bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Cherry green ring mottle virus in Plum (Prunus domestica) in North America
Authors: Wang L. P. , Hong N. , Wang G. P. , Michelutti R. , Zhang B. L. 
Published: September 2009

Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), a member of the genus Foveavirus, is reported to infect several Prunus species including sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), sweet cherry (P. avium L.), flowering cherry (P. serrulata L.), peach (P. persica B.), and apricot (P. armeniaca L.). The virus has been detected in most regions of North America, Europe, New Zealand, Africa, and Japan where Prunus species are grown for production (3). In sour cherry, the virus causes leaf yellowing and dark mottle around secondary veins. Other Prunus species are usually symptomless hosts of CGRMV. There is no report on the infection of CGRMV in plum so far. A survey was conducted to evaluate the sanitary status of stone fruit tree collections in the Canadian Clonal Genebank (CCG) at the Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Center (GPCRC) in Harrow, Ontario (Canada). In October 2006, samples from 110 cultivar clones including 28 sweet cherry, 36 sour cherry, 12 hybrids, and 34 plum accessions, were bud grafted onto indicator seedlings of P. serrulata ‘Kwanzan’ for virus indexing in a greenhouse with a controlled environment. In April 2007, symptoms of epinasty and/or rusty necrotic fragments of midrib, which is indicative of Kwanzan infection by CGRMV (4), were observed on indicator plants inoculated with samples from eight clones (one sweet cherry, one cherry plum (P. besseyi × P. hortulana) and six plum). Indicator plants inoculated with samples from 19 other clones (three sweet cherry, nine sour cherry, one cherry plum and six plum) showed symptoms including small leaves and leaves that were twisted, deformed, bubbled, and/or had shot holes. Total RNA was extracted from leaves of all these symptomatic indicator plants by the cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide (CTAB) method (2). One-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was carried out using the primer set CGRMV1 (CCTCATTCACATAGCTTAGGTTT, 7,297 to 7,313 bp) and CGRMV2 (ACTTTAGCTTCGCCCCGTG, 8,245 to 8,227 bp) (1) for the detection of CGRMV. Amplicons of the expected size of 948 bp were consistently produced from eight samples showing symptoms of CGRMV infection, no amplicons were produced from the other 19 samples. Those results were further confirmed by RT-PCR detection for the original field samples. The fragment from plum cv. Vanier was cloned into pGEM-T Easy and sequenced in both directions of three clones. The resulting nucleotide sequence (GenBank Accession No. FJ402843) had the highest identity (97%) with that of a CGRMV isolate Star from sweet cherry (GenBank Accession No. AY841279) and had lower identity (81%) with that of a CGRMV isolate from apricot (GenBank Accession No. AY172334.1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of CGRMV infecting plum in North America. References: (1) R. Li and R. Mock. J. Virol. Methods 129:162, 2005. (2) R. Li et al. Plant Dis. 88:12, 2004. (3) K. G. Parker et al. USDA Agric. Handb. No. 437:193, 1976. (4) Y. Zhang et al. J. Gen. Virol. 79:2275, 1998.
The STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES 5/6 Complex Promotes Sister Chromatid Alignment and Homologous Recombination after DNA Damage inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Watanabe Koichi , Pacher Michael , Dukowic Stefanie , Schubert Veit , Puchta Holger , Schubert Ingo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSister chromatids are often arranged as incompletely aligned entities in interphase nuclei of Arabidopsis thaliana. The STRUCTURAL MAINTENANCE OF CHROMOSOMES (SMC) 5/6 complex, together with cohesin, is involved in double-strand break (DSB) repair by sister chromatid recombination in yeasts and mammals. Here, we analyzed the function of genes in Arabidopsis. The wild-type allele of SMC5 is essential for seed development. Each of the two SMC6 homologs of Arabidopsis is required for efficient repair of DNA breakage via intermolecular homologous recombination in somatic cells. Alignment of sister chromatids is enhanced transiently after X-irradiation (and mitomycin C treatment) in wild-type nuclei. In the smc5/6 mutants, the x-ray–mediated increase in sister chromatid alignment is much lower and delayed. The reduced S phase–established cohesion caused by a knockout mutation in one of the α-kleisin genes, SYN1, also perturbed enhancement of sister chromatid alignment after irradiation, suggesting that the S phase–established cohesion is a prerequisite for correct DSB-dependent cohesion. The radiation-sensitive51 mutant, deficient in heteroduplex formation during DSB repair, showed wild-type frequencies of sister chromatid alignment after X-irradiation, implying that the irradiation-mediated increase in sister chromatid alignment is a prerequisite for, rather than a consequence of, DNA strand exchange between sister chromatids. Our results suggest that the SMC5/6 complex promotes sister chromatid cohesion after DNA breakage and facilitates homologous recombination between sister chromatids.
Dynamic Plastid Redox Signals Integrate Gene Expression and Metabolism to Induce Distinct Metabolic States in Photosynthetic Acclimation inArabidopsis
Authors: Bräutigam Katharina , Dietzel Lars , Kleine Tatjana , Ströher Elke , Wormuth Dennis , Dietz Karl-Josef , Radke Dörte , Wirtz Markus , Hell Rüdiger , Dörmann Peter , Nunes-Nesi Adriano , Schauer Nicolas , Fernie Alisdair R. , Oliver Sandra N. , Geigenberger Peter , Leister Dario , Pfannschmidt Thomas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPlants possess acclimation responses in which structural reconfigurations adapt the photosynthetic apparatus to fluctuating illumination. Long-term acclimation involves changes in plastid and nuclear gene expression and is controlled by redox signals from photosynthesis. The kinetics of these signals and the adjustments of energetic and metabolic demands to the changes in the photosynthetic apparatus are currently poorly understood. Using a redox signaling system that preferentially excites either photosystem I or II, we measured the time-dependent impact of redox signals on the transcriptome and metabolome of Arabidopsis thaliana. We observed rapid and dynamic changes in nuclear transcript accumulation resulting in differential and specific expression patterns for genes associated with photosynthesis and metabolism. Metabolite pools also exhibited dynamic changes and indicate readjustments between distinct metabolic states depending on the respective illumination. These states reflect reallocation of energy resources in a defined and reversible manner, indicating that structural changes in the photosynthetic apparatus during long-term acclimation are additionally supported at the level of metabolism. We propose that photosynthesis can act as an environmental sensor, producing retrograde redox signals that trigger two parallel adjustment loops that coordinate photosynthesis and metabolism to adapt plant primary productivity to the environment.
The effects of hormonal contraceptives on bone turnover markers and bone health
Authors: Herrmann Markus , Seibel Markus J. 
Published: September 2009

SummarySex hormones are important regulators of bone metabolism. As hormonal contraceptives contain either oestrogens or progestins, or a combination thereof, it is conceivable that these widely used agents have an effect on bone metabolism and bone health. The main users of hormonal contraceptives, adolescent girls and young women, are still building bone and accruing bone mass and may therefore be particularly susceptible to the effects of hormonal contraceptives on bone. Despite these concerns, the effects of hormonal contraceptives on bone health are still poorly understood. As biochemical markers of bone turnover have been proven useful tools in the assessment and monitoring of bone metabolism, we reviewed the effects of combined and gestagen‐only hormonal contraceptives on bone turnover markers and related effects on bone mineral density and fracture risk in premenopausal women, as documented in the literature until January 2009.
Evaluation of accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology in BI‐RADS3 category breast lesions: cytohistological correlation in 337 cases
Authors: Engohan‐Aloghe C. , Hottat N. , Cosaert J. , Boutemy R. , Fayt I. , Noël J.‐C. 
Published: September 2009

C. Engohan‐Aloghe, N. Hottat, J. Cosaert, R. Boutemy, I. Fayt and J.‐C. Noël Evaluation of accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology in BI‐RADS3 category breast lesions: cytohistological correlation in 337 casesObjective:  To evaluate the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in BI‐RADS3 breast lesions.Methods:  Between January 2004 and December 2007, 337 cases from BI‐RADS3 lesions underwent FNAC. Three to six needle passes were made on each patient. In 67 cases (20%) a histological biopsy was performed. Cytological and histological interpretations were performed by the same pathologist.Results:  The histological diagnosis showed that 88% (59/67) of BI‐RADS3 breast lesions were benign. Only 6% (4/67) were malignant, consisting of ductal carcinoma in situ and infiltrating ductal carcinoma.Conclusion:  BI‐RADS3 lesions remain disruptive in their management. However, the correlation between cytology and histology showed that most of these lesions were benign and that finally FNAC remains a useful and accurate test in the management of these lesions.
Immunosuppression and atypical infections in CML patients treated with dasatinib at 140 mg daily
Authors: Sillaber C. , Herrmann H. , Bennett K. , Rix U. , Baumgartner C. , Böhm A. , Herndlhofer S. , Tschachler E. , Superti‐Furga G. , Jäger U. , Valent P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground  The multikinase inhibitor dasatinib exerts growth‐inhibitory effects in patients with imatinib‐resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). In first clinical trials, side effects of dasatinib, 140 mg daily, were reported to be mild and tolerable.Patients and methods  We examined the side effect profile in 16 patients with imatinib‐resistant CML who received 140 mg dasatinib daily in our center.Results  Dasatinib produced substantial and sometimes severe or even life‐threatening side effects with ≥ 10% body weight loss (6/16 patients), pleural effusions grade II or higher (12/16) and infectious complications (12/16), including atypical infections not seen in imatinib‐treated patients. One patient developed Epstein–Barr‐Virus‐positive mucosal leucoplakia, one died from pneumonia caused by pneumocystis carinii and three patients developed a skin‐cancer. Most events were recorded within the first 2 years of therapy, only skin tumours developed after the second year. In ex vivo experiments performed in dasatinib‐treated patients, transient suppression of IgE‐dependent activation of blood basophils and TcR‐dependent activation of T‐lymphocytes was found. Moreover, in drug‐binding studies, dasatinib was found to bind to several key kinase‐targets of the immune system including Lyn and Btk, in mast cell, basophil, B‐cell and T‐cell lines.Conclusion  Dasatinib acts not only anti‐neoplastic in CML but may also act as an immunosuppressive agent when applied at 140 mg daily, and produces frequent pleural effusions and weight loss in advanced CML.
CDKs as therapeutic targets for the human genetic disease tuberous sclerosis?
Authors: Rosner M. , Dolznig H. , Fuchs C. , Siegel N. , Valli A. , Hengstschläger M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe tuberous sclerosis gene 2 product tuberin is an important regulator of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). In addition, tuberin is known to bind to the cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27Kip1 (p27) and to regulate its stability and localization via mTOR‐independent mechanisms. Recently, evidence has been provided that tuberin also affects p27 localization via regulating mTOR′s potential to activate the serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase (SGK1) to phosphorylate p27. Taken together, these findings strengthen the argument that besides mTOR‐inhibitors, such as rapamycin analogues, p27 and CDKs could also be considered targets for hamartoma therapeutics in tuberous sclerosis.
Effects of vegetation state on biodiversity and nitrogen retention in created wetlands: a test of the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning hypothesis
Authors: WEISNER STEFAN E. B. , THIERE GERALDINE 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. Nitrogen retention in wetlands provides an example of an ecosystem function that is desired by human society, and is a rationale for the creation of wetlands to decrease nitrogen fluxes from nitrate‐loaded river catchments to coastal waters.2. Here, we tested the impact of different vegetation states on species diversity and nitrogen retention during 4 years in surface‐flow wetlands receiving nitrate‐rich water. Tall emergent vegetation or submerged vegetation was introduced to six experimental wetlands each and six wetlands were left as unplanted controls for free development of vegetation. This resulted in three vegetation states dominated by emergent vegetation, by a mixture of submerged vegetation and filamentous green algae or by filamentous green algae.3. Species diversity (species richness and Shannon diversity) of plants was initially lowest in free development wetlands, but during the study became lower in the emergent vegetation wetlands than in the other wetlands. Diversity of macroinvertebrates was initially lower in the submerged vegetation wetlands than in the other wetlands, but this difference disappeared during the study. Nitrogen retention was consistently higher in emergent vegetation wetlands than in the other wetlands throughout the study.4. We conclude that plant diversity in wetlands dominated by tall emergent vegetation gradually became lower than in other wetlands, due to dominant species competitively excluding other plants. However, these wetlands were more efficient at removing nitrogen than those dominated by filamentous algae or submerged macrophytes.5. Management of wetlands often aims to decrease the dominance of tall emergent vegetation for the benefit of plant species diversity and habitat heterogeneity. Our results demonstrate a biodiversity benefit, but also show that this strategy may decrease the ability of wetlands to remove nitrogen. In this case, there is no support for the hypothesis that biodiversity enhances ecosystem function.
Classification of natural flow regimes in Australia to support environmental flow management
Authors: KENNARD MARK J. , PUSEY BRADLEY J. , OLDEN JULIAN D. , MACKAY STEPHEN J. , STEIN JANET L. , MARSH NICK 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. The importance of hydrologic variability for shaping the biophysical attributes and functioning of riverine ecosystems is well recognised by ecologists and water resource managers. In addition to the ecological dependences of flow for aquatic organisms, human societies modify natural flow regimes to provide dependable ecological services, including water supply, hydropower generation, flood control, recreation and navigation. Management of scarce water resources needs to be based on sound science that supports the development of environmental flow standards at the regional scale.2. Hydrological classification has long played an essential role in the ecological sciences for understanding geographic patterns of riverine flow variability and exploring its influence on biological communities, and more recently, has been identified as a critical process in environmental flow assessments.3. We present the first continental‐scale classification of hydrologic regimes for Australia based on 120 metrics describing ecologically relevant characteristics of the natural hydrologic regime derived from discharge data for 830 stream gauges. Metrics were calculated from continuous time series (15–30 years of record constrained within a 36‐year period) of mean daily discharge data, and classification was undertaken using a fuzzy partitional method – Bayesian mixture modelling.4. The analysis resulted in the most likely classification having 12 classes of distinctive flow‐regime types differing in the seasonal pattern of discharge, degree of flow permanence (i.e. perennial versus varying degrees of intermittency), variations in flood magnitude and frequency and other aspects of flow predictability and variability. Geographic, climatic and some catchment topographic factors were generally strong discriminators of flow‐regime classes. The geographical distribution of flow‐regime classes showed varying degrees of spatial cohesion, with stream gauges from certain flow‐regime classes often being non‐contiguously distributed across the continent. These results support the view that spatial variation in hydrology is determined by interactions among climate, geology, topography and vegetation at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Decision trees were also developed to provide the ability to determine the natural flow‐regime class membership of new stream gauges based on their key environmental and/or hydrological characteristics.5. The need to recognise hydrologic variation at multiple spatial scales is an important first step to setting regional‐scale environmental flow management strategies. We expect that the classification produced here can underpin the development of a greater understanding of flow‐ecology relationships in Australia, and management efforts aimed at prescribing environmental flows for riverine restoration and conservation.
Alpine headwater streams as reservoirs of remnant populations of the Danubian clade of brown trout
Authors: BARIC SANJA , RIEDL ANDREAS , MERANER ANDREAS , MEDGYESY NIKOLAUS , LACKNER REINHARD , PELSTER BERND , VIA JOSEF DALLA 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. The watercourses of Austria are mainly part of the Danube drainage system. Nonetheless, only few brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations of the Danubian phylogenetic lineage have been found in this region, not being introgressed by hatchery‐reared fish of the allochthonous Atlantic lineage. The present study was aimed at identifying further waterbodies that might harbour the non‐admixed gene pool of the Danubian clade trout.2. In a first step, the complete mitochondrial DNA control region of 447 specimens from 20 sampling sites was sequenced to screen for the presence of specific haplotypes. In a second step, 332 individuals from 15 populations were analysed at 10 microsatellite DNA loci.3. Although sampling concentrated on remote Alpine headwater streams, introgression of hatchery strains was more common than expected from existing stocking records. For seven populations, however, no evidence of recent hatchery trout introgression was found and it is suggested that they might represent the indigenous gene pool.4. Populations showing no evidence of hatchery introgression displayed lower levels of intrapopulation variability and higher degrees of differentiation compared to purported admixed populations.5. Our study demonstrates the necessity of combining different molecular markers to reveal the impact of introgression into wild populations, since at some sampling sites admixture would have remained undetected if only a single molecular technique was applied.6. The identification and characterisation of non‐introgressed populations provides important information for setting conservation priorities and preventing further loss of genetic integrity of a unique element of the native fish fauna.
Changes in cell migration‐related molecules expressed by thymic microenvironment during experimental Plasmodium berghei infection: consequences on thymocyte development
Authors: Gameiro Jacy , Nagib Patrícia R. A. , Andrade Carolina F. , Villa‐Verde Déa M. S. , Silva‐Barbosa Suse D. , Savino Wilson , Costa Fábio T. M. , Verinaud Liana 
Published: September 2009

SummaryWe previously showed alterations in the thymus during experimental infection with Plasmodium berghei. Such alterations comprised histological changes, with loss of cortical–medullary limits, and the intrathymic presence of parasites. As the combination of chemokines, adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical to appropriate thymocyte development, we analysed the thymic expression of ECM ligands and receptors, as well as chemokines and their respective receptors during the experimental P. berghei infection. Increased expression of ECM components was observed in thymi from infected mice. In contrast, down‐regulated surface expression of fibronectin and laminin receptors was observed in thymocytes from these animals. Moreover, in thymi from infected mice there was increased CXCL12 and CXCR4, and a decreased expression of CCL25 and CCR9. An altered thymocyte migration towards ECM elements and chemokines was seen when the thymi from infected mice were analysed. Evaluation of ex vivo migration patterns of CD4/CD8‐defined thymocyte subpopulations revealed that double‐negative (DN), and CD4+ and CD8+ single‐positive (SP) cells from P. berghei‐infected mice have higher migratory responses compared with controls. Interestingly, increased numbers of DN and SP subpopulations were found in the spleens of infected mice. Overall, we show that the thymic atrophy observed in P. berghei‐infected mice is accompanied by thymic microenvironmental changes that comprise altered expression of thymocyte migration‐related molecules of the ECM and chemokine protein families, which in turn can alter the thymocyte migration pattern. These thymic disturbances may have consequences for the control of the immune response against this protozoan.
The self‐antigen, thyroglobulin, induces antigen‐experienced CD4+ T cells from healthy donors to proliferate and promote production of the regulatory cytokine, interleukin‐10, by monocytes
Authors: Nielsen Claus H. , Galdiers Marcel P. , Hedegaard Chris J. , Leslie R. Graham Q. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryThyroglobulin (TG), as autoantigen, induces in vitro proliferation of T and B cells from normal individuals, but the cytokine production differs from that in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease. Here, we investigate whether normal T cells responding to TG are naive, or have previously encountered TG in vivo, using their responses to classic primary and secondary antigens, keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) and tetanus toxoid (TT), respectively, for comparison. While TG elicited T‐cell proliferation kinetics typical of a secondary response, the cytokine profile was distinct from that for TT. Whereas TT induced pro‐inflammatory cytokines [interleukin‐2 (IL‐2)/interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)/IL‐4/IL‐5], TG evoked persistent release of the regulatory IL‐10. Some donors, however, also responded with late IFN‐γ production, suggesting that the regulation by IL‐10 could be overridden. Although monocytes were prime producers of IL‐10 in the early TG response, a few IL‐10‐secreting CD4+ T cells, primarily with CD45RO+ memory phenotype, were also detected. Furthermore, T‐cell depletion from the mononuclear cell preparation abrogated monocyte IL‐10 production. Our findings indicate active peripheral tolerance towards TG in the normal population, with aberrant balance between pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokine responses for some donors. This observation has implications for autoantigen recognition in general, and provides a basis for investigating the dichotomy between physiological and pathological modes of auto‐recognition.