bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploration of Chinese humor: Historical review, empirical findings, and critical reflections
Authors: Dong Yue Xiao 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHumor was first documented around 2,500 BC in China when the first Chinese poetry and literary books appeared. Zhuangzi, a co-founder of Taoism, is recognized as the very first humorist in China. Chinese humor has been mostly characterized by joke-telling and funny show-performing. Humor has been traditionally given little respect in Chinese culture mainly due to the Confucian emphasis on keeping proper manners of social interactions. Confucius once ordered to execute humorists for having “improper performance” before dignitaries in 500 BC. The term humor was translated by Mr. Lin Yu-tang in 1920s and it has been increasingly popular in China. During the “Cultural Revolution” (1966–1976), however, humorists of various kinds were all criticized and even prosecuted. Since 1980s, humor got rehabilitated as an important element of creativity, personal charisma and social harmony. Important as it is, humor has rarely been studied in China. Of the few studies conducted, it was shown that (1) humor was not valued by the Chinese even though they all enjoyed it; (2) humor was often considered the least important factor in ration to creativity, and ideal Chinese personality.
Pediatric and Adolescent Sledding-Related Injuries Treated in US Emergency Departments in 1997–2007
Authors: Howell Candace A. , Nelson Nicolas G. , McKenzie Lara B. 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES:
The objectives were to examine comprehensively the patterns and to estimate the rates of sledding-related injuries among children and adolescents treated in US emergency departments between 1997 and 2007.

METHODS:
Through the use of the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database, cases of sledding-related injuries were selected by using diagnosis codes for sleds. Sample weights were used to calculate national estimates. US Census Bureau data were used to calculate injury rates per 100 000 individuals ≤19 years of age. Computation of odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals was performed.

RESULTS:
From 1997 through 2007 an estimated 229 023 patients ≤19 years of age were treated for sledding-related injuries in US emergency departments, with an average of 20 820 cases per year. Children 10 to 14 years of age sustained 42.5% of sledding-related injuries, and boys represented 59.8% of all cases. The most frequent injury diagnoses were fractures (26.3%), followed by contusions and abrasions (25.0%). The head was the most commonly injured body part (34.1%), and injuries to the head were twice as likely to occur during collisions as through other mechanisms. Traumatic brain injuries were more likely to occur with snow tubes than with other sled types. A total of 4.1% of all cases required hospitalization.

CONCLUSIONS:
More research on the prevention of sledding-related injuries is warranted, particularly regarding the impact of helmets in reducing injury rates. The use of sledding products that may reduce visibility (such as snow tubes) should be discouraged.
High Incidence of Invasive Group B Streptococcal Infections in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants
Authors: Epalza Cristina , Goetghebuer Tessa , Hainaut Marc , Prayez Fany , Barlow Patricia , Dediste Anne , Marchant Arnaud , Levy Jack 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES:The occurrence of an unusual number of group B streptococcal (GBS) infections in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants who were followed in our center prompted this study. The objective of this study was to describe and compare the incidence and clinical presentation of GBS infections in infants who were born to HIV-infected and -uninfected mothers.METHODS:All cases of invasive GBS infections in infants who were born between 2001 and 2008 were identified from the database of HEU infants and from the microbiology laboratory records. The medical charts of all infants with GBS infection were reviewed.RESULTS:GBS invasive infections were described for 5 (1.55%) infants who were born to 322 HIV-infected mothers who delivered in our center. The incidence of GBS infections during the same period was 16 (0.08%) of 20 158 infants who were born to HIV-uninfected mothers. One HEU infant presented a recurrent infection 28 days after completion of treatment for the first episode. Late-onset infection was more frequent in HEU infants (5 of 6 vs 2 of 16 episodes in the control population). The diseases were also more severe in HEU infants with 5 of 6 sepsis or sepsis shock in HEU infants versus 10 of 16 in control subjects, and most HEU infants had leukopenia at onset of infection.CONCLUSIONS:The incidence of GBS infection was significantly higher in HEU infants than in infants who were born to HIV-uninfected mothers. These episodes of GBS sepsis in HEU infants were mostly of late onset and more severe than in the control population, suggesting an increased susceptibility of HEU infants to GBS infection.
Minimally Invasive Sinus Augmentation
Authors: Steiner Gregory Gene , Steiner Dainon M. , Herbias Melis P. , Steiner Roslynn 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSinus lift surgery has become more common as patients choose dental implants for tooth replacement. The recent development of a graft material that stimulates osteogenesis coupled with the application of tissue engineering principles has allowed for refinement of this surgical modality. A simple nontraumatic subantral sinus lift microsurgery is presented. This sinus lift microsurgery resulted in a 97% implant success rate.
Survival Rate of Immediately vs Delayed Loaded Implants: Analysis of the Current Literature
Authors: Romanos Georgios , Froum Stuart , Hery Cyril , Cho Sang-Choon , Tarnow Dennis 
Published: August 2010

AbstractImmediate loading of oral implants has been reported as a beneficial treatment protocol in implant dentistry that increases the comfort of the patient. However, documentation in the literature is poor regarding the clinical outcome and the peri-implant bone response of immediately loaded implants compared with the conventional loading protocol placed in different bone qualities. The aim of this report was to present the role of bone quality in the survival rate of implants using conventional or immediate loading according to the literature. A literature search analysis was performed to demonstrate the survival rate of immediately loaded implants, as well as data from the histologic and histomorphometric evaluation in comparison with conventional loaded implants. This analysis showed high survival rates of immediately loaded implants along with osseointegration, with high percentages of bone-to-implant contacts based on histologic evaluation from human and animal studies of immediately and conventionally loaded implants. This study may provide histologic and clinical evidence of the immediate loading protocol for different bone qualities.
Water table response to an experimental alley farming trial: dissecting the spatial and temporal structure of the data
Authors: Noorduijn S. L. , Ghadouani A. , Vogwill R. , Smettem K. R. J. , Legendre P. 
Published: August 2010

Clearing vegetation for traditional agriculture diminishes native habitat and reduces plant transpiration, leading to increased groundwater recharge and onset of dryland salinization due to rising groundwater and mobilization of salt stores in the soil profile. This change in hydrology and salinity can also negatively affect biodiversity in many semiarid regions. Alternating native perennial tree belts with mono‐species agriculture within the tree belt alleys is one possible system that can provide recharge control and recover some of the ecosystem services of degraded agricultural landscapes. To assess the effect of this agroforestry technique on groundwater levels, an alley farming trial was established in 1995, incorporating different combinations of belt width, alley width, and revegetation density. Transects of piezometers within each design have been monitored from October 1995 to January 2008.The data set consisted of 70 piezometers monitored on 39 dates. Two trends were observed within the raw data: An increase in water table depth with time and an increase in the range of depths monitored at the site were clearly discernible. However, simple hydrograph analysis of the data has proved unsuccessful at distinguishing the effect of the tree belts on the water table morphology. The statistical techniques employed in this paper to show the effect of the experiment on the water table were variation partitioning, principal coordinates of neighbor matrices (PCNM), and canonical redundancy analysis (RDA). The environmental variables (alley farming design, distance of piezometer from the tree belt, and percentage vegetation cover including edge effect) explained 20–30% of the variation of the transformed and detrended data for the entire site. The spatial PCNM variables explained a further 20–30% of the variation. Partitioning of the site into a northern and southern block increased the proportion of explained variation for the plots in the northern block. The spatial PCNM variables and vegetation cover remained the most significant variables. The PCNM analysis revealed no spatial pattern that could be attributed to the trial. The high proportion of unexplained variation may be due to site variables that have not been considered in this study.
The Value of Information in Regulation
Authors: Magesan Arvind , Turner Matthew A 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
This paper considers the problem of an imperfectly informed regulator constrained in his choice of environmental regulation by the political opposition of those affected by the policy. We compare the value of two types of information to the regulator: the social cost of pollution and the profitability of firms present in the economy. We find that in environments where small increases in the losses to regulated firms greatly affect the regulator's ability to implement the policy, it is most valuable to learn the types of firms whereas it is most valuable to learn the social cost of pollution when small increases in losses are relatively ineffectual.
Social participation through the eyes of people with aphasia
Authors: Dalemans Ruth J. P. , de Witte Luc , Wade Derick , van den Heuvel Wim 
Published: August 2010

Background: Little is known about the way people with aphasia perceive their social participation and its influencing factors.Aims: To explore how people with aphasia perceive participation in society and to investigate influencing factors.Methods & Procedures: In this qualitative study thirteen persons with aphasia and twelve central caregivers kept a pre‐structured diary over two weeks, followed by a semi‐structured interview. Diaries and interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed by two researchers independently using codes, categories and central themes inductively. Plausibility of the analyses was discussed several times with a third independent senior‐researcher. In a focus group interview, the results were discussed with the participants.Outcomes & Results: The number of social activities and the character of these activities are not as important as the perceived engagement in the social activities for the participants. People with aphasia feel isolated but want to feel engaged. They feel burdensome to others and wish to function in an ordinary way. Extracting information from conversations is difficult but they want to know what is going on. Often they are not able to work and they wish to contribute to the community in other ways. Although they often feel stigmatized, they wish to be respected. Often they do not reach that goal. Perceived factors influencing engagement in social participation can be divided into personal, social and environmental factors. The following personal factors are reported: motivation, physical and psychological condition and communication skills. The social factors are: the role of the central caregiver and the characteristics of the communication partner(s), namely willingness, skills and knowledge. The environmental factors refer to quietness and familiarity of the place in which the person with aphasia live.Conclusions: Social participation is a theoretical concept that people with aphasia do not use. Instead, people speak in terms of engagement, involvement, having a feeling of belonging. People with aphasia describe the degree of engagement in activities in social life domains (i.e. the quality of activities) as more important than the quantity of performing activities.
Reconciling the perspective of practitioner and service user: findings from The Aphasia in Scotland study
Authors: Law James , Huby Guro , Irving Anne‐Marie , Pringle Ann‐Marie , Conochie Douglas , Haworth Catherine , Burston Amanda 
Published: August 2010

Background: It is widely accepted that service users should be actively involved in new service developments, but there remain issues about how best to consult with them and how to reconcile their views with those of service providers.Aims: This paper uses data from The Aphasia in Scotland study, set up by NHS Quality Improvement Scotland to identify the direction of the development of services for people with aphasia in Scotland. It examines the views both of those who provide and of those who receive those services.Methods & Procedures: The study integrated findings from a questionnaire to all speech and language therapists treating people with aphasia across Scotland with findings from focus groups with service users and aphasia practitioners.Outcomes & Results: Three themes were identified: (1) public and professional awareness of the impact of aphasia on the individual and their family; (2) current service provision and gaps in services; and (3) directions for the future development of services and barriers to change. Although the impact of aphasia is well recognized amongst most professionals (that is, not just speech and language therapists), considerable concern was expressed about the level of knowledge amongst professionals who do not specialize in stroke care and about public awareness of aphasia. Service providers indicated a shift in the model of service delivery of which the service users were largely unaware. Although the majority of speech and language therapists spend most of their time providing one‐to‐one therapy, and this is valued by service users, there is undoubtedly an emerging shift towards a focus on broader social function and the inclusion of the person with aphasia in supportive social networks. This creates tensions because of the existing pressure for individualized models of delivery. Concern was expressed by practitioners, although not echoed by patients, about the transition from the acute sector to primary care. Practitioners also expressed concern about the introduction of more recent services like NHS 24 and e‐health initiatives, which rely on means of communication that may be particularly challenging for people with aphasia.Conclusions & Implications: The findings from this study indicate that although there are clearly common perspectives, the views of people with aphasia about services do not necessarily coincide with those of service providers. This is an important consideration when initiating consultation and highlights the need for clarity on the part of practitioners in identifying the aims and objectives of their ervices as far as people with aphasia are concerned.
Speech disorders in neurofibromatosis type 1: a sample survey
Authors: Cosyns Marjan , Vandeweghe Lies , Mortier Geert , Janssens Sandra , Van Borsel John 
Published: August 2010

Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal‐dominant neurocutaneous disorder with an estimated prevalence of two to three cases per 10 000 population. While the physical characteristics have been well documented, speech disorders have not been fully characterized in NF1 patients.Aims: This study serves as a pilot to identify key issues in the speech of NF1 patients. In particular, the aim is to explore further the occurrence and nature of problems associated with speech as perceived by the patients themselves.Methods & Procedures: A questionnaire was sent to 149 patients with NF1 registered at the Department of Genetics, Ghent University Hospital. The questionnaire inquired about articulation, hearing, breathing, voice, resonance and fluency. Sixty individuals ranging in age from 4.5 to 61.3 years returned completed questionnaires and these served as the database for the study. The results of this sample survey were compared with data of the normal population.Outcomes & Results: About two‐thirds of participants experienced at least one speech or speech‐related problem of any type. Compared with the normal population, the NF1 group indicated more articulation difficulties, hearing impairment, abnormalities in loudness, and stuttering.Conclusion: The results indicate that speech difficulties are an area of interest in the NF1 population. Further research to elucidate these findings is needed.
Self‐esteem of adolescents with specific language impairment as they move from compulsory education
Authors: Lindsay Geoff , Dockrell Julie , Palikara Olympia 
Published: August 2010

Background: Children with specific language impairment (SLI) are at risk of low self‐esteem during their school years. However, there is a lack of evidence of the self‐esteem of young people with a history of SLI during adolescence, as they transfer from compulsory schooling to post‐compulsory education, employment or training.Aims: To examine the self‐esteem of young people with a history of SLI at the transition from compulsory education (16 years) to the first year of post‐compulsory education, employment and training (17 years) in England.Methods & Procedures: A total of 54 young people identified as having SLI at 8 years were followed up at 16 and at 17 years. The young people completed two measures of self‐esteem: the Self‐perception Profile for Adolescents (16 years) and the Self‐perception Profile for College Students (17 years). Assessments of language, literacy and non‐verbal ability were also conducted.Outcomes & Results: Perceptions of scholastic competence were significantly lower than the norm at 16 years; the female students also had lower self‐esteem in the social and physical appearance domains and global self‐worth. However, at 17 years there were no significant differences from the norm for these self‐esteem domains. There was evidence of stability within self‐esteem domains over this period but also an improvement in self‐perceptions of scholastic and job competence, physical appearance and athletic competence, and also global self‐worth, but not the three social domains. Non‐verbal cognitive ability was not correlated with any measures of self‐esteem, at 16 or 17 years. Language and literacy ability, especially spelling, were correlated with scholastic and job competence at 16 years but only spelling correlated at 17 years.Conclusions & Implications: This study has provided evidence for improvements in self‐esteem for young people with SLI after they leave school and enter the world of non‐compulsory education (typically at a college), employment and training. The study has also indicated the importance of addressing self‐esteem as a multi‐dimensional construct and the consequent necessity to use instruments that assess different domains of self‐esteem.
Linkages among life‐history components through time: Carryover effects on the demography of a short‐lived polycarpic plant
Authors: Aragón Cristina F. , Méndez Marcos , Escudero Adrián 
Published: August 2010

• Premise of the study: Current reproduction in polycarpic plants may be affected by a wide variety of factors, including carryover or “historical” effects derived from environments experienced early in life and from previous investments in organ preformation or other life functions, such as growth or reproduction. Historical effects as determinants of plant reproductive success in a specific season have received considerably less attention than events during the current reproductive episode, especially for short‐lived plants.• Methods: We used structural equation modeling to assess direct and indirect relations between past reproduction and both subsequent reproduction and growth in Helianthemum squamatum, a short‐lived polycarpic plant. Additionally, we explored the effects of current reproduction on future survival (binomial variable) by using logistic regression.• Key results: Historical effects derived from previous growth positively affected current reproduction, suggesting the existence of a reproductive hierarchy in the population, in which some individuals are consistently better growers and seeders. The lack of effects of current reproduction on future reproduction, together with the existence of a negative effect on future survival, suggests that to invest maximally in reproduction at the expense of a short life span may be the optimal strategy for H. squamatum, a species inhabiting very unpredictable ecosystems.• Conclusions: Historical effects derived from past investments in growth or reproduction may have important consequences for current plant performance and may play an essential role in shaping life histories.
Changes in snowmelt date and summer precipitation affect the flowering phenology of Erythronium grandiflorum (glacier lily; Liliaceae)
Authors: Lambert Allison M. , Miller‐Rushing Abraham J. , Inouye David W. 
Published: August 2010

• Premise of the study: Climate change has affected species worldwide, including alterations in phenology, migration patterns, distribution, and survival. Because Erythronium grandiflorum is an early‐season bloomer, alterations in its phenology may have serious implications for many North American Rocky Mountain communities, including changes in resource availability for pollinators and herbivores.• Methods: We investigated whether changes in the snowmelt date, summer temperature, and summer precipitation have altered the timing and abundance of flowering in E. grandiflorum by collecting long‐term data on floral abundance from 1975–2008 in a series of 2 × 2 m plots at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL) in Gothic, Colorado in the United States.• Key results: Snowmelt date and mean summer temperature were negatively correlated. Over the 30‐yr study, the snowmelt date advanced by 4.14 d/decade, and mean summer temperature increased by 0.38°C/decade. Summer precipitation was variable, showing no change. The first, peak, and last flowering dates of E. grandiflorum advanced an average of 3.2 d/decade. Furthermore, earlier snowmelt and greater summer precipitation in the previous year led to earlier flowering in E. grandiflorum. There was no change in flowering abundance in this species, indicating it may be controlled by a complex set of abiotic and biotic variables.• Conclusions: Our study indicates that snowmelt is arriving earlier at the RMBL, which has caused earlier flowering in E. grandiflorum. Because alterations in phenology can disrupt important ecological interactions, information on potential phenological shifts in species that interact with E. grandiflorum is essential in determining the net effect of climate‐driven alterations in phenology.