bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of dimethyl formamide in the synthesis of linear low density polyethylene on branched and molecular structure
Authors: Torabi Seyed Roohallah , Fazeli Naghmeh , Zarand Mehdi Ghafelehbashi 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this research work, effect of dimethyl formamide (DMF) as an external electron donor in gas phase ethylene/1‐butene copolymerization process in the presence of Ziegler–Natta catalyst has been investigated. Different experiments were performed using TiCl4/MgCl2as catalyst, triethyl aluminum as cocatalyst and in the presence of various amounts of DMF as an external electron donor. Then, effect of DMF on various parameters such as catalyst activity, molecular weight, and short chain branching content of the samples has been studied. The results showed that the more the ratio of DMF/Ti, the lower the catalyst activity. Moreover, the curves relating molecular weight and short chain branching content of the samples to the ratio of DMF/Ti passed through an extremum point at about DMF/Ti = 0.25. A justification for the occurrence of the extremum point has been proposed in this research work, and some analysis methods are adopted to confirm the suggested justification. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 1267–1272, 2012
Observation and Mechanistic Study of Facile CO Bond Formation between a Well‐Defined Aryl–Copper(III) Complex and Oxygen Nucleophiles
Authors: Huffman Lauren M. , Casitas Alicia , Font Marc , Canta Mercè , Costas Miquel , Ribas Xavi , Stahl Shannon S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA well‐defined macrocyclic aryl–CuIII complex (2) reacts readily with a variety of oxygen nucleophiles, including carboxylic acids, phenols and alcohols, under mild conditions to form the corresponding aryl esters, biaryl ethers and alkyl aryl ethers. The relationship between these reactions and catalytic CO coupling methods is demonstrated by the reaction of the macrocyclic aryl–Br species with acetic acid and p‐fluorophenol in the presence of 10 mol % CuI. An aryl‐CuIII‐Br species 2Br was observed as an intermediate in the catalytic reaction. Investigation of the stoichiometric CO bond‐forming reactions revealed nucleophile‐dependent changes in the mechanism. The reaction of 2 with carboxylic acids revealed a positive correlation between the log(kobs) and the pKa of the nucleophile (less‐acidic nucleophiles react more rapidly), whereas a negative correlation was observed with most phenols (more‐acidic phenols react more rapidly). The latter trend resembles previous observations with nitrogen nucleophiles. With carboxylic acids and acidic phenols, UV‐visible spectroscopic data support the formation of a ground‐state adduct between 2 and the oxygen nucleophile. Collectively, kinetic and spectroscopic data support a unified mechanism for aryl‐O coupling from the CuIII complex, consisting of nucleophile coordination to the CuIII center, deprotonation of the coordinated nucleophile, and CO (or CN) reductive elimination from CuIII.
Hypoxia-inducible MicroRNA-210 augments the metastatic potential of tumor cells by targeting vacuole membrane protein 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Ying Qiao , Liang Linhui , Guo Weijie , Zha Ruopeng , Tian Qi , Huang Shenglin , Yao Jian , Ding Jie , Bao Meiyan , Ge Chao , Yao Ming , Li Jinjun , He Xianghuo 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

As the “master” microRNA that is induced by hypoxia, miR-210 is involved in multiple processes in the hypoxia pathway. However, whether miR-210 mediates hypoxia-induced tumor cell metastasis still remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that miR-210 is frequently up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) samples and promotes the migration and invasion of HCC cells. Furthermore, miR-210 can be induced by hypoxia in HCC cells and mediates hypoxia-induced HCC cell metastasis. We identify vacuole membrane protein 1 (VMP1) as the direct and functional downstream target of miR-210; in addition, we show that its expression is negatively correlated with the expression of miR-210 in HCC. Intriguingly, VMP1 is reduced by hypoxia, and down-regulation of VMP1 by miR-210 mediates hypoxia-induced HCC cell metastasis.

Conclusion:

These findings extend our understanding of the function of miR-210 in the hypoxia pathway, and this newly identified hypoxia/miR-210/VMP1 pathway should facilitate the development of novel therapeutics against hypoxic tumor cells. (Hepatology 2011)
Photo‐crosslinkable cyanoacrylate bioadhesive: Shrinkage kinetics, dynamic mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of adhesives containing TMPTMA and POSS nanostructures as crosslinking agents
Authors: Ghasaban S. , Atai M. , Imani M. , Zandi M. , Shokrgozar M.‐A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe study investigates the photo‐polymerization shrinkage behavior, dynamic mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of cyanoacrylate bioadhesives containing POSS nanostructures and TMPTMA as crosslinking agents. Adhesives containing 2‐octyl cyanoacrylate (2‐OCA) and different percentages of POSS nanostructures and TMPTMA as crosslinking agents were prepared. The 1‐phenyl‐1, 2‐propanedione (PPD) was incorporated as photo‐initiator into the adhesive in 1.5, 3, and 4 wt %. The shrinkage strain of the specimens was measured using bonded‐disk technique. Shrinkage strain, shrinkage strain rate, maximum and time at maximum shrinkage strain rate were measured and compared. Mechanical properties of the adhesives were also studied using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Biocompatibility of the adhesives was examined by MTT method. The results showed that shrinkage strain increased with increasing the initiator concentration up to 3 wt % in POSS‐containing and 1.5 wt % in TMPTMA‐containing specimens and plateaued out at higher concentrations. By increasing the crosslinking agent, shrinkage strain, and shrinkage strain rate increased and the time at maximum shrinkage strain rate decreased. The study indicates that the incorporation of crosslinking agents into the cyanoacrylate adhesives resulted in improved mechanical properties. Preliminary MTT studies also revealed better biocompatibility profile for the adhesives containing crosslinking agents comparing to the neat specimens. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2011.
Cranial muscles of the anuransleiopelma hochstetteriandascaphus trueiand the homologies of the mandibular adductors in lissamphibia and other gnathostomes
Authors: Johnston Peter 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe frogsAscaphus trueiandLeiopelma hochstetteriare members of the most basal lineages of extant anurans. Their cranial muscles have not been previously described in full and are investigated here by dissection. Comparison of these taxa is used to review a controversy regarding the homologies of the jaw adductor muscles in Lissamphibia, to place these homologies in a wider gnathostome context, and to define features that may be useful for cladistic analysis of Anura. A new muscle is defined inAscaphusand is designated m. levator anguli oris. The differences noted betweenAscaphusandLeiopelmaare in the penetration of the jaw adductor muscles by the mandibular nerve (V3). In the traditional view of this anatomy, the paths of the trigeminal nerve branches define homologous muscles. This scheme results in major differences among frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. The alternative view is that the topology of origins, insertions, and fiber directions are defining features, and the nerves penetrate the muscle mass in a variable way. The results given here support the latter view. A new model is proposed for Lissamphibia, whereby the adductor posterior (levator articularis) is a separate entity, and the rest of the adductor mass is configured around it as a folded sheet. This hypothesis is examined in other gnathostomes, including coelacanth and lungfish, and a possible sequence for the evolution of the jaw muscles is demonstrated. In this system, the main jaw adductor in teleost fish is not considered homologous with that of tetrapods. This hypothesis is consistent with available data on the domain of expression of the homeobox geneengrailed 2, which has previously not been considered indicative of homology. Terminology is discussed, and “adductor mandibulae” is preferred to “levator mandibulae” to align with usage in other gnathostomes. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiplexing Interactions to Control Antibiotic Release from Cyclodextrin Hydrogels
Authors: Thatiparti Thimma R. , Averell Nicole , Overstreet Derek , von Recum Horst A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA new strategy for affinity‐based drug delivery by modification of the drug rather than modification of the device is presented. Rifampin is modified to contain either one or two PEG‐adamantane arms, and the drug release properties of dimeric coumermycin are compared to novobiocin with only one biding domain. The drugs are loaded into affinity‐based and diffusion‐only delivery platforms, the loading efficiency is calculated, and the release kinetics is determined in vitro. The presence of additional binding domains prolongs the release of antibiotics. Release rates differ little between modified and unmodified drug from the diffusion‐only system. The results demonstrate the feasibility of custom‐tuning drug delivery by multiplexing interactions with an affinity‐based polymer platform. magnified image
Rule‐Based Classification of Chemical Structures by Scaffold
Authors: Schuffenhauer Ansgar , Varin Thibault 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDatabases for small organic chemical molecules usually contain millions of structures. The screening decks of pharmaceutical companies contain more than a million of structures. Nevertheless chemical substructure searching in these databases can be performed interactively in seconds. Because of this nobody has really missed structural classification of these databases for the purpose of finding data for individual chemical substructures. However, a full deck high‐throughput screen produces also activity data for more than a million of substances. How can this amount of data be analyzed? Which are the active scaffolds identified by an assays? To answer such questions systematic classifications of molecules by scaffolds are needed. In this review it is described how molecules can be hierarchically classified by their scaffolds. It is explained how such classifications can be used to identify active scaffolds in an HTS data set. Once active classes are identified, they need to be visualized in the context of related scaffolds in order to understand SAR. Consequently such visualizations are another topic of this review. In addition scaffold based diversity measures are discussed and an outlook is given about the potential impact of structural classifications on a chemically aware semantic web.
Purely functional lazy nondeterministic programming
Authors: FISCHER SEBASTIAN , KISELYOV OLEG , SHAN CHUNG-CHIEH 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFunctional logic programming and probabilistic programming have demonstrated the broad benefits of combining laziness (nonstrict evaluation with sharing of the results) with nondeterminism. Yet these benefits are seldom enjoyed in functional programming because the existing features for nonstrictness, sharing, and nondeterminism in functional languages are tricky to combine. We present a practical way to write purely functional lazy nondeterministic programs that are efficient and perspicuous. We achieve this goal by embedding the programs into existing languages (such as Haskell, SML, and OCaml) with high-quality implementations, by making choices lazily and representing data with nondeterministic components, by working with custom monadic data types and search strategies, and by providing equational laws for the programmer to reason about their code.
Disturbed development of the enteric nervous system after in utero exposure of selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants. Part 2: Testing the hypotheses
Authors: Nijenhuis Cynthia M. , ter Horst Peter G. J. , van Rein Nienke , Wilffert Bob , de Jong‐van den Berg Lolkje T. W. 
Published: August 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Antidepressant use has increased in the last decade. Several studies have suggested a possible association between maternal antidepressant use and teratogenic effects. In a review of the pharmacologic literature we showed that antidepressant exposure might disturb the development of the enteric nervous system.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• In utero exposure to selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the second and third trimester or to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) in the first trimester leads to a significant increase in laxative use compared with non‐exposed children. SSRI exposure was not associated with significant increased antidiarrhoeal medication use, but TCA exposure was.AIMSAntidepressant use has increased in the last decade. Several studies have suggested a possible association between maternal antidepressant use and teratogenic effects.METHODSThe pharmacy prescription database IADB.nl was used for a cohort study in which laxative and antidiarrhoeal medication use in children after in utero exposure to antidepressants (TCA, SSRI, fluoxetine or paroxetine exposed) was compared with no antidepressant exposure. Laxatives and antidiarrhoeal medication use were applied as a proxy for constipation and diarrhoea respectively, which may be associated with disturbed enteric nervous system (ENS) development.RESULTSChildren exposed in utero to SSRIs (mainly fluoxetine and paroxetine) in the second and third trimester or to TCAs in the first trimester, more often received laxatives. Combined exposure to TCAs and SSRIs in pregnancy was associated with a 10‐fold increase in laxative use. In utero exposure to SSRIs is not associated with antidiarrhoeal medication use compared with non‐exposed children. In contrast, antidiarrhoeal medication use was significantly higher in children exposed to TCAs anytime in pregnancy.CONCLUSIONSThe increased laxative use after second and third trimester exposure to SSRIs might be explained through the inhibitory effect of the serotonin re‐uptake transporter (SERT) and because of selectivity for the 5‐HT2B receptor which affects the ENS. TCA exposure during the first trimester leads to increased laxative use probably through inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter (NET). Exposure of TCAs anytime in pregnancy leads to increase diarrhoeal use possibly through down‐regulation of α2‐adrenoceptors or up‐regulation of the pore forming α1c subunit.
Balance between somatostatin and D2 receptor expression drives TSH‐secreting adenoma response to somatostatin analogues and dopastatins
Authors: Gatto Federico , Barbieri Federica , Gatti Monica , Wurth Roberto , Schulz Stefan , Ravetti Jean‐Louis , Zona Gianluigi , Culler Michael D. , Saveanu Alexandru , Giusti Massimo , Minuto Francesco , Hofland Leo J. , Ferone Diego , Florio Tullio 
Published: August 2011

SummaryContext  First‐line therapy for thyrotropin‐secreting pituitary adenomas (TSHomas) is neurosurgery, while medical treatment rests mainly on somatostatin analogues. Clinically available sst2‐preferring analogues, octreotide and lanreotide, induce normalization of hormone levels in approximately 90% of patients and tumour shrinkage in 45%.Objective  We evaluated somatostatin 1, 2, 3 and 5 and dopamine D2 receptor expression in tumour samples from three TSHomas, and the relationships between receptor expression, in vitro antiproliferative response and clinical data, including octreotide test and three months of therapy with octreotide long‐acting repeatable (LAR). TSHoma cell proliferation was tested in vitro using octreotide, cabergoline and two chimeric compounds, BIM‐23A760 and BIM‐23A387.Results  All patients showed significant TSH lowering to acute octreotide test, but a hormonal response to long‐term treatment was observed in only two patients, showing a high sst5/sst2 ratio. Patient 2, characterized by high expression of sst2 and sst1 and a relative lower expression of sst5, experienced tachyphylaxis after prolonged octreotide treatment. In vitro, the somatostatin/dopamine receptor agonist BIM‐23A760 caused the highest antiproliferative effect among those tested. Combined treatment with octreotide and cabergoline displayed an additive effect of magnitude comparable to that of the other chimeric compound (BIM‐23A387). Octreotide resistance was confirmed in cells isolated from the nonresponder patient, although it could be overcome by treatment with the chimeric compounds.Conclusions  A high sst5/sst2 ratio might be predictive of a positive outcome to long‐term treatment with somatostatin analogues in TSHomas. Moreover, combined somatostatin and D2 receptor targeting might be considered as a potential tool to improve the response rate in octreotide‐resistant tumours.
Effects of listening to music on pain intensity and pain distress after surgery: an intervention
Authors: Vaajoki Anne , Pietilä Anna‐Maija , Kankkunen Päivi , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri 
Published: August 2011

Aims.  To evaluate the effects of music listening on pain intensity and pain distress on the first and second postoperative days in abdominal surgery patients and the long‐term effects of music on the third postoperative day.Background.  Music has been found to relieve pain intensity in surgery patients. There are only a few studies on music intervention in abdominal surgery. Music intervention studies assessing multidimensional pain such as pain intensity and pain distress are also scarce.Design.  Prospective clinical study with two parallel groups.Methods.  Patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery (n = 168) were divided into either a music group (n = 83) or a control group (n = 85). Patients assessed pain intensity and pain distress in bed rest, during deep breathing and in shifting position once in the evening of the operation day and on the first and second postoperative days in the morning, at noon and in the evening. On the third postoperative day, the patients assessed their pain intensity and pain distress only once.Results.  In the music group, the patients’ pain intensity and pain distress in bed rest, during deep breathing and in shifting position were significantly lower on the second postoperative day compared with control group of patients. On the third postoperative day, when long‐term effects of music on pain intensity and pain distress were assessed, there were no significant differences between music and control groups.Conclusion.  This study demonstrates that the use of music alleviates pain intensity and pain distress in bed rest, during deep breathing and in shifting position after abdominal surgery on the second postoperative day. Music intervention is safe, inexpensive and easily used to improve the healing environment for abdominal surgery patients.Relevance to clinical practice.  Music intervention should be offered as an adjunct alternative to pharmacological pain relief after abdominal surgery in nursing practice.
Sett density as an estimator of population density in the European badger Meles meles
Authors: LARA‐ROMERO Carlos , VIRGÓS Emilio , REVILLA Eloy 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT
Estimations of European badger population density in the UK are usually based on surveys of numbers of main setts. However, this approach cannot be used in low‐density areas, such as the Mediterranean region, where no main setts can be defined. Therefore, an alternative method is needed to estimate badger density over large areas.
We reviewed the existing published information to evaluate whether badger density is correlated to the density of all setts in an area (not only the main setts) and to ask whether badger density can be predicted from total sett number throughout the geographical range of the species.
In multiple regression analysis, badger density and the size of the study area explained 73% of the variance in sett density. Badger density had a significant positive effect on sett density, while the effect of study area size was not significant. Therefore, total sett density can be used to obtain an estimation of relative badger density in all habitats and regions throughout the badger's geographical range, allowing comparative research.
Intellectual disability nursing – responding to health inequity
Authors: Sheerin Fintan K. 
Published: August 2011

Accessible summary This article is about learning disability nursing. Some people think that nurses should be on about health and that some nurses spend too much time working on social issues. The writer of this article thinks that many of the health problems that people with learning disabilities have are caused by people not being able to get equal access to health care. He says that this not only about health. It is also about equality. The writer thinks that learning disability nurses should provide excellent health care. He also believes that nurses must work with people who have learning disabilities to make sure that they get the same health care as everyone else.SummaryIt is being increasingly recognised that the achievement of improved health outcomes for people with learning disabilities is central to the role of learning disability nurses. This is in recognition of the fact that an increasing body of evidence has demonstrated that these people often have poorer health outcomes than those in the mainstream population. Whilst accepting the role of the nurse in this regard, this paper argues that the continued enactment of that role solely within the margin, whether metaphorical or literal, will fail to achieve improved outcomes and will prolong the marginalisation of people with learning disabilities. In identifying the basis of such outcomes to be social inequity, it proposes that nursing must act in two orientations: health‐oriented service provision and social activism. It is argued that only when such an approach is adopted will there be a real opportunity for people with learning disabilities to achieve optimal health outcomes.
The inhibitory effects of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans on oligodendrocytes
Authors: Siebert Justin R. , Osterhout Donna J. 
Published: August 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 176–188.AbstractThe formation of the glial scar following a spinal cord injury presents a significant barrier to the regenerative process. It is primarily composed of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) that can inhibit axonal sprouting and regeneration. Although the inhibitory effects on neurons are well documented, little is known about their effects on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). In this study, we examined the effects of CSPGs on OPC process outgrowth and differentiation in vitro. The results show that specific CSPGs, in particularly those highly up‐regulated following spinal cord injury, inhibit OPC process outgrowth and differentiation, and that treatment with chondroitinase ABC can completely reverse this inhibition. Additionally, treatment with the Rho kinase inhibitor Y‐27632 also reverses the observed inhibition, implicating the activation of Rho kinase in the CSPG inhibition of OPC growth. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the CSPGs found within the glial scar are not only inhibitory to neurons, but also to OPCs. Moreover, this study shows that chondroitinase ABC treatment, having shown promise in promoting axonal regeneration, may also enhance remyelination.