bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal cell loss after an anterior and posterior anastomotic vein occlusion model in rats
Authors: Aydın Keramettin , Çokluk Cengiz , Ayas Bülent , Önger Mehmet Emin , Keskin İlknur , Özyasar Ali , Aslan Hüseyin , Kaplan Süleyman 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEstimation of the cell number after cortical venous ischemia/infarction induced by anterior and posterior anastomotic veins occlusion in a rat model is very important. Twenty male Sprague‐Dawley rats were used in this experiment. Small burr‐holes were made over the anterior (the crossing point of the line drawn from the posterior border of the orbital rim and the line drawn along the para‐midline to the superior sagittal suture) and posterior (just inferior point of the posterior ending of the zygomatic arch) anastomotic veins. Bipolar coagulation technique and micro‐scissor were used to sacrifice the venous vessels after final inspection and description. Specimens were evaluated by histopathological and unbiased stereological methods for microscopic evaluation and volumetric analysis, respectively. Significant cell loss was seen in the pyramidal and granule cells of the cornu ammonis and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus after venous ischemia. Cell loss was also pronounced when seen in the histological examination. The present results suggest that the sacrifice of anterior and posterior anastomotic veins can be used as an experimental rat model in the evaluation of pyramidal and granule cell loss in the hippocampus that often assesses the neural damage inflicted by this intervention.
The Roman Garden
Authors: Lawson James 
Published: June 2011

Aman's character is judged not merely by his public services and his political views but also by his private life and individual interests. Similarly the history of a nation is to be read not only in its military exploits, its constitutional experiments, its art and literature, but also in the social habits and predominant interests of its citizens. Just as a garden mirrors the character of its owner, so the gardens of a nation reflect the character and the degree of advancement of the State. It is no coincidence that the popular garden of the Roman Republic was the simple kitchen garden, while under the Empire pretentious landscape gardens were the vogue. The vitalizing energy of the Republic found an outlet in the productive vegetable plot: the elaborate but sterile gardens of the Empire were symbolic of incipient decay.Until the first century b.c. almost all Roman gardens were cottage gardens. Their plan and culture were governed solely by practical needs. From them the mistress of the house used to replenish her larder and medicine-chest and adorn the family shrine with flowers. Pliny the Elder reminds the luxury-seeking populace of a later date that in the past at Rome a garden was the poor man's estate: it was the only market he had from which to provide himself with food. The prime function of a garden was to make its owner self-sufficient. This self-sufficiency was more easy of attainment in ancient Italy than in more northerly countries, for the diet of the Romans consisted, for the most part, of salads.
Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation for acoustic wave in quantum pair plasmas
Authors: MAHMOOD S. , AKHTAR N. , KHAN S. A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation is derived for two-dimensional propagations of electrostatic solitons in unmagnetized dense pair-plasmas. The reductive perturbation method is employed and two-dimensional electrostatic potential hump structures are obtained. The conditions for a stable two-dimensional solitary structure are discussed using energy consideration method. The numerical results are also presented by considering the parameters for the outer layers of white dwarfs/neutron stars.
Political Capital: Mexican Financial Policy under Salinas
Authors: Kessler Timothy P. 
Published: June 2011

Market reform is advocated in developing countries to improve economic efficiency and prevent privileged groups from obtaining rents from the policy-making process. Yet this prescription fails to address the complex political process that governments are likely to confront when moving toward the market. This study shows how political considerations during President Salinas's administration distorted economic reform in Mexico.During the 1990s Mexican finance policy contradicted the government's declared neoliberal principles. While the banks were reprivatized and deregulated, they were also given a high degree of protection from competition, enabling the new owners to charge excessive interest rates. In addition, the government artificially inflated the value of the currency through exchange-rate intervention. These contradictory policies are best understood as a coherent political response to the electoral vulnerability of the ruling party (PRl) at the end of the 1980s. When viable political opposition threatened the PRl's ability to maintain power, it responded by using financial policies to distribute economic benefits to social groups, particularly business, the middle class, and the poor, whose support was critical for electoral victory.
Distributional Coalitions and the Politics of Economic Reform in Latin America
Authors: Schamis Hector E. 
Published: June 2011

For much of the discipline of economics, a closed economy is seen as the result of efforts of distributional coalitions and rent seekers to maintain sector-specific protections. Accordingly, economic liberalization is explained by the policy consistency of uncompromising reform elites. Students of the politics of economic adjustment in the developing world, in turn, have argued that reform programs concentrate costs in the present and disperse benefits in the future. Hence, losers are prepared to engage in collective action, whereas prospective winners, facing uncertainty about payoffs, remain disorganized. They thus posit the cohesiveness and insularity of policymakers as the main variable for explaining successful reform. Both economists and political scientists, therefore, adopt a collective action approach that overlooks how groups organizein supportof liberalization.In the recent Latin American experience, however, these reforms have preserved market reserves for firms that provided vital political support to, and often colluded with, policymaking elites. This setting has thus reproduced incentives for rent-seeking behavior, even in the presence of comprehensive liberalization. This evidence supports two interrelated theoretical claims. First, distributional coalitions may proliferate when the state withdraws from the economy, not only when it intervenes. Second, interest-based variables retain explanatory power in political economy—which state autonomy arguments disregard—irrespective of whether the economy is closed or open—which neoclassical perspectives overlook. To highlight the centrality of interest groups favoring marketization, therefore, the article suggests modifications to the dominant theories of collective action and the literature on the politics of economic adjustment.
The Modernization of Factionalism in Chinese Politics
Authors: Dittmer Lowell , Wu Yu-Shan 
Published: June 2011

The informal dimension has always been important in Chinese politics, due to a traditional bias against legalism and favoring the sentimentalization of personal qualities. We contend that it remains so still, albeit in altered form. Rather than being oriented solely to personal or in-group security, factionalism in the context of the more secure bureaucratic environment of the reform era has come to embrace policy goals and material interests as well. Thus, informal politics proliferates, and factional fortunes tend tofluctuateaccording to the patterns of China's political business cycle.In the post-Mao era the radical reformers led by Deng Xiaoping have favored rapid growth, even at the expense of stability. The conservatives surrounding Chen Yun consider stability the paramount goal, believing that it should override considerations of growth. The synchronization of reform and business cycles, plus the appearance of periodic social movements whenever the growth rate slumps, makes reformers and conservatives vulnerable to charges of mismanaging the economy for their respective policy preferences. As long as the business, reform, and movement cycles coincide, wide policyfluctuationsdriven by a politics of blame are inevitable.
Reassessing the Three Waves of Democratization
Authors: Doorenspleet Renske 
Published: June 2011

Since the publication of Samuel Huntington's 1991 study of democratization, scholars have come to take for granted the notion that the spread of democracy has come in waves. Although Huntington's work has clearly proved to be an influential study, this article suggests that his analysis is far from compelling. There are two problems embodied in the work. The first is largely conceptual. Huntington's analysis fails to provide a clear and meaningful distinction between democratic and authoritarian regimes because it focuses primarily on what Dahl had defined in 1971 as the dimension of competition and pays insufficient attention to the equally important dimension of inclusion. The second problem is more empirical. Huntington has estimated the incidence of transitions to democracy in terms of thepercentagesof world states involved. Since the denominator in this equation, that is, the number of states in the world, is far from constant, this measure can be misleading. This article proposes solutions to both of these problems, and this new approach leads to conclusions that are quite different from Huntington's.The new findings are important not only because they suggest a somewhat altered sequencing and a more accurate count of democratization waves but also because they cast real doubt on the appropriateness of the wave metaphor. As the reverse waves are not really apparent from these data, these results therefore also indicate that future studies should be cautious in comparing, explaining, and forecasting different “waves” of democratization.
Stable topological transitivity properties of ℝn-extensions of hyperbolic transformations
Authors: MOSS A. , WALKDEN C. P. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe consider ℝn skew-products of a class of hyperbolic dynamical systems. It was proved by Niţică and Pollicott [Transitivity of Euclidean extensions of Anosov diffeomorphisms. Ergod. Th. & Dynam. Sys. 25 (2005), 257–269] that for an Anosov diffeomorphism ϕ of an infranilmanifold Λ there is (subject to avoiding natural obstructions) an open and dense set f:Λ→ℝN for which the skew-product ϕf(x,v)=(ϕ(x),v+f(x)) on Λ×ℝN has a dense orbit. We prove a similar result in the context of an Axiom A hyperbolic flow on an attractor.
On Hilbert dynamical systems
Authors: GLASNER ELI , WEISS BENJAMIN 
Published: June 2011

AbstractReturning to a classical question in harmonic analysis, we strengthen an old result of Walter Rudin. We show that there exists a weakly almost periodic function on the group of integers ℤ which is not in the norm-closure of the algebraB(ℤ) of Fourier–Stieltjes transforms of measures on the dual group$\hat {\mathbb {Z}}=\mathbb {T}$, and which isrecurrent. We also show that there is a Polish monothetic group which is reflexively but not Hilbert representable.
Lifecourse determinants and incomes in retirement: Belgium and the United Kingdom compared
Authors: DEWILDE CAROLINE 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the impact of lifecourse family and labour market experiences on household incomes of older people in Belgium and the United Kingdom (UK) is analysed. To this end, panel data and life-history information from the Panel Study of Belgian Households and the British Household Panel Survey are combined. The results show that old-age income is indeed influenced by previous lifecourse experiences, and that differences between Belgium and the UK can be explained in terms of (the development over time of) welfare regime arrangements. Family experiences have a larger impact on old-age incomes in ‘male-breadwinner’ Belgium, while in Britain labour market events are more important. As social transfers in Britain are more aimed at poverty prevention and less at income replacement, a ‘scarring effect’ of unemployment persists even into old age. Also, the more of one's career is spent in blue-collar work or self-employment/farming, the lower the income in old age. A new finding is that, notwithstanding the high level of ‘de-commodification’ achieved by the Belgian welfare state, this effect turns out to be significantly stronger in Belgium than in the UK. Compared to the market, the welfare state is hence a more efficient ‘mechanism’ of stratification for incomes in old age.
Determinants of household contributions to collective irrigation management: The case of the Doho Rice Scheme in Uganda
Authors: NAKANO YUKO , OTSUKA KEIJIRO 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTIn order to explore the conditions for successful communal irrigation management, this study investigates the determinants of household contributions to the cleaning of irrigation channels and the availability of water. By using household-level data collected in a large-scale gravity irrigation scheme in Uganda, whose management was transferred from the government to the community, we find that household contributions to the cleaning of irrigation channels are determined by the scarcity of irrigation water, the opportunity cost of labor and the private benefit associated with plot size. We also find that the availability of irrigation water increases in the tertiary irrigation canal where the coefficient of variation of plot size is large, which may indicate that farmers of larger plots are particularly active in water management. These findings suggest that farmers are responsive to private benefits and, hence, the support of the government for communities to implement punishment may be effective for successful irrigation management.
Ecological functions and economic value of the Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) in Los Olivitos Estuary, Venezuela
Authors: GIL-WEIR KARINE , WEIR ENRIQUE , CASLER CLARK L. , ANIYAR SARA 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTWe present the ecological functions of cormorants and estimate the economic value of these functions to artisanal fishermen, as a valuation exercise for Neotropic Cormorants at Los Olivitos Estuary, Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. Ecological functions were based on estimating the abundance, distribution and diet of cormorants; economic values were attached to a selection of goods, services and attributes. Based on available information, we selected four ecological–economic functions of cormorants: harvesting for food; contributors to fish diversity; indicators of fish schools; and contributors to fish biomass, due to guano production. Cormorants consumed nine commercial fish species. Mean consumption was 225 g/ind/day. All ecological–economic functions were positive except for the role as contributors to fish biomass. Total value of the cormorant population to fishermen was $5,429,703/year. Unlike many studies, our results show that Neotropic Cormorants have a negligible impact on artisanal fisheries. We emphasize the importance of these results for management policies.
What's in the lunchbox? Dietary behaviour of learners from disadvantaged schools in the Western Cape, South Africa
Authors: Abrahams Zulfa , de Villiers Anniza , Steyn Nelia P , Fourie Jean , Dalais Lucinda , Hill Jillian , Draper Catherine E , Lambert Estelle V 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo identify and describe factors associated with food shop (known as tuck shop in South Africa) and lunchbox behaviours of primary-school learners in South Africa.DesignAnalysis of data collected in 2008 from a cross-sectional survey.SettingSixteen primary schools in the Western Cape, South Africa.SubjectsA total of 717 grade 4 learners aged 10–12 years.ResultsA 24 h recall established that 69 % of learners carried a lunchbox to school and 49 % had consumed at least one item purchased from the school food shop/vendor. Most lunchboxes contained white bread with processed meat, whereas the most frequent food shop/vendor purchase comprised chips/crisps. Learners who carried a lunchbox to school had significantly lower BMI percentiles (P= 0·002) and BMI-for-age (P= 0·034), compared with their counterparts. Moreover, they were younger, had higher standard-of-living and dietary diversity scores, consumed more meals per day, had greater self-efficacy and came from predominantly urban schools, compared with those who did not carry a lunchbox to school. Learners who ate food shop/vendor purchases had a lower standard-of-living score and higher dietary diversity and meal scores. Only 2 % of learners were underweight, whereas 19 % were stunted and 21 % were overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2).ConclusionsChildren who carried a lunchbox to school appeared to have greater dietary diversity, consumed more regular meals, had a higher standard of living and greater nutritional self-efficacy compared with those who did not carry a lunchbox to school.
Characters and growth of admissible representations of reductive p-adic groups
Authors: Meyer Ralf , Solleveld Maarten 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe use coefficient systems on the affine Bruhat–Tits building to study admissible representations of reductive p-adic groups in characteristic not equal to p. We show that the character function is locally constant and provide explicit neighbourhoods of constancy. We estimate the growth of the subspaces of invariants for compact open subgroups.
Algeria, France, Mexico, UNESCO: a transnational history of anti-racism and decolonization, 1932–1962
Authors: Shepard Todd 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTwo crucial terms in discussions about racial or ethnic relations – ‘discrimination’ and ‘integration’ – first appeared in official French documents in the 1950s. They quickly became key references in the government’s pioneering efforts, in response to the Algerian revolution, to recognize the importance and fight against the effects of French racism on ‘Muslim French citizens from Algeria’. This policy was named ‘integrationism’; its premises and measures had overseas inspirations and it was bureaucrats from an international organization who made such policy models available for French adoption. All of this was possible because of transnational networks of social scientists, which included some who helped author them as well as others who studied and wrote about them. More specifically, it was projects and claims from Mexico that provided the most direct references for French integrationist policies and it was through the efforts of UNESCO that French integrationists gained detailed knowledge about them.
The difficult task of predicting the costs of community-based mental health care. A comprehensive case register study
Authors: Donisi V. , Jones J. , Pertile R. , Salazzari D. , Grigoletti L. , Tansella M. , Amaddeo F. 
Published: June 2011

Background.Previous studies have attempted to forecast the costs of mental health care, using clinical and individual variables; the inclusion of ecological measures could improve the knowledge of predictors of psychiatric service utilisation and costs to support clinical and strategic decision-making.Methods.Using a Psychiatric Case Register (PCR), all patients with an ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis, who had at least one contact with community-based psychiatric services in the Verona Health District, Northern Italy, were included in the study (N = 4558). For each patient, one year's total cost of care was calculated by merging service contact data with unit cost estimates and clinical and socio-demographic variables were collected. A socio-economic status (SES) index was developed, as a proxy of deprivation, using census data. Multilevel multiple regression models, considering socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients as well as socioeconomic local characteristics, were estimated to predict costs.Results.The mean annual cost for all patients was 2,606.11 Euros; patients with an ongoing episode of care and with psychosis presented higher mean costs. Previous psychiatric history represented the most significant predictor of cost (36.99%R2increase) and diagnosis was also a significant predictor but explained only 4.96% of cost variance. Psychiatric costs were uniform throughout the Verona Health District and SES characteristics alone contributed towards less than 1% of the cost variance.Conclusions.For all patients of community-based psychiatric services, a comprehensive model, including both patients' individual characteristics and socioeconomic local status, was able to predict 43% of variance in costs of care.
CONNECTING WITH WORK
Authors: Ahmad Akhlaq 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT
This study considers to what extent immigrants’ social networks have acted as important resources that have helped them to connect with employment opportunities during their entire occupational careers in Finland. Adopting a comprehensive job-acquisition model, it offers a detailed investigation into how job information that led to employment is acquired and transmitted, how the jobs themselves are applied for, and in which ways social contacts have played a direct or indirect role in obtaining them. Despite the presence of a well-established nationwide system of public employment agencies in Finland, reliance on predominantly ethnic networks was found to be pervasive among immigrants throughout their employment histories under loose as well as tight job-market conditions. The role of networks was especially vital in the immediate post-immigration period, because as newcomers to the host society, they lacked locally acquired human capital. The empirical observations also suggest, however, that extensive reliance on networks was also a means to circumvent discrimination prevailing in the labour market that discouraged immigrants from seeking employment through formal channels of job information. Discrimination had not only contributed to low occupational attainment of informants by confining them to low-prestige occupations but indirectly also may have led to the structuring of ethnically dominated networks among them. The study suggests that the efforts aimed at creating equal employment opportunities for immigrants are unlikely to bear fruit without successfully combating discrimination and a general change in attitudes towards immigrants in society.
An IFRAME approach for assessing impacts of climate change on fisheries
Authors: Zhang Chang Ik , Hollowed Anne Babcock , Lee Jae-Bong , Kim Do-Hoon 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Zhang, C. I., Hollowed, A. B., Lee, J-B., and Kim, D-H. 2011. An IFRAME approach for assessing impacts of climate change on fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 1318–1328. A new assessment framework is proposed for evaluating the performance of management strategies relative to the goals of an ecosystem approach to management (EAM) under different climate change scenarios. Earlier studies have demonstrated how global climate model simulations from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change can be used to force regional ocean circulation models and forecast regional changes in bottom-up forcing. We extend this approach to assess the ecosystem impacts of resource use and climate change in marine ecosystems, by developing an Integrated Fisheries Risk Analysis Method for Ecosystems (IFRAME) framework. The IFRAME approach tracks climate change impacts on the flow of energy through the planktonic foodweb using NEMURO and projects the implications of these shifts in bottom-up forcing on the fisheries foodweb using Ecopath with Ecosim. Resource management scenarios are developed and incorporated into the projection framework by characterizing the action for changes in fishing mortality or availability of resources. An integrated suite of ecosystem status indicators are proposed to assess the performance of management scenarios relative to the goals of an EAM. These ecosystem status indicators track four key management objectives of the ecosystem: sustainability, biodiversity, habitat quantity, and quality and socio-economic status.