bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘A Genius for Love’: Sex as Politics in Delarivier Manley's Scandal Fiction
Authors: Ballaster Ros 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the fiction of Delarivier Manley. Delarivier Manley's first major scandal novel The New Atalantis reincarnates the figure of Aphra Behn's fictional and poetic persona, Astrea, in order to authorize her own position of female satirist. Manley, like Behn, presents her satirical powers both as female and heroic. She also concealed the ‘transgression’ of representing and embodying female political ambition beneath the ‘lesser’ transgression of representing and embodying active female sexual desire. However, unlike Behn, Manley focuses on specific and personal satire in her ‘key’ novels. Manley also seems to have sought political patronage in the shape of financial reward from those Tory politicians she idealized in her novels.
Conclusion
Authors: Ballaster Ros 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief account of the critical fate of the prose fiction of Behn, Manley, and Haywood in the mid- to late 18th century. These early amatory fictions were persistently ‘written out’ of the novel tradition in this period in an attempt to make it respectable. The novel, identified at every stage as a ‘female form’, was, in this period, refined by purging it of its disreputable associations with female sexuality and the subversive power of female ‘wit’, or artifice. Women writers would gain status and more in the newly respectable form of the novel by denying any association with the infamous Behn, Manley, and Haywood.
Antony and Cleopatra: Soldering up the Rift
Authors: Fisch Harold 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that Antony and Cleopatra is the most mythological of Shakespeare’s plays. This is not to say that he shared the mythological vision of the world; the play is not mythologically determined, any more than it is determined by Freudian categories. But Shakespeare here shows enormous understanding for this mode of creativity. This would make Antony and Cleopatra one further of his centrifugal relation to prior texts and influences. He is able to enter into and share different modes of experience and belief but without any authorial commitment to one system rather than another.
Cognition and Re-cognition
Authors: Fisch Harold 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that Blake makes the modalities of romantic self-consciousness the very subject of his poetry. Notions and processes which are only hinted at in the imagery of Wordsworth and Shelley are here projected on a large mythic canvas. Moreover, Blake gives them the distinctness of an organized system. His great strength comes from the fact that whilst notions of the all-embracing character of the Self and of the universal power of the Imagination had found expression hitherto in the lyric of romantic subjectivity, Blake’s voice is not that of romantic subjectivity. He invented a precise mythological language or shorthand for speaking of cognition and recognition, defining the ground of romantic inwardness without being himself engulfed in the abyss of that same inwardness.
The Woman in White, Great Expectations, and the Limits of Medicine
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
For Wilkie Collins and Charles Dickens, writing at a time when powerful sectors of the medical profession were increasingly insisting that knowledge of human life would be grounded in physiology rather than psychology, the love-mad woman provided a means of asking what constituted ‘real’ pain. Such women had always raised the question of ‘truth’. Because they have suffered directly by men's falsehood or, indirectly, by the world's inability to guarantee their happiness, they prompt doubt about what can be assured in life. Couching their stories in hyperbole, they nevertheless resist the equation of excess with lying. Although they convey other stories within nineteenth-century fiction — and, in the process, come to mean both more and less than their own desolation — they still command pathos in themselves, even in the unsentimental world of the 1860s.
Banishing Vice
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter sheds some significant light on the social history of crime, criminals, punishments, and law enforcement in England in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. The crime rate grew and many offences were committed not only by professional criminals, but by the needy poor as well. Poverty was not only to be blamed, wealth and industrial revolution in London, Bristol, Liverpool, and many other cities provided suitable ground for criminals and thieves. The Crown officers tried to stem the rising crime around London and nearby but the law-enforcement agencies were ill-equipped compared to France and other monarchies in Europe. London lacked a professional police and was heavily depended on the amateur guardians who worked under an onerous workload.
Grafton v. Grafton Private separation and public divorce, 1756–1769
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Few if any break-ups of marriage in the 18th century are recorded in such intimate detail as the Grafton affair, based as it is upon a remarkable set of private correspondence between the husband and his wife, the mother and her children, and the husband and his lawyers and agents. In some ways, it is a highly atypical case, but in others it is representative of its time and of the majority of such break-ups. It is atypical in that the protagonists were highly prominent persons and members of the super-rich. The story is, however, perfectly typical in that all the legal proceedings were collusive, based on considerations of mutual advantage, so that only some highly selective aspects of the full story emerged in open court.
Introduction
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter introduces the historical context of the impact of war and political change on White Rhodesia. It offers to discuss in the book the story of how Rhodesians, nearly all of them ill-prepared for war and revolutionary change, reacted to the challenge to, and the eventual loss of, their domain. The story begins in 1970 when Rhodesia became a republic, and when the Rhodesians were confident, in control, and even complacent. This chapter explains various objectives of telling this story — one objective is to demonstrate and explain the emergence of sharp divisions within White Rhodesia.
‘Only a pinprick in our sides’
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The Rhodesians discovered that the set-piece battles and decisive victories of the 1960s were not to be repeated. Nevertheless, within two years, the security forces asserted a kind of mastery over the north-east, or Operation Hurricane as it was called. By December 1974 when the South Africans and Zambians persuaded both sides to implement a cease-fire and to enter negotiations, the Rhodesians believed that less than 100 guerillas were active in the operation. The real setbacks had been political and economic.
‘It is perhaps, the end of the beginning’
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The war invaded every aspect of Rhodesian life during 1976. While the farming communities of the new operational area constituted the front line everyone was affected in some way by the escalation of war. More importantly, the escalation of war generated and intensified divisions which the illusion of greater solidarity could not conceal. The government and the security forces handled adversity by compounding old mistakes and making new ones, all the time misleading an electorate which begged to hear what it wanted to believe, and preferred not to believe what it could observe.
‘Everything to fight for’
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The all-party Geneva conference on Rhodesia called by the British government assembled on 28 October 1976. Back home, most White Rhodesians became so immersed in the war, domestic politics, and the daily round of living that they quickly tired of the Geneva negotiations. They largely ignored the various settlement plans and the procession of official visitors from Britain and the United States during the first half of 1977. The Rhodesian government profited domestically from the willingness of the British and American governments to make further concessions to the Front Line States and the Patriotic Front.
‘In a hell of a turmoil’
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Exhausted by the war and ready for peace at any price, Rhodesian society in 1979 exhibited unmistakable signs of military failure, moral decline, and political disintegration. Moods and attitudes veered sharply during 1979–80 as the Rhodesians reacted to events beyond their control. They managed to offer a grudging or cautious acceptance of change while maintaining an undiminished commitment to the symbols and substance of the past.
The Regents
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe term ‘regent’ has been used so far without anything like a precise definition; the purpose of this chapter is to give as clear an idea as possible of who the regents were. In 17th-century Dutch, the word meant more or less those who ruled, the governors: it referred in its narrow definition to the holders of local political power, more broadly to the holders of political power in general, and, most widely of all, to the governors of any public institution. This chapter elucidates the nature of the regent group in its most precise sense: the members of the oligarchies or patriciates of the towns, and particularly the voting towns, of Holland. The best starting point is the vroedschap: clearly all members of this council were regents. The magistraat, on the other hand, gives rise to some difficulties.
Party and Faction
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFor nearly three decades now, discussion concerning the nature of politics within the voting towns of Holland during the Dutch Republic has been shaped to a perhaps unhealthy extent by the question whether what happened is best understood in terms of party or of faction. This chapter centres on the towns of Holland in the 17th century, and the implications for the politics of the province and even the Republic are also examined. What might be called the factionalist interpretation of Dutch politics in the Republican period was a reaction to the conventional picture of these centuries, which was seen as basically anachronistic not just because it described political developments in terms of party conflict, but also because it conceived the orangists and republicans as political parties of a type which did not really come into existence until the 19th and 20th centuries.
TheSchutterij, Popular Influence, and Public Order
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTo a very large extent in practice, the regents in Holland were the absolute rulers of their towns, this unquestioned legal supremacy of the magistracy could not disguise the fact that there was a serious flaw in their power: they lacked effective repressive forces immediately to hand to suppress popular disorder. Awareness of this weakness made the regents extremely sensitive to any public criticism which might stir up discontent among their subjects, but it also encouraged them to avoid policies which might cause widespread resentment. This vulnerability of the regents in the face of the reality or the threat of public violence is the theme of this chapter. In the towns themselves the chief means of maintaining order was the schutterij, the civic militia. Some towns employed a paid body of soldiers but most town governments were dependent on their schutters for the control of popular violence.
Religion and the Dutch State
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractReligion affected the way in which Holland related to the other provinces in the Dutch Republic, and to the Union as a whole, during the 17th century in both positive and negative ways. As the Republic became more firmly united in other ways in the course of the 17th century, the significance of the Reformed Church as a unifying force diminished. Protestantism in general and the Reformed Church in particular had established itself as a symbol of resistance to Spain in the course of the revolt, and carried on to be the official religion of the new state. A common religious loyalty was particularly important in the Republic given the widely differing political and economic interests of the various provinces. One aim which they all held in common was the defence of the Reformed faith, which in its turn conferred a universal purpose and significance to the war against Spain.
Frontier Development
Authors: Adelman Jeremy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book provides a study of settlement and expansions on the frontier lands in Canada and Argentina during their ‘Golden Years’ of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This book challenges many of the assumptions made about the economic ‘success’ of North America and the ‘failure’ of Latin America. Based on extensive primary research in Argentina, Canada, and Britain, this book points to the central importance of property relations in economic history. The distribution, control, and use of land, labour, and capital shaped these emerging economies. At the centre of the analysis is the development of family farming in Canada, and large estates in Argentina. Each system presented opportunities and posed costs — Argentine estates proving more efficient than hitherto argued, while Canadian farms involved high social and economic costs. The approach taken here suggests directions for future research for comparative historians.
Crime, Justice, and the Challenge to Order
Authors: Eastwood David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses policing functions in late Hanoverian England. As in all political systems, the nature and extend of police power in late Hanoverian England represented a compromise between order and security on the one hand and liberty and economy on the other. This chapter also describes the pattern of crime, committals and convictions, and the law in theory in practice.
Zeno and the Goths, 474–479
Authors: Heather P. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses Zeno, who was the father of Emperor Leo's grandson and heir, Leo II. It looks at his relations with the Amal-led Goths and the Thracian Goths, and his appointment as MVM praesentalis for life. The chapter looks at Zeno's attempts to come up with a solution to the Gothic problem. However, by the end of 479, he had only succeeded in forging an alliance with the Amal-led Goths.
The Death of the KPD
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Why was the West German Communist Party banned in 1956, only 11 years after it had emerged from Nazi persecution? Although politically weak, the post-war party was in fact larger than its Weimar predecessor and initially dominated works councils at the Ruhr pits and Hamburg docks, as well as the steel giant, Krupp. Under the control of East Berlin, however, the KPD was sent off on a series of overambitious and flawed campaigns to promote national unification and prevent West German rearmament. At the same time, the party was steadily criminalized by the Anglo-American occupiers, and ostracized by a heavily anti-communist society. The author has used material available only since the end of the Cold War, from both Communist archives in the former GDR as well as western intelligence, to trace the final decline and fall of the once-powerful KPD.
Introduction: ‘The Janus Face’ of Fascism
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The mechanization of warfare emerged along with the developments of the age and along with the emergence of modernist notions and visions spurred by the celebration of machine and the proto-fascist and fascist outlook. This chapter suggest a close affinity that had existed between the radical warfare and the cultural and intellectual currents of proto-fascism and fascism ideology or outlook. Fascism emerged along with industrialization, urbanization, and the growth of the mass society. Its emergence was a result of a rebellion against the dominating bourgeois culture which is dominated by materialism, commercialism, alienating individualism, and the liberal-humanitarian values. Fascism aimed to overcome parliamentarism, capitalism, and socialism through the application of communal solutions which create a unifying effect among the populace. For the proponents of fascism, fascism was the order of the future, superseding the obsolete parliamentary democracy in the new age of modern and industrial mass society. They believed that they would create a fully organized and efficient society, rule by a meritocratic, managerial government of experts. These modernist outlook and the aspects of proto-fascism and fascism are examined in this chapter.
Futurism, Proto–Fascist Italian Culture, and the Sources of Douhetism
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines another strand of fascist modernism which was derived chiefly from artistic sources, which aestheticized and celebrated the machine and the attributes of modern society as a mighty force for moral liberation and human elevation. This chapter focuses on the proto-fascist outlook that was prevalent in the Italian culture and the dominating potent symbolism of the aeroplane. Among the discussed fascist thinkers that lend their ideas on proto-fascism and expressed their emotive imagery of the aeroplane are D'Annunzio and Marinetti. The chapter also focuses on Douhet who revolutionized the air warfare as well as Moussolini and Balbo and their political propaganda that aimed to foster Fascists' image as an advance, dynamic, and virile movement through aeronautics and flying. The chapter concludes with Douhet's seemingly great influence on the concept of strategic airforce in countries like Germany, France, Soviet Union and America.
Comparisons and Contrasts (I): American Populism, Progressivism, and Mid-West Technological Modernism
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the connection of fascist modernism and the visions of machine warfare by examining two other pronounced modernist ideologies: American Progressivism and Marxism. This chapter discusses Charles A. Lindberg who became the greatest living symbol of the conquest for air which sparked the flames of the fascist expression in the Nazi regime. The present chapter seeks to suggest a more general explanation for the Lindbergh affair and his presumed influence in the insignificant yet influential emergence of fascism in America. The equivalents of the concept of fascism in the form of Populism, Progressivism, American ‘nativism’ and technological modernism are discussed in this chapter.
Theory: Limited War, Moderate Peace, and the Strategy of Indirect Approach
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Liddell Hart's works and theories on the concept of limited war, moderate peace and the strategy of indirect approach. Written in his younger days, most of his theories are met with criticisms which were bounded by assumptions that his ideas of the different strategies of war owe much recognition from Fuller and Clausewitz who were the prevailing military thinkers of their time. However by the turn of the 1930s, Liddell Hart amended his work and developed a full consciousness of the war that starkly contrasts his deemed immature view of the war. In his more mature yet less-known ideas, he cemented his contributions to the strategic theory and created true measure of his originality and sophistication.
Introduction
Authors: Cushing Kathleen G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief account of Anselm of Lucca’s life. Three characteristics in the sources are emphasised: his knowledge and intellectual abilities, especially of the law; his tireless devotion to the cause of Pope Gregory VII; and his indisputable sanctity. Few details are known of Anselm’s life and career as ecclesiastical reformer, canon lawyer, polemicist, and saint. In order to make much sense out of Anselm’s life, the chapter holds that it is important to place the facts against a wider background of the cultural milieu of northern Italy in which he was raised. The discussion glances upon the problems of the two Lives of Anselm, earlier and metrical; and Anselm’s Collectio canonum.
Papacy and Law on the Eve of the Gregorian Revolution
Authors: Cushing Kathleen G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses papacy in the eleventh century and law on the eve of Gregorian revolution. It argues that the most striking canon was the explicit affirmation of the dispositive powers of a legitimate papal electus. It was an attempt to distinguish between the jurisdictional and other powers of the papal office. Leo IX's preoccupation with the rigorous observance of the forms of ecclesiastical law was not limited to the issue of free and canonical elections. His actions not only gave reform a seal of legitimacy, but also exalted the position of the papacy. More than any of his predecessors, Gregory VII had a sense of mission: he lived, and he acted with an unshakeable conviction of the divine vocation. He was preoccupied with canon law. The chapter holds that it is the task of others to find the necessary authorities, and to provide the specific vindications for his revolution.
Anselm and Coercion: A Legal Form of Persuasion
Authors: Cushing Kathleen G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the schism and the justification for the doctrine of coercion. In Anselm’s view, the Church was obliged to confront, persuade, and comprehend dissident or separated forces in order to fulfill its mission. It offers a new ecclesiology that was perhaps an inevitable product of the schism. Coercive force under such circumstances was not a matter of personal will or arbitrary discretion, but the duty of a true pastor ecclesiae. In the final books of his Collectio canonum, Anselm’s interest with ecclesiastical property seems to have come from the schism: material resources were just unjustly being seized, with the effect of leaving the Church debilitated. In full possession of resources, the Church would be able to defend itself from schism, and to restore, by force if necessary, the unity that was the objective of Anselm’s doctrine of coercion.
Conclusion: A Canonist of Reform
Authors: Cushing Kathleen G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the significance of the collections of Anselm of Lucca. The discussion throughout the book has placed the Collectio canonum in the wider developments in canon law during the eleventh century. However, the integrity of the collection was not rigidly maintained in its own time. While unrelenting insistence upon absolute primacy was preserved, interpolations and other modifications to the internal ordering were made almost immediately. On one hand, these modifications demonstrate that the deficiencies of the collection as a practical, working compendium were apparent. On the other hand, they suggest that the strident tone and ideological inflexibility with which the collection was associated made its progressive abandonment certain. Still, Anselm’s collection stands as a concrete manifestation of the ways in which the reformers envisaged the law as a justification of reform.