bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrenchment for Event-B: UseCase-wise development and Rodin integration
Authors: Banach Richard 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
UseCase-wise Development, an ‘Agile Method’ which introduces functionality into an application stage by stage, with each stage being carried through (ideally) to implementation before the next is considered, is examined with a view to its being treated via an Event-B methodology. The need to modify top level behaviour in a non-skip way precludes its naive treatment via Event-B refinement, and paves the way for the use of retrenchment in an Event-B context. An Event-B formulation of retrenchment aligned to the practicalities of the Rodin toolset is described. The details of refinement/retrenchment interworking needed to handle UseCase-wise development are outlined, and three small case studies are discussed. The details of the integration of the retrenchment proposal into Rodin are outlined.
Mammographic Determination of Breast Volume by Elliptical Cone Estimation
Authors: Fung James T. K. , Chan Sharon W. W. , Chiu Annie N. K. , Cheung Polly S. Y. , Lam S. H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackgroundWe propose a new breast volume calculation method, treating the breast as an elliptical cone on craniocaudal and medial–lateral‐oblique mammograms. This study aims to compare the accuracy and reproducibility of this proposed calculation method to the old Katariya method, which calculates breast volume as a circular cone on the craniocaudal mammogram only.Materials and methodsFrom January 2005 to December 2006, 83 mastectomy patients with recorded breast weight and available preoperative mammographic films were included in the present study. Two surgeons independently measured breast height and width on the preoperative craniocaudal and medial–lateral‐oblique mammograms. Breast volume was calculated as a circular cone in the craniocaudal view, and as an elliptical cone in both the craniocaudal and the medial–lateral‐oblique mammograms. The accuracy of each method was determined and compared by linear regression analyses. Interobserver variability was assessed by bivariate correlation.ResultsThe most accurate formula for calculating breast volume was the one that assumed the elliptical cone projection. The mean error of estimated breast volume using the elliptical cone (EC) formula is 3.8 cm3 (standard deviation [SD] = 133 cm3). The mean error of traditional circular cone (CC) formula is −51.3 cm3 (SD = 182 cm3). From a linear regression model, the correlation coefficient of estimated breast volume using EC formula measured 0.977, whereas that using the CC formula measured 0.952 (Fig. 1). Measurements were reproducible between the two independent observers; the Pearson correlation for the EC formula is 0.93 (p < 0.001), and that for the CC formula is 0.95 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsBreast volume can be accurately determined from measurements made on mammograms. The proposed EC formula calculating breast volume on both the craniocaudal and the medial–lateral‐oblique mammograms may be more accurate, as the horizontal and vertical dimensions of the breast are not always the same. In addition, height measurement on the medial–lateral‐oblique film can eliminate the compression error as the craniocaudal film may miss the base of the breast and underestimate the breast volume. Taking both mammogram views for measurement is comparably reproducible to the traditional method. Reproducibility of measurement can be further enhanced by better defining the point of measurements.
Risk Factors and Causes of Death in MEN1 Disease. A GTE (Groupe d’Etude des Tumeurs Endocrines) Cohort Study Among 758 Patients
Authors: Goudet Pierre , Murat Arnaud , Binquet Christine , Cardot‐Bauters Christine , Costa Annie , Ruszniewski Philippe , Niccoli Patricia , Ménégaux Fabrice , Chabrier Georges , Borson‐Chazot Françoise , Tabarin Antoine , Bouchard Philippe , Delemer Brigitte , Beckers Alfred , Bonithon‐Kopp Claire 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe natural history of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is known through single‐institution or single‐family studies. We aimed to analyze the risk factors and causes of death in a large cohort of MEN1 patients.MethodsOverall, 758 symptomatic MEN1 patients were identified through the GTE network (Groupe d’étude des Tumeurs Endocrines), which involves French and Belgian genetics laboratories responsible for MEN1 diagnosis and 80 clinical reference centers. The causes of death were analyzed. A frailty model, including time‐dependent variables, was used to assess the impact of each clinical lesion, except for hyperparathyroidism, on survival.ResultsThe median follow‐up was 6.3 years. Female gender, family history of MEN1, and recent diagnosis were associated with a lower risk of death. Compared with nonaffected patients, those with thymic tumors (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.64, 95% CI = 1.73‐12.41), glucagonomas–vipomas–somatostatinomas (HR = 4.29, 95% CI = 1.54‐11.93), nonfunctioning pancreatic tumors (HR = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.71‐6.88), and gastrinoma (HR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.09‐3.25) had a higher risk of death after adjustment for age, gender, and diagnosis period. The increased risk of death among patients with adrenal tumors was not significant, but three patients died from aggressive adrenal tumors. Pituitary tumors, insulinomas, and bronchial tumors did not increase the risk of death. The proportion of MEN1‐related deaths decreased from 76.8 to 71.4% after 1990.ConclusionsThe prognosis of MEN1 disease has improved since 1980. Thymic tumors and duodenopancreatic tumors, including nonsecreting pancreatic tumors, increased the risk of death. Rare but aggressive adrenal tumors may also cause death. Most deaths were related to MEN1. New recommendations on abdominal and thoracic imaging are required.
A Tale of Two Celts
Authors: Wheeler Malcolm H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe eponym “Graves’ disease” is usually applied to the condition of immunogenic hyperthyroidism, in no small part due to the promotion and influence of the French physician Armand Trousseau who wrote in 1862, “Du Goître Exophthalmique, ou Maladie de Graves.” However, the distinguished Bath physician Caleb Hillier Parry, a friend of both Edward Jenner and John Hunter, first described the clinical picture of thyrotoxicosis associated with exophthalmos and cardiac dysfunction in a paper published posthumously in 1825, some 10 years before Robert Graves’ initial report. Graves was unaware of Parry’s earlier description and considered that the thyroid condition in the four female cases that he studied might be secondary to functional cardiac disorders and palpitations. The many outstanding contributions to medicine and science of Parry and Graves, two truly remarkable nineteenth century Celtic physicians, are compared and discussed. A case is made for considering the renaming of immunogenic hyperthyroidism as Parry’s disease, a proposal made by Sir William Osler, who was the first to recognise Parry’s claim for priority for the recognition of exophthalmic goitre.
Vaccines for immunological control of fertility
Authors: Gupta Satish K. , Bansal Pankaj 
Published: November 2009

AbstractVaccines have been proposed as one of the strategies for population control. Immunocontraceptive vaccines can be designed to inhibit: (1) production of gametes (sperm and egg); (2) functions of gametes, leading to blocking of fertilization; and (3) gamete outcome (pregnancy). Immunization with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone coupled to different carriers has shown curtailment in the production of sperm with concomitant infertility in various species. Immunization of nonhuman primates and men with ovine follicle stimulating hormone has also resulted in reduced sperm output. Various spermatozoa‐specific proteins such as FA1, PH‐20, LDH‐C4, SP‐10, SP‐17, sp56, SPAG9, and Izumo have been proposed as candidate antigens to develop contraceptive vaccines, which have shown efficacy in inhibiting fertility in different animal models. Immunization with zona pellucida glycoproteins‐based immunogens also results in curtailment of fertility in a variety of species. However, ways to overcome the observed oophoritis associated with zona proteins immunization have yet to be discovered, a necessary step before their proposal for control of human population. Nonetheless, this is a very promising approach to control wildlife animal population. Phase II clinical trials of β‐human chorionic gonadotropin‐based vaccine in women have established the proof of principle that it is possible to inhibit fertility without any untoward side‐effects by vaccination. Further scientific inputs are required to increase the efficacy of contraceptive vaccines and establish their safety beyond doubt, before they can become applicable for control of fertility in humans.
Weighting methods in multi-attribute assessment of transport projects
Authors: Delle Site Paolo , Filippi Francesco 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The paper considers the application to transport project assessment of multi-attribute value theory (MAVT). The aim is to compare the results of three weighting methods which are used in MAVT: ratio with swings, Saaty scale with swings, and trade-off. An experiment is set up for a decision problem relating to a public transport project. A sample of individuals is asked to provide judgments according to the three methods. The weights obtained by ratio with swings and by Saaty scale with swings show a high correlation, while weights obtained by each of these methods show a low correlation with trade-off. The weight attached to the cost attribute is higher in trade-off, which is implemented as pricing out, than in the other methods; two explanations for this result are proposed: the compatibility principle and loss aversion. The paper also provides insight on how the attributes of transport project alternatives should be described by indicators so that individuals can attach a value to them.
Pressure pain threshold mapping of the trapezius muscle reveals heterogeneity in the distribution of muscular hyperalgesia after eccentric exercise
Authors: Binderup Asbjørn T. , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Madeleine Pascal 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study aimed at investigating in details the spatial characteristics of muscular hyperalgesia after development of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in the trapezius muscle. High density pressure pain mapping consisting of 36 pain pressure threshold (PPT) recording points were assessed over the trapezius muscle from 20 subjects. PPT were recorded before, immediately after and 24 h after eccentric exercise/rest for the exercise group (N = 10) and the control group (N = 10). A 36 points geometric grid was used on both the exercise and control groups. The eccentric exercise used to elicit DOMS consisted of 50 contractions against a downward pressing force at 100% maximum voluntary contraction in bouts of 10 contractions followed by 2 min break. For the exercise group, PPT values decreased significantly over time for all points (P < 0.001) but not for the control group. At baseline, both muscle belly sites and upper part of the trapezius were more sensitive than muscle belly sites and middle and lower parts (P < 0.001 for both). The hyperalgesia was also mostly developed in the muscle belly sites (P < 0.001), further enhancing its position as the most sensitive part of the muscle. The present results showed the topographical distribution of pressure pain sensitivity over the trapezius muscle and also that hyperalgesia developed in a heterogeneous manner over the trapezius muscle in response to eccentric exercise underlining sensory partitioning of the muscle. The technique of high density pressure pain topographical mappings can be helpful in characterizing muscle hyperalgesia and its heterogeneity.
The combined impact of plant-derived dietary ingredients and acute stress on the intestinal arachidonic acid cascade in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Oxley Anthony , Jolly Cecile , Eide Torunn , Jordal Ann-Elise O. , Svardal Asbjørn , Olsen Rolf-Erik 
Published: November 2009

A study was conducted to assess the effect of substituting high levels of dietary fish oil (FO) and fishmeal (FM) for vegetable oil (VO) and plant protein (PP) on the intestinal arachidonic acid (AA) cascade in the carnivorous fish species Atlantic salmon. Four diets were fed to salmon over a period of 12 months, including a control FMFO diet, with varying replacements of plant-derived ingredients: 80 % PP and 35 % VO; 40 % PP and 70 % VO; 80 % PP and 70 %VO. Subsequently, fish were examined pre- (0 h) and post- (1 h) acute stress for blood parameters and intestinal bioactive lipidic mediators of inflammation (prostaglandins). Plasma cortisol responses were greatest in the FMFO group, while 80 % PP and 70 % VO fish exhibited increased plasma chloride concentrations. Then-3:n-6 PUFA ratio in intestinal glycerophospholipids from 70 % VO groups significantly decreased in both proximal and distal regions due to elevated levels of 18 : 2n-6 and the elongation/desaturation products 20 : 2n-6 and 20 : 3n-6. Increases inn-6 PUFA were not concomitant with increased AA, although the AA:EPA ratio did vary significantly. The 40 % PP and 70 % VO diet produced the highest intestinal AA:EPA ratio proximally, which coincided with a trend in elevated levels of PGF2α, PGE2and 6-keto-PGF1αin response to stress. PGE2predominated over PGF2αand 6-keto-PGF1α(stable metabolite of PGI2) with comparable concentrations in both intestinal regions. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA expression was an order of magnitude higher in distal intestine, compared with proximal, and was significantly up-regulated following stress. Furthermore, the 80 % PP and 70 % VO diet significantly amplified proximal COX-2 induction post-stress. Results demonstrate that high replacements with plant-derived dietary ingredients can enhance COX-2 induction and synthesis of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids in the intestine of salmon in response to acute physiological stress.
Differential effect of high dietary fat intakes on haemorheological parameters in rats
Authors: Tai Cheng-Jeng , Chen Chao-Hsiang , Chen Hui-Hsin , Liang Hong-Jen 
Published: November 2009

High dietary intake of fats has been thought to be one of the major risk factors for the development of CVD. Less is known about the possible influence of fats from various sources on haemorheological abnormalities, which are considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The goal of the present study was to investigate effects of high-fat diets enriched in unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), SFA ortrans-fatty acids (TFA), respectively, on haemorheological parameters in rats. Wistar female rats were divided into four groups and fed diets based on the AIN-93M formulation containing approximately 10 % energy from soyabean oil (control group) or 40 % energy from soyabean oil (USFA), palm oil (SFA) and vegetable shortening (TFA) for 8 weeks. The results showed that rats fed high-fat diets exhibited significant increases in serum TAG levels (P < 0·01), plasma viscosity (P < 0·01), whole blood viscosity (P < 0·01) and internal viscosity (P < 0·01) compared to the controls. The TFA group showed a significant decrease in erythrocyte deformability (P < 0·01) and increase in internal viscosity (P < 0·01) compared with the other groups. In addition, a significant increase in blood levels of free radicals (P < 0·01) was found in the TFA group, suggesting that the attack of oxygen-free radicals could be responsible for the impaired erythrocyte deformability. These impairments could be partly responsible for the development of various circulatory disorders. The present haemorheological study provides additional insights into the potential adverse effects oftrans-fat and high-fat diets on haemorheological parameters.
Moderate Champagne consumption promotes an acute improvement in acute endothelial-independent vascular function in healthy human volunteers
Authors: Vauzour David , Houseman Emily J. , George Trevor W. , Corona Giulia , Garnotel Roselyne , Jackson Kim G. , Sellier Christelle , Gillery Philippe , Kennedy Orla B. , Lovegrove Julie A. , Spencer Jeremy P. E. 
Published: November 2009

Epidemiological studies have suggested an inverse correlation between red wine consumption and the incidence of CVD. However, Champagne wine has not been fully investigated for its cardioprotective potential. In order to assess whether acute and moderate Champagne wine consumption is capable of modulating vascular function, we performed a randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention trial. We show that consumption of Champagne wine, but not a control matched for alcohol, carbohydrate and fruit-derived acid content, induced an acute change in endothelium-independent vasodilatation at 4 and 8 h post-consumption. Although both Champagne wine and the control also induced an increase in endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity at 4 h, there was no significant difference between the vascular effects induced by Champagne or the control at any time point. These effects were accompanied by an acute decrease in the concentration of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), a significant decrease in plasma levels of oxidising species and an increase in urinary excretion of a number of phenolic metabolites. In particular, the mean total excretion of hippuric acid, protocatechuic acid and isoferulic acid were all significantly greater following the Champagne wine intervention compared with the control intervention. Our data suggest that a daily moderate consumption of Champagne wine may improve vascular performance via the delivery of phenolic constituents capable of improving NO bioavailability and reducing matrix metalloproteinase activity.
Spatio-temporal evolution of two-plasmon decay in homogeneous plasma
Authors: DIMITRIJEVIĆ D. R. , MALUCKOV A. A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA hydrodynamic model of two-plasmon decay in a homogeneous plasma slab near the quarter-critical density is utilized to study the spatio-temporal evolution of the daughter electron plasma waves in plasma in the course of the instability. The influence of laser and plasma parameters on the evolution of the amplitudes of the participating waves is discussed, assuming that the secondary coupling of two daughter electron plasma waves with an ion-acoustic wave is the principal mechanism of saturation of the instability. The impact of inherently non-resonant nature of this secondary coupling on the development of TPD is investigated for the first time and it is shown to significantly influence the electron plasma wave dynamics. Its inclusion leads to non-uniformity of the spatial profile of the instability and causes the burst-like pattern of the instability development, which should result in the burst-like hot-electron production in homogeneous plasma.
Magnetization of Rydberg plasmas by electromagnetic waves
Authors: MENDONÇA J. T. , SHUKLA NITIN , SHUKLA P. K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIt is shown that the ponderomotive force of a large-amplitude electromagnetic wave in Rydberg plasmas can generate quasi-stationary magnetic fields. The present result can account for the origin of seed magnetic fields in the ultracold Rydberg plasmas when they are irradiated by the high-frequency electromagnetic wave.
Effects of land abandonment and changing habitat structure on avian assemblages in upland pastures of Bulgaria
Authors: NIKOLOV STOYAN C. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryOver the past half century, grassland birds in Europe have declined dramatically and in order to maintain and restore their populations it is critical to understand how habitat structures and quality within pastures affect birds. This study investigated the effects of habitat structure and pasture abandonment on grassland birds in IBA Ponor, western Bulgaria. Birds were sampled using the point count method at 143 randomly located circular plots and a total of 1,401 observations of birds from 31 species were recorded. The results showed that habitat complexity, management and landscape position influenced bird community structure and species occurrence within the upland pastures. Extensively grazed pastures supported higher structural complexity of vegetation cover and higher bird-species richness and diversity compared with abandoned ones. Moreover, bird species with a preference for grazed rather than abandoned pastures had higher conservation status and most were associated with shrub cover. To maintain high levels of avian diversity, habitat complexity within pastures should be maintained through extensive grazing, to ensure availability of scrub vegetation wherever possible. Finally, this study provided evidence that agri-environmental schemes should not be directly extrapolated from one country or region to another without been tested first, because within the same management, differences in habitat structural characteristics may exist due to the landscape and socio-economic characteristics of the region.
The Literati and the Letters: A Few Words on the Turkish Alphabet Reform
Authors: MIGNON LAURENT 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper explores the varied reactions of the Turkish literati and intelligentsia to the adoption of the Roman script imposed by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1928. Though alphabet reform had been on the agenda for almost 75 years, few intellectuals and bureaucrats had been supportive of romanisation in the years preceding the move. However after the implementation of the reform, opponents remained silent or were seemingly converted. This article discusses the reasons behind the silence and conversion of the elites and the strategies of opposition developed by more radical defenders of the Ottoman script. Finally it records the impact of the reform on the literary world and literary historiography.
Politics of Romanisation in Azerbaijan (1921–1992)
Authors: ERGUN AYÇA 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWriting systems are used as, and considered to be, important tools and symbols of political discourses of their time. This article presents a historical overview of the alphabet changes in Azerbaijan and shows how the alphabets were associated with the discourses of modernisation, nationalism and national identity construction. In the early twentieth century, the discussion on the need to shift from the Arabic alphabet to the Roman was actually an extension of the wider debate on national identity and language coupled with the will to modernise and progress. In 1940, the Soviet regime imposed the shift from the Roman alphabet to the Cyrillic in a top-down manner. This change was neither negotiated nor discussed among the intellectuals and there was almost no room for the expression of critical views. With the introduction of glasnost and perestroika in the late 1980s, intellectuals started to question to what extent the Cyrillic alphabet and the Russian language could represent the Azerbaijani language, civilisation, and national identity. In 1991, Azerbaijan adopted the Roman alphabet. The case of Azerbaijan shows that alphabet changes are symbolic acts to deny and/or reject the previous political and cultural heritage and its legitimacy and tools for undermining its prominence in the new processes of transformation and change.
Romanisation in Uzbekistan Past and Present
Authors: UZMAN MEHMET 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe aim of this article is to describe and explain multiple processes of alphabet reform and romanisation with which Uzbekistan has experimented since the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. These reforms, which were debated and implemented in different socio-political and cultural contexts, illustrate essentially different stages of political development and experiences. While in the past reformers tended toward more complicated and rapid reforms, today the scope of change is much more modest and we meet with changes which are simpler and extended over the long term.