bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociological Aspects: Conclusion
Authors: Mason Philip 
Published: October 2011

The first three sessions of this Symposium would, I think, lead one to say that if one tried to arrange man on the basis of biological characteristics one would get a continuum; the papers given in this fourth session have shown the ineradicable, or so far ineradicable, tendency of mankind to split themselves up into discontinuous groups.I personally believe the study of race relations should always be directed to a practical result, that is to enable one to get over this simple human tendency, and to enable us to live together.
Sex differences in the neurotic reaction of the aged
Authors: Bergmann K. 
Published: October 2011

SummarySex differences in psychiatric illness in earlier adult life are discussed. A random sample of elderly respondents were seen in their homes in order to examine neurotic reactions in the aged.The relationship between neurotic symptoms, physical health, social data and sex were ascertained for the population as a whole.Normal and late onset neurosis sub-groups were compared with regard to selected medical, psychiatric and social variables considered to have a bearing on neurotic reaction in the elderly. The variables discriminating best between ‘neurosis’ and normality were abnormal personality traits, physical ill-health and being female.In the absence of any marked physical disability, being female was among the highest discriminators between the normal and neurotic groups. In the physically ill group, neither sex was more significantly represented than the other. Social factors were examined to explain the continuing preponderance of females in the late-onset neurotic group, but it was felt that they did not fully explain the differences observed.
The Galton Lecture 1970: The Obstetrician and Society
Authors: Baird Dugald 
Published: October 2011

I am honoured to be asked to give the Galton Lecture and, as an obstetrician, I am particularly glad to give it in the context of this symposium devoted to biosocial aspects of fertility.By comparison with the frightening problems of population control on a world scale, the control of Britain's population should be easy but, unfortunately, it has not been tackled with the urgency it demands. In the North East of Scotland, however, considerable progress has been made. We have a natural human laboratory for the study of this problem and other aspects of human reproduction. It has the advantage of relative isolation, homogeneous population, convenient size (half a million) and availability of scientific personnel from Research Institutes, University and National Health Service. In addition, very good relations exist between these bodies and the general public. Continuity of medical care facilitates long-term study of patients, assessment of needs and results of treatment. The people have become knowledgeable and co-operative.
Effects of some progestational steroids on lactation
Authors: Badraoui M. H. H. , Fawzi G. , Hefnawi F. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe contraceptive method used during lactation should be chosen on the basis of (a) effectiveness in preventing pregnancy and (b) its effect on lactation. Combined hormonal contraceptives affect lactation adversely due to the oestrogen component. Progestogen-only contraceptives may increase the quantity and quality of milk yield during lactation. In the present study the effects of four progestational drugs used immediately after delivery were investigated. No adverse effect on initiation of lactation was found. The side effects of the drugs are reported. No pregnancies were reported during the period of the study.
Teenage pregnancy in developing countries
Authors: Engstrom Lars 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThere is little statistical information from developing countries on the prevalence of early and late teenage pregnancies and associated health and psychosocial sequelae. Developing countries cannot be studied as an entity since they differ widely in terms of cultural background, religion, traditions, etc. However, characteristics of an underprivileged situation are: an early reproductive debut, high fertility and close spacing of pregnancies, and high maternal and infant mortality. The high maternal and infant mortality rates are related to socio-economic parameters but also specifically to the age of the mother, being increased for mothers under the age of 20, particularly for the younger ones and when there are repeated teenage pregnancies. Low minimum age of marriage for girls, typical of many developing as well as developed countries, means a consent of society for early family formation.Epidemiological studies and studies on changing reproductive behaviour in situations undergoing modernization processes are required to estimate the magnitude of the problem from health and psychosocial aspects, and in order to design appropriate services.
Sexuality of women in middle age: the Göteborg study
Authors: Hallström Tore 
Published: October 2011

Until recently there has been a paucity of factual data on the effects of the climacteric upon women's sexuality. The basic questions here are: do changes occur in sexual behaviour, sexual interest or responsiveness during the climacteric years? If so, what are the variations and how are they caused?Two variables used extensively as a measure of sexuality are coital frequency and orgasmic frequency. Kinsey et al. (1953) showed that the degree of sexual activity remained fairly constant in unmarried women up to 55 years of age. By contrast, sexual activity in unmarried men declined gradually from puberty onwards. For married men and women they found that the frequency of sexual outlets declined during the life span. Kinsey et al. emphasized that the decreasing frequency of sexual intercourse and orgasm in marriage does not prove that the sexual capacity of the woman is influenced by her own ageing but could instead be a result of her husband's ageing. These authors were of the opinion that there is little evidence of any ageing in the sexual capacity of the female until late in her life.
Closing of workshop
Authors: Baird D. T. 
Published: October 2011

There is no need to have a workshop to show that fertility falls with age. Nothing works so well as it gets older. One has only to look at the progression of one's teeth, a very visible manifestation of the process of ageing, to make one wonder what goes on inside the reproductive system!Probably there is no evolutionary disadvantage to having reduced fertility with age because by the time that there is a significant reduction in fecundity the genetic pool which will be added to subsequent generations has already been added. In biological terms, there may be a positive advantage in reduced fertility in older women, since the human infant is dependent on its parents for such a relatively long time and there may be an advantage in the mother surviving for 7, 8, 9 or 10 years after her youngest child is born. In looking for a teleological explanation of declining fertility with age and of a menopause, this is one possible explanation.
Breast-feeding in the Philippines: the role of the health sector
Authors: Popkin Barry M. , Yamamoto Monica E. , Griffin Charles C. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryA survey of the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of 1298 Filipino health professionals towards breast-feeding is analysed. Knowledge of the benefits of breast-feeding, the psychophysiology of lactation, contraindications to breast-feeding, and the effects of drugs and contraceptives on lactation and delivery are some of the issues examined. A low level of knowledge about breast-feeding, particularly of health contraindications, is found. Industry and government programmes have both positive and negative effects on breast-feeding knowledge and attitudes.
Breast-feeding in Manila, Philippines preliminary results from a longitudinal study
Authors: Simpson-Hebert Mayling , Makil Lorna P. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryLongitudinal data collected over a 2-year period (1982–84) on 152 first and second parity mothers who were delivered in a charity maternity hospital in Manila, Philippines, indicate the reasons for never brest-feeding and for early termination of brest-feeding. Socio-Cultural factors and beliefs are more important than physiological problems in minating breast-feeding.Proper bottle-feeding is too costly for most low-income families. Bottle-fed babies have a higher incidence of diarrhoea. Mothers who change from breast- to bottle-feeding in the first 6 months are 1·7 times as likely to become pregnant in the first year post-partum as mothers Who brest-feed for 7 or more months.
Lactation and birth spacing in highland New Guinea
Authors: Wood James W. , Lai Daina , Johnson Patricia L. , Campbell Kenneth L. , Maslar Ila A. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThe effects of infant suckling patterns on the post-partum resumption of ovulation and on birth-spacing are investigated among the Gainj of highland New Guinea. Based on hormonal evidence, the median duration of lactational anovulation is 20·4 months, accounting for about 75% of the median interval between live birth and next successful conception (i.e. resulting in live birth). Throughout lactation, suckling episodes are short and frequent, the interval changing slowly over time, from 24 minutes in newborns to 80 minutes in 3-year olds. Maternal serum prolactin concentrations decline in parallel with the changes in suckling patterns, approaching the level observed in non-nursing women by about 24 months post-partum. A path analysis indicates that the interval between suckling episodes is the principal determinant of maternal prolactin concentration, with time since parturition affecting prolactin secretion only in so far as it affects suckling frequency. The extremely prolonged contraceptive effect of breast-feeding in this population thus appears to be due to (i) a slow decline in suckling frequency with time since parturition and (ii) absence of a decline over time in hypothalamic–pituitary responsiveness to the suckling stimulus.
Dynamic behavioural models and contraceptive choice
Authors: Montgomery Mark R. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryDynamic models of contraceptive use fill a theoretical gap. They bring behavioural content to the mathematically elegant Markov models of family building. They meet the criterion that Bulatao (1989) advances that method use, discontinuation and switching be considered not in isolation, but with reference to individual reproductive goals. Dynamic models help to link the literature on method choice with the literature on method effectiveness. These theoretical advantages are, at present, counter-balanced by empirical limitations. This article explores the theoretical and empirical underpinnings of dynamic contraceptive choice models.
Contraceptive switching among currently married women in the United States
Authors: Grady William R. , Hayward Mark D. , Billy John O. G. , Florey Francesca A. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryThis study examines contraceptive method switching among married women in the US. It enquires first into the effect of method type and women's socioeconomic characteristics on the risk of switching to each of six methods, including no method, and secondly into the previous methods used by women who adopt specific contraceptive means. The results indicate a great deal of circulation among all method types and of movement to unprotected intercourse. The adoption of sterilization is greatest among women not previously using any contraceptive method.
MEN IN MATERNAL CARE: EVIDENCE FROM INDIA
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY APARAJITA 
Published: October 2011

SummaryMen's supportive stance is an essential component for making women's world better. There are growing debates among policymakers and researchers on the role of males in maternal health programmes, which is a big challenge in India where society is male driven. This study aims to look into the variations and determinants of maternal health care utilization in India and in three demographically and socioeconomically disparate states, namely Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Maharashtra, by husband's knowledge, attitude, behaviour towards maternal health care and gender violence, using data from the National Family Health Survey III 2005–06 (equivalent to the Demographic and Health Survey in India). Women's antenatal care visits, institutional delivery and freedom in health care decisions are looked into, by applying descriptive statistics and multivariate models. Men's knowledge about pregnancy-related care and a positive gender attitude enhances maternal health care utilization and women's decision-making about their health care, while their presence during antenatal care visits markedly increases the chances of women's delivery in institutions. From a policy perspective, proper dissemination of knowledge about maternal health care among husbands and making the husband's presence obligatory during antenatal care visits will help primary health care units secure better male involvement in maternal health care.
OBESITY, ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AND REASONING ABILITY IN PORTUGUESE STUDENTS BETWEEN 6 AND 12 YEARS OLD
Authors: BARRIGAS CARLOS , FRAGOSO ISABEL 
Published: October 2011

SummaryObesity has been linked to several physiological and psycho-social diseases, decreases in cognitive function, poor levels of scholastic achievement, low socioeconomic status and delayed onset of maturity. This study investigates the association between obesity and both academic performance and reasoning ability in 394 male and 398 females students between the ages of 6 and 12 from Lisbon, Portugal. It also assesses how this relationship may be influenced by chronological age, maturity and socioeconomic status. The results suggest that: 1) reasoning ability is independent of socioeconomic status and level of maturity; 2) no differences in reasoning ability exist between groups of different BMI; 3) academic performance is moderated by chronological age in boys, and by maturity in both genders; 4) obesity is not associated with academic performance. It is concluded that reasoning ability and academic performance are not associated with obesity, and that inter-individual differences in academic performance in boys may be explained by differences in their level of maturity.
Bevacizumab treatment for vestibular schwannomas in neurofibromatosis type two: report of two cases, including responses after prior gamma knife and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition therapy
Authors: Eminowicz G K , Raman R , Conibear J , Plowman P N 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectives:Vestibular schwannomas are the hallmark of neurofibromatosis type two. They are difficult to treat, due to their bilateral presentation and the quest for hearing preservation. Our report describes a new treatment approach in this clinical scenario.Case report:We report two cases which confirm that bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor, causes regression of vestibular schwannomas in patients with a previous history of gamma knife radiosurgery or failed treatment with another form of vascular endothelial growth factor targeted therapy.Conclusion:In 2009, Plotkinet al.reported the volumetric response of vestibular schwannomas to bevacizumab treatment, both in untreated patients and in patients previously treated with erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor. The presented cases support the use of bevacizumab to treat vestibular schwannomas. Given the extremely slow growth of these tumours, we note the rapidity of volume reduction following bevacizumab therapy.
Paediatric day-case tonsillectomy: a three-year prospective audit spiral in a district hospital
Authors: Bajaj Y , Atkinson H , Sagoo R , Bhatti I , Newbegin C 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackground:Paediatric tonsillectomy is a common ENT operation. The use of day-case surgery is increasing, in order to improve efficiency in healthcare.Methods:A prospective audit spiral was carried out from January 2006 to December 2008 for all children undergoing day-case tonsillectomy at Huddersfield Royal Infirmary.Results:There was a haemorrhage rate of 2.6 per cent over three years. The most common complication was nausea and vomiting, seen in 5.3 per cent of patients.Conclusions:For a well selected group of children, day-case tonsillectomy in a district hospital setting is a safe and efficient alternative to an in-patient stay. A dedicated day-case team, good anaesthetic technique, adequate post-operative analgesia and on-site paediatric in-patient facilities are essential.
Preaching What We Practice: Bringing Scope and Methods “Back In”
Authors: Centellas Miguel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractRecent discussions of teaching research methods have focused on understanding the relationship between methods courses and the broader discipline, including the need to integrate qualitative methods and other approaches beyond the traditional statistical approaches still common in the majority of undergraduate research methods courses. This article contributes to this conversation by arguing that the basic elements of research design and qualitative techniques should be integrated into substantive (or “non-methods”) courses across the discipline. To accomplish this aim, I offer a brief outline of methodological benchmark skills—drawn from the pool of skills necessary for a successful thesis—that can be taught in various courses across the discipline through a traditional assignment: the semester research paper.
Are Financial or Moral Scandals Worse? It Depends.
Authors: Doherty David , Dowling Conor M. , Miller Michael G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPrevious analysis finds that people respond differently to “financial” (e.g., tax evasion) and “moral” (e.g., sexual misconduct) political scandals. However, experimental and observational studies tend to reach different conclusions about which type of scandal induces a stronger negative reaction from the public. We use an experiment embedded in a national survey to examine the possibility that these divergent findings can, in part, be explained by a failure to consider the effects of abuses of power. Consistent with previous experimental work, we find that people respond more negatively to financial scandals than to moral scandals when they do not involve abuses of power. However, abuses of power substantially affect responses to both types of scandals. We also find that moral and financial scandals affect personal and job evaluations of a politician differently. These findings support our contention that to understand public responses to scandal, it is crucial to consider the relationship between the scandalous behavior and the official's formal responsibilities.
The Modal Number of Citations to Political Science Articles Is Greater than Zero: Accounting for Citations in Articles and Books
Authors: Samuels David J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractExisting measures of article and journal impact count citations that articles receive in other articles. Such metrics ignore citations that articles receive in monographs and edited-volume chapters. Counting article citations in books reveals that popular measures of article and journal impact discriminate against articles and journals that receive citations in books rather than (or in addition to) citations in other articles, thereby discriminating against the research contributions of scholars who publish such articles. Analysis of citation patterns over 25 years reveals that citations in books have declined in American politics research while citations in articles have increased; citations in both books and articles remain important in the other subfields. Findings suggest that political scientists should supplement indicators of journal impact based on citations in peer-reviewed articles with measures that account for the citations that published articles receive in books.
The Method of Problems versus the Method of Topics
Authors: Eidlin Fred 
Published: October 2011

AbstractConfused students researching papers not knowing where they are going. Articles, lectures, and books on exciting topics that turn out to be boring. Such familiar phenomena are symptoms of a widespread, largely unconscious methodological habit of focusing on topics rather than problems. This habit rests on views about knowledge that are deeply ingrained in commonsense knowledge and in the methodology of mainstream social science. Such views saturate the understanding of scientific inquiry assumed by most methods textbooks. This article criticizes the method of topics and contrasts it with the method of problems. The word “topic” suggests that there is some surface to cover, but not why covering it might be interesting. Interesting research is problem-driven. It begins with a sense that something is amiss with existing knowledge and requires explanation. Problem-driven research begins, not with collection of data or facts, or with clarification of concepts, but with identification of inconsistencies or gaps in existing knowledge. It seeks to solve problems through free invention and severe criticism of hypotheses.
Reflecting on a Decade of Women's Publications in Four Top Political Science Journals
Authors: Evans Heather K. , Moulder A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPublication in scholarly journals is a key to scholarly success. However, previous studies have shown that across many disciplines, including political science, women publish significantly less than men and prefer to use qualitative methodology. In this article, we explore the accuracy of these trends by examining a decade's worth (2000–09) of women's publications in four top political science journals (the American Political Science Review, the American Journal of Political Science, the Journal of Politics, and PS: Political Science and Politics). Using a systematic content analysis, we determine the gender ratio of the authors, funding sources, methods, and the ratio of qualitative and quantitative studies. We find that while women publish less than men in each of these venues, their publication rates resemble their representation in the field.
Peer Evaluation in the Political Science Classroom
Authors: Baranowski Michael , Weir Kimberly 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhen student presentations are offered in the classroom, instructors are most likely to be concerned about the extent to which students pay attention and learn from the experience of not only giving a presentation, but about what students learn as an audience. After devising a peer-evaluation instrument for students to evaluate their classmates' presentations, over the course of two years and 10 courses, we surveyed students to determine the effectiveness and usefulness of peer evaluations. We found that students are more likely to pay attention, gain a different perspective on the presentation experience, and be more engaged in the presentation when they evaluate one another.
Privacy Protection in Social Science Research: Possibilities and Impossibilities
Authors: Albright Jeremy J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe ubiquity of data in the twenty-first century provides unprecedented opportunities for social science research, but it also creates troubling possibilities for privacy violations. The emerging field of statistical disclosure control (SDC) studies how data collectors and analysts can find an optimal solution to balancing privacy protection and data utility. This article introduces SDC to readers in the applied political science research community and outlines its implications for analyzing individual-level data. The vocabulary of SDC is introduced and is followed with a discussion emphasizing just how easy it is to break almost any release of supposedly “anonymized” data. The article then describes how SDC measures almost always destroy the ability of researchers to accurately analyze complex survey data. These results are in conflict with increasing trends toward greater transparency in the social sciences. A discussion of the future of SDC concludes the article.