bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Fatigue on the Kinematics of Free Throw Shooting in Basketball
Authors: Uygur Mehmet , Goktepe Ayhan , Ak Emre , Karabörk Hakan , Korkusuz Feza 
Published: June 2010

The Effect of Fatigue on the Kinematics of Free Throw Shooting in Basketball
Fatigue is an indispensible part of a basketball game which may affect an athlete's shooting kinematics. Although kinematic analyses of various sports related movements were extensively done, this study is the first to consider the effects of fatigue on the kinematics of free throw shooting. After measuring the resting heart rate, ten collegiate level, male basketball players (21.8±1.6 y; 192.8±3.6 cm; 84.1±8.5 kg) were asked to perform free throws. Two successful and two unsuccessful free throws were selected. Thereafter, participants were asked to complete the fatigue protocol, which included 30m sprints and 5 vertical jumps at each end, until they reached volitional exhaustion. Additional two successful and two unsuccessful free throws were collected. All shots were recorded by using two digital cameras operating at 60 Hz and placed in a stereoscopic view. The elbow, trunk, knee and ankle joint angles were measured before and after the ball release and at the ball release point. The selected joint angles were compared between successful and unsuccessful free throws, as well as before and after the completion of fatigue protocol. The results demonstrated that fatigue did not effect free throw shooting kinematics (p>0.05) and there was no significant joint angle difference between successful and unsuccessful shots (p>0.05). This study suggested that high level athletes are able to cope with the possible detrimental effects of fatigue while performing coordinated movements such as free throw shooting.
A Comparison of Anthropometry between Ironman Triathletes and Ultra-swimmers
Authors: Knechtle Beat , Baumann Barbara , Knechtle Patrizia , Wirth Andrea , Rosemann Thomas 
Published: June 2010

A Comparison of Anthropometry between Ironman Triathletes and Ultra-swimmers
We intended to compare the anthropometry of male and female Ironman triathletes with the anthropometry of male and female ultra-swimmers. Body mass, body mass index and body fat were lower in both male and female triathletes compared to swimmers. Body height and length of limbs were no different between the two groups. In the multi-variate analysis, in male triathletes, body mass (p=0.015) and percent body fat (p=0.0003) were related to race time; percent body fat was also related to the swim split (p=0.0036). In male swimmers, length of the arm was related to race time (p=0.0089). In female triathletes and swimmers, none of the investigated anthropometric variables showed an association with race time. We concluded that Ironman triathletes and ultra-swimmers were different regarding anthropometry and that different anthropometric variables were related to race time. We assume that other factors, such as training and equipment, as opposed to anthropometry, may better predict race time in male and female Ironman triathletes.
Changes in the Blood Antioxidant Defense Capacity During a 24 Hour Run
Authors: Zbigniew Waśkiewicz , Ewa Sadowska-Krępa , Barbara Kłapcińska , Sławomir Jagsz , Małgorzata Michalczyk , Katarzyna Kempa , Stanisław Poprzęcki , Dagmara Gerasimuk 
Published: June 2010

Changes in the Blood Antioxidant Defense Capacity During a 24 Hour Run
The objective of this study was to determine whether running a 24-h race would cause oxidative damage and changes in the blood antioxidant defense capacity in endurance-trained athletes. Fourteen male amateur runners (mean age 43.0±10.8 y, body weight 64.3±7.2 kg height 171±5 cm, weekly covered distance 81±43 km, training history 8±9 y) who participated in a 24-hr ultra-marathon and volunteered to give blood samples during the race were enrolled for this study. Blood samples were taken before the run, after completing the marathon distance (42.217 km), after 12 h and at the conclusion of the race.
The capacity of erythrocyte antioxidant defense system was evaluated by measuring the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), concentrations of non-enzymatic antioxidants (uric acid and glutathione-GSH), and selected biomarkers of oxidative stress (i.e., plasma level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasma antioxidant capacity by FRAP ("ferric-reducing ability of plasma")). Moreover, in order to elucidate between-group differences in the total capacity of the blood antioxidant defense system, an index of antioxidant potential (POTAOX) was calculated as a sum of standardized values of activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPX, GR) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (uric acid, GSH).
A progressive decline was observed in activities of SOD and CAT with the distance covered during the race, while the opposite trend was found in activities of GPX and GR that tended to increase. A significant decrease was recorded in GSH content after completing the marathon distance, which tended toward slightly higher values, without reaching the baseline level, at the finish of the race. Plasma concentration of uric acid (UA) was not significantly affected, except for the value recorded after 12 h of running that was significantly (p<0.05) lower, while both markers of oxidative stress (FRAP and MDA) increased significantly after completing the marathon distance. Comparison of the calculated values of the POTAOX index recorded pre-race and throughout the competition implies that the most drastic decline in the total antioxidant capacity occurred at mid-race (i.e. after 12 h of running).
Do G894T Polymorphisms of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (NOS3) Influence Endurance Phenotypes?
Authors: Cięszczyk Paweł , Sawczuk Marek , Maciejewska Agnieszka , Jascaniene Nijole , Eider Jerzy 
Published: June 2010

Do G894T Polymorphisms of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase 3 (NOS3) Influence Endurance Phenotypes?
Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase gene (NOS3) is taken into account as one of the main regulators of blood pressure and basal vascular dilation - two main factors found to be limiting for endurance performance.
We compared genotypic and allelic frequencies of the NOS3 G894T polymorphism in two groups of men of the same Caucasian descent: elite endurance athletes (rowers; n=63) and sedentary controls (n=160).
We have not found any statistical difference in G894T genotype and allele frequencies in endurance orientated athletes compared to sedentary controls. The difference in G allele frequency between the rowers and controls did not reach statistical significance (73.5% vs. 67.2%, P = 0.307), similar to genotype distribution amongst the rowers (58.7% GG; 39.4% GT; 6.4% TT) compared to controls (43.7% GG; 46.9% GT; 9.4% TT) (P=0.129).
In summary, our results are in contradiction to the hypothesis that NOS3 G894T polymorphism is associated with the physical performance status in rowing. Of course, our findings do not mean that other polymorphisms in NOS3 gene do not have any beneficial effect on performance parameters, but to confirm that hypothesis, we need further studies.
Physical Education and the Degree of Stress
Authors: Ishii Nobuki , Osaka Saori 
Published: June 2010

Physical Education and the Degree of Stress
The purpose of this study was to examine a relationship between the degree of liking and disliking of sport and physical activity, and stress development.
We conducted a survey on Japanese junior high school students (129 boys, 139 girls) in 2007. The survey included such entries as 1) positive vs negative attitude toward physical education classes, 2) the degree of physical education classes-related stress, and 3) personality qualities (goal orientation, sports competence and active coping).
In our survey concerning the degree of predilection for physical education classes, the results were as follows: 171 subjects in Group A said they liked physical education classes; 39 subjects in Group B said they didn't like and 57 subjects in Group C chose "neither". Comparing the degree of stress from physical education classes, Group A scored significantly lower than the others by Tukey's multiple comparison test (p<0.05).
Also, in order to find the key factor which determines the degree of liking and disliking of physical education classes, we measured various values among 52 subjects with a high degree of stress as a dependent variable, and analyzed the personality aspects as an independent variable. As a result, we found a negative correlation between stress levels and sports competence, whereas ego orientation and active coping had a positive effect on the degree of stress.
We showed that those liking physical education experienced low degrees of stress. Conversely, those individuals disliking sport and physical activity should not be expected to experience reduced stress while participating in sports. Furthermore, we can indicate sports competence as a determinant of stress reduction. Consequently, in order to stimulate regular participation in sports activity and to release its stress-reducing potential, it is necessary to develop childhood physical education classes to foster sports competence.
Physical activity during pregnancy in obese and normal‐weight women as assessed by pedometer
Authors: RENAULT KRISTINA , NØRGAARD KIRSTEN , ANDREASEN KIRSTEN RIIS , SECHER NIELS JØRGEN , NILAS LISBETH 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective. To compare physical activity as assessed by a pedometer in obese and normal‐weight pregnant women at different gestational ages. To evaluate the use of a pedometer in pregnancy. Design. Cross‐sectional study. Setting. Department of obstetrics and gynecology in a university hospital in Copenhagen. Population. 338 pregnant women, 175 normal‐weight women with body mass index (BMI) 20–25 kg/m2 and 163 obese women with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Methods. Physical activity was assessed by a pedometer (Yamax Digiwalker SW‐700/701) on seven consecutive days in six different groups: normal‐weight or obese at gestational ages 11–13, 18–22, and 36–38, and expressed as median number of daily steps during a whole week, working days, and weekends. Main outcome measures. Relation between BMI and physical activity during pregnancy and compliance with wearing the pedometer. Results. Noncompliance was more frequent in obese than in normal‐weight women (19 vs. 10%, p < 0.001). Physical activity was lower in obese women at all gestational ages (6,482, 7,446, 4,626 steps/day in obese vs. 7,558, 8,865, 6,289 steps/day in normal‐weight, p < 0.05–0.11). The greatest difference between obese and normal‐weight women was seen during weekends. The level of physical activity was higher in both groups at mid‐gestation than during earlier and later gestational ages. Conclusion. Physical activity in pregnant women can be assessed by the pedometer and the method was well accepted by the women; however, the compliance was lower in the obese. The level of physical activity differs between different gestational groups and is lower in obese than in normal‐weight women, especially during leisure time.
No increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with urinary tract infections: a nationwide population‐based study
Authors: CHEN YI‐KUANG , CHEN SHU‐FEN , LI HSIEN‐CHANG , LIN HERNG‐CHING 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective. To examine the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (low birthweight (LBW), preterm birth, and small‐for‐gestational age (SGA)) in pregnant women with urinary tract infections (UTIs) using a 3‐year nationwide population‐based database, simultaneously taking characteristics of infant and mother into consideration. Design. Retrospective cross‐sectional study. Setting. Taiwan. Sample. In total, 42,742 mothers with UTIs and 42,742 randomly selected mothers were included. Methods. Conditional logistic regression analyses to investigate the risk of LBW, preterm birth, and SGA, comparing these two cohorts. Main outcome measures. LBW, preterm birth, and SGA. Results. Pearson χ2 tests show that there were significant differences in the prevalence of preterm births (<37 weeks) (7.2%, 7.7 vs. 8.3%, p = 0.006) and SGA infants (<10th percentile) (16.1%, 16.5 vs. 18.9%, p = 0.003) among pregnant women who were not exposed to UTIs, those exposed to antepartum non‐pyelonephritic UTIs and those exposed to pyelonephritis. However, after adjusting for potential confounding factors, the odd ratios (ORs) for LBW were not statistically significant for mothers exposed to antepartum non‐pyelonephritic UTIs, compared to women who were not diagnosed with UTIs; neither for <34 or <37 weeks nor SGA <10th percentile and <2 SDs. Similarly, compared to women who were not exposed to UTIs, the adjusted ORs for LBW, <34 weeks, <37 weeks, SGA <10th centile, and <2 SD did not reach a significant level for mothers exposed to pyelonephritis. Conclusions. Women exposed to antepartum pyelonephritis or non‐pyelonephritic UTIs were not at increased risk of having LBW, preterm, and SGA babies, compared to mothers who did not experience UTIs.
Parity and low birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: SHAH PRAKESH S. ,   on behalf of Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of LBW/PT births
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective. To systematically review the risks of pregnancy outcomes among women of different parity. Material and methods. Electronic databases were searched for studies, in English language, in which primary objective was to assess association between parity and pregnancy outcomes. Meta‐analyses were performed and unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) and mean differences along with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Main outcome measures. Low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), small for gestational age (SGA), birth weight, and gestational age. Results. Forty‐one studies, most with moderate risk of bias were included. Nulliparity was associated with increased unadjusted odds of LBW (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.26, 1.58) and SGA (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.82, 1.96) and reduction in birth weight (weighted mean difference −282 g, 95% CI −486, −79 g) but not PTB (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.96, 1.34). Grand multiparity and great grand multiparity were not associated with LBW (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.95, 1.32 and OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.78, 1.09) or PTB (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.77, 1.19 and OR 1.32, 95% CI 0.61, 2.83). Conclusions. Nulliparity was associated with a significantly increased unadjusted risk of LBW/SGA birth, whereas grand multiparity and great grand multiparity were not associated with increased risk of pregnancy outcomes.
Cesarean delivery in Finland: maternal complications and obstetric risk factors
Authors: PALLASMAA NANNELI , EKBLAD ULLA , AITOKALLIO‐TALLBERG ANSA , UOTILA JUKKA , RAUDASKOSKI TYTTI , ULANDER VELI‐MATTI , HURME SAIJA 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective. To assess the rate of maternal complications related to cesarean section (CS) and to compare morbidity between elective, emergency and crash‐emergency CS. To establish risk factors associated with maternal CS morbidity. Design. A prospective multicenter cohort study. Setting. Twelve delivery units in Finland. Population. Women delivering by CS (n = 2,496) during a 6 months period in the study hospitals. Methods. Data on pregnant women, CS, and maternal recovery during the hospital stay was collected prospectively on report forms. The complication rates by different CSs were calculated, and factors associated with morbidity were analyzed by odds ratios (OR). Main outcome measures. Maternal complication rates in different types of CS. The association of risk factors with morbidity. Results. About 27% of women delivering by CS had complications; 10% had severe complications. The complication rate was higher in emergency CS than in elective CS, and highest in crash‐emergency CS. Significant independent risk factors for maternal morbidity were emergency CS and crash‐emergency CS compared to elective CS (OR 1.8; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5–2.2), pre‐eclampsia (OR 1.5; CI 1.1–2.0), maternal obesity (OR 1.4; CI 1.1–1.8) and maternal increasing age (OR 1.1; CI 1.03–1.2 per each 5 years). Conclusions. Maternal complications are frequent in CS, and although performing CS electively reduces the occurrence of complications, the frequency is still high. The complication rate depends on the degree of emergency, and increases with maternal obesity, older age and pre‐eclampsia.
Dynamics of Filler Size and Spatial Distribution in a Plasticating Single Screw Extruder – Modeling and Experimental Observations
Authors: Domingues N. , Gaspar-Cunha A. , Covas J. A. , Camesasca M. , Kaufman M. , Manas-Zloczower I. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A model of agglomerate break-up, incorporating both rupture and erosion, is employed to predict the dynamics of filler size distribution in a plasticating single screw extruder. Filler spatial distribution along the extruder length was also ascertained and direct comparison of experimental and computational data proved to be satisfactory. The method was also used to investigate the effect of material properties, operating conditions and extruder geometry on the dynamics of agglomerate dispersion along a single screw extruder. Generally, dispersion levels were primarily governed by the magnitude of the hydrodynamic stresses developed in the extruder and the residence time in the melt.
Modification of Polyester Fibers by Bactericides Using Crazing Mechanism
Authors: Goldade V. A. , Pinchuk L. S. , Vinidiktova N. S. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This paper deals with the study of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber modification by antimicrobial substances following the crazing mechanism. The highest mean number of crazes and their maximal degree of opening in PET fibers subjected to tension in surface-active bactericidal liquids are reached when the plastic flow of PET begins and necks appear on the fibers. Further straining of the fibers results in a gradual transformation of the material into a fibrillar structure of strands that close the crazes. It is established that the amount of the bactericidal liquid captured by the crazes is 0.9 to 3.3 wt.% of the PET material and that the liquid localizes predominantly in the polymer amorphous phase. PET fibers treated by the developed liquids using the procedure developed preserve their antimicrobial properties after 10 to 50 cycles of heat-wet treatment.
A Global Model for Closely Intermeshing Counter-rotating Twin Screw Extruders with Flood Feeding
Authors: Jiang Q. , White J. L. , Yang J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A composite model has been developed to simulate the extrusion process for intermeshing counter-rotating twin-screw extruders. An experimentally based melting model, solids conveying model, and new improved metering model, were combined to develop this formulation. The procedure for global design of a flood feed intermeshing counter-rotating twin screw extruder is presented. Illustrative calculations are made for polyvinyl chloride and high density polyethylene in this type of machines with different screw designs. Computations are made for axial variation of the fill factor, pressure, temperature and melting profiles. Simulations were found to match with experimental results well. The model was also applied to scale-up.
An Assessment of Erosion Wear Response of SiC Filled Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Glass and Bamboo Fibers
Authors: Biswas S. , Satapathy A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe present work describes the processing and studies the erosion wear characteristics of bamboo fiber reinforced epoxy composites filled with SiC particulate. The mechanical properties of these composites are evaluated and are then compared with those of a similar set of SiC filled glass-epoxy composites. The solid particle erosion characteristics of the bamboo-epoxy composites have also been studied and the experimental results are compared with the reported erosion test results on glass-epoxy composites under similar test conditions by Biswas and Satapathy (2009). The influence of particulate filler on the erosion wear response of composites has been critically analyzed using Taguchi experimental design. This systematic experimentation has led to determination of significant process parameters and material variables that predominantly influence the wear rate of the particulate filled glass-epoxy and bamboo-epoxy composites. The comparative study indicates that although the bamboo based composites exhibit relatively inferior mechanical properties, their erosion wear performance is better than that of the glass-epoxy composites.
Modeling of Agglomerate Dispersion in Single Screw Extruders
Authors: Domingues N. , Camesasca M. , Kaufman M. , Manas-Zloczower I. , Gaspar-Cunha A. , Covas J. A. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A model for solid agglomerate dispersion in single screw extruders is proposed. The model combines numerical simulations of flow patterns in the metering section of a single screw extruder with a Monte Carlo method of clusters rupture and erosion mediated by a local fragmentation number. Particle size distributions and Shannon entropy are used for mixing characterization. The model is quite general and can be adapted for different polymer-additive systems as well as for different processing equipment.
Soil Erosion, Globalization, and Climate Warming or, Paradigms Leaving Us Lost
Authors: Blumler Mark A. 
Published: June 2010

Montgomery, David R. 2007. Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations. Berkeley: University of California Press.Shiva, Vandana. 2008. Soil not Oil: Environmental Justice in an Age of Climate Crisis. Cambridge MA: South End Press.
Anti-CD40L Immune Complexes Potently Activate Platelets In Vitro and Cause Thrombosis in FCGR2A Transgenic Mice
Authors: Robles-Carrillo Liza , Meyer Todd , Hatfield Meghan , Desai Hina , Dávila Mónica , Langer Florian , Amaya Mildred , Garber Ellen , Francis John L. , Hsu Yen-Ming , Amirkhosravi Ali 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAnti-CD40L immunotherapy in systemic lupus erythematosus patients was associated with thromboembolism of unknown cause. We previously showed that monoclonal anti-CD40L immune complexes (ICs) activated platelets in vitro via the IgG receptor (FcγRIIa). In this study, we examined the prothrombotic effects of anti-CD40L ICs in vivo. Because mouse platelets lack FcγRIIa, we used FCGR2A transgenic mice. FCGR2A mice were injected i.v. with preformed ICs consisting of either anti-human CD40L mAb (M90) plus human CD40L, or a chimerized anti-mouse CD40L mAb (hMR1) plus mouse CD40L. ICs containing an aglycosylated form of hMR1, which does not bind FcγRIIa, were also injected. M90 IC caused shock and thrombocytopenia in FCGR2A but not in wild-type mice. Animals injected with hMR1 IC also experienced these effects, whereas those injected with aglycosylated-hMR1 IC did not, demonstrating that anti-CD40L IC-induced platelet activation in vivo is FcγRIIa-dependent. Sequential injections of individual IC components caused similar effects, suggesting that ICs were able to assemble in circulation. Analysis of IC-injected mice revealed pulmonary thrombi consisting of platelet aggregates and fibrin. Mice pretreated with a thrombin inhibitor became moderately thrombocytopenic in response to anti-CD40L ICs and had pulmonary platelet-thrombi devoid of fibrin. In conclusion, we have shown for the first time that anti-CD40L IC-induced thrombosis can be replicated in mice transgenic for FcγRIIa. This molecular mechanism may be important for understanding thrombosis associated with CD40L immunotherapy. The FCGR2A mouse model may also be useful for assessing the hemostatic safety of other therapeutic Abs.