bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of oral fluid collection devices in extracting antibodies
Authors: Chang C. K. , Cohen M. E. , Bienek D. R. 
Published: April 2009

Introduction:  To facilitate diagnoses, this study determined the efficacy of commercial oral fluid collection devices for their ability to recover three human immunoglobulin isotypes; immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgG, and IgM.Methods:  The sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine antibody recovery from the following devices: (i) OraSure® oral specimen collection device, (ii) saliva•sampler®, (iii) ORALscreen™ collector, (iv) Dri‐Angle®, (v) no. 2 cotton roll, (vi) all‐gauze sponges device, and (vii) DentaSwabs®. For each isotype tested, the recovered eluate was compared with the concentration applied to the device. The performance of each device was determined at various antibody concentrations.Results:  Recovery of IgA from the saliva•sampler, ORALscreen collector, Dri‐Angle and cotton roll was comparable to that seeded onto the device. When compared with the seeded IgG concentration, the mean concentration of antibody recovered by each product differed by approximately ± 9 ng/ml. The average amount of IgM recovered by the cotton roll and all‐gauze sponges device was approximately 29 and 39 ng/ml, respectively, less (P < 0.0001) than that seeded on the device. For all isotypes tested, the amount of antibody recovered from the device was dependent on the initial seeding concentration.Conclusion:  Collectively, these data suggest that the product used for specimen collection can affect retrieval of antibodies and potentially confound patient diagnosis.
Human cytomegalovirus and Epstein–Barr virus inhibit oral bacteria‐induced macrophage activation and phagocytosis
Authors: Lin Y.‐L. , Li M. 
Published: April 2009

Introduction:  Periodontal disease is an inflammatory condition caused by periodontal microorganisms. Viruses such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) are associated with certain types of periodontal disease, but their roles in promoting the disease are unclear. Because both viruses infect human macrophages, cells which play key roles in the clearance of pathogenic bacteria, it is likely that the viruses alter the functional capacity of macrophages by inhibiting their defense mechanisms against invading pathogens.Methods:  Macrophages preinfected with HCMV or EBV were evaluated following stimulation by selected oral bacteria. Bacteria‐induced macrophage activation was assayed by measuring the levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) produced in the media, and phagocytic activity was analysed by a phagocytosis assay with fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled bacteria. The virus‐infected macrophages were also subjected to semi‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction to measure the expression of toll‐like receptor 9, which is involved in the activation of phagocytosis‐related pathways.Results:  Both HCMV and EBV significantly diminished the TNF‐α production typically induced by oral bacteria, inhibited the phagocytic activity of macrophages, and downregulated the expression of toll‐like receptor 9.Conclusion:  Infection by HCMV or EBV inhibits the functional ability of macrophages to respond to bacterial challenge, thereby suggesting their pathogenic role in the development of periodontal disease.
Oral Candida infection and colonization in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Dongari‐Bagtzoglou A. , Dwivedi P. , Ioannidou E. , Shaqman M. , Hull D. , Burleson J. 
Published: April 2009

Introduction:  Oral Candida carriage and infection have been reported to be associated with a greater risk for systemic infection in transplant recipients; however, a systematic analysis of the oral Candida titers and species has not been previously conducted. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of oropharyngeal candidiasis, the oral carrier status, Candida titers and species in this population.Methods:  Ninety kidney and heart transplant subjects and 72 age‐matched healthy controls were included. Swabs from the oral mucosa and a standardized amount of unstimulated saliva were plated on Chromagar™Candida, and colony‐forming units per millilitre were calculated. Initial speciation was based on colony color and was confirmed by standard germ tube, biotyping, or polymerase chain reaction assays.Results:  Infection with C. albicans was detected in seven transplant subjects and none of the controls. The transplant group had significantly higher oral Candida titers than the control group. There were no statistically significant relationships between the dose or type of immunosuppressants and oral Candida titers or infection. A significantly higher percentage of transplant subjects were colonized by more than one species, compared with control subjects. The most frequent species combination in transplant subjects was C. albicans and C. glabrata. C. glabrata was isolated from 13.5% of transplant carriers and none of the controls.Conclusions:  Increased oral Candida infection and carriage titers were found in the transplant population. Although the majority of transplant patients were colonized by C. albicans, C. glabrata appears to emerge as the second most prevalent species.
Homotypic biofilm structure of Porphyromonas gingivalis is affected by FimA type variations
Authors: Kuboniwa M. , Amano A. , Inaba H. , Hashino E. , Shizukuishi S. 
Published: April 2009

Introduction:  Porphyromonas gingivalis is a periodontal pathogen whose long fimbriae (FimA) are classified into six genotypes (types I–V and Ib) based on the diversity of the fimA genes. FimA variations were previously shown to be related to the onset and development of adult periodontitis in a general population, while FimA were recently found to be critical mediators of initial biofilm formation. However, it is unclear if FimA variations have effects on biofilm features. Here, we compare the characteristic structures of homotypic biofilms developed by P. gingivalis strains with different FimA types.Methods:  Biofilms were formed on saliva‐coated glass bottom wells in phosphate‐buffered saline and their structures were analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Furthermore, the biovolumes of the biofilms were quantified with a three‐dimensional fluorophotometric method.Results:  Biofilm structures formed by the six representative FimA‐type strains apparently differed. Type I and Ib P. gingivalis formed biofilms with a dense basal monolayer and dispersed microcolonies, whereas those formed by types II, III and IV strains had markedly luxuriant biofilms filled with widely clumped and tall colonies, and their biovolumes were significantly greater than those of types I and Ib. These characteristic features were confirmed to be closely related to FimA type in assays that utilized fimA‐substituted mutants from type I to II and those from type II to I.Conclusion:  Our results suggest that FimA variations have effects on the structures of biofilms formed by P. gingivalis, which may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
Examination of concordance between maternal and youth reports in the diagnosis of pediatric bipolar disorder
Authors: Biederman Joseph , Petty Carter R , Wilens Timothy E , Spencer Thomas , Henin Aude , Faraone Stephen V , Mick Eric , Monuteaux Michael C , Kenealy Deborah , Mirto Tara , Wozniak Janet 
Published: April 2009

Objective:  While concordance between mother and child report continues to be the gold standard in the assessment of pediatric bipolar disorder, uncertainty develops when a mother’s report is not endorsed by the youth. To this end we compared discordant (mother positive and youth negative) and concordant (mother and youth positive) cases.Methods:  Subjects were 98 adolescents (12–19 years of age) derived from family studies of bipolar disorder in youth who had both self‐reported and mother‐reported assessments. Comparisons were made between discordant (n = 35) and concordant (n = 59) cases on a wide range of clinical correlates.Results:  Mothers in both groups reported similar rates of symptoms of mania and depression. Within the concordant group, mothers and youth reported similar rates of symptoms of mania. There were no differences between the concordant and discordant groups in onset, duration, or impairment of mania, rates of psychiatric hospitalization, cognitive variables, or rates of disorders in family members.Conclusions:  The similarities between discordant and concordant reports in symptomatology of mania and depression, rates of comorbidities, treatment needs, and other clinical correlates suggest that a mother‐based diagnosis of mania should not be discounted in discrepant cases in which the youth fails to endorse the diagnosis.
Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: update 2009
Authors: Yatham Lakshmi N , Kennedy Sidney H , Schaffer Ayal , Parikh Sagar V , Beaulieu Serge , O'Donovan Claire , MacQueen Glenda , McIntyre Roger S , Sharma Verinder , Ravindran Arun , Young L Trevor , Young Allan H , Alda Martin , Milev Roumen , Vieta Eduard , Calabrese Joseph R , Berk Michael , Ha Kyooseob , Kapczinski Flávio 
Published: April 2009

The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) published guidelines for the management of bipolar disorder in 2005, with a 2007 update. This second update, in conjunction with the International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD), reviews new evidence and is designed to be used in conjunction with the previous publications.The recommendations for the management of acute mania remain mostly unchanged. Lithium, valproate, and several atypical antipsychotics continue to be first‐line treatments for acute mania. Tamoxifen is now suggested as a third‐line augmentation option. The combination of olanzapine and carbamazepine is not recommended. For the management of bipolar depression, lithium, lamotrigine, and quetiapine monotherapy, olanzapine plus selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), and lithium or divalproex plus SSRI/bupropion remain first‐line options. New data support the use of adjunctive modafinil as a second‐line option, but also indicate that aripiprazole should not be used as monotherapy for bipolar depression. Lithium, lamotrigine, valproate, and olanzapine continue to be first‐line options for maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. New data support the use of quetiapine monotherapy and adjunctive therapy for the prevention of manic and depressive events, aripiprazole monotherapy for the prevention of manic events, and risperidone long‐acting injection monotherapy and adjunctive therapy, and adjunctive ziprasidone for the prevention of mood events.Bipolar II disorder is frequently overlooked in treatment guidelines, but has an important clinical impact on patients’ lives. This update provides an expanded look at bipolar II disorder.
Selective deficits in semantic verbal fluency in patients with a first affective episode with psychotic symptoms and a positive history of mania
Authors: Kravariti Eugenia , Reichenberg Abraham , Morgan Kevin , Dazzan Paola , Morgan Craig , Zanelli Jolanta W , Lappin Julia M , Doody Gillian A , Harrison Glynn , Jones Peter B , Murray Robin M , Fearon Paul 
Published: April 2009

Objectives:  Neurocognitive dysfunction is likely to represent a trait characteristic of bipolar disorder, but the extent to which it comprises ‘core’ deficits as opposed to those secondary to longstanding illness or intellectual decline is unclear. We investigated neuropsychological performance in an epidemiologically derived sample of patients with a first affective episode with psychotic symptoms and a positive history of mania, compared to community controls.Methods:  Using a nested case‐control, population‐based study, measures of episodic and working memory, executive function, processing speed, and visual‐spatial perception were compared between 35 patients with a first affective episode with psychotic symptoms and a positive history of mania, and 274 community controls, as well as a subgroup of 105 controls matched on current IQ (‘good’ versus ‘poor’) and IQ trajectory (‘stable’, ‘declined’, or ‘improved’) with the patients (three controls per case).Results:  Compared to the extended control sample, probands showed a suggestive deficit in short‐term verbal recall, and a significant deficit in semantic fluency. Only the latter was detectable in the comparison with the IQ‐matched controls. All other neurocognitive domains showed intact performance or nonsignificant deficits of small effect sizes compared to both control groups. Semantic fluency showed no association with symptoms or duration of untreated illness.Conclusions:  Patients with a first affective episode with psychotic symptoms and a positive history of mania show an isolated, selective deficit in semantic verbal fluency, against a background of generally preserved neurocognitive function. This pattern seems to contrast with the more widespread neuropsychological dysfunction seen in schizophrenia.
Valproate activates the Notch3/c‐FLIP signaling cascade: a strategy to attenuate white matter hyperintensities in bipolar disorder in late life?
Authors: Yuan Peixiong , Salvadore Giacomo , Li Xiaoxia , Zhang Lei , Du Jing , Chen Guang , Manji Husseini K 
Published: April 2009

Objectives:  Increased prevalence of deep white matter hyperintensities (DWMHs) has been consistently observed in patients with geriatric depression and bipolar disorder. DMWHs are associated with chronicity, disability, and poor quality of life. They are thought to be ischemic in their etiology and may be related to the underlying pathophysiology of mood disorders in the elderly. Notably, these lesions strikingly resemble radiological findings related to the cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephelopathy (CADASIL) syndrome. CADASIL arises from mutations in Notch3, resulting in impaired signaling via cellular Fas‐associated death domain‐like interleukin‐1‐beta‐converting enzyme‐inhibitory protein (c‐FLIP) through an extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)‐dependent pathway. These signaling abnormalities have been postulated to underlie the progressive degeneration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). This study investigates the possibility that the anticonvulsant valproate (VPA), which robustly activates the ERK mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, may exert cytoprotective effects on VSMC through the Notch3/c‐FLIP pathway.Methods:  Human VSMC were treated with therapeutic concentrations of VPA subchronically. c‐FLIP was knocked down via small interfering ribonucleic acid transfection. Cell survival, apoptosis, and protein levels were measured.Results:  VPA increased c‐FLIP levels dose‐ and time‐dependently and promoted VSMC survival in response to Fas ligand‐induced apoptosis in VSMC. The anti‐apoptotic effect of VPA was abolished by c‐FLIP knockdown. VPA also produced similar in vivo effects in rat brain.Conclusions:  These results raise the intriguing possibility that VPA may be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of CADASIL and related disorders. They also suggest that VPA might decrease the liability of patients with late‐life mood disorders to develop DWMHs.
Clinical characteristics of unipolar disorder and bipolar disorder according to the lifetime presence of recurrent panic attacks
Authors: Forty Liz , Smith Daniel , Jones Lisa , Jones Ian , Caesar Sian , Cooper Carly , Fraser Christine , Gordon‐Smith Katherine , Hyde Sally , Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Craddock Nick 
Published: April 2009

Objectives: The frequent comorbidity of panic and affective disorders has been described in previous studies. However, it is not clear how panic disorder comorbidity in unipolar disorder and bipolar disorder is related to illness course.Methods: We compared lifetime clinical characteristics of illness and items of symptomatology in samples of individuals with bipolar I disorder (n = 290) and unipolar disorder (n = 335) according to the lifetime presence of recurrent panic attacks.Results: We found significant differences in clinical course of illness characteristics that were shared across the unipolar and bipolar samples according to the lifetime presence of panic attacks. We also found a number of differences according to the presence of panic attacks that may be specific to the diagnostic group.Conclusions: Distinguishing patients who have mood disorder diagnoses, especially bipolar I disorder, according to the lifetime presence of panic attacks may not only be of use in clinical practice, but may also be informative for aetiological research, such as molecular genetic studies.
A comparison of ultrasound‐guided supraclavicular and infraclavicular blocks for upper extremity surgery
Authors: KOSCIELNIAK‐NIELSEN Z. J. , FREDERIKSEN B. S. , RASMUSSEN H. , HESSELBJERG L. 
Published: April 2009

Background: Ultrasound (US)‐guided supraclavicular or infraclavicular blocks are commonly used for upper extremity surgery. The aims of this randomized study were to compare the block performance and onset times, effectiveness, incidence of adverse events and patient's acceptance of US‐guided supraclavicular or infraclavicular blocks. We hypothesized that the supraclavicular approach, being more superficial and easier to visualize using a 10 MHz transducer, will produce a faster and a more extensive sensory block.Methods: One hundred and twenty patients were randomized to two equal groups: supraclavicular (S) and infraclavicular (I). Each patient received a mixture containing equal volumes of ropivacaine 7.5 mg/ml and mepivacaine 20 mg/ml with adrenaline 5 μg/ml, 0.5 ml/kg body weight (minimum 30 ml, maximum 50 ml). The sensory score (anaesthesia – 2 points, analgesia – 1 point and pain – 0 point) of the seven terminal nerves was assessed every 10 min. Patients were declared ready for surgery when they had an effective surgical block – anaesthesia or analgesia of the five nerves below the elbow. Thirty minutes after the block, the unblocked nerves were supplemented. The block performance and latency times, surgical effectiveness, adverse events and patient's acceptance were recorded.Results: Significantly more patients in the I group were ready for surgery 20 and 30 min after the block. The mean block performance time was 5.7 min in the S group and 5.0 min in the I group (NS). Block effectiveness was superior in the I group: 93% vs. 78% in the S group (P=0.017). The S group patients had a significantly poorer block of the median and ulnar nerves, but a better block of the axillary nerve. Sensory scores at 10, 20 and 30 min were not significantly different. Thirty‐two patients in the S group vs. nine patients in the I group experienced transient adverse events (P<0.0001). Patients' acceptance of the block was similar in both groups.Conclusions: Infraclavicular block had a faster onset, better surgical effectiveness and fewer adverse events. Block performance time and patients' acceptance of the procedure were similar in both groups.
Prescription pattern of codeine for non‐malignant pain: a pharmacoepidemiological study from the Norwegian Prescription Database
Authors: FREDHEIM O. M. S. , SKURTVEIT S. , MOROZ A. , BREIVIK H. , BORCHGREVINK P. C. 
Published: April 2009

Background: Opioid prescription for pain relief is increasing. Codeine is the dominating opioid in several European countries, with Norway being among the highest codeine users.Aim: To determine whether codeine is primarily used for acute pain or whether there is a prescription pattern indicating problematic opioid use.Methods: All pharmacies in Norway are obliged to submit data electronically to the Norwegian Prescription Database at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health on all dispensed prescriptions. Because all prescriptions are identified with a unique person identifier, it is possible to identify all prescriptions to one subject. All subjects who had prescription(s) of codeine dispensed to them in 2004, 2005 or 2006 are included in the study.Results: 385 190 Norwegian persons had at least one prescription of codeine dispensed to them due to non‐cancer pain in 2005, corresponding to a 1‐year periodic prevalence of 8.3%. 223 778 (58%) received only one prescription in 2005, 121 025 (31%) received more than one prescription but <120 defined daily doses (DDDs), 30 939 (8%) received between 120 and 365 DDDs, 7661 (2%) between 365 and 730 DDDs, while only 1787 (0.5%) exceeded the maximum recommended dose of 730 DDDs. In the latter group, co‐medication with benzodiazepines (65%) and carisoprodol (45%) was prevalent.Conclusion: About one in 10 adult persons in Norway were dispensed codeine in 2005. A majority (58%) received codeine only once, most likely for acute pain, whereas a small minority (0.5%) had a prescription pattern indicating problematic opioid use.
Increased heart rate variability correlation between mother and child immediately pre‐operation
Authors: ARAI Y.‐C. P. , UEDA W. , USHIDA T. , KANDATSU N. , ITO H. , KOMATSU T. 
Published: April 2009

Background: Maternal distress would correlate with the children's mental status, thereby influencing the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) of the children and mothers. We hypothesized that pre‐anesthetic maternal ANS activity, when approaching close to their children's operation time, would correlate with children's ANS activity, and that the values of heart rate variability (HRV) would correlate.Methods: We calculated maternal and children's HRVs and analyzed the relationship between the two. A total of 24 pairs of mother and child were analyzed. Maternal and children's HRVs were recorded from the night before the child's surgery to the arrival to the operation room.Results: The ratios of low‐frequency components (LF) to high‐frequency components (HF) (LF/HF ratio) of children's and maternal HRVs obtained during the immediate pre‐operative period (06:00–08:00 hours) showed a significantly, positive correlation, but no correlation was found for the LF/HF ratios obtained during the pre‐operative night.Conclusion: The LF/HF ratios of HRV immediately before surgery in children and mothers showed a significant positive correlation.
Association between central venous pressure and blood loss during hepatic resection in 984 living donors
Authors: KIM Y. K. , CHIN J. H. , KANG S. J. , JUN I. G. , SONG J. G. , JEONG S. M. , PARK J. Y. , HWANG G. S. 
Published: April 2009

Background: Although low central venous pressure (CVP) anesthesia has been used to minimize blood loss during hepatectomy, the efficacy of this technique remains controversial. We therefore assessed the association between blood loss and CVP during hepatic resection, and examined significant determinants associated with intraoperative hemorrhage during hepatectomy in living donors.Methods: Between April 2004 and April 2008, 984 living donors who underwent a hepatic resection were assessed retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to explore the relationships between intraoperative blood loss and several variables including CVP.Results: The mean intraoperative blood loss was 691.3 ± 365.5 ml. Only four donors required packed red blood cell transfusions (mean, 1.5 U). The mean duration of hepatic resection was 92.1 ± 26.3 min. The mean, maximum, and minimum values of CVP measured during hepatectomy were 4.6 ± 1.7, 5.3 ± 1.8, and 4.0 ± 1.8 mmHg, respectively, and were not significantly correlated with intraoperative blood loss. On multivariate analysis, predictors of hemorrhage were liver fatty change, gender, and body weight, but none of the mean CVP, surgeons, anesthesiologists, anesthesia duration, resected liver volume, hepatectomy type, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, or body temperature were significant.Conclusions: CVP during hepatic resection was not associated with intraoperative blood loss in living liver donors, suggesting that CVP may not be an important factor in predicting blood loss during hepatectomy in healthy subjects.