bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Our Lives Were Not as Valuable as an Animal”1: Workers in State-Run Industries in World-War-II Turkey
Authors: Nacar Can 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThis article explores the lives of Sümerbank and Etibank workers inside and outside their workplaces during World War II. First, it examines their social origins and the process of recruiting those workers. Secondly, it draws attention to the unhealthy conditions in which they worked, the sundry forms of violence they were subjected to, and the insufficient wages they received. It goes on to analyze social services – nutrition, accommodation, and healthcare facilities – provided by those two enterprises. Drawing on official reports, petitions, and workers’ personal accounts, it highlights the inadequacies of those facilities, and the hierarchical and exclusionary practices inherent in them. Following this framework, it responds to the studies which portray workers in state-run enterprises as privileged government officials and those enterprises as centers of social education. Finally, it focuses on workers’ reactions to their social conditions in the form of high turnover rates. The discussions of politicians, government officials, and journalists revolving around high turnover rates suggest that this reactive form of labor activism played an important role in the formulation and enactment of social policies concerning labor.
The Dynamics of Working-Class Politics in Early Republican Turkey: Language, Identity, and Experience
Authors: Akın Yİğİt 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe years between the late 1940s and late 1950s constituted a critical period in the historical formation of the working class in Turkey. During that period, Turkey experienced a number of structural transformations. It also saw the elaboration of a new discourse on the working class by labor representatives, organizations, and by workers themselves. That discourse provided the workers and their organizations with the channels necessary to articulate their demands when other forms of expression were considered ineffective and dangerous. Using the language of equality, justice, and human rights, workers appealed for improvement in their status both at the workplace and within society at large. This new political culture and language was built on the critical assessment of the corporatist construction of labor relations and the rejection of the idea that employers and workers were members of the same (national) family. Based on worker and union newspapers, the primary objective of this essay is to discuss the basic components and characteristic features of this new discourse and its place in working-class politics in early republican Turkey.
Separating two components of body image in anorexia nervosa using fMRI
Authors: Mohr H. M. , Zimmermann J. , Röder C. , Lenz C. , Overbeck G. , Grabhorn R. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundBody image distortion is a key symptom of anorexia nervosa. In behavioral research two components of body image have been defined: attitudes towards the body and body size experience. Neuroimaging studies concerning own body image distortions in anorexia nervosa have revealed an inconsistent pattern of results and are constrained by the fact that no direct distinction between the different parts of body image has been made.MethodThe present study therefore set out to investigate the neural correlates of two parts of the own body image using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): satisfaction rating and size estimation for distorted own body photographs in patients with anorexia nervosa and controls.ResultsAnorectic patients were less satisfied with their current body shape than controls. Patients further demonstrated stronger activation of the insula and lateral prefrontal cortex during the satisfaction rating of thin self-images. This indicates a stronger emotional involvement when patients are presented with distorted images close to their own ideal body size. Patients also overestimated their own body size. We were able to show complex differential modulations in activation of the precuneus during body size estimation in control and anorectic subjects. It could be speculated that a deficit in the retrieval of a multimodal coded body schema in precuneus/posterior parietal cortex is related to body size overestimation.ConclusionsWe were able to find specific behavioral responses and neural activation patterns for two parts of body image in anorexia nervosa and healthy controls. Thus, the present results underline the importance of developing research and therapeutic strategies that target the two different aspects of body image separately.
Stuttering: Imagining a Solution to the Riddle
Authors: De Nil Luc 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The old saying by Van Riper (with a nod to Winston Churchill), that stuttering is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma, is well known. While it would be preposterous for any of us to state that, 40 years later, we now have solved the riddle, we can say with a great degree of confidence that advances in scientific inquiry have brought us closer to understanding the factors that may trigger the onset, development, and/or maintenance of stuttering. Nevertheless, much still needs to be learned, because the riddle still poses many challenges. For instance, we do not fully understand why developmental stuttering starts somewhere between 2 and 9 years of age, but onset after puberty is rarely if ever seen (other than neurogenic stuttering, but that is a different story), or why boys are more likely to develop chronic stuttering than girls are.
Collaborating With Small Business to Fund Your Research
Authors: Brundage Shelley B. , Graap Ken 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Merriam-Webster defines collaboration as the ability “to work jointly with others or together, especially in an intellectual endeavor” (Merriam-Webster, 2009). This article describes methods for establishing collaborations and suggests some possible mechanisms to fund collaborative research with small businesses. We briefly describe the processes involved after funding is awarded. The article ends with a list of important variables for successful collaboration.
Irrespective of CD34 expression, lineage‐committed cell fraction reconstitutes and re‐establishes transformed Philadelphia chromosome‐positive leukemia in NOD / SCID / IL‐2Rγc−/− mice
Authors: Tanizaki Ryohei , Nomura Yuka , Miyata Yasuhiko , Minami Yosuke , Abe Akihiro , Hanamura Akitoshi , Sawa Masashi , Murata Makoto , Kiyoi Hitoshi , Matsushita Tadashi , Naoe Tomoki 
Published: November 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 631–638)Stem cells of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have been identified as immunodeficient mouse‐repopulating cells with a Lin−CD34+38− phenotype similar to normal hematopoietic stem cells. To identify the leukemia‐propagating stem cell fraction of Philadelphia chromosome‐positive (Ph+) leukemia, we serially transplanted human leukemia cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia blast crisis (n = 3) or Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 3) into NOD/SCID/IL‐2Rγc−/− mice. Engrafted cells were almost identical to the original leukemia cells as to phenotypes, IGH rearrangements, and karyotypes. CD34+CD38−CD19+, CD34+38+CD19+, and CD34−CD38+CD19+ fractions could self‐renew and transfer the leukemia, whereas the CD34−CD38+CD19+ fraction did not stably propagate in NOD/SCID mice. These findings suggest that leukemia‐repopulating cells in transformed Ph+ leukemia are included in a lineage‐committed but multilayered fraction, and that CD34+ leukemia cells potentially emerge from CD34− populations.
Failure to reduce drinking and driving in France: a 6‐year prospective study in the GAZEL cohort
Authors: Constant Aymery , Lafont Sylviane , Chiron Mireille , Zins Marie , Lagarde Emmanuel , Messiah Antoine 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAim  An unprecedented decline in alcohol consumption and road mortality has been observed recently in France, but it is still unclear whether or not these changes affected driving while alcohol‐intoxicated (DWI). The objective of the study was to estimate prospectively trends of excessive speed on the roads, alcohol consumption and DWI between 2001 and 2007 in a large cohort of experienced drivers.Methods  Participants were current employees or recent retirees of the French national electricity and gas company, who volunteered to participate in a research cohort established in 1989 under strict conditions of anonymity. An annual cohort questionnaire is sent to participants that includes two questions about overall alcohol consumption. In 2001 and 2007, 10 684 participants reported their driving behaviours using the same self‐administered questionnaire.Results  Between 2001 and 2007, the proportion of participants (n = 10 684) who reported having driven at speeds at least 20 km/hour above the limit decreased from 23.7% to 4.1% in built‐up areas (P < 0.001), from 34.3% to 9.3% on rural roads (P < 0.001) and from 24.3% to 2.7% on highways (P < 0.001). Regular and non‐regular excessive alcohol consumption decreased from 22.7% to 19.7% and from 18.0% to 14.9%, respectively, whereas DWI increased from 22.9% to 25.3% over the same period (P < 0.001).Conclusions  A recent crackdown on road violations by the French government has failed to deter DWI. Given that DWI seems to be a sporadic and rarely punished behaviour, its prevention requires more coercive measures, such as using a breath alcohol ignition interlock device.
Estimating driver risk using alcohol biomarkers, interlock blood alcohol concentration tests and psychometric assessments: initial descriptives
Authors: Marques Paul , Tippetts Scott , Allen John , Javors Martin , Alling Christer , Yegles Michel , Pragst Fritz , Wurst Friedrich 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTAim  To identify alcohol biomarker and psychometric measures that relate to drivers' blood alcohol concentration (BAC) patterns from ignition interlock devices (IIDs).Design, setting, participants, measurements  In Alberta, Canada, 534 drivers, convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI), installed IIDs and agreed to participate in a research study. IID BAC tests are an established proxy for predicting future DUI convictions. Three risk groups were defined by rates of failed BAC tests. Program entry and follow‐up blood samples (n = 302, 171) were used to measure phosphatidyl ethanol (PETH), carbohydrate deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) and other biomarkers. Program entry urine (n = 130) was analyzed for ethyl glucuronide (ETG) and ethyl sulphate (ETS). Entry hair samples were tested for fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) (n = 92) and ETG (n = 146). Psychometric measures included the DSM‐4 Diagnostic Interview Schedule Alcohol Module, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), the time‐line follow‐back (TLFB), the Drinker Inventory of Consequences (DRINC) and the Temptation and Restraint Inventory (TRI).Findings  Except for FAEE, all alcohol biomarkers were related significantly to the interlock BAC test profiles; higher marker levels predicted higher rates of interlock BAC test failures. PETH, the strongest with an overall analysis of variance F ratio of 35.5, had significant correlations with all nine of the other alcohol biomarkers and with 16 of 19 psychometric variables. Urine ETG and ETS were correlated strongly with the IID BAC tests.Conclusions  The findings suggest that several alcohol biomarkers and assessments could play an important role in the prediction and control of driver alcohol risk when re‐licensing.
Cognitive test scores in male adolescent cigarette smokers compared to non‐smokers: a population‐based study
Authors: Weiser Mark , Zarka Salman , Werbeloff Nomi , Kravitz Efrat , Lubin Gad 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTBackground  Although previous studies indicate that people with lower intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are more likely to become cigarette smokers, IQ scores of siblings discordant for smoking and of adolescents who began smoking between ages 18–21 years have not been studied systematically.Methods  Each year a random sample of Israeli military recruits complete a smoking questionnaire. Cognitive functioning is assessed by the military using standardized tests equivalent to IQ.Results  Of 20 221 18‐year‐old males, 28.5% reported smoking at least one cigarette a day (smokers). An unadjusted comparison found that smokers scored 0.41 effect sizes (ES, P < 0.001) lower than non‐smokers; adjusted analyses remained significant (adjusted ES = 0.27, P < 0.001). Adolescents smoking one to five, six to 10, 11–20 and 21+ cigarettes/day had cognitive test scores 0.14, 0.22, 0.33 and 0.5 adjusted ES poorer than those of non‐smokers (P < 0.001). Adolescents who did not smoke by age 18, and then began to smoke between ages 18–21 had lower cognitive test scores compared to never‐smokers (adjusted ES = 0.14, P < 0.001). An analysis of brothers discordant for smoking found that smoking brothers had lower cognitive scores than non‐smoking brothers (adjusted ES = 0.27; P = 0.014).Conclusion  Controlled analyses from this large population‐based cohort of male adolescents indicate that IQ scores are lower in male adolescents who smoke compared to non‐smokers and in brothers who smoke compared to their non‐smoking brothers. The IQs of adolescents who began smoking between ages 18–21 are lower than those of non‐smokers. Adolescents with poorer IQ scores might be targeted for programmes designed to prevent smoking.
Prevention programs in the 21st century: what we do not discuss in public
Authors: Holder Harold 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTPrevention research concerning alcohol, tobacco and other drugs faces a number of challenges as the scientific foundation is strengthened for the future. Seven issues which the prevention research field should address are discussed: lack of transparency in analyses of prevention program outcomes, lack of disclosure of copyright and potential for profit/income during publication,post‐hocoutcome variable selection and reporting only outcomes which show positive and statistical significance at any follow‐up point, tendency to evaluate statistical significance only rather than practical significance as well, problem of selection bias in terms of selecting subjects and limited generalizability, the need for confirmation of outcomes in which only self‐report data are used and selection of appropriate statistical distributions in conducting significance testing. In order to establish a solid scientific base for alcohol, tobacco and drug prevention, this paper calls for discussions, disclosures and debates about the above issues (and others) as essential. In summary, the best approach is always transparency.
Myeloma cell‐induced disruption of bone remodelling compartments leads to osteolytic lesions and generation of osteoclast‐myeloma hybrid cells
Authors: Andersen Thomas L. , Søe Kent , Sondergaard Teis E. , Plesner Torben , Delaisse Jean‐Marie 
Published: November 2009

SummaryOsteolytic lesions are a hallmark of multiple myeloma. They are due to the hyperactivity of bone resorbing osteoclasts and hypoactivity of bone forming osteoblasts, in response to neighbouring myeloma cells. This study identified a structure that deeply affects this response, because of its impact on the physical organisation of the myeloma cell microenvironment. The proximity between myeloma cells and osteoclasts or osteoblasts was shown to be conditioned by the recently discovered layer of flat cells that separates the osteoclasts and osteoblasts from the bone marrow, by forming a canopy over bone remodelling compartment (BRC). These canopies are frequently disrupted in myeloma, and this disruption correlates with increased proximity and density of myeloma cells. In vitro evidence indicates that this disruption may be due to direct contact between myeloma and BRC canopy cells. Importantly, this disruption and increased proximity and density of myeloma cells coincides with key myeloma‐induced bone events, such as osteolytic lesions, impaired bone formation despite increased bone resorption, and fusion of myeloma cells with osteoclasts thereby forming myeloma‐osteoclast hybrid cells. These findings strongly support a critical role of BRC canopies in myeloma‐induced bone disease. BRC canopies could therefore be considered as a new therapeutic target.
Successful treatment of autoimmune and lymphoproliferative complications of patients with intrinsic B‐cell immunodeficiencies with Rituximab
Authors: Hennig Christian , Baumann Ulrich , Ilginus Claudia , Horneff Gerd , Foell Juergen , Hansen Gesine 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe heterogeneous group of primary immunodeficiencies requires personalized diagnosis and therapy to acheive an optimal outcome for each patient. This was exemplified by two patients with intrinsic B‐cell class‐switch defects (subclass of Hyper‐IgM syndromes), where lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity determined the clinical course for many years due to lack of exact diagnosis. Based on genetics or a novel functional diagnostic approach, a definite individual diagnosis was established for each patient and they started Rituximab therapy. Autoimmune phenomena and generalized lymphadenopathy disappeared and remained well controlled during the observation period (3–4 years) without adverse effects. Quality of life increased remarkably in both patients.
Chromogenic in situ hybridization for Her‐2/neu‐oncogene in breast cancer: comparison of a new dual‐colour chromogenic in situ hybridization with immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Mayr Doris , Heim Sibylle , Weyrauch Kerstin , Zeindl‐Eberhart Evelyn , Kunz Anne , Engel Jutta , Kirchner Thomas 
Published: November 2009

Aims:  Her‐2/neu testing is used as a marker for Herceptin® therapy. The aim was to investigate new dual‐colour chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), in a large number of breast carcinomas (n = 205) with DNA‐specific dual‐colour probes (ZytoVision, Bremerhaven, Germany) and to compare the results with immunohistochemistry (n = 205) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) (n = 129).Methods and results:  Paraffin‐embedded tissue of 205 patients was used. After immunohistochemistry with a focus on immunohistochemically uncertain cases, Her‐2/neu amplification using dual‐colour CISH (ZytoVision®) was analysed. Validation by FISH was performed. The results were: immunohistochemistry, 27.8% with strong expression, 53.7% with uncertain overexpression and 18.5% with no expression; FISH, 25.6% amplified and 74.4% negative; CISH, 35.6% amplified, 62.9% negative and 1.5% not evaluable. Comparison of immunohistochemistry with CISH: CISH negative in 100% with immunohistochemistry 0/1+, amplified in 82.5% with immunohistochemistry 3+; 5.9% contradictory results: 4.4% immunohistochemistry 3+ and negative by CISH, 1.5% negative in immunohistochemistry but amplified by CISH; FISH (129 cases), 8.5% contradictory results to immunohistochemistry, 6.2% immunohistochemistry 3+ and negative by FISH, 2.3% negative by immunohistochemistry and amplified by FISH; comparison of CISH and FISH, 94.6% same results, 3.9% different ones, 1.6% CISH not analysable.Conclusions:  CISH, using dual‐colour probes (ZytoVision®) is as good as FISH for Her‐2/neu analysis. The few discrepant results are likely to be caused by polysomy or tumour heterogeneity.
Plasticity of T‐cell phenotype and function: the T helper type 17 example
Authors: Peck Ariana , Mellins Elizabeth D. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryMature T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells antagonize the development of the opposing subset to sustain lineage‐specific responses. However, the recent identification of a third distinct subset of helper T cells – the Th17 lineage – collapses the established Th1/Th2 dichotomy and raises intriguing questions about T‐cell fate. In this review, we discuss the Th17 subset in the context of the effector and regulatory T‐cell lineages. Initial studies suggested reciprocal developmental pathways between Th17/Th1 subsets and between Th17/regulatory T‐cell subsets, and identified multiple mechanisms by which Th1 and Th2 cells antagonize the generation of Th17 cells. However, recent observations reveal the susceptibility of differentiated Th17 cells to Th1 polarization and the enhancement of Th17 memory cells by the Th1 factors interferon‐γ and T‐bet. In addition, new data indicate late‐stage plasticity of a subpopulation of regulatory T cells, which can be selectively induced to adopt a Th17 phenotype. Elucidating the mechanisms that undermine cross‐lineage suppression and facilitate these phenotype shifts will not only clarify the flexibility of T‐cell differentiation, but may also shed insight into the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and cancer. Furthermore, understanding these phenomena will be critical for the design of immunotherapy that seeks to disrupt lineage‐specific T‐cell responses and may suggest ways to manipulate the balance between pathogenic and regulatory lymphocytes for the restoration of homeostasis.
Characterization of an human leucocyte antigen A2‐restricted Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen‐1‐derived cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte epitope
Authors: Marescotti Diego , Destro Federica , Baldisserotto Anna , Marastoni Mauro , Coppotelli Giuseppe , Masucci Maria , Gavioli Riccardo 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is regularly expressed in all proliferating virus‐infected cells and is therefore an interesting target for immunotherapy. Alleles of the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) ‐A2 family are dominantly expressed in Caucasians so we sought to identify EBNA1‐specific cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte (CTL) responses restricted through this allele. We report on the characterization of the LQTHIFAEV (LQT) epitope. LQT‐specific memory CTL responses were reactivated in three of 14 healthy EBV seropositive donors (21%) whereas responses to HLA‐A2‐restricted epitopes, two derived from LMP2 and one from EBNA3A, were detected in 93%, 71% and 42% of the donors, respectively. The LQT‐specific CTL clones did not lyse EBV‐carrying lymphoblastoid cell lines and Burkitt’s lymphoma cell lines nor EBNA1‐transfected Burkitt’s lymphoma cells but specifically released interferon‐γ upon stimulation with HLA‐matched EBNA1‐expressing cells and this response was enhanced by deletion of the Gly‐Ala repeat domain that inhibits proteasomal degradation. The poor presentation of the endogenously expressed LQT epitope was not affected by inhibition of peptidases that trim antigenic peptides in the cytosol but full presentation was achieved in cells expressing a trojan antigen construct that releases the epitope directly into the endoplasmic reticulum. Hence, inefficient proteasomal processing appears to be mainly responsible for the poor presentation of this epitope.
Gibbs free energy of adhesion of Bacillus cereus isolated from dairy plants on different food processing surfaces evaluated by the hydrophobicity
Authors: Araújo Emiliane A. , Bernardes Patrícia C. , Andrade Nélio J. , Fernandes Patrícia E. , Sá João Paulo N. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryAdhesion of Bacillus cereus A6 and L1, isolated from dairy plants, to stainless steel, granite, and glass surfaces was evaluated. Adhesion of B. cereus to all surfaces was affected by hydrophobicity. Adhesion to the hydrophobic surfaces (ΔGswsTOT < 0) of granite and stainless steel was greater than adhesion to glass, which was classified as a hydrophilic surface (ΔGswsTOT > 0). Bacillus cereus A6 adhered in higher numbers to all three surfaces evaluated and was less hydrophilic (ΔGbwbTOT = 19.83) than B. cereus L1 (ΔGbwbTOT = 23.50). For instance, in stainless steel the number of adhered cells of B.cereus A6 was 2.42 log CFU cm−2 while to B. cereus L1 was 1.96 log CFU cm−2. The adhesion of B. cereus was thermodynamically favourable in granite and stainless steel surface (ΔGadhesion < 0). Therefore, the adherence process was affected by the strain of B. cereus and by the hydrophobicity of stainless steel, granite, glass and microorganisms surfaces.