bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 1968 Paris peace negotiations: a two level game?
Authors: MILNE DAVID 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article draws on fresh archival research to challenge Robert Putnam's ‘Two Level Game Theory’. In his seminal article, ‘Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two Level Games’, published byInternational Organizationin 1988, Putnam contended that international negotiations proceed at the domestic level and at the international level. In taking diplomatic initiatives forward, leaders are compelled to respond to the needs of domestic constituencies, through granting concessions and building coalitions, while international negotiations are pursued with one goal in mind: that any agreement will not damage the domestic political calculus. This article contends that Lyndon Johnson's actions in 1968 disprove this thesis. The President was in fact relaxed about a Richard Nixon victory in the general election as his commitment to defend South Vietnam from communism was stronger than that of his sitting Vice President, Hubert Humphrey. The President's concern for the fate of South Vietnam thus superseded his concern for his ‘normal supporters'– the Democratic Party at large – who had become so hostile towards his management of the Vietnam War.
Language as a representation of Mexican American identity
Authors: Fought Carmen 
Published: August 2010

Demographic data indicate that the English of Mexican Americans is destined to play a key role in the sociolinguistic study of language variation in the United States. In fact, Mexican American speakers are reported to account for more than 12.5% of the U.S. population. In 2003, the U.S. Census released data showing that Latinos and Latinas had replaced African Americans as the largest minority ethnic group in the U.S., and by 2007, 29.2 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican (Pew Hispanic Center, 2009). Moreover, in addition to the large numbers of Mexicans (first generation) and Mexican Americans (second generation) living in the Southwest, we are now seeing a new representation of these ethnic groups in other areas, such as the South. For example, between 1990 and 2000, North Carolina experienced a higher percentage of growth in its Mexican American population than any other state (Wolfram, Carter & Moriello, 2004).These statistics are important with respect to language because they reveal that a large and increasing population of English speakers in the U.S. are Latinos and Latinas of Mexican origin. Our notion of American English, then, must be extended to include the variety traditionally spoken by the children of Mexican immigrants in the U.S., generally referred to in the literature as Chicano English. In addition, if we look at the Mexican American population as a whole, we will find a number of other varieties of English spoken.
Beyond the 2nd generation: English use among Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Hall-Lew Lauren , Starr Rebecca L. 
Published: August 2010

The concept of immigrant generation is complex. Americans use the ordinal designations first-, second-, third-, even ‘1.5’-generation to refer to individuals' varying relationship to their family's moment of immigration. But these terms are much more fluid in practice than the rigidity of the numbers implies, and the nature of that fluidity is changing over time. Furthermore, different waves of immigration mean different experiences of generation identity; a first-generation immigrant in the 1880s entered an American community that was drastically different than the one a first-generation immigrant enters today.One example of these shifts in the meaning of immigrant generation is among Asian Americans across the country, particularly those in California. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between language and immigrant generation with respect to Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California, the region of the United States with the longest history of Chinese immigration and settlement. We focus in particular on the pronunciation of English, drawing on data collected in the Bay Area from 2008–2009 to argue that Chinese cultural and linguistic practices are gaining currency in the wider community. Our discussion looks at the experiences of third and higher immigrant generations, especially as they interact with more recent waves of immigrants, and the resulting dominance of Chinese and other Asian identities across the Bay Area. The layered and rapidly shifting Chinese American experience suggests potential future directions for the study of other immigrant communities in the United States.
Changes in knowledge, perceptions, preventive behaviours and psychological responses in the pre-community outbreak phase of the H1N1 epidemic
Authors: LAU J. T. F. , GRIFFITHS S. , AU D. W. H. , CHOI K. C. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYTo investigate the changes in community responsiveness during the pre-community-outbreak phase of the H1N1 epidemic in Hong Kong, a pooled sample of 999 adults was interviewed in three surveys (S1, S2, S3) from 7 May to 6 June 2009. Over time, fewer people felt confident in staying free from H1N1 infection in the following year (S1, 63·3%; S3, 46%; P<0·001). The level of distress due to H1N1 remained modest throughout the study period. People's confidence in the government's ability to control a large-scale H1N1 outbreak declined slightly at the third survey (S1, 80·5%; S3, 73·8%; P=0·025). Across the three surveys, respondents remained vigilant with frequent adoption of preventive measures (e.g. wearing face masks in public areas when suffering from influenza-like symptoms and frequent hand-washing). The public was generally supportive of the Hong Kong government although misconceptions regarding the disease were common. Provision of evidence-based public-health education is still warranted as the disease outbreak unfolds.
An outbreak ofSalmonellaParatyphi A in a boarding school: a community-acquired enteric fever and carriage investigation
Authors: YANG H. H. , GONG J. , ZHANG J. , WANG M. L. , YANG J. , WU G. Z. , QUAN W. L. , GONG H. M. , SZU S. C. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSalmonellaParatyphi A (SPA) is rapidly becoming a common cause of enteric fever in South East Asia. A large outbreak of SPA occurred in a boarding middle school in China in 2004. There were 394 suspected cases; 95·5% were students. The highest incidence was in the youngest children (7th grade). Forty-four of 151 (29%) blood cultures and 4/54 (7·4%) rectal swabs were positive for SPA; three were from kitchen workers. The geometric mean levels of serum IgG anti-lipopolysaccharide (anti-LPS) from patients was higher than from healthy individuals [35·25 vs. 5·20 ELISA units (EU), P<0·001]. A kitchen worker with a positive rectal swab, negative blood culture and a high level of serum IgG anti-LPS (529·65 EU), was identified as a possible SPA carrier. No SPA was isolated from water or food samples. A survey of students' habits indicated drinking unboiled water as being the main reason for contracting the disease. Hand washing was the second most important factor. A food handler with possible SPA carriage could also have been a risk factor. Attention to maintaining a safe water supply, enhancing food-handler hygiene and proper hand washing can help to prevent similar outbreaks in the future.
Mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussive symptoms in children and adolescents
Authors: YEATES KEITH OWEN 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe vast majority of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in children are of mild severity. Even if only a small proportion of children with mild TBI suffer negative outcomes, then mild TBI is a serious public health problem. This review summarizes the literature regarding the neurobehavioral outcomes associated with mild TBI in children and adolescents, focusing on the longstanding debate regarding postconcussive symptoms and attendant conceptual and methodological issues. The review also discusses future research directions, the long-term goal of which is to develop a comprehensive and integrated biopsychosocial model of outcomes that helps guide clinical management. (JINS, 2010,16, 953–960.)
Synchrotron UV Fluorescence Microscopy Uncovers New Probes in Cells and Tissues
Authors: Jamme Frederic , Villette Sandrine , Giuliani Alexandre , Rouam Valerie , Wien Frank , Lagarde Bruno , Réfrégiers Matthieu 
Published: August 2010

AbstractUse of deep ultraviolet (DUV, below 350 nm) fluorescence opens up new possibilities in biology because it does not need external specific probes or labeling but instead allows use of the intrinsic fluorescence that exists for many biomolecules when excited in this wavelength range. Indeed, observation of label free biomolecules or active drugs ensures that the label will not modify the biolocalization or any of its properties. In the past, it has not been easy to accomplish DUV fluorescence imaging due to limited sources and to microscope optics. Two worlds were coexisting: the spectrofluorometric measurements with full spectrum information with DUV excitation, which lacked high-resolution localization, and the microscopic world with very good spatial resolution but poor spectral resolution for which the wavelength range was limited to 350 nm. To combine the advantages of both worlds, we have developed a DUV fluorescence microscope for cell biology coupled to a synchrotron beamline, providing fine tunable excitation from 180 to 600 nm and full spectrum acquired on each point of the image, to study DUV excited fluorescence emitted from nanovolumes directly inside live cells or tissue biopsies.
CEMOVIS on a pathogen: analysis of Bacillus anthracis spores
Authors: Couture‐Tosi Evelyne , Ranck Jean‐Luc , Haustant Georges , Pehau‐Arnaudet Gerard , Sachse Martin 
Published: August 2010

Background information. Under conditions of starvation, bacteria of Bacillus ssp. are able to form a highly structured cell type, the dormant spore. When the environment presents more favourable conditions, the spore starts to germinate, which will lead to the release of the vegetative form in the life cycle, the bacillus. For Bacillus anthracis, the aetiological agent of anthrax, germination is normally linked to host uptake and represents an important step in the onset of anthrax disease. Morphological studies analysing the organization of the spore and the changes during germination at the electron microscopy level were only previously performed with techniques relying on fixation with aldehydes and osmium, and subsequent dehydration, which can produce artefacts.Results and conclusions. In the present study, we describe the morphology of dormant spores using CEMOVIS (Cryo‐Electron Microscopy of Vitreous Sections). Biosafety measures do not permit freezing of native spores of B. anthracis without chemical fixation. To study the influence of aldehyde fixation on the ultrastructure of the spore, we chose to analyse spores of the closely related non‐pathogen Bacillus cereus T. For none of the investigated structures could we find a difference in morphology induced by aldehyde fixation compared with the native preparations for CEMOVIS. This result legitimizes work with aldehyde‐fixed spores from B. anthracis. Using CEMOVIS, we describe two new structures present in the spore: a rectangular structure, which connects the BclA filaments with the basal layer of the exosporium, and a repetitive structure, which can be found in the terminal layer of the coat. We studied the morphological changes of the spore during germination. After outgrowth of the bacillus, coat and exosporium stay associated, and the layered organization of the coat, as well as the repetitive structure within it, remain unchanged.
Spoken Word Classification in Children and Adults
Authors: Carroll Julia M. , Myers Joanne M. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose
Preschool children often have difficulties in word classification, despite good speech perception and production. Some researchers suggest that they represent words using phonetic features rather than phonemes. In this study, the authors examined whether there is a progression from feature-based to phoneme-based processing across age groups and whether responses are consistent across tasks and stimuli.

Method
In Study 1, 120 three- to five-year-old children completed 3 tasks assessing use of phonetic features in classification, with an additional 58 older children completing 1 of the 3 tasks. In Study 2, all of the children, together with an additional adult sample, completed a nonword learning task.

Results
In all 4 tasks, children classified words sharing phonemes as similar. In addition, children regarded words as similar if they shared manner of articulation, particularly word finally. Adults also showed this sensitivity to manner, but across the tasks, there was a pattern of increasing use of phonemic information with age.

Conclusions
Children tend to classify words as similar if they share phonemes or if they share manner of articulation word finally. Use of phonemic information becomes more common with age.
Biomimetic cilia arrays generate simultaneous pumping and mixing regimes
Authors: Shields A. R. , Fiser B. L. , Evans E. E. , Falvo M. R. , Washburn S. , Superfine R. 
Published: August 2010

Living systems employ cilia to control and to sense the flow of fluids for many purposes, such as pumping, locomotion, feeding, and tissue morphogenesis. Beyond their use in biology, functional arrays of artificial cilia have been envisaged as a potential biomimetic strategy for inducing fluid flow and mixing in lab-on-a-chip devices. Here we report on fluid transport produced by magnetically actuated arrays of biomimetic cilia whose size approaches that of their biological counterparts, a scale at which advection and diffusion compete to determine mass transport. Our biomimetic cilia recreate the beat shape of embryonic nodal cilia, simultaneously generating two sharply segregated regimes of fluid flow: Above the cilia tips their motion causes directed, long-range fluid transport, whereas below the tips we show that the cilia beat generates an enhanced diffusivity capable of producing increased mixing rates. These two distinct types of flow occur simultaneously and are separated in space by less than 5 μm, approximately 20% of the biomimetic cilium length. While this suggests that our system may have applications as a versatile microfluidics device, we also focus on the biological implications of our findings. Our statistical analysis of particle transport identifying an enhanced diffusion regime provides novel evidence for the existence of mixing in ciliated systems, and we demonstrate that the directed transport regime is Poiseuille–Couette flow, the first analytical model consistent with biological measurements of fluid flow in the embryonic node.
Obtaining better quality final clustering by merging a collection of clusterings
Authors: Mimaroglu Selim , Erdil Ertunc 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Clustering methods including k-means, SOM, UPGMA, DAA, CLICK, GENECLUSTER, CAST, DHC, PMETIS and KMETIS have been widely used in biological studies for gene expression, protein localization, sequence recognition and more. All these clustering methods have some benefits and drawbacks. We propose a novel graph-based clustering software called COMUSA for combining the benefits of a collection of clusterings into a final clustering having better overall quality.
Results: COMUSA implementation is compared with PMETIS, KMETIS and k-means. Experimental results on artificial, real and biological datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. COMUSA produces very good quality clusters in a short amount of time.
Availability: http://www.cs.umb.edu/∼smimarog/comusa
Contact: selim.mimaroglu@bahcesehir.edu.tr
Phosphoenolpyruvate Provision to Plastids Is Essential for Gametophyte and Sporophyte Development inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Prabhakar Veena , Löttgert Tanja , Geimer Stefan , Dörmann Peter , Krüger Stephan , Vijayakumar Vinod , Schreiber Lukas , Göbel Cornelia , Feussner Kirstin , Feussner Ivo , Marin Kay , Staehr Pia , Bell Kirsten , Flügge Ulf-Ingo , Häusler Rainer E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRestriction of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) supply to plastids causes lethality of female and male gametophytes in Arabidopsis thaliana defective in both a phosphoenolpyruvate/phosphate translocator (PPT) of the inner envelope membrane and the plastid-localized enolase (ENO1) involved in glycolytic PEP provision. Homozygous double mutants of cue1 (defective in PPT1) and eno1 could not be obtained, and homozygous cue1 heterozygous eno1 mutants [cue1/eno1(+/−)] exhibited retarded vegetative growth, disturbed flower development, and up to 80% seed abortion. The phenotypes of diminished oil in seeds, reduced flavonoids and aromatic amino acids in flowers, compromised lignin biosynthesis in stems, and aberrant exine formation in pollen indicate that cue1/eno1(+/−) disrupts multiple pathways. While diminished fatty acid biosynthesis from PEP via plastidial pyruvate kinase appears to affect seed abortion, a restriction in the shikimate pathway affects formation of sporopollonin in the tapetum and lignin in the stem. Vegetative parts of cue1/eno1(+/−) contained increased free amino acids and jasmonic acid but had normal wax biosynthesis. ENO1 overexpression in cue1 rescued the leaf and root phenotypes, restored photosynthetic capacity, and improved seed yield and oil contents. In chloroplasts, ENO1 might be the only enzyme missing for a complete plastidic glycolysis.
Tobacco GTBP1, a Homolog of Human Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein, Protects Telomeres from Aberrant Homologous Recombination
Authors: Lee Yong Woo , Kim Woo Taek 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes essential for the integrity of eukaryotic chromosomes. Cellular roles of single-stranded telomeric DNA binding proteins have been extensively described in yeast and animals, but our knowledge about plant single-strand telomeric factors is rudimentary. Here, we investigated Nicotiana tabacum G-strand-specific single-stranded telomere binding proteins (GTBPs), homologs of a human heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein. GTBPs bound specifically to the plant single-stranded (TTTAGGG)4 telomeric repeat element in vitro and were associated with telomeric sequences in tobacco BY-2 suspension cells. Transgenic plants (35S:RNAi-GTBP1), in which GTBP1 was suppressed, exhibited severe developmental anomalies. In addition, the chromosomes of 35S:RNAi-GTBP1 cells displayed elongated telomeres, frequent formation of extrachromosomal telomeric circles, and numerous abnormal anaphase bridges, indicating that GTBP1 knockdown tobacco plants experienced genome instability. GTBP1 inhibited strand invasion, an initial step in interchromosomal homologous recombination. We propose that GTBP1 plays a critical role in telomere structure and function by preventing aberrant interchromosomal telomeric homologous recombination in tobacco.
Experimentelle D3‐Hypervitaminose bei Ferkeln*
Authors: Dämmrich K. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungÜber einen längeren Zeitraum erhielten drei Ferkel hohe Dosen von Vitamin D3 und zwei weitere Ferkel Vitamin D3 in Kombination mit Vitamin A verabreicht.Verkalkungen traten in der Lunge, im Herzen, in den Nieren, im Magen und in den Gefäßen dieser Organe auf. Als Folge der toxischen Wirkung des überdosierten Vitamins D gingen den Verkalkungen meist degenerative Veränderungen an den befallenen Geweben voraus.SummaryExperimental vitamin D3 excess in piglets

Changes in the internal organs

Three piglets received over a long period large doses of vitamin D3 and two other piglets received vitamin D3 in combination with vitamin A.Calcification occurred in the lung, heart, kidney, stomach and in the vessels of these organs. As a result of the toxic effect of the excess vitamin D the calcification was usually preceded by degenerative changes in the affected tissues.RésuméHypervitaminose D3 expérimentale chez le porcelet

Lésions des viscères

Pendant une période prolongée on administra à 5 porcelets une dose élevée de Vitamine D3 et à 2 d'entre eux en plus de vitamine A.On constata des calcifications dans le poumon, le coeur, les reins, l'estomac et les vaisseaux de ces organes. Par suite de l'action toxique de la vitamine D à trop forte dose des lésions de dégénérescence précédèrent généralement les calcifications des tissus atteints.ResumenHipervitaminosis D3 experimental en lechones

Alteraciones en los órganos internos

Durante un largo espacio de tiempo recibieron tres lechones grandes dosis de vitamina D3 y otros dos lechones vitamina D3 en combinación con vitamina A.Calcificaciones aparecieron en los pulmones, en el corazón, en los riñones, en el estómago y en los vasos de estos órganos. Como consecuencia de la acción tóxica de la vitamina D sobredosificada precedieron casi siempre a las calcificaciones unas alteraciones degenerativas en los órganos afectados.
The use of “Carophyll” 10 for egg yolk pigmentation in Egypt
Authors: Soliman M. K. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryWhen laying birds are allowed to run outside with access to grass and other green food they produce well‐pigmented egg yolks. Under intensive conditions, where birds are kept inside, food rich in natural pigments such as barseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) or yellow maize must be used to supplement the diet and improve the colour of the yolk. If green food or maize is not available, 10–20 gm “Carophyll” 10/ ton feed perform a similar function. The colour intensity is related to the amount of pigment contained in the feed, and the type of grass meal or carotenoid used. Though of no better value nutritionally, a reasonably pigmented yolk has better consumer‐appeal than a pale yolk; hence consumer preference is for eggs with good yolk‐colour, and eggs with pale yolks tend to be rejected.ZusammenfassungDie Verwendung von “Carophyll” 10 für die Eidotterpigmentierung in ÄgyptenHühner mit freiem Auslauf und Grünfutteraufnahme legen Eier mit intensiv gelbgefärbten Dottern. Bei ausschließlicher Stallhaltung ohne Grünfutterzugabe in Form von Mais, Trifolium alexandrinum usw. können ebenfalls Eier mit gut pigmentierten Dottern erhalten werden, wenn dem Futter 10–20 g “Carophyll” 10 (Hoffmann‐La Roche) per Tonne zugesetzt werden.RésuméEmploi de «Carophyll» 10 pour la pigmentation des jaunes d'oeufs en EgypteLes poules ayant libre parcours et pouvant se nourrir d'aliments verts pondent des oeufs dont le jaune est de couleur intense. Lorsqu'elles sont élevées exclusivement en poullailler, sans aliments verts sous forme de maïs, de trèfle (trifolium alexandrinum) etc., les oeufs peuvent également être pourvus d'un jaune bien pigmenté à condition d'ajouter du «Carophyll» 10 (Hoffmann‐La Roche) à la nourriture, et ceci à raison de 10 à 20 g par tonne.ResumenLa utilización de «Carophyll» 10 para la pigmentación de las yemas de huevo en EgiptoLas gallinas con salida libre al exterior y alimentación a base de forraje verde ponen huevos con yemas de coloración amarilla intensa. En la explotación exclusiva en corrales sin adición de piensos verdes en forma de maiz, Trifolium alexandrinum, etc., también se pueden obtener huevos con yemas bien pigmentadas si al pienso se le agregan 10–20 g de «Carophyll» 10 (Hoffmann‐La Roche) por tonelada.