bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equine lumican (LUM) cDNA sequence and spatio‐temporal expression in an experimental model of normal and pathological wound healing
Authors: Miragliotta Vincenzo , Raphäel Kevin , Lussier Jacques G. , Theoret Christine L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe development of exuberant granulation tissue, a situation that in some ways resembles the human keloid, compromises both the aesthetic and functional outcomes of wound repair in horses. To help elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms the spatio‐temporal expression of lumican (LUM) mRNA and protein for their potential contributions to tissue remodelling of body and limb wounds, was examined in an established experimental model. Expression was studied in intact skin and in samples of 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐ and 6‐week‐old wounds of the body and forelimb. Temporal gene expression was determined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and protein expression was mapped immunohistochemically. A significant increase in LUM mRNA expression was observed in response to wounding at both anatomical locations, and a significantly higher mRNA level was recorded in thoracic than in limb wounds at weeks 1, 3 and 6 of repair. The immunohistochemical observations partially corroborated the mRNA data. To the authors’ knowledge this study is the first to document that the cDNA for LUM is expressed over the different phases of wound repair in horses and suggests that LUM might be involved in both inflammation and remodelling in response to dermal injury. Further studies are now required to verify and quantify the temporal expression of this protein to provide the basis for targeted therapies that might prevent the development of exuberant granulation tissue in horse wound repair.
Infection of Bois‐Noir tuf‐type‐I stolbur phytoplasma in Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) larvae and influence on larval size
Authors: Kaul C. , Seitz A. , Maixner M. , Johannesen J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRecent dramatic spread of the grapevine yellows disease Bois Noir (BN) in Germany is above all explained by highly increased abundances of the vector Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) associated to the plant Urtica dioica, the reservoir of the BN pathogen stolbur tuf‐type‐I. The vector acquires BN‐phytoplasma as larvae whilst feeding on the roots of infected U. dioica. To understand the dynamics of the Urtica‐cycle, we tested at what instar larvae become infected and whether infection affects larvae size (i.e. growth) at two sites in the Mosel Valley, Germany. Larvae were tested from infected plants and collected at instar‐stages 3, 4 and 5. Larvae at stage 3 were already infected but infection rates increased significantly between stage 3 and 5, mean infection rates: 0.12–0.62. There was no effect of infection on larval size at any instar stage.
Long‐term impact of retinal screening on significant diabetes‐related visual impairment in the working age population
Authors: Arun C. S. , Al‐Bermani A. , Stannard K. , Taylor R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAims  Diabetic retinopathy has long been regarded as the commonest preventable cause of blindness in the working age population. The aim was to determine if consistent annual screening for treatable retinopathy decreased the incidence of new blindness.Methods  We collated the causes of blindness for a 5‐year period between 2001 and 2005 for the 16‐ to 64‐year age group in a district that had operated systematic retinal screening in diabetes since 1986.Results  Diabetic retinopathy was found to be the second commonest cause of blindness, with optic atrophy being the commonest cause in Newcastle District. This differs from national data showing diabetic retinopathy to be the commonest cause. Diabetic retinopathy was also the second commonest cause of partial sightedness registrations, with stroke being the commonest cause. Overall, stroke disease accounted for 16.2% and diabetic retinopathy for 15.4% of registrations. The annual incidence of blindness was 0.22 per 1000 with diabetes and of partial sightedness 0.43 per 1000 with diabetes.Conclusions  In a district that has operated retinal screening since 1986, diabetic retinopathy was not the commonest cause of blindness in the working age population, consistent with an effect of systematic annual screening.
WHICH ARE THE LARGEST? WHY LISTS OF MAJOR URBAN AREAS VARY SO GREATLY
Authors: FORSTALL RICHARD L. , GREENE RICHARD P. , PICK JAMES B. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTLists of the world's most populous urban areas are surprisingly inconsistent in standard reference sources. These even disagree about which area is the world's largest. We first review the differences found in lists of the 20 largest areas reported by several unofficial sources and by the United Nations. We then demonstrate that variations in the populations and rankings stem mostly from differences in concepts and geographic definitions, and identify six different types of definition in the UN's list. We also offer a set of consistently defined metropolitan areas based on stated guidelines. Case studies for Tokyo, Mexico City, Los Angeles and Beijing include maps to elucidate the administrative areas and statistical definitions in use in each of these urban areas, and illustrate how the varying definitions yield different population totals. We conclude by comparing our consistently defined metropolitan areas with the UN's list of largest urban agglomerations.
Measuring People’s Trust
Authors: Ermisch John , Gambetta Diego , Laurie Heather , Siedler Thomas , Noah Uhrig S. C. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryWe measure trust and trustworthiness in British society with a newly designed experiment using real monetary rewards and a sample of the British population. The study also asks the typical survey question that aims to measure trust, showing that it does not predict ‘trust’ as measured in the experiment. Overall, about 40% of people were willing to trust a stranger in our experiment, and their trust was rewarded half of the time. Analysis of variation in the trust behaviour in our survey suggests that trusting is more likely if people are older, their financial situation is either ‘comfortable’ or ‘difficult’ compared with ‘doing alright’ or ‘just getting by’, they are a homeowner or they are divorced, separated or never married compared with those who are married or cohabiting. Trustworthiness also is more likely among subjects who are divorced or separated relative to those who are married or cohabiting, and less likely among subjects who perceive their financial situation as ‘just getting by’ or ‘difficult’. We also analyse the effect of attitudes towards risks on trust.
Municipal Neoliberalism and Municipal Socialism: Urban Political Economy in Latin America
Authors: GOLDFRANK BENJAMIN , SCHRANK ANDREW 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe following article identifies two different urban policy regimes in Latin America — neoliberal and socialist — and traces their origins to the distinct interests and capacities of local elites and activists in the region's cities in the mid‐to‐late twentieth century. While agricultural and commercial interests paid a high price for the growth of import‐substituting industrialization, and therefore deployed free trade zones (and similar institutions) in traditional export centers in the 1960s and 1970s, their industrial rivals bore the brunt of austerity and adjustment in the free market era, and therefore adopted compensatory measures designed to increase the ‘social wage’ in the 1980s and 1990s. Examples are drawn from municipalities in Brazil, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, Uruguay and Venezuela, and call the conventional portrait of impotent Latin American cities — and omnipotent central governments — into question.Résumé Cet article identifie deux régimes de politique urbaine différents en Amérique latine : néolibéral et socialiste. Leurs origines tiennent aux divers intérêts et moyens des élites et militants locaux dans les grandes villes régionales au cours de la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle. Si les milieux agricoles et commerciaux ont payé le prix fort de l’essor d’une industrialisation visant à remplacer les importations, et ont donc mis en place des zones de libre échange (ou des institutions similaires) dans les pôles exportateurs traditionnels au cours des années 1960–1970, leurs rivaux industriels ont porté le poids de l’austérité et de l’ajustement à l’époque de la libéralisation des marchés, adoptant par conséquent des mesures compensatoires destinées à accroître le ‘salaire social’ au cours des années 1980–1990. Des exemples, issus de municipalités situées au Brésil, au Mexique, en République dominicaine, en Uruguay et au Venezuela, remettent en question le tableau conventionnel des villes latino‐américaines impuissantes face aux gouvernements centraux omnipotents.
Developing an integrated solid waste management system in western Greece: a dynamic location analysis
Authors: Mitropoulos Panagiotis , Giannikos Ioannis , Mitropoulos Ioannis , Adamides Emmanuel 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe study the problem of the simultaneous design of a distribution network with central treatment facilities, transfer stations and landfills, and the coordination of waste flows within this network for a long‐term planning horizon. We apply these concepts in a research project for the development of a solid waste management system for a specific region in Greece. We then formulate a dynamic mixed integer programming model that minimizes the sum of costs for opening facilities and variable transportation costs related to solid waste flows. Finally, we analyze the results of the model and evaluate the various technologies that may be implemented in the treatment facilities.
Primary afferents with TRPM8 and TRPA1 profiles target distinct subpopulations of rat superficial dorsal horn neurones
Authors: Wrigley Paul J , Jeong Hyo‐Jin , Vaughan Christopher W 
Published: April 2009

Background and purpose: The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, transient receptor potential melastatin‐1 (TRPM8) and transient receptor potential ankyrin‐1 (TRPA1), are expressed in subpopulations of sensory neurones and have been proposed to mediate innocuous and noxious cold sensation respectively. The aim of this study was to compare TRPM8 and TRPA1 modulation of glutamatergic afferent transmission within the spinal dorsal horn.Experimental approach: Whole cell patch clamp recordings were made from rat spinal cord slicesin vitroto examine the effect of TRP agonists and temperature on glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs).Key results: Icilin (3 or 100 µmol·L−1), menthol (200 µmol·L−1) and capsaicin (1 µmol·L−1) reduced the amplitude of primary afferent evoked EPSCs in subpopulations of lamina I and II neurones. In a subpopulation of superficial neurones, innocuous cold (threshold 29°C), 3 µmol·L−1icilin (EC501.5 µmol·L−1) and menthol (EC50263 µmol·L−1) increased the rate of spontaneous miniature EPSCs. In the majority of lamina I and II neurones, 100 µmol·L−1icilin (EC5079 µmol·L−1), allyl isothiocyanate (EC50226 µmol·L−1), cinnamaldehyde (EC5038 µmol·L−1) and capsaicin (1 µmol·L−1) increased miniature EPSC rate. The response to 100 µmol·L−1, but not 3 µmol·L−1icilin, was abolished by ruthenium red, while neither was affected by iodoresiniferatoxin. Responsiveness to 3 µmol·L−1, but not to 100 µmol·L−1icilin, was highly predictive of innocuous cold responsiveness. Neurones responding to 3 µmol·L−1icilin and innocuous cold were located more superficially than those responding to 100 µmol·L−1icilin.Conclusions and implications: Activation of TRPM8 and TRPA1 presynaptically modulated glutamatergic transmission onto partially overlapping but distinct populations of superficial dorsal horn neurones. Spinal TRPM8 and TRPA1 channels may therefore provide therapeutic targets in cold hyperesthesia.
Retarded kindling progression in mice deficient in the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin‐R
Authors: Hoffmann Katrin , Sivukhina Elena , Potschka Heidrun , Schachner Melitta , Löscher Wolfgang , Dityatev Alexander 
Published: April 2009

SummaryPurpose:  We investigated the role of the extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin‐R (TNR) in formation of a hyperexcitable network in the kindling model of epilepsy. The idea that TNR may be important for this process was suggested by previous studies showing that deficiency in TNR leads to abnormalities in synaptic plasticity, perisomatic GABAergic inhibition and more astrocytes in the hippocampus of adult mice.Methods:  Constitutively TNR deficient (TNR−/−) mice and their wild‐type littermates received repeated electrical stimulation in the amygdala over several days until they developed fully kindled generalized seizures at which time their brains were studied immunohistochemically.Results:  In TNR−/− mice, kindling progression was retarded compared with wild‐type littermate controls. Morphological analysis of the mice used for the kindling studies revealed that, independently of genotype, numbers of parvalbumin‐positive interneurons in the dentate gyrus correlated positively with afterdischarge threshold alterations in kindled mice. The kindling‐induced increase in the number of S100 expressing astrocytes in the dentate gyrus was enhanced by TNR deficiency and correlated negatively with the kindling rate.Discussion:  Our data support the view that TNR promotes formation of a hyperexcitable network during kindling and suggest that an increase in S100‐expressing astrocytes may contribute to retarded epileptogenesis in TNR−/− mice.
Contribution of nitric oxide, superoxide anion, and peroxynitrite to activation of mitochondrial apoptotic signaling in hippocampal CA3 subfield following experimental temporal lobe status epilepticus
Authors: Chuang Yao‐Chung , Chen Shang‐Der , Liou Chia‐Wei , Lin Tsu‐Kung , Chang Wen‐Neng , Chan Samuel H. H. , Chang Alice Y. W. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryPurpose:  One cellular consequence of status epilepticus is apoptosis in the hippocampal CA3 subfield. We evaluated the hypothesis that the repertoire of cellular events that underlie such elicited cell death entails mitochondrial dysfunction induced by an excessive production of nitric oxide synthase II (NOS II)‐derived NO, increased superoxide anion (O2−) production, and peroxynitrite formation.Methods:  In Sprague‐Dawley rats, kainic acid was microinjected unilaterally into the hippocampal CA3 subfield to induce bilateral seizure‐like electroencephalography (EEG) activity. The effects of pretreatments with various test agents on the induced O2− production, peroxynitrite formation, mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities, cytochrome c/caspase‐3 signaling, and DNA fragmentation in bilateral CA3 subfields were examined.Results:  Significantly and temporally correlated increase in O2− and peroxynitrite levels (3 to 24 h), depressed mitochondrial Complex I activity (3 h), enhanced translocation of cytochrome c to cytosol (day 1), and augmented activated caspase‐3 (day 7) and DNA fragmentation (day 7) were detected bilaterally in hippocampal CA3 subfields after the elicitation of sustained seizure. Pretreatment with microinjection into the bilateral hippocampal CA3 subfield of a water‐soluble formulation of coenzyme Q10; a selective NOS II inhibitor, S‐methylisothiourea; a superoxide dismutase mimetic, 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl; an active peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, 5,10, 15,20‐tetrakis‐(N‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl)‐ porphyrinato iron (III); or a peroxynitrite scavenger, L‐cysteine significantly blunted these cellular events.Discussion:  Prolonged seizures prompted NO‐, O2−‐, and peroxynitrite‐dependent reduction in mitochondrial respiratory enzyme Complex I activity, leading to cytochrome c/caspase‐3‐dependent apoptotic cell death in the hippocampal CA3 subfield after induction of experimental temporal lobe status epilepticus.
Wear Testing of Composite, Gold, Porcelain, and Enamel Opposing a Removable Cobalt–Chromium Partial Denture Alloy
Authors: Alarcon Johanna V. , Engelmeier Robert L. , Powers John M. , Triolo Peter T. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Purpose: Eighty percent of all removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks are fabricated from cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) alloys. The advantages of this material include low density and high modulus of elasticity, hardness, and strength. Hardness is of particular concern when related to excessive wear of natural teeth or restorative materials. The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in localized wear among enamel, composite, gold, and porcelain by a Co–Cr alloy RPD. Materials and Methods: Thirty‐two polished specimens were prepared and positioned in an acrylic‐filled custom fixture for testing. Upon optical examination, the highly polished surfaces of the specimens were scratch‐free. They were mounted into a water bath fixture and subjected to 250,000 cycles in a wear simulator equipped with a conical Co–Cr stylus specially fabricated to produce localized wear. A posttest was generated, and the profiles were fitted and evaluated using software. The total volume loss and depth of the wear facet on each specimen were analyzed using ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test. Results: Volume loss (mm3) was as follows: composite, 0.110; gold, 0.021; enamel, 0.008; porcelain, 0.006. The maximum depths (μm) were: composite, 92; gold, 22; enamel, 13; porcelain, 17. Resin composite had significantly higher values (p < 0.0001) of volumetric loss and maximum depth than the other materials. No significant differences were detected among volumetric loss and maximum depth values for gold, enamel, and porcelain. Conclusions: Significant differences for mean wear volume loss and maximum depth were found between composite and gold, enamel, and porcelain. Enamel proved to be wear resistant to the Co–Cr alloy. Clinical implications: porcelain and gold appear to be good options for occlusal surfaces opposing a Co–Cr alloy; however, the test composite was not found to be a recommended option.
The Prevalence of Cervical Tooth Wear in Patients with Bruxism and Other Causes of Wear
Authors: Shah Punit , Razavi Sheri , Bartlett David W. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cervical wear lesions in three groups of patients: bruxists, combined tooth wear, and controls. The hypothesis was that those subjects presenting with bruxism were more likely to develop cervical wear lesions. Materials and Methods: Of 119 subjects, 31 were bruxists with a mean age 48.7 years [standard deviation (SD): 11.6]; 22 had combined wear, aged 43.5 years (14.2); and 66 controls aged 44.9 years (17.0). The clinical appearance of the tooth wear was used to recruit subjects to the bruxist and combined tooth wear groups. Control subjects were randomly selected from those attending for routine dental examination at two general dental practices. A tooth wear index (TWI) was used by two trained examiners to record the severity of wear in each group. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the controls and both the bruxist and combined tooth wear groups for wear on all surfaces (p≤ 0.001). There was no significant difference between the bruxist and the combined tooth wear group for wear on any surface. There was a statistically significant difference between the control group and both the bruxist and the combined tooth wear group for the severity of cervical wear (p≤ 0.005), but no difference between the bruxist and combined tooth wear groups. There was also no statistical difference in the number of cervical lesions between the groups. Conclusions: In this study, the likely cause of cervical tooth wear was multifactorial.
The Effect of Polymerization Cycles on Color Stability of Microwave‐Processed Denture Base Resin
Authors: Bonatti Marília Rodrigues , Cunha Tatiana Ramirez , Regis Rômulo Rocha , Silva‐Lovato Cláudia Helena , Paranhos Helena Freitas Oliveira , De Souza Raphael Freitas 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of different microwave polymerization cycles on the color changes of a microwave‐processed denture base resin after accelerated aging and immersion in beverages. Materials and Methods: Specimens of light pink acrylic resin were divided into three groups according to polymerization cycle: (A) 500 W for 3 minutes, (B) 90 W for 13 minutes + 500 W for 90 seconds, and (C) 320 W for 3 minutes + 0 W for 4 minutes + 720 W for 3 minutes. Control groups were a heat‐processed acrylic resin (T) and a chemically activated denture repair resin (Q). Eight specimens per group were aged in an artificial aging chamber and evaluated at 20, 192, and 384 hours. Another series of 40 specimens per group were immersed in water, coffee, tea, cola, or red wine and evaluated at 1, 12, and 36 days. Color was measured by a spectrophotometer before and after aging or immersion. Color changes (ΔE) were analyzed by ANOVA/Bonferroni t‐test (α= 0.05). Results: Mean ΔE (±SD) after 384 hours of accelerated aging were (A) 2.51 ± 0.50; (B) 3.16 ± 1.09; (C) 2.89 ± 1.06; (T) 2.64 ± 0.34; and (Q) 9.03 ± 0.40. Group Q had a significantly higher ΔE than the other groups. Color changes of immersed specimens were significantly influenced by solutions and time, but the five groups showed similar values. Mean ΔE at 36 days were (water) 1.4 ± 0.8; (coffee) 1.3 ± 0.6; (tea) 1.7 ± 0.5; (cola) 1.4 ± 0.7; and (red wine) 10.2 ± 2.7. Results were similar among the five test groups. Conclusions: Color changes of the microwave‐polymerized denture base resin tested were not affected by different polymerization cycles after accelerated aging or immersion in beverages. These changes were similar to the conventional heat‐polymerized acrylic resin test, but lower than the repair resin after accelerated aging.
The proximal cis‐regulatory region of the RHD/RHCE promoter is 105 bp and contains a 55‐bp core devoid of known binding motifs but necessary for transcription
Authors: Denomme Gregory A. , Wang Duncheng , Matheson Kimberly A. , Titolo Danny 
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: The RhD and RhCE polypeptides are erythroid‐specific members of the RH gene family. Little is known about the promoter cis‐regulatory proximal region responsible for transcription.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The 1246‐bp 5′‐flanking regions of the RHD and RHCE promoter were amplified and ligated to a luciferase reporter vector and erythroid‐specific transcription was evaluated in K562, HEL, U937, and HeLa cell lines. Deletion and substitution promoter‐reporter constructs were generated to define the minimal cis‐regulatory region.RESULTS: Deletion analysis in K562 cells revealed that the cis‐regulatory region extended to a position between −78 and −120 relative to the site of initiation of transcription. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays confirmed binding motifs for Sp1, GATA‐1, and E2F transcription factors. The use of 15‐bp substitution mutagenesis showed that the minimal region required for transcription extended to −105 bp, and 6‐bp substitution mutants from −35 to −90 identified a region necessary for transcription yet devoid of known cis‐regulatory binding motifs.CONCLUSION: The proximal RHD/RHCE promoter regions contain cis‐regulatory binding motifs and an internal sequence‐dependent region that together regulate transcription. The results suggest that this region may be relevant in the weak expression of RhD.