bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using a human cardiovascular-respiratory model to characterize cardiac tamponade and pulsus paradoxus
Authors: Ramachandran Deepa , Luo Chuan , Ma Tony S , Clark John W 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background
Cardiac tamponade is a condition whereby fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart causes elevation and equilibration of pericardial and cardiac chamber pressures, reduced cardiac output, changes in hemodynamics, partial chamber collapse, pulsus paradoxus, and arterio-venous acid-base disparity. Our large-scale model of the human cardiovascular-respiratory system (H-CRS) is employed to study mechanisms underlying cardiac tamponade and pulsus paradoxus. The model integrates hemodynamics, whole-body gas exchange, and autonomic nervous system control to simulate pressure, volume, and blood flow.

Methods
We integrate a new pericardial model into our previously developed H-CRS model based on a fit to patient pressure data. Virtual experiments are designed to simulate pericardial effusion and study mechanisms of pulsus paradoxus, focusing particularly on the role of the interventricular septum. Model differential equations programmed in C are solved using a 5th-order Runge-Kutta numerical integration scheme. MATLAB is employed for waveform analysis.

Results
The H-CRS model simulates hemodynamic and respiratory changes associated with tamponade clinically. Our model predicts effects of effusion-generated pericardial constraint on chamber and septal mechanics, such as altered right atrial filling, delayed leftward septal motion, and prolonged left ventricular pre-ejection period, causing atrioventricular interaction and ventricular desynchronization. We demonstrate pericardial constraint to markedly accentuate normal ventricular interactions associated with respiratory effort, which we show to be the distinct mechanisms of pulsus paradoxus, namely, series and parallel ventricular interaction. Series ventricular interaction represents respiratory variation in right ventricular stroke volume carried over to the left ventricle via the pulmonary vasculature, whereas parallel interaction (via the septum and pericardium) is a result of competition for fixed filling space. We find that simulating active septal contraction is important in modeling ventricular interaction. The model predicts increased arterio-venous CO2 due to hypoperfusion, and we explore implications of respiratory pattern in tamponade.

Conclusion
Our modeling study of cardiac tamponade dissects the roles played by septal motion, atrioventricular and right-left ventricular interactions, pulmonary blood pooling, and the depth of respiration. The study fully describes the physiological basis of pulsus paradoxus. Our detailed analysis provides biophysically-based insights helpful for future experimental and clinical study of cardiac tamponade and related pericardial diseases.
Elevated ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) in nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept®, Roche): overview
Authors: Pozniak Anton , Müller Lutz , Salgo Miklos , Jones Judith K , Larson Peter , Tweats David 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Roche's protease inhibitor nelfinavir mesylate (Viracept®) produced between March 2007-June 2007 was found to contain elevated levels of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), a known mutagen (alkylator) – leading to a global recall of the drug. EMS levels in a daily dose (2,500 mg Viracept/day) were predicted not to exceed a dose of ~2.75 mg/day (~0.055 mg/kg/day based on 50 kg patient). As existing toxicology data on EMS did not permit an adequate patient risk assessment, a comprehensive animal toxicology evaluation of EMS was conducted. General toxicity of EMS was investigated in rats over 28 days. Two studies for DNA damage were performed in mice; chromosomal damage was assessed using a micronucleus assay and gene mutations were detected using the MutaMouse transgenic model. In addition, experiments designed to extrapolate animal exposure to humans were undertaken. A general toxicity study showed that the toxicity of EMS occurred only at doses ≥ 60 mg/kg/day, which is far above that received by patients. Studies for chromosomal damage and mutations in mice demonstrated a clear threshold effect with EMS at 25 mg/kg/day, under chronic dosing conditions. Exposure analysis (Cmax) demonstrated that ~370-fold higher levels of EMS than that ingested by patients, are needed to saturate known, highly conserved, error-free, mammalian DNA repair mechanisms for alkylation. In summary, animal studies suggested that patients who took nelfinavir mesylate with elevated levels of EMS are at no increased risk for carcinogenicity or teratogenicity over their background risk, since mutations are prerequisites for such downstream events. These findings are potentially relevant to >40 marketed drugs that are mesylate salts.
cExternal beam radiation results in minimal changes in post void residual urine volumes during the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer
Authors: Orio Peter F , Merrick Gregory S , Allen Zachariah A , Butler Wayne M , Wallner Kent E , Kurko Brian S , Galbreath Robert W 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background
To evaluate the impact of external beam radiation therapy (XRT) on weekly ultrasound determined post-void residual (PVR) urine volumes in patients with prostate cancer.

Methods
125 patients received XRT for clinically localized prostate cancer. XRT was delivered to the prostate only (n = 66) or if the risk of lymph node involvement was greater than 10% to the whole pelvis followed by a prostate boost (n = 59). All patients were irradiated in the prone position in a custom hip-fix mobilization device with an empty bladder and rectum. PVR was obtained at baseline and weekly. Multiple clinical and treatment parameters were evaluated as predictors for weekly PVR changes.

Results
The mean patient age was 73.9 years with a mean pre-treatment prostate volume of 53.3 cc, a mean IPSS of 11.3 and a mean baseline PVR of 57.6 cc. During treatment, PVR decreased from baseline in both cohorts with the absolute difference within the limits of accuracy of the bladder scanner. Alpha-blockers did not predict for a lower PVR during treatment. There was no significant difference in mean PVR urine volumes or differences from baseline in either the prostate only or pelvic radiation groups (p = 0.664 and p = 0.458, respectively). Patients with a larger baseline PVR (>40 cc) had a greater reduction in PVR, although the greatest reduction was seen between weeks one and three. Patients with a small PVR (<40 cc) had no demonstrable change throughout treatment.

Conclusion
Prostate XRT results in clinically insignificant changes in weekly PVR volumes, suggesting that radiation induced bladder irritation does not substantially influence bladder residual urine volumes.
Microdeletion of 6q16.1 encompassing EPHA7 in a child with mild neurological abnormalities and dysmorphic features: case report
Authors: Traylor Ryan N , Fan Zheng , Hudson Beth , Rosenfeld Jill A , Shaffer Lisa G , Torchia Beth S , Ballif Blake C 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background
Of the fewer than 100 cases reported within the literature of constitutional deletions involving the long arm of chromosome 6, only five have been characterized using high-resolution microarray analysis. Reported 6q deletion patients show a high incidence of mental retardation, ear anomalies, hypotonia, and postnatal growth retardation.

Results
We report a 16-month-old male presenting with developmental delay and dysmorphic features who was found by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to have a ~2.16 Mb de novo deletion within chromosome band 6q16.1 that encompasses only two genes. Expression studies of the mouse homologue of one of the genes, the ephrin receptor 7 gene (EPHA7), have shown the gene functions during murine embryogenesis to form cortical domains, determine brain size and shape, and play a role in development of the central nervous system (CNS).

Discussion
Our results suggest that deletion of EPHA7 plays a role in the neurologic and dysmorphic features, including developmental delay, hypotonia, and ear malformations, observed in some 6q deletion patients.
Whole genome sequencing of a single Bos taurusanimal for single nucleotide polymorphism discovery
Authors: Eck Sebastian H , Benet-Pagès Anna , Flisikowski Krzysztof , Meitinger Thomas , Fries Ruedi , Strom Tim M 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Background
The majority of the 2 million bovine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) currently available in dbSNP have been identified in a single breed, Hereford cattle, during the bovine genome project. In an attempt to evaluate the variance of a second breed, we have produced a whole genome sequence at low coverage of a single Fleckvieh bull.

Results
We generated 24 gigabases of sequence, mainly using 36-bp paired-end reads, resulting in an average 7.4-fold sequence depth. This coverage was sufficient to identify 2.44 million SNPs, 82% of which were previously unknown, and 115,000 small indels. A comparison with the genotypes of the same animal, generated on a 50 k oligonucleotide chip, revealed a detection rate of 74% and 30% for homozygous and heterozygous SNPs, respectively. The false positive rate, as determined by comparison with genotypes determined for 196 randomly selected SNPs, was approximately 1.1%. We further determined the allele frequencies of the 196 SNPs in 48 Fleckvieh and 48 Braunvieh bulls. 95% of the SNPs were polymorphic with an average minor allele frequency of 24.5% and with 83% of the SNPs having a minor allele frequency larger than 5%.

Conclusions
This work provides the first single cattle genome by next-generation sequencing. The chosen approach - low to medium coverage re-sequencing - added more than 2 million novel SNPs to the currently publicly available SNP resource, providing a valuable resource for the construction of high density oligonucleotide arrays in the context of genome-wide association studies.
Presentation of human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax protein by dendritic cells: the underlying mechanism of HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease
Authors: Manuel Sharrón L , Schell Todd D , Acheampong Edward , Rahman Saifur , Khan Zafar K , Jain Pooja 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
DC function to prime anti-Tax CTL response in presence of HTLV-infected T cells, acute exposure to HTLV virions, or cell-free Tax.
HTLV-1 is the etiologic agent of a debilitating neurologic disorder, HAM/TSP. This disease features a robust immune response including the oligoclonal expansion of CD8+ CTLs specific for the viral oncoprotein Tax. The key pathogenic process resulting in the proliferation of CTLs and the presentation of Tax peptide remains uncharacterized. We have investigated the role of APCs, particularly DCs, in priming of the anti-Tax CTL response under in vitro and in vivo conditions. We investigated two routes (direct vs. indirect) of Tax presentation using live virus, infected primary CD4+/CD25+ T cells, and the CD4+ T cell line (C8166, a HTLV-1-mutated line that only expresses Tax). Our results indicated that DCs are capable of priming a pronounced Tax-specific CTL response in cell cultures consisting of naïve PBLs as well as in HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice (line HHD II). DCs were able to direct the presentation of Tax successfully through infected T cells, live virus, and cell-free Tax. These observations were comparable with those made with a known stimulant of DC maturation, a combination of CD40L and IFN-γ. Our studies clearly establish a role for this important immune cell component in HTLV-1 immuno/neuropathogenesis and suggest that modulation of DC functions could be an important tool for therapeutic interventions.
TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids by Exploitation of Ethers in an Aqueous–Organic Biphase System
Authors: Mei Zhen-Wu , Ma Li-Jian , Kawafuchi Hiroyuki , Okihara Takumi , Inokuchi Tsutomu 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Expeditious and benign methods for primary alcohol–carboxylic acid conversions with TEMPO were developed in a biphasic system composed of a slightly miscible ether (THP) and aqueous layer. Easily available co-oxidants such as Py·HBr3, Bu4NBr3, and electrooxidation were successfully applied to generate N-oxoammonium species as a recyclable catalyst.
Activity Enhancement of WO3-Promoted Ir/SiO2 Catalysts by High-Temperature Calcination for the Selective Reduction of NO with CO
Authors: Haneda Masaaki , Aoki Naoya , Arimitsu Kouji , Hamada Hideaki 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The catalytic activity of WO3-promoted Ir/SiO2 for the selective reduction of NO with CO in the presence of excess O2 is strongly dependent on the catalyst calcination conditions in the preparation process. WO3/Ir/SiO2 catalyst prepared by air calcination showed higher activity than that prepared by H2 reduction. The activity of WO3/Ir/SiO2 catalyst prepared by air calcination was also found to increase with increasing calcination temperature up to 1073 K; however, a further increase in the temperature to 1173 K caused a decrease in the NO reduction activity, although very high selectivity was observed for this catalyst. The lack of a major difference in the apparent activation energy for NO reduction suggests that NO reduction occurs at the same reaction sites, irrespective of calcination temperature. On the other hand, the apparent activation energy for CO oxidation increased with increased calcination temperature, suggesting that the reaction sites for CO oxidation change according to calcination temperature. Catalyst characterizations revealed that iridium species interacting strongly with WO3 are preferentially created by high-temperature air calcination. A combination of partially reduced iridium species (IrO2−x) and WO3 (IrO2−x–WO3) was concluded to act as catalytically active sites of WO3/Ir/SiO2 for NO reduction.
Change in Molecular Orientation with Condensation of 4,4′-Bis(trihydroxysilyl)biphenyl Crystals
Authors: Ohashi Masataka , Goto Yasutomo , Mizoshita Norihiro , Ohsuna Tetsu , Tani Takao , Inagaki Shinji 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Molecular orientation in 4,4′-bis(trihydroxysilyl)biphenyl plate-like square crystals (BPSi) and orientation change with heating-induced condensation were investigated using polarization optical microscopy. The biphenylylene groups in BPSi were arranged along a diagonal of the square plane with a tilt angle of 21° from the planar normal. This arrangement was maintained up to 200 °C for several minutes, but heating at 250 °C promoted a condensation reaction which formed siloxane bonds, causing changes in molecular orientation to a tilt angle of 0°, and altering the shape of BPSi crystals from square to rhombic. The molecular arrangement and its change after condensation were qualitatively confirmed by molecular-mechanics simulation. The absorption and fluorescence bands of the biphenylylene groups were significantly red-shifted by the condensation due to the change in molecular arrangement, which resulted from a notable decrease in biphenylylene–biphenylylene separation.
Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Charge-Transfer Complexes: Ethylenedithio-Substituted Amphiphilic Bis-TTF Macrocycle and F4TCNQ or Br2TCNQ
Authors: Endo Toru , Akutagawa Tomoyuki , Kajiwara Teppei , Kakiuchi Keiko , Tatewaki Yoko , Noro Shin-ichiro , Nakamura Takayoshi 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Charge-transfer (CT) complexes between ethylenedithio-substituted bis-TTF macrocycle 1a, as an amphiphilic electron donor, and 7,7,8,8-tetracyano-p-quinodimethane (TCNQ) derivatives, as electron acceptors, were fabricated as Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films. For the 1a–F4TCNQ LB film deposited at a surface pressure of 5 mN m−1 onto a substrate surface, the stoichiometry between the donor and acceptor was determined as 1:2 using XPS measurements. In contrast, a donor/acceptor ratio of 1:0.3 was observed for the 1a–Br2TCNQ LB film, indicating that a fraction of Br2TCNQ was lost during the LB film formation process. Similarity of the round-shaped domains that cover the surfaces of the 1a–Br2TCNQ and neutral 1a LB films indicates the presence of neutral 1a within the 1a–Br2TCNQ LB film. For the (1a2+)(F4TCNQ−)2 LB film, the presence of a CN-stretching frequency signifies the formation of a fully ionic electronic ground state. The LB film of 1a–Br2TCNQ exhibited a broad absorption at ca. 3 × 103 cm−1, which is characteristic of an intermolecular CT transition for a partial CT state. 1a–Br2TCNQ LB film consisted of neutral 1a and CT complex of 1a–Br2TCNQ. The room temperature conductivity of the 1a–Br2TCNQ LB film (1.2 × 10−2 S cm−1) was two orders of magnitude higher than that of 1a–F4TCNQ (3.9 × 10−4 S cm−1).
Taxonomic revision of Gracilaria “verrucosa” from the Russian Far East based on morphological and molecular data
Authors: Skriptsova Anna V. , Choi Han-Gu 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Gracilaria “verrucosa” is now regarded an invalid name, with G. gracilis being used in recent studies of the genus from the Russian coast of the East Sea (Sea of Japan). This has created nomenclatural confusion for members of the genus in this region. Here we revise the taxonomy of G. “verrucosa” from Peter the Great Bay (East Sea, Russia) based on morpho-anatomical characters and comparisons of nuclear small subunit rDNA, plastid rbcL and mitochondrial cox1 sequence data. No differences were found between sequences for attached and unattached forms of G. “verrucosa”. Molecular data also indicate that G. “verrucosa” from Peter the Great Bay is conspecific with Gracilaria vermiculophylla from the northwestern Pacific, and the Russian population is closely related to Korean-Japanese populations from the East Sea rather than with populations on the Pacific coast of Japan.
TiO2 Nanotube Arrays by using ZnO Nanorod Template through Liquid Phase Deposition for Organic- Inorganic Hybrid Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Rattanavoravipa Thitima , Sagawa Takashi , Yoshikawa Susumu 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTTiO2 nanotube arrays had been selected as electron transport material incorporate with P3HT:PCBM blended polymer to fabricate the hybrid organic-inorganic solar cells. Well aligned TiO2 nanotube arrays has been synthesized though the liquid phase deposition by using ZnO nanorod arrays as templates. Three types of dyes (viz. NKX-2677, D149, N719) were adsorbed onto the surface of TiO2 nanotube arrays to increase the interfacial contacts between the organic polymer and inorganic metal oxide. Surface modification with NKX-2677 exhibited remarkable improvement of the cell efficiencies in terms of current density, open circuit voltage, and fill factor as compared with those of other dyes.
Performance enhancement of TiSi2 coated Si nanocrystal memory device
Authors: Zhou Huimei , Liu Jianlin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSelf-aligned TiSi2 coated Si nanocrystal nonvolatile memory is fabricated. This kind of MOSFET memory device is not only thermally stable, but also shows better performance in charge storage capacity, writing, erasing speed and retention characteristics. This indicates that CMOS compatible silicidation process to fabricate TiSi2 coated Si nanocrystal memory is promising in memory device applications.
Growth of Boron Carbide Crystals from a Copper Flux
Authors: Zhang Yi , Edgar James , Plummer Jack , Whiteley Clinton , Chen Hui , Zhang Yu , Dudley Michael , Gong Yinyan , Gray James , Kuball Martin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBoron carbide crystals ranging in size from 50 microns to several millimeters have been grown from a copper-boron carbide flux at temperatures from 1500°C to 1750°C. The crystal size increased with growth temperature although copper evaporation limited growth at the higher temperatures. Synchrotron X-ray Laue patterns were indexed according to (001) orientation boron carbide structure, indicating the bulk crystals were single crystalline with {001} growth facets. Raman spectrum of boron carbide indicates an improved crystal quality compared to the source powder, but peaks of crystals grown from 11B -enriched source shifted to the lower energy by 1-4 cm−1 from literature values, possibly due to the boron isotope dependency. Five fold symmetry defects and twin planes were common as observed by optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Raindrop shape etch pits were formed after defect selective etching in molten potassium hydroxide at 600°C for 6 minutes. Typically, the etch pit density was on the order of 106/cm2.
Development of a hybrid photoelectrochemical (PEC) device with amorphous silicon carbide as the photoelectrode for water splitting
Authors: Hu Jian , Zhu Feng , Matulionis Ilvydas , Deutsch Todd , Gaillard Nicolas , Miller Eric L. , Madan Arun 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe report on an integrated photoelectrochemical (PEC) device for hydrogen production using amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) material as the photoelectrode in conjunction with an amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) tandem photovoltaic device. With the use of a-Si:H tandem solar cell, the flat-band potential of the hybrid PEC structure shifts significantly below the H2O/O2 half-reaction potential and is in an appropriate position to facilitate water splitting. Under reverse bias, saturated photocurrent of the hybrid device ranges between 3 to 5 mA/cm2 under AM1.5 light intensity. In a two-electrode setup (with ruthenium oxide counter electrode), which is analogous to a real PEC configuration, the hybrid cell produces photocurrent of about 0.83 mA/cm2at zero bias and hydrogen production is observed. The hybrid device exhibits good durability in pH2 buffered electrolyte for up to 150 hours (so far tested).
3D-structuring of Optical Waveguides with Two Photon Polymerization
Authors: Infuehr Robert , Stampfl Jurgen , Krivec Stefan , Liska Robert , Lichtenegger Helga , Satzinger Valentin , Schmidt Volker , Matsko Nadejda , Grogger Werner 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTwo photon photopolymerization (2PP) is a new and modern method in solid freeform fabrication. 2PP allows the fabrication of sub-micron structures from a photopolymerizable resin. By the use of near-infrared (NIR) lasers it is possible to produce 3D structures with a spatial feature resolution as good as 200 nm. This technique can be used in polymer-based photonic and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS), for 3D optical data storage or for the inscription of optical waveguides based on a local refractive index change upon laser exposure. Since the 2PP only takes place inside the focus of the laser beam, complex 3D-structures can be in-scri-bed into a suitable matrix material.In the presented work, 2PP is used to write optical waveguides into a prefabricated mechanically flexible polydimethylsiloxane matrix. The waveguides were structured by selectively irradiating a polymer network, which was swollen by a monomer mixture. The monomer was polymerized by two photon photopolymerization and the uncured monomer was removed by evaporation at elevated temperatures. This treatment led to a local change in refractive index in the order of Δn = 0.02, which was significantly above the industrial requirement of Δn = 0.003. The measured optical losses were around 2.3dB/cm. Since all unreacted monomers were removed by eva-po-ration, the final waveguide was stable up to temperatures of more than 200°C.In a second approach highly porous sol-gel materials (based on tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) as precursor and the surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride monohydrate as structural temp-late) were utilized as matrix materials. The precursor was organically modified with poly(ethylene glycol) spacers in order to increase the toughness and thus facilitate the fabrication of transparent porous monoliths and flexible films. The pores of the sol-gel-derived matrix were filled with acrylate-based monomers of high refractive index and after selective irradiation using 2PP waveguides (Δn = 0.015) could be written into the material.