bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transitions in search tactics during the Web‐based search process
Authors: Xie Iris , Joo Soohyung 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough many studies have identified search tactics, few studies have explored tactic transitions. This study investigated the transitions of search tactics during the Web‐based search process. Bringing their own 60 search tasks, 31 participants, representing the general public with different demographic characteristics, participated in the study. Data collected from search logs and verbal protocols were analyzed by applying both qualitative and quantitative methods. The findings of this study show that participants exhibited some unique Web search tactics. They overwhelmingly employed accessing and evaluating tactics; they used fewer tactics related to modifying search statements, monitoring the search process, organizing search results, and learning system features. The contributing factors behind applying most and least frequently employed search tactics are in relation to users' efforts, trust in information retrieval (IR) systems, preference, experience, and knowledge as well as limitation of the system design. A matrix of search‐tactic transitions was created to show the probabilities of transitions from one tactic to another. By applying fifth‐order Markov chain, the results also presented the most common search strategies representing patterns of tactic transition occurring at the beginning, middle, and ending phases within one search session. The results of this study generated detailed and useful guidance for IR system design to support the most frequently applied tactics and transitions, to reduce unnecessary transitions, and support transitions at different phases.
Effects of Flow Pulsation on Forced Convection in a Channel Containing Regularly Spaced Nonconducting Fins
Authors: Olayiwola B. O. , Schaldach G. , Walzel P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of pulsating flow on forced convection in a rectangular channel containing a series of regularly spaced, nonconducting inserts were investigated experimentally. Based on the experimental data, a correlation equation was developed. The steady‐flow Reynolds number Re in the laminar range, Re < 1200, was examined. The Prandtl number of the working fluid Pr = 15 and the oscillation was generated using low‐frequency oscillation at f < 50 Hz and amplitude A < 1 mm. The energy dissipation as a result of applied oscillation was determined by phase‐resolved measurements of pressure difference and liquid displacement. The system shows improved convective heat transfer towards a low Reynolds number. At a higher Reynolds number, the influence of the oscillation diminished and the flow approaches a steady finned flow. The predictions of the developed correlation equation are in good agreement with the experimental data. The calculated power input due to oscillation is comparatively low and decreases towards increasing net flow rates where the oscillating flow has a diminishing effect.
Intramolecular Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction for the Total Synthesis of Signal Peptidase Inhibitors, Arylomycins A2 and B2
Authors: Dufour Jeremy , Neuville Luc , Zhu Jieping 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDevelopment of the total syntheses of arylomycins A1 and B2 is detailed. Key features of our approach include 1) formation of 14‐membered meta,meta‐cyclophane by an intramolecular Suzuki–Miyaura reaction; 2) incorporation of N‐Me‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycine into the cyclization precursor, which avoids the late‐stage low‐yielding N‐methylation step; 3) segment coupling of a fully elaborated peptide side chain to the macrocycle, which makes the synthesis highly convergent. Overall, arylomycin A2 was obtained in 13 steps from L‐Tyr for the longest linear sequence, in 13 % overall yield. Arylomycin B2 was synthesized in 10 steps from L‐3‐nitro‐Tyr, in 10 % overall yield.
Sodium Effect on Self‐Organization of Amphiphilic Carboxylates: Formation of Structured Micelles and Superlattices
Authors: Rosenlehner Karin , Schade Boris , Böttcher Christoph , Jäger Christof M. , Clark Timothy , Heinemann Frank W. , Hirsch Andreas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNot only the self‐aggregation of dendritic polycarboxylates into structurally persistent micelles, but also that of the micelles themselves into superlattices is controlled by alkali‐metal counterions and shows a pronounced sodium effect. Our combined experimental and computational work has revealed the formation of superlattices for the first time. The behavior of a variety of amphiphilic carboxylates and the different effects of the alkali cations Li+, Na+, and K+ have been investigated by conductivity measurements, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM), and molecular‐dynamics (MD) simulations. Together, these show that sodium salts of the amphiphiles give the most stable micelles, followed by lithium and potassium. Our results suggest that ion multiplets in bridging positions, rather than contact ion pairs, are responsible for the enhanced stability and the formation of hexagonally ordered superlattices with sodium counterions. Potassium ions do not form such ion multiplets and cannot therefore induce aggregation of the micelles. This sodium effect has far‐reaching consequences for a large number of biological and technical systems and sheds new light on the origin of specific‐ion effects.
Electrochemical and Electrochemiluminescence Determination of Cancer Cells Based on Aptamers and Magnetic Beads
Authors: Ding Caifeng , Ge Ying , Zhang Shusheng 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection of cell lines of Burkitt’s lymphoma (Ramos) by using magnetic beads as the separation tool and high‐affinity DNA aptamers for signal recognition is reported. Au nanoparticles (NPs) bifunctionalized with aptamers and CdS NPs were used for electrochemical signal amplification. The anodic stripping voltammetry technology employed for the analysis of cadmium ions dissolved from CdS NPs on the aggregates provided a means to quantify the amount of the target cells. This electrochemical method could respond down to 67 cancer cells per mL with a linear calibration range from 1.0×102 to 1.0×105 cells mL−1, which shows very high sensitivity. In addition, the assay was able to differentiate between target and control cells based on the aptamer used in the assay, indicating the wide applicability of the assay for diseased cell detection. ECL detection was also performed by functionalizing the signal DNA, which was complementary to the aptamer of the Ramos cells, with tris(2,2‐bipyridyl) ruthenium. The ECL intensity of the signal DNA, replaced by the target cells from the ECL probes, directly reflected the quantity of the amount of the cells. With the use of the developed ECL probe, a limit of detection as low as 89 Ramos cells per mL could be achieved. The proposed methods based on electrochemical and ECL should have wide applications in the diagnosis of cancers due to their high sensitivity, simplicity, and low cost.
Nanoparticles for Cultural Heritage Conservation: Calcium and Barium Hydroxide Nanoparticles for Wall Painting Consolidation
Authors: Giorgi Rodorico , Ambrosi Moira , Toccafondi Nicola , Baglioni Piero 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNanotechnology provides new concepts and materials for the consolidation and protection of wall paintings. In particular, humble calcium and barium hydroxide nanoparticles offer a versatile and highly efficient tool to combat the main degradation processes altering wall paintings. Clear example of the efficacy and potentiality of nanotechnology is represented by the conservation in situ of Maya wall paintings in the archaeological area in Calakmul (Mexico).
Covalency in CeIV and UIV Halide and N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Bonds
Authors: Arnold Polly L. , Turner Zoë R. , Kaltsoyannis Nikolas , Pelekanaki Panagiota , Bellabarba Ronan M. , Tooze Robert P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOxidative halogenation with trityl chloride provides convenient access to CeIV and UIV chloroamides [M(N{SiMe3}2)3Cl] and their N‐heterocyclic carbene derivatives, [M(L)(N{SiMe3}2)2Cl] (L=OCMe2CH2(CNCH2CH2NDipp) Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3). Computational analysis of the bonding in these and a fluoro analogue, [U(L)(N{SiMe3}2)2F], provides new information on the covalency in this relative rare oxidation state for molecular cerium complexes. Computational studies reveal increased Mayer bond orders in the actinide carbene bond compared with the lanthanide carbene bond, and natural and atoms‐in‐molecules analyses suggest greater overall ionicity in the cerium complexes than in the uranium analogues.
ChemInform Abstract: Rare Earth Ruthenium Gallides with the Ideal Composition Ln2Ru3Ga5 (Ln: La—Nd, Sm) Crystallizing with U2Mn3Si5 (Sc2Fe3Si5) Type Structure.
Authors: Jeitschko Wolfgang , Schlueter Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe title compounds (Ln: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm) are prepared by arc‐melting of cold‐pressed pellets of the elements and characterized by powder and single crystal XRD (Ce and Sm compounds).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Magnetic Properties of the New Boride Solid Solutions M0.5Ru6.5B3 (M: Cr, Mn, Co, Ni).
Authors: Misse Patrick R. N. , Fokwa Boniface P. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe title compounds are prepared by arc melting of the elements in a water‐cooled copper crucible under Ar and characterized by powder and single crystal XRD and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of New Ferroelectrics: [H2dbco]2·[Cl3]· [CuCl3(H2O)2]·H2O (dbco = 1,4‐Diaza‐bicyclo[2.2.2]octane).
Authors: Zhang Wen , Ye Heng‐Yun , Cai Hong‐Ling , Ge Jia‐Zhen , Xiong Ren‐Gen , Huang Songping D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe title compound is characterized by temperature dependent dielectric measurements and XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystalline and Glassy Phases in the Ternary System Tl/Bi/Cl: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of the Thallium(I) Chloridobismutates(III) Tl3BiCl6 and TlBi2Cl7.
Authors: Beck Johannes , Benz Sebastian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTl3BiCl6 (I) is prepared by heating a mixture of TlCl and BiCl3 in a molar ratio of 3:1 to 480 °C for 10 h followed by slow cooling.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Resolution of trans‐Cycloalkane‐1,2‐diols via Steglich Esterification.
Authors: Hrdina Radim , Mueller Christian E. , Schreiner Peter R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA chiral tetrapeptide is successfully applied as catalyst for the kinetic resolution of diols (I) by enantioselective Steglich esterification.
ChemInform Abstract: C1‐Symmetric Aminosulfoximes in Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Frings Marcus , Atodiresei Iuliana , Wang Yutian , Runsink Jan , Raabe Gerhard , Bolm Carsten 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of a variety of cyclic dienol silanes with ketonic electrophiles affords δ‐hydroxy‐α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl products.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Unique Scaffolds via Diels—Alder Cycloadditions of Tetrasubstituted Cyclohexadienes.
Authors: Jones Amanda L. , Snyder John K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe unactivated, highly substituted cyclohexadienes (III), (IX), and (XIV) smoothly undergo Diels—Alder reaction with various heterodienophiles to afford novel bridged products like (IV), (VII), (VIII), (X), (XII), (XIII), (XV).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Hypervalent Iodine Oxidation of Alcohols to Corresponding Aldehydes or Ketones Using 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylpiperidinyl‐1‐oxy and Potassium Peroxodisulfate.
Authors: Zhu Chenjie , Li Lei , Wei Yunyang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrimary alcohols are oxidized selectively in the presence of secondary ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Multiple C—H Bond Arylation Reaction of Heteroarenes Catalyzed by Cationic Palladium Complex Bearing 1,10‐Phenanthroline.
Authors: Shibahara Fumitoshi , Yamaguchi Eiji , Murai Toshiaki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA cationic Pd‐complex is found to catalyze direct C‐H arylation reactions of heteroarenes with aryl iodides (II) to give mono‐, di‐, or triarylated products selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution via Aromatic Cation Activation of Carboxylic Acids: Rapid Generation of Acid Chlorides under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Hardee David J. , Kovalchuke Lyudmila , Lambert Tristan H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid and mild method for the conversion of carboxylic acids to amides via the intermediacy of acid chlorides is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Regeneration of Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds from the Corresponding Oximes Using Tetrapyridine Silver(II) Peroxydisulfate in Acetonitrile and Aqueous Media.
Authors: Hakimi Mohammad , Feizi Noorallah , Hassani Hassan , Vahedi Hooshang , Thomas P. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOximes are transformed to the corresponding carbonyl compounds by tetrapyridine silver(II) peroxydisulfate in acetonitrile or water.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct, One‐Pot Sequential Reductive Alkylation of Lactams/Amides with Grignard and Organolithium Reagents Through Lactam/Amide Activation.
Authors: Xiao Kai‐Jiong , Luo Jie‐Min , Ye Ke‐Yin , Wang Yu , Huang Pei‐Qiang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe title reaction provides a highly efficient and general method to prepare cyclic and acyclic tertiary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective ProPhenol‐Catalyzed Addition of 1,3‐Diynes to Aldehydes to Generate Synthetically Versatile Building Blocks and Diyne Natural Products.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Chan Vincent S. , Yamamoto Daisuke 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdditionally, the method allows the rapid total syntheses of several biologically important diynol‐containing natural products like panaxytriol (X), diacetylene (XII)(a falcarindiol analogue isolated from Cussonia zimmermannii with antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activity) and strongylodiol A (XIIIa) and B (XIIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Aromatic Alcohols with Low‐Cost and Easily Available Acid Resins as Racemization Catalysts.
Authors: Cheng Yongmei , Xu Gang , Wu Jianping , Zhang Chensheng , Yang Lirong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA combination of Novozym435 with an acidic polystyrene resin CD8604 affords a new and efficient dynamic kinetic resolution of acetophenones to give the corresponding benzylic alcohols with good to excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: anti‐Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Carbonyl (Hydroxymethyl)allylation from the Alcohol or Aldehyde Oxidation Level: Allyl Carbonates as Allylmetal Surrogates.
Authors: Zhang Yong Jian , Yang Jin Haek , Kim Sang Hoon , Krische Michael J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe first enantioselective carbonyl (hydroxymethyl)allylation in the presence of aromatic, allylic, or aliphatic alcohols (II) is reported employing an (S)‐SEGPHOS‐modified iridium C,O‐benzoate complex to provide products (III) in good isolated yields, good anti‐diastereoselectivities and high enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Cyanohydrin Formation from Aldehydes Catalyzed by Manganese Schiff Base Complexes.
Authors: Qu Yanyang , Jing Linhai , Wu Zhiqing , Wu Di , Zhou Xiangge 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe complex generated form Mn(O‐Ac)2 and the ligand (SAL) is found to be an efficient catalyst for the asymmetric coupling of aromatic aldehydes with sodium cyanide.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Opening of Aziridines with Tetranitromethane in the Presence of Triethylamine. Efficient Synthesis of β‐Tosylamino Nitrates.
Authors: Volkova Yuliya A. , Averina Elena B. , Kuznetsova Tamara S. , Zefirov Nikolai S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTetranitromethane is used as an oxidant and source of the nitro group.
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Allylic Alcohols by Three‐Component Reaction of Acetylenic Sulfone, Dialkylzinc and Aldehyde.
Authors: Xie Meihua , Lin Gaofeng , Zhang Jinhua , Li Ming , Feng Chengyou 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcetylenic sulfones (I) undergo a CuI‐catalyzed carbozincation reaction with dimethyl‐ or diethylzinc to give alkenylzinc intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: The Thiocarbonyl “S” Is Softer than Thiolate “S”: A Catalyst‐Free One‐Pot Synthesis of Isothiocyanates in Water.
Authors: Jamir Latonglila , Ali Abdur Rezzak , Ghosh Harisadhan , Chipem Francis A. S. , Patel Bhisma K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReaction of triethylammonium aryldithiocarbamates (I) with methyl acrylate in water affords the corresponding isothiocyanates (II) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorene and Indenofluorene Compounds: Tandem Palladium‐Catalyzed Suzuki Cross‐Coupling and Cyclization.
Authors: Liu Tao‐Ping , Xing Chun‐Hui , Hu Qiao‐Sheng 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn efficient and widely applicable method to prepare fluorene and indenofluorene derivatives is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Acyl‐5‐hydroxybenzofurans via Copper(II) Triflate Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Unactivated 1,4‐Benzoquinones with 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Mothe Srinivasa Reddy , Susanti Dewi , Chan Philip Wai Hong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOptimized reaction conditions are developed for the completely regioselective preparation of the synthetically important polysubstituted benzofuran skeletons.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzofuran Chains: Monomer to Tetramer.
Authors: Suk Jae‐Min , Jeong Kyu‐Sung 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe monomeric (VIII) and dimeric (XI) benzofuran scaffolds can be used as molecular building blocks for the construction of new aryl stand foldamers capable of folding into helical conformation by cation binding.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica Sulfuric Acid (SSA) as a Solid Acid Heterogeneous Catalyst for One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Pyrroles under Solvent‐Free Conditions at Room Temperature.
Authors: Veisi Hojat 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReaction of γ‐diketones (I) with hydrazide (II) under elevated temperature affords the sulfonamides (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Carbon Dioxide Incorporation into Bispropargylic Alcohols.
Authors: Yoshida Shunsuke , Fukui Kosuke , Kikuchi Satoshi , Yamada Tohru 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSilver acetate in combination with optically active Schiff base PCA catalyzes the title reaction to give optically active cyclic carbonates.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,3‐Oxazolidines and 1,2‐Amino Alcohols from N‐Tosylimines Using Rh(II) Catalyst in Acetone.
Authors: Kim Nam‐Sun , Kang Se‐Youn , Lee Seung‐Han 
Published: July 2010

Abstract1,3‐Oxazolidines or 1,2‐amino alcohols are synthesized in moderate to good yield by Rh(II)‐catalyzed reactions of N‐tosylimines (I) with diazoacetate in dry acetone or aqueous acetone, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorine‐Containing Quinoline‐2,3‐dicarboxylates from Products of Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution of Hydrogen in 3‐Fluoronitroarenes.
Authors: Kotovskaya S. K. , Zhumabaeva G. A. , Charushin V. N. , Chupakhin O. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReaction of 3‐fluoro‐6‐phenylsulfonylmethylnitrobenzenes (I) with fumarate or maleate provides access to previously unaccessible fluorine‐substituted quinolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem N‐Allylation/[3,3]‐sigmatropic Shift Route to the Synthesis of Allyl Ethers of Dihydropyrimidines.
Authors: Rasheeth A. , Yogeswari G , Huq C. A. M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe formation of unexpected (thio)allyl ethers can be rationalized as a result of tandem N‐allylation/[3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement of dihydropyrimidines (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Three‐Component Reaction of Rapid Synthesis of Some 5,6‐Dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐thiazine Derivatives under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Wan Jie‐Ping , Pan Yuan‐Hang , Mao Hui , Chen Yun‐Hua , Pan Yuan‐Jiang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMicrowave irradiation is found to efficiently promote the three‐component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, thiourea and vinylbenzenes in the presence of Tms‐Cl.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Phosphonato Esters Involving Heterocyclic Biological Bases in a Highly Diastereoselective and Chemoselective Route.
Authors: Maghsoodlou Malek T. , Hazeri Nourallah , Habibi‐Khorassani Sayed M. , Heydari Reza , Marandi Ghasem , Lashkari Mojtaba , Bagherpour Khatereh , Gharechaei Zahra 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA diastereoselective access to highly functionalized phosphonato esters is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Wittig Olefination in Aqueous Media for the Rapid Preparation of Unsaturated 7,3‐Lactone‐α‐D‐xylofuranose Derivatives.
Authors: Ramirez Elsie , Sanchez Mario , Meza‐Leon Rosa L. , Quintero Leticia , Sartillo‐Piscil Fernando 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA highly efficient sequential protocol is developed for the conversion of D‐glucose derivatives (I) to the versatile synthons (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Easy Access to 2,5‐Anhydro‐1,3‐O‐Isopropylidene‐D‐glucitol.
Authors: Doboszewski Bogdan , Clarindo de Siqueira Edmilson 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn improved procedure for the synthesis of the title compound (III) from D‐mannitol (I) is given.
RNG1 is a late marker of the apical polar ring in Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Tran Johnson Q. , de Leon Jessica C. , Li Catherine , Huynh My‐Hang , Beatty Wandy , Morrissette Naomi S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe asexually proliferating stages of apicomplexan parasites cause acute symptoms of diseases such as malaria, cryptosporidiosis and toxoplasmosis. These stages are characterized by the presence of two independent microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs). Centrioles are found at the poles of the intranuclear spindle. The apical polar ring (APR), a MTOC unique to apicomplexans, organizes subpellicular microtubules which impose cell shape and apical polarity on these protozoa. Here we describe the characteristics of a novel protein that localizes to the APR of Toxoplasma gondii which we have named ring‐1 (RNG1). There are related RNG1 proteins in Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis neurona but no obvious homologs in Plasmodium spp., Cryptosporidium spp. or Babesia spp. RNG1 is a small, low‐complexity, detergent‐insoluble protein that assembles at the APR very late in the process of daughter parasite replication. We were unable to knock‐out the RNG1 gene, suggesting that its gene product is essential. Tagged RNG1 lines have also allowed us to visualize the APR during growth of Toxoplasma in the microtubule‐disrupting drug oryzalin. Oryzalin inhibits nuclear division and cytokinesis although Toxoplasma growth continues, and similar to earlier observations of unchecked centriole duplication in oryzalin‐treated parasites, the APR continues to duplicate during aberrant parasite growth. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of Nonlocally‐Coupled Transition of the Heat Transport in LHD
Authors: Tamura N. , Ida K. , Inagaki S. , Tanaka K. , Tokuzawa T. , Itoh K. , Shimozuma T. , Kubo S. , Tsuchiya H. , Nagayama Y. , Kawahata K. , Sudo S. , Yamada H. , LHD Experiment Group  
Published: July 2010

AbstractA comparison of characteristics between a nonlocal transport phenomenon and an electron internal transport barrier (ITB) in the Large Helical Device is performed with a transient transport analysis and from the viewpoint of a dynamic behavior of transport state. The electron ITB is characterized by a jump of electron temperature gradient. In contrast, the transient transport analysis indicates the nonlocal transport phenomenon is characterized by a jump of electron heat flux. And seen from the viewpoint of the dynamic behavior of transport state, the physical mechanism of the appearance of the nonlocal transport phenomenon is found to be qualitatively different from that of the formation of the electron ITB (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)