bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of a partial-walled laminar-flow operating room
Authors: Whyte W. , Shaw B. H. , Freeman M. A. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThis paper contains an assessment of the physical performance of a permanently installed down-flow laminar-flow operating room at the London Hospital. This system employs partial walls extending 0.76 m (2.5 ft.) from the ceiling, from which the air is allowed to issue freely downwards at an initial velocity of about 0.4 m./sec. (80 ft./min.).The usefulness of the partial wall, as compared with a free issuing system, was demonstrated and a comparison made with a fully walled system. It was shown that a fully walled system would be more efficient than a partial-walled system as there was a loss in air velocity of about 20–25% with the partial wall due to the nonconstrained flow of air. This loss would be reflected in an increase in airborne bacterial count and would mean that an increase of 20–25% in the air volume would be required to obtain the same conditions as with the full-walled system. Entrainment of contaminated air was demonstrated but it was concluded that this would be of little consequence in the centre of the clean area, i.e. at the wound site. Sterile instruments, etc., however, on the outside of the clean area, would be more liable to airborne contamination.Bacterial and dust airborne counts taken during total hip operations gave a very low average figure (0.3 bacteria/ft.3 or 10.5/m.3) from which we conclude that the system was about 30 times cleaner in terms of airborne bacteria than a well ventilated conventional operating-room. We concluded that although the partial-walled system was slightly less efficacious than a normal full-walled system, the freedom of movement and of communication for the operating team could in some circumstances outweigh this disadvantage.Sound levels were such that normal conversation was possible with little or no awareness of background noise.
Specificity of the protective response induced by the slime layer ofPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Mates A. , Zand P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYActive protection againstPseudomonas aeruginosacould be induced in mice by immunization with either the phenol killed cells or the alcohol precipitated fraction of the slime layer, or the ribosomal vaccine preparation. Passive protection could also be induced by injecting into mice antisera prepared in rabbits against these bacteria. This protection was due to the production of antibodies in reaction to the slime layer; the absorption of these antibodies by the slime caused the loss of protection. The fact that mice were also protected by vaccination with strains other than those used for challenging was attributed to the presence of an antigenically similar slime. Passive protection towards a heterologous strain, even one with an antigenically similar slime layer, was dependent on the dose of the challenging injection.
Attempts to infect pigs with Coxsackie virus type B5
Authors: Garland A. J. M. , Mann J. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDespite the existence of a close serological relationship between the entero-viruses Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD) and Coxsackie type B5 (Cx B5), the administration of this Coxsackie virus type to susceptible pigs by various routes failed to produce clinical disease.Viraemia was not detected after exposure but virus was recovered intermittently from faeces and buccal swabs. A mixed virus population was demonstrated in faecal cultures from some pigs, including Coxsackie virus type B5 and other agents, presumably native pig enteroviruses. The Coxsackie virus persisted in faeces in declining amounts for up to 8 days after primary exposure.Serum neutralizing antibody showed a transient rise to Coxsackie virus, reaching a peak at 14 days and declining below demonstrable titres by 28 days after exposure. The antibody titres attained were proportional to the dose of virus administered and the degree of neutralization was very similar to both SVD and Cx B5 viruses.On cross challenge by exposure to SVD virus 28 days after exposure to Cx B5 virus, most animals (5/6) succumbed with typical vesicular lesions, although the serum neutralizing antibody titres showed a characteristically anamnestic response to both viruses.
Oral dose and faecal concentration of antibiotics during antibiotic decontamination in mice and in a patient
Authors: van der Waaij D. , Berghuis-de Vries J.M. , Korthals Altes C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn both mice and one patient, a similar correlation was found between the oral dose of a ‘nonabsorbable’;aminoglycoside antibiotic selected for antibiotic decontamination of the digestive tract and the resultant faecal concentration. In mice, absorption of the orally-given antibiotics could only be demonstrated in animals treated with extremely high doses of 1440 mg. per kg. body weight per day. Evidence of absorption of gentamycin was found to occur in a patient after doses as low as 70 mg. per kg. per day.
Elimination of bacteria from dogs with antibiotics
Authors: Hayes Norman R. , Van Der Waaij D. , Cohen Bennett J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of oral administration of neomycin cephalothin or kanamycin cephalothin on the aerobic intestinal bacterial flora, was studied in dogs maintained under isolation conditions in a conventional animal room. The dogs were successfully freed of aerobic bacteria with both combinations within two to seven days after the start of antibiotic treatment, and were maintained bacteria free for up to 21 days. Decontamination was attained more rapidly in dogs that were bathed in hexachlorophene surgical soap before and during the first and third days of antibiotic treatment. There was no evidence of toxicity from either of the antibiotic combinations. These results indicate that, as with mice and monkeys, decontamination of dogs with oral antibiotics is feasible. The technique is of potential value in preventing endogenous bacterial infections in canine experimental studies involving use of immunosuppressive agents.
The effect of repeated vaccination in an enzootic foot-and-mouth disease area on theincidence of virus carrier cattle
Authors: Anderson E. C. , Doughty W. J. , Anderson J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA comparison was made of the incidence of foot-and-mouth disease virus 'carrier' cattle in an unvaccinated enzootic area and an area where routine 6-monthly vaccination with an inactivated vaccine had been carried out for 3–4 years. The incidence of carriers in the vaccinated area was 0·49% as compared to 3·34% in the non-vaccinated area. The results indicate that, provided the immune status of the vaccinated herd is maintained at a level sufficient to prevent outbreaks of clinical disease and the re-introduction of virus is prevented through livestock movement controls, it should be possible to eradicate the disease from an enzootic area through vaccination.
Pseudomonas aeruginosaand the general hospital: a six-year survey
Authors: Harris D. M. , Gray P. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe incidence of infections caused byPseudomonas aeruginosadid not increase significantly among general surgical and medical patients between 1967 and 1972, and the majority of such infections were trivial. Serious infections were virtually confined to the intensive care unit and the renal transplant unit, and were usually associated with major trauma, surgical mishap or immunosuppression. The majority of these patients had received prior antibiotic therapy. Persistent isolation ofPs. aeruginosafrom surgical wounds was often associated with severe intra-abdominal sepsis, and antibacterial therapy was commonly ineffective in these cases. Apparently susceptible patients did not necessarily acquire infection, though the organism was present in their environment. It is suggested that this may reflect a variation of virulence among environmental strains ofPs. aeruginosa, and that further study of this aspect may contribute to improved control of infection.
The bacteriological status of a specific-pathogen-free animal production building and of its staff and the microbiological integrity of the animals one year after the building was commissioned
Authors: Taylor R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBacteriological contamination of a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) animal production building was more extensive after one year of operation than at the time of commissioning. Throat and nose swabs taken from the staff yielded a number of undesirable organisms, in particular, on one occasion, a Group A streptococcus. It is recommended that a closer bacteriological scrutiny of the staff of SPF production buildings ought perhaps to be made in the light of these findings.
The provision of bacteriologically safe infant feeds in hospitals
Authors: Robertson M. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYInfant feeds, to be safe, must be free from potentially pathogenic organisms but not necessarily sterile. In-bottle terminal heating is the preferred means of producing such feeds and the advantages and disadvantages of high and low pressure heating methods, including the effect upon the food value of the feeds, are discussed. The safety of a low pressure method in use in Princess Alexandra Hospital, Harlow is described. The choice of method of provision of safe feeds; terminal heating in a central milk kitchen or obtaining a commercial supply should be decided on economic grounds. Hospitals using such commercial supplies, however, should make provision for training mothers in the hypochlorite method of disinfection of bottles and teats and also ensure that their trainee nurses and midwives still receive adequate instruction in the hygiene of feed preparation.
Statistical inferences about injury and persistence of environmentally stressed bacteria
Authors: Hamilton Martin A. , Bissonnette Gary K. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA standard technique for ascertaining the survival characteristics of bacteria after being environmentally stressed is to incubate the bacteria on both selective and non-selective media and count the colonies produced. Based on these colony counts, indexes of injury and persistence of the bacteria are calculated. To compare the stress of two different environments, a persistence ratio is calculated. In this paper, methods of statistical inference concerning these indexes and ratios are presented. These statistical methods use well-known procedures for analysis of binomial data and 2 × 2 table data, and are appropriate when the colony counts follow a Poisson distribution.
Incubation at raised temperature of enrichment media, combined with secondary enrichment in Rappaport's medium, for the isolation of salmonellas from sewage
Authors: Trichopoulos D. , Papadakis J. A. , Karalis D. , Vassiliadis P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA total of 50 duplicate Moore swabs were placed for 2 days, on five different dates, in 9–12 points of the Athens sewage disposal system.Three methods of enrichment were used for the isolation of salmonellas. In the first method, one half of the duplicate swabs was incubated in Muller–Kauffmann's tetrathionate broth at 43° C. for one day. For the second method, a secondary enrichment was carried out in Rappaport's broth, made from the Muller–Kauffmann's broth and for the third method, the other half of the duplicate swab was cultured in Heart Infusion broth at 43° C. for 16–18 hr. after which a secondary enrichment was made in Rappaport's medium.By use of these 3 enrichment procedures, 96% of the swabs were found to be positive for salmonellas. A total of 178 strains were isolated (an average of 3·7 strains per positive swab), belonging to 53 different serotypes (an average of 1·1 different serotypes per positive swab).With the simple enrichment in Muller–Kauffmann's broth, only 72% of the swabs were found positive, and 68 strains of salmonellas belonging to 30 different serotypes were isolated. The secondary enrichment in Rappaport's medium made from the Muller–Kauffmann's broth produced 88% positive samples, and yielded 82 strains belonging to 34 different serotypes. Finally, with the secondary enrichment in Rappaport's broth made from the heart infusion broth, 92% of the swabs were positive and yielded 67 strains of salmonellas belonging to 27 different serotypes.Although the last procedure yielded the greatest number of positive swabs, the method involving secondary enrichment in Rappaport's broth made from Muller–Kauffmann's broth led to the isolation of the greatest number of strains and different serotypes, while the other two procedures were approximately equal in this respect.Of the 178 strains isolated, 110 were recovered only by the procedures involving secondary enrichment in Rappaport's broth. The most frequently isolated serotypes wereSalmonella senftenberg(33 strains),S.typhimuriumincluding var-copenhagen(18 strains),S.poona(11 strains),S.montevideo(10 strains), etc. The following 23 serotypes were isolated for the first time in Greece:S. adelaide, S. alachua, S. allerton, S. binza, S. bobo, S. butantan, S. gnesta, S. goelzau, S. haelsingborg, S. havana, S. hofit, S. ibadan, S. indiana, S. irumu, S. jodhpur, S. nienstedten, S. panama, S. pomona, S. poona, S. reading, S. schwarzengrund, S. stockholm, S. tournai.Moreover, a new serotype,S. athinaiwas described.
Trends in salmonella food poisoning in England and Wales 1941–72
Authors: McCoy J. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYCattle and pig herds and flocks of domestic fowl have formed the main reservoir of human salmonella food poisoning in England and Wales from 1941 to 1972.Changes in the incidence of human salmonella food poisoning and in the serotypes of salmonellas isolated from human infections are shown to have been associated with the introduction of new foods, with changes in animal husbandry, and with changes in the relative proportions of flesh food from different species consumed. New foods, dried powdered egg, liquid egg and frozen liquid egg were introduced during the period of food rationing which extended from 1940 to 1953. Changes in animal husbandry, in particular the intensive production of pigs, poultry and eggs, followed the re-establishment of pig herds and fowl flocks after the derationing of animal feed in 1953. The changes in the proportions of flesh foods consumed followed the introduction of frozen oven-ready fowl in the late 1950s and early 1960s which by 1964 became cheaper than traditional flesh foods.
A surface antigen influenza vaccine: 2. Pyrogenicity and antigenicity
Authors: Brady Margaret I. , Furminger I. G. S. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryConventional influenza vaccine containing whole virus particles purified on a zonal centrifuge is pyrogenic and can cause systemic and local adverse side effects. An improved vaccine was therefore prepared which contained only the surface antigens of the virus adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide. The antigenicity of this vaccine was compared with conventional vaccine in chickens. Both vaccines induced similar titres of serum haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition antibody. The dose response curves, however, were different. The surface antigens at vaccine strength without aluminium hydroxide were of negligible pyrogenicity in rabbits.
Experimental phycomycosis in mice; examination of the role of acquired immunity in resistance toAbsidia ramosa
Authors: Corbel M. J. , Eades Susan M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAttempts were made to stimulate acquired immunity to experimentalAbsidia ramosainfection in mice. Unprotected animals inoculated with large doses ofA. ramosaspores frequently developed acute phycomycosis of the central nervous system. Mice previously exposed to sub-lethal doses of spores showed a high resistance to subsequent challenge withA. ramosa. No consistent increase in resistance was observed in mice vaccinated with killedA. ramosaspores, hyphal walls, intracellular mycelial antigens or various combinations of these, with Freund's incomplete adjuvant.Antibodies to soluble mycelial antigens were inconsistently present in the sera of mice vaccinated with sub-lethal doses of viable spores. They were generally present in the sera of animals vaccinated with mycelial extracts or hyphal walls but not killed spores.Delayed hypersensitivity reactions toA. ramosamycelial antigens could usually be elicited by intradermal tests in mice exposed to viable spores but irregularly in those vaccinated with non-viable preparations. Positive reactions were also frequently given by older mice not deliberately exposed toA. ramosa.Although mice previously exposed to viableA. ramosaspores were highly resistant to intravenous or intracerebral challenge with this fungus, they were more likely to develop persistent local granulomata on subcutaneous injection of spores than were unvaccinated animals.
Pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease: the lung as an additional portal of entry of the virus
Authors: Sutmoller P. , McVicar J. W. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryDonor cattle infected with foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus subtype O1were used to expose experimental cattle. The pharyngeal virus growth and viraemia patterns after contact exposure were quite different from those obtained after intranasal inoculation and suggested that the lower respiratory tract might provide an additional portal of entry for the virus. A tracheotomy was performed on experimental cattle to let the respiration bypass the pharynx, followed by exposure to FMD virus by different routes. The results confirmed that FMD virus can enter the bloodstream via the lung, followed by haematogenic infection of the pharynx and other replication sites simultaneously. These observations led to further experiments in which the intravenous route of infection was used to study the interaction of virus growth in the phayrnx, in other sites, and in viraemia.
Cytomegalovirus excretion in gnotobiotic pigs
Authors: Edington N. , Watt R. G. , Plowright W. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryGerm-free piglets were infected intranasally with porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) at 1 day (group A) or 3 weeks of age (group B). Viraemia and virus excretion by the nasal, pharyngeal and conjunctival routes was studied up to the time of death or to 12 weeks. Virus was also sought in tissues at death or at slaughter, as well as in a few urine samples.Viraemia was detected in group A between days 5 and 19 after infection and in group B between days 14 and 16 inclusive. The chief route of virus excretion was the nasal mucosa, followed by the pharynx and conjunctiva; the maximal duration of excretion by these routes was 32, 25 and 14 days for pigs of group A and 9, 7 and 4 days for group B. The quantity of virus was also greater in the former group, of which 3 died of generalized PCMV infection.A viruria was demonstrated in 2 animals.Antibody detectable in indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) tests appeared towards the end of the third week, reaching maximal titres at 5 to 7 weeks after infection. The mean peak titre of antibody in group B was lower than in group A.Corticosteroid treatment at days 56–62 after infection resulted in some recrudescence of virus excretion, accompanied in group B by about a twofold increase in IIF antibody. PCMV was isolated in cultures of lung macrophages from 4 of 7 animals killed at about 12 weeks after inoculation.
The diagnostic efficiency of some serological tests for bovine brucellosis
Authors: Chappel R. J. , McNaught D. J. , Bourke J. A. , Allan G. S. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryResults obtained from 1887 sera using three serological tests for bovine brucellosis were compared with a serological classification of sera described as the ‘probable infection status’. Sera showing apparent false positive and apparent false negative reactions were identified, and were subjected to supplementary testing as appropriate.The serum agglutination test (SAT) gave 35% apparent false negative reactions and 5% apparent false positives. The complement fixation test (CFT) gave 12% apparent false negative reactions using warm fixation (CFTW) and at least 5% using cold fixation (CFTC). The routine diagnostic system used in Victoria, in which the CFTW is supplemented by the CFTC and the SAT, gave 9% apparent false negative reactions and 2% apparent false positive reactions. The radioimmunoassay gave 1% or 6% apparent false negative reactions, depending the minimum diagnostic value used.Atypical reactions in the CFT sometimes caused difficulties in diagnosis.
Bowls and bacteria
Authors: Joynson D. H. M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAn episode of nosocomial infection with Klebsiella aerogenes in a surgical ward, in which six patients were infected, is described. The cause of the outbreak was identified as being contaminated washing-bowls. It is recommended that each patient should have his own bowl, which should be disinfected after use, dried and stored upside-down.
In vitrocomparison of foot-and-mouth disease virus subtype variants causing disease in vaccinated cattle
Authors: Anderson E. C. , Doughty W. J. , Anderson J. , Baber D. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryFoot-and-mouth disease virus isolates of types O, A and SAT 2, from diseased animals in herds routinely vaccinated twice a year were compared antigenically with the vaccine strains in the complement-fixation, neutralization and radial immunodiffusion tests. It was found that strains which had readily infected vaccinated cattle hadRvalues against the vaccine strain in the complement- fixation and radial immunodiffusion tests of 30 or less, while strains causing primary outbreaks with little spread hadRvalues of 30–40. Threefold differences in humoral neutralizing antibody concentration between the field variant and the vaccine strain in sera from vaccinated animals were likely to be significant in terms of protection.
The problem of paralytic poliomyelitis in the urban and rural population around Lucknow, India
Authors: Chaturvedi U. C. , Mathur Asha , Singh U. K. , Kushwaha M. R. S. , Mehrotra R. M. L. , Kapoor A. K. , Rai Sushma , Gurha R. G. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA house to house survey was done from October 1972 to March 1974, covering 52952 individuals of urban population at Lucknow and 50156 individuals of rural population of Unnao district, to find out the incidence of polio-like paralysis in our population. Among 12874 urban children up to 8 years old 8·2/1000 had polio-like paralysis while 4·6/1000 children of the rural population of 13554 children were affected. The incidence was significantly higher in the urban population. In the preschool age group almost 1 out of every 100 children was affected. A higher number of children were affected during 1968–9 and 1971–2, though it did not reach epidemic proportion. The findings show that paralytic polio is a serious problem in our country where poliomyelitis is endemic: this is contrary to the views generally held so far.