bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymeric Multilayers that Contain Silver Nanoparticles can be Stamped onto Biological Tissues to Provide Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Agarwal Ankit , Guthrie Kathleen M. , Czuprynski Charles J. , Schurr Michael J. , McAnulty Jonathan F. , Murphy Christopher J. , Abbott Nicholas L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe design of polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) that can be prefabricated on an elastomeric stamp and mechanically transferred onto biomedically‐relevant soft materials, including medical‐grade silicone elastomers (E’∼450–1500 kPa; E’‐elastic modulus) and the dermis of cadaver skin (E’∼200–600 kPa), is reported. Whereas initial attempts to stamp PEMs formed from poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(acrylic acid) resulted in minimal transfer onto soft materials, we report that integration of micrometer‐sized beads into the PEMs (thicknesses of 6–160 nm) led to their quantitative transfer within 30 seconds of contact at a pressure of ∼196 kPa. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, PEMs were impregnated with a range of loadings of silver‐nanoparticles and stamped onto the dermis of human cadaver skin (a wound‐simulant) that was subsequently incubated with bacterial cultures. Skin dermis stamped with PEMs that released 0.25 ± 0.01 μg cm−2 of silver ions caused a 6 log10 reduction in colony forming units of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa within 12 h. Significantly, this level of silver release is below that which is cytotoxic to NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. Overall, this study describes a general and facile approach for the functionalization of biomaterial surfaces without subjecting them to potentially deleterious processing conditions.
Profiles of Work Function Shifts and Collective Charge Transfer in Submonolayer Metal–Organic Films
Authors: Topham Benjamin J. , Kumar Manoranjan , Soos Zoltán G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractVacuum level shifts Δ(d) at metal–organic (m–O) interfaces indicate the formation of surface dipoles for film thickness d ≤ dML up to a monolayer (ML). Shifts or profiles Δ(θ) of submonolayer films are nonlinear in the coverage θ = d/dML ≤ 1, which points to cooperative interactions between adsorbed molecules. Adsorption with weak nonspecific bonding is modeled as charge transfer (CT) between molecules M and localized surface states S of the metal. The dipole μ0 of ions S−M+ or S+M− gives upper bounds for the vacuum level shift ϕ0 and dipole–dipole repulsion V0 at θ = 1. Partial CT ρ(θ) < 1 is found self consistently and accounts for published profiles Δ(θ) of representative planar and nonplanar molecules with dML∼ 4 and ∼10 Å. Initial adsorption at θ ∼ 0 has considerable ionic character, ρ(0) ∼ 1/2, that decreases to ρ(1) ∼ 1/10 at θ = 1. Planar molecules with small μ0 and V0 have slightly nonlinear profiles while molecules with large μ0 and V0 have highly nonlinear Δ(θ). Collective CT is a phenomenological model for m–O interfaces with nonspecific bonding. The CT model is contrasted to fixed dipoles on the surface, to calculations of Δ(1) and to simulations of sub‐ML films.
Nanoreactors: Selective and Responsive Nanoreactors (Adv. Funct. Mater. 7/2011)
Authors: Renggli Kasper , Baumann Patric , Langowska Karolina , Onaca Ozana , Bruns Nico , Meier Wolfgang 
Published: April 2011

AbstractChemical reactions can be confined to nanoscale compartments by encapsulating catalysts in hollow nanoobjects. Such reaction compartments effectively become nanoreactors when substrate and product are exchanged between bulk solution and cavity. A key issue, thereby, is control of shell permeability. Nanoreactors exhibit selectivity and responsiveness if their shells discriminate among molecules and if access can be modulated by external triggers. Here, we review natural nanoreactors that include protein‐based bacterial microcompartments, protein cages, and viruses. Artificial nanoreactors based on dendrimers, layer‐by‐layer capsules, and amphiphilic block copolymer polymersomes are also discussed. Selectivity in these nanoreactors is either due to intrinsic reactor‐shell semipermeability or can be engineered using smart polymers to gate the reactors. Moreover, a rich repertoire of pores and channels are already provided in nature, e.g., in protein‐based nanoreactors or in trans‐membrane channel proteins. The latter can be reconstituted in polymersomes, resulting in gated vesicles. Nanoreactors hold promise for applications ranging from selective and size‐constrained organic synthesis to biomedical advances (e.g., artificial organelles, biosensing) and as analytical tools to study reaction mechanisms.
A functional subgrid drift velocity model for filtered drag prediction in dense fluidized bed
Authors: Parmentier Jean‐François , Simonin Olivier , Delsart Olivier 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDue to computational time limitations, fully resolved simulations using the two‐fluid model of the flow inside industrial‐scale fluidized beds are unaffordable. The filtered approach is used to account for the effect of small unresolved scales on the large resolved scales computed with “coarse” realistic meshes. Using a fully resolved simulation, we highlight the need to account for a subgrid drift velocity to obtain the correct bed expansion when using coarse meshes. This velocity, defined as the difference between the filtered gas velocity seen by the particle phase and the resolved filtered gas velocity, modify the effective relative velocity appearing in the drag law. We close it as a correction of the resolved relative velocity depending on the filtered particle concentration and the filter size. A dynamic procedure is used to adjust a tuning parameter. Bed expansion obtained with a posteriori test on coarse‐grid simulations matches well to fully resolved simulations. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Clinical insights gained from eight new cases and review of reported cases with Jeune syndrome (asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy)
Authors: Keppler‐Noreuil Kim M. , Adam Margaret P. , Welch Judy , Muilenburg Ann , Willing Marcia C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractJeune syndrome, originally described as asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy by Jeune et al. [Jeune et al. (1955); Arch Fr Pediatr 12:886–891], is an autosomal recessive osteochondrodysplasia with characteristic skeletal abnormalities, and variable renal, hepatic, pancreatic, and retinal complications. We present eight patients, including two brothers with Jeune syndrome, and an extensive review of 118 cases in the published literature with the purposes of: (1) defining the clinical and radiological diagnostic criteria for Jeune syndrome; (2) comparing our cases to those in the literature meeting the documented clinical and radiological findings of Jeune syndrome, in order to: (3) provide an accurate clinical characterization of Jeune syndrome with frequency of associated complications and outcome data. In order to estimate the frequency of phenotypic abnormalities in Jeune syndrome as precisely as possible, we did not include reports in the literature with incomplete descriptions of the radiologic and clinical findings, nor those reports having additional findings overlapping with other syndromes. We found that the occurrence of renal, hepatic, and ophthalmologic complications is variable; does not correlate with severity of the skeletal phenotype; nor is it predictable even with the presence of a well‐defined skeletal phenotype, as in this study. Based upon these cases with Jeune syndrome, renal and hepatic abnormalities occur in ∼30% of cases, with renal failure occurring in 38% of those with kidney involvement. Eye abnormalities are reported in 15%, but it is unclear whether this represents under‐ascertainment. There is a 1.2:1 ratio between living and deceased patients; a respiratory cause of death is most common, occurring almost exclusively in those less than 2 years of age, and a renal etiology accounts for all deaths between the ages of 3–10 years of age. There is a paucity of affected individuals reported in the literature greater than age 20 years of age, and a lack of longitudinal data to obtain accurate data on morbidity and mortality of Jeune syndrome at older ages. This study provides a well‐defined group of patients with Jeune syndrome with delineation of the frequency of associated findings, which may form a basis for current and future genotype–phenotype studies. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutritional phases in Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Miller Jennifer L. , Lynn Christy H. , Driscoll Danielle C. , Goldstone Anthony P. , Gold June‐Anne , Kimonis Virginia , Dykens Elisabeth , Butler Merlin G. , Shuster Jonathan J. , Driscoll Daniel J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPrader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex neurobehavioral condition which has been classically described as having two nutritional stages: poor feeding, frequently with failure to thrive (FTT) in infancy (Stage 1), followed by hyperphagia leading to obesity in later childhood (Stage 2). We have longitudinally followed the feeding behaviors of individuals with PWS and found a much more gradual and complex progression of the nutritional phases than the traditional two stages described in the literature. Therefore, this study characterizes the growth, metabolic, and laboratory changes associated with the various nutritional phases of PWS in a large cohort of subjects. We have identified a total of seven different nutritional phases, with five main phases and sub‐phases in phases 1 and 2. Phase 0 occursin utero, with decreased fetal movements and growth restriction compared to unaffected siblings. In phase 1 the infant is hypotonic and not obese, with sub‐phase 1a characterized by difficulty feeding with or without FTT (ages birth—15 months; median age at completion: 9 months). This phase is followed by sub‐phase 1b when the infant grows steadily along a growth curve and weight is increasing at a normal rate (median age of onset: 9 months; age quartiles 5–15 months). Phase 2 is associated with weight gain—in sub‐phase 2a the weight increases without a significant change in appetite or caloric intake (median age of onset 2.08 years; age quartiles 20–31 months;), while in sub‐phase 2b the weight gain is associated with a concomitant increased interest in food (median age of onset: 4.5 years; quartiles 3–5.25 years). Phase 3 is characterized by hyperphagia, typically accompanied by food‐seeking and lack of satiety (median age of onset: 8 years; quartiles 5–13 years). Some adults progress to phase 4 which is when an individual who was previously in phase 3 no longer has an insatiable appetite and is able to feel full. Therefore, the progression of the nutritional phases in PWS is much more complex than previously recognized. Awareness of the various phases will aid researchers in unraveling the pathophysiology of each phase and provide a foundation for developing rational therapies. Counseling parents of newly diagnosed infants with PWS as to what to expect with regard to these nutritional phases may help prevent or slow the early‐onset of obesity in this syndrome. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The atypical 16p11.2 deletion: A not so atypical microdeletion syndrome?
Authors: Barge‐Schaapveld Daniela Q.C.M. , Maas Saskia M. , Polstra Abeltje , Knegt Lia C. , Hennekam Raoul C.M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOne of the recently recognized microdeletion syndromes is the 16p11.2 deletion syndrome (593 kb; ∼29.5 Mb to ∼30.1 Mb), associated with developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, and obesity. Less frequently reported is a smaller 220 kb deletion, adjacent and distal to this 16p11.2 deletion, which has been referred to as the atypical 16p11.2 deletion (220 kb; ∼28.74 Mb to ∼28.95 Mb). We describe three patients with this deletion and update the manifestations in two sibs who have been described as possibly new entity in this Journal in 1997 [Bakker and Hennekam (1997); Am J Med Genet 70:312–314] and were recently found to have the “atypical 16p11.2 deletion” as well. Patients show a developmental delay, behavioral problems, and unusual facial morphology (prominent forehead, downslanted, and narrow palpebral fissures), and some are obese. We suggest that this “atypical” deletion may turn out to become a microdeletion syndrome that will be recognizable in the future, or at least to show a phenotype that is recognizable in retrospect. As it may no longer be so “atypical,” we suggest renaming the entity “distal 16p11.2 deletion,” to distinguish it from the common proximal 16p11.2 deletion. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling information feedback during H1N1 outbreak using stochastic agent‐based models
Authors: Loganathan P. , Sundaramoorthy S. , Lakshminarayanan S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractInfluenza pandemics have struck thrice in the twentieth century and around 50 million global deaths have occurred due to these pandemics. Traditional methods of modeling intervention planning do not consider people's response in taking the vaccine with respect to the evolving characteristic of an epidemic. Intervention policies derived neglecting such feedback effects can be misleading in gauging the effectiveness of the recommended control strategies. To address this issue, we have developed a stochastic agent‐based model by including the information transmission feedback [through word of mouth (WOM)] for vaccine intake. The information flow among the agents regarding vaccine intake was modeled using diffusion theory. The model incorporates parameters from very recent H1N1 2009‐related studies. The developed model was then used to analyze how WOM influence is exerted into personal networks (at the micro level) and how it affects the macro evolution of the disease for different scenarios. Our results demonstrate that the disease progression with the inclusion of information transmission is very different from that predicted by models that consider only conventional phenomena. With further improvements, this model can be used to determine the optimal interventions that can form the basis of a public health systems' response to mitigate a future outbreak. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical analysis of dead‐time system using a deterministic equivalent modeling method
Authors: Duong Pham Luu Trung , Lee Moonyong 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTo increase precision and reliability of automatic control systems, random factors affecting the control system have to be taken into account. In this article, the deterministic equivalent modeling method (DEMM) is used for statistical analysis of time delay systems with random parameters. The proposed method is compared with several existing methods such as the Monte Carlo, Latin‐Hypercube, and Quasi Monte Carlo method, to demonstrate its validity and effectiveness. The result shows that the proposed DEMM‐based approach drastically reduces computational time with a desired accuracy over traditional methods. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved energy efficiency in debottlenecking using a fully thermally coupled distillation column
Authors: Van Duc Long Nguyen , Lee Moonyong 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIncreasing the throughput of an existing distillation process has received considerable attention due to the higher market demand for products derived therefrom. However, this could create a bottleneck in the column. The main objective of this work is to systematically identify bottlenecks in distillation columns and propose a strategy related to dividing wall column (DWC) use for debottlenecking within the column, as well as for energy saving. To optimize the DWC, the internal recycle flow distribution around the dividing wall was investigated as a primary optimizing variable. Several cases were analyzed to show that use of the DWC is a promising method for debottlenecking, as well as investment cost and energy consumption saving. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Candida antarctica as catalyst for polycaprolactone synthesis: effect of temperature and solvents
Authors: Arumugasamy Senthil Kumar , Ahmad Zainal 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe effects of temperature on ring‐opening bulk polymerizations of ε‐caprolactone were studied by using lipase Novozyme‐435 (immobilized form of lipase B from Candida antarctica), as biocatalyst. The polymerization of ε‐caprolactone was carried out at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 °C. For Novozyme‐435 the results showed that increasing the reaction time of the polymerization system resulted in an increased rate of monomer consumption and hence increased molecular weight. For an increase in reaction time, the conversion increases steadily and after a gradual increase there is a decrease, which is found to be uniform for all the temperatures showing a uniform trend. For a temperature of 70 °C and 4 h, molecular weight was found to be 8.4 × 104 daltons, which was the highest of all the readings that were obtained. A series of solvents including isopropyl ether, isooctane, and toluene were evaluated at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 °C. Subjecting the data to the bootstrap resampling neural network modeling technique, it is shown that the actual and predicted value is more or less the same or in good agreement. The performance of neural network modeling capability, which is generally assessed by r value for validation data, is found to be 0.996. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for fouling of plate‐and‐frame heat exchangers in food industry
Authors: Boloorchi A. S. , Jafari Nasr M. R. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTFouling of plate‐and‐frame heat exchangers is considered a major problem in food industries. The presence of microorganisms creates the problem. They grow inside the microchannels of heat exchanger's plates. This leads to a rise in the pressure drop across the exchanger and consequently costs billions of dollars every year due to cleaning operations and even sometimes need replacement of exchanger. This article demonstrates the effects of major factors in fouling formation including fluid velocity, temperature and particulate concentration in plate‐and‐frame heat exchangers used in milk industry. The variation of the overall heat transfer coefficient is determined after fouling formation. Then, to demonstrate the heat and hydraulic effects in a plate heat exchanger, the concept of ‘fouling threshold model’ which was developed for quantifying and mitigating fouling in crude oil processing is extended to model the fouling of 1% Whey protein concentration (WPC) solution. Using this model, curves for fouling threshold of milk are determined and therefore the sensitive exchangers prone to fouling can be identified easily for plant engineers to cleaning program. The predicted values given by the proposed model are compared with experimental results with quite good agreement. In addition, the effects of fouling are added to the model through the overall heat transfer coefficient correlation. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and validating stakeholder preferences with probabilistic inversion
Authors: Neslo R. E. J. , Cooke R. M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDespite the vast number of models that have been developed for analyzing stakeholders' preferences, it is difficult to find any true out‐of‐sample validation for these models. Based on the theory of rational preference, utilities are specific to the individual. Unlike subjective probability, there is no mechanism for changing utilities on the basis of observation, and no operation for getting people's utilities to converge. The proper goal of stakeholder preference modeling must therefore be the characterization of a population of stakeholders via a distribution over utility functions. Drawing on the theory of discrete choice and random utility theory, we apply probabilistic inversion methods to derive a distribution over utility functions. The utility functions may either attach to the choice alternatives directly, or may be functions of physical attributes. Because the utilities are inferred from discrete choice data, out‐of‐sample validation is enabled by splitting the data into a test set used to fit the model and a validation set. These techniques are illustrated using discrete choice data for the valuation of health states. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of artemisinin content in tetraploidArtemisia annuaplants by modulating the expression of genes in artemisinin biosynthetic pathway
Authors: Lin Xiuyan , Zhou Yin , Zhang Jianjun , Lu Xu , Zhang Fangyuan , Shen Qian , Wu Shaoyan , Chen Yunfei , Wang Tao , Tang Kexuan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTetraploidArtemisia annuaplants were successfully inducted by using colchicine, and their ploidy was confirmed by flow cytometry. Higher stomatal length but lower frequency in tetraploids were revealed and could be considered as indicators of polyploidy. The average level of artemisinin in tetraploids was increased from 39% to 56% than that of the diploids during vegetation period, as detected by high‐performance liquid chromatography–evaporative light scattering detector. Gene expressions of 10 key enzymes related to artemisinin biosynthetic pathway in different ploidy level were analyzed by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction and significant upregulation ofFPS,HMGR, and artemisinin metabolite‐specificAldh1genes were revealed in tetraploids. Slight increased expression ofADSwas also detected. Our results suggest that higher artemisinin content in tetraploidA. annuamay result from the upregulated expression of some key enzyme genes related to artemisinin biosynthetic pathway.
A convenient homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for estradiol detection
Authors: Chiu May L. , Tseng Tina T.‐C. , Monbouquette Harold G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA convenient homogeneous enzyme immunoassay for estradiol is described. Unlike heterogeneous immunoassays, which require time‐consuming separation steps or expensive automated systems, homogeneous immunoassays, wherein all reagents are freely suspended in bulk solution, can be simple and fast without costly instrumentation. The key component of this assay system, an estradiol–reporter enzyme conjugate, was prepared by covalently binding β‐estradiol‐6‐(O‐carboxymethyl)oxime to glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) by an N‐hydroxysuccinimide‐enhanced, carbodiimide‐mediated coupling reaction. The estradiol–G6PDH activity can be repressed up to 46% upon anti‐estradiol antibody binding. The lower detection limit of the assay is 1 nM estradiol in aqueous solution, and the standard curve is linear on logit‐log scale‐up to 6.7 µM estradiol. A detection limit of 11.5 nM in estradiol‐spiked human serum samples suggests the feasibility of applying this assay to monitor estradiol levels for the prediction and prevention of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.