bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wax matters: absence of very‐long‐chain aldehydes from the leaf cuticular wax of the glossy11 mutant of maize compromises the prepenetration processes of Blumeria graminis
Authors: Hansjakob A. , Riederer M. , Hildebrandt U. 
Published: May 2011

Conidial germination and differentiation, the so‐called prepenetration processes, of the barley powdery mildew fungus (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) are triggered in vitro by very‐long‐chain aldehydes, minor constituents of barley leaf wax. However, until now it has not been demonstrated that these cuticle‐derived molecules also play a significant role in the initiation and promotion of the fungal prepenetration processes in vivo, on the surface of a living plant leaf. In the maize (Zea mays) wax mutant glossy11, which is completely devoid of cuticular very‐long‐chain aldehydes, germination and appressorial differentiation of B. graminis were strongly impeded. Spraying the mutant leaf surface with aldehyde‐containing wild‐type wax or pure n‐hexacosanal (C26‐aldehyde) fully restored fungal prepenetration, whereas maize wild‐type leaf surfaces coated with n‐docosanoic acid exhibited reduced conidial germination rates of 23%, and only 5% of the conidia differentiated infection structures. In vitro studies were performed to further corroborate the extensive prevention of fungal germination and differentiation in response to artificial surfaces coated with aldehyde‐deficient maize wax. Because of its phenotype affecting the B. graminis prepenetration processes, the glossy11 mutation of maize may become a valuable molecular target and genetic tool that could provide a means of developing basal powdery mildew resistance in the globally important crops wheat and barley.
Nature and stability of atoll island shorelines: Gilbert Island chain, Kiribati, equatorial Pacific
Authors: RANKEY EUGENE C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIslands rimming Pacific atolls typically form narrow, low‐lying lands that are commonly perceived to be particularly vulnerable to global changes such as sea‐level rise. As these, low islands form the only habitable land for many island nations, understanding the character of shorelines, and the rates and controls that operate to bring about changes, is an issue of central importance. The purpose of this study is to unravel the characteristics of coastal change on atoll islands of the Gilbert Island chain of the equatorial Pacific nation of Kiribati, especially as they relate to autogenic shoreline processes and El Niño/Southern Oscillation variability. Integration of field observations, differential global positioning system data, historical aerial photographs and ultra‐high resolution remote sensing images demonstrates the nature, spatial patterns and rates of change from 17 islands on Maiana and Aranuka atolls. The results illustrate that, between 2005 and 2009, ca 50% of the shorelines on these islands displayed a discernable shift in position; some shorelines were accretionary (at net rates up to ca 8 m year−1) and others were erosional (up to ca 18 m year−1). Long‐term net rates of change on Maiana between 1969 and 2009 were lower than short‐term net rates measured between 2005 and 2009. Both short‐term and long‐term observations illustrate some of the greatest change occur near terminations of the largest, north–south oriented islands, associated with longshore movement of coarse sand and gravel. Direct hits by tropical depressions and marked seasonality, factors interpreted as being essential in island growth and shoreline dynamics elsewhere, do not directly impact these equatorial atolls and can be eliminated as fundamental controls on shoreline dynamics. Similarly, observations over four years suggested that shoreline variability probably is not influenced directly by marked sea‐level change, although a recent increase in the rates of shoreline change could reflect instability related to the cumulative effect of a long‐term increase in the rate of sea‐level rise. Within this framework of global change, local anthropogenic effects, autogenic shoreline processes and El Niño/Southern Oscillation‐influenced wind and wave variability control many aspects of these dynamic shorelines. These results provide quantitative insights into the character and variability of rates of shoreline change, information essential for evaluating and mitigating the vulnerability of island nations such as Kiribati.
Arabidopsis ocp3 mutant reveals a mechanism linking ABA and JA to pathogen‐induced callose deposition
Authors: García‐Andrade Javier , Ramírez Vicente , Flors Victor , Vera Pablo 
Published: May 2011

SummaryIn the present study, we evaluated the role of the defense‐related gene OCP3 in callose deposition as a response to two necrotrophic fungal pathogens, Botrytis cinerea and Plectosphaerella cucumerina. ocp3 plants exhibited accelerated and intensified callose deposition in response to fungal infection associated with enhanced disease resistance to the two pathogens. A series of double mutant analyses showed potentiation of callose deposition and the heightened disease resistance phenotype in ocp3 plants required the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) and the PMR4 gene encoding a callose synthase. This finding was congruent with an observation that ocp3 plants exhibited increased ABA accumulation, and ABA was rapidly synthesized following fungal infection in wild‐type plants. Furthermore, we determined that potentiation of callose deposition in ocp3 plants, including enhanced disease resistance, also required jasmonic acid (JA) recognition though a COI1 receptor, however JA was not required for basal callose deposition following fungal infection. In addition, potentiation of callose deposition in ocp3 plants appeared to follow a different mechanism than that proposed for callose β‐amino‐butyric acid (BABA)‐induced resistance and priming, because ocp3 plants responded to BABA‐induced priming for callose deposition and induced resistance of a magnitude similar to that observed in wild‐type plants. Our results point to a model in which OCP3 represents a specific control point for callose deposition regulated by JA yet ultimately requiring ABA. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of callose deposition regulation in response to pathogen attack; however the complexities of the processes remain poorly understood.
Herbicide hormesis – can it be useful in crop production?
Authors: BELZ R G , CEDERGREEN N , DUKE S O 
Published: May 2011

Belz RG, Cedergreen N & Duke SO (2011). Herbicide hormesis – can it be useful in crop production? Weed Research51, 321–332.SummaryThe yield‐enhancing effects of some pesticides may change the focus of their use in crop production, from crop protection to crop enhancement. While such beneficial uses of pesticides are specifically en vogue for fungicides and seed treatments, the use of herbicides for crop enhancement has not yet been realised. The potential for improving crop production by low‐dose, stimulatory effects of herbicides has been proposed, and reports of 10–25% efficiency of improving certain plant traits under field conditions seem promising. However, past attempts to make use of herbicide hormesis, the term for this effect, have been largely unsuccessful. The reasons for this may be manifold, but the lack of understanding of the principles and mechanisms of this low‐dose phenomenon in plants may have contributed to the often claimed lack of adequate predictability for commercial use. Thanks to the research progress recently made in this area, we are now better able to understand the principles of herbicide hormesis and its potential for crop enhancement. Therefore, this review highlights the potential of phytotoxins to induce plant hormesis and the factors influencing its expression. Based on this, possible practical constraints and consequences for the portfolio of uses for herbicides are discussed, along with undesired but apparent hormetic side effects of herbicides.
Direct pressure measurement in the hepatic artery during liver transplantation: can it prevent the “steal” syndrome?
Authors: Wojcicki Maciej , Pakosz‐Golanowska Monika , Lubikowski Jerzy , Post Mariola , Jarosz Konrad , Milkiewicz Piotr 
Published: May 2011

Wojcicki M, Pakosz‐Golanowska M, Lubikowski J, Post M, Jarosz K, Milkiewicz P. Direct pressure measurement in the hepatic artery during liver transplantation: can it prevent the “steal” syndrome?  Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2011.01478.x.  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Splenic artery “steal” syndrome after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is an important cause of graft dysfunction. Direct pressure measurement in the hepatic (HA) and radial artery (RA) may identify patients at risk allowing its prevention. This observational study compared radial and hepatic mean arterial pressures (MAP) measured during 100 OLTs performed in 99 recipients, in whom the HA was considered suitable for the anastomosis. A difference of ≥5 mmHg between the radial and hepatic MAP was arbitrarily chosen as the criterion for inflow modulation. Seven patients fulfilled this criterion showing a MAP gradient that was significantly different compared to the others (−10.8 ± 3.3 vs. 2.6 ± 5.0; p < 0.0001). They underwent splenic artery ligation (n = 5), arcuate ligament division (n = 1) and aortohepatic bypass grafting (n = 1) that all resulted in immediate normalization of the arterial inflow pressure to the graft. The splenic artery “steal” syndrome occurred in one patient (day 2 after OLT) in whom the mean HA pressure normalized during OLT following arcuate ligament division, suggesting pathology within the graft as the most likely etiology. Our results indicate that radial MAP can reflect the hepatic MAP during OLT. If a substantial pressure gradient is found, it can be corrected by intraoperative splenic artery ligation or arcuate ligament division.
Survival of southern pine seedlings after inoculations with Pythium and cold storage in the presence of peat moss
Authors: Jackson D. P. , Enebak S. A. , South D. B. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryCold storing bareroot pine (Pinus spp.) seedlings grown in the southern U.S. for as little as 1 week in a cooler (just above freezing) in the fall (November to mid‐December) has been shown to reduce seedling survival after outplanting. In contrast, survival of container‐grown seedling is typically not affected when stored for 4 weeks in coolers in November and December. Wounds sustained by seedlings as they are lifted from nursery beds may allow Pythium spp. to infect bareroot seedling roots. Once in the cool, moist storage environment, Pythium multiplies and may result in seedling mortality after outplanting. Bareroot loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and container‐grown loblolly, longleaf (Pinus palustris), slash (Pinus elliottii) and shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) seedlings were inoculated with either Pythium dimorphum or Pythium irregulare, cold stored with or without peat moss and monitored for survival after outplanting. Peat moss did not increase bareroot loblolly pine survival or reduce Pythium populations when seedlings were inoculated with Pythium prior to storage. Pythium irregulare reduced survival of longleaf and shortleaf pine grown in peat moss and perlite, respectively. Pythium did not affect loblolly or slash pine, but wounding their roots did reduce seedling survival when grown in containers.
4. Fütterungsversuche mit Tierkörpermehl, Fleischfuttermehl, Fleischknochenmehl und fettarmem Heringsmehl
Authors: Kleberger W. , Horn Val. 
Published: May 2011

ZusammenfassungZusammenfassend können wir feststellen, daß die beiden Versuche ziemlich gleichsinnige Ergebnisse gezeitigt haben. Im ersten Versuche differieren die Gewichtszunahmen der einzelnen Gruppen mehr als im zweiten. Die Gewichtszunahmen sind zwar aus genannten Gründen nicht sehr günstig, aber immerhin befriedigend. Die besten Zunahmen wurden mit Fleischknochenmehl erzielt; ihm ziemlich gleichwertig erwies sich unter Berücksichtigung des oben Erwähnten das fettarme Heringsmehl. An dritter Stelle steht das Tierkörpermehl, an vierter das Fleischfuttermehl. Die besten Verwertungszahlen wurden ebenfalls mit Fleischknochenmehl erzielt; diesem folgt wieder Heringsmehl. Die schlechtesten Verwertungszahlen haben aber nicht die Gruppen mit Fleischfuttermehl, sondern die Gruppen mit Tierkörpermehl. Die beste Schlachtausbeute weisen die Gruppen mit Fleischknochenmehl‐ und Heringsmehlfütterung auf.Die Qualität des Fleisches ist sowohl auf Grund der Besichtigung als auch an Hand der Jodzahlen bei allen Gruppen als gleich gut anzusprechen.Der größte finanzielle Erfolg konnte ebenfalls mit Fleischknochenmehl erzielt werden. Ziemlich gleichwertig stehen Tierkörpermehl und Heringsmehl nebeneinander, während das Fleischfuttermehl den Schluß bildet.In unseren beiden Versuchen haben also die Futtermittel mit dem höchsten Gehalt an phosphorsaurem Kalk am besten abgeschnitten.
Weitere Untersuchungen zur Entstehungsursache der Diprosopus‐ und unvollständigen Schizosomabildung des Rindes
Authors: Nitsche Max 
Published: May 2011

ZusammenfassungDas Resultat der vorliegenden Untersuchung 1äßt sich dahin zusammenfassen, daß die Schizosoma‐ und Diprosopusbildung in einem sehr frühen embryonalen Entwicklungsstadium durch Druckwirkungen zwischen der wachsenden Keimblase und den sich entwickelnden Kotyledonen entstehen, wodurch der entwicklungsmechanische Werdegang des Keimlings gestört, bezw. in eine anormale Bildungsrichtung gedrängt wird.Die Druckwirkungen zwischen Keimblase und Kotyledonen scheinen durch die Wachstumsvorgänge der Keimblase, des Uterus und der Kotyledonen in den ersten Anfängen der Trächtigkeit zu erfolgen, wenn die noch kleine Keimblase sich in unmittelbarer Nähe eines oder mehrerer in der Entwicklung befindlicher Kotyledonen festgesetzt hat.Auf pathologischer Grundlage scheinen diese Mißbildungen, weil sie die Folge entwicklungsmechanischer Störungen frühzeitiger embryonaler Entwicklungsstadien sind, nicht zu beruhen.
Antifungal treatment strategies in patients with haematological diseases or cancer: from prophylaxis to empirical, pre‐emptive and targeted therapy
Authors: Mikolajewska Agata , Schwartz Stefan , Ruhnke Markus 
Published: May 2011

SummaryImmunocompromised patients have a high risk for invasive fungal diseases (IFDs). These infections are mostly life‐threatening and an early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy are essential for the clinical outcome. Empirical treatment is regarded as the standard of care for granulocytopenic patients who remain febrile despite broad‐spectrum antibiotics. However, this strategy can bear a risk of overtreatment and subsequently induce toxicities and unnecessary treatment costs. Pre‐emptive antifungal therapy is now increasingly used to close the time gap between delayed initiation for proven disease and empirical treatment for anticipated infection without further laboratory or radiological evidence of fungal disease. Currently, some new non‐invasive microbiological and laboratory methods, like the Aspergillus‐galactomannan sandwich‐enzyme immunoassay (Aspergillus GM‐ELISA), 1,3‐β‐d‐glucan assay or PCR techniques have been developed for a better diagnosis and determination of target patients. The current diagnostic approaches to fungal infections and the role of the revised definitions for invasive fungal infections, now IFDs, will be discussed in this review as well as old and emerging approaches to empirical, pre‐emptive and targeted antifungal therapies in patients with haemato‐oncological malignancies.
Endoscopic, clinicopathological features and prognosis of very young patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Bai Yu , Li Zhao‐Shen 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground and Aim:  The number of clinical reports of very young (< 35 years) patients with gastric cancer are limited. We aimed to investigate the endoscopic and clinicopathological features and long‐term prognosis of this unique group of patients.Methods:  A prospective endoscopy database review of all consecutive very young patients with gastric cancer was performed. The gender, age, clinical features, endoscopic and pathologic findings, and long‐term survival of these very young patients were analyzed and compared with those of elderly patients.Results:  A total of 210 patients were included with a median age of 31 year, 60.0% was female, and 34.3% presented with alarm features, 19.0% reported family history of gastric cancer. 58.1% of these cancers were located in gastric body, 33.8% were located in the antrum. 63.8% of these cancers were found to be diffuse type; 18.1% of patients underwent curative surgical treatment, and the 5‐year survival rate was 42.1%.Conclusions:  The study describes that very young patients with gastric cancer were mainly females, who were less likely to present with alarm features, but had a high frequency of family history of gastric cancer; and the majority of these cancers were located in gastric body, and they had similar long‐term prognosis compared with elderly counterparts if curative surgical resection was performed.
Sterile abscess formation associated with depot leuprorelin acetate therapy for central precocious puberty
Authors: Johnson Stephanie R , Nolan Richard C , Grant Maree T , Price Glynis J , Siafarikas Aris , Bint Lewis , Choong Catherine SY 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe describe a case of an 8 year old girl with central precocious puberty. She was commenced on 3 monthly intramuscular depot Leuprorelin acetate therapy, as a result of which she developed sterile abscesses. She was converted to daily subcutaneous Leuprorelin acetate therapy with no recurrence of the abscesses. The possible mechanisms for this reaction are described in the article.
Oesophageal applications of the convex curvilinear ultrasound bronchoscope; an illustrative case series
Authors: ABOUZGHEIB WISSAM , SHWEIHAT YOUSEF , BARTTER THADDEUS 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTA series of cases is used to demonstrate use of convex curvilinear ultrasound bronchoscope via the oesophagus in the diagnosis of non‐nodal thoracic disease. This scope has a breadth of application that has not to date been fully explored. Criteria for preferential use of the oesophagus are delineated.
Pleomorphic type of malignant fibrous histiocytoma with myxoid stroma of the vulva in a young woman
Authors: Iwakawa Tokiko , Tsuji Takahiro , Hamada Tomonori , Kamio Masaki , Matsuo Takashi , Yoshinaga Mitsuhiro , Kitajima Shinichi , Douchi Tsutomu 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMalignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of the vulva is extremely rare; to date, there have been nine case reports. Almost all of these cases involved middle‐aged women. We encountered a 21‐year‐old woman with a 4.5 × 2.6 cm superficial, localized, exophytic tumor of the right vulva. Microscopic findings on punch biopsy of the tumor initially suggested a vulvar sarcoma. The patient underwent wide local excision of the vulva. The extirpated specimen demonstrated the pleomorphic type of MFH with myxoid stroma of the vulva. The clinical stage was found to be IIB, based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. Chromosomal analysis of the tumor using the conventional G‐band method was normal (46XX). This seems to be a very rare case of MFH of the vulva in a young woman. Physicians should therefore include MFH in the differential diagnosis of vulvar tumors, even though it is a rare disease.
Ventral premotor cortex neuronal activity matches perceptual decisions
Authors: Acuña Carlos , Pardo‐Vazquez Jose L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe relationship between neuronal activity and psychophysical judgments is central to understanding the brain mechanisms responsible for perceptual decisions. The ventral premotor cortex is known to be involved in representing different components of the decision‐making process. In this cortical area, however, neither the neuronal ability to discriminate nor the trial‐to‐trial relationship between neuronal activity and behavior have been studied during visual decision‐making. We recorded from single neurons while monkeys reported a decision based on the comparison of the orientation of two lines shown sequentially and separated by a delay. Analyses based on signal detection theory provided both the behavioral and neuronal sensitivities (d′) and the coherence between behavioral and neuronal choices. To determine the temporal evolution of neuronal sensitivity and of coherence, the optimal size and position of the encoding windows were assessed. For a subset of neurons from the premotor ventral cortex, neuronal sensitivity was close to behavioral sensitivity and the trial‐to‐trial coherence between the neuronal and behavioral choices was close to 100%. By comparing these results with those obtained in a motor control task we ruled out the possibility of this activity being explained by the motor component of the task. These results suggest that activity in the ventral premotor cortex explains behavioral performance and predicts trial‐to‐trial subject choices.
Are all ICUs the same?
Authors: Wetzel Randall C. , Sachedeva Ramesh , Rice Thomas B. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe ability to compare intensive care units (ICUs) and determine whether they provide the same level of care with regard to efficacy, efficiency, and quality is a cornerstone of understanding critical care and improving the quality of that care. Without collecting high‐quality data, adjusted for severity of illness and analyzed in a comparative fashion, it would not be possible to describe best practices objectively, to identify which ICUs are doing a good job or to learn from those units that are. This review article discusses how and why ICUs are compared. Particular attention is focused on the severity of illness scores, standardized mortality, and comparative reporting. A data collecting network, Virtual Pediatric Systems, limited liability corporation (VPS, LLC), designed for the purposes of determining where differences in critical care can be identified and the value that this adds in improving quality is discussed. Finally, results from this large data sharing collaborative describing the practice of pediatric critical care are included for the purpose of pediatric intensive care units practice benchmarks.
Microbial growth on the edge of desiccation
Authors: de Goffau Marcus C. , van Dijl Jan Maarten , Harmsen Hermie J. M. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe availability of water, which can be expressed in terms of water activity (aw), is one of the most important determinants for microbial homeostasis and growth on surface to air interfaces. Here we show, using an environmental control chamber containing a precisely controlled temperature/aw gradient in combination with a mathematical approach, that the environmental aw growth limit of a microorganism can be lower than its intracellular aw limit. This internal limit represents the point at which microbial cells cannot lower their internal aw any further in response to low external aw values without interfering with essential intracellular processes. To grow at external aw values below their internal limit, microbes need to generate more water metabolically than they lose to their environment. This internal aw limit can be calculated by measuring the aw growth limit of an organism at different water vapour diffusivities using barometric pressure as a variable. Fascinating morphological changes, such as rope‐like superstructures formed by B. subtilis, are furthermore observed in response to low external aw values in particular around the calculated intracellular aw limit. The intracellular aw limit of an organism is a decisive parameter for water limitation‐induced adaptations in cellular hydrophilicity and morphogenesis.