bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On some nondescript Anoplura and Mallophaga
Authors: Cummings Bruce F. 
Published: July 2009

This parasite approaches Neumann's Haematopinus (Polyplax) maniculatus, but is immediately recognised by the truncate proboscis, by the “ olecranon process ” of the hind pair of legs, and by the remarkable “ comb ” which terminates the abdomen of the ♀. Perhaps a new genus should be made to receive it.Linear, abdomen about four times the length of the head and thorax together. Head very broad, proboscis truncate, its lateral margins diverging to as far as the antennae, behind which the head enlarges at right angles. Post-antennal area rectangular, broad ; the occipital margin a little convex. At each posterior angle a long hair ; on the under surface, at about the level of the antennae, two short bristles, one on each side. Antennae of five segments, the first being thick and stout, the second narrower and the longest, the third short, and the fourth broad with a sharp prominence at the post-axial distal corner. Adjoining the prominence a small circular sense-organ which crosses the joint and occupies part of the base of the terminal segment. The latter is longer than the third or fourth, and has several spines at the end. Thorax broader than the head and broader behind than in front. A large flattened spheroidal spiracle at each lateral margin.
A summary of an entomological survey of Kaduna District, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Johnston J. E. L. 
Published: July 2009

Kaduna, the future capital of Nigeria, is situated in the Northern Provinces, on the River Kaduna, at an elevation of roughly 2,200 feet. The present Kaduna is a small station (Kaduna Bridge) south of the river, but the capital now in the process of construction is some two or three miles to the north, near the small native town of Doka.Being instructed to make an Entomological Survey of the district, with especial reference to Glossina and the resulting presence of trypanosomes in cattle, I left Lagos on 30th July 1914, reaching Kaduna Bridge on 1st August.
Remarks on Coccidae from Northern Australia—II
Authors: Green E. E. 
Published: July 2009

Further collections from Mr. G. F. Hill, gathered in the neighbourhood of Port Darwin, have produced several interesting new species which are described below.Aspidiotus destructor, Sign.On foliage of Pandanus odoratissimus, Darwin, N. T. (Hill, no. 636). These puparia have a rather more brownish tint than is usual in the species.Aspidiotus fodiens, Mask.On Melaleuca leucadendron, Koolpinyah, N.T. (Hill, 17, 18), and on Pithecolobium moniliferum, Stapleton, N.T. (Hill, 637). In the older examples from Melaleuca the pygidial lobes are worn and are not of such a regular outline as in the fresher material from Pithecolobium, but the two forms agree in all essential characters.Aspidiotus orientalis, Newst.On Ficus orbicularis (Hill, 23), and on “ Milkwood Tree ” (Hill, 24), Darwin, N.T. Also “ on undetermined introduced tree ” (Hill, 639).Aspidiotus unilobis, Mask.On Melaleuca leucadendron, Koolpinyah, N.T. (Hill, 18, 19). And on the same plant at Stapleton, N.T. (Hill, 638).Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) miniatae, sp. nov.Puparium of female small, circular, moderately convex ; dull ochreous white ; pellicles proportionately large, reddish or reddish-brown. Diameter 0·75 to 1 mm.
Report on the investigation into the bionomics of Glossina morsitans in Northern Rhodesia, 1915
Authors: Lloyd Ll. 
Published: July 2009

The following report deals with the investigation into the bionomics of Glossina morsitans being carried out in Northern Rhodesia on behalf of the British South Africa Company.On my return from leave in July 1914 it was decided to form a base camp close to the railway line. Several areas in the neighbourhood of Broken Hill where fly was reported as being very thick were first examined, but were found from various causes to be unsuitable. A site was finally selected at the source of the Lukanga River, about four miles from the line and near Kashitu station, midway between Broken Hill and Ndola. Building was commenced in August and completed in October, just before the commencement of the rains.Messrs. Eminson and Dollman, who had been working on the Kafue River at Mwengwa, had just reported the discovery of Mutilla glossinae, Turner, a wasp parasitic on the pupae of G. morsitans and of considerable importance, since the former worker found that about 10 per cent, of the 350 pupae he had collected were destroyed by this insect. This is the first insect parasite of any tsetse to be found in numbers, and it was decided to let the future investigations centralise round it. In order to discover whether it was localised or generally distributed, a tour was made through the fly areas of N.E. Rhodesia during the dry season of last year (1915) for the collection of pupae in various localities. About 4,000 were collected and examined. May and July were spent at Chutika (Hargreaves) in the Luangwa Valley, part of August at Nawalia in the Mpika section of the same valley, and September at Ngoa on the plateau near Mpika. Breeding was found to have commenced in the Luangwa Valley about the middle of April, and by the time the plateau was reached it was at its height. Before dealing with the parasites found, some general questions will be discussed.
Testing Insecticides on the Argasid Tick, Ornithodorus moubata, Murray
Authors: Robinson G. G. 
Published: July 2009

The sprays containing pyrethrum were outstanding in their high toxicity to the tick, and should be used where spraying measures are employed until a substance is discovered of the same order of toxicity.Of the dusts, pyrethrum powder was again, outstanding in its activity. If it is to be used, tests should be done beforehand to make certain that the sample is a good one.Other dusts were tested because pyrethrum powder is likely to deteriorate rather rapidly in the field. Certain derivatives of phenol and naphthalene were active as fumigants. Although these substances would evaporate quickly in contact with the general atmosphere, they might have some use as soil-fumigants in the floors of huts. Other derivatives acted purely as contact poisons and yet were just too volatile to be lasting in the general atmosphere. Alpha-naphthylamine and 3-methyl.6-ethyl.phenol are examples. Of these two, the latter is more toxic, and it is possible that the substitution of a higher alcohol for the methyl or ethyl group would decrease the volatility but not the toxicity.
The Utilisation of metabolic Water in Insects
Authors: Fraenkel G. , Blewett M. 
Published: July 2009

(1) Three insects,Tribolium confusum, Ephestia kuehniellaandDermestes vulpinus, have been grown at several humidities and the following factors have been determined: length of larval period; water content of food and of the freshly formed pupae; wet and dry weight of pupae and wet and dry weight of food consumed during larval development. The “net utilisation” of the food has been calculated as the ratio of dry weight of food eaten per larva to dry weight of pupa.(2) At lower humidities more food is eaten to produce a given unit of body weight. The length of the larval period increases and the weight of the pupae decreases.(3) More food is eaten at low humidities, because part of the food is utilised as water. As a consequence of this, the larva grows more slowly and its final size is smaller. It is shown forDermestesat 30 per cent. andEphestiaat 1 per cent. R.H. that less than 32·9 and 7·6 per cent. of the water in the pupae can be derived from water ingested with the food.
Mercury as a Control for Stored Grain Pests
Authors: Wright D. W. 
Published: July 2009

The Indian custom of placing metallic mercury with the grain in the storage container to prevent infestation by insects has been investigated. It is found to have a sound scientific basis as the presence of mercury prevents the reproduction of certain of these pests.Experiments showed that the vapour of mercury was fully effective in preventing reproduction of the grain weevil (Calandra granaria), the saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis), the lesser grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica), and the Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella).Zinc and tin amalgams and calomel were less effective than metallic mercury.The efficiency of a given weight of mercury is increased by subdivision, a process which increases its total surface area.
The Mechanism of Action of a Contact Insecticide
Authors: Roy D. N. , Ghosh S. M. 
Published: July 2009

In order to determine the method of entry of a contact insecticide such as pyrethrum into the body of an insect, studies were undertaken which showed that:—(a) The rapid penetration of the insecticide into the body cannot be effected through the cuticle.(b) When a mosquito has been sprayed with a mixture of pyrethrum extract and oleic acid, the deposition of fat globules around the tracheal trunks is a characteristic feature; this suggests that rapid diffusion of the insecticide takes place through the tracheal wall.(c) Experiments on flies with their spiracles closed indicate that the absorption of pyrethrum, either in the liquid and powdered states, was very slow. This fact indicates that normally pyrethrum enters the body through the spiracle.
Notes on some animal parasites in British Guiana
Authors: Bodkin G. E. , Cleare L. D. 
Published: July 2009

British Guiana lies between the latitudes 0·41′ N. (source of the Essequebo River) and 8° 33′ 22″ N. (Punta Playa), has a depth from north to south of about 500 miles, a seaboard of about 270 miles trending in a south-easterly direction, and occupies in the north-east of South America an area approximately equal in extent to Great Britain. It is bounded on the north by the Atlantic Ocean, on the east by Surinam or Dutch Guiana, on the south and south-west by Brazil, and on the west by Venezuela.The Colony may be divided broadly into three belts. The northern one consists of a low-lying flat and swampy belt of marine alluvium—the coastal region. This rises gradually from the seaboard and extends inland for a distance varying from 5 to 49 miles. It is succeeded by a broader and slightly elevated tract of country of sandy and clayey soils. This belt is generally undulating, and is traversed in places by sand-dunes rising from 50 to 180 ft. above sea-level. The more elevated portion of the Colony lies to the southward of the above-mentioned regions. It rises gradually to the south-west, between the river valleys, which are in many parts swampy, and contains three principal mountain ranges, several irregularly distributed smaller ranges, and in the southern and eastern parts numerous isolated hills and mountains. The eastern portion is almost entirely forest-clad, but on the south-western side there is an extensive area of flat grass-clad savannah land elevated about 300 feet above sea-level.
Notes on a froghopper attacking sugar-cane at Marienburg Estate, Surinam
Authors: Williams C. B. 
Published: July 2009

On the 19th June 1916, I visited for a few hours Marienburg Estate, Surinam, as froghoppers had been previously reported as occurring in sufficient numbers to cause injury.The wet season was just commencing, the first heavy rains of the season having fallen the previous day and it rained heavily during part of my visit.The froghopper (Tomaspis tristis, F.) was found commonly on two parts of the Estate which Mr. Sheddon, the Manager, pointed out as being most heavily infested last year. It was not in sufficient numbers to be doing any damage at present, but as the wet season is only beginning it will probably increase rapidly during the next few months.
Toxic bait for the control of Anoplolepis longipes (Jerdon) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Seychelles. III. Selection of toxicants
Authors: Haines I. H. , Haines J. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAttempts were made to find alternative, less persistent, toxicants to aldrin for use in baits against Anoplolepis longipes (Jerd.) in the Seychelles. More than twenty toxicants were tested (some in more than one formulation) for effectiveness as poisons and for repellency to ants at the concentrations used in baits. None was as effective as aldrin, but certain formulations of pirimiphos-ethyl, pirimiphos-methyl and mecarbam were promising because they gave good kill of ants in the laboratory and were of relatively low repellency and therefore acceptable in bait formulations.
Studies on acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae) in East Africa. Identification and inheritance of a resistance factor to organochlorines
Authors: Lourens J. H. M. , Tatchell R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDifficulties were experienced in determining the susceptibility status of populations of Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi Neum. to organochlorine acaricides. A susceptible strain of this species was found at Maswa, Shinyanga District, Tanzania. Susceptibility for toxaphene, dieldrin and γ–BHC was assessed by means of an FAO recommended test method, the oil-based packet test. A homogeneously responding resistant strain was built up from larvae from Ngong, near Nairobi, Kenya, that had survived a discriminating dieldrin concentration of 0·2%. These showed resistance factors of 10·8 for toxaphene, 30 for γ-BHC and 95 for dieldrin. The F1 cross between susceptible and resistant populations responded homo-geneously and was intermediate in resistance between the parental strains, with resistance factors of 8·7, 9 and 8·1 for ithese compounds, respectively. Larvae from backcrosses of F1 adults with the parental strains showed stepped ld-p lines such as would be expected in a case of inheritance of a single gene allele with partial dominance for resistance. A population of R. e. evertsi near Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, was controlled by application of 0·3% toxaphene despite it having resistance factors similar to those of the F1 hybrids.
Aspects of the feasibility of employing odour-baited traps for controlling tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Hargrove J. W. , Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCatches of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. attracted to an odour-baited trap in riverine woodland in Rhodesia declined by about three-quarters over a 50-day period in the hot dry season. Concurrent catches from refuges suggested that the decline in trap catches was due to a reduction in population densities rather than a decreasing responsiveness of tsetse to the trap. Of G. pallidipes marked and released 250, 1250 and 2250 m from the trap, the percentages recaptured in the trap after 5 days were about 20, 10 and 4, respectively, and after 40 days about 28, 15 and 13. The sustained responsiveness to the trap and efficiency with which marked flies were removed suggested that odour-baited traps at an economical spacing of roughly one per 10 km2 could produce effective control of G. pallidipes.
Further laboratory and field evaluations of experimental baits to control leaf-cutting ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Brazil
Authors: Phillips F. T. , Etheridge P. , Martin A. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFour features concerned with the baiting of leaf-cutting ants were studied. A liquid concentrate containing attractive and arrestant substances together with a toxicant was developed for the production on site of cheap baits for leaf-cutting ants in Brazil by addition to suitable locally available particulate carrier materials (matrices). The five non-organochlorine insecticides that performed best in previous baiting trials were further tested in Brazil at slightly higher concentrations against Atta cephalotes (L.), which had been shown to be the most difficult species to eradicate; two of these showed promise as substitutes for the well-proven but persistent organochlorine insecticide mirex. Other tests showed that bait widely scattered over a nesting site containing colonies of A. sexdens (L.), in simulation of a broadcast application from aircraft or ground dispensers, was as effective as that placed by hand at entrance holes of nest mounds. Weathering tests in a forest area showed that spoilage by rain and fungal growth, not loss of insecticide, were the main factors governing the effective life of dried citrus pulp baits under wet or humid conditions.
Probable natural hybrids of Nephotettix virescens (Distant) and N. nigropictus (Stal) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Ramakrishnan U. , Ghauri M. S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHybrids of Nephotettix virescens (Dist.) and N. nigropictus (Stål) have been bred in the laboratory, and they could transmit rice tungro virus even though only one of the parents is a vector. In the present paper, evidence is presented based on coloration and on male genitalia that suggests that such hybrids occur in nature. The potential danger from such hybrid vectors is pointed out, and taxonomists are alerted to the risk of accepting such hybrids as new species, thus completely hiding their potential as vectors.
The biology and pest status of cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Europe: a review
Authors: Vickerman G. P. , Wratten S. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biology and pest status of the common species of Sitobion, Metopolophium and Rhopalosiphum found on wheat, barley and oat crops in Europe is critically reviewed. After preliminary sections on species and sampling, the factors that induce the production of the different morphs of cereal aphids are considered. Basic life-cycles are described and the importance of migration and dispersal considered. Host-plant preferences, survival and reproduction on different Gramineae, and feeding site preferences are considered, particularly in relation to the type and amount Of damage caused by the aphids. The effects of constant temperatures on the biology of some species have been investigated, but little is known about the effects of weather in the field. There have been few quantitative studies on the effects of natural enemies on cereal aphids, but the evidence suggests that they may be important in reducing their numbers. Side-effects of pesticides and fertilisers on aphids are also discussed. Aphids may reduce grain yield and quality. Direct damage may result from reductions.
Studies on the sibling species Anopheles gambiae Giles and Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Kisumu area, Kenya.
Authors: Highton R. B. , Bryan Joan H. , Boreham P. F. L. , Chandler J. A 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA study was undertaken of the seasonal abundance, feeding habits, resting habits and malaria infection rates of the sibling species Anopheles gambiae Giles and A. arabiensis Patton on the Kano Plain, Kenya, and the surrounding foothills. A. arabiensis was the dominant species on the plains and A. gambiae in the foothills. A. gambiae was highly anthropophilic with 92% feeding on man, whereas 59% of A. arabiensis fed on cattle. In both species, the choice of host was affected by the availability of cattle. A. arabiensis rested out of doors more commonly than A. gambiae. The sporozoite rate in A. gambiae was 5·33%, 15·98 times higher than the rate of 0·33% found in A. arabiensis.
Toxic bait for the control of Anoplolepis longipes (Jerdon) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Seychelles. II. Effectiveness, specificity and cost of baiting in field applications
Authors: Haines I. H. , Haines J. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBait containing 1% a.i. aldrin and used at a rate of 10 kg/ha gave good control of Anoplolepis longipes (Jerd.) in the Seychelles, especially when large areas were treated. Typically, 90% or more of the ants were killed, usually within the first few days. Depending on the area baited, population recovery took at least 3–12 months and was largely by re-invasion from untreated areas. The bait was relatively specific but chickens starved for 24 h would eat it when no other food was available. It is concluded that baiting is relatively inexpensive and provides a safe method of controlling infestations of A. longipes over large areas.
Overwintering and spring emergence of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) (Lepi–doptera: Noctuidae) in the Namoi Valley, New South Wales
Authors: Wilson A. G. L , Lewis T. , Cunningham R. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe overwintering of Heliothis armigera (Hb.) was studied in the Namoi Valley, north-western New South Wales, Australia. In field observations, over 80% of pupae formed during late April and May were found to be in diapause and did not resume development until September. Moth emergence from diapausing pupae occurred in a protracted period between September and November. Laboratory studies indicated the probability of two phases of diapause development, one completed under cool soil conditions of winter and a second requiring a temperature above about 17° C. The threshold of the second phase was higher than that for non-diapausing pupae and was not normally reached until late September. The times to diapause termination in populations of overwintering pupae were satisfactorily fitted to a geometric distribution, which was reflected in the protracted emergence period of moths in field cages. The limited availability of suitable host-plants for the overwintering generation and for emerging moths is discussed.
Monitoring wheat bulb fly, Delia coarctata (Fallén) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), with light-traps
Authors: Bowden John , Jones Margaret G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe flight activity of adult Delia coarctata (Fall). was studied on Rothamsted Farm from 1969 to 1977 using light-traps. These catch, almost exclusively, dispersing mature females, more being caught at full moon than at new moon. Dispersal begins in response to an acceleration in the rate of decrease of daylength, and at Rothamsted begins on 10 July, soon after the rate of decrease accelerates. Maturation of eggs is controlled by temperature; at Rothamsted, the first mature females appear when temperature accumulation above 5° C has reached 314·5±10·5° after 12 June. Maturation usually coincides with dispersal, but females that have matured before 10 July do not disperse until after that date. Catches of females in light-traps are correlated with the numbers of emerging females per hectare and the numbers of eggs per hectare. Light-traps could be used as a simple way of forecasting numbers of eggs early enough to give advice on seed treatment for winter wheat on land subject to attack by D. coarctata.