bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Methods in Epidemiology
Authors: Holford Theodore R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEpidemiology provides the scientific basis for much of public health practice, and the revolution in health care and disease prevention indicates that the demand for valuable results from this field will continue to grow. Sound epidemiologic research requires a solid statistical basis for both study design and data analysis. As knowledge about the underlying causes of disease increases, we often see that they have multiple causes, so it is often not possible to limit conclusions to a single factor. Therefore a multivariate approach to data analysis is an essential part of epidemiologic research. The multivariate methods considered in this book involve the simultaneous analysis of the association between multiple attributes of an individual and the risk of a disease. This book aims to address the practical questions of how to approach data analysis. The book is organized in four parts. Part I introduces ways of thinking quantitatively about the disease process. Part II explores some of the computationally direct methods that have long been a part of classical epidemiological data analysis. Separate chapters deal with the analysis of proportions, rates, and semi-parametric approaches from time to failure data. Formal model fitting is considered in much more detail in Part III, which considers not only the analysis of proportions, but also parametric and semi-parametric approaches to the analysis of hazard rates. Part IV deals with special problems that arise when one incorporates aspects of the study design into the analysis, along with approaches to designing a study that will be the right size for addressing the study aims.
Analysis of Proportions
Authors: Holford Theodore R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces simple methods that can be applied to the analysis of proportions. The first section discusses some typical study designs that give rise to data that can be analyzed in this form. It then discusses various methods for estimating the association between exposure to factors and risk of disease, where the exposure is measured either as simply “yes” or “no,” or in greater detail that actually reflects the level of exposure. Finally, the problem of jointly analyzing putative risk factors is considered by discussing methods for estimating the effect of one factor while controlling another. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.
Analysis of Rates
Authors: Holford Theodore R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses methods for testing hypotheses comparing two or more rates, testing for trend, and combining rates over different strata. These methods are directly analogous to methods for analyzing proportions seen in Chapter 3. The chapter also discusses direct and indirect methods for calculating summary rates. Either method could be used to give a reasonable summary of a common multiplicative effect, although the indirect method required an additional assumption that the standard rates also conform to the same underlying multiplicative model. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.
Defining Regressor Variables
Authors: Holford Theodore R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe coding of categorical variables can result in very different values for the parameters in a regression model, but when they are correctly understood in term of effects on estimates of risk, they do not affect the overall conclusions. This chapter considers two commonly used coding schemes that use either 0 1 values only or -1 0 1. It examines specially defined variables that allow the consideration of thresholds, as well as questions of whether associations are consistent for all subgroups of the population. It also considers an approach for re-expressing either the regressor variable or the response in order to achieve a relationship that can be described by a generalized linear model. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.
Genetics and public health: historical perspectives and current challenges and opportunities
Authors: Omenn Gilbert S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter traces the historical paths that have led to the emergence of public health genetics. The importance of anticipating and addressing the social, ethical, and legal ramifications of scientific advances and of medical and public health applications of genetics is also discussed. The chapter argues for the need to be sensitive to the legacy of the eugenics movement of several decades ago, and to recognize the problems associated with making medical diagnoses (including prenatal diagnoses) when no treatment or preventive intervention is known.
The human genome project: evolving status and emerging opportunities for disease prevention
Authors: Fink Leslie , Collins Francis S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the history and accomplishments of the Human Genome Project. It then considers the implications of gene discovery for understanding human genetic illness and the study of complex disorders. This is followed by discussions of new technologies for genetic analysis and risk assessment and the ethical, legal, and social implications of genetic knowledge.
Epidemiology, molecular biology, and public health
Authors: Dorman Janice S. , Mattison Donald R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of molecular epidemiology in translating new genetic information from the laboratory to the community. It argues that to meet the demands of the 21st century, we must change the language and expertise of public health to include a stronger focus on molecular epidemiology and its applications for disease prevention. We also need actively to promote continuing education in human genetics, epidemiology, and public health for scientists, practitioners, educators, and individuals in the private sector. Leadership from graduate schools of public health is required to meet these challenges. Strategies for addressing this timely issue are discussed in the chapter.
Public health assessment of genetic predisposition to cancer
Authors: Coughlin Steven S. , Burke Wylie 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on cancer prevention and control. Topics discussed include genetic polymorphisms and cancer susceptibility, breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes, colorectal cancer susceptibility genes, lung cancer genetic susceptibility, prostate cancer genetic susceptibility, and melanoma genetic susceptibility. Studies of genetic susceptibility to common cancers highlight the need for additional population-based molecular epidemiologic research to define better the contribution of genetic factors to cancer, and to examine interactions with environmental factors amenable to preventive interventions.
Public health assessment of genetic information in the occupational setting
Authors: Schulte Paul A. , DeBord D. Gayle 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Genetic information refers to information about genes, gene products, or inherited characteristics that may derive from an individual or family member. In the workplace, genetic information is usually the product of genetic screening or genetic monitoring, but may also be derived from a person's medical record. This chapter examines the use of genetic information in the occupational safety and health field in terms of practice, research, and regulation.
Medical and public health strategies for ensuring the quality of genetic testing
Authors: Watson Michael S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Over the past ten to fifteen years, significant changes have made medical genetics among the most exciting and rapidly evolving areas of medicine. This chapter discusses the issues facing this field, including physician and public education, laboratory quality, and the still ill-defined standards by which decisions are made regarding the transition of research information into clinical investigation and on to standard-of-care service. To understand the issues that must be addressed to assure quality testing, some knowledge of the practice and information on its place in health care delivery are valuable.
Public health needs assessment for state-based genetic services delivery
Authors: Fisher Robert M. , Doyle Debra Lochner 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Needs assessments have rapidly become an important component of all public and private organization strategies, and they must precede policy development and assurance activities. This chapter reviews three basic types of needs assessment: the discrepancy, marketing, and decision-making models. It also reviews examples of genetic needs assessments from different states and discusses their importance.
Access to genetic services in the United States: A challenge to genetics in public health
Authors: Lin-Fu Jane S. , Lloyd-puryear Michele 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Dramatic advances in genetics in recent decades have opened many opportunities for understanding and promoting health, lowering mortality and morbidity, and preventing diseases. These advances, however, have also posed a grave challenge to the U.S. health care system, which is still neither accessible nor affordable to all. At a time when cost constraint is given top consideration in health care planning, the need to develop the infrastructure for a relatively new type of service—genetic services—has attracted little attention. This chapter argues that integrating genetic services into health programs is a formidable task not only because of the lack of an appropriate infrastructure, but also because certain basic conceptual conflicts and dilemmas first must be resolved.
Delivery of genetic services in developing countries
Authors: Penchaszadeh Victor B. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the priorities and organization of genetic services in the developing world against the background of the realities of underdevelopment. To define goals for genetic services in developing nations, efforts must be made to improve knowledge of the impact of genetic disorders in the community. Epidemiological research should be stimulated to provide better data on the prevalence and types of birth defects, genetic diseases, and genetic predispositions to common diseases at the country level. Issues of population structure (i.e., consanguinity, founder effects, cultural and geographic isolation) must be studied to assess their influence on geographical clusters of genetic diseases. The health beliefs, traditions, and social expectations of communities should also be assessed properly before setting program goals.
Genetics and prevention effectiveness
Authors: Grosse Scott D. , Teutsch Steven M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter is intended to help the reader critically evaluate quantitative prevention-effectiveness studies in genetics and to understand their uses and limitations. No prior knowledge of prevention-effectiveness methods is assumed. The first part presents an overview of the major types of analysis, definitions, underlying concepts, and rules for carrying out prevention-effectiveness analyses. The second half of the chapter applies these rules to case studies of recent economic evaluations of genetic screening, genetic testing, and genetic-test-specific therapeutic interventions.
Impact of genetic information and genetic counseling on public health
Authors: Benkendorf Judith L. , Peshkin Beth N. , Lerman Caryn 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews the evolution of the genetic counseling process as an integral part of genetic health and medical care. It discusses the settings in which genetic counseling presently occurs and who provides these services. This discussion includes the role of genetic counseling as an adjunct to testing in preconception and prenatal care, as well as in general medicine. The chapter also reviews literature on the impact of various genetic counseling and testing programs on patients' quality of life and health-related behaviors. It concludes with a discussion of the current role of genetic counseling in public health, and an examination of the advantages and disadvantages of a model that addresses and integrates the goals of both fields while maximizing the strengths of each.
Newborn screening for sickle cell disease: public health impact and evaluation
Authors: Olney Richard S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter provides a broad overview of public health aspects of newborn hemoglobinopathy screening in the United States, with special emphasis on epidemiologic efforts to evaluate pediatric outcomes after newborn screening. Despite controversies about cost-effectiveness and ethical quandaries of carrier identification and targeted versus universal approaches, newborn screening programs for hemoglobinopathies in the U.S. are firmly entrenched, at least in part because of strong epidemiological data suggesting that early identification of affected newborns is a rational policy. As prevention-oriented policies are directed toward large populations and manifestations of disease complications change, however, ongoing data collection is needed to ensure the effectiveness of these strategies at the community level.
Public health strategies to prevent the complications of hemochromatosis
Authors: Burke Wylie , Cogswell Mary E. , McDonnell Sharon M. , Franks Adele 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews current knowledge about the natural history and genetics of hemochromatosis, and considers the implications for public health policy of a transition from enhanced case finding to universal screening. Enhanced case finding can be justified on the basis of current evidence, because a reasonable likelihood of benefit can be inferred when symptomatic individuals are treated. Thus, efforts to increase public and health care provider awareness of hemochromatosis are merited. The educational programs required to increase the early detection of hemochromatosis could also serve as a preparatory step in the development of universal screening programs. The strongest argument in favor of universal screening is the possibility that enhanced case finding will fail to detect affected individuals before irreversible complications of hemochromatosis occur.
Principles and practices of communication processes for genetics in public health
Authors: Condit Celeste M. , Parrott Roxanne L. , O'Grady Beth 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes two basic requirements of the communication processes and outcomes necessary to an ethical and socially responsible use of genetic medicine in a public health framework. It begins by reviewing the reasons that there are exceptional ethical burdens on genetic medicine and then outlines the transactional model of communication and its applications in public health genetics. It concludes by describing research on the effects-based pretesting of the attitudinal effects of public health messages about genetics.
Training in public health genetics
Authors: Caumartin Susan M. , Baker Diane L. , Marrs Carl F. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses training in public health genetics. Topics covered include public health education, public health genetics education, and the changing needs of the workplace. It argues that public health educators must assume a leadership role in preparing future public health professionals who will understand and know how to apply the rapidly expanding knowledge and technology in the genetics area to the practice of public health for the achievement of public health goals. In pursuing this mission, it is vital that schools of public health emphasize not only the science of genetics but also the ethical, legal, and social implications.
Consumer perspectives on genetic testing: lessons learned
Authors: Davidson Mary E. , David Karey , Hsu Nancy , Pollin Toni I. , Weiss Joan O. , Wilker Nachama , Wilson Mary Ann 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The Genetic Alliance—a coalition of consumers, professionals, and support groups concerned with the needs of individuals and families living with genetic conditions—works to educate the general public and providers about the subtle, personal, and familial ramifications of genetic testing. Using the firsthand experiences of its consumer members as a powerful educational tool, the Alliance advocates for the development of genetic testing protocols and dynamic informed-consent standards to ensure autonomous and informed decision making that is founded on current, accurate information at every step of the testing, diagnostic, and treatment-management process. Scientists, ethicists, medical professionals, and other experts routinely play major roles in public policy decision making. The Alliance draws on more than a dozen years of firsthand experience with genetic educational programs for professionals and the public to present consumer perspectives on the policy implications of genetic testing and to demonstrate consumer participation as a value-added component in policy development. This chapter presents a unique window into the personal experiences of five individuals and their families who have had front-line experience with genetic testing.
Neuroepidemiology: Fundamental Considerations
Authors: Nelson Lorene M. , Tanner Caroline M. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , McGuire Valerie M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a review of essential concepts, including an overview of the nervous system and methods for diagnosing neurologic disease. Knowledge of the unique characteristics of the nervous system is essential to the design and conduct of studies of neurologic diseases. The chapter provides an overview of epidemiologic study design, emphasizing aspects that are particularly important in the investigation of neurologic disease. These sections emphasize the importance of defining the research question, choosing the study population, and defining study outcomes. A particular focus is the unique methodological considerations for studying neurological conditions.
Stroke
Authors: Nelson Lorene M. , Tanner Caroline M. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , McGuire Valerie M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality in the United States and other industrialized countries. This chapter discusses important issues that arise in the enumeration of stroke and how differences betweens studies can often be explained by differences in diagnostic or case definition criteria. It describes geographic variations in stroke incidence and mortality, and summarizes a vast literature on stroke risk factors. The chapter is split into two primary sections: ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke and, for each stroke type, non-modifiable risk factors (i.e., genetics, age, sex, race/ethnicity) and modifiable risk factors (smoking, diet, physical activity, hypertension) are discussed. Based on the estimated prevalence of risk factors and their attributable risk for stroke in the United States, it is estimated that a significant proportion of strokes could be prevented through the control of modifiable stroke risk factors. Therefore, part of the chapter is devoted to the design of studies of primary and secondary prevention, and to studies identifying predictors of stroke recurrence.
Migraine and Tension-Type Headache
Authors: Nelson Lorene M. , Tanner Caroline M. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , McGuire Valerie M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides information on the epidemiology of headache, with major sections devoted to migraine and tension-type headache. The clinical features of each headache type are discussed, and details of International Headache Society (IHS) criteria are described. This is followed by a summary of studies related to the incidence and prevalence, and a description of how headache frequency varies by age, sex, race, and geographic region. The chapter provides a summary of risk factors for headache, in addition to describing triggering factors among headache sufferers. The final section is devoted to a discussion of the impact of headaches, including frequency, severity, and health-related quality of life.
Intracranial Neoplasms
Authors: Nelson Lorene M. , Tanner Caroline M. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , McGuire Valerie M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the taxonomy of primary brain tumors, with a focus on gliomas, meningiomas, and grading systems for these tumors. It discusses methodological challenges for studies of brain tumor incidence including variations in diagnostic practices. It summarizes descriptive epidemiology studies of brain tumor incidence and mortality by age, sex, histologic type, and ethnicity. Factors associated with survival are discussed including histologic grade, tumor location, and extent of surgical resection. Much work remains to discover the causes of the majority of human brain tumors, as established risk factors account for only a small proportion of these tumors. The chapter critiques evidence regarding possible risk factors for brain tumors, including genetic predisposition, ionizing radiation, chemical carcinogen exposure, electromagnetic fields, infections, head trauma, smoking, and diet.
Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
Authors: Nelson Lorene M. , Tanner Caroline M. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , McGuire Valerie M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe topic of this chapter is neurodevelopmental disabilities, with discussion focused on three prototypic neurodevelopmental disorders: mental retardation, autism, and cerebral palsy. These disorders are highlighted because the epidemiologic knowledge is more advanced; however, many of the important methodologic issues apply to other neurodevelopmental disorders. The chapter discusses the particular research challenges in achieving complete case ascertainment due to the problems of case finding and case confirmation. It presents information about the prevalence of each of these disorders and temporal changes in frequency over time, as well as the possible factors contributing to increased recognition of these disorders. The chapter summarizes investigations of risk factors for each disorder, including genetic factors and possible environmental etiologies.
Prognosis of Neurologic Diseases
Authors: Nelson Lorene M. , Tanner Caroline M. , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , McGuire Valerie M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter covers the topic of prognostic studies and the application of research principles to questions of prognosis. Studies of prognosis are the core of clinical neurology and clinical epidemiology, and are central to the work of clinicians and clinician investigators. Prognosis can be regarded as a set of outcomes and their associated probabilities following the occurrence of some defining event or diagnosis that can be a symptom, sign, test result, or disease. The chapter presents information on study design principles for prognostic studies, common study biases, and statistical analysis considerations.