bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3′ processing of eukaryotic precursor tRNAs
Authors: Maraia Richard J. , Lamichhane Tek N. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBiogenesis of eukaryotic tRNAs requires transcription by RNA polymerase III and subsequent processing. 5′ processing of precursor tRNA occurs by a single mechanism, cleavage by RNase P, and usually occurs before 3′ processing although some conditions allow observation of the 3′‐first pathway. 3′ processing is relatively complex and is the focus of this review. Precursor RNA 3′ end formation begins with pol III termination generating a variable length 3′ oligo(U) tract that represents an underappreciated and previously unreviewed determinant of processing. Evidence that the pol III‐intrinsic 3′ exonuclease activity mediated by Rpc11p affects 3′ oligo(U) length is reviewed. In addition to multiple 3′ nucleases, precursor tRNA (pre‐tRNA) processing involves La and Lsm, distinct oligo(U)‐binding proteins with proposed chaperone activities. 3′ processing is performed by the endonuclease RNase Z or the exonuclease Rex1p (possibly others) along alternate pathways conditional on La. We review a Schizosaccharomyces pombe tRNA reporter system that has been used to distinguish two chaperone activities of La protein to its two conserved RNA binding motifs. Pre‐tRNAs with structural impairments are degraded by a nuclear surveillance system that mediates polyadenylation by the TRAMP complex followed by 3′ digestion by the nuclear exosome which appears to compete with 3′ processing. We also try to reconcile limited data on pre‐tRNA processing and Lsm proteins which largely affect precursors but not mature tRNAs. A pathway is proposed in which 3′ oligo(U) length is a primary determinant of La binding with subsequent steps distinguished by 3′ endo versus exo nucleases, chaperone activities, and nuclear surveillance. WIREs RNA 2011 2 362–375 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.64This article is categorized under:

RNA Structure and Dynamics > RNA Structure, Dynamics, and Chemistry
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
RNA Processing > tRNA Processing
Solvothermal Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Thermal Properties of the First Example of Selenidostannates with Mixed Ethylene Polyamine‐Coordinated Transition Metal Complexes as Counterions
Authors: Liang Jingjing , Chen Jiangfang , Zhao Jing , Pan Yingli , Zhang Yong , Jia Dingxian 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe compounds [Ni(en)3]2Sn2Se6 (1), [Ni(en)(trien)]2Sn2Se6 (2), [Co(en)(trien)]2Sn2Se6 (3), and [Ni2(trien)2(μ‐trien)]Cl4·2H2O (4) (en = ethylenediamine, trien = triethylenetetramine) were solvothermally synthesized by the reactions of NiCl2·6H2O (or CoCl2·6H2O), tin and selenium in en, mixed en/trien and trien solvents, respectively. The selenidostannates 1–3 are composed of the [Sn2Se6]4– anion and [Ni(en)3]2+ or [M(en)(trien)]2+ (M = Co, Ni) complex cations. The large dinuclear complex cation [Ni2(trien)2(μ‐trien)]4+ seems to prevent the formation of the [Sn2Se6]4– anion in the tien solvent, which indicates the different structural directing effects of the complex cations on the formation of the [Sn2Se6]4– anion. As far as we know, compounds 2 and 3 are the first examples of [Sn2Se6]4– compounds containing transition metal complexes with mixed ammine ligands. In the crystal structures of 1–4, the cations and anions are connected to three‐dimensional supramolecular networks by N–H···Se or N–H···Cl, N–H···O, and O–H···Cl hydrogen bonds.
Crystal Structure and Raman Spectroscopic Study of K5[CuO2][CO3]
Authors: Ali Naveed Zafar , Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAir and moisture sensitive K5[CuO2][CO3] was prepared via the azide/nitrate route from stoichiometric mixtures of the precursors CuO, KN3, KNO3 and K2CO3. According to the single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of the crystal structure [P4/nbm, Z = 2, a = 7.4067(5), c = 8.8764(8) Å, R1 = 0.053, 433 independent reflections] K5[CuO2][CO3] represents an ordered superstructure of Na5[NiO2][CO3]. The structure contains isolated [CuO2]3– dumbbells and CO32– anions, with the latter not connected to the transition element. Raman spectroscopic measurements confirm the presence of CO32– in the structure.
Assuring property conformance of code generators via model checking
Authors: Jörges Sven , Margaria Tiziana , Steffen Bernhard 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Automatic code generation is an essential cornerstone of today’s model-driven approaches to software engineering. Thus a key requirement for the success of this technique is the reliability and correctness of code generators. This article describes how we employ standard model checking-based verification to check that code generator models developed within our code generation framework Genesys conform to (temporal) properties. Genesys is a graphical framework for the high-level construction of code generators on the basis of an extensible library of well-defined building blocks along the lines of the Extreme Model-Driven Development paradigm. We will illustrate our verification approach by examining complex constraints for code generators, which even span entire model hierarchies. We also show how this leads to a knowledge base of rules for code generators, which we constantly extend by e.g. combining constraints to bigger constraints, or by deriving common patterns from structurally similar constraints. In our experience, the development of code generators with Genesys boils down to re-instantiating patterns or slightly modifying the graphical process model, activities which are strongly supported by verification facilities presented in this article.
Response Surface Modeling of Processing Parameters for the Preparation of Phytosterol Nanodispersions Using an Emulsification–Evaporation Technique
Authors: Leong Wai‐Fun , Cheong Kok‐Whey , Lai Oi‐Ming , Long Kamariah , Che Man Yaakob B. , Misran Misni , Tan Chin‐Ping 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to optimize the production parameters for water‐soluble phytosterol nanodispersions. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to model and optimize three of the processing parameters: mixing time (t) by conventional homogenizer (1–20 min), mixing speed (v) by conventional homogenizer (1,000–9,000 rpm) and homogenization pressure (P) by high‐pressure homogenizer (0.1–80 MPa). All responses [i.e., mean particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI) and phytosterols concentration (Phyto, mg/l)] fitted well to a reduced quadratic model by multiple regressions after manual elimination. For PS, PDI and Phyto, the coefficients of determination (R2) were 0.9902, 0.9065 and 0.8878, respectively. The optimized processing parameters were 15.25 min mixing time, 7,000 rpm mixing speed and homogenization pressure 42.4 MPa. In the produced nanodispersions, the corresponding responses for the optimized preparation conditions were a PS of 52 nm, PDI of 0.3390 and a Phyto of 336 mg/l.
Surgical management of post-SCIWORA spinal deformities in children
Authors: Yalcin Nadir , Dede Ozgur , Alanay Ahmet , Yazici Muharrem 
Published: November 2010

Background Patients with spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA) are prone to develop spinal deformities. The purpose of this study is to report on the clinical and radiological features of post-SCIWORA spinal deformities. Methods Four patients with SCIWORA and spinal deformities requiring surgery were analyzed clinically and radiographically. Results All four SCIWORA patients developed progressive neuromuscular scoliosis. There were 2 males and 2 females. The mean age at spinal cord injury was 3.9 years (range 6 months to 7 years). Spinal deformity was first noticed at a mean of 17 months after their initial injury (range 9 months to 2 years), and surgical intervention was performed at a mean of 6.5 years following their injury (range 4–11 years). The mean preoperative curve was 54° (range 50–62°). The mean postoperative curve was 9.5° (range 5–16°). The level of injury was T5 in two patients, and T10 and L2 in one patient each. All but the lumbar level injury patient had complete paraplegia. One patient with complete injury (T10) and another with incomplete injury (L2) improved neurologically and were able to walk with the aid of orthoses and crutches. Pelvic obliquity improved in all patients following spinal reconstruction surgery, and none of the patients required additional surgery for spinal deformity. The mean postoperative follow-up was 51.75 months (range 24–93 months). Conclusions Long scoliotic curves extending to the pelvis should be expected in SCIWORA. Early intervention may prevent severe deformities. Modern instrumentation techniques employing pedicle screws provided satisfactory correction, improved hip subluxation, and did not adversely affect the ambulatory ability or functional level of the patients in this series.
MRI and CT in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease: indications and applications
Authors: Nikolaou Konstantin , Alkadhi Hatem , Bamberg Fabian , Leschka Sebastian , Wintersperger Bernd J. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In recent years, technical advances and improvements in cardiac computed tomography (CT) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have provoked increasing interest in the potential clinical role of these techniques in the non-invasive work-up of patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) and correct patient selection for these emerging imaging techniques. In the primary detection or exclusion of significant CAD, e.g. in the patient with unspecific thoracic complaints, and also in patients with known CAD or advanced stages of CAD, both CT and MRI yield specific advantages. In this review, the major aspects of non-invasive MR and CT imaging in the diagnosis of CAD will be discussed. The first part describes the clinical value of contrast-enhanced non-invasive CT coronary angiography (CTCA), including the diagnostic accuracy of CTCA for the exclusion or detection of significant CAD with coronary artery stenoses that may require angioplastic intervention, as well as potentially valuable information on the coronary artery vessel wall. In the second section, the potential of CT for the imaging of myocardial viability and perfusion will be highlighted. In the third and final part, the range of applications of cardiac MRI in CAD patients will be outlined.
The effect of transaction costs, payment terms and power on the level of raw materials inventories
Authors: Emery Gary W. , Marques Manuela A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper proposes and tests an explanation for the level of raw materials inventories based on transaction cost economics theory and the role of power in a supply chain. According to this explanation, raw materials inventories are larger the higher a company's transaction costs and the lower its storage‐related production and management costs. Factors that affect these costs are the company's vulnerability to opportunism, whether the input becomes more or less costly to store and manage as it moves through the supply chain, payment terms and the company's power in relation to its supplier. This explanation for the level of raw materials inventories was tested on a large sample of customer industries matched to their main supplier industries. Consistent with this theory, the empirical results show that companies hold larger raw materials inventories the more money their suppliers spend on research and development and the less important the customers are to their suppliers. These results are important because they indicate companies must consider a wider range of factors than previously thought necessary when establishing inventory policy.
Relationship between olfactory function and olfactory neuronal population in C57BL6 mice injected intraperitoneally with 3‐methylindole
Authors: Kim Jeong‐Whun , Hong Sung‐Lyong , Lee Chul Hee , Jeon Eun‐Hee , Choi Ah‐Reum 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVEIt is not known how many olfactory receptor neurons should be intact to maintain olfaction in mouse models treated with 3‐methylindole. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between a simple olfactory test outcome and the olfactory neuronal population.STUDY DESIGNMouse model.SETTINGAnimal laboratory of the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.SUBJECTS AND METHODSOlfactory dysfunction was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 3‐methylindole in 38 six‐week‐old female C57BL6 mice. Olfactory function was evaluated by a food‐finding test following 72‐hour starvation. The olfactory neuronal population was quantified by olfactory marker protein (OMP) expression.RESULTSThe average time for finding food was 8.1 seconds in control mice. It was 13.4, 84.4, 90.1, and 111.4 seconds for mice injected with 100, 200, 300, and 400 μg/g of 3‐methylindole, respectively. Harvesting the whole olfactory neuroepithelium, densitometric analysis showed significant decrease of OMP in the 300‐ and 400‐μg/g groups as compared with controls (18.8% and 17.5% of relative density, respectively). In the olfactory bulb, there was a significant decrease of OMP in the 200‐, 300‐, and 400‐μg/g groups (44.5%, 37.0%, and 9.0% of relative density, respectively). The food‐finding time had a significant reverse correlation with the relative density of OMP both in the olfactory bulb and in the olfactory neuroepithelium.CONCLUSIONOur study showed that olfactory impairment was correlated with olfactory neuronal population in mice treated with 3‐methylindole. The food‐finding test would be a useful tool that could be easily performed without special training in the 3‐methylindole‐treated C57BL6 anosmic mouse model.
Fracture patterns of the nasal septum
Authors: Lee Michael , Inman Jared , Callahan Sean , Ducic Yadro 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVETo evaluate fracture patterns of the nasal septum.STUDY DESIGNCross‐sectional cadaveric study.SETTINGSynthes research laboratories, Philadelphia, PA.SUBJECTS AND METHODSEighteen cadavers were divided into three groups. Group A was subjected to low‐level force administered to the nasal tip. Group B underwent moderate‐level force and group C high‐level force. Cadavers subsequently underwent dissection of the nose and nasal septum.RESULTSFracture patterns were apparent and related to the force applied. Fracture patterns were classified into three types depending on the location and extent. Group A was the most variable. Three cadavers were classified as type 1, two as type 2, and one as type 3. The average amount of force required to produce a fracture in this group was 100 N. Group B cadavers all developed type 3 fractures. Group C cadavers primarily developed type 3 fractures except for one that developed a type 1. Fractures were further classified in regard to the septum being displaced off the nasal spine.CONCLUSIONBased on our observation, we conclude that fracture patterns of the nasal septum do exist and appear to be related to the amount of force sustained.
Publication misrepresentation among otolaryngology residency applicants
Authors: Beswick Daniel M. , Man Li‐Xing , Johnston Bruce A. , Johnson Jonas T. , Schaitkin Barry M. 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVETo assess the extent of research publication misrepresentation among otolaryngology residency applicants and to determine applicant attributes associated with misrepresentation.STUDY DESIGNProspective study.SETTINGA single otolaryngology residency program.SUBJECTS AND METHODSElectronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) applications to the incoming 2010 class of an otolaryngology residency program were reviewed for peer‐reviewed journal publications reported as “provisionally accepted,” “accepted,” or ”in print.“ Publications were verified by searching PubMed, Google Scholar, and electronic journals. Applicants with remaining unverified publications were e‐mailed before announcing interviews. Erroneously reported or unverifiable publications were considered misrepresented.RESULTSThere were 432 publications reported by 173 of 325 applicants (53.2%). Twenty‐two publications (5.1%) were misrepresented by 17 applicants (9.8%). Contacting applicants verified 26 publications and identified 10 errors. Seven publications were inappropriately reported as provisionally accepted, three articles were not peer‐reviewed, and applicants were erroneously listed as first author on two publications. Ten publications remained unverifiable. Multivariate logistic regression models showed that being an international medical graduate (P = 0.002) and male gender (P = 0.040) were predictors of misrepresentation after adjusting for potential confounders. Among international medical graduates alone, no attributes were associated with misrepresentation. All U.S. applicants with misrepresented publications were male (P = 0.033) and were from a medical school not ranked in the top 50 by U.S. News & World Report for research (P = 0.002) or primary care (P = 0.018).CONCLUSIONMisrepresentation of research experience exists among otolaryngology residency applicants. ERAS should develop standardized definitions for publication statuses to help reduce inadvertent misrepresentation.
Prognostic assessments of medical therapy and vestibular testing in post‐traumatic migraine‐associated dizziness patients
Authors: Donaldson Chadwick J. , Hoffer Michael E. , Balough Ben J. , Gottshall Kim R. 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to characterize our clinical population of patients suffering with post‐traumatic migraine‐associated dizziness (PTMAD) and determine any associations with medical interventions and vestibular testing metrics to help predict response to treatments.STUDY DESIGNRetrospective chart review.SETTINGTertiary referral center.SUBJECTS AND METHODSThe electronic medical records of 83 patients presenting to a tertiary referral center who were given a diagnosis of PTMAD and who had been treated were retrospectively reviewed. General characteristics, clinical treatment, pre‐ and post‐vestibular therapy testing metrics, and success and failure outcomes were assessed. Patients were assigned into responder and nonresponder groups related to their headaches and evaluated at two specific time points. Medication failures and vestibular test metrics were compared to identify and predict clinical outcomes.RESULTSSeventy‐two of 82 patients (88%) were analyzed at two time points. Use of verapamil, topiramate, gabapentin, amitryptiline, and valproic acid showed no comparative treatment benefit in responders compared to nonresponders (P = 0.294). Findings associated with successful treatments include response to initial medication (P = 0.001), final dynamic gait index (DGI) scores (P = 0.029), final vertical dynamic visual acuity test (DVAT) scores (up, 0.007; down, 0.006), and both final and change in computerized dynamic posturography‐sensory organization test (CDP‐SOT) scores (P = 0.001, P = 0.032). The antipsychotic quetiapine was specifically associated with outcome failures (P = 0.003).CONCLUSIONSpecific prophylactic antimigraine medications were not associated with improved outcomes in PTMAD patients. Initial clinical responses and vestibular test metrics may guide physicians to predict successful outcomes.
Late Pleistocene–early Holocene paraglacial and fluvial sediment history in the Turbio valley, semiarid Chilean Andes
Authors: Riquelme Rodrigo , Rojas Constanza , Aguilar Germán , Flores Pablo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe transitional character of climatic conditions confers great relevance to paleoclimate studies in the semiarid region where glacial and Holocene geomorphologic records are scarce. Here we present the paraglacial and fluvial evolution of the Turbio valley (30°S) using both field observations and 14C AMS chronology. Two key sites at the uppermost Turbio valley show glacial margins which likely formed during the 17–12 ka Central Andean Pluvial Event and earlier 37–27 ka episodes associated with glacial advances reported elsewhere in the semiarid Andes. Likewise, two episodes of subsequent paraglacial response are identified: a first episode corresponds to early Holocene fine-grained deposits (~ 11,500–7800 cal yr BP) extending far downstream (> 40 km) from the glacial margins. These deposits and coeval debris cones (~ 11,000–5500 cal yr BP) are the result of arid conditions with occasional runoffs that were unable to export sediments along the trunk valley. The second episode corresponds to disconformably overlying fluvial gravels extending ~ 70 km downstream from the glacial margin, indicative of an increase in the fluvial transport capacity occurring not long after 5500 cal yr BP. Fluvial transport increase resulted from a late Holocene shift to wetter climate conditions, representing a forcing factor which enhanced the paraglacial response.
FromNomostoLex: Hannah Arendt on Law, Politics, and Order
Authors: VOLK CHRISTIAN 
Published: November 2010

Abstract‘What is politics?’ is an omnipresent question in Hannah Arendt's work and one which is broadly explored in countless publications. ‘What is law?’, in contrast, is a question which has not been of much interest to Arendt scholarship to date. There is a good reason for this: Arendt's engagement with law seems not to be systematic but, rather, episodic and sporadic. However, on the basis of three different discourses – historical, political-theoretical, and legal-philosophical – I shall point out that Arendt's dealing with legal questions takes place on a continuous basis and should be regarded as crucial for a proper understanding of her thoughts. I shall argue that with her shift from the Greek conception of law asnomosto the Romanlex, Arendt seeks to de-substantiate the concept of law and to highlight the relationship-establishing dimension of law. Both attempts are important for overcoming the dichotomy of law and politics within constitutionalism and for paving the way to a different understanding of legal rationality which seeks not to isolate law from the political sphere but rather to interact with it.
Barcelona Traction at 40: The ICJ as an Agent of Legal Development
Authors: TAMS CHRISTIAN J. , TZANAKOPOULOS ANTONIOS 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe article revisits the Barcelona Traction judgment of the International Court of Justice, rendered forty years ago. It evaluates the lasting influence of the Court's pronouncements on the nationality of corporations and on obligations erga omnes, and uses the case to illustrate the Court's role as an influential agent of legal development. In this respect, it identifies a number of factors that can help to explain under which circumstances judicial pronouncements are likely to shape the law.
Push the Envelope – Watch It Bend: Removing the Policy Requirement and Extending Crimes against Humanity
Authors: HALLING MATT 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article argues for amending the Rome Statute to remove the state or organizational policy requirement from the classification of crimes against humanity. After a brief look at the requirement itself, the article presents arguments to show how the policy loophole creates an accountability loophole in international criminal law, and how removing it both resolves inconsistencies in the Rome statute and facilitates prosecutions for international crimes. The article's final section examines and responds to leading arguments for keeping the policy requirement. The article is intended to show how the policy requirement limits international criminal law's scope in unwelcome ways and to challenge the use of state or organizational policy as a dividing line between domestic and international crimes.