bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the link between self‐esteem and temperament in Mexican origin early adolescents
Authors: Robins Richard W. , Donnellan M. Brent , Widaman Keith F. , Conger Rand D. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the relation between self‐esteem and temperament in a sample of 646 Mexican‐American early adolescents (mean age = 10.4). Findings show that (a) early adolescents with high self‐esteem exhibit higher levels of Effortful Control but, contrary to findings in adult samples, do not differ from low self‐esteem adolescents in Negative Affectivity; (b) low self‐esteem is associated with Depression; and (c) low self‐esteem is associated with Aggression. These findings replicated for boys and girls, two measures of self‐esteem, and child and mother reports of temperament. The present study contributes to an emerging understanding of the link between self‐esteem and temperament, and provides much needed data on the nature of self‐esteem in ethnic minority populations.
Early life experience alters behavioral responses to sweet food and accumbal dopamine metabolism
Authors: Silveira P.P. , Portella A.K. , Assis S.A.C.N. , Nieto F.B. , Diehl L.A. , Crema L.M. , Peres W. , Costa G. , Scorza C. , Quillfeldt J.A. , Lucion A.B. , Dalmaz C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNeonatal handling in rats persistently alters behavioral parameters and responses to stress. Such animals eat more sweet food in adult life, without alterations in lab chow ingestion. Here, we show that neonatally handled rats display greater incentive salience to a sweet reward in a runway test; however they are less prone to conditioned place preference and show less positive hedonic reactions to sweet food. When injected with methylphenidate (a dopamine mimetic agent), non‐handled rats increase their sweet food ingestion in the fasted state, while neonatally handled rats do not respond. We did not observe any differences regarding baseline general ambulatory activity between the groups. A lower dopamine metabolism in the nucleus accumbens was observed in handled animals, without differences in norepinephrine content. We suggest that early handling leads to a particular response to positive reinforcers such as palatable food, in a very peculiar fashion of higher ingestion but lower hedonic impact, as well as higher incentive salience, but diminished dopaminergic metabolism in the nucleus accumbens.
The Cretaceous crinoid Uintacrinus socialis from Jamaica and its significance for global correlation
Authors: MITCHELL SIMON F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe late Cretaceous crinoid Uintacrinus socialis Grinnell, which is a potential marker for the base of the Upper Santonian Substage, is reported from the Inoceramus Shales of St Ann's Great River Inlier on the north coast of Jamaica. This is the first record of this species from the Caribbean region and marks its lowest latitudinal distribution reported to date. The Inoceramus Shales are a deep-water clastic mudstone unit which extends the palaeoecological distribution of this crinoid. Uintacrinus socialis proves that the Inoceramus Shales are of Santonian age and will help constrain correlations between the shallow-water platform carbonate/volcaniclastic facies found in the arc successions of the Caribbean and the international chronostratigraphy.
Self-efficacy among urban African American early adolescents: Exploring issues of risk, vulnerability, and resilience
Authors: Spencer Margaret Beale , Cole Steven P. , DuPree Davido , Glymph Alvin , Pierre Phaedra 
Published: September 2009

AbstractData from the first year of a longitudinal study of 562 African American adolescents were analyzed to examine coping methods and competence outcomes as measured by academic performance (national percentile ranking [NPR] on the Iowa Test of Basic Skills) and academic self-esteem. With resilience conceptualized as adaptive coping, regression analyses were performed to test a model of risk and resilience that takes into account family and neighborhood characteristics, youths' perceptions of their contexts, coping strategies, identity processes, and achievement outcomes. With all measures in the regression model, significant predictors of NPR for males were mother's education and academic self-esteem; predictors for females were mother's education, parental life dissatisfaction, youths' perception of family conflict, and academic self-esteem. Predictors of academic self-esteem for males were mother's education, negative life events, and youths' perception of family conflict; predictors for females were negative life events and youths' perception of family conflicts. The findings indicate that, as adaptive coping responses, both academic self-esteem and academic achievement are responsive to particular protective factors. The authors suggest that prevention and intervention efforts should be sensitive to specific coping methods and abilities that could promote resilient outcomes.
The Oeconomy of Human Life: An ‘Ancient Bramin’ In Eighteenth-Century Tibet
Authors: BRAY JOHN 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Oeconomy of Human Life purports to be an English translation of an ancient Indian text found by a Chinese scholar in Lhasa. Almost certainly written by Robert Dodsley (1704–1764), the book became an eighteenth-century bestseller. This article discusses its place in the varied lineage of western images of Asia, beginning with Alexander the Great's encounter with a group of ‘naked philosophers’ in India. It argues that the key features of the Oeconomy are representative of the Enlightenment period, with at best tenuous links to Tibet, India and China. However, it also belongs to a much broader literary tradition with deep roots and unexpected contemporary resonances.
Religious Origin of the TermsDaoandDeand Their Signification in theLaozi
Authors: JIA JINHUA 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article applies a synthetic approach of philological, religious, philosophical, and cultural studies to explore the original meaning of the termsdao道 andde德, two primary concepts in traditional Chinese intellectual history. Through an etymological analysis of the charactersdaoandde, and supported by both received and discovered texts and materials, this article demonstrates thatdaooriginally represented the spirit of the Pole Star/High God and the movement of Heaven, andde, in relation todao, originally represented the impartial virtue and power of Heaven. In terms of this new interpretation, the article further discusses the signification ofdaoanddein the Laozi to uncover the mystic aspects of the text.
Report of the Honorary Treasurer to the Annual General Meeting, 7th May 2009
Authors: Mundy Brampton 
Published: September 2009

Ladies and Gentlemen, Fellows of the Society, I am honoured to present the Annual Report for 2008.The year was characterised by two major developments.The first of these relates to income from ongoing activities. In 2008 we, in the Society, were largely successful in developing our various sources of income and moving closer towards financial equilibrium from ongoing activities.
Resin duct density and size predicts mortality in ponderosa pine trees of Northern Arizona
Authors: Kane Jeffrey , Kolb Thomas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the presence of herbivores, plants must allocate a portion of their accumulated carbon towards defense to survive. For example, trees susceptible to bark beetle attack are primarily reliant on resin production for protection. Tree mortality may be reflected by individual differences in the ability of plants to produce defensive structures and compounds. We compared the radial growth rates, resin duct production, density, and size between living and dead ponderosa pine trees in northern Arizona using standard dendrochronology techniques. As a result, we found four main findings: 1) living ponderosa pines had 33% more resin ducts than dead pines (t = 2.97, P < 0.003); 2) resin duct size was 13% larger in living than in dead pines (t = 3.00, P < 0.003); 3) both resin duct density and size were predictive of mortality (Wald’s Z = 1.9, P < 0.05); and 4) resin duct production was positively correlated with growth rate. Our results suggest dendrochronology can quantify defense structure production and predict tree mortality in ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona.
Homocysteic acid as a pathogen for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Hasegawa Tohru 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIt has been considered that Alzheimer’s disease may be induced by multi-pathogenic factors. However recent Nature Genetics has reported that sporadic Alzheimer’s disease is also genetically determined by such as ApoE4, Clusterin, so on. We already understand familiar Alzheimer’s disease is determined by such APP, Presenilin genes. These reports should allow us to consider that these genes stimulate the biological process and consequently Alzheimer’s disease would be determined by certain pathogen. Then what is the pathogen? First this pathogen should be stimulated by certain biological process by these genetic activation, which I mean that these genes separately work to induce this pathogen. I really propose that homocysteic acid (HA) is this pathogen. Now I am clarifying why HA is the pathogen from these genes’ stimulation.
Meet Me More Than Half Way: Emotional Competence in Conversation Using AAC
Authors: Brinton Bonnie , Fujiki Martin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Typically developing children learn about emotion through interactions with parents, caretakers, and peers. Children who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) have a difficult time talking about emotions. This article discusses the importance of emotional competence in interaction and to challenge those of us who work with children who use AAC to consider the emotional aspects of communication when designing and implementing interventions.
Validation of a Bacteremia Prediction Model
Authors: Mylotte Joseph M. , Pisano Mario A. , Ram Sanjay , Nakasato Sharlene , Rotella Denise 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To validate a previously published model for predicting bacteremia in hospitalized patients.Design:Application of a published bacteremia prediction model to a prospective validation cohort of patients and comparison of its predictability to that found in the derivation cohort.Setting:Urban, university-affiliated, 550-bed public hospital.Patients:The validation cohort consisted of 342 patients with 559 blood culture episodes between October 14, 1992, and December 5, 1992. Each blood culture episode was scored based on the presence or absence of seven predictors of bacteremia and the findings compared with published results (derivation cohort).Interventions:None.Results:Application of the bacteremia prediction model to the validation cohort identified episodes with a low risk (3%) and a high risk (17%) for true bacteremia, similar to the findings in the derivation cohort (1% and 16%, respectively). Comparison of the predictions of the model in the two cohorts by receiver operator characteristic curve analysis revealed that the overall predictability of the model in the validation cohort was not as good as in the derivation cohort.Conclusions:Although the bacteremia prediction model did not perform as well overall in the validation cohort, the model still was able to clearly define two extreme groups: those with a low risk and those with a high risk for true bacteremia. This predictive capability may aid physicians in prescribing empiric antimicrobial therapy and also may be useful to hospital epidemiologists in assessing quality of care
FDA Labeling Requirements for Disinfection of Endoscopes: A Counterpoint
Authors: Rutala William A. , Weber David J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEndoscopes are used widely for the diagnosis and therapy of medical disorders. To prevent spread of nosocomial infection, all endoscopes should undergo thorough cleaning and high-level disinfection following each use. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a user-friendly package label for one liquid chemical germicide that requires a 45-minute immersion at 25°C to support a high-level disinfection label claim. Scientific data reviewed here suggest that one can achieve at least an 8-log reduction in M tuberculosis contamination with cleaning (4 logs) followed by chemical disinfection for 20 minutes (4 to 6 logs). The FDA should modify the label to state that if cleaning is accomplished using a standardized cleaning protocol, then a 20-minute immersion at 20°C will be sufficient to achieve high-level disinfection.
Lessons from a Nursing Home Outbreak of Influenza A
Authors: Morens David M. , Rash Valerie M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To characterize risk factors for outbreak-associated influenza illness and death in a nursing home.Design:Outbreak investigation with predetermined and concurrently determined risk information.Setting:A nursing home service in a multiward chronic care hospital, Honolulu, Oahu, 1989 to 1990.Patients:Elderly nursing home patients receiving long-term care.Interventions:Influenza vaccination, amantadine administration, and infection control measures.Results:Neither routine infection control measures nor vaccination prevented illness, complications, or death in a nursing home outbreak of influenza A. The 55% case-fatality rate resulted from severe pneumonia. Influenza transmission may have been mediated by staff via either contaminated hands or fomites.Conclusions:Data from this and other outbreaks suggest that recommendations for preventing nosocomial influenza in the nation’s 1.5 million nursing home residents should be reconsidered.
The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc
Authors: Russell Barbara 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc (APIC) is a multidisciplinary voluntary international organization with over 10,000 members. Its purpose is to influence, support, and improve the quality of healthcare through the practice and management of infection control and the application of epidemiology in all health settings. The organization, which is based in Washington, DC, is led by an elected board of members who volunteer their time and expertise.
Prevention of Nosocomial Influenza
Authors: Adal Karim A. , Flowers Richard H. , Anglim Anne M. , Hayden Frederick G. , Titus Maureen G. , Coyner Betty J. , Farr Barry M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To study compliance with preventive strategies at a university hospital during an outbreak of nosocomial influenza A during the winter of 1988, and the rates of vaccination of healthcare workers and of nosocomial influenza following changes in vaccine practices after the outbreak.Design:Retrospective review of employee health, hospital epidemiology, hospital computing, and clinical microbiology records.Setting:A university hospital.Interventions:Unvaccinated personnel with exposure within the previous 72 hours to an unisolated case of influenza were offered influenza vaccine and 14 days of amantadine hydrochloride prophylaxis. Personnel with exposure more than 72 hours before evaluation were offered vaccine. A mobile cart was introduced for vaccinating personnel after the 1988 outbreak.Results:An outbreak of influenza with 10 nosocomial cases occurred in 1988. Only 4% of exposed employees had been vaccinated previously and 23% of exposed, unvaccinated employees agreed to take vaccine, amantadine, or both. A mobile-cart vaccination program was instituted, and annual vaccination rates steadily increased from 26.3% in 1989 to 1990 to 38% in 1993 to 1994 (P<.0001). The relative frequency of documented cases of influenza in employees with symptoms of influenza decreased significantly during this period (P=.025), but nosocomial influenza rates among patients did not change significantly.Conclusion:A mobile-cart influenza vaccination program was associated with a significant increase in compliance among healthcare workers, but a majority still remained unvaccinated. The rate of nosocomial influenza among patients was not reduced by the modest increase in the vaccination rate, but influenza rates remained acceptably low, perhaps due to respiratory isolation of patients and furlough of employees with influenza.
Colonization by Staphylococcus Aureus Resistant to Methicillin and Ciprofloxacin During 20 Months' Surveillance in a Private Skilled Nursing Facility
Authors: Lee Yee-Lean , Gupta Geeta , Cesario Thomas , Lee Richard , Nothvogel Sandra , Nassar James , Flionis Leo , Thrupp Lauri 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To evaluate endemic colonization with Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin, ciprofloxacin, or both among patients of a private skilled nursing facility, with regard to colonization rate and site, and relation to infection and prior antibiotic use.Design:Prospective quarterly culture surveillance of nares and rectal specimens over 20 months' observation.Results:The mean prevalence was 3.8% in new admissions and 5.4% for in-house patients; cumulatively, 7.5% of the patients were colonized during the study period. The colonization rate remained stable during the study period. Screening of rectal, as well as nares, specimens detected substantially more colonized patients than would have been detected by nasal cultures alone. Five to seven percent of the colonized patients developed later infection with methicillin-ciprofloxacin-resistant S aureus. Colonized patients did not differ significantly from the noncolonized group in prior use of quinolones, but the colonized group was exposed significantly more frequently to other antibiotics than the noncolonized group. Eighty-three percent of methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) isolated from infections and 89% from colonization were also ciprofloxacin resistant.Conclusion:Although all infecting and most colonizing isolates of MRSA were resistant to quinolones, the overall rate of colonization remained low and stable despite the continued use of quinolones. The findings suggest that good infection control practice has prevented broader spread of such strains in this facility.
Monitoring Persistence of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci in a Hematology Department Using Phenotypic and Genotypic Strategies
Authors: van Belkum Alex , Kluijtmans Jan , van Leeuwen Willem , Goessens Wil , ter Averst Ellen , Wielenga Jenne , Verbrugh Henri 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjective:To determine persistence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) on a hematology-oncology ward and to determine the value of phenotypic and genotypic procedures for establishing clonality among CNS isolates.Design:Strains of CNS isolated from bacteremic patients (n=139) were typed by biochemical reactivity, antibiotic susceptibility, DNA macrorestriction analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (AP PCR). Coagulase-negative staphylococci were subgrouped in a random collection (n=20) used for the evaluation of the typing procedures and a collection of 119 CNS isolates from hematologic patients displaying multiple bacteremic episodes.Results:Analysis of the reference collection demonstrated the usefulness of the DNA typing procedures, indicating that AP PCR and PFGE can be used for epidemiologic typing of CNS in a concordant fashion. Certain strains appeared to be permanent colonizers of the hematology ward or ward-related personnel. In individual patients, persistent colonization by a single type was demonstrated. However, a number of patients also experienced bacteremic episodes caused by CNS belonging to different types.Conclusion:We conclude that monitoring of CNS infections on a hematology ward by various genotypic techniques provides insight into nosocomial epidemiology and elucidates the complexity of the infections taking place. DNA typing is preferred over phenotypic procedures and can identify persistent CNS strains in a given location.
Proposed Antiretroviral Therapy Guidelines for Prophylaxis of Occupationally Related HIV Seroconversion A Practical Approach
Authors: Glatt Aaron E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRecent research indicates that antiretroviral prophylaxis significantly reduces occupationally related human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroconversion. This article outlines principles on which guidelines were based for treating aggressively those healthcare workers (HCWs) exposed to HIV occupationally at the Catholic Medical Center in Jamaica, New York. These recommendations attempt to provide HCWs with the best possible available antiretroviral therapy to treat occupational HIV seroconversion. New options must continue to be explored as new information becomes available.
Basics of Stratifying for Severity of Illness
Authors: Gross Peter A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractConventional wisdom suggests that those who assess healthcare processes and outcomes always should stratify cases by severity of illness; however, infection control personnel should analyze each quality assessment tool with and without severity adjustment and determine whether such adjustment is necessary. This article briefly reviews severity adjustments for diseases or procedures involving specific organ systems, as well as those applicable to all diseases, including the commercially available systems. Also discussed is whether and how these various systems for severity adjustment can be compared. Finally, the article will provide selected references for individuals who will use these scoring systems and need more information.
Nosocomial Colonization and Infection in Persons Infected With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Mayhall C. Glen , Craven Donald E. , Steger Kathleen A. , Hirschhorn Lisa R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNosocomial infections appear to be increased in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), compared to individuals with asymptomatic infection due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Risk factors for bacterial colonization and infection include immunosuppression, prior treatment with some antibiotics, increased hospitalizations with longer lengths of stay, greater exposure to invasive devices such as indwelling intravenous or urinary catheters, and the degree of immunosuppression. Data suggest that other infectious agents such as Pneumocystis carinii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, and Cryptosporidium may be acquired in healthcare facilities. Diagnosis and management of nosocomial infections in HIV-infected persons may be complicated by an atypical presentation, increased rates of relapse following treatment, presence of multiple infections, and early discharge from the inpatient setting. Accurate assessment of nosocomial infections and outbreaks in the hospital is complicated by limited data on the risk of transmission of both traditional and unusual pathogens in this population. Furthermore, some patients may acquire nosocomial pathogens during their initial hospitalization and present later with infections that normally would be classified as community acquired. Therefore, there probably is an underestimation of current nosocomial infection rates, and perhaps “hospital-associated” or “healthcare-facility–associated” might be more accurate terms for these infections (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17:304-318).
The Analysis of Disease Clusters, Part I: State of the Art
Authors: Birnbaum David , Jacquez G.M. , Waller L.A. , Grimson R. , Wartenberg D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPublic health professionals often are asked to investigate apparent clusters of human health events, or “disease clusters.” A cluster is an excess of cases in space (a geographic cluster), in time (a temporal cluster), or in both space and time. This is part I of an introductory-level review of the analysis of disease clusters for physicians and health professionals concerned with infection surveillance in hospitals. It reviews the status of the field with the hope of expanding the use of cluster analysis methods for the routine surveillance of infectious diseases in the hospital environment.