bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutional Pressures and an Evolving Forest Carbon Market
Authors: Thompson Derek W. , Hansen Eric N. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTIt is estimated that 87 million acres of forestland in the United States (US) is managed by private industrial forestland owners (nearly 14% of the forestland nationwide). Private industrial forestland owners include forest product companies, Timber Investment Management Organizations (TIMOs) and Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs). Current regulatory and voluntary carbon markets, as well as proposed national emission reduction legislation, in the US make provisions for substantial carbon offsets from domestic forestry projects. This research employs the theory of planned behavior by means of an online questionnaire in order to survey large industrial forestland owners (>30 000 acres) regarding intentions to manage forestland for carbon sequestration and trading. Quantitative results suggest that very few organizations (18%) were managing forestland for carbon values. Attitudes towards carbon sequestration and trading were significantly influenced by the managers' beliefs that emission reduction legislation would become law and that US forest carbon offsets can be used as a legitimate climate change mitigation tool. Qualitative results revealed that most organizations are taking a passive approach to carbon sequestration and trading until a suitable regulatory framework emerges and carbon prices provide the conditions for a sound investment. The researchers suggest that, given the size and scope of the climate change phenomenon as well as the multifaceted and unified mitigation strategy required to address it, the development of functional carbon markets will be an iterative process and may require a global carbon framework that reflects the globalized nature of the forest economy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Environmental Governance of Enterprises and their Economic Upshot through Corporate Reputation and Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Tang Ailie K.Y. , Lai Kee‐hung , Cheng T. C. E. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTDrawing on resource‐advantage and signalling theories, we investigate two mechanisms, namely corporate reputation and customer satisfaction, by which the environmental governance of enterprises can benefit their economic performance. Based on secondary data from the 500 largest US enterprises compiled from multiple sources, our findings contribute to the literature by establishing the link between corporate reputation and green reputation. We also establish the economic performance paths of environmental governance via corporate reputation and customer satisfaction. This study expounds on why ‘green’ matters and identifies the performance roles of two corporate strategic resources extractable from the environmental governance of enterprises. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
How Social Dominance Orientation Affects Union Participation: The Role of Union Identification and Perceived Union Instrumentality
Authors: Green Eva G. T. , Auer Fanja 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTBridging social dominance theory and labour studies, this field study investigated the mechanisms underpinning the relationship between rejection of group‐based domination and participation in union activities. Respondents (N = 135) were members of a public sector union in California, that is, a hierarchy‐attenuating institution. Results revealed that union identification mediated the negative relationship between social dominance orientation and active union participation. Moreover, the mediational effect of union identification was moderated by perceived union instrumentality (i.e. outcome‐ and process‐based benefits afforded by the union), indicating that the relationship between union identification and participation was stronger among those union members who consider that the union affects workplace justice. The findings reveal the importance of both identity‐based and instrumental motivations underlying union participation. The novelty of applying social dominance theory to union behaviour is underscored. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phase‐ and Size‐Controllable Synthesis of Hexagonal Upconversion Rare‐Earth Fluoride Nanocrystals through an Oleic Acid/Ionic Liquid Two‐Phase System
Authors: He Meng , Huang Peng , Zhang Chunlei , Ma Jiebing , He Rong , Cui Daxiang 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHerein, we introduce a facile, user‐ and environmentally friendly (n‐octanol‐induced) oleic acid (OA)/ionic liquid (IL) two‐phase system for the phase‐ and size‐controllable synthesis of water‐soluble hexagonal rare earth (RE=La, Gd, and Y) fluoride nanocrystals with uniform morphologies (mainly spheres and elongated particles) and small sizes (<50 nm). The unique role of the IL 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BmimPF6) and n‐octanol in modulating the phase structure and particle size are discussed in detail. More importantly, the mechanism of the (n‐octanol‐induced) OA/IL two‐phase system, the formation of the RE fluoride nanocrystals, and the distinctive size‐ and morphology‐controlling capacity of the system are presented. BmimPF6 is versatile in term of crystal‐phase manipulation, size and shape maintenance, and providing water solubility in a one‐step reaction. The luminescent properties of Er3+‐, Ho3+‐, and Tm3+‐doped LaF3, NaGdF4, and NaYF4 nanocrystals were also studied. It is worth noting that the as‐prepared products can be directly dispersed in water due to the hydrophilic property of Bmim+ (cationic part of the IL) as a capping agent. This advantageous feature has made the IL‐capped products favorable in facile surface modifications, such as the classic Stober method. Finally, the cytotoxicity evaluation of NaYF4:Yb,Er nanocrystals before and after silica coating was conducted for further biological applications.
Controlled Construction of Metal–Organic Frameworks: Hydrothermal Synthesis, X‐ray Structure, and Heterogeneous Catalytic Study
Authors: Sen Rupam , Saha Debraj , Koner Subratanath 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe role of pH in the formation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has been studied for a series of magnesium‐based carboxylate framework systems. Our investigations have revealed the formation of five different zero‐dimensional (0D) to three‐dimensional (3D) ordered frameworks from the same reaction mixture, merely by varying the pH of the medium. The compounds were synthesized by the hydrothermal method and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Increase of the pH of the medium led to abstraction of the imine hydrogen from the ligand and a concomitant increase in the OH− ion concentration in the solution, facilitating the construction of higher dimensional framework compounds. A stepwise increase in pH resulted in a stepwise increase in the dimensionality of the network, ultimately leading to the formation of a 3D porous solid. A gas adsorption study of the 3D framework compound confirmed its microporosity with a BET surface area of approximately 450 m2 g−1. Notably, the 3D framework compound catalyzes aldol condensation reactions of various aromatic aldehydes with acetone under heterogeneous conditions.
Molecular Tethering or Aggregation: Is the Existence of Charge‐Transfer Bands Indicative of the Formation of Blue‐Box/Tetrathiafulvalene Inclusion Complexes?
Authors: Tejerina Baudilio , Gothard Chris M. , Grzybowski Bartosz A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe interaction between tetrathiafulvalene and tetracation cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) fragments—the key elements of many rotaxane systems—was investigated theoretically by using ab‐initio second‐order perturbation methods. In addition to the inclusion complex observed in the solid state, a thermodynamically stable “exterior” complex was identified. Calculation of the UV/Vis spectra for the inclusion and the exterior complexes indicated that the charge‐transfer band that is often used to predict the formation of the inclusion complexes in solution is, in reality, due to the exterior mode of complexation. These results suggest that UV/Vis spectroscopy is not a reliable method for assigning the complexation modes in TTF:BB4+rotaxanes and related systems.
A Critical Assessment of the Specific Role of Microwave Irradiation in the Synthesis of ZnO Micro‐ and Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Baghbanzadeh Mostafa , Škapin Srečo D. , Orel Zorica Crnjak , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA rapid, microwave‐assisted hydrothermal method has been developed to access ultrafine ZnO hexagonal microrods of about 3–4 μm in length and 200–300 nm in width by using a 1:5 zinc nitrate/urea precursor system. The size and morphology of these ZnO materials can be influenced by subtle changes in precursor concentration, solvent system, and reaction temperature. Optimized conditions involve the use of a 1:3 water/ethylene glycol solvent system and 10 min microwave heating at 150 °C in a dedicated single‐mode microwave reactor with internal temperature control. Carefully executed control experiments ensuring identical heating and cooling profiles, stirring rates, and reactor geometries have demonstrated that for these preparations of ZnO microrods no differences between conventional and microwave dielectric heating are observed. The resulting ZnO microrods exhibited the same crystal phase, primary crystallite size, shape, and size distribution regardless of the heating mode. Similar results were obtained for the ultrafast preparation of ZnO nanoparticles with diameters of approximately 20 nm, synthesized by means of a nonaqueous sol–gel process at 200 °C from a Zn(acac)2 (acac=acetylacetonate) precursor in benzyl alcohol. The specific role of microwave irradiation in enhancing these nanomaterial syntheses can thus be attributed to a purely thermal effect as a result of higher reaction temperatures, more rapid heating, and a better control of process parameters.
Dual Catalysis with an IrIII–AuI Heterodimetallic Complex: Reduction of Nitroarenes by Transfer Hydrogenation using Primary Alcohols
Authors: Sabater Sara , Mata Jose A. , Peris Eduardo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA triazolyl‐di‐ylidene ligand has been used for the preparation of a homodimetallic complex of gold, and a heterodimetallic compound of gold and iridium. Both complexes have been fully characterized and their molecular structures have been determined by means of X‐ray diffraction. The catalytic properties of these two complexes have been evaluated in the reduction of nitroarenes by transfer hydrogenation using primary alcohols. The two complexes afford different reaction products; whereas the AuI–AuI catalyst yields a hydroxylamine, the IrIII–AuI complex facilitates the formation of an imine.
The Stejskal–Tanner equation generalized for any gradient shape—an overview of most pulse sequences measuring free diffusion
Authors: Sinnaeve Davy 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe widely known Stejskal–Tanner (ST) equation is central to any diffusion NMR or so‐called pulsed gradient spin‐echo experiment, describing the signal attenuation due to loss of coherence caused by diffusion as a function of the experimental parameters. What is less widely known is that the equation itself is not invariable when applying different pulse sequences or different gradient pulse shapes and should thus be modified accordingly. This concept is not new, but nevertheless experimentalists applying diffusion NMR in their research often overlook or are completely oblivious to this fact. In this article, the derivation of the ST equation through the Bloch–Torrey equations is discussed in detail, followed by a discussion of the most basic NMR experiments that measure free diffusion. This derivation is performed here in a novel way, leading to expressions for the ST equation that do not assume any gradient shape beforehand, leaving only a few parameters that are determined solely by the gradient pulse shape. This new approach to presenting the ST equation increases awareness of its dependence on gradient shape. Moreover, it relieves designers of future diffusion NMR pulse sequences of struggling with the cumbersome task of deriving and reporting the equation for each gradient shape separately. A quick reference table of the ST equation for the basic diffusion NMR pulse sequences for any gradient shape is given, as well as an overview for most other diffusion NMR pulse sequences described in the literature. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 40A: 39–65, 2012.
Recent Advances in Asymmetric Isocyanide‐Based Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: van Berkel Sander S. , Bögels Berry G. M. , Wijdeven Marloes A. , Westermann Bernhard , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIsocyanide‐based multicomponent reactions (IMCRs) can be considered one of the breakthrough reaction classes of the last century. Moreover, asymmetric IMCRs have recently developed into powerful reactions for the versatile synthesis of highly complex molecules. The progress made in the development of stereoselective Passerini and Ugi reactions has led to the advancement of catalytic asymmetric IMCRs. This review gives an overview of recent advances in the field of asymmetric IMCRs with a focus on stereoselective α‐additions of isocyanides. In addition, the use of convertible isocyanides in stereoselective cascade IMCRs is covered and future opportunities and potential applications of (asymmetric) IMCRs are briefly discussed.
Investigation of antibacterial phytochemicals in the bark and leaves of Ficus coronata by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization–ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐MSn) and ESI‐MSn
Authors: Smyth Thomas J. P. , Ramachandran Venkataraman , Brooks Peter , Smyth W. Franklin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe ethyl acetate extracts of the bark and leaves of Ficus coronata were separated by column chromatography and the resulting fractions tested for their bioactivity toward methicillin‐resistant‐Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and M. luteus. The bioactive column chromatography fractions were further separated by preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the resulting bands investigated by high‐performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ESI‐MSn) and ESI‐MSn. The resulting retention times, molecular masses, their fragmentation patterns, and the chemnet database (www.chemnetbase.com) were then used in the dereplication process by structural elucidation of some of the compounds when compared with known structures of natural origin. Some molecular masses and the corresponding fragmentations were found that did not correlate with any known compounds thus revealing potentially novel natural products that could be investigated on a larger scale and could ultimately find application as new drugs against MRSA and other multidrug‐resistant microorganisms. Structures are also proposed for known compounds that have not been previously reported for F. coronata.
A hyphenated microLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS platform for exosomal lipidomics investigations: Application to RCC urinary exosomes
Authors: Del Boccio Piero , Raimondo Francesca , Pieragostino Damiana , Morosi Lavinia , Cozzi Gabriele , Sacchetta Paolo , Magni Fulvio , Pitto Marina , Urbani Andrea 
Published: March 2012

AbstractUrinary exosomes are released from every renal epithelial cell type facing the urinary space and therefore, they may carry molecular markers of renal dysfunction and structural injury. Here, we present a hyphenated microLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS platform for lipidomics studies applied to investigate the urinary exosome lipid repertoire. Lipids were separated by reversed‐phase chromatography using a linear gradient of formic acid 0.2% and tetrahydrofuran, in 40 min of analysis. Features (m/z with associated own retention time) were extracted by MarkerLynxTM (Waters) and processed, demonstrating good analytical performance in terms of repeatability and mass accuracy of the microLC Q‐TOF MS platform. In particular, a stable retention time (RSD less than 4%) and relative intensity (RSD from 2.9% to 11%) were observed. Moreover, the method takes advantages by the use of a lock spray interface (Waters) that allows readjusting the m/z data after acquisition, obtaining inaccuracy below 6 ppm in measuring the m/z value of the reference compound during chromatographic run. The method was employed in a preliminary application to perform comparative analysis from healthy control subjects and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients, in order to possibly highlight differences in lipid composition to be exploited as potential tumor biomarker. Differential lipid composition in RCC urinary exosomes was achieved and tentatively identified by accurate mass, providing a preliminary indication of a relationship between lipid composition of urinary exosomes and RCC disease. Among the total features significantly different in RCC exosomes, the ion at m/z 502.3 was taken as an example for molecular confirmation by MS/MS fragmentation analysis.
Capillary electrophoretic methods in the development of metal‐based therapeutics and diagnostics: New methodology and applications
Authors: Bytzek Anna K. , Hartinger Christian G. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn recent years, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has matured to a standard method in medicinal inorganic chemistry. More and more steps of the drug discovery process are followed by CE. However, not only the number of applications has steadily increased but also the variety of used methodology has significantly broadened and, as compared to a few years ago, a wider scope of separation modes and hyphenated systems has been used. Herein, a summary of the newly utilized CE methods and their applications in metallodrug research in the timeframe 2006–2011 is presented, following related reviews from 2003 and 2007 (Electrophoresis, 2003, 24, 2023‐2037; Electrophoresis 2007, 28, 3436‐3446). Areas covered include impurity profiling, quality control of pharmaceutical formulations, lipophilicity estimation, interactions between metallodrugs and proteins or nucleotides, and characterization and also quantification of metabolites in biological matrices and real‐world samples.
Performance of different separation methods interfaced in the same MS‐reflection TOF detector: A comparison of performance between CE versus HPLC for biomarker analysis
Authors: Mullen William , Albalat Amaya , Gonzalez Julien , Zerefos Panagiotis , Siwy Justyna , Franke Julia , Mischak Harald 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOne of the aims in the field of proteomics is the identification of a protein or polypeptide, or a range of these compounds, that could provide pre‐symptomatic indication of the onset of a disease. A number of analytical techniques have been employed to try and achieve this end. These techniques have been applied to the complete range of body fluids and tissues that are readily available from clinical studies. Of these sample sources, the urinary low molecular weight peptidome has been shown to reflect changes in the health status of the individual. The alterations that occur in the polypeptide make up of urine, which reflect changes in biological status, are known as biomarkers. To be able to determine these changes no single technique has emerged that can cope with detecting the large number of peptides present and quantifying them over the wide concentration range they exist in. In this investigation, we made use of a single reflectron time of flight (RTOF)‐MS analyser to which we first connected a CE system and then a nanoflow HPLC. Two pooled male and female standard urine samples were compared on these systems. Both techniques had similar results in terms of number of peptides detected and the mass range the peptides were detected over. The major differences in terms of biomarker research were the ability in CE to calibrate the migration time of the peptides to allow comparison between samples. In addition, CE was shown not to suffer from carry over from previous samples as was seen in the LC analysis.
Analysis of iron‐phytosiderophore complexes in soil related samples: LC‐ESI‐MS/MS versus CE‐MS
Authors: Dell'mour Madeleine , Schenkeveld Walter , Oburger Eva , Fischer Lisa , Kraemer Stephan , Puschenreiter Markus , Lämmerhofer Michael , Koellensperger Gunda , Hann Stephan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPhytosiderophores (PS) form stable complexes with various transition metals. These ligands are exuded by the roots of graminacous plants as a mechanism for mobilizing and acquiring soil iron. To investigate iron mobilization and transport, a novel LC method in combination with ESI‐MS/MS for the determination of three Fe(III)‐complexes with mugineic acid (MA), 2′‐epi‐MA and 2′‐deoxymugineic acid (DMA) has been developed. Liquid chromatographic separation was realized using a silica‐based mixed‐mode reversed phase/weak‐anion exchange type stationary phase and a 50 mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 6.5. Baseline separation of the two complex diastereomers Fe(III)‐MA and Fe(III)‐epi‐MA could be achieved. ESI‐MS/MS detection allowed for simultaneous quantification of the complexes and the free ligands. Limits of detection were determined to be 0.001 and 0.05 μM for DMA and Fe(III)‐DMA, respectively. The analytical figures of merit of the novel method were evaluated and compared with a CE‐ESI‐MS method that we had published earlier. The LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method has been successfully applied to real samples derived from preliminary extraction experiments.
Simultaneous determination of components released from dental composite resins in human saliva by liquid chromatography/multiple‐stage ion trap mass spectrometry
Authors: Hsu Wei‐Yi , Wang Ven‐Shing , Lai Chien‐Chen , Tsai Fuu‐Jen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDental composite resins are widely used for fixing teeth; however, the monomers used in dental composite resins have been found to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, namely triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA), urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), and bisphenol A glycol dimethacrylate (Bis‐GMA). In this study, we incubated dental composite resins with human saliva for demonstrating the released monomers and biodegradation products. A simple saliva sample dilution method without purification or derivatization was used for quantification. We found that liquid chromatography coupled with multiple‐stage ion trap mass spectrometry (LC‐MSn) operated in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode was able to separate the three monomers within 10 min. The calibration curves were linear (R2>0.996) over a wide range for each monomer in saliva: TEGDMA, 5–500 ppb; UDMA, 5–100 ppb, and Bis‐GMA, 5–700 ppb. Furthermore, several biodegradation products were discovered with data‐dependent MS/MS scan techniques. Although TEGMA degradation products have previously been reported, we identified two previously unknown UDMA degradation products. The LC‐MS/MS method developed in this study was able to successfully quantify monomers and their principal biodegradation products from dental composite resins in human saliva.