bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aryloxy Phosphoramidate Triesters: a Technology for Delivering Monophosphorylated Nucleosides and Sugars into Cells
Authors: Mehellou Youcef , Balzarini Jan , McGuigan Christopher 
Published: September 2009

AbstractProdrug technologies aimed at delivering nucleoside monophosphates into cells (protides) have proved to be effective in improving the therapeutic potential of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides. In these cases, the nucleoside monophosphates are delivered into the cell, where they may then be further converted (phosphorylated) to their active species. Herein, we describe one of these technologies developed in our laboratories, known as the phosphoramidate protide method. In this approach, the charges of the phosphate group are fully masked to provide efficient passive cell‐membrane penetration. Upon entering the cell, the masking groups are enzymatically cleaved to release the phosphorylated biomolecule. The application of this technology to various therapeutic nucleosides has resulted in improved antiviral and anticancer activities, and in some cases it has transformed inactive nucleosides to active ones. Additionally, the phosphoramidate technology has also been applied to numerous antiviral nucleoside phosphonates, and has resulted in at least three phosphoramidate‐based nucleotides progressing to clinical investigations. Furthermore, the phosphoramidate technology has been recently applied to sugars (mainly glucosamine) in order to improve their therapeutic potential. The development of the phosphoramidate technology, mechanism of action and the application of the technology to various monophosphorylated nucleosides and sugars will be reviewed.
Calculated on 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of 2,4‐difluorobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone and 2,3‐dichlorobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone with GIAO, IGAIM, and CSGT models
Authors: Günay N. , Tarcan E. , Avcı D. , Cömert H. , Esmer K. , Atalay Y. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of the 2,4‐difluorobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone (I) and 2,3‐dichlorobenzaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone (II) were determined with the help of full spectral analysis. The geometry and electronic structure of the title compounds were investigated at both the ab initio Hartree‐Fock and the B3LYP levels with 6‐31+G(d,p) basis set. The NMR data were calculated by means of the GIAO, CSGT, and IGAIM methods. All quantum‐chemical calculations, including those of NMR data, were performed by ab initio level HF and DFT methods. Excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental results was found for the HF level 1H and 13C chemical shifts. The parameters of molecular geometry and 1H and 13C chemical shift values of the title compounds (I, II) in the ground state have been calculated and and compared with corresponding experimental result. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 297–304, 2009.
The role of salvage surgery in patients with recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx
Authors: Zafereo Mark E. , Hanasono Matthew M. , Rosenthal David I. , Sturgis Erich M. , Lewin Jan S. , Roberts Diana B. , Weber Randal S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:The objective of this study was to comprehensively review overall survival, functional outcomes, and prognostic factors in patients who underwent salvage surgery for locally recurrent squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (SCCOP) after initial radiotherapy.METHODS:The authors retrospectively reviewed 1681 consecutive patients who completed definitive therapy for primary SCCOP and identified 168 patients with locally recurrent SCCOP who underwent salvage surgery (41 patients), reirradiation or brachytherapy (18 patients), palliative chemotherapy (70 patients), or supportive care (39 patients).RESULTS:Twenty‐six of 39 patients (67%) developed a second recurrence after salvage surgery. The 3‐year overall survival rate for patients who underwent salvage surgery or received reirradiation, palliative chemotherapy, or supportive care were 48.7%, 31.6%, 3.7%, and 5.1%, respectively. For patients who underwent salvage surgery, older age (P = .03), the absence of a disease‐free interval (P < .01), and advanced recurrent tumor stage (P = .07) were associated with lower overall survival. Patients with recurrent neck disease (P = .01) and positive surgical margins (P = .04) had higher rates of recurrence after salvage surgery. Postoperative complications occurred in 19 patients (46%), and there were no perioperative deaths. Functionally, 71% of patients demonstrated ≥80% speech intelligibility, 68% were able to tolerate some oral intake, and 87% who required a tracheotomy subsequently were decannulated.CONCLUSIONS:Age, disease‐free interval, recurrent tumor stage, recurrent neck disease, and surgical margin status influenced overall survival or recurrence rate after salvage surgery for recurrent SCCOP. Although most patients had good functional outcomes, only a select group of patients with recurrent SCCOP achieved long‐term survival after salvage surgery. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with Tourette syndrome
Authors: Kataoka Yuko , Kalanithi Paul S.A. , Grantz Heidi , Schwartz Michael L. , Saper Clifford , Leckman James F. , Vaccarino Flora M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCorticobasal ganglia neuronal ensembles bring automatic motor skills into voluntary control and integrate them into ongoing motor behavior. A 5% decrease in caudate (Cd) nucleus volume is the most consistent structural finding in the brain of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS), but the cellular abnormalities that underlie this decrease in volume are unclear. In this study the density of different types of interneurons and medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum was assessed in the postmortem brains of 5 TS subjects as compared with normal controls (NC) by unbiased stereological analyses. TS patients demonstrated a 50%–60% decrease of both parvalbumin (PV)+ and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ cholinergic interneurons in the Cd and the putamen (Pt). Cholinergic interneurons were decreased in TS patients in the associative and sensorimotor regions but not in the limbic regions of the striatum, such that the normal gradient in density of cholinergic cells (highest in associative regions, intermediate in sensorimotor and lowest in limbic regions) was abolished. No significant difference was present in the densities of medium‐sized calretinin (CR)+ interneurons, MSNs, and total neurons. The selective deficit of PV+ and cholinergic striatal interneurons in TS subjects may result in an impaired cortico/thalamic control of striatal neuron firing in TS. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:277–291, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depression of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II in dorsal root ganglion neurons after spinal nerve ligation
Authors: Kojundzic Sanja Lovric , Puljak Livia , Hogan Quinn , Sapunar Damir 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe enzyme calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is associated with memory and its α isoform is critical for development of activity‐induced synaptic changes. Therefore, we hypothesized that CaMKII is involved in altered function of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons after neuronal injury. To test this hypothesis, Sprague–Dawley rats were made hyperalgesic by L5 and L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL), and changes in total phosphorylated and unphosphorylated CaMKII (tCaMKII) and phosphorylated form of its α isoform (pCaMKIIα) were analyzed using immunochemistry in different subpopulations of DRG. SNL did not induce any changes in tCaMKII between experimental groups, while the overall percentage of pCaMKIIα‐positive neurons in injured L5 DRG SNL (24.8%) decreased significantly when compared to control (41.7%). SNL did not change the percentage of pCaMKIIα/N52 colabeled neurons but decreased the percentage of N52‐negative nonmyelinated neurons that expressed pCaMKIIα from 27% in control animals to 11% after axotomy. We also observed a significant decrease in the percentage of small nonpeptidergic neurons labeled with IB4 (37.6% in control vs. 4.0% in L5 SNL DRG), as well as a decrease in the percentage of pCaMKIIα/IB4 colabeled neurons in injured L5 DRGs (27% in control vs. 1% in L5 DRG of SNL group). Our results show that reduction in pCaMKIIα levels following peripheral injury is due to the loss of IB4‐positive neurons. These results indicate that diminished afferent activity after axotomy may lead to decreased phosphorylation of CaMKIIα. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:64–74, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunochemical characterization of inhibitory mouse cortical neurons: Three chemically distinct classes of inhibitory cells
Authors: Xu Xiangmin , Roby Keith D. , Callaway Edward M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe cerebral cortex has diverse types of inhibitory neurons. In rat cortex, past research has shown that parvalbumin (PV), somatostatin (SOM), calretinin (CR), and cholecystokinin (CCK) label four distinct chemical classes of GABAergic interneurons. However, in contrast to rat cortex, previous studies indicate that there is significant colocalization of SOM and CR in mouse cortical inhibitory neurons. In the present study we further characterized immunochemical distinctions among mouse inhibitory cortical neurons by double immunochemical labeling with chemical markers. We found that, PV, SOM, and vasointenstinal peptide (VIP) reliably identify three nonoverlapping distinct subpopulations, as there was no overlap of immunoreactivity between PV and all the other chemical markers tested, and SOM and VIP did not show any overlap in labeled neurons in all the cortical areas. In comparison, there was significant overlap in combinations of other chemical markers. With some laminar and regional variations, the average overlap of SOM/CR (percentage of SOM+ cells expressing CR) and SOM/neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY) across all examined layers and cortical regions was 21.6% and 7.1%, respectively. The average overlap of VIP/CR, VIP/NPY, and CR/NPY was 34.2%, 9.5%, and 10%, respectively. We quantified and assessed the percentages of marker‐positive GABAergic cells, and showed that the nonoverlapping subpopulations (i.e., PV+, SOM+ and VIP+ cells) accounted for about 60% of the GABAergic cell population. Taken together, our data reveal important chemical distinctions between mouse inhibitory cortical neurons and indicate that PV, SOM, and VIP can differentially label a majority of mouse inhibitory cortical neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:389–404, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review: GaN growth by ammonia based methods – density functional theory study
Authors: Krukowski S. , Kempisty P. , Strąk P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRecent results in Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulations of ammonia‐based growth of gallium nitride on GaN (0001) are reviewed. These simulations are important to the following GaN growth methods that use ammonia as active nitrogen source: ammonothermal, MOVPE, HVPE and also ammonia‐source MBE. In the simulations of GaN growth, the two main approaches were discussed: (1) equilibrium, based on chemical potentials of the components, and (2) dynamic, based on consideration of atomistic processes on the surface. These two approaches are unified by the kinetic procedure of determination of the chemical potential levels for nitrogen and hydrogen as a function of partial pressure of ammonia. Here the DFT modeling of GaN(0001) surface employing the technique of the simulation of subsurface electric field is described and employed. The results of DFT modeling include the ammonia and molecular hydrogen adsorption on GaN(0001) surface that allows to determine some basic features of ammonia‐based growth of GaN. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantification of the In‐distribution in embedded InGaAs quantum dots by transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Blank H. , Litvinov D. , Schneider R. , Gerthsen D. , Passow T. , Scheerschmidt K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe In‐concentration in InGaAs quantum dots located within a GaAs matrix was determined with the composition evaluation by lattice fringe analysis (CELFA) technique. However, the results obtained with this method cannot account for the three‐dimensional shape of quantum dots and their embedding in GaAs. A correction procedure was developed that takes into consideration the shape of the quantum dots and the TEM sample thickness and quantum‐dot size. After correction, In‐concentration profiles show an increasing In‐content towards the top of the quantum dots which is consistent with the effect of In‐segregation and earlier studies using other experimental techniques. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Summary of ‘Interventions for unilateral refractive amblyopia’, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials
Authors: Shotton K. , Powell C. , Voros G. , Hatt S. R. , van Dalen E. C. , Kremer L. C. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis is a summary, including tables of key findings and quality of included trials, of a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Shotton K, Powell C, Voros G, Hatt SR. Interventions for unilateral refractive amblyopia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4, Art. No.: CD005137. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005137.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Commentary. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Two commentaries on ‘Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis’
Authors: Wiedermann Bernhard L. , Amir Jacob 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThese are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Nasser M, Fedorowicz Z, Khoshnevisan MH, Shahiri Tabarestani M. Acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art No.: CD006700. DOI: 10.1002/14 651 858.CD006700.pub2.Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2009 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the 28‐Isopolytungstate Fragment [H2W28O95]20– Stabilized by Two External Lanthanide Ions [Ln2(H2O)10W28O93(OH)2]14–
Authors: Ismail Amal H. , Bassil Bassem S. , Suchopar Andreas , Kortz Ulrich 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe V‐shaped polyanions [Ln2(H2O)10W28O93(OH)2]14– [Ln = Sm (1), and Eu (2)] have been synthesized by reaction of Ln3+ and WO42– in aqueous acidic medium. The sodium salt of 1 and the mixed sodium‐europium salt of 2 have been characterized in the solid state by FTIR, single‐crystal XRD, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and elemental analysis. Single‐crystal X‐ray analyses were carried out on Na14[Sm2(H2O)10W28O93(OH)2]·40H2O (Na‐1) which crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P$\bar {1}$, a = 14.8727(6) Å, b = 21.7762(11) Å, c = 23.5751(10) Å, α = 89.175(2)°, β = 86.430(2)°, γ = 75.364(2)°, and Z = 2 and on Na8Eu2[Eu2(H2O)10W28O93(OH)2]·47H2O (NaEu‐2) which crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n, a = 25.3862(11) Å, b = 14.6364(5) Å, c = 40.3264(16) Å, β = 96.107(3)°, and Z = 4. The polyanions 1 and 2 consist of a novel isopolyanion unit [H2W28O95]20– and two {Ln(H2O)n}3+ supporting groups. The {W28} cluster coordinates to the two Ln3+ ions and acts as a tri‐ and tetradentate ligand for the two lanthanide ions. The {W28} cluster consists of two undecatungstate {W11} fragments and a hexatungstate fragment {W6}. Furthermore, in the solid state, one {W28} fragment is connected to another {W28} via lanthanide‐oxo bridges forming a {W56} aggregate ([Ln2(H2O)10W28O93(OH)2]14–)2. It was also possible to synthesize other lanthanide derivatives of the {W28} cluster (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, and Gd) as determined by FTIR and preliminary single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Convenient Synthesis of Ferrocene Conjugates Mediated by Benzyltriethylammonium Tetrathiomolybdate in a Multi‐Step Tandem Process
Authors: Sudhir V. Sai , Baig Nasir Baig Rashid , Chandrasekaran Srinivasan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of a wide range of ferrocene‐derived sulfur‐linked mono‐ and disubstituted Michael adducts and conjugates mediated by benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate (1) in a tandem process is reported. New route to access acryloylferrocene (4) and 1,1′‐diacryloylferrocene (5) is discussed. Conjugation of amino acids to ferrocene is established via their N and C termini and also via side chains employing conjugate addition as key step to furnish mono‐ and divalent conjugates. This methodology has also been extended to access several ferrocene–carbohydrate conjugates. The electrochemical behavior of some selected ferrocene conjugates was studied by cyclic voltammetry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Global volume conservation in unsteady free surface flows with energy absorbing far‐end boundaries
Authors: Demirel Ender , Aydin Ismail 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA wave absorption filter for the far‐end boundary of semi‐infinite large reservoirs is developed for numerical simulation of unsteady free surface flows. Mathematical model is based on finite volume solution of the Navier–Stokes equations and depth‐integrated continuity equation to track the free surface. The Sommerfeld boundary condition is applied at the far‐end of the truncated computational domain. A dissipation zone is formed by applying artificial pressure on water surface to dissipate the kinetic energy of the outgoing waves. The computational scheme is tested to verify the conservation of total fluid volume in the domain for long simulation durations. Combination of the Sommerfeld boundary and dissipation zone can effectively minimize reflections and prevent cumulative changes in total fluid volume in the domain. Solitary wave, nonlinear periodic waves and irregular waves are simulated to illustrate the numerical developments. Earthquake excited surface waves and nonlinear hydrodynamic pressures in a dam–reservoir are computed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, Fabrication and Preliminary Study of a Mini Power Source with a Planar Six‐cell PEM Unitised Regenerative Fuel Cell Stack
Authors: Su H. N. , Liao S. J. , Xu L. M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA novel micro planar fuel cell power supplier, in which a six‐cell PEM unitised regenerative fuel cell (URFC) stack is used as the power generator, was designed and fabricated. Six membrane electrode assemblies were prepared and integrated on one piece of membrane by spraying catalyst slurry on both sides of the membrane. Each cell was made by sandwiching a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) between two graphite monopolar plates and six cell units were mechanically fixed in two organic glass endplates. When the stack was operated in an electrolysis mode, hydrogen was generated from the splitting of water and stored using a hydrogen storage alloy; conversely, when the stack was operated in fuel cell mode, hydrogen was supplied by the hydrogen storage alloy and oxygen was supplied from air by self‐breathing of the cathode. At room temperature and standard atmospheric pressure, the open‐circuit voltage (OCV) of the system reached 4.9 V, the system could be discharged at a constant current density of 20 mA cm–2 for about 40 min, and the work voltage was ∼2.9 V. The system showed good stability for 10 charge–discharge cycles.
t(19;22)(q13;q12) Translocation leading to the novel fusion gene EWSR1‐ZNF444 in soft tissue myoepithelial carcinoma
Authors: Brandal Petter , Panagopoulos Ioannis , Bjerkehagen Bodil , Heim Sverre 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMyoepithelial neoplasms of soft tissue have only recently been acknowledged as a separate diagnostic entity. To know based on histological appearance whether these tumors are benign or malignant is often difficult, and their tumorigenic mechanisms remain poorly understood. We report a myoepithelial carcinoma with an aberrant near‐diploid karyotype, 43∼47,XX,add(1)(p34)x2,add(3)(q27)x2,del(12)(q22),+add(18)(p11)x2,del(22)(q11),+r, found in cells cultured from a lung metastasis. The deletion in 22q led us to search by molecular cytogenetic means for possible EWSR1 rearrangements, and eventually a novel chimeric gene consisting of the 5′‐end of EWSR1 (22q12) and the 3′‐end of ZNF444 (19q13) was found. How the new fusion gene contributes to tumorigenesis is unknown, but the finding of an EWSR1 rearrangement suggests that this, possibly even the EWSR1‐ZNF444, is a defining pathogenetic feature of at least a subset of these tumors. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity analysis of a Penman–Monteith type equation to estimate reference evapotranspiration in southern Spain
Authors: Estévez Javier , Gavilán Pedro , Berengena Joaquín 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSensitivity analysis is crucial in assessing the impact of climatic variables on reference evapotranspiration estimations. The sensitivity of the standardized ASCE–Penman–Monteith evapotranspiration equation for daily estimations to climatic variables has not yet been studied in Spain. Andalusia is located in southern Spain where almost 1 million ha are irrigated under quite different conditions; it has a high inter‐annual variability in rainfall. In this study, sensitivity analyses for this equation were carried out for temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed data from 87 automatic weather stations, including coastal and inland locations, from 1999 to 2006. Topography and Mediterranean climate characterize the heterogeneous landscape and vegetation of this region. Simulated random and systematic errors have been added to meteorological data to obtain ET0 deviations and sensitivity coefficients for different time periods. BIAS and SEE (standard error of estimate) have been used to evaluate the effect of both types of errors. The results showed a large degree of daily and seasonal variability, especially for temperature and relative humidity. In general, the effect on ET0 values of introduced random errors was larger than that of systematic errors. ET0 overestimations were produced using positive errors in temperature, solar radiation and wind speed data, while these errors in relative humidity resulted in ET0 underestimations. The sensitivity of ET0 to the same climatic variables showed significant differences among locations. The geographical distribution of sensitivity coefficients across this region was also studied. As an example, during spring months, ET0 equation was more sensitive to temperature in stations located along the Guadalquivir Valley. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.