bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glass Fibers with Carbon Nanotube Networks as Multifunctional Sensors
Authors: Gao Shang‐lin , Zhuang Rong‐Chuan , Zhang Jie , Liu Jian‐Wen , Mäder Edith 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA simple approach to deposit multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) networks onto glass fiber surfaces achieving semiconductive MWNT–glass fibers is reported, along with application of fiber/polymer interphases as in‐situ multifunctional sensors. This approach demonstrates for the first time that the techniques of conducting electrical resistance measurements could be applicable to glass fibers for in situ sensing of strain and damage; the techniques were previously limited to conductive and semiconductive materials. The electrical properties of the single MWNT–glass fiber and the “unidirectional” fiber/epoxy composite show linear or nonlinear stress/strain, temperature, and relative humidity dependencies, which are capable of detecting piezoresistive effects as well as the local glass transition temperature. The unidirectional composites containing MWNT–glass fibers exhibit ultrahigh anisotropic electrical properties and an ultralow electrical percolation threshold. Based on this approach, the glass fiber—the most widely used reinforcement in composites globally—along with the surface electrical conductivity of MWNTs will stimulate and realize a broad range of multifunctional applications.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Novel 4‐(Trifluoromethyl)‐[1,2,3]triazolo[1,5‐a]quinoxalines via Cascade Reactions of N‐(o‐Haloaryl)alkynylimine with Sodium Azide
Authors: Chen Zixian , Zhu Jiangtao , Xie Haibo , Li Shan , Wu Yongming , Gong Yuefa 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNovel tricyclic 4‐(trifluoromethyl)‐[1,2,3]triazolo[1,5‐a]quinoxalines were readily prepared from N‐(o‐haloaryl)alkynylimines and sodium azide via copper(I)‐catalyzed tandem reactions. This synthetic strategy provides an efficient way to access a library of novel heterocyclic compounds that are of interest in drug discovery.
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Oxidative Cyanation of Tertiary Amines with Sodium Cyanide/Hydrogen Peroxide using Polymer‐Supported Iron(II) Phthalocyanines as Catalyst
Authors: Singhal Sweety , Jain Suman L. , Sain Bir 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe first report on heterogeneously catalyzed oxidative cyanation of various tertiary amines to the corresponding α‐amino nitriles with high yields and selectivity by using hydrogen peroxide oxidant in presence of sodium cyanide and Fe(II) phthalocyanine supported on a polymer as catalyst is described. The present method has the added benefits of facile recovery of the catalyst from the reaction mixture and its subsequent use without further activation. Consistent catalytic activity with no metal leaching was observed during this course.
New and Easily Accessible Nitrogen Acyclic Gold(I) Carbenes: Structure and Application in the Gold‐Catalyzed Phenol Synthesis as well as the Hydration of Alkynes
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Hengst Tobias , Lothschütz Christian , Rominger Frank 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA series of gold(I) isonitrile complexes were prepared and converted to the corresponding diaminocarbene gold(I) complexes by reactions with primary and symmetrical secondary amines. Twelve crystal structure analyses of the gold(I) complexes could be obtained, in addition NMR studies allowed an analysis of the different diastereomers present in solution. In the gold‐catalyzed phenol synthesis these complexes were very successful as pre‐catalysts, reaching an unprecedented 3050 turnovers with a problematic substrate. Good conversions in the hydration of phenylacetylene could also be achieved.
Scope and Limitations of Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions with Organogold Compounds
Authors: Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Döpp René , Lothschütz Christian , Rudolph Matthias , Riedel Dominic , Rominger Frank 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFive different alkenylgold(I) phosphane complexes were prepared and then investigated in [1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]palladium(II) dichloride‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions with different aryl halides, heterocyclic halides, an alkenyl halide, an alkynyl halide, allylic substrates, benzyl bromide and an acid chloride. With regard to the halides, the iodides were highly reactive, bromides or chlorides gave significantly reduced yields or failed, allylic acetates failed, too. The cross‐coupling partners contained a number of different functional groups, while free carboxylic acids did not deliver cross‐coupling products and o,o‐disubstituted arenes failed as well, a broad range of other functional groups like nitro groups, nitrile groups, ester groups, α,β‐unsaturated ester groups and lactones, aldehydes, alkoxy groups, pyridyl groups, thienyl groups, unprotected phenols and anilines, even aryl azides were tolerated. The structures of one alkenylgold(I) species and of four of the cross‐coupling products were proved by crystal structure analyses.
The effect of anisotropic dispersion on the convective mixing in long‐term CO2 storage in saline aquifers
Authors: Ghesmat Karim , Hassanzadeh Hassan , Abedi Jalal 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCarbon dioxide storage in deep saline aquifers is considered a possible option to bring greenhouse gas emissions under control. The understanding of the underlying mechanisms, such as convective mixing and associated mechanisms, affecting this mixing may have an impact on the long‐term sequestration process in deep saline aquifers. One of the significant aspects of the flow of miscible species in porous media is velocity dependent dispersion. The effect of dispersion on dissolution of carbon dioxide (CO2) into brine is investigated by full nonlinear numerical simulations. This study reveals that dispersion may dramatically change the trend of CO2 dissolution into brine. It was found that the dissolution of CO2 increases as dispersion strength increases. The mixing pattern also shows three different mechanisms: diffusion, convection, and a highly nonlinear interaction mechanism. However, the medium dispersivity ratios were found to slightly affect the mixing, while having an impact on the fingering pattern. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Ethics commentary: subjects of knowledge and control in field primatology
Authors: Malone N.M. , Fuentes A. , White F.J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOur primate kin are routinely displaced from their habitats, hunted for meat, captured for trade, housed in zoos, made to perform for our entertainment, and used as subjects in biomedical testing. They are also the subjects of research inquiries by field primatologists. In this article, we place primate field studies on a continuum of human and alloprimate relationships as a heuristic device to explore the unifying ethical implications of such inter‐relationships, as well as address specific ethical challenges arising from common research protocols “in the field” (e.g. risks associated with habituation, disease transmission, invasive collection of biological samples, etc.). Additionally, we question the widespread deployment of conservation‐ and/or local economic development‐based justifications for field‐based primatological pursuits. Informed by decades of combined fieldwork experience in Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, we demonstrate the process by which the adherence to a particular ethical calculus can lead to unregulated and ethically problematic research agendas. In conclusion, we offer several suggestions to consider in the establishment of a formalized code of ethics for field primatology. Am. J. Primatol. 72:779–784, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental challenges in the energy sector: a chemical engineering perspective
Authors: Tanguy Philippe A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe supply of energy in sufficient quantities and the access to clean water are among the most significant global challenges to address in the decades to come, as these are key elements of human well‐being and further development. These challenges are of course related, and future practices must consider their connectivity. As the present energy system is clearly reaching its limits in terms of sustainability, new approaches have been proposed based on much improved energy efficiency, development of renewable and new energy sources, and the use of carbon capture and storage for fossil resources. The industrial deployment of these alternate scenarios is intrinsically related to the availability of water on a large scale. Because the access to freshwater is becoming scarce in many countries, better water practices and the exploitation of new water resources must be developed for the supply of industrial water. This paper begins with a brief description of our present energy system based on fossil resources, this being a legacy of the industrial revolution. We then review the main drivers supporting the energy and water demand, and the constraints they are facing. The final section considers several chemical engineering challenges that arise when proposing ways of dealing with the energy‐environment nexus in the future. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling air flow and ambient temperature effects on the biological self‐heating of compost piles
Authors: Luangwilai T. , Sidhu H. S. , Nelson M. I. , Chen X. D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe formulate and investigate a one‐dimensional model for self‐heating in compost piles. The self‐heating occurs through a combination of biological and chemical mechanisms. Biological heat generation is known to be present in most industrial processes handling large volumes of bulk organic materials. The heat release rate due to biological activity is modelled by a function which at sufficiently low temperatures is a monotonic increasing function of temperature. At higher temperatures, it is a monotonic decreasing function of temperature. This functionality represents the fact that micro‐organisms die or become dormant at high temperature. The heat release due to oxidation reaction is modelled by Arrhenius kinetics. The model consists of mass balance equations for oxygen and energy. Steady‐state temperature diagrams are determined as a function of the size of the compost pile and the flow rate of air through the pile. We show that there is a range of flow rates for which elevated temperatures, including the possibility of spontaneous ignition, occur within the pile. We also investigate the effects of variations in the ambient temperature. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specific critical concentrations of low dosage hydrate inhibitors in a THF–NaCl hydrate formation solution
Authors: Ding Ailin , Wang Shuo , Pelemis Tina , Crisafio Carmelo , Lou Xia 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHydrate formation and its attendant problems are well known in the oil and gas industry. The desire to reduce the costs and environmental impact of traditional hydrate inhibitors has led to a focus on the design, development and evaluation of novel and environmentally friendly low dosage hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs). In this study, two LDHIs, namely Luvicap® EG and Gaffix® VC‐713, were tested using tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a hydrate promoter and a ball‐stop rig. The ball stop‐time was used to determine the inhibition efficiency. The concentration effect of inhibitors, salts and solvents on the ball‐stop time was investigated. Results indicated that the inhibition efficiency of an inhibitor is sensitive to the micro‐environment of the THF‐hydrates activities which includes the concentration and types of these additives. The reproducibility and consistency of the test results were also largely dependent on the concentration of inhibitors. Reliable information was provided only if the concentration of the inhibitor was above a critical concentration, below which the testing results scattered drastically and were inconsistent. As the critical concentration was inhibitor‐dependent, a specific critical concentration (SCC) was proposed which is the first reported in such investigations. We concluded that the inhibition efficiency of an LDHI should be determined by both the ball‐stop time and its SCC. Comparison of ball‐stop times between two inhibitors should be made above their SCCs. Salt and solvent concentrations and other additives present in the operating systems should also be considered when a suitable LDHI concentration is determined for a particular field application. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pilot plant study on biodiesel production from Karanja and Jatropha oils
Authors: Sahu Gajanan , Das L. M. , Sharma B. K. , Naik S. N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBiodiesel is a promising alternative fuel. This pilot plant study highlights the production of biodiesel from two nonedible oils, i.e. Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil and Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) oil, by transesterification process with methanol using KOH as alkali catalyst. Yield percentages of biodiesel obtained and its flash point ( °C), cloud point ( °C), pour point ( °C), kinematic viscosity (mm2/s at 40 °C) and other relevant fuel properties of pure and blended biodiesel were compared. The fuel properties of pure and blended biodiesel produced were found to be well within the range of ASTM specifications. The process optimization study on catalyst concentration and time to get maximum yield is presented, i.e. 1% catalyst concentration and time duration of 3 h were found to be suitable conditions to obtain the maximum yield. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viscosity models for New Zealand black liquor at low solids concentrations
Authors: Alabi S.B. , Williamson C. J. , Lee J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAvailability of accurate models for prediction of the viscosity of black liquor (BL) from the chemical pulping of pine will facilitate its online monitoring and control and subsequently the optimisation of combustion in a recovery boiler. New Zealand (NZ) BL viscosity data are limited, and no predictive model is available. The viscosities of the NZ BL samples at solids concentrations (SCs) < 50% were obtained at temperature of 25–85 °C and shear rate up to ∼2000 s−1. The samples showed Newtonian behaviour. Existing models from the literature and a binomial model developed in this work were used to fit the viscosity data as a function of SC and temperature. Accuracies of these models were examined for both the log‐transformed and the untransformed viscosity data using coefficient of correlation (R) and maximum absolute relative error (MARE) (between the actual and predicted viscosities), respectively, as indices. Although the existing models fit NZ BL viscosity data well when they were log‐transformed, they performed poorly when not transformed. Conversely, the new binomial model gave accurate predictions with both the log‐transformed and untransformed viscosity data (R = 0.9997; MARE = 5.7%). It is concluded that at low SCs, the viscosity of Newtonian BL can be accurately predicted using the new binomial model. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a biological system employing Aspergillus lentulus for Cr removal from a small‐scale electroplating industry effluent
Authors: Sharma Shweta , Malik Anushree , Satya Santosh , Mishra Abhishek 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn spite of the abundant work on biological Cr removal from simple synthetic solutions, very few studies demonstrate the potential of the tested strain for treatment of potentially toxic and complex industrial effluents. In the present study, the efficiency of an environmental isolate, Aspergillus lentulus AML05, to remove Cr from a small‐scale electroplating industry effluent (pH 2.5, Cr (VI) 259 mg l−1 and total Cr 295 mg l−1), was investigated. To bring about Cr removal using growing biomass, dilution and nutrient supplementation of the effluent was tested. The removal of Cr (VI) after 9 days of treatment was 100% in the diluted effluent (1:1; effluent:growth media) and 99% in the undiluted nutrient supplemented effluent. About 73% of the total Cr was also removed. While using the non‐growing (pre‐cultivated) biomass, Cr (VI) removal within 2 h of contact was 75% (resting biomass) and 91% (autoclaved biomass). The maximum Cr (VI) removal was 90–92% after 24 h of treatment at various doses in the non‐growing mode. Comparison with earlier studies revealed that A. lentulus is a promising strain that can be efficiently utilized for Cr removal from industrial effluents. Overall, the study reveals that integrated system incorporating A. lentulus in both growing as well as non‐growing modes assumes significance in terms of an inbuilt assurance of the proper functioning of the biological system under any unforeseen fungal growth situation in the field. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fusion characteristics of capsicum stalk ash
Authors: Niu Yanqing , Tan Houzhang , Wang Xuebin , Xu Tongmo , Liu Zhengning , Liu Yang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBiomass is an important energy source and the ash formed in thermochemical conversion processes requires analysis and interpretation. Capsicum stalk ashes prepared by ashing at 400, 600 and 815 °C were studied by X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffractometer, thermogravimetry and ash fusion temperature tests. Melting and slagging did not occur in the ashing process; however, the fusion characteristic indices showed that there was a tendency for slagging. Meanwhile, it was found that deformation, softening, hemispherical and fluid temperatures were consistent in fusion temperature tests, and were all above 1100 °C. The fusion characteristics of capsicum stalk ash were mainly dependent upon the high‐temperature molten material built up by periclase, quartz, potassium iron oxide, microcline, zeolite and calcium silicate. Therefore, ash fusion characteristics were independent of the ashing temperature. The evaluation of the ash fusion characteristics of capsicum stalk biomass should not be based upon the fusion characteristic indices of coal, but should be related to the high‐temperature molten material, which provides a supporting effect to the skeleton structure in biomass ash. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and efficacy of rituximab in systemic lupus erythematosus: Results from 136 patients from the French autoimmunity and rituximab registry
Authors: Terrier Benjamin , Amoura Zahir , Ravaud Philippe , Hachulla Eric , Jouenne Romain , Combe Bernard , Bonnet Christine , Cacoub Patrice , Cantagrel Alain , De Bandt Michel , Fain Olivier , Fautrel Bruno , Gaudin Philippe , Godeau Bertrand , Harlé Jean‐Robert , Hot Arnaud , Kahn Jean‐Emmanuel , Lambotte Olivier , Larroche Claire , Léone Jean , Meyer Olivier , Pallot‐Prades Béatrice , Pertuiset Edouard , Quartier Pierre , Schaerverbeke Thierry , Sibilia Jean , Somogyi Alexandre , Soubrier Martin , Vignon Eric , Bader‐Meunier Brigitte , Mariette Xavier , Gottenberg Jacques‐Eric 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectiveA number of open‐label studies have suggested the potential benefit of rituximab (RTX) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, in 2 recent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of RTX, the primary end points were not met. We undertook this study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of RTX in off‐trial patients with SLE seen in regular clinical practice.MethodsWe analyzed prospective data from the French AutoImmunity and Rituximab (AIR) registry, which includes data on patients with autoimmune disorders treated with RTX.ResultsOne hundred thirty‐six patients received treatment for SLE. The mean ± SD score on the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus: National Assessment (SELENA) version of the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) was 11.3 ± 8.9 at baseline. Severe infections were noted in 12 patients (9%), corresponding to a rate of 6.6/100 patient‐years. Most severe infections occurred within the first 3 months after the last RTX infusion. Five patients died, due to severe infection (n = 3) or refractory autoimmune disease (n = 2). Overall response was observed in 80 of 113 patients (71%) by the SELENA–SLEDAI assessment. Efficacy did not differ significantly between patients receiving RTX monotherapy and those receiving concomitant immunosuppressive agents (who had higher baseline disease activity). Articular, cutaneous, renal, and hematologic improvements were noted in 72%, 70%, 74%, and 88% of patients, respectively. Among responders, 41% experienced a relapse of disease, with a response in 91% after retreatment with RTX.ConclusionData from the AIR registry show a satisfactory tolerance profile and clinical efficacy of RTX in patients with SLE. The contrasting results with those from recent RCTs leave open the question of the therapeutic use of RTX in SLE. Additional controlled studies with new designs are needed to define the place of RTX in the therapeutic arsenal for SLE.
A20 suppresses inflammatory responses and bone destruction in human fibroblast‐like synoviocytes and in mice with collagen‐induced arthritis
Authors: Hah Young‐Sool , Lee Young‐Rae , Jun Jin‐Su , Lim Hye‐Song , Kim Hyun‐Ok , Jeong Yong‐Geun , Hur Gang Min , Lee Sang Yong , Chung Myoung Ja , Park Jin‐Woo , Lee Sang‐Il , Park Byung‐Hyun 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectiveNuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) has been implicated as a therapeutic target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this study was to determine whether A20, a universal inhibitor of NF‐κB, might have antiarthritic effects.MethodsAn adenovirus containing A20 complementary DNA (AdA20) was used to deliver A20 to human rheumatoid fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) in vitro as well as to mice with collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in vivo via intraarticular injection into the ankle joints bilaterally.ResultsIn vitro experiments demonstrated that AdA20 suppressed NF‐κB activation, chemokine production, and matrix metalloproteinase secretion induced by tumor necrosis factor α in FLS. Mice with CIA that were treated with AdA20 had a lower cumulative disease incidence and severity of arthritis, based on hind paw thickness, radiologic and histopathologic findings, and inflammatory cytokine levels, than did control virus–injected mice. The protective effects of AdA20 were mediated by the inhibition of the NF‐κB signaling pathway. The severity of arthritis was also significantly decreased in the untreated front paws, indicating a beneficial systemic effect of local suppression of NF‐κB. Surprisingly, mice treated with AdA20 after the onset of CIA had significantly decreased arthritis severity from the onset of clinical signs to the end of the study.ConclusionThese results suggest that using A20 to block the NF‐κB pathway in rheumatoid joints reduces both the inflammatory response and the tissue destruction. The development of an immunoregulatory strategy based on A20 may therefore have therapeutic potential in the treatment of RA.