bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Clinical Method for Identifying Scapular Dyskinesis, Part 2: Validity
Authors: Tate Angela R. , McClure Philip , Kareha Stephen , Irwin Dominic , Barbe Mary F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:Although clinical methods for detecting scapular dyskinesis have been described, evidence supporting the validity of these methods is lacking.Objective:To determine the validity of the scapular dyskinesis test, a visually based method of identifying abnormal scapular motion. A secondary purpose was to explore the relationship between scapular dyskinesis and shoulder symptoms.Design:Validation study comparing 3-dimensional measures of scapular motion among participants clinically judged as having either normal motion or scapular dyskinesis.Setting:University athletic training facilities.Patients or Other Participants:A sample of 142 collegiate athletes (National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I and Division III) participating in sports requiring overhead use of the arm was rated, and 66 of these underwent 3-dimensional testing.Intervention(s):Volunteers were viewed by 2 raters while performing weighted shoulder flexion and abduction. The right and left sides were rated independently as normal, subtle dyskinesis, or obvious dyskinesis using the scapular dyskinesis test. Symptoms were assessed using the Penn Shoulder Score.Main Outcome Measure(s):Athletes judged as having either normal motion or obvious dyskinesis underwent 3-dimensional electromagnetic kinematic testing while performing the same movements. The kinematic data from both groups were compared via multifactor analysis of variance with post hoc testing using the least significant difference procedure. The relationship between symptoms and scapular dyskinesis was evaluated by odds ratios.Results:Differences were found between the normal and obvious dyskinesis groups. Participants with obvious dyskinesis showed less scapular upward rotation (P &lt; .001), less clavicular elevation (P &lt; .001), and greater clavicular protraction (P  =  .044). The presence of shoulder symptoms was not different between the normal and obvious dyskinesis volunteers (odds ratio  =  0.79, 95% confidence interval  =  0.33, 1.89).Conclusions:Shoulders visually judged as having dyskinesis showed distinct alterations in 3-dimensional scapular motion. However, the presence of scapular dyskinesis was not related to shoulder symptoms in athletes engaged in overhead sports.
Student Retention in Athletic Training Education Programs
Authors: Dodge Thomas M. , Mitchell Murray F. , Mensch James M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:The success of any academic program, including athletic training, depends upon attracting and keeping quality students. The nature of persistent students versus students who prematurely leave the athletic training major is not known. Understanding the profiles of athletic training students who persist or leave is important.Objective:To (1) explore the relationships among the following variables: anticipatory factors, academic integration, clinical integration, social integration, and motivation; (2) determine which of the aforementioned variables discriminate between senior athletic training students and major changers; and (3) identify which variable is the strongest predictor of persistence in athletic training education programs.Design:Descriptive study using a qualitative and quantitative mixed-methods approach.Setting:Thirteen athletic training education programs located in District 3 of the National Athletic Trainers' Association.Patients or Other Participants:Ninety-four senior-level athletic training students and 31 college students who changed majors from athletic training to another degree option.Data Collection:Data were collected with the Athletic Training Education Program Student Retention Questionnaire (ATEPSRQ).Analysis:Data from the ATEPSRQ were analyzed via Pearson correlations, multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance, and a stepwise discriminant analysis. Open-ended questions were transcribed and analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding procedures. Member checks and peer debriefing techniques ensured trustworthiness of the study.Results:Pearson correlations identified moderate relationships among motivation and clinical integration (r  =  0.515, P &lt; .01) and motivation and academic integration (r  =  0.509, P &lt; .01). Univariate analyses of variance showed that academic integration (F1,122  =  8.483, P &lt; .004), clinical integration (F1,119  =  30.214, P &lt; .001), and motivation (F1,121  =  68.887, P &lt; .001) discriminated between seniors and major changers. Discriminant analysis indicated that motivation was the strongest predictor of persistence in athletic training education, accounting for 37.2% of the variance between groups. The theoretic model accurately classified 95.7% of the seniors and 53.8% of the major changers. A common theme emerging from the qualitative data was the presence of a strong peer-support group that surrounded many of the senior-level students.Conclusions:Understanding student retention in athletic training is important for our profession. Results from this study suggest 3 key factors associated with student persistence in athletic training education programs: (1) student motivation, (2) clinical and academic integration, and (3) the presence of a peer-support system. Educators and program directors must create comprehensive recruitment and retention strategies that address factors influencing students' decisions to stay in the athletic training profession.
Muscle Activation and Movement Patterns During Prone Hip Extension Exercise in Women
Authors: Lewis Cara L. , Sahrmann Shirley A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
The consistency of muscle activation order during prone hip extension has been debated.

Objective:
To investigate whether women use a consistent and distinguishable muscle activation order when extending the hip while prone and to explore the effects of verbal cues on muscle activation and movement.

Design:
Single-session, repeated-measures design.

Setting:
University laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Eleven healthy women (age  =  27.7 ± 6.2 years [range, 22–37 years]).

Intervention(s):
We tested the participants under 3 conditions: no cues, cues to contract the gluteal muscles, and cues to contract the hamstrings muscles.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We measured hip and knee angle and electromyographic data from the gluteus maximus, medial hamstrings, and lateral hamstrings while participants performed prone hip extension from 30° of hip flexion to neutral.

Results:
When not given cues, participants used the consistent and distinguishable muscle activation order of medial hamstrings, followed by lateral hamstrings, then gluteus maximus (195.5 ± 74.9, 100.2 ± 70.3, and 11.5 ± 81.9 milliseconds preceding start of movement, respectively). Compared with the no-cues condition, the gluteal-cues condition resulted in nearly simultaneous onset of medial hamstrings, lateral hamstrings, and gluteus maximus (131.3 ± 84.0, 38.8 ± 96.9, and 45.1 ± 93.4 milliseconds, respectively) (P &gt; .059); decreased activation of the medial hamstrings (P &lt; .03) and lateral hamstrings (P &lt; .024) around the initiation of movement; increased activation of gluteus maximus throughout the movement (P &lt; .001); and decreased knee flexion (P  =  .002). Compared with the no-cues condition, the hamstrings-cues condition resulted in decreased activation of the medial hamstrings just after the initiation of movement (P  =  .028) and throughout the movement (P  =  .034) and resulted in decreased knee flexion (P  =  .003).

Conclusions:
Our results support the contention that the muscle activation order during prone hip extension is consistent in healthy women and demonstrates that muscle timing and activation amplitude and movement can be modified with verbal cues. This information is important for clinicians using prone hip extension as either an evaluation tool or a rehabilitation exercise.
Association of Quadriceps and Hamstrings Cocontraction Patterns With Knee Joint Loading
Authors: Palmieri-Smith Riann M. , McLean Scott G. , Ashton-Miller James A. , Wojtys Edward M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:Sex differences in neuromuscular control of the lower extremity have been identified as a potential cause for the greater incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes compared with male athletes. Women tend to land in greater knee valgus with higher abduction loads than men. Because knee abduction loads increase ACL strain, the inability to minimize these loads may lead to ACL failure.Objective:To investigate the activation patterns of the quadriceps and hamstrings muscles with respect to the peak knee abduction moment.Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Neuromuscular research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Twenty-one recreationally active adults (11 women, 10 men).Main Outcome Measure(s):Volunteers performed 3 trials of a 100-cm forward hop. During the hop task, we recorded surface electromyographic data from the medial and lateral hamstrings and quadriceps and recorded lower extremity kinematics and kinetics. Lateral and medial quadriceps-to-hamstrings (Q∶H) cocontraction indices, the ratio of medial-to-lateral Q∶H cocontraction, normalized root mean square electromyographic data for medial and lateral quadriceps and hamstrings, and peak knee abduction moment were calculated and used in data analyses.Results:Overall cocontraction was lower in women than in men, whereas activation was lower in the medial than in the lateral musculature in both sexes (P &lt; .05). The medial Q∶H cocontraction index (R2  =  0.792) accounted for a significant portion of the variance in the peak knee abduction moment in women (P  =  .001). Women demonstrated less activation in the vastus medialis than in the vastus lateralis (P  =  .49) and less activation in the medial hamstrings than in the lateral hamstrings (P  =  .01).Conclusions:Medial-to-lateral Q∶H cocontraction appears to be unbalanced in women, which may limit their ability to resist abduction loads. Because higher abduction loads increase strain on the ACL, restoring medial-to-lateral Q∶H cocontraction balance in women may help reduce ACL injury risk.
The Use of a Tuning Fork and Stethoscope to Identify Fractures
Authors: Moore Michael Bryan 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Nonradiographic tests to identify fractures rely on a patient's report of increased pain at the site of injury. These tests can be misleading and produce false-positive or false-negative results because of differences in pain tolerance. A painless technique using a tuning fork and stethoscope to detect fractures has undergone limited review in the athletic training literature.

Objective:
To determine if the use of a 128-Hz vibrating tuning fork and stethoscope were effective in identifying fractures.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
University athletic training room or local orthopaedic center when fractures were suspected.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 37 patients (19 males, 18 females) volunteered.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
A diminished or absent sound arising from the injured bone as compared with the uninjured bone represented a positive sign for a fracture. Radiographs interpreted by the attending orthopaedic physician provided the standard for comparison of diagnostic findings.

Results:
Sensitivity was 0.83 (10∶12), specificity was 0.80 (20∶25), positive likelihood ratio was 4.2, negative likelihood ratio was 0.21, and diagnostic accuracy was 81% (30∶37).

Conclusions:
The tuning fork and stethoscope technique was an effective screening method for a variety of fractures.
Reliability and Validity of a Novel Muscle Contusion Device
Authors: M. McBrier Nicole , Neuberger Thomas , Okita Nori , Webb Andrew , Sharkey Neil 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Many models have been employed to replicate skeletal muscle injury associated with trauma; however, most are restricted to 1 level of severity.

Objective:
To create and validate an injury-producing device that could generate multiple levels of injury severity.

Design:
Validation study.

Patients or Other Participants:
Twenty-six male Wistar rats, 3 to 4 months old.

Intervention(s):
A contusion device was developed and its ability to deliver consistent impacts was validated alone and in the presence of an experimental animal. A free-falling mass (267 g) was adjusted to the desired height (40, 50, 60, or 70 cm) and then dropped.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Peak load, peak displacement, impulse, energy, and velocity peak were measured. Injury severity was determined using magnetic resonance imaging.

Results:
Outcome measures observed from the device alone were different by height (F18,136  =  21.807, P &lt; .001, 1−β  =  1.0). Outcomes using the experimental animals were also dependent on height (F14,102  =  68.679, P &lt; .001, 1−β  =  1.0). Linear regression analyses indicated that height accounted for 17% to 89% of the variance.

Conclusions:
Mild to moderate and moderate to severe injuries can be replicated with this device, which will be useful in evaluating clinical treatments on acute muscle injury.
Athletic Trainers' Beliefs Toward Working With Special Olympics Athletes
Authors: Conatser Phillip , Naugle Keith , Tillman Mark , Stopka Christine 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Certified athletic trainers (ATs) are often the first health care providers to treat injured athletes. However, few researchers have studied ATs' beliefs concerning working with Special Olympics athletes.

Objectives:
To examine ATs' beliefs toward working with Special Olympics athletes by using the theory of planned behavior model and to examine the influence of moderator variables.

Design:
Cross-sectional survey.

Setting:
Athletic Trainers' Beliefs Toward Special Olympics Athletes survey instruments were mailed to 147 directors of Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs–accredited athletic training education programs (ATEPDs) in 43 states and 120 cities.

Patients or Other Participants:
One hundred twenty ATEPDs (44 women, 76 men).

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We used stepwise multiple regression analysis to determine whether attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control predicted intention and to determine which moderator variables predicted attitude toward the behavior, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control. Pearson product moment correlations were used to determine ATEPDs' beliefs about how competent they felt working with Special Olympics athletes and whether they were currently working with these athletes.

Results:
We found that subjective norm, attitude toward the behavior, and perceived behavioral control predicted intention (R  =  0.697, R2  =  0.486, F3,112  =  35.3, P &lt; .001) and that intention predicted ATEPDs' actual behaviors (R  =  0.503, R2  =  0.253, F1,118  =  39.995, P &lt; .001). Moderator variables that predicted attitude toward the behavior included more years of experience working with Special Olympics athletes, completion of 1 or more courses in adapted physical activity, ATEPDs' competence, completion of 1 or more special education courses, and sex (R  =  0.589, R2  =  0.347, F5,111  =  11.780, P &lt; .001). Moderator variables that predicted subjective norm included more experience working with Special Olympics athletes and more Special Olympics certifications (R  =  0.472, R2  =  0.222, F2,112  =  16.009, P &lt; .001). Moderator variables that predicted perceived behavioral control included ATEPDs' competence, more years of experience working with Special Olympics athletes, and a higher educational degree (R  =  0.642, R2  =  0.412, F4,113  =  19.793, P &lt; .001).

Conclusions:
Certified athletic trainers had favorable attitudes about the behavior beliefs toward working with Special Olympics athletes; however, their subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention beliefs were unfavorable. The ATEPDs reported they did not feel competent to work with Special Olympics athletes.
Clinical Instructors' and Athletic Training Students' Perceptions of Teachable Moments in an Athletic Training Clinical Education Setting
Authors: Rich Valerie J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:For some time, educators have advised clinical instructors (CIs) to capture the elusive teachable moment in clinical education. However, a universal definition of a teachable moment does not exist. Without a clear understanding of this concept, CIs and athletic training students (ATSs) may have difficulty facilitating the teachable moment.Objective:To recognize and define a teachable moment as it relates to the athletic training clinical education setting and to identify potential barriers to creating the teachable moment.Design:Mixed-methods design employing grounded theory and quantitative analysis.Setting:Collegiate sports medicine clinic affiliated with a Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs–accredited athletic training education program.Patients or Other Participants:11 CIs (6 men, 5 women) and 11 ATSs (3 men, 8 women).Data Collection and Analysis:Participants completed a teachable moment questionnaire to define and identify teachable moments. Follow-up semistructured interviews were conducted after data collection. A qualitative analysis was conducted on responses using open, axial, and selective coding. Member checking was conducted to establish trustworthiness. Qualitative data were quantified to descriptively report the findings.Results:Engaged clinical experiences were the overarching theme. Three major themes that defined a teachable moment emerged: (1) professional discourse about skills, techniques, research, and special cases; (2) authentic experience or actual hands-on experience; and (3) skill development or time for skill instruction, practice, role playing, and simulations. Participants reported 158 teachable moments (CIs  =  75, ATSs  =  83). Lack of time and other duties were examples of barriers hindering the teachable moment.Conclusions:The teachable moment occurs when a CI and an ATS actively participate and interact with each other to enhance learning and foster intellectual curiosity in the clinical education environment. An underlying barrier to the teachable moment is perceived to be the CI's day-to-day responsibilities.
Head Impacts During High School Football: A Biomechanical Assessment
Authors: Broglio Steven P. , Sosnoff Jacob J. , Shin SungHoon , He Xuming , Alcaraz Christopher , Zimmerman Jerrad 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Little is known about the impact biomechanics sustained by players during interscholastic football.Context:

To characterize the location and magnitude of impacts sustained by players during an interscholastic football season.Objective:

Observational design.Design:

On the field.Setting:

High school varsity football team (n  =  35; age  =  16.85 ± 0.75 years, height  =  183.49 ± 5.31 cm, mass  =  89.42 ± 12.88 kg).Patients or Other Participants:

Biomechanical variables (linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, jerk, force, impulse, and impact duration) related to head impacts were categorized by session type, player position, and helmet impact location.Main Outcome Measure(s):

Differences in grouping variables were found for each impact descriptor. Impacts occurred more frequently and with greater intensity during games. Linear acceleration was greatest in defensive linemen and offensive skill players and when the impact occurred at the top of the helmet. The largest rotational acceleration occurred in defensive linemen and with impacts to the front of the helmet. Impacts with the highest-magnitude jerk, force, and impulse and shortest duration occurred in the offensive skill, defensive line, offensive line, and defensive skill players, respectively. Top-of-the-helmet impacts yielded the greatest magnitude for the same variables.Results:

We are the first to provide a biomechanical characterization of head impacts in an interscholastic football team across a season of play. The intensity of game play manifested with more frequent and intense impacts. The highest-magnitude variables were distributed across all player groups, but impacts to the top of the helmet yielded the highest values. These high school football athletes appeared to sustain greater accelerations after impact than their older counterparts did. How this finding relates to concussion occurrence has yet to be elucidated.Conclusions:
Generalized Joint Laxity Associated With Increased Medial Foot Loading in Female Athletes
Authors: Barber Foss Kim D. , Ford Kevin R. , Myer Gregory D. , Hewett Timothy E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe relationship between generalized joint laxity and plantar pressure distribution of the foot and the potential implications for lower extremity injury have not been studied.Context:To determine the relationship between generalized joint laxity and dynamic plantar pressure distribution. We hypothesized that individuals with greater generalized joint laxity, or hypermobility, would have greater dynamic medial midfoot pressure and loading during walking than nonhypermobile individuals.Objective:Case control.Design:Institutional biomechanics laboratory.Setting:Participants included 112 female soccer players between 11 and 21 years of age.Patients or Other Participants:Each participant was tested for generalized joint laxity using the Beighton and Horan Joint Mobility Index (BHJMI; range, 0–9) and was categorized as having either high (BHJMI score ≥4) or low (BHJMI score &lt;4) generalized joint laxity. Peak pressure and maximum force were calculated from a dynamic, barefoot plantar pressure distribution system.Main Outcome Measure(s):Peak pressure and maximum force were greater in the 27 participants categorized as having high generalized joint laxity than in the 85 participants categorized as having low generalized joint laxity. The midfoot region exhibited greater loading in participants with high generalized joint laxity than in the other participants. We found an effect of BHJMI classification in the medial midfoot; peak pressure in the dominant (F1,109  =  11.262, P  =  .001) and nondominant (F1,109  =  14.32, P &lt; .001) sides and maximum force in the dominant (F1,109  =  7.88, P  =  .006) and nondominant (F1,109  =  9.18, P  =  .003) sides were greater in the high generalized joint laxity group than in the low generalized joint laxity group.Results:Athletes classified as having high generalized joint laxity demonstrated increased midfoot loading. Delineation of risk factors for medial collapse of the foot, which include hypermobility in athletes, may help clinicians evaluate and prevent lower extremity injury with treatments, such as orthoses.Conclusions: