bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfur- and Polymer-Impregnated Brick and Block Prisms
Authors: Chen WF , Mehta HC , Slutter RG 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
To enhance significantly both the strength and durability of concrete and other related building materials, the technique of polymer impregnation has received a wide-spread recognition in recent years. The price of oil-based monomers, however, due to shortage of oil, prevents a large-scale use of this technique. The objective of this paper was to demonstrate the applicability of sulfur as an attractive substitute to monomers for impregnation. It was demonstrated that sulfur impregnation of building block and brick units and prisms, carried out at atmospheric pressure using a simple process developed in the laboratory, could give equivalent relative strength increase compared to polymethyl methacrylate-impregnated units and prisms. Sulfur impregnation showed greater than 90% reduction in water absorption and virtually no acid attack. This suggests possible application of treated masonry to sewage pipes and culverts, to acid treatment vessels and pump beds, and to enhance the strength and durability of low-quality masonry.
Correlating Models and Prediction of Erosion Resistance to Cavitation and Drop Impact
Authors: Veerabhadra Rao P , Syamala Rao BC , Lakshmana Rao NS 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUsing venturi and rotating disk data, correlations are established between volume loss rates obtained from different stages of volume loss-time curves and various single and multiple material properties. The significance of correlations and relationships is judged from various statistical parameters computed. The analysis indicates that during the initial and development phases hardness and shock compression ratio play a predominant role, and once the erosion develops modified resilience and tensile strength significantly influence the erosion phenomenon. For the correlations involving volume loss taken from the initial and development phases the statistical parameters exhibit considerable variation, while in the developed phase their variation is insignificant. Analyses of extensive erosion data from the authors' laboratory and from other laboratories indicate that groupings of properties like ultimate resilience × hardness (UH) and tensile strength × hardness (T,H) or groupings such as UHE and UHT, exhibit best correlations. Several equations are proposed to predict erosion rates of various materials tested in different laboratories.
Development of a Method to Measure Wear on Resilient Flooring
Authors: Irwin WE 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Interlaboratory and intralaboratory reproducibility has been shown for a method to measure wear on resilient flooring. The work was done by the ASTM F06.33 Task Group on Abrasion and Wear, using a loose-grit feeding device as an attachment on the Taber abraser. Otto F. V. Frick, National Institute for Material Testing, Stockholm, Sweden, developed the original feeding device, now called the Frick-Taber Attachment. This prototype feeder was modified and subsequently manufactured in sufficient quantity to carry out this program. The coefficients of variation of volume loss between six cooperating laboratories using five different resilient floorings were found to be no greater than 20%. Within any one laboratory, the coefficients of variation were approximately 10% or less. A ranking of equivalent flooring materials according to the wear expected from wear tests reported in the literature corresponds with the loss results found in this effort. The F06.33 Task Group has concluded that the technique has sufficient precision to be recommended as a method to measure wear on resilient flooring.
A New Stable Nickel-Base Thermocouple
Authors: Starr CD , Wang TP 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The change in magnitude and direction of electromotive force (EMF) and the accompanying structural changes of nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr), nickel-silicon (Ni-Si), and nickel-silicon-magnesium (Ni-Si-Mg) alloy thermoelements at 1800°F (982°C) in air were studied in comparison with a standard type K thermocouple of the same size. The Ni-Cr versus Ni-Si-Mg couple changes only +200 µV versus +600 µV for the Type K couple after 21 200 hours at that temperature. The EMF changes of K+ and the Ni-Cr alloy are attributed to the simultaneous oxidation of Cr and Si and to the increase in oxygen. The EMF change of K- is caused by the preferential oxidation of silicon, aluminum, manganese, and iron and to the increase in oxygen. The EMF changes of Ni-Si and Ni-Si-Mg are caused by the preferential oxidation of Si and to the increase in oxygen. The presence of magnesium increases the stability of the Ni-Si system by blocking the reaction of silicon and oxygen.
The Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Static Strength of Hydrated Portland Cement
Authors: Barrick JE , Krokosky EM 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper delineates the effects of temperature and relative humidity on static strength (fatigue) of hydrated portland cement mortar. An experimental program involving the static loading of small cement-sand beams at varying conditions of temperature and relative humidity was undertaken to obtain information on the time required for fracture. This data was analyzed with a statistical procedure developed for truncated, lognormal distributions. The results are presented as cumulative probability distributions. A stress-corrosion mechanism dependent on the presence of calcium hydroxide is postulated as a result of this study.
Mechanical Properties at Elevated Temperature of CuBath® Electroplated Copper for Multilayer Boards
Authors: Fox A 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Differential thermal expansion in plated through holes (PTHs) of multilayer boards (MLBs), due to soldering or to changes in ambient temperature, produces thermal strains and possibly failure of the electroplated copper. In addition, repeated thermal cycling may produce mechanical ratcheting.
A first requirement for the design of PTHs is a knowledge of the mechanical properties at elevated temperature of the electroplated copper, potentially the weakest link in the structure. To provide such information, the creep, creep-rupture, stress relaxation, and monotonic tensile properties for CuBath® copper, electroplated under controlled laboratory conditions, were studied as a function of temperature and thickness. In addition, strain ratcheting at elevated temperature was determined from repeated stress relaxation tests. The material studied was found to exhibit adequate localized ductility for the design requirements of our MLBs, although, as is generally the case for electroplated copper, its final elongation after fracture was lower than that for wrought, annealed copper.
Influence of Calcium Chloride on the Drying Shrinkage of Alite Paste
Authors: Berger RL , Kung JH , Young JF 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The drying shrinkage at 55% relative humidity of alite pastes with and without 1% calcium chloride (CaCl2) at equal degrees of hydration was investigated. CaCl2 increases drying shrinkage at all levels of hydration studied. However, the difference in drying shrinkage of pastes with and without 1% CaCl2 decreased with increased hydration. Shrinkage of pastes with CaCl2 decreased with increasing hydration (40 to 75%), whereas shrinkage of pastes without CaCl2 increased with increasing hydration (43 to 62%). A larger weight loss during drying was noted in pastes without CaCl2. Reference is made to the relationship between the observed shrinkage in alite pastes and differences in the pore size distributions of tricalcium silicate pastes with and without CaCl2.
Base Stabilization Using Pelletized Blast Furnace Slag
Authors: Emery JJ , Kim CS , Cotsworth RP 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Laboratory studies on the use of fine-grained, self-cementing pelletized blast furnace slag in stabilized base construction are presented. The slag chemistry is such that the finer portions of ground pelletized slag show cementing properties. A satisfactory stabilized base mix composed of 70% crusher run blast furnace slag and 30% ground pelletized slag has been developed, and the critical level of minus No. 200 fines has been established. The ground pelletized slag is readily produced, even from moist pellets, using an intensive mixer with a high speed rotor that grinds the slag. The strength development of the ground pelletized slag is not very sensitive to the glass content but is highly dependent on the quantity and Blaine fineness of the minus No. 200 fines in the ground slag. A procedure for the determination of glass content is given. The use of ground pelletized blast furnace slag offers a viable alternative to the use of asphaltic or portland cements in many cases, with an attendant saving in energy resource requirements.
Remolding Stresses and Directional Strength Behavior of an Illitic Clay
Authors: Khera RP 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The cause and the nature of anisotropy in a cohesive soil was investigated by direct shear and triaxial compression tests. Samples formed under hydrostatic stress showed isotropic shear strength and pore pressure behavior as well as the lack of bias in soil fabric. When the samples from the same clay were molded under one-dimensional consolidation stress, the pore pressure was observed to be isotropic, but the effective stress shear strength was not. Also, these samples had oriented soil structure. The anisotropic strength resulted from the sample stress history and not from the stresses existing prior to shearing. The ratio between the pore pressure at failure and the mean consolidation pressure during remolding, as well as the inclination of the failure plane to the specimen axis, were observed to be essentially constant for all specimens.
Machining Glass Ceramic in Dry and Wet Environments
Authors: Stanislao J , Turker EG , Richman MH 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Glass ceramic (K2O-MgF2-MgO-SiO2) was found to have relatively good machinability that is restricted within a very limited range of machine settings. The microstructure of glass ceramic has had significant influence on the machining capabilities. Tool geometry, tool composition, and the machining environment influenced cutting forces, workpiece surface quality, and tool life.
An Evaluation of a Proposed Test Method for Determining the Maximum Dry Density of Dense Graded Aggregate
Authors: Roberts FL 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A unique compaction test method similar to ASTM Test for Moisture-Density Relations of Soils, Using 10-lb (4.5-kg) Rammer and 18-in. (457-mm) Drop (D 1557-70) was developed and evaluated in the course of a National Cooperative Highway Research Program study of density standards for field compaction of granular base and subbases conducted at Clemson University. The new test method, called the Marshall Hammer Compaction Test, utilizes a standard 1/30 ft3 (944.64 cm3) mold as specified in ASTM Test D 1557-70, Method C, but the 10-lb (4.53-kg) Marshall hammer is substituted for the 10-lb (4.53-kg) Proctor hammer. Also, forty blows for each of the five layers are used to provide a total compaction effort of 90 000 ft-lbs/ft3 (4362.6 kN·m/m3) for the new test.
Laboratory density tests were performed using ASTM Test D 1557-70, Marshall hammer, and a combination procedure to determine the effects of additional energy and confinement on density produced. Four materials were tested with these procedures, and the densities were compared. Gradation tests were also performed to determine the extent of the degradation produced by the additional compaction energy. The laboratory densities were compared with densities obtained from full-scale prototype test pit constructions using the same materials.
Results from this study showed that the Marshall hammer procedure produced densities that were on the average 3 lb/ft3 (48 kg/m3) higher than those produced using ASTM Test D 1557-70. A comparison of the laboratory densities with the field densities showed that ASTM Test D 1557-70 obtained maximum dry density results which were 96.7% of the test pit densities while the Marshall hammer procedure obtained 99.0%. If a specification of 98% of maximum field compaction is required, as in some control-strip, compaction-control procedures, then the Marshall hammer procedure would provide an adequate target density at a specification level of 100% or less.
Local Strain Behavior Prior to Fatigue Crack Nucleation
Authors: Quesnel DJ , Meshii M 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The local strain behavior of cold-rolled HSLA (niobium) steel was investigated in the vicinity of a circular hole for first loading, first unloading, and in the unloaded state after 50 000 and 82 000 cycles by determining εθ as a function of distance from an 0.02-in. (508-μm) circular notch by direct comparison of optical micrographs at approximately ×1000. This technique allows changes in length to be determined to ±0.15 μm which, over a 100-μm gage length, corresponds to an engineering strain resolution of ±0.15%. The resolution is sufficiently high to allow local strain distributions, as calculated from elasticity and plasticity theory, to be compared with the experimental data. A pseudo-plastic solution was developed from the plane stress solution by considering A. E. Green's three-dimensional solution and Neuber's relation between stress and strain concentrations. The monotonic deformation law obeyed by cold-rolled niobium steel was experimentally determined and combined with the pseudo-plasticity result to obtain a quantitative prediction of the local strain behavior on first loading. Experimentally obtained strain behaviors for first loading provide good agreement with the pseudo-plasticity result for each of the strain levels investigated. The strain distribution measured after the first unloading demonstrated that a compressive residual stress is generated during the first cycle. The strain distribution developed by repeated tension loading is also presented and discussed.
A Definition of Drawability and Its Relation to Deformation in the Drawing of Square Cups
Authors: Hsu TC , Lee SY 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Drawability is first distinguished from stretchability and the relative amounts of drawing and stretching in any particular forming operation are quantitatively defined. The generalized definition of drawability is based on the definition of the boundary of the product, with which a quantitative definition of draw-in is established. Drawability is then defined as the maximum draw-in at the completion of the cup. It is shown, both theoretically and experimentally, that the draw-in is maximized by choosing the right size, shape, and orientation of the blank to match a particular shape and size of the cup and the boundary. The definition of drawability, hitherto associated with the drawing of round cups, as the Swift test, is generalized to include cups of all shapes. The drawability index so determined can be used not only to compare two materials in the same process, as can be done in the Swift test, but also to compare two processes using the same material, which has hitherto been impossible.
Methods for Determining the Strength of Brittle Materials in Compressive Stress States
Authors: Adams M , Sines G 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Testing techniques capable of stressing brittle materials in any biaxial compressive stress state have been developed. The design of the specimen, the test devices, and the testing procedures are described in detail. Test results obtained with these techniques, which define the compressive biaxial failure envelope for WESGO AL-995 alumina, are presented. The general problems inherent in the compression testing of very strong brittle materials are discussed.
Monitoring Crack Extension in Fracture Toughness Tests by Ultrasonics
Authors: Klima SJ , Fisher DM , Buzzard RJ 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAn ultrasonic method was used to observe the onset of crack extension and to monitor continued crack growth in fracture toughness specimens during three-point bend tests. A 20-MHz transducer was used with commercially available equipment to detect average crack extension less than 0.09 mm. The material tested was a 300-grade maraging steel in the annealed condition. A crack extension resistance curve was developed to demonstrate the usefulness of the ultrasonic method for minimizing the number of tests required to generate such curves.
Alignment Problems in the Tensile Test
Authors: Christ BW , Swanson SR 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUniaxial tensile testing is a method used throughout the world to measure the strength and ductility of materials. An important aspect of uniaxial tensile testing which often goes unrecognized is test system alignment. Poor alignment can significantly influence test results at small strains, especially the fracture strengths of materials in a brittle state. The purpose of this review paper is to enable a reader to identify sources of misalignment, recognize the effects of misalignment on tests results, evaluate the extreme surface bending strains and stresses, and become acquainted with some techniques for reducing misalignments to within tolerable limits. Numerous references are made to the literature which describes how misalignment may be influenced by couplings in the loading train and by specimen design. A quantitative assessment of the devices and techniques discussed in this literature is made in those cases where sufficient data have been provided. The literature surveyed indicates that misalignment in carefully designed and precisely machined testing systems ranges between 3 and 15% bending. The need for reporting the misalignment at which a given test result is obtained is pointed out.
Structural Tests of Aerodynamic Surfaces: A Systems Approach to Analysis and Design
Authors: Goldenberg K 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
One of the primary tasks in structural ground testing of aerodynamic surfaces is to resolve complex, curvilinear pressure fields into applied test loads. A systems approach is presented which optimally performs this analysis and integrates it with major subsequent phases of the engineering operation: specifically, correlation of actual/theoretical shear and moment curves, selection of loading pad geometry, test fixture analysis, and graphical display of the results. Computer programs are available to calculate these results rapidly using curve fitting and statistical methods modified for test data evaluation.
Evaluation of Intergranular Corrosion in Stainless Steel
Authors: Loginow AW 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSpecimens of Type 304 austenitic stainless steel with carbon contents of 0.017, 0.024, 0.046, and 0.059% were subjected to intergranular corrosion tests in acidified copper sulfate solutions with and without additions of metallic copper. In the annealed condition the steels were not attacked by either of the test environments. After a sensitizing heat treatment, both test procedures showed essentially the same behavior; intergranular corrosion occurred only on steels with 0.046 and 0.059% carbon.Of the visual, metallographic, and scanning electron microscope methods of examining test specimens, the latter produces a superior permanent record. Tactile examination proved to be a simple method of determining intergranular attack on specimens bent after exposure to the test solutions. Evaluation of the examination methods led to a proposed sequence for examining specimens, from a low-sensitivity visual examination to a high-sensitivity examination with a scanning electron microscope. Limitations of the test methods are discussed.
Correlation of Strength of Cement Mortar Cured by 28-Day Standard and Accelerated Methods
Authors: Chriss S 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Based on the results of an experimental preliminary investigation, two correlations are presented between the standard 28-day strengths of 2-in. (50.8-mm) portland cement mortar cube specimens and the strengths of companion specimens cured under standard conditions for 1 day, and then subjected to accelerated curing for 1, 2, and 3 days in a water bath at 95°C. The proposed correlations, although by no means conclusive, seem to indicate that a unified approach to prediction of standard 28-day strengths may be possible without resorting to development of individual “standard curing-accelerated curing” relationships for each kind of cement of different quality.
Prediction of Fatigue Life of Plain Concrete Beams from Fracture Tests
Authors: Ramsamooj DV 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA mathematical model, based on the principles of fracture mechanics, is proposed for the prediction of the flexural fatigue life of plain concrete beams. The model predictions are compared with about 400 experimental data from four separate collections, published earlier, covering materials with wide ranges of compressive strengths, 20 Mpa to 44.8 MPa, stress range ratios (minimum/maximum bending stress) of 0 to 0.75, and flexing frequencies of 1 to 20 Hz. There is good agreement between the model and the regression lines fitted to the experimental data.
Relevant Errors Associated with Tension Testing of Metals
Authors: Tomesani L 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The problems of properly evaluating the tensile properties of metals are examined. In particular, we estimate the errors introduced by the use of simplified relationships that do not consider the change in specimen volume during the test, and by ordinary regression analysis performed with only one uncertainty-affected variable. Typical values of these errors on different materials are computed by means of tension tests on cylindrical specimens.
Stress Correction for Removal of Material in X-Ray Stress Determination
Authors: Kang ZQ , Li JB , Wang ZG 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
To determine residual stresses in a (flat) plate or bar with a rectangular cross-section by X-ray diffraction after removal of material, we can sectionally approximate the measured stress curve with depth using power series, then consequently evaluate the additional stresses created by removal, and finally obtain the true stress distribution with depth before the layers were removed. Formulas to evaluate corrections for stress have been derived. Two examples demonstrate that power series with few terms can provide us with an approximation good enough for the measured stress curve, and that the influence of the approximation on the corrective result is far less than that of the errors arising from the X-ray stress determination itself.
Preparation of Stainless Steel Adherends for Adhesive Bonding
Authors: Gaskin GB , Pilla GJ , Brown SR 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Adhesively bonded stainless steel aircraft components often fail prematurely at the adhesive/adherend interface. This failure results from exposure of the adhesively bonded joint to various mechanical and thermal stresses, as well as the exposure to hostile environments. Currently, there is not a single, reliable preparation for adhesive bonding that is universally employed for all classes of stainless steel.
This study was conducted to evaluate several existing stainless steel prebonding processes, to determine the significant process factors contributing to the adhesive/stainless steel interfacial performance, and to develop a single reliable prebond preparation for stainless steels. Several surface pretreatments were evaluated with various classes of stainless steel. Wedge crack extension test results of moisture conditioned test specimens show that a newly developed pretreatment process yields the most stable passivation surface for various classes of stainless steel.