bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children born to mentally retarded women: a 1–21 year follow-up study of 41 cases
Authors: Gillberg Christopher , Geijer-Karlsson Marianne 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisFifteen mentally retarded Swedish women, judged to be a representative sample, gave birth to 41 children. These children were followed up at the age of 1–21 years with regard to registrations in the Social Register, the Board for Provisions and Services to the Mentally Retarded and the files of the Child and Youth Psychiatric Departments. One child had died, and of the remaining 40 85% had or had exhibited severe psychosocial problems according to register data. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Ego-psychopathology: the concept and its empirical evaluation
Authors: Scharfetter Christian 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA phenomenological construct of ego-consciousness, subdivided into 5 aspects (vitality, activity, consistency, demarcation, identity) may help for systematic overview of the schizophrenic syndrome. Its construction and empirical evaluation, and the data of 260 schizophrenic probands are presented. The therapeutic implications of the model are elaborated in body-oriented treatment, especially of acute and severely ill cases.
An evaluation of the Feighner criteria for schizophrenia and affective disorders using long-term outcome data
Authors: Tsuang Ming T. , Woolson Robert F. , Simpson John C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSchizophrenia and affective disorders selected according to the Feighner criteria can be differentiated on the basis of 40-year outcome. Within schizophrenia the presence of disorganized thoughts at the index admission was associated with poor outcome, whereas better outcome was associated with the presence of delusions or hallucinations. Within the affective disorders, bipolar patients with grandiose delusions or ideas showed a poor outcome; a better outcome was found in unipolar patients with complaints of fatiguability or tiredness at the time of the index admission.
Acute psychotic reactions in Caribbean-born patients
Authors: Littlewood Roland , Lipsedge Maurice 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA prospective study of patients with religious delusions identified 24 West Indian and West African patients. Those who had none of Schneider's first-rank symptoms of schizophrenia (principally West Indians) differed from those who did by virtue of early religious commitment, life-long religious experiences, an acute admission precipitated by social events, a greater chance of having their diagnosis changed, less than 10 different PSE syndromes, the absence of ‘twentieth-century’ delusions, and the presentation of malevolent witchcraft as the sole explanation of the episode. It is suggested that this group can usefully be considered as demonstrating an acute psychotic reaction of the type previously described in Africa and the Caribbean.
The social and obstetric correlates of psychiatric admission in the puerperium
Authors: Kendell R. E. , Rennie D. , Clarke J. A. , Dean C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisComputer linkage of obstetric and psychiatric record systems made it possible to identify all women resident in the city of Edinburgh who had given birth to live or stillborn children in 1971–7 and to study (a) the distribution of psychiatric admissions relative to the time of childbirth and (b) the correlates of psychiatric admission in the first 90 days after childbirth. Having a first baby, being unmarried and undergoing Caesarian section were all associated with an increased risk of admission; twin births, perinatal death and maternal age were not. It is difficult to account for these and other established relationships purely in psychological or purely in somatic terms, suggesting that influences of both kinds are probably involved in the genesis of puerperal disorders.
Chlorosis – the ‘green sickness’
Authors: Starobinski Jean 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe literature of the nineteenth century often referred to chiorosis. Some examples, taken from French sources, are mentioned. The illness was only given its name at the beginning of the seventeenth century, but the clinical picture of febris alba virginum had been known for a long time previously. The history of chiorosis is interesting because of the variety of explanations, including the psychological, it attracted before it came to be recognized as due to hypochromic anaemia or iron deficiency.
Choline uptake in patients with Alzheimer pre-senile dementia
Authors: Glen A. I. M. , Yates C. M. , Simpson J. , Christie J. E. , Shering A. , Whalley L. J. , Jellinek E. H. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISSerum and CSF choline levels were measured in 12 patients with pre-senile Alzheimer's disease before and 1 hour after administration of 1·5 g choline chloride or 25 g lecithin granules. Serum choline levels were increased threefold and CSF choline levels by 72%. CSF choline levels in the untreated Alzheimer patients did not differ significantly from age-matched controls. In 35 neurological controls, CSF choline levels increased with age (γ = 0·64,P<0·001).Choline influx into erythrocytes from 10 male and female Alzheimer patients did not differ significantly from 40 male and 43 female controls. Choline influx into erythrocytes was not related to age or sex, although the range was greater (P<0·05) in females than in males.Our results indicate that there is no impairment of choline transport into CSF or erythrocytes in patients with pre-senile Alzheimer's disease.
Change of diagnosis to manic-depressive illness
Authors: Horgan David 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn a cohort of patients with an operationally confirmed diagnosis of mania, half of the patients had received a previous diagnosis of schizophrenia, and over one third of the patients had received a diagnosis of personality disorder. Retrospective analysis of case-notes, using operational criteria based on DSM-III, found that manic-depressive illness was more likely to have been the correct previous diagnosis.
Factors affecting the consumption of psychotropic drugs
Authors: Murray J. , Dunn G. , Williams P. , Tarnopolsky A. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThis paper presents some results from a survey conducted in West London in 1977. The 2-week prevalence of psychotropic drug consumption was found to be 10·9 %, an almost identical figure to that obtained in an earlier survey conducted 8 years previously. The reasons for the absence of the expected rise in prevalence of consumption are discussed.Consumption was found to be strongly associated with various measures of health, and there was a marked sex difference in drug consumption (females > males) which was independent of health.
Psychiatric disorder in a rural and an urban population: 1. Aetiology of depression
Authors: Brown George W. , Prudo Ray 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISAn earlier survey of a random sample of women in Camberwell in South London has shown that the majority of new occurrences of depressive disorders were brought about by certain kinds of life event and ongoing difficulty (provoking agent) and that the risk was increased under these circumstances by the presence of certain other social factors (vulnerability factors). Working-class women were much more likely to develop depression because they experienced more of these factors. A new survey in a rural population in the Outer Hebrides has confirmed the importance of these factors in the genesis of depression, although provoking agents occurred much less frequently in this rural setting. However, integration into the traditional way of life, rather than a middle-class status, was related to a lower chance of developing depression, and this appears to be explained by the relationship of provoking agents and vulnerability factors to such integration in the Outer Hebrides, and to social class status in Camberwell.
Can the psychiatrist learn from the psycholinguist? Detecting coherence in the disordered speech of manics and schizophrenics
Authors: Wykes Til 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIn general, linguistic analyses have not proved useful to psychiatrists because of their complexity and their inability to differentiate between diagnostic groups. However, cohesion analyses of disordered speech seem to offer both a simple and potentially useful tool for clinical diagnosis. This study was designed to test whether psychiatrists can use the rudiments of this analysis in order to differentiate between two diagnostic groups, manics and schizophrenics.
Urinary free cortisol and clinical classification of depressive illness
Authors: Milln Philp , Bishop Margaret , Coppen Alec 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISUrinary free cortisol was measured in 24 patients with primary depressive illness. The patients were classified according to their family history (Winokur's classification) and the Newcastle scale. There was a significant increase in urinary free cortisol (UFC) excretion in patients classified as endogenous on the Newcastle scale, but UFC excretion was normal in patients with neurotic depression. No significant relationship between urinary free cortisol and the Winokur classification was observed.
Dementia, deep white matter damage and hypertension: ‘Binswanger's disease’
Authors: Janota I. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe clinical and neuropathological features are reported of 7 patients with organic intellectual impairment or dementia, hypertension and ischaemic destruction predominantly of the deep white matter of the cerebral hemispheres resembling that seen in infarction. The white matter changes have been dismissed as rare in the past, usually under the name of Binswanger's disease or subcortical arteriosclerotic encephalopathy, and without much concern for hypertension. There are now indications that this sort of case may not be uncommon. It can be suspected in life on CT scans. The accuracy of assessment of the pathological substrate of organic dementia, and therefore the strategies of research and treatment, might well benefit from further clinicopathological studies.
A double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial of carbamazepine in overactive, severely mentally handicapped patients
Authors: Reid Andrew H. , Naylor Graham J. , Kay David S. G. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover trial of carbamazepine in 12 severely and profoundly mentally retarded, overactive adult patients is described. The trial lasted 7 months and those patients in whom overactivity was the dominant problem responded to some degree to carbamazepine with a reduction in overactivity. This was particularly so in patients in whom overactivity was accompanied by some elevation of mood. Patients in whom overactivity was part of a wider spectrum of multiple behaviour disorders showed a scatter of responses. There was no relationship between response to carbamazepine and the presence or absence of epilepsy. The trial identified a small group of mentally retarded patients in whom carbamazepine might be clinically useful.
Aircraft noise and mental health: II. Use of medicines and health care services
Authors: Watkins Gareth , Tarnopolsky Alex , Jenkins Linda M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA domiciliary survey (sample size circa 6000) was conducted in areas of different aircraft noise exposure affected by London (Heathrow) Airport. Respondents were urban dwellers aged 16+. Their use of medicines, general practitioner services, hospital facilities and community services were investigated in relation both to the level of aircraft noise and to the degree of annoyance it causes. None of the indicators showed higher uptake in the high noise areas. The relationships between health indicators, noise and annoyance were not uniform. In areas exposed to high noise the use of non-prescribed drugs was significantly higher among ‘very annoyed’ than among ‘less annoyed’ respondents. The uptake of psychotropic drugs, and the use of general practice and out-patient services, tended to increase with increasing annoyance both in high- and low-noise areas, but the differences were not in all cases statistically significant. Parallels were drawn between these results and those of earlier analyses of the same survey related to the prevalence of acute and chronic symptoms. Suggestions for the analysis and interpretation of health effects of noise are put forward.
Research in neurosis: a selective review 1. Causes and courses
Authors: Marks Isaac M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisResearch in neurosis is reviewed from the standpoint of genetics, phylogenesis, physiology, epidemiology, and prognosis. Family and sociocultural variables are discussed, and experimental paradigms noted. Directions for further research are suggested in these areas, including perceptual and physiological reflex mechanisms triggered in neurosis and in normal people, cross-cultural longitudinal epidemiological studies of specific neurotic syndromes which are linked to family and social variables, factors governing illness behaviour, and field observations of family and marital pathology.
A method of rating behaviour characteristies for use in large scale surveys of mental handicap
Authors: Kushlick Albert , Blunden Roger , Cox Gillian 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisTwo scales are described which have been found useful in the measurement of relevant behaviour characteristics of mentally handicapped people in large scale surveys. One scale rates according to levels of continence, ambulance, and the presence of specified disruptive behaviours, while the other reflects speech, self-help, and literacy abilities. This information has been found useful in the planning and implementation of services for the mentally handicapped.
Reliability, validity, and clinical application of the visual analogue mood scale
Authors: Folstein Marshal F. , Luria Richard 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe reliability and validity of the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) has been demonstrated in both a military and a private psychiatric hospital, inpatient population. The repeated and concurrent administration of the VAMS and the Digit-Symbol test identifies a mood-performance correlation which distinguishes patients with affective disorders, of manic or depressed type, from other psychiatric patients.
Plasma levels of luteinizing hormone and of immunoreactive oestrogens (oestradiol) in anorexia nervosa: response to clomiphene citrate
Authors: Beumont P. J. V. , Carr P. J. , Gelder M. G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a study of 11 patients with anorexia nervosa, plasma levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and of oestrogens (oestradiol) were found to be low while the subjects were emaciated. After weight gain, hormone values rose and two patients spontaneously resumed menstruation. Clomiphene citrate was administered on one or more occasions to five patients, and bleeding was induced in the majority of those whose weight exceeded 80% of standard. In two of these patients an irregular cycle resumed for a brief period thereafter. Clomiphene appeared to be of limited practical value in the mangement of patients with anorexia nervosa, but the study provided some elucidation of the relationship between body weight and the menstrual disturbance in this condition.
HLA antigens and affective disorder: a family case report
Authors: Stein George , Holmes Jeremy , Bradford John W. , Kennedy Leslie 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA family of 6 affectively ill siblings is described. Two suffered from bipolar illnesses, 2 from recurrent unipolar illness, and the remainder showed alcoholism, depression and schizo-affective disorder. HLA typing revealed that all the tested members shared the antigens A3 and B7. Because only ill members were available for testing, there was insufficient information in the family to draw any definite conclusion as to whether these antigens were linked to the illness. However, the observation is of some interest in the light of other recent reports which have suggested that these 2 antigens are associated with affective disorder.
The predisposition to hallucinate
Authors: Richardson Alan , Divyo Prem 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIt is argued that people who are predisposed to mistake a vivid imagination image for a genuine percept (i.e. hallucinators) should show an impaired ability to make clear perceptual–conceptual distinctions (i.e. boundary confusion) and should lack familiarity with internal sources of information. A test of these hypotheses was undertaken by comparing a group of ‘alcoholic’ hallucinators with a group of ‘alcoholic’ non-hallucinators. Some support is claimed for the ‘boundary confusion’ hypothesis but not for the ‘lack of familiarity’ hypothesis. Specifically, it was found that hallucinators performed significantly worse than non-hallucinators on the Embedded Figures Test (a measure of perceptual boundary confusion) and on the Intersensory Time Judgement Test (a measure of conceptual boundary confusion). These results are discussed in relation to other aspects of the predisposition to hallucinate. Some specific research needs are described.
Biological component of the NIMH Clinical Research Branch Collaborative Program on the psychobiology of depression: II. Methodology and data analysis
Authors: Secunda Steven , Koslow Stephen H. , Redmond D. Eugene , Garver David , Ramsey T. Alan , Croughan Jack , Kocsis James , Hanin Israel , Lieberman Kenneth , Casper Regina 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISA preceding paper has reviewed the history, background, and rationale for this collaborative effort exploring the biologic basis of the affective disorders. This paper details the ‘flow’ of a subject through the experimental protocol, the instrumentation used to obtain the clinical and behavioural data, and the biologic methodologies employed in the analysis of the body fluids. Data management and analysis techniques developed for this study are also examined.
Plasma vanadium concentration in manic-depressive illness
Authors: Dick David A. T. , Naylor Graham J. , Dick Elizabeth G. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSIS133 samples of plasma taken from 9 normal control and 8 manic-depressive subjects were analysed for vanadium by atomic absorption spectrometry. Mean plasma vanadium concentrations were 0·15 μM in normal control, 0·34 μM in manic and 0·28 μM in depressed subjects, and 0·23 μM in manic-depressive subjects after recovery. The differences between normal subjects and manic and recovered subjects were statistically significant. Significant negative correlations were found between plasma vanadium concentration and the ratio of Na–K–Mg ATPase to Mg–ATPase in 2 manic-depressive subjects, but not in normal subjects. The results suggest that vanadium may be a cause of the variations in Na–K–Mg ATPase and sodium pump activity which are associated with manic-depressive illness.
Non-MAOI antidepressant drugs and cognitive functions: a review
Authors: Thompson P. J. , Trimble M. R. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISLittle is known about the effects of non-MAOI antidepressants on cognitive functions, despite their wide application to ambulant patients. Evidence from studies involving healthy volunteers suggests that differences exist between drugs, with imipramine, amitriptyline and mianserin being associated with the most marked detrimental effects. However, these findings have generally not been supported by the few studies using clinical populations, for which improvements in cognitive functions are often recorded following treatment. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed, and the need for further research suggested.
Psychological concomitants of cancer: current state of research
Authors: Greer S. , Silberfarb Peter M. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISAn increasing interest in the psychological concomitants of neoplastic diseases has led to a burgeoning literature in recent years. The present review identifies five major areas of psychiatric research, documents the current state of knowledge, and indicates fruitful avenues for further study.
The appreciation of imagery by schizophrenics: an interpretation of Goldstein's impairment of the abstract attitude
Authors: Cutting J. , Ryan K. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThree experiments are reported in which schizophrenics are compared with other psychiatric patients on (i) the imagery value of words in their speech, (ii) their memory for words differing in imagery value, and (iii) their ability to distinguish the imagery value of two words. The study was designed to evaluate a neglected interpretation of Goldstein's ideas that schizophrenics are more concrete, in that their ‘action is determined by momentary sense impressions’. The results gave no support for this interpretation and it is suggested that an abnormal way of categorizing the world is more likely to be a useful way of formulating Goldstein's ideas.
An efficacy study of electroconvulsive therapy and antidepressants in the treatment of primary depression
Authors: Homan Sharon , Lachenbruch Peter A. , Winokur George , Clayton Paula 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISAt discharge, a significantly larger percentage of unipolar patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) respond with marked improvement as compared with those receiving antidepressants or other treatment. No treatment appears to be more efficacious in the bipolar group. In studying the covariables related to the length of time between hospitalizations, we found that the type of treatment is not important for the unipolar patient, whereas a combination of ECT and antidepressants lengthens the time to rehospitalization of the bipolar patient. Previous hospitalization is an important predictor variable for all patients.
Strategies of research on economic instability and health
Authors: Kasl Stanislav V. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISRecent research on unemployment and health has depended heavily on macro-social and ecological data analyses. In order to redress this imbalance, the report summarizes the methods and results of a prospective study of a permanent factory shutdown, thereby illustrating and dissecting some of the strengths and weaknesses of the micro-epidemiological level of analysis. This leads to a broader analysis of research strategy questions which consider macro and micro approaches and variations on the two.
Impact of treatment intervention on the relationship between dimensions of clinical psychopathology, social dysfunction and burden on the family of psychiatric patients
Authors: Pai Shaila , Kapur R. L. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe interdependence of the three areas of patient improvement assessments used in a comparative study has been studied. The three dimensions are clinical psychopathology, social dysfunction and burden on family. A high correlation has been found between these dimensions. The differential effect of two modalities of treatment delivery on the interdependence of these three dimensions is discussed.
Hierarchy of classes of personal illness
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Bedford A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA hierarchy of classes of personal illness model is proposed and was assessed using a new self-report measure, the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory (DSSI). Of 480 psychiatric patients 93.3% had symptom patterns conforming to the model. It was additionally found that single syndrome patterns, within a particular class, occurred significantly more often in those not classifiable in any higher class. Finally, the relationship between each possible pair of the 12 syndromes was examined. Some of the implications of the model and the data are discussed in terms of the development, remission, assessment, and treatment of personal illness.