bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profit Sharing and Outsourcing under Labor Market Imperfection
Authors: König Jan , Koskela Erkki 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWhen the wage rate is set by the labor union, profit sharing and outsourcing is combined in this paper to analyze how the implementation of profit sharing affects individual effort and wage and thus outsourcing. The findings show that profit sharing and wage have an individual effort‐augmenting effect and therefore increase productivity. It is also found that the wage effect of profit sharing in general is ambiguous. There is a wage decreasing substitution effect, but in contrast, there is a wage increasing effect via labor demand elasticity and effort so that outsourcing and employment effects are also ambiguous. Furthermore, it is shown under which condition a firm will implement a profit sharing scheme.
Country Size, Technology and Manufacturing Location
Authors: Handley Kyle 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCountry size, technology and trade costs jointly affect the location of manufacturing activity. In this paper, the combined effects of country size and technology differences on manufacturing location are examined in a simple new economic geography model. The specification yields a closed‐form, analytic relationship between measures of relative productivity, country size and trade costs. The patterns of agglomeration are consistent with recent empirical evidence. Market and supplier access favor manufacturing agglomeration in large countries for high to intermediate trade costs. High productivity countries, however small, are favored for low trade costs. The model's tractability facilitates welfare analysis.
Welfare Effect of Mergers and Multilateral Trade Liberalization
Authors: Chaudhuri Amrita Ray , Benchekroun Hassan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn a two‐country model where firms behave à la Cournot, we show that trade liberalization increases (decreases) the social desirability of those mergers that generate sufficiently large (small) reductions in marginal cost. There exists a range of intermediate levels of marginal cost savings such that marginal tariff reductions increase (decrease) the desirability of merger at sufficiently low (high) tariff levels. Moreover, in the neighborhood of free trade, we show that if trade liberalization increases the profitability of a merger, it necessarily also increases its desirability.
Parallel Trade and its Ambiguous Effects on Global Welfare
Authors: Mueller‐Langer Frank 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe regulation of parallel trade is a fiercely debated issue in the global trading system. This paper investigates the welfare effects of parallel trade freedom for different levels of trade costs and market size. It is found that parallel trade freedom has a positive effect on global welfare if countries are sufficiently heterogeneous in terms of market size and trade costs are sufficiently low. Contrary to intuition, this result even holds in a situation where parallel trade freedom implies the closure of the smaller market. If, however, countries are virtually homogenous in terms of market size, parallel trade freedom may be detrimental to global welfare for specific levels of trade costs.
The effect of Zhangfei on the unfolded protein response and growth of cells derived from canine and human osteosarcomas
Authors: Bergeron T. , Zhang R. , Elliot K. , Rapin N. , MacDonald V. , Linn K. , Simko E. , Misra V. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine whether the protein Zhangfei could suppress the unfolded protein response (UPR) and growth of osteosarcoma cells. Dog (D‐17) and a human (Saos‐2) osteosarcoma cells were infected with adenovirus vectors expressing either Zhangfei or the control protein beta‐ galactosidase. We monitored cell growth as well as levels of UPR gene transcripts and proteins. We found that Zhangfei suppressed the growth of both D‐17 and Saos‐2 cells. Zhangfei‐expressing D‐17 cells displayed large vacuoles containing culture medium and expressed phosphatidylserine on their external surface suggesting that Zhangfei induced macropinocytosis and apoptosis in these cells. While Zhangfei inhibited the growth of both D‐17 and Saos‐2 cells, it inhibited thapsigargin‐induced UPR, as detected by a decrease in transcripts for UPR genes, and HERP and GRP78 proteins, only in D‐17 cells, suggesting that the ability of Zhangfei to suppress the UPR and tumour cells growth may not be linked.
End of life, death and dying in neonatal intensive care units in Latin America
Authors: Fajardo CA , González S , Zambosco G , Cancela MJ , Forero LV , Venegas M , Baquero H , Lemus‐Varela L , Kattan J , Wormald F , Sola A , Lantos J 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim:  Most analyses of end of life decisions in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) have come from Europe/English‐speaking countries. Would decisions be different in Latin American NICUs? Therefore, we aim to evaluate the approach to dying infants/families in NICUs in Latin America.Methods:  Multinational descriptive study of all deaths in babies born at >22 weeks in eight NICUs in five Latin American countries. Deaths were categorized as: (i) no Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) or life support offered; (ii) life support initiated but do not resuscitate (DNR) orders written or no CPR provided; (iii) full life support and CPR; and (iv) unclassifiable.Results:  There were 100 deaths, 81% in >27 weeks. Seventeen infants received no CPR/life support at birth, 10 died in DR and seven in NICU. There were 27 infants in group 2, 54 in group three and two in group 4. No baby had care withdrawn or care withdrawn/CPR withheld. Thirty‐two infants had ‘do not resuscitate’ order. Decisions without parents’ involvement in 15%, both parents present at death 24% and sedatives/narcotics documented 14%.Conclusions:  Latin American NICUs differ from those in Northern Europe/English‐speaking countries. More deaths are accompanied by full life support and CPR. DNR orders are rare. Withdrawal of life support is virtually non‐existent. Latin American’s doctors are more likely to make decisions without the objections of family about withholding life‐sustaining treatment.
Difference in mother–child interaction between preterm‐ and term‐born preschoolers with and without disabilities
Authors: Potharst Eva S , Schuengel Carlo , Last Bob F , van Wassenaer Aleid G , Kok Joke H , Houtzager Bregje A 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim:  To investigate differences in the quality of mother–child interaction between preterm‐ and term‐born children at age 5, and to study the association of mother–child interaction with sociodemographic characteristics and child disability.Methods:  Preterm children (n = 94), born at <30 weeks’ gestation and/or birth weight <1000 g, and term children (n = 84) were assessed at corrected age of 5 using a mother–child interaction observation. Disabilities were assessed using an intelligence test, behaviour questionnaires for parents and teachers, and motor and neurological examinations.Results:  Mothers of preterm‐born children were less supportive of and more interfering with their children’s autonomy than mothers of term‐born children. This difference was only partly explained by sociodemographic factors. Dyads showed a lower quality of mother–child interaction if children had a severe disability, especially when mothers had a lower level of education.Conclusion:  Five years after birth, mother–child interaction of very premature children and their mothers compared unfavourably with term children and their mothers. Mothers with sociodemographic disadvantages, raising a preterm child with severe disabilities, struggle most with giving adequate sensitive support for the autonomy development of their child. Focused specialized support for these at risk groups is warranted.
Stellar jitter from variable gravitational redshift: implications for radial velocity confirmation of habitable exoplanets
Authors: Cegla H. M. , Watson C. A. , Marsh T. R. , Shelyag S. , Moulds V. , Littlefair S. , Mathioudakis M. , Pollacco D. , Bonfils X. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
A variation of gravitational redshift, arising from stellar radius fluctuations, will introduce astrophysical noise into radial velocity measurements by shifting the centroid of the observed spectral lines. Shifting the centroid does not necessarily introduce line asymmetries. This is fundamentally different from other types of stellar jitter so far identified, which do result from line asymmetries. Furthermore, only a very small change in stellar radius, ∼0.01 per cent, is necessary to generate a gravitational redshift variation large enough to mask or mimic an Earth-twin. We explore possible mechanisms for stellar radius fluctuations in low-mass stars. Convective inhibition due to varying magnetic field strengths and the Wilson depression of starspots are both found to induce substantial gravitational redshift variations. Finally, we investigate a possible method for monitoring/correcting this newly identified potential source of jitter and comment on its impact for future exoplanet searches.
Twinkling pulsar wind nebulae in the synchrotron cut-off regime and the γ-ray flares in the Crab Nebula
Authors: Bykov A. M. , Pavlov G. G. , Artemyev A. V. , Uvarov Yu. A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Synchrotron radiation of ultrarelativistic particles accelerated in a pulsar wind nebula may dominate its spectrum up to γ-ray energies. Because of the short cooling time of the γ-ray-emitting electrons and positrons, the γ-ray-emission zone is in the immediate vicinity of the acceleration site. Particle acceleration likely occurs at the termination shock of a relativistic striped wind, where multiple forced magnetic field reconnections provide strong magnetic fluctuations facilitating Fermi acceleration processes. The acceleration mechanisms imply the presence of stochastic magnetic fields in the particle acceleration region, which cause stochastic variability of the synchrotron emission. This variability is particularly strong in the steep γ-ray tail of the spectrum, where modest fluctuations of the magnetic field lead to strong flares of spectral flux. In particular, stochastic variations of magnetic field, which may lead to quasi-cyclic γ-ray flares, can be produced by the relativistic cyclotron ion instability at the termination shock. Our model calculations of the spectral and temporal evolution of synchrotron emission in the spectral cut-off regime demonstrate that the intermittent magnetic field concentrations dominate the γ-ray emission from highest energy electrons and provide fast, strong variability even for a quasi-steady distribution of radiating particles. The simulated light curves and spectra can explain the very strong γ-ray flares observed in the Crab Nebula and lack of strong variations at other wavelengths. The model predicts high polarization in the flare phase, which can be tested with future polarimetry observations.
Spectroscopy of the spatially extended Lyα emission around a quasar at z = 6.4
Authors: Goto Tomotsugu , Utsumi Yousuke , Walsh Jeremy R. , Hattori Takashi , Miyazaki Satoshi , Yamauchi Chisato 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
We have taken deep, moderate-resolution Keck/DEIMOS spectra of the quasar (QSO) CFHQS J232908.28−030158.8 at z= 6.4. At the wavelength of Lyα, the spectrum shows a spatially extended component, which is significantly more extended than a stellar spectrum, and also a continuum part of the spectrum. The rest-frame linewidth of the extended component is 21 ± 7 Å and thus smaller than that of the QSO (52 ± 4 Å), where they should be identical if the light is incomplete subtraction of the QSO component. Therefore, these comparisons argue for the detection of spatially extended Lyα nebulae around this QSO. This is the first z &gt; 6 QSO where an extended Lyα halo has been observed. Careful subtraction of the central QSO spectrum reveals a lower limit to the Lyα luminosity of (1.7 ± 0.1) × 1043 erg s−1. This emission may be from the theoretically predicted infalling gas in the process of forming a primordial galaxy that is ionized by a central QSO. On the other hand, if it is photoionized by the host galaxy, an estimated star formation rate of &gt;3.0 M⊙ yr−1 is required.
If we assume the gas is virialized, we obtain a dynamical mass estimate of Mdyn= 1.2 × 1012 M⊙. The derived MBH/Mhost ratio is 2.1 × 10−4, which is two orders of magnitude smaller than those from more massive z∼ 6 QSOs, and places this galaxy in accordance with the local MBH–σ relation, in contrast to a previous claim on the evolution of the MBH–σ relation at z∼ 6. We do not claim evolution or non-evolution of the MBH–σ relation based on a single object, but our result highlights the importance of investigating fainter QSOs at z∼ 6.
Restorative Justice in the Classroom: Necessary Roles of Cooperative Context, Constructive Conflict, and Civic Values
Authors: Johnson David W. , Johnson Roger T. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTo ensure that restorative justice is effective, a cooperative context must be developed, future conflicts must be managed constructively, and relevant parties need to adopt civic values. The theory underlying the creation of a cooperative context is social interdependence theory. Goal interdependence may be positive (i.e., cooperative) or negative (i.e., competitive). Creating a cooperative context will both help prevent destructively managed conflicts and help create positive relationships. The long‐term maintenance of a cooperative context depends on resolving conflicts constructively. Individuals need to learn how to resolve conflicts of interests through integrative negotiation and peer mediation. Individuals also need to learn how to resolve intellectual disagreements through the constructive controversy procedure. Intellectual disagreements are inherent in all decision making. Finally, engaging in cooperative efforts and resolving conflicts constructively inculcates civic values. It is the combination of cooperative experiences, constructive conflict resolution, and civic values that most effectively ensures that all relevant parties can redress past wrongs and reconcile with each other.
Vacating of Arbitration Awards as Diminishment of Conflict Resolution
Authors: LaVan Helen , Jedel Michael J. , Perkovich Robert 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe traditional perspective about arbitration has been that the award of the arbitrator is final and binding on all parties. Generally, arbitration has resolved the conflict. However, a trend has emerged in which the losing party seeks a court as a second forum for the resolution of the dispute in order to have the decision of the arbitrator vacated. This study analyzed 101 randomly selected cases out of a population of 573 cases in which vacatur of an arbitration award was sought. In approximately 30% of these cases, the arbitration award was in fact vacated. Case characteristics, applicable laws, legally based behaviors and arbitrator behaviors were analyzed to develop an understanding of the contexts in which arbitration awards are vacated. Implications for arbitrators and the advocates are suggested.
The Role of Justice in Historical Negotiations
Authors: Wagner Lynn , Druckman Daniel 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study explores the role of justice in eleven historical cases of inter‐governmental negotiation. Building on results obtained in several recent studies on justice in negotiation, we examine a set of hypotheses about relationships among negotiating process (as distributive bargaining or problem solving), justice (as procedural and distributive), outcomes (as compromise or integrative), and the duration of the agreements. The process variables were coded from negotiators’ statements with categories from the bargaining process analysis system. The justice variables were coded with a system developed in recent studies on peace agreements. Similar to the results obtained by Hollander‐Blumoff and Tyler (2008: 473) in a simulated legal setting, we find correlations between procedural justice, problem solving, and integrative outcomes. Similar to the results obtained by Druckman and Albin (2011: 1137) on peace agreements, we find a strong relationship between distributive justice and the durability of the agreement. In these cases, problem‐solving processes were shown to mediate the relationship between procedural justice and integrative outcomes. The findings suggest that justice plays an important role across a variety of negotiation settings. We present these results as heuristic, suggesting avenues for further research on larger and more diverse samples of cases.
Seasonal dynamics of above‐ and below‐ground biomass and nitrogen partitioning in Miscanthus × giganteus and Panicum virgatum across three growing seasons
Authors: Dohleman Frank G. , Heaton Emily A. , Arundale Rebecca A. , Long Stephen P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe first replicated productivity trials of the C4 perennial grass Miscanthus × giganteus in the United States showed this emerging ligno‐cellulosic bioenergy feedstock to provide remarkably high annual yields. This covered the 5 years after planting, leaving it uncertain if this high productivity could be maintained in the absence of N fertilization. An expected, but until now unsubstantiated, benefit of both species was investment in roots and perennating rhizomes. This study examines for years 5–7 yields, biomass, C and N in shoots, roots, and rhizomes. The mean peak shoot biomass for M. × giganteus in years 5–7 was 46.5 t ha−1 in October, declining to 38.1 t ha−1 on completion of senescence and at harvest in December, and 20.7 t ha−1 declining to 11.3 t ha−1 for Panicum virgatum. There was no evidence of decline in annual yield with age. Mean rhizome biomass was significantly higher in M. × giganteus at 21.5 t ha−1 compared to 7.2 t ha−1 for P. virgatum, whereas root biomass was similar at 5.6–5.9 t ha−1. M. × giganteus shoots contained 339 kg ha−1 N in August, declining to 193 kg ha−1 in December, compared to 168 and 58 kg ha−1 for P. virgatum. The results suggest substantial remobilization of N to roots and rhizomes, yet still a substantial loss with December harvests. The shoot and rhizome biomass increase of 33.6 t ha−1 during the 2‐month period between June and August for M. × giganteus corresponds to a solar energy conversion of 4.4% of solar energy into biomass, one of the highest recorded and confirming the remarkable productivity potential of this plant.
Bacterial anoxygenic photosynthesis on plant leaf surfaces
Authors: Atamna‐Ismaeel Nof , Finkel Omri , Glaser Fabian , von Mering Christian , Vorholt Julia A. , Koblížek Michal , Belkin Shimshon , Béjà Oded 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe aerial surface of plants, the phyllosphere, is colonized by numerous bacteria displaying diverse metabolic properties that enable their survival in this specific habitat. Recently, we reported on the presence of microbial rhodopsin harbouring bacteria on the top of leaf surfaces. Here, we report on the presence of additional bacterial populations capable of harvesting light as a means of supplementing their metabolic requirements. An analysis of six phyllosphere metagenomes revealed the presence of a diverse community of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria, including the previously reported methylobacteria, as well as other known and unknown phototrophs. The presence of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria was also confirmed in situ by infrared epifluorescence microscopy. The microscopic enumeration correlated with estimates based on metagenomic analyses, confirming both the presence and high abundance of these microorganisms in the phyllosphere. Our data suggest that the phyllosphere contains a phylogenetically diverse assemblage of phototrophic species, including some yet undescribed bacterial clades that appear to be phyllosphere‐unique.
Applications of thin layer activation technique for the measurement of surface loss of materials: an Indian perspective
Authors: Chowdhury D. P. , Datta J. , Reddy A. V. R. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Thin layer activation (TLA) technique is a powerful nuclear technique based on the production of a radioisotope in the surface of a material by a charged particle induced nuclear reaction, followed by an estimation of the loss of the activity which is a measure of the surface loss of materials in the range of nanometer to hundreds of micrometer in the fields of wear, corrosion or erosion. The technique has been found to be a very useful tool in the basic scientific research and industrial applications. The present review describes the basic principle of TLA technique, its characteristic features, methodology, scope, applications and various recent developments regarding its growing use. Some of our earlier TLA work carried out with α and heavy ion (16O) in various applied areas is also included here. Heavy ions were used because no other light ions (particularly protons) were available at our cyclotron.
Radiotracers for SPECT imaging: current scenario and future prospects
Authors: Adak Sudeshna , Bhalla R. , Vijaya Raj K. K. , Mandal S. , Pickett R. , Luthra S. K. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been the cornerstone of nuclear medicine and today it is widely used to detect molecular changes in cardiovascular, neurological and oncological diseases. While SPECT has been available since the 1980s, advances in instrumentation hardware, software and the availability of new radiotracers that are creating a revival in SPECT imaging are reviewed in this paper.
The biggest change in the last decade has been the fusion of CT with SPECT, which has improved attenuation correction and image quality. Advances in collimator design, replacement of sodium iodide crystals in the detectors with cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors as well as advances in software and reconstruction algorithms have all helped to retain SPECT as a much needed and used technology.
Today, a wide spectrum of radiotracers is available for use in cardiovascular, neurology and oncology applications. The development of several radiotracers for neurological disorders is briefly described in this review, including [123I]FP-CIT (DaTSCANTM) available for Parkinson's disease. In cardiology, while technetium-99m labeled tetrofosmin and technetium-99m labeled sestamibi have been well known for myocardial perfusion imaging, we describe a recently completed multicenter clinical study on the use of [123I]mIBG (AdreViewTM) for imaging in chronic heart failure patients. For oncology, while bone scanning has been prevalent, newer radiotracers that target cancer mechanisms are being developed. Technetium-99m labeled RGD peptides have been reported in the literature that can be used for imaging angiogenesis, while technetium-99m labeled duramycin has been used to image apoptosis.
While PET/CT is considered to be the more advanced technology particularly for oncology applications, SPECT continues to be the modality of choice and the workhorse in many hospitals and nuclear medicine centers. The cost of SPECT instruments also makes them more attractive in developing countries where the cost of a scan is still prohibitive for many patients.