bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Organic Ferroelectrics: Cocrystal of 5,5′-Dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine and Bromanilic Acid
Authors: Yamamura Yasuhisa , Saito Erika , Saitoh Hideki , Hoshino Norie , Saito Kazuya 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Cocrystal 55DMBP–H2ba was synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure is isostructural to cocrystal 55DMBP–H2ia with iodanilic acid. The heat capacity, dielectric permittivity, and polarization–electric field hysteresis showed that the 55DMBP–H2ba undergoes a paraelectric–ferroelectic phase transition at 253 K on cooling. The transition mechanism is discussed through the analysis of isotropic temperature factors of atoms.
The First Total Synthesis of Gravicycle
Authors: Ueda Katsuaki , Sato Itaru , Hirama Masahiro 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The total synthesis of gravicycle, isolated from Grevillea robusta, has been achieved for the first time. The key step of our synthetic process is the efficient assembly of a highly functionalized biaryl ether via the copper-catalyzed O-arylation of suitably protected pyrogallol-5-carboxylate, using triarylbismuth(V) diacetate.
Operative fixation for complex tibial fractures
Authors: Hutchinson AJP , Frampton AE , Bhattacharya R 
Published: December 2011

INTRODUCTION The management of open tibial shaft fractures remains challenging. Intramedullary nailing and external fixation are the most commonly used fixation techniques although the optimal fixation technique remains unresolved. In this article the outcomes of these two surgical techniques are compared. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted through MEDLINE® using Ovid® and MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) terms for articles published in the English literature between 1999 and 2009. The outcome measures compared were time to fracture union, infection rates and complications. RESULTS Forty-one studies were identified, of which only three met the inclusion criteria. The average time to union was variable. Delayed union and non-union appeared to be more prevalent in the external fixator group although this was not statistically significant. Both techniques were associated with secondary procedures as well as infection. CONCLUSIONS The current literature indicates little evidence to suggest the superiority of one fixation technique over another for open tibial fractures.
Computed tomography findings of bowel wall thickening: its significance and relationship to endoscopic abnormalities
Authors: Uzzaman MM , Alam A , Nair MS , Borgstein R , Meleagros L 
Published: December 2011

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to conduct retrospective analysis of abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) reports, identifying those patients in whom bowel wall thickening (BWT) was observed, and to correlate these reports with subsequent endoscopic evaluation. METHODS Formal reports for all patients undergoing abdominopelvic CT between February 2007 and September 2009 were reviewed. Where patients were identified as having colorectal ‘wall thickening’, results of subsequent endoscopic evaluations were documented. Only those patients with a report of BWT who had follow-up endoscopy (colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy) were included in the analysis. RESULTS A total of 165 patients were included. Abnormalities on endoscopy at the exact site of the BWT on CT were found in 95 patients (57.58%); in 36 cases (21.82%) this was a malignant lesion. BWT of the transverse colon was significantly more likely to correspond to an endoscopic finding of cancer than other sites (p=0.034). Rectal bleeding was reported significantly more often in patients with BWT and neoplastic disease on endoscopy compared with those with normal endoscopy (p=0.04). Excluding patients with inflammatory/diverticular lesions, 59.02% of Caucasians had a neoplastic lesion at the site of reported BWT, significantly higher than the other ethnic groups (p=0.008). There were 38 patients (23.03%) who did not present with bowel symptoms and, of these, 6 were diagnosed subsequently with colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study supports endoscopic evaluation to investigate patients with CT evidence of BWT, especially in cases involving the transverse colon, in Caucasian patients or in association with symptoms of rectal bleeding.
Paediatric admissions to the British military hospital at Camp Bastion, Afghanistan
Authors: Arul GS , Reynolds J , DiRusso S , Scott A , Bree S , Templeton P , Midwinter MJ 
Published: December 2011

INTRODUCTION International humanitarian law requires emergency medical support for both military personnel and civilians, including children. Here we present a detailed review of paediatric admissions with the pattern of injury and the resources they consume. METHODS All paediatric admissions to the hospital at Camp Bastion between 1 January and 29 April 2011 were analysed prospectively. Data collected included time and date of admission, patient age and weight, mechanism of injury, extent of wounding, treatment, length of hospital stay and discharge destination. RESULTS Eighty-five children (65 boys and 17 girls, median age: 8 years, median weight: 20kg) were admitted. In 63% of cases the indication for admission was battle related trauma and in 31% non-battle trauma. Of the blast injuries, 51% were due to improvised explosive devices. Non-battle emergencies were mainly due to domestic burns (46%) and road traffic accidents (29%). The most affected anatomical area was the extremities (44% of injuries). Over 30% of patients had critical injuries. Operative intervention was required in 74% of cases. The median time to theatre for all patients was 52 minutes; 3 patients with critical injuries went straight to theatre in a median of 7 minutes. A blood transfusion was required in 27 patients; 6 patients needed a massive transfusion. Computed tomography was performed on 62% of all trauma admissions and 40% of patients went to the intensive care unit. The mean length of stay was 2 days (range: 1–26 days) and there were 7 deaths. CONCLUSIONS Paediatric admissions make up a small but significant part of admissions to the hospital at Camp Bastion. The proportion of serious injuries is very high in comparison with admissions to a UK paediatric emergency department. The concentration of major injuries means that lessons learnt in terms of teamwork, the speed of transfer to theatre and massive transfusion protocols could be applied to UK paediatric practice.
Topical negative pressure for the treatment of neonatal post-sternotomy wound dehiscence
Authors: Hardwicke J , Richards H , Jagadeesan J , Jones T , Lester R 
Published: December 2011

The use of topical negative pressure (TNP) dressings for sternal wound dehiscence or mediastinitis in the neonatal population is rare. The majority of case reports have focused on wound healing as an endpoint and have not discussed the physiological advantage that TNP dressings may impart with regard to sternal stabilisation, improved respiratory function and early weaning from mechanical ventilation. We present a case of the use of TNP in neonatal post-sternotomy wound dehiscence and mediastinitis, from a UK perspective, with an emphasis on wound healing and physiological optimisation. As well as an improvement in sternal wound healing due to the local effects of the TNP system, serial arterial blood gas analysis revealed a significant improvement in systemic physiological parameters, including a reduction in pCO2 in the period (days 20–31) after application of TNP (p<0.0001) compared to the period before where simple occlusive dressings were applied. Hydrogen ion concentration also significantly reduced in this period (p=0.0058). The use of the TNP system in association with systemic antibiotics successfully treated the mediastinitis. A sealed, controlled wound environment also allowed ease of nursing and an expedited return to care by the parents. We would recommend the consideration of TNP dressings in similar cases of neonatal and paediatric sternal wound dehiscence. Not only do we observe the local effects of improved wound healing, the systemic effects of improved lung function are also valuable in the early management of such complex cases.
Spontaneous diaphragmatic rupture related to local invasion by retroperitoneal liposarcoma
Authors: Pehar M , Vukoja I , Rozić D , Mišković J 
Published: December 2011

We report a case of the female patient who was admitted to the hospital because of syncope experienced while climbing stairs. Diagnostic workup raised the suspicion of a right diaphragmatic rupture that was eventually confirmed by surgery (right-sided thoracotomy). Surgery also revealed tissue protruding through the rupture site from within the retroperitoneum that was proven subsequently to be a dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Second surgery was performed to completely remove the liposarcoma tissue and repair a coincident old right lumbar region hernia. The patient recovered fully. Spontaneous rupture of the diaphragm is rare and this is especially true for the right hemidiaphragm. We report the first case of diaphragmatic rupture caused by local infiltration by a retroperitoneal liposarcoma. This and similar reports emphasise that in cases with high clinical suspicion of diaphragmatic rupture, diagnosis should be pursued even in the absence of a preceding traumatic event.
Entonox® inhalation to reduce pain in common diagnostic and therapeutic outpatient urological procedures: a review of the evidence
Authors: Young A , Ismail M , Papatsoris AG , Barua JM , Calleary JG , Masood J 
Published: December 2011

INTRODUCTION Entonox® (50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen; BOC Healthcare, Manchester, UK) is an analgesic and anxiolytic agent that is used to successfully reduce pain and anxiety during dental, paediatric and emergency department procedures. In this article we review the application and efficacy of Entonox® in painful local anaesthesia urological procedures by performing a systematic review of the literature. METHODS A MEDLINE® search was performed using the terms ‘nitrous oxide’, ‘Entonox’, ‘prostate biopsy’, ‘flexible cystoscopy’ and ‘extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy’. English language publications of randomised studies were identified and reviewed. RESULTS The search yielded five randomised studies that investigated the clinical efficacy of Entonox® as an analgesic for day case urological procedures. Three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) investigated Entonox® in transrectal ultrasonography guided prostate biopsy. All three reported significant reductions in pain score in the Entonox® versus control groups. One RCT reported significant reduction in pain during male flexible cystoscopy in the Entonox® group compared with the control group. One RCT, which examined the use of Entonox® during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, found its use significantly decreased the pain score compared with the control group and this was comparable to intravenous pethidine. CONCLUSIONS Evidence from varied adult and paediatric procedures has shown Entonox® to be an effective, safe and patient acceptable form of analgesia. All published studies of its use in urological day case procedures have found it to significantly reduce procedural pain. There is huge potential to use this cheap, safe, effective analgesic in our current practice.
The Response to Heat Shock and Oxidative Stress inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Morano Kevin A , Grant Chris M , Moye-Rowley W Scott 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA common need for microbial cells is the ability to respond to potentially toxic environmental insults. Here we review the progress in understanding the response of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to two important environmental stresses: heat shock and oxidative stress. Both of these stresses are fundamental challenges that microbes of all types will experience. The study of these environmental stress responses in S. cerevisiae has illuminated many of the features now viewed as central to our understanding of eukaryotic cell biology. Transcriptional activation plays an important role in driving the multifaceted reaction to elevated temperature and levels of reactive oxygen species. Advances provided by the development of whole genome analyses have led to an appreciation of the global reorganization of gene expression and its integration between different stress regimens. While the precise nature of the signal eliciting the heat shock response remains elusive, recent progress in the understanding of induction of the oxidative stress response is summarized here. Although these stress conditions represent ancient challenges to S. cerevisiae and other microbes, much remains to be learned about the mechanisms dedicated to dealing with these environmental parameters.
Estimating the Distribution of Selection Coefficients from Phylogenetic Data Using Sitewise Mutation-Selection Models
Authors: Tamuri Asif U , dos Reis Mario , Goldstein Richard A 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Estimation of the distribution of selection coefficients of mutations is a long-standing issue in molecular evolution. In addition to population-based methods, the distribution can be estimated from DNA sequence data by phylogenetic-based models. Previous models have generally found unimodal distributions where the probability mass is concentrated between mildly deleterious and nearly neutral mutations. Here we use a sitewise mutation–selection phylogenetic model to estimate the distribution of selection coefficients among novel and fixed mutations (substitutions) in a data set of 244 mammalian mitochondrial genomes and a set of 401 PB2 proteins from influenza. We find a bimodal distribution of selection coefficients for novel mutations in both the mitochondrial data set and for the influenza protein evolving in its natural reservoir, birds. Most of the mutations are strongly deleterious with the rest of the probability mass concentrated around mildly deleterious to neutral mutations. The distribution of the coefficients among substitutions is unimodal and symmetrical around nearly neutral substitutions for both data sets at adaptive equilibrium. About 0.5% of the nonsynonymous mutations and 14% of the nonsynonymous substitutions in the mitochondrial proteins are advantageous, with 0.5% and 24% observed for the influenza protein. Following a host shift of influenza from birds to humans, however, we find among novel mutations in PB2 a trimodal distribution with a small mode of advantageous mutations.
Going in the Right Direction: Mating-Type Switching ofSchizosaccharomyces pombeIs Controlled by Judicious Expression of Two Differentswi2Transcripts
Authors: Yu Chuanhe , Bonaduce Michael J , Klar Amar J S 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSchizosaccharomyces pombe, the fission yeast, cells alternate between P- and M-mating type, controlled by the alternate alleles of the mating-type locus (mat1). The mat1 switching occurs by replacing mat1 with a copy derived from a silenced “donor locus,” mat2P or mat3M. The mechanism of donor choice ensuring that switching occurs primarily and productively to the opposite type, called directionality, is largely unknown. Here we identified the mat1-Mc gene, a mammalian sex-determination gene (SRY) homolog, as the primary gene that dictates directionality in M cells. A previously unrecognized, shorter swi2 mRNA, a truncated form of the swi2, was identified, and its expression requires the mat1-Mc function. We also found that the abp1 gene (human CENPB homolog) controls directionality through swi2 regulation. In addition, we implicated a cis-acting DNA sequence in mat2 utilization. Overall, we showed that switching directionality is controlled by judicious expression of two swi2 transcripts through a cell-type-regulated dual promoter. In this respect, this regulation mechanism resembles that of the Drosophila sex-determination Slx gene.
Ecological Genomics ofAnopheles gambiaeAlong a Latitudinal Cline: A Population-Resequencing Approach
Authors: Cheng Changde , White Bradley J , Kamdem Colince , Mockaitis Keithanne , Costantini Carlo , Hahn Matthew W , Besansky Nora J 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe association between fitness-related phenotypic traits and an environmental gradient offers one of the best opportunities to study the interplay between natural selection and migration. In cases in which specific genetic variants also show such clinal patterns, it may be possible to uncover the mutations responsible for local adaptation. The malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, is associated with a latitudinal cline in aridity in Cameroon; a large inversion on chromosome 2L of this mosquito shows large differences in frequency along this cline, with high frequencies of the inverted karyotype present in northern, more arid populations and an almost complete absence of the inverted arrangement in southern populations. Here we use a genome resequencing approach to investigate patterns of population divergence along the cline. By sequencing pools of individuals from both ends of the cline as well as in the center of the cline—where the inversion is present in intermediate frequency—we demonstrate almost complete panmixia across collinear parts of the genome and high levels of differentiation in inverted parts of the genome. Sequencing of separate pools of each inversion arrangement in the center of the cline reveals large amounts of gene flux (i.e., gene conversion and double crossovers) even within inverted regions, especially away from the inversion breakpoints. The interplay between natural selection, migration, and gene flux allows us to identify several candidate genes responsible for the match between inversion frequency and environmental variables. These results, coupled with similar conclusions from studies of clinal variation in Drosophila, point to a number of important biological functions associated with local environmental adaptation.
Age-Specific Nonpersistence of Endocrine Therapy in Postmenopausal Patients Diagnosed with Hormone Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer: A TEAM Study Analysis
Authors: Water Willemien , Bastiaannet Esther , Hille Elysée T.M. , Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg Elma M. , Putter Hein , Seynaeve Caroline M. , Paridaens Robert , Craen Anton J.M. , Westendorp Rudi G.J. , Liefers Gerrit-Jan , Velde Cornelis J.H. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background.
Early discontinuation of adjuvant endocrine therapy may affect the outcome of treatment in breast cancer patients. The aim of this study was to assess age-specific persistence and age-specific survival outcome based on persistence status.

Methods.
Patients enrolled in the Tamoxifen Exemestane Adjuvant Multinational trial were included. Nonpersistence was defined as discontinuing the assigned endocrine treatment within 1 year of follow-up because of adverse events, intercurrent illness, patient refusal, or other reasons. Endpoints were the breast cancer–specific and overall survival times. Analyses were stratified by age at diagnosis (&lt;65 years, 65–74 years, ≥75 years).

Results.
Overall, 3,142 postmenopausal breast cancer patients were included: 1,682 were aged &lt;65 years, 951 were aged 65–74 years, and 509 were aged ≥75 years. Older age was associated with a higher proportion of nonpersistence within 1 year of follow-up. In patients aged &lt;65 years, nonpersistent patients had lower breast cancer–specific and overall survival probabilities. In patients aged 65–74 years and patients aged ≥75 years, the survival times of persistent and nonpersistent patients were similar.

Conclusion.
Nonpersistence within 1 year of follow-up was associated with lower breast cancer–specific and overall survival probabilities in patients aged &lt;65 years, but it was not associated with survival outcomes in patients aged 65–74 years or in patients aged ≥75 years. These results suggest that extrapolation of outcomes from a young to an elderly breast cancer population may be insufficient and urge age-specific breast cancer studies.
Bevacizumab in Clinical Practice: Prescribing Appropriateness Relative to National Indications and Safety
Authors: Bonifazi Martina , Rossi Marta , Moja Lorenzo , Scigliano Vincenzo Davide , Franchi Matteo , La Vecchia Carlo , Zocchetti Carlo , Negri Eva 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe the clinical use of bevacizumab in Lombardy (9.5 million inhabitants), Italy, during 2006–2007 in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) to evaluate compliance with the Italian Medicine Agency (AIFA) indications, the incidence of adverse events, and the survival rate.
We performed computerized record linkage among three different Lombardy health care databases: File F registry, Regional discharge database, and Registry Office records. Patients were classified into approved and off-label uses according to the AIFA indications.
Treatment with bevacizumab was administered to 780 patients, of whom 81.7% (n = 637) had mCRC. Among these, 37.8% (n = 241) of patients received the drug in observance of AIFA indications. Overall, ∼10% of patients had serious treatment-related toxicities (fistula, 3.5%; venous thromboembolism, 2.8%; hemorrhage, 1.9%; intestinal perforation and arterial thromboembolism, &lt;1%). The 1-year survival rate was 74.3% and the 2-year survival rate was 39.2%. The median survival time was 20.5 months, and there were no meaningful differences between gender and age groups.
There was a gap between the bevacizumab approved indication and clinical practice pattern: overall, less than one half of the patients received bevacizumab in observance with the regulatory indication. The main reason for nonadherence to the indication was use as a second-line or advanced line of therapy. The incidence of serious adverse events and the survival rates of mCRC patients were similar to those reported in clinical trials.
Medicaid and Ethnic Networks
Authors: Gee Emily R. , Giuntella G. Osea 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Many low-income immigrants are uninsured yet eligible for public health insurance. In this paper, we examine whether language barriers and network effects can explain disparities in insurance Medicaid participation. Using the 2008 and 2009 American Community Survey, we show that linguistic networks facilitate Medicaid enrollment among non-English speaking adults. Our identification method follows Bertrand et al. (2000) and employs local variation in the density of immigrant populations and nationwide variation in Medicaid participation among ethnic groups. Given a hypothetical policy to increase Medicaid enrollment, for every 1 percentage point of direct increase, networks generate a multiplier effect that boosts participation by an additional 0.26 percentage points. Networks have greatest influence on individuals who are not proficient in English or who arrived in the United States more recently. Our results are robust to alternative specifications, including using an ex ante indicator of group-level participation. We also find that the availability of foreign-language Medicaid information online is associated with significantly higher participation.
Strong Parent–Offspring Association of Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Families
Authors: Yoo Eun-Gyong , Park Sang Shin , Oh Sang Woo , Nam Gi-Byoung , Park Mi Jung 
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the associations of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components between adolescents and their parents in Korea.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed data for 4,657 subjects (1,404 fathers, 1,404 mothers, 957 sons, and 892 daughters) from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted between 1998 and 2008.

RESULTS
Compared with adolescents whose parents did not have MetS, the odds ratio (95% CI) for MetS in adolescents with MetS in one parent was 4.2 (2.1–8.5) and 8.7 (3.4–22.3) in those with MetS in both parents. Among obese adolescents, the prevalence of MetS was 18.2% without parental MetS, whereas 29.2% of obese adolescents with MetS in one parent and 53.9% with MetS in both parents also had MetS (P = 0.01 for trend).

CONCLUSIONS
The risk of MetS increased significantly in adolescents with parental MetS and was especially high in those with coexisting obesity and parental MetS.