bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global surveillance of oral tobacco products: total nicotine, unionised nicotine and tobacco-specificN-nitrosamines
Authors: Stanfill Stephen B , Connolly Gregory N , Zhang Liqin , Jia Lily T , Henningfield Jack E , Richter Patricia , Lawler Tameka S , Ayo-Yusuf Olalekan A , Ashley David L , Watson Clifford H 
Published: November 2010

ObjectiveOral tobacco products contain nicotine and carcinogenic tobacco-specificN-nitrosamines (TSNAs) that can be absorbed through the oral mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine typical pH ranges and concentrations of total nicotine, unionised nicotine (the most readily absorbed form) and five TSNAs in selected oral tobacco products distributed globally.MethodsA total of 53 oral tobacco products from 5 World Health Organisation (WHO) regions were analysed for total nicotine and TSNAs, including 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), using gas chromatography or liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Unionised nicotine concentrations were calculated using product pH and total nicotine concentrations. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to help categorise or characterise some products.ResultsTotal nicotine content varied from 0.16 to 34.1 mg/g product, whereas, the calculated unionised nicotine ranged from 0.05 to 31.0 mg/g product; a 620-fold range of variation. Products ranged from pH 5.2 to 10.1, which translates to 0.2% to 99.1% of nicotine being in the unionised form. Some products have very high pH and correspondingly high unionised nicotine (eg, gul powder, chimó, toombak) and/or high TSNA (eg, toombak, zarda, khaini) concentrations. The concentrations of TSNAs spanned five orders of magnitude with concentrations of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) ranging from 4.5 to 516 000 ng/g product.ConclusionsThese data have important implications for risk assessment because they show that very different exposure risks may be posed through the use of these chemically diverse oral tobacco products. Because of the wide chemical variation, oral tobacco products should not be categorised together when considering the public health implications of their use.
Medical management of Trichophyton dermatophytosis using a novel treatment regimen in L'Hoest's monkeys (Cercopithecus lhoesti)
Authors: Keeble E. J. , Neuber A. , Hume L. , Goodman G. 
Published: November 2010

An outbreak of Trichophyton dermatophytosis was diagnosed in a group of four L'Hoest's monkeys (Cercopithecus lhoesti) housed in the primate section at a zoological collection. The affected animals presented with areas of non‐pruritic alopecia, scaling and crusting. The diagnosis was based on culture and direct microscopy of hair plucks. Treatment was commenced with oral terbinafine at a dose of 8.25 mg/kg bodyweight, topical enilconazole washes and disinfectant fogging of the enclosure. Control measures were designed to limit the spread of infection and reduce the zoonotic risk. Treatment was successful, with no further clinical cases being diagnosed and with resolution of the clinical signs after four weeks and mycological cure after eight weeks.
Three-dimensional stability charts for slopes based on limit analysis methods
Authors: Li A. J. , Merifield R. S. , Lyamin A. V. 
Published: November 2010

This paper uses finite element upper and lower bound limit analysis to produce chart solutions for three-dimensional (3D) natural slopes for both short- and long-term stability. The presented chart solutions are convenient tools that can be used for preliminary design purposes. The rigorous limit analysis results in this paper were found to bracket the true factor of safety within ±10% or better, which can be used as a benchmark for the solutions from other methods. The depth of the slip surfaces is observed to be generally shallow for most analyzed cases, particularly for the long-term slope stability problem. In addition, it was found that using a two-dimensional (2D) analysis may lead to significant differences in estimating safety factors, which can differ by 2%–60% depending on the slope geometry and soil properties. Therefore, great care and judgement are required when applying 2D analyses to 3D slope problems.
CONSTRUCTION OF SELF-DUAL INTEGRAL NORMAL BASES IN ABELIAN EXTENSIONS OF FINITE AND LOCAL FIELDS
Authors: PICKETT ERIK JARL 
Published: November 2010

Let F/E be a finite Galois extension of fields with abelian Galois group Γ. A self-dual normal basis for F/E is a normal basis with the additional property that Tr F/E(g(x), h(x)) = δg, h for g, h ∈ Γ. Bayer-Fluckiger and Lenstra have shown that when char (E) ≠ 2, then F admits a self-dual normal basis if and only if [F : E] is odd. If F/E is an extension of finite fields and char (E) = 2, then F admits a self-dual normal basis if and only if the exponent of Γ is not divisible by 4. In this paper, we construct self-dual normal basis generators for finite extensions of finite fields whenever they exist. Now let K be a finite extension of ℚp, let L/K be a finite abelian Galois extension of odd degree and let [Formula: see text] be the valuation ring of L. We define AL/K to be the unique fractional [Formula: see text]-ideal with square equal to the inverse different of L/K. It is known that a self-dual integral normal basis exists for AL/K if and only if L/K is weakly ramified. Assuming p ≠ 2, we construct such bases whenever they exist.
Les complétives en arabe classique: entre parataxe et hypotaxe
Authors: Ben Gharbia Abdeljabbar 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNous sommes parti dans cet article de la hiérarchie sémantique des différentes classes des verbes introducteurs de complétives propositionnelles, proposée par le linguiste cognitiviste Givón Talmy. Nous avons revu partiellement cette hiérarchie, notamment pour ce qui concerne le milieu et le bas de l’échelle de liage, et ce à partir des données de l’arabe classique<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">1</xref>. Cette révision nous a permis de montrer que le liage sémantique est reflété par le degré d’intégration syntaxique, que l’emploi du muāri manūb (l’inaccompli subjonctif) après an est dû à sa valeur modale, qui permet de situer un processus dans la sphère subjective du possible et de l’éventuel. Cette étude nous a conduit enfin à nous intéresser aux particules an et anna, et à montrer qu’elles ne sont pas des connecteurs subordonnants, mais des opérateurs nominalisateurs qui permettent à un processus d’être conceptualisé comme un objet pour occuper les positions syntaxiques réservées d’ordinaire aux syntagmes nominaux dans une construction propositionnelle plus grande. Tous ces constats nous ont permis de revoir l’opposition entre parataxe et hypotaxe, et de considérer que la nominalisation des processus par le biais des particules an et anna représente un procédé intermédiaire de complexification.
Saints and Social Justice in Morocco: An Ethnographic Case of the Mythic Court of Sidi Šamharūš
Authors: Maarouf Mohammed 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis ethnography of the saint protector of the High Atlas Sidi Šamharūš explores how Moroccan pilgrims use their own popular idioms of justice to understand and construct their relationship with saints and the political system they represent. Enduring the lack of justice in their social world, Moroccan subalterns go to saints to seek mythic justice. As maraboutic clients, they do not perceive social justice as part of the real world they belong to, that is as a human right to be struggled for or a principle pertinent to a ruling state that should be accountable to its citizens for the administration of justice. Instead, it is believed to be an occult gift that relates to the anonymous power of saints and spirits who possess the miracle to make it true. The cultural construction of justice as a sacred gift offered by saintly figures emanates from a form of licensed cultural therapeutic resistance constituting possession rituals and trance dances performed essentially by the poor to relieve their social world from tension and conflict; for them it is an escape to the miraculous to look for extraordinary solutions to ameliorate their social conditions.
Micromeasurement of Cavity Lining, Using Ultraviolet and Reflected Light, and the Effect of the Liner on Marginal Penetration, Evaluated with Ca45
Authors: Dolven Robert C. 
Published: November 2010

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA MESURATION DEL REVESTIMENTO DE CAVITATES CON LE UTILISATION DE LUMINE ULTRAVIOLETTE E RE- FLECTITE, E LE EFFECTO DEL REVESTIENTE SUPER LE PENETRATION MARGINAL EVALUTATE CON CA45.- Le spissitate del revestiente super le pariete del cavitate pareva esser relationate con le permeabilitate del dentina. Iste permeabilitate esseva rendite manifeste per le presentia del fluorescente revestiente de cavitates Copalite in le tubulos e per un oleosolubile colorante penetrative (un fraction naphthic) le qual, quando applicate a un secate superficie dental, se diffundeva prestemente usque al junction de dentina con adamante. Le constatationes revelava que tanto le etate del dente como etiam le textura superficial exerce un influentia super le penetration.
Citrate Synthase Activity in Periodontal Tissues
Authors: Honjo Kunio , Tsukamoto Yoshinobu , Nakamura Ryo , Tsunemitsu Akira , Matsumura Toshiharu 
Published: November 2010

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA ACTIVITATE DE SYNTHASE DE CITRATO IN Tissu PERIODONTAL.—Con le utilisation del sensibile e convenibile essayo a fissura per ester thiolic, le activitate de synthase de citrato (EC 4.1.3.7; oxaloacetato-lyase de citrato) esseva determinate in le fractiones supematante de gingiva, osso alveolar, e altere tissus de porco de India. Cortice de femore, osso alveolar, gingiva, hepate, e ren possedeva approximativemente 1/60, 1/33, 1/24, 1/12, e 1/4, respectivemente, le activitate medie per mg de extrahite proteina cardiac. Le activitate exprimite a base de unitates de peso de tissu humide esseva etiam le plus alte pro le corde. Illo de osso alveolar e de gingiva esseva approximativemente 1/440 e 1/40, respectivemente, del correspondente valor trovate pro le corde.
Generation Cycle of Oral Epithelium in 400-Day-Old Mice
Authors: Toto Patrick D. , Dhawan Ajit S. 
Published: November 2010

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUA CYCLO GFNFRATORI DEL EPITHELIO ORAL IN MUSES DE 400 DIES DE ETATE.-Cinquanta-quatro muses C57 de 400 dies de etate esseva subjicite al injection de thymidina a tritium, e autoradiogrammas esseva preparate ab le lingua, le palato, e le mucosa buccal. Le distribution del frequentia de marcate figuras mitotic esseva determinate a base de specimens obtenite a intervallos de duo horas durante 100 horas post le administration de thymidina a tritium. Le stadios del cyclo generatori esseva: synthese de acido deoxyribonucleic-8 horas, G 2—20 minutas, tempore mitotic—40 minutas, e interphase—approximativemente 80 horas.
Clinical and Materials Sciences
Authors: Stark Marvin M. , Nicholson Donald J. , Soelberg Kenneth B. , Kempler Daniel , Pelzner Roger B. 
Published: November 2010

evices were used for gingival retraction prior to impression-taking procedures. The effects of these retraction methods upon blood pressure and loss of gingival tissue height were evaluated on three Rhesus monkeys. Chamfer finishing lines were prepared on all of the teeth and penetrating into the gingival sulcus. All the retraction devices were used to produce the desired amount of retraction which would allow an acceptable impression. Contralateral teeth, on which a chamfer was cut but no retraction performed were used as control teeth. The only retraction device which had no effect on blood pressure and caused no tissue loss was the nonepinephrine retraction cord. The 8% r-epinephrine string and the two electrosurgical devices caused elevated blood pressures. With the 8% r-epinephrine retraction cord, no tissue loss was observed and complete healing occurred within nine days. Both electrosurgical devices caused tissue loss. The fully rectified current device caused a slight loss in gingival tissue height, while the spark gap generator caused a marked amount of tissue height to be lost. The Hyfrecator should not be used for gingival retraction because of the tissue damage that results. It appears that the safest retraction device is the retraction cord, when used properly. Further research is recommended to establish the possible systemic effects of the electrosurgical techniques.
Newer Local Anesthetics and Techniques for Administration
Authors: Gangarosa Louis P. 
Published: November 2010

Bupivacaine and etidocaine are long-duration amide local anesthetics and could be useful in dentistry for long procedures and post-operative pain control. Iontophoresis of lidocaine-epinephrine will also add to the dentist's armamentarium by providing a truly effective topical anesthetic for pre-injection topical, deciduous tooth extraction and biopsies. This technique could provide a breakthrough for eliminating patient fear of needle injection, a major factor in patient anxiety which hinders acceptance of dentistry.
Human Interdental Plaque-pH Data and Rat Caries Tests: Results with the Same Substances
Authors: Firestone A.R. 
Published: November 2010

Interdental plaque-pH telemetry measures, in vivo, H-ion concentration at the level of the enamel surface under an undisturbed layer of plaque. It is better suited to test non- or hypo-acidogenic products than are rat caries tests. These products can, with a very high probability, be considered non- or hypocariogenic ("safe, or friendly, for teeth "), no matter how frequently they are consumed. Plaque-pH telemetry is poorly suited for judging the effectiveness of agents directed at enamel - e.g., topical fluoride, remineralizing solutions, etc. - or agents which may have long-term effects on plaque composition. Plaque-pH telemetry is able to demonstrate the effects of different meal patterns and the form and texture of foods on oral clearance and plaque pH.
Distribution of Enamel Defects and the Association with Respiratory Distress in Very Low Birthweight Infants
Authors: Johnsen D. , Krejci C. , Hack M. , Fanaroff A. 
Published: November 2010

Although dental defects have long been observed among surviving pre-term infants, only few systematic studies address this problem. In a clinic limited to recall of infants of very low birthweight (<1.5 kg), enamel hypoplasia of primary incisors was found in 14/67 (21%) children, and enamel opacities were found in an additional 31% of the children. In contrast, enamel hypoplasia and opacities were found in 4% and 22%, respectively, of a control group of 46 normal birthweight children. The difference was significant (p < 0.05) for the hypoplasia but not for the opacities. Primary incisor enamel hypoplasia was more commonly noted in maxillary central incisors than in lateral incisors (X2 = 28.0, p < 0.01). Furthermore, hypoplasia was more common in maxillary incisors than in mandibular incisors (X2 = 48.4, p < 0.01). In infants with dental defects, there was no significant correlation with pregnancy risk factors, gestational age, birth weight, septicemia, first-week caloric intake, serum bilirubin, or calcium. Infants with enamel hypoplasia were more likely, however, to have severe respiratory distress syndrome (X2 = 7.2, p < 0.01), than infants with unaltered enamel. Central incisor edge involvement may indicate post-natal processes and/or a systemic disturbance extending back to the middle trimester of pregnancy.
A Freeze-Fracture Study of Ruffle-ended Post-secretory Ameloblasts
Authors: Garant P.R. , Nagy A. , Cho M.I. 
Published: November 2010

The post-secretory portion of the rat incisor enamel organ was prepared for routine transmission electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replication in order to define further the structural surface features of the ruffle-ended ameloblasts. Surface views of the distal plasma membrane of the ruffle-ended ameloblasts revealed a well-developed zonula occludens junction with from six to ten rows of tight junctional strands. Gap junctions were also observed just proximal to the tight junctional strands. The membranes of the ruffled border contained a rich supply of intramembrane particles (IMP). The IMPs were approximately 7 to 8 nm in diameter and preferentially located on the P-face profiles of the membrane. The density of IMPs on the membranes of the ruffled border was higher than that on the lateral borders of the cell. It is suggested that the IMPs of the ruffled border may represent enzymatic proteins in the basal cell membrane of absorptive ameloblasts. In addition, the large, highly-developed zonula occludens appeared structurally capable of sealing the intercellular spaces between the ruffle-ended ameloblasts.
Electromyographic Activity of Anterior Temporal Area Pain Patients and Non-pain Subjects
Authors: Majewski R.F. , Gale E.N. 
Published: November 2010

Anterior temporal area and non-specific facial muscle activity were recorded from 11 patients with unilateral anterior temporal area muscle pain and from 11 matched asymptomatic individuals at various mandibular openings. No significant differences were observed (1) in temporal area EMG activity between pain and non-pain sides and (2) between temporal area and non-specific facial muscle EMG activity between patient and non-patient groups. In relation to increased vertical mandibular opening from centric occlusion: (a) anterior temporal area EMG activity decreased to a minimum level (with further opening, anterior temporal area EMG did not significantly change); and (b) non-specific facial muscle EMG activity decreased to a minimum level (with further opening, non-specific facial muscle EMG increased).
The Effect of Class II Elastic Forces on Craniofacial Growth in Rats
Authors: Bakker V.M. , Johnston L.E. 
Published: November 2010

Full-time Class II elastic forces were applied to eight rats in order to evaluate their effects on the growth of the snout and the mandible. Eight animals served as controls. Lateral cephalograms were taken at the start of the experiment and again at the end, 23 days later. The pre- and post-treatment tracings were superimposed on the cranial base to measure alterations in snout growth, and on metallic implants to measure differences in mandibular growth. As judged by t tests, Class II elastic forces caused a significant antero-posterior growth inhibition both in the snout and in the mandible.
Arylaminopeptidase Activities of Oral Bacteria
Authors: Suido H. , Nakamura M. , Mashimo P.A. , Zambon J.J. , Genco R.J. 
Published: November 2010

Protease and peptidase enzymes are thought to play a role in the virulence of many oral organisms, especially those associated with periodontal diseases. In order to evaluate the peptidases of periodontopathogens, we compared the arylaminopeptidase activities of Bacteroides gingivalis with those of other oral and non-oral bacteria. Sixty-three bacterial strains representing the prominent cultivable organisms in human periodontal pockets were tested, including representatives of the black-pigmented Bacteroides, Actinobacillus, Actinomyces, Campylobacter, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, Fusobacterium, Haemophilus, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, and Veillonella species. Each micro-organism was examined for its ability to hydrolyze 18 synthetic substrates of β-naphthylamide derivatives of amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides. Quantitation of the enzyme activity was accomplished by colorimetric measurement of the amounts of released β-naphthylamines. N-CBz-glycyl-glycyl-L-arginine-β-naphthylamide was readily cleaved by B. gingivalis, but slightly or not at all by the other oral strains tested. L-arginine-β-naphthylamide was cleaved by B. gingivalis, Capnocytophaga species, and Streptococcus species, but not readily by the other Bacteroides strains. Some dipeptide substrates tested, such as glycyl-L-arginine- and glycyl-L-proline-β-naphthylamide, were strongly cleaved by B. gingivalis and weakly cleaved by other Bacteroides strains. Since high levels of N-CBz-glycyl-glycyl-L-arginyl-aminopeptidase activity are characteristic of B. gingivalis, its measurement may be valuable in the identification of this organism in clinical samples as an aid in diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal infections. Furthermore, this and other aminopeptidases produced by B. gingivalis and other oral organisms may play a role in the tissue destruction seen in periodontal disease.
1985 Kreshover lecture. Molecular Factors Influencing Neutrophil Defects in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Genco R.J. , Van Dyke T.E. , Levine M.J. , Nelson R.D. , Wilson M.E. 
Published: November 2010

Major advances in our understanding of the role of the neutrophil in host defense against periodontal organisms have been made through studies of localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP). Several.lines of evidence suggest that LJP is an infectious process closely associated with Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) actinomycetemcomitans as a causative agent, although other organisms may also participate. The immunologic profile of LJP patients suggests that a cell-associated neutrophil locomotory dysfunction is a key underlying immunodeficiency resulting in increased susceptibility to periodontal infection. In addition, LJP patients often exhibit cervical lymphadenopathy and IgG-hypergammaglobulinemia, and a markedly elevated antibody response to the infecting organism, A. actinomycetemcomitans, is found in the serum and crevicular fluid of most patients. Evaluation of the locomotory properties of LJP neutrophils shows that random migration and chemokinesis are normal; however, about 70% of the LJP patients suffer from a defect in chemotaxis, with their neutrophils responding poorly to bacterial chemotaetic factors, synthetic chemotactic peptides, and complement fragments (C5a). Depressed chemotaxis of LJP neutrophils is paralleled by their reduced capacity to bind the synthetic chemotactic peptide N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine (FMLP), as well as C5a. Furthermore, there is a reduction in the amount of glycoprotein 110, a neutrophil membrane matrix component and differentiation antigen which is associated with FMLP- and possibly also C5a-mediated chemotaxis. Reduction ofC5a and of FMLP ligand binding, decreased expression of GP-110, and reduced neutrophil chemotaxis are consistent with a stem cell maturation error in LJP patients. This is further supported by studies demonstrating increased expression of CR2, the C3d/EBV receptor, on peripheral blood neutrophils of LJP patients. CR2 receptors are normally present on immature human neutrophils but are lost during the maturation process. These alterations in neutrophil surface components and their reduced chemotaxis may result from a genetically determined abnormality. Studies demonstrating the familial nature of both the neutrophil chemotactic disorder and the clinical entity represented by localized juvenile periodontitis point to a strong role for genetic determinants in the disease which affect neutrophil surface receptors.