bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Processing Shear Time on EW Formulations
Authors: Costello Lauren 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Concentrated aqueous emulsions, or EWs, are the dispersion of a water insoluble organic liquid into water. The formulation is achieved through the use of polymeric surfactants, which provide multiple anchoring points and steric stabilization to prevent coalescence. Formation of the EW is mechanically driven, requiring high-shear processing to reduce particle size and attain a stable formulation. In this study, the relationship between processing shear time, particle size, and stability was examined. Samples were prepared using a high hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) polymer (butyl block copolymer) paired with a low HLB polymer (nonionic block or random copolymer), varying polymer types and polymer ratios. Shear was applied for 10 min to 40 min. Emulsion dilution stability (ASTM E1116-98), particle size distribution (Malvern Mastersizer), and high temperature stability were used to characterize the samples. It was found that particle size decreased as shear input was increased, reaching an optimum after 25 min to 30 min of shear, depending on the polymer pair used. All samples performed similarly in dilution stability showing improved performance after 10 min of shear. After 1 month at 54°C, all samples showed no separation and demonstrated similar dilution performance, however, D90 values dropped significantly (&gt;20 %) in samples with less than 20 min of shear, whereas samples receiving a minimum of 20 min to 30 min of shear showed decreases in D90 around 10 %. A likely explanation for the decreases in D90 observed after elevated temperature storage is that the addition of heat energy drove the particle surface area toward equilibrium according to the equation ΔA=W/γ, where ΔA is change in surface area, W is work, and γ is interfacial tension
The usefulness of sonographic features in selection of thyroid nodules for biopsy in relation to the nodule's size
Authors: Popowicz Bożena , Klencki Mariusz , Lewiński Andrzej , Słowińska-Klencka Dorota 
Published: April 2009

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of selected ultrasound (US) features of thyroid focal lesions useful for establishing indications for fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) with regard to the lesion's size.MethodsUS imaging features of 1141 thyroid nodules (shape, echogenicity, pattern of blood flow, presence of microcalcifications and the presence of other nodules in the thyroid) and their palpability were compared with the post-operative histopathological outcomes. The efficacy of the selected sets of the features was assessed for small nodules (SN)≤15 mm and large nodules (LN)>15 mm, as well as separately for nodules≤10 mm.ResultsLogistic regression analysis showed that in SN hypoechogenicity (odds ratios, OR: 3.18), microcalcifications (OR: 19.12), solitary occurrence (OR: 3.29) and height-to-width ratio≥1 (OR: 8.57) were independent risk factors for malignancy. The optimal set of small lesions that should be biopsied includes all lesions presenting at least one of the above-mentioned features (sensitivity 98%, specificity 44%). In the LN group, the selection criteria based on the shape of lesions and hypoechogenicity were less sensitive than in the SN group, but they allowed further reduction in the number of performed FNABs. Large nodules primarily selected for FNAB should be hypoechoic, more tall then wide or contain microcalcifications (sensitivity 84%, specificity 72%).ConclusionsThe obtained results provide rationale for using features from the US examination in selecting both small and large nodules for FNAB. In the case of LN, the usefulness of sonographic features is less sensitive, but more specific than in the case of SN.
A korai Barrett-carcinomák sebészi kezeléser
Authors: Horváth Örs Péter 
Published: April 2009

AbsztraktVilágszerte egyre több, a Barrett-esophagus talaján kialakult korai nyelőcsőrákot diagnosztizálnak köszönhetően a hatásos követési vizsgálatoknak. Subtotalis nyelőcsőkiirtás kétmezős lymphadenectomiával a leghatásosabb sebészi kezelési mód korai nyelőcsőrákok esetén. Ez a radikális műtét azonban jelentős mortalitással, morbiditással jár együtt, és jelentős életminőségbeli romlást okozhat. Emiatt újabban elterjedőben vannak a kevésbé invazív módszerek, így az endoscopos ablatio és a limitált radikalitású sebészi módszerek. A kezeléssel együtt járó szövődmények, a daganatkiújulás és a hosszú távú funkcionális eredmények összevetése alapján egyik módszer sem tartható egységesen elfogadottnak. Egyénre szabott döntéshozatalt kell alkalmazni, amely függ a daganat stádiumától, az esetlegeses multicentricitás a Barrett-nyálkahártyahossztól és a beteg teherbíró képességétől. A sebészi resectio – ami lehet radikális vagy limitált – marad azonban a legbiztonságosabb megoldás a submucosára terjedő daganat és multicentricitás esetén, valamint endoscopos ablatio után kialakult recidíva kezelésében.
Sludge on Tap: Queensland's First Water Pollution Legislation, 1944-1985
Authors: Wegner Jan 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Before the environmental movement of the 1960s and 1970s, controls on water pollution in Australia were piecemeal, scattered through a number of Acts. These often regulated pollution by compromises with the polluters, rather than preventing it outright, unless a threat to public health could be proved. This situation characterised the first Act written specifically to control water pollution in the Australian state of Queensland, sparked by the pollution of the Herbert River with tin dredge effluent after 1944. Conditions imposed on the dredge operations were compromises, chosen for their utility for dredging rather than their effectiveness, and further legislation maintained the situation so that pollution of the river and water supplies drawn from it continued for 40 years. The Act, and the pollution episode which sparked it, are an example of a theme noticeable in some pre-1970s pollution cases: controls were imposed that were cheap to implement or useful to the polluting agency, but which were ineffective in stopping pollution outright. Unfortunately, in Queensland, that attitude persisted after other jurisdictions had moved to more environmentally sensitive styles of pollution management.
Book Reviews
Authors: Robin Libby , Cooper Tim , Goodall Heather , Balzaretti Ross , Van Dam Petra J.E.M. , Collier Peter 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
I.G. Simmons, Global Environmental History 10,000 BC to AD 2000 (LIBBY ROBIN)
William Beinart and Lotte Hughes, Environment and Empire (TIM COOPER)
Gunnel Cederloef, Landscapes and the Law: Environmental Politics, Regional Histories and Contests over Nature (HEATHER GOODALL)
Roberta Cevasco, Memoria verde. Nuovi spazi per la geografia (ROSS BALZARETTI)
Marnie Leybourne and Andrea Gaynor, eds., Water. Histories, Cultures, Ecologies (PETRA J.E.M. VAN DAM)
Dennis Cosgrove, Geography and Vision: Seeing, Imagining and Representing the World (PETER COLLIER)
Explosives
Authors: Boileau Jacques , Fauquignon Claude , Hueber Bernard , Meyer Hans H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties and Chemical Reactions2.1.Detonation2.1.1.Ideal Detonation2.1.2.Deflagration and Detonation2.2.Prediction of Detonation Data2.2.1.Complete Calculation2.2.2.Approximation Methods2.3.Nonideal Detonation Waves and Explosives2.3.1.Nonideal Explosive Compositions2.3.2.Detonation of Cylindrical Cartridges2.3.3.Low‐ and High‐Order Detonation Velocity2.3.4.The Effect of Confinement2.4.The Buildup of Detonation2.4.1.Combustion – Deflagration – Detonation Transition (DDT)2.4.2.Shock‐to‐Detonation Transition (SDT)2.4.3.Shock and Impact Sensitivity2.5.Classification of Explosives2.6.Functional Groups2.6.1.Nitro Group2.6.2.Other Groups3.Application3.1.Energy Transfer from the Explosive to the Surroundings3.1.1.Shock and Blast Waves3.1.2.Casing and Liner Acceleration3.2.High Compression of Solids3.3.Metal Forming and Welding3.4.Rock Blasting3.5.Perforators, Shaped or Hollow Charges4.Primary Explosives5.Secondary Explosives5.1.Production5.2.Specific Secondary Explosives5.2.1.Nitrate Esters5.2.2.Aromatic Nitro Compounds5.2.3.N‐Nitro Derivatives6.High Explosive Mixtures6.1.Desensitized Explosives6.2.TNT Mixtures6.3.Plastic‐Bonded Explosives (PBX)7.Industrial Explosives7.1.Dynamites7.2.Ammonium Nitrate Explosives (Ammonites)7.3.Ammonium Nitrate/Fuel Oil Explosives (ANFO/ANC Explosives)7.4.Slurries and Water Gels7.5.Emulsion Explosives7.6.Uses8.Test Methods8.1.Performance Tests8.2.Safety9.Legal Aspects and Production9.1.Safety Regulations9.2.Production of Military Explosives10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Isolation and Differentiation of Xenopus Animal Cap Cells
Authors: Ariizumi Takashi , Takahashi Shuji , Chan Te‐chuan , Ito Yuzuru , Michiue Tatsuo , Asashima Makoto 
Published: April 2009

AbstractXenopus is used as a model animal for investigating the inductive events and organogenesis that occur during early vertebrate development. Given that they are easy to obtain in high numbers and are relatively large in size, Xenopus embryos are excellent specimens for performing manipulations such as microinjection and microsurgery. The animal cap, which is the area around the animal pole of the blastula, is destined to form the ectoderm during normal development. However, these cells retain pluripotentiality and upon exposure to specific inducers, the animal cap can differentiate into neural, mesodermal, and endodermal tissues. In this sense, the cells of the animal cap are equivalent to mammalian embryonic stem cells. In this unit, the isolation and differentiation of animal cap cells, the so‐called animal cap assay, is described. Useful methods for analyzing the mechanism of animal cap differentiation at the molecular level are also described. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 9:1D.5.1‐1D.5.31. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Contingent Behaviours
Authors: Addington Michelle 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMichelle Addington questions the accepted Modernist conception of the interior as a hermetically sealed envelope. She highlights the vicissitudes in attitudes that have existed over time to interior and exterior conditions by flagging up the 19th‐century pursuit of ventilation and the permeable outside wall, which was pursued in the quest for public sanitation and a misguided belief in the ‘toxic’ interior. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Domestic Micro‐Environments
Authors: Lehanneur Mathieu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn the following works, Mathieu Lehanneur readdresses our understanding of domestic spaces through the environmental systems that control and condition them. Such spaces are generally conditioned by centralised heating, cooling and ventilation systems that lump together many sensory qualities, including primary thermal controls as well as by‐products of scent and sound, into a singular, mechanical system that fails to engage any of them fully. Lehanneur's projects look to separate these senses into systems distributed throughout the home, engaging each one specifically and locally, in an attempt to redefine the domestic spaces they are located within. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When Cold Air Sleeps
Authors: Lally Sean 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOur cities today can be read off in binary contrast, as a ‘figure‐ground’ of conditioned and unconditioned spaces. What, however, if we stopped regarding the outside as something to be tempered or mediated? Guest‐editor Sean Lally of WEATHERS explains how for his practice climatic conditions open up new potential for organisational and spatial design. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kings Place: Hall One
Authors: Watson Howard 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWhen is an office development more than office space? Howard Watson describes how through the inclusion of two small auditoria in the basement of Kings Place in London King's Cross, Dixon Jones was able to create a true mixture of amenities while responding to the area's cultural needs and eclipsing its reputation for being less than salubrious. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weisz + Yoes (WXY architecture + urban design)
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFew small avant‐garde practices have an impact on visitors to New York like that of WXY, as the firm is sometimes called. Theirs is particularly surprising since, as Jayne Merkel notes, they have only completed a handful of freestanding buildings. But this mid‐career husband‐and‐wife team of Claire Weisz and Mark Yoes ‐ and their new partner, Layng Pew, whom they met at Yale 20 years ago ‐ are changing the face of Times Square and redesigning historic Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan where ferries leave for the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island. These heavily used public places are only the most recent ones that they have inventively improved over the last decade and a half. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Articulating Environmental Grounds
Authors: de Beaurecueil Anne Save , Lee Franklin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new generation of thinking is emerging in the manipulation of ground systems that, with the aid of parametrics, is enabling a new level of design precision and ecological calibration. Anne Save de Beaurecueil and Franklin Lee describe how with Diploma Unit 2 at the Architectural Association in London, they are working towards their goal of fusing architecture, landscape and contemporary art through an engagement with articulated ground organisations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture of Disbelief: Is Architectural Speciation a Good Thing?
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCan visionary architects have their cake and eat it, luxuriating in pecuniary success while also continuing to assert their avant‐gardism? Neil Spiller attended a conference in Cornell that brought the role of the architectural visionary under the spotlight and gave him much food for thought. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioluminescence and Nanoluminescence
Authors: Yeang Ken 
Published: April 2009

AbstractElectricity's reliance on coal‐fired power stations and other limited mineral and petroleum resources makes finding an alternative energy source for lighting buildings' interiors and our external spaces one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Ken Yeang finds some clues for its resolution in existing biological and evolving artificial systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Unconventional Low‐Cost Museum
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: April 2009

AbstractValentina Croci describes how a diminutive museum dedicated to the feminine arts in Salerno, southern Italy, provides an intimate experience for visitors: its modest interior being enriched by an interface of information panels and interactive installations designed by Id‐Lab in Milan. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controllable Molecular Doping and Charge Transport in Solution‐Processed Polymer Semiconducting Layers
Authors: Zhang Yuan , de Boer Bert , Blom Paul W. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHere, controlled p‐type doping of poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2′‐ethylhexyloxy)‐p‐phenylene vinylene) (MEH‐PPV) deposited from solution using tetrafluoro‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4‐TCNQ) as a dopant is presented. By using a co‐solvent, aggregation in solution can be prevented and doped films can be deposited. Upon doping the current–voltage characteristics of MEH‐PPV‐based hole‐only devices are increased by several orders of magnitude and a clear Ohmic behavior is observed at low bias. Taking the density dependence of the hole mobility into account the free hole concentration due to doping can be derived. It is found that a molar doping ratio of 1 F4‐TCNQ dopant per 600 repeat units of MEH‐PPV leads to a free carrier density of 4 × 1022 m−3. Neglecting the density‐dependent mobility would lead to an overestimation of the free hole density by an order of magnitude. The free hole densities are further confirmed by impedance measurements on Schottky diodes based on F4‐TCNQ doped MEH‐PPV and a silver electrode.
Tissue Engineering Using Laminar Cellular Assemblies
Authors: Yang Joseph , Yamato Masayuki , Sekine Hidekazu , Sekiya Sachiko , Tsuda Yukiko , Ohashi Kazuo , Shimizu Tatsuya , Okano Teruo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAs proposed in the late 1980s by Langer and Vacanti, the ultimate goal of tissue engineering is the development of structures that can be used to treat or replace damaged or diseased organs and tissues. For the regeneration of various organs such as the heart, liver, and kidney, the development of adequate vascular networks within the engineered tissues remains a significant obstacle in the formation of cell‐dense structures that resemble the native parenchyma. While tissue engineering using biodegradable scaffolds has been successful in the re‐creation of tissues where extracellular matrix is abundant, we have developed cell‐sheet‐based tissue engineering for the construction of tissues using laminar assemblies of cells harvested from temperature‐responsive culture dishes. Using cell sheet engineering, we present new strategies for the development of organ‐like tissue structures containing well‐organized vascular networks.
Diffusion through ordered force fields in nanopores represented by Smoluchowski equation
Authors: Wang Fu Yang , Zhu Zhong Hua , Rudolph Victor 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe classical Einstein or Fick diffusion equation was developed in random force fields. When the equation is applied to gas transport through coal, significant discrepancies are observed between experimental and simulation results. The explanation may be that the random force field assumption is violated. In this article, we analyze molecular transport driven by both random and ordered (directional) forces in nanopores. When applied to CO2 transport through cone‐shaped carbon nano‐tubes (CNTs) and Li+ doped graphite pores, computational results show that directional force fields may significantly affect porous media flow. Directional forces may be generated by potential gradients arising from a range of non‐uniform characteristics, such as variations in the pore‐sizes and in local surface compositions. On the basis of the simulation and experimental results, the Smoluchowski and Fokker‐Planck equations, which account for the directional force fields, are recommended for diffusion through ordered force fields in nanopores. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of cobalt nano‐particles through microwave polyol process
Authors: Cheng Wen‐Tung , Cheng Huei Wen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article aims to synthesize and character cobalt nano‐particles through microwave polyol process. At first, cobalt acetate is used as precursor to synthesize cobalt nano‐particles by microwave assisted ethylene glycol in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as capping agent. As measured from ion‐coupled plasma (ICP) and thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA), the yields of as‐synthesized cobalt particles in average diameters of 40 and 81 nm verified by transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), are 71 and 85%, respectively; and the structure of as‐synthesized cobalt nano‐particle is a face‐center cubic structure analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Finally, the as‐synthesized cobalt nano‐particle modified by oleic acid is dispersed in kerosene to character magnetic property. As measured by vibration sample magnetometer (VSM), the saturation magnetisms of cobalt nano‐particles with average diameters of 40 and 81 nm are 39.1 and 29.5 emu/g, respectively, in solution. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
A simple model for vapor‐moisture equilibrium in biomass subtrates
Authors: Vásquez V. R. , Coronella C. J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEquilibrium moisture content (EMC) plays a fundamental role on the properties of bioderived solids such as food, waste biomass, seeds, and many others. For foods, the moisture content affects flavor, texture, and the way the food is stored. In other applications, moisture affects drying conditions and energy requirements for biomass processing. Adequate modeling of EMC in biomass as a function of the water activity is very important in many engineering applications. Most models used to correlate EMC with water activity are based on traditional adsorption models which take into account the adsorption energy of water with the substrate only and do not consider other nonadsorption interactions of water within the substrate such as mixing and swelling effects. Many other models are empirical, which are commonly used for interpolation. Although a detailed description of this type of substrate is very complex, we present a simple model based on standard molecular‐thermodynamic models and standard statistical mechanics formulations to correlate the EMC with water activity that attempts to consider both adsorption and nonadsorption interactions of the water with the substrate. Although the model is basic, it captures the behavior of water in this type of systems fairly well and it can be used to fit experimental data with parameters that provide better physical insight on the nature of system. We suggest how to improve the model fundamentally if better knowledge of the water interactions in the substrate are available. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Litter size and infant survivorship in wild groups of cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) in Colombia
Authors: Savage A. , Soto L. , Medina F. , Emeris G. , Soltis J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCotton‐top tamains (Saguinus oedipus) are a critically endangered primate found only in Colombia. Efforts to conserve this species are centered on developing effective management plans that integrate biological information regarding population dynamics and factors that influence their survival. This study documented infants born to wild cotton‐top tamarin females from 1994–2008 at two distinct field sites in northern Colombia. Our studies have shown that wild cotton‐top tamarins typically give birth to one litter each year and infant survival to 6 months of age was greater in the wild than has been reported in captive colonies. However, similar to reports from captive colonies, litter size of wild cotton‐top tamarins ranges from 1–3 infants, with twin litters most common. Here we report the first occurrence of triplet litters in nearly 20 years of observing wild cotton‐top tamarin groups. Over the first 3 months of life, wild‐born infants exhibited highest mortality during the first week of life, similar to reports from captive colonies. Infant survival in the wild also increases with successive litters as it does in captivity. However, inter‐birth interval, group size, and the number of adult males in the group did not appear to influence infant survival in the wild. The value of such long‐term data from field studies aids in the information that can be used to model future population trends and develop effective conservation plans for this critically endangered primate. Am. J. Primatol. 71:707–711, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.