bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer Photovoltaics with Alternating Copolymer/Fullerene Blends and Novel Device Architectures
Authors: Inganäs Olle , Zhang Fengling , Tvingstedt Kristofer , Andersson Lars Mattias , Hellström Stefan , Andersson Mats R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of novel conjugated polymers, designed for the purpose of photovoltaic energy conversion, and their properties in polymer/fullerene materials and photovoltaic devices are reviewed. Two families of main‐chain polymer donors, based on fluorene or phenylene and donor–acceptor–donor comonomers in alternating copolymers, are used to absorb the high‐energy parts of the solar spectrum and to give high photovoltages in combinations with fullerene acceptors in devices. These materials are used in alternative photovoltaic device geometries with enhanced light incoupling to collect larger photocurrents or to enable tandem devices and enhance photovoltage.
Newborn and carrier screening for spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Prior Thomas W. , Snyder Pamela J. , Rink Britton D. , Pearl Dennis K. , Pyatt Robert E. , Mihal David C. , Conlan Todd , Schmalz Betsy , Montgomery Laura , Ziegler Katie , Noonan Carolee , Hashimoto Sayaka , Garner Shannon 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder caused by mutations in the survival motor neuron (SMN1) gene, affecting approximately 1 in 10,000 live births. The homozygous absence of SMN1 exon 7 has been observed in the majority of patients and is being utilized as a reliable and sensitive SMA diagnostic test. Treatment and prevention of SMA are complementary responses to the challenges presented by SMA. Even though a specific therapy for SMA is not currently available, a newborn screening test may allow the child to be enrolled in a clinical trial before irreversible neuronal loss occurs and enable patients to obtain more proactive treatments. Until an effective treatment is found to cure or arrest the progression of the disease, prevention of new cases through accurate diagnosis and carrier and prenatal diagnosis is of the utmost importance. The goal of population‐based SMA carrier screening is to identify couples at risk for having a child with SMA, thus allowing carriers to make informed reproductive choices. During this study we performed two pilot projects addressing the clinical applicability of testing in the newborn period and carrier screening in the general population. We have demonstrated that an effective technology does exist for newborn screening of SMA. We also provide an estimate of the carrier frequency among individuals who accepted carrier screening, and report on patient's knowledge and attitudes toward SMA testing. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary evidence of accumulation of stress during translocation in mantled howlers
Authors: Aguilar‐Cucurachi M.A. Socorro , Dias Pedro A.D. , Rangel‐Negrín Ariadna , Chavira Roberto , Boeck Lourdes , Canales‐Espinosa Domingo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractTranslocation—an extensively used conservation tool—is a potentially stressful event, as animals are exposed to multiple stressors and cannot predict or control the changes in their environment. Therefore, it may be expected that during a translocation program stress accumulates and social behavior changes. Here, we present data from a translocation of four adult mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata), which was conducted in southern Veracruz (Mexico). We found that stress (measured in fecal corticosterone) increased during translocation, but that the rate of both affiliative and agonistic interactions remained unchanged. Females showed higher levels of corticosterone than males throughout translocation, although no sex differences were observed in social interactions. Our findings provide a preliminary evidence for accumulation of physiological stress during translocation in primates, and may have implications for decisions concerning releasing practices. Am. J. Primatol. 72:805–810, 2010.© 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
WoS query partitioner: A tool to retrieve very large numbers of items from the Web of Science using different source‐based partitioning approaches
Authors: Alonso Sergio , Cabrerizo Francisco Javier , Herrera‐Viedma Enrique , Herrera Francisco 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThomson Reuters' Web of Science (WoS) is undoubtedly a great tool for scientiometrics purposes. It allows one to retrieve and compute different measures such as the total number of papers that satisfy a particular condition; however, it also is well known that this tool imposes several different restrictions that make obtaining certain results difficult. One of those constraints is that the tool does not offer the total count of documents in a dataset if it is larger than 100,000 items. In this article, we propose and analyze different approaches that involve partitioning the search space (using the Source field) to retrieve item counts for very large datasets from the WoS. The proposed techniques improve previous approaches: They do not need any extra information about the retrieved dataset (thus allowing completely automatic procedures to retrieve the results), they are designed to avoid many of the restrictions imposed by the WoS, and they can be easily applied to almost any query. Finally, a description of WoS Query Partitioner, a freely available and online interactive tool that implements those techniques, is presented.
Online assessment of biofilm development, sloughing and forced detachment in tube reactor by means of magnetic resonance microscopy
Authors: Wagner Michael , Manz Bertram , Volke Frank , Neu Thomas R. , Horn Harald 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMagnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) was successfully applied for non‐invasive online monitoring of biofilm development, sloughing, and forced detachment. Biofilm cultivation was performed in a tube reactor directly placed in the MRM scanner. Based on the differences in relaxation time of free and bound protons, the distributed water signal was allocated to the bulk and the biofilm phase. The velocity of the flowing water in the tube reactor was measured in all three directions (x,y, andz) at spatial resolutions of 78 µm. From the velocity data, maps of flow gradients (shear rates) were derived. The experiments showed that a more compact biofilm structure is sloughed off in total with nearly no biomass left on the substratum. Continued biofilm cultivation resulted in filamentous biofilm structures, which did not show any sloughing. Experiments at higher Reynolds numbers were performed in order to force biofilm detachment. Continuous measuring of proton velocity and biomass was used to characterize the different stages of biofilm development. The measurements revealed that biofilms are able to resist extremely high local shear stress being raised up to factor of 20 compared to the mean local shear stress acting on the complete biofilm surface. The maximum local shear stress of single biofilm structures exposed to flow was found to be on average seven times higher compared to the mean local shear stress of the entire biofilm surface. MRM was able to visualize and quantify the development of biofilms and interaction of biofilms with the surrounding fluid at the meso‐scale. It is suggested that detachment and sloughing depends on both internal and external structural parameters. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 172–181. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intracellular metabolite determination in the presence of extracellular abundance: Application to the penicillin biosynthesis pathway in Penicillium chrysogenum
Authors: Douma Rutger D. , de Jonge Lodewijk P. , Jonker Caspar T.H. , Seifar Reza M. , Heijnen Joseph J. , van Gulik Walter M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractImportant steps in metabolic pathways are formed by the transport of substrates and products over the cell membrane. The study of in vivo transport kinetics requires accurate quantification of intra‐ and extracellular levels of the transported compounds. Especially in case of extracellular abundance, the proper determination of intracellular metabolite levels poses challenges. Efficient removal of extracellular substrates and products is therefore important not to overestimate the intracellular amounts. In this study we evaluated two different rapid sampling methods, one combined with cold filtration and the other with centrifugation, for their applicability to determine intracellular amounts of metabolites which are present in high concentrations in the extracellular medium. The filtration‐based method combines fast sampling and immediate quenching of cellular metabolism in cold methanol, with rapid and effective removal of all compounds present outside the cells by means of direct filtration and subsequent filtration‐based washing. In the centrifugation‐based method, removal of the extracellular metabolites from the cells was achieved by means of multiple centrifugation and resuspension steps with the cold quenching solution. The cold filtration method was found to be highly superior to the centrifugation method to determine intracellular amounts of metabolites related to penicillin‐G biosynthesis and allowed the quantification of compounds of which the extracellular amounts were 3–4 orders of magnitude higher than the intracellular amounts. Using this method for the first time allowed to measure the intracellular levels of the side chain precursor phenylacetic acid (PAA) and the product penicillin‐G of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway, compounds of which the transport mechanism in Penicillium chrysogenum is still far from being sufficiently understood. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 105–115. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Radius of gyration of plasmid DNA isoforms from static light scattering
Authors: Latulippe David R. , Zydney Andrew L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDespite the extensive interest in applications of plasmid DNA, there have been few direct measurements of the root mean square radius of gyration, RG, of different plasmid isoforms over a broad range of plasmid size. Static light scattering data were obtained using supercoiled, open‐circular, and linear isoforms of 5.76, 9.80, and 16.8 kbp plasmids. The results from this study extend the range of RG values available in the literature to plasmid sizes typically used for gene therapy and DNA vaccines. The experimental data were compared with available theoretical expressions based on the worm‐like chain model, with the best‐fit value of the apparent persistence length for both the linear and open‐circular isoforms being statistically identical at 46 nm. A new expression was developed for the radius of gyration of the supercoiled plasmid based on a model for linear DNA using an effective contour length that is equal to a fraction of the total contour length. These results should facilitate the development of micro/nano‐fluidic devices for DNA manipulation and size‐based separation processes for plasmid DNA purification. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 134–142. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid whole monoclonal antibody analysis by mass spectrometry: An Ultra scale‐down study of the effect of harvesting by centrifugation on the post‐translational modification profile
Authors: Reid C.Q. , Tait A. , Baldascini H. , Mohindra A. , Racher A. , Bilsborough S. , Smales C.M. , Hoare M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWith the trend towards the generation and production of increasing numbers of complex biopharmaceutical (protein based) products, there is an increased need and requirement to characterize both the product and production process in terms of robustness and reproducibility. This is of particular importance for products from mammalian cell culture which have large molecular structures and more often than not complex post‐translational modifications (PTMs) that can impact the efficacy, stability and ultimately the safety of the final product. It is therefore vital to understand how the operating conditions of a bioprocess affect the distribution and make up of these PTMs to ensure a consistent quality and activity in the final product. Here we have characterized a typical bioprocess and determined (a) how the time of harvest from a mammalian cell culture and, (b) through the use of an ultra scale‐down mimic how the nature of the primary recovery stages, affect the distribution and make up of the PTMs observed on a recombinant IgG4monoclonal antibody. In particular we describe the use of rapid whole antibody analysis by mass spectrometry to analyze simultaneously the changes that occur to the cleavage of heavy chain C‐terminal lysine residues and the glycosylation pattern, as well as the presence of HL dimers. The time of harvest was found to have a large impact upon the range of glycosylation patterns observed, but not upon C‐terminal lysine cleavage. The culture age had a profound impact on the ratio of different glycan moieties found on antibody molecules. The proportion of short glycans increased (e.g., (G0F)220–35%), with an associated decrease in the proportion of long glycans with culture age (e.g., (G2F)27–4%, and G1F/G2F from 15.2% to 7.8%). Ultra scale‐down mimics showed that subsequent processing of these cultures did not change the post‐translational modifications investigated, but did increase the proportion of half antibodies present in the process stream. The combination of ultra scale‐down methodology and whole antibody analysis by mass spectrometry has demonstrated that the effects of processing on the detailed molecular structure of a monoclonal antibody can be rapidly determined early in the development process. In this study we have demonstrated this analysis to be applicable to critical process design decisions (e.g., time of harvest) in terms of achieving a desired molecular structure, but this approach could also be applied as a selection criterion as to the suitability of a platform process for the preparation of a new drug candidate. Also the methodology provides means for bioprocess engineers to predict at the discovery phase how a bioprocess will impact upon the quality of the final product. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 85–95. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of aristolochic acid in urine using hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Yang Yang , Chen Juan , Shi Yan‐Ping 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA simple and efficient hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction (HF‐LPME) technique in conjunction with high‐performance liquid chromatography is presented for extraction and quantitative determination of aristolochic acid I in human urine samples. Several parameters influencing the efficiency of HF‐LPME were investigated and optimized, including extraction solvent, stirring rate, extraction time, pH of donor phase and acceptor phase. Excellent sample clean‐up was observed and good linearity with coefficient of 0.9999 was obtained in the range of 15.4–960 µg/L. This method provided a 230‐fold enrichment factor and good repeatability with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 6.0%. The limit of detection value for the analyte in urine sample was 0.01 µg/L at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3. The extraction recovery from urine samples was 61.8% with an RSD of 9.71%. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased expression of glucose transporter 3 in gerbil brains following magnesium sulfate treatment and focal cerebral ischemic injury
Authors: Huang Chih‐Yang , Liou Yi‐Fan , Chung Shu‐Ying , Pai Pei‐Ying , Kan Chung‐Ben , Kuo Chia‐Hua , Tsai Chang‐Hai , Tsai Fuu‐Jen , Chen Jia‐Long , Lin Jing‐Ying 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGlucose is the primary energy substrate for neurons. Glucose transporter 3 (Glut3) localizes at the neuronal cellular membrane, which transports glucose from the extracelluar space into neurons. Ischemia results in an increased energy demand that is associated with profound changes in brain energy metabolism. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) ameliorates ischemia‐induced neuronal death in the rat and gerbil model. We investigated the effects of MgSO4 administration on the expression of Glut3 in cortex and hippocampus of gerbils during ischemia. The focal cerebral ischemia was produced by unilateral occlusion of the right common carotid artery and right middle cerebral artery. Following ischemia, Glut3 expression increased significantly versus non‐ischemic (contra‐lateral) cortex and hippocampus. MgSO4 treatment significantly increased the level of Glut3 expression in the non‐ischemic and ischemic cortex and hippocampus. We found that the MgSO4‐induced increase in Glut3 expression was not reversed by administration of U0126, a MEK kinase inhibitor. These results suggest that other factors may function to modulate the MgSO4‐induced Glut3 response. In all, our data showed that MgSO4 increases the expression of Glut3 in the cortex and hippocampus of gerbil brains both in non‐ischemia and ischemia status. However, the MEK signaling pathway might not be involved in MgSO4‐induced Glut3 expression following focal ischemia. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fluorescent, paramagnetic and PEGylated gold/silica nanoparticle for MRI, CT and fluorescence imaging
Authors: van Schooneveld Matti M. , Cormode David P. , Koole Rolf , van Wijngaarden J. Timon , Calcagno Claudia , Skajaa Torjus , Hilhorst Jan , Hart Dannis C. 't , Fayad Zahi A. , Mulder Willem J. M. , Meijerink Andries 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn important challenge in medical diagnostics is to design all‐in‐one contrast agents that can be detected with multiple techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X‐ray computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission tomography (SPECT) or fluorescence imaging (FI). Although many dual labeled agents have been proposed, mainly for combined MRI/FI, constructs for three imaging modalities are scarce. Here gold/silica nanoparticles with a poly(ethylene glycol), paramagnetic and fluorescent lipid coating were synthesized, characterized and applied as trimodal contrast agents to allow for nanoparticle‐enhanced imaging of macrophage cells in vitro via MRI, CT and FI, and mice livers in vivo via MRI and CT. This agent can be a useful tool in a multitude of applications, including cell tracking and target‐specific molecular imaging, and is a step in the direction of truly multi‐modal imaging. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An explicit form of all‐pole filter function with decreasing envelope of the summed sensitivity function
Authors: Pavlović Vlastimir D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the all‐pole lowpass filter function with the decreasing envelope of the summed sensitivity in the pass‐band is considered. The filter transfer function with maximal number of the ripples of the summed sensitivity in the pass‐band is obtained in the explicit form, by the application of the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind. The slope of the decrease of the summed sensitivity envelope can be controlled by a free‐parameter α.We derived a new approximation function in order to achieve small summed sensitivity in the filter pass‐band. Consequently, the sensitivity analysis was carried out and a comparison of the summed sensitivity and the group delay with respect to the classic all‐pole filters was given. The approach presented in this paper is based on that the minimization of the summed sensitivity is important for the reduction of the deviation of the magnitude response caused by temperature changes of the continuous‐time active filters implemented into the analog front end or as programmable chips. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐Analytical Model for Coupling Core and Edge Plasma
Authors: Sergeev V. , Kuteev B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA semi‐analytical model that combines 1D transport model for plasma inside SOL and a 2D model for the SOL area have been developed for a quantitative conceptual analysis of the reactor parameters with lithium dust jet injection. The basic assumptions of the model and application results are discussed (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Verification of the 2D Tokamak Edge Modelling Codes for Conditions of Detached Divertor Plasma
Authors: Kotov V. , Reiter D. , Coster D. P. , Kukushkin A. S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe paper discusses verification of the ITER edge modelling code SOLPS 4.3 (B2‐EIRENE). Results of the benchmark against SOLPS 5.0 are shown for standard JET test cases. Special two‐point formulas are employed in SOLPS 4.3 to analyze the results of numerical simulations. The applied relations are exact in frame of the equations solved by the B2 code. This enables simultaneous check of the parallel momentum and energy balances and boundary conditions. Transition to divertor detachment is analyzed quantitatively as it appears in the simulations in terms of the coupled momentum and energy balance (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Multi‐Fluid Modeling of Low‐Recycling Divertor Regimes
Authors: Smirnov R. D. , Pigarov A. Yu. , Krasheninnikov S. I. , Rognlien T. D. , Soukhanovskii V. A. , Rensink M. E. , Maingi R. , Skinner C. H. , Stotler D. P. , Bell R. E. , Kugel H. W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe low‐recycling regimes of divertor operation in a single‐null NSTX magnetic configuration are studied using computer simulations with the edge plasma transport code UEDGE. The edge plasma transport properties pertinent to the low‐recycling regimes are demonstrated. These include the flux‐limited character of the parallel heat transport and the high plasma temperatures with the flattened profiles in the scrape‐off‐layer. It is shown that to maintain the balance of particle fluxes at the core interface the deuterium gas puffing rate should increase as the divertor recycling coefficient decreases. The radial profiles of the heat load to the outer divertor plate, the upstream radial plasma profiles, and the effects of the cross‐field plasma transport in the low‐recycling regimes are discussed. It is also shown that recycling of lithium impurities evaporating from the divertor plate at high surface temperatures can reverse the low‐recycling divertor operational regime to the high‐recycling one and may cause thermal instability of the divertor plate (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical Analysis of Divertor Plasma for Demo‐CREST
Authors: Ishida M. , Maeki K. , Hiwatari R. , Bonnin X. , Zhu S. , Hatayama A. , Schneider R. , Coster D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe numerical analysis of the demonstration fusion reactor Demo‐CREST has been carried out; this analysis focuses on impurity seeding. Several design activities for DEMO have been carried out; however, its detailed divertor plasma analysis remains to be carried out. Therefore, in this study, we discuss the possibility of neon puffing in Demo‐CREST to decrease the power load to the divertor plate by using the B2‐EIRENE code. It has been shown that the radiation power loss by neon increases with upstream plasma density and that the peak power load to the divertor plate comes close to the allowable level by using the preliminary divertor configuration (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Accumulation Process of High‐Z Impurity in Toroidal Rotating Tokamak Plasma
Authors: Hoshino K. , Takizuka T. , Nakano T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe accumulation process of high‐Z impurity in toroidal rotating tokamak plasma is investigated. A new inward pinch of high‐Z impurity due to the ionization/recombination processes is derived using an analytic model. This inward pinch is driven by the large deviation of a drift orbit from a magnetic surface and the resultant variation of the charge state along the drift orbit. The pinch velocity increases with increasing toroidal rotation speed in both the co‐direction and the ctr‐direction. The inward pinch expected by the analytic model is really observed in the numerical simulation using the IMPGYRO code (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)