bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphoglucoisomerase-2 allozymes for distinguishing perennial ryegrass cultivars in binary mixtures
Authors: Sanders P. M. , Barker D. J. , Wewala G. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe analysis of Kennedyet al.(1985) was applied to 150 individuals from each of six plots containing mixtures of the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) cultivar Grasslands Nui and the resident ryegrass population at Rawhiti, Central Wairarapa, New Zealand. Four alleles (A, B, CandD) were identified at the phosphoglucoisomerase-2 allozyme locus in the two ryegrass populations. Using the maximum likelihood method, non-linear models were fitted to calculate the percentage contribution of Grasslands Nui to the mixtures. The contribution of Grasslands Nui to the six evaluation plots ranged from 5 to 44%, with S.E.S of 11–17%. The lowest contribution occurred under set stocking with sheep and a low fertilizer regime. The persistence of Grasslands Nui under contrasting grazing managements and fertilizer regimes in this dry environment, and aspects of enzyme electrophoresis application to field trials, are discussed.
Effect of a pharmacological dose of testosterone on growth rate, feed intake and energy metabolism of steers gaining or losing weight on roughage diets
Authors: Hunter R. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effect of a pharmacological dose of testosterone propionate, administered by intramuscular injection, on feed intake, live-weight change and fasting metabolism of steers was determined in two experiments. The first consisted of three growth phases: normal weight-gain on a long-chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay dietad libitum(8 weeks), live-weight loss on a low-quality pasture (Dichanthium aristatum) hay dietad libitum(12 weeks) and recovery gain on a lucerne hay dietad libitum(8 weeks). During normal weight-gain, the testosterone-treated steers had significantly (P< 0·01) higher weight gains than untreated steers (1·48v. 0·95 kg/day, respectively). Feed intakes and fasting metabolic rates of treated and control steers were not significantly different, being 28·2 and 29·1 g dry matter/kg live weight and 85·6 and 91·0 KJ/kg per day, respectively. The efficiency of feed conversion was significantly (P< 0·01) better in the treated steers (6·7v. 9·6 feed/kg weight-gain). There was no significant effect of treatment on any of these characters during live-weight loss or recovery gain. The weight changes during these periods wereca.–0·7 kg/day and 1·5 kg/day, respectively. After 12 weeks of severe weight loss, metabolic rate per unit live weight had decreased by 25% compared with that at the start of the weight-loss period.The second experiment examined the effect of the same dose of intramuscular testosterone propionate on another group of steers fed the low-quality roughage diet during a period of weight loss. Again there was no significant effect of treatment on weight loss, feed intake or fasting metabolism.It was concluded that the growth response to pharmacological doses of testosterone in well nourished steers was greater than that usually observed in comparisons between bulls and steers, and that testosterone was ineffective when administered to steers losing weight or in recovery gain after severe weight loss.
The effects of diets deficient in phosphorus, phosphorus and vitamin D, or calcium, on the skeleton and teeth of the growing sheep. I. The mineral status of the skeleton and clinical appearance of the teeth
Authors: McRoberts M. R. , Hill R. , Dalgarno A. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Young sheep, aged either 2 or 6 months, were fed for various periods on diets low in either phosphorus, vitamin D, phosphorus and vitamin D, or calcium and subsequently for 12 months on control diets.2. The effects of treatment on the mineral status of the animals were judged by the calcium and phosphorus contents of the blood, the ash contents and radiological appearance of the bones, and the clinical appearance of the limbs. The quality of the teeth produced by each treatment was judged clinically.
The effects of diets deficient in phosphorus, phosphorus and vitamin D, or calcium, on the skeleton and teeth of the growing sheep IV. The uptake of radioactive phosphorus by the bones and teeth
Authors: McRoberts M. R. , Hill R. , Dalgarno A. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Radioactive phosphorus was injected into young sheep that had been fed diets low in either phosphorus, phosphorus and vitamin D or calcium. Forty-eight hours after the injection the animals were killed and samples of bone and teeth were removed for specific activity determinations.2. The specific activities of bone varied according to the site from which it was taken, but in general a strong inverse relationship was found between specific activity and the quality of the skeleton.3. In teeth that were formed during the period the diets deficient in phosphorus or phosphorus and vitamin D were fed, the specific activities of the dentine and enamel were greater than for corresponding tissues from the control animals.
Diallel analysis of bolting in sugarbeet
Authors: Jolliffe T. H. , Arthur A. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA half-diallel design, with parents, involving a random sample of nine partially inbred (S1) lines was used to examine the genetic control of bolting in a broad-based North-West European sugarbeet breeding population. The diallel was analysed using the Hayman (1954a) and Jinks & Hayman (1953) analyses. Additive genetic effects were shown to be highly important and significant dominance effects were found. A general trend for bolting resistance to be dominant was detected but there was also evidence that the control was ambidirectional. Furthermore, the dominance effects seemed only partially effective. Some indication of epistatic effects was found, although the possibility that this was spurious, caused by failures in the genetic assumptions required by the analyses, is discussed. The genetic control of bolting in the breeding population appeared complex.
The availability of the nitrogen in the crop residues of winter wheat to subsequent crops
Authors: Hart P. B. S. , Powlson D. S. , Poulton P. R. , Johnston A. E. , Jenkinson D. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree field experiments in Eastern England, in which 15N-labelled fertilizer had been applied to winter wheat, were used to measure the persistence of the labelled N remaining in soil and stubble at harvest and the availability of this N to up to four subsequent wheat crops. A portion of the labelled fertilizer N quickly became stabilized in the soil, with only small and ever-decreasing amounts recovered by subsequent crops. Combining all sites, all years and all applications of fertilizer, 6·6±1·92 (S.D.) % of the labelled fertilizer remaining in soil (0–70 cm) plus stubble in the year of application was taken up by the next wheat crop, i.e. by the first ‘residual year’ crop. A further 3·5±0·39% was taken up in the second residual year, 2·2±0·43% in the third and 2·2% in the fourth. Loss of residual labelled N was more rapid from a sandy soil than from two heavier-textured soils, particularly in the first residual year. After four residual crops on one of the heavier soils (at Rothamsted), 16% of the labelled N remaining in soil (0–70 cm) and stubble in the year of application had been taken up by the crops, c. 29% had been lost from the soil/crop system and 55% remained in the soil.
Body composition of young sheep and goats determined by the tritium dilution technique
Authors: Benjamin R. W. , Koenig R. , Becker K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTen young crossbred Finnish Landrace sheep and eleven young crossbred Damascus goats with liveweights ranging from 14 to 50 kg and of different ages and body condition, were used to develop equations to predict the body composition (chemical) in the intact body and dressed carcass of young sheep and goats. After injection with tritiated water, the animals were slaughtered and their carcasses partitioned into anatomical body components which were each analysed for chemical composition (water, fat, protein, ash) and energy content. From these components, the energy content and chemical composition of the intact bodies were calculated by summation. Apart from organ and gut fat, the two species had a similar body component composition. Goat intact bodies were more hydrated and had less fat, but were similar to sheep in protein and ash content. The energy concentration in their body components was also similar, but goats had a lower energy concentration in their intact bodies. Total body water, energy content and dressed carcass were predicted accurately by the derived equations, but fat, protein and ash were predicted with less precision.
The effects of bitumen mulch and sowing date on the establishment and yield of oil-seed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Harper F. , Ferguson R. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExperiments in 1976 and 1977, in south-east Scotland, with sunflower (cv. Fransol) examined the effects of bitumen mulch applied after sowing, date and depth of sowing on emergence, flowering and yield. Bitumen mulch increased soil temperatures in April and May by 1–4·5 °C resulting in earlier emergence (6–7 days), more complete emergence under adverse conditions of early and deep sowing, and earlier flowering (2–5 days). Delaying sowing from 7 April to 5 May reduced emergence time and time from sowing to first anthesis. Larger seedlings, having an increased leaf area, resulted from bitumen mulching and early sowing.In the laboratory, increasing temperatures from 5 to 20 °C reduced the average germination time by 0·75 days for each increase of 5 °C. Germination percentage was not affected by temperature over this range.Average seed yields and oil content were markedly different in 1976 and 1977; 2·22 t/ha and 44·7% for 1976 and 0·95 t/ha and 36·9% for 1977. Bitumen mulch and sowing depth had no effect on seed yield or oil content but delaying sowing until 5 May reduced both. Lower seed yields in 1977 resulted from fewer and smaller seeds. Infection of the seed heads with grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) after flowering was high in both years.
The response of pastures in Northern Ireland to N, P and K fertilizers and to animal slurries: II. Effects of mineral composition
Authors: Adams S. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYHerbage samples from 16 trials testing the effects of N, P and K fertilizers and slurry on grassland were analysed for % N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na. The data were examined to see if a fertilizer policy designed for optimum yield should be modified after taking pasture mineral content into account.The correct fertilizer nitrogen policy appears to be to apply nitrogen for the desired yield and to disregard any effects on mineral content. The correct fertilizer policy for phosphorus and potassium is to steer a middle course between depleting soil reserves and accumulating undesirable excesses. The quantities of phosphorus and potassium which should be applied to cut grass to maintain the status quo in the soils are discussed. The amount of phosphorus and potassium added in slurry must be allowed for in this calculation. As the amount of slurry available depends upon the farming system, an effective fertilizer policy for phosphorus and potassium can only be devised by studying the farm as a whole.At the first cut, the slurries provided on average 115 kg NH4-N/ha, 114 kg K/ha and 86 kg P/ha. Slurry potassium was somewhat less than half as effective as fertilizer potassium in increasing % K in the herbage at the first cut. Furthermore, the herbage recovered only 0·8 kg of the 86 kg of slurry phosphorus. In the short term, slurry was only just over 10% as effective as fertilizer phosphorus, presumably because much phosphorus in it is organically bound.
The relationship between in vitro digestible cell wall and the cell-wall content of forage
Authors: Moir K. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn oven-dried whole plants from three regrowths of four varieties of Panicum maximum, leaf and stem of normal and stunted oats at three stages of first growth, leaf and stem of rape and the whole plant of millet, cell wall ranged from 14 to 77% of the organic matter. In vitro digestible cell wall ranged from 13 to 46% of the organic matter and was closely related to the cell wall (residual standard deviation, ± 2·5). In 16 legume hays the average in vitro digestible cell wall was 22·1% of the forage organic matter compared with an average value of 20·5% found previously from in vivo digestibility experiments with legumes. An unsatisfactory feature of the in vitro digestibility determination was that in silages and low quality grass hays, the digestible cell wall was low relative to known in vivo values for these forage types. The separate determinations of cell wall and in vitro digestible cell wall would add to the confidence that can be placed on estimates of in vivo digestibility from laboratory measurements. Often, the determination of cell-wall content is sufficient for this purpose.
Response of maize to trash burning and nitrogen fertilizer in a newly opened secondary forest
Authors: Iremiren G. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe growth and yield of maize grown on an unploughed newly opened secondary forest in Nigeria in 1985–87 was studied. In each year, trash was either removed or burnt in situ and each of these treatments was given N fertilizer or none. In the first year, only N fertilizer increased yields. In the second and third years, yields were increased by N fertilizer and by trash burning. Trash burning consistently increased the amount of P in the soil.
Breed differences in water metabolism and body composition of sheep and goats
Authors: Aganga A. A. , Umunna N. N. , Oyedipe E. O. , Okoh P. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWater metabolism of two breeds of sheep (Uda and Yankasa)and two breeds of goat (Sahel and Maradi) was studied. Tritiated water space as a percentage of live weight was 80·5 and 73·6 % for Uda and Yankasa, respectively, and 77·8 and 66·1 % for Sahel and Maradi, respectively. The biological half-life of tritium was least in Yankasa (115 h) and longest in Sahel (173 h). Water turnover (I/day per animal) was 2·52, 2·63, 0·86 and 1·09 for Uda, Yankasa, Sahel and Maradi, respectively.
Effects of soil moisture and temperature on seedling emergence from natural and pre-germinated onion seeds
Authors: Finch-Savage W. E. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe emergence of seedlings from natural, germinating and selected uniformlygerminated onion seeds was compared in a range of changing patterns of soil moisture. The timing, spread and amount of seedling emergence from seeds in all three treatments were affected by the timing of water availability in the seed bed and these effects differed between treatments.The rate of seedling emergence in all three treatments under non-limiting soil moisture conditions was correlated with mean temperature, but this relationship was obscured in irrigation treatments where water stress occurred. However, if the seed bed was moist at sowing irrespective of subsequent moisture stress the reciprocals of the time to the start, time to 50% and time to the end of seedling emergence from uniformly germinated seeds were correlated with mean temperature (r> 0·87, D.F. 27).The results show that if the seed bed is irrigated prior to sowing and soil moisture is maintained during the first 3 days following sowing high levels of seedling emergence with both predictable timing and uniformity can be achieved by sowing uniformlygerminated seeds. Seedling emergence from natural and germinating seeds was much less predictable.
Intake and digestibility by sheep of artificially dried forages in several physical forms
Authors: Milne J. A. , Campling R. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn three experiments high quality, autumn-harvested dried Italian ryegrass and lucerne in the form of cobs and pellets and in one of these experiments in the chopped form were offered to mature castrated male sheep at a maintenance level of feeding. Only small differences were found between the physical forms of forage in digestibility of organic matter, retention of nitrogen and loss of energy in the urine, but the digestibility of crude fibre and the mean retention time of stained feed in the gut decreased with decreasing particle size. Increasing the level of feeding of cobs and of pellets from 800 g daily by three equal increments of 400 g caused a linear decline in digestibility but no difference was found between cobs and pellets in the rate of decline of digestibility. In three experiments the dried forages were offered ad libitum and in a fourth experiment a wide range of particle size was simulated by offering ad libitum five ratios of chopped and pelleted grass. Voluntary intake tended to increase as the particle size was reduced over the whole range, but there was no significant difference between the voluntary intakes of mixtures with a modulus of fineness of 4·4 or less. No difference was detected between the voluntary intake of cobs and pellets.
Pollination of the yellow passionfruit: nectar, pollen and carpenter bees
Authors: Corbet Sarah A. , Willmer P. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn St Vincent, West Indies, the yellow passionfruit (known as Passiflora edulisf. flavicarpa Degener, but probably specifically distinct from P. edulis Sims) is grown commercially and is pollinated by the indigenous bee Xylocopa mordax Smith. The diel patterns of anthesis and nectar availability are described and related to the timing of bee visits and pollination. Flower-bagging experiments confirmed that the setting of fruit depended on cross-pollination, was prevented by exclusion of flower visitors, and was sometimes limited in the field by inadequate pollination.Bees collected Passiflora nectar, and evaporated it on their tongues from 45–50 % to 62–63 % sugar before storing it. But the Passiflora pollen deposited on the bee's dorsum was groomed off and rejected; only Gliriddia pollen was used for bee bread. Thus the bees treated ‘acceptable’ (Gliriddia) pollen and ‘unacceptable’ (Passiflora) pollen differently, and since pollen unacceptability improves the pollen's chance of reaching a stigma, it may be a widespread adaptation.The yellow passionfruit flower shows many features characteristic of tropical Xylocopa flowers. Here, as elsewhere, this introduced crop depends for its pollination on indigenous bees which, though suitable morphologically and behaviourally, are not abundant enough to cause a high proportion of flowers to set fruit. The setting of fruit might be improved by increasing bee populations through provision of more timber for nestsites, and suitable flowers to supply pollen and nectar throughout the year.
Can calcium chemoprevention of adenoma recurrence substitute or serve as an adjunct for colonoscopic surveillance?
Authors: Shaukat Aasma , Parekh Murtaza , Lipscomb Joseph , Ladabaum Uri 
Published: March 2009

Objectives:The aim of this study was to examine the potential cost-effectiveness of calcium chemoprevention post-polypectomy as a substitute or adjunct for surveillance.Methods: We constructed a Markov model of post-polypectomy adenoma recurrence and colorectal cancer (CRC) development, calibrated to data from prospective chemoprevention trials of fiber, calcium, antioxidants, and aspirin. We modeled four scenarios for 50-year-old patients immediately after polypectomy: (i) natural history with no further intervention; (ii) elemental calcium 1,200 mg/day from age 50–80; (iii) surveillance colonoscopy from age 50–80 every 5 years, or 3 years for large adenoma; (iv) calcium + surveillance. Patients were followed up until age 100 or death.Results: Calcium was cost-effective compared to natural history ($49,900/life-year gained). However, surveillance was significantly more effective than calcium (18.729 versus 18.654 life-years/patient; 76 percent versus 14 percent reduction in CRC incidence) at an incremental cost of $15,900/life-year gained. Calcium + surveillance yielded a very small benefit (0.0003 incremental life-years/patient) compared with surveillance alone, at a substantial incremental cost of $3,090,000/life-year gained.Conclusion: Post-polypectomy calcium chemoprevention is unlikely to be a reasonable substitute for surveillance. It may be cost-effective in patients unwilling or unable to undergo surveillance.
The Beijing Olympics as a Campaign of Mass Distraction
Authors: Brady Anne-Marie 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFrom 2006 to 2008 the predominant theme in the Chinese media was preparations for the 2008 Olympics. These preparations were not merely about putting up new sports stadiums; China also underwent a massive public etiquette campaign, aimed at “civilizing” Chinese citizens. This was nominally so they could be good hosts during the Beijing Olympics. The 2006–08 emphasis on Olympic-related news coverage and the ongoing public morals campaign was what I have called a campaign of mass distraction: a propaganda campaign designed to mobilize the population around a common goal, and distract them from more troubling issues such as inflation, unemployment, political corruption and environmental degradation. This article discusses China's Olympics propaganda within the context of the modernization of the Chinese Communist Party's propaganda system – which has included incorporating practices originating in modern democratic states – and considers in what way changes in the propaganda system reflect changes in China's system of political control.
Parent and Teacher Report of Social Skills in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Murray Donna S. , Ruble Lisa A. , Willis Heather , Molloy Cynthia A. 
Published: March 2009

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine the agreement between parent and teacher perceptions of specific social behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

Method
Informant ratings were generated concerning 45 children with ASD between the ages of 5 and 14 years who were enrolled in social skills groups at 2 Midwestern outpatient autism treatment centers.

Results

Moderate agreement was observed between parents and teachers for the overall social skills rating scores (
r
= 0.34;
p
< 0.05), but there was little agreement on specific social items. Distinct patterns of skill profiles emerged. Parents consistently provided relatively higher ratings on items that pertained to initiating interactions. Teachers, on the other hand, consistently provided higher ratings on items related to responding to and maintaining interactions. Parents and teachers agreed most often on items of affective understanding and perspective taking.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that specific social behaviors may be context dependent, indicating the need for a multi-informant approach to provide a more complete profile of a child’s social abilities, which is necessary for generating a more effective treatment plan.