bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dramatic increase in prostate cancer cases by 2021
Authors: Quon Harvey , Loblaw Andrew , Nam Robert 
Published: April 2011

Study Type – Health forecast analysis (based on trend prediction with sensitivity analysis)Level of Evidence 2aOBJECTIVE• To estimate the magnitude of increase in prostate cancer cases diagnosed in Canada by the year 2021.PATIENTS AND METHODS• Using available evidence, the number of new prostate cancer cases expected in 2021 was estimated based on the effects of four major factors: aging population, increased prevalence of PSA screening, lowered PSA cutoff to recommend biopsy, and improved sensitivity of prostate biopsy.• These effects were combined with population data from Statistics Canada and the Canadian Cancer Statistics to estimate new prostate cancer cases.RESULTS• The two factors with the largest effect on estimated new prostate cancers in 2021 compared with 2009 were: aging population (increase of 39%), and lowering the PSA threshold to 2.6 ng/mL before prostate biopsy (increase of 200%).• In the ‘best‐case’ scenario, the number of new prostate cancers will only be affected by the aging population and will increase by 39% to 35 121 new cases.• In the ‘most‐likely’ scenario, all four factors will have a combined effect to increase new cases by 201% to 76 379.CONCLUSIONS• The aging population and lowering PSA threshold to 2.6 ng/mL have the most significant impact on estimated new prostate cancer cases in 2021. At that time, the number of new cases may triple to 76 379 cases in Canada.• Significant planning will be required to manage this considerable increase in new prostate cancers.What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Estimates of prostate cancer cases are often based solely on changes in the age distribution of the population or on historical trends. This study also incorporates changes in screening prevalence, sensitivity screening maneuvers and lowering threshold for biopsies.
Clinical and histopathological characteristics of familial prostate cancer in Finland
Authors: Pakkanen Sanna , Kujala Paula M. , Ha Nati , Matikainen Mika P. , Schleutker Johanna , Tammela Teuvo L.J. 
Published: April 2011

Study Type – Aetiology (cohort)Level of Evidence 2bOBJECTIVE• To describe clinical and histopathological characteristics of Finnish familial prostate cancer (PCa) through a detailed analysis of cases in families.PATIENTS AND METHODS• In total, 202 Finnish families with 617 histopathologically confirmed PCa cases of confirmed genealogy were collected.• Complete clinical data, including age and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis, stage, grade and primary treatment, were gathered. The mean (range) number of affected men per family was 3 (2–8).• All the available diagnostic biopsy samples (n= 323) were collected and regraded by the same uropathologist.• A population‐based cohort of 3011 hospital district Pirkanmaa PCa patients was used as a control group.RESULTS• The mean (range) year of diagnosis of PCa was 1993 (1962–2006) and the mean (range) age at diagnosis was 68 (43–98 years).• The median (range) primary PSA level was 12.0 (0.8–11 000) ng/mL. After regrading, the Gleason score was ≤6 in 38%, 7 in 37% and ≥8 in 25% of men.• The subset of familial PCa men diagnosed after 1995 had higher PSA levels (P= 9.9 × 10−6) and an earlier age of onset (P= 1.7 × 10−6) than men in the control group, although there were no differences in cancer‐specific survival.CONCLUSIONS• We observed an earlier age of onset and higher PSA in familial PCa.• However, differences between sporadic and familial or hereditary PCa cannot be truly solved until genetic testing of high‐risk genes in addition to family history is used to define PCa families.• We also emphasize that, when histological samples are collected over a longer study period, reanalysis of the samples by the same experienced uropathologist should be considered.What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Previous hospital‐ or population‐based cross‐sectional studies comparing the clinical and histopathological features of hereditary, familial and sporadic PCa either reported weak trends or no differences in features measured except the age of onset.In present study we observed higher PSA and earlier age of onset in the subset of 257 familial PCa menin Finnish PCa families.
Patient acceptance of active surveillance as a treatment option for low‐risk prostate cancer
Authors: Davison B. Joyce , Goldenberg S. Larry 
Published: April 2011

Study Type – Decision analysis (lacking sensitivity analysis)Level of Evidence 4What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Active surveillance is a management strategy that offers patients the hope of avoiding the side effects associated with unnecessary treatment. This study identifies the resources required by men who choose to be on active surveillance to support them in their treatment decision.OBJECTIVES
To examine the decision‐making processes of men on active surveillance (AS).
To identify the resources that men want to access to make, support and sustain them while on AS.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Three‐part survey developed for this study based on a qualitative study of 25 men on AS.
Survey items explored: role men assumed with their physician in treatment decision‐making, factors influencing decision to go on AS, and resources required while on AS.
Surveys mailed out to cross‐sectional sample of men on AS for less than 10 years.
RESULTS
27% of the 73 men reported assuming an active role in treatment decision‐making with their urologist, 41% a shared role and 32% a passive role.
82% of men reported being comfortable and 90% being satisfied with their decision to be on AS.
55% reported not being anxious about the cancer progressing while on AS.
Urologist’s opinion, current age, and impact of treatment on urinary function were main factors influencing treatment decision.
Information on future treatment options, non‐traditional treatments and diet considered most important resources.
CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest that once men make a decision to go on AS, they are satisfied with their decision and few report being anxious about progression of cancer.
Men are strongly influenced by the treating specialist in taking up AS.
Additional information and psychological support resources are required for men on AS.
Endourological procedures and sexual dysfunction: a prospective multivariate analysis
Authors: Sofer Mario , Yehiely Ravit , Greenstein Alexander , Bar‐Yosef Yuval , Matzkin Haim , Chen Juza 
Published: April 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?Our knowledge of surgical casualty in the context of sexual function is limited to few oncological operations. We assessed whether transurethral endoscopic surgery may impair sexual function and we found that these operations cause temporary postoperative sexual dysfunction, which recovers within 3 months. These findings are important in preoperative patient counseling.OBJECTIVE• To investigate whether endourological interventions are associated with postoperative sexual dysfunction.PATIENTS AND METHODS• The study comprises a consecutive and prospective series of patients, referred for endourological procedures.• General anaesthesia was used and JJ stents were placed when required.• Changes in sexual function, as assessed by the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire that the participants filled in the day before the procedure and 1 month and up to 3 months afterwards, were analysed.RESULTS• The study group consisted of 50 men aged (mean ±sd) 45 ± 13 years, of whom 25 underwent ureteroscopy, 9 underwent retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and 16 underwent combined RIRS and percutaneous nephrolithotomy. JJ stents were postoperatively placed in 33 patients (66%).• The study cohort self‐reported a significant decrease in erectile function (P= 0.007), intercourse satisfaction (P < 0.001), orgasmic function (P= 0.001), sexual desire (P < 0.001) and overall satisfaction (P= 0.002) at 1 month following endourological procedures.• This dysfunction was not related to chronic disease, age, smoking, preoperative or postoperative stenting, type of procedure, operative duration or surgeon expertise.• The sexual function of all subjects returned to baseline within 3 months (P < 0.005). Postoperative erectile function in the stented group revealed a negative tendency that did not reach statistical significance.CONCLUSIONS• Endourological procedures are associated with temporary postoperative sexual dysfunction, which completely recovers within 3 months.• The impact of postoperative stenting on sexual function was not significant.• These findings contribute to enhanced preoperative patient counselling.
Good clinical practice guidelines for care home residents with diabetes: an executive summary
Authors: Sinclair A. J. ,   on behalf of the Task and Finish Group of Diabetes UK
Published: April 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 772–777 (2011)AbstractA Task and Finish Group of Diabetes UK was convened over 14 months to undertake a systematic review of the original 1999 British Diabetic Association guidance on care home diabetes, incorporate new research findings and produce a set of recommendations that are evidenced‐based, practical and implementable within UK care home settings. The anticipation of Diabetes UK is that these guidelines will represent a national policy of good clinical practice for diabetes care within care homes.This executive summary demonstrates how the full guidelines should provide a framework of assessment of the quality of diabetes care within care homes, for use by regulatory bodies who have responsibility for this provision of diabetes care. This document is primarily based on recommendations for adults living within British care home environments and its focus, by virtue of the nature and characteristics of residents, is on older adults.Improvements in diabetes care within residential and nursing homes are likely to follow a sustained commitment by health and social care professionals to ensure that the well‐being of residents with diabetes is paramount, that high‐quality policies of diabetes care are implemented and monitored and effective diabetes education is a mandatory and integral part of care home staff training.
Validation of an abbreviated adherence measure for young people with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Markowitz J. T. , Laffel L. M. B. , Volkening L. K. , Anderson B. J. , Nansel T. R. , Weissberg‐Benchell J. , Wysocki T. 
Published: April 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 1113–1117 (2011)AbstractAims  Adherence to diabetes‐related tasks is an important construct. The Diabetes Self‐Management Profile is a validated, semi‐structured interview assessing adherence in paediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes. We created and validated a brief questionnaire version of the Diabetes Self‐Management Profile called the Diabetes Self‐Management Questionnaire.Methods  Young people with Type 1 diabetes, ages 9–15 years (n = 338) and their parents provided data from chart review, interview and questionnaires.Results  Diabetes Self‐Management Questionnaire scores correlated significantly with Diabetes Self‐Management Profile scores, HbA1c, blood glucose monitoring frequency and other measures associated with adherence and/or glycaemic control (P ≤ 0.01 for all). Young people and parent scores were correlated (r = 0.55, P < 0.0001). The Diabetes Self‐Management Questionnaire demonstrated modest internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.59), adequate for a brief measure of multidimensional adherence. In addition, factor analysis confirmed one factor.Conclusions  This brief adherence questionnaire demonstrated construct validity in young people 9–15 years old and their parents and may have utility in clinical and research settings.
An exploration of the shapes and stability of population–selection curves
Authors: Sampson David B , Scott Robert D 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFishing operations on any given stock rarely generate fishing mortality that is uniform across all ages and sizes. Population‐selectivity refers to a scaled version of the age‐ or size‐specific fishing mortality experienced by a fish population. Although it is common to apply a sigmoid logistic curve for the selectivity produced by many kinds of fishing gear, the general characteristics of population–selection curves have not been well examined. In this study, generalized additive models were fit to sets of selection coefficients taken from 15 recent stock assessments conducted using the virtual population analysis approach. The selection coefficients predicted by the models provided smoothed representations of the shapes and temporal dynamics of selectivity. Four broad types of selectivity were found: increasing, asymptotic, domed, and having a saddle. Four specific cases, each dominated by one type of selection curve, were examined in detail. For all 15 stocks, the population–selection curves were not stable through time but underwent changes in shape, which in some cases were quite radical. Temporal variation in population‐selectivity has important implications for the conduct of fisheries modelling activities such as evaluating management strategies and forecasting catch and stock size.
Investigating the individual difference antecedents of perceived enjoyment in students' use of blogging
Authors: Wang Yi‐Shun , Lin Hsin‐Hui , Liao Yi‐Wen 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWith the proliferation of weblogs (blogs) used in educational contexts, gaining a better understanding of why students are willing to blog has become an important topic for practitioners and academics. The main purpose of this study is to explore the individual difference antecedents of perceived enjoyment and examine how they influence blogging intention through the mediation of perceived enjoyment. Based on previous literature, the Big Five personality traits (ie, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience), as well as computer self‐efficacy and personal innovation in information technology, are hypothesised as potential antecedents of perceived enjoyment in the acceptance of blogging. Data collected from a sample of 358 students at seven universities in Taiwan were tested against the research model using the structural equation modelling approach. The results indicate that extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness and personal innovation in information technology have a significant influence on perceived enjoyment, which in turn significantly influences blogging intention. The findings of this study provide several theoretical and practical implications for educational uses of blogging.
Purpose and preference in educational podcasting
Authors: Van Zanten Rob , Somogyi Simon , Curro Gina 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe application of podcasting for educational purposes is growing fast in universities. There are several benefits of this asynchronous, direct communication and interaction between teacher and student. Nonetheless, the benefits, the pedagogical value of podcasting the traditional lecture format, have come into question. Furthermore, issues have been raised regarding lengthy and costly download times, and the fact that students need to make time to listen to them. For these reasons, using short 3–5‐minute podcasts that summarise the lecture have been suggested. This paper explores how students interact with different types of podcasts. The study compares download and course evaluation data of a series of short‐summary podcasts with full‐lecture podcasts produced for the same university course. The findings show that students value full‐lecture podcasts as highly as the short‐summary podcasts, despite the fact that full‐lecture podcasts are downloaded to a markedly lesser degree. The cause of this anomaly appears to lie in the different purposes that dictate podcast use. The paper concludes by noting that both full‐lecture and short‐summary podcasts serve as useful tools for student learning in university contexts.
Governing through time: preparing for future threats to health and security
Authors: Samimian‐Darash Limor 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDuring preparations for the Second Gulf War, Israel considered universal smallpox vaccination. In doing so, it faced a problem: how to legitimise carrying out a security action against an uncertain future danger (smallpox pandemic), when this action carried specific, known risks (vaccine complications). To solve this problem, the Israeli preparedness system created a new domain through which the security action could reach its goal with minimum risk: first responders (a group of medical personnel and security forces). First‐responder vaccination represents a shift in the form of ‘securing health’ and in the governmental technology applied to this goal, in which past, present, and future occurrences are governed to enable the execution of a security action. Through this practice, risks are not located in the present or in the future but in a ‘shared’ temporal space and thus can be seen as existing simultaneously. Preparedness for emerging future biological events, then, involves more than questioning how the future is contingent on the present and how the present is contingent on the future’s perception; it also recognises the need for a new time positioning that allows operating on both present and future risks simultaneously. Governing these risks, then, means governing through time.
Enterprising or altruistic selves? Making up research subjects in genetics research
Authors: Tutton Richard , Prainsack Barbara 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe emergence of direct‐to‐consumer (DTC) personal genomics companies in 2007 was accompanied by considerable media attention and criticism from clinical geneticists and other health professionals, regulators, policy advisors, and ethicists. As well as offering genetic testing services, some firms are also engaged in building their own databases and conducting research with the data obtained from their customers. In this paper, we examine how one of these companies, 23andMe, is creating a certain kind of ‘research subject’ in opposition to that constituted in conventional forms of disease research. Drawing on debates about neoliberalism, contemporary health discourses and subjectivity, we consider two kinds of subjectivities produced through the discursive and material practices of 23andMe and UK Biobank, namely, ‘enterprising’ and ‘altruistic’ selves. We argue that the 23andMe model promotes the idea that curiosity about one’s genome on the one hand, and participation in research on the other, are not only compatible but complementary aspects of being an entrepreneurial subject of contemporary health and medicine framed by the technologies of web 2.0.
‘European Governance’ or Governmentality? The European Commission and the Future of Democratic Government
Authors: Shore Cris 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe word ‘governance’ has become an increasingly central policy motif in the European Union and elsewhere yet its meanings are ambiguous and often poorly understood. This article examines the genealogy of that concept focusing in particular on the European Commission's claim to have developed a new, more open and progressive model of ‘European governance’. The paper is set out in four steps. The first analyses the European Commission's claims for ‘governance’ as a concept integral to its new vision for Europe. The second interrogates some of the conflicting definitions and meanings inherent in the term and examines the highly selective paradigm of governance that has been developed in official Commission discourse. The third addresses two specific areas where the Commission's governance model has been applied: the Green paper on The Future of Parliamentary Democracy and the Open Method of Coordination. The fourth turns to analyse these findings using critical social theory. I conclude that far from laying the grounds for a more inclusive, participatory and democratic political order, the Commission's model to governance represents a form of neoliberal governmentality that is actually undermining democratic government and promoting a politics of exclusion.
Double Nationality in the EU: An Argument for Tolerance
Authors: Kochenov Dimitry 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCurrently the Member States' nationalities, short of being abolished in the legal sense, mostly serve as access points to the status of EU citizenship. Besides, they provide their owners with a limited number of specific rights in deviation from the general principle of non‐discrimination on the basis of nationality, and—what is probably more important for the majority of their owners—trigger legalised discrimination in the wholly internal situations. Viewed in this light, the requirement to have only one Member State's nationality enforced in national law by 10 Member States seems totally outdated and misplaced. This paper focuses on the legal analysis of this controversial requirement.
Interests, Instruments and Institutional Preferences in the EU Comitology System: The 2006 Comitology Reform
Authors: Blom‐Hansen Jens 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper seeks to reveal the institutional interests of the Council of Ministers, the European Parliament and the Commission in the comitology system. This is done by an investigation of the 2006 comitology reform, which introduced the regulatory procedure with scrutiny. This reform was the result of developments in four areas: the Lamfalussy reform in the area of financial regulation; the controversial use of comitology in the area of GMOs, food safety and the environment; the failed Constitutional Treaty; and the amending of the 1999 comitology decision. The analysis shows that the reform was the result of a two‐dimensional constitutional struggle. The first dimension concerns the relative supervisory position of the two legislative actors, the Council and the European Parliament. The second dimension concerns the relationship between the legislative and the executive branch of the EU system. In theoretical terms, the analysis demonstrates an example of T.M. Moe's ‘politics of structural choice’. The paper ends by drawing lessons for the negotiations on the new comitology system following the Lisbon Treaty.
A Shift in Focus: Systematisation in European Private Law through EU Law
Authors: Mak Vanessa 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe discourse on the Europeanisation of private law appears gradually to be moving into new territory in which the central debate on convergence of private laws in Europe makes place for structural questions on private law development in a multi‐level European legal order. With the realisation that private law is and will remain complementary regulated at EU level and in national laws, a re‐orientation is called for that, in the words of Micklitz, ‘allows one to determine which norms shall be elaborated and enforced at what level and by whom’. This article accepts that such a re‐orientation is needed in relation to substance, process, instruments and enforcement; a more fundamental question needs to be addressed, however, in order to ensure coherence in the development of private law in Europe. As can be gleaned from existing practice in EU consumer law, competition law, and financial market regulation, a deeply engrained tension between market integration and protectionist policies in Community law has resulted in incoherent regulation at EU level, which filters through into national legal systems. This puts at risk fundamental values of private law, such as certainty and fairness. A solution for this is proposed by shifting the focus from national private laws to the political and doctrinal structure of EU private law, and the normative framework it provides. General principles of EU private law, it is argued, could and should provide a counterweight to the problem of conflicting policies and set out a guideline for the future development of European private law.