bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ethics and Eschatology of Methodius of Olympus
Authors: Buonaiuti Ernesto 
Published: November 2011

Among the many problems which confront the historian of Christian thought and life in the early centuries one of the most complex and difficult is that of the relations, practical as well as theoretical, between Christianity and asceticism. Since the age of the Reformation there has been incessant controversy over the question whether the anthropological assumptions which underlie ascetic morals—the dualistic conception of the constitution of human nature and the conviction that there is an irreconcilable opposition between body and spirit—are really identical with the principles of Christian anthropology so that there can be no experience of the gospel message apart from a radically pessimistic estimate of the possibilities of good inherent in human nature, and without the acceptance of a scale of ethical values based upon the progressive stages of an ascetic discipline.After centuries of acrimonious theological controversy fomented by prejudices on both sides, we are now perhaps for the first time in a position to consider objectively the historical relations between the development of ascetic ideas and the propagation of the Christian piety, and consequently to solve satisfactorily the problem of the interaction between asceticism and Christianity.
Some Aspects of New Testament Miracles
Authors: Ropes James Hardy 
Published: November 2011

Christianity is a religion of the spirit,—a religion of faith, as the Apostle Paul would have said. That is, its essential nature resides in unseen and spiritual attributes; on the persistence of spiritual forces depends its identity from age to age; the inner attitude of the soul is the sphere of its true life. Neither letter nor form, but spirit, is the characteristic mark of Christianity. If this is true, it follows that the life of Christianity necessarily implies the continually new expression of the Christian spirit amid the ever-changing phases of human thought and life. And historical conditions will govern not only the outward forms and modes of Christian life, but also, at least in its concrete formulation, the thought of Christians about religion. The changes that have taken place in Christian thought and doctrine may well be no indication of any weakness or imperfection in Christianity. They are, in fact, rather the manifestation of its excellence, the proof that it is indeed the supreme religion, capable of bringing in the kingdom of God.Some have tried, by a process of successive eliminations, to discard the Jewish, the Greek, the pagan, the Teutonic influences which from time to time have affected Christianity, as if by such expurgations they could isolate essential Christianity from its accidents, and separate the kernel from the husk. But if Christianity is a religion of the spirit expressing itself under historical conditions, its expression in any period of history will be made through the ideas, true and false, through the modes of life, crude or refined, through the existing beliefs, philosophies, laws, customs, and even superstitions of the time. Many philosophies which we deem false, many rites which we find degrading, have been the well-justified means of expressing the religion of the spirit for men who held those philosophies and to whom those rites were dear. Those things are to be called foreign influences upon a pure Christianity only in the same sense in which that would be true of the inadequate science, clumsy philosophy, and sorry philistinism of custom which in our own day do duty, as the best we have, for civilization.If it be asked, wherein, then, lies the assurance that our Christianity is properly called Christian, what force binds together these shifting phases of life and thought, and entitles us to speak of them as belonging to one religion, a personal conviction is the only answer that can be given,—namely, that the identity of the Christian religion through the ages depends on the New Testament, and in particular on the presentation of Jesus Christ found in the gospels and on the persistent spiritual power of his person.From the general point of view thus outlined the question of the miracles of the New Testament, like every other historical topic connected with the Christian religion, must be considered.
Empiricism and Platonism in the Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Troeltsch Ernst 
Published: November 2011

During the lifetime of William James, his philosophical work, closely connected as it is with many traditions of British philosophy, made a marked impression—one might almost say, a stir—on the Continent of Europe. Since his death, obituary notices and comprehensive reviews of his philosophy have made the intellectual legacy of the departed thinker the object of still greater attention, the more because, outside of the pragmatic school itself, the interest in the writings of so fine and penetrating a mind as Bergson naturally extends itself to cognate movements of thought.In this legacy, James's philosophy of religion stands out with special prominence, partly by reason of its contrast to the type of philosophy of religion which is traditional on the Continent of Europe, partly because of the wealth of his own new and valuable suggestions, which have been added to by a number of zealous followers. It may not be uninteresting, therefore, to the readers of this Review, if I try to characterize what is peculiar and new in this, the first thorough-going contribution from America to the philosophy of religion. In doing so, I shall discuss two points: first, the contrast between James's ideas and the European philosophy of religion; and, second, the positive value that the new ideas which thus emerge seem to me to have.
An Introductory Word on Nietzsche
Authors: Salter William Mackintire 
Published: November 2011

According to Professor Riehl of Berlin, the most widely read of serious writers in Germany today is Nietzsche. German ideas require time to cross the Channel and still more time to reach America; but already translations of Nietzsche's numerous works are appearing in England, and within three or four years three books have been devoted to him in this country. Probably erelong the thoughtful among us will have to attend to him, as we have had to attend to other German writers in the past. As yet very confused ideas are current about him; his disciples are more or less confused themselves. Nietzsche once half-humorously remarked that the first disciples of a doctrine really prove nothing against it.Moreover, Nietzsche was a lonely, markedly individual thinker, caring more to express himself than to be comprehended by the ordinary reader, soliloquizing much; and he said many things that, unless we carefully, patiently attend, may mislead, have misled. I could easily quote passages from him that would offend you, as they did me when I first came upon them. No one needs to be studied more before he is judged. No one lends himself less to impressionist treatment, which is all he ordinarily gets from non-Continental writers. Indeed, I sometimes think that Nietzsche is a philosopher for philosophers and a moralist for moralists rather than for the common run of us, so subtle is his thinking, such an acquaintance with the history and refinements of philosophical and ethical speculation does he presuppose.Accordingly, it may be most useful, as well as most conformable to my abilities, to cover a quite limited field this morning; and I shall content myself, after giving a few facts about his life and a very general characterization of him, to portray somewhat in detail his state of mind during one—the first—period of his career. What I say may thus serve as a kind of introduction to the subject; and happy shall I be if I interest any one sufficiently to take it up on his own account.
The Earliest Minor Accounts of Plymouth Plantation
Authors: Burrage Champlin 
Published: November 2011

The story of the voyage of the Mayflower in 1620 and of the Pilgrim settlement at Plymouth has been told again and again, and in this year of the tercentenary celebration will be repeated in still further varying forms; but we are certain that it will never be more graphically narrated than by the Pilgrims themselves and their friends during the twenties, thirties, and forties of the seventeenth century.In this paper I do not intend to venture to give any new version of that narrative. It is my purpose rather to recall certain phases of the story as they appear in the vigorous and terse English of the earliest accounts, and to note especially also the interesting archæological information concerning the Indians of New England which they furnish.
Large-scale distribution patterns of carnivores in northern South Africa: implications for conservation and monitoring
Authors: Thorn Michelle , Green Matthew , Keith Mark , Marnewick Kelly , Bateman Philip W. , Cameron Elissa Z. , Scott Dawn M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAccurate assessment of carnivore population status is frequently hindered by insufficient distribution data. For northern South Africa we address this deficit by mapping new records from landscape-scale sign surveys, questionnaire interviews, problem animal records and camera trapping. The black-backed jackalCanis mesomelasand caracalCaracal caracalremain common and widespread. Ranges of the servalLeptailurus servaland brown hyaenaHyaena brunneawere much larger than previous estimates, reducing the risk of simultaneous extirpation across all occupied locations. The proportion of range area occupied was larger for several species, notably the leopardPanthera pardus, cheetahAcinonyx jubatusand serval. We conclude that the serval continues to recover from historical threats and is expanding into new areas. A larger brown hyaena range and less fragmented pattern of occurrence probably confers greater resilience to threats than was suggested by previous data. Reduced extinction risk arising from the increased area occupied by the cheetah and leopard is tempered by probable local range contraction. Our maps provide baseline information for monitoring the distribution of these six species, which is essential in managing ecological issues that have a spatial component such as responses to changing land use. Our results also demonstrate the utility of detection/non-detection surveys in rapid assessment of carnivore populations at large spatial scales.
Activation of the peptidergic neurosecretory system in Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea)
Authors: Gustafsson Margaretha K. S. , Wikgren Marianne C. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe activation of the peptidergic neurosecretory system in Diphyllobothrium dendriticum was studied following cultivation of plerocercoids for short times in vitro and in vivo. In the plerocercoid the neurosecretory cells gave a very weak reaction with paraldehyde fuchsin (PAF). After cultivation for 1 h large numbers of neurosecretory cells filled with PAF-positive granules were evident. The significance of the activation of the neurosecretory system during the transfer of the worm from the cold-blooded fish host to the warm-blooded final host is discussed.
Eimeriaspp. from the chicken: from merozoites to oocysts in embryonated eggs
Authors: Shirley M. W. , McDonald V. , Ballingall S. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYMerozoites of 5 species ofEimeriafrom the chicken were recovered from this host and inoculated into the allantoic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs. The merozoites developed into sexual stages in the chorio-allantoic membranes, and oocysts of all the species which were tested —E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. necatrixandE. praecox— were recovered. Many of the oocysts ofE. maximaandE. necatrix, and a few of those ofE. brunetti, sporulated and were found to be infective for chickens.
Acquired immunity against Trypanosoma danilewskyi in goldfish, Carassius auratus
Authors: Woo Patrick T.K. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYTwo groups of goldfish maintained at 20°C were experimentally infected with two different sized inocula of Trypanosoma danilewskyi. One group was inoculated with 380000 trypanosomes/fish and the other with 3800. Forty and 90% of the fish, respectively, survived. All surviving fish challenged 190 days post-infection were protected from re-infection. The plasma of these fish when inoculated into another group of fish also protected them from infection. Finally, trypanosomes incubated in vitro in immune plasma at 20°C for 2 h were not infective; however, incubations at 5°C or for 1 h were not as effective.
Studies on malaria in Papua New Guinea: comparison of the surface glycoproteins on red blood cells from infected and uninfected individuals
Authors: Howard R. J. , Brown G. V. , Smith P. M. , Mitchell G. F. , Stace J. D. , Alpers M. P. , Wember M. , Schauer R. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe levels of erythrocyte membrane sialic acid from 17 patients withPlasmodium falciparummalaria and 1 withPlasmodium vivaxmalaria, in Papua New Guinea, have been compared with 9 uninfected controls. The amounts of radioactivity incorporated into the major erythrocyte glycoproteins by the periodate/NaB3H4or galactose oxidase plus neuraminidase/NaB3H4methods were unchanged by malaria infection. The electrophoretic mobilities of these proteins also were unaffected. Several new glycoprotein bands with molecular weights (mol. wt) of 160000, 89000, 46000, 42000 and 33000 Daltons were labelled on the surface of erythrocytes from infected individuals; however, none of these bands appeared inallmalarious samples. Sialic acid levels on the erythrocyte membrane were also measured by exhaustive neuraminidase treatment and quantitative assay of released sialic acid. The amount of sialic acid was raised in 1 infected individual, within the normal range for Europeans in 4 others, and below this range with 3 patients. Apparently, extensive removal or modification of sialic acid on the surface of uninfected erythrocytes does not occur in human malaria, in contrast to the results obtained in earlier studies with the lethal murine malarias.
Aspects of intestinal parasitism in villagers from rural peninsular India
Authors: Bidinger P. D. , Crompton D. W. T. , Arnold Susan 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYIn 1977, a parasitological survey was undertaken of stool samples collected from 335 people from 5 villages in semi-arid regions of peninsular India. Stools, which were collected from various individuals in a stratified sample of 40 matched households from each village, were examined by standard diagnostic procedures. Eggs ofAscaris lumbricoidesand protozoan cysts, which were identified on morphological grounds as belonging toEntamoebaspp., were most common. Other protozoan cysts were considered to be those ofBalantidium coli, and eggs of hookworm andHymenolepis nanawere also observed in some of the stool specimens. The prevalence of parasitic infections varied between villages. The village with the highest prevalence ofAscaris(70%) appeared to have the greatest demands made on its meagre drinking-water supply. This village is located in a dry, windy and dusty region and it is speculated that, in addition to well-established transmission mechanisms, the villagers may be exposed, perhaps through contamination of uncovered drinking-water wells and inhalation, to wind-borneAscariseggs. In 1967, a WHO Expert Committee Report on the Control of Ascariasis pointed out that information on the frequency of dust-borne infection withAscarisin man was inadequate.
Trematode–gastropod associations in nine non-lacustrine habitats in the Mwanza region of Tanzania
Authors: Loker E. S. , Moyo H. G. , Gardner S. L. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYBetween August 1978 and July 1979, freshwater gastropods were collected at monthly intervals from 9 different non-lacustrine habitats in the Mwanza region of Tanzania. Of a total of 11708 gastropods representing 14 species, 1748 (14–9%) were infected with trematode sporocysts and/or rediae. Altogether 38 morphologically distinguishable ‘species’ of cercariae were recovered (13 furcocercous, 10 xiphidiocercaria, 6 echin-ostome, 4 cystophorous, 3 gymnocephalous and 2 amphistome species), 22 of which did not conform to previously described African species. The majority (63–8%) of all mature infections were xiphidiocercariae. Biomphalaria pfeifferi, B. sudanica and Ceratophallus natalensis each yielded 11 species of cercariae. Lymnaea natalensis had the highest overall prevalence of infection (36–9%). Cercaria guttera from L. natalensis accounted for 20–4% of all recovered trematode infections and C. blukwa from Biomphalaria accounted for 18–4% of all infections; the high prevalence of these two xiphidiocercariae may alter the transmission patterns of Fasciola gigantica and Schistosoma mansoni, respectively. S. mansoni was recovered from both B. sudanica (22 of 2393 infected) and B. pfeifferi (79 of 1913 infected); S. haematobium (or related species) was recovered from Bulinus (Physopsis) nasutus (50 of 1503 infected) and to a lesser extent from B. (P.) africanus (6 of 186 infected). The findings are discussed in relation to the biological control of trematode diseases in Tanzania.
On the finite-dimensional marginals of shift-invariant measures
Authors: CHAZOTTES J.-R. , GAMBAUDO J.-M. , HOCHMAN M. , UGALDE E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLet Σ be a finite alphabet, Ω=Σℤdequipped with the shift action, and ℐ the simplex of shift-invariant measures on Ω. We study the relation between the restriction ℐnof ℐ to the finite cubes {−n,…,n}d⊂ℤd, and the polytope of ‘locally invariant’ measures ℐlocn. We are especially interested in the geometry of the convex set ℐn, which turns out to be strikingly different whend=1 and whend≥2 . A major role is played by shifts of finite type which are naturally identified with faces of ℐn, and uniquely ergodic shifts of finite type, whose unique invariant measure gives rise to extreme points of ℐn, although in dimensiond≥2 there are also extreme points which arise in other ways. We show that ℐn=ℐlocnwhend=1 , but in higher dimensions they differ fornlarge enough. We also show that while in dimension one ℐnare polytopes with rational extreme points, in higher dimensions every computable convex set occurs as a rational image of a face of ℐnfor all large enoughn.
Dynamics of non-classical interval exchanges
Authors: GADRE VAIBHAV S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA natural generalization of interval exchange maps are linear involutions, first introduced by Danthony and Nogueira [Measured foliations on non-orientable surfaces.Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm. Supér.(4)26(6) (1993), 645–664]. Recurrent train tracks with a single switch provide a subclass of linear involutions. We call such linear involutions non-classical interval exchanges. They are related to measured foliations on orientable flat surfaces. Non-classical interval exchanges can be studied as a dynamical system by considering Rauzy induction in this context. This gives a refinement process on the parameter space similar to Kerckhoff’s simplicial systems. We show that the refinement process gives an expansion that has a key dynamical property calleduniform distortion. We use uniform distortion to prove normality of the expansion. Consequently, we prove an analog of Keane’s conjecture: almost every non-classical interval exchange is uniquely ergodic. Uniform distortion has been independently shown in [A. Avila and M. Resende. Exponential mixing for the Teichmüller flow in the space of quadratic differentials, http://arxiv.org/abs/0908.1102].
Hausdorff measure of escaping and Julia sets for bounded-type functions of finite order
Authors: PETER JÖRN 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe show that the escaping sets and the Julia sets of bounded-type transcendental entire functions of order ρ become ‘smaller’ as ρ→∞. More precisely, their Hausdorff measures are infinite with respect to the gauge function hγ(t)=t2g(1/t)γ, where g is the inverse of a linearizer of some exponential map and γ≥(log ρ(f)+K1)/c, but for ρ large enough, there exists a function fρ of bounded type with order ρ such that the Hausdorff measures of the escaping set and the Julia set of fρ with respect to hγ′ are zero whenever γ′ ≤(log ρ−K2)/c.
Identification of new leads for human IGFBP-2: a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Hema Kanipakam , Vani Priyadarshini I , Umamaheswari Amineni 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIGFBP-2, the largest member of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins family, is under-expressed in hazardous cardiovascular diseases like obesity and type II diabetes mellitus, which upon aging leads to heart stroke. Therefore, IGFBP-2 has been proposed as a possible target for the development of novel leads for cardiovascular disease therapy. High-throughput virtual screening, one of the most common methods used to identify lead compounds was implemented here to identify potential IGFBP-2 activators. The NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) structure of human IGFBP-2 was retrieved from the protein data bank. A 2D similarity search was performed for known IGFBP-2 activator TPA to acquire 383 structural analogs. The 3D structural conversion and multiple confirmations for 383 compounds were generated using LigPrep with ADME constraints. The docking and scoring calculations were performed using Glide v5.7. The extra precision (XP) docking reported 35 leads and ranked based on XP Gscore. Eleven leads having better XP Gscore compared to TPA were proposed as potential IGFBP-2 activators. Lead ’1’ (3,11-dihydroxyl-13-methyl-6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,15,16-decahydro-cyclopenta [a] phenon) showed highest XP Gscore of -7.239 kcal/mol, good pharmacological properties and similar molecular interaction as TPA with IGFBP-2. Therefore, lead 1 was proposed as a promising lead of IGFBP-2 for the development of cardiovascular disease therapeutics.
Adopting Nrf2 and NF-κB from cancer: Is there any role of the duo in diabetes?
Authors: Negi Geeta , Kumar Ashutosh , Sharma Shyam 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOxidative stress and inflammation are two well-recognized events occurring in normal cells during cancer chemotherapy. Several antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents have therefore been tried as rational and effective strategies for chemoprotection. Elaborate studies on antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents in various experimental models of cancer revealed that these agents act by modulating the expression and/or activity of the transcription factors nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Nrf2 is considered the main sentinel of antioxidant defense as it induces many antioxidant and phase 2 enzymes in response to stressful conditions. Likewise, NF-κB is considered as a denominator of chronic and acute inflammatory processes. In recent years, it was found that a large pool of chemo-preventive and chemo-protective agents that restrain the NF-κB inflammatory cascade also activates Nrf2 signaling. Diabetes and complications thereof are also conditions of amplified oxidative stress and inflammation in various target organs like retina, kidneys, nerves and vasculature. Here we propose that Nrf2 and NF-κB are involved in the etiopathogenesis of diabetes and thus form attractive therapeutic targets. Elucidation of potential involvement of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways that are operative during multi-organ injury in diabetes may provide basis for development of novel therapies.