bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing DICOM images: Tips and tricks for the radiologist
Authors: Varma Dandu Ravi 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAll modalities in radiology practice have become digital, and therefore deal with DICOM images. Image files that are compliant with part 10 of the DICOM standard are generally referred to as "DICOM format files" or simply "DICOM files" and are represented as ".dcm." DICOM differs from other image formats in that it groups information into data sets. A DICOM file consists of a header and image data sets packed into a single file. The information within the header is organized as a constant and standardized series of tags. By extracting data from these tags one can access important information regarding the patient demographics, study parameters, etc. In the interest of patient confidentiality, all information that can be used to identify the patient should be removed before DICOM images are transmitted over a network for educational or other purposes. In addition to the DICOM format, the radiologist routinely encounters images of several file formats such as JPEG, TIFF, GIF, and PNG. Each format has its own unique advantages and disadvantages, which must be taken into consideration when images are archived, used in teaching files, or submitted for publication. Knowledge about these formats and their attributes, such as image resolution, image compression, and image metadata, helps the radiologist in optimizing the archival, organization, and display of images. This article aims to increase the awareness among radiologists regarding DICOM and other image file formats encountered in clinical practice. It also suggests several tips and tricks that can be used by the radiologist so that the digital potential of these images can be fully utilized for maximization of workflow in the radiology practice.
Pictorial essay: Role of ultrasound in failed carpal tunnel decompression
Authors: Botchu Rajesh , Khan Aman , Jeyapalan Kanagaratnam 
Published: April 2012

AbstractUSG has been used for the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome. Scarring and incomplete decompression are the main causes for persistence or recurrence of symptoms. We performed a retrospective study to assess the role of ultrasound in failed carpal tunnel decompression. Of 422 USG studies of the wrist performed at our center over the last 5 years, 14 were for failed carpal tunnel decompression. Scarring was noted in three patients, incomplete decompression in two patients, synovitis in one patient, and an anomalous muscle belly in one patient. No abnormality was detected in seven patients. We present a pictorial review of USG findings in failed carpal tunnel decompression.
MRI evaluation of the contralateral breast in patients with recently diagnosed breast cancer
Authors: Taneja Sangeeta , Jena Amarnath , Zaidi Syed. Mohd. Shuaib , Khurana Anuj 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Introduction: Contralateral breast cancer can be synchronous and/or metachronous in patients with cancer of one breast. Detection of a synchronous breast cancer may affect patient management. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of the breast (DCE-MRI) is a sensitive technique for detecting contralateral lesions occult on the other imaging modalities in women already diagnosed with cancer of one breast. Aim: The aim was to assess the incidence of mammographically occult synchronous contralateral breast cancer in patients undergoing MRI mammography for the evaluation of a malignant breast lesion. Materials and Methods: A total of 294 patients with recently diagnosed breast cancer who underwent MRI of the breast were evaluated for lesions in the opposite breast. Results: The incidence of synchronous contralateral malignancy detected by preoperative MRI mammography done for evaluation of extent of disease was 4.1%. Conclusion: Preoperative breast MRI may detect clinically and mammographically occult synchronous contralateral cancer, and can help the patient avoid an additional second surgery or a second course of chemotherapy later; also, as theoretically these lesions are smaller, there may be a survival benefit as well.
Effect of the Honan Intraocular Pressure Reducer to Prevent Vitreous Reflux after Intravitreal Bevacizumab Injection
Authors: Hong Seung Woo , Jee Donghyun 
Published: April 2012

Purpose To evaluate the effect of the Honan intraocular pressure reducer (HIPR) on vitreous reflux during intravitreal (IVT) injection. Methods Prospective, comparative, controlled, investigator-blinded, randomized clinical study. Sixty eyes of 60 patients who underwent IVT injection were allocated into 2 groups with or without using the HIPR. Vitreous reflux was estimated by measuring largest diameter of the conjunctival bleb formed after IVT injection. Preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) before and after application of the HIPR and IOP immediately postoperatively and 3 and 10 minutes postoperatively were evaluated. Results The mean amount of vitreous reflux was significantly less with the HIPR than without the HIPR (1.46±1.04 mm vs 2.61±1.37 mm; p<0.001). The preoperative IOP was significantly lower with the HIPR than without the HIPR (11.62±4.04 mmHg vs 16.26±3.86 mmHg; p=0.026). The 3-minute postoperative IOP was 31.34±3.16 mmHg with the HIPR and 32.61±5.62 mmHg without the HIPR (no statistical significance; p=0.345). Conclusions The HIPR prevents vitreous reflux after IVT through a reduction in the preoperative IOP. However, the HIPR appears not to affect the postoperative course of transient IOP elevation.
How reliable is the pathologist's diagnosis of endometriosis: a prospective inter-observer and intra-observer analysis
Authors: Hurtado Rodrigo , Geber Selmo 
Published: April 2012

Purpose Laparoscopy is a very accurate diagnostic tool for endometriosis. However, diagnostic accuracy has been questioned, as there is no reliable link between the visual status of the peritoneal cavity reported by laparoscopy and the patient's clinical condition. In addition, there is no actual association between the presence of typical peritoneal lesions and its confirmation by means of pathologic examination. The aim of our study was to determine whether histologic microscopic assessment is a reliable method for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Methods We performed a prospective transversal study with 68 women with suggestive history of endometriosis who underwent laparoscopy. After biopsy, an intra-observer and inter-observer variability of the histologic study was analyzed by the Kappa integrity test to reveal whether microscopic examination is an accurate exam for the diagnosis of endometriosis. Results In 38 of the 68 slides, all examiners confirmed the presence of endometriosis (55.9%). The intra-observer analysis showed an individual agreement degree over 92 (kappa=0.85; P<.001), and the inter-observer analysis showed an overall agreement of 76.5 (k=0.78; P<.001). Conclusions The results showed a high level of integrity of the histologic exam for the diagnosis of endometriosis and confirmed that microscopic histology is a reliable and reproducible diagnostic tool for endometriosis.
Long Term Surgical Outcomes after Segmental Colorectal Resection in Women with Severe Endometriosis
Authors: Van Der Houwen Lisette E.E. , Lüchinger Annemarie B. , Busard Milou P.H. , Van Waesberghe Jan Hein T.M. , Cuesta Miguel A. , Lambalk Cornelis B. , Mijatovic Velja , Hompes Peter G.A. 
Published: April 2012

Purpose The aim of this study is to assess post-operative complications, symptoms, patient satisfaction, and fertility outcome after a long-term follow-up period in patients with severe intestinal endometriosis. Methods In this retrospective study (January 1998 - December 2008) patients scheduled for a segmental colorectal resection by laparotomy were identified. Surgery was performed by a multidisciplinary team. Data were obtained from medical records and supplemented by a questionnaire. Results A total of 41 patients (median age 30 years [24–45]) were included with a mean follow-up of 50 months. Three patients were lost to follow-up. Chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, hematochezia, constipation, pencil like stool, diarrhea, and tenesmus decreased, respectively, in 24, 16, 31, 25, 26, 12, 11, and 21 patients. Post-operatively, one patient conceived naturally and eleven out of fifteen patients conceived after in vitro fertilization. The post-operative patient satisfaction rate (mean 7.4) was significantly higher compared to prior to surgery (mean 4.6). Four major complications were reported in the first year after surgery. The cumulative complication rate was 12%. Conclusions Segmental colorectal resection by laparotomy in patients with severe intestinal endometriosis effectively reduces symptoms and increases patient satisfaction with an acceptable risk on treatable complications.
Endometrial Transporters and Cytochrome P450 Family Member in Endometriosis
Authors: De Leo Bianca , Mcintire Ramsey H. , Aghajanova Lusine , Petraglia Felice , Giudice Linda C. 
Published: April 2012

Purpose To investigate expression of molecular transporters and CYP4B1 in endometrium from women with and without endometriosis. Methods Expression of genes encoding proteins: ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 1 (ABCG1), aquaporin 3 (AQP3), solute carrier family 16, member 6 (monocarboxylic acid transporter 7) (SLC16A6), and transmembrane emp24 protein transport domain containing 6 (TMED6), as well as a member of the cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP4B1) were assessed by quantitative (Q)RT-PCR in proliferative (PE) and early secretory (ESE) endometrium from 27 normoovulatory women with and without endometriosis. Cellular localization of these proteins was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results In eutopic endometrial tissue from women without endometriosis, mRNA expression of ABCG1, CYP4B1, and SLC16A6 was significantly up-regulated in the PE to ESE transition. CYP4B1 mRNA in endometrium from women with disease increased significantly compared to samples from women without disease, while there was no change in ABCG1 and SLC16A6 mRNA levels. However, immunodetection of ABCG1, AQP3, and TMED6 was similar across cycle phases, and there was no significant difference in immunostaining intensity or localization between women with and without endometriosis. Conclusions Molecular transporters and CYP4B1 are expressed in human endometrium, and a role for transporters and CYP4B1 in normal endometrial function and in women with endometriosis remains to be determined.
Breast Imaging for Interventional Pathologists
Authors: Lieu David 
Published: April 2012

Context.—Pathologist-performed, ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy is one of the frontiers of pathology. The College of American Pathologists, American Society for Clinical Pathology, and American Society of Cytopathology offer courses and certificate programs for pathologists in this area. The courses emphasize the biopsy of masses in the thyroid and head and neck. There is little training in ultrasound-guided biopsy of breast masses. To successfully perform an imaging-guided biopsy of the breast, pathologists should understand the basics of mammography and breast ultrasound.Objective.—To review the basics of mammography and breast ultrasound to help interventional pathologists add ultrasound-guided, fine-needle aspiration and core-needle biopsies of the breast to their list of core competencies.Data Sources.—Classic and recent literature and textbooks on mammography and breast ultrasound.Conclusions.—The heart of early breast cancer detection is the screening mammogram. Abnormalities detected on screening, such as masses, densities, architectural distortions, nipple retraction, skin thickening, abnormal lymph nodes, and microcalcifications, will lead to a diagnostic mammogram and/or breast ultrasound. Lesions classified as Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System 4 or 5, and a few classified as 3 lesions, require biopsy. If the lesion is visible on ultrasound, ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy and/or core-needle biopsy is the procedure of choice. Suspicious lesions visible only on mammogram require stereotactic x-ray–guided biopsy. Interventional pathologists who understand the values and limitations of mammography and breast ultrasound are ready for the challenges of pathologist-performed, ultrasound-guided, fine-needle aspiration and core-needle biopsies of the breast.
Biomimetic Delivery with Micro‐ and Nanoparticles
Authors: Balmert Stephen C. , Little Steven R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe nascent field of biomimetic delivery with micro‐ and nanoparticles (MNP) has advanced considerably in recent years. Drawing inspiration from the ways that cells communicate in the body, several different modes of “delivery” (i.e., temporospatial presentation of biological signals) have been investigated in a number of therapeutic contexts. In particular, this review focuses on (1) controlled release formulations that deliver natural soluble factors with physiologically relevant temporal context, (2) presentation of surface‐bound ligands to cells, with spatial organization of ligands ranging from isotropic to dynamically anisotropic, and (3) physical properties of particles, including size, shape and mechanical stiffness, which mimic those of natural cells. Importantly, the context provided by multimodal, or multifactor delivery represents a key element of most biomimetic MNP systems, a concept illustrated by an analogy to human interpersonal communication. Regulatory implications of increasingly sophisticated and “cell‐like” biomimetic MNP systems are also discussed.
Hypertension in FMR1 premutation males with and without fragile X‐associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS)
Authors: Hamlin Alyssa A. , Sukharev Dina , Campos Luis , Mu Yi , Tassone Flora , Hessl David , Nguyen Danh V. , Loesch Danuta , Hagerman Randi J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractFragile X‐associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late onset neurodegenerative disease that affects carriers of the fragile X premutation. This study seeks to assess hypertension risk and susceptibility in male premutation carriers with FXTAS. Although many symptoms and diagnostic criteria have been identified, hypertension risk has not been examined in this population. Data from 92 premutation carriers without FXTAS, 100 premutation carriers with FXTAS, and 186 controls was collected via patient medical interview. Age‐adjusted logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relative odds of hypertension. We observed a significantly elevated odds ratio (OR) of hypertension relative to controls for premutation carriers with FXTAS (OR = 3.22, 95% CI: 1.72–6.04; P = 0.0003) among participants over 40‐year old. The age‐adjusted estimated odds of hypertension in premutation carriers without FXTAS in the over 40‐year‐old age group was higher compared to controls (OR = 1.61, 95% CI: 0.82–3.16), but was not statistically significant (P = 0.164). Chronic hypertension contributes to cardiovascular complications, dementia, and increased risk of stroke. Our results indicate that the risk of hypertension is significantly elevated in male premutation carriers with FXTAS compared with carriers without FXTAS and controls. Thus, evaluation of hypertension in patients diagnosed with FXTAS should be a routine part of the treatment monitoring and intervention for this disease. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Horseradish peroxidase‐mediated in situ forming hydrogels from degradable tyramine‐based poly(amido amine)s
Authors: Sun Yuanyuan , Deng Zifeng , Tian Yang , Lin Chao 
Published: April 2012

AbstractHorseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐mediated crosslinking of poly(amido amine) (PAA) copolymers was successfully applied in the preparation of in situ forming degradable hydrogels under physiological conditions. PAA copolymers containing different amounts of tyramine residues (termed as pAEEOL/TA) could be synthesized through Michael‐type addition between methylenebisacryamide and amine mixture of 2‐(2‐aminoethoxy) ethanol and tyramine (TA). Depending on the amount of TA residue, the HRP, and H2O2 concentration, the gelation times could be varied from about 50 to 350 s. The swelling and degradation experiments indicated under physiological conditions the pAEEOL/TA‐based hydrogels are completely degradable within 6–8 days. Rheological analysis revealed that storage modulus of the hydrogels increased from 2500 to 4100 Pa when increasing HRP concentrations. Importantly, pAEEOL/TA copolymers have low cytotoxicity. Moreover, NIH 3T3 (mouse embryonic fibroblast) cells exposed in the degradation products of pAEEOL/TA‐based hydrogels retained high cell viability, implying that the hydrogels are cyto‐biocompatible. In vitro release of methylene blue and IgG protein from pAEEOL/TA‐based hydrogels could be effectively sustained by encapsulation of the drug in the hydrogels. The results indicate that HRP‐crosslinked, degradable pAEEOL/TA‐based hydrogels are promising for biomedical applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A frontier in the understanding of synaptic plasticity: Solving the structure of the postsynaptic density
Authors: Gold Matthew G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe postsynaptic density (PSD) is a massive multi‐protein complex whose functions include positioning signalling molecules for induction of long‐term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) of synaptic strength. These processes are thought to underlie memory formation. To understand how the PSD coordinates bidirectional synaptic plasticity with different synaptic activation patterns, it is necessary to determine its three‐dimensional structure. A structural model of the PSD is emerging from investigation of its molecular composition and connectivity, in addition to structural studies at different levels of resolution. Technical innovations including mass spectrometry of cross‐linked proteins and super‐resolution light microscopy can drive progress. Integrating different information relating to PSD structure is challenging since the structure is so large and complex. The reconstruction of a PSD subcomplex anchored by AKAP79 exemplifies on a small scale how integration can be achieved. With its entire molecular structure coming into focus, this is a unique opportunity to study the PSD.
Thermal stability of DNA with interstrand crosslinks
Authors: Chang Chun‐Ling , Lando Dmitri Y. , Fridman Alexander S. , Hu Chin‐Kun 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAlthough many anticancer drugs exert their biological activity by forming DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs), the thermodynamics of biologically relevant long crosslinked DNAs has not been intensively studied in contrast to short duplexes. Here, we carry out computer modeling of the shift of melting temperature of long DNAs caused by ICLs taking into account crosslinking effect in itself and concomitant local alterations in the free energy (δG) of the helix–coil transition at sites of ICLs. Depending on δG, DNA interstrand crosslinks at per nucleotide concentration r = 0.05 can change the melting temperature by value from −17 to +47°C, and the influence weakly depends on DNA sequence and GC content. A change in melting temperature caused by introduction of interstrand crosslinking in modified DNA at sites of modifications also depends on δG and varies from 0 to +12°C. Comparison with experiment for the three platinum crosslinking compounds demonstrates utility of the theoretical method for understanding how crosslinking compounds can influence the melting behavior. On the basis of the method, interdependence of local distortions and crosslinking in itself was studied for thermal effect of ICLs. A method for evaluating the nature of the structural alteration that produces a change in thermal stability for short crosslinked DNA is also proposed. The methods can be used for comparative thermodynamic characterization of various DNA crosslinking agents. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 807–817, 2012.
In silico assessment of cell‐free systems
Authors: Bujara Matthias , Panke Sven 
Published: April 2012

AbstractCell‐free extract (CFX)‐derived biocatalytic systems are usually embedded in a complex metabolic network, which makes chemical insulation of the production system necessary by removing enzymatic connections. While insulation can be performed by different methods, the identification of potentially disturbing reactions can become a rather lengthy undertaking requiring extensive experimental analysis and literature review. Therefore, a tool for network topology analysis in cell‐free systems was developed based on genome scale metabolic models. Genome scale metabolic models define a potential network topology for living cells, and can be adapted to the characteristics of cell‐free systems by: (i) removal of compartmentalization, (ii) application of different objective functions, (iii) enabling the accumulation of all metabolites, (iv) applying different constraints for substrate supply, and (v) constraining the reaction space through cofactor availability, microarray data, feasible reaction rates, and thermodynamics. The resulting computational tool successfully predicted for Escherichia coli‐derived CFXs a previously identified undesired pathway for dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) production from adenosine phosphates. The tool was then applied to the identification of potentially interfering pathways to further insulate a DHAP‐producing multi‐enzyme system based on CFX. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109: 2620–2629. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study on RuO2/SnO2: Novel and Active Catalysts for CO and CH4 Oxidation
Authors: Yu Jing , Zhao Dan , Xu Xianglan , Wang Xiang , Zhang Ning 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRuO2/SnO2 catalysts with 2, 5 and 10 % Ru loadings were prepared with calcined and uncalcined SnO2 supports by the impregnation method. The catalysts were evaluated for CO and CH4 oxidation and characterised by N2‐BET, XRD, hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H2‐TPR), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy (EDS‐SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis differential scanning calorimetry (TGA‐DSC). Owing to the synergetic effect between RuO2 and SnO2, all RuO2/SnO2 catalysts are found to be much more active than pure SnO2 and RuO2/Al2O3 for both CO and CH4 oxidation. For RuO2 supported on uncalcined SnO2, H2‐TPR and TGA‐DSC analysis revealed the formation of a new, less active compound between Sn and Ru that consumed active SnO2 and RuO2, and could be detrimental to the synergism between RuO2 and SnO2, and thus the activity of RuO2/SnO2 catalytic system. As a consequence, it is much less active than RuO2 supported on calcined SnO2. RuO2/SnO2 catalysts are also very stable in the presence of water vapour, which gives them potential for application in after‐treatment processes.
Teaching Safety in Chemical Engineering: What, How and Who?
Authors: Pitt M. J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe problem of teaching safety to chemical engineering students and the wider issue of teaching safety to all workers in the chemical and process industries is discussed. There is a need to distinguish between training and education and to appreciate the background of the learner with respect to language and prior knowledge. Some matters can only be properly understood when the individual has some industrial experience, and the traditional university method is not well suited to deal with the complex interactions on which safety depends. Methods of alleviating these difficulties are discussed, along with what should be taught, how, to whom and by whom.