bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Availability from Sewage Sludge
Authors: Magdoff F. R. , Amadon J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAerobically treated secondary liquid sewage sludge was applied to both corn (Zea mays L.) and hay growing on Hadley sandy loam and Nellis loam soils. The nine treatments consisted of a check, four ammonium nitrate levels (50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1), and four sludge levels (chosen to supply amounts of available N similar to the ammonium nitrate rates).About 54% of the organic‐N added to the sludge‐amended corn soils was mineralized under laboratory conditions. The amount of N mineralized was well correlated with a chemical test of N availability.While the corn and hay on the sludge‐amended Hadley soil out‐yielded the N treatments, nitrate recovery to 1.2 m in the corn plots indicated that the available N supplied by the sludge treatments was no greater than that supplied by ammonium nitrate. Other factors, such as increased K supply to both corn and hay and residual N effect on the second‐year hay, probably caused the increased response of crops to sludge over N. There was little or no response of corn yields to sludge or N on the Nellis loam, while the hay responded more to N than sludge. Estimates of mineralization of organic‐N from sludge applied to corn and hay averaged 55% for the first year of applications.Recovery of N in the corn at harvest plus soil NO3‐N to a depth of 1.2 m was positively correlated with the estimated mineralization of organic‐N (from the N availability test) plus the inorganic‐N added. The autoclaving test of N availability appears useful in predicting mineralization of organic‐N from sludge under field conditions.
Land Application of Chemically Treated Sewage Sludge: III. Effects on Soil and Plant Heavy Metal Content
Authors: Soon Y. K. , Bates T. E. , Moyer J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnaerobically digested sewage sludges resulting from treatment of sewage with Ca(OH)2, Al2(SO4)3, or FeCl3 for phosphorus precipitation were applied to corn (Zea mays L.) and bromegruss (Bromus inermis Leyess) grown on a soil having an initial pH of 7.3. Rates of sludge supplied 200, 400, 800, and 1,600 kg N/ha each year for 5 years. Treatments with NH4NO3 supplying 0, 100, 200, and 400 kg N/ha were included for comparison. Plant tissue was analyzed for Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb. No toxicity or deficiency symptoms were noted. Soil Zn, Cd, and Ni extracted by NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) were increased by continued sludge application. The NTA‐extractable Zn and Cd were positively correlated with the Zn and Cd concentrations in corn stover. Soil pH was reduced by the Fe‐sludge application, slightly affected by the Al‐sludge, and increased by the Ca‐sludge. Increases in Cu concentrations in bromegrass and corn stover were associated with increases in the N content rather than the source of N, and plant Cu concentrations remained relatively constant across years. Sewage sludge application increased Zn, Cd, and Ni concentrations in bromegrass and corn stover, and Zn and Ni concentrations in corn grain, particularly at the higher metal loadings from sludge application. Zinc and Cd concentrations, especially in corn stover, increased with continued sludge application during the 5‐year period. The inclusion of soil pH as a factor, in addition to cumulative amounts of Zn or Cd added as a constituent of sludge, improved the regression equations predicting Zn or Cd uptake. Manganese concentrutions in bromegrass were reduced by the sludges used in this study, but did not change from one year to the next. Chromium and Pb concentrations in corn and bromegrass were not significantly increased by the application of 680 kg Cr/ha and 310 kg Pb/ha from sludge.
An Evaluation of the Use of Ratios in Environmental Transuranic Studies
Authors: Doctor Pamela G. , Gilbert Richard O. , Pinder John E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper discusses statistical aspects of two types of ratios, concentrations and pure ratios, that are used extensively in environmental transuranic studies and have different uses and different statistical problems. A concentration gives units of numerator (Y) per unit of denominator (X), for example nCi of 238Pu per gram of soil, where Y is assumed to be proportional to X. The choice of aliquot size permitting a reliable estimate of concentration is a major problem with this type of ratio. For a pure ratio the numerator and denominator are measured in the same units, for example nCi of 238Pu over nCi of 139Pu. Pure ratios often appear as a ratio of concentrations: for example, concentration ratios and inventory ratios. However, pure ratios provide accurate information on the relationship between Y and X only when Y is proportional to X. The statistical problems of pure ratios center on an assessment of whether the multiplicative assumption is valid. Multivariate statistical techniques offer alternatives to a pure ratio for expressing the relationship between Y and X. The purpose of this paper is to stimulate critical thinking about the use of ratios and to suggest approaches to the task of ratio estimation compatible with the behavior of environmental radionuclide data.
Effects of Drilling Fluids on Soils and Plants: II. Complete Drilling Fluid Mixtures
Authors: Miller Raymond W. , Pesaran P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix typical drilling fluids (muds) and a drilling fluid base were mixed with six soils at ratios of 1:1 and 1:4 volumes of liquid mud/soil; these mixtures were tested for their effects on plant growth. Green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and sweet corn [Zea mays var. succharata (Sturtev.) Bailey] in pots in the greenhouse grew normally in a few mixtures, but in most instances plants had reduced growth when compared to those growing in soil alone (controls). It was concluded that high levels of soluble salts or the high exchangeable sodium percentages were the primary causes of reduced plant growth.The high salt content in some fluids was mostly from added potassium chloride, sodium hydroxide, and sodium dichromate. Dispersion of mud‐treated soils caused by high exchangeable sodium percentages occurred in these samples because of the sodium hydroxide and sodium dichromate added to typical muds.
The Effect of Storm Interval on the Transport of Soluble Phosphorus in Runoff
Authors: Sharpley A. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of varying the interval between events on the transport of soluble phosphorus (P) in runoff was evaluated under simulated rainfall conditions. A decrease in soluble P concentration was observed during each runoff event although initial concentrations increased as the interval between events was decreased from 1 day to 5 min (0.027–0.033 mg/liter and 0.020–0.028 mg/liter for Bernow fine sandy loam and Woodward loam soils). This was attributed in part to a movement of soil water down the profile following cessation of runoff, resulting in a decrease in the surface soil of the “pool” of soluble P susceptible to transport in runoff. In contrast, a marked increase in the mean concentration of soluble P in runoff was observed as event interval increased from 1 to 6 days (0.018–0.026 mg/liter and 0.011–0.041 mg/liter for Bernow and Woodward soils). This increase was found to be related to the phosphatase enzyme activity of the five soils studied and could thus, be partially attributed to mineralization of organic P.
Movement of Chloride in a Soil with Variable Charge Properties: II. Sanitary Landfill Leachate
Authors: Chan K. Y. , Geering H. R. , Davey B. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe movement of a lime‐treated sanitary landfill leachate (pH 10.3) through a column filled with the subsoil of a xanthic ferralsol was studied in the laboratory. Chloride movement in the leachate‐treated column deviated from the miscible displacement equation derived by Nielsen and Biggar because the amount of positive charge carried by the soil changed with the pH and ionic strength. The leachate was shown to contain carboxylate groups as well as Cl and competition between these anions for the positively charged sites on the oxidic surfaces was observed. When distilled water was applied to the column at the end of the leachate treatment, Cl was displaced as the ionic strength of the column decreased, even though pH remained >9. A net desorption of Cl of 0.69 meq/100 g was observed. Chloride cannot be treated as an indifferent anion in modeling the movement of salt solutions through oxidic soils with variable charge properties.
Picloram in Water and Soil from a Semiarid Pinyon‐Juniper Watershed
Authors: Johnsen Thomas N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mixture of picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid) at 2.8 kg acid equivalent (ae)/ha and 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] at 5.6 kg acid equivalent/ha was aerially applied onto 113 ha of a 146‐ha pinyon‐juniper watershed [Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little and Pinus edulis Engelm., respectively] in north‐central Arizona. Picloram residues in runoff water and soil were monitored. Picloram was detected in runoff water leaving the treated area for 30.5 months after application. The highest concentration, 320 ppbw, was in the initial runoff after treatment. A total of 1.1% of the picloram applied left the treated area in runoff water. Picloram was not detected farther than 5.6 km downstream. The picloram concentration was relatively constant during runoff events unless water from snow melt or from an untreated area mixed with the runoff from the treated area. Less picloram came from an area with individually treated trees than from an area with broadcast application. Dip (grab), single‐stage flood, or splitter‐box water samples all gave comparable picloram contents from the same location with the same runoff event. Picloram was detected in the soils for 44 months, mainly below the 45‐cm depth down to bedrock at 122 cm.
Aerial Survey Techniques for Locating Abandoned Strip Mine Land
Authors: Dattavio L. E. , Mroczynski R. P. , Weismiller R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act requires that states develop regulatory programs and reclamation plans for surface mining activities. Prior to passage of this law, the Indiana legislature required Indiana Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) to survey abandoned mine lands not under the control of state reclamation laws. IDNR then contracted the Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing (LARS) at Purdue University to conduct a preliminary survey of these lands. Photointerpretation techniques of medium scale color infrared photography enabled the LARS staff to identify partially reclaimed and nonreclaimed sites within a 20‐county area in southwestern Indiana. Over 4,700 ha of abandoned lands were located and classified on the aerial photography. This information is currently being used by IDNR to develop reclamation plans to revegetate the abandoned lands. The results of this survey clearly indicate that photointerpretation is an effective technique to complete initial inventories of nonreclaimed mine lands.
A Watershed Study of Glyphosate Transport in Runoff
Authors: Edwards W. M. , Triplett G. B. , Kramer R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGlyphosate (N‐[phosphonomethyl]glycine)3 formulated as Round‐up® herbicide,4 was applied on 0.3‐ to 3.1‐ha watersheds at rates of 1.10‐, 3.36‐, and 8.96‐kg/ha as a preseeding herbicide in the no‐tillage establishment of rescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). Runoff from natural rainfall following early springtime treatments was measured and analyzed to define concentration and transport of glyphosate under these conditions.The highest concentration of glyphosate (5.2 mg/liter) was found in runoff occurring 1 day after treatment at the highest rate. Glyphosate (2 µg/liter) was detected in runoff from this watershed up to 4 months after treatment. For the lower application rates, maximum concentration of the herbicide in runoff was < 100 µg/liter for events occurring 9–10 days after application and decreased to <2 µg/liter within 2 months of treatment. The maximum amount of glyphosate transport by runoff was 1.85% of the amount applied, most of which occurred during a single storm on the day after application. In each of the three study years, herbicide transport in the first runoff event following treatment accounted for 99% of the total runoff transport on one watershed. Glyphosate residues in the upper 2.5 cm of treated soil decreased logarithmically with the logarithm of time; they persisted several weeks longer than in the runoff water.
Maximum Pesticide Concentrations in Agricultural Runoff: A Semiempirical Prediction Formula
Authors: Wauchope R. D. , Leonard R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUsing data compiled from the literature on the concentrations of pesticides observed in runoff water, a semiempirical prediction formula has been constructed which is very crude, but which should be useful to water‐quality planners for estimating worst‐case pesticide inputs from agricultural sources. The maximum “edge‐of‐field” pesticide concentrations in individual runoff events can be predicted within about one order of magnitude if the pesticide formulation, use, and application rate are known, together with the time elapsed between application of the pesticide and subsequent runoff events. Pesticides are grouped into four broad classes according to their “availability” for runoff loss.
Effect of Sewage Effluent on Microbial Activities and Coliform Populations of Pahokee Muck
Authors: Tate Robert L. , Terry Richard E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo determine the effect of amendment with sewage effluent on microbiological properties of organic soils, dehydrogenase, carbon metabolism by the microbial community, and coliform survival were examined in field plots of Pahokee muck (a Lithic Medisaprist). Test plots were amended at weekly intervals with sewage effluent at a rate of 5 cm/week. Control plots received water at comparable rates or were unamended. Dehydrogenase activities were increased approximately twofold in the sewage and water amended soils over levels detected in the unamended soil. No significant variation, in bacterial populations was detected due to any treatment. Carbon metabolism in sewage and water amended soils was nearly equivalent and both activities were generally greater than those measured in unamended soils. These data indicate that the increased microbial activity in sewage‐amended plots resulted from augmented soil moisture and not the added nutrients of the sewage.Coliform (fecal and total) populations in the soil declined approximately 90% during the first 2 days following the addition of sewage effluent. Coliforms were detected to a 95‐cm depth in soil columns receiving sewage effluent for 22 weeks. These studies indicate that survival of the coliforms is limited in Pahokee muck, but that viable coliforms penetrated throughout the soil profile.
Occurrence and Distribution of Oxygen and Organic Compounds in Mountain Streams of the Marmot Basin
Authors: Telang S. A. , Hodgson G. W. , Baker B. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe nature and abundance of O2 and organic compounds were examined in the streams of the Marmot basin. Levels of dissolved O2 in mountain streams of the Marmot basin averaged 11,000 µg/liter. The streams were 90–105% saturated with dissolved O2. Biochemical and chemical demand averaged 2,000 and 4,000 µg/liter, respectively. Total organic C in mountain streams averaged 4,000 µg/liter. Analyzed organic compounds in stream waters constituted 25% of the total organic C, refractory compounds accounted for 23%, and labile compounds 2%. Refractory organic compounds, humic and fulvic acids, averaged 790 µg/liter and tannins and lignins 100 µg/liter. Averages of labile compounds were: hydrocarbons, 0.05 µ/liter (sum of individual compounds in the range of C14–C32); phenols, 2 µg/liter; fatty acids, 2 µg/liter; carbohydrates, 45 µg/liter; and total amino acids, 10 µg/liter (sum of 16 protein amino acids). Seasonal variations in abundances of organic compounds were observed.
Seasonal Growth and Accumulation of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium by Orchardgrass Irrigated with Municipal Waste Water
Authors: Palazzo A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 2‐year field study was performed to determine the seasonal growth and nutrient accumulation of a forage grass receiving 7.5 cm/week of domestic primary‐treated waste water. The average N and P concentrations in the waste water were 31.5 and 6.1 mg/liter, respectively. An established sward of ‘Pennlate’ orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) was managed on an annual three‐cutting system. Grass samples were taken periodically during the growing season to determine plant dry matter accumulation and uptake of N, P, and K.Plants accumulated dry matter and P up to 31 days during the initial harvest period or between the early and late heading stages of growth. Plant accumulation of N and K also leveled off after 31 days in 1978, but continued to increase until the end of the period in 1979. Nutrient and dry matter accumulation increased up to 35–40 days growth during the second harvest period. During the third harvest period in 1979, plant growth was similar to the second harvest period; while in 1978 accumulation slowed after 15 days and then increased again after 29 days. Changes in nutrient uptake within a harvest period were related to both changes in dry matter accumulation and plant nutrient concentration. For maximum yields and nutrient removal, it is recommended that orchardgrass be initially harvested at the early heading stage of growth in the spring. Subsequent harvests should be performed at 5‐ to 6‐week intervals.Average daily dry matter, N, and P accumulation were highest during the first harvest period which occurred primarily during May in Hanover, New Hampshire. Therefore, this time would be the most appropriate to increase the application rate, thus utilizing the excess waste water which otherwise would have to be stored during the winter season.
The Effect of Cadmium on Nodulation and N2(C2H2)‐Fixation by Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Vigue G. T. , Pepper I. L. , Bezdicek D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted to determine the toxicity of Cd on the nodulation, N2(C2H2)‐fixation, and growth of dry beans. Plants were grown in the greenhouse with hydroponic solutions to which 0–500 µm Cd/liter had been added. The total N content of shoots, nodule weight, nodule number, and N2(C2H2)‐fixation were significantly decreased at 10 µm Cd/liter. Nodulation was completely inhibited at 500 µm Cd/liter. Nodulation and the N2(C2H2)‐fixation rate were negatively correlated with solution Cd concentration (r = −0.97).Cadmium uptake and translocation were slow; therefore, Cd levels were highest in the roots, much lower in the nodules, and lowest in the shoot tissue. For example, at 20 µm Cd/liter, respective tissue Cd levels averaged 431, 80, and 35 µg Cd/g, on a dry weight basis. Cadmium levels in roots or shoots from comparable Cd treatments were essentially the same whether the plants obtained their N by fixation or from nutrient solution NO3.Root Cd concentrations were exponentially correlated with nodule number, nodule weight, and acetylene reduction, with correlation coefficients of −0.99, −0.99, and −0.97, respectively. Shoot Cd concentrations were logarithmically correlated with nodule number, nodule weight, and acetylene reduction, with correlation coefficients of −0.89, −0.91, and −0.84, respectively.
Accumulation of Strontium and Cesium by Kale as a Function of Age of Plant
Authors: Weaver C. M. , Harris N. D. , Fox L. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe accumulation of Sr and Cs throughout the growth cycle of a hydroponically grown vegetable crop (Brassica oleracea var. acephala D.C. ‘Blue Curl’) was studied. The cumulative effect of supplying the radionuclides through the nutrient solution to kale throughout the growth cycle, simulating a continuous discharge, was compared to exposure at each stage of the growth cycle to a single dose of radioactivity, simulating an accidental release. The time course of accumulation of 137Cs supplied continuously through the nutrient solution resembled the sigmoidal dry weight growth curve of the vegetable. Accumulation of this nuclide after exposure of kale to radioactivity for 48 hours at each stage of growth decreased with age of the plant. The time course of 90Sr supplied continuously resembled the pattern of the periodic 48‐hour accumulation for this radionuclide, although there was a 1‐ to 2‐week lag period between the two uptake patterns.
Efficiency of Nitrogen Removal in a Simulated Overland Flow Waste Water Treatment System
Authors: Chen R. L. , Patrick W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a simulated overland flow waste water treatment system, vertical measurements of redox potential indicated the presence of both oxidized and reduced zones that provided favorable conditions for simultaneous nitrification‐denitrification reactions. Addition of C sources substantially reduced the redox potential and enhanced the rate of nitrate reduction. Nitrogen transformation rates were examined by the use of labeled 15N under controlled laboratory conditions.Adsorption and retention of NH4+‐N in soil matrix accounted for approximately 70–90% of the NH4+‐N applied in simulated waste water. Nitrification occurred in surface oxidized soil layers, resulting in conversion of waste water N to nitrate and nitrite. The downward movement of nitrate to the reduced soil layers in the overland flow model during subsequent application of waste water lead to denitrification and assimilatory nitrate reduction.Estimation of N balance in this study indicated that the overland flow system was capable of removing 80–90% of the added NH4+‐N within the N concentration range commonly found in municipal waste waters. However, labeled 15N data showed that an average of 11–21% of the N was taken up by vegetation and approximately 5–10% was immobilized and incorporated into soil organic N. Thus, the net loss of N is much less than would be predicted by nonlabeled N mass balance calculations. Overall, only 66–80% of the added labeled N was removed from the simulated overland flow model under laboratory conditions.
Use of Shallow Reservoir and Flooded Organic Soil Systems for Waste Water Treatment: Nitrogen and Phosphorus Transformations
Authors: Reddy K. R. , Graetz D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUse of a shallow reservoir (with a marly clay loam bottom) and flooded organic soil (Histosol) for inorganic N and PO4‐P removal from waste water (agricultural drainage effluent) was evaluated under simulated conditions. The results show that the shallow reservoirs and flooded organic soils could be effectively used for NH4‐N and NO3‐N removal from the waste waters. Aerating the floodwater resulted in rapid removal of NH4‐N as a result of nitrification and NH3 volatilization. Creating an anaerobic condition in the water column resulted in slower removal of NH4‐N due to volatilization. Nitrate N removal was more rapid under anoxic water column conditions than with aerobic water column conditions. Rapid nitrification resulted in the initial increase in NO3‐N levels in the water column. Aerating the water column with CO2 free air resulted in rapid losses of NH4‐N through volatilization. Aerating the water column with the air containing CO2 resulted in a greater loss of NH4‐N through nitrification than volatilization. A shorter residence time (1–6 days) of waste water over a soil column was required for effective removal of NH4‐N, and a longer residence time of 12–24 days was required for effective removal of NO3‐N from the water. For reservoir soil, about 70 and 76% of the floodwater P was removed under aerobic and anaerobic water column conditions, respectively. For flooded organic soil, 51% of the aerobic floodwater P was removed after 2 days of incubation, followed by an increase in soluble P concentration of the overlying water, whereas about 64% of the anaerobic floodwater P was removed during a 29‐day incubation.