bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological and clinical description of the top three reportable parasitic diseases in a Canadian community
Authors: RAVEL A. , NESBITT A. , PINTAR K. , MACARTHUR A. , WANG H.-L. , MARSHALL B. , POLLARI F. 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYThis study provides a comprehensive epidemio-clinical picture of sporadic, domestically acquired cases of amoebiasis, cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in one Canadian community based on patient symptom, outcome and exposure data from an enhanced surveillance system. It yields valuable data for estimating the burden of those diseases including the proportion of bloody diarrhoea, hospitalization, and disease duration. Age differences were observed by incidence rate and for some clinical information and exposures to risk factors. For each of the three diseases, the animal/environment-to-person route was the most common possible main transmission route according to the exposure reported, whereas the person-to-person route was the least common. Exposure was higher for the 10–24 years age group of giardiasis cases for swimming in recreational waters (79%) and attending a barbeque (50%). Therefore, comparisons between groups of cases or extrapolation of results when estimating the burden of illness should be adjusted for age.
Differences in Danish children's diet quality on weekdays v. weekend days
Authors: Rothausen Berit W , Matthiessen Jeppe , Hoppe Camilla , Brockhoff Per B , Andersen Lene F , Tetens Inge 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo compare differences in children's diet quality on weekdays (Monday–Thursday), Fridays and weekend days.DesignA representative cross-sectional study in which participants completed a 7 d pre-coded food record. Mean intakes of energy, macronutrients and selected food items (g/10 MJ) as well as energy density were compared between weekdays, Fridays and weekend days for each gender in three age groups (4–6, 7–10 and 11–14 years) using Tobit analysis to account for zero intakes.SettingThe Danish National Survey of Dietary Habits and Physical Activity 2003–2008.SubjectsChildren (n 784; 49·9 % boys) aged 4–14 years.ResultsFor both genders in all age groups (P < 0·05), energy intake was higher during weekends than on weekdays, and intakes of sugar-sweetened beverages and white bread were higher, whereas intake of rye bread was lower. This contributed to a higher percentage of energy from added sugars, a lower fibre content and a higher energy density on weekend days v. weekdays. In children aged 4–6 and 7–10 years, the diet on weekend days was also characterized by higher intakes of sweets and chocolate and lower intakes of fruit and vegetables. Overall, the diet on Fridays appeared as a mix of the diets on weekdays and weekend days.ConclusionsSignificant differences and distinct characteristic patterns were found in children's diet quality during weekdays, Fridays and weekend days. The present study suggests that in prevention of childhood overweight and obesity, more attention should be paid to the higher energy intake, especially from sugar-rich foods and beverages, on Fridays and weekend days.
Correlates of Omani adults’ physical inactivity and sitting time
Authors: Mabry Ruth M , Winkler Elisabeth AH , Reeves Marina M , Eakin Elizabeth G , Owen Neville 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo inform public health approaches for chronic disease prevention, the present study identified sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioural correlates of work, transport and leisure physical inactivity and sitting time among adults in Oman.DesignCross-sectional study using the WHO STEPwise study methodology.SettingSur City, Oman.SubjectsMen and women aged 20 years and older (n 1335) in the Sur City Healthy Lifestyle Study who had complete data for demographic variables (gender, age, education, work status and marital status), BMI and behavioural risk factors – smoking and dietary habits plus physical inactivity and sitting time (the outcome variables).ResultsThe highest level of physical inactivity was in the leisure domain (55·4 %); median sitting time was about 2 h/d. Gender-stratified logistic regression models found that the statistically significant (P < 0·05) correlates of inactivity (in one or more domains) were age, work status and fruit and vegetable intake in women, and age, education, work status, marital status and BMI in men. Gender-stratified linear regression models found that the statistically significant correlates of sitting time were age, work status and BMI in women and education in men.ConclusionsFindings suggest that public health interventions need to be gender responsive and focus on domain-specific physical inactivity. In the Omani context, this might include gender-segregated exercise facilities to promote leisure physical activity among women and walking-friendly environmental initiatives to promote transport physical activity among men. Further evidence on barriers to physical activity and factors that influence prolonged sitting is required to develop relevant public health interventions.
Metal acquisition and virulence inBrucella
Authors: Roop R. Martin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSimilar to other bacteria,Brucellastrains require several biologically essential metals for their survivalin vitroandin vivo. Acquiring sufficient levels of some of these metals, particularly iron, manganese and zinc, is especially challenging in the mammalian host, where sequestration of these micronutrients is a well-documented component of both the innate and acquired immune responses. This review describes theBrucellametal transporters that have been shown to play critical roles in the virulence of these bacteria in experimental and natural hosts.
The need to consider ion Bernstein waves as a dissipation channel of solar wind turbulence
Authors: Podesta John J. 
Published: May 2012

Kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) with highly oblique wave vectors, k⊥ ≫ k∥, are believed to form an integral part of the turbulent energy cascade in the solar wind near the proton gyroradius scale k⊥ρi ∼ 1. At wave numbers k⊥ρi > 1, where linear theory predicts kinetic Alfvén waves undergo strong Landau damping, mode coupling with ion‐Bernstein waves (IBWs) occurs. This mode coupling enables energy exchange between KAWs and IBWs that may be relevant for turbulent dissipation processes in the solar wind and other collisionless plasmas. It is pointed out that for plasmas having Gaussian velocity distributions, also known as Maxwellian plasmas, the dispersion relation of IBWs exhibits a fine structure or splitting into multiple branches that causes the dispersion relation of IBWs to intersect a given branch of the KAW dispersion relation several times, thus providing multiple channels of energy exchange between KAWs and IBWs (for a given angle of wave propagation). It is also shown that the collisionless damping rate of IBWs can exceed that of KAWs in certain regions of parameter space and that IBWs exhibit different ratios of proton to electron heating than KAWs. Consequently, the role of IBWs in the dissipation of solar wind turbulence requires more careful study. Gyrokinetic theory, gyrokinetic simulations, and other physical models of solar wind dissipation processes which ignore the coupling between KAWs and IBWs may be missing important physics.
State‐Dependent Migration Timing and Use of Multiple Habitat Types in Anadromous Salmonids
Authors: Satterthwaite William H. , Hayes Sean A. , Merz Joseph E. , Sogard Susan M. , Frechette Danielle M. , Mangel Marc 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAnadromous salmonids vary considerably in their age at ocean entry, their timing of ocean entry within a year, and the extent to which they use multiple habitat types within freshwater. To better understand habitat use and movement timing, we developed a broadly applicable model of state‐dependent movements among multiple habitats, which was parameterized based on a case study of steelheadOncorhynchus mykissin a California coastal watershed with a seasonally closed lagoonal estuary. The model correctly predicted population‐level patterns, including predominance of anadromy and a dominant smolt age of 2 years. In addition, the new model predicted the occurrence of small, lagoon‐rearing fish (displaying smoltlike migratory behavior) that returned upstream and did not enter the ocean until the next year, whereas large fish emigrated from the lagoon into the ocean. The new model predicted all‐or‐nothing habitat use for fish of a given size, but we observed a mix of strategies for fish of the same size. Our modeling suggests that a mortality–growth rate tradeoff can explain much of the life history variation, but this tradeoff alone cannot drive a mixture of habitat use strategies by fish of a similar state (i.e., length). We predicted that a mixed strategy may develop as a consequence of density‐dependent reduction in growth rates, arising as more individuals recruit to the originally preferable habitat. Higher risk in the higher‐growth habitat may halt recruitment to the high‐growth habitat even before growth rates are equalized. Uncertainty in rewards associated with the higher‐growth habitat may also favor a mixed strategy in which only some fish accept the higher risk associated with increased growth opportunity. This model framework can be used to predict movement timing and use of multiple habitats for other salmonids and in other systems.
Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation in Saugers
Authors: White Matthew M. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDespite extensive work documenting genetic variation in walleyes Sander vitreus, relatively little is known about the distribution of variation in saugers S. canadensis. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation was surveyed among samples of saugers to assess the magnitude and distribution of variation among sauger populations. Sequencing of 847 bases of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 60 individuals yielded 19 haplotypes that differed by 0.1–0.8%. Several haplotypes were broadly distributed across the range sampled. The data support the hypothesis of a single glacial refugium. There was no evidence of multiple refugia within which sauger populations could have differentiated. A single Mississippian refuge is consistent with the data and with likely routes of colonization of the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River and the Hudson Bay drainage. A mismatch distribution analysis among haplotypes suggested a recent population expansion; the presence of haplotypes with broad distributions is also consistent with a recent range expansion. Little differentiation among sauger haplotypes suggests a recent divergence.
Nutrient Enrichment with Salmon Carcass Analogs in the Columbia River Basin, USA: A Stream Food Web Analysis
Authors: Kohler Andre E. , Pearsons Todd N. , Zendt Joseph S. , Mesa Matthew G. , Johnson Christopher L. , Connolly Patrick J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAnadromous fishes represent an important ecosystem linkage between marine and inland aquatic and terrestrial habitats. These fishes carry organic matter and marine‐derived nutrient (MDN) subsidies across a vast landscape, often with profound influences on recipient ecosystem food web structure and function. In the Columbia River basin, century‐long declines in the abundance of anadromous fish populations have focused attention on potential mitigation efforts to address MDN deficits. In this study, we evaluate components of the stream food web response (periphyton, macroinvertebrate, and fish) to pasteurized salmon carcass analog (SCA) treatments in 15 streams across the Columbia River basin. Periphyton standing crop, macroinvertebrate density, and salmonid fish growth rates and stomach fullness measures increased following the addition of SCA. We found no significant change in dissolved nutrient concentrations after treatment, suggesting that biological demand exceeded supply. Nitrogen stable isotope signatures confirmed trophic transfer from SCA to lower trophic levels but were noticeably weak in fish tissue samples despite our marked growth and stomach fullness measures. These data indicate that SCA has the potential to increase the productivity of nutrient‐limited freshwater ecosystems and may provide a nutrient mitigation tool in ecosystems where MDNs are severely limited or unavailable.
Age Determination, Growth, and Population Structure of the Striped Shiner and Duskystripe Shiner
Authors: Simmons Bryan R. , Beckman Daniel W. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the validity of age estimates for the striped shinerLuxilus chrysocephalusand the duskystripe shinerLuxilus pilsbryiusing asterisci otoliths, scales, and length data. Both species were sampled monthly from the headwater reaches of the James River in southwestern Missouri from February 1998 to January 1999. The formation of an annual opaque region was validated using edge analysis, whereby the progression of annulus formation is followed throughout the year. A single opaque region was formed in otoliths, primarily during May in striped shiners and June and July in duskystripe shiners. Agreement between otolith and scale ages was over 95% for fish 0–3 years old. However, scales commonly underestimated age for fish of ages greater than 3. For both species, the ages of individuals based on otoliths ranged from 0 to 6 years. Population age structure indicated higher rates of survival and longevity for females and faster growth rates for males of both species. The most notable life history differences between species were the accelerated growth rate of adult male striped shiners and the uniform age structure for female duskystripe shiners.
The Spatial Scale for Cisco Recruitment Dynamics in Lake Superior during 1978–2007
Authors: Rook Benjamin J. , Hansen Michael J. , Gorman Owen T. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The cisco Coregonus artedi was once the most abundant fish species in the Great Lakes, but currently cisco populations are greatly reduced and management agencies are attempting to restore the species throughout the basin. To increase understanding of the spatial scale at which density-independent and density-dependent factors influence cisco recruitment dynamics in the Great Lakes, we used a Ricker stock–recruitment model to identify and quantify the appropriate spatial scale for modeling age-1 cisco recruitment dynamics in Lake Superior. We found that the recruitment variation of ciscoes in Lake Superior was best described by a five-parameter regional model with separate stock–recruitment relationships for the western, southern, eastern, and northern regions. The spatial scale for modeling was about 260 km (range = 230–290 km). We also found that the density-independent recruitment rate and the rate of compensatory density dependence varied among regions at different rates. The density-independent recruitment rate was constant among regions (3.6 age-1 recruits/spawner), whereas the rate of compensatory density dependence varied 16-fold among regions (range = −0.2 to −2.9/spawner). Finally, we found that peak recruitment and the spawning stock size that produced peak recruitment varied among regions. Both peak recruitment (0.5–7.1 age-1 recruits/ha) and the spawning stock size that produced peak recruitment (0.3–5.3 spawners/ha) varied 16-fold among regions. Our findings support the hypothesis that the factors driving cisco recruitment operate within four different regions of Lake Superior, suggest that large-scale abiotic factors are more important than small-scale biotic factors in influencing cisco recruitment, and suggest that fishery managers throughout Lake Superior and the entire Great Lakes basin should address cisco restoration and management efforts on a regional scale in each lake.
Received March 5, 2011; accepted January 5, 2012
Numerical investigation of the plasma flow through the constrictor of arc-heated thrusters
Authors: Wang Hai-Xing , Wei Fu-Zhi , Murphy A B , Liu Yu 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
A modelling study is performed to investigate the plasma flow through the constrictor of medium-power arc-heated thrusters. The Roe scheme is employed to solve the governing equations, which take into account the effects of compressibility, Joule heating and the Lorentz force, as well as the temperature and pressure dependence of the gas properties. The modelling results show that the gas flow within the constrictor is choked by the combined effects of friction and arc heating. The computed total pressure drop within the constrictor due to friction and arc heating is about twice the dynamic head at the constrictor outlet. The effects of the arc current, inlet pressure and mass flow rate, and the constrictor length and diameter on the gas flow characteristics within the constrictor are presented and discussed. Further, it is shown that the choking effects caused by arc heating reduce the flow rate more strongly for argon and nitrogen working gases than for hydrogen working gas.
Marker2sequence, mine your QTL regions for candidate genes
Authors: Chibon Pierre-Yves , Schoof Heiko , Visser Richard G.F. , Finkers Richard 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Summary: Marker2sequence (M2S) aims at mining quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for candidate genes. For each gene, within the QTL region, M2S uses data integration technology to integrate putative gene function with associated gene ontology terms, proteins, pathways and literature. As a typical QTL region easily contains several hundreds of genes, this gene list can then be further filtered using a keyword-based query on the aggregated annotations. M2S will help breeders to identify potential candidate genes for their traits of interest.
Availability: Marker2sequence is freely accessible at http://www.plantbreeding.wur.nl/BreeDB/marker2seq/. The source code can be obtained at https://github.com/PBR/Marker2Sequence.
Contact: richard.finkers@wur.nl
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
DoGSiteScorer: a web server for automatic binding site prediction, analysis and druggability assessment
Authors: Volkamer Andrea , Kuhn Daniel , Rippmann Friedrich , Rarey Matthias 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Many drug discovery projects fail because the underlying target is finally found to be undruggable. Progress in structure elucidation of proteins now opens up a route to automatic structure-based target assessment. DoGSiteScorer is a newly developed automatic tool combining pocket prediction, characterization and druggability estimation and is now available through a web server.
Availability: The DoGSiteScorer web server is freely available for academic use at http://dogsite.zbh.uni-hamburg.de
Contact: rarey@zbh.uni-hamburg.de.
Sea-level variations on the north and northwest coasts of Spain
Authors: García María Jesús , Tel Elena , Molinero Joaquín 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
García, M. J., Tel, E., and Molinero, J. 2012. Sea-level variations on the north and northwest coasts of Spain. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 720–727. An exhaustive analysis of historical sea-level records at three stations located along the northern and northwestern Spanish coast has permitted a description of the mean sea-level trend over the past 67 years. The analysis also produced results on the type, amplitude, and propagation of tides, as well as on the range of variation in the sea level, extreme values, and return periods. Once corrected for the Post Glacial Rebound, the rise in the mean sea level was estimated at 2.38, 2.45, and 2.65 mm year−1 in Santander, A Coruña, and Vigo, respectively. The meteorological contribution is evaluated by the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index, producing a correlation of −0.658 with the empirical orthogonal function mode 1, which explained 81.86% of the total variance of winter (from December to March) mean sea levels. Harmonic analysis evidenced the semi-diurnal nature of the tide and showed that the amplitude and propagation of the M2 tidal wave followed the North Atlantic regional pattern, with decreasing amplitudes and phases from east to west. Hourly height levels were run through an extreme analysis and resulted in maximum sea-level values over the respective mean sea levels (datum): 2.55, 2.48, and 2.51 m in Santander, A Coruña, and Vigo, respectively. The estimated extreme levels for a 120-year return period exceeded the observed maxima in the three locations by 0.25, 015, and 0.10 m, respectively.
The East Greenland Current and its impacts on the Nordic Seas: observed trends in the past decade
Authors: Rudels Bert , Korhonen Meri , Budéus Gereon , Beszczynska-Möller Agnieszka , Schauer Ursula , Nummelin Aleksi , Quadfasel Detlef , Valdimarsson Hed̄inn 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Rudels, B., Korhonen, M., Budéus, G., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Schauer, U., Nummelin, A., Quadfasel, D., and Valdimarsson, H. 2012. The East Greenland Current and its impacts on the Nordic Seas: observed trends in the past decade. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 841–851. For the past 30 years, it has been known that dense waters are created in the Arctic Ocean. However, before the late 1980s, observations indicated that Arctic Ocean deep waters only modified the deep water in the Greenland Sea, which was still thought of as the major source of dense water. In the mid-1990s, this picture began to fade. The deep convection in the Greenland Sea weakened and only Arctic Intermediate Water was formed. A deep salinity maximum was reinforced and a temperature maximum emerged at mid-depth. The densities of the salinity and temperature maxima were those of the deep waters in the Arctic Ocean, and one possibility was that waters below the convection were ventilated by Arctic Ocean deep waters from the East Greenland Current. Between 1998 and 2010, the salinity and temperature of the deep water in the Greenland Sea increased, implying continuous input from the East Greenland Current. Water from the Greenland Sea advected to Fram Strait now has almost Arctic Ocean characteristics and cannot significantly change the outflowing Arctic Ocean waters by mixing in the East Greenland Current, leading to a more-rapid transformation of the deep Greenland Sea water column.
Meta‐analysis of the comparative effects of different classes of antihypertensive agents on brachial and central systolic blood pressure, and augmentation index
Authors: Manisty Charlotte H. , Hughes Alun D. 
Published: May 2012

AIMS Brachial systolic blood pressure (bSBP) exceeds aortic pressure by a variable amount, and estimated central systolic blood pressure (cSBP) may be a better indicator of cardiovascular risk than bSBP. We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis to compare the effect of single and multiple antihypertensive agents on bSBP, cSBP and augmentation index (AIx).Methods A random effects meta‐analysis was performed on 24 randomized controlled trials of antihypertensives with measurements of bSBP, cSBP and/or AIx. Separate analyses were performed for drug comparisons with or without placebo, and drug combinations.Results In the placebo vs. drug meta‐analysis, antihypertensive therapy reduced bSBP more than cSBP and there was no statistically significant evidence of heterogeneity by drug class, although the number of individual studies was small. In placebo‐adjusted drug vs. drug comparison, treatment with β‐blockers, omapatrilat and thiazide diuretics lowered cSBP significantly less than bSBP (i.e. central to brachial amplification decreased), whereas other monotherapies lowered cSBP and bSBP to similar extents. Sample sizes were too small and effect estimates insufficiently precise to allow firm conclusions to be made regarding comparisons between individual drug classes. Antihypertensive combinations that included β‐blockers decreased central to brachial amplification. β‐Blockers increased AIx, whereas all other antihypertensive agents reduced AIx to similar extents.CONCLUSIONS A reduction in central to brachial amplification by some classes of antihypertensive drug will result in lesser reductions in cSBP despite achievement of target bSBP. This effect could contribute to differences in outcomes in randomized clinical trials when β‐blocker‐ and/or diuretic‐based antihypertensive therapy are compared with other regimens.