bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Object Classification Test as a Measure of Overinclusive Thinking in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: PAYNE R. W. 
Published: July 2011

The Object Classification test consists of twelve small objects which can be sorted in ten different ways. It was originally intended as a test of ‘concreteness’, but it was later predicted that patients suffering from overinclusive thought disorder would produce a large number of additional unusual sortings.Results are quoted, both for usual (‘A’) and unusual (‘ Non‐A’) sortings for a standardization group of 120 normals, as well as 34 neurotic patients, 20 endogenous depressives, 35 acute schizophrenics and 37 chronic schizophrenics.It was found that only acute schizophrenics give evidence of overinclusive thinking on this test, and that, of these, only half give an abnormally large number of ‘Non‐A’ responses.Chronic schizophrenics on the other hand are no more overinclusive than normal or non‐schizophrenic subjects, although they give significantly fewer ‘A’ responses than normals.It is possible that overinclusive thinking in a schizophrenic patient is therefore a relatively good prognostic sign, although a confirmatory long term follow‐up study is needed.
The Response and Self‐Generated Behaviour of Severely Disturbed Children and Severely Subnormal Controls
Authors: HERMELIN BEATE , O'CONNOR N. 
Published: July 2011

Children admitted to an institution for severely subnormal patients and subsequently diagnosed as schizophrenic were compared with a group of children of the same age, sex and I.Q. in the same hospital, who were free from schizophrenic characteristics. The two groups showed a similar amount of exploration of and orientation towards stimuli. Though the experimental group gave the same amount of social response and approach behaviour as the controls, the former also tended to retreat from the experimenter at times. Significantly more children talked in the control than in the experimental group.Activity of a non‐object orientated kind was more frequently observed in the psychotic children than in the controls. While the amount of orienting behaviour varied according to the various stimulus situations in both groups, activity which did not occur in response to external stimuli did not.
The Effects of Depressant and Stimulant Drugs on the Relationship between Reaction Time and Stimulus Light Intensity
Authors: COSTELLO C. G. 
Published: July 2011

A paradoxical increase in RT with increase in visual stimulus intensity has been found by previous workers using schizophrenic Ss. Their results had been interpreted in terms of Pavlovian theory. It was predicted on the basis of Pavlovian theory and previous results with schizophrenic Ss that both 10 mg D‐amphetamine sulphate by increasing the normal Ss level of excitation and 194 mg sodium seconal by decreasing his level of excitation would result in the paradoxical increase in RT with an increase in stimulus intensity.Five groups of eight Ss each were tested after administration of one of the following treatments: 10 mg D‐amphetamine sulphate; 194 mg sodium seconal; 800 mg meprobamate; placebo tablets; no drug. Their RTs to lights of eight intensities increasing from 16 ft candles to 1500 ft candles were determined. The predictions were not confirmed.The sodium seconal, meprobamate and placebo groups produced RTs significantly different from those of the D‐amphetamine and no drug groups which did not differ in their mean RTs.Implications of the results in terms of the difference between cortical and subcortical excitation are discussed.
A Comparison of Four Methods of Scoring an Attitude Scale in Relation to its Reliability and Validity
Authors: POPPLETON PAMELA K. , PILKINGTON G. W. 
Published: July 2011

The responses of 120 subjects to two parallel versions of a religious attitude scale were scored by four different methods: Thurstone scoring; Likert scoring; scale‐product scoring; and scoring by weighted proportions. The effect of these methods on the reliability and validity of the scale was then compared.Likert scoring and scoring by weighted proportions produced the highest reliability coefficients (0.95), and Thurstone scoring the lowest (0.85). Scale‐Product scoring resulted in a reliability coefficient of 0.88. Reasons are given for considering this method of scoring to be unsatisfactory.The validity coefficients given by each of five criteria over the four different methods of scoring were found to be quite closely comparable, but generally scoring by weighted proportions yielded the highest validity coefficients. But the simpler Likert system did almost as well.
The Attitudes of Student Teachers to Education: A comparison with the attitudes of experienced teachers and a study of changes during the training course
Authors: BUTCHER H. J. 
Published: July 2011

Attitude scales of naturalism, radicalism and tender‐mindedness in education were administered to a representative sample of 300 serving teachers and also to three groups of student teachers, including both students in Training Colleges and graduate students in a University Department of Education. Significant differences between serving teachers and student teachers in attitude were found on all three scales.Changes in educational attitudes during the course of professional training were studied in respect of both the graduate students. Results suggested that changes in attitude resulting from training courses are reversed after experience of full‐time teaching.
A Method for Observing Symptoms and Attitudes
Authors: INGHAM J. G. 
Published: July 2011

A method is described for obtaining information about subjective symptoms and attitudes towards them. It was developed, for epidemiological purposes, from a procedure used by Shapiro in his personal questionnaire technique. Subjects are required to choose between pairs of statements representing different degrees of severity of each symptom. The new method can be used with any number of statements when the statements are ranked according to severity but their scale values are unknown.Scales have been devised for assessing five symptoms and attitudes of sympathy towards others who have the same symptoms. Preliminary results with sixty‐six individuals show that the scales are satisfactory as regards consistency of response patterns and discriminatory power. They can be used for epidemiological studies.
Social Reinforcement, Socialization, and Chronic Delinquency
Authors: SARBIN THEODORE R. , ALLEN VERNON L. , RUTHERFORD ELDRED E. 
Published: July 2011

This study compared the performance of delinquent and non‐delinquent boys on an operant conditioning task in which social reinforcement was given. It was hypothesized that chronic delinquents would perform poorly in a social learning situation because of an inadequate social environment during the important early periods of life.Both delinquents and non‐delinquents showed evidence of some learning on the task; difference between the groups was greatest in the first part of the conditioning session. Subjects who had high scores on a socialization scale—whether delinquents or non‐delinquents—showed more conditioning than Ss with low scores. Results were discussed in terms of the cue property and the reinforcement property of a social stimulus.
Some Psychological Factors in Religious Conversion
Authors: ROBERTS F. J. 
Published: July 2011

A study was made of forty‐three theological students in order to define the factors which had affected their religious experience, in particular, their acquisition of belief. The influence of age, parental belief and family relationships, guilt, neuroticism and extraversion were considered.Those whose conversion was sudden and towards the faith of their parents were found to have high scores on the MPI neuroticism scale.
The Relation between Personality, Mental Health and Academic Performance in University Students*
Authors: KELVIN R. P. , LUCAS C. J. , OJHA A. B. 
Published: July 2011

This is one of a series of reports on the medical, psychological and social factors associated with mental illness or distress among university students. It is based on a sample of students followed through from their entry into college until they obtained their degrees or left. Here we report on the relation between personality, intelligence, psychological distress and ultimate academic performance.The results show that psychological distress is fairly widespread in the student population. Psychometric tests may indicate the potential for distress in a student, but they do not predict its actual occurrence, its likely severity or its effect on academic performance. Such tests may help in the early detection and therefore more efficient management of distress; but as part of a selection procedure they would exclude many highly successful students without massively reducing wastage.
Anxiety among Acute Schizophrenics and Temporal Lobe Patients
Authors: COURT J. H. 
Published: July 2011

EEG records of acute psychiatric patients obtained routinely on admission to hospital revealed a high percentage of temporal lobe abnormalities. The clinical signs were of behavioural disturbance rather than a tendency to fits.Personality testing using Cattell's 16 PF test, showed them to be indistinguishable from acute schizophrenics (without EEG abnormality) and twenty patients with temporal lobe abnormality (none diagnosed as acute schizophrenics) confirmed that the disturbance is essentially similar and of comparable intensity. The most significant common feature was a high anxiety level.
Some Psychological Aspects of Inter‐Generation Occupational Mobility
Authors: STACEY B. G. 
Published: July 2011

The existing evidence concerning the relationship between various psychological factors and inter‐generation occupational mobility is reviewed. The evidence is examined under the headings of: (i) the influence of the family, (ii) the role of intelligence, (iii) achievement motivation, (iv) deferral of gratification, (v) other factors.here is a mass of evidence that the family plays an important role in the mobility process. A number of studies have shown that there are personality differences between occupationally mobile and static people. The review indicates that intelligence, achievement motivation and the deferred gratification pattern are all related to mobility. Other factors which may be significant are social skills, physical characteristics, physical attractiveness and physical, mental and social disabilities. The review also indicates several deficiencies in the research carried out to date.
A Cross‐Cultural Comparison of Parent‐Child Relationships in the United States and West Germany*
Authors: RABBIE JACOB M. 
Published: July 2011

In view of conflicting reports on the alleged autocratic structure of the German family as contrasted with the alleged equalitarian structure of the American family, two matched samples of forty‐four American and forty‐four German high‐school graduates, all participants in a foreign exchange programme, were questioned about parent‐child relationships in their own country.American parents were reported to be less strict and to give their children more autonomy than German parents, who also tended to use more punitive child‐rearing methods. In both nations the father is viewed as the main disciplinarian, while the mother is described as being more affectionate. The German father appears to be stricter with his children than his American counterpart, while the American mothers exert more achievement pressure than German mothers. In general, the parental role of father and mother is more differentiated in Germany than in the United States.The author wishes to thank the officials and students of the American Field Service whose co‐operation made this research possible. He is also indebted to Mrs S. Soutendijk, J. Quint, J. Hörst and Miss I. Sixma who assisted in all parts of the investigation., Manuscript received 21 August 1964, Revised manuscript received 15 November 1964
Social Class and Construct Systems: An Examination of the Cognitive Structure of Two Social Class Groups
Authors: WARREN NEIL 
Published: July 2011

Bernstein contends that differences in linguistic coding are associated with social class groupings, and primary among consequences claimed for differential linguistic coding are differences in the organization of cognitive processes. The reported investigation attempted to examine the cognitive aspects of Bernstein's theory.A modification of Kelly's repertory grid technique and the Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale were administered to groups of middle and working class subjects, very similar in composition to those employed by Bernstein in his own empirical work. Three structural measures of cognitive processes were extracted from the repertory grid data, and an interesting incidental finding of class differences in the use of the construct ‘unusual’ is also reported. The results are discussed and various conclusions are drawn. It was considered that a measure of support had been provided for certain aspects of Bernstein's theory, with a possibility of further support awaiting clarification of one of the cognitive measures.
A note on the investigation of the MPI with different occupational groups in India
Authors: RAO SHARADAMBA 
Published: July 2011

The Maudsley Personality Inventory was administered to six samples of randomly chosen Indian students studying different subjects like Arts, Science, Law, Medicine and Agriculture, to investigate whether distinct personality tendencies are exhibited in students with different educational and professional interests. Further the MPI was administered to four professional groups—clerks, engineers, nurses and teachers. The age range of the students was 20–25 years and that of the occupational groups was 25–35 years. The individual members of each sample had more or less the same socio‐economic level, the index of socioeconomic status being the monthly income. Only the engineers belonged to a comparatively higher socio‐economic status.Table I indicates the mean scores and standard deviations on the E and N scales of the various Indian samples as compared with the English norms. Table 2 indicates the major differences of the Indian clerical and student samples as contrasted with the engineer sample.
Individual Differences in Solution Time in Error‐Free Problem Solving
Authors: FARLEY F. H. 
Published: July 2011

To investigate individual differences in the basic cognitive component of solution‐time in errorless problem‐solving, 30 subjects were given 21 Thurstone‐type letter‐series items to solve under stressed administration, and mean log speed scores of correct solutions were computed. Three groups of 10 subjects each were constructed on the basis of Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) extraversion scores, and their speed scores were compared. These groups were then reconstituted into three groups of 10 subjects each on the basis of MPI neuroticism (N) scores, and the speed scores of these groups were compared.It was found that extraverts were significantly faster than introverts and ambiverts.A curvilinear relationship between neuroticism and solution‐time was suggested, with the mid N subjects performing significantly faster than the combined low N and high N subjects The low N and high N subjects did not differ significantly from each other.The results could not be attributed to differences in age, verbal (vocabulary) intelligence, or sex.
A Grid Test of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder
Authors: BANNISTER D. , FRANSELLA FAY 
Published: July 2011

In two previous studies (Bannister, 1960 and 1962) thought disordered schizophrenics were discriminated from normals and other psychiatric groups (including non‐thought disordered schizophrenics) by forms of the repertory grid test. The primary characteristics of thought disordered schizophrenics, in terms of such tests, appear to be their failure to manifest substantial intercorrelations between constructs and their inability to maintain in a second grid the specific pattern of intercorrelations found in the first. In Construct Theory terms (Kelly, 1955; Bannister, 1962a) schizophrenics are limited to an overly loose and inconsistent subsystem for construing people, in conventional terms their ideas about people are both poorly related and unstable.The forms of repertory grid test used in the two previous studies are not suitable for clinical purposes in that they are cumbersome and lacking in normative data. The purpose of the present study was to produce a clinically economic and adequately standardised grid test for detecting the presence of schizophrenic thought disorder.
The Effect of Context on Schizophrenic Speech
Authors: WILLIAMS MOYRA 
Published: July 2011

Four experiments are described in which schizophrenic patients were asked to complete verbal passages varying in length and in verbal constraints. Their performance was compared with that of controls under normal conditions and under time‐pressure.The performance of the schizophrenic patients was in some ways similar to that of the controls under time‐pressure; both groups tended to associate to the first words of the sequences presented rather than following the given verbal constraints.It is suggested that the difference between schizophrenic and normal behaviour in the completion of verbal passages is mainly due to the speed with which incoming auditory stimuli are dealt with.
A Questionnaire Measure of Neuroticism using a Shortened Scale Derived from the Cornell Medical Index
Authors: Gibson H. B. , Hanson Ruth , West D. J. 
Published: July 2011

Pilot work was conducted involving a review of the Cornell Medical Index (C.M.I.) as an instrument diagnostic of psychiatric and physical ill‐health, and making a selection from it on the basis of data obtained from two previous studies. An essential feature of this selection was to avoid items which referred directly to neurotically disturbed behaviour.The items provisionally selected were administered as a questionnaire for mothers, first to a new pilot sample, and then to an experimental group about whom personal data had been established by interview and the occasional checking of records. The results were analysed by the method of principal components, and a new scale established. Scores of the mothers on this scale were validated against what was known of their psychiatric and physical health. The results suggest that the new Health Questionnaire is a useful instrument for the assessment of neuroticism in a situation in which the direct mention of the topic of neurotic disturbance would perhaps be unwise.
The Psycho‐dynamic Diagnosis and Treatment of Vocational Problems
Authors: BOREHAM J. L. 
Published: July 2011

The procedure of providing reality‐testing opportunities for a client seeking vocational guidance is frequently obstructed by irrationalities in the client's thinking. This demands a psychotherapeutic orientation on the part of the counsellor.Firstly a theoretical model is described for a psychodynamic diagnostic exploration in respect of such irrationalities.Secondly a model for a therapeutic process within the limits of the vocational guidance situation is developed.Some clients offer the possibility of direct therapeutic work focused on the phantasy content of the unconscious systems which are obstructing a rational resolution of the problem.The function of psychological testing is discussed as a medium for two‐way communication between the client and the counsellor, and this process is demonstrated in two case examples.
Self‐reported Delinquency among Schoolboys, and their Attitudes to the Police
Authors: GIBSON H. B. 
Published: July 2011

An individually administered test battery was given to 94 boys in their 15th year at Grammar, Secondary Modern and Approved Schools. This involved a card‐sorting technique in which the boys indicated their (i) job preferences, (ii) leisure interests, (iii) attitude to the police, and (iv) admission of delinquent acts committed by boys known to them, by their friends and by themselves. The present report gives details of the attitude scale and the admission of offences in relation to the three categories of boys, separately.The relationship of the attitudes and group membership to admission of offences was as expected from a review of similar studies in self‐reported delinquency.
The Effects of Dependency and Social Reinforcement upon Visual Behaviour during an interview*
Authors: EXLINE RALPH V. , MESSICK DAVID 
Published: July 2011

Thirty‐four male college students categorized as to dominance or dependency in their control orientations towards others were given great or small amounts of social reinforcement for eye contact when speaking to an interviewer. Results showed Ss' eye contact with E when speaking to him to be a function of the interaction of social reinforcement and dependency orientation. Dependent Ss looked significantly more at E when given low as compared to high amounts of verbal social reinforcement, and also looked significantly more at E than non‐dependent Ss given low amounts of such reinforcement.It is suggested that the results support a feedback rather than a reward model to explain the effect of social reinforcement on eye‐contact in discussion. Limits on the generality of the results were suggested. The results were also discussed in terms of Argyle & Dean's equilibrium theory of the emission of affiliative behaviours. Implications of the procedures and results for certain kinds of personnel selection were considered.
On the Accuracy of Clinical Judgements
Authors: HORN JOHN L. , STEWART PATRICIA 
Published: July 2011

Using only the information provided in MMPI profiles, thirteen clinical psychologists and sixteen trainees in clinical psychology attempted to assess the degree of psychoticism of 861 patients who had been admitted to a hospital or clinic and for whom a diagnosis of ‘psychotic’ or ‘neurotic’ had been made. The clinician‐judges were required to distribute their ratings over an eleven‐point forced‐normal ‘scale’. The correlations of each clinician‐judge with every other and with the diagnosis (‘psychotic vs. non‐psychotic’) were determined.All correlations were positive. Those among the twenty‐nine clinician‐judges were of the order of 0·3 to 0·9, most being between 0·6 and 0·85. Most of the correlations of clinician‐judges with the diagnosis variable were in the 0·20 to 0·35 range. The first principal component among the correlations accounted for 85 per cent of the total variance. In a rotated, three‐factor solution one factor defined the dimension underlying the criterion judgements while the other two represented consistent influences which were largely independent of the final diagnosis. The nature of these influences could not be determined from the data in hand.