bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hormonal Eligibility Criteria in Women’s Professional Sports Under the ECHR: The Case of Caster Semenya v. Switzerland
Authors: Cannoot Pieter , Van de Graaf Cathérine , Decoster Ariël , Poppelwell-Scevak Claire , Schoentjes Sarah 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAlthough society is (slowly) evolving, rigid gender stereotypes still persist in the world of professional sports. In line with the creation of a strict binary division of athletes, sex-testing policies based on stereotypical considerations of womanhood have come to target ‘overly masculine’ women athletes with variations of sex characteristics (VSC), as elevated levels of testosterone are believed to constitute a competitive advantage.Some international sports federations, such as World Athletics, have adopted hormonal eligibility criteria (HEC) for women’s sports competitions, although the underlying scientific evidence has been strongly contested. Athletes are excluded if they do not comply with these requirements. The standard way of reducing testosterone levels is via the use of hormonal contraceptives, although irreversible surgical treatment also occurs. HEC for sports competitions raises important issues in respect of the fundamental rights of professional women athletes with VSC, and have been challenged before the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS).In this chapter, we analyze the HEC set by World Athletics in light of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which is the relevant framework for addressing human rights concerns since Switzerland accepts jurisdiction for appeals against CAS decisions. We discuss the relevant societal background, argue how HEC for sports competitions violates the individual’s right to bodily and mental integrity as protected by Article 3 ECHR, and explain that the scope of the state’s positive obligations under Article 8 ECHR needs to be interpreted as encompassing a duty to ensure the effective protection of an athlete’s bodily and psychological integrity. Finally, we set out why HEC directed at women athletes with VSC amounts to intersectional discrimination in breach of Article 14 ECHR in conjunction with Articles 3 and 8 ECHR.
The Incompatibility of Banning Political Speech in Sports with the Right to Freedom of Expression Under the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Gemalmaz H. Burak 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe SGBs and the CAS have created principles specific to the realm of sports based on the assumption that sports has a specific legal order and dispute resolution mechanisms independent from the state, namely,lex sportiva. In fact, sports law has specific principles, rules, and applications that diverge from International Human Rights Law.But the aforementionedlex sportivaassumption cannot be extended to totally exclude human rights concerns in the field of sports, especially after the recent ECtHR rulings, starting withMutu & Pechstein Case. Through those rulings, human rights standards infiltrate into sports law.This article particularly focusses on one of the most contested sports law rules, namely prohibition on political statements of sportspersons, adopted by all SBGs, in the light of recent judgments of ECtHR against Turkey concerning freedom of expression under Article 10 of the ECHR, and asserts that categorical universal ban on political speech in sports is not in conformity with the right to freedom of expression. However, after analysing relevant ECtHR judgments in detail, the article argues that by confining its review strictly to procedural grounds, the ECtHR missed the opportunity to rule the incompatibility of a blanket ban on political speech in sports with freedom of expression at an abstract level.The article concludes that the ECtHR’s acceptance that sportspersons have the freedom of speech in political matters and that such a right cannot be suspended categorically due to the sole fact that they belong to sports community, nevertheless, indicates that blanket ban on political speech cannot be sustainable any more.
Self-interacting forbidden dark matter under a cannibally co-decaying phase
Authors: Yang Kwei-Chou 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In a usual dark matter (DM) model without a huge mass difference between the DM and lighter mediator, using the coupling strength suitable for having the correct relic density, the resulting self-interaction becomes several orders of magnitude smaller than that required to interpret the small-scale structures. We present a framework that can offer a solution for this point. We consider a model that contains the vector DM and a heavier but unstable Higgs-like scalar in the hidden sector. When the temperature drops below ~ mDM, the hidden sector, which is thermally decoupled from the visible sector, enters a cannibal phase, during which the DM density is depleted with the out-of-equilibrium decay of the scalar. The favored parameter region, giving the correct relic density and the proper size of self-interactions, shows the scalar-to-DM mass ratio ∈ [1.1, 1.33] and the scalar mass ∈ [9, 114] MeV. A sizable parameter space still survives the most current constraints and can be further probed by the near future NA62 beam dump experiment.
Line defect half-indices of SU(N) Chern-Simons theories
Authors: Okazaki Tadashi , Smith Douglas J. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We study the Wilson line defect half-indices of 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 supersymmetric SU(N) Chern-Simons theories of level k ≤ – N with Neumann boundary conditions for the gauge fields, together with 2d Fermi multiplets and fundamental 3d chiral multiplets to cancel the gauge anomaly. We derive some exact results and also make some conjectures based on expansions of the q-series. We find several interesting connections with special functions known in the literature, including Rogers-Ramanujan functions for which we conjecture integral representations, and the appearance of Appell-Lerch sums for certain Wilson line half-index grand canonical ensembles which reveal an unexpected appearance of mock modular functions. We also find intriguing q-difference equations relating half-indices to Wilson line half-indices. Some of these results also have a description in terms of a dual theory with Dirichlet boundary conditions for the vector multiplet in the dual theory.
A story of non-conformal branes: spindles, disks, circles and black holes
Authors: Boisvert Mathieu , Ferrero Pietro 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We consider the (p + 2)-dimensional gauged supergravities arising as a consistent truncation of type II on S8−p, which are associated with the near-horizon limit of Dp-branes, for p = 2, 4, 5, 6 (and NS5-branes for p = 5). In a truncation of these theories with only abelian gauge fields and scalars, we find several classes of new solutions, with and without supersymmetry. Our ansatz for such backgrounds is inspired by the recent progress in the study of branes wrapped on orbifolds, but unlike those examples we consider “non-conformal branes”, i.e. no Anti de Sitter factors in the metric. Focusing on cases with non-trivial gauge fields, we can divide the solutions that we present in three categories: 1) branes wrapping Riemann surfaces, spindles and disks, 2) branes wrapped on a circle with a holonomy for the gauge field along the circle and 3) electrically charged black holes in gauged supergravity, which uplift to rotating branes in ten dimensions. We carefully analyze the conditions for supersymmetry in all these cases.
Next-to-eikonal corrected double graviton dressing and gravitational wave observables at $$ \mathcal{O}\left({G}^2\right) $$
Authors: Fernandes Karan , Lin Feng-Li 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Following a recent proposal to describe inelastic eikonal scattering processes in terms of gravitationally dressed elastic eikonal amplitudes, we motivate a collinear double graviton dressing and investigate its properties. This is derived from a generalized Wilson line operator in the worldline formalism by integrating over fluctuations of the eikonal trajectories of external particles in gravitationally interacting theories. The dressing can be expressed as a product of exponential terms — a coherent piece with contributions to all odd orders in the gravitational coupling constant and a term quadratic in graviton modes, with the former providing classical gravitational wave observables. In particular, the coherent dressing involves $$ \mathcal{O}\left({\kappa}^3\right) $$
O

κ
3

subleading double graviton corrections to the Weinberg soft factor. We use this dressing to derive expressions for the waveform, radiative momentum spectrum and angular momentum. In a limiting case of the waveform, we derive the nonlinear memory effect resulting from the emission of nearly soft gravitons from a scattering process.
Cutoff brane vs the Karch-Randall brane: the fluctuating case
Authors: Lin Jiong , Lu Yizhou , Wen Qiang 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Recently, certain holographic Weyl transformed CFT2 is proposed to capture the main features of the AdS3/BCFT2 correspondence [1, 2]. In this paper, by adapting the Weyl transformation, we simulate a generalized AdS/BCFT set-up where the fluctuation of the Karch-Randall (KR) brane is considered. In the gravity dual of the Weyl transformed CFT, the so-called cutoff brane induced by the Weyl transformation plays the same role as the KR brane. Unlike the non-fluctuating configuration, in the 2d effective theory the additional twist operator is inserted at a different place, compared with the one inserted on the brane. Though this is well-understood in the Weyl transformed CFT set-up, it is confusing in the AdS/BCFT set-up where the effective theory is supposed to locate on the brane. This confusion indicates that the KR brane may be emergent from the boundary CFT2 via the Weyl transformations.We also calculate the balanced partial entanglement (BPE) in the fluctuating brane configurations and find it coincide with the entanglement wedge cross-section (EWCS). This is a non-trivial test for the correspondence between the BPE and the EWCS, and a non-trivial consistency check for the Weyl transformed CFT set-up.
Chiral algebra from worldsheet
Authors: Li Wei 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chiral algebra of a 4D $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
≥ 2 superconformal field theory is a vertex operator algebra generated by the Schur subsector of the 4D theory and its rigid (yet rich) structure has been useful in constraining and classifying 4D $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 SCFTs. We study how the chiral algebra arises from the worldsheet perspective. In the worldsheet CFT dual of 4D $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM at the free point, we extract the subsector that corresponds to the spacetime Schur operators at generic coupling, and show how they generate the chiral algebra. The result can be easily generalized to 4D $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 superconformal field theories that arise as orbifolds of 4D $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM.
Riemann-Hilbert problems, Toeplitz operators and ergosurfaces
Authors: Câmara M. Cristina , Cardoso Gabriel Lopes 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Riemann-Hilbert approach, in conjunction with the canonical Wiener-Hopf factorisation of certain matrix functions called monodromy matrices, enables one to obtain explicit solutions to the non-linear field equations of some gravitational theories. These solutions are encoded in the elements of a matrix M depending on the Weyl coordinates ρ and v, determined by that factorisation. We address here, for the first time, the underlying question of what happens when a canonical Wiener-Hopf factorisation does not exist, using the close connection of Wiener-Hopf factorisation with Toeplitz operators to study this question. For the case of rational monodromy matrices, we prove that the non-existence of a canonical Wiener-Hopf factorisation determines curves in the (ρ, v) plane on which some elements of M(ρ, v) tend to infinity, but where the space-time metric may still be well behaved. In the case of uncharged rotating black holes in four space-time dimensions and, for certain choices of coordinates, in five space-time dimensions, we show that these curves correspond to their ergosurfaces.
Ward identities for superamplitudes
Authors: Kallosh Renata 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We introduce Ward identities for superamplitudes in D-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
-extended supergravities. These identities help to clarify the relation between linearized superinvariants and superamplitudes. The solutions of these Ward identities for an n-partice superamplitude take a simple universal form for half BPS and non-BPS amplitudes. These solutions involve arbitrary functions of spinor helicity and Grassmann variables for each of the n superparticles. The dimension of these functions at a given loop order is exactly the same as the dimension of the relevant superspace Lagrangians depending on half-BPS or non-BPS superfields, given by (D − 2)L + 2 − $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
or (D − 2)L + 2 − $$ 2\mathcal{N} $$
2
N
, respectively. This explains why soft limits predictions from superamplitudes and from superspace linearized superinvariants agree.
Reversibles zerebrales Vasokonstriktionssyndrom
Authors: Binaghi Enrico , Eube Nadine , Wegener Susanne , Schmick Anton 
Published: June 2024

ZusammenfassungDas reversible zerebrale Vasokonstriktionssyndrom (RCVS) ist eine komplexe und ätiologisch vielfältige neurovaskuläre Erkrankung, die typischerweise mit Donnerschlagkopfschmerz („thunderclap headache“, TCH) als Hauptkriterium sowie einer reversiblen sekundären Vasokonstriktion der Hirnarterien einhergeht. Das RCVS kann mit oder ohne fokal-neurologische Defizite oder epileptische Anfälle verlaufen. Man unterscheidet zwischen einem idiopathischen RCVS und einem sekundären RCVS, welches durch verschiedene Substanzen, medizinische Eingriffe oder Erkrankungen ausgelöst wird. Den ersten Kontakt mit dieser Erkrankung haben in der täglichen Praxis verschiedene Spezialisten; die richtige Erkennung und Diagnose von RCVS bleiben weiterhin eine Herausforderung. Der klinische Verlauf ist in der Regel monophasisch und selbstlimitierend, wobei Rezidive lediglich in 1,7 % der Fälle pro Jahr auftreten. Komplikationen wie Hirnblutungen und zerebrale Ischämien führen in 5–10 % der Fälle zum Tod. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Fallbeispiel verwendet, um das RCVS und seine Komplikationen vorzustellen sowie die diagnostischen Verfahren zu erläutern.
Improvement of the test sample arrangements according to IEC 60243: Electrical strength of insulating materials: test methods
Authors: Wels Sebastian , Fehmer Felix , Raulf Tobias , Claudi Albert , Boettge Bianca , Klengel Sandy 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis publication deals with the dielectric breakdown performance of plastics and the problems which occur if the corresponding standard IEC 60243-1 is applied. In the first step, the test materials and the methods were described, followed by the problems, which occur with the specimen according to the standard. In a final step, a solution (specimen) for the problem is developed and evaluated with an exemplary investigation.
Chronic Caffeine Consumption, Alone or Combined with Agomelatine or Quetiapine, Reduces the Maximum EEG Peak, As Linked to Cortical Neurodegeneration, Ovarian Estrogen Receptor Alpha, and Melatonin Receptor 2
Authors: Abdelmissih Sherine , Hosny Sara Adel , Elwi Heba M. , Sayed Walaa Mohamed , Eshra Mohamed Ali , Shaker Olfat Gamil , Samir Nancy F. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Rationale
Evidence of the effects of chronic caffeine (CAFF)-containing beverages, alone or in combination with agomelatine (AGO) or quetiapine (QUET), on electroencephalography (EEG), which is relevant to cognition, epileptogenesis, and ovarian function, remains lacking. Estrogenic, adenosinergic, and melatonergic signaling is possibly linked to the dynamics of these substances.

Objectives
The brain and ovarian effects of CAFF were compared with those of AGO + CAFF and QUET + CAFF. The implications of estrogenic, adenosinergic, and melatonergic signaling and the brain-ovarian crosstalk were investigated.

Methods
Adult female rats were administered AGO (10 mg/kg), QUET (10 mg/kg), CAFF, AGO + CAFF, or QUET + CAFF, once daily for 8 weeks. EEG, estrous cycle progression, and microstructure of the brain and ovaries were examined. Brain and ovarian 17β-estradiol (E2), antimullerian hormone (AMH), estrogen receptor alpha (E2Rα), adenosine receptor 2A (A2AR), and melatonin receptor 2 (MT2R) were assessed.

Results
CAFF, alone or combined with AGO or QUET, reduced the maximum EEG peak, which was positively linked to ovarian E2Rα, negatively correlated to cortical neurodegeneration and ovarian MT2R, and associated with cystic ovaries. A large corpus luteum emerged with AGO + CAFF and QUET + CAFF, antagonizing the CAFF-mediated increased ovarian A2AR and reduced cortical E2Rα. AGO + CAFF provoked TTP delay and increased ovarian AMH, while QUET + CAFF slowed source EEG frequency to δ range and increased brain E2.

Conclusions
CAFF treatment triggered brain and ovarian derangements partially antagonized with concurrent AGO or QUET administration but with no overt affection of estrus cycle progression. Estrogenic, adenosinergic, and melatonergic signaling and brain-ovarian crosstalk may explain these effects.
Diversity study of Beauveria bassiana species for finding the most virulent strain to manage Bemisia tabaci in cotton
Authors: Sain Satish Kumar , Kranthi Sandhya , Kranthi Keshav Raj , Monga Dilip , Paul Debashis , Prasad Yenumula G. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Beauveria bassiana (Bal.-Criv.) is an important entomopathogenic fungus being used for the management of various agricultural pests worldwide. However, all strains of B. bassiana may not be effective against whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, or other pests, and strains show diversity in their growth, sporulation, virulence features, and overall bioefficacy. Thus, to select the most effective strain, a comprehensive way needs to be devised. We studied the diversity among the 102 strains of B. bassiana isolated from 19 insect species based on their physiological features, virulence, and molecular phylogeny, to identify promising ones for the management of B. tabaci. Strains showed diversity in mycelial growth, conidial production, and their virulence against B. tabaci nymphs. The highest nymphal mortality (2nd and 3rd instar) was recorded with MTCC-4511 (95.1%), MTCC-6289 (93.8%), and MTCC-4565 (89.9%) at a concentration of 1 × 106 conidia ml−1 under polyhouse conditions. The highest bioefficacy index (BI) was in MTCC-4511 (78.3%), MTCC-4565 (68.2%), and MTCC-4543 (62.1%). MTCC-4511, MTCC-4565, and MTCC-4543 clustered with positive loading of eigenvalues for the first two principal components and the cluster analysis also corresponded well with PCA (principal component analysis) (nymphal mortality and BI). The molecular phylogeny could not draw any distinct relationship between physiological features, the virulence of B. bassiana strains with the host and location. The BI, PCA, and square Euclidean distance cluster were found the most useful tools for selecting potential entomopathogenic strains. The selected strains could be utilized for the management of the B. tabaci nymphal population in the field through the development of effective formulations.

Key points
• 102 B. bassiana strains showed diversity in growth and virulence against B. tabaci.
• Bioefficacy index, PCA, and SED group are efficient tools for selecting potential strains.
• MTCC-4511, 4565, and 4543 chosen as the most virulent strains to kill whitefly nymphs.
Evaluation of Nipple–Areola Circulation in Central Pedicle Mastopexy Patients with Subpectoral Implant Placement: A Quasi-Experimental Study
Authors: Tutak Fatma Nilay , Balık Ozan , Bulbuloglu Semra 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objective
Mastopexy is a procedure which is used in breast lift and reconstruction surgery and requires a small amount of parenchymal resection. In this procedure, the preservation of nipple–areola circulation is vital. The purpose of this study is to evaluate nipple–areola circulation in patients undergoing central pedicle mastopexy with subpectoral implant placement.

Material and Method
In this observational quasi-experimental study, data were collected retrospectively from electronic medical records. The perioperative nipple–areola circulation of patients undergoing central pedicle mastopexy with subpectoral implant placement was evaluated by integrated laser Doppler flowmetry. Descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, and Tukey’s range tests were used to analyze the data.

Results
The preoperative, skin dissection, pectoral elevation, implant placement, 24th hour, and 2nd week nipple–areola circulation statuses of each patient who underwent central pedicle mastopexy with subpectoral implant placement were examined using an integrated laser Doppler flowmeter, and the results were compared. At each stage, all measurements were in the range of 1.8–3.6 ml/min/100g. There was no statistically significant difference between the measurement results.

Conclusion
Central pedicle mastopexy with subpectoral implant placement seems highly advantageous in terms of better functionality and aesthetics in the reconstruction of heavy and sagging breasts.

No Level Assigned
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Anatomical and clinical factors associated with infrapopliteal arterial bypass outcomes in patients with chronic limb-threatening ischemia
Authors: Haga Makoto , Shindo Shunya , Nitta Jun , Kimura Mitsuhiro , Motohashi Shinya , Inoue Hidenori , Akasaka Junetsu 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify anatomical and clinical factors associated with limb-based patency (LBP) loss, major adverse limb events (MALEs), and poor amputation-free survival (AFS) after an infrapopliteal arterial bypass (IAB) surgery according to the Global Limb Anatomic Staging System. A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing IAB surgery between January 2010 and December 2021 at a single institution was performed. Two-year AFS, freedom from LBP loss, and freedom from MALEs were assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Anatomical and clinical predictors were assessed using multivariate analysis. The total number of risk factors was used to calculate risk scores for subsequent categorization into low-, moderate-, and high-risk groups. IABs were performed on 103 patients. The rates of two-year freedom from LBP loss, freedom from MALEs, and AFS were 71.3%, 76.1%, and 77.0%, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed that poor run-off beyond the ankle and a bypass vein caliber of < 3 mm were significantly associated with LBP loss and MALEs. Moreover, end-stage renal disease, non-ambulatory status, and a body mass index of < 18.5 were significantly associated with poor AFS. The rates of freedom from LBP loss and MALEs and the AFS rate were significantly lower in the high-risk group than in the other two groups (12-month low-risk rates: 92.2%, 94.8%, and 94.4%, respectively; 12-month moderate-risk rates: 58.6%, 84.6%, and 78.3%, respectively; 12-month high-risk rates: 11.1%, 17.6%, and 56.2%, respectively; p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). IAB is associated with poor clinical outcomes in terms of LBP, MALEs, and AFS in high-risk patients. Risk stratification based on these predictors is useful for long-term prognosis.