bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential gene expression in brain tissues of aggressive and non-aggressive dogs
Authors: Våge Jørn , Bønsdorff Tina B , Arnet Ellen , Tverdal Aage , Lingaas Frode 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Background
Canine behavioural problems, in particular aggression, are important reasons for euthanasia of otherwise healthy dogs. Aggressive behaviour in dogs also represents an animal welfare problem and a public threat. Elucidating the genetic background of adverse behaviour can provide valuable information to breeding programs and aid the development of drugs aimed at treating undesirable behaviour. With the intentions of identifying gene-specific expression in particular brain parts and comparing brains of aggressive and non-aggressive dogs, we studied amygdala, frontal cortex, hypothalamus and parietal cortex, as these tissues are reported to be involved in emotional reactions, including aggression. Based on quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in 20 brains, obtained from 11 dogs euthanised because of aggressive behaviour and nine non-aggressive dogs, we studied expression of nine genes identified in an initial screening by subtraction hybridisation.

Results
This study describes differential expression of the UBE2V2 and ZNF227 genes in brains of aggressive and non-aggressive dogs. It also reports differential expression for eight of the studied genes across four different brain tissues (amygdala, frontal cortex, hypothalamus, and parietal cortex). Sex differences in transcription levels were detected for five of the nine studied genes.

Conclusions
The study showed significant differences in gene expression between brain compartments for most of the investigated genes. Increased expression of two genes was associated with the aggression phenotype. Although the UBE2V2 and ZNF227 genes have no known function in regulation of aggressive behaviour, this study contributes to preliminary data of differential gene expression in the canine brain and provides new information to be further explored.
Recent Developments in Locomotives used by a Heavy Industry
Authors: Ribbons R. T. 
Published: June 2010

The Steel Company of Wales at Port Talbot has a railway system all of its own. With 39 diesel shunters and 128 miles of rail track it handles 315,000 tons of material each week. Seventeen years have elapsed since the Company took delivery of its first diesel shunter. There followed four other basically different locomotive designs, each having its own good features and each its own problems. Thus an unusual opportunity existed for comparing the design of various shunting locomotives and for determining which features suited the working conditions best. A very large number of modifications and design changes have been made to enable the locomotives to work more reliably and at lower maintenance costs. Some of the more recent developments which are described involve the use of new inventions and man-made materials not available when the locomotives were built. It is suggested that by adopting new ideas and materials, locomotive manufacturers can follow the lead given recently by motor car designers and produce locomotives requiring only infrequent servicing or attention.
Ultrasound evaluation of brain infections and its complications in Nigerian infants
Authors: Nzeh Donald , Oyinloye Olalekan Ibukun , Odebode Olugbenga Timothy , Akande Halimat , Braimoh Kolawole 
Published: June 2010

Summary Infantile meningitis is a clinical diagnosis. However, suspicion of its complications may warrant further investigations; and transfrontanelle ultrasound is a reliable and cheap way to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonography in diagnosing the complications of infantile meningitis. This is a retrospective study of the transfrontanelle ultrasound findings in 40 infants presenting with clinical indicators of complicated acute bacterial meningitis. There were 20 boys and 20 girls aged 5–115 days (mean, 42.6 ± 30.1 days). The complications of meningitis detectable on ultrasound were: hydrocephalus (21[52.5%]); cerebral abscess (2[5%]); subdural empyema (2 [5%]); and ventriculitis (3[7.5%]). Twelve babies (30%) had no abnormal findings. Hydrocephalus is the most common complication of meningitis in our setting. Transfontanelle ultrasound proved to be very reliable in the initial diagnosis and follow-up of complicated meningitis.
Childhood Plasmodium falciparum malaria complicated by acute pancreatitis
Authors: Thapa Rajoo , Mallick Debkrishna , Biswas Biswajit 
Published: June 2010

Summary Falciparum malaria is occasionally associated with multiple organ system complications. However, acute pancreatitis rarely occurs as a part of the spectrum. A 13-year-old boy presented with falciparum malaria complicated predominantly by acute pancreatitis. He recovered satisfactorily with supportive measures. To our knowledge, there are less than 10 such documented instances in the literature and they are mostly adults. Acute abdomen in Plasmodium falciparum infection may reveal pancreatitis which should be detected at the earliest.
Cause of death among people with retroviral infection in rural Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Cooper Maxwell , Van Der Loeff Maarten Schim , Mcconkey Samuel , Cooper Sarah , Vincent Tim , Whittle Hilton 
Published: June 2010

Summary HIV-2 and HTLV-1 infection are both associated with increased mortality, but the causes of death are not well known. Relatives of 84 deceased persons from a rural part of Guinea-Bissau were interviewed using a standardised verbal autopsy questionnaire in the context of a large longitudinal community cohort study. The results were reviewed by two doctors to conclude cause of death. A cause of death was agreed upon for 49/84 subjects. Nineteen of these 49 were infected with HIV-2 alone and 7 with both HIV-2 and HTLV-1. Among these, the main causes of death were pulmonary tuberculosis (n = 5), AIDS (n = 5), cerebrovascular accident (n = 5), sepsis (n = 3) and hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 2). Death associated with traditional HIV-related causes were implicated in 13/26 (50%) of those with HIV-2.
An outbreak of scrub typhus in Bishnupur district of Manipur, India, 2007
Authors: Singh S Ibungochouba , Devi K Purnamala , Tilotama Rajkumari , Ningombam Somorjit , Gopalkrishna Y , Singh Thokchom Biren , Murhekar Manoj V 
Published: June 2010

Summary Seasonal outbreaks of febrile illness with eschar have been occurring in Bishnupur district of Manipur since 2001. The aetiology of these outbreaks was unknown. We investigated a similar outbreak in 2007 in order to confirm the aetiology and identify its risk factors. We identified 38 patients who met the case definition (attack rate: 3.4/1000), including two deaths (case fatality ratio = 5.3%). Half of the female patients had eschar on the perineal area. The clinical picture and Weil-Felix positivity suggested that the outbreak was due to scrub typhus. The disease was more common among individuals who defecated or urinated in the jungle or bushy areas from a squatting position. We recommended educating the community about the common symptoms of the disease, encouraging them to seek early treatment from public health facilities and suggested that they be taught to avoid defecating/urinating from a squatting position in the jungle.
Scrub typhus in Southern India: are we doing enough?
Authors: Razak Abdul , Sathyanarayanan Vishwanath , Prabhu Mukhyaprana , Sangar Madhusudan , Balasubramanian R 
Published: June 2010

Summary Scrub typhus is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi. We report on a retrospective analysis of clinical manifestations, lab investigations and outcome of patients admitted to our hospital from January 2009 to December 2009 with scrub typhus. The Weil-Felix test was the serological method used to diagnose scrub typhus. A total of 29 patients were diagnosed with scrub typhus and the majority of them presented with fever (100%), headache (51%), myalgia (51%) and gastrointestinal symptoms (44%) as predominant features. Six patients (20%) presented with altered sensorium and signs of meningial irritation. There is an emergence of rickettsial infection in southern India, posing diagnostic difficulty and delay in treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment are important as it prevents serious complications associated with the disease.
Class and gender as a laughing matter? The case of Roseanne
Authors: Senzani Alessandra 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the role of humor in challenging hegemonic discourses on social class and gender, as they are reproduced in the popular sitcom format. Mindful of sitcoms' entrenched role in the audience's commodification process, the study explores whether a form of critical humor on social class and gender can emerge in the TV palimpsest. For this purpose, the study will look specifically at the sitcom Roseanne and at the public persona of Roseanne Barr. The study adopts a “multiperspectival approach” that considers all three elements of production, text and reception. First, Roseanne will be historically contextualized to understand the contradictions with which working-class representations are fraught. Secondly, a textual analysis will be performed to assess the extent to which class and gender are used as sources of humor and for which functions; finally, metatexts and viewers' responses will be analyzed considering the tensions between hegemonic and oppositional meanings attached to the sitcom. The case study of Roseanne will show that, in spite of obvious containment strategies—often through the secondary plotline and the metatexts, the sitcom provided its audience with critical humor to challenge hegemonic representations of class and gender.
Loin des yeux du monde : quelques rêveries au cœur des conduites addictives
Authors: Grange David 
Published: June 2010

Résumé Au cœur du discours des personnes boulimiques, alcooliques, toxicomanes, joueuses pathologiques… se retrouve, étonnamment récurrente, la même famille de rêveries, à base de déserts, de grottes profondes, de bouts du monde, de forêts oubliées… bref d’endroits où se cacher de la vie en général et de la société en particulier. Notre article s’attachera à explorer ces rêveries d’échappatoire, à les recenser, à les sérier, à en élucider la logique et les ressorts fondamentaux. Nous conclurons alors en nous demandant dans quelle mesure, au-delà de leur caractère évidemment douloureux et délétère, les conduites addictives peuvent également être envisagées comme des adaptations cohérentes à un sentiment particulier, lui-même reflet d’une certaine condition sociale : le sentiment d’être toujours et partout un intrus, le sentiment d’illégitimité.
La toxicomanie comme tenant lieu de symptôme
Authors: Macary-Garipuy Pascale 
Published: June 2010

Prenant à la fois appui sur le fait clinique de l’angoisse surgissant à l’arrêt de la prise du produit, et sur la fonction logique du symptôme dans la structure, l’auteur soutient que la « toxicomanie » n’est pas une solution symptomatique. L’apparition de l’intoxication, fréquente au temps dit de « l’adolescence », pose la question d’un second temps du symptôme, temps qui serait évité par le sujet qui choisirait de fuir dans une jouissance non phallique, évitant d’assumer la rencontre avec l’Autre sexe et le non-rapport sexuel, soit reculerait devant la castration.
« Qu'importe qui parle, quelqu'un a dit qu'importe qui parle »
Authors: Charrier Thérèse 
Published: June 2010

L’ expérience de ce cartel comme « plus une » fut une expérience de corps à corps avec le dispositif, sa mythologie et ses rituels : fonction du plus un ; déclaration ; titre ; production ; adresse ; dissolution .La question de l’usage de la cure et de l’intime s’y est posée de manière vive, interrogeant la place de différents dispositifs dans une association et la césure qu’ils créent entre sacré et profane.
Le réel, la jouissance, le hors-discours
Authors: Leblanc Jean-Pierre 
Published: June 2010

A travers ce propos et cette réflexion sur l’analyse de pratique, il s’agit de montrer comment peut opérer une clinique qui s’oriente sur la question de la jouissance et du réel. Clinique engagée, qui ne recule pas devant ce qui objecte à la parole : ce qui affecte, ce qui trouble, ce qui se donne au plus opaque, peut être le signe du surgissement d’un réel qui, lorsqu’on peut en reconnaitre l’émergence, devient un chemin possible pour entendre la part d’inouï, la part d’ « impensable » à laquelle le sujet qu’on rencontre a à faire.
17β-Estradiol Promotes TLR4-Triggered Proinflammatory Mediator Production through Direct Estrogen Receptor α Signaling in Macrophages In Vivo
Authors: Calippe Bertrand , Douin-Echinard Victorine , Delpy Laurent , Laffargue Muriel , Lélu Karine , Krust Andrée , Pipy Bernard , Bayard Francis , Arnal Jean-François , Guéry Jean-Charles , Gourdy Pierre 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) has been shown to promote the expression of inflammatory mediators by LPS-activated tissue resident macrophages through estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling. However, it remained to be determined whether E2 similarly influences macrophages effector functions under inflammatory conditions in vivo, and whether this action of E2 resulted from a direct effect on macrophages. We show in this study that chronic E2 administration to ovariectomized mice significantly increased both cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and inducible NO synthase mRNA abundance in thioglycolate (TGC)-elicited macrophages. The proinflammatory action of E2 was also evidenced at the level of released IL-1β and IL-6 by ex vivo LPS-activated macrophages. E2 concomitantly inhibited PI3K activity as well as Akt phosphorylation in TGC-elicited macrophages, suggesting that E2 promoted TLR-dependent macrophage activation by alleviating this suppressive signaling pathway. Indeed, this effect was abolished in the presence of the inhibitor wortmannin, demonstrating a key functional link between inhibition of PI3K activity and the E2 action on macrophage functions. Endogenous estrogens levels circulating in ovary-intact mice were sufficient to promote the above described actions. Finally, thanks to a CreLox strategy, targeted disruption of ERα gene in macrophages totally abolished the effect of E2 on the expression of inflammatory mediators by both resident and TGC-elicited peritoneal macrophages. In conclusion, we demonstrate that estrogens, through the activation of ERα in macrophages in vivo, enhance their ability to produce inflammatory mediators and cytokines upon subsequent TLR activation.
Deletion of IgG-Switched Autoreactive B Cells and Defects in Faslpr Lupus Mice
Authors: Aït-Azzouzene Djemel , Kono Dwight H. , Gonzalez-Quintial Rosana , McHeyzer-Williams Louise J. , Lim Min , Wickramarachchi Dilki , Gerdes Tobias , Gavin Amanda L. , Skog Patrick , McHeyzer-Williams Michael G. , Nemazee David , Theofilopoulos Argyrios N. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
During a T cell-dependent Ab response, B cells undergo Ab class switching and V region hypermutation, with the latter process potentially rendering previously innocuous B cells autoreactive. Class switching and hypermutation are temporally and anatomically linked with both processes dependent on the enzyme, activation-induced deaminase, and occurring principally, but not exclusively, in germinal centers. To understand tolerance regulation at this stage, we generated a new transgenic mouse model expressing a membrane-tethered γ2a-reactive superantigen (γ2a-macroself Ag) and assessed the fate of emerging IgG2a-expressing B cells that have, following class switch, acquired self-reactivity of the Ag receptor to the macroself-Ag. In normal mice, self-reactive IgG2a-switched B cells were deleted, leading to the selective absence of IgG2a memory responses. These findings identify a novel negative selection mechanism for deleting mature B cells that acquire reactivity to self-Ag. This process was only partly dependent on the Bcl-2 pathway, but markedly inefficient in MRL-Faslpr lupus mice, suggesting that defective apoptosis of isotype-switched autoreactive B cells is central to Fas mutation-associated systemic autoimmunity.
Motor Neurons and Spinal Control of Movement
Authors: Carp Jonathan S , Wolpaw Jonathan R 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Motor neurons are among the largest neurons in the central nervous system and have long axons that travel along peripheral nerves to innervate skeletal muscles. They are the final common pathway through which the brain controls bodily movement. Motor neurons receive excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs from sensory afferents and from pathways of supraspinal origin either directly or via interneurons. The intrinsic properties of motor neurons determine how these inputs are transformed into a sequence of action potentials that elicit muscle contraction. Motor neuron intrinsic properties are affected by neuromodulatory inputs from supraspinal and spinal pathways. Motor neurons are recruited in ways that make effective use of the muscle fibres they innervate. All motor actions – whether stereotyped behaviours (such as locomotion or withdrawal reflexes), or uniquely specified sequences of muscle contraction – reflect the interaction of supraspinal commands, sensory inputs and spinal cord interneurons.

Key Concepts:

Motor neurons are large neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord that innervate skeletal muscle; those innervating the same muscle are grouped in proximity to form a motor neuron pool.

The electrophysiological properties of an individual motor neuron are appropriately matched to the contractile properties of the muscle fibres it innervates; together, a motor neuron and its muscle fibres form a motor unit.

Motor neurons receive two types of synaptic inputs from descending pathways, spinal interneurons and segmental afferents: (1) excitatory and inhibitory inputs that directly affect membrane potential and (2) neuromodulatory inputs that alter the effects of the excitatory and inhibitory inputs on membrane potential.

The intrinsic properties of a motor neuron and the neuromodulatory influences it receives determine how its excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs are translated into a firing pattern that elicits muscle contraction.

Motor neurons are recruited in a stereotyped order according to the ‘size principle’, in which low‐force motor units are activated first, and sequentially higher force motor units are subsequently added to produce the total muscle force appropriate for the current action.

Networks (often called central pattern generators) composed of spinal interneurons support locomotion and other cyclical movement patterns by distributing rhythmic synaptic activity among different motor neuron pools in appropriate temporal sequences.
Antibiotic Molecules: Intracellular
Authors: Borregaard Niels , Sørensen Ole Erik 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIntracellular antibiotic molecules are the essential components of innate, that is nonadaptive, immunity. Some of these, such as the iron‐binding moleculeslactoferrinandneutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin, deprive microorganisms of the essential nutrient iron by binding iron directly or by binding siderophores that bacteria use for their iron uptake. These molecules inhibit bacterial growth but do not kill bacteria. This is in contrast to the antibiotic peptides that have a broad antibacterial spectrum such as theα‐defensinsHNP1‐3and the human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide hCAP‐18. In general, these are small peptides that have a surplus of positively charged amino acids and hydrophobic amino acids. They bind to microorganisms by virtue of their positive charge and make lytic holes in the bacteria by inserting themselves into the surface membrane. Other antibiotic molecules are short‐lived molecular reagents such as nitrous oxide and hypochlorous acid that are generated by specific activation of phagocytes, the cells equipped especially for microbicidal activity.Key Concepts:Iron deprivation is an important strategy for inhibiting growth of microorganisms.Antibiotic peptides are positively charged molecules that bind to the negatively charged surface of microorganisms and make holes in their membrane.Reactive oxygen derivatives such as superoxide anions and hypochlorous acid are generated by phagocytes and kill microorganisms.
Haematopoiesis
Authors: Kumar Ritu , Evans Todd 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHaematopoiesis generates a variety of distinct blood cell types from a common stem cell. Secreted signalling molecules called cytokines modulate the survival, proliferation and differentiation of all the blood cell lineages, mediated by defined sets of transcription factors. Haematopoiesis is also influenced by external cues such as oxygen concentration. Haematopoiesis is an ongoing process continuing throughout lifetime, although the location of stem cells, and the specific cell types derived from them, changes during embryonic, fetal and early postnatal development. In the adult, haematopoiesis occurs primarily in the bone marrow, in association with a supportive niche. Haematopoietic stem cells are derived from cells bipotential for blood and endothelial cells, or directly from specialised endothelium. Blood lineages have a hierarchical relationship, but there is some flexibility among progenitors for deriving specific fates. Defects in haematopoiesis result in common and serious human diseases including anaemia and leukaemia.Key Concepts:Haematopoiesis is the process of forming blood cells, which occurs during embryogenesis and throughout life.Defects in haematopoiesis can result in some of the most common and serious human diseases, including anaemia and leukaemia.Blood consists of many different kinds of cells with a diverse range of functions, controlling gaseous exchange, clotting and comprising the immune system.All blood cells are derived from a common progenitor, the haematopoietic stem cell.The site where haematopoiesis occurs changes during embryonic development, but in adult mammals the bone marrow is the major site of haematopoiesis.Haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow reside in a specialised microenvironment known as the haematopoietic stem cell niche, comprised of osteoblasts and sinusoidal vessels.Growth factors called cytokines control the survival, self‐renewal and differentiation of haematopoietic stem cells and their progeny.Blood cells have a close developmental relationship with endothelial cells, and haematopoietic stem cells appear to derive from ‘hemogenic endothelium’.Mature blood cells can be prompted to dedifferentiate ortrans‐differentiate into other cell types, although this may normally be a rare event.Haematopoiesis is also regulated by external factors. For example, hypoxia results in a compensatory increase in the number of erythrocytes.