bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Evaluation of Antagonistic Microorganisms for the Control of Die-Back of Neem Causal Agent Phomopsis Azadirachtae
Authors: Girish Krishna , Bhat Sarpangala , Raveesha Koteshwara 
Published: February 2010

In VitroEvaluation of Antagonistic Microorganisms for the Control of Die-Back of Neem Causal AgentPhomopsis AzadirachtaeThe die-back of neem caused byPhomopsis azadirachtaeis a devastating disease in India reducing the life span and seed production of neem. Six isolates of antagonistic bacteria and fungi,Bacillus cereus(MTCC 430),B. subtilis(MTCC 619),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MTCC 2581),P. oleovorans(MTCC 617),Trichoderma harzianum(MTCC 792) andT. viride(MTCC 800) were evaluated againstP. azadirachtaeunderin vitroconditions. Culture filtrates of all these microorganisms were extracted using ethyl acetate, and the obtained fractions were tested for their antifungal activity againstP. azadirachtaeat different concentrations. Ethyl acetate extracts ofB. subtilisandP. aeruginosawere highly effective and completely inhibited the growth ofP. azadirachtaeat 25 ppm concentration. Both these isolates may be considered as factors for the biological control of die-back of neem.
Development of Aphis Spiraecola Patch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Apple
Authors: Andreev Radoslav , Rasheva Donka , Kutinkova Hristina 
Published: February 2010

Development ofAphis SpiraecolaPatch (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on AppleAphis spiraecolais a recently found pest on apple in Bulgaria, where it develops in the absence of secondary hosts. The aphid has displaced the native speciesAphis pomiDeGeer in some regions of the country. Its development, from newborn nymph to adult female takes, in laboratory conditions, 9-10 days at 22-24°C or 6-7 days at 28-30°C. The average fecundity of one female at both temperatures is 9.5-10.5 nymphs. Under field conditions, in May and July of 2007 and 2008, the full development lasted 8.1-8.6 days of average, and the average fecundity of one female was 20.7-21.2 nymphs. About 67% of them became adults, but more than 20% of the females died without having progeny. Theoretically, the species could develop twenty and more generations per the vegetation period of apple.
Changes in Application System - Influence on Herbicides Residue in Soil and Sugar Beet Roots
Authors: Kucharski Mariusz 
Published: February 2010

Changes in Application System - Influence on Herbicides Residue in Soil and Sugar Beet RootsThe aim of performed investigation was to evaluate the influence of changes in herbicide application system on herbicide residues in soil and sugar beet roots. Chemical weed control in sugar beet was carried out by herbicides that included substances such as phenmedipham, desmedipham, ethofumesate, metamitron, triflusulfuron and surfactant adjuvant applied in three different systems: two times application at bare soil (preemergence) and postemergence application (weeds in phase of 2-4 leaves) - system "A", 3 times split, postemergence application (full dose of herbicide mixture) - system "B" and 4 times application at 7 to 10 day intervals starting at the beginning of weed emergence - system "C". Samples of soil and roots of sugar beet were taken at the day of lifting. Herbicide residues were analysed using HPLC with UV-detection. At lifting time, in soil samples, where herbicides were applied in system "A", the residues of metamitron amounted from 0.0097 to 0.0132 mg/kg. Sum of all detected residues of applied substances amounted 0.0341-0.0458 mg/kg. In sugar beet root samples, the residues amounted to respectively, 0.0049-0.0064 and 0.0136-0.0247 mg/kg. The application of herbicides in "B" and "C" systems caused a significant decrease of residues by about 50% (system "B") and 65% (system "C") on average, in comparison with results obtained for herbicide application in "A" system. Residues of active substances determined in roots of sugar beet did not exceed acceptable limits (MRLs).
Occurrence of Eyespot on Winter Wheat in the Central-Southern Region of Poland
Authors: Głazek Mariola 
Published: February 2010

Occurrence of Eyespot on Winter Wheat in the Central-Southern Region of PolandEyespot is one of the most important diseases of economical significance in wheat production in the regions of Śląskie and Opolskie voivodeships where it presents a permanent problem. The aim of performed experiment was to collect data on the occurrence and characteristics ofOculimacula yallundaeandO. acuformisstrains in these regions in the years 2003-2008, and to perform their taxonomic characterization. The studies originated as an attempt to find the explanation of processes related to winter wheat infection by casual agents of this disease in the Śląskie and Opolskie Provinces.
Evaluation of Different Grape Varieties for Resistance to Powdery Mildew Caused by Uncinula Necator
Authors: Khiavi H. , Shikhlinski Haji , Ahari A. , Heydari Asgar 
Published: February 2010

Evaluation of Different Grape Varieties for Resistance to Powdery Mildew Caused byUncinula NecatorPowdery mildew is one of the most serious and destructive diseases of grapes around the world including Iran. Although the application of chemical pesticides is the most common control method, the use of resistant varieties may be the most effective and environmentally sound strategy for managing the disease. Fourteen grape varieties were evaluated for testing powdery mildew (Uncinula necator) resistance under natural infection conditions and artificial inoculation methods were used during 2007-2008 in Ardabil province of Iran. Disease severity on leaves and fruit (cluster) were evaluated using Voytovich (1987) procedure. Results of the experiments showed that Shahani, Yagothi and Tabrizkishmishi cultivars were immune, Sahibi cultivar was highly resistant, Agshilig and Tokoulgan were resistant, Kishmishi, Khalili and Tabarzeh cultivars were tolerant, Aldarag and Koupakbogan were susceptible and Garashilig, Seyrakpousteh and Rasmi cultivars were highly susceptible to the disease. In general, results of this study were promising and some immune, highly resistant and resistant cultivars toU. necatorwere identified and they may be used as a resistance genetic source for management of the disease in national and international programs.
Impact of Seed-Transmitted Viruses on Quality of Cereal Seeds
Authors: Jeżewska Małgorzata , Trzmiel Katarzyna 
Published: February 2010

Impact of Seed-Transmitted Viruses on Quality of Cereal SeedsAmong seed-transmitted cereal viruses the most important isBarley stripe mosaic virus(BSMV), infecting barley. Investigations on the occurrence of BSMV in Poland have been carried out in the Institute of Plant Protection in Poznań since 2000. The studies aimed at the evaluation of the BSMV distribution in plant material, the rate of its seed transmission in different barley cultivars and the assessment of the effect of barley infection on the yield. The potential risk of BSMV occurrence for barley crops was discussed. The rate of infection by two seed-transmitted viruses,Maize dwarf mosaic virus(MDMV) andSugarcane mosaic virus(SCMV), in Poland was investigated in view of the risk assessment.
Development of a Therapeutic Exercise Program for Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Hip
Authors: Fernandes Linda , Storheim Kjersti , Nordsletten Lars , Risberg May Arna 
Published: February 2010

Background and Purpose
No detailed exercise programs specifically for patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA) have been described in the literature. This lack of data creates a gap between the recommendation that people with OA should exercise and the type and dose of exercises that they should perform. The purpose of this case report is to describe and demonstrate the use of a therapeutic exercise program for a patient with hip OA.

Case Description
A 58-year-old woman with hip OA completed a 12-week therapeutic exercise program (TEP) with a 6-month follow-up. The patient reported hip pain, joint stiffness, and limited physical function, and she had decreased hip range of motion (ROM) at baseline.

Outcomes
The patient performed 19 sessions during the TEP, with a mean of 19.5 exercises per session. She increased the resistance in 3 of 5 strength (force-generating capacity) training exercises and achieved the highest degree of difficulty in all functional exercises. During the TEP and follow-up, the patient reported improvements in pain, joint stiffness, and physical function. Performance improved on the following physical tests: isokinetic peak torque strength (60°/s) in hip extension (40%), hip flexion (27%), knee extension (17%), and knee flexion (42%); hip ROM extension (8°); and 6-minute walk distance (83 m).

Discussion
The patient experienced less pain and improved physical function and physical test outcomes after intervention and at the 6-month follow-up. The main challenges when prescribing an exercise program for a patient with hip OA are monitoring the exercises to provide improvements without provoking persistent pain and motivating the patient to achieve long-term adherence to exercising. Randomized clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of this TEP in patients with hip OA.
Quality-of-Life Change Associated With Robotic-Assisted Therapy to Improve Hand Motor Function in Patients With Subacute Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Kutner Nancy G. , Zhang Rebecca , Butler Andrew J. , Wolf Steven L. , Alberts Jay L. 
Published: February 2010

BackgroundAt 6 months poststroke, most patients cannot incorporate their affected hand into daily activities, which in turn is likely to reduce their perceived quality of life.ObjectiveThis preliminary study explored change in patient-reported, health-related quality of life associated with robotic-assisted therapy combined with reduced therapist-supervised training.Design and SettingA single-blind, multi-site, randomized clinical trial was conducted.ParticipantsSeventeen individuals who were 3 to 9 months poststroke participated.InterventionSixty hours of therapist-supervised repetitive task practice (RTP) was compared with 30 hours of RTP combined with 30 hours of robotic-assisted therapy.MeasurementsParticipants completed the Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) at baseline, immediately postintervention, and 2 months postintervention. Change in SIS score domains was assessed in a mixed model analysis.ResultsThe combined therapy group had a greater increase in rating of mood from preintervention to postintervention, and the RTP-only group had a greater increase in rating of social participation from preintervention to follow-up. Both groups had statistically significant improvement in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living scores from preintervention to postintervention. Both groups reported significant improvement in hand function postintervention and at follow-up, and the magnitude of these changes suggested clinical significance. The combined therapy group had significant improvements in stroke recovery rating postintervention and at follow-up, which appeared clinically significant; this also was true for stroke recovery rating from preintervention to follow-up in the RTP-only group.LimitationsOutcomes of 30 hours of RTP in the absence of robotic-assisted therapy remain unknown.ConclusionRobotic-assisted therapy may be an effective alternative or adjunct to the delivery of intensive task practice interventions to enhance hand function recovery in patients with stroke.
Primary Care Mental Health Consultation-Liaison: A Connecting System for Private Psychiatrists and General Practitioners
Authors: Sved-Williams Anne , Poulton Jill 
Published: February 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate a service that provides a single point-of-entry for general practitioners (GPs) wishing to refer their patients for one-off psychiatric consultations, using a new Medicare Item, number 291. Method: Statistics of all referrals made through a single access point used by GPs for referral to psychiatrists were collated, as well as data regarding psychiatrists' provision of appointments. GPs using the service were surveyed after 28 months of operation. Results: Both GP and psychiatrist user groups were predominantly positive about their experience of a system that provided ease of access for GPs and appropriate use of psychiatric expertise. Use of the service rose from six referrals per week to 10 per week during the survey period. Fifty-five percent of psychiatrists who joined the service continued to provide appointments on a regular basis. Conclusion: A single access point for GPs to access patient appointments to private psychiatric consultants is a simple and acceptable mode of increasing access for many patients to expert assessment and management plans.
Effects of Physical Activity on Cancer Survival: A Systematic Review
Authors: Barbaric Mary , Brooks Eleanor , Moore Lisa , Cheifetz Oren 
Published: February 2010

Purpose: Physical activity (PA) has been suggested to help increase the survival of individuals with cancer. The objective of this review was to systematically evaluate and summarize the available evidence investigating the effect of PA on the survival of individuals with cancer.Methods: Electronic databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, and MEDLINE) were systematically searched for randomized controlled trials and cohort studies. Selected studies were assessed by two independent investigators for methodological quality, using the PEDro scale.Results: Ten prospective cohort studies met the inclusion criteria. Quality-assessment scores averaged 5/10 on the PEDro scale, with two articles obtaining a score of 6/10. The majority of studies found that individuals participating in higher levels of physical activity had a reduced risk of cancer-related mortality. This trend was observed specifically for breast, colon, and colorectal cancers. On average, it appears that engaging in higher levels of metabolic equivalent hours per week may help to improve survival rates among individuals diagnosed with cancer.Conclusion: Patients diagnosed with cancer demonstrated a trend toward increased survival with greater levels of PA. However, because only prospective cohort studies were included in the study, the conclusions drawn should be regarded with caution.
Changes in Activities of Wives Caring for Their Husbands Following Stroke
Authors: Cao Vi , Chung Cynthia , Ferreira Ana , Nelken Joanna , Brooks Dina , Cott Cheryl 
Published: February 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of caregivers of persons with stroke with respect to their own physical activity. Methods: A qualitative, descriptive approach was used to study 10 caregivers of persons with stroke, recruited from a stroke exercise class in a large urban rehabilitation facility. Caregivers participated in individual, semi-structured interviews that were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using a constant comparative method. An inductive, iterative approach was applied to determine the codes and themes. Results: Four main themes were identified: change in role, change in activity, barriers to activity and health, and change in meaning of activity. Barriers to activity included guilt, time, and energy. Participants revealed that activity became more therapeutic after stroke and that participants preferred purposeful, functional, and partnered activities. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of the husband–wife dyad and of movement toward a family-centred care approach. Education should be provided to caregivers regarding their role, barriers, and health-promoting activities. Future research should focus on determining appropriate physical-activity programmes for caregivers as well as on evaluating implementation of partnered exercise programmes for caregivers and persons with stroke.
A Pilot Study of the Incidence of Post-thoracotomy Pulmonary Complications and the Effectiveness of Pre-thoracotomy Physiotherapy Patient Education
Authors: Reid Julie C. , Jamieson Anne , Bond Jennifer , Versi Bashir M. , Nagar Arpit , Ng Bernard H.K. , Moreland Julie D. 
Published: February 2010

Purpose: To estimate the incidence and examine the pattern of post-thoracotomy pulmonary complications (PPC) that are amenable to physiotherapy treatment and to estimate the effect size of a pre-thoracotomy physiotherapy education session compared to no preoperative physiotherapy for reducing PPC. Methods: Forty-two patients undergoing thoracotomy participated in this two-group retrospective-prospective cohort study. The preop group (n=22) received physiotherapy education prior to surgery and the no preop group (n=20) did not receive preoperative physiotherapy education. Chest radiographs were examined for PPC for 5 days postoperatively. Incidences of PPC were determined. The effect size was based on a grand count of PPC. Results: The 5-day incidence of atelectasis, collapse, consolidation, and other complications was 85.0%, 39.0%, 31.7%, and 38.1%, respectively. Patterns of PPC showed large increases at days 2 and 3. The effect size for pre-thoracotomy physiotherapy education was zero. Conclusions: In our sample, incidence of PPC was high and did not substantially differ based on whether or not preoperative education was provided.
Printing materials for electronic devices
Authors: Mathews Nripan , Lam Yeng Ming , Mhaisalkar Subodh G. , Grimsdale Andrew C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPrinting technology offers the potential for the rapid and inexpensive, large scale manufacture of electronic devices, especially organic and hybrid organic/inorganic devices. A variety of printing techniques, including gravure, flexography and ink-jet printing have been utilized for the fabrication of electronic devices. An overview is given of the types of printing used, the advantages of each technique, the materials requirements for successful printing, and the types of materials, including organic polymers and inorganic nanoparticles, that can be printed. Examples are given of how printing can be used to successfully print the active and inactive layers, including electrodes and dielectrics, of devices such as LEDs, solar cells and transistors, and the relative performance of devices made by different techniques is compared. The limitations and advantages of current technologies are discussed.
Advanced high-k/metal gate stack progress and challenges – a materials and process integration perspective
Authors: Park C. S. , Lysaght P. , Hussain M. M. , Huang J. , Bersuker G. , Majhi P. , Kirsch P. D. , Jammy R. , Tseng H. H. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Scaling of complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices is critical to enhancing performance and reducing the production cost of transistors. Conventional gate stack film systems consisting of a SiO2 dielectric layer between the Si substrate channel and a doped polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) gate electrode exhibited excessively high gate current leakage when the physical thickness of this traditional dielectric was scaled to Tphys = ∼2 nm. The rate of scaling was initially preserved by incorporating nitrogen to form an SiOxNy insulator layer; however, this material soon experienced unacceptable levels of direct tunneling leakage current, which launched an industry-wide investigation of potential high dielectric constant (high-k) metal oxides as replacement materials for the SiO2 based gate dielectric layer. Thermal stability requirements for the introduction of high-k dielectric materials necessitated the simultaneous replacement of poly-Si with a metal gate electrode due to several performance factors including unscalable threshold voltage. Although high-k/metal gate thermal stability has been demonstrated, significant challenges remain to be resolved for future technology nodes. This paper reviews the progress and challenges associated with the introduction of high-k/metal gate transistors, including threshold voltage tuning and gate dielectric thickness scaling, from a materials and process integration perspective.
Scaling effects on microstructure and reliability for Cu interconnects
Authors: Ho Paul S. , Zschech Ehrenfried , Schmeisser Dieter , Meyer Moritz A. , Huebner Rene , Hauschildt Meike , Zhang Lijuan , Gall Martin , Kraatz Matthias 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Continuous scaling of Cu interconnect structures can significantly impact reliability-limiting processes such as electromigration and stress-induced voiding. Prior to the 65 nm technology node, mass transport under electromigration is dominated by diffusion along the Cu/dielectric cap interface and the electromigration lifetime will degrade by about half for every generation, even with the same current density. Beyond the 65 nm node, small grains were found to mix with bamboo grains in the 90 nm Cu damascene lines and the contribution of the grain boundary transport degraded the electromigration lifetime. The scaling effects on microstructure and electromigration reliability are examined in this paper with the objective of identifying the key issues and exploring potential solutions for sub-100 nm Cu interconnects. We discuss first the scaling effect on electromigration lifetime and the effect due to the small grains on electromigration lifetime and statistics. This is followed by a discussion on grain growth studies focusing on the formation of small grains and a recent simulation study on small grain effect on electromigration reliability. This paper concludes with a discussion of some recent developments in analytical techniques to investigate grain structure and electromigration reliability in sub-100 nm Cu lines.
A comparative study of room-temperature creep in lead-free tin-based solder alloys
Authors: Mahmudi R. , Geranmayeh A. R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Creep behavior of the tin-based lead-free Sn-0.7Cu, Sn-3.8Ag, Sn-9Zn, Sn-5Sb and Sn-2Bi binary alloys together with pure Sn, as the material for comparison, was studied by impression and indentation creep testing at room temperature. Stress exponent values in the range 3.5 to 14.7, obtained by the two methods, were in good agreement with each other and with those determined by room-temperature creep testing of the same materials reported in the literature. All of the tin-based alloys showed creep resistances higher than pure Sn. Among all tested materials, as indicated by their steady-state creep rates, Sn-2Bi showed the highest creep resistance followed by Sn-5Sb, Sn-9Zn, Sn-3.8Ag, Sn-0.7Cu and pure Sn. Different creep behaviors of the materials were discussed in terms of their microstructural features.
Capillary equilibrium in a semi-solid Al – Cu slurry
Authors: Limodin Nathalie , Salvo Luc , Suery Michel , Delannay Francis 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The microstructural evolution of an Al-15.8 wt.% Cu slurry held for 80 min at 555 °C has been characterised in-situ by X-ray microtomography. The different parameters measured by segmentation of the 3D images are analysed by reference to a model describing capillary equilibrium in an aggregate of solid particles with uniform solid/liquid interface curvature. Excellent agreement is found between model predictions and experimental data, except for the fact that the solid/liquid interface area predicted by the model is lower by about 12.5 % than that measured experimentally. This suggests that, owing to the progressive grain coarsening, the slurry does not achieve uniform interface curvature. The model makes possible the conversion of experimental data into evolutions of the dihedral angle, average surface tensions ratio, and capillary pressure in the liquid.