bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choosing the best operation for chronic subdural hematoma: a decision analysis
Authors: Lega Bradley C. , Danish Shabbar F. , Malhotra Neil R. , Sonnad Seema S. , Stein Sherman C. 
Published: October 2009

Object
Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH), a condition much more common in the elderly, presents an increasing challenge as the population ages. Treatment strategies for CSDH include bur-hole craniostomy (BHC), twist-drill craniostomy (TDC), and craniotomy. Decision analysis was used to organize existing data and develop recommendations for effective treatment.

Methods
A Medline search was used to identify articles about treatment of CSDH. Direct assessment by health care professionals of the relative health impact of common complications and recurrences was used to generate utility values for treatment outcomes. Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analyses allowed comparisons across treatment strategies. A second simulation examined whether intraoperative irrigation or postoperative drainage affect the outcomes following BHC.

Results
On a scale from 0 to 1, the utility of BHC was found to be 0.9608, compared with 0.9202 for TDC (p = 0.001) and 0.9169 for craniotomy (p = 0.006). Sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness of these values. Craniotomy yielded fewer recurrences, but more frequent and more serious complications than did BHC. There were no significant differences for BHC with or without irrigation or postoperative drainage.

Conclusions
Bur-hole craniostomy is the most efficient choice for surgical drainage of uncomplicated CSDH. Bur-hole craniostomy balances a low recurrence rate with a low incidence of highly morbid complications. Decision analysis provides statistical and empirical guidance in the absence of well-controlled large trials and despite a confusing range of previously reported morbidity and recurrence.
An in vitro mechanical comparison of tibial plateau levelling osteotomy plates
Authors: Coker D. , Payton M. , Rochat M. , Bordelon J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryAn in vitro mechanical study was performed to compare the fatigue properties and the loads to failure of four plate designs that are used to stabilise the tibial plateau levelling osteotomy (TPLO). Seventy-two gapped osteotomy models were created using 3.5 mm versions of the following plates: a standard TPLO plate, a low profile TPLO plate, a locking TPLO plate (LocP), and a broad locking TPLO plate (bLocP). The 18 constructs for each plate design were sub-divided into three identical groups of six. Six constructs were mounted in a materials testing device and subjected to cyclic compressive loading until failure was observed or one-million cycles were achieved. Additionally, six constructs of each plate design were tested in compressive axial loading and six others in four-point bending in a load-to-failure manner. To provide residual strength comparisons, the six constructs undergoing cyclic fatigue compression testing were also tested in axial compressive loading. There were not any significant differences in stiffness between plates tested in axial compressive loading. However, mean loads at failure were higher for the LocP and bLocP constructs. The bLocP had a significantly higher mean stiffness and mean load at failure compared to the other constructs tested in fourpoint bending.
Total hip replacement in three cats: surgical technique, short-term outcome and comparison to femoral head ostectomy
Authors: Doyle N. , Marcellin-Little D. J. , Osborne J. A. , Liska W. D. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Objective: To describe the surgical technique and clinical features of total hip replacement (THR) due to hip trauma in cats.
Study design: Retrospective study.
Sample population: Three client-owned cats that underwent THR to treat capital epiphyseal fractures, and five client-owned cats that underwent femoral head ostectomy (FHO).
Methods: The clinical data included signalment, body weight, body condition score, diagnosis, implant size, surgical technique, intraoperative observations, and postoperative complications. Radiographic evaluation included implant positioning, cement mantle quality, and follow-up examination of the cement-bone interfaces. Orthopaedic examinations and client interviews were used to evaluate limb function.
Results: The three cats that underwent THR had a mean body weight of 5.5 kg, a mean body condition score of 6/9, and a mean age of three years at the time of surgery. The average THR follow-up was 11 months. For the five cats that underwent FHO, the mean body weight was 6.3 kg, mean body score was 7/9, and mean age at the time of FHO was 2.5 years. The average FHO follow-up was 22 months. Hip flexion, hip extension, and thigh girth after THR compared favourably to similar measurements made after FHO. The functional outcomes after THR were excellent. The functional outcomes after FHO ranged from poor to excellent.
Conclusion and clinical relevance: The recovery after THR was excellent based on clinical assessment of muscle mass, hip joint passive range of motion, gait, and owner assessment. Further blinded, randomised, and controlled trials of THR in cats are warranted.
In vitro comparison of cortical bone temperature generation between traditional sequential drilling and a newly designed step drill in the equine third metacarpal bone
Authors: García-López J. , Maranda L. S. , Bubeck K. A. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Objectives: To compare heat generation and time to finish between a new step drill and sequential drilling in order to create a 6.2 mm pilot hole for insertion of a positive profile transfixation pin into the equine third metacarpal bone.
Methods: Nine pairs of equine third metacarpal bones from cadavers of adult horses were used. Maximum temperature rise of the bone was measured continuously at the cis- and trans-cortices 1, 2 and 3 mm from the final pilot hole during creation of a 6.2 mm hole using a step drill and sequential drilling with 4.5, 5.5 and 6.2 mm drill bits. Five holes were drilled into the mid diaphysis of each bone in lateral to medial direction, and drilling forces of 60, 80 and 120 N were used (15 holes in each group). Time from start to finish was measured and cortical thickness was recorded for each hole.
Results: The maximum heat generation (mean [95% CI]) with step drilling and sequential drilling was not significantly different at 60 N and 120 N of drilling force. However, at 80 N of drilling force, the 2.13 ºC difference between the two drilling techniques was significant. The time to finish (seconds) was significantly shorter for the holes created by step drilling (35.1 [32.06 – 37.59]) than by sequential drilling (145.8 [138.52 – 151.67]) (P < 0.001).
Clinical Relevance: Based on our results, we concluded that the step drill is a viable alternative to traditional sequential drilling of equine third metacarpal bone because it did not result in excessive heat generation that can result in bone necrosis.
Le rôle des ressources naturelles dans les conflits armés africains
Authors: Hugon Philippe 
Published: October 2009

Les relations entre guerres et ressources naturelles ont conduit à une écologie politique de la guerre : guerres de ressources, guerres environnementales, de pillage ou de sécession liées aux ressources naturelles. Les ressources naturelles du sous-sol peuvent, du fait de leur abondance, attiser des contrôles par la violence (coloniale, impérialiste, pillage). Les ressources naturelles du sol peuvent, du fait de leur rareté (eau, terre), aviver les tensions. En prenant le cas des conflits armés africains, cet article différencie : 1/ l’enchevêtrement des facteurs et des acteurs de la conflictualité, 2/ l’économie politique des conflits 3/ le rôle spécifique des ressources naturelles.
La dimension terrestre des pirateries somaliennes et indonésiennes
Authors: Frécon Eric 
Published: October 2009

Depuis un an au large de la Somalie, les pirates signalent leur retour à force de détournements et prises d’otages. Des Occidentaux en ont été victimes. En réaction, des patrouilles navales ont été mises en place sur le modèle des opérations lancées en 2004-2006 dans le détroit de Malacca où la piraterie semble avoir été jugulée. Mais au regard des obstacles opérationnels et juridiques rencontrés lors des manoeuvres et arrestations, s’agit-il vraiment de la meilleure méthode pour éradiquer le fléau ? Ne conviendrait-il pas mieux de s’attaquer aux racines terrestres de la piraterie ? Celle-ci se développe à l’écart des pôles administratifs et économiques, parmi les oubliés de la mondialisation. Aussi paraît-il plus judicieux d’envisager une approche globale pour stabiliser les États pourvoyeurs de pirates et réguler les flux de renseignements ou d’argent sale. Le combat sera long : si les prochaines mesures envisagées en Somalie invitent à l’optimisme, déjà les attaques reprennent entre le détroit de Malacca et la mer de Chine méridionale, une fois la mousson passée...
Éditorial
Authors: Giblin Béatrice 
Published: October 2009

L’association de ces deux termes se justifie par les deux points communs essentiels qui en sont la cause : la faiblesse des États et l’aggravation insupportable de la pauvreté qui font dériver certains groupes vers la violence. Dans ce numéro, ce n’est pas l’acception métaphorique qui est principalement retenue, telle que pillage du tiers monde ou cyberpiraterie et biopiraterie (même si deux articles traitent de ces nouvelles formes de piraterie), mais bien les sens classiques de ces deux termes : pillage – acte de guerre avec vols massifs, destructions – et piraterie – tout acte illicite de violence ou de détention commis par l’équipage d’un navire privé agissant à des fins privées contre un autre navire, en haute mer. C’est pourquoi les conditions géographiques de chacune de ces situations géopolitiques sont indispensables à leurcompréhension.
Manufacturing Message Specification (
MMS
)
Authors: Mackiewicz Ralph E. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

History of
MMS

The
VMD
Model

Real and Virtual Devices and Objects

MMS
Device and Object Modeling

Objects

MMS
Services

ICCP
‐
TASE
.2 Objects

UCA
Objects

Object Attributes and Scope

VMD
Object

Self Describing Devices

The
VMD
Execution Model

Domains

Program Invocations

Variable Access Model

MMS
Variables

Variable Type

Variable Access Features

Event Management Model

Event Condition Object

Event Actions

Event Enrollments

Semaphore Management Model

Token Semaphores

Pool Semaphores

Semaphore Entry

Other
MMS
Objects

Operator Station Object

Files

Context Management

Associations vs. Connections

Summary
Microdisplays
Authors:   Stanford Resources Inc.
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Transmissive Microdisplays

Reflective Microdisplays

Emissive Microdisplays

Thin‐Film Electroluminescent Microdisplays

Vacuum Fluorescent on Silicon (
VFOS
) Microdisplay

Organic Light‐Emitting Microdisplays

Scanning Microdisplays
Synthesis, Cytotoxicity by Bioluminescence Inhibition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of ([1,2,4]Triazolo[1,5‐c]quinazolin‐2‐ylthio)carboxylic Acid Amides
Authors: Antipenko Lyudmila N. , Karpenko Alexander V. , Kovalenko Sergey I. , Katsev Andrew M. , Komarovska‐Porokhnyavets Elena Z. , Novikov Vladimir P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe report in this work the synthesis, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity of ([1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐c]quinazolin‐2‐ylthio)carboxylic acid amides 4–7 in connection with our previous research in the preparation of triazoloquinazoline derivatives. Due to simplicity, general availability of starting materials, and high yields, the most reliable method of synthesis appeared to be the one with N,N‐carbonyldiimidazole activation stage. The chemical structures of all obtained substances were deduced from FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, EI‐MS, and LC‐MS spectral data. The results of cytotoxicity evaluated by bioluminescence inhibition of bacterium Photobacterium leiognathi, strain Sh1 showed that compounds 4.1, 4.6, and 6.1 were the most cytotoxic. Investigation of the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of amides 4–7 (concentration 5 mg/mL) was carried out by the stiff‐plate agar‐diffusion method. We found that the compounds possessed low (4.1, 4.7) antifungal activity against Candida tenuis and strong (4.21, 5.1, 5.9) or inefficient (4.7, 4.12, 4.16) activity against Aspergillus niger. Substances 5.1 and 5.9 slightly affected Mycobacterium luteum. Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to all obtained substances, and only the n‐butyramide derivatives 7.1 and 7.5 inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli. Hence, there was no strong correlation between bioluminescence inhibition and antimicrobial activity of the investigated substances.
Quantification of acetylcholine, an essential neurotransmitter, in brain microdialysis samples by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
Authors: Nirogi Ramakrishna , Mudigonda Koteshwara , Kandikere Vishwottam , Ponnamaneni Ranjithkumar 
Published: October 2009

AbstractChemical neurotransmission has been the subject of intensive investigations in recent years. Acetylcholine is an essential neurotransmitter in the central nervous system as it has an effect on alertness, memory and learning. Enzymatic hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is fast and quickly metabolizes to choline and acetate by acetylcholinesterase. Hence the concentration in the extracellular fluid of the brain is low (0.1–6 nm). Techniques such as microdialysis are routinely employed to measure acetylcholine levels in living brain systems and the microdialysis sample volumes are usually less than 50 µL. In order to develop medicine for the diseases associated with cognitive dysfunction like mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, or to study the mechanism of the illness, it is important to measure the concentration of acetylcholine in the extracellular fluid of the brain. Recently considerable attention has been focused on the development of chromatographic–mass spectrometric techniques to provide more sensitive and accurate quantification of acetylcholine collected fromin‐vivobrain microdialysis experiments. This review will provide a brief overview of acetylcholine biosynthesis, microdialysis technique and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, which is being used to quantitate extracellular levels of acetylcholine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of outcome knowledge, role, and quality of information on the perceived legitimacy of lethal force decisions in counter‐terrorism operations
Authors: Goodwill Alasdair M. , Alison Laurence , Lehmann Robert , Francis Ashley , Eyre Marie 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAccording to the phenomenon of hindsight bias, once people know the outcome of an event, they tend to have biased estimates of the probability that the event would have occurred. In this study, we investigated whether hindsight bias affected judgements about the legitimacy of lethal force decisions in police shooting incidents for counter‐terrorism operations. We also assessed to what extent this hindsight bias was mediated by factors such as role and information quality. Four hundred and eighty participants completed a short questionnaire that manipulated role (as senior police officer, Independent Police Complaints Commissioner, or family member, plus a “no role” control group), information quality (detailed/good or vague/ambiguous), and outcome knowledge (knowledge of outcome/hindsight versus no knowledge of outcome/foresight) in a 4 × 2 × 2 design. Results indicated that outcome knowledge affected the perception of threat and decision quality but not the blameworthiness of the senior police officer. Quality of information had a significant effect on all three dependent variables and role had a significant impact on judgements as to whether the decision to shoot was correct and also the perceived threat, though not on perceived blameworthiness. These findings indicate that people who have to judge the liability of lethal force decisions are not able to ignore outcome information, and are strongly influenced by the quality of information and by the role in which they are receiving the information. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold Sols as Catalysts for Glycerol Oxidation: The Role of Stabilizer
Authors: Villa Alberto , Wang Di , Su Dang Sheng , Prati Laura 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGold nanoparticles (Au NPs), stabilized by polyvinylalcohol (PVA), tetrakishydroxypropylphosphonium chloride (THPC), and citrate, have been synthesized and tested in the liquid‐phase oxidation of glycerol. THPC‐stabilized Au NPs have been found to exhibit remarkable catalytic activity (TOF=2478 h−1) in comparison to PVA‐ and citrate‐stabilized nanoparticles (TOF=715 and 160 h−1, respectively). The catalytic results can be explained in terms of particle size but aging treatment also revealed the influence of the protective agent. PVA as stabilizer produced small and quite stable gold nanoparticles differently from the THPC system. However PVA also limits the accessibility of reactant to the active site.
One‐Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Azaindoles and Pyrroles from One Molecule of a Silicon‐Tethered Diyne and Three or Two Molecules of Organonitriles Mediated by Zirconocene
Authors: Zhang Shaoguang , Sun Xiaohua , Zhang Wen‐Xiong , Xi Zhenfeng 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA zirconocene‐mediated one‐pot multicomponent synthesis process leading to the synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridine (5‐azaindoles) and pyrrole derivatives has been developed starting from a silicon‐tethered diyne and three or two different or identical organonitriles. Pyrrolo[3,2‐c]pyridine and pyrrole derivatives with diverse structures and substitution patterns have been highly selectively prepared by this protocol. A wide variety of organonitriles and silicon‐tethered diynes, either aliphatic or aromatic with both electron‐withdrawing and ‐donating groups, have been used to afford 5‐azaindoles and/or pyrroles in good‐to‐excellent isolated yields. A key intermediate formed in the Cp2ZrII‐mediated reaction of one (PhC≡C)2SiMe2, two molecules of iPrCN and one p‐tolylCN was characterised by X‐ray single‐crystal structural analysis, which has allowed us to gain a good understanding of the reaction process.
Thermal Behavior of 2‐(Dinitromethylene)‐1,3‐diazacyclopentane
Authors: Xu Kangzhen , Ren Xiaolei , Song Jirong , Zhao Fengqi , Ding Li , Yi Jianhua , Wang Yaoyu 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA new compound, 2‐(dinitromethylene)‐1,3‐diazacyclopentane (DNDZ), was prepared by the reaction of 1,1‐diamino‐2,2‐dinitroethylene (FOX‐7) with 1,2‐diaminoethane in N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP). Thermal decomposition of DNDZ was studied under non‐isothermal conditions by DSC, TG/DTG methods, and the enthalpy, apparent activation energy and pre‐exponential factor of the exothermic decomposition reaction were obtained as 317.13 kJ·mol−1, 269.7 kJ·mol−1 and 1024.51 s−1, respectively. The critical temperature of thermal explosion was 261.04°C. Specific heat capacity of DNDZ was determined with a micro‐DSC method and a theoretical calculation method, and the molar heat capacity was 205.41 J·mol−1·K−1 at 298.15 K. Adiabatic time‐to‐explosion was calculated to be a certain value between 263–289 s. DNDZ has higher thermal stability than FOX‐7.
Synthesis of p‐Nitro‐stilbene Derivatives with Different Linking Bonds: An Attempt to Tune Spectroscopy of Dyes with Molecular Engineering
Authors: Gao Fang , Yang Liufeng , Wang Jianchao , Xu Xiaofang , Li Hongru , Zhang Shengtao 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe synthesis, characterization and spectroscopy of a range of novel substituted p‐nitro‐stilbene derivatives with different bridging bonds were presented. The molecular structure characterization was carried out with 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy and photoluminescence of the compounds were investigated in various solvents. The maximal absorption wavelength of the nitro‐stilbene derivatives with an ether bond exhibited approximate 30 to 40 nm bathochromic shift compared to that of nitro‐stilbene dyes with an ester bond. Furthermore, the nitro‐stilbene derivatives with an ether bond displayed obvious photoluminescence, while the nitro‐stilbene derivatives with an ester bond showed weak fluorescence emission. The detection of the cyclic voltammograms of the nitro‐stilbene derivatives showed that the nitro‐stilbene compounds with different linking bonds exhibited different redox proceses at various scan rates. The theroretical calculations of HOMO and LUMO energy of nitro‐stilbene derivatives showed that the energy gaps between HOMO and LUMO of 3 and 4 were lower than those of 1 and 2. The electron density of the frontier orbitals of nitro‐stilbene derivatives was observed to be affacted by the linking bonds, which thus made it possible to tune the spectroscopy of these dyes with chemical strategy. The differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry showed that the thermal stabilities of these dyes were not much affected by the linking bond. The results presented in this paper would be great interest in development of ideal nitro‐stilbene derivatives for special purposes.
Zinc Hydrogensulfate as an Efficient Catalyst for Preparation of β‐Amido Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Shaterian Hamid Reza , Hosseinian Asghar 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA one‐pot and efficient three‐component condensation of benzaldehyde derivatives, enolizable ketones or ketoesters, acetyl chloride, and acetonitrile or benzonitrile under ambient conditions in the presence of zinc hydrogensulfate for the synthesis of β‐amido carbonyl compounds is described. The simple experimental procedure, high to excellent yields of products and preparation of diastereoselective β‐acetamido ketoesters are strong features of the presented method.
An Efficient Synthesis of 4H‐Benzo[g]chromene‐5,10‐dione De‐ rivatives through Triethylbenzylammonium Chloride Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction under Solvent‐free Conditions
Authors: Yao Changsheng , Yu Chenxia , Li Tuanjie , Tu Shujiang 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA series of 4‐aryl‐5,10‐dihydro‐4H‐benzo[g]chromene‐5,10‐dione derivatives were synthesized by a three‐component reaction with aromatic aldehyde, 2‐hydroxy‐1,4‐dihydronaphthalene‐1,4‐dione, and malononitrile catalyzed by triethylbenzylammonium chloride under solvent‐free conditions. The novel efficient method has the advantages of environmental friendliness, high yield, simple work‐up and ease of operation.
Synthesis of 5′‐Functionalized Indolinospiropyrans with Vinylene Unit as Linker
Authors: Niu Chengshan , Song Yanlin , Yang Lianming 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA protocol for the synthesis of a new family of spiropyran derivatives is described. A 5‐formylated indoline intermediate (5) was achieved for the first time, which was the key intermediate for constructing the spiropyran derivatives with vinylene linker. Five 5′‐functionalized indolinospiropyrans (11–15) were obtained by utilizing vinylene unit as a linkage between the photochromic spiropyran fragment and the ferrocene or triphenylamine donor.
Highly Soluble Porphyrin (TPP)‐Perylene Diimide (PDI) Dyad and Triad: Synthesis and Spectroscopic Studies
Authors: Wang Chengyun , Tang Wei , Zhong Hanbin , Zhang Xuechao , Shen Yongjia 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNovel porphyrin‐perylene diimide dyad (TPP‐PDI) and porphyrin‐perylene diimide‐porphyrin triad (TPP‐PDI‐TPP) were synthesized and characterized. Their structure and properties were studied by UV, FL, 1H NMR, MS, elemental analysis, etc. The variation of fluorescence feature and UV spectra of TPP‐PDI‐TPP triad were investigated at different concentration of CF3COOH in THF. The incorporation of CF3COOH leads to the closure of the efficient charge transfer decay. After protonation of porphyrin units, the fluorescence intensity of TPP‐PDI‐TPP triad increased greatly. The fluorescence intensity of TPP‐PDI‐TPP triad restored after addition of triethylamine into the solution. Thus, TPP‐PDI‐TPP triad was a proton‐type fluorescence switch based on acid‐base control. Moreover, different from porphyrin‐perylene type molecular switches reported before, this TPP‐PDI‐TPP triad has wonderful solubility in organic solvents.