bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions: UK school-based
population study
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Scott Fiona J. , Allison Carrie , Williams Joanna , Bolton Patrick , Matthews Fiona E. , Brayne Carol 
Published: May 2009

BackgroundRecent reports estimate the prevalence of autism-spectrum conditions in
the UK to be 1%.AimsTo use different methods to estimate the prevalence of autism-spectrum
conditions, including previously undiagnosed cases, in
Cambridgeshire.MethodWe carried out a survey of autism-spectrum conditions using the Special
Educational Needs (SEN) register. A diagnosis survey was distributed to
participating schools to be handed out to parents of all children aged
5–9 years. The mainstream primary school population was screened for
unknown cases.ResultsThe prevalence estimates generated from the SEN register and diagnosis
survey were 94 per 10 000 and 99 per 10 000 respectively. A total of 11
children received a research diagnosis of an autism-spectrum condition
following screening and assessment. The ratio of known:unknown cases is
about 3:2 (following statistical weighting procedures). Taken together,
we estimate the prevalence to be 157 per 10 000, including previously
undiagnosed cases.ConclusionsThis study has implications for planning diagnostic, social and health
services.
Prenatally Induced Changes in Muscle Structure and Metabolic Function Facilitate Exercise-Induced Obesity Prevention
Authors: Huber Korinna , Miles Jennifer L. , Norman Amy M. , Thompson Nichola M. , Davison Michael , Breier Bernhard H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Effective regulation of energy metabolism is vital for the maintenance of optimal health, and an inability to make these dynamic adjustments is a recognized cause of obesity and metabolic disorders. Epidemiological and experimental studies have highlighted the role of prenatal factors in the disease process, and it is now generally accepted that maternal nutrition during pregnancy significantly influences intrauterine development, shaping postnatal health. Consequences of impaired nutrition during fetal development include intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and subsequent obesity development in adult life. We have previously shown that prenatal undernutrition has a lasting effect on behavior, with IUGR offspring expressing a higher preference for voluntary exercise, and moderate daily exercise preventing obesity development. The present study investigated skeletal muscle structure in IUGR offspring and how moderate daily exercise drives changes in metabolic pathways that promote obesity prevention. Pregnant Wistar rats were either fed chow ad libitum or undernourished, generating control or IUGR offspring respectively. Although red muscle structure indicated higher oxidative capacity in IUGR offspring, obesity prevention was not due to increased fatty acid oxidation, indicated by decreased peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1 and carnitine-palmitoyltransferase 1 expression. In contrast, increased protein kinase Cζ expression and glycogen content in white muscle of exercised IUGR offspring suggests an enhanced capacity for anaerobic utilization of glucose. Furthermore, exercise-induced lactate accumulation was effectively prevented by stimulation of a lactate shuttle, driven by the increases in monocarboxylate transporters-4 and -1 in white muscle. This enhanced metabolic flexibility in IUGR offspring may facilitate muscle contractile performance and therefore support moderate daily exercise for effective obesity prevention.
The regulatory role of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in pulsatile urea excretion of the gulf toadfish,Opsanus beta
Authors: Rodela Tamara M. , McDonald M. Danielle , Walsh Patrick J. , Gilmour Kathleen M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYGulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, are one among a group of unusual teleosts that excrete urea as their predominant nitrogen end product in response to stressful conditions. Under conditions of crowding or confinement,fasted toadfish excrete the majority of their nitrogen waste in large pulses of urea (&gt;90% of total nitrogen) lasting up to 3 h. An earlier study demonstrated that cortisol has an inhibitory influence on urea pulse size. The present study tested the hypothesis that cortisol mediates changes in urea pulse size in ureotelic toadfish through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and not the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). In vivo pharmacological investigations were used to manipulate the corticosteroid system in crowded toadfish, including experimentally lowering plasma cortisol levels by the injection of metyrapone, blocking cortisol receptors through exposure to either RU-486 (GR antagonist) and spironolactone (MR antagonist), or through exogenous infusion of the tetrapod mineralocorticoid aldosterone (tetrapod MR agonist). The data demonstrate that lowering the activity of cortisol, either by inhibiting its synthesis or by blocking its receptor, resulted in a two- to threefold increase in pulse size with no accompanying change in pulse frequency. Treatment with spironolactone elicited a minor (∼1.5-fold)reduction in pulse size, as did aldosterone treatment, suggesting that the anti-mineralocorticoid spironolactone has an agonistic effect in a piscine system. In summary, the evidence suggests that urea transport mechanisms in pulsing toadfish are upregulated in response to low cortisol, mediated primarily by GRs, and to a lesser extent MRs.
Larval nutrition affects life history traits in a capital breeding moth
Authors: Colasurdo Nadia , Gélinas Yves , Despland Emma 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY
Fitness depends not only on resource uptake but also on the allocation of these resources to various life history functions. This study explores the life-history consequences of larval diet in terms not only of larval performance but also of adult body composition and reproductive traits in the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hübner). Caterpillars were reared on their preferred tree host, trembling aspen(Populus tremuloides), or on one of three artificial foods: high protein:low carbohydrate, equal protein-to-carbohydrate ratio or low protein:high carbohydrate. Survivorship, larval development rate and adult body size were lowest on the carbohydrate-biased diet and similar on the protein-biased and equal-ratio diets. Fecundity increased with body size but did not otherwise differ between diets. Moths reared on the carbohydrate-biased diet allocated a lower proportion of their mass to the ovaries and more to somatic growth whereas those on equal-ratio and protein-biased diets allocated more to reproductive tissue and less to somatic tissue. These differences in allocation to reproduction arose from differences in the size of eggs, an index of offspring quality. No differences were found in lipid and protein content of female ovaries, accessory glands or somatic tissue, or of the whole body of male moths. The findings show that physiological processes regulate the composition of the different components of the adult body. Diet effects occur as differences in overall body size and in relative allocation to these components. Although lepidopterans can, to a large extent, compensate post-ingestively for nutritionally deficient diets,investment in reproduction vs somatic growth depends on the nutrients available.
Weight‐Based Dosing of Enoxaparin in Obese Patients with Non‐ST‐Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Results from the CRUSADE Initiative
Authors: Spinler Sarah A. , Ou Fang‐Shu , Roe Matthew T. , Gibler W. Brian , Ohman E. Magnus , Pollack Charles V. , Alexander Karen P. , Peterson Eric D. 
Published: May 2009

Study Objective. To evaluate how enoxaparin is dosed in contemporary clinical practice as a function of patients' total body weight (TBW) and body mass index (BMI), and to determine any association between dose and major bleeding.Design. Retrospective cohort study.Data Source. The Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation of the American College of Cardiology‐American Heart Association Guidelines (CRUSADE) national quality improvement initiative database.Patients. A total of 19,061 patients enrolled in the CRUSADE initiative between January 1, 2004, and March 31, 2006, who received enoxaparin for the initial treatment of non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes.Measurements and Main Results. Demographic and clinical data, enoxaparin doses, and frequency of major bleeding unrelated to coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery were compared among patient groups stratified by TBW (≤ 100, 101–120, 121–150, and > 150 kg). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) of major bleeding unrelated to CABG surgery were calculated with each dose increase of 0.25 mg/kg stratified by BMI (< 18.5, 18.5–24.9, 25.0–29.9, and ≥ 30 kg/m2), as well as for patients receiving a reduced dose (< 0.95 mg/kg) compared with those receiving a recommended dose (0.95‐1.05 mg/kg), stratified by TBW. An inverse association was noted between enoxaparin dose and patient weight. Median initial doses were 1 mg/kg in those weighing 100 kg or less, 0.96 mg/kg in those 101–120 kg, 0.92 mg/kg in those 121–150 kg, and 0.65 mg/kg in those weighing more than 150 kg (p<0.0001 for ≤ 100 kg vs > 150 kg). Up to 80% of patients weighing more than 150 kg received an initial enoxaparin dose below the recommended dose. In contrast to patients with normal body weight, those weighing more than 150 kg who received a recommended dose of enoxaparin had a higher bleeding risk relative to those who received a lower dose (adjusted OR 2.42, 95% confidence interval 0.70‐8.37).Conclusion. Clinicians tend to use reduced weight‐based doses of enoxaparin in overweight and obese patients. Although data are limited, use of the recommended enoxaparin dose of 1 mg/kg is associated with a higher bleeding risk in those weighing more than 150 kg. Thus, further study of enoxaparin dosing in very obese patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes is warranted.
A Biographical Portrait of Edward Hartley Angle, the First Specialist in Orthodontics, Part 1
Authors: Peck Sheldon 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Much of what is known about Edward Hartley Angle, MD, DDS (1855–1930), the acknowledged “father” of modern orthodontics, has been derived from secondary sources, accounts written by his contemporaries and others. New historical research using primary sources, largely the recently published four-volume sourcebook of Angle's correspondence and business transactions from 1899 to 1910, gives a broad view of the personality, interests, and activities of this prime mover in the evolution of orthodontics. This three-part article highlights aspects of Edward H. Angle's life and persona, based on new findings culled from his letters and other personal documents. Part 3 presents a biographical chronology of Angle's remarkable life.
Opinions of American and Swedish Orthodontists about the Role of Erupting Third Molars as a Cause of Dental Crowding
Authors: Tüfekçi E. , Svensk D. , Kallunki J. , Huggare J. , Lindauer S. J. , Laskin D. M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective: To compare the opinions of Swedish orthodontists and American orthodontists regarding the association between third molar eruption and dental crowding.
Materials and Methods: A survey was distributed to Swedish orthodontists (n = 230) asking their views on the force exerted by erupting third molars, its relationship to crowding, and their recommendations for prophylactic removal. Results were compared with those from a similar study conducted in the United States. Chi square analysis was used to determine differences in responses to questions between Swedish and American orthodontists. P ≤ .05 was considered significant.
Results: Both Swedish and American orthodontists believed that lower third molars were more likely than upper third molars to cause force (65% and 58% for Swedish and American orthodontists, respectively) and crowding (42% and 40%, respectively). No statistically significant differences were seen between the answers of American and Swedish orthodontists regarding the role of upper and lower third molars in causing crowding. Although only 18% of Swedish orthodontists “generally” or “sometimes” recommended prophylactic removal of mandibular third molars, 36% of American orthodontists “generally” or “sometimes” recommended removal (P &lt; .0001).
Conclusions: Most orthodontists in the United States and Sweden do believe that erupting lower third molars exert an anterior force; however, they also believe that these teeth “rarely” or “never” cause crowding of the dentition. The reason that more American orthodontists recommend prophylactic removal of mandibular third molars remains unexplained.
Deep brain stimulation of the subcallosal cingulate gyrus for depression: anatomical location of active contacts in clinical responders and a suggested guideline for targeting
Authors: Hamani Clement , Mayberg Helen , Snyder Brian , Giacobbe Peter , Kennedy Sidney , Lozano Andres M. 
Published: May 2009

Object
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subcallosal cingulate gyrus (SCG), including Brodmann area 25, is currently being investigated for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). As a potential emerging therapy, optimal target selection within the SCG has still to be determined. The authors compared the location of the electrode contacts in responders and nonresponders to DBS of the SCG and correlated the results with clinical outcome to help in identifying the optimal target within the region. Based on the location of the active contacts used for long-term stimulation in responders, the authors suggest a standardized method of targeting the SCG in patients with MDD.

Methods
Postoperative MR imaging studies of 20 patients with MDD treated with DBS of the SCG were analyzed. The authors assessed the location of the active contacts relative to the midcommissural point and in relation to anatomical landmarks within the medial aspect of the frontal lobe. For this, a grid with 2 main lines was designed, with 1 line in the anterior-posterior and 1 line in the dorsal-ventral axis. Each of these lines was divided into 100 units, and data were converted into percentages. The anterior-posterior line extended from the anterior commissure (AC) to the projection of the anterior aspect of the corpus callosum (CCa). The dorsal-ventral line extended from the inferior portion of the CC (CCi) to the most ventral aspect of the frontal lobe (abbreviated “Fr” for the formula).

Results
Because the surgical technique did not vary across patients, differences in stereotactic coordinates between responders and nonresponders did not exceed 1.5 mm in any axis (x, y, or z). In patients who responded to the procedure, contacts used for long-term stimulation were in close approximation within the SCG. In the anterior-posterior line, these contacts were located within a 73.2 ± 7.7 percentile distance from the AC (with the AC center being 0% and the line crossing the CCa being 100%). In the dorsal-ventral line, active contacts in responders were located within a 26.2 ± 13.8 percentile distance from the CCi (with the CCi edge being 0% and the Fr inferior limit being 100%). In the medial-lateral plane, most electrode tips were in the transition between the gray and white matter of SCG.

Conclusions
Active contacts in patients who responded to DBS were relatively clustered within the SCG. Because of the anatomical variability in the size and shape of the SCG, the authors developed a method to standardize the targeting of this region.
Functional characterization of three single‐nucleotide polymorphisms present in the human APOE promoter sequence: Differential effects in neuronal cells and on DNA–protein interactions
Authors: Maloney Bryan , Ge Yuan‐Wen , Petersen Ronald C. , Hardy John , Rogers Jack T. , Pérez‐Tur Jordi , Lahiri Debomoy K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractVariations in levels of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) have been tied to the risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our group has previously compared and contrasted the promoters of the mouse and human ApoE gene (APOE) promoter sequences and found notable similarities and significant differences that suggest the importance of the APOE promoter's role in the human disease. We examine here three specific single‐nucleotide polymorphisms within the human APOE promoter region, specifically at −491 (A/T), −427 (T/C), and at −219 (G/T) upstream from the +1 transcription start site. The −219 and −491 polymorphic variations have significant association with instance of AD, and −491AA has significant risk even when stratified for the APOEε4 allele. We also show significant effects on reporter gene expression in neuronal cell cultures, and, notably, these effects are modified by species origin of the cells. The −491 and −219 polymorphisms may have an interactive effect in addition to any independent activity. DNA–protein interactions differ between each polymorphic state. We propose SP1 and GATA as candidates for regulatory control of the −491 and −219 polymorphic sites. This work's significance lies in drawing connection among APOE promoter polymorphisms' associations with AD to functional promoter activity differences and specific changes in DNA–protein interactions in cell culture‐based assays. Taken together, these results suggest that APOE expression levels are a risk factor for AD irrespective of APOEε4 allele status. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
[Al4(OH)2(OCH3)4(H2N‐bdc)3]⋅x H2O: A 12‐Connected Porous Metal–Organic Framework with an Unprecedented Aluminum‐Containing Brick
Authors: Ahnfeldt Tim , Guillou Nathalie , Gunzelmann Daniel , Margiolaki Irene , Loiseau Thierry , Férey Gérard , Senker Jürgen , Stock Norbert 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOktamere Bausteine, die durch organische Liganden zu einem 12er‐Netz verbunden sind, kennzeichnen das vorgestellte stabile Aluminiumaminoterephthalat (siehe Bild). Die Struktur weist eine kubisch‐innenzentrierte Packung auf, in der oktamere Einheiten individuelle Atome ersetzen und dabei verzerrte oktaedrische (rote Kugel) und tetraedrische Käfige (grüne Kugeln) mit effektiven zugänglichen Durchmessern von 1 bzw. 0.45 nm bilden.magnified image
Quality of information in academic e‐mailing lists
Authors: Matzat Uwe 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe article analyzes how researchers evaluate the quality of information in Internet e‐mailing lists and whether the embeddedness of academic e‐mailing lists in offline networks of a scientific community is related to it. The idea is that embeddedness gives researchers more opportunities to build up a reputation through contributing high‐quality information to the group. Survey and archive data are used to test hypotheses about the effects of offline networks in 47 academic e‐mailing lists used by a random sample of university researchers. Results indicate that the information in embedded online groups is regarded as more valuable than in purely virtual groups.
Functional characterization of mesenchymal stem cells labeled with a novel PVP‐coated superparamagnetic iron oxide
Authors: Reddy Alavala Matta , Kwak Byung Kook , Shim Hyung Jin , Ahn Chiyoung , Cho Sun Hang , Kim Byung Jin , Jeong Sang Young , Hwang Sung‐Joo , Yuk Soon Hong 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging of cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) could be a valuable tool for tracking transplanted cells in living organisms. Human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMMSC) were labeled with a novel polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP)‐coated SPIO. Prussian blue staining and electron microscopy revealed that almost all of the cells were efficiently labeled with PVP–SPIO nanoparticles. There were no signs of cytotoxicity, even at concentrations of up to 1600 µg Fe/ml of the nanoparticles, and the labeled cells were successfully visualized by in vitro cellular MRI. In addition, there was no significant alteration of the phenotype or the adipo/osteo/chondrogenic differentiation potential of the cells. This was in contrast to Feridex IV labeling that led to the inhibition of hBMMSC chondrogenesis. Following intramuscular injection in a rabbit hind limb ischemia model, the intercellular migration of the labeled cells toward the ablated site was clearly tracked through in vivo MRI. The localization of the transplanted cells observed by MRI correlated well with postmortem histological studies. These results demonstrate that the novel PVP–SPIO nanoparticles appear to be efficient MR contrast agents and may enable non‐invasive in vivo tracking of stem cells in experimental and clinical settings during cell therapy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, Structures, and Catalytic Ethylene Oligomerization Behaviors of Bis(phosphanyl)aminenickel(II) Complexes Containing N‐Functionalized Pendant Groups
Authors: Song Keming , Gao Haiyang , Liu Fengshou , Pan Jin , Guo Lihua , Zai Shaobo , Wu Qing 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSeveral N‐functionalized bis(phosphanyl)amine ligands respectively containing benzyl, furfuryl, thiophene‐2‐methyl, thiophene‐2‐ethyl, and 2‐picolyl groups (1a–e) were synthesized and characterized. The ligands reacted with (DME)NiBr2 in CH2Cl2 to give their corresponding nickel complexes [Ph2PN(R)PPh2NiBr2] [R = CH2C6H5 (2a), CH2C4H3O (2b), CH2C4H3S (2c), CH2C5H4N (2d), and CH2CH2C4H3S (2e)]. The structures of these complexes were established by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. All these nickel complexes were highly active towards ethylene oligomerization in the presence of methylaluminoxane or Et2AlCl, producing a high content of butene (C4). Especially for 2e, which contains a thiophene‐2‐ethyl pendant group, the oligomerization products obtained at –40 °C contained 95.9 mol‐% C4 fraction with 100 mol‐% 1‐butene. Over 50 °C, however, these nickel complexes underwent Friedel–Crafts alkylation of toluene with ethylene and the olefin oligomers.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐8‐azachromans and 3‐Amino‐7‐azabenzofurans via Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Badarau Eduard , Suzenet Franck , Fînaru Adriana‐Luminiţa , Guillaumet Gérald 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of 3‐amino‐8‐azachromans and 3‐amino‐7‐azabenzofurans derivatives is reported. The synthetic strategy is based on an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder approach, which employs 1,2,4‐triazines that are judiciously substituted with amino alkynols. This approach permits the variation of the substituent on the aromatic core and on the amine moiety, as well as of the size of the nonaromatic ring.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Discussion of Campanile trevorjacksoni sp. nov. (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Eocene of Jamaica—at last, a name for the first fossil used in intercontinental biostratigraphic correlation (de la Beche 1827): (v. 43, p. 542–551)
Authors: Mitchell Simon F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPortell and Donovan (Campanile trevorjacksoni sp.nov. (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Eocene of Jamaica: at last, a name for the first fossil used in intercontinental biostratigraphic correlation (de la Beche 1827). Geological Journal 43: 542–551) described the gastropod Campanile trevorjacksoni from the Eocene of Jamaica suggesting it was equivalent to the specimen figured by de la Beche in 1827. The publication date of de la Beche's paper is questioned and has to be equated with 1829. Portell and Donovan suggested that this species was the first use for intercontinental correlation. De la Beche's paper of 1830 however indicates that he was neither convinced of the biostratigraphic correlation or his lithological correlations of the rocks of Jamaica with those in Europe. De la Beche's specimen came from the Chapelton Formation (Bartonian), whereas Portell and Donovan's specimen was from the Stettin Formation (Early Lutetian). The specimens are therefore neither from the same formation or of the same age, and they may represent different species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.