bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distraction index as a risk factor for osteoarthritis associated with hip dysplasia in four large dog breeds*
Authors: Runge J. J. , Kelly S. P. , Gregor T. P. , Kotwal S. , Smith G. K. 
Published: April 2010

Objective: To determine if age, breed, gender, weight or distraction index (DI) influenced the risk of radiographic osteoarthritis (OA) of canine hip dysplasia (CHD) in four common dog breeds; the American bulldog, Bernese mountain dog, Newfoundland and standard poodle.Materials andMethods: This was a cross sectional prevalence study with 4349 dogs. Canine hips were evaluated using 3 radiographic projections: the hip‐extended view, the compression view and the distraction view. The hip‐extended view was examined for the presence of OA. The PennHIP distraction view was utilized to calculate the DI. For all breeds, a multiple logistic regression model incorporating age, weight, gender, and DI was created. For each breed, disease‐susceptibility curves grouping dogs on the basis of age were constructed. Receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curves were developed for each breed regardless of age.Results: For all breeds, DI was the most significant risk factor for the development of OA associated with CHD. Weight and age were also significant risk factors in all four breeds, but gender was not.ClinicalSignificance: Results from this study support previous findings, that irrespective of breed, the probability of radiographic OA increases with hip joint laxity as measured by the DI. Breed‐specific differences in this relationship, however, warrant investigation of all breeds affected by CHD to determine inherent dependency of hip OA on joint laxity. Such findings guide veterinarians in helping dog breeders to make evidence‐based breeding decisions and in informing dog owners to implement preventative treatments for CHD for dogs found to be at risk.
Sexual risk behaviour in young people with first episode psychosis
Authors: Brown Adrienne , Lubman Dan I. , Paxton Susan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAim: Previous studies have consistently reported high rates of risky behaviour for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) amongst individuals with persistent psychosis. Whether such behaviours are evident from the first presentation or relate to a chronic illness course remains largely undetermined, with limited research conducted amongst young people with first episode psychosis. The aim of the current study was to compare engagement in sexual risk behaviour amongst young people with first episode psychosis with their peers.Methods: Sixty‐seven sexually active young people with first episode psychosis and 48 healthy control participants (aged 18–29 years) closely matched on sociodemographic characteristics completed a detailed questionnaire assessing a comprehensive range of sexual risk behaviours.Results: There were few differences in the rates of sexual risk behaviour reported by the first episode sample and their peers. Compared with control participants, young people with first episode psychosis reported significantly more inconsistent condom use, less condom‐related preparatory behaviour, more concern about HIV/STIs when sex was unprotected, less confidence discussing condom use and increased substance use by their last sexual partner.Conclusions: The sexual behaviour of young people with first episode psychosis appears similar to their peers. However, group differences, particularly increased frequency of unprotected sex amongst the first episode sample, suggest that those with psychosis are at increased STI risk and have distinct needs. The findings support the call for early intervention strategies that target reduction of sexual risk behaviour in the context of persistent mental illness.
Effects of reforestation age on moth assemblages in plantations and naturally regenerated forests
Authors: TAKI HISATOMO , YAMAURA YUICHI , OKOCHI ISAMU , INOUE TAKENARI , OKABE KIMIKO , MAKINO SHUN’ICHI 
Published: April 2010

Abstract.  1. Tree harvesting, an anthropogenic disturbance, and natural disturbances, such as avalanches, windstorms, fires, and floods, drive forest reestablishment. Chrono‐sequential changes in plant communities as well as reforestation caused by harvesting and natural disturbances can affect forest faunal assemblages.2. The effects of reforestation age, from recently harvested to old growth between 1 and 178 years old, on moth assemblages were examined for two types of reforestation: plantations and natural regeneration.3. In total, 7848 individuals representing 579 species of moths were collected using black lights and then identified. In plantation forests, species richness and abundance responded unimodally to succession age, whereas in naturally regenerated forests, species richness and abundance did not significantly respond to succession age. In addition, the community structure of moth assemblages varied greatly in relation to succession age in both reforestation types.4. These findings suggest that if the diversity of moth assemblages changes within and among forest stands of different successional stages, forest stands can provide habitat for unique moth assemblages. Thus, intentional forest management may enable the maintenance of greater moth diversity within a heterogeneous landscape or region. Various land‐use practices, such as old growth forest conservation and short‐length harvests, associated with forest types at the level of the forest stand could result in forest mosaics at the landscape or regional scale.
Improve your image ‐ 6: films and processing
Authors: DAVIES J. V. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY

The photograph is created by the deposition of metallic silver in a pattern on film. This is caused by the ionisation of silver halide grains on the film and their subsequent development.
Chemical processing converts the latent image into a visible image and fixes it for viewing purposes.
Processing is an exact laboratory reaction that should be performed with precision in an appropriate environment. It is temperature and time dependent and relies on the use of fresh chemical solutions that have been accurately prepared.
Most radiographic faults in veterinary practice happen in the darkroom and many relate to the processing reaction itself. The most common problem is underdevelopment and this may be the result of inadequate temperature, too short a reaction time or old chemicals.
Film and chemistry should be compatible and the manufacturer's instructions followed precisely.
Automatic processors may seem expensive, but they produce a consistent result in a fraction of the time. They are cost effective in all but the smallest of practices. Efficient production will facilitate greater radiographic volume, which adds to its cost effectiveness.
Ultrasonography of the equine stifle
Authors: Dik K. J. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYSeven horses with stifle injury are reported with emphasis on the use of ultrasonography vs. radiography in diagnosis. Two had medial meniscal damage associated with collateral ligamentous sprain, fracture or with haemarthrosis. Two had a periarticular abscess, In 1 horse communicating with the lateral femorotibial joint. One foal had haematogenous focal subchondral epiphyseal osteomyelitis extending in the overlying articular cartilage. One horse had osteochondrosis dissecans, the detached fragments migrated and attached to the capsule of the lateral femorotibial joint. One foal had periarticular muscle injury associated with peroneal nerve paralysis. Only in the foal ultrasonography was considered the imaging modality of choice. In all other cases ultrasonography and radiography represented valuable and complementary diagnostic procedures.
Isolation of infectious equine cases
Authors: Brazil T. J. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARY• When in doubt isolate sick horses• Healthy in contact horses must be treated as incubators of the disease• Attempt to confirm diagnosis rapidly• Movement of in contact horses almost always spreads the disease• Stop all horse traffic on and off premises• Minimise horse and human traffic on premises• Seek advice on epizootiology of disease if unsure• Minimise contamination by aggressive cleansing and appropriate disinfection• Strictly enforce and monitor isolation protocois• Isolation procedures can be costly but spread of the disease costs much more.
Equine hypothyroidism: the difficulties of diagnosis
Authors: Mooney Carmel T. , Murphy D. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYIn summary, there is substantial evidence suggesting that hypothyroidism exists in the foal and may be occasionally encountered in practice. However, there is limited evidence suggesting that hypothyroidism exists in the adult horse and the selection of cases for further investigation will be exceptionally rare. In the evaluation of such cases, nonthyroidal illnesses should be excluded and if possible drug therapy stopped for at least 10 days prior to testing (Beech 1987). If serum total T4 and T3 concentrations are abnormal, confirmation of the diagnosis should be attempted by a TSH/TRH stimulation test. If a normal response is elicited, primary hypothyroidism does not exist and an alternative diagnosis should be considered. In the exceptional case of the diagnosis being confirmed, treatment can be instituted using L‐thyroxine at a daily dose of 20 μg/kg with dosage adjustments depending on serum thyroid hormone concentrations (Chenet al.1984).On hearsay evidence, thyroid hormone supplementation of horses has been advocated as a means of increasing performance but such a response does not confirm a diagnosis of hypothyroidism. On current and more scientific evidence, poor performance is unlikely to relate to thyroid dysfunction.
Recognition and management of fluid and electrolyte changes in performance horses
Authors: King A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn summary, the treatment of metabolic disorders under field conditions at equestrian events requires a basic understanding of the effects of the fluid, electrolyte and energy losses that contribute to the development of the disorders.Early recognition and treatment with oral or i.v. fluids, even in the absence of clinical dehydration, in the quantities outlined above, often alleviate the disorders without the need to administer any other drugs. Furthermore, drugs that may be indicated for treatment of these disorders are often contraindicated in dehydrated horses.
Subchondral bone cysts in the horse: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment options
Authors: McIlwraith C. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn summary, there is still controversy with regard to subchondral bone cysts in the horse but in the last 10 years we have gathered much useful information, both on pathogenesis and treatment. It is clear that osteochondrosis is not the only means of acquiring a subchondral bone cyst. We also have good data on the response to surgical treatment in the femorotibial joint and fetlock joint. We have less extensive data on the treatment in the pastern, coffin and elbow joint. Whether cancellous bone graft augments healing is still controversial. At the moment the author feels that the most important principles are enucleation of the cyst and suppression of any ongoing inflammatory reaction that can cause progressive lysis after surgical curettage.
A gap principle for dynamics
Authors: Benedetto Robert L. , Ghioca Dragos , Kurlberg Pär , Tucker Thomas J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLet f1,…,fg∈ℂ(z) be rational functions, let Φ=(f1,…,fg) denote their coordinate-wise action on (ℙ1)g, let V ⊂(ℙ1)g be a proper subvariety, and let P be a point in (ℙ1)g(ℂ). We show that if 𝒮={n≥0:Φn(P)∈V (ℂ)} does not contain any infinite arithmetic progressions, then 𝒮 must be a very sparse set of integers. In particular, for any k and any sufficiently large N, the number of n≤N such that Φn(P)∈V (ℂ) is less than log kN, where log k denotes the kth iterate of the log function. This result can be interpreted as an analogue of the gap principle of Davenport–Roth and Mumford.
Comparative Transcriptomic and Proteomic Profiling of Industrial Wine Yeast Strains
Authors: Rossouw Debra , van den Dool Adri H. , Jacobson Dan , Bauer Florian F. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

The geno- and phenotypic diversity of commercial
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
wine yeast strains provides an opportunity to apply the system-wide approaches that are reasonably well established for laboratory strains to generate insight into the functioning of complex cellular networks in industrial environments. We have previously analyzed the transcriptomes of five industrial wine yeast strains at three time points during alcoholic fermentation. Here, we extend the comparative approach to include an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis of two of the previously analyzed wine yeast strains at the same three time points during fermentation in synthetic wine must. The data show that differences in the transcriptomes of the two strains at a given time point rather accurately reflect differences in the corresponding proteomes independently of the gene ontology (GO) category, providing strong support for the biological relevance of comparative transcriptomic data sets in yeast. In line with previous observations, the alignment proves to be less accurate when assessing intrastrain changes at different time points. In this case, differences between the transcriptome and proteome appear to be strongly dependent on the GO category of the corresponding genes. The data in particular suggest that metabolic enzymes and the corresponding genes appear to be strongly correlated over time and between strains, suggesting a strong transcriptional control of such enzymes. The data also allow the generation of hypotheses regarding the molecular origin of significant differences in phenotypic traits between the two strains.
Calflagin Inhibition Prolongs Host Survival and Suppresses Parasitemia in Trypanosoma brucei Infection
Authors: Emmer Brian T. , Daniels Melvin D. , Taylor Joann M. , Epting Conrad L. , Engman David M. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

African trypanosomes express a family of dually acylated, EF-hand calcium-binding proteins called the calflagins. These proteins associate with lipid raft microdomains in the flagellar membrane, where they putatively function as calcium signaling proteins. Here we show that these proteins bind calcium with high affinity and that their expression is regulated during the life cycle stage of the parasite, with protein levels approximately 10-fold higher in the mammalian bloodstream form than in the insect vector procyclic stage. We also demonstrate a role for the calflagins in mammalian infection, as inhibition of the entire calflagin family by RNA interference dramatically increased host survival and attenuated parasitemia in a mouse model of sleeping sickness. In contrast to infection with parental wild-type parasites, which demonstrated an unremitting parasitemia and death within 6 to 10 days, infection with calflagin-depleted parasites demonstrated prolonged survival associated with a sudden decrease in parasitemia at approximately 8 days postinfection. Subsequent relapsing and remitting waves of parasitemia thereafter were associated with alternate expression of the variant surface glycoprotein, suggesting that initial clearance was antigen specific. Interestingly, despite the notable
in vivo
phenotype and flagellar localization of the calflagins,
in vitro
analysis of the calflagin-deficient parasites demonstrated normal proliferation, flagellar motility, and morphology. Further analysis of the kinetics of surface antibody clearance also did not demonstrate a deficit in the calflagin-deficient parasites; thus, the molecular basis for the altered course of infection is independent of an effect on parasite cell cycle progression, motility, or degradation of surface-bound antibodies.
NlpI Contributes to
Escherichia coli
K1 Strain RS218 Interaction with Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Teng Ching-Hao , Tseng Yu-Ting , Maruvada Ravi , Pearce Donna , Xie Yi , Paul-Satyaseela Maneesh , Kim Kwang Sik 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
K1 is the most common Gram-negative bacillary organism causing neonatal meningitis.
E. coli
K1 binding to and invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) is a prerequisite for its traversal of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and penetration into the brain. In the present study, we identified NlpI as a novel bacterial determinant contributing to
E. coli
K1 interaction with HBMECs. The deletion of
nlpI
did not affect the expression of the known bacterial determinants involved in
E. coli
K1-HBMEC interaction, such as type 1 fimbriae, flagella, and OmpA, and the contribution of NlpI to HBMECs binding and invasion was independent of those bacterial determinants. Previous reports have shown that the
nlpI
mutant of
E. coli
K-12 exhibits growth defect at 42°C at low osmolarity, and its thermosensitive phenotype can be suppressed by a mutation on the
spr
gene. The
nlpI
mutant of strain RS218 exhibited similar thermosensitive phenotype, but additional
spr
mutation did not restore the ability of the
nlpI
mutant to interact with HBMECs. These findings suggest the decreased ability of the
nlpI
mutant to interact with HBMECs is not associated with the thermosensitive phenotype. NlpI was determined as an outer membrane-anchored protein in
E. coli
, and the
nlpI
mutant was defective in cytosolic phospholipase A
2
α (cPLA
2
α) phosphorylation compared to the parent strain. These findings illustrate the first demonstration of NlpI's contribution to
E. coli
K1 binding to and invasion of HBMECs, and its contribution is likely to involve cPLA
2
α.
The BatR/BatS Two-Component Regulatory System Controls the Adaptive Response ofBartonella henselaeduring Human Endothelial Cell Infection
Authors: Quebatte Maxime , Dehio Michaela , Tropel David , Basler Andrea , Toller Isabella , Raddatz Guenter , Engel Philipp , Huser Sonja , Schein Hermine , Lindroos Hillevi L. , Andersson Siv G. E. , Dehio Christoph 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTHere, we report the first comprehensive study ofBartonella henselaegene expression during infection of human endothelial cells. Expression of the main cluster of upregulated genes, comprising the VirB type IV secretion system and its secreted protein substrates, is shown to be under the positive control of the transcriptional regulator BatR. We demonstrate binding of BatR to the promoters of thevirBoperon and a substrate-encoding gene and provide biochemical evidence that BatR and BatS constitute a functional two-component regulatory system. Moreover, in contrast to the acid-inducible (pH 5.5) homologs ChvG/ChvI ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens, BatR/BatS are optimally activated at the physiological pH of blood (pH 7.4). By conservation analysis of the BatR regulon, we show that BatR/BatS are uniquely adapted to upregulate a genus-specific virulence regulon during hemotropic infection in mammals. Thus, we propose that BatR/BatS two-component system homologs represent vertically inherited pH sensors that control the expression of horizontally transmitted gene sets critical for the diverse host-associated life styles of the alphaproteobacteria.
Niphotrichum muticum (Musci, Grimmiaceae), an addition to the moss flora of the Aleutian Islands
Authors: Bednarek-Ochyra Halina , Seppelt Rodney D. , Ochyra Ryszard 
Published: April 2010

Niphotrichum muticum (Kindb.) Frisvoll is recorded for the first time from the Aleutian Islands where it was collected on three islands, namely Kiska Island in the Rat Islands group, Adak Island in the Andreanof Islands group, and Unalaska Island in the Fox Islands group. The Aleutian plants are briefly described and illustrated and ecological requirements of the species are discussed. The North American and global ranges of N. muticum are reviewed and mapped.
Ecological facets of plant species rarity in rock outcrop ecosystems of the Gulf Islands, British ColumbiaThis paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift.
Authors: Sadler Kella D. , Bradfield Gary E. 
Published: April 2010

Rare plants and their habitats are integral to the conservation of biodiversity in many areas. With increasing habitat destruction and fragmentation, there is an urgent need to identify elements of diversity that are at risk, to adequately address conservation priorities, and successfully implement management strategies. In this research project, plant species rarity in rock outcrop ecosystems occurring on the Gulf Islands in southwestern British Columbia was examined at 13 study sites (3000 m2area examined per site). Bryophytes comprised the largest portion of rare taxa; 18 of the 20 provincially rare taxa were mosses, including two species new to Canada. Challenges facing rare plant species conservation were considered from a landscape management perspective. Rock outcrops represent non-equilibrial, primary successional systems; some form of perpetual large-scale disturbance (e.g., climate and (or) grazing) may be integral to maintaining these ecosystems, their constituent habitats, and the occurrence of many rare moss species. In contrast with vascular plants, which are of focal concern in relatively deeper-soiled Garry oak meadows (i.e., native herbs and grasses), bryophytes have limited competitive ability. As such, the rare bryophytes of rock outcrop ecosystems are likely to be highly sensitive to successional development within sites (i.e., factors reducing the availability of early successional habitats) that may arise through land use modifications and (or) changes in local climatic conditions related to global warming.
The lichens and lichenicolous fungi of Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada. 5. A new species of Lecanora from shoreline rocksThis paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift.
Authors: Brodo Irwin M. 
Published: April 2010

A species of Lecanora in the L. dispersa group, with a well-developed pale thallus and a granular epihymenium, resembling L. albescens , is found exclusively on shoreline rocks and appears to be new. It is described as Lecanora schofieldii sp. nov., found mainly in the Pacific Northwest, but also rarely on the northeast coast. Its distinctions from similar species on shoreline rocks are given, together with a key for their identification. The first western record of L. xylophila from rocks is given.
Hypogymnia recurvaandHypogymnia wilfianaspp. nov., two new lichens from western North AmericaThis paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift.
Authors: Goward Trevor , Ahti Teuvo , Elix John A. , Spribille Toby 
Published: April 2010

Hypogymnia metaphysodes was first described from Japan and Sakhalin, and later reported from western North America. Here we show that the North American material currently referred to H. metaphysodes differs from that species not only morphologically and chemically, but also in ascospore size and shape. We also show that the North American material is in fact heterogeneous, and can be assigned to two well-defined species here described as new: Hypogymnia recurva sp. nov. and H. wilfiana sp. nov. Both of these lichens contain distinctive secondary metabolites: vittatolic acid in the case of H. recurva, and 2-methylene-3-carboxy-18-hydroxynonadecanoic acid (“apinnatic acid”), reported here for the first time from Hypogymnia , in H. wilfiana. Both of our new species are so far known only from western North America, where they occur primarily as epiphytes on the branches of conifers. Hypogymnia metaphysodes s. str. has not yet been reliably reported from this region and should be excluded from the North American lichen flora.