bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance to growth inhibition by transforming growth factor—β in malignant glioma cells with functional receptors
Authors: Isoe Shiro , Naganuma Hirofumi , Nakano Shin , Sasaki Atsushi , Satoh Eiji , Nagasaka Mitsuyasu , Maeda Shuichiro , Nukui Hideaki 
Published: June 2009

Object.The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which malignant glioma cells escape from growth inhibition mediated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a ubiquitous cytokine that inhibits cell proliferation by causing growth arrest in the G1phase of the cell cycle.Methods.The authors measured the response of eight malignant glioma cell lines to the growth-inhibiting activity of TGF-β in vitro and the expression of TGF-β Types I and II receptors in malignant glioma cells. The effect of TGF-β on the expression of a p27Kip1cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor was also investigated to assess the downstream signal transmission from TGF-β receptors. All malignant glioma cell lines were insensitive to growth inhibition by TGF-β1 and TGF-β2. Analyses of TGF-β receptors by means of affinity labeling in which125I-TGF-β1 was used showed that six glioma lines had both TGF-β Types I and II receptors on their cell surfaces, whereas two lines had very small amounts of TGF-β Type I and/or Type II receptors. Northern blot analysis showed that all tumor lines expressed variable levels of messenger RNAs for both TGF-β Types I and II receptors. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that treatment of malignant glioma cells with TGF-β1 significantly downregulated the expression of p27Kip1protein in all malignant glioma cell lines except one.Conclusions.The authors suggest that most malignant glioma cells express TGF-β Types I and II receptors, which can transmit some signals downstream and that the loss of response to TGF-β growth inhibition may not be caused by an abnormality of the TGF-β receptors.
Formation of autocrine loops in human cerebral meningioma tissue by leukemia inhibitor factor, interleukin-6, and oncostatin M: inhibition of meningioma cell growth in vitro by recombinant oncostatin M
Authors: Schrell Uwe M. H. , Koch Hans Uwe , Marschalek Rolf , Schrauzer Thomas , Anders Marc , Adams Eric , Fahlbusch Rudolf 
Published: June 2009

Object.It has been demonstrated that growth of cerebral meningiomas found in humans is controlled by a variety of factors, including growth factors, aminergic agents, neuropeptides, and steroids. To further our knowledge of this process, the authors investigated the presence and function of the cytokines leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and oncostatin M (OSM) on meningioma cell proliferation.Methods.Active transcription of LIF, IL-6, and OSM, their related receptors (LIF-R, IL-6-R, and gp130), and the consecutive signal-transducing molecules (STAT 1, STAT 3, and STAT 5a) were analyzed in reverse transcriptase—polymerase chain reaction experiments.The presence of endogenous LIF, IL-6, and OSM proteins was demonstrated in the supernatant of cultured meningioma cells using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot experiments, thus indicating an autocrine signaling pathway for all three cytokines.The biological function of all three cytokines was evaluated by studying their effects on meningioma cell growth. Recombinant LIF and IL-6 showed no significant growth modulating effects; however, recombinant OSM decreased meningioma cell growth by 66%. The antiproliferative potency of OSM was demonstrated by cell count experiments, the [3H]thymidine incorporation assay, and cell cycle analysis.Conclusions.These in vitro data support the concept that growth of meningioma cells may be modulated by cytokines, and they also indicate that recombinant OSM may be one future candidate for use in the adjuvant treatment of inoperable and recurrent meningiomas.
Experience in the surgical management of 82 symptomatic herniated thoracic discs and review of the literature
Authors: Stillerman Charles B. , Chen Thomas C. , Couldwell William T. , Zhang Wei , Weiss Martin H. 
Published: June 2009

Object.The authors aimed to develop management strategies for the treatment of herniated thoracic discs and to define indications for selection of surgical approaches. Symptomatic thoracic discs requiring surgery are rare. Between 1971 and 1995, 71 patients with 82 herniated thoracic discs were surgically treated by the authors. The treated group included 34 men and 37 women whose ages ranged from 19 to 75 years, with a mean age of 48 years. The most common sites of disc herniation requiring surgery were from T-8 to T-11. Evidence of antecedent trauma was present in 37% of the patients. Preoperative symptoms included pain (localized, axial, or radicular) in 54 (76%) of the 71 patients, evidence of myelopathy, that is, motor impairment in 43 (61%), hyperreflexia and spasticity in 41 (58%), sensory impairment in 43 (61%), and bladder dysfunction in 17 (24%).Methods.Radiological diagnosis for the patients in this series was accomplished by means of myelography, computerized tomography myelography, or magnetic resonance imaging. Classification of the disc location into two groups reveals that 94% were centrolateral and 6% were lateral. Evidence of calcification was present in 65% of patients, and in 7% intradural extension was noted at surgery. Ten patients (14%) were found to have multiple herniations. Four surgical approaches were used for the removal of these 82 disc herniations: transthoracic in 49 (60%), transfacet pedicle-sparing in 23 (28%), lateral extracavitary in eight (10%), and transpedicular in two (2%). Postoperative evaluation revealed improvement or resolution of pain in 47 (87%) of 54, hyperreflexia and spasticity in 39 (95%) of 41, sensory changes in 36 (84%) of 43, bowel/bladder dysfunction in 13 (76%) of 17, and motor impairment in 25 (58%) of 43. Complications occurred in a total of 12 (14.6%) of 82 discs treated surgically. Major complications were seen in three patients and included perioperative death from cardiopulmonary compromise, instability requiring further surgery, and an increase in the severity of a preoperative paraparesis.Conclusions.Review of this series, with the attendant complications, together with evaluation of several contemporary thoracic disc series, has facilitated the authors' decision-making process when considering the comprehensive management of these patients, including the selection of a surgical approach.
Vertebral artery injury in C1–2 transarticular screw fixation: results of a survey of the AANS/CNS Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves
Authors: Wright Neill M. , Lauryssen Carl 
Published: June 2009

Object. The 847 active members of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons (AANS/CNS) Section on Disorders of the Spine and Peripheral Nerves were surveyed to quantitate the risk of vertebral artery (VA) injury during C1–2 transarticular screw placement.
Methods. This retrospective study elicited the number of patients treated with transarticular screws, the number of screws placed, the incidence of VA injury and subsequent neurological deficit, and the management of known or suspected VA injury.
Two hundred thirteen (25.1%) of the 847 surgeons responded. One hundred one respondents (47.4%) had placed a total of 2492 C1–2 transarticular screws in 1318 patients. Thirty-one patients (2.4%) had known VA injuries and an additional 23 patients (1.7%) were suspected of having injuries. However, only two (3.7%) of the 54 patients with known or suspected VA injuries exhibited subsequent neurological deficits and only one (1.9%) died of bilateral VA injury. Other iatrogenic complications included dural tears, screw fractures, screw breakout, fusion failure, infection, and suboccipital numbness.
Conclusions. Including both known and suspected cases, the risk of VA injury was 4.1% per patient or 2.2% per screw inserted. The risk of neurological deficit from VA injury was 0.2% per patient or 0.1% per screw, and the mortality rate was 0.1%. The choice of management of intraoperative VA injuries was evenly divided between placing the patient under observation and initiating immediate postoperative angiography with possible balloon occlusion.
Magnetic resonance imaging—documented extravasation as an indicator of acute hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Murai Yasuo , Ikeda Yukio , Teramoto Akira , Tsuji Yukihide 
Published: June 2009

Object. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging—documented extravasation as an indicator of continued hemorrhage in patients with acute hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
Methods. The authors studied 108 patients with acute hyperintensive ICH. Imaging modalities included noncontrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CT) scanning, gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging, and conventional cerebral angiography obtained within 6 hours after the onset of hemorrhage. A repeated CT scan was obtained within 48 hours to evaluate enlargement of the hematoma.
Findings on MR imaging indicating extravasation, including any high-intensity signals on T1-weighted postcontrast images, were observed in 39 patients, and 17 of these also showed evidence of extravasation on cerebral angiography. The presence of extravasation on MR imaging was closely correlated with evidence of hematoma enlargement on follow-up CT scans (p < 0.001).
Conclusions. Evidence of extravasation documented on MR imaging indicates persistent hemorrhage and correlates with enlargement of the hematoma.
Magnetic resonance cisternography for visualization of intracisternal fine structures
Authors: Mamata Yoshiaki , Muro Isao , Matsumae Mitsunori , Komiya Taizo , Toyama Hiroyuki , Tsugane Ryuichi , Sato Osamu 
Published: June 2009

Object. To assess its usefulness in demonstrating cisternal anatomy, the authors investigated magnetic resonance (MR) cisternography in which a heavily T2-weighted turbo spin—echo method was used to visualize normal anatomical fine structures and lesions in the basal cisterns in 20 healthy volunteers and 43 patients. The authors applied peripheral pulse gating, which had been optimized to reduce artifacts in the cisterns attributable to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow.
Methods. The detectability of each cranial nerve was determined in healthy volunteers. The first, second, and third nerves and the seventh—eighth nerve complex were clearly visualized in all participants; the fifth nerve was clearly seen in 80% and the sixth cranial nerve in 50%. The fourth nerve and the ninth through 12th nerves were difficult to identify individually, except in some volunteers.
To reduce artifacts caused by fast CSF flow, we determined the delays as a function of the time elapsed between two consecutive peaks of pulse wave in a peripheral pulse gate (P—P interval) at which there was reversal of flow direction to minimize the CSF flow—related artifact. Using peripheral pulse gating and a time delay of 30% of the R—R interval, the authors succeeded in minimizing the CSF flow—related artifacts.
Magnetic resonance cisternography appears to be very useful for demonstrating intracisternal fine anatomy and enhancing the contours of the juxtacisternal lesion. A minute amount of CSF interposed between lesions and normal structures such as nerves, vessels, or bone structures can be detected by means of this sequence. In patients with facial spasm, axial images and oblique coronal images obtained in a plane parallel to the seventh—eighth cranial nerve complex demonstrated vascular compression in all 13 patients. The MR cisternography finding of compression was confirmed in all nine patients who underwent microvascular decompression.
Conclusions. Magnetic resonance cisternography appears to show great promise for evaluation of patients with neurovascular compression or tumors in and around the basal cisterns; the procedure adds only a small amount of imaging time.
Generator sites of early scalp potentials evoked from the three trigeminal branches
Authors: Leandri Massimo 
Published: June 2009

Object. The aim of this study was to seek evidence about the generators of the first three components of the scalp's early trigeminal evoked potentials (TEPs) obtained by stimulation of the supraorbital (SW1, SW2, and SW3), infraorbital (W1, W2, and W3) and mental (MW1, MW2, and MW3) nerves.
Methods. Simultaneous scalp and depth recordings were measured during surgical procedures in which thermorhizotomy and microvascular decompression were performed.
Conclusions. Direct evidence was found that the origin of MW1 lies in the mandibular nerve at the foramen ovale, whereas the origin of W1 in the maxillary nerve at the foramen rotundum and the origin of SW1 in the ophthalmic nerve at the superior orbital fissure could only be inferred. The generators of SW2, W2, and MW2 were found to be on the nerve root at a distance of 10 mm from the pons. Calculations based on conduction velocity suggested that the generators of SW3, W3, and MW3 were inside the brainstem, at distances between 16 mm and 20 mm from the root entry zone.
Recordings obtained in eight patients with discrete surgical lesions of the trigeminal pathway confirmed the sites of origin of the early components and further proved that only the fastest group of fibers is responsible for scalp responses.
Distribution and stability of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in rodent brain following direct intraparenchymal controlled-rate infusion
Authors: Broaddus William C. , Prabhu Sujit S. , Gillies George T. , Neal Jeffrey , Conrad William S. , Chen Zhi-Jian , Fillmore Helen , Young Harold F. 
Published: June 2009

Object.High-flow microinfusion is a novel technique for delivery of compounds directly into brain parenchyma, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. The feasibility of this technique has been demonstrated with low-molecular-weight compounds, macromolecular dyes, and proteins. Delivery of antisense oligonucleotides into brain parenchyma represents an additional potential application of this technique not previously described. In this report the authors sought to examine the distribution and disposition of phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide (PS-ODN) for this reason.Methods.An 18-mer35S-PS-ODN (Mrapproximately 6000) was infused over 1 hour into the caudate putamen of Fischer 344 rats. At 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after beginning the infusion, the brains were extracted and analyzed using quantitative autoradiographic techniques. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was also aspirated from the cisterna magna and was analyzed to determine the radioactivity and stability of the35S-PS-ODN. At 1 hour, the infused ODN was uniformly distributed in brain tissue, with a maximum average concentration of 4806.5 ± 210.5 nCi/g. This represents a tissue concentration of 19.2 ± 0.84 µM. Extensive spread into surrounding parenchyma was observed over the ensuing 47 hours. The35S-PS-ODN radioactivity peaked in the CSF at the end of the 1-hour infusion, containing 1% (50 ± 20 nCi) of the infused radioactivity. Activity then decayed exponentially over 11 hours, but stabilized at a lower CSF content of 0.2% (1 ± 0.1 nCi) thereafter. The volume of distribution was 105 ± 7.9 mm3at 1 hour, representing a volume of distribution/volume of infusion ratio of 5.2. The volume of distribution increased to 443 ± 62.3 mm3at the end of 48 hours, whereas the average minimum tissue concentration decreased from 15.2 µM to 3.2 µM. Undegraded 18-mer was observed throughout the 48-hour period by means of 20% polyacrylamide/7 M urea gel electrophoresis. The animals tolerated the infusion without evidence of toxicity and minimal structural changes in tissue were observed on histological investigation.Conclusions.The authors found that PS-ODNs can be safely delivered in high concentrations to wide areas of rat brain by using high-flow microinfusion and are stable even after 48 hours in situ.
Diffuse craniospinal seeding from a benign fourth ventricle choroid plexus papilloma
Authors: Leblanc Richard , Bekhor Sabah , Melanson Denis , Carpenter Stirling 
Published: June 2009

✓ Choroid plexus papillomas can metastasize to the subarachnoid space, but extensive metastasis has only been reported when the tumors are malignant. The authors report a case of diffuse, extensive metastasis to the craniospinal leptomeninges from a benign fourth ventricular choroid plexus papilloma in an adult.
This 19-year-old woman presented with a 2-year history of headache, blurred vision, diplopia, and ataxia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spinal cord revealed obstructive hydrocephalus caused by a 4-cm, partially calcified, inhomogeneously enhancing tumor of the fourth ventricle that was displacing the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum. Innumerable cystic lesions of varying size were also seen in the cranial and spinal leptomeninges. Histological examination of the resected fourth ventricular tumor and of a few of the leptomeningeal lesions revealed a benign choroid plexus papilloma and leptomeningeal choroid plexus cysts. This singular case of diffuse and extensive metastasis to the craniospinal leptomeninges from a histologically benign fourth ventricular papilloma adds to the available information about the biological potential of these tumors and expands the differential diagnosis of posterior fossa lesions with subarachnoid metastasis.
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for detection of axonal injury in the splenium of the corpus callosum of brain-injured patients
Authors: Cecil Kim M. , Hills Everett C. , Sandel M. Elizabeth , Smith Douglas H. , McIntosh Tracy K. , Mannon Lois J. , Sinson Grant P. , Bagley Linda J. , Grossman Robert I. , Lenkinski Robert E. 
Published: June 2009

Object. This study was conducted to determine whether proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a sensitive method for detecting diffuse axonal injury, which is a primary sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Diffuse axonal injury is characterized by selective damage to white matter tracts that is caused in part by the severe inertial strain created by rotational acceleration and deceleration, which is often associated with motor vehicle accidents. This axonal injury is typically difficult to detect by using conventional imaging techniques because it is microscopic in nature. The splenium was selected because it is a site vulnerable to shearing forces that produce diffuse axonal injury.
Methods. The authors used proton MRS to evaluate the splenium, the posterior commissure of the corpus callosum, in normal control volunteers and in patients with TBI. Proton MRS provided an index of neuronal and axonal viability by measuring levels of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA).
Conclusions. A majority of mildly brain injured patients, as well as those more severely injured, showed diminished NAA/creatine (Cr) levels in the splenium compared with normal control volunteers. The patients displaying lowered NAA/Cr in the splenium were also likely to exhibit lowered NAA/Cr in lobar white matter. Also, the levels of NAA/Cr in the splenium of normal volunteers were higher compared with those found in lobar white matter. Decreases in NAA/Cr levels in the splenium may be a marker for diffuse injury. A proton MRS examination may be particularly useful in evaluating mildly injured patients with unexplained neurological and cognitive deficits. It is concluded that MRS is a sensitive tool in detecting axonal injury.
The persistent vegetative state after closed head injury: clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings in 42 patients
Authors: Kampfl Andreas , Franz Gerhard , Aichner Franz , Pfausler Bettina , Haring Hans-Peter , Felber Stefan , Luz Gabriele , Schocke Michael , Schmutzhard Erich 
Published: June 2009

Object. In this retrospective study, the authors analyzed the frequency, anatomical distribution, and appearance of traumatic brain lesions in 42 patients in a posttraumatic persistent vegetative state.
Methods. Cerebral magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to detect the number of lesions, which ranged from as few as five to as many as 19, with a mean of 11 lesions. In all 42 cases there was evidence on MR imaging of diffuse axonal injury, and injury to the corpus callosum was detected in all patients. The second most common area of diffuse axonal injury involved the dorsolateral aspect of the rostral brainstem (74% of patients). In addition, 65% of these patients exhibited white matter injury in the corona radiata and the frontal and temporal lobes. Lesions to the basal ganglia or thalamus were seen in 52% and 40% of patients, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging showed some evidence of cortical contusion in 48% of patients in this study; the frontal and temporal lobes were most frequently involved. Injury to the parahippocampal gyrus was detected in 45% of patients; in this subgroup there was an 80% incidence of contralateral peduncular lesions in the midbrain.
The most common pattern of injury (74% in this series) was the combination of focal lesions of the corpus callosum and the dorsolateral brainstem. In patients with no evidence of diffuse axonal injury in the upper brainstem (26% in this series), callosal lesions were most often associated with basal ganglia lesions. Lesions of the corona radiata and lobar white matter were equally distributed in patients with or without dorsolateral brainstem injury. Moreover, cortical contusions and thalamic, parahippocampal, and cerebral peduncular lesions were also similarly distributed in both groups.
Conclusions. The data indicate that diffuse axonal injury may be the major form of primary brain damage in the posttraumatic persistent vegetative state. In addition, the authors demonstrated in this study that MR imaging, in conjunction with a precise clinical correlation, may provide useful supportive information for the accurate diagnosis of a persistent vegetative state after traumatic brain injury.
Hearing preservation in patients undergoing vestibular schwannoma surgery: comparison of middle fossa and retrosigmoid approaches
Authors: Irving Richard M. , Jackler Robert K. , Pitts Lawrence H. 
Published: June 2009

Object. The goal of this retrospective study was to evaluate hearing preservation after surgery for vestibular schwannoma in which the middle fossa (MF) or retrosigmoid (RS) approaches were used. Hearing preservation in vestibular schwannoma surgery can be achieved by using either the MR or RS approach. Comparative outcome data between these approaches are lacking, and, as a result, selection has generally been determined by the surgeon's preference.
Methods. The authors have compared removal of small vestibular schwannomas via MF and RS approaches with regard to hearing preservation and facial nerve function. The study group was composed of consecutively treated patients with vestibular schwannoma, 48 of whom underwent operation via an MF approach and 50 of whom underwent the same number of RS operations. Tumors were divided into size-matched groups. Hearing results were recorded according to the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery criteria, and facial nerve outcome was recorded as the House—Brackmann grade. Overall, 26 (52%) of the patients treated via the MF approach achieved a Class B or better hearing result compared with seven (14%) of the RS group. Some hearing was preserved in 32 (64%) of the patients in the MF group and in 17 (34%) of the RS group. The results obtained by using the MF approach were superior for intracanalicular tumors (p = 0.009, t-test), and for tumors with a cerebellopontine angle (CPA) component measuring 0.1 to 1 cm (p = 0.006, t-test). For tumors in the CPA that were 1.1 to 2 cm in size, our data were inconclusive because of the small sample size. Facial weakness was seen more frequently after MF surgery in the early postoperative period, but results were equal at 1 year.
Conclusions. The results of this study have demonstrated a more favorable hearing outcome for patients with intracanalicular tumors and tumors extending up to 1 cm into the CPA that were removed via the MF when compared with the RS approach.