bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physically‐based facial modelling, analysis, and animation
Authors: Terzopoulos Demetri , Waters Keith 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe develop a new 3D hierarchical model of the human face. The model incorporates a physically‐based approximation to facial tissue and a set of anatomically‐motivated facial muscle actuators. Despite its sophistication, the model is efficient enough to produce facial animation at interactive rates on a high‐end graphics workstation. A second contribution of this paper is a technique for estimating muscle contractions from video sequences of human faces performing expressive articulations. These estimates may be input as dynamic control parameters to the face model in order to produce realistic animation. Using an example, we demonstrate that our technique yields sufficiently accurate muscle contraction estimates for the model to reconstruct expressions from dynamic images of faces.
The petroleum accumulation zones in the geological-prospecting regions of the Lena–Tunguska province
Authors: Mel’nikov N.V. , Mel’nikov N.P. , Smirnov E.V. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The proved, revealed, and predicted petroleum accumulation zones in the Lena–Tunguska province are the areas where prospecting and search works are carried out. We described the petroleum accumulation zones in the South Tunguska, Baikit, Sayan–Yenisei, Angara–Lena, Katanga, and Nepa–Botuobiya petroliferous areas and in the Lower Angara petroliferous district. Oil and gas pools have been discovered in the Riphean, Vendian, and Upper Vendian–Lower Cambrian petroliferous complexes.
Diagnosis and outcome: depression and anxiety in a general population
Authors: Murphy Jane M. , Olivier Donald C. , Sobol Arthur M. , Monson Richard R. , Leighton Alexander H. 
Published: August 2011

SynopsisAn assessment of the long-term outcome for depression and anxiety disorders in a general population was made as part of the Stirling County Study. Measuring outcome as a dichotomy between experiencing recurrent episodes or not during a 17-year cohort interval, it was found that 56% of the ‘cases’ had a poor prognosis. While sex, age and level of severity were not significantly related to outcome, an initial diagnosis of depression was predictive of unfavourable prognosis. Only a few of these ‘cases’ received psychiatric specialty treatment. Some disorders in the community appear, however, to be as serious as those that come to the attention of psychiatrists.
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF A LOTKA–VOLTERRA TYPE PREDATOR–PREY SYSTEM INVOLVING ALLEE EFFECTS
Authors: MERDAN HÜSEYİN 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe present a stability analysis of steady-state solutions of a continuous-time predator–prey population dynamics model subject to Allee effects on the prey population which occur at low population density. Numerical simulations show that the system subject to an Allee effect takes a much longer time to reach its stable steady-state solution. This result differs from that obtained for the discrete-time version of the same model.
Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on leptin expression induced by angiotensin II in cultured human coronary artery smooth muscle cells
Authors: Shyu Kou-Gi , Chen Shih-Chung , Wang Bao-Wei , Cheng Wen-Pin , Hung Huei-Fong 
Published: August 2011

Leptin contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Ang II (angiotensin II), a proatherogenic cytokine, increases leptin synthesis in cultured adipocytes. Statin suppresses leptin expression in adipocytes and human coronary artery endothelial cells. However, the effect of Ang II and statin on leptin expression in VSMCs (vascular smooth muscle cells), the major cell types in atheroma, is poorly understood. Thus the aim of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanism of atorvastatin for reducing leptin expression after Ang II stimulation in VSMCs. VSMCs from human coronary artery were cultured. Ang II stimulation increased leptin protein and mRNA and phospho-JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) expression. Exogenous addition of Dp44mT (2,2′-dipyridyl-N,N-dimethylsemicarbazone) and mevalonate increased leptin protein expression similarly to Ang II. Atorvastatin, SP600125, JNK siRNA (small interfering RNA) and NAC (N-acetylcysteine) completely attenuated the leptin and phospho-JNK protein expression induced by Ang II. Ang II significantly increased ROS (reactive oxygen species) formation in human VSMCs. Addition of atorvastatin and NAC significantly attenuated the formation of ROS induced by Ang II. Addition of atorvastatin and SP600125 inhibited the phosphorylation of Rac1 induced by Ang II. The gel shift and promoter activity assay showed that Ang II increased AP-1 (activator protein-1)-binding activity and leptin promoter activity, while SP600125, NAC and atorvastatin inhibited the AP-1-binding activity and leptin promoter activity induced by Ang II. Ang II significantly increased the migration and proliferation of cultured VSMCs, while addition of atorvastatin, SP600125, NAC and leptin siRNA before Ang II stimulation significantly inhibited the migration and proliferation of VSMCs induced by Ang II. Ang II significantly increased secretion of leptin from human VSMCs, and addition of SP600125, atorvastatin and NAC before Ang II stimulation almost completely inhibited the leptin secretion induced by Ang II. In conclusion, Ang II induces leptin expression in human VSMCs, and atorvastatin could inhibit the leptin expression induced by Ang II. The inhibitory effect of atorvastatin on Ang II-induced leptin expression was mediated by Rac, ROS and JNK pathways.
Agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation potential globally, in Europe and in the UK: what have we learnt in the last 20 years?
Authors: Smith Pete 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAgricultural lands occupy about 40–50% of the Earth's land surface. Agricultural practices can make a significant contribution at low cost to increasing soil carbon sinks, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and contributing biomass feedstocks for energy use. Considering all gases, the global technical mitigation potential from agriculture (excluding fossil fuel offsets from biomass) by 2030 is estimated to be ca. 5500–6000 Mt CO2‐eq. yr−1. Economic potentials are estimated to be 1500–1600, 2500–2700 and 4000–4300 Mt CO2‐eq. yr−1 at carbon prices of up to $US20, 50 and 100 t CO2‐eq.−1, respectively. The value of the global agricultural GHG mitigation at the same three carbon prices is $US32 000, 130 000 and 420 000 million yr−1, respectively. At the European level, early estimates of soil carbon sequestration potential in croplands were ca. 200 Mt CO2 yr−1, but this is a technical potential and is for geographical Europe as far east as the Urals. The economic potential is much smaller, with more recent estimates for the EU27 suggesting a maximum potential of ca. 20 Mt CO2‐eq. yr−1. The UK is small in global terms, but a large part of its land area (11 Mha) is used for agriculture. Agriculture accounts for about 7% of total UK GHG emissions. The mitigation potential of UK agriculture is estimated to be ca. 1–2 Mt CO2‐eq. yr−1, accounting for less than 1% of UK total GHG emissions.
Influence of ultrasound or halogen light on microleakage and hardness of enamel adjacent to glass ionomer cement
Authors: GUGLIELMI CAMILA ALMEIDA BRANDÃO , MOHANA ANICE , HESSE DANIELA , LENZI TATHIANE LARISSA , BONINI GABRIELA CUNHA , RAGGIO DANIELA PRÓCIDA 
Published: August 2011

International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 2012; 22: 110–115Background.  The use of external sources of energy may accelerate the setting rate of glass ionomer cements (GICs) allowing better initial mechanical properties.Aim.  To investigate the influence of ultrasound and halogen light on the microleakage and hardness of enamel adjacent to GIC restorations, after artificial caries challenge.Design.  Cavities were prepared in 60 primary canines, restored with GIC, and randomly distributed into three groups: control group (CG), light group (LG) – irradiation with a halogen light‐curing unit for 60 s, and ultrasonic group (UG) – application of ultrasonic scaler device for 15 s. All specimens were then submitted to a cariogenic challenge in a pH cycling model. Half of sample in each group were immersed in methylene blue for 4 h and sectioned for dye penetration analysis. The remaining specimens were submitted to Knoop cross‐sectional microhardness assessments, and mineral changes were calculated for adjacent enamel.Results.  Data were compared using Kruskal–Wallis test and two‐way ANOVA with 5% significance. Higher dye penetration was observed for the UG (P < 0.01). No significant mineral changes were observed between groups (P = 0.844).Conclusion.  The use of halogen light‐curing unit does not seem to interfere with the properties of GICs, whereas the use of ultrasound can affect its marginal sealing.
The versatility of the fungal cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system is instrumental in xenobiotic detoxification
Authors: Lah Ljerka , Podobnik Barbara , Novak Metka , Korošec Branka , Berne Sabina , Vogelsang Matjaž , Kraševec Nada , Zupanec Neja , Stojan Jure , Bohlmann Joerg , Komel Radovan 
Published: August 2011

SummaryCytochromes P450 (CYPs) catalyse diverse reactions and are key enzymes in fungal primary and secondary metabolism, and xenobiotic detoxification. CYP enzymatic properties and substrate specificity determine the reaction outcome. However, CYP‐mediated reactions may also be influenced by their redox partners. Filamentous fungi with numerous CYPs often possess multiple microsomal redox partners, cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs). In the plant pathogenic ascomycete Cochliobolus lunatus we recently identified two CPR paralogues, CPR1 and CPR2. Our objective was to functionally characterize two endogenous fungal cytochrome P450 systems and elucidate the putative physiological roles of CPR1 and CPR2. We reconstituted both CPRs with CYP53A15, or benzoate 4‐hydroxylase from C. lunatus, which is crucial in the detoxification of phenolic plant defence compounds. Biochemical characterization using RP‐HPLC shows that both redox partners support CYP activity, but with different product specificities. When reconstituted with CPR1, CYP53A15 converts benzoic acid to 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, and 3‐methoxybenzoic acid to 3‐hydroxybenzoic acid. However, when the redox partner is CPR2, both substrates are converted to 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid. Deletion mutants and gene expression in mycelia grown on media with inhibitors indicate that CPR1 is important in primary metabolism, whereas CPR2 plays a role in xenobiotic detoxification.
Cancer mortality reduction and metformin: a retrospective cohort study in type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Bo S. , Ciccone G. , Rosato R. , Villois P. , Appendino G. , Ghigo E. , Grassi G. 
Published: August 2011

Aims: Few studies suggest that metformin decreases cancer mortality in type‐2 diabetic patients (T2DP). We explored the association between the type and duration of antidiabetic therapies and cancer and other‐than‐cancer mortality in a T2DP cohort, taking into account the competing risks between different causes of death and multiple potential confounding effects. The mortality rates were compared with the general population from the same area.Methods: In 1995, all T2DP (n = 3685) at our diabetes clinic in Turin (∼12% of all T2DP in the city), without cancer at baseline, were identified. Vital status was assessed after a mean 4.5‐year follow‐up.Results: Metformin users had greater adiposity, while insulin users had more co‐morbidities. All‐cause‐ and cancer‐related deaths occurred in: 9.2 and 1.6% of metformin users, 13.1 and 3.0% of sulfonylureas users and 26.8 and 4.8% of insulin users, respectively. In a Cox regression model for competing risks, adjusted for propensity score, metformin users showed a lower cancer mortality risk [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34–0.94], while insulin was positively associated with other‐than‐cancer mortality (HR = 1.56; 95%CI 1.22–1.99). Each 5‐year metformin exposure was associated with a reduction in cancer death by 0.73, whereas every 5‐year insulin exposure was associated with 1.25‐fold increase in other‐than‐cancer death.Standardized mortality ratios for cancer and other‐than‐cancer mortality in metformin users were 43.6 (95%CI 25.8–69.0) and 99.1 (95%CI 79.3–122.5), respectively, in comparison with the general population.Conclusions: Metformin users showed a lower risk of cancer‐related mortality than not users or patients on diet only; this may represent another reason to choose metformin as a first‐line therapy in T2DP.
Performance Pay, Union Bargaining and Within‐Firm Wage Inequality*
Authors: Barth Erling , Bratsberg Bernt , Hægeland Torbjørn , Raaum Oddbjørn 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTheory predicts that performance pay boosts wage dispersion. Workers retain a share of individual productivity shocks and high‐efficiency workers receive compensation for greater effort. Collective bargaining can mitigate the effect of performance pay on wage inequality by easing monitoring of common effort standards and group‐based pay schemes. Analyses of longitudinal employer–employee data show that the introduction of performance‐related pay raises wage inequality in non‐union firms, but not in firms with high union density. Although performance‐related pay appears to be on the rise, the overall impact on wage dispersion is likely to be small, particularly in European countries with influential unions.
The anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve: prevalence, measurement of its length and a recommendation for interforaminal implant installation based on cone beam CT imaging
Authors: Apostolakis Dimitrios , Brown Jackie E. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectivesInterforaminal implant surgery requires anatomical knowledge of the area and adequate information on the location of the various landmarks of significance such as the mental foramen, the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve and the mandibular incisive canal. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a relatively new imaging modality that provides a multi‐dimensional view of the facial skeleton with, in most instances, lower radiation dose to the patient compared to medical CT. The present study aims to use CBCT to identify and measure variation in the presence and extent of the anterior loop of the inferior alveolar nerve. This information may be used to provide recommendations to the surgeon without access to a 3D scan of the dento‐alveolar region.Material and methodsNinety‐three patients scanned with a Newtom VG device for a variety of clinical indications were included in this retrospective study. Using the multiplanar capabilities of the device's software the prevalence and length of the anterior loop was assessed.ResultsThe results show that an anterior loop could be identified in 48% of the cases with a mean length (range) of 0.89 mm (0–5.7).ConclusionsIn almost half of the surveyed cases an anterior loop was present. Even though in 95% of the study cases the loop was <3 mm, a 100% safety margin in the placement of anterior mandibular implants, in the absence of a CBCT scan, would only be achieved with a distance of 6 mm between the anterior border of the mental foramen and the most distal interforaminal implant fixture.
BATCH VACUUM FRYING SYSTEM ANALYSIS FOR POTATO CHIPS
Authors: PANDEY AKHILESH , MOREIRA ROSANA G. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTVacuum frying is a process used to produce high‐quality fruits and vegetables. However, the final oil content (OC) of the vacuum chips holds a major concern for health and food safety. Therefore, more information is needed before a vacuum frying system can be designed effectively to produce lower OC snacks.Potato slices were fried at 120 and 140C oil temperatures and 1.33 kPa pressure. The temperatures of the fryer headspace and the center of potato slices were monitored during frying. The effects of varying the speed of the de‐oiling mechanism and the pressurization rates on the oil absorption of potato chips were evaluated in detail. The convective heat transfer coefficient was calculated using the lumped capacity method for varying frying loads.The de‐oiling system removed up to 81% of the chip's surface oil when centrifuged for 40 s at 750 rpm (84% at 300 rpm). Short frying time and/or longer centrifuging time combinations would maximize oil removal from the chip's surface during the process.Less oil was absorbed by the potato chips when the fryer was pressurized at lower rate (25% open released valve) than at faster rate.The heated oil convective heat transfer coefficients (h) were 217 ± 13 W/m2 K (120C) and 258 ± 37 W/m2 K (140C). The h values increased up to 3.6 times during the boiling period.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThese results are useful for an effective design and modeling of vacuum frying systems for high‐quality fruits and vegetables.
Enhancement of Vancomycin Activity against Biofilms by Using Ultrasound-Targeted Microbubble Destruction
Authors: He Nianan , Hu Jian , Liu Huayong , Zhu Tao , Huang Beijian , Wang Xueqin , Wu Yang , Wang Wenping , Qu Di 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

Treating biofilm infections on implanted medical devices is formidable, even with extensive antibiotic therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ultrasound (US)-targeted microbubble (MB) destruction (UTMD) could enhance vancomycin activity against
Staphylococcus epidermidis
RP62A biofilms. Twelve-hour biofilms were treated with vancomycin combined with UTMD. The vancomycin and MB (SonoVue) were used at concentrations of 100 μg/ml and 30% (vol/vol), respectively, in studies
in vitro
. After US exposure (0.08 MHz, 1.0 W/cm
2
, 50% duty cycle, and 10-min duration), the biofilms were cultured at 37°C for another 12 h. The results showed that many micropores were found in biofilms treated with vancomycin combined with UTMD. Biofilm densities (
A
570
values) and the viable counts of
S. epidermidis
recovered from the biofilm were significantly decreased compared with those of any other groups. Furthermore, the highest percentage of dead cells was found, using confocal laser scanning microscopy, in the biofilm treated with vancomycin combined with UTMD. The viable counts of bacteria in biofilms in an
in vivo
rabbit model also confirmed the enhanced effect of vancomycin combined with UTMD. UTMD may have great potential for improving antibiotic activity against biofilm infections.
Coordinate Control of the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement and Enterohemolysin Genes by Multiple Common Virulence Regulators in Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli
Authors: Iyoda Sunao , Honda Naoko , Saitoh Takehito , Shimuta Ken , Terajima Jun , Watanabe Haruo , Ohnishi Makoto 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT

The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island is required for the intimate adhesion of enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) to the intestinal epithelial cells. GrlR and GrlA are LEE-encoded negative and positive regulators, respectively. The interaction of these two regulators is important for controlling the transcription of LEE genes through Ler, a LEE-encoded central activator for the LEE. The GrlR-GrlA regulatory system controls not only LEE but also the expression of the flagellar and enterohemolysin (Ehx) genes in EHEC. Since Ehx levels were markedly induced in a
grlR
mutant but not in a
grlR grlA
double mutant and significantly increased by overexpression of GrlA in a
ler
mutant, GrlA is responsible for this regulation (T. Saitoh et al., J. Bacteriol.
190:
4822-4830, 2008). In this study, additional investigations of the regulation of
ehx
gene expression determined that Ler also acts as an activator for Ehx expression without requiring GrlA function. We recently reported that the LysR-type regulator LrhA positively controls LEE expression (N. Honda et al., Mol. Microbiol.
74:
1393-1411, 2009). The hemolytic activity of the
lrhA
mutant strain of EHEC was lower than that of the wild-type strain, and LrhA markedly induced
ehx
transcription in an
E. coli
K-12 strain, suggesting that LrhA also activates the transcription of
ehx
without GrlA and Ler. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated that Ler and LrhA directly bind to the regulatory region of
ehxC
. Together, these results indicate that transcription of
ehx
is positively regulated by Ler, GrlA, and LrhA, which all act as positive regulators for LEE expression.
Ability of risk scores to predict a low complication risk in patients admitted for suspected acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Söderholm Martin , Deligani Mazdak Malekian , Choudhary Mariam , Björk Jonas , Ekelund Ulf 
Published: August 2011

BackgroundWhen acute coronary syndrome (ACS) cannot be ruled out, emergency department (ED) patients with chest pain are admitted for in-hospital observation because of the risk of complications such as arrhythmia and acute heart failure. A study was undertaken to compare the ability of three risk prediction models to identify patients at a very low risk of complications.Methods559 consecutive patients with chest pain presenting to the ED and admitted for a suspicion of ACS were prospectively included. Predefined in-hospital complications were recorded and the risk predictions of the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score, the Freedom-from-Events (FFE) risk score and the Goldman rule were compared using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves.ResultsOf the 559 patients, 140 had ACS and 32 had at least one complication. The GRACE score was superior to the FFE score in predicting the risk of complications (area under ROC curve 0.76 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.85) vs 0.69 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.79), p=0.021) whereas the Goldman rule (area under ROC curve 0.60; 95% CI 0.49 to 0.72) was inferior to both the GRACE and FFE scores. With the GRACE score set to a negative predictive value of 100% (95% CI 96% to 100%), 108 patients (19.3%) at almost no risk of complications could have been correctly identified in the ED.ConclusionThe GRACE and FFE scores are able to predict low complication risks in patients with chest pain admitted for suspected ACS, but only the GRACE score may be able to identify a significant number of patients at almost no risk of complications. A larger multicentre study is needed to confirm the possibility of using the GRACE score to identify patients suitable for assessment without monitoring.