bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RS04 COMPARISON OF FRACTURE FOLLOW‐UP RATES IN ABORIGINALS VERSUS NON‐ABORIGINALS IN AN AUSTRALIAN PERIPHERAL HOSPITAL – BROKEN BUT DID WE FIX IT?
Authors: Piper B. J. , Ting D. , Plaumann L. , Turner P. 
Published: April 2009

Purpose:   To determine the rate of orthopaedic follow‐up of Aboriginal patients and the implications of this on fracture management. Aboriginal patients are at a high risk of complications after fracture given the high incidence of fractures, co‐morbidities and later presentation. There is no information in the literature on follow‐up of Aboriginal patients after fracture.Methodology:   Retrospective review of patients presenting to Kalgoorlie Hospital with a fracture over 12 months. Attendance at follow‐up, injury type, treatment type (surgical or non‐surgical), indigenous status, and distance from hospital were recorded.Results:   A total of 267 patients were identified over a 12 month period, 20% were Aboriginal. Aboriginal patients were ten‐fold more likely to be lost to follow‐up when compared to non‐Aboriginal patients (40% and 4% respectively). Follow‐up was further reduced in the Aboriginal group treated surgically (45%) and improved in the conservative group (17%). This pattern was reversed for non‐Aboriginal patients where the surgically treated group more likely to present for follow‐up.Conclusion:   The follow‐up of Aboriginal patients is very poor. Our study clearly demonstrates that low follow‐up rates are not only related to geographical isolation but the hospital experience itself and mode of management. The failure of Aboriginal patients to present for follow‐up has major implications for the management of fractures in this high risk population. We discuss the implications of more conservative treatment to increase follow‐up and the conflicting evidence to aggressively internally fix fractures in patients with poor compliance and co‐morbidities such as diabetes, common in Aboriginal patients.
SE12P ENCOURAGING STUDENTS TO CONSIDER A CAREER IN SURGERY – EXPERIENCES FROM THE UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND SURGICAL INTEREST SOCIETY
Authors: Segar A. H. , Insull P. , Dare A. 
Published: April 2009

Student interest in surgery is of paramount importance to the future of New Zealand's surgical workforce. Internationally, the proportion of graduates pursuing surgical training has fallen over recent years, with a shift towards “lifestyle” specialties. Furthermore, the changing medical undergraduate curricula, stretched teaching and clinical capacity, and changes to the apprenticeship model of training all pose challenges to creating a meaningful undergraduate surgical experience.With the support of the University of the Auckland Department of Surgery, we founded the University of Auckland Surgical Interest Society (UASIS) as a means to supplement the undergraduate surgical experience and encourage surgery as a career option. Although similar developments have occurred at overseas medical schools, this student led initiative is believed to be the first in New Zealand and possibly Australia.The UASIS has five core aims. These were to develop student interest in a surgical career, promote excellence in surgical anatomy, provide greater exposure to all surgical fields, promote student involvement in surgical research and create and maintain professional and academic relationships between students and surgeons. In the first three years, membership has been overwhelmingly high and feedback very positive.The aims of the group will be described and the extent to which these were achieved. Lessons learnt from this initial experience will also be discussed in order to facilitate similar initiatives at other medical schools. We believe by working together with students, surgeons and the College; the UASIS and other surgical societies will help to promote a strong, competent and sustainable surgical workforce.
SE14P USING DVDS TO ENHANCE THE TEACHING OF HUMAN ANATOMY
Authors: Brigden D. , Dangerfield P. , Memon M. A. 
Published: April 2009

One of the recognised problems in learning anatomy comes from trying to form a three dimensional mental picture without three dimensional learning tools. Few people are able to create mental images that are three dimensional by looking at either pictures in books, slides on a screen or static images on a computer monitor; all these modalities support a learning experience that is in only two dimensions.While it is considered that the best three dimensional learning experience comes from dissecting the human body itself, today, access to that facility is becoming more difficult. To overcome these problems the authors have reviewed a DVD selection that presents freshly dissected human anatomical specimens in three dimensions. The DVDs are based on cadaveric material which has not been embalmed so that tissues retain the colour, texture and mobility of the living body. The dissections used have also been undertaken by skilled clinical anatomists, using the finest surgical and even micro surgical techniques.Each DVD has a clear, clear concise narration throughout, making them a saving aid to first time learning, an effective way to build on existing knowledge of anatomy, an efficient tool for revision and, for clinicians in training and in practice, a swift renewal of anatomical knowledge.The authors’ succinct appraisal of the DVDs reviewed has demonstrated that they are a means of enhancing the teaching of anatomy and facilitation of learning.
SE16 POST‐FELLOWSHIP TRAINING AND THE SURGICAL COLLEGES – HAS THE HORSE ALREADY BOLTED?
Authors: Collins J. 
Published: April 2009

A large percentage of surgical trainees on completion of their specialty education and training program seek further experience and instruction frequently in a sub‐specialty area. It frequently leads to a narrowing of the spectrum of surgical service the individual will provide with significant workforce implications. This “progressive specialisation” or voluntary narrowing of scope of practice which in the past occurred gradually over the course of most surgeons” careers is now increasingly linked to post‐fellowship training. It is driven by patient demands and the emphasis on health‐care quality, the constant growth in new modalities of treatment and personal factors by the surgeon. With the exception of a few areas like colorectal surgery the arrangements surrounding this training tends to be haphazard.In order to achieve the best outcome for society and the individuals embarking on this training a number of important issues must be addressed. These include workforce considerations within a particular specialty, the accreditation of suitable posts, wide advertising, selection and subsequent allocation of successful applicants, the provision of a formal education and training program with appropriate assessment in the subspecialty area, and recognition of completion of this program by a post‐fellowship qualification.Clearly the College in partnership with the specialty associations should sponsor administer and monitor these programs and issue appropriate qualifications. However “when the wind blows, some build walls, others build windmills”. The winds of change have been too fast for some and complicated by turf protection. Into this void has entered the universities which now offer degree programs in Minimally Invasive Surgery with others soon to follow.The horse has already bolted but in the long run society will be best served by proactive and cooperative partnerships between the many stakeholders involved.
SE02 AN ACADEMY OF SURGICAL EDUCATORS – WHY, WHO AND HOW
Authors: Collins J. P. 
Published: April 2009

Major challenges now impact on the development, delivery and sustainability of programs provided by the College and its specialty partners, in surgical education, training and continuing professional development. In response to these challenges and to meet the increasingly sophisticated educational requirements involved in higher level education, an Academy of Surgical Educators has being established.The purpose of the Academy is to promote high quality patient care by providing expert guidance and advice to the College and the Specialty Associations and Societies regarding the development and delivery of educational programs for trainees and Fellows and through the advancement and application of educational research.The Academy will consist of an Executive, staff and membership. The Executive will include rotating representatives from the Specialty Associations and Societies and the Academic Departments of Surgery. Staff will include Fellows expert in surgical education. Membership will be open to all Fellows and trainees able to demonstrate their interest and proficiency in surgical education. The extent of an applicant's involvement, achievements and experience in education will determine their category of membership. The Academy is entering into partnerships with universities to develop appropriate degree courses in surgical education to be delivered predominantly on‐line.The Academy will provide the means by which the College and its partner Specialty Associations and Societies will ensure those who develop the educational programs, provide the teaching and assessment and undertake educational scholarship will be equipped, supported, recognised and rewarded for their efforts so necessary to sustain surgical education, training and life‐long learning.
SE06 RURAL RESIDENTIALLY‐DELIVERED, SURGEON‐FACILITATED, GROSS TOPOGRAPHICAL ANATOMY BY DISSECTION FOR SURGICAL TRAINEES – THE FIRST AUSTRALASIAN COURSE, ITS CONDUCT AND EVALUATION
Authors: Stewart F. 
Published: April 2009

For nine years, the author has conducted, annually, a highly regarded course in whole body, gross topographical regional anatomy by surgeon‐facilitated dissection, with some application, for surgical trainees at basic and advanced levels of College training. Daily commuting and “hospital‐call distractions” were “survey‐negatives” for the Sydney course.In 2008, the inaugural Australasian, surgeon‐facilitated, rural residential whole body dissection course was conducted at the School of Rural Medicine, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W. Course‐candidates were pre‐SET, SET, and “more advanced” trainees – products of anatomy‐deficient curricula.As for all previous courses, candidates were surveyed and tested before, and after, the course. Pre‐course surveys examined the undergraduate curriculum – anatomy taught, its mode of teaching; teachers; surgical experience and hospital‐resident's surgical experience/rotations; procedures undertaken, success in procedure‐execution, knowledge of “anatomy of the procedure” and pre‐course‐preparation. At registration, a regional anatomy “relations known” test was delivered.The whole‐body dissection course involved, “region” lecture, facilitated regional bones/prosection examination, regional dissection. Resident candidates shared meals, joined evening “study groups”, and accessed “school” material after‐hours.An extensive examination, covering regional anatomy, bones and images, followed by “feed‐back”, and a post‐course survey related to course‐structure, teaching, “dissection‐experience”, “value” of dissection and residential “experience”, was conducted.
SE07 UPPING THE STAKES: RECRUITMENT AND RETENTION OF JUNIOR DOCTORS INTO SURGERY
Authors: Bonning M. A. 
Published: April 2009

It is generally agreed that many medical students who choose surgery as a career make this decision early during their education. This has previously allowed surgery to have a comparative advantage when it came to the recruitment and selection of trainees. However, the environment that allowed this advantage to exist is being threatened by the reduction of surgery in the undergraduate curriculum, active recruitment by competing procedural specialties and the pivotal missing linkage between undergraduate surgical education and vocational training.In addressing this challenge, a comprehensive analysis of the reasons for this early and concrete self‐identification as a “surgeon”, how this interest is nurtured, and why some are lost from the surgical educational pathway, must be undertaken. The assessment of these causes should drive the building of recruitment programs such as those that have been so successful in raising the interest of students and recent graduates towards many other specialties over the past decade.Surgery still has a powerful draw as evidenced by strong student interest but the College and other stakeholders need to be more active in responding to the challenges identified in order to recruit, educate, train and provide tomorrow's surgical workforce.
SE09 THE DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SURGICAL COLLEGES AND THEIR TRAINEES: THE DEVELOPING ROLE OF TRAINEES’ ASSOCIATIONS IN SURGICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
Authors: Peters M. J. , Pappalardo J. , Cresswell A. B. 
Published: April 2009

Background:   Traditionally, practicing surgeons have provided their intellect, experience and time to develop, deliver and review surgical education and training programmes. The recipient of these efforts, the ‘trainee,’ provided feedback through both workplace performance and formal assessment processes. With time this educational model has changed, as the trainee has become an integral part of the development and review process. The formation of surgical trainees’ associations has complemented this inclusion, the result being their incorporation into College processes. The authors’ aim is to provide an overview of the changing relationship between surgical Colleges and their trainees, and the developing role of trainees’ associations in surgical education and training.Methods:   A review of surgical trainees’ associations in Australia and New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America was undertaken to qualify the relationship between surgical Colleges and their trainees, and the developing role of trainees’ associations in surgical education and training.Results:   Across the three regions reviewed, greater emphasis is being placed on trainee involvement in both College and training initiatives. Trainees’ associations provide this input, playing key roles in educational, occupational, and support and advocacy domains.Conclusions:   The relationship between surgical Colleges and their trainees has evolved. Previously, experiential opinion provided guidance, however modern‐day collegiate practice encourages trainee input regarding relevant College activities. Trainees’ associations are developing within this changing environment, representing surgical trainees in both traditional and novel arenas.
SH11 SURGERY DURING WORLD WAR II IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA – THE KOKODA AND BUNA‐GONA CAMPAIGNS JULY 1942 TO JANUARY 1943
Authors: Watters D. A. 
Published: April 2009

The Japanese took Rabaul in January 1942 and established large naval base operations within the South Pacific. After their naval setbacks in the battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942) and at Midway (June 1942) they planned to capture Port Moresby to control sea routes to Australia. During the months February to July Australian troops were being brought into Port Moresby but there was a lack of medical officers and specialists to service the battalions.The Japanese landed at Buna and Gona on 21st July and pressed on to Kokoda where the defending 39th battalion was without a medical officer. The aged WWI veteran, Dr GH Vernon, who had refused to be evacuated, provided care for the mortally wounded Captain Owen on July 23rd. The Australians were forced to retreat down the Kokoda track until the Japanese advance was halted by disease and lack of supplies in September. Then they were able to advance. During this campaign Douglas R Leslie, not then qualified as a surgeon, operated on the wounded at Myola. Once Kokoda was retaken casualties could be evacuated to the Australian General Hospital in Port Moresby by air. Portable Hospitals were introduced by the Americans for the Buna Gona Campaign.The presentation covers the Japanese campaign, their retreat and resort to cannibalism. It also reviews some of challenges presented by the injuries managed by surgeons DR Leslie, TH Ackland, JM Yeates and Major William L. Garlick of the US 3rd Port Hospital. The casualty evacuation arrangement for each of the 3 forces is discussed.
SH13 A CENTURY OF POLAR MEDICINE
Authors: Masterton J. P. 
Published: April 2009

In 1909, when the heroic period of Polar Exploration was in full swing, parties venturing to the Polar Regions particularly to the Antarctic were totally isolated. Medical knowledge and resources compared to now were basic to say the least. Over and above this communication with the outside world was virtually non‐existent but for the Morse code which was not always entirely reliable.In 1909, when Mawson journeyed to the South Magnetic Pole knowledge of vitamins, antibiotics and vascular infusion techniques, all now commonplace, were in the future. All has now changed and the sheer immensity of the changes in medical knowledge and in communication is the subject of this presentation. The Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions which evolved from Mawson's pioneering efforts have been at the forefront of these changes. Expeditioners now are safe in the knowledge that help is readily at hand both at their bases and in Australia.
SH16 TOMA IONESCU, PIONEER OF SYMPATHECTOMY
Authors: Fahrer M. 
Published: April 2009

Born in 1860 in Ploesti Romania, Toma Ionescu (Thoma Jonnesco) studied Law and Medicine at the Paris University. He graduated MD in 1892 after working as an Intern of Paris Hospitals (1886–1892) and Prosector of Anatomy under Professor Poirier (1888–1890).Returned to Romania in 1895, he was appointed Professor of Surgery and Head of the Institute for Topographic and Surgical Anatomy of the Medical School in Bucharest.He performed the first total bilateral cervical sympathectomy in 1896.He also pioneered lumbar sympathectomy in 1900, sacral sympathectomy in 1901, and peri‐arterial sympathectomy in 1922.Until his death in 1926, Toma Ionescu was convinced that cervical sympathectomy was the radical cure for goitre, but he also used it to treat Angina Pectoris
SH02 HAROLD H. HOPKINS – BROUGHT LIGHT TO DARKNESS
Authors: Cheung H. Y. 
Published: April 2009

There is no doubt endoscopy and minimal invasive surgery has revolutionised the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches of a multitude of surgical disorders. Some of the most important milestones in the development of endoscopy and minimal invasive surgery have been attributed to the work of Harold H. Hopkins.Harold H. Hopkins, born on December 6, 1918, was a renowned physicist for his contribution in optical science. The first notable invention of Hopkins was the zoom lens. However, his first notable contribution to medicine started when he met Hugh Gainsborough, a gastroenterologist dissatisfied with the instruments for performing gastroscopy. The development of the ‘fiberscope’, consisting of a bundle of very fine glass fibres that eventuated as the flexible fiberoptic endoscopes in use today.In 1959, the invention of the “rod‐lens” system represented a significant development in endoscopy from the conventional lens system used at the time by using glass rods that occupy most of the telescope tube, hence reducing the glass/air interfaces. The result was brighter images and smaller diameter of the telescope. Nevertheless, it was not until 1965 when the idea was recognised by Professor George Berci, a young Australian surgeon at the time, who introduced the system to Karl Storz in Germany and manufactured the first prototype. The subsequent range of rigid endoscopes produced became worldwide standards for their excellent image quality.Hopkins died on October 22, 1994, but his legacy in development of optical systems revolutionised the development and application of endoscopy and minimal invasive surgery.
SH20 THE WORSHIPFUL SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF LONDON
Authors: Collins J. P. 
Published: April 2009

Originating from the Gild of Peppers (1180) and later The Grocers’ Company, the Society was eventually incorporated by royal Charter in 1617. Members who specialised in preparing and selling substances for medicinal purposes were referred to as apothecaries.Initially the apothecary brought a description of a patient's complaint to a physician who prescribed medication which was dispensed by the apothecary. By the mid‐seventeenth century apothecaries commonly acted independently and in 1701 the College of Physicians sued William Rose an apothecary for treating a patient without the involvement of a physician. Although the case was decided against the apothecary it was reversed in the House of Lords in 1704. This case ensured the evolution of apothecaries into general practitioners of medicine and established the legal foundation of General Practice in England and Wales.The Apothecaries’ Act 1815 gave the Society the statutory right to conduct examinations and grant licenses to practise medicine. The Society evolved into one of the main non‐university licensing bodies alongside the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons. One of its most celebrated graduates Dr Elizabeth Garrett‐Anderson became the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain having previously being refused admission to medical school on gender basis.The Society pioneered a number of post‐graduate diplomas including the Diploma in the History of Medicine. An annual Diploma Course consisting of 34 lectures is run by the Society and followed by a written examination, short dissertation and an observed lecture for those who wish to obtain the Diploma.
SH03 EMIL THEODORE KOCHER – NOBEL PRIZE WINNER
Authors: Sharp P. A. 
Published: April 2009

This year marks the 100th anniversary since Emil Theodore Kocher (1841–1917) was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, the first surgeon to win this prize, for his “work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland”.After graduating from the University of Berne in 1865, he worked with the doyens of European and U.K. medicine: Billroth, Langenbeck, Lister, Pasteur, Paget, Wells and Hutchinson.Kocher was Professor of Surgery at Berne for 45 years. During this period, the Inselspital changed from a modest local surgical clinic to an institution regarded around the world as a Mecca for surgical thought and technique.By the end of the 19th century, surgeons felt they needed to communicate with each other and discuss their results so as to improve the art of surgery. The first International Society of Surgery (founded in 1902) had its first Congress in Brussels in 1905 under its President, Professor Kocher, who was regarded as one of the safest and most skilled surgeons in the world.He contributed innovations to gastrointestinal surgery, hernia repair, orthopaedics, military surgery, genitourinary surgery, haemostasis and shock, the diagnosis of brain and spinal cord disease, anaesthesia and the design of surgical instruments.Kocher, the icon of Swiss surgery, profoundly influenced the establishment of the scientific basis of American surgery through his connection with William Halstead and, in particular, Harvey Cushing.He was a modest and deeply religious man who was unaffected by fame and power dedicating his life to humanity with humility.