflower: results of a host choice experiment and the taxonomy of Terellia luteola (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: White Ian M. , Groppe Kerstin , Sobhian Rouhollah 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA host choice experiment was carried out to determine the host range of some potential biological control agents of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis), a Mediterranean plant which has become a serious rangeland weed in western USA. This paper describes the results of that experiment and discusses its taxonomic implications. The experiment confirmed the extreme host specificity of some species. However, two reputedly polyphagous species, Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi) and Urophora quadrifasciata (Meigen), attacked a narrower range of hosts than expected. The results of this and similar host choice experiments are discussed and it is concluded that this sort of anomaly can be caused by the existence of host races, unrecognized sibling species, or by varieties of plants naturally resistant to attack. These complex patterns of host relationship highlight the need to interpret host catalogue data cautiously, as they oversimplify complex biological systems. The identity of one species reared in the experiment, Terellia luteola (Wiedemann), is discussed; a key is presented for its separation from other Terellia species, and it is removed from synonymy with T. colon (Meigen).
Australasian Simuliidae
Authors: Tonnoir A. L. 
Published: July 2009

1. In this paper five species of Simulium and 16 species of Austrosimulium are dealt with.2. The new genus Austrosimulium differs mainly from the former in the number of joints in the antennae, which are ten instead of eleven; it seems to be restricted to the Indo-Australian region.3. In many cases the species of Austrosimulium cannot be differentiated from each other in the adult stage, although they are perfectly different in their early stages and especially in the pupal stage.4. Seven species of Austrosimulium occur in New Zealand: A. vexans, Mik, A. ungulatum, sp. n., A. australense, Schin., A. tillyardi, sp. n., A. longicorne, sp. n., A. multicorne, sp. n., A. laticorne, sp. n. Only the first two of these are distinguishable from the others in the adult stage; the remainder can only be differentiated in the pupal stage or the late larval stage.5. Five out of these seven New Zealand species are known in their early stages.6. In Australia (including Tasmania) five species of Simulium and nine of Austrosimulium are known to the writer, i.e.: S. aurantiacum, sp. n., S. fergusoni, sp. n., S. ornatipes, Skuse, S. umbratorum, sp. n., S. terebrans, sp. n., A. crassipes, sp. n., A. cornutum, sp. n., A. tasmaniense, sp. n., A. victoriae, Roub., A. furiosum, Skuse, A. bancrofti, Taylor, A. torrentium, sp. n., A. simile, sp. n., A. weindorferi, sp. n.The two species A. victoriae, Roub., and A. furiosum, Skuse, have not been identified with certainty, so that further investigation may show that one or two of the new species are synonymous with them.7. The early stages of one species of Simulium and five of Austrosimulium from Australia are here described.
The Distributions of Coccinellid Egg Batches and Larvae in Relation to Numbers ofAphis fabaeScop. onVicia faba.
Authors: Banks C. J. 
Published: July 2009

Further analysis of results obtained from a study of populations of Coccinellids on three plots ofVicia fabainfested withAphis fabaeScop, at Rothamsted during 1952 are presented. The distributions of coccinellid egg batches and older larvae (mostly 3rd and 4th instars) on bean stems of five arbitrary classes of aphid infestation, emphasise the differences in the manner of increase of the predator and prey populations considered here; at the same time, the results throw light on the oviposition behaviour of the adult Coccinellids.The degree of correlation between coccinellid egg batches and Aphids on the plots (as indicated by regression analysis) varied inversely with the size of the aphid populations on the plots. On one plot, where Aphids were extremely numerous, this correlation was negligible; on the two other plots, where Aphids were less abundant, the correlation was more marked, being highest at the plot where the aphid numbers were lowest. The degree of correlation between egg batches and Aphids was determined apparently by the rate of increase of aphid numbers. It is pointed out that while these coccinellid populations increased additively (by immigration of ladybirds to the beans), populations ofA. fabaeincreased multiplicatively (by reproduction) and at much higher rates.During the early stages of the aphid infestations on the bean plots, when aphid-infested stems were comparatively few, there was no statistically significant association between coccinellid eggs and the presence of Aphids on the bean stems; but when all stems had become infested, egg batches tended to occur most frequently on the stems with the most Aphids. From these and other observations it is concluded that the female Coccinellids do not need the stimulus of the presence of Aphids before laying their eggs on beans, and that they concentrate on well-infested bean stems where they tend to stay and feed on the Aphids and probably oviposit on those stems. The distributions of older coccinellid larvae (3rd and 4th instars) indicate that they, too, tend to concentrate on well-infested stems.The oviposition habits of the female Coccinellids are discussed in relation to the feeding problems of the newly-hatched larvae.
Halticinae of the Sudan
Authors: Pollard D. G. 
Published: July 2009

The distribution of the Sudan HALTICINAE is given, together with brief notes on the food-plants and habits where known, and a key to the species.Some 39 species, within 19 genera, are known to occur. Many are of minor economic importance, but three can be ranked as major pests. These are the two cotton flea-beetles, Podagrica puncticollis Weise and P. pallida (Jacoby), and Phyllotreta cheiranthi Weise on cruciferous vegetables.
A New Genus for Tortrix postvittana (Walker) and certain other Australian and New Zealand Species (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Bradley J. D. 
Published: July 2009

A new genus, Austrotortrix, is erected for Teras postvittana Walker, the Apple Leaf Roller or Light Brown Apple Moth, a common pest of apple and Citrus in the coastal regions of Australia, and in Tasmania and New Zealand.Two new synonyms of A. postvittana in addition to those already recorded are given.As there are several species in Australia closely resembling postvittana, making identification difficult, descriptions of the genitalia of postvittana are given as these provide the best means of positive identification.Apart from the type species, postvittana, ten other species are assigned to the new genus.
A Culture Method for Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in the Laboratory, with Notes on the Biology
Authors: Megahed M. M. 
Published: July 2009

A simple method for culturing Culicoides nubeculosus (Mg.) in the laboratory is described, the medium used for rearing the larvae being a mixture of powdered mud from near a farm byre, dried autolyzed yeast and powdered charcoal, in the proportions 25:3:2. A layer of the mixture 4 mm. deep was spread over the bottom of unglazed earthenware pots, 6 in. diam. x 1 in. high, and just covered with water. After about three weeks in an insect-proof cage in the open, the pots were brought into the laboratory, the temperature of which was maintained at 20°C. except for brief periods in very hot or very cold weather. Each pot was stocked with from 70 to 220 newly hatched larvae, derived from a single batch of eggs laid on moist filter-paper discs in 3 x 1-inch glass mating tubes by adults that had been fed on human blood and provided with raisins. The surface of the medium became covered with a growth of bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa, which provided a source of food for the larvae. These made shallow burrows in the substratum from which they partially emerged to feed and in which they pupated. About 45 per cent, of those introduced emerged successfully as adults.The incubation and pupal periods lasted 3–6 and about 4–7 days, respectively. The time taken for larval development varied greatly between individuals from the same batch of eggs, and also between batches started at different times of year. The complete life-cycle of examples started as larvae in January–September was thus 3–8½ weeks, the period over which emergence occurred amongst a single batch being 1–5 weeks; the corresponding figures for those started as larvae in October were 6–18 and 2 to nearly 12 weeks.The behaviour in the various stages is briefly described.
Observations on Anopheline Mosquitos of the Akah River, 4th Division, Sarawak
Authors: Colless Donald H. 
Published: July 2009

Investigations on the Akah river, in the 4th Division of Sarawak, showed 13 species and one variety of Anopheles to be present. A. l. leucosphyrus Dön., the principal malaria vector, was the only species common in houses.A. l. leucosphyrus has a strong preference for human blood and feeds throughout the night, with a peak of activity soon after midnight. Both fed and unfed mosquitos rest indoors on the walls but the latter become increasingly scarcer later in the night. Most individuals rest low down (62% below 3 ft., 96% below 5 ft.) but only a negligible percentage remains in the house after daybreak. Observations suggest that many females spend quite long periods resting outside the house before entering and that entry is almost entirely through windows and other openings in the walls; very few enter the space below the house. There is also evidence of two separate stimuli, or levels of activation, one bringing the mosquito to the bait and one initiating the act of feeding.Wet weather was accompanied by an abrupt increase in catches of A. l. leucosphyrus and dry weather by a decrease—this is thought not to be due to any effect on breeding places. During the wet period, females entered earlier and tended to rest to a greater extent before feeding.
Studies on the Bionomics of the Case-bearing Clothes Moth, Tinea pellionella (L.)
Authors: Cheema P. S. 
Published: July 2009

Tinea pellionella (L.), commonly known as the Case-bearing Clothes Moth or Fur Moth, is of world-wide distribution and is of considerable economic importance. It has been recorded on a variety of substances, particularly those of a keratinous nature. In India, it has been found as an important pest of woollen textiles. Its life-history and habits have been systematically investigated at different levels of temperature and humidity.The incubation period is 4 to 5, 5, 6 to 7 and 6 to 7 days at 21·5, 25, 30 and 32·5°C., respectively. Temperatures higher than 32·5°C. have been found lethal to eggs. Humidity has no effect on the incubation period. Percentage viability of eggs is greater at lower than at higher temperatures.Both temperature and humidity have been found to influence the larval development and the number of larval instars. Irrespective of temperature, higher humidities favour shorter larval development and the shortest larval period is at 25°C. and 90 per cent. R.H.Woollen materials impregnated with yeast are more suited for the larval development than those not so treated. Larvae do not exhibit colour preference. Woollen fabrics dyed with Cloth fast orange G 4 per cent, manufactured by “ Ciba ”, however, inhibit the growth of freshly hatched larvae.The behaviour of the larvae to direct sunlight has been studied. The rôle of (a) diffused light alternated with darkness, (b) darkness, (c) temperature and (d) humidity on the extent of damage caused by the larvae has been investigated. Under the conditions of the experiments, the amount of damage in continuous darkness was significantly greater than in alternating light and darkness, and that at 90 per cent. R.H. significantly greater than at 30 per cent., but there was no significant difference in the amount of damage at 27·5° and 32·5°C., respectively, and 90 per cent. R.H.The mode of pupation has been described. The pupal period has been studied and found.to occupy 18 ± 0·4, 10·3 ± 0·16 and 10·3 ± 0·33 days at 21·5, 25 and 30°C. and 90 per cent. R.H., respectively. Humidity has no effect on this period.The effect of temperature and humidity on (a) the preoviposition, oviposition and postoviposition periods and (b) number of eggs laid by a female has been studied. The life-span of the male and female, the relationship between the weight of the female at emergence and fecundity (which was highly significant) on the one hand and length of life (which was not significant) on the other has also been investigated. Sex ratio between females and males has been found to be 2·6:1. Three to four generations in a year have been recorded at 26 ± 8·0°C. and 82 ± 10 per cent. R.H. when the larvae are fed on woollen fabrics impregnated with yeast.
Notes on the Biology of some predacious Mites on Fruit Trees in south-eastern England
Authors: Collyer Elsie 
Published: July 2009

A number of predacious mites of the PHYTOSEIINAE (family LAELAPTIDAE), found in south-eastern England, mostly in association with fruit trees, are listed. Certain measurements and other characters that are of value in separating species are given. The species found were: Typhlodromus tiliae Oudm., T. cucumeris Oudm., T. tiliarum Oudm., T. rhenanus (Oudm.), T. finlandicus (Oudm.), T. umbraticus Chant, T. massei Nesbitt, T. vitis Oudm., T. soleiger (Ribaga), Phytoseius macropilis (Banks) and two Amblyseius spp. Of these, T. tiliae, T. finlandicus and P. macropilis are normally abundant on apple trees, but only T. tiliae remains abundant on commercially-grown apple trees. For each species a list of plants on which it has been found is given.Details of the life-history of laboratory-reared mites are given and these, together with counts of field populations, show that three generations a year is normal.Predacious phytoseiine mites feed on several species of TETRANYCHIDAE, including Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch) and Tetranychus telarius (L.); when M. ulmi is supplied in adequate numbers, adults of T. tiliae consume 3 mites per day, the nymphs 2 mites per day, on an average. It is thought that they also feed on plant tissue, since individuals survived in the laboratory for a considerable length of time in the absence of phytophagous mites, though eggs were not laid.
Field Tests with Larvicides against Culicoides impunctatus Goetgh. in Scotland
Authors: Kettle D. S. , Nash Ruth H. , Hopkins Barbara A. 
Published: July 2009

Field tests were conducted on Soutra Hill (1,100 ft. above M.S.L.) in the winters of 1953–4 and 1954–5 to find a suitable larvicide for controlling Culicoides impunctatus Goetgh. In one trial, four formulations (wettable powder, water-miscible concentrate, oil solution and dust) of DDT and γ BHC were applied to plots (10 × 10 yd.) at dosages of 3, 12, 50 and 200 mg. p.p′DDT or γ BHC/sq. ft., except for the γ BHC dust which was applied at 3, 6, 12 and 25 mg. γ BHC/sq. ft. In a second trial, the larvicidal properties of aldrin, dieldrin and malathion wettable powders, chlordane water-miscible concentrate and malathion emulsi-fiable liquid were investigated at three or four of the following dosages —3, 6, 12. 25 and 50 mg./sq. ft. The conclusions to be drawn from these trials were:—1. DDT was superior to γ BHC at all dosages and in all formulations both in immediate and residual effects.2. For immediate larval control, DDT and γ BHC wettable powders and DDT water-miscible concentrate were effective but γ BHC water-miscible concentrate was relatively ineffective.3. Although all the DDT preparations were effective as residual larvicides, the wettable powder was the most successful.4. For immediate larval control a dosage of 200 mg. p, p′DDT or γ BHC is required. The effect produced by 50 mg./sq. ft. is variable.5. For residual larvicidal action a dosage of 50 mg./sq. ft. is required although 12 mg./sq. ft. may sometimes be effective.6. Both preparations of malathion reduced the initial larval density by just over half but they had no residual effect.7. Chlordane and aldrin achieved an immediate larval reduction of one third but whereas chlordane had a greater residual effect, aldrin was ineffective.8. Dieldrin had very little immediate (20 per cent. control) but considerable residual effect (72 per cent. control).9. Wettable powders are the most successful larvicidal preparations.10. DDT and γ BHC wettable powders at 50 mg. p, p′DDT or γ BHC/sq. ft. are superior to chlordane at the same dosage and slightly better than dieldrin at 25 mg./sq. ft.
Catches in the Gambia, West Africa, ofAnopheles gambiaeGiles andA. gambiaevar.melasTheobald in Entrance Traps of a baited portable wooden Hut, with special Reference to the Effect of Wind Direction
Authors: Bertram D. S. , McGregor I. A. 
Published: July 2009

A portable wooden hut with two windows, on opposite sides, fitted with traps to catch mosquitos as they entered the hut was tried, with human bait, as a sampling device for mixed populations ofAnopheles gambiaeGiles and A.gambiaevar.melasTheo. in and near Keneba village in the West Kiang district of the Gambia.In eighteen night catches, between 24th August and 22nd September 1954, 5,901 females of this species and its variety were taken in the traps, five high catches (642 to 1,240 females) being made before 3rd September and thirteen low catches (27 to 306 females) between 6th and 22nd September. Possible causes for the different size of catches in the two periods are discussed with the conclusion that the differences in catch are not simply attributable to erratic functioning of the hut as a trap.Four night catches of 186, 741, 797 and 1,240 females ofA. gambiaeand its variety are reported in detail. They reveal that mosquitos were taken virtually exclusively in the leeward trap if the wind persisted from one direction. But if the wind was variable, or conditions were calm, they were taken in both traps, entering the traps alternately as the wind shifted in the first instance and, perhaps simultaneously in calm. The results show that the use of only one trap could give misleading information about the numbers of mosquitos available outside the hut.There is no doubt that, with wind, the mosquitos approached the host in the hut from down-wind. Since much of the catching occurred in darkness it would seem that the mosquitos were attracted by the emanations of the host and that their approach to the hut was not directed by a visual mechanism controlling up-wind flight.Heavy rain for about seven hours did not prevent flight.From hourly collections, made from dusk to dawn, a curve of activity forA. gambiaewith its varietymelaswas obtained resembling the biting cycle reported elsewhere by other authors, the greatest activity occurring between midnight and 0600 hr. All the females (except two instances of incomplete fresh blood-meals) were unfed and, in a small sample, ovarian development was stage II or earlier. First entries occurred just before complete darkness in the evening and the last in good light about 30 minutes after sunrise.No males ofA. gambiaeor var.melaswere taken in the traps.The numbers, all females, of other species taken were: 1 ofA. funestusGiles, 1 ofA. rufipesvar.ingramiEdw., 59 ofTaeniorhynchus (Mansonioides)spp., 30 ofCulex nebulosusTheo., 19 of C.thalassiusTheo., and 15 of unidentified species. SomeCulicoidesoccurred in the traps and in the hut itself.The hut, if modified to include a window trap in each of the four walls and a cowl over each window to keep out rain, appears to be a simple and convenient sampling device for certain types of investigations on the biology and behaviour ofA. gambiaeand its varietymelas.
TheCulexMosquitos of the Sudan
Authors: Lewis D. J. 
Published: July 2009

Forty five species, two subspecies and one variety ofCulexoccur in the Sudan.Taxonomic notes are given on a few species, and new localities, mainly for the subgenusCulex, are recorded. The known distribution of all species of this subgenus is shown on maps.Several aspects of distribution are discussed, and there is a short section on practical importance.
Stability of Grain as a Factor influencing the Oviposition Rate of the Grain Weevil, Calandra granaria (L.) (Col., Curculionidae)
Authors: Coombs C. W. 
Published: July 2009

In order to estimate the effect of cracks in floors upon the oviposition rate of Calandra granaria (L.) in an unstocked granary, grain was presented to adults in six ways. The grain was either fixed or loose. Fixation was achieved either by placing grain in cracks in wood or plaster of Paris, or by gumming (in rows or scattered) to glass. The loose grains lay upon glass or plaster of Paris.A significantly greater number of eggs was laid upon grain that was fixed. The fact that the grains were in rows and partially enclosed when in cracks had no greater effect than fixing with gum. There was no significant departure from a random distribution of eggs in grains when the latter were in cracks.