bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooling the Neck Region During Exercise in the Heat
Authors: Tyler Christopher James , Sunderland Caroline 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
Cooling the neck region can improve the ability to exercise in a hot environment. It might improve performance by dampening the perceived level of thermal strain, allowing individuals to override inhibitory signals.

Objective:
To investigate whether the enhanced ability to exercise in a hot environment observed when cooling the neck region occurs because of dampening the perceived level of thermal strain experienced and the subsequent overriding of inhibitory signals.

Design:
Crossover study.

Setting:
Walk-in environmental chamber.

Patients or Other Participants:
Eight endurance-trained, nonacclimated men (age  =  26 ± 2 years, height  =  1.79 ± 0.04 m, mass  =  77.0 ± 6.2 kg, maximal oxygen uptake [V˙O2max]  =  56.2 ± 9.2 mL·kg−1·min−1) participated.

Intervention(s):
Participants completed 4 running tests at approximately 70% V˙O2max to volitional exhaustion: 2 familiarization trials followed by 2 experimental trials (cooling collar [CC] and no collar [NC]). Trials were separated by 7 days. Familiarization and NC trials were performed without a collar and used to assess the test variability.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Time to volitional exhaustion, heart rate, rectal temperature, neck skin temperature, rating of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, and feeling scale (pleasure/displeasure) were measured.

Results:
Time to volitional exhaustion was increased by 13.5% ± 3.8% (CC  =  43.15 ± 12.82 minutes, NC  =  38.20 ± 11.70 minutes; t7  =  9.923, P &lt; .001) with the CC, which reduced mean neck skin temperature throughout the test (P &lt; .001). Participants terminated exercise at identical levels of perceived exertion, thermal sensation, and feeling scale, but the CC enabled participants to tolerate higher rectal temperatures (CC  =  39.61°C ± 0.45°C, NC  =  39.18°C ± 0.7°C; t7  =  −3.217, P  =  .02) and heart rates (CC  =  181 ± 6 beats/min, NC  =  178 ± 9 beats/min; t7  =  −2.664, P  =  .03) at the point of termination.

Conclusions:
Cooling the neck increased the time taken to reach volitional exhaustion by dampening the perceived levels of thermal strain.
Athletic Trainers' Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athletes
Authors: Ensign Kristine A. , Yiamouyiannis Athena , White Kristi M. , Ridpath B. David 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
Researchers have investigated heterosexuals' attitudes toward homosexuals, focusing on factors such as sex, race, religion, education, and contact experiences. However, in the context of sport, this research is deficient. We found no published literature investigating athletic trainers (ATs') attitudes toward lesbian, gay, and bisexual student-athletes (LGB).

Objective:
To determine heterosexual ATs' attitudes toward LGB student-athletes in the National Collegiate Athletic Association.

Design:
Cross-sectional study

Setting:
E-mailed survey.

Patients or Other Participants:
A total of 964 ATs employed at member institutions.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We measured attitudes using the Attitudes Toward Lesbian, Gay Men, and Bisexuals (ATLGB) Scale. To determine the extent to which sex, religion, and whether having an LGB friend or family member had an effect on ATs' attitudes, we performed analysis of variance. To establish the effect of age on ATs' attitudes, we calculated a Pearson correlation. We used an independent t test to identify differences between ATs who reported working with LGB student-athletes and ATs who did not.

Results:
With ATLGB score as the dependent factor, a main effect was noted for sex, religion, and having an LGB friend or family member (P &lt; .01 for all comparisons). Age and total score were related (P &lt; .01). A difference was seen in the ATLGB scores between ATs who were aware of LGB student-athletes on their teams and ATs who were not (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions:
Many ATs hold positive attitudes toward LGB student-athletes, especially females, those who have an LGB friend or family member, and those who are aware of LGB student-athletes. Still, it is important to provide an open environment in the athletic training room for all student-athletes.
Previous Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Postural-Control Dynamics
Authors: Sosnoff Jacob J. , Broglio Steven P. , Shin Sunghoon , Ferrara Michael S. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
Postural control and cognitive function are adversely affected by acute mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Whether postural-control deficits persist beyond the acute stage in individuals with a history of mTBI is unclear.

Objective:
To determine if postural-control deficits persist in individuals with a history of mTBI.

Design:
Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Setting:
University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
As part of an ongoing investigation examining cognitive and motor deficits associated with mTBI, 224 individuals participated in the study. Of these, 62 participants self-reported at least 1 previous physician-diagnosed mTBI.

Intervention(s):
Postural control was assessed using the NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test (SOT) postural-assessment battery.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The SOT postural assessment yields 4 indices of postural control: a composite balance score, a visual ratio score, a somatosensory score, and a vestibular score. Postural dynamics were also examined by calculating approximate entropy of center-of-pressure excursions in the anteroposterior and mediolateral axis for each test condition.

Results:
Minimal differences in the SOT indices were noted among individuals with and without a history of previous mTBI (P &gt; .05). In the group with a history of mTBI, anteroposterior postural irregularity decreased as postural difficulty increased. In contrast, the group without a history of mTBI displayed increased postural irregularity in the mediolateral direction.

Conclusions:
Individuals with a history of mTBI exhibited altered postural dynamics compared with individuals without a history of mTBI. These findings support the notion that changes in cerebral functioning that affect postural control may persist long after acute injury resolution.
Rate and Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Among Sportswomen in Slovenia
Authors: Vauhnik Renata , Morrissey Matthew C. , Rutherford Olga M. , Turk Zmago , Pilih Iztok A. , Perme Maja Pohar 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-injury rate is greater among female athletes than among male athletes.

Objective:
To investigate the rate and risk of ACL injury among Slovenian sportswomen playing professional basketball, team handball, or volleyball.

Design:
Prospective cohort study.

Setting:
The Slovenian National Organizations of basketball, team handball, and volleyball.

Patients or Other Participants:
During the 2003–2004 season, we prospectively followed 585 Slovenian sportswomen registered in the Slovenian National Organizations of basketball, team handball, and volleyball.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We asked sportswomen and coaches to document the occurrence of every significant traumatic knee injury requiring medical attention. Injury rate and injury risk were calculated for sportswomen in each sport group. To calculate injury rate, we estimated the average exposure of each sportswoman during the research period.

Results:
During the 2003–2004 season, 585 Slovenian sportswomen sustained 12 ACL injuries. The ACL-injury risk was different in athletes participating in the various sports, with basketball players having the greatest ACL-injury risk and volleyball players having the lowest ACL-injury risk (P  =  .04). The risk of ACL injury among Slovenian sportswomen was 2.1 per 100 athletes (95% confidence interval  =  0.9, 3.2), whereas the rate of ACL injury was 0.037 per 1000 exposure hours (95% confidence interval  =  0.016, 0.06).

Conclusions:
Overall differences in injury risk were found among sports, but no differences were noted among divisions within sports. No differences for injury rate were observed between or within sports. The rate and risk of ACL injury among Slovenian sportswomen are high, with basketball players having the greatest ACL-injury risk.
The effect of gaze cues on attention to print advertisements
Authors: Hutton S. B. , Nolte S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPrint advertisements often employ images of humans whose gaze may be focussed on an object or region within the advertisement. Gaze cues are powerful factors in determining the focus of our attention, but there have been no systematic studies exploring the impact of gaze cues on attention to print advertisements. We tracked participants' eyes whilst they read an on‐screen magazine containing advertisements in which the model either looked at the product being advertised or towards the viewer. When the model's gaze was directed at the product, participants spent longer looking at the product, the brand logo and the rest of the advertisement compared to when the model's gaze was directed towards the viewer. These results demonstrate that the focus of reader's attention can be readily manipulated by gaze cues provided by models in advertisements, and that these influences go beyond simply drawing attention to the cued area of the advertisement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eye movements reveal distinct search and reasoning processes in comprehension of complex graphs
Authors: Körner Christof 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHierarchical graphs (e.g. file system browsers, family trees) represent objects (e.g. files, folders) as graph nodes, and relations (subfolder relations) between them as lines. In three experiments, participants viewed such graphs and carried out tasks that either required search for two target nodes (Experiment 1A), reasoning about their relation (Experiment 1B), or both (Experiment 2). We recorded eye movements and used the number of fixations in different phases to identify distinct stages of comprehension. Search in graphs proceeded like search in standard visual search tasks and was mostly unaffected by graph properties. Reasoning occurred typically in a separate stage at the end of comprehension and was affected by intersecting graph lines. The alignment of nodes, together with linguistic factors, may also affect comprehension. Overall, there was good evidence to suggest that participants read graphs in a sequential manner, and that this is an economical approach of comprehension. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Degradation of Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitute Materials is influenced by Phase Composition and Porosity
Authors: Schaefer S. , Detsch R. , Uhl F. , Deisinger U. , Ziegler G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe chemical composition of calcium phosphate (CaP) materials for the regenerative therapy of large bone defects is similar to that of bone. Additionally, calcium phosphates show an excellent biocompatibility. Besides the support of defect healing calcium phosphate implants should be completely degraded within an adequate time period to be replaced by newly formed bone. Although degradation of CaP‐implants occurs mainly by dissolution of the material, it is important to characterize the osteoclastic resorption as well, which is involved in native bone remodeling. The degradation of bone substitutes made of calcium phosphate ceramics is influenced by various parameters, such as defect size and localization, the general health situation, and age of the patient, but also material properties are important. Especially, the calcium phosphate composition is crucial for the degradation behavior of a calcium phosphate material. Additionally, at the cellular level the micro‐ and macroporosity, including interconnecting pores, influences both, the dissolution and the osteoclastic resorption. In our study, three different calcium phosphate materials (hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and a biphasic calcium phosphate) and two different geometries (dense 2D samples and porous 3D scaffolds) are compared regarding their dissolution and resorption behavior. The results show, that the dissolution of CaP‐ceramics, as examined by the incubation in a degradation solution, depends mainly on the calcium phosphate phase but also on the porosity of the implant. Regarding the resorption, cell proliferation and differentiation of a monocytic cell line as well as the formation of resorption lacunas are analyzed. Cell proliferation is comparable on all phase compositions. Cell differentiation and resorption, however, are influenced by the calcium phosphate phase composition and by the implant porosity as well. By understanding these two mechanisms of degradation, bone substitute materials and, as a result, the bone regeneration of large bone defects using CaP‐ceramics can be improved.
Influence of Backpressure During ECAP on the Monotonic and Cyclic Deformation Behavior of AA5754 and Cu99.5
Authors: Böhner Andreas , Kriebel Florian , Lapovok Rimma , Höppel Heinz Werner , Göken Mathias 
Published: January 2011

AbstractUltrafine‐grained (UFG) metals produced by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) exhibit outstanding mechanical properties. They show high strength under monotonic loading as well as strongly enhanced fatigue lives in the Wöhler S–N‐plot compared to their coarse grained (CG) counterparts. It could be shown that the fatigue lives can be significantly enhanced further by applying backpressure during ECAP. Besides the positive effect of backpressure on the processability of hard to deform materials via ECAP, the hydrostatic stress induced by backpressure also influences the mechanical properties under monotonic and cyclic loading. Therefore the influence of backpressure on ECAPed Cu99.5 and on the ECAPed aluminum alloy AA5754 was investigated. It is shown that backpressure has no effect on the hardness and grain size in Cu99.5 but changes the grain boundary misorientation to higher fractions of low angle grain boundaries. Also the temperature dependency of the yield strength as well as the hardening behavior under monotonic compression is affected. The cyclic deformation behavior of Cu99.5 is not strongly influenced by backpressure, but the mean stress level changes drastically. The fatigue life increases with the application of backpressure at low plastic amplitudes due to a change in the crack initiation and propagation.
Neutrons and Photons in Materials Research for Thin Film Solar Cells
Authors: Schorr Susan , Stephan Christiane , Mainz Roland , Rodriguez‐Alvarez Humberto , Tovar Michael 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe understanding of the interplay between structural and electronic properties of photovoltaic materials as well as a deeper insight into growth pathways and phase formation kinetics of the absorber layer in a thin film solar cell give a crucial contribution to the continuous improvement of the solar cell efficiency. Among the various experimental methods used for the investigation of the structure and microstructure of photovoltaic materials, neutron, and X‐ray (photon) scattering are key techniques of choice. Both techniques are complementary, which is demonstrated in the present paper. Neutron powder diffraction is used to detect different kinds of intrinsic point defects in chalcopyrite type and kesterite type semiconductors. The calculated defect concentrations may lead to the expectation of a clustering of anti‐site defects and vacancy to the electrical inactive defect pairs (2 VCu + InCu) and (InCu + CuIn). By the means of energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction (EDXRD) phase formations and grain growth in thin films are studied in real time. The potential of EDXRD for in situ studies of reactions during the formation of chalcopyrite thin films is demonstrated.
Spark Plasma Sintered Hydroxyapatite/Graphite Nanosheet and Hydroxyapatite/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites: Mechanical and in Vitro Cellular Properties
Authors: Zhu Jiangtao , Wong Hoi Man , Yeung Kelvin Wai Kwok , Tjong Sie Chin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHyroxyapatite (HA) and its nanocomposites reinforced with 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt% graphite nanosheets (GNs) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) are fabricated by means of spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. The effects of MWNT and GN additions on the morphology, mechanical behavior, cell adhesion, and biocompatibility of HA were studied. Three‐point‐bending test shows that the bending strength of MWNT/HA nanocomposites increases with increasing MWNT content. However, the bending strength of GN/HA nanocomposites initially increases by adding 0.5 wt% GN, and then decreases markedly as the filler content increases. Cell culture and viability test results demonstrate that the GNs with diameters of several micrometers retard osteoblast cell adhesion and proliferation on the GN/HA nanocomposite. In contrast, the addition of 2 wt% MWNT to HA is beneficial to promote osteoblast adhesion and proliferation, thereby enhancing the biocompatibility of MWNT/HA nanocomposite.
Energy optimization of bioethanol production via gasification of switchgrass
Authors: Martín Mariano , Grossmann Ignacio E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this article, we address the conceptual design of the bioethanol process from switchgrass via gasification. A superstructure is postulated for optimizing energy use that embeds direct or indirect gasification, followed by steam reforming or partial oxidation. Next, the gas composition is adjusted with membrane‐PSA or water gas shift. Membrane separation, absorption with ethanol‐amines and PSA are considered for the removal of sour gases. Finally, two synthetic paths are considered, high alcohols catalytic process with two possible distillation sequences, and syngas fermentation with distillation, corn grits, molecular sieves and pervaporation as alternative dehydration processes. The optimization of the superstructure is formulated as an mixed‐integer nonlinear programming problem using short‐cut models, and solved through a special decomposition scheme that is followed by heat integration. The optimal process consists of direct gasification followed by steam reforming, removal of the excess of hydrogen and catalytic synthesis, yielding a potential operating cost of $0.41/gal. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Plant Polyphenols: Chemical Properties, Biological Activities, and Synthesis
Authors: Quideau Stéphane , Deffieux Denis , Douat‐Casassus Céline , Pouységu Laurent 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEating five servings of fruits and vegetables per day! This is what is highly recommended and heavily advertised nowadays to the general public to stay fit and healthy! Drinking green tea on a regular basis, eating chocolate from time to time, as well as savoring a couple of glasses of red wine per day have been claimed to increase life expectancy even further! Why? The answer is in fact still under scientific scrutiny, but a particular class of compounds naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables is considered to be crucial for the expression of such human health benefits: the polyphenols! What are these plant products really? What are their physicochemical properties? How do they express their biological activity? Are they really valuable for disease prevention? Can they be used to develop new pharmaceutical drugs? What recent progress has been made toward their preparation by organic synthesis? This Review gives answers from a chemical perspective, summarizes the state of the art, and highlights the most significant advances in the field of polyphenol research.
Purification of lactic acid from fermentation broth by spherical anion exchange polymer
Authors: Zhou Jun , Bi Wentao , Row Kyung Ho 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLactic acid, as a versatile chemical, was purified from fermentation broth by solid phase extraction with a spherical porous poly(4‐vinylpyridine). Adsorption isotherm of lactic acid on poly(4‐vinylpyridine) was first investigated with model solutions. The factors which affect the performance of separation and purification were then investigated. The obtained results indicate that the sorbent had a high adsorption capability of lactic acid, of which the maximum adsorbed lactic acid was 180.0 mg g−1. Under the optimal condition the lactic acid was purified from fermentation broth by solid phase extraction with the purity of 88% and recovery yield of 95%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A “Second Life” for gross anatomy: Applications for multiuser virtual environments in teaching the anatomical sciences
Authors: Richardson April , Hazzard Matthew , Challman Sandra D. , Morgenstein Aaron M. , Brueckner Jennifer K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article describes the emerging role of educational multiuser virtual environments, specifically Second Life™, in anatomical sciences education. Virtual worlds promote inquiry‐based learning and conceptual understanding, potentially making them applicable for teaching and learning gross anatomy. A short introduction to Second Life as an anatomical educational tool is provided, along with description of existing anatomy applications and future directions for this innovative teaching modality. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Versuche zur Querkrafttragfähigkeit von gevouteten Stahlbetonbalken ohne Querkraftbewehrung
Authors: Rombach Günter , Nghiep Vu Hong 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBei der Bestimmung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit von Stahlbetonträgern mit veränderlicher Höhe ist bislang unzureichend geklärt, in wie weit der Einfluss eines geneigten Druck‐ oder Zuggurts (Vccd bzw. Vtd) bei Balken bzw. Platten ohne Schubbewehrung berücksichtigt werden kann. Zu dieser Problematik wurde eine umfangreiche Versuchsserie mit 18 gevouteten Balken durchgeführt, deren Ergebnisse in diesem Beitrag erläutert werden. Die Untersuchungen zeigen, dass bislang kein Rechenverfahren existiert, welches das Querkrafttragverhalten von gevouteten Stahlbetonbalken zutreffend beschreibt. Die im Versuch erreichten Traglasten waren bei Berücksichtigung der Vertikalkomponente eines geneigten Druck‐ bzw. Zuggurts (Vtd and Vccd) teilweise geringer als die Rechenwerte der DIN.Shear Strength of Haunched Concrete Beams without Transverse ReinforcementThe shear capacity of concrete members without transverse reinforcement is still under debate. Within this paper one aspect, the favourable contribution of inclined tension and compression chords (Vtd and Vccd) of members with variable depth, like haunched beams, will be discussed in detail. A series of 18 tests on 9 different specimens was performed to examine the real shear capacity of haunched beams without shear reinforcement. The evaluation of the test results revealed, that none of the available design methods can describe the shear behaviour of haunched beams. The vertical component of the inclined compression chord Vccd leads in some cases to unsafe values.