bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life‐Years Gained with Meropenem over Ciprofloxacin in Penicillin‐Allergic Patients with Gram‐Negative Bacilli Sepsis: Results of aP robabilistic Model
Authors: Scheetz Marc H. , Bolon Maureen K. , Esterly John S. , Reddy Pavani , Postelnick Michael , Lee Todd A. 
Published: April 2011

Study Objective. To compare meropenem with ciprofloxacin for treatment of gram‐negative bacilli sepsis in penicillin‐allergic patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) to determine if increased anaphylaxis risk with meropenem precluded its use when weighed against risks of inactive therapy with ciprofloxacin.Design. A decision model constructed from probability distributions from the literature and data from a local ICU antibiogram. A probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate uncertainty in variable estimates by using one‐way analyses, two‐way analyses, and Monte Carlo simulation.Measurements and Main Results. Microbiologic activity of treatment, anaphylaxis according to treatment regimen, curability of infection according to patient morbidity status, risk of superinfection, and recovery from gram‐negative bacilli sepsis were the variables modeled. Effectiveness was defined by long‐term survival and was modeled as life‐years (LYs) and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) gained according to treatment group. Base case results were the incremental differences between the average effectiveness of each strategy calculated from the Monte Carlo simulation. Mean LYs and QALYs gained with meropenem were 9.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.9–10.8) and 5.9 (95% CI 4.8–6.7), respectively. Mean LYs and QALYs gained with ciprofloxacin were 8.9 (95% CI 8.1–9.6) and 5.3 (95% CI 4.4–6.3), respectively. The incremental difference in effective‐ness—or average benefit expected by selecting meropenem over ciprofloxacin—was 1.0 LY (95% CI 0.3–1.7 LYs) and 0.6 QALY (95% CI 0.2–1.1 QALYs) favoring meropenem.Conclusion. Use of empiric meropenem over ciprofloxacin may be justified in patients in the ICU who are allergic to penicillin.
Singular Moduli of Shimura Curves
Authors: Errthum Eric 
Published: April 2011

Abstract The j-function acts as a parametrization of the classical modular curve. Its values at complex multiplication (CM) points are called singular moduli and are algebraic integers. A Shimura curve is a generalization of the modular curve and, if the Shimura curve has genus 0, a rational parameterizing function exists and when evaluated at a CM point is again algebraic over Q. This paper shows that the coordinate maps given by N. Elkies for the Shimura curves associated to the quaternion algebras with discriminants 6 and 10 are Borcherds lifts of vector-valued modular forms. This property is then used to explicitly compute the rational norms of singular moduli on these curves. This method not only verifies conjectural values for the rational CM points, but also provides a way of algebraically calculating the norms of CM points with arbitrarily large negative discriminant.
Performance of Low-Dissipation Euler Fluxes and Preconditioned LU-SGS at Low Speeds
Authors: Kitamura Keiichi , Shima Eiji , Fujimoto Keiichiro , Wang Z. J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn low speed flow computations, compressible finite-volume solvers are known to a) fail to converge in acceptable time and b) reach unphysical solutions. These problems are known to be cured by A) preconditioning on the time-derivative term, and B) control of numerical dissipation, respectively. There have been several methods of A) and B) proposed separately. However, it is unclear which combination is the most accurate, robust, and efficient for low speed flows. We carried out a comparative study of several well-known or recently-developed low-dissipation Euler fluxes coupled with a preconditioned LU-SGS (Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel) implicit time integration scheme to compute steady flows. Through a series of numerical experiments, accurate, efficient, and robust methods are suggested for low speed flow computations.
A Normal Mode Stability Analysis of Numerical Interface Conditions for Fluid/Structure Interaction
Authors: Banks J. W. , Sjögreen B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn multi physics computations where a compressible fluid is coupled with a linearly elastic solid, it is standard to enforce continuity of the normal velocities and of the normal stresses at the interface between the fluid and the solid. In a numerical scheme, there are many ways that velocity- and stress-continuity can be enforced in the discrete approximation. This paper performs a normal mode stability analysis of the linearized problem to investigate the stability of different numerical interface conditions for a model problem approximated by upwind type finite difference schemes. The analysis shows that depending on the ratio of densities between the solid and the fluid, some numerical interface conditions are stable up to the maximal CFL-limit, while other numerical interface conditions suffer from a severe reduction of the stable CFL-limit. The paper also presents a new interface condition, obtained as a simplified characteristic boundary condition, that is proved to not suffer from any reduction of the stable CFL-limit. Numerical experiments in one space dimension show that the new interface condition is stable also for computations with the non-linear Euler equations of compressible fluid flow coupled with a linearly elastic solid.
A Finite Volume Method for the Multi Subband Boltzmann Equation with Realistic 2D Scattering in Double Gate MOSFETs
Authors: Lu Tiao , Du Gang , Liu Xiaoyan , Zhang Pingwen 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe propose a deterministic solver for the time-dependent multi-subband Boltzmann transport equation (MSBTE) for the two dimensional (2D) electron gas in double gate metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) with flared out source/drain contacts. A realistic model with six-valleys of the conduction band of silicon and both intra-valley and inter-valley phonon-electron scattering is solved. We propose a second order finite volume method based on the positive and flux conservative (PFC) method to discretize the Boltzmann transport equations (BTEs). The transport part of the BTEs is split into two problems. One is a 1D transport problem in the position space, and the other is a 2D transport problem in the wavevector space. In order to reduce the splitting error, the 2D transport problem in the wavevector space is solved directly by using the PFC method instead of splitting into two 1D problems. The solver is applied to a nanoscale double gate MOSFET and the current-voltage characteristic is investigated. Comparison of the numerical results with ballistic solutions show that the scattering influence is not ignorable even when the size of a nanoscale semiconductor device goes to the scale of the electron mean free path.
Efficient Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations with High-Dimensional Parametrized Uncertainty
Authors: Gao Zhen , Hesthaven Jan S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe important task of evaluating the impact of random parameters on the output of stochastic ordinary differential equations (SODE) can be computationally very demanding, in particular for problems with a high-dimensional parameter space. In this work we consider this problem in some detail and demonstrate that by combining several techniques one can dramatically reduce the overall cost without impacting the predictive accuracy of the output of interests. We discuss how the combination of ANOVA expansions, different sparse grid techniques, and the total sensitivity index (TSI) as a pre-selective mechanism enables the modeling of problems with hundred of parameters. We demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of this approach on a number of challenging test cases drawn from engineering and science.
Continuation Finite Element Simulation of Second Harmonic Generation in Photonic Crystals
Authors: Bao Gang , Xu Zhengfu , Yuan Jianhua 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA computational study on the enhancement of the second harmonic generation (SHG) in one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals is presented. The mathematical model is derived from a nonlinear system of Maxwell’s equations, which partly overcomes the shortcoming of some existing models based on the undepleted pump approximation. We designed an iterative scheme coupled with the finite element method which can be applied to simulate the SHG in one dimensional nonlinear photonic band gap structures in our previous work. For the case that the nonlinearity is strong which is desirable to enhance the conversion efficiency, a continuation method is introduced to ensure the convergence of the iterative procedure. The convergence of our method is fast. Numerical experiments also indicate the conversion efficiency of SHG can be significantly enhanced when the frequencies of the fundamental and the second harmonic wave are tuned at the photonic band edges. The maximum total conversion efficiency available reaches more than 50% in all the cases studied.
Double Exchange Model in Triangular Lattice Studied by Truncated Polynomial Expansion Method
Authors: Zhang Gui-Ping 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe low temperature properties of double exchange model in triangular lattice are investigated via truncated polynomial expansion method (TPEM), which reduces the computational complexity and enables parallel computation. We found that for the half-filling case a stable 120° spin configuration phase occurs owing to the frustration of triangular lattice and is further stabilized by antiferromagnetic (AF) su-perexchange interaction, while a transition between a stable ferromagnetic (FM) phase and a unique flux phase with small finite-size effect is induced by AF superexchange interaction for the quarter-filling case.
Fluidization
Authors: Avidan Amos A. , King Desmond F. , Knowlton Ted M. , Pell Mel 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Fluidization is the art of handling a solid as if it were a fluid. To fluidize solid particles, a gas or a liquid flows up through a particle bed at such a rate as to support the weight of particles via drag force such that the weightless particles are free to move and flow akin to molecules in a liquid. Fluidization by a gas is by far the most commonly used technique, although solids can be fluidized by a liquid, or by a gas and a liquid. Often the gas reacts with the particles as it fluidizes them. Commercially, gas‐fluidized beds are used for a multitude of purposes, from drying solids to burning coal and from making plastics to producing gasoline from heavy oils.
The important properties of particles that relate to fluidization are discussed along with the different regimes that fluidized beds can exhibit. The isothermal nature of fluidized beds and the high rates of heat and mass transfer are discussed. Design of fluidized beds is introduced as are the various pieces of hardware needed. Circulating fluidized beds are also discussed, as is industrial scale up.
Autosome STRs in native South America—Testing models of association with geography and language
Authors: Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Tarazona‐Santos Eduardo M. , Gilman Robert H. , Herrera Phabiola , Cabrera Lilia , dos Santos Sidney E.B. , Morés Luiza , Hutz Mara H. , Salzano Francisco M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractInformation on one Ecuadorian and three Peruvian Amerindian populations for 11 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci is presented and incorporated in analyses that includes 26 other Native groups spread all over South America. Although in comparison with other studies we used a reduced number of markers, the number of populations included in our analyses is currently unmatched by any genome‐wide dataset. The genetic polymorphisms indicate a clear division of the populations into three broad geographical areas: Andes, Amazonia, and the Southeast, which includes the Chaco and southern Brazil. The data also show good agreement with proposed hypotheses of splitting and dispersion of major language groups over the last 3,000 years. Therefore, relevant aspects ofNative American history can be traced using as few as 11 STR autosomal markers coupled with a broad geographic distribution of sampled populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cure kinetics of an epoxidized hemp oil based bioresin system
Authors: Manthey Nathan W. , Cardona Francisco , Aravinthan Thiru , Cooney Tyson 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA novel epoxidized hemp oil (EHO) based bioresin was synthesized by epoxidation in situ with peroxyacetic acid. In this research the cure kinetics of an EHO based bioresin system cured with triethylenetetramine (TETA) was studied by differential scanning calorimetry using both isothermal and nonisothermal data. The results show that the curing behavior can be modeled with a modified Kamal autocatalytic model that accounts for a shift to a diffusion‐controlled reaction postvitrification. The total order of the reaction was found to decrease with an increase in temperature from ∼ 5.2 at 110°C to ∼ 2.4 at 120°C. Dynamic activation energies were determined from the Kissinger (51.8 kJ/mol) and Ozawa‐Flynn‐Wall (56.3 kJ/mol) methods. Activation energies determined from the autocatalytic method were 139.5 kJ/mol and −80.5 kJ/mol. The observed negative activation energy is thought to be due to an unidentified competitive reaction that gives rise to the appearance of k2 decreasing with increasing temperature. The agreement of fit of the model predictions with experimental values was satisfactory for all temperatures. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Characterization and diffusion behavior of chitosan–poss composite membranes
Authors: Xu Dan , Loo Leslie S. , Wang Kean 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFour types of polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes (POSS) were incorporated into chitosan by solution blending to fabricate composite membranes. The thermal stability of the composite membranes was improved compared with the neat chitosan membrane. For the mechanical properties, the stiffness of the composite membranes was weakened by the presence of POSS. However, the effects of POSS on the strength and elongation at break of the composite membranes depended on the type of POSS incorporated. Hydrophilic POSS increased the ductility of the composite membranes and maintained their strength, while hydrophobic POSS made the membranes more brittle and less rigid compared with the neat chitosan membranes. These significant differences were due to the different compatibility and interfacial adhesion between POSS and chitosan. The permeation of sodium chloride and riboflavin in the composite membranes was also influenced by the type and content of POSS in the membranes. Composite membranes containing hydrophilic POSS showed higher partition coefficients but lower diffusion coefficients of riboflavin, compared with the composite membranes containing hydrophobic POSS. This indicates that the transport of riboflavin is retarded by the interactions between riboflavin and the membrane. This study suggests that the structure and physical properties of chitosan membrane can be modified by the incorporation of a small amount of POSS molecules. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effect of molecular weight of polyethylene on its flammability
Authors: Nakashima Erika , Ueno Tomonaga , Yukumoto Masao , Takeda Kunihiko 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPolyethylene has been widely applied in our society and is known to burn well. Many researchers have been studying to control the flammability of polyethylene when adding several catalysts. However, this study has confirmed the effect of the molecular weight on the flammability of polyethylene. This article displays combustion states of two different molecular weights of polyethylene. The low molecular weight of polyethylene did not ignite and the high molecular weight of polyethylene ignited and burned well. From this result, it was difficult for polyethylene to continue combustion under limited conditions, such as the vertical configuration of the materials, air circumstance, and low molecular weight. To analyze such behaviors, the relationship between combustion state and degradation behavior of polyethylene was compared to that of polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene. PP and polystyrene decomposed into small molecules directly through chain‐end scission and that low‐molecular weight scission products went to gas phase and reacted with oxygen and consequently fire around specimens during combustion. Polyethylene decomposed into relatively higher molecular weight scission products through random scission at primary degradation. The scission products further decomposed into lower molecular weight products with drip, which caused the combustion under specimens. There were no big differences in a weight loss temperature and scission products at high temperature between a low molecular weight of polyethylene and a high molecular weight of polyethylene. Therefore, the degradation and combustion behavior of scission products of polyethylene in primary degradation warrant further research on flame retardant of polyethylene. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Microspheres of carboxymethyl guar gum for in vitro release of abacavir sulfate: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Sullad Anita G. , Manjeshwar Lata S. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCarboxymethyl guar gum (CMGG), an anionic semisynthetic GG derivative, was synthesized by incorporating CM group into GG chain. Microspheres were prepared by loading abacavir sulfate (AS) using water‐in‐oil (w/o) emulsion method. Formulations were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In vitro release profiles of GG and CMGG loaded with AS performed in pH 1.2 as well as 7.4 buffer media at 37°C displayed the varying drug release profiles in stomach and intestinal conditions. Release of the drug was extended up to 28 h in both GG and CMGG matrices, but the burst release observed in case of GG matrix was reduced in the case of CMGG. The kinetics of in vitro release was analyzed using the empirical equations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The rhetorical construction of polity membership: Identity, culture and citizenship in young people's discussions of immigration in northern England
Authors: Gibson Stephen , Hamilton Lorna 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we argue for a social psychological approach to citizenship which focuses on how social actors define competent and legitimate polity membership, together with the associated rights and responsibilities that this entails. A perspective based on the principles of rhetorical psychology is adopted in order to explore these issues in an analysis of a sample of young people's talk about issues of immigration to the UK. Analysis considers how matters of ‘race’, national identity and culture were oriented to and constructed during the interviews. We then explore how rights and responsibilities concerning cultural expression, interpersonal civility/courtesy and (implicitly acultural) legal frameworks were articulated as practical criteria for judgements about competent and legitimate polity membership. These findings are discussed in relation to existing social psychological work on issues such as racism and national identity, with a view to situating these matters within an overarching concern for the construction of polity membership. We conclude by briefly considering the implications of these findings for contemporary debates concerning citizenship education in the UK. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Everyday citizenship: Identity and recognition
Authors: Hopkins Nick , Blackwood Leda 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRecent theorizing on citizenship encourages a broader consideration of the degree to which individuals are able to participate in social life without valued elements of their self‐definition being compromised. This paper seeks to illustrate how social psychology can contribute to such an approach through providing an analysis of British Muslims' accounts of how others orient to their religious and national identities. The data are qualitative and derived from interviews with 28 Muslims. The analysis focuses on participants' accounts of how, in everyday interaction, others' assumptions about their religious identity affected their abilities to act on terms that were their own and how this constrained their abilities to speak and be heard in the public sphere. The wider significance of these data for struggles over citizenship and the recognition of identities are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a social psychology of citizenship? Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Condor Susan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe concept of citizenship is currently the subject of extensive, and often heated, debate on the part of policy makers and social scientists. Many of the key concerns encapsulated in the idea of citizenship—collective identity, solidarity, pro‐social behaviour, group boundaries, intra and intergroup conflict—also represent longstanding concerns on the part of social and community psychologists. However, at present, very little psychological theory or research directly addresses the subject of citizenship. The aim of this Special Issue is to explore how the construct of citizenship might contribute to social psychological understandings of social conflict and solidarity and, conversely, to consider how existing social psychological theories and methods might contribute to contemporary understandings of citizenship. The authors of the six articles in the Special Issue apply a range of theoretical perspectives (self‐categorization theory, social identity theory, rhetorical psychology, the theory of social representations) and methods (experiments, surveys, interviews, ethnography) to examine situated understandings of citizenship in a variety of domains (civic and political participation, immigration attitudes, minority identities, nationalism). Despite their different approaches, the authors display a common concern to recognize complexity, contradiction and contestability as inherent, and often productive, features of the everyday construction and performance of citizenship. As a consequence, social psychological perspectives may have the potential to restore the damaged reputation of the citizen currently apparent in much policy and social scientific discourse. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.