bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic mechanism of dimethylsulfone monooxygenase and its immobilized magnetic nanoparticles
Authors:   , Mangkalee Montisa 
Published: June 2024

The dimethyl sulfone monooxygenase system is a two-component flavoprotein catalyzing the monooxygenation of dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) by oxidative cleavage producing methanesulfinate and formaldehyde. The reductase component (DMSR) is a flavoprotein with FMN as a cofactor catalyzing flavin reduction using NADH. The oxygenase (DMSMO) uses reduced flavin from the reductase and oxygen for substrate monooxygenation. DMSMO can bind to FMN and FMNH– with a Kd of 17.4 ± 0.9 µM and 4.08 ± 0.8 mM, respectively. The binding of FMN to DMSMO is required prior to binding DMSO2. Substituting reduced DMSR with FMNH– demonstrated the same oxidation kinetics, indicating that FMNH- from DMSR was transferred to DMSMO. The oxidation of FMNH–:DMSMO, with and without DMSO2 did not generate any flavin adducts for monooxygenation. Therefore, H2O2 is likely to be the reactive agent to attack the substrate. The H2O2 assay results demonstrated production of H2O2 from the oxidation of FMNH–:DMSMO, whereas H2O2 was not detected in the presence of DMSO2, confirming H2O2 utilization. The rate constant for methanesulfinate formation determined from rapid-quenched flow and the rate constant for flavin oxidation were similar, indicating that H2O2 rapidly reacts with dimethyl sulfone. Both enzymes have been co-immobilized onto Ni-NTA functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (CoFe2O4@SiO2–Ni/NTA) to improve enzyme stability in different environments and enable the enzymes to be recovered for reuse.
Chitosan blending with water-soluble polymers as dissolving microneedles for controlled drug release
Authors:   , Saleh Fuad 
Published: June 2024

Chitosan has gained significant interest due to its ability to film-forming, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, making it suitable for topical and transdermal drug delivery such as fabricating microneedles. In this study, chitosan microneedles were prepared by incorporating polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in three different ratios (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 chitosan: polymers) to control drug release. The microneedles were fabricated using a molding method, their mechanical properties were tested using the universal testing machine (UTM), and their skin penetration ability was tested using pig skin (ex vivo). The results indicated that the microneedles exhibited sufficient strength to penetrate the outer layer of the porcine skin effectively. The study included incorporating two drugs: curcumin as a model of hydrophobic drugs, and butterfly pea extract as a model of hydrophilic drugs. Chitosan blended with PVP demonstrated the ability to finely tune the release profiles with approximately 90% of hydrophilic and 60% of hydrophobic loaded drugs being released from the microneedles over four days. In contrast, chitosan blended with PVA did not exhibit a significant difference from the blank microneedles, releasing only 49% of the loaded drugs over two days. These findings suggest that chitosan microneedles incorporating PVP are a promising candidate for controlled transdermal drug delivery, offering versatility in releasing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds.
Camuflaje (Jonathan Perel, 2022). Cartografiar el pasado, cartografiar el presente
Authors: Lusnich Ana Laura 
Published: June 2024

A cuarenta años de la recuperación de la democracia, las representaciones cinematográficas y audiovisuales en torno al pasado dictatorial no cesan. Ficciones, documentales, animaciones, narraciones transmedia y otros formatos audiovisuales han postulado múltiples aproximaciones a la última dictadura cívico-militar, y de igual manera refirieron a las consecuencias y los resabios de ese tiempo histórico en las décadas subsiguientes. En ese amplio conglomerado audiovisual, las realizaciones cinematográficas provenientes de diferentes puntos de nuestro país fueron marcando perspectivas canónicas, discordantes y/o de ruptura sobre estas problemáticas, al igual que acompañaron el proceso de Memoria, Verdad y Justicia que se inauguró en la Argentina a partir de la recuperación de la democracia en 1983. En primera instancia, con el objetivo de confirmar el estatuto ideológico-expresivo que distinguió a una serie acotada pero significativa de films que versaron en torno a estos tópicos y que fueron realizadas en diferentes épocas históricas, el artículo dará cuenta de las características nodales de esos films que establecieron rupturas débiles o cruciales desde el punto de vista cinematográfico, al igual que en sus apuestas temáticas e ideológicas. En segundo lugar, se analizará el film Camuflaje (Jonathan Perel, 2022), profundizando en las búsquedas narrativas y representacionales que implican un nuevo giro en las interpretaciones del pasado reciente y en la producción de memoria. Se tendrá en cuenta, en particular, la colaboración de secuencias que tienden al dinamismo o bien al estatismo, la oscilación entre la primera y la tercera persona narrativa y las reflexiones en torno a la convivencia de lo ominoso y la vida cotidiana o corriente. De igual modo, se realizará una evaluación global de los aportes intrínsecos de Camuflaje y se examinarán las relaciones de proximidad y/o de distanciamiento que mantiene con las vertientes cinematográficas que le preceden.Identificador permanente (ARK): http://id.caicyt.gov.ar/ark:/s18535925/uux6q8aug
Editorial
Authors: León González Jorge Luis 
Published: June 2024

El enfoque de convergencia de la ciencia surge como un paradigma a utilizar en la investigación, científica para obtener nuevos conocimientos que permitan desarrollar nuevas soluciones. La mayoría de las soluciones y tecnologías actuales se han obtenido gracias a procesos de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i).
La I+D+i es la unión de términos que parten de distintas ramas del conocimiento: investigación de la ciencia, desarrollo de la economía e innovación de la tecnología. De manera que la Investigación, es el proceso mediante el cual diferentes profesionales de cualquier sector construyen nuevos conocimientos para darle soluciones a diferentes problemáticas que se les presenta en su contexto. soluciones. Se invierte dinero y recursos con el objetivo de obtener nuevos conocimientos.
En el Desarrollo, se emplean técnicas ya existentes con el objetivo de crear nuevas soluciones a las diferentes problemáticas. Se utilizan los conocimientos obtenidos en la parte de la investigación como punto de partida.
Mientras que la Innovación, es un proceso más creativo y relacionado con la ciencia y la tecnología; donde además de la innovación tecnológica se desarrolla también la innovación social. Es decir, a través de procesos de I+D+i en el ámbito social se logra una mejoría en los procesos cotidianos que configuran la sociedad. De acuerdo con el Índice Mundial de Innovación de 2023: Suiza, Suecia y los Estados Unidos lideran la clasificación mundial de innovación.
De esta forma, la convergencia de la ciencia con una visión multidisciplinaria, desde la perspectiva de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (I+D+i), busca orientar la investigación científica en los diversos campos de aplicación para impulsar la sociedad y mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas.
En el número que se presenta de la Revista Metropolitana de Ciencias Aplicadas (REMCA, se ofrecen algunas aportaciones con una visión multidisciplinaria de la ciencia que logran solucionar los problemas sociales que se presentan en diferentes contextos.
Air, 2. Effects of Air Pollutants
Authors: Eikmann Thomas , Scholl Gerhard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Effects on Humans2.General Effects2.1.Specific Pollutants2.2.Persons Needing Special Protection2.3.Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Teratogenicity3.Environmentally Relevant Air Pollutants3.1.Sulfur Dioxide3.2.Nitrogen Oxides3.3.Ozone3.4.Carbon Monoxide3.5.Dusts3.6.Lead3.7.Cadmium3.8.Arsenic3.9.Benzene3.10.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons3.11.Diesel Motor Emissions3.12.Dioxins and Furans4.Effects on Plants4.1.Relationship between Immission and Effect4.2.Effect of Individual Pollutants4.2.1.Sulfur Dioxide4.2.2.Hydrogen Fluoride4.2.3.Hydrogen Chloride and Chlorine4.2.4.Nitrogen Dioxide and Ammonia4.2.5.Hydrogen Sulfide4.2.6.Ethylene4.2.7.Ozone and Other Photooxidants4.2.8.Dust4.2.9.Acid Rain
Air, 6. Photochemical Degradation
Authors: Simmler Walter 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Natural and Anthropogenic Emissions

3.

Reaction Cycles in the Atmosphere

3.1.

The Troposphere

3.2.

The Stratosphere

4.

Interaction with Surface Layers of Aquatic and Terrestrial Environments

5.

Measurement and Computation of Degradability

5.1.

Lifetime in the Homogeneous Gas Phase

5.2.

Lifetimes of Adsorbates Aerosols

5.3.

Assessment and Evaluation
Ammonia, 3. Production Plants
Authors: Appl Max 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Complete Ammonia Production Plants1.1.Steam Reforming Ammonia Plants1.1.1.The Basic Concept of Single‐Train Plants1.1.2.Further Developments1.1.3.Minimum Energy Requirement for Steam Reforming Processes1.1.4.Commercial Steam Reforming Ammonia Processes1.1.4.1.Advanced Conventional Processes1.1.4.2.Processes with Reduced Primary Reformer Firing1.1.4.3.Processes Without a Fired Primary Reformer (Exchanger Reformer)1.1.4.4.Processes Without a Secondary Reformer (Nitrogen from Air Separation)1.2.Ammonia Plants based on Partial Oxidation1.2.1.Ammonia Plants Based on Heavy Hydrocarbons1.2.2.Ammonia Plants Using Coal as Feedstock1.3.Waste‐Heat Boilers1.4.Single‐Train Capacity – Mega Ammonia Plants2.Modernization of Older Plants (Revamping)3.Material Considerations for Equipment Fabrication
Atomic Spectroscopy, 2. Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Broekaert José A. C. , Hywel Evans E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Principles2.Spectrometers2.1.Spectrometer Details2.2.Primary Sources3.Flame Atomic Absorption3.1.Flames and Burners3.2.Nebulizers3.3.Figures of Merit4.Electrothermal Atomic Absorption4.1.Atomizers4.2.Thermochemistry4.3.Figures of Merit5.Special Techniques5.1.Hydride and Cold Vapor Techniques5.2.Direct Solid Sampling5.3.Indirect Determinations6.Background Correction6.1.Deuterium Lamp Technique6.2.Zeeman Effect Technique6.3.Smith ‐ Hieftje Technique6.4.Coherent Forward Scattering7.Fields of Application
Atomic Spectroscopy, 3. Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Broekaert José A. C. , Hywel Evans E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Principles2.Spectrometers3.Flame Emission4.Arcs and Sparks5.Plasma Sources5.1.Direct Current Plasmas5.2.Inductively Coupled Plasmas5.3.Microwave Plasmas6.Glow Discharges6.1.Hollow Cathodes6.2.Furnace Emission Spectrometry6.3.Glow Discharges with Flat Cathodes6.4.New Developments7.Laser Sources
Chlorinated Benzenes and Other Nucleus‐Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Beck Uwe , Löser Eckhard 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Chlorinated Benzenes2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.3.1.Monochlorobenzene2.3.2.Dichlorobenzenes2.3.3.Trichlorobenzenes2.3.4.Tetrachlorobenzenes2.3.5.Pentachlorobenzene2.3.6.Hexachlorobenzene2.4.Quality and Analysis2.5.Storage and Transportation2.6.Uses2.7.Toxicology3.Chlorinated Toluenes3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.3.1.Monochlorotoluenes3.3.2.Dichlorotoluenes3.3.3.Trichlorotoluenes3.3.4.Tetrachlorotoluenes3.3.5.Pentachlorotoluene3.4.Quality and Analysis3.5.Storage and Transportation3.6.Uses3.7.Toxicology4.Chlorinated Biphenyls4.1.Physical and Chemical Properties4.2.Disposal4.3.Analysis4.4.Storage and Transportation4.5.Uses4.6.Toxicology5.Chlorinated Naphthalenes5.1.Physical Properties5.2.Chemical Properties5.3.Production5.4.Quality and Analysis5.5.Storage and Transportation5.6.Uses5.7.Toxicology6.Environmental Protection7.Economic Aspects
Fungicides, Agricultural, 2. Individual Fungicides
Authors: Müller Franz , Ackermann Peter , Margot Paul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Fungicidal Antibiotics3.Inorganic Compounds4.Organometallic and Metal–Organic Compounds5.Dithiocarbamates5.1.Metal‐Free Dithiocarbamates5.2.Metal‐Containing Dithiocarbamates6.Imides7.Amides8.Dicarboximides9.Aliphatic Compounds10.Phenyl‐Substituted Compounds11.Organophosphates12.Phosphites13.Benzimidazoles14.Anilides15.Acylamino Acids16.Amides17.Inhibitors of Sterol Biosynthesis17.1.Triazoles17.2.Imidazoles18.Pyridines19.Pyrimidines20.Pyrroles21.Morpholines22.Strobulins23.Carbamates24.Dinitrophenols25.Oxazoles26.Quinolines27.Quinones28.Quinoxalines29.Thiazoles and Thiazolidines30.Thiocarbamates31.Triazines32.Unclassified Fungicides
Paper and Board, 1. General
Authors: Holik Herbert , Tschudin Peter F. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Paper and Board Today

2.

Overview of the Manufacturing Process for Paper and Board

3.

Historical Background and General Aspects

3.1.

Invention of Paper

3.2.

Chinese Paper

3.3.

Arab Paper

3.4.

Medieval European Paper

3.5.

Mechanization and Industrialization

3.6.

Paper Machines

3.7.

Pulping and Sizing

3.8.

From Industrialization to Automation and Globalization: Technical and Economic Trends of the 19th and 20th Centuries

4.

Economic Aspects
Poly(4‐Methyl‐1‐Pentene)
Authors: Heggs T. Geoffrey 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Raw Materials

2.1.

Monomers

2.2.

High‐Melting Nucleating Polymers

2.3.

Catalysts

3.

Industrial Manufacture

4.

Polymer Structure

4.1.

Homopolymer

4.2.

Copolymers

5.

Properties of PMP Products

5.1.

Optical Properties

5.2.

Stability and Chemical Resistance

5.3.

Mechanical Properties

5.4.

Electrical Properties

5.5.

Surface Properties and Permeability

5.6.

Rheology

6.

Economic Aspects

7.

Fabrication and Applications

7.1.

Fabrication

7.2.

Applications

8.

Health and Environmental Aspects
Surface and Thin‐Film Analysis, 4 Photon Detection
Authors: Raue Roderich , Kunde Klaus , Engel Aloys 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Total‐Reflection X‐ray Fluorescence Analysis (TXRF)1.1.Principles1.2.Instrumentation1.3.Spectral Information1.4.Quantification1.5.Applications1.5.1.Particulate and Film‐Type Surface Contamination1.5.2.Semiconductors1.5.2.1.Depth Profiling by TXRF and Multilayer Structures1.5.2.2.Vapor Phase Decomposition (VPD) and Droplet Collection2.Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GD‐OES)2.1.Principles2.2.Instrumentation2.3.Spectral Information2.4.Quantification2.5.Depth Profiling2.6.Applications3.Surface‐Sensitive IR and Raman Spectroscopy; Ellipsometry3.1.Reflection ‐ Absorption IR Spectroscopy (RAIRS)3.1.1.Principles3.1.2.Instrumentation and Applications3.2.Surface Raman Spectroscopy3.2.1.Principles3.2.2.Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS)3.2.2.1.Instrumentation3.2.2.2.Spectral Information3.2.2.3.Applications3.2.3.Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy3.3.UV ‐ VIS ‐ IR Ellipsometry (ELL)3.3.1.Principles3.3.2.Instrumentation3.3.3.Applications4.Other Photon‐Detecting Techniques4.1.Appearance‐Potential Methods4.1.1.Soft X‐Ray Appearance‐Potential Spectroscopy (SXAPS)4.1.2.Disappearance‐Potential Spectroscopy (DAPS)4.2.Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy (IPES) and Bremsstrahlung Isochromat Spectroscopy (BIS)4.3.Ion‐Beam Spectrochemical Analysis (IBSCA)
Textile Auxiliaries, 3. Sizing Agents
Authors: Schlüter Kaspar 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Sizing Methods

3.

Sizing Agents Based on Natural Raw Materials

3.1.

Starch and Starch Derivatives

3.2.

Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose

3.3.

Sizing Agents Based on Other Natural Raw Materials

4.

Synthetic Sizing Agents

4.1.

Poly(Vinyl Alcohols)

4.2.

Poly(meth)acrylates

4.3.

Polyester Condensates

4.4.

Other Synthetic Sizing Agents

5.

Sizing Additives

6.

Commercial Products
Wastewater, 5. Physical Treatment
Authors: Mann Theo , Koglin Bernd , von Kienle Hartmut , Wegmann Uwe , Weisbrodt Walter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Adsorptive Purification1.1.Adsorption1.2.Adsorption Isotherms1.3.Adsorption Kinetics1.4.Adsorbents1.5.Adsorption Processes1.6.Adsorbent Recovery and Regeneration1.6.1.Regeneration of Carbon Adsorbents1.6.2.Regeneration of Aluminum Oxide1.6.3.Regeneration of Adsorber Resins1.7.Applications of the Adsorptive Purification of Wastewater1.7.1.Purification with Activated Carbon1.7.2.Purification with Lignite Coke1.7.3.Purification with Aluminum Oxide1.7.4.Treatment with Adsorber Resins1.7.5.Purification with Isopolyacids2.Mechanical Treatment2.1.Screening Processes2.2.Gravity Processes2.2.1.Sedimentation2.2.2.Floatation2.2.3.Flotation2.2.3.1.Basic Principle2.2.3.2.Contact and Adhesion of Particles to Gas Bubbles; Flotation Kinetics2.2.3.3.Implementation, Fields of Application, and Operational Experience2.2.3.4.Costs and Benefits2.2.4.Foaming‐Out Process2.2.5.Centrifugal Processes
Wastewater, 6. Incineration
Authors: Moldenhauer Wolfgang , Mischer Günter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Legal Aspects3.Distinctions with Respect to Other Processes, and Evaluation Criteria3.1.Calorific Value3.2.Wastewater Constituents4.Incineration Plants4.1.Combustion Chambers4.2.Immersion Heating Chambers4.3.Fluidized‐Bed Furnaces4.4.Rotary Kilns5.Emissions: Off‐Gases, Water, and Solid Waste
Anxiolytics
Authors: Dubroeucq Marie‐Christine , Stutzmann Jean‐Marie , Manfré Franco , Capet Marc , Böhme Georg Andrees 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Benzodiazepines2.1.1,4‐Benzodiazepines2.2.Other Benzodiazepines3.Carbamates4.Other Anxiolytics5.Anxiolytics Under Development
Efficiency Enhanced Hybrid Solar Cells Using a Blend of Quantum Dots and Nanorods
Authors: Jeltsch Krischan F. , Schädel Martin , Bonekamp Jörg‐Bernd , Niyamakom Phenwisa , Rauscher Frank , Lademann Hans W. A. , Dumsch Ines , Allard Sybille , Scherf Ullrich , Meerholz Klaus 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe cell performance of organic‐inorganic hybrid photovoltaic devices based on CdSe nanocrystals and the semiconducting polymer poly[2,6‐(4,4‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]‐dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) is strongly dependent on the applied polymer‐to‐nanocrystal loading ratio and the annealing temperature. It is shown here that higher temperatures for the thermal annealing step have a beneficial impact on the nanocrystal phase by forming extended agglomerates necessary for electron percolation to enhance the short‐circuit current. However, there is a concomitant reduction of the open‐circuit voltage, which arises from energy‐level alterations of the organic and the inorganic component. Based on quantum dots and PCPDTBT, we present an optimized organic–inorganic hybrid system utilizing an annealing temperature of 210 °C, which provides a maximum power conversion efficiency of 2.8%. Further improvement is obtained by blending nanocrystals of two different shapes to compose a favorable n‐type network. The blend of spherical quantum dots and elongated nanorods results in a well‐interconnected pathway for electrons within the p‐type polmer matrix, yielding maximum efficiencies of 3.6% under simulated AM 1.5 illumination.
sp3‐sp2 C‐C Bond Formation via Brønsted Acid Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid‐Catalyzed Direct Coupling Reaction of Alcohols and Alkenes
Authors: Yue Hui‐Lan , Wei Wei , Li Ming‐Ming , Yang Yong‐Rong , Ji Jian‐Xin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA novel and efficient trifluoromethanesulfonic acid‐catalyzed sp3‐sp2 CC bond formation reaction through the direct coupling of alcohols with alkenes has been realized under mild conditions. The present protocol provides an attractive approach to a diverse range of polysubstituted olefins in good to excellent yields with high stereo‐ and regioselectivities.
Dehydration of Benzyl Alcohols in Phosphonium Ionic Liquids: Synthesis of Ethers and Alkenes
Authors: Kalviri Hassan A. , Kerton Francesca M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe dehydration of benzylic alcohols has been studied in several phosphonium ionic liquids in the absence of any metal catalysts. Benzyl ethers and alkenes were obtained from primary and secondary benzylic alcohols in good to excellent yields for these reactions. Commercially available hydrophobic phosphonium ionic liquids containing the trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium cation paired with six different anions were used for the reactions under microwave irradiation. The interaction of the substrate with the ionic liquid was investigated using different NMR techniques, such as NOESY NMR. The effects of cation and anions on the behaviour of these ionic liquids in the reactions were studied in order to understand the mechanism. A catalytic cycle is proposed involving activation of the benzyl alcohol by the phosphonium cation.
Total Synthesis of Symbioramide: a Flexible Approach for the Efficient Preparation of Structural Isomers
Authors: Prévost Sébastien , Ayad Tahar , Phansavath Phannarath , Ratovelomanana‐Vidal Virginie 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA concise, enantioselective total synthesis of symbioramide, starting from simple achiral compounds and racemic α‐amino‐β‐keto ester derivatives is reported. This highly flexible strategy allowed the efficient preparation of seven structural isomers of the natural product as well. The synthesis relies on a convergent route that involves the efficient stereoselective reduction of a α‐keto‐β‐yne ester, and the dynamic kinetic resolution of an α‐amino‐β‐keto ester through ruthenium‐mediated asymmetric hydrogenation.
Modeling the thermochemical degradation of biomass inside a fast pyrolysis fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Bruchmüller J. , van Wachem B. G. M. , Gu S. , Luo K. H. , Brown R. C. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA fast pyrolysis process in a bubbling fluidized bed has been modeled, thoroughly reproduced and scrutinized with the help of a combined Eulerian/Lagrangian simulation method. The 3‐D model is compared to experimental results from a 100 g/h bubbling fluidized bed pyrolyzer including such variables as particle composition at the outlet and gas/vapor/water yields as a function of fluidization conditions, biomass moisture concentrations, and bed temperatures. Multiprocessor simulations on a high‐end computer have been carried out to enable the tracking of each of the 0.8 million individual discrete sand and biomass particles, making it possible to look at accurate and detailed multiscale information (i.e., any desired particle property, trajectory, particle interaction) over the entire particle life time. The overall thermochemical degradation process of biomass is influenced by local flow and particle properties and, therefore, accurate and detailed modeling reveals unprecedented insight into such complex processes. It has been found, that the superficial fluidization velocity is important while the particle moisture content is less significant for the final bio‐oil yield. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3030–3042, 2012