bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evil and The God of Love
Authors: Ziolkowski Eric 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Posed by the character Philo in David Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, questions about God that find their source in Epicurus crystallize the traditional philosophical understanding of the problem of evil. This problem – whether evoked by a case of natural evil; epitomized by the Lisbon earthquake of 1755 or the South Asian tsunami of 2004; or of moral evil, epitomized by the Shoah – poses a grave challenge to conventional theism and is deemed ‘the guiding force of modern thought’. This article examines the thematic relation between evil and the God of love in English literature, the theme's roots in the Bible, conceived as a unified ‘literary’ document. It is in this sense that the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh furnished for Jack Miles his best-selling God: A Biography.
Start-ups and Entry Barriers: Small and Medium-Sized Firms Population Dynamics
Authors: Acs Zoltan J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Entrepreneurship is about people in their roles as identifiers of opportunities and the exploiters of opportunities. Moreover, recent theories of opportunity have shed light on the role of knowledge, knowledge spillovers, human capital, agglomeration of knowledge, and similar spatial structures as being the key to entrepreneurship. This article focuses on the age of the establishment as measured by new-firm entry as the operational variable in entrepreneurship and discusses what variables are important in determining entry. The focus in this article is on the role of human capital as a barrier to entry and suggests that the lack of education is the greatest barrier to entry.
Definitions, Diversity and Development: Key Debates in Family Business Research
Authors: Howorth Carole , Rose Mary , Hamilton Eleanor 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article begins with an examination of definitions of family firms. The debate about what constitutes a family firm is every bit as complex as the definition of an entrepreneur. This article explores the range of definitions but shows that any definition needs to be interpreted in its economic, social, institutional, and cultural context. An explanation for the multiplicity of definitions is provided in in this article, which explores the diversity in scale, scope, organization, and longevity of family firms, and shows differences through time in different societies and between families. The article also demonstrates the strong path dependency of family firm development, with change (or lack of it) underpinned by the foundations of the past. The article further explores research which compares the performance of family firms with non-family firms and this highlights the potential policy implications of family business research.
The Goals of HRM
Authors: Boxall Peter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines a range of frameworks, theories, and research contributions that throw some light on the goals of HRM. As a business school discipline, much of the literature in HRM is normative, designed to support management education and thus setting out an argument about what managers should do or, more modestly, offering an analytical framework to assist practitioners to shape their own policy prescriptions. Fortunately, it also contains studies that test the predictions of theoretical models and thus provide a descriptive picture of what employers actually do. The article reviews both normative and empirical contributions within the HRM canon but its prime objective is to outline the goals of HRM in practice and what needs further research.
HRM and Societal Embeddedness
Authors: Paauwe Jaap , Boselie Paul 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
One of the more fundamental aspects of the ongoing debate about the added value of HRM relates to ‘best practice’ versus ‘best fit’. ‘Best practice’ argues for the universal success of certain HR practices while ‘best fit’ acknowledges the relevance of contextual factors. This article argues that differences in institutional settings affect the nature of HRM. To understand this phenomenon, HRM needs additional theory. This article uses ‘new institutionalism’ and the theoretical notions of organizational justice and organizational legitimacy as a better way to understand the shaping of HR policies and practices in different settings. This article offers an explicit account of the importance of societal embeddedness in HRM. As an independent variable, societal embeddedness can have an important influence on the shaping of HR policies and practices and their subsequent effect on performance. It takes a closer look at the field of HRM itself, especially focusing on strategic contingency approaches in HRM.
EEO and the Management of Diversity
Authors: Ernst Kossek Ellen , Pichler Shaun 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Human resource management of equal employment opportunity (EEO) and workforce diversity involves the development and implementation of employer policies and practices that not only create a diverse workplace, but foster a supportive culture to enable individuals from different backgrounds to be able to work together productively to achieve organizational goals. Ensuring EEO, and the creation of a work environment that capitalizes on the benefits of a diverse workforce, are of growing importance for organizational effectiveness. Most employees around the globe work in organizations with a diversity and multicultural dimension to their business. This article aims to discuss the HRM perspective regarding EEO and diversity. Towards this end, it defines core concepts, and then examines labor force shifts and other rationales for managing EEO/diversity. It concludes by discussing ‘how’ firms are managing these issues. Future research implications are integrated at the end of relevant sections.
Remuneration: Pay Effects at Work
Authors: Guthrie James P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article reviews effects associated with two dimensions of pay structure. The first dimension, the extent to which a firm's pay structure is relatively hierarchical or flat (also referred to as ‘pay dispersion’), is specifically mentioned by Jim Sinegal, CEO of Costco. He states that a pay structure in which top executives make ‘100 or 200 or 300 times more than the average person working on the floor is wrong’ and intimates that Costco's egalitarian pay structure promotes organizational effectiveness. Another aspect of pay structure is the basis of pay. Along with research on pay dispersion effects, the article also reviews a limited number of studies examining the use of person-based, as opposed to job-based, pay systems. It begins with pay form, then review pay structure, followed by a discussion of pay level effects.
Performance Management
Authors: Latham Gary P. , Sulsky Lorne M. , MacDonald Heather 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A distinguishing feature of performance management relative to performance appraisal is that the former is an ongoing process whereas the latter is done at discrete time intervals (e.g. annually). Ongoing coaching is an integral aspect of performance management. Performance appraisal is the time period in which to summarize the overall progress that an individual or team has made as a result of being coached, and to agree on the new goals that should be set. Common to the performance management/appraisal process are the four following steps. First, desired job performance must be defined. Second, an individual's performance on the job must be observed. Is the person or team's performance excellent, superior, satisfactory, or unacceptable? Third, feedback is provided and specific challenging goals are set as to what the person or team should start doing, stop doing, or be doing differently. Fourth, a decision is made regarding retaining, rewarding, training, transferring, promoting, demoting, or terminating the employmemt of an individual.
Service Strategies
Authors: Batt Rosemary 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article first reviews the alternative theoretical approaches to human resource management that have been developed in the academic literature and discusses why these need to incorporate conceptual advances from services' marketing and operations management. Here, it also discusses the evidence regarding what strategies lead to better service and sales, under what conditions, and why. It then examines alternative organizational models that rely on outsourcing and supply chain management for customer service and sales and the arguments for and against these approaches. The next section reviews real world trends: what strategies are companies actually pursuing and what are the results for consumers and employees? The article closes with conclusions about the future direction of service management strategies and the role of HRM in them.
Critical Theory Beyond Habermas
Authors: Scheuerman William E. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article analyses the changes in critical theory after Jürgen Habermas. It suggests that recent Habermasian attempts to tackle the normative and institutional quagmires of globalization offer a useful test for determining whether the paradigm of deliberative democracy should continue to occupy the energies of critical theorists. It contends that while Habermas-inspired deliberative democracy has undoubtedly enriched the ongoing debate about the prospects of transnational governance, it remains both programmatically and conceptually tension-ridden.
The Political Theory of Classical Greece
Authors: Frank Jill 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article explores the conception of political theory in classical Greece. It discusses the works of classical political theorists Homer, Plato, and Aristotle and suggests that their works provide the best answers to the fundamental questions of politics. Modern and contemporary political theorists, like the Greeks, are also concerned with the possibilities, responsibilities, and the limitations of a political life. However, while modern theorists orient their analyses of the political to one particular axis of inquiry, the Greeks theorized politics by drawing all of these axes together.
In the Beginning, All the World was America: American Exceptionalism in New Contexts
Authors: Schmidt Ronald J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article considers the concept of the so-called American exceptionalism in new contexts. It explains that American exceptionalism is a highly adaptable narrative for commentators on the political culture of the U.S. was first coined in the mid-twentieth century as part of an attempt by social scientists to explain the lack of a revolutionary socialist response to the failures of industrial capitalism in the Great Depression. The article suggests that rather than reversing or redeeming American exceptionalism, the theorist must now confront it and find new ways to read the role played by the U.S. in a new century, and refuse to be tempted by the easy and apolitical escape of identifying the one true and essential American soul.
The People
Authors: Canovan Margaret 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article analyses the notion of the ‘the people’ in contemporary political theory. It explains that the people's authority is considered to confer legitimacy upon constitutions, new regimes, and changes to the borders of states. It discusses the attribution of ultimate political authority to the people and investigates how the people came to have an authoritative status. It also analyses whether the repository of the ultimate political authority is a collective entity, a collection of individuals, or both.
Democracy and Citizenship: Expanding Domains
Authors: Saward Michael 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article analyses some key recent threads in the debate about the meaning and scope of democracy and citizenship in contemporary political theory. It uses the frame of expanding domains to link the two concepts together in order to determine the impact that different innovations in democratic thinking have on the conception of citizenship. It also explores the ways which elements of contemporary innovative conceptions of democracy seek to reconstruct and reconstruct the concept of citizens and citizenship.
Justice, Luck, and Desert
Authors: Olsaretti Serena 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the relation among luck, justice, and desert in the context of contemporary political theory. The distinctive feature of the conventional view of desert-based justice consists in its claim that we deserve on the basis of our achievements, the outcome of our actions, or the quality of our performances. One challenge to the conventional view's treatment of the relation between justice, luck, and desert comes from those who hold that desert-based justice is compatible with more luck than is allowed by the conventional view.
From International to Global Justice?
Authors: Brown Chris 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the concepts of international and global justice. It explains that the former implicates on the relations of states or nations while the latter focuses on justice for humanity taken as a whole. The article explores the traditional agenda of international versus global justice and evaluates the impact of globalization and the hyper-power position achieved by the U.S. on the conception of justice in the international scene.
Political Theory and the Environment
Authors: Meyer John M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article examines the relation between political theory and environmental policy. It describes characteristics that seem to distinguish contemporary environmental political theory and evaluates how the project of environmental political theory might be usefully construed in the future. It suggests that the work of contemporary environmental political theory is to grapple with the relative merits of a wide variety of potential strategies for reconciling forms of democracy and environmentalism. It explains that the question of democracy's relationship to environmental concern is a multifaceted one that has no easy, self-congratulatory answers.
Emergence of Schools of Public Policy: Reflections by a Founding Dean
Authors: Allison Graham 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article provides an insider's view of the appearance of one school of public policy and several thoughts on its developments. It includes an overview of the schools of public policy, from its roots as a distinct profession, to the growth of professional graduate schools in the 1970s. It finally provides a personal perspective on the arrival of the Kennedy School of Government, which became widely recognized as the fourth among Harvard's major professional schools by 1989.
Policy Impact
Authors: Van den Bosch Karel , Cantillon Bea 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the impact of policy, starting with a review of a number of approaches that can be used in the study of policy impacts. It looks at the impact of tax-and-transfer systems on income inequality and poverty, as well as the impact of public transfers of different activities, such as labor market participation and informal care. These two areas experience unwanted effects from welfare state programs, thus they discourage people from working, and even crowd out informal care by relatives and friends. In order to clarify this issue, related evidence is presented in this article.
Policy Dynamics
Authors: Bardach Eugene 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses policy dynamics, which involves an understanding of change. It explains some of the key concepts in systems analysis that are important for understanding dynamics. It then deals with dynamic processes that are dominated by negative feedback, followed by processes that are dominated by positive feedback. A brief description of the dynamic processes that unfold in only one direction is provided. The article concludes with a list of possible areas of future research.
Policy Analysis as Organizational Analysis
Authors: Friedman Barry L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses organizational analysis and the insights that it can provide to policy analysis. It stresses that private organizations have an innovative role in developing programs in order to further their vision of social change, as well as providing feedback effects. This supports the point that a complete policy analysis must consider social policy innovations both in and out of government, as well as the influence of government and organizations on policies. The article also looks at the information problems that arise in the many services that have complex outcomes that are difficult to measure.
Institutional Constraints on Policy
Authors: Immergut Ellen M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the institutional constraints on policy. It shows that there is a historical and theoretical affinity between institutional theory and policy theory: institutions have affected policies, and policies have changed people's understandings of institutions. The article looks at the impact of research on public policies on the development of institutional theory. It also examines the implications of institutional theory for the development of public policies.
Democratizing the Policy Process
Authors: Fung Archon 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses part of a challenge for democratic theory and practice, where the characteristic deficits of the conventional representative and professionalized policy-making process are highlighted. It suggests how the novel combinations of representation and administration, along with participation and deliberation, can address those deficits. The article also provides an exploration survey, where several ways of participation and deliberation can meet the shortcomings of a minimal representative policy process. The subset of solutions that deepen democratic engagement is the focus of the other sections in the article.
Ethical Dimensions of Public Policy
Authors: Shue Henry 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at the ethical dimensions of public policy. The sections in this article try to illustrate some of the major points on which public policy unavoidably makes ethical judgments. Time, inequality of benefit, and benefit of harm are some of the points discussed in the article. The article shows that these judgments can be made using media fashion, conventional wisdom, public opinion, religious tradition, personal bias, or systematic ethical analysis as a basis.
Policy Modeling
Authors: Crawford Neta C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article discusses policy modeling. A brief summary of some of the main strategic nuclear beliefs and arguments that were held in USA during the Cold War is provided in the first section. The article reviews the origins of systems analysis and summarizes the core beliefs that underpin the practice. It explores the abstract and formal world of systems analysis by reviewing some of the basic techniques and then discusses the ‘scientific seduction’ of operations research and systems analysis. The article concludes with the question of the consequences of systems analysis: how nuclear abstractions made the world.
Social Experimentation for Public Policy
Authors: Weiss Carol Hirschon , Birckmayer Johanna 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses and considers the nature of social experiments that have been conducted for the past four decades. It provides a review of the efforts of many social scientists and economists to develop systematic empirical evidence about the likely advantages and disadvantages of specific policy proposals via the conduct of social experiments. The article also studies the advantages and disadvantages of social experiments and attempts to incorporate the current trend into the future of social experimentation.
Choosing Governance Systems
Authors: Young Oran R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article looks at the public choices that feature in the creation of governance systems or institutional arrangements. It emphasizes the added value that can be derived from supplementing the normal focus on the national level with comparative studies of the formation, implementation, and adaptation of these regimes that happens at the local and international levels. One section in this article explores the insights about the policy process that arise from this approach to public choice. Another section focuses on the questions that can be raised about the practical implications of these insights.
Reflections on Policy Analysis
Authors: Klein Rudolf , Marmor Theodore 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses different reflections on policy analysis. It provides a proposal that the policies advanced and implemented by governments actually reflect their larger concerns about gaining and maintaining office legitimately. It is then argued that the individual policy outputs should be interpreted using the context of the overall policy portfolio. The article also explores the importance of taking into account the historical dimension when public policy is analysed. It then examines the promise and perils of cross-national analysis, as well as its role to check on overdetermined national explanations of why governments do what they do. The article concludes with the case of eclecticism in public policy analysis.
Elaborating the “New Institutionalism”
Authors: March James G. , Olsen Johan P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article expands on ideas that were presented over two decades ago in the article ‘The New Institutionalism: Organizational Factors in Political Life’. Here, some theoretical ideas were suggested that clarify certain aspects of the role of institutions in political life. This article aims to continue on elaborating the ideas presented in the aforementioned article, and does not try to replace more comprehensive reviews of the different institutionalisms, their comparative advantages, and the controversies in the field.
The State and State-Building
Authors: Jessop Bob 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the state, which has been studied from many angles. However, it has been deemed that no single theory can completely capture and explain its complexities. The article begins by addressing the question: what is the state? It then moves on to trace the origins of the state and state-building, and discuss Karl Marx's various approaches to the state. The rest of the article is devoted to identifying the state-centered theories and the Foucauldian, feminist, and ‘strategic-relational’ approaches. Discourse analysis and the stateless state theory are introduced in the chapter as well.
Analyzing Constitutions
Authors: Shane Peter M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article looks at constitutions. The status and function of constitutions are discussed in the first section of the chapter. It then discusses implementing key founding bargains and structuring the exercise of power. The next sections talk about creating affirmative government obligations, constitutional interpretation and change, the modes of argument, and interpretation and legitimacy. The article ends with several directions for future research on the subject.
Territorial Institutions
Authors: Thoenig Jean-Claude 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article presents dominant approaches that structure knowledge about center-periphery relationships. It also summarizes key findings from a comparative perspective. The first section views territory as a social and political construct, and then pinpoints the various contemporary issues. This is followed by a discussion of the issues that relate to the nation states and those that relate to beyond the dynamics of nation-states. Other topics discussed in this chapter include interorganizational analysis, political dynamics, and state theories.