bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8+T Cells Lack an Easily Detectable, Shared Characteristic
Authors: Vojnov Lara , Reed Jason S. , Weisgrau Kim L. , Rakasz Eva G. , Loffredo John T. , Piaskowski Shari M. , Sacha Jonah B. , Kolar Holly L. , Wilson Nancy A. , Johnson R. Paul , Watkins David I. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTThe immune correlates of human/simian immunodeficiency virus control remain elusive. While CD8+T lymphocytes likely play a major role in reducing peak viremia and maintaining viral control in the chronic phase, the relative antiviral efficacy of individual virus-specific effector populations is unknown. Conventional assays measure cytokine secretion of virus-specific CD8+T cells after cognate peptide recognition. Cytokine secretion, however, does not always directly translate into antiviral efficacy. Recently developed suppression assays assess the efficiency of virus-specific CD8+T cells to control viral replication, but these assays often use cell lines or clones. We therefore designed a novel virus production assay to test the ability of freshly ex vivo-sorted simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+T cells to suppress viral replication from SIVmac239-infected CD4+T cells. Using this assay, we established an antiviral hierarchy when we compared CD8+T cells specific for 12 different epitopes. Antiviral efficacy was unrelated to the disease status of each animal, the protein from which the tested epitopes were derived, or the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I restriction of the tested epitopes. Additionally, there was no correlation with the ability to suppress viral replication and epitope avidity, epitope affinity, CD8+T-cell cytokine multifunctionality, the percentage of central and effector memory cell populations, or the expression of PD-1. The ability of virus-specific CD8+T cells to suppress viral replication therefore cannot be determined using conventional assays. Our results suggest that a single definitive correlate of immune control may not exist; rather, a successful CD8+T-cell response may be comprised of several factors.
Secondary Structure of the Mature
Ex Virio
Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Genomic RNA Dimerization Domain
Authors: Gherghe Cristina , Leonard Christopher W. , Gorelick Robert J. , Weeks Kevin M. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Retroviral genomes are dimeric, comprised of two sense-strand RNAs linked at their 5′ ends by noncovalent base pairing and tertiary interactions. Viral maturation involves large-scale morphological changes in viral proteins and in genomic RNA dimer structures to yield infectious virions. Structural studies have largely focused on simplified
in vitro
models of genomic RNA dimers even though the relationship between these models and authentic viral RNA is unknown. We evaluate the secondary structure of the minimal dimerization domain in genomes isolated from Moloney murine leukemia virions using a quantitative and single nucleotide resolution RNA structure analysis technology (selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension, or SHAPE). Results are consistent with an architecture in which the RNA dimer is stabilized by four primary interactions involving two sets of intermolecular base pairs and two loop-loop interactions. The dimerization domain can independently direct its own folding since heating and refolding reproduce the same structure as visualized in genomic RNA isolated from virions. Authentic
ex virio
RNA has a SHAPE reactivity profile similar to that of a simplified transcript dimer generated
in vitro
, with the important exception of a region that appears to form a compact stem-loop only in the virion-isolated RNA. Finally, we analyze the conformational changes that accompany folding of monomers into dimers
in vitro
. These experiments support well-defined structural models for an authentic dimerization domain and also emphasize that many features of mature genomic RNA dimers can be reproduced
in vitro
using properly designed, simplified RNAs.
Investigation of Clade B New World Arenavirus Tropism by Using Chimeric GP1 Proteins
Authors: Martin Vanessa K. , Droniou-Bonzom Magali E. , Reignier Therese , Oldenburg Jill E. , Cox Alex U. , Cannon Paula M. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT
Clade B of the New World arenaviruses contains both pathogenic and nonpathogenic members, whose surface glycoproteins (GPs) are characterized by different abilities to use the human transferrin receptor type 1 (hTfR1) protein as a receptor. Using closely related pairs of pathogenic and nonpathogenic viruses, we investigated the determinants of the GP1 subunit that confer these different characteristics. We identified a central region (residues 85 to 221) in the Guanarito virus GP1 that was sufficient to interact with hTfR1, with residues 159 to 221 being essential. The recently solved structure of part of the Machupo virus GP1 suggests an explanation for these requirements.
Identification of Viral MicroRNAs Expressed in Human Sacral Ganglia Latently Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus 2
Authors: Umbach Jennifer L. , Wang Kening , Tang Shuang , Krause Philip R. , Mont Erik K. , Cohen Jeffrey I. , Cullen Bryan R. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Deep sequencing of small RNAs isolated from human sacral ganglia latently infected with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) was used to identify HSV-2 microRNAs (miRNAs) expressed during latent infection. This effort resulted in the identification of five distinct HSV-2 miRNA species, two of which, miR-H3/miR-I and miR-H4/miR-II, have been previously reported. Three novel HSV-2 miRNAs were also identified, and two of these, miR-H7 and miR-H9, are derived from the latency-associated transcript (LAT) and are located antisense to the viral transcript encoding transactivator ICP0. A third novel HSV-2 miRNA, miR-H10, is encoded within the unique long (U
L
) region of the genome, 3′ to the

U
L

15
open reading frame, and is presumably excised from a novel, latent HSV-2 transcript distinct from LAT.
Isolation of Human Monoclonal Antibodies That Potently Neutralize Human Cytomegalovirus Infection by Targeting Different Epitopes on the gH/gL/UL128-131A Complex
Authors: Macagno Annalisa , Bernasconi Nadia L. , Vanzetta Fabrizia , Dander Erica , Sarasini Antonella , Revello Maria Grazia , Gerna Giuseppe , Sallusto Federica , Lanzavecchia Antonio 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widely circulating pathogen that causes severe disease in immunocompromised patients and infected fetuses. By immortalizing memory B cells from HCMV-immune donors, we isolated a panel of human monoclonal antibodies that neutralized at extremely low concentrations (90% inhibitory concentration [IC
90
] values ranging from 5 to 200 pM) HCMV infection of endothelial, epithelial, and myeloid cells. With the single exception of an antibody that bound to a conserved epitope in the UL128 gene product, all other antibodies bound to conformational epitopes that required expression of two or more proteins of the gH/gL/UL128-131A complex. Antibodies against gB, gH, or gM/gN were also isolated and, albeit less potent, were able to neutralize infection of both endothelial-epithelial cells and fibroblasts. This study describes unusually potent neutralizing antibodies against HCMV that might be used for passive immunotherapy and identifies, through the use of such antibodies, novel antigenic targets in HCMV for the design of immunogens capable of eliciting previously unknown neutralizing antibody responses.
Personal psychotherapy in psychiatric training: study of four London training schemes
Authors: Dover Deborah , Beveridge Ed , Leavey Gerry , King Michael 
Published: November 2009

Aims and MethodWe carried out a web-based survey to establish the proportion of London psychiatry senior house officers who undertake personal psychotherapy. Demographics, training characteristics and psychotherapy experience were examined using descriptive statistics. Predictors of personal psychotherapy status were examined using logistic regression.ResultsThe majority of trainees who undertook personal psychotherapy included training as a reason for doing so. of the participants, 16% had undergone personal psychotherapy and of the remainder, 73% reported that they would consider it in the future. Ethnicity was the only predictor of psychotherapy status, with White British trainees nearly four times more likely to pursue it.Clinical ImplicationsPersonal psychotherapy appeared to have relevance to training from both a pastoral and a learning perspective. If training schemes wish to support this practice they will need to address difficulties trainees may face in accessing therapy. Trainees might also be encouraged to think about the effect of cultural factors on their attitudes towards psychological therapies.
Community Campaigns, Supply Chains, and Protecting the Health and Well-Being of Workers
Authors: Quinlan Michael , Sokas Rosemary K. 
Published: November 2009

The growth of contingent work (also known as precarious employment), the informal sector, and business practices that diffuse employer responsibility for worker health and safety (such as outsourcing and the development of extended national and international contracting networks [supply chains]) pose a serious threat to occupational health and safety that disproportionately affects low-wage, ethnic minority, and immigrant workers. Drawing on cases from the United States and Australia, we examine the role that community-based campaigns can play in meeting these challenges, including several successful campaigns that incorporate supply chain regulation.
Nonisothermal and Productivity Behavior of High-Pressure Reservoirs
Authors: App J.F.. F. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryHigh-pressure, low-permeability reservoirs have been encountered in various parts of the world within the past few years. Commercial development of these reservoirs may require operating wells with high drawdown pressures, possibly in excess of 6,000 psi. The effects of drawdown pressures in this range are increases in nearwellbore temperatures because of Joule-Thomson expansion of the reservoir fluids and significant reductions in oil viscosity. The effects of high drawdown pressures are evaluated with a transient, singlephase thermal simulator in which the oil viscosity is modeled as both temperature and pressure dependent and Joule-Thomson expansion and viscous dissipation effects are considered. Results indicate near-wellbore temperature increases of 4 to 28°F for drawdowns between 2,000 to 10,000 psi because of Joule-Thomson expansion of the reservoir oil and connate water. Furthermore, if oil viscosity is not modeled as pressure dependent, skin values from well tests and productivity indices will be underpredicted. Temperature profiles within the formation are presented for a range of rates and drawdowns. Technical rationale is also presented to explain the transient heating or cooling phenomena that occur immediately after a rate change. Synthetic well tests are generated to illustrate the effect of high drawdown on well test interpretation. These tests show a region of improved mobility in the near-wellbore region because of the reduction in the oil viscosity.
FASB and Social Reality—An Alternate Realist View
Authors: Mattessich Richard V. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper follows up on the discussion on “advising” the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) about social and economic reality. It began with Lee (2006a), was commented upon in Macintosh (2006) and Williams (2006), and closed with a reply to both papers in Lee (2006b). All three authors criticized, in one way or another, the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the fashion in which it attempts to incorporate principle-based accounting standards into its conceptual framework (CF). The main thrust of these four papers is a critique directed toward the FASB, which has been more concerned with “comparability and consistency” than with “identifying improved ways of recognizing and representing social-constructed reality and truthful correspondence in the light of principle-based accounting standards” (Lee 2006a, 1). Thereby, Lee promotes Searle's (1995) theory of constructing social reality.
The primary purpose of the current paper is to show that the methodology of the “onion model of reality” (OMR, developed in Mattessich 1991, 1995, and 2003) offers several advantages over Searle's (1995) approach. Above all, the results of the OMR are less confusing and much closer to accounting terminology as well as that of everyday language (e.g., saying: “The U.S. federal debt is a social reality,” instead of the cumbersome formulation: “The U.S. federal debt is ontologically subjective”—the text discusses additional advantages of the OMR). The backbone of the OMR is the fact that each reality level is endowed with its very own emergent properties, hence with its specific kind of reality.
The Congressional Ban on Nonaudit Services: “Reasoned and Reasonable” or “Quack Corporate Governance”
Authors: Caplan Dennis H. , Janvrin Diane J. , Kurtenbach James M. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT: Accounting professionals, researchers, business leaders, and government officials have called for reform of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Critics question both the substance of the law and the legislative process by which it was enacted. Criticism of the process challenges whether the congressional hearings and other legislative steps that led to enactment of the bill were balanced and thorough, or whether political drivers made quick passage an imperative for lawmakers regardless of the merits of the legislation.
This paper examines the congressional hearings in the context of a single provision of the Act: the ban that prohibits accounting firms from providing internal audit services to their external audit clients. We identify the arguments for and against the ban, and we examine the role these arguments played in the testimony that witnesses provided to the House and Senate committees most responsible for the legislation. We find that witnesses offered strong arguments both for and against the ban, and that lawmakers were well informed. We conclude that a reasonable person, listening to the testimony, could easily decide to support the ban. The evidence fails to support a prima facie assertion that the ban lacks merit, or the claim that it must have been politically motivated.
Transmission of Podisus maculiventris tremulatory signals through plants
Authors: Čokl Andrej , Žunič Alenka , Millar Jocelyn 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Males of the predaceous stink bug Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Asopinae) emit low frequency tremulatory signals. Laser vibrometry was used to record and analyze naturally emitted signals, focusing on variation in signal velocity and frequency during transmission through plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. and Plumbago auriculata Lam.) as a function of distance from the vibrational source. Signal velocity varied individually between 2 and 15 mm/s recorded on a plant close to the calling male and decreased by 0.3 to 1.5 dB/cm on bean and 0.3 to 0.9 dB/cm on plumbago. The dominant frequency of signals was variable at frequencies below 50 Hz. On bean frequencies centered around 10 Hz or 20 Hz were dominant for signals recorded at the source. Transmission through bean resulted in an increase in the 20 Hz peak relative to other frequencies in the signal. Variation of the dominant frequencies of signals transmitted through plumbago stems were more predictable, showing typical changes in amplitude relative to the distance from the source. The regular variation of the dominant frequency along the stem with linear increase of signal velocity at decreasing distance from the source may provide plant-dwelling insects with information about the distance to the calling individual.
Pathogens of the spruce bark beetles Ips typographus and Ips duplicatus
Authors: Holusa Jaroslav , Weiser Jaroslav , Zizka Zdenek 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Pathogens of two important bark beetles, Ips typographus and Ips duplicatus, both in outbreaks connected with infestation of spruces by the fungus Armillaria ostoyae, were compared at four localities in the eastern Czech Republic. Low infestations of Chytridiopsis typographi, Nosema typographi, Menzbieria chalcographi, and Gregarina typographi were detected in I. typographus. In I. duplicatus, only C. typographi and G. typographi were found and with low infection levels. The microsporidium, Larssoniella duplicati, was not detected in I. typographus, but was detected in I. duplicatus at all localities in almost 80% of the samples (a sample consisted of 40–50 beetles collected at one locality in one period) and often with a very high infection level (up to 57% of the beetles infected in a sample). The infection level of L. duplicati did not differ between generations of I. duplicatus. I. duplicatus overwinters mainly in the adult stage, and no decrease in the number of infected overwintering I. duplicatus was observed. The relatively constant infection level of L. duplicati suggests that transmission is unlikely to be horizontal via oral ingestion.
Intrinsic innervation of the ileocaecal junction in the horse: Preliminary study
Authors: Chiocchetti R. , Bombardi C. , Fantaguzzi C. Mongardi , Russo D. , Venturelli E. , Montonerl C. , Spadarl A. , Romagnoli N. , Grandis A. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryReason for performing study: In horses, morpho‐functional studies related to the enteric nervous system (ENS) controlling the sphincters are lacking.Objectives: To investigate immunohistochemically the morphology, distribution, density, phenotypes and projections of neurons controlling the ileocaecal junction (ICJ).Methods: Two young horses were anaesthetised and underwent midline laparotomy. The neuronal retrograde fluorescent tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the wall of the ICJ. A post surgical survival time of 30 days was used. Following euthanasia, the ileum and a small portion of caecum were removed. Cryosections were used to investigate the immunoreactivity (IR) of the neurons innervating the ICJ for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and neurofilament NF200kDa (NF).Results: Ileal FB‐labelled neurons innervating the ICJ were located in the myenteric plexus (MP) and submucosal plexus (SMP) up to 48 cm and 28 cm, respectively, from the point of the FB injections. Descending MP and SMP neurons were nitrergic (54 ± 11% and 68 ± 4%, respectively), cholinergic (60 ± 19% and 82 ± 11%, respectively), NF‐IR (54 ± 9% and 78 ± 21%, respectively), and SP‐IR (about 20% in both the plexuses). CGRP‐IR was expressed only by SMP descending neurons (45 ± 21%). In both the plexuses descending neurons coexpressing nNOS‐and ChAT‐IR were also observed (25 ± 11% and 61 ± 27%, respectively).Conclusions: The presence of ileal long projecting neurons innervating the ICJ suggests that they are critical for its modulation. Consequently, in bowel diseases in which the resection of the terminal jejunum and proximal ileum are required, it is preferable, whenever possible, to conserve the major portion of the ileum.Potential relevance: The knowledge of the phenotype of ENS neurons of the ileum might be helpful for developing pharmaceutical treatment of the ICJ motility disorders.
Pulmonary gas exchange in anaesthetised horses mechanically ventilated with oxygen or a helium/oxygen mixture
Authors: Staffieri F. , Bauquier S. H. , Moate P. J. , Driessen B. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryReason for performing study: It is unknown whether administration of gas‐mixtures high in inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2) under general anaesthesia may increase formation of pulmonary atelectasis and impair gas exchange.Objective: To evaluate the effects of different FiO2on pulmonary gas exchange in isoflurane‐anaesthetised horses breathing a helium/oxygen (He/O2) mixture.Methods: Thirty healthy mature horses were sedated with i.v. acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg bwt), detomidine (0.002 mg/kg bwt) and xylazine (0.2‐0.4 mg/kg bwt). General anaesthesia was induced with i.v. 5% guaifenesin to effect, diazepam (0.1 mg/kg bwt) and ketamine (2 mg/kg bwt), and maintained with isoflurane. Fifteen horses(Group HX)were ventilated mechanically with gas mixtures of successively increasing FiO2(0.25‐0.30, 0.50‐0.55, >0.90), obtained by blending O2with Heliox (70% He/30% O2). The other 15 horses(Group O)were ventilated immediately with 100% O2(FiO2>0.90). After 20 min of ventilation at the different FiO2levels inGroup HXand after 60 min inGroup O, PaO2and PaCO2were measured and the alveolar to arterial PO2gradient (P(A‐a)O2) was calculated. Data analysis included robust categorical regression with clustering on horse (P<0.05).Results: Inhalation of a He/O2mixture with FiO2as low as 0.25‐0.30 ensured adequate arterial oxygenation and was associated with a smaller P(A‐a)O2gradient than inhalation of pure O2(P<0.05). InGroup HX, PaO2increased with each rise in FiO2 and so did P(A‐a)O2(P<0.05). The PaO2was significantly lower and the P(A‐a)O2higher inGroup Ocompared toGroup HXat a FiO2>0.90 (P<0.05).Conclusions and potential relevance: Administration of a He/O2gas mixture low in FiO2can better preserve lung function than ventilation with pure oxygen. A step‐wise increase of FiO2using a He/O2gas mixture might offer advantages with respect to pulmonary gas exchange over an immediate exposure to 100% O2.
Surgical thrombectomy in horses with aortoiliac thrombosis: 17 cases
Authors: Rijkenhuizen A. B. M. , Sinclair D. , Jahn W. 
Published: November 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Aortoiliac thrombosis (AIT) is a progressive vascular disease characterised by an exercise‐induced hindlimb lameness. After developing a surgical technique, a follow‐up study was required. Objectives: To assess the surgical results of a surgical thrombectomy in horses with AIT, a chronic arterial occlusive disease of the aorta and its caudal arteries. Methods: Seventeen cases showed the typical signs of AIT and diagnosis was confirmed by Doppler‐ultrasonography. Average age of the horses was 12 years. Seven stallions, 6 mares and 4 geldings were included. Results: The thrombus was located in the left hindlimb (5 cases), the right hindlimb (9 cases) or in both hindlimbs (3 cases). Two cases were operated on both limbs with a few days between surgeries. Nine (53%) horses regained their athletic performance and 2 horses were able to work for at least 30 min without complaint, instead of the initial 5 min prior to surgery. During surgery one horse had to be subjected to euthanasia because the thrombus was too tightly attached to the arterial wall and could not be removed. Two horses were subjected to euthanasia post operatively due to severe myopathy and one due to a femoral fracture during recovery. Two reocclusions of the treated artery occurred 4 months after surgical intervention: one horse was reoperated and, due to the extent of the thrombus and quality of the arterial wall, the horse was subjected to euthanasia; the other horse was subjected to euthanasia without a second surgery. A severe complication was the appearance of AIT in the contralateral limb after surgery as result of occlusion caused by an embolus loosened by the procedure. Post anaesthetic myopathy was seen in 4 (24%) of the cases and could be so severe that euthanasia had to be considered. Conclusion and potential relevance: Surgical intervention by means of a thrombectomy in horses with AIT should be considered; 65% of the horses regained athletic activity and 53% of the operated horses in this study performed at their previous level. Adequate padding, correct positioning, prevention of intraoperative hypotension and keeping surgery time as short as possible, are important parameters to prevent post operative myopathy.