bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Patellar Taping on Brain Activity During Knee Joint Proprioception Tests Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Callaghan Michael J. , McKie Shane , Richardson Paul , Oldham Jacqueline A. 
Published: January 2012

Background
Patellar taping is a common treatment modality for physical therapists managing patellofemoral pain. However, the mechanisms of action remain unclear, with much debate as to whether its efficacy is due to a change in patellar alignment or an alteration in sensory input.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to investigate the sensory input hypothesis using functional magnetic resonance imaging when taping was applied to the knee joint during a proprioception task.

Design
This was an observational study with patellar taping intervention.

Methods
Eight male volunteers who were healthy and right-leg dominant participated in a motor block design study. Each participant performed 2 right knee extension repetitive movement tasks: one simple and one proprioceptive. These tasks were performed with and without patellar taping and were auditorally paced for 400 seconds at 72 beats/min (1.2 Hz).

Results
The proprioception task without patellar taping caused a positive blood oxygenation level–dependant (BOLD) response bilaterally in the medial supplementary motor area, the cingulate motor area, the basal ganglion, and the thalamus and medial primary sensory motor cortex. For the proprioception task with patellar taping, there was a decreased BOLD response in these regions. In the lateral primary sensory cortex, there was a negative BOLD response with less activity for the proprioception task with taping.

Limitations
This study may have been limited by the small sample size, a possible learning effect due to a nonrandom order of tasks, and use of a single-joint knee extension task.

Conclusions
This study demonstrated that patellar taping modulates brain activity in several areas of the brain during a proprioception knee movement task.
Morphological Change of Dhaka City Over a Period of 55 Years: A Case Study of Two Wards
Authors: Ahmed Bayes , Raj Muhammad Rakibul Hasan , Maniruzzaman KM 
Published: January 2012

Dhaka City has undergone radical changes in its physical form, not only by territorial expansion, but also through internal physical transformations over the last decades. These have created entirely new kinds of fabric. With these changes, the elements of urban form have changed. Plots and open spaces have been transformed into building areas, open squares into car parks, low land and water bodies into reclaimed built-up lands etc. This research has its general interest in the morphologic change of Dhaka City. It focuses on the spatial dynamics of urban growth of Dhaka over the last 55 years from 1952-2007. In the research, the transformation of urban form has been examined through space syntax. The aim behind using this technique is to describe aspects of relationships between the morphological structure of man-made environments and social structures and events. To conduct this research, Wards 49 and 72 of Dhaka City Corporation were selected as the study areas, of which Ward 72 is an indigenous and Ward 49 is a planned type of settlement. Being a planned residential area, the syntactic measures from this morphological analysis are showing quite unchanged and high values in all phases for Ward 49 and the physical characteristics of Ward 72 (Old Dhaka) still represent the past. The syntactic values are found to be higher for Ward 72 and than Ward 49. Higher values indicate that the street network is highly connective among each other. Time affects differently the layout of cities and the architecture of buildings. Of the many human creations, street systems are among the most resistant to change. This has been emphasized in this study, thereby facilitating the comparison of urban layouts across space and time. The interpretation of history in the light of quantitative accounts, as demonstrated in this study, will be of value to urban planners and urban designers for the future planning of modern Dhaka City.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbip.v2i0.9554 Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners Vol. 2, December 2009, pp. 30-38
Drainage Planning in the Cities of Bangladesh: Case Study of Drainage and Water Logging in Chaktai Commercial area, Chittagong
Authors: Ashraf M Ali , Chowdhury Md Shariful Alam 
Published: January 2012

For quite some time, professional planning is being practiced in our cities. Unfortunately, drainage planning is the most neglected component of our city planning and management activities. Drainage engineering is done mostly on an ad hoc basis, often overtaking drainage planning. To understand the drainage problem of our cities, Chittagong in particular, Chaktai Commercial Area was identified as the case study area for further exploration and analysis. This case study examines the existing situation, assessing causes behind the problems, inquiring about the likings and disliking of the stakeholders, and identifying possible solutions as an essential input towards arriving at appropriate planning decisions. It identifies the guiding principles relating to the effective integration of a drainage network in the land use plan for the city. Considering physical characteristics, topography, catchment area and the routes of existing drainage channels, the urban area has been divided into 10 drainage areas. The Master plan sets out a staged development program of storm water, drainage and flood control works of the above drainage area up to the year 2015 to meet the Storm Water Drainage and Flood Control problems. Chaktai is the major seat of trade and commerce in Chittagong. It is observed that though Chaktai has lost its past glory as a national business centre controlling food business in the whole country, still it has retained its importance as a regional business hub and is continuing to contribute significantly to the national economy. The study thus helps us understand the nature, type and magnitude of the drainage and water logging problems faced by the city dwellers. The policy proposals and recommendations that are provided in the paper could be considered while preparing a land use plan for a city.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbip.v2i0.9556 Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners Vol. 2, December 2009, pp. 49-60
Paradox between Public Transport and Private Car as a Modal Choice in Policy Formulation
Authors: Anwar AHM Mehbub 
Published: January 2012

This paper presents the stance towards modal choice behavior between public transport and private car. To find out the probable solutions, this paper investigated the latent attitudes of the trip makers concerning modal choice between private car and public transport and the advantages and disadvantages of these two modes as a choice. It was also discussed in this paper that the public transport usage can be increased if the service of public transport is designed in a way that accommodates the level of services required by the customers. Even though, several factors, such as individual characteristics and lifestyle, the type of journey, length of trip, the apparent service performance etc. of each transport mode play the significant role for the modal choice in the transport sector. It was also focused in this paper that the influence of car usage should be targeted to reduce car usage.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbip.v2i0.9568 Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners Vol. 2, December 2009, pp. 71-77
Problems and Prospects of Municipal Holding Taxation System: A Study on Bhairab Pourashava
Authors: Huda Md Samiul , Hasan Muhammad Rashidul 
Published: January 2012

Local governments in Bangladesh have several options at hand to finance their activities and pursue their fiscal policy. These options include the imposition of taxes and the generation of non-tax revenues through fees, levies, cost recovery and user charges, property and investment income, domestic and foreign borrowing, the sale of assets and domestic and foreign grants. Urban Local Governments (ULGs) in developing countries are in dire need of resources not only for investment to meet the increasing demand of growing urban population but also for maintenance of the existing services. But the resources of the municipal bodies are inadequate; infrastructures are in poor condition and services maintenance is neither enough nor would cover the new expansions. Inefficient governance of the municipal bodies is partly responsible for this. Holding tax plays an important role in own revenue of Pourashavas. About 35-45% revenue comes from holding tax. But in Bhairab Pourashava it contributes only 18-20%. Every year, its demands and collection are decreasing. Many factors are responsible for this. This study tries to find out the problems of holding tax collection and assessment. Pourashava requires to pay more attention to solve these problems. If the amount of holding tax is increased, this will help Pourashava gradually become self-financed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbip.v2i0.9573 Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners Vol. 2, December 2009, pp. 126-135
Population Evacuation Need Assessment in Cyclone Affected Barguna District
Authors: Tamima Umma 
Published: January 2012

Spatial difference in geophysical risk and social vulnerability presents challenges to emergency planners to develop an effective evacuation strategy for cyclone zones. This study examines spatial variability in evacuation assistance needs during cyclone hazard in Barguna district. For this, composite vulnerability map of unions in Barguna district is developed based on the community demographics, resources, structures and geophysical risk indicators. Four evacuation dimensions are analyzed based on population traits and building structures index, differential access to resources index, special evacuation needs index and a combination of three dimensions. Results indicate that relative majority of the unions are characterized by high evacuation assistance need and similar scenario exists in the spatial distribution of geophysical risk and socio-economic vulnerability. Nevertheless, spatial disparity of socioeconomic vulnerability is also observed among the unions within the geophysical risk zone. The coastal unions of Barguna districts are identified as the geophysical risk zone of which Raihanpur, Bardarkhali, Keorabunia, Burir Char, Amtali, Haldia, Arpagashia, Barguna, Dhalua, Kakchira, Nachnapara, Kantaltali, Char Duanti, Kalmegha, Patharghata, Barabagi, Karaibaria, Pancha Karalia, Naltona, and Baliatali unions are within the high geophysical risk zone. Furthermore, depending on the indices it is revealed that 72.26 percent people are living within the geophysical risk zone, while 17.72 percent and 47.42 percent people are living within the high and medium socio-economic vulnerable regions respectively. Thus this study finds out that about 65.14 percent people of Barguna district require evacuation assistance needs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbip.v2i0.9575Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners Vol. 2, December 2009, pp. 145-157
Local Adaptation Strategies of a Coastal Community during Cyclone Sidr and their Vulnerability Analysis for Sustainable Disaster Mitigation Planning in Bangladesh
Authors: Mallick Bishaw Jit , Witte Sebastian Marcel , Sarkar Raju , Mahboob Apurba Swatee , Vogt Joachim 
Published: January 2012

Social vulnerability to disasters refers to the inability of a society and it’s people to withstand adverse impacts from multiple stresses to which they are exposed. Using a combination of geographical and social research methods, this paper examines the people’s (re)action and responses during cyclone Sidr 2007 at Baniasanta union of Dacope Upazila in Bangladesh. Finding shows that their adopted strategies to cope with cyclone address their vulnerability and it is necessary to integrate their local wisdom of living with unnatural situation into the future planning and development process of the coastal belt. Accordingly, the plans and development should not only be necessity, but also be accepted by the local community.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbip.v2i0.9576 Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners Vol. 2, December 2009, pp. 158-168
Setting Planning Standards for Public Facilities in a City: A Case Study of Ward 50 of Dhaka City Corporation
Authors: Islam Mohammad Atikul 
Published: January 2012

Availability of different types of public facilities within an urban area is required to achieve specific objectives in urban planning. Planning standards are necessary in such cases to help achieve the adequacy and quality in services and facilities. To improve the situation in rapid and unplanned growth of Dhaka city both in terms of population and size, it demands a large amount of public facilities such as open spaces, playgrounds, schools, hospitals etc. School is an important public facility that requires setting standards and choosing appropriate locations. Standard of school facilities in an area depends upon factors such as, density of population, number of per family school going children, road network etc. This paper explores the existing facilities of primary and secondary schools for school going children in Ward 50 of Dhaka City Corporation. A series of field survey were conducted in order to collect information from primary sources, and standards on school facilities were collected from secondary sources. Based on the findings, suggestions on future planning of school facilities have been made in this paper. Finally, to justify the standards for schools facilities, DMDP planning standards are followed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbip.v2i0.9577Journal of Bangladesh Institute of Planners Vol. 2, December 2009, pp. 169-178
La Chine face au grand jeu du G20 et de la gouvernance mondiale
Authors: Tiberghien Yves 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Le monde est au beau milieu d’une transformation historique. Nous faisons face en parallèle à l’urgence de stabilisation du régime financier global et du changement climatique, défis exigeant plus de gouvernance mondiale. En même temps, la période de 2000 à 2030 est marquée par un basculement du pouvoir économique mondial des pays de l’OCDE vers les pays émergents et surtout des acteurs asiatiques. Chine, Inde et Brésil en sont les bénéficiaires principaux. Comment, dès lors, évaluer le rôle de la Chine dans le jeu clef de la gouvernance mondiale, à savoir le G20 ? Cet article montre que la Chine, propulsée sur le devant de la scène globale plus rapidement que prévu, suit une approche pragmatique, graduelle, et diverse face aux différents sujets du G20. Ceci est le résultat d’un système de gouvernance interne fragmenté et pluraliste et d’une transition au sommet de son leadership politique. La Chine cherche à stabiliser le système mondial, tout en augmentant sa voix dans les institutions internationales, mais en évitant de s’engager trop vite dans des institutions qu’elle ne contrôle pas encore. La Chine développe des liens à la fois du côté BRICS et du côté européen. L’article utilise des données primaires et des entretiens de terrain pour analyser le rôle de la Chine sur plusieurs débats du G20.
Globalisation économique et fragmentation de la décision politique : le cas des fonds souverains chinois
Authors: Massot Pascale 
Published: January 2012

Résumé La Chine, parce qu’elle est au centre d’un repositionnement sur la scène internationale, tant sur le plan financier que politique, attise les discussions qui portent sur les investissements d’État à l’étranger. Ce qui est particulièrement fascinant dans le cas de la Chine c’est qu’elle a développé plusieurs fonds souverains (FS) et que ces différents FS chinois se comportent de façon substantiellement différente. Ainsi, nous proposons de répondre à la question suivante : Comment expliquer la divergence de profil d’investissement entre les FS chinois? Cet article met de l’avant un modèle exploratoire, qui nous permettra de développer de nouvelles hypothèses concernant les causes de la variation de profil des FS chinois sur la scène internationale. Notre variable explicative consiste en des coalitions politiques hybrides au sein du leadership chinois, qui ont un impact sur la création, le mandat et les stratégies d’investissement des FS chinois.
Bilateral Pleural Effusions due to Pulmonary Amyloidosis as the Presenting Manifestation of Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Agarwal Abhishek , Singla Sandeep , Bansal Meghana , Nair Bijay 
Published: January 2012

Multiple myeloma is a hematologic malignancy of plasma cell origin. Pleural effusion may develop in the setting of myeloma due to various reasons but is extremely uncommon as a presenting symptom. A 69-year-old Caucasian man presented with pleural effusions of undetermined etiology after extensive work up, and multiple failed pleurodesis. Lung biopsy revealed pulmonary amyloidosis and led to the diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Patient was started on chemotherapy but died within 6 weeks of his diagnosis due to multiorgan failure. Pulmonary amyloidosis should be suspected as a cause of intractable pleural effusions, even in patient who do not have evidence of lung involvement on imaging studies or typical features of multiple myeloma. Pleural effusions due to amyloidosis are often refractory to treatment, and a high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis and treatment.
Bleb-associated endophthalmitis in a Chinese population (2003-2010): clinical characteristics and visual outcome
Authors: Ye Hehua , Sun Xinghuai , Gan Dekang , Yu Xiaobo , Zhou Wenting , Xu Gezhi , Jiang Rui 
Published: January 2012

Purpose To analyze the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with bleb-associated endophthalmitis (BAE) in a Chinese population. Methods A retrospective review of patients treated for BAE between January 2003 and December 2010 in a single institution was performed. Data on visual acuity (VA), clinical characteristics, causative organisms, and treatment outcomes were collected and analyzed. Results Thirty-one eyes from 31 patients with BAE were identified during the study period. Primary open-angle glaucoma was the most common type of glaucoma in this series (18 eyes, 58.1%). The time between glaucoma filtering surgery and diagnosis of endophthalmitis ranged from 18 days to 32 years, with a mean of 6.95±8.22 years. Nine eyes (32.1%) were culture positive, and the most common organisms identified were Staphylococcus species (6/9, 66.7%). Best-corrected VA at 12 months after treatment ranged from 20/30 to no light perception (NLP). Twelve (38.7%) eyes achieved VA of 20/400 or better, and 7 (22.6%) eyes had NLP. In patients undergoing initial tap-and-inject treatment, the eyes with presenting VA of finger count or better were associated with a higher treatment success rate (87.5%) than those of hand movement (33.3%) or light perception or NLP (9.1%). Conclusions Primary open-angle glaucoma was the most common type of glaucoma, and Staphylococcus species was the most common causative organism in this case series of BAE. Despite prompt treatment with appropriate intravitreal antibiotics, BAE still carries a poor visual prognosis.
Two‐Stage Reactive Polymer Network Forming Systems
Authors: Nair Devatha P. , Cramer Neil B. , Gaipa John C. , McBride Matthew K. , Matherly Emily M. , McLeod Robert R. , Shandas Robin , Bowman Christopher N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThere are distinct advantages to designing polymer systems that afford two distinct sets of material properties– an intermediate polymer that would enable optimum handling and processing of the material, while maintaining the ability to tune in different, final polymer properties that enable the optimal functioning of the material. In this study, by designing a series of non‐stoichiometric thiol‐acrylate systems, a polymer network is initially formed via a base catalyzed Michael addition reaction that proceeds stoichiometrically via the thiol‐acrylate “click” reaction. This self‐limiting reaction results in a polymer with excess acrylic functional groups within the network. At a later point in time, the photoinitiated, free radical polymerization of the excess acrylic functional groups results in a highly crosslinked, robust material system. These two stage reactive thiol‐acrylate networks that have intermediate stage rubbery moduli and glass transition temperatures that range from 0.5 MPa and ‐10 °C to 22 MPa and 22 °C, respectively, are formulated and characterized. The same polymer networks can then attain glass transition temperatures that range from 5 °C to 195 °C and rubbery moduli of up to 200 MPa after the subsequent photocuring stage. The two stage reactive networks formed by varying the stoichiometric ratios of the thiol and acrylate monomers were shown to perform as substrates for three specific applications: shape memory polymers, impression materials, and as optical materials for writing refractive index patterns.
Influence of Aggregation on the Performance of All‐Polymer Solar Cells Containing Low‐Bandgap Naphthalenediimide Copolymers
Authors: Schubert Marcel , Dolfen Daniel , Frisch Johannes , Roland Steffen , Steyrleuthner Robert , Stiller Burkhard , Chen Zhihua , Scherf Ullrich , Koch Norbert , Facchetti Antonio , Neher Dieter 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe authors present efficient all‐polymer solar cells comprising two different low‐bandgap naphthalenediimide (NDI)‐based copolymers as acceptors and regioregular P3HT as the donor. It is shown that these naphthalene copolymers have a strong tendency to preaggregate in specific organic solvents, and that preaggregation can be completely suppressed when using suitable solvents with large and highly polarizable aromatic cores. Organic solar cells prepared from such nonaggregated polymer solutions show dramatically increased power conversion efficiencies of up to 1.4%, which is mainly due to a large increase of the short circuit current. In addition, optimized solar cells show remarkable high fill factors of up to 70%. The analysis of the blend absorbance spectra reveals a surprising anticorrelation between the degree of polymer aggregation in the solid P3HT:NDI copolymer blends and their photovoltaic performance. Scanning near‐field optical microscopy (SNOM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements reveal important information on the blend morphology. It is shown that films with high degree of aggregation and low photocurrents exhibit large‐scale phase‐separation into rather pure donor and acceptor domains. It is proposed that, by suppressing the aggregation of NDI copolymers at the early stage of film formation, the intermixing of the donor and acceptor component is improved, thereby allowing efficient harvesting of photogenerated excitons at the donor–acceptor heterojunction.