bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THREE OSTRACOD-MUSSEL BANDS IN THE COAL MEASURES (WESTPHALIAN) OF NORTHUMBERLAND AND DURHAM
Authors: Pollard J. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The stratigraphy, palaeontology and depositional environments of three ostracod-mussel bands in the Lower and Middle Coal Measures of Northumberland and Durham are described. The fossils of the Brockwell Ostracod Band, of the
Carbonicola communis
Zone, make up three faunal phases preserved in shale and mudstone. The Hopkins Band, in the lower
Anthraconaia modiolaris
Zone, is persistent over a wide area of the coalfield and shows six distinct faunal phases within the band (Pollard, 1966). The Claxheugh Shell Bed of the Upper
Anthracosia similis-Anthraconaia pulchra
Zone has a rich arthropod fauna preserved with non-marine mussels in an ironstone matrix.

A detailed analysis of the non-marine bivalves in relationship to the petrology and chemistry of the sediments of the Hopkins Band elucidates the conditions of its formation. It is concluded that both the Brockwell Ostracod Band and the Hopkins Band were deposited in large lagoonal areas marginal to a coal swamp; the Claxheugh Shell Bed was formed in a more temporary pool within the complex of the Coal Measures delta.
THE LOWER LIMESTONE GROUP (VISÉAN) OF THE OTTERBURN DISTRICT, NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: Frost D. V. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The Lower Limestone Group in central Northumberland (i.e. the Redesdale Limestone and overlying strata up to the base of the Oxford Limestone) consists of about 270 metres of beds of Yoredale facies of the Lower Carboniferous. They are predominantly arenaceous but include up to ten limestones of thickness between 1.2 and 6 metres. The lower (D
1
) limestones become thinner north-eastwards and do not extend more than a few kilometres east of Elsdon. The higher limestones are more persistent, contain an influx of new species with D
2
affinities and are recognizable over a wider area of Northumberland.

The equivalent measures in north-east Northumberland are of abnormal facies and correlation is therefore difficult but the Dun, Woodend and Watchlaw limestones of the latter area are equated respectively with the Middle Penchford, Lower Wishaw and Upper Wishaw limestones of the Otterburn area. To the south-west in the Roman Wall and Brampton districts the Naworth Limestone is considered to be the lateral equivalent of the Redesdale Limestone.
Because the base of the Lower Limestone Group has been taken at different horizons in different areas its value as a chronostratigraphical division is reduced but the term is retained as defining a useful lithostratigraphical unit.
FORAMINIFERA AND POLLEN FROM A MARINE INTERGLACIAL DEPOSIT IN THE WESTERN NORTH SEA
Authors: Fisher M. J. , Funnell B. M. , West R. G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Marine clay appearing to crop out between the Chalk and a boulder clay resembling the Purple Till of Holderness has been sampled by gravity coring on the flanks of the Inner Silver Pit between 53° 24·8′ to 53° 30·2′ N and 0° 40·8′ to 0° 41·8′ E. Foraminiferal assemblages obtained from five sites are mostly dominated by
Elphidium clavatum
and indicate middle Pleistocene interglacial conditions; in all forty-five species of foraminifera are recorded. Pollen indicating zones IIIb and IV of the temperate Hoxnian stage is present in the same
A LITHOLOGICAL SUBDIVISION OF THE SPEETON CLAY C BEDS (HAUTERIVIAN), EAST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Fletcher B. N. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The lithology of the Speeton Clay C Beds (Hauterivian) at the type locality in Yorkshire is described. Of the eleven broad divisions originally described by Lamplugh (1889), C1, C2, C4, C5, C7, C9 and C11 are subdivided on a lithological basis.
THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE CARBONIFEROUS MIDDLE LIMESTONE GROUP OF WEST EDENSIDE, WESTMORLAND
Authors: Rowley C. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
In the area between Appleby and the River Leith, north of Shap, the Middle Limestone Group comprises nine cyclothems of Yoredale facies. Most of these units consist of a thick limestone followed by a coarsening-upward basin-fill sequence of shales and sandstones but, in the middle of the group, three cycles include a considerable proportion of strata whose lithology varies rapidly, both vertically and laterally. Several fining-upward units can also be recognized and are considered to be indicative of fluviatile deposition.
Distinctive faunal and lithological features permit the tracing of all nine cyclothems throughout the area and thereby demonstrate that the Johnny Hall’s Trees and Grayber limestones are the eastern equivalents respectively of the Reagill and Lowther limestones. Use of the latter names is discontinued.
The progressive westward reduction in thickness of the group is consistent with the regional picture of minimal subsidence in west Cumberland. Taken in conjunction with the close similarity in the successions on either side of the Pennine Fault System, it indicates that a single depositional tectonic unit of “block” type existed across northern England south of the Mid-Northumberland Trough. If an earlier fracture along the Pennine Line was present, it clearly remained inactive during Viséan sedimentation.
A GEOMICROBIOLOGIGAL STUDY OF THE PRE-CAMBRIAN NONESUCH SHALE
Authors: Moore L. R. , Moore J. R. M. , Spinner E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The paper describes the organic content of specimens representing some part of the Nonesuch Shale of Upper Keweenawan age (1,075 ± 50 million years) forming part of the Copper Belt on the southern flanks of the Lake Superior Basin in Ontonagon County, Michigan. The remarkably well preserved organic matter has been studied optically in thin section, by acid maceration analysis, and separately, in ultrathin section of isolated organic matter, by electron microscopy. The amorphous organic groundmass consists of saprophytic microbiological degradation products which include spore-like bodies or “sporomorphs” (acritarchs) in various stages of degradation, with attacking microorganisms often
in situ.
The further microorganism content resembles morphologically bacteria, actinomycetes or fungi and the total organic content represents an ecosystem. The remarkable mattes of tissue composed of larger fungi are predominantly oriented with the bedding on the organic-rich elements of paired, laminated or varved deposits. The remains constitute an assemblage which recalls that of Moore (1964a) in which forms such as
Anthracomyces cannellensis
,
Palynomorphites
and “
Phellomyces
” were shown to be instrumental in organic degradation. This process now demonstrated from a Pre-Cambrian environment is one with an antiquity of at least a thousand million years and suggests that conditions with regard to physico-chemical-biological constitution and related environmental parameters have been comparable over this time period. The paper supports the general sedimentological conclusions of White and Wright (1954) concerning the depositional environment but deduces a tidal lagoon or mud flat environment of Pre-Cambrian age. The organic assemblage, the biological process of degradation and the characteristics of the sedimentary environment are compared with known geological and recent examples of laminated or varved, lacustrine; tidal lagoon and mud flat environments. Reference is made to the geochemical characteristics of some of these related sediments in an attempt to reach a more pertinent assessment of the Pre-Cambrian environment, and of the periodicity of events which the Nonesuch sediments display.
POTASSIUM-ARGON AGE DETERMINATION OF THE WATERSWALLOWS SILL, BUXTON, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Stevenson I. P. , Harrison R. K. , Snelling N. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The results of potassium-argon age determinations on three out of five specimens of the Waterswallows Sill give a reliable mean age of 311 ± 6 million years. The event is therefore placed near the Namurian–Westphalian boundary and not in the Upper Viséan as has been thought (Moseley, 1966, pp. 283–4). The anomalously younger ages of the other two specimens are attributed to argon loss.
THREE CRITICAL LOCALITIES ON THE JUNCTION OF THE BORROWDALE VOLCANIC ROCKS WITH THE SKIDDAW SLATES IN THE LAKE DISTRICT
Authors: Soper N. J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Structural reinvestigation of the Manx Slates and Skiddaw Slates has shown that these rocks have been affected by three regionally recognizable episodes of folding and cleavage formation. A recent hypothesis proposed that in the Lake District the first two phases of deformation preceded the Borrowdale Volcanic rocks while the third affected the whole of the lower Palaeozoic sequence and was end-Silurian in age.
In this paper the hypothesis of a lower Ordovician orogeny is tested against evidence from three well-exposed localities on the junction of the slates with the volcanic rocks. It is concluded that while there may locally be an unconformity of some magnitude at the base of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, all three phases of deformation postdate the volcanic rocks and hence the hypothesis of a lower Ordovician orogeny in the Lake District is untenable.
DEEP CHANNELS, MASSIVE BEDS AND TURBIDITY CURRENT GENESIS IN THE CENTRAL PENNINE BASIN
Authors: Collinson J. D. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The coarse sandstones which fill channels cut into the upper part of the Grindslow Shales form the base of the Kinderscout Grit. They differ in character from the fills of similar channels, in the lower parts of the Grindslow Shales and in the Shale Grit, which have been interpreted as turbidites. The deposits of the higher channels are of three facies: massive, horizontal and medium scale cross-bedded coarse sandstone. These occur in a preferred order, which, on the basis of the hydrodynamic interpretation of the facies, is thought to represent a waning flow sequence. The deposition of the massive bedded facies is probably due to a rather rapidly decelerating fluviatile current, depositing from suspension and/or a traction carpet and possibly associated with antidune bedforms.
These deep fluviatile channels are confined to the upper part of the Grindslow Shales, which is thought to be a delta top deposit. The turbidite filled channels are confined to the delta slope deposits of the lower part of the Grindslow Shales. It is suggested that during floods, sediment laden traction currents developed autosuspension at the top of the slope and flowed down the slope in channels, to give turbidites of a non-resedimented nature.
THE BURIED TUNNEL-VALLEYS OF EAST ANGLIA
Authors: Woodland A. W. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Nearly four hundred boreholes drilled for water in East Anglia have proved anomalously large thicknesses of drift deposits, indicating the presence of a complicated system of buried channels. These infilled channels are commonly sixty to a hundred metres or more in depth, narrow, steep-sided, with irregularly undulating longitudinal profiles, and are considered to have originated from sub-glacial erosion during the melting of the East Anglian ice. Except in eastern Norfolk the channels are, in general, confined to the bottoms of the main river-valleys and are genetically related to the Great Chalky (Gipping) Boulder Clay.
The nature and distribution of the buried channels and their drift fill are described in detail. They are compared and contrasted with the sub-glacial tunnel-valleys of Denmark and northern Germany and a common mode of origin is suggested. The relationships between the buried channels and the later terrace deposits of the East Anglian valleys is discussed. Finally, the age of the Chalky (Gipping) Boulder Clay is considered and the conclusion drawn that it may well be Weichselian and not Saale, as generally supposed.
STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURE IN THE BLACK COMBE INLIER, ENGLISH LAKE DISTRICT
Authors: Helm D. G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The two-fold stratigraphical division of the Skiddaw Group and the simple outcrop pattern proposed by earlier workers are both shown to be oversimplifications. Three formations are recognized each of which has a rather complicated outcrop. The sequence of pelite, silty pelite and minor amounts of greywacke, accumulated in the Caledonian geosyncline during Arenig or Llanvirn times. The Skiddaw Group appears to be unconformably overlain by the Borrowdale Volcanic Group. The basal rocks of the volcanic sequence are essentially sub-aerial.

The pre-Carboniferous rocks have been subjected to multiple deformation. Six groups of minor structures have been recognized in the Skiddaw Group, namely, D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, D
4
, D
5
and D
6
; only the D
1
, D
2
and D
4
minor structures, however, are persistently developed. Larger-scale folds may have been produced during the D
1
and D
2
movements.

Evidence presented suggests that following the D
2
deformation, during late-Llanvirn or early-Llandeilo times or both, the rocks of the Skiddaw Group were uplifted and eroded. After the deposition of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group D
4
movements produced the north-easterly trending, end-Silurian anticline in the volcanic sequence and brought the Skiddaw Group to its present structural level.
DERIVED COCCOLITHS IN THE BRIDLINGTON CRAG
Authors: Black M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The fine fractions of the Bridlington Crag contain numerous coccoliths, mostly in a good state of preservation. There are no Pleistocene or Tertiary species, and the whole assemblage consists of re-worked Cretaceous and late Jurassic forms which could without exception have been derived from the Speeton and Kimmeridge clays of Filey Bay and the Flamborough Chalk. No other part of the North Sea basin would be likely to supply such an assemblage, free from Tertiary contamination, and it is suggested that the Bridlington Crag was originally deposited not far from the present coast north of Flamborough Head.
THE METHOD OF OPENING, ORIENTATION AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE TREMADOCIAN ACRITARCH,
ACANTHODIACRODIUM UBUI
MARTIN
Authors: Lister T. R. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

A study of large populations of
Acanthodiacrodium ubui
Martin from the Habberley Shales (Tremadoc) of Shropshire reveals the presence of cyst-openings which vary in position and shape in different specimens. These openings exercise a disruptive effect on individuals and the resultant breakage patterns suggest that they are related to a complex set of sutures, one or more of which may be operative in a given cyst. Reconstruction of the suture pattern reveals a tabulate organism capable of orientation.
A DEEP BOREHOLE AT HARTON ON THE MARGIN OF THE NORTHUMBRIAN TROUGH
Authors: Ridd M. F. , Walker D. B. , Jones J. M. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The deep Harton borehole on the north Durham coast penetrated 73 metres of Permian beds underlain by Coal Measures (367 metres), Millstone Grit (98 metres), Upper Limestone Group (341 metres), Middle Limestone Group (410 metres), an un-named limestone group (76 metres), and an un-named sandstone group (302 metres). In addition three quartz-dolerite intrusive bodies totalling 99 metres in thickness were present. The hole reached a total depth of 1,769 metres (5,804 feet) without reaching the base of the Carboniferous.
The rank and texture of coal seams in the succession have been altered by the igneous intrusions and there is evidence that the lower coals had attained anthracitic rank before the bottom intrusion, or possibly before all of the intrusions, had been emplaced.
Until Harton No. 1 was drilled it was believed on the evidence of a gravity survey that the borehole would penetrate an Alston Block type of succession and that the boundary between the block and the Northumbrian Trough coincided with the Ninety Fathom Fault, six kilometres (4 miles) north of the borehole. However, the thickness of the Lower Carboniferous succession and its lithology indicate that Harton No. 1 was drilled in the Northumbrian Trough. The boundary between block and trough is probably gradational and not a sharp boundary such as occurs over the Stublick Fault farther west.
THE AGE AND RELATIONSHIPS OF THE TRIASSIC ROCKS ASSIGNED TO THE LOWER PART OF THE KEUPER IN NORTH NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, NORTH-WEST LINCOLNSHIRE AND SOUTH YORKSHIRE
Authors: Smith E. G. , Warrington G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The stratigraphy of the Green Beds and Waterstones and of the Keuper Marl up to and including the Clarborough Beds, is described from outcrop and borehole sections mainly in north Nottinghamshire and north-west Lincolnshire. These three formations represent distinct facies, and lithostratigraphical evidence, confirmed by palynological studies, establishes that each facies is diachronous and that the first two pass laterally northwards and eastwards into the Keuper Marl. The Green Beds vary in age from late Scythian in the north to Anisian in the south. The Waterstones may have a late Scythian component at their northern limit but are apparently entirely post-Scythian in the south.
The Keuper Marl includes rocks of late Scythian and Anisian age in the north, but is entirely of post-Anisian age in the south. The existence of a stratigraphical break at the base of the so-called Keuper is supported by this evidence though it must now be regarded as intra- rather than post-Scythian and may well be the equivalent of the Hardegsen Disconformity of the Continent.
There is no evidence that the gypsum and anhydrite horizons in the lower part of the Keuper are diachronous; indeed, the Clarborough Beds appear to be synchronous throughout the area and the other significant evaporite horizon (within the Green Beds) is everywhere of late Scythian age.
THE PETROGRAPHY OF THE MANSFIELD MARINE BAND CYCLOTHEM AT TINSLEY PARK, SHEFFIELD
Authors: Taylor R. K. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Mansfield (Aegir) Marine Band cyclothem in the Tinsley Park area exhibits the “classical” lithological sequence: marine band, non-marine shale and mudstone, siltstone and sandstone, rootlet bed, coal. Differences between two marine band sections, which occur within a kilometre and a half of one another, are attributed to sedimentological variations across a delta front.
Authigenic free silica and clay minerals are quantitatively insignificant compared with the ubiquitous detrital complement. Apart from the well-known non-detrital minerals, pyrite and siderite (as well as a collophanous mineral, and in one section, ankerite), only zircon, rutile and apatite were significant heavy minerals in the marine strata. Other heavy mineral species are more common in the upper part of the cycle. Rutile in the cyclothem is believed to be dominantly (though indirectly) detrital whereas the morphology of apatite is more in keeping with a non-detrital origin. In general, many mineralogical features are consistent with a relatively mature suite of sediments.
Brief reference is also made to the possibility that the neighbouring Don Monocline was a developing structure which may have influenced deposition.
COCCOLITHS OF THE SPEETON CLAY AND SUTTERBY MARL
Authors: Black Maurice 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The Speeton Clay (Berriasian to Lower Albian) contains a much fuller succession of early Cretaceous coccoliths than has been described from beds of this age elsewhere. Most of the species are confined to the Lower Cretaceous and belong to three families which show a vigorous diversification in the Speeton Clay. Many of the rarer species are the forerunners of forms that are abundant in the Upper Cretaceous.
There is a substantial break between Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous assemblages, with very few species crossing the boundary. In the Berriasian beds a new flora begins to develop, very largely from Jurassic families. Most of these early forms are confined to the Speeton Clay and the first substantial appearance of Gault species is not until the Hauterivian; only a few of these continue into the Upper Cretaceous.
When the Speeton assemblages are compared from an ecological point of view with communities living in modern seas, they are found to resemble most closely those of a land-locked gulf drawing its plankton, with some impoverishment, from the open ocean.
Four new families, eleven new genera and forty-five new species are proposed.
THE ORDOVICIAN ROCKS OF THE COUNTRY BETWEEN DWYGYFYLCHI AND DOLGARROG, CAERNARVONSHIRE
Authors: Stevenson I. P. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

The lowest beds described are slates and grits underlying the Conway Volcanic Group and of probable early Caradoc age. The Conway Volcanic Group comprises thick rhyolite lavas below and rhyolitic tuffs above; andesitic tuffs are present in the south-west. The succeeding grits and slates of the Glanrafon Beds yield shelly faunas which are mainly of Soudleyan age, with Harnagian beds possibly present at the base and Longvillian probably present at the top. The overlying Crafnant Volcanic Group includes rhyolitic tuffs and basic crystal pumice tuffs, with interbedded slates. Basic pyroclastic rocks near the top of the group are considered to have been erupted from a vent near Dolgarrog. The volcanic rocks are everywhere overlain by black slates and, in addition, thin northwards and pass laterally into them. The highest Ordovician beds are thick Ashgillian mudstones with a brachiopod–trilobite fauna including
Christiana tenuicincta.
The intrusive augite dolerites of the area are feebly cleaved in places.
LINOPROTONIA,
A NEW GENUS OF LOWER CARBONIFEROUS PRODUCTOID
Authors: Ferguson J. 
Published: December 2009

Summary

Productus hemisphaericus
J. Sowerby is redescribed and designated type species of the new genus
Linoprotonia. Productus corrugatohemisphericus
(Vaughan) is also redescribed and referred to the genus, together with
Linoprotonia ashfellensis
sp. nov. which is common in north-west England and has often been erroneously referred to
P. corrugatohemisphericus.
Other previously described Lower Carboniferous species showing similar external form to
Linoproductus
are considered to belong in the new genus
Linoprotonia.

An attempt is made to show the relationship between these Lower Carboniferous forms and the gigantoproductids, linoproductids and striatiferids. It is suggested that these genera may form a phylogenetic lineage.
THE STRATIGRAPHY AND BIVALVE FAUNA OF THE KELLAWAYS BEDS (CALLOVIAN) AROUND SOUTH CAVE AND NEWBALD, EAST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Walker K. G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
The stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Kellaways Beds are described, with special emphasis on the bivalve fauna. Thirty-seven species from twenty-three families are identified; some of these species show a stratigraphical range greater than that previously recorded.
A BARYTE-GALENA VEIN IN THE MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE AT WHITWELL, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: Ineson P. R. , Richardson R. T. , Wood G. H. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Temporary sections at Whitwell, Derbyshire, have exposed a baryte-galena vein within the Lower Magnesian Limestone. Massive, crystalline, pink and purple varieties of baryte are the principal components of the vein. Extensive metasomatic wall-rock alteration of oolitic limestone to baryte-dolomite rock has occurred.
SOME GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORDOVICIAN AND CALEDONIAN ACID INTRUSIONS OF LLEYN, NORTH WALES
Authors: Tremlett W. E. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Using twenty-four intrusions for which there is field evidence of age, the geochemical characteristics of the Upper Ordovician acid intrusive rocks of Lleyn are compared with those of similar rocks emplaced during the late phases of the Caledonian orogeny (probably Lower Devonian in age). The two groups of rocks are found to be quite distinct in several geochemical characteristics whilst they are largely different, with only a limited area of overlap, in many others. Using these geochemical characteristics an age is suggested for each of seven intrusions which lack field evidence.