bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kumho Tire v.Carmichael
Authors: Smith Ann C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the aftermath of the 1993 US Supreme Court decision inDaubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, departing from the venerable “general acceptance” test for admission of novel scientific evidence and revamping the standards for admissibility of scientifically based forensic evidence, several unanswered questions remained. The most important one was whether the newDaubertstandards requiring proof of reliability also applied to nonscientifcally based expert testimony. Much forensic expert testimony has, traditionally, been based on applied sciences as well as on special skills achieved through experience.Kumho Tire v. Carmichael—hereinafterKumho Tire—answered that question. The decision may be cited by referring to any of the following law reports: 526 U.S. 137, 119 S.Ct. 1167, or 143 L.Ed. 2 d 238 (1999).InKumho Tire, the Court unequivocally applied theDaubertproof of reliability requirement to all forms of expert testimony. In the process of doing this, the Court nevertheless made certain distinctions between expert opinion testimony based on science, and that based on learned skills, through study or experience, or derived from the application of technological devices. This article explains the history ofKumho Tire, its holding, and its impact on forensic science.Though technically applicable only in US federal courts, the opinion is also adopted as law in many other jurisdictions. It is also discussed in jurisdictions where theKumho Tiretenets are not directly applicable.Kumho Tireis also the subject of many forensic discussions at professional meetings and in commentaries in the peer review literature.
Mini‐
STRs
Authors: Coble Michael D. , Just Rebecca S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Since their potential application to human identity testing was recognised nearly two decades ago, analysis of short tandem repeat (STR) markers has become the gold standard in human DNA profiling. When DNA is degraded, however, STR profiles may be difficult to obtain using conventional STR typing kits. To overcome this limitation, research over the past several years has focused on the development of reduced‐size amplicons for both new and standard STR markers. Though challenges to their development and use remain, these “miniSTRs” have emerged as a powerful tool for the analysis of degraded DNA.
Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
Authors: Walsh Simon J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci are prolific, highly polymorphic loci and as such are suitable for forensic identity testing. Smaller VNTR loci able to be analyzed following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification are known as
amplified fragment length polymorphisms
(or
AFLPs
or
AmpFLPs
).
DQα
Authors: Walsh Simon J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DQα was the first commercially available polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based forensic DNA profiling system. The system targeted sequence polymorphisms at the HLA‐DQA1 locus and resolved the genotypes
via
allele‐specific oligonucleotide hybridization.
Postmortem Biochemical Examinations
Authors: Kernbach‐Wighton Gerhard 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPostmortem biochemical analyses may help considerably with the diagnosis of “functional causes of death” with nil or only sparse morphological changes. One main problem is the analogy of postmortem biochemical results to clinical estimations due to agonal and early postmortem changes taking place in compartments. Examinations should always be carried out on different body fluids. Pretesting by using “near‐patient” equipment apart from regular clinical‐chemical analyses may provide important information at an early stage. Several main diagnostic areas can be defined: carbohydrate disturbances, alterations of kidney and liver function, water and electrolyte equilibrium, hypothermia, and high excitation state. Most experience has been gained with diabetic dysfunctions (diabetic coma and hypoglycemia) for which the diagnostic process is based mainly on postmortem biochemical estimations, but hepatic and renal dysregulations also can well be recognized by postmortem biochemistry. Nevertheless, the diagnosis of functional causes of death may involve various and different problems. Precision and reliability of postmortem analyses is increased by the number of parameters investigated in a maximum number of compartments. As a general rule, inclusion of histomorphology and toxicology is always required. Whenever postmortem biochemical estimations are used with caution and, appropriately, they may provide considerable help and support for the diagnostic process.
Violence Risk Assessment for Mental Health Professionals
Authors: Knoll James L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The standard of care does not require mental health clinicians to predict their patients' violence. However, there is a general expectation by the courts that clinicians will use “reasonable professional judgment” based on a thorough consideration of the clinical data and circumstances. A clinical violence risk assessment quantifies the level of risk at a particular time using known risk factors, important clinical nuances, and professional judgment. Because violence risk is dynamic and influenced by many variables, periodic assessments over time are often necessary. The clinician must understand how to target modifiable risk factors by crafting a reasonable risk management plan. Finally, documentation of risk assessments should include decisions and reasons for choosing or not choosing a particular intervention.
Ultra‐Scale Computing for Emergency Evacuation
Authors: Bhaduri Budhendra , Nutaro James , Liu Cheng , Zacharia Thomas 
Published: September 2009

AbstractEmergency evacuations are carried out in anticipation of a disaster such as hurricane landfall or flooding, and in response to a disaster that strikes without warning. Existing emergency evacuation modeling and simulation tools are primarily designed for evacuation planning and are of limited value for evacuation management. In order to align with desktop computing, these models reduce the data and computational complexities through simple approximations to real network conditions and traffic behaviors, but these simplifications are not always representative of real‐world scenarios. With the emergence of high resolution physiographic, demographic, and socioeconomic data and a relative abundance of supercomputing platforms, it is possible to develop microsimulation‐based emergency evacuation models that incorporate human behaviors, increasingly realistic traffic assignments, and can simulate an evacuation of millions of people over a large geographic area. However, such advances in evacuation modeling and simulation demand computational capacity beyond the desktop scales, and must be supported by high performance computing platforms. This paper explores the advantages and feasibility of ultra‐scale computing for increasing the usefulness of high resolution emergency evacuation simulations.
Solvent effects in the hydrodechlorination of 2,4‐dichlorophenol over Pd/Al2O3
Authors: Gómez‐Quero Santiago , Cárdenas‐Lizana Fernando , Keane Mark A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSolvent effects in the liquid phase (0.1 MPa; 303 K) hydrodechlorination (HDC) of 2,4‐dichlorophenol have been established over Pd/Al2O3. In the absence of secondary reactions, catalyst deactivation, and transport limitations, a stepwise HDC yields 2‐chlorophenol and phenol, where product selectivity was insensitive to the nature of the solvent. In contrast, the initial HDC rates exhibited a marked dependence on the reaction medium and increased in the order: benzene < THF < n‐hexane < cyclohexane < alcohols < water. Higher rates result from the concomitant effect of an increase in the dielectric constant (ε) and a decrease in the molar volume (
$\overline {\nu}$) of the solvent, where the major (ca. 80%) contribution is due to ε. We attribute this response to the increased solvent capacity to stabilize the arenium intermediate at higher/lower ε/$\overline {\nu}$, an effect that extends to reaction in water + organic combinations. We provide, for the first time, a reliable quantification of solvent effects that can be potentially applied to other catalytic hydrogenolysis systems. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Association between the use of serotonin receptor 2A–blocking antidepressants and joint disorders
Authors: Kling Anders , Danell‐Boman Marit , Stenlund Hans , Dahlqvist Rune 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveThere are case reports about antidepressants causing arthritis and arthralgia, and the majority of these reports deal with atypical antidepressants, which are serotonin receptor 2A (5‐HT2A)–blocking substances. The aim of this study was to examine a possible association between joint disorders and the use of 5‐HT2A–blocking atypical antidepressants.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study using reports of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of 5‐HT2A–blocking atypical antidepressant substances concerning joint disorders reported to the Swedish Adverse Drug Reactions Committee and the World Health Organization (WHO) Adverse Reactions Database during the period January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2006. The reports of joint disorders were related to sales figures measured as defined daily doses and to the total number of ADR reports.ResultsIn the Swedish material, the 5‐HT2Aantagonists were 45 times more often reported to give joint ADRs when related to sales figures and compared with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs;P< 0.001). Joint disorders constituted 6.6% of the total number of reports of possible ADRs for the three 5‐HT2A–blocking substances mianserin, mirtazapine, and nefazodone compared with 0.5% for the SSRIs (P< 0.001). In the WHO material, the joint disorders constituted 1.3% of all ADRs for the 5‐HT2A–blocking antidepressants and 0.6% for the SSRIs (P< 0.001).ConclusionIn this study, joint disorders were considerably more frequently reported ADRs of 5‐HT2A–blocking antidepressants than of other comparable drugs, suggesting a possible association between the use of 5‐HT2A–blocking antidepressants and joint disorders.
Thrombin‐activatable carboxypeptidase B cleavage of osteopontin regulates neutrophil survival and synoviocyte binding in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Sharif Shadi A. , Du Xiaoyan , Myles Timothy , Song Jason J. , Price Elizabeth , Lee David M. , Goodman Stuart B. , Nagashima Mariko , Morser John , Robinson William H. , Leung Lawrence L. K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveOsteopontin (OPN) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OPN can be cleaved by thrombin, resulting in OPN‐R and exposing the cryptic C‐terminal α4β1 and α9β1 integrin–binding motif (SVVYGLR). Thrombin‐activatable carboxypeptidase B (CPB), also called thrombin‐activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor, removes the C‐terminal arginine from OPN‐R, generating OPN‐L and abrogating its enhanced cell binding. We undertook this study to investigate the roles of OPN‐R and OPN‐L in synoviocyte adhesion, which contributes to the formation of invasive pannus, and in neutrophil survival, which affects inflammatory infiltrates in RA.MethodsUsing specifically developed enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, we tested the synovial fluid of patients with RA, osteoarthritis (OA), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) to determine OPN‐R, OPN‐L, and full‐length OPN (OPN‐FL) levels.ResultsElevated levels of OPN‐R and OPN‐L were found in synovial fluid samples from RA patients, but not in samples from OA or PsA patients. Increased levels of OPN‐R and OPN‐L correlated with increased levels of multiple inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin‐6. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed robust expression of OPN‐FL, but only minimal expression of OPN‐R, in RA synovium, suggesting that cleaved OPN is released into synovial fluid. In cellular assays, OPN‐FL, and to a lesser extent OPN‐R and OPN‐L, had an antiapoptotic effect on neutrophils. OPN‐R augmented RA fibroblast‐like synoviocyte binding mediated by SVVYGLR binding to α4β1, whereas OPN‐L did not.ConclusionThrombin activation of OPN (resulting in OPN‐R) and its subsequent inactivation by thrombin‐activatable CPB (generating OPN‐L) occurs locally within inflamed joints in RA. Our data suggest that thrombin‐activatable CPB plays a central homeostatic role in RA by regulating neutrophil viability and reducing synoviocyte adhesion.
Power production in MFCs inoculated with Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 or mixed cultures
Authors: Watson Valerie J. , Logan Bruce E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPower densities and oxidation–reduction potentials (ORPs) of MFCs containing a pure culture of Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 were compared to mixed cultures (wastewater inoculum) in cube shaped, 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐bottle batch‐fed MFC reactor configurations. The reactor architecture influenced the relative power produced by the different inocula, with the mixed culture generating 68–480% more power than MR‐1 in each MFC configuration. The mixed culture produced the maximum power density of 858 ± 9 mW m−2 in the cubic MFC, while MR‐1 produced 148 ± 20 mW m−2. The higher power by the mixed culture was primarily a result of lower internal resistances than those produced by the pure culture. Power was a direct function of ohmic resistance for the mixed culture, but not for strain MR‐1. ORP of the anode compartment varied with reactor configuration and inoculum, and it was always negative during maximum power production but it did not vary in proportion to power output. The ORP varied primarily at the end of the cycle when substrate was depleted, with a change from a reductive environment during maximum power production (approximately −175 mV for mixed and approximately −210 mV for MR‐1 in cubic MFCs), to an oxidative environment at the end of the batch cycle (∼250 mV for mixed and ∼300 mV for MR‐1). Mixed cultures produced more power than MR‐1 MFCs even though their redox potential was less negative. These results demonstrate that differences between power densities produced by pure and mixed cultures depend on the MFC architecture. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 105: 489–498. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of preservation solutions in an experimental model of organ cooling in kidney transplantation
Authors: Kay M D , Hosgood S A , Bagul A , Nicholson M L 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Viscous preservation solutions such as University of Wisconsin solution (UW) may be less effective at rapid removal of blood from an organ so that cooling takes longer. This study assessed the temperature changes of kidneys flushed with UW and hyperosmolar citrate (HOC).

Methods
Porcine kidneys were retrieved and flushed with 500 ml UW or HOC at 4 °C while monitoring kidney temperature at depths of 5 and 20 mm. Renal function was measured on an isolated organ preservation system.

Results
The mean(s.d.) rate of temperature fall was slower with UW (at 20 mm: 0·64(0·11) versus 1·01(0·56) °C per min per 100 g; P = 0·016). The perfusion flow rate required to reduce the temperature to less than 10 °C at a depth of 20 mm was lower in the UW group (P = 0·002). Kidneys flushed with HOC gained more weight than those flushed with UW (mean(s.d.) 50(8) versus 7(13) per cent; P = 0·002). Flushing with UW was associated with less histological injury but there were no significant differences in renal function parameters between the groups.

Conclusion
UW cooled kidneys more slowly than HOC, but with no adverse effect on renal function. UW resulted in less oedema and histological injury than HOC.
Systematic review of tumour number and outcome after radical treatment of colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Smith M D , McCall J L 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Background
Resection of colorectal liver metastases (CLMs) is potentially curative but the effect of tumour number on prognosis is uncertain. This study compared the prognosis after resection and/or ablation of between one and three, or four or more CLMs.

Methods
A systematic literature review from January 2000 to June 2008 was performed. Study selection and data extraction were standardized, and analysis included assessment of methodological quality, heterogeneity and bias. Main outcomes were 3- and 5-year survival. A meta-analysis comparing radical treatment in the two groups was performed using the hazard ratio for overall survival.

Results
Of 1307 studies screened, 46 (9934 patients) were included in the analysis. Methodological quality was variable, and there was significant heterogeneity and reporting bias. The overall 5-year survival rate after radical treatment ranged from 7 to 58 per cent. Pooled hazard ratio for overall survival was 1·67 (95 per cent confidence interval 1·43 to 1·95; P &lt; 0·001). Median reported 5-year survival for patients with four or more CLMs was 17·1 per cent.

Conclusion
Radical treatment of more than three CLMs results in poorer overall survival. Nevertheless, 5-year survival is achievable and the number of lesions should not, of itself, be used to exclude patients from surgery.
β‐Lactamases in the biochemistry and molecular biology laboratory
Authors: Paula Amador , Cristina Prudêncio , Monica Vieira , Ricardo Ferraz , Rosalia Fonte , Nuno Silva , Pedro Coelho , Ruben Fernandes 
Published: September 2009

Abstractβ‐lactamases are hydrolytic enzymes that inactivate the β‐lactam ring of antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins. The major diversity of studies carried out until now have mainly focused on the characterization of β‐lactamases recovered among clinical isolates of Gram‐positive staphylococci and Gram‐negative enterobacteria, amongst others. However, only some studies refer to the detection and development of β‐lactamases carriers in healthy humans, sick animals, or even in strains isolated from environmental stocks such as food, water, or soils. Considering this, we proposed a 10‐week laboratory programme for the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology laboratory for majors in the health, environmental, and agronomical sciences. During those weeks, students would be dealing with some basic techniques such as DNA extraction, bacterial transformation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and the use of several bioinformatics tools. These laboratory exercises would be conducted as a mini research project in which all the classes would be connected with the previous ones. This curriculum was compared in an experiment involving two groups of students from two different majors. The new curriculum, with classes linked together as a mini research project, was taught to a major in Pharmacy and an old curriculum was taught to students from environmental health. The results showed that students who were enrolled in the new curriculum obtained better results in the final exam than the students who were enrolled in the former curriculum. Likewise, these students were found to be more enthusiastic during the laboratory classes than those from the former curriculum.
Application of near‐infrared spectroscopy for monitoring and control of cell culture and fermentation
Authors: Cervera Albert E. , Petersen Nanna , Lantz Anna Eliasson , Larsen Anders , Gernaey Krist V. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy can potentially provide on‐line information on substrate, biomass, product, and metabolite concentrations in fermentation processes, which could be useful for improved monitoring or control. However, several factors can negatively influence the quality of chemometric models built for interpretation of the spectra, thus impairing the analyte concentration predictions. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of necessary conditions and challenges that one has to face when developing a NIR application for monitoring of cell culture or fermentation processes. Important practical aspects are introduced, such as sampling, modeling of biomass concentration, influence of microorganism morphology on the spectra, effects of the hydrodynamic conditions in the fermenter, temperature influence, instrument settings, and signal optimization. Several examples from the literature are provided, which will hopefully guide the reader interested in the topic. Furthermore, the general procedure used for the development of calibration models is presented, and the influence of microorganism metabolism—potential source of correlation between analytes—is commented. Other important issues such as wavelength selection and evaluation of robustness are shortly introduced. Finally, some examples of potential applications of NIR monitoring are provided, including the implementation of control strategies, the combination with other monitoring tools (the so‐called sensor fusion), and the description of process trajectories. On the basis of the review, we conclude that acceptance of NIR spectroscopy as a standard monitoring tool by the fermentation industry will necessitate considerably more on‐line studies using industrially relevant—and highly challenging—fermentation conditions (high aeration intensity, high biomass concentration and viscosity, and filamentous production strain). © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog.,, 2009
Synthesis, Coordination Chemistry and Bonding of Strong N‐Donor Ligands Incorporating the 1H‐Pyridin‐(2E)‐Ylidene (PYE) Motif
Authors: Shi Qi , Thatcher Robert J. , Slattery John , Sauari Pardeep S. , Whitwood Adrian C. , McGowan Patrick C. , Douthwaite Richard E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA range of N‐donor ligands based on the 1H‐pyridin‐(2E)‐ylidene (PYE) motif have been prepared, including achiral and chiral examples. The ligands incorporate one to three PYE groups that coordinate to a metal through the exocyclic nitrogen atom of each PYE moiety, and the resulting metal complexes have been characterised by methods including single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopy to examine metal–ligand bonding and ligand dynamics. Upon coordination of a PYE ligand to a proton or metal‐complex fragment, the solid‐state structures, NMR spectroscopy and DFT studies indicate that charge redistribution occurs within the PYE heterocyclic ring to give a contribution from a pyridinium–amido‐type resonance structure. Additional IR spectroscopy and computational studies suggest that PYE ligands are strong donor ligands. NMR spectroscopy shows that for metal complexes there is restricted motion about the exocyclic CN bond, which projects the heterocyclic N‐substituent in the vicinity of the metal atom causing restricted motion in chelating‐ligand derivatives. Solid‐state structures and DFT calculations also show significant steric congestion and secondary metal–ligand interactions between the metal and ligand CH bonds.
Mechanistic Insights into the Palladium(II)‐catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of o‐Alkynylphenylphosphonamide and N‐(o‐Alkynylphenyl)acetamide by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Zhou Jing , Tang Wei , Guo Yinlong , Ding Yixiang 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe intramolecular cyclization of o‐alkynylphenylphosphonamide and N‐(o‐alkynylphenyl)acetamide was monitored by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and its tandem version (ESI‐MS/MS). The proposed intermediates were successfully intercepted and characterized. In addition, the intermediates composed of the substrate coordinated to the palladium(II) center in the reaction of o‐alkynylphenylphosphonamide were unexpected before, and this interesting phenomenon of the substrate coordination seems associated with the unique structure of substrates.