bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child–therapist alliance and clinical outcomes in cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety disorders
Authors: Chiu Angela W. , McLeod Bryce D. , Har Kim , Wood Jeffrey J. 
Published: May 2009

Background:  Few studies have examined the link between child–therapist alliance and outcome in manual‐guided cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for children diagnosed with anxiety disorders. This study sought to clarify the nature and strength of this relation.Methods:  The Therapy Process Observational Coding System for Child Psychotherapy – Alliance scale (TPOCS‐A; McLeod, 2005) was used to assess the quality of the child–therapist alliance. Coders independently rated 123 CBT therapy sessions conducted with 34 children (aged 6–13 years) diagnosed with anxiety disorders. Parents reported on children’s symptomatology at pre‐ mid‐, and post‐treatment.Results:  A stronger child–therapist alliance early in treatment predicted greater improvement in parent‐reported outcomes at mid‐treatment but not post‐treatment. However, improvement in the child–therapist alliance over the course of treatment predicted better post‐treatment outcomes.Conclusions:  The quality of the child–therapist alliance assessed early in treatment may be differentially associated with symptom reduction at mid‐ and post‐treatment. Results underscore the importance of assessing the relation between alliance and outcome over the course of therapy to clarify the role the child–therapist alliance plays in child psychotherapy.
Neurosteroids differentially modulate P2X4ATP‐gated channels through non‐genomic interactions
Authors: Codocedo Juan Francisco , Rodríguez Felipe E. , Huidobro‐Toro Juan Pablo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAs neuroactive steroids modulate several ionotropic receptors, we assessed whether the ATP‐gated currents elicited by P2X4receptors are modulated by these compounds. We transfected HEK293 cells or injectedXenopus laevisoocytes with the cDNA coding for rat P2X4receptor. Application of 0.1–10 μM alfaxolone potentiated within 60‐s the 1 μM ATP‐evoked currents with a maximal potentiation of 1.8 and 2.6‐fold in HEK293 or oocytes cells respectively. Allopregnalolone or 3α, 21‐dihydroxy‐5α‐pregnan‐20‐one (THDOC) also potentiated the ATP‐gated currents but with a maximal effect only averaging 1.25 and 1.35‐fold respectively. In contrast, 0.3–10 μM pregnanolone, but not its sulfated derivative, inhibited the ATP‐gated currents; the maximal inhibition reached 40% in both cell types. THDOC, but not other neurosteroids increased significantly the τoffof the ATP‐evoked currents, revealing another mode of neurosteroid modulation. Sexual steroids such as 17β‐estradiol or progesterone were inactive revealing explicit structural requirements. Alfaxolone or THDOC at concentrations 30‐ to 100‐fold larger than required to modulate the receptor, gated the P2X4receptor eliciting ATP‐like currents that were reduced with suramin or brilliant blue G, but potentiated the P2X4receptor more than 10‐fold by 10 μM zinc. In conclusion, neurosteroids rapidly modulate via non‐genomic mechanisms and with nanomolar potencies, the P2X4 receptor interacting likely at distinct modulator sites.
Calpain activation is not required for AIF translocation in PARP‐1‐dependent cell death (parthanatos)
Authors: Wang Yingfei , Kim No S. , Li Xiaoling , Greer Peter A. , Koehler Raymond C. , Dawson Valina L. , Dawson Ted M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractApoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) is critical for poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1)‐dependent cell death (parthanatos). The molecular mechanism of mitochondrial AIF release to the nucleus remains obscure, although a possible role of calpain I has been suggested. Here we show that calpain is not required for mitochondrial AIF release in parthanatos. Although calpain I cleaved recombinant AIF in a cell‐free system in intact cells under conditions where endogenous calpain was activated by either NMDA or N‐methyl‐N′‐nitro‐N‐nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) administration, AIF was not cleaved, and it was released from mitochondria to the nucleus in its 62‐kDa uncleaved form. Moreover, NMDA administration under conditions that failed to activate calpain still robustly induced AIF nuclear translocation. Inhibition of calpain with calpastatin or genetic knockout of the regulatory subunit of calpain failed to prevent NMDA‐ or MNNG‐induced AIF nuclear translocation and subsequent cell death, respectively, which was markedly prevented by the PARP‐1 inhibitor, 3,4‐dihydro‐5‐[4‐(1‐piperidinyl)butoxyl]‐1(2H)‐iso‐quinolinone. Our study clearly shows that calpain activation is not required for AIF release during parthanatos, suggesting that other mechanisms rather than calpain are involved in mitochondrial AIF release in parthanatos.
Cytological lymph node evaluation in dogs with mast cell tumours: association with grade and survival*
Authors: Krick E. L. , Billings A. P. , Shofer F. S. , Watanabe S. , Sorenmo K. U. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this retrospective cohort study is to describe the association of cytological assessment of lymph node metastasis with survival and tumour grade in dogs with mast cell tumours. Regional lymph node aspirates of 152 dogs diagnosed with a mast cell tumour were reviewed and classified according to specific cytological criteria for staging. 97 dogs (63.8%) had stage I tumours, and 55 (36.2%) had stage II tumours. Stage II dogs had a significantly shorter survival time than dogs with stage I disease (0.8 and 6.2 years, respectively;P< 0.0001). Dogs with grade III mast cell tumours were more likely to have stage II disease (P= 0.004). These results suggest that cytological evaluation of lymph nodes in dogs with mast cell tumours provides useful and valuable clinical information, and the results correlate with tumour grade and outcome thus providing a practical and non‐invasive method for staging.
Long‐term survival in dogs with localized histiocytic sarcoma treated with CCNU as an adjuvant to local therapy*
Authors: Skorupski K. A. , Rodriguez C. O. , Krick E. L. , Clifford C. A. , Ward R. , Kent M. S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHistiocytic sarcoma (HS) is associated with a poor prognosis owing to the presence of metastasis at the time of diagnosis in most dogs. Improved outcome has been reported in several dogs with localized HS following local therapy, however, distant metastasis occurs in 70–91% of dogs suggesting that adjuvant systemic therapy is necessary. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe clinical characteristics and outcome in dogs with localized HS treated with aggressive local therapy plus adjuvant CCNU chemotherapy. Data from 16 dogs were evaluated. The median disease‐free interval was 243 days. Two dogs had local recurrence and eight dogs developed metastatic disease with a median time to relapse of 201 days in these 10 dogs. The median survival time for all 16 dogs was 568 days. These results support the recommendation for aggressive local therapy combined with adjuvant CCNU chemotherapy in dogs with localized HS.
What is behind the presence of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmatic antibodies in chronic liver disease?
Authors: Valentina De Riva , Marilena Celadin , Marina Pittoni , Mario Plebani , Angeli Paolo 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: Anti‐neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA) have been detected in serum from patients affected by autoimmune CLD, and to a lesser extent, in serum of patients affected by non autoimmune CLD. The clinical significance of ANCA in these disorders is still unclear.Aims: To explore the clinical and diagnostic significance of ANCA in CLD.Materials and methods: Forty‐five sera from patients affected by HCV‐ and HBV‐related CLD (group 1), 29 sera from patients affected by alcohol‐related CLD (Group 2) and 33 sera from patients affected by autoimmune‐related liver diseases including chronic autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), (Group 3) have been studied by using IIF and ELISA.Results: A low correspondence between the ANCA positivity obtained by IFI and ELISA was observed. The positivity for at least one ANCA antigen was observed in 60,0% of Group 1, in 44,8% of Group 2 and in 72,7% of Group 3. The relation between the aetiology of the disease and the number of positive ANCA tests in ELISA was not significant. The relation between the MELD score and the number of ANCA positivity in patients with cirrhosis in the autoimmune‐related CLD and in the viral‐related CLD has been investigated. In both Groups a significant worsening of MELD at increasing number of ANCA positivity was found. Moreover in patients without cirrhosis in Group 3 an increase in the ALT and AST activity in patients with at least one ANCA positivity was observed.Conclusions: These data suggest that the finding of ANCA by ELISA is common not only in autoimmune CLD but, also in viral‐related CLD. Patients with autoimmune‐related CLD express more frequently a multiple antigen reactivity as compared to those with viral‐related CLD. The positivity for ANCA might have a prognostic value in patients with viral‐related as well as autoimmune‐related cirrhosis since it is associated with worse MELD score.
A detailed pollen record of vegetation and climate changes in Central China during the past 16 000 years
Authors: ZHU CHENG , MA CHUNMEI , YU SHI‐YONG , TANG LINGYU , ZHANG WENQING , LU XUEFENG 
Published: May 2009

Zhu, C., Ma, C., Yu, S.‐Y., Tang, L., Zhang, W. & Lu, X. 2009: A detailed pollen record of vegetation and climate changes in Central China during the past 16 000 years. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00098.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.Detailed pollen analyses, along with magnetic and loss‐on‐ignition (LOI) measurements, were conducted on a 3 m long peat sequence recovered from the Dajiuhu Basin, the Shennongjia Mountains in Central China. Ten AMS 14C dates provide a firm age control on this pollen record in terms of vegetation changes governed essentially by the rise and fall of the Asian summer monsoon during the past 16 000 years. Between 16 000 and 12 700 cal. yr BP, pollen assemblages were dominated by coniferous and broad‐leaved trees, indicating a mixed forest landscape corresponding to the initial establishment of the monsoonal climate after the Last Glaciation. The progressive increases in percentages of evergreen tree pollen after 12 700 cal. yr BP point to a steady enhancement of the summer monsoon, which was episodically weakened during the Younger Dryas stadial. From 11 000 to 6000 cal. yr BP, values of coniferous and deciduous tree pollen decreased, while evergreen broad‐leaved tree pollen increased substantially, implying a stronger than normal monsoonal climate condition corresponding to the Holocene Hypsithermal Interval. A great reduction in the values of evergreen tree pollen at about 4000 cal. yr BP indicates a sudden retreat of the summer monsoon from this area.
Do Stock Mergers Create Value for Acquirers?
Authors: SAVOR PAVEL G. , LU QI 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper finds support for the hypothesis that overvalued firms create value for long‐term shareholders by using their equity as currency. Any approach centered on abnormal returns is complicated by the fact that the most overvalued firms have the greatest incentive to engage in stock acquisitions. We solve this endogeneity problem by creating a sample of mergers that fail for exogenous reasons. We find that unsuccessful stock bidders significantly underperform successful ones. Failure to consummate is costlier for richly priced firms, and the unrealized acquirer‐target combination would have earned higher returns. None of these results hold for cash bids.
The Price of Correlation Risk: Evidence from Equity Options
Authors: DRIESSEN JOOST , MAENHOUT PASCAL J. , VILKOV GRIGORY 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTWe study whether exposure to marketwide correlation shocks affects expected option returns, using data on S&P100 index options, options on all components, and stock returns. We find evidence of priced correlation risk based on prices of index and individual variance risk. A trading strategy exploiting priced correlation risk generates a high alpha and is attractive for CRRA investors without frictions. Correlation risk exposure explains the cross‐section of index and individual option returns well. The correlation risk premium cannot be exploited with realistic trading frictions, providing a limits‐to‐arbitrage interpretation of our finding of a high price of correlation risk.
The Rule of Three, its Variants and Extensions
Authors: Tuyl Frank , Gerlach Richard , Mengersen Kerrie 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe Rule of Three (R3) states that 3/n is an approximate 95% upper limit for the binomial parameter, when there are no events in n trials. This rule is based on the one‐sided Clopper–Pearson exact limit, but it is shown that none of the other popular frequentist methods lead to it. It can be seen as a special case of a Bayesian R3, but it is shown that among common choices for a non‐informative prior, only the Bayes–Laplace and Zellner priors conform with it. R3 has also incorrectly been extended to 3 being a “reasonable” upper limit for the number of events in a future experiment of the same (large) size, when, instead, it applies to the binomial mean. In Bayesian estimation, such a limit should follow from the posterior predictive distribution. This method seems to give more natural results than—though when based on the Bayes–Laplace prior technically converges with—the method of prediction limits, which indicates between 87.5% and 93.75% confidence for this extended R3. These results shed light on R3 in general, suggest an extended Rule of Four for a number of events, provide a unique comparison of Bayesian and frequentist limits, and support the choice of the Bayes–Laplace prior among non‐informative contenders.
Lack of Oral Care Policies in Toronto Daycares
Authors: Gartsbein Elena , Lawrence Herenia P. , Leake James L. , Stewart Hazel , Kulkarni Gajanan 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objectives: Currently, there is a deficit of information on policies regarding oral hygiene practices in Toronto daycares. It is unknown if any tooth‐brushing programs are in existence and if children are permitted to follow professional advice on oral hygiene. The main objectives of this investigation were to a) determine the prevalence of oral care policies in daycares and b) examine the availability of resources. Methods: Telephone interviews were conducted with daycare supervisors using a pretested questionnaire. Summary statistics and the chi‐square test were used to analyze the results. Results: Two hundred forty‐nine questionnaires were completed (response rate of 99.6 percent), representing 38 percent of the total daycare population (650) in Toronto. Eighty‐three percent did not have a policy on oral care and 11 percent would not cede to requests from parents or medical professionals to brush teeth. However, 50 daycares indicated that their centers used to have a tooth‐brushing program, and most (79 percent) were open to establishing an oral care policy. Fifteen percent reported not having proper sinks for tooth brushing. Conclusions: Many daycares do not have a policy regarding oral hygiene. A policy that encourages and provides guidance on safe tooth‐brushing procedures is needed and may improve the oral health of preschool children.
Relationships Between Caregivers' Responses to Oral Health Screening Questions and Early Childhood Caries
Authors: Roberts Christopher R. , Warren John J. , Weber‐Gasparoni Karin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated relationships between caregiver responses to oral health screening questions and caries in young children. Methods: Two samples of caregivers answered identical eight‐item screening questionnaires about their oral health. One sample included children enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) who were 24 to 42 months of age; the other sample included 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children attending a pediatric dental clinic. Using chi‐square and relative risk, questionnaire findings were related to children's caries history based on clinical caries exams. Results: Questions significantly (P < 0.05) related to children's caries in the older sample included caregivers' poorer rating of their oral health, less frequent dental visits, current or recent caries, and history of tooth loss due to caries. However, only questions pertaining to tooth loss were related to caries in the younger sample. Conclusion: Caregivers' reported loss of teeth due to caries was significantly associated with caries development in their children in both samples, and may be a useful means for early identification of children at high risk.
Complete Edentulism Prior to the Age of 65 Years is Associated with All‐Cause Mortality
Authors: Brown David W. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Purpose: We examine the relationship between complete edentulism prior to the age of 65 years and all‐cause mortality after adjustment for socioeconomic characteristics. Methods: Using data from 41,000 adult participants in the 1986 National Health Interview Survey, with mortality follow‐up data on each cohort member through December 31, 2002 (16 years follow‐up), we estimated the relative odds of all‐cause mortality among adults (age ≥18 years) with complete edentulism prior to the age of 65 years compared with that among those without the condition. Multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression analyses were repeated for complete edentulism at any age. Results: The age‐standardized prevalence of complete edentulism was 12.3 percent [95 percent confidence interval (CI), 12.0‐12.6]. Among persons aged <65 years, the risk of death from all causes was 19 percent for persons with complete edentulism compared to 10 percent for persons without. Compared with those without complete tooth loss, the risk of death from all causes was 1.5 (95 percent CI, 1.3‐1.7) (P < 0.001) times greater for persons with complete edentulism prior to the age of 65 years after multivariable adjustment. Similar results were observed for complete edentulism among persons aged ≥65 years. Conclusions: Complete edentulism prior to the age of 65 years was associated with all‐cause mortality after multivariable adjustment for several socioeconomic characteristics. These results provide further evidence supporting the notion that poor oral health as evidenced by complete edentulism is an important public health issue across the lifespan.
Improved Glycaemic Control with Biphasic Insulin Aspart 30 in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Failing Oral Antidiabetic Drugs: PRESENT Study Results
Authors: Güler Serdar , Sharma Surendra Kumar , Almustafa Majeed , Kim Chong Hwa , Azar Sami , Danciulescu Rucsandra , Shestakova Marina , Khutsoane Duma , Bech Ole Molskov 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTAims.  This paper presents the treatment outcomes for patients intiated on biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) treatment: BIAsp 30‐only, BIAsp 30 + sulphonylureas (SU), BIAsp 30 + biguanides (BI), BIAsp 30 + SU + BI, BIAsp 30 + alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors (GI), and BIAsp 30 + BI + thiazolidinediones (TZD) after failing oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) treatment.Methods.  This was a multi‐national, multi‐centre, six‐month, prospective, open‐labelled, uncontrolled, clinical experience evaluation study, with the exception of a three‐month study in one country (China) (“all exclude China” and “China”). Initiation and discontinuation of BIAsp 30 treatment were entirely at the discretion of the attending physicians.Results.  Mean HbA1c, FPG and PPPG were significantly reduced from baseline at three and six months in all groups (P < 0.001). In “all exclude China”, reductions in mean HbA1c, FPG and PPPG at six months were as follows: BIAsp 30‐only group (−2.12 ± 1.76% points; −4.82 ± 3.86 mmol/L; −6.89 ± 4.74 mmol/L), BIAsp 30 + BI group (−2.24 ± 1.77% points; −4.48 ± 3.68 mmol/L; −6.66 ± 4.55 mmol/L), BIAsp 30 + SU group (−1.95 ± 1.59% points; −3.98 ± 3.19 mmol/L; −6.25 ± 4.45 mmol/L) and BIAsp 30 + SU + BI group (−1.78 ± 1.20% points; −3.57 ± 2.78 mmol/L; −5.89 ± 3.98 mmol/L). The only serious adverse drug reaction was reported by the BIAsp 30‐only group. In the “China” group, reductions in mean HbA1c, FPG and PPPG at three months were: BIAsp 30‐only group (−2.16 ± 1.52% points; −3.34 ± 2.49 mmol/L; −6.29 ± 3.92 mmol/L), BIAsp 30 + BI group (−2.44 ± 1.52% points; −4.01 ± 2.50 mmol/L; −7.10 ± 3.96 mmol/L), BIAsp 30 + GI group (−2.33 ± 1.41% points; −4.34 ± 2.52 mmol/L; −7.97 ± 3.99 mmol/L) and BIAsp 30 + BI + TZD group (−1.21 ± 1.60% points; −3.50 ± 2.29 mmol/L; −5.97 ± 3.39 mmol/L). No serious ADR were reported in China. The most frequent hypoglycaemic episodes were diurnal and minor in nature.Conclusions.  BIAsp 30 treatment in a clinical setting improved glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes patients failing OADs.
Advancing ecological understandings through technological transformations in noninvasive genetics
Authors: BEJA‐PEREIRA ALBANO , OLIVEIRA RITA , ALVES PAULO C. , SCHWARTZ MICHAEL K. , LUIKART GORDON 
Published: May 2009

AbstractNoninvasive genetic approaches continue to improve studies in molecular ecology, conservation genetics and related disciplines such as forensics and epidemiology. Noninvasive sampling allows genetic studies without disturbing or even seeing the target individuals. Although noninvasive genetic sampling has been used for wildlife studies since the 1990s, technological advances continue to make noninvasive approaches among the most used and rapidly advancing areas in genetics. Here, we review recent advances in noninvasive genetics and how they allow us to address important research and management questions thanks to improved techniques for DNA extraction, preservation, amplification and data analysis. We show that many advances come from the fields of forensics, human health and domestic animal health science, and suggest that molecular ecologists explore literature from these fields. Finally, we discuss how the combination of advances in each step of a noninvasive genetics study, along with fruitful areas for future research, will continually increase the power and role of noninvasive genetics in molecular ecology and conservation genetics.