bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute and Chronic T Cell Dynamics in the Livers of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques
Authors: Ahsan Muhammad H. , Gill Amy F. , Lackner Andrew A. , Veazey Ronald S. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

The mucosal immune system, particularly the gastrointestinal tract, is critically involved in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Since the liver drains most of the substances coming from the intestinal tract, it may also play a role in the pathogenesis of HIV infection. Here we examined the percentages and absolute numbers of T cell subsets in the liver in normal and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques. Most of the T cells in the liver were CD8
+
memory cells, and most of these had an effector memory (CD95
+
CD28
−
) phenotype. CD4
+
T cells constituted approximately 20% of the liver T cell population, but the vast majority of these were also memory (CD95
+
) CCR5
+
cells, suggesting they were potential targets for viral infection. After SIV infection, CD4
+
T cells were markedly reduced, and increased proliferation and absolute numbers of CD8
+
T cells were detected in the liver. These data suggest that the liver is a major source of antigenic stimulation for promoting CD8
+
T cells and possibly a source for early CD4
+
T cell infection and destruction.
In Vitro
Epsilon RNA-Dependent Protein Priming Activity of Human Hepatitis B Virus Polymerase
Authors: Jones Scott A. , Boregowda Rajeev , Spratt Thomas E. , Hu Jianming 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates its DNA genome through reverse transcription of a pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) by using a multifunctional polymerase (HP). A critical function of HP is its specific recognition of a viral RNA signal termed ε (Hε) located on pgRNA, which is required for specific packaging of pgRNA into viral nucleocapsids and initiation of viral reverse transcription. HP initiates reverse transcription by using itself as a protein primer (protein priming) and Hε as the obligatory template. We have purified HP from human cells that retained Hε binding activity
in vitro
. Furthermore, HP purified as a complex with Hε, but not HP alone, displayed
in vitro
protein priming activity. While the HP-Hε interaction
in vitro
and
in vivo
required the Hε internal bulge, but not its apical loop, and was not significantly affected by the cap-Hε distance, protein priming required both the Hε apical loop and internal bulge, as well as a short distance between the cap and Hε, mirroring the requirements for RNA packaging. These studies have thus established new HBV protein priming and RNA binding assays that should greatly facilitate the dissection of the requirements and molecular mechanisms of HP-Hε interactions, RNA packaging, and protein priming.
Differentiation-Dependent Changes in Levels of C/EBPβ Repressors and Activators Regulate Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Late Gene Expression
Authors: Gunasekharan Vignesh , Haché Guylaine , Laimins Laimonis 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT
The liver-enriched transcriptional activator protein (LAP) isoform of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) is shown to be a major activator of differentiation-dependent human papillomavirus (HPV) late gene expression, while the liver-enriched inhibitory protein (LIP) isoform negatively regulates late expression. In undifferentiated cells, LIPs act as dominant-negative repressors of late expression, and upon differentiation, LIP levels are significantly reduced, allowing LAP-mediated activation of the late promoter. Importantly, knockdown of C/EBPβ isoforms blocks activation of late gene expression from complete viral genomes upon differentiation.
Preferential Replication of Systemically Delivered Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus in Focally Irradiated Glioma Xenografts
Authors: Advani Sunil J. , Buckel Lisa , Chen Nanhai G. , Scanderbeg Daniel J. , Geissinger Ulrike , Zhang Qian , Yu Yong A. , Aguilar Richard J. , Mundt Arno J. , Szalay Aladar A. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Purpose: Radiotherapy is part of the standard of care in high-grade gliomas but its outcomes remain poor. Integrating oncolytic viruses with standard anticancer therapies is an area of active investigation. The aim of this study was to determine how tumor-targeted ionizing radiation (IR) could be combined with systemically delivered oncolytic vaccinia virus.
Experimental Design: U-87 glioma xenografts were grown subcutaneously or orthotopically. Oncolytic vaccinia viruses GLV-1h68 and LIVP 1.1.1 were injected systemically and IR was given focally to glioma xenografts. In a bilateral tumor model, glioma xenografts were grown in both flanks, oncolytic vaccinia was injected systemically and radiation was delivered specifically to the right flank tumor, whereas the left flank tumor was shielded. Viral replication and tumor regression, after systemic injection, was analyzed and compared in irradiated and nonirradiated glioma xenografts.
Results: Systemically administered oncolytic vaccinia virus replicated to higher titers in preirradiated U-87 xenografts than in nonirradiated glioma xenografts. This increased oncolytic viral replication correlated with increased tumor xenograft regression and mouse survival in subcutaneous and orthotopic U-87 glioma models compared with monotherapies. The ability of focal IR to mediate selective replication of oncolytic vaccinia was shown in a bilateral glioma model in which systemically administered oncolytic vaccinia replicated preferentially in the irradiated tumor compared with the nonirradiated tumor in the same mouse.
Conclusion: These findings show a potential clinical role of focal IR in sensitizing irradiated tumor sites for preferential vaccinia virus–mediated oncolysis. Clin Cancer Res; 18(9); 2579–90. ©2012 AACR.
The Heart in Friedreich Ataxia
Authors: Weidemann Frank , Rummey Christian , Bijnens Bart , Störk Stefan , Jasaityte Ruta , Dhooge Jan , Baltabaeva Aigul , Sutherland George , Schulz Jörg B. , Meier Thomas 
Published: March 2012

Background—
This cross-sectional study provides a practical approach for the clinical assessment of Friedreich ataxia (FA) cardiomyopathy (FA-CM).

Methods and Results—
A comprehensive cardiac assessment, including standard echocardiography, color Doppler myocardial imaging, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, ECG, and exercise stress testing, was performed in 205 FA patients. To assess myocardial hypertrophy in FA-CM, the end-diastolic interventricular septal wall thickness (IVSTd) was found to be the best echocardiographic parameter compared with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging–determined left ventricular mass. With the use of this parameter, 4 groups of patients with FA-CM could be defined. Patients with normal values for IVSTd (31.7%) were classified as having no FA-CM. Patients with an IVSTd exceeding the predicted normal IVSTd were classified as having mild FA-CM (40%) if IVSTd exceeded the normal value by <18% or as having intermediate FA-CM (16.1%) if IVSTd exceeded the normal value by ≥18%. Patients with ejection fraction <50% were classified as having severe FA-CM (12.2%). In addition to increased myocardial mass, severe FA-CM was further characterized by dilatation of the left ventricle, reduced systolic strain rate of the posterior wall, and ECG abnormalities. Regional myocardial function correlated negatively with FA-CM groups. Younger patients had a tendency for more advanced FA-CM. Importantly, no clear correlation was found between FA-CM groups and neurological function.

Conclusions—
We provide and describe a readily applicable clinical grouping of the cardiomyopathy associated with FA based on echocardiographic IVSTd and ejection fraction data. Because no distinct interrelations between FA-CM and neurological status could be determined, regular follow-up of potential cardiac involvement in FA patients is essential in clinical practice.

Clinical Trial Registration—

https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00905268.
Critical care resources in the Solomon Islands: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Westcott Mia , Martiniuk Alexandra LC , Fowler Robert A , Adhikari Neill KJ , Dalipanda Tenneth 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Background
There are minimal data available on critical care case-mix, care processes and outcomes in lower and middle income countries (LMICs). The objectives of this paper were to gather data in the Solomon Islands in order to gain a better understanding of common presentations of critical illness, available hospital resources, and what resources would be helpful in improving the care of these patients in the future.

Methods
This study used a mixed methods approach, including a cross sectional survey of respondents' opinions regarding critical care needs, ethnographic information and qualitative data.

Results
The four most common conditions leading to critical illness in the Solomon Islands are malaria, diseases of the respiratory system including pneumonia and influenza, diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis. Complications of surgery and trauma less frequently result in critical illness. Respondents emphasised the need for basic critical care resources in LMICs, including equipment such as oximeters and oxygen concentrators; greater access to medications and blood products; laboratory services; staff education; and the need for at least one national critical care facility.

Conclusions
A large degree of critical illness in LMICs is likely due to inadequate resources for primary prevention and healthcare; however, for patients who fall through the net of prevention, there may be simple therapies and context-appropriate resources to mitigate the high burden of morbidity and mortality. Emphasis should be on the development and acquisition of simple and inexpensive tools rather than complicated equipment, to prevent critical care from unduly diverting resources away from other important parts of the health system.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibits in vitro bovine embryo development through a prostaglandin mediated mechanism
Authors: Jackson Lauren R , Farin Char E , Whisnant Scott 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Mastitis or other infectious diseases have been related to reduced fertility in cattle. Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) are released in response to infection and may have negative effects on embryo development. In the current study the effect of exposure to TNFα on the development of in vitro fertilized bovine embryos was examined. Indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, was used to determine if blockade of prostaglandin synthesis would alter the effects of TNFα. Ovaries were obtained from a local abattoir and immature COC were isolated from 2-10 mm follicles, in vitro matured and fertilized. After fertilization, groups of presumptive zygotes were randomly placed into either control development medium, medium containing 25 ng/mL TNFα or medium containing 25 ng/mL TNFα plus 1 μg/mL indomethacin. The proportion of blastocysts formed was assessed at day 7 of culture. Fewer embryos exposed to TNFα alone reached the blastocyst stage (17.5 ± 2.4%, P < 0.01) compared with controls (30.5 ± 2.4%) or embryos developed in TNFα plus indomethacin (25.8 ± 2.8%). There was no difference between control embryos and embryos developed in TNFα plus indomethacin. These results indicate that TNFα is inhibitory to the in vitro development of bovine embryos and that this inhibition may be mediated by prostaglandins because it can be blocked by indomethacin.
Effects of the standardized ileal digestible lysine to metabolizable energy ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Li Pengfei , Zeng Zhikai , Wang Ding , Xue Lingfeng , Zhang Rongfei , Piao Xiangshu 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A total of 2,121 growing-finishing pigs (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) were utilized in six experiments conducted to determine the effects of different ratios of standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID-Lys) to metabolizable energy (ME) on the performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. Exps. 1 (30 to 50 kg), 2 (52 to 70 kg) and 3 (81 to 104 kg) were conducted to find an optimum ME level and then this level was used in Exps. 4 (29 to 47 kg), 5 (54 to 76 kg) and 6 (84 to 109 kg) to test the response of pigs to different ratios of SID-Lys:ME. In Exps.1 to 3, four treatments were used consisting of diets with a formulated ME content of 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 or 3.4 in Exps. 1 and 2 while Exp. 3 used 3.05, 3.15, 3.25 or 3.35 Mcal/kg. A constant SID-Lys:ME ratio of 2.6, 2.3 or 2.0 g/Mcal was used in Exps. 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Weight gain was significantly increased with increasing energy level in Exp.1 while weight gain was unaltered in Exps. 2 and 3. For all three experiments, feed intake was decreased (P < 0.05) and feed efficiency was improved (P < 0.05) with increasing energy level. Tenth rib back fat thickness linearly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing energy level. In Exps. 4 to 6, five treatments were used consisting of diets with a SID-Lys:ME ratio of 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.0 or 3.2 in Exp. 1, 2.1, 2.3, 2.5, 2.7, 2.9 or 3.2 in Exp. 2 and 1.8, 2.0, 2.2, 2.4, or 2.6 in Exp. 3. A constant ME level 3.2, 3.2 and 3.05 Mcal/kg was used in Exps. 1, 2 and 3, respectively (selected based on the results of weight gain). For all three experiments, weight gain increased (P < 0.05) and feed efficiency improved linearly (P < 0.05) as the SID-Lys:ME ratio increased. Tenth rib back fat thickness linearly decreased (P < 0.05) as the SID-Lys:ME ratio increased. Based on a straight broken-line model, the estimated SID-Lys:ME ratio to maximize weight gain was 3.0, 2.43 and 2.2 for 29 to 47, 54 to76 and 84 to 109 kg of pigs, respectively.
Effects of pulmonary acid aspiration on the lungs and extra-pulmonary organs: a randomized study in pigs
Authors: Heuer Jan Florian , Sauter Philip , Pelosi Paolo , Herrmann Peter , Brück Wolfgang , Perske Christina , Schöndube Fritz , Crozier Thomas A , Bleckmann Annalen , Beißbarth Tim , Quintel Michael 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Introduction
There is mounting evidence that injury to one organ causes indirect damage to other organ systems with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of acid aspiration pneumonitis (AAP) on extrapulmonary organs and to test the hypothesis that these could be due to circulatory depression or hypoxemia.

Methods
Mechanically ventilated anesthetized pigs were randomized to receive intrabronchial instillation of hydrochloric acid (n = 7) or no treatment (n = 7). Hydrochloric acid (0.1 N, pH 1.1, 2.5 ml/kg BW) was instilled into the lungs during the inspiratory phase of ventilation. Hemodynamics, respiratory function and computer tomography (CT) scans of lung and brain were followed over a four-hour period. Tissue samples of lung, heart, liver, kidney and hippocampus were collected at the end of the experiment.

Results
Acid instillation caused pulmonary edema, measured as increased extravascular lung water index (ELWI), impaired gas exchange and increased mean pulmonary artery pressure. Gas exchange tended to improve during the course of the study, despite increasing ELWI. In AAP animals compared to controls we found: a) cardiac leukocyte infiltration and necrosis in the conduction system and myocardium; b) lymphocyte infiltration in the liver, spreading from the periportal zone with prominent areas of necrosis; c) renal inflammation with lymphocyte infiltration, edema and necrosis in the proximal and distal tubules; and d) a tendency towards more severe hippocampal damage (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
Acid aspiration pneumonitis induces extrapulmonary organ injury. Circulatory depression and hypoxemia are unlikely causative factors. ELWI is a sensitive bedside parameter of early lung damage.
Assessing and managing mild to moderate emotion dysregulation
Authors: Raju Rajiv , Corrigan Frank M. , Davidson Alan J. W. , Johnson David 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThis article reviews the putative role of emotion dysregulation in diverse clinical presentations and considers some of its aetiological factors, such as insecure attachments in early life and traumatic experiences in later life. The neurobiology of emotional processes is described in relation to the ‘window of tolerance’ model of arousal levels optimal for information processing. Treatment options are considered and ways to regulate distress, derived from different approaches, are summarised in a ‘toolbox’. Fictitious case vignettes illustrate clinical applications.
Couple relationship problems and sexual dysfunctions: therapeutic guidelines
Authors: Crowe Michael 
Published: March 2012

SummarySex is central to most intimate relationships, and there is inevitably a two-way interaction between sex and intimacy. Sex is a physical, a psychological and an interpersonal event, and treatment of sexual problems should take account of all three aspects. Couple relationship problems that can affect sexual interaction include pervasive hostility, poor communication, lack of trust and disparate levels of sexual desire. Therapists should be able to manage therapy sessions with both partners present, without taking sides, and treating the relationship, rather than either individual, as the ‘client’. They should be able to balance the physical approach to problems with managing relationship issues and the partners' individual psychological problems. Techniques are recommended for understanding and modifying the couple relationship during therapy, as well as for dealing with specific sexual problems using a behavioural systems approach.
Working with guilt and shame
Authors: Clark Andrew 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThis article describes the psychological experiences of guilt and shame. Although these affects have an important role in holding our communities together, they can also become extremely distressing and debilitating for individuals. As such, they are transdiagnostic problems which are frequently encountered in mental healthcare. The origin of these affects is considered from religious, cultural and psychological perspectives. The article then explores the clinical manifestations of guilt and shame. Finally, consideration is given to therapeutic options, including general approaches as well as specific psychological therapies.
Anxiety: a hidden element in dementia
Authors: Badrakalimuthu Vellingiri Raja , Tarbuck Andrew F. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryAnxiety has reported prevalence rates between 38 and 72% among people with dementia. It has a negative impact on cognitive impairment and is associated with agitation and poor quality of life. The presence of excessive anxiety can be difficult to establish in people with dementia, especially when expressive or receptive speech is impaired. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research on the treatment of anxiety in dementia, and also on the wider issue of the management of anxiety disorders in old age. We explore the prevalence, presentation and diagnosis of anxiety in dementia and discuss the therapeutic options available.
Personality disorder in adolescence
Authors: Adshead Gwen , Brodrick Paul , Preston Jackie , Deshpande Mayura 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThere is considerable debate about the diagnosis of personality disorder in adolescence. It is argued that, because personality is still developing in the teenage years, it is impossible to state with certainty that a young person's personality is disordered. Alternatively, some researchers and clinicians argue that it is possible to diagnose emerging personality disorder on the basis of trait theories of personality. We review the evidence for both sides of the debate.
Patients' experience of dangerous and severe personality disorder services: qualitative interview study
Authors: Sinclair Julia , Willmott Lucy , Fitzpatrick Ray , Burns Tom , Yiend Jenny ,   the IDEA Group
Published: March 2012

SummaryAs part of an evaluation of the Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder (DSPD) Programme, we conducted in-depth interviews with 60 participants purposely sampled across four pilot DSPD units. This report is limited to the finding with potential ‘conceptual generalisability’: namely the unanticipated finding of negative and hostile attitudes of participants being managed in hospital units compared with the prison system. The recent UK government policy decision to concentrate this programme in prisons may, in part, reflect the significance of these findings.
Assessing fitness to drive in dementia and other psychiatric conditions: a higher training learning opportunity at a driving assessment centre
Authors: Sheridan Matthew P. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryWith an ageing population and expected rise in cases of dementia, driving safety will become increasingly important. Doctors have a professional obligation to identify patients who are unsafe to drive and in cases of dementia this decision is often complex. As a result, many centres in the UK offer driving assessments for people with medical conditions that may affect their on-road performance. I aim to identify a valuable learning opportunity for psychiatrists in training, particularly those working with older adults, to improve their knowledge of driving assessment. I also provide an overview of the Scottish Driving Assessment Service and reflect on my visit there.
Going the extra mile
Authors: Fear Chris , Scheepers Mark , Ansell Martin , Richards Rosemary , Winterbottom Paul 
Published: March 2012

SummaryStephen Tyrer's commentary on Fair Horizons was generally supportive of the principles underpinning the model, while offering a number of questions and caveats. In this response, we provide responses to the points made and offer further insights into the practicalities of the Fair Horizons model.
Ingestion or Aspiration of Foreign Objects or Toxic Substances ISMP Issues Statement on Use of Metric Measurements Oral Potassium Chloride Overdose Fatal
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Smetzer Judy L. 
Published: March 2012

These medication errors have occurred in health care facilities at least once. They will happen again—perhaps where you work. Through education and alertness of personnel and procedural safeguards, they can be avoided. You should consider publishing accounts of errors in your newsletters and/or presenting them at your inservice training programs. Your assistance is required to continue this feature. The reports described here were received through the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) Medication Errors Reporting Program. Any reports published by ISMP will be anonymous. Comments are also invited; the writers' names will be published if desired. ISMP may be contacted at the address shown below. Errors, close calls, or hazardous conditions may be reported directly to ISMP through the ISMP Web site ( www.ismp.org ), by calling 800-FAIL-SAFE, or via e-mail at ismpinfo@ismp.org . ISMP guarantees the confidentiality and security of the information received and respects reporters' wishes as to the level of detail included in publications.