bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of Corn and Soybeans to Field Applications of Copper1
Authors: Oplinger E. S. , Ohlrogge A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCopper deficiencies have been recognized on muck soils for over 35 years. Cu deficiencies and responses under a wide range of growing conditions and soil types in Indiana have been identified by several workers. This study was initiated to establish the need for copper fertilization on certain Indiana soils and to investigate the utility of tissue analyses as a diagnostic tool for identifying such situations.Spectrographic analysis of corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) tissue samples submitted by farmers and dealers in 1966 to the Purdue Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory, were used to locate fields producing crops with copper levels below 5 ppm in the leaf tissue. In the spring of 1967, 44.8 kg Cu/ha was applied at 12 locations. These treatments were effective in increasing the leaf tissue copper level in both corn and soybeans. Corn yields were increased 3 to 12% on all five harvested locations and soybean yields 1.3% and 14.2% on both harvested locations.In 1968 and 1969, increased copper uptake was indicated by higher tissue copper levels and by increased yields. Differences in treatments were more evident in corn tissue sampled 1 month prior to tasseling than when sampled at tasseling time. Yield increases as high as 22.5% in 1968 and 17.9% in 1969 were obtained even though tissue copper levels were not below the “critical level” of 5 ppm. Corn yields in 1968 on a “Chalmers” silty clay loam were increased an average of 6.7% with copper applied in 1968, while yields of corn grown on the same plots with no additional treatment were depressed 6.4% in 1969. In this instance, yields decreased more with cupric sulfate than with cuprous oxide.The largest and most consistent yield increases were obtained on sandy loam and high organic matter soils. It was concluded that corn and soybean yields could be significantly increased with copper additions on selected mineral soils of northwestern and north central Indiana.
Comparison of Spring Wheat and Barley with Winter Wheat: Yield Components in Ontario1
Authors: Stoskopf N. C. , Nathaniel R. K. , Reinbergs E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were conducted to evaluate the reportedly high yielding Mexican and European spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars under different management systems under southern Ontario conditions. We evaluated the potential of selections from spring wheat crosses and crosses between spring and winter wheat. Spring wheat yielded 20 to 32% less than spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and 40% less than winter wheat in tests at five locations over a 4‐year period. Spring wheat lacked yield stability over years and locations.Tillering capacity, kernels per spike and kernel weight were lower in spring wheat than barley and winter wheat. The weakest component of spring wheat yield appeared to be the 20.6 average number of kernels per spike. A negative relationship was found between tillering and kernels per spike. This and the short period from seeding to maturity often associated with environmental stress may explain why management practices of increased nitrogen fertilization or reduced seeding rate had little influence on grain yield. Seeding delays reduced yields markedly.Spring wheat in southern Ontario appears to be limited by environment so that superior genotypes may not express their full potential. Crosses between spring and winter wheat lines may, therefore, have a greater potential for winter wheat improvement in Ontario than for selection of spring wheat types.
Aluminum Tolerance of Wheat Cultivars Related to Region of Origin1
Authors: Foy C. D. , Lafever H. N. , Schwartz J. W. , Fleming A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOn certain acid soils of Ohio, certain Indiana‐developed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars have performed poorly relative to Ohio cultivars. Preliminary observations suggested the possibility that Ohio cultivars, in general, have been indirectly selected for greater tolerance to Al toxicity than those from Indiana. This hypothesis was tested by growing 27 established cultivars and 19 experimental lines in greenhouse pots of acid (initial pH 4.2 to 4.4), Al‐toxic, Bladen clay loam treated with 0 or 3,000 ppm CaCO3On the basis of relative yield (no lime/lime %), the maximum range of tolerance to the unlimed soil was 8‐ fold for tops and 12‐fold for roots. Cultivars showing greatest tolerance included ‘Thorne’ and ‘Seneca’ (Ohio origin); among those showing least tolerance were ‘Arthur’ and ‘Redcoat’ (Indiana origin). Differential Al tolerance among these four cultivars was also confirmed in nutrient solutions. With 4 ppm P in solution, the relative root yields (2 ppm Al/no Al %) were 42.7, 57.0, 13.3, and 5.4% for Thorne, Seneca, Arthur, and Redcoat, respectively. In this experiment the top yields of the four cultivars did not differ appreciably in response to Al. However, with a lower P level in solution (2 ppm) the cultivars differed in both top and root growth under Al stress. Relative root yields (3 ppm Al/no Al %) for Thorne and Redcoat were 48.4 and 14.9%, respectively; corresponding relative top yields were 45.1 and 34.5%. Under Al stress the Al‐sensitive Redcoat and Arthur maintained the pH of nutrient solutions at lower levels than the more tolerant Thorne and Seneca. Greater Al sensitivity in Arthur and Redcoat cultivars was not consistently associated with higher concentrations of Al or with lower concentrations of Ca or P within plant tops or roots.We concluded that the older Ohio wheat cultivars have been selected, unknowingly, for greater Al tolerance than those in Indiana, and that this trait has been maintained in many of the newer Ohio lines which have been developed on more heavily limed sites, where Al toxicity is not a factor. The results suggest the possibility of breeding wheat cultivars for better adaptation to acid surface or subsurface soils in which the complete neutralization of acidity is mechanically difficult, economically unfeasible, or otherwise undesirable.
Relation of Soybean Leaf Water Potential to Soil Water Potential1
Authors: Brady R. A. , Powers W. L. , Stone L. R. , Goltz S. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEstimation of plant water potential is a possible aid in irrigation scheduling. This work examined the relation of maximum and minimum soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaf water potential to soil water potential. Maximum readings were taken near sunrise and minimum readings were taken between 1300 and 1500 CDT. Leaf water potentials were measured with a pressure chamber and soil water potentials were estimated using moisture release curves and volumetric soil moisture measurements made with a neutron probe. Leaf water potentials decreased an average of 9 to 10 bars as a result of daily atmospheric evaporative demand during the vegetative stage. Soybean leaf water potential was as responsive to changes in soil water potential during the podding stage as during the vegetative stage. Data indicated the possibility of estimating soil water potential from early morning values of soybean leaf water potential.
Effect of Phosphorus and Ryzelan on the Growth and Mineral Composition of Chickpeas1
Authors: Maftoun M. , Bassiri A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhosphorus uptake, accumulation, and distribution have received much attention due to the increasing importance of fertilizer P in crop production. However, information concerning herbicide and P interaction is limited and there is no report available about the effect of P on the phytotoxicity of 3,5‐dinitro‐N4,N4‐dipropyl‐sulfanilamide (Ryzelan). Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine the effects of P and/or Ryzelan on the growth and mineral contents of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).Chickpeas were grown for 7 weeks in two arid region soils containing various levels of Ryzelan (O, 2 and 4 ppm) and P (0, 50 and 100 ppm). Dry matter yields and pant N, P, Ca, Mg, K, Na, and Fe contents were determined. Total N was determined by the micro‐Kjeldahl method; P by the ammonium molybdate‐stannous chloride method and Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, by atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Application of herbicide suppressed growth, decreased total N and P uptakes and delayed emergence of seedlings as compared with control. In general, growth was more adversely affected in Maharloo soil than that in Kooshkak soil and in the former soil root growth was restricted more than top growth by Ryzelan treatment.Addition of P increased the sensitivity of chickpeas to Ryzelan in Kooshkak. Moreover, application of P did not significantly affect plant height or dry weights in either soil, but increased total P uptake where no herbicide was added. Addition of Ryzelan increased the concentrations of N and P in the tops of chickpeas. The contents of Ca and Na by chickpeas were affected by P treatment and concentrations of K and Fe by Ryzelan treatment. Probably the unfavorable ratios of plant nutrients and/or the harmful influence of Ryzelan were the major factors which caused severe reduction of the dry matter yield.
Oven Drying of Small Herbage Samples1
Authors: Wolf D. D. , Ellmore T. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe method of preservation of forage tissue may influence the quality and quantity of the product. Oven drying with hot air is widely used; however, enzyme activity and respiration are stimulated during the moisture reduction process. Criterion for selecting efficient drying conditions, such as sample density, kind of container (cloth or paper), and size of container were investigated using alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) herbage. The dry matter, total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC), starch, reducing sugar, and nonreducing sugar percentages were related to drying rate.Drying rate was linear until 80% dry weight was reached. Conditions requiring no more than 15 hours to reach 80% dry wt (density of 12 g dry wt per liter for paper sacks) were needed to hold loss within limits of experimental error for estimation of dry weight percentage. The TNC in all oven‐dried samples was less than in freeze‐dried tissue; however, data from cloth bags showed less loss and carbohydrate interconversion than paper sacks. Conditions requiring no more than 8 hours to reach 80% dry wt (density of 7 g per liter for paper sack) were required for sufficiently rapid drying to limit loss and interconversions of nonstructural carbohydrates within limits of experimental error. About twice this density was acceptable if cloth bags were used since the drying tune was reduced by about one‐half with cloth as compared to paper containers that had equal densities. Acceptable bulk densities will differ with efficiency of the drying equipment, but time needed for drying to 80% dry wt should not exceed these limits.
Soybean Yields and Lance Nematode Populations as Affected by Subsoiling, Fertility, and Nematicide Treatments1
Authors: Parker M. B. , Minton N. A. , Brooks O. L. , Perry C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil compaction, nematode damage, and fertility problems occurring singly and in combination appear to be responsible for low yields of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in some Coastal Plain soils. This study was designed to determine if these conditions could be corrected with certain fertility treatments, subsoiling, and a nematicide.A field study with ‘McNair 800’ soybeans was conducted in 1972–73 on a Marlboro sand (Typic Paleudult) which had a history of poor crop production. Treatments included: 1) lime, NPK, and a micronutrient mixture (B, Mn, Mo, and Zn) lime and NPK, lime and PK; 2) subsoiling under the row and no subsoiling; 3) a nematicide, 1, 2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane (DBCP), and no nematicide. Fertility, subsoiling, and nematicide treatments made up the main, split, and split‐split plots, respectively. Soil samples for nematode assay were taken at a depth of 0 to 20 cm in 1972 and depths of 0 to 20, 20 to 33, and 33 to 46 cm in 1973.In 1972, subsoiling or DBCP increased yields more than 60% over those of the control (no subsoiling and no nematicide) and subsoiling plus DBCP increased yields 11.7 q/ha or 88%. In 1973, subsoiling without DBCP did not affect yields significantly, but DBCP without subsoiling increased yields yields 10.6 q/ha or 74%. Subsoiling plus DBCP increased yields 13.7 q/ha or 95%. The micronutrient mixture was the only fertility treatment which increased yields significantly, but the element(s) responsible were not identified. Lance nematodes (Hoplolaimus columbus., 1963) were numerous both years but populations were reduced in DBCP‐treated plots. In the nonsubsoiled plots without DBCP, the greatest number of nematodes occurred in the 0 to 20 cm depth and populations decreased at greater depths. In subsoiled plots, there was a relatively even distribution of nematodes for depths of 0 to 20, 20 to 33, and 33 to 46 cm. Results indicate the importance of DBCP and subsoiling for soybean production on compacted soils infested with lance nematodes.
Effects of Seed Size on Soybean Performance
Authors: Smith T. J. , Camper H. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA positive relation has been reported between size of seed planted and subsequent seed yield for several crop spcies, but limited research has produced inadequate information on this relationship in soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The potential for increased yield justifies further studies, especially in view of the relative ease of grading soybean seed for size. Use of more uniform seed also should result in greater uniformity of seed distribution by mechanical planters. Ten field experiments in 6 years compared effects of seed size on subsequent seed yield and certain plant characteristics that might be associated with yield of soybeans. Three or four seed size variables and three to eight genotypes were included in each experiment. Seed size variables were: (i) “large” — largest seed screened from each seed lot planted, (ii) “small” — smallest from each lot, (iii) “large‐small” — equal numbers of two sizes, and (iv) “field‐run” — un‐graded seed before removing large and small.Seed size had little or no effect on initial plant stand, plant mortality, lodging, and mean size of harvested seed. Genotype and year had pronounced effects upon percentage of barren plants, but no meaningful relationship was established between percentage of barren plants and seed yield. Average seed yield of progeny from large seed planted alone exceeded the yield from small seed by 5.4% in 10 experiments, from large‐small by 4.7% in eight experiments, and from field run by 3.3% in four experiments. Average seed yield from small seed equalled the yield from large‐small in eight experiments and was 3.2% less than from field run in four experiments. When large and small seed were planted in the same row, progeny from large seed always produced more yield than those from small seed. No genotype ✕ seed size interaction effects on yield were obtained. Seed size effects on progeny performance apparently were a response to relative seed size within a population and not a response to seed size per se.
Procedure for Evaluating the Biological Degradation of Turfgrass Thatch1
Authors: Martin D. P. , Beard J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThatch is a serious problem on intensively maintained turfs. Biological control of thatch would be desirable to eliminate the need for mechanical thatch removal. A controlled in vitro technique was developed for use in assessing the effect of chemical additives and environmental conditions on microbial decomposition of thatch. Pectinase, cellulase, sucrose, and ferulic acid were added to red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) thatch samples in vitro in an attempt to increase thatch decomposition. A sealed environment was maintained at 24 C for 24 hours at which time gas samples were analyzed for CO2, content as an indication of microbial activity. Thatched red fescue turfs were also treated with the same chemical additives in a controlled environment chamber. Increased carbon dioxide evolution occurred in vitro from all four treatments. Total cell wall content decreased in a controlled environment chamber. Environmental studies showed that a pH of 6 resulted in maximum microorganism activity, as measured by carbon dioxide evolution. These results indicate that this technique can be useful in studying microbial decomposition of thatch on turf.
Zinc Response in Corn as Influenced by Genetic Variability1
Authors: Shukla U. C. , Raj Hans 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInfluence of genetic variability on Zn response in recently improved corn (Zea mays L.) genotypes has not been investigated. Therefore, eight genotypes representing indigenous, hybrid, and composite varieties, were evaluated in the greenhouse using a Zn deficient loamy sand soil (Typic Torripsamments) at 0 (original soil), 5, and 10 ppm Zn applied to the soil. Zinc deficiency symptoms, dry matter yield response (6 weeks after sowing), Zn concentration, and P/Zn and Fe/Zn ratios were the criteria for evaluation. There was considerable variation among the eight genotypes in the severity of Zn deficiency symptoms, growth depression, Zn concentration, P/Zn, and Fe/Zn ratios under Zn stress conditions. The depression in shoot and root dry matter yield under Zn stress conditions ranged from 78 to 95 and 72 to 94%, respectively, as compared to 5 ppm supplemental Zn level. Zinc concentration in different genotypes under Zn stress condition varied from 7.4 to 20.5 ppm. The differential response among the genotypes was found to be associated with their capability to exploit soil Zn and/or translocate it to the shoot. The contribution of P/Zn and/or Fe/Zn balance in tissues to the variability in Zn responses was not significant.
Root Elongation along a Soil‐Plastic Container Interface1
Authors: Voorhees W. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRoot growth is often studied in glass‐fronted containers which allow continuous observation of several growth parameters. These observations are generally assumed to extrapolate to root growth under field conditions. However, laboratory studies reported here show that root elongation rates along a soil‐container interface in soil cores are significantly lower than those measured within the bulk soil mass. These differences are probably due either to higher soil strength at the interface or to an attracting electrical charge on the container surface, or both.
A Rainout Shelter Installation for Studying Drought Stress1
Authors: Arkin G. F. , Ritchie J. T. , Thompson M. , Chaison R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo eliminate the effects of erratic rainfall, which have limited field studies on drought stress, we designed and constructed a relatively large (12.2 ✕ 12.2 m), lightweight shelter that prevents rain from falling on a field plot area. The design overcame previous rainout shelter size limitations and permitted the reduction in the size of the power and drive assemblies needed and thus decreased construction costs. The design of the rainout shelter installation allows lengthening the shelter, controlling the water table, and collecting and storing rain water for irrigating the test area (beneath the shelter). The shelter is large enough to permit operation of planting and tillage equipment. Available soil water in the test area was effectively controlled during the 1974 growing season.
Evaluation of an Electronic Foliometer to Measure Leaf Area in Corn and Soybeans1
Authors: Hatfield J. L. , Stanley C. D. , Carlson R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKnown areas were measured with an electronic foliometer to determine the errors involved with this instrument. Good agreement between measured and known areas was found and there was high accuracy and precision for both the conveyor belt and sheath method. Tests were made comparing the foliometer, a planimeter, and maximum length times maximum width (LW) for soybeans and comparing foliometer and LW for corn. There was close agreement between planimeter and foliometer measurements for soybeans (r = 0.99). The foliometer compared favorably with LW for corn (r = 0.96). Coefficients for converting LW measurements to leaf areas were determined for soybeans and three corn hybrids.
Water Use by Dryland Corn as Affected by Maturity Class and Plant Spacing1
Authors: Alessi J. , Power J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVery early maturing hybrids of corn (Zea mays L.) have become available recently and appear to be adapted to semiarid regions. Water use information is needed for these hybrids. The purpose of this study, at Mandan, N.D., was to evaluate the effects of maturity class of corn hybrid and of plant spacing on water utilization under dryland cropping. In each of 3 years, 68 and 85‐day relative maturity class hybrids were grown at plant populations of 20, 30, 40, 60, and 74 thousand plants/ha in 50 and 100‐cm rows on Temvik silt loam (Typic haploboroll). The 20, 40, and 74 thousand plant populations were monitored for changes in soil water content by the neutron method both in the row and midway between rows. Neither row spacing nor location of the access tube in respect to the row had an appreciable effect upon soil water content at any sampling date. Water withdrawal by corn was generally confined to the upper 90‐cm soil depth, regardless of treatment. Increased population usually increased water use during vegetative growth, leaving less water for reproductive growth. Hybrids and row spacings had less effect upon water use. Except for dry matter production by the 85‐RM hybrid at the highest population, water use efficiency (WUE) was greatest at a population of 40,000 plants. While the early maturing hybrid was efficient in using water for grain production, the later maturing hybrid used water more efficiently for forage production. Results of regression analysis between yields and water use suggest that the earlier maturing hybrid would be less affected by severe drought than would the later hybrid.
Water Transport From Roots to Soil1
Authors: Molz Fred J. , Peterson Curt M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNumerous studies have indicated that water can flow from roots to soil (negative direction) but little can be concluded about the magnitude of such a flow. Therefore, experiments were performed on potted cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Auburn 7‐683’) to compare the magnitude of water transport in the positive (soil to roots) and negative directions. Experimental results were also compared qualitatively with the predictions derived from mathematical models simulating root water uptake. Each plant was left unwatered in an environmental chamber to dry the soil from field capacity to near the —15 bar percentage. After drying, the stem was severed under water and the resulting water flow from roots to soil recorded by weight changes. Results indicated that water flow in the negative direction is small (1:36 during a 110‐hour period) compared to flow in the positive direction. This difference is thought to be due to a hysteretic, unsaturated, and possibly non‐Darcian flow phenomenon or to the generation of growth‐related water potentials. Contemporary mathematical water extraction models ignore both phenomena and, therefore, would be expected to overestimate flows in the negative direction if “calibrated” to predict correctly flows in the positive direction.