bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative in vitro characterization of moxidectin and doramectin percutaneous absorption through bovine skin
Authors: SALLOVITZ J. M. , NEJAMKIN P. , LIFSCHITZ A. L. , VIRKEL G. L. , IMPERIALE F. A. , LANUSSE C. E. 
Published: April 2011

Sallovitz, J. M., Nejamkin, P., Lifschitz, A. L., Virkel, G. L., Imperiale, F. A., Lanusse, C. E. Comparative in vitro characterization of moxidectin and doramectin percutaneous absorption through bovine skin. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 184–192.Topical formulations have achieved worldwide acceptance in veterinary medicine because their administration is an easy, less labor‐intensive and nonstressing form. Any chemical compound that comes in contact with the skin has the potential to be locally and/or systemically absorbed. However, many factors related to the features of animal skin, composition of the topical formulation and to the drug itself can determine marked differences in the percutaneous absorption process. The aim of the current work was to characterize the pattern of in vitro percutaneous absorption for moxidectin (MXD) and doramectin (DRM), two of the most worldwide used topical macrocyclic lactone antiparasitic compounds in cattle. The work included the development of a simple and inexpensive in vitro assay useful to predict in vivo drug percutaneous absorption in cattle. Both drugs were administered as the commercial formulations intended for their topical administration to cattle. The in vitro studies were carried out using modified Franz‐type vertical diffusion cells. Cattle skin slices of 500 μm thickness were prepared using a dermatome to separate the stratum corneum and upper epidermis from dermis and subcutaneous tissue. The receptor medium was sampled up to 72 h postadministration and drug concentrations were measured by HPLC. The parameters used to estimate the comparative in vitro skin permeation showed marked differences between DRM and MXD. A 5.29‐fold longer lag time (Tlag) was observed for DRM. Similarly, the flux (J) (2.93‐fold) and the permeation coefficients (Kp) (2.95‐fold) in cattle skin were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for DRM compared to those obtained for MXD. Additionally, the data obtained from the in vitro permeation studies was correlated with the plasma concentrations of both compounds achieved in vivo in cattle treated with the same topical formulations. Correlation coefficients between percentage of drug permeated in vitro vs. percentage of drug absorbed in vivo (up to 48 h post‐treatment) were 0.856–0.887 (MXD) and 0.976–0.990 (DRM). However, the highest in vitro–in vivo correlations for both molecules were observed up to 24 h post‐treatment A rapid screening method for testing different topical formulations can be achieved with the simple in vitro cattle skin permeation technique described here, which has been successfully adapted to test the comparative percutaneous absorption of MXD and DRM.
Two novel and potentially endemic species of Phytophthora associated with episodic dieback of Kwongan vegetation in the south‐west of Western Australia
Authors: Rea A. J. , Burgess T. I. , Hardy G. E. St J. , Stukely M. J. C. , Jung T. 
Published: April 2011

Two novel homothallic species of Phytophthora causing dieback of Kwongan vegetation in south‐west Western Australia are described here as Phytophthora arenaria sp. nov. and Phytophthora constricta sp. nov. DNA sequencing of the ITS rDNA and cox1 gene confirmed that P. arenaria and P. constricta are unique species residing in ITS clades 4 and 9, respectively. Phytophthora arenaria has been isolated from vegetation occurring on the northern sandplains which are warmer and drier than the southern sandplains from which P. constricta has been predominantly isolated, and both species appear morphologically and physiologically well adapted to the ecosystems in which they occur. Both species have been associated mainly with dead and dying Banksia species and the pathogenicity of both P. arenaria and P. constricta to Banksia attenuata was confirmed in this study. The combination of unique DNA sequences, including considerable variation in cox1 sequence data, thick oospore walls and physiological characteristics that appear to be adaptations favouring survival in the harsh Kwongan ecosystem suggest that these species may be endemic to Western Australia.
Assessing the usability of methods of public reporting of adverse drug reactions to the UK Yellow Card Scheme
Authors: Anderson Claire , Gifford Alison , Avery Anthony , Fortnum Heather , Murphy Elizabeth , Krska Janet , Bond Christine ,   on behalf of the Yellow Card Study Collaboration
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectives  The aim of this study, which was part of the first independent evaluation of patient reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to the Yellow Card Scheme, was to observe the three reporting systems (paper, internet and telephone) ‘in use’ in a simulated setting to identify aspects which facilitated or hindered reporting.Methods  Forty adult participants were recruited from the general public using posters in pharmacies and a press article, and from a pool of volunteer simulated patients maintained by University of Nottingham medical and pharmacy schools. The participants, in seven groups that met at different times, were asked to ‘think aloud,’ as they were individually observed completing the reporting process for the paper and internet system, highlighting their thoughts and any issues encountered. They were asked to talk about their experience of reporting immediately after they had reported by telephone. Data from the field notes were analysed thematically and supplemented with relevant information from digital audio recordings.Conclusions  Usability testing using the ‘think aloud’ approach worked well and identified areas of the Yellow Card reporting system which could be improved. Whilst the three methods of reporting available to the public are all reasonably ‘fit for purpose’, there were many suggestions identified for improving ease of completion and data quality, especially for the internet system. When systems for reporting of ADRs are designed, they should be tested by potential users before they are launched, so that potential problems are identified in advance.
Transition of pediatric liver transplant recipients to adult care: Patient and parent perspectives
Authors: Fredericks Emily M. , Dore‐Stites Dawn , Lopez M. James , Well Andrew , Shieck Victoria , Freed Gary L. , Eder Sally J. , Magee John C. 
Published: April 2011

Fredericks EM, Dore‐Stites D, Lopez MJ, Well A, Shieck V, Freed GL, Eder SJ, Magee JC. Transition of pediatric liver transplant recipients to adult care: Patient and parent perspectives. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 414–424. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  The need to prepare pediatric transplant recipients for the transfer to adult‐centered transplant care has received increased attention. This study aimed to determine adolescent and young adult LTR and parent perceptions and attitudes about the transition process. LTR and their parents completed a survey assessing level of prior thought and interest in learning about transferring care, knowledge of the transition process, perceived importance of self‐management skills, concerns about moving to the adult clinic, and responsibility for health management tasks. Responses were analyzed by age, gender, and time since transplantation. Participants included 46 LTR (mean age = 16.6 yr; range 12–21), and 31 parents. Recipients and parents reported moderate concern about transition, with leaving pediatric providers being a primary worry. LTR ≥16 yr reported greater health care responsibility and increased thought, interest, and knowledge about transition. There were significant differences between parent and LTR perceptions of health care responsibility, indicating that LTR perceive having more independence than what their parents report. Overall, results suggest that adolescent and young adult LTR and their parents perceive the importance of transitional care, but demonstrate poor knowledge of the process. There remains a need for improved transition planning for both adolescents and parents.
Antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Green H. , Rahamimov R. , Gafter U. , Leibovitci L. , Paul M. 
Published: April 2011

H. Green, R. Rahamimov, U. Gafter, L. Leibovitci, M. Paul. Antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 441–447. All rights reservedAbstract: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection in renal transplant recipients. To date there are no guidelines on antibiotic prophylaxis for UTI in this population. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing antibiotic prophylaxis vs. placebo, no intervention, or different antibiotics, all beginning postoperatively and continued for at least 1 month during the first 6 months post transplantation. The search included CENTRAL, PubMed, LILACS, and relevant conference abstracts up to August 2009. The primary outcome was graft loss. Six trials were included in this review, including 545 patients. No significant difference was seen in graft loss (risk ratio [RR] 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91–1.81). Prophylaxis lowered the risk for developing sepsis with bacteremia by 87% (RR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02–0.7) and the risk for developing bacteriuria (symptomatic or asymptomatic) by 60% (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.31–0.56; 3 trials). Symptomatic UTI and pyelonephritis were not reported. No significant reduction was found in all‐cause mortality and adverse events rates; conflicting results were reported for the development of resistant bacteria. Very few trials assessed the efficacy of prophylaxis for UTI following renal transplantation. Prophylaxis reduced bacteriuria and sepsis with bacteremia; effects on graft survival could not be demonstrated.
Inositol hexaphosphate increases mucin loss from the digestive tract of ducks
Authors: Onyango E. M. , Adeola O. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThe effects of different forms of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6, phytate) on mucin excretion from the digestive tract of ducks were investigated. Forty‐eight ten‐wk‐old male ducks were grouped by weight into eight blocks of six cages with one bird per cage. On the first day of experimentation, birds received by intubation six dextrose‐based diets arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial consisting of phytase (0 or 1000 units) and a form of IP6 (no IP6, free phytic acid or magnesium‐potassium phytate). During the 54 h following feeding, excreta were continuously collected and frozen until analysed. The amount of mucin and amino acids, threonine, valine and tyrosine, in excreta increased in ducks fed with either magnesium‐potassium phytate or free phytic acid. The increase in mucin excretion was more in birds fed with magnesium‐potassium phytate than those fed with free phytic acid. The loss of arginine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and phenylyalanine in excreta was reduced by the presence of microbial phytase. It is concluded that the form of IP6 fed to ducks affects the extent of mucin excretion and also the extent and nature of endogenous amino acid losses in the excreta. Supplementation with exogenous microbial phytase reduced some of the IP6 feeding‐induced endogenous intestinal amino acid losses.
SHRIMP dating of magmatism in the Hitachi metamorphic terrane, Abukuma Belt, Japan: Evidence for a Cambrian volcanic arc
Authors: TAGIRI MICHIO , DUNKLEY DANIEL J. , ADACHI TATSURO , HIROI YOSHIKUNI , FANNING C. MARK 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIon microprobe dating of zircon from meta‐igneous samples of the Hitachi metamorphic terrane of eastern Japan yields Cambrian magmatic ages. Tuffaceous schist from the Nishidohira Formation contains ca 510 Ma zircon, overlapping in age with hornblende gneiss from the Tamadare Formation (ca 507 Ma), and meta‐andesite (ca 507 Ma) and metaporphyry (ca 505 Ma) from the Akazawa Formation. The latter is unconformably overlain by the Carboniferous Daioin Formation, in which a granite boulder from metaconglomerate yields a magmatic age of ca 500 Ma. This date overlaps a previous estimate for granite that intrudes the Akazawa Formation. Intrusive, volcanic, and volcaniclastic lithologies are products of a Cambrian volcanic arc associated with a continental shelf, as demonstrated by the presence of arkose and conglomerate in the lowermost Nishidohira Formation. Granitic magmatism of Cambrian age is unknown elsewhere in Japan, except for a single locality in far western Japan with a similar geological context. Such magmatism is also unknown on the adjacent Asian continental margin, with the exception of the Khanka block in far northeastern China. A ‘great hiatus’ in the Paleozoic stratigraphy of the Sino–Korean block also exists in the Hitachi terrane between Cambrian volcanic arc rocks and Early Carboniferous conglomerate, and may indicate a common paleogeographic provenance.
Genetic diversity and insular colonization of Liolaemus pictus (Squamata, Liolaeminae) in north‐western Patagonia
Authors: VIDAL MARCELA A. , MORENO PATRICIO I. , POULIN ELIE 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Chilotan Archipelago and surrounding areas of north‐western Patagonia (41°–43°S, 72°–74°W) offer a unique opportunity to study the interplay between the recent genetic and paleoenvironmental evolution on temperate rainforest environments. Previous studies in this region have postulated that land biota persisted west of the Patagonian ice sheet, in ice‐free low‐elevation regions of the mainland, and the north‐western portion of Isla Grande de Chiloé during Quaternary ice ages. In this study, we analysed the phylogeographical structure (Cytochrome b) of the iguanid lizard Liolaemus pictus to estimate their genetic structure in response to glacial–interglacial cycles and colonization routes. We found that populations from the mainland and Isla Grande de Chiloé do not share haplotypes and, thus, are divergent haplogroups. This divergence might reflect an ancient isolation, much older than the last glaciation. Moreover, the existence of four divergent haplogroups among L. pictus populations in the mainland suggests the persistence of multiple isolated populations during the last glaciation. Our results also indicate that the colonization of small islands occurred from several source sites, located both in the mainland and in Isla Grande de Chiloé, after the Last Glacial Maximum.
Integrating revegetation with management methods to rehabilitate coastal vegetation invaded by Bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. rotundata) in Australia
Authors: VRANJIC J. A. , MORIN L. , REID A. M. , GROVES R. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTwo multi‐year field experiments investigated the effects of integrating revegetation with invasive plant management methods to rehabilitate coastal dune and woodland vegetation invaded by Bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl. ssp. rotundata (DC.) Norl.) in New South Wales, Australia. The revegetation technique used was to sow directly seeds of three native species common to coastal habitats. Management treatments involved combinations of prescribed fire, manual removal of Bitou bush and an application of herbicide. Addition of native seeds significantly increased density of native species in both habitats. The benefits of manually removing Bitou bush were observed only where densities of native species were at their lowest. Fire increased densities of some native species in the woodland, but decreased those of others in the dune. Densities of Acacia longifolia ssp. sophorae (Labill.) Court (woodland) and of Banksia integrifolia L.f. (woodland and dune) were significantly reduced within 4 months of herbicide application, alone or in combination with other treatments. The majority of these effects, however, did not persist. Manual removal in both habitats and addition of seed in the woodland were most effective in reducing Bitou bush densities when applied post‐fire. Herbicide treatment on its own or in combination with other treatments did not significantly reduce Bitou bush densities by the end of the experiments. We conclude that restoration of coastal ecosystems invaded by a major invasive plant species requires a whole‐of‐system approach involving revegetation in combination with known management methods to assist recovery of native species in the longer term.
Do dingoes suppress the activity of feral cats in northern Australia?
Authors: KENNEDY MALCOLM , PHILLIPS BEN L. , LEGGE SARAH , MURPHY STEPHEN A. , FAULKNER RICHARD A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLarge predators can have profound impacts on community composition. Not only do they directly affect prey abundance, they also indirectly affect prey abundance through their direct effects on smaller predators. In Australia, dingoes fill the role of a large predator and, in southern Australia, have clear impacts on introduced foxes. Their effect on introduced cats, however, is less clear. Here we present data from multiple sites across northern Australia (where foxes are absent), which reveal a negative correlation between cat and dingo activity. This relationship could arise because cats avoid areas where dingoes are active, or because cats are less abundant in areas with high dingo densities, or a combination of both. At a subset of our study sites, we experimentally reduced dingo (but not cat) abundance by poison baiting. This resulted in a 55% drop in dingo activity within 4 weeks of baiting, but without a compensatory increase in cat activity. This suggests the negative correlation between cat and dingo activity is not a simple consequence of cats reactively avoiding areas with higher dingo traffic, but rather, that there are fewer cats in areas where dingoes are more active. This study is a rare demonstration of the potential for dingoes to affect the behaviour and potentially the population size of feral cats, and therefore reduce the impact of feral cats on vulnerable native prey species.
Soil nitrogen dynamics three years after a severe Araucaria–Nothofagus forest fire
Authors: RIVAS Y. , HUYGENS D. , KNICKER H. , GODOY R. , MATUS F. , BOECKX P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWildfires have shaped the biogeography of south Chilean Araucaria–Nothofagus rainforest vegetation patterns, but their impact on soil properties and associated nutrient cycling remains unclear. Nitrogen (N) availability shows a site‐specific response to wildfire events indicating the need for an increased understanding of underlying mechanisms that drive changes in soil N cycling. In this study, we selected unburned and burned sites in a large area of the National Park Tolhuaca that was affected by a stand‐replacing wildfire in February 2002. We conducted net N cycling flux measurements (net ammonification, net nitrification and net N mineralization assays) on soils sampled 3 years after fire. In addition, samples were physically fractionated and natural abundance of C and N, and 13C‐NMR analyses were performed. Results indicated that standing inorganic N pools were greater in the burned soil, but that no main differences in net N cycling fluxes were observed between unburned and burned sites. In both sites, net ammonification and net nitrification fluxes were low or negative, indicating N immobilization. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that soil N cycling could largely be explained by two parameters: light fraction (LF) soil organic matter N content and aromatic Chemical Oxidation Resistant Carbon (CORECarom), a relative measure for char. The LF fraction, a strong NH4+ sink, decreased as a result of fire, while CORECarom increased in the burned soil profile and stimulated NO3‐ production. The absence of increased total net nitrification might relate to a decrease in heterotrophic nitrification after wildfire. We conclude that (i) wildfire induced a shift in N transformation pathways, but not in total net N mineralization, and (ii) stable isotope measurements are a useful tool to assess post‐fire soil organic matter dynamics.
Canine conjunctival mast cell tumors: a retrospective study
Authors: Fife Matthew , Blocker Tiffany , Fife Tina , Dubielzig Richard R. , Dunn Karen 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjective To describe signalment, clinical presentation, treatment, recurrence rate, and outcome of canine conjunctival mast cell tumors (MCTs).Design Retrospective study.Procedures Canine cases were selected from the Comparative Ocular Pathology Laboratory of Wisconsin, Eye Path Lab of the UK, and California Eye Care for Animals. Thirty‐two canine patients were identified as having a MCT presumed to be arising primarily from the conjunctiva. Data were collected from pathology submission request forms; additional information was collected by means of a questionnaire distributed to the veterinary ophthalmologist or veterinarian who performed the surgery. Data collected included age, gender, breed, location of tumor, dimensions of tumor, duration and growth rate, additional diagnostics, surgical descriptions, adjunctive treatment, histologic description, special stains, number of recurrences, and final outcome.Results Thirty‐two dogs with 33 conjunctival MCTs meeting search criteria were identified. All dogs underwent surgical excision as the primary treatment. Surgical margins were evaluated for 30 tumors and were reported as: incomplete margins in 25 cases, narrow in four cases and complete in one case. Histologic grade was provided for 33 of 33 MCTs and included 10 low (30%), 18 intermediate (55%) and five high‐grade (15%) tumors. Follow up information was received for 25 dogs. Four died of unrelated causes, two had local recurrence, 15 were currently disease free (mean 21.4 months postoperatively) and four were reported to be disease free at the reported rechecks but were lost to long term follow up (mean 13 months postoperatively). No dogs in the study were identified that died of MCT related disease.
Choroidal melanocytoma in a cat
Authors: Semin Marie O. , Serra Fabienne , Mahe Vincent , Deviers Alexandra , Regnier Alain , Raymond‐Letron Isabelle 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn 11‐year‐old male, neutered European cat was presented for anisocoria due to pupillary dilation in the right eye. Ophthalmic findings were restricted to this eye and consisted of a raised, darkly pigmented, retrolental mass associated with retinal detachment. Ultrasonography identified the mass lesion protruding into the vitreous cavity from the posterior pole of the eyeball and confirmed the detachment of the retina. A tentative diagnosis of an intraocular tumor was made. Radiographic evaluation and retromandibular lymph node cytology did not reveal evidence of distant metastasis. Orbital exenteration of the affected eye was performed and the tumor was diagnosed as a choroidal melanocytic tumor with no criteria of malignancy (melanocytoma). The cat died 5 months later from renal lymphoma, and necropsy did not detect metastasis of the melanocytic tumor. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of feline choroidal melanocytoma.