bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Robust Future for Conflict of Interest
Authors: Wasserman Edward 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one of the “must avoid” ethical principles, conflict of interest, arguing it is a far more complex and widespread problem than generally acknowledged in, for example, codes of ethics. After a conceptual analysis of the nature of conflict of interest and of its ethical impact on practice, its endemic presence in journalism — both mainstream and emerging — the chapter provides a series of recommendations for better-managing conflicts.
Respecting Sources’ Confidentiality: Critical but Not Absolute
Authors: Quinn Aaron 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Confidential sourcing has proven to be an effective tool for investigative journalism, particularly when highly secretive or high public-impact information is at stake and there are too few transparent sources to adequately inform a news story. Nonetheless, many journalists choose to use confidential sources sparingly or not at all because the potential harms in using confidential sources outweigh, in their view, their potential benefits. This chapter explores three key facets of confidential sourcing in an effort to provide a practical model of ethical deliberation for the use of confidential sources. First, it argues that there are justifications for the use of confidential sources in journalism. Second, it discusses what conditions are necessary for the use of confidential sources, what procedures should be in place to use them best, and why, in these cases, confidential sourcing is at least morally permissible, if not morally obligatory. Finally, contrary to the journalistic convention that once a confidential agreement is made, it cannot be broken, the chapter argues for why journalists are at least permitted — even, at times, obligated — to break confidential agreements.
Addressing Possible Objections
Authors: ZAMIR EYAL , MEDINA BARAK 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter tackles a number of methodological and principled objections to the incorporation of deontological constraints into economic analysis. It discusses the claims that such incorporation would adversely affect the normative neutrality of economic analysis; that monetizing deontological constraints faces insurmountable obstacles; that it would lead to setting too low thresholds for constraints; and that it is incompatible with the expressivist role of the law. It concludes that most of these objections are unpersuasive, and none is conclusive.
1.1 The Sources and Temporal Dynamics of Scalp Electric Fields
Authors: Michel Christoph M. , Brandeis Daniel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the spatiotemporal aspects of the electroencephalography (EEG), and discusses the most important findings concerning the oscillations and the temporal dynamics of electrical activity. Topics discussed include neuronal generators, sources and spatial scales of EEG and event-related potential (ERP) activity, spatial field distributions, oscillations in brain networks, functional microstates of the brain, and EEG source imaging.
3.5 Parallel EEG-fMRI ICA Decomposition
Authors: Eichele Tom , Calhoun Vince D. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces and applies the concept of parallel spatial and temporal unmixing with group independent component analysis (ICA) for concurrent electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI). Hemodynamic response function (HRF) deconvolution and single-trial estimation in the fMRI data were employed, and the single-trial weights were used as predictors for the amplitude modulation in the EEG. For illustration, data from a previously published performance-monitoring experiment were analyzed, in order to identify error-preceding activity in the EEG modality. EEG components that displayed such slow trends, and which were coupled to the corresponding fMRI components, are described. Parallel ICA for analysis of concurrent EEG-fMRI on a trial-by-trial basis is a very useful addition to the toolbelt of researchers interested in multimodal integration.
4.1 Linking Band-Limited Cortical Activity to fMRI and Behavior
Authors: Siegel Markus , Donner Tobias H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter addresses the relationship of band-limited electrophysiological mass activity to behavior on the one hand, and to the BOLD fMRI signal on the other. Electrophysiological mass activity generally reflects several different components of neuronal activity, which are generated by distinct neural mechanisms and expressed in different frequency ranges. The relative strengths of these components thus determine a so-called specific spectral fingerprint of a perceptual or cognitive process. A striking discrepancy between the spectral fingerprint of stimulus-driven responses in sensory cortices and the fingerprints of intrinsic processes (such as top-down attention or switches between perceptual states) within the same cortical areas is highlighted. It is proposed that this dissociation reflects recurrent interactions between distant cortical areas and/or neuromodulation of cortical activity patterns by ascending systems, which are both thought to play an important role in such processes.
Working Hard or Hardly Working for those Rose-colored Glasses?: Behavioral and Neural Evidence for the Automatic Nature of Unrealistically Positive Self-Perceptions
Authors: Beer Jennifer S. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Even rose-colored glasses cannot hide the apparent discrepancy between models of self-control and the adaptive view of positive illusions. Most models of self-control suggest that accurate perceptions of the relation between behavior and goals are fundamental for goal attainment. However, the adaptive view of positive illusions suggests that individuals with unrealistically positive self-perceptions are more successful at achieving goals such as satisfying personal relationships, well-being, and professional accomplishment. If people fool themselves into thinking that their behavior is consistent with their goals (e.g., “Sleeping through class will help me get a good grade because I will be well-rested on the day of the exam”) or fail to acknowledge conflict between goals (e.g., “Eating peanut butter cups is delicious and healthy because peanut butter has protein”), then how can they execute the self-control needed to adjust behavior or resolve goal conflicts? This chapter integrates these perspectives by examining the evidence for the adaptive view of positive illusions and mechanisms that underlie unrealistically positive self-perceptions. The extant research suggests that positive illusions may be advantageous for goal attainment in the short-term, particularly mood regulation, but do not promote successful self-control across time. The failure of positive illusions to promote successful self-control in a sustained manner may be explained by the shallow information processing that supports many unrealistically positive self-views. In other words, positive illusions may often reflect cognitive shortcuts that need to be corrected to serve the monitoring function described in models of self-control. The adaptive benefit of positive illusions for mood regulation suggests that this relation occurs in situations in which mood regulation is a priority or it is not too costly to sacrifice other goals at its expense.
Motivational Influences on Cognitive Control: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective
Authors: Locke Hannah S. , Braver Todd S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMotivation is an important component of self-regulation that helps set the effort level an organism is willing to expend to achieve a desired goal. However, motivation is an elusive concept in psychological research, with investigations typically targeting either very macro-level (e.g., effects of personality individual differences and experimental manipulations on global behavior) or very micro-level (e.g., physiological interventions targeting specific brain structures) processes. Thus, the current state of knowledge is very poor regarding the particular mechanisms by which motivation influences cognitive and neural systems to drive changes in specific components of behavior. This chapter reviews major perspectives on motivation arising from both the social-personality and neuroscience literatures, and then discuss how a cognitive neuroscience perspective might be fruitfully applied to fill the gaps between them. Specifically, the chapter reviews literature, including our own recent work, that suggests motivational manipulations impact brain regions associated with the exertion of specific cognitive control functions. The chapter concludes by outlining unresolved questions in motivation, and by suggesting directions for future progress in this domain.
Working Memory Capacity: Self-control Is (in) the Goal
Authors: Broadway James M. , Redick Thomas S. , Engle Randall W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSelf-control is defined in relation to current goals of an organism. Working memory capacity (WMC) is defined as a cognitive system for maintaining access to goal representations as needed. Self-control depends on cognitive control, which depends in large part on WMC. We discuss the proposal that WMC reflects the abilities to control attention and to control retrieval from long-term memory. From within this dual-component framework (Unsworth & Engle, 2007) we discuss research that has examined relations between WMC and some types of mental self-control failure like over-general autobiographical memories, intrusive thoughts, and mind-wandering. We also discuss research examining the relation between WMC and delay discounting, a popular experimental paradigm for assessing self-control (Rachlin, 2000). Evidence suggests that for some of these phenomena, WMC is a more primary factor than the associated clinical disorders. In other cases, WMC appears to be secondary to other factors such as intelligence. Across these mixed findings at least two generalities can be derived. The positive findings demonstrate that individual differences in WMC can be a confounding “third variable” for a proposed relation between, for example, depression and over-general autobiographical memories (Dalgleish et al., 2007). On the other hand, the negative findings illustrate that individual differences in WMC can obscure more primary influences in a situation like delay discounting (Shamosh et al., 2008). In either case it would be advisable for researchers to measure WMC as a participant factor, if only to control a major source of interindividual variability in their data. Overall, we hold to our position that WMC is critically important for maintaining good self-control in support of a wide variety of goals.
Unconscious Influences of Attitudes and Challenges to Self-Control
Authors: Hall Deborah L. , Payne B. Keith 
Published: May 2010

AbstractRecent developments in social psychology have brought to light important questions concerning the nature of implicit cognitions about race and the implications for self-control. If people are unaware of their own prejudices, how can they keep them in check? This chapter distinguishes the unconscious influence of people's attitudes and beliefs from attitudes and beliefs that are themselves hidden from consciousness. It reviews research that provides little evidence of unconscious racial attitudes, but much stronger evidence that racial attitudes influence people's judgments and behavior in numerous unconscious ways. It also discusses the unique challenges to self-control that unconscious influences present and then concludes by highlighting strategies for preventing prejudice by limiting the unconscious influence of people's attitudes about race.
Perish the Forethought: Premeditation Engenders Misperceptions of Personal Control
Authors: Morewedge Carey K. , Gray Kurt , Wegner Daniel M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPeople are normally encouraged to engage in premeditation—to think about the potential consequences of their behavior before acting. Indeed, planning, considering, and studying can be important precursors to decision-making, and often seem essential for effective action. This view of premeditation is shared by most humans, a kind of universal ideal, and it carries an additional interesting implication: Even the hint that premeditation occurred can serve as a potent cue indicating voluntary action, both to actors and observers. In legal and moral contexts, for example, actors are seen as especially culpable for the consequences of their actions if those consequences were premeditated, whether or not the premeditation influenced the decision. In this chapter, we review evidence indicating that even irrelevant premeditation can lead people to believe that an action's consequences were under personal control. We present research exploring how various forms of premeditation—including foresight, effortful forethought, wishful thinking, and the consideration of multiple possible outcomes of action—may lead actors to prefer and to feel responsible for action outcomes even when this premeditation has no causal relation to the outcomes.
Chapter 4 Opening Doors to Universal Preschool in the 1990s
Authors: Rose Elizabeth 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Leaders in four states, inspired in different ways by the intersection of economics and education reform, dramatically expanded publicly‐supported pre‐kindergarten in the 1990s. In Georgia, Gov. Zell Miller latched onto the idea of pre‐kindergarten as a means of improving education and boosting his state's economy; he ultimately made the program universal, creating a broad constituency. In Oklahoma, pre‐kindergarten was part of the reform demanded by the state legislature when the K‐12 system faced a fiscal crisis. Here education officials and legislators took the lead, quietly expanding their school‐based program to make it universal. In New York, early childhood advocates mobilized to implement a universal program at a time of economic growth, but were stalled for a number of years by fiscal crises and the opposition of their governor. New Jersey's preschool expansion, on the other hand, was driven by a court's ruling that the state must provide more funding to children in its most disadvantaged school districts. Each of these states helped lay the groundwork for a movement for “preschool for all.”
Chapter 9 The Meaning of Self-Silencing in Polish Women
Authors: Drat-Ruszczak Krystyna 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter brings a biobehavioral model of stress and attachment theory to explore whether self-silencing can be viewed as an adaptive mode of coping for women within the social expectations prescribed by gender stereotypes in Polish society. The author argues that self-silencing may serve an adaptive function for a woman by ensuring the protection and raising of her children; however, the chapter also acknowledges that such adaptation may compromise psychological health. The author reports that her findings with Polish women demonstrate that self-silencing is a complex and heterogeneous phenomenon in its relation to stress and well-being. The chapter also describes the need for further research into the interplay between social contexts, gender roles and the status of women in our understanding of self-silencing and its correlates.
Chapter 11 Deconstructing Gendered Discourses of Love, Power, and Violence in Intimate Relationships: Portuguese Women's Experiences
Authors: Neves Sofia , Nogueira Conceição 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter examines the connections between self-silencing and gendered discourses about love, power, and violence in intimate relationships. The context of this analysis is current day Portuguese society, and the authors present their findings from an exploratory research project with Portuguese women using as their measures the Silencing the Self Scale and their Discourses about Intimacy questionnaire. The chapter argues that women's silence is linked to cultural norms and a rigid gender hierarchy that define self-sacrificing love as a natural characteristic of women while assuming that men naturally will take on a position of authority. The authors argue that these essentialist notions restrict women's self-determination and provide men with the social license to engage in physical, psychological, and sexual violence.
Chapter 12 Authentic Self-Expression: Gender, Ethnicity, and Culture
Authors: Sikka Anjoo , Vaden-Goad Linda (Gratch) , Waldner Lisa K. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the portability of the self-silencing construct across a range of contexts and cultures. The authors present findings from their studies investigating correlations between depression, self-esteem, relationship adjustment, role taking, conflict tactics, and social class across diverse ethnicities, sexual orientations, and gender. These studies included samples of ethnic minority college students; community samples of young club-going singles and female dancers; urbanites in western India; Pakistani and Indian women immigrants to America with arranged marriages; and community samples of gays, lesbians, and heterosexuals in committed relationships. The results of these studies demonstrate the multifaceted nature of the self-silencing construct, as well as its relevance to topics such as violence and high-risk sexual behaviors. The authors suggest topics for future investigations that grow out of their research.
Chapter 13 Silencing the Self and Personality Vulnerabilities Associated with Depression
Authors: Besser Avi , Flett Gordon L. , Hewitt Paul L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the associations between personality factors, depression, and self-silencing. The authors contend that there are many reasons why individuals engage in self-silencing and these reasons reflect personality vulnerability factors associated with depression that are also associated with self-silencing. They present evidence that self-silencing combines with these personality factors, either as mediators or as moderators, to increase the risk for depression in certain individuals. Through an examination of particular personality variables, namely dependency, self-criticism, and perfectionism, the authors demonstrate that people with vulnerable personalities who also engage in self-silencing may suffer from chronic and destructive forms of stress that can be damaging to health and well-being.
Chapter 16 Facilitating Women's Development through the Illness of Cancer: Depression, Self-Silencing, and Self-Care
Authors: Sormanti Mary 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the role of self-silencing in women's experiences of coping with cancer. It discusses various relevant psychosocial factors, including emotional distress, quality of life, and self-care agency. It provides a general framework for conceptualizing the experiences of those affected by life-threatening illness, and explores specific implications for understanding the emotional and relational issues encountered by women diagnosed with cancer. These issues include dealing with depression, attempting to engage in self-care, and contending with fears of cancer recurrence and possible death. The chapter also provides suggestions for working therapeutically and supportively to encourage positive change for women living with cancer.
Chapter 20 Disruption of the Silenced Self: The Case of Premenstrual Syndrome
Authors: Ussher Jane M. , Perz Janette 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter challenges the common pathologizing view of premenstrual change that characterizes premenstrual symptoms as representing a psychological or biomedical disorder. The authors present a contrasting view and argue that premenstrual symptoms are more accurately characterized as a disruption in the self-silencing that women engage in for 3 weeks of the month. Drawing upon their interviews with women, they describe the contextual and intrapsychic factors that combine to produce the premenstrual expression of anger, irritation, or sadness. The chapter argues that dismissing premenstrual distress as illness serves to silence women and contributes to a cycle of further emotional suppression, followed by premenstrual emotional eruption.
Chapter 21 “I Wasn't Being True to Myself”: Women's Narratives of Postpartum Depression
Authors: Mauthner Natasha S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes the contrasting ways in which postpartum depression has been conceptualized based on varying theoretical and methodological approaches. The author presents an overview of cross-cultural, medical, social, and feminist perspectives on postpartum depression. She then discusses two qualitative studies she conducted in Britain and the United States to highlight the use of feminist relational theory and methodology. Drawing upon this research, the author concludes that women experiencing postpartum depression are engaged in struggles of attempting to conform to culturally derived and interpersonally upheld expectations of motherhood, but in doing so feel disconnected from parts of themselves, from other people, and from the surrounding culture. The chapter argues that this sense of disconnection results in a silencing of the self and ultimately in feelings of depression. The chapter also discusses implications for the prevention and treatment of postpartum depression using approaches that acknowledge these psychological and social factors.
Chapter 22 Seeking Safety with Undesirable Outcomes: Women's Self-Silencing in Abusive Intimate Relationships and Implications for Health Care
Authors: Woods Stephanie J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the physical and mental health consequences encountered by women experiencing intimate male partner violence. Drawing upon on the literature and upon her research, the author describes women's self-silencing within intimate relationships and the associations between silencing and physical and mental health symptoms. The chapter also describes the challenges and barriers within the healthcare system that hinder abused women's attempts to receive effective and supportive care. The author discusses socio-cultural influences that can affect an abused woman's process of healing by socializing women to avoid expressing anger and other strong negative emotions. She also describes alternative models of care that can be adopted to improve healthcare utilization for women who have experienced intimate partner violence.
The Expression Theory Again
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter challenges the Expression Theory: a work of art expresses an emotion just in case the artist experienced the emotion and displayed this in her work. Artworks are not expressive in the way required by this theory; they do not betray or symptomize the artist's emotions as her primary expressions, such as tears or groans do. Nevertheless, the work of art can be a secondary expression of the artist's feelings: the artist's feeling is expressed through its creation, though this need not carry over into an expressiveness that can be perceived in the work. And it can be a tertiary expression of the artist's feeling, involving the use of public conventions or rituals for expression. But art can also be expressive of emotions no one feels. One form of self-expression by artists involves their appropriating art's independently expressive character to match, and thereby give sophisticated expression to, their own affective states.