bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The retreat from Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa [Franz Josef Land]: the diary of Lieutenant Carl Weyprecht of the Austro-Hungarian north pole expedition, 20 May–3 September 1874
Authors: Barr William 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTHaving spent 21 months on board their icebound ship,Tegetthoff, adrift in the pack ice to the north of Novaya Zemlya, and having explored a substantial part of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa [Franz Josef Land], to which the ice-drift had carried their ship, on 20 May 1874 the members of the Austro-Hungarian North Pole expedition abandoned it and started south by sledge and boat. Progress was painfully slow, and for weeks involved repeatedly alternating between man hauling across floes and rowing or sailing across leads and polynyas. The expedition finally reached open water on 15 August and started rowing and sailing south along the west coast of Novaya Zemlya. They encountered two Russian fishing boats at Mys Britvin [Cape Britvin], just south of Matochkin Shar on 24 August, and the Austrians persuaded one of their captains to take them to Vardø in Northern Norway. They arrived there on 3 September and caught the mail steamer south to Hamburg. Apart from the engineer, Otto Krisch, who died of tuberculosis and scurvy and was buried on Ostrov Vilcheka [Wilczek Island], the remaining 24 members of the expedition returned home safely. The diary of one of the co-leaders of the expedition, Lieutenant Carl Weyprecht, covering the period of the retreat, is published here in English for the first time.
Anabaptism-Pietism and Pentecostalism: scandalous partners in protest
Authors: Archer Kenneth J. , Hamilton Andrew S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article is an ecumenical conversation between Pentecostal and Anabaptist-Pietist traditions. Emerging out of this will be a suggestion that the Christian worship practice of footwashing may provide a means to share Christian love and fellowship that is inclusive of all Christian traditions. In this article we will addresses important points of theological intersection of these two storied traditions, specifically soteriology as a ‘Christian synergism’ and ecclesiology as an ‘alternative society’. These traditions approach ecclesiology through soteriology with a conscientious concern to form eschatological communities. We believe that these traditions must engage in ecumenical dialogue for mutual theological support in forming and sustaining ‘alternative Christian communities’ while continuing to participate in ecumenical dialogue with other traditions.
Heavy Alcohol Use, Alcohol and Drug Screening and their Relationship to Mothers' Welfare Participation: A Temporal-ordered Causal Analysis
Authors: CHENG TYRONE C. , LO CELIA C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis longitudinal study examined the association between heavy alcohol use, alcohol- and drug-screening requirements, and social support network variables and mothers' welfare participation in the United States. The study was a secondary data analysis of 3,517 mothers. The sample was extracted from National Longitudinal Survey of Youth data gathered in 1994–2004. Results of logistic regression show welfare participation is not associated with heavy alcohol use or alcohol- and drug-screening requirements, but is associated with a history of reported heavy alcohol use, informal help with childcare, and scant human capital. Results also indicate that alcohol- and drug screening required under TANF may not exclude heavy drinking mothers from TANF participation, and that social support networks do not cancel heavy drinking's association with participation. Policy implications are discussed.
Towards features updating selection based on the covariance matrix of the SLAM system state
Authors: Cheein Fernando A. Auat , di Sciascio Fernando , Scaglia Gustavo , Carelli Ricardo 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThis paper addresses the problem of a features selection criterion for a simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithm implemented on a mobile robot. This SLAM algorithm is a sequential extended Kalman filter (EKF) implementation that extracts corners and lines from the environment. The selection procedure is made according to the convergence theorem of the EKF-based SLAM. Thus, only those features that contribute the most to the decreasing of the uncertainty ellipsoid volume of the SLAM system state will be chosen for the correction stage of the algorithm. The proposed features selection procedure restricts the number of features to be updated during the SLAM process, thus allowing real time implementations with non-reactive mobile robot navigation controllers. In addition, a Monte Carlo experiment is carried out in order to show the map reconstruction precision according to the Kullback–Leibler divergence curves. Consistency analysis of the proposed SLAM algorithm and experimental results in real environments are also shown in this work.
Knowledge representation and planning control in an expert system for the creative design of mechanisms
Authors: Hoeltzel David A. , Chieng Wei-Hua , Zissimides John 
Published: March 2010

An interactive system, referred to as MECXPERT {Mechanism Expert}, has been designed with the expressed purpose of assisting nonexpert design engineers in creating mechanisms for fulfilling specific motion-conversion and/or power-transmission requirements. The particular knowledge representation scheme chosen for this application comprises a hybrid formulation of a rule-based production system with a frame-based approach. The underlying control strategy is based on a series of special-purpose, domain-specific operators whose function is to move from one problem space to another through various stages or ‘states’ that comprise the mechanism design process.The primary focus of this paper centers on the representation of knowledge and its control within an expert system for creative mechanism design. An overview summarizing the reasons for developing such an expert system is provided, and the formulation of a problem is discussed through an example taken from the design of a variable-stroke internal-combustion engine mechanism.
An expert system approach to design of automotive air-conditioning systems
Authors: Bajpai Atul 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn expert system approach for designing air-conditioning systems for cars and trucks is presented. A brief introduction to the automotive application of the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is provided as general background. The method presented uses an integrated approach combining the power of conventional analysis programs, databases and model-based expert system technology. Some sample rules from the knowledge base have been included in the paper to illustrate the application of the domain knowledge and its interaction with algorithmic programs. The system architecture is very open and modular, and it lends itself to easy modifications and future expansions. Possibilities for system enhancements are also outlined in the paper. The approach presented in this paper provides substantial benefits to the automotive air-conditioning design engineer particularly in the early stages of new vehicle platform planning and development. A pilot system has been successfully tested at General Motors for preliminary design of automotive air-conditioning systems.
Component selection using temporal truth maintenance
Authors: Seddon Andrew , Brereton Pearl 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe application of truth maintenance techniques to the component selection phase of the engineering design process is described. The aims of the research include the selection of components that most closely match a set of requirements which include fluid characteristics, economic constraints, and company policies or preferences. In addition, we consider the storage and retrieval of requirement sets and corresponding component selections. The benefits of maintaining temporal knowledge are twofold: to enhance performance through reuse when new requirement sets are similar to previous sets, and to re-assess selections in the light of changes over time, for example, to the set of available components, to company policy, or, perhaps, to national safety regulations.We propose a temporal truth maintenance system (TTMS) to support this management of selection knowledge over time.
Treatment selection by constraint propagation a case study in cutting fluid selection
Authors: Mogush James E. , Carrega Dominique , Spirtes Peter , Fox Mark S. 
Published: March 2010

The GREASE project is an investigation of the application of artificial intelligence to cutting fluid selection and blending for metal machining operations. The problem is to first diagnose the machining operations to determine what fluid characteristics are required, then to select a cutting fluid which satisfies the required characteristics. The problem is exacerbated by the need to select a single fluid to be used by multiple types of operations on a variety of materials. Diagnosis is relatively simple, but treatment specification is difficult due to the variety of operations to be handled.GREASE uses heuristic search in which the evaluation function is heuristically constructed. The construction of the evaluation function begins with the determination of the characteristics of an optimal fluid based on deep knowledge of the machining operations and materials. This is then altered heuristically according to problems diagnosed with the current fluid. Once the evaluation function is complete, it is used to select an existing fluid from the product line. GREASE has been tested extensively with results which equal that of the experts and has been field tested by the Chevron Corporation.
Knowledge compilation using constraint inheritance
Authors: Chabot Rosemary , Brown David C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDesign knowledge is continually refined and expanded through experience. This research is concerned with design knowledge expressed as constraints. A simple learning mechanism simulates an expert designer's ability to incrementally adjust her knowledge when presented with slightly new problems. In response to unsatisfied expectations during the design process the system will examine its general knowledge about the design artifact, discover some relevant constraining knowledge, and convert that knowledge into a design constraint for future use. This process, referred to as constraint inheritance, should automatically improve the problem-solving performance.
Research methodology for AI and design
Authors: Steinberg Louis 
Published: March 2010

AbstractPerspectives on research methodology in the field of “AI and design” are discussed. This perspective is based on a view of a “science of design” focusing on methods of design and on characteristics of design tasks that affect what methods are relevant for a given task. Two methodological issues are discussed: the need to try applying a design method on multiple tasks and domains, and the need to work with collaborators who are experts in the task domain of each research system you build.
A continued investigation into qualitative reasoning about shape and fit
Authors: Carney Stephen P. , Brown David C. 
Published: March 2010

Previous research on qualitative reasoning about shape and fit laid the foundations to determine whether two objects fit together. Continued investigation has refined the theory and has produced a functioning implementation. This paper describes extensions to the theory and the details of the implementation.The reasoning process has been divided into five layers: grouping, topology, orientation, matching, and confirmation. The grouping layer clusters features such as cubes or cylinders into groups for each surface of an object. The topology layer recognizes patterns formed by the groups on each surface, and describes the pattern in terms of topological structures. The orientation layer selects promising surfaces from the two objects and attempts to align the two surfaces. If the orientation layer aligns the topological structures on the two surfaces, the matching layer tries to pair the features within the topological structures. The confirmation layer inspects paired features to determine whether the surfaces are compatible. If the surfaces are compatible, then the two objects qualitatively fit together.
Solving constraint satisfaction problems using ATeams
Authors: Gorti Sreenivasa Rao , Humair Salal , Sriram Ram D. , Talukdar Sarosh , Murthy Sesh 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper presents an approach to solving constraint satisfaction problems using Asynchronous Teams of autonomous agents (ATeams). The focus for the constraint satisfaction problem is derived from an effort to support spatial layout generation in a conceptual design framework. The constraint specification allows a high-level representation and manipulation of qualitative geometric information. We present a computational technique based on ATeams to instantiate solutions to the constraint satisfaction problem. The technique uses a search for a solution in numerical space. This permits us to handle both qualitative relationships and numerical constraints in a unified framework. We show that simple knowledge, about human spatial reasoning and about the nature of arithmetic operators can be hierarchically encapsulated and exploited efficiently in the search. An example illustrates the generality of the approach for conceptual design. We also present empirical studies that contrast the efficiency of ATeams with a search based on genetic algorithms. Based on these preliminary results, we argue that the ATeams approach elegantly handles arbitrary sets of constraints, is computationally efficient, and hence merits further investigation.
Composite design and manufacturing critiquing system
Authors: Messimer Sherri L. , Henshaw John M. , Montgomery John , Rogers John 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn ongoing research effort is consolidating material and process knowledge in a critiquing system dealing with fuzzy criteria to aid designers in evaluating the incorporation of composite materials into their design. The extent of knowledge required to perform the task of evaluating composite processes and materials is often beyond the expertise of many design engineers as they lack understanding of the nature of composite material manufacturing. The system under development is known as the Composites Design and Manufacturing Critiquing System (CDMCS). The CDMCS critiques a submitted design through interaction with the user. An account of the strengths and weaknesses of the design is supplied to the user through the facilities. The current focus of the system is on process selection, but the system is generic so that other aspects of composite material manufacturing may be included. The system is implemented in Macintosh™ Common LISP. This article describes the features of the system that have been implemented. The system is currently being extended to cover more than the primary process component of the domain.
Sharing the learning activity using intelligent CAD
Authors: Duffy Sandra M. , Duffy Alex H.B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this paper the need for Intelligent Computer Aided Design (Int.CAD) to jointly support design and learning assistance is introduced. The paper focuses on presenting and exploring the possibility of realizing “learning” assistance in Int.CAD by introducing a new concept called Shared Learning. Shared Learning is proposed to empower CAD tools with more useful learning capabilities than that currently available and thereby provide a stronger interaction of learning between a designer and a computer. “Controlled” computational learning is proposed as a means whereby the Shared Learning concept can be realized. The viability of this new concept is explored by using a system called PERSPECT. PERSPECT is a preliminary numerical design tool aimed at supporting the effective utilization of numerical experiential knowledge in design. After a detailed discussion of PERSPECT's numerical design support, the paper presents the results of an evaluation that focuses on PERSPECT's implementation of “controlled” computational learning and ability to support a designer's need to learn. The paper then discusses PERSPECT's potential as a tool for supporting the Shared Learning concept by explaining how a designer and PERSPECT can jointly learn. There is still much work to be done before the full potential of Shared Learning can be realized. However, the authors do believe that the concept of Shared Learning may hold the key to truly empowering learning in Int.CAD.
Engineering vision: Considerations in a meaningful approach to conceptual design
Authors: Ramirez Martin R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA method is proposed for creative innovative design that is in concordance with the act of knowledge integration in learning; creative innovative design is defined as a guided (creative) process for arriving at an artifact that is socially valuable (practical and needed) and original (innovative). Within the context of models of reasoning, the process of design is interpreted and analyzed with a goal of extracting the stages at which it can be consciously improved by mindful control. A language is proposed for team-oriented intra- or interdisciplinary collaborative, as well as individual design that facilitates communication, mutual understanding, and makes explicit alternative nonverbal, nonquantitative thinking processes that otherwise may remain latent. The role of motivation in innovation is briefly discussed, as well as the role of artifact valuation in a societal context. Although not central to the present discussion, computer models of design are presented as an instance of design practice captured for computer-based design support. A brief discussion highlights the application and implications of the proposed method to education and research.
Intelligent automated grid generation for numerical simulations
Authors: Yao Ke-Thia , Gelsey Andrew 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNumerical simulation of partial differential equations (PDEs) plays a crucial role in predicting the behavior-of physical systems and in modern engineering design. However, to produce reliable results with a PDE simulator, a human expert must typically expend considerable time and effort in setting up the simulation. Most of this effort is spent in generating the grid, the discretization of the spatial domain that the PDE simulator requires as input. To properly design a grid, the gridder must not only consider the characteristics of the spatial domain, but also the physics of the situation and the peculiarities of the numerical simulator. This article describes an intelligent gridder that is capable of analyzing the topology of the spatial domain and of predicting approximate physical behaviors based on the geometry of the spatial domain to automatically generate grids for computational fluid dynamics simulators. Typically, gridding programs are given a partitioning of the spatial domain to assist the gridder. Our gridder is capable of performing this partitioning. This enables the gridder to automatically grid spatial domains with a wide range of configurations.
An approach to functional synthesis of mechanical design Concepts: Theory, applications, and emerging research issues
Authors: Chakrabarti Amaresh , Bligh Thomas P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractConceptual design is an early stage in the design process that involves the generation of solution concepts to satisfy the functional requirements of a design problem. Usually, there are many solutions to a design problem; therefore, there is scope for producing improved designs if one could explore a solution space larger than is presently possible. An approach would be to use the computer to synthesize a wide variety of concepts for a given problem, and allow designers to explore these before developing the most promising ones. Adopting a research approach based on developing basic representations, knowledge base, and reasoning procedures adequate for synthesizing concepts of existing devices and mechanisms, a computer program for synthesis of solutions to a class of mechanical design problems has been developed. For a given design problem, the program can produce an exhaustive set of solution concepts, in terms of their topological and spatial configurations, which can then be explored by designers. The program has been tested in two ways: (1) by comparing the candidate solutions produced by the program with those produced by designers in two real design case studies, and (2) by using three experienced designers to evaluate the solutions, generated by the program, for their novelty and usefulness. This paper presents the theoretical basis, research method, the theory and implementation of the synthesis approach. Also, the results of the above case studies and evaluations, and a discussion of further issues highlighted by the evaluations are presented.
Functional device models and model-Based diagnosis in adaptive design
Authors: Goel Ashok K. , Stroulia Eleni 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe analyze the diagnosis task in the context of adaptive design and redesign of physical devices. We identify three types of diagnosis tasks that differ in the types of information they take as input: the design does not achieve a desired function of the device, the design results in an undesirable behavior, and a specific structural element in the design misbehaves. We describe a model-based approach for solving the diagnosis task in the context of adaptive design and redesign. This approach uses functional models that explicitly represent the device functions and use them to organize teleological and causal knowledge about the device. In particular, we describe a specific kind of functional model called structure—behavior—function (SBF) models in which the causal behaviors of the device are specified in terms of flow of substances through components. We illustrate the use of SBF models with three examples from Kritik2, a knowledge system that designs new devices by retrieving, diagnosing, and adapting old device designs.
Constraint-based reasoning via Grobner Bases
Authors: Lakmazaheri Sivand 
Published: March 2010

AbstractConstraint-based reasoning is a problem-solving approach based on deductive reasoning. In this approach, a problem is modeled in terms of hypotheses and conclusion constraints, and it is solved via constraint satisfaction. The ability to handle linear and nonlinear algebraic constraints is essential for successful application of constraint-based reasoning in engineering. Due to the scarcity of algebraic techniques for satisfying nonlinear constraints, little attention has been paid to the use of constraint-based reasoning for solving nonlinear problems. This paper examines the use of the Grobner Bases method for satisfying nonlinear constraints in the context of constraint-based reasoning. After a brief introduction to the Grobner Bases method and its role in constraint-based reasoning, two examples are presented. The first example illustrates the use of Grobner bases, in the context of constraint-based reasoning, for reasoning about the behavior of beams. The second example illustrates the geometry configuration of truss structures via constraint-based reasoning.