bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability of Sugar Content in Seed of Glycine max (L.) Merrill and G. soja Sieb. and Zucc.1
Authors: Hymowitz T. , Collins F. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe flatus‐producing factor in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] seed appears to be associated with the sugars raffinose and stachyose. The objective of this investigation was to measure the variability of total sugar and individual sugars in seed from soybean cultivars, the soybean genetic type collection, plant introductions of G. max that were formerly known as G. gracilis Skvortz., and plant introductions of G. soja Sieb. and Zucc.Among the cultivars, ‘Bansei’ had the highest total sugar, sucrose, and stachyose contents—16.6, 10.2, and 3.8 g/100 g seed, respectively. Seed of ‘Sioux’ had the lowest total sugar and sucrose contents—6.2 and 3.0 g/100 g seed. Seed of ‘Chippewa’ and ‘Norsoy’ had the highest and lowest fructose contents—2.1 and 0.4 g/100 g seed, respectively. Raffinose content was highest in seed of ‘Cayuga’ and lowest in ‘Hidatsa’ and Sioux. Strains T‐223 and T‐218 in the genetic type collection had very high stachyose contents—5.8 and 4.8 g/100 g seed. In seed of G. soja PI 203.246, the stachyose content was only 0.6 g/100 g seed.The extent of variability detected for total sugar and individual sugar content offers opportunities for modification of the sugar components in soybeans.
Leaching and Uptake of Nitrogen Applied to Annual Grass and Clover‐Grass Mixtures in Lysimeters1
Authors: Jones M. B. , Street J. E. , Williams W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe annual grassland soils of California are nearly always N deficient. If early winter feed is desired and total production is to be increased, N must be added, either by a legume or through N fertilization. Comparison of these two N sources in terms of forage and protein production and groundwater pollution is important for efficient management of land, water, and N resources.This study was initiated to measure the effect of N fertilization on forage yields, N‐uptake by the plants, and N leached from the soil where grass grew alone or from clover‐grass mixtures.Grass (soft chess, Bromus mollis L.) growing alone, grass plus subclover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), and grass plus rose clover (T. hirtum All.) were grown in lysimeters on Josephine soil with and without N applied in the autumn of each of 4 years.Nitrogen fertilization increased winter forage yields and N‐uptake in all species mixtures. However, in the spring harvest, clover‐grass mixtures yielded as much forage and N‐uptake without N as with N applied. Apparent recovery of the applied N in the forage was 25% for the grass, −2% for the subclover‐grass, and 0% for the rose clovergrass. The amount of apparent fertilizer N found in drainage water was 37% from grass, 58% from subclover‐grass, and 50% under rose clover‐grass. Without N fertilization the N leached was about the same from clovergrass as from grass alone. Of total N leached, 94% was in the fall, 6% in winter, and less than 1% in spring, whereas the total drainage water was divided 43% in the fall, 54% in whiter, and 3% in spring. With N fertilization, NO3‐N in the water in the fall was 45 ppm from clover‐grass and 38 ppm from grass. Without applied N, the NO3‐N values were 25 ppm in the fall and were 1/10 as great in winter and about 1/100 in spring. There was no rain in the summer.
Smoothing Data with Fourier Transformations1
Authors: Kimball B. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe natural variability of agronomic data often masks underlying true curves. A relatively new Fourier transform data smoothing technique, when tested on several sets of noisy agronomic data, gave very satisfactory reductions of this variability. The data were smoothed by computing the Fourier transform, setting high frequency noise components of the resulting variance spectrum to zero, and then computing the inverse Fourier transform. The key to the technique's success lies in the fact that the data were dominated by relatively low frequencies of variation which could be separated from the higher frequency noise. This simple, lucid interpretation of the filtering action makes Fourier transform smoothing even more attractive than other methods whose filtering action is not so intuitively obvious. The technique was superior to two other methods in extracting a true curve from noisy artificial data.
Synchronization of Flowering in Corn (Zea mays L.) by Clipping Young Plants1
Authors: Cloninger F. D. , Zuber M. S. , Horrocks R. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe synchronization of flowering between parents for hybrid seed production is essential for maximum seed yield in corn (Zea mays L.). In this study, the simultaneous flowering of parental rows planted on the same date was attempted by clipping plants near soil level at three stages of growth. Mean delays for the 28 possible single crosses among 8 inbred lines of 5.5, 7.6, and 6.7 days from planting to anthesis and 5.5, 7.7, and 7.1 days from planting to 50% silking were observed for plants clipped at the 4, 6, and 8‐leaf stages of growth, respectively. The range among single crosses in delay of flowering dates was 4.2 to 6.8 days for clippings at the 4‐leaf stage of growth.Stands were reduced 18, 44, and 25% by clipping at the 4, 6, and 8‐leaf stages, respectively. Yield reductions at these same clipping stages were 11, 38, and 46%. Clipping at the 4‐leaf stage gave the best combination of flowering delay with the least decrease in stand and yield. The combining ability analysis indicated a complex inheritance pattern of factors associated with flowering dates in corn.
Components of Forage Quality in Sericea Lespedeza in Relationship to Strain, Season, and Cutting Treatments1
Authors: Cope W. A. , Burns J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study of forage quality was made on three genetically different strains of sericea [Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don]. The study was designed to evaluate forage samples over a wide range of plant maturity, since previous studies have been restricted largely to mature hay samples representing a narrow range. The forage sampling plan covered two distinctly different growth periods, early spring and mid‐summer. The three sericea strains were harvested at weekly intervals for short periods during the spring and summer of 1970 and 1971. Leaf and stem portions were separated and placed in liquid nitrogen in the field. Forage quality was evaluated by in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), by concentrations of total fiber and fiber components, and by concentration of the anti‐quality component, tannin. Forage quality, as measured by IVDMD, was generally low, especially for leaf samples high in tannin and stem samples from the more mature growth stages. A low‐tannin strain averaged higher in IVDMD than two high‐tannin strains over all harvests. Leaf IVDMD was sharply depressed as tannin values approached 10% and then declined slowly with increasing concentrations. Leaf fiber had little direct effect on IVDMD at high tannin levels. IVDMD of stem samples decreased rapidly with successive harvests in both spring and summer. Fiber content was high at an early growth stage for both spring and summer harvest periods. The correlation of fiber content with IVDMD was high and negative. There were only small strain differences in fiber content. Stem tannin content for the summer harvest in 1971 was high enough to affect IVDMD and interacted with fiber content to give very low values. For stem samples from the first harvest period, simple regression of fiber on IVDMD accounted for a significant proportion of the variation in IVDMD (r2 = 0.81 and 0.84, respectively, for neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber. For the second harvest period, the addition of tannin in multiple regression equations increased the predictability to R2 = 0.95 and 0.94, respectively. Neither the simple nor the multiple regressions accounted for a large proportion of the variation in leaf IVDMD.
Estimating Evapotranspiration Using Canopy Temperatures: Field Evaluation
Authors: Stone L. R. , Horton M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvapotranspiration generally has been estimated on a small scale because of cost and time required for measurements. Thermal scanners provide a possible way of estimating water loss from surfaces by using remotely sensed surface temperatures. In this study, designed to evaluate the feasibility of using canopy temperatures in estimating evapotranspiration (ET), we employed five equations. Sorghum bicolor L (Moench) was used in the field investigation. Three of the equations were the well‐known methods of van Bavel, Penman, and energy budget‐Bowen ratio. The other two use the temperature of the evaporating surface in estimating ET and are referred to as the Bartholic‐Namken‐Wiegand (B‐N‐W) and Brown‐Rosenberg (B‐R) methods. Using simple linear regression and correlation analyses, we found the B‐N‐W estimates to be approximately 17% smaller and the B‐R estimates to be approximately 22% larger than typical estimates obtained by the Penman and energy budget‐Bowen ratio methods. Both methods appear usable in determining ET rates of vegetated surfaces, with the B‐N‐W method requiring less input data than the B‐R method.
Effect of Sulfur Fertilization on the N‐S Ratio in Soybean Varieties1
Authors: Dev G. , Saggar S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChanges in N‐S ratios in 12 varieties of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) under varying levels of applied S were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Sulfur application lowered total N‐total S ratios and widened protein N‐protein S ratios. At the S level, where constancy in total N‐total S ratios was obtained, one part of S was required for every 15 parts of N in protein for varieties ‘Hardee,’ ‘Clark,’ ‘Pb. soybean No. 1’; 12 to 14 parts of N for ‘Dare,’ ‘Hampton,’ ‘Hood,’ ‘Semmes,’ ‘Improved Pelican,’ and ‘Bragg;’ and 16 parts of N for ‘Hill,’ ‘Davis,’ and ‘Pickett 71.’
Phosphorus Utilization by Flax, Wheat, Rape, and Buckwheat from a Band or Pellet‐like Application. II. Influence of Reaction Zone Phosphorus Concentration and Soil Phosphorus Supply1
Authors: Strong W. M. , Soper R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo pot experiments have been conducted to study separately the influence of two factors on applied P utilization by four crops: flax (Linum usitatissimum, L., cv. ‘Redwood’), wheat (Triticum vulgare L., cv. ‘Manitou’), rape (Brassica napus L., cv. ‘Tanka’), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). These crops vary greatly in their ability to utilize P from band or pelletlike phosphate applications. To Simulate a pellet‐like phosphate application, 32P labelled calcium phosphate was mixed with, and confined to a small fraction of the soil mass. In one experiment the quantity of P recovered from fertilizer reaction zones containing one of three calcium phosphates of widely different solubility products [hydroxyapatite (HA), octacalcium phosphate (OCP), or dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD)] demonstrated the existence of a direct relationship between reaction zone P concentration and crop recovery of applied P. In the other experiment the amount of P recovered from a reaction zone containing 32P‐labelled DCPD was reduced dramatically when the availability of P in soil external to the reaction zone was increased by mixing calcium phosphate throughout. This finding indicates the existence of an inverse relationship between the availability of soil P and the utilization of P from a band or pellet‐like phosphate application.Utilization of P from phosphate fertilizer reaction zones by these crops can be explained on the basis of the performance of that portion of the root system which feeds on the applied phosphate, i.e. the proportion of the root system which develops within the fertilizer reaction zone, and the rate at which it absorbs the applied phosphate. The influence of the two factors, reaction zone P concentration‐and soil P availability, appear to affect the utilization of applied P by their control over the performance of the roots within the fertilizer reaction zone.
Irrigation, Row Width, and Plant Population in Relation to Growth Characteristics of Two Soybean Varieties1
Authors: Doss B. D. , Thurlow D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) yields in the past have varied considerably from year to year in the southeastern United States. Many factors are important in soybean production, but water stress at critical growth periods appears to be one of the most frequently limiting factors.Soybeans were grown on a Lucedale fine sandy loam soil to determine the effects of three soil water regimes at two row widths and three plant population levels on water use, rate of plant growth, and bean yield of two varieties.Water use rates by soybeans were influenced more by soil water regime than by row width or variety. Average rates during the season ranged from 0.05 to 0.84 cm/day, depending on the amount of available water in the soil.Variety had the greatest influence on plant height. Final plant heights ranged from 10 to 15 cm greater for ‘Bragg’ than for ‘Hampton 266.’ Heights were increased by irrigation and plant population level, but were not affected by row width.Average bean yields were influenced more by irrigation or variety than by row width or plant population. Average bean yields by soil water regimes were 2,020, 2,420, and 2,490 kg/ha for no irrigation, intermediate, and high irrigation, respectively. Bragg averaged 2,420 kg/ha and Hampton 266 averaged 2,150 kg/ha. Row width and plant population showed little influence on average bean yields.
Phosphate Placement for Corn in Chisel and Moldboard Plowing Systems1
Authors: Cihacek L. J. , Mulvaney D. L. , Olson R. A. , Welch L. F. , Wiese R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments conducted at three locations in Nebraska and one in Illinois compared tillage by chisel and moldboard plowing for corn (Zea mays L.). Specific objectives were to compare the two tillage systems in respect to growth characteristics and final yield of corn, to ascertain the most effective method of applying fertilizer P with chisel plowing, and to determine residual P distribution in the rooting zone after 3 years with the various systems employed.Fertilizer P was applied at three or four rates as orthophosphoric acid in conjunction with varied tillage and placement as follows: 1) surface broadcasting of P and incorporation by chisel plow tillage, 2) P application by chisel plow at 18 to 20‐cm depth, 3) chisel plow tillage with P banded beside the row at planting, and 4) moldboard plow tillage following surface broadcasting of P. Primary tillage was accomplished in the fall after corn harvest.Somewhat higher yields were obtained with moldboard plowing than with chisel plowing, irrespective of P rate or placement. This benefit for the moldboard plow is offset by the moisture conservation and erosion control advantages afforded by the chisel. Broadcast P prior to chiselling and deep placement of P with the chisel gave comparable yields, although deep placement afforded greater season‐long crop feeding on the fertilizer. Runoff loss of P on sediment was minimized with chisel placement of the P.
Effect of Plant‐Available Stored Soil Moisture on Corn Yield: II. Variable Climatic Conditions
Authors: Leeper R. A. , Runge E. C. A. , Walker W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAgronomists have long been interested in how variation in soils and climate are related to crop yields. An experiment was conducted to quantify the effect of weekly plant available stored soil moisture (PASSM) during 10 weeks of the growing season on corn (Zea mays L.) yield under constant and variable climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to determine how much of the variation in corn yield was due to variations in soils and climate and to develop a model relating corn yield to soil, rainfall, and temperature which could be used to predict corn yields for other locations not studied. Plot yields from four Illinois locations (farms) for 3 years (1969–1971) were correlated with weekly PASSM, rooting depth, or available water holding capacity in the rooting zone and climatic data (rainfall and temperature). Experimental plots had high fertility and management. Weekly PASSM, rainfall, and temperature values were summed by a method similar to Fisher's polynomial technique as previously modified.Differences in corn yields due to soils, locations, and among years within locations are due to differences in climate (rainfall and temperature) and differences the ability of the soil to supply water. When correlated with rainfall and temperature data PASSM determined on a weekly basis was slightly less efficient (R2 = 0.80) than was rooting depth (R2 = 0.83) or amount of preseason water available in the rooting zone (R2 = 0.81) in explaining variations in corn yield. Equations fitted to the data should be useful models in predicting corn yields for other locations and soil conditions not studied. The model utilizing the amount of preseason water available in the rooting zone is particularly easy to utilize in predicting corn yield for other locations from soils and climatic data.
Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Plant Density on Sunflower1
Authors: Zubriski J. C. , Zimmerman D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is generally recognized that appropriate plant density and appropriate fertilizer application to deficient soil are necessary for optimum yield of crops. These variables also affect the quality of some crops. There is limited research data on the effects of these variables on yield and quality factors of oil and confectionery cultivars of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) grown in North Dakota. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of three rates of nitrogen fertilizer, two rates of phosphorus fertilizer, and three plant densities upon seed yield, head size, oil concentration of oil cultivars, and seed size of confectionery cultivars.Nitrogen fertilizer increased seed yield, head size, oil yield from oil‐type cultivars, and percentage of large size seeds from confectionery cultivars. However, N reduced oil concentration of oil‐type seeds and percentage of medium size seeds of confectionery cultivars. Yield response to nitrogen was obtained at all locations because soil tests for nitrate‐N to a 61 cm soil depth were less than 60 kg/ha at planting time.Phosporus fertilizer failed to increase seed yields in 10 of 12 trials and had little effect on size of confectionery seeds and oil concentration of oil‐type seeds. Lack of response to phosphorus cannot be explained by soil test data.Increasing plant density increased seed yield, yield of oil from oil‐type sunflower, and percentage of medium‐size seeds from confectionery cultivars. Increasing plant density reduced head size and percentage of large‐size seeds of confectionery cultivars. Percentage of small sized confectionery seeds was increased by increasing plant density and decreased by increasing rate of nitrogen fertilizer.Results of this study show that nitrogen and plant density have a relatively large effect on seed yield and a smaller effect on oil concentration and seed size.
Effects of Potassium Topdressing a Low Fertility Silt Loam Soil on Alfalfa Herbage Yields and Composition and on Soil K Values1
Authors: Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) uses large amounts of soil K. The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of topdressed K needed to obtain maximum herbage yields from alfalfa under presently recommended harvest schedules. ‘Ranger’ alfalfa was established on a low K Typic Argiudoll (Plano silt loam) and topdressed the first two of three harvest years with zero, 56, 112, 224, 448, 672, 896, and 1120 kg/ha K as KCI. Two annual harvest schedules were used; (a) three cuts at first flower and (b) same as (a) plus an early October cut (4 cuts). Yield responses were similar for the two harvest schedules, but 3‐year average yields were highest with three cuts annually. Residual yields and stands showed that the detrimental effect of an early October cut (4 cuts) was partially alleviated by high K topdressing rates. The 3‐year average yields were highest with 672 kg/ha of topdressed K, and then decreased at higher K rates. Herbage K percentage at 672 kg/ha K averaged 2.8% for the 3 harvest years, and 56% of the fertilizer K was recovered in the herbage. Analysis of total herbage from the third harvest year showed that Mn concentration, as well as K, increased as K topdressing rate increased, whereas concentrations of N, P, S, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn, and B decreased. There was no effect on IVDDM, Fe, and AI concentrations. It is concluded that higher rates of applied K are needed than presently are being used in order to obtain and maintain high herbage yields and persistence from alfalfa stands.
Effects of Frequency of Sprinkling With Saline Waters Compared With Daily Drip Irrigation1
Authors: Bernstein Leon , Francois L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe previously attributed the injury to bell peppers (Capsicum frutescens) by sprinkling them with saline water to flushing into the root zone of salts accumulated at the soil surface rather than to foliar salt absorption. These two possible mechanisms of salt injury have now been studied further by observing the effects of sprinkling frequency and the related degree of surface salt accumulation. Bell peppers in small field plots were sprinkled every 2.3, 3.5, and 4.75 days (average intervals for each treatment) with low‐salt (450 mg/liter) and medium and high‐salt waters (1,000 and 2,000 mg/liter of added NaCl + CaCl2, respectively). Three additional plots were drip irrigated daily with the three waters for comparative purposes. Soil salt distributions, foliar salt contents, and bell pepper yields were determined.Sprinkling with the low‐salt water and drip irrigation with all three waters caused no leaf damage. Plants sprinkled every 2.3 days with the two saline waters suffered more leaf burn and produced lower yields than plants sprinkled less often. Sprinkling with the medium‐salt water reduced yields appreciably only at the highest frequency (2.3 days) but sprinkling with the high‐salt water reduced yields more than 50% at all sprinkling frequencies, compared to a yield loss of only 14% by drip irrigation with this water. Since sprinkling with the medium‐salt water caused no observable osmotic shock by salt flushing, injury and yield loss appear to be related primarily to foliar salt absorption. Sprinkling with saline waters appears to induce sensitivity to sodium and chloride in bell pepper plants as it does in other species that do not appear sensitive to these ions when surface irrigated.