bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copolymerization of methacrylic acid with methyl methacrylate by SET‐LRP
Authors: Fleischmann Sven , Percec Virgil 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSingle‐electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) has developed as a reliable, robust and straight forward method for the construction well‐defined polymers. To span an even larger variety of functional monomers, we investigated the copolymerization of methyl methacrylate with methacrylic acid by SET‐LRP. Copolymerizations were catalyzed by Cu(0)/Me6‐TREN and performed in MeOH/H2O mixtures at 50 °C. The SET‐LRP copolymerizations of varying methacrylic acid content were evaluated by kinetic experiments. At low (2.5%) and moderate (10%) MAA loadings, the copolymerizations obeyed perfect first order kinetics (kpapp = 0.008 min−1 and kpapp = 0.006 min−1) and exhibited a linear increase in molecular weights with conversion providing narrow molecular weight distributions. The SET‐LRP of MMA/25%‐MAA was found to be significantly slower (kpapp = 0.0035 min−1). However, a reasonable first‐order kinetics in monomer consumption was maintained, and the control of the polymerization process was preserved since the molecular weight increased linearly with conversion and could therefore be adjusted. This work demonstrates that the copolymerization of methacrylic acid by SET‐LRP is feasible and the design of well‐defined macromolecules comprising acidic functionality can be achieved. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Dramatic acceleration of SET‐LRP of methyl acrylate during catalysis with activated Cu(0) wire
Authors: Nguyen Nga H. , Percec Virgil 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA simple method for the activation of the Cu(0) wire used as catalyst in single‐electron transfer living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) is reported. The surface of Cu(0) stored in air is coated with a layer of Cu2O. It is well established that Cu2O is a less reactive catalyst for SET‐LRP than Cu(0). We report here the activation of the Cu(0) wire under nitrogen by the reduction of Cu2O from its surface to Cu(0) by treatment with hydrazine hydrate. The kinetics of SET‐LRP of methyl acrylate (MA) catalyzed with activated Cu(0) wire in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 25 °C demonstrated a dramatic acceleration of the polymerization and the absence of the induction period observed during SET‐LRP catalyzed with nonactivated Cu(0) in several laboratories. Exposure of the activated Cu(0) wire to air results in a lower apparent rate constant of propagation because of gradual oxidation of Cu(0) to Cu2O. This dramatic acceleration of SET‐LRP is similar to that observed with commercial Cu(0) nanopowder except that the polymerization provides excellent molecular weight evolution, very narrow molecular weight distribution and high polymer chain‐end functionality. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Influences of three kinds of springs on the retraction of a polymer ellipsoid in dissipative particle dynamics simulation
Authors: Liu Yong , An Ying , Yan Hua , Guan Changfeng , Yang Weimin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe impacts of Rouse spring, Fraenkel spring, and one kind of finitely extensible nonlinear elastic spring (FENE‐PM spring) on the surface tension‐induced retraction of a polymer ellipsoid in a matrix were compared using dissipative particle dynamics. Using the same spring constant, obvious differences among the three kinds of springs were found. A fast retraction process was observed from the hard Fraenkel spring, a slow process from the soft Rouse spring, and an intermediate process from the FENE‐PM spring. The effects of varying the spring constant and the chain length were also investigated. The results indicate that the influence of increasing spring hardness for a given spring type was significant; whereas, the influence of chain length was minor after five bonds were reached. The effects of varying the FENE‐PM rm parameter were also studied to provide a reliable value for this study. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Poly(methacrylamide‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) hydrogels: Investigation of pH‐ and temperature‐dependent swelling characteristics and their characterization
Authors: Çavuş Selva 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNovel poly(methacrylamide‐co‐2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐ 1‐propanesulfonic acid) (poly(MAAm‐co‐AMPS)) hydrogels were synthesized by free radical polymerization of methacrylamide (MAAm) and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) in deionized water at 60 °C by using ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS), N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBAAm) and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as initiator, crosslinker, and activator, respectively. To investigate the effects of feed content on the pH‐ and temperature‐dependent swelling behavior of poly(MAAm‐co‐AMPS), molar ratio of MAAm to AMPS in feed was varied from 90/10 to 10/90. Structural characterization of gels was performed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using attenuated total reflectance (ATR) technique. Thermal and morphological characterizations of gels were performed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Although an apparent pH‐sensitivity was not observed for the poly(MAAm‐co‐AMPS) gels during the swelling in different buffer solutions, their temperature‐sensitivity became more evident with the increase in AMPS content of copolymer. Thermal stability of poly(MAAm‐co‐AMPS) gels increased with MAAm content. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2010
Choosing appropriate quantitative safety risk criteria: Applications from the new CCPS guidelines
Authors: Frank Walt , Jones Dave 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn some situations, risk can be best understood, and therefore managed, through risk quantification. Establishing quantitative risk criteria can be a key component in informed risk decision making. Currently many companies use quantitative risk criteria, either formally or informally. Some companies base their criteria on regulatory precedents (e.g., Netherlands, UK HSE, etc.), while others have developed “home grown” criteria, involving company‐specific judgments. This article will provide an overview of the new American Institute of Chemical Engineers, CCPS Guidelines for Developing Quantitative Safety Risk Criteria, which is intended to provide assistance to companies seeking to develop such criteria and highlight challenges to be addressed by any company attempting to establish risk criteria. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Summary–challenges in managing a national emphasis program inspection
Authors: Hanchey Ken 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOSHA has recently emphasized an added commitment to do more Refinery and Chemical National Emphasis Program inspections. This article outlines company methods to (a) limit exposure and expense by supplying the agency with requested information, (b) minimize site disruptions, and (c) make compliance improvements efficiently. A successful inspection requires the development of a strategy, tactics, teams, procedures, interview process, and general management of the inspection process. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Composite‐system models
Authors: Klein D. J. , Oliva J. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractComposite many‐electron systems are considered in terms of the wave‐functions for the different component subsystems (e.g., atoms). In this weak‐interaction limit, there may be degrees of freedom, which arise from that of the degeneracies of the wave‐functions for each of the isolated subsystems, and which then are describable in terms of an effective Hamiltonian for the couplings and liftings of these degeneracies in the composite system. The representation of an ordinary Schrödinger Hamiltonian in such a 0‐order model space is developed in the context of an example of a (possibly macroscopically large) set of H atoms interacting with one another, to obtain a Heisenberg spin‐Hamiltonian, which is formally “complete” in not neglecting any higher‐order permutations. At the same time, the interactions are hierarchically ordered to manifest the more important ones first, all in a “linked” size‐consistent manner, avoiding various earlier‐encountered “catastrophes.” A classical electrostatic interpretation of the higher order exchange matrix elements is made, and some novel spin‐coupling dependences are found with a decay like an inverse power‐law range (rather than exponential). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
The Pluripotency Regulator Zic3 Is a Direct Activator of the Nanog Promoter in ESCs
Authors: Lim Linda Shushan , Hong Felicia Huimei , Kunarso Galih , Stanton Lawrence W. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The transcription factor Zic3 is required for maintenance of ESC pluripotency. By genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-chip) in ESCs, we have identified 379 direct Zic3 targets, many of which are functionally associated with pluripotency, cell cycle, proliferation, oncogenesis, and early embryogenesis. Through a computational analysis of Zic3 target sequences, we have identified a novel Zic3 consensus binding motif (5′-CCC/TGCTGGG-3′). ChIP results and in vitro DNA binding assays revealed that Zic3 binds with high affinity and specificity on the Nanog promoter. Here, we demonstrate that Zic3 functions as a transcriptional activator of the Nanog promoter in three ways: (a) Nanog transcript levels are sustained with Zic3 overexpression in differentiating ESCs, (b) Zic3 depletion in ESCs downregulates Nanog promoter activity, and (c) Zic3 overexpression leads to increased Nanog promoter activity. Furthermore, the activity of a mutant Nanog promoter with ablated Oct4/Sox2 binding is rescued by Zic3 overexpression to nearly wild-type levels. This indicates that Nanog is a positive transcriptional target of Zic3 in a mechanism that is independent of Oct4/Sox2 binding. Hence, we demonstrate an important pathway for regulation of Nanog expression in pluripotent ESCs through direct activation by Zic3.
Brushing
Authors: Theus Martin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInteractive data analysis tools strongly depend on the ability to select data of interest and select options that quickly modify the display of information. The definition of Visual Analytics even explicitly includes that this science is ‘supported by interactive visual interfaces’. Brushing is the oldest and most generic term that refers to the selection of data. In its first appearance in interactive statistical graphics, brushing was introduced for scatterplot matrices (SPLOMs) by Becker and Cleveland1, but the basic idea of the selection and isolation of a subset of data was already mentioned in Tukey's landmark paper on PRIM‐92. This review gives a broad overview over selection tools and selection modes in general and illustrates actual implementations of these ideas. WIREs Comp Stat 2010 2 704–710 DOI: 10.1002/wics.132This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and Visualization
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Analysis of High Dimensional Data
Viral nanoparticles and virus‐like particles: platforms for contemporary vaccine design
Authors: Plummer Emily M. , Manchester Marianne 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCurrent vaccines that provide protection against infectious diseases have primarily relied on attenuated or inactivated pathogens. Virus‐like particles (VLPs), comprised of capsid proteins that can initiate an immune response but do not include the genetic material required for replication, promote immunogenicity and have been developed and approved as vaccines in some cases. In addition, many of these VLPs can be used as molecular platforms for genetic fusion or chemical attachment of heterologous antigenic epitopes. This approach has been shown to provide protective immunity against the foreign epitopes in many cases. A variety of VLPs and virus‐based nanoparticles are being developed for use as vaccines and epitope platforms. These particles have the potential to increase efficacy of current vaccines as well as treat diseases for which no effective vaccines are available. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 174–196 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.119This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
Protein microarrays for genome‐wide posttranslational modification analysis
Authors: Merbl Yifat , Kirschner Marc W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractProtein microarray technology has emerged as a powerful tool for comparing binding interactions, expression level, substrate specificities, and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of different proteins in a parallel and high‐throughput manner. The ability to immobilize proteins to a solid surface and register the specific address of each protein has bridged major limitations for investigating the proteome in biological samples, namely, the wide dynamic range of protein concentrations and the perturbation of the physical and chemical properties of proteins by their modification. Recent advances introduced the use of functional mammalian cell extracts to assay PTMs under different cellular conditions. This assay offers a new approach for performing large‐scale complex biochemical analysis of protein modifications. Here, we review studies of PTM profiling using protein microarrays and discuss the limitations and potential applications of the system. We believe that the information generated from such proteomic studies may be of significant value in our elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that govern human physiology. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 347–356 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.120This article is categorized under:

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Proteomics Methods
Dietary choices by four captive slender lorises (Loris tardigradus) when presented with various insect life stages
Authors: Clayton Jonathan B. , Glander Kenneth E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe slender loris (Loris tardigradus) is a rare, nocturnal prosimian found only in the tropical rainforest of southern India and Sri Lanka. Little is known about their diet, though it is assumed that insects comprise a majority of their wild diet. Based on this assumption, captive lorises are offered a variety of insects or insect life stages; the species of insect or the life stage is often determined by what is easiest to buy or rear. Captive lorises at the Duke Lemur Center (DLC) were offered the opportunity to choose which life stage of mealworms (Tenebrio molito), superworms (Zophobus morio), or waxworms (Galleria mellonella) they preferred. The DLC captive lorises did not select the largest life stages of any insect offered. They preferred the larvae stage to the adult stage in all three insect species, and males and females had different insect species and life stage preferences. Zoo Biol 30:189–198, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Student Experiences of the Adolescent Diversion Project: A Community‐Based Exemplar in the Pedagogy of Service‐Learning
Authors: Davidson William S. , Jimenez Tiffeny R. , Onifade Eyitayo , Hankins Sean S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractService‐learning partnerships between universities and surrounding communities striving to create systems‐level change must consider an emphasis in critical community service; a community centered paradigm where students are taught to work with communities to better understand contexts surrounding a social problem, as opposed to merely volunteering to provide a service to a community. The Adolescent Diversion Project (ADP), which has been operating for over 30 years, demonstrates critical community service through the type of relationship built between students and the local community. This article describes: a qualitative study with ADP students, the historical context of ADP, what and how students learned through their involvement in ADP, and reframes the work of this project as a form of service‐learning pedagogy. Inductive content analysis was employed to identify underlying themes across participants related to their personal experiences of ADP and its impact in their lives. Findings were compared with service‐learning outcomes and other quantitative studies conducted with past ADP cohorts from the literature. Consistent with past studies, ADP students become more negative toward social systems involved with their youth. This finding may explain an increase in feelings of political commitment following involvement in ADP. Consistent with service‐learning outcomes, results demonstrate that ADP should be further documented as not only an effective community‐based program but also as an exemplar in the pedagogy of service‐learning. This study highlights why service‐learning opportunities for students are not just one way to teach students, they are opportunities to bridge relationships within communities, bring life to theoretical concepts, and build the foundations necessary for educated citizens that will one day take lead roles in our society.
Educating for Informed Community Involvement
Authors: Bringle Robert G. , Steinberg Kathryn 
Published: September 2010

AbstractService learning, which integrates community service into coursework, provides a pedagogical intervention that can promote the civic growth of students in unique and powerful ways. Research is reviewed that documents the capacity of service learning to meet learning objectives associated with a conceptual framework that focuses on the knowledge, skills, and dispositions of a civic‐minded college graduate. The outcomes of service learning should facilitate these students assuming influential roles in helping others become empowered, and thereby are important for enhancing the quality of life in communities. We also review research that focuses on the impact of service learning for community outcomes. Finally, we present implications for teaching community psychology, and recommendations for future research on service learning and community engagement.
Chronological changes of the amplitude‐integrated EEG in a neonate with molybdenum cofactor deficiency
Authors: Sie Sintha D. , de Jonge Rogier C. J. , Blom Henk J. , Mulder Margot F. , Reiss Jochen , Vermeulen R. J. , Peeters‐Scholte Cacha M. P. C. D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMolybdenum cofactor (Moco) deficiency is a rare neurometabolic disorder, characterized by neurological impairment and refractive seizures, due to toxic accumulation of sulfite in the brain. Earlier it was suggested that in Moco‐deficient humans maternal clearance of neurotoxic metabolites prevents prenatal brain damage. However, limited data are available about the time profile in which neurophysiologic deterioration occurs after birth. The amplitude‐integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) is a bedside method in neonates to monitor cerebral recovery after hypoxic‐ischemic insults, detect epileptic activity, and evaluate antiepileptic drug treatment. We describe a chronological series of changes in aEEG tracings in a neonate with Moco deficiency. He presented with myoclonic spasms and hypertonicity a few hours after birth, however, the aEEG pattern was still normal. Within 2 days, the aEEG rapidly changed into a burst suppression pattern with repetitive seizures. After antiepileptic treatment, the aEEG remained abnormal. In this patient, the normal aEEG pattern at birth may have been due to maternal clearance of sulfite in utero. After birth, accumulation of sulfite causes progressive brain damage, reflected by the progressive depression of the aEEG tracings. This is in agreement with the results from a Moco‐deficient mouse model, suggesting that maternal sulfite clearance suppresses prenatal brain damage. To our knowledge, this is the first case report describing the chronological changes in the aEEG pattern in a Moco‐deficient patient. Insight into the time profile in which neurologic deterioration in Moco‐deficient humans occurs is essential, especially when potential treatment strategies are being evaluated.
Insights into novel cellular injury mechanisms by gene expression profiling in nephropathic cystinosis
Authors: Sansanwal Poonam , Li Li , Hsieh Szu‐Chuan , Sarwal Minnie M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNephropathic cystinosis is a rare, inherited metabolic disease caused by functional defects of cystinosin associated with mutations in the CTNS gene. The mechanisms underlying the phenotypic alterations associated with this disease are not well known. In this study, gene expression profiles in peripheral blood of nephropathic cystinosis patients (N = 7) were compared with controls (N = 7) using microarray technology. In unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis, cystinosis samples co‐clustered, and 1,604 genes were significantly differentially expressed between both groups. Gene ontology analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes in cystinosis were enriched in cell organelles such as mitochondria, lysosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum (p ≤ 0.030). The majority of the differentially regulated genes were involved in oxidative phosphorylation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, antigen processing and presentation, B‐cell‐receptor signaling, and oxidative stress (p ≤ 0.003). Validation of selected genes involved in apoptosis and oxidative phosphorylation was performed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Electron microscopy and confocal imaging of cystinotic renal proximal tubular epithelial cells further confirmed anomalies in the cellular organelles and pathways identified by microarray analysis. Further analysis of these genes and pathways may offer critical insights into the clinical spectrum of cystinosis patients and ultimately lead to novel links for targeted therapy.
‘If Shanxi's Coal is Lost, then Shanxi is Lost!’: Shanxi's Coal and an Emerging National Movement in Provincial China, 1898–1908
Authors: THOMPSON ROGER R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe land-locked north China province of Shanxi, identified in 1870 by the geologist Baron Richthofen as ‘one of the most remarkable coal and iron regions in the world’, was the site of a provincially‑defined national movement far removed from the better‑studied treaty ports and their articulate and prolific nationalists. This late-Qing provincialism may be read as a mediating symbol of an emerging national consciousness.Social tensions were exacerbated by external challenges brought by foreign agents, and their Chinese collaborators, of cultural and economic imperialism. Opposition to missionaries and Chinese Christians had begun as early as the 1860s. In 1898 the British Pekin Syndicate and its extra-provincial Chinese associates, with the backing of the central government, secured rights to Shanxi's rich coal and iron resources. These rights were ceded back ten years later after a successful ‘rights-recovery’ movement that possesses similarities to (but also significant differences from) the well-studied oppositional movements in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, and Shandong in the period 1905–1911. The duration of Shanxi's struggle, along with its extra-bureaucratic elite activism, popular mobilization, and cooperation with Beijing, makes its rights-recovery movement distinctive. The rhetoric and practices of the movement, which began before the Boxer Uprising of 1900 and reflects the rhetorical influence of these earlier protests, contributed to a strong regional solidarity that was backed by central state authority. There were various patterns of protest, one indigenous and provincial, one extra-provincial and nationalist, that interacted in the period 1902–1908. Provincial activists, including merchants, peasants, students, degree-holders, and officials, insisted that Shanxi's coal was for the use of the community, the province, and the nation on terms established by and for the people of Shanxi. In their victory, localism, provincialism, and the national project, had come together.