bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid, sensitive and simple detection method for koi herpesvirus using loop‐mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Yoshino Manabu , Watari Hajime , Kojima Tadashi , Ikedo Masanari , Kurita Jun 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTNew methods were developed for the detection of koi herpesvirus (KHV, CyHV‐3) by LAMP, which were compared with the PCR for specificity and sensitivity. We designed two primer sets targeting a specific sequence within the 9/5 PCR amplicon (9/5 LAMP) and the upper region of the SphI‐5 PCR amplicon (SphI‐5 LAMP), including a sequence highly conserved among the strains. The amplification was monitored in real‐time based on the increase in turbidity, with magnesium pyrophosphate as the by‐product. The reactions were carried out under isothermal conditions at 65°C for 60 min. The detection limit of both LAMP was six copies, equal to the modified SphI‐5 PCR. No cross‐reactivity with other fish pathogenic viruses and bacteria was observed. SphI‐5 LAMP was found to have a quicker response in terms of the reaction velocity than 9/5 LAMP. Therefore, we consider SphI‐5 LAMP to be superior for routine use. Additionally, LAMP was found applicable to crude extract from gills and other organs. LAMP methods are superior in terms of sensitivity, specificity, rapidity and simplicity, and are potentially a valuable diagnostic tool for KHV infections.
Differentiated implication of Lactobacillus GG and L. gasseri TMC0356 to immune responses of murine Peyer's patch
Authors: Harata Gaku , He Fang , Kawase Manabu , Hosono Akira , Takahashi Kyoko , Kaminogawa Shuichi 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACT Lactobacillus GG and L. gasseri TMC0356 were examined for their potential to alter the immune responses of murine PP cells in vitro and in vivo. Lactobacillus GG and L. gasseri TMC0356 characteristically stimulated the production of IL‐12, IL‐6, IFN‐γ and IgA from isolated PP cells in vitro. Anatomical analysis indicated uptake of these bacteria by the PP tissue after giving orally in mice. Isolated PP cells exposed to Lactobacillus GG in vivo secreted more IFN‐γ, IL‐6 and total IgA, whereas those exposed to L. gasseri TMC0356 in vivo did not exhibit altered immune responses in terms of cytokine and IgA production. Therefore, these two bacteria might exhibit different immunodulatory effects in host animals by strain‐dependent interaction with gut‐associated lymphoid tissues in vivo.
Absence of a dominance hierarchy confirms territorial organization in male bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus Pallas, 1766)
Authors: Wronski Torsten , Apio Ann , Plath Martin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIt has been suggested that all species of spiral‐horned antelopes (Tragelaphini) lack territoriality. Furthermore, some authors suggested that bushbuck (Tragelpahus scriptus) males form dominance hierarchies. In this study, we investigated the dominance relationships in two groups of free‐ranging bushbuck males in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Adult males dominated young‐adult bachelors and subadult males, but no distinct dominance relationships were found among adult males. Landau′s index of linearity revealed no linear dominance hierarchy in the study populations. Our results support the idea that adult males are territorial, and overt aggression is directed almost exclusively towards bachelors that challenge territory holders.
Is use of translocation for the conservation of subpopulations of oribi Ourebia ourebi (Zimmermann) effective? A case study
Authors: Grey‐Ross Rebecca , Downs Colleen T. , Kirkman Kevin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn South Africa, the oribi, Ourebia ourebi is an endangered small antelope that requires conservation management and intervention to prevent their extinction. Use of translocation for the conservation of subpopulations facing local extinction in the wild has been proposed. In this study, fifteen oribi from threatened populations were captured and released (November 2004) on a private game reserve in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Radio telemetry was used to monitor the dispersal and survival of translocated oribi. Only one death occurred during that period. All other released oribi survived, and most remained in close proximity of the release site for more than a year postrelease. Reproduction also occurred. This suggests that, translocation could be a viable option for conserving wild populations of oribi, assuming that other factors, such as availability of suitable grassland habitat and that poaching has been curtailed, are met.
Cordia millenii: on the risk of local extinction?
Authors: Babweteera Fred 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSelective logging of valuable tropical timber trees is a conservation concern because it threatens the long‐term sustainability of forests. However, there is insufficient information regarding the postlogging recovery of harvested species. Here, I assessed the seed dispersal patterns, recruitment and abundance of Cordia millenii, a valuable timber tree in two Ugandan tropical rain forests that have been subjected to varying disturbance regimes. The aim was to determine the vulnerability of Cordia in these forests. The rate of seed dispersal was lower in the heavily disturbed Mabira Forest compared with the less disturbed Budongo Forest. Frugivores in Mabira were small‐bodied individuals that spat seeds beneath fruiting trees, whereas 90% of the fruit in Budongo was consumed by large‐bodied chimpanzees that disperse seeds over long distances. Juveniles of Cordia were not found in the closed forest, although they were found in forest gaps in Budongo but not Mabira. Mature tree density was higher in Budongo compared with Mabira. Lack of effective seed dispersal coupled with the inability of seedlings of Cordia to establish under closed canopy account for the arrested recruitment in Mabira. Enrichment planting in felling gaps is necessary to avoid local extinction of Cordia in forests without large vertebrates.
Advances in understanding the bleeding diathesis in factor V deficiency
Authors: Duckers Connie , Simioni Paolo , Rosing Jan , Castoldi Elisabetta 
Published: April 2009

SummaryCoagulation factor V (FV), present in plasma and platelets, is an indispensable clotting factor, as demonstrated by the uniform lethality of FV knock‐out mice. Surprisingly, however, severe FV deficiency is rarely fatal in humans. In fact, although several cases of life‐threatening intracranial haemorrhage have been reported in FV‐deficient newborns, many patients with undetectable FV levels experience only mild to moderate bleeding and do not require routine prophylaxis. While the reasons for this variable phenotypic expression are largely unknown, several observations from different laboratories indicate platelets as crucial players in FV deficiency. Moreover, we have recently shown that plasma levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor are considerably reduced in FV‐deficient plasma, which results in enhanced thrombin generation especially at very low FV levels (<2%). The present review discusses and integrates these findings in the context of the biology of FV and the clinical features of FV deficiency.
Persistent apical periodontitis associated with a calcifying odontogenic cyst
Authors: Estrela C. , Decurcio D. A. , Silva J. A. , Mendonça E. F. , Estrela C. R. A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim  To report a case of calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) that was suggestive of apical periodontitis adjacent to the roots of the maxillary incisor teeth.Summary  Tooth 21 presented with clinical and radiographic signs of secondary infection, a post within the root canal and substantial internal tooth destruction; it was scheduled for endodontic surgery. Teeth 12 and 22 were root filled following the placement of a calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing for 21 days. Three attempts at root canal disinfection in tooth 11 were unsuccessful, and a persistent purulent drainage precluded completion of root canal treatment. Surgical enucleation of the periapical lesion was undertaken and the tissues submitted for histopathological examination. A diagnosis of COC was established based on the microscopic analysis. COC is an unusual benign lesion that represents 2% of all odontogenic lesions. Depending on the stage of development, it can mimic a large lesion associated with apical periodontitis and should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis. In the case of COC, the definitive diagnosis can only be made with histopathological analysis.Key learning points  • Persistent apical periodontitis may be of nonendodontic origin.• Histological examination is essential to establish the cause of persistent apical periodontitis.• Calcifying odontogenic cyst can mimic apical periodontitis.
Laser Doppler flowmetry in endodontics: a review
Authors: Jafarzadeh H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractVascular supply is the most accurate marker of pulp vitality. Tests for assessing vascular supply that rely on the passage of light through a tooth have been considered as possible methods for detecting pulp vitality. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), which is a noninvasive, objective, painless, semi‐quantitative method, has been shown to be reliable for measuring pulpal blood flow. The relevant literature on LDF in the context of endodontics up to March 2008 was reviewed using PubMed and MEDLINE database searches. This search identified papers published between June 1983 and March 2008. Laser light is transmitted to the pulp by means of a fibre optic probe. Scattered light from moving red blood cells will be frequency‐shifted whilst that from the static tissue remains unshifted. The reflected light, composed of Doppler‐shifted and unshifted light, is returned by afferent fibres and a signal is produced. This technique has been successfully employed for estimating pulpal vitality in adults and children, differential diagnosis of apical radiolucencies (on the basis of pulp vitality), examining the reactions to pharmacological agents or electrical and thermal stimulation, and monitoring of pulpal responses to orthodontic procedures and traumatic injuries. Assessments may be highly susceptible to environmental and technique‐related factors. Nonpulpal signals, principally from periodontal blood flow, may contaminate the signal. Because this test produces no noxious stimuli, apprehensive or distressed patients accept it more readily than current methods of pulp vitality assessment. A review of the literature and a discussion of the application of this system in endodontics are presented.
Differential cholinoceptor modulation of nitric oxide isoforms in experimentally‐induced inflammation of dental pulp tissue
Authors: De Couto Pita A. , Passafaro D. , Ganzinelli S. , Borda E. , Sterin‐Borda L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim  The aim of the study was to investigate the role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) activity in the regulation of endothelial (e), neuronal (n) and inducible (i) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and expression in experimentally induced inflammation of rat dental pulp tissue.Methodology  Inflammation was induced by application of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the pulp. Extirpated pulp‐tissue samples were incubated in saline solution until the various experiments were performed. Saline‐treated pulp and healthy pulp tissues were used as controls. NOS activity was measured by the production of [U‐14C]‐citrulline from [U‐14C]‐arginine. Nitrite/nitrate assay was evaluated by the conversion of nitrate to nitrite in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. i‐nos, e‐nos and n‐nos mRNA levels were measured using reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction by co‐amplification of target cDNA with a single set of primers.Results  Application of LPS to the pulp increased NOS activity and nitrate production (P < 0.001), generated by iNOS over‐activity and expression. Pilocarpine acting on mAChRs triggered a biphasic action on NOS activity and NO accumulation. At low concentrations, pilocarpine induced a negative effect associated with a decrease in i‐nos mRNA level, whilst at high concentration, it produced a positive effect associated with increased e‐nos and n‐nos mRNA levels. In control pulp tissue, only the positive effect of pilocarpine was observed.Conclusions  Irreversible pulpitis changes mAChR conformation increasing its efficiency of coupling to transducing molecules that in turn induce activate iNOS. The capacity of pilocarpine to prevent NO accumulation and iNOS activity, by acting on mAChR mutation induced by pulpitis, might be useful therapeutically as a local treatment.
Evaluation of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic softening in low salt cucumber fermentations
Authors: Maruvada Rashmi , McFeeters Roger F. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryRetention of a firm, crisp fruit texture is a major consideration for pickled vegetables including pickles made from fermented cucumbers. It is known that cucumbers soften rapidly when fermented at low salt concentrations (<0.5 M) without added calcium. This study has shown that there is non‐enzymatic softening in low salt fermentations because cucumbers soften even when heated sufficiently to inactivate pectinesterase and several glycosidases that can hydrolyse glycosidic linkages that are present in cell wall polysaccharides. Though pectinesterase activity declines and these glycosidases lose activity within the first week of fermentation there is generally greater loss of cucumber tissue firmness when enzymes are not inactivated by heat. While heating cucumbers prior to fermentation reduces softening during subsequent storage, a heat treatment after 2 weeks of fermentation does not reduce softening. This result suggested that the enzymatic reactions responsible for softening occur early in the fermentation process even though the softening does not become evident until later in the storage period. Despite the evidence of an enzymatic component of tissue softening in low salt cucumbers, softening could not be associated with specific enzymes.
Modelling the effects of pH, storage temperature and redox potential (Eh) on the survival of bifidobacteria in fermented milk
Authors: Jayamanne Vijith S. , Adams Martin R. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe effects of storage temperature, pH and Eh on the survival of Bifidobacterium longum and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis were modelled in a 3 × 4 × 3 factorial design using three storage temperatures (4, 8, 12 °C), four pH (4.0, 4.25, 4.5, 4.75) and three Eh (0, 200, 400 mV) values. Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis showed significantly better survival than B. longum (P < 0.0001) in fermented milk under normal environmental conditions. Bifidobacterium longum was more susceptible to acidity and survival was log‐linear at low pH values whereas at higher pH pronounced shouldering and tailing effects were apparent. Both individual environmental conditions (T, pH, Eh) and interactions between Eh and pH affected survival and death was always more rapid in B. longum. Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis generally showed a simple log‐linear reduction over time. Temperature, pH and Eh could be manipulated to enhance survival but Eh reduction appears to be the best way to enhance survival without adversely affecting other properties.
Traditional and novel fermented foods and beverages from tropical root and tuber crops: review
Authors: Ray Ramesh C. , Sivakumar Paramasivan S. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryTropical root and tuber crops [cassava, sweet potato, yams, colocasia (taro), etc] are important staples for food security for about a fifth of the world population. Bulk of cassava in Africa and Latin America are processed into fermented foods and food additives such as organic (acetic, citric and lactic) acids, mono‐sodium glutamate, etc. The fermented foods from cassava are gari, fufu, lafun, chickwanghe, agbelima, attieke and kivunde in Africa, tape in Asia and ‘cheese’bread, and ‘coated peanut’ in Latin America. Lactic acid bacteria and yeasts are the major group of micro‐organisms associated with cassava fermentation. Similarly, sweet potatoes can be fermented into soy sauce, vinegar, lacto‐juices, lacto‐pickles and sochu (an alcoholic drink produced in Japan), and yams into fermented flour. Most of these fermented food products are functional foods rich in phytochemicals, dietary fibres, anti‐oxidant compounds (β‐carotene, anthocyanin, etc) and probiotic components (lactic acid bacteria and yeasts).
Effect of sulphiting and drying methods on physico‐chemical and sensorial quality of dried apricots during ambient storage
Authors: Mir Mohammad A. , Hussain Peerzada R. , Fouzia Shafi , Rather Abdul H. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryFresh mature and ripe apricots after preparations were pre‐treated with potassium meta‐bisulphite (KMS) at concentrations of 2–8% for 30, 45 and 60 min followed by drying in solar tunnel dryer and in open air. After completion of drying, the samples were packed in polyethylene pouches and evaluated for various quality parameters at 0, 6 and 12 months of ambient storage. KMS pre‐treatment at concentration of 6% for 60 min prior to drying helped significantly in improving and maintaining the quality of dried apricots for up to 12 months of ambient storage. Solar tunnel drying resulted in hygienic product and reduced the drying time to 3–4 days compared with 14–16 days in open air drying. Residual free sulphur dioxide of apricots pre‐treated at KMS concentration of 6% for 60 min was within the prescribed limits of the Fruit Product Order (1955) specifications for dried products.
Polyphenolic profile and antioxidant activity of five apple cultivars grown under organic and conventional agricultural practices
Authors: Valavanidis Athanasios , Vlachogianni Thomie , Psomas Antonios , Zovoili Alexandra , Siatis Vasilios 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe polyphenols and total antioxidant activities of five apple cultivars, grown by organic and conventional agricultural methods in neighbouring farms, were determined and compared. Total polyphenols in the whole fruit and in the peel were determined by the Folin‐Ciocalteu method, and the total antioxidant activity was determined by three established methods, diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), azinobis (3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP). Polyphenolic content for the whole fruit was in the range of 80–196 and for the peel 165–400 (mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/100 g fresh weight) for both types of agricultural practices. Antioxidant activities of fruit extracts were also relatively similar and well correlated to their polyphenolic content. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the most important polyphenolics (chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1 and B2, cyaniding 3‐galactoside, phloridzin, quercetin 3‐galactoside and quercetin 3‐arabinoside) also showed that concentrations do not differentiate significantly between the organic and conventional apples. Statistical significance of differences in antioxidant activities among the same cultivars was relatively small (flesh + peel or peel only) for both types of apples. These results indicate that organic apples do not present higher antioxidant or nutritional value compared with conventionally grown ones, as far as polyphenolic content and total antioxidant activities are concerned.
Preparation and characterisation of the pearl oyster (Pinctada martensii) meat protein hydrolysates with a high Fischer ratio
Authors: Zheng Huina , Zhang Chaohua , Cao Wenghong , Liu Shucheng , Ji Hongwu 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe primary aim of this study was to obtain high Fischer ratio oligopeptides from the pearl oyster Pinctada martensii meat via proteolysis. Pinctada martensii meat protein was hydrolysed using seven proteases, with pancreatin showing the most protein recovered (90.30%) and the highest degree of hydrolysis (30.22%). In addition, pancreatin treatment liberated aromatic amino acids (AAA) and preserved branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) in the peptide chain more efficiently than other proteases. In our enzymatic hydrolysis system, the AAA are adsorbed by activated carbon much easier in the form of proteins and peptides compared with the free state. The fraction purified from the pancreatin hydrolysate after adsorption onto activated carbon gave a yield of 38.42% based on nitrogen content. It was composed primarily of low molecular weight peptides and had a Fischer ratio of 24.58, with phenylalanine (Phe) and tyrosine (Tyr) content below 1.2%. This oligopeptide mixture can be used for the assistance treatment of patients with hepatic encephalopathy, phenylketonuria and tyrosinemia according to different dietetic requirement.
Effect of low‐trans margarine on physicochemical and sensory properties of puff pastry1
Authors: Simovic Dragana Soronja , Pajin Biljana , Seres Zita , Filipovic Nada 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThe influence of the low‐trans (<1% of total fatty acids) puff pastry margarine and the rest period between laminating on dough physical characteristics and puff pastry quality was investigated. Experiment was planed according to factorial plan 32 with independent variables: quantity of puff pastry margarine (35–55% based on flour, variation interval 10) and rest period (15–45 min, variation interval 15). The experiment involved two margarine samples (MLT1 and MLT2) of similar fat phase composition, but whose physical properties were, statistically speaking, significantly different. The results show that the pastry containing 35% of margarine MLT1 and allowing the rest period of 30 and 45 min has a lift of above 4.0, it is of minimal firmness and has a high specific volume (3.5 cm3 g−1). Having used puff pastry margarine MLT2, the highest quality of dough and pastry was achieved in the sample containing 55% of margarine and with the maximum rest period of 45 min. The sample mentioned showed an excellent lift of 5.3 and had a specific volume of 4.0 cm3 g−1, but it as well exhibited the maximal firmness of pastry. The application of puff pastry margarine MLT1 can result in a satisfactory quality of pastry, but it can also cause a reduction in the fat content by 7.5% and in the content of trans fatty acids by two times, while the energy value is reduced by 12% when compared with the pastry containing puff pastry margarine MLT2.
Reflexivity, critical qualitative research and emancipation: a Foucauldian perspective
Authors: McCabe Janet L. , Holmes Dave 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTitle.  Reflexivity, critical qualitative research and emancipation: a Foucauldian perspective. Aim.  In this paper, we consider reflexivity, not only as a concept of qualitative validity, but also as a tool used during the research process to achieve the goals of emancipation that are intrinsic to qualitative research conducted within a critical paradigm.Background.  Research conducted from a critical perspective poses two challenges to researchers: validity of the research must be ensured and the emancipatory aims of the research need to be realized and communicated. The traditional view of reflexivity as a means of ensuring validity in qualitative research limits its potential to inform the research process.Data sources.  The Medline and CINAHL data bases were searched (1998–2008 inclusive) using keywords such as reflexivity, validity, subjectivity, bias, emancipation, empowerment and disability. In addition, the work of Michel Foucault was examined.Discussion.  Using the work of the late French philosopher Michel Foucault, we explore how Foucault’s ‘technologies of the self’ can be employed during critical qualitative research to achieve emancipatory changes. Using research conducted with marginalized populations as an example (specifically, individuals with disabilities), we demonstrate the potential for using reflexivity, in a Foucauldian sense, during the research process.Conclusion.  Shifting the traditional view of reflexivity allows researchers to focus on the subtle changes that comprise emancipation (in a Foucauldian sense). As a result, researchers are better able to see, understand and analyse this process in both the participants and themselves.