bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Andegerebenha Vowel Phonology
Authors: Breen J.G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The most common vowel system in Australian languages and the system ancestral to other Australian vowel systems is the triangular system /i-u-a/, with or without phonemic length. This paper shows that this is not appropriate for Andegerebenha, considers the suitability of a two-vowel system /a-a/, and rejects this in favour of one vowel plus length /a-a·/ The short vowel is greatly influenced in quality by the adjacent consonants; the longer one much less so. The consonant inventory is augmented by the addition of a number of labialised consonants, which embody the rounding of earlier *u. Conversely, the phoneme/γ/, a velar glide, was introduced when an earlier *w acquired the feature [-round] of adjacent vowels.
Segmentation und phonetische Klassifikation mit dem DAWID-System
Authors: Glave R.D. , Lancé D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The DAWID speech recognition system, which is briefly described in this paper, performs an acoustical analysis which in some respect can be compared with a phonetic transcription. The limitations of this comparison are discussed. The segmentation and phonetic classification performance of the system is investigated on the basis of 5,520 spoken words (46 different one- and two-syllable words, 12 male speakers). The system performance is examined with the aid of varying classes of speech sounds embedded in different phonetic context. The results indicate that the DAWID system reliably transforms some classes of speech sounds into sequences of symbols, the elements of which represent ‘quasi-allophonic’ sound classes.
La perception des glissandos descendants dans les contours prosodiques (The Perception of Falling Glissandos in Prosodic Contours)
Authors: Rossi M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine wether the threshold and pitch of falling glissandos are identical to those calculated for rising ones - and consequently to test the hypothesis that rising glissandos are less well perceived than falling ones. The results show a threshold between 18 and 19 Hz for a duration of 200 ms, with an initial frequency of 139 Hz. The pitch corresponds to the frequency of a point at two thirds of the duration of the vowel. These results confirm those obtained for rising glissandos. The above hypothesis is not verified. In conclusion, a model of hearing is proposed which account for the modes of perception of glissandos.
In Search of the Acoustic Correlates of Stress: Fundamental Frequency, Amplitude, and Duration in the Connected Utterance of Some Native and Non-Native Speakers of English
Authors: Adams Corinne , Munro R.R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this investigation of the correlates of stress, account was taken of both production and perception aspects of the phenomenon in the connected utterance of a group each of native and non-native speakers of English. Measurement of the fundamental frequency, amplitude, and duration of the syllables stressed by these subjects revealed that duration was by far the most frequently used cue and that amplitude was the least used. The two groups differed significantly both in the incidence and placement of stress, although no evidence was found to suggest that native and non-native speakers consistently employ different acoustic parameters to signal this feature at the sentence level.
A la recherche de traits pertinents prosodiques du français parisien
Authors: Fónagy I. , Fónagy J. , Sap J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An attempt was made to determine the prosodic features that distinguish modalities and emotive attitudes through controlled variation of fundamental frequency and overall sound pressure in a sample of four synthesized French sentences. The following tendencies were observed: (a) judgements ‘interrogative’ in disjunctive sentences were essentially more frequent with a steeper rise in fundamental frequency (interval/time) in the first stressed syllable; (b) in the case of certain melodic cliches, assertive and interrogative sentences were distinguished by characteristic intrasyllabic (constant vs. rising) fundamental frequency changes; (c) basic emotions such as anger, joy could not be distinguished on the basis of mere changes in the fundamental frequency; more complex social attitudes, however, can be differenciated in this way, and (d) if two fundamental frequency curves differed only in their angularity (in suddenness of change of direction) then sentences with a more angular fundamental frequency curve were rated as being significantly more aggressive than their smoother counterparts.
Interpreting Raw Fundamental-Frequency Tracings of Danish
Authors: Thorsen Nina 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper describes a procedure with which complex raw fundamental-frequency (F₀) tracings of Danish can be split into their components, namely (1) coarticulatory F₀ variations; (2) intrinsic F₀ level differences between segments (vowels); (3) F₀ movements pertaining to individual segments (vowels); (4) F₀ patterns associated with stress groups, and (5) the intonation contour of the sentence. ‘Stød’ is not considered here. The problems inherent in such a procedure are discussed as are the hypotheses concerning physiological production models of the speech signal and its perceptual correlates.
Über die artikulatorische Ähnlichkeit deutscher Vokale (On the articulatory similarity of German vowels)
Authors: Rietveld A.C.M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In this article we describe an investigation into the proprioceptive articulatory similarity often German vowels. When processed with a multidimensional scaling technique, the similarity scores of 46 subjects led to the construction of a proprioceptive space, the dimensions of which are discussed in this article. The application of a hierarchical Cluster Analysis resulted in three main clusters, which we labelled front, middle and back. The vowels of the same cluster show a higher similarity than vowels taken from different clusters. The dimensions of the proprioceptive space and the classes resulting from the cluster analysis are correlated with some physical features of the vowels in question.
Strategy Relationships in the Acquisition of /CV/, /CVCV/, /CVC/ and Other Structures: a Case Study
Authors: Roberts E.W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A concentrated study of the various utterance forms used by a single subject during the period 1 year, 11 months to 2 years, 1 month indicates that they interdigitate in a manner that is interesting both from structural and paradigmatic viewpoints. Consonant harmony is shown to have priority over vowel harmony and both are crucially dependent on the presence of an initial /C-/, exclusive of the optional glides [?] and [h]. Medial and final /C/s are seen to be preferentially dental (with final palatalisation) and final /V/ to be preferentially [i], i.e. also palatal. Final /C/ contrasts develop first in the /VC/ structure and differential /V/ systems in forms containing /VV/ sequences or in the /VCV/ structure.
Coarticulatory Effects of Vowel Quality on Velar Function
Authors: Bell-Berti Fredericks , Baer Thomas , Harris Katherine S. , Niimi Seiji 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Velar elevation data were collected for 12 utterance pairs contrasting in vowel quality. It is well-known that velar position for any phonetic segment is determined by at least two factors: the nature of the segment itself and the phonetic environment in which the segment occurs. Thus, velar elevation increases through the series of segment types: nasals, open vowels, close vowels, obstruents; and velar elevation for English vowels is affected by adjacent nasals. In these data, vowel quality was found to affect velar position during adjacent consonants: that is, the velum was lower for both nasals and obstruents in an environment of open vowels than in an environment of close vowels.
Acoustic Analysis of the Spanish Diphthongs
Authors: Borzone de Manrique Ana María 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The spectral analysis of the 14 Spanish diphthongs was undertaken under two different speaking rates. The central frequency and relative intensity of the first (F1) and second (F2) formant were measured as well as the duration of the onset and offset steady states, the transition between them, and the total duration of the diphthong. The values in hertz per millisecond for the rate of change of the F2 transition were also obtained. Results show that the formant pattern, rate of change and temporal relations between both steady states contribute to the characterization of Spanish diphthongs; the distinction between diphthongs and vowel sequences in hiatus depends on the temporal relationship.
Sprachlaute und Sprachsignale – Zur Perspektive einer neuen Phonometrie
Authors: Tillmann H.G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Descriptive phonetics and instrumental phonetics have two entirely different empirical domains as their subject matters. On this basis, Zwirner’s central problem of the theoretical relationship between sound category and sound realisation is re-formulated and discussed. It is shown how the traditional descriptive procedures of segmentation and decomposition can be connected with the segments of digital speech signals and the features analysed from them.
The Reorganization Times of Bite-Block Vowels
Authors: Lubker James F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This investigation attempts to determine, via classical reaction-time techniques, whether speakers require longer times to initiate the production of so-called ‘bite-block’ vowels than they do for normal vowels. The results suggest that speakers do spend measurable amounts of time in neurophysiological reorganization for such vowels. These results are discussed in terms of some current models for speech motor control.
Acoustic Measurements of Articulator Motions
Authors: Schroeder Manfred R. , Strube Hans Werner 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Methods for estimating articulatory data from acoustic measurements are reviewed. First, relations between the vocal-tract area function and formant or impedance data are pointed out. Then the possibility of determining a (discretized) area function from the speech signal itself is considered. Finally, we look at the estimation of certain articulatory parameters rather than the area function. By using a regression method, such parameters can even be estimated independently of any vocal-tract model. Results for real-speech data are given.
Use of Visual Information for Phonetic Perception
Authors: Summerfield Quentin 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The accuracy with which naive listeners can report sentences presented 12 dB below a background of continuous prose was compared with accuracy in four audio visually supplemented conditions. With monochrome displays of the talker showing (i) the face, (ii) the lips and (iii) four points at the centres of the lips and the corners of the mouth, accuracy improved by 43, 31 and 8%, respectively. No improvement was produced by optical information on syllabic timing. The results suggest that optical concomitants of articulation specify linguistic information to normal listeners. This conclusion was reinforced in a second experiment in which identification functions were obtained for continua of synthetic syllables ranging between [aba], [ada] and [aga], presented both in isolation and in combination with video recordings. Audio-visually, [b] was only perceived when lip closure was specified optically and, if lip closure was specified optically, [b] was generally perceived. Perceivers appear to make use of articulatory constraints upon the combined audio-visual specification of phonetic events, suggesting that optical and acoustical displays are co-perceived in a common metric closely related to that of articulatory dynamics.
Dimensions in the Perception of Fortis and Lenis Plosives
Authors: Kohler Klaus J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The analysis of the production of fortis and lenis plosives in German has shown the importance of the duration ratio vowel/ (vowel + closure) for the distinction. To complement these results a perception test was carried out in which 29 native speakers identified a randomised sequence of 220 stimuli from tape as one of the phrases ‘Diese Gruppe kann ich nicht leid(e)n (leit(e)n)’. The stimuli were obtained from the two naturally produced originals by changing the ratios and the length of voicing in the plosive through computer processing. The test results indicate very conclusively that judgment can be reversed simply by changing the ratio to the appropriate ones found in production. There is a hierarchy of perceptual dimensions: duration ratio > formant transition > voicing.
The Goal of Phonetics, Its Unification and Application
Authors: Lindblom Björn 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The long-term task of phonetics is to contribute towards the construction of a theory of the use and form of spoken language. The choice of this objective is primarily scientifically motivated but is reinforced by the prospect of using phonetic knowledge for educational, clinical and technological purposes. Phonetics is relevant to the general study of spoken language in two ways: It enters into describing how language is used by speakers, listeners and learners (the psychology and physics of speech behavior) and accounting for how language is formed by the social and biological constraints on their vocal/auditory performance (the phylogeny and ontogeny of language form). Such a program is today served by phonetics oriented towards both natural science and behavioral experimentation and by general linguistics dominated by its quest for autonomy and a place in the tradition of speculative philosophy. While the immensity of the subject matter of spoken language certainly makes a multiplicity of empirical approaches mandatory, it is equally true that a broader paradigm lending theoretical unification to the mosaic of research cultures must be sought. This appears to be the case particularly with regard to the full exploitation of the theoretical and practical relevance of phonetics. The main point of the present paper is that such unification can be achieved by rejecting all attempts at making linguistics autonomous and hostile to ‘extralinguistic’ explanation and by embedding the study of language and speech, and thus phonetics, within the framework of biological functionalism.
Cortical Activity in the Left and Right Hemispheres during Language-Related Brain Functions
Authors: Lassen Niels A. , Larsen Bo 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The blood flow to a given brain region increases as the level of neural activity is augmented. Hence mapping of variations in regional cerebral blood flow affords a means of imaging the activity of various brain regions during various types of brain work. The paper summarizes the patterns of cortical activity seen during various language functions, emphasizing the practically symmetrical involvement in both hemispheres. A case of auditive agnosia (with complete cortical word deafness but preserved pure tone thresholds) is presented. The patient’s normal speech constitutes evidence that auditory feedback (absent in his case) is not a prerequisite for speaking.
Modern Methods of Investigation in Speech Production
Authors: Fujimura Osamu 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Methodologies of speech research with respect to the production processes are discussed, with an emphasis on the recent development of new instrumental techniques. It is argued that systematic studies of large amounts of speech data are necessary to understand the basic characteristics of speech. The traditional notion of phoneme-size segments seems inappropriate for interpreting multidimensional articulatory movements by a concatenative model. Experimental means such as a computer-controlled X-ray microbeam technique and advanced statistical processing, in combination with a new theoretical framework of phonetic description, promise future development.
The Relations between Area Functions and the Acoustic Signal
Authors: Fant Gunnar 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
To derive speech wave data from area function specifications and the reverse, to predict the area function from the speech wave, are fundamental problems of acoustic theory of speech production. Deviations from ideal resonator theory in terms of vocal tract boundary conditions and source filter interactions are discussed. Perturbation theory is related to special problems of male-female vocal tract scaling. Shortcomings of the inverse transforms are discussed. Merits of lossy transmission line theory over standard linear prediction procedures are emphasized. The use of bandwidths for removing ambiguities is illustrated in simple models. A limited amount of bandwidth data supplementing formant frequency data and model related vocal tract constraints appears to be optimal.
New Methods of Analysis in Speech Acoustics
Authors: Wakita Hisashi 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper gives a tutorial review of the linear prediction method in its application to acoustical analysis of sampled speech. The paper explains how the formant frequencies and the fundamental frequency can be estimated from sampled speech waves by the use of linear prediction. Advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed together with the problems in estimating the above parameters. Application examples are also given.
Implementation of a standardized protocol for prevention and management of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Bhatt Valkal , Vendrell Nancy , Nau Karen , Crumb Deborah , Roy Vivek 
Published: November 2009

Purpose. Oral mucositis is a serious problem that affects a significant number of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) patients. There are many gaps in management, and evidence-based guidelines do not provide consistent recommendations. The purpose of this pilot study was to develop a mucositis oral care protocol for the prevention and management of mucositis in the HCT patient and to evaluate the clinical impact of its implementation. Methods. After receipt of Institutional Review Board approval, all patients admitted to the Hematology—Oncology service for high-dose chemotherapy followed by an autologous or allogeneic HCT were eligible for the study. As part of a change in practice, a new mucositis protocol consisting of a specific oral care regimen was instituted for prevention and treatment of mucositis. Assessment of mucositis began upon admission to the hospital and the patient was evaluated using a mucositis grading scale on a daily basis by the physician and nursing staff. The new mucositis protocol was a part of the HCT service admission orders for each patient. The group of patients treated according to the new mucositis protocol were compared with a retrospective control group consisting of patients who had undergone management of oral mucositis under the previous standard of care. The primary endpoints were to evaluate incidence, severity, and duration of oral mucositis. Secondary endpoints included days requiring narcotics; days of parenteral nutrition, febrile neutropenia, antimicrobial therapy, and length of hospital stay. Results. There were 13 patients enrolled in the control group and 12 patients in the new protocol group. The new protocol resulted in a decreased incidence (100% vs. 75%) and duration (19.2 vs. 8.3 days) of mucositis. Days of maximum grade one and three mucositis were decreased by 56%, and 70%, respectively. Days of maximum grade two mucositis, however increased by 22%. The days of narcotic use were reduced by 19% in the new protocol group (15.8 vs. 12.8 days). All patients in the new protocol group required parenteral nutrition, but days of use were reduced by 41% (17 vs. 10.2 days). The incidence of infection measured by days of febrile neutropenia and antimicrobial therapy were reduced by 35% (10.2 vs. 6.5 days) and 33% (17 vs. 11.4 days). Finally, the overall length of hospital stay was reduced by 7 days (30 vs. 23 days). Conclusion. Implementation of a standardized oral care protocol for mucositis management resulted in a decreased incidence, duration and severity of mucositis, and also reduced the global negative impact of mucositis. Future studies may further evaluate the global impact by adjusting for confounding factors. J Oncol Pharm Practice (2010) 16: 195—204.
Src tyrosine kinase preactivation is associated with platelet hypersensitivity in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera
Authors: Randi Maria Luigia , Brunati Anna Maria , Scapin Margherita , Frasson Martina , Deana Renzo , Magrin Elisa , Fabris Fabrizio , Donella-Deana Arianna 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) are chronic myeloproliferative disorders characterized by an increased incidence of thrombo-hemorrhagic complications. The acquired somatic Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F mutation is present in the majority of PV and ET patients. Because aberrant protein Tyr-phosphorylation has been associated with hematopoietic malignancies, the activity of the tyrosine kinases Src and JAK2 was analyzed in resting and thrombin-stimulated platelets from 13 PV and 42 ET patients. JAK2 was found inactive in healthy and pathological resting cells regardless of the V617F mutation. In addition, Src was inactive in all resting platelets, but in the pathological specimens it was present in a preactivated conformation as a consequence of anomalous dephosphorylation of its inhibitory phospho-Tyr527 residue, likely mediated by Src homology-2 domain-containing protein Tyr-phosphatase-2 (SHP-2), whose constitutive activity correlated with its recruitment to Src. Low thrombin concentration triggered a more rapid Src-signaling activation, higher [Ca2+]c increase, and aggregation in pathological platelets compared with controls. Thrombin-induced Src activation preceded JAK2 activation, which occurred simultaneously in normal and pathological platelets. Our results indicate that a constitutive Src kinase preactivation is implicated in platelet hypersensitivity and likely involved, at least partially, in the functional abnormalities of PV and ET platelets.
Targeting EXT1 reveals a crucial role for heparan sulfate in the growth of multiple myeloma
Authors: Reijmers Rogier M. , Groen Richard W. J. , Rozemuller Henk , Kuil Annemieke , de Haan-Kramer Anneke , Csikós Tamás , Martens Anton C. M. , Spaargaren Marcel , Pals Steven T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Expression of the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 is a hallmark of both normal and multiple myeloma (MM) plasma cells. Syndecan-1 could affect plasma cell fate by strengthening integrin-mediated adhesion via its core protein and/or by accommodating and presenting soluble factors via its HS side chains. Here, we show that inducible RNAi-mediated knockdown of syndecan-1 in human MM cells leads to reduced growth rates and a strong increase of apoptosis. Importantly, knockdown of EXT1, a copolymerase critical for HS chain biosynthesis, had similar effects. Using an innovative myeloma xenotransplantation model in Rag-2−/−γc−/− mice, we demonstrate that induction of EXT1 knockdown in vivo dramatically suppresses the growth of bone marrow localized myeloma. Our findings provide direct evidence that the HS chains of syndecan-1 are crucial for the growth and survival of MM cells within the bone marrow environment, and indicate the HS biosynthesis machinery as a potential treatment target in MM.