bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expectant management of incomplete abortion in the first trimester
Authors: Pauleta Joana R. , Clode Nuno , Graça Luís M 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of expectant management of induced and spontaneous first trimester incomplete abortion.MethodsA prospective observational trial, conducted between June 2006 and November 2007, of 2 groups of patients diagnosed with an incomplete abortion: 66 patients who had received misoprostol for an induced abortion (group 1) and 30 patients who had had a spontaneous abortion (group 2). Transvaginal ultrasound was performed weekly. The success rate (complete abortion without surgery), time to resolution, duration of bleeding and pelvic pain, rate of infection, number of unscheduled hospital visits, and level of satisfaction with expectant management were recorded.ResultsThe incidence of complete abortion was 86.4% and 82.1% in groups 1 and 2 respectively at day 14 after diagnosis, and 100% in both groups at day 30 (two group 2 patients underwent curettage and were excluded from the analysis). Both groups reported 100% satisfaction with expectant management, although over 90% of the women reported feeling anxious.ConclusionExpectant management for incomplete abortion in the first trimester after use of misoprostol or after spontaneous abortion may be practical and feasible, although it may increase anxiety associated with the impending abortion.
Injection laryngoplasty with calcium phosphate cement
Authors: Shiotani Akihiro , Okubo Keisuke , Saito Koichiro , Fujimine Takekatsu , Tomifuji Masayuki , Ikeda Asako , Araki Koji , Momoshima Suketaka 
Published: March 2009

ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of injection laryngoplasty with calcium phosphate cement (CPC), which is an injectable paste, self‐hardening, and which recrystallizes to calcium hydroxylapatite after injection.Study DesignA case series with planned data collection.MethodsFifty‐six patients with unilateral vocal fold paralysis, who received injection laryngoplasty with CPC between August 2003 and August 2007 with a minimum follow‐up period of six months, were enrolled in this study. Volumetric and migration analysis for injected CPC were performed using CT after surgery. Vocal function was also assessed by GRBAS subjective voice assessment scale and maximum phonation time (MPT), acoustic analysis including period perturbation quotient (PPQ), amplitude perturbation period (APQ), and noise‐to‐harmonics ratio (NHR).ResultsNo remarkable migration or absorption of injected CPC was observed on CT up to two years after surgery. The average remaining volume of CPC was 87.8% ± 5.3% two years after injection compared to immediately after injection. Significant improvements in GRBAS scales, MPT, PPQ, APQ, and NHR were observed postoperatively. No adverse effects were observed.ConclusionsOur clinical experience revealed that CPC was safe, nonabsorbable, and effective. Injection laryngoplasty with CPC may be a useful option in the treatment of glottic insufficiency.
Identification of Conserved Regulatory Elements in Mammalian Promoter Regions: A Case Study Using the PCK1 Promoter
Authors: Liu George E. , Weirauch Matthew T. , Van Tassell Curtis P. , Li Robert W. , Sonstegard Tad S. , Matukumalli Lakshmi K. , Connor Erin E. , Hanson Richard W. , Yang Jianqi 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A systematic phylogenetic footprinting approach was performed to identify conserved transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) in mammalian promoter regions using human, mouse and rat sequence alignments. We found that the score distributions of most binding site models did not follow the Gaussian distribution required by many statistical methods. Therefore, we performed an empirical test to establish the optimal threshold for each model. We gauged our computational predictions by comparing with previously known TFBSs in the PCK1 gene promoter of the cytosolic isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and achieved a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of approximately 32%. Almost all known sites overlapped with predicted sites, and several new putative TFBSs were also identified. We validated a predicted SP1 binding site in the control of PCK1 transcription using gel shift and reporter assays. Finally, we applied our computational approach to the prediction of putative TFBSs within the promoter regions of all available RefSeq genes. Our full set of TFBS predictions is freely available at http://bfgl.anri.barc.usda.gov/tfbsConsSites.
Identification of Semaphorin 5A Interacting Protein by Applying Apriori Knowledge and Peptide Complementarity Related to Protein Evolution and Structure
Authors: Sadanandam Anguraj , Varney Michelle L. , Singh Rakesh K. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In the post-genomic era, various computational methods that predict protein-protein interactions at the genome level are available; however, each method has its own advantages and disadvantages, resulting in false predictions. Here we developed a unique integrated approach to identify interacting partner(s) of Semaphorin 5A (SEMA5A), beginning with seven proteins sharing similar ligand interacting residues as putative binding partners. The methods include Dwyer and Root-Bernstein/Dillon theories of protein evolution, hydropathic complementarity of protein structure, pattern of protein functions among molecules, information on domain-domain interactions, co-expression of genes and protein evolution. Among the set of seven proteins selected as putative SEMA5A interacting partners, we found the functions of Plexin B3 and Neuropilin-2 to be associated with SEMA5A. We modeled the semaphorin domain structure of Plexin B3 and found that it shares similarity with SEMA5A. Moreover, a virtual expression database search and RT-PCR analysis showed co-expression of SEMA5A and Plexin B3 and these proteins were found to have co-evolved. In addition, we confirmed the interaction of SEMA5A with Plexin B3 in co-immunoprecipitation studies. Overall, these studies demonstrate that an integrated method of prediction can be used at the genome level for discovering many unknown protein binding partners with known ligand binding domains.
Cash Crops and Freedom: Export Agriculture and the Decline of Slavery in Colonial West Africa
Authors: Austin Gareth 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThis article argues that the greatest economic and social transformations of the early colonial period in West Africa, the “cash-crop revolution”, and “the slow death of slavery” and debt bondage, had stronger and more varied causal connections than previously realized. The economic circumstances of late nineteenth and early twentieth-century West Africa delayed and diluted abolitionist measures. Indeed, the coercion of labour, through the exercise of property rights in people, contributed to the speed with which the cash-crop economies developed. Conversely, however, the scale and composition of cash-crop expansion did much to determine that the slave trade and pawning would be replaced by a consensual labour market. They also shaped the possibilities for peasant versus larger-scale organization of production, and the distribution of income by gender and between communities.
Losses in making and storing Farmyard Manure
Authors: Wood T. B. 
Published: March 2009

Two pairs of young heifers were fed on a weighed and analysed diet, and their dung was sampled and analysed both in the fresh and in the rotted states.It was found that the fresh dung contained about ¾ths of the nitrogen, ⅔rds of the phosphoric acid, and ⅞ths of the potash consumed by the animals in food and litter.The dung made by the cake-fed animals was found to be more readily fermentable, and consequently more liable to loss during storage, than that made by the animals fed on roots and hay only.The loss was found to fall chiefly on the ammoniacal nitrogen in which the cake-made dung is comparatively very rich.Taking as a base-line the amounts of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in the dung of the animals fed on roots and hay only, it was found that the fresh dung of the cake-fed animals contained 82 per cent, of the nitrogen, and 70 per cent, of the phosphoric acid, of the cake they had consumed.So great however was the loss of ammoniacal nitrogen from the cake-made dung, that after 6 months' storage under cover in the solid undisturbed state in which it was left in the boxes by the animals, only 37 per cent, of the nitrogen of the cake still remained in the rotted dung.Dung is not usually kept so long as this, nor through such a hot time of the year, so that the average loss will probably be less than that found in the experiment, and ½ the nitrogen of purchased foods may very well be the average amount recovered in the dung.The experiment shews however that, without any very flagrant mismanagement, the proportion recovered may fall considerably below ½, especially if the dung suffers further loss while lying on the surface of the land in dry weather.
The Soil Solution and the Mineral Constituents of the Soil
Authors: Hall Alfred Daniel , Brenchley Winifred Elsie , Underwood Lilian Marion 
Published: March 2009

Solutions were made by extracting the soils from certain of the Rothamsted plots on which wheat and barley had been grown for 60 years and upwards. Wheat and barley were grown in these solutions, which were renewed fortnightly. The comparative growth in the solutions was closely parallel to the growth of the crop on the plots in the field and corresponded to the composition of the solutions. The composition of the solutions as regards phosphoric acid and potash corresponded to the past manurial treatment of the soils and to the amount of phosphoric acid and potash they now show on analysis. Growth in the soil solutions agreed with the growth in artificial culture solutions containing equivalent amounts of phosphoric acid and potash. Growth in the soil solutions from imperfectly manured plots was brought up to the level of that in the solutions from completely manured plots on making up their deficiencies in phosphoric acid and potash by the addition of suitable salts. The phosphoric acid and potash content of the soil solutions was of the same order as the phosphoric acid and potash content of the natural drainage water from the same plots.Wheat grew as well as barley in the solutions of the wheat soils, and vice versâ. In a similar set of solutions from the same soils the growth of buckwheat, white lupins and sunflowers corresponded with that of wheat and barley. Boiling effected no alteration in the nutritive value of the soil solutions.In nutritive solutions of various degrees of dilution the growth of plants varied directly, but not proportionally, with the concentration of the solution, though the total plant food present in the solution was in excess of the requirements of the plant. When the nutrient solution was diffused as a film over sand or soil particles, as in nature, there was no retardation of growth due to the slowness of the diffusion of the nutrients to the points in the liquid film which had been exhausted by contact with the roots. Growth in such nutrient solutions forming a film over sand particles was much superior to the growth in a water culture of equal concentration, but the growth in the water culture was similarly increased if a continuous current of air was kept passing through it.
The Relative Effect of Lime as Oxide and Carbonate on Certain Soils
Authors: Hutchinson Henry Brougham , MacLennan Kenneth 
Published: March 2009

Caustic lime is found to have two distinct effects on the soil:1. A partial sterilisation effect,2. A chemical action, decomposing some of the soil organic matter.The amount of caustic lime necessary to induce specific changes in the flora and fauna of the soil depends very largely on the character of the soil. The light sandy Millbrook soil, poor in organic matter and in carbonate, reacted sharply with 0·2 to 0·3 per cent. caustic lime; the Rothamsted clay soil, poor in organic matter but rich in carbonate, was found to react to 0·3 to 0·4 per cent.; the acid Woburn soil required an amount between 0·5 and 1·0 per cent., as did also the rich Chelsea garden soil, which already contained carbonate; the Craibstone soil, with a high organic and a low carbonate content, failed to react even to applications of 1·0 per cent, caustic lime.
Studies in Milk Records: On the Accuracy of Estimating a Cow's Milking Capability by her First Lactation Yield
Authors: Gavin William 
Published: March 2009

1. The first lactation shews greater variability than the second, third, fourth or fifth.2. The estimation of one lactation from another cannot be made with great accuracy, since the correlation coefficient between even successive lactations does not rise above + ·6.3. It is necessary, in classing a cow, to decide on one lactation that shall represent her mature capability. It is suggested that the maximum lactation is the most suitable one to chose.4. The correlation coefficient with the maximum lactation increases from ·394 for first to ·762 for fifth lactation.5. The mean of the first and second lactations however gives a correlation coefficient of ·526 with maximum lactation, which is higher than any of the first three taken separately.
A Study of the Methods of Estimation of Carbohydrates, especially in Plant-extracts: A New Method for the Estimation of Maltose in presence of other Sugars.
Authors: Davis William A. , Daish Arthur John 
Published: March 2009

Certain sources of error encountered in the estimation of sugars in plant extracts are dealt with. Large errors in the gravimetric method may be obtained unless special care is taken in purifying the asbestos by boiling for at least 30 minutes with 20% sodium hydroxide. Weighing the reduced copper as cuprous oxide is likely to give rise to large error, and a process of weighing as cupric oxide, with certain precautions, is recommended.The volumetric methods of Ling and of Bertrand have been studied; the former is preferable in all respects to the latter, which we regard as only roughly approximate.In dealing with plant extracts, owing to the accumulation of sodium acetate in the solutions analysed, inversion by citric acid of lower concentration than 10% is generally incomplete. Inversion by invertase is, however, not interfered with by this salt. To estimate cane sugar inversion both by invertase and 10% citric acid is recommended. No loss of sugars occurs owing to the use of basic lead acetate as has been sometimes stated; the supposed loss is probably due to incomplete inversion caused by the presence of sodium acetate.It is shown by a detailed study of the action of dilute hydrochloric acid on different sugars that it is impossible completely to hydrolyse maltose at either 70° or 100° without simultaneously destroying large quantities of laevulose or dextrose.The only available method for the accurate estimation of maltose consists in the employment of special maltase-free yeasts, such as S. exiguus, S. marxiarnus or S. anomalus, introducing a correction (for pentoses, etc.) obtained by a special fermentation with baker's or brewer's yeast.6. A scheme for the quantitative estimation of sugars in plant material is given.
The Effect of Partial Sterilisation of Soil on the Production of Plant Food: Part II. The Limitation of Bacterial Numbers in Normal Soils and its Consequences
Authors: Russell Edward John , Hutchinson Henry Brougham 
Published: March 2009

The conclusions reached in our previous paper have been confirmed and extended. Fresh evidence is adduced that bacteria are not the only inhabitants of the soil, but that another group of organisms occurs, detrimental to bacteria, multiplying more slowly under soil couditions and possessing lower power of resistance to heat and to antiseptics.In consequence of the presence of these detrimental organisms the number of bacteria present in the soil at any time is not a simple function of the temperature, moisture content and other conditions of the soil. It may, indeed, show no sort of connection with them; thus rise of temperature is found to be ineffective in increasing the bacteria in the soil; increase in moisture content has also proved without action. The number of bacteria depends on the difference in activity of the bacteria and the detrimental organisms.
A preliminary investigation into the draft of the plough
Authors: Davies W. M. 
Published: March 2009

The state of consolidation resulting from the nature and treatment of the previous crop has a most marked effect on the draft, causing variations from 107 to 580 lbs. in gross draft and from 68 to 483 lbs. in nett draft on a typical two-horse soil, the force exerted by each horse being about one hundredweight and a half.The relation between draft and depth of furrow is linear, the nett draft per square inch tending to increase in value with increasing depth, except when the previous crop was roots, when a decrease at depths greater than 6-8 ins. is noticeable.The relation between draft and width of furrow is linear, the nett draft per square inch in some cases showing an increase and in others a decrease with increasing width.
A new method for the determination of ammoniacal nitrogen in soils
Authors: McLean W. , Robinson G. W. 
Published: March 2009

A method for the determination of ammoniacal nitrogen in soils is described. It is an extension of the Hissink method for exchangeable bases to ammonium present in the soil. The working details are similar to the Hissink method, except that the leaching process is entirely carried out in the cold. The ammonia is distilled off with magnesium oxide.Using normal sodium chloride as a leaching solution and collecting half a litre of leachings for distillation with magnesia, results were obtained which showed excellent agreement with those by the aeration method. Similar results were obtained using 250 c.c. of 15 per cent, sodium chloride solution, but the results are on an average about 1·6 per cent, lower. With high proportions of ammoniacal nitrogen a second half litre of normal sodium chloride leachings should be taken, or half a litre of 15 per cent, solution used.The leaching method is economical of apparatus and water supply. It is therefore suitable for small laboratories with limited resources. It is fairly rapid: six estimations can be completed in a day.The close agreement of the new method with the aeration method suggests that the amount of ammoniacal nitrogen in the soil at any given time is not an arbitrary quantity depending on conditions of estimation, but a definite amount. It is improbable that any ammonium compounds exist in the soil apart from those which take part in base exchange.
Some observations on the mechanism of phosphorus fixation in some soils of British Guiana
Authors: Paul Harry 
Published: March 2009

A study has been made of the distribution of the various fractions of phosphorus in the Blairmont clay soils. Nearly three-fifths of the total phosphorus is present in the organic and inorganic alkali-soluble forms.The organic alkali-soluble phosphorus and the exchangeable phosphorus vary in direct relation to cane production and to phosphorus content of the juice. The Truog phosphorus values are nil for all three soils and do not give a satisfactory indication of the phosphorus-supplying ability of the soils.The soils have a high anion exchange capacity (23· mmol. of phosphorus per 100 g. of soil). It is indicated that the high fixing power of these soils for phosphorus is largely a mechanism of anion exchange reactions.
A study of the accuracy of simple sampling methods for the estimation of egg production and mean egg weight
Authors: Read D. R. 
Published: March 2009

Sampling methods for the estimation of annual production and mean egg weight have been examined, and an attempt made, by a combination of theoretical considerations and practical observations, to derive general expressions for the standard error of such estimates. Numerical values of these errors have been tabulated in a form suitable for direct application by the practical poultry worker.The author wishes gratefully to acknowledge the assistance and criticism given him by Dr F. Yates, and by Mr F. J. Dudley of the National Institute of Poultry Husbandry.
Some observations on the dimensions of follicles and of other structures in the skin of sheep
Authors: Burns Marca , Clarkson Hilda 
Published: March 2009

1. Data are presented on the volume and other dimensional relations of structures in the skin of four sheep of the Romney Marsh breed, namely a lamb aged 1 month, a ram aged 2½ years and two 8-year-old ewes. All the animals were in good condition when the skin samples were obtained, yet the skin of both ewes contained structures believed to be degenerating follicles.2. A method was developed by which it was possible to measure the volume of follicles and other structures in the skin, with an error of less than 1%. This method involved the tracing of projected images of horizontal sections of a selected follicle bundle throughout its depth in the skin, and measurement, by means of a planimeter, of the areas of structures shown on each tracing. The volume was calculated from the sum ofall the areas multiplied by the thickness of the sections. A method was also evolved of measuring the curled length, as distinct from the ‘depth’, of a follicle. The difference between the length and depth of the majority of the follicles in these samples was less than 10%.
A study of some methods at present used for the determination of lignin
Authors: Thomas Brynmor , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Methods for the determination of lignin which involve the use of 72% sulphuric acid have been reviewed.2. Three methods in common use, viz. those of Norman & Jenkins (modified Common), Crampton & Maynard (modified Lancaster) and of Ellis, Matrone & Maynard were studied, and comparisons made of their relative effectiveness.3. That of Crampton & Maynard was considered less satisfactory than the modified Norman & Jenkins procedure, on the grounds that it contains several sources of error, the most serious of which are the use of formaldehyde and the failure to remove pentosans.4. The yields of lignin obtained with the method of Ellis, Matrone & Maynard are appreciably higher than those resulting from the modified method of Norman & Jenkins, by reason of the failure to use a protein correction factor. When such a correction is made, results from the two methods are comparable.
The effect of potassium salts on the anatomy of Dactylis glomerata
Authors: Purvis O. N. 
Published: March 2009

Stems of Dactylis glomerata were collected from grass-plots which had received different manurial treatment as regards potash.The yield of hay from these plots was in close agreement with the average which shows that the season during which the work was done was not abnormal.The thickness of the wall, the diameter of the lumina and the ratio of the lumen to the wall were measured both in sclerenchyma and metaxylem elements.It was found that in the early stages the sclerenchyma walls were thinner where potash had been supplied, but that this effect was lost as the season progressed.The lumina were larger in plants which had received potash, when nitrogenous fertilisers had not been added, but in the presence of ammonium salts, this effect was reversed.In the xylem the thickness of the walls was unaltered whether potassic fertiliser were added or not. When no nitrogenous manures were added the diameter of the lumen was decreased in the presence of potash, but when ammonium salts had been applied, the diameter was increased by the application of potassic fertilisers.