bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle anaerobic response to a maximal treadmill exercise test in Standardbred trotters
Authors: SCHUBACK KATARINA , ESSÉN‐GUSTAVSSON BIRGITTA 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to develop a standardised maximal treadmill exercise test performed until fatigue in order to find reproducible markers for anaerobic metabolism, specifically adenine nucleotide degradation. Six Standardbred trotters performed an incremental maximal treadmill exercise test in 1 min steps (starting with 7 m/s) until they could no longer keep pace with the treadmill. The test was performed twice with at least one week between the tests. Heart rate was recorded and venous blood samples were obtained during the test and in the recovery period for determination of plasma lactate, hypoxanthine, xanthine and uric acid. Muscle biopsy samples (m. gluteus) were collected at rest, immediately post exercise, and after 15 min recovery and analysed for their concentrations of glycogen, creatine phosphate (CP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine monophosphate (AMP), inosine monophosphate (IMP) and muscle lactate (MLa). Significant decreases in glycogen, CP and ATP and significant increases in IMP and MLa were seen immediately post exercise. None of these metabolites had returned to resting levels after 15 min of recovery. A marked increase in plasma lactate (PLa) occurred during exercise and the peak concentration (mean value = 27.2 mmol/l) was reached within 5 min of recovery. Plasma uric acid concentration did not increase during exercise but rose markedly immediately post exercise, reaching the highest level (mean value = 121.5 pmol/l) at 20–30 min recovery. The duration of the maximal test was related to peak PLa and the uric acid concentration at 30 min of recovery. A correlation was also found between the ATP and IMP concentrations immediately post exercise and the plasma uric acid concentration at 30 min of recovery. The results show that this treadmill test triggered anaerobic metabolism and also that uric acid concentration post exercise seems to be a marker for the adenine nucleotide degradation that occurs during intense exercise. No significant differences were seen in metabolic response between the 2 test occasions.
Septic osteitis of the distal phalanx: findings and surgical treatment in 18 cases
Authors: CAUVIN E. R. J. , MUNROE G. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEighteen cases of septic osteitis of the distal phalanx were diagnosed clinically and confirmed at surgery over a 6 year period (1990–1996). Focal bone lysis was the most common radiographic finding. Sequestra were identified in 4 horses, one of which was associated with a fractured plantar process. All the horses were treated surgically with open debridement. The septic process recurred in 4 horses: one was subjected to euthanasia due to navicular bursa infection, secondary to a pathological fracture, the other 3 horses responded to further debridement. A pathological fracture occurred in another horse. All the survivors were not lame 3 months post operatively, although complete healing took 1–12 months. Long term follow up was available in 14 cases. One was retired, all the other horses were back in work at a similar level of performance. This series indicates that surgical treatment of septic pedal osteitis carries a fair to good prognosis despite a high rate of post operative complications and convalescence period of up to 12 months.
Macroscopic ‘degeneration’ of equine superficial digital flexor tendon is accompanied by a change in extracellular matrix composition
Authors: BIRCH HELEN L. , BAILEY A. J. , GOODSHIP A. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryInjuries to the superficial digital flexor tendon are common in horses required to gallop and jump at speed. Partial rupture of this tendon usually occurs in the central core of the mid‐metacarpal region and may be preceded by localised degenerative changes.Post mortemexamination of apparently normal equine flexor tendons has revealed an abnormal macroscopic appearance in the central core, characterised by a reddish discolouration. We have previously shown that there is also physical damage to the collagen fibres. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that the abnormal appearance is accompanied by changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix of the tendon. Biochemical analysis of the extracellular matrix demonstrated an increase in total sulphated glycosaminoglycan content, increase in the proportion oftype IIIcollagen and decrease in collagen linked fluorescence in the central core of ‘degenerated’ tendons relative to tissue from the peripheral region of the same tendon. Dry matter content and total collagen content were not significantly different between tendon zones or normal and ‘degenerated’ tendons. These changes suggest a change in cell' metabolism and matrix turnover in the central core of the tendon and are likely to contribute to a decrease in mechanical properties in this part of the tendon, predisposing to the characteristic partial rupture of the tendon.
Ultrasonographic anatomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses
Authors: DENOIX J. M. , BUSONI VALERIA 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe ultrasonographic anatomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (AL‐SDFT) in the horse is presented. Comparison between anatomical sections of isolated limbs and ultrasound scans of the distal antebrachium in sound horses enabled the authors to establish the normal reference ultrasonographic images of this structure. The AL‐SDFT inserts 7–14 cm above the antebrachiocarpal joint on the palmaromedial aspect of the radius. Ultrasonographically it appears as an uniformly echogenic structure located deep to the median artery. The knowledge of ultrasonographic anatomy is essential for identification of abnormal images and assessment of AL‐SDFT damage.
Caesarean section and other methods for assisted delivery: comparison of effects on mare mortality and complications
Authors: FREEMAN D. E. , HUNGERFORD L. L. , SCHAEFFER D. , LOCK T. F. , SERTICH P. L. , BAKER G. J. , VAALA W. E. , JOHNSTON J. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryData from 116 mares that had caesarean section or vaginal delivery at 2 university hospitals were analysed in 5 groups, as follows: dystocia corrected by caesarean section,Group DCS(n = 48); elective caesarean section,Group ECS(n = 10); caesarean section concurrently with colic surgery,Group CCS(n = 8); assisted vaginal delivery,Group AVD(n = 22); and controlled vaginal delivery under general anaesthesia,Group CVD(n = 28).Survival rate in all mares that had caesarean section, excludingGroup CCS, was 88% (51/58). All mares inGroup ECSsurvived andGroup CCShad the lowest survival rate (38%). In 98 mares with dystocia,Groups DCS(15%) and AVD (14%) had significantly lower (P<0.05) mortality rates thanGroup CVD(29%). There were no differences between groups for duration of dystocia. The placenta was retained in 75 (65%) of 116 mares, and for a longer period following elective caesarean section than following assisted vaginal delivery. Multiple complications (≥3) were recorded in 6 mares inGroup CVDbut not in the other groups. Of the 102 foals delivered from 98 mares with dystocia, 11 (11%) were alive at delivery and 5 (5%) survived to discharge. Survival rate for foals was 38% inGroup CCS, and 90% inGroup ECS. Under conditions similar to those in this study, it is calculated that caesarean section is preferable toCVDif dystocia is protracted and great difficulty and trauma is invloved, even ifCVDallows delivery of the foal.
An evaluation of the haemostatic suture in hysterotomy closure in the mare
Authors: FREEMAN D. E. , JOHNSTON J. K. , BAKER G. J. , HUNGERFORD L.L. , LOCK T. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis study was designed to evaluate the haemostatic suture as a means of preventing haemorrhage from the hysterotomy in mares after caesarean section. At 2 university hospitals 1982–1994, 48 mares had caesarean section for dystocia, 10 as an elective, and 8 mares concurrently with colic surgery. The haemostatic suture was used in 31 of 66 mares (47%) and surgery period was significantly (P<0.05) shorter when it was not applied. Anaemia (PCV<30%) was recorded in 13 (22%) of 58 mares, excluding the colic group, and the haemostatic suture did not after this proportion of mares that had anaemia. Anaemia was 5 times more probable following caesarean section than vaginal delivery, evidence that bleeding from the hysterotomy is a serious and common complication of caesarean section in mares. Severe uterine haemorrhage was recorded in 3 mares that had an haemostatic suture (10%) and in 2 mares that did not (6%). The latter two mares died of haemorrhage. The suture, therefore did not eliminate post operative anaemia and severe uterine haemorrhage. If omitted, the hysterotomy should be closed with a full thickness pattern that is sufficiently tight to compress vessels in the uterine wall.
Expression of endothelin in equine laminitis
Authors: KATWA L. C. , JOHNSON P. J. , GANJAM V. K. , KREEGER J. M. , MESSER N. T. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryBiosynthesis of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), the most potent endogenous vasoconstrictor yet identified, is increased following myocardial infarction (MI) in man. Pathological events which occur in the connective tissues of the equine hoof during laminitis are similar in some respects, to changes occurring in the myocardial connective tissues following MI in man. The objective of this study was to determine whether ET‐1 expression in connective tissues obtained from the hoof of laminitic horses is increased compared with tissues obtained from healthy horses. Expression of ET‐1 in connective tissues of the equine hoof was measured following tissue extraction from 3 groups of horses: horses in which acute laminitis had been induced by the administration of starch; chronically foundered horses; nonlaminitic horses. The concentration of ET‐1 in laminar connective tissues obtained from all laminitic horses (1573.0 ± 392.8 pg/g of tissue; n = 10) was increased when compared with tissues obtained from nonlaminitic horses (392.5 ± 117.4 pg/g of tissue; n = 5) (P<0.05). The concentration of ET‐1 in laminar connective tissues obtained from the experimentally induced, acute laminitic horses (1043.6 ± 254.4 pg/g of tissue; n = 7) and from the spontaneously affected, chronic laminitic horses (2808.3 ± 878.6 pg/g of tissue; n = 3) was increased compared with the control group (P<0.05, P<0.01, respectively). The concentration of ET‐1 in laminar connective tissues obtained from the chronic laminitic horses was greater than that of the experimentally induced, acute laminitic group (P<0.05). It is suggested that the data provide a strong argument that increased ET‐1 expression in the connective tissues of the equine hoof represent a potentially important and hitherto unrecognised component of the pathophysiology of equine laminitis. Further studies are needed to determine whether inhibitors of ET‐1 converting enzyme or antagonists of ET‐1 receptors might be useful in the treatment and prevention of laminitis in horses.
Results of screw fixation combined with cortical drilling for treatment of dorsal cortical stress fractures of the third metacarpal bone in 56 Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: DALLAP BARBARA L. , BRAMLAGE L. R. , EMBERTSON R. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to evaluate screw fixation with cortical drilling as a surgical treatment for dorsal cortical stress fractures of MCIII in the Thoroughbred racehorse. Details of age, sex, limb affected, fracture assessment, and post operative recommendations were obtained from medical records and radiographs. Fracture healing was assessed radiographically at the time of screw removal. Performance evaluation was determined from race records obtained from The Jockey Club Information System, Lexington, Kentucky. Fifty‐six Thoroughbred racehorses were treated surgically for stress fracture of MCIII with screw fixation and cortical drilling. Stress fractures occurred primarily in the left front limb of the male 3‐year‐olds, in the dorsolateral cortex of the middle third of MCIII. Ninety‐seven percent of the fractures travelled in a dorsodistal to palmaroproximal direction. Median period to screw removal was 2.0 months. Evaluation at time of screw removal revealed 98% of single stress fractures of the left front limb were healed radiographically. Median period to resume training was 2.75 months (single stress fractures); median period to race was 7.62 months. There was no statistically significant difference in earnings/start before and after surgical intervention. Of the 63 fractures treated, two recurred. There were no catastrophic failures, and no incisional infections.
Endoscopy of the navicular bursa: A new technique for the treatment of contaminated and septic bursae
Authors: WRIGHT I. M. , PHILLIPS T. J. , WALMSLEY J. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA technique for evaluation of the navicular bursa using a 4 mm 25° inclined view arthroscope is described. This allows examination of the palmar/plantar surface of the navicular bone, the insertions of the navicular suspensory, T and impar ligaments, the bursal synovium and the dorsal surface of the deep digital flexor tendon. The technique was used in 16 horses with punctures of the navicular bursa. Procedures facilitated by the technique were bursal lavage, removal of pannus, synovial resection and debridement of lesions on the palmar/plantar surface of the bone and in the deep digital flexor tendon. Following treatment, 10 animals were sound and returned to their pre‐injury use and 6 animals had persistent lameness; 2 of these were salvaged after neurectomy, 1 was retired for use as a broodmare and 2 were destroyed. In contrast to the ‘streetnail’ procedure, the reported technique is less invasive and post operative care is simpler. The success rate is also better. Endoscopically guided treatment therefore appears to offer an advantage in the treatment of contaminated or septic navicular bursae.
The effect of orthopaedic shoeing on the force exerted by the deep digital flexor tendon on the navicular bone in horses
Authors: WILLEMEN M. A. , SAVELBERG H. H. C. M. , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis study quantifies both the intended effect of orthopaedic shoeing to decrease the load on the navicular bone and the eventual undesired effects on gait performance. The compressive force exerted by the deep digital flexor tendon on the navicular bone and on the quality of the trot and redistribution of forces over the flexor tendons and the suspensory ligament were studied as a function of orthopaedic shoeing in 12 sound Dutch Warmblood horses. A modified CODA‐3 gait analysis system and a force plate were used to quantify objectively the load on the lower limb. The quality of the trot was assessed using the same gait analysis system while the horses were trotting on the treadmill. The effects of shoes with heel wedges and egg‐bar shoes were compared to flat shoes and unshod feet.When heel wedges were applied, the maximal force on the navicular bone was reduced by 24% (P<0.05) in comparison with flat shoes. Egg‐bar shoes did not reduce the force on the navicular bone, but in unshod feet this force appeared to be 14% lower (P<0.05) compared to flat shoes. Egg‐bar shoes cause the horse's trot to be slightly less animated (P<0.05), compared to flat shoes and shoes with heel wedges.It is concluded that shoes with heel wedges reduce the force on the navicular bone as a result of a decreased moment of force at the distal interphalangeal joint in combination with a decreased angle between the deep digital flexor tendon distally and proximally of the navicular bone.Therefore it can be expected that in horses suffering from navicular disease, heel wedges will have the expected beneficial effect on the pressure on the navicular bone, while the effect of egg‐bar shoes remains doubtful.
Post operative performance of racing Standardbreds treated arthroscopically for carpal chip fractures: 176 cases (1986–1993)
Authors: LUCAS JULIE M. , ROSS M. W. , RICHARDSON D. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA retrospective study of 176 Standardbred horses that had arthroscopic surgery for carpal chip fractures over a 7 year period was done in order to determine fracture location and post operative performance. Chip fractures of the proximal third carpal bone and the distal radiocarpal bone occurred with equal frequency (49.2 and 49.6% respectively), and chip fractures involving the antebrachiocarpal joint were rare. Trotters had significantly more third carpal bone lesions than radiocarpal bone lesions when compared to pacers (P = 0.0304). Seventy‐four per cent of horses made at least one start following surgery. Pacers were significantly more likely to have at least one start after surgery than were trotters (P = 0.0009). Median earnings per start significantly decreased after surgery (P = 0.0081), while median race mark significantly increased after surgery (P = 0.0100). It is concluded that the majority of Standardbreds will be useful racehorses following carpal arthroscopy; however, most earn less money per start and many race at a lower class.
Differences in second‐intention wound healing between horses and ponies: macroscopic aspects
Authors: WILMINK JACINTHA M. , STOLK P. W. TH. , VAN WEEREN P. R. , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySecond‐intention healing of deep wounds was studied in 5 horses and 5 ponies. Standardised wounds were created on the distal limbs and hind quarters. Wounds on the metatarsi extended onto the metatarsal bone; the depth of the wounds in the femoral biceps muscle was 18 mm. The wound margins were marked by tattoos. Photographs were taken at weekly intervals to determine the wound area. The relative contribution of contraction and epithelialisation to wound closure was quantified by means of the tattoos. Swelling of the limbs was measured; and regularity and aspect of the granulation tissue were semi‐quantitatively scored.Second‐intention wound healing occurred significantly faster in ponies than in horses, and muscle wounds healed significantly faster than metatarsal wounds. These marked differences reflected the greater contribution of contraction to wound healing. Moreover, demarcation was seen earlier and a healthy granulation bed developed more rapidly in ponies, whereas in horses the granulation tissue remained irregular and purulent for longer.Healing of the metatarsal wounds of horses differed markedly from that of all other wounds: these wounds increased to almost twice their original size in the first 2 weeks, exuberant granulation tissue was persistent, epithelialisation started later, and contraction played a minor role in wound closure. Limb swelling was greater in horses than in ponies. Periosteal new bone formation was more extensive, and was active over a longer period in the metatarsal bones of horses than of ponies.From this study it is concluded that second‐intention healing of deep wounds occurs faster in ponies than in horses. This difference can be largely attributed to a more pronounced and faster wound contraction in ponies than in horses. Therefore, attempts to improve second‐intention wound healing in clinical practice should be directed at stimulation of wound contraction.
Ocular manifestations of equine motor neuron disease
Authors: RIIS R. C. , JACKSON C. , REBHUN W. , KATZ M. L. , LOEW E. , SUMMERS B. , CUMMINGS J. , de LAHUNTA A. , DIVERS T. , MOHAMMED H. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe characteristics of the ocular manifestations of equine motor neuron disease (EMND) are described. Forty‐two horses with histories, clinical signs and necropsies compatible with EMND were the subjects of this study.Ophthalmoscopic lesions that varied in severity were found in 40 of 42 horses and appeared as a distinct pigmented reticulated pattern at the tapetal‐nontapetal junction or throughout the fundus, depending upon severity. The pattern colours ranged from yellow brown to black. Areas of hyperreflectivity formed mosaic patterns in the tapetal fundus. ERG B‐wave amplitudes were usually at least 50% reduced and many animals showed extinguished amplitudes. None of the horses had apparent visual impairment. Histopathologically, all 42 horses had retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) congestion with ceroid‐lipofuscin. Retinal degeneration was variable even within the eyes. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of the RPE and neural retina identified both green and orange emitting fluorescent compounds not found in normal horses. All unsupplemented horses had plasma vitamin E levels <1.0 μg/ml.The potential significance of this report is the pathognomonic role the ocular manifestations exhibit in helping to diagnose equine motor neuron disease.In memory of John Cummings, we dedicate this manuscript.
Structural variation of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones in the horse
Authors: RIGGS C. M. , WHITEHOUSE G. H. , BOYDE A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis study examined 3‐dimensional (3D) distribution of sectors with contrasting density in the equine third metacarpal (McIII) and third metatarsal (MtIII) bones with a view to explaining the aetiology of distal condylar fractures. Macroradiography and computed tomographic (CT) imaging were used in the nondestructive study of bones obtained from horses, most of which were Thoroughbreds in race training. Distal condylar regions of McIII and MtIII were also studied in microradiographs of 100 μm thick mediolateral sections cut perpendicular to the dorsal and palmar/plantar articular surfaces. Qualitative and quantitative results from all methods used (radiography, CT and microradiographic stereology) demonstrated a densification (sclerosis) of subchondral bone located in the palmar/plantar regions of the medial and lateral condyles of both McIII and MtIII. Substantial density gradients between the denser condyles and the subchondral bone of the sagittal groove were shown to equate with anatomical differences in loading intensity during locomotion. It is hypothesised that such differences in bone density results in stress concentration at the palmar/plantar aspect of the condylar grooves, which may predispose to fracture.
Pathology of the distal condyles of the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones of the horse
Authors: RIGGS C. M. , WHITEHOUSE G. H. , BOYDE A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThis study examined material from Thoroughbred horses, the majority of which had been in race training, for evidence of pathology in the third metacarpal (McIII) and third metatarsal (MtIII) bones which might be related to the occurrence of distal condylar fractures. Whole bone samples were studied and documented by macrophotography prior to macroradiography and computed tomographic (CT) imaging. Microradiographs were made from 100 μm thick mediolateral sections cut perpendicular to the dorsal and palmar/plantar articular surfaces of distal condylar regions of McIII and MtIII. Blocks were prepared for morphological imaging using the backscattered electron mode of scanning electron microscopy (BSE SEM). Linear defects in mineralised articular cartilage and subchondral bone were found in the palmar/plantar aspects of the condylar grooves adjacent to the sagittal ridge. These were closely related to the pattern of densification of the subchondral bone and were associated with intense focal remodelling of the immediately adjacent and subjacent bone. Parasagittal fractures of the condyles originated in similar defects. A unifying hypothesis for the aetiopathogenesis of these fractures is presented.