bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Investigation of Abradable Coating Removal in Aircraft Engines Through Plastic Constitutive Law
Authors: Legrand M. , Batailly A. , Pierre C. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In the field of turbomachines, better engine performances are achieved by reducing possible parasitic leakage flows through the closure of the clearance distance between blade tips and surrounding stationary casings and direct structural contact is now considered as part of the normal life of aircraft engines. In order to avoid catastrophic scenarios due to direct tip incursions into a bare metal housing, implementation of abradable coatings has been widely recognized as a robust solution offering several advantages: reducing potential nonrepairable damage to the incurring blade as well as adjusting operating clearances, in situ, to accept physical contact events. Nevertheless, the knowledge on the process of material removal affecting abradable coatings is very limited and it seems urgent to develop dedicated predicting numerical tools. The present work introduces a macroscopic model of the material removal through a piecewise linear plastic constitutive law which allows for real time access to the current abradable liner profile within a time-stepping approach of the explicit family. In order to reduce computational loads, the original finite element formulation of the blade of interest is projected onto a reduced-order basis embedding centrifugal stiffening. First results prove convergence in time and space and show that the frequency content of the blade response is clearly sensitive to the presence of abradable material. The continuous opening of the clearance between the blade tip and the casing due to the material removal yields larger amplitudes of motion and new scenarios of structural divergence far from the usual linear conditions provided by the well-known Campbell diagrams.
OPTIMAL FOCUSING FOR MONOCHROMATIC SCALAR AND ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Authors: RAUCH JEFFREY 
Published: September 2011

For monochromatic solutions of D'Alembert's wave equation and Maxwell's equations, we obtain sharp bounds on the sup norm as a function of the far field energy. The extremizer in the scalar case is radial. In the case of Maxwell's equation, the electric field maximizing the value at the origin follows longitude lines on the sphere at infinity. In dimension d = 3, the highest electric field for Maxwell's equation is smaller by a factor 2/3 than the highest corresponding scalar waves. The highest electric field densities on the balls BR(0) occur as R → 0. The density dips to half max at R approximately equal to one third the wavelength. For these small R, the extremizing fields are identical to those that attain the maximum field intensity at the origin.
Lateral OFC Activity Predicts Decision Bias due to First Impressions during Ultimatum Games
Authors: Kim Hackjin , Choi Min-Jo , Jang In-Ji 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Despite the prevalence and potentially harmful consequences of first impression bias during social decision-making, its precise neural underpinnings remain unclear. Here, on the basis of the fMRI study using ultimatum games, the authors show that the responders' decisions to accept or reject offers were significantly affected by facial trustworthiness of proposers. Analysis using a model-based fMRI method revealed that activity in the right lateral OFC (lOFC) of responders increased as a function of negative decision bias, indicating a greater likelihood of rejecting otherwise fair offers, possibly because of the facial trustworthiness of proposers. In addition, lOFC showed changes in functional connectivity strength with amygdala and insula as a function of decision bias, and individual differences in the strengths of connectivities between lOFC and bilateral insula were also found to predict the likelihood of responders to reject offers from untrustworthy-looking proposers. The present findings emphasize that the lOFC plays a pivotal role in integrating signals related to facial impression and creating signal biasing decisions during social interactions.
Spatial Interactions in the Superior Colliculus Predict Saccade Behavior in a Neural Field Model
Authors: Marino Robert A. , Trappenberg Thomas P. , Dorris Michael , Munoz Douglas P. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
During natural vision, eye movements are dynamically controlled by the combinations of goal-related top–down (TD) and stimulus-related bottom–up (BU) neural signals that map onto objects or locations of interest in the visual world. In primates, both BU and TD signals converge in many areas of the brain, including the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SCi), a midbrain structure that contains a retinotopically coded map for saccades. How TD and BU signals combine or interact within the SCi map to influence saccades remains poorly understood and actively debated. It has been proposed that winner-take-all competition between these signals occurs dynamically within this map to determine the next location for gaze. Here, we examine how TD and BU signals interact spatially within an artificial two-dimensional dynamic winner-take-all neural field model of the SCi to influence saccadic RT (SRT). We measured point images (spatially organized population activity on the SC map) physiologically to inform the TD and BU model parameters. In this model, TD and BU signals interacted nonlinearly within the SCi map to influence SRT via changes to the (1) spatial size or extent of individual signals, (2) peak magnitude of individual signals, (3) total number of competing signals, and (4) the total spatial separation between signals in the visual field. This model reproduced previous behavioral studies of TD and BU influences on SRT and accounted for multiple inconsistencies between them. This is achieved by demonstrating how, under different experimental conditions, the spatial interactions of TD and BU signals can lead to either increases or decreases in SRT. Our results suggest that dynamic winner-take-all modeling with local excitation and distal inhibition in two dimensions accurately reflects both the physiological activity within the SCi map and the behavioral changes in SRT that result from BU and TD manipulations.
Delavalia Qingdaoensis Sp. Nov. (Harpacticoida, Miraciidae), a New Copepod Species from Jiaozhou Bay, Yellow Sea
Authors: Ma L. , Li X.-Z. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Delavalia qingdaoensis, a new species of harpacticoid copepod of the family Miraciidae is described based on specimens sorted from sediment samples collected in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, Shandong Peninsula, Yellow Sea, in May 2008. The new species is easily distinguished from its congeners by the combined characters of the antennulary segments, an apomorphic setal formula of the swimming legs, and the shape of P5 in both sexes. It is remarkably similar to D. bocqueti (Soyer, 1971) and D. latioperculata (Itô, 1981), but it differs from D. bocqueti by features of the caudal rami, antennule, antennary endopod, mandibular exopod, maxillipedal basis, and P5 endopodal lobe; from D. latioperculata by the caudal rami, the inner setae of P1-P4 enp-1, P2 enp-2, and P4 exp-3, and the shape of P5 in both sexes.
Use of Null Models to Explain Crustacean Zooplankton Assemblages in Northern Patagonian Lakes (Chile) with and Without Mixotrophic Ciliates
Authors: Ríos-Escalante Patricio De Los , Woelfl Stefan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe zooplankton assemblages in deep, mostly oligotrophic northern Patagonian lakes are characterized by a low species number and a marked dominance of calanoid copepods, as well as often by the presence of large mixotrophic ciliates (Stentor). In the present study, data collected in field work on four northern Patagonian lakes were analysed using co-occurrence of null models, with the aim to determine potential regulating factors for the observed crustacean and mixotrophic ciliate assemblages, using a presence-absence matrix. The null model uses species co-occurrence, and the basis of this model is that the species associations observed are random. The results revealed the absence of regulating factors and indicate that the sites are relatively homogeneous, with low species numbers, and similar plankton assemblages at all study sites. This finding coincides with similar descriptions for zooplankton assemblages in other Chilean Patagonian lakes.
Artemia Biodiversity in Algerian Sebkhas
Authors: Ghomari Mohammed S. , Selselet Ghalem S. , Hontoria Francisco , Amat Francisco 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This paper summarizes the results of a study that comprised a survey along with a morphological characterization of Artemia populations from seven sebkhas, one chott, and an inland salt lake in Algeria. Sebkhas and chotts are two different types of closed inland basins. Morphological characters together with a multivariate discriminant analysis applied to morphometric data obtained from adult specimens cultured under standard conditions, were used to differentiate the species and strains. The bisexual species A. salina (L., 1758) is present in seven of these saltmarshes, but frequently cooccurs with diploid and tetraploid parthenogenetic strains. The biodiversity pattern of the populations of Artemia in Algeria appears to be similar to that found in the rest of the western Mediterranean region.
Economic Performance and Economic Growth in the Early Islamic World
Authors: Shatzmiller Maya 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe author argues that in the case of Islamic history, the growing interest in the economic theory of institutions and their role in economic growth has shifted the scholarly methodology from empirically based research, to theoretical models which favoured sweeping generalizations about the negative roles of the Islamic state and legal institution. Shatzmiller’s examinations of the role of Islamic institutions in periods of economic growth show that economic growth was visible in the key indicators of the Caliphate’s economy between ca. 750 and ca. 1100. The conclusion is that there was nothing intrinsic to Islamic institutions that impaired economic growth.
Law and the Question of the (Nonhuman) Animal
Authors: Otomo Yoriko 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe turn of the millennium has witnessed an extraordinary paradox—one identified by Jacques Derrida as a simultaneous increase in violence against nonhuman animals and compassion toward them. This article turns to critical legal theory as well as to recent work by continental philosophers on the human/animal distinction in order to make sense of the ways the paradox manifests in law, arguing that so-called animal welfare laws that appear to be politically progressive are, in fact, iterations of the very violence they purport to redress. What legislation designates as “animal” has neither language nor a recognized image, which not only renders this singular object of law voiceless but also denies that object access to any experience of death, and thus, to life. Through a deconstruction of recently enacted Japanese “animal welfare” legislation, this article proposes that the inability of the legislator to think the animal as having a relation to death belies a deeper struggle at the heart of law itself, to constitute its subjects through language.
Culture and International Alliance Negotiations: A Sensemaking Perspective
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Patriotta Gerardo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInternational alliance negotiations are now a pervasive feature of the contemporary global economy. As the alliancing firms cross national boundaries to forge cooperative partnerships they face the inevitable necessity of bridging the cultural divide to ensure successful negotiation. Existing research has focused primarily on the impact of national cultural differences in shaping negotiating strategies and ensuing outcomes. Less attention has been paid to how negotiators from different cultures understand and manage the ambiguity of international alliance negotiations. We employ the theoretical lens of sensemaking to understand how negotiators embedded in different cultures manage simultaneously the task and cultural related ambiguity that they are confronted with. This perspective suggests the critical role that ‘tertius iungens’ (the ‘third who joins’) plays in facilitating the negotiation process. The ‘tertius iungens’ represents a form of intermediation that acts as a catalyst in the negotiation process. We propose three alternative types of intermediation, namely, cognitive, affective, and holistic and provide illustrative examples of these types of intermediation. We conclude by highlighting the theoretical and managerial significance of our framework and by suggesting future directions for research.
Silvestr Braito (1898–1962): A Czech Story of the Corpus Mysticum Ecclesiology
Authors: Salvet Ondej 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to describe the lifelong work of the Czech Dominican monk and theologian Silvestr Braito (1898–1962). Braito ascribed significant importance to ecclesiology as a prerequisite for effective pastoral work, which he understood as a process of ongoing intellectual education of the faithful as well as their spiritual formation. Ecclesiology underwent a dramatic development in the twentieth century, particularly in Germany and France. Braito, while avoiding the more controversial issues, followed this discussion and presented its main themes to the Czech speaking Christian public. He considered a deep knowledge of the Church indispensable for a sound spiritual life. In this context, a dynamic comprehension of the relation between God and the human person, which Braito liked to express as 'sonship of God', presents his distinctive contribution to a practical pastoral-oriented application of ecclesiology.
Security Sector Reform in authoritarian regimes: The OSCE experience of police assistance programming in Central Asia
Authors: Lewis David 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSecurity sector reform — including police reform — has been an important element in international programmes in many post-conflict and so-called 'fragile' states. In Central Asian states — mostly ruled by authoritarian regimes — the OSCE has been engaged in a variety of programmes to help reform the police, which have often been accused of abuses of human rights. There has been a significant police assistance programme in Kyrgyzstan, and smaller initiatives and activities have been implemented in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. Most of these initiatives have failed to achieve their objectives; in certain cases they may have had a negative impact on the OSCE's credibility in the region as an organization that promotes a comprehensive view of security, including attention to human rights and civil liberties. The article suggests that external assistance to the security sector in authoritarian political systems poses particularly difficult challenges, if there is no parallel process of political democratisation. In addition, a complex relationship between state security forces and organised crime poses additional challenges to police reform programmes. The article suggests that the OSCE might usefully review its policies to improve its effectiveness in this area and to ensure that its approach remains consistent with its basic principles.
Revisiting the Past: History and Historical Memory during the Leningrad Blockade
Authors: Peri Alexis 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article examines the everyday practices of historical reflection, recollection, and reconstruction as revealed in diaries of the Leningrad Blockade. In particular, it focuses on how Leningraders who chose to keep diaries of their experiences worked to make sense of the siege by situating it historically and comparing it to two other historical moments, the blockade of Petrograd during the Civil War and the siege of Sevastopol' during the Crimean War. Their evaluations of these historical analogies were based on a combination of personal and collective memories as well as on their understandings of state-sanctioned accounts of these events. Ultimately, these historical refl ections alerted the diarists to what they came to see as the unique and incomparable aspects of Blockade.
Insight into Sight, Touch, Taste and Smell by Multiple Discriminations from Norm
Authors: Sharpe Oliver , Conner Mark T. , Freeman Richard P. J. , Booth David A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe paper presents an innovative theory of perception of multiple features across and within modalities. Each step is illustrated by an aspect of data from diverse experiments. The theory is that a template or norm of previously configurated features is used to perceive an object in a situation, such as consuming an item of food or drink. A mouthful usually stimulates sight first and then touch, taste and smell, with thermal, irritative, kinaesthetic and auditory patterns often also involved. The visual information also typically includes meanings of words, numbers and pictures. Attended sensory and symbolic features of the situation are integrated by the individual into a multidimensional distance from the norm. Dimensions are calibrated in units of the response's discrimination between levels of each stimulus feature. This approach to perceptual performance is expounded for sensed and/or conceived visual features of drinks and foods, and their tasted or smelt constituents, or felt and heard cracking during a bite. In addition, the conceptual process that informs an analytical judgment can influence another judgment. Applying the concept to a stimulus forms a descriptive process. A concept may also be applied to another concept or to a description, giving greater depth of meaning to an integrative judgment. Furthermore, a description can be applied to an environmental source of stimulation, creating a percept that presumably is conscious, whereas unconceptualised stimulation may be subconscious.
A Climatology of 500-hPa Closed Lows and Associated Precipitation in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Nguyen Leon T. , DeGaetano Arthur T. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTemporal trends in precipitation associated with 500-hPa low pressure systems are assessed for consistency with overall precipitation trends in the northeastern United States. Increases in precipitation associated with closed upper lows can be attributed to an increase in the number of closed lows and/or an increase in the average precipitation occurring in association with closed lows. A climatological description of 500-hPa closed lows was developed, and precipitation was analyzed using data from the U.S. Cooperative Observer Program. Closed 500-hPa lows were identified within a rectangular geographic region bounded by 35° and 50°N and 65° and 90°W. Precipitation observations within 1.25° of latitude and 1.25° of longitude of the closed-low center were attributed to the closed low. Statistical testing procedures were conducted to evaluate whether a long-term trend existed in the closed-low frequency, the average precipitation occurring near closed lows, or the percentage of >2.54-cm precipitation observations associated with the lows. Regional trends (1948–2007) in the frequency of closed lows were evident, and a statistically significant increase in average precipitation near closed lows was found. Likewise, the percentage of precipitation totals in excess of 2.54 cm (and separately 5.08 cm) showed a statistically significant increase with time. In both cases, recent (2007) values were nearly 50% higher than the comparable value in 1948. Increases were particularly evident during the winter months. These trends are consistent with increases in tropospheric water vapor due to increased global mean temperature.
Simulated Tornadic Vortex Signatures of Tornado-Like Vortices Having One- and Two-Celled Structures
Authors: Wood Vincent T. , Brown Rodger A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA tornadic vortex signature (TVS) is a degraded Doppler velocity signature that occurs when the tangential velocity core region of a tornado is smaller than the effective beamwidth of a sampling Doppler radar. Early Doppler radar simulations, which used a uniform reflectivity distribution across an idealized Rankine vortex, showed that the extreme Doppler velocity peaks of a TVS profile are separated by approximately one beamwidth. The simulations also indicated that neither the size nor the strength of the tornado is recoverable from a TVS. The current study was undertaken to investigate how the TVS might change if vortices having more realistic tangential velocity profiles were considered. The one-celled (axial updraft only) Burgers–Rott vortex model and the two-celled (annular updraft with axial downdraft) Sullivan vortex model were selected. Results of the simulations show that the TVS peaks still are separated by approximately one beamwidth—signifying that the TVS not only is unaffected by the size or strength of a tornado but also is unaffected by whether the tornado structure consists of one or two cells.
Urban Turbulence in Space and in Time
Authors: Hicks Bruce B. , Callahan William J. , Pendergrass William R. , Dobosy Ronald J. , Novakovskaia Elena 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe utility of aggregating data from near-surface meteorological networks for initiating dispersion models is examined by using data from the “WeatherBug” network that is operated by Earth Networks, Inc. WeatherBug instruments are typically mounted 2–3 m above the eaves of buildings and thus are more representative of the immediate surroundings than of conditions over the broader area. This study focuses on subnetworks of WeatherBug sites that are within circles of varying radius about selected stations of the DCNet program. DCNet is a Washington, D.C., research program of the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory. The aggregation of data within varying-sized circles of 3–10-km radius yields average velocities and velocity-component standard deviations that are largely independent of the number of stations reporting—provided that number exceeds about 10. Given this finding, variances of wind components are aggregated from arrays of WeatherBug stations within a 5-km radius of selected central DCNet locations, with on average 11 WeatherBug stations per array. The total variance of wind components from the surface (WeatherBug) subnetworks is taken to be the sum of two parts: the temporal variance is the average of the conventional wind-component variances at each site and the spatial variance is based on the velocity-component averages of the individual sites. These two variances (and the standard deviations derived from them) are found to be similar. Moreover, the total wind-component variance is comparable to that observed at the DCNet reference stations. The near-surface rooftop wind velocities are about 35% of the magnitudes of the DCNet measurements. Limited additional data indicate that these results can be extended to New York City.