bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The breakup of the South Atlantic Ocean: formation of failed spreading axes and blocks of thinned continental crust in the Santos Basin, Brazil and its consequences for petroleum system development
Authors: Scotchman I. C. , Gilchrist G. , Kusznir N. J. , Roberts A. M. , Fletcher R. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The occurrence of failed breakup basins and deepwater blocks of thinned continental crust is commonplace in the rifting and breakup of continents, as part of passive margin development. This paper examines the rifting of Pangaea–Gondwanaland and subsequent breakup to form the South Atlantic Ocean, with development of a failed breakup basin and seafloor spreading axis (the deepwater Santos Basin) and an adjacent deepwater block of thinned continental crust (the Sao Paulo Plateau) using a combination of 2D flexural backstripping and gravity inversion modelling. The effects of the varying amounts of continental crustal thinning on the contrasting depositional and petroleum systems in the Santos Basin and on the São Paulo Plateau are discussed, the former having a predominant post-breakup petroleum system compared with a pre-breakup system in the latter. An analogy is also made to a potentially similar failed breakup basin/thinned continental crustal block pairing in the Faroes region in the NE Atlantic Ocean.
Cretaceous revisited: exploring the syn-rift play of the Faroe–Shetland Basin
Authors: Larsen M. , Rasmussen T. , Hjelm L. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Improved seismic imaging of the deep structures in the Faroe–Shetland Basin has revealed a complex Mesozoic rift system with shifting block polarity along the West Shetland Platform. Newly acquired seismic data has led to the focus of hydrocarbon exploration on structurally defined Mesozoic traps and has re-opened exploration in the deeper stratigraphic sections beyond the stratigraphic, Paleocene deep-water play. In the study area, rift geometry changes from symmetrical (south) to asymmetrical (north), the latter creating a large-scale seaward-dipping flexure. The polarity shift may link up with deep-seated basement structures (rift-oblique lineaments) segmenting the rift zone. The initial rifting along the West Shetland Platform strongly influenced the depositional setting and lateral distribution of the Lower Cretaceous sediments. During rift initiation in the Early Cretaceous faulting took place along numerous small faults, which eventually linked up, creating a set of basin master faults in the main rift phase. Sand derived from rivers and longshore currents on the West Shetland Platform was transported down the axis of relay ramps and filled the juvenile rift basins. These sediments formed thick onlapping wedges, reflecting the continuous creation of accommodation space and the overall transgressive nature of the syn-rift and early post-rift succession. In this period, rift basins were elongated, which to some extent hindered cross-rift transport of coarse material except at relay ramps and rift-oblique lineaments. As fault movements ceased, the rift topography was levelled out and allowed gravity-driven systems to reach further into the basin, overstepping former cross-rift barriers. Lower Cretaceous syn-rift sediments are well exposed at several localities along the margins of the northern North Atlantic including onshore NE Greenland. The close analogy to the syn-rift structural setting imaged in the west of Shetland seismic succession may provide valuable information on structurally controlled depositional systems, reservoir architecture and properties.
New methods of improving seismic data to aid understanding of passive margin evolution: a series of case histories from offshore west of Ireland
Authors: Hardy R. J. J. , Querendez E. , Biancotto F. , Jones S. M. , O'sullivan J. , White N. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Deepwater sedimentary basins are attracting increased attention from the hydrocarbon industry and academia as they remain one of the last geological frontiers still to be fully explored and understood. As part of a regional project to understand basin development offshore Ireland, we have developed and tested new ways of improving seismic images, and of incorporating these improvements into geological interpretations. Here we illustrate this methodology using three case histories from the Porcupine, Slyne and Erris Basins. In each case, the first stage of the workflow consists of reprocessing a selection of key seismic data. Processing includes relative amplitude preservation and advanced demultiple and interpretation-driven pre-stack depth imaging. Interpretation of the data is assisted by incorporating products such as multiple models, pre-stack gathers, velocity models and attributes. Finally, we show how a velocity model can be inverted to exhumation estimates. The results and approach developed here can be applied to other deepwater exploration areas.
WATS it take to image an oil field subsalt offshore Angola?
Authors: Ekstrand E. , Hickman G. , Thomas R. , Threadgold I. , Harrison D. , Los A. , Summers T. , Regone C. , O'Brien M. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
BP's exploration success in deepwater Block 31, offshore Angola, has been driven by conventional narrow-azimuth 3D seismic data coupled with the latest available imaging algorithms. However limitations in these data are now apparent and the data is deemed insufficient for the appraisal and development of the subsalt discoveries in the western part of the block. 3D acoustic finite-difference modelling was applied to Block 31 to evaluate the potential data quality uplift from a wide-azimuth towed streamer (WATS) survey. Results showed that a significant improvement in data quality is possible. The modelling also investigated key acquisition variables (acquisition direction, sail line separation, number of tiles, cable length) to arrive at a solution that optimized both data quality and cost. Acquisition of this survey began in December 2008 and it is expected to complete in August 2009. This is the first WATS seismic survey outside the Gulf of Mexico and the first in Angola.
Sub-basalt hydrocarbon prospectivity in the Rockall, Faroe–Shetland and Møre basins, NE Atlantic
Authors: Davison I. , Stasiuk S. , Nuttall P. , Keane P. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The seismic imaging below the basalts in the NE Atlantic basins is generally poor and the thickness of the basalts is difficult to predict. Two recent wells (William, 6005/13-1 and Brugdan, 6104/21-1) drilled in Faroes waters were suspended before reaching the main sub-basalt reservoir targets, because the basalts were thicker than expected. New deep-tow (18 m) seismic reflection data has now allowed more detailed imaging of the sub-basalt Mesozoic strata. The base of the basalt is not always reflective and is probably a transitional contact, with low acoustic impedance. The underlying Mesozoic strata produce coherent reflectivity. Large structural closures produced by Cretaceous rifting and Cenozoic folding have been imaged in the Rockall and Faroe–Shetland basins and these may contain Cretaceous and Paleocene clastic reservoirs at drillable depths of about 4 km. The Rockall Trough contains 4–7 km thickness of Mesozoic strata and appears to be floored by stretched continental crust throughout. The lower section may contain Jurassic source rocks similar to the areas to the south, east and north of the basin. Large Cenozoic age folds are present which produce potential traps at Late Cretaceous level, where sandstones equivalent to the Upper Cretaceous Nise Formation may occur. These folds represent some of the largest undrilled structures in NW Europe.
Bulk composition and phase behaviour of petroleum sourced by the Bakken Formation of the Williston Basin
Authors: Kuhn P. , Primio R. Di , Horsfield B. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The Bakken Formation is currently regarded primarily as a self-contained, unconventional petroleum system. While previously viewed as a source for oil occurring in overlying formations, it is now predicted that resources of more than 3.5 billion barrels of oil are trapped intraformationally. New insights into the formation's open v. closed nature are presented here using the physical properties of natural petroleum, source rock characteristics and the numerical modelling of phase behaviour. In the mature western part of the basin petroleum accumulations have been postulated to be continuous in nature, characterized by very short migration distances of indigenous hydrocarbons. This necessitates that the composition and therefore physical properties of the generated hydrocarbons must be controlled by the maturity of the source rock in the immediate vicinity. This assumption is not supported by the clustering of higher gas–oil ratios and lighter oil gravities along the locations of the anticlines in the basin. We have used open and closed system pyrolysis techniques to predict the bulk composition of the petroleum generated at different transformation stages, both cumulatively and instantaneously. Based on these predictions the Bakken would contain dominantly undersaturated fluids throughout the basin. Differences in predicted GORs of cumulative and instantaneous models support the conclusion that the reported hydrocarbon compositions cannot completely be explained by a tight self-contained petroleum system. The observed variability of in-place hydrocarbon compositions is readily explained by lateral migration of petroleum in the main middle Bakken carrier, and vertical leakage of emplaced hydrocarbons from the fractured reservoir at anticline locations. This has resulted in the loss of the early generated petroleum, and led to a present-day dominance of late generation products. These results reveal that the Bakken Formation is a partly open petroleum system, at least along the major anticlines of the Williston Basin.
The Western Canada Foreland Basin: a basin-centred gas system
Authors: Boettcher D. J. , Thomas M. , Hrudey M. G. , Lewis D. J. , O'Brien C. , Oz B. , Repol D. , Yuan R. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Enormous volumes of gas (>30 Tcf) are contained within the deepest portions of the Western Canada Foreland Basin, where tight gas-saturated Cretaceous sandstones grade updip into porous water-saturated sandstones. Production has occurred from coarse-grained shoreline sands both near the updip gas–water interface, such as those found in the Elmworth Field, and from low-porosity–permeability reservoirs found deeper in the basin. These basin-centred gas (BCG) reservoirs are characterized by regionally pervasive gas-saturated lithologies, abnormal pressures and no downdip water contact, and occur in low-permeability reservoirs. The keys to Shell's exploration success were an understanding of the stratigraphy, sedimentology and rock properties of the basin, the development of structural, petrophysical and geomechanical models, development of an understanding of the desiccation or dewatering process, the distribution of water within the basin and how the pressure regime evolved, interpretation of 3D seismic, and an aggressive land strategy. The evaluation of structural leads was aided when seismic and geomechanical modelling were combined, thereby aiding in the prediction of zones with a higher probability of encountering favourable reservoir producibility characteristics, that is, areas where a well developed, well connected open fracture network is expected. This multidisciplinary approach has resulted in economic success in regions once thought to be non-productive, and where it was once said, ‘People go broke chasing the Nikanassin’.
King coal: restoring the monarchy by underground gasification coupled to CCS
Authors: Younger P. L. , Roddy D. J. , González G. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Coal has hitherto been seen as a potential fall-back resource as hydrocarbons become depleted. However, amidst anxieties over peak oil and gas, some recent studies have painted a picture almost as gloomy about the longer term prospects for coal. Such evaluations are misleading, as they identify as reserves only that coal accessible at reasonable cost by means of conventional mining, which are increasingly modest compared with deeper-seated coal reserves amenable to underground coal gasification (UCG) using directionally drilled boreholes from the surface. Significantly for the petroleum industry, the technological requirements for UCG are far more akin to those of oil and gas production than they are to those of deep mining. A number of projects around the world are revealing the feasibility of UCG. We highlight preliminary findings from a recent investigation of the potential for UCG in NE England, which has the longest history of conventional coal mining at industrial scale anywhere in the world. Despite this history, fully 75% of the coal resources in NE England remain in place. A significant proportion of these is likely to move to the ‘reserves’ register as underground gasification technology begins to be deployed. A particular attraction of UCG lies in its suitability for coupling to CCS: we can use our long-standing knowledge of the response of incumbent strata to longwall coal mining to predict substantial increases in permeability in and immediately above the voids created by gasification. As these engineered zones of high permeability will already be connected to surface power plants by the wells and pipelines used to produce synthesis gas during gasification, they represent ideal prospects for permanent sequestration of a large proportion of the carbon dioxide arising. Stored CO
2
will be kept in place by cap rocks higher up in the sequence.
Preparing for a carbon constrained world; overview of the United States regional carbon sequestration partnerships programme and its Southwest Regional Partnership
Authors: Esser R. , Levey R. , Mcpherson B. , O'Dowd W. , Litynski J. , Plasynski S. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

The Southwest Carbon Partnership (SWP), one of seven United States Department of Energy-funded Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships, has been tasked with assessing the CO
2
sequestration potential within the southwestern United States. Carbon dioxide is considered a ‘greenhouse’ gas and is emitted, in large volumes, by the burning of fossil fuels and other industrial processes. CO
2
capture from point source emitters and subsequent geological sequestration is being considered as a viable short- to intermediate-range mitigation option to combat the phenomena of global warming. Significant fossil fuel reserves and consumers exist within the seven member states of the SWP and, as such, the Partnership is dedicating a large amount of resources to the challenges posed by large-scale CO
2
sequestration. Three distinct phases of work have been or will be performed by the SWP: a Characterization Phase to identify carbon capture and sequestration potential; a Validation Phase to test small-scale field injection of CO
2
; and a Deployment Phase to test commercial-scale field injection of CO
2
. Each phase presents challenges and opportunities to the refinement of the best approach to safe and efficient geological storage of CO
2
within the SW region of the United States.
On the Universality of Argumentative Reasoning
Authors: Mercier Hugo 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAccording to the argumentative theory of reasoning, humans have evolved reasoning abilities (usually known as ‘system 2’ or ‘analytic’ reasoning) for argumentative purposes. This implies that some reasoning skills should be universals. Such a claim seems to be at odd with findings from cross-cultural research. First, a wealth of research, following the work of Luria, has shown apparent difficulties for illiterate populations to solve simple but abstract syllogisms. It can be shown, however, that once they are willing to accept the pragmatics of the task, these participants can perform at or near ceiling. Second, historical, sociological and anthropological research has been used to claim that some Eastern cultures have not developed argumentation. These claims are the result of oversimplifications and of a selective view of the data. A closer looks reveals instead very elaborate forms of argumentation, in Chinese culture particularly. Third, cross-cultural psychologists have carried out an extensive research program aimed at showing that Easterners do not rely on the principle of non-contradiction and that they use holistic rather than analytic thinking. A review of these experiments shows that no qualitative difference emerges in the way Easterners and Westerners deal with argumentation and that in the proper context both populations can easily have recourse to holistic or analytic thinking. It is possible to conclude from this critical review that the reasoning skills involved in argumentation seem to be universal even though they can be used in different ways in various cultural contexts.
Just Rewards: Children and Adults Equate Accidental Inequity with Intentional Unfairness
Authors: Donovan Elizabeth , Kelemen Deborah 
Published: May 2011

AbstractHumans expect resources to be distributed fairly. They also show biases to construe all acts as intentional. This study investigates whether every unequal distribution is initially assumed to be intentional unfairness. Study 1 presents a control group of adults with a movie showing one individual accidentally receiving less reward than expected for a task. The experimental group was shown the same scenario, except that the individual was now in the presence of an additional person who received the full reward. Despite the similarity of the scenarios, as predicted, participants in the control condition responded as if the disappointing reward was accidental, while those in the experimental condition responded as if the act was intentional: Their tendency to avoid the “perpetrator” did not differ from that of participants in another control condition who saw an intentionally unfair reward distribution. In Study 2, 7- and 8-year-old children’s results replicated those of adults. Implications for social and moral cognition are discussed.
Sinop: A Frontier City in Seljuq and Mongol Anatolia
Authors: Peacock Andrew C. S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article considers the history of Sinop in the first century of Muslim rule, from 1214 to the early fourteenth century, when the city was ruled successively by the Seljuq, Pervaneid and Candarid dynasties. During this period, the Seljuqs constantly vied with Christian Trebizond for control of the city despite both sides being nominally Mongol vassals from the mid-thirteenth century. In the first part of this article, the political history of the city is examined and some significant errors in the chronology are corrected. This is followed by an examination of three formative elements in Sinop’s history in the period: its defences, its trade and Muslim-Christian relations there. The article uses epigraphic evidence from Sinop that has not been considered by previous scholarship in addition to Arabic and Persian chronicles.
Ceramics from Sinope in Olbia Pontica
Authors: Krapivina Valentyna V. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractConnections between Olbia Pontica and Sinope were firmly established by the 5th century BC. The quantity of Sinopean goods in Olbia was especially numerous in the last quarter of the 4th to the first third of the 3rd century BC. Tiles, louteria, amphorae containing wine and oil, and architectural terracottas were all imported from Sinope. These connections continued until the middle of the 1st century BC, when Olbia was destroyed by the Getae. They were renewed again in the 1st century AD and continued until the last quarter of the 4th century AD, when the settlement of Olbia came to an end.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Stagonolide-D and Stagonolide-G
Authors: Mahapatra Tridib , Das Tapas , Nanda Samik 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
First asymmetric synthesis of the naturally occurring epoxy noneolide stagonolide-D has been reported in this article. Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) by Grubbs second generation catalyst, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation (SAE), and cis-selective Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) olefination by Ando method are the key reactions successfully employed to achieve the target molecule in a divergent approach. Structurally related small ring macrolide stagonolide-G has also been synthesized by employing RCM and a metal–enzyme combined dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) strategy starting from (S)-ethyl lactate as a chiral pool.
Growth of Diffusion Limited Aggregation (DLA)-Like Branched Patterns in a Belousov–Zhabotinskii Type Reaction System
Authors: Yadav Narendra , Srivastava Prem Kumar 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The Belousov–Zhabotinskii (BZ) type reaction system with dual organic substrate, which leads to growth of tree/bush-like crystal patterns has been studied. The reaction system has been found to exhibit concentric ring patterns, starting with propagation of waves in the solution state. A colloidal state, composed of numerous fine solid particles, has been observed during the reaction. These particles have been found to initially form dendritic nucleation centers and subsequently grow into tree/bush-like crystal patterns by self-aggregation. A possible reaction mechanism has been proposed. Based on a diffusion limited aggregation (DLA) mechanism, fractal characteristics and aggregation behavior of tree/bush-like patterns are also discussed.
On the Photodegradation of Some 2H-Chromene Derivatives in Fluid Solution or in Polyurethane Matrix
Authors: Alberti Angelo , Campredon Mylène , Demadrille Renaud 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The time profile of the optical density was monitored during the photodegradation of three derivatives of 2,2-diphenyl-2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran (1), namely 2,2-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-5,6-dimethyl-2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran (2), 2,2-diphenyl-5-[(ethoxycarbonyl)methoxycarbonyl]-8-methyl-2H-naphtho[1,2-b]pyran (3), and 3,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-6,11-dimethyl-13-hydroxy-13-isopropyl-3H-indeno[2,1-f]naphtho[1,2-b]pyran (4) either in toluene solution or in a polyurethane matrix. The photoproducts were identified using HPLC, GC/MS, and direct insertion MS techniques. High molecular weight oxygenated derivatives and new photoproducts deriving from a secondary oxidative pathway were characterized along with expected degradation derivatives. Some of the photoproducts considered responsible for the yellowing of the examined materials were identified. The effect exerted by two additives generally considered to have an inhibiting action toward radical processes was also evaluated.