bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution, life history and host specificity of Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), two biological control agents for Chrysanthemoides monilifera (Compositae)
Authors: Adair R. J. , Scott J. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe southern African shrubs Chrysanthemoides monilifera monilifera and C. m. rotundata (Compositae) are serious weeds of native vegetation in Australia and are targets for classical biological control. In host specificity tests using 69 species from 25 families, two leaf-feeding chrysomelid beetles, Chrysolina picturata (Clark) and Chrysolina sp. B, were able to complete development on only Chrysanthemoides monilifera and C. incana. The subspecies Chrysanthemoides m. monilifera was the superior host for both Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B. Feeding and limited development of both species occurred on Calendula officinalis; limited development by Chrysolina picturata larvae occurred on Helianthus annuus, Tussilago farfara and Cymbonotus priessianus. Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B are considered to be Chrysanthemoides-specific and have been approved for release in Australia. Potential release sites for both Chrysolina species were chosen by comparing the climate of the insects' African distribution with climate stations within the range of Chrysanthemoides monilifera in Australia. Chrysolina picturata and Chrysolina sp. B are suited for release within the western distribution of Chrysanthemoides m. monilifera in coastal areas of south eastern South Australia.
Seasonal occurrence and abundance of redlegged earth miteHalotydeus destructor(Acari: Penthaleidae) in annual pastures of southwestern Australia
Authors: Ridsdill-Smith T. J. , Annells A. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSeasonal occurrence and abundance of redlegged earth mite,Halotydeus destructor(Tucker), was measured by weekly sampling in grazed annual pastures near Keysbrook (1990–1992) and Narrogin (1991–1992) in southwestern Australia. Mites were active for 27 weeks from the late autumn (May) to mid-spring (October), completing three generations at approximately 8 week intervals. The summer is spent as diapause eggs in the cadavers of adult female mites. In 1991 and 1992, activeH. destructorwas on average twice as abundant at Keysbrook (mean 11,300 mites/m2), as at Narrogin (mean 6400 mites/m2). Three times more eggs were laid at Keysbrook than Narrogin (mean 8500 and 2900 eggs/m2respectively). Rainfall at Keysbrook was twice that at Narrogin, and temperatures were higher. We suggest that the rate of oviposition was less at Narrogin, probably because of resource limitation. The mature adult sex ratio was female biased, but was lower at Keysbrook (0.669) than at Narrogin (0.813).Neozygites acaridis, a fungal disease, was detected in less than 4% of the population, mainly in adult mites in late spring. Rainfall and temperatures were lower in the spring of 1992 than 1991 at both sites. Pasture was grazed considerably shorter in the spring of 1992, and numbers ofH. destructorwere lower, but numbers of eggs laid in the two years were similar. We suggest that active mite mortality was greater in spring of 1992, probably due to lower relative humidity. There were fewer adult mites in spring, and fewer diapausing eggs in summer at both sites in 1992 (36,600 diapause eggs/m2) than in 1991 (148,000 diapause eggs/m2). It is proposed that controlling mites in spring should lead to lower numbers of diapause eggs in summer and of mites emerging in autumn.
Some Notes on the Natural Control of the Oyster-shell Scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi, L.)
Authors: Tothill John D. 
Published: July 2009

The oyster-shell or mussel scale (Lepidosaphes ulmi, L.) (fig. 1) is too well known to need any particular introduction ; suffice it to say that this insect has followed its principal food-plant, the apple tree, over the world. Though usually considered a serious pest in places in which it has been long established, such as England andCanada, it is not increasing. There must then be agencies at work destroying annually about 98 per cent. of the progeny of each pair of scales. In different countries these agencies may differ greatly. It is the purpose of the present paper to give a general outline of the principal factors operating in the control of this scale in Canada, and more especially in Eastern Canada. The study, which has been carried on under the direction of the Dominion Entomologist, Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, is based on the literature of the subject and on the examination of about eighteen thousand egg-masses of scales collected, between September 1916 and April 1917, from representative places throughout Canada. Most of this material was gathered by the officers and friends of the Entomological Branch and mailed to the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Fredericton, N.B., for examination. The names of these gentlemen appear in the analysis table (on page 191) opposite their respective collections and it is a pleasure to acknowledge their kindly assistance. Each 100 of these egg-masses was, so far as practicable, an average 100 selected from several twigs of one tree or bush. So far as possible, collections were made from five trees or bushes at each observation point.
The Mosquitos of the funestus Series in East Africa
Authors: Leeson H. S. 
Published: July 2009

The paper deals with Anopheles funestus and its allies as they occur in East Africa. The species dealt with are A. funestus type form, A. rivulorum, A. rivulorum var. garnhamellus and A. leesoni.1. Differences between adults are so slight that they have until recently all been regarded as A. funestus. They may, however, be separated from one another by the points given in the Key (above). Differences between larvae of the species are much more pronounced.2. It is also shown that, in this part of Africa at least, A. funestus, though reared from identical larvae and pupae, has four main forms of wing pattern. One of the forms of A. funestus appears to be absent from Uganda, while another form is much more prevalent in coastal regions than inland. A. rivulorum occurs in Uganda, but only two specimens were taken in Tanganyika. A. rivulorum var. garnhamellus is widely distributed throughout E. Africa. A. leesoni was found only in Uganda.3. A. funestus, A. rivulorum and A. leesoni breed in similar situations, i.e., clear, shaded water with growing vegetation. The larvae are more frequently found among grass than among other types of vegetation. Such breeding-places occur in rivers, streams, pools and swamps. Light readings taken at breeding-places corrobate the many reports that these larvae prefer shaded situations and are absent from exposed waters. Larvae of A. rivulorum var. garnhamellus are found most frequently associated with Pistia stratiotes, though on at least two occasions they were found in water where this plant was absent.4. All the adults were taken inside buildings and none outside, in spite of continuous searching. Almost all were A. funestus, the remaining few were A. rivulorum and A. rivulorum var. garnhamellus; adults of A. leesoni were not taken at all. At several places, though adults of A. funestus were common in houses, very few or no larvae of this species were found; but larvae of the other forms were present. It is concluded that A. funestus is therefore an habitual house-frequenter and the others are not. Human blood was found in roughly half of the female A. funestus examined (239 out of 456); a very few contained ox blood and the remainder (204) were negative for ox and human blood. They were not tested for other bloods. Of 122 female A. funestus examined for malaria parasites 15 were found infected.
Additions to the Encarsia parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of the Bemisia tabaci-complex (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Evans G. A. , Polaszek A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFour new species of Encarsia, E. lanceolatasp. n., E. paracitrellasp. n., E. pseudocitrellasp. n. and E. unicitrellasp. n. are described and illustrated. All four parasitoid species were reared from the Bemisia tabaci-complex and/or other whitefly hosts in the Neotropical region. Encarsia paracitrella, E. pseudocitrella and E. unicitrella are extremely closely related, to each other and to E. citrella (Howard). A diagnosis is therefore given for the E. citrella-complex, with a key to the four currently included species. For E. citrella (Howard) a lectotype is designated, the male is described and illustrated for the first time, and the female is redescribed and illustrated. A key and a modification to an existing key are provided to facilitate the identification of the five species treated.
Niche separation in coprophagous beetles: a comparison of two multivariate approaches
Authors: Sowig P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCoprophagous beetles (endocoprid and paracoprid Scarabaeidae, Hydrophilidae, and Staphylinidae) were extracted from 698 sheep droppings from a pasture in southwest Germany. To quantify the pairwise niche overlap of these species, pairwise discriminant function analysis was used to calculate the overlap of the discriminant distributions in a four-dimensional niche space. Niche separation was studied considering the following four factors: season (month) and macrohabitat when and where the dropping was deposited, dropping size, and water content of the dropping. Multiple discriminant function analysis was used to describe the distribution of species in a space defined by four discriminant functions. The first discriminant function was mostly influenced by the factor ‘season’. The importance of different factors for niche separation in different functional groupings of dung beetles is compared with results from the literature. Advantages and disadvantages of pairwise and multiple discriminant function analysis, and univariate evaluation methods are compared. The following problems and restrictions of discriminant function analyses are emphasized: (i) the usage of non-numerical variables; (ii) the calculation of niche breadths; (iii) failures, when bimodally distributed variables are considered; and (iv) the ecological interpretation of statistical significances.
A new trap for Glossina pallidipes Aust. and G. fuscipes Newst. (Dipt., Glossinidae)
Authors: Moloo S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRecords were kept of the catches of tsetse fly by three types of traps, the Langridge box screen, the Swynnerton awning screen, and a modification of the latter incorporating a screen skirt, in the South Busoga fly-belt, Uganda, where Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst. are abundant. Only two specimens of G. brevipalpis, but large numbers of the other two species, were caught, by far the largest catches being obtained by the awning screen-skirt trap.
Aerial baiting to control leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae, Attini) in Trinidad. III. Economic implications
Authors: Lewis T. , Norton G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe losses caused by leaf-cutting ants (Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) and Atta cephalotes (L.)) to citrus and cocoa crops in Trinidad were assessed as about $40 000 TT per annum in each of these crops. Losses to other crops were unassessable on a national scale but often important to individual farmers. Aerial baiting, using a locally produced bait of aldrin, soyabean oil and citrus meal, would be at least as, and probably more, effective than current on-farm control methods. The cost was $6.18/ha, approximately four times cheaper than current methods and twice as cheap as searching for nests and applying the same bait to them by hand. Hand baiting with the local bait would be almost twice as cheap as using the imported alternative available. At the dosages and frequency of application recommended (2.2 kg of bait containing 0.4% technical aldrin/ha/annum) the total amount of organochlorine insecticide currently used against leaf-cutting ants in Trinidad would decrease between two- and ten-fold, depending on the area treated. Serious long term residual effects are most unlikely to develop, and if bait were applied carefully no harmful effects to man or stock would occur. Farms larger than four hectares would benefit proportionately more than smaller farms, unless charges were manipulated. Fewer men would be needed to control ants than at present. Losses to traders caused by a decrease in the sales of alternative insecticides would be trivial. A national dry-season baiting scheme would utilize more fully aircraft already available in Trinidad, and would help export crops and the production of home-grown foods.
Influence of stimulus dose and wind speed on the orientation behaviour of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) to pheromone
Authors: Fadamiro Henry Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWind tunnel studies were conducted on the influence of pheromone dose and wind speed on the response behaviour of the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus Horn to its male-produced aggregation pheromone. The pheromone did not increase the proportion flying and non-optimal dosages reduced flight initiation. Beetles flew at progressively lower airspeed and net upwind velocity as the pheromone dose was increased from 0.02 mg to 4 mg. Also, at the higher doses, the latency of take-off was longer. However, at the intermediate dose of 0.2 mg, take-off latency was significantly shorter, and the proportion of beetles exhibiting phototaxis at this dose was at a minimum. Wind was necessary for the beetles' orientation to pheromone, supporting the pheromone-induced anemotaxis hypothesis. Flying beetles increased their airspeed and net upwind velocity and therefore flew faster at the higher wind speeds. These results suggest that pheromone dose and wind speed are major influences on the flight behaviour of P. truncatus, and the implications of this on the interpretation of field pheromone-baited trap catch data are discussed.
Influence of temperature and humidity on populations of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) and its parasitoid Dinarmus basalis (Pteromalidae) in two climatic zones of Burkina Faso
Authors: Ouedraogo P. A. , Sou S. , Sanon A. , Monge J. P. , Huignard J. , Tran B. , Credland P. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCallosobruchus maculatus (Fabricius) develops in the seeds of Vigna unguiculata in the Sahel region of Africa. The reproductive activity of this species and the development of its offspring were studied during the dry season at Ouagadougou and Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso), two zones with different climatic conditions. The length of imaginal life of the females and the developmental time varied with changes in climatic conditions, the lowest values for both parameters being found at the end of the dry season when temperature and humidity increased. In the two zones, variations in the density of the bruchid populations have been studied in experimental stores. The density of the bruchid population was low at the beginning of the study and increased when temperature and humidity rose. The introduction of Dinarmus basalis (Rondani) adults to the stores caused a significant reduction in the numbers of C. maculatus adults. The density of the D. basalis populations was low from December to February and increased when temperatures and then humidity became higher. The increase of the D. basalis population and the rate of parasitism were greater at Bobo Dioulasso than at Ouagadougou. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that fecundity, duration of adult life and developmental times depend on humidity. This study has shown the importance of local climatic conditions on parasitoid reproduction and development and also in the control of bruchid populations in stores.
Identification of African stemborer larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Pyralidae) based on morphology
Authors: Meijerman Lynn , Ulenberg Sandrine A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDescriptions are given of the larval stages of the 15 most damaging African stemborer species, belonging to the generaChiloZincken,ConiestaHampson,EldanaWalker,MaliarphaRagonot,ScirpophagaTreitschke (Pyralidae),Sesamia GuenéeandBusseolaThurau. Chaetotaxy of the larvae has been studied. Previously published studies on the same subject are discussed. A key is provided for the identification of the genera, and where possible, the species.
Responses ofGlossina pallidipes(Diptera: Glossinidae) to synthetic repellents in the field
Authors: Torr S.J. , Mangwiro T.N.C. , Hall D.R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Zimbabwe, studies were made of the responses ofGlossina pallidipesAusten to known and candidate repellents. Various chemicals, dispensed atc. 5–10 mg/h, were placed beside Epsilon traps already baited with a blend of acetone, octenol, 4-methylphenol and 3-n-propylphenol. Pentanoic or hexanoic acids or acetophenone halved the catch and 2-methoxyphenol reduced the catch by 90%. There were no consistent differences in the responses of males and females. Pentanoic acid or acetophenone or 2-methoxyphenol at an unbaited trap reduced the catch by 40%, 75% and 60%, respectively. Baiting traps with a combination of pentanoic acid, acetophenone and 2-methoxyphenol did not reduce the catch below that produced by 2-methoxyphenol alone. Pentanoic acid and 2-methoxyphenol reduced the efficiency of traps fromc. 40% to 20% but acetophenone had no significant effect. Acetophenone and 2-methoxyphenol halved the numbers of tsetse attracted to a target baited with acetone, octenol and phenols but none had a significant effect on the proportion that landed. 2-Methoxyphenol significantly reduced the numbers of tsetse attracted to a source of natural ox odour but only pentanoic acid had a significant effect on feeding responses, reducing the proportion that fed on an ox from 59 to 45%. It is concluded that these repellents do not provide any useful degree of protection against trypanosomiasis. In areas where tsetse are abundant (500 bites/ox/day) and infection rates in tsetse are high (>5%) it is highly unlikely that any repellents would be useful. However, in areas where tsetse are less abundant (1 bite/ox/day) and/or infection rates are low (c. 0.5%) the potent, unidentified repellents present in human odour might effectively complement the control of disease using trypanocidal drugs.
Cross resistance between insecticides in coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from New Caledonia
Authors: Brun L. O. , Marcillaud C. , Gaudichon V. , Suckling D. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe responses of adult females of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) from New Caledonia, which were either resistant or susceptible to endosulfan, were compared to a range of insecticides. High levels of cross resistance were present to organochlorines (aldrin, dieldrin and lindane). No cross resistance was evident to carbaryl or organophosphates (descending order of toxicity: fenitrothion > pirimiphos-methyl > chlorpyrifos > diazinon=malathion). Carbaryl, a carbamate, was the least toxic, and avermectin, a macrocyclic lactone, was the most toxic insecticide tested on H. hampei. No evidence of synergy from esterase (DEF) or microsomal oxidase (piperonyl butoxide) inhibitors was present.
Contrast in the cuticular hydrocarbons of sympatric Phlebotomus (Synphlebotomus) females (Diptera: Phlebotominae)
Authors: Gebre-Michael T. , Lane R. P. , Phillips A. , Milligan P. , Molyneux D. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe cuticular hydrocarbons of laboratory-bred and wild-caught females of Phlebotomus martini Parrot and P. celiae Minter, originating from southern Ethiopia, were used to distinguish females of the two sympatric and isomorphic species. Field-caught sandflies were dissected for parasites prior to the analysis. A high degree of separation, was achieved between the two species in both laboratory-bred (91.6%) and wild-caught (91.3%) specimens. However, the discriminating hydrocarbon peaks in laboratory reared specimens were different from those of wild-caught specimens, resulting in a high number of misclassiflcations in the pooled analysis of wild and laboratory specimens in each species. High degrees of hydrocarbon differentiation (84.7%–96.7%) between laboratory-bred and wild caught flies within each species were also obtained.
Studies on some of the physical and biological factors affecting the abundance of the Aedes simpsoni (Diptera: Culicidae) complex-larvae and pupae in plant axils
Authors: Lutwama J. J. , Mukwaya L. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSome physical and biological factors affecting the abundance of larvae and pupae of the Aedes simpsoni (Theobald) complex, in leaf axils of different plants at several locations in Uganda, were investigated during the rainy and dry seasons. The mean number of axils per plant, axils containing larvae and pupae, and the mean number of larvae and pupae per ml of axil water all varied between seasons and locations. The percentage of axils containing larvae and pupae increased with volume of water in the axils of the different plants. The mean number of larvae and pupae per axil containing water also increased with water content of the axils. There was more water in the axils during the rainy than during the dry seasons. The mean temperature of water was lower in Xanthosorna sagittifoliurn (20.4°C) and Colocasia esculentum (22.1°–22.7°C) than in those of banana (25.0°–27.2°C) and this affected developmental rates of larvae and pupae. The indices of association between larvae and pupae of the A. simpsoni complex and Malaya taeniarostris (Theobald) did not indicate competition and there was some habitat segregation between them. The volume and temperature of water in the axils appeared to be the major factors affecting larval and pupal abundance of A. simpsoni in the axils.
The poinsettia strain of the cotton whitefly,Bemisia tabaci(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), biological and demographic parameters on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) in relation to temperature
Authors: Enkegaard A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBiological characteristics of the poinsettia strain ofBemisia tabaciGennadius were investigated on poinsettia by laboratory experiments at five temperatures (range: 16°C–28°C). In addition, the effect of rearingB. tabacion the two plant species,Nicotiana tabacum(tobacco) (Solanaceae) andEuphorbia pulcherrima(Euphorbiaceae) (poinsettia) was investigated. The temperature-dependencies were established for the developmental time for eggs and egg-to-adult phase, juvenile mortality, adult female life-span, pre-oviposition period, age-specific fecundity, and sex-ratio. The lower temperature thresholds for egg-development, development from egg to adult and for ovipositional adults were estimated as well as the lower temperature threshold for oviposition. The thresholds were 12°C, 14°C, 8°C and 14°C, respectively. Egg-development required 126 day-degrees and the entire development into adults 327 day-degrees. Mortality was highest at 16°C, being 19.3% in the egg-stage and 95% from egg to adult. The pre-oviposition period and the adult life-span were 40 and 360 day-degrees. The age-specific fecundity ofB. tabaciwas described by a temperature-dependent model. The maximum daily fecundity rate was attained after 60 and 125 day-degrees forB. tabacireared on tobacco and poinsettia, respectively. The fecundity was highest forB. tabacireared on poinsettia. The sex-ratio was in favour of females at and above 19°C and increased with temperature. Estimates of the net reproductive rate, the intrinsic rate of increase, the finite rate of increase, the mean generation time and the doubling time were obtained. A positive linear relationship was found between rmand temperature, the values ranging from 0.0012 at 16°C to 0.1263 at 28°C.