bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From the outside in: The negative spillover effects of boundary spanners' relations with members of other organizations
Authors: Ramarajan Lakshmi , Bezrukova Katerina , Jehn Karen A. , Euwema Martin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractContrary to much boundary spanning research, we examined the negative consequences of boundary spanning contact in multi‐organizational contexts. Results from a sample of 833 Dutch peacekeepers show that employees' boundary spanning contact with members of other organizations was associated with reports of negative relationships with external parties (e.g., work‐specific problems, culture‐specific problems). These negative relationships also had a spillover effect such that they mediated the effect of boundary spanning contact on boundary spanners' negative attitudes toward their own jobs and organization (e.g., job attractiveness and confidence in the organization). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology of Semicrystalline Diblock Copolymer Thin Films upon Directional Solvent Vapor Flow
Authors: Metwalli Ezzeldin , Perlich Jan , Wang Weinan , Diethert Alexander , Roth Stephan V. , Papadakis Christine M. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe possibility of achieving templates of highly ordered nanostructures with crystalline nano‐objects embedded inside an amorphous matrix is addressed. Atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) are used to probe the morphology at the surface and inside thin films of the diblock copolymer polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) P(S‐b‐EO). Directional benzene vapor flow introduces the orientation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) cylinders inside the PS matrix. Within a limited film thickness regime, the cylinders are oriented parallel to the sample surface in domains of several micrometers due to shearing effects caused by the flow of benzene vapor parallel to the polymer surface. The crystallization of the PEO block by the benzene vapor treatment is also observed and crystals with sizes that approach that of the confined PEO domains are formed. Perpendicular orientation of the PEO crystalline stems with respect to the PEO cylindrical nanodomains is deduced from grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction. X‐ray reflectometry and scanning electron microscopy complement the investigation.
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Order statistics and extreme properties of spatially smoothed laser beams in laser-plasma interaction
Authors: Hüller S. , Porzio A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe order statistics of intense speckles or “laser hot spots” are studied in the context of the so-called “optically smoothed” light beams of laser-matter interaction. We investigate theoretically and by means of numerical simulations the distribution function for the k-th most intense speckle maxima in the upper tail speckle distribution. From these distributions for each order k, a distribution function for the intense speckles as a function of their peak intensity can be established, which allows to compute their impact on nonlinear processes, like parametric instabilities. This is done for the example of stimulated Brillouin scattering, using the so-called independent hot spot model, for which the backscatter reactivity level is computed, which proves to be in very good agreements with numerical simulations. This result is of great interest for nonlinear processes, like instabilities, where extreme speckles play an important role.
UK policy for the conservation and rural economy of the hills and uplands
Authors: Waters G. F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThere has been a long history, nearly 50 years, of support by the government for farming in the upland areas and the modern schemes continue the essential features of support that have been developed over the years. However the justification for the support has changed with time, from maximizing production to more social issues. It is now being recognized that the hill farmer's efforts have helped create and maintain one of our most attractive national assets and it is this environmental benefit which increasingly provides much of the justification for continued public support for hill farming. So the government's policies are important in two respects: the vital rôle of economic support and the encouragement of farmers to manage their land with greater concern for the environment.On the economic front, one of the most important ways that support is provided to upland farming is through HLCAs. Also vitally important are the EC sheepmeat regime and the changes made to that regime and the EC beef regime in the recent CAP reform settlement.The government's encouragement of farmers to manage their land with greater concern for the environment is increasing in importance and there are a number of ways in which this encouragement is delivered. The government has built on the success of Environmentally Sensitive Areas. As well as ESAs, there are other schemes available to farmers such as the Farm and Conservation Grant Scheme. In addition, an opportunity to develop a coherent framework for the delivery of a number of environmental schemes has presented itself as a result of the CAP reform. However, Government support should not be thought of as the only source of extra income for hill farmers. The farmer and the farmer's family should use every opportunity open to them to maximize their income.
Grazing intensity and vegetation change
Authors: Milne J. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChange in the semi-natural vegetation of the hills and uplands of the UK is a relatively slow process. Whilst exogenous influences, such as climate and air quality, can influence the rate of change, the principal means whereby more rapid change can occur is through the actions of man in managing such resources to meet a range of objectives. Burning and grazing by large herbivores are the two most important management practices adopted and their interaction is central to the maintenance of vegetation in its current state and to its direction of change. This paper reviews how vegetation change associated with grazing occurs, how it can be measured, what the critical levels of grazing are for the most abundant species and what the implications of grazing are for nutrient supply for animal production systems.
Opportunities for genetic improvement of sheep and cattle in the hills and uplands
Authors: Simm G. , Conington J. , Bishop S. C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe principles of genetic improvement apply to hill sheep and cattle in just the same way as they apply to other livestock species. However, the breeding goals often differ, and will continue to change in the light of new economic and political circumstances. Also, there are particular problems of implementing breeding programmes in some of these areas, which do not apply to other livestock species. In this paper we aim to review or discuss (i) the current structure of the livestock industry in the hills and uplands, (ii) strategies for genetic improvement, (iii) the results of relevant selection experiments and industry breeding schemes, (iv) some of the difficulties of implementing breeding programmes and possible solutions, and (v) new opportunities for the genetic improvement of animals in the hills and uplands.
Diversification of animal species in the hills and uplands
Authors: Russel A. J. F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe options for diversification in the hills and uplands of the United Kingdom are constrained by environmental and nutritional factors to the production of meat, animal fibre or both meat and fibre from deer, sheep, goats and camelids. To be successful, novel animal systems must also produce a commodity for which there is a strong demand and be wholly acceptable as regards both animal welfare and environmental impact. Immediate economic viability is not a prerequisite as levels of support to traditional and alternative enterprises can be changed at any time. Red deer farming and fibre production from fine-wool sheep, Angora and cashmere goats, and guanacos are all considered to be technically possible on hill or upland resources. Fine wool and cashmere have the greatest potential for diversification as they are dual-product enterprises with a balance between meat and fibre which accords with predicted market demands. The realization of the potential of these enterprises will require financial support equivalent to that given to the traditional forms of production if they are to be competitive and constitute realistic opportunities for diversification.
Poor families, removals and ‘nurture’ in late Old Poor Law London
Authors: LEVENE ALYSA 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe consideration of the removals aspect of settlement law – that is, the moving on of paupers or potential paupers to the parish where they ‘belonged’ – has focused almost exclusively on working-age adults and labour migration. This article focuses on how removal law affected families with children in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in two large London parishes. It finds that children were a sizeable presence among the removed population but that there were notable differences in family type between the two parishes. Furthermore, while most young children were kept with their mothers even if they did not share a settlement, others were removed alone, even after a change in settlement law in 1795 that should have assured their common claim in certain cases. The study sheds light on attitudes to poor children and their families, as well as on the exigencies brought about by economic circumstances and employment opportunities in the parish.
Vulnerable and unsteady: life histories and changes of residence of unwed mothers in Lyon at the end of the nineteenth century
Authors: BRUNET GUY , PINOL JEAN-LUC 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article is a study of single mothers in Lyon in the nineteenth century, including what happened to them after they gave birth to an illegitimate child. Unmarried mothers have been the subject of much previous research on different countries but such studies often begin with the last days of the pregnancy and stop a few days after the delivery. Our aim is to look at the life course of single mothers before pregnancy and after delivery. In Lyon, at the time the second French city in terms of population, we studied 2,000 unwed mothers, some of them multiparous, noting their extensive geographical mobility and the frequency of their moves within the city.
Demography and the midwives: deliveries and their dénouements in north Shropshire, 1781–1803
Authors: TOMKINS ALANNAH 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis article uses the evidence of midwifery deliveries to investigate the strengths and shortcomings of parish registers, and to pose questions about infant and maternal mortality. It focuses on the delivery notebooks of Thomas Higgins, a man-midwife of north Shropshire, but also employs comparators from Staffordshire and Yorkshire. The research incorporates a technique for dealing with infants where neither a baptism nor a burial can be found. The findings include rare evidence about rates of stillbirth and maternal mortality, and suggest some adjustments to the assumptions made for conducting parish reconstitutions.
Dynamic deterministic effects propagation networks: learning signalling pathways from longitudinal protein array data
Authors: Bender Christian , Henjes Frauke , Fröhlich Holger , Wiemann Stefan , Korf Ulrike , Beißbarth Tim 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Network modelling in systems biology has become an important tool to study molecular interactions in cancer research, because understanding the interplay of proteins is necessary for developing novel drugs and therapies. De novo reconstruction of signalling pathways from data allows to unravel interactions between proteins and make qualitative statements on possible aberrations of the cellular regulatory program. We present a new method for reconstructing signalling networks from time course experiments after external perturbation and show an application of the method to data measuring abundance of phosphorylated proteins in a human breast cancer cell line, generated on reverse phase protein arrays.
Results: Signalling dynamics is modelled using active and passive states for each protein at each timepoint. A fixed signal propagation scheme generates a set of possible state transitions on a discrete timescale for a given network hypothesis, reducing the number of theoretically reachable states. A likelihood score is proposed, describing the probability of measurements given the states of the proteins over time. The optimal sequence of state transitions is found via a hidden Markov model and network structure search is performed using a genetic algorithm that optimizes the overall likelihood of a population of candidate networks. Our method shows increased performance compared with two different dynamical Bayesian network approaches. For our real data, we were able to find several known signalling cascades from the ERBB signalling pathway.
Availability: Dynamic deterministic effects propagation networks is implemented in the R programming language and available at http://www.dkfz.de/mga2/ddepn/
Contact: c.bender@dkfz.de
Aerial surveys of fish in estuaries: a case study in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Churnside James H. , Sharov Alexei F. , Richter Ronald A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Churnside, J. H., Sharov, A. F., and Richter, R. A. 2011. Aerial surveys of fish in estuaries: a case study in Chesapeake Bay. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 239–244. The performance of a near-nadir, airborne lidar was compared with that of an airborne imagery (video) system for surveys of Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) in Chesapeake Bay, USA. Lidar had a greater probability of detecting a school (0.93 vs. 0.73) as a result of its greater depth penetration, a lesser probability of false identification (0.05 vs. 0.13) because it was less dependent on surface conditions and ambient illumination, and less variability [coefficient of variability of 0.34 vs. 0.73] in repeated coverage of the same area. Video had a lower statistical uncertainty in school detection [relative standard error 0.04 vs. 0.07] as a result of its greater swath width. The average depth penetration of lidar was 12 m, and the average depth of detected schools was 3 m. The performance of both techniques decreased with increasing windspeed, although the effect was smaller for lidar. The school area inferred by the two techniques was nearly the same. An examination of the missed schools and false identifications in lidar and video suggest that a combination of the two techniques would reduce most of the uncertainty associated with the use of either technique alone.
Recovery and Purity of Isolated Barley Starch and Protein as Affected by Fractionation Water Temperature
Authors: Park C. S. , Baik B.‐K. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWet fractionation of barley flours was conducted to identify appropriate fractionation water temperature considering the recovery and purity of starch and protein. In abraded hulless regular barley, yield of starch fraction, starch recovery, and purity of the protein fraction increased from 43.3 to 45.7%, from 61.7 to 64.8%, and from 37.6 to 65.2% when water temperature in fractionation was increased from 23 to 60°C. In abraded hulless waxy barley, recovery of starch with 40°C water was much greater (67.7%) than that at other temperatures (<61.7%). Starch recovery and protein purity of regular barley cultivars were higher than those of waxy barley cultivars with fractionation water of 60°C. In whole hulless barley flours fractionated with 60°C water, waxy barley flours showed similar to or higher protein purity (44.8–48.9%) than regular barley flours (42.8– 44.6%), while regular barley flours exhibited higher starch recovery (>60.6%) than waxy barley flours (<57.3%). The purity of isolated starch was >97.7%, regardless of water temperature and barley type. Considering yield and recovery of the isolated starch, and purity of the isolated protein, 60°C water for hulless regular barley and 40°C for hulless waxy barley seem to be appropriate for fractionation of barley flour for isolation of starch and protein.
First Report of Leaf Blight on Rubus brasiliensis Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in Brazil
Authors: Lopes U. P. , Zambolim L. , Duarte H. S. S. , Cabral P. G. C. , Pereira O. L. , Lopes U. N. , Zambolim E. M. 
Published: September 2010

There are more than 300 blackberry (Rubus) species worldwide. Rubus brasiliensis Mart. is a native Brazilian species found in tropical forests. In January 2009, samples of R. brasiliensis with severe leaf blight were collected from an area of rain forest in the city of São Miguel do Anta, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Dark spots began developing in the young leaves and progressed to necrotic spots with occasional twig dieback. From the spots, a fungus was isolated with the following morphology: acervuli that were 20 to 50.0 × 50 to 125.0 μm and hyaline amerospores that were ellipsoid and fusiform and 7.5 to 23.75 × 2.5 to 5.0 μm. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum. In Brazil, C. acutatum is reported in apple, citrus, strawberry, peach, plum, nectarine, olive, medlar, and yerba-mate, but it was not reported as the causal agent of leaf blight in R. brasiliensis. A sample was deposited in the herbarium at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil (VIC 31210). One representative isolate, OLP 571, was used for pathogenicity testing and molecular studies. Identity was confirmed by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of the ribosomal RNA with primers ITS4 (3), CaInt2 (a specific primer for C. acutatum [2]) and CgInt (a specific primer for C. gloeosporioides [1]). Isolates of C. acutatum (DAR78874 and DAR78876) and C. gloeosporioides (DAR78875) obtained from Australian olive trees were used as positive controls. The primers ITS4 and CaInt2 amplified a single DNA product of 500 bp expected for C. acutatum. OLP 571 was grown for 7 days on potato dextrose agar. Young leaves of R. brasiliensis were inoculated with a conidial suspension (106 conidia/ml) on young leaves. Inoculated plants were maintained in a moist chamber for 2 days and subsequently in a greenhouse at 25°C. Necrotic spots similar to those described were detected on young leaves 3 days after the inoculation. Control leaves, on which only water was sprayed, remained healthy. The same fungus was reisolated from the inoculated symptomatic tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. acutatum causing leaf blight in the native species of R. brasiliensis in Brazil. References: (1) P. R. Mills et al. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 98:137, 1999. (2) S. Sreenivasaprasad et al. Plant Pathol. 45:650, 1996. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
First Report of Potato mop-top virus in North Dakota
Authors: David N. , Mallik I. , Crosslin J. M. , Gudmestad N. C. 
Published: September 2010

Potato mop-top virus (PMTV) is the type member of the genus Pomovirus. PMTV is an important pathogen of potato, causing significant economic losses in Northern Europe, North and South America, and Asia (3). PMTV in the United States was first reported in Maine (2). PMTV is vectored by the plasmodiophoromycete Spongospora subterranea cv. subterranea, which causes powdery scab of potato (1). S. subterranea and PMTV are usually associated with cool and humid environments. In the spring of 2010, six potato tubers of cv. Russet Burbank were received from a commercial potato farm in Grand Forks County in North Dakota. The tubers had multiple, internal, concentric, necrotic arcs and circles. The presence of PMTV in the necrotic lesions was verified by a positive double-antibody sandwich-ELISA (Agden Ltd., Ayr, Scotland). The tuber lesions had an absorbance value (405 nm) at least two times greater than that of the negative control sample, which consisted of a healthy tuber. Total RNA was extracted from lesions of six different tubers that tested positive by ELISA using a Total RNA Isolation kit (Promega Corp. Madison, WI). These extracts were tested for PMTV by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using two different sets of primers. The primer set H360/C819 targeted the coat protein (CP) of PMTV and yielded an amplicon of 460 bp (4). The amplicons generated from the necrotic lesions were cloned (TOPO Cloning; Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and sequenced. Another set of primers, pmtF4/pmtR4, designed to bind to a region in RNA 2 of PMTV, yielded a 417-bp amplicon that also was cloned and sequenced (3). The sequences from all six tuber lesions were identical for the respective primer sets. A consensus sequence for each primer pair was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. HM776171 for primers pmtF4/pmtR4 and No. HM776172 for primers H360/C819). The sequences obtained from the H360/C819 and pmtF4/pmtR4 amplicons were 99% identical to the corresponding regions of PMTV isolates from Northern Europe (GenBank Accession Nos. AM503629 and AJ277556, respectively). Freeze-dried, necrotic tuber tissue from all six tubers was also tested at a USDA Laboratory in Prosser, WA by RT-PCR with the H360/C819 primer pair (4), confirming the results above. Cloning and sequencing of one of the amplicons revealed 100% similarity to the sequence described above for these primers (GenBank Accession No. HM776172), confirming the presence of PMTV in the symptomatic tubers. None of the symptomatic tubers tested positive for Tobacco rattle virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, Potato leafroll virus, or the necrotic strains of Potato virus Y by RT-PCR. To our knowledge this is the first report of PMTV in North Dakota. References: (1) R. A. C. Jones and B. D. Harrsion. Ann. Appl. Biol. 63:1, 1969. (2) D. H. Lambert et al. Plant Dis. 87:872, 2003. (3) J. Santala et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. Online publication. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2010.00423.x (4) H. Xu et al. Plant Dis. 88:363, 2004.
Foster carer perceptions of support and training in the context of high burden of care
Authors: Murray Lyn , Tarren‐Sweeney Michael , France Karyn 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe challenges of providing sensitive and structured care for children in foster care go well beyond normative experiences of parenting. The present paper describes a mixed‐methods study of foster carers' perceived need for support and training, referenced to estimates of their burden of care. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 17 foster carers in the Canterbury region of New Zealand. Carers' perceived need for support and training were identified through qualitative analysis of interviews using domain analysis method. Carers' burden of care was estimated from the Parenting Stress Index and from a measure of carers' encounters with children's emotional, behavioural and relationship difficulties that was designed for the present study (the Caregiver Behavioural Encounters Index). Foster carers reported substantive, unmet needs for support and training. Foster carers also reported high parenting stress and encounters with a wide range of children's mental health difficulties, including both uncommon and severe difficulties, which together represent an exceptional burden of care. Carers' highest priority need was for training and support on managing and responding to children's mental health difficulties, while their greatest existing support came from Caregiver Liaison Social Workers and other carers. The findings suggest a number of critical implications for practice.