bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The application of regression methods to the BWR equation for calculation of volumetric and thermodynamic properties
Authors: Eubank P. T. , Fort B. F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the methods used by the authors to revise the A.P.I. Project #44 selected thermodynamic properties tables for gaseous methane and gaseous ethane. For both gases, the experimental, literature, volumetric data were segregated into pressure — temperature or density — temperature regions. BWR coefficients were found for each region by various regression methods. A differential BWR equation is developed for the ethane project which guarantees continuity of the volumetric and thermodynamic surfaces at the interfaces between regions. Such data fitting techniques, which require the use of high‐capacity, highspeed, digital computers, are necessary for accurate representation of PVT data over wide ranges of pressure and temperature. Equations representing the volumetric properties of methane and ethane are presented and compared against the experimental data and the results of previous data representations.
The rate of selenium removal from tellurium by hydrogen purging
Authors: Rawling J. R. , Toguri J. M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe reaction between hydrogen gas and selenium dissolved in liquid tellurium is described as followsH2(g) + Se ⇄ H2Se(g)The kinetics of this reaction have been investigated at temperatures ranging between 525 and 625°C and at concentrations of selenium varying between 250 and 3,300 ppm. Under all conditions investigated the reaction was controlled by transport processes in one or other of the two phases depending on the relative values of the mass transfer coefficients. Subject to the assumption that the solution of selenium in tellurium is an ideal one the molecular diffusion coefficient of mixtures of hydrogen selenide in hydrogen, Dg, is approximately 1.6 cm.2 sec.−1 at 525°C, and 2.1 cm.2 sec.−1 at 625°C. In view of complicating factors accurate values of the diffusivity of selenium in liquid tellurium cannot be deducted from the experimental results. However, the value obtained from experimental measurements of 7.59 × 10−4 cm.2 sec.−1 at 525° is in reasonable agreement with the value of 9.85 × 10−5 cm.2 sec.−1 reported in the literature.
Precise parameter estimation in reaction modelling — sensitivity in choosing experimental conditions
Authors: Mezaki Reiji 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA sequential experimental design developed by Box and coworkers was reviewed and the sensitivity of experimental conditions in increasing the preciseness of parameter estimates was examined. Continuous kinetic data were utilized for the examination. It is found that experimental conditions are in some cases rather sinsitive and slightly deviated experimental conditions from those specified by the criterion may induce some difficulty in reducing the size of confidence region of parameter estimates.
Diffusional phenomena and apparent kinetics for nth‐order gas‐solid non‐catalytic reactions
Authors: Tartarelli R. , Morelli F. , Capovani M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe influence of the diffusional phenomena on the apparent kinetics for nth‐order gas‐solid non‐catalytic reactions

is studied assuming the unreacted‐core model. Flat‐plate, cylindrical and spherical particles are considered, the size of which may vary with extent of reaction. Specific methods of contacting of fluid with solid are taken into account, but their influence on the results are not remarkable. At high conversions of cylindrical and spherical particles, the process is always chemical reaction controlled.
The vapor‐phase oxidation of benzene over a vanadium oxide catalyst
Authors: Jaswal I. S. , Mann R. F. , Juusola J. A. , Downie J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe kinetics of the reaction of benzene with oxygen over a vanadium oxide/potassium sulphate‐promoted catalyst have been studied in a differential flow reactor. Rates of oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride, p‐benzoquinone and carbon dioxide were measured at temperatures from 350 to 400°C, at benzene concentrations from 2.0 to 4.33 × 10–8 moles/1, and at oxygen concentrations from 1.6 to 15.0 × 10–3 moles/1.The rate data were correlated by the steady state adsorption model and, by comparison with previous published results, it was concluded that this model provides a valuable means of correlating and interpreting catalytic oxidation rate data. Earlier data for benzene oxidation on the same catalyst were critically evaluated and a possible source of error was suggested.
Liquid phase relationships in fertilizer granulation by a layering process
Authors: Sherrington P. J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn certain variants of the fertilizer granulation process granulation occurs by deposition of a layer of raw material onto a previously formed nucleus. An expression for the liquid phase required for layering as a function of the proportion of nuclei present has been derived from a simple model of the layered granule and tested against laboratory simulation experiments on glass beads and sand. The expression is applied to fertilizer granulation to define the range of conditions over which layering is possible and the recycle ratios required as a function of fertilizer solubility and the water entering the granulator. Layering requires a higher recycle ratio than the corresponding agglomeration process, but in general gives product with better storage properties and shorter drying time. The economics of the process depend on the saving in drying costs compared to the cost of extra conveying equipment. Modifications to the basic process to improve its economics are considered briefly.
Heat transfer between an axisymmetric jet and a plate held normal to the flow
Authors: Sitharamayya S. , Raju K. Subba 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHeat transfer between a submerged jet of water and a flat surface held normal to the flow was studied experimentally over a wide range of plate to nozzle diameter ratios (8 ⩽ D/d < 58). The average heat transfer coefficients were found to be independent of nozzle to plate distance (γ) in the region studied, (γ/d < 7). An equation was developed by separating the target area into the impingement and the wall jet regions. The data were correlated by

For nozzle Reynolds numbers 2,000 to 40,000; D/d ⩾ 8 and γ/d < 7.
Heat transfer rates to newtonian fluids in aUSn anchor‐agitated kettle
Authors: Moo‐Young M. , Cross J. V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHeat transfer rates to Newtonian fluids in a jacketed kettle using anchor agitators have been measured. Experimentally evaluated liquid‐film heat transfer coefficients at the vessel walls can be correlated by the modified Sieder‐Tate equation as used by previous workers but the results of the present and previous work are shown to be better correlated by the application of the theory of local isotropic turbulence. An attempt has also been made to establish the effect of wall clearance on the heat transfer efficiency of the contactor. The results indicate that high heat transfer rates obtainable with agitator‐scrapers can be realized with anchors without scrapers.
A survey of recent soviet research on the drying of solids
Authors: Fulford George D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe importance of internal moisture migration in the drying of solids and the various approaches to the study of this phenomenon are outlined briefly. The extensive Soviet work in this field, particularly by Lykov's school, is reviewed, and the advantages, disadvantages and practical applications of this approach are discussed. Some of the more interesting practical Soviet studies of drying plant and processes are also mentioned briefly.
Experimental vapor‐liquid equilibria for hydrogen‐nitrogen‐methane‐ethane‐ethylene
Authors: Cohen A. E. , Hipkin H. G. , Koppany C. R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIsothermal vapor‐liquid equilibrium data have been obtained for hydrogen‐methane‐ethane‐ethylene at –250°, –200°, –150°, –100% and –50°F, and for hydrogen‐nitrogen‐methane‐ethane‐ethylene at –150°F. Pressures were up to 2000 psia. Prediction methods of Lenoir, Chao‐Seader, the Data Book of the American Petroleum Institute, and the Data Book of the Natural Gas Processors Suppliers Association (NGPSA) are compared with the experimental data.
Velocity distributions in a gaseous plasma: II. Application of a flow model to a helium plasma
Authors: Mevbvs P. , Parent J. R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA mathematical model for gas velocity distributions and definition of flow types is applied to a helium plasma operated at 27 kW and a gas flow rate of 7.2 g/minute under pressures of 760 mm and 300 mm Hg.The calculated velocity data are used to predict values of thermal conductivity and viscosity for helium in the plasma. A good approximation to theoretical values is obtained, lending validity to the model of velocity distributions.
Kinetics of the ammoxidation of propylene over a bismuth‐molybdate catalyst
Authors: Shelstad K. A. , Chong T. C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntegral conversion data for the ammoxidation of propylene were obtained using a flow reactor and 10.0 gms. of a bismuth‐molybdate catalyst. Analysis by gas chromatography for carbon‐containing compounds in the product gases showed the presence of unreacted propylene, acrolein, acrylonitrile, carbon dioxide and small amounts of acetonitrile.The data obtained at 390°C were correlated on the basis of a simplified scheme of first‐order reactions with acrolein as an intermediate. The results from experiments at higher temperatures and with reduced amounts of oxygen in the feed indicated that both the activity and selectivity of the catalyst were affected by the oxygen content of the catalyst.
Reduction of sodium sulphate with hydrogen in a fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Puttagunta Venugopala Rao , Decoursey W. J. , Bakhshi N. N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractReduction of sodium sulphate to sulphide with hydrogen was studied in a batch fluidized bed reactor. The principal difficulty was fusion of the particles, as some melting was found to be present in the practical range of temperatures. Fusion and agglomeration were minimized by pre‐heating the gas, increasing particle size, and recycling some reduced material. Reaction rates were studied at 649 to 732°C., and an empirical rate equation was fitted to the data. Possible explanations of the rate equation are discussed: changes in reactive surface area, perhaps by a blocking mechanism, appear to be significant.
A flowsheet drawing program for a visual display computer
Authors: Forder G. J. , Hutchison H. P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA program for a visual display computer is described which enables a user to ‘draw’ pictures closely resembling chemical plant flowsheets. It is thought that this approach could be useful as a means of introducing the problem structure into the computer and also as a visual aid for the user.Specifications are described which were laid down for this new program and which were formulated as a result of experience gained with a previous more general network drawing program. An account is given of the major problems which arose in the implementation and the solutions which were adopted.
Hydrodynamic studies on two multistage mixer‐settlers
Authors: Hanson C. , Sharif M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA knowledge of the hydrodynamic characteristics of mixer‐settlers is necessary for prediction of their performance under transient conditions. Residence time distribution studies are reported for the heavy phase in two types of mixer‐settler. These show the flow pattern to be intermediate between perfect mixing and perfect plug flow. A relationship is developed to describe the flow pattern and the various parameters are evaluated for the two units studied.
A fluid‐diode contactor
Authors: Thompson D. W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSome of the phenomena made use of in fluidic control devices may also be of utility in designing chemical contacting equipment. An intermittent‐flow countercurrent contactor is described which makes use of flow‐interference effects to convert an alternating applied pressure into countercurrent motion of the two phases. Some design principles of the contactor are discussed and experimental flow measurements reported. Mass‐transfer coefficients for the extraction of n‐butanol into water have been determined in a short test section and are compared to literature values for packed‐bed contactors. The contactor differs significantly from conventional devices in a number of ways, and may offer advantages in several applications: where emulsification is a problem, where simultaneous extraction and reaction are being carried out and heat must be transferred to or from the fluid, or where internal moving parts are undesirable because of corrosive conditions.
Laminar heat transfer in the thermal entrance region
Authors: Brunet J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSeries solutions for heat transfer in the thermal entrance region are presented for laminar flow in conduits (plane ducts, tubes, annular passages). The present solution of the equation of energy has been obtained for either a step change in heat flux or wall temperature and is valid for all time‐independent non‐Newtonian fluids, providing that the flow‐field is such thatvθ= 0,vr= 0,vg=vg(r)From its general nature with regard to the flow‐field, such a solution is a convenient alternative to the eigenvalue solutions when applied in the thermal entrance region where a large number of eigenvalues and eigencoefficients are required.
A theoretical study of mass transfer with chemical reaction in drops
Authors: Watada H. , Hamielec A. E. , Johnson A. I. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA model has been developed for the preparation of mass transfer by forced convection inside drops for mass transfer with and without simultaneous first‐order chemical reaction.Solutions of the forced convection equation have been obtained using finite difference methods for Reynolds number and viscosity ratio ranges of 0 ≤ Re ≤ 90 and 0 ≤ μ1/μo ≤ ∞, respectively. The effect of circulation rate inside the drop on the mass transfer rate has also been studied.The model is believed to be generally applicable as evidenced by a comparison with existing analytical models. Thus the results for physical mass transfer approached the Kronig and Brink solution when the viscosity ratio tended towards zero in the Stokes' flow regime. However, as the viscosity ratio increased, the results approached the Newman solution. The model also agreed with those of Johns and Beckmann for physical mass transfer. Similarly, the results for mass transfer with first‐order chemical reaction agreed with Dankwerts' generalization of the Kronig and Brink and the Newman models.
Heat transfer to jackets with close clearance impellers in viscous materials
Authors: Coyle C. K. , Hirschland H. E. , Michel B. J. , Oldshue J. Y. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract“Viscous mixing” as defined here includes the range of 5000 to 500,000 centipoises at 5 sec‐1 fluid shear rate. It was found that heat transfer coefficient with helical impellers were related to the clearance between the impeller and the tank wall and not influenced to any important degree by the speed or the fluid viscosity. The mechanism seems to be conduction through this stagnant film. “Convection‐type” correlations are not useful in describing the effect of operating variables.
On a reduced equation for gaseous diffusivity
Authors: Ramamurthy A. V. , Narsimhan G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe application of the theorem of corresponding states to the HBS equation for binary diffusivity has resulted in the formulation of the following two generalized equationsT ≤ 1.875(TCA TCB)1/2DAB (1 + α)2 ṁ Mr ṁ TCB3/13 ṁ PCA1/3/TCA1.07 = 3.65 × 10−4 ṁ TRA2/(ZCA)2/3 ṁ PRAT ≥ 1.875 (TCA TCB)1/2DAB (1 + α)2 ṁ Mr ṁ TCB1/12 ṁ PCA1/3/TCA0.92 = 6.45 × 10−4 ṁ TRA5/3/(ZCA)2/3 ṁ PRAA critical diffusivity (Dc)AB has been defined based on the above equation(Dc)AB = TCA(5/6 + n)/TCBn ṁ PCA1/3 ṁ Mr (1 + α)2This equation has a form similar to one defined by Reid and Sherwood. After testing the two equations with diffusivity data for 25 systems, it is found that the average error of prediction is about ± 5.0%. The error of prediction with the second equation is only 3.0%.The diffusivity equations have been shown to provide a satisfactory “reference substance” technique for estimation of binary diffusivity data.
Heat transfer with coiled wire turbulence promoters
Authors: Kumar P. , Judd R. L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn experimental study of forced convection heat transfer and frictional power loss for water flowing in a vertical tube is reported in this paper. The study investigates the effect of coiled wire turbulence promoters of various pitch to diameter ratio (1.00–5.50) upon the Nusselt Prandtl modulus Nu/Pr1/3 and Fanning friction factor Cf for three different wire diameters, 0.052‐in., 0.063‐in. and 0.072‐in. Analysis of the computed results indicates that heat transfer increases by as much as 280%, though at the cost of much larger increase in frictional power loss. Consequently, coiled wire turbulence promoters can be used with advantage for cases where pumping power is not the dominating factor and reduction in weight and size of the equipment is more important.The present results and those of three previous investigations of heat transfer in tubes with coiled wire turbulence promoters were satisfactorily correlated by the expression

which was found to be independent of the tube diameter, wire diameter, pitch to diameter ratio and the test fluid.
Effect of reynolds and prandtl number on the frequency response of concentric tube heat exchangers
Authors: Fisher D. G. , Kadlec R. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn analytical and experimental investigation was made of the frequency response of both the shell and tube fluid outlet temperatures of a six foot concentric tube exchanger to disturbances in either flow rate. The fluid Reynolds and Prandtl numbers were varied from 4,000 to 20,000 and 3 to 40 respectively.The effect of increasing either the tube fluid Reynolds or Prandtl number, for both shell and tube flow disturbances, was to increase the attenuation and phase shift of the tube outlet temperature and decrease it for the shell outlet temperature.The “resonance effect”, was observed experimentally.
Frequency response of different size concentric tube heat exchangers
Authors: Fisher D. G. , Kadlec R. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe frequency response of a concentric tube heat exchanger was investigated theoretically, and experimentally, on four different size heat exchangers. Transfer functions, for the response of both shell and tube fluid outlet temperatures to disturbances in either flow rate were derived. Experimental results for water‐glycol systems show that the mathematical model accurately predicts the frequency response of large heat exchangers operated at high Reynolds numbers. However, the attenuation and phase shift of the fluid outlet temperatures become significantly greater than predicted by the model when heat exchanger size is decreased or experimental conditions are changed to increase axial mixing.
Residence time distributions in jet stirred vessels with linear scale from 0.5 to 4 feet
Authors: Sinclair C. G. , McNaughton K. J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper gives experimental details of the residence time distribution in cylindrical vessels with length to diameter ratios 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1, length from 0.5 to 4‐ft, and co‐linear axial inlet and outlet nozzles of 1/8 to 1‐in. diameter. The inlet jet was always turbulent with inlet Reynolds numbers in the range 3000 < Re < 10,000. A theoretical model is proposed which predicts the residence time distribution from vessel dimensions and fluid properties only without any empirical correlations. The experimental results show that the larger the scale of the reactor the more valid is the model.
Computer utilization in a kinetic study ofn‐butane isomerization
Authors: Carr Norman L. , Somers Allen E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA three‐part technique was developed to study the kinetics of n‐butane isomerization. First, a graphical procedure was used to develop simple rate models for each set of experimental conditions. Second, the simple models were used in conjunction with reactor simulations to generate intrareactor rate and partial pressure data. Third, the pooled rate and partial pressure data were used to build comprehensive kinetics models. The isomerization kineticg were represented by dual‐site, surface‐reaction‐controlled models. The effects of temperature, pressure, hydrogen‐to‐hydrocarbon ratio, and space velocity on both isobutane yield and selectivity were determined.
Continuous flow mixing of two miscible liquids of different densities
Authors: Pelletier Martin , Cloutier Leonce 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPositive step demands have been used to study the behavior of miscible liquids with different densities in an imperfectly mixed cylindrical flow tank. A model was elaborated to predict the response of the agitated system. Comparisons between experimental and theoretical results have shown the limits of the proposed model and equations.
Grid leakage in fluidized beds
Authors: Serviant G. A. , Bergougnou M. A. , Baker C. G. J. , Bulani W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSolids leakage rates through different grids in two‐dimensional and cylindrical beds of cracking catalyst fluidized with air have been measured. Single and multihole perforated plate grids and single nozzle grids were studied. Leakage fluxes were related to the average air velocity through the grid holes. The effects of superficial gas velocity and grid loading were also investigated. The decisive advantage of using nozzles to mini‐ mize solids leakage in fluidized beds has been observed.
The development and evaluation of a theory of thixotropic behavior
Authors: Ritter R. A. , Govier G. W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe consistency decay of a thixotropic fluid under sustained shear is similar in many respects to a first order — second order reversible chemical reaction and has been described in terms of an analogous kinetic model.The data necessary for an experimental evaluation of the theoretical model were obtained through an analysis of the Theological behavior of Pembina Crude Oil. These data were then effectively correlated in terms of the theoretical expression.
A resolution with the congruence principle of viscosity in mixtures of n‐hexadecane and l‐n‐chloroalkanes at 25°C
Authors: Heric E. L. , Coursey B. M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe viscosity of binary mixtures of n‐hexadecane with nine normal 1‐chloroalkanes from butyl through octadecyl at 25°C. is considered. This includes a range in kinematic viscosities from less than 0.5 to more than 8.5 centistokes. Resolution of departures from ideal flow, as defined with the Eyring viscosity equation, into homogeneous and heterogeneous aspects is described in terms of the restricted principle of congruence. Experimental viscosity values agree within about 1% with those calculated through the relationships obtained by the resolution. The method is also considered for the estimation of viscosities of mixtures of the present systems.
Gamma‐initiated iodination of methane in the gas phase
Authors: Vilenchich R. , Hodgins J. W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGamma radiation has been used to initiate the gas phase reaction between iodine and methane. Under appropriate conditions, the products are hydrogen iodide and the iodomethanes. The experiments were conducted over a range of temperature, concentration, and at two levels of total absorbed dose.The existence of a chain reaction is presumed, on the basis of G‐values, which were as high as 7 × 107. In view of the propensity of iodine as a radical scavenger, this high efficiency might seem surprising, but may be attributable to the known autocatalyic effect of iodine in substitution reactions.