bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monitoring of self‐generated speech in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Debbané Martin , Van der Linden Martial , Glaser Bronwyn , Eliez Stephan 
Published: September 2009

Objectives. The present report examines the monitoring of self‐generated speech in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic disorder associated with very high risk for psychosis.Design. Between‐participant group design.Methods. In this study, 20 adolescents with 22q11DS, 19 age‐ and IQ‐matched controls, and 19 typically developing adolescents were enrolled. Participants completed a speech‐monitoring task, in which they were asked to silently or overtly read a series of word and non‐word items. Subjects then filled out a recognition sheet containing studied and novel items. They were asked to identify the previously studied item, and to attribute the reading condition (silent vs. overt) under which each recognized item was encoded.Results. Adolescents with 22q11DS commit more external attribution errors compared to both control groups, by exhibiting an increased tendency to report silently read items as though they had been read overtly. Further, results suggest that increased cognitive effort exacerbates the external attribution tendency in adolescents with 22q11DS. Increased internal attributions were also observed in the IQcontrol and 22q11DS groups in comparison to typically developing adolescents.Conclusions. Similarly to adult individuals exhibiting positive symptoms of psychosis, adolescents with 22q11DS exhibit an external attribution bias for inner speech. This bias seems to be exacerbated by increased cognitive effort, suggesting a failure to recollect information pertaining to cognitive operations during self‐monitoring. Cognitive biases associated to schizophrenia may be detected in adolescents at very high risk for psychosis. These observations provide further evidence for the presence of an external attribution bias along the clinical continuum of psychosis vulnerability.
Comparison of Urinary Albumin Quantification by Immunoturbidimetry, Competitive Immunoassay, and Protein-Cleavage Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Seegmiller Jesse C , Sviridov Denis , Larson Timothy S , Borland Timothy M , Hortin Glen L , Lieske John C 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Background: Increased urinary albumin excretion is a well-documented diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for renal disease. Urinary albumin is typically measured in clinical settings by immunoassay methods. However, neither a reference method nor a urine albumin calibration reference material is currently available.
Methods: We quantified urinary albumin in patient samples by using 3 commercially available reagent systems: DiaSorin SPQ™ and Beckman Coulter LX® 20 (immunoturbidimetric), and Siemens Immulite® (competitive immunoassay). Results were compared to values obtained by protein-cleavage liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
Results: In general, results from the 3 immunoassays agreed with results from LC-MS/MS. However, the SPQ results showed a negative bias across all ranges of albuminuria [(0–200 mg/L, y = 0.91x – 3.74 (CI 0.86–0.96); &gt; 200 mg/L, y = 0.88x – 40.30 (CI 0.76–1.00)], whereas the LX 20 showed minimal bias in the 0–200 mg/L range [y = 0.97x − 88 (CI 0.92–1.02)] and the Immulite assay showed positive bias in the 0–200 mg/L range [y = 1.15x – 4.38 (CI 1.09–1.20)].
Conclusions: These results showed a reasonable quantification of urinary albumin by representative polyclonal and monoclonal immunoassays compared to an LC-MS/MS assay. In addition, the results do not suggest the presence of nonimmunoreactive albumin in urine. However, differences in analytic performance between assays support the need for a reference calibration material and reference method to standardize clinical laboratory measurements of urinary albumin.
Generalized S-space-forms with two structure vector fields
Authors: Carriazo Alfonso , Fernández Luis M. , Fuentes Ana M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
We introduce and study generalized S-space-forms with two structure vector fields. We also present several examples of these manifolds such as certain hypersurfaces of Sasakianspace-forms, principal toroidal bundles and warped products. Moreover, we investigate generalized S-space-forms endowed with an additional structure and we obtain some obstructions for them to be S-manifolds.
The Practical Application of a Flatbed Scanner for Air-Void Characterization of Hardened Concrete
Authors: Peterson Karl , Sutter Lawrence , Radlinski Mateusz 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Over the past 30 years, with the advent of computers and digital imaging, many automated systems have been introduced for the purpose of air-void characterization. The majority of the systems employs a contrast-enhancement procedure where a polished cross-section of concrete is darkened with paint, and white powder is forced into the depressions left by air-voids. The system described here follows the same approach and uses a flatbed scanner to collect a single digital image of the entire sample. For all of the systems based on contrast enhancement, the first step is to select a threshold level. Image pixels brighter than the threshold level represent air and image pixels darker than the threshold level represent non-air (i.e., paste or aggregate). Further digital processing steps may be employed but the initial selection of threshold level exerts a strong influence on whether a pixel in the final data set is classified as air or non-air. A systematic approach for threshold determination has been proposed based on an iterative procedure that compares automatically determined air-void parameters to manually determined air-void parameters from a set of training specimens. The calibration procedure finds a single optimum threshold level for the automated system that is to be used for all subsequent analyses. The approach was tested on a population of 88 specimens with manually determined air-void parameters, with the goal of determining an appropriate value for the number of training specimens.
Development of a New Test Facility to Examine Reinforced Concrete Panels Under Uniaxial and Biaxial Direct Tension
Authors: Sabrah T. B. , Marzouk H. , Hussein A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
There is a definite and growing interest in using fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) reinforcing bars as an alternative for traditional steel in several structural applications. Nevertheless, little information is available about the behavior of FRP reinforced concrete (RC) members subjected to direct tension. Testing concrete members subjected to direct tension is considered an important approach in understanding important features of concrete, such as cracking characteristics, stress-strain relationships, etc. These features have been considered an important design aspect of FRP-RC. This paper presents a new experimental technique that can be used to test both FRP- and steel-RC panels under uniaxial and biaxial direct tension. A new testing facility is designed and constructed at Memorial University of Newfoundland. The testing facility is specially designed to test RC panels subjected to direct tension. The tension loads can be applied in either a uniaxial or biaxial direction. The unique aspect of this test setup is that it can accommodate FRP reinforcing bars. FRP reinforcing bars have a major problem of gripping under a tension load. Several research workers have developed elaborate and expensive techniques to provide adequate grip for FRP bars by using steel pipes and epoxy injection. The proposed design provides a simple solution to the gripping problem and can accommodate different specimen sizes, bar diameters, various bar spacing, and loading conditions. This paper presents the design, details, construction stages, and testing capabilities of this new testing facility. Descriptions of the experimental equipment, the instrumentation, and the data acquisition system are provided. The paper also presents a sample of the test results of a recent experimental investigation that has been carried out on concrete panels reinforced with steel and glass-FRP (GFRP) bars. Test results demonstrate that the testing facility is successfully capable in overcoming the difficulties of testing RC panels under direct tension. The test results also show significant differences in behavior between steel and GFRP-RC panels with respect to cracking characteristics, stress-strain relations, and failure loads.
Emley Plasticity Testing: First Steps to a Precision and Bias Statement
Authors: Godbey RJ , Thomson ML 
Published: September 2009

Plasticity is an important physical property of masonry mortar and stucco (plaster). Quality workmanship and economic use of materials by masons and plasterers requires highly plastic mortar and stucco. Hydrated lime enhances the plasticity of masonry mortar and stucco by providing excellent water retention and workability.
In 1919, after nearly 10 years of work, chemist Warren Emley developed a method to quantify plasticity. In essence, plasticity testing as developed by Emley quantifies the quality of lime in terms of water retention and workability. Nearly 100 years later, the measurement of plasticity continues to be definitive in ASTM Specification for Finishing Hydrated Lime (C206) and ASTM Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Purposes (C207) utilizing procedures and apparatus outlined in ASTM Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime, Hydrated Lime, and Limestone (C110). This paper reviews the history of the plasticity test method, laboratory methods, instrument nuances, and the need to establish ASTM precision and bias statements for the test method.
Pozzolan-Lime Mortar: Limitations of ASTM C593
Authors: Thomson ML 
Published: September 2009

Alone, neither a pozzolan nor hydrated lime is capable of setting under water. They are not hydraulic. When combined and mixed with water, however, the resulting reaction products are hydraulic. There is a renewed interest in pozzolan-lime binders, in particular for historic masonry. ASTM C593 provides a limited resource in defining suitable pozzolans to be used with lime for masonry mortars and exterior plasters. One of its limitations is that the specified pozzolan-lime weight ratio is not representative of a traditional volumetric ratio of one volume part binder to three volume parts sand. In addition, the standard requires accelerated curing, which is unrealistic for pozzolan-lime mortar.
Preliminary results indicate that using specific ratios of pozzolan to lime and a vapor curing regime, as required by ASTM C593, does not necessarily promote the optimum pozzolanic reaction as tested by compressive strength. Results from ASTM C593 therefore do not represent the expected field behavior of pozzolan-lime mortars. The requirements of that standard should be modified with respect to pozzolan-lime ratios and curing conditions.
Variability In Brick Unit Test Results
Authors: Galitz CL 
Published: September 2009

For centuries, brick masonry has been used as a structural and non-structural material, with requirements for strength and other properties often specific to a particular project. To determine these properties, various ASTM and other test methods have been standardized and incorporated into building codes and project documents. The results of standardized testing are typically used as verification that a particular brick meets the property requirements of a particular project. Unfortunately, there is a high degree of variability in some test results. This is due to a combination of variations in actual material properties and variations in the way a particular test method is performed from laboratory to laboratory and operator to operator.
This paper reports statistical analyses of previously published and unpublished test results for compressive strength, IRA, absorption, and other properties of various brick tested at a number of laboratories in the United States. Variability in the results is quantified and statistical significance of the variations presented. Recommendations for modifications to standardized tests, including the number of specimens tested as a sample is also presented. Topics including precision, bias, and sampling methods are discussed as they relate to the testing methods and results presented.
Predicting the Freeze-Thaw Durability of Bricks Based on Residual Expansion
Authors: Seaverson EJ , Brosnan DA , Frederic JC , Sanders JP 
Published: September 2009

The response of saturated brick masonry units to internal freezing water was studied in an attempt to improve the accuracy of freeze-thaw durability predictions currently described in ASTM C 67. Cryogenic dilatometry was employed to study the change in length, or response, of water-saturated brick during freeze-thaw cycles. In all cases, a permanent, or residual, expansion was observed.
Residual expansion varied from approximately 0.01% to 0.08% for different commercially available brick for a single freeze-thaw cycle. No strong correlation was found between residual expansion and physical properties cited in current ASTM specifications.
Research on lab-fired extruded brick showed that the amount of residual expansion is related to the “maturity,” or amount of “heat work” expended, in firing of the brick. Comparison of lab- and plant-fired brick with similar water adsorption values yielded considerable differences in residual expansion, reflecting a lack of correlation between physical properties and durability.
Residual expansion may be a quantitative index reflecting the freeze-thaw durability of brick, and may result in a more definitive and faster test procedure than that described in ASTM C 67.
Florida Skid Correlation Study of 1967 Skid Testing with Automobiles
Authors: Rizenbergs R. L. 
Published: September 2009

The inclusion of automobiles in the Florida skid correlation study was prompted by the recognition of the following needs: 1) to compare stopping-distance measurements obtained with different instrumentation, 2) to suggest a standard method of stopping-distance testing, 3) to relate skid-resistance measurements of trailer-type testers with stopping distances of automobiles, and 4) to explore other skid-resistance measurement techniques using an automobile.
The vehicles were all full-size automobiles. Each vehicle was instrumented to measure a distance from a predetermined pressure in the brake hydraulic system to where the vehicle came to rest. Stopping distance in most of the automobiles was read directly from summating counters. Two of the automobiles were equipped with strip-chart recorders to measure distance, velocity and deceleration during the skid.
The measured stopping distances displayed minor differences between automobiles regardless of the instrumentation. The primary cause of variation in the test results was attributed to the inability of the driver to apply brakes at the prescribed test velocity. Lag between brake application and wheel lock and errors in the distance-measurement instrumentation were of secondary concern.
The stopping-distance data were correlated with the trailer-measured skid resistances for several velocities. Approximate stopping distance, therefore, can be predicted from trailer tests, or vice versa.
The results of the stopping-distance tests were sufficiently encouraging to consider standarization. Adoption of a standard method of test would serve several useful purposes. The principal benefits would be derived from having a reliable, alternate method of skid testing and references to “stopping distance” of automobiles would acquire a uniform understanding of the measurement and, therefore, common usage of the term.
Accelerated Corrosion Testing of Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Weldments
Authors: Bloom F K , Carruthers M E 
Published: September 2009

Accelerated corrosion tests on metal-arc welded specimens of 0.06 per cent carbon and 0.03 per cent maximum carbon chromium-nickel stainless steel were conducted in hot nitric-hydrofluoric acids, boiling 65 per cent nitric acid and boiling copper sulfate-sulfuric acid solution. The results are compared with field experience with a welded pickling tank where both types of alloys were used.
The three common corrosion tests differ markedly in their attack on weld heat-affected zones. The nitric-hydrofluoric acid test appears to be the most severe criterion of susceptibility to weld decay.
Service results, where the corrosive conditions were severe, compared well with laboratory tests and confirmed the fact that the 0.03 per cent maximum carbon alloys are free from harmful carbide precipitation in the as-welded condition.
Influence of Carbon and Molybdenum on the Intergranular Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Chromium-nickel Steels with and without Columbium
Authors: Binder W O , Brown C M 
Published: September 2009

Comparative intergranular corrosion tests have been made on five types of 18-8 steel containing 0.06 and 0.03 per cent maximum carbon, including the molybdenum and molybdenum-columbium variations, to gain a better understanding of their corrosion behavior. The data show that the increased corrosion rate noted in boiling 65 per cent nitric acid must be ascribed to a phase formation other than chromium carbide precipitation when molybdenum is present in steels containing about 0.03 per cent carbon or sufficient columbium to combine with all the carbon.
A study of steels containing 0.01 per cent maximum carbon indicates that the phase is sigma.
The phase has been found to be most damaging to corrosion during its formative period when it exists as an envelope of fine particles around the austenite grains. Although the steel in this condition is subject to intergranular attack by strong nitric acid, it is resistant to such media as boiling acidified copper sulfate, mixed nitric-hydrofluoric acids, and air-free sulfuric acid. Prolonged heating at 750 C., which coalesces the particles, restores the resistance of the steel to intergranular attack in nitric acid.
Of the two causes of intergranular corrosion noted in the molybdenum-bearing 18-8 steels, the precipitation of chromium carbide appears to be the more dangerous. It has produced susceptibility to intergranular attack in both reducing acids and oxidizing acids, whereas the effect of the intermetallic compound has been observed only in nitric acid.
The nitric acid test reveals both types of intergranular attack. To distinguish between these two causes in assessing the molybdenum steels for service, the nitric acid test should be supplemented with at least one other intergranular corrosion test to insure that a high corrosion rate in nitric acid does not prejudice the use of the steels in reducing acid media, if the attack is due to the formation of the sigma phase.
Planning and Interpretation of Fatigue Tests
Authors: Freudenthal Alfred M. 
Published: September 2009

The significance of the scatter of results of fatigue tests and the inadequacy of the conventional procedures of their planning and interpretation is discussed. An attempt is made to derive the cumulative frequency distribution function P(N) of the fatigue life, N, at any particular stress amplitude, S, from considerations of statistical theory, which, as a first approximation, leads to a logarithmic-normal distribution function of N.
Results of rotating-beam and reversed torsion-fatigue tests performed on steel, aluminum, and copper, when represented on logarithmic-normal probability paper, are shown to approximate the theoretically derived distribution. From the so plotted cumulative distributions P(N) of the fatigue life of aluminum at a number of stress amplitudes, S, a complete, three-dimensional S-N-P relation is obtained.
Measurement of the Fiber-Polymer Matrix Interfacial Strength
Authors: Broutman L J 
Published: September 2009

Although many test specimens have been developed to measure fiber-matrix interfacial strength, they typically suffer from a lack of reproducibility and produce data with coefficients of variation greater than 10 percent. This paper reviews methods thus far employed to evaluate fiber-matrix interfacial strengths including correlation of data from the various test methods.
The stress distribution at a fiber-matrix interface subjected to loading must be known if one is to calculate interfacial fracture stresses due to external load application. Thermal residual stresses due to elevated curing temperature of polymer specimens also must be considered. Equations to predict the shear stresses at fiber ends and the radial and tangential stresses around the interface will be presented. Experimental photelastic determinations of internal stresses will be compared with the theoretical predictions.
Experimental techniques for measuring interfacial strengths for single fibers will be discussed. Examples of strength measurements for glass and boron fibers embedded in polymer matrices will be presented. These strengths have been measured as a function of the specific nature of the interface to evaluate the role of a fiber surface treatment in enhancing this interface strength. The fiber or rod bond strength specimens usually consist of a single embedded fiber or partially embedded rod in a polymer matrix which is failed by loading the matrix in the first case or by loading the rod in the latter case.
Interfacial tensile strengths can be measured using a curved neck specimen, and shear bond strengths can be measured most effectively by a fiber embedded totally within a rectangular bar. A compression load is applied parallel to the fiber axis. A technique related to determination of interfacial toughness of joints by a double cantilever cleavage bar will be discussed and the results compared to strength measurements of similar systems. Finally, measurements on actual fiber composites (horizontal shear strength) will be discussed as a means of measuring fiber-matrix interfacial strength.
Bulgaria's Communist-Era Landscape
Authors: Kelleher Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This essay discusses the various architectural and design elements that helped define the communist-era landscape of Bulgaria. The conclusions presented here are based on observations made by the author while living in Bulgaria and research into the literature on communist architecture and design in the East Bloc. Bulgaria was the member of the East Bloc that most closely followed the architectural and design model established by the Soviet Union and exported to its satellite states following the Second World War. This didactic model was intended to present a certain image of communism and its achievements. Despite physical changes that came with the end of communism in Bulgaria, the country has retained a significant communist-era landscape. Bulgaria, therefore, presents an opportunity to examine many of the architectural and design elements typical of the East Bloc, both how the communists intended them to be interpreted and how these buildings and monuments made the transition to the postcommunist era.