bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Root Characteristics in Grain Sorghum1
Authors: Nour Abd‐Ellatif M. , Weibel D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBreeding for drought resistance has been limited by the lack of a simple method of screening. Observations in the field cannot be made regularly, nor can the condition be repeated. A laboratory method of testing for drought resistance was needed. To investigate techniques, 10 cultivars of sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, were planted in washed sand in plastic plots in a growth chamber. Five plants in each pot were fed a nutrient solution for 3 weeks. When they were harvested, wet root weight, root length, root volume, and root/shoot ratio were determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the root characteristics among 10 sorghum cultivars known to vary for drought resistance. Significant varietal differences for all characters were found. In general the most drought‐resistant cultivars had heavier root weight, greater root volume, and higher root/shoot ratios. This technique shows promise for identifying drought‐resistant lines, but it involved a considerable amount of time and labor. Root weight would probably be the most indicative and easiest characteristic to determine.
Yield and Protein Content of Rice as Affected by Rate, Source, Method, and Time of Applied N1
Authors: Allen S. E. , Terman G. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPublished results suggest that low rates of applied N may have been responsible for low yields and grain protein of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in pot experiments. A series of greenhouse pot experiments was, therefore, conducted at Muscle Shoals, Ala., with rice grown under continuous flooding on Sango sicl (Ochrepic Fragiudult, 5 kg/pot) to study effects of rate and source of applied N (up to 5.0 g/pot) on yield, N recovery, and grain protein. Uniform high rates of other nutrients were applied.Urea or ammonium sulfate mixed with the soil before planting markedly increased yield of both grain and straw, but NO3‐N was largely lost by denitrification. Rates of 0.5 to 1.0 g of non‐NO3‐N were required for early growth and tillering, factors which were well correlated with grain yield at maturity. Urea and ammonium sulfate topdressed in the floodwater after tillering were more effective than NO3‐N and increased yield of grain proportionately more than straw, as compared to application of all N prior to planting. Grain and straw yields increased curvilinearly with higher N rates, but uptake of N was highly rectilinear with all rates of applied N. Grain protein also increased with rate of N (from 7 to 3% with no N to 9 to 12% with 2 to 5 g of N/pot). Thus, adequate rates and timing of applied N increased both yield and protein content of grain in these pot experiments (without lodging being a problem). These responses varied among sources, methods and time of application, and cultivars; but maximum yield was invariably obtained from rates of N much higher than commonly reported for pot experiments.
Utilization and Redistribution of Zn During Vegetative Growth of Corn1
Authors: Isarangkura Rungruang , Peaslee Doyle , Lockard Raymond 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSlight changes in availability of soil Zn during the growing season may terminate or initiate Zn stress in plants. For example, under field conditions, visual symptoms of Zn deficiency may disappear after a few weeks, and grain yields of corn (Zea mays L.) may be normal. To determine the degree of recovery of young corn plants after termination of Zn stress and the effectiveness of Zn redistribution during stress, plants were grown in greenhouse sand cultures to anthesis. Levels of Zn ranged from none to 0.1 μg/ml of nutrient solution; Zn supplies were either: (a) withheld until plants had developed to the 4 or 8‐leaf stage; (b) withheld after plants had developed to these stages; or (c) supplied continuously until plants were harvested at the 4, 6, 8‐leaf, or anthesis stages. Leaf area, CO2 assimilation, Zn accumulation, and dry matter yields were determined. Rates of CO2 assimilation (mg/dm2/hour) were decreased to 72% and 10% of the rates in control plants after Zn stress of 19 and 40 days, respectively. Plants stressed for Zn, however, were able to assimilate CO2 at 80 to 90% of normal rates 19 days after Zn was added. Percent decreases in leaf area were similar to those observed for CO2 assimilation. Reductions in both of these growth factors caused severe restrictions in early growth and development. Plants stressed for Zn until reaching the 8‐leaf stage required an additional 15 days to reach anthesis and yielded 50% as much dry matter as control plants. When stressed only to the 4‐leaf stage and then supplied with Zn, plant development to anthesis was delayed 4 days, and dry matter yields were 84% of those for control plants. At anthesis, distribution of Zn in plants that had been placed under stress at the 8‐leaf stage indicated there was extensive mobilization and translocation of Zn to newly developing leaf and stalk tissue.
Solar Radiation Weighting for Weather and Corn Growth Models1
Authors: Linvill D. E. , Dale R. F. , Hodges H. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough agriculture is the business of converting solar energy into food and fiber, there has been little use of solar radiation data in regression models of weather and crop growth. A major problem in these studies is the rapidly increasing plant size and growth potential under similar environmental conditions. This has led to the use of standardized measures of Crop Growth Rate (CGR), such as Relative Growth Rate (RGR) and Net Assimilation Rate (NAR), which often overcorrect for crop size. Rather than correct CGR for crop size in the present work solar radiation is weighted to estimate the amount of solar energy intercepted by a corn canopy. Another challenge in solar radiation‐crop growth studies to assess the interaction of solar radiation and plant moisture stress, and this factor is also examined. Weather and corn (zea mays L.) growth measurements in the field at West Lafayette, In., from 1969 to 1971, were used to assess different methods of handling solar radiation in corn growth regression models. Daily solar radiation (S) was weighted with a leaf area function, f(LAI), using Boguer's law and an extinction coefficient determined by K. R. Stevenson and J. W. Tanner to obtain the intercepted solar radiation, SI = S(1 — exp(−0.79 LAI)). This variable was better correlated with total aboveground corn plant growth rates than was either f(LAI) or S. SI was divided by pan (Epan) or Piche evaporation (EPiche), or their square roots, to obtain a derived variable which identified not only the solar energy intercepted by the corn canopy, but also a consideration of atmospheric conditions causing plant moisture stress limitations upon energy conversion within the corn plant. The single variable, SI‐E‐−Piche, was associated with about 45% of the variance in above ground plant growth rates and about 25% of the variability in grain growth rates during the 1969–1971 seasons. The derived variables were tested with 1972 weather and corn growth data and also by pooling data for the eight seasons into three other periods, 1969–1970, 1971–1972, and 1969–1972. The single derived variables, SI‐E½Piche, was associated with 72% of the short period plant growth rate variance in the 1969–1970 period and about 27% in the 1971–1972 period, but it explained practically none of the variability in 1971–1972 grain growth.
Peptidases and Trypsin Inhibitor in the Developing Endosperm of Opaque‐2 and Normal Corn1
Authors: Reed Carl , Penner Donald 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo determine the nature of the association of trypsin inhibitor content to lysine content in high‐lysine corn (Zea mays L.), the relationship of proteolysis, trypsin inhibitor content, and lysine content was studied during endosperm development in opaque‐2 and genetically similar normal corn. Peptidases with pH optima of 4.0, 5.5, 7.5, 8.4, and 10.0 capable of hydrolyzing α‐N‐benzoyl‐dl‐arginine‐p‐nitroanilide (BAPA) were extracted from the endosperm of developing field grown corn. These peptidases were inhibited by the endogenous trypsin inhibitor and were also unable to hydrolyze bovine albumin, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) gliadin, zein, and Azocoll (Cal biochem general proteolytic substrate). Significant correlations were found between trypsin inhibitor content and dye binding capacity, a measure of lysine content, between trypsin inhibitor and pH 9.0 optimum peptidase, between the pH 9.0 optimum peptidase and lysine content, and between the pH 5.0 optimum peptidase and water‐soluble protein content. Higher trypsin inhibitor levels found in opaque‐2 corn were associated with higher albumin levels. Normal corn was lower in peptidase, lysine, trypsin inhibitor, and moisture than the genetically similar opaque‐2 line.
Beef Cow‐Calf Performance on Coastal Bermudagrass Overseeded with Winter Annual Clovers and Grasses1
Authors: Hoveland C. S. , Anthony W. B. , McGuire J. A. , Starling J. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOverseeding winter annuals on dormant ‘Coastal’ bermuda (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers) sod will lengthen the productive season and improve forage quality. Such management should result in more animal production, but little information is available for beef cow‐calf performance on overseeded sod. The objective of this study was to determine the performance of beef cows and calves on Coastal bermuda pasture at relatively low levels of N fertilization when overseeded with winter annual species. In a 3‐year southeastern Alabama study on Plinthic Paleudult soil, beef cows and calves were grazed on four Coastal bermuda sod treatments: (a) not overseeded + 112 kg/ha N; (b) overseeded ‘Gulp’ ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) + 168 kg/ha N; (c) overseeded ‘Wrens Abruzzi’ rye (Secale cereale L.), ‘Yuchi’ arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi), and ‘Autauga’ crimson clover (T. incarnatum L.) + 112 kg/ha N; and (d) overseeded arrowleaf and crimson clovers with no N fertilizer. Grazing season for treatments a‐d began respectively on 2 April, 14 February, 8 January, and 11 March with all ending 5 October. Calf gain in kg/ha/year for treatments a‐d averaged 328, 473, 628, and 460, respectively. Calf annual average daily gain (ADG) of 0.89 kg was higher (P<0.05) on rye‐clover clover than on ryegrass or non‐overseeded Coastal bermuda. Cow gain per ha and ADG were also increased by everseeding with clover. Overseeding sod with rye and clover resulted in nearly double the calf gain per ha and extended the grazing season 3 months longer than that of Coastal bermuda alone. Overseeding clovers alone with no N fertilizer resulted in calf gains equal to those for ryegrass overseeded on Coastal bermuda and fertilized with 168 kg/ha N.
Nitrogen Fertilization in Establishing Forage Legumes1
Authors: Hojjati S. M. , Templeton W. C. , Taylor T. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForage legumes play a special role in agriculture in that they fix N and serve as feedstuffs for livestock and poultry. Researchers do not agree, however, concerning need for fertilizer N in legume establishment. We studied the effects of N applied at and shortly after planting of legumes on growth and N fixation and compiled information on current recommendations of agricultural experiment stations in the United States on use of N with forage legumes.Two greenhouse experiments were conducted. In the first, seed of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and bigflower vetch (Vicia grandiflora var. kitalbeliana W. Koch) were planted in sand and given Hoagland's solution at planting or 3 or 6 weeks post‐planting to furnish 28, 56, or 112 ppm N (N1, N2, N3). A comparable N‐free solution (No) was included. In the second, red clover, vetch, and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were seeded into three soils and fertilized with NaNO3 at rates to supply 30 or 60 kg N/ha, and a no‐N check. Plants were harvested at 8 or 9 weeks post‐planting, roots and tops separated, and N fixation estimated by C2H2 reduction. After drying, plant parts were weighed, ground, and analyzed for N. Published recommendations for fertilizing legumes were requested from Agronomy Departments in the United States, and these were summarized.In trial 1 N1, N2, and N3 plants were larger than N0 plants but, at harvest, fertilized clover plants were fixing only 63, 33, and 6% as much N/pot/hour, respectively, as the latter. Interactions among treatment variables were common. In contrast, level of N applied in experiment 2 did not affect N fixation. Growth was increased equally by 30 and 60 kg N/ha.Current recommendations concerning N usage on forage legumes vary widely, especially with grass‐legume mixtures. The findings in these greenhouse experiments and the disparities in state recommendations indicate need for further research to more clearly define the conditions, if any, under which use of N with forage legumes is justified.
Quantity and Quality of Triticale and Other Small Grain Silages1
Authors: Bishnoi U. R. , Chitapong P. , Hughes J. , Nishimuta J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSmall grain crops are used for ensiling with good results but no information is available on yield and quality of triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) as a silage. A field experiment was conducted during two growing seasons, 1974–75 and 1975–76, on a Decatur silty clay loam soil (Rhodic Paleudult) to provide comparative data on quantity and quality of silage produced by triticale, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), oats (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Silage quality was analyzed by standard laboratory procedures. Forage and silage yields of both triticales were significantly higher than the other small grain cultivars during both growing seasons. Triticale and rye silages contained similar amounts of crude protein, ash, and ether extract. They were significantly lower than wheat but significantly higher than oats or barley in these constituents. No significant differences were found in gross energy, pH, phosphorus, or calcium contents. Triticale can be adequately ensiled and dough stage harvest produced acceptable yield of good quality silage.
Diagnosis and Correction of B Deficiency in Beans and Mungbeans in a Mollisol from the Cauca Valley of Colombia1
Authors: Howeler Reinhardt H. , Flor Carlos A. , Gonzalez Carlos A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOn a high pH Mollisol in the Cauca Valley of Colombia, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) yields were seriously limited by B deficiency, resulting occasionally in complete crop losses. Effective methods of B fertilization were studied and critical levels of B in soil and leaf tissue were determined for diagnosing B deficiency.When B was applied directly before seeding, beans responded to 1 kg B/ha. However, this rate was not sufficient to supply enough B for subsequent crops, and applications of 2 and 4 kg B/ha were necessary for optimum yields of the second and third crop, respectively. No significant differences were observed between two common B sources, Borax and Solubor. Lateral band placement was slightly superior to central band or broadcast placement. Band application at or shortly after seeding was more effective than that at 20 or 30 days after emergence. Foliar spray with solutions of 0.1 to 0.2% B as Solubor or Borax are recommended when B deficiency does not limit early growth. Critical levels for B deficiency were 20 to 24 ppm B in leaves and 0.65 ppm B as hot water soluble B in soil. Toxicity is expected above 40 to 45 ppm in leaves and 1.3 to 1.5 ppm in soil.Large cultivar and species differences were observed with respect to tolerance to low levels of B. Black beans were more susceptible than two local red beans. One mungbean (Vigna radiata) cultivar was highly tolerant, showing negative responses to B fertilization.
Effect of Repeated Drought Periods on the Survival of Sorghum Seedlings1
Authors: Nour Abd Ellatif M. , Weibel D. E. , Todd G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDrought resistance in crop plants is a highly desired characteristic, but there are no simple laboratory techniques available for screening. The purpose of this research was to study a simple technique of screening for drought resistance in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Ten cultivars were evaluated for drought resistance by subjecting seedlings in flats to four successive cycles of water stress in a controlled environment chamber. The cultivars were selected to represent a range of drought resistance. After the fourth cycle of stress cultivars known to have resistance had the highest survival; e.g., ‘M.35‐1’ had a survival of 65% while ‘Karkatib’ had the lowest survival of 10%. The technique appeared to be a simple and effective method of screening for drought resistance.
Response of Corn to Zn in Ortho‐ and Pyrophosphate Fertilizers, as Affected by Soil Temperature and Moisture1
Authors: Giordano P. M. , Mortvedt J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPerformance of ortho‐ and polyphosphate fertilizers as carriers of Zn for crops has varied in field trials, suggesting that an interaction might exist with climatic conditions. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of both soil temperature and moisture regimes on the uptake of Zn and P by corn (Zea mays L.) from ZnSO4 granulated with ammonium ortho‐and polyphosphate fertilizers and applied to Nolichucky scl (pH 7.6), a Typic Paleudult soil. In a series of greenhouse experiments, corn grown under various soil temperature (16 to 32 C) and moisture regimes (0.3 to 0.15 atm) showed a marked reduction in dry matter yield, as well as in Zn and P uptake, at low temperature, but varying soil moisture levels had little effect. Uptake of Zn was greater when triammonium pyrophosphate rather than monoammonium phosphate was the source of applied P, but uptake of P from the two P sources was comparable. Although lower Zn uptake appears to be a function of depressed growth under cool soil conditions, it is likely that deficiency arises because early Zn requirements cannot be met when the availabale Zn supply is low. Uptake and yield results further suggest that early growth retardation sometimes attributed to Zn deficiency during cool springs also may be related to suppression of P uptake.
Weed Control for Doublecrop Soybeans Planted with the No‐Tillage Method Following Small Grain Harvest1
Authors: Triplett G. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe no‐tillage method is used extensively to produce doublecrop soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] planted after winter grain harvest. Success of this method depends on proper selection and effective application of herbicides for weed control in the second crop. Herbicides were evaluated in the field during three seasons for doublecrop soybean production following winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvest. Both residual herbicides and herbicides having activity only when applied to the foliage of green plants were evaluated alone and in various combinations in this study. The design of the experiment allowed a partitioning of the effects of herbicides having activity only when applied to foliage and utilized to control weeds present in the wheat stubble from the effects of residual herbicides employed to control growth of weeds emerging after soybean planting and herbicide application. During two seasons, herbicides having activity only when applied to foliage accounted for one‐half and two‐thirds of the yield response to weed control. Residual herbicides accounted for the other part of the yield response. In the third season, very few weeds were present in the wheat stubble at harvest and herbicides active only when applied to foliage had no effect on yield. During this season, effective residual herbicides increased yields significantly. Residual herbicide combinations that included linuton [3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐l‐methoxy‐l‐methylurea] and metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐tert‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio)‐as‐triazin‐ 5(4H)‐one] were most consistent for weed control and crop yield. Both glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ion) generally were satisfactory as herbicides used to control existing vegetation. Some of the residual herbicides used in this study also exhibit considerable activity on foliage of plants present but at rates used this was inadequate for maximum crop yields.
Hydrolytic Enzyme Differences in Cold‐Tolerant and Cold‐Sensitive Alfalfa1,2
Authors: Krasnuk M. , Witham F. H. , Jung G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis investigation was part of a continuing effort to ascertain the role of soluble proteins in the development of cold tolerance of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. The research was conducted to determine whether certain soluble proteins, known to be closely associated with the development of cold tolerance, exhibited hydrolytic enzyme activity. Cold‐tolerant ‘Vernal’ and cold‐sensitive ‘Sonora’ alfalfa plants grown for 66 days under simulated “summer” (nonhardening) and “winter” (hardening) conditions exhibited different levels of cold tolerance as indicated, by cold tolerance assays performed at three freezing temperatures. Sonora winter plants were only moderately tolerant to −6 C, whereas Vernal plants were well hardened to −8 C and were tolerant to −10 C. Soluble protein concentrations were higher in hardened than in unhardened plants, with differences in protein concentration greater for Sonora than Vernal. Localization of hydrolytic enzymes on polyacrylamide gels after disc electrophoresis and subsequent densitometric scanning of zymograms demonstrated that activities of amylases, leucine amino peptidases, and α‐esterases were greater in winter than summer samples of both cultivars; whereas ATPase activities were lower in winter than summer samples. Furthermore, differences between αaesterase levels of hardened and unhardened samples were greater than those of amylase or peptidase. New esterase forms and higher quantities of a heat‐stable amylase also were detected in hardened samples. Differences in enzyme solubility between distilled water and tris‐HCl extracts, related to environment, extractant, or cultivar influences, were evident for esterases and ATPase and for individual forms of amylase and peptidase. The large quantitative changes in amylases and esterases localized within gel column regions 7 and 8 of hardened Vernal zymograms implied a close relationship of these hydrolytic enzymes to the hardening process; whereas the decreased ATPase activities reflected an inverse relationship with cold tolerance. It is, therefore, reasonable to conclude that quantitative and qualitative differences in hydrolytic enzyme activity are evident between hardened and nonhardened plants. The differences among hydrolytic enzymes do not necessarily follow the same quantitative or qualitative pattern, and for this reason they should be studied collectively to understand the biochemistry of hardening.