bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomimetic Nanostructured Surfaces with Designer Mechanics and Geometry for Broad Applications
Authors: Epstein Alexander K , Aizenberg Joanna 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA powerful fabrication platform for a wide range of biomimetic, high-aspect-ratio nanostructured surfaces is introduced. The principles of soft lithography are extended into a double-mold replication process, whereby a master topography is mapped onto an elastomeric inverse mold and replicated in arbitrary multiple material and stiffness gradients, and an array of modified geometries. Control of geometry via deformation of the inverse mold and control of stiffness via prepolymer mixing are discussed. New capabilities enabled by our approach include biomimetic actuation/sensor arrays with programmable biases, precisely tunable mechanical and geometric properties for optical or wetting applications, and flexible curved substrates. Indeed, flexibly anchored ciliary high-aspect-ratio nanostructures are now possible, and a proof-of-principle is described.
AN INTRODUCTION TO ALLUVIAL GROUTING.
Authors: ISCHY E , GLOSSOP R 
Published: March 2010

THE Paper describest he general principles of the "single fluid" injection process with examples of its application in civil engineering, with particular reference to the treatment of alluvial deposits. The nature of alluvial deposits, the physics of injection and various types of grout are discussed at some length since all have an important bearing on the economics of most grouting operations. A description of the tube 5 manchette precedes an outline of the control of injection with the emphasis on site investigation and trial blocks. Grouting alluvial soils may be used as a temporary expedient in large excavations, such as Vogelgrun Power Station on the Grand Canal Alsace, in deep basements in cities and in shaft sinking in fine sand. The use of alluvial grouting for tunnels is mentioned, with references to the Dartford-Purfleet tunnel, the Clyde tunnel and the new Blackwall tunnel under the Thames. To form impermeable cut-offs beneath dams, grouting has been used by itself or in combination with bored sheet piles. Grouting may also be used to repair such sub-surface structures as tunnels and concrete and masonry foundations.
FEATURES IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF THE SHELL CENTRE, LONDON.
Authors: MEASOR E O , WILLIAMS G J M 
Published: March 2010

The Paper refers briefly the London County Council's scheme for development of the South Bank area, and describes the main features of the Shell Centre which is divided into an upstream and a downstream section. A feature of the former is a tower block 351 ft high. An account is given of the ground conditions over the site and of considerations concerning the effects of extraordinary high tides. Retaining walls of prestressed concrete were designed to act as simple cantilevers. Prestressing of the walls is described. The basement of the upstream section was constructed over the tunnels of the Bakerloo Railway and its floor level was only about 7 ft above the crown of one tunnel. Special measura and precautions were taken to avoid damage to the tunnels. Calculations were made of the probable heave of the tunnels during basement excavation and careful observations carried out of the actual heave. The distortions of the tunnels were measured. The buildings are extensive, with wide differences in the foundation loading under various sections. Differential settlements had to be considered carefully and measures taken to minimize their effects. The tower block and certain other parts of the upstream section were founded upon cylinders which were generally formed by machine auger. Water was excluded from the basements by the retaining walls which formed a cut-off in the London clay. Reliance was placed upon the watertightness of the concrete in the retaining walls. These were divided into short lengths, with water bars in the joints. The upstream and the downstream sections are connected by a subway under the brick arch of the Waterloo-charing Cross railway viaduct. The construction of this subway immediately adjacetnot shallow viaduct foundations carrying heavy locomotives called for special measures. Cooling water for the air conditioning system of the building is drawn from the River Thames through a tunnel in the London clay. This was driven by hand without a shield. Compressed air was applied to the section of tunnel under the river. The framework of the tower block is steel. Up to second floor level this takes the form of welded rigid frames. Above second floor level lateral strength is provided by moment connexions with high-strength bolts, in combination with bracings incorporated in fixed wall positions. Measures taken by the contractor to achieve a high speed of construction are described briefly.
UNIFORM FLOW OF WATER IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.
Authors: SETHNA T R 
Published: March 2010

The flow of water in canals and rivers in alluvial beds is analysed, and it is shown that the uniform flow of water in alluvial channels is of two types: (1) where bed material is not inm ovement and (2) where bedm aterial is in movement. It is shown that for (1) friction varies directly as velocity and Chezy's formula can be written as V=cRS. For (2) friction varies as the square of velocity and Chezy's formula retains its old form V= Cd/RSc; and C are constants for the particular type of bed material and are dependent on the coefficient of friction found by Froude from his experiments. The formulae V= cRS and V= Cd/RS are shown to be dimensionally correct. A formula for silt transportation iasr rived at tof ind out what maximum silt charge can be carried at a velocity. This formula is also shown to be dimensionally correct. The Froude coefficient of friction is correlated with diameter of bed material so that the values of c and C can be obtained from the average weighted mean diameter of bed material in millimeters. It is also suggested that a channel is stable when the velocity required to overcome friction equals the velocity required to transport suspended silt. The word silt used in the paper refers to inorganic matter carried by water either as bed load or in suspension.
Field-Scale Analysis of Heavy-Oil Recovery by Electrical Heating
Authors: Hascakir B.. , Babadagli T.. , Akin S.. 
Published: March 2010

Summary
Electrical heating for heavy-oil recovery is not a new idea, but the commercialization and wider application of this technique require detailed analyses to determine optimal application conditions. In this study, applicability of electrical heating for heavy-oil recovery from two heavy-oil fields in Turkey (Bati Raman and Camurlu) was tested numerically. The physical and chemical properties of the oil samples for the two fields were compiled, and in-situ viscosity reduction during the heating process was measured with and without using iron powder. Iron powder addition to oil samples causes a decrease in the polar components (such as carboxylic and phenolic acids) of oil, and the viscosity of oil can be reduced significantly because of the magnetic fields created by iron powders. Three different iron-powder types at three different doses were tested to observe their impact on oil recovery. Experimental observations showed that viscosity reductions were accomplished at 88 and 63% for Bati Raman and Camurlu crude oils, respectively, after 0.5% iron (Fe) addition, which was determined as the optimum type and dose for both crude-oil samples. Next, field-scale recovery was tested numerically using the viscosity values obtained from the laboratory experiments and physical and chemical properties of the oil fields compiled from the literature. The power of the system, operation period, and the number of heaters were optimized. Economic evaluation performed only on the basis of the electricity cost using the field-scale numerical modeling study showed that the production of 1 bbl petroleum costs approximately USD 5, and at the end of 70 days, 320 bbl of petroleum can be produced. When 0.5% Fe is added, oil production increased to 440 bbl for the same operational time period.
Sustaining Production by Managing Annular-Pressure Buildup
Authors: Hasan A.R.. R. , Izgec B.. , Kabir C.S.. S. 
Published: March 2010

Summary
Increased tubinghead temperature with increased rate may induce pressure increase in the annuli for the trapped fluid. Managing annular-pressure buildup (APB) for sustaining well deliverability is particularly crucial in subsea wells, where intervention is complicated. Ordinarily, a multistring casing design accommodates anomalous pressure rise from the standpoint of well integrity. However, management of day-to-day operations presents challenges when APB occurs. This study presents mechanistic models for understanding and mitigating APB during production. By preserving mass, momentum, and energy in the wellbore, we developed two approaches involving semisteady-state and transient formulations. The intrinsic idea is to mimic the physical process with minimal input parameters to estimate pressure buildup in the annuli. Our model formulation handles the mechanisms of fluid expansion and fluid influx/efflux quite rigorously. This approach appears to be quite sufficient because we account for most of the cases of APB encountered.
Impact of Successive Squeezes on Treatment Lifetime and Well Productivity: Comparative Assessment of Viscosified and Nonviscosified Treatments
Authors: Fleming Niall , Ramstad Kari , Kidd Sam , Hoeth Laurien Wichers 
Published: March 2010

Summary
Over the lifetime of a well, it is possible that several squeeze operations will be performed depending on scaling severity. Downhole squeeze operations have been performed for many years and generally have been an effective scale-management tool. However, the long-term impact that successive squeezing has on treatment lifetime and well productivity has received little attention. Fleming et al. (2008) detailed the results of a unique sequence of long-term corefloods that were designed to replicate five successive treatments on the kaolinite-rich, Middle Tarbert core from Oseberg S0r. Relatively few squeeze treatments have been performed on this field, and the coreflood results were upscaled to provide a potential prediction of the effects of long-term squeezing on treatment lifetime and on well productivity on Oseberg S0r. Furthermore, the laboratory results were cross-checked by a comparison with the Heidrun field that has been squeezed for many years. Heidrun is an analog of Oseberg Sϕr, with kaolinite-rich producing intervals and similar productivity issues related to kaolinite mobilization.
In recent years, viscosified squeeze treatments have become popular for improved inhibitor placement within horizontal wells and have been used on Heidrun and Norne. However, the longterm impact that such squeezing has on treatment lifetime and well productivity has not been examined until now. This paper will give details of an identical sequence of long-term corefloods in which the inhibitor was viscosified. All testing parameters have been kept identical between viscosified and nonviscosified treatments, including the core material and scale inhibitor. The impact on squeeze lifetimes will be demonstrated along with potential formation-damage mechanisms.
Hydrocarbon Production Optimization in Fields With Different Ownership and Commercial Interests
Authors: Haavardsson Nils Fridthjov , Huseby Arne Bang , Pedersen Frank Børre , Lyngroth Steinar , Xu Jingzhen , Aasheim Tore I. 
Published: March 2010

Summary
A main field and satellite fields consist of several separate reservoirs with gas cap and/or oil rim. A processing facility on the main field receives and processes the oil, gas, and water from all the reservoirs. This facility is typically capable of processing only a limited amount of oil, gas, and water per unit of time. In order to satisfy these processing limitations, the production needs to be choked. The available capacity is shared among several field owners with different commercial interests. In this paper, we focus on how total oil and gas production from all the fields could be optimized. The satellite-field owners negotiate processing capacities on the main-field facility. This introduces additional processing-capacity constraints (booking constraints) for the owners of the main field. If the total wealth created by all owners represents the economic interests of the community, it is of interest to investigate whether the total wealth may be increased by lifting the booking constraints. If all reservoirs may be produced more optimally by removing the booking constraints, all owners may benefit from this when appropriate commercial arrangements are in place. We will compare two production strategies. The first production strategy optimizes locally, at distinct time intervals. At given intervals, the production is prioritized so that the maximum amount of oil is produced. In the second production strategy, a fixed weight is assigned to each reservoir. The purpose of the weights is to be able to prioritize some reservoirs before others. The weights are optimized from a life-cycle perspective. As an illustration, a case study based on real data is presented. For the examples considered, it is beneficial to lift the booking constraints because all of the reservoirs combined can be produced more efficiently when this is done.
A study on the Environmental Efficiency Improvement of a Sewage Treatment Plant by Performance Evaluation System
Authors: Fukushima T. , Somiya I. 
Published: March 2010

We developed the Performance Evaluation System (PES) which evaluates both items on water quality in effluent and energy consumption by using the data of water quantity and water quality for whole processes in a sewage treatment plant. PES can calculate water quality in effluent and energy consumption quantitatively by using unit process models and evaluate the effect of the advancement of the operating management in whole integrative treatment processes.
We examine the reconstruction to aim advanced treatment processes and energy recovery from the viewpoint of both water purification and energy consumption on model sewage treatment plant with the capacity of 48000m3/day. It's achieved not only the improvement of water quality in effluent but also the reduction of excess sludge which needs more energy consumption and costs followed by additional treatment. About the nitrogen removal, MVNR (Marginal value of energy for Nitrogen removal) is able to estimate both water quality in effluent and energy consumption.
Anaerobic digestion and digestion gas generation for energy recovery in the sewage treatment plant are examined by EIR(Energy independence ratio) and EEIR(Electric Energy independence ratio). It is expected that EIR will be 37.1% and EEIR will be 41.8% with the application of solubilization facilities and increment of inflow BOD.
Water Loss Reduction and Change Management
Authors: Pocas Martins J. 
Published: March 2010

Water loss reduction is a common goal of most water companies around the world: large or small, public or private, in developed or developing countries.
The context of each specific problem and the stage of development of each water company dictate the nature and extent of the solution. Many water companies, mostly in developed countries, are well run but have their performance indicators limited, for instance, by older assets or steep topography. In such cases, the critical factors are investment, technical knowledge and technology. However, in the majority of the water companies worldwide, this process primarily requires organizational change and the commitment of top management.
The non-revenue water, together with other indicators, helps to position the stage of development of each public water supply system in a convenient pre-efficacy/efficacy/ efficiency/excellence rating scale. The evolution along this rating scale is a common pattern of water companies in search of excellence.
The main objective of this paper is the definition and application of the basic principles of change management to water companies, with an emphasis on the reduction of non-revenue water. Based on case studies - that did not include situations of generalised poverty or non-payment of the water bills - it is argued that five to six years is sufficient, in ideal conditions, to approach excellence, but also that every window of opportunity to improve on the existing situation, great or small, must be taken.
In previously less efficient companies, it is possible that a tipping point - a level at which the momentum for change becomes unstoppable - may occur in the first year, with the production of great tangible results. Each water company has its unique complex context, but political support, leadership and time are prerequisites for success.
A Collaborative Approach to Upgrading to Limits of Technology at the York River Treatment Plant
Authors: Venner I. , Husband J. , Noonan J. , Nelson A. , Waltrip D. 
Published: March 2010

In response to rapid population growth as well as to address the nutrient reduction goals for the Chesapeake Bay established by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality (VDEQ), the Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) initiated the York River Treatment Plant (YRTP) Expansion Phase 1 project.
The existing YRTP is a conventional step-feed activated sludge plant and is rated for an average daily design flow of 57 million liters per day (MLD). This project proposes to expand the existing treatment capacity to 114 MLD and to reduce the nutrients discharged to the York River, a tributary for the Chesapeake Bay.
In order to meet the effluent limits set by the VDEQ, a treatment upgrade to limit of technology (LOT) or enhanced nutrient removal (ENR) was required. Malcolm Pirnie worked with HRSD and the VDEQ to develop and evaluate ENR process alternatives to achieve the required effluent limits with the goal of determining the most reliable and cost effective alternative to achieve the aggressive nutrient reduction goals. This paper will highlight the key issues in determining the most desirable treatment process considering both economic and non-economic factors.
The Design, Operation and Performance of the New Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) WWTP for the Becket-Chimney Corners YMCA Camps in Western Massachusetts
Authors: Oram Vigneault Nancy , Owerdieck Carsten 
Published: March 2010

The increasingly stringent requirements for effluent quality and the need to reclaim water are promoting the application of membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems for wastewater treatment. The membrane replaces the solids separation function carried out by the secondary clarifier and sand filter in a conventional activated sludge system. The MBR process effectively overcomes the problems associated with poor settling of sludge. In addition, the use of membranes permits the operation of the bioreactor at higher mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentrations of 8,000 to 12,000 milligrams per litre (mg/L) compared to a conventional system, which may operate between 2,000 to 4,000 mg/L. The elevated biomass concentration allows for improved removal of both soluble and particulate biodegradable material from the wastewater. The MBR design also reduces the area as well as the reactor volume required for treatment.
Two-State YMCA operates Camp Chimney Corners and Camp Becket in Becket, Massachusetts. These two camps were under consent orders to address deficient septic systems and decided to construct a 40,000 gallons per day (151,400 litres/day) wastewater treatment plant and wastewater collection and conveyance system to address septic system problems. A MBR wastewater treatment plant was designed and constructed and began treating wastewater in May 2007. This paper presents the design, operation, and performance of the MBR WWTP.
Pressure Management - A Strategic Measure to Reduce Non-Revenue Water in Hong Kong
Authors: Kwan S.Y. , Shou Stephanus , Kimshaiyong Tanin , Sathiasothy Sherine , Chan Kennie 
Published: March 2010

Active leakage control (ALC) is a key component of the Water Supplies Department (WSD)'s long-term strategy to reduce Non-Revenue Water (NRW). As part of this overall strategy, WSD is implementing Pressure Management (PM) and Continuous Monitoring (CM) schemes in order to manage and control NRW efficiently and effectively and thereby reduce the leakage levels to target values. The PM and CM schemes involve the development of hydraulic models to provide a better understanding of the fresh water distribution system as a whole and enable effective analysis of the system performance under various conditions so as to optimise the designs of District Metering Areas (DMAs) and Pressure Management Areas (PMAs).
It is known that pressure management does not only provide short-term financial gains but also has long-term financial benefits such as reduction in pipe failures (i.e. burst frequency), extended asset life, and savings in the cost of repairing main bursts. Reduced water losses will result in more efficient use of existing water supplies. Therefore, a successful leakage control programme can provide long-term water savings and delay the need to develop new water supply sources, which would reduce the amount of water to be treated and distributed, reduce the cost involved in infrastructure upgrading works, and contribute to sustainable development.
This paper outlines the methodology adopted and shares with readers the constraints encountered and experience gained in the PM studies undertaken in Hong Kong.
Reducing the health risk by using rapid quantification methods for the monitoring of E. coli and Enterococci in bathing waters
Authors: Courtois S. , Do Quang Z. , Bergeron P. , Massé P. 
Published: March 2010

Recreational waters are monitored worldwide to protect bathers from infectious diseases caused by waterborne pathogens associated with the pollution of natural recreational waters by human and animal feces. Water quality standards are typically based on measurements of the concentrations of fecal indicator organisms (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus) and are becoming more stringent.
A complicating factor is the time required (18-36 hours) for completion of conventional culture-based methods (as approved by the US EPA or ISO institutions). During the lag time between sample collection and availability of results indicator and pathogen levels, weather and water conditions may change and thus related health risk may also change. By using new rapid analytical tools, critical control points can be monitored to provide information so that management actions can have an impact on the exposure risk.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of two new alternative methods for the rapid and routine enumeration of E. coli and Enterococci in bathing waters: fluorimetric assays based on the measurement of enzymatic activities, and quantitative RT-PCR. Both methods are fast (1 hour for 6 samples analysed by one fluorescence spectrophotometer; 3 hours for the simultaneous analysis of 15 to 96 samples by RT-PCR) and their results (for the microbiological criteria of current European regulations) compared with those from the standard methods are congruent in more than 81% of analysed samples. Because these methods provide a faster assessment of water quality, they have the potential to significantly reduce health risk resulting from exposure to recreational waters and also reduce errors in beach closing.