bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses to Online GSTM1 Genetic Test Results among Smokers Related to Patients with Lung Cancer: A Pilot Study
Authors: Sanderson Saskia C. , O'Neill Suzanne C. , White Della Brown , Bepler Gerold , Bastian Lori , Lipkus Isaac M. , McBride Colleen M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Providing smokers with personal genetic test results indicating increased lung cancer risk may increase uptake of effective smoking cessation services. Using the internet may increase reach and enable real-time assessment of how people process genetic risk information away from the clinic setting. We therefore explored smokers' responses to Web-delivered GSTM1 genetic test results indicating higher or lower lung cancer risk. Participants were smokers (n = 44) biologically related to patients with newly diagnosed lung cancer. Measures were assessed at baseline, before and immediately after receipt of online genetic test results, and at 6-month follow-up. Outcomes included accurate comprehension of results, regret about being tested, cessation-related cognitions (e.g., perceived response efficacy), and uptake of free smoking cessation services (nicotine replacement therapy, printed self-help materials, telephone counseling sessions). Twenty-two “relative smokers” received a GSTM1-missing (higher risk) and 22 a GSTM1-present (lower risk) result. All relative smokers with GSTM1-missing results and 55% of those with GSTM1-present results accurately interpreted their results. No relative smokers regretted having taken the test. Relative smokers receiving GSTM1-missing results reported lower confidence that quitting could reduce lung cancer risk (perceived response efficacy) than those receiving GSTM1-present results. There were no other significant between-group differences. Uptake of smoking cessation services was high (e.g., 91% nicotine replacement therapy uptake). Genetic test results may not influence uptake of free smoking cessation services because of ceiling effects. Further research is needed to determine the risks and benefits of Web-based disclosure of genetic test results. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):1953–61)
Meat and Heterocyclic Amine Intake, Smoking, NAT1 and NAT2 Polymorphisms, and Colorectal Cancer Risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study
Authors: Nöthlings Ute , Yamamoto Jennifer F. , Wilkens Lynne R. , Murphy Suzanne P. , Park Song-Yi , Henderson Brian E. , Kolonel Laurence N. , Le Marchand Loïc 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Background: N-acetyltransferases (NAT) 1 and 2 are polymorphic enzymes catalyzing the metabolic activation of heterocyclic amines. We investigated the modifying effects of NAT1 and NAT2 polymorphisms on the association of meat consumption, heterocyclic amine intake, and smoking with colorectal cancer risk.
Method: In the Multiethnic Cohort study, participants completed a smoking history and a food-frequency questionnaire at recruitment and a cooked meat module 5 years later to estimate heterocyclic amine intake (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline, 2-amino-3,4,8-trimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline). Blood samples were collected from incident cases and age-, sex-, ethnicity-, frequency-matched controls to determine genotypes. For analysis of meat intake and smoking, data were available for 1,009 cases and 1,522 controls; for heterocyclic amine intake analyses, 398 cases and 1,444 controls were available. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios.
Results: Smoking was associated with an increased colorectal cancer risk (odds ratio, 1.51; 95% confidence interval, 1.17-1.95) for ≥30 pack-years compared with never smokers (P trend = 0.0004). The association was stronger with presence of the “rapid” compared with the “slow/intermediate” NAT2 genotype (P interaction = 0.003). No significant associations were observed for intakes of red meat, processed meat, and heterocyclic amine, or meat doneness preference, but a dietary pattern high in meat showed a weak positive interaction with the NAT2 genotype (P interaction = 0.05).
Conclusion: The enhanced association between smoking and colorectal cancer risk in subjects with the NAT2 rapid genotype supports a role for NAT2 and tobacco smoke heterocyclic amines in the etiology of colorectal cancer. This study only provides weak support for a similar association with meat heterocyclic amines. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2098–106)
Association of Plasma Micronutrient Levels and Urinary Isoprostane with Risk of Lung Cancer: The Multiethnic Cohort Study
Authors: Epplein Meira , Franke Adrian A. , Cooney Robert V. , Morris J. Steven , Wilkens Lynne R. , Goodman Marc T. , Murphy Suzanne P. , Henderson Brian E. , Kolonel Laurence N. , Le Marchand Loïc 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAlthough smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, there is evidence to suggest that fruit and vegetable intake are important cofactors. The present case-control study, nested within the Multiethnic Cohort Study, examined the associations of biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake (individual plasma micronutrient levels), serum selenium, and a urinary biomarker for total lipid peroxidation with lung cancer risk. Two hundred seven incident cases were matched to 414 controls on age, sex, ethnicity, study location (Hawaii or California), smoking status, date/time of collection, and hours of fasting. We measured prediagnositic circulating levels of individual tocopherols and carotenoids, retinol, and serum selenium, and urinary 15-isoprostane F2t. Conditional logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). For men, strong reductions in risk were seen with increasing tertiles of each plasma carotenoid, with the ORs for the third tertile, compared with the first tertile, ranging from 0.24 to 0.45 (Ptrends, 0.002-0.04). No associations were found among women for carotenoids or among either sex for tocopherols, selenium, and retinol. A doubling in risk was seen for men in the second and third tertiles, compared with the first tertile of urinary 15-isoprostane F2t (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.02-5.25; and OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 0.98-4.78). This study supports the previously observed association between circulating carotenoids and lung cancer risk in men, and adds to the limited literature regarding urinary 15-isoprostane F2t as a marker of cancer risk. Future research examining the possible relationship between isoprostanes and lung cancer is warranted. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):1962–70)
Differences in Measured Mammographic Density in the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Hovhannisyan Gayane , Chow Lorraine , Schlosser Alexandra , Yaffe Martin J. , Boyd Norman F. , Martin Lisa J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Background: In premenopausal women, the sensitivity of screening mammography for detecting breast cancer has been reported to be greater in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which may be due to differences in mammographic density. To examine this possible effect, we compared mammographic density in premenopausal women who had mammograms at different phases of the menstrual cycle.
Methods: We recruited premenopausal women ages 40 to 49 years from two mammography units in Toronto, recorded the first day of the last menstrual period (LMP) and measured mammographic density using Cumulus software. We classified the time of the mammography examination as having occurred in one of four intervals, 1 (first week after LMP), 2 (second week after LMP), 3 (third week after LMP) and 4 (&gt;3 weeks after LMP), and compared mammographic density across intervals.
Results: Of the 936 women included in the analysis, 620 were examined by film and 316 by digital mammography. There were small and statistically nonsignificant variations in breast dense, nondense area, and percent density over the menstrual cycle in women examined by film mammography. Marginally significant variation in percent density was observed in the digital subset due to significant differences in the amount of nondense tissue over the menstrual cycle.
Conclusion: Variations in mammographic density over the menstrual cycle were small and nonsignificant for women examined by either film or digital mammography. Thus, timing of mammography in menstrual cycle is unlikely to have a significant influence in breast cancer detection by screening mammography. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):1993–9)
Influence of Reproductive Factors on Mortality after Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Robbins Cheryl L. , Whiteman Maura K. , Hillis Susan D. , Curtis Kathryn M. , McDonald Jill A. , Wingo Phyllis A. , Kulkarni Aniket , Marchbanks Polly A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIntroduction: Although many studies have examined the influence of reproductive factors on ovarian cancer risk, few have investigated their effect on ovarian cancer survival. We examined the prognostic influence of reproductive factors on survival after ovarian cancer diagnosis.Methods: We conducted a longitudinal analysis of 410women, ages 20 to 54 years, who participated in the 1980 to 1982 Cancer and Steroid Hormone study as incident ovarian cancer cases. We obtained their vital status by linking Cancer and Steroid Hormone records with Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data. We used the Kaplan-Meier approach to estimate survival probabilities and Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).Results: During a median follow-up of 9.2 years, 212women died. Of the reproductive factors examined, only age at menarche and number of lifetime ovulatory cycles (LOC) relative to age significantly predicted ovarian cancer survival. Risk for death was higher among women with highest number of LOC compared with those having fewest LOC (HR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.20-2.33). Women with fewest LOC had the highest 15-year survival (56.7%; 95% CI, 47.8-64.6%), and women with the highest LOC had the poorest (33.3%; 95% CI, 25.3-41.5%). Women whose age at menarche was &lt;12 years had a higher risk of death compared with women whose menses began at ≥14 years (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.02-2.24).Conclusions: We found that high LOC and early age at menarche were associated with decreased survival after ovarian cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2035–41)
Latinas and Breast Cancer Outcomes: Population-Based Sampling, Ethnic Identity, and Acculturation Assessment
Authors: Hamilton Ann S. , Hofer Timothy P. , Hawley Sarah T. , Morrell Donna , Leventhal Meryl , Deapen Dennis , Salem Barbara , Katz Steven J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Purpose: Latinas and African-Americans with breast cancer, especially those of lower socioeconomic status and acculturation, have been underrepresented in studies assessing treatment satisfaction, decision-making, and quality of life. A study was designed to recruit a large and representative sample of these subgroups.
Materials and Methods: Incident cases were selected by rapid case ascertainment (RCA) in the Los Angeles Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry from 2005 to 2006, with oversampling of Latinas and African-Americans. Patients were mailed a questionnaire and $10 incentive 5 to 6 months after diagnosis; nonrespondents were contacted by telephone. Multivariate analysis was used to assess possible response bias. The RCA definition of Hispanic origin was validated by self-reports. The Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics index for Latina respondents was used.
Results: One thousand six hundred and ninety-eight eligible breast cancer cases were selected and 1,223 participated, for a response rate of 72.0%, which varied little by race/ethnicity. Age, race/ethnicity, and clinical factors were not associated with response; however, respondents were slightly more likely to be married and from higher socioeconomic status census tracts than nonrespondents. The RCA definition of Hispanic identity was highly sensitive (94.6%) and specific (90.0%). Lower acculturation was associated with lower education and literacy among Latinas.
Discussion: High response rates among all subgroups were achieved due to the use of RCA, an incentive, extensive telephone follow-up, a native Spanish-speaking interviewer, and a focused questionnaire. The low acculturation index category identified a highly vulnerable subgroup. This large sample representing subgroups with greater problems will provide a basis for developing better interventions to assist these women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2022–9)
Anthropometry and Esophageal Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Steffen Annika , Schulze Matthias B. , Pischon Tobias , Dietrich Thomas , Molina Esther , Chirlaque Maria-Dolores , Barricarte Aurelio , Amiano Pilar , Quirós J. Ramón , Tumino Rosario , Mattiello Amalia , Palli Domenico , Vineis Paolo , Agnoli Claudia , Misirli Gesthimani , Boffetta Paolo , Kaaks Rudolf , Rohrmann Sabine , Bueno-de-Mesquita H. Bas , Peeters Petra H.M. , May Anne M. , Spencer Elizabeth A. , Allen Naomi E. , Bingham Sheila , Tjønneland Anne , Halkjær Jytte , Overvad Kim , Stegger Jakob , Manjer Jonas , Lindkvist Björn , Hallmanns Göran , Stenling Roger , Lund Eiliv , Riboli Elio , Gonzalez Carlos A. , Boeing Heiner 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground: Increasing evidence suggests that general obesity [measured by body mass index (BMI)] is positively associated with risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). In contrast, previous studies have shown inverse relations with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, it is still unclear whether body fat distribution, particularly abdominal obesity, is associated with each type of esophageal cancer.Methods: We applied multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression to investigate the association between anthropometric measures and risk of EAC and ESCC among 346,554 men and women participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. All statistical tests were two sided.Results: During 8.9 years of follow-up, we documented 88 incident cases of EAC and 110 cases of ESCC. BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were positively associated with EAC risk [highest versus lowest quintile; relative risk (RR), 2.60; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.23-5.51; Ptrend &lt; 0.01; RR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.35-6.98; Ptrend &lt; 0.003; and RR, 2.12; 95% CI, 0.98-4.57; Ptrend &lt; 0.004]. In contrast, BMI and waist circumference were inversely related to ESCC risk, whereas WHR showed no association with ESCC. In stratified analyses, BMI and waist circumference were significantly inversely related to ESCC only among smokers but not among nonsmokers. However, when controlled for BMI, we found positive associations for waist circumference and WHR with ESCC, and these associations were observed among smokers and nonsmokers.Conclusion: General and abdominal obesity were associated with higher EAC risk. Further, our study suggests that particularly an abdominal body fat distribution might also be a risk factor for ESCC. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(7):2079–89)
Validation of Solar Radiation Surfaces from MODIS and Reanalysis Data over Topographically Complex Terrain
Authors: Schroeder Todd A. , Hember Robbie , Coops Nicholas C. , Liang Shunlin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe magnitude and distribution of incoming shortwave solar radiation (SW↓) has significant influence on the productive capacity of forest vegetation. Models that estimate forest productivity require accurate and spatially explicit radiation surfaces that resolve both long- and short-term temporal climatic patterns and that account for topographic variability of the land surface. This paper presents a validation of monthly average total (SW↓t) and diffuse ( SW↓df ) incoming solar radiation surfaces taken from North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) data and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite imagery for a mountainous region of the Pacific northwestern United States and Canada. A topographic solar radiation model based on a regionally defined clearness index was used to downscale the 32-km NARR SW↓t surfaces to 1 km, resulting in surfaces that better matched the spatial resolution of MODIS, as well as accounted for elevation and terrain effects including shadowing. Validation was carried out using a series of ground station measurements (n = 304) collected in 2003. The results indicated that annually, the NARR and MODIS SW↓t surfaces were both in strong agreement with ground measurements (r = 0.98 and 0.97), although the strength and bias of the relationships varied considerably by month. Correlations were highest in winter, early summer, and fall and lowest in spring. The NARR and MODIS SW↓df surfaces displayed poorer agreement with ground measurements (r = 0.89 and 0.79), the result of some months having negative correlations. The correlation and spatial structure between NARR and MODIS SW↓t surfaces was enhanced by topographic correction, resulting in more consistent input radiation surfaces for use in broad-scale forest productivity modeling.
Precipitation Simulations Using WRF as a Nested Regional Climate Model
Authors: Bukovsky Melissa S. , Karoly David J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This note examines the sensitivity of simulated U.S. warm-season precipitation in the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), used as a nested regional climate model, to variations in model setup. Numerous options have been tested and a few of the more interesting and unexpected sensitivities are documented here. Specifically, the impacts of changes in convective and land surface parameterizations, nest feedbacks, sea surface temperature, and WRF version on mean precipitation are evaluated in 4-month-long simulations. Running the model over an entire season has brought to light some issues that are not otherwise apparent in shorter, weather forecast–type simulations, emphasizing the need for careful scrutiny of output from any model simulation. After substantial testing, a reasonable model setup was found that produced a definite improvement in the climatological characteristics of precipitation over that from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research global reanalysis, the dataset used for WRF initial and boundary conditions in this analysis.
Application of CALIOP Measurements to the Evaluation of Cloud Phase Derived from MODIS Infrared Channels
Authors: Cho Hyoun-Myoung , Nasiri Shaima L. , Yang Ping 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In this study, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) infrared-based cloud thermodynamic phase retrievals are evaluated using Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) retrievals for the 6 months from January to June of 2008. The CALIOP 5-km cloud-layer product provides information on cloud opacity, cloud-top height, midlayer cloud temperature, and cloud thermodynamic phase. Comparisons are made between MODIS IR phase and CALIOP observations for single-layer clouds (54% of the cloudy CALIOP scenes) and for the top layer of the CALIOP scenes. Both CALIOP and MODIS retrieve larger fractions of water clouds in the single-layer cases than in the top-layer cases, demonstrating that focusing on only single-layer clouds may introduce a water-cloud bias. Of the single-layer clouds, 60% are transparent and 40% are opaque (defined by the lack of a CALIOP ground return). MODIS tends to classify single-layer clouds with midlayer temperatures below −40°C as ice; around −30°C nearly equally as ice, mixed, and unknown; between −28° and −15°C as mixed; and above 0°C as water. Ninety-five percent of the single-layer CALIOP clouds not detected by MODIS are transparent. Approximately ⅓ of transparent single-layer clouds with temperatures below −30°C are not detected by MODIS and close to another ⅓ are classified as ice, with the rest assigned as water, mixed, or unknown. CALIOP classes nearly all of these transparent cold clouds as ice.
Microphysics of Maritime Tropical Convective Updrafts at Temperatures from −20° to −60°
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew J. , Bansemer Aaron , Heymsfield Gerald , Fierro Alexandre O. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Anvils produced by vigorous tropical convection contribute significantly to the earth’s radiation balance, and their radiative properties depend largely on the concentrations and sizes of the ice particles that form them. These microphysical properties are determined to an important extent by the fate of supercooled droplets, with diameters from 3 to about 20 microns, lofted in the updrafts. The present study addresses the question of whether most or all of these droplets are captured by ice particles or if they remain uncollected until arriving at the −38°C level where they freeze by homogeneous nucleation, producing high concentrations of very small ice particles that can persist and dominate the albedo.
Aircraft data of ice particle and water droplet size distributions from seven field campaigns at latitudes from 25°N to 11°S are combined with a numerical model in order to examine the conditions under which significant numbers of supercooled water droplets can be lofted to the homogeneous nucleation level. Microphysical data were collected in pristine to heavily dust-laden maritime environments, isolated convective updrafts, and tropical cyclone updrafts with peak velocities reaching 25 m s−1. The cumulative horizontal distance of in-cloud sampling at temperatures of −20°C and below exceeds 50 000 km. Analysis reveals that most of the condensate in these convective updrafts is removed before reaching the −20°C level, and the total condensate continues to diminish linearly upward. The amount of condensate in small (&lt;50 μm in diameter) droplets and ice particles, however, increases upward, suggesting new droplet activation with an appreciable radiative impact. Conditions promoting the generation of large numbers of small ice particles through homogeneous ice nucleation include high concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (sometimes from dust), removal of most of the water substance between cloud base and the −38°C levels, and acceleration of the updrafts at mid- and upper levels such that velocities exceed 5–7 m s−1.
Modeling the Effects of Lakes and Wetlands on the Water Balance of Arctic Environments
Authors: Bowling Laura C. , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLakes, ponds, and wetlands are common features in many low-gradient arctic watersheds. Storage of snowmelt runoff in lakes and wetlands exerts a strong influence on both the interannual and interseasonal variability of northern rivers. This influence is often not well represented in hydrology models and the land surface schemes used in climate models. In this paper, an algorithm to represent the evaporation and storage effects of lakes and wetlands within the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) macroscale hydrology model is described. The model is evaluated with respect to its ability to represent water temperatures, net radiation, ice freeze–thaw, and runoff production for a variety of high-latitude locations. It is then used to investigate the influence of surface storage on the spatial and temporal distribution of water and energy fluxes for the Kuparuk and Putuligayuk Rivers, on the Alaskan arctic coastal plain. Inclusion of the lake and wetland algorithm results in a substantial improvement of the simulated streamflow hydrographs, as measured using the monthly Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency. Simulations of runoff from the Putuligayuk watershed indicate that up to 80% of snow meltwater goes into storage each year and does not contribute to streamflow. Approximately 46% of the variance in the volume of snowmelt entering storage can be explained by the year-to-year variation in maximum snow water equivalent and the lake storage deficit from the previous summer. The simulated summer lake storage deficit is much lower than the cumulative precipitation minus lake evaporation (−47 mm, on average) as a result of simulated recharge from the surrounding uplands.