bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cure for crime? Psycho‐pharmaceuticals and crime trends
Authors: Marcotte Dave E. , Markowitz Sara 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this paper we consider possible links between the diffusion of new pharmaceuticals used for treating mental illness and crime rates. We describe recent trends in crime and review the evidence showing that mental illness is a clear risk factor both for criminal behavior and victimization. We summarize the development of a number of new pharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of mental illness that came into wide use during the “great American crime decline.” We examine limited international data, as well as more detailed American data, to assess the relationship between rates of prescriptions of psychotropic drugs and crime rates, while controlling for other factors that may explain trends in crime rates. Using state‐level variation in the rates that various drug therapies disperse within populations to identify impacts on crime rates, we find some evidence that the expansion of psychiatric drugs is associated with decreased violent crime rates, but not property crime rates. We find no robust impacts on homicide rates and no effects on arrest rates. Further, the magnitudes of the estimated effects of expanded drug treatment on violent crime are small. Our estimates imply that about 5 percent of the decline in crime during the period of our study was due to expanded mental health treatment. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
P‐15 functionalized porous microspheres as biomimetic habitats for bone tissue engineering applications
Authors: Garkhal Kalpna , Mittal Anupama , Verma Shalini , Kumar Neeraj 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPoly(L‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) (PLCL, 75/25) solid and porous microspheres (MS) were prepared using solvent evaporation and gas foaming method, respectively. These MS were characterized for particle size, surface morphology, porosity, and surface area. Porous MS were modified by P‐15 peptide using carbodiimide coupling method. These unmodified solid and P‐15‐modified/‐unmodified porous MS were further evaluated for MG‐63 proliferation, cell alignment, collagen type I expression, and matrix mineralization for 21 days. In vitro cell culture studies of P‐15 functionalized porous MS exhibited enhanced cell viability, increased formation of actin filament bundles and collagen type I expression as compared to solid MS and 2D (polystyrene 24 well plate), and maintained the mineralization potential of MG‐63 cells. The results suggests P‐15‐modified porous PLCL MS were able to grow the cells with proper cell functionality and hold potential to be used as an injectable cell carrier for bone tissue engineering applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of luminescent dyes with noble metal nanoparticles in organic–inorganic glasses for future luminescent materials
Authors: Reisfeld Renata , Levchenko Viktoria , Saraidarov Tsiala 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOrganic–inorganic glasses (ormocers) incorporated by fluorescent dyes absorbing in the solar spectrum are important as new materials for luminescent solar concentrators. We present here how the fluorescence efficiencies of the new fluorescent ormocers can be enhanced by additions of noble metal—silver nanoparticles (NPs). The preparation of the ormocer and various size silver NPs is described. The film of hybrid inorganic–organic matrix consists of silica, diurethane‐siloxane, and polyvinyl‐butyral matches optically to the glass substrate. The film has high‐mechanical stability, and is photostable and atmosphere‐resistant. The fluorescence of the system doped by a model dye Rhodamine‐123, without and with presence of the silver NPs, was measured. The increase of the luminescence intensity was observed and attributed to the interaction of the excited levels of the dyes with silver plasmons. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alcoholics show reduced telomere length in the oesophagus
Authors: Aida Junko , Yokoyama Akira , Izumiyama Naotaka , Nakamura Ken‐ichi , Ishikawa Naoshi , Poon Steven S , Fujiwara Mutsunori , Sawabe Motoji , Matsuura Masaaki , Arai Tomio , Takubo Kaiyo 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTelomeres are repetitive G‐rich DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes. Chromosomal and genomic instability due to telomere dysfunction plays an important role in carcinogenesis. To study telomere shortening in the oesophageal epithelium of alcoholics, we measured the telomere lengths of basal and parabasal cells in comparison with those of non‐alcoholics using Q‐FISH and our original software, Tissue Telo, and also assessed histological inflammation. Telomeres in basal cells were significantly shorter in alcoholics than in age‐matched normal controls. Prominent histological findings of chronic inflammation were not evident in either alcoholics or non‐alcoholics. Our finding that telomeres in the oesophageal epithelium are shorter in alcoholics than in non‐alcoholics indicates that telomere shortening may be associated with the frequent occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma in alcoholics. Further studies to clarify the reason for the large annual loss of telomere length with rapid turnover or lower telomerase activity in the oesophageal epithelium of alcoholics will be necessary. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of double‐hydrophilic poly(methylacrylic acid)–poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(methylacrylic acid) triblock copolymers and their micelle formation
Authors: Liu Ren , Tao Youhua , Zhu Ye , Chen Mingqing , Yang Cheng , Liu Xiaoya 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe aim of the work reported was to synthesize a series of double‐hydrophilic poly(methacrylic acid)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA‐b‐PEG‐b‐PMAA) triblock copolymers and to study their self‐assembly behavior. These copolymeric self‐assembly systems are expected to be potential candidates for applications as carriers of hydrophilic drugs. Bromo‐terminated difunctional PEG macroinitiators were used to synthesize well‐defined triblock copolymers of poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(tert‐butyl methacrylate) via reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization. After the removal of the tert‐butyl group by hydrolysis, double‐hydrophilic PMAA‐b‐PEG‐b‐PMAA triblock copolymers were obtained. pH‐sensitive spherical micelles with a core–corona structure were fabricated by self‐assembly of the double‐hydrophilic PMAA‐b‐PEG‐b‐PMAA triblock copolymers at lower solution pH. Transmission electron microscopy and laser light scattering studies showed the micelles were of nanometric scale with narrow size distribution. Solution pH and micelle concentration strongly influenced the hydrodynamic radius of the spherical micelles (48–310 nm). A possible reason for the formation of the micelles is proposed. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and characterization of water‐soluble polypyrrole/multi‐walled carbon nanotube composites
Authors: Lin Yen‐Wen , Wu Tzong‐Ming 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWater‐soluble polypyrrole (PPy)/multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were prepared by mixing chemically modified MWCNTs carrying carboxylic groups (c‐MWCNTs) and sulfonated PPy (SPPy) aqueous colloids in solution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the structure and morphology of the resulting composites. Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectra demonstrate the presence of electrostatic interactions between the radical species of the SPPy and the carboxylic acid species of the c‐MWCNTs. The addition of c‐MWCNTs into SPPy efficiently enhances its thermal stability and electrical conductivity. Owing to the doping effect and one‐dimensional linear structure of the c‐MWCNTs, the conductivity of SPPy/c‐MWCNT composites at room temperature is increased by two orders of magnitude by the introduction of 5 wt% c‐MWCNTs into the SPPy matrix. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Low‐pressure Microwave Plasma Discharges on the Surface of Vulcanized Rubbers Before Bonding with a Silicone Sheet
Authors: Moreno‐Couranjou Maryline , Choquet Patrick , Guillot Jerôme , Frache Gilles , Audinot Jean‐Nicolas 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this work, the surface of vulcanized rubbers was treated by a low‐pressure microwave plasma process to enhance the adhesion with a silicone adhesive. The plasma reactor was fed with nitrogen, oxygen or synthetic air. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy observations associated with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectroscopy and surface energy measurements showed how the plasma gas treatment can affect the morphology and the chemistry of the rubber surface. The adhesion performances of the treated samples were evaluated using 90°‐peel tests. Correlations between the plasma surface modifications and the adhesion properties are reported. magnified image
Reliability of the de Morton mobility index (DEMMI) in an older acute medical population
Authors: de Morton Natalie A. , Davidson Megan , Keating Jennifer L. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackground. The de Morton Mobility Index (DEMMI) is an instrument that accurately measures the mobility of older people across clinical settings. Purpose. To report the multiple reliability studies conducted during the development and validation of the DEMMI. Methods. Intra‐rater and inter‐rater reliability studies were conducted for the DEMMI in two independent samples (development and validation samples) of older acute medical patients (aged 65 years or older). Inter‐rater reliability studies were conducted between the test developer (a physiotherapist) and another experienced physiotherapist. Order of assessor administration was randomized by a coin toss. Patients who were fatigued after the first assessment were excluded from the inter‐rater reliability study. Intra‐rater reliability studies included participants with ‘unchanged’ mobility status between hospital admission and discharge. Scale reliability estimates were expressed as the minimal detectable change with 90% confidence (MDC90). Item reliability was calculated using Kappa statistics and absolute percentage agreement. Results. The MDC90 for the DEMMI development sample was 9.51 points (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 5.04–13.32; n = 21) and 7.84 (95% CI, 4.34–11.65; n = 16) on the 100‐point interval DEMMI scale for the inter‐rater and intra‐rater reliability studies, respectively. Similar estimates were obtained for the DEMMI validation samples of 8.90 (95% CI, 6.34–12.69; n = 35) and 13.28 points (95% CI, 8.08–20.87; n = 19). Items were not excluded from the DEMMI based on the results of item reliability. Conclusion. Reliability estimates for the DEMMI were consistent across independent samples of older acute medical patients using different reliability study methodology. Error represents approximately 9% of the DEMMI scale width. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryoprotective mechanism of a small intrinsically disordered dehydrin protein
Authors: Hughes Stephanie , Graether Steffen P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDehydration proteins (Dehydrins) are expressed during dehydration stress in plants and are thought to protect plant proteins and membranes from the loss of water during drought and at cold temperatures. Several different dehydrins have been shown to protect lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from damage from being frozen and thawed. We show here that a 48 residue K2 dehydrin from Vitis riparia protects LDH more effectively than bovine serum albumin, a protein with known cryoprotective function. Light scattering and 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalene sulfonate fluorescence experiments show that dehydrins prevent aggregation and unfolding of the enzyme. The cryoprotective effects of LDH are reduced by the addition of salt, suggesting that the positively charged K‐segments are attracted to a negatively charged surface but this does not result in binding. Overall K2 is an intrinsically disordered protein; nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation experiments indicate that the two‐terminal, Lys‐rich K‐segments show a weak propensity for α‐helicity and are flexible, and that the central, polar rich phi‐segment has no secondary structure preference and is highly flexible. We propose that the phi‐segments in dehydrins are important for maintaining the disordered structure so that the protein can act as a molecular shield to prevent partially denatured proteins from interacting with one another, whereas the K‐segments may help to localize the dehydrin near the enzyme surface.
The C. elegans B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) homolog cell death abnormal 9 (CED‐9) associates with and remodels LIPID membranes
Authors: Tan Frederick J. , Zuckerman Jonathan E. , Wells Robert C. , Hill R. Blake 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBcl‐2 proteins associate with and remodel mitochondria to regulate apoptosis. While the C. elegans Bcl‐2 homolog CED‐9 constitutively associates with mitochondria, it is unclear whether or not this association reflects an innate ability of CED‐9 to directly remodel mitochondrial membranes. To address this question, we have characterized the effects of recombinantly expressed and purified CED‐9 on synthetic lipid vesicles. We found that CED‐9 associates with anionic lipid vesicles at neutral pH, and that association can occur independently of the C‐terminal transmembrane domain. Membrane association changes the environment of CED‐9 tryptophans and results in an apparent increase in α‐helical structure. Upon association, CED‐9 alters the permeability of membranes resulting in leakage of encapsulated dyes. Furthermore, this membrane remodeling promotes membrane fusion upon protonation of CED‐9. Bypass of this protonation trigger can be achieved by mutating two conserved glutamates (E187K/E190K) or removing the N‐terminal 67 residues. Together, these in vitro results suggest that CED‐9 retains the amphitropic ability of mammalian Bcl‐2 proteins to associate with cellular membranes. We therefore discuss the possibility that CED‐9 and other Bcl‐2 homologs localize at mitochondria to regulate mitochondrial homeostasis by either modulating mitochondrial membrane permeability or fusion.
The crystal structures of the Salmonella type III secretion system tip protein SipD in complex with deoxycholate and chenodeoxycholate
Authors: Chatterjee Srirupa , Zhong Dalian , Nordhues Bryce A. , Battaile Kevin P. , Lovell Scott , De Guzman Roberto N. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe type III secretion system (T3SS) is a protein injection nanomachinery required for virulence by many human pathogenic bacteria including Salmonella and Shigella. An essential component of the T3SS is the tip protein and the Salmonella SipD and the Shigella IpaD tip proteins interact with bile salts, which serve as environmental sensors for these enteric pathogens. SipD and IpaD have long central coiled coils and their N‐terminal regions form α‐helical hairpins and a short helix α3 that pack against the coiled coil. Using AutoDock, others have predicted that the bile salt deoxycholate binds IpaD in a cleft formed by the α‐helical hairpin and its long central coiled coil. NMR chemical shift mapping, however, indicated that the SipD residues most affected by bile salts are located in a disordered region near helix α3. Thus, how bile salts interact with SipD and IpaD is unclear. Here, we report the crystal structures of SipD in complex with the bile salts deoxycholate and chenodeoxycholate. Bile salts bind SipD in a region different from what was predicted for IpaD. In SipD, bile salts bind part of helix α3 and the C‐terminus of the long central coiled coil, towards the C‐terminus of the protein. We discuss the biological implication of the differences in how bile salts interact with SipD and IpaD.
Lectures on generalized complex geometry for physicists
Authors: Koerber P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn these lectures we review Generalized Complex Geometry and discuss two main applications to string theory: the description of supersymmetric flux compactifications and the supersymmetric embedding of D‐branes. We start by reviewing G‐structures, and in particular SU(3)‐structure and its torsion classes, before extending to Generalized Complex Geometry. We then discuss the supersymmetry conditions of type II supergravity in terms of differential conditions on pure spinors, and finally introduce generalized calibrations to describe D‐branes. As examples we discuss in some detail AdS4compactifications, which play a role as the geometric duals in the AdS4/CFT3‐correspondence.
Elevated expression of cancer‐associated proliferating cell nuclear antigen in high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Hickey Robert J. , Malkas Linda H. , Koch Michael O. , Li Lang , Zhang Shaobo , Sandusky George E. , Grignon David J. , Eble John N. , Cheng Liang 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDProliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) plays an important role in DNA replication and repair. The expression and potential utility of this marker in prostatic neoplasia is uncertain. With the development of this new caPCNA selective antibody, we explored the potential utility of this marker in prostate cancer.METHODSUsing a traditional primary Fab2' rabbit anti‐caPCNA antibody‐HRP conjugated secondary anti‐Fab2' antibody format, the expression of the caPCNA was analyzed in prostate tissue from 89 radical prostatectomy specimens. The caPCNA expression was correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics.RESULTSThe fraction of cells staining positively with caPCNA antibody in prostatic adenocarcinoma (mean, 23%) was significantly higher than that in benign prostatic epithelium (mean, 2%; P < 0.001) or high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) (mean, 6%; P < 0.05). Moreover, the intensity of caPCNA expression in prostatic adenocarcinoma (mean, 2.9) was significantly higher than that in benign prostatic tissue (mean, 0.7; P < 0.001) or high‐grade PIN (mean, 2.0; P < 0.001). Benign prostatic epithelium showed only minimal or negative reactivity. There was significant correlation between the percentage of caPCNA expression and primary Gleason grade (P = 0.01), and with Gleason score (P = 0.02). Adenocarcinomas with positive vascular invasion had a significantly higher percentage of cells staining with caPCNA antibody (P < 0.0001) and a higher intensity of caPCNA expression (P = 0.04).CONCLUSIONSOur data indicate that increased expression of the cancer‐associated isoform of PCNA is common in prostatic adenocarcinoma and its precursor and may be a useful biomarker. Prostate 71:748–754, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topographical analysis of telomere length and correlation with genomic instability in whole mount prostatectomies
Authors: Joshua A.M. , Shen E. , Yoshimoto M. , Marrano P. , Zielenska M. , Evans A.J. , Van der Kwast T. , Squire J.A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDMany critical events in prostatic carcinogenesis appear to relate to the emergence of genomic instability. Characteristic genomic abnormalities such as 8p loss, 8q gain, trisomy 7, and PTEN microdeletions may provide selective advantages to increase neoplastic transformation. Evidence suggests that telomere dysfunction is a plausible mechanism for some of these abnormalities on the basis of the break‐fusion‐bridge cycle that can lead to manifestations of genomic instability.METHODSIn this study, we correlate telomere length measured by quantitative FISH in various prostatic histologies with markers of genomic instability and immunohistochemical measures of proliferation and oxidative stress.RESULTSWe find that telomere shortening is correlated with abnormalities on chromosome 8, but not with trisomy 7 or abnormalities of the PTEN locus. There are associations with C‐MYC aberrations in stroma with greater proximity to cancer and a correlation between telomere length in a number of prostatic histologies and the adjacent stroma, suggesting the importance of microenvironmental effects on telomere maintenance in the prostate. This finding was also supported by the finding of the correlation between telomere attrition and the levels of oxidative stress as measured by malondialdehyde staining in HPIN lesions close to cancer.CONCLUSIONSTelomere attrition in the prostate gland is associated with particular genomic aberrations that contribute to the genomic instability characteristic of prostatic carcinogenesis. Correlations between various histologies and adjacent stroma telomere length suggest it is also may reveal microenvironmental effects within the prostate gland. Oxidative stress may contribute to telomere attrition in HPIN close to cancer. Prostate 71:778–790, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suppression of glycogen synthase kinase 3 activity reduces tumor growth of prostate cancer in vivo
Authors: Zhu Qing , Yang Jun , Han Suxia , Liu Jihong , Holzbeierlein Jeffery , Thrasher J. Brantley , Li Benyi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDGlycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK‐3) has been regarded as a potential therapeutic target for multiple human cancers. We previously reported that suppression of GSK‐3 activity with lithium chloride (LiCl) or small chemical inhibitors impaired cellular DNA synthesis and reduced cell proliferation in prostate cancer cells. Therefore, in this study, we extended this in vitro findings to in vivo settings in order to establish a proof of concept that inhibition of GSK‐3 activity is feasible in suppressing tumor growth of prostate cancer in vivo.METHODSIn this study, we used three GSK‐3 inhibitors, LiCl, TDZD‐8, and L803‐mts, which are structurally unrelated and non‐ATP competitive. Human prostate cancer cell lines PC‐3 and C4‐2 were used for nude mouse xenograft models. The autochthonous transgenic prostate cancer TRAMP mice were used for testing GSK‐3 inhibitor's effect on tumor development. Anti‐Ki‐67 and BrdU immunohistochemistry was used to determine cell proliferation. The pE2F‐TA‐LUC (E2F‐LUC) luciferase reporter assay and gene specific small interferencing RNA technique were used to examine C/EBP involvement in GSK‐3 inhibitor‐induced E2F‐1 suppression.RESULTSUsing mouse xenograft models, we demonstrated that LiCl and TDZD‐8 significantly suppressed tumor development and growth of subcutaneous xenografts derived from human prostate cancer cells. Similarly, in the TRAMP mice, TDZD‐8 and L803‐mts reduced the incidence and tumor burden in the prostate lobes. Consistent with our previous in vitro findings, GSK‐3 inhibitors significantly reduced BrdU incorporation and Ki67‐positive cells in xenograft tumors and mouse cancerous prostates compared to the control. Further analysis revealed that following GSK‐3 inhibition, C/EBPα, a negative cell cycle regulator, was remarkably accumulated in xenograft tumors or in cultured prostate cancer cells. Meanwhile, knocking down C/EBPα expression abolished GSK‐3 inhibition‐induced suppression of E2F1 transactivation, suggesting that C/EBPα accumulation is involved in GSK‐3 inhibition‐induced anti‐tumor effect.CONCLUSIONTaken together, these results suggest that GSK‐3 inhibition has the potential as a therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer intervention, although further pre‐clinical and clinical testing are desirable. Prostate 71:835–845, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.