bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Crux of the Matter in Achieving a Stable Niger Delta – A Case Study
Authors: Ike I. A. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Petroleum production is the most important economic activity in Nigeria, yielding substantial returns to the government, corporate entities and individuals both locally and internationally. It is a truism that the industry would have been able to yield more to all concern but for the prevalent social unrest. To address this issue, government and operating firms in recent times have taken some pragmatic and impressive steps. The government's amnesty program stands tall in this regard. On the part of some firms, crisis management and social responsibility have been accorded so much importance that, for example, they are now handled under a separate and specific department with a direct representation at the board.
The problem in the Niger Delta cannot be said to be over at the moment even with the aforementioned positive developments. To hope for a complete and a lasting solution, the efforts of the key players must take particular cognizance of the social structure. From personal experience in the course of the national youth service in a typical Niger Delta community, this writer believes that the bane of development in the Niger Delta and consequently the cause of its instability is the failure of formal and informal education to meet the challenge of the society which is manifested in crippling truancy as a result of student's involvement in economic activities at the expense of formal education, formidable organized examination malpractices, obnoxious students' indiscipline and teenage pregnancy. The writer charts a solution path that is practical and focused on correcting the fundamental social ills as a sure means of stabilizing and developing the region while enhancing the activities of the oil industry.
The Impact of Sand Control Techniques on the Efficiency of Horizontal Wells
Authors: Joseph A. , Arinze U. , Ajienka J. A , Ikeh L 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT
The production of formation sand into a well is one of the oldest problems plaguing the oil and gas industry. This is because of its adverse effects on the well productivity and equipment. In order to ensure safe operation of facilities, reduce formation damage and enhance productivity, operators spend millions of dollars on sand control techniques. Some of the most common sand exclusion techniques used for horizontal completions in Niger Delta include: the open-hole gravel pack (OHGP), stand-alone screens (SAS) and expandable sand screen (ESS).
This work involves a comparative analysis of the different horizontal sand exclusion techniques. In this work, evaluating the impact of sand control techniques on the production performance in horizontal wells is evaluated. Some performance indicator tools such as the well inflow quality indicator (WIQI), performance efficiency, completion efficiency, quantity of sand produced and the production decline rate after installation of the sand control technique was used to compare the flow performance of wells equipped with these sand control techniques. The analysis involves the use of analytical models and software using the principle of nodal analysis. For the Nodal analysis, the effect of skin, reservoir pressure, gravel pack length and gravel pack permeability was investigated on the performance of the gravel pack and stand-alone screen completions techniques only. The results showed that, the expandable sand screen proved to be a better sand exclusion technique in terms of performance followed by stand-alone screens and then the open-hole gravel pack.
The Strategic Aggregator and Securitization of Gas Sales Agreements – The Nigerian Experience
Authors: Odizuru-Abangwu I. N , Okoronkwo V. I. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
One of the many challenges facing the energy sector in Nigeria is the lack of securitization of the Gas Sales and Purchase agreements (GSPA). Simply put, the GSPA's are non-bankable and do not have any offtake or payment guarantees (even without Take or Pay clauses, the contracts can still be enforceable in law)
Given the role of gas in the Nigerian energy mix, this becomes an important issue that must be addressed for future viability of the gas sector. Gas, unlike oil as a commodity, cannot be stored for a long time after production and hence requires long-term gas supply commitments with off take and payments guarantees to be able to secure financing and make the investment decisions.
One aspect of securitization of the gas commercial agreements is the use of Take or Pay clauses to ensure revenue flow to the suppliers. This ensures long-term commitment on both the suppliers and buyers' sides and hence, provides the basis for investment decisions.
The other aspect is the use of either Sovereign Guarantees or Partial Risk Guarantees granted by the World Bank to ensure project viability. l The PRG scheme which basically ensures that GSPA's are backed by credible instruments backstopped by the World Bank.. This article analyzes this scheme and its role in the securitization of gas agreements in the Nigerian energy industry.
Total Asset Surveillance and Management
Authors: Wokoma E. , Okuns G. , Idachaba F. E. , Edghill P. , Pickburn A. , Ashion O. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This paper presents the report of a pipeline intruder detection system using the Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) based Distributed Vibration Sensor technology (DVS). A 12 km optic fiber cable was buried under a 0.9m thick slab of concrete buried 1.6m deep along an SPDC 18" pipeline within the pipeline right of way (ROW). The application of the OTDR was to detect some predefined types of intrusion (walking, digging, driving, etc.,) normally associated with vandalism and bunkering activities along the pipeline ROW. The system was able to identify with sufficient signal clarity; the footsteps of a man weighing about 80kg walking up to 3m near the buried sensor, digging activities at about 3m away from the optic fiber cable, a moving herd of cattle crossing the pipeline ROW from 15m to the ROW, the presence of a wheeled 4x4 vehicle 10m away from the buried cable and a 5 ton truck 50m away from the cable was also detected. The results were displayed on a graphical user interface with different colour codes for each intrusion event or category. The system was found to be able to detect the different possible types of intrusion activities prevalent around pipelines. The concrete slab was found to have minimal effect on the sensitivity of the optic fiber with respect to its ability to detect intrusion activities up to 5m from the optic fiber cable, but for areas without the concrete slab, the system sensitivity much better, hence the received intrusion signal strength was found to be very high. This system can be deployed along our pipeline ROW to provide intrusion detection for SPDC pipelines and provide an early warning system for malicious intents on the pipelines.
Effect of Salinity Changes of the Injected Water on Water Flooding Performance In Carbonate Reserviors
Authors: Idowu Jiboku , Somerville Jim , Adebari Deola , Meshioye Oluwafisayo 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT
Water flooding is a promising oil recovery mechanism, which has inherent potentials to recover more oil from the reservoir. Quite unfortunately, the mechanism has been under utilized due to improper consideration of quality of water to be injected. The quantity of water injected into the reservoir has always been of interest to the Engineer, until recently when they became interested in the quality. They soon discovered that if proper consideration is given to the quality of the ionic composition of the injected water by lowering its TDS, oil recovery can be greatly enhanced, and residual oil saturation immensely reduced (Tang and Morrow 1999). Its evidences in the literature are undisputable. Lowering the salinity or TDS of injected water results in lowering the oil-rock capillary pressure, reduction in oil-water interfacial tension, and finally a change in the relative permeability, which results into a wettability change, usually to a mixed-wet or water-wet state.
This project aims at determining the impact of low salinity water flooding on oil recovery in a carbonate reservoir in the Middle East. It was decided to use ECLIPSE and an analytical solution as methodologies for solving the problem.
Quite interestingly, ECLIPSE was not able to predict increase in oil recovery due to non- dependence of salt concentration on relative permeability in the model.
The analytical solution predicted an oil recovery of about 9% FOE, with an additional oil volume of three million and seventy-six thousand barrels (3,076,000 STB) to be recovered at the surface.
This increased the worth of the company by one hundred and twenty three million, and sixty-four thousand Dollars ($123,064,000), when a pessimistic oil price of $40/barrel is used.
Indeed, it is a cost effective oil recovery mechanism with little or no investment cost. It is however recommended to inject water in the range of 1500ppm or lower.
Investigation of Fracture Ballooning and Breathing in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs: Effect of Fracture Deformation Law
Authors: Pordel Shahri M. , Zeyghami M. , Majidi R. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Borehole ballooning-breathing is the term used to describe reversible mud losses and gains during drilling operations. In naturally fractured reservoirs borehole ballooning-breathing caused by opening/closing of natural fractures is the major mechanism of this phenomenon.
An accurate model of the fracture-induced ballooning-breathing phenomenon could provide an aid in mud optimization and improve the well control procedures while drilling in naturally fractured reservoirs. Using this model, the hydraulic aperture of conductive fractures can also be obtained by continuous monitoring of mud losses and gains. Different models have been developed recently discussing this phenomenon. Each of these models considered some special conditions and investigated the effect of different parameters.
This paper first discusses the previous models of fracture ballooning in detail. Then a new model is developed for radial flow of mud with Yield-Power-Law (Herschel-Bulkley) rheology in a single isolated deformable horizontal circular fracture. In this model exponential deformation law is used for fracture deformation, which is more realistic than the simplified linear deformation law. Also, this model is developed for both fracture ballooning and breathing phenomena.
From the developed model it is concluded that cumulative loss in the case of exponential deformations less than that of linear deformation during fracture ballooning. This difference is due to pressure distribution in both cases. The pressure builds up faster for exponential deformation due to higher transmibility of the fracture. Different conditions are discussed in detail which could help in better understanding of the factors controlling borehole
ballooning-breathing during drilling operation. Shortcomings of the developed modeling approach are outlined.
Production Logging in Open Hole Completions
Authors: Nnoaham Ikechukwu , Anyaehie James , Akam Somadina , Ekeigwe Augustine 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Production logging was carried out on the well with the dual objectives of determining the producibility of the shaly intervals of the reservoir where the Nuclear Magnetic resonance (NMR) logs showed indications of mobile fluid and to determining the possibility of cross flow across the sub-units of the reservoir. The PLT assembly deployed consisted of spinner, capacitance, temperature and pressure sensors. The spinner readings were used in computing the total flow rates (QT) which were used in the qualitative interpretation of results.
Due to the fact that the well was completed with expandable sand screens as sand control mechanism, it was difficult to qualitatively analyse the temperature and pressure data. However, a qualitative interpretation of the computed total flow rates (QT) indicates that the some subunits, which had better sand quality, were contributing to flow. On the contrary, flow could not be established in the other sand members. The test also revealed that zonal contributions can clearly be established if the well is flown at higher flow rates.
It is recommended that future production logging tests on wells aimed at establishing zonal inflow contributions should be flown at maximum flowrates in order to establish the producibility while tests on wells completed with expandable sand screens aimed at identifying zones of gas inflow using temperature data are strongly not recommended.
Rock Typing and Generalization of Permeability- Porosity Relationship for an Iranian Carbonate Gas Reservoir
Authors: Shabaninejad M. , Bagheripour haghighi M. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Reservoir characterization methods are very important as they provide a better description of the storage and flow capacities of a hydrocarbon reservoir; moreover it plays crucial role in reservoir simulation models. Carbonate reservoirs show challenges to engineers and geologists to characterize because of their tendency to be tight and generally heterogeneous due to depositional and diagenetic processes.
Among the various quantitative rock- typing techniques presented in the literature, the hydraulic flow unit method (RQI/FZI) is more widely used. ‘D’ is a main carbonate formation for one of the giant gas reservoir in Iran. In this study, available routine core data from four wells are assembled to develop improved generalized permeability porosity relationship for characterize ‘D’ formation by (HFU) concept.
For this purpose, three wells are considered to develop HFU transforms for ‘D’ formation. Correlation accuracy of each discrete rock type (DRT) was very good (R2&gt;0.9) for horizontal permeability. Then all data from different wells were combined to determine generalized porosity permeability relationship for ‘D’ formation. This transform was tested for its accuracy on available core data of fourth well which exist in the same formation. Calculated permeability data by HFU technique matched very well with the routine core data which confirm the accuracy of generalized HFU transform. In the same manner, generalized vertical permeability relationship was developed for ‘D’ formation and tested for its accuracy
Application of Near Neutral Pickling Fluid in Workover Riser Pickling and Fishing Operation in the Niger Delta: Case Histories
Authors: Oladiipo Abiodun , Mofunlewi Samuel , Bankole Abidemi 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The many purposes and benefits of tubing pickling include iron control, scale removal, sludge prevention, removal of damaging pipe dope, asphaltene or paraffin deposit, elimination of spent acid, prevention of sulphur species deposition, improvement in stimulation and reduction in overall treatment cost.
Corrosive hydrochloric or acetic acid is the common pickling solution. Additionally they often contain hazardous organic solvent and surfactant to remove asphaltene or wax deposit and pipe damaging dope residue. The major problem of acid based system is safety concern as pickle acid systems are classified as hazardous materials before pickling and upon return to the surface after treatment. The near neutral pickling fluid is an environmentally favourable derusting fluid which has the capability of reacting with rust, mill scale and steel substrate producing a protective phosphate film that coats the metal surface to provide a corrosion protection through passivity mechanisms.
Near neutral pickling fluid has been successfully applied in some workover risers in the Niger Delta at low seabed temperature. Results of the applications are very impressive and these shall be discussed in this paper. Also to be discussed is the application of the near neutral fluid in the fishing of a 2-3/8″PXN plug which got stuck at the XN-nipple in an old tubing making it impossible to set an A-5 dual completion parker. All previous attempts to retrieve the fish for over 72 hours had failed but the fish (23ft long) was recovered with slick line after soaking well with the near neutral fluid over night.
Comparing the Effects of Pipe Diameter on Flow Capacity of CO2 Pipeline
Authors: Ikeh L , Race J. M , Aminu A. G 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
As carbon capture and storage (CCS) is considered as one of the options for reducing atmospheric emissions of CO2 from human activities and the environment, there are needs to examine the role that a pipeline infrastructure for CCS could play in reducing the CO2 emissions, and the possible development of pathways for a CCS pipeline connecting the source with appropriate sink. In the cost estimation of the CO2 transport, the pipeline diameter plays an important role in optimizing the CO2 to enable the storage of several millions of tonnes of CO2 per year. This paper examines the modelling of a straight pipe segment carrying pure CO2 with impurities and evaluate the effects of different pipe diameter on flow capacity using a pipeline hydraulic simulator. PIPESYS is an integrated flow simulator that allows the modelling of a single and multiphase static and dynamic flow for pipeline hydraulics. This is done by maintaining the inlet parameters (Pressure, Temperature, and mass flow rate) and a pressure drop at a range of length. The process includes using the Peng Robinson (PR) Equation of State and the Beggs and Brills-Moody pressure drop correlation to calculate the PVT behaviour and flow regime respectively. Also, artificial neural networks(ANN) using MATLAB was employed to train and verified the data obtained. The results shows that the models can be used effectively to determine and predict the effects of pipe diameter to flow capacity of CO2 pipelines.
Experimental Studies of Sand Production from Unconsolidated Sandstone Niger-Delta Petroleum Reservoir
Authors: Adeyanju O. A , Oyekunle L. O. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Sand production from Nigeria's Niger-Delta oil and gas reservoir has been simulated with a physical model. The model can accommodates both unconsolidated and consolidated sandstone cores. The objective was to determine the ability of using the flow rate to control the production of sand. Results show that the sand production is both affected by the flow rates, the confining pressure, the drawdown and the viscosity of the formation fluid.
High sand-free flow rates can be achieved if the sand formation is mechanically confined (compacted). The grain size distribution of the produced sand in the laboratory is identical to that of the field sample. At high confining pressure only small sand sizes are produced from the porous medium. In case of water and light crude oil sand production can be controlled by managing the flow rate while it is impossible to control sand production from heavy crude oil formation by managing the flow rate alone. According to the confining pressure results, shallow formation results in larger sand production than those in deeper wells.
Hydrocarbon and Mineral Exploration Using Thermoluminescence and Cathodoluminescence
Authors: Alimuddin Sultan , Shah Nihar , Gandhi Kanan , Satyam Swapnil 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
This paper relates to the method of exploration for hydrocarbons and minerals in particular by using artificial and natural thermoluminescence and cathodoluminescence analysis methods.
Luminescence is the emission of light from a solid which is excited by some form of energy. Thermoluminescence is the phenomenon of emission of light caused by thermal activation of trapped excess electrons and their corresponding electron deficient sites. Generally quartz, carbonates (calcite and dolomite) and the feldspar groups determine thermoluminescent properties. Here the possibilities of application of artificial Thermoluminescence to determine the proximity of a core sample to a Hydrocarbon reserve are reviewed. The advantages of using thermoluminescence after geophysical exploration is to pinpoint the exact location of Hydrocarbon and Minerals reserve. In Cathodoluminescence the excitation of electrons is achieved by electron beam. Here we see how Cathodoluminescence can be used to know the petro physical properties of the sample, which will in future aid to the knowledge of accurate characterization of reservoir.
Nowadays Geophysical way of exploration is used worldwide. In this process mainly we do seismic surveys and based on their travel time an approximate image of the subsurface is generated. Thermoluminescence and Cathodoluminescence can complement the exploration by geophysical prospecting and can add certainty to locate the zone of interest. Thus more accuracy and precision are achieved by bridging geophysical analysis with logging data. Sensitivity of Thermoluminescence and Cathodoluminescence have also been covered here. Mineral and Hydrocarbon exploration both can be done side by side. Hence it can help link Oil and Gas Company with mineral exploration company and reduce cost of exploration. Thus here we aim to assemble past ideas and invention, current works on the topic in the fields and future scope of the methods proposed here for exploration.
Impact of Impermeable Shale Streaks on Production
Authors: Uguru C. I. , Obiuwevbi H. A. , Oni J. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The presence of intra-reservoir shales in reservoirs otherwise thought of as homogeneous plays a key role in reservoir production performance. The presence of these shales effectively subdivides these reservoirs into different flow units. These shales impede vertical flow across the flow units of the reservoir thereby resulting in bypassed hydrocarbon. It has become necessary to review well completion strategy to target every identifiable flow zone in a reservoir in order to optimise hydrocarbon recovery.
Examples provided in this paper were drawn from a brown field with over forty years of active production. The completion strategy applied to these reservoirs played an important part in the hydrocarbon recovery. An established analytical method for predicting permeability (and the ratios of horizontal to vertical permeability) already in use in Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) in Nigeria was used to validate acquired saturation logs. In addition, production data from wells were used in confirming the procedure.
Modelling System Failures of Electric Submersible Pumps in Sand Producing Wells
Authors: Kalu-Ulu T. C , Andrawus J. A , George I. P. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Electrical Submersible Pumps (ESPs) are used to boost production in hydrocarbon and enhance investment recovery in the oil and gas industry is affected by solid particles. Sanding reduces the integrity and reliability of ESPs with enormous consequences. Better knowledge of the performance of Electric Submersible pumps in sand producing well through system failure modelling ensures effective planning and good operational philosophy. Life-failure-data were collated and analysed in this paper using Weibull Distribution to determine the shape (β) and the scale (ή) parameters of ESP system components. The system failure mode analysis carried out highlighted the failure patterns of ESPs. Mechanical based failure components displayed constant failure pattern while electrical based failure components displayed decreasing failure pattern.
A simple Reliability Block Diagram is designed to model the system failure. This is simulated to ascertain the reliability, availability and maintainability of ESPs in sand prone wells.