bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Capping of Growing Gold Nanoparticles by Porphyrin Having Two Disulfide Straps over One Face
Authors: Hitomi Yutaka , Ohyama Junya , Higuchi Yasuhiro , Aoki Kazuki , Shishido Tetsuya , Funabiki Takuzo , Kodera Masahito , Tanaka Tsunehiro 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Two types of tetrathiolated surface passivants were synthesized in order to explore the effect of S-functional groups (disulfide vs. S-thioester) to control the size of gold nanoparticles prepared by a simple one-pot reduction of tetrachloroaurate with sodium tetrahydroborate. Both the passivants have four thiolated arms in the same direction perpendicular to a porphyrin plane, and produced small porphyrin-coated gold nanoparticles 2 to 4 nm in size by one-pot reduction of AuIII ions at S/Au from 1 to 16. The constancy in particle size at S/Au ratio less than 4 was greater with use of tetradentate disulfide passivant compared with use of tetradentate S-thioester ligand, which should be attributed to faster adsorption of disulfide groups with gold than that of S-thioester groups. The results described here suggest that passivants having multivalent disulfide bonds should be promising candidates for constructing monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles of well-defined size.
Converting Pirates Without Cannibalizing Purchasers: The Impact of Digital Distribution on Physical Sales and Internet Piracy
Authors: Danaher Brett , Dhanasobhon Samita , Smith Michael D. , Telang Rahul 
Published: October 2010

The availability of digital channels for media distribution has raised many important questions for marketers, notably, whether digital distribution channels will cannibalize physical sales and whether legitimate digital distribution channels will dissuade consumers from using (illegitimate) digital piracy channels. We address these two questions using the removal of NBC content from Apple's iTunes store in December 2007, and its restoration in September 2008, as natural shocks to the supply of legitimate digital content, and we analyze the impact of this shock on demand through BitTorrent piracy channels and the Amazon.com DVD store. To do this we collected two large data sets from Mininova.com and Amazon.com, documenting levels of piracy and DVD sales for both NBC and other major networks' content around these events. We analyze these data in a difference-in-difference model and find that NBC's decision to remove its content from iTunes in December 2007 is causally associated with an 11.4% increase in the demand for NBC's pirated content. This is roughly equivalent to an increase of 48,000 downloads a day for NBC's content and is approximately twice as large as the total legal purchases on iTunes for the same content in the period preceding the removal. We also find evidence of a smaller, and statistically insignificant, decrease in piracy for the same content when it was restored to the iTunes store in September 2008. Finally, we see no change in demand for NBC's DVD content at Amazon.com associated with NBC's closing or reopening of its digital distribution channel on iTunes.
Reactive maleic anhydride polyolefins (MAPOs) in oriented strand board. Part 1: Dynamic thermomechanical properties of phenol formaldehyde resins blended with two MAPOs
Authors: Chowdhury Sudip , Yadama Vikram , Laborie Marie-Pierre 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
A mechanism to improve the toughness of phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin for wood composites is investigated. It is hypothesized that addition of maleic anhydride polyolefins (MAPO), namely maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) and maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE), to PF resin will toughen it owing to phase separation between the resin and MAPO. Dynamic mechanical analysis of resin with a low level of MAPP (0.5%) showed an improvement in the storage modulus (E′) or stiffness of the resin system during curing. Similarly, the damping property, tanδ, examined at three discrete temperatures, improved with blends of low levels of MAPP (0.5%). The fracture energies (GIc and GIa) at 12% moisture content were increased with the addition of MAPP at lower proportions (1.5%, 3%, and 4.5%); whereas the addition of MAPE showed a reduction in fracture energies, although not significant, particularly at lower levels. After 24 h soaking, specimens with MAPP showed significant improvements in GIc only at the 3% level; however, addition of MAPE resulted in a reduction of both the fracture energies. On the basis of these results, PF resin was blended with MAPP anionic emulsion for fabrication of oriented strand composites (OSC) test boards in Part 2 of the study.
Reactive maleic anhydride polyolefins (MAPOs) in oriented strand board. Part 2: Influence on physical and mechanical properties
Authors: Chowdhury Sudip , Yadama Vikram 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The use of reactive polyolefin and phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin blends to improve the moisture durability of oriented strand composite (OSC) panels was investigated. Test panels were hot pressed with adhesive blends consisting of varying proportions of PF and maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) anionic emulsion, and their physical and mechanical properties were evaluated. The addition of MAPP did not significantly affect the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the panels, but reduced the modulus of rupture in bending (MOR) for 12% moisture content (MC) and 24-h soak specimens. An increase in PF content significantly improved the MOE and MOR of specimens subjected to the environment. Adding MAPP reduced internal bond strength, particularly at higher PF levels. The addition of MAPP and raising PF levels significantly reduced water absorption and thickness swelling of the panels. At higher MAPP levels, the water vapor transmission in OSC as well as the permeance of the material, was reduced. Composite board equilibrated to lower MC with increasing MAPP content in the resin blend. The results indicate that increasing the PF content is the most effective method of improving both moisture resistance and the mechanical properties of OSC; addition of MAPP improves the moisture resistance of the panels, but significantly reduces their mechanical properties.
Hydraulic Conductivity Determination of Compacted Sand-Bentonite Mixture Using Filter Press
Authors: Rico Razakamanantsoa A. , Gilles Barast , Irini Djeran-Maigre 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This paper presents a method to adapt a measurement in order to enhance its exploitation time and provide a suitable comparison with standard permeability tests. The filter press apparatus used for the fluid loss test (FLT) was selected to elaborate a hydraulic performance method, which is used for compacted sand-bentonite mixtures. An analytical method was developed for hydraulic conductivity determination. Material and test parameters (hydraulic pressure Po, hydraulic gradient i, hydraulic conductivity ko, and α coefficient) were highlighted. Series of experiments were performed with a filter press and rigid wall permeameter (RWP). The hydraulic study was performed on samples composed of soil with 2 %, 3.5 %, and 5 % of an activated Ca-bentonite permeated with a weakly 1×10−3 M NaCl. An improved FLT (IFLT) leads to a differentiation of the effect of clay concentration on hydraulic conductivity, but it is not suitable enough to estimate the hydraulic conductivity value as the RWP. Direct test comparisons between RWP and IFLT show hydraulic conductivity values of the same order of magnitude. Sample compaction is known to reduce the void ratio variation. However, thickness variation may occur during testing due to a combination of swelling and consolidation effects caused by the hydraulic head. Then, the mechanical behaviour of the compacted sample was investigated with an oedometer. The IFLT method could provide rapid hydraulic performance indication compared to standard permeability tests. Further investigations would be needed to properly take into account the mechanical effect of the pressure.
Effect of pioglitazone on serum concentrations of osteoprotegerin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Park Jong Suk , Cho Min Ho , Nam Ji Sun , Yoo Jeong Seon , Ahn Chul Woo , Cha Bong Soo , Kim Kyung Rae , Lee Hyun Chul 
Published: October 2010

ObjectiveOsteoprotegerin (OPG) acts as an important regulatory molecule in atherosclerosis. Recent studies report that thiazolidinediones could affect OPG expression. We investigated the relationship between OPG and inflammatory cytokines and the effects of pioglitazone (a PPARγ (PPARG) agonist) versus metformin on serum OPG levels in type 2 diabetic patients.Design and methodsSixty-seven type 2 diabetic patients were included in this study. They were assigned to pioglitazone (15 mg/day,n=34) or metformin (1000 mg/day,n=33) during 24 weeks. Various anthropometric and metabolic parameters, OPG, interleukin 6 (IL6), C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), were measured at baseline and at 6 months of treatment.ResultsSerum OPG levels correlated significantly with fasting plasma glucose (FPG), HbAlc, HOMA-IR, IL6, and CRP, and inversely correlated with adiponectin after adjusting for age (P<0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that FPG, HbAlc, and adioponectin were independently correlated with OPG level. After 6 months of treatment, the reduction in FPG and HbAlc levels was similar between the two groups. Pioglitazone treatment significantly increased body mass index (P<0.05) and waist circumference (P<0.05) and decreased triglycerides (P<0.05) and HOMA-IR (P<0.01). The adiponectin concentration was increased (P<0.05), and OPG and CRP levels were decreased in the pioglitazone group (P<0.05), but were unchanged in the metformin group. The changes in serum OPG in the pioglitazone group showed significant correlation with changes in FPG, HbAlc, and adiponectin.ConclusionsIn type 2 diabetic patients, pioglitazone decreases OPG levels, and this decrease in OPG levels might be associated with the increase in adiponectin.
Gold Biorecovery from Plating Waste by Magnetotactic Bacterium, Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1
Authors: Tanaka Masayoshi , Kawase Masaya , Tanaka Tsuyoshi , Matsunaga Tadashi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMagnetotactic bacteria are a unique species of bacteria, commonly recognized by the presence of magnetic particles within them. These intracellular, nanosized magnetic particles enable the bacteria to migrate and be manipulated by magnetic force. To date, magnetotactic bacteria have been widely researched and implemented in various biotechnology based applications. In this study, as an extension to its applications, the magnetotactic bacterium, Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1, was applied in the microbial recovery of gold from plating waste. M. magneticum AMB-1 successfully precipitated approximately 42% and 100% of gold from growth medium containing 10 μM gold and from a mixture of plating waste/growth medium containing 0.4 μM gold, respectively. These observations and results strongly suggests that an important advancement in biorecovery of rare metals and bioremediation of toxic metals was achieved in which the application of whole cell bacteria, and direct precipitation of metals from plating waste using magnetotactic bacteria was performed for the first time.
Water treatment by molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles
Authors: Schreiber Tino , Weber Achim , Niedergall Klaus , Riegler Jürgen , Bryniok Dieter , Hirth Thomas , Tovar Guenter E. M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMolecular recognition capabilities are evoked at artificial materials by the NANOCYTES®-technology of the Fraunhofer IGB, Stuttgart, Germany. The biomimetic nanoparticles described here possess such molecularly recognizing properties. For this purpose they carry molecularly defined binding sites at their surface. In this particular case molecularly imprinted nanospheres (nanoMIPs) were developed for the specific adsorption of micropollutants from hospital waste water. Active pharmaceutical substances and their metabolites which were not decomposed by waste water plants were chosen as model compounds. One of this model compounds is Pentoxifylline. The nanoMIPs are prepared by a miniemulsion polymerization technique, where the monomer, the template, the cross-linker, and the initiator do react in the droplet cavities of the miniemulsion. The reaction to obtain nanoMIP particles is complex, but nevertheless it runs in a single reaction chamber and in a single step chemical process. For synthesis of the polymer system p(methacrylicacid-co-ethylenglycoldimethacrylate), p(meth-acrylicacid-co-methylmethacrylate-co-ethylenglycoldimethacrylate) and p(4-vinylpyridin-co-ethylenglycoldimethacrylate) are used. The technique of miniemulsion polymerization results in particles with a typical size distribution of 50 nm to 500 nm. Additionally, an introduced magnetic core will allow the final separation of the nanoMIPs and more important of the recognized pollutants from (waste) water. We demonstrate that magnetite can be incorporated into the polymer system, and that the template Pentoxifylline does not affect the polymerization process.
Remediation of Dissolved Organic Pollutants in Water Using Organosilica-Based Materials that Rapidly and Reversibly Swell
Authors: Edmiston Paul L , Underwood Laura A 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA sol-gel derived organosilica material that energetically swells when exposed to organic molecules was tested as a means to extract dissolved organic species from water. Swellable organically modified silica (SOMS) was demonstrated to be effective at removing butanol, methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, ethanol, and toluene from lab grade water, salt water, and natural waters. Partition coefficients for the absorption of organic species from water by SOMS ranged from 2.8�105 – 1.0�102, and vary depending on polarity of the contaminant, concentration, and the total mass of contaminant absorbed. Absorption of organic species to SOMS appears to be enhanced by matrix expansion of nanometer sized pores leading to non-selective capture of organics beyond what could be attributed to physisorption.
Microwave assisted syntheses of solvent-based colloidal sols of tailored ceria nanoparticles
Authors: Poncelet Olivier J.C. , J. Jouhannaud , D. Chaumont 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMicrowave assisted syntheses of stable solvent based colloidal sols of tailored ceria nanoparticles
Olivier Poncelet*, Julien Jouhannaud*, Denis Chaumont**
*CEA Liten DTNM/L2T , 17 rue des Martyrs F-38054 Grenoble Cedex9, France
**Institut Carnot Bourgogne (ICB), UMR5209 CNRS, Facult� des Sciences Mirande, Universit� de Bourgogne, 9 Av. Alain Savary, BP 47870, F-21078 Dijon Cedex

The pressure of environmental laws in many advanced countries becoming more restricting year after year, it is asked to automobile companies to strongly control the carburant consumption of cars that they put on the market and also to eliminate toxic chemicals coming from exhaust emission gases. This is particularly true for diesel oil which is particularly efficient in terms of carburant consumption but known to release toxic chemicals in exhaust gases. Among the materials able to solve these concerns, ceria (CeO2) is a choice catalyst because it can work in two different ways first as an oxygen store by release of oxygen in the presence of reductives gases (CnHn and CO), and also by removing oxygen by interaction with oxidising species (NOx), leaving finally in exhaust gases H2O, CO2 and N2.
To be efficient ceria has to be used under nanoparticle form directly added in the diesel oil. The surface developed by the nanoparticles due to their small size positively influence the catalytic properties (both oxidation and reduction step) in terms of kinetic, so the ignition delay time for nanosized particles in the combustion chamber of diesel motors fits well with the high performance diesel motor characteristics. The true challenge is to be able to prepare stable solvent based sols of crystalline ceria nanoparticles which could be used without plugging the injection nozzles. We present various synthetic ways to produce ceria nanoparticles in water followed by their surface modification allowing stable colloidal sols in organic medium to be designed. We emphasize more particularly the microwave assisted synthesis which by enhancing nucleation of the nanosized particles versus growth of nanoparticles allows very narrow sized distribution of nanoparticles to be obtained. Moreover in terms of synthetic processes, microwave assisted syntheses allow to strongly reduced the synthetic time without compromise in terms of cristallinity (TEM and XRD). Surface modifications of the nanoparticles have been monitored by FT-IR, FT-Raman, while their sizes have been monitored by DLS (differential light scattering) from water to solvents suspension proving the efficiency of ether carboxylic acids as surface modifiers. Finally we will show preliminary results on the microwave assisted syntheses of mixed oxides materials (CeZrOx) and the way to design organic based sols of nanoparticles.
Purification of Refined Metallurgical-grade Silicon up to Solar Grade Silicon by Extraction
Authors: Karabanov Sergey M , Suvorov Dmitriy V , Sazhin Boris N 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe paper studies the theoretical analysis of silicon purification process using the method of extraction from solid phase in fine-dyspersated condition. Axial profile impurity concentration in silicon particles, time dynamics of average impurity concentration at various purification conditions (temperature, particle size, impurity concentration in extractant) are obtained by numerical simulation. The requirements to a particle size and temperature condition when practically important purification efficiency is reached, are determined. The design of an industrial-scale plant is shown schematically.
V2O5 Nanorods with Improved Cycling Stability for Li Intercalation
Authors: Glushenkov Alexey M , Stukachev Vladimir I. , Hassan Mohd Faiz , Kuvshinov Gennady G. , Liu Hua Kun , Chen Ying Ian 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe have recently reported a solid-state, mass-quantity transformation from V2O5 powders to nanorods via a two-step approach [1]. In this paper we present detailed investigation of the growth process using x-ray diffraction, scanning/transmission electron microscopy and electron spin resonance. The growth of nanorods at intermediate stages has been examined. Oxidation, surface energy minimization and surface diffusion play important roles in the growth mechanism.
Design and Development of Biodegradable Sapling Pot with Biodegradable Polymer and Biomass
Authors: Isobe Seiichiro , Sotome Itaru , Okadome Hiroshi , Wakisaka Masaru , Ueki Kanji 
Published: October 2010

AbstractProcesses of biodegradable molded products were developed. However, to make commercial products to adapted each purpose is still under going. So, this time, to improve the molded products properties, we tested to blend with PLA (polylactic acid) or PBSA (Poly butylenes succinate adipate) into CGM(Corn gluten meal) based agro by-products ingredient.Molded samples were able to make from all tested material and each sample had each physical properties. Finally, we selected suitable condition for practical field test of Large Sapling Pot for Persimmon saplings. Such application will be addressed in our talk and general situation of biodegradable products by biomass resources in Japan will be also introduced.
Fabrication and Characterizations of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanofibers
Authors: Chuangchote Surawut , Fujita Michiyasu , Sagawa Takashi , Yoshikawa Susumu 
Published: October 2010

AbstractConductive nanofibers with the average diameters in the range of 60 nm - 2 μm were fabricated by electrospinning of a mixture of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in a mixed solvent of chlorobenzene and methanol. Beaded fibers and/or uniform, smooth-surface fibers were successfully fabricated. The average diameter of the as-spun fibers decreased and the color of as-spun fibers changed with decreasing the concentration of P3HT or PVP. After the removal of PVP from as-spun fibers by Soxhlet extraction, pure P3HT fibers were obtained as a spindle-like with groove-like morphological appearance which may be widely applicable for some specific applications, such as photovoltaic cells, thin film transistors, and light emitting diodes.
Modeling the Effect of Annealing and Regioregularity on Electron and Hole Transport Characteristics of Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Shambayati Shabnam , Gholamkhass Bobak , Ebadian Soheil , Holdcroft Steven , Servati Peyman 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this study, the dark current-voltage characteristics of electron-only and hole-only poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as a function of regioregularity (RR) and annealing time is investigated using the mobility edge (ME) model. This model is used to analyze the degradation of electron and hole mobilities as a function of annealing time for 93%-RR and 98%-RR P3HT:PCBM devices. The hole mobility is almost unchanged by the RR nature of P3HT and thermal annealing. The electron mobility, however, behaves differently after annealing. The electron mobility of 98%-RR devices, which is initially higher than that of the 93%-RR devices, experiences a steep decline with annealing. Based on ME analysis, this is due to an increase in trap states in the exponential tail caused by phase segregation of solid state blends of 98%-RR polymer and PCBM. The electron mobility of 93%-RR devices increases with annealing due to an optimization of nano-phase separated morphology.
Endocrine links between fat and reproduction
Authors: Sam Amir H , Dhillo Waljit S 
Published: October 2010

Key content

Adipose tissue plays an important role in the regulation of the reproductive axis.
Leptin, an adipocyte‐derived hormone, relays the status of the energy stores to the reproductive axis.
Leptin acts via hypothalamic circuitry, through modulation of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone levels; this may be mediated by neuropeptides such as kisspeptin.
Excess adipose tissue is associated with subfertility.

Learning objectives

To learn about the endocrine links between adipose tissue and reproduction.
To recognise the significance of leptin in the regulation of the reproductive axis.
To understand possible mechanisms of the reproductive action of leptin.
To learn that hyperinsulinaemia associated with obesity can lead to hyperandrogenism and ovulatory dysfunction.

Ethical issues

Caloric deprivation can cause menstrual abnormalities.
A critical amount of body fat is necessary for fertility and maintenance of pregnancy.
Obesity is associated with reduced fertility.

Please cite this article as: Sam AH, Dhillo WS. Endocrine links between fat and reproduction. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2010;12:231–236.
67.4: Use of a Spatial Multiresolution Visual Model with Display Characterization and Ambient Information to Adaptively Shape the Tonescales of Mobile Displays
Authors: Daly Scott , Mantiuk Rafal , Kerofsky Louis 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAn image‐dependent, display‐dependent, and ambient illumination‐dependent tone‐mapping operator is developed that is driven by a human vision system model. It aims to maximize visible contrast information for the full range of display devices, from e‐paper to HDR displays. The operator weights contrast distortions according to their visibility predicted by the model of the human visual system. The distortions are minimized given a display model that incorporates ambient information to enforce constraints on the solution. A scene cut algorithm is used for video content to allow rapid tonescale changes across scenes while a temporal LPF is used to avoid visible temporal fluctuations within scenes. We discuss the differences between our method and previous approaches to the tone‐mapping problem, as well as newer tone mapping approaches that do not seek to preserve image information. This paper will especially highlight the issues important for current display technology for mobile devices.