bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Native multimer analysis of plasma and platelet von Willebrand factor compared to denaturing separation: Implication for the interpretation of satellite bands
Authors: Hohenstein Kurt , Griesmacher Andrea , Weigel Günter , Golderer Georg , Ott Helmut Werner 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBlue native electrophoresis (BNE) was applied to analyze the von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimers in their native state and to present a methodology to perform blue native electrophoresis on human plasma proteins, which has not been done before. The major difference between this method and the commonly used SDS‐agarose gel electrophoresis is the lack of satellite bands in the high‐resolution native gel. To further analyze this phenomenon, a second dimension was performed under denaturing conditions. Thereby, we obtained a pattern in which each protein sub‐unit from the first dimension dissociates into three distinct sub‐bands. These bands confirm the triplet structure, which consists of an intermediate band and two satellite bands. By introducing the second dimension, our novel method separates the triplet structure into a higher resolution than the commonly used SDS‐agarose gel electrophoresis does. This helps considerably in the classification of ambiguous von Willebrand's disease subtypes. In addition, our method has the additional advantage of being able to resolve the triplet structure of platelet vWF multimers, which has not been identified previously through conventional SDS‐agarose electrophoresis multimer analysis. This potential enables us to compare the triplet structure from platelet and plasmatic vWF, and may help to find out whether structural abnormalities concern the vWF molecule in the platelet itself, or whether they are due to the physiological processing of vWF shed into circulation. Owing to its resolution and sensitivity, this native separation technique offers a promising tool for the analysis and detection of von Willebrand disorder, and for the classification of von Willebrand's disease subtypes.
Immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis: A new versatile tool for determining protein biomarkers in inflammatory processes
Authors: Guzman Norberto A. , Phillips Terry M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMany diseases caused by inflammatory processes can progress to a chronic state causing deterioration in the quality of life and a poor prognosis for long‐term survival. To address inflammatory diseases effectively, early detection and novel therapeutics are required. However, this can be challenging, in part because of the lack of early predictive biomarkers and the limited availability of adequate technologies capable of the identification/characterization of key predictive biomarkers present in biological materials, especially those found at picomolar concentrations and below. This review highlights the need for state‐of‐the art methodologies, with high‐sensitivity and high‐throughput capabilities, for determination of multiple biomarkers. Although many new biomarkers have been discovered recently, existing technology has failed to successfully bring this advancement to the patient's bedside. We present an overview of the various advances available today to extend the discovery of predictive biomarkers of inflammatory diseases; in particular, we review the technology of immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis (IACE), which combines the use of antibodies as highly selective capture agents with the high resolving power of capillary electrophoresis. This two‐dimensional hybrid technology permits the quantification and characterization of several protein biomarkers simultaneously, including subtle structural changes such as variants, isoforms, peptide fragments, and post‐translational modifications. Furthermore, the results are rapid, sensitive, can be performed at a relatively low cost, without the introduction of false positive or false negative data. The IACE instrumentation can have relevance to medical, pharmaceutical, environmental, military, cultural heritage (authenticity of art work), forensic science, industrial and research fields, and in particular as a point‐of‐care biomarker analyzer in translational medicine.
Recent developments in capillary and chip electrophoresis of bioparticles: Viruses, organelles, and cells
Authors: Subirats Xavier , Blaas Dieter , Kenndler Ernst 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn appropriate aqueous buffer solutions, biological particles usually exhibit a particular electric surface charge due to exposed charged or chargeable functional groups (amino acid residues, acidic carbohydrate moieties, etc.). Consequently, these bioparticles can migrate in solution under the influence of an electric field allowing separation according to their electrophoretic mobilities or their pI values. Based on these properties, electromigration methods are of eminent interest for the characterization, separation, and detection of such particles. The present review discusses the research papers published between 2008 and 2010 dealing with isoelectric focusing and zone electrophoresis of viruses, organelles and microorganisms (bacteria and yeast cells) in the capillary and the chip format.
Concentration and fractionation by isoelectric trapping in a micropreparative‐scale multicompartmental electrolyzer having orthogonal pH gradients. Part 2
Authors: Lim Peniel J. , Vigh Gyula 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA micropreparative‐scale multicompartmental electrolyzer called ConFrac has been developed and tested for isoelectric trapping separations. ConFrac can be operated in pass‐by‐pass mode or recirculating mode, using either asymmetrical feeding (feed enters only the anodic or the cathodic flow‐through compartment) or symmetrical feeding (feed enters both the anodic and the cathodic flow‐through compartment). Symmetrical feeding results in higher processing rates and is the preferred operation mode. Residence time in the flow‐through compartments is set as a compromise between processing rate and temperature rise in the effluent. Ampholytic components have been isolated from 5 to 50 mL volumes of micromolar feed solutions and hundredfold concentrated into 100‐μL collection compartments. Samples containing ampholytic analytes in highly conducting salt solutions were readily desalted and fractionated in ConFrac in one operation. pH transients formerly observed in other isoelectric trapping devices were observed in ConFrac as well. The pH transients were caused by the unequal ion transmission rates of the anodic‐ and cathodic‐side buffering membranes.
Combining size‐exclusion chromatography and fully automated chip‐based nanoelectrospray quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry for structural analysis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate in human decorin
Authors: Zamfir Alina D. , Flangea Corina , Sisu Eugen , Seidler Daniela G. , Peter‐Katalinić Jasna 
Published: June 2011

AbstractChondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) chain of decorin (DCN) from human skin fibroblasts (HSk) was released by reductive β‐elimination reaction and digested with chondroitin AC I lyase. Enzymatic hydrolysis mixture of CS/DS chains was separated by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC). Collected octasaccharide fraction was subjected to fully automated chip‐based nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QTOF) MS and tandem MS (MS/MS). MS of human skin fibroblasts DCN CS/DS displayed a high complexity due to the large variety of glycoforms, which under chip‐nanoESI MS readily ionized to form multiply charged ions. Except for the regularly tetrasulfated octasaccharide, the investigated fraction contained four additional octasaccharides of atypical sulfation status. Two new oversulfated glycoforms and two undersulfated species were identified. Remarkably, the series of decasaccharides discovered in the same SEC pool was found to encompass a trisulfated and a novel hexasulfated [4,5‐Δ‐GlcAGalNAc(IdoAGalNAc)4] species. MS/MS by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) on the [M‐4H]4 ion corresponding to the previously not reported [4,5‐Δ‐GlcAGalNAc(IdoAGalNAc)3](5S) corroborated for a novel motif in which three N‐acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) moieties are monosulfated, 4,5‐Δ‐GlcA and the first IdoA from the non‐reducing end bear one sulfate group each, while the second N‐acetylgalactosamine from the reducing end is unsulfated.
Single-substance and mixture toxicity of five pharmaceuticals and personal care products to marine periphyton communities
Authors: Backhaus Thomas , Porsbring Tobias , Arrhenius Åsa , Brosche Sara , Johansson Per , Blanck Hans 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The single-substance and mixture toxicity of five pharmaceuticals and personal care products (fluoxetine, propranolol, triclosan, zinc-pyrithione, and clotrimazole) to marine microalgal communities (periphyton) was investigated. All compounds proved to be toxic, with median effective concentration values (EC50s) between 1,800 nmol/L (triclosan) and 7.2 nmol/L (Zn-pyrithione). With an EC50 of 356 nmol/L, the toxicity of the mixture falls into this span, indicating the absence of strong synergisms or antagonisms. In fact, a comparison with mixture toxicity predictions by the classical mixture concepts of concentration addition and independent action showed a good predictability in the upper effect range. However, the mixture provoked stimulating effects (hormesis) in the lower effect range, hampering the application of either concept. An independent repetition of the mixture experiment resulted in a principally similar concentration–response curve, again with clear hormesis effects in the lower range of test concentrations. However, the curve was shifted toward higher effect concentrations (EC50 1,070 nmol/L), which likely is due to changes in the initial species composition. Clear mixture effects were observed even when all five components were present only at their individual no-observed-effect concentrations (NOECs). These results show that, even with respect to mixtures of chemically and functionally dissimilar compounds, such as the five pharmaceuticals and personal care products investigated, environmental quality standards must take possible mixture effects from low-effect concentrations of individual compounds into consideration. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2030–2040. © 2011 SETAC
Dechlorane Plus in house dust from E-waste recycling and urban areas in South China: Sources, degradation, and human exposure
Authors: Wang Jing , Tian Mi , Chen She-Jun , Zheng Jing , Luo Xiao-Jun , An Tai-Cheng , Mai Bi-Xian 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Dechlorane Plus (DP) was measured in house dust from e-waste recycling and from urban and rural areas of South China, with geometric mean concentrations of 604, 14.5, and 2.89 ng/g, respectively. Dechlorane Plus in house dust in the e-waste area originated from e-waste recycling activities, whereas household appliances served as a major source of DP in urban house dust. The isomer ratios (fanti) of DP in most dust samples from the e-waste area were significantly lower than those in the urban and rural dust samples and the commercial mixture. Several [−1Cl + H] and [−2Cl + 2H] dechloro-DPs were identified in house dust from the e-waste area, and an a-Cl11 DP was qualified with concentrations of &lt;55.1 ng/g. Photolytic degradation experiments were conducted by exposing anti-DP, syn-DP, and commercial DP solutions to ultraviolet (UV) light. The slight difference in isomeric half-life derived by photodegradation, as well as the lower fanti values in the e-waste combusted residue, suggest a significant influence of isomer-specific thermal degradation of DP during e-waste burning on isomer composition in house dust in the e-waste area. The average estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of DP via house dust ranged from 0.06 to 30.2 ng/d for adults and 0.14 to 121 ng/d for toddlers in the studied area. The average EDIs of a-Cl11 DP for adults and toddlers in the e-waste area were 0.07 and 0.18 ng/d, respectively. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:1965–1972. © 2011 SETAC
Evidence for behavioral preference toward environmental concentrations of urban-use herbicides in a model adult fish
Authors: Tierney Keith B , Sekela Mark A , Cobbler Christine E , Xhabija Besa , Gledhill Melissa , Ananvoranich Sirinart , Zielinski Barbara S 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Fish live in waters of contaminant flux. In three urban, fish-bearing waterways of British Columbia, Canada, we found the active ingredients of WeedEx®, KillEx®, and Roundup® herbicide formulations (2,4-D, dicamba, glyphosate, and mecoprop) at low to high ng/L concentrations (0.26 to 309 ng/L) in routine conditions, i.e., no rain for at least one week. Following rain, these concentrations increased by an average of eightfold, suggesting runoff as a major route of herbicide introduction in these waterways. To determine whether fish might be able to limit point-source exposures through sensory-driven behaviors, we introduced pulses of representative herbicide mixtures to individual adult zebrafish (a model species) in flow-through tanks. Fish did the opposite of limit exposure; they chose to spend more time in pulses of herbicide mixtures representative of those that may occur with rain events. This attraction response was not altered by a previous 4-d exposure to lower concentrations of the mixtures, suggesting fish will not learn from previous exposures. However, previous exposures did alter an attraction response to an amino acid prevalent in food (L-alanine). The present study demonstrates that fish living within urban waterways may elect to place themselves in herbicide-contaminated environments and that these exposures may alter their behavioral responses to cues necessary for survival.Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2046–2054. © 2011 SETAC
Landscape-level patterns of mercury contamination of fish in North Texas, USA
Authors: Drenner Ray W , Chumchal Matthew M , Wente Stephen P , McGuire Mandy , Drenner S. Matthew 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal that is found in aquatic food webs and is hazardous to humans. An emerging conceptual model predicts that the areas of the landscape that have the potential to contain food webs with elevated concentrations of Hg are those that receive high amounts of Hg and sulfate deposition and have high coverage of forests and wetlands and low coverage of agriculture. The objective of the present study was to test this conceptual model using concentrations of Hg in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) from 145 reservoirs in four ecoregions of North Texas. The highest level of Hg contamination in fish was in the South Central Plains, the ecoregion that receives the highest levels of Hg and sulfate deposition and contains extensive forest and wetland habitat and little agriculture. The present study has important implications for other areas of the United States, because the South Central Plains extend into parts of Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Arkansas, covering a total area of 152,132 km2 of the southern United States. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2041–2045. © 2011 SETAC
Effects of the antihistamine diphenhydramine on selected aquatic organisms
Authors: Berninger Jason P , Du Bowen , Connors Kristin A , Eytcheson Stephanie A , Kolkmeier Mark A , Prosser Krista N , Valenti Theodore W , Chambliss C. Kevin , Brooks Bryan W 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In recent years pharmaceuticals have been detected in aquatic systems receiving discharges of municipal and industrial effluents. Although diphenhydramine (DPH) has been reported in water, sediment, and fish tissue, an understanding of its impacts on aquatic organisms is lacking. Diphenhydramine has multiple modes of action (MOA) targeting the histamine H1, acetylcholine (ACh), and 5-HT reuptake transporter receptors, and as such is used in hundreds of pharmaceutical formulations. The primary objective of this study was to develop a baseline aquatic toxicological understanding of DPH using standard acute and subchronic methodologies with common aquatic plant, invertebrate, and fish models. A secondary objective was to test the utility of leveraging mammalian pharmacology information to predict aquatic toxicity thresholds. The plant model, Lemna gibba, was not adversely affected at exposures as high as 10 mg/L. In the fish model, Pimephales promelas, pH affected acute toxicity thresholds and feeding behavior was more sensitive (no-observed-effect concentration = 2.8 µg/L) than standardized survival or growth endpoints. This response threshold was slightly underpredicted using a novel plasma partitioning approach and a mammalian pharmacological potency model. Interestingly, results from both acute mortality and subchronic reproduction studies indicated that the model aquatic invertebrate, Daphnia magna, was more sensitive to DPH than the fish model. These responses suggest that DPH may exert toxicity in Daphnia through ACh and histamine MOAs. The D. magna reproduction no-observed-effect concentration of 0.8 µg/L is environmentally relevant and suggests that additional studies of more potent antihistamines and antihistamine mixtures are warranted. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2065–2072. © 2011 SETAC
Using ptilochronology to determine daily mercury deposition in feathers of nestling waterbirds
Authors: Clarkson Charles E , Riscassi Ami 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Feathers are commonly used biomarkers of mercury (Hg) contamination in waterbird species. Most studies that analyze waterbird feathers for Hg content report concentrations on a per-unit mass basis. While this is appropriate for intraspecific comparisons, we suggest a more effective method for studies comparing multiple species of similar size and with similar foraging habits. Ptilochronology is a technique for determining the rate of feather growth in individuals based on their nutritional condition. When paired with Hg analysis, feather growth rates can be used to calculate the average daily Hg deposition into a feather. In this study we used this technique in comparison with the commonly used metric of Hg per-unit feather mass in two waterbird species. Average daily Hg deposition into feathers was 26.7% more sensitive to differences in Hg between the two species, suggesting that this may be a more biologically meaningful metric to use in interspecific comparisons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2081–2083. © 2011 SETAC
PCB and organochlorine pesticides in northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) from a High Arctic colony: Chemical exposure, fate, and transfer to predators
Authors: Foster Karen L , Mallory Mark L , Hill Laura , Blais Jules M 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Organochlorine contaminant concentrations, associated fugacities, and stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) are reported for liver, whole body homogenate, and opportunistically collected samples of prey (amphipods), stomach oils, digestive tract contents, and guano for northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) collected at Cape Vera, Devon Island in the Canadian High Arctic. Liver concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (ΣPCB) and ΣDDT were on average 49.9 ± 35.4 ng g−1 and 29.9 ± 25.2 ng g−1 wet weight, respectively. Whole body homogenate concentrations of ΣPCB and ΣDDT were 637 ± 293 ng g−1 and 365 ± 212 ng g−1 wet weight, respectively. A mass and energy balance showed that whole body contaminant concentrations, which are seldom reported for Arctic seabirds, are critical in determining contaminant exposure and associated risk to predators such as the Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). Biomagnification in the fulmars is evident, because concentrations and fugacities of contaminants were generally one to three orders of magnitude higher than those of likely prey items. The fate of diet-derived contaminants along the digestive tract is discussed, in particular with respect to stomach oils, which are used to feed chicks and for defensive purposes. The benefits of considering both concentrations and fugacities are demonstrated and provide information on the absorption and distribution of chemicals within the fulmars and contaminant transfer to offspring and predators. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2055–2064. © 2011 SETAC
Time‐dependent simulation of cavitating flow with k − ℓ turbulence models
Authors: Decaix Jean , Goncalvès Eric 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYA compressible, multiphase, one‐fluid Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes solver has been developed to study turbulent cavitating flows. The interplay between turbulence and cavitation regarding the unsteadiness and structure of the flow is complex and not well understood. This constitutes a critical point to accurately simulate the dynamic behavior of sheet cavities. In the present study, different formulations based on a k − ℓ transport‐equation model are investigated and a scale‐adaptive formulation is proposed. Numerical results are given for a Venturi geometry and comparisons are made with experimental data. The scale‐adaptive model shows several improvements compared with standard turbulence models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Free (open) boundary condition: some experiences with viscous flow simulations
Authors: Mitsoulis Evan , Malamataris Nikolaos A. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYThe free (or open) boundary condition (FBC, OBC) was proposed by Papanastasiouet al.(A new outflow boundary condition, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, 1992; 14:587–608) to handle truncated domains with synthetic boundaries where the outflow conditions are unknown. In the present work, implementation of the FBC has been tested in several benchmark problems of viscous flow in fluid mechanics. The FEM is used to provide numerical results for both cases of planar and axisymmetric domains under laminar, isothermal or non‐isothermal, steady‐state conditions, for Newtonian fluids. The effects of inertia, gravity, compressibility, pressure dependence of the viscosity, slip at the wall, and surface tension are all consideredindividuallyin the extrudate‐swell benchmark problem for a wide range of the relevant parameters. The present results extend previous ones regarding the applicability of the FBC and show cases where the FBC is inappropriate, namely in the extrudate‐swell problem with gravity or surface‐tension effects. Particular emphasis has been given to the pressure at the outflow, which is the most sensitive quantity of the computations. In all cases where FBC is appropriate, excellent agreement has been found in comparisons with results from very long domains. The formulation for Picard‐type iterations is given in some detail, and the differences with the Newton–Raphson formulation are highlighted regarding some computational aspects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Aerogels as Catalyst Supports and First Insights on Their Durability in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Ouattara‐Brigaudet M. , Beauger C. , Berthon‐Fabry S. , Achard P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTo enable a large penetration of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) on the market, the durability of these systems must be improved. This work aims at evaluating the durability of carbon aerogels used as cathode catalyst support and at comparing it with the durability of a commercial electrocatalyst Tanaka Kikinzoku Group (TKK). To do so, platinum was deposited on carbon aerogel. Resulting electrocatalysts were then used to prepare 50 cm2 membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). MEAs were then submitted to an ageing protocol consisting in operating the cell under H2/N2 and in maintaining the cell potential at 1.2 V during cycles of 7 h. MEA performance was then evaluated every 7 h before the following cycle. We showed that, in our testing conditions, neither carbon aerogel nor the commercial electrocatalyst can fulfil DOE objectives in terms of durability. The lower carbon aerogel corrosion resistance as compared to that one of the commercial electrocatalyst can be explained by their low degree of graphitisation. Carbon aerogels durability could be increased thanks to a pyrolysis at higher temperatures.