bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interprofessional education: a review of context, learning and the research agenda
Authors: Thistlethwaite Jill 
Published: December 2011

Medical Education 2012: 46: 58–70Context  Interprofessional education (IPE) is not a recent phenomenon and has been the subject of several World Health Organization reports. Its focus is on health professionals and students learning with, from and about one another to improve collaboration and the quality of patient care. The drivers for IPE include new models of health care delivery in the context of an ageing population and the increasing prevalence of long‐term chronic disease, in addition to the patient safety agenda. The delivery of complex health care requires a team‐based and collaborative approach, although teamwork and collaborative practice are not necessarily synonymous. The rationale for IPE is that learning together enhances future working together.Discussion  Systematic reviews of IPE have shown some evidence that IPE fosters positive interaction among different professions and variable evidence that it improves attitudes towards other professionals. Generalisation across published papers is difficult because IPE initiatives are diverse and good evaluation methodology and data are lacking. In terms of constructive alignment from an education viewpoint, there is a need for educators to define learning outcomes and match these with learning activities to ensure that IPE demonstrates added value over uniprofessional learning. Assessment is difficult as pre‐qualification professional education focuses on the individual and professional accreditation organisations mandate only for their own professions.Conclusions  Interprofessional education draws from a number of education, sociology and psychology theories, and these are briefly discussed. The most pressing research questions for the IPE community are defined and the challenges for IPE explored.
Overlap of dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux in the general population: one disease or distinct entities?
Authors: Choung R. S. , Locke G. R. , Schleck C. D. , Zinsmeister A. R. , Talley N. J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground  The overlap of dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is known to be frequent, but whether the overlap group is a distinct entity or not remains unclear. The aims of the study was to evaluate whether the overlap of dyspepsia and GER (dyspepsia‐GER overlap) occurs more than expected due to chance alone, and evaluate the risk factors for dyspepsia‐GER overlap.Methods  In 2008 and 2009, a validated Bowel Disease Questionnaire was mailed to a total of 8006 community sample from Olmsted County, MN. Overall, 3831 of the 8006 subjects returned surveys (response rate 48%). Dyspepsia was defined by symptom criteria of Rome III; GER was defined by weekly or more frequent heartburn and/or acid regurgitation.Key Results  Dyspepsia and GER occurred together more commonly than expected by chance. The somatic symptom checklist score was significantly associated with dyspepsia‐GER overlap vs GER alone or dyspepsia alone [OR = 1.9 (1.4, 2.5), and 1.6 (1.2, 2.1), respectively]. Insomnia was also significantly associated with dyspepsia‐GER overlap vs. GER alone or dyspepsia alone [OR = 1.4 (1.1, 1.7), OR = 1.3 (1.1, 1.6), respectively]. Moreover, proton pump inhibitor use was significantly associated with dyspepsia‐GER overlap vs dyspepsia alone [OR = 2.4 (1.5, 3.8)].Conclusions & Inferences  Dyspepsia‐GER overlap is common in the population and is greater than expected by chance.
Intrauterine growth and postnatal skeletal development: findings from the Southampton Women's Survey
Authors: Harvey Nicholas C. , Mahon Pam A. , Kim Miranda , Cole Zoe A. , Robinson Sian M. , Javaid Kassim , Inskip Hazel M. , Godfrey Keith M. , Dennison Elaine M. , Cooper Cyrus ,   the SWS Study Group
Published: December 2011

SummaryHarvey NC, Mahon PA, Kim M, Cole ZA, Robinson SM, Javaid K, Inskip HM, Godfrey KM, Dennison EM, Cooper C, the SWS Study Group. Intrauterine growth and postnatal skeletal development: findings from the Southampton Women's Survey. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2012; 26: 34–44.We have previously demonstrated associations between fetal growth in late pregnancy and postnatal bone mass. However, the relationships between the intrauterine and early postnatal skeletal growth trajectory remain unknown. We addressed this in a large population‐based mother–offspring cohort study. A total of 628 mother–offspring pairs were recruited from the Southampton Women's Survey. Fetal abdominal circumference was measured at 11, 19 and 34 weeks gestation using high‐resolution ultrasound with femur length assessed at 19 and 34 weeks. Bone mineral content was measured postnatally in the offspring using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry at birth and 4 years; postnatal linear growth was assessed at birth, 6, 12, 24, 36 and 48 months. Late pregnancy abdominal circumference growth (19–34 weeks) was strongly (P < 0.01) related to bone mass at birth, but less robustly associated with bone mass at 4 years. Early pregnancy growth (11–19 weeks) was more strongly related to bone mass at 4 years than at birth. Postnatal relationships between growth and skeletal indices at 4 years were stronger for the first and second postnatal years, than the period aged 2–4 years. The proportion of children changing their place in the distribution of growth velocities progressively reduced with each year of postnatal life. The late intrauterine growth trajectory is a better predictor of skeletal growth and mineralisation at birth, while the early intrauterine growth trajectory is a more powerful determinant of skeletal status at age 4 years. The perturbations in this trajectory which influence childhood bone mass warrant further research.
Risk factors for pre‐eclampsia in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Kiondo Paul , Wamuyu‐Maina Gakenia , Bimenya Gabriel S. , Tumwesigye Nazarius Mbona , Wandabwa Julius , Okong Pius 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjective  Pre‐eclampsia contributes significantly to maternal, foetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The risk factors for pre‐eclampsia have not been well documented in Uganda. In this paper, we describe the risk factors for pre‐eclampsia in women attending antenatal clinics at Mulago Hospital, Kampala.Methods  This casecontrol study was conducted from 1st May 2008 to 1st May 2009. 207 women with pre‐eclampsia were the cases, and 352 women with normal pregnancy were the controls. The women were 15–39 years old, and their gestational ages were 20 weeks or more. They were interviewed about their socio‐demographic characteristics, past medical history and, their past and present obstetric performances.Results  The risk factors were low plasma vitamin C (OR 3.19, 95% CI: 1.54–6.61), low education level (OR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.12–2.48), chronic hypertension (OR 2.29, 95% CI 1.12–4.66), family history of hypertension (OR 2.25, 95% CI: 1.53–3.31) and primiparity (OR 2.76, 95% CI: 1.84–4.15) and para≥5 (3.71, 95% CI:1.84–7.45).Conclusion  The risk factors identified are similar to what has been found elsewhere. Health workers need to identify women at risk of pre‐eclampsia and manage them appropriately so as to prevent the maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.
The contribution of a pollinating seed predator to selection onSilene latifoliafemales
Authors: BURKHARDT A. , RIDENHOUR B. J. , DELPH L. F. , BERNASCONI G. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractInteractions, antagonistic or mutualistic, can exert selection on plant traits. We explored the role ofHadena bicruris, a pollinating seed predator, as a selective agent on its host, the dioecious plantSilene latifolia. We exposed females from artificial‐selection lines (many, small flowers (SF) vs. few, large flowers (LF)) to this moth. Infestation did not differ significantly between lines, but the odds of attacked fruits aborting were higher in SF females. We partitioned selection between that caused by moth attack and that resulting from all other factors. In both lines, selection via moth attack for fewer, smaller flowers contrasted with selection via other factors for more flowers. In LF females, selection via the two components was strongest and selection via moth attack also favoured increased fruit abortion. This suggests that the moths act as more of a selective force on flower size and number via their predating than their pollinating role.
Clinical benefits and cost‐effectiveness of allogeneic red‐blood‐cell transfusion in severe symptomatic anaemia
Authors: Beliaev A. M. , Marshall R. J. , Gordon M. , Smith W. , Windsor J. A. 
Published: December 2011

Background  It is well known that blood transfusion is life‐saving, but also that it carries a serious risk of transmitting viral infections. Introduction of new methods of testing for transmissible diseases, blood banking and dispatch regulations has considerably increased the cost of blood products. However, the clinical benefits and cost‐effectiveness of allogeneic red‐blood‐cell (ARBC) transfusion remain assumed yet undetermined. We assessed the clinical benefits and cost‐effectiveness of ARBC transfusion in severe anaemia.Methods  This was a multicenter observational study comparing Jehovah’s Witness (JW) patients with matched ARBC‐transfused patients. Inclusion criteria were age ≥15 years and severe anaemia (haemoglobin ≤ 80 g/l). Two JW patients with palliative care cancer and five JW patients with haemoglobin (Hb) concentration between 70·1 and 80 g/l, mild symptoms of anaemia and Auckland Anaemia Mortality Risk Score of 0–3 were excluded.Results  The entry criteria were met by 103 JW patients and the same number of patients treated with ARBC transfusion. ARBC transfusion reduced mortality by 94%, shock by 88%, gastrointestinal bleeding by 81%, infective complications by 81%, cardiac arrhythmia by 96%, angina by 86%, ischaemic myocardial injury by 81%, acute/acute on chronic renal failure by 66%, neurologic complications by 92%, delirium by 76%, depression by 91% and syncopal episodes by 95%. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of ARBC transfusion was 2011 US$22 515 for death prevented.Conclusion  ARBC transfusion in anaemic patients is clinically beneficial and cost‐effective.
Neurochemical Properties of Aquaporin 1‐Expressing Sensory Neurons from the Ovine Trigeminal Ganglion
Authors: Arciszewski M. B. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryAims of the present study were to investigate the distribution and morphology of aquaporin 1‐immunoreactive (AQP1‐IR) neurons in the sensory ganglia of the sheep. Double immunohistochemical staining was applied to figure out whether substance P (SP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and galanin are present in AQP1‐bearing primary afferent neurons. The expression of AQP1 was present only in trigeminal ganglion, whereas in nodose ganglion, jugular ganglion as well as C1–C7 dorsal root ganglia no presence of AQP1 was found. In trigeminal ganglion, 15.4 ± 2.3% of Hu C/D‐IR neurons (pan‐neuronal marker) showed the presence of AQP1. The vast majority of AQP1‐IR trigeminal sensory neurons (approximately 69.6 ± 3.3%, n = 5) were classified as middle in size, 28.6 ± 3.0% of AQP1‐IR neurons were small and only 1.8 ± 0.6% of AQP1‐positive neurons were large in size. Amongst the population of AQP1‐IR trigeminal neurons as many as 58.5 ± 3.9% were immunopositive to SP, 30.7 ± 2.3% showed the presence of CGRP and 10.9 ± 0.2% coexpressed galanin. In trigeminal ganglion, SP‐IR as well as CGRP‐IR (but not galanin‐IR) nerve fibres were found in close neighbourhood of AQP1‐IR neurons. It is concluded that AQP1 is present in certain neuronal subsets of the ovine trigeminal ganglion; however, the exact role of this water channel has to be elucidated.
Temperature influences the expression of resistance of soybean (Glycine max) to the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines)
Authors: Richardson M. L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractResistance of plants to arthropods may be lost at low or high temperatures. I tested whether the relative resistance of five genotypes of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., to three isolates of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, was influenced by three temperatures, 14, 21 and 28°C, in no‐choice tests in the laboratory. The interaction between temperature and the genotype of soybean influenced the population sizes of two isolates of A. glycines. Two genotypes of soybean, LD05‐16611 and PI 567597C, which usually are resistant to isolate 1 and 3, became susceptible: LD05‐16611 at the low temperature and PI 567597C at the high temperature. The genotypes PI 200538 and PI 567541B usually are susceptible to isolate 3 but were resistant at 21 and 28°C. I can only speculate as to the reason why temperature influences resistance of some genotypes of soybean to A. glycines: A. glycines may be directly influenced by temperature or indirectly influenced by changes in the host plant. Nevertheless, my results suggest that temperature may be one factor that influences the expression of resistance of soybean to A. glycines, so genotypes of soybean should be screened for resistance to the aphid at multiple temperatures.
Trend of severe abdominal injuries from bicycle accidents in children: A preventable condition
Authors: Muthucumaru Mathievathaniy , Keys Charles , Kimber Chris , Ferguson Peter , Varma Poornima , Cheng Wei 
Published: December 2011

Aim:  Bicycle riding is a common recreational and sport activity enjoyed by many children. Bicycle accidents are a common cause of abdominal injuries. We aim to establish the trend and the associated risk factor(s) of bicycle‐related abdominal injuries.Methods:  A retrospective review of all children admitted following bicycle accidents to a single tertiary referral centre was carried out over an approximately 5‐year period. The data were tabulated and regression analyses were carried out.Results:  Over the study period, 196 children were admitted into the Emergency Department. Abdominal injuries (16%) were the third largest group after orthopaedic and head injuries. There were 19 major visceral injuries, seven of whom underwent major surgeries. Forty‐two percent (8/19) of these major injuries were related to stunts. Over the same period, no child with head injury required any surgical intervention. In addition, there was a definite trend that abdominal injuries were accounting for greater percentage of bicycle‐related injuries in children.Conclusions:  Severe intra‐abdominal trauma following bicycle injuries appears to be seen more often in adolescent males, especially when related to BMX stunts. These injuries have surpassed head injuries as the prime cause of morbidity from bicycle accidents. These injuries are largely preventable.
Close temporal coupling of neuronal activity and tissue oxygen responses in rodent whisker barrel cortex
Authors: Li Jennifer , Bravo Diego S. , Louise Upton A. , Gilmour Gary , Tricklebank Mark D. , Fillenz Marianne , Martin Chris , Lowry John P. , Bannerman David M. , McHugh Stephen B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNeuronal activity elicits metabolic and vascular responses, during which oxygen is first consumed and then supplied to the tissue via an increase in cerebral blood flow. Understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of blood and tissue oxygen () responses following neuronal activity is crucial for understanding the physiological basis of functional neuroimaging signals. However, our knowledge is limited because previous measurements have been made at low temporal resolution (>100 ms). Here we recorded at high temporal resolution (1 ms), simultaneously with co‐localized field potentials, at several cortical depths from the whisker region of the somatosensory cortex in anaesthetized rats and mice. Stimulation of the whiskers produced rapid, laminar‐specific changes in . Positive responses (i.e. increases) were observed in the superficial layers within 50 ms of stimulus onset, faster than previously reported. Negative responses (i.e. decreases) were observed in the deeper layers, with maximal amplitude in layer IV, within 40 ms of stimulus onset. The amplitude of the negative, but not the positive, response correlated with local field potential amplitude. Disruption of neurovascular coupling, via nitric oxide synthase inhibition, abolished positive responses to whisker stimulation in the superficial layers and increased negative responses in all layers. Our data show that responses occur rapidly following neuronal activity and are laminar dependent.
Disseminated mite infection with ocular involvement in a juvenile bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus)
Authors: Bueno‐Padilla Irene , Klauss Gia , Gardiner Chris H. , Wuenschmann Arno 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was found unable to fly and was admitted to The Raptor Center (TRC). Major clinical signs were thin body condition and a cardiac arrhythmia. Ten days after admission to TRC, ophthalmic examination revealed multiple, distinct serpiginous lesions of chorioretinal atrophy in the ocular fundus of the right eye (OD). The bird was euthanized because of clinical deterioration and poor prognosis. Mites of an undetermined species were found histologically in the retina, episcleral tissues, lungs, and liver at the postmortem examination. Disseminated mite infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of serpiginous chorioretinal lesions in bald eagles (H. leucocephalus).
LINKING INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH TO GLOBAL HEALTH EQUITY: THE LIMITED CONTRIBUTION OF BIOETHICS
Authors: PRATT BRIDGET , LOFF BEBE 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTHealth research has been identified as a vehicle for advancing global justice in health. However, in bioethics, issues of global justice are mainly discussed within an ongoing debate on the conditions under which international clinical research is permissible. As a result, current ethical guidance predominantly links one type of international research (biomedical) to advancing one aspect of health equity (access to new treatments). International guidelines largely fail to connect international research to promoting broader aspects of health equity – namely, healthier social environments and stronger health systems. Bioethical frameworks such as the human development approach do consider how international clinical research is connected to the social determinants of health but, again, do so to address the question of when international clinical research is permissible. It is suggested that the narrow focus of this debate is shaped by high‐income countries' economic strategies. The article further argues that the debate's focus obscures a stronger imperative to consider how other types of international research might advance justice in global health. Bioethics should consider the need for non‐clinical health research and its contribution to advancing global justice.
Financial Professionals' Overconfidence: Is It Experience, Function, or Attitude?
Authors: Gloede Oliver , Menkhoff Lukas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper examines financial professionals’ overconfidence in their forecasting performance. We compare individuals’ self‐rating of performance with the true performance, both measured relative to the same peer group. The forecasters in our sample show overconfidence on average, although to a moderate degree, including many cases of underconfidence. In analysing this, we find that working experience is accompanied by less overconfidence. Function is also related to less overconfidence, such as being a fund manager and using fundamental analysis. The same effect is found for the attitude to herd, whereas recent success appears with more overconfident professionals.
The Thousand Goals and the One Goal: Morality and Will to Power in Nietzsche's Zarathustra
Authors: Keeping J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractNietzsche's critical stance toward morality appears to support some version of moral relativism. Yet he praises some actions and attributes while condemning others. Are these evaluations expressions of his moral prejudices, or is there a basis for them in his thought? Through a close reading of key passages from Thus Spoke Zarathustra, I attempt to demonstrate that morality for Nietzsche is the historically situated working‐out of will to power and therefore subject to critique on that basis.
Dynamics of cognitive change in HIV‐infected individuals commencing three different initial antiretroviral regimens: a randomized, controlled study
Authors: Winston A , Puls R , Kerr SJ , Duncombe C , Li PCK , Gill JM , Taylor‐Robinson SD , Emery S , Cooper DA ,   the Altair Study Group
Published: December 2011

BackgroundImprovements in neurocognitive (NC) function have been associated with commencing antiretroviral therapy in HIV‐infected subjects. However, the dynamics of such improvements are poorly understood.MethodsWe assessed changes in NC function via a validated computerized battery (CogState™, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) at baseline and after 24 and 48 weeks in a subset of therapy‐naïve neuro‐asymptomatic HIV‐infected subjects, randomized to commence three different antiretroviral regimens.ResultsOf 28 subjects enrolled in the study, nine, eight and 11 were randomly allocated to commence tenofovir/emtricitabine with efavirenz (arm 1), atazanavir/ritonavir (arm 2) and zidovudine/abacavir (arm 3), respectively. Overall improvements in NC function were observed at week 24 and function continued to improve at week 48 (changes in z‐score for overall cognitive global score of 0.16 and 0.18 at weeks 24 and 48, respectively). Within the NC speed domains, generally greater improvements were observed in arms 2 and 3, compared with arm 1 (changes in z‐score for composite speed scores at weeks 24/48 of 0.16/0.16, –0.29/–0.24 and –0.15/–0.31 in arms 1, 2 and 3, respectively; P = 0.04 for change at week 48 in arm 3 versus arm 1). Finally, improvements in executive function occurred later (only observed at week 48) and were driven by improvements in arm 3 (z‐score changes of 0.23, 0.06 and –0.78 in arms 1, 2 and 3, respectively; P = 0.02 for change in arm 3 versus arm 1).ConclusionImprovements in NC function continue over the first year after initiating antiretroviral therapy in neuro‐asymptomatic HIV‐infected subjects.