bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of the Instrumented Charpy Impact Test
Authors: Wullaert RA 
Published: March 2009

Studies involving the application of the instrumented Charpy impact test are presented. The studies were concerned with the effect of strain rate, alloying, and irradiation on the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and fracture behavior of pressure vessel steels.
The effect of strain rate on a 0.02C and 0.02C-3.5Ni steel was evaluated by comparing instrumented Charpy tests with three-point slow bend tests on Charpy V-notch specimens. Increasing the strain rate (1) increased the DBTT, (2) increased the yield stress, and (3) decreased the temperature dependence of the yield stress. The strain rate sensitivity of the yield stress was mainly responsible for the increase in the DBTT.
The instrumented Charpy test was used to determine why small nickel additions to steel are so effective in lowering the ductile-brittle transition temperature. The decrease in the DBTT was shown to be related to the decrease in the strain rate and temperature dependence of the yield stress produced by nickel.
The effect of irradiation on A212-B steel was evaluated by use of the instrumented Charpy impact test. Irradiating A212-B steel at approximately 260 C to a fluence of 9.4 × 1018 n/cm2 (&gt;1 Mev) increased the DBTT 56 C. Irradiation increased the dynamic yield stress 30 percent but reduced the strain rate sensitivity of the yield stress. The increase in the ductile-brittle transition temperature was shown to be almost entirely due to the radiation-induced increase in the dynamic yield stress.
Influence of Inertial Load in Instrumented Impact Tests
Authors: Venzi S , Priest AH , May MJ 
Published: March 2009

The effect of inertial loading in instrumented impact tests has been studied, and it is shown that during such tests large errors can be made in calculating the bending stress of a specimen at fracture if inertial loading is not taken into account. By instrumenting the tup, anvil, and specimen it is shown that in the period over which inertial effects occur, there is no simple relationship between the load measured on the tup, anvil, and specimen.
To assist in interpretation and evaluation of impact load-time curves a model has been used which relates the spring constants and masses of the tup and anvil of the test machine and specimen to the frequency, phase, and relative amplitude of the oscillations occurring in the impact test.
The importance of inertial loading is emphasized, in particular, with regard to dynamic measurement of plane strain fracture toughness KIc.
Direct-Current Magnetic Measurements for Soft Magnetic Materials
Authors: Dieterly DC , Edgar RF , Fredrick AH , Hale JW , Jones DH , Lamson HW , Mitchell WT , Mundy RE , Owens CD , Beiler AC , Cooter IL , Eberly WS 
Published: March 2009

Description
This publication is the second chapter of what will eventually become a comprehensive manual on magnetic testing prepared by a task group of ASTM Committee A-6 on Magnetic Properties. The first chapter was previously published as Magnetic Testing—Theory and Nomenclature, ASTM Special Technical Publication 371.
Achievement of High Fatigue Resistance in Metals and Alloys
Authors: ASTM Committee E-9  
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Achievement of High Fatigue Resistance in Metals and Alloys was given at the Seventy-second Annual Meeting of ASTM held in Altantic City, N. J., 22-27 June 1969. ASTM Committee E09 on Fatigue, Subcommittee I on Research sponsored the symposium, which was held in three sessions: Parameters Important to High Fatigue Resistance, H. F. Hardrath, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, chairman of Session I; Mechanisms for Achieving High Fatigue Resistance, J. C. Grosskreutz, chairman of Session II; and Processes for Achieving High Fatigue Resistance, C. E. Feltner, Ford Motor Co., chairman of Session III. J. C Grosskreutz and C. E. Feltner presided as symposium cochairmen.
Fineness of Cement
Authors: Committee C-1  
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Fineness of Cement was given at the Seventy-first Annual Meeting of ASTM held in San Francisco, Calif., 23—28 June 1968. The sponsor of this symposium was Committee C0l on Cement. G. J. Verbeck, Portland Cement Assn., presided as symposium chairman.
Applications of Modern Metallographic Techniques
Authors: ASTM Committee E-4  
Published: March 2009

Description
ASTM Committee E04 on Metallography and the American Society for Metals cosponsored the Symposium on Applications of Modern Metallographic Techniques given on 13 Oct. 1969. The session was presented at the ASM Annual Materials Engineering Exposition and Congress, held in Philadelphia, Pa., 13-16 Oct. 1969. The joint ASTM-ASM venture was arranged by the American Society for Metals, with W. D. Forgeng, Jr., United States Steel Corp., chairman of Committee E04, presiding as symposium chairman.
Irradiation Effects on Structural Alloys for Nuclear Reactor Applications
Authors: Bement AL 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Irradiation Effects on Structural Alloys for Nuclear Reactor Applications was presented at Niagara Falls, Canada, 29 June-1 July 1970, in conjunction with the Seventy-third Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 22-26 June 1970. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee E10 on Radiosotopes and Radiation Effects. A. L. Bement, Jr., Battelle Memorial Institute, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, served as chairman of the symposium committee, which consisted of J. Moteff, cochairman, and K. M. Zwilsky, C. J. Baroch, E. Landerman, and L. E. Steele. The six sessions were presided over by L. J. Chockie, D. R. Harries, W. R. Thomas, R. Bullough, J. Moteff, and H. Bohm. Two agenda discussion sessions also were presented to survey the status of two contemporary problem areas.
A Pattern Approach to Mobile Interaction DesignDie Verwendung von Patterns beim Entwerfen mobiler Applikationen
Authors: Grill Thomas , Biel Bettina , Gruhn Volker 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
There are many limitations and benefits of mobile technology and the specific situation of mobile users adds complexity through additional parameters that designers need to address. This makes designing user interfaces and user interaction for mobile applications a very complex task. To address this complexity we propose an interaction design approach using patterns for mobile interaction design. We present an iterative user centered development process which integrates the usage of an interaction pattern library within the interaction design process. By using the pattern approach, not only functional and interaction requirements but also architectural issues are considered. In addition we present tools for designers that enable them to use the pattern library according to the categorization of functionality and interaction representing the dimensions of a design task especially in mobile environments. The proposed method guides developers in their task to design interaction that matches the project´s requirements.
Ghrelin levels are decreased in non-obese prepubertal children born large for gestational age
Authors: Darendeliler Feyza , Poyrazoglu Sukran , Bas Firdevs , Sancakli Ozlem , Gokcay Gulbin 
Published: March 2009

BackgroundGhrelin is the natural ligand of GH secretagogue receptor. It has several metabolic functions including regulation of food intake, energy homeostasis, and body weight. An inverse relationship between fasting plasma ghrelin and insulin concentrations has been shown. Being born large for gestational age (LGA) has an increased risk of developing insulin resistance.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate ghrelin levels in LGA born children who have no obesity at prepubertal ages and the effect of intrauterine and postnatal growth on ghrelin levels.Patients and methodsThirty-two (17F, 15M) LGA born non-obese children (mean (±s.e.m.) age 4.4±0.3 years) were evaluated with respect to glucose, insulin, and ghrelin levels. Their data were compared with that of non-obese 45 (19F, 26M) appropriate for gestational age (AGA) children (mean (±s.e.m.) age 4.0±0.1 years).ResultsLGA children, who had similar age and body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS) as AGA children, had significantly higher insulin (P=0.044) and at a borderline significance higher homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance levels (P=0.054) than AGA children. Ghrelin level was significantly lower in LGA born than AGA born children (P=0.001) even after controlling for age, sex, and BMI (P=0.006). There were no differences between genders in insulin and ghrelin levels. Multivariate analysis revealed that birth weight was the only significant parameter influencing ghrelin levels (R2=0.13, B=−0.007, P=0.002).ConclusionsLGA born non-obese prepubertal children have lower ghrelin levels when compared with age and BMI matched AGA children. Birth weight seems to have the only significant effect on the reduced ghrelin levels.
Use of Caged Nucella Lapillus and Crassostrea Gigas to Monitor Tributyltin-Induced Bioeffects in Irish Coastal Waters
Authors: Giltrap Michelle , Macken Ailbhe , Davoren Maria , Minchin Dan , McGovern Evin , Foley Barry , Strand Jakob , McHugh Brendan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Caging studies have been previously reported to be useful for providing valuable information on biological effects of mollusks over short periods of time where resident species are absent. The degree of imposex in caged dog whelk (Nucella lapillus), was measured using the vas deferens sequence index (VSDI) and the Relative Penis Size Index (RPSI) and the extent of shell thickening in caged Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) was investigated at t = 0 and t = 18 weeks. Nucella lapillus, when provided with mussels as a food source at the control site at Omey Island on the west Irish coast, did not demonstrate imposex features, whereas those transplanted to port areas did. Dunmore East exhibited the highest level of imposex (3.25 VDSI and 2.37 RPSI). Shell thickening was evident in C. gigas transplanted to Dunmore East, with low effects evident at the control location, Omey Island, and Dublin Bay at t = 18 weeks. Dry weight whole-body concentrations of organotins were most elevated in all species held at Dunmore East compared with other locations. Greatest δ15N and δ13C enrichment was observed within the tissues of the predatory N. lapillus in all three test sites. Increased assimilation in the Dublin Bay oysters might have been influenced by the presence of more nutrients at this location. Surficial sediment organotin levels were most elevated in the Dunmore East &lt;2-mm fraction (22,707 μg tributyltin/kg dry weight), whereas low organotin levels were determined from Dublin and Omey Island sediments. The valuable application of cost-effective caging techniques to deliver integrated biological effects and chemical measurements in the absence of resident gastropod populations in potential organotin/tributyltin hotspot locations is discussed.
A Novel Approach for Determining, Evaluating, and Applying Stress-Concentration Factors for Rotary-Shouldered Connections
Authors: Tang Wei , Muradov Andrei , Chandler Brett , Jellison Michael J. , Gonzalez Manuel E. , Wu Jiang 
Published: March 2009

Summary
This paper presents a new analysis method for stress-concentration factor (SCF) in rotary-shouldered connections (RSCs). The proposed method uses finite-element analysis (FEA) as a primary tool to explore the maximum peak-stress behavior in RSCs and calculate SCF to evaluate the connection performance. Key findings include facts that the maximum peak stress and SCF value are functions of connector geometry and loading condition. The paper defines SCF in RSCs and provides a thorough discussion about the SCF-analysis method and its characteristics in evaluating drillstring-connection designs. The paper compares maximum peak-stress behaviors and SCF values among various RSC designs to demonstrate their role in selecting connections for drilling-, completion-, and intervention-riser applications.

Introduction
In recent years, drilling programs have become significantly more aggressive in both onshore and offshore operations. Harsh conditions in deepwater, extended-reach, and ultradeepwater drilling often place severe axial, lateral, torsional, and pressure loads on the drillstring and its connections. As a result, RSCs often experience exceptional elevated-stress conditions. In some cases, RSCs are being used for applications beyond conventional drilling, such as completion operations and riser intervention. Meanwhile, advanced RSC designs incorporate features such as multiple shoulders and metal-to-metal seal features, adding further complexity to the stress distribution in the connection design. The need to understand the connection-stress behavior fully, especially the maximum peak-stress behavior for the various applications, is critical for properly selecting and safely using the drillstring connections. (For a comparison of a premium casing connection and a proprietary RSC, see Fig. 1).
SCF is a useful parameter in terms of evaluating the connection maximum peak stress in response to the operation loads. In the past, SCF has been employed to characterize design strength and fatigue performance of premium casing, tubing threads, and some riser threads under anticipated operation loads. However, this has been applied only to RSCs, mainly for two reasons:the traditional SCF-analysis method is not designed for RSCs with high makeup preload anda lack of standardization of the SCF-analysis method within the industry for RSCs.
Because of increasing aggressiveness of drilling conditions and merging of new applications, SCF analysis to predict stress behavior becomes necessary. This paper presents a series of evaluations that will explore various aspects of SCF analysis to find a logical and conservative approach to evaluate the maximum peak-stress behavior in RSCs, in response to operation loads. This approach will help to better understand RSC-loading limit, stress distribution, and fatigue characteristics for various existing and new applications.
Quantification of Overbalance-Induced Invasive Damage and the Estimation of Equivalent-Skin Effect on Production
Authors: Ramalho John , Wu Zhan , Vaidya Ravi N. , Suryanarayana P. V. 
Published: March 2009

Summary
An important premise of underbalanced drilling (UBD) is the productivity improvement it delivers through mitigation of invasive damage. Characterization and quantification of such damage, therefore, becomes a prerequisite for assessing the value delivered by UBD. Several methods are available to quantify damage. In this work, we use a novel approach that combines dynamic microscale reservoir simulations calibrated to special core tests to model the extent of invasive damage and its impact on flowback during production. The approach is based on special tests conducted on the reservoir core and a dynamic "microsimulator" to model invasion during drilling. Special core tests designed to measure effects of overbalanced exposure to drilling fluids are first conducted. Inputs to the simulation model are based on careful interpretation of the core-test results, and thus are calibrated to observation. Details of the approach were presented earlier by Suryanarayana et al. (2007). In this paper, we apply this approach to two field cases and use the results to quantify the damage and its impact on production. The two field cases are discussed in detail. Both relative permeability and permanent-damage effects are described. The dramatic effects of invasion on cleanup and long-term production are illustrated, demonstrating the incremental value of UBD in these cases. Damage can be modeled as an equivalent skin, based on the saturation and permeability profiles within the zone of invasion. Because the saturation and permeability effects are a function of location along the productive length and a function of time, we obtain time-dependent and spatially dependent equivalent skin. The equivalent skin can then be used in field-scale reservoir models to compare various drilling and development options. The use of these results in designing an optimal drilling and completion plan to lock in the value of UBD is demonstrated for the two field cases.
How Good Is the Torque/Drag Model?
Authors: Mitchell Robert F. , Samuel Robello 
Published: March 2009

Summary
Perhaps the only "standard" drillstring model in use today is the torque/drag model originally developed by Johancsik et al. (1984) and put in a standard form by Sheppard et al. (1987). Because of the simplicity and general availability of this model, it has been used extensively for planning and in the field. Field experience indicates that the model usually works very well. This model is thought to be an approximation of real drillstring behavior—in particular, the bending stiffness is neglected, so the torque/drag model is often called a "soft-string" model. There have been many "stiff-string" models developed, but there is no "industry-standard" formulation.
Why does this model work well in some circumstances, yet not so well in other cases? This question is difficult to answer without a comprehensive torque/drag model, so this study concentrated on developing this model formulation. The standard torque/ drag-model formulation was then reviewed in the context of this analysis, and it was determined that the model satisfied all of the force-equilibrium equations but only one of the moment-equilibrium equations. Solving the remaining two equilibrium equations required that both torque and drag be zero. Fortunately, this condition is easy to resolve by assuming that the string has shear forces. While the standard torque/drag model is often termed a soft-string model, in reality, it must have shear forces.
Two field cases were studied. The first case was known to match field data well; the second case was known to fail. Study of these two cases indicated that part of the problem may lie in the description of the wellbore trajectory. This study provides approximation formulae to evaluate the effects of variable wellbore curvature and wellbore torsion, and these formulae were able to show notable differences between the two sample problems.
Lessons Learned on Sand-Control Failure and Subsequent Workover at Magnolia Deepwater Development
Authors: Colwart George , Burton Robert C , Eaton Luke F. , Hodge Richard M. , Blake Kenyon 
Published: March 2009

SummaryConocoPhillips is developing the Magnolia field with a tension leg platform (TLP) in 4,674 ft of water at Garden Banks Block 783 in the Gulf of Mexico. The wells produce primarily from thick, fine-grained, Pleistocene reservoirs. Because of the long lengths of the producing reservoirs and large variations in sand-grain sizes/permeabilities, premium screens with shunt tubes in conjunction with cased-hole frac packs have been used to complete the wells.The third well, A1ST1BP1, was completed using the same techniques as were used successfully on the first two wells. The A1ST1BP1 completion failed during initial unloading, allowing unacceptable rates of sand production. The well was worked over, and the tubing with eight control lines and a premium-sand-control screen with shunt tubes were retrieved/fished from the well with minimal problems. The retrieved screens had collapsed around the perforated base pipe. The well was reperforated, new screens run, and a second frac pack pumped. When laying down the washpipe after the second frac pack, erosion marks indicated an apparent second screen failure.A detailed examination of both A1ST1BP1 frac-pack jobs was conducted in conjunction with laboratory collapse and erosion testing of the premium screens. Collapse testing revealed that the screen lost sand control at less than 1,000 psi. The collapse rating stated by the manufacturer was greater than 7,000 psi. The erosion tests demonstrated that inflow from supercharged reservoirs into the wellbore could erode holes in the premium screen. Revised operational procedures were used in six subsequent frac packs without any additional failures and zero-to-negative completion skins.This paper will discuss the failure modes of the two frac-pack/ premium-screen sand failures, workover planning and execution to remove tubing with multiple control lines and fish screens with shunt tubes from close-tolerance casing, and procedural revisions developed to successfully frac-pack the subsequent Magnolia reservoirs.
Defining the Limits of Tubular-Handling Equipment at Extreme Tension Loadings
Authors: Bradford Dale W. , Payne Michael L. , Schultz Donald E. , Adams Burt A. , Vandervort Kurt D. 
Published: March 2009

Summary
The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a comprehensive-test program conducted with five different sets of deepwater-landing string-handling equipment consisting of both conventional and unconventional technology. A thorough presentation will be made detailing initial testing at elastic loads approaching yield and final high-load testing beyond yield. All stages of the test program will be discussed including original testing protocol, test setup, testing performed, test results, and overall conclusions. This is one of the first standardized-test programs used across five different designs of handling equipment. This overall presentation of the test program is made to identify stress levels associated with the extreme loads that occur when landing very heavy casing strings in deepwater wells.
Delivering a Fully Qualified HP/HT Production Packer Following Field Failure
Authors: Humphreys Alan , Ross Robert 
Published: March 2009

Summary
The failure of a primary barrier on a completed high-pressure/ high-temperature (HP/HT) well in the west Franklin field in the UK continental shelf in 2005 resulted in a significant pressure increase in the production annulus requiring a complex well-kill operation to resolve. Following this incident, an investigation program was undertaken to determine the root cause of the failure and, thereafter, to develop a solution. The failure investigation looked at all aspects of the well design and operations and found no clear cause. A "failure test" then was carried out that recreated the exact downhole conditions on surface. This test demonstrated that very small irregularities in the internal-casing profile would cause the packer casing seal to fail under severe bottomhole conditions. A program then was undertaken to develop a packer-seal system, suited to the severe well environment, that could withstand a specified degree of casing irregularity. A rigourous qualification program also was developed to verify the new systems capability in irregular casing.
The program was completely successful, and new packer-seal systems have been qualified to these enhanced standards and deployed in the field.
Sealing Capacity of API Connections—Theoretical and Experimental Results
Authors: Teodoriu Catalin , Badicioiu Marius 
Published: March 2009

Summary
Hydraulic fracturing has become a state-of-the-art stimulation technique. It has been proved over the years that significant production increase can be obtained by applying the right fracturing technique. Now, the most advanced techniques of geothermal-energy-recovery systems widely use hydraulic fracturing.
The following paper presents the experimental results of the tests carried out on four different compounds using the improved "grooved-plate" method. The tests have shown a large variation of the tested-thread-compounds sealing capacity. Starting from the experimental results and the theoretical analysis of the American Petroleum Institute (API) connection, a useful chart was built to determine the real connection resistance, on the basis of its initial makeup torque. The chart offers to engineers involved in the design of a fracturing process the possibility to estimate the maximum pressure that may lead to a connection leak.