bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro activity of azithromycin in Salmonella isolates from Pakistan
Authors: Butt Farhana , Sultan Faisal 
Published: June 2011

Introduction: Enteric fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C. It is a significant public health issue in Pakistan, which is exacerbated by a high level of resistance some isolates display to drugs routinely used in treatment. Azithromycin may be a treatment option for such isolates. Methodology: We determined the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi isolates against azithromycin in an attempt to gauge its feasibility as a therapeutic option. The MICs were also compared with corresponding disc diffusion zone sizes to see if there was consistency between the two tests. We tested 45 Salmonella enterica isolates using E-tests for MIC detection and azithromycin discs with a concentration of 15µg/ml for disc diffusion testing. Results: Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, and Salmonella Paratyphi C isolates demonstrated MICs of 2-12mg/L against azithromycin, suggesting that the antibiotic could be used for therapeutic purposes. For Salmonella Paratyphi B, the MICs were 2-48 mg/L. The higher MIC indicates a need for caution when considering use of azithromycin for Salmonella Paratyphi B infections without first testing for the MIC. There was a close correlation between MICs and zone sizes which was statistically significant. Conclusions: Our results indicate azithromycin is a potential therapeutic option for enteric fever. Standardized laboratory testing methods and interpretation for azithromycin against Salmonella enterica would allow laboratories to report upon this antibiotic with confidence.
Interactions between the fungal symbiont of Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and two bark beetle-vectored fungi
Authors: Ryan Kathleen , Moncalvo Jean-Marc , de Groot Peter , Smith Sandy M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe woodwasp Sirex noctilio F. is invading North American forests, where it will interact with a large guild of pine-inhabiting beetles and their associated fungi. The woodwasp's obligate fungal symbiont, Amylostereum areolatum (Fries) Boidin (Stereaceae), plays an essential role in the wasp's larval development but is expected to be a poor competitor in the presence of fungi vectored by co-occurring insects. We examined the outcomes of competitive interactions between A. areolatum and two fungal species vectored by bark beetles, Leptographium wingfieldii Morelet (Ophiostomataceae) and Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. and P. Sydow (Ophiostomataceae), and the effect of temperature and substrate on these interactions. Beetle-associated fungi were usually able to capture more uncolonized resource than A. areolatum regardless of substrate or temperature. Amylostereum areolatum was able to colonize relatively more space in some cases but could not gain substrate already colonized by the ophiostomatoid competitor. These findings suggest that competitive interactions between beetle-vectored fungal species and A. areolatum could influence the reproductive fitness and distribution of S. noctilio within individual trees and also across a wide geographic area.
Response of summerform pear psylla (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) to male- and female-produced odors
Authors: Guédot Christelle , Horton David R. , Landolt Peter J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe examined the role of chemical signals in sex attraction of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Förster), assessing the response of summerform male and female psyllids to male- and female-produced volatile chemicals. Male psyllids were attracted to odors from live females and pentane extracts of females. Extracts of females were as attractive to males as live females, suggesting that the female-produced volatile chemicals responsible for male attraction might be isolated by extracting females with pentane. Females were not attracted to odorants from live females and tended to avoid odorants from extracts of females. Furthermore, summerform males and females were not attracted or repelled by male-produced odorants from live males or extracts of males. Results of olfactometer assays using male summerform C. pyricola are consistent with results from earlier studies with the winterform morphotype of this species.
Operational mark–release–recapture field tests comparing competitiveness of wild and differentially mass-reared codling moths from the Okanagan–Kootenay sterile insect program
Authors: Judd Gary J.R. , Arthur Scott , Deglow Keith , Gardiner Mark G.T. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPheromone trap catches and mating activity of sterile, mass-reared, diapaused and non-diapaused male codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), were compared with those of wild diapaused males using mark–release–recapture field experiments in springtime. Sterile moths were provided by the Okanagan–Kootenay Sterile Insect Release (SIR) Program mass-rearing facility, in Osoyoos, British Columbia, Canada. Nondiapause-reared (SIR-standard) and diapause-reared (SIR-diapaused) sterile males were recaptured in similar frequencies. Both types of sterile males were recaptured significantly less often than similarly released wild diapaused males, and ratios of recaptured sterile to wild males were similar with either sterile male. Ratios of sterile to wild males, using the combined catches of SIR-standard and SIR-diapaused males, were significantly lower when measured with traps baited with wild-females (21:1) than with traps baited with 10 μg pheromone (48:1). Both trapping ratios were markedly lower than the 80:1 ratio at which sterile and wild males were released. In mating studies, SIR-standard and SIR-diapaused males exhibited equivalent mating frequencies and both were recaptured in copula with tethered wild females significantly less often than released wild males. In the same mating studies, sterile mass-reared, diapaused males that had been chilled for 3 h at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC) before release (PARC-diapaused) were significantly more competitive than SIR-standard or SIR-diapaused males that averaged 24 h of chilling as part of normal SIR Program operations. PARC-diapaused males and released wild males mated with tethered females with equal frequency. We hypothesize that the length of time SIR males were chilled before being released may have caused SIR-diapaused males to be less mobile, and therefore less competitive with wild males in field mating assays, than were PARC-diapaused males. Based on these results, introduction of a diapause phase into the mass-rearing system used at the Osoyoos facility cannot currently be recommended as a means of improving trap-measured ratios of sterile to wild males, or increasing sterile × wild matings.
How Online Crowds Influence the Way Individual Consumers Answer Health Questions
Authors: Kwok T.M.Y. , Coiera E. , Lau A.Y.S. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryObjective: To investigate whether strength of social feedback, i.e. other people who concur (or do not concur) with one’s own answer to a question, influences the way one answers health questions.Methods: Online prospective study. Two hundred and twenty-seven undergraduate students were recruited to use an online search engine to answer six health questions. Subjects recorded their pre- and post-search answers to each question and their level of confidence in these answers. After answering each question post-search, subjects were presented with a summary of post-search answers provided by previous subjects and were asked to answer the question again.Results: There was a statistically significant relationship between the absolute number of others with a different answer (the crowd’s opinion volume) and the likelihood of an individual changing an answer (P<0.001). For most questions, no subjects changed their answer until the first 10–35 subjects completed the study. Subjects’ likelihood of changing answer increased as the percentage of others with a different answer (the crowd’s opinion density) increased (P=0.047). Overall, 98.3% of subjects did not change their answer when it concurred with the majority (i.e. >50%) of subjects, and that 25.7% of subjects changed their answer to the majority response when it did not concur with the majority. When subjects had a post-search answer that did not concur with the majority, they were 24% more likely to change answer than those with answers that concurred (P<0.001).Conclusion: This study provides empirical evidence that crowd influence, in the form of online social feedback, affects the way consumers answer health questions.
An Overview of 22 Thyroglossal Cysts Managed in KVG Medical College
Authors: Naik Sudhir , Naik Sarika S 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTBackground/objectivesSuccessful treatment of a thyroglossal duct cyst requires surgical extirpation of the cyst with its tract through the tongue base. Incomplete removal results in cyst recurrence, which is the most significant common complications of surgery. The Sistrunk's procedure increases the chances of complete removal of all affected tissue.DesignKVG Medical College, Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery.InterventionA total of 22 cases of thyroglossal cysts (primary and secondary) operated were included in our study.ResultRecurrence was seen in two out of the 22 cases operated after one year of follow-up, and all the recurrences were seen in the secondary cysts.ConclusionsSistrunk's operation is the treatment of choice for primary thyroglossal cysts. Secondary cysts should be treated with removal of core of tongue base muscle and foramen cecum mucosa along with hyoid and scarred cyst excision.
Osteoradionecrosis
Authors: Pagare SS , Khosa Sukhjinder Kaur 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a major complication of surgery or trauma in previously irradiated bone. This condition is often painful, debilitating and may result in significant bone loss. ORN of the mandible is the commonest site in patients who receive radiotherapy for head and neck cancer because of the relatively poor vascularization in this area. Risk factors include the total radiation dose, modality of treatment, fraction size and dose rate, oral hygiene, timing of tooth extractions as well as the continued use of tobacco and alcohol. Conversely, steroid use before or after radiation may have a protective effect related to the inhibition of the initial inflammatory phase of ORN. The management of this side effect is difficult and can result in bone or soft tissue loss, affecting the quality of life. The recommended treatment guidelines are irrigation, antibiotics, hyperbaric oxygen therapy and surgical techniques, including hemimandibulectomy and graft placements.
Fetal Neurobehavior in Normal and High-Risk Pregnancy
Authors: Predojevic Maja , Mišković Berivoj 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Investigations of the fetal behavior in comparison with morphological studies led to the conclusion that fetal behavioral patterns directly reflect developmental and maturational processes of fetal central nervous system. Four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound has remarkably improved the assessment of the quality of fetal spontaneous movements, and enabled a better evaluation of fetal behavior. Recently, new prenatal screening test for assessment of fetal behavior, based on 4D ultrasound, has been published. We present you review of literature on fetal behavior in normal and high-risk pregnancies, and summarized results of new promising prenatal neurological screening test.
Ultrasound-Guided Invasive Procedures in Genetic Prenatal Diagnostics
Authors: Wielgos Miroslaw , Wegrzyn Piotr 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
There is a wide range of noninvasive screening methods that aim to identify the subgroup of fetuses that are in a high risk of chromosomal defects. Invasive procedures should be offered to women in the high-risk group identified with the highest possible detection rate and the lowest false-positive rate.
The method of choice at 11 + 0 - 13 + 6 weeks is chorionic villus sampling. An early amniocentesis is much more dangerous and should be abandoned. CVS should be performed not earlier than at 11 + 0 weeks of pregnancy. Amniocentesis should be performed no earlier that at 15 + 0 weeks. Earlier procedure is associated with significantly higher rate of talipes equinovarius, amniotic fluid leakage and miscarriage. The umbilical cord insertion is a preferable site for fetal blood sampling. Care must be taken to distinguish between the vein and the artery, and the vein must be sampled, not the artery.
The operator's experience is very important issue. It has been postulated that to achieve a reasonable experience one should perform a minimum of 100 chorionic villus samplings, and a reasonable number of invasive procedures should be performed yearly.
Changing Public Demand in the Genetic Counseling during the Past Decades
Authors: Papp Zoltan 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Before discovering genetic rules, genetic counseling was based on empirical observations. In this process, it was important to recognize that certain diagnoses were more frequent in certain couples’ descendants. The 20th century witnessed revolutionary progress in the science of genetics that coincided with increasing societal demands and therefore became an integral part of modern genetic counseling.
Genetic screening is changing from Mendelian disease ascertainment to predictive testing. We are also learning that the phenotypes of even simple Mendelian disorders are influenced by complex genetic and environmental factors. Moreover, developing knowledge about genotype/phenotype associations and many other aspects of genetic epidemiology will increasingly require referral to clinical geneticists.
Pregnancy and Uterine Anomalies
Authors: Andonotopo Wiku , Wibowo Noroyono , Salim Azen 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
Congenital uterine malformations are known to have a higher incidence of infertility, repeated first trimester spontaneous miscarriages, fetal intrauterine growth restriction, fetal malposition, preterm labor, retained placenta and increased cesarean section rate. The actual incidence of uterine malformation is unknown, since many women do not have any symptoms. They are estimated to occur in 0.4% (0.1-3%) of the general population and in 4% of infertile women, and in patients with repeated spontaneous miscarriages the figures fluctuate between 3 and 38%. The discrepancy among different publications stems from their use of different diagnostic techniques, heterogenous population samples and clinical diversity of Mullerian anomalies.
Obstetric Ultrasounds in Africa: Is it Necessary to Promote their Appropriate Use?
Authors: Carrera José M 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the situation of obstetric ultrasound scans in Africa (extent of use, sonographer training, indications and results, etc.). Special emphasis is given to the advisability of legally regulating their use, the need for improved training among today's sonographers and the potential dangers that the incorrect and indiscriminate use of ultrasounds can involve. The paper condemns the commodification of the technique and reviews the current status of scientific production.
Two‐Photon Polymerization of Biocompatible Photopolymers for Microstructured 3D Biointerfaces
Authors: Weiß Thomas , Schade Ronald , Laube Thorsten , Berg Albrecht , Hildebrand Gerhard , Wyrwa Ralf , Schnabelrauch Matthias , Liefeith Klaus 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThree‐dimensional microstructured scaffolds provide a means for cells to be cultured in vitro in a way that resembles natural conditions more closely than flat tissue culture polystyrene. In the presented work, two‐photon polymerization (2PP) is applied as a tool for the engineering of high‐resolution 3D scaffold structures with a well defined microarchitecture made of biocompatible photo resins. 2PP is a novel photolithographic technique using femtosecond laser pulses which enables free 3D microstructuring of liquid photo resins due to the relationship of the axial and lateral spatial confinement of the photoreaction to the focal volume of a focused laser beam. A set of photo resins were tested with regard to 2PP processability and three different classes of methacrylated photopolymerizable monomers (methacrylated oligolactones, urethane dimethacrylate, poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate)) were found to be efficient 2PP materials. 3D microstructures based on computer models were produced and tested for biocompatibility. The initial cell adhesion and the viability of bovine chondrocytes on the polymeric scaffolds were evaluated morphologically by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after three‐day culture on 2PP derived microstructures. 2PP derived scaffolds were fabricated in different sizes and geometries, starting from the 100 µm‐range reaching out to the cm‐range showing the actual possibilities to produce large volume scaffolds even for implantation purposes.
Adsorption of Collagen Nanofibrils on Rough TiO2: A Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Friedrichs Wenke , Ohler Bastian , Langel Walter , Monti Susanna , Köppen Susan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractClassical molecular dynamics simulations of tropocollagen molecules on rough titania surfaces are presented. On the basis of plane rutile (100), two models for surface roughness have been adopted: (1 × 3) microfacets with dimensions of less than 14 Å had only minor influence on the adsorption of a triple helical structure with a diameter of about 16 Å. After increasing the roughness by terraces, steric hindrance of helix binding was observed. A model for telopeptide capping of the collagen triple helices was developed. The highly flexible telopeptide structures mediated adsorption on the surface and inserted into grooves of both surface models. The telopeptide β‐turn motifs at the C‐terminus of the tropocollagen interact with specific receptor regions of the triple helices. This intermolecular process seems to be entropy driven and may be the first step of assembling helices to ordered fibrils. Interaction between telopeptide and triple helix seems to be in competition with the rather enthalpy controlled surface adsorption of single collagen molecules.
“Clinging‐Microdroplet” Patterning Upon High‐Adhesion, Pillar‐Structured Silicon Substrates
Authors: Su Bin , Wang Shutao , Ma Jie , Song Yanlin , Jiang Lei 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe rapidly increasing research interest in nanodevices, including nanoelectronics, nano‐optoelectronics, and sensing, requires the development of surface‐patterning techniques to obtain large‐scale arrays of nanounits (mostly nanocrystals and/or nanoparticles) on a silicon substrate. Herein, we demonstrate a “clinging‐microdroplet” method to fabricate patterning crystal arrays based on the employment of high‐adhesion, superhydrophobic, pillar‐structured silicon substrates. Different from the previous hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterned self‐assembly monolayer technique, this method provides a novel strategy to fabricate patterning crystal arrays upon pillar‐structured silicon substrates of homogenous superhydrophobicity and high adhesion, which greatly simplifies the modification process of the supporting substrates. Ordered crystal arrays with a tunable size and distribution density were successfully generated, and individual crystals grew on the top of each micropillar. Besides soluble inorganic materials, protein microspheres and suspending Ag‐nanoparticle or polystyrene‐microsphere aggregations could also be patterned in regular arrays, showing the wide adaptation of such an adhesive patterning technique. This novel and low‐cost technique for patterning crystal arrays upon silicon substrates could yield breakthroughs in areas ranging from nanodevices to nanoelectronics.
ZrOCl2·8H2O as a highly efficient, eco‐friendly and recyclable Lewis acid catalyst for one‐pot synthesis of N‐substituted pyrroles under solvent‐free conditions at room temperature
Authors: Rahmatpour Ali 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA new and efficient method for the synthesis of a variety of N‐substituted pyrroles from condensation reactions of 2,5‐hexanedione with amines or diamines using ZrOCl2·8H2O as a water‐tolerant Lewis acid catalyst at room temperature is described.The use of nontoxic, inexpensive, easily available and reusable catalyst under solvent‐free conditions make this protocol practical, environmentally friendly and economically attractive. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions of aryl chlorides using [Cl2Pd(COD)]/piperazine derivative under microwave conditions
Authors: Zhou Zhong‐Gao , Shi Ji‐Cheng , Hu Qiao‐Sheng , Xie Yong‐Rong , Du Zi‐Yi , Zhang Shi‐Yong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA new strategy to significantly improve the efficiency of Suzuki reactions was achieved under microwave irradiation. [Cl2Pd(COD)]/piperazine derivative 1 catalyzed aryl chlorides with phenylboronic acid in methanol (50%) affording excellent yields under aerobic conditions. Application of this strategy to the synthesis of liquid crystal material is also described. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prejudice and the Unexamined Life: A Neuro‐psychoanalytic Framework for the Repressed Conflict between Ethnic and National Identities among Arab‐Jews in Israel
Authors: Cohen Shuki J. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThis article proposes a framework for understanding the processes involved in politically‐motivated memory and identity formation. Specifically, it examines how these processes respond to both explicit and implicit politico‐social motivations to suppress certain parts of them while augmenting others. The proposed framework draws from emerging commonalities between neuro‐cognitive and psychoanalytic theories, and conceptualizes both internal and external prejudice as motivated cognitive‐emotional phenomena in and of themselves, devoid of politically‐motivated cognitive biases or prejudice. Using autobiographical, biographical and scholarly sources, I examine the motivated dissociation between the avowed and disavowed aspects of the conflicted Arab identity among Arab‐Jews in Israel is examined. Following psychoanalytic theory, the proposed framework may explain not only the internal conflict within the Iraqi‐Jewish community, but also the vehement support for anti‐Arab political sentiments within the larger Arab‐Jewish community in Israel (known more by the euphemism ‘Sephardi Jews’) – as ordained by the hegemonic Ashkenazi Zionist elite of Israel for the past 100 years. This article then traces evidence for the ‘return of the repressed’ among a growing number of contemporary Israeli Jews of Arab descent, who seem increasingly aware of the limited ability of the Zionist ‘melting pot’ ideology to adequately represent their identity. Based on the proposed framework, this article advocates for the impartial exploration of the disavowed Arab identity among Israeli Jews as a potential source of reducing pathogenic anti‐Arab prejudice and promoting greater humanism in the Israeli‐Palestinian conflict. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Self‐Complementary Nucleoside: Synthesis, Solid‐State Structure, and Fluorescence Behavior
Authors: Bang Eun‐Kyoung , Won Jiyeon , Moon Dohyun , Lee Jin Yong , Kim Byeang Hyean 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA novel self‐complementary nucleoside (AT), featuring two complementary nucleobases linked through an ethynyl group has been synthesized. The rigid aromatic nucleobases provided AT with a pale‐blue fluorescence. Unlike most fluorescent organic molecules, nucleoside AT gives enhanced fluorescence in solid state. It exhibits considerably enhanced fluorescence intensity and a remarkable redshift (ca. 70 nm) in its emission maximum upon an increase in concentration or decrease in temperature as a result of the formation of aggregates stabilized through hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking of well‐organized AT assemblies; these interactions are also evident in the solid‐state structure, determined by X‐ray crystallography. DFT calculations supported the preference of such aggregation processes.