bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of a European bat lyssavirus type 2 from a Daubenton's bat in the United Kingdom
Authors: Johnson N. , Selden D. , Parsons G. , Healy D. , Brookes S. M. , McElhinney L. M. , Hutson A. M. , Fooks A. R. 
Published: October 2010

European bat lyssavirus type 2 (EBLV‐2) has been isolated once previously from a bat in the UK in June 1996. In September 2002, a Daubenton's bat (Myotis daubentonif) found in Lancashire developed abnormal behaviour, including unprovoked aggression, while it was in captivity. Brain samples from the bat were tested for virus of the Lyssavirus genus, which includes EBLV‐2 (genotype 6), and classical rabies virus (genotype 1). A positive fluorescent antibody test confirmed that it was infected with a lyssavirus, and PCR and genomic sequencing identified the virus as an EBLV‐2a. Phylogenetic comparisons with all the published sequences from genotype 6 showed that it was closely related to the previous isolate of EBLV‐2 in the UK and suggested links to isolates from bats in the Netherlands. The isolation of EBLV‐2 from a bat found on the west coast of England provides evidence that this virus may be present within the UK Daubenton's bat population at a low prevalence level.
Detection of disease‐specific PrP in the distal ileum of cattle exposed orally to the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy
Authors: Terry L. A. , Marsh S. , Ryder S. J. , Hawkins S. A. C. , Wells G. A. H. , Spencer Y. I. 
Published: October 2010

The immunohistochemical localisation of the disease‐specific protein, PrPSc, was examined in the distal ileum of cattle up to 40 months after they had been exposed orally to the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), in the intestines and mesenteric lymph nodes of an additional group of cattle, killed six months after a similar exposure, and in the distal ileum of naturally occurring clinical cases of BSE. PrPScwas detected, mainly in macrophages, in a small proportion of the follicles of Peyer's patches in the distal ileum of the experimentally exposed cattle throughout much of the course of the disease. The observations are in agreement with the infectivity data derived from mouse bioassays of the distal ileum. At the later stages of the disease, the proportion of immunostained follicles increased as the total number of follicles decreased with age. In the additional experimental group of cattle, PrPScwas confined to the Peyer's patches in the distal ileum. No immunostaining was detected in the lymphoid tissue of the distal ileum of naturally occurring clinical cases of BSE. In some of the clinically affected experimentally induced and naturally occurring cases of BSE there was sparse immunostaining of the neurons of the distal ileal myenteric plexus.
Influence of detomidine and buprenorphine on motor‐evoked potentials in horses
Authors: Nollet H. , Van Ham L. , Gasthuys F. , Dewulf J. , Vanderstraeten G. , Deprez P. 
Published: October 2010

Horses need to be sedated before they are investigated by transcranial magnetic stimulation because of the mild discomfort induced by the evoked muscle contraction and the noise of stimulation. This paper describes the influence of a combination of detomidine (10 μg/kg bodyweight) and a low dose of buprenorphine (2.4 μg/kg) on the onset latency and peak‐to‐peak amplitude of magnetic motor‐evoked potentials in normal horses. There were no significant differences between measurements of these parameters made before the horses were sedated and measurements made 10 and 30 minutes after the drugs were administered.
Narcolepsy in a hypocretin/orexin‐deficient chihuahua
Authors: Tonokura M. , Fujita K. , Morozumi M. , Yoshida Y. , Kanbayashi T. , Nishino S. 
Published: October 2010

A two‐year‐old male chihuahua suffered attacks of muscle weakness and immobility, although it had no family history of paroxysmal attacks. No neurological or blood biochemical abnormalities were recorded when it was first examined. The attacks were typically elicited by stimulation, such as feeding, and a case of sporadic narcolepsy‐cataplexy was therefore suspected. Treatment orally three times a day with 1 mg/kg imipramine, was effective in reducing the attacks. The concentration of hypocretin‐1/orexin A in the dog's cerebrospinal fluid was less than 80 pg/ml (22.5 pmol/litre), compared with normal canine levels of 250 to 350 pg/ml (70.0 to 98.3 pmol/litre), supporting a diagnosis of hypocretin‐deficient narcolepsy.
Efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin against Otostrongylus circumlitus and Parafilaroides gymnurus in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)
Authors: Vercruysse J. , Salomez A. , Ulloa A. , Osterhaus A. , Kuiken T. , Alvinerie M. 
Published: October 2010

Verminous bronchopneumonia caused by infection with Otostrongylus circumlitus and Parafilaroides gymnurus is an important cause of death during the rehabilitation of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina). During the winter of 2000/01, 35 juvenile harbour seals with severe clinical signs of verminous bronchopneumonia were treated with either 0·2 mg/kg ivermectin orally or 0·2 mg/kg moxidectin subcutaneously, and monitored for 30 days. The efficacy of the anthelmintics was determined by the pattern of larval excretion (Baermannisation) and the progress of the clinical signs. Both anthelmintics had reduced larval excretion by at least 99 per cent after 10 days, but the seals' rapid breathing rate and and dyspnoea returned to normal more quickly in the animals treated with moxidectin. The pharmacokinetics of the anthelmintics were determined by solid‐phase extraction, and high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Moxidectin had a mean (sd) residence time of 9·04 (2·12) days compared with 4·83 (1·14) days for ivermectin.
Studies of serum total immunoglobulin E concentrations in atopic and non‐atopic dogs
Authors: Fraser M. A. , McNeil P. E. , Gettinby G. 
Published: October 2010

The serum total immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentrations of two groups of atopic dogs and three groups of non‐atopic dogs were compared. There was a wide range of concentrations with a high degree of overlap between the groups. The serum total IgE concentrations of a group of 15 non‐atopic racing greyhounds were significantly higher than those of all the other groups. Atopic and non‐atopic dogs receiving stringent parasite control treatments could not be differentiated on the basis of their serum total IgE concentrations. In the non‐atopic dogs there was no correlation between their serum total IgE concentrations and the number of allergen‐specific positive results obtained in an ELISA, or between their serum total IgE concentrations and their age.
Use of nuclear scintigraphy with99mTc‐ HMPAO‐labelled leucocytes to assess small intestinal malabsorption in 17 horses
Authors: Menzies‐Gow N. J. , Weller R. , Bowen I. M. , Corley K. T. T. , Livesey L. , Weaver M. , Marr C. M. 
Published: October 2010

The diagnostic and prognostic value of nuclear scintigraphy with technetium‐99m‐labelled hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime‐labelled leucocytes was assessed in 17 horses with weight loss due to gastrointestinal malabsorption by comparing the results with the results obtained from 13 normal control horses. Intestinal uptake of activity was detected in 12 of the 17 cases but none of the control horses. The technique was therefore specific for intestinal pathology, but failed to detect some horses that might have had intestinal pathology. No indications of the horses' specific pathology were obtained, and their prognosis or response to treatment could not be predicted.
Epidemiology ofSalmonellaenterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium in animals and people in Scotland between 1990 and 2001
Authors: Smith‐Palmer A. , Stewart W. C. , Mather H. , Greig A. , Cowden J. , Reilly W. J. 
Published: October 2010

Two serovars of salmonella which are currently of particular importance in both human and animal infections areSalmonella entericaserovars Enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) and Typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104). This paper describes the trends in the relationships between the levels of infection of people and a range of farm animal species with these two serovars and explores some of the reasons behind them. In 1996, there was a peak of 520 reports of S Typhimurium DT104 infection in people in Scotland, but the number has decreased every year since, to 96 in 2001. In cattle the incidence of S Typhimurium DT104 also peaked in 1996, with 138 incidents, and it has similarly decreased every year to 2001 when there were 10 reported incidents. Similar declines have been observed in its incidence in sheep and pigs. In people the number of reports of S Enteritidis PT4 peaked in 1997 at 1684 and then declined to 457 in 2001. In chickens, the number of reports of S Enteritidis PT4 peaked in 1998 at 34 incidents, but no incidents were reported in the following three years.
Neurological signs and results of magnetic resonance imaging in 40 cavalier King Charles spaniels with Chiari type 1‐like malformations
Authors: Lu D. , Lamb C. R. , Pfeiffer D. U. , Targett M. P. 
Published: October 2010

In human beings a Chiari type 1 malformation is a developmental condition characterised by cerebellar herniation and syringohydromyelia. Abnormalities compatible with such a malformation were identified by magnetic resonance imaging in 39 cavalier King Charles spaniels with neurological signs and in one neurologically normal cavalier King Charles spaniel that was examined postmortem. The dogs with these abnormalities had a wide variety of neurological signs, but there was no apparent correlation between the neurological signs and the severity of cerebellar herniation, syringohydromyelia or hydrocephalus.
HOMOLOGY OF GROUPS AND THIRD BUSY BEAVER FUNCTION
Authors: MICHEL PASCAL 
Published: October 2010

In 2007, Nabutovsky and Weinberger provided a solution to a long-standing problem: to find naturally defined functions that grow faster than any function with Turing degree of unsolvability 0'. They considered the functions bksuch that, for a natural integer N, bk(N) is the rank of the kth homology group Hk(G) of maximum finite rank, among the finitely presented groups G with presentation length ≤ N. They proved that, for k ≥ 3, function bkgrows as the third busy beaver function, and so grows faster than any function with degree of unsolvability 0″.Can more be said about these functions bk? We give some results on the function b2, we study the challenge of computing Hk(G) for a finitely presented group G, and we compute bk(N) for small values of N.
Prognostic Significance of RNA-Dependent Protein Kinase on Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
Authors: Pataer Abujiang , Raso Maria Gabriela , Correa Arlene M. , Behrens Carmen , Tsuta Koji , Solis Luisa , Fang Bingliang , Roth Jack A. , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Swisher Stephen G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPurpose: The role of RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) in antiviral defense mechanisms and in cellular differentiation, growth, and apoptosis is well known, but the role of PKR in human lung cancer remains poorly understood. To explore the role of PKR in human lung cancer, we evaluated the expression of PKR in tissue microarray (TMA) specimens from both non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and normal human bronchial epithelium tissue.Experimental Design: TMA samples (TMA-1) from 231 lung cancers were stained with PKR antibody and validated on TMA-2 from 224 lung cancers. Immunohistochemical expression score was quantified by three pathologists independently. Survival probability was computed by the Kaplan-Meier method.Results: The NSCLC cells showed lower levels of PKR expression than normal bronchial epithelium cells did. We also found a significant association between lower levels of PKR expression and lymph node metastasis. We found that loss of PKR expression is correlated with a more aggressive behavior, and that a high PKR expression predicts a subgroup of patients with a favorable outcome. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models showed that a lower level of PKR expression was significantly associated with shorter survival in NSCLC patients. We further validated and confirmed PKR to be a powerful prognostic factor in TMA-2 lung cancer (hazard ratio, 0.22; P &lt; 0.0001).Conclusions: Our findings first indicate that PKR expression is an independent prognostic variable in NSCLC patients. Clin Cancer Res; 16(22); 5522–8. ©2010 AACR.
Testing the Hypothesis that the MJO is a Mixed Rossby–Gravity Wave Packet
Authors: Yang Da , Ingersoll Andrew P. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), also known as the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO), is a planetary-scale mode of variation in the tropical Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Basic questions about the MJO are why it propagates eastward at ∼5 m s−1, why it lasts for intraseasonal time scales, and how it interacts with the fine structure that is embedded in it. This study will test the hypothesis that the MJO is not a wave but a wave packet—the interference pattern produced by a narrow frequency band of mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves. As such, the MJO would propagate with the MRG group velocity, which is eastward at ∼5 m s−1. Simulation with a 3D model shows that MRG waves can be forced independently by relatively short-lived, eastward- and westward-moving disturbances, and the MRG wave packet can last long enough to form the intraseasonal variability. This hypothesis is consistent with the view that the MJO is episodic, with an irregular time interval between events rather than a periodic oscillation. The packet is defined as the horizontally smoothed variance of the MRG wave—the rectified MRG wave, which has features in common with the MJO. The two-dimensional Fourier analysis of the NOAA outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) dataset herein indicates that there is a statistically significant correlation between the MJO amplitude and wave packets of MRG waves but not equatorial Rossby waves or Kelvin waves, which are derived from the Matsuno shallow water theory. However, the biggest absolute value of the correlation coefficient is only 0.21, indicating that the wave packet hypothesis explains only a small fraction of the variance of the MJO in the OLR data.
Polarimetric Phased-Array Radar for Weather Measurement: A Planar or Cylindrical Configuration?
Authors: Zhang Guifu , Doviak Richard J. , Zrnić Dusan S. , Palmer Robert , Lei Lei , Al-Rashid Yasser 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This paper suggests a cylindrical configuration for agile beam polarimetric phased-array radar (PPAR) for weather surveillance. The most often used array configuration for PAR is a planar array antenna. The planar configuration, however, has significant deficiencies for polarimetric measurements, as well as other limitations, such as increases in beamwidth, decreases of sensitivity, and changes in the polarization basis when the beam scans off its broadside. The cylindrical polarimetric phased-array radar (CPPAR) is proposed to avoid these deficiencies. The CPPAR principle and potential performance are demonstrated through theoretical analysis and simulation. It is shown that the CPPAR has the advantage of a scan-invariant polarization basis, and thus avoids the inherent limitations of the planar PPAR (i.e., PPPAR).
Toward an Uncertainty Budget for a Coastal Ocean Model
Authors: Kim Sangil , Samelson R. M. , Snyder Chris 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Estimates of three components of an uncertainty budget for a coastal ocean model in a wind-forced regime are made based on numerical simulations. The budget components behave differently in the shelf regime, inshore of the 200-m isobath, and the slope-interior regime, between the 200-m isobath and a fixed longitude (126°W) that is roughly 150 km offshore. The first of the three budget components is an estimate of the uncertainty in the ocean state given only a known history of wind stress forcing, with errors in the wind forcing estimated from differences between operational analyses. It is found that, over the continental shelf, the response to wind forcing is sufficiently strong and deterministic that significant skill in estimating shelf circulation can be achieved with knowledge only of the wind forcing, and no ocean data, for wind fields with these estimated errors. The second involves initial condition error and its influence on uncertainty, including both error growth with time from well-known initial conditions and error decay with time from poorly known initial conditions but with well-known wind forcing. The third component is that of boundary condition error and its influence on the interior solutions, including the dependence of that influence on the specific location along the boundary of the boundary condition error. Boundary condition errors with amplitude comparable to the root-mean-square variability at the boundary lead eventually to errors equal to the root-mean-square variability in the slope-interior regime, and somewhat smaller errors in the shelf regime. Covariance estimates based on differences of the wind-forced solutions from the ensemble mean are not dramatically different from those based on the full fields, and do not show strong state dependence.
Efficient Ensemble Covariance Localization in Variational Data Assimilation
Authors: Bishop Craig H. , Hodyss Daniel , Steinle Peter , Sims Holly , Clayton Adam M. , Lorenc Andrew C. , Barker Dale M. , Buehner Mark 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Previous descriptions of how localized ensemble covariances can be incorporated into variational (VAR) data assimilation (DA) schemes provide few clues as to how this might be done in an efficient way. This article serves to remedy this hiatus in the literature by deriving a computationally efficient algorithm for using nonadaptively localized four-dimensional (4D) or three-dimensional (3D) ensemble covariances in variational DA. The algorithm provides computational advantages whenever (i) the localization function is a separable product of a function of the horizontal coordinate and a function of the vertical coordinate, (ii) and/or the localization length scale is much larger than the model grid spacing, (iii) and/or there are many variable types associated with each grid point, (iv) and/or 4D ensemble covariances are employed.
Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction Fixed With a Cylindrical Bone Plug and a Grafted Semitendinosus Tendon at the Original Femoral Site for Recurrent Patellar Dislocation
Authors: Deie Masataka , Ochi Mitsuo , Adachi Nobuo , Shibuya Hayatoshi , Nakamae Atsuo 
Published: October 2010

Background: The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the most important factor for stabilizing the patella and preventing lateral patellar dislocation. Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction is an accepted surgical technique to restore patellofemoral stability after lateral patellar dislocation. The authors recently developed a new anatomical MPFL reconstruction method using a cylindrical bone plug and grafted semitendinosus tendon at the anatomical femoral attachment site to mimic the native MPFL. This study evaluated the new technique for stabilizing recurrent patellar dislocation. Hypothesis: This new MPFL reconstruction technique will improve knee symptoms and function with excellent clinical results. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Method: Thirty-one knees were evaluated from 29 cases of recurrent patellar dislocation that were surgically treated using the anatomical MPFL reconstruction technique. The average patient age was 22.2 years (range, 12-34 years); postsurgery follow-up was 2 to 5 years (average, 3.2 years). The patients were clinically evaluated based on the Kujala score, range of motion, and signs of apprehension. The Merchant view was used to measure congruence and tilting angles. Results: Of the 31 knees, 30 showed good clinical results after surgery, while 1 patient showed remaining signs of apprehension. The Kujala score improved from an average of 64 points (range, 35-70) initially to an average of 94.5 points (range, 79-100) at the final follow-up. Range of motion improved for all patients, with an average knee extension of 0° ± 2° and knee flexion of 145° ± 3° at final follow-up. No patellar redislocation was reported. Radiological assessment indicated significant improvement to the congruence angle from 13° ± 4° before surgery to −5° ± 5° at the final follow-up, while the tilting angle went from 8° ± 7° before surgery to 7° ± 4° at the final follow-up. Conclusion: This study demonstrated excellent results using the new procedure for recurrent dislocation of the patella, with instability in only 1 of 31 knees (3.2%).
A Proximal Strengthening Program Improves Pain, Function, and Biomechanics in Women With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Authors: Earl Jennifer E. , Hoch Anne Z. 
Published: October 2010

Background: It is hypothesized that patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) have hip and core muscle weakness leading to dynamic malalignment of the lower extremity. Thus, hip strengthening is a common PFPS treatment approach. Purpose: To determine changes in hip strength, core endurance, lower extremity biomechanics, and patient outcomes after proximally focused rehabilitation for PFPS patients. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Nineteen women (age, 22.68 ± 7.19 years; height, 1.64 ± 0.07 m; mass, 60.2 ± 7.35 kg) with PFPS participated in an 8-week program to strengthen the hip and core muscles and improve dynamic malalignment. Paired t tests were used to compare the dependent variables between prerehabilitation and postrehabilitation. The dependent variables were pain; functional ability; isometric hip abduction and external rotation strength; anterior, lateral, and posterior core endurance; joint range of motion (ROM; rearfoot eversion, knee abduction and internal rotation, and hip adduction and internal rotation); and peak internal joint moments (rearfoot inversion, knee abduction, and hip abduction and external rotation) during the stance phase of running. Results: Significant improvements in pain, functional ability, lateral core endurance, hip abduction, and hip external rotation strength were observed. There was also a significant reduction in the knee abduction moment during running, although there were no significant changes in joint ROM. Conclusion: An 8-week rehabilitation program focusing on strengthening and improving neuromuscular control of the hip and core musculature produces positive patient outcomes, improves hip and core muscle strength, and reduces the knee abduction moment, which is associated with developing PFPS.
Distinct molecular mechanisms responsible for bortezomib-induced death of therapy-resistant versus -sensitive B-NHL cells
Authors: Olejniczak Scott H. , Blickwedehl Jennifer , Belicha-Villanueva Alan , Bangia Naveen , Riaz Wasif , Mavis Cory , Clements James L. , Gibbs John , Hernandez-Ilizaliturri Francisco J. , Czuczman Myron S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractResistance to currently available therapies is a major impediment to the successful treatment of hematological malignancies. Here, we used a model of therapy-resistant B-cell nonHodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) developed in our laboratory along with primary B-NHL cells to study basic mechanisms of bortezomib activity. In resistant cells and a subset of primary B-NHLs, bortezomib treatment led to stabilization of Bak and subsequent Bak-dependent activation of apoptosis. In contrast to sensitive cells that die strictly by apoptosis, bortezomib was capable of killing resistant cells through activation of apoptosis or caspase-independent mechanism(s) when caspases were pharmacologically inhibited. Our data demonstrate that bortezomib is capable of killing B-NHL cells via multiple mechanisms, regardless of their basal apoptotic potential, and contributes to growing evidence that proteasome inhibitors can act via modulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins. The capacity of bortezomib to act independently of the intrinsic apoptotic threshold of a given B-NHL cell suggests that bortezomib-based therapies could potentially overcome resistance and result in relevant clinical activity in a relapsed/refractory setting.