bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processor Pressures for Change in Pork Marketing Organizations in Ontario and in Québec
Authors: Saint‐Louis Robert 
Published: July 2010

This paper reviews some of the economic and political forces that are causing processors to seek changes in pork marketing organizations in Ontario and in Québec. It is argued that those forces have been arising all at once from a very wide variety of sources, the most important of which have been structural in nature and external to the local industry. As a consequence, processors find themselves in the position of pushing strongly for further major moves towards a better vertically coordinated system of marketing slaughter hogs with perhaps new forms of chain supply risk management and lower transaction costs.L'article traite des changements économiques et politiques qui incitent les industriels de l'abattage et de la charcuterie à revendiquer des modifications aux systèmes de mise en marché des porcs d'abattage en Ontario et au Québec. Il s'agit d'une vaste combinaison de forces, y affirme‐t‐on, qui se sont manifestées parallè lement, et dont les plus importantes sont d'ordre structurel et sont causées par des facteurs externes à l'industrie locale. Il en résulte en bout de ligne que l'industrie de la transformation porcine revendique trés fortement, dans ces provinces, l'amorce de modifications majeures aux systèmes actuels de mise en marché des porcs d'abattage. L'objectif dominant de ces industriels consiste à renforcir les liaisons de coordination verticale dans l'industrie, y inclus celles concernant la mise en marché des porcs d'abattage, sans exclure la possibilité de créer une chaîne d'approvisionnement encore plus étroitement coordonnée et au sein de laquelle les éléments de partage de risques seraient redéfinis, tout en y réduisant les coûts de transaction par animal.
An Analysis of Congestion Effects Across and Within Multiple Recreation Activities
Authors: Rollins Kimberly , Dumitras Diana , Castledine Anita 
Published: July 2010

This paper uses stated and revealed preference data to quantify differential welfare impacts from changes in congestion at outdoor recreation sites that support multiple activities. The results indicate that welfare impacts from congestion vary by congestion point, site, and activity within a given site. Estimating willingness to pay (WTP) for multiple sites and activities allows for parametric testing of whether WTP varies among sites and activities. The most general implication of this study is that if one has the ability to discriminate by activity, doing so is preferable purely in terms of overall model performance. This approach is especially useful for circumstances in which visitor flows in a system of multiple use areas can be managed so as to increase net benefits associated with public lands. Dans la présente étude, nous avons utilisé des données sur les préférences déclarées et révélées pour quantifier l'impact différentiel que des variations de congestion dans les aires d'activités récréatives multiples ont sur le bien‐être. Les résultats ont montré que l'impact différentiel de la congestion sur le bien‐être varie selon le point de congestion, l'aire et l'activité au sein d'une aire donnée. L'estimation de la volonté de payer (VDP) pour des aires et des activités multiples permet de vérifier, à l'aide d'un test paramétrique, si la VDP varie ou non entre les aires et les activités. L'implication la plus générale de cette étude est que si quelqu'un a la possibilité de discriminer selon l'activité, le fait de le faire est préférable purement si l'on considère la performance globale du modèle. Cette méthode est particulièrement utile dans les cas où l'affluence des visiteurs dans un système d'aires polyvalentes peut être gérée de sorte à accroître les avantages nets liés aux terres publiques.
Genetic Regulatory Elements Introduced Into Neural Stem and Progenitor Cell Populations
Authors: Foster George A. , Stringer Bradley M.J. 
Published: July 2010

The genetic manipulation of neural cells has advantage in both basic biology and medicine. Its utility has provided a clearer understanding of how the survival, connectivity, and chemical phenotype of neurones is regulated during, and after, embryogenesis. Much of this achievement has come from the recent generation by genetic means of reproducible and representative supplies of precursor cells which can then be analyzed in a variety of paradigms. Furthermore, advances made in the clinical use of transplantation for neurodegenerative disease have created a demand for an abundant, efficacious and safe supply of neural cells for grafting. This review describes how genetic methods, in juxtaposition to epigenetic means, have been used advantageously to achieve this goal. In particular, we detail how gene transfer techniques have been developed to enable cell immortalization, manipulation of cell differentation and commitment, and the controlled selection of cells for purification or safety purposes. In addition, it is now also possible to genetically modify antigen presentation on cell surfaces. Finally, there is detailed the transfer of therapeutic products to discrete parts of the central nervous system (CNS), using neural cells as elegant and sophisticated delivery vehicles.In conclusion, once the epigenetic and genetic controls over neural cell production, differentiation and death have been more fully determined, providing a mixture of hard‐wired elements and more flexibly expressed characteristics becomes feasible. Optimization of the contributions and interactions of these two controlling systems should lead to improved cell supplies for neurotransplantation.
Viral Induced Demyelination
Authors: Stohlman Stephen A. , Hinton David R. 
Published: July 2010

Viral induced demyelination, in both humans and rodent models, has provided unique insights into the cell biology of oligodendroglia, their complex cell‐cell interactions and mechanisms of myelin destruction. They illustrate mechanisms of viral persistence, including latent infections in which no infectious virus is readily evident, virus reactivation and viral‐induced tissue damage. These studies have also provided excellent paradigms to study the interactions between the immune system and the central nervous system (CNS). Although of interest in their own right, an understanding of the diverse mechanisms used by viruses to induce demyelination may shed light into the etiology and pathogenesis of the common demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). This notion is supported by the persistent view that a viral infection acquired during adolescence might initiate MS after a long period of quiescence.Demyelination in both humans and rodents can be initiated by infection with a diverse group of enveloped and non‐enveloped RNA and DNA viruses (Table 1). The mechanisms that ultimately result in the loss of CNS myelin appear to be equally diverse as the etiological agents capable of causing diseases which result in demyelination. Although demyelination can be a secondary result of axonal loss, in many examples of viral induced demyelination, myelin loss is primary and associated with axonal sparing. This suggests that demyelination induced by viral infections can result from: 1) a direct viral infection of oligodendroglia resulting in cell death with degeneration of myelin and its subsequent removal; 2) a persistent viral infection, in the presence or absence of infectious virus, resulting in the loss of normal cellular homeostasis and subsequent oligodendroglial death; 3) a vigorous virus‐specific inflammatory response wherein the virus replicates in a cell type other than oligodendroglia, but cytokines and other immune mediators directly damage the oligodendroglia or the myelin sheath; or 4) infection initiates activation of an immune response specific for either oligodendroglia or myelin components. Virus‐induced inflammation may be associated with the processing of myelin or oligodendroglial components and their presentation to the host's own T cell compartment. Alternatively, antigenic epitopes derived from the viral proteins may exhibit sufficient homology to host components that the immune response to the virus activates autoreactive T cells, i.e. molecular mimicry. Although it is not clear that each of these potential mechanisms participates in the pathogenesis of human demyelinating disease, analysis of the diverse demyelinating viral infections of both humans and rodents provides examples of many of these potential mechanisms.
Protection des monuments d'architecture traditionnelle et musées d'ethnographie de plein air en Hongrie
Authors: Biró Friderika 
Published: July 2010

L'article qui suit a pour intérêt, tout d'abord, de rendre compte de l'œuvre qui s'accomplit dans la République populaire de Hongrie, pour présenter, étudier et mettre en valeur le richte patrimoine d'architecture populaire traditionnelle de ce pays.Il le fait, ce qui est encore plus important, selon un déroulement à la fois rétrospectif et prospectif: musée‐village de Göcsej, désormais achevé; musée‐village de Vas, en cours de réalisation; musée de Sóstó, en projet. Non sans montrer comment, dans chaque étape, l'expérience de l'étape précédente est capitalisée. Une œuvre immense, à la vérité, à méditer par bien des pays. (N.D.L.R.)
Randomized Comparison of Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Caspofungin, Liposomal Amphotericin B, and the Combination of Both in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Recipients
Authors: Groll Andreas H. , Silling Gerda , Young Charlotte , Schwerdtfeger Rainer , Ostermann Helmut , Heinz Werner J. , Gerss Joachim , Kolve Hedwig , Lanvers-Kaminsky Claudia , Vieira Pinheiro João Paulo , Gammelin Sibylle , Cornely Oliver A. , Wuerthwein Gudrun 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

The combination of liposomal amphotericin B (LAMB) and caspofungin (CAS) holds promise to improve the outcome of opportunistic invasive mycoses with poor prognosis. Little is known, however, about the safety and pharmacokinetics of the combination in patients at high risk for these infections. The safety and pharmacokinetics of the combination of LAMB and CAS were investigated in a risk-stratified, randomized, multicenter phase II clinical trial in 55 adult allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell recipients (aHSCT) with granulocytopenia and refractory fever. The patients received either CAS (50 mg/day; day 1, 70 mg), LAMB (3 mg/kg of body weight/day), or the combination of both (CASLAMB) until defervescence and granulocyte recovery. Safety, development of invasive fungal infections, and survival were assessed through day 14 after the end of therapy. Pharmacokinetic sampling and analysis were performed on days 1 and 4. All three regimens were well tolerated. Premature study drug discontinuations due to grade III/IV adverse events occurred in 1/18, 2/20, and 0/17 patients randomized to CAS, LAMB, and CASLAMB, respectively. Adverse events not leading to study drug discontinuation were frequent but similar across cohorts, except for a higher frequency of hypokalemia with CASLAMB (
P
< 0.05). Drug exposures were similar for patients receiving combination therapy and those randomized to monotherapy. There was no apparent difference in the occurrence of proven/probable invasive fungal infections and survival through day 14 after the end of therapy. CASLAMB combination therapy in immunocompromised aHSCT patients was as safe as monotherapy with CAS or LAMB and had similar plasma pharmacokinetics, lending support to further investigations of the combination in the management of patients with invasive opportunistic mycoses.
Repertoire of HLA-DR1-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Responses to Capsular Caf1 Antigen ofYersinia pestisin Human Leukocyte Antigen Transgenic Mice
Authors: Musson Julie A. , Ingram Rebecca , Durand Guillaume , Ascough Stephanie , Waters Emma L. , Hartley M. Gillian , Robson Timothy , Maillere Bernard , Williamson E. Diane , Sriskandan Shiranee , Altmann Daniel , Robinson John H. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTYersinia pestisis the causative agent of plague, a rapidly fatal infectious disease that has not been eradicated worldwide. The capsular Caf1 protein ofY. pestisis a protective antigen under development as a recombinant vaccine. However, little is known about the specificity of human T-cell responses for Caf1. We characterized CD4 T-cell epitopes of Caf1 in “humanized” HLA-DR1 transgenic mice lacking endogenous major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Mice were immunized with Caf1 or each of a complete set of overlapping synthetic peptides, and CD4 T-cell immunity was measured with respect to proliferative and gamma interferon T-cell responses and recognition by a panel of T-cell hybridomas, as well as direct determination of binding affinities of Caf1 peptides to purified HLA-DR molecules. Although a number of DR1-restricted epitopes were identified following Caf1 immunization, the response was biased toward a single immunodominant epitope near the C terminus of Caf1. In addition, potential promiscuous epitopes, including the immunodominant epitope, were identified by their ability to bind multiple common HLA alleles, with implications for the generation of multivalent vaccines against plague for use in humans.
Protein Kinase C θ Deficiency Increases Resistance of C57BL/6J Mice toPlasmodium bergheiInfection-Induced Cerebral Malaria
Authors: Ohayon Ariel , Golenser Jacob , Sinay Rosa , Tamir Ami , Altman Amnon , Pollack Yaakov , Isakov Noah 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTProtein kinase C θ (PKCθ) functions as a core component of the immunological synapse and serves as a key protein in the integrated T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)/CD28-induced signaling cascade leading to T-cell activation. However, the involvement of PKCθ in host-mediated immune responses to pathogens has not been thoroughly investigated. We tested the consequences of PKCθ ablation on the host response to infection byPlasmodium bergheiANKA (PbA). We found that both PKCθ+/+and PKCθ−/−C57BL/6J mice are susceptible to infection with PbA. However, despite a similar parasite burden, PKCθ+/+mice had an earlier onset of neurological signs, characteristics of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM), resulting in an earlier death. These mice suffered from an early and pronounced splenomegaly with a concomitant increase in the total number of CD4+splenic T cells. In contrast, a large proportion of PbA-infected PKCθ−/−mice overcame the acute phase characterized by neurological symptoms and survived longer than PKCθ+/+mice. The partial resistance of PKCθ−/−mice to ECM was associated with an impaired production of Th1-type cytokines, including gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha/lymphotoxin-α, which are known to exacerbate symptoms leading to ECM. In addition, PbA infection-induced LFA-1 expression in CD8+T cells was suppressed in PKCθ-deficient T cells, suggesting a diminished ability to adhere to endothelial cells and sequester in brain microvasculature, which may explain the decrease in neurological symptoms. These data implicate PKCθ in CD4+Th1+and CD8+T-cell-mediated immune responses during PbA infection that contribute to the development of ECM.
Disclosures of funding sources and conflicts of interest in published HIV/AIDS research conducted in developing countries
Authors: Klitzman Robert , Chin Lisa Judy , Rifai-Bishjawish Hoda , Kleinert Kelly , Leu Cheng-Shiun 
Published: July 2010

ObjectivesDisclosures of funding sources and conflicts of interests (COI) in published peer-reviewed journal articles have recently begun to receive some attention, but many critical questions remain, for example, how often such reporting occurs concerning research conducted in the developing world and what factors may be involved.DesignOf all articles indexed in Medline reporting on human subject HIV research in 2007 conducted in four countries (India, Thailand, Nigeria and Uganda), this study explored how many disclosed a funding source and COI, and what factors are involved.ResultsOf 221 articles that met the criteria, 67.9% (150) disclosed the presence or absence of a funding source, but only 20% (44) disclosed COI. Studies from Uganda were more likely, and those from Nigeria were less likely to mention a funding source (p<0.001). Of articles in journals that had adopted International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) guidelines, 56% did not disclose COI. Disclosure of funding was more likely when: ≥50% of the authors and the corresponding author were from the sponsoring country, the sponsor country was the USA, and the articles were published in journals in which more of the editors were from the sponsoring countries.ConclusionsOf the published studies examined, over a third did not disclose funding source (ie, whether or not there was a funding source) and 80% did not disclose whether COI existed. Most articles in ICMJE-affiliated journals did not disclose COI. These data suggest the need to consider alteration of policies to require that published articles include funding and COI information, to allow readers to assess articles as fully as possible.
SG2285, a Novel C2-Aryl-Substituted Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Dimer Prodrug That Cross-links DNA and Exerts Highly Potent Antitumor Activity
Authors: Hartley John A. , Hamaguchi Anzu , Coffils Marissa , Martin Christopher R.H. , Suggitt Marie , Chen Zhizhi , Gregson Stephen J. , Masterson Luke A. , Tiberghien Arnaud C. , Hartley Janet M. , Pepper Christopher , Lin Thet Thet , Fegan Christopher , Thurston David E. , Howard Philip W. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBD) are naturally occurring antitumor antibiotics, and a PBD dimer (SJG-136, SG2000) is in phase II trials. Many potent PBDs contain a C2-endo-exo unsaturated motif associated with the pyrrolo C-ring. The novel compound SG2202 is a PBD dimer containing this motif. SG2285 is a water-soluble prodrug of SG2202 in which two bisulfite groups inactivate the PBD N10-C11 imines. Once the bisulfites are eliminated, the imine moieties can bind covalently in the DNA minor groove, forming an interstrand cross-link. The mean in vitro cytotoxic potency of SG2285 against human tumor cell lines is GI50 20 pmol/L. SG2285 is highly efficient at producing DNA interstrand cross-links in cells, but they form more slowly than those produced by SG2202. Cellular sensitivity to SG2285 was primarily dependent on ERCC1 and homologous recombination repair. In primary B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia samples, the mean LD50 was significantly lower than in normal age-matched B and T lymphocytes. Antitumor activity was shown in several human tumor xenograft models, including ovarian, non–small cell lung, prostate, pancreatic, and melanoma, with cures obtained in the latter model with a single dose. Further, in an advanced-stage colon model, SG2285 administered either as a single dose, or in two repeat dose schedules, was superior to irinotecan. Our findings define SG2285 as a highly active cytotoxic compound with antitumor properties desirable for further development. Cancer Res; 70(17); 6849–58. ©2010 AACR.
Whose Line is it Anyway? Rhetoric Aimed at Short-term Benefits in Some of Pindar’s Epinician Odes Composed for Sicilian laudandi (Pi. O. 4, 5, 6 and 12, P. 12, N. 1 and 9)
Authors: van den Groenendaal W.E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn epinician ode is a vehicle that can guarantee the κλος of laudandus, and this could be called a long-term benefit for the laudandus. However, there are more immediate pay-offs: an epinician ode can also justify political privileges or affirm status among fellow privileged. It is well-known, for example, that the tyrant Hieron of Syracuse used epinician odes to prop up his Pan-Hellenic status. This article suggests that an epinician ode is, to a great extent, a creation of the patron in the sense that its blueprint and outline originates with the patron, not with the poet. It then looks at seven odes composed for Sicilian laudandi other than tyrants or their relatives. First, it examines political propaganda and short-term benefits in these odes and concludes that, more often than not, the odes assisted in neutralising ill feelings fellow citizens (as well as overlords) might have harboured against the laudandi. Secondly, it suggests that the persons who commissioned these particular odes may already have been problematic before they entered Pan-Hellenic competition, rather than because they had become Pan-Hellenic victors. Therefore the concept of the ‘homecoming of the victor’ should be handled with care.
The Poetics of exôleia in Homer
Authors: Gagné Renaud 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe notion of delayed generational punishment, or ancestral fault, has a long history in Greek literature. The identification of its earliest attestations in the Archaic period is contested, especially its presence in Homeric poetry. This paper aims to show that delayed generational punishment does indeed appear in Homer, where it is, however, confined to one context: the great oath of exôleia of Iliad 3.298-301 and 4.155-65. The institutional and ritual context of the generational oath is essential to understanding this earliest Greek attestation of ancestral fault, and making sense of the idea’s larger significance for narrative perspective, divine justice, and temporal order in the Homeric epic.
Nicarchus AP 11.328 and Homeric Interpretation
Authors: Vergados Athanassios 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper I argue that Nicarchus AP 11.328 is not merely a parody of the tripartite division of the cosmos recounted at Iliad 15.189-93. This epigram also exploits ancient lexicographical research (i.e. the precise meaning of the adjective ερεις) as well as scholarly discussions on Homeric interpretation (i.e. the allegorical reading of Il. 15.189-93 as a reference to the four elements; the meaning of πντα at Il. 15.189; and the issue of Olympus’ relation to earth and sky). The result is a scoptic epigram that cleverly parodies both Homer and certain interpretive strategies of ancient ‘Homeric Professors’. Finally, this study inscribes AP 11.328 in the wider category of epigrams against grammarians, and shows that Nicarchus uses a parodic technique similar to that recently pointed out in some neglected specimens of Homeric parody, such as the Batrachomyomachia or Crates SH 351.
Tongues and Ethics: William J. Seymour and the "Bible Evidence": A Response to Cecil M. Robeck, Jr.
Authors: Brathwaite Renea 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe "Bible evidence" doctrine was one of the most significant teachings to emerge first at the Topeka revival and subsequently at Azusa Street. For better or worse, it has come to define classical Pentecostalism. Cecil M. Robeck, Jr. has argued that central Pentecostal pioneer William Joseph Seymour entertained doubts about the doctrine from early on and eventually came to reject it. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the arguments Robeck makes from the evidence he finds in the Apostolic Faith papers and the Doctrines and Discipline. Contrary to Robeck, the paper concludes that Seymour did not entirely reject the Bible evidence teaching; rather, he made certain key clarifications in light of personal and pastoral concerns.