bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a nine-point body condition scoring system in physically inactive pet cats
Authors: Bjornvad Charlotte R. , Nielsen Dorte H. , Armstrong P. Jane , McEvoy Fintan , Hoelmkjaer Kirsten M. , Jensen Kathrine S. , Pedersen Gitte F. , Kristensen Annemarie T. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Objective—To compare results of body condition scoring by use of a 9-point scale with body composition determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in indoor-confined neutered domestic shorthair (DSH) pet cats.
Animals—72 indoor-confined, adult neutered DSH pet cats (38 females and 34 males).
Procedures—All cats underwent a physical examination including assessment of body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS; 1 = emaciated, 5 = ideal, and 9 = grossly obese), and girth. Urinalysis, CBC, and serum biochemical analysis were also performed. After the cats were confirmed healthy, they were anesthetized for body composition measurement via DEXA. Lean body mass, fat mass, and percentage body fat (%BF) were then evaluated.
Results—The correlation between %BF and BCS (r = 0.87) was superior to the correlations between %BFand BW (r = 0.74) and between %BF and girth (r = 0.78). Values for %BF differed significantly between all pairs of BCSs except BCSs 8 and 9. Within a BCS, the %BF was similar for male and female cats. The mean %BF for cats with a BCS of 5 was 32, which exceeded the upper reference limit of %BF generally considered ideal (30).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The 9-point BCS scale appears useful for assessing %BF in DSH pet cats. Nevertheless, study findings could indicate a need for redefining the ideal BCS for inactive neutered cats to include a BCS of 4.
Effects of intravenous administration of lidocaine on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in horses
Authors: Rezende Marlis L. , Wagner Ann E. , Mama Khursheed R. , Ferreira Tatiana H. , Steffey Eugene P. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of a continuous rate infusion of lidocaine on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in horses.
Animals—8 healthy adult horses.
Procedures—Horses were anesthetized via IV administration of xylazine, ketamine, and diazepam; anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. Approximately 1 hour after induction, sevoflurane MAC determination was initiated via standard techniques. Following sevoflurane MAC determination, lidocaine was administered as a bolus (1.3 mg/kg, IV, over 15 minutes), followed by constant rate infusion at 50 μg/kg/min. Determination of MAC for the lidocaine-sevoflurane combination was started 30 minutes after lidocaine infusion was initiated. Arterial blood samples were collected after the lidocaine bolus, at 30-minute intervals, and at the end of the infusion for measurement of plasma lidocaine concentrations.
Results—IV administration of lidocaine decreased mean ± SD sevoflurane MAC from 2.42 ± 0.24% to 1.78 ± 0.38% (mean MAC reduction, 26.7 ± 12%). Plasma lidocaine concentrations were 2,589 ± 811 ng/mL at the end of the bolus; 2,065 ± 441 ng/mL, 2,243 ± 699 ng/mL, 2,168 ± 339 ng/mL, and 2,254 ± 215 ng/mL at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes of infusion, respectively; and 2,206 ± 329 ng/mL at the end of the infusion. Plasma concentrations did not differ significantly among time points.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Lidocaine could be useful for providing a more balanced anesthetic technique in horses. A detailed cardiovascular study on the effects of IV infusion of lidocaine during anesthesia with sevoflurane is required before this combination can be recommended.
Comparison of the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride following subcutaneous administration and buprenorphine hydrochloride following oral transmucosal administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Catbagan Davina L. , Quimby Jessica M. , Mama Khursheed R. , Rychel Jessica K. , Mich Patrice M. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Objective—To compare the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release (SR) buprenorphine following SC administration and buprenorphine following oral transmucosal (OTM) administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.
Animals—21 young healthy female cats.
Procedures—As part of anesthetic premedication (0 hours), 10 cats received buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg) via OTM administration with additional doses at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 hours and 11 cats received an equivalent total dose as a single SC injection of SR buprenorphine (0.12 mg/kg). The SR product contained buprenorphine hydrochloride in a proprietary SR matrix. All other anesthetic drugs and a single postoperative dose of meloxicam were administered similarly to all cats. Behavioral and physiologic variables were recorded, and signs of pain were assessed by use of 2 pain assessment scales and von Frey filament testing in each cat prior to premedication administration (baseline), during recovery from anesthesia (RFA), and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours.
Results—Heart rate increased and temperature (determined via microchip transponder thermometry) decreased from baseline values during RFA in both groups. Compared with baseline values, pain scores were increased during RFA and at the 12- and 24-hour time points in both groups; von Frey scores were higher during RFA. Behavioral and physiologic variables did not differ significantly between groups at any time point.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy, SC administration of a preoperative dose of SR buprenorphine appeared to have comparable efficacy and adverse effect profile as that of twice-daily OTM administration of buprenorphine before and after surgery.
Evaluation of in vitro growth factor treatments on fibrochondrogenesis by synovial membrane cells from osteoarthritic and nonosteoarthritic joints of dogs
Authors: Warnock Jennifer J. , Fox Derek B. , Stoker Aaron M. , Cook James L. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Objective—To determine the in vitro effects of selected growth factors on fibrochondrogenesis by synovial membrane cells from nonosteoarthritic (normal) and osteoarthritic joints of dogs.
Animals—5 dogs with secondary osteoarthritis of shoulder or stifle joints and 6 dogs with normal joints.
Procedures—Synovial membrane cells were harvested from normal and osteoarthritic joints and cultured in monolayer with or without (control) basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, and insulin-like growth factor-1. In the cultured cells, fibrochondrogenesis was measured by use of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay to determine relative expressions of collagen I, collagen II, and aggrecan genes and of 3 genes involved in embryonic chondrogenesis: Sry-type homeobox protein-9 (SOX-9), frizzled-motif associated with bone development (Frzb), and regulator of G-protein signaling-10 (RGS-10). Tissue collagen content was measured via a hydroxyproline assay, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan content was measured via a 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay. Cellularity was determined via a double-stranded DNA assay. Immunohistochemical analysis for collagens I and II was also performed.
Results—In vitro collagen synthesis was enhanced by growth factor stimulation. Although osteoarthritic-joint synoviocytes could undergo a fibrocartilage-like phenotypic shift, their production of collagenous extracellular matrix was less than that of normal-joint synoviocytes. Gene expressions of SOX-9 and RGS-10 were highest in the osteoarthritic-joint cells; Frzb expression was highest in growth factor treated cells.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Autogenous synovium may be a viable cell source for meniscal tissue engineering. Gene expressions of SOX-9 and RGS-10 may be potential future targets for in vitro enhancement of chondrogenesis.
Effect of cyclosporine, dexamethasone, and human CTLA4-Ig on production of cytokines in lymphocytes of clinically normal cats and cats undergoing renal transplantation
Authors: Aronson Lillian R. , Stumhofer Jason S. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hunter Christopher A. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate effects of cyclosporine, dexamethasone, and the immunosuppressive agent human CTLA4-Ig on cytokine production by feline lymphocytes in vitro and to assess patterns of cytokine production for 5 immunosuppressed renal transplant recipient cats.
Animals—21 clinically normal cats and 5 immunosupressed renal transplant recipient cats.
Procedures—Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from clinically normal cats and stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A; 10 μg/mL) alone or Con A with cyclosporine (0.05 μg/mL), dexamethasone (1 × 10−7M), a combination of cyclosporine-dexamethasone, or human CTLA4-Ig (10 g/mL). Cells from transplant recipients were stimulated with Con A alone. An ELISA was performed to measure production of interferon (IFN)-γ, granulocyte macrophage–colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-10. Proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+T cells from immunosuppressed cats were also evaluated. Pairwise comparisons were performed via a Wilcoxon signed rank test or Wilcoxon rank sum test.
Results—Cyclosporine, dexamethasone, cyclosporine-dexamethasone combination, and CTLA4-Ig caused a significant decrease in IL-2, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF production. Cyclosporine and cyclosporine-dexamethasone, but not human CTLA4-Ig, caused a significant decrease in IL-10 production. High basal concentrations of IL-2 and IL-10 were identified in transplant recipients, and IL-10 was significantly increased in stimulated cultures. In immunosuppressed cats, there was a decrease in frequency of responders and proliferative capacity of CD4+ and CD8+T cells.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CTLA4-Ig successfully inhibited proinflammatory cytokines while sparing cytokines critical for allograft tolerance. These data may be useful for developing better strategies to prevent rejection while sparing other immune functions.
Characteristics of compulsive tail chasing and associated risk factors in Bull Terriers
Authors: Moon-Fanelli Alice A. , Dodman Nicholas H. , Famula Thomas R. , Cottam Nicole 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate and define the characteristics of tail chasing in Bull Terriers and explore the association between tail chasing and other behavioral and physical characteristics.
Design—Survey and case-control study.
Animals—333 Bull Terriers (145 dogs with tail-chasing behavior and 188 unaffected dogs).
Procedures—Owners of Bull Terriers with tail-chasing behavior were surveyed regarding the age of onset, triggers, frequency, duration, interruptability, degree of disruption to the dogs' normal functioning and the owners' relationship with the dog, and associated medical and physical consequences. Associations of tail chasing with various behavioral and physical characteristics were examined by comparison of dogs with tail-chasing behavior with unaffected dogs.
Results—Phenotypic and developmental descriptions of tail chasing in Bull Terriers were defined. Associations of tail chasing with sex, trance-like behavior, and episodic aggression were found. Males were at an 8% greater risk for the diagnosis of tail chasing than females. Phobias and owner-directed aggression did not significantly associate with tail chasing in the final log-linear model, but did have significant associations in earlier analyses that did not include the behaviors of episodic aggression and trance-like behavior.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In Bull Terriers with tail-chasing behavior, there was a slight increase in the susceptibility of males to develop tail-chasing behavior, compared with females. A close association of tail chasing with trance-like behavior and episodic aggression was identified.
Clinical and immunologic assessment of sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in cats
Authors: DeClue Amy E. , Delgado Cherlene , Chang Chee-hoon , Sharp Claire R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Objective—To compare clinical findings and inflammatory mediator production among cats with sepsis, cats with noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and healthy cats.
Design—Case-control study.
Animals—Cats with sepsis (n = 16) or SIRS (19) and 8 healthy control cats.
Procedures—Clinical variables were recorded for each cat, and plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1β activities and IL-6 and CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)-8 concentrations were determined at initial evaluation.
Results—Clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with sepsis in cats included a high band neutrophil percentage, eosinopenia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperbilirubinemia. When the sepsis and SIRS groups were compared, the only significant differences in the CBC and plasma biochemical findings were band neutrophil percentage and albumin concentration. Cats with sepsis had significantly greater plasma TNF activity than did healthy cats and were more likely to have detectable concentrations of IL-6 than were cats with SIRS or healthy cats. Plasma IL-1β activity did not differ among groups, and CXCL-8 was not detectable in most (32/43) cats. Mortality rate was not significantly greater for cats with sepsis (7/16) than for cats with SIRS (5/19). Plasma IL-1β activity and IL-6 and chloride concentrations were the only variables correlated with nonsurvival in the sepsis group.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cats with sepsis may have various clinicopathologic abnormalities but are more likely to have a high band neutrophil percentage and hypoalbuminemia than cats with noninfectious SIRS. Plasma interleukin-1β activity and plasma IL-6 and chloride concentrations may be useful prognostic biomarkers for septic cats.
Epidemiology of surgical castration of dogs and cats in the United States
Authors: Trevejo Rosalie , Yang Mingyin , Lund Elizabeth M. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Objective—To estimate the prevalence of surgical castration among dogs and cats evaluated at private US veterinary hospitals and to determine the influence of sex, age, breed, geographic location, and prepaid wellness plan enrollment on the likelihood of castration.
Design—Retrospective period prevalence study.
Animals—320,172 cats and 1,339,860 dogs examined at 651 hospitals during 2007
Procedures—Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to compare prevalence among subpopulations for each species.
Results—The overall prevalence of castration was 82% in cats and 64% in dogs. Prevalence increased significantly with age in both species. Among cats, males were slightly more likely to be castrated than females (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.03) and mixed breeds slightly less likely than purebreds (PR = 0.99). Among dogs, males were less likely to be castrated than females (PR = 0.93) and mixed breeds more likely than purebreds (PR = 1.19). Prevalence was lowest in dogs in the Southeastern United States (61%). Dogs and cats on a wellness plan were more likely to be castrated than those not on a plan (PR = 1.33 and 1.18, respectively). Among commonly reported dog breeds, pit bull-type dogs (27%) and Chihuahuas (46%) were least likely to be castrated.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Many young adult (1- to < 4-year-old) dogs (32%) were uncastrated, signaling a need to promote earlier castration. Outreach efforts should be directed toward owners of pets least likely to be castrated, such as male dogs, dogs of specific breeds (ie, pit bull-type and Chihuahua), and dogs in the Southeastern United States. Additional research is needed to evaluate the potential impact of wellness programs on an owner's decision to have his or her pet castrated.
Use of a duodenal serosal patch in the repair of a colon rupture in a female Solomon Island eclectus parrot
Authors: Briscoe Jeleen A. , Bennett R. Avery 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Case Description—A 444-g (0.98-lb) 4-year-old sexually intact female Solomon Island eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus solomonensis) was referred and evaluated for a suspected colonic obstruction.
Clinical Findings—The parrot had a 3-day history of not passing feces and lack of appetite following treatment of dystocia that included percutaneous collapse of the egg and manual removal of egg fragments via the cloaca. During this procedure, a tear in the cloacal mucosa developed. The tear was repaired via a midline cloacotomy. Although clinically stable at the time of referral, the parrot became lethargic and bradycardic and had delayed crop emptying.
Treatment and Outcome—A midline celiotomy and cloacotomy were performed to relieve the colonic obstruction, during which the severely distended colon ruptured. The colonic defects were closed in a simple interrupted pattern, and a serosal patch was applied by use of the adjacent duodenum. The bird recovered uneventfully from anesthesia and was passing voluminous feces with mildly increased effort within 1 hour after surgery. At 3 weeks after surgery, the parrot was passing feces with no increase in effort and had a normal appetite.
Clinical Relevance—Application of a duodenal serosal patch for repair of a colon rupture was successful in this parrot. Gastrointestinal obstruction is rare in birds, but should be considered in birds that have regurgitation, decreased fecal production, and gastrointestinal dilation. Because birds lack an omentum, serosal patching with adjacent duodenum should be considered as a viable option in avian surgery.
Infinitives in the 1820 Settler Letters of Denunciation: What can a Contextualised Application of Corpus-Based Results Tell us About the Expression of Persuasion?
Authors: Włodarczyk Matylda 
Published: April 2011

Infinitives in the 1820 Settler Letters of Denunciation: What can a Contextualised Application of Corpus-Based Results Tell us About the Expression of Persuasion?
This paper takes issue with Biber's (1988) findings concerning the significance of infinitives for what he calls the "overt expression of persuasion" (Biber 1988: 115). It aims to demonstrate that statistically generated results of research on large electronic corpora of contemporary English may not be verifiable in small, well-contextualised, single-genre collections, such as the one representing 19th century English used in this study. The collection comprises denunciation letters addressed to the colonial authorities (the Colonial Office) by the first British settlers in the Cape Colony (the 1820 Settlers). The letters follow the generic model of petition (Włodarczyk 2010) understood as an official written request. An act of denunciation, as we may assume, contributes to the inherent persuasiveness of petitions by increasing the illocutionary force (in the sense of Searle 1969, 1979) of the letter. Therefore, patterns of distribution of infinitives as markers of persuasion (Biber 1988) are particularly interesting to trace in the 1820 Settler denunciation letters. The paper shows that some of Biber's statements may not be taken as valid generalizations, as the persuasive potential of infinitives may not be corroborated unless each and every token is thoroughly contextualized. Furthermore, an analysis of requests in denunciations conducted within Speech Act Theory (Austin 1962; Searle 1969; Blum-Kulka 1984; Culpeper and Archer 2008) shows that it is first and foremost politeness concerns (cf. Brown and Levinson 1987), not the increased need for persuasiveness, that determine the degree of the illocutionary force of requests.
A Guide to Jane, an Open Source Hierarchical Translation Toolkit
Authors: Stein Daniel , Vilar David , Peitz Stephan , Freitag Markus , Huck Matthias , Ney Hermann 
Published: April 2011

A Guide to Jane, an Open Source Hierarchical Translation Toolkit
Jane is RWTH's hierarchical phrase-based translation toolkit. It includes tools for phrase extraction, translation and scaling factor optimization, with efficient and documented programs of which large parts can be parallelized. The decoder features syntactic enhancements, reorderings, triplet models, discriminative word lexica, and support for a variety of language model formats. In this article, we will review the main features of Jane and explain the overall architecture. We will also indicate where and how new models can be included.
Thermodynamic modelling of the Ag–Cu–Ti ternary system
Authors: Dezellus Olivier , Arroyave Raymundo , Fries Suzana G. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The Ag–Cu–Ti system is important for brazing applications, particularly for ceramic joining. This system is characterized by numerous intermetallics in the Cu–Ti binary and the existence of a miscibility gap in the liquid phase. For applications, knowledge of the phase equilibria, invariant reactions in the temperature range of interest and thermodynamic activity values (mainly of Ti) are important. Thermodynamic model parameters for all the stable phases in the Ag–Cu, Cu–Ti and Ag–Ti systems, previously obtained using the Calphad method and available in the literature are used. A new thermodynamic description for the ternary interaction parameter of the liquid is obtained from experimental informations. Ti2Cu and Ti2Ag which have the same crystallographic structure were modelled as a single phase. The same was done for TiCu and TiAg. Finally, solid solubility of Ag in the Ti–Cu intermetallics is taken into account. The parameters obtained in this assessment are later used for the calculation of selected sections that can be useful for research and applications in the field of joining with Ti-activated Ag–Cu braze.
Some thermophysical properties of the intermetallic Ti40Al60 alloy in the melting-solidification temperature range
Authors: Plevachuk Yuriy , Sklyarchuk Vasyl , Hermann Regina , Gerbeth Gunter 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
TiAl intermetallic alloys are being developed as potential materials for applications in aerospace and automotive industries, and also for chemical and biomedical applications, because of their excellent chemical and physical properties such as low density, high modulus and corrosion resistance at high temperatures. The thermophysical properties (electrical conductivity, thermoelectric power and thermal conductivity) of the solid and liquid intermetallic alloy Ti40Al60 have been measured during melting and solidification processes in order to supply necessary information for crystal growth and casting processes. Good reproducibility of the results has been obtained.
Three-dimensional braided fabrics-reinforced composites for load-bearing orthopedic applications Part I: mechanical performance
Authors: Gao Chuan , Wan Yizao , Yan Tao , Ren Kaijing , Li Xiaolei , Wang Fan , Luo Honglin , Guo Qing 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Composite materials are being used in orthopedics and traumatology in light of their reduced weight, radiolucency and their lower stiffness than that of metals. Studies on biostable fibrous composites have recently demonstrated that these materials have a range of properties which make them suitable for orthopedic applications. In this study, three different three-dimensional (3-D) braided composites, carbon fiber- epoxy (C3D/EP), Kevlar fiber-epoxy (K3D/EP) and carbon fiber-poly(methyl methacrylate) (C3D/PMMA), were assessed in terms of mechanical properties and in-vitro durability to evaluate the feasibility of these composites as potential biomaterials. In addition, comparisons with other reported composites in original strength and modulus and in-vitro degradation were also made. Our studies indicate that a material with an appropriate stiffness combined with sufficient flexural and shear strength and high impact strength can be gained by tuning the combination of fiber and matrix, which opens an effective way of replacing conventional metallic devices with fibrous composites.