bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing Environmental Samples Containing Organic Chemicals Using Polymeric Microfilters
Authors: Xing Baoshan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper describes a study to determine the sorption of five herbicides and three organic contaminants by five polymeric microfilters. The five filters had different membrane and housing makeups: (i) nylon‐polypropylene (NY‐PP), (ii) borosilicate glass‐acrylic (BA‐AC) (iii) polyethersulfone‐acrylic (PS‐AC), (iv) polyvinylidene difluoride‐polypropylene (PV‐PP), and (v) PTFE‐polypropylene (PT‐PP). The herbicides were isoxaflutole, diketonitrile, atrazine, metolachlor, and 2,4‐D; the contaminants were trichloroethylene, α‐naphthol, and phenanthrene. All five filters strongly sorbed the eight chemicals (except for three filters for 2,4‐D) and sorption was largest at the first passage and declined with the increasing number of passages. The first passage sorption of isoxaflutole followed a decreasing order: PV‐PP (92%) > BA‐AC (87%) > PS‐AC (42%) > PT‐PP (38%) > NY‐PP (26%); diketonitrile: BA‐AC (69%) > PV‐PP (22%) > PS‐AC (18%) = NY‐PP (18%) > PT‐PP (12%); metolachlor: BA‐AC (76%) ≥ PV‐PP (75%) > PT‐PP (32%) > PS‐AC (23%) = NY‐PP (23%); atrazine: BA‐AC (78%) > NY‐PP (24%) > PS‐AC (19%) ≥ PT‐PP (17%) ≥ PV‐PP (15%); 2,4‐D: NY‐PP (22%) > PV‐PP (7.8%) > BA‐AC (1.4%) ≥ PS‐AC (0.99%) ≥ PT‐PP (0.41%); trichloroethylene: BA‐AC (86%) > PS‐AC (35%) > PV‐PP (18%) ≥ NY‐PP (16%) ≥ PT‐PP (15%); α‐naphthol: BA‐AC (99%) = NY‐PP (99%) > PV‐PP (49%) = PS‐AC (49%) > PT‐PP (6.8%); and phenanthrene: PV‐PP (99%) = PS‐AC (99%) = NY‐PP (99%) = BA‐AC (99%) > PT‐PP (42%). These filters are not suitable for preparing and processing environmental samples involving these eight chemicals (except for three filters for 2,4‐D) unless some corrected measures are taken.
Inorganic Nitrogen in Drainage Water from Grazed Grassland in Northern Ireland
Authors: Watson C. J. , Jordan C. , Lennox S. D. , Smith R. V. , Steen R. W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe loss of inorganic N in drainage water from grazed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv. Talbot) swards in Northern Ireland was studied for 9 yr. Plots (each 0.2‐ha area) were hydrologically isolated and artificially drained to V‐notch weirs with flow‐proportional monitoring of drainage water. Nitrogen, as calcium ammonium nitrate, was applied at 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 kg N ha−1 yr−1. The efficiency of flow interception by drains decreased on average by 39% during the 9 yr. Annual loss of NO−3 in drain flow for the plot receiving 300 kg N ha−1 yr−1 ranged from 16 to 52 kg N ha−1 and was highest after a dry summer. In individual years, NO−3 in drainage water was linearly related to fertilizer N input with 5 to 23% of the added N input being lost. The shape of the NO−3 dose‐response curve did not change with time. Annual losses of NH+4 and NO−2 in drainage water were not related to fertilizer rate, and ranged from 0.2 to 4 kg N ha−1 and 8 to 540 g N ha−1, respectively. Annual flow‐weighted mean NO−3, NH+4, and NO−2 concentrations usually did not exceed the European Community maximum admissible limits for drinking water below a fertilizer N application rate of 300 kg N ha−1 yr−1. However, the European Community guideline NH+4 and NO−2 concentrations in salmonid and cyprinid waters were exceeded at application rates ≥100 kg N ha−1 yr−1.
Combined Effects of Ozone and Nitrogen on Secondary Compounds, Amino Acids, and Aphid Performance in Scots Pine
Authors: Kainulainen P. , Holopainen J. K. , Holopainen T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCombined effects of O3 and N supply on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) were studied in two separate growth chamber experiments exposing seedlings to 0, 0.075, 0.15, and 0.3 µL/L of O3 during 8 h/d, 5 d/wk for a period of 5 wk. Seedlings were fertilized with low, medium, and high levels of N. Ozone and N availability affected concentrations of several primary and secondary metabolites. More changes on metabolites were detected in Exp. 1 (with seedlings ceasing their annual growth) than in Exp. 2 (with seedlings actively growing). Overall, high O3 exposure levels significantly decreased concentrations of monoterpenes and increased concentrations of resin acids. Concentrations of total phenolics were not affected by O3 exposure. Mostly lower concentrations of monoterpenes and resin acids were found at a medium N‐fertilization level than at low and high N‐fertilization levels, while total phenolic concentration decreased by enhanced N availability. In Exp. 1, significantly elevated concentrations of free amino acids were found at O3 concentration of 0.3 µL/L. Nitrogen availability did not have remarkable effects on amino acid concentrations. In Exp. 1, both O3 and N had a significant effect on the MRGR of the aphid Schizolachnus pineti. In Exp. 2, the weight of the females and nymphs and the total number of reproduced nymphs were significantly affected by O3 and N. Only a few interaction effects were found, suggesting that the N supply does not significantly modify O3‐induced effects on studied primary and secondary compounds and aphid performance in Scots pine seedlings.
Pulp Sludge as a Component in Manufactured Topsoil
Authors: Carpenter Andrew F. , Fernandez Ivan J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe primary objective of this study was to evaluate the use of uncomposted, de‐watered pulp sludge as the organic matter component in a manufactured topsoil. Seven manufactured topsoils, containing 5.1, 8.8, 9.6, 10.9, or 13.8% pulp sludge and 0, 8.4, or 20.7% flume grit on a dry weight basis, were applied to an abandoned gravel pit. Manufactured topsoils and a control topsoil were evaluated for (i) impacts on soil and soil solution chemistry and (ii) effectiveness as a growing medium for a grass conservation mix and hybrid poplars (Populus spp.). Significant N mineralization was evident in all of the manufactured topsoils within the first field season. Soil cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH and P availability were positively correlated to pulp sludge loading rate. In soil solution, the highest concentrations of solutes were detected within 2 mo of topsoil placement and were dominated by NO3‐N and Ca. Cumulative grass yields from the 15 mo following topsoil placement were greater than those in the control topsoil and ranged from 3.9 to 7.3 Mg ha−1 in the manufactured topsoils. Tree height, diameter growth, and foliar nutrient concentrations responded positively to the manufactured topsoils. Results from this study indicate that topsoils manufactured with pulp sludge as the organic matter component can be an environmentally sound alternative to natural topsoil for the reclamation of sites on which existing conditions necessitate importing topsoil for revegetation.
Vegetation Dieback on Clay‐Capped Pyritic Mine Waste
Authors: Menzies N. W. , Mulligan D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWaste rock dumps at the abandoned Rum Jungle uranium mine were capped with clay covers in order to limit entrance of water and oxygen into the dump, and hence to reduce generation of acid drainage. The soil covers consisted of a clay seal layer overlain by moisture retention and erosion resistant layers and stabilized with vegetation. An investigation of this cover system, primarily at one of the dumps, was undertaken in response to the concern that the vegetation dieback apparent on some areas was spreading. Reduced vegetative cover could potentially threaten the integrity and effectiveness of the rehabilitation. Areas of vegetation dieback on soil covers were shown to be the result of Cu toxicity. The soil covers had been acidified and contaminated with Cu by capillary rise of water from pyritic waste immediately underlying the soil capping. Over time, the surface soil on areas with progressively deeper capping is being contaminated, resulting in a gradual expansion of the bare area. The activity of Al3+ in the soil solution appears to be controlled in these contaminated soils by the solubility of an Al‐SO4 mineral, resulting in nonphytotoxic Al levels in the surface soil, despite the low pH. The lower portion of the clay seal layer was sufficiently acid that Al toxicity would restrict root growth.
Evaluation of Fluoride‐Induced Metal Mobilization in Soil Columns
Authors: Totsche Kai Uwe , Wilcke Wolfgang , Körber Markus , Kobza Jozef , Zech Wolfgang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFluoride in soil solution may cause substantially increased leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Al, and heavy metals from soils. Our objective was to examine whether increased metal solubility is attributable to formation of fluoro‐ or organo‐complexes. The A horizon of a Slovak soil contaminated with heavy metals and F by Al smelter emissions was used to conduct two column experiments under saturated and steady‐state water flow conditions. The columns were leached with 5 mM Na2SO4, 1 mM NaCl, and 9 mM NaF solutions at pH 5.5 and an electrical conductivity of 1000 µS cm−1. Samples were collected in 70‐min intervals for approximately 7 d. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment (single F pulse), a fluoride (F) pulse was applied for 36 pore volumes (PVs), while in the second experiment (dual F pulse), two consecutive F pulses (each for 2.8 PVs) were applied. For both experiments, Cl breakthrough curves (BTCs) revealed a convection‐dominated transport regime. The breakthrough of Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Pb paralleled DOC breakthrough in both experiments indicating metal leaching as organo‐complex. In the dual F pulse experiment, peak separation of the DOC and the complexed F (Fbound) breakthrough was achieved. The highest Fbound concentration occurred 3.8 PVs later than that of DOC. The Al BTC paralleled that of Fbbound but showed tailing with a turning point simultaneous to the highest DOC concentration. Thus, the increase in Al solubility was mainly caused by fluoro‐complexation and only to a lesser extent by organo‐complexation.
Anion Transport in Columns of Variable Charge Subsoils: Nitrate and Chloride
Authors: Qafoku Nikolla P. , Sumner Malcolm E. , Radcliffe David E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAcid variable charge subsoils exhibit a positive charge, which retards the passage of anions through the soil profile. The objective was to study the NO−3 adsorption isotherms and the effect of changing the subsoil positive charge on NO−3 and Cl− retention, estimate NO−3 and Cl− retardation in different subsoils, and quantify relationships between transport and adsorption parameters. Subsoils from different subtropical and tropical areas were used in column experiments. Four lime treatments and four leaching solutions were used to create different anion exchange capacities (AECs) in subsoils. In the Cecil subsoil (Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult), NO−3 isotherms were linear between 5 and 30 mmol NO−3 L−1. When forced through the origin, an L‐curve NO−3 isotherm was observed at native and low soil pH. The NO−3 adsorption was largely affected by the changes in both pH and concentration of the leaching solution. Other variable charge subsoils have varying capacities to retard anions, which is reduced when either soil pH or leaching solution concentration is increased. Both parameters equally reduce the distribution coefficient Kd and the retardation coefficient R. The AEC correlates closely with R and Kd. As a result, AEC can be successfully used in the solute transport models to estimate Kd or R without measuring it to correct for the NO−3 retardation.
Runoff Water Quality from Poultry Litter‐Treated Pasture and Forest Sites
Authors: Sauer T. J. , Daniel T. C. , Nichols D. J. , West C. P. , Moore P. A. , Wheeler G. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the Ozark Highlands of the USA (36–38° N, 91–95° W), annual application of poultry litter to pasture land is a routine waste management practice. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of site characteristics and poultry litter application on runoff and nutrient transport from grazed pasture and forest sites at different landscape positions. Sixteen pairs of 1 × 2 m plots were established on Nixa (loamy‐skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Glossic Fragiudults) and Clarksville (loamy‐skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudults) cherty silt loams. One plot of each pair received 4.5 Mg ha−1 of poultry litter. Rainfall was simulated at 75 mm h−1 for 1 h (25‐yr return period storm) one month after litter application. A composite runoff sample was analyzed for dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia N (NH3‐N), nitrate N (NO3‐N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total suspended solids (TSS). Poultry litter‐treated plots had consistently higher concentrations of all water quality parameters tested compared to untreated plots. Concentration of DRP in runoff from untreated plots was linearly correlated with three soil P tests (0.35 < r2 < 0.85). Soil P on litter‐treated plots had little effect on runoff DRP, which averaged 2.20 mg L−1. High variation in runoff resulted in only NO3‐N showing significantly greater losses due to poultry litter treatment at two pasture sites. Results indicate that variation in runoff has a significant effect on nutrient transport from grazed pastures receiving poultry litter.
Runoff, Solids, and Contaminant Losses into Surface Tile Inlets Draining Lacustrine Depressions
Authors: Ginting D. , Moncrief J. F. , Gupta S. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface tile inlets connected to subsurface tile lines provide a direct pathway for pollutants to enter water bodies. This study was conducted to evaluate the quantity and quality of surface runoff entering surface tile inlets draining natural depressions of lacustrine landscapes. Surface runoff, solids, and nutrient losses via surface tile‐inlets in two lacustrine watersheds in the southern Minnesota River Basin were investigated from 1995 to 1998. Tillage and crop rotations were: (i) fall NH3‐N injection after soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] or navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris vat. vulgaris) harvest and (ii) fall chisel plowing after corn (Zea mays subsp, mays) harvest, followed by spring field cultivation, planting, harrowing, and row cultivation. Maximum annual runoff loss via surface inlets was less than 5% of annual precipitation. Flow‐weighted total P (TP) concentration ranged from 0.2 to 2.9 mg L−1 in snowmelt and 0.7 to 6.5 mg L−1 in rainfall runoff. Nitrate N concentrations were less than 10 mg L−1. Three‐year maximum cumulative pollutant loads were: 138 kg ha−1 total solids (TS), 20 kg ha−1 chemical oxygen demand (COD), 363 g ha−1 TP, 205 g ha−1 dissolved molybdate reactive P (DMRP), 1342 g ha−1 total dissolved inorganic N (TDIN), and 1126 g ha−1 nitrate N. Most of the dissolved pollutants were associated with snowmelt runoff and most of the particulate pollutants were associated with major storms. Losses of particulate pollutants via surface tile inlets are smaller than expected doe to the dynamics of ponding in natural landscape depressions.
Nitrous Oxide Flux from Solid Dairy Manure in Storage as Affected by Water Content and Redox Potential
Authors: Brown H. A. , Wagner‐Riddle C. , Thurtell G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe current global N2O budget estimates that animal production contributes one third of agricultural emissions. A study was conducted on solid dairy manure to determine the potential for N2O emission during storage. A laboratory flow‐through chamber and tunable diode laser analyzer were employed to continuously quantify the N2O flux in a temperature‐controlled environment. Water, NO3‐N and NH4‐N contents and redox potential (Eh, using a platinum and Ag‐AgCl reference electrode) also were monitored. In Experiment 1, manure samples were collected (4.3 kg wet weight) from three layers near the surface of the pile (0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm) and incubated at 22°C for 20 d. The mean daily N2O‐N fluxes were between 0 and 0.33 g N m−2 d−1, and N2O was only generated in samples from the top two layers of the pile. In Experiment 2, samples from the 30‐ to 45‐cm depth were adjusted by amendment with chopped straw to 70, 75, and 80% water content (WC). These samples showed less variable fluxes and produced twice as much N2O‐N as the unamended samples. Levels of straw‐amendment had no significant effect on N2O emissions. Combined results from both experiments revealed that fluxes were highest at 55 to 70% WC and 150 to 250 mV Eh. The N2O emission was limited by low NO3‐N levels in samples with high WC and low Eh. Increasing WC and decreasing Eh with depth and increasing levels of NO3 in the surface layer over time revealed that the exterior of solid manure piles is crucial to the flux of N2O.
Retention of Pesticides in Filter Membranes
Authors: Clausen Liselotte 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this work was to determine the retention of pesticides in membrane filters used for the separation of suspended solids from solutions. Five types of filter materials were tested: cellulose acetate, nylon, polyethersulfone, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and polytetra‐fluorethylene (PTFE). Five aqueous solutions of pesticides with initial concentrations of 9.5 μg/L were studied: atrazine (6‐chloro‐N2‐ethyl‐N4‐isopropyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine), isoproturon (3‐(4‐isopropylphenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea), mecoprop ((RS)‐2‐(4‐chloro‐o‐tolyloxy)‐propionic acid), 2,4‐D ((2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid), and bentazone (3‐isopropyl‐1H‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4‐(3H)‐one 2,2‐dioxide). Detectable losses of pesticides were measured on all the tested filter materials. Cellulose acetate filter, nylon filter, and polyethersulfone filter retained between 3 and 90% of all five tested pesticides. On PVDF filter and PTFE filter the retention was limited, as only two (isoproturon and mecoprop) out of five pesticides was retained with a maximum retention of 4.2% for isoproturon on the PVDF filter. In the present study no correlation between retention by filters and pesticide solubility in water was observed. The results also demonstrate that pesticides with relatively high solubility and low octanol‐water partition coefficient (Kow values) can be strongly retained by synthetic filter materials.
Persistence and Biological Activity in Soil of Insecticidal Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis and of Bacterial DNA Bound on Clays and Humic Acids
Authors: Stotzky G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInsecticidal proteins produced by various subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis and bacterial transforming DNA bind rapidly and tightly on clays, both pure mined clay minerals and soil clays, and on humic acids extracted from soil. This binding reduces the susceptibility of these biomolecules, which retain their biological activity when bound, to microbial degradation. The persistence of bound insecticidal toxins may enhance the control of target pests, constitute a hazard to nontarget organisms, and result in the selection and enrichment of toxin‐resistant target insects. The persistence of bound DNA has relevance to horizontal gene transfer in soil. Because of the large differences in the chemical composition and structure between these proteins and DNA, as well as between clays and humic acids, these studies can serve as models for the potential fate and effects of other biomolecules that will be introduced to soil from “factories” of transgenic plants and animals genetically engineered to produce vaccines, hormones, antibodies, toxins, pharmaceuticals, and other bioactive compounds.
Biogenic Nitrogen in Soils as Revealed by Solid‐State Carbon‐13 and Nitrogen‐15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Knicker Heike 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy represents a valuable nondestructive alternative to common chemolytic and thermolytic analytical approaches for characterizing the formation of humified organic N from biogenic precursors in soils. In this review, recent studies using solid‐state 15N NMR spectroscopy for the examination of the fate of biogenic N in soils are summarized. From their results it can be assumed that most of the N occurs as peptide‐like structures. Heterocyclic aromatic‐N was not identified to a large extent in naturally humified material but was observed in spectra obtained from a humic acid of a soil incubated with 15N‐labeled trinitrotoluene. The dominance of amide‐N in humified organic N is supported by the application of dipolar dephasing (DD) solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy. This technique can be used to estimate the relative content of N‐substituted aliphatic carbons and thus, to calculate the relative contribution of peptides to the total C and N content of a sample. Applying this technique to degraded plant and algal material and to a humic fraction obtained from a natural soil indicates that peptides comprise more than 80% of the total organic N in the examined samples. The solid‐state 15N NMR spectrum of a clay fraction of the Chinese Loess Plateau (age: 10 000 yr) reveals that some peptide‐like material can survive prolonged pedogenesis. Several explanations for the protection of these commonly thought labile compounds are available and discussed.
Ground Water Recharge Through Optimized Intensive Dairy Farms
Authors: Aarts H. F. M. , Habekotté B. , van Keulen H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo meet the increasing demand for water for human consumption, surface water is increasingly used, generally at high purification costs, as ground water availability is limited. Sandy areas can “produce” high‐quality ground water based on infiltration and leaching of the precipitation surplus. In the Netherlands, as in many other countries, these areas are used by dairy farms. Because of intensification in the recent past, ground water recharge has declined as a result of increased water consumption by crops and its quality is deteriorating as a result of nutrient leaching. Possibilities were examined to improve management at farm level in such a way that the desired upper ground water quality could be realized and extractable ground water quantity for human consumption increased without reducing milk production intensity (11 900 kg ha−1). A prototype farm system was established on an experimental farm. Nitrate concentration in the upper ground water decreased from 200 to 50 mg L−1 (associated with reduced N surpluses) and ground water recharge could be increased by 550 m3 per ha (through reduced crop water consumption). Additional experimental farming system costs were below the costs for purifying 550 m3 surface water. Therefore, it is concluded that integrating ground water management in dairy farming is technically and economically feasible and therefore attractive for farmers, water companies, and consumers.