bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Roles of WIN3 in Regulating Disease Resistance, Cell Death, and Flowering Time in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Guan-Feng , Seabolt Savanna , Hamdoun Safae , Ng Gina , Park Jin , Lu Hua 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe salicylic acid (SA) regulatory gene HOPW1-1-INTERACTING3 (WIN3) was previously shown to confer resistance to the biotrophic pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Here, we report that WIN3 controls broad-spectrum disease resistance to the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea and contributes to basal defense induced by flg22, a 22-amino acid peptide derived from the conserved region of bacterial flagellin proteins. Genetic analysis indicates that WIN3 acts additively with several known SA regulators, including PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4, NONEXPRESSOR OF PR GENES1 (NPR1), and SA INDUCTION-DEFICIENT2, in regulating SA accumulation, cell death, and/or disease resistance in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutant acd6-1. Interestingly, expression of WIN3 is also dependent on these SA regulators and can be activated by cell death, suggesting that WIN3-mediated signaling is interconnected with those derived from other SA regulators and cell death. Surprisingly, we found that WIN3 and NPR1 synergistically affect flowering time via influencing the expression of flowering regulatory genes FLOWERING LOCUS C and FLOWERING LOCUS T. Taken together, our data reveal that WIN3 represents a novel node in the SA signaling networks to regulate plant defense and flowering time. They also highlight that plant innate immunity and development are closely connected processes, precise regulation of which should be important for the fitness of plants.
Spread and development of quambalaria shoot blight in spotted gum plantations
Authors: Pegg G. S. , Nahrung H. , Carnegie A. J. , Wingfield M. J. , Drenth A. 
Published: May 2011

The aim of this study was to examine the disease development of quambalaria shoot blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Quambalaria pitereka, in plantation‐grown spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora subsp. citriodora, C. citriodora subsp. variegata, C. henryi and C. maculata) in south‐east Queensland, Australia. The results showed that native spotted gums are a primary source of inoculum followed rapidly by the production of secondary inoculum from infected trees in the plantation. The rate of spread and development of Q. pitereka within plantations increased exponentially over time as additional trees became infected and produced secondary inoculum. Spore concentration was shown to play an important role in disease development, with disease severity increasing with increasing disease incidence on individual trees and incidence across the plantation.
The Mesozoic palaeorelief of the northern Tian Shan (China)
Authors: Chen Ke , Gumiaux Charles , Augier Romain , Chen Yan , Wang Qingchen , Lin Wei , Wang Shengli 
Published: May 2011

Terra Nova, 23, 195–205, 2011AbstractThe Tian Shan range offers a natural laboratory to study orogenic processes. Most of the previous studies focused on either the Palaeozoic evolution of the range or its Cenozoic intracontinental evolution linked with the India–Asia collision. In this study, it is shown that detailed field investigations on the relationship between sedimentary cover and basement constrain the Mesozoic evolution of the northern Tian Shan. Sedimentological observations argue for a limited transport distance for Lower and Uppermost Jurassic deposits. Geological sections presented in this paper show that, in preserved locations, Triassic to Jurassic sedimentary series present a continuous onlap type sedimentary unconformity on the top of the basement. At different scales, observations clearly evidence the existence of major palaeorelief during the Mesozoic. According to the present study, the topography of the current Tian Shan range and the associated movements along its northern front structures cannot be considered as the consequence of Cenozoic reactivation alone.
Outpatient treatment of children with severe pneumonia with oral amoxicillin in four countries: the MASS study
Authors: Addo‐Yobo Emmanuel , Anh Dang D. , El‐Sayed Hesham F. , Fox LeAnne M. , Fox Matthew P. , MacLeod William , Saha Samir , Tuan Tran A. , Thea Donald M. , Qazi Shamim ,   for the Multicenter Amoxicillin Severe pneumonia Study (MASS) Group
Published: May 2011

SummaryObjective  A recent randomized clinical trial demonstrated home‐based treatment of WHO‐defined severe pneumonia with oral amoxicillin was equivalent to hospital‐based therapy and parenteral antibiotics. We aimed to determine whether this finding is generalizable across four countries.Methods  Multicentre observational study in Bangladesh, Egypt, Ghana and Vietnam between November 2005 and May 2008. Children aged 3–59 months with WHO‐defined severe pneumonia were enrolled at participating health centres and managed at home with oral amoxicillin (80–90 mg/kg per day) for 5 days. Children were followed up at home on days 1, 2, 3 and 6 and at a facility on day 14 to look for cumulative treatment failure through day 6 and relapse between days 6 and 14.Results  Of 6582 children screened, 873 were included, of whom 823 had an outcome ascertained. There was substantial variation in presenting characteristics by site. Bangladesh and Ghana had fever (97%) as a more common symptom than Egypt (74%) and Vietnam (66%), while in Vietnam, audible wheeze was more common (49%) than at other sites (range 2–16%). Treatment failure by day 6 was 9.2% (95% CI: 7.3–11.2%) across all sites, varying from 6.4% (95% CI: 3.1–9.8%) in Ghana to 13.2% (95% CI: 8.4–18.0%) in Vietnam; 2.7% (95% CI: 1.5–3.9%) of the 733 children well on day 6 relapsed by day 14. The most common causes of treatment failure were persistence of lower chest wall indrawing (LCI) at day 6 (3.8%; 95% CI: 2.6–5.2%), abnormally sleepy or difficult to wake (1.3%; 95% CI: 0.7–2.3%) and central cyanosis (1.3%; 95% CI: 0.7–2.3%). All children survived and only one adverse drug reaction occurred. Treatment failure was more frequent in young infants and those presenting with rapid respiratory rates.Conclusions  Clinical treatment failure and adverse event rates among children with severe pneumonia treated at home with oral amoxicillin did not substantially differ across geographic areas. Thus, home‐based therapy of severe pneumonia can be applied to a wide variety of settings.
Disseminated zygomycosis due to Mycocladus corymbifera with cutaneous and cerebral involvement
Authors: Schofield Clare , Stern Alexander , Jevtic Andrew 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTFungal infections caused by zygomycetes are important and potentially life threatening infections. These opportunistic moulds have been increasingly implicated in human disease and are most frequently seen in immune compromised patients. We report a case of disseminated infection with Mycocladus corymbifera involving the brain, lungs, kidneys and skin in a 16‐year‐old patient with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The skin lesions played a significant role in the diagnosis of mucormycosis. These infections have an exceedingly high mortality rate and early recognition of cutaneous lesions is essential to successful management.
Development and plasticity of endangered shrubLindera melissifolia(Lauraceae) seedlings under contrasting light regimes
Authors: LOCKHART BRIAN ROY , GARDINER EMILE S. , STAUTZ THERAN , LEININGER THEODOR D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractLindera melissifolia(Walt.) Blume seedlings were raised in a growth chamber to determine the effects of light availability on shoot growth pattern, and basic leaf and stem growth.Lindera melissifoliaseedlings exhibited a sympodial shoot growth pattern for 3 months following emergence from the soil medium, but this pattern was characterized by a reduction in leaf blade area approximately 30 days after emergence, followed by increases in leaf blade area. Seedlings receiving low light were 76% taller than seedlings receiving high light. Seedlings receiving low light also had larger leaf blade dimensions, blade area, seedling leaf area, and greater mass. Seedlings raised in high light had a greater proportional distribution of biomass in the roots, suggesting possible water stress from greater vapor pressure deficits. Furthermore, these seedlings displayed sharp angles of blade inclination and blade folding – acclimation that reduces exposure to light and subsequent higher leaf temperatures in open environments. These differences in morphological response to light resulted in high phenotypic variability inL. melissifoliaseedlings.Lindera melissifoliaseedling development showed a brief period of phenotypic plasticity, followed by ontogenetic plasticity. The short period of phenotypic plasticity may, however, have profound ecological implications for the conservation and recovery of this federally endangered shrub. Further experimentation should take into account the development of ontogenetic standards for comparisons of plant traits in addition to temporal standards.
Association of polypharmacy with fall risk among geriatric outpatients
Authors: Kojima Taro , Akishita Masahiro , Nakamura Tetsuro , Nomura Kazushi , Ogawa Sumito , Iijima Katsuya , Eto Masato , Ouchi Yasuyoshi 
Published: May 2011

Aim:  To investigate the association of fall risk with comorbidities and medications in geriatric outpatients in a cross‐sectional design.Methods:  A total of 262 outpatients (84 men and 178 women, mean age 76.2 ± 6.8 years) were evaluated. Physical examination, clinical histories and medication profile were obtained from each patient. History of falls in the past year, 22‐item fall risk index, 13‐point simple screening test for fall, and time interval of one‐leg standing test were examined as markers of fall risk.Results:  On univariate analysis, older age, female sex, hypertension, osteoporosis, history of stroke, number of comorbidities, use of antihypertensives, aspirin, bisphosphonates, hypnotics and number of prescribed drugs were significantly associated with either of four indices. On multiple regression analysis, the number of drugs was associated with all of the four indices, independent of other factors associated in the univariate analysis. The association of number of drugs with fall risk indices was stepwise.Conclusion:  In geriatric outpatients, polypharmacy rather than number of comorbidities was associated with fall risk. Prospective and intervention studies are needed to clarify the causal relationship between polypharmacy, comorbidities and fall risk. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 438–444.
Acceptability of cognitive‐behaviour therapy via the Internet for cessation of benzodiazepine use
Authors: PARR JANNETTE M. , KAVANAGH DAVID J. , YOUNG ROSS McD. , MITCHELL GEOFFREY 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims:  Long‐term use of benzodiazepines remains common, and conveys significant risk. Providing psychological intervention in association with gradual dose reduction increases cessation rates above dose reduction alone, but appropriate psychological support is difficult to obtain. This study was undertaken to assess the outcomes of an uncontrolled case series of an Internet‐based cognitive‐behaviour therapy for benzodiazepine cessation. Design and Methods:  Users of benzodiazepines for >3 months who wanted to reduce or cease benzodiazepines participated in the trial. They completed online assessments and accessed 13 newsletters on managing withdrawal symptoms and developing alternate ways to cope with life events. Therapist assistance was provided by email. Follow up was at 3 and 6 months and feedback was obtained via comments and emails. Results:  Program ratings and emailed comments of the program were positive. Thirty‐two people registered for the program and 14 (44%) completed a 6 month follow up. Of these, eight (57%) reduced weekly intake by at least half, including five (36%) who ceased use. Shorter duration of use and birth outside Australia predicted greater percentage reductions at 3 months, while being living with a partner and being in paid employment predicted reductions at 6 months. Discussion and Conclusions:  While results were encouraging, controlled research is required to confirm the efficacy of the program, and engagement of both users and prescribers needs further attention. [Parr JM, Kavanagh DJ, Young RM, Mitchell G. Acceptability of cognitive‐behaviour therapy via the Internet for cessation of benzodiazepine use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:306–314]
The prescription drug epidemic in the United States: A perfect storm
Authors: MAXWELL JANE CARLISLE 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Abuse of prescription analgesics in the USA is increasing. The epidemic has been driven by many factors, including marketing strategies, incorrect prescribing practices, a variety of legal and illegal drug sources, belated governmental responses and increases in the number of prescriptions written. Design and Methods. Data sources including surveys, emergency room visits, treatment admissions, overdose deaths, toxicology laboratory findings and journal articles were examined to identify trends. Results. The surveys and emergency department visits show use lowest among young teenagers and highest among older teenagers and young adults, with significant increases among those aged 55 and older. The length of time between initial use of an opioid other than heroin and admission to treatment is shortening. Mortality data and toxicology exhibits confirm the increases and show the variation in the prevalence of various drugs across the USA. Discussion and Conclusions. Abuse is increasing, with varying patterns of use by high‐risk groups and different geographic preferences. Prescription drug monitoring programs are being developed in each of the US states to deter ‘doctor shopping’; the Food and Drug Administration has increased authority over manufacturers; and options for proper disposal of leftover medications exist. There is increased emphasis on responsible prescribing including risk assessments, prescribing agreements, treatment plans, and training for clinicians, as well as monitoring the interactions with benzodiazepines. However, unless these efforts decrease diversion, abuse and addiction, clinicians may lose the ability to use some of these opioids for effective pain management or so many barriers will be raised that pain will go undertreated or untreated.[Maxwell JC. The prescription drug epidemic in the United States: A perfect storm. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:264–270]
Trends over time in characteristics of pharmaceutical drug‐related ambulance attendances in Melbourne
Authors: LLOYD BELINDA K. , McELWEE PAUL R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. There is growing concern regarding pharmaceutical drug‐related harms. Evidence suggests increasing non‐medical use of pharmaceutical drugs, along with associated morbidity and mortality. This paper explores trends of pharmaceutical‐related ambulance attendances over the past decade in order to identify populations experiencing acute harm, and levels of harms in the community. Design and Methods. A retrospective analysis of pharmaceutical drug‐related ambulance attendances in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia, is presented, with rates of attendances over the period 2000 to 2009 and change over time examined. Characteristics of attendances are explored to understand the nature of presentation and demographic characteristics. Results. Benzodiazepines represented the drug group with the highest rates of attendances over the 10 year period. Rates of attendances increased significantly for opioid analgesics, while significant decreases were noted for benzodiazepines, antidepressant and anticonvulsants. While women represented the majority of patients for each drug category presented over the period examined, there was an increase in the proportion of men attended in relation to opioid analgesics. Alcohol involvement in presentations has increased significantly for all drug groups. Discussion and Conclusions. Increasing pharmaceutical‐related ambulance attendances for opioid analgesics reflect increasing use, with the increase in other analgesic‐related attendances also concerning. The overrepresentation of female patients reflects a population experiencing drug‐related harm not reflected in illicit drug research. The rise of alcohol involvement represents heightened risk of adverse events including death, and suggests an area for public education to prevent alcohol and drug‐related harms.[Lloyd BK, McElwee PR. Trends over time in characteristics of pharmaceutical drug‐related ambulance attendances in Melbourne. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:271–280]
Increasing the benefits and reducing the harms of prescription opioid analgesics
Authors: HALLINAN RICHARD , OSBORN MARY , COHEN MILTON , DOBBIN MALCOLM , WODAK ALEX 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIssues. Consumption of prescription opioid analgesics (POAs) in Australia has increased steadily in recent years, raising concerns of increasing harms including overdose and dependence, as has occurred in the USA. Approach. Exposition of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians Prescription Opioid Policy with reference to the published literature, drawing out principles for harm reduction for psychoactive pharmaceutical drugs. Key Findings. Complex professional, patient, regulatory and market factors influence health professionals balancing the benefits and harms of POAs. Owing to the potential for diversion, overlapping markets probably exist for pharmaceutical opioids used for populations with cancer pain, chronic non‐cancer pain, and people dependent on pharmaceutical and illicit opioids (including those needing opioid substitution treatment). Attempts to reduce or restrict supply in one area may increase demand in others. There is a need to consider new harm reduction strategies for people with problematic pharmaceutical opioid use. These people are demographically not well characterised, and may be distinct from the more familiar population of injection drug users. Implications. Harm reduction is a valid approach for POAs. However, the role of health professionals as gatekeepers of opioid supply, the need to optimise health benefits of POAs, and the likely interplay of complex market forces among populations consuming opioids have no close parallel in harm reduction for other substances. This poses fundamentally different challenges. Conclusions. Reducing inappropriate supply and demand for POAs while maximising their benefits and minimising their harms may improve health outcomes.[Hallinan R, Osborn M, Cohen M, Dobbin M, Wodak A. Increasing the benefits and reducing the harms of prescription opioid analgesics. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:315–323]
Hospital‐reported Data on the Pneumonia Quality Measure “Time to First Antibiotic Dose” Are Not Associated With Inpatient Mortality: Results of a Nationwide Cross‐sectional Analysis
Authors: Quattromani Erin , Powell Emilie S. , Khare Rahul K. , Cheema Navneet , Sauser Kori , Periyanayagam Usha , Pirotte Matthew J , Feinglass Joe , Mark Courtney D. 
Published: May 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:496–503 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Significant controversy exists regarding the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) “time to first antibiotics dose” (TFAD) quality measure. The objective of this study was to determine whether hospital performance on the TFAD measure for patients admitted from the emergency department (ED) for pneumonia is associated with decreased mortality.Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional analysis of 95,704 adult ED admissions with a principal diagnosis of pneumonia from 530 hospitals in the 2007 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. The sample was merged with 2007 CMS Hospital Compare data, and hospitals were categorized into TFAD performance quartiles. Univariate association of TFAD performance with inpatient mortality was evaluated by chi‐square test. A population‐averaged logistic regression model was created with an exchangeable working correlation matrix of inpatient mortality adjusted for age, sex, comorbid conditions, weekend admission, payer status, income level, hospital size, hospital location, teaching status, and TFAD performance.Results:  Patients had a mean age of 69.3 years. In the adjusted analysis, increasing age was associated with increased mortality with odds ratios (ORs) of >2.3. Unadjusted inpatient mortality was 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.9% to 4.2%). Median time to death was 5 days (25th–75th interquartile range = 2–11). Mean TFAD quality performance was 77.7% across all hospitals (95% CI = 77.6% to 77.8%). The risk‐adjusted OR of mortality was 0.89 (95% CI = 0.77 to 1.02) in the highest performing TFAD quartile, compared to the lowest performing TFAD quartile. The second highest performing quartile OR was 0.94 (95% CI = 0.82 to 1.08), and third highest performing quartile was 0.91 (95% CI = 0.79 to 1.05).Conclusions:  In this nationwide heterogeneous 2007 sample, there was no association between the publicly reported TFAD quality measure performance and pneumonia inpatient mortality.
Utilization of Radiographs for the Diagnosis of Ankle Fractures in Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Dowdall Hilary , Gee Marianne , Brison Robert J. , Pickett William 
Published: May 2011

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2011; 18:555–558 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  This study assessed the utilization and clinical yield of radiographs ordered to assist in the diagnosis of acute ankle injuries presenting to two emergency departments (EDs) in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, over a 7‐year period.Methods:  A large case series was assembled. Records of ankle injuries from the Kingston sites of the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) were linked to hospital discharge records containing procedure codes. Utilization of radiographs and the clinical yield of these assessments were analyzed over time.Results:  Following exclusions, 7,706 acute ankle injuries were identified for analysis. Utilization of radiography increased modestly over time, to a high of 70.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 67.3% to 72.9%) in 2007. The percentage of cases positive for fracture remained consistent (18.3% to 21.9% annually).Conclusions:  Explanations for the observed increase in utilization of radiographs remain uncertain. Increased use of clinical decision tools such as the Ottawa Ankle Rules (OAR) appear to be required to reduce procedure costs within the ED and to limit patient exposure to radiography.