bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXECUTING THE INNOCENT AND SUPPORT FOR CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: UNNEVER JAMES D. , CULLEN FRANCIS T. 
Published: September 2010

Research Summary:The issue of whether innocent people have been executed is now at the center of the debate concerning the legitimacy of capital punishment. The purpose of this research was to use data collected by the Gallup Organization in 2003 to investigate whether Americans who believed that an innocent person had been executed were less likely to support capital punishment. We also explored whether the association varied by race, given that African Americans are disproportionately affected by the death penalty. Our results indicated that three‐quarters of Americans believed that an innocent person had been executed for a crime they did not commit within the last five years and that this belief was associated with lower levels of support for capital punishment, especially among those who thought this sanction was applied unfairly. In addition, our analyses revealed that believing an innocent person had been executed had a stronger association with altering African American than white support for the death penalty.Policy Implications:A key claim of death penalty advocates is that a high proportion of the public supports capital punishment. In this context, scholars opposing this sanction have understood the importance of showing that the public's support for executing offenders is contingent and shallower than portrayed by typical opinion polls. The current research joins this effort by arguing that the prospect of executing innocents potentially impacts public support for the death penalty and, in the least, creates ideological space for a reconsideration of the legitimacy of capital punishment.
Correlation between Focal Brain Metabolism and Higher Brain Function in Patients with Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Hosoda Chihiro , Nariai Tadashi , Ishiwata Kiichi , Ishii Kenji , Matsushima Yoshiharu , Ohno Kikuo 
Published: September 2010

Background Moyamoya disease is one of the causes of higher brain dysfunction in younger patients. Fortunately, it may be possible to protect younger Moyamoya disease patients from brain dysfunction via surgical manoeuvres. Aim Our group retrospectively analysed the correlation between preoperative positron emission tomography data and the intelligence quotient scores of 60 Japanese Moyamoya disease patients (age range 9–64). Method All patients underwent a quantitative measurement of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen by inhalation of C15O2 and 15O2 gas with positron emission tomography. The data was analysed using SPM99 software to determine the cerebral regions in which regional cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen was significantly correlated with full-scale intelligence quotient, verbal intelligence quotient, or performance intelligence quotient measured using the Wechsler intelligence scale. Results All scores (full-scale intelligence quotient, verbal intelligence quotient, and performance intelligence quotient) showed significant positive correlations with the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in the lower part of the bilateral frontal lobe, the right anterior temporal lobe, and the medial occipital lobe. The verbal intelligence quotient was significantly and positively correlated with the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen in the left inferior frontal lobe, including Broca's area. Infarcted lesions in the left posterior temporal lobe and the right upper frontal lobe influenced the decline of all of the intelligence quotient scores measured. Conclusion The present analysis indicates that the higher brain function of Moyamoya disease patients tends to be affected by the cerebral metabolism of specific regions. This information may be useful in seeking optimal clinical management to preserve higher brain function in patients with Moyamoya disease.
Vascular Retinal, Neuroimaging and Ultrasonographic Markers of Lacunar Infarcts
Authors: Rodríguez Iria , Lema Isabel , Blanco Miguel , Rodríguez-Yáñez Manuel , Leira Rogelio , Castillo José 
Published: September 2010

BackgroundLacunar infarcts may be caused by macro-or microvascular disease due to several mechanisms.AimThis study aims to demonstrate that retinal vascular disturbances in patients with lacunar infarcts associated with neuroimaging and ultrasound markers can help to identify small-vessel disease.MethodsProspective ambulatory study of patients with ischaemic stroke and a control group. A retinographic study was performed by 20° bilateral optic disc stereophotography and 50° bilateral optic fundus retinography. Microangiopathy was evaluated as the presence of nonparenchymal vascular affectation and retinopathy as at least one retinal disturbance. Ultrasonographic study evaluated carotid disorder parameters and the mean pulsatility index. The MRI protocol included T1-weighted, T2-weighted, DP-weighted and FLAIR.ResultsWe included 156 nonlacunar infarcts, 39 lacunar infarcts and 50 controls. Microangiopathy was more frequent in hypertensive (62.6% vs. 35.7%, P<0.0001) and vascular retinopathy in diabetic patients (11.7% vs. 3.8%, P=0.039). Microangiopathy (97.4% vs. 41.1%, P<0.0001) and leukoaraiosis (94.4% vs. 50.3%, P<0.0001) were more frequent and the mean pulsatility index was higher (1.9±0.2 vs. 1.4±0.5, P<0.0001) in patients with lacunar infarcts. Lacunar infarcts were independently associated with microangiopathy (odds ratio 12.81, 95% CI 1.52–107.86), the mean pulsatility index (odds ratio 8.13, 95% CI 1.17–56.20) and leukoaraiosis (odds ratio 3.45, 95% CI 1.09–10.93). The presence of leukoaraiosis plus microangiopathy was associated with lacunar infarcts with odds ratio 21.31 (95% CI 8.74–51.93).ConclusionsThe association of retinal microangiopathy (but not vascular retinopathy) and leukoaraiosis is linked to small-vessel disease and may be a useful marker of lacunar infarcts not secondary to a macrovascular lesion.
Taxonomic review of the genus Trichopterigia Hampson (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Korea
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong , KIM Sung‐Soo 
Published: September 2010

AbstractKorean species of the larentiine genus Trichopterigia Hampson are reviewed. Two species, T. consobrinaria (Leech) and T. costipunctaria Leech, are reported for the first time from the Korean peninsula. Diagnoses of the genus and species are provided, with brief descriptions of adults, including male and female genitalia.
Population dynamics of insects associated with Rumex obtusifolius in different habitats
Authors: KWON Ohseok 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe effect of different habitats on insect communities associated with Rumex obtusifolius was studied in detail. Study sites were selected for their variety of environmental characteristics (vegetation and habitat): shaded woodland, disturbed wasteland and pasture. The results of this study were that insect populations associated with R. obtusifolius responded differently to the different habitats. The observed differences in population dynamics among the insects showed quite clearly their responses to different habitats. There was also a pattern of time partitioning in the exploitation of the host‐plant among the insect species observed. Philaenus spumarius at nymphal stage had a peak density on approximately 20 June, Apion frumentarium and Apion spp. (Apion species other than A. frumentarium) had a peak density on approximately 30 June and Aphis rumicis had a peak density on approximately 28 July. This pattern of shift in time for peak population density (time‐shift) among the insects sharing a common host‐plant may guarantee each insect the opportunity to exploit the plant to a maximum.
Interaction ofAcronicta rumicis(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its larval parasitoid,Glyptapanteles liparidis(Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: CHO Young‐Ho , NAM Sang‐Ho , KWON Ohseok 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAs a result of parasitism byGlyptapanteles liparidisin the first, second, third and fourth instar larvae ofAcronicta rumicis, the mortality of each larval stage was found to be 46.67, 90, 71 and 16.67%, respectively. The mortality was highest whenG. liparidisparasitized the second and third instar larvae. The difference in mortality between the parasitized group and the control group was 72.14% in the second instar larvae. With regards to the food consumption of the parasitized larvae, the first and second instar larvae consumed 6495.58 ± 646.52 mm2(leaf surface) and 7951.12 ± 4167.36 mm2, respectively, while the third and fourth larvae consumed 13 826.77 ± 3396.66 mm2and 18 599.85 mm2, respectively, showing that food consumption increased with instar stages of the host larvae. The clutch size ofG. liparidisincreased in relation to the instar stages of the host: it was 25.25 ± 7.89, 48.65 ± 53.75, 91.09 ± 44.52 and 114 individuals when they were fed with the first, second, third and the fourth instar larvae of the host, respectively.
New records of polycentropodid caddisflies from Korea (Insecta: Trichoptera)
Authors: HWANG Jung Hoon , CHUN Dong‐Jun 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFour species of the family Polycentropodidae –Plectrocnemia baculifera, P. kusnezovi, Paranyctiophylax hjangsanchonus and Polyplectropus nocturnus– are recorded from Korea. Polyplectropus nocturnus is newly recorded from the Korean peninsula. The other three species are recorded from the Republic of Korea for the first time.
Taxonomy of the tribe Cephenniini Reitter (Coleoptera: Scydmaenidae) in Korea
Authors: PARK Sun‐Jae , HOSHINA Hideto , AHN Kee‐Jeong 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA taxonomic study of the tribe Cephenniini Reitter in Korea is presented. Two genera and two species –Cephennodes japonicus (Sharp) and Chelonoidum graeseri (Reitter) – are recognized. The genus and species Cephennodes japonicus is recorded for the first time in Korea. A key, descriptions and illustrations of diagnostic characters of known Korean Cephenniini species are given.
Novel strategies targeting pathogen transmission reduction in insect vectors: Tsetse‐transmitted trypanosomiasis control
Authors: WEISS Brian L. , ATTARDO Geoffrey M. , PAIS Roshan , WANG Jingwen , AKSOY Serap 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInsect vectors are essential for the transmission of important human diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas and sleeping sickness. Insects are also responsible for the transmission of agricultural diseases that affect livestock and crops. Traditionally, control of the vector populations has been an effective disease management strategy. Recently, vector control strategies have been fortified by research in insect biology and in insect–pathogen interactions as well as by the development of transgenic technologies. In addition to insect population reduction methods, disease control via selective elimination of pathogens in insects can now be explored. Here we explore the tsetse vectors of African trypanosomes and describe the application of recent knowledge gained in their symbiotic, reproductive and vectorial biology to develop novel disease control strategies.
List of and key to the genera and species of the subfamily Amblyseiinae (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in Korea
Authors: RYU Myon‐Ok 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis study provides a list of and key to the 29 species of the subfamily Amblyseiinae in Korea. The subfamily comprises seven genera: Amblyseiulella Muma, Amblyseius Berlese, Euseius Wainstein, Neoseiulus Hughes, Okiseius Ehara, Proprioseiopsis Muma and Typhlodromips De Leon.
Silicone Foley catheters outperform latex Foley catheters for post‐nasal packing: an in‐vitro study
Authors: Almeyda R. , Shahzad A. , Bleach N. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  To determine the best Foley catheter and inflation fluid for post‐nasal packing.Design:  Experimental study.Setting:  District General Hospital (Wexham Park Hospital).Materials:  108 latex and 108 silicone catheters were directly compared.Outcome measures:  Catheters were analysed according to the inflation fluid instilled and the use of an umbilical clamp. Analysis occurred at 24, 36, 48 and 72 h periods after being placed in humidified incubator at 37°C. The main outcome measure was whether deflation was possible at specified times. The secondary outcome measure was an attempt to identify the failure point in those catheters that failed to deflate.Results:  Air was found to be an unsuitable inflation fluid for either silicone or latex catheters due to a 100% spontaneous deflation rate within a 24‐h period. Silicone catheters were found to be 100% reliable when inflated with water or saline, irrespective of the use of a clamp. Latex catheters were unreliable with an overall failure rate of 30%. This high failure rate was related both to the use of an umbilical clamp to secure the catheter and to the use of saline as the inflation medium.Conclusions and recommendations:  Firstly, air should not be used for inflation of catheters unless specified in manufacturer's instructions. Secondly, when Foley catheters are used for post‐nasal packing, silicone should be considered the first choice of catheter type. If not available, latex ones may be used but should be inflated with water and secured with a non‐crushing clamp at the alar rim.
Prognostic relevance of volumetric analysis in tumour specimens of hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Baghi M. , Bisdas S. , Engels K. , Yousefi M. , Wagenblast J. , Hambek M. , Knecht R. 
Published: September 2010

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the prognostic relevance of the tumour specimen's volume in patients with squamous cell cancers of the hypopharynx.Design:  Tumour specimens of 67 patients treated primarily with surgery were evaluated, prospectively. Pathologic tumour volume was described as the product of the three longest diameters of the tumour in cubic millimeters (mm3). Statistical analysis was performed to determine the relation of pathologic tumour volume to pTNM stages as well as to patients' survival. This study has been approved by our institutional review board.Results:  Pathologic tumour volume was significantly associated with pT (P = 0.006) and pN (P = 0.01). The univariate evaluation of tumour variables showed pathologic tumour volume (P = 0.01) and pN (P = 0.04) as the only parameters which were significantly associated with overall survival. Entering these variables in a Cox regression model, pathologic tumour volume had the most impact on overall survival (P = 0.03). Most important thereby is the fact that we could distinguish within the pN0 group between the more and the less favourable cases.Conclusion:  Pathologic tumour volume could be an essential prognostic indicator and the inclusion of this parameter in future clinical trials is recommended.
Comorbidity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a preliminary communication on the prevalence, descriptive distribution and impact on outcome
Authors: Ramakrishnan Y. , Paleri V. , Shah R. , Steen I.N. , Wight R.G. , Kelly C.G. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  Comorbidity has been shown to be a determinant in treatment selection and survival in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck at various subsites. The objective of this study is to analyse the effect of comorbidity burden on outcome of nasopharyngeal cancer using the Adult Comorbidity Evaluation‐27 (ACE‐27) instrument.Design:  Retrospective analysis.Setting:  Tertiary care centres.Participants:  This study included 59 patients diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma between 1989–2003 in the North‐East of England. Exclusion criteria included non‐squamous neoplasms of the nasopharynx. Comorbidity was assessed retrospectively from the notes using standard validated techniques described earlier. Tumour, treatment and survival data were obtained from prospective databases. Data was analysed using SPSS for Windows.Main outcome measures:  Comorbidity and outcome of treatment.Results:  Comorbid burden was evident in 44% of patients, with moderate or severe comorbidity in 19%. The cardiovascular system was the most commonly affected system (27%). Cox's proportional hazard model showed age and stage of tumour to have an impact on disease specific survival. Comorbidity was not seen to predict the outcome independent of other factors. The sample size of this study is powered to detect only medium to large effects. We estimate that 614 subjects will be needed to detect a correlation coefficient of 0.1 with 80% power, assuming a type 1 error rate of 5%.Conclusion:  This study shows for the first time that the comorbidity burden seen in nasopharyngeal cancer does not affect prognosis independent of the TNM staging.
Comparison between two valsalva techniques for improvement of hypopharyngeal nasendoscopy: a preliminary communication
Authors: Freeman S.R.M. , Keith A.O. , Aucott W. , Kazmi N. , Nigam A. 
Published: September 2010

Objective:  To compare the nasal valsalva with the trumpet manoeuvre and anterior neck skin traction as aids to nasendoscopic examination of the hypopharynx.Design:  Randomised, controlled comparison of examination techniques.Setting:  Single tertiary referral centre.Participants:  Twenty‐six adult patients requiring hypopharyngeal nasendoscopic examination were recruited. Patients were examined with both techniques in a randomised order that was recorded to video cassette.Main Outcome Measures:  Blinded assessment of the percentage visualisation of the pyriform fossae, post‐cricoid and upper oesophageal sphincter was carried out by three consultant otolaryngologists independently.Results:  Mean percentage scores (and 95% confidence intervals) for nasal valsalva versus trumpet manoeuvre for the three consultants, respectively, were as follows: right pyriform fossa: 77(68, 87) versus 80(71, 91), 61(55, 66) versus 60(54, 66), 46(38, 54) versus 45(37, 54); left pyriform fossa: 76(65, 87) versus 80(69, 91), 59(53, 64) versus 55(49, 61), 42(35, 49) versus 42(35, 50); post‐cricoid: 55(44, 67) versus 59(47, 71), 53(46, 60) versus 53(46, 60), 32(25, 39) versus 32(25, 39); upper oesophageal sphincter: 11(1, 21) versus 21(11, 31), 15(9, 21) versus 20(14, 26), 4(0, 8) versus 7(3, 11). No significant difference was found between the two techniques at any subsite. Individual differences were noted in a minority of patients where one or other technique gave a clearly improved view.Conclusions:  The nasal valsalva and the trumpet manoeuvre with anterior neck skin traction are complementary techniques for improving the view of the hypopharynx.
Can vascular loops cause otological symptoms?
Authors: Chadha N.K. , Weiner G.M. 
Published: September 2010

Objective.  To determine the evidence for a relationship between vascular loops in contact with the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) and otological symptoms.Method.  A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Comprehensive search strategy using MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Clinical Evidence, and Cochrane Central Register of Trials. Reference lists cross‐referenced and authors contacted for missing data. No language restrictions. Included studies: (1) compared symptoms in subjects with vascular loops contacting CN VIII to subjects without; or (2) compared the prevalence vascular loops in contact with CN VIII in symptomatic ears to contra‐lateral asymptomatic ears. Study quality systematically appraised.Results.  Five studies met the inclusion criteria. A statistically significant association was demonstrated for the prevalence of vascular loops in contact with CN VIII, in subjects with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss: pooled odds ratio (OR) 2.0 (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.5, 2.6). No significant association was demonstrated for non‐pulsatile tinnitus. A highly significant increase in prevalence of contacting vascular loops in contact with CN VIII was demonstrated in subjects having pulsatile tinnitus, with pooled OR: 78.8 (95% CI: 10.9, 821.8).Conclusions.  Vascular loops in contact with CN VIII are a normal variant. Subjects with unilateral hearing loss were twice as likely to have these vascular loops in the symptomatic ear than the asymptomatic ear. Subjects with pulsatile tinnitus were 80 times more likely to have a contacting vascular loop than patients with non‐pulsatile tinnitus. This suggests in some cases a causal relationship exists for pulsatile tinnitus, and surgical intervention may be occasionally indicated.
Globus sensation as early presentation of hypopharyngeal cancer
Authors: Tsikoudas A. , Ghuman N. , Riad M.A. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  To identify if patients with early hypopharyngeal carcinoma can present with only the single complaint of globus sensation.Design:  Retrospective case review.Setting:  Teaching Hospital in Scotland.Participants:  Cohort of 23 patients with hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Retrospective review of their case notes with regards to their hospital pathway from initial referral from the General Practitioner to diagnosis.Outcome measures:  Symptoms & signs on presentation, subsequent investigations and time interval between initial presentation and diagnosis.Results:  We identified two patients (9%) who presented early with globus or other soft symptoms as the only complaint and with normal clinical findings. There was a 78%‘pick up’ rate of abnormalities in the barium swallow examination.Conclusion:  We believe this can have important clinical implications in the screening & investigation of globus patients who represent a significant outpatient workload. We review the relevant literature.
Coenzyme Q10 in combination with steroid therapy for treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss: a controlled prospective study
Authors: Ahn J.H. , Yoo M.H. , Lee H.J. , Chung J.W. , Yoon T.H. 
Published: September 2010

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2010, 35, 486–489Objective:  To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of coenzyme Q10 added to systemic steroid in patients with idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.Design:  A controlled prospective study.Setting:  Asan medical center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine.Participants:  Between August 2007 and October 2008, the first 60 patients diagnosed with sudden sensorineural hearing loss were managed with systemic steroid treatment for 2 weeks including 5‐day hospitalisation. And the second 60 patients were managed with coenzyme Q10 for 2 weeks added to previous management.Main outcome measures:  We evaluated auditory function by pure tone audiometry and speech discrimination score. Auditory evaluations were performed before and 3 months after treatment using Siegel’s criteria. The degree of improvement in four‐tone average hearing and speech discrimination score was calculated from the results before and after treatment.Results:  The total hearing improvement rate after the treatment was 75.0% (90/120 patients) in this study. Although 47 patients (78.3%) of coenzyme Q10 group showed better hearing improvement than 43 patients (71.7%) of control group, there was no significant difference. However, the coenzyme Q10 group showed significantly higher improvement in speech discrimination score.Conclusion:  From this study, we suggest that coenzyme Q10 may have beneficial effects in the treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.