bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of a strict and a promiscuous N-acetylglucosamine-1-P uridylyltransferase in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yang Ting , Echols Merritt , Martin Andy , Bar-Peled Maor 
Published: June 2010

UDP-GlcNAc is an essential precursor for glycoprotein and glycolipid synthesis. In the present study, a functional nucleotidyltransferase gene from Arabidopsis encoding a 58.3 kDa GlcNAc1pUT-1 (N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) was identified. In the forward reaction the enzyme catalyses the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and PPi from the respective monosaccharide 1-phosphate and UTP. The enzyme can utilize the 4-epimer UDP-GalNAc as a substrate as well. The enzyme requires divalent ions (Mg2+ or Mn2+) for activity and is highly active between pH 6.5 and 8.0, and at 30–37 °C. The apparent Km values for the forward reaction were 337 μM (GlcNAc-1-P) and 295 μM (UTP) respectively. Another GlcNAc1pUT-2, which shares 86% amino acid sequence identity with GlcNAc1pUT-1, was found to convert, in addition to GlcNAc-1-P and GalNAc-1-P, Glc-1-P into corresponding UDP-sugars, suggesting that subtle changes in the UT family cause different substrate specificities. A three-dimensional protein structure model using the human AGX1 as template showed a conserved catalytic fold and helped identify key conserved motifs, despite the high sequence divergence. The identification of these strict and promiscuous gene products open a window to indentify new roles of amino sugar metabolism in plants and specifically their role as signalling molecules. The ability of GlcNAc1pUT-2 to utilize three different substrates may provide further understanding as to why biological systems have plasticity.
Micromagnetic computer simulations of spin waves in nanometre-scale patterned magnetic elements
Authors: Kim Sang-Koog 
Published: June 2010

Current needs for further advances in the nanotechnologies of information-storage and -processing devices have attracted a great deal of interest in spin (magnetization) dynamics in nanometre-scale patterned magnetic elements. For instance, the unique dynamic characteristics of non-uniform magnetic microstructures such as various types of domain walls, magnetic vortices and antivortices, as well as spin wave dynamics in laterally restricted thin-film geometries, have been at the centre of extensive and intensive researches. Understanding the fundamentals of their unique spin structure as well as their robust and novel dynamic properties allows us to implement new functionalities into existing or future devices. Although experimental tools and theoretical approaches are effective means of understanding the fundamentals of spin dynamics and of gaining new insights into them, the limitations of those same tools and approaches have left gaps of unresolved questions in the pertinent physics. As an alternative, however, micromagnetic modelling and numerical simulation has recently emerged as a powerful tool for the study of a variety of phenomena related to spin dynamics of nanometre-scale magnetic elements.
In this review paper, I summarize the recent results of simulations of the excitation and propagation and other novel wave characteristics of spin waves, highlighting how the micromagnetic computer simulation approach contributes to an understanding of spin dynamics of nanomagnetism and considering some of the merits of numerical simulation studies. Many examples of micromagnetic modelling for numerical calculations, employing various dimensions and shapes of patterned magnetic elements, are given. The current limitations of continuum micromagnetic modelling and of simulations based on the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation of motion of magnetization are also discussed, along with further research directions for spin-wave studies.
Energy demand during exponential growth of Octopus maya: exploring the effect of age and weight
Authors: Briceño Felipe , Mascaró Maite , Rosas Carlos 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Briceño, F., Mascaró, M., and Rosas, C. 2010. Energy demand during exponential growth of Octopus maya: exploring the effect of age and weight. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1501–1508. Recent work has reported changes associated with physiological, morphological, and behavioural adaptation during the absorption of yolk reserves. The holobenthic endemic species Octopus maya was used to explore the energy supply needed from the food intake (I; J animal−1 d−1) to supply the rate of production energy needed for body mass (P; J animal−1 d−1) and respiration rate (R; J animal−1 d−1) as a function of weight and age during the exponential early growth phase of the animal. Individually housed juveniles from hatching (1 d) to 105 d after hatching (DAH) were used, with the age and weight known, and the relationship between oxygen consumption (VO2; mg O2 animal−1 d−1) and weight (g) was established. Projections of I, R, and P as a function of age (Z) were made. The food intake destined to supply body mass production (%P/I) and respiration rate energy (%R/I) was analysed for an extended age range of 1–150 DAH. When O. maya juveniles hatched, they had a greater requirement for R than for P from the food intake, 61% (%R/I) and 13% (%P/I), respectively, suggesting high metabolic cost associated with post-hatching (during yolk absorption). Within the period where ZR > ZP (1–105 DAH), there was sufficient metabolic energy to satisfy the demands for sustaining exponential body mass production. The age at which %R/I = %P/I delimits the point where P cannot increase for reasons of metabolic constraint.
Successful Presentations and GP Registrars
Authors: Ridgway George 
Published: June 2010

All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts. Shakespeare, (1600) As You Like It, Act 2, scene 7. Oral presentations may be thought of as performances. At the heart of all performances should lie the question: Am I serving my audience well and what can I do to raise my standard? To gauge if your audience enjoyed and valued your presentation, you can listen to their applause and remarks made in the discussion section in addition to reading your peers' review. For your oral presentations most of this feedback may be captured through a well designed evaluation form.
Inhaled Hydrogen Sulfide Protects against Ventilator-induced Lung Injury
Authors: Faller Simone , Ryter Stefan W. , Choi Augustine M. K. , Loop Torsten , Schmidt René , Hoetzel Alexander 
Published: June 2010

Background
Mechanical ventilation still causes an unacceptably high rate of morbidity and mortality because of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed to treat VILI. Hydrogen sulfide can induce hypothermia and suspended animation-like states in mice. Hydrogen sulfide can also confer antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. This study investigates the organ-protective effects of inhaled hydrogen sulfide during mechanical ventilation.

Methods
Mice were ventilated with a tidal volume of 12 ml/kg body weight for 6 h with synthetic air in the absence or presence of hydrogen sulfide (80 parts per million) and, in a second series, at either mild hypothermia or normothermia. Staining of lung sections determined the degree of lung damage by VILI score and apoptotic cells. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for the cytokines interleukin-1beta and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta and for neutrophil accumulation. Heme oxygenase-1 and heat shock protein 70 expression were assessed in the lung tissue by Western immunoblot analysis.

Results
Mechanical ventilation at both hypothermia and normothermia led to a profound development of VILI, characterized by pulmonary edema, increased apoptosis, cytokine release, neutrophil recruitment, and up-regulation of the stress proteins such as heme oxygenase-1 and heat shock protein 70. In contrast, the application of hydrogen sulfide during ventilation at either mild hypothermia or normothermia prevented edema formation, apoptosis, proinflammatory cytokine production, neutrophil accumulation, and inhibited heme oxygenase-1 expression.

Conclusions
Inhalation of hydrogen sulfide during mechanical ventilation protects against VILI by the inhibition of inflammatory and apoptotic responses. Hydrogen sulfide confers lung protection independently of its ability to induce mild hypothermia during ventilation.
Sociodemographic and Dietary Risk Factors for Natural Infant Intussusception in the United States
Authors: Johnson Brian , Gargiullo Paul , Murphy Trudy V , Parashar Umesh D , Patel Manish M 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTBackground:In 1999, a US case‐control study demonstrated a strong association between intussusception and a rotavirus vaccine (Rotashield). However, because most (87%) cases were not temporally associated with vaccination, we reanalyzed these data to assess risk factors for intussusception cases unrelated to Rotashield.Patients and Methods:Case‐patients were infants with intussusception between November 1998 and June 1999. Controls were matched by age and hospital of birth. Sociodemographic and feeding practice data were collected through parent and provider interviews. Conditional logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for intussusception, controlling for exposure to Rotashield <21 days before intussusception.Results:Four hundred twenty‐nine cases and 1763 controls were enrolled. Among case‐patients, 372 (87%) had not received Rotashield within 21 days before intussusception. After adjusting for recent Rotashield administration, factors associated with intussusception included male sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–2.2), Hispanic (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.4–3.2) or black (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.2–2.7) race/ethnicity, and Medicaid enrollment (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.1–2.0). Feeding practices modified the risk of intussusception. Interaction was found between introduction of solid food (ISF) and type of formula consumption. Using breast milk as the referent group, infants with ISF for at least 5 weeks who consumed soy milk–based formula had a lower risk (OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.1–0.7) and infants without ISF who consumed cow's‐milk formula had an increased risk (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.4–3.9).Conclusions:Risk of intussusception among US infants varies based on sociodemographic characteristics and feeding patterns.
Constipation‐associated and Nonretentive Fecal Incontinence in Children and Adolescents: An Epidemiological Survey in Sri Lanka
Authors: Rajindrajith Shaman , Devanarayana Niranga Manjuri , Benninga Marc A 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:Fecal incontinence (FI) has a great effect on quality of life of children with the condition. Epidemiological data related to FI from developing countries are sparse. Studies differentiating functional nonretentive and retentive (constipation‐associated) FI are not available.Patients and Methods:This was an island‐wide, cross‐sectional study. Information was collected from children (ages 10–16 years) from 5 randomly selected schools in 3 geographically and socioeconomically different provinces in Sri Lanka, using a validated, self‐administered questionnaire. FI was defined as defecation into places inappropriate to the social context, at least once per month, for a minimum period of 2 months. Constipation was diagnosed using Rome III criteria.Results:A total of 2770 questionnaires were distributed and 2686 (97.0%) were included in the analysis. Of them, 55 (2.0%) had FI (mean age 11.96 years, SD 1.59 years, 43 [78.2%] boys). Forty‐five (81.8%) had constipation‐associated FI and 10 (18.2%) had nonretentive FI. The highest prevalence of FI was seen in children aged 10 years (5.4%). A significant negative correlation was observed between age and the prevalence of FI (r = −0.893, P = 0.007). FI was significantly higher in boys (boys 3.2%, girls 0.9%), those exposed to recent school‐ and family‐related stressful life events, and those from lower social classes (P < 0.05).Conclusions:FI is not uncommon among children and adolescents of 10 to 16 years of age in Sri Lanka with a male predilection. Some predisposing factors, such as exposure to stressful life events and being bullied at school, which are similar to those described in the literature for FI, could be clearly recognized.
Isomerization mechanism of aspartate to isoaspartate implied by structures ofUstilago sphaerogenaribonuclease U2 complexed with adenosine 3′-monophosphate
Authors: Noguchi Shuji 
Published: June 2010

Aspartates in proteins are isomerized non-enzymatically to isoaspartateviasuccinimidein vitroandin vivo. In order to elucidate the mechanism of isoaspartate formation within the Asp45-Glu46 sequence ofUstilago sphaerogenaribonuclease U2 based on three-dimensional structure, crystal structures of ribonuclease U2 complexed with adenosine 3′-monophosphate have been solved at 0.96 and 0.99 Å resolution. The crystal structures revealed that the Cγatom of Asp45 is located just beside the main-chain N atom of Glu46 and that the conformation which is suitable for succinimide formation is stabilized by a hydrogen-bond network mediated by water molecules 190, 219 and 220. These water molecules are suggested to promote the formation of isoaspartateviasuccinimide: in the succinimide-formation reaction water 219 receives a proton from the N atom of Glu46 as a general base and waters 190 and 220 stabilize the tetrahedral intermediate, and in the succinimide-hydrolysis reaction water 219 provides a proton for the N atom of Glu46 as a general acid. The purine-base recognition scheme of ribonuclease U2 is also discussed.
Recent insights into the role of Toll-like receptors in viral infection
Authors: Carty M , Bowie A G 
Published: June 2010

Summary
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a central role in innate immunity as they detect conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on a range of microbes, including viruses, leading to innate immune activation and orchestration of the adaptive immune response. To date, a large number of viruses have been shown to trigger innate immunity via TLRs, suggesting that these receptors are likely to be important in the outcome to viral infection. This suggestion is supported by the observation that many viruses have evolved mechanisms not only to evade the innate immune system, but also to subvert it for the benefit of the virus. In this review we will discuss earlier evidence, mainly from knock-out mice studies, implicating TLRs in the innate immune response to viruses, in light of more recent clinical data demonstrating that TLRs are important for anti-viral immunity in humans.
Condition‐dependent, phenotype‐dependent and genetic‐dependent factors in the natal dispersal of a solitary rodent
Authors: Selonen Vesa , Hanski Ilpo K. 
Published: June 2010

Summary1. Dispersal can be condition‐ and phenotype‐dependent and related to individual genetic differences. Few studies have addressed the relative importance of these factors on dispersal. We studied the factors behind philopatry and dispersal in juvenile Siberian flying squirrels,Pteromys volansL.2. The dispersal distance and the distances explored before abandoning the natal nest were not related to any of the condition‐dependent factors studied such as the area of high‐quality habitat or the number of conspecifics near the natal area. In addition, the body mass (a phenotypic trait) of individuals was not related to philopatry and dispersal in flying squirrels.3. Genetic variability, measured by microsatellite heterozygosity, was positively correlated with dispersal. The correlation was mainly driven by one locus related to the distances explored before abandoning the natal nest.4. We conclude that condition‐ and phenotype‐dependent factors did not have detectable effects on philopatry and dispersal, but individual heterozygosity was related to dispersal in flying squirrels. Our results suggest that genetic variability is important behind the dispersal of the species.
Twenty years of rest returns grazing potential, but not palatable plant diversity, to Karoo rangeland, South Africa
Authors: Seymour Colleen L. , Milton Suzanne J. , Joseph Grant S. , Dean W. Richard J. , Ditlhobolo Tsholofelo , Cumming Graeme S. 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. Up to 73% of the world’s rangelands are degraded, and increasing demand for meat in developing countries and a growing human population are likely to exert even greater pressures on rangelands in the next 20–50 years. Restoration of rangeland grazing potential and resilience is therefore important, particularly in the face of climate change. 2. We investigated the influence of past stocking rates (from 1910 to 1987), rainfall, and current grazing regimes (from 1988 to 2008) on plant assemblages, grazing potential, and diversity of palatable species in southern Karoo rangelands, South Africa. 3. We used herbivore exclusion experiments to test whether resting rangeland for 20 years enables recovery of plant assemblages (where seed sources are present within 50 m), regardless of previous grazing history. Mean annual rainfall over this period was 15% higher than the mean annual rainfall for the preceding 80 years and included two exceptionally wet years. 4. While rainfall was a primary driver of total vegetation cover, grazing history explained differences in plant species composition: plots with shared historical grazing intensity were more similar than plots with the same grazing regimes between 1988 and 2008. 5. In historically heavily‐grazed exclusion plots, cover of the palatable species Tripteris sinuata (formerly Osteospermum sinuatum) returned to levels comparable to that in both exclusion and lightly‐grazed plots with a moderate grazing history. Five palatable species (Pteronia empetrifolia, Tetragonia spicata, Berkheya spinosa, Hereroa latipetala and Ruschia spinosa) failed to re‐establish, however, despite the presence of seed‐producing plants nearby. Furthermore, only cover of P. empetrifolia increased significantly in historically moderately‐grazed plots. Cover of unpalatable plants (e.g. Pteronia pallens) increased in all plots over time. 6.
Synthesis and applications. These findings suggest that present species composition of arid shrublands reflects historical management at time scales greater than 20 years. Despite high rainfall enabling the return of grazing potential through recovery of a single forage species, rest alone did not ensure the return of all palatable species, with implications for rangeland resilience. Restoring the full suite of palatable species over management timeframes will require more complex interventions such as reseeding or selective clearing.
Limited PEG tube use: the experience of long‐term care directions
Authors: Yeh Lily , Lo Li‐Hua , Fetzer Susan , Chen Ching‐Huey 
Published: June 2010

Aims and objectives.  To describe long‐term care nursing directors’ experiences with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy to understand the limited use of it in Taiwanese long‐term care facilities.Background.  Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes, used in Western countries since 1980, have not been readily used in Taiwanese long‐term care facilities since their introduction in 1995. Instead, nasogastric tubes are used for extended periods. The reasons for limited percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy use among long‐term care residents are unknown.Design.  A phenomenologic qualitative design using in‐depth semi‐structured interviews collected the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy use experiences of directors of long‐term care facilities. The directors also provided descriptive data on the prevalence of feeding tubes among their residents.Methods.  Eight directors of long‐term care facilities in southern Taiwan participated in tape‐recorded interviews. Data were thematically analysed using the methods of Strauss and Corbin. Feeding tube prevalence data were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results.  Four themes emerged as contributing to limited percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy use in long‐term care facilities: acceptability, availability, affordability and accountability. Over one‐third of the residents required feeding tubes with 97% of those having nasogastric tube. Nasogastric tubes were used for a year or more in over half of the patients requiring enteral feeding.Conclusion.  Chinese cultural values play a significant role in influencing end‐of‐life care and decisions about percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy use. Nursing directors in long‐term care assume a gatekeeper role to promote acceptability, provide availability and ensure accountability of nutritional interventions. Policy makers must be engaged to promote the affordability of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy use among long‐term care residents.Relevance to clinical practice.  To improve nutritional outcomes among long‐term care residents, nurses must acknowledge the Chinese culture related to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes. Professionals must provide sufficient information about the advantages of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tubes and discuss with families the meaning of quality of life and suffering at the end‐of‐life.
Diazepam pharmacokinetics after nasal drop and atomized nasal administration in dogs
Authors: MUSULIN S. E. , MARIANI C. L. , PAPICH M. G. 
Published: June 2010

Musulin, S. E., Mariani, C. L., Papich, M. G. Diazepam pharmacokinetics after nasal drop and atomized nasal administration in dogs.J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34, 17–24.The standard of care for emergency therapy of seizures in veterinary patients is intravenous (i.v.) administration of benzodiazepines, although rectal administration of diazepam is often recommended for out‐of‐hospital situations, or when i.v. access has not been established. However, both of these routes have potential limitations. This study investigated the pharmacokinetics of diazepam following i.v., intranasal (i.n.) drop and atomized nasal administration in dogs. Six dogs were administered diazepam (0.5 mg/kg) via all three routes following a randomized block design. Plasma samples were collected and concentrations of diazepam and its active metabolites, oxazepam and desmethyldiazepam were quantified with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Mean diazepam concentrations >300 ng/mL were reached within 5 min in both i.n. groups. Diazepam was converted into its metabolites within 5 and 10 min, respectively, after i.v. and i.n. administration. The half lives of the metabolites were longer than that of the parent drug after both routes of administration. The bioavailability of diazepam after i.n. drop and atomized nasal administration was 42% and 41%, respectively. These values exceed previously published bioavailability data for rectal administration of diazepam in dogs. This study confirms that i.n. administration of diazepam yields rapid anticonvulsant concentrations of diazepam in the dog before a hepatic first‐pass effect.