bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women's Perceptions of Neighborhood Resources and Hazards Related to Diet, Physical Activity, and Smoking: Focus Group Results from Economically Distinct Neighborhoods in a Mid-Sized U.S. City
Authors: Yen Irene H. , Scherzer Teresa , Cubbin Catherine , Gonzalez Alma , Winkleby Marilyn A. 
Published: October 2011

Purpose. To investigate women's perceptions of neighborhood resources and hazards associated with poor diet, physical inactivity, and cigarette smoking. Design. After interviewing city officials and analyzing visual assessments, three economically distinct neighborhoods in a mid-sized city were selected. Setting. Salinas, California, a predominantly Latino city. Methods. Eight focus groups, conducted in Spanish or English in the three neighborhoods. Thematic coding of focus group transcripts identified key concepts. Women also mapped their perceived neighborhood boundaries. Participants. Women who had at least one child under age 18 living with them. Results. Women identified food stores, parks, recreation areas, and schools as key resources in their neighborhoods. They identified fast food restaurants, convenience stores, violent crime, gangs, and drug-associated issues as “hazards.” Distinctions between resources and hazards were not always clear cut. For example, parks were sometimes considered dangerous, and fast food restaurants were sometimes considered a convenient and inexpensive way to feed one's family. Women's perceptions of their neighborhood boundaries differed greatly by type of neighborhood—the perceived neighborhood area (in acres) drawn by women in the lower-income neighborhood was one-fourth the size of the area drawn by women in the higher-income neighborhood. Conclusion. This qualitative, exploratory study illustrates how resources and hazards in one's neighborhood cannot be viewed as having solely one dimension—each may influence health behaviors both positively and negatively.
Nanomaterial Engineering and Property Studies in a Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Golberg Dmitri , Costa Pedro M.F.J. , Wang Ming‐Sheng , Wei Xianlong , Tang Dai‐Ming , Xu Zhi , Huang Yang , Gautam Ujjal K. , Liu Baodan , Zeng Haibo , Kawamoto Naoyki , Zhi Chunyi , Mitome Masanori , Bando Yoshio 
Published: October 2011

AbstractModern methods of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allow one to not only manipulate with a nanoscale object at the nanometer‐range precision but also to get deep insights into its physical and chemical statuses. Dedicated TEM holders combining the capabilities of a conventional high‐resolution TEM instrument and atomic force ‐, and/or scanning tunneling microscopy probes become the powerful tools in nanomaterials analysis. This progress report highlights the past, present and future of these exciting methods based on the extensive authors endeavors over the last five years. The objects of interest are diverse. They include carbon, boron nitride and other inorganic one‐ and two‐dimensional nanoscale materials, e.g., nanotubes, nanowires and nanosheets. The key point of all experiments discussed is that the mechanical and electrical transport data are acquired on an individual nanostructure level under ultimately high spatial, temporal and energy resolution achievable in TEM, and thus can directly be linked to morphological, structural and chemical peculiarities of a given nanomaterial.
Patterns of prenatal alcohol exposure and associated non‐characteristic minor structural malformations: A prospective study
Authors: Feldman Haruna Sawada , Jones Kenneth Lyons , Lindsay Suzanne , Slymen Donald , Klonoff‐Cohen Hillary , Kao Kelly , Rao Smriti , Chambers Christina 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe characteristic facial features of the more severe end of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) include smooth philtrum, thin vermillion of the upper lip, and short palpebral fissures. A systematic evaluation of a comprehensive list of minor structural defects in association with varying patterns of prenatal exposure to alcohol has not been performed. We examined the patterns and timing of prenatal alcohol exposure to minor structural malformations occurring in at least 5% of the sample. Patterns of drinking were evaluated by drinks per day, number of binge episodes, and maximum number of drinks. Timing of exposure was evaluated 0–6 weeks post‐conception, 6–12 weeks post‐conception, first trimester, second trimester, and third trimester. Naevus flammeus neonatorum is significantly associated with various patterns of drinking during the second half of the first trimester (RR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04, 1.24 for average number of drinks per day; RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02, 1.07 for number of binge episodes; RR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01, 1.15 for maximum number of drinks in one episode) and similar for number of binge episodes in all categories of timing of exposure and in the second trimester for average number of drinks per day. Other minor malformations occurring in at least 5% of the sample were not found to be significantly associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Expected minor malformations were not found to be significantly associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Naevus flammeus neonatorum appears to be part of the spectrum of features associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of the structure of PSt‐b‐PAA/Co composite material
Authors: Yang Runmiao , Dong Guanxiu , Liu Yuhai , Sun Jianhua , Xu Yangyang 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe polystyrene‐block‐polyacrylic acid (PSt‐b‐PAA) copolymer is obtained through the reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT). Then the cobalt (Co) nano‐particles are synthesized by loading the Co2+ salt into the polymer and reducing them. Polymer–matrix composites with an average particle size of 10 nm have been formed by a simple technique. The technique exploits the dispersed phase of the polymer to form numerous identical nanoreactors. In this approach, nanoparticles are rigidly attached to the support surface to prevent their agglomeration. FT‐IR and TEM analysis of these polymer–matrix composites revealed that nano‐structures are formed and the shape can be controlled. Vibrating sample magnetometer is also used to study the magnetic property of the materials at room temperature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Conversions at C‐30 of Glycyrrhetinic Acid and Their Impact on Antitumor Activity
Authors: Csuk René , Schwarz Stefan , Siewert Bianka , Kluge Ralph , Ströhl Dieter 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe extracts of the roots of licorice have been used in traditional and folk medicine to treat a broad variety of maladies. The main ingredient of these extracts is glycyrrhicinic acid. Its aglycon, glycyrrhetinic acid, has many biological activities, among them a pronounced cytotoxicity against tumor cells. In this study we varied glycyrrhetinic acid at position C‐30 to get “simple” derivatives, for example esters, amides and a nitrile. The influence of these changes on the cytotoxic activity is noteworthy and was determined by a colorimetric sulphorhodamine B test using 7 human tumor cell lines and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (NIH3T3) for comparison. A Trypan blue test as well as an acridine orange/ethidium bromide test was used to discover the ability of the compounds to induce apoptosis.
An innovative method for the analysis of vehicle movements in roundabouts based on image processing
Authors: Mussone Lorenzo , Matteucci Matteo , Bassani Marco , Rizzi Davide 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThe objective of this paper is to propose a method, based on the image processing of field survey data, to analyze vehicles movements into roundabouts. This research study consisted of three stages: a field survey to collect vehicular flow images captured by video cameras, the processing of these images using a proprietary software (VeTRA—Vehicle Tracking for Roundabout Analysis), and finally, the analysis of the collected data.The main feature of the software is that it allows the automatic computation of the main variables necessary to rank and evaluate a generic roundabout: the entry/exit (E/E) matrix with classification of vehicles (e.g., heavy, light, and motorbikes), vehicle trajectories, and vehicular speed diagrams along the paths inside the roundabout. The processing system is robust enough to withstand classic problems affecting image processing such as variable wind conditions, cloud cover, shadows, and obstructions. Calibration and error evaluation have been deduced from data collected by a high precision Real Time Kinematic GPS video recording system mounted on a probe vehicle. Data of E/E matrices generated by VeTRA are compared with those manually counted on the corresponding video images.A case study of an existing roundabout is featured in the paper. The results indicate that the software has a high capability of generating the E/E matrix. The analysis of vehicular trajectories with both the plot of curvature diagrams and the corresponding speed diagrams enable the evaluation of driver behavior relative to the geometric shape of the roundabout. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A methodology for evaluating the sustainability of biorefineries: framework and indicators
Authors: Sacramento‐Rivero Julio C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSustainability today is a ubiquitous word; in its relatively brief life, the concept has taken many shapes, so that today the word is frequently used, sometimes overused, and many times misused. Proposing good indicators to measure sustainability is a challenging task; the most common methodologies for evaluating the sustainability of processes and products do so by comparing various designs and selecting the best option, according to predefined criteria. The methodology herein proposed uses a sustainability scale that is based on an absolute reference, and is normalized for sustainability indicators applicable to biorefineries. The resulting framework consists of 5 indicator categories, and a total of 14 metrics; this tool can be used to evaluate the sustainability of biorefinery designs, and also for ex‐post evaluations of performance. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Genetically determined dopamine availability predicts disposition for depression
Authors: Felten Andrea , Montag Christian , Markett Sebastian , Walter Nora T. , Reuter Martin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough prominent personality theories postulate orthogonality between traits of positive emotionality (PEM) and negative emotionality (NEM), empirical evidence often demonstrates the opposite indicating a negative relationship. Therefore, it is not surprising that dopaminergic (DA) gene loci have been related to traits of positive and of NEM. The present genetic association study investigates the influence of two functional DA gene polymorphisms on Sadness as defined by the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) in healthy Caucasians (n= 1041). We observed a significant interaction effect between the 10‐repeat (10R) allele of the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene and the methionine (Met) allele of the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism (F(1,1018)= 11.11;P< 0.001). Carriers of the 9R/9R and the Val/Val genotype showed dramatically reduced Sadness scores in comparison to the other three genotype configurations. Both the 9R/9R and the Val/Val genotypes characterized by reduced transporter density and high dopamine catabolism, respectively, have been separately related to personality traits of PEM and externalizing behavior in the past. The present findings indicate that gene variations of the DA system previously associated with PEM are at the same time protective against high NEM and can therefore constitute a resilience factor against depression.
Enthalpic discrimination of R‐ and S‐limonenes in nonpolar solvents at 298.15 K
Authors: Kimura Takayoshi , Kido Satoko , Kamiyama Tadashi , Fujisawa Masao 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEnthalpies of mixing of R‐ and S‐limonene in non‐polar solvents in the entire range of mole fractions were measured at 298.15 K. The enthalpies of mixing were negative for all concentrations in dilute concentration, but increased by increasing the concentration of limonenes in solutions. Ultimately positive excess enthalpies were shown in high concentration. Enthalpies of mixing were compared with theoretical estimation by COSMO‐RS. Chirality, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HPLC–CD selectivity assay for alcohol dehydrogenases
Authors: Hamzic Melissa , Pietruszka Jörg , Sandkuhl Diana 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEnantioselective reductions are a key to successful target‐oriented syntheses. Finding the most suitable conditions is often a tedious work that is especially hampered by the time‐consuming analytical investigation. A possible solution is the combined use of high‐performance liquid chromatography and circular dichroism to find a suitable system for providing enantiomerically pure alcohols. This investigation led to an efficient protocol for the alcohol dehydrogenase‐catalyzed reduction of 1‐phenyl‐2‐propyn‐3‐trimethylsilyl‐1‐on (1). Chirality, 2011. © 2011Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Responses of Different Chinese Flowering Cabbage (Brassica parachinensis L.) Cultivars to Cadmium and Lead Exposure: Screening for Cd + Pb Pollution‐Safe Cultivars
Authors: Qiu Qiu , Wang Yutao , Yang Zhongyi , Xin Junliang , Yuan Jiangang , Wang Jianbing , Xin Guorong 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTo reduce the potential risks of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) entering the human food chain in vegetables, two pot experiments (Exp. 1 and Exp. 2) were carried out to screen for Cd and Pb pollution‐safe cultivars (PSCs) of Chinese flowering cabbage (Brassica parachinensis L.). The three Cd treatments in Exp. 1 (0.114, 0.667, and 1.127 mg kg−1) showed that Chinese flowering cabbage could easily take up Cd from polluted soils, and there were wide variations in Cd accumulation among different cultivars. The Cd accumulation trait at cultivar level was rather stable under different soil Cd treatments. In Exp. 2, seven cultivars that had been shown in Exp. 1 to be typical high or low accumulators of Cd were selected and six Cd + Pb joint exposure treatments were applied to them. The results showed that there were similar trends of accumulation between Cd and Pb for the tested cultivars, but Pb accumulation by the species was much poorer than that of Cd. It was worth noting that an increase in soil Pb levels significantly (p < 0.01) depressed shoot Cd accumulation. Six cultivars were selected as Cd + Pb PSCs. This study showed that it is feasible to apply a PSC strategy in Chinese flowering cabbage cultivation, to cope with the Cd and Pb contamination commonly found in agricultural soils.
The Role of π Electrons in the Formation of Benzene‐Containing Lithium‐Bonded Complexes
Authors: Zeng Yanli , Zhu Min , Meng Lingpeng , Zheng Shijun 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe intermolecular interactions in C6H6⋅⋅⋅LiX (X=OH, NH2, F, Cl, Br, NC, CN) complexes are investigated by using second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) calculations and quantum theory of “atoms in molecules” (QTAIM) studies, and the role of π electrons is studied in the formation of these benzene‐containing lithium‐bonded complexes. The molecular electrostatic potentials of benzene and LiX determine the geometries of the lithium‐bonded complexes. The electron densities at the lithium bond critical points in the πC6H6⋅⋅⋅LiX complexes are obviously stronger than those in the σC6H6⋅⋅⋅LiX complexes, which indicates that the intermolecular interactions in the C6H6⋅⋅⋅LiX complexes are mainly attributable to π‐type interaction. The topological and energy properties at the lithium bond critical points in both the C6H6⋅⋅⋅LiX and πC6H6⋅⋅⋅LiX complexes are linear with the interaction energies, thereby showing the crucial role of the π electrons in the formation of these complexes. Electron localization function (ELF) analysis indicates that the formation of the lithium bonds leads to the reduction of the ELF π‐electron density and volume, and the reduction of the π‐electron volume is linear with the interaction energies with the correction coefficient 0.9949.
Synthesis of Spirocyclopropyl γ‐Lactams by a Highly Stereoselective Tandem Intramolecular Azetidine Ring‐Opening/Closing Cascade Reaction
Authors: Nocquet Pierre‐Antoine , Hazelard Damien , Compain Philippe 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA new tandem intramolecular azetidine ring‐opening/closing cascade reaction affording spirocyclopropyl γ‐lactams in high regio‐ and stereoselectivity is reported. The key step of the process is an SN2‐type ring‐opening of TMSOTf‐activated azetidine rings by silyl ketene acetals generated by treatment with TMSOTf and triethylamine. This study is a very rare example of nucleophilic ring opening of azetidines that does not require formation of quaternary azetidinium salts by N‐alkylation or the use of N‐electron‐withdrawing groups.
Voltammetric Characterization of Dissolved Cadmium Sulfide Species
Authors: Mullaugh Katherine M. , Luther George W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe reaction between Cd(II) and sulfide was monitored by voltammetry. To slow the precipitation of bulk CdS, experiments were conducted in the presence of ligands, of which cysteine was the most effective. A voltammetric signal obtained for the CdSaq product was largest when [S(‐II)]=1/2[Cd(II)] and was enhanced through adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The mechanism of CdSaq adsorption on the working electrode surface and subsequent Cd(II) reduction was determined. Size exclusion chromatography demonstrated that the CdSaq complex giving the voltammetric signal was from a species intermediate in size between nanoparticles (>3 nm diameter) and cysteine, indicating the voltammetric response is size dependent.
Evaluation of Gibbs Energy of Dioxouranium Transfer at an Electrified Liquid|Liquid Interface Supported on a Microhole
Authors: Stockmann Tom J. , Olaya Astrid J. , Méndez Manuel A. , Girault Hubert H. , Ding Zhifeng 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHerein is reported the determination of the Gibbs energy of dioxouranium (UO22+) transfer across an interface between two immiscible electrolytic solutions (ITIES), water and 1,2‐dichloroethane, that was supported at a 25 µm diameter microhole, by means of linear sweep voltammetry. Through the use of minimal to no supporting electrolyte, this technique is able to observe ion transfer (IT) of extremely hydrophilic ions voltammetrically. As the applied potential in the aqueous phase became increasingly positive the UO22+ ions were driven into the organic phase resulting in IT. The standard transfer potential, Δwoϕ°′ was determined to be 0.865 V through a novel curve fitting methodology applied directly to the voltammogram. The Gibbs energy of transfer was calculated to be 167 kJ⋅mol−1. Additionally, the kinetics of IT was explored using a Butler–Volmer model through finite element analysis, whereby the voltammetric current response owning to migration effects in the experimental CVs was approximated in the overlaid, simulated CVs using slow reaction kinetics.
Unsteady flow of viscous fluid over the vacillate stretching cylinder
Authors: Munawar Sufian , Mehmood Ahmer , Ali Asif 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, we consider the unsteady boundary layer flow of an incompressible viscous fluid produced by periodic motion of an elastic cylinder. The number of independent variables involved in the governing partial differential equations is reduced by using the similarity transformation. The transformed equations are then solved numerically with the help of a finite difference scheme by altering the semi‐infinite domain to a finite domain. The numerical results are compared with a previously published work and a good agreement is achieved. The imperative parameters rising in the governing equations because of the effects of oscillations and the curvature are St (Strouhal number), Re (Reynolds number), and ϵ (amplitude of oscillations). The effects of these parameters on the vacillating velocity and the skin friction are discussed through graphs and tables. The large values of Re correspond to small curvature, so for large Reynolds number the solution approaches to that of the stretching flat plate case. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medication review software to improve the accuracy of outpatient medication histories: protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lesselroth Blake J. , Dorr David A. , Adams Kathleen , Church Victoria , Adams Shawn , Mazur Dennis , Russ Yelizaveta , Felder Robert , Douglas David M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMedication‐prescribing errors generated at interfaces‐in‐care are the most common cause of preventable health care errors and contribute substantially to adverse patient outcomes. For this reason, standardized medication reconciliation (MR) processes need to be inserted at these interfaces. However, MR is an inherently complex task, and little data exist to inform system‐based operationalization. The Portland Informatics Center addressed this challenge by creating an electronic patient‐directed multimedia survey to automate the medication history collection. This article describes a research protocol designed to compare the software's medication discrepancy detection rate with traditional history collection strategies. For this randomized, controlled, single‐blind trial, participants are randomly allocated into one of two groups: the control group reviews a paper list printed from the electronic record, whereas the intervention group uses a computer‐assisted reconciliation survey that includes display of visual data (i.e., medication pictures). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pediatric hospitalists' influences on education and career plans
Authors: Daru Jennifer A. , Holmes Alison , Starmer Amy J. , Aquino Julia , Rauch Daniel A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Pediatric hospitalist (PH) presence is rapidly increasing, yet little is known about pediatric resident exposure to hospitalists, or how this affects resident education/career decisions.OBJECTIVES:To determine resident exposure to pediatric hospitalists; examine resident opinions regarding hospitalists' roles; examine resident opinion of hospital medicine career training needs; explore how resident exposure to hospitalists affects career choices.METHODS:Survey of random sample of 300 residents from the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Residents database.RESULTS:Two‐hundred seventy‐nine pediatric residents surveyed; 120(43%) responded with variance by question; 90% work with hospitalists during residency. Of this national sample, 82% cite hospitalists as enhancing education. A majority (64%) believe pediatric hospitalists are better than primary care physicians at caring for complex inpatients; 28% felt PH provided better care for routine admissions. Over one‐third surveyed are considering a career in Pediatric Hospital Medicine (PHM); 7% plan to enter the field upon graduation. Residents cited opportunities to participate in education, flexible hours, and better salaries as the top 3 reasons to become a hospitalist. Ten percent felt there was no difference between resident and hospitalist positions; 21% see PHM as a short‐term job without long‐term potential. Of residents entering Primary Care, a majority (59%) stated that the availability of hospitalists would positively influence their choice of a practice position; 7% said they were “less likely to choose to practice Primary Care Pediatrics because of hospitalists.”CONCLUSIONS:PH have a role in physician training. While PHM has become a career consideration for trainees, more work needs to be done to improve the perception of PHM as a viable long‐term career. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012;. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine