bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular characterization of the Gγ‐globin‐Tag transgenic mouse model of hormone refractory prostate cancer: Comparison to human prostate cancer
Authors: Calvo Alfonso , Perez‐Stable Carlos , Segura Victor , Catena Raúl , Guruceaga Elizabeth , Nguewa Paul , Blanco David , Parada Luis , Reiner Teresita , Green Jeffrey E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate cancer (PrCa) has a high incidence in Western countries and at present, there is no cure for hormone refractory prostate cancer. Transgenic mouse models have proven useful for understanding mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis. The characterization of genetically modified mouse PrCa models using high‐throughput genomic analyses provides important information to guide appropriate experiment applications for such model.METHODSWe have analyzed the transcriptome of the hormone refractory and highly metastatic Fetal Globin‐SV40/T‐antigen (Gγ‐globin‐Tag) transgenic mouse model for PrCa compared to normal mouse prostate tissue. Gene expression patterns found in Gγ‐globin‐Tag mouse prostate tumors were compared with publicly available human localized and metastatic prostate tumors (GEO accession # GSE3325) through hierarchical cluster analysis, Pearson's rank correlation coefficient, and Self Organizing Feature Maps (SOM) analyses.RESULTSGγ‐globin‐Tag tumors clustered closely with human metastatic tumors and gene expression patterns had a significant correlation (P < 0.01), unlike human localized primary tumors (P > 0.6). Bioinformatic analyses identified deregulated genetic pathways and networks in Gγ‐globin‐Tag tumors, which displayed similarities to alterations in human PrCa. Changes in the expression of genes involved in DNA replication and repair (Rb1, p53, Myc, PCNA, DNMT3A) and growth factor signaling pathways (TGFβ2, ERK1/2, NRas, and Notch1) are deregulated in the Gγ‐globin‐Tag tumors, suggesting their key role in the oncogenic process. Identification of an enrichment of putative binding sites for transcription factors revealed eight transcription factors that may be important in Gγ‐globin‐Tag carcinogenesis, including SP1, NF‐Y, CREB, Elk1, and E2F. Novel genes related to microtubule regulation were also identified in Gγ‐globin‐Tag tumors as potentially important candidate targets for PrCa. Overexpression of stathmin‐1, whose expression was increased in human metastatic prostate tumors, was validated in Gγ‐globin‐Tag tumors by immunohistochemistry. This protein belongs to the SV40/T‐antigen cancer signature identified in previous studies in prostate, breast, and lung cancer mouse models.CONCLUSIONSOur results show that the Gγ‐globin‐Tag model for hormone refractory PrCa shares important features with aggressive, metastatic human PrCa. Given the role of stathmin‐1 in the destabilization of microtubles and taxane resistance, the Gγ‐globin‐Tag model and other SV40/T‐antigen driven transgenic models may be useful for testing potential therapies directed at stathmin‐1 in human prostate tumors. Prostate 70: 630–645, 2010. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prolonged treatment with bicalutamide induces androgen receptor overexpression and androgen hypersensitivity
Authors: Kawata Hiromitsu , Ishikura Nobuyuki , Watanabe Miho , Nishimoto Ayako , Tsunenari Toshiaki , Aoki Yuko 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDVarious hormone refractory prostate cancer cell models have been established with androgen depletion and have helped to clarify the mechanism for the transition into androgen‐depletion independent status. However, the mechanism of bicalutamide resistance remains unclear because few cell models have been generated.METHODSWe generated a bicalutamide‐resistant subline, LNCaP‐BC2, from LNCaP after prolonged treatment with bicalutamide. Androgen and/or bicalutamide responsiveness for proliferation and prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) secretion were examined in vitro and in vivo. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels in xenografted tumors were analyzed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Androgen receptor (AR) gene mutation and amplification and AR and pAR210 expression were determined.RESULTSLNCaP‐BC2 did not grow in an androgen‐depleted medium and proliferation was stimulated in a tenfold lower concentration of androgen than that of LNCaP. LNCaP‐BC2 grew in castrated male mice, and the DHT level in grafted LNCaP‐BC2 tumors was 7.7‐fold lower than in LNCaP tumors. Bicalutamide stimulated LNCaP‐BC2 proliferation and PSA secretion in vitro and the antitumor activity of bicalutamide against LNCaP‐BC2 was weaker than that of LNCaP in vivo. Additional AR mutation and AR gene amplification were not detected in LNCaP‐BC2, but AR and pAR210 expression and PSA secretion in LNCaP‐BC2 were higher than in LNCaP.CONCLUSIONSBicalutamide‐resistant LNCaP‐BC2 exhibited AR overexpression and hypersensitivity to low levels of androgen. Our data suggests that AR overexpression is a significant mechanism of bicalutamide resistance similar to resistance from chronic androgen depletion. In addition, pAR210 overexpression could be a potential mechanism for hypersensitivity to low androgen in LNCaP‐BC2. Prostate 70: 745–754, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A queuing-based model for optimal dimension of service firms
Authors: Parra-Frutos Isabel 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This paper examines a stochastic model to determine optimal pricing, waiting time, output, and sizing decisions for service firms which compete on time in an uncertain environment. Sizing decisions concern optimal service capacity and maximum physical waiting room (with a given probability). Customers are sensitive to money price and expected waiting time. The firm, modeled as an M/M/1 queue, is assumed to be a full price taker as a result of the stochastic version of the perfect competition assumption. Firm costs function includes fixed and variable costs. We initially fix the service rate and obtain a closed-form expression for the waiting time, price, output and waiting room which lead to maximize the net revenue. Subsequently, we obtain first-order conditions for the profit maximizing service capacity. We find that an optimal capacity may exist when service capacity costs are strictly convex. When capacity costs are linear or concave, an optimal capacity does not exist, and it is possible to obtain higher expected profits by increasing service capacity, as the time competition principle states. However, in the linear case we find a failure of that principle, which is, there is a limit in speeding up processes.
Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at home birth in Afghanistan
Authors: Sanghvi Harshadkumar , Ansari Nasratullah , Prata Ndola J.V. , Gibson Hannah , Ehsan Aftab T. , Smith Jeffrey M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo test the safety, acceptability, feasibility, and effectiveness of community‐based education and distribution of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at home birth in Afghanistan.MethodsA nonrandomized experimental control design in rural Afghanistan.ResultsA total of 3187 women participated: 2039 in the intervention group and 1148 in the control group. Of the 1421 women in the intervention group who took misoprostol, 100% correctly took it after birth, including 20 women with twin pregnancies. Adverse effect rates were unexpectedly lower in the intervention group than in the comparison group. Among women in the intervention group, 92% said they would use misoprostol in their next pregnancy. In the intervention area where community‐based distribution of misoprostol was introduced, near‐universal uterotonic coverage (92%) was achieved compared with 25% coverage in the control areas.ConclusionIn Afghanistan, community‐based education and distribution of misoprostol is safe, acceptable, feasible, and effective. This strategy should be considered for other countries where access to skilled attendance is limited.
Determining maximum load carrying capacity of planar flexible-link robot: closed-loop approach
Authors: Korayem M. H. , Haghighi R. , Korayem A. H. , Nikoobin A. , Alamdari A. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYMaximum load carrying capacity (MLCC) of flexible robot manipulators is computed based on closed-loop approach. In open-loop approach, controller is not considered, so the end effector deviation from the predefined path is significant and the accuracy constraint restrains the maximum payload before actuators go into saturation mode. In order to improve the MLCC, a method based on closed-loop strategy is presented. Since in this case the accuracy is improved the actuators constraint is not a major concern and full power of actuators can be used. Since controller can play an important role in improving the maximum payload, a sliding mode based partial feedback linearization controller is designed. Furthermore, a fuzzy variable layer is used in sliding mode design to boost the performance of the controller. However, the control strategy required measurements of elastic variables velocity that are not conveniently measurable. So a nonlinear observer is designed to estimate these variables. Stability analysis of the proposed controller and state observer are performed on the basis of Lyapunov's direct method. In order to verify the effectiveness of the presented method, simulation is done for a two-link flexible manipulator. The obtained maximum payload in open-loop and closed-loop cases is compared and the superiority of the method is illustrated and the results are discussed.
High permeability and high permittivity heterostructures for the miniaturization of Radiofrequency components
Authors: Bènevent Evangéline , Garello Kevin , Cros Dominique , Viala Bernard 
Published: January 2010

This paper discusses on the miniaturization of radiofrequency (RF) front-end components such as half-wavelength resonators based on new magneto-dielectric heterostructures combining high permeability (µ = 150–250) and high permittivity (ε = 18–150). Size reduction is evaluated by means of 2-cm-long coplanar waveguides realized with silicon technology and having a resonance frequency of about 3 GHz. The experimental results show a physical length reduction of 11.2% due to the dielectric contribution (ε = 18) and 14.8% by cumulating dielectric and magnetic effects (ε = 18 and µ = 150). These results are significant with respect to the moderate thickness of the preliminary material used here (only 150 nm). In a second part, a predictive model is proposed with µ and ε as variables. When adjusting the material properties in a realistic way (µ = 250 and ε = 150), the model predicts size reduction of ~50% for the same thickness. Larger values can be expected with increasing the film thickness.
Characterization of a loaded high impedance surface
Authors: Linot Fabrice , Begaud Xavier , Soiron Michel , Renard Christian , Labeyrie Michèle 
Published: January 2010

A high impedance surface (HIS) consisting of metallic square patches electrically connected one to each other with resistors is shown. Tunability of the absorption factor is achieved by the resistor value. The absorbing band of the loaded HIS is determined by the phase of the signal reflected by this structure. The main contribution of the paper is to demonstrate the absorption behavior over a wide range of incidence angle for both Transverse Electric (TE) and Transverse Magnetic (TM) polarizations. Using an equivalent circuit the resistor effect is investigated. It is shown that at resonance, the judicious choice of the resistor may lead to a significant absorption. The use of a waveguide simulator to characterize the performance of the loaded HIS is investigated. These methods have been used to design an ultra-thin absorber about λ8.4 GHz/35 thick.
Evolutionary divergence and biogeography of sympatric niche-differentiated bacterial populations
Authors: Oakley Brian B , Carbonero Franck , van der Gast Christopher J , Hawkins Robert J , Purdy Kevin J 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Using multiple lines of evidence from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, environmental sequences and TaqMan quantitative PCR assays targeting a functional gene for sulfate respiration (dsr) affiliated with the geochemically important genus Desulfobulbus, we revealed strongly restricted distributions of specific genotypes and populations correlated with sampling position along an estuarine gradient free of dispersal barriers. Evidence of evolutionary divergence of populations was provided by three complementary analyses. First, analysis of molecular variance rejected the null hypothesis that genetic diversity within each sampling site was not significantly different than that of all sites pooled together (P&lt;0.0001). Second, UniFrac and Parsimony tests showed phylogenetic clustering of sampling sites was highly significant (P&lt;0.001). Third, pairwise FST statistics showed significant evolutionary divergence of populations based on the location in the estuary. To test the hypothesis that environmental niche-driven evolutionary divergence can create and maintain microbial biogeography, we used both statistical inference and an experimental manipulation to assess the independent effects of environment and geography. Significant effects of each on genotype distributions and population divergence supported the hypothesis. Our data are consistent with both sympatric and parapatric models of speciation, and suggest niche partitioning can contribute to evolutionary divergence and observable biogeographic patterns in microbial communities even among closely related taxa at limited spatial scales without significant barriers to dispersal.
TEM studies of the nitrided/oxided Ni–Ti surface layer
Authors: LELATKO J. , GORYCZKA T. , PACZKOWSKI P. , WIERZCHOŃ T. , MORAWIEC H. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryTiN and TiO2 coatings, which are known from their low chemical reactivity, high hardness and wear and corrosion resistance, are used for protecting the NiTi surface. In the present work, nearly equiatomic NiTi (50.6 at.%) shape memory alloy was covered with the layers obtained by nitriding under glow discharge at 1073 K. Additionally, at the end of the process some amount of oxygen was added. Characterization of the nitrided/oxided layers structure was carried out using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The investigations were focused on the structure of the multilayer nitrided/oxided NiTi surface. The surface is formed from nanocrystalline and columnar grains of the TiN phase. Between the top layer and β‐NiTi substrate the interface Ti2Ni layer was formed. Addition of oxygen at the end of the process created a thin layer of TiO2 phase nanograins at the surface of the TiN phase. In the same areas, small amount of amorphous phase was identified. The combination of nitriding and oxidation formed layers that reveal relatively high corrosion resistance.
Consequences of dietary manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a murine model of scrapie
Authors: Bolea R. , Hortells P. , Martín‐Burriel I. , Vargas A. , Ryffel B. , Monzón M. , Badiola J. J. 
Published: January 2010

R. Bolea, P. Hortells, I. Martín‐Burriel, A. Vargas, B. Ryffel, M. Monzón and J. J. Badiola (2010)Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology36,300–311 Consequences of dietary manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a murine model of scrapieAims:Copper and manganese levels are altered in mice both lacking PrPc and prion‐infected brains. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of manganese and copper imbalance on neuronal apoptosis in a scrapie‐infected Tga20 mouse model.Methods:Immunoreactivities for the apoptotic proteins Bax and active caspase‐3 were evaluated in nine regions of the brain of scrapie‐infected and control Tga20 mice treated with one of several diets: depleted cooper (−Cu), loaded manganese (+Mn), depleted copper/loaded manganese (−Cu+Mn) and regular diet. Immunohistochemical determination of NeuN was used to detect possible neuronal loss.Results:Intracellular Bax detection was significantly decreased in animals fed with modified diets, particularly in those treated with copper‐depleted diets. A decrease in active caspase‐3 was primarily observed in animals fed with enhanced manganese diets. Our results show that the −Cu, −Cu+Mn and +Mn diets protected against apoptosis in scrapie‐infected mice. However, NeuN immunolabelling quantification revealed that no diet was sufficient to arrest neuronal death.Conclusions:With regard to apoptosis induction, the response of Tga20 mice to prion infection was similar to that reported for other mice models. Our results demonstrate the neuroprotective effects of –Cu, −Cu+Mn and +Mn diets in a murine model of scrapie. However, neuronal death induced by infection with prions seems to be independent of apoptosis marker signalling. Moreover, copper‐modified diets were neuroprotective against the possible toxicity of the prion transgene in Tga20 control and infected mice even though manganese supplementation could not counteract this toxicity.
Chamaebotrys prolifera sp. nov. (Rhodymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea, based on morphology and small subunit rDNA sequences
Authors: Ballantine David L. , Ruiz Hector , Lozada‐Troche Chad 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYA new rhodymeniacean species, Chamaebotrys prolifera, is described from a shallow water habitat in Puerto Rico, representing the first occurrence of the genus in the Atlantic Ocean. Plants, to 5 cm across, are decumbent and comprised of compressed vesicles that are originally proliferously branched at the perimeter. Older vesicles become branched from their dorsal surfaces as well. Branches are septate at their origin and become irregularly shaped with age. Anastomoses between adjacent vesicles is common. Individual vesicles measure to 15 mm in broadest dimension. Vesicle walls consist of two layers of medullary cells and two layers of cortical cells. Tetrasporangia, which occur in diffuse nemathecia, are spherical, to 30 µm in diameter and are cut off terminally from an inner cortical cell. Cystocarps are hemispherical measuring to 800 µm in diameter and 350 µm in height. Spermatangia are apparently cut off randomly from outer cortical cells across the thallus surface. Molecular evidence confirms placement of Chamaebotrys within the Rhodymeniaceae.
Housing and living with a mental illness: Exploring carers' views
Authors: Browne Graeme , Hemsley Martin 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTPublic policy and an increasing body of literature identify housing as a critical element in recovery. Without suitable housing, people have little chance of maintaining other resources in their lives, such as supportive relationships and meaningful activities. It is also public policy that carers are central to decision making. There is evidence in the literature that carers often make a significant contribution to consumers staying well. Unfortunately, carers often feel ignored and/or excluded from decision making. This study is part two of a two‐part study (see Browne et al. 2008). It used focus groups with seven carers to explore their perspectives on recovery, with a particular focus on housing needs. The participants agreed that quality housing is a critical element of recovery. They identified ‘safety and vulnerability’ and ‘stigma’ as the important issues to be considered. They recommended that supported housing be stable, that services come to the consumer, and that the safety of consumers be a priority. This study took place in Australia and the findings have relevance there, but there are also implications for mental health service delivery internationally.
Oral health‐related quality of life and dental status in an outpatient psychiatric population: A multivariate approach
Authors: Persson Karin , Axtelius Björn , Söderfeldt Björn , Östman Margareta 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTResearch related to oral health in people with mental health problems may deepen our understanding of the quality of life of such individuals. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between oral status, health perceptions and life satisfaction, and their impacts on oral health‐related quality of life (OHQoL). Data were collected from 113 patients in outpatient psychiatric care using a structured interview and an oral examination. Six multivariate models (one comprising the total population, three separate diagnostic groups, and two sex groups) investigated the variance in OHQoL. In the total population, the number of teeth, subjective life satisfaction, perception of physical health, sex, and relying on chance accounted for 40% of the variance. In the group consisting of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia 41% of the variance was explained by the variables ‘number of teeth’ and ‘perception of physical health’. In the group diagnosed with mood disorders, the variable ‘number of teeth’ accounted for 58% of the variance. The variance in the remaining group of diagnoses was explained, up to 38%, by life satisfaction and reliance on chance. The sex models revealed significant differences: men considered the responsibility of caring for their oral health as a health matter, while women saw oral health as a more subjective issue. The perception of OHQoL was found to be dependent on the particular psychiatric diagnosis and sex. Such findings can be of use in the development of rehabilitation, as well as preventive strategies that could be individually tailored to maintain OHQoL and oral health.
The anatomical basis for a novel classification of osteoarthritis and allied disorders
Authors: McGonagle Dennis , Tan Ai Lyn , Carey John , Benjamin Michael 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) has historically been classified as ‘primary’ where no discernible cause was evident and ‘secondary’ where a triggering factor was apparent. Irrespective of the triggering events, late‐stage OA is usually characterized by articular cartilage attrition and consequently the anatomical basis for disease has been viewed in terms of cartilage. However, the widespread application of magnetic resonance imaging in early OA has confirmed several different anatomical abnormalities within diseased joints. A key observation has been that several types of primary or idiopathic OA show ligament‐related pathology at the time of clinical presentation, so these categories of disease are no longer idiopathic – at least from the anatomical perspective. There is also ample evidence for OA initiation in other structures including menisci and bones in addition to articular cartilage. Therefore, a new classification for OA is proposed, which is based on the anatomical sites of earliest discernible joint structural involvement. The major proposed subgroups within this classification are ligament‐, cartilage‐, bone‐, meniscal‐ and synovial‐related, in addition to disease that is mixed pattern or multifocal in origin. We show how such a structural classification for OA provides a useful reference framework for staging the magnitude of disease. For late‐stage or end‐stage/whole organ disease, the final common pathway of these different scenarios, joint replacement strategies are likely to remain the only viable option. However, for younger subjects in particular, near the time of clinical disease onset, this scheme has implications for therapy targeted to specific anatomical locations. Thus, in the same way that tumours can be classified and staged according to their tissue of origin and extent of involvement, OA can likewise be anatomically classified and staged. This has implications for therapeutic strategies including regenerative medicine therapy development.