bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Effects of Large Woody Debris Addition on Stream Habitat and Brook Trout Populations
Authors: Sweka John A. , Hartman Kyle J. , Niles Jonathan M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
In this study, we resurveyed stream habitat and sampled brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations 6 y after large woody debris additions to determine long-term changes in habitat and brook trout populations. In a previous study, we added large woody debris to eight streams in the central Appalachians of West Virginia to determine whether stream habitat could be enhanced and brook trout populations increased following habitat manipulation. The large woody debris additions had no overall effect on stream habitat and brook trout populations by 6 y after the additions. The assumption that a lack of large woody debris is limiting stream habitat and brook trout populations was not supported by our results. In high-gradient streams, habitat complexity may be governed more by the abundance of boulders and large woody debris may have a lesser influence on trout populations.
Population Demographics and Dynamics of Colonizing Elk in a Desert Grassland–Scrubland
Authors: Bender Louis C. , Piasecke Jessica R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractElk Cervus elaphus are rare in Southwestern desert grassland and desert-scrub habitats, and these habitats are anecdotally considered unsuitable for elk. We studied a colonizing herd in a Southwestern desert grassland–scrubland in northwestern New Mexico to determine the condition and population dynamics of elk in this habitat type. We radiotracked ≤ 24 adult (1.5 y and older) cows and ≤ 8 calves annually, 2003–2006; the sample of radiocollared cows in this study was very close to a census of the entire population for 2004–2006 based on repeated surveys and monitoring. Mean body fat of lactating cows in autumn was 10.6–13.2% in 2003–2004, indicating that lactating elk were acquiring high moderate–low good nutrition, but dropped to 5.6% in 2005 and 6.8% in 2006, indicating poor nutrition for these years of low precipitation. We found adult female survival of 0.94–1.00 and calf survival of 0.38–1.00. Calf survival was related to maternal size, maternal condition, and cumulative annual precipitation through parturition; all calf mortality occurred at or near parturition. Pregnancy rates averaged 0.33 for yearling cows and 0.86 for ≥ 2.5-y-olds, 2003–2006, and pregnancy was positively related to body mass for ≥ 2.5-y-old adults. Lactation rates of ≥ 2.5-y-olds averaged 0.59, 2003–2005, but dropped to 0.30 in 2006, due to poor maternal condition and low precipitation. Since colonization, elk have increased from about 20 to ≥ 53 individuals, a mean rate of increase of 18%/y prior to 2006, but decreasing to ≤ 4% in 2006. The high sustained rate of increase (with few exceptions) indicates that desert grassland–scrubland habitats are suitable for elk and merit consideration in elk management plans of Southwestern agencies.
Holomorphic Variations of Minimal Disks with Boundary on a
Lagrangian Surface
Authors: Chen Jingyi , Fraser Ailana 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLet L be an oriented Lagrangian submanifold in an
n-dimensional Kähler manifold M. Let
u: D → M be a minimal
immersion from a disk D with
u(𝜕D) ⊂ L such that
u(D) meets L
orthogonally along u(𝜕D). Then the real
dimension of the space of admissible holomorphic variations is at least
n + μ(E,
F), where μ(E,
F) is a boundary Maslov index; the minimal disk is
holomorphic if there exist n admissible holomorphic
variations that are linearly independent over ℝ at some point
p ∈ 𝜕D; if M =
ℂPn and u intersects L positively,
then u is holomorphic if it is stable, and its Morse index
is at least n + μ(E,
F) if u is unstable.
Enhancing Phosphorescence and Electrophosphorescence Efficiency of Cyclometalated Pt(II) Compounds with Triarylboron
Authors: Hudson Zachary M. , Sun Christina , Helander Michael G. , Amarne Hazem , Lu Zheng‐Hong , Wang Suning 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA synthetic strategy for the preparation of cyclometalated platinum(II) acetylacetonate (acac) complexes functionalized with triarylboron is achieved. This method is used to synthesize a series of triarylboron‐functionalized phosphorescent Pt(acac) compounds, which are characterized by NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, and theoretical calculations. These complexes exhibit a range of bright phosphorescent colors spanning the green to red region of the visible spectrum (λmax = ∼520–650 nm) in solution and the solid state. Functionalization with a triarylboron group leads to significant enhancement in quantum yield for several of these complexes relative to the non‐borylated Pt(II) parent chromophores, which may be attributed to the increased mixing of 1MLCT and 3LC states. The phosphorescent enhancement, electron transport capabilities, and steric bulkiness offered by the triarylboron group can be used to significantly enhance the performance of electrophosphorescent devices based on Pt(II) emitters. A high efficiency green electrophosphorescent device is fabricated with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 8.9%, luminance efficiency of 34.5 cd A−1, and power efficiency of 29.8 lm W−1, giving significantly improved performance over control devices in which the Pt(II) emitter lacks the boron functionality.
Uptake and Release of Double‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Mammalian Cells
Authors: Neves Vera , Heister Elena , Costa Sara , Tîlmaciu Carmen , Borowiak‐Palen Ewa , Giusca Cristina E. , Flahaut Emmanuel , Soula Brigitte , Coley Helen M. , McFadden Johnjoe , Silva S. Ravi P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEfforts to develop carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as nano‐vehicles for precise and controlled drug and gene delivery, as well as markers for in vivo biomedical imaging, are currently hampered by uncertainties with regard to their cellular uptake, their fate in the body, and their safety. All of these processes are likely to be affected by the purity of CNT preparation, as well as the size and concentration of CNTs used, parameters that are often poorly controlled in biological experiments. It is demonstrated herein that under the experimental conditions of standard transfection methods, DWNTs are taken up by cultured cells but are then released after 24 h with no discernable stress response. The results support the potential therapeutic use of CNTs in many biomedical settings, such as cancer therapy.
Stretchable, Transparent Zinc Oxide Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Park Kyungyea , Lee Deok‐Kyou , Kim Byung‐Sung , Jeon Haseok , Lee Nae‐Eung , Whang Dongmok , Lee Hoo‐Jeong , Kim Youn Jea , Ahn Jong‐Hyun 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStretchable and transparent thin film transistors (TFTs) with intrisically brittle oxide semiconductors are built using a wavy structural configuration that can provide high flexibility and stretchability. After device fabrication procedures including high temperature annealing, the oxide semiconductor‐based TFT arrays can be transferred directly to plastic or rubber substrates, without an additional device process, using transfer printing methods. This procedure can avoid some of the thermal degradation problems associated with plastic or rubber substrates by separating them from the annealing procedure needed to improve the device performance. These design and fabrication methods offer the possibility of developing a new format of stretchable electronics.
High‐Yield Synthesis and Electrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties of Indene‐C70 Bisadduct
Authors: He Youjun , Zhao Guangjin , Peng Bo , Li Yongfang 
Published: August 2010

Abstract[6, 6]‐Phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) is the widely used acceptor material in polymer solar cells (PSCs). Nevertheless, the low LUMO energy level and weak absorption in visible region are its two weak points. For enhancing the solar light harvest, the soluble C70 derivative PC70BM has been used as acceptor instead of PC60BM in high efficiency PSCs in recent years. But, the LUMO level of PC70BM is the same as that of PC60BM, which is too low for the PSCs based on the polymer donors with higher HOMO level, such as poly (3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Here, a new soluble C70 derivative, indene‐C70 bisadduct (IC70BA), is synthesized with high yield of 58% by a one‐pot reaction of indene and C70 at 180 °C for 72 h. The electrochemical properties and electronic energy levels of the fullerene derivatives are measured by cyclic voltammetry. The LUMO energy level of IC70BA is 0.19 eV higher than that of PC70BM. The PSC based on P3HT with IC70BA as acceptor shows a higher Voc of 0.84 V and higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.64%, while the PSC based on P3HT/PC60BM and P3HT/PC70BM displays Voc of 0.59 V and 0.58 V, and PCE of 3.55% and 3.96%, respectively, under the illumination of AM1.5G, 100 mW cm−2. The results indicate that IC70BA is an excellent acceptor for the P3HT‐based PSCs and could be a promising new acceptor instead of PC70BM for the high performance PSCs based on narrow bandgap conjugated polymer donor.
Non‐Volatile Organic Memory Elements Based on Carbon‐Nanotube‐Enabled Vertical Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Liu Bo , McCarthy Mitchell A. , Rinzler Andrew G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHigh‐performance non‐volatile memory elements based on carbon‐nanotube‐enabled vertical field‐effect transistors (CN‐VFETs) are demonstrated. A thin crosslinking polymer layer, benzocyclobutene (BCB), on top of the gate dielectric acts as the charge storage layer. This results in a large, fully gate sweep programmable, hysteresis in the cyclic transfer curves exhibiting on/off ratios >4 orders of magnitude. The carbon nanotube random network source electrode facilitates charge injection into the charge storage layer, realizing the strong memory effect without sacrificing mobility in the vertical channel. Given their intrinsically simple fabrication and compact size CN‐VFETs could provide a path to cost‐effective, high‐density organic memory devices.
Breastfeeding and later psychosocial development in the Philippines
Authors: Duazo Paulita , Avila Josephine , Kuzawa Christopher W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives: Evaluate whether breastfeeding (BF) duration predicts later psychosocial development (PD) in a large low socioeconomic status (SES) sample in the Philippines.Methods: The sample consists of 2,752 children aged 5–6 years who were measured in 2004 as part of the Philippine government's Early Childhood Development Project. Duration of any BF was the primary independent variable in regression models predicting a cumulative index of PD that has been shown previously to predict school readiness.Results: In this sample, mothers who breastfed their children for longer tended to have lower educational attainment and to come from lower income households. Despite this, BF duration was a positive predictor of future PD measured in late childhood, but only after adjustment for SES and related confounders.Conclusions: These findings add to growing evidence that BF could provide lasting economic and social benefits and underscore the importance of continuing current public health efforts to promote BF in the Philippines and across the globe. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood lipids, infection, and inflammatory markers in the Tsimane of Bolivia
Authors: Vasunilashorn Sarinnapha , Crimmins Eileen M. , Kim Jung Ki , Winking Jeff , Gurven Michael , Kaplan Hillard , Finch Caleb E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives: Little is known about blood cholesterol (blood‐C) levels under conditions of infection and limited diet. This study examines blood‐C and markers of infection and inflammation in the Tsimane of the Bolivian Amazon, indigenous forager farmers living in conditions that model preindustrial European populations by their short life expectancy, high load of infections and inflammation, and limited diets.Methods: We use multivariate models to determine the relationships between lipid levels and markers of infection and inflammation. Adult Tsimane (N = 418, age 20–84) were characterized for blood lipids, cells, and inflammatory markers in relation to individual loads of parasites and village region.Results: Most of the Tsimane (60%) carried at least one parasite species, averaging 1.3 species per person. Serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), total cholesterol (total‐C), and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) were below the U.S. norms and varied inversely with markers of infection and inflammation: C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), immunoglobulin (Ig) E and eosinophil count. Although no relationship of parasite load to blood‐C was found, there was an association between anemia and parasite prevalence.Conclusions: We conclude that the highly infected environment of the Tsimane is related to low levels of blood total‐C, HDL‐C, and LDL‐C. This may suggest a potential reason why arterial disease is largely absent in the Tsimane. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Agent‐based modeling of the spread of the 1918–1919 flu in three Canadian fur trading communities
Authors: O'neil Caroline A. , Sattenspiel Lisa 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives:Previous attempts to study the 1918–1919 flu in three small communities in central Manitoba have used both three‐community population‐based and single‐community agent‐based models. These studies identified critical factors influencing epidemic spread, but they also left important questions unanswered. The objective of this project was to design a more realistic agent‐based model that would overcome limitations of earlier models and provide new insights into these outstanding questions.Methods:The new model extends the previous agent‐based model to three communities so that results can be compared to those from the population‐based model. Sensitivity testing was conducted, and the new model was used to investigate the influence of seasonal settlement and mobility patterns, the geographic heterogeneity of the observed 1918–1919 epidemic in Manitoba, and other questions addressed previously.Results:Results confirm outcomes from the population‐based model that suggest that (a) social organization and mobility strongly influence the timing and severity of epidemics and (b) the impact of the epidemic would have been greater if it had arrived in the summer rather than the winter. New insights from the model suggest that the observed heterogeneity among communities in epidemic impact was not unusual and would have been the expected outcome given settlement structure and levels of interaction among communities.Conclusions:Application of an agent‐based computer simulation has helped to better explain observed patterns of spread of the 1918–1919 flu epidemic in central Manitoba. Contrasts between agent‐based and population‐based models illustrate the advantages of agent‐based models for the study of small populations. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal hemoglobin depletion in a settled Northern Kenyan pastoral population
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives: This study examines maternal hemoglobin depletion in a cross‐sectional sample of Ariaal women living in northern Kenya. Maternal hemoglobin depletion occurs when women do not have enough dietary iron to replace the high levels of iron allocated to the fetus during pregnancy.Methods: To study this phenomenon, reproductive histories, socioeconomic status, anthropometry, and hemoglobin levels were collected from a cross‐section of 200 lactating Ariaal women in northern Kenya.Results: Ariaal women show increasing levels of hemoglobin with increasing time since birth and lower hemoglobin levels with increasing parity, indicating an incomplete repletion of dietary iron over women's reproductive lifetime. Women who lived in a more livestock‐dependent village had higher hemoglobin levels and lower prevalence of clinical anemia than women who lived in villages more dependent on agriculture, indicating that differences in diet may alleviate the effects of iron depletion.Conclusions: These data demonstrate that Ariaal women are iron depleted due to pregnancy, incompletely replete hemoglobin during the course of lactation, and show depletion of hemoglobin with increasing parity. Women in this community may be able to improve their iron status through a greater reliance on food sources rich in dietary iron. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Responsiveness of the reproductive axis to a single missed evening meal in young adult males
Authors: Trumble Benjamin C. , Brindle Eleanor , Kupsik Michalina , O'Connor Kathleen A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives: The male reproductive axis is responsive to energetic deficits, including multiday fasts, but little is known about brief periods of fasting (<24 hours). Reduced testosterone in low‐energy balance situations is hypothesized to reflect redirection of resources from reproduction to survival. This study tests the hypothesis that testosterone levels decrease during a minor caloric deficiency by assessing the effects of a single missed (evening) meal on morning testosterone in 23 healthy male participants, age 19–36.Methods: Participants provided daily saliva and urine samples for two baseline days and the morning following an evening fast (water only after 4 PM). Testosterone, cortisol, and luteinizing hormone were measured with enzyme immunoassays.Results: Fasting specimens had significantly lower overnight urinary luteinizing hormone (P = 0.045) and morning salivary testosterone than baseline (P = 0.037). In contrast to morning salivary testosterone, there was a significant increase in overnight urinary testosterone (P = 0.000) following the evening fast, suggesting an increase in urinary clearance rates. There was a marginal increase in overnight urinary cortisol (P = 0.100), but not morning salivary cortisol (P = 0.589).Conclusion: These results suggest the male reproductive axis may react more quickly to energetic imbalances than has been previously appreciated. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secular change in the timing of dental root maturation in Portuguese boys and girls
Authors: Cardoso Hugo F.V. , Heuzé Yann , Júlio Paula 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough secular changes in human growth are frequently reported in the literature, a secular trend in dental maturation has not been consistently shown to date.Objectives:In this study, we compare root formation in a modern sample of living Portuguese children (n = 521), between 6 and 18 years of age, with that of a similar sample of known sex and age Portuguese child skeletons (n = 114), who lived half a century earlier, to assess secular change in dental maturation.Methods:The roots of seven developing permanent mandibular teeth were assessed for their maturation in both samples. The median age‐of‐attainment of root stages was calculated using logistic regression and compared between the samples. The potential influence of mortality bias in root development of the skeletal sample was tested.Results:No mortality bias effect was detected. We find that the dentition of modern Portuguese boys and girls mature on average 1.22 years and 1.47 years earlier, respectively, compared to their counterparts born one half a century before. Our results also suggest that an earlier timing of attainment of root formation maturational stages was not accompanied by a change in the overall duration of root formation.Conclusions:We demonstrate a clear and consistent acceleration in dental root maturation due to secular changes and show that the plasticity in dental development in response to environmental factors is greater than previously thought. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioarchaeological analysis of diet during the Coles Creek period in the southern Lower Mississippi Valley
Authors: Listi Ginesse A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe timing of the dietary shift from foraging to maize agriculture, and the speed at which such practices were adopted, are important considerations in the cultural evolution of the New World. In the southern Lower Mississippi Valley, maize agriculture traditionally was believed to have been practiced during the Coles Creek period (A.D. 700–1200); however, direct evidence for maize is lacking in the archaeological record prior to A.D. 1000. The present study examines Coles Creek diet from a bioarchaeological perspective. Oral‐health indicators, including abscesses, antemortem tooth loss, calculus, carious lesions, periodontal disease, and tooth wear, were evaluated in a regional, temporal context. Data were collected from 288 dentitions from eight sites in the southern Lower Mississippi Valley that range in date from 800 B.C. to A.D. 1200. The sample then was separated into Pre‐Coles Creek and Coles Creek categories and statistical analyses were used to assess temporal variation in pathology load. Results indicate that pathology load in the Coles Creek sample is slightly heavier than the Pre‐Coles Creek sample; however, the differences are not substantial. Furthermore, data suggest that regional differences in resource exploitation existed between the Lower Mississippi Valley and populations elsewhere in the eastern United States. Specifically, the presence of starchy native plants other than maize in the diet likely contributed to a high pathology load for early hunter‐gatherers. Ultimately, data from this study complement the archaeological, botanical, and zooarchaeological records and indicate that Coles Creek subsistence was not based on maize agriculture. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: A method for assignment of the weight of characters
Authors: Muzzio M. , Muzzio J.C. , Bravi C.M. , Bailliet G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe weight of characters is a crucial step in different population analyses. We propose a new formula to facilitate this while establishing a scale that follows the criteria of the probability of change in each character. This method is described for drawing of median‐joining networks, yet it could also be used for other methods in which the weight of the characters is required. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogenetic analysis of the African papionin basicranium using 3‐D geometric morphometrics: The need for improved methods to account for allometric effects
Authors: Gilbert Christopher C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe basicranium has been argued to contain a strong phylogenetic signal in previous analyses of primate cranial morphology. Therefore, further study of basicranial morphology may offer new insights into controversial phylogenetic relationships within primate groups. In this study, I apply 3‐D geometric morphometric techniques in a phylogenetic analysis of the African papionin basicranium. The effects of allometry strongly influence African papionin basicranial morphology and, unless these size effects are controlled or eliminated, phylogenetic analyses suggest traditional phylogenetic groupings of small taxa (mangabeys) and large taxa (geladas, mandrills, drills, and baboons). When the effects of allometry are eliminated by excluding size‐correlated principal components (PCs) or by regression analysis with retention of residuals, phylogenetic analyses of African papionin basicranial morphology are incongruent with recent molecular and morphological studies. By contrast, a cladistic analysis of basicranial characters using the narrow allometric coding method suggests the same phylogenetic relationships as recent molecular and morphological studies. These results suggest that important phylogenetic information is contained within the size‐correlated data, and this information is being discarded during the attempt to eliminate the effects of body size. Future 3‐D morphometric studies of phylogeny should focus on the development of new methodologies to adjust for allometric effects, as current techniques appear to be ill‐equipped to deal with the case of a size‐disparate, lower‐level taxonomic group. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.