bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Myxosporidia found in certain freshwater fishes water fishes in Quebec province, Canada
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie , Richardson L. R. 
Published: June 2009

The Province of Quebec provides a magnificent field for fresh-water faunistic and ecological research on account of its numerous rivers and lakes. Investigations in ecology and ecological parasitology by the authors have revealed a rich fauna in the areas described herein.Examinations of fourteen species of fresh-water fish have produced twenty-eight species of Myxosporidia, of which twenty-five are new and three have been already described. The existence of races or strains or varieties of some of the forms is demonstrated.Descriptions and illustrations are given of twenty-eight Myxosporidia found by the authors in fresh-water fishes of Quebec Province. The new species include: Sphaerospora notropis, Myxidium percae, Zschokkella salvelini, Myxosoma notropis, M. commersonii, M. orbitalis, M. pfrille, M. media, M. ellipticoides, M. parellipticoides, Myxobolus poecilichthidis, M. dentium, M. percae, M. rhinichthidis, M. notropis, M. catostomi, M. couesii, M. hybo-rhynchi, M. subcircularis, M. transversalis, M. grandis, Henneguya fontinalis, H. fontinalis var. notropis, H. percae, H. salmonis and H. esocis. Myxosoma catostomi Kudo, Myxobolus conspicuus Kudo and M. ovoidalis Fantham are described from Canadian fishes. Details are given of a series of races, strains or varieties of Thelohanellus notatus Mavor, of Myxobolus catostomi, of M. notropis and of Henneguya fontinalis from other than the original host fish.The pathology of the myxosporidian infections from the many different situations in the hosts is discussed. Unusual sites of infection are the palatine teeth of Esox maskinongy with Myxobolus dentium and the iris of the eye of Couesius plumbeus with Myxobolus couesii.In connexion with the economic importance of the Myxosporidia found in Quebec fishes, the destruction of young fish, alteration of the character of the fauna dependent on the same, human food supply, possible epizootics in hatcheries and possible cross-infection of game fishes and other fishes of economic importance are considered. The immediate danger is not great; it is the future that may be imperilled.
A case of human myiasis due to Hypoderma
Authors: Smart John 
Published: June 2009

Cases of myiasis by Hypoderma in a human subject in Great Britain are of sufficient rarity to warrant the recording of the following case.A larva taken from a “small abscess on the neck of a boy aged 10”, was sent to the British Museum (Natural History) by Mr Colin Matheson of the National Museum of Wales, with a request that it be identified. The specimen was not in particularly good condition but after examination it was determined as a fully grown first stage larva of Hypoderma bovis de G. (the “second stage” larva of MacDougall (1930), “third stage” of Laake (1921), “first stage” of Knipling (1935)).
The physiology and activity of the bed-bug (Cimex lectulariusL.) in a natural infestation
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth 
Published: June 2009

A natural infestation of bed-bugs which has existed for several years in an animal room has been studied. The bugs feed on the rats kept in cages in the room.Methods are described by which the bugs were trapped during their periods of normal activity.Adult bugs appear to feed on an average once every 5 or 6 days when the temperature is in the region of 20–27° C. (68–80·6° F.). Most of the female bugs lay a continuous series of eggs at the rate of nearly three per day.Female bugs are not usually fertilized more than once a week in this wild population. In laboratory cultures copulation is much more frequent.In the animal house the bugs were most active between 3 a.m. and 6 a.m. This activity seems to be controlled by some inherent rhythm.Some marked bugs were released and the proportion of recaptures to others in the total catch was noted. From this a rough estimate of the population was made. It appears that few adults live more than 29 days as they are probably killed by the rats when trying to feed.
Experiments upon the feeding of Aëdes aegypti through animal membranes with a view to applying this method to the chemotherapy of malaria
Authors: Bishop Ann , Gilchrist Barbara M. 
Published: June 2009

1. Membranes prepared from chicken skin provide a suitable medium through which Aëdes aegypti females may be induced to gorge.2. Under suitable conditions the proportion of female A. aegypti which will gorge through membranes, though more variable than when a living chick is offered, is great enough for experimental purposes.3. It is shown that the gorging reaction in A. aegypti is provoked by a heat gradient between the environment and the food-limiting membrane.4. The feeding reactions of A. aegypti towards whole blood, fractions of blood, and other sub-stances have been studied. It was found that (a) whole blood, and red corpuscles in saline when ingested through membranes go directly into the stomach which becomes fully distended; (b) haemoglobin in plasma or distilled water is ingested to a lesser degree than whole blood or red corpuscles in saline, and plasma alone is rarely ingested, but all these pass to the stomach; (c) sweet solutions containing glucose or honey are seldom imbibed through membranes and pass to the stomach or diverticula, but only the diverticula are fully distended.When offered as open drops (a) blood is seldom ingested, but if ingested passes to the stomach; (b) haemoglobin in plasma or water, or plasma alone, are very rarely ingested, but pass mainly to the stomach; (c) sweet solutions containing honey or glucose, or mixtures of blood and honey are readily ingested and pass mainly to the diverticula which become fully distended, though traces may be found in the stomach.5. Aëdes aegypti may be infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum by allowing them to gorge on drawn infected chicken blood through a membrane. Infection rates comparable to those obtained when the mosquitoes are fed directly on living chickens may be obtained by this method.6. If infected mosquitoes are allowed to gorge upon uninfected blood through membranes they eject viable sporozoites into the blood. When young chicks are injected intravenously with blood so infected, infections are produced which in period of incubation and intensity are comparable with those resulting from the bites of infected mosquitoes.7. The ejection of sporozoites through membranes in this manner provides a ready means of obtaining sporozoites free from glandular tissue.8. Sporozoites collected by this method will be suitable for in vitro experiments upon the action of drugs on sporozoites, and also as a source of material for studying in tissue cultures the developmental stages of the malaria parasite arising directly from the sporozoite.We wish to thank Prof. D. Keilin, F.R.S., and Dr P. Tate for helpful criticism and advice during the course of the work.
Studies on the life-history of Bunostomum phlebotomum (Railliet, 1900), a hookworm parasite of cattle
Authors: Sprent J. F. A. 
Published: June 2009

A description is given of the processes of copulation, formation of the egg and spermatozoon, cleavage, embryogeny and hatching in B. phlebotomum. These processes were found to be essentially similar to those in other strongyle nematodes.The anatomy of the first three larval stages is described and the observations of Conradi & Barnette (1908) and Schwartz (1924) were largely confirmed.Penetration of the skin of calves by the infective larva was observed histologically. The larvae were found to have reached the dermis within 30 min. and to have penetrated the cutaneous blood vessels within 60 min. of application to the skin. The larvae were found in the lung where the third ecdysis was in progress 10 days after penetration of the skin. A description is given of the growth of the third-stage larva in the lung, the changes which take place during the third ecdysis, and the anatomy of the fourth-stage larva.The fourth-stage larvae exsheath in the lungs and travel to the intestine. After a period of growth in which sexual differentiation takes place, the fourth ecdysis occurs and the adult parasite emerges. The time required for the attainment of maturity was found to be somewhere between 30 and 56 days after penetration of the skin.This paper was written at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Veterinary Laboratories, Wey-bridge, and the writer would like to express his gratitude to the Director, Prof. T. Dalling, also to Dr W. R. Wooldridge, chairman of the Council of the Veterinary Educational Trust for their help and encouragement. The writer's thanks are also due to Dr H. A. Baylis, Prof. R. T. Leiper and Dr E. L. Taylor for their advice and help on technical points, and to Mr R. A. O. Shonekan, African laboratory assistant, for his able co-operation.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man. IV. An experimental study of theHistolytica-like species ofEntamoebaliving naturally in Macaques
Authors: Dobell Clifford 
Published: June 2009

Nine attempts to infect kittens directly withE. histolytica macacorurnby means of amoebae (per anum) or cysts (per os) in the faeces of 2M. sinicus(Polo and Susanna) and 1M. rhesus(Jacko), were wholly unsuccessful. Four similar experiments with cysts (per os) from anotherM. sinicus(Bonar) gave 2 positive (Kittens 28 and 31) and 2 negative results.Attempts to transmit strains ofE. histolytica macacorumfrom one species ofMacacusto another have been uniformly successful.A strain (D.) ofE. histolytica, derived from a man suffering from acute amoebic dysentery, has been cultivatedin vitrocontinuously for 5½ years.(i) The fact has been confirmed that strains ofE. histolyticawhich, when newly isolated, are infective for kittens, may lose this infectivity after continued cultivationin vitro.
The Larva of Phaonia mirabilis Ringdahl, Predatory on Mosquito Larvae (Diptera, Anthomyidae)
Authors: Tate P. 
Published: June 2009

1. Phaonia mirabilis eggs are laid on the surface of water in tree holes. The eggs are white and have lateral flanges and a ventral keel.2. Trimorphism is absent during larval life, and, except for size, the newly hatched larva resembles the mature larva, having anterior spiracles, triforous posterior spiracles and complete buccal armature.3. The larvae are carnivorous and capture and devour mosquito larvae.4. Eggs hatch in 3–4 days. The duration of larval life is about 4 weeks and that of the pupal stage about 2 weeks.
On an Entamoeba occurring in English goats
Authors: Hoare Cecil A. 
Published: June 2009

An amoeba was found in the faeces of ten out of fourteen English goats from three different localities.The amoeba, of which a detailed description is given, is morphologically identical with Entamoeba debliecki of the pig and is therefore included in the same species.A statistical analysis shows that the caprine strains of E. debliecki comprise two races distinguishable from one another by the size of their cysts but identical in all other features.The caprine amoeba appears to be non-pathogenic.In view of their bearing upon the systematic position of the parasite of the goat, a critical review is given of the data concerning the various amoebae previously recorded from the pig, goat and some other ruminants.
The longevity of the fasting bed-bug (C. lectulariusL.) under experimental conditions and particularly in relation to the saturation deficiency law of water-loss
Authors: Johnson C. G. 
Published: June 2009

1. With unfed 1st instars the relation between mean length of life and saturation deficit at constant temperatures between 7 and 15° C. at relative humidities between 7 and 90% is hyperbolic. The relationship becomes more linear at higher temperatures.At constant saturation deficits insects live longer at 15° C. than at lower temperatures. Longevity also decreases with rise of temperature above approximately 15° C.2. In general, the longevity curves, except for those at temperatures below 15° C., bear a very similar relation to saturation deficit and to each other as the reciprocal curves for rate of water-loss at the different temperatures.The influence of climatic factors on longevity at constant temperatures is discussed at length and it is concluded that over much of the temperature and humidity range survival time is limited by water-loss. At the higher humidities it is thought that either food, or perhaps an excessive accumulation of water within the insect, limits survival and causes a departure from the hyperbolic relation of longevity to saturation deficit.3. The effects on longevity of a single meal are discussed. The principal effect of a blood meal is to increase the time of survival. But the factors which limit survival at different humidities appear to be the same as with unfed bugs, except at high humidities below about 15° C.4.Mellanby's data on the rate of water-loss from fasting adult bed-bugs is analysed. It is found that the rate of water-loss is directly proportional to saturation deficit at constant temperatures between 8 and 37° C. and between 0 and 90%r.h. Although the rate may always be directly proportional to saturation deficit, the expressionis not always constant.Rate =K+b(saturation deficit), whereKvaries with temperature andbremains constant.5. Longevity in relation to host blood is discussed. Rabbit blood appears to be slightly less favourable to survival than human blood.6. If bugs are allowed to feed to repletion, longevity is not correlated with the size of the meal, nor with the weight of the unfed insect.Virgin females live longer than mated ones, but no effects of mating on survival were noticed with males. Mated males tend to outlive mated females except at very low temperatures: virgin females live longer than unmated males.7. The results of other workers and the possible causes of some discrepancies are discussed.8. The maximum survival times of bugs are listed. Adults and 5th instars live longer than other stages. In a house which has remained empty for a long time it is probable that 5th instars and adults, particularly unmated female adults, would predominate in the population.The longest observed survival was between 562 and 572 days.
Studies on populations of head-lice (Pediculus humanus capitis: Anoplura)
Authors: Buxton P. A. 
Published: June 2009

The author has examined 1437 crops of hair, removed from adult or adolescent males on admission to jail, at Cannanore, South India. There is a high positive correlation between weight of hair and rate of infestation with head-lice, men with less than 10 g. of hair being 14·6% infested, those with 10–19·9 g. 39·9%, and those with over 20 g. 56–59%.There appears to be a negative correlation with age, but this seems to be due to the older men having less hair: if one standardizes hair weight there is no tendency for older men to be less infested than younger. In a similar way, the large differences in rate of infestation between different religious groups appear to be due to a great extent (but not entirely) to differences in hair weight.No evidence was found that rate of infestation is different at different times of year. The rates in the rainy and dry seasons scarcely differ, in spite of the intensity of the rain, and of the fact that the rainless period lasts for six months. It is possible that there is a long-period, secular change in rate of infestation.
The feeding of the tick, Ixodes ricinus L., in relation to the reproductive condition of the host
Authors: Carrick Robert , Bullough W. S. 
Published: June 2009

1. The feeding of the tick Ixodes ricinus was studied in relation to the reproductive condition of the host, in this case the hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus.2. Hedgehogs in hibernation, in full breeding condition, and injected with male and female sex hormones, were parasitized with unfed nymphs and female ticks in midwinter.3. Attachment and engorgement of the ticks was successfully accomplished on both sexually active and inactive hosts. The longer time required to complete engorgement on the hibernating hedgehogs may be explained by their lower blood temperature.4. Parasitization by this tick does not appear to be related to the reproductive condition of the host animal, and the amount of sex hormone in the host's blood has no apparent immediate effect on the fecundity of the tick.
Malaria survey of the Arakan region of Bengal and Burma
Authors: Macan T. T. 
Published: June 2009

1. The area (Fig. 1) may be divided into a forested uninhabited mountain region, a region of low hillocks with between them marshy bottoms, many of which had been cleared and cultivated, and a flat coastal plain protected from the sea by a wall which leaked. Rain fell from early June till late September, and the rest of the year was mainly rainless.2. Little is known about the mountain region. A. minimus was found infected in April, at which time, however, most potential breeding-places were dry. Larvae of A. maculatus were abundant, but the adults did not bite man.3. Malaria was intense locally in the hillocks and coastal plain region, but uneven in distribution (Fig. 1). Evidence of active transmission in March and April, during the rains, and in October was found, there was a lull in May and June, but any other lulls there may have been were not discovered, since observations through the year were not possible.4. Observations at night revealed A. leucosphyrus, A. jeyporiensis and A. minimus near man and rarely near cattle. A. sundaicus, A. philippinensis, A. annularis and A. hyrcanus attacked both man and cattle, though some, at least, would attack man only in the absence of cattle. A. aconitus was found near man at night, but nearly all the specimens contained old blood.5. A. subpictus and A. vagus fed on cattle and entered houses at dawn in search of shelter for the day. The man-biters mainly sought shelter in some outdoor resting-place. The conclusion was that the standard practice of searching for mosquitoes in houses early in the morning gave results which were not only valueless, but misleading (Fig. 2).6. Few dissections were made and sporozoites were found only in A. jeyporiensis (2/126= 1·6%), which was thought to be responsible for most of the malaria transmitted early in the year. It is suggested that the results of night catching provide valuable circumstantial evidence about vectors.7. The night catches also gave information about time of biting, and yielded two observations of importance in control work. A. minimus, A. jeyporiensis, A. philippinensis and A. sundaicus did not attack until several hours after nightfall. A. philippinensis, in late May, when it was not raining, preferred to bite persons sleeping out of doors. Elsewhere it was observed that A. philippinensis did this and also did not rest nearby before or after feeding as other species did. It might, therefore, avoid a contact insecticide. A. sundaicus, baulked of a feed by night, attacked after sunrise.
The excystation of Entamoeba histolytica without bacteria in microcultures
Authors: Rees Charles W. , Reardon Lucy V. , Bartgis Ida Louise 
Published: June 2009

1. Formulae developed by Anfinsen et al. (1946) for a medium used in the cultivation of Plasmodium knowlesi were used for media in which excystation of Entamoeba histolytica without bacteria was investigated.2. The following media were used: (i) an inorganic fluid containing carbon dioxide and chlorides, phosphates, and bicarbonates, of sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium; (ii) an inorganic fluid of chlorides and phosphates of the above metals without bicarbonates; (iii) the same respective fluids plus glucose, and (iv) the same plus enrichments with B vitamins, cocarboxylase, vitamin C, purines, pyrimidines, folic acid, glucosamine, cholesterol, and amino-acids. The oxygen content of all media was lowered either by cysteine or glutathione.3. Some excystation occurred in all media, the percentages were lowest in the inorganic fluid without bicarbonates, highest in fluid with bicarbonates plus all of the listed organic compounds, and intermediate in the inorganic bicarbonate fluid plus glucose. Amino-acids were not required for good percentages of excystation.4. Excystation occurred when cysts were isolated in medium with Trypanosoma cruzi.5. The data show that organic compounds in the medium are necessary for high percentages of excystation.
Human trichostrongylosis and its relationship to ancylostomiasis in southern Iraq, with comments on world incidence
Authors: Watson J. M. 
Published: June 2009

An investigation of the occurrence of helminthic intestinal parasites in the population of central and southern Iraq led to the discovery that human trichostrongylosis is relatively common in man along the banks of the Shatt-al-Arab and the lower course of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In the Basrah area the incidence is 25·4% and at Nasriyah 14·2% but it falls rapidly along the northward course of the rivers and is absent in the centre and north of the country. This is correlated with the occurrence of heavy shade cast by palm forest, high humidity due to the presence of perennial swamps, and the occurrence of grass and other carpet plants in the south; which jointly provide the conditions necessary for the development and survival of the free-living stages ofTrichostrongylus.Hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale) is more evenly distributed over the area and is common farther north where conditions are more arid; owing to the fact that the free-living stages can develop under much drier conditions than those ofTrichostrongylus, probably mainly on moist defaecation sites near irrigation channels.The species ofTrichostrongylusinvolved is not known but is probablyT. colubriformiswhich is common locally in sheep and has been found in man at Abadan by Marsh (1949). Infection is presumably contracted by ingestion of greenstuff carrying infective juveniles.Since infections are light, symptoms minimal and treatment ineffective care should be taken to differentiate trichostrongylosis from ancylostomiasis in order that no unnecessary medication be undertaken.The world incidence of human trichostrongylosis is higher than was formerly believed. The available reports are reviewed, and it is concluded that not less than fifty million persons harbour this worm throughout the globe.
The host relationships ofIxodes hexagonusLeach in Britain
Authors: Arthur D. R. 
Published: June 2009

On the available data from south Wales and southeast England, the tickIxodes hexagonusLeach has spring and autumn peaks of activity on hedgehogs, stoats and weasels.One or more stages of this tick have been recorded on fifteen mammalian hosts. All stages have been collected from hedgehogs, stoats, foxes, polecats and ferrets. The weasel is probably the smallest habitual host. No specimens ofI. hexagonushave been found on birds.Man is an ‘accidental’ host and records of this tick on man in the London area are given. From the present information it seems that ill-effects following the bite of this parasite are rare. In built-up areas the probable sources of infestation are dogs, cats and hedgehogs. Air-raid shelters and similar constructions which have harboured these hosts at one time or another may provide a centre of infestation of man. Our observations indicate that the number of ticks in most hedgehogs' nests is not large. Nothing is known of the tick population in the habitats of other hosts. It is suggested tentatively that the ticks may drop off hedgehogs away from the nest and that after further development (i.e. hatching of eggs and metamorphoses of later stages) they are picked up by such animals as foxes, stoats, weasels.The records of this tick in Britain are summarized and they indicate thatI. hexagonusis a southern species.