bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving boundary simulations with dynamic mesh smoothing
Authors: Ahn Hyung Taek , Branets Larisa , Carey Graham F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe develop a dynamic mesh adjustment scheme for moving boundary problems such as those encountered in fluid–structure interaction. The scheme is implemented in an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) flow solver for unstructured hybrid meshes and dual time‐stepping for Navier–Stokes problems. The mesh improvement strategy is an extension of our previous work on mesh optimization based on quality metrics. In the associated numerical experiments, we consider translation and rotation of a profile interior to the flow field. Numerical results for vortex shedding past the moving profile demonstrate the simulation capability and display the effects of dynamic mesh adjustment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interactions between TLR7 and TLR9 agonists and receptors regulate innate immune responses by astrocytes and microglia
Authors: Butchi Niranjan B. , Du Min , Peterson Karin E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractToll‐like receptors 7 (TLR7) and 9 (TLR9) are important mediators of innate immune responses. Both receptors are located in endosomal compartments, recognize nucleic acids, and signal via Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). In the current study, we analyzed TLR7 and TLR9 induced activation of astrocytes and microglia, two cell types that contribute to innate immune responses in the CNS. TLR7 and TLR9 agonists induced similar cytokine profiles within each cell type. However, there were notable differences in the cytokine profile between astrocytes and microglia, including the production of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 and antiapoptotic cytokines G‐CSF and IL‐9 by microglia but not astrocytes. Costimulation studies demonstrated that the TLR7 agonist, imiquimod, could inhibit TLR9 agonist‐induced innate immune responses, in both cell types, in a concentration‐dependent manner. Surprisingly, this inhibition was not mediated by TLR7, as deficiency in TLR7 did not alter suppression of the TLR9 agonist‐induced responses. The suppression of innate immune responses was also not due to an inhibition of TLR9 agonist uptake. This suggested that imiquimod suppression may be a direct effect, possibly by blocking CpG‐ODN binding and/or signaling with TLR9, thus limiting cell activation. An antagonistic relationship was also observed between the two receptors in microglia, with TLR7 deficiency resulting in enhanced cytokine responses to CpG‐ODN stimulation. Thus, both TLR7 and its agonist can have inhibitory effects on TLR9‐induced cytokine responses in glial cells. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3D Mapping of brain differences in native signing congenitally and prelingually deaf subjects
Authors: Leporé Natasha , Vachon Patrick , Lepore Franco , Chou Yi‐Yu , Voss Patrice , Brun Caroline C. , Lee Agatha D. , Toga Arthur W. , Thompson Paul M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the prelingual and congenital deaf, functional reorganization is known to occur throughout brain regions normally associated with hearing. However, the anatomical correlates of these changes are not yet well understood. Here, we perform the first tensor‐based morphometric analysis of voxel‐wise volumetric differences in native signing prelingual and congenitally deaf subjects when compared with hearing controls. We obtained T1‐weighted scans for 14 native signing prelingual and congenitally deaf subjects and 16 age‐ and gender‐matched controls. We used linear and fluid registration to align each image to a common template. Using the voxel‐wise determinant of the Jacobian of the fluid deformation, significant volume increases, of up to 20%, were found in frontal lobe white matter regions including Broca's area, and adjacent regions involved in motor control and language production. A similar analysis was performed on hand‐traced corpora callosa. A strong trend for group differences was found in the area of the splenium considered to carry fibers connecting the temporal (and occipital) lobes. These anatomical differences may reflect experience‐mediated developmental differences in myelination and cortical maturation associated with prolonged monomodal sensory deprivation. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feasibility and surgical approach of transaxillary robotic thyroidectomy without CO2 insufflation
Authors: Lewis Carol M. , Chung Woong Y. , Holsinger F. Christopher 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground.Our objective was to evaluate the anatomic basis for robotic‐assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy and to determine its feasibility in a prospective clinical trial.Methods and Results.Using the da Vinci Surgical Robotic System, we performed 5 cadaveric dissections, via transaxillary approach without gas insufflation. Once the safety and feasibility of this approach had been demonstrated in cadavers, it was utilized to perform a thyroid lobectomy in a patient. The da Vinci system provided excellent visualization of the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves, parathyroid glands, and paratracheal lymphatics. After the 5 cadaver dissections, the procedure time diminished from >90 minutes to <30 minutes.Conclusion.Robotic‐assisted transaxillary thyroidectomy is feasible with proper instrumentation and an understanding of the surgical anatomy. Based on this preclinical laboratory study and our experience in 1 patient, further evaluation of this approach in the setting of a prospective clinical trial is warranted to determine standardized criteria identifying patients who would benefit from this approach. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Breath carbon monoxide and semiquantitative saliva cotinine as biomarkers for smoking
Authors: Marrone Gina F. , Paulpillai Mane , Evans Rebecca J. , Singleton Edward G. , Heishman Stephen J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveAs a biomarker of smoking, semiquantitative analysis of cotinine (NicAlert®) offers several advantages over breath carbon monoxide (CO) and quantitative analysis of cotinine. Recent studies have used urine NicAlert® and breath CO in combination to verify abstinence. However, no studies have evaluated the performance of saliva NicAlert® against or in combination with breath CO.MethodBreath CO, saliva NicAlert®, and smoking history were compared in an urban population of daily smokers (n = 24) and nonsmokers (n = 25).ResultsSaliva NicAlert® predicted self‐reported smoking with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity. At a cutoff of > 5 ppm, breath CO had 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity in predicting self‐reported smoking. Breath CO was positively correlated with saliva NicAlert® and negatively correlated with minutes since last cigarette.ConclusionSaliva NicAlert® had high sensitivity and specificity in identifying daily smokers. Compared to saliva NicAlert®, breath CO level was more indicative of recent smoking. Future treatment studies should evaluate the performance of saliva NicAlert® as an alternative to the urine test. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of multi‐algorithm, genetically adaptive multi‐objective method for multi‐site calibration of the SWAT model
Authors: Zhang Xuesong , Srinivasan Raghavan , Liew Michael Van 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWith the availability of spatially distributed data, distributed hydrologic models are increasingly used for simulation of spatially varied hydrologic processes to understand and manage natural and human activities that affect watershed systems. Multi‐objective optimization methods have been applied to calibrate distributed hydrologic models using observed data from multiple sites. As the time consumed by running these complex models is increasing substantially, selecting efficient and effective multi‐objective optimization algorithms is becoming a nontrivial issue. In this study, we evaluated a multi‐algorithm, genetically adaptive multi‐objective method (AMALGAM) for multi‐site calibration of a distributed hydrologic model—Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), and compared its performance with two widely used evolutionary multi‐objective optimization (EMO) algorithms (i.e. Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA2) and Non‐dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA‐II)). In order to provide insights into each method's overall performance, these three methods were tested in four watersheds with various characteristics. The test results indicate that the AMALGAM can consistently provide competitive or superior results compared with the other two methods. The multi‐method search framework of AMALGAM, which can flexibly and adaptively utilize multiple optimization algorithms, makes it a promising tool for multi‐site calibration of the distributed SWAT. For practical use of AMALGAM, it is suggested to implement this method in multiple trials with relatively small number of model runs rather than run it once with long iterations. In addition, incorporating different multi‐objective optimization algorithms and multi‐mode search operators into AMALGAM deserves further research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Under‐ice salinity and stable isotope distribution of Saroma‐ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, northern Japan
Authors: Morimoto Maki , Kawanobe Kyoko , Abe Osamu , Kawai Takayoshi , Kawamura Toshiyuki , Shirasawa Kunio 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn winter, lakes and lagoons at high altitudes or high latitudes have interesting hydrological cycles that differ from those in other seasons or in other regions, because water surfaces are covered with ice. Hydrological balances of lakes and lagoons are complex dynamic systems, and to elucidate them, isotopic tracers of water have been used as effective tools along with observations of precipitation, evaporation, inflows, and outflows. Here, to understand hydrological processes during freezing periods in the brackish Saroma‐ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, northern Japan, we examined horizontal and vertical distributions of salinity and isotope compositions of lagoon water and ice in 2005 and 2006. Horizontal and vertical gradients of salinity and isotope compositions were observed from the river mouth to the sea channel, and factors determining these distributions were considered. The mixing of freshwater and seawater and a freezing effect were presumed to be factors in relationships between salinity and isotopes and in relationships between surface waters and ice just above the water. A simple box model for water balance was constructed based on these putative factors to reproduce the distributions of salinity and isotope compositions of surface waters and ice. An evaluation of the model revealed that this hydrological system is controlled primarily by horizontal advection of the epilimnion, freshwater influx, and the ice growth rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hysteretic freezing characteristics of riparian peatlands in the Western Boreal Forest of Canada
Authors: Smerdon Brian D. , Mendoza C. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFreezing characteristics were investigated for a sedge covered floating fen and spruce covered swamp located beside a shallow lake in the Western Boreal Forest of Canada. Thermal properties were measured in situ for one freeze‐thaw cycle, and for two freeze‐thaw cycles in laboratory columns. Thermal conductivity and liquid water content were related to a range of subsurface temperatures above and below the freezing thresholds, and clearly illustrate hysteresis between the freezing and thawing process. Thermal hysteresis occurs because of the large change in thermal conductivity between water and ice, high water content of the peat, and wide variation in pore sizes that govern ice formation. Field and laboratory results were combined to develop linear freezing functions, which were tested in a heat transfer model. For surface temperature boundary conditions, subsurface temperatures were simulated for the over‐winter period and compared with field measurements. Replication of the transient subsurface thermal regime required that freezing functions transition gradually from thawed to frozen state (spanning the −0·25 to −2 °C range) as opposed to a more abrupt step function. Subsurface temperatures indicate that the floating fen underwent complete phase change (from water to ice) and froze to approximately the same depth as lake ice thickness. Therefore, the floating fen peatland froze as a ‘shelf’ adjacent to the lake, whereas the spruce covered swamp had a higher capacity for thermal buffering, and subsurface freezing was both more gradual and limited in depth. These thermal properties, and the timing and duration of frozen state, are expected to control the interaction of water and nutrients between surface water and groundwater, which will be affected by changes in air temperature associated with global climate change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ras inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress in human cancer cells with amplified Myc
Authors: Yaari‐Stark Shira , Shaked Maayan , Nevo‐Caspi Yael , Jacob‐Hircsh Jasmine , Shamir Ron , Rechavi Gideon , Kloog Yoel 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn neuroblastoma LAN‐1 cells harboring an amplified MycN gene, disruption of cooperation between Ras and MycN proteins by the Ras inhibitor farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS, Salirasib) reportedly arrests cell growth. Our aim was to establish whether this is a general phenomenon. We examined the effects of FTS on gene‐expression profiles, growth and death of NCIH929 myeloma cells and K562 leukemia cells, which—like LAN‐1 cells—exhibit Myc gene amplification and harbor active Ras. Under specified conditions, FTS reduced Ras and Myc and induced cell growth arrest and death in all Myc‐amplified cell lines but not in SHEP, a neuroblastoma cell line without Myc gene amplification. Gene‐expression analysis revealed a common pattern of FTS‐induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), in Myc‐amplified cells, but not in SHEP. Thus, Ras negatively regulates ER stress in cells with amplified Myc. ER stress was also inducible by dominant‐negative (DN)‐Ras or shRNA to Ras isoforms, all of which induced an increase in BIP (the master regulator of ER stress) and its downstream targets Nrf2 and eIF2α, both regulated by active p‐PERK. FTS also induced an increase in p‐PERK, while small interfering RNA to PERK reduced Nrf2 and ATF4 and rescued cells from FTS‐induced death. BIP and its downstream targets were also increased by inhibitors of MAPK p38 and MEK. Ras, acting through MAPK p38 and MEK, negatively regulates the ER stress cascades BIP/PERK/Nrf2 and eIF2α/ATF4/ATF3. These findings can explain the Ras‐dependent protection of Myc‐amplified cells from ER stress‐associated death.
Dietary fatty acids, luminal modifiers, and risk of colorectal cancer
Authors: Kato Ikuko , Majumdar Adhip P. , Land Susan J. , Barnholtz‐Sloan Jill S. , Severson Richard K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInconsistent observations in epidemiologic studies on the association between total fat intake and colorectal cancer may be ascribed to opposing effects of individual fatty acids and the presence of other dietary constituents that modify luminal or systemic lipid exposure. We analyzed the data from a population‐based case‐control study that included 1,163 cases and 1,501 controls to examine the effects of individual fatty acid groups on colorectal cancer risk as well as their interactions with calcium and fiber intake. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression model according to quartile levels of energy‐adjusted fatty acid intake. In the bivariable analyses, the risk of colorectal cancer increased with trans fatty acid (TFA) intake (OR for top vs. bottom quartile =1.46, 95% CI 1.17–1.59, p‐value for a trend <0.001), but the associations was substantially attenuated in multivariable analyses (p value for a trend = 0.176). However, a significant linear trend in the multivariable OR (p = 0.029) for TFA was present for subjects with lower calcium intake. Furthermore, multivariable ORs progressively decreased with increasing both omega‐3 and omega‐6 poly‐ unsaturated fatty acid intake (p‐values for linear trend: 0.033 and 0.011, respectively) for subjects with lower dietary fiber intake. These interactions were also significant or marginally significant (p = 0.085 for TFA, 0.029 for omega‐3 and 0.068 for omega‐6). Our results suggest that populations with lower intake of luminal modifiers, i.e., calcium and fiber, may have differential risks of colorectal cancer associated with dietary fatty acid intake.
Assessment of water quality of a river using an indexing approach during the low‐flow season
Authors: Bhatti Muhammad Tousif , Latif Muhammad 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe River Chenab is one of the largest rivers in Pakistan with an average annual flow of 5.29 billion cubic metres (BCM). The river traverses a total length of 576 km through a number of densely populated and industrial cities in the Punjab province of Pakistan. In the present study, a segment of 292 km was monitored for a variety of cardinal water quality constituents during the low‐flow months of 2006–07 and 2007–08. Water quality indices (WQIs) were calculated for three uses of the river water, i.e. irrigation, drinking and aquatic life, using the CWQI 1.0 model developed by the task group of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). The results revealed that the lower river reach (185–233 km) was more polluted than the upper 185 km segment. In this river reach, overall WQI ranking was poor for drinking and marginal for both irrigation and aquatic life. The WQIs for all three uses were ranked poor at the sampling station located at 233 km along the river. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of a Trout Farm on Water Quality and Macrozoobenthos Communities of the Receiving Stream (Trešnjica River, Serbia)
Authors: Živić Ivana , Marković Zoran , Filipović‐Rojka Zdenka , Živić Miroslav 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTrout farming is constantly increasing and poses a serious threat to water quality of clean highland streams. In the present work, we investigated the influence of the farm with the highest trout production in Serbia on water quality and macrozoobenthos communities of the receiving stream, the Trešnjica River. Our study revealed that changes of water chemistry parameters downstream from the trout farm were moderate and mainly confined to the part of the watercourse closest to the wastewater outlet. Moreover, use of food with 0.8% phosphorus content was sufficient to completely eliminate soluble phosphates from water samples of the Trešnjica River. However, the changes in water chemistry were sufficient to cause significant changes in the macrozoobenthos community. These changes remained statistically significant even 500 m downstream and were lost about 3.5 km from the trout farm wastewater effluent. The trout biomass on the farm is a parameter that adequately defines the magnitude of its impact, above all the intensity of its influence on the zoobenthos community structure. The most informative parameters for estimating that influence were the Baetidae/Ephemeroptera ratio, Margelef's index and the Modified biotic index. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of Food Quantity and Quality on Population Growth Rate and Digestive Activity in the Euryhaline Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis Müller
Authors: Štrojsová Martina , Suga Koushirou , Hagiwara Atsushi , Vrba Jaroslav 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe investigated the nutritional effects of both food quantity and quality on Brachionus plicatilis. Decomposition of particulate and dissolved organic matter by rotifer digestive enzymes play a crucial role in rotifer nutrition. Among other enzymes, rotifers produce phosphatases, non‐specific enzymes that allow for the release of orthophosphate from a variety of organic phosphorus compounds. Phosphatase saturation was measured in B. plicatilis homogenates using the spectrofluorimetric method. We examined population growth rate, reproduction and phosphatase activity in the homogenate of rotifers (PARH) fed by nutrient‐replete algal food supplied at different quantities. Population growth rate, number of eggs per individual and PARH were affected by food quantity. Growth rate and number of eggs per individual significantly increased in rotifers fed by food supplied at the highest quantity. The highest population growth rate was reached by rotifers fed by nutrient‐replete food, while it did not significantly differ between rotifers fed on nitrogen (N)‐depleted and phosphorus (P)‐depleted food. The number of eggs per individual was more affected by N than P supply. PARH and rotifer RNA content were not influenced by different food quality. The results indicate that B. plicatilis is not able to regulate its digestive apparatus in terms of efficiently getting access to essential nutrients when scarce, but do this when nutrient‐replete food is available in different quantity. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microbial Degradation and Preliminary Chemical Characterization of Microcystis Exopolysaccharides from a Cyanobacterial Water Bloom of Lake Taihu
Authors: Li Pengfu , Cai Yuanfeng , Shi Limei , Geng Lanfang , Xing Peng , Yu Yang , Kong Fanxiang , Wang Yujiong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA bloom biomass composed mainly of Microcystis spp. was harvested from Lake Taihu, China. Exopolysaccharides (FEPS, exopolysaccharides from field‐grown Microcystis spp.) were extracted from the bloom mass with 3% glutaraldehyde. FEPS contained 5.4% protein and 6.9% uronic acid (glucuronic acid and galacturonic acid). The neutral sugar composition of FEPS consisted of rhamnose, arabinose, mannose, glucose and galactose in a relative molar ratio of 4.8: 4.2: 2.1: 3.7: 1.0, respectively. The dialyzed FEPS exhibited strong interaction with metal ions. Besides macromineral elements Ca, Mg, Na and K, micromineral elements Zn, Mn, Sr, Fe, Cu and Al were also detected in FEPS. The composition of FEPS is discussed with respect to its possible effects on colony formation, and bioavailability and cycling of metals in the lake. FEPS was able to be degraded rapidly at a rate of 50% in 18 d in the beginning at 25 °C after inoculation of the natural bacterial community from the bloom zone, indicating that FEPS could be recycled in nature. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)