bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Present Indicative Plural Concord in Brittonic and Early English1
Authors: Benskin Michael 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn northern Middle English and Middle Scots, a verb in the present indicative plural ends in ‐e (later zero) if the subject is an adjacent personal pronoun; otherwise it ends in ‐s. This ‘northern subject rule’ is generally supposed to have become established in early Middle English. Its history is undocumented, but the idea that it arose from contact with Celtic has recently gained ground. The case is here reviewed, and though still far from compelling, is found better than has previously appeared. Regardless of language contact, it is shown that the system evident in the rule is independent of the suffix in ‐s, and could have arisen very early in Old English. Central to the account are the origins of the reduced inflection, and the loss at syllable boundaries of Old English h (Germanic χ).
Birth outcomes following treatment for precancerous changes to the cervix: a population‐based record linkage study
Authors: Reilly R , Paranjothy S , Beer H , Brooks CJ , Fielder HM , Lyons RA 
Published: July 2011

Please cite this paper as: Reilly R, Paranjothy S, Beer H, Brooks C, Fielder H, Lyons R. Birth outcomes following treatment for precancerous changes to the cervix: a population‐based record linkage study. BJOG 2012;119:236–244.Objective  To examine whether treatments for precancerous changes to the cervix are associated with adverse birth outcomes in subsequent pregnancies.Design  Population‐based retrospective cohort study using electronic linkage of data from the Welsh cervical screening programme and a national routine child health database.Setting  Wales.Population  A total of 174 325 women aged 20–39 years who received cervical screening between April 2001 and March 2004.Methods  Logistic regression was used to compare the odds of each birth outcome between women who had negative cervical smears and women who received either colposcopy ± punch biopsy only or colposcopy and excisional or ablative treatments, adjusted for confounding factors (e.g. age, social deprivation and smoking).Main outcome measures  Preterm birth (before 37, 32 and 28 weeks of gestation), and low birthweight (<2500 g).Results  Compared with women who had negative cervical smears, the odds ratio for preterm birth (<37 weeks) was significantly increased in women who had colposcopy only (adjusted odds ratio 1.54, 95% CI 1.32–1.80) and single excisional treatment (adjusted odds ratio 1.77, 95% CI 1.47–2.13). Similar results were observed for preterm birth at <32 weeks of gestation. There was no increased risk of preterm birth or low birthweight for women who had treatment compared with women who had colposcopy only.Conclusion  Women who were referred for colposcopy had an increased risk of preterm births regardless of whether or not they received treatment to the cervix. This increased risk could be the result of common risk factors for abnormal smears and preterm birth.
Antioxidant mechanism of isoflavone metabolites in hydrogen peroxide‐stimulated rat primary astrocytes: critical role of hemeoxygenase‐1 and NQO1 expression
Authors: Park Jin‐Sun , Jung Ji‐Sun , Jeong Yeon‐Hui , Hyun Jin‐Won , Le Thi Kim Van , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Choi Eung‐Chil , Kim Hee‐Sun 
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 909–919.AbstractThe brain is highly vulnerable to oxidative stress, thus controlling oxidative stress is considered to be an important therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we found that two isoflavone metabolites (tectorigenin and glycitein) inhibited hydrogen peroxide‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequent cell death in rat primary astrocytes. The isoflavone metabolites increased the expression of phase II antioxidant enzymes, such as hemeoxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), and pre‐treatment of cells with their specific inhibitors or small interfering RNA (siRNA) reversed the antioxidant and cytoprotective effects of isoflavones. The results suggest that the antioxidant/cytoprotective effects of isoflavone metabolites are at least because of increased HO‐1 and NQO1 expression. Further mechanistic studies revealed that isoflavones increase the binding of transcription factors [nuclear factor‐E2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) and c‐Jun] to the antioxidant response element (ARE) on HO‐1 and NQO1 promoters. Down‐regulation of Nrf2 and/or c‐Jun using dominant‐negative mutants (DNMs) or siRNA diminished the expression of HO‐1 and NQO1, suggesting that Nrf2 and c‐Jun are key transcription factors modulating HO‐1/NQO1 expression. Moreover, PI3 kinase and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways were shown to be involved in HO‐1 and/or NQO1 expression by isoflavones. Our data collectively suggest that HO‐1 and NQO1 play a critical role in antioxidant effects of isoflavone metabolites in rat brain astrocytes.
Sports scheduling: Problems and applications
Authors: Ribeiro Celso C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSports scheduling problems mainly consist in determining the date and the venue in which each game of a tournament will be played. Integer programming, constraint programming, metaheuristics, and hybrid methods have been successfully applied to the solution of different variants of this problem. This paper provides an introductory review of fundamental problems in sports scheduling and their formulations, followed by a survey of applications of optimization methods to scheduling problems in professional leagues of different sport disciplines such as football, baseball, basketball, cricket, and hockey. A case study illustrates a real‐life application of integer programming to the schedule of the yearly Brazilian football tournament.
Vagal Stimulation Promotes Atrial Electrical Remodeling Induced by Rapid Atrial Pacing in Dogs: Evidence of a Noncholinergic Effect
Authors: YANG DONGHUI , XI YUTAO , AI TOMOHIKO , WU GERU , SUN JUNPING , RAZAVI MEHDI , DELAPASSE SCOTT , SHURAIL MOSSAIB , GAO LIANJUN , MATHURIA NILESH , ELAYDA MACARTHUR , CHENG JIE 
Published: July 2011

Background:Atrial electrical remodeling (AER) is one of the mechanisms by which atrial fibrillation (AF) begets AF. It is known that vagal activity increases the propensity for AF. However, vagal effects on AER have not been fully investigated.Methods:Adult mongrel dogs were divided in four groups: group I, rapid atria pacing (RAP); group II, RAP plus vagal nerve stimulation (VNS); group III, RAP and VNS with atropine (0.2 mg/kg/h, intravenous), and group IV, group III plus vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) antagonist ([D‐p‐Cl‐Phe6, Leu17]‐VIP, 0.125 μg/kg/h). VNS was performed bilaterally through vagosympathetic trunks to achieve second‐degree AV block or sinus rate slowing of >30 beats per minute. Atrial effective refractory periods (AERPs) were determined in the coronary sinus and right atrial appendage every hour at drive cycle lengths (DCLs) 350 ms, 300 ms, and 250 ms.Results:During 5 hours RAP with or without VNS, AERP shortened progressively from baseline at both pacing sites and at all DCLs (P < 0.01). Furthermore, RAP‐induced AERP shortening was more pronounced with VNS (P < 0.01). With atropine, the AERP shortening during VNS was blunted (P < 0.01), but was still significantly more pronounced than that in group I (P < 0.05). However, VNS effect on AERP shortening was eliminated completely with the combination of atropine and VIP antagonist (P = 0.15 vs group I).Conclusion:Increased vagal activity promotes RAP‐induced AER, which could not be totally accounted for by cholinergic effect but could be blocked by the combination of atropine and VIP antagonist. Vagally released VIP may have important role in the vagal promotion of AER. (PACE 2011; 34:1092–1099)
A new oncolytic adenoviral vector carrying dual tumour suppressor genes shows potent anti‐tumour effect
Authors: Liu Xin‐Ran , Cai Ying , Cao Xin , Wei Rui‐Cheng , Li Hui‐Ling , Zhou Xiu‐Mei , Zhang Kang‐Jian , Wu Shuai , Qian Qi‐Jun , Cheng Biao , Huang Kun , Liu Xin‐Yuan 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCancer Targeting Gene‐Viro‐Therapy (CTGVT) is a promising cancer therapeutical strategy that strengthens the anti‐tumour effect of oncolytic virus by expressing inserted foreign anti‐tumour genes. In this work, we constructed a novel adenoviral vector controlled by the tumour‐specific survivin promoter on the basis of the ZD55 vector, which is an E1B55KD gene deleted vector we previously constructed. Compared with the original ZD55 vector, this new adenoviral vector (ZD55SP/E1A) showed much better ability of replication and reporter gene expression. We then combined anti‐tumour gene interleukine‐24 (IL‐24) with an RNA polymerase III‐dependent U6 promoter driving short hairpin RNA (shRNA) that targets M‐phase phosphoprotein 1 (MPHOSPH1, a newly identified oncogene) by inserting the IL‐24 and the shRNA of MPHOSPH1 (shMPP1) expression cassettes into the new ZD55SP/E1A vector. Our results demonstrated excellent anti‐tumour effect of ZD55SP/E1A‐IL‐24‐shMPP1 in vitro on multiple cancer cell lines such as lung cancer, liver cancer and ovarian caner. At high multiplicity‐of‐infection (MOI), ZD55SP/E1A‐IL‐24‐shMPP1 triggered post‐mitotic apoptosis in cancer cells by inducing prolonged mitotic arrest; while at low MOI, senescence was induced. More importantly, ZD55SP/E1A‐IL‐24‐shMPP1 also showed excellent anti‐tumour effects in vivo on SW620 xenograft nude mice. In conclusion, our strategy of constructing an IL‐24 and shMPP1 dual gene expressing oncolytic adenoviral vector, which is regulated by the survivin promoter and E1B55KD deletion, could be a promising method of cancer gene therapy.
Poor oral hygiene and gingivitis are associated with obesity and overweight status in paediatric subjects
Authors: Franchini Roberto , Petri Antonella , Migliario Mario , Rimondini Lia 
Published: July 2011

Franchini R, Petri A, Migliario M, Rimondini L: Poor oral hygiene and gingivitis are associated with obesity and overweight status in paediatric subjects. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38: 1021–1028. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2011.01770.x.Abstract
Aim: The association between obesity and periodontitis has been extensively investigated in adults but not in young people. Our aim is to evaluate whether overweight/obese paediatric patients have a greater chance of being affected by gingivitis than those of normal weight.
Subjects and Methods: Ninety‐eight subjects ranging between 10 and 17 years of age were classified as obese/overweight or normal weight on the basis of body mass index. Auxological data, blood pressure, insulin resistance, psychological profile, oral hygiene habits, plaque and gingival indices were collected.
Results: Anthropometric measurements and blood pressure were significantly higher in overweight/obese subjects than in the normal‐weight subjects (p<0001). The overweight/obese subjects showed a worse attitude towards oral hygiene. Two‐way anova revealed a significant effect of obesity status (p<0001) on the gingival index. Logistic and linear regression analyses identified gingivitis as dependent on insulin resistance and bad oral hygiene rather than on the overweight/obese status simply defined. Negative psychological features related to physical and academic self‐concept were also risk factors for gingivitis probably because they were related to a generic poor self‐awareness.
Conclusion: The gingivitis observed in overweight and obese young subjects is probably due to a combination of metabolic and inflammatory profiles and neglected attitude towards oral hygiene.
The Controversial Role of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Jannini Emmanuele A. , McMahon Chris , Chen Juza , Aversa Antonio , Perelman Michael 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
It is controversial whether or not the most frequent male sexual dysfunctions, premature ejaculation (PE) and erectile dysfunction (ED), share pathogenetic mechanisms and treatments.

Methods
Three scientists (C.McM., J.C., and A.A.), together with the Controversy's Editor (E.A.J.), with expertise in the area of medical treatment of PE, present different perspectives on the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5is) in PE. The psychological point of view is discussed by an expert in sexology (M.P.).

Main Outcome Measure
Outcome measures used are expert opinions supported by the critical review of the currently available literature.

Results
This Controversy examines the role of nitric oxide (NO) as a neurotransmitter involved in the central and peripheral control of ejaculation, the adherence of methodology to the contemporary consensus of ideal PE drug trial design, the impact of methodology on treatment outcomes, and the role of PDE5i drugs (sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil) in the treatment of PE.

Conclusions
While it is evident that PDE5is are the first choice in patients with comorbid ED and PE (where one may be secondary to the other), well-designed studies on the possible use of PDE5is in PE patients without ED are still limited. The issue will be less controversial when further evidence on the role of NO and PDE5 in the mechanism of ejaculation is available.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FRUIT AND VEGETABLE FIBER SUSPENSIONS. II: EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN HEAT TREATMENT
Authors: BENGTSSON HANNA , WIKBERG JOHANNA , TORNBERG EVA 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTThe pectin content in the soluble and insoluble fractions of fiber suspensions from carrot, potato pulp and apple heat treated in four different ways was determined together with the particle size distribution, water‐holding capacity (WHC), morphology and rheological properties of the fiber suspensions. In the carrot and apple suspensions, where β‐elimination was favored, the soluble pectin increased, whereas a significant but small decrease of the mean particle size of the insoluble material was obtained together with a significant decrease in WHC. For the potato pulp suspensions, however, only minor pectin solubilization was observed by heat treatment. Instead remaining starch in the cell matrix swelled on prolonged heating, leading to a different particle size distribution and a significant increase in WHC However, only minor effects on heating were seen on the elastic modulus for all fiber sources studied. But the source of fiber seems to be more important for the elastic modulus of the suspension, where the order of firmness in heated tissues (not the suspensions) seems to be the determining factor, being in the order of apple > potato > carrot.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSHeat treatment of dietary fiber before use as an additive in food products, or during the production of innovative products, can change its physicochemical properties. These changes must be understood in order to predict the changes in the final product containing dietary fiber. The findings in the present study show that heat treatment that increased β‐elimination (high temperatures for a long time) caused reduced water‐holding capacity by decreasing the content of network‐forming insoluble material. It was also found that the physicochemical properties of the potato pulp fiber suspensions are mainly affected by the gelatinization of the starch remaining within the fiber structure.
EFFECT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES ON THE SENSORY PERCEPTION OF THE TEXTURE OF HOMOGENIZED FRUIT AND VEGETABLE FIBER SUSPENSIONS
Authors: BENGTSSON HANNA , HALL CHRISTINA , TORNBERG EVA 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTIn this study the effects of degree of homogenization and concentration of insoluble material on the perceived texture of apple, tomato, potato pulp and carrot fiber suspensions have been investigated. This was done using a descriptive sensory analysis with the attributes melting, slippery, crispy, grainy and thick. The texture attributes were then correlated to the physicochemical properties of the fiber suspensions and the composition of soluble and insoluble fiber. Carrot and potato pulp suspensions were more crispy and grainy than the apple and tomato suspensions, which were perceived as more melting and slippery. The perception of crispy/grainy was governed mainly by the particle size of the insoluble fiber. The sensation of slippery/melting was increased with increasing elastic modulus and water‐holding capacity as well as a higher content of soluble fiber. Suspensions with a high elastic modulus of the continuous phase as well as a high yield stress were perceived as thick.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFurther studies are required on the texture of dietary fiber‐fortified products to increase their consumption. If the effect of processing on the texture of the dietary fiber can be understood, more appetizing products could be introduced onto the market. The present study showed that homogenization changed the morphology of the suspensions; decreasing the particle size and increasing the elastic modulus, which led to a change in the perception from crispy/grainy to slippery/melting. The difference in perceived texture between the different fiber sources used was also shown. By applying this knowledge in the food product development process the desired texture can be achieved, conveying more products fortified with dietary fiber on the market.
Clinical expression of lolitrem B (perennial ryegrass) intoxication in horses
Authors: JOHNSTONE L. K. , MAYHEW I. G. , FLETCHER L. R. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:Perennial ryegrass staggers is purported to be a common neurological mycotoxicosis of horses but the case description lacks detail and evidence.Objective:To describe the clinical syndrome of lolitrem B intoxication in horses, limiting tests to those that are applicable to clinical practice, and to assess the potential value of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests for lolitrem B in horse body fluids.Methods:Seven horses in 2 separate groups were fed perennial ryegrass seed and hay containing 2 ppm lolitrem B. Paired data were collected prior to and after 2 weeks exposure to lolitrem B, including video‐documented neurological examination and clinical examination.Results:All horses developed a variable degree of tremor and ataxia when exposed to lolitrem B. Tremor depended on the level of activity and included a subtle, rapid tremor of the eyeball. Ataxia was exaggerated by blindfolding and primarily involved a truncal sway and irregular, but predictable, limb placements. No change was detected in urine lolitrem B levels and, although plasma lolitrem B increased during the treatment period, levels did not correlate with the severity of clinical signs displayed. Limb swelling, heel lesions and serous nasal discharge were also observed in horses most severely intoxicated.Conclusions:The clinical effects of lolitrem B intoxication in horses primarily involve action‐related tremors and symmetrical vestibular ataxia. Ergovaline may have caused the limb swelling, heel lesions and serous nasal discharge. Plasma ELISA for lolitrem B may be of diagnostic use in the future.Potential relevance:This study provides a clearer appreciation of the clinical signs and variability of perennial ryegrass intoxication in horses.
Resistance training in musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review
Authors: Kristensen Jakob , Franklyn-Miller Andy 
Published: July 2011

ObjectiveTo review the efficacy of resistance training (RT) as a therapeutic modality in various musculoskeletal conditions.DesignSystematic review.SubjectsData from 1545 rehabilitation patients who had participated in structured RT programmes were included into the review. The total number of patients was composed of separate musculoskeletal conditions—chronic low back pain (CLBP) (549), tendinopathy (299), knee osteoarthritis (433), anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (189) and hip replacement surgery (75).ResultsEvidence suggests that RT can increase muscle strength, reduce pain and improve functional ability in patients suffering from CLBP, knee osteoarthritis, and chronic tendinopathy and those under recovery after hip replacement surgery.ConclusionRT can be used successfully as a therapeutic modality in several musculoskeletal conditions, especially those of a chronic variety. Although the exact application of training intensity and volume for maximal therapeutic effects is still unclear, it appears that RT guidelines, which have proven effective in a healthy population, can also be successfully applied in a rehabilitation context.
Phase II study of tight glycaemic control in COPD patients with exacerbations admitted to the acute medical unit
Authors: Archer John R H , Misra Shivani , Simmgen Marcus , Jones Paul W , Baker Emma H 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundHyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Glycaemic control could improve outcomes by reducing infection, inflammation and myopathy. Most patients with COPD are managed on the acute medical unit (AMU) outside intensive care (ICU).ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility, safety and efficacy of tight glycaemic control in patients on an AMU.DesignProspective, non-randomised, phase II, single-arm study of tight glycaemic control in COPD patients with acute exacerbations and hyperglycaemia admitted to the AMU. Participants received intravenous, then subcutaneous, insulin to control blood glucose to 4.4–6.5 mmol/l. Tight glycaemic control was evaluated: feasibility, protocol adherence; acceptability, patient questionnaire; safety, frequency of hypoglycaemia (capillary blood glucose (CBG) <2.2 mmol/l and 2.2–3.3 mmol/l); efficacy, median CBG, fasting CBG, proportion of measurements/time in target range, glycaemic variability. Results were compared with 25 published ICU studies.Results20 patients (10 females, age 71±9 years; forced expiratory volume in 1 s: 41±16% predicted) were recruited. Tight glycaemic control was feasible (78% CBG measurements and 89% of insulin-dose adjustments were adherent to protocol) and acceptable to patients. 0.2% CBG measurements were <2.2 mmol/l and 4.1% measurements 2.2–3.3 mmol/l. The study CBG and proportion of measurements/time in target range were similar to that of ICU studies, whereas the fasting CBG was lower, and the glycaemic variability was greater.ConclusionsTight glycaemic control is feasible and has similar safety and efficacy on AMU to ICU. However, as more recent ICU studies have shown no benefit and possible harm from tight glycaemic control, alternative strategies for blood glucose control in COPD exacerbations should now be explored.Trial registration numberISRCTN: 42412334.http://Clinical.Trials.govNCT00764556.
Intervention in acute cerebral ischaemic stroke: a review of the role of pharmacological therapies and intra-arterial mechanical thrombectomy devices
Authors: Chaudhary Neeraj , Pandey Aditya S , Gemmete Joseph J 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT
Acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) is the leading cause of death and disability in developed nations. In the past decade pharmacologic and endovascular therapy has been approved for use in treatment of patients presenting with AIS. The time window from symptom onset to be eligible for treatment is narrow, allowing for only a small proportion of these patients to be treated. Currently the established method of treatment is intravenous thrombolytic therapy for patients without contraindication, presenting within the time window of 4.5 h from the onset of symptoms. The improvement in patient outcome with this therapy is poor. This has led to exploration of intra-arterial mechanical thrombectomy devices to both increase the time window and also attempt to improve patient outcome with and without intravenous thrombolytic therapy. Several studies have shown a high rate of vessel recanalisation with endovascular techniques; however, their efficacy and translation to improved patient outcome is not yet established. Advanced imaging techniques may help select patients who would predictably benefit from endovascular intervention. In the light of existing controversies, this review discusses the current evidence for intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolytics, intra-arterial mechanical thrombectomy devices, and intracranial stent placement for treatment of AIS.