bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinal Layer Thickness Changes in Eyes with Preserved Visual Acuity and Diffuse Diabetic Macular Edema on Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Somfai Gábor Márk , Tátrai Erika , Ferencz Mária , Puliafito Carmen A. , DeBuc Delia Cabrera 
Published: September 2010

Background and Objective:
Diabetic macular edema has several patterns on optical coherence tomography. This retrospective study aimed to assess which retinal layers show thickness changes in type 1 diffuse diabetic macular edema with preserved vision.

Patients and Methods:
Eleven eyes with diffuse diabetic macular edema on optical coherence tomography and eight control eyes with 20/20 best-corrected visual acuity were enrolled. Optical coherence tomography images were segmented using an algorithm of the authors’ design (OCTRIMA): regional thickness data in the central area, pericentral rings, and peripheral rings were obtained for the retinal cellular layers.

Results:
The retinal nerve fiber layer showed no changes, the ganglion cell and inner plexiform composite layer and the ganglion cell complex were thicker only in the pericentral regions, and all other layers were thicker in all regions in diffuse diabetic macular edema. Macular thickness was normal in the peripheral region.

Conclusion:
The results show that the outer retina in the foveal area is the most affected in diffuse diabetic macular edema.
Computer hardware for radiologists: Part I
Authors: Indrajit IK , Alam A 
Published: September 2010

AbstractComputers are an integral part of modern radiology practice. They are used in different radiology modalities to acquire, process, and postprocess imaging data. They have had a dramatic influence on contemporary radiology practice. Their impact has extended further with the emergence of Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS), Radiology information system (RIS) technology, and Teleradiology. A basic overview of computer hardware relevant to radiology practice is presented here. The key hardware components in a computer are the motherboard, central processor unit (CPU), the chipset, the random access memory (RAM), the memory modules, bus, storage drives, and ports. The personnel computer (PC) has a rectangular case that contains important components called hardware, many of which are integrated circuits (ICs). The fiberglass motherboard is the main printed circuit board and has a variety of important hardware mounted on it, which are connected by electrical pathways called "buses". The CPU is the largest IC on the motherboard and contains millions of transistors. Its principal function is to execute "programs". A Pentium® 4 CPU has transistors that execute a billion instructions per second. The chipset is completely different from the CPU in design and function; it controls data and interaction of buses between the motherboard and the CPU. Memory (RAM) is fundamentally semiconductor chips storing data and instructions for access by a CPU. RAM is classified by storage capacity, access speed, data rate, and configuration.
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in neuro-malaria
Authors: Lacout Alexis , Guidoux Celine , Carlier Robert Yves 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe report a case of a 37-year-old patient with Plasmodium falciparum infestation who developed posterior reversible encephalopathy. In cerebral malaria, microscopic studies have shown endothelial dysfunction and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Data from the literature show that one of the mechanisms of posterior reversible encephalopathy may be capillary leakage and acute disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Our case supports the theory of blood-brain barrier disruption being a key factor in the causation of cerebral malaria.
Predilatation of a stenotic ostium of a bronchial artery, followed by embolization in recurrent hemoptysis
Authors: Cherian Mathew P , Mehta Pankaj , Kalyanpur Tejas M , Hedgire Sandeep S , Narsinghpura Kaustubh , Venkatesh K 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBronchial artery embolization may be the only life-saving procedure available in a patient presenting with massive hemoptysis. Rarely, selective catheterization of these vessels may be rendered difficult due to a stenotic ostium. This may result in closure of the vessel or absence of forward flow after the stenotic segment is crossed with a diagnostic catheter or a microcatheter. Further, it may also lead to recurrence of hemoptysis if the distal vessel and the prearteriolar bed are inadequately embolized. We describe a technique of selective cannulation of the stenotic vessel, dilatation of the stenosis and then successful embolization.
Especies vegetales que habitan en los derechos de vía de las carreteras principales de Nicaragua
Authors: Jiménez J 
Published: September 2010

En este artículo se presenta información sobre las especies de árboles que se encuentran en los derechos de vía de las carreteras de Nicaragua, para lo cual se utilizó el inventario de árboles y arbustos en dos tramos de carreteras representativos del sistema ambiental dominante que se relacionan con vegetación en las carreteras y caminos que constituyen la red vial nacional. Con la información válida y un nivel de precisión satisfactorio, se establecieron los criterios de selección para elegir las carreteras en donde se estudiaron a las especies vegetales. Los aspectos analizados fueron abundancia, riqueza de las especies, grado de cubierta, dominancia, composición florística y vitalidad. Se concluye que las especies de árboles que habitan en las áreas verdes de los derechos de vía de las carreteras analizadas son especies ruderales, o remanentes de bosques riparios siendo frecuentes de encontrar: Tabebuia rosea (Bignoniaceae), Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae), Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Guazuma ulmifolia (Sterculiaceae), Cordia alliodora (Boraginaceae), Senna siamea (Caesalpiniaceae), y Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Mimosaceae). Palabras claves: abundancia; ambiente; riqueza de las especies; grado de cubierta; dominancia; composición florística; vegetación.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v22i1.40Nexo: Revista Científica Vol.22, No.01, pp.15-22/Agosto 2009
Indicadores para la evaluación de la calidad ambiental del hábitat urbano
Authors: Zúñiga A 
Published: September 2010

La presente investigación consistió en el diseño y aplicación de una metodología para la evaluación de la calidad del medio construido en asentamientos humanos urbanos. El proceso metodológico inició con el establecimiento del estado del arte sobre la materia, destacando los aspectos conceptuales sobre la sustentabilidad como máxima aspiración a lograr en la evaluación de un asentamiento y determinando los componentes significativos de la problemática objeto de trabajo. Posteriormente se caracterizó el sistema vigente de asentamientos urbanos en Nicaragua y se determinaron los asentamientos objeto de estudio. Se identificaron las clasificaciones tipológicas existentes sobre los asentamientos humanos urbanos nicaragüenses, las cuales se completaron mediante la propuesta de una nueva forma de agrupación según la estructuración de los componentes, lo que permitió la selección de los asentamientos donde se aplicó el instrumental. A continuación se desarrolló la metodología de evaluación conformado por el instrumental teórico, los histogramas de evaluación ambiental y las matrices de evaluación de la calidad. Se finalizó el proceso de validación del instrumental diseñado, aplicándose a cuatro asentamientos seleccionados, con base en una muestra del 5% del total de asentamientos de la zona de estudio elegida. Se valoraron los resultados obtenidos, relacionándolos con otros análisis del área, lo que posibilitó demostrar su efectividad y eficacia. Palabras claves: asentamientos humanos urbanos; hábitat urbano; medio construido; calidad ambiental.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v22i1.41Nexo: Revista Científica Vol.22, No.01, pp.23-31/Agosto 2009
Variables ambientales y actividades ganaderas determinantes para la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica de la ganadería bovina en Nicaragua
Authors: Gallo J 
Published: September 2010

Como resultado de esta investigación se determinaron las variables ambientales y actividades ganaderas determinantes para la Evaluación Ambiental Estratégica (EAE) de la ganadería bovina en Nicaragua. El estudio permitió definir que las variables ambientales determinantes, por la relación existente entre las actividades ganaderas y antrópicas, están contenidas principalmente en los factores del medio físico construido y medio socioeconómico, siendo estas: el propósito productivo y la integración de la ganadería con los cultivos y pastos. A su vez, las actividades ganaderas se relacionan directamente con las dimensiones técnicas propias del sector ganadero, así como de los aspectos sociales y económicos, resultando la de mayor valor, la alimentación del ganado. Las variables y actividades ganaderas determinantes, permitieron definir el inicio del proceso de evaluación y constituyeron una herramienta para planificar y ejecutar acciones para el desarrollo del sector ganadero en el país, y a su vez, representaron un equilibrio para la relación sostenible entre los factores ambientales y el sector mismo. La formación de paneles de expertos y el empleo de métodos matemáticos fueron necesarios para la selección de las variables y actividades. Palabras claves: variables ambientales, evaluación ambiental estratégica, ganadería bovina.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v23i1.33Nexo: Revista Científica Vol. 23, No. 01, pp.02-08/Mayo 2010
Estimación de la carga de nutrientes procedentes de la cuenca de drenaje superficial del rio Tepenaguasapa
Authors: Morales B , Chávez G 
Published: September 2010

El Lago Cocibolca merece atención especial por ser una fuente importante de agua para el consumo humano. El río Tepenaguasapa es una de sus subcuencas, que tiene entre otros problemas, la contaminación con nutrientes. Para el estudio de este problema, fue necesario determinar la carga de nutrientes (Fósforo y Nitrógeno) procedentes de las subcuencas. La carga de Fósforo estimada fue de 24.33 t/año y de Nitrógeno de 632.57 t/año, para totalizar 656.89 t/año, con un orden de importancia por su origen de: uso de suelo, precipitación y escurrimiento artificial. El río varía en su estado trófico con un gradiente de concentración de nutrientes aguas arriba hacia aguas abajo. La carga de nutrientes es originada por la gran cantidad de área empleada para pasto y actividad ganadera extensiva, tierras de labranza, monocultivo, manejo de las aguas residuales, tala de árboles, además de ser una cuenca con abundante precipitación y de gran tamaño en comparación con el espejo de agua. Palabras clave: fósforo; nitrógeno; actividad ganadera extensiva; carga de nutrientes; estado trófico.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v23i1.35Nexo: Revista Científica Vol. 23, No. 01, pp.18-26/Mayo 2010
Aplicación del concepto de participación ciudadana y su impacto en la gestión integral de los recursos hídricos. Caso cuenca del lago Cocibolca
Authors: Espinal S 
Published: September 2010

Al implementar y desarrollar proyectos con intervención en los recursos naturales los cuales presentan problemas de uso y escasez, normalmente existe competencia entre usuarios y portadores de interés. La Gestión Integral de los Recursos Hídricos, promueve el uso, desarrollo y seguimiento coordinado del recurso e integra el enfoque de involucramiento de actores claves. En la ejecución del Proyecto TwinLatin (Hermanamiento de Cuencas) se retoma el concepto de participación ciudadana y la cuál se aplicó durante todas las fases de la investigación. Asimismo se desarrollaron métodos cualitativos, tales como diagnósticos, talleres, entrevistas y conversatorios. Involucrando activamente en diferentes niveles a los actores que tienen incidencia en la protección de la cuenca. Palabras claves: Gestión integral; recursos hídricos; involucramiento; actores; participación ciudadana.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v23i1.36Nexo: Revista Científica Vol. 23, No. 01, pp.27-32/Mayo 2010
Rotary‐Wing Flight Mechanics
Authors: Newman Simon 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the basic performance of the helicopter and the aerodynamic implications of various flight regimes. It introduces the power variation of the helicopter in hover, climb, and forward flight. Calculating the consumption of fuel is then outlined followed by the concepts of endurance and range optimization. Discussion then turns to aerodynamic limitations such as autorotation and the various flow states encountered, particularly in descent where the vortex ring state occurs. The benefits of operating close to the ground are then introduced. The chapter concludes with an outline of the aerodynamic interactions experienced between the main and tail rotors.
Overview of Micro Air Vehicle System Design and Integration Issues
Authors: Michelson Robert C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe design of micro air vehicles (MAV) presents one of the most formidable challenges to not only aerospace, but electrical, mechanical, and computer engineers because of flight regime in which these tiny aircraft operate. Aerospace designers must contend with issues surrounding low Reynolds number flight while electrical and mechanical designers will be concerned with issues of energy storage, behavior of materials at small scales, and non‐scaling items. The missions at which MAVs will excel demand increased levels of autonomy, forcing computer engineers to create innate onboard intelligence exhibiting high bandwidth and superior abilities to interpret obstacle‐rich environments not usually encountered by larger flying machines. This chapter provides an overview of the issues associated with micro flight and how some researchers are taking cues from creation to produce insecta‐ and aves‐class robotic life forms for a wide range of useful missions.
Air Traffic Management
Authors: Fewings Rodney 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Air traffic management is the process of managing the safe and efficient movement of aircraft through the sky and on the ground, by means of a complex interaction between air traffic controllers and pilots, with the assistance of both ground and airborne infrastructure. This chapter will initially concentrate on how air traffic management was seen in the early years of aviation as being necessary for aviation safety, in part being driven by the standards and recommended procedures of the International Civil Aviation Organization. After discussing the services provided by air traffic controllers, the chapter then outlines the different infrastructure systems that make up the global air transport management system starting with the “invisible” infrastructure, airspace. Control of airspace, both above continental landmass and oceanic areas, is the responsibility of individual sovereign states. Airspace is divided up into a number of segments, and each of these is controlled by a control center; likewise, aerodrome operations are directed from the control tower. Apart from receiving instructions from air traffic controllers, pilots are able to use signals from both ground and satellite systems to aid navigation and ensure the safety of their aircraft. Finally, the chapter discusses the challenges that are being faced by air traffic management, including congestion, delays, pressures to reduce costs, changes to airspace operations, and the use of new technologies and procedures.
Airfoil/Wing Optimization
Authors: Zang Thomas A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses techniques for improving the aerodynamic characteristics of an aerospace vehicle through refinement of the vehicles shape. The discussion contains an elementary example followed by a focus on those components of the optimization process that are of special importance to aerodynamic shape optimization: optimization formulation (objectives and constraints), shape definition, mesh generation, and gradient computation. Some illustrations of representative current applications are provided.
Prevalence of cam‐type deformity on hip magnetic resonance imaging in young males: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Reichenbach Stephan , Jüni Peter , Werlen Stefan , Nüesch Eveline , Pfirrmann Christian W. , Trelle Sven , Odermatt Alex , Hofstetter Willy , Ganz Reinhold , Leunig Michael 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of cam‐type deformities on hip magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in young males.MethodsThis was a population‐based cross‐sectional study in young asymptomatic male individuals who underwent clinical examination and completed a self‐report questionnaire. A random sample of participants was invited for MRI of the hip. We graded the maximal offset at the femoral head–neck junction on radial sequences using grades from 0 to 3, where 0 = normal, 1 = possible, 2 = definite, and 3 = severe deformity. The prespecified main analyses were based on definite cam‐type deformity grades 2 or 3. We estimated the prevalence of the cam‐type deformity adjusted for the sampling process overall and according to the extent of internal rotation. Then we determined the location of the deformity on radial MRI sequences.ResultsA total of 1,080 subjects were included in the study and 244 asymptomatic males with a mean age of 19.9 years attended MRI. Sixty‐seven definite cam‐type deformities were detected. The adjusted overall prevalence was 24% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 19–30%). The prevalence increased with decreasing internal rotation (P < 0.001 for trend). Among those with a clinically decreased internal rotation of <30°, the estimated prevalence was 48% (95% CI 37–59%). Sixty‐one of 67 cam‐type deformities were located in an anterosuperior position.ConclusionCam‐type deformities can be found on MRI in every fourth young asymptomatic male individual and in every second male with decreased internal rotation. The majority of deformities are located in an anterosuperior position.
Reaching those most in need: A scoping review of interventions to improve health care quality for disadvantaged populations with osteoarthritis
Authors: Borkhoff Cornelia M. , Wieland Mark L. , Myasoedova Elena , Ahmad Zareen , Welch Vivian , Hawker Gillian A. , Li Linda C. , Buchbinder Rachelle , Ueffing Erin , Beaton Dorcas , Cardiel Mario H. , Gabriel Sherine E. , Guillemin Francis , Adebajo Ade O. , Bombardier Claire , Hajjaj‐Hassouni Najia , Tugwell Peter 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review to identify and describe the scope and nature of the research evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to improve health care quality or reduce disparities in the care of disadvantaged populations with osteoarthritis (OA) as an example of a common chronic disease.MethodsWe searched electronic databases from 1950 through February 2010 and grey literature for relevant articles using any study design. Studies with interventions designed explicitly to improve health care quality or reduce disparities in the care of disadvantaged adult populations with OA and including an evaluation were eligible. We used the PROGRESS‐Plus framework to identify disadvantaged population subgroups.ResultsOf 4,701 citations identified, 10 met the inclusion criteria. Eight were community based and 6 targeted race/ethnicity/culture. All 10 studies evaluated interventions aimed at people with OA; 2 studies also targeted the health care system. No studies targeted health care providers. Nine of 10 studies evaluated arthritis self‐management interventions; all showed some benefit. Only 1 study compared the difference in effect between the PROGRESS‐Plus disadvantaged population and the relevant comparator group.ConclusionThere are few studies evaluating the effectiveness of interventions to improve health care quality in disadvantaged populations with OA. Further research is needed to evaluate interventions aimed at health care providers and the health care system, as well as other patient‐level interventions. Gap intervention research is also needed to evaluate whether interventions are effective in reducing documented health care inequities.
Synthesis of Nonwoven Nanofibers by Electrospinning – A Promising Biomaterial for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery
Authors: Naveen N. , Kumar R. , Balaji S. , Uma T.S. , Natrajan T.S. , Sehgal P.K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPHB nanofibers are synthesized by electrospinning of a PHB solution prepared using HFIP as the solvent. The nanofibrous scaffold supports rapid cell growth with normal morphology and attains a viability of 87% after 48 h. Kanamycin sulphate‐loaded PHB nanofiber mats are synthesized, with the antibiotic on the surface and sandwiched within the nanofiber mats: their antimicrobial property is proved by the good zone of inhibition tested against Staphylococcus aureus. The drug shows more than 95% release within 8 h. These results indicate that nanofibers loaded with the antibiotic have potential applications as a template for tissue engineering and as a drug carrier.
Size Independent Shape Memory Behavior of Nickel–Titanium
Authors: Clark Blythe G. , Gianola Daniel S. , Kraft Oliver , Frick Carl P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWhile shape memory alloys such as NiTi have strong potential as active materials in many small‐scale applications, much is still unknown about their shape memory and deformation behavior as size scale is reduced. This paper reports on two sets of experiments which shed light onto an inconsistent body of research regarding the behavior of NiTi at the nano‐ to microscale. In situ SEM pillar bending experiments directly show that the shape memory behavior of NiTi is still present for pillar diameters as small as 200 nm. Uniaxial pillar compression experiments demonstrate that plasticity of the phase transformation in NiTi is size independent and, in contrast to bulk single crystal observations, is not influenced by heat treatment (i.e., precipitate structure).
Bulk Nanostructured Functional Materials By Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Zehetbauer Michael , Grössinger Roland , Krenn Heinz , Krystian Maciej , Pippan Reinhard , Rogl Peter , Waitz Thomas , Würschum Roland 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSince severe plastic deformation (SPD) has demonstrated its capability of producing bulk nanomaterials with highly advanced mechanical properties, research is increasingly focusing on the question as to whether functional nanomaterials can be achieved by SPD and in bulk shape, too. This paper presents promising results of reaching functional properties in SPD‐processed bulk nanocrystalline magnetic alloys, bulk shape memory nanoalloys, as well as nanometals and alloys for hydrogen storage, and also reports on problems with other functional properties, like those of thermoelectricity, occurring in non‐metallic nanomaterials.
Low Temperature Fabrication of β‐TCP–PCL Nanocomposites for Bone Implants
Authors: Bernstein Michael , Gotman Irena , Makarov Carina , Phadke A. , Radin Shulmit , Ducheyne Paul , Gutmanas Elazar Y. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA method to fabricate strong bioresorbable calcium phosphate–polymer nanocomposites with low polymer content without exposing the material to excessively high‐processing temperatures is reported. Dense β‐TCP‐based nanocomposites containing 5 or 15 vol% of uniformly distributed polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer were obtained by mixing β‐TCP nanopowder with PCL dissolved in chloroform followed by room temperature consolidation at the high pressure of 2.5 GPa (cold sintering). The composites had an attractive combination of compressive strength and ductility, and their dissolution behavior was similar to that of pure cold sintered β‐TCP. The immersion of β‐TCP–PCL composites in simulated body fluid (SBF) yielded in vitro deposition of a bone‐like apatite layer suggesting the ability of these materials to bind to native bone tissue upon implantation.