bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Near Infra Red as a Rapid Heat Treatment Process in the Manufacture of Metal-based Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Watson Trystan , Mabbett Ian , Worsley David 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA near infrared heating method is presented which directly heats metal substrates to very high temperatures within seconds. The technique is used to heat 1mm thick titanium and stainless steel metal coupons onto which 1 cm2commercial TiO2pastes have been deposited within 12-25 seconds giving assembled dye sensitized solar cell efficiencies which are equivalent to cells prepared using a convection oven for 1800 seconds. The near infrared method is applicable to different paste thicknesses and paste types as well as different metal substrates. Near infrared sintering for the shortest times 12.5 seconds yielded cells with the highest efficiency compared to convection oven prepared samples. This ultrafast heating seems to drive off binder very effectively and lead to rapid sintering. Ultrafast sintering allows peak metal temperatures of 500-800 °C to be achieved without the massive losses in cell efficiency observed with the conventional heat treatment at temperatures over 600 ◦C.
High Performance Quasi-Solid Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Nano Clay Electrolyte
Authors: Inoue Tomoyuki , Uchida Satoshi , Kubo Takaya , Segawa Hiroshi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe artificial nano-clay powder was newly examined as a gelator of electrolyte of quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The size of clay has two main distributions with 1.4 nm and 20 nm in diameter which are confirmed by STEM observation. The gelation point was determined by using Rheometer. The gel state maintained with more than 5wt% nano-clay in the acetonitrile based solvent. The quasi-solid-state DSSC with nano-clay electrolyte (10 wt%) was successfully showed a high photoelectric conversion efficiency of 10.3%, which is equivalent to that using a liquid electrolyte.
Three Synthesis Routes of Single-crystalline PbS Nanowires and Their Electrical Transport Properties
Authors: Jang So Young , Song Yun Mi , Kim Han Sung , Cho Yong Jae , Seo Young Suk , Jung Gyeong Bok , Lee Chi-Woo , Park Jeunghee 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSingle-crystalline rock-salt PbS nanowires (NWs) were synthesized using three different routes; the solvothermal, chemical vapor transport, and gas-phase substitution reaction of pre-grown CdS NWs. They were uniformly grown with the [100] or [110], [112] direction in a controlled manner. In the solvothermal growth, the oriented attachment of the octylamine (OA) ligands enables the NWs to be produced with a controlled morphology and growth direction. As the concentration of OA increases, the growth direction evolves from the [100] to the higher surface-energy [110] and [112] directions. In the synthesis involving chemical vapor transport and the substitution reaction, the use of a lower growth temperature causes the higher surface-energy growth direction to change from [100] to [110]. We fabricated field effect transistors using single PbS NW, which showed intrinsic p-type semiconductor characteristics for all three routes. For the PbS NW with a thinner oxide layer, the carrier mobility was measured to be as high as 10 cm2V−1s−1.
Chemical Vapor Functionalization of ZnO Nanocrystals
Authors: Ali Moazzam , Donakowski Marty D. , Winterer Markus 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChemical Vapor Functionalization (CVF) is a method in which nanocrystals undergo in situ functionalization in the gas phase. In CVF, two reactors are used in series. The first reactor consists of a hot quartz tube (1073 K) where ZnO nanocrystals are synthesized in the gas phase from diethylzinc and oxygen. The second reactor, connected at the exit of the first one and kept at lower temperature (673 K), is used as functionalization chamber. At the connecting point of the two reactors, vapors of organic functionalizing agents are injected which react with the surface of ZnO nanocrystals. ZnO nanocrystals have been functionalized by 1-hexanol, n-hexanoic acid, n-hexanal and 1-hexylamine. Functionalized ZnO nanocrystals have been characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering, X-ray Diffraction and Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy.
Precipitation of Mixed-Alkali Molybdates During HLW Vitrification
Authors: Kroeker Scott , Higman Carolyn , Michaelis Vladimir K , Svenda Nicholas B , Schuller Sophie 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCrystalline precipitates from molybdenum-containing nuclear waste glasses are complex, often containing multiple cations which confound routine structural techniques. A simplified mixed-alkali borosilicate model glass was found to have minor crystalline phases which could not be identified by x-ray diffraction. Multinuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed sharp peaks characteristic of crystallinity superimposed on the broader glass signals, but were unattributable to any known molybdate phases. When a comprehensive range of cesium molybdates failed to reveal any matches with the observed 133Cs magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR peaks in the composite glass/crystalline material, a series of mixed-alkali sodium-cesium molybdate phases was synthesized. 23Na, 133Cs and 95Mo MAS NMR revealed the formation of two mixed-cation molybdates which correlate with the observed NMR peaks for the phase-separated model glass. This work highlights the prominence of multiple crystalline phases in Mo-bearing nuclear waste glasses, and demonstrates the unique utility of solid-state NMR as a fingerprinting approach to identifying complex phases, especially where x-ray diffraction is limited by multiple phases, low concentrations or substitutionally disordered precipitates.
Defects and Recombination Kinetics in Copper Indium Gallium Sulfide Thin Films With Spatially Resolved Luminescence in the μm-scale
Authors: Heidemann Florian , Bauer Gottfried H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)S2 is a promising absorber in thin film solar cells, although the comparable high band gaps so far do not correspond to equivalent high open circuit voltages. We have performed photoluminescence studies on CdS passivated absorber layers deposited on Mo coated soda lime glass. From spectrally and spatially resolved (≤ 1μm) room temperature photoluminescence measurements we have extracted the local splitting of quasi- Fermi levels (EFn-EFp) and local absorption (A(ω)) particularly in the sub bandgap-regime via Planck's generalized law. We observe a substantial negative correlation coefficient between the local sub bandgap/defect absorption and the local (EFn-EFp), which we interpret in terms of the recombination of photogenerated minority carriers (here electrons) via sub bandgap states/deep defects. Moreover we have correlated local PL yields with corresponding values at neighbor sites versus distance (increment analysis). As we find lateral correlation distances in the vicinity of average grain sizes we conclude grains with PL yield and according different splitting of (EFn-EFp) to be independent from one another and be laterally distributed randomly.
Growth process and crystallographic properties of ammonia-induced vaterite
Authors: Hu Qiaona , Zhang Jiaming , Becker Udo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMetastable vaterite crystals were produced by increasing the pH of Ca2+- and CO32--containing solutions through diffusing ammonia gas. The SEM and TEM studies indicate that this ammonia-induced vaterite is polycrystalline with a 6-fold symmetry of the crystal aggregate. The morphology and crystallographic properties of this assemblage change druing crystallization. One hour after nucleation starts, vaterite grains display a spherical structure composed of nano-particles (5-10 nm) with random crystallographic orientations. After that, horizontal layers begin to develop at the edge of the sphere and gradually tilt toward the center as they grow vertically, which results in a three-dimensional morphology with a dent in the center. The vaterite grains mature fully 16 hours after nucleation. TEM analysis indicates the grown vaterite grain (50-60 μm) consists of numerous hexagonal pieces of single crystals (1-2 μm) of similar crystallographic orientations. High-resolution TEM demonstrates that these single crystals grow along (001) with {110} hexagonal boundaries.
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube-Nickel/Nickel Oxide Core/shell Nanoparticle Heterostructures Incorporated in Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel
Authors: Shi Wenwu , Crews Kristy , Chopra Nitin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCarbon nanotube (CNT)-nickel/nickel oxide (Ni/NiO) core/shell nanoparticles (CNC) heterostructures were prepared in a unique single-step synthetic route by direct chemical precipitation of nanoparticles on CNT surface. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown CNTs (average diameter ˜42.7±12.3 nm) allowed for direct nucleation and uniform coating of Ni/NiO core/shell nanoparticles (average diameter ˜11.8±1.7 nm). The crystal structure, morphology, and phases in CNC heterostructures were studied using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Subsequently, the as-produced CNC heterostructures were incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel resulting in CNC heterostructure-PVA hydrogel with ˜ 75% water absorbing capability. These novel hydrogels were also characterized by SEM and showed actuation under 0.2 T magnet. They are promising for smart analytical devices and platform.
Palliative care curriculum for speech–language pathology students
Authors: Mathisen Bernice , Yates Patsy , Crofts Penny 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper reports on the experience of undergraduate speech–language pathology students at one university chosen for the implementation stage of the Palliative Care Curriculum for Undergraduates (PCC4U) Project. Funded by a government department for health and ageing through a national palliative care programme, the project was managed by a team of researchers from the discipline of nursing. The PCC4U project championed the inclusion of palliative care education as an integral part of medical, nursing, and allied healthcare undergraduate training. Of the pilot sites chosen for the PCC4U project, only one site, reported here, included both speech–language pathology and social work disciplines, providing an important opportunity for interdisciplinary collaboration on novel curriculum development in an area of mutual interest. This synergy served as an excellent foundation for ongoing opportunities for interdisciplinary teaching and learning in the university. Speech–language pathology students reported that the project was an invaluable addition to their education and preparation for clinical practice.
Emergence of intratreatment resistance to oseltamivir in pandemic influenza a H1N1 2009 virus
Authors: Valinotto Laura E , Diez Roberto A , Barrero Paola R , Farías Julio A , López Eduardo L , Mistchenko Alicia S 
Published: August 2010

Background Pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 virus presents a new challenge to health authorities and communities worldwide. In Argentina, the outbreak was at its peak by the end of June 2009, during the southern winter. A systematic analysis of samples from patients with pandemic H1N1 2009 studied in our laboratory (Virology Laboratory, Hospital de Niños R Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina) detected two patients presenting intratreatment emergence of the H275Y neuraminidase mutation, which confers resistance to oseltamivir. Methods Complementary DNAs, including the 275 codon, were obtained by reverse transcriptase PCR using viral RNAs extracted from nasopharyngeal or tracheal aspirates. Conventional sequencing and pyrosequencing were performed on each sample. In order to measure the virus susceptibility to oseltamivir, 50% inhibitory concentration determinations were performed by chemiluminescence. Results Sequential samples of two paediatric patients under oseltamivir treatment were analysed. Pretreatment samples were composed of 100% oseltamivir-sensitive variants. In case 1, the oseltamivir-resistant variant was found 8 days after the beginning of treatment. In case 2, the viral population became resistant on the second day of treatment, with 83% of the viral population bearing the mutation and this reached 100% on the seventh day. Conclusions We describe the intratreatment emergence of oseltamivir resistance in two paediatric patients. Pyrosequencing allowed us to detect variant mixtures, showing the transition of the viral population from sensitive to resistant.
Analysis of immune selection as a potential cause for the presence of cleavage site mutation 431V in treatment-naive HIV type-1 isolates
Authors: Verheyen Jens , Schweitzer Finja , Harrer Ellen G , Knops Elena , Mueller Sandra M , Däumer Martin , Eismann Kathrin , Bergmann Silke , Spriewald Bernd M , Kaiser Rolf , Harrer Thomas 
Published: August 2010

Introduction HIV type-1 (HIV-1) protease (PR) and cleavage site (CS) mutations accumulate in protease-inhibitor-resistant isolates. HIV-1 CS mutation 431V is the most frequent treatment-associated CS mutation; however, little is known about its origin in treatment-naive HIV-1 isolates. Recently, it has been shown that the CS mutation 431V is located within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B*13-restricted cytotoxic T- lymphocyte (CTL) epitope RQANFLGKI (RI9). Therefore, we investigated whether the presence of CS mutation 431V might additionally be related to immune escape. Methods CTL recognition of RI9 and of RI9 variants carrying the 431V or the 436R mutation was analysed by ELISPOT in nine HLA-B*13-positive HIV-1-infected patients. Treatment-naive HIV-1-infected patients with primary drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates ( n=58) or carrying 431V ( n=4) were genotyped for HLA class I alleles. Results ELISPOT analysis showed different patterns of CTL recognition of RI9. CS mutation 431V could abrogate recognition by RI9-specific CTL in a subgroup of patients. Nevertheless, in our study, the occurrence of 431V in treatment-naive HIV-1 without primary drug resistance could not be explained by HLA-B*13-mediated immune selection. In patients with primary drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates, the frequency of HLA-B*13 was not increased and HLA-B*13 did not correlate with CS mutations 436R or 431V. Conclusions HIV-1 CS mutation 431V can abrogate CTL recognition, indicating interactions between development of drug resistance and the CTL response. However, we could not find evidence that the presence of 431V in treatment-naive HIV-1 isolates with and without primary drug resistance is related to immune selection by HLA-B*13 or other HLA class I alleles.
Biological Therapy for Psoriatic Arthritis in Clinical Practice: Outcomes Up to 2 Years
Authors: VIRKKI LIISA M. , SUMATHIKUTTY BINDU C. , AARNIO MERJA , VALLEALA HEIKKI , HEIKKILÄ RIITTA , KAUPPI MARKKU , KARSTILA KRISTA , PIRILÄ LAURA , EKMAN PÄIVI , SALOMAA SIRPA , ROMU MATTI , SEPPÄLÄ JOUKO , NIINISALO HELENA , KONTTINEN YRJÖ T. , NORDSTRÖM DAN C. 
Published: August 2010

Objective.To evaluate the performance of biological drugs in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in a routine care setting, using the Finnish national register of biological treatment (ROB-FIN).Methods.Patients with PsA who started therapy with infliximab or etanercept between June 2000 and February 2006 (n = 127) were followed for up to 24 months. Response was evaluated using American College of Rheumatology response criteria including individual measures.Results.Significantly diminished values for swollen and tender joints, patient’s global and pain assessments, doctor’s global assessment of disease activity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and Health Assessment Questionnaire score were observed within 3 months after commencement of both infliximab and etanercept. Values remained significantly lower throughout the 24 months of followup. ACR20 response at 3 months was 79% (n = 22/28) for infliximab and 76% (n = 34/45) for etanercept. The first biological drug was discontinued in 16% due to lack of effectiveness and in 6% due to adverse events.Conclusion.Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy, often combined with conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, appeared to have limited toxicity and persistent effectiveness for up to 2 years in a cohort of Finnish patients with severe peripheral PsA.
Cost of Illness from the Public Payers’ Perspective in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis in Rheumatological Care
Authors: STRÖMBECK BRITTA , ENGLUND MARTIN , BREMANDER ANN , JACOBSSON LENNART T.H. , KEDZA LJUBA , KOBELT GISELA , PETERSSON INGEMAR F. 
Published: August 2010

Objective.To estimate the incremental costs to public payers for patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) of working age compared with reference subjects from the general population.Methods.We investigated total costs for 3 years (2005–2007) in 116 outpatients under 66 years of age with AS attending rheumatological care in Malmö, Sweden. Mean (SD) age was 46 (11) years and mean (SD) disease duration was 24 (11) years. Two subjects per AS patient matched for age, sex, and residential area were selected from the Population Register to serve as a reference group. We retrieved data concerning sick leave, prescription drugs, and healthcare consumption from Swedish health-cost registers by the unique personal identification numbers.Results.The mean total cost for the 3-year period 2005–2007 was US $37,095 (SD $30,091) for patients with AS, and $11,071 (SD $22,340) for the reference group. The mean indirect cost was $19,618 and $5905, respectively. Mean cost for healthcare was $8998 for the AS patients and $4187 for the reference subjects, and mean cost for drugs was $8479 and $979, respectively. The patients with AS treated with biological therapy constituted 80% of the total drug cost, but just 40% of the cost for disability pension.Conclusion.Patients with AS had 3-fold increase in costs compared to reference subjects from the general population, and the drug costs were almost 10 times as high. Production losses (indirect cost) represented more than half of total cost (53%).
La course aux « belles affaires », la congruence d'intérêts professionnels et organisationnels dans la police judiciaire
Authors: Dedieu François 
Published: August 2010

L’article porte sur l’étude du travail quotidien d’une sûreté départementale de la région parisienne, unité de police judiciaire appartenant à la Direction Départementale de la Sécurité Publique (DDSP). Au moyen d’une étude organisationnelle, l’article montre que la mobilisation professionnelle au sein des unités de police judiciaire s’explique non pas seulement par la congruence existante entre le mandat institutionnel et les missions de ces unités – la lutte contre le crime – comme le démontre la littérature spécialisée, mais également par une course aux belles affaires qui permet de faire converger les intérêts intrinsèques de la profession policière avec les objectifs de résultats de cette unité. Nous montrons plus particulièrement que deux caractéristiques organisationnelles – un mode d’évaluation basé sur la qualité des affaires et un système de recrutement par cooptation – favorisent cette course aux belles affaires qui donne lieu à un équilibre systémique vertueux pour la performance de cette unité de police judiciaire.
Les juges belges face à l'(in)exécution des peines
Authors: Beyens Kristel , Françoise Clémence , Scheirs Veerle 
Published: August 2010

En Belgique, l’inexécution totale ou partielle des peines d’emprisonnement fait depuis quelque temps déjà l’objet de nombreux mécontentements, notamment de la part des magistrats. Sur la base d’une recherche empirique menée auprès des magistrats belges (francophones et néerlandophones), cet article propose un aperçu des divergences de position de la magistrature belge face à l’ (in) exécution supposée de « leurs » peines et face à l’adoption de comportement anticipatif. Nous constatons que les juges adoptent différentes attitudes : certains admettent ouvertement anticiper l’ (in) exécution des peines et prononcent des condamnations plus lourdes afin de s’assurer que le condamné séjourne au moins un certain temps en prison, d’autres contestent ces pratiques et affirment ne pas prendre en compte les possibles remaniements de leur décision. Afin de donner aux remises en liberté une base juridique solide et une plus grande légitimité, les tribunaux de l’application des peines ont été introduits en Belgique en 2007. Cet article entend également présenter la façon dont les juges perçoivent ces nouveaux tribunaux et envisager dans quelle mesure leur introduction influence leurs décisions. Notre analyse montre que les décisions pénales ne sont pas seulement le résultat d’une activité légale formelle, mais sont aussi une pratique sociale, prenant place dans un contexte social, organisationnel et culturel spécifique.
A Short Note on the Higher Level Version of the Krull–Baer Theorem
Authors: Velušček Dejan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractKlep and Velušček generalized the Krull–Baer theorem for higher level preorderings to the non-commutative setting. A n-real valuation v on a skew field D induces a group homomorphism . A section of is a crucial ingredient of the construction of a complete preordering on the base field D such that its projection on the residue skew field kv equals the given level 1 ordering on kv. In the article we give a proof of the existence of the section of , which was left as an open problem by Klep and Velušček, and thus complete the generalization of the Krull–Baer theorem for preorderings.
Roll‐Bonded Titanium/Stainless‐Steel Couples. Part 3: Adhesion Properties
Authors: Dziallach Sebastian , Bleck Wolfgang , Köhler Matthias 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis work presents adhesion properties of roll‐bonded and heat treated titanium–stainless steel couples determined by means of tensile shear tests and peeling tests. The developed testing methods will be described and the applicability on material couples will be discussed. The determined adhesion forces and resistances were correlated with the interface microstructure of the material couple. Hence, the optimum annealing conditions for maximum adhesion force can be determined. The determined adhesion properties in this paper and the already published results to the diffusion behavior and mechanical properties give important measuring data to make a final evaluation of the material couple with regard to a technical application.
Photonic Crystals in Bioassays
Authors: Zhao Yuanjin , Zhao Xiangwei , Gu Zhongze 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPhotonic crystal (PC) based bioassay techniques have many advantages in sensitive biomolecular screening, label‐free detection, real‐time monitoring of enzyme activity, cell morphology research, and so on. This study provides an overall survey of the basic concepts and up‐to‐date research concerning the very promising use of PC materials for bioassays. It includes the design and application of PC films, PC microcarriers, PC fibers, and PC optofluidics for fluorescence enhancement or label‐free bioassays. Emphasis is given to the description of the functional structures of different PC materials and their respective sensing mechanisms. Examples of detecting various types of analytes are presented. This article promotes communication among chemistry, biology, medicine, pharmacy, and material science.