bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Energetic Copper(II) Complexes With Pyrazolyl Type Ligands
Authors: Öz Sevi , Svoboda Ingrid , Kurtaran Raif , Aksu Mecit , Sari Musa , Kunduraci Melike , Atakol Orhan 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNine CuII complexes (I–IX) containing the azide ion and bis‐2,6‐(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine (pp), bis‐2,6‐(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine (dmpp), and 2‐(pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐6‐(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine (mpp), which are derivatives of pyrazolylpyridine, were prepared in nonaqueous medium. These complexes were characterized by elemental analyses and IR spectroscopy. Crystals of one of these complexes [CumppClN3 (VII)] were prepared in suitable size, and a molecular structure of this complex was obtained with X‐ray diffraction method. Complexes were examined by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry methods. Thermal decomposition was observed in complexes including two azide groups similar to that seen in explosives. In the complexes containing one azide group, formation of the CuI complexes was observed after thermal decomposition of the azide group.
A Quantitative Assessment of Changing Trends in Internet Usage for Cancer Information
Authors: McHugh Seamus M. , Corrigan Mark , Morney Nora , Sheikh Athar , Lehane Elaine , Hill Arnold D. K. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe internet is an important source of healthcare information. To date, assessment of its use as a source of oncologic information has been restricted to retrospective surveys.MethodsThe cancer‐related searches of approximately 361,916,185 people in the United States and the United Kingdom were examined. Data were collected from two separate 100‐day periods in 2008 and 2010.ResultsIn 2008, there were 97,531 searches. The majority of searches related to basic cancer information (18,700, 19%), followed by treatment (8404, 9%) and diagnosis (6460, 7%). This compares with 179,025 searches in 2010 representing an increase of 183%. In 2008 breast cancer accounted for 21,102 (21%) individual searches, increasing to 85,825 searches in 2010. In 2010 a total of 0.2% (321) of searches focused on litigation, with those searching for breast cancer information most likely to research this topic (P = 0.000).ConclusionUse of the internet as a source of oncological information is increasing rapidly. These searches represent the most sensitive information relating to cancer, including prognosis and litigation. It is imperative now that efforts are made to ensure the reliability and comprehensiveness of this information.
Aqueous Extraction and Enzymatic Destabilization of Coconut Milk Emulsions
Authors: Raghavendra S. N. , Raghavarao K. S. M. S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFresh and mature coconuts were subjected to deshelling, paring and disintegration. The coconut milk was extracted, treated with an enzyme (protease) at different concentrations and centrifuged, in order to separate it into coconut cream and aqueous phases. Subsequently, coconut cream was subjected to chilling (different temperatures) and thawing to ambient temperature (29 ± 2 °C) followed by centrifugation to obtain a clear virgin coconut oil (VCO). Coconut milk treated with aspartic protease at concentration of 0.02 mg/g, resulted in 90.4 ± 1.2% yield. A maximum yield of 95.3 ± 1.0% was obtained when the treatment of coconut milk with aspartic protease at concentration of 0.02 mg/g was followed by chilling (5 °C) and thawing. Physicochemical properties and fatty acid compositions were evaluated and compared with commercial coconut oil samples. It was found that the oil obtained from present study is low with respect to free fatty acids (0.31%) and peroxide value (0.81 mequiv O2/kg) when compared with the commercial coconut oil samples. Sensory evaluation was also carried out to ensure the product acceptability.
Kinetic Study on Oxirane Cleavage of Epoxidized Palm Oil
Authors: Guo Ruihua , Ma Chuanguo , Sun Shangde , Ma Yuxiang 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA ring‐opened product (EPO‐HOAc) was prepared using epoxidized palm oil (EPO) and acetic acid (HOAc). The kinetics of the oxirane cleavage of EPO were investigated at 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C, respectively, in the presence of HOAc. The rate equation of oxirane cleavage was as follows: r = k[Ep][CH3COOH]1.6 ([Ep] is the molar concentration of oxiranes, [CH3COOH] is the molar concentration of HOAc), and the activation energy of oxirane cleavage was 40.28 kJ mol−1. The structure of EPO‐HOAc was confirmed by FT‐IR and 1H NMR. The oxidative stability of EPO‐HOAc was better than that of palm oil (PO), and the pour point of EPO‐HOAc was lower than that of PO and EPO, which made EPO‐HOAc more suitable for biodegradable lubricant materials than PO and EPO.
A Technical Assessment of the Utility of Reverse Phase Protein Arrays for the Study of the Functional Proteome in Non-microdissected Human Breast Cancers
Authors: Hennessy Bryan T. , Lu Yiling , Gonzalez-Angulo Ana Maria , Carey Mark S. , Myhre Simen , Ju Zhenlin , Davies Michael A. , Liu Wenbin , Coombes Kevin , Meric-Bernstam Funda , Bedrosian Isabelle , McGahren Mollianne , Agarwal Roshan , Zhang Fan , Overgaard Jens , Alsner Jan , Neve Richard M. , Kuo Wen-Lin , Gray Joe W. , Borresen-Dale Anne-Lise , Mills Gordon B. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Introduction
The lack of large panels of validated antibodies, tissue handling variability, and intratumoral heterogeneity potentially hamper comprehensive study of the functional proteome in non-microdissected solid tumors. The purpose of this study was to address these concerns and to demonstrate clinical utility for the functional analysis of proteins in non-microdissected breast tumors using reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA).

Methods
Herein, 82 antibodies that recognize kinase and steroid signaling proteins and effectors were validated for RPPA. Intraslide and interslide coefficients of variability were <15%. Multiple sites in non-microdissected breast tumors were analyzed using RPPA after intervals of up to 24 h on the benchtop at room temperature following surgical resection.

Results
Twenty-one of 82 total and phosphoproteins demonstrated time-dependent instability at room temperature with most variability occurring at later time points between 6 and 24 h. However, the 82-protein functional proteomic “fingerprint” was robust in most tumors even when maintained at room temperature for 24 h before freezing. In repeat samples from each tumor, intratumoral protein levels were markedly less variable than intertumoral levels. Indeed, an independent analysis of prognostic biomarkers in tissue from multiple tumor sites accurately and reproducibly predicted patient outcomes. Significant correlations were observed between RPPA and immunohistochemistry. However, RPPA demonstrated a superior dynamic range. Classification of 128 breast cancers using RPPA identified six subgroups with markedly different patient outcomes that demonstrated a significant correlation with breast cancer subtypes identified by transcriptional profiling.

Conclusion
Thus, the robustness of RPPA and stability of the functional proteomic “fingerprint” facilitate the study of the functional proteome in non-microdissected breast tumors.
Effect of an Intense Wheelchair Propulsion Task on Quantitative Ultrasound of Shoulder Tendons
Authors: Collinger Jennifer L. , Impink Bradley G. , Ozawa Haishin , Boninger Michael L. 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveTo investigate acute ultrasound changes of biceps and supraspinatus tendon appearance after an intense wheelchair propulsion task, and how these changes relate to demographic and biomechanical risk factors.DesignA survey.SettingResearch laboratory and research space at the National Veterans Wheelchair Games.ParticipantsA convenience sample of 60 manual wheelchair users were recruited through research registries and rehabilitation clinics as well as from participants at the 2007 and 2008 National Veterans Wheelchair Games. The subjects were between 18 and 65 years of age at least 1 year after injury and did not have progressive disabilities.Main Outcome MeasuresQuantitative ultrasound (QUS) measures of biceps and supraspinatus tendon appearance, stroke frequency, resultant force, tendinopathy score, and duration of wheelchair use.ResultsBiceps tendon appearance after an intense propulsion task was significantly related to chronic biceps tendinopathy, duration of wheelchair use, stroke frequency, and resultant force. The subjects with a higher stroke frequency or resultant force tended to have a brighter, more organized tendon appearance compared with the prepropulsion imaging session (baseline). The subjects with tendinopathy or a longer duration of wheelchair use were more likely to have a darker, diffuse tendon appearance immediately after the propulsion task. Supraspinatus tendon appearance after propulsion was only significantly predicted by baseline QUS measures.ConclusionsQUS has proven to be sensitive to risk factors for tendon pathology. Future studies can apply grayscale‐based QUS to study the development and prevention of repetitive strain injuries, particularly on an individual basis.
Changes in mineralogy of loess–paleosol sections across the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Jeong Gi Young , Hillier Stephen , Kemp Rob A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractQuantitative mineralogical analysis of bulk samples and single particles was carried out on three loess sections of different local climate settings on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP). Mineralogy, geochemistry, and single-particle petrography of loess and paleosols are relatively uniform over the CLP. However, in detail, there are mineralogical changes related to eolian process and chemical weathering. Particle-size sorting eastward from western sources led to an eastward increase of the total phyllosilicate contents enriched in fine illitic clay minerals. After deposition, detrital minerals susceptible to chemical weathering were sequentially altered in a progressive fashion with increasing precipitation in the order of calcite, dolomite, biotite, illite, chlorite, amphibole, and plagioclase. The weathering of biotite, chlorite, and illite resulted in a significant increase of expandable phyllosilicate contents. The sequential weathering of the minerals is reflected chemically in the decrease of Na and Mg and the increase of iron oxidation. Mineralogy of the Chinese loess at individual sites reflects the effects of size fractionation during eolian transportation and progressive sequential weathering along the climatic gradient, and it is essential to consider both effects when using mineralogical and dependent chemical data in the paleoclimatic reconstruction of the CLP.
Structural and Functional Analysis of NS1 and NS2 Proteins of H1N1 Subtype
Authors: Salahuddin Parveen , Khan Asad U. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Influenza A virus (H1N1), a genetic reassortment of endemic strains of human, avian and swine flu, has crossed species barrier to human and apparently acquired the capability of human to human transmission. Some strains of H5N1 subtype are highly virulent because NS1 protein inhibits antiviral interferon α/β production. Another protein NS2 mediates export of viral ribonucleoprotein from nucleus to the cytoplasm through export signal. In this paper, we have studied structure-function relationships of these proteins of H1N1 subtype and have determined the cause of their pathogenicity. Our results showed that non-conservative mutations slightly stabilized or destabilized structural domains of NS1 or NS1-dsRNA complex, hence slightly increased or decreased the function of NS1 protein and consequently enhanced or reduced the pathogenicity of the H1N1 virus. NS2 protein of different strains carried non-conservative mutations in different domains, resulting in slight loss of function. These mutations slightly decreased the pathogenicity of the virus. Thus, the results confirm the structure-function relationships of these viral proteins.
On nonlinear self-interaction of geodesic acoustic mode driven by energetic particles
Authors: FU G. Y. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIt is shown that nonlinear self-interaction of energetic particle-driven geodesic acoustic mode does not generate a second harmonic in radial electric field using the fluid model. However, kinetic effects of energetic particles can induce a second harmonic in the radial electric field. A formula for the second-order plasma density perturbation is derived. It is shown that a second harmonic of plasma density perturbation is generated by the convective nonlinearity of both thermal plasma and energetic particles. Near the midplane of a tokamak, the second-order plasma density perturbation (the sum of second harmonic and zero frequency sideband) is negative on the low field side with its size comparable to the main harmonic at low fluctuation level. These analytic predictions are consistent with the recent experimental observation in DIII-D.
Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain
Authors: Anderson Michael L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAn emerging class of theories concerning the functional structure of the brain takes the reuse of neural circuitry for various cognitive purposes to be a central organizational principle. According to these theories, it is quite common for neural circuits established for one purpose to be exapted (exploited, recycled, redeployed) during evolution or normal development, and be put to different uses, often without losing their original functions. Neural reuse theories thus differ from the usual understanding of the role of neuralplasticity(which is, after all, a kind of reuse) in brain organization along the following lines: According to neural reuse, circuits can continue to acquire new uses after an initial or original function is established; the acquisition of new uses need not involve unusual circumstances such as injury or loss of established function; and the acquisition of a new use need not involve (much) local change to circuit structure (e.g., it might involve only the establishment of functional connections to new neural partners). Thus, neural reuse theories offer a distinct perspective on several topics of general interest, such as: the evolution and development of the brain, including (for instance) the evolutionary-developmental pathway supporting primate tool use and human language; the degree of modularity in brain organization; the degree of localization of cognitive function; and the cortical parcellation problem and the prospects (and proper methods to employ) for function to structure mapping. The idea also has some practical implications in the areas of rehabilitative medicine and machine interface design.
Redeployed functions versus spreading activation: A potential confound
Authors: Klein Colin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAnderson's meta-analysis of fMRI data is subject to a potential confound. Areas identified as active may make no functional contribution to the task being studied, or may indicate regions involved in the coordination of functional networks rather than information processing per se. I suggest a way in which fMRI adaptation studies might provide a useful test between these alternatives.
Reuse or re-function?
Authors: Aisenberg Daniela , Henik Avishai 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSimple specialization cannot account for brain functioning. Yet, we believe Anderson's reuse can be better explained by re-function. We suggest that functional demands shape brain changes and are the driving force behind reuse. For example, we suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is built as an infrastructure for multi-functions rather than as a module for reuse.
From the physical to the psychological: Mundane experiences influence social judgment and interpersonal behavior
Authors: Bargh John A. , Williams Lawrence E. , Huang Julie Y. , Song Hyunjin , Ackerman Joshua M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMere physical experiences of warmth, distance, hardness, and roughness are found to activate the more abstract psychological concepts that are analogically related to them, such as interpersonal warmth and emotional distance, thereby influencing social judgments and interpersonal behavior without the individual's awareness. These findings further support the principle of neural reuse in the development and operation of higher mental processes.
The importance of ontogenetic change in typical and atypical development
Authors: Dekker Tessa M. , Karmiloff-Smith Annette 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe compelling case that Anderson makes for neural reuse and against modularity as organizing principle of the brain is further supported by evidence from developmental disorders. However, to provide a full evolutionary-developmental theory of neural reuse that encompasses both typical and atypical development, Anderson's “massive redeployment hypothesis” (MRH) could be further constrained by considering brain development across ontogeny.
Neural reuse in the social and emotional brain
Authors: Immordino-Yang Mary Helen , Chiao Joan Y. , Fiske Alan P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPresenting evidence from the social brain, we argue that neural reuse is a dynamic, socially organized process that is influenced ontogenetically and evolutionarily by the cultural transmission of mental techniques, values, and modes of thought. Anderson's theory should be broadened to accommodate cultural effects on the functioning of architecturally similar neural systems, and the implications of these differences for reuse.
Reuse in the brain and elsewhere
Authors: Lindblom Björn 
Published: October 2010

AbstractChemistry, genetics, physics, and linguistics all present instances of reuse. I use the example of how behavioral constraints may have contributed to the emergence of phonemic reuse. Arising from specific facts about speech production, perception, and learning, such constraints suggest that combinatorial reuse is domain-specific. This implies that it would be more prudent to view instances of neural reuse not as reflecting a “fundamental organizational principle,” but as a fortuitous set of converging phenomena.
Neural reuse and human individual differences
Authors: Rabaglia Cristina D. , Marcus Gary F. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe find the theory of neural reuse to be highly plausible, and suggest that human individual differences provide an additional line of argument in its favor, focusing on the well-replicated finding of “positive manifold,” in which individual differences are highly correlated across domains. We also suggest that the theory of neural reuse may be an important contributor to the phenomenon of positive manifold itself.
Massive modularity is consistent with most forms of neural reuse
Authors: Ritchie J. Brendan , Carruthers Peter 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAnderson claims that the hypothesis of massive neural reuse is inconsistent with massive mental modularity. But much depends upon how each thesis is understood. We suggest that the thesis of massive modularity presented in Carruthers (2006) is consistent with the forms of neural reuse that are actually supported by the data cited, while being inconsistent with a stronger version of reuse that Anderson seems to support.
Sensorimotor grounding and reused cognitive domains
Authors: Brincker Maria 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAnderson suggests that theories of sensorimotor grounding are too narrow to account for his findings of widespread “reuse” supporting multiple different cognitive “task domains.” I call some of the methodological assumptions underlying this conclusion into question, and suggest that his examples reaffirm rather than undermine the special status of sensorimotor processes in cognitive evolution.
Sleep, neural reuse, and memory consolidation processes
Authors: Fishbein William , Lau Hiuyan , DeJesús Rafael , Alger Sara Elizabeth 
Published: October 2010

AbstractNeural reuse posits development of functional overlap in brain system circuits to accommodate complex evolutionary functions. Evolutionary adaptation evolved neural circuits that have been exploited for many uses. One such use is engaging cognitive processes in memory consolidation during the neurobiological states of sleep. Neural reuse, therefore, should not be limited to neural circuitry, but be extended to include sleep-state associated memory processes.
No bootstrapping without semantic inheritance
Authors: Kiverstein Julian 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAnderson's massive redeployment hypothesis (MRH) takes the grounding of meaning in sensorimotor behaviour to be a side effect of neural reuse. I suggest this grounding may play a much more fundamental role in accounting for the bootstrapping of higher-level cognition from sensorimotor behaviour. Thus, the question of when neural reuse delivers semantic inheritance is a pressing one for MRH.
Optical holography as an analogue for a neural reuse mechanism
Authors: Speed Ann , Verzi Stephen J. , Wagner John S. , Warrender Christina 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe propose an analogy between optical holography and neural behavior as a hypothesis about the physical mechanisms of neural reuse. Specifically, parameters in optical holography (frequency, amplitude, and phase of the reference beam) may provide useful analogues for understanding the role of different parameters in determining the behavior of neurons (e.g., frequency, amplitude, and phase of spiking behavior).
Understanding brain circuits and their dynamics
Authors: Gomila Antoni , Calvo Paco 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe argue that Anderson's “massive redeployment hypothesis” (MRH) needs further development in several directions. First, a thoroughgoing criticism of the several “embodied cognition” alternatives is required. Second, the course between the Scylla of full holism and the Charybdis of structural-functional modularism must be plotted more distinctly. Third, methodologies better suited to reveal brain circuits must be brought in. Finally, the constraints that naturalistic settings provide should be considered.
Moral evaluation shapes linguistic reports of others' psychological states, not theory-of-mind judgments
Authors: Cova Florian , Dupoux Emmanuel , Jacob Pierre 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe use psychological concepts (e.g., intention and desire) when we ascribe psychological states to others for purposes of describing, explaining, and predicting their actions. Does the evidence reported by Knobe show, as he thinks, that moral evaluation shapes our mastery of psychological concepts? We argue that the evidence so far shows instead that moral evaluation shapes the way we report, not the way we think about, others' psychological states.
Qualitative judgments, quantitative judgments, and norm-sensitivity
Authors: Egré Paul 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMoral considerations and our normative expectations influence not only our judgments about intentional action or causation but also our judgments about exact probabilities and quantities. Whereas those cases support the competence theory proposed by Knobe in his paper, they remain compatible with a modular conception of the interaction between moral and nonmoral cognitive faculties in each of those domains.
Questioning the influence of moral judgment
Authors: Guglielmo Steve 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMoral judgment – even the type discussed by Knobe – necessarily relies on substantial information about an agent's mental states, especially regarding beliefs and attitudes. Moreover, the effects described by Knobe can be attributed to norm violations in general, rather than moral concerns in particular. Consequently, Knobe's account overstates the influence of moral judgment on assessments of mental states and causality.