bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterologous expression and optimization using experimental designs allowed highly efficient production of the PHY US417 phytase in Bacillus subtilis 168
Authors: Farhat-Khemakhem Ameny , Ben Farhat Mounira , Boukhris Ines , Bejar Wacim , Bouchaala Kameleddine , Kammoun Radhouane , Maguin Emmanuelle , Bejar Samir , Chouayekh Hichem 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTo attempt cost-effective production of US417 phytase inBacillus subtilis, we developed an efficient system for its large-scale production in the generally recognized as safe microorganismB. subtilis168. Hence, thephyUS417 corresponding gene was cloned in the pMSP3535 vector, and for the first time for a plasmid carrying the pAMβ1 replication origin, multimeric forms of the resulting plasmid were used to transform naturally competentB. subtilis168 cells. Subsequently, a sequential optimization strategy based on Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken experimental designs was applied to enhance phytase production by the recombinantBacillus. The maximum phytase activity of 47 U ml-1was reached in the presence of 12.5 g l-1of yeast extract and 15 g l-1of ammonium sulphate with shaking at 300 rpm. This is 73 fold higher than the activity produced by the native US417 strain before optimization. Characterization of the produced recombinant phytase has revealed that the enzyme exhibited improved thermostability compared to the wild type PHY US417 phytase strengthening its potential for application as feed supplement. Together, our findings strongly suggest that the strategy herein developed combining heterologous expression using a cloning vector carrying the pAMβ1 replication origin and experimental designs optimization can be generalized for recombinant proteins production inBacillus.
Development of Nondestructive and Quantitative Elemental Analysis Method Using Calibration Curve between Muonic X-ray Intensity and Elemental Composition in Bronze
Authors: Ninomiya Kazuhiko , Nagatomo Takashi , Kubo Kenya , Ito Takashi U , Higemoto Wataru , Kita Makoto , Shinohara Atsushi , Strasser Patrick , Kawamura Naritoshi , Shimomura Koichiro , Miyake Yasuhiro , Saito Tsutomu 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Quantitative elemental analysis method of a bulk material by examining the relation between intensity of muonic X-rays and elemental composition was developed. Using this new calibration method, we demonstrated quantitatively determination of the elemental composition inside of an ancient Chinese coin without sample destruction.
Exploration of Boundary between Charge-Density-Wave and Mott–Hubbard States in Quasi-One-Dimensional Halogen-Bridged Metal Complexes
Authors: Takaishi Shinya 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
In spite of a long history of quasi-one-dimensional halogen-bridged complexes (MX-chains), all Pt and Pd complexes form charge-density-wave (CDW) state (–X···M2+···X–M4+–X···), while all Ni complexes form Mott–Hubbard (MH) state (–X–Ni3+–X–Ni3+–X–), without exception. Although an interesting charge dynamics are expected at the boundary between the two states, no compound thus far reported forms both states. Thus, we have sought a phase boundary in bromo-bridged Pd compounds by decreasing Pd···Pd distance. In this article, we introduce the following two methods to decrease Pd···Pd distances: introduction of long alkyl chains which can afford attractive force between them, and partial substitution with smaller Ni ions, [Ni1−xPdx(chxn)2Br]Br2. In both systems, we have succeeded in realizing Pd3+ MH state. It has been revealed that the electronic state of bromo-bridged Pd compounds is determined by the Pd···Pd distances, in other words, CDW and MH states are stabilized when Pd···Pd distances are longer and shorter than 5.26 Å, respectively.
Dynamical Electron Mechanism of Double Proton Transfer in Formic Acid Dimer
Authors: Okuyama Michihiro , Takatsuka Kazuo 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
We study the dynamical electron mechanism of “double proton transfer” in formic acid dimer, which is a prototype of many double proton transfers in chemical and biological systems. Since the present double proton transfer takes place in a cyclic molecular system (a ring structure of dimerizing formic acids), and since the molecular structures before and after the double proton transfer are isomorphic to each other, the pathway of electron flow associated with the reaction cannot be determined in principle within the adiabatic electronic structures based on the Born–Oppenheimer approximation. It is also hard to determine whether “protons” are shifted in formic acid dimer or “hydrogen atoms” are migrated. The general distinction between them is often controversial in experimental studies, too. We identify the mechanism of such dynamics by highlighting the electron current and its pathway. To extract such information of dynamical electrons, we apply the semiclassical Ehrenfest theory, which takes an explicit account of all nuclei nonadiabatic electron wave packet dynamics. It turns out that the reaction proceeds in a concerted manner so that the chance of radical separation is very low and as though the net electronic flow is kept as low as possible to minimize the charge separation within a molecular complex.
Transition-metal-free Coupling Reactions of Aryl Halides
Authors: Shirakawa Eiji , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Transition metal catalysis plays a leading role in C(sp2)–C(sp2) bond formation through substitution reactions. On the other hand, a similar type of substitution reaction has recently been achieved without the aid of transition-metal catalysts. In this review, recent transition-metal-free coupling reactions of aryl halides with arenes, alkenes, or aryl Grignard reagents are summarized in view of SRN1 reaction.
Single-component Layered Molecular Conductor, [Au(ptdt)2]
Authors: Zhou Biao , Yajima Hiroyuki , Idobata Yuki , Kobayashi Akiko , Kobayashi Tetsuya , Nishibori Eiji , Sawa Hiroshi , Kobayashi Hayao 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
A single-component layered molecular conductor, [Au(ptdt)2] (ptdt: propylenedithiotetrathiafulvalenedithiolate) was prepared. Unlike the single-component molecular metal, [Au(tmdt)2] (tmdt: trimethylenetetrathiafulvalenedithiolate) exhibiting three-dimensional compact molecular packing and antiferromagnetic transition at 110 K, the compressed pellet of the microcrystals of [Au(ptdt)2] exhibited fairly high conductivity and small temperature-independent paramagnetic susceptibility.
Increased Risks of Preterm Birth and a Low‐Birth‐Weight Baby in Thai Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐Positive Pregnant Women With Periodontitis
Authors: Pattrapornnan Pakkaporn , DeRouen Timothy A. , Songpaisan Yupin 
Published: January 2012

Background: Many studies have investigated the risks of adverse neonatal outcomes associated with the presence of periodontitis in non‐human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected pregnant women. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no study to investigate the risk of neonatal outcomes associated with periodontitis in HIV‐infected pregnant women. The aim of this study is to measure the risk of having adverse neonatal outcomes: preterm delivery (<37 weeks of gestation), low birth weight (<2,500 g at birth), and preterm and low‐birth‐weight baby (<37 weeks of gestation and <2,500 g at birth) associated with the presence of periodontitis in HIV‐infected women.Methods: A total of 292 HIV‐infected pregnant women were interviewed for demographic information and medical history and were examined for their periodontal status during weeks 16 to 34 of gestation. Follow‐up sessions were done after the delivery to record the baby's data. Periodontitis defined by various criteria were evaluated as exposures. Binomial regression (generalized linear model) was used to examine the risk ratios (RRs). Logistic regression, t tests, and χ2 test were used to examine the associations of periodontitis with adverse neonatal outcomes.Results: Forty women had preterm delivery, 39 women delivered a low‐birth‐weight baby, and 22 women gave birth to a baby that was preterm and low birth weight. We found significant elevated risks of having preterm delivery as RR = 3.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.29 to 7.38, low birth weight RR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.04 to 2.65, and preterm and low birth weight as RR = 4.08, 95% CI = 1.55 to 10.76 in women who had at ≥1 5‐mm periodontal pocket.Conclusion: This study found a positive risk of adverse neonatal outcomes in HIV‐infected pregnant women who had moderate periodontitis.
Effect of Lidocaine Gel Anesthesia on Endophthalmitis Rates Following Intravitreal Injection
Authors: Lad Eleonora M. , Maltenfort Mitchell G. , Leng Theodore 
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:
To determine whether the use of lidocaine gel before application of povidone-iodine affects endophthalmitis rates following intravitreal injections.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
Retrospective consecutive case series of all intravitreal injections and post-intravitreal injection endophthalmitis cases at one institution from 2000 to 2009. A review of medical records of post-intravitreal injection endophthalmitis cases was performed to determine whether lidocaine gel was applied prior to povidone-iodine antisepsis and to analyze the clinical course and outcomes.

RESULTS:

A total of 8,802 intravitreal injections were administered during the study period. When no lidocaine gel was used prior to povidone-iodine antisepsis, four cases of endophthalmitis following 4,120 intravitreal injections (0.097%) were recorded. When 2% lidocaine gel was applied before povidone-iodine, four cases of endophthalmitis following 4,682 intravitreal injections (0.085%) were observed (
P
= 1.00, odds ratio = 1.12).

CONCLUSION:
The use of lidocaine gel prior to povidone-iodine antisepsis did not significantly alter post-intravitreal injection endophthalmitis rates.
Performance Evaluation of the Sysmex XE-5000 Hematology Analyzer for White Blood Cell Analysis in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Perné Andrea , Hainfellner Johannes A. , Womastek Irene , Haushofer Alexander , Szekeres Thomas , Schwarzinger Ilse 
Published: January 2012

Context.—The newest generation hematology analyzer, Sysmex XE-5000 (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan) is equipped with an improved body fluid analysis mode.
Objective.—To evaluate the applicability of the XE-5000 analyzer to white blood cell (WBC) analysis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Design.—A total of 425 routinely collected, consecutive CSF samples were included in the study. For a comparison of total WBC counts, the results of routine chamber counts were grouped into categories of 0 to 5 (n  =  330), &gt;5 to 10 (n  =  36), &gt;10 to 50 (n  =  39), &gt;50 to 200 (n  =  15), and &gt;200 (n  =  5) WBC/µL. Microscopic differential counts were performed using cytospins from 276 samples. Results were grouped according to the percent content of polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, 0% to 25% (n  =  263), &gt;25% to 50% (n  =  7), &gt;50% to 75% (n  =  3), and &gt;75% to 100% (n  =  3) of WBC. Corresponding results of XE-5000 analysis were matched to these particular count categories.
Results.—For total WBC counts, the proportions of samples correctly classified by the XE-5000 from the percentage groups described above were 88%, 47%, 72%, 93%, and 100%, respectively. After the two lowest count categories were combined into one range of 0 to 10 WBC/µL, matches increased to 95%. For PMN counts in the 0% to 25% group, 37% of samples were misclassified by the XE-5000. Conversely, for samples with microscopic PMN counts of more than 25%, there was a trend toward underestimation by the XE-5000. Mismatches were most pronounced in samples with fewer than 10 WBC/µL.
Conclusions.—The Sysmex XE-5000 hematology analyzer yields valid total CSF cell counts and may be considered an acceptable alternative to the traditional chamber method, even for samples with low WBC counts. However, it cannot be recommended as a suitable alternative for manual differential cytologic workup.
Comparative Evaluation of High-Throughput Small-Core (0.6-mm) and Large-Core (2-mm) Thyroid Tissue Microarray: Is Larger Better?
Authors: Jones Susie , Prasad Manju L. 
Published: January 2012

Context.—Tissue microarrays (TMAs) are useful in gene/protein expression profiling of large number of tumors. Several studies have validated that a 0.6-mm core of a large tumor would give results similar to results of the whole section. However, cores from colloid-filled thyroid follicles, for example in breast carcinoma, may contain fewer cells compared to solid tumors.
Objective.—The aim of this study is to validate thyroid TMAs choosing 2 core diameters, 0.6 and 2 mm, and to study the effect of core size and grid density on concordance with whole sections.
Design.—0.6-mm tissue cores were arrayed on a high-density TMA (406 cores). Two low-density TMAs (35 cores each) composed of 2-mm cores were also constructed. Immunohistochemistry was performed using primary antibodies to cytokeratin 19, HBME1, and CITED1 that have been found to be useful in the diagnosis of thyroid carcinoma. The results were compared with whole sections.
Results.—The concordance between high-density TMAs and whole sections was 61 of 77 (79%) for cytokeratin 19; 76 of 80 (95%) for HBME 1; and 67 of 75 (89%) for CITED1. The concordance between the low-density TMAs and whole sections was cytokeratin 19, 41 of 51 (80%) for cytokeratin 19; HBME1, 52 of 56 (92.8%) for HBME1 and 58 of 59 (98%) for CITED1. The most frequent discordance was negative core but positive focal heterogeneous protein expression in whole sections. On whole sections, the sensitivity of tests increased but the specificity decreased compared to TMAs; however, the accuracy remained similar (77%–83%).
Conclusion.—Focal and heterogeneous protein expression was the most frequent reason for false negative results in TMAs. Tissue microarray remains an accurate method of screening for protein expression in a large number of thyroid tissues irrespective of core diameters or grid densities.
The Positive Impact of Simultaneous Implementation of the BD FocalPoint GS Imaging System and Lean Principles on the Operation of Gynecologic Cytology
Authors: Wong Rebecca , Levi Angelique W. , Harigopal Malini , Schofield Kevin , Chhieng David C. 
Published: January 2012

Context.—Our cytology laboratory, like many others, is under pressure to improve quality and provide test results faster while decreasing costs. We sought to address these issues by introducing new technology and lean principles.Objective.—To determine the combined impact of the FocalPoint Guided Screener (GS) Imaging System (BD Diagnostics–TriPath, Burlington, North Carolina) and lean manufacturing principles on the turnaround time (TAT) and productivity of the gynecologic cytology operation.Design.—We established a baseline measure of the TAT for Papanicolaou tests. We then compared that to the performance after implementing the FocalPoint GS Imaging System and lean principles. The latter included value-stream mapping, workflow modification, and a first in–first out policy.Results.—The mean (SD) TAT for Papanicolaou tests before and after the implementation of FocalPoint GS Imaging System and lean principles was 4.38 (1.28) days and 3.20 (1.32) days, respectively. This represented a 27% improvement in the average TAT, which was statistically significant (P &lt; .001). In addition, the productivity of staff improved 17%, as evidenced by the increase in slides screened from 8.85/h to 10.38/h. The false-negative fraction decreased from 1.4% to 0.9%, representing a 36% improvement.Conclusions.—In our laboratory, the implementation of FocalPoint GS Imaging System in conjunction with lean principles resulted in a significant decrease in the average TAT for Papanicolaou tests and a substantial increase in the productivity of cytotechnologists while maintaining the diagnostic quality of gynecologic cytology.
Atypical Apocrine Adenosis of the Breast: Long-term Follow-up in 37 Patients
Authors: Fuehrer Neil , Hartmann Lynn , Degnim Amy , Allers Teresa , Vierkant Robert , Frost Marlene , Visscher Daniel 
Published: January 2012

Context.—Atypical apocrine adenosis is a rare breast lesion in which the cellular population demonstrates cytologic alterations that may be confused with malignancy. The clinical significance and management of atypical apocrine adenosis are unclear because of the lack of long-term follow-up studies.Objective.—To determine the breast cancer risk in a retrospective series of patients with atypical apocrine adenosis diagnosed in otherwise benign, breast excisional biopsies.Design.—We identified 37 atypical apocrine adenosis cases in the Mayo Benign Breast Disease Cohort (9340 women) between 1967 and 1991 with a blinded pathology rereview. Breast cancer diagnoses subsequent to initial atypical apocrine adenosis biopsy were identified (average follow-up, 14 years).Results.—The mean age at diagnosis of atypical apocrine adenosis in the group was 59 years. Breast carcinoma subsequently developed in 3 women (8%) with atypical apocrine adenosis, diagnosed after follow-up intervals of 4, 12, and 18 years. The tumor from 1 of the 3 cases (33%) was ductal carcinoma in situ, contralateral to the original biopsy, and the other 2 cases (66%) were invasive carcinoma. Ages at the time of diagnosis of atypical apocrine adenosis were 55, 47, and 63 years for those that developed in situ or invasive carcinoma.Conclusions.—(1) Atypical apocrine adenosis was a rare lesion during the accrual era of our cohort (&lt;1% of cases); (2) women found to have atypical apocrine adenosis were, on average, older than were other patients with benign breast disease, however, there does not seem to be an association with age and risk for developing carcinoma in patients diagnosed with atypical apocrine adenosis, as previously suggested; and (3) atypical apocrine adenosis does not appear to be an aggressive lesion and should not be regarded as a direct histologic precursor to breast carcinoma.
Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Spitz Henry , Albert Roy E. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Ionizing radiation is undoubtedly one of the most intensely studied of all toxic agents. The impetus for understanding its manifold effects came from its extensive use since the beginning of the century in medical diagnosis and treating cancer. With the development of nuclear weapons and atomic energy during World War II, the field expanded dramatically. Atomic energy became one of the country's largest industrial sectors at that time. Potential health hazards from occupational and environmental sources of radiation became an important area for research; it spawned a new field in the post–World War II era of measurement and control called health physics. Practitioners in health physics created the Health Physics Society and published research findings in the
Health Physics Journal
.

Under the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), a great national laboratory complex was established for research on weapons, power production, and biomedical and physics research. Long‐term biomedical research was also initiated at large university‐based facilities and by the support of individual faculty and institutional grants. The development and sale of radioisotopes and radiation measuring instruments was subsidized by the AEC to the great benefit of biomedical research in general. Radiation biology has its own society (the Radiation Research Society), and its own journal, the
Journal of Radiation Research
. Radiation has become an integral tool for understanding cellular function and the human genome. Although the level of biomedical research on radiation is much lower in the last few decades than earlier, a great deal of information on the human health effects of radiation exposure has been gleaned from epidemiologic studies.

This chapter gives toxicologists the basic features of radiation biology. However, there is a wealth of new findings currently evolving from the human genome study that is expanding our fundamental knowledge about the response of cells when exposed to radiation. For example, radiation may play a role in the formation of single nucleotide polymorphisms, DNA sequence variations that occur when a single nucleotide in the genome sequence is altered. Because of the scope of the field, only essential concepts are presented. The reader is referred to textbooks and other publications cited for more details as well as the website for the Human Genome Project (
www.ornl.gov/hgmis/home.shtml
).
Boron
Authors: Ball R. Wayne , Harrass Michael C. , Culver B. Dwight 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBoron is the fifth element of the periodic table and the only electron‐deficient nonmetallic element. Consequently, boron has a high affinity for electronegative atoms such as oxygen and forms strong covalent boron–oxygen bonds in compounds known asborates. Boron is an essential micronutrient in plants and nutritionally important in animals and humans. Boron occurs naturally in all foods; fruits, vegetables, and nuts contain the highest levels. The toxic effects and pharmacokinetics of boron and borates are reviewed. The inorganic boron‐containing materials share many chemical and biological characteristics thought to be due to unique properties of the boron element. This chapter reviews the shared characteristics and the individual inorganic boron‐containing compounds that have a significant use in industry. Some of the more important physical and chemical properties of boron compounds of commercial significance and widespread exposure are listed.
AFM Characterization of Elastically Micropatterned Surfaces Fabricated by Fill‐Molding In Capillaries (FIMIC) and Investigation of the Topographical Influence on Cell Adhesion to the Patterns
Authors: Kelleher Susan , Jongerius Aniek , Loebus Axel , Strehmel Christine , Zhang Zhenfang , Lensen Marga C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe have employed our recently developed method Fill‐Molding In Capillaries (FIMIC) to fabricate elastically micropatterned substrates, using two poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based polymers with different elastic properties and swelling behavior. We have evaluated the FIMIC process and the quality of the eventual substrates (the “FIMICs”) by atomic force microscopy (AFM); imaging the surface topography and quantifying the local surface elasticity. Topographical imaging reveals that the surface of the FIMICs is never perfectly smooth; a slight topographic difference of 30 nm up to several hundreds of nm is observed, with the filler material always being depressed with respect to the mold. Moreover, when the FIMICs are immersed in water (or cell culture medium), the topographical landscape changes due to differential swelling of the two constituents of the FIMICs. We have used this differential swelling to our advantage in order to diminish the topography differences present on the sample surface by employing a filler that swells more than the mold. Finally, cell culture experiments with fibroblasts underlines the topographical influence on cell adhesion on the more or less anti‐adhesive PEG‐based materials.
Dramatic Activity of C3N4/BiPO4 Photocatalyst with Core/Shell Structure Formed by Self‐Assembly
Authors: Pan Chengsi , Xu Jing , Wang Yajun , Li Di , Zhu Yongfa 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCore/shell structured C3N4/BiPO4 photocatalyst is fabricated via a facile ultrasonic dispersion method. The thickness of the shell may be controlled by tuning the amount of C3N4 in the dispersion, which determines the enhanced level of photocatalytic activity. The optimum photocatalytic activity of C3N4/BiPO4 at a weight ratio of 4% (C3N4/BiPO4) under UV irradiation is almost 4.5 times as high as that of reference P25 (TiO2) and 2.5 times of BiPO4. More attractively, the dramatic visible light photocatalytic activity is generated due to the C3N4 loaded. The enhancement in performance is demonstrated to be the match of lattice and energy level between the C3N4 and BiPO4. This match facilitates the separation and transfer of photogenerated electron–hole pairs at the heterojunction interfaces and may be important for other core/shell structured materials. In addition, this method is expected to be extended for other C3N4 loaded materials.