bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longevity and dynamics of fatally and nonfatally topped Douglas-fir in the Coast Range of Oregon
Authors: Huff Tristan D. , Bailey John D. 
Published: December 2009

Worldwide, snags are an important, but often lacking, component of forest ecosystems. We revisited artificially topped Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees 16–18 years after treatment in a replicated experiment in western Oregon. Some trees had been topped such that no live crown was retained (fatally topped), while others retained some portion of their live crown after topping (nonfatally topped). Topped trees were created under three different silvicultural regimes: clearcut, two story, and group selection. Twenty-three percent (61 of 262) of nonfatally topped trees remained living 16–18 years after treatment; 4% (19 of 482) of fatally topped trees had broken at some point up the bole by 16–18 years after treatment. Silvicultural regime, post-treatment height, stem diameter, stem lean, and ground slope were considered as potential explanatory variables in logistic regression models explaining mortality and breakage. A nonfatally topped tree’s odds of surviving 16–18 years after treatment was greater in the mature matrix of group selection stands than in clearcuts or two-story stands. A fatally topped tree’s odds of breaking within 16–18 years of treatment decreased as DBH increased. If carefully created, artificially topping trees can be a useful silvicultural tool to increase structural heterogeneity.
Abundance and distribution of cavity trees in an old-growth subtropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest
Authors: Zheng Zheng , Zhang Shubin , Yang Guoping , Tang Yong , Baskin Jerry , Baskin Carol , Yang Lianyan 
Published: December 2009

We examined the relationship between the density of cavity trees and forest structure characteristics and explored the occurrence of cavity trees among different tree species and diameter breast height (DBH) size in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Ailao Mountains in southwestern China. Cavity trees accounted for 7.9% of living trees and 16.3% of dead trees. Average density of living cavity trees (86.3 trees·ha–1) was 6.9 times that of dead cavity trees. Density of living cavity trees was positively correlated with the density of living trees. Cavity trees showed a skewed distribution among DBH classes that peaked at DBHs of 20–40 cm. Moreover, the probability that a living tree was cavity-bearing was logistically related to DBH. Overall, the likelihood of trees being cavity-bearing differed significantly among species. The proportions of cavity trees among the 23 species having more than 63 trees were positively related to the average DBH and to the largest DBH recorded for each species. We suggest that (1) living tree density is important in determining density of cavity trees and (2) differences in proportion of living cavity trees among species is caused mostly by differences in average DBH of each species.
QUANTIFYING NETWORK CONTENTION ON LARGE PARALLEL MACHINES
Authors: BHATELÉ ABHINAV , KALÉ LAXMIKANT V. 
Published: December 2009

In the early years of parallel computing research, significant theoretical studies were done on interconnect topologies and topology aware mapping for parallel computers. With the deployment of virtual cut-through, wormhole routing and faster interconnects, message latencies reduced and research in the area died down. This article shows that network topology has become important again with the emergence of very large supercomputers, typically connected as a 3D torus or mesh. It presents a quantitative study on the effect of contention on message latencies on torus and mesh networks. Several MPI benchmarks are used to evaluate the effect of hops (links) traversed by messages, on their latencies. The benchmarks demonstrate that when multiple messages compete for network resources, link occupancy or contention can increase message latencies by up to a factor of 8 times on some architectures. Results are shown for three parallel machines – ANL's IBM Blue Gene/P (Surveyor), RNL's Cray XT4 (Jaguar) and PSC's Cray XT3 (BigBen). Findings in this article suggest that application developers should now consider interconnect topologies when mapping tasks to processors in order to obtain the best performance on large parallel machines.
Properties "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" , "Equation missing" Embeddings in Banach Spaces with 1-Unconditional Basis and "Equation missing"
Authors: Fetter Helga , Gamboa de Buen Berta 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe will use García-Falset and Lloréns Fuster's paper on the AMC-property to prove that a Banach space "Equation missing" that "Equation missing" embeds in a subspace "Equation missing" of a Banach space "Equation missing" with a 1-unconditional basis has the property AMC and thus the weak fixed point property. We will apply this to some results by Cowell and Kalton to prove that every reflexive real Banach space with the property "Equation missing" and its dual have the "Equation missing" and that a real Banach space "Equation missing" such that "Equation missing" is "Equation missing" sequentially compact and "Equation missing" has "Equation missing" has the "Equation missing".
Convergence Theorems of Modified Ishikawa Iterative Scheme for Two Nonexpansive Semigroups
Authors: Wattanawitoon Kriengsak , Kumam Poom 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe prove convergence theorems of modified Ishikawa iterative sequence for two nonexpansive semigroups in Hilbert spaces by the two hybrid methods. Our results improve and extend the corresponding results announced by Saejung (2008) and some others.
To What Extent Does High-Latitude Wave Forcing Drive Tropical Upwelling in the Brewer–Dobson Circulation?
Authors: Ueyama Rei , Wallace John M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The causes of the annual cycle and nonseasonal variability in the globally averaged, equator-to-pole Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC; defined here as the equatorially symmetric component of the Lagrangian-mean meridional circulation) are investigated based on zonally averaged, lower-stratospheric temperature data from satellite-borne Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU). Time-varying vertical velocities in the BDC are inferred from departures of the meridional temperature profiles from the respective radiative equilibrium temperature profiles. Equatorward of ∼45°N/S, the annual-mean profile of lower-stratospheric temperature and the seasonal and nonseasonal variations about it project almost exclusively onto the equatorially symmetric component. The climatological-mean annual cycle accounts for nearly 90% of the month-to-month variance of the equatorially symmetric component of the temperature field; January/February is colder than July/August equatorward of ∼45°N/S and warmer than July/August poleward of that latitude. The equator-to-subpolar temperature contrast roughly doubles from July/August to January/February, implying an approximate doubling of the strength of the BDC. The nonseasonal variability is dominated by a similar pattern. Tropical upwelling in the BDC, as inferred from of the temperature field, varies in response to variations in eddy heat fluxes at high latitudes with comparable strength on the intraseasonal and interannual time scales; it does not appear to be correlated with equatorial tropospheric planetary wave activity or with variations in wave forcing in subtropical lower stratosphere. It is concluded that high-latitude wave forcing plays an important role in modulating tropical upwelling in the BDC across a wide range of frequencies.
Patterns of Wintertime Jet Stream Variability and Their Relation to the Storm Tracks*
Authors: Athanasiadis Panos J. , Wallace John M. , Wettstein Justin J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A new approach is put forward for defining extratropical teleconnection patterns. The zonal wind field at 250 hPa is analyzed separately in the North Atlantic and North Pacific Ocean sectors during the winter season (December–March). Teleconnectivity of this field is found to be particularly strong. EOF analysis of the zonal wind field yields patterns that (i) are robust with respect to the range of frequencies included in the data, (ii) relate clearly to the position of the climatological-mean jets, and (iii) are broadly consistent with their traditionally defined counterparts in terms of climatic impacts. The patterns are characterized by a north–south shifting or an extension/retraction of the eddy-driven jet in its exit region and similar changes at the entrance region of the subtropical jet. The patterns also reflect the degree of separation between the subtropical and eddy-driven jets. Atlantic EOFs 1 and 2 are counterparts of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and eastern Atlantic pattern, respectively, while Pacific EOF 1 is the counterpart of the Pacific–North America (PNA) pattern. Pacific EOF 2, a pattern that has not been previously noted, has a pronounced impact on the jet configuration and precipitation over the western coast of North America. This pattern may be of particular interest for precipitation forecasting applications. Atlantic EOF 1 exhibits a long decorrelation time and strong negative skewness. The relation between these jet variability patterns and the storm-track variability is examined, including the dynamical interaction between baroclinic waves and the jets. In each sector, the eddy forcing is found to maintain the respective jet anomalies.
Regime Transitions of Steady and Time-Dependent Hadley Circulations: Comparison of Axisymmetric and Eddy-Permitting Simulations
Authors: Bordoni Simona , Schneider Tapio 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Steady-state and time-dependent Hadley circulations are investigated with an idealized dry GCM, in which thermal forcing is represented as relaxation of temperatures toward a radiative-equilibrium state. The latitude ϕ0 of maximum radiative-equilibrium temperature is progressively displaced off the equator or varied in time to study how the Hadley circulation responds to seasonally varying forcing; axisymmetric simulations are compared with eddy-permitting simulations. In axisymmetric steady-state simulations, the Hadley circulations for all ϕ0 approach the nearly inviscid, angular-momentum-conserving limit, despite the presence of finite vertical diffusion of momentum and dry static energy. In contrast, in corresponding eddy-permitting simulations, the Hadley circulations undergo a regime transition as ϕ0 is increased, from an equinox regime (small ϕ0) in which eddy momentum fluxes strongly influence both Hadley cells to a solstice regime (large ϕ0) in which the cross-equatorial winter Hadley cell more closely approaches the angular-momentum-conserving limit. In axisymmetric time-dependent simulations, the Hadley cells undergo transitions between a linear equinox regime and a nonlinear, nearly angular-momentum-conserving solstice regime. Unlike in the eddy-permitting simulations, time tendencies of the zonal wind play a role in the dynamics of the transitions in the axisymmetric simulation. Nonetheless, the axisymmetric transitions are similar to those in the eddy-permitting simulations in that the role of the nonlinear mean momentum flux divergence in the zonal momentum budget shifts from marginal in the equinox regime to dominant in the solstice regime. As in the eddy-permitting simulations, a mean-flow feedback—involving the upper-level zonal winds, the lower-level temperature gradient, and the poleward boundary of the cross-equatorial Hadley cell—makes it possible for the circulation fields to change at the transition more rapidly than can be explained by the steady-state response to the thermal forcing. However, the regime transitions in the axisymmetric simulations are less sharp than those in the eddy-permitting simulations because eddy–mean flow feedbacks in the eddy-permitting simulations additionally sharpen the transitions.
Developing a Performance Measure for Snow-Level Forecasts
Authors: White Allen B. , Gottas Daniel J. , Henkel Arthur F. , Neiman Paul J. , Ralph F. Martin , Gutman Seth I. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The snow level, or altitude in the atmosphere where snow melts to rain, is an important variable for hydrometeorological prediction in mountainous watersheds; yet, there is no operational performance measure associated with snow-level forecasts in the United States. To establish a performance measure, it is first necessary to establish the baseline performance associated with snow-level forecasts. Using data collected by vertically pointing Doppler radars, an automated algorithm has been developed to detect the altitude of maximum radar reflectivity in the radar bright band that results from the precipitation melting process. This altitude can be used as a proxy for the snow level, partly because it always exists below the freezing level, which is defined as the altitude of the 0°C isotherm. The skill of freezing-level forecasts produced by the California–Nevada River Forecast Center (CNRFC) is evaluated by comparing spatially interpolated and forecaster-adjusted numerical model freezing-level forecasts with observed freezing levels estimated by radars operating at 2875 MHz (S band). The freezing level was chosen instead of the snow level as the comparison parameter because the radar algorithm and the CNRFC have different interpretations of the snow level. The evaluation occurred at two sites: one in the coastal mountains north of San Francisco and the other in the Sierra Nevada. The evaluation was conducted for forecasts made during the winter wet season of 2005/06. Although the overall mean freezing-level forecast bias is small enough not to be hydrologically significant, about 15% of the forecasts had biases greater than 300 m (forecast too low). The largest forecast biases were associated with freezing levels above 2.3 km that were underforecasted by as much as 900 m. These high freezing-level events were accompanied by the heaviest precipitation intensities, exacerbating the flood threat and making the forecast even more challenging.
Evaluating the JULES Land Surface Model Energy Fluxes Using FLUXNET Data
Authors: Blyth Eleanor , Gash John , Lloyd Amanda , Pryor Matthew , Weedon Graham P. , Shuttleworth Jim 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Surface energy flux measurements from a sample of 10 flux network (FLUXNET) sites selected to represent a range of climate conditions and biome types were used to assess the performance of the Hadley Centre land surface model (Joint U.K. Land Environment Simulator; JULES). Because FLUXNET data are prone systematically to undermeasure surface fluxes, the model was evaluated by its ability to partition incoming radiant energy into evaporation and how such partition varies with atmospheric evaporative demand at annual, seasonal, weekly, and diurnal time scales. The model parameters from the GCM configuration were used. The overall performance was good, although weaknesses in model performance were identified that are associated with the specification of the leaf area index and plant rooting depth, and the representation of soil freezing.
Tropical Transition of the 2001 Australian Duck
Authors: Garde Luke Andrew , Pezza Alexandre Bernardes , Tristram Bye John Arthur 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In March 2001, a hybrid low pressure system, unofficially referred to as Donald (or the Duck), developed in the Tasman Sea under tropical–extratropical influence, making landfall on the southeastern Australian coast. Here, it is shown that atmospheric blocking in the Tasman Sea produced a split in the subtropical jet, allowing persistent weak vertical wind shear to manifest in the vicinity of the developing low. It is hypothesized that this occurred through sustained injections of potential vorticity originating from higher latitudes. Hours before landfall near Byron Bay, the system developed an eye with a short-lived warm core at 500 hPa. Cyclone tracking revealed an erratic track before the system decayed and produced heavy rains and flash flooding.
A three-dimensional air parcel backward-trajectory scheme showed that the air parcels arriving in the vicinity of the mature cyclone originated from tropical sources at lower levels and from the far extratropics at higher levels, confirming the hybrid characteristics of this cyclone. A high-resolution (0.15°) nested simulation showed that recent improvements in the assimilation scheme used by the Australian models allowed for accurately simulating the system’s trajectory and landfall, which was not possible at the time of the event. Compared to the first South Atlantic hurricane of March 2004, the large-scale precursors were similar; however, the Duck was exposed to injections of upper-level potential vorticity and favorable surface heat fluxes for a shorter period of time, resulting in it achieving partial tropical transition only hours prior to landfall.
CD137 ligand mediates opposite effects in human and mouse NK cells and impairs NK-cell reactivity against human acute myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Baessler Tina , Charton Jean Enno , Schmiedel Benjamin Joachim , Grünebach Frank , Krusch Matthias , Wacker Alexander , Rammensee Hans-Georg , Salih Helmut Rainer 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the immunosurveillance of leukemia. Their reactivity is governed by a balance of activating and inhibitory receptors including various members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family. Here we report that human NK cells acquire expression of the TNFR family member CD137 upon activation, and NK cells of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients display an activated phenotype with substantial CD137 expression. CD137 ligand (CD137L) was detectable on leukemic cells in 35% of 65 investigated AML patients, but not on healthy CD34+ cells, and expression was associated with monocytic differentiation. Bidirectional signaling following CD137-CD137L interaction induced the release of the immunomodulatory cytokines interleukin-10 and TNF by AML cells and directly diminished granule mobilization, cytotoxicity, and interferon-γ production of human NK cells, which was restored by blocking CD137. Cocultures of NK cells with CD137L transfectants confirmed that human CD137 inhibits NK-cell reactivity, while activating signals were transduced by its counterpart on NK cells in mice. Our data underline the necessity to study the function of seemingly analog immunoregulatory molecules in mice compared with men and demonstrate that CD137-CD137L interaction enables immune evasion of AML cells by impairing NK-cell tumor surveillance in humans.
Biocompatible and Highly Sensitive Nitric Oxide Sensor Particles Prepared by Layer-by-layer Assembly
Authors: Amemori Suzuka , Matsusaki Michiya , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Biocompatible sensor particles with high nitric oxide (NO) sensitivity were fabricated by a combination of layer-by-layer assembly and acid-free chitosan dissolving techniques. The sensor particles encapsulating 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2), an NO fluorescent probe, can detect 5–500 nM NO and had higher cytocompatibility as compared to DAF-2 molecules. These sensor particles will be useful for quantitative and spatial analyses of extracellular NO molecules from living cells.
Preparation and Characterization of a New-type Composite Photocatalyst of 3DOM TiO2/Carbon Materials
Authors: Li Shi , Zhao Dongfeng , Zheng Jingtang , Wan Yong 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In this paper, a new-type composite photocatalyst of titania/carbon (TiO2/C) with three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) structure was successfully prepared by combining the macroporous structure of 3DOM carbon and the catalytic properties of TiO2. Under ultraviolet light, the obtained 3DOM TiO2/C materials were used to degrade Methyl Orange solution as simulated organic waste–water and had a high catalytic activity. Furthermore, compared with commercial Degussa p25 catalyst, obtained 3DOM TiO2/C materials displayed an excellent regenerative ability.
Preparation and Molecular Recognition of SERS Probe Based on Gold Nanoparticles Constructed from PEG–Oligoamine Copolymer Possessing a Coumarin Group between PEG and Oligoamine
Authors: Furusho Hitoshi , Oishi Motoi , Kishi Tetsuo , Yasumori Atsuo , Nagasaki Yukio 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Novel gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as a SERS probe were prepared using two types of functional PEG/oligoamine polymers possessing biotin as biotag molecules at the PEG end or a coumarin moiety as a Raman probe molecule between the PEG and oligoamine segments. Eventually, the GNPs showed excellent dispersion stability under physiological conditions, as well as remarkable SERS signal resulting from molecular recognition between streptavidin and the biotin tag, even in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA).
Oxidative Arylation Mediated by Naphthalene-1,8-diylbis(diphenylmethylium): Synthetic Route to Triarylsulfonium Salts
Authors: Tanabe Hiroyuki , Kawai Takaharu , Saitoh Terunobu , Ichikawa Junji 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Dicationic species, naphthalene-1,8-diylbis(diphenylmethylium), successfully promoted oxidative arylation of the sulfur atom in (4-N,N-dialkylaminophenyl) phenyl sulfides with (4-N,N-dialkylaminopheny)silanes, affording triarylsulfonium salts in good yield.
Solution-processable Oligothiophene Derivatives with Branched Alkyl Chains and Their Thin-film Transistor Characteristics
Authors: Lu Ming , Nagamatsu Shuichi , Yoshida Yuji , Chikamatsu Masayuki , Azumi Reiko , Yase Kiyoshi 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Introduction of branched alkyl chains at the terminal positions of sexithiophene drastically improves the solubility of the compound, while still maintaining satisfactory charge carrier mobility. Field-effect transistors based on spin-coated films of the sexithiophene derivative exhibited p-type characteristics. Post thermal treatment enhanced crystallinity of the films and afforded a field-effect mobility of 0.11–0.18 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on/off ratio of 104.
Fabrication of Ni/Al2O3 Core–Shell Nanowire Arrays in Porous Alumina Membranes
Authors: Li Chengyong , Wang Xuehua , Chen Gui , He Lei , Cao Hong 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Ordered Ni/Al2O3 core–shell nanowire arrays were prepared in porous alumina membrane via alternating current electrodeposition and chemical etching methods. The shape of the inner Ni core is columnar with a diameter of 50 nm. The shape of the outer Al2O3 shell is a regular hexagon and the well thickness is about 40 nm. This novel structured material can be used as a media for magnetic storage and high-temperature nanoelectronic devices.
Tighter Packing Leads to Higher Enantiopurity: Effect of Basicity on the Enantiopurity of N-Acylamino Acid-templated Chiral Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Qiu Huibin , Che Shunai 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Tighter packing of aromatic group-substituted N-acylamino acids in micelles at lower basicity significantly enhances intermolecular steric hindrance between adjacent amphiphiles and helps the formation of chiral mesoporous silica with higher enantiopurtiy.
Modes of reception for fictional films
Authors: Suckfüll Monika , Scharkow Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this paper, involvement in fictional films is defined as a multidimensional construct consisting of qualitatively differing, interdependent modes of reception. Based on theoretical considerations that we developed further through successive questionnaire studies, we construct a four-factor-model with the latent factors Identity Work, In-Emotion, Imagination, and Production. We subsequently develop and validate a measurement instrument, the Modes of Reception Inventory, which assesses dominant modes of reception for fictional films. The psychometric properties and the construct validity of this scale are tested using structural equation modeling. Finally, we discuss possible extensions and applications of modes of reception for audience research.