bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Evaluation of Microstructural Changes and their Relations with Some Physical Characteristics of Food during Drying
Authors: Sansiribhan Sansanee , Devahastin Sakamon , Soponronnarit Somchart 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Drying is known to affect various quality attributes of a food product, especially its physical properties. However, changes of physical properties or characteristics are generally due to changes of the product microstructure. Nevertheless, not much quantitative information, as opposed to abundant qualitative information, is available to describe in detail relationships between microstructural and physical changes of food undergoing drying. The present study, thus, aimed at studying quantitative relationships between microstructural and selected physical changes of a test material, that is, carrot, undergoing hot air drying at 60 and 80 °C. The microstructural changes were represented quantitatively in terms of the normalized changes of the fractal dimension (ΔFD/FD0) of microstructural images of the samples as well as the normalized changes of the sample average cell diameter , while the physical changes of interest were shrinkage and hardness. The results showed that during an earlier period of drying ΔFD/FD0 as well as tended to increase with decreasing moisture content; deformation of the microstructures (represented either in terms of ΔFD/FD0 or ) led to increased shrinkage and hardness. On the other hand, deformation of the microstructures existed, while the moisture content did not change much during the final stage of drying. The relationships between ΔFD/FD0 and both physical changes were quite well established; were also found to correlate well with the physical changes. Either ΔFD/FD0 or could thus be used as a tool to monitor the apparent physical changes (shrinkage and hardness) of a sample during drying. Practical Application: Either the normalized changes of the fractal dimension of microstructural images of a sample or the normalized changes of the sample average cell diameter can be a useful tool in monitoring the drying process by 1st assessing the product volumetric shrinkage, which can be assessed easily on‐line and on a real‐time basis by such techniques as image analysis, and then relating the obtained results through microstructural changes to other apparent physical changes, including the product texture.
Use of Lactobacillus plantarum and Glucose to Control the Fermentation of “Bella di Cerignola” Table Olives, a Traditional Variety of Apulian Region (Southern Italy)
Authors: Perricone Marianne , Bevilacqua Antonio , Corbo Maria Rosaria , Sinigaglia Milena 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of Lactobacillus plantarum, isolated from table olives “Bella di Cerignola,” a traditional variety of Apulian region (Southern Italy), as a starter for this kind of food. We focused on the interaction of the starter with the natural occurring microflora, the quantitative/qualitative composition of yeast population, the decrease of pH, and the content of organic acids. After a preliminary characterization, 3 strains of Lb. plantarum, selected for their probiotic and technological performances, were used as a multiple‐strain starter and inoculated (approximately 2%) in olives, processed according to Spanish style, brined at 8% and 10% of NaCl and added with 0.5% of glucose. The combination of the starter and glucose assured a correct fermentation course, decreasing the pH up to a safe value (4.3 to 4.5) and controlled the growth of yeasts. The concentrations of both L‐ and D‐lactic acids increased throughout the fermentation, while citric and malic acids (both the isomers D and L) remained at low levels (0.2 to 0.4 g/L). Concerning yeast species, Candida guilliermondii was mainly isolated at the beginning (7 to 14 d), while C. famata prevailed at the end of fermentation. Practical Applications: To the question “How to standardize and maintain quality of “Bella di Cerignola” olives (Southern Italy)” we can suggest the following answer: use Lb. plantarum and a low amount of glucose (0.5%). The result is a decrease of the pH below the safety break point.
Direct ultrasound-assisted methylation of fatty acids in serum for free fatty acid determinations
Authors: Liu Liyan , Li Ying , Feng Rennan , Sun Changhao 
Published: September 2010

A method for simultaneous determination of 16 free fatty acids (FFAs) in serum is described. The method involves conversion of FFAs to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) using the heat of ultrasonic waves followed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis. Optimum levels of the variables affecting the yield of FAMEs were investigated. The results indicate that the optimal levels are 55 °C, 60 W, 10% H2SO4/CH3OH, and 50 min. Recoveries ranged from 85.32% to 112.11%, with a detection limit ranging from 0.03 to 0.08 μg mL–1. The linearity, using the linear correlation coefficient, was higher than 0.9914.
Spruce budworm and management effects on forest and wood product carbon for an intensively managed forest
Authors: Hennigar Chris R. , MacLean David A. 
Published: September 2010

An integrated forest management optimization model was developed to calculate potential spruce budworm ( Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens) effects on forest and wood product carbon (C) from 2007 to 2057 and to evaluate potential C sequestration benefits of alternative management strategies (salvage, biological insecticide application). The model was tested using simulated spruce budworm outbreaks on a 210 000 ha intensively managed forest in northwestern New Brunswick, Canada. Under a severe spruce budworm outbreak scenario from 2007 to 2020, harvest volume and forest and wood product C storage in 2027 were projected to be reduced by 1.34 Mm3, 1.48 Mt, and 0.26 Mt, respectively, compared with the levels under no defoliation. Under the same severe outbreak scenario, implementation of salvage and harvest replanning plus a biological insecticide applied aerially to 40% of susceptible forest area, reduced harvest, forest C, and wood product C impacts by 73%, 41%, and 56%, respectively. Extrapolation of these results to all of New Brunswick suggests that a future severe spruce budworm outbreak could effectively increase total provincial annual C emissions (all sources) by up to 40%, on average, over the next 20 years. This modeling approach can be used to identify to what extent insecticide application, as a forest-C-offset project, could result in additional C storage than without forest and pest management.
Fuel treatment effects on modeled landscape-level fire behavior in the northern Sierra Nevada
Authors: Moghaddas Jason J. , Collins Brandon M. , Menning Kurt , Moghaddas Emily E.Y. , Stephens Scott L. 
Published: September 2010

Across the western United States, decades of fire exclusion combined with past management history have contributed to the current condition of extensive areas of high-density, shade-tolerant coniferous stands that are increasingly prone to high-severity fires. Here, we report the modeled effects of constructed defensible fuel profile zones and group selection treatments on crown fire potential, flame length, and conditional burn probabilities across 11 land allocation types for an 18 600 ha study area within the northern Sierra Nevada, California. Fire modeling was completed using FlamMap and FARSITE based on landscape files developed with high-resolution aerial (IKONOS) imagery, ground-based plot data, and integrated data from ARCFUELS and the Forest Vegetation Simulator. Under modeled 97th percentile weather conditions, average conditional burn probability was reduced between pre- and post-treatment landscapes. A more detailed simulation of a hypothetical fire burning under fairly severe fire weather, or “problem fire”, revealed a 39% reduction in final fire size for the treated landscape relative to the pre-treatment condition. To modify fire behavior at a landscape level, a combination of fuel treatment strategies that address topographic location, land use allocations, vegetation types, and fire regimes is needed.
Seed tree density, variable retention, and stand composition influence recruitment of white spruce in boreal mixedwood forests
Authors: Solarik Kevin A. , Lieffers Victor J. , Volney W. Jan A. , Pelletier Rick , Spence John R. 
Published: September 2010

In an operational-scale experiment, we examined natural regeneration of white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) under various degrees of variable retention harvesting across different overstory canopy compositions. We sampled four types of overstory canopy compositions (ranging from deciduous dominated to conifer dominated) and six rates of retention (2%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Spruce seedling densities, maximum height, and stocking rates were assessed in 432 transects and were found to be lowest in the deciduous stands and with 100% canopy retention (control). Regression tree analysis indicated that densities, maximum height, and stocking of spruce seedlings were greatest with higher availability of seed trees (>30·ha–1) and on machine corridors; in these circumstances stocking reached 74%. By contrast, stocking was less than 14% on retention strips with no machine traffic, when seed tree density was less than 11 seed trees·ha–1. However, stocking also declined with higher density of residual trees. Stocking in relation to density of seed trees was highest within clearcuts and lowest within the 75% retention intensity where low light transmission may have limited regeneration success. Passive soil disturbance from skidding appeared to be more important for the establishment of spruce seedlings than was the abundance of competing vegetation.
Relational Timing in the Production and Perception of Japanese Singleton and Geminate Stops
Authors: Idemaru Kaori , Guion-Anderson Susan 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This work examines the production and perception of the Japanese singleton versus geminate stop contrast in order to investigate properties that distinguish the contrast in the face of variability due to speech rate. The acoustic study found two local relational durations, the ratio of the stop to the preceding mora and the ratio of the stop to the following vowel, to be stable across speaking rates and to accurately classify singleton and geminate productions. However, the subsequent perception study demonstrated an influential role of the preceding mora duration and a marginal role of the following vowel duration on listeners’ categorization. These results demonstrate that Japanese listeners can take advantage of relative duration in the perception of the stop length contrast, and that relative strength of simultaneously available acoustic cues does not necessarily translate into equal perceptual importance.
Coordinating Voicing Onset with Articulation: A Potential Role for Sensory Cues in Shaping Phonological Distinctions
Authors: Loucks Torrey M.J. , Shosted Ryan K. , De Nil Luc F. , Poletto Christopher J. , King Amie 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
In the typical speech of any language, voicing onset and offset are effortlessly coordinated with articulation as part of the intrinsic coordination of sound production. In this paper, we argue that voicing-articulatory coordination patterns could be shaped by sensory feedback during early speech learning and these patterns persist in mature syllable productions. Our experimental results show that voicing onset is closely associated with the peak velocity and peak amplitude of jaw and upper lip movements for VC syllables in adults. This robust coordination in the onset position may function to increase the salience of VC syllables and provide a phonetically natural explanation for vowels to undergo phonological lengthening and to avoid phonological reduction in word-initial onset position.
Effects of previous interactions and sex on over-marking in meadow voles
Authors: Ferkin Michael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe effects of winning and losing on over-marking behaviour of mammals, a behaviour associated with competition, are not known. The current study tests the hypothesis that after having a staged dyadic encounter with a same-sex conspecific, individuals adjust the proportion of scent marks they use to over-mark the marks of same-sex conspecifics. Female meadow voles that won their encounter used a higher proportion of their marks to over-mark the marks of female conspecifics than did females that either lost their encounter, were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter. Females that lost their encounter used a lower proportion of their marks to over-mark those of female conspecifics than did females that either won their encounter or females that were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter. Females that were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter used a similar percentage of marks to over-mark those of another female. Male meadow voles, however, independent of whether they won, lost, were evenly matched, unfamiliar, or had no previous paired encounter used a similar proportion of marks to over-mark those of male conspecifics. The role of over-marking and the effects of previous social experience are discussed.
A Land–Atmospheric Interaction Study in the Coastal Tropical City of San Juan, Puerto Rico
Authors: Comarazamy Daniel E. , González Jorge E. , Luvall Jeffrey C. , Rickman Douglas L. , Mulero Pedro J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper focuses on the surface–atmospheric interaction in a tropical coastal city including the validation of an atmospheric modeling and an impact study of land-cover and land-use (LCLU) changes. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), driven with regional reanalysis data for a 10-day simulation, is used to perform the study in the San Juan metropolitan area (SJMA), one of the largest urban conglomerations in the Caribbean, which is located in the island of Puerto Rico and taken as the test case. The model’s surface characteristics were updated using airborne high-resolution remote sensing information to obtain a more accurate and detailed configuration of the SJMA. Surface and rawinsonde data from the San Juan Airborne Thermal and Land Applications Sensor (ATLAS) Mission are used to validate the modeling system, yielding satisfactory results in surface/canopy temperature, near-surface air temperatures, and vertical profiles. The impact analysis, performed with the updated SJMA configuration and a potential natural vegetation (PNV) scenario, showed that the simulation with specified urban LCLU indexes in the bottom boundary produced higher air temperatures over the area occupied by the city, with positive values of up to 2.5°C. The same analysis showed changes in the surface radiative balance in the urban case attributed to modifications in the LCLU. This additional heat seems to motivate additional vertical convection that may be leading to possible urban-induced precipitation downwind of the SJMA. This was evident in a precipitation disturbance when the city is present (∼0.9 mm, 22.5% increase) captured by the model that was accompanied by increases in cloud formation and vertical motions mainly downwind of the city.
Satellite-Based Modeling of the Carbon Fluxes in Mature Black Spruce Forests in Alaska: A Synthesis of the Eddy Covariance Data and Satellite Remote Sensing Data
Authors: Ueyama Masahito , Harazono Yoshinobu , Ichii Kazuhito 
Published: September 2010

AbstractScaling up of observed point data to estimate regional carbon fluxes is an important issue in the context of the global terrestrial carbon cycle. In this study, the authors proposed a new model to scale up the eddy covariance data to estimate regional carbon fluxes using satellite-derived data. Gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RE) were empirically calculated using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). First, the model input is evaluated by comparing with the field data, then established and tested the model at the point scale, and then extended it into a regional scale. At the point scale, the empirical model could reproduce the seasonal and interannual variations in the carbon budget of the mature black spruce forests in Alaska and Canada sites, suggesting that seasonality of the NDVI and LST could explain the carbon fluxes and that the model is robust within mature black spruce forests in North America. Regional-scale analysis showed that the total GPP and RE between 2003 and 2006 were 1.76 ± 0.28 and 1.86 ± 0.26 kg CO2 m−2 yr−1, respectively, in mature black spruce forests in Alaska, indicating that these forests were almost carbon neutral. The authors’ model analysis shows that the proposed method is effective in scaling up point observations to estimate the regional-scale carbon budget and that the mature black spruce forests increased in sink strength during spring warming and decreased in sink strength during summer and autumn warming.
Viscous Fingering and Gravity Segregation through Porous Media: Experimental Findings
Authors: Abbas Farhat , Rose Derek A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
During downward vertical flow of a viscous solution, the viscous fingering (VF) phenomenon affects miscible displacement of solutes through a soil profile. On the other hand, during horizontal flow, when the liquid residing in a horizontal bed of porous materials is displaced by another liquid of different density, the resulting hydrodynamic dispersion is modified by the formation of a tongue of denser liquid undershooting the less dense liquid, a phenomenon known as gravity segregation (GS). To explore VF and GS phenomena, the authors present laboratory experimental results on the vertical and horizontal transport of bulk solution and ions of different concentrations and/or densities through inert and reactive porous media. The study showed that, with miscible liquids, breakthrough starts later and ends earlier. The authors predicted the behavior of immiscible liquids by the nondimensional gravity segregation number β: that is, with increase in β, the segregation becomes extreme. The curve fitting technique CXTFIT 2.0 fitted the experimental breakthrough curves well, showing that the apparent coefficients of hydrodynamic dispersion vary much less with pore-water velocity in horizontal than in vertical flow, but retardation factors are not influenced by the orientation of flow. This work is relevant to the preferential flow of viscous liquids such as liquid fertilizers in agricultural fields, oil recovery processes, and the intrusion of saline water into the freshwater of coastal aquifers.
Estimation of Liquid Cloud Properties that Conserve Total-Scene Reflectance Using Satellite Measurements
Authors: Foster Michael J. , Bennartz Ralf , Heidinger Andrew 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
A new method of deriving statistical moments related to the distribution of liquid water path over partially cloudy scenes is tested using a satellite cloud climatology. The method improves the ability to reconstruct total-scene visible reflectance when compared with an approach that relies on valid liquid water path retrievals, and thus it maintains physical consistency with the primary satellite observations when deriving cloud climatologies. A global application of the new method finds a mean bias of −0.008 ± 0.017 when reconstructing total-scene reflectance from liquid water path distributions, as compared with a bias of 0.05 ± 0.047 when using a conventional approach. Application of the method to a multidecadal cloud climatology suggests that this may provide a means of identifying data artifacts that could affect long-term cloud property trends. The conservation of reflectance plus the ease of applicability to various satellite datasets makes this method a valuable tool for model validation and comparison of satellite climatologies. Gaussian and gamma functions are used to approximate the distribution of horizontal subgrid-scale liquid water path for 1° × 1° scenes, and while both functions perform well for the majority of atmospheric conditions, it is found that the Gaussian distribution generates a negative bias for cases in which visible reflectance is very high and that neither function is able to represent liquid water path well in the few cases in which the observed distribution is bi- or multimodal.
Modeling Aerosol Impacts on Convective Storms in Different Environments
Authors: Storer Rachel L. , van den Heever Susan C. , Stephens Graeme L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Aerosols are known to have both direct and indirect effects on clouds through their role as cloud condensation nuclei. This study examines the effects of differing aerosol concentrations on convective storms developing under different environments. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), a cloud-resolving model with sophisticated microphysical and aerosol parameterization schemes, was used to achieve the goals of this study. A sounding that would produce deep convection was chosen and consistently modified to obtain a variety of CAPE values. Additionally, the model was initiated with varying concentrations of aerosols that were available to act as cloud condensation nuclei. Each model run produced long-lived convective storms with similar storm development, but they differed slightly based on the initial conditions. Runs with higher initial CAPE values produced the strongest storms overall, with stronger updrafts and larger amounts of accumulated surface precipitation. Simulations initiated with larger concentrations of aerosols developed similar storm structures but showed some distinctive dynamical and microphysical changes because of aerosol indirect effects. Many of the changes seen because of varying aerosol concentrations were of either the same order or larger magnitude than those brought about by changing the convective environment.
Water Vapor and Mechanical Work: A Comparison of Carnot and Steam Cycles
Authors: Pauluis Olivier 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe impact of water vapor on the production of kinetic energy in the atmosphere is discussed here by comparing two idealized heat engines: the Carnot cycle and the steam cycle. A steam cycle transports water from a warm moist source to a colder dryer sink. It acts as a heat engine in which the energy source is the latent heat of evaporation. It is shown here that the amount of work produced by a steam cycle depends on relative humidity and is always less than that produced by the corresponding Carnot cycle.The Carnot and steam cycles can be combined into a mixed cycle that is forced by both sensible and latent heating at the warm source. The work performed depends on four parameters: the total energy transport; the temperature difference between the energy source and sink; the Bowen ratio, which measures the partitioning between the sensible and latent heat transports; and the relative humidity of the atmosphere. The role of relative humidity on the work produced by a steam cycle is discussed in terms of the Gibbs free energy and in terms of the internal entropy production.