bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interrow Cultivation to Reduce Herbicide Use in Corn following Alfalfa without Tillage
Authors: Buhler Douglas D. , Doll Jerry D. , Proost Richard T. , Visocky Mark R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation on integrated weed management systems for conservation tillage systems is needed so that producers can minimize the environmental impacts of crop production without sacrificing profitability. Our objective was to evaluate reduced levels of preemergence herbicides in combination with interrow cultivation for weed control in corn (Zea mays L.) planted into an untilled, deteriorated alfalfa stand treated with glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] the previous fall. Fall application of glyphosate controlled 97% of the perennial vegetation without additional treatment the following spring. Atrazine [6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N'‐(l‐methylethyl)‐l,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine] at 1.1 kg a.i. ha−1 or cyanazine (2‐[[4‐chloro‐6‐(ethylamino)‐ 1,3,5‐triazin‐2‐yl]amino]‐2‐methylpropanenitrile) at 2.2 kg a.i. ha−1 applied within 1 d after corn planting greatly reduced weed densities compared with no herbicide use, but did not control annual weeds as well as a standard treatment (atrazine at 2.2 kg ha−1 plus 2.8 kg a.i. ha−1 metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐ 1‐methylethyl)acetamide]). In most cases, one or two interrow cultivations following atrazine or cyanazine increased control of annual weeds to > 90%, which was similar to the standard treatment. Corn grain yields were affected by varying environmental conditions during the three years of research, but in the two years without drought, integrating cultivation and reduced levels of herbicide resulted in corn yields equal to the standard herbicide treatment. This research indicates that integrating interrow cultivation with reduced levels of herbicide is a sound weed management option for com planted into untilled, fall‐controlled alfalfa stands infested with perennial weeds.
Spring Lamb Production on Alfalfa, Sainfoin, and Wheatgrass Pastures
Authors: Karnezos T. P. , Matches A. G. , Brown C. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLamb (Ovis aries) weight gains from wheatgrass‐sainfoin (Agropyron and Thinopyron spp.‐Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) mixtures suggest that grazing sainfoin monocultures offers advantages over mixtures. Our objective was to determine levels of spring lamb production from irrigated ‘Renumex’ sainfoin, ‘Cimmaron’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), ‘Luna’ pubescent wheatgrass [T. intermedium subsp. barbulatum (Schur) Barkw. & D.R. Dewey], and pubescent wheatgrass‐sainfoin pastures. Replicated pastures grown on a fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll were rotationally stocked (herbage dry matter [DM] allowance of 6.5% of body wt. d−1) by weaned Rambouillet ✕ Suffolk wether lambs for an average of 88 d in spring of 1991 and 1992. Across years, cumulative weight gain (CWG) ranged between 7.9 kg lamb−1 for wheatgrass and 16.4 kg lamb−1 for alfalfa. In 1991 (avg. 16.1 kg lamb−1) and 1992 (avg. 12.3 kg lamb−1) CWG for alfalfa and sainfoin was similar. Lamb production per hectare (PROD) was greatest for legumes (808 kg lamb ha‐1) and least for wheatgrass (533 kg lamb ha−1). Including sainfoin with wheatgrass increased PROD by 23% over wheatgrass, whereas sainfoin alone increased PROD by 25% over the mixture. Intake of sainfoin herbage (1.5 kg DM lamb‐unit‐1 d‐1) was 29% greater than of alfalfa, wheatgrass, or wheatgrass‐sainfoin (1.2 kg DM lamb‐unit−1 d−1, where 1 lamb‐unit is a 35‐kg lamb). Herbage crude protein concentrations (pregrazing) were highest for alfalfa (253 g kg−1) and lowest for wheatgrass (159 g kg−1). Sainfoin had the lowest organic matter digestibility (641 g kg−1), which did not reflect the high CWG or PROD obtained. Alfalfa or sainfoin offer greater opportunities for spring lamb production than wheatgrass or wheatgrass‐sainfoin pastures.
Phosphorus and Temperature Effects on Magnesium, Calcium, and Potassium in Wheat and Tall Fescue Leaves
Authors: Reinbott T. M. , Blevins D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh K fertilization often reduces leaf Mg and Ca concentration, increasing the incidence of grass tetany, while increased P treatment increases uptake and leaf concentrations of Mg and Ca in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Since P availability and uptake are often reduced at low soil temperatures, the effects of P and K nutrition on mineral element composition of wheat at two root‐zone temperatures were determined. The effects of P and NPK + Mg fertilization on leaf elemental concentrations of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) grown in the field near Mt. Vernon, MO, on a Creldon silty clay loam (fine, mixed, mesic Mollic Fragiudalf) were determined. Concentration of Mg in wheat shoots was 20% higher when treated with 400 μM P than 50 μM P, and only 9% higher when root‐zone temperature was 25°C rather than 15°C. Similarly, shoot Ca concentration was 11% higher with the high P treatment. Total plant Mg uptake was 60% greater and total Ca uptake was 51% greater with high P. The higher root‐zone temperature increased total plant Mg uptake 38% and total plant Ca uptake 36%. Increasing K treatment from 400 to 800 μM decreased shoot Mg concentration 13% and shoot Ca concentration 7%. In the field, at soil temperatures <15°C, treatments of 20 or 28 kg ha−1 P increased both Mg and Ca leaf concentration of tall fescue. When leaf Mg and Ca concentrations in control plots were below 2.0 and 4.0 g mg−1 respectively, P fertilization increased Mg and Ca concentration above those thresholds considered likely to cause grass tetany. Fertilization with Mg increased leaf Mg concentration only when P fertilizer was added, but caused a decrease in leaf Ca concentration when no P fertilizer was applied. Leaf concentration and total plant uptake of Mg and Ca were more dependent on P nutrition than root temperature.
Defoliation Effects on Agronomic Performance of Seeded Pennisetum Hexaploid Hybrids
Authors: Spitaleri R. F. , Sollenberger L. E. , Schank S. C. , Staples C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInterspecific Pennisetum hybrids between pearl millet [P. glaucum (L.) R.Br.] and elephantgrass (P. purpureum Schum.) have been developed that are seed propagated, productive, and high in nutritive value, but defoliation effects on hybrid agronomic performance have not been assessed. A field experiment was conducted on an Adamsville soil (hyperthermic, uncoated Aquic Quartzipsamment) in 1991 and 1992 to determine the effect of three clipping treatments (every 6 or 12 wk to 15 cm and every 6 wk to 30 cm) on dry matter (DM) yield, nutritive value, and persistence of 10 seeded hybrids and ‘Mott’ elephantgrass. In the first year of defoliation, Mott and the hybrids had similar yields when harvested at 6‐wk intervals (9.7 vs. 9.2 Mg ha−1 yr−1), but hybrids had greater yields than Mott when harvested at 12‐wk intervals (17.9 vs. 13.0 Mg ha−1 yr−1). Yields were greater for Mott than hybrids in the second year, regardless of clipping treatment. In 1991, crude protein (CP) concentration was not different when cut every 6 wk (139 g kg−1 DM), but Mott had higher CP than the hybrids when clipped every 12 wk (112 vs. 95 g kg−1). Across clipping treatments, in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) was greater for Mott than for the hybrids (638 vs. 602 g kg−1 OM) in 1991. In 1992 there were no differences in CP or IVDOM between Mott and hybrids. After 1 yr of defoliation, winter survival of hybrid plants was 18%, while Mott survival was 100%. Comparison of reserve status of hybrids and Mott showed that hybrids had lower rhizome mass (0.46 vs. 1.1 kg m−2), total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration (115 vs. 276 g kg−1 DM), and TNC pool (56 vs. 304 g m−2). These data indicate that seeded hybrids are productive and high in nutritive value. Their potential for use in the U.S. Gulf Coast, however, depends on development of lines that are more persistent under defoliation.
Tillage, Seed Size, and Seed Density Effects on Performance of Soft White Winter Wheat
Authors: Douglas C. L. , Wilkins D. E. , Churchill D. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConservation tillage systems, which leave residues on or near the soil surface, can suppress soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) emergence, early development of seedlings, and grain yield. This field study evaluated effects of tillage, seed size, and seed density on the above parameters. Commercially processed, untreated ‘Stephens’ winter wheat grains, separated into size‐density combinations of large‐dense, largelight, small‐dense, small‐light, and unsorted, were seeded into tilled and nontilled soil in the fall of 1990 and 1991. In 1990, when seed zone soil moisture was adequate, tillage significantly decreased seminal root intercepts at 3 cm (16%) and 5 cm (24%) below the seed. There was no significant effect of seed size‐density. When seed zone soil moisture was marginal in 1991, tillage significantly increased emergence (15%), number of main stem leaves (11%), seminal roots (4%), root intercepts (3 and 5 cm > 100%), straw yield (17%), and grain yield (12%). The only significant effect of seed size and density on aboveground parameters was on main stem leaf number, seedling weight, and number of heads. Small‐light seed had significantly more 3‐cm (53%) and 5‐cm (39%) root intercepts and 26% fewer disease‐pruned roots than other size‐density treatments. Seed size and density did not significantly affect grain yield in either year. Therefore, there is not sufficient justification to change the current seed processing procedure by use of a gravity table.
From Cell Growth to Leaf Growth: I. Coupling Cell Division and Cell Expansion
Authors: Arkebauer Timothy J. , Norman John M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn area of plant growth modeling that appears to have been neglected is incorporation of current knowledge regarding cell expansion and cell division into the growth models. The objective of this research was to incorporate this knowledge into a quantitative description of plant growth. A general cell growth module is described that combines known aspects of cell expansion and cell division. Cell expansion is governed by water flux equations. The cells start at a fixed minimum volume and expand to a final (fixed) volume. The wall extensibility of a cell is considered to be a function of its volume. Cell division is described through use of a daughter ratio vs. time function that categorizes the cells resulting from a division as either proliferative or nonproliferative. Temperature is coupled to the water flow equations through its influence on cell cycle time. The daughter ratio vs. time function is of paramount importance. The influence of a number of daughter ratio functions on the rate of cell production and the rate of total cell volume accumulation are considered. Exponential, linear, and sigmoidal increases in both cell numbers and total cellular volume are shown to result from the various daughter ratios examined. A comparison was made of simulations using a constant wall extensibility to those made using the wall extensibility vs. volume function. The difference between these two cases was much less than the differences obtained by varying the daughter ratio function.
STABLE: A BASIC Program for Calculating Stability and Yield‐Stability Statistics
Authors: Kang Manjit S. , Magari Robert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is a worldwide interest among plant breeders, geneticists, and production agronomists in genotype × environment (GE) interaction. A stability analysis is often conducted to estimate and interpret GE interaction. From a practical standpoint, stability statistics and genotype performance (yield) need to be integrated. A DOS‐version computer program (STABLE) was developed that calculates Shukla's stability‐variance statistic (σ2i) and Kang's yield‐stability statistic (YSi) that combines yield and stability of performance into a single selection criterion. STABLE operates on IBM‐PCs or compatible microcomputers with a BASIC, GWBASIC, or QBASIC interpreter. Input of data and other information is menu‐driven. Output consists of (i) a table showing an analysis of variance, (ii) a table showing genotype means, σ2i, s2i (a stability‐variance statistic computed from residual GE interaction after removal of heterogeneity due to a covariate), and Wricke's ecovalence (Wi), and (iii) a table showing various statistics and information, such as σ2i, YSi, and genotypes selected on the basis of YSi. This program should be useful for selecting high‐yielding, stable genotypes.
Intercropped Oat and Fababean in Alaska: Dry Matter Production, Dinitrogen Fixation, Nitrogen Transfer, and Nitrogen Fertilizer Response
Authors: Cochran Verlan L. , Schlentner Sharon F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere are conflicting reports on the amount of N transferred from legumes to intercropped nonlegumes and on the need for N fertilizer to obtain high total dry matter yields on soil with low N availability. This study evaluates (i) the ability of fababean (Vicia faba L.) to meet its N requirements from biological N2 fixation: (ii) the amount of N transferred to intercropped oat (Avena sativa L.); and (iii) N fertilizer management to maximize dry matter production and N2 fixation in a cold soil. A randomized complete block experimental design with four replications was used with two rows of fababean alternating with two rows of oat. Urea was applied in bands between fababean or oat rows at 90 kg N ha−1 to get the following treatments: (i) oat with added N (+N), fababean +N, inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viceae (+I); (ii) oat +N, fababean without added N, inoculated (−N, +I); (iii) oat −N, fababean −N,+I; (iv) oat −N, fababean +N,−I; and (v) oat −N, fababean −N, + I. A second study compared uptake of 15N‐depleted fertilizer by oat and fababean, where the fertilizer was broadcast over the plot or band‐applied between rows of oat and fababean planted in alternate rows. Less than 1% of the uninoculated fababean plants nodulated in either experiment; thus, they were a good check for estimating N2 fixation using the difference method. Nitrogen fertilizer increased dry matter production of fababean in some years, but did not increase N uptake. There was little evidence of N transfer from fababean to oat. Oat depended on N fertilizer for maximum dry matter production 3 of the 4 yr. Maximum total dry matter production was achieved by fertilizing the oat and not the fababean in 3 of the 4 yr. The amount of N2 fixed by fababean averaged 50 kg N ha−1. Fababean plants obtained >50% of their N from broadcast urea, but <10% when urea was banded between oat and fababean rows. Configuring a commercial drill to band fertilizer between pairs of oat rows alternating with fababean is a practical way to maximize both N2 fixation and total dry matter production.
Seasonal Nitrogen and Carbohydrate Partitioning in Forage Brassicas
Authors: Guillard Karl , Pietrzyk Stephen W. , Allinson Derek W. , Cassida Kimberly A. , Wiedenhoeft Mary Hagemann , Hough Robert L. , Barton Barbara A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrate toxicosis is more prevalent when ruminants consume forages high in NO3 and low in readily fermentable carbohydrates. Environmental conditions vary with season and may differentially affect herbage N and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) composition. Experiments were conducted to determine the concentrations and partitioning of NO3−N, total N (TN), TNC, and inorganic N in summerand autumn‐grown brassicas in CT. Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC.), rape (B. napus L.), turnip (B. rapa L.), and tyfon [B. rapa L. ✕ B. pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.] were established in June and August of 1988 and 1990 on a Paxton fine sandy loam soil (coarse‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Dystrochrept). The experimental design in each season was a split‐plot, with species as main plots and sampling dates [30, 60, 90, and 120 days after seeding (DAS)] as subplots. Concentrations of NO3−N and TN decreased with time in both seasons, but the rate of decline for both constituents was generally greater during the summer than autumn. Concentrations of TNC in the whole plant and most plant parts increased with time and peaked at 90 or 120 DAS in both seasons. Inverse relationships were found between TN and TNC (except in laminae), and between NO3−N and TNC (except in roots). Concentrations of NO3−N were relatively low in the whole plant, central midrib‐petioles, stems, and roots when the concentrations of TN were <29 g kg−1, but increased linearly when TN was greater than this. Concentrations of NO3−N increased linearly in laminae only when TN concentrations were >54 g kg−1. Whole‐plant inorganic N concentrations, as a percentage of TN, were <10% at 60 DAS. The potential risk for NO3 toxicosis in ruminants is higher if animals graze brassicas before 60 DAS than if they graze brassicas after 60 DAS.
Source‐to‐Sink Manipulation Effects on Cotton Fiber Quality
Authors: Pettigrew William T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber quality varies considerably among years and locations depending on the prevailing environmental conditions. These environmental conditions often affect the assimilate source/reproductive sink ratio of the developing crop. This study investigated the effects of various source‐sink manipulations on cotton fiber quality at various times during the growing season. In 1991 and 1992, field studies were conducted in which six source‐sink manipulation treatments (partial defruited, partial leaf pruned, reflectors, open canopy, shaded plot, and an untreated control) were imposed on the cotton genotypes ‘DES 119’, ‘DPL 5690’, and ‘Prema’. Blooms at anthesis were tagged on four dates each year, and the seed cotton was harvested when these bolls had opened. This seed cotton was then ginned, and fiber quality traits were determined. The shaded plot treatment reduced fiber strength 6% compared with the control. Fiber from the shaded plot treatment was about 2% longer than the control when the shade was applied within the first 7 d of fiber development. The micronaire value was decreased 7% from the control when the shade was applied during the period of fiber development when the fiber secondary cell wall is being deposited. The partial defruited treatment consistently produced about 8% greater micronaire than the control. Fiber from the partial leaf pruned and shaded plot treatment (low source‐to‐sink ratio) averaged 11% lower micronaire than the open canopy and partial defruited treatment (high source‐to‐sink ratio) on the first tagging date. On the third tagging date, fiber maturity, a component of micronaire, for the partial defruited treatment was 6% greater than the control. None of the treatments significantly altered fiber elongation or perimeter. These data indicate that alterations in the light intensity or carbon assimilate supply can affect the quality of cotton fiber produced, particularly fiber strength and micronaire.
Interaction of Early‐Season Herbicide Injury, Tobacco Thrips Injury, and Cultivar on Peanut
Authors: Brecke Barry J. , Funderburk Joe E. , Teare Iwan D. , Gorbet Daniel W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) can tolerate severe early‐season injury by tobacco thrips [Frankliniella fusca (Hinds)], and controlling populations usually is not recommended in the southeastern USA. Field observations, however, indicated that injury from early‐season thrips infestation may exacerbate injury caused to peanut by early postemergence herbicide application. Studies were conducted near Jay and Marianna, FL, during 1989 and 1990 to evaluate the interaction between peanut cultivar, preplant incorporated application of vernolate (S‐propyl dipropylcarbamothioate), postemergence application of alachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetamide] plus paraquat(1,1'‐dimethyl‐4,4'‐bipyridinium ion) and thrips suppression with foliar application of acephate (O,S‐dimethyl acetylphosphoroamidothioate). ‘Southern Runner’ was more susceptible than ‘Florunner’ to early‐season stress from insect and herbicide injury. Injury from preplant incorporated herbicide alone, postemergence herbicide alone, or thrips alone usually was not sufficient to cause long‐term damage to peanut growth or to adversely affect peanut maturity or yield. When two or all of these factors impacted peanut simultaneously, however, delays in crop maturity and reduced yields (up to 11%) were often observed. Early‐season suppression of tobacco thrips often alleviated the detrimental effects to peanut. Suppression of thrips populations should receive greater consideration in future integrated pest management programs of peanut to avoid interactions with early‐season herbicide stress, especially when growing Southern Runner.
Salinity Effects on Four Sunflower Hybrids
Authors: Francois Leland E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is becoming an increasingly important source of edible vegetable oil throughout the world because of its high polyunsaturated fatty acid content and no cholesterol. The increasing demand for this oil may promote increased hectarage of sunflower in the western USA, where some soils are saline or have the potential to become so. Since there is little information concerning the response of sunflower grown under saline conditions, a 2‐yr field plot study was conducted. Six salinity treatments were imposed on a Holtville silty clay (clayey over loamy, montmorillonitic [calcareous], hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvent) by irrigating with Colorado River water artificially salinized with NaCl and CaCl2 (1:1 by weight). Electrical conductivities of the irrigation waters both years were 1.4 (control), 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 dS m−1. Seed yield and oil content of the seed were measured. Relative seed yield of four hybrids was unaffected by soil salinity up to 4.8 dS m−1 (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, ECe). Each unit increase in salinity above 4.8 dS m−1 reduced yield by 5.0%. These results indicate that sunflower is appropriately classified as moderately tolerant to salinity. Yield reduction was attributed primarily to a reduction in seeds per head. Oil concentration in the seed was relatively unaffected by increased soil salinity up to 10.2 dS m−1. Sunflower appears to be well adapted for growth under moderately saline soil conditions.
Alfalfa Establishment with Diverse Annual Ryegrass Cultivars
Authors: Sulc R. Mark , Albrecht Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is limited information on forage yield and nutritional value of binary mixtures of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) with forage legumes in the north‐central USA. A diverse set of annual ryegrass cultivars in binary mixtures with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was evaluated for seeding‐year forage yield and nutritional value and for forage yield and alfalfa presence the year after seeding. Annual ryegrass cultivars differing in ploidy and maturity were sown at 215 seeds m−2 with alfalfa at two locations in Wisconsin in spring 1990 and 1991. As a control, alfalfa was also sown alone. Seeding‐year forage yields of ryegrass‐alfalfa mixtures ranged from 5.00 to 10.65 Mg ha−1 in 1990 and from 7.06 to 8.96 Mg ha−1 in 1991. Mixtures of alfalfa with earlymaturing ryegrass cultivars were higher in yield and fiber fractions (neutral‐ and acid‐detergent fiber) and lower in crude protein concentration than mixtures with late‐maturing ryegrass cultivars, with greater differences observed in 1990 than 1991. The ryegrass‐alfalfa mixtures usually were higher yielding but lower in forage nutritional value than alfalfa sown alone, with greater differences observed in 1990 than 1991. Alfalfa stands were reduced by ryegrass in one site‐year, where conditions favored vigorous ryegrass development over alfalfa seedling development. In the other three environments, alfalfa was successfully established with all ryegrass cultivars, but alfalfa yields the year after seeding were highest in plots established with early‐maturing diploid cultivars. The most suitable annual ryegrass companions for alfalfa establishment in the north‐central region are early‐maturing diploid cultivars.