bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound features changing during uveal melanoma local treatment
Authors: AMIRYAN AG , SAAKYAN S 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose The aim of our study was to estimate the echographic sighs (acouctic densitometry characteristics and hemodynamic changes in tumoral vascular network) of uveal melanoma during the local irradiation.Methods 58 patients (31‐74 years old) with uveal melanoma underwent the investigation. Acoustic densitometry and hemodynamic characteristics in tumoral vessels were estimated both before and during brachytherapy using high‐resolution duplex scanning (using ultrasound system Voluson® 730Pro, GE Medical Systems, Kretz Ultrasound).Results There were estimated some alterations in echographic sighs which included the increasing of blood flow velocity in tumoral vessels and decreasing the acoustic densitometry characteristics during the local treatment in comparison with those before the treatment. The dimension and the degree of intensity those alterations depended on tumor size, it’s localization in the eye, facility of the irradiation, angioarchitecture of the lesion.Conclusion The estimation of echographic alterations in uveal melanoma during the local treatment allows indirectly to judge about tumor radiosensivity and probably to assume the local treatment efficiency.
Risk factors for endothelial cell loss after corneal transplantation
Authors: BORDERIE V , BULLET J , TOUZEAU O , BASLI E , LAROCHE L 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To analyze risk factors for endothelial cell loss after corneal transplantation.Methods Cohort study including 1438 consecutive eyes of 1438 patients who underwent Penetrating Keratoplasty, Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty, or Descemet Stripping with Endothelial Keratoplasty between 1992 and 2010. To describe post‐operative endothelial cell loss, the biphasic linear model was fitted to grafts with at least 2 (early phase) or 3 (late phase) endothelial cell density (ECD) measurements in time: ECD = ECD0 – (t * E), for t < 1 year (early phase); ECD = A – (t * L), for t > 1 year (late phase). The least squares estimates were used to calculate the coefficients of the various equations for each eye.Results The average follow‐up time was 45.9+39.3 months (mean+SD). The early‐phase and late‐phase annual endothelial cell loss (ECL) were, respectively, ‐24.7+18.8% (n=921) and ‐10.8+10.3% (n=664). Overall, the model‐predicted cell loss was lower than the observed cell loss in the early phase and higher in the late phase. In multivariate analysis, 5 variables significantly influenced the early‐phase endothelial cell loss: graft storage time, recipient rejection risk, preoperative hypertony, surgical group, and rejection episodes. Three variables significantly influenced the late‐phase endothelial cell loss: recipient rejection risk, surgical group, and rejection episodes.Conclusion Extending the graft organ culture time beyond 3 weeks results in higher early cell loss. High‐risk recipient and rejection episodes are important risk factors for cell loss. ALK induces minimal cell loss whereas keratoplasty in eyes with impaired recipient endothelium is associated with high cell loss.
Delivery of molecules into corneal endothelium using nanoparticles activated by femtosecond laser pulses: proof of concept
Authors: JUMELLE C , CAMPOLMI N , BERNARD A , PISELLI S , AUDOUARD E , GRANIER J , SODER H , GAIN P , THURET G 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose NanoFemtoTransfection (NFT) is an innovative and promising non‐viral technique to transfer molecules into cells (Chakravarty. Nature Nanotechnology 2010;5:607). It consists in temporarily permeabilizing cell membrane by a photoacoustic effect obtained by nanoparticles of black carbon activated by Ti‐Saphir femtosecond laser (fsL) pulses. Calcein (622 Da), tagged bovine serum albumine (70 kDa) and one eGFP plasmid (5 MDa) were transfected into two non‐adherent cell lines (DU145 prostate‐cancer and GS‐9L rat gliosarcoma). Our aim was to adapt the NFT to adherent human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC)Methods We tested the NFT of calcein in vitro on the HCEC line HCEC‐12 seeded at 1500cells/mm2 in 6 wells plates and ex vivo on whole human organ cultured corneas. A matrix of experiments comprising 4 exposition times, 6 fluences and 2 fsL beam movements was performed in order to obtain transfection with minimal toxicity. After exposition to fsL, nuclei were counterstained with Hoechst33342 and transfection efficiency was determined by observation on a fluorescence inverted microscope (IX81, Olympus, Japan) and further quantified by flow cytometry (FACSCalibur, BD, CA). Viability was assessed by Trypan blue stainingResults In HCEC‐12, a fluence of 100 mJ/cm² and a laser beam movement of 3,5 mm/s gave a transfection of 17% and a viability of 97%. In whole corneas, with the same parameters, transfection was detectable in disseminated ECConclusion We obtained the proof of concept of the NFT in HCEC. Further optimization is ongoing to increase the transfection rate while maintaining minimal toxicity, especially for bigger molecules, like plasmids
Characterization of cell cycle modifications induced by electric pulses in human corneal endothelium
Authors: HA THI BM , HE Z , CAMPOLMI N , PISELLI S , GAIN P , PEOC'H M , DUMOLLARD JM , ACQUART S , GARRAUD O , THURET G 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose We recently described the possibility of gene electrotransfer into endothelial cells (EC) of human organ cultured corneas (He. OphthalmicRes2010;43:43). Parallel to the transfection of plasmids, trains of electric pulses alone also triggered mitosis of EC, despite human endothelium is normally considered unable to proliferate. Our aim was to further characterize the effect of electric pulses on the cell cycle of ECMethods The short‐term (3 days) and long‐term (30 days) effects on EC of 8 square pulses lasting 100 ms, at 1 Hz frequency and 125 mA intensity were studied on 20 human organ cultured corneas. EC proliferation was evaluated by quantification of Ki67 expression, a proliferation marker of G1 to M phase, and by 5‐Ethynyl‐2’‐Deoxyuridine (Clik‐it EdU) incorporation during DNA replication (S phase marker) EC viability was assessed using the triple labeling with Hoechst33342/Ethidium/Calcein‐AM with calculation of the viable EC density by image analysis (Pipparelli.IOVS2011;52:6018) and using an apoptotic marker, pSIVA‐IANBDResults Three days after stimulation by electric pulses, a significant activation of EC proliferation was observed with S‐phase revealed by EdU staining and G1 to M phase, including mitosis, revealed by Ki67 staining. 90% of proliferating EC were located in area with ECD bellow 2000cells/mm2. For long‐term effect, ECD did not increase and nuclear fragmentation and cell death were detectedConclusion Electric pulses activate the cell cycle of EC on ex vivo corneas but cell division seems to abort and result in cell death. Mechanisms of cell cycle trigger and of mitosis abortion are currently being studied.
Impact of corneal donor post‐mortem time on the rate of culture medium contaminations
Authors: GRUENERT A , ROSENBAUM K , GEERLING G , FUCHSLUGER T 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose In the majority of European countries there is a shortage of donor corneas for corneal transplantations. In 2007, the EU Directive 2006/17/EC on ‘technical requirements for the donation, procurement and testing of human tissues and cells’ was introduced restricting the usability of post‐mortem donor blood sampling from 72 hours to 24 hours. As a consequence, post‐mortem time for donor cornea acquisition was shortened, resulting in a further reduction of corneal allografts. This study analyzed the effect of donor cornea post mortem‐time on medium contamination in organ culture storage.Methods Contamination rates during corneal organ culture during extended (2008‐9, Group I) versus restricted post‐mortem time protocols (2010‐11, Group II) were retrospectively analyzed. Data were collected at LIONS Cornea Bank North Rhine‐Westphalia, University Eye Hospital Duesseldorf, Germany.Results In the years 2008 and 2009 (Group I) 1272 corneal grafts with a post‐mortem time of 30.05 ± 15.77 hours were collected and cultivated in LIONS Cornea Bank NRW. After introduction of the new guidelines, the overall number of acquired donor corneas dropped by 29.88% to 892. Post‐mortem time was significantly lower during the restricted post‐mortem time protocols (24.2 ± 12.37 hours, p<0.05, t‐test). Interestingly, there was no significant difference of culture medium contamination rates between the two groups (Group I: 9,0%, n=115 versus Group II: 7.3%, n=65; Chi‐squared test).Conclusion Restriction of donor cornea acquisition time down to 24 hours seems to be without benefit regarding the contamination rates during corneal organ culture.
Big bubble technique dissection plane: histological and ultrastructural comparative analysis on both white and clear margin dissected corneas
Authors: IRION L , MCKEE H , BRAHMA A , CARLEY F 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Pneumodissection or 'big‐bubble' technique (BBT) is used to separate Descemet’s membrane (DM) and stroma in both deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty and Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty. It has been reported that BBT may produce two typer of bubble outlines: clear or white margin. It seems that the components of the posterior lamella obtained with each bubble rims also differ. Our aim is to compare BBT dissection plane using histological and electron microscopy (EM) analysis on eye‐bank corneas.Methods BBT was carried out on donor corneas unsuitable for transplantation for reasons other than corneal disease.Corneoscleral discs were mounted on an artificial anterior chamber and BBT was carried out using a 27G needle. 5 samples which had a bubble with white margin and 5 with clear margin were fixed in formalin and sent for histology followed by EM.Results Samples in which the edge of the bubble had a white margin showed variable residual stroma adherent to DM. When the edge of the bubble was clear no residual stroma was seen attached to a bare, smooth DM. The anterior lamellae of the cases without residual stroma were also analysed. These showed no evidence of DM elements excluding the unlikely possibility of intra‐Descemet’s dissection plane. The findings were confirmed by EM in all cases. These showed intact banded DM in all posterior lamellae but only those with a white bubble outline had attached residual stromal collagen.Conclusion In eye bank corneas the histological elements of the posterior lamella dissected using BBT can be predicted depending on the margin of the bubble obtained. Assumptions that pneumodissection in BBT routinely bares DM need to be revisited.
Clinical challenges of ocular anti‐microbial therapy
Authors: RAJU L 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To discuss the different clinical challenges in ocular anti‐microbial therapy as they pertain to bacteria, fungi, viruses, and acanthamoeba.Methods An overview of how the different infections often seen and how available medications might be utilized.Results With the large number of medications available to ophthalmologists these days, deciding what medication to use can be complicated. The initial choice of fourth‐generation fluoroquinolones has raised questions about bacterial resistance. This may highlight the importance of cultures in cases where infections are not responding as expected. Recognition of certain infections, such as early acanthamoeba, which can look similar to herpetic keratitis, may be difficult. The use of newer diagnostic tests, such as PCR, may be helpful to ensure appropriate treatment is started in a timely fashion. This may also be helpful in targeting treatment in fungal infections. The use of long term wear contact lenses, such as with a keratoprosthesis, has raised questions as to whether antibiotics are efficiently reaching the corneal surface and treating biofilms that form on contact lenses. Understanding what flora is present in cases of long term contact use may allow clinicians to better prevent infections. There have also been many clinicians who have advocated the treatment of viral conjunctivitis to help reduce the number of lost work and school hours. There is still debate as to the efficacy of these treatments and how it might impact the continually growing cost of health care.Conclusion Newer testing modalities and understanding what long term use of ocular anti‐microbials does on the ocular surface will improve our treatment of ocular infections and hopefully prevent them too.
Is antibiotic resistance a major problem in ophthalmology?
Authors: KOWALSKI R 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Ocular antibiotic bacterial resistance becomes problematic when: 1) intrinsically susceptible bacteria become resistance, 2) antibiotic resistance spreads from patient –to‐patient, and 3) effective antibiotic treatment is unavailable. The “Standard of Care” of ocular bacterial infections will be accordingly evaluated.Methods Based on the findings of our dedicated ophthalmic microbiology laboratory, the trends in ocular susceptibility in regards to bacterial pathogen and disease (endophthalmitis, keratitis, conjunctivitis, and blepharitis) were analyzed for evidence of acquired resistance, possible infection spread, and the armament of treatment.Results Our studies indicate that based on the bacterial pathogen, bacterial resistance is most prevalent with endophthalmitis isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus. There is evidence that endophthalmitis isolates of Staphylococcus aureus may be hospital acquired. Although Haemophilus influenza and Streptococcus pneumonia isolated from conjunctivitis are probably spread patient‐to patient, an increase in antibiotic resistance has not occurred. There does not appear to be a treatment problem for Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis based on in vitro antibiotic resistance.Conclusion Our study concludes that antibiotic resistance does occur for ocular bacterial pathogens, but ocular infection does not spread from patient to patient. There is a plethora of effective topical antibiotic agents to treat all types of bacterial ocular infections. It is important to culture all severe ocular infections to optimize therapy and to guard against the creation of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The future of antibacterial therapy may rely on preventing infections instead of the production of new drugs.
Historical concepts of glaucoma
Authors: GRZYBOWSKI A 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To present different historical concepts of glaucoma in relation to the thought‐styles of their time.Methods Historical analysis of the old medical treatises and modern history of ophthalmology articles.Results The pathogenesis of glaucoma is one of the most important and puzzling issues in the 21st century ophthalmology. Many concepts were recently presented, including light‐damage theory, local and systemic ischaemic injury, oestrogen deficiency and low CSF pressure. It shows its multifactorial profile and our present deficiency in understanding its real nature. The possible reason for this might be our scientific thought‐style, which determines our present perception of the disease and possible concepts of its pathogenesis, which are verified in clinical and experimental research. The collective thought‐style, in this case regarding the nature of glaucoma, might easily eliminate any new idea or non‐conventional hypothesis. The scientist is a part of the thought‐collective. Every observer has been shaped by a particular culture and represents a thought‐style of a definite scientific group, and his style determines the range of his observations. The historical glaucoma concepts reflected usually historical thought‐styles typical for the period of scientific development.Conclusion Understanding the principles that govern the development of science in the historical perspective allows for an understanding of our own limitations in this respect (contemporary thought‐style), which frequently prevent us from looking at the matter in a non‐standard way.
Pathogenesis of glaucoma: does light play a part in the process?
Authors: OSBORNE N 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPathogenesis of glaucoma: does light play a part in the process? By: Neville N. Osborne Fundación de Investigación Oftalmológica, Instituto Oftalmológico Fernández‐Vega, Oviedo 33012, Spain. Neurones are absolutely dependent on their mitochondria for their energy needs unlike dividing non‐neuronal glial cells. Retinal ganglion neurones are particularly dependent on their mitochondria because a lot of energy is required to propagate the action potential along the non‐mylinated axons within the globe. We have propose that glaucoma is initiated by an alteration in the blood flow dynamics in the optic nerve head causing a defined “ischemic‐like” insult to the retinal ganglion neurone axon mitochondria and also surrounding astrocytes and microglia. While this results in ganglion cells being metabolically weaker, but still functionally normally, they are now susceptible to secondary insults that they would have normally tolerated. The major secondary insults to subsequently result in ganglion cells dying at different times probably arise from chemicals released from activated optic nerve head astrocytes and microglia. Yet another factor may be the very same light that is involved in vision. This is because basic science studies have shown that light as impinging on ganglion cell axons can affect mitochondrial function. Thus while it is not suggested that light causes glaucoma it is proposed that particularly the blue light component impinging on the retina can exacerbate already metabolically effected ganglion cell mitochondria.
Vascular tumours of the retina and choroid : classification, diagnosis and treatment
Authors: SCHALENBOURG A 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Retinal vascular tumors consist of capillary hemangioblastomas, associated with Von Hippel Lindau’s disease, cavernous or racemous hemangiomas, and vasoproliferative pseudotumors. Coat’s disease is typically diagnosed in male children presenting retinal telangiectasia, complicated by retinal exudates. Choroidal vascular tumors are most frequently circumscribed, more rarely diffuse hemangiomas, the latter being associated with Sturge Weber syndromeMethods Diagnosis is often made by ophthalmoscopy and ultrasonography, and confirmed by fluorescein and/or ICG angiography. OCT and panoramic angiography have improved visualization with regard to the extent of the vascular tumor(s).Results Therapeutic approach can consist of periodic observation, laser photocoagulation, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), irradiation by plaque or protons, and anti‐VEGF injections.Conclusion Controversy exists as to the optimal management of these benign but potentially blinding tumors. This review therefore serves as an introduction to the different topics of this symposium as well as the debate at the end with different experts sharing their experience.
Coats' reaction and angiomas of the retina from mutations affecting telomere maintenance
Authors: KIVELÄ T , LINDAHL P , POLVI A , MAJANDER A , MÄKITIE O , LEHESJOKI AE , LINNANKIVI T 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To describe retinal abnormalities other than Coats’ reaction in 4 of 6 Finnish patients with CRMCC, also known as Coats’ plus.Methods An observational series of genotyped children imaged with RetCam. The children (5 girls, 1 boy) were born prematurely on gestational week 30‐39 and were small for date with birth weights from 770 to 2170 g. Four are alive at age 4‐22 y and two have died at age 6 and 18 y.Results Of the 6 children, 2 presented with bilateral, asymmetric Coats’ reaction at age 7 and 11 months. The more advanced eye had an exudative retinal detachment (RD). Three children had retinal angiomas without exudation, accompanied with preretinal and vitreous bleedings, and abnormally running circular vascular loops at age 2‐11 months. In two of the latter, traction RD developed. Regardless of the phenotype, the retina peripheral to the vascular anomalies was avascular but without ROP changes. One patient did not have clinically visible retinal vascular anomalies. All patients with retinal changes had the common c.1994T>G [p.Val665Gly] mutation, three with c.2831delC [p.Pro944Leufs*7] and one each with c.3583C>T [p.Arg1195*] and c.3425_3426delTCinsAT [p.Leu1142His] mutations. The genotype did not predict the phenotype. The patient without retinal changes had c.680C>T [p.Ala227Val] mutation with c.2831delC [p.Pro944Leufs*7]. Other Finnish patients with the latter ccombination have had retinal changes since early childhood.Conclusion It is important to appreciate that CRMCC can present with retinal phenotypes other than Coats’ reaction, and a minority may not have any visible retinal changes. Also angiomas call for neuroimaging to identify brain cysts and calcifications which characterize CRMCC
The contribution of the rod/melanopsin driven ganglion cells to the dynamic pupil light reflex response
Authors: BI W , TSUJIMURA S , PLANT G , BARBUR JL 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells have been shown to contribute to the control of the steady‐state pupil response. The extent to which melanopsin contributes to rapid pupil responses elicited with brief stimuli remains less clear. The principal objective of this study was to examine how the dynamic pupil light reflex response changes with the level of light adaptation for stimuli that isolate luminance, colour or combined rod and melanopsin. The range of light levels that yield useful rod signals was also investigated.Methods The study involved ten normal subjects, one patient with rod deficiency, one patient with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and one rod monochromat. The pupil responses were measured to stimuli that isolate photopic luminance, colour or combined rod and melanopsin at three light levels (456, 74.4 and 4.8cd/m2). Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and chromatic sensitivity were also measured in all subjects.Results The patients with rod deficiency and RP exhibit pupil responses to luminance and colour modulation, but much reduced or absent response to rod/melanopsin modulation. Conversely, the rod monochromat shows complete absence of pupil colour and luminance responses, but exhibits large pupil rod/melanopsin responses at all light levels.Conclusion The findings from this study suggest that pupil responses to briefly presented stimuli are mediated largely by rod and cone signals with no contribution from melanopsin. The results also suggest that rod signals remain unsaturated and can contribute to dynamic pupil responses at much higher light levels.