bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alterations in the Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Flora after Adenoidectomy in Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: Aarts Johanna W. M. , van den Aardweg Maaike T. A. , Rovers Maroeska M. , Bonten Marc J. M. , Schilder Anne G. M. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVETo review the current literature on alterations in the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in relation to adenoidectomy in children with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (rURTIs).DATA SOURCESA systematic literature search of PubMed (from 1966 on) and EMBASE (from 1974 on) to May 3 2008.REVIEW METHODSA study was selected if it included children aged less than 18 years who had undergone adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy, and in whom nasopharyngeal bacterial flora was studied before and after or only after surgery. Data from eight studies were included in this review. We extracted from each study which potentially pathogenic and nonpathogenic nasopharyngeal flora were cultured before and after surgery.RESULTSStreptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were most often detected in the nasopharynx of children with rURTI. Carriage of these bacteria decreased after adenoidectomy in the majority of studies. In contrast, carriage of bacteria belonging to the nonpathogenic nasopharyngeal flora increased after surgery.CONCLUSIONAdenoidectomy seems to have a beneficial effect on the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora. Because the overall quality of the available evidence is low, it is important that controlled studies are initiated into the short‐ and long‐term effect of adenoidectomy on the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora and its relationship with the recurrence of URTIs in children.
Kyanite–sillimanite metamorphism of the Precambrian complexes, Transangarian region of the Yenisei Ridge
Authors: Likhanov I.I. , Reverdatto V.V. , Kozlov P.S. , Popov N.V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Four Precambrian metamorphic complexes in the vicinity of regional faults in the Transangarian region of the Yenisei Ridge were examined. Based on geothermobarometry and P-T path calculations, our geological and petrological studies showed that the Neoproterozoic medium-pressure metamorphism of the kyanite–sillimanite type overprinted regionally metamorphosed low-pressure andalusite-bearing rocks at about 850 Ma. A positive correlation between rock ages and P-T estimates for the kyanite-sillimanite metamorphism provide evidence of the regional structural and tectonic heterogeneity. The medium-pressure metamorphism was characterized by (1) the development of deformational structures and textures, and kyanite-bearing blastocataclasites (blastomylonites) with sillimanite, garnet, and staurolite after andalusite-bearing regional metamorphic rocks; (2) insignificant apparent thickness of the zone of medium-pressure zonal metamorphism (from 2.5 to 7 km), which was localized in the vicinity of the overthrusts; (3) a low metamorphic field gradient during metamorphism (from 1–7 to 12 °C/km); and (4) a gradual increase in lithostatic pressure towards the thrust faults. These specific features are typical of collisional metamorphism during overthrusting of continental blocks and are evidence for near-isothermal loading. This event was justified within the framework of the crustal tectonic thickening model via rapid overthrusting and subsequent rapid uplifting and erosion. The results obtained allowed us to consider medium-pressure kyanite-bearing metapelites as a product of collision metamorphism, formed either by unidirectional thrusting of rock blocks from Siberian craton onto the Yenisei Ridge in the zones of regional faults (Angara, Mayakon, and Chapa areas) or by opposite movements in the zone of splay faults of higher orders (Garevka area).
Residence of incompatible trace elements in a large spinel lherzolite xenolith from alkali basalt of Shavaryn Tsaram-1 paleovolcano (western Mongolia)
Authors: Lesnov F.P. , Koz’menko O.A. , Nikolaeva I.V. , Palesskii S.V. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We have studied a large (12 × 22 × 30 cm) spinel lherzolite xenolith with undeformed margins in alkali basalt (basanite) from the eroded crater of Late Cenozoic Shavaryn Tsaram-1 volcano in western Mongolia. The xenolith was sampled along its median transversal profile, at every 15–20 mm for bulk chemistry of lherzolite and basalt (ICP-MS) and at 4–10 mm for the chemistry of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and Cr-spinel minerals, and of material filling cracks (LA ICP-MS). Incompatible elements (especially, LREE) are distributed unevenly over the xenolith, both in lherzolite and in its constituent minerals, as well as in crack-filling material, with abnormal LREE enrichment in some specimens. Judging by the measured trace-element spectra compared with the model patterns, incompatible elements reside in different amounts as interstitial impurity in cracks inside and between mineral grains in lherzolite, also being a substitutional impurity in the lherzolite constituent minerals. Experimental acid leaching of specimens from sites of high crack density showed (La/Yb)n ratios in the crack fill to be much higher than in the basalt host and more so in bulk lherzolite (180 against 33 and 1.5–3.6, respectively). The proportional contents of P and Ca in the leaching solution, especially in that from the xenolith’s center mark the presence of an apatite microphase, which can be a LREE repository.
The observed patterns of LREE and other incompatible elements in the xenolith and in the host alkali basalt fit a model implying that mobile elements residing as interstitial impurity came with fluids which were released from rising basaltic magma and percolated into the xenolith along cracks.
Electrical conductivity of the major upper mantle minerals: a review
Authors: Katsura T. , Yoshino T. , Manthilake G. , Matsuzaki T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The electrical conductivity of the major upper mantle minerals, namely, olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite, is reviewed in this paper. There are mainly three electrical conduction mechanisms for three upper mantle minerals: hopping, ionic and proton conductions. The charge carriers for these conduction mechanisms are an electron hole in Fe ion, a vacancy in Mg site, and a proton, respectively. Hopping conduction is the most essential conduction mechanism for the major upper mantle minerals. Because ionic conduction has high activation energy, it becomes a dominant conduction mechanism only at high temperatures. Proton conduction contributes at relatively low temperatures. If the mantle minerals contain large amount of water (more than 0.1 wt.%), proton conduction can be a dominant conduction mechanism, even at high temperatures.
Raman spectroscopic estimation of depth of diamond origin: technical developments and the application
Authors: Kagi H. , Odake S. , Fukura S. , Zedgenizov D.A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Residual pressure around mineral inclusions in diamond can provide useful information on the depth of diamond origin. Differential stress between an inclusion and host diamond arises from differences in thermal expansion and compressibility between host diamond and minerals. We determined residual pressure around mineral inclusions in a diamond from the Internationalnaya pipe, Yakutia, Russia, using the three-dimensional Raman mapping system developed recently by our group. The maximum residual pressures around the olivine and chromite inclusions were determined to be 0.69 GPa and 0.75 GPa, respectively. We proposed an advanced method for determining simultaneously pressure and temperature conditions where the mineral inclusions were trapped in the host diamond. The obtained values were 3.0 GPa and 447 °C, but these values are lower than typical P-T conditions in the mantle. Several technical possibilities for the discrepancy are discussed.
Manganoan ilmenite as kimberlite/diamond indicator mineral
Authors: Kaminsky F.V. , Belousova E.A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Manganoan ilmenite was identified in Juina, Brazil kimberlitic rocks among other megacrysts. It forms oval, elongated, rimless grains comprising 8–30 wt.% of the heavy fraction. Internally the grains are homogeneous. The chemical composition of Mn-ilmenite is almost stoichiometric for ilmenite except for an unusually high manganese content, with MnO = 0.63–2.49 wt.% (up to 11 wt.% in inclusions in diamond) and an elevated vanadium admixture (V2O3 = 0.21–0.43 wt.%). By the composition, Mn-ilmenite megacrysts and inclusions in diamond are almost identical. The concentrations of trace elements in Mn-ilmenite, compared to picroilmenite, are much greater and their variations are very wide. Chondrite-normalized distribution of trace elements in Mn-ilmenite megacrysts is similar to the distribution in Mn-ilmenites included in diamond. This confirms that Mn-ilmenite in kimberlites is genetically related to diamond. The finds of Mn-ilmenite known before in kimberlitic and related rocks are late- or postmagmatic, metasomatic phases. They either form reaction rims on grains of picroilmenite or other ore minerals, or compose laths in groundmass. In contrast to those finds, Mn-ilmenite megacrysts in Juina kimberlites are a primary mineral phase with a homogeneous internal structure obtained under stable conditions of growth within lower mantle and/or transition zone. In addition to pyrope garnet, chromian spinel, picroilmenite, chrome-diopside, and magnesian olivine, manganoan ilmenite may be considered as another kimberlite/diamond indicator mineral.
Syngenetic phlogopite inclusions in kimberlite-hosted diamonds: implications for role of volatiles in diamond formation
Authors: Sobolev N.V. , Logvinova A.M. , Efimova E.S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe discuss the chemistry of exceptionally rare phlogopite inclusions coexisting with ultramafic (peridotitic) and eclogitic minerals in kimberlite-hosted diamonds of Yakutia, Arkhangelsk, and Venezuela provinces. Phlogopite inclusions in diamonds are octahedral negative crystals following the diamond faceting in all 34 samples (including polymineralic inclusions). On this basis phlogopite inclusions have been interpreted as syngenetic and in equilibrium with the associated minerals. In ultramafic diamonds phlogopites coexist with subcalcic high-Cr2O3 pyrope and/or chromite, olivine and enstatite (dunite/harzburgite (H) paragenesis) or with clinopyroxene, enstatite, and/or olivine and pyrope (lherzolite (L) paragenesis). Ultramafic phlogopites have high Mg# [100⋅Mg/(Mg+Fe)] from 92.4 to 95.2 and Cr2O3 higher than TiO2 in H-phlogopites (1.5–2.5 wt.% versus 0.1–0.4 wt.%, respectively) but lower in L-phlogopites (0.15–0.5 wt.% versus 1.3–3.5 wt.%, respectively). Eclogitic (E) phlogopites show Mg# from 47.4 to 85.3 inclusive, and very broad ranges of TiO2 up to 12 wt.%. The primary syngenetic origin of phlogopite is indicated, besides other factors, by its compositional consistency with the associated minerals. The analyzed phlogopites are depleted in BaO (0.10–0.79 wt.%), and their F and Cl contents are highly variable reaching 1.29 and 0.49 wt.%, respectively. The latter is in line with high Cl enrichment in some unaltered kimberlites and in nanometric fluid inclusions from diamonds. The presence of syngenetic phlogopite in kimberlite-hosted diamonds provides important evidence that volatiles participated in diamond formation and that at least a part of diamonds may have been related to early stages of kimberlites formation.
In silico Analysis of the Potential Infection Mechanisms of Magnaporthe Grisea from Horizontal Gene Transfer Hypothesis
Authors: Li Chunyang , Wang Ying , Peng Hao , Bian Hejiao , Min Mingwei , Chen Longfei , Liu Qian , Bao Jinku 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has long been considered as a principal force for an organism to gain novel genes in genome evolution. Homology search, phylogenetic analysis and nucleotide composition analysis are three major objective approaches to arguably determine the occurrence and directionality of HGT. Here, 21 genes that possess the potential to horizontal transfer were acquired from the whole genome of Magnaporthe grisea according to annotation, among which three candidate genes (corresponding protein accession numbers are EAA55123, EAA47200 and EAA52136) were selected for further analysis. According to BLAST homology results, we subsequently conducted phylogenetic analysis of the three candidate HGT genes. Moreover, nucleotide composition analysis was conducted to further validate these HGTs. In addition, the functions of the three candidate genes were searched in COG database. Consequently, we conclude that the gene encoding protein EAA55123 is transferred from Clostridium perfringens. Another HGT event is between EAA52136 and a certain metazoan’s corresponding gene, but the direction remains uncertain. Yet, EAA47200 is not a transferred gene.
Evolutionary Implication of Outer Membrane Lipoprotein-Encoding Genes ompL1, lipL32 and lipL41 of Pathogenic Leptospira Species
Authors: Vedhagiri K. , Natarajaseenivasan K. , Chellapandi P. , Prabhakaran S.G. , Selvin Joseph , Sharma S. , Vijayachari P. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Leptospirosis is recognized as the most widespread zoonosis with a global distribution. In this study, the antigenic variation in Leptospira interrogans and Leptospira borgpetersenii isolated from human urine and field rat kidney was preliminarily confirmed by microscopic agglutination test using monoclonal antibodies, and was further subjected to amplification and identification of outer membrane lipoproteins with structural gene variation. Sequence similarity analysis revealed that these protein sequences, namely OmpL1, LipL32 and LipL41, showed no more homologies to outer membrane lipoproteins of non-pathogenic Leptospira and other closely related Spirochetes, but showed a strong identity within L. interrogans, suggesting intra-specific phylogenetic lineages that might be originated from a common pathogenic leptospiral origin. Moreover, the ompL1 gene showed more antigenic variation than lipL32 and lipL41 due to less conservation in secondary structural evolution within closely related species. Phylogenetically, ompL1 and lipL41 of these strains gave a considerable proximity to L. weilii and L. santarosai. The ompL1 gene of L. interrogans clustered distinctly from other pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospiral species. The diversity of ompL genes has been analyzed and it envisaged that sequence-specific variations at antigenic determinant sites would result in slow evolutionary changes along with new serovar origination within closely related species. Thus, a crucial work on effective recombinant vaccine development and engineered antibodies will hopefully meet to solve the therapeutic challenges.
PBOND: Web Server for the Prediction of Proline and Non-Proline cis/trans Isomerization
Authors: Exarchos Konstantinos P. , Exarchos Themis P. , Papaloukas Costas , Troganis Anastassios N. , Fotiadis Dimitrios I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
PBOND is a web server that predicts the conformation of the peptide bond between any two amino acids. PBOND classifies the peptide bonds into one out of four classes, namely cis imide (cis-Pro), cis amide (cis-nonPro), trans imide (trans-Pro) and trans amide (trans-nonPro). Moreover, for every prediction a reliability index is computed. The underlying structure of the server consists of three stages: (1) feature extraction, (2) feature selection and (3) peptide bond classification. PBOND can handle both single sequences as well as multiple sequences for batch processing. The predictions can either be directly downloaded from the web site or returned via e-mail. The PBOND web server is freely available at http://195.251.198.21/pbond.html.
The blood level of transforming growth factor-β rises in the early stages of acute protein and energy deficit in the weanling mouse
Authors: Monk Jennifer M. , Woodward Bill 
Published: November 2009

Plasma transforming growth factor (TGF)-β levels are high in the advanced stages of acute (wasting) pre-pubescent deficits of protein and energy. Consequently, this potently anti-inflammatory cytokine may help to sustain the depression of inflammatory immune competence in acute malnutrition. Our objective was to determine if plasma TGF-β levels rise during the early stages of acute malnutrition and, secondarily, to confirm the elevation reported previously in advanced weight loss. In two experiments, male and female C57BL/6J mice, initially 19 d old, consumedad libituma complete purified diet (group C), or in restricted daily quantities (group R) or had free access to an isoenergetic low-protein diet (group LP). TGF-β bioactivity in platelet-poor plasma was determined via inhibition of Mv1Lu mink lung cell proliferation after 3 d (Expt 1, early stage) or 14 d (Expt 2, advanced stage) of dietary intervention. At 3 d, mean plasma TGF-β bioactivities were 802 (C), 2952 (R) and 4678 (LP) pg/ml, and after 14 d mean bioactivities were 1786 (C), 5360 (R) and 5735 (LP) pg/ml. At both time points, the malnourished groups differed from age-matched controls (P ≤ 0·05). Thus, metabolically distinct weanling systems mimicking paediatric marasmus (group R) and kwashiorkor (group LP) exhibit an early rise in blood TGF-β concentration, and this cytokine joins corticosterone and IL-10 as a third anti-inflammatory hormone temporally positioned to contribute to the initiation (and maintenance) of malnutrition-associated immune depression. This investigation contributes new insight into the active anti-inflammatory form of immune competence that appears to prevail in acute pre-pubescent malnutrition.
Quality of life after vestibular schwannoma surgery: does hearing preservation make a difference?
Authors: Iyer A P , Gunn R , Sillars H 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjective:Surgery for vestibular schwannoma may reduce patients' quality of life, but the effect of hearing preservation on this process is not fully understood. Our aim was to determine whether hearing preservation makes a difference to patients' quality of life in this clinical setting.Study design:Retrospective questionnaire and cross-sectional survey.Methods:The study included 104 consecutive patients who had undergone surgery for vestibular schwannoma between 1998 and 2004. Surgery was via a middle cranial fossa route in 24 patients and a translabyrinthine route in 79. Quality of life was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire and the Glasgow Benefit Inventory.Results:Quality of life was reduced in both patient groups, with a mean Glasgow Benefit Inventory score of −7.5 (confidence interval (CI) −13 to −2.5) in the translabyrinthine patients and −4 (confidence interval −13.5 to 5.5) in the middle fossa patients. The SF-36 scores did not show any statistically significant difference between the two groups, except for social function (p = 0.01).Conclusions:Surgery for vestibular schwannoma reduces patients' quality of life, and the preservation of hearing, achieved by using a middle fossa surgical approach, does not significantly alter this result.
A comparison of three speaker-intrinsic vowel formant frequency normalization algorithms for sociophonetics
Authors: Fabricius Anne H. , Watt Dominic , Johnson Daniel Ezra 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis article evaluates a speaker-intrinsic vowel formant frequency normalization algorithm initially proposed in Watt & Fabricius (2002). We compare how well this routine, known as the S-centroid procedure, performs as a sociophonetic research tool in three ways: reducing variance in area ratios of vowel spaces (by attempting to equalize vowel space areas); improving overlap of vowel polygons; and reproducing relative positions of vowel means within the vowel space, compared with formant data in raw Hertz. The study uses existing data sets of vowel formant data from two varieties of English, Received Pronunciation and Aberdeen English (northeast Scotland). We conclude that, for the data examined here, the S-centroid W&F procedure performs at least as well as the two speaker-intrinsic, vowel-extrinsic, formant-intrinsic normalization methods rated as best performing by Adank (2003): Lobanov's (1971) z-score procedure and Nearey's (1978) individual log-mean procedure (CLIHi4 in Adank [2003], CLIHi2 as tested here), and in some test cases better than the latter.
La Croix rouge aux Indes néerlandaises
Authors: Wiltens H.-M.-Andrée , Brondgeest A.-K. 
Published: November 2009

Le Comité international a reçu, du Comité supérieur de La Haye, l'extrait suivant du rapport annuel publié par le Comité central des Indes néerlandaises pour l'Union néerlandaise de secours aux soldats malades et blessés (exercice de 1876).Nous commençons ce 6me rapport par de chaleureux remercîments, pour le puissant soutien accordé de toute part à notre Union, pendant le courant de l'année 1876, soit aux Indes néerlandaises même, soit dans la mère-patrie. Mais il y aura encore beaucoup à faire si, malgré la valeur et la persévérance déployées par notre armée et notre marine, l'état de guerre devait continuer.
La prochaine conférence internationale (52e circulaire et annexe)
Authors: Ador G. , Moynier G. 
Published: November 2009

Nous référant à la circulaire par laquelle, le 20 mars dernier, le Comité central autrichien vous a informés qu'il renonçait à l'idée de convoquer à Vienne une conférence générale des Sociétés de la Croix rouge, nous nous permettons de remettre sous vos yeux le paragraphe final de ce message. Il est ainsi conçu:« La Direction de la Société autrichienne de la Croix rouge a cru agir dans l'intérêt de cette œuvre — qu'elle aura toujours comme elle l'a toujours eue à cœur — et répondre à un désir qui lui a été manifesté pour le cas actuel, en remettant en toute confiance — par décision du 15 mars de cette année — le mandat qui lui a été conféré dans le temps à Berlin, de convoquer une conférence internationale, aux mains et à la sagesse éprouvée du Comité international de Genève, l'organe international reconnu de toutes les Sociétés de secours aux soldats blessés et malades en campagne. »
Concours sur l'improvisation des moyens de secours (51me circulaire)
Authors: Ador G. , Moynier G. 
Published: November 2009

Pour faire suite à notre 47e circulaire, qui porte la date du 12 décembre 1881, nous venons vous informer du résultat du concours que nous avions ouvert, à cette époque, sur l'art d'improviser des moyens de secours pour blessés et malades.Le jury, composé de MM. les docteurs L. Le Fort à Paris, E. Gurlt à Berlín et A. Socin à Bâle, après avoir soigneusement examiné les 29 mémoires présentés par les concurrents et dont nous avons publié la liste dans notre 54e Bulletin nous a présenté, à l'unanimité, des conclusions, conformément auxquelles nous avons décerné:Pour la 1re question (Improvisation des Moyens de Traitement): le prix de 2,000 francs à M. le Dr Port, Oberstabsarzt, à Munich (no 10); un accessit de 500 francs à M. le Dr W. Cubasch, à Stanzstad, canton d'Unterwalden (Suisse) (no 9).
La catastrophe d'Ischia
Authors: Pallavigini Prince Francesco , Maggiorani Vincenzo 
Published: November 2009

Le désastre du 28 juillet a créé à la Croix rouge italienne une position difficile, en sorte que le Comité central croit nécessaire de le constater, et d'attirer sur ce sujet l'attention de ses représentants locaux.Il est utile de rappeler à cette occasion quelles sont les lois qui régissent la Croix rouge et de les divulguer, surtout afin que les comités de tout le royaume puissent toujours trouver dans l'opinion publique un solide appui et la justification de leurs actes.
L'improvisation des moyens de secours, d'après le Dr Port, de Munich
Authors: Dr Louis Appia  
Published: November 2009

Les lecteurs de notre Bulletin se rappellent le programme du concours que le Comité international ouvrit en 1881, sur le sujet indiqué au titre de l'ouvrage dont aujourd'hui nous nous faisons un plaisir de rendre compte.Ils se rappellent également que l'auteur de cet ouvrage fut celui des 29 concurrents qui, selon l'avis unanime du jury, méritait d'être couronné. Comme nous le verrons, cette distinction était méritée.