bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing Academic Language in English Language Learners Through Sheltered Instruction
Authors: Short Deborah J. , Fidelman Carolyn G. , Louguit Mohammed 
Published: May 2012

This article describes a study examining the effects of Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) model instruction on the academic language performance of middle and high school English language learners. The SIOP model is an approach for teaching content curriculum to students learning through a new language. Teachers employ techniques that make the content concepts accessible and also develop students' skills in the new language. Using a quasi‐experimental design, the research was conducted in content area and English as a second language classes in two districts in northern New Jersey over 2 years. The analysis presents student achievement data from state‐mandated language proficiency tests in the final year of the intervention, after most of the treatment teachers had completed their professional development in the SIOP model. There were statistically significant differences in the average mean scores in favor of the treatment student group on Writing, Oral Language, and Total English scores of the IDEA Language Proficiency Tests with small to medium effect sizes. The results from this study show that the SIOP model offers a promising approach to professional development that can improve the quality of instruction to English language learners and increase their English language achievement.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Native‐ and Nonnative‐English‐speaking Teachers: Student Perceptions in Hong Kong
Authors: Florence Ma Lai Ping 
Published: May 2012

The Native English Teachers (NETs) Scheme has been in place for over 20 years in secondary schools in Hong Kong and yet how students perceive these teachers is under‐researched. This article reports a study which analyses student perceptions of the advantage and disadvantages of learning English from NETs and their non‐native counterparts, local English teachers (LETs). Data were collected through semi‐structured group interviews with 30 secondary students studying in three different schools in Hong Kong. Content data analysis was conducted, and main themes that emerged from interview transcripts were categorised. Results show that the perceived advantages of LETs include their proficiency in students' L1, their knowledge of students' learning difficulties, the ease students experience in understanding their teaching, and in communication. The perceived advantages of NETs are their good English proficiency and ability to facilitate student learning. The disadvantages of one category of teachers appear to be the reverse of the advantages of another. Data also show that some students experience anxiety when encountering NETs and tend to prefer certain teaching styles. This study has significant implications for classroom teaching practice and teacher professional development.Video Abstract
An investigation of variable power collective pitch control for load mitigation of floating offshore wind turbines
Authors: Lackner Matthew A. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the loads on offshore floating wind turbines and a new control method that can be used to reduce these loads. In this variable power collective pitch control method, the rated generator speed, which is the set point that the collective pitch control attempts to drive the actual generator speed towards, is no longer a constant value but instead a variable that depends on the platform pitch velocity. At a basic physical level, this controller achieves the following: as the rotor of a floating turbine pitches upwind, the controller adjusts so as to extract more energy from the wind by increasing the rated generator speed and thus damps the motion; as the rotor pitches downwind, less energy is extracted because the controller reduces the rated generator speed and again damps the motion. This method is applied to the NREL 5 MW wind turbine model, in above‐rated conditions where the platform motion is most problematic. The results indicate significant load reductions on key structural components, at the expense of minor increases in power and speed variability. The loads on the blades and tower are investigated more generally, and simple dynamic models are used to gain insight into the behavior of floating wind turbine systems. It is clear that for this particular design, aerodynamic methods for reducing platform motion and tower loads are likely inadequate to allow for a viable design, and so new designs or possibly new control degrees of freedom are needed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational investigations of blunt trailing‐edge and twist modifications to the inboard region of the NREL 5 MW rotor
Authors: Chow Raymond , van Dam C.P. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe effects of twist and section shape modifications in the inboard region on the aerodynamic characteristics of the NREL 5 MW rotor have been examined using a Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes method OVERFLOW2. The baseline rotor blade was modified by increasing the trailing‐edge thickness over the inboard region by modifying the sections’ thickness distribution aft of the maximum thickness location. Results when compared with the baseline rotor show that a modest increase of trailing‐edge thickness to 10–20%c increased power capture by 1%. Further increases in trailing‐edge thickness decrease in effectiveness to the point of reducing power capture when thicknesses reach 40%c. Increasing trailing‐edge thicknesses also leads to an increase in thrust, but this load is concentrated in the inboard region, resulting in a small increase in root bending moments. The blunt trailing‐edge concept greatly reduces the spanwise extent of inboard flow separation evident in the baseline NREL 5 MW rotor. The low‐pressure region aft of the trailing edge, created by the geometry, acts to reduce the spanwise spreading of the inboard separation. Rotors with modified twist distributions over the inboard 35%R of span are also compared. Inboard twist angles are varied from + 6° to − 6° from the baseline twist schedule. Increasing inboard blade twist reduces overall rotor power capture but reduces thrust at a faster rate. Power capture remains constant with decreasing inboard geometry twist, whereas thrust increases approximately linearly by 0.75% for a decrease in thrust of 6°. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian estimation for target tracking, Part III: Monte Carlo filters
Authors: Haug A.J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis is the third part of a three part article series examining methods for Bayesian estimation and tracking. In the first part we presented the general theory of Bayesian estimation where we showed that Bayesian estimation methods can be divided into two very general classes: a class where the observation‐conditioned posteriordensitiesare propagated in time through a predictor/corrector method and a second class where the first twomomentsare propagated in time, with state and observation moment prediction steps followed by state moment update steps that use the latest observations. In the second part, we make the assumption that all densities are Gaussian and, after applying an affine transformation and approximating all nonlinear functions by interpolating polynomials, we recover the sigma point class of Kalman filters. In this third part, we show that approximating a non‐Gaussian density by a set of Monte Carlo samples drawn from an importance density leads to particle filter methods, where the posterior density is propagated in time and moment integrals are approximated by sample moments. These methods include the sequential importance sampling bootstrap, optimal, and auxiliary particle filters and more general Monte Carlo particle filters.WIREs Comput Stat2012 doi: 10.1002/wics.1210This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bayesian Methods and Theory
Growth of Dunaliella tertiolecta and associated bacteria in photobioreactors
Authors: Lakaniemi Aino-Maija , Intihar Veera M , Tuovinen Olli H , Puhakka Jaakko A 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The aim of this study was to test three flat-plate photobioreactor configurations for cultivation of marine green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta under non-axenic growth conditions and to characterize and quantify the associated bacteria. The photobioreactor cultivations were conducted using tap water-based media. Static mixers intended to enhance mixing and light utilization did not generally increase algal growth at the low light intensities used. The maximum biomass concentration (measured as volatile suspended solids) and maximum specific growth rate achieved in the flat plate with no mixer were 2.9 g l−1 and 1.3 day−1, respectively. Based on quantitative polymerase chain reaction, bacterial growth followed the growth of D. tertiolecta. Based on 16S rDNA amplification and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling, heterotrophic bacteria in the D. tertiolecta cultures mainly originated from the non-axenic algal inocula, and tap water heterotrophs were not enriched in high chloride media (3 % salinity). Bacterial communities were relatively stable and reproducible in all flat-plate cultivations and were dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Flavobacteria, and Alphaproteobacteria.
Measurement of plasma B6 vitamer profiles in children with inborn errors of vitamin B6 metabolism using an LC‐MS/MS method
Authors: Footitt Emma J. , Clayton Peter T. , Mills Kevin , Heales Simon J. , Neergheen Viruna , Oppenheim Marcus , Mills Philippa B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractVitamin B6 dependent seizure disorders are an important and treatable cause of childhood epilepsy. The molecular and biochemical basis for some of these disorders has only recently been elucidated and it is likely that inborn errors affecting other parts of this complex metabolic pathway are yet to be described. In man vitamin B6 ingested from the diet exists as six different vitamers, pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal 5’‐phosphate (PLP), pyridoxamine 5’‐ phosphate (PMP) and pyridoxine 5’‐phosphate (PNP). Its breakdown product, 4‐pyridoxic acid (PA), is excreted in urine. Here we describe an analytical LC‐MS/MS method to measure all vitameric B6 forms in plasma and have subsequently applied this methodology to investigate children with vitamin B6 responsive seizure disorders. We show that patients with inborn errors of B6 metabolism such as pyridox(am)ine 5’‐phosphate oxidase (PNPO) deficiency have characteristic B6 profiles which allow them to be differentiated from each other and control populations, even when on treatment with B6. Regardless of diagnosis, patients on treatment doses of pyridoxine hydrochloride and pyridoxal phosphate have markedly elevated levels of some vitameric forms (PLP, PL and PA). Such mega doses of B6 treatment are known to be associated with neurotoxicity. This LC‐MS/MS method will be a useful tool for treatment monitoring and may help further our understanding of mechanisms of neurotoxicity in patient groups.
Shock propagation in liquids containing bubbly clusters: a continuum approach
Authors: Grandjean H. , Jacques N. , Zaleski S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe present work investigates the influence of bubble clustering on the propagation of shock waves in bubbly liquids. A continuum model is developed to describe the macroscopic response of a bubbly liquid with a cluster structure, using a two-step homogenization technique. The proposed methodology allows us to simulate shock wave propagation over long distances with a small computation time and to study the effect of bubble clustering on the shock structure. It is shown that the typical length of the shock profile is related to the global response of the clusters instead of the single-bubble dynamics, as in homogeneous bubbly flows. The accuracy of the proposed modelling is assessed through comparisons with axisymmetric simulations, in which clusters are directly specified, with given positions and sizes, and with experimental data.
On the flow field induced by a hovering rotor or a static jet
Authors: Spalart Philippe R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe flow in the far field of an isolated static momentum source is considered, taking into account the entrainment of fluid by the turbulent jet which develops far downstream irrespective of the type of device. The result is a simple analytical model for the irrotational region, which depends only on the thrust applied. This equation is implied by Stewart (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 1, 1956, pp. 593–606) for a jet. For a rotor, the model is radically different from the classical one derived from an actuator disk without turbulence or mixing in the wake, which led to a sink flow in the far field. The velocities decay like $1/ r$ rather than $1/ {r}^{2} $, where $r$ is the radius, and are everywhere directed in the direction opposite to the thrust, rather than pointing towards the origin. The momentum source drives a co-flow which converges towards the turbulent region, thus supplying the entrained fluid. This flow pattern supports the assumption that the fluid surrounding the turbulent region is irrotational, better than the sink-flow model would. The model depends only on one empirical constant, a measure of the entrainment in a fully developed jet, for which a range of values is determined from the experimental literature. If the rotor is climbing, the sink flow is recovered; however, the limit of that equation as the climb velocity tends to zero, leading to hover, is singular. For both jets and rotors, this model used in a boundary condition should eliminate extraneous parameters and reduce the computational cost of numerical simulations, and may guide the design of chambers used for experiments, following Ricou & Spalding (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 11, 1960, pp. 21–32).
Baker's yeast β-glucan supplementation increases monocytes and cytokines post-exercise: implications for infection risk?
Authors: Carpenter K. C. , Breslin W. L. , Davidson T. , Adams A. , McFarlin B. K. 
Published: May 2012

Strenuous aerobic exercise is known to weaken the immune system, and while many nutritional supplements have been proposed to boost post-exercise immunity, few are known to be effective. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether 10 d of supplementation with a defined source of baker's yeast β-glucan (BG, Wellmune WGP®) could minimise post-exercise immunosuppression. Recreationally active men and women (n 60) completed two 10 d trial conditions using a cross-over design with a 7 d washout period: placebo (rice flour) and baker's yeast BG (250 mg/d of β-1,3/1,6-glucans derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) before a bout of cycling (49 ± 6 min) in a hot (38 ± 2°C), humid (45 ± 2 % relative humidity) environment. Blood was collected at baseline (before supplement), pre- (PRE), post- (POST) and 2 h (2H) post-exercise. Total and subset monocyte concentration was measured by four-colour flow cytometry. Plasma cytokine levels and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cytokine production were measured using separate multiplex assays. Total (CD14+) and pro-inflammatory monocyte concentrations (CD14+/CD16+) were significantly greater at POST and 2H (P< 0·05) with BG supplementation. BG supplementation boosted LPS-stimulated production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) at PRE and POST (P< 0·05). Plasma IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-γ concentrations were greater at 2H following BG supplementation. It appears that 10 d of supplementation with BG increased the potential of blood leucocytes for the production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-γ. The key findings of the present study demonstrate that BG may have potential to alter immunity following a strenuous exercise session.
DEPICTIONS OF BRAZILIANS ON FRENCH MAPS, 1542–1555
Authors: DAVIES SUREKHA 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThis article explores the impulse behind the outpouring of extraordinarily ornate maps representing the inhabitants of Brazil that emanated from Normandy in the mid-sixteenth century. It aims to understand the reasons behind the iconography of Brazil, a region of particular commercial interest for the French. Whereas maps produced elsewhere in this period emphasize the presence of fierce cannibals in Brazil, Norman examples highlight peaceful relations, particularly the dyewood trade. By analysing the maps in comparison with extant maps from other centres of production (particularly Portugal and the German lands), travel accounts, and wider visual culture, this article explores their relationship to possible sources and considers the extent to which their iconography had a basis in experience. By investigating the use of these maps as gifts to French kings, it suggests that the mapmakers’ selective use of trading imagery also played a persuasive role in the Norman maritime world's disputes with the Portuguese crown over the extent of Portugal's Atlantic empire.
CARIBBEAN SLAVERY, BRITISH ANTI-SLAVERY, AND THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF VENEREAL DISEASE
Authors: BURNARD TREVOR , FOLLETT RICHARD 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTVenereal disease was commonplace among free and enslaved populations in colonial Caribbean societies. This article considers how contemporaries (both in the empire and metropole) viewed venereal infection and how they associated it with gendered notions of empire and masculinity. It further explores how creole medical practices evolved as planters, slaves, and tropical physicians treated sexually transmitted infections. Yet what began as a familiar and customary affliction was seen, by the late eighteenth century, as a problematic disease in the colonies. As medical theory evolved, placing greater attention on behaviour, British abolitionists focused on the sexual excesses and moral failings of Caribbean slaveholders, evidenced by their venereal complaints. The medicalization of venereal infection and its transition from urbane affliction to stigmatized disease helps explain a key problem in imperial history: how and why West Indian planters became demonized as debauched invalids whose sexual excesses rendered them fundamentally un-British. The changing cultural meanings given to venereal disease played an important role in giving moral weight to abolitionist attacks upon the West Indian slave system in the late eighteenth century. This article, therefore, indicates how changing models of scientific explanation had significant cultural implications for abolitionists, slaveholders, and enslaved people alike.
YOUTH, RELIGIOUS IDENTITY, AND AUTOBIOGRAPHY AT THE ENGLISH COLLEGES IN ROME AND VALLADOLID, 1592–1685
Authors: UNDERWOOD LUCY 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThis article analyses the records of 595 entrants to the English College, Rome, and 309 entrants to the English College, Valladolid. These Colleges, set up to train young English men as Catholic priests at a time when Catholicism was proscribed in England, required all entrants to complete questionnaires covering their social, educational, and religious background. TheResponsa Scholarumare the autograph manuscripts of students at Rome; theLiber Primi Examinisconsists of summaries of oral examinations written down by the interviewers. Through a combination of quantitative analysis and close reading of individual accounts, this article explores responses to the questionnaires, focusing on the engagement of young people with religion and religious identity. It argues that their self-writings shed important light on our understanding of both early modern religion and of early modern childhood and adolescence.
EMOTION, BODIES, SEXUALITY, AND SEX EDUCATION IN EDWARDIAN ENGLAND
Authors: COOK HERA 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe history of emotion has focused on cognition and social construction, largely disregarding the centrality of the body to emotional experience. This case-study reveals that a focus on corporeal experience and emotion enables a deeper understanding of cultural mores and of transmission to the next generation, which is fundamental to the process of change. In 1914, parents in Dronfield, Derbyshire, attempted to get the headmistress of their school removed because she had taught their daughters sex education. Why did sex education arouse such intense distress in the mothers, born mainly in the 1870s? Examination of their embodied, sensory, and cognitive experience of reproduction and sexuality reveals the rational, experiential basis to their emotional responses. Their own socialization as children informed how they trained their ‘innocent’ children to be sexually reticent. Experience of birth and new ideas relating disease to hygiene reinforced their fears. The resulting negative conception of sexuality explains why the mothers embraced the suppression of sexuality and believed their children should be protected from sexual knowledge. As material pressures lessened, women's emotional responses lightened over decades. The focus on emotion reveals changes that are hard to trace in other evidence.
THE ENGLISH CRISIS, EMPEROR LEOPOLD, AND THE ORIGINS OF THE DUTCH INTERVENTION IN 1688
Authors: KAMPMANN CHRISTOPH 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTRecent scholarly debate about the Glorious Revolution has put renewed focus on the fear of a new aggressive Catholic confessionalism that was widespread among English and European Protestants. One important example is the threat of an imminent French-led joint Catholic aggression against the Netherlands and other Protestant states. This fear was shared by William of Orange and contributed to his decision to risk invading England in the autumn of 1688. Thanks to new archival sources, it is clear that Emperor Leopold contributed substantially to increasing this fear. In July 1688, the imperial government informed William of Orange about unprecedented French offers to Leopold to win over the emperor for a new Catholic alliance. Almost certainly these offers were fictitious, but nevertheless they had an alarming effect on William: he was convinced that an autonomous, ‘uncontrolled’ development in England (regardless of whether it would lead to a ‘popish’ despotism or to a Protestant republic) would only benefit France and should be avoided in this decisive situation. Consequently, after July 1688 William and his diplomats repeatedly referred to the supposed ‘indiscretions’ from Vienna to demonstrate the necessity of intervening in England.
PLURAL STYLES, PERSONAL STYLE: THE MUSIC OF THOMAS ADÈS
Authors: Wells Dominic 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe eclectic taste of Thomas Adès has led writers to comment upon the plethora of influences in his music. Adès himself has made no secret of such composers, frequently performing the works of those who have been a particular source of inspiration to him. While the present study initially acknowledges this vast array of disparate styles, the second section considers the extent to which Adès is influencing himself. It identifies certain trends that are evolving across his oeuvre, and central to this is the distinctive treatment of a pair of intervals, evident in the opening bars of almost a quarter of his published works to date.While the influences of others remain undoubtedly significant to any discussion of Adès, it is now also appropriate to examine the way in which some of the composer's own characteristic gestures form musical relationships between his works.