bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FOOD QUANTITY AND DENSITY EFFECTS IN PRE‐ADULT CRYPTOLESTES TURCICUS (GROUVELLE) (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE)
Authors: LEFKOVITCH L. P. 
Published: August 2010

A study of the effects in immature Cryptolestes turcicus of density and food quantity upon the rate of development, survival and the weight of newly‐formed adults has allowed the following conclusions:—

rate of development, survival and adult weight are highly correlated;
as food quantities per larva become smaller, so these values are reduced;
three intermediate density factors are recognised, one attributed to cannibalism, one to changes in the food medium brought about by the larvae themselves and a third which may be called disturbance. It is postulated that at least these three, acting independently or interdependently produce the response which is recognised as being due to density.

Comparison with C. ferrugineus and C. ugandae shows that the former species is more susceptible than C. turcicus in response to high densities, whereas the latter is rather similar.
A STUDY OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE AMPHIBIAN AND DIPNOAN PRONEPHROS BY AN ANALYSIS OF ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE ANTERIOR SPINAL NERVES
Authors: FOX H. 
Published: August 2010

The fact that an anterior spinal nerve and nephrostomial tubule and nephrostome are constantly associated with each other in individual specimens of urodeles, Anura and dipnoan larvae waa exploited to analyse the phylogeny of their pronephroi. Spinal nerves of numerically identical body segments but in different genera are homologous quantitatively i.e. develop from the same numbered segment as well as qualitatively; therefore it is assumed that individual but segmental pronephric units in different genera, when related to numerically identical spinal nerves, are homologous quantitatively and qualitatively also.A large number of nephrostomial units, e.g. present in the apodan Hypogeophis (Brauer, 1902) represents a primitive condition and commonly five functional units, though the fifth is reduced, are included in the pronephros of Cryptobranchus japonicus related to spinal nerves I to V (metotic segments 4 to 8; total body segments 7 to 11 inclusive). The phylogenetic development is expressed in the loss of front and rear tubules and can be traced through Hynobius retardatus, H. (Salamandrella) keyaerlingii, H. nebulosus, Necturus maculatus. Plethodon cinerevs and Ambystoma mexicanum to Triturus cristatus and Pleurodeles waltlii, which pronephroi each possess two functional nephrostomial units related to spinal nerves II and III (metotic segments 6 and 6; total body segments 8 and 9) or Salamandra maculosa and Desmognathus quadrimaculatus, where there are two units related to spinal nerves III and IV (metotic segments 6 and 7; total body segments 9 and 10).All the anuran pronephroi (except for a few which possess four units) originally are composed of three functional nephrostomid units related to spinal nerves I, II and III. If the anuran skull includes five segments (not counting the condyles) then the pronephric tubules belong to metotic segments 3, 4 and 6 or total body segments 6, 7 and 8; if the skull includes six segments the pronephric tubules would belong to metotic segments 4, 5 and 6 or total body segments 7, 8 and 9.Pronephroi of Neoceratodus and Protopterus—derived from a more numerous series of tubules (Kerr, 1919)—are each composed of two remaining funationel nephrostomial units, related to the nerves directly in front of the occipital and occipito‐spinal II arches (or their equivalent nerves in Protopterus). This arrangement probably refers the tubules to total body segments 8 and 10 and thus functional tubules of body segments 7, 9 and 11 (present in Cryptobranchus japonicus) are abaent.It is thought possible that the phylogenetic pattern described in the various specimens may provide a framework into which the pronephroi of all extant larvae of Urodela, Anura and Dipnoi can be arranged.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE AND MOVEMENTS OF SEALS IN NORTH‐WEST BRITAIN
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON 
Published: August 2010

The breeding distribution of the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) in north‐west Britain is well known. The general distribution of the common seal (Phoca vitulina) is not well known. The seasonal movements of seals in the area are unknown, though some postulates about them have been made. The work gives two sets of results: (i) an analysis of response of observers, and (ii) the analysis of the data which they reported to suggest seasonal occurence and movements of seals.A postal survey of seal occurrence in the area was carried out between June 1958 and May 1959. The co‐operation of over 100 observers at different stations was obtained. The response in terms of numbers of forms returned and of their content is analysed and found to be satisfactory. Owing to factors which affected observers in different ways, only about half the response could be used in studying seasonal changes. The common seal and grey seal are both involved. Periods of three months and over of high numbers can be grouped in two distinct classes: (i) those occurring from spring to autumn associated with the summer range of the grey seal, and (ii) from autumn to winter associated with the influx of young into the common seal population. Observations from the Firth of Clyde show a predominance of common seals. There is an assembly mostly of grey seals near Innellan in spring and summer, and large assemblies of commons, particularly in autumn and winter at Ardrossan (north shore), Lady Isle and Heads of Ayr. Seasonal movements are discussed. Observations from the North Channel coast show a mixed population of greys and commone from the Copeland Islands, Maidens (Larne), Rathlin, Davaar, Sanda and Mull of Kintyre, with commons only at Inishowen and Fanad Head. Seasonal movements are discuased. Observations from the Atlantic coasts of Scotland show a predominance of grey seals. The occurrence of both species is discussed, together with movements associated with heavy seas and movements of fish. The movements of grey seals from a wide summer range to the breeding islands takes place in August and September; movement back takes from January to June. There is a peak in seal movements (both species considered) in north‐west Britain in May and June. The upsurge in activity starts in March, increases greatly in April and is at maximum in May and June. Thereafter it declines gradually through summer and autumn to a minimum in winter. A subsidiary peak in September may be associated with movements of grey seals to breeding grounds. The suggested peak of movements is synchronous with the periods of finest weather in north‐west Britain. No connection between movements of seals and the disposition offish throughout the range of the survey, can be made.
SURVEY OF BRIDLED GUILLEMOTS, 1959–60
Authors: SOUTHERN H. N. 
Published: August 2010

The Common gdlemot, or murre (Uria aalge) is a cliff‐breeding auk distributed over the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In the Atlantic population a mutant form with a white eye‐ring, called the bridled guillemot, occurs in a low proportion (1 to 6 per cent) at Englieh and Irish colonies and this proportion increases northwards to a maximum of c.60 per cent in Iceland and Bear Island. This pattern of distribution WBB established by a co‐operative inquiry sponsored by the British Trust for Ornithology in 1938–39.Ten yem later the survey waa repeated and at a Substantial number of colonies the percentage of bridled birds had changed significantly, mainly in the direction of decrease. A recent re‐survey after another ten years (1969–60) show that them changes have been almost exeotly reversed and the detailed evidence is presented in this paper.Additional data from colonies in Norway and in Newfoundland and Labrador make the picture of distribution more complete.
BIOLOGY OF THE SOOTY SHEARWATER PUFFINUS GRISEUS
Authors: RICHDALE L. E. 
Published: August 2010

On a small half‐acre island at the southern end of New Zealand a study was made of a complete community of Sooty Shearwaters from the end of 1940 to the beginning of 1957. In the season 1953–54, when the greatest emphasis was put on an estimate of the population, 551 marked birds were known to have been alive. This indicated a population of around 600 adult birds. Up to the end of January or a little later, unemployed birds constituted some two‐thirds of the community. There were about 300 burrows available each year, but in about one‐third no bird was found.Three biological points stand out above all others. The first is the periodic nestling mortality, which suggests one chick is all the parents can rear even if things go well, which does not always happen. The second is the tight fit of the breeding season, with pressure to migrate near the end of it. This probably means the parents find it hard to food themselves, lot alone a chick, in the last stages, as otherwise the migratory urge would not develop so early. The third is the low annual mortality, which may be as little as 6 per cent. If so, the average expectation of further life would be around 16 years.
SOME NEW SPECIMENS OF THE FOSSIL FISH LEPIDOTES FROM THE ENGLISH UPPER JURASSIC
Authors: JAIN SOHAN LALL , ROBINSON PAMELA LAMPLUGH 
Published: August 2010

Three undescribed specimens of Lepidotes in the British Museum (Natural History) are illustrated, described and discussed. One specimen from the Oxford Clay of Peterborough, is referred to Lepidotes leedsi. The characters of L. leedsi are compared with those of the two other well‐established species of Lepidotes from the same horizon and locality. Some fragmentary material from the Kimeridge Clay of Weymouth, and previously referred to L. leedsi is reviewed. Two specimens of Lepidotes from the Kimeridge Clay of Cambridgeshire, represented by associated heads, are referred to a new species, L. toombsi; the characters of the new species are compared with those of the better known forms from the Solenhofen Stone of Europe.Although species of Lepidotes have variable numbers of cheekplates, variation occurs within certain limiting numbers which distinguish two groups of Lepidotes species. One group has two to six cheekplates, more commonly four to six. The other group has seven or more cheekplates, and the number may be considerable in some species. The second group can be divided into two subgroups: those with the cheekplates forming a single row adjacent to the preoperculum, and those with more than one row, or an irregular mosaic of bones in front of the preoperculum. All the species described are members of the first group, but examples and figures are given of both types in the second group.
THE INTERSTITIAL TURBELLARIA KALYPTORHYNCHIA FROM SOME NORTH WALES BEACHES
Authors: BOADEN P. J. S. 
Published: August 2010

The distribution of kalyptorhynchid Turbellaria of the inter‐tidal zone found during a survey of beaches around Anglesey and the Lleyn Peninsula is listed. The following eight new species of Schizorhynchia are described and a new genus Schizochilus established to receive two of them: Schizochilus marcusi, Schizochilus choriurus, Schizorhynchoides coronostylus, Schizorhynchoides meixneri, Schizorhynchoides spirostylus, Thylacorhynchus vicarus, Cheliplanilla karlingi, Diascorphynchus rubrus.A further twenty‐three species are new additions to the British fauna list. Keys are given for the identification of the familes of Kalyptorhynchia and to the genera with new species.
THE GREY SEAL (HALICHOERUS GRY PUS FAB.) IN THE OUTER HEBRIDES IN OCTOBER 1961
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON 
Published: August 2010

There are two resident seals in the Outer Hebrides: the grey seal Halichoerus grypus on the exposed coasts, and the common seal Phoca vitulina on the sheltered ones. This paper describes the first exhaustive survey of the breeding status of the grey seal in the archipelago, conducted from land, sea and air in the autumn of 1961. Expeditions visited Shillay and North Rona, and aerial photographs were obtained of all the other islands except Stockay, Flodday and St. Kilda, for which information was obtained from other reliable sources.The data obtained concerned the number of pups present at one day in the breeding season. The birth‐rate curves for Shillay (1955) and North Rona (1959) were used with these data to give indices of the number of pups produced by each colony in 1961. Separate assessments were made for Stockay, Flodday and St. Kilda. Possible sources of error are discussed.The following are the indices for number of pups in 1961: North Rona, 2,600; Gasker, 1,094; Shillay, 150; Haskeir, 113; St. Kilda, 100; Causamul, 84; Coppay, 80; Stockay, 50; Kearstay, 20; Deasker, 17; Flodday, 50. For the Outer Hebrides as a whole the index is 4,378 or approx. 4,400.The history of the grey seal in the Outer Hebrides is reviewed. An increase in stocks is evident throughout the last century subsequent to the evacuation of North Rona in 1844. This is attributed to the gradual human depopulation of the area, with remote islands such as North Rona, St. Kilda and the Monachs becoming deserted by man and subsequently colonized by seals. The increase began well before 1914 when the Grey Seals Protection Act was passed, but this has since preserved stocks.
THE PALPUS OF MALE SPIDERS OF THE FAMILY LINYPHIDAE
Authors: MERRETT P. 
Published: August 2010

The male palpal organs of 124 British species of linyphiid spiders are described in detai, by reference to two basic types of palp structure (simple and complex).The history of the taxonomy of the family is described, with reference especially to the work of Simon, Hull, Petrunkevitch, Locket & Millidge, and Wiehle.
RECORDS OF MAMMALS BRED IN THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS OF SOUTH AFRICA DURING THE PERIOD 1908 TO 1960
Authors: BRAND D. J. 
Published: August 2010

Based on the records of the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa covering the period 1908 to 1960, this paper provides information relating to mammals born in that institution during the above period, their breeding seasons, litter sizes, gestation periods and, where possible, sex ratios of litters.It was found that on the basis of their breeding seasons, mammals may be divided into the following categories: (a) those with a clearly‐defjned breeding season; (b) those with definite peak periods with scattered births throughout the year, and (c) those which, irrespective of season, have a more or less even birth distribution throughout the year. Further, it affords a comparative study of births in captivity and those in natural habitats, as well as between the two hemispheres.
THE REPRODUCTION OF THE SACOGLOSSAN OPISTHOBRANCH ELYSIA MAORIA
Authors: REID JOCELYN D. 
Published: August 2010

The form and function of the reproductive system in the New Zealand sacoglossan Elysia maoria Powell is described and compared with the reproductive systems of other members of the suborder Elysiacea. E. maoria has numerous gonadial follicles lying in the parapodia. Sperm‐producing and ova‐producing follicles are distinct and in definite zones. Above them are the diffuse and branched prostate glands, and below them are the reticulate albumen glands. Multiple bursal sacs lie in two or more pairs near the centre of the body. There are two genital apertures and no vagina. Male reproductive structures mature, and male reproductive behaviour begins, before female. Full sexual maturity is reached when an animal is about 20 millimetres long.Impregnation is hypodermic, the penis of one animal being thrust apparently into the haemocoele of its partner. Most insertions were at the posterior end of the body. The method of penial penetration is uncertain, for the penis in this species, unlike that in other Elysiacea in which hypodermic impregnation occurs, bears no hollow spine. The fate of sperm at copulation is not known. In spawning the ova pass to the exterior through the glandular oviduct where they receive an albumen coat and a membrane and are bound into a ribbon by two mucous coats. The spawn bands, which are flat white coils attached to the green alga on which the animals live, hatch about two weeks after spawning. Larvae kept in the laboratory showed no tendency to settle after two weeks, suggesting that the planktonic stage may be fairly long.Comparison with other Elysiacea shows E. maoria to be one of the primitive members of the suborder, with its very diffuse reproductive system, large number of small eggs, and long planktonic stage.
THE BRITISH SPIRORBINAE (POLYCHAETA: SERPULIDAE) WITH A DESCRIPTION OF SPIRORBIS CUNEATUS SP. N. AND A REVIEW OF THE GENUS SPIRORBIS
Authors: GEE J. M. 
Published: August 2010

The detailed arrangement of the setae is more or less distinctive in nine British species of Spirorbis, including S. cuneatus sp. n.The genus, which now contains about sixty‐four species, haa been briefly reviewed. To judge from numbers of thoracic segments, method of incubation and larval characters, S. malardi and S. spirillum may be regarded as perhaps more primitive than most British forms andS. pagenstecheri aa more advanced. The abdominal setation is more asymmetrical in these apparently primitive species and least so in the advanced one.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRUCTURE, INNERVATION AND FUNCTION OF THE SKIN OF THE BOTTLE NOSE DOLPHIN (TU RSIOPS TRUNCATUS)
Authors: PALMER ELISABETH , WEDDELL G. 
Published: August 2010

A study of the structure and innervation of dolphin skin from different sites is presented and the findings evaluated in the light of behavioural studies.The suggestion is made that the skin plays an important part in the economy of the animal by (1) insuring fully laminar flow at high speed and (2) the detection and location of low‐frequency vibrations of focal origin.
A COMPARATIVE ACCOUNT OF THE PROTONEPHRIDIA OF ASPLANGHNA (ROTIFERA) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FLAME BULBS
Authors: PONTIN ROSALIND M. 
Published: August 2010

The protonephridia of the females of three species of Asplanchna are described and compared. Each protonephridium consists of a single unbranched coiled tubule, divisible into a distal capillary tubule receiving ducts from the flame bulbs and a wider proximal main tubule entering the contractile vesicle. Each flame bulb is of flattened triangular form with longitudinally‐striated thin lateral walls and a thick terminal wall bearing internally the vibratile flame and externally a number of external filaments anchoring the flame bulb to the body wall.The numbers of flame bulbs in the species of Asplanchna are compared. Information available suggests that there is a close correlation between the number of flame bulbs and the surface area of the animal. The surface area per bulb is less in males than in females of the same species and there is some evidence that the number of bulbs in males is less than that of the larger females.Females of species of differing body size have flame bulbs of similar length and the estimated output of fluid per flame bulb is similar in each. It is suggested that an increase in number rather than size of bulbs accounts for the increased output from the contractile vesicle of the larger species, and that there is an optimum size for the flame bulb. The output per bulb in males is less than that of females of the same species and it is suggested that the absence of a gut in males may account for this difference.
STUDIES ON THE ARTERIES IN THE COMMON NILE TURTLE TBIONYX TRIUNGUIS
Authors: GIRGIS SABET 
Published: August 2010

The nest building behaviour and repair abilities of weaver birds (Ploceinae) constructing nests of two contrasting types are compared and experiments described. Ploceus philippinus builds a retort‐shaped nest with a long tubular entrance. This structure is main‐tained throughout occupation by wall thickening and tube lengthening. Repairs to extensive damage are quickly made and certain aberrant repairs throw light on the nature of normal construction. The nests of P. melanocephalus and relatives differ in that a roofing layer is inserted, the tube is not developed and the nest is not effectively repaired after occupation.The two types of construction differ primarily in the relative extent of inhibition of building that follows the performance of cortain activities in the course of construction. Thus in melanocephulw the insortion of the roofing layer appears to inhibit work on the outer basket and entrance. There is however some evidence that perception of the species characteristic nest also brings work to an end. In philippinns by contrast the inhibiting effects of lining do not arise, building and rcpnir continue until factors, apparently internal, terminate construction behaviour when the young are well developed in the nest. The adaptive significance of these contrasts is discussed. They comprise alternative adaptations to very similar conditions of nesting in tropical Asia and Africa.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND REPRODUCTION OF THE RED KANGAROO (MEGALEIA RUFA)
Authors: SHARMAN G. B. , PILTON PHYLLIS E. 
Published: August 2010

Newborn young of the red kangaroo weighed about 750 mg. They had well‐developed nostrils and a large tongue and the forelimbs and digits of the inanus were well developed but otherwise the external features were embryonic. Sexes of the young were recognized when they were 14 to 20 days old. The young were firmly attached to the teat during the early part of pouch life, but one young removed from the teat at 43 days was able to re‐attach and another was found free when 70 days old. Observations relating to the appearance of body pigment, vibrissae and hair were made. Young about 150 days old were observed protruding their heads from the mother's pouch; they emerged temporarily at about 200 days and permanently at about 240 days. Young out of the pouch continued to suckle from the elongated teat they had used while in the pouch. Growth curves for the developing pouch young are given.In a non‐lactating female the interval between one oostrus, as diagnosed from the vaginal smear, and the next oestrus, at which mating occurred, was 37 days. The intervals between mating with the occurrence of fertilization, and post‐partum mating were 33 to 35 days. The gestation period was between 32 and 34 days. Fertilization occurred at post‐partum oestrus but the resulting offspring was not born while the earlier young occupied the pouch.If the pouch young was prematurely removed birth of a further young, resulting from post‐partum fertilization, occurred between 31 days 2 hours and 31 days 14 hours after removal. If the young was reared until it left the pouch birth occurred 230 to 252 days after post‐partum mating and in the absence of intervening mating.Parturition was observed five times in three females. During the hours before birth occurred pregnant females repeatedly cleaned the pouch by licking inside it. They also licked around the urogenital opening and one female licked the ventral surface between urogenital opening and pouch. Females sat on the base of the tail with the tail passed forwards between the hind‐legs, the legs extended forwards and the back supported by the enclosure fence while giving birth. Newborn young took about three minutes to reach the pouch after birth and there was no evidence that they were actively assisted by the mothers.