bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vowel harmony redux: Correct sounds, English loan words, and the sociocultural life of a phonological structure in Korean1
Authors: Harkness Nicholas 
Published: June 2012

This paper examines an ideology of standard pronunciation and spelling of English loan words in South Korea through the lens of Korean vowel harmony. I focus specifically on the alternation between an older Japanese‐style ‘a’[a] and a newer Korean‐style ‘ŏ’[ɔ] for the mapping of mid‐vowels from English to Korean. The opposition between ‘a’ and ‘ŏ’ also figures into the dichotomy of vowel classes between ‘yang’ or ‘light’ vowels and ‘yin’ or ‘dark’ vowels in Korean vowel harmony. This opposition is pervasive in Korean's rich stock of denotationally iconic words (e.g. onomatopoeia), where ablaut between vowel classes produces semantic and pragmatic contrasts. I suggest that this latter structure of phonological opposition has an influence on speakers’ perceptions of vowel difference and associated values in English loan words, despite an overarching ideology of standard pronunciation that is based on assumptions about phonetic fidelity.이 논문은 영어 차용어의 표준 발음 및 철자법 속 이데올로기를 모음조화를 통해 재조명 하는것이 목적이다. 특히, 영어 중모음이 ‘ㅏ’[a]나 ‘ㅓ’[ɔ]로 전사(mapping)되는 점에 초점을 둔다. 그러나 최근 한국에서는 ‘ㅓ’가 원어 영어 발음과 더 음성학적으로 가깝다고 여겨지며 정음(正音)으로 인식되어지고 있다. 이제 ‘ㅏ’는 구식말투나 사투리, 아니면 교양없는 언행을 연상시키는 음(音)으로 여겨지고 있다. 그러나, ‘ㅏ’/‘ㅓ’의 대립은 한국어 모음조화 속의 양성모음과 음성모음의 구분; 즉, 일종의 모음종류의 이분법으로 보아야 한다. 또한, 모음조화는 의성어와 의태어에서 중요한 역할을 한다고 할 수 있다. 그러므로, 모음조화가 표준발음의 이데올로기 속에서 영어 차용어의 모음구분에 영향을 미치는 것이다. [Korean]
Voice quality as a marker of ethnicity in New Zealand: From acoustics to perception1
Authors: Szakay Anita 
Published: June 2012

This study is the first acoustic analysis of voice quality in the two main ethnic dialects of New Zealand English. In a production experiment, narratives from 36 speakers were analyzed and H1‐H2 spectral tilt measures were calculated for each vowel. The results provide instrumental evidence for impressionistic claims about the differing voice quality features of the two main ethnic groups, showing that Maori English speakers are creakier than European New Zealanders. A perception experiment was also carried out to determine the perceptual salience of voice quality for the identification of speaker ethnicity. The results of regression analyses confirm that listeners are sensitive to the phonation differences, and are able to rely on phonation cues in an ethnic dialect identification task. The study demonstrates the role of voice quality as a critical sociolinguistic variable, and highlights the importance of listeners’ previous dialect exposure in terms of sensitivity to prosodic cues.Ko tēnei pūrongo te tirohanga tuatahi ki ētahi āhuatanga o te reo e puta ana i te korokoro o ngā kaikōrero o ngā reo ā‐iwi e rua o te Reo Pākehā i Aotearoa. I tētahi whakamātau i āta tirohia ngā oropuare o ētahi kōrero nō ngā kaikōrero 36, ā, kua tatauria ngā ine H1‐H2 e kīia ana ko te spectral tilt. Ko ngā putanga he taunakitanga mō ngā whakaaro o te tāngata e pā ana ki te rerekētanga o ngā reo o te hunga Pākehā me te hunga Māori, e whakaatu hoki ana he kekē atu te reo o ngā mea e kōrero ana i te ‘Māori English’ i te reo e kōrerohia ana e te iwi Pākehā. He whakamātau whakarongo i whakahaerehia kia kite mena he āwhina tēnei āhuatanga o te reo kia mōhio te kaiwhakarongo ko wai te iwi o te kaikōrero. Ko ngā whakaputanga o ngā tatauranga e kī ana kei te tino mārama tēnei āhuatanga o te reo e puta ana i te korokoro o te tāngata, ā, ka taea ēnei rerekētanga te whakamahi kia whakawehea te tangata Māori i te tangata Pākehā. Nā tēnei ka kitea he āhuatanga motuhake te reo o te korokoro, ā, he mea nui hoki mena kua tino wāia te kaiwhakarongo ki ngā reo ā‐iwi. [Māori]
Log-Optimal Economic Evaluation of Probability Forecasts
Authors: Johnstone D. J. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe commercial test of an expert’s probability assessments is not that they are accurate in an abstract sense, but that they yield financial returns to decision makers. From this utilitarian standpoint, a model or forecaster is merely a font of cash pay-offs, like any other form of asset or security. The modern perspective in finance theory is that individual ‘securities’ (sources of cash pay-offs) must be valued in portfolio rather than of themselves. Applying portfolio methods to forecast evaluation, the theoretical worth of a forecast depends on its marginal contribution to the best available portfolio of securities. When considered within a log-optimal (maximum E[ log (wealth)]) portfolio, the value of an individual forecast (or forecaster) depends on both its expected cash pay-off and the covariance of its pay-off with those from all other available securities. In effect, portfolio theory rewards forecasters more for making accurate forecasts when other forecasters (or, more broadly, other sources of pay-offs) perform badly than when all or most forecasters do well. Conversely, the penalty for being wrong is reduced when other forecasters are right. This has the effect of promoting original thinking and unique (idiosyncratic) forecasting expertise. Herding by resort to industry standard models or routines is discouraged.
Institutional Level Student Engagement and Organisational Cultures
Authors: van der Velden Gwen 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDriven by the growing presence of market forces within higher education worldwide, universities are changing the way they engage with students. This article explores how a university's internal culture relates to engagement with students and their views. It builds on wider research into student engagement and organisational cultures. The organisational cultures of two universities are mapped against a typology developed by McNay, which was extended by the author to include aspects of institutional engagement with students. It appears that corporate and bureaucratic institutional cultures that may respond well to external pressures on institutions (regulation, performance indicators, audits and policy pressure) are not conducive to engagement with student opinion. The stronger preference of students remains a collegial, partnership‐based approach for enhancement of the student experience. This study will be of interest to institutional managers, student (union) leaders, academics and practitioners who seek to improve the student experience through effective engagement with student views.
Hip‐Hop as Urban and Regional Research: Encountering an Insider's Ethnography of City Life
Authors: Beer David 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis essay suggests that hip‐hop music may reasonably be thought of as a form of urban and regional research. The essay draws upon a recently published book by hip‐hop artist Jay‐Z, which provides biographical information alongside translations of the lyrical content of his works, to show that hip‐hop is full of insider ethnographic insights into urban life. This, it is argued, can be thought of as an answer to Daryl Martin's call for a more ‘poetic urbanism’, an urbanism that captures the material, sensory and emotional aspects of the city. The essay uses Jay‐Z's text to illustrate the type of insights and ideas that we might obtain from hip‐hop, giving some specific examples of these insights and concluding with some reflections upon this alternative insider account of city life — and how it might provide us with opportunities for expanding our repertoire.
Thermal sensitivity of voltage‐gated Na+ channels and A‐type K+ channels contributes to somatosensory neuron excitability at cooling temperatures
Authors: Sarria Ignacio , Ling Jennifer , Gu Jianguo G. 
Published: June 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 122, 1145–1154.AbstractCooling temperatures may modify action potential firing properties to alter sensory modalities. Herein, we investigated how cooling temperatures modify action potential firing properties in two groups of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, tetrodotoxin‐sensitive (TTXs) Na+ channel‐expressing neurons and tetrodotoxin‐resistant (TTXr) Na+ channel‐expressing neurons. We found that multiple action potential firing in response to membrane depolarization was suppressed in TTXs neurons but maintained or facilitated in TTXr neurons at cooling temperatures. We showed that cooling temperatures strongly inhibited A‐type K+ currents (IA) and TTXs Na+ channels but had fewer inhibitory effects on TTXr Na+ channels and non‐inactivating K+ currents (IK). We demonstrated that the sensitivity of A‐type K+ channels and voltage‐gated Na+ channels to cooling temperatures and their interplay determine somatosensory neuron excitability at cooling temperatures. Our results provide a putative mechanism by which cooling temperatures modify different sensory modalities including pain.
PROVISION OF COMMUNITY‐WIDE BENEFITS IN PUBLIC HEALTH INTERVENTION RESEARCH: THE EXPERIENCE OF INVESTIGATORS CONDUCTING RESEARCH IN THE COMMUNITY SETTING IN SOUTH ASIA
Authors: TAYLOR HOLLY A. , MERRITT MARIA W. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTBackground:  This article describes the types of community‐wide benefits provided by investigators conducting public health research in South Asia as well as their self‐reported reasons for providing such benefits.Methods:  We conducted 52 in‐depth interviews to explore how public health investigators in low‐resource settings make decisions about the delivery of ancillary care to research subjects. In 39 of the interviews respondents described providing benefits to members of the community in which they conducted their study. We returned to our narrative dataset to find answers to two questions: What types of community‐wide benefits do researchers provide when conducting public health intervention studies in the community setting, and what reasons do researchers give when asked why they provided community‐wide benefits?Findings:  The types of community‐wide benefits delivered were directed to the health and well‐being of the population. The most common types of benefits delivered were the facilitation of access to health care for individuals in acute medical need and emergency response to natural disasters. Respondents' self‐reported reasons when asked why they provided such benefits fell into 2 general categories: intrinsic importance and instrumental importance.
Primary Care Physicians and Disparities in Colorectal Cancer Screening in the Elderly
Authors: Singal Ashwani K. , Lin Yu‐Li , Kuo Yong‐Fang , Riall Taylor , Goodwin James S. 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveTo examine whether having a primary care physician (PCP) is associated with reduced ethnic disparities for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and whether clustering of minorities within PCPs contributes to the disparities.Data Sources/Study SettingRetrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries age 66–75 in 2009 in Texas.Study DesignThe percentage of beneficiaries up to date in CRC screening in 2009 was stratified by race/ethnicity. Multilevel models were used to study the effect of having a PCP and PCP characteristics on the racial and ethnic disparities on CRC screening.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsMedicare data from 2000 to 2009 were used to assess prior CRC screening.Principal FindingsOdds of undergoing CRC screening were more than twice as high in patients with a PCP (OR = 2.05, 95 percent CI 2.03–2.07). After accounting for clustering and PCP characteristics, the black–white disparity in CRC screening rates almost disappears and the Hispanic–white disparity decreases substantially.ConclusionsEthnic disparities in CRC screening in the elderly are mostly explained by decreased access to PCPs and by clustering of minorities within PCPs less likely to screen any of their patients.
Hospital and Surgeon Variation in Complications and Repeat Surgery Following Incident Lumbar Fusion for Common Degenerative Diagnoses
Authors: Martin Brook I. , Mirza Sohail K. , Franklin Gary M. , Lurie Jon D. , MacKenzie Todd A. , Deyo Richard A. 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveTo identify factors that account for variation in complication rates across hospitals and surgeons performing lumbar spinal fusion surgery.Data SourcesDischarge registry including all nonfederal hospitals in Washington State from 2004 to 2007.Study DesignWe identified adults (n = 6,091) undergoing an initial inpatient lumbar fusion for degenerative conditions. We identified whether each patient had a subsequent complication within 90 days. Logistic regression models with hospital and surgeon random effects were used to examine complications, controlling for patient characteristics and comorbidity.Principal FindingsComplications within 90 days of a fusion occurred in 4.8 percent of patients, and 2.2 percent had a reoperation. Hospital effects accounted for 8.8 percent of the total variability, and surgeon effects account for 14.4 percent. Surgeon factors account for 54.5 percent of the variation in hospital reoperation rates, and 47.2 percent of the variation in hospital complication rates. The discretionary use of operative features, such as the inclusion of bone morphogenetic proteins, accounted for 30 and 50 percent of the variation in surgeons' reoperation and complication rates, respectively.ConclusionsTo improve the safety of lumbar spinal fusion surgery, quality improvement efforts that focus on surgeons' discretionary use of operative techniques may be more effective than those that target hospitals.
Racial/Ethnic Disparity Trends in Children's Mental Health Care Access and Expenditures from 2002 to 2007
Authors: Cook Benjamin Lê , Barry Colleen L. , Busch Susan H. 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveTo examine trends in disparities in children's mental health care.Data2002–2007 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.Study DesignWe used the Institute of Medicine (IOM) definition of health care disparities and estimated two‐part expenditure models to examine disparity trends in any mental health care use, any outpatient care, and psychotropic drug use, as well as expenditures in these three categories, conditional on use. We used 2‐year longitudinal panel data to determine disparities in care initiation among children with unmet need.Principal FindingsAssessing trends over time between 2002 and 2007, we identified that disparities persist for blacks and Latinos in receipt of any mental health care, any outpatient care, and any psychotropic drug use. Among those with positive mental health care expenditures, Latino–white disparities in overall mental health care expenditures increased over time. Among children with unmet need, significant disparities in initiation of an episode of mental health care were found, with whites approximately twice as likely as blacks and Latinos to initiate care.ConclusionsDisparities in children's mental health care use are persistent and driven by disparities in initiation, suggesting policies to improve detection or increase initial access to care may be critical to reducing disparities.
Modelling and Compensating Internal Light Scattering in Time of Flight Range Cameras
Authors: Karel Wilfried , Ghuffar Sajid , Pfeifer Norbert 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTime of flight range cameras simultaneously gather object distances for all pixels of a focal plane array by evaluating the round‐trip time of an emitted signal. While ranging precisions typically amount to some centimetres, accuracies may be worse by an order of magnitude. Scattering is one of the sources of systematic errors, caused by the spreading of portions of the incident light over the sensor due to multiple reflections between the sensor, lens and optical filter. The present contribution analyses this phenomenon with respect to various capture parameters, with the objective of achieving a better understanding and a validation of assumptions. Subsequently, the authors derive both image space invariant and variant models for scattering, apply them to test scenes, and compare the results to each other and to those of existing methods.
HBeAg‐positive hepatitis delta: virological patterns and clinical long‐term outcome
Authors: Heidrich Benjamin , C. Serrano Beatriz , Idilman Ramazan , Kabaçam Gökhan , Bremer Birgit , Raupach Regina , Önder Fatih O. , Deterding Katja , Zacher Behrend J. , Taranta Andrzej , Bozkaya Hakan , Zachou Kalliopi , Tillmann Hans L. , Bozdayi Abdurrahman M. , Manns Michael P. , Yurdaydın Cihan , Wedemeyer Heiner 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground and AimsThe presence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐eAg in patients with hepatitis B is associated with higher HBV replication and with an increased risk to develop liver‐related clinical endpoints defined as liver related death, liver transplantation, development of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic decompensation. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of HBeAg in patients co‐infected with the hepatitis D virus (HDV).MethodsWe studied virological markers of HBV and HDV infection and as well as biochemical and clinical features of liver disease in a cohort of 534 anti‐HDV‐positive patients. In addition, we compared the clinical long‐term outcome of HBeAg‐positive HDV‐infected patients with HBeAg‐negative control patients matched for age, gender and baseline‐MELD score.ResultsHBeAg‐positive hepatitis delta was detected in 71 of 534 patients (13.3%). HBeAg positivity was associated with a higher biochemical disease activity and higher HBsAg levels in HDV co‐infected patients. Sixty one per cent of the HBeAg‐positive HDV‐infected patients presented with HBV DNA levels below 2000 IU/ml, at least once during follow‐up. Both HBeAg‐positive and ‐negative patients showed a similar severe clinical long‐term course with about half of the patients developing a liver‐related clinical complication after a median follow‐up period of 51 months (range: 9–193 months).ConclusionsHBV DNA levels are low in both HBeAg‐negative and HBeAg‐positive patients suggesting suppressive effects of HDV on HBV irrespective of the phase of HBV infection. The clinical long‐term outcome of HBeAg‐positive patients is not different to HBeAg‐negative patients infected with the HDV.
Incidence and risk factors associated withde novoautoimmune hepatitis after liver transplantation
Authors: Montano‐Loza Aldo J. , Vargas‐Vorackova Florencia , Ma Mang , Bain Vincent G. , Burak Kelly , Kumar Thara , Mason Andrew L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground/AimsDe novoautoimmune hepatitis (AIH) describes the development of hepatitis with autoimmune features in liver transplant (LT) patients without prior diagnosis ofAIH. We aimed to evaluate the incidence and risk factors forde novoAIH.MethodsA cohort of 576 patients withLTfor aetiologies other thanAIHwas evaluated.ResultsDe novoAIHwas diagnosed in 17 patients (3%) with an overall incidence of 4.0 cases per 1000 patient‐years. By univariateCox analysis, patients who received cyclosporine A had lower risk (HR0.24, 95%CI0.07–0.80,P = 0.02), whereas patients who had female donors (HR3.03, 95%CI1.11–8.25,P = 0.03), donors ≥40‐years (HR6.95, 95%CI1.93–25.03,P = 0.003), and those who received tacrolimus (HR4.39, 95%CI1.47–13.13,P = 0.008) and mycophenolate mofetil (HR6.37, 95%CI1.62–25.13,P = 0.008) had higher risk. Survival was similar in patients withde novoAIHcompared with theLTpopulation (mean survival time, 17 ± 1.5 vs. 16 ± 0.5 years, Log‐rank test;P = 0.4).ConclusionsThe incidence ofde novoAIHis low and does not impact on long‐term survival. Recipients of female or older donor grafts, or recipients using tacrolimus, or mycophenolate mofetil as part of their immunosuppressive regimen have a higher risk ofde novoAIH, whereasLTrecipients maintained on cyclosporine A have a lower risk.
Percutaneous ethanol injection for hepatocellular carcinoma: 20‐year outcome and prognostic factors
Authors: Shiina Shuichiro , Tateishi Ryosuke , Imamura Masatoshi , Teratani Takuma , Koike Yukihiro , Sato Shinpei , Obi Shuntaro , Kanai Fumihiko , Kato Naoya , Yoshida Haruhiko , Omata Masao , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundEthanol injection is the best‐known image‐guided percutaneous ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and a well‐tolerated, inexpensive procedure with few adverse effects. However, there have been few reports on its long‐term results.AimsWe report a 20‐year consecutive case series at a tertiary referral centre.MethodsWe performed 2147 ethanol injection treatments on 685 primary HCC patients and analysed a collected database.ResultsFinal computed tomography demonstrated complete ablation of treated tumours in 2108 (98.2%) of the 2147 treatments. With a median follow‐up of 51.6 months, 5‐, 10‐ and 20‐year survival rates were 49.0% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 45.3–53.0%], 17.9% (95% CI = 15.0–21.2%) and 7.2% (95% CI = 4..5–11.5%) respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that age, Child–Pugh class, tumour size, tumour number and serum alpha‐fetoprotein level were significant prognostic factors for survival. Five‐, 10‐ and 20‐year local tumour progression rates were 18.2% (95% CI = 15.0–21.4%), 18.4% (95% CI = 15.2–21.6%) and 18.4% (95% CI = 15.2–21.6%) respectively. Five‐, 10‐ and 20‐year distant recurrence rates were 53.5% (95% CI = 49.4–57.7%), 60.4 (95% CI = 56.3–64.5%) and 60.8% (95% CI = 56.7–64.9%) respectively. There were 45 complications (2.1%) and two deaths (0.09%).ConclusionsEthanol injection was potentially curative for HCC, resulting in survival for more than 20 years. This study suggests that new ablation therapies will achieve similar or even better long‐term results in HCC.
Association between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and Alzheimer's disease in Uighur and Han populations
Authors: ZHOU Xiaohui , MIAO Haijun , RAUSCH Wolf Dieter , LONG Ma , LUO Xiaomei , YU Hong , ZHANG Xiaoning , BAYAHEMAITI Kumusi , ABULIZI Palida , KEYIMU Kabinur 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAim:  Currently, there are almost 100 genes related to Alzheimer's disease (AD), and studies have indicated that apolipoprotein E (APO E) ε4 allele is a genetic risk factor of AD. However, there have been no reports of the distributions of APO E genotypes and allele frequencies in Uighur and Han AD patients.Methods:  We analyzed APO E gene polymorphism in 209 AD cases diagnosed based on National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association and 220 non‐dementia controls. We used polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism methods as the basis of this epidemiological survey.Results:  In the AD and control groups, there are no statistically significant differences in APO E genotypes and allele frequency between the Uighur and Han ethnicities (P < 0.05). In the AD group, the ε3/4 genotype (28.2%) and ε4 allele frequency (14.8%) occurred at a higher rate than in the control (13.2% and 8.0%, respectively; P < 0.05). This distinction remained true within each ethnicity; the ε3/4 genotype and ε4 allele frequency are higher in the AD groups (Uighur, 30.6% and 15.8%, respectively; Han, 25.5% and 13.8%, respectively) than in the control groups (Uighur, 14.5% and 9.4%, respectively; Han, 11.7% and 6.3%, respectively; P < 0.05).Conclusions:  The distribution of APO E genotype and allele frequency does not differ between the Uighur and Han ethnicities. The APO E ε4 allele is a risk factor of AD for both populations.