bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tectonics of an Early Carboniferous forearc inferred from a high‐P/T schist‐bearing conglomerate in the Nedamo Terrane, Northeast Japan
Authors: Uchino Takayuki , Kawamura Makoto 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Nedamo Terrane, an Early Carboniferous accretionary complex, is the oldest biostratigraphically dated accretionary complex in Japan. The purpose of this study is to describe and interpret a conglomerate from the Nedamo Terrane that contains clasts of high‐pressure/low‐temperature (high‐P/T) schist (mainly garnet‐bearing phengite schist) and ultramafic rock, and to infer the tectonics of an Early Carboniferous arc–trench system at the eastern margin of the paleo‐Asian continent. Clasts of high‐P/T schist and ultramafic rock within the conglomerate make up 8.4 and 6.7% of the total clasts, respectively, based on modal counts. These clasts are subangular to subrounded, whereas volcanic clasts are well rounded. The source of the schist clasts, which yield a radiometric age of 347–317 Ma, is considered to be the Renge Metamorphic Rocks of Southwest Japan or equivalent rocks. Based on the chemical composition of chromian spinel, the source of ultramafic clasts is inferred to be the island‐arc‐type Ordovician Miyamori and Hayachine ultramafic complexes in the Kitakami Massif. The conglomerate records multiple provenance regions, including an island arc (South Kitakami Terrane) and a forearc ridge; the high P/T schist and ultramafic rocks were exhumed in the forearc region. The duration of the interval from the early stages of exhumation of the schist to its deposition in the trench as clasts is estimated to have been less than 30 my.
Use of the ‘CURB 65’ score in hospital practice
Authors: Karmakar G. , Wilsher M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground:  The ‘CURB 65’ score is a simple well‐validated tool for the assessment of severity in community acquired pneumonia (CAP). Whether it is used routinely is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of use of the score in routine hospital practice and correlate this with clinical decision making and patient outcome.Methods:  Retrospective cohort study of all patients with CAP (n= 174) presenting in three winter months. Demographic and clinical outcome data were recorded and comparisons were made between those patients who had score applied on admission with those that did not. A CURB 65 score was assigned to all patients using data from the patient record, and admission decisions were compared.Results:  Only 9 (5.2%) CAP patients had the ‘CURB 65’ score applied at admission. The overall mortality rate was 3.4%. On applying a score to all cases retrospectively, appropriate admission decisions were made for patients with moderate or severe pneumonia and outcome was in accordance with published results. However, 23 (13%) patients age <65 with mild CAP and no comorbidities were admitted in spite of guideline recommendation for community care.Conclusions:  These data demonstrate that clinical decision making in respect of moderate or severe CAP is the same whether or not a pneumonia severity score is applied. However, routine use of the score will identify patients with mild CAP thus potentially reducing unnecessary admission.
Referral patterns to a palliative care service in rural Australia servicing indigenous Australians
Authors: To T. , Boughey M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground: Territory palliative care (TPC) of the Northern Territory covers a population of 150 000 over 400 000 km2 in urban, rural and remote settings. Thirty‐two per cent of the population are indigenous Australians. There is little documentation of palliative services to the indigenous Australians.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the referral characteristics of patients who died in or were discharged from the TPC over 6 months in order to define unique characteristics of palliative care of such a population.Results: The records of 151 consecutive patients were analysed, with a mean age 63 ± 17 years, 62% male, 59% non‐indigenous, 70% urban dwellers and 71% referred for malignancies. Median time to separation was 69 days, with 33% discharged within 30 days, while 28% survived beyond 6 months. Eighty‐two per cent of patients died, and of these 52% in the hospice. indigenous patients were more likely to be younger (54 vs 70 years), female (52% vs 29%), living rurally (52% vs 12%) and to die at home (47% vs 11%).Conclusion: These data showed major differences from the largest Australian study published so far, based on a population of predominantly non‐indigenous Australians. This study identifies for the first time how TPC needs to have an encompassing service plan and delivery model to cater for indigenous patients and people in remote locations.
Emergency department management of exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: audit of compliance with evidence‐based guidelines
Authors: Considine J. , Botti M. , Thomas S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground: Emergency departments (ED) play a key role in management of exacerbation of chronic obstructive airways disease (COPD). Current guidelines for management of exacerbation of COPD showed highest levels of evidence (Level A and B) were related to use of medications and non‐invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV).Aims: The aim of this study was to examine compliance with high level evidence for management of exacerbation of COPD during the first 4 h of ED care.Methods: A retrospective medical record audit was conducted at four public and one private ED in Melbourne, Australia. Participants were adult patients with COPD presenting to the ED with a primary complaint of shortness of breath from July 2006 to July 2007. Outcome measures were compliance with evidence‐based recommendations regarding use of bronchodilators, methylxanthines, steroids and NIPPV.Results: Of 273 patients in this study, 72.4% received short‐acting beta‐agonist bronchodilators, 37.8% received an inhaled short‐acting anticholinergic medication and 56.6% received systemic steroid therapy. NIPPV was used in 21 patients, 15 of whom had documentation of acidosis and/or hypercapnia).Conclusions: There was variation in the use of high level evidence for the ED management of exacerbation of COPD. The highest rate of compliance was non‐use of methylxanthines and the greatest deficit was poor compliance with evidence related to NIPPV. There was also scope for improvement in the use of bronchodilators and systemic steroids.
Exploratory study of the ‘weekend effect’ for acute medical admissions to public hospitals in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Clarke M. S. , Wills R.‐A. , Bowman R. V. , Zimmerman P. V. , Fong K. M. , Coory M. D. , Yang I. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAims:  To determine whether in‐hospital deaths of patients admitted through emergency departments with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute myocardial infarction, intracerebral haemorrhage and acute hip fracture are increased by weekend versus weekday admission (the ‘weekend effect’).Methods:  We performed a retrospective analysis of statewide administrative data from public hospitals in Queensland, Australia, during the 2002/2003–2006/2007 financial years. The primary outcome was 30‐day in‐hospital mortality. The secondary outcome of 2‐day in‐hospital mortality helped determine whether increased mortality of weekend admissions was closely linked to weekend medical care.Results:  During the study period, there were 30 522 COPD, 17 910 acute myocardial infarction, 4183 acute hip fracture and 1781 intracerebral haemorrhage admissions. There was no significant weekend effect on 30‐day in‐hospital mortality for COPD (adjusted risk ratio = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.81–1.04, P= 0.222), intracerebral haemorrhage (adjusted risk ratio = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.86–1.16, P= 0.935) or acute hip fracture (adjusted risk ratio = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.54–1.03, P= 0.13). There was a significant weekend effect for acute myocardial infarction (adjusted risk ratio = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.03–1.26, P= 0.007). Two‐day in‐hospital mortality showed similar results.Conclusion:  This is the first Australian study on the ‘weekend effect’ (in a cohort other than neonates), and the first study worldwide to assess specifically the weekend effect among COPD patients. Observed patterns were consistent with overseas research. There was a significant weekend effect for myocardial infarction. Further research is needed to determine whether location (e.g. rural), clinical (e.g. disease severity) and service provision factors (e.g. access to invasive procedures) influence the weekend effect for acute medical conditions in Australia.
Tissue‐type plasminogen activator‐plasmin‐BDNF modulate glutamate‐induced phase‐shifts of the mouse suprachiasmatic circadian clock in vitro
Authors: Mou Xiang , Peterson Cynthia B. , Prosser Rebecca A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe mammalian circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) maintains environmental synchrony through light signals transmitted by glutamate released from retinal ganglion terminals. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is required for light/glutamate to reset the clock. In the hippocampus, BDNF is activated by the extracellular protease, plasmin, which is produced from plasminogen by tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA). We provide data showing expression of proteins from the plasminogen activation cascade in the SCN and their involvement in circadian clock phase‐resetting. Early night glutamate application to SCN‐containing brain slices resets the circadian clock. Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) blocked these shifts in slices from wild‐type mice but not mice lacking its stabilizing protein, vitronectin (VN). Plasmin, but not plasminogen, prevented inhibition by PAI‐1. Both plasmin and active BDNF reversed α2‐antiplasmin inhibition of glutamate‐induced shifts. α2‐Antiplasmin decreased the conversion of inactive to active BDNF in the SCN. Finally, both tPA and BDNF allowed daytime glutamate‐induced phase‐resetting. Together, these data are the first to demonstrate expression of these proteases in the SCN, their involvement in modulating photic phase‐shifts, and their activation of BDNF in the SCN, a potential ‘gating’ mechanism for photic phase‐resetting. These data also demonstrate a functional interaction between PAI‐1 and VN in adult brain. Given the usual association of these proteins with the extracellular matrix, these data suggest new lines of investigation into the locations and processes modulating mammalian circadian clock phase‐resetting.
IL1RAPL1 controls inhibitory networks during cerebellar development in mice
Authors: Gambino Frédéric , Kneib Marie , Pavlowsky Alice , Skala Henriette , Heitz Stéphane , Vitale Nicolas , Poulain Bernard , Khelfaoui Malik , Chelly Jamel , Billuart Pierre , Humeau Yann 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAbnormalities in the formation and function of cerebellar circuitry potentially contribute to cognitive deficits in humans. In the adult, the activity of the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex – the Purkinje cells (PCs) – is shaped by the balance of activity between local excitatory and inhibitory circuits. However, how this balance is established during development remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate the role of interleukin‐1 receptor accessory protein‐like 1 (IL1RAPL1), a protein linked to cognitive function which interacts with neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS‐1) in the development of mouse cerebellum. Using Il1rapl1‐deficient mice, we found that absence of IL1RAPL1 causes a transient disinhibition of deep cerebellar nuclei neurons between postnatal days 10 and 14 (P10/P14). Upstream, in the cerebellar cortex, we found developmental perturbations in the activity level of molecular layer interneurons (MLIs), resulting in the premature appearance of giant GABAA‐mediated inhibitory post‐synaptic currents capable of silencing PCs. Examination of feed‐forward recruitment of MLIs by parallel fibres shows that during this P10/P14 time window, MLIs were more responsive to incoming excitatory drive. Thus, we conclude that IL1RAPL1 exerts a key function during cerebellar development in establishing local excitation/inhibition balance.
Reverse breeding: a novel breeding approach based on engineered meiosis
Authors: Dirks Rob , Van Dun Kees , De Snoo C. Bastiaan , Van Den Berg Mark , Lelivelt Cilia L. C. , Voermans William , Woudenberg Leo , De Wit Jack P. C. , Reinink Kees , Schut Johan W. , Van Der Zeeuw Eveline , Vogelaar Aat , Freymark Gerald , Gutteling Evert W. , Keppel Marina N. , Van Drongelen Paul , Kieny Matthieu , Ellul Philippe , Touraev Alisher , Ma Hong , De Jong Hans , Wijnker Erik 
Published: October 2009

SummaryReverse breeding (RB) is a novel plant breeding technique designed to directly produce parental lines for any heterozygous plant, one of the most sought after goals in plant breeding. RB generates perfectly complementing homozygous parental lines through engineered meiosis. The method is based on reducing genetic recombination in the selected heterozygote by eliminating meiotic crossing over. Male or female spores obtained from such plants contain combinations of non‐recombinant parental chromosomes which can be cultured in vitro to generate homozygous doubled haploid plants (DHs). From these DHs, complementary parents can be selected and used to reconstitute the heterozygote in perpetuity. Since the fixation of unknown heterozygous genotypes is impossible in traditional plant breeding, RB could fundamentally change future plant breeding. In this review, we discuss various other applications of RB, including breeding per chromosome.
Patterns of Informal Help and Caregiving in Sweden: A Thirteen‐Year Perspective
Authors: Jegermalm Magnus , Jeppsson Grassman Eva 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article analyses informal help and caregiving in Sweden with a focus on the scope and trends of change over time. The discussion is based on the results of three national surveys and of one survey conducted in the county of Stockholm. The results indicated that informal help and caregiving was common throughout the period under study. In the 1990s, the figures were fairly stable, while from the late 1990s to 2005 there seems to have been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of such support. Two interpretative perspectives are used to discuss this pattern. One locates its point of departure in recent welfare state changes and in the substitution argument, according to which cuts in welfare services put more pressure on people to provide informal help and care. The second perspective relates to the present debate on civil society and to its possible role in contemporary society. According to the civil society perspective, an increase in the prevalence of informal help and caregiving might be interpreted as an expression of growing civic involvement ‘in its own right’, without a straightforward and simple relationship to changes in the welfare state. It is argued in the article that the two frames of interpretation should not be viewed as mutually exclusive, but rather that they represent two partly complementary approaches to the understanding of the complex dynamics of unpaid work in contemporary Swedish society.
Social Policy: Now and Then
Authors: Wilding Paul 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article explores the way aspects of our approach to social policy in the UK have changed over the last 40 years – one academic lifetime and also, coincidentally, the lifetime of this journal – and the significance of six particular changes. More social problems have come to be seen as having a supra‐national dimension: the scale and ramifications of problems are much better appreciated; the accepted territory of social policy has greatly widened; the state has lost people's confidence; we have come to see organizational and management issues as much more important; and the health of the economy has come to be regarded as a greater priority than the development of systems of social welfare.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Referrals to a learning disability social work team 1996 to 2005
Authors: Morrison Aine , Bickerstaff David , Taylor Brian J 
Published: October 2009

Accessible summary This research is about people with learning disabilities who were referred to the North Belfast social work team. There were 252 referrals between 1995 and 2005 but only 127 cases were closed. Over a third of the people being referred had behaviour problems. There were more people with autism referred in the second half of the 10 years. A fifth of the people who were referred only found out they had a learning disability when they were aged 16 or over. People with learning disabilities often have health problems but these were often not mentioned when people were referred. This research matters to people with learning disabilities because it is important to know what problems people have and what help they need.SummaryIn order to understand better the needs of clients and to inform the delivery of services, referrals to the North Belfast Learning Disability Social Work Team between 1 January 1996 and 31 December 2005 were studied. The documentary analysis of all 252 referrals during the 10‐year period included referral books, social work files and the electronic client‐based system Soscare. There were increases in referrals with recorded autism and in those aged 18–25, and high levels of recorded behavioural difficulties. There were low levels of recorded visual impairment, hearing impairment and mental health problems. Twenty‐one per cent of referrals were likely to have been diagnosed with a learning disability at age 16 or over. Child referrals showed a broad spectrum of identified need whereas adult referrals were predominantly identified as needing daytime occupation. There was an increase in the team caseload from 364 to 489 over the period caused by the number of referrals exceeding the number of closures every year except 1997. We recommend a greater focus on health status in social work assessments, a review of case management practice and greater inclusion of ‘newly diagnosed’ adolescents and adults in service planning.
Differential gene expression of bgp and mgp in trabecular and compact bone of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) vertebrae
Authors: Krossøy Christel , Ørnsrud Robin , Wargelius Anna 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe tissue‐specific gene expression of the vitamin K‐dependent proteins bone γ‐carboxyglutamate‐protein (BGP) and matrix γ‐carboxyglutamate‐protein (MGP) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was investigated. In previous studies, BGP, the most abundant non‐collagenous protein of bone, was almost exclusively associated with bone, whereas the non‐structural protein MGP has a more widespread tissue distribution. In‐situ hybridization of juvenile Atlantic salmon (∼40 g, fresh water) vertebrae demonstrated expression of bgp and mgp mRNA in osteoblasts lining the trabecular bone, whereas no staining was observed in the compact bone. By separating the trabecular and compact bone of both juvenile (∼40 g, fresh water) and adult (∼1000 g, sea water) Atlantic salmon, we observed that the two vertebral bone compartments displayed different levels of bgp, whereas no such differences were seen for mgp. Measurements of the mineral content and Ca/P molar ratio in adult salmon revealed no significant differences between trabecular and compact bone. In conclusion, the osteoblasts covering the salmon vertebrae have unique gene expression patterns and levels of bgp and mgp. Further, the study confirms the presence of mRNA from the vitamin K‐dependent proteins BGP and MGP in the vertebrae, fin and gills of Atlantic salmon.
Correspondence between physiological and self‐report measures of emotion dysregulation: A longitudinal investigation of youth with and without psychopathology
Authors: Vasilev Christina A. , Crowell Sheila E. , Beauchaine Theodore P. , Mead Hilary K. , Gatzke‐Kopp Lisa M. 
Published: October 2009

Background:  Several theoretical perspectives suggest that emotion dysregulation is a predisposing risk factor for many psychiatric disorders. Yet despite a rapidly evolving literature, difficulties with emotion regulation (ER) are often measured inconsistently across studies, with little regard to whether different approaches capture the same construct. In this study, we evaluate the correspondence between two widely used measures of emotion dysregulation that cut across self‐report and physiological levels of analysis. Our objectives were to (1) evaluate whether youth self‐reports of ER difficulties correspond with physiological measures of emotion dysregulation collected at baseline and during sad emotion induction, and (2) validate the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in a youth sample.Method:  We measured emotion dysregulation among a sample of youth with depression, conduct problems, comorbid depression/conduct problems, or no psychiatric condition. Youth were assessed initially at ages 8–12 (Year 1) and followed up at Years 2 and 3. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), a widely used physiological index of emotion regulation, was measured across all three years during sad emotion induction. At Year 3, the DERS was also administered.Results:  Multilevel modeling analyses indicated that slopes in RSA collected across the three assessments were associated with later self‐reported ER abilities at the transition into adolescence. These findings were replicated across contexts (baseline and emotional challenge), suggesting that adolescents whose physiological responding to emotional challenge improves also experience fewer difficulties with emotion regulation as they mature.
Upper limb activity measures for 5‐ to 16‐year‐old children with congenital hemiplegia: a systematic review
Authors: GILMORE ROSE , SAKZEWSKI LEANNE , BOYD ROSLYN 
Published: October 2009

Aim  This systematic review aimed to compare the validity, reliability, evaluative validity, and clinical utility of upper limb activity measures for children aged 5 to 16 years with congenital hemiplegia.Method  Electronic databases were searched to identify assessments that measure upper limb activity available for use and for which published validity and reliability data for the population are obtainable. Assessment items were coded according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) categories to determine if at least 35% of the assessment items fell within the activity component of the ICF. Assessments that met these criteria were included in the review.Results  Thirty‐eight measures were identified, and five met the inclusion criteria. The best measure of unimanual capacity was the Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function (MUUL); however, the Shriners Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluation (SHUEE) and the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST) could also be considered, depending on the type of information required. The performance‐based measure of bimanual upper limb activity in children with hemiplegia with the best psychometric properties was the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA). The ABILHAND‐Kids is a parent‐report, performance‐based questionnaire with excellent clinical utility and psychometric properties.Interpretation  Clinicians may choose to use more than one of these measures to detect changes in unimanual or bimanual upper limb activity.