bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of factors from practical workpieces on ultrasonic LCR method stress measurement
Authors: Lai Hsuan-Han , Yan Deng-Han , Chang Wei-Jheng , Chung Kun-Hsien , Xing Li-Xue , Chang Wei-Ting , Wu Weite 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe non-destructive stress measurement method is the main trend in residual stress analysis. The ultrasonic method, which utilizes the acoustoelastic effect of the longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) wave, is one of the time-saving measurement techniques. During the practical stress measurement on a workpiece, various external factors may impact the transmission of acoustic waves and the resulting stress value. This study revealed and discussed the effects of four factors on the LCR wave: surface roughness of the examined material, temperature of the material, external mechanical vibration, and surface paint. The stress coefficient was determined by comparing the offset time of the acoustic wave with the stress measured by X-ray analyzer in the zero-stress specimens, which had undergone annealing and deep cryogenic treatment. The test results indicated that the surface roughness did not affect the transition time of the acoustic wave, but it did decrease the intensity of the signal. The increase in temperature and the transition time of the acoustic wave were in a linear relationship. Mechanical vibrations from the environment would not affect the transition time or signal intensity of the acoustic wave, whereas the application of surface paint increased the transition time. Although the effect of paint on the actual workpiece could not be easily modified during stress measurement, the ultrasonic method was still suitable for monitoring the stress of a specific position of the workpiece throughout its operational lifetime. The experiment data in this study were applied to measuring the residual stress of an aluminum ship component, and the result showed a good correspondence with X-ray stress analyzer results.
The effect of phencyclidine-mediated blockade of NMDA receptors in the early postnatal period on glutathione and sulfur amino acid levels in the rat brain as a potential causative factor of schizophrenia-like behavior in adulthood
Authors: Lorenc-Koci Elżbieta , Górny Magdalena , Chwatko Grażyna , Kamińska Kinga , Iciek Małgorzata , Rogóż Zofia 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
Phencyclidine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is frequently used to model behavioral and neurochemical changes correlated with schizophrenia in laboratory animals. The present study aimed to examine the effects of repeated administration of phencyclidine during early postnatal development on the contents of glutathione and sulfur-containing amino acids, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the brain of 12-day-old rats, and schizophrenia-like symptoms in adulthood.

Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley pups were administered phencyclidine (10 mg/kg) or saline subcutaneously on the postnatal days p2, p6, p9 and p12. In 12-day-old pups, 4 h after the last dose of phencyclidine, the levels of glutathione, cysteine, methionine, and homocysteine, and the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. In 70-72-day-old rats, schizophrenia-like symptoms were assessed using behavioral tests.

Results
Biochemical data showed that perinatal phencyclidine treatment significantly reduced glutathione and cysteine levels in all brain structures studied, methionine was diminished in the striatum, and homocysteine in both the frontal cortex and striatum. GR activity was increased in the frontal cortex while SODactivity was decreased in the hippocampus. Behaviorally, perinatal phencyclidine induced long-term deficits in social and cognitive function and a decrease in locomotor activity assessed as the time of walking. Finally, perinatal treatment with phencyclidine resulted in a significant reduction in body weight gain over time.

Conclusion
Our research provides further evidence for the usefulness of the phencyclidine-induced neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia for studying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
Come in and See: Translating a Design Pattern from the Courtroom into an Online Environment
Authors: Hakkarainen Jenni , Santuber Joaquín 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPublicity is one of the core principles in procedural law and a fundamental right related to due process. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Chilean courts held judicial proceedings online and streamed them to comply with the publicity principle. One case especially sparked the interest of the public: a man was accused of seven sexually connotated crimes, trialled online and the hearings live streamed on social media. In this article, we approach the publicity of a court proceeding as a design pattern. We apply conceptual analysis to procedural law, social media studies and organization studies to (1) investigate the different materializations of the “come in and see” pattern; (2) analyse the factors that affect the translation of a design pattern from one domain (legal) to another (digital). Our focus is on a design pattern in the law, called “come in and see”, used whenever procedures and actions require legitimization by people. We argue that publicity in a courtroom is enacted by allowing people to step into a courtroom while allowing people inside an online trial has unintended and unwanted consequences. The case analysis shows how the “come in and see” is a context-dependent pattern whose effect is determined by the surrounding architecture and institution.
Evaluating the power of social media influencing mainstream media social representations of migrants in South African townships
Authors: Sitto-Kaunda Karabo 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe relationship between mainstream media and social media for news reporting is a complex one. Mainstream media news is relied on as a source of information on key social issues, carrying and reproducing the social representations of a society. South African townships have been reported as a hotbed of anti-migrant unrest, with the growing reliance on the communities’ lens through their social media representations shared online often considered by mainstream media as authentic sources of electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM). Townships are spaces of contestation for belonging and despite the diversity of those communities, there remains stigmatizing social representation between migrants and citizens, with communities attributing social ills to migrants. This study analyses how social media has influenced the reproduction of social representations in mainstream media of anti-migrant township unrest. Through a qualitative exploratory approach, mainstream news articles were analyzed for how social representations from social media are reproduced in mainstream media reporting. Social media representations reproduced in mainstream media reporting may risk perpetuating communication risks of othering, affect social cohesion in those communities, and fuelling mistrust among citizens and migrants living in South African township communities.
A Heat Emergency: Urban Heat Exposure and Access to Refuge in Richmond, VA
Authors: Braun Peter , Lookingbill Todd , Zizzamia Beth , Hoffman Jeremy , Rosner Jessica , Banta Daisy 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe urban heat island effect exacerbates independent climate change‐induced shifts toward longer, stronger, and more frequent heat extremes. Environmental inequity, driven by a history of racially motivated urban planning policies, has led particular demographics to bear the worst impacts of urban heat exposure and thus also climate change. These impacts cause adverse health outcomes in the form of heat emergencies. Through a novel demographic and spatial analysis of heat‐related illness Emergency Medical Services data from Richmond, Virginia, this study investigates the relationships between heat health emergencies and intra‐urban heat islands quantified through three heat exposure metrics. We also evaluate the accessibility of built refuge from urban heat in the form of public transit infrastructure, libraries, and government cooling centers in relation to these emergencies. We found that heat emergencies are inequitably distributed among racial, age, and socioeconomic groups in Richmond, particularly among residents identified as Male, Black or African American, 50+ years old, and experiencing mental health, intoxication, and/or homelessness. We found significant associations between the location of these heat emergencies and urban heat islands as estimated from remotely‐sensed surface and community science‐derived air temperature metrics, but not a co‐estimated heat index. We also found that available refuge facilities are insufficiently located to protect individuals with reduced mobility across areas with the highest number of heat‐related health emergencies. Community involvement in the mitigation and management of extreme heat threats, especially for those disproportionately impacted, is necessary to decrease the number of summertime heat illnesses.
Using Ocean Ambient Sound to Measure Local Integrated Deep Ocean Temperature
Authors: Ragland John , Abadi Shima , Sabra Karim 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMeasuring the temperature changes of the deep ocean will be critical to understanding how the earth system will respond to climate change. In this work, we present a method for measuring the depth‐averaged, deep ocean temperature at local (∼3 km) spatial scales using passive estimates of acoustic propagation. These passive acoustic estimates of deep ocean temperature can be used with existing and future passive acoustic monitoring infrastructure to provide complimentary observations of the ocean to in situ measurements, and could be particularly useful in areas of poor ocean observation coverage. Using 8 years of ambient sound data, we demonstrate that the passive estimates agree with global ocean models and measurements by ARGO floats. The rms difference between the HYCOM ocean model is shown to be 0.13°C, and the rms difference between ARGO measurements is shown to be 0.086°C.
Atmospheric River Rapids and Their Role in the Extreme Rainfall Event of April 2023 in the Middle East
Authors: Francis Diana , Fonseca Ricardo , Bozkurt Deniz , Nelli Narendra , Guan Bin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe mesoscale dynamics of a record‐breaking Atmospheric River (AR) that impacted the Middle East in mid‐April 2023 and caused property damage and loss of life are investigated using model, reanalysis and observational data. The high‐resolution (2.5 km) simulations revealed the presence of AR rapids, narrow and long convective structures embedded within the AR that generated heavy precipitation (>4 mm hr−1) as they moved at high speeds (>30 m s−1) from northeastern Africa into western Iran. Gravity waves triggered by the complex terrain in Saudi Arabia further intensified their effects. Given the rising frequency of ARs in this region, AR rapids may be even more impactful in a warming climate, and need to be accounted for in reanalysis and numerical models.
Enhanced Ion Acceleration Due To High‐Shear Tangential Discontinuities Upstream of Quasi‐Perpendicular Shocks
Authors: Steinvall K. , Gingell I. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractCollisionless shock waves are efficient ion accelerators. Previous numerical and observational studies have shown that quasi‐parallel (Q‖) shocks are more effective than quasi‐perpendicular (Q⊥) shocks at generating energetic ions under steady upstream conditions. Here, we use a local, 2D, hybrid particle‐in‐cell model to investigate how ion acceleration at super‐critical Q⊥ shocks is modulated when tangential discontinuities (TDs) with large magnetic shear are present in the upstream plasma. We show that such TDs can significantly increase the ion acceleration efficiency of 2D Q⊥ shocks, up to a level comparable to Q‖ shocks. Using data from the hybrid model and test particle simulations, we show that the enhanced energization is related to the magnetic field change associated with the discontinuity. When shock‐reflected ions cross the TD during their upstream gyromotion, the sharp field change causes the ions to propagate further upstream, and gain additional energy from the convection electric field associated with the upstream plasma flow. Our findings illustrate that the presence of upstream discontinuities can lead to bursts of energetic ions, even when they do not trigger the formation of foreshock transients. These results emphasize the importance of time‐variable upstream conditions when considering ion energization at shocks.
A Quantitative Analysis of the Uncertainties on Reconnection Electric Field Estimates Using Ionospheric Measurements
Authors: Gasparini S. , Hatch S. M. , Reistad J. P. , Ohma A. , Laundal K. M. , Walker S. J. , Madelaire M. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractCalculating the magnetic flux transfer across the open‐closed boundary (OCB) per unit time and distance—the reconnection electric field—is an important means of remotely monitoring magnetospheric dynamics. Ground‐based measurements of plasma convection velocities together with velocities of the OCB are commonly used to infer reconnection rates. However, this approach is limited by spatial coverage and often lacks robust uncertainty quantification. In this paper, we assimilate Super Dual Auroral Radar Network convection measurements, ground magnetometer data, and estimates of the conductance derived from the Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration satellite imagers, using the Local mapping of polar ionospheric electrodynamics (Lompe) framework over a region in North America. We present a new method to assess various contributions to uncertainties in the derived reconnection electric fields, including a novel approach to estimate uncertainties in conductance from global auroral imaging. Our method is demonstrated on a substorm event with an associated pseudobreakup during a period of favorable observational coverage. In this case study, the uncertainties in the reconnection electric field are ∼5–10 mV/m at the peak of substorm expansion, roughly 15% of the peak reconnection electric field. We find that the main contributor to the reconnection electric field estimates after substorm onset is the OCB motion, whereas during the pseudobreakup the main contributor is ionospheric plasma convection.
3D Simulation of an Extreme SAID Flow Channel
Authors: Díaz Peña Joaquín , Zettergren Matthew , Semeter Joshua , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Hirsch Michael , Walsh Brian M. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSpace‐based observations of the signatures associated with STEVE show how this phenomenon might be closely related to an extreme version of a SAID channel. Measurements show high velocities (>4 km/s), high temperatures (>4,000 K), and very large current density drivers (up to 1 μA/m2). This phenomena happens in a small range of latitudes, less than a degree, but with a large longitudinal span. In this study, we utilize the GEMINI model to simulate an extreme SAID/STEVE. We assume a FAC density coming from the magnetosphere as the main driver, allowing all other parameters to adjust accordingly. We have two main objectives with this work: show how an extreme SAID can have velocity values comparable or larger than the ones measured under STEVE, and to display the limitations and missing physics that arise due to the extreme values of temperature and velocity. Changes had to be made to GEMINI due to the extreme conditions, particularly some neutral‐collision frequencies. The importance of the temperature threshold at which some collision frequencies go outside their respective bounds, as well as significance of the energies that would cause inelastic collisions and impact ionization are displayed and discussed. We illustrate complex structures and behaviors, emphasizing the importance of 3D simulations in capturing these phenomena. Longitudinal structure is emphasized, as the channel develops differently depending on MLT. However, these simulations should be viewed as approximations due to the limited observations available to constrain the model inputs and the assumptions made to achieve sensible results.
Quantifying Shock Effects of Mars Sample via Micro‐FTIR Spectra of Plagioclase
Authors: Yu Wen , Zeng Xiaojia , Li Xiongyao , Tang Hong , Liu Jianzhong 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPrecisely constraining the shock pressure of a Mars sample is critical for revealing the shock condition, geological process, and habitability of the Martian surface. The crystal structure of plagioclase is sensitive to the moderate shock pressure, such that its infrared spectra may record the shock state of Martian materials. In this study, we present a new way for quantifying the shock pressure via the micro‐FTIR spectra of plagioclase by re‐analyzing the published spectra of experimental shocked feldspars. Using the absorption area of micro‐FTIR in the range of ∼1,000–1,150 cm−1, the shock pressures of plagioclases from three types of Mars meteorites were constrained. The results show that the nakhlite Northwest Africa (NWA) 10645, shergottite Tindouf 002, and martian breccia NWA 11220 have the shock pressure of 18.5 ± 5.2 GPa, >30 GPa, and 0–24.2 GPa, respectively. Our work demonstrates that the micro‐FTIR spectra of plagioclase is not only a quantitative tool for constraining the moderate shock pressure (<30 GPa) of Martian materials but also a useful technique for recognizing the high‐pressure phase maskelynite from plagioclase‐glass and evaluating the shock effects of Mars samples. In the future, this method will be available for the analysis of Mars samples returned by China's Tianwen‐3 mission in around 2030.
Cross-ancestry genetic investigation of schizophrenia, cannabis use disorder, and tobacco smoking
Authors: Johnson Emma C. , Austin-Zimmerman Isabelle , Thorpe Hayley H. A. , Levey Daniel F. , Baranger David A. A. , Colbert Sarah M. C. , Demontis Ditte , Khokhar Jibran Y. , Davis Lea K. , Edenberg Howard J. , Di Forti Marta , Sanchez-Roige Sandra , Gelernter Joel , Agrawal Arpana 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIndividuals with schizophrenia frequently experience co-occurring substance use, including tobacco smoking and heavy cannabis use, and substance use disorders. There is interest in understanding the extent to which these relationships are causal, and to what extent shared genetic factors play a role. We explored the relationships between schizophrenia (Scz; European ancestry N = 161,405; African ancestry N = 15,846), cannabis use disorder (CanUD; European ancestry N = 886,025; African ancestry N = 120,208), and ever-regular tobacco smoking (Smk; European ancestry N = 805,431; African ancestry N = 24,278) using the largest available genome-wide studies of these phenotypes in individuals of African and European ancestries. All three phenotypes were positively genetically correlated (rgs = 0.17–0.62). Genetic instrumental variable analyses suggested the presence of shared heritable factors, but evidence for bidirectional causal relationships was also found between all three phenotypes even after correcting for these shared genetic factors. We identified 327 pleiotropic loci with 439 lead SNPs in the European ancestry data, 150 of which were novel (i.e., not genome-wide significant in the original studies). Of these pleiotropic loci, 202 had lead variants which showed convergent effects (i.e., same direction of effect) on Scz, CanUD, and Smk. Genetic variants convergent across all three phenotypes showed strong genetic correlations with risk-taking, executive function, and several mental health conditions. Our results suggest that both shared genetic factors and causal mechanisms may play a role in the relationship between CanUD, Smk, and Scz, but longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to confirm a causal relationship.
Postoperative complications and axial length growth after bilateral congenital cataract surgery: eyes with microphthalmos compared to a comparison group
Authors: Jiang Yiling , Zhao Yinying , Ni Jun , Yang Fuman , Wang Dandan , Lian Hengli , Zhao Yun-e 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the postoperative clinical outcomes and axial length (AL) growth of infants with congenital cataracts and microphthalmos following first-stage cataract surgery.

Design
Retrospective case-control study.

Methods
Setting: Single centre. Infants with congenital cataract that met the inclusion criteria were classified into two groups: the microphthalmos and comparison groups. All infants underwent a thorough ophthalmologic examination before surgery, and one week, 1 month, 3 months, and every 3 months after surgery.

Results
This study enrolled 21 infants (42 eyes) in the microphthalmos group and 29 infants (58 eyes) in the comparison group. More glaucoma-related adverse events were observed in the microphthalmos group (7 eyes, 16.7%) than in the comparison group (0 eyes, 0%) (p < 0.001). At each subsequent follow-up, the comparison group had a greater AL than the microphthalmos group (all p < 0.001), and AL growth was significantly higher in the comparison group than in the microphthalmos group (all p = 0.035). Visual acuity improvement in the microphthalmos group was similar to that of the comparison group.

Conclusion
Early surgical intervention improves visual function in infants with congenital cataracts and microphthalmos although with a higher incidence of glaucoma-related adverse events. After cataract removal, the AL growth of microphthalmic eyes is slower than that of normally developed eyes.
Patient perspectives on their outcomes from strabismus surgery undertaken for psychosocial reasons
Authors: Arblaster Gemma E. , Davis Helen , Buckley David , Barnes Sarah 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
Strabismus surgery undertaken for psychosocial reasons aims to align the eyes in a straighter position, reduce the psychosocial symptoms experienced and improve health related quality of life (HRQoL). Greater evidence of the postoperative outcomes in adults undergoing strabismus surgery for psychosocial reasons is required to inform funding and commissioning decisions about strabismus surgery.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adults who had previously undergone strabismus surgery for psychosocial reasons to explore their perceptions of their postoperative outcomes. Maximum variation sampling was used to recruit males and females, younger and older participants. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis following the principles of grounded theory.

Results
Thirteen adults were recruited and interviewed, mean 12.2 months postoperatively (range 4.5–20 months). Participants reported a range of improvements in vision, task performance, physical symptoms and confidence and emotions. Some worsening of physical symptoms was reported.

Conclusion
Despite undergoing strabismus surgery for psychosocial reasons, a range of improvements in vision, task performance and physical symptoms were reported by adult patients postoperatively, in addition to the expected improvements in confidence and emotions.