bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conflict between Fishermen and Giant Otters Pteronura brasiliensis in Western Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Rosas‐Ribeiro Patrícia F. , Rosas Fernando C.W. , Zuanon Jansen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe recovery of giant otter populations after the hunting prohibition and restriction of the pelt trade resulted in more frequent conflicts with fishermen. In this study, fisherman–giant otter conflicts were analyzed in the Uacari Sustainable Development Reserve, where giant otters are accused of interfering with fisheries by eating the fish (predation), frightening the fish away (local interference), and damaging fishing equipment (direct interference). Interference by predation was analyzed by evaluating overlap in fish species consumption between humans (measured by subsistence and commercial catches) and giant otters. The giant otter diet was assessed from fecal samples, and the human diet through questionnaires. Local and direct interferences were analyzed through fish samples using gillnets and comparing capture efficiency with and without giant otters’ presence. The overlap between human and giant otter diets was low (0.37), varied seasonally, and was smaller in the low water (0.24) than in the high water period (0.60), when both species tend to be more generalists. Overlap between fish species consumed by giant otters and those exploited by commercial fisheries was small (0.34). Giant otter presence during the experimental fishing was low (9.5%), restricted to the high water period, and did not significantly reduce the captures (U = 13, P = 0.61). The low overlap in diet may be a result of differences in preferences and fishing strategies. The conflict between giant otters and fishermen is greater in the high water period, when the income of the fisheries decreases; however, the conflict seems to be mainly motivated by the resident's prejudice against giant otters.
Survival and Growth of Juvenile Bromeliads in Coffee Plantations and Forests in Central Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Scheffknecht Susanne , Winkler Manuela , Mata‐Rosas Martín , Hietz Peter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractShade coffee plantations can be important refuges for epiphytes, but are not suitable for all species. To test if the performance of early life stages, often the most sensitive phase, is responsible for the species’ ability to colonize coffee plantations, we compared growth and mortality rates of three epiphytic bromeliad species that differ in their ability to colonize secondary arboreal vegetation by transplanting juveniles to trees in forests, and shade trees in old and young coffee plantations in Central Veracruz, Mexico. Growth rates of Tillandsia viridiflora, generally restricted to forests, and Tillandsia juncea, an early colonizer, were related to the pattern of the species occurrence among habitats with growth rates of T. viridiflora being generally higher in forests and growth of T. juncea higher in coffee plantations. Performance of the third species, Tillandsia heterophylla, which is intermediate in habitat preference, was not clearly related to habitat. No difference in growth rates was found between plants transplanted in wet or dry season. In general, mortality in transplanted bromeliads was relatively low (mostly < 5% per month). In coffee plantations herbivory had a severe effect during part of the wet season, when mortality in young coffee plantations reached between 15 and 24 percent per month. Given the substantial contribution of herbivory to the mortality of juvenile plants and the significant differences between habitats, herbivory may be co‐limiting the colonization of young coffee plantations by some epiphytic bromeliads.
Demographic History of Shorea curtisii (Dipterocarpaceae) Inferred from Chloroplast DNA Sequence Variations
Authors: Kamiya Koichi , Nanami Satoshi , Kenzo Tanaka , Yoneda Reiji , Diway Bibian , Chong Lucy , Azani Mohamad A. , Majid Nik M. , Lum Shawn K. Y. , Wong Khoon‐Meng , Harada Ko 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe assessed the variability of chloroplast DNA sequences in populations of the dipterocarp forest tree, Shorea curtisii. This species is widely distributed in hill and coastal hill dipterocarp forests of the Malay Peninsula, whereas isolated populations are found in the coastal hills of north Borneo. Two chloroplast DNA regions (1555 bp of trnH‐psbA‐trnK and 925 bp of trnL‐trnF) were sequenced from 123 individuals collected from six Malay Peninsula and two Bornean populations. There were 15 chloroplast haplotypes derived from 16 polymorphic sites. A haplotype network revealed two distinct haplogroups that correlate with two geographic regions, the Malay Peninsula and Borneo. These two haplogroups differed by a number of mutations, and no haplotypes were shared between populations from the different geographic regions. This suggests an ancient diversification of these haplogroups, and that long‐distance seed dispersal was unlikely to have occurred during the Pleistocene when the Sunda Shelf was a contiguous landmass. Phylogenetic analysis of the haplotypes together with those found in other Shorea species showed that two haplogroups in S. curtisii appear in different positions of the phylogenetic tree. This could be explained by the persistence of ancestral polymorphisms or by ancient chloroplast capture. Low levels of genetic differentiation were found between populations within each geographic region. Signature of a bottleneck followed by demographic expansion was detected in the Malay Peninsula haplogroup. The presence of two distinct evolutionary lineages in the different regions suggests that they should be managed independently to conserve the major sources of genetic diversity in S. curtisii.
Determining reference conditions for nutrients, chlorophyll a and Secchi depth in Yungui Plateau ecoregion lakes, China
Authors: Huo Shouliang , Zan Fengyu , Chen Qi , Xi Beidou , Su Jing , Ji Danfeng , Xu Qigong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEstablishing nutrient reference condition (baseline environmental condition) of lakes in ecoregion is a critical consideration in the development of scientifically defensible aquatic nutrient criteria. Three methods were applied to determine reference conditions in Yungui Plateau ecoregion lakes with respect to total phosphorus, total nitrogen, planktonic chlorophyll a (chl a) and Secchi depth. First, minimally developed lake/catchment units were identified based on existing geographical database and visual basin survey. Lakes in these catchments were considered minimally disturbed ‘reference lakes’. Second, the frequency distribution of all of the lake data presently available by each variable was plotted, and the lower 25th percentile was selected as the reference condition for each value. Third, median nutrient, chl a and Secchi depth values were determined for the best one‐third of lakes and applied as indicators of reference condition. The result of model prediction and data from historical record were used to test three techniques for determining reference condition. Reference conditions, as determined by these three methods, broadly agreed for all parameters. Overall, the data suggest that multiple methods can be used to determine reference condition, and that in Yungui lakes, reference condition corresponds to oligotrophic–mesotrophic status.
Older people’s perspectives on fall risk and fall prevention programs: a literature review
Authors: McMahon Siobhan , Talley Kristine M. , Wyman Jean F. 
Published: November 2011

mcmahon s., talley k. & wyman j. (2011) Older people’s perspectives on fall risk and fall prevention programs: a literature review. International Journal of Older People Nursing6, 289–298 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2011.00299.xDespite evidence supporting fall prevention methods, fall‐related injury and death rates continue to rise. Understanding older people’s views on fall risk and prevention will help nurses and other health professionals in the design of fall prevention strategies that will broaden their scope, reach and adoption. This literature review synthesised 19 qualitative and quantitative studies examining older people’s perspectives about fall risk and prevention using a social‐ecological framework. Three themes emerged about fall risk; fearing vulnerability, maintaining autonomy and independence and interpreting risk. Four themes emerged about fall prevention programs: influence of participant and program characteristics, need for personal relevance and preference, maintaining autonomy and independence and increased support for and access to programs. Implications for practice include individual, interpersonal, organizational and community level considerations for improving fall prevention efforts.
A new simple approach for the determination of pyrimidine 5′‐nucleotidase activity in human erythrocytes using an ELISA reader
Authors: WARANG P. , KEDAR P. , GHOSH K. , COLAH R. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryIntroduction:  Pyrimidine 5′ nucleotidase type I (P5′N‐1) deficiency is the most frequent abnormality of cell nucleotide metabolism causing hereditary non spherocytic hemolytic anemia (HNSHA). The aim of this study was to develop a simple method of determination of P5′N‐1 activity in human erythrocytes using an ELISA readerMethods:  Determination of P5′N‐1 activity is based on the liberation of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) after incubation with uridine monophosphate/cytidine monophosphate. Inorganic phosphorus (Pi), a product of the enzymatic reaction is directly quantitated from its ultraviolet absorbance. Purine/Pyrimidine nucleotides ratio (OD 260: OD 280) was also measuredResults:  P5′N‐1 deficient patients showed reduction in P5′N‐1 activity (Mean ± SD; 4.06 ± 0.66 using an ELISA reader & 6.25 ± 1.37 using a spectrophotometer) as compared to the normal control group (ELISA reader: 13.24 ± 3.42 & Spectrophotometer: 18.25 ± 3.20). Heterozygotes showed intermediate activity (ELISA reader: 6.06 ± 0.48 & Spectrophotometer: 8.06 ± 1.28), however they would have been missed on screening using the Purine/Pyrimidine nucleotides ratioConclusion:  Determination of P5′N‐1 activity by using an ELISA reader is a new, simple, less time consuming and reliable method. It also avoids the use of radioactive material or HPLC which is a significant advantage.
A single nucleotide polymorphism assay for the identification of unisexual Ambystoma Salamanders
Authors: GREENWALD KATHERINE R. , LISLE GIBBS H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUnisexual (all female) salamanders in the genus Ambystoma are animals of variable ploidy (2N‐5N) that reproduce via a unique system of ‘leaky’ gynogenesis. As a result, these salamanders have a diverse array of nuclear genome combinations from up to five sexual species: the blue‐spotted (A. laterale), Jefferson (A. jeffersonianum), smallmouth (A. texanum), tiger (A. tigrinum) and streamside (A. barbouri) salamanders. Identifying the genome complement, or biotype, is a critical first step in addressing a broad range of ecological and evolutionary questions about these salamanders. Previous work relied upon genome‐related differences in allele size distributions for specific microsatellite loci, but overlap in these distributions among different genomes makes definitive identification and ploidy determination in unisexuals difficult or impossible. Here, we develop the first single nucleotide polymorphism assay for the identification of unisexual biotypes, based on species‐specific nucleotide polymorphisms in noncoding DNA loci. Tests with simulated and natural unisexual DNA samples show that this method can accurately identify genome complement and estimate ploidy, making this a valuable tool for assessing the genome composition of unisexual samples.
Roles of EBUS‐TBNA in non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Chung Fu‐Tsai , Kuo Chih‐Hsi , Chen Hao‐Cheng , Feng Po‐Hao , Lin Shu‐Min , Yu Chih‐Ten , Liu Chien‐Ying , Wang Chih‐Wei , Kuo Han‐Pin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground:  Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) has the potential to improve nodal diagnosis and staging in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study was performed to explore the roles of EBUS‐TBNA in NSCLC.Methods:  From 2007 to 2009, 164 NSCLC patients were examined by EBUS‐TBNA. The patients were divided into a diagnosis group (n = 64) and a staging group (n = 100).Results:  For all patients, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were 92.3%, 100%, 100%, 88.2%, and 95.1%, respectively. In the diagnosis group, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were 89.7%, 100%, 100%, 86.2%, and 94.4%, respectively. Thirty five patients (54.7%) positive for malignancy as determined by EBUS‐TBNA avoided surgery. In the staging group, the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, accuracy, and surgery avoidance rate were 93.8%, 100%, 100%, 89.7%, 96%, and 61%, respectively.Conclusions:  EBUS‐TBNA is a feasible and effective tool for NSCLC diagnosis and staging that also reduces surgery rates. Patients with NSCLC should initially undergo the less invasive EBUS‐TBNA procedure for diagnosis and staging of NSCLC. However, negative findings must be confirmed by surgery.
Tyrosine Isomers Mediate the Classical Phenomenon of Concomitant Tumor Resistance
Authors: Ruggiero Raúl A. , Bruzzo Juan , Chiarella Paula , di Gianni Pedro , Isturiz Martín A. , Linskens Susana , Speziale Norma , Meiss Roberto P. , Bustuoabad Oscar D. , Pasqualini Christiane D. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Concomitant tumor resistance (CR) is a phenomenon originally described in 1906 in which a tumor-bearing host is resistant to the growth of secondary tumor implants and metastasis. Although recent studies have indicated that T-cell–dependent processes mediate CR in hosts bearing immunogenic small tumors, manifestations of CR induced by immunogenic and nonimmunogenic large tumors have been associated with an elusive serum factor. In this study, we identify this serum factor as tyrosine in its meta and ortho isoforms. In three different murine models of cancer that generate CR, both meta-tyrosine and ortho-tyrosine inhibited tumor growth. In addition, we showed that both isoforms of tyrosine blocked metastasis in a fourth model that does not generate CR but is sensitive to CR induced by other tumors. Mechanistic studies showed that the antitumor effects of the tyrosine isoforms were mediated, in part, by early inhibition of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and inactivation of STAT3, potentially driving tumor cells into a state of dormancy. By revealing a molecular basis for the classical phenomenon of CR, our findings may stimulate new generalized approaches to limit the development of metastases that arise after resection of primary tumors, an issue of pivotal importance to oncologists and their patients. Cancer Res; 71(22); 7113–24. ©2011 AACR.
Resisting the Scaffold: Self-Preservation and Limits of Obligation in Hobbes's Leviathan
Authors: Sheridan Patricia 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe degree to which Hobbes's citizenry retains its right to resist sovereign power has been the source of a significant debate. It has been argued by a number of scholars that there is a clear avenue for legitimate rebellion in Hobbes's state, as described in the Leviathan – in this work, Hobbes asserts that subjects can retain their natural right to self-preservation in civil society, and that this represents an inalienable right that cannot, under any circumstances, be transferred to the sovereign. The conclusion frequently drawn from this feature of Hobbes's account is that it places a considerable limit on sovereign authority. The right to self-preservation has been taken as proof that Hobbes sought to ensure that the sovereign's power relies upon the continual consent of the individuals that make up his or her constituency. I want to examine Hobbes's account of this civil right in Leviathan in order to show that this line of interpretation is ultimately unfounded. While self-preservation results from the individual's own judgment of threats to her personal safety, it is justified in only the most strictly delineated contexts. Judgments regarding the overall peace and security of the state do not, and cannot, fall to individual experiences and judgments. Hobbes is quite adamant that individuals are not appropriate judges of right and wrong action in matters the sovereign legislates.
Hobbes, Signification, and Insignificant Names
Authors: Duncan Stewart 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe notion of signification is an important part of Hobbes's philosophy of language. It also has broader relevance, as Hobbes argues that key terms used by his opponents are insignificant. However Hobbes's talk about names' signification is puzzling, as he appears to have advocated conflicting views. This paper argues that Hobbes endorsed two different views of names' signification in two different contexts. When stating his theoretical views about signification, Hobbes claimed that names signify ideas. Elsewhere he talked as if words signified the things they named. Seeing this does not just resolve a puzzle about Hobbes's statements about signification. It also helps us to understand how Hobbes's arguments about insignificant speech work. With one important exception, they depend on the view that names signify things, not on Hobbes's stated theory that words signify ideas. The paper concludes by discussing whether arguments about insignificant speech can provide independent support for Hobbes's views about other issues, such as materialism.
Philosophical Idealism and Utopian Capitalism: The Vekhi Authors and the Riabushinskii Circle
Authors: West James 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe publication of the Vekhi ("Signposts") symposium in Moscow in 1909 was the literary event of the decade in Pre-Revolutionary Russia. Its critique of the radical collectivist traditions of the Russian intelligentsia in the name of "the primacy of spiritual life" was greeted with howls of condemnation from nearly every ideological camp. Contemporaries interpreted this appeal as turn away from the political struggle with autocracy toward mysticism and obscurantism. Historians have more charitably seen Vekhi as a way station in the ideological pilgrimage of its principal participants, Peter Struve, Nicholas Berdiaev, Sergei Bulgakov and Semion Frank, from Marxism through Liberalism toward more contemplative and ethereal realms of Idealist philosophy, Orthodox theology and imperialist nationalism. Both of these interpretative streams perpetuate the impression that Vekhi represented a drift from the practical to the spiritual, and that its message went, either deservedly or tragically, unheard and unheeded.
It is argued here that Vekhi's philosophical discourse contained within it some very concrete social and economic prescriptions, and that its message in fact fell on at least some receptive ears. Vehki found an attentive audience among a small group of liberal industialists in Moscow, led by Pavel Riabushinskii. It served as a catalyst for the creation of an entrepreneurial group known as the Riabushinskii Circle, and opened the way for a remarkable collaboration between intellectuals and entrepreneurs that lasted until the Bolshevik Revolution, and culminated in Riabushinskii's "Utopian Capitalist" vision for Russia.
Printing and Social Control in Russia 2: Decrees
Authors: Franklin Simon 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOn 16 March 1714 Peter I issued a decree on the printing of decrees. Previously all decrees (ukazy), and indeed almost all legislative texts apart from the 1649 law code (Ulozhenie) of Aleksei Mikhailovich, had been issued in manuscript and disseminated through hand-written copies and oral proclamation. Peter's decree on the use of print was a landmark in the administrative uses of printing in Russia. It was intended as such by Peter, and perceived as such by his successors. The continued success of this initiative is contrasted with the repeated failure of other projects for the systematic use of printing in legislation: the attempts to produce a new systematic code, and to publish regular chronological compilations of laws. This article considers the context, implications, and consequences of Peter's innovative ruling. The main questions under consideration are: why had printing not been used for these purposes earlier? what specific functions was the technology called upon to fulfil? and what were its relations with other technologies? Particular attention is paid to the perceived and actual roles of printing as an aid to (i) distribution, (ii) standardization, and (iii) the emblematic projection of authority. In each case, printing is considered not in isolation, but in its relations with the uses of manuscript and speech. A final section considers some ways in which Peter's instruction was followed or adapted by his 18th-century successors.
"Into the Wild Blue Yonder": Ten Novels of the U.S. Air Force and the Wars in Asia
Authors: Meilinger Phillip S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWar Narratives, unit histories, memoirs, and letters home from the combatants offer good accounts, but they cannot always convey the tension, violence, fear, dedication, futility, and chance that are so a part of war and that are more easily drawn by a good novelist. This review article discusses the ten top air war novels involving the U.S. Air Force (or the U.S. Army Air Forces as it was known during World War II) and the wars in Korea and Vietnam. These ten novels most accurately reflect the unique character, culture, and achievements of air power in those Asian wars.
A Corpus-Based Study of SARS in English News Reporting in Malaysia and in the United Kingdom
Authors: Chung Siaw-Fong 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper analyses English news reporting in Malaysia (New Straits Times) and in the United Kingdom (The Times) over several consecutive months during the SARS epidemic in 2003. While the physical features (word counts, standardised type/token ratio, number of sentences, etc.) of both corpora were consistent (and the two newspapers used mostly the same metaphorical lexis), differing features of the two newspapers were found in the rhetoric meaning. A corpus-based investigation of the presentation of news, selection of lexis, and the foci of reporting during the SARS epidemic is thus proposed. The results show that news from Malaysia focused on patriotism along with an emotional hopeful attitude, while news reporting in The Times seemed to be emotionally detached and less personal, reporting mainly on the fall of the stock markets and cancellations of cultural and sports events. In addition, The Times was found to have often considered manifestations of global economic status and power.
Dissimilarities in Perspective: a Reply to Kjøll
Authors: Wedgwood Daniel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRelevance theorists have claimed that successful communication need result only in similarity, not identity, of mental representations across communicator and addressee. Cappelen and Lepore have criticised this stance, partly on the basis that any definition of similarity must make reference to identity. Accepting this point, Kjøll (2010) argued in this journal that Relevance Theory has an appropriate notion of identical "shared content", in the shape of relevant contextual implications. While this is convincing on a technical level, Relevance Theory owes no such concessions to Cappelen and Lepore, and Kjøll's observations would in any case fail to meet their theoretical requirements. This relates to an important but under-appreciated distinction in analytical perspective that is instantiated in the difference between the cognitive pragmatics of Relevance Theory and the philosophical-semantic approach of Cappelen and Lepore – a distinction that is worthy of further reflection, having significant implications for linguistic theory, within and beyond pragmatics.