bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Screening Bioassay Using Daphnia pulex for Refinery Wastes Discharged into Freshwater
Authors: Buikema AL , Lee DR , Cairns J 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A simple method using unsophisticated equipment is suggested for on-site toxicity testing of refinery effluents. This method will provide an inexpensive means of identifying problem materials and establishing priorities for coping with these materials. An arbitrary reference mixture, containing six common constituents of refinery wastewaters, was used for static toxicity tests on 15 species of freshwater invertebrates and 3 species of fish. Daphnia pulex was selected for further testing because it was the most sensitive of the animals tested, relatively inexpensive and easy to maintain, and a potential fish-food organism. If the reference mixture were representative of a refinery effluent, the Daphnia bioassay would be sufficiently sensitive to give reliable results within 48 h, whereas a fish bioassay would show no toxicity even after 96 h.
To assess the suitability of the Daphnia bioassay, tests were conducted by personnel at six petroleum refineries. Duplicate tests were in agreement. Results of tests using actual refinery effluents ranged from no toxicity after 96 h to a mean lethal concentration of 1.2% effluent after 48 h. The data presented show that the method was reproducible and that refinery personnel were able to perform the bioassay. Potential problems and advantages of the method are discussed.
Salt Water and Hydrogen Sulfide Corrosion Fatigue of Work-Hardened, Threaded Elements
Authors: Bellow DG , Faulkner MG 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis work describes the results of a laboratory testing program undertaken to evaluate the merits of work-hardened, threaded machine elements when subjected to axial fatigue in the presence of a corrosive environment. The experimental apparatus is described, including details of the corrosive mediums. The most damaging corrosive medium consisted of a salt water solution through which hydrogen sulfide gas was bubbled. Lower corrosion fatigue damage was noted for aerated salt water and the least occurred for a deaerated salt water solution. The corrosion fatigue results are compared with results obtained in air for simple cut threads and fully cold-worked or rolled threads formed on AISI 8635 steel. The results show that at a life of 105 cycles the fully cold-worked threaded element had an endurance stress of 74 ksi (510 MPa) compared with 44 ksi (303 MPa) for the simple cut threaded element. Under the combined action of corrosion fatigue in the presence of a hydrogen sulfide saline solution these values were reduced to 46 ksi (317 MPa) and less than 20 ksi (138 MPa), respectively, which indicated that the fully cold-worked, threaded element was superior to all thread forms evaluated under a variety of environmental conditions.
Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials
Authors: Ehrenburg DO 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The behavior of brittle materials under biaxial and triaxial loading is predictable on the basis of stress envelopes derived from the properties of idealized materials. In the case of nonmetallic brittle materials, the idealized patterns must be somewhat modified to allow for the low tensile strength of these materials. Two basic criteria are recognized: one related to the angle of internal friction, the other a limiting-stress criterion (in tension). The paper culminates in the construction of three-dimensional stress envelopes by means of contours.
Characterization of Polymeric Materials by Dynamic Mechanical Properties
Authors: Seefried CG , Koleske JV 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The determination and analysis of dynamic mechanical properties provide valuable information to characterize polymeric materials. Such testing of polymers with a torsional pendulum is a relatively simple procedure which requires a small amount of sample and is especially sensitive to changes in molecular structure. Thus, the dynamic mechanical properties of polymeric materials can be related directly to the composition, chemical structure, and morphology of the polymer chains. Data are presented which demonstrate the utility of dynamic mechanical properties in the evaluation of polymeric systems based on the presence of crystalline material, the addition of chemical crosslinks, the incorporation of a plasticizer, and copolymers or blends which exhibit various degrees of component compatibilities. The analytical characteristics of particular interest include the glass transition temperature(s) of the material, the occurrence of any secondary relaxations, and the relative change in modulus values and loss properties, all as functions of temperature and time.
The Feasibility of Ranking Material Fracture Toughness by Ultrasonic Attenuation Measurements
Authors: Vary A 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA preliminary study was conducted to assess the feasibility of ultrasonically ranking material fracture toughness. Specimens of two grades of maraging steel for which fracture toughness values were measured were subjected to ultrasonic probing. The slope of the attenuation coefficient versus frequency curve was empirically correlated with the plane strain fracture toughness value for each grade of steel.
Comparisons of Determinations of Wool Fiber Diameter by Two Airflow Methods
Authors: Kirby CK , Johnson CL , Larsen SA 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Sixty scoured wool core samples were measured for fiber diameter by three different methods. Mean diameters of the samples were determined by the projection microscope method and used to place each sample in one of six classes. The interval of each class was 2.5 μm; diameters ranged from 17.5 to 32.5 μm. The specimens, first uncarded and then carded, were next measured on the Port-Ar® and the Wool Industries Research Association Fibre Fineness Meter®. Carding of the samples prior to measurement was concluded to be unnecessary as no significant differences were found (P &lt; 0.05) between results. This was true for both airflow methods.
Regression and correlation coefficients of one airflow method versus the other were significant (P &lt; 0.01). Based on the regression analysis, it was concluded that a conversion from one airflow method to the other may be acceptable. Confidence limits at the 99% probability level for such conversions are not greater than ± 1 μm.
Block Concrete Is a Structural Material
Authors: Holm TA 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
New methods for determining the tensile strength of block concrete are described. Results of tests on the tensile strength and elastic stiffness are reported and found to parallel the results of test data developed on structural cast-in-place concrete. Maximum strain relationships (extensibility) are compared for various concrete densities. Production control of the physical properties of block concrete are described and recommendations for future research and change of ASTM requirements are listed.
Screening Test for Torsional Creep Performance of Plastics
Authors: Gonzalez H 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The objective of this project was to determine the usefulness and limitations of a modified indentation hardness test in determining the creep resistance of plastics. Tests were run on 13 different materials and correlations were made between the modified hardness test and torsional creep tests at a 1000-psi (6895-kPa) stress level up to 500 h. The modified hardness test may be used as a screening test for creep performance as it allows determination of expected creep performance at a very early stage of material evaluation, where there are usually limited amounts of material available. Equations were developed to allow the prediction of creep performance. The correlations developed are not applicable to anisotropic materials.
Fatigue Damage Alleviation by Intermittent Electroplating
Authors: McKinnon EA 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The fatigue life of copper can be extended by intermittently electroplating layers of nickel onto the copper. By electroplating every 25% of the anticipated life, the fatigue life of copper cyclically stressed at ± 14 500 psi (± 99 974 kPa) can be extended indefinitely.
Origin of Burst-Type Acoustic Emission in Unflawed 7075-T6 Aluminum
Authors: Bianchetti R , Hamstad MA , Mukherjee AK 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Tensile tests were used to study the acoustic emission from several 7075-T6 aluminum plates. Specimens from one plate produced a large burst-type emission in addition to the continuous emission. Metallographic and fracture surface studies indicated that the burst-type emission resulted from the brittle fracture of large (20 to 60 μm) primary inclusions in the microstructure.
A Damage Function and Associated Failure Equations for Predicting Hold Time and Frequency Effects in Elevated Temperature, Low Cycle Fatigue
Authors: Ostergren WJ 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA new approach is developed for predicting strain-controlled, low cycle fatigue life at elevated temperature using a proposed energy measure of fatigue damage. This measure of damage, defined as the net tensile hysteretic energy of the fatigue cycle, can be approximated by the damage function σTΔεp, where σT is the maximum stress in the cycle and Δεp is the inelastic strain range. The damage function is applied to predicting effects of hold time and frequency, when time-dependent damage occurs, through failure relations incorporating a variation of Coffin's frequency modified approach. Failure equations are developed for two postulated categories of time-dependent damage.
Red Mud from Alumina Plants as a Possible Source of Synthetic Aggregate
Authors: Blank HR 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Red mud, from an alumina plant at Point Comfort, Texas, molded into balls and heated in a muffle furnace to 2300 to 2400°F (1260 to 1316°C), partially crystallizes and forms a strong, heavy, synthetic aggregate. Attempts to produce a lightweight aggregate by adding small amounts of gas-forming materials to the red mud before heating were unsuccessful. The additives used and the products formed are described. Apparently the red mud does not soften until heated to nearly 2400°F. Gases given off at lower temperatures either blow the aggregates apart or escape through cracks without expanding the mass.
Strength and Toughness of a Metastable Beta-Titanium Alloy as Influenced by Strain Rate Variations
Authors: Chait R 
Published: May 2009

AbstractStrain rate effects for the high strength, metastable beta-titanium alloy Ti-8Mo-8V-2Fe-3Al are assessed in terms of tensile and fracture toughness behavior. It is shown that as the strain rate increases the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and ductility also increase. As a result of the decrease in the amount of intergranular fracture as the strain rate is increased, the dynamic fracture toughness values KId are greater than those obtained under static conditions as given by KQ.
Variations in Magnetic Properties of Iron-Cobalt-Vanadium Alloys
Authors: Pinnel MR 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Considerable variability in the magnetic properties of an iron-cobalt-vanadium alloy wire processed by commercial vendors has been observed. To ascertain the cause of and cure for this variability, a two-part study utilizing microstructural characterization and statistical evaluation of magnetic data was implemented. Results indicate that wire microstructure, and hence magnetic properties, vary both from wire coil to wire coil within a given melt and along the length of a coil of wire. This variation can be attributed to fluctuations in furnace temperature during the 900 to 950°C strand anneal of the wire. A correlation exists for magnetic properties between the strand-annealed and final aged at 600°C conditions such that evaluation of coercivity and remanence in strand-annealed wire may be feasible for detecting incoming, improperly heat-treated coils at inspection.
Behavior of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures in Triaxial Compression
Authors: Tan S-A , Low B-H , Fwa T-F 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe triaxial compression test is one of the most common standard tests for determining the stress-strain behavior and strength parameters of soils under drained and undrained conditions. The use of the test method in asphaltic mixtures is less well known and seldom practiced. This paper describes the use of the triaxial compression test for asphaltic mixtures for determining their engineering properties such as the friction angle φ, the cohesion, c, and the elastic compression modulus, E. Effects of test temperatures, strain rate, and confining pressures on the compressive behavior of asphalt concrete were studied. The results showed that the friction angle is primarily a function of aggregate friction and interlocking, being independent of test temperature and strain rate. The cohesion, on the other hand, is largely dependent on the binder and fines mixture being sensitive to both test temperature and strain rate changes. The confining pressures have no influence on c and φ, but have significant influence on the compression modulus. E. The tests can be conducted at controlled temperatures, constant strain-rate, and confining pressures so as to allow the determination of the basic engineering stress-strain and strength properties of these materials under controlled environmental conditions. Using these properties, a constitutive plasticity model based on the Drucker-Prager yield condition can then be applied in an axisymmetric finite element model to describe the mechanical behavior of the asphaltic material in triaxial compression. Analysis shows that the plasticity model is able to describe the stress-strain behavior of the triaxial specimen to failure, predicting both the failure strain and the failure stress fairly accurately. Comparison of analysis with measured lateral deformation at failure also show good agreement. Thus it seems that a simple idealized elastic-perfectly-plastic constitutive model, whose parameters can be determined from a triaxial compression test at constant strain-rate, is adequate to describe the behavior of asphaltic mixtures, loaded in compression to failure.
Evaluation of Machinability Data
Authors: Jin L-Z , Sandström R 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Systematic materials selection is essential to fulfill the design criteria. Reliable information on material properties, in turn, is a vital factor for approaching such an objective. The machinability of engineering metals, owing to the marked influence on the production costs, has to be taken into account in the process of materials selection. In an attempt to develop a method for estimating the machinability of engineering metals, machinability data collected from laboratory and literature are assessed. A rating system derived from the metal removal rate is proposed for estimating the relative machinability of carbon and alloy steels, stainless steels, and aluminum, copper, and magnesium alloys.
Introduction to the Sixth International Civil Aviation Security Conference (AVSEC'93)
Authors: Malotky LO 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This introduction is provided as an overview of the papers included in this section of the Journal and to provide a context for reviewing these papers for the regular readers of the Journal. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) entered into a partnership with ASTM (Committee F-12 on Security Systems and Equipment) to conduct the Sixth International Civil Aviation Security Conference (AVSEC'93), held on 26–28 October 1993 in Washington, DC. The objective of this conference was to provide a forum for government, the aviation industry, and security service providers to exchange insights on solutions to the global challenge of providing safe and secure air travel.
Aviation Security Standards Development within ASTM Committee F-12 on Security Systems and Equipment
Authors: Draghetti PM 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The structure and objectives of ASTM Committee F-12 on Security Systems and Equipment are described, with emphasis on its active components which involve aviation security. Pertinent existing standards and standards under development are discussed, particularly those within Subcommittees F12.10 on Systems, Products and Services, F12.50 on Locking Devices, and F12.60 on Controlled Access Security, Search and Screening Equipment
Instructions for a New Method of Inclusion Rating and Correlations with the Fatigue Limit
Authors: Murakami Y , Toriyama T , Coudert EM 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Many inclusion rating methods already exist [1–6], some of which have been adopted as the standards for particular countries or industries. However, with the existing methods, it is difficult to evaluate the relationship between the fatigue limit and the type, size, or distribution of the inclusions.
Recent works have shown that inclusions behave as small defects and that the quantitative effect on the fatigue strength can be assessed from an evaluation of the square root of the projected area of the largest inclusion, on a plane perpendicular to the maximum principal stress direction. This parameter, designated √areamax, contained in a definite volume, can be evaluated using the statistics of extremes of the inclusion distribution.
Objective Evaluation of Surface Characteristics to Determine Smoothness of Pile Fabrics
Authors: Ajayi JO , Elder HM 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Measurements of surface characteristics of pile fabrics by various methods to determine surface smoothness is reported. It is demonstrated that the number of peaks detected by methods using a roller, stylus, and friction traces is the best indicator of fabric smoothness. A negative correlation between this quantity and smoothness suggests that fabrics that yield more peaks are likely to be smoother than those with fewer peaks. This also agrees broadly with the results of friction measurement, lateral air flow, and microscopic measurements. Subjectively, judges found fabrics readily identifiable, but finding the right descriptive adjective for these differences remains a problem.
Effect of High Strain Rate on the Properties of PVC Pipe
Authors: Al-Bastaki NMS 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Unplasticized PVC pipes were tested using static and dynamic testing conditions. The static test was performed by pressurizing the pipes at a strain rate of 1 × 10−4 s−1 and the dynamic test was carried out using a drop hammer apparatus at a strain rate of 8 s−1. The most pronounced influence of the high strain rate was a reduction in the failure hoop strain and an increase in the Young's modulus. An empirical formula was fitted to the stress-strain curves to represent the nonlinear and strain rate dependent behaviors.
Ability of Quality Assurance Tests to Detect Punctured Latex Condoms with Potential for Virus Penetration
Authors: Pierdominici VJB , Doucette JM , Coyne L , Cyr WH , Thomas DP , Lytle CD 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHow well do the quality assurance tests for latex condoms detect the potential for virus penetration? Defective condoms were created by puncturing with small acupuncture needles (120, 160 or 300 μm diameter) and were then tested by three quality assurance (QA) tests (the water leak test, a proposed electrical test, and the air burst test) and by a virus penetration test. Punctures (short tears) were detected by the FDA water leak test at the rate of 52% for punctures in the condom body and 9% in the condom tip; by the proposed ISO electrical leakage test (28% and 18% for body and tip, respectively); or by the ISO air burst test (30% and 5%, respectively). A standardized in vitro test of virus penetration under physiologic-based detected 100% and 48% of the punctures for body and tip, respectively. Thus the small tears created by puncture may not be detected in quality assurance tests, but would allow some virus penetration in the laboratory virus penetration test. A puncture in the tip of a condom was most likely to escape detection by each of the test methods,presumably because a puncture in that location does not open up as easily as elsewhere. Data with the air burst test indicated that raising the burst volume and/or burst pressure pass/fail limit would increase the likelihood of detecting a puncture defect to &gt;93% when in the condom body, but to &lt;15% when in the tip.
Comparison of Surface Texture Measurement by Stylus and Fiber Optic Transducers
Authors: Scott W , Donovan A 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Signals obtained from a fiber optic transducer with an optical extender used to scan surfaces of varying texture been examined through analysis of their statistical functions, and compared with the signals obtained from a conventional contact profilometer. The amplitude/time and autocorrelation functions, probability density, and power spectra analyzed to assess the potential of technology where contact methods are impossible, such as the in-process monitoring of grinding wheel wear.
Testing of Sandwich Panels Under Uniform Pressure
Authors: Wennhage P , Zenkert D 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The properties of a testing device for transverse loading of simply supported sandwich panels using a uniformly distributed load are investigated. Differences between hard and soft simply supported boundary conditions are verified. Shear stream gages are used to measure the shear stress in the core of the sandwich. The deflection, strains on the upper face, and the load distribution and measured on an isotropic sandwich panel and the same properties are calculated using an analytical method and a finite-element method (FEM). The boundary conditions are investigated by letting the FEM program calculate the solution for both soft and hard simply supported boundaries. The results show that the type of simply supported boundary conditions has a considerable effect on the solution. It is shown that the test panel used in this research better represents the soft boundary conditions. It is noted that the pressure can vary substantially close to the corners of the panel but is uniformly distributed over the central part of the panel.
Mechanical Properties of Laminated Veneer Lumber via Five-Point Bending Test
Authors: Bradtmueller JP , Hunt MO , Shook SM 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The five-point bending test is shown to be an effective and efficient way of determining the mechanical properties of structural composite lumber. Shear strength, bending strength, shear-free Young's modulus of elasticity and shear modulus for both plank (flatwise) and joist (edgewise) orientations can be obtained with simple adjustments of the test configuration. Span or span-to-depth ratios are adjusted to produce either predominantly shear or bending failure. To determine elastic constants, a removable center support creates the necessary situation for both four-point bending and five-point bending. Use of a deflection yoke is especially important in determining the shear moduli. Results are reported for testing laminated veneer lumber. which was selected as representative of the evolving family of structural composite lumber products.