bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tritium management in ITER test blanket systems port cell for maintenance operations
Authors: Jiang Yingwu , Wu Jiewei , Ji Fuhao , Wang Yuqing , Ni Muyi , Jiang Man 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Four Test Blanket Systems (TBS) will be tested in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor equatorial ports #16 and #18 to verify tritium breeding and heat extraction technology. A significant quantity of tritium would be produced in TBM, and partly released into the port cell from the pipework of TBS or other high-temperature components due to its strong mobility and high permeation. The port cell should be accessible during equipment maintenance and human intervention. This work built a multi-dimensional geometric model to characterize HTO transport in the port cell, absorption/desorption, and diffusion in walls and discussed the effect of paint thickness, ventilation rate, source term, and epoxy properties on detritiation efficiency. The results suggest that a 0.1–0.16 mm paint with the lowest HTO solubility is optimal from the compromise between quick cleanup and tritiated waste decommission. A higher ventilation rate could accelerate detritiation while minimizing the radioactive source by a tritium-resisting layer is the most direct method. The optimized design options for reducing the time required to reach 1 DAC in 12 h still need further discussion because of the delayed HTO source from epoxy paint and dead zone of the flow field.
Tokamak edge localized mode onset prediction with deep neural network and pedestal turbulence
Authors: Joung Semin , Smith David R. , McKee G. , Yan Z. , Gill K. , Zimmerman J. , Geiger B. , Coffee R. , O’Shea F.H. , Jalalvand A. , Kolemen E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A neural network, BES-ELMnet, predicting a quasi-periodic disruptive eruption of the plasma energy and particles known as edge localized mode (ELM) onset is developed with observed pedestal turbulence from the beam emission spectroscopy system in DIII-D. BES-ELMnet has convolutional and fully-connected layers, taking two-dimensional plasma fluctuations with a temporal window of size 128 µs and generating a scalar output which can be interpreted as a probability of the upcoming ELM onset. As approximately labeled inter-ELM broadband (

15

kHz
⩽
f
⩽
150

kHz

) fluctuations are given to the network, BES-ELMnet learns by itself ELM-related precursors arising before the onsets through supervised learning scheme. BES-ELMnet achieves the gradually increasing ELM onset probabilities between two consecutive ELMs during the inter-ELM phases and can forecast the first ELM onsets which occur after the high confinement mode transition. We further investigate the network generality in terms of the selected frequency band to ensure the use of BES-ELMnet for various operation regimes without changing the trained architecture. Therefore, our novel prediction method will enhance a proactive high confinement mode control of fusion-grade plasmas.
Using LQR controller for vertical position control on EAST
Authors: Rui Wangyi , Wang Yuehang , Song Huihui , Luo Zhengping , Huang Yao , Yu Qingze , Liu Zijie , Wu Kai , Xiao Bingjia 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Vertical position control is essential for stabilizing plasma with elongated configurations. The EAST tokamak is equipped with a set of in-vessel control (IC) coils dedicated to this purpose. Currently, a PD controller with fixed parameters is used for the vertical position control of EAST plasma. However, the response of the plasma in the vertical position changes with changes in plasma configuration, which can result in different control parameter requirements. It is essential to develop a model-based fast-tuning control algorithm for ensuring stability in the vertical position under different configurations. In this study, a model-based vertical position controller tuning method based on a linear quadratic regulator algorithm (LQR) is proposed. Compared with contemporary PD controllers, the proposed model-based LQR controller can enable adjusting controller parameters based on the response of the system, achieving stable control under different vertical position responses. In the EAST experiment, the model-based LQR controller achieved stable control under a shot with a continuously increasing growth rate and reached a maximum controllable vertical displacement growth rate of 968 s−1. The robustness of the system was also demonstrated in a free drift experiment. The new vertical displacement control method can be adapted to different system states and plasma configurations and improve the controllability and safety of future devices.
Measurement of toroidal Alfvén eigenmode-driven fast-ion flows using an imaging neutral particle analyzer at ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Rueda-Rueda J. , Garcia-Munoz M. , Viezzer E. , Schneider P.A. , Galdon-Quiroga J. , Garcia-Dominguez J. , Oyola P. , Velarde L. , Hidalgo-Salaverri J. , Du X. , Van Zeeland M.A. , Videla-Trevin M. , Gonzalez-Martin J. , Lauber Ph. , Lunt T. , Herrmann A. , Ayllon-Guerola J. ,   the ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Alfvén Eigenmodes-driven fast-ion flows have been measured for the first time at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak using an imaging neutral particle analyzer. The flow is such that particles are expelled from the mode location, losing energy as they move outwards. This flow aligns well with the projection of the lines of constant magnetic moment and constant E′ (

E

′

=
E
−
ω

P
ϕ

/

n

, with E being the particle energy,

ω
,
n

the mode frequency and toroidal number and P

φ
the toroidal canonical angular momentum). The observed redistributions are consistent with full-orbit simulations performed with the ASCOT5 code, using the mode structure predicted by the linear gyro-kinetic code LIGKA.
Changes in global carbon use efficiency in the 21st century and the potential controlling factors
Authors: Chen Guo , Chen Tiantian , Peng Li 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Extensive studies have demonstrated the spatiotemporal changes in carbon use efficiency (CUE) and its driving factors over the past three decades. However, how the global CUE will change and to what extent the CUE is affected by the dominant factor in this century is still unclear. Herein, based on CMIP6 model outputs, we estimated the situation and change trends of CUE in baseline (1982–2014) and future (2015–2100), and identified the controlling factor of CUE variation by boosted regression tree. Further, we predicted the CUE-controlling factor sensitivity (S
value, referring to higher/lower controlling factor producing more/less CUE) and its variation under four representative pathways, and revealed the relationship between S
value and social economy. Results showed decreased CUE at the end of the 21st century, especially in the SSP5-8.5, its decline rate of CUE is 1.2 × 10−2 ± 5.2 × 10−4/decade, which is 10 times higher than that in the SSP1-2.6. Spatially, 56.9%, 74.5%, 83.1%, and 88.6% of the global land will exhibit a decreased CUE under the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, and primarily concentrates at the middle-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (30°–60° N). Except in Africa, temperature is the controlling factor for CUE variation, and the S
value decreases over time, indicating an enhanced inhibitory effect of temperature on CUE. The turning time of S
value change will advance with increases in CO2 emission, presenting prolonged high-temperature stress of vegetation ecosystem under high-emission scenarios. A threshold effect can be found between S
value change and precipitation, and the precipitation threshold is higher under the SSP5-8.5 scenario. The negative effect of temperature on CUE is attenuated by economic development and population control but this effect diminishes with rising CO2 concentrations; in the future, developing clean energy and formulating population management policies can be used to enhance the carbon sink ability of the global ecosystem.
Earth system responses to carbon dioxide removal as exemplified by ocean alkalinity enhancement: tradeoffs and lags
Authors: Jeltsch-Thömmes Aurich , Tran Giang , Lienert Sebastian , Keller David P , Oschlies Andreas , Joos Fortunat 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) is discussed for offsetting residual greenhouse gas emissions or even reversing climate change. All emissions scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change that meet the ‘well below 2 °C’ warming target of the Paris Agreement include CDR. Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) may be one possible CDR where the carbon uptake of the ocean is increased by artificial alkalinity addition. Here, we investigate the effect of OAE on modelled carbon reservoirs and fluxes in two observationally-constrained large perturbed parameter ensembles. OAE is assumed to be technically successful and deployed as an additional CDR in the SSP5-3.4 temperature overshoot scenario. Tradeoffs involving feedbacks with atmospheric CO2 result in a low efficiency of an alkalinity-driven atmospheric CO2 reduction of −0.35 [−0.37 to −0.33] mol C per mol alkalinity addition (skill-weighted mean and 68% c.i.). The realized atmospheric CO2 reduction, and correspondingly the efficiency, is more than two times smaller than the direct alkalinity-driven enhancement of ocean uptake. The alkalinity-driven ocean carbon uptake is partly offset by the release of carbon from the land biosphere and a reduced ocean carbon sink in response to lowered atmospheric CO2 under OAE. In a second step we use the Bern3D-LPX model in CO2 peak-decline simulations to address hysteresis and temporal lags of surface air temperature change (ΔSAT) in an idealized scenario where ΔSAT increases to ~2 °C and then declines to ~1.5 °C as result of CDR. ΔSAT lags the decline in CO2-forcing by 18 [14–22] years, depending close to linearly on the equilibrium climate sensitivity of the respective ensemble member. These tradeoffs and lags are an inherent feature of the Earth system response to changes in atmospheric CO2 and will therefore be equally important for other CDR methods.
Assessment of water quality for Al-Salibat marsh\Southern Iraq
Authors: Aqeel Al-Taee Ibtehal , Saad Al-Khafaji Ansam , Hussein Radhi Rasha 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The objective of the current study is to assess if water is suitable for drinking, irrigation, and aquatic life. From April 2021 to January 2022, water samples were taken on a monthly basis from three locations in the Salibat marsh. To apply the Canadian index, fourteen variables were tracked, including (Water temperature (WT), pH, Turbidity (Tur), Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological oxygen demand (BOD5), Total hardness (TH), Nitrate (NO3), Nitrite (NO2), Active Phosphate (PO4), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Zinc (Zn)). The results showed that the water temperature varied from (20.1 to 39) C°. pH values ranged between (7.1-9.5), Turbidity (9.8-54.78) NTU, total hardness that varied from (120 to 560) CaCO3mg/l. Electrical conductivity was between (2650-23220) μs/cm. Total dissolved solids ranged between (1014-9428) mg/l, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand ranged between (5-9.1) (10-18) mg\l respectively. Nitrate, nitrite and phosphate ranged between (0.14-59.10), (0.16-10.13), (0.04-5.65) μg\l, Cadmium, Zinc and Lead (0-0.022)(0-0.50)(0-0.42) mg\l. Results showed that the water quality was varied from marginal to good for irrigation but poor to marginal for aquatic life. It was also poor to marginal for drinking. Results showed that the water was suitable for irrigation, but not for drinking or aquatic life.
Removal effeciency of blue basic dye41 by using Fe3O4 magnetic nanomaterial.
Authors: Al Nada Hussein Qatar , Imran Amerah , Abdul Kadhim Mohammed 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The study was conducted in January 2023. The study used nano-iron oxide treatment, iron oxide coated with citric acid, and nano-iron oxide grafted with wheat hulls, in the adsorption of basic blue dye 41 from the medium. Three criteria are used: knowing the best time to remove the dye, the best medium that helps in the adsorption method, and the best concentration of the dye that can be removed the fastest. The results were as follows: The best time: Fe3O4 was (10.50) minutes with a 97% removal rate, NM-AC was 10 minutes with a 94% removal rate, NM-BO was 10 minutes with a 98% removal rate. The best pH for Fe3O4 was at pH 6 with a removal rate of 97%. NM-AC was at pH 6 with a removal rate of 92%. NM-BO was at pH 6 with a removal rate of 97%. The best concentration of Fe3O4 is 10 ppm with a 98% removal rate, NM-AC is 10 ppm with a 98% removal rate, n NM-BO is 30 ppm with a 98% removal rate. A spectrophotometer device was used. We conclude. From the study, the chemical precipitation method was used to produce nanosized iron oxide, nanosized iron oxide coated with citric acid, and nanosized iron oxide grafted with wheat hulls, and the surfaces prepared in this study were used as adsorbent surfaces. Research recommendations: Synthesis of nanoparticles in a green chemical method based on cheap and locally available materials.
Chronic Effects of Mixture Two Pesticides on kidney of Common Carp Fish (Cyprinus carpio L. 1758)
Authors: Yaseen Salih Noor , Mohammed Al-Azawi Ahmed J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Pesticides are man-made chemical compounds, widely used in agriculture to control different types of pests, product crops and prevent diseases which damage them. The excessive and unwarranted use of pesticides at various stages of crop production may pose a great danger to the aquatic environment, especially to fish. In this research, an effort has been made to comparative the effect of herbicide (Goldate), insecticide (Alexander) and mixture of them on common carp (Cyprinus carpio) through chronic toxicity bioassay.
In chronic exposure, Toxicological effects of Goldate and Alxander individual and combine as mixture observed by monitoring hematological parameters on common carp fish. There was prepared 3 concentration groups (1/10, 1/100 and 1/200) for every pesticides (Goldate, Alxander and mixture Goldate + Alxander), exposed to juvenile fish (60-80 gm. in weight) for 6 weeks. During the experimental period the result showed a significant increase in the mean value of blood urea and createnine compared with control. There was not found any histological alterations in kidney tissues, in all groups and all concentrations. All groups were similar to control group which show normal appearance of renal glomerulus, renal collecting tubules and hemopoietic tissue.
Evaluation of the Biological Phenomenon of Cadmium Accumulation of Wheat Crop in Salt-Affected Soil
Authors: Al-Hassoon S. N. H. , Al-Hayani A. S. J. Z. , Al-Obaidi M. A. J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study was carried out to show the extent to which some economic crops (wheat) grown in soil affected by salts and polluted with cadmium were affected by wheat crops. An experiment was conducted with pots in the plastic canopy. Combat Desertification Department College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences. University of Baghdad for the year 2022-2023, as a factorial experiment was designed according to a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications and five levels of cadmium, which are 0.37, 51, 03, 51, and 03 mg kg−1, for soil with two levels of salinity (Electrical conductivity 2.90 and 9.10 dS m−1, respectively. Seeds of wheat, Bohuth class 22, were grown in clay loam soil taken from the surface layer (0-30 cm) from the site of Al-Karmashiya located in Thi-Qar Governorate, north of Al-Hammar marsh. The results of the study showed a decrease in growth indicators represented by plant height and biological yield (straw and grain weight), while the cadmium concentration increased in the biological yield (straw and grain) as a result of soil contamination with cadmium levels compared to the comparison treatment, as there was a rise in the bioavailability of cadmium content despite the fact that The soil is calcareous, and the high salinity of the soil also led to an increase in the readiness of cadmium, which caused an increase in its absorption and concentration in the wheat plant compared to the control treatment, and the absorption and accumulation of cadmium in straw was greater than in the grain.
Productive Response for Adding Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized by Green Method to Broiler Chickens Diet
Authors: Khalil Ibrahim Al-Saeedi Mohammed , Rasool Abbas Al-Khafaji Fadhil 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The technology of green synthesis of nano-metals is promising, as it produces environmentally friendly nano-metals in larger quantities and can be used at low levels in broiler diets, which reduces the amount excreted in the bedding and thus reduces environmental pollution. This experiment was conducted on the farm of Al-Anwar Poultry Company in Babil Governorate for 35 days from 28/11/2022 until 2/1/2023, To study the response physiological and production response to adding copper nanoparticles and copper nanoparticles loaded on papaya plants to the diet of broiler chickens was studied under conditions Ordinary. Three hundred sixty unsexed Ross-308 broiler chickens were used. The experimental treatments included (0, 8, and 16 mg/kg feed of copper nanoparticles, 8 and 16 mg/kg feed of copper nanoparticles loaded on papaya plants and 10 mg/kg feed Papaya fed for treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6), respectively. In this study, we reached the following results: There was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) for T4 treatment in live body weight, a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) for the T1 treatment in total weight gain, meanwhile a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) for the T2 and T4 treatments in feed consumption compared other treatments, at the same time significant improvement (p ≤ 0.05) for the T5 treatment in feed conversation ratio.
Investigate the impact of microorganism species richness, carrier materials, and nitrogen fertilizer on (Eruca vesicaria subsp. Sativa) growth and its active compounds content: Running Title; Fertilizer and Arugula
Authors: Aziz Z. N. , Sahib M. R. , Hilo B. R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Using microorganisms is one of the most important tools to increase plant production without harming our environment and health. However, little is known about microbial diversity and related that to soil nutrients in arugula plants. Therefore, we hypothesize that mixing more microorganisms with suitable carrier materials will improve arugula growth and its active compounds. Using two factors biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer, biofertilizer including: mycorrhizae (30g) Trichoderma asperellum (30 g), Bacillus subtilis (50 ml/L), and a combination of microorganisms (Bacteria and fungi Trichoderma and Mycorrhizae) in that order (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, and B6). Chemical fertilizer including nitrogen, comparison, and at a rate of 15 kg per acre (or one-fourth of the recommended rate), and 30 kg per acre (or half the recommended rate), respectively (A1, A2, A3). The results showed that:Adding bacteria and their carrier materials was significantly superior to the leaf content of active compounds (phenols, flavonoids, and tannins), whose values reached 1.083 (mg.g-1dry weight), 35.98(mg.g-1dry weight), and 1.086(mg.g-1dry weight) and sequentiall, and addition of Trichoderma and and their carrier materials was significantly superior to the leaves’ content of elements (N, P, and K), whose values reached 3.98% and 0.88% and 4.92%, respectively, and quantity of yield in the first harvest increased upon the addition of combination of microorganisms and nitrogen fertilizer (urea). The use of environmentally friendly fertilizers is critical to promoting both plant development and the increasing of beneficial active compounds, and this research provides useful insights into how to best cultivate arugula organically. Using such environmentally friendly methods is crucial to promote sustainable agriculture.
Effect of using Plantago ovata psyllium seed powder on some physiological, immunological and histological characteristics of broiler chickens
Authors: Jasim Mohammed Aseel , Saadi Rasool Bushra , Muzahem Al-Khailani Firas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in the Office of Agricultural Research’s chicken farm, the Animal Resource Department, and the chicken Research Station, from January 13 to February 23, 2023. The experiment used thirty-one-day-old Ross 308 chicks, with an average weight of 38.1 grams. The enclosed hallway housing the thirty cells where the chicks were raised. The chicks were randomly assigned to one of five treatments. Each treatment was repeated five times with 10 birds each replication. The birds were fed a balanced food and a balanced diet was used. At 0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1% of the ration in each of the five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5), psyllium was found in Plantago ovata seeds. The findings showed that there was no significant difference in the blood plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) between the experimental treatments. It was discovered that all treatments had considerably (P≤0.05) lower amounts of cholesterol, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) than the control therapy. It was shown that treatments T5, T4, and T3 resulted in significantly higher blood serum levels of IgG (P≤0.05) compared to the control therapy. Furthermore, it was shown that blood IgM levels increased significantly (P≤0.05) in response to treatments T5 and T4. Serum IgA concentrations in all study treatments rose considerably (P≤0.05) as compared to the control treatment. The relative weights of glandular and index fabricia did not differ noticeably amongst the treatments. The findings showed that the villus height, diameter, and crypt depth in the T4 and T3 treatments were considerably (P≤0.05) larger than in the control treatment. After conducting the experiment, we conclude that broiler chickens’ body composition and immunohistochemistry features may be improved by including 0.4-1% of psyllium seed powder into their diets.
Effect of Inhalation Exposure to Nano-Imidacloprid on Liver and Kidney Functions In Male Rats
Authors: Ahmood Al-Janabi Qassim Ammar , Abdulhay Hind Suhail 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Pesticide poisoning is a serious global public health issue and is responsible for a sizable number of annual fatalities. This study was designed to examine the potentially harmful effects of adult rats being exposed to imidacloprid (IMD) as a nanoparticle by determining the chronic effect of inhalation of (5,10 and 20) mg/kg/b.w. of nano-imidacloprid for a duration of 60 days. The most important biochemical parameters of the serum liver function parameters were aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase ALP, kidney function [blood urea, creatinine, and urea], and oxidative stress parameters (MDA, GSH, and CAT) in all treated groups when compared to the control group. The exposure caused a highly significant decrease (P≤0.05) for (AST) and (ALT). No significant changes were observed, while a highly significant decrease was recorded for (ALP) in all treatments with nano-imidacloprid compared with the control. On the other hand, a highly significant decrease in blood urea, creatinine, and uric acid was recorded in all groups treated with nano-imidacloprid compared with the control. Oxidative stress parameters revealed a highly significant (P≤0.05) increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) after 60 days of exposure and a decline in reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity CAT.