bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium Vaporization Ratios for Nitrogen, Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Ethane, and Hydrogen Sulfide in a Natural Gas-Condensate System
Authors: Jacoby R.H. , Rzasa M.J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Experimental equilibrium vaporization ratios were obtained for nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, ethane, and hydrogen sulfide in natural gas-condensatesystems. Two different overall mixture compositions were investigated over thepressure range 500 to 4,000 psia at 100?, 150?, and 200?F. Partial phasediagrams of the mixtures were obtained; one of these showed a critical point at204?F and 3,875 psia. These and earlier data were compared with the Kelloggcorrelation at 100?F and 1,000 psia.

Introduction
The authors have presented equilibrium vaporization ratios for nitrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, ethane, and hydrogen sulfide in complex mixtures, suchas natural gas-crude oil and natural gas-absorber oil. Since mixtures of thenatural gas-condensate type also occur widely in petroleum reservoirs and oftencontain the non-hydrocarbons mentioned, it would be useful to have appropriateK data for calculating equilibrium vaporization conditions. Roland, Smith, andKaveler obtained K's for methane and the light hydrocarbons in gas-condensatemixtures; and Poettmann and Katz obtained K's for carbon dioxide in agas-condensate system. The data presented in this paper extend this coverage toinclude K's for nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide and phase diagrams for theexperimental mixtures.

Experimental Work
The equipment and experimental procedure was essentially as describedpreviously except for analysis of the vapor samples. The vapor sample bombswere filled at the pressure and temperature of the run. Immediately aftersampling, a portion of this sample was flushed from the bomb into a 650 ccglass bulb, filling it to near atmospheric pressure. The sample in the glassbulb was then analyzed by the mass spectrometer. Some checks were made on thisanalytical procedure to find the accuracy of measurement of the C5+ content ofthe vapor samples. The modifications tried were complete fractionation of thevapor sample and the use of several liquids (depropanized condensate andretrograde liquid from several vapor samples) as calibrating materials for themass spectrometer. The results obtained from these various checks differed byabout 10 per cent relative and this is believed to be the order of accuracy ofthe vapor C5+ concentrations.
T.P. 3652
Compressibility of Reservoir Rocks
Authors: Hall Howard N. 
Published: April 2012

The compressibility of reservoir rock is a factor which is generallyneglected in reservoir engineering calculations. This is due in part to thefact that there is little published information on rock compressibility valuesfor limestones and sandstones. Omission of rock compressibility is undoubtedlyjustified in calculations for saturated reservoirs; however, in undersaturatedreservoirs, expansion of the rock accompanying decline in the reservoirpressure may be of such magnitude as to affect materially the prediction ofreservoir performance. The effect of rock compressibility will be of mostimportance in:calculation of oil in place by pressure decline data inundersaturated volumetric reservoirs when the limits of the field are unknownor indefinite, andstudies of natural water drive performance.
To estimateits importance in such cases, a series of laboratory tests were made to obtainusable values for reservoir rock compressibility.
The total, or effective, compressibility of any reservoir rock is a resultof two separate factors, namely, expansion of the individual rock grains, asthe surrounding fluid pressure decreases, and the additional formationcompaction brought about because the reservoir fluids become less effective inopposing the weight of the overburden as reservoir pressure declines. Both ofthese factors tend to decrease porosity. The laboratory tests were conducted ina manner that would give compressibility values representing a combination ofthe two factors, and would, as nearly as possible, duplicate the behavior ofthe rock under reservoir conditions. Fig. 1 shows a diagram of the equipmentused to determine rock compressibility.
The rocks used in these tests were cores cut from producing limestone andsandstone formations. They were from 2 to 3 1/2 in. in diameter, and 5 to 6 in.long. A core to be tested was completely surrounded by a Lucite jacket with theexception of the connection at one end to allow production of liquid duringtesting. To represent the effect of the overburden, a constant externalhydrostatic pressure of 3,000 psig was applied to the core throughout the test.(The amount of external pressure was varied in a series of tests and no changewas evidenced in the measured compressibility values.) Starting atapproximately 1,500 psi static fluid pressure in the core, the core pressurewas reduced by steps of 100 to 200 psi. Precise measurement of liquidproduction was made for each decrease in pressure.
T.N. 149
Calculations of Unsteady-State Gas Flow Through Porous Media, Corrected for Klinkenberg Effect
Authors: Collins R.E. , Crawford Paul B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Mathematical equations have been derived to show the effect of the slippagephenomenon (Klinkenberg effect) on unsteady-state gas flow through porousmedia.
It is pointed out that most of the existing data on unsteady gas flow may becorrected for slippage by a simple change in definition of the dimensionlessgroups.

Introduction
Several solutions to the various problems associated with the unsteady-stateflow of gas through porous media have been recently presented in theliterature. The cited publications have presented solutions for flow underideal conditions. The principal assumptions involved include:the densityof the gas obeys the perfect gas law;the viscosity of the gas is constant; andthe gas permeability is constant.
Few, if any, actual gases under reservoir conditions are believed to conformwith the above, but the ideal solutions do provide the basis for makingimproved estimates on the performance of gas reservoirs. The purpose of thispaper is to show the performance characteristics when assumption (c) iscorrected for the slippage phenomenon or the Klinkenberg effect. This isbelieved to be a step nearer to reality.

Mathematical Development

Case 1. Gas Flow - Ideal Conditions
The equations describing the flow of gas under ideal conditions have beenclearly presented in the cited literature; however, for completeness of thiswork they are repeated here.
The basic differential equation describing the flow of gas is Equation (6).
T.N. 191
A Perspective on Principles of Comparative Cost-Effectiveness Studies for Pharmacotherapy of Chronic Diseases
Authors: Farahani Pendar 
Published: April 2012

IN BRIEFComparative cost-effectiveness drug studies can support decision-making for allocation of health care resources if principles of clinical pharmacology and pharmacoepidemiology are considered. Use of constant or milligram-equivalent doses instead of bio-equivalent doses, reliance on placebo-controlled instead of head-to-head randomized trials, disparities in community-based distribution of disease burden, lack of clinically important endpoint data, and absence of adherence data can limit the applicability of such studies. This article highlights methodological issues that should be incorporated in comparative cost-effectiveness drug studies, using statins as an example.
Assessing the Consequences of the 1999 German Citizenship Act
Authors: Triadafilopoulos Triadafilos 
Published: April 2012

This special issue of German Politics and Society offers a retrospective look atthe German Citizenship Act (Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz, StAG), which passed in1999 and came into force in 2000.1 The law was and continues to be understoodby many academics, policymakers, and lay commentators as constitutinga “paradigm shift” in German citizenship policy and, by extension,prevailing conceptions of German nationhood. The introduction of the lawof territory (jus soli), in particular, was greeted as a welcome acknowledgementof Germany’s de facto status as a modern immigration country. Childrenborn and raised in Germany would no longer be rendered permanentforeigners as a consequence of the dominance of the law of descent (jus sanguinis)in the Reichs- und Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz (RuStAG), 1913. Proponentsassumed that the reduction of the residency requirement for naturalizationwould also allow greater numbers of long settled immigrants to assume therights and privileges of German nationality. Just as importantly, Germanywould join the European mainstream as regarded citizenship policy. Thestigma associated with its traditionally ethnic conception of nationhoodwould give way to a more positive, civic identity.
Remission in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis — A Comparison of New ACR/EULAR Remission Criteria to Established Criteria
Authors: KURIYA BINDEE , SUN YE , BOIRE GILLES , HARAOUI BOULOS , HITCHON CAROL , POPE JANET E. , THORNE JOHN C. , KEYSTONE EDWARD C. , BYKERK VIVIAN P. 
Published: April 2012

Objective.To describe the frequency of remission in an early rheumatoid arthritis (ERA) cohort.Methods.The frequency of remission was evaluated, based on 8 definitions including the Boolean-based American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) criteria.Results.Of 369 patients, remission at 12 months ranged from 18% according to the ACR/EULAR clinical trial criteria to 40% according to the 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28) < 2.6. Higher tender joint count, swollen joint count, and physician global scores were seen for DAS28-based definitions, and patient global assessment (PtGA) scores were almost 5-fold higher for DAS28 remission.Conclusion.Remission is achievable in ERA but its frequency differs according to the remission definition applied. Adoption of the new ACR/EULAR definition will limit the number classified as in remission, especially if the PtGA criteria are rated high for reasons other than inflammatory arthritis.
Sex Differences in Pain Scores and Localization in Inflammatory Arthritis: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis
Authors: BARNABE CHERYL , BESSETTE LOUIS , FLANAGAN CATHY , LeCLERCQ SHARON , STEIMAN AMANDA , KALACHE FARES , KUNG TABITHA , POPE JANET E. , HARAOUI BOULOS , HOCHMAN JACQUELINE , MOSHER DIANNE , THORNE CARTER , BYKERK VIVIAN 
Published: April 2012

Objective.To systematically identify and examine reports of sex-stratified pain measurements in patients with inflammatory arthritis.Methods.Data sources included PubMed (1950 to April 2010), Embase (1980 to April 2010), and manual searches of reference lists and conference abstracts. We included cohort studies and randomized trials comparing pain scores, treatment efficacy at reducing pain, or pain localization, between females and males with inflammatory arthritis [rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and reactive arthritis].Results.Twenty-six cohorts and 1 randomized trial reported sex-stratified pain scores, and all but 1 cohort identified worse pain scores at enrollment in females. In a metaanalysis of mean visual analog scale (VAS) scores (0 to 10) in 16 RA cohort studies (reporting on 21,612 females and 6871 males), the standardized mean difference in VAS was 0.21 (95% CI 0.16, 0.26). Treatment with disease-modifying therapy results in improvement in mean scores for both sexes; however, female absolute scores remain higher. In 12 spondyloarthropathy cohorts reporting pain localization, females develop more peripheral arthritis during their disease course (68.9% vs 51.2%) but less inflammatory back pain (50.6% vs 66.4%).Conclusion.We identified important sex differences in pain scores in inflammatory arthritis, with higher pain levels in females. In spondyloarthritis, females develop more peripheral arthritis and have less frequent spinal involvement compared to males. These differences may affect a clinician’s perception of disease severity and activity, and thus influence management decisions.
Interleukin 6 in Systemic Sclerosis and Potential Implications for Targeted Therapy
Authors: MUANGCHAN CHAYAWEE , POPE JANET E. 
Published: April 2012

Objective.The purpose of this study was to review the potential importance of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in systemic sclerosis (SSc).Methods.PubMed and Scopus databases and American College of Rheumatology (from 2009–10) and European League Against Rheumatism abstracts (2009–11) were searched using keywords “scleroderma; SSc; cytokines; interleukins; interleukin 6” and publications were excluded if not pertaining to IL-6 in SSc. Data were extracted from selected articles to construct a cell interaction model of the effects of IL-6 in SSc.Results.A total of 416 reports were found (PubMed, n = 82; Scopus, n = 331; 3 abstracts); 372 were excluded (irrelevant) leaving 41 publications and 3 abstracts (39 from PubMed, 18 from Scopus; but 16 were repeated from PubMed search), where 40 suggested IL-6 was important in SSc and 4 did not. Effects of IL-6 in SSc were summarized schematically.Conclusion.Of the 44 publications, 40 suggested that IL-6 may be important in SSc, allowing for a conceptual framework within SSc including effects on macrophages, fibroblasts, plasma cells, monocytes, and extracellular matrix.
Un cas d'école
Authors: Balland Ludivine 
Published: April 2012

Résumé Cet article analyse la trajectoire sociale et l’entrée dans le métier d’une jeune enseignante de français issue d’un milieu populaire. Il étudie les modalités de la rencontre – toujours singulière – entre un individu façonné par un parcours et une expérience de l’institution. L’article propose un suivi biographique qui permet de rendre compte des évolutions et des variations des manières d’être et de travailler de l’enseignante, des arrangements multiples pour faire face quotidiennement à des collégiens distants de la culture scolaire. Dans le cas analysé, l’entrée dans le métier permet par ailleurs d’aborder le paradoxe apparent de l’apprentissage, par une « enfant de la démocratisation », de la gestion des « enfants de la démocratisation ».
Occupational Role Development in the Young Adult with Mild Mental Retardation
Authors: Webster Patricia Schaefer 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study investigated the occupational choice process according to the special needs of the young adult with mild mental retardation. The study was guided by specific assumptions developed after a review of the literature concerning the condition of mental retardation and occupational role development. Propositions were developed and a model was constructed to illustrate the relationships between components of the occupational choice process and factors affecting occupational role development. A case study is presented to illustrate that the theory could be applied to a practical situation and to illustrate those areas for occupational therapy intervention.
Student Selection Process: A Follow-Up Study
Authors: Lucci Jennie A. , Brockway Jo Ann 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This is a follow-up study of the 20 junior students admitted into an occupational therapy educational program under a selection process described in a previous article in AJOT in 1974. It reports the outcome resulting from the use of the selection process and t test findings between the upper ten ranked students and the remaining lower ranked students. Academic achievements and employment patterns of the 19 students completing the program are presented.
Excessive Postrotary Nystagmus Duration in Learning-Disabled Children
Authors: Ottenbacher Kenneth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Southern California Sensory Integration Test results of 109 learning-disabled children were reviewed and analyzed to investigate the hypothesis that learning-disabled children with excessive postrotary nystagmus durations display greater neuropsychological impairment than learning-disabled children with normal or depressed postrotary nystagmus. The findings supported the hypothesis that learning-disabled children judged to have relatively greater neuropsychological involvement exhibited significantly longer postrotary nystagmus durations. Data analysis revealed that six Southern California Sensory Integration Tests assumed to measure cortical level functions shared significant variance with excessive Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT) scores. A similar relationship was not found for normal or depressed SCPNT scores. A connection between cortical level versus brainstem level central nervous system dysfunction, nystagmus, and learning disorder is discussed.
Vestibular Function in Mildly Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Shuer Julie , Clark Florence , Azen Stanley P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the duration of nystagmus in mildly mentally retarded and normal adults as measured by the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test. The results revealed that the retarded males demonstrated attenuated duration of nystagmus. These findings support the need for further investigation of possible sensory integrative deficits in this population so that proper treatment can be provided.
Effects of Sensory Integration Treatment on the Low-Achieving College Student
Authors: Angelo Jennifer Kay Burgess 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Twelve college-age students who had either a low grade point average or visual perceptual problems were provided a program of sensory integration activities to determine whether sensory integration therapy would affect their academic performance. Selected reading tests were administered to establish a pre-test baseline. The students were then given a sequenced program of sensory integration activities designed to stimulate the vestibular system. After a 14-week period, reading tests were again administered.
Test results indicate a statistically significant improvement in reading skills and support the use of sensory integration therapy for individuals with difficulty learning at the college level.
A Model of Human Occupation, Part 3, Benign and Vicious Cycles
Authors: Kielhofner Gary 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Earlier papers in this series conceptualized occupation as an open system phenomenon, with change the central theme. This paper presents an explanation of adaptive and maladaptive changes in the concept of benign and vicious cycles. Hypothetical case material is used to illustrate how the model could be applied to an explanation of change in occupational behavior. The paper also outlines how the concept of benign and vicious cycles, as conceptualized in the present model, can guide clinical intervention.
Kinesthetic Biofeedback: A Treatment Modality for Elbow Range of Motion in Hemiplegia
Authors: Greenberg Sharon , Fowler Roy S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Two treatment modalities for increasing active elbow extension with hemiplegic subjects were tested. Twenty subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups—an experimental treatment technique using kinesthetic biofeedback, or a control group consisting of an occupational therapy approach aimed at increasing functional use of the envolved upper extremity. The results indicate that kinesthetic biofeedback was as beneficial as conventional occupational therapy. It was also demonstrated that an individual’s age, sex, or length of time beyond one-year post-CVA did not significantly affect treatment outcome. A majority of subjects in both treatment groups improved in ways not directly related to treatment, which suggests the need for long-term follow up of hemiplegic patients.
Imitation: A Mechanism of Play Behavior
Authors: deRenne-Stephan Christine 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Imitation, as a critical mechanism of play behavior, is a primary learning process in child development that has received scant attention in therapists’ work with children.
The purpose of this study is to conceptualize a system of imitation for occupational therapy within the framework of play behavior, and to analyze this process by using system categories. A case is presented to show how the imitation process can be specifically analyzed and influenced. The imitation process, when applied in clinical practice, could broaden the perspective of existing clinical interventions with children.
Single Subject Research Strategies in Occupational Therapy: Part 2
Authors: Hacker Bonnie 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This second of a 2-part paper on single subject research is devoted to practical implementation issues. Using clinical examples, the challenge of transferring single subject research strategies to occupational therapy intervention approaches is explored. The therapeutic approaches of behavioral, motoric, and processing are employed to discuss the use of single subject methodology in occupational therapy. Initial research activities for those interested in documenting treatment results are described. Finally, directions for the future use of single subject research are discussed.
Design of the Master’s Degree in Occupational Therapy, Part 2. An Empirical Approach
Authors: Rogers Joan C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In this article an empirical approach is used to investigate the master’s degree structure in a bachelor’s level profession. The literature of nursing, business administration, social work, and physical therapy is reviewed to determine prevailing degree structures and attitudes, evaluate the adequacy of the master’s degree structure in occupational therapy, and delineate factors entering into structural decisions. The review demonstrates the feasibility and desirability of requiring basic master’s students to meet advanced master’s degree criteria. However, it fails to substantiate unreservedly the logical necessity for so doing. Recommendations for educational practice and research are detailed.
Community-Based and College-Based Needs Assessment of Physically Disabled Persons
Authors: Burnett Sandra E. , Yerxa Elizabeth J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A descriptive survey was conducted to determine the self-perceived needs of physically disabled persons as a preliminary step toward establishing or designing a knowledge base for occupational therapy intervention at a community college. Demographic and needs data were statistically compared with those from a sample of nondisabled college students. Significant differences in the confidence to perform cognitive/ problem-solving, social/ recreational, school/ vocational, home and community mobility skills were found, with the disabled reporting lowered or less confidence. Confidence in performing basic activities of daily living was the only area in which the difference was not significant. No significant differences were obtained in general interests except that a higher frequency of disabled reported not wanting to participate in sports. The greatest amounts of interest were in crafts/ fine arts and in social/ recreational activities. Implications were drawn for occupational therapy programming to improve confidence in independent living skills by using the subjects’ predominant interests.
Gross Motor Skills and Hand Grip in the Elderly: A Pilot Study
Authors: Drake Barbara L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the possibility that a relationship exists between a lifetime of gross motor activity in the elderly and their current status of gross motor skills and gross hand grip strength. Ten elderly adults performed a series of six gross motor tests and answered a survey concerning their lifetime pattern of gross motor activities as determined by occupational performance components. Significant correlations were found between both the survey and the California Standing Balance Eyes Closed test and the survey and a nonstandardized cocontraction test. No significant relationships were found between the survey and the other tests used.