bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Melting of the continental crust during orogenesis: the thermal, rheological, and compositional consequences of melt transport from lower to upper continental crustThis article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on the the themeLithoprobe—parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.
Authors: Brown Michael 
Published: June 2010

The formation and differentiation of the continental crust occurs at convergent plate margins in accretionary and collisional orogenic belts where sufficient heat is generated to achieve high-grade metamorphism and anatexis. Volumetrically significant H2O-present melting requires an influx of aqueous fluid along zones of high-strain deformation or via fracture networks, or recycling of the fluid dissolved in melt via melt migration and fluid exsolution during crystallization. In contrast, in “dry” crust, melting occurs via hydrate-breakdown melting reactions at higher temperatures than H2O-present melting; volumetrically significant melt production requires temperatures above ∼800 °C. Melting wets residual grains, and anatectic crust becomes porous at a few vol.% melt. Feedback between deformation and melting creates a dynamic rheological environment; as melt volume increases to the melt connectivity transition, which varies but is around 7 vol.% (see discussion later in the text), melt may escape from the source in the first of several melt-loss events with increasing temperature. Major and accessory phase controls on melt production and melt composition for different pressure–temperature–time paths are evaluated using calculated phase equilibria for average pelite. The pristine to slightly retrogressed condition of peritectic minerals in residual crust requires significant loss of melt from the system. The consequences of melt loss are evaluated here. In residual crust, evidence of melt at the grain scale may be preserved in microstructures, whereas evidence of melt extraction pathways at outcrop scale is recorded by leucosome networks. Strain and anisotropy of permeability control the form of mesoscale melt channels with strong anisotropy promoting high-melt focusing. The sequence of structures observed in nature records a transition from storage to drainage; focused melt flow occurs by dilatant shear failure of low-melt-fraction rocks, leading to the formation of networks of channels that allow accumulation and storage of melt and that form the link for melt flow from grain boundaries to ascent conduits. Melt ascent is via ductile-to-brittle fracture; ductile fractures may propagate along foliation as sills or from dilation or shear bands as dikes. Emplacement of horizontal tabular and wedge-shaped plutons occurs around the brittle–ductile transition zone, whereas vertical lozenge-shaped plutons represent crystallization of magma in the ascent conduit. Blobby plutons form by lateral expansion in the ascent conduit localized by thermal or mechanical instabilities.
Great earthquakes on Canada’s west coast: a review This article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the themeLithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent. Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 20090196.
Authors: Hyndman Roy D. , Rogers Garry C. 
Published: June 2010

The first Lithoprobe transect in 1984 across Vancouver Island had primary objectives to define the structure associated with subduction and constraints on the potential for great thrust earthquakes. The Lithoprobe results and the comprehensive multidisciplinary data collection and analyses that followed provide compelling evidence for past great earthquakes along the Cascadia subduction zone from Vancouver Island to northernmost California, and for present elastic strain build up toward future great events. There is evidence of sudden coastal subsidence up to 2 m and of deep-sea turbidite deposits indicating strong shaking from huge earthquakes at irregular intervals averaging about 500 years, the last in 1700. Precision geodetic measurements define the present buckling of the coastal region, diagnostic of elastic strain accumulation on a locked thrust fault. The landward extent of rupture and, therefore, shaking at coastal cities is constrained by (i) the pattern of elastic strain buildup, (ii) the estimated temperatures on the fault, (iii) the updip limit of episodic tremor and slip (ETS), (iv) the downdip change in reflection character of the thrust, and (v) the magnitude of coastal subsidence in the most recent, 1700, and previous great events. The major earthquakes are very large, M9, rupturing most of the Cascadia margin, but mainly offshore, limiting somewhat the shaking at inland cities but producing large tsunamis. The ETS that occurs at intervals of just over a year appears to involve slow slip on the subduction thrust downdip of the rupture zone that increases stress on the locked zone and may indicate time varying potential for great events.
Application of modern 2-D and 3-D seismic-reflection techniques for uranium exploration in the Athabasca BasinThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the themeLithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.
Authors: Hajnal Z. , White D. J. , Takacs E. , Gyorfi I. , Annesley I. R. , Wood G. , O’Dowd C. , Nimeck G. 
Published: June 2010

Seismic-reflection techniques have been applied in several studies over the last 20 years as a uranium-exploration tool within the Athabasca Basin and have been utilized to provide the larger structural context for known uranium deposits within the basin. At the crustal scale, deposits within the eastern Athabasca Basin are shown to be associated with deep-seated shear zones that originated during Trans-Hudson orogeny and have subsequently been reactivated during and subsequent to deposition of the basin-fill sandstones. Seismic properties of the Athabasca sandstones and underlying basement have been determined through in situ borehole measurements. Reflectivity within the sandstones is generally weak. Seismically recognizable signatures are primarily associated with variations in fracture density, porosity, and degree of silicification. The basement unconformity and regolith, a prime target of exploration, is widely imaged as it is characterized by variable but generally distinct reflectivity. Results from the McArthur River mine site suggest that the spatial coincidence of seismically imaged high-velocity zones and deep-seated faults that offset the unconformity may be a more broadly applicable exploration targeting tool. Three-dimensional (3-D) seismic imaging near existing ore zones can define the local structural controls on the mineralization and point the way to new targets, thus leading to more efficient exploration drilling programs. Furthermore, seismically generated structural maps of the unconformity and rock competence properties may play a significant role at the outset of mine planning.
Photoreduction of Graphene Oxide Nanosheet by UV-light Illumination under H2
Authors: Matsumoto Yasumichi , Morita Masato , Kim Su Yeon , Watanabe Yusuke , Koinuma Michio , Ida Shintaro 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
We have developed a new photoreduction process at room temperature for the graphene oxide nanosheet in order to increase its electrical conductivity, by illumination with UV light under H2. This process will be useful for photopatterning conductive areas on insulator graphene oxide.
Beiträge zur frühbyzantinischen Profanarchitektur aus Hadrianupolis – Blütezeit unter Kaiser Iustinian I
Authors: Lafli Ergün , Zäh Alexander 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Hadrianoupolis lies on the principal western route from the Central Anatolian Plain through the mountains to Bartın and the Black Sea, 3 km west of the modern town of Eskipazar, near Karabük, in Roman Paphlagonia. It was a small but important site which controlled this major route and dominated a rich agricultural, especially vinicultural, enclave.
In 2003 the local Archaeological Museum of Ereğli began a small-scale salvage excavation of the newly discovered main church of Hadrianoupolis, known as “Early Byzantine Church B”, situated in the centre of the ancient city. Only the floor and foundation levels are preserved. The church was erected probably in the early 6th century AD and may have still been in use as late as the 7th century. The most important discoveries at Church B were the floor mosaics which show personifications of four Biblical rivers: Euphrates, Tigris, Phison and Geon. Animals, floral and geometric designs, and an extensive inscription are also represented.
In 2006 archaeological excavations were begun in Hadrianoupolis by a team from the Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, under the direction of Dr Ergün Laflı. As a result of our 2005 surveys, it has now been confirmed that Hadrianoupolis lay indeed on the site of modern Eskipazar, with finds dating from the 1st century B.C. to the 8th century A.D. It also was determined that the core of the ancient city extended as far as the modern village of Budaklar and the surrounding districts of Hacı Ahmetler, Çaylı and Eleler, along the Eskipazar-Mengen highway for 8 km east-west and 3 km north-south. The chora of Hadrianoupolis is much more extensive in size.
The field surveys in 2005 identified the remains of at least 24 buildings at the site. Among them are two bath buildings of the Late Roman period, two Early Byzantine churches, a fortified structure of the Byzantine period, a theatre (?), a vaulted building, a domed building and some domestic buildings with mosaic floors. In 2006 trenches were opened to investigate two of the best preserved of these buildings: Bath A and Early Byzantine Church A. In 2007 “Bath A”, “Bath B”, a Late Roman villa, an absidal Early Byzantine building, as well as two Roman monumental rock-cut graves, were excavated.
The 2006–2007 campaigns have established that Hadrianoupolis was a fortified regional centre during the late Roman and early Byzantine period (5th–7th centuries), when it can easily be defined as a “polis” with civic buildings and a fairly large urban population, as well as an extensive agrarian rural population. Most of the visible surface remains belong to this period.
Organization and modus operandi of the Byzantine salt monopoly
Authors: Maniatis George C. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This article analyzes the organization and functioning of the Byzantine salt monopoly. Saltworks were owned by the state, but some were also owned by monasteries and laymen. State-owned saltworks were not run as state enterprises; rather, their operations were auctioned to private individuals by competitive bidding conducted by provincial governors. Auctions of saltworks could be combined with concessions of the salt sales tax or other rights to sources of local revenue (e. g. fisheries, wharfage). Concessionaires of saltworks often were obligated to deliver salt free of charge and tax in perpetuity to influential monasteries because of long-standing local customs. The state had a fiscal, not a market monopoly on salt as the price of salt was determined by market forces. Still, topography and seasonality of production and trade could provide opportunities for exploitation of inter-spatial and intertemporal price differentials. Disaggregation of the salt market into definable producer–wholesaler, wholesaler–retailer, and retailer–consumer submarkets evinces the varying impact that market structure can have on the degree of competition and on the firms' pricing strategies.
Die Episode des Palamedes in den byzantinischen Progymnasmata
Authors: Taxidis Ilias 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This article examines the passing of the Palamedes episode, a matter from the subtexts of the Epic Cycle, into Byzantine rhetoric. This scene forms the center of a topic in the Progymnasmata of three Byzantine writers, Nikolaos Sophistes, Nikephoros Basilakes and George Pachymeres, while at the same time this matter is used (with a different function) also by Constantine Manasses, in his Synopsis Chronike. The way of use and the evaluation of the episode in these texts are examined in detail. In particular, Basilakes' and Pachymeres' Progymnasmata (διηγήματα), in which the Palamedes episode is used in an autonomous way, are compared with each other, and the differences of style, syntax, grammar and vocabulary between the texts of these wo writers are determined.
Contribución al problema de la cronología y las fuentes de la Vita Basilii
Authors: Varona Patricia 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
One of the main trends of research on the Vita Basilii has been focused on the connections between this text and the rest of the historical work into which it was subsumed, the so-called Continuation of Theophanes. This research has significant implications for the chronology and the sources of the Vita, and for its function and meaning as well. Even if the circumstances of composition of both texts are far from being clear, and the same can be said of its authorship and most of its sources, a close examination of a set of key passages allows to throw some light on the chronology and the sources of the Vita. This passages can be found in the regnum Michaelis of the Continuation and in the Vita and refer to episodes with particular importance, as they constitute the core of the psógos of Michael III. This approach will show that the Vita Basilii can by no means be considered prior to the books I–IV of the Continuation and, therefore, will justify a reformulation of the current chronological hypothesis. In connection with the function and meaning of the Vita, it allows to interpret it as a stylistic reworking which pursued to be the last word of the emperor on the deeds of his dubious grandfather and, in fact, on the historical mission of the Macedonian dynasty.
Simulation of Outside-in Cracking in Boiling Water Reactor Fuel Cladding Tubes under Power Ramp
Authors: Sakamoto Kan , Nakatsuka Masafumi , Higuchi Toru 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In power ramp tests, some high burn-up boiling water reactor (BWR) fuels failed by outside-in cracking. After detailed post irradiation examinations, it was deduced that fracture of radially oriented hydrides precipitated at the outer surface had resulted in the formation of incipient radial cracks that propagated towards the inner surface. Since crack propagation is a key process that dominates the outside-in failure, experimental data of outside-in cracking are obviously required. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the threshold conditions and the velocity of the outside-in cracking during a power ramp to assess the integrity of BWR fuels during a power ramp. In the experiments, by using unirradiated Zry-2 fuel cladding tubes, the outside-in cracking was examined both with and without the thermal gradient. Without the radial thermal gradient, there was no radial delayed hydride cracking in all experimental conditions examined. On the other hand, with the radial thermal gradient, the velocity of the outside-in cracking was significantly higher than that expected from the data obtained under the isothermal condition in our previous study. The threshold depth of the incipient crack was found to be ∼0.1 mm at the hoop stress of 300 MPa. It was suggested that the outside-in cracking during the power ramp is strongly dependent on the distribution of dissolved hydrogen as a result of the thermal diffusion.
Engineered Bone by Autologous Osteoblasts on Polymeric Scaffolds in Maxillary Sinus Augmentation: Histologic Report
Authors: Mangano Carlo , Piattelli Adriano , Tettamanti Lucia , Mangano Francesco , Mangano Alessandro , Borges Fábio , Iezzi Giovanna , d'Avila Susana , Shibli Jamil Awad 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSeveral regenerative therapies have been used for maxillary sinus grafting. However, recent advances in modern bone tissue engineering techniques have been evaluated. The aim of this histologic report was to evaluate the bone obtained by a culture of autogenous osteoblasts seeded on polyglycolic-polylactid scaffolds in maxillary sinus augmentation. A 56-year-old partially edentulous male with severe atrophy of the posterior maxilla received 6 polyglycolid-polylactid disks (8 mm diameter × 2 mm depth, Oral Bone), each carrying 1.5 million autogenous osteoblasts into the depth of the sinus cavity. After 6 months healing, a bone core was harvested and histologically evaluated. The augmented maxillary sinus with engineered bone presented a mean of 28.89% and 71.11% of bone and medullary spaces, respectively. Data from this case report demonstrate that the newly formed bone provided by engineered bone tissue allowed proper initial stability for dental implant placement. However, the role of this new bone in the long-term success of dental implant anchorage needs further investigation.
Stress and Strain Analysis of the Bone-Implant Interface: A Comparison of Fiber-Reinforced Composite and Titanium Implants Utilizing 3-Dimensional Finite Element Study
Authors: Shinya Akikazu , Ballo Ahmed M , Lassila Lippo V. J , Shinya Akiyoshi , Närhi Timo O , Vallittu Pekka K 
Published: June 2010

This study analyzed stress and strain mediated by 2 different implant materials, titanium (Ti) and experimental fiber-reinforced composite (FRC), on the implant and on the bone tissue surrounding the implant. Three-dimensional finite element models constructed from a mandibular bone and an implant were subjected to a load of 50 N in vertical and horizontal directions. Postprocessing files allowed the calculation of stress and strain within the implant materials and stresses at the bone-to-implant interface (stress path). Maximum stress concentrations were located around the implant on the rim of the cortical bone in both implant materials; Ti and overall stresses decreased toward the Ti implant apex. In the FRC implant, a stress value of 0.6 to 2.0 MPa was detected not only on the screw threads but also on the implant surface between the threads. Clear differences were observed in the strain distribution between the materials. Based on the results, the vertical load stress range of the FRC implant was close to the stress level for optimal bone growth. Furthermore, the stress at the bone around the FRC implant was more evenly distributed than that with Ti implant.
Accuracy Evaluation of Computed Tomography–Derived Stereolithographic Surgical Guides in Zygomatic Implant Placement in Human Cadavers
Authors: Chrcanovic Bruno R. , Oliveira Davidson R. , Custódio Antônio L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPresurgical planning is essential to achieve esthetic and functional implants. For implant planning and placement, the association of computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) techniques furnishes some advantages regarding tridimensional determination of the patient's anatomy and fabrication of both anatomic models and surgical guides. The goal of this clinical study was to determine the angular deviations between planned and placed zygomatic implants using stereolithographic surgical guides in human cadavers. A total of 16 zygomatic implants were placed, 4 in each cadaver, with the use of stereolithographic (SLA) surgical guides generated by computed tomography (CT). A new CT scan was made after implant insertion. The angle between the long axis of the planned and actual implants was calculated. The mean angular deviation of the long axis between the planned and placed implants was 8.06 ± 6.40 (mean ± SD) for the anterior-posterior view, and 11.20 ± 9.75 (mean ± SD) for the caudal-cranial view. Use of the zygomatic implant, in the context of this protocol, should probably be reevaluated because some large deviations were noted. An implant insertion guiding system is needed because this last step is carried out manually. It is recommended that the sinus slot technique should be used together with the CT-based drilling guide to enhance final results. Further research to enhance the precision of zygomatic implant placement should be undertaken.
The Role of Timing of Loading on Later Marginal Bone Loss Around Dental Implants: A Retrospective Clinical Study
Authors: Bilhan Hakan , Mumcu Emre , Arat Selda 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the relation between marginal bone loss (MBL) around dental implants after a loading period of 36 months and the timing of loading. A total of 87 patients with 252 implants were included in the study group. The time span from implant placement to beginning of loading of the implants was evaluated. Delay of loading of implants seems to increase MBL around dental implants as the result of disuse atrophy. Implants next to a tooth on 1 or 2 sides suffered less from MBL. No statistically significant difference in MBL rate was noted between single and splinted implants or between smooth collar and microgeometry neck implants. Results of this study encourage early loading, especially for the mandibular overdenture supporting implants.
Regulation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Soils Irrigated with Dairy Farm Effluent
Authors: Barton L. , Schipper L. A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAnimal slurries and effluents are commonly applied to soil as a source of organic N fertilizer. By increasing inorganic N, applying animal effluents may also increase soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Our objectives were to (i) determine if dairy farm effluent (DFE) irrigation increased short‐term N2O emissions from a surface‐drained peat soil and a freely drained mineral soil and (ii) see if this increase could be attributed to increased N availability, increased soil water content, or a combination of both factors. We measured short‐term N2O emissions following DFE irrigation in spring and autumn, using closed chambers. Nitrous oxide emissions from DFE‐irrigated soils (50 kg N ha−1, 20‐mm hydraulic loading) were compared with soils receiving inorganic nitrogen and water (50 kg N ha−1, 20 mm), inorganic N only (50 kg N ha−1), water only (20 mm), and no treatment. Nitrous oxide emissions increased immediately following DFE irrigation to both soils, and were generally greater than emissions following the application of inorganic fertilizer with water. Increased N2O emissions following DFE irrigation coincided with increased soil water contents and mineral N and CO2 emissions. We suggest that DFE application increased N2O emissions more than inorganic N fertilizer by enhancing denitrification either by increasing C availability and/or decreasing soil aeration following increased respiration. These findings suggest that the proportion of N applied to the soil and emitted as N2O may at times be greater for organic N fertilizers than inorganic N fertilizers, particularly if the organic N fertilizer contains sufficient available C to enhance denitrification.
Enhanced Phenanthrene Biodegradation in Soil by Slender Oat Root Exudates and Root Debris
Authors: Miya Ryan K. , Firestone Mary K. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTTo investigate the mechanisms by which slender oat (Avena barbata Pott ex Link) enhances phenanthrene biodegradation, we analyzed the impacts of root exudates and root debris on phenanthrene biodegradation and degrader community dynamics. Accelerated phenanthrene biodegradation rates occurred in soils amended with slender oat root exudates as well as combined root debris + root exudate as compared with unamended controls. Root exudates significantly enhanced phenanthrene biodegradation in rhizosphere soils, either by increasing contaminant bioavailability and/or increasing microbial population size and activity. A modified most probable number (MPN) method was used to determine quantitative shifts in heterotrophic and phenanthrene degrader communities. During the first 4 to 6 d of treatment, heterotrophic populations increased in all amended soils. Both root debris–amended and exudate‐amended soil then maintained larger phenanthrene degrader populations than in control soils later in the experiment after much of the phenanthrene had been utilized. Thus, root amendments had a greater impact over time on phenanthrene degraders than heterotrophs resulting in selective maintenance of degrader populations in amended soils compared with controls.