bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Average Annual Temperature Changes in the Holocene in China
Authors: Fuzhi BI , Youshen YUAN 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:In 1876 Blytt proposed a post‐glacial climatic classification, maintaining that the then temperature fluctuated 1–2°C higher or lower than that today. Lamb (1969) held that in Europe “the axis of the subtropical high pressure belt was generally displaced north by about 10° latitudes” during the Hypsithermal and that the temperature was three to six times higher than that in the postglacial period.In China, there appear relict beachrocks (living fossils) in tropical tidal zones from the Bohai Bay (40° N) to coastal areas in South China. Many relict tropical marine fossils were discovered, such asOstrea gigasin Tianjin (which is larger than that found today in Hainan),Placuna placentain Zhejiang andSpondylussp. in Fujian. In Hebei, Henan and Zhejiang provinces and Guilin of Guangxi, such tropical fossil animals asElephas maximusandRhinocerossp, were discovered, and in Hebei and Jiangsu provinces such fresh water fossils asUnio douglasiaewere found. Their living species are still seen in South China today. Skeletons of Banpo Man discovered at Xi‘ an are more similar to those of the “South Chinese race, and human skulls found at Guilin possess characteristics of the” Australoid—Negroid race“.Abstract:All phenological evidence shows that the average annual temperature of every warm phase in the Holocene in China was 10–15°C higher than the present temperature in North China and 10°C, 7°C and 2°C higher than the present values in Zhejiang, Fujian and Hainan, respectively.
Qinling Orogenic Belt: Its Palaeozoic‐Mesozoic Evolution and Metallogenesis
Authors: Shicai SHAO 
Published: September 2010

Abstract  The formation, development and evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt can be divided into three stages: (1) formation and development of Precambrian basement in the Late Archaean‐Palaeoproterozoic (3.0–1.6 Ga), (2) plate evolution (0.8–0.2 Ga), and (3) intracontinental orogeny and tectonic evolution in the Mesozoic.The Devonian (D) and Triassic (T) were the key transition period of the tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt. That is to say, in the Devonian, the Qinling micro‐plate was separated from the northern margin of the Yangtze plate (passive continental margin). This period witnessed transition of the micro‐plate from the compressional to extensional state, and consequently three types of sedimentary basins were formed, namely, the rift hydrothermal basin in the micro‐plate, restricted ocean basin in the south, and residual ocean basin resulting from collision on the northern margin. In the Triassic the Qinling area was turned into the intracontinental orogen.The Devonian and Triassic were the main periods of enrichment of large amounts of metals. In the Devonian, many sedex‐type massive Pb‐Zn‐(Cu)‐Ag deposits were formed in the hydrothermal basins. In the Triassic (Indosinian‐Yanshanian movements), many sediment‐hosted disseminated gold deposits and reworked sedimentary type Pb‐Zn‐Hg‐Sb (Au) deposits were formed in the rift hydrothermal basins. Many ductile shear zone‐related gold deposits were formed in the restricted ocean basins and residual ocean basins on the two sides of the Qinling micro‐plate. The above‐mentioned discussion indicates that metallogenesis is not only consistent with geological events, but also controlled by them.
New Progress in High‐Precision and High‐Resolution Seismic Exploration Technique in Coal Industry of China
Authors: Bin Ni 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn the past twenty years, the proportion of coal in primary‐energy consumption in China is generally between 71.3% and 76.5%. The output of coal was 1.374 billion tons in 1996, and 1.21 tons in 1998, which ranked first in the world. Now coal is mined mainly with mechanization in China, which is planned to reach 80% in major State‐owned coal mines in 2000 according to the planning of the government (Li et al., 1998; Tang Dejin, 1998).Compared with the USA and Australia, China has more complex coal geological structures. Based on high‐resolution seismic technique in coal exploration, a new seismic technique with high‐precision and high‐resolution (2‐D and 3‐D) has been developed for the purpose of detecting small geological structures in coal mine construction and production to meet the needs of large‐scale popularization of mechanized coal mining in China. The technique is low in cost and requires a relatively short period of exploration, with high precision and wide‐range applications. In the middle of the 1980s, it began to be used in pre‐mining coal exploration on a trial basis, and entered the peak of exploration in the 1990s, which has made significant progress in providing high‐precision geological results for the construction and production of coal industry in China, and is still in the ascendant.This paper discusses some new progress and the exploration capability and application range of the technique.
Maturity Control on the Patterns of Hydrocarbon Regeneration from Coal
Authors: Yanrong ZOU , Qi YANG , Dameng LIU , Xidong KANG , Dazhen TANG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRock‐Eval pyrolysis and Py‐GC experiments on naturally and artificially matured coal samples were carried out. The results suggest that both depolymerization and defuctionalization exist during the maturation and evolution of coal. The patterns of hydrocarbon regeneration are diverse at different stages of the maturation and evolution. When the vitrinite reflectance (R0) is 0.7%‐0.9%, bitumen is the richest in coal while activation energy is the minimum, and the temperature of peak yield is lower than that of primary hydrocarbon generation. However, if reflectance is greater than 0.9%, defunctionalization predominates and the temperature of peak regeneration is shown in lagging compared with the primary hydrocarbon generation. When reflectance is out of the “oil window”, the peak temperature of hydrocarbon regeneration and that of the primary hydrocarbon generation seems to be continuous.
Role of Carbonic Anhydrase as an Activator in Carbonate Rock Dissolution and Its Implication for Atmospheric CO2 Sink
Authors: Zaihua LIU 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe conversion of CO2 into H+ and is a relatively slow reaction. Hence, its kinetics may be rate determining in carbonate rock dissolution. Carbonic anhydrase (CA), which is widespread in nature, was used to catalyze the CO2 conversion process in dissolution experiments of limestone and dolomite. It was found that the rate of dissolution increases by a factor of about 10 after the addition of CA at a high CO2 partial pressure (Pco2) for limestone and about 3 at low Pco2 for dolomite. This shows that reappraisal is necessary for the importance of chemical weathering (including carbonate rock dissolution and silicate weathering) in the atmospheric CO2 sink and the mysterious missing sink in carbon cycling. It is doubtless that previous studies of weathering underestimated weathering rates due to the ignorance of CA as an activator in weathering, thus the contribution of weathering to the atmospheric CO2 sink is also underestimated. This finding also shows the need to examine the situ distribution and activity of CA in different waters and to investigate the role of CA in weathering.
Distribution of CO2 in Soil Air Affected by Vegetation in the Shilin National Park
Authors: Linhua SONG , Fuyuan LIANG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper studies the CO2 distribution of soil atmosphere in the Shilin National Park. The measurement sites were chosen according to different topographic features and different vegetations. Seven measurement sites on 3 cross sections were chosen to pass through 3 karstic depressions or on the slopes of depressions. All measurement results show soils with pH values lower than 7.0 (from 5.4 to 6.6). There are 2 cases for the pH values of soil in different topographic features: the pH values of 2 profiles on the ridges or upper slopes of depressions are lower than those in the depressions; and the pH values of 2 soil profiles on the slopes of depressions are higher than those in the depressions. Most samples show relatively low humidity and CO2 contents on the ridges or slopes of depressions compared with soil profiles in the depressions. High CO2 contents occur at depths from −40 to −80 cm and high and dense grassland shows high CO2 contents in the soil atmosphere. Grass roots may grow and are distributed mainly at depths from −20 to −40 cm; while tree roots predominantly as deep as −60 cm even −80 cm. The influences of pine, cypress and eucalyptus on soil CO2 have been studied. Soil CO2 influenced by pine and cypress are generally concentrated in an area surrounding the tree with a diameter of 1 m and the strongly influenced distance is 50 cm. Eucalyptus will strongly affect the CO2 contents in an area with a diameter of 2 m, especially 1 m distant from the tree. The highest concentration of soil CO2 at a depth of −30 and 100 cm from the tree reaches 92000 ppm.
Lead Isotopic Composition and Lead Source in the Bainiuchang Ag‐polymetallic Deposit, Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Chaohui ZHU , Qian ZHANG , Shuxun SHAO , Xiaoqing ZHU , Dapeng WANG 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Bainiuchang deposit in Yunnan Province, China, is located geographically between the Gejiu ore field and the Dulong ore field. In addition to the >7000 t Ag reserves, the deposit also boasts of large‐scale Pb, Zn and Sn reserves with a lot of dispersed elements (In, Cd, Ge, Ga, etc.). We have determined systematically the Pb isotope composition of the deposit. The Pb isotope ratios of the ores that are of sea‐floor exhalative sedimentary origin in the northwest of the mining district, are 206Pb/204Pb = 17.758‐18.537, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.175‐15.862 and 208Pb/204Pb = 37.289‐39.424, while those of ores that are of magmatic hydrothermal superimposition origin in the southeast of the mining district, are 206Pb/204Pb = 17.264‐18.359, 207Pb/204Pb = 14.843‐15.683 and 208Pb/204Pb = 36.481‐38.838, respectively. In terms of the Pb isotope composition of feldspar in magmatic rocks or magmatic whole‐rock samples from the mining district, we have determined the Pb isotope composition and acquired the Pb isotope ratios as: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.224‐18.700, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.595‐15.797 and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.193‐39.608. Then, in the light of the Pb isotope composition of metamorphic rock samples from the Proterozoic basement exposed in the Dulong ore field, we have determined the Pb isotope composition and obtained the isotope ratios as: 206Pb/204Pb = 18.434‐19.119, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.644‐15.693, and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.514‐38.832. And the Pb isotope ratios of Cambrian sedimentary rocks, which are exposed in the Bainiuchang mining district, are 206Pb/204Pb = 18.307‐19.206, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.622‐15.809, and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.436‐39.932. By comparing the two types of ores with respect to their Pb isotope compositions, it is indicated that lead in the Bainiuchang deposit was derived largely from the lower‐crust granulite which is earlier than Neoproterozoic in age, but the Yanshanian magmatic hydrothermal fluids probably provided a part of ore‐forming elements such as Sn for the ore blocks in the south of the mining district.
Vibration Suppression in Cutting Tools Using a Collocated Piezoelectric Sensor/Actuator With an Adaptive Control Algorithm
Authors: Radecki Peter P. , Farinholt Kevin M. , Park Gyuhae , Bement Matthew T. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The machining process is very important in many engineering applications. In high precision machining, surface finish is strongly correlated with vibrations and the dynamic interactions between the part and the cutting tool. Parameters affecting these vibrations and dynamic interactions, such as spindle speed, cut depth, feed rate, and the part’s material properties can vary in real time, resulting in unexpected or undesirable effects on the surface finish of the machining product. The focus of this research is the development of an improved machining process through the use of active vibration damping. The tool holder employs a high-bandwidth piezoelectric actuator with an adaptive positive position feedback control algorithm for vibration and chatter suppression. In addition, instead of using external sensors, the proposed approach investigates the use of a collocated piezoelectric sensor for measuring the dynamic responses from machining processes. The performance of this method is evaluated by comparing the surface finishes obtained with active vibration control versus baseline uncontrolled cuts. Considerable improvement in surface finish (up to 50%) was observed for applications in modern day machining.
Mycobacterium tuberculosisSynergizes with ATP To Induce Release of Microvesicles and Exosomes Containing Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Molecules Capable of Antigen Presentation
Authors: Ramachandra Lakshmi , Qu Yan , Wang Ying , Lewis Colleen J. , Cobb Brian A. , Takatsu Kiyoshi , Boom W. Henry , Dubyak George R. , Harding Clifford V. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTMajor histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules are released by murine macrophages upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation and ATP signaling through the P2X7 receptor. These studies show that infection of macrophages withMycobacterium tuberculosisorM. bovisstrain BCG enhances MHC-II release in synergy with ATP. Shed MHC-II was contained in two distinct organelles, exosomes and plasma membrane-derived microvesicles, which were both able to present exogenous antigenic peptide to T hybridoma cells. Furthermore, microvesicles from mycobacterium-infected macrophages were able to directly presentM. tuberculosisantigen (Ag) 85B(241-256)-I-Abcomplexes that were generated by the processing ofM. tuberculosisAg 85B in infected cells to bothM. tuberculosis-specific T hybridoma cells and naïve P25M. tuberculosisT-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic T cells. In the presence of prefixed macrophages, exosomes from mycobacterium-infected macrophages provided weak stimulation toM. tuberculosis-specific T hybridoma cells but not naïve P25 T cells. Thus, infection withM. tuberculosisprimes macrophages for the increased release of exosomes and microvesicles bearingM. tuberculosispeptide-MHC-II complexes that may generate antimicrobial T-cell responses.
New Strategies in Ovarian Cancer: Uptake and Experience of Women at High Risk of Ovarian Cancer Who Are Considering Risk-Reducing Salpingo-Oophorectomy
Authors: Miller Suzanne M. , Roussi Pagona , Daly Mary B. , Scarpato John 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Here, we review factors associated with uptake of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy by women at increased hereditary risk for ovarian cancer, as well as quality of life issues following surgery. Forty-one research studies identified through PubMed and PsychInfo met inclusion criteria. Older age, having had children, a family history of ovarian cancer, a personal history of breast cancer, prophylactic mastectomy, and BRCA1/2 mutation carrier status increase the likelihood of undergoing surgery. Psychosocial variables predictive of surgery uptake include greater perceived risk of ovarian cancer and cancer-related anxiety. Most women report satisfaction with their decision to undergo surgery and both lower perceived ovarian cancer risk and less cancer-related anxiety as benefits. Hormonal deprivation is the main disadvantage reported, particularly by premenopausal women who are not on hormonal replacement therapy (HRT). The evidence is mixed about satisfaction with the level of information provided prior to surgery, although generally, women report receiving insufficient information about the pros and cons of HRT. These findings indicate that when designing decision aids, demographic, medical history, and psychosocial variables need to be addressed in order to facilitate quality decision making. Clin Cancer Res; 16(21); 5094–106. ©2010 AACR.
CD44 Expression Predicts Local Recurrence after Radiotherapy in Larynx Cancer
Authors: de Jong Monique C. , Pramana Jimmy , van der Wal Jacqueline E. , Lacko Martin , Peutz-Kootstra Carine J. , de Jong Jos M. , Takes Robert P. , Kaanders Johannes H. , van der Laan Bernard F. , Wachters Jasper , Jansen Jeroen C. , Rasch Coen R. , van Velthuysen Marie-Louise F. , Grénman Reidar , Hoebers Frank J. , Schuuring Ed , van den Brekel Michiel W. , Begg Adrian C. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Purpose: To find molecular markers from expression profiling data to predict recurrence of laryngeal cancer after radiotherapy.
Experimental Design: We generated gene expression data on pre-treatment biopsies from 52 larynx cancer patients. Patients developing a local recurrence were matched for T-stage, subsite, treatment, gender and age with non-recurrence patients. Candidate genes were then tested by immunohistochemistry on tumor material from a second series of 76 patients. Both series comprised early stage cancer treated with radiotherapy alone. Finally, gene expression data of eight larynx cancer cell lines with known radiosensitivity were analyzed.
Results: Nineteen patients with a local recurrence were matched with 33 controls. Gene sets for hypoxia, proliferation and intrinsic radiosensitivity did not correlate with recurrence, whereas expression of the putative stem cell marker CD44 did. In a supervised analysis, probes for all three splice variants of CD44 on the array appeared in the top 10 most significantly correlated with local recurrence. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD44 expression on the independent validation series confirmed CD44's predictive potential. In 8 larynx cancer cell lines, CD44 gene expression did not correlate with intrinsic radiosensitivity although it did correlate significantly with plating efficiency, consistent with a relationship with stem cell content.
Conclusions: CD44 was the only biological factor tested which significantly correlated with response to radiotherapy in early stage larynx cancer patients, both at the mRNA and protein levels. Further studies are needed to confirm this and to assess how general these findings are for other head and neck tumor stages and sites. Clin Cancer Res; 16(21); 5329–38. ©2010 AACR.
Engrafting: The Image of Union in Calvin’s Commentary on John’s Gospel
Authors: Kim Sung-Sup 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis essay examines the concept of union with Christ in Calvin’s theology. I focus on Calvin’s commentary on the Gospel of John 13-17 in which Calvin employs the organic aspects of engrafting in order to develop the doctrine of union with Christ. Although Calvin fully acknowledges the mystic nature of this union, he carefully prevents his doctrine from falling into that of mysticism. I explicate the different meanings with which Calvin uses the image of engrafting and the firm limits he places around it. The result shows how Calvin’s exegesis feeds into the development of a doctrine.
Understanding the Predictability of East Asian Summer Monsoon from the Reproduction of Land–Sea Thermal Contrast Change in AMIP-Type Simulation
Authors: Zhou Tianjun , Zou Liwei 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Previous studies on the predictability of East Asian summer monsoon circulation based on SST-constrained Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-type simulations show that this phenomenon is reproduced with lower skill than other monsoon patterns. The authors examine the reason in terms of the predictability of land–sea thermal contrast change. In the observation, a stronger monsoon circulation is dominated by a tropospheric warming over East Asian continent and a cooling over the tropical western Pacific and North Pacific, indicating an enhancement of the summertime “warmer land–colder ocean” mean state. The tropospheric cooling over the tropical western Pacific and North Pacific, and the tropospheric warming over East Asian continent are reproducible in AMIP-type simulations, although there are biases over both the North Pacific and East Asia. The tropospheric temperature responses in the model indicate a reasonable predictability of the meridional land–sea thermal contrast; the zonal land–sea thermal contrast change is also predictable but shows bias over the region north to 25°N in North Pacific. The reproducibility of the meridional thermal contrast is higher than that of the zonal thermal contrast. An examination of the predictability of two commonly used monsoon indices reveals far different skills. The index defined as zonal wind shear between 850 and 200 hPa averaged over East Asia is highly predictable. The skill comes from the predictability of the meridional land–sea thermal contrast. Although the zonal thermal contrast change is mostly predictable except for the biases over the North Pacific, the monsoon index defined as zonal sea level pressure (SLP) difference across the East Asian continent and the North Pacific is unpredictable. The low skill is related to the index definition, which attaches more importance to the land SLP change. The limitation of the index in measuring the land SLP change reduces the model skill. Although regional features of monsoon precipitation changes remain a challenge for current climate models, the predictable land–sea thermal contrast change sheds light on monsoon circulation prediction.
Changes in Temperature and Salinity Tendencies of the Upper Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean at 24.5°N
Authors: Vélez-Belchí Pedro , Hernández-Guerra Alonso , Fraile-Nuez Eugenio , Benítez-Barrios Verónica 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Strong interest in multidecadal changes in ocean temperature and heat transport has resulted in the occupation of the North Atlantic Ocean hydrographic transect along 24.5°N five times since 1957, more than any other transoceanic section in the world. This latitude is chosen because it is where the northward ocean transport of heat in the Atlantic reaches its maximum. An analysis of the five oceanographic cruises at this latitude shows that there has been a significant cooling of −0.15°C in the upper ocean (600–1800-dbar range) over the last 7 years, from 1998 to 2004, which is in contrast to the warming of 0.27°C observed from 1957 to 1998. Salinity shows a similar change in tendency, with freshening since 1998. For the upper ocean at 24.5°N, 1998 was the warmest and saltiest year since 1957. Data from the Argo network are used to corroborate the strong cooling and freshening since 1998, showing a −0.13°C cooling in the period between 1998 and 2006 and revealing interannual variability between 2005 and 2008 to be much smaller than the decadal variability estimated using the transect. The results also demonstrate that Argo is an invaluable tool for observing the oscillations in the tendencies of the ocean.
On the Transport of Buoyant Coastal Plumes
Authors: Pimenta Felipe M. , Kirwan A. D. , Huq Pablo 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The role of discharge conditions and shelf geometry on the transport of coastal plumes is studied with a fully nonlinear, primitive equation hydrodynamic model. The physical setting is an estuarine channel with a small discharge Rossby number. By simulating different discharge magnitudes, buoyant plumes are shown to be succinctly described by a simple coastal front model. Three results emerge from the model analysis. First, the plume transport is given by T = γ0(g′ph2/2f ), where γ0 is a parameter dependent on the ratio of the front and the plume widths, g′p is the plume reduced gravity, h is the plume maximum depth, and f is the Coriolis parameter. Second, this model links the plume transport directly to upstream river conditions with T = γQr, where Qr is the river outflow and γ is a parameter that relates to entrainment, the geometry of the plume front and shelf slope, and the fraction of freshwater carried downshelf. Third, these equations reduce to analytic results previously established for special cases, providing useful formulas to estimate the plume transport from hydrographic and river discharge observations.