bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival of individuals with cerebral palsy receiving continuous intrathecal baclofen treatment: a matched‐cohort study
Authors: KRACH LINDA E , KRIEL ROBERT L , DAY STEVEN M , STRAUSS DAVID J 
Published: October 2009

Aim  To determine whether intrathecal baclofen (ITB) changes mortality risk in persons with cerebral palsy (CP).Method  Records were reviewed for all persons with CP who were managed with ITB for hypertonicity at a specialty hospital in Minnesota between May 1993 and August 2007. A comparison cohort was randomly selected from clients of the California Department of Developmental Services who were initially evaluated between 1987 and 1990 and were matched to those with ITB for age, sex, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level, presence or absence of epilepsy, and feeding‐tube use. Survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and differences were tested via log‐rank.Results  Three hundred and fifty‐nine persons with CP (202 males, 157 females) receiving ITB for hypertonicity (mean age 12y 8mo, SD 7y 9mo, range 3y 1mo to 39y 9mo) were matched to 349 persons without ITB pumps (195 males, 154 females; mean age 12y 7mo, SD 8y 4mo, range 2y 7mo to 40y). The proportion of patients at different GMFCS levels in the ITB and in the non‐ITB cohorts, respectively, was as follows: level II 3% and 3%, level III 16% and 16%, level IV 38% and 37%, and level V 43% and 44%. Survival at 8 years of follow‐up was 92% (SD 1.9%) in the ITB cohort and 82% (SD 2.4%) in the non‐ITB cohort (p<0.001). After adjustment to account for recent trends in improved survival in CP, 8‐year survival in the non‐ITB cohort was 88%, which was not significantly different from the ITB cohort (p=0.073).Interpretation  ITB therapy does not increase mortality in individuals with CP and may suggest an increase in life expectancy.
The benefits and risks of inducing labour in patients with prior caesarean delivery: a systematic review
Authors: McDonagh Marian S. , Osterweil Patricia , Guise Jeanne‐Marie 
Published: October 2009

Objective  To evaluate the risks and benefits of inducing labour in women with a prior caesarean delivery.Design  Systematic review.Sample  Pregnant women with prior caesarean delivery.Methods  Studies were identified using MEDLINE, EMBASE, HealthSTAR, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effectiveness, reference lists and experts.Main outcome measures  All studies reporting data for outcomes in women with induced labours and prior caesarean were eligible. Methodologic quality was evaluated using the criteria of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. We assigned studies good, fair or poor rating.Results  We reviewed 162 full text articles, identified 14 fair‐quality studies, and found no good‐quality studies. Compared with spontaneous labour, induction was more likely to result in caesarean delivery. Of women undergoing spontaneous labour, 20% had a caesarean (range 11–35%) compared with 32% receiving oxytocin (range 18–44%). In studies of PGE2, spontaneous labour resulted in caesarean delivery in 24% (range 18–51%) compared with 48% with PGE2 (range 28–51%). There was a non‐significant increase in uterine ruptures among those induced compared with spontaneous labours. There were no maternal deaths; other maternal complications were infrequently reported. Only four studies reported on infant deaths; other infant outcomes were inadequately reported.Conclusion  Women with a history of caesarean attempting trial of labour who require induction have a higher rate of caesarean delivery and have a slightly elevated risk of rupture compared with similar women with spontaneous labour. More consideration is needed for potential confounders: dose, reasons for induction and appropriate comparison groups.
Randomised comparative trial of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system and mefenamic acid for the treatment of idiopathic menorrhagia: a multiple analysis using total menstrual fluid loss, menstrual blood loss and pictorial blood loss assessment charts
Authors: Reid Peter C. , Virtanen‐Kari Susanna 
Published: October 2009

Objective  To compare the efficacy and tolerability of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG IUS) with mefenamic acid in the management of objective idiopathic menorrhagia.Design  Phase III, Single centre, open, randomised, comparative, parallel group study.Setting  District General Hospital in the United Kingdom.Population  Fifty‐one women with objective menorrhagia.Methods  Twenty‐five women randomised to receive the LNG IUS and 26 to oral mefenamic acid for six cycles.Main outcome measures  Change from baseline in menstrual blood loss (MBL), total menstrual fluid loss (TMFL) and pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBAC) score at the third and sixth cycle of treatment.Results  After six cycles the median menstrual blood loss was 5 mL in the LNG IUS group and 100 mL in the mefenamic acid group (P < 0.001). Median TMFL was 27 mL in the LNG IUS group and 157 mL in the mefenamic acid group (P < 0.001). Median PBAC score was 25 in the LNG IUS group and 159 in the mefenamic acid group. Changes in menstrual blood loss correlated strongly to changes in TMFL (r= 0.88) but PBAC correlated less well to blood loss and total fluid loss (r= 0.53 and r= 0.58).Conclusions  Both the LNG IUS and mefenamic acid significantly decreased menstrual blood loss, TMFL and PBAC scores. The LNG IUS produced greater reductions in all parameters than mefenamic acid. Comparison of the different measurements suggests that TMFL assessment may be an easier and a more relevant measure of symptom severity than menstrual blood loss.
Non‐invasive intrapartum fetal ECG: preliminary report
Authors: Taylor Myles J.O. , Thomas Matthew J. , Smith Mark J. , Oseku‐Afful Salome , Fisk Nicholas M. , Green Andrew R. , Paterson‐Brown Sara , Gardiner Helena M. 
Published: October 2009

Objectives  To obtain fetal heart rate, detailed fetal electrocardiography (fECG) signals and uterine contractions during labour using a single device.Design  Prospective observational study.Setting  Delivery suite at a tertiary referral hospital, London, UK.Population  Fifteen patients at median gestation of 39 weeks (range 24–41) were recruited at median cervical dilatation of 4.0 cm (range 0–10) of whom 8/15 (53%) had intact amniotic membranes.Methods  Using 12 abdominally sited electrodes, we recorded the composite abdominal signal in pregnancies intrapartum. The recorded data were analysed off‐line using a blind signal separation technique.Main outcome measures  Success of signal separation and fECG time intervals.Results  Successful fECG signal acquisition was achieved in 12/15 (80%) patients and an averaged fECG waveform acquired. In these patients, P and QRS waves were seen in all cases, and T waves in 11/12 (92%). True beat‐to‐beat heart rate (HR) was displayed and measures of its variability obtained. The mother's ECG and uterine electrical activity, shown to match tocographically recorded uterine contractions, were also separated and displayed. Failure to acquire fECG in three cases was attributed to excessive abdominal muscular activity and electrical interference.Conclusions  This study demonstrates a non‐invasive technique that displays detailed intrapartum fECG waveforms, HR variability, maternal ECG and uterine contractions simultaneously, all in a single device and which avoids the potential risks of invasive monitoring with a fetal scalp electrode.
Socio‐economic position across the life course and hysterectomy in three British cohorts: a cross‐cohort comparative study
Authors: Cooper Rachel , Lawlor Debbie A. , Hardy Rebecca , Ebrahim Shah , Leon David A. , Wadsworth Michael E.J. , Kuh Diana 
Published: October 2009

Objective  To examine the association between indicators of lifetime socio‐economic position and rates of hysterectomy in three British cohorts.Design  Cross‐cohort comparative study.Setting  Two cohorts: England, Scotland and Wales. Third cohort: Aberdeen, Scotland.Population  Three thousand two hundred and eight women born between 1919 and 1940, participating in the British Women's Heart and Health Study (BWHHS); 1394 women from the MRC National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD), followed up since birth in 1946; 3208 women born between 1950 and 1955, participating in the Aberdeen Children of the 1950s study, all with complete information on lifetime socio‐economic position and hysterectomy status.Methods  Relative indices of inequality were derived for markers of socio‐economic position in childhood and adulthood. Cox's regression models were used to test the association between these markers and hysterectomy.Main outcome measure  Self‐reported hysterectomy with or without oophorectomy.Results  Adverse socio‐economic position in childhood and as indicated by educational status was associated with reduced rates of hysterectomy in the oldest of the three cohorts (BWHHS), whereas conversely in the NSHD and Aberdeen cohorts it was associated with increased rates of hysterectomy. The unadjusted hazards ratios for hysterectomy comparing worst to best socio‐economic position for father's social class were 0.73 (0.56, 0.96) for women from the BWHHS, 1.77 (1.19, 2.65) for those from the NSHD and 2.06 (1.46, 2.89) for those from the Aberdeen cohort. Associations between markers of adult socio‐economic position and hysterectomy tended to be weaker in all three cohorts and often did not reach conventional levels of statistical significance.Conclusions  Our results show that hysterectomy rates are influenced by childhood socio‐economic position and educational attainment, but that the nature of this association varies across these three British cohorts born in different decades of the 20th century. That there were no consistent or strong associations between adult SEP and hysterectomy rates suggest that social factors influencing rates of hysterectomy are likely to be those experienced or which develop in early life rather than those which develop later.
Recreational drugs and fetal gastroschisis: maternal hair analysis in the peri‐conceptional period and during pregnancy
Authors: Morrison John J. , Chitty Lynn S. , Peebles Donald , Rodeck Charles H. 
Published: October 2009

Objective  To objectively measure individual recreational drug groups in maternal hair samples timed for the period of conception and different stages of pregnancy in expectant mothers with a diagnosis of fetal gastroschisis.Design  Prospective observational study.Setting  Tertiary level Fetal Medicine Unit in a University teaching hospital.Population  Pregnant women with a diagnosis of fetal gastroschisis (n= 22) and a control group of women (n= 25) with a normal fetus.Methods  Hair samples were cut from the vertex of the head of expectant mothers with a diagnosis of fetal gastroschisis and a matched control group in whom the fetus was normal. The samples were analysed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for individual drug groups. Confirmatory tests using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GCMS) were used.Main outcome measures  Presence of recreational drug compounds in hair samples.Results  In the group with fetal gastroschisis there were four proven positive cases for recreational drug abuse (18%) and there were none in the control group.Conclusions  The incidence of recreational drug use in the peri‐conceptional period and the first trimester by expectant mothers with a diagnosis of fetal gastroschisis is 18%. This association may be linked to the recent increase in the incidence of gastroschisis among younger mothers.
Customised birthweight centiles predict SGA pregnancies with perinatal morbidity
Authors: McCowan Lesley M.E. , Harding Jane E. , Stewart Alistair W. 
Published: October 2009

Objectives  To determine the following: (1) the proportion of babies reclassified as small or appropriately grown using customised and population centiles; and (2) the relative risks of perinatal morbidity, including abnormal umbilical Doppler studies, in babies classified as small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (non‐SGA) using the two centile calculations.Design  Cohort study in SGA and general hospital populations.Setting  National Women's Hospital, Auckland, NZ.Population  A cohort of SGA pregnancies (n= 374) and a general obstetric population (n= 12,879).Methods  Pregnancy outcomes were compared between ‘non‐SGA both’ (≥10th% by population and customised centiles) and those who were ‘SGA both’ (<10th% by population and customised centiles), ‘SGA customised only’ (SGA by customised but non‐SGA by population centiles) and ‘SGA population only’ (SGA by population but non‐SGA by customised centiles).Main outcome measures  Maternal and newborn morbidity and perinatal death.Results  In the SGA cohort 271 (72%) babies were ‘SGA both’, 27 (7%) were ‘SGA customised only’, 32 (9%) were ‘population SGA only’ and 44 (12%) were ‘non‐SGA both’. In the general obstetric population 863 (6.7%) babies were ‘SGA both’, 445 (3.5%) were ‘customised SGA only’, 285 (2.2%) were ‘population SGA only’ and 11,286 (88%) were ‘non‐SGA both’. Perinatal death and newborn morbidity including nursery admission and long hospital stay were increased and comparable between ‘SGA both’ and ‘customised SGA only’ in both study populations. Newborn morbidity was low and comparable between ‘population SGA only’ and ‘non‐SGA both’. No perinatal deaths occurred in ‘population SGA only’ babies. Abnormal Doppler studies were more common in ‘SGA both’ or ‘customised SGA only’ but not in ‘population SGA only’ groups compared with ‘non‐SGA both’.Conclusions  Customised birthweight centiles identified small babies at risk of morbidity and mortality. Use of customised centiles is likely to detect more babies at risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality than would be detected by population centiles.
Central amylin expression and its induction in rat dams
Authors: Dobolyi Arpád 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAmylin, or islet amyloid polypeptide, is known as a satiating signal expressed in pancreatic β‐cells but not in the brain. In this study, regulations of postpartum mRNA expressions were investigated in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. mRNA levels of lactating dams and mothers whose pups were removed immediately after delivery were compared in microarray experiments. There were 20 genes identified with significantly increased and 14 with decreased expression 9 days postpartum. Amylin mRNA level demonstrated the largest change, a 25.7 times increase. Quantitative RT‐PCR measurements validated the increase in the mRNA level of amylin in the preoptic area of lactating dams while the expression level of other members of the calcitonin gene‐related peptide family did not change. In situ hybridization histochemistry for amylin further verified its induction in lactating mothers and demonstrated the distribution of amylin mRNA in the medial preoptic nucleus, parts of the medial preoptic area, and the ventral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis but nowhere else in the rat brain. Immunolabeling verified the postpartum induction of amylin in the preoptic area at the peptide level, as well. The results suggest that amylin may play a part in maternal regulations.
Amyloid precursor protein 695 associates with assembled NR2A‐ and NR2B‐containing NMDA receptors to result in the enhancement of their cell surface delivery
Authors: Cousins Sarah L. , Hoey Sarah E. A. , Anne Stephenson F. , Perkinton Michael S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis is a study of the interaction between the two NMDA neurotransmitter receptor subtypes, NR1/NR2A and NR1/NR2B, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) 695, the major APP variant expressed in neurones. APP695 co‐immunoprecipitated with assembled NR1‐1a/NR2A and NR1‐1a/NR2B NMDA receptors following expression in mammalian cells. Single NR1‐1a, NR1‐2a, NR1‐4bc‐Myc, or NR2 subunit transfections revealed that co‐association of APP695 with assembled NMDA receptors was mediated via the NR1 subunit; it was independent of the NR1 C1, C2, and C2′ cassettes and, the use of an NR1‐2ac‐Myc‐trafficking mutant suggested that interaction between the two proteins occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. The use of antibodies directed against extracellular and intracellular NR2 subunit epitopes for immunoprecipitations suggested that APP/NMDA receptor association was mediated via N‐terminal domains. Anti‐APP antibodies immunoprecipitated NR1, NR2A, and NR2B immunoreactive bands from detergent extracts of mammalian brain; reciprocally, anti‐NR1 or anti‐NR2A antibodies co‐immunoprecipitated APP immunoreactivity. Immune pellets from brain were sensitive to endoglycosidase H suggesting that, as for heterologous expression, APP and NMDA receptor association occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. Co‐expression of APP695 in mammalian cells resulted in enhanced cell surface expression of both NR1‐1a/NR2A and NR1‐1a/NR2B NMDA receptors with no increase in total subunit expression. These findings are further evidence for a role of APP in intracellular trafficking mechanisms. Further, they provide a link between two major brain proteins that have both been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease.
Goldmann tonometry versus the Tono‐Pen XL for intraocular pressure measurement: an evaluation of the potential impact on clinical decision making in glaucoma
Authors: Carrim Zia I. , Lavy Tim E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAim:  To assess the validity of the Tono‐Pen XL as an alternative to the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) for the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) and glaucoma.Methods:  Over a 3 month period, patients with OHT or glaucoma attending a general clinic had IOP measurements taken using the Tono‐Pen XL and the GAT. Tono‐Pen measurements were taken by suitably trained nursing staff, while Goldmann tonometry was performed by the examining ophthalmologist.Results:  There were 124 eyes of 62 patients in this study. Overall, mean IOP was 18.3 ± 4.8 mmHg using GAT and 18.8 ± 5.5 mmHg using the Tono‐Pen. Using the Bland–Altman method, the upper and lower limits of agreement between the two devices were +10.6mmHg and −9.6 mmHg, respectively. Significant over‐ and under‐estimates of IOP were noted in 10 (16%) patients.Conclusion:  Our findings suggest that the Tono‐Pen XL cannot be used as a substitute for GAT in the management of patients with glaucoma or OHT.
Effect of seasonal variation in host‐plant quality on the rice leaf bug, Trigonotylus caelestialium
Authors: Shintani Yoshinori 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe rice leaf bug, Trigonotylus caelestialium (Kirkaldy) (Heteroptera: Miridae), is an important insect pest, causing pecky‐rice damage in Japan. This bug has a multivoltine life cycle and feeds on various species of the Poaceae. The phenology of the host‐plants differs between species and the plant quality of a single host species may change with the seasons. The fitness of the bug may be affected by these seasonal changes in host‐plant quality. In the current study, the effects of such quality changes on adult and nymphal performance were examined using a population of bugs collected in Joetsu, Niigata, Japan. Rearing of newly emerged adults collected from spring to autumn from Italian rye grass, Lolium multiflorum Lam., and southern crabgrass, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.), showed that body size and performance of adults differed between collection seasons and plant species, indicating that nymphal conditions including host‐plant quality have crucial effects on their fitness. Rearing nymphs from hatching to adult emergence on various field‐collected grasses under laboratory conditions showed that the performance of nymphs depends on the plant species and varies greatly with the season, within a given species. In general, nymphs performed more poorly on most of the plants collected late in the season, but they performed well on some plants unavailable early in the season. Therefore, in T. caelestialium, seasonal and spatial variations are important factors that affect fitness of nymphs and adults, and this suggests that oviposition of diapause eggs in summer is an adaptation to deteriorating food conditions.
Growth and development of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab‐susceptible and Cry1Ab‐resistant sugarcane borer on diet and conventional maize plants
Authors: Wu Xiaoyi , Huang Fangneng , Leonard B. Rogers , Ghimire Mukti 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is a dominant maize borer pest and a major target of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)‐maize in Louisiana and the Gulf Coast area of Texas (USA). Growth and development of D. saccharalis on non‐toxic diet, diet treated with three low concentrations (0.01, 0.05, and 0.1 μg g−1) of Cry1Ab toxin, and on non‐Bt maize plants were compared for five insect genotypes: a Bt‐susceptible strain (BT‐SS), a Cry1Ab‐resistant strain (BT‐RR), a back‐crossed and re‐selected resistant strain (BT‐R’R’), and two F1 progeny of the BT‐SS and BT‐R’R’ strains. Fitness of the five genotypes was examined by infesting neonates on diet with/without Cry1Ab toxin in the laboratory and on intact non‐Bt maize plants in the greenhouse. Biological parameters measured were neonate‐to‐pupa development time and pupation rate, larval survival, larval and pupal weight, and sex ratio. Larvae of BT‐SS and BT‐R’R’ on non‐toxic diet and non‐Bt maize plants grew normally and there were no significant differences between the two strains in all measured parameters, suggesting a lack‐of‐fitness cost of the Cry1Ab resistance in D. saccharalis. Except for the development time on non‐Bt diet, all other parameters on both non‐Bt diet and non‐Bt maize plants were similar among the five genotypes. Larval development of BT‐SS was significantly affected on diet treated with Cry1Ab toxin at 0.05 and 0.1 μg g−1, whereas the effect to BT‐RR and BT‐R’R’ was not significant. Pupal weight and sex ratio reared on Cry1Ab‐diet were similar and there were no significant differences among the five genotypes. Neonate‐to‐pupation rate decreased as Cry1Ab concentrations increased but the decrease was more significant for BT‐SS than for the other four genotypes. The lack‐of‐fitness costs of Bt resistance in D. saccharalis imply a greater challenge in managing Bt resistance for this maize borer species.
Tarsal taste sensilla of the autumn gum moth, Mnesampela privata: morphology and electrophysiological activity
Authors: Calas Delphine , Marion‐Poll Frédéric , Steinbauer Martin J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract Mnesampela privata Guenée (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) is a native Australian geometrid that conducts considerable host assessment prior to ovipositing on its host plants, which belong to the genus Eucalyptus. The leaves of some of their hosts are covered with a particularly thick and waxy cuticle and we have shown that epicuticular waxes influence the oviposition preferences of females. This necessitates that M. privata has evolved specific chemosensory organs to assess the identity and perhaps even the quality of its hosts. In this work, we examined the morphology of tarsal taste sensilla and the sensitivity of their sensory neurones to a range of primary metabolites possibly influential on host assessment and oviposition. The ventral surface of the fifth tarsomere of females bear two parallel rows of up to eight sensilla, each loosely aligned with two parallel rows of five spines. Salts, sugars, and amino acids elicited phasi‐tonic multicellular neuronal responses of variable magnitude and form. Two pairs of sensilla are closely apposed to the most distal spine in each row; the sensory neurones associated with these sensilla exhibited notably larger responses to alanine and serine compared with those of all other sensilla. The arrangement of the taste sensilla in close proximity to prominent tarsal spines is unique and could represent an adaptation that enables them to penetrate the wax layer and be brought into contact with primary metabolites present closer to the leaf surface.