bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4.3 Postnatal Maturation of Dopamine Actions in the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: O’Donnell Patricio , Tseng Kuei Y. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTo understand the modulation of prefrontal cortical activity by dopamine (DA), it is critical to consider not only different receptor subtypes and the cell type DA acts upon, but also complex changes that occur postnatally, sometimes as late as during adolescence. A large body of literature deals with DA actions on physiological properties of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), ranging from recordings in cultured neurons and brain slices to anesthetized animals and awake, freely moving animals. All these levels of analysis offer unique perspectives on the complex pattern of DA actions; combined, they have produced a reasonable understanding of how this modulator affects function in this critical brain region. However, many divergent views persist, and a lot of them arise from the use of different techniques on animals at different postnatal developmental stages. For example, cellular physiology studies using the whole-cell technique typically rely on slices from very young animals, in many cases obtained before weaning, while behavioral and anatomical studies are conducted mainly in adult animals. This chapter summarizes recent work bridging those age groups, highlighting the maturation of DA electrophysiological actions in the PFC during adolescence.
5.5 Neurocomputational Analysis of Dopamine Function
Authors: Durstewitz Daniel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCurrent computational models of dopamine (DA) modulation have worked either from a more abstract neuroalgorithmic level, starting with specific assumptions about DA's computational role and then working out its implications at a higher cognitive level, or have used a more biophysical/physiological implementation to unravel the dynamic and functional consequences of DA's effects on voltage-gated and synaptic ion channels. This chapter focuses on the latter, and in addition will specifically review models of DA-innervated target regions rather than models of ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra (VTA/SN) DA neurons themselves. It begins with a brief discussion of how DA may change the input/output functions of single striatal and cortical neuron. It considers the network level and the potential computational role of DA in higher cognitive functions, and then reviews DA-based models of reinforcement learning.
7.3 Dopaminergic Modulation of Striatal Glutamatergic Signaling in Health and Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: James Surmeier D. , Day Michelle , Gertler Tracy S. , Savio Chan C. , Shen Weixing 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDopamine (DA) has long been known to be a critical modulator of striatal processing of cortical and thalamic signals carried by glutamatergic synapses on the principal neurons of the striatum—medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Dopamine regulation of these neurons is important for an array of psychomotor functions ascribed to the basal ganglia, including associative learning and action selection. This chapter focuses on four topics: (1) the intrinsic differences between MSNs expressing D1 and D2 dopamine receptors; (2) how DA modulates postsynaptic properties that influence glutamatergic synaptic events and their integration by MSNs in the dorsal striatum; (3) how DA influences the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity; and (4) how DA depletion in Parkinson's disease (PD) models remodels glutamatergic signaling.
9.6 Novel Gene-Based Therapeutics Targeting the Dopaminergic System in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Kirik Deniz , Björklund Tomas , Ramaswamy Shilpa , Kordower Jeffrey H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNovel therapeutic intervention based on gene therapy has moved the field of Parkinson's disease (PD) research forward during the last decade. The process of supplementing cells with genes that promote normal, healthy function promises to be an efficient way of treating diseases like PD, above and beyond what it has been possible to achieve with traditional pharmacotherapy or deep brain stimulation. Studies examining gene therapy for PD usually have one of two goals: (1) to replace dopamine (DA) that is depleted in the striatum or (2) to administer factors that would prevent the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN), as this disease is known to lead to a dramatic reduction in levels of DA in the striatum due to the loss and dysfunction of nigral neurons. Several techniques to target the dopaminergic system in the brain have entered into the clinical testing phase using these currently experimental procedures, and others are expected to be tested in the near future. This chapter discusses the status of these therapeutic interventions in both animal models and patients.
10.6 Dopamine Modulation of Forebrain Pathways and the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Grace Anthony A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDopamine (DA) has received substantial attention due to its involvement in a wide array of neurological and psychiatric disorders, ranging from Parkinson's disease to affective disorders and schizophrenia. As a result, this system has been studied extensively at many levels of analysis. This is an exciting time for research into psychiatric disorders and the DA system, as evidenced by the convergence of basic neuroscience and clinical research studies on common pathophysiological targets. Dopamine itself has been described as involved in reward and addiction, in attention and compulsions, and in cognition and affect. However, recent studies suggest that the DA system may act to coordinate integration of information via selective potentiation of circuits or pathways. This suggests that DA is acting as a “glue” that holds together plastic relationships among diverse brain structures. This chapter focuses on the system physiology of the DA system in intact animals, how the DA system is regulated, and how dysregulation of this system may contribute to the pathophysiology of major psychiatric disorders.
3 The Data
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter offers a detailed empirical study of English swiping (e.g. What about?) and dialect Dutch spading (e.g. Wie dat? ‘who that’). The basic properties of both constructions are outlined and illustrated with examples. Both of them are shown to occur only with simple wh-phrases, to require stress on the stranded element, and to be restricted to sluicing contexts. Moreover, a swiped preposition is necessarily antecedentless, and spading stems from a cleft and induces a ‘surprise’-reading.
5 The Analysis
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter contains the analysis of English swiping and dialect Dutch spading and shows how the basic properties of these constructions follow from that analysis. Swiping is argued to involve preposition stranding in the lower specCP, while spading involves focus movement of the demonstrative to that position. The fact that both constructions only occur in sluicing is analyzed as a repair effect induced by ellipsis, while the fact that complex wh-phrases are excluded is the result of sluicing with complex wh-phrases deleting not IP but a low CP.
6 When Spading Met Swiping
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSwiping and spading can cooccur in one and the same example in Frisian. This chapter shows that the analysis of such sentences follows straightforwardly from the individual analyses outlined in the previous chapter. The chapter also takes issue with Merchant's (2002:310) claim that Frisian lacks swiping, arguing that the ill-formedness of Merchant's example follows from independent differences between English and Frisian regarding the possibility of putting stress on stranded prepositions.
7 Previous Analyses
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter introduces and discusses previous analyses of both spading and swiping, and argues that all of them suffer from shortcomings when confronted with the full set of data. The accounts discussed are Hoekstra (1993), a straw man analysis of spading as pseudosluicing, Kim (1997), Richards (2001), Merchant (2002) and Hartman (2007).
12 Theoretical Background
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides the theoretical background for the analysis of Short Do Replies in the next chapter. It contains three main points. First of all, it provides supporting evidence for the presence of two polarity projections (PolPs) in Dutch dialects, one dominating TP and one dominated by TP. Secondly, it argues that the syntax of contradictory sentential emphasis (or verum focus) consists of two components: on the one hand, the activation of the C°-related head VFoc° to host the verum-operator, and on the other hand, focus movement of the polarity of the clause to the specifier of the CP-projection immediately dominated by VFocP. Thirdly, it argues that the proform that is present in Short Do Replies is properly licensed and identified if it is merged with the high Pol°-head. Moreover, this head has to be focus-marked and morpho-phonologically realized.
14 Spelling Out the Proform
Authors: Nie Da's , Wel Da's 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on a contradictory reply attested in Brabant Dutch and consisting of a demonstrative, a form of the verb be and a polarity element (e.g. Da's nie ‘that is not’). It argues that the demonstrative in this construction is the overt counterpart of the null proform attested in Short Do Replies. The two constructions share a large number of empirical characteristics, and the few differences between them can be shown to follow from independent factors or from the overt vs. covert nature of the proform. The chapter ends with a critique of three possible alternative accounts and a brief outline of a typology of overt and covert proforms in dialectal Dutch.
15 Conjugated ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ in SDR-Dialects
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the fact that in certain dialects of Dutch the polarity markers yes and no can be accompanied by subject clitics and/or agreement suffixes. Just as in the previous chapter, there are many empirical similarities between this construction and Short Do Replies. This chapter argues that the structure underlying conjugated instances of yes and no is in fact a Short Do Reply that has been PF-deleted. As such, this construction combines PF-deletion and pro. The chapter also provides an account for the absence of clitics and (complementizer) agreement endings under sluicing.
16 Conclusion and Theoretical Implications
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the second case study of this book and examines its theoretical implications. They are situated in three main areas. First of all, the preceding chapters have shown that only the pro-theory can provide an adequate analysis of Short Do Replies. The type of pro-theory advocated here differs from its predecessors, however, in its technical implementation, in the type of argumentation that is provided in its support, and in the empirical divide it makes between PF-deletion and pro. Secondly, the second case study has provided evidence for the existence and specific role of two PolPs in the dialect Dutch IP-domain, and for the independent existence of AgrsP. Thirdly, the second case study has argued in favor of an analysis of discourse particles that fully integrates them into the functional structure of the clause.
17 General Conclusions
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides a summary of the entire book and lists its main conclusions and consequences for the syntax of ellipsis and the theory of syntax on the one hand, and for Dutch dialect syntax on the other. With respect to the first, the book has argued that both the PF-deletion and the pro-theory are needed to account for the full range of elliptical phenomena attested in natural language. This chapter briefly explores what the relation beween the two theories might be and suggests that pro is only used as Last Resort when PF-deletion is unavailable. With respect to Dutch dialect syntax, the chapter argues that all the variation attested in this book can be reduced to the lexical properties of the elements involved.
Chapter Five Rome-antic Shakespeare
Authors: Sachs Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWith its representation of grain shortages, conflicts between the populace and the patricians, and the dependence of political leaders on the approval of the people, Coriolanus was a most topical play for Romantic period audiences. This chapter compares productions by John Philip Kemble, who used the role to portray the rightness of patrician rule in a time of popular unrest, with that of Edmund Kean, who returned the scenery to the mud huts of early Rome and diminished the haughty dominance of the central character. It then evaluates Hazlitt's claim, made initially in a review of Coriolanus, that imagination is an “aristocratical faculty.” The performance history of Coriolanus, the chapter concludes, provides the crucial subtext for Hazlitt's Romantic theorization of the imagination and helps us to understand Romantic anxieties about Shakespearean performance generally.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSES OF STATENESS AND STATE ACTION: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM PATTERNS OF EXPENDITURE?
Authors: Gilbert Neil 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
What types of public expenditure can be computed to assess “stateness” and state action? And once these measures of expenditure are agreed upon, what meaning can be drawn from simple rank-order comparisons (or more sophisticated statistical clusters) of where the United States and the European nations stand, according to the computations employed? Conventional measures of state action often focus on two major realms of activity — defense and social welfare — and involve some metric of public expenditure, typically calculated as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP). In examining what meanings can be drawn for comparative measures of similarities and differences in United States and European activity in these realms, this chapter comments on defense, but concentrates mainly on the realm of social welfare.
FULFILLING THE BALLYHOO OF A PEAK ECONOMY? THE U.S. ECONOMIC MODEL
Authors: Freeman Richard B. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFrom the 1990s into the first decade of the 2000s, many economic analysts viewed the United States as the peak economy in the advanced world. This chapter offers a different interpretation of the U.S. experience. It argues that the standard reading of the U.S. experience ignores important aspects of the American model beyond flexibility and inequality. The section “U.S. Economic Performance” reviews the main areas of American economic success and failure. The following section “Rethinking the ‘Very Good’ of the U.S. System” argues that analyses of stress flexibility, deregulation of markets, and greater dispersion or inequality of pay as the hallmark of the U.S. economy miss the “shared capitalist” arrangements and private/public links that contribute to efficiency. The next section “Toward Broader Comparisons and Counterfactuals” notes that both English-speaking countries whose economic systems resemble those of the United States and continental EU economies that rely on social dialogue institutions, have had sufficiently variegated outcomes to gainsay any simple generalization about national economic models. Looking to the future, the chapter considers the strengths and weaknesses of the U.S. and other economic models to surmount the problems likely to pose the greatest challenge in the next decade: those associated with global warming, energy, and the environment, and increased globalization of labor markets.
ARE THE INEQUALITY AND MOBILITY TRENDS OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION'S FUTURE?
Authors: Burkhauser Richard V. , Couch Kenneth A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter shows how economic growth over the last two business cycles has been distributed in the United States, and compares those changes with changes in two EU countries with quite different social Institutions: Great Britain and Germany. While income inequality is consistently highest in the United States over the past two decades, followed by Great Britain and Germany, income inequality in the United States changed little in the 1990s, fell in Great Britain, and rose in Germany. Outcomes in Great Britain over the 1990s business cycle are much closer to those in the United States than they are to Germany.
THE U.S. EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM: CAN IT BE A MODEL FOR EUROPE?
Authors: Maloney Patricia , Mayer Karl Ulrich 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter is organized as follows. The first section gives a stylized description of the elementary and secondary education systems as they map onto the life course in childhood and early adulthood. The second section describes the persistent achievement gap between the races. The third section discusses some of the varied and widespread public and private responses to that achievement gap. Section four analyzes the present state of higher education in America. Section five examines diversity and inequality in access to that system of higher education, while section six presents issues of skill formation and returns to education. The seventh section returns to international comparisons as evidenced in the OECD, Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), and Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) studies, and to the question of the relative quality of U.S. education. The concluding section revisits the question of U.S. education as a model.
4 On with the Show!
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The earliest rivals of The Broadway Melody were compelled to grapple with a distinctive group of artistic and technical challenges. Warners' The Desert Song, the screen's first operetta, and Fox's Movietone Follies of 1929 were both hampered by various delays. Universal's Show Boat suffered from its juxtaposition to the triumphant stage musical. Syncopation, from the new company RKO, was filmed so quickly and cheaply that it beat most of its rivals to the screen. Broadway was an uneasy hybrid of stage melodrama and screen musical. Warner's On With the Show!, the first sound film shot entirely in Technicolor, was the definitive backstage film and a huge success, most notably with Ethel Waters singing “Am I Blue?”
12 Of Viennese Nights and Golden Dawns
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Filmed operettas were more prominent in the early sound era than they would ever be again. The first, The Desert Song, showed both the advantages and pitfalls of putting these works on film. Opera star Lawrence Tibbett scored with The Rogue Song, as did director Ernst Lubitsch with The Love Parade. Others could be pompous (The Vagabond King), trivial (The Lottery Bride), or horrendously racist (Golden Dawn). With Viennese Nights, Sigmund Romberg and Oscar Hammerstein II created a viable operetta especially for the screen, although not with financial success.
13 Is It a Musical?
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Films that were not, strictly speaking, musicals, could still employ a large amount of music and song. With generic boundaries not firmly established, “crossover” works were yet another way in which sound film could test lyrical waters. Master directors King Vidor and Rouben Mamoulian used this approach to create the early-sound milestones Hallelujah! and Applause, respectively, as did Josef von Sternberg with The Blue Angel and Morocco. Several silent actors also turned to the semi-musical genre, most successively Gloria Swanson in The Trespasser. Such genre-spanning crossover would not play a major part in film after the first musical wave.
15 Voices in the Wilderness
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In the mainly non-musical years of 1931 and 1932, a few filmmakers attempted to disregard the moratorium, sometimes with success. Among them was Ernst Lubitsch and Maurice Chevalier with The Smiling Lieutenant and One Hour With You and Fox with Gershwin's Delicious. The team of Eddie Cantor and Busby Berkeley also fared well, while Rouben Mamoulian directed the sublime Love Me Tonight — not a financial success but still a high-water mark for musical cinema. Other films — The Phantom President, The Big Broadcast, Hallelujah, I'm A Bum — seemed to herald the fact that musicals might return.
17 The Past as Prologue
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
With 1934 and the newly enforced Motion Picture Production Code, the musical left behind its older, more haphazard identity for a streamlined, often trivial future. Films such as Wonder Bar and Murder at the Vanities demonstrated the frankness no longer to be possible under the Code, while Shirley Temple became a symbol of a cleaned-up family-oriented genre. Opera resurged with Grace Moore and One Night of Love, while the Astaire/Rogers Gay Divorcee showed that stylishness could defeat censorship, even as much of the early enterprising spirit was now fading away.
2 Psychology as the Science of Self-Reports and Finger Movements: Whatever Happened to Actual Behavior?
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. , Vohs Kathleen D. , Funder David C. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Psychology calls itself the science of behavior, and the American Psychological Association’s current “Decade of Behavior” was intended to increase awareness and appreciation of this aspect of the science. Yet some psychological subdisciplines have never directly studied behavior, and behavior is dwindling rapidly in other subdisciplines. We discuss the eclipse of behavior in personality and social psychology, in which direct observation of behavior has been increasingly supplanted by introspective self-reports, hypothetical scenarios, and questionnaire ratings. We advocate a renewed commitment to including direct observation of behavior whenever possible, and in at least a healthy minority of research projects.
3 Behavioral Assessment Practices Among Social Psychologists Who Study Small Groups
Authors: Moreland Richard L. , Fetterman Joshua D. , Flagg Jeffrey J. , Swanenburg Kristina L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the authors describe results from their analyses of published research on small groups, focusing on trends in behavioral assessment among small group researchers over the past 30 years. Behavioral assessment was found to have become less popular over time among group researchers. The authors also investigate whether levels of behavioral assessment varied significantly by journal or by group phenomenon. Three explanations are offered as to why social psychologists who study groups have moved away from assessing behavior: (a) the growing influence of European approaches to studying groups, especially work involving social identity and self-categorization; (b) the growing influence of social cognition approaches to studying groups; and (c) an increasing pressure on authors to produce journal articles containing multiple studies.