bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen‐Sulfur Relations in Soft White Winter Wheat. II. Initial and Residual Effects of Sulfur Application on Nutrient Concentration, Uptake, and N/S Ratio1
Authors: Rasmussen P. E. , Ramig R. E. , Allmaras R. R. , Smith C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough sulfur is routinely applied over much of the limited‐rainfall area of the northwestern United States, present diagnostic criteria for determining the need and frequency of S fertilization of white winter wheat [Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare (Vill., Host) and T. aestivum ssp. compactum (Host)] are not highly successful. Our objective was to evaluate the initial and residual availability of applied S by investigating a) S uptake and distribution in wheat and b) the success of S concentration and N/S ratio as diagnostic criteria.Sulfur uptake, S concentration, and N/S ratios were compared with yield to measure S response over a period of 7 years after S application to a typical S‐deficient soil. Four rates of S (0, 17, 34, and 68 kg/ha) were applied as gypsum in factorial combination with four rates of N (0, 45, 90, and 180 kg/ha) as ammonium nitrate. Residual S effects were then evaluated in three subsequent wheat crops grown in a wheat‐pea (Pisum sativum L.) rotation with optimum N fertilization.Sulfur uptake and concentration in the first wheat crop was proportional to the rate of S applied, but accumulated primarily in vegetative tissue when present in excess of the amount required for grain protein. Uptake from residual S was much lower than uptake from the fertilizer application and S levels in grain were maintained at the expense of S in straw. Excellent residual availability of S (i.e., two wheat crops for a 17 kg/ha application) was attributed to the low amount of S needed for the additional grain yield (< 1 kg S/ha), recycling of substantial quantities of S in straw residues, and negligible leaching of S.The initial N fertilization significantly increased S uptake from the S source by increasing both S concentration and dry matter. Nitrogen applied without S increased dry matter but not S concentration. In contrast, S fertilization had little effect on N concentration in grain and straw and influenced N uptake only through its effect on dry matter production.Grain yield responses to S were poorly correlated with S concentration or N/S ratio in tissue because of the inconsistency of S accumulation in the plant‐parts and the dominating effect of N on yield. Decreased grain yield in wheat responding to S was associated with < 0.12% S in grain, <0.08% S in mature plants, and with N/S ratios > 16 in mature plants.
Evapotranspiration of Dryland Barley with Different Plant Spacing Patterns1
Authors: Luebs R. E. , Laag A. E. , Nash Phyllis 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStandard row, grid, and paired‐row plant spacing patterns were compared at the same plant population for their effect on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaf area index (LAI), crop canopy, evapotranspiration (ET), and yield under dryland conditions in the field. The minimum unit area of equal plant population density for all spacing patterns was 240 cm2. Crop canopy was defined as the percentage of soil surface covered by the crop when viewed from a direction normal to the surface. Crop canopy and LAI were lowest for the grid spacing pattern, largely because of less tillering. During the vegetative phase with adequate water availability, the barley crop planted in the paired‐row pattern had the highest LAI but intermediate crop canopy. Evapotranspiration was more closely related to crop canopy as achieved with these spacing patterns than to LAI. Slightly greater ET during the first two‐thirds of the growing season by barley in the standard row pattern resulted in more water stress and lower ET later in the season, but this did not reduce grain yield below that for the other spacing patterns.
Response of Two Peanut Cultivars to Irrigation and Kylar1
Authors: Gorbet D. W. , Rhoads F. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith improved yields resulting from new cultivars and production practices, irrigation of peanuts (Arachis hypogae L.) is receiving increased attention. The objective of this study was to measure the response of two peanut cultivars to soil‐water management in the plow layer and to the growth regulator Kylar (succinic acid 2, 2 dimethylhydrazide).‘Florigiant’ and ‘Florunner’ cultivars, representing Virginia and runner market types, respectively, were grown on Typic Paleudult and Arenic Paleudult soils. Tensiometers were utilized to schedule irrigations for treatments in which soil moisture tension in the plow layer (20 cm) was maintained below 1 bar. In one treatment, plant wilt at midday was used as an indicator for irrigation. A plant growth regulator, Kylar, was applied in some treatments to reduce vegetative development.Total pod production of both cultivars was increased with irrigation, especially in dry seasons. During seasons of high rainfall and/or favorable distribution of rainfall, pod loss in the soil at harvest was excessive, resulting in a net yield reduction under conditions of low soil‐water tension (30 to 60 cbar). Treatments irrigated at low soil moisture tension produced significant yield increases and greater dollar value per metric ton in the dry 1972 season. The growth regulator, Kylar, and irrigation resulted in the greatest peanut yields when averaged across years (52 and 55 q/ha for Florigiant and Florunner, respectively). Kylar reduced vine growth all 3 years, but reduced dollar value per metric ton (grade) in some cases.
Production of Rye and Ryegrass Forage with Sulfur‐coated Urea and Ammonium Nitrate1
Authors: Dunavin L. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe need for fertilizer materials which provide particular elements to plants over a long period of time is well known. This reduces the expense of numerous applications. In the production of forage from grasses, N is an element which needs to be continually available but is one which is normally rather quickly dissipated. Sulfur‐coated urea (SCU) has given promise as a slow‐release source of N and the need to compare it with other sources of N, such as ammonium nitrate (AN), for various crops has arisen.This investigation was conducted to determine the value of the use of SCU as an alternative to AN in the production of forage from rye (Secale cereale L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). SCU compositions having dissolution rates of 10, 20, and 30% (dissolution in water in 7 days) were applied at annual rates of 100, 200, and 400 kg of N/ha. AN was also used at these same rates of N. AN was tested at one and three times of application. Data was obtained for two seasons with five monthly harvest dates in each season. For the 2‐year period, the highest yield (P < .05) was obtained from AN fertilization at a 400 kg/ha rate of N when three applications were made. The next highest yields were obtained when 400 kg/ha of N was applied as SCU with no difference between the dissolution rates. For the 2‐year period, there was no significant difference in the total recovery of N from forage receiving 400 kg/ha of N from AN and that fertilized with SCU at either the 30 or 30% dissolution rates. Monthly forage yield and N recovery differences among rates and between the fertilizer sources were evident.
Cannabinoid Profile and Elemental Uptake of Cannabis sativa L. as Influenced by Soil Characteristics1
Authors: Coffman C. B. , Gentner W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe consumption of Cannabis products (marihuana) derived from domestic and foreign sources persists in the United States despite its illegality and health hazards. The objectives of this investigation were: 1) to evaluate relationships between soil and plant elements, cannabinoids, and growth of Cannabis sativa L., and 2) to evaluate the practicality of using chemical analysis of Cannabis products to determine their geographic origin. Knowledge of geographic origin is useful to governmental agencies investigating illicit narcotic traffic.Cannabis sativa L. was grown on 11 different soils for 45 days in the greenhouse. Soils differed significantly in 15 measured elements and pH. Plants were grown from seed of Afghan origin. The following cannabinoids were extracted and measured from leaf tissue: cannabicyclol (CCC), cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9THC), and cannabinol (CBN). Fifteen elements measured in leaf tissue and correlated with soil and cannabinoid measurements. Soil pH was negatively correlated with leaf concentrations of Mn, Fe, Zn, and S. Extractable soil Mg was negatively correlated with N, Δ9THC and CBD concentrations in leaf tissue (p < 0.05). Plant height was negatively correlated with Δ9THC concentration, suggesting enhancement of the narcotic principle of marihuana when grown under stress. Extractable soil P2O5 was negatively correlated with CBD concentration while extractable soil Zn was positively correlated with CCC concentration. Several correlations between soil and plant characteristics having potential value for determination of geographic origin of marihuana were elucidated. However, environmental, harvesting, and analytical procedures used by different workers which do not conform to one another could result in changes in the soil‐plant correlations reported herein. Thus, additional studies are required before determination of the geographic origin of Cannabis products by foliar analysis becomes feasible.
Germination of Wheat and Alfalfa Seeds as Affected by Some Soil Urease Inhibitors1
Authors: May P. B. , Douglas L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of urease inhibitors has been proposed as a means of controlling the rate of urea hydrolysis in soils. However, application of enzyme inhibitors to soils may affect other soil processes in addition to urea hydrolysis.The purpose of this study was to determine whether soil urease inhibitors would affect the germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L) seeds. Soil urease inhibitors included in this study were; catechol, p‐benzoquinone, 2,5‐dimethyl‐p‐benzoquinone, hydroquinone, 1,2‐napthoquinone, benzohydroxamic acid, and phenylmercuric acetate.In the initial study, 0.003, 0.015 or 0.03 g of each inhibitor was applied to wheat or alfalfa seeds that had been placed on moist paper towelling. Germination percentage was recorded after incubating the seeds for 8 days at 20 C. At the highest rate of inhibitor application all inhibitors caused a noticeable decrease in the germination percentages of seeds of both species. Only catechol and 1,2‐napthoquinone had no effect on seed germination at the low rate of 0.003 g/plate. In a second experiment, seeds were germinated in moist soil in the presence of inhibitors applied at the rates of 100, 50, or 10 ppm of soil. No compounds affected germination when applied at 10 ppm of soil and at the higher rates, only 2,5‐dimethyl‐p‐benzoquinone caused severe reduction in the germination percentages recorded for both species.
Yield Response to Soil Warming: Agronomic Crops1
Authors: Rykbost K. A. , Boersma L. , Mack H. J. , Schmisseur W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWaste heat appears in the form of warm condenser cooling water from power generating plants. It has been proposed to use this water with temperatures ranging from 25 to 40 C for warming soils by pumping it through buried pipes. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of warming soils in this manner on the growth rates and yields of several crops. The proposed system was simulated with parallel electrical heating cables buried 92 cm deep and 183 cm apart. Heat source temperatures ranged from 35 to 38 C during the growing period. Heating increased the average temperature of the soil layer from 0 to 100 cm deep by about 10 C. The average temperature increase of the 0 to 10 cm soil layer was < 3 C. The crops tested were field corn (Zea mays L.), sudangrass (Sorghum vulgare sudanese), sorghumsudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor L.), and tall rescue (Festuca arundinacea).The yield increases, expressed as percentages of yields obtained on unheated plots, ranged from 19% for tall rescue to about 50% for sudangrass. The yield increases varied widely from year to year for the same crop. The highest yield increases occurred during years when the yields on unheated plots were lowest. Correlations between yield increases and yields from unheated plots were highly significant. A yield decrease occurred only with tall fescue during the summer. Soil heating appears to be most effective when climatic conditions and management factors are limiting. The effects of higher soil temperatures on growth rates were greatest in the early spring.
Improved Water‐use Efficiency in Dryland Grain Sorghum by Promoted Plant Competition1
Authors: Blum A. , Naveh M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments evaluated the hypothesis that competition‐suppressed plant growth might improve the water‐use efficiency and yield of dryland grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] grown on stored soil moisture.Plant competition was promoted by planting sorghum in double rows (DR), i.e., 40 cm between rows within a pair, and 160 cm between row pairs, as compared with regular‐spaced rows (RR) (100 cm between rows), with the same number of plants/unit area.The effect of competition in DR was observed, beginning at 20 to 35 days after emergence, in reduced total stover dry matter/plant, and reduced tillering and LAI, as compared with the RR arrangement.In two out of four experiments, grain yield was significantly increased by DR configuration, as compared with RR, and was associated with a reduced number of panicles/plant, and an increased number of grains/panicle and 1,000‐grain weight.Leaf water potential prior to the grain‐filling period did not differ between treatments. During the grain‐filling period, leaf water potential was significantly lower in RR than in DR plants. Leaf diffusive resistance prior to the grain‐filling period was significantly higher in DR than in RR plants, during late afternoon. During grain‐filling period, leaf diffusive resistance was significantly higher in RR than in DR plants, beginning at noon.During the boot to full bloom growth stages, less soil water was extracted in DR than in RR plots. Consequently, more soil water was available in DR plots during the grain‐filling period.
Nutrient Content of Sorghum Leaves and Grain as Influenced by Long‐Term Crop Rotation and Fertilizer Treatment1
Authors: Brawand Hans , Hossner L. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this research was delineation of longterm crop rotation and fertilizer influence on levels of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in sorghum leaves and grain. Continuous farming practices may introduce gradual departures in the prevailing initial biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of the plant root environment, thereby altering soil productivity characteristics. These chnges, as they alter nutrient composition and yield of crops, can be documented from long‐term field experiments maintained under continuous farming and fertilization programs. The treatments featured continuous versus rotations of grain sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with and without fertilizer. Most treatments have been applied annually for over 20 years. Fertilization of grain sorghum predominantly consisted of N and P at rates of 45 and 20 kg/ha, respectively, in field plots on a Houston Black clay soil (fine montmorillonitic thermic family of Udic Pellusterts).Apart from some selective positive influence on sorghum leaf N, leaf P and leaf K, the crop rotational effect on leaf composition was considered inconclusive. Generally, crop rotation did result in larger grain production with fertilized as well as with unfertilized sorghum.Levels of sorghum leaf N, leaf P, leaf K, and leaf Ca were mostly higher in plants receiving fertilizer than in checks. Grain sorghum leaf N, leaf P, leaf Ca, and leaf Mg percentages decreased, increased, or remained nearly constant during the interval from plant booting to half bloom. Sorghum leaf K percentages generally decreased from booting to half bloom. Fertilizer increased grain protein percentage and grain yield. Yet, high rates of fertilizer are not usually recommended in the Texas Blackland Prairie because of frequent soil moisture depletion prior to or at grain formation.Sorghum leaf composition, grain protein level and grain yield portrayed noticeable response to applied cattle manure plus fertilizer N and P. As the measurable response to fertilizer P was below expectation, its significance on longterm maintenance of balanced soil fertility remains an important consideration.
Changes in Total N, Organic Matter, Available P, and Bulk Densities of a Cultivated Soil 8 Years after Tame Pastures were Established1
Authors: White E. M. , Krueger C. R. , Moore R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCultivated Williams loam (Typic Argiboroll, fine‐loamy, mixed) soils in north‐central South Dakota were sampled after pastures were established and 8 years later so that the effect of the pastures on soils could be studied from analysis in the laboratory. Pastures were seeded to Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult.), or a mixture of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.), and a pasture alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Soil N and bulk densities increased as available P decreased in the 8 years. The soil organic matter increased under all pastures, but it was small. The increases in organic matter, decreases in available P, and increases in saturated‐clod bulk densities were different in the various pastures. Total N and organic matter increased about 0.001 and 0.02% per year, respectively, which is slower than the rate of decrease caused by cultivating the original grassland soils.
Nitrogen Concentrations of Cotton Leaves, Buds, and Bolls in Relation to Age and Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: Thompson A. C. , Lane H. C. , Jones J. W. , Hesketh J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOur plant growth models depend on a nitrogen economy in the plant as a limit for the initiation of new organs as well as the slowing of growth or abscission of plant organs. To improve our N‐balance model, we needed better information about possible organ age effects for plants growing under different N‐levels.Leaf and fruit N and N‐effects upon morphology at four preplanting soil nitrogen levels of 0, 67, 134, and 201 kg N/ha were studied in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in the field and greenhouse. Three sets of leaves and fruit were monitored for N‐content throughout the season. N‐concentration in leaves from each N‐treatment decreased (6 to 2%) as the season progressed. Regression analysis of these data indicated that the N‐concentration dilution was not linear with time. Seventy‐nine percent of the variation in N‐concentration could be accounted for by N‐application rate and time in growing season. Regression analysis of fruit data indicated that the dilution of N‐concentration (4.5 to 1.5%) was linear with N‐application rate. However N‐concentration dilution was significant for young fruit from older plants. In plants grown both in the field and greenhouse at the four N‐levels, the flowering rule time values (days/flower) increased with lower N‐rates. There was a delay in maturity of floral buds in the high N‐treatment plants, but no delay in the time required for boll set.
Comparison of Irrigation Schedules Based on Pan Evaporation and Growth Stages in Winter Wheat1
Authors: Prihar S. S. , Khera K. L. , Sandhu K. S. , Sandhu B. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost of the schedules suggested by researchers for irrigating wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) are not sufficiently simple to be adopted by farmers in general. Recently a more practicable approach based on the ratio of a fixed amount of irrigation water (IW) to pan evaporation, PAN‐E, (cumulative evaporation from US Weather Bureau class A pan less rain since previous irrigation) has been suggested. Several workers have advocated irrigation of wheat at definite growth stages. One possibility of further improving the water use efficiency could be a combination of these two approaches. We compared, in a two year field study, IW/PAN‐E ratios of 0.75 and 0.9 for scheduling irrigation to winter wheat irrespective of growth stage with (i) a combination of these ratios with growth and (ii) irrigation at five growth stages.IW/PAN‐E of 0.75 irrespective of growth stage produced as much grain yield as irrigation at five growth stages. But the former, as an average, received 12 cm less irrigation. There was no gain in the yield by combining the IW/PAN‐E with growth stages. These results indicate that irrigating wheat, sown after a presowing irrigation, on the basis of IW/PAN‐E, irrespective of growth stage, offers a practical means to economize irrigation water without reduction in yield.
Establishing Reed Canarygrass on Low Fertility Soil1
Authors: Kroth Earl M. , Meinke Louis , Dudley Richard F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPasture production can be increased on low fertility soils in North Missouri by topdressing fertilizers on stands of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). The optimum banded starter fertilizer to obtain these stands was determined by comparing experimental N, P, and K mixtures applied in kg/ha composed of: (N‐0, 17, 34) (P‐0, 15, 30, 45) (K‐0, 14, 28, 42) in all combinations. Fertilizers were banded 2.5 cm below and 2.5 cm beside reed canarygrass seed planted 0.6 cm deep in three August and two April plantings during 1971–1974. Stands were evaluated visually using a scale of 0 to 10, and by forage yields. Results showed that a fertilizer mixture composed of N and P carriers applied to give 17 kg/ha N and 15 kg/ha P, banded 2.5 cm below and 2.5 cm beside the seed would give optimum results for both August and April seedings.
Absorption of Trimethylselenonium by Plants1
Authors: Olson O. E. , Cary E. E. , Allaway W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe trimethylselenonium ion (TMSe+) is an important urinary Se metabolite. As an aid to evaluating its role in the natural cycling of Se, these plant studies concerning its uptake from soils or from nutrient solution and its metabolism were undertaken. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were grown on Dalton and Lima loam soils (coarse — silty, mixed, mesic Aeric Fragiaquert and fine‐loamy mixed, mesic Glossoboric Hapludalf) containing no added Se or added Na2SeO3, Na2SeO4, or TMSe+, with and without a 4‐month storage period prior to planting. Wheat only was grown in a separate experiment on Cecil (a clayey, haolinitic, thermic Hapludult) and Lakeland (thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamment) soils containing similar amounts of these added Se compounds. The Se contents of the wheat and alfalfa grown on the TMSe+‐treated Lima and Dalton soils were much lower than for the Na2SeO3 or Na2SeO3 treatments, barley exceeding that for the untreated control. With the Cecil and, especially, the Lakeland soils the Se content of the wheat was considerably above that for the untreated control, greater than that for the Na2SeO3 treatment, but considerably less than that for the Na2SeO4 treatment. TMSe+ added to nutrient solutions was readily absorbed and translocated to the leaves and stems but not the grain of wheat. At concentrations providing 3 mg Se/liter or more of nutrient solution, it caused signs of toxicity resembling those caused by similar concentrations of Se as Na2SeO4. Studies on the chemical form of the Se in the wheat suggested that, except for some volatilization, the TMSe+ absorbed was not metabolized.