bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fermentation Automation, Solid Substrate Processes
Authors: Fernández‐Fernández Mario , Pérez‐Correa J. Ricardo 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAlthough many solid substrate fermentation (SSF) processes operate commercially nowadays, they are insignificantly small compared with the numerous industrial facilities that operate worldwide with submerged fermentation (SmF) technology. At first sight, this is difficult to understand, since the superiority of SSF for microorganism growth and production is unquestioned. However, it is now clear that bioreactor engineering and automatic control are the main limitations to develop commercial‐scale SSF processes. This article focuses on the latter, reviewing instrumentation and control strategies for different kinds of SSF bioreactors that have been applied, or have the potential to be applied without further research, on a commercial scale. Additionally, as a case study, we describe here, the design, implementation, and performance of a control system for a pilot scale (250 kg), forcefully aerated with an intermittent mixing SSF bioreactor.
Transketolases
Authors: Wohlgemuth Roland , Smith Mark E. B. , Dalby Paul A. , Woodley John M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The enzyme transketolase is a potentially useful catalyst for asymmetric carbon–carbon bond formation. Given the importance of this reaction in organic synthesis, it is not surprising that in recent years there has been particular interest in transketolase. In this review, we describe the background to the reaction, mechanistic and structural information, application in synthesis, and the requirements for larger scale application and implementation.
Chromatographic Purification of Virus Particles
Authors: Gagnon Pete 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe application of chromatography represents an increasing trend in the field of virus purification. This article focuses on the unique constraints imposed by virus particles and how they relate to the strengths and limitations of various chromatography media. Specific attention is given to the contributions of different types of physical supports, including porous particles, monoliths, and adsorptive membranes. Media characteristics are also discussed in the context of purification process control, reproducibility, and process economics. Protocols are offered for conducting method development with size exclusion, ion exchange, hydrophobic interactions, hydroxyapatite, and bioaffinity chromatography, and guidelines are summarized for combining individual methods into integrated multistep purification procedures suitable for preparation of clinical material.
Patterns, Fabrics, Prototypes, Tessellations
Authors: Zaera‐Polo Alejandro 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNew technologies have enabled architects to develop sophisticated patterning techniques. This is epitomised by the expressive possibilities now available to the building envelope: smooth geometries, tessellation, material textures and layers, such as solar shading. For Alejandro Zaera‐Polo of Foreign Office Architects, though, patterns have cultural and political possibilities far beyond mere decoration, enabling new practices to address in the urban context some of the crucial problems posed by globalisation: bridging the dichotomy between tabula rasa and contextualism, and the articulation between the local and global. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric Patterns
Authors: Schumacher Patrik 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFor Patrik Schumacher of Zaha Hadid Architects, articulation is the central core competency of architecture; and designed patterns provide one of the most potent devices for architectural articulation. Schumacher ushers in a new era of parametric architecture in which pattern becomes an innovative and powerful register of articulation, providing amplification of surface difference and correlation, ultimately resulting in dynamic, high‐performance ornamentation.
New Patterns in Urban Design
Authors: McGrath Brian , Marshall Victoria 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBrian McGrath and VictoriaMarshall discern the newly resilient urban patterns that are emerging in the meta‐city, shifting and adjusting to changing local and global conditions. Based on smart infrastructure, self‐sufficiency and hybrid local models, highly adaptive design patterns take the form of responsive micropatches rather than overarching masterplans. As demonstrated by the featured projects, ‘pattern recognition’, sensory mapping techniques and sensitivity to a city's ecosystem are becoming essential tools to the urban designer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometry and New and Future Spatial Patterns
Authors: Pottman Helmut 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDespite architects' preoccupation with designing geometric surfaces, there has remained a gap between design and construction. The realisation of complex architectural freeform shapes and the generation of panel patterns continues to be especially challenging, limited by material and manufacturing constraints. Here, Helmut Pottmann, Head of Geometric Modelling and the Industrial Geometry Group within the Institute of Discrete Mathematics and Geometry at Vienna University of Technology (TU Vienna), explores the possibilities thrown up by new research employing fabrication‐aware design software. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolving Patterns: Correlated Systems of Interaction
Authors: Spyropoulos Theodore 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOver the last four decades, the onset of computation has enabled architects and designers to employ generative patterns in their exploration of emergent social, material and spatial systems. Theodore Spyropoulos provides an overview of the field and discusses how it has been developed by the Design Research Lab (DRL) at the Architectural Association into an ‘Adaptive Ecologies’ agenda. In the context of parametric urbanism, the DRL has explored models of living through behavioural patterns found in nature, examining the role of the singular and the collective. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns in Performance‐Orientated Design: An Approach towards Pattern Recognition, Generation and Instrumentalisation
Authors: Hensel Michael , Menges Achim 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe question of pattern in architecture generally divides architects into two distinct groups: those with an aesthetic interest in man‐made ornament; and those who take a deeper interest in the processes that underlie the formation of pattern in the natural world. An investigation of the performative, though, enables an exploration of pattern that arises out of the interaction of man‐made interventions with the natural environment. Michael Hensel, Professor for research by Design at AHO, the Oslo School of Architecture and Design, and Achim Menges of the Emtech (Emergent Technologies and Design programme) at the Architectural Association in London, explore this arena based on their research and educational work at the AA and other international institutions, which focuses on aspects of performance in the built environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychology and Perception of Patterns in Architecture
Authors: Rodemann Patricia A 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPattern perception is often regarded as highly subjective, dependent on individual taste and preference. Neurologically, however, it has been proven that distinct areas of the brain are stimulated differently by different pattern design and colour combinations. Here Patricia A Rodemann probes into the very real physical and psychological consequences of product design finishes and surface patterning. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SAI Consultants
Authors: McGrath Brian 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe work of Bangkok‐based Bundit Chulasai runs the full gamut of building types from palace restorations to private houses, resorts and even discount supermarkets. Brian McGrath describes how Chulasai's ‘successful “adaptive practice” with SAI Consultants creates a critical mirror to reflect the last 30 years of Thai society’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hopkins Architects' Kroon Hall, Yale University
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: November 2009

AbstractStone‐walled, barrel‐vaulted Kroon Hall, the hulking new home of Yale University's pioneering School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, is a living laboratory of energy‐efficient design as well as a sympathetic neighbour. Jayne Merkel describes the numerous problems the architects had to solve to make it compatible with the historic campus and actively experimental at the same time. Its pioneering green agenda even determined the character of its interior space warmly and subtly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Norfolk Park Green Homes, Sheffield
Authors: Littlefield David 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn a neighbourhood of Sheffield that was once dominated by tower blocks, Matthew Lloyd Architects has created colourful timber‐clad homes that resemble a community. David Littlefield describes how a determined architect and client, despite local scepticism, have been able to provide housing that is not only spacious, generous in size and sustainable, but also comparatively cheap. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Head Banging: Engineering Neutrality + the Parametric Ceiling
Authors: Hughes Francesca 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThrough the work of Unit 15 at the Architectural Association in London, Francesca Hughes and Noam Andrews have been exploring the limits of parametric systems. Here Francesca Hughes questions whether parametricism has now hit a ‘developmental ceiling’. What are the full cultural implications of the promised instantaneity of completed components in architectural production? Where does the ‘strange engineered neutrality’ of ‘optimisation’ take us? Is there a real danger that an ambivalence to context is returning us to the tabula rasa of Modernism?. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Basking in a World of Your Own Making
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAs the credit crunch bites in, are pockets of young architects reviving a battle against commodified materialism? Neil Spiller describes how he has experienced this close to home with his own class of 2009 at the Bartlett which has reactivated its own brand of Surrealist cybernetic research, inspired by Dalí. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient MnCl2‐catalyzed tandem acylation‐cross‐coupling reaction of o‐halobenzoyl chloride with diorganyl magnesium compounds
Authors: Zhang Fengmin , Shi Zhuangzhi , Chen Feng , Yuan Yu 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn efficient tandem cross‐coupling reaction of o‐chlorobenzoyl chloride with dialkyl and diaryl magnesium compounds in the presence of manganese (II) chloride was developed, which proceeds in good yield under mild conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, structure and biological activity of triorganotin 1H‐tetrazolyl‐1‐acetates: cyclic hexamer and linkage coordination polymers
Authors: Xie Yun‐Fu , Yu Yang , Fan Zhi‐Jin , Ma Lin , Mi Na , Tang Liang‐Fu 
Published: November 2009

AbstractReaction of 1H‐tetrazolyl‐1‐acetic acid (CHN4CH2CO2H) with (R3Sn)2O or R3SnOH yields triorganotin 1H‐tetrazolyl‐1‐acetates [CHN4CH2CO2SnR3, R = Ph (1), p‐tolyl (2), cyclohexyl (3), n‐Bu (4) and Et (5)]. 1H‐tetrazolyl‐1‐acetates in these triorganotin derivatives display remarkably different coordination modes, depending on the properties of the organic substituents bonded to the tin atoms. Complex 1 displays a rare cyclohexameric structure by the assembly of the SnN coordination bond, while complex 2 forms a linkage coordination polymer through the intermolecular Sn···N interactions. The structure of complex 3 is similar to that of complex 2, but the intermolecular Sn···N interactions are weaker in the former. However, in complex 4, the tetrazolyl nitrogen atoms do not coordinate to the tin atoms. This complex forms a polymeric chain by the unsymmetric bridging carboxylate group. All these complexes exhibit good antifungal activities in vitro against Alternaria solani, Cercospora arachidicola, Gibberella zeae, Physalospora piricola and Botrytis cinerea. The corresponding EC50 values of these complexes were tested. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity of new palladacycles derived from chiral α‐diimines
Authors: Cruz Sandra , Bernès Sylvain , Sharma Pankaj , Vazquez Rosa , Hernández Guadalupe , Portillo Roberto , Gutiérrez René 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOptically pure α‐diimines quantitatively obtained in solvent‐free conditions starting from 2,3‐butanedione and (S)‐(−)‐1‐phenylethylamine and (S)‐(−)‐1‐(4‐methylphenyl)ethylamine, respectively, yielded the new chiral mono‐Pd complexes 2a–b, which have been partly characterized by IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopies along with MS‐FAB+ spectrometry. The crystal and molecular structure for palladacycle 2a has been fully confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray studies. Studies in vitro of 2a–b have displayed growth inhibition against different classes of cancer: leukemia (K‐562 CML), colon cancer (HCT‐15), breast cancer (MCF‐7), central nervous system (U‐251 Glio) and prostate cancer (PC‐3) cell lines. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of lipophilic sila derivatives of N‐acetylcysteineamide, a cell permeating thiol
Authors: Zakai Uzma I. , Bikzhanova Galina , Staveness Daryl , Gately Stephen , West Robert 
Published: November 2009

AbstractN‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (L‐NAC) is a potent antioxidant that can reduce levels of reactive oxygen species. N‐acetyl‐cysteine‐amide, the amide form of L‐NAC, has recently been reported to be more lipophilic and permeable through cell membranes than NAC, and to be able to traverse the blood–brain barrier. In this communication we report the synthesis and characterization of highly lipophilic sila‐amide derivatives of L‐NAC that may show enhanced cell penetration and bioavailability. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and cytotoxic properties of goethite‐based nanoparticles covered with decyldimethyl(dimethylaminoethoxy) silane methiodide
Authors: Segal Izolda , Zablotskaya Alla , Lukevics Edmunds , Maiorov Mikhail , Zablotsky Dmitry , Blums Elmars , Mishnev Anatoly , Georgieva Radostina , Shestakova Irina , Gulbe Anita 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe present work describes the synthesis, physico‐chemical and biological properties of the first water‐soluble goethite nanoparticles covered with biologically active components: oleic acid and cytotoxic decyldimethyl(dimethylaminoethoxy)silane methiodide. The structure of initial goethite nanoparticles synthesized was proved by XRD analysis and the rough estimation of nanoparticles core size gave the value of 8 nm. The size of colloidal water‐soluble nanoparticles, determined by dynamic light scattering, was within 19–35 nm. Magnetic properties and cytotoxicity (against HT‐1080 and MG‐22A tumor cell lines) of the nanoparticles obtained were investigated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the Stapedius Muscle and Unilateral Agenesia of the Tendon of the Stapedius Muscle in a Human Fetus
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vázquez J.F. , Mérida‐Velasco J.R. , Verdugo‐López S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe objective was to analyze the development of the stapedius muscle to understand an isolated unilateral absence of the tendon of the stapedius muscle in a human fetus. The study was made on 50 human embryos and fetuses aged 38 days to 17 weeks post‐conception. The stapedius muscle was formed by two anlagen, one for the tendon, which derives from the internal segment of the interhyale and another for the belly, located in the second pharyngeal arch, medially to the facial nerve and near the interhyale. In the interhyale, two segments were observed forming an angle and delimited by the attachment of the belly of the stapedius muscle. The internal segment will form the tendon. The lateral segment of the interhyale was attached to the cranial end of the Reichert's cartilage (laterohyale), and normally it disappears at the beginning of the fetal period. The right unilateral agenesia of the tendon of the stapedius muscle, observed for the first time in a human fetus of 14 weeks post‐conception development (PCd), was brought about by the lack of formation or the regression of the internal segment of the interhyale. It presented a belly of the stapedius muscle with an anomalous arrangement, and with a pseudo tendon originated by the persistence of the external segment of the interhyale. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Structure of Tight Junctions in Mouse Submandibular Gland
Authors: Kikuchi Kenichiro , Kawedia Jitesh , Menon Anil G. , Hand Arthur R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSalivary gland cells are joined by junctional complexes consisting of a tight junction (TJ), zonula adherens and one or more desmosomes. TJs regulate paracellular permeability, maintain separate apical and basolateral membrane domains, and serve as signaling centers. We examined TJs of mouse submandibular glands (SMG) in thin sections and freeze‐fracture replicas. TJs between acinar cells and between intercalated duct cells had 2–6 parallel strands on the protoplasmic fracture face, with occasional branches, interconnections and free ends, and corresponding grooves on the extracellular face. Granular duct cell TJs had 2–30 strands, a depth of ≤0.5 μm, and occasional loops extending further basally. Where 3 or 4 cells met, the TJs extended basally ≤1 μm and consisted of 2 parallel boundary strands into which the apical strands inserted. Quantitative analyses showed significant differences in TJ complexity, measured by fractal geometry, and strand number of acinar compared to granular duct cells, and a greater number of strands in male compared to female granular ducts. Pilocarpine stimulation increased TJ strand number in female acinar cells, and increased complexity of male granular duct cell TJs. As the salivary gland water channel aquaporin 5 (AQP5) has been proposed to functionally interact with TJs to regulate salivary fluid composition, we also studied glands from AQP5 knock‐out mice. In males lacking AQP5, granular duct TJs were more complex than those of wild‐type mice, and exhibited more strands following pilocarpine stimulation. The results demonstrate specific gender, cell type and genetic differences in TJ structure and response to stimulation. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Immunohistochemical Characterization of Human Fetal Olfactory Bulb and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells in Culture as a Source for Clinical CNS Restoration
Authors: Liu Kai , Li Ying , Wang Hongmei , Jiang Xiaorong , Zhao Yanting , Sun Dongming , Chen Lin , Young Wise , Huang Hongyun , Zhou Changman 
Published: November 2009

AbstractClinical studies have expanded the therapeutic olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) transplantation to different human Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases. In fact, the OEC transplantation in clinic is a mixture of olfactory bulb cells; they even have not demonstrated that they have such a subpopulation yet. However, as a source of OECs transplantation, the development and identification of human fetal OECs are still need more understanding, because some surgery try to restoration CNS injury with a more purity of OEC cultures generated by a number of different procedures. In this article, twelve human fetal olfactory bulb (OB) samples were obtained from six fetuses in 20 weeks of gestation, it was studied by immunofluorescence on histological sections and cultured cells with multiple antibodies under confocal microscopy. The P75NTR positive OB‐OECs (olfactory ensheathing cell from the olfactory bulb) were present in both outer olfactory nerve layers and glomerular layer. The percentage of OB cells in culture, about 22.31 was P75NTR positive, 45.77 was S100β, and 31.92 was GFAP. P75NTR and GFAP were coexpressed with S100β, respectively; however, P75NTR was not coexpressed with GFAP in human fetal OECs. It is suggested that the localization and development of human OECs in OB are different to those in rodent, and the P75NTR immunohistological staining is still necessary to identify and characterize human fetal OECs in culture before transplantation. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization and Expression of Peroxiredoxin II in the Mouse Ovary, Oviduct, Uterus, and Preimplantation Embryo
Authors: Wang Shie , Huang Weiquan , Shi Hexiu , Lin Cuiying , Xie Meirong , Wang Jianxin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPeroxiredoxin (Prx) II belongs to a recently discovered family of peroxidases that play important roles in antioxidation and signal transduction. In this study, we aimed to study the localization and expression of Prx II in the mouse ovary, oviduct, and uterus, and preimplantation embryos. Immunohistochemical staining analysis showed that, in the ovary, Prx II was expressed in the oocyte cytoplasm of the primary follicle, the secondary follicle, and the premature follicle; Prx II was expressed in germinal vesicle‐intact oocytes (GV oocytes) and metaphase II eggs (MII eggs), as well as at various stages in early embryos. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) results indicated that the Prx II mRNA was expressed at a high level in GV eggs, slightly lower levels in MII eggs, and had no detectable expression in four‐cell embryos and early blastocysts. In the oviduct, Prx II was expressed in the epithelia, while in the uterus Prx II was mainly distributed in the endometrial stroma. Taken together, our results suggest that Prx II plays a key antioxidation role in the maturation of oocytes and development of early embryos, thus providing crucial experimental evidence for further exploring the function of Prx II in the development of oocytes and preimplantation embryos. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attitudes of healthcare students on gross anatomy laboratory sessions
Authors: Kawashiro Yukiko , Anahara Reiko , Kohno Toshihiko , Mori Chisato , Matsuno Yoshiharu 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAt Chiba University, gross anatomy laboratory sessions (“laboratories”) are required for physical therapy students. Though most physical therapy schools require their students to participate in laboratories so that they will better understand the structure of the human body, few data exist on the value of these laboratories specifically for physical therapy students. We administered questionnaires to physical therapy undergraduate students both before and after they participated in laboratories. Questionnaire items focused on student attitudes toward the laboratories and on human life and dignity. Data from 83 students were analyzed, with the following results: (1) 74.7% of students had a positive attitude about attending laboratories before doing so; (2) with few exceptions, students' attitudes about upcoming laboratories grew more positive after experiencing the laboratory work (P < 0.001); (3) laboratories caused students to contemplate the topics of human life and dignity; and (4) 83.1% of students hoped to participate in laboratories at least four times. These results indicate that laboratories reinforce physical therapy students' positive attitudes about laboratory learning and promote student reflection on human life and dignity. This study provides support for the implementation of multiple laboratory sessions using cadavers into a uniform curriculum for physical therapy students in Japan. Anat Sci Educ 2: 273–279, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.