bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic Interpretation of Probabilities Estimated by Maximum Likelihood or Score
Authors: Johnstone D. J. 
Published: December 2010

The conventional method of estimating a probability prediction model by maximum likelihood (MLE) is a form of maximum score estimation with economic meaning. Of all the probabilities that a given model might have produced, those obtained by MLE yield maximum in-sample betting return to a log utility investor. Recognition of this affinity between MLE and log utility begs the wider methodological question of whether different decision makers benefit in different degrees from different probabilities. Probabilities produced by MLE can be either too conservative or too bold relative to those found by maximizing utility under more risk-tolerant or risk-averse score functions. A very (not very) risk-averse user, who bets characteristically small (large) fractions of wealth based on a conservative forecast, is bound to make a rapidly (slowly) increasing bet as the forecast probability becomes progressively bolder or more distant from the market probability. The effect of this interaction between risk aversion and forecast is that a highly risk-averse user may need a much bolder forecast to obtain the same certainty equivalent as a more risk-tolerant investor. It follows more broadly that professional forecasters should anticipate how a client with given risk aversion expects to gain from any given forecast, or forecast revision, before committing resources toward making a better informed (but still honest) forecast. This paper was accepted by Peter Wakker, decision analysis.
Organizational Change and Employee Stress
Authors: Dahl Michael S. 
Published: December 2010

This article analyzes the relationship between organizational change and employee health. It illuminates the potentially negative outcomes of change at the level of the employee. In addition, it relates to the ongoing debate over how employees react to and respond to organizational change. I hypothesize that change increases the risk of negative stress, and I test this hypothesis using a comprehensive panel data set of all stress-related medicine prescriptions for 92,860 employees working in 1,517 of the largest Danish organizations. The findings suggest that the risk of receiving stress-related medication increases significantly for employees at organizations that change, especially those that undergo broad simultaneous changes along several dimensions. Thus, organizational changes are associated with significant risks of employee health problems. These effects are further explored with respect to employees at different hierarchical levels as well as at firms of different sizes and from different sectors.This paper was accepted by Jesper Sørensen, organizations.
OR FORUM—High Leverage Interventions: Three Cases of Defensive Action and Their Lessons for OR/MS Today
Authors: Lane David C. 
Published: December 2010

This paper has two aims. First, to present cases in which scientists developed a defensive system for their homeland: Blackett and the air defense of Britain in WWII, Forrester and the SAGE system for North America in the Cold War, and Archimedes' work defending Syracuse during the Second Punic War. In each case the historical context and the individual's other achievements are outlined, and a description of the contribution's relationship to OR/MS is given.The second aim is to consider some of the features the cases share and examine them in terms of contemporary OR/MS methodology. Particular reference is made to a recent analysis of the field's strengths and weaknesses. This allows both a critical appraisal of the field and a set of potential responses for strengthening it. Although a mixed set of lessons arise, the overall conclusion is that the cases are examples to build on and that OR/MS retains the ability to do high stakes work.
Sheehan's syndrome in modern times: a nationwide retrospective study in Iceland
Authors: Kristjansdottir Hallgerdur Lind , Bodvarsdottir Sigrun Perla , Sigurjonsdottir Helga Agusta 
Published: December 2010

Background and objectiveHalf a century ago the prevalence of Sheehan's syndrome (SS) was 10–20 per 100 000 women. With better obstetric help the prevalence is assumed to have decreased, especially in developed countries. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of SS in modern times in Iceland.DesignWe studied the prevalence of SS in 2009 in a nationwide retrospective population-based study.MethodsAll patients with diagnosed SS were identified, and information regarding obstetric care, clinical presentation and hormonal assays was collected. Correlation was calculated with Kendall's tau-b. Significance level: P<0.05.ResultsEight women were identified with SS; thus, the prevalence of SS in 2009 was 5.1 per 100 000 women. The mean age at delivery and diagnosis was 33.0 and 36.6 respectively, resulting in a diagnostic delay (DD) of 1–240 months. Four women had low blood pressure during delivery, and five had massive blood loss (>1000 ml). Six had complicated deliveries. The most common clinical presentation was failure to lactate and failure to resume menstruation. The patients had three to five failing pituitary axis. There was no correlation between bleeding at delivery or the number of hormonal axes affected and DD.ConclusionThe prevalence of SS in Iceland was higher than we expected in a country with modern obstetric care. Long DD and incidental diagnosis indicate that women might be lacking correct diagnosis and treatment, and thus the prevalence of SS is even higher. As SS is easily diagnosed and treatable, but can be life-threatening if unrecognised, doctors need to be aware of the disease.
Similarities, Differences, and Unknowns in Biology and Management of Three Parasitic Lampreys of North America
Authors: Clemens Benjamin J. , Binder Thomas R. , Docker Margaret F. , Moser Mary L. , Sower Stacia A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, are invasive to the Laurentian Great Lakes where they have decimated native fishes. Great Lakes sea lampreys have been subjected to control measures for several decades, and the drive to control them has led to major advances in understanding their biology and in informing management. In contrast, anadromous sea and Pacific (Entosphenus tridentatus) lampreys have co-evolved with their oceanic prey. Both of these anadromous lampreys are in decline, and a limited amount of information on their biology has stymied conservation. The tendency has been to make biological inferences about anadromous lampreys based on the Great Lakes sea lamprey without justifiable evidence. We identify areas in which key information is missing for the juvenile (parasitic feeding) phase and adult freshwater spawning migrations, and compare and contrast information for these lampreys. Our comparisons reveal major differences, some intriguing similarities, and key unknowns that will require empirical testing.
Resumen
la lamprea marina, Petromyzon marinus, es una especie invasiva de la región de los grandes lagos de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, en los cuales han diezmado las poblaciones de peces nativos. La lamprea marina de los grandes lagos ha sido sujeto de medidas de control por varias décadas y esta necesidad ha dado lugar a importantes avances en el entendimiento de su biología y manejo. En contraste, la lamprea anádroma y la del Pacífico (Entosphenus tridentatus) han co-evolucionado con sus presas oceánicas. Actualmente las poblaciones de ambas lampreas se encuentran en declive y la escasez de información sobre su biología ha interferido con su conservación. La tendencia ha sido hacer, sin evidencia que lo justifique, inferencias acerca de la lamprea del Pacífico sobre la base de lo que se conoce de la lamprea de los grandes lagos. Se identificaron áreas en las que se carece de información crítica de la fase juvenil (alimentación parasitaria) y de las migraciones reproductivas de los adultos y se comparó y contrastó información para estas lampreas. La comparación reveló diferencias significativas, algunas similitudes interesantes e interrogantes clave que demandarán de comprobación empírica.
Results of a Successful Telephonic Intervention to Improve Diabetes Control in Urban Adults
Authors: Walker Elizabeth A. , Shmukler Celia , Ullman Ralph , Blanco Emelinda , Scollan-Koliopoulus Melissa , Cohen Hillel W. 
Published: December 2010

OBJECTIVE
To compare the effectiveness of a telephonic and a print intervention over 1 year to improve diabetes control in low-income urban adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A randomized trial in Spanish and English comparing a telephonic intervention implemented by health educators with a print intervention. Participants (N = 526) had an A1C ≥7.5% and were prescribed one or more oral agents. All were members of a union/employer jointly sponsored health benefit plan. Health coverage included medications. Primary outcomes were A1C and pharmacy claims data; secondary outcomes included self-report of two medication adherence measures and other self-care behaviors.

RESULTS
Participants were 62% black and 23% Hispanic; 77% were foreign born, and 42% had annual family incomes &lt;$30 thousand. Baseline median A1C was 8.6% (interquartile range 8.0–10.0). Insulin was also prescribed for 24% of participants. The telephone group had mean ± SE decline in A1C of 0.23 ± 0.11% over 1 year compared with a rise of 0.13 ± 0.13% for the print group (P = 0.04). After adjusting for baseline A1C, sex, age, and insulin use, the difference in A1C was 0.40% (95% CI 0.10–0.70, P = 0.009). Change in medication adherence measured by claims data, but not by self-report measures, was significantly associated with change in A1C (P = 0.01). Improvement in medication adherence was associated (P = 0.005) with the telephonic intervention, but only among those not taking insulin. No diabetes self-care activities were significantly correlated with the change in A1C.

CONCLUSIONS
A 1-year tailored telephonic intervention implemented by health educators was successful in significantly, albeit modestly, improving diabetes control compared with a print intervention in a low-income, insured, minority population.
Dioxins and Human Toxicity
Authors: Marinković Natalija , Pašalić Daria , Ferenčak Goran , Gršković Branka , Rukavina Ana 
Published: December 2010

Dioxins and Human ToxicityThe term dioxins usually refers to polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). As 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) has the highest toxic potential, the toxic potentials of other PCDDs and PCDFs are defined in comparison with it. Human exposure to dioxins can be environmental (background), occupational, or accidental pollution. In the human body, dioxins are in part metabolised and eliminated, and the rest is stored in body fat. People vary in their capacity to eliminate TCDD, but it is also dose-dependent; the elimination rate is much faster at higher than lower levels. The liver microsomal P4501A1 enzyme oxygenates lipophilic chemicals such as dioxins. It is encoded by the CYP1A1 gene. Cytosolic aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) mediates their carcinogenic action. It binds to dioxin, translocates to nucleus and together with hydrocarbon nuclear translocator (ARNT) and xenobiotic responsive element (XRE) increases the expression of CYP1A1.Dioxins are classified as known human carcinogens, but they also cause noncancerous effects like atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes. Long-term exposures to dioxins cause disruption of the nervous, immune, reproductive, and endocrine system. Short-term exposure to high levels impairs the liver function and causes chloracne. The most sensitive population to dioxin exposure are the foetuses and infants.A large number of health effects have been documented in the scientific literature, and they all place dioxins among the most toxic chemicals known to man.
Silica-carrageenan hybrids used for cell immobilization realizing high-temperature degradation of nitrile substrates
Authors: Kabaivanova Lyudmila , Chernev Georgi , Miranda Salvado Isabel , Fernandes Maria 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In this work the application of hybrid materials, containing TEOS as source of SiO2 and k-carrageenan in different percentage, synthesized by the sol-gel method at room temperature was studied. They were used as matrices for entrapment of whole Bacillus sp. UG-5B cells, producers of thermostable nitrilase. The effect of the surface area and size and quantity of pores in the synthesized materials on the enzyme activity was evaluated. The process of biodegradation of different concentrations of toxic, potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic substrates by the obtained biocatalysts was investigated. The enzyme reaction takes place by the nitrilase pathway, catalysing nitrile hydrolysis directly to the corresponding carboxylic acid, forming ammonia. At batch experiments the influence of the substrate concentration of different nitriles was tested and 20 mM concentration was found most suitable. A two-step biodegradation process in a laboratory-scale column bioreactor of o-, m- and p-tolunitrile as a mixture was followed. After operation of the system for nine hours for the mixture of substrates at a flow rate of 45 mL h−1 and at 60°C, the overall conversion realized was above 90%, showing a good efficiency of the investigated process.
SMN complexes of nucleus and cytoplasm: A proteomic study for SMA therapy
Authors: Fuller Heidi , Morris Glenn 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Reduced levels of the survival of motor neurons protein (SMN), cause the inherited neuromuscular disorder, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). The majority of therapeutic approaches to date have been focused on finding ways to increase expression of functional SMN protein, though stabilization of SMN protein may also be an important consideration. SMN interacts, directly or indirectly, stably or transiently, with a large number of other proteins, some of which contribute to SMN stability and may therefore be potential targets for SMA therapy. We recently characterized the nuclear SMN interactome using LC-MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis of anti-SMN pull-downs and identified myb-binding protein-1a (Mybbp1a) as a novel partner. In light of interest in cytoplasm-specific roles of the SMN complex, we have applied the same approach to characterise the cytoplasmic SMN interactome. We now show that SMN complexes from HeLa cytoplasmic extracts differ significantly from those found in nuclear extracts, with gemin5, importinbeta and annexin A2 easily detected only in the cytoplasmic extracts, whereas interaction of SMN with Mybbp1a appears to occur only in the nucleus. SMN is ubiquitinylated and we also found proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome system associated with SMN in the cytoplasm.
Neuroanatomical, clinical, electrophysiological, radiological, and functional imaging features in motor neuron diseases
Authors: Renard Dimitri , Castelnovo Giovanni , Collombier Laurent , Labauge Pierre 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In this review, we will highlight the importance of integrating neuroanatomical, clinical, electrophysiological, radiological, and functional imaging features in motor neuron diseases. The major concepts will be discussed through a case of a 69-year-old woman with progressive gait difficulties. Step by step, divided by sections, the clinical reasoning is explained, together with questions for consideration.
Comprhensive Approach to the Analysis of the 3D Kinematics Deformation with appliction to the Kenai Peninsula
Authors: Hossainali M. , Becker M. , Groten E. 
Published: December 2010

Comprhensive Approach to the Analysis of the 3D Kinematics Deformation with appliction to the Kenai PeninsulaThe problem of analyzing surface deformation of the Earth's crust in three-dimensions is discussed. The isoparametric and Lagrangian formulations of deformation are extended from 2D to 3D. Analytical and numerical investigation of problem conditioning proves that analyzing the 3D kinematics of deformation can be an ill-posed problem. The required mathematical elements for solving this problem, including sensitivity analysis of the deformation tensor and regularization, are proposed. Regularized deformation tensors were computed using the method of truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD). The optimal regularization parameter was attained by minimizing regularization errors. Regularization errors were assessed using the corresponding 2D results of deformation analysis. The proposed methods were applied to the GPS network in the Kenai Peninsula, south-central Alaska, in order to compute the 3D pattern of postseismic crustal deformation in this area. Computed deformation in the vertical direction is compared to the existing pattern of vertical deformation obtained from the combination of precise leveling, gravity and GPS measurements from other studies on this area.
Ethical Aspects of Research in Technoscience
Authors: Morawski Roman 
Published: December 2010

Ethical Aspects of Research in TechnoscienceThe paper contains an overview of ethical issues related to technoscience, followed by a more detailed presentation of ethical aspects of measurement-based experimentation, publishing peer-reviewing practices. The need for increased sensitivity of scientists to this kind of issues is justified by the evolution of research institutions in the postmodern era.
Optimizing iliac screw fixation: a biomechanical study on screw length, trajectory, and diameter
Authors: Santos Edward Rainier G. , Sembrano Jonathan N. , Mueller Benjamin , Polly David W. 
Published: December 2010

Object
The authors performed a study to determine the optimal iliac screw size, length, and trajectory that produce the highest insertional torques.

Methods
Ten fresh cadavers were used and 7.5 × 140–mm and 9.5 × 140–mm iliac screws were placed using 3D image guidance in a randomized fashion in 1 of 2 trajectories. The screws were inserted from the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) to either 1) supraacetabular bone or 2) the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS). Insertional torque was measured for each full revolution, and the concomitant depth for each torque measurement was recorded. Insertional torque was correlated with detailed bony anatomy.

Results
There was no difference in mean peak insertional torque between the 2 trajectories (25.6 ± 16.4 in-lb [supraacetabular], 26.3 ± 18.2 lb-in [AIIS]; p = 0.8). However, there was a difference between the 2 screw diameters (21.1 ± 10.9 lb-in [7.5-mm-diameter screw], 33.7 ± 19.4 lb-in [9.5-mm-diameter screw]; p = 0.0003). The greatest mean peak insertional torques were observed at depths greater than 80 mm (12.7 ± 9.6 lb-in [≤ 80 mm], 23.7 ± 15.7 lb-in [> 80 mm]; p = 2.6 × 10−7). Insertional torque peaks correlated with engagement of the lateral iliac cortex and the superior iliac fossa.

Conclusions
Although the trajectory had no effect on insertional torque, increased torques are achievable by placing larger-diameter and longer screws in proximity to bony landmarks, most of which are at distances greater 80 mm from the entry point at the PSIS. Iliac screws longer than those commonly used in clinical practice can be safely and accurately placed using image guidance, and reproducible screw paths can be achieved.
A computed tomography–based morphometric study of thoracic pedicle anatomy in a random United States trauma population
Authors: Kretzer Ryan M. , Chaput Christopher , Sciubba Daniel M. , Garonzik Ira M. , Jallo George I. , McAfee Paul C. , Cunningham Bryan W. , Tortolani P. Justin 
Published: December 2010

Object
The objective of this study was to establish normative data for thoracic pedicle anatomy in the US adult population. To this end, CT scans chosen at random from an adult database were evaluated to determine the ideal pedicle screw (PS) length, diameter, trajectory, and starting point in the thoracic spine. The role of patient sex and side of screw placement were also assessed. The authors postulated that this information would be of value in guiding safe implant size and placement for surgeons in training.

Methods
One hundred patients (50 males and 50 females) were selected via retrospective review of a hospital trauma registry database over a 6-month period. Patients included in the study were older than 18 years of age, had axial bone-window CT images of the thoracic spine, and had no evidence of spinal trauma. For each pedicle, the pedicle width, pedicle-rib width, estimated screw length, trajectory, and ideal entry point were measured using eFilm Lite software. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t-test.

Results
The shortest mean estimated PS length was at T-1 (33.9 ± 3.3 mm), and the longest was at T-9 (44.9 ± 4.4 mm). Pedicle screw length was significantly affected by patient sex; men could accommodate a PS from T1–12 a mean of 4.0 ± 1.0 mm longer than in women (p < 0.001). Pedicle width showed marked variation by spinal level, with T-4 (4.4 ± 1.1 mm) having the narrowest width and T-12 (8.3 ± 1.7 mm) having the widest. Pedicle width had an obvious affect on potential screw diameter; 65% of patients had a least 1 pedicle at T-4 that was < 5 mm in diameter and therefore would not accept a 4.0-mm screw with 1.0 mm of clearance, as compared with only 2% of patients with a similar status at T-12. Sex variation was also apparent, as thoracic pedicles from T-1 to T-12 were a mean of 1.4 ± 0.2 mm wider in men than in women (p < 0.001). The PS trajectory in the axial plane was measured, showing a marked decrease from T-1 to T-4, stabilization from T-5 to T-10, followed by a decrease at T11–12. When screw trajectory was stratified by side of placement, a mean of 1.7° ± 0.5° of increased medialization was required for ideal pedicle cannulation from T-3 to T-12 on the left as compared with the right side, presumably because of developmental changes in the vertebral body caused by the aorta (p < 0.05 for T3–12, except for T-5, where p = 0.051). The junction of the superior articular process, lamina, and the superior ridge of the transverse process was shown to be a conserved surface landmark for PS placement.

Conclusions
Preoperative CT evaluation is important in choosing PS length, diameter, trajectory, and entry point due to variation based on spinal level, patient sex, and side of placement. These data are valuable for resident and fellow training to guide the safe use of thoracic PSs.
Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Castanopsis sclerophylla (Fagaceae)
Authors: Shi Yi‐Su , Zhang Jian , Jiang Kai , Cui Min‐Yan , Li Yuan‐Yuan 
Published: December 2010

• Premise of the study: We developed polymorphic microsatellite primers in Castanopsis sclerophylla (Lindley & Paxton) Schottky (Fagaceae), a dominant canopy tree, to provide markers for further studies on the genetic structure and mating system of this species.• Methods and Results: Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and successfully amplified in three C. sclerophylla populations (Huangshanjian, Shilin, and Guanmiao) from Chun'an, Zhejiang Province, China. The number of alleles per locus in these populations ranged from 3 to 17. The observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.100–0.977 and 0.294–0.916, respectively.• Conclusions: These microsatellite loci displayed moderate or high levels of polymorphism within the examined populations, showing the utility of primers in studying the genetic variation, parentage, and mating system of C. sclerophylla.