bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation and risk management
Authors: Jones Roger N. , Preston Benjamin L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAdaptation assessment methods are compatible with the international risk management standard ISO:31000. Risk management approaches are increasingly being recommended for adaptation assessments at both national and local levels. Two orientations to assessments can commonly be identified: top‐down and bottom‐up, and prescriptive and diagnostic. Combinations of these orientations favor different types of assessments. The choice of orientation can be related to uncertainties in prediction and taking action, in the type of adaptation and in the degree of system stress. Adopting multiple viewpoints is to be encouraged, especially in complex situations. The bulk of current guidance material is consistent with top‐down and predictive approaches, thus is most suitable for risk scoping and identification. A broad range of material from within and beyond the climate change literature can be used to select methods to be used in assessing and implementing adaptation. The framing of risk, correct formulation of the questions being investigated and assessment methodology are critical aspects of the scoping phase. Only when these issues have been addressed should be issue of specific methods and tools be addressed. The reorientation of adaptation from an assessment focused solely on anthropogenic climate change to broader issues of vulnerability/resilience, sustainable development and disaster risk, especially through a risk management framework, can draw from existing policy and management understanding in communities, professions and agencies, incorporating existing agendas, knowledge, risks, and issues they already face. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 296–308 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.97This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Values‐Based Approach to Vulnerability and Adaptation
Synthesis and Reactivity of a Dilithiated Molybdenum Half‐Sandwich Complex
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Dörfler Rainer , Gruß Katrin , Radacki Krzysztof 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe dimetallated half‐sandwich complex Li[(η5‐C5H4Li)(CO)3Mo] was prepared by double deprotonation of the corresponding hydride complex [(η5‐C5H5)H(CO)3Mo] with tert‐butyllithium. The subsequent treatment with Me3SnCl gave access to the bis(stannyl) complex [(η5‐C5H4SnMe3)(SnMe3)(CO)3Mo]. Additionally, reactions of this compound with selected chlorostannanes yielded several different bis(chlorostannyl) half‐sandwich complexes, which were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography.
N‐Methyl‐anilinoborane: Monomer, Dimers, Molecular Structure, and Rearrangement into μ‐(N‐Methyl‐anilino)diborane(6). A Convenient Route to μ‐(Amino)diboranes(6)
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Molla Elias , Thoma Peter , Klimkina Elena V. , Tok Oleg L. , Bauer Tobias , Kempe Rhett 
Published: January 2011

AbstractN‐Methyl‐anilinoborane exists as a dimer in the solid state, shown by X‐ray structural analysis, whereas in solution, a monomer–dimer equilibrium is present (1H, 11B and 13C NMR spectroscopy). The phenyl groups are in trans positions in the crystalline dimer. In solution, both possible isomers of the dimer exist in a trans/cis ratio of 3:2, in agreement with the energies for calculated optimized geometries [B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level of theory]. In solution, the monomer is rather reactive and disproportionates completely after several days to give a 1:1 mixture of bis(N‐methyl‐anilino)borane and μ‐(N‐methyl‐anilino)diborane(6). This observation led to a convenient high yield synthesis of μ‐(amino)diborane(6) derivatives, starting from bis(amino)boranes and borane/THF.
Analysis of synaptic proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid as a new tool in the study of inborn errors of neurotransmission
Authors: Duarte Sofia T. , Ortez Carlos , Pérez Ana , Artuch Rafael , García‐Cazorla Angels 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn a few rare diseases, specialised studies in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are required to identify the underlying metabolic disorder. We aimed to explore the possibility of detecting key synaptic proteins in the CSF, in particular dopaminergic and gabaergic, as new procedures that could be useful for both pathophysiological and diagnostic purposes in investigation of inherited disorders of neurotransmission. Dopamine receptor type 2 (D2R), dopamine transporter (DAT) and vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) were analysed in CSF samples from 30 healthy controls (11 days to 17 years) by western blot analysis. Because VMAT2 was the only protein with intracellular localisation, and in order to compare results, GABA vesicular transporter, which is another intracellular protein, was also studied. Spearman's correlation and Student's t tests were applied to compare optical density signals between different proteins. All these synaptic proteins could be easily detected and quantified in the CSF. DAT, D2R and GABA VT expression decrease with age, particularly in the first months of life, reflecting the expected intense synaptic activity and neuronal circuitry formation. A statistically significant relationship was found between D2R and DAT expression, reinforcing the previous evidence of DAT regulation by D2R. To our knowledge, there are no previous studies on human CSF reporting a reliable analysis of these proteins. These kinds of studies could help elucidate new causes of disturbed dopaminergic and gabaergic transmission as well as understanding different responses to L‐dopa in inherited disorders affecting dopamine metabolism. Moreover, this approach to synaptic activity in vivo can be extended to different groups of proteins and diseases.
Neonatal cholestasis: an uncommon presentation of hyperargininemia
Authors: Gomes Martins Esmeralda , Santos Silva Ermelinda , Vilarinho Silvia , Saudubray Jean Marie , Vilarinho Laura 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHyperargininemia is a rare inborn error of metabolism due to arginase deficiency, which is inherited in an autossomal recessive manner. Arginase is the final enzyme of the urea cycle and catalyzes the conversion of arginine to urea and ornithine. This condition typically presents in early childhood (between 2 and 4 years of age) with developmental delay associated with progressive spastic paraparesis. Neonatal presentation is very uncommon with a poorly described outcome. Here, we discuss two cases of neonatal cholestasis as initial clinical presentation of hyperargininemia. In case 1, diagnosis was established at 2 months of age upon investigation of the etiology of cholestatic injury pattern and hepatosplenomegaly, and treatment was then initiated at when the patient was 3 months old. Unfortunately, the patient had progressive biliary cirrhosis to end‐stage liver disease complicated with portal hypertension for which she underwent successful orthotopic liver transplant at 7 years of age. In case 2, hyperargininemia was identified through newborn screening and treatment was started when patient was 21 days old. Cholestasis was only identified in the patient's further evaluation and it resolved 2 weeks into treatment. The patient is currently 18 months old and her development and neurological examination remain unremarkable. Neonatal cholestasis as first presentation of hyperargininemia is rare, but this disorder should be included in the differential diagnosis of unexplained cholestasis in the neonate. In fact, these two cases suggest that arginase deficiency may be the cause of cholestatic liver disease.
Patienteninformationen – vom Paternalismus zum Empowerment
Authors: Büchter Roland , Bastian Hilda , Waltering Andreas 
Published: January 2011

Einleitung
Patienteninformationen sind traditionell paternalistisch und verfolgen mit wenig Erfolg das Ziel, das Verhalten von Patienten zu steuern. Patientenzentrierte Informationen erkennen die Kompetenzen von Patienten an und verfolgen das Ziel, die Ressourcen von Patienten zu stärken und sie dazu zu befähigen, einen größeren Einfluss auf ihre persönlichen Gesundheits- und Lebensziele zu nehmen. Dieser Artikel stellt die verschiedenen Gegensätze gegenüber.
Ethische Aspekte von Patienteninformationen – Können Informationen auch schaden?
Authors: Middel Claus-Dieter 
Published: January 2011

Einleitung
Mit dem Abschied vom medizinischen Paternalismus und mit dem Konzept der Patientenautonomie geht in ethischer und rechtlicher Hinsicht die Anerkennung eines individuellen Abwehrrechts einher: Ein Patient darf nicht gegen seinen Willen behandelt werden. Dieses Abwehrrecht ist grundrechtlich als Teil des Persönlichkeitsrechts und des Rechts auf körperliche Unversehrtheit verbrieft. Voraussetzung für eine informierte Entscheidung des Patienten über Nutzen, Risiken und Nebenwirkungen einer medizinischen Maßnahme ist der Zugang zu allen in diesem Zusammenhang notwendigen Informationen. Dies gewährleisten u.a. Patienteninformationen, die umfassend und verständlich Auskunft geben über den eine bestimmte Krankheit betreffenden Stand der Erkenntnisse der medizinischen Wissenschaft, verschiedene Untersuchungs- und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten sowie ggf. über Institutionen des Gesundheitswesens.
Dimensionen der Patientenorientierung in der Integrierten Versorgung am Beispiel Gesundes Kinzigtal
Authors: Siegel Achim , Zimmermann Linda , Stößel Ulrich 
Published: January 2011

Einleitung
Bei der Ausgestaltung von Gesundheitsversorgungssystemen rückt eine Frage zunehmend in den Vordergrund: Wie können angesichts der Eigeninteressen und der Eigendynamik von Versorgungsinstitutionen die Anliegen und Interessen der Patienten gestärkt werden? So sah der Sachverständigenrat 2003 viele Organisationsformen im Gesundheitswesen zwar als leistungserbringer- oder versichererorientiert, aber als wenig patientenorientiert. Als Hoffnungsträger einer stärkeren Patientenorientierung wurde u.a. die Integrierte Versorgung gesehen. Dieser Beitrag erläutert am Beispiel der 2005 gegründeten Integrierten Versorgung Gesundes Kinzigtal die Entwicklung und das Potenzial einer populationsbezogenen Integrierten Versorgung in Sachen Patientenorientierung.
Mitochondrial and nuclear markers highlight the biodiversity of Kalotermes flavicollis (Fabricius, 1793) (Insecta, Isoptera, Kalotermitidae) in the Mediterranean area
Authors: Velonà A. , Luchetti A. , Ghesini S. , Marini M. , Mantovani B. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe biodiversity of the European termite Kalotermes flavicollis is here studied through the analysis of mitochondrial (303 bp of control region and 912 bp of COI/tRNALeu/COII) and nuclear (five microsatellite and 20 Inter-SINE loci) markers on 18 colonies collected in Southern France, Corsica, Sardinia, peninsular Italy, the Balkans and Greece. Different statistical analyses (Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, parsimony network, F-statistics, PCA) were performed. Mitochondrial sequences produced an unresolved polytomy including samples from peninsular Italy, Balkans and Greece, and three main clades: southern France, Corsica-Sardinia and Portoscuso (SW Sardinia). Nuclear markers confirm these data, further highlighting a more significant divergence at the regional scale. The results obtained for the peri-Tyrrhenian area agree with major paleogeographic and paleoclimatic events that shaped the biodiversity of the local fauna. K. flavicollis biodiversity and its phylogeographic pattern are also evaluated in the light of the data available for the other native European termite taxon (genus Reticulitermes), in order to produce a more complete scenario of the Mediterranean. In the area comprised between southern France and Italy, the degree of diversity is similar; however, in the eastern area, while K. flavicollis is differentiated only at the population level, the genus Reticulitermes comprises at least six entities of specific and/or subspecific level. This discrepancy may be explained by taking into account the different evolutionary histories of the two taxa.
Variation in actual relationship as a consequence of Mendelian sampling and linkage
Authors: HILL W.G. , WEIR B.S. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryAlthough the expected relationship or proportion of genome shared by pairs of relatives can be obtained from their pedigrees, the actual quantities deviate as a consequence of Mendelian sampling and depend on the number of chromosomes and map length. Formulae have been published previously for the variance of actual relationship for a number of specific types of relatives but no general formula for non-inbred individuals is available. We provide here a unified framework that enables the variances for distant relatives to be easily computed, showing, for example, how the variance of sharing for great grandparent–great grandchild, great uncle–great nephew, half uncle–nephew and first cousins differ, even though they have the same expected relationship. Results are extended in order to include differences in map length between sexes, no recombination in males and sex linkage. We derive the magnitude of skew in the proportion shared, showing the skew becomes increasingly large the more distant the relationship. The results obtained for variation in actual relationship apply directly to the variation in actual inbreeding as both are functions of genomic coancestry, and we show how to partition the variation in actual inbreeding between and within families. Although the variance of actual relationship falls as individuals become more distant, its coefficient of variation rises, and so, exacerbated by the skewness, it becomes increasingly difficult to distinguish different pedigree relationships from the actual fraction of the genome shared.
In vitroinduction of lymph node cell proliferation by mouse bone marrow dendritic cells following stimulation with differentEchinococcus multilocularisantigens
Authors: Margos M.C. , Grandgirard D. , Leib S. , Gottstein Bruno 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe immune response of mice experimentally infected withEchinococcus multilocularismetacestodes becomes impaired so as to allow parasite survival and proliferation. Our study tackled the question on how different classes ofE. multilocularisantigens (crude vesicular fluid (VF); purified proteinic rec-14-3-3; purified carbohydrate Em2(G11)) are involved in the maturation process of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and subsequent exposure to lymph node (LN) cells. In our experiments, we used BMDCs cultivated from either naïve (control) or alveolar echinococcosis (AE)-infected C57BL/6 mice. We then tested surface markers (CD80, CD86, MHC class II) and cytokine expression levels (interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12p40 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α) of non-stimulated BMDCs versus BMDCs stimulated with different Em-antigens or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). While LPS and rec-14-3-3-antigen were able to induce CD80, CD86 and (to a lower extent) MHC class II surface expression, Em2(G11) and, strikingly, also VF-antigen failed to do so. Similarly, LPS and rec-14-3-3 yielded elevated IL-12, TNF-α and IL-10 expression levels, while Em2(G11) and VF-antigen didn't. When naïve BMDCs were loaded with VF-antigen, they induced a strong non-specific proliferation of uncommitted LN cells. For both, BMDCs or LN cells, isolated from AE-infected mice, proliferation was abrogated. The most striking difference, revealed by comparing naïve with AE-BMDCs, was the complete inability of LPS-stimulated AE-BMDCs to activate lymphocytes from any LN cell group. Overall, the presenting activity of BMDCs from AE-infected mice seemed to trigger unresponsiveness in T cells, especially in the case of VF-antigen stimulation, thus contributing to the suppression of clonal expansion during the chronic phase of AE infection.
Outcome and relative cost of transoral removal of submandibular calculi
Authors: Shashinder S , Morton R P , Ahmad Z 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:To examine the outcomes and treatment cost of transoral removal of submandibular calculi, and to compare the outcomes and costs of other reported techniques.Method:Retrospective review of 60 consecutive patients undergoing transoral removal of submandibular calculi. All clinical, operative, post-operative and follow-up data were collated and outcomes analysed.Results:A total of 61 submandibular glands were treated by the transoral approach. Patients with multiple stones (p = 0.034) and stones in the proximal submandibular duct (p = 0.0028) were at greater risk of requiring submandibular gland excision, compared with patients with single stones and stones in the distal duct, respectively. There was a significant difference between the gland preservation rate during the first versus the second half of the study (p = 0.028). Larger calculi were significantly more likely to be seen in the proximal duct (p < 0.001). The mean operating time (28 minutes) and length of hospital stay for transoral removal of submandibular calculi was much less than those for other treatment techniques.
An unusual myofibroblastic proliferation of the pinna
Authors: Rowan C , Farboud A , Mitchard J , Trinidade A 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntroduction:Myofibrosis of the ear is rare. Myofibromas are mesenchymal tumours which usually present in infancy but have been reported sporadically in adults.Objective:To present a rare case of trauma as a cause of pinnal myofibrosis.Design and method:Case report. A 29-year-old soldier suffered repeated trauma from helmet wear and sports, and presented to our clinic with an exquisitely painful lump in the anti-helix of the pinna.Results:The lump was excised uneventfully. Pathology revealed a reactive myofibroblastic proliferation which, given the history of trauma, raised the possibility of a florid cellular repair process. The main differential diagnosis was myofibroma. Immunohistochemistry was used to exclude other possible causes.Conclusion:No similar case has previously been reported. The aetiology of myofibroma is unclear, but repeated trauma may be a trigger. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis are recommended when the diagnosis is ambivalent.
Normal subgroups of diffeomorphism and homeomorphism groups of ℝn and other open manifolds
Authors: SCHWEITZER, S. J. PAUL A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe determine all the normal subgroups of the group of Cr diffeomorphisms of ℝn, 1≤r≤∞, except when r=n+1 or n=4, and also of the group of homeomorphisms of ℝn ( r=0). We also study the group A0 of diffeomorphisms of an open manifold M that are isotopic to the identity. If M is the interior of a compact manifold with non-empty boundary, then the quotient of A0 by the normal subgroup of diffeomorphisms that coincide with the identity near to a given end e of M is simple.
Badly approximable numbers and Littlewood-type problems
Authors: BUGEAUD YANN , MOSHCHEVITIN NIKOLAY 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe establish that the set of pairs (α, β) of real numbers such that

where ‖ · ‖ denotes the distance to the nearest integer, has full Hausdorff dimension in R2. Our proof rests on a method introduced by Peres and Schlag, that we further apply to various Littlewood-type problems.
On statistical attractors and the convergence of time averages
Authors: KARABACAK ÖZKAN , ASHWIN PETER 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThere are various notions of attractor in the literature, including measure (Milnor) attractors and statistical (Ilyashenko) attractors. In this paper we relate the notion of statistical attractor to that of the essential ω-limit set and prove some elementary results about these. In addition, we consider the convergence of time averages along trajectories. Ergodicity implies the convergence of time averages along almost all trajectories for all continuous observables. For non-ergodic systems, time averages may not exist even for almost all trajectories. However, averages of some observables may converge; we characterize conditions on observables that ensure convergence of time averages even in non-ergodic systems.
Valuations of Somos 4 sequences and canonical local heights on elliptic curves
Authors: UCHIDA YUKIHIRO 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSomos 4 sequences are sequences of numbers defined by a bilinear recurrence relation of order 4 and include elliptic divisibility sequences as a special case. In this paper, we describe valuations of Somos 4 sequences in terms of canonical local heights on the associated elliptic curves. We consider both Archimedean and non-Archimedean valuations. As applications, we study the asymptotic behaviour of valuations of Somos 4 sequences and obtain another proof of the integrality of certain Somos 4 sequences.
The diphtheria vaccine debacle of 1940 that ushered in comprehensive childhood immunization in the United Kingdom
Authors: MORTIMER P. P. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYIn January 1940 British Ministry of Health circular 1307 proposed the introduction of mass childhood diphtheria immunization. This was a policy reversal after a decade during which opportunities for diphtheria prophylaxis were ignored, or resisted on grounds of cost. Diphtheria toxoid was to be the first of many centrally funded childhood immunizations in the UK and it set a pattern that has now held good for over 70 years. The circumstances in 1940 were particularly fortuitous, and diphtheria toxoid has since given successive generations of children a lifetime's protection from the disease; but difficulties have been experienced in introducing and evaluating some of the more recent immunizations, and in maintaining and justifying them in the face of parental scepticism and academic or pressure-group opposition, however ill-founded this may have been. The task of decision-making with regard to new candidate vaccines demands a careful balancing against the costs of the expected benefits during the recipient's lifespan.
Dynamics in children and adolescents who experience varicella zoster virus infections after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a case-control study
Authors: AYTAÇ S. , YALÇIN S. S. , KÜÇÜKBAYRAK Ö. , ÇETİN M. , UÇKAN D. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYWe evaluated the incidence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infections, including herpes zoster (HZ), and investigated the associated risk factors for HZ and compared lymphocyte subsets of these patients at 1, 3 and 6 months following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in a case-control study in children and adolescents. The incidence of HZ infection at the first year after HSCT was 17/125 (13·6%). The cumulative incidence of HZ infection was 22/125 (17·6%). Sixteen (73%) cases with HZ and 11 (32%) cases in the control group had a diagnosis of malignant disorder. No significant difference was noted between the HZ group and the control group in absolute lymphocyte number and subsets (except WBC) at the pre-transplant evaluation. Pre-transplant WBC count was statistically lower in the HZ group (P<0·05). The CD4/CD8 ratios were lower in the HZ group during the first 6 months after HSCT, and the decrease was statistically significant at 6 months compared to the control group. In conclusion, patients undergoing HSCT for a malignant disorder had a significantly higher risk of VZV infection than those with non-malignant disorders and pretransplant donor characteristics were not helpful in predicting risk of post-transplant VZV infection.