bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
β‐Secretase‐1 elevation in aged monkey and Alzheimer’s disease human cerebral cortex occurs around the vasculature in partnership with multisystem axon terminal pathogenesis and β‐amyloid accumulation
Authors: Cai Yan , Xiong Kun , Zhang Xue‐Mei , Cai Huaibin , Luo Xue‐Gang , Feng Jia‐Chun , Clough Richard W. , Struble Robert G. , Patrylo Peter R. , Chu Yaping , Kordower Jeffrey H. , Yan Xiao‐Xin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common dementia‐causing disorder in the elderly; it may be related to multiple risk factors, and is characterized pathologically by cerebral hypometabolism, paravascular β‐amyloid peptide (Aβ) plaques, neuritic dystrophy, and intra‐neuronal aggregation of phosphorylated tau. To explore potential pathogenic links among some of these lesions, we examined β‐secretase‐1 (BACE1) alterations relative to Aβ deposition, neuritic pathology and vascular organization in aged monkey and AD human cerebral cortex. Western blot analyses detected increased levels of BACE1 protein and β‐site‐cleavage amyloid precursor protein C‐terminal fragments in plaque‐bearing human and monkey cortex relative to controls. In immunohistochemistry, locally elevated BACE1 immunoreactivity (IR) occurred in AD but not in control human cortex, with a trend for increased overall density among cases with greater plaque pathology. In double‐labeling preparations, BACE1 IR colocalized with immunolabeling for Aβ but not for phosphorylated tau. In perfusion‐fixed monkey cortex, locally increased BACE1 IR co‐existed with intra‐axonal and extracellular Aβ IR among virtually all neuritic plaques, ranging from primitive to typical cored forms. This BACE1 labeling localized to swollen/sprouting axon terminals that might co‐express one or another neuronal phenotype markers (GABAergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, or catecholaminergic). Importantly, these BACE1‐labeled dystrophic axons resided near to or in direct contact with blood vessels. These findings suggest that plaque formation in AD or normal aged primates relates to a multisystem axonal pathogenesis that occurs in partnership with a potential vascular or metabolic deficit. The data provide a mechanistic explanation for why senile plaques are present preferentially near the cerebral vasculature.
Stimulus‐locked responses on human arm muscles reveal a rapid neural pathway linking visual input to arm motor output
Authors: Pruszynski J. Andrew , King Geoffrey L. , Boisse Lysa , Scott Stephen H. , Flanagan J. Randall , Munoz Douglas P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that humans are sometimes capable of initiating arm movements towards visual stimuli at extremely short latencies, implying the presence of a short‐latency neural pathway linking visual input to limb motor output. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie such hastened arm responses. One clue may come from recent demonstrations that the appearance of a visual target can elicit a rapid response in neck muscles that is time‐locked to target appearance and functionally relevant for orienting gaze (head and eye) towards the target. Because oculomotor structures thought to contribute to ‘visual responses’ on neck muscles also target some arm muscles via a tecto‐reticulo‐spinal pathway, we hypothesized that a similar visual response would be present in arm muscles. Our results were consistent with this hypothesis as we observed the presence of rapid arm muscle activity (< 100 ms latency) that was time‐locked to target appearance and not movement onset. We further found that the visual response in arm muscles: (i) was present only when an immediate reach towards the target was required; (ii) had a magnitude that was predictive of reaction time; (iii) was tuned to target location in a manner appropriate for moving the arm towards the target; and (iv) was more prevalent in shoulder muscles than elbow muscles. These results provide evidence for a rapid neural pathway linking visual input to arm motor output and suggest the presence of a common neural mechanism for hastening eye, head and arm movements.
Performance of the green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum (Walker) on previously defoliated Sitka spruce
Authors: Williams D. T. , Straw N. A. , Day K. R. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract  1 The green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum, is an important defoliator of Sitka spruce in the U.K. However, it is usual for years in which high E. abietinum populations occur to be followed by a year with low aphid densities. The possibility that the performance of E. abietinum is reduced on previously infested Sitka spruce, and that this is the cause of year‐to‐year fluctuations in population density, was investigated by comparing population development and the growth rate of individual aphids on experimentally defoliated trees.2 Separate experiments were performed to determine whether aphid performance was reduced either in the autumn immediately after defoliation in the spring, or was reduced in the spring of the next year. Different rates of initial defoliation on trees used to test aphid performance were created by artificially infesting the trees with aphids in the spring before the experiments, and varying the time of infestation.3 Population development and the mean relative growth rate (MRGR) of individual aphids on previously defoliated and undefoliated Sitka spruce did not differ significantly in the spring of the next year. No differences were observed in the nutrient content of the 1‐year‐old needles of previously defoliated or undefoliated trees at this time.4 In the autumn and winter immediately after spring defoliation, aphid MRGR was significantly higher on trees that had been heavily defoliated earlier in the season compared with trees that had been lightly defoliated. However, the difference in MRGR decreased over the winter period. Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium concentrations were 9.4–12.2% higher, at the beginning of the autumn, in the current year needles of heavily defoliated trees than in the current year needles of lightly defoliated trees.5 The experiments indicate that high populations of E. abietinum in the spring do not induce any defensive mechanisms in Sitka spruce that adversely affect subsequent generations of the aphid. By contrast, the results suggest that high spring densities of the aphid improve the nutritional quality of the current year's foliage for autumn generations.
Effects of altitude on aphid‐mediated processes in the canopy of Norway spruce
Authors: Mühlenberg Eva , Stadler Bernhard 
Published: August 2010

Abstract  1 The abundance of aphids and their honeydew are important in shaping the ecology of food web interactions and nutrient cycling in forests of Norway spruce. Here, the effects of the different environmental conditions at two study sites located at different altitudes (500 m, 765 m a.s.l.), in the Fichtelgebirge, north‐eastern Bavaria, Germany, on the abundance of Cinara pilicornis and their influence on epiphytic microorganisms on shoots of Picea abies were compared. Subsequent changes in throughfall fluxes were measured over a period of 12 weeks beneath infested and reference trees. In a laboratory experiment, the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on microbial mortality and C and N concentrations in leachates were determined.2 The warmer and drier conditions at the low altitude site favoured an early onset to aphid multiplication in spring compared with the high altitude site, where aphid numbers peaked 3 weeks later.3 The presence of honeydew was associated with a significant increase in the total number of cultured epiphytic filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria in 12 of the 18 sample units, indicating better culturability or growth, whereas altitude had no significant effect on cultured cell numbers. By contrast to the reference trees, the high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and hexose‐C fluxes beneath infested trees at the peak in aphid abundance, in June and July, resulted in a concomitant decrease in the fluxes of total inorganic nitrogen beneath infested trees (low altitude: −19.7%; high altitude: −52.3%). Fluxes of organic nitrogen were significantly higher beneath infested trees at the time of infestation. Similarly, potassium fluxes in throughfall increased 1.6–2.0‐fold in response to aphid infestation.4 The exposure of infested and uninfested shoots of Norway spruce to UV‐A and UV‐B radiation only weakly affected epiphytic microbial mortality and did not affect the concentrations of the different nitrogen compound in leachates. However, bacteria, tended to be more active in the leachates collected from infested shoots, which resulted in the higher concentrations of aminosugar‐N. The aphids had a more pronounced effect on the concentrations of DOC in leachates, with average DOC concentrations being 4.2‐fold higher than in leachates from uninfested shoots.5 It is suggested that, even at very low densities, aphids exert a strong influence via honeydew on the performance of microorganisms, and nutrient and energy flow, in spruce forests.
Life table for Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann (Heteroptera: Coreidae) and prediction of damage in lodgepole pine seed orchards
Authors: Bates Sarah L. , Borden John H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract  1 Fecundity, egg hatch and nymphal survivorship of Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann were determined and used to develop a damage prediction formula for seed bugs in lodgepole pine seed orchards.2 A single overwintered L. occidentalis female may lay up to 80 eggs during early and mid‐season cone development.3 Up to 83.4% of eggs that were attached to branches with tape hatched successfully, compared with 53.5% of eggs attached to needles with wire. Egg parasitism was only observed in egg masses attached with wire.4 Egg masses attached with wire suffered approximately 30% mortality from parasitism, primarily by Gryon pennsylvanicum (Ashmead).5 Approximately 15.1 and 2.5% of first instars survived to adulthood in 2000 and 2001, respectively. Survival of caged nymphs that were protected from predators was 14.5 and 17.8%, respectively.6 A composite survival table indicated that 9.3% of eggs laid by L. occidentalis are expected to survive to adulthood.7 Based on previously determined damage estimates for each life stage of feeding during three periods of cone development, a hypothetical density of one seed bug per tree early in the season will result in an expected seed loss of approximately 310 seeds.
Discrimination among host plants (Leucaena species and accessions) by the psyllid pest Heteropsylla cubana and implications for understanding resistance
Authors: Finlay‐Doney M. , Walter G. H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract  1 The herbivorous bug Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Homoptera: Psyllidae) is a pest of the cattle fodder crop Leucaena (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae). The interaction between the psyllid and three varieties of its Leucaena host plant was investigated in relation to the apparent resistance of some Leucaena varieties (Leucaena leucocephala, Leucaena pallida and their hybrids) to attack.2 Field trials demonstrated that adult psyllids distinguished among the different varieties of Leucaena over a distance, and were attracted to L. leucocephala in significantly higher numbers than to L. pallida or to the hybrid. Pesticide treatment increased the attractiveness of Leucaena plants, even of those deemed to be psyllid resistant. Numbers of psyllid eggs and nymphs, sampled in the field, reflect the arrival rates of adults at the three plant varieties.3 Wavelength reflectance data of the three Leucaena varieties were not significantly different from one another, suggesting that psyllids cannot discriminate among the three plants using brightness or wavelength cues. There was a differential release of caryophyllene among the three varieties. Release of caryophyllene in L. leucocephala and the hybrid appeared to be influenced by environmental conditions.4 Experiments demonstrated that caryophyllene (at least on its own) did not influence the behaviour of leucaena psyllids in relation to leucaena plants.5 The results suggest that host plant volatiles cannot be dismissed as significant in the interaction between the leucaena psyllid and its Leucaena host plants. Further avenues for investigation are recommended and these are related to novel ways of understanding resistance in insect plant inter‐relationships.
Geographic variation in winter freezing susceptibility in the eggs of the European pine sawfly (Neodiprion sertifer)
Authors: Veteli T. O. , Lahtinen A. , Repo T. , Niemelä P. , Varama M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract  1 The European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae), frequently defoliates Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forests in northern Europe. It overwinters as an egg. It has been proposed that the high egg mortality caused by low winter temperatures limits the occurrence of outbreaks to the southern part of Fennoscandia.2 In this study, variation in freezing avoidance by egg supercooling between four Finnish populations (originating between latitudes 60°N and 69°N) of N. sertifer was tested by differential thermal analysis. Offspring of 20 females within each population were selected for the study. The freezing avoidance of parasitized eggs was also examined.3 The northernmost Inari population was found to be the cold hardiest, and the southernmost (Hanko) was the least hardy population. The within‐population variation between females was greatest in the population from Inari, and the next greatest in the one from Hanko. The inland populations in Eastern Finland had the smallest within‐population variation in freezing avoidance.4 The high variation in freezing avoidance of eggs will enable N. sertifer to adapt to the predicted climate change and to spread its distribution northwards. This may also change the risk for outbreaks in this area. Parasitized eggs froze at higher temperature than healthy eggs. This observation indicates that N. sertifer may experience reduced egg parasitism in certain winter climate conditions.
Phoretic mites and nematode associates of Scolytus multistriatus and Scolytus pygmaeus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in Austria
Authors: Moser John C. , Konrad Heino , Kirisits Thomas , Carta Lynn K. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract  1 The species assemblages and abundance of phoretic mites and nematodes associated with the elm bark beetles, Scolytus multistriatus and Scolytus pygmaeus, were studied in Austria.2 A total of 3922 individual mites were recorded from 144 adults of S. multistriatus and 178 adults of S. pygmaeus. The species spectrum was identical and the relative abundance of mites was very similar for both species of scolytids. Nine mite species, Pyemotes scolyti, Pseudotarsonemoides eccoptogasteri, Trichouropoda bipilis, Tarsonemus crassus, Proctolaelaps eccoptogasteris, Proctolaelaps scolyti, Chelacheles michalskii, nr. Eueremaeus sp. and Elattoma sp. were detected. Two of the nine species, nr. Eueremaeus sp. and Elattoma sp., are documented here as new associates of Scolytus spp.3 Pyemotes scolyti was the most frequent mite species, and Ps. eccoptogasteri and T. bipilis were relatively common, whereas the other mites occurred occasionally or were rare.4 The trophic roles of most of the mites associated with S. multistriatus and S. pygmaeus are poorly known, but they may include fungivores, parasitoids of bark beetle broods, predators of bark beetle broods and/or mites and/or nematodes.5 Besides phoretic mites, two nematode associates were seen on the investigated insects. A species of Cryptaphelenchus occurred under the elytra of both scolytid species, whereas the adults of a Neoparasitylenchus sp. were present inside abdomens of S. multistriatus, but absent from S. pygmaeus.
Trichomes of Lycopersicon species and their hybrids: effects on pests and natural enemies
Authors: Simmons Aaron T. , Gurr Geoff M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract1 The cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, is an economically important worldwide crop. Current pest management techniques rely heavily on pesticides but trichome‐based host‐plant resistance may reduce pesticide use.2 A review of the literature is provided on trichomes of wild Lycopersicon species and the effects of trichome‐based host‐plant resistance on arthropods. Solvents have been used to remove glandular trichome exudates and the resulting dimminution of their effects quantified. Correlational approaches to assess the relationship between the different trichome types and effects on pests have also been used.3 Most studies have focused on Lepidoptera and Hemiptera, although some work has included Coleoptera, Diptera and Acarina, and both antibiotic and antixenotic effects have been demonstrated.4 Natural enemies are a cornerstone of international pest management and this review discusses how the compatibility of this approach with trichome‐based host‐plant resistance is uncertain because of the reported negative effects of trichomes on one dipteran, one hemipteran and several Hymenoptera.5 For trichome‐based host‐plant resistance to be utilized as a pest management tool, trichomes of wild species need to be introgressed into the cultivated tomato. Hybrids between the cultivated tomato and the wild species Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum, Lycopersicon pennellii and Lycopersicon cheesmanii f. minor have been produced and useful levels of resistance to Acarina, Diptera and Hemiptera pests have been exhibited, although these effects may be tempered by effects on natural enemies.6 This review proposes that studies on genetic links between fruit quality and resistance, field studies to determine the compatibility of natural enemies and trichome‐based host‐plant resistance, and a strong focus on L. cheesmanii f. minor, are all priorities for further research that will help realize the potential of this natural defence mechanism in pest management.
Inference of adult female dispersal from the distribution of gypsy moth egg masses in a Japanese city
Authors: Liebhold A. M. , Turcáni Marek , Kamata Naoto 
Published: August 2010

Abstract1 The native range of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) spans the temperate forests of Eurasia. Across this region, a clinal female flight polymorphism exists; gypsy moth females in eastern Asia are mostly capable of directed flight, those in western and southern Europe are largely incapable of flight and populations distributed across the centre of the distribution exhibit a range of intermediate flight behaviours.2 Although information exists about the timing and duration of female flight from laboratory and wind tunnel studies, little or no quantitative data are available on average distances flown by Asian gypsy moth females prior to oviposition in the field. This information is critical for estimating risk of contamination at specific ports and transit terminals, as well as for predicting the spread of populations that might someday invade currently uninfested regions of the world.3 In the present study, an extensive visual survey of gypsy moth egg masses was conducted during a walk through streets and paths in a 3.92 × 5.76 km area in Kanazawa, Japan. This area consisted of a matrix of urban, agricultural and forest land uses. The distribution of egg masses relative to distances from host forests was used to infer the magnitude of pre‐ovipositional female flight.4 A total of 3172 egg masses was recorded from surveys conducted during the search of a path totalling 384 km. Within urban areas, egg masses were most abundant in the area <1 km from the edge of forest land.5 These results suggest that most female gypsy moth flight is limited to the area within 1 km of host forests. They also suggest that shipping containers and other parcels located >1 km from forests are at a much lower risk of contamination with Asian gypsy moth egg masses.
Winter feeding leads to a shifted phenology in the browntail moth Euproctis chrysorrhoea on the evergreen strawberry tree Arbutus unedo
Authors: Frago Enric , Guara Miguel , Pujade‐Villar Juli , Selfa Jesús 
Published: August 2010

The browntail moth Euproctis chrysorrhoea is a highly polyphagous univoltine forest pest. Although its young larvae usually overwinter in diapause from early autumn to the beginning of spring, winter larval feeding has been reported when this species feeds on the evergreen woody shrub strawberry tree Arbutus unedo.
The present study investigated life‐history traits of four populations of E. chrysorrhoea feeding on A. unedo, including phenology of the different life stages, larval feeding activity and diapause incidence. By modelling the relationship between larval size and host plant leaf persistence, elevation and mean annual temperature, we also studied larval development in ten populations of this species sampled from a range of geographical locations in Spain, from both A. unedo and deciduous hosts.
The results obtained revealed that on A. unedo, E. chrysorrhoea phenology has shifted: from October to March, A. unedo larvae doubled their size, whereas, on deciduous Ulmus minor and Quercus faginea, larval size did not change. General linear models demonstrated that such differences were not related to environmental variables. We also found that on A. unedo larval feeding was arrested for 2 months, with this period representing a true diapause.
The results obtained in the present study suggest that E. chrysorrhoea populations are phenologically adapted to their local host plants, and that the presence of foliage is a key element in the phenological shift reported on A. unedo. These results may have implications with respect to the formation of E. chrysorrhoea host races.
Maximum economic yield in crisis?
Authors: Sumaila U R , Hannesson Rögnvaldur 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe examine the claim in Christensen that Maximum Economic Yield (MEY) is equal to Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). The basis for this claim is that MEY considers only the ‘catching’ of fish and that when the full value‐chain is considered; it is the MSY level that maximizes economic value. We argue that to maximize society’s benefit from a given sector of an economy, resources need to be allocated across all sectors such that additional net benefits from employing one more unit of society’s resources are equalized across all sectors of the economy. In this way, the opportunity cost of employing society’s resources across all economic sectors is minimized. In an economy where all resources are fully utilized, further value added in the value chain for fish is an additional cost and has the effect of reducing fishing effort and optimum yield rather than the opposite. In a less developed economy or a developed one in recession where all resources are not fully used, the multiplier effect could be important, and if it is high for fisheries it would be an argument to maximize sustainable yield and effort. We show, using current input‐output data, that this is not the case. Furthermore, from a simple principle of optimization, we know that to optimize a sector that consists of many segments through time, one has to optimize every portion of the chain through time.
THE EFFECT OF UNDERSTANDING ON ATTITUDES TO ACCOUNTING VARIABLES
Authors: Zimmer Ian R. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Several researchers have attempted to discern attitudes of financial statement users to accounting variables. The surveys have usually involved requesting users to describe their attitude as to the importance of the defined variables to assigned decision making tasks by ranking the variables on an ordinal scale. This note examines whether the understanding of accounting information by respondents affects their description of attitudes; i.e. whether there exists an association between users' understanding of accounting information and the ranks assigned to particular accounting variables. The results indicate a weak association, implying that it may be necessary to control for the level of understanding in future studies of this nature.