bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accidental Traumatic Head Injury in Infants and Young Children
Authors: Case Mary E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article will discuss accidental head injuries in infants and young children. The first category of injury is the crushing head injury. Static forces applied slowly to the head result in multiple fractures of the skull and contusions and lacerations of the brain resulting from the bone fragments striking the brain.This article will discuss the subject of short falls in young children and the resulting head injuries. Because falls are frequent events in early life, many cases have been collected and many papers written on the subject. Study of these cases is informative about the injuries likely to occur in these falls. Most often, only a minor contact injury such as scalp bruise or laceration results. In a 2 to 3% of falls, a simple linear skull fracture occurs and the majority of these are uneventful in terms of neurological deficit or intracranial bleeding. In about 1% of the fractures, an epidural or subdural hemorrhage occurs. Each of these forms of contact hemorrhages will be discussed and illustrated. While these are relatively rare injuries, it is essential that they can be identified as consistent with an accidental mechanism so that an erroneous diagnosis of inflicted injury is not made.
Impacts of Shewanella oneidensis c‐type cytochromes on aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Authors: Gao Haichun , Barua Soumitra , Liang Yili , Wu Lin , Dong Yangyang , Reed Samantha , Chen Jingrong , Culley Dave , Kennedy David , Yang Yunfeng , He Zhili , Nealson Kenneth H. , Fredrickson James K. , Tiedje James M. , Romine Margaret , Zhou Jizhong 
Published: June 2010

Summary Shewanella are renowned for their ability to utilize a wide range of electron acceptors (EA) for respiration, which has been partially accredited to the presence of a large number of the c‐type cytochromes. To investigate the involvement of c‐type cytochrome proteins in aerobic and anaerobic respiration of Shewanella oneidensis Mr ‐1, 36 in‐frame deletion mutants, among possible 41 predicted, c‐type cytochrome genes were obtained. The potential involvement of each individual c‐type cytochrome in the reduction of a variety of EAs was assessed individually as well as in competition experiments. While results on the well‐studied c‐type cytochromes CymA(SO4591) and MtrC(SO1778) were consistent with previous findings, collective observations were very interesting: the responses of S. oneidensis Mr ‐1 to low and highly toxic metals appeared to be significantly different; CcoO, CcoP and PetC, proteins involved in aerobic respiration in various organisms, played critical roles in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration with highly toxic metals as EA. In addition, these studies also suggested that an uncharacterized c‐type cytochrome (SO4047) may be important to both aerobiosis and anaerobiosis.
Epithelial marker expression in Salzmann nodular degeneration shows characteristics of limbal transient amplifying cells and alludes to an involvement of the epithelium in its pathogenesis
Authors: Eberwein Philipp , Hiss Sonja , Auw‐Haedrich Claudia , Sundmacher Rainer , Hauer Katharina , Boehringer Daniel , Meier Peter , Reinhard Thomas 
Published: June 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  To look at the epithelial nature of Salzmann nodular degeneration (SND) and its possible relation with the aetiology of the subepithelial collagen deposition.Methods:  Histological slides of 28 patients with SND were analysed for limbal and central corneal epithelial markers. Expression pattern of these markers in the basal layer of the epithelium was analysed and compared to the expression pattern in central corneal and limbal epithelium. Statistical analysis was performed by means of analysis of variance.Results:  Expression of the epithelial stem cell marker ABCG2 and p63 was low in SND. Expression of CK12, a marker for terminally differentiated epithelium, was low, as well. But, CK19 and Enolase‐alpha expressions were significantly increased and resembled the expression pattern of transient amplifying cells (TAC) of the limbus.Conclusion:  The epithelium in SND shows similar characteristics as TAC of the limbus and seems to be metabolically more active than the differentiated central corneal epithelium. This could be related to the deposition of subepithelial collagen fibrils seen in SND and points out a possible involvement of the corneal epithelium in the aetiology of Salzmann nodular degeneration.
Primary monophasic synovial sarcoma of the pleura: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by complete resection
Authors: Silva Ramiro G.M. , Gross Jefferson L. , Silva Rodrigo A. , Haddad Fabio J. , Younes Riad N. , Cruz Vasco M. , Avertano‐Rocha Antonio B.M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe describe a rare case of primary pleural synovial sarcoma in a 27‐year‐old man with a 4‐month history of dry cough and left‐sided chest pain. A CT scan showed a large cystic mass in the left pleural cavity. The patient underwent two video‐assisted thoracoscopic biopsies and the diagnosis of synovial sarcoma of the pleura was established. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which resulted in a partial response, the tumor was completely resected with extrapleural pneumonectomy. Pathological findings showed less than 5% of viable cancer and free surgical margins. The patient is clinically well 24 months after surgery, with no evidence of recurrent disease.
Longitudinal Investigation of Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Piglets
Authors: Weese J. S. , Zwambag A. , Rosendal T. , Reid‐Smith R. , Friendship R. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryMethicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged as an important public health concern and pigs have been implicated in human infections. Cross‐sectional studies have demonstrated that MRSA can be commonly found in pigs internationally, but little is known about age‐related changes in MRSA colonization. This study evaluated MRSA colonization in piglets in a longitudinal manner. Serial nasal swabs were collected from piglets born to 10 healthy sows. The prevalence of MRSA colonization on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 was 1% (1/100), 6.2% (3/97), 8.5% (8/94), 4.4% (4/91) and 20% (18/91) respectively, with an overall pre‐weaning prevalence of 34.5%. The prevalence on days 28, 42, 56 and 70 was 34% (31/91), 65% (57/88), 50% (44/88) and 42% (36/87) respectively, with an overall post‐weaning prevalence of 85%. Eighty‐four percent of piglets from negative sows and 100% of piglets from positive sows that survived at least until the time of weaning were colonized with MRSA at one or more times during the study. There was a significant association between sow and piglet colonization. The age of the piglet was significantly associated with the probability of colonization. No piglets or sows received antimicrobials during the study period. These results indicate that age must be considered when designing surveillance programmes and interpreting results of different studies on MRSA.
Laminar inflammatory gene expression in the carbohydrate overload model of equine laminitis
Authors: LEISE B. S. , FALEIROS R. R. , WATTS M. , JOHNSON P. J. , BLACK S. J. , BELKNAP J. K. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:There is a need to assess the laminar inflammatory response in a laminitis model that more closely resembles clinical cases of sepsis‐related laminitis than the black walnut extract (BWE) model.Objectives:To determine if a similar pattern of laminar inflammation, characterised by proinflammatory cytokine expression, occurs in the CHO model of laminitis as has been previously reported for the BWE model.Methods:Sixteen horses administered 17.6 g of starch (85% corn starch/15% wood flour)/kg bwt via nasogastric (NG) tube were anaesthetised either after developing a temperature >38.9°C (DEV group, n = 8) or at onset of Obelgrade 1lameness (OG1 group, n = 8). Control horses (CON group, n = 8) were anaesthetised 24 h after NG administration of 6 l of deionised water. Laminar tissue was collected from horses while under anaesthesia, followed by humane euthanasia. Real time‐quantitative PCR was used to assess laminar mRNA concentrations of genes involved in inflammatory signalling.Results:Increased mRNA concentrations (P<0.05) for IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐12p35, COX‐2, E‐selectin and ICAM‐1 were present in laminae from horses with OG1 lameness but not at the DEV time, when compared to the CON horses. No differences between the groups were found for IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐10, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ or COX‐1 at either the DEV or OG1 time points.Conclusions:There was a notable difference in the temporal pattern of inflammatory events between the BWE and CHO models, with the majority of laminar inflammatory events appearing to occur at or near the onset of lameness in the CHO model, whereas many of these events peak earlier in the developmental stages in the BWE model. This suggests that, in addition to circulating inflammatory molecules, there may be a local phenomenon in the CHO model resulting in the simultaneous onset of multiple laminar events including endothelial activation, leucocyte emigration and proinflammatory cytokine expression.Potential relevance:The similar (although somewhat delayed) inflammatory response in the CHO model of laminitis indicates that inflammatory signalling is a consistent entity in the pathophysiology of laminitis.
Serum biomarker levels for musculoskeletal disease in two‐ and three‐year‐old racing Thoroughbred horses: A prospective study of 130 horses
Authors: FRISBIE D. D. , Mc ILWRAITH C. W. , ARTHUR R. M. , BLEA J. , BAKER V. A. , BILLINGHURST R. C. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReason for performing study:Biomarkers have shown somein vivopromise for the detection of musculoskeletal injuries, but further study to assess biomarker levels in clinical orthopaedic disease is required.Objective:To assess 7 serum biomarkers for the detection of musculoskeletal injuries.Methods:Two‐ and 3‐year‐old racehorses were entered into the study (n = 238). Exit criteria were lack of training for >30 days, or completion of 10 study months. Data from horses with solitary musculoskeletal injuries and completion of >2 months were analysed. Musculoskeletal injury was considered intra‐articular fragmentation (IAF), tendon or ligamentous injury (TL), stress fractures (SF) and dorsal metacarpal disease (DMD). Monthly lameness examination and serum collection were performed. Serum was analysed for glycosaminoglycan (GAG),type IandIIcollagen degradation (C1, 2C),type IIcollagen synthesis (CPII),type IIcollagen degradation (Col CEQ), aggrecan synthesis (CS846), osteocalcin (OC) as a marker of bone formation and (C‐terminal telopeptide oftype Icollagen) CTX as a marker of bone degradation.Results:Of the 238 horses 59 injured and 71 uninjured control horses met the analysis criteria. Based on injury no significant differences in the proportions were observed for age, gender or lesion type, although a higher proportion of injuries occurred at the beginning of the study. Of injured horses, 16 (27%) sustained an IAF, 17 (29%) a TL injury, 7 (12%) SF and 19 (32%) were diagnosed with DMD. There were significant changes seen in biomarkers based on the injury incurred when longitudinal samples were assessed. Furthermore, based on the serum biomarkers collected prior to injury, horses could be correctly classified as injured or uninjured 73.8% of the time.Conclusions:A unique biomarker pattern occurred before each injury and this was beneficial in classifying horses as injured or uninjured.Potential relevance:Biomarkers have the potential to be used as a screening aid prior to musculoskeletal injury.
Exercising upper respiratory videoendoscopic evaluation of 100 nonracing performance horses with abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance
Authors: DAVIDSON E. J. , MARTIN B. B. , BOSTON R. C. , PARENTE E. J. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Although well documented in racehorses, there is paucity in the literature regarding the prevalence of dynamic upper airway abnormalities in nonracing performance horses.Objective:To describe upper airway function of nonracing performance horses with abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance via exercising upper airway videoendoscopy.Methods:Medical records of nonracing performance horses admitted for exercising evaluation with a chief complaint of abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance were reviewed. All horses had video recordings of resting and exercising upper airway endoscopy. Relationships between horse demographics, resting endoscopic findings, treadmill intensity and implementation of head and neck flexion during exercise with exercising endoscopic findings were examined.Results:Dynamic upper airway obstructions were observed in 72% of examinations. Head and neck flexion was necessary to obtain a diagnosis in 21 horses. Pharyngeal wall collapse was the most prevalent upper airway abnormality, observed in 31% of the examinations. Complex abnormalities were noted in 27% of the examinations. Resting laryngeal dysfunction was significantly associated with dynamic arytenoid collapse and the odds of detecting intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) during exercise in horses with resting DDSP was only 7.7%. Exercising endoscopic observations were different from the resting observations in 54% of examinations.Conclusions:Dynamic upper airway obstructions were common in nonracing performance horses with respiratory noise and/or poor performance. Resting endoscopy was only helpful in determining exercising abnormalities with recurrent laryngeal neuropathy.Potential relevance:This study emphasises the importance of exercising endoscopic evaluation in nonracing performance horses with abnormal respiratory noise and/or poor performance for accurate assessment of dynamic upper airway function.
Phase change memory architecture and the quest for scalability
Authors: Lee Benjamin C. , Ipek Engin , Mutlu Onur , Burger Doug 
Published: June 2010

Memory scaling is in jeopardy as charge storage and sensing mechanisms become less reliable for prevalent memory technologies, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM). In contrast, phase change memory (PCM) relies on programmable resistances, as well as scalable current and thermal mechanisms. To deploy PCM as a DRAM alternative and to exploit its scalability, PCM must be architected to address relatively long latencies, high energy writes, and finite endurance.
We propose architectural enhancements that address these limitations and make PCM competitive with DRAM. A baseline PCM system is 1.6× slower and requires 2.2× more energy than a DRAM system. Buffer reorganizations reduce this delay and energy gap to 1.2× and 1.0×, using narrow rows to mitigate write energy as well as multiple rows to improve locality and write coalescing. Partial writes mitigate limited memory endurance to provide more than 10 years of lifetime. Process scaling will further reduce PCM energy costs and improve endurance.
Inhaled Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor for First Pulmonary Recurrence of Osteosarcoma: Effects on Disease-Free Survival and Immunomodulation. A Report From the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Arndt Carola A.S. , Koshkina Nadya V. , Inwards Carrie Y. , Hawkins Douglas S. , Krailo Mark D. , Villaluna Doojduen , Anderson Peter M. , Goorin Allen M. , Blakely Martin L. , Bernstein Mark , Bell Sharon A. , Ray Kaylee , Grendahl Darryl C. , Marina Neyssa , Kleinerman Eugenie S. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Osteosarcoma most commonly recurs in the lung. Based on preliminary data on the antitumor effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in animal models, and promising phase I trials, we embarked on a feasibility study of inhaled GM-CSF in patients with first isolated pulmonary recurrence of osteosarcoma.
Experimental Design: Forty-three eligible patients received inhaled GM-CSF at doses from 250 to 1,750 μg twice daily on alternate weeks. Following two cycles, patients underwent thoracotomy to resect tumor and analyze pulmonary nodules for expression of Fas/Fas ligand (Fas/FasL), and the presence of dendritic cells by immunostaining for CD1a, clusterin, and S100. Following surgery, patients received 12 additional cycles of therapy on alternating weeks or until progression. Event-free survival and survival, and feasibility of therapy delivery were evaluated.
Results: Dose escalation to 1,750 μg twice daily was feasible with no dose-limiting toxicity. Mean scores for Fas/FasL in nodules from patients with bilateral recurrence who underwent unilateral thoracotomy pretreatment (using a scoring system of 0-3) were 1.3 and 0.88, respectively, compared with 0.78 and 0.62 in nodules resected following two cycles of therapy. Only 11 of 30 nodules postinhalation were positive for CD1a, 4 of 30 for S100, and 6 of 30 for clusterin. Event-free and overall survival at 3 years were 7.8% and 35.4%, respectively.
Conclusions: Inhalation of GM-CSF at doses from 250 to 1,750 μg twice daily on alternate weeks was feasible with low toxicity. However, no detectable immunostimulatory effect in pulmonary metastases or improved outcome postrelapse was seen. Clin Cancer Res; 16(15); 4024–30. ©2010 AACR.
Endothelial Shear Stress
Authors: Duivenvoorden Raphaël , VanBavel Ed , de Groot Eric , Stroes Erik S.G. , Disselhorst Jonathan A. , Hutten Barbara A. , Laméris Johan S. , Kastelein John J.P. , Nederveen Aart J. 
Published: June 2010

Background—
Low endothelial shear stress (ESS) elicits endothelial dysfunction. However, the relationship between ESS and arterial remodeling and arterial stiffness is unknown in humans. We developed a 3.0-T MRI protocol to evaluate the contribution of ESS to arterial remodeling and stiffness.

Methods and Results—

Fifteen young (aged 26±3 years) and 15 older (aged 57±3 years) healthy volunteers as well as 15 patients with cardiovascular disease (aged 63±10 years) were enrolled. Phase-contrast MRI of the common carotid arteries was used to derive ESS data from the spatial velocity gradients close to the arterial wall. ESS measurements were performed on 3 occasions and showed excellent reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.79). Multiple linear regression analysis accounting for age and blood pressure revealed that ESS was an independent predictor of the following response variables: carotid wall thickness (regression coefficient [b], −0.19 mm
2
per N/m
2
;
P
=0.02), lumen area (b, −15.5 mm
2
per N/m
2
;
P
<0.001), and vessel size (b, −24.0 mm
2
per N/m
2
;
P
<0.001). Segments of the artery wall exposed to lower ESS were significantly thicker than segments exposed to higher ESS within the same artery (
P
=0.009). Furthermore, ESS was associated with arterial compliance, accounting for age, blood pressure, and wall thickness (b, −0.003 mm
2
/mm Hg per N/m
2
;
P
=0.04).

Conclusions—
Our carotid MRI data show that ESS is an important determinant of arterial remodeling and arterial stiffness in humans. The data warrant further studies to evaluate use of carotid ESS as a noninvasive tool to improve the understanding of individual cardiovascular disease risk and to assess novel drug therapies in cardiovascular disease prevention.
Specific requirements for bloodless cardiopulmonary bypass in neonates and infants; a review
Authors: Golab Hanna D , Takkenberg Johanna JM , Bogers Ad JJC 
Published: June 2010

A miniaturized cardiopulmonary bypass circuit enables the safe performance, in selected pediatric patients, of bloodless open heart surgery. As the latest survival rates in neonatal and infant cardiac surgery have become satisfactory, investigators have concentrated upon the improvement of existing procedures. Institutional guidelines and multidisciplinary efforts undertaken in the pre- and postoperative periods are of great importance, concerning bloodless CPB and should be seriously pursued by all involved caregivers. This review reflects upon the selective, most relevant requirements for success of asanguinous neonatal and infant CPB: acceptable level of hemodilution during the CPB, patient preoperative hematocrit value and volume of CPB circuit. We present an assessment of practical measures that were also adapted in our institution to achieve an asanguinous CPB for neonatal and infant patients.
Experienced emotional burden in caregivers: psychometric properties of the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire in caregivers of brain injured patients
Authors: Geurtsen Gert J , Meijer Ron , van Heugten Caroline M , Martina Juan D , Geurts Alexander CH 
Published: June 2010

Objective: To examine the psychometric properties (internal consistency, discriminant validity, and responsiveness) of the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire for Brain Injury measuring emotional burden in caregivers of patients with chronic acquired brain injury. Design: Inception cohort study. Subjects: Caregivers of chronic acquired brain injury patients. Main measures: Besides the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire for Brain Injury, the Family Assessment Device and the General Health Questionnaire were used. Methods: Ninety-eight caregivers filled out all questionnaires, of which 41 caregivers did this twice, before and after the persons they cared for had started a residential community reintegration programme. Cronbach’s alpha and Intra class Correlation Coefficient were calculated for internal consistency. Pearson correlation coefficients were used for discriminant validity and Intra class Correlation Coefficient and Cohen’s d were calculated to determine responsiveness. Results: The internal consistency of the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire for Brain Injury was good (α = 0.73—0.84; Intra class Correlation Coefficient = 0.69—0.76). As expected, low correlations were found between the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire for Brain Injury and either the General Health Questionnaire (r = 0.11—0.40) or the Family Assessment Device subscales (r = —0.29—0.19). Regarding responsiveness of the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire for Brain Injury, a moderate effect size was found (Cohen’s d = 0.36) while the Intra class Correlation Coefficient was good (0.80). Conclusions: The Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire for Brain Injury measures the experienced emotional burden in caregivers of patients with chronic acquired brain injury and seems to be a promising new instrument with good internal consistency, discriminant validity and responsiveness.
New insights into the mechanisms of hematopoietic cell transformation by activated receptor tyrosine kinases
Authors: Toffalini Federica , Demoulin Jean-Baptiste 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A large number of alterations in genes encoding receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), namely FLT3, c-KIT, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors, and the anaplastic large cell lymphoma kinase (ALK), have been found in hematopoietic malignancies. They have drawn much attention after the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. RTK gene alterations include point mutations and gene fusions that result from chromosomal rearrangements. In both cases, they activate the kinase domain in the absence of ligand, producing a permanent signal for cell proliferation. Recently, this simple model has been refined. First, by contrast to wild-type RTK, many mutated RTK do not seem to signal from the plasma membrane, but from various locations inside the cell. Second, their signal transduction properties are altered: the pathways that are crucial for cell transformation, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors, do not necessarily contribute to the physiologic functions of these receptors. Finally, different mechanisms prevent the termination of the signal, which normally occurs through receptor ubiquitination and degradation. Several mutations inactivating CBL, a key RTK E3 ubiquitin ligase, have been recently described. In this review, we discuss the possible links among RTK trafficking, signaling, and degradation in leukemic cells.