bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
You Show Your Smith and I’ll Show Mine: Selection, Exegesis, and the Politics of Citation
Authors: Parrish John W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis essay reflects on the politics and poetics of citation, and offers a constructive reading of Jonathan Z. Smith’s work. This is accomplished by a careful, critical reading of Hugh Urban’s trenchant critiques of Smith. I argue that the referential techniques through which Urban constructs his argument are highly selective and often manipulate the relevant texts. The final pages of the essay consider how, based on the techniques of citation employed, one can always produce a different reading. The essay thus serves as an “e.g.” of how our methods and theories drive our use of data and create our object of study; or, as Smith puts it, scholars have no privileged “place on which to stand.”
Ritual Theory and Attitudes to Agency in Brazilian Spirit Possession
Authors: Engler Steven 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article works with theory of ritual in order to begin addressing a series of questions raised by Brazilian spirit possession rituals (in Kardecism and Umbanda). Four contributions to theory of ritual highlight relevant conceptual issues: Humphrey and Laidlaw on non-intentionality; Bloch on deference; Houseman and Severi on social relations; and Kapferer on virtuality. Strawson’s philosophical distinction between objective and reactive attitudes toward intentionality is used to make a case (i) that certain formal aspects of ritual (indexicals) serve to (ii) mark culturally-variable attitudes to agency within rituals, which are related to, but fundamentally distinct from, non-ritual attitudes to agency.
On the Antiquity of Shamanism and its Role in Human Religiosity
Authors: Sidky Homayun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDrawing upon ethnographic data on the thriving and dynamic shamanistic tradition in Nepal (gathered between 1999 and 2008), this paper addresses the problematic nature of many of the central assumptions concerning shamanism and its place in the development of human religiosity. These include beliefs that shamanism was the universal religion of Paleolithic hunter-gatherers and that it represents a neurotheology, the expressions of which have been preserved in ancient cave art and in the magico-religious beliefs and practices of extant or recently extant hunting-gathering cultures on the peripheries of the “civilized world.” The paucity of any concrete testable and falsifiable evidence for any of these assumptions raises the compelling question of why so many anthropologists, archaeologists, and scholars in other fields subscribe to these views. The answer does not lead to some ancient grotto or an undisputable assemblage of Paleolithic shamanic paraphernalia, but to the imagination of Mircea Eliade, whose vision of shamanism is rooted in the musings of nineteenth century anthropologists.
Temporal-spatial population density of Heterodera glycines in soybean roots during the early growth stage
Authors: Wang Zhenhua , Wu Haiyan , Liu Jing , Li Xiuxia 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPrevious research found that the population density of Heterodera glycines in soybean fields fluctuated during the growth of soybeans. However, the population density in soybean root was unclear. In this study, the dynamics of soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines, race 4) in soybean roots were investigated over a period of 2 years. Soybean plant roots were sampled during a period of 7-37 days after seedling emergence, and SCN in taproots and lateral root were counted. The results indicated that the total population density of nematodes increased with the growth of soybean roots, showing a sigmoid curve. A comparison of nematode density between taproots and lateral roots showed a decrease in the numbers of nematodes in taproots and an increase in the numbers in lateral roots with increasing age of the plants. There was an overall decrease in nematode numbers with increasing soil depth. Our results show that most of the nematodes were found in roots from 5-15 cm soil depths (2006, 81.3-91.4%; 2007, 86.6-97.6%) during the soybean seedling growth stage, which may provide some useful information for integrated management of soybean cyst nematode.
Description of Caenorhabditis angaria n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae), an associate of sugarcane and palm weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Sudhaus Walter , Giblin-Davis Robin , Kiontke Karin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCaenorhabditis angaria n. sp., an ectophoretic associate of the West Indian sugarcane weevil, Metamasius hemipterus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is described and illustrated. Data on biology (longevity, fecundity) and ecology are presented. Caenorhabditis angaria n. sp. is gonochoristic and can be differentiated from other species of Caenorhabditis by its comparatively short stoma in combination with six semicircular overlapping flaps on the lips, lack of a pharyngeal sleeve, one pair of teeth on each sector of the metastegostom, and a proximally open bursa with nine pairs of genital papillae (GP) and papilliform phasmids (ph) in a 2/2 + 2 + 3 + ph arrangement with GP4 and 7 opening dorsally. Caenorhabditis angaria n. sp. was isolated and cultured from M. hemipterus from Dade, Broward and Palm Beach Counties, FL, USA, and from Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, and from the American palm weevil, Rhynchophorus palmarum, from Trinidad. The nematode is phoretically associated with weevils as dauer juveniles without causing obvious deleterious effects. Caenorhabditis angaria n. sp. does not require the association with a weevil and can be cultured continuously on bacteria.
Nematicidal activity of plant essential oils and components from Gaultheria fragrantissima and Zanthoxylum alatum against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Park Il-Kwon , Seo Seon-Mi , Kim Junheon 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCommercial essential oils from 29 plant species were tested for their nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Good nematicidal activity against B. xylophilus was achieved with essential oils of Gaultheria fragrantissima and Zanthoxylum alatum. GC-MS analysis of the corresponding oils led to the identification of two and ten major compounds, respectively. Four compounds, methyl salicylate, ethyl salicylate, methyl trans-cinnamate and ethyl trans-cinnamate, were tested individually for their nematicidal activities against the pine wood nematode. Methyl and ethyl salicylates showed strong nematicidal activity at concentration of 2.0 mg ml–1. Concentrations of 1.0 mg ml–1, as well as lower concentrations showed only minor effects. Another compound, methyl trans-cinnamate, showed 100% activity at concentrations of 0.0625-2.0 mg ml–1. With ethyl trans-cinnamate, 100% mortality was observed at concentrations of 0.25-2.0 mg ml–1. The essential oils and their components described herein merit further study as potential nematicides against the pine wood nematode.
Description of Uliginotylenchus changlingensis n. sp. (Tylenchida: Belonolaimidae) from potato in China
Authors: Xie Hui , Zeng Yongsan , Xu Chunling , Chen Chun , Zhou Chunna 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUliginotylenchus changlingensis n. sp. is described from the rhizosphere of potato roots in Changling county, Jilin province, China. The species is characterised by a long body (female: 846-952 μm, male: 785-934 μm), completely areolated lateral field with three incisures, high and rounded offset lip region bearing five or six annuli, long stylet (female: 24.0-26.0 μm, male: 23-28 μm), presence of vulval flaps, female tail subconoid with 28-39 annuli and terminus bluntly conoid without striations, distinct phasmids and gubernaculum distally crescent-shaped. It is closely related to U. cylindricaudatus and U. bifasciatus. It differs from U. cylindricaudatus mainly by the different number of labial annuli (5-6 vs 7-8), different tail shape (subconoid vs subcylindrical) and by vulval flaps present vs absent. It differs from U. bifasciatus mainly by different female stylet length (24-26 vs 19-20 μm), tail shape and annuli (subconoid with 28-39 annuli with smooth terminus vs subcylindrical with 42-48 annuli with annulated terminus). It further differs from other species of Uliginotylenchus by the offset vs continuous labial region.
Redescription of Placodira lobata Thorne, 1937 (Rhabditida: Cephalobidae) with a discussion of the systematic position of the genus
Authors: Ley Irma Tandingan De , Nadler Steven , Boström Sven , Robinson Cymphonee , Holovachov Oleksandr 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA population of Placodira lobata from the USA is described using both light and scanning electron microscopy and compared with the descriptions of the type specimens of the same species. The phylogenetic relationships of the species are inferred from molecular data and places P. lobata in a clade that unites genera with mostly simple morphology of the labial region, like Cephalobus, Acrobeloides, Heterocephalobellus and Metacrobeles, but also includes species of Zeldia and Chiloplacus.
Historical Perspectives on Contemporary Xinjiang
Authors: Millward James A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper reflects on historical precedents to some of the issues raised by other papers in this symposium. Particular problems discussed include the population and demographic distribution of Han, Uyghur and other groups in Xinjiang; fiscal subventions from Beijing to Xinjiang; Qing dynasty agricultural reclamation as precursor of the bingtuan; Xinjiang’s environment; and ethnic relations.
Ethnicity and Economic Development in Xinjiang
Authors: Dreyer June Teufel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAlthough Xinjiang, comprising one-sixth the land area of the People’s Republic of China, is rich in oil and other natural resources and produces high-quality cotton, fruit, wool, and mutton, it has failed to meet central government expectations for economic development. During the 1990s, a drop in world market prices for the autonomous area’s major exports, oil and cotton, combined with the Asian currency crisis and ethnic unrest in both Xinjiang and its major Central Asian trading partners to inhibit growth. Ambitious plans to improve the infrastructure, irrigate deserts, and restructure money-losing state enterprises are likely to produce improvements in certain sectors. However, they will also work against the central government’s desire for social control. Faced with a choice between economic growth and social control, party and government are likely to opt for the latter.
Consuming Identities: Food and Resistance among the Uyghur in Contemporary Xinjiang
Authors: Cesaro M. Cristina 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper focuses on social and cultural aspects of food, given its centrality in identity processes and boundary setting. Such processes often are ambiguous and problematic. In particular, Uyghurs in Xinjiang draw on Muslim dietary prescriptions in order to reinforce boundaries between them and the Han Chinese, while at the same time an ongoing exchange between the two groups is also displayed in the food domain (food items, vocabulary, meal patterns, etc.).Uyghur attitudes to and beliefs about food need to be analysed within the broader context of ethnic relations in contemporary Xinjiang.
A Brief Biography of Urgunge Onon
Authors: Onon Temujin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUrgunge, of the Onon clan of Daur Mongols was born on the eleventh day of the eleventh lunar month 1919 in a village in north-eastern Inner Mongolia. His people hunted and farmed in a remote area near the Manchurian border and had retained some ancient Mongolian customs and a spoken dialect long-since lost by the majority of Mongols. During his youth he enjoyed participating in the traditional Mongolian pursuits of wrestling, horse riding and hunting but also, almost mysteriously, acquired an intuitive understanding of shamanic rituals and practices which were still surviving in his native area at that time. He himself considered that shamanism had a profound influence on the Mongols at the time of Chinggis and was an important factor in their military and political success. It was this shamanism which continued to influence his personal philosophy throughout his adult life. As a young teenager he experienced the suffering caused by war and banditry which were endemic in Manchuria at that time and was himself captured and held hostage by bandits. Following his release his family were able to send him to a Japanese-sponsored boarding school – a rare educational opportunity for ordinary rural people at that time. The school was near Tsitsihar and he was soon introduced to life in an industrialised and commercial environment. Having become proficient in Japanese he did well enough at school to be selected to attend university in Japan where he gained a diploma in political science from Toyo University in Tokyo in 1944. The years spent in Japan during World War II were difficult for all the Mongolian students there but it was in Japan that he first became fascinated by the West, and America in particular, from watching films and newsreels.
The Fate of Empires and Eurasian Federalism: A Discussion between the Eurasianists and their Opponents in the 1920s
Authors: Shnirelman Viktor 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe discussion of the problem of federalism and multiculturalism was as heated among the Russian in the 1920s as it is today. It was initiated by the Russian Eurasianists who were opposed and criticised by various ethnic Russian and non-Russian intellectuals. Political, social and cultural issues were at the core of this discourse, which was concerned with the relationships between the dominant majority and ethnic minorities. These debates also concerned the future of the Russian State, its administrative structure and the construction of a Eurasian Nation.
Lev Gumilev: His Pretensions as Founder of Ethnology and his Eurasian Theories
Authors: Panarin Sergei , Shnirelman Viktor 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper takes a critical look at the work of the extraordinarily popular historian Lev Gumilev. Writing in late Soviet times, Gumilev has become virtually a cult figure in Russia after his death. He took up the ideas of the Eurasianists of the early twentieth century, according to whom Russia's destiny is to be a Eurasian power, and he reconfigured them as a ‘scientific’ theory of ethnos. The ethnos is supposed to be a ‘biological’ entity determined by its place in the natural environment, but at the same time, inspired by a few innovative leaders, each ‘ethnos’ has its special time of intense flowering (which Gumilev called ‘passionary’). The article examines the contradictions in Gumilev's theories and its methodological flaws. It endswith a discussion of the political implications ofGumilev's popularity in post-Socialist Russia. He is not only admired by semi-educated people but is also legitimised by sections of the academy (a university is named after him in Kazakhstan). It is argued that his work lends a spurious credence to nationalismand anti-semitism.
The Hoshuud Polity in Khökhnuur (Kokonor)
Authors: Borjigidai Uyunbilig 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHoshuud Mongols ruled the Khökhnuur (Kokonor) region from 1637 to 1723. This paper, based on the author's History of the Hoshuud published in Mongolian in 1990, uses Chinese, Mongolian, Manchu and Tibetan sources to describe the main features of the history and polity of this time. This Hoshuud polity, known as the rule of the Eight Taijinar of Khökhnuur, encompassed a hereditary feudal system that gradually took its shape with the consolidation of the Hoshuud rule in the Khökhnuur. Furthermore a system of alliances linked feudal lords and connected the Hoshuud court in Lhasa with the Eight Taijinar in the Khökhnuur. The worship of the Khökhnuur Lake represented the ritual expression and concrete enactment of the Khökhnuur assembly where all concerned parties would come together, often including Qing and Tibetan representatives. During this period Mongolian-Tibetan-Manchu relations were shaped by a complex system of alliances and “;priest-patron” relations.
Triste and Carol on the Journey to the Cool Mountains: Culture as Travel
Authors: Jiao Pan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper discusses Lin Yaohua's ethnography of the Yi people, made in the early 1940s. It points out that, in contrast to what the recent reflexive anthropologists criticise, Lin's writing talked more about his travelling to the Yi society than his dwelling therein and it highlighted the spectrum of the difference between Yi and Chinese peoples rather than metonymically froze the Yi as the inalienable Other. Drawing on the case, I argue that the anti-essentialist reflection on the traditional anthropology should not essentialise the latter: 1) Traditional anthropologists' strategy to localise their object of study doesn't inevitably lead to privileging the relation of dwelling over that of travel. Due to the difficulty and danger in entering the Yi area at that time, Lin localised the Yi by showing how hard to get there instead of how long to be there. 2) Writing ‘against culture’ has different implications in different circumstances. While it is intended to defrost the inferior Other frozen as culture in some places, it was in complicity with the Chinese state's power penetration in the Yi case.
Modernising Tibet: Contemporary Discourses and Practices of ‘Modernity’
Authors: Kolås åshild 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPilgrimage and the rebuilding of religious sites are immensely popular in contemporary Tibet. The state-controlled media commonly attribute such religious practices to undesirable attitudes of ‘traditionalism’, and claim that the ‘traditional ideas’ of farmers and herders and their ‘poor sense of commodity’ represent major obstacles to economic development. At the same time positive images of ‘modernisation’, represented by state-sponsored development projects and targets for economic growth, are given extensive coverage. This paper investigates discourses and practices of ‘modernisation’ in contemporary Tibet, questioning the alleged conflict between ‘modernity’ and ‘tradition’. Firstly, it discusses some of the competing representations of ‘modernity’ in the mass media, in popular literature, as well as in political discourse. Secondly, it describes ‘modernity’ as it is practised in the display and use of consumer goods by urban Tibetans, and investigates reactions to urban reconstruction and development projects in and near the Tibetan capital of Lhasa.
Things and the Qing: Mongol Culture in the Visual Narrative
Authors: Elverskog Johan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article explores how the notion of stasis has shaped the study of Qing Mongolia. In particular it investigates Mongol visual culture in order to reveal how Qing rule and the success of its imperial consolidation was less a stationary monologue of Manchu-Buddhist imperial rule than an on-going fragmented discursive practice.
Moralities of the Mongolian ‘Market’: A Genealogy of Trade Relations and the Zah Zee
Authors: Wheeler Alan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe Mongolian notion of a market economy as expressed in the compound term zah zeel – the present-day Mongolian equivalent for ‘the market’ – challenges the neo–liberal model of ‘the market’ metaphor, which is a construction based on Euro–American moral valuations of trade relations and commercial exchange. The Mongolian model provides an example of how the oscillations between collective control (as expressed in the zah) and individual innovation (as expressed in the zeel) can exist in one market model – the zah zeel.
The Transformation of Pastoralism in Buryatia: The Aginsky Steppe Example
Authors: Kradin Nikolay n. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article deals with the structure of the pastoral economy of East Trans–Baikalian Buryats (Aginsky region). The herd structure used to include the five basic species of domestic animals of Eurasia: sheep, cattle, horses and, more rarely, goats and camels. A horse was of the utmost economic and status significance. However, the quantity of sheep and goats was larger. The pastoral groups owned the land and the nomads migrated with their herds along their traditional seasonal routes. In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, the influence of the Russian economy on the Buryat nomadic economy began to increase. In the USSR, these processes were more intensive. A complete sedenterisation of Buryat society took place. Agriculture was developed and nearly one-quarter of the pastures were used as arable lands. The pastoral economy changed from subsistence to one that was guided by the market. Since wool and meat were valuable commodities new breeds of sheep were raised, and the number of sheep increased greatly thereby giving rise to degradation of pastures. The ecological crisis did not develop on a large scale only because political (collapse of the USSR) and economic crises were ahead of it. As a result, the cattle-breeding and livestock economies of the Aginsky Buryats have fallen into decay. At present, although a crisis situation has been held back, progress is not observed.
Between Islam and Mongols: The Qotung People in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Haiying Yang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractChina's ‘minority nationalities’ came into being as a result of the ‘Nationality Identification Work’ carried out in the first decade of the People's Republic of China. The assumption of internal homogeneity of ‘nationality’ inherent in the state project has prevented study of the internal diversity within each nationality. This paper intends, on the basis of field research, to study the internal diversity of the Mongolian society. A preliminary investigation has been made of the ethnogenesis and social structure of the Qotung Mongols in the Alashan region of Inner Mongolia. Through analysis of the relationships between the Qotung and the Mongols and Islam, the author points out that Islam is a major element in the formation of the Qotung Mongols whose ancestors hailed from various groups in East Turkestan. This case study shows that Islam should not be ignored when we study the Mongols and it is imperative that we recognise diversity within the Mongols.
Historical Geography or a Spatially-Enabled Historiography: Reply to Ryavec
Authors: Bol Peter 
Published: December 2010

AbstractKarl E.Ryavec’s ‘Manchu Empire or China Historical GIS? Re-mapping the China/Inner Asia Frontier in the Qing Period CHGIS’ (Inner Asia 6.2) makes an important criticism of the 1820 layer released in Version 1 of the China Historical Geographic Information System (Bol & Ge 2002). I recognise this and shall outline what is being done about it. It also questions the value of creating an historical GIS for the history of successive regimes in the general area of the People’s Republic of China. I respond to this by discussing the role of GIS in spatially-enabled historiography rather than as a contribution to historical geography. Finally, and most importantly, it points to the larger issue of how we might best conceptualise, and represent, frontiers and transitional zones between regimes and different forms of sociopolitical organisation. I shall suggest some possibilities for creating an historical GIS under these circumstances. I write as an historian of the middle-period (8th–15th century) in the first place, but inevitably my comments reflect what I have learned through my involvement with the CHGIS project, for which I am the principal investigator in terms of grants, and coeditor of the Versions 1–3 of CHGIS with Ge Jianxiong, Director of the Center for Historical Geography at Fudan University.