bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The 2-year prognosis of panic episodes in the general population
Authors: Batelaan N. M. , de Graaf R. , Penninx B. W. J. H. , van Balkom A. J. L. M. , Vollebergh W. A. M. , Beekman A. T. F. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundPanic disorder (PD) is generally considered to be a chronic or intermittent disorder. This view may be biased because of a lack of general population studies investigating panic from the onset of an episode onwards. Data regarding the course of subthreshold panic disorder (sub-PD) and predictors of its course are lacking.MethodUsing data from a large community-based survey, the Netherlands Mental Health and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), that retrospectively assessed the 2-year course of panic with a Life Chart Interview (LCI), this study investigated remission, chronicity and recurrence in subjects with new episodes of PD or sub-PD. Predictor variables of remission consisted of sociodemographics, psychobiological, environmental, psychiatric and panic-related factors.ResultsIn PD, remission of panic attacks occurred in 64.5% of subjects, mean time to remission was 5.7 months, and the remission rate was 5.8/100 person-months. In 43.3% of subjects panic was still present after 1 year. Recurrence of panic attacks occurred in 21.4% of those with PD who had achieved remission and for whom sufficient follow-up time was available. In general, the course of sub-PD was more favourable. Predictors of remission were female gender, the absence of ongoing difficulties, subthreshold panic and a low initial frequency of attacks.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the course of panic is diverse in the general population, thereby underlining the need for accurate predictors. This requires further research including biological data and additional psychological data. In addition, given the large proportion with a relapse, relapse prevention should be part of any treatment programme.
A psychometric evaluation of the DSM-IV borderline personality disorder criteria: age and sex moderation of criterion functioning
Authors: Aggen S. H. , Neale M. C. , Røysamb E. , Reichborn-Kjennerud T. , Kendler K. S. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundDespite its importance as a paradigmatic personality disorder, little is known about the measurement invariance of the DSM-IV borderline personality disorder (BPD) criteria; that is, whether the criteria assess the disorder equivalently across different groups.MethodBPD criteria were evaluated at interview in 2794 young adult Norwegian twins. Analyses, based on item-response modeling, were conducted to test for differential age and sex moderation of the individual BPD criteria characteristics given factor-level covariate effects.ResultsConfirmatory factor analytic results supported a unidimensional structure for the nine BPD criteria. Compared to males, females had a higher BPD factor mean, larger factor variance and there was a significant age by sex interaction on the factor mean. Strong differential sex and age by sex interaction effects were found for the ‘impulsivity’ criterion factor loading and threshold. Impulsivity related to the BPD factor poorly in young females but improved significantly in older females. Males reported more impulsivity compared to females and this difference increased with age. The ‘affective instability’ threshold was also moderated, with males reporting less than expected.ConclusionsThe results suggest the DSM-IV BPD ‘impulsivity’ and ‘affective instability’ criteria function differentially with respect to age and sex, with impulsivity being especially problematic. If verified, these findings have important implications for the interpretation of prior research with these criteria. These non-invariant age and sex effects may be identifying criteria-level expression features relevant to BPD nosology and etiology. Criterion functioning assessed using modern psychometric methods should be considered in the development of DSM-V.
Macrosecuritisation and security constellations: reconsidering scale in securitisation theory
Authors: BUZAN BARRY , WÆVER OLE 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Copenhagen school's theory of securitisation has mainly focused on the middle level of world politics in which collective political units, often but not always states, construct relationships of amity or enmity with each other. Its argument has been that this middle level would be the most active both because of the facility with which collective political units can construct each other as threats, and the difficulty of finding audiences for the kinds of securitisations and referent objects that are available at the individual and system levels. This article focuses on the gap between the middle and system levels, and asks whether there is not more of substance there than the existing Copenhagen school analyses suggests. It revisits the under-discussed concept of security constellations in Copenhagen school theory, and adds to it the idea of macrosecuritisations as ways of getting an analytical grip on what happens above the middle level. It then suggests how applying these concepts adds not just a missing sense of scale, but also a useful insight into underlying political logics, to how one understands the patterns of securitisation historical, and contemporary.
Securitising Threats without the State: A case study of misgovernance as a security threat in Bangladesh
Authors: BARTHWAL-DATTA MONIKA 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article provides a critique of the securitisation framework around its ability to provide a comprehensive security analysis when applied in a developing socio-political context. It argues that the framework's conditionalities around who can securitise and how, and its assumptions around the nature of the state restrict its ability to consider the role of non-state actors in raising existential threats to societal security. Through a case study of newspapers in Bangladesh raising ‘misgovernance’ as a security threat to its citizens, it explores how the securitisation framework can become more perceptive to security dynamics in contexts which differ from the one within which the framework has evolved.
Misreading in IR theory and ideology critique: Morgenthau, Waltz and neo-realism
Authors: BEHR HARTMUT , HEATH AMELIA 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article is interested in the hegemony which neo-realism accomplished during the second half of the 20th century in both the academic field and policy making of I/international R/relations. Our examination posits the argument that neo-realism can be seen as an ideology rather than a theory of international politics. While this view can connect to individual voices from the 1960s as well as to an emerging body of critical literature since the 1990s, we propose an ideology critique to explore this argument. To unfold this approach we will elaborate some neo-realist misreadings which we think manipulate intellectual history (among others, the writings of Hans J. Morgenthau) and represent an ideological impact intrinsic in the development of IR. An ideology critical approach – which is inherent in Morgenthau's thoughts on international theory themselves and thus helps to reveal profound discrepancies at the heart of an ostensible ‘realist’-neo-realist ‘unity’ – has, firstly, to problematise those discrepancies and, secondly, to focus on hegemonic strategies applied to ideologise and mainstream the academic field. The first part of such an agenda is what we present here; the second part is what we outline methodologically and suggest for further studies in, and of, IR.
Noam Chomsky and the realist tradition
Authors: OSBORN RONALD 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article examines the assumptions that underlie Noam Chomsky's politics and argues that his analysis of US foreign policy since World War II may best be situated within the realist tradition in international relations. Chomsky's left realism has not been adequately understood or addressed by IR scholars for both political and disciplinary reasons. In opposition to most classical realists, he has insisted that intellectuals should resist rather than serve national power interests. In contrast to most political scientists, he has also refused to theorize, critiquing much of the enterprise of social science in terms of what he sees as highly suspect power interests within the academy. Hostility to Chomsky's normative commitments has consequently prevented IR scholars from discerning key aspects of his project, as well as important historical and theoretical continuities between radical and realist thought.
Pigs can't fly, or can they? Ontology, scientific realism and the metaphysics of presence in international relations
Authors: MICHEL TORSTEN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn recent debates in IR theory a specific trend has evolved which advocates a renewed focus on matters of ontology as a way to overcome or at least to reconceptualise the divides within the field of IR that we encounter especially after the considerable widening of scope after the end of the Cold War. Responding to these claims the article sets out to provide a closer look at the different arguments presented for a renewed concern with ontology and its ramifications. With this task in mind, three particular complexes will be addressed. First, we have to identify the central claims of these new ontological approaches and assess them in respect to coherence and analytic rigour. Secondly, then, we will proceed with identifying the underlying reasons for their shortcomings which as will be shown lie with the misguided concept of ontology. If this conception is properly reworked, can indeed bring new light into otherwise protracted or even deadlocked debates.
Multi-nodal politics: globalisation is what actors make of it
Authors: CERNY PHILIP G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWhat has been traditionally conceptualised as ‘the international’ has been undergoing a fundamental transformation in recent decades, usually called ‘globalisation’. Globalisation is a highly contested concept, and even among those who accept that some sort of globalisation process is occurring, attempts to analyse it have focused on a range of structural explanations: the expansion of economic transactions; the development of transnational or global social bonds; and the emergence and consolidation of a range of semi-international, semi-global political institutions. In all of these explanations, the role of actors as agents strategically shaping change has been neglected. In this article I argue that structural variables alone do not determine specific outcomes. Indeed, structural changes are permissive and can be the source of a range of potential multiple equilibria. The interaction of structural constraints and actors’ strategic and tactical choices involves a process of ‘structuration’, leading to wider systemic outcomes. In understanding this process, the concepts of ‘pluralism’ and ‘neopluralism’ as used in traditional ‘domestic’-level Political Science can provide an insightful framework for analysis. This process, I argue, has developed in five interrelated, overlapping stages that involve the interaction of a diverse range of economic, social and political actors. Globalisation is still in the early stages of development, and depending on actors’ choices in a dynamic process of structuration, a range of alternative potential outcomes can be suggested. There is a tide in the affairs of menWhich, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;Omitted, all the voyage of their lifeIs bound in shallows and in miseries.On such a full sea are we now afloat,And we must take the current when it serves,Or lose our ventures.(William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, IV.ii.269–276)
Variegated neo-liberalism: transnationally oriented fractions of capital in EU financial market integration
Authors: MACARTNEY HUW 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article develops a twofold critique: on the one hand it addresses those accounts commonly associated with the Varieties of Capitalism literature and their associated understanding of neo-liberalism to argue that there is a dominant tendency to collapse into a binary analysis that asserts either we are witnessing convergence or we are experiencing path dependency. On the other hand it addresses ‘neo-Gramscian’ accounts which tend to overemphasise processes of transnational convergence and the emergence of a transnational capitalist class at the expense of the embeddedness of capital in national-domestic contexts. On this basis, it is argued that several contributions within political geography pose meaningful questions about the premise that neo-liberalism is inherently variegated. Principally, this involves developing the notion of variegated neo-liberalism to analyse the dynamics of a contingent neo-liberal consensus between transnationally-oriented fractions that both drives EU reform in a neo-liberal direction and reinforces domestic linkages organic to the national context. As a result, the article suggests we therefore reject the notion of a transnational capitalist class somehow detached from the national.
Utilizing gene pair orientations for HMM-based analysis of promoter array ChIP-chip data
Authors: Seifert Michael , Keilwagen Jens , Strickert Marc , Grosse Ivo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMotivation: Array-based analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP-chip) data is a powerful technique for identifying DNA target regions of individual transcription factors. The identification of these target regions from comprehensive promoter array ChIP-chip data is challenging. Here, three approaches for the identification of transcription factor target genes from promoter array ChIP-chip data are presented. We compare (i) a standard log-fold-change analysis (LFC); (ii) a basic method based on a Hidden Markov Model (HMM); and (iii) a new extension of the HMM approach to an HMM with scaled transition matrices (SHMM) that incorporates information about the relative orientation of adjacent gene pairs on DNA.Results: All three methods are applied to different promoter array ChIP-chip datasets of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the important model plant Arabidopsis thaliana to compare the prediction of transcription factor target genes. In the context of the yeast cell cycle, common target genes bound by the transcription factors ACE2 and SWI5, and ACE2 and FKH2 are identified and evaluated using the Saccharomyces Genome Database. Regarding A.thaliana, target genes of the seed-specific transcription factor ABI3 are predicted and evaluate based on publicly available gene expression profiles and transient assays performed in the wet laboratory experiments. The application of the novel SHMM to these two different promoter array ChIP-chip datasets leads to an improved identification of transcription factor target genes in comparison to the two standard approaches LFC and HMM.Availability: The software of LFC, HMM and SHMM, the ABI3 ChIP–chip dataset, and Supplementary Material can be downloaded from http://dig.ipk-gatersleben.de/SHMMs/ChIPchip/ChIPchip.html.Contact: seifert@ipk-gatersleben.de
baobabLUNA
: the solution space of sorting by reversals
Authors: Braga Marília D. V. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Summary: Computing the reversal distance and searching for an optimal sequence of reversals to transform a unichromosomal genome into another are useful algorithmic tools to analyse real evolutionary scenarios. Currently, these problems can be solved by at least two available softwares, the prominent of which are GRAPPA and GRIMM. However, the number of different optimal sequences is usually huge and taking only the distance and/or one example is often insufficient to do a proper analysis. Here, we offer an alternative and present baobabLUNA, a framework that contains an algorithm to give a compact representation of the whole space of solutions for the sorting by reversals problem.
Availability and Implementation: Compiled code implemented in Java is freely available for download at http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/software/luna/. Documentation with methodological background, technical aspects, download and setup instructions, interface description and tutorial are available at http://pbil.univ-lyon1.fr/software/luna/doc/luna-doc.pdf.
Contact: mdvbraga@gmail.com
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Quality of life for Korean patients with vitiligo: Skindex‐29 and its correlation with clinical profiles
Authors: KIM Do Young , LEE Jae Won , WHANG Se Hee , PARK Yoon Kee , HANN Seung‐Kyung , SHIN Yee Jin 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTVitiligo considerably influences the psychological well‐being of patients. Disease‐induced disfigurement can cause patients to experience a high level of stigmatization, which can lead to psychosocial stresses and negative impacts on quality of life (QOL). This study aims to ascertain the QOL of vitiligo patients compared to patients with other mild skin disorders. We also attempt to study which clinical features of vitiligo are closely related to the patient's QOL. One hundred and thirty‐three vitiligo patients and 112 patients with mild skin disorders were analyzed. All participants were asked to fill out questionnaires covering comprehensive clinical profiles and the Korean version of Skindex‐29. Statistical correlation between Skindex‐29 and each clinical profile were analyzed. The symptom scale of Skindex‐29 was significantly lower in vitiligo patients than in controls, but the function scale and the emotion scale were significantly higher in the vitiligo group than in controls. However, the difference in function scales between groups was significant in female patients, but not in male patients. Several clinical profiles, such as duration of disease, severity scores and previous history of treatments, showed close correlations with the function scale. Family history of vitiligo, Köebner phenomenon, patients’ perspectives on disease prognosis, and discordance of the severity scores between physicians and patients also influenced the Skindex‐29 subscales differently. In conclusion, the present study suggests that patients with vitiligo were highly affected in the functional and emotional aspects of QOL, with some sex differences. Various clinical features may play an important role in the QOL of vitiligo patients.
Risk factors for psoriasis: A case–control study
Authors: JANKOVIC Slavenka , RAZNATOVIC Milena , MARINKOVIC Jelena , JANKOVIC Janko , MAKSIMOVIC Natasa 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTA case–control study of 110 consecutive psoriatic outpatients and 200 unmatched controls was carried out in order to analyze the association of psoriasis with smoking habits, alcohol consumption, family history of psoriasis and stressful life events. Stressful life events were assessed with Paykel's Interview for Recent Life Events, a semi‐structured interview covering 63 life events. According to our results, the risk of psoriasis is higher in urban dwellers (odds ratio [OR] = 3.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99–13.18), patients who were divorced (OR = 5.69; 95% CI = 2.26–14.34) and those exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at home (OR = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.12–4.67). Alcohol consumption (OR = 2.55; 95% CI = 1.26–5.17), family history of psoriasis (OR = 33.96; 95% CI = 14.14–81.57) and change in work conditions (OR = 8.34; 95% CI = 1.86–37.43) are also risk factors for psoriasis. Separate analyses for men and women showed that the risk of developing psoriasis was stronger in men with a family history of psoriasis (OR = 30.39; 95% CI = 6.72–137.42) than in women (OR = 16.99; 95% CI = 7.21–40.07). The effect of environmental tobacco smoke at home was found only in women (OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.26–4.73). Future well‐designed epidemiological studies need to be performed in order to determine whether lifestyle factors and stress could be risk factors triggering or aggravating psoriasis.
Does smoking cue‐induced craving tell us anything important about nicotine dependence?
Authors: Perkins Kenneth A. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTCue‐reactivity, or self‐reported craving response to drug‐associated stimuli, is an active area of research on factors that maintain drug use, particularly cigarette smoking. A common rationale for this research is the expectation that treatments that extinguish cue‐induced craving will be effective as smoking cessation interventions. Therefore, the importance of research on the variables that moderate and control cue‐induced craving would seem to hinge upon the relevance of cue‐induced craving to nicotine dependence, particularly its association with relapse risk. However, the limited relevant clinical research has not demonstrated clearly a link between smoking relapse risk and self‐reported craving in response to smoking cues. Links between relapse and other responses to cues, such as heart rate or electrodermal activity, are inconsistent or not significant. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved smoking cessation medications have not been shown to alleviate cue‐induced craving, although they do alleviate abstinence‐induced craving, which has been associated with relapse risk. Nevertheless, other acute measures assessed in the laboratory have been shown to predict subsequent relapse risk in quitting smokers, demonstrating the feasibility of this type of study. Future research may benefit from using more reliable and valid multi‐item craving measures, focusing upon more specific conditions under which cue‐induced craving may predict relapse and, most importantly, considering dependent measures other than self‐reported craving in response to cues, particularly actual smoking behavior. Without stronger evidence in support of the relevance of cue‐induced craving response to the persistence of smoking behavior or other measures of dependence, it will be incumbent upon researchers in this area to justify why studies of cue‐induced craving contribute to our understanding of dependence.
Maintenance therapy and 3‐year outcome of opioid‐dependent prisoners: a prospective study in France (2003–06)
Authors: Marzo Jean‐Noël , Rotily Michel , Meroueh Fadi , Varastet Marina , Hunault Catherine , Obradovic Ivana , Zin Adeline 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To describe the profile of imprisoned opioid‐dependent patients, prescriptions of maintenance therapy at imprisonment and 3‐year outcome in terms of re‐incarceration and mortality.Design  Prospective, observational study (France, 2003–06).Setting  Health units of 47 remand prisons.Participants  A total of 507 opioid‐dependent patients included within the first week of imprisonment between June 2003 and September 2004, inclusive.Measurements  Physicians collected socio‐demographic data, penal history, history of addiction, maintenance therapy and psychoactive agent use, general health status and comorbidities. Prescriptions at imprisonment were recorded by the prison pharmacist. Re‐incarceration data were retrieved from the National Register of Inmates, survival data and causes of death from the National Registers of vital status and death causes.Findings  Prison maintenance therapy was delivered at imprisonment to 394/507 (77.7%) patients. These patients had poorer health status, heavier opioid use and prison history and were less socially integrated than the remaining 113 patients. Over 3 years, 238/478 patients were re‐incarcerated [51.3 re‐incarcerations per 100 patient‐years, 95% confidence interval (CI) 46.4–56.2]. Factors associated independently with re‐incarceration were prior imprisonment and benzodiazepine use. After adjustment for confounders, maintenance therapy was not associated with a reduced rate of re‐incarceration (adjusted relative risk 1.28, 95% CI 0.89–1.85). The all‐cause mortality rate was eight per 1000 patient‐years (n = 10, 95% CI 4–13).Conclusions  Prescription of maintenance therapy has increased sharply in French prisons since its introduction in the mid‐1990s. However, the risk of re‐imprisonment or death remains high among opioid‐dependent prisoners. Substantial efforts are needed to implement more effective preventive policies.