bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Types of Parent Verbal Responsiveness That Predict Language in Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: McDuffie Andrea , Yoder Paul 
Published: July 2010

Purpose
This study examined short-term predictive associations between 5 different types of parent verbal responsiveness and later spoken vocabulary for 32 young children with a confirmed diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Method
Parent verbal utterances were coded from videotapes of naturalistic parent–child play sessions using interval and event-based coding. A vocabulary difference score, calculated using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories (L. Fenson et al., 1993), was used as the outcome measure of spoken vocabulary 6 months later.

Results
Parent follow-in comments and follow-in directives predicted spoken vocabulary after controlling for child engagement. Parent expansions of child verbal utterances predicted spoken vocabulary after controlling for child talkativeness. When entered together into a regression analysis, metrics that represented (a) the number of parent utterances following into the child’s focus of attention and (b) the number of parent utterances responding to child verbal communication acts both accounted for unique variance in predicting change in spoken vocabulary from Time 1 to Time 2.

Conclusion
Parent verbal utterances that follow into the child’s current focus of attention or respond to child verbal communication acts may facilitate the process of early vocabulary acquisition by mitigating the need for children with ASD to use attention-following as a word-learning strategy.
Role of Linguistic Input in Third Person Singular –
s
Use in the Speech of Young Children
Authors: Finneran Denise A. , Leonard Laurence B. 
Published: July 2010

Purpose

To examine the role of linguistic input in how young, typically developing children use the 3rd person singular –
s
(3S) inflection.

Method
Novel verbs were presented to 16 young children in either 3S contexts (e.g., “The tiger heens”) or nonfinite (NF) contexts (e.g., “Will the tiger heen?”). The input was further manipulated for length such that half of the presentations in each context had adjectives modifying the subject. Children were then prompted to use the novel verbs in contexts requiring 3S and in contexts requiring an infinitive form. The children’s use of 3S with familiar verbs was also examined.

Results
Novel verbs heard only in 3S contexts were more likely to be produced with 3S in obligatory contexts and were more likely to be inappropriately applied to infinitive contexts than novel verbs heard only in NF contexts. Degree of 3S use in obligatory contexts was lower for familiar verbs than for novel verbs heard only in 3S contexts but higher than for novel verbs heard only in NF contexts. Length was not a significant factor.

Conclusion
Linguistic input appears to have a strong effect on how young children use the 3S inflection in newly encountered verbs.
What biogeography is: a place for process
Authors: McDowall R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe search for understanding of the past and present processes that have and/or continue to generate observed biotic distribution patterns substantially involves historical reconstruction based on present patterns (both phylogenetic and geographical). How this should be undertaken has been a cause for major debate over many decades. Residual patterns do not always provide explicit pointers to the causal processes, and in addition to applying our understanding of earth history, we need also to carefully explore the implications of contemporary processes as a means for unravelling pattern. Some biogeographers assert that earth and life evolve together, but knowledge of distributions and ecologies indicate that this is sometimes true and sometimes false. Just as general patterns may sometimes indicate a commonality of the means that generated the patterns so, too, do observable processes sometimes indicate commonalities. Vicariance and dispersal are fundamental attributes of biotic distributions. Phylogeography has the potential to assist us in determining which of these mechanisms has generated observable patterns.
Quantum size effects on the work function of metallic thin film nanostructures
Authors: Kim Jungdae , Qin Shengyong , Yao Wang , Niu Qian , Chou M. Y. , Shih Chih-Kang 
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we present the direct observation of quantum size effects (QSE) on the work function in ultrathin Pb films. By using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, we show that the very existence of quantum well states (QWS) in these ultrathin films profoundly affects the measured tunneling decay constant
κ
, resulting in a very rich phenomenon of “quantum oscillations” in
κ
as a function of thickness,
L
, and bias voltage,
V

s

. More specifically, we find that the phase of the quantum oscillations in
κ
vs.
L
depends sensitively upon the bias voltage, which often results in a total phase reversal at different biases. On the other hand, at very low sample bias (|
V

s

| < 0.03 V) the measurement of
κ
vs.
L
accurately reflects the quantum size effect on the work function. In particular, the minima in the quantum oscillations of
κ
vs.
L
occur at the locations where QWS cross the Fermi energy, thus directly unraveling the QSE on the work function in ultrathin films, which was predicted more than three decades ago. This further clarifies several contradictions regarding the relationship between the QWS locations and the work function.
Depression of reactivity by the collision energy in the single barrier H + CD
4
→ HD + CD
3
reaction
Authors: Zhang Weiqing , Zhou Yong , Wu Guorong , Lu Yunpeng , Pan Huilin , Fu Bina , Shuai Quan , Liu Lan , Liu Shu , Zhang Liling , Jiang Bo , Dai Dongxu , Lee Soo-Ying , Xie Zhen , Braams Bastiaan J. , Bowman Joel M. , Collins Michael A. , Zhang Dong H. , Yang Xueming 
Published: July 2010

Crossed molecular beam experiments and accurate quantum scattering calculations have been carried out for the polyatomic H + CD
4
→ HD + CD
3
reaction. Unprecedented agreement has been achieved between theory and experiments on the energy dependence of the integral cross section in a wide collision energy region that first rises and then falls considerably as the collision energy increases far over the reaction barrier for this simple hydrogen abstraction reaction. Detailed theoretical analysis shows that at collision energies far above the barrier the incoming H-atom moves so quickly that the heavier D-atom on CD
4
cannot concertedly follow it to form the HD product, resulting in the decline of reactivity with the increase of collision energy. We propose that this is also the very mechanism, operating in many abstraction reactions, which causes the differential cross section in the backward direction to decrease substantially or even vanish at collision energies far above the barrier height.
Strong reversible Fe
3+
-mediated bridging between dopa-containing protein films in water
Authors: Zeng Hongbo , Hwang Dong Soo , Israelachvili Jacob N. , Waite J. Herbert 
Published: July 2010

Metal-containing polymer networks are widespread in biology, particularly for load-bearing exoskeletal biomaterials.
Mytilus
byssal cuticle is an especially interesting case containing moderate levels of Fe
3+
and cuticle protein—mussel foot protein-1 (mfp-1), which has a peculiar combination of high hardness and high extensibility. Mfp-1, containing 13 mol % of dopa (3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) side-chains, is highly positively charged polyelectrolyte (pI ∼ 10) and didn’t show any cohesive tendencies in previous surface forces apparatus (SFA) studies. Here, we show that Fe
3+
ions can mediate unusually strong interactions between the positively charged proteins. Using an SFA, Fe
3+
was observed to impart robust bridging (
W
ad
≈ 4.3 mJ/m
2
) between two noninteracting mfp-1 films in aqueous buffer approaching the ionic strength of seawater. The Fe
3+
bridging between the mfp-1-coated surfaces is fully reversible in water, increasing with contact time and iron concentration up to 10 μM; at 100 μM, Fe
3+
bridging adhesion is abolished. Bridging is apparently due to the formation of multivalent dopa-iron complexes. Similar Fe-mediated bridging (
W
ad
≈ 5.7 mJ/m
2
) by a smaller recombinant dopa-containing analogue indicates that bridging is largely independent of molecular weight and posttranslational modifications other than dopa. The results suggest that dopa-metal interactions may provide an energetic new paradigm for engineering strong, self-healing interactions between polymers under water.
CNVineta: a data mining tool for large case–control copy number variation datasets
Authors: Wittig Michael , Helbig Ingo , Schreiber Stefan , Franke Andre 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Copy number variation (CNV), a major contributor to human genetic variation, comprises ≥ 1 kb genomic deletions and insertions. Yet, the identification of CNVs from microarray data is still hampered by high false negative and positive prediction rates due to the noisy nature of the raw data. Here, we present CNVineta, an R package for rapid data mining and visualization of CNVs in large case–control datasets genotyped with single nucleotide polymorphism oligonucleotide arrays. CNVineta is compatible with various established CNV prediction algorithms, can be used for genome-wide association analysis of rare and common CNVs and enables rapid and serial display of log2 of raw data ratios as well as B-allele frequencies for visual quality inspection. In summary, CNVineta aides in the interpretation of large-scale CNV datasets and prioritization of target regions for follow-up experiments.
Availability and Implementation: CNVineta is available as an R package and can be downloaded from http://www.ikmb.uni-kiel.de/CNVineta/; the package contains a tutorial outlining a typical workflow. The CNVineta compatible HapMap dataset can also be downloaded from the link above.
Contact: m.wittig@mucosa.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Xenon Pretreatment Attenuates Anesthetic-induced Apoptosis in the Developing Brain in Comparison with Nitrous Oxide and Hypoxia
Authors: Shu Yi , Patel Shivali M. , Pac-Soo Chen , Fidalgo António Rei , Wan Yanjie , Maze Mervyn , Ma Daqing 
Published: July 2010

Background
Administration of certain general anesthetics to rodents during the synaptogenic phase of neurodevelopment produces neuronal injury. Preconditioning (pretreatment) can reduce tissue injury caused by a severe insult; the authors investigated whether pretreatment strategies can protect the developing brain from anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity.

Methods
Seven-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with one of the following: 70% xenon, 70% nitrous oxide, or 8% hypoxia for 2 h; 24 h later, rats were exposed to the neurotoxic combination of 70% nitrous oxide and 0.75% isoflurane for 6 h. Cortical and hippocampal neuroapoptosis was assessed using caspase-3 immunostaining. Separate cohorts were maintained for 40 days at which time cognitive function with trace fear conditioning was performed. In other pretreated cohorts, rat cortices were isolated for immunoblotting of caspase-3, Bcl-2, cytochrome C, P53, and mitogen-activated protein kinases. To obviate physiologic influences, organotypic hippocampal slices harvested from postnatal rat pups were cultured for 5 days and exposed to the same conditions as obtained for the in vivo studies, and caspase-3 immunostaining was again the measured outcome.

Result
Xenon pretreatment prevented nitrous oxide- and isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis (in vivo and in vitro) and cognitive deterioration (in vivo). Contrastingly, nitrous oxide- and isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis was exacerbated by hypoxic pretreatment. Nitrous oxide pretreatment had no effect. Xenon pretreatment increased Bcl-2 expression and decreased both cytochrome C release and P53 expression; conversely, the opposite was evident after hypoxic pretreatment.

Conclusions
Although xenon pretreatment protects against nitrous oxide- and isoflurane-induced neuroapoptosis, hypoxic pretreatment exacerbates anesthetic-induced neonatal neurodegeneration.
Cosyntropin for Prophylaxis against Postdural Puncture Headache after Accidental Dural Puncture
Authors: Hakim Sameh Michel 
Published: July 2010

Background
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of administration of cosyntropin after accidental dural puncture (ADP) on the incidence of postdural puncture headache (PDPH) and the need for therapeutic epidural blood patch (EBP).

Methods
Ninety parturients who suffered an ADP were studied. After delivery, patients were randomly assigned to one of two equal-sized groups. In group I (cosyntropin group), patients received cosyntropin in a dose of 1 mg intravenously. In group II (control group), patients received an equal volume of normal saline.

Results
Fifteen patients (33%) in the cosyntropin group suffered from PDPH, compared with 31 patients (68.9%) in the control group (P = 0.001). Significantly fewer patients in the cosyntropin group required an EBP, compared with the control group (5 patients [11.1%] vs. 13 patients [28.9%], respectively; P = 0.035). The Kaplan-Meier curves for the occurrence of PDPH showed a hazard ratio of 0.32 (95% CI = 0.16-0.55, P < 0.0001). The time from ADP to occurrence of PDPH was significantly longer in the cosyntropin group (27.2 [7.7] h) in comparison with the control group (17.5 [4.9] h; P < 0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences among patients who developed PDPH in both groups with regard to the severity or duration of PDPH or with regard to the need for EBP or for repeat EBP (P > 0.05).

Conclusions
Administration of cosyntropin after ADP in parturients was associated with significant reduction in the incidence of PDPH and need for EBP and significant prolongation of the time from ADP to occurrence of PDPH.
Enhancement of GABAergic Tonic Currents by Midazolam and Noradrenaline in Rat Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons In Vitro
Authors: Maeda Aiko , Katafuchi Toshihiko , Oba Yugo , Shiokawa Hiroaki , Yoshimura Megumu 
Published: July 2010

Background
Substantia gelatinosa of the spinal dorsal horn is crucial for transmission and modification of noxious stimuli. Previous studies have demonstrated that intrathecal midazolam, a benzodiazepine agonist, enhanced perioperative analgesia. Not only synaptic but also extrasynaptic inhibitory currents contribute to modification of noxious stimuli. Thus, the effects of midazolam on extrasynaptic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors in substantia gelatinosa neurons and interaction with noradrenaline, a transmitter of the descending inhibitory systems, were investigated.

Methods
Using whole cell patch-clamp technique in the adult rat spinal cord slices, extrasynaptic GABAergic currents were recorded in substantia gelatinosa neurons in the presence of gabazine (1 microm), which blocked synaptic GABAergic currents, and then midazolam (5 microm) and noradrenaline (20 microm) were applied.

Results
Bath application of midazolam induced tonic outward currents in the presence of gabazine. Although the decay time of synaptic current was prolonged, neither frequency nor amplitude was affected by midazolam. In contrast, the application of noradrenaline markedly increased both frequency and amplitude of synaptic currents with a slight enhancement of tonic currents. Coapplication of noradrenaline and midazolam markedly increased tonic currents, and the increase was much greater than the sum of currents induced by noradrenaline and midazolam.

Conclusions
Midazolam had much larger effects on extrasynaptic GABA type A receptors than the synaptic receptors, suggesting a role of the enhancement of GABAergic extrasynaptic currents in the midazolam-induced analgesia. Because noradrenaline is shown to increase extrasynaptic GABA concentration, simultaneous administration of noradrenaline and midazolam may enhance the increased GABA action by midazolam, thereby resulting in an increase in tonic extrasynaptic currents.
Propofol and Remifentanil Differentially Modulate Frontal Electroencephalographic Activity
Authors: Liley David T. J. , Sinclair Nicholas C. , Lipping Tarmo , Heyse Bjorn , Vereecke Hugo E. M. , Struys Michel M. R. F. 
Published: July 2010

Background
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new, physiologically inspired method for the analysis of the electroencephalogram during propofol-remifentanil anesthesia. Based on fixed-order autoregressive moving-average modeling, this method was hypothesized to be capable of dissociating the effects that hypnotic and analgesic agents have on brain electrical activity.

Methods
Raw electroencephalographic waves from a previously published study were reanalyzed. In this study, 45 American Society of Anesthesiologists status I patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups according to a specific target effect-site remifentanil concentration (0, 2, and 4 ng/ml). All patients received stepwise-increased targeted effect-site concentrations of propofol (CePROP). At each step change in target CePROP, the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score was evaluated. Raw electroencephalograph was continuously acquired from frontal electrodes. Electroencephalography traces were analyzed using a fixed-order autoregressive moving average model to give derived measures of Cortical State and Cortical Input. Response surfaces were visualized and modeled using Hierarchical Linear Modeling.

Results
Cortical State (a measure of cortical responsiveness) and Cortical Input (a measure of the magnitude of cortical input) were shown to respond differently to CePROP and effect-site remifentanil concentration. Cortical Input decreased significantly with increasing effect-site remifentanil concentration, whereas Cortical State remained unchanged with increasing effect-site remifentanil concentration but decreased with increasing CePROP.

Conclusion
Because Cortical State responds principally to variations in CePROP, it is a potential measure of hypnosis, whereas the dependence of Cortical Input on effect-site remifentanil concentration suggests that it may be useful as a measure of analgesic efficacy and the nociceptive-antinociceptive balance.
A Genome-Scale Metabolic Model Accurately Predicts Fluxes in Central Carbon Metabolism under Stress Conditions
Authors: Williams Thomas C.R. , Poolman Mark G. , Howden Andrew J.M. , Schwarzlander Markus , Fell David A. , Ratcliffe R. George , Sweetlove Lee J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Flux is a key measure of the metabolic phenotype. Recently, complete (genome-scale) metabolic network models have been established for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and flux distributions have been predicted using constraints-based modeling and optimization algorithms such as linear programming. While these models are useful for investigating possible flux states under different metabolic scenarios, it is not clear how close the predicted flux distributions are to those occurring in vivo. To address this, fluxes were predicted for heterotrophic Arabidopsis cells and compared with fluxes estimated in parallel by 13C-metabolic flux analysis (MFA). Reactions of the central carbon metabolic network (glycolysis, the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid [TCA] cycle) were independently analyzed by the two approaches. Net fluxes in glycolysis and the TCA cycle were predicted accurately from the genome-scale model, whereas the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway was poorly predicted. MFA showed that increased temperature and hyperosmotic stress, which altered cell growth, also affected the intracellular flux distribution. Under both conditions, the genome-scale model was able to predict both the direction and magnitude of the changes in flux: namely, increased TCA cycle and decreased phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase flux at high temperature and a general decrease in fluxes under hyperosmotic stress. MFA also revealed a 3-fold reduction in carbon-use efficiency at the higher temperature. It is concluded that constraints-based genome-scale modeling can be used to predict flux changes in central carbon metabolism under stress conditions.
The Levels of Male Gametic Mitochondrial DNA Are Highly Regulated in Angiosperms with Regard to Mitochondrial Inheritance
Authors: Wang Dan-Yang , Zhang Quan , Liu Yang , Lin Zhi-Fu , Zhang Shao-Xiang , Sun Meng-Xiang , Sodmergen  
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial inheritance are not yet clear, even though it is 100 years since the first description of non-Mendelian genetics. Here, we quantified the copy numbers of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the gametic cells of angiosperm species. We demonstrate that each egg cell from Arabidopsis thaliana, Antirrhinum majus, and Nicotiana tabacum possesses 59.0, 42.7, and 73.0 copies of mtDNA on average, respectively. These values are equivalent to those in Arabidopsis mesophyll cells, at 61.7 copies per cell. On the other hand, sperm or generative cells from Arabidopsis, A. majus, and N. tabacum possess minor amounts of mtDNA, at 0.083, 0.47, and 1 copy on average, respectively. We further reveal a 50-fold degradation of mtDNA during pollen development in A. majus. In contrast, markedly high levels of mtDNA are found in the male gametic cells of Cucumis melo and Pelargonium zonale (1296.3 and 256.7 copies, respectively). Our results provide direct evidence for mitochondrial genomic insufficiency in the eggs and somatic cells and indicate that a male gamete of an angiosperm may possess mtDNA at concentrations as high as 21-fold (C. melo) or as low as 0.1% (Arabidopsis) of the levels in somatic cells. These observations reveal the existence of a strong regulatory system for the male gametic mtDNA levels in angiosperms with regard to mitochondrial inheritance.
ArabidopsisPHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR Proteins Promote Phytochrome B Polyubiquitination by COP1 E3 Ligase in the Nucleus
Authors: Jang In-Cheol , Henriques Rossana , Seo Hak Soo , Nagatani Akira , Chua Nam-Hai 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany plant photoresponses from germination to shade avoidance are mediated by phytochrome B (phyB). In darkness, phyB exists as the inactive Pr in the cytosol but upon red (R) light treatment, the active Pfr translocates into nuclei to initiate signaling. Degradation of phyB Pfr likely regulates signal termination, but the mechanism is not understood. Here, we show that phyB is stable in darkness, but in R, a fraction of phyB translocates into nuclei and becomes degraded by 26S proteasomes. Nuclear phyB degradation is mediated by COP1 E3 ligase, which preferentially interacts with the PhyB N-terminal region (PhyB-N). PhyB-N polyubiquitination by CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC1 (COP1) in vitro can be enhanced by different PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) proteins that promote COP1/PhyB interaction. Consistent with these results, nuclear phyB accumulates to higher levels in pif single and double mutants and in cop1-4. Our results identify COP1 as an E3 ligase for phyB and other stable phytochromes and uncover the mechanism by which PIFs negatively regulate phyB levels.