bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimations of Protein and Oil Concentration in Corn, Soybean, and Oat Seed by Near‐Infrared Light Reflectance1
Authors: Hymowitz T. , Dudley J. W. , Collins F. I. , Brown C. M. 
Published: July 2010

Simultaneous estimations of protein and oil concentrations in corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), and oat (Arena sativa L.) seed meals, made by a near‐infrared light reflectance instrument coupled to an analog computer (grain analyzer), were compared to protein and oil determinations by Kjeldahl and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. Multiple correlations between Kjeldahl protein and grain analyzer values obtained when calibrating the grain analyzer were .994, .996, and .982 for corn, soybeans, and oats, respectively. Similar correlations between NMR oil determinations and the grain analyzer for corn, soybeans, and oats were .993, .992, and .990, respectively. Correlations between the grain analyzer and Kjeldahl protein and between grain analyzer and NMR oil determinations using independent samples were all greater than .91.At no time were the meal samples analyzed by the grain analyzer weighed. Since moisture content may influence reflectance values, the moisture content of the samples was maintained within a narrow range.The grain analyzer is extremely simple to operate, requires a minimum of laboratory space, and is nonpolluting. Approximately 50 samples per hour can be run on the grain analyzer, excluding grinding time.
Tillering, Nonstructural Carbohydrates, and Survival Relationships in Alfalfa1
Authors: Chatterton N. J. , Carlson G. E. , Hart R. H. , Hungerford W. E. 
Published: July 2010

We attempted to assess the relationships of nonstructural carbohydrates and tillering with survival and productivity by identifying alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) clones that were tolerant and others that were intolerant of frequent harvests and then comparing their response patterns. Vegetatively propagated alfalfa was grown in the field and subjected to three cutting frequencies during its second year. In autumn of 1972 when the season of cutting was completed, the plants were classified as having low, intermediate, or high tolerance to frequent cutting on the basis of survival. Plants were harvested and their roots removed from the soil. They were classified as tillering if elongated crown buds were present, and as nontillering if no elongation of crown buds were evident.Root and crown dry weight and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) content (g/plant) of the fall‐harvested plants decreased from low‐ to high‐cutting tolerance plants, but the reverse was true for TNC concentration. The patterns were the same for both tillering and nontillering plants, but in each classification, the values were 25 to 50% greater for tillering than for nontillering plants. The differences in root and crown dry weight were associated with differences in TNC content.After the field investigation, the same clones were grown in a greenhouse. Root and crown tissues of greenhouse‐cultured plants classified as frequent (those surviving frequent cutting) attained a high percent TNC soon after cutting. Clones that did not survive the frequent field cuttings (low and intermediate tolerance to frequent cutting) did not increase in crown TNC percentage in the greenhouse until flower development (or tiller initiation) had begun. Survival and production of alfalfa may be improved by selecting genotypes that produce new tillers early in the regrowth cycle.
Effects of Inbreeding by Selfing and Full‐sib Mating In a Maize Population1
Authors: Cornelius P. L. , Dudley J. W. 
Published: July 2010

Random noninbred full‐sib families (generation 1) out of diploid Syn. O.P., [composite of 36 open‐pollinated maize (Zea mays L.] varieties were inbred on an ear‐to‐row basis through 7 generations of sib‐mating (SBF2 to SBF8) and 4 generations of selfing (SLF2 to SLF5) evaluate the effects of inbreeding and the correlations between generations. Generations 1, SBF2, SBF3, SBF4, SLF2 and SLF3 of 60 families were studied in 1970 and all 12 generations of 42 families in 1971. Characters studied were grain yield, plant height, ear height, percent moisture at harvest, percent oil, and kernel weight.All characters except percent moisture showed significant inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression, when significant, was linearly related to coefficient of inbreeding (F), except for percent oil, which showed significant quadratic effects. The linear rate of inbreeding depression for plant height, ear height, and grain yield was greater under selling than under sib‐mating. Generation SBF4 was significantly higher in grain yield than SLF2 (both with F = 0.5) in 1970. Significant generation ✕ family interactions were found for all characters.Genetic correlations between generations were lower for characters that showed greater inbreeding depression and were lowest for yield. Correlations of generation 1 means with estimates of regression on level of homozygosity in partially inbred generations were generally negative, but significant only for ear height. Correlations of generation 1 means with predicted means of homozygous lines suggest that selection among noninbred families should result in a response in the desired direction in homozygous lines ultimately to be obtained. For yield, however, these correlations were so low that they indicated that yield of noninbred families is of little value as a predictor either of rate of inbreeding depression or of yield of homozygous lines (as lines) ultimately obtained.
Control of Reed Canarygrass Seedlings in Culm Propagules of Reed Canarygrass1
Authors: Roslansky D. R. , Marten G. C. , Behrens R. 
Published: July 2010

Vegetative increase of homozygous reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundlnacea L.) from individual clones by means of culm node propagules is feasible and desirable, but ripe seed heads accompanying chopped culms often lead to seedling contamination of the stands.We conducted one trial to establish the extent of contamination from seedlings when culm propagation is used and three trials to determine whether some herbicides can eliminate reed canarygrass seedlings without damage to culm propagule growth.We confirmed that seedlings contaminate when clones are propagated from culms.Seven herbicides were evaluated for reed eanarygrass seedling control and for culm propagule tolerance. Chloramben (3‐amino‐2,5‐dichlorobenzoic acid), EPTC (S‐ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), dinoseb (2‐sec‐butyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenol), trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐ρ‐toluidine), and paraquat (l,l’‐dimethyl‐4,4’‐bipyridinium ion) did not prove satisfactory in meeting the objective. These herbicides either did not eliminate sufficient numbers of seedlngs, or they killed the culm propagules. Propachlor ((2‐chloro‐N‐isopropyl‐acetanilide) applied at 3.36 or 4.48 kg/ha provided considerable seedling control without killing culm propagules. Alachlor [2‐chloro‐2’,6’‐diethyl‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], applied at 3.36 kg/ha, was the most effective herbicide for reducing seedling contamination without significantly affecting culm propagule growth.
Higher Fatty Acid Content of Perennial Grasses as Affected by Species and by Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization1
Authors: Barta A. L. 
Published: July 2010

Levels of higher chain fatty acids (HFA) in grass herbage may be an important factor in incidence of hypomagnesaemia. The objectives of this study were to determine HFA content of six cool season grasses3 and to investigate the effect of N and K fertilization on HFA content of grasses.HFA content was determined for Bromus inermis L., Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca arundinacea Shreb., Poa pratensis L., Phleum pratense L. and Phalaris arundinacea L. The range in mean HFA among species was small 03.0 to 14.8 meq/100 g dry wt.). Only Kentucky bluegrass had significantly lower HFA than the mean of all species. Its mean N concentration was also the lowest.Mean HFA content increased 25% in orchardgrass and 46% in bromegrass with 112 kg/ha N fertilization. Potassium fertilization up to 403 kg/ha had no effect on HFA content.High correlations (r ≥.89, significant at the 1% level) were found between HFA and N concentration for the six species and for bromegrass and orchardgrass in the N fertility experiment. Regression coefficients for predicting HFA concentration from herbage N concentration compared closely to the regression coefficient determined on mixed herbages in New Zealand.Nitrogen source (NO3‐N vs NH4‐N) did not differentially influence HFA content of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) grown in nutrient culture when 28 to 56 mg N/liter of solution were used. Low NO3‐N (1.6 mg N/ liter) shoots had a greatly reduced HFA and N concentration. Level of HFA in ryegrass roots was not significantly influenced by either N rate or form, although N in roots varied from 1.35% to over 5%. This contrast between roots and tops implies that the concentration of N per se in a tissue does not always determine HFA accumulation. The data support the hypothesis that the relationship between N and HFA concentration in grasses may be mediated by photosynthesis.
Inheritance of Reaction to Race 4 of Soybean‐cyst Nematode1
Authors: Thomas J. D. , Caviness C. E. , Riggs R. D. , Hartwig E. E. 
Published: July 2010

Five soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) crosses involving parents that differed in reaction to race 4 of soybean‐cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) were studied in F1, F2, and backcross populations. Reaction of the parents to race 4 was: PI 88788, resistant; PI 90763, moderately resistant; ‘Peking,’ susceptible; ‘Mack’ and ‘Hill,’ very susceptible.Frequency distributions from three crosses involving parents that were resistant, moderately resistant, and susceptible indicated that three alleles at a single locus conditioned reaction to SCN. Resistance possessed by PI 88788 was recessive to PI 90763 and the moderately resistant reaction of PI 90763 was recessive to the suceptible Peking cultivar. Backcross data also appeared to confirm this inheritance pattern. Segregation in the F2 generation gave a good fit for a ratio of three resistant and 61 susceptible plants from two crosses; Hill ✕ PI 90763 and Mack ✕ PI 90763 which involved very susceptible and moderately resistant parents. This ratio indicated one dominant and two recessive genes conditioned resistance in these crosses. Apparently two additional loci with two alleles at each locus, also are necessary for resistance to race 4.
Exclusive Preferential Transmission of an Alien Chromosome in Common Wheat1
Authors: Maan S. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAegilops longissima S. & M. and Ae. sharonenis Eig were crossed with Triticum dicoccum Schrank ‘Khapli’ pollen, and F1 hybrids were crossed several times with T. aestivum L. em. Thell. pollen to substitute the T. aestivum nucleus into the cytoplasm of these Aegilops species. Partially male and female‐sterile plants having a monosomic substitution (20″+2′) or a monosomic addition (21″+1′) were obtained from these nuclear‐substitution backcrosses. These plants had normal anther extrusion, abundant pollen, and incomplete scattered seed set on bagged or crossed heads, and the reciprocal cross with euploid T. aestivum as a female gave complete seed set. Euploid, 21” plants were not obtained from crosses in either direction, most offspring having again 20″+2′ or 20″+1′, and having abundant pollen but partial seed set on bagged heads. All the selfed progeny of plants with a monosomic substitution or monosomic addition had a disomic substitution or disomic addition, respectively, and were fertile. Evidently, male and female gametes with one Aegilops chromosome were functional, and those without the Aegilops chromosome did not function.There was thus an apparent gametocidal action of the sporophyte having an Aegilops chromosome, on the gametes lacking this chromosome. Occasionally malesterile euploid T. aestivum plants with Ae. sharonensis cytoplasm were obtained as a result of rare functional female gametes without the critical Ae. sharonensis chromosome.
Effects of Years, Planting Arrangements, and Methods of Pollination on Combining Ability for Seed Set of Alfalfa1
Authors: Haaland Ron , Dane Fenny , Lentner Marvin , Melton Bill 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive selected alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) clones were crossed in diallel manner to determine the effects of environmental factors on combining ability for seed set. General combining ability (CCA) was more important than specific combining (SCA) or reciprocal effects in determining seed set in these crosses. Significant interactions for CCA occurred with years (age of plants), planting arrangements in seed production and methods of pollination. SCA was significant in 2 of the 3 years, in both planting arrangements and in crosses pollinated by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and hand crosses made without emasculation. The only significant interaction involving SCA was with years (age of plants). Reciprocal effects were significant in 2 of the 3 years, in both planting arrangements and in hand crosses made without emasculation. Significant interactions for reciprocal effects occurred with years, crossing arrangements, and in comparing honeybee pollinated crosses with hand crosses produced without emasculation.Results show that crossing environments can influence estimates of combining ability for seed set. It was also suggested that factors other than incompatibility of clones can influence SCA and reciprocal differences.
Relationship of Hydroxamic Acid Content in Maize and Resistance to Northern Corn Leaf Blight1
Authors: Long B. J. , Dunn G. M. , Routley D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA cyclic hydroxamate (2,4‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐l,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one; DIMBOA) recently has been implicated in the resistance of maize (Zea mays L.) to fungi and insects. In our study, a set of 13 inbreds was used to determine the relationship of concentrations of DIMBOA and resistance to northern corn leaf blight (Helminthosporium turcicum Pass).DIMBOA concentration was estimated by the colorimettic procedure of Hamilton in plants 60 to 75 cm in height. Mean concentrations of DIMBOA ranged from 0.06 mg/g to 0.66 mg/g fresh weight. Percent leaf infection on plants at the same height ranged from 7.41 to 19.04%. A significant correlation (r =−0.61) was obtained between these two traits.DIMBOA concentrations also were determined in root, stem, and whorl tissues from five selected inbreds at various stages of growth. At 13‐cm plant height, samples from the inbreds contained uniformly high amounts of DIMBOA. The earliest acceptable separation of high and low DIMBOA lines was obtained using stem or whorl tissue from seedlings 35 to 40 cm in height. Generally those lines highest in DIMBOA at 35 to 40 cm plant height were correspondingly high in DIMBOA at the silking stage. Similarly, lines low in DIMBOA at 35 to 40‐cm plant height were low in DIMBOA at the silking stage.
Postulation of Genes for Stem Rust Resistance in the Entries of the Fourth International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery1
Authors: McVey D. V. , Roelfs A. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe presence of genes for resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) was detected in entries of the 4th International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery by use of 18 isolates of rust previously characterized for virulence on 12 genes.Several varieties appeared to have one or two genes in common3. The test isolates detected no genes for resistance in ‘Blueboy,’ ‘Starke,’ ‘Jyva,’ and Vakka.’ Based on this procedure, Sr 9b, 9e, 10,11, 13, and Tt‐1 were not detected in any of the entries. While some varieties possessed other genes for stem rust resistance than those studied4.
Heterosis and Combining Ability in Exotic Soybean Germplasm1
Authors: Paschal E. H. , Wilcox J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to determine the magnitude of heterosis for yield, its components, and other agronomic characters and to determine the relative importance of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) in spaced plants soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] hybrids with both adapted cultivars and exotic strains as parents.The experiment, conducted at West Lafayette, Ind. in 1971 and 1972, used a partial diallel mating design with 12 parents. There were three parents from each of the following origins; locally adapted cultivars or strains, Manchurian, Chinese, and Korean. Thirty different F1 combinations were produced and, along with their parents, planted in a randomized, complete block design.Heterosis for yield was greater than that for any other character with a high‐parent value of 8.0% averaged over both years. Twelve of the 30 hybrids outyielded the midparent. Number of pods/plant was the most heterotic of the yield components. Number of seeds/pod and seed size of the Fl's was with few exceptions, intermediate to parental values, as were maturity, height, lodging, and harvest index. Heterosis for plant weight was similar to that for yield, both in magnitude and in the hybrids expressing it.Significant GCA effects were found for all characters. SCA effects were significant for seed size, maturity, and height. The years × GCA interaction was significant for yield, number of pods/plant, maturity, lodging score, plant weight, and harvest index. Years × SCA were significant for ntunber of seeds/pod, maturity, lodging, and harvest index.
Compensating Ability of Awns in Soft Red Winter Wheat1
Authors: Patterson F. L. , Ohm H. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeven families of soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines were compared for yield, kernel weight, and test weight. Each family consisted of two lines, nearly isogenic, except for awns vs. awnlets. The families of lines (F3BC6 sibs) were developed by backcrosslng to ‘Vermillion’ and by selection. Treatments consisting of flag leaf removal at anthesis, leaf rust, and leaf rust plus stem rust were imposed on the lines.Leaf rust, leaf rust plus stem rust, and removal of the flag leaf, each greatly reduced yield, test weight, and kernel weight within a given year and had a much greater effect on these characteristics than did the presence or absence of awns. However, due to the large year × leaf‐removal interaction effect, the leaf‐removal treatment was not statistically significant when analyzed over yearsAwnedli nes yielded as well as or higher than their awnleted isolines in each of the experiments. Awns appeared to have a more consistent advantage for kernel weight than for yield but compensated little for removal of the flag leaf or its impaired function by rust as compared with the awnless condition. Awned types showed the greatest advantage under severe rust conditions.
Heritability of Nitrate Reductase and Cyanide Levels in Seedlings of Grain Sorghum Cultivars1
Authors: Eck H. V. , Gilmore E. C. , Ferguson D. B. , Wilson G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeedlings of 41 cultivars of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] including 30 hybrids and all but two of their parents were grown in a growth chamber; harvested 10, 14, and 18 days after planting; and assayed for hydrolizable cyanide and in vitro and in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA). The genotype X age variance component was essentially equal to the genetic variance for each character, which suggest that genotype X environment interactions are major components of the phenotypic variance. Cyanide level was highest in 10‐day‐old plants and dropped sharply in 14‐day‐old plants. Broadsense heritability of hydrolizable cyanide was high (0.89 to 0.95) for all three ages of plants. Narrow‐sense heritability indicated the cyanide content of 10‐day‐old plants could be changed 0.76 units for each unit change in the midparental value, but expected progress decreased markedly for 18‐day‐old plants. Broad‐sense heritability of in vitro NRA was high at all ages, and narrow‐sense heritability was moderate to low. Thus, significant genetic advance could be expected from selection among pure lines and hybrids, but nonadditive genetic variance would reduce progress in hybrids based on selection of their parents to a moderate level. In vivo NRA was only 20% of in vitro activity. Heritabilities, in general, also were lower for in vivo than for in vitro NRA.
Linkage of the Genes SBM and WLO in Peas1
Authors: Gritton E. T. , Hagedorn D. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLinkage between the Pisum gene sbm (conditioning resistance to the pea seed‐borne mosaic virus) and wlo (conditioning deposition of wax on pea leaflets) was studied in the F2 generation. No crossovers were detected in four crosses, involving 323 plants, but two were found in a fifth cross, involving 398 plants. The combined data from all crosses gave a crossover value of 11.95%, indicating that sbm is in Pisum linkage group VI.
Growth and Development of Fiber and Seed in Upland Cotton1
Authors: Quisenberry J. E. , Kohel R. J. 
Published: July 2010

Three environments and four cultlvars of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were used to evaluate the affect of environment on the growth and development of cotton fiber and seed. The environments were a College Station planting, an early Lubbock planting, and a late Lubbock planting. These environments were quantified by conversion of the daily average temperatures from each environment into heat units. The College Station planting had the most and the late Lubbock planting the least number of available heat units. ‘TM‐I,’ ‘CA 491,’ ‘Acala 1517 Br‐2,’ and ‘Western Stormproof,’ were planted in replicated tests in each environment. Tagged bolls were harvested weekly to give estimates of the rates of fiber elongation and fiber dry‐weight accumulation. After boll maturity, fiber length, fiber elongation periods, fiber/seed, fiber fineness, seed size, and number of seeds/boll, were determined. Linear correlation and regression analyses between heat units and the characters measured after boll maturity were used to evaluate the relationships between environments and cultivars.Environment influenced the rate of fiber elongation and fiber dry weight accumulation. Fiber elongated and accumulated dry weight faster in the College Station environment than in the two Lubbock environments. Correlation and regression coefficients from the simple linear regressions of heat units on the characters measured after boll maturity revealed that all of the cultivars responded to a reduction in the number of available heat units. However, CA 491 and Acala 1517 Br‐2 appeared to be somewhat better adapted to growth and development of fiber and seed in a cooler environment than were TM‐1 and Western Stormproof.