bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Knoevenagel and Domino Knoevenagel/Michael Reactions Using Gel‐Entrapped Base Catalysts
Authors: Shinde Shital , Rashinkar Gajanan , Kumbhar Arjun , Kamble Santosh , Salunkhe Rajashri 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn efficient method for Knoevenagel condensation of arenecarbaldehydes with active methylene compounds such as barbituric acid and Meldrum's acid in the presence of gel‐entrapped base catalysts is reported. The method has been extended to the one‐pot synthesis of arylmethylene‐bis[3‐hydroxycyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one] derivatives from dimedone (=5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,3‐dione) and arenecarbaldehydes by using domino Knoevenagel/Michael reaction sequence.
Interconversion of cis‐ and trans‐Fused Oxabicyclo[5.2.0]nonan‐2‐ones
Authors: Schmidt Kerstin , Margaretha Paul 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOn irradiation (350 nm) in the presence of alkenes (2,3‐dimethylbut‐2‐ene, 1,1‐dimethoxyethene, and 2,4,4‐trimethylpent‐1‐ene), benzoxepinone 1 and dioxepinone 2 are converted into mixtures of cis‐ and trans‐fused oxabicyclo[5.2.0]nonan‐2‐ones. Their relative thermodynamic stabilities (as reflected by the observed diastereoisomer ratios after equilibration with basic alumina) depend on the substitution pattern of the alkene moiety.
Calculating the macrodispersion coefficient of the ensemble averaged solute transport equation in the discrete domain
Authors: Haltas I. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRecognizing the spatial heterogeneity of hydraulic parameters, many researchers have studied the solute transport by both groundwater and channel flow in a stochastic framework. One of the methodologies used to up‐scale the stochastic solute transport equation, from a point‐location scale to a grid scale, is the cumulant expansion method combined with the calculus for the time‐ordered exponential and the calculus for the Lie operator. When the point‐location scale transport equation is scaled up to the grid scale, using the cumulant expansion method, a new dispersion coefficient emerges in the dispersive term of the solute transport equation in addition to the molecular dispersion coefficient. This velocity driven dispersion is called ‘macrodispersion’. The macrodispersion coefficient is the integral function of the time‐ordered covariance of the random velocity field. The integral is calculated over a Lagrangian trajectory of the flow. The Lagrangian trajectory depends on the following: (i) the spatial origin of the particle; (ii) the time when the macrodispersion is calculated; and (iii) the mean velocity field along the trajectory itself. The Lagrangian trajectory is a recursive function of time because the location of the particle along the trajectory at a particular time depends on the location of the particle at the previous time. This recursive functional form of the Lagrangian trajectory makes the calculation of the macrodispersion coefficient difficult. Especially for the unsteady, spatially non‐stationary, non‐uniform flow field, the macrodispersion coefficient is a highly complex expression and, so far, calculated using numerical methods in the discrete domains. Here, an analytical method was introduced to calculate the macrodispersion coefficient in the discrete domain for the unsteady and steady, spatially non‐stationary flow cases accurately and efficiently. This study can fill the gap between the theory of the ensemble averaged solute transport model and its numerical implementations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculating actual crop evapotranspiration under soil water stress conditions with appropriate numerical methods and time step
Authors: Shang Songhao 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCalculation of actual crop evapotranspiration under soil water stress conditions is crucial for hydrological modeling and irrigation water management. Results of actual evapotranspiration depend on the estimation of water stress coefficient from soil water storage in the root zone, which varies with numerical methods and time step used. During soil water depletion periods without irrigation or precipitation, the actual crop evapotranspiration can be calculated by an analytical method and various numerical methods. We compared the results from several commonly used numerical methods, including the explicit, implicit and modified Euler methods, the midpoint method, and the Heun's third‐order method, with results of the analytical method as the bench mark. Results indicate that relative errors of actual crop evapotranspiration calculated with numerical methods in one time step are independent of the initial soil water storage in the range of soil water stress. Absolute values of relative error decrease with the order of numerical methods. They also decrease with the number of time step, which can ensure the numerical stability of successive simulation of soil water balance. Considering the calculation complexity and calculation errors caused by numerical approximation for different time step and maximum crop evapotranspiration, the explicit Euler method is recommended for the time step of 1 day (d) or 2 d for maximum crop evapotranspiration less than 5 mm/d, the midpoint method or the modified Euler method for the time step of up to one week or 10 d for maximum crop evapotranspiration less than 5 mm/d, and the Heun's third‐order method for the time step of up to 15 d. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preferential Trade Agreements Between the Monetary Community of Central Africa and the European Union: Stumbling or Building Blocks? A General Equilibrium Approach
Authors: Ngeleza Guyslain K. , Muhammad Andrew 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper uses a computable general equilibrium approach to simulate two opposing views describing regional trade agreements either as building blocks for or stumbling blocks to multilateral trade liberalisation. This study focuses on the regional trade agreement between the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC) and the European Union (EU). Results show that, although a regional trade agreement may slightly raise welfare among the members of the agreement, the cost to nonmembers can be high. The regional breakdown in our design considers 14 regions, allowing for country‐specific analysis for one least‐developed country (Democratic Republic of Congo) and one non‐least‐developed country (Cameroon). Multilateral liberalisation amplifies welfare gain for Cameroon. The Democratic Republic of Congo, with its weaker institutional capacity, is affected negatively. An EU‐CEMAC regional free trade agreement without multilateralism produces gains for both Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Failure characteristics of the isolated distal radius in response to dynamic impact loading
Authors: Burkhart Timothy A. , Andrews David M. , Dunning Cynthia E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe examined the mechanical response of the distal radius pre‐fracture and at fracture under dynamic impact loads. The distal third of eight human cadaveric radii were potted and placed in a custom designed pneumatic impact system. The distal intra‐articular surface of the radius rested against a model scaphoid and lunate, simulating 45° of wrist extension. The scaphoid and lunate were attached to a load cell that in turn was attached to an impact plate. Impulsive impacts were applied at increasing energy levels, in 10 J increments, until fracture occurred. Three 45° stacked strain gauge rosettes were affixed along the length of the radius quantifying the bone strains. The mean (SD) fracture energy was 45.5 (16) J. The mean (SD) resultant impact reaction force (IRFr) at failure was 2,142 (1,229) N, resulting in high compressive strains at the distal (2,718 (1,698) µε) and proximal radius (3,664 (1,890) µε). We successfully reproduced consistent fracture patterns in response to dynamic loads. The fracture energy and forces reported here are lower and the strains are higher than those previously reported and can likely be attributed to the controlled, incremental, dynamic nature of the applied loads. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:885–892, 2012
Impact of the extraction procedure on the kinetics of anthocyanin and colour degradation of roselle extracts during storage
Authors: Cisse Mady , Vaillant Fabrice , Kane Ale , Ndiaye Oumoule , Dornier Manuel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The stability of anthocyanins and colour of aqueous extracts from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) was investigated during storage at 4–45 °C. The effect of the extraction procedure (cold or hot extraction with or without pasteurisation) on the kinetic behaviour was determined.RESULTS: Data analysis showed first‐order kinetics for the evolution of anthocyanin content, colour density, colour strength and browning index. Three models (Arrhenius, Eyring and Ball) were used to represent the temperature dependence of the reaction rates. The three models allowed the prediction of colour modifications according to the storage temperature over 6 months. Activation energies ranged from 22 to 26 kJ mol−1 for anthocyanin degradation and from 18 to 34 kJ mol−1 for colour parameter modification. The degradation rate during storage depended on the extraction procedure. When heated, the extracts were clearly less stable. Their colour changed faster during storage especially when hot water and pasteurisation were used.CONCLUSION: Although the anthocyanin content and initial colour were not modified, the extraction conditions, especially temperature, greatly affected the stability of the extracts during storage. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms involved. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Composition of milk from minor dairy animals and buffalo breeds: a biodiversity perspective
Authors: Medhammar Elinor , Wijesinha‐Bettoni Ramani , Stadlmayr Barbara , Nilsson Emma , Charrondiere Ute Ruth , Burlingame Barbara 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA comprehensive review is presented of the nutrient composition for buffalo, mare, and dromedary camel milks at the level of breed, and species‐level data for yak, mithun, musk ox, donkey, Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca, reindeer and moose milks. Average values of nutrients were calculated and compared. Interspecies values (g 100 g−1) were 0.7–16.1 for total fat, 1.6–10.5 for protein, 2.6–6.6 for lactose, and 67.9–90.8 for water. Reindeer and moose milks had the highest fat and protein concentrations and the lowest lactose contents. Mare and donkey milks had the lowest protein and fat contents, in addition to showing the most appropriate fatty acid profile for human nutrition. Dromedary camel milk was most similar to cow milk in proximate composition. Moose milk was the richest in minerals, having values as high as 358 mg 100 g−1 for calcium, 158 mg 100 g−1 for sodium and 150 mg 100 g−1 for phosphorus. Interbreed differences of 4 g 100 g−1 were observed in total fat in buffalo, yak, mare and dromedary camel milks. Large interbreed differences were also present in the mineral contents in mare, buffalo and dromedary camel milks. By bringing together these compositional data, we hope to usefully widen the biodiversity knowledge base, which may contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of milk from underutilized dairy breeds and species, and to improved food and nutrition security, particularly in developing countries. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
The prevalence and some metabolic traits of Brochothrix thermosphacta in meat and meat products packaged in different ways
Authors: Nowak Agnieszka , Rygala Anna , Oltuszak‐Walczak Elzbieta , Walczak Piotr 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The effect of Brochothrix thermosphacta on the quality of meat and meat products is of vital importance in connection with Regulation EC/178/2002 extending the definition of unsafe foodstuffs to encompass all those which are unfit for human consumption. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of B. thermosphacta in meat and meat products packaged under different conditions and to estimate the effect of B. thermosphacta strains on product quality based on their protein and lipid degradation activity.RESULTS: B. thermosphacta was absent in only two of 132 samples. All other samples were contaminated with this bacterium (101 to 109cfu g−1 meat and 102 to 108cfu g−1meat product). In products stored under high‐oxygen atmosphere Brochothrix cells accounted for almost 100% total mesophilic count (TMC) and below 50% TMC in oxygen‐free atmosphere. While the tested B. thermosphacta strains did not show any proteolytic activity, most of them displayed lipolytic activity at 25 °C and some even at 4 °C.CONCLUSION: B. thermosphacta is commonly present in meat and meat products packaged in different ways. This bacterium can display lipolytic activity also at refrigeration temperature. Its over‐proliferation can be inhibited through vacuum packaging or packaging under a modified atmosphere with reduced oxygen content. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Enlightening the past: Analytical proof for the use of Pistacia exudates in ancient Egyptian embalming resins
Authors: Nicholson Tim M. , Gradl Manuela , Welte Beatrix , Metzger Michael , Pusch Carsten M. , Albert Klaus 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMastic, the resinous exudate of the evergreen shrub Pistacia lentiscus, is frequently discussed as one of the ingredients used for embalming in ancient Egypt. We show the identification of mastic in ancient Egyptian embalming resins by an unambiguous assignment of the mastic triterpenoid fingerprint consisting of moronic acid, oleanonic acid, isomasticadienonic and masticadienonic acid through the consolidation of NMR and GC/MS analysis. Differences in the observed triterpenoid fingerprints between mummy specimens suggest that more than one plant species served as the triterpenoid resin source. Analysis of the triterpenoid acids of ancient embalming resin samples in the form of their methyl‐ and trimethylsilyl esters is compared. In addition we show a simple way to differentiate between residues of mastic from its use as incense during embalming or from direct mastic application in the embalming resin.
Differences in apparent diffusion coefficients of brain metabolites between grey and white matter in the human brain measured at 7 T
Authors: Kan Hermien E. , Techawiboonwong Aranee , van Osch Matthias J. P. , Versluis Maarten J. , Deelchand Dinesh K. , Henry Pierre‐Gilles , Marjańska Małgorzata , van Buchem Mark A. , Webb Andrew G. , Ronen Itamar 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDiffusion weighted spectroscopy can provide microstructural information that is specific to compartmental geometry. So far, in human brain, apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) of only the metabolites N‐acetyl aspartate, creatine (tCr) and choline (tCho) have been assessed. High field MR at 7 T allows the collection and analysis of diffusion weighted spectroscopy data of additional metabolites of interest such as glutamate (Glu), N‐acetyl aspartyl glutamate, and glutamine (Gln), which are of interest due to their different compartmentalization and role in brain physiology. In this study, we performed 1H diffusion weighted spectroscopy at 7 T using a diffusion‐weighted PRESS sequence in parietal white matter (n = 6) and occipital grey matter (n = 7). Data were analyzed using the LCmodel. ADCs could reliably be obtained of N‐acetyl aspartate, tCr, tCho, Glu, Gln in grey and white matter, and N‐acetyl aspartyl glutamate in white matter. Significant differences in ADC values were observed between grey and white matter for all metabolites. ADCs in grey matter were consistently lower than in white matter. These differences can probably be attributed to different compartmentalization as well as to the differential impact of diffusion time on ADC of different molecules under conditions of restricted diffusion. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The influence of field strength on the apparent diffusion coefficient of 3He gas in human lungs
Authors: Parra‐Robles J. , Ajraoui S. , Marshall H. , Deppe M. H. , Xu X. , Wild J. M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe 3He MR diffusion signal is sensitive to lung microstructure, but it is also affected by the presence of background field inhomogeneities induced by the magnetic susceptibility difference at the air‐tissue interface. These susceptibility‐induced gradients, which are dependent on field strength, have been assumed negligible in theoretical models used to extract airway morphometric information from 3He MR diffusion data at field strengths up to 4.7 T. In this work, the effect of susceptibility gradients on 3He apparent diffusion coefficient is demonstrated with experiments in healthy volunteers at two B0 field strengths: 1.5 and 3 T. Apparent diffusion coefficient values obtained at 3 T were systematically larger than at 1.5 T, demonstrating that susceptibility effects are statistically significant even at clinical field strengths (B0 ≤ 3 T) and introduce biases in the estimates of airway dimensions (e.g., mean linear intercept up to 17% larger at 3 T than 1.5 T). Susceptibility effects should be taken into account in the development of theoretical models of lung 3He MR diffusion and considered when interpreting 3He apparent diffusion coefficients obtained at different B0. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proteome of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastases
Authors: Naidoo Kalnisha , Jones Richard , Dmitrovic Branko , Wijesuriya Nilukshi , Kocher Hemant , Hart Ian R , Crnogorac‐Jurcevic Tatjana 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major cause of cancer‐related death, largely due to metastatic disease. To better understand PDAC metastatic spread and identify novel therapeutic targets, we analysed the proteome of primary tumours and matched lymph node (LN) metastases. As frozen specimens of metastatic lesions are scarce, we examined formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues. This poses technical challenges because of the cross‐linkages induced by fixation. Using laser capture microdissection (PALM system), we isolated malignant epithelia from seven FFPE primary PDAC tumours and matched LN metastases. Following dissection, samples were analysed in duplicate using Multidimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT); this resulted in the identification of 1504 proteins, 854 of which were common to all samples analysed. Comparison of the obtained proteins with data from previous proteomics studies on pancreatic tissue, pancreatic juice, serum, and urine resulted in a less than 30% overlap, indicating that our study has substantially expanded the current database of proteins expressed in this malignancy. Statistical analysis further showed that 115/854 proteins (13.5%) were significantly differentially expressed (g‐value ≥ 3.8). Two proteins, S100P and 14‐3‐3 sigma, with highly significant g‐values were confirmed to be significantly differentially expressed (S100P: p = 0.05 and 14‐3‐3 sigma: p < 0.001) in a larger series of 55 cases of matched primary PDAC and LN metastases using immunohistochemistry. Thus, laser capture microdissection of FFPE tissue coupled with downstream proteomic analysis is a valid approach for the investigation of metastatic PDAC. This is the first study to establish and compare the protein composition of primary PDAC and matched LN metastases, and has resulted in the identification of several potential epithelial‐specific therapeutic targets, including 14‐3‐3 sigma and S100P. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conditional deletion of Stat3 in mammary epithelium impairs the acute phase response and modulates immune cell numbers during post‐lactational regression
Authors: Hughes Katherine , Wickenden Julie A. , Allen Judith E. , Watson Christine J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMammary gland regression following weaning (involution) is associated with extensive cell death and the acquisition of an inflammatory signature. Characterizing the interplay between mammary epithelial cells, the re‐emerging stroma and immune cells has implications for the understanding of the pathogenesis of pregnancy‐associated breast cancer. Stat3 has a role in orchestrating cell death and involution, and we sought to determine whether expression of Stat3 by the mammary epithelium also influences the innate immune environment and inflammatory cell influx in the gland. We examined mice in which Stat3 is conditionally deleted only in the mammary epithelium. Distinct sets of genes associated with the acute phase response and innate immunity are markedly up‐regulated during first phase involution in a Stat3‐dependent manner. During second phase involution, chitinase 3‐like 1, which has been associated with wound healing and chronic inflammatory conditions, is dramatically up‐regulated by Stat3. Also at this time, the number of mammary macrophages and mast cells increases per unit area, and this increase is impaired in the absence of epithelial Stat3. Furthermore, expression of arginase‐1 and Ym1, markers of alternatively activated macrophages, is significantly decreased in the absence of Stat3, whilst iNOS, a marker associated with classically activated macrophages, shows significantly increased expression in the Stat3‐deleted glands. Thus, Stat3 is a key transcriptional regulator of genes associated with innate immunity and wound healing and influences mammary macrophage and mast cell numbers. The presence of epithelial Stat3 appears to polarize the macrophages and epithelial cells towards an alternatively activated phenotype, since in the absence of Stat3, the gland retains a phenotype associated with classically activated macrophages. These findings have relevance to the study of pregnancy‐associated breast cancer and the role of Stat3 signalling in recruitment of alternatively activated tumour‐associated macrophages in breast cancer. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
β‐Catenin determines upper airway progenitor cell fate and preinvasive squamous lung cancer progression by modulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Giangreco Adam , Lu Liwen , Vickers Charles , Teixeira Vitor Hugo , Groot Karen R , Butler Colin R , Ilieva Ekaterina V , George P Jeremy , Nicholson Andrew G , Sage Elizabeth K , Watt Fiona M , Janes Sam M 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHuman lung cancers, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are a leading cause of death and, whilst evidence suggests that basal stem cells drive SCC initiation and progression, the mechanisms regulating these processes remain unknown. In this study we show that β‐catenin signalling regulates basal progenitor cell fate and subsequent SCC progression. In a cohort of preinvasive SCCs we established that elevated basal cell β‐catenin signalling is positively associated with increased disease severity, epithelial proliferation and reduced intercellular adhesiveness. We demonstrate that transgene‐mediated β‐catenin inhibition within keratin 14‐expressing basal cells delayed normal airway repair while basal cell‐specific β‐catenin activation increased cell proliferation, directed differentiation and promoted elements of early epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT), including increased Snail transcription and reduced E‐cadherin expression. These observations are recapitulated in normal human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro following both pharmacological β‐catenin activation and E‐cadherin inhibition, and mirrored our findings in preinvasive SCCs. Overall, the data show that airway basal cell β‐catenin determines cell fate and its mis‐expression is associated with the development of human lung cancer. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.