bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sandalwood
Authors: Jones Christopher G. , Plummer Julie A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSandalwood is the common name for any member of the genusSantalum, which is utilized for its fragrant heartwood. Logs may be used for carving, while the ground wood is used in incense manufacture and essential oil distillation. The pure oil is used in many high‐end perfumes and commands a very high price. Centuries of overexploitation has led to the development of a plantation production system for sandalwood. This has not been without its challenges, particularly problematic silviculture, pest and disease management, and highly variable produce. Conventional breeding approaches have been implemented to improve heartwood and essential oil production; however, there is a significant opportunity for the application of transgenics to sandalwood improvement. Genetic modification of sandalwood so far has been restricted to proof of principle experiments using typical reporter genes; however, these experiments confirm the potential for further improvement. The opportunities for transgenics in sandalwood are discussed here, within the context of the botany and taxonomy of the species, and tree improvement in general.
Teak
Authors: Gyves Emilio Mendoza‐de , Rugini Eddo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTeak (Tectona grandisLinn f.) is one of the world's premier hardwood timbers, possessing excellent properties. It has been extensively planted within Asia, its natural range, and throughout the tropical regions of the world, including Pacific, Africa, and Latin America. Teak breeding programs started with selection of superior phenotypes (plus trees) in both natural and established plantations. These selections were made based mainly on their phenotypic appearance. Some help was obtained from the molecular marker identification but only in the last 15 years. Conventional breeding methods have shown to have certain limitations in this species, including long rotation age, difficulties in performing controlled pollination, low germination percentage, and low genetic variability of the species. These limitations make genetic engineering an important tool.Despite the progress made in the last 20 years by using plant molecular approaches to improve some forest trees, the success of teak transformation has been limited. Although some achievements have been made (Agrobacteriumsusceptibility in teak was tested; the first experiments with transient expression were carried out successfully; identification of genetic markers has been initiated with some progress), the low capacity to regenerate from somatic tissues has obstructed the continuity in transgenic experiments. This limitation has reduced the capacity of the whole transformation process. It is expected to overcome this barrier in order to improve the transformation efficiency.
Bestimmung von Oberflächenpermeabilitäten aus transienten Konzentrationsprofilen in nanoporösen Materialien
Authors: Tzoulaki Despina , Heinke Lars , Lim Hyuna , Li Jing , Olson David , Caro Jürgen , Krishna Rajamani , Chmelik Christian , Kärger Jörg 
Published: April 2009

AbstractGastspezies auf der Spur: Transportwiderstände an den Oberflächen sind für den Stofftransport in nanoporösen Materialien und die Diffusion im Innern von Kristallen sehr wichtig. Interferenzmikroskopie und IR‐Mikro‐Imaging bieten nun die Möglichkeit, solche Transportwiderstände zu ermitteln. Eine Datensammlung für die Oberflächenpermeabilitäten kurzkettiger Kohlenwasserstoffe an Kristallen der Metall‐organischen Gerüstverbindung Zn(tbip) wird vorgestellt.magnified image
Efforts Toward the Direct Experimental Characterization of Enzyme Microenvironments: Tyrosine100 in Dihydrofolate Reductase
Authors: Groff Dan , Thielges Megan C. , Cellitti Susan , Schultz Peter G. , Romesberg Floyd E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEine ortsspezifische Deuterierung und FTIR‐Studien belegen, dass Tyr100 in der Katalyse durch Dihydrofolat‐Reduktase eine wichtige Rolle zufällt, weil dieser Aminosäurerest mit der Ladung, die im Übergangszustand des Hydridtransfers entsteht, stark elektrostatisch gekoppelt ist (siehe Bild: NADP+ violett, Tyr100 grün). Allerdings könnten auch korrelierte Bewegungen, die von entfernten Stellen im Protein an den Hydriddonor weitergegeben werden, die Katalyse erleichtern.magnified image
Reconstruction of Silver Nanoplates by UV Irradiation: Tailored Optical Properties and Enhanced Stability
Authors: Zhang Qiao , Ge Jianping , Pham Tri , Goebl James , Hu Yongxing , Lu Zhenda , Yin Yadong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractForm und Farbe nach Wunsch: Die optischen Eigenschaften von Ag‐Nanoplättchen lassen sich mithilfe einer durch UV‐Licht induzierten Rekonstruktion in einem weiten Bereich einstellen. Dabei ändert sich die Morphologie der Nanopartikel von dünnen dreieckigen zu dicken runden Plättchen (siehe Bild). Dieses unkonventionelle “Rückwärts‐Tuning” ist ein praktischer Zugang zu stabilen Silbernanoplättchen mit einer großen Breite an Plasmonenwellenlängen.magnified image
Catalysts Based on Amino Acids for Asymmetric Reactions in Water
Authors: Paradowska Joanna , Stodulski Maciej , Mlynarski Jacek 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWet and wild: Water is a powerful force in nature, as evident in the painting “ES” by Zdzislaw Beksinski (1985, oil, 92 cm×90 cm; reproduced with permission from Piotr Dmochowski), as well as a promising medium for asymmetric reactions. As catalysts, natural amino acids are ideal candidates. This Minireview summarizes recent advances in asymmetric catalysis in water, with amino acids and their derivatives as effective catalysts or essential components.magnified imageAsymmetric organometallic and organocatalytic processes in aqueous systems are currently of great interest. A few years ago, only a few practitioners studied the subject; now organic reactions in water have become one of the most exciting research areas. The quest to identify water‐compatible catalysts has evoked an intense search for new possibilities. Following nature's lead, the application of amino acids as sources of chiral information seems particularly promising for aqueous systems. Herein we provide an overview of very recent advances in the area of asymmetric catalysis in water with amino acids and their derivatives as effective catalysts or essential components of catalysts.
De Novo Design of a βαβ Motif
Authors: Liang Huanhuan , Chen Hao , Fan Keqiang , Wei Ping , Guo Xianrong , Jin Changwen , Zeng Chen , Tang Chao , Lai Luhua 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA designer monomeric protein with a βαβ fold—two parallel β strands connected by an α helix (see structure)—was constructed solely from coded amino acids. The high thermal stability of the structure is due to a large extent to tryptophan–tryptophan interactions between the two β strands.magnified image
Reconstruction of Silver Nanoplates by UV Irradiation: Tailored Optical Properties and Enhanced Stability
Authors: Zhang Qiao , Ge Jianping , Pham Tri , Goebl James , Hu Yongxing , Lu Zhenda , Yin Yadong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe size and shape of it: The optical properties of Ag nanoplates can be precisely tuned in a wide range through a UV‐light‐induced reconstruction process in which the morphology of the nanoparticles is changed from thin triangular plates to thick round plates (see picture). This unconventional “backward tuning” strategy is a practical route to stable silver nanoplates that display a wide range of plasmon wavelengths.magnified image
Improved model of secondary clarifier in A2/O process
Authors: Longhua Ma , Guodong Sun , Yatong Qin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe complex behavior of the secondary clarifier and its great importance in the successful operation of the activated sludge process (ASP) have made the settling process a major issue for researchers working in the field of mathematical modeling. So, a precise model of the secondary clarifier can describe the actual behavior of a sewage plant better. But in ASM2, the solid/liquid separation in a secondary clarifier, which is highly nonlinear, is not considered. The solid/liquid separation affects not only the biological reaction but also the quality of the effluent. In this paper an improved secondary clarifier model based on a one‐dimensional settler model is established in terms of the solid flux concept and a mass balance. Through some given assumptions, a model of A2/O process including secondary clarifier is built, and then simulated. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of electron beam irradiation on the silk fibroin fiber/poly(ε‐caprolactone) composite
Authors: Li Wei , Qiao Xiuying , Sun Kang , Chen Xiaodong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe effect of electron beam irradiation on silk fibroin (SF) fiber‐reinforced poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) composite was investigated by mechanical test, scanning electron microscope, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The results indicate that electron beam irradiation can affect the static and dynamic mechanical properties of PCL and SF/PCL composite, depending on the irradiation dose. PCL shows maximum strength and modulus at the irradiation dose of 200 kGy, and the SF/PCL composite with 45% fiber content exhibits maximum strength and modulus at the doses of 150 kGy. EPR analysis shows that during irradiation, both PCL and SF fiber can produce free radicals. Some transformations or reactions of radicals may take place between PCL and SF fiber and enhance the interfacial interaction. The microstructures of tensile fracture also show an improvement in interfacial interaction between fiber and matrix after irradiation. FTIR analysis shows that chain scissions also occur in both PCL and SF fiber during irradiation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Using color and grayscale images to teach histology to color‐deficient medical students
Authors: Rubin Lindsay R. , Lackey Wendy L. , Kennedy Frances A. , Stephenson Robert B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractExamination of histologic and histopathologic microscopic sections relies upon differential colors provided by staining techniques, such as hematoxylin and eosin, to delineate normal tissue components and to identify pathologic alterations in these components. Given the prevalence of color deficiency (commonly called “color blindness”) in the general population, it is likely that this reliance upon color differentiation poses a significant obstacle for several medical students beginning a course of study that includes examination of histologic slides. In the past, first‐year medical students at Michigan State University who identified themselves as color deficient were encouraged to use color transparency overlays or tinted contact lenses to filter out problematic colors. Recently, however, we have offered such students a computer monitor adjusted to grayscale for in‐lab work, as well as grayscale copies of color photomicrographs for examination purposes. Grayscale images emphasize the texture of tissues and the contrasts between tissues as the students learn histologic architecture. Using this approach, color‐deficient students have quickly learned to compensate for their deficiency by focusing on cell and tissue structure rather than on color variation. Based upon our experience with color‐deficient students, we believe that grayscale photomicrographs may also prove instructional for students with normal (trichromatic) color vision, by encouraging them to consider structural characteristics of cells and tissues that may otherwise be overshadowed by stain colors. Anat Sci Ed 2:84–88, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
A cross‐cultural comparison of anatomy learning: Learning styles and strategies
Authors: Mitchell Barry S. , Xu Qin , Jin Lixian , Patten Debra , Gouldsborough Ingrid 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCultural influences on anatomy teaching and learning have been investigated by application of a questionnaire to medical students in British and Chinese Medical Schools. Results from the responses from students of the two countries were analyzed. Both groups found it easier to understand anatomy in a clinical context, and in both countries, student learning was driven by assessment. Curriculum design differences may have contributed to the British view wherein students were less likely to feel time pressure and enjoyed studying anatomy more than their Chinese counterparts. Different teaching approaches resulted in British students being more likely to recite definitions to learn, and the Chinese students found learning from cross‐sectional images easy. Cultural differences may account for the observation that British students were more inclined to ask questions in class, and the preference of Chinese students to study in small groups. The findings give evidence to show how ‘cultures of learning’ influence students' approaches and indicate the importance of cultural influences as factors amongst international and home learner groups. Anat Sci Ed 2:49–60, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Higher Structure of Cereulide, an Emetic Toxin from Bacillus cereus, and Special Comparison with Valinomycin, an Antibiotic from Streptomyces fulvissimus
Authors: Makarasen Arthit , Yoza Kenji , Isobe Minoru 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNot to be confused: Cereulide is an emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus through an unusual non‐ribosomal peptide synthesis, whereas valinomycin, produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus, is a known antibiotic drug. Cereulide has a greater complexation ability with metal ions than valinomycin and also exhibits a K+‐ion‐selective ionophore property at lower concentrations than valinomycin.magnified imageCereulide and valinomycin are both 36‐membered cyclic depsipeptides with 12 stereogenic centers that have a very similar sequence of cyclo [‐D‐O‐Leu‐D‐Ala‐L‐O‐Val‐L‐Val‐]3 and cyclo [‐D‐O‐Val‐D‐Val‐L‐O‐Ala‐L‐Val‐]3, respectively. Cereulide is an emetic toxin produced by Bacillus cereus through an unusual non‐ribosomal peptide synthesis (NRPS), whereas valinomycin, produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus, is a known antibiotic drug. Both compounds are known as K+‐ion‐selective ionophores and cause a potassium‐dependent drop in the transmembrane potential of mitochondria, arising from the uptake of a K+‐ion‐charged ionophore complex. Such compounds may affect mitochondrial function. In the three‐dimensional structure of cereulide and valinomycin, cereulide has a vertical and horizontal mirror‐image‐like structure as is the case in valinomycin. The only difference is the side chains which are linked to a similar framework. Through the current 1H NMR spectroscopy and metal‐complexation studies, we found that cereulide had a higher complexation ability to metal ions compared to valinomycin. Cereulide exhibited the K+‐ion‐selective ionophore property at a lower concentration than valinomycin. X‐ray crystallographic analyses of the cereulide and valinomycin H+ form were compared, and revealed that the higher structures of both compounds also showed similarity in the crystal structures. The structure of cereulide–H+ form was found to be in agreement with the structure obtained by a combination of NMR spectroscopy and molecular‐mechanics calculations, which afforded reasonable dihedral angles at the local‐minimum‐energy conformation of the cereulide–K+‐ion complex.
Physiological responses of CHO cells to repetitive hydrodynamic stress
Authors: Godoy‐Silva Ruben , Chalmers Jeffrey J. , Casnocha Susan A. , Bass Laura A. , Ma Ningning 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA majority of the previous investigations on the hydrodynamic sensitivity of mammalian cells have focused on lethal effects as determined by cell death or lysis. In this study, we investigated the effect of hydrodynamic stress on CHO cells in a fed‐batch process using a previously reported system which subjects cells to repetitive, high levels of hydrodynamic stress, quantified by energy dissipation rate (EDR). The results indicated that cell growth and monoclonal antibody production of the test cells were very resistant to the hydrodynamic stress. Compared to the control, no significant variation was observed at the highest EDR tested, 6.4 × 106 W/m3. Most product quality attributes were not affected by intense hydrodynamic stress either. The only significant impact was on glycosylation. A shift of glycosylation pattern was observed at EDR levels at or higher than 6.0 × 104 W/m3, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the EDR where physical cell damage, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release, was observed. While not as extensively investigated, a second monoclonal antibody produced in a different CHO clone exhibited the same glycosylation change at an intensive EDR, 2.9 × 105 W/m3. Conversely, a low EDR of 0.9 × 102 W/m3 had no effect on the glycosylation pattern. As 6.0 × 104 W/m3, the lowest EDR that triggers the glycosylation shift, is about one order of magnitude higher than the estimated, maximum EDR in typically operated, large‐scale stirred tank bioreactors, further studies in a lower EDR range of 1 × 103–6.0 × 104 W/m3 are needed to assess the glycosylation shift effect under typical large‐scale bioreactor operation conditions. Follow‐up studies in stirred tanks are also needed to confirm the glycosylation shift effect and to validate the repetitive hydrodynamic stress model. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 1103–1117. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of cryogel monoliths for extraction of minor proteins from milk by cation exchange
Authors: Billakanti Jagan M. , Fee Conan J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractExtraction and purification of high‐value minor proteins directly from milk without pre‐treatment is a challenge for the dairy industry. Pre‐treatment of milk before extraction of proteins by conventional packed‐bed chromatography is usually necessary to prevent column blockage but it requires several steps that result in significant loss of yield and activity for many minor proteins. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to pass 40–50 column volumes of various milk samples (raw whole milk, homogenized milk, skim milk and acid whey) through a 5 mL cryogel chromatographic column at 550 cm/h without exceeding its pressure limits if the processing temperature is maintained above 35°C. The dynamic binding capacity obtained for the cryogel matrix (2.1 mg/mL) was similar to that of the binding capacity (2.01 mg/mL) at equilibrium with 0.1 mg/mL of lactoferrin in the feed samples. The cryogel column selectively binds lactoferrin and lactoperoxidase with only minor leakage in flowthrough fractions. Lactoferrin was recovered from elution fractions with a yield of over 85% and a purity of more than 90%. These results, together with the ease of manufacture, low cost and versatile surface chemistry of cryogels suggest that they may be a good alternative to packed‐bed chromatography for direct capture of proteins from milk. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 1155–1163. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generic plasmid DNA production platform incorporating low metabolic burden seed‐stock and fed‐batch fermentation processes
Authors: Williams James A. , Luke Jeremy , Langtry Sarah , Anderson Sheryl , Hodgson Clague P. , Carnes Aaron E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDNA vaccines have tremendous potential for rapid deployment in pandemic applications, wherein a new antigen is “plugged” into a validated vector, and rapidly produced in a validated, fermentation—purification process. For this application, it is essential that the vector and fermentation process function with a variety of different antigen genes. However, many antigen genes are unpredictably “toxic” or otherwise low yielding in standard fermentation processes. We report cell bank and fermentation process unit operation innovations that reduce plasmid‐mediated metabolic burden, enabling successful production of previously known toxic influenza hemagglutinin antigen genes. These processes, combined with vector backbone modifications, doubled fermentation productivity compared to existing high copy vectors, such as pVAX1 and gWiz, resulting in high plasmid yields (up to 2,220 mg/L, 5% of total dry cell weight) even with previously identified toxic or poor producing inserts. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 1129–1143. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
1,4,2‐Diazaphospholidine‐3,5‐diones and Related Compounds: A Lecture on Unpredictability in Catalysis
Authors: Richter Frank U. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWhereas 1‐organyl‐phospholanes and 1‐organyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐phospholes catalyze isocyanate oligomerization, the reaction of isocyanates with 1‐organyl‐2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐phospholes results in the formation of 1,3‐dienes and a novel class of P‐heterocycles, 1,4,2‐diazaphospholidine‐3,5‐diones. Isothiocyanates and carbodiimides exhibit analogous behavior. The resultant species readily form P‐oxides, P‐sulfides (see picture), and quaternary onium salts.magnified image
Synthesis and Photoinduced Intramolecular Processes of Light‐Harvesting Silicon Phthalocyanine–Naphthalenediimide–Fullerene Connected Systems
Authors: El‐Khouly Mohamed E. , Kim Jung Hoon , Kay Kwang‐Yol , Choi Chan Soo , Ito Osamu , Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFast moving: A new pentad (see figure) composed of silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc), as electron donor, that is connected with two units of naphthalenediimide (NDI) and fullerene C60, as electron acceptors, undergoes fast and efficient charge‐separation processes via the NDI and SiPc singlet excited states.magnified imagePhotoinduced intramolecular processes of a newly synthesized pentad composed of silicon phthalocyanine (SiPc) that is connected with two units of naphthalenediimide (NDI) and fullerene C60 to form SiPc‐(NDI)2‐(C60)2 have been studied and the results are compared with the reference compounds, namely, the SiPc‐(NDI)2 triad and NDI‐C60 dyad. Upon photoexcitation, the main quenching pathway in polar solvents involved electron transfer via the singlet excited states of SiPc‐(NDI)2‐(C60)2 and SiPc‐(NDI)2, but not NDI‐C60 for which the energy transfer is dominant. The occurrence of electron‐transfer processes of SiPc‐(NDI)2‐(C60)2 and SiPc‐(NDI)2 were studied by time‐resolved emission and transient absorption techniques and confirmed by redox measurements and molecular orbital calculations with ab initio B3 LYP/3–21G(*) methods. Fast and efficient charge‐separation processes via the singlet excited states of NDI and SiPc were monitored, followed by charge recombination to populate the C60 and SiPc triplet states. The lifetimes of charge‐separated states were estimated as 1000 and 250 ps for SiPc‐(NDI)2‐(C60)2 and SiPc‐(NDI)2, respectively.
Electronic Energy Transfer in Molecular Dyads Built Around Boron–Ethyne‐Substituted Subphthalocyanines
Authors: Ziessel Raymond , Ulrich Gilles , Elliott Kristopher J. , Harriman Anthony 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA cunning strategy has been devised for functionalizing and solubilizing subphthalocyanines at the central boron atom, so that the inherent photophysical properties remain intact. The approach, which leads to the formation of a stable BC≡C linkage, is demonstrated by the isolation of two shape‐persistent, photo‐active molecular‐scale dyads, each capable of multiple energy‐transfer steps (see scheme, S=singlet energy transfer; T=triplet energy transfer).magnified image
ChemInform Abstract: Comprehensive Structural Study of Glassy and Metastable Crystalline BaTi2O5.
Authors: Yu Jianding , et al. et al. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.