bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retributivism Is Too Morally Risky
Authors: Kolber Adam J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
For standard retributivists to inflict punishment, they must believe not only that a defendant is guilty but that all other prerequisites for deserved punishment are satisfied as well. For example, they must believe offenders have free will, even though philosophers have debated the topic for centuries. And they must believe offenders can be punished proportionally, even though no one has convincingly determined how to assess proportionality. These retributivist commitments, along with several others, are clearly controversial. One would be hard-pressed to believe a single one—let alone the conjunction—with the 95 percent or 99 percent confidence frequently attributed to the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt standard used to assess guilt. Reasonable retributivists, Kolber argues, face too much uncertainty to justify punishment under the standard of proof they would likely set for themselves. At the same time, they also face too much uncertainty to confidently refrain from punishing, making it difficult for standard retributivists to provide guidance in the here and now.
Strategies for Discipline and Limit Setting
Authors: McKee Laura G. , Forehand Rex 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Providing positive discipline can be challenging and bewildering to parents of toddlers, tweens, and teens, especially with new theories about parenting in the news all the time. However, there are several sound approaches that cut through the confusion, are supported by science, and have stood the test of time. In short, a RARE parent is what you want to be: one who is regulated, attuned to your child, and knows how to respond effectively. Positive discipline is built on the foundation of a warm and trusting parent-child relationship, and includes clear expectations and directions, attention and praise for on-target child behaviors, and consistent consequences for off-target behaviors.
Parental Conflict
Authors: Malik Neena M. , Lindahl Kristin M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Disagreements occur in all intimate relationships. Intense and unresolved parental conflict, however, presents a threat to children’s well-being. This chapter discusses how arguing between parents can be harmful to children and how the effects can differ based on the child’s age, temperament, and gender. The chapter outlines steps that parents can take to minimize the impact of parental conflict and provides resources for help.
Time and Change
Authors: Bardon Adrian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We measure weight with a scale, and temperature with a thermometer. When we measure time—say, with a clock—what is it that we measure? To some scholars in the ancient world, the answer was that what we call time is simply the measure of change. What is real is a changing universe; time is derived from, and is used to track, regular changes and motions. The leading proponent of this view was the celebrated Greek philosopher Aristotle, who was both Plato’s most accomplished student and himself a teacher of Alexander the Great. His philosophical opponents on this issue were Parmenides and Zeno, who denied the reality of change—and thus denied the reality of time as well.
Unum esse regnum
Authors: Smolin Nathan Israel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns to the life and thought of Lucifer of Cagliari. In section 5.1, Lucifer’s reception in ancient and scholarly sources is reviewed and criticized for its overwhelming negative animus. Lucifer’s corpus is then analyzed work by work in sections 5.2–5.6. Across these works, Lucifer engages perceptively with the Constantinian ideology of rulership, identifying and denying the various means of divine or charismatic authority claimed by Constantine and Constantius while gradually transferring these prerogatives to the office of bishop. This view of political and religious authority is based on Lucifer’s stark Nicene belief in a total identity of divinity and power shared among multiple divine persons in a single cosmic kingdom made immediately manifest in the Church on earth. In the process Lucifer innovates a totally new genre of Imperial invective and asserts the right and duty of bishops to criticize and if necessary delegitimate Christian Emperors.
Building a Social Science
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Just as the Industrial Revolution in Britain suggested a promise of superabundance, David Ricardo, Robert Malthus, and their colleagues formalized classical political economy with its emphasis on scarcity, self-interest, and private accumulation of capital. At the same time, Robert Owen took a different path, arguing that the new technologies open a new world. In effect, he turns the classical political economy on its head. Building his new social science, Owen emphasizes abundance, public spiritedness, and communal accumulation of capital. Although the history of the cooperative movement is well documented, the social psychology, architecture, and logic of its varied attempts at theorizing a social science stand in need of reappraisal. The chapters of our book describe, often restate, and in places reconstruct the social science of cooperation—from Robert Owen, through William Thompson and Anna Doyle Wheeler, J. S. Mill and Harriet Taylor Mill, the Christian Socialists, the consumer cooperative movement, the Women’s Cooperative Guild, William Morris, and the Guild Socialists. Each of these writers makes theoretical assumptions concerning social psychology, proposes institutional structures, and then derives consequences for the material economy, happiness, and human development. Some postulate a feedback mechanism strengthening and stabilizing an enlarged self-interest. Sparked by the intellectual optimism and fellow-feeling of the early British cooperative theorists, we start to rebuild their humane social science. While enriching our understanding of intellectual history, we hope our analyses of these theories also carry insights relevant to the present—insights concerning employment relations, persistent inequality, and low levels of human development.
Contacts and Exchanges
Authors: Sarti Laury 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Understanding how the Carolingian west was related to the Byzantine empire requires looking at how both worlds were connected. The term “connectivity” defines the options available to connect two regions, a concept that allows studying the potentials beyond singular examples. This chapter takes a quantitative approach by focusing on the frequency of exchanges and a qualitative perspective by assessing the intensity of any such contact. It reassesses the connectivity between the said regions once belonging to the Roman empire by discussing travel routes and conditions, diplomatic exchanges, and voyages related to the clergy. The chapter argues that although exchanges between the Frankish west and the Byzantine empire intensified from the second half of the eighth century, the two were never connected by frequent or regular exchanges.
The Present in the Past
Authors: Sarti Laury 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Roman past is usually conceived as foreign to the Franks. Although the Frankish world as we know it emerged from within the Roman empire, any earlier history belonging to the time before the Franks had entered Roman territory and their convergence with the empire is either lost or was subsequently reframed to fit into Roman history. This chapter discusses the place of the Franks in this history by assessing the Frankish perceptions of the past and by retracing the origins and further evolution of their historical identity. It argues that while the Franks self-confidently retained their gentile identity, they considered themselves part of the multiethnic ancient Roman world and its history. The first section focuses on the perception of time and history and how the Frankish world was designed to fit into the Roman past. The second discusses the Frankish treatment of Antiquity and its role as a past shared with the remaining parts of the empire.
Introduction: Greeks Drawing Lots: The Practice and the Mindset of Egalitarianism
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Ancient Greeks drew lots within a broad spectrum of practices and conventions, reflecting the values, practices, and egalitarian mindset that were prevalent for nearly three centuries before the appearance of the lot as the salient feature of Athenian democracy. Greeks often turned to random choices by drawing lots to ensure equality and fairness and avoid undue influence and corruption. Being the first book of its kind to discuss drawing lots, the Introduction defines the purpose and framework of the book and its use of evidence from archaeology, myth, poetry, drama, ritual, historiography, and political thought and practice. It stresses vocabulary and key concepts, such as horizontal society, the egalitarian mindset, equal portions and the relation to ideas of equality and fairness, mixture and integration of citizens, the role of the gods, and the relevance to modern democracies. A road map of the contents of parts I and II is provided.
When Does the Lot Reflect the Will of the Gods?
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The role of the gods in drawing lots appears on a spectrum, from the explicit expectation of intervention to invoking them and sanctioning the procedure lotteries. Lotteries assume unpredictable, unmanipulated results, and the gods, while presiding over the drawing of lots, were not expected to determine their results. On one end of the spectrum, we find explicit divination (lot oracles), and on the other, mundane and daily procedures. With lot oracles one expected confirmation or denial between options or a choice from a list. The chapter discusses the role of the gods in drawing lots, types of inspiration, and non-oracular, institutional lot drawing at Delphi. A discussion of Hermes and Lachesis, the moira of drawing lots, and moira in general, clarifies their role in lot drawing. Special attention is devoted to analyzing evidence and traditions of drawing lots (including bean oracles and direct, inscribed inquiries) about Delphi, Dodona, and Delphi’s own history.
Drawing Lots for Polis Office
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts how drawing lots for the polis offices was introduced and gradually spread in ancient Greece. The first known case was in early sixth-century Athens, where the statesman Solon introduced allotment from preselected, elite candidates. But his innovation had only limited success and was soon largely abandoned. Following a wave of initiatives across the Greek world to increase the political power of the demos around 500, poleis diverged more prominently than before into oligarchies and democracies. Some oligarchies adopted drawing lots for office to solidify the equality and coherence of their own circle. Among the democracies, Athens is by far the best known and best documented. In 508/7, Cleisthenes created the framework for Athens’ democracy, drawing lots to mix the citizens into new subgroups. Solon’s system of allotment was reintroduced in 487, and after the 460s, the lot was applied widely to polis office and governance in Athens. Many other democratic poleis came to use allotment for office, but none equaled Athens in the scale and duration of the practice. Besides political offices, cultic offices were drawn by lot in several poleis. This ancient use of the lot in Athens probably supported Solon’s introduction of lots for political office; in other poleis, the same pattern possibly played a role. Dedicated Endnotes discuss Solon’s laws and different accounts of them in our sources, drawing lots in the Ancient Near East, the diagramma (constitutional decree) for Cyrene, the body politic in Cleisthenes’s system, and clay tokes from Athens for allotment of offices.
What Affects Sustained Cooperation?
Authors: Pokharel Atul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter moves further into the details of irrigation systems. It first presents a grounded account of one system and illustrates how collective action becomes necessary at each stage of using and maintaining it over time. It then connects these features into patterns that appear across the systems in this sample. Next, it uses this to explain how these systems in Nepal had all the requirements of successful collective action before presenting some unexpected results that show variation in their success over 30 years. It then shows how the level of cooperation relates to the variables included in Ostrom’s collective action–focused framework. It shows that none of them prove adequate for explaining cooperation over time before examining the implications of this unexpected result. This chapter sets up the puzzle that motivates the rest of the book.
Conclusion
Authors: Benson Jonathan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This conclusion provides an overview of the book’s epistemic justification of democracy and how it provides a robust response to the new democratic scepticism. It restates how the epistemic abilities of democracy are only produced through the interaction of many different institutions, and how they are therefore dependent on taking a systemic perspective. While any one democratic institution cannot possibly possess epistemic values superior to all of its alternatives, a systemic approach can identify divisions of labour and emergent properties which produce epistemic values at the system level. The conclusion also discusses the interdisciplinary nature of this systemic model and the ways it builds on the problems and critiques of the sceptics. It then ends by considering possible ways of improving the intelligence of contemporary democracies and discusses promising new developments, such as the increasing experimentation with more permanent and influential uses of sortition and random selection.
The End of the Institutionalist
Authors: Bellantoni Christina 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Donald Trump’s presidency accelerated what had been slowly happening in the Senate. People from both parties who had been willing to work together had increasingly less incentive to do so, even institutionalists who had always revered traditions and decorum over combative politics. At the same time, the Washington ecosystem and especially the news media did nothing but fan the flames. Using a mix of first-person narrative and reporting, this chapter explores the concept of moderation in the Senate, which among Republicans simply came to translate as “not Trump.” The Senate continued on after Trump—and has even accomplished big, bipartisan things under President Biden. But it’s broken. Shattered, even. Trump’s time in office gave no one the incentive to pick up the pieces. In the end, the chapter concludes that the Trump-era Senate prompted the end of the institutionalist.
Introduction
Authors: Zhao Jingyi Jenny 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Introduction sets out the main aims and objectives of the study and enters into a nuanced discussion of the methodology of comparison. It deals with the issues of intelligibility and incommensurability, showing how they can be overcome by taking shame-related conceptual clusters from each case and situating them in terms of the wider ethical frameworks of Aristotle and Xunzi. Engaging with the existing literature on ‘shame’ from a variety of disciplines, it argues that a cross-cultural comparative approach based on detailed analysis of major philosophical figures from the classical traditions of Greece and China has the potential to free us from certain presuppositions and fundamentally change the way we think about shame and the emotions.
Between War and the Text
Authors: Sutton Rebecca 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
How do international humanitarian law (IHL) rules circulate “down” from normative sites like courtrooms and “up” from operational conflict settings? Where does IHL pedagogy fit in? To elucidate the everyday life of IHL, this chapter introduces three realms in which IHL’s principle of distinction circulates: the Intellectual, Pedagogical, and Kinetic realms. The discussion centers the Pedagogical realm, a sphere of practice with a strong normative aspect, in which legal rules are taught, learned, and questioned through teaching and trainings. The chapter proposes that many accounts of how IHL works are impoverished by their neglect of this crucial site, which lies between war and the text. Focusing first on civil-military trainings, the chapter pursues distinction “down” to the Central African Republic, and “up” to the Hague. Treating judges, field-based practitioners, and training participants alike as “lawmakers,” the chapter illuminates how differently situated actors forge IHL’s (multiple) meaning(s) in everyday practice.
A Prologue to Law of War Unmaking
Authors: Watts Sean 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the underexplored subject of how and why States terminate or “unmake” law of war treaties and treaty provisions. It identifies legal mechanisms and practices, both established and emerging, for the repeal, expiration, or abandonment of treaty-based laws of war. After surveying treaty termination procedures, both general and specific to the law of war, the chapter catalogs States’ exercises of unmaking through both formal and informal means. It then identifies forces that may explain why States and other actors involved in law of war formation have not seized on unmaking with the regularity and rigor they have with respect to law-making. The chapter is meant to inspire a more refined and regular unmaking practice by States.
Misunderstanding historical linguistics
Authors: Laakso Johanna 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Since the nineteenth century, findings of historical linguistics have been used for shedding light on the past and, in this connection, also in national identity building. This has created tensions between pre-scientific, romantic narratives and the mainstream academic views on linguistic prehistory. Somewhat surprisingly, not only laypeople but even academic “maverick” linguists sometimes propagate pseudolinguistic views seemingly tailored to support popular ideas about a glorious national past. This chapter analyzes three such cases and the reasons behind the misuse of data, methods, and terminology. While two of them seem to be mainly connected to Hungarian Anti-Finno-Ugrism, one of them represents similar problems in Finland and Estonia.
Borrowing and historical-linguistic ideology
Authors: Laakso Johanna 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Loanword research connects the history of a language to the ethnocultural reality in which the language users lived. As a consequence, it can provide valuable connections to other historical disciplines. However, the same connections also make loanword research susceptible to ideological pressures. This chapter presents some examples of how ideologies and (ethno)political preconceptions may influence loanword research. One such ideology is the so-called prestige determinism hypothesis, the belief that loanwords travel from cultures on a (supposedly) higher level to their lower-level neighbours rather than vice versa. This chapter shows that such ideologies and biases not only are unwarranted but that they may lead linguists to ignore important evidence or misinterpret the evidence.
Orphaned Catholics
Authors: Forlenza Rosario , Thomassen Bjørn 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
At the beginning of the 1990s, the Italian political system entered a period of dramatic transformation as the result of a series of international and domestic crises, including the end of the Cold War, the emergence of regionalism, and the political corruption scandals known as Tangentopoli (Bribesville). Christian Democracy terminated its existence in 1994 and the Catholic church launched a new political and cultural project that aimed at reaffirming the role of Catholicism in the public sphere without the mediation of a single political party. These wider transformations, leading into the present period, are the focus of this chapter.
Luigi Settembrini, According to Himself
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter, the first in Part I ‘Autobiography and Revolution’, starts by showing that, in the Risorgimento, personal memoir and adventurous fiction played an outsized role in inspiring revolutionary action. A systematic comparison between The Neoplatonists and Settembrini’s Memoirs then uncovers close parallels between the two, showing that, for Settembrini, the past was a source of happiness, a place where recollections of early childhood and memories of ancient Greece blended into one uncorrupted sense of wonder and wellbeing. The classical past not only provided inspiration for the utopian future, but offered a means of building resilience in the present, which was marked by political failure, near execution, incarceration, fear, and physical pain. Nostalgia, in other words, was an important resource, motivating revolutionary action and the ability to withstand its consequences.
The Neoplatonists by Aristaeus of Megara
Authors: Capra Andrea , Graziosi Barbara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In his ‘translator’s preface’, Settembrini warns readers about the obscenity of the upcoming tale and criticizes modern hypocrisy: ‘Platonic love’ was invented to hide affairs between men. In ch. 1, two boys (true ‘neoplatonists’, i.e. young followers of Plato) grow up loving each other. In ch. 2 they teach their Platonic teacher a lesson in equality and reciprocity—in a hilarious scene of sexe à trois; then meet the lovely Hymnis, discover heterosexuality (ch. 3), learn more about her (ch. 4), and about how to pleasure a woman without demanding what ‘brings no advantage to her’ (ch. 5). In ch. 6, Hymnis bids farewell to them and one boy falls in love with another girl. In ch. 7, both demonstrate their valour in war. In ch. 8, they get married, ‘love and honour’ their wives, while continuing to love each other and have sex together, in a lifelong bisexual arrangement.
Conclusions
Authors: González Campañá Núria 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book and reflects on the scope of EU constitutional ambitions. In other words, whether the EU can or cannot fully develop its constitutional ambitions since national identity remains much stronger than European identity. The chapter explores first that there is no conflict between international law and EU law regarding secession within EU Member States highlighting the controversial customary right to self-determination. Next, it reviews the criteria of consent and lawfulness and EU law and practice on secession. Then, it explores the EU deferential approach to secessionism and the consequences that can be drawn from it.
What Are Personalist Parties?
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays out what personalist parties are. It posits that personalism in political parties can be captured by the extent to which the party organization is a vehicle to advance the leader’s personal political career such that the leader has more control over the party than do other senior party elites. Next, it details the book’s approach to measuring ruling party personalism and the original data collection effort underlying it. It highlights how this measure of ruling party personalism incorporates information that predates the leader’s assumption to power, such that it is not endogenous to incumbent leaders’ behaviours once in office. This means that party personalism is measured exogenously to the outcome studied in the book, namely democratic backsliding. The chapter then reviews related concepts and measures, paying particular attention to populism, before offering basic facts and features of personalist parties. It shows that ruling party personalism has risen globally but finds little evidence that increasing political polarization or declining public support for democracy explain its rise.