bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Qing Women's Poetry on Roaming as a Female Transcendent
Authors: Wang Yanning 
Published: March 2012

AbstractYouxian shi (poetry on roaming as a transcendent) has long been a conventional poetic genre in Chinese literature. It has been the common conception that youxian poetry was most popular from the Wei dynasty (220-265) through the Tang dynasty (618-907), and up until now, scholarly studies on the genre seemed to focus exclusively on Tang and pre-Tang periods. This gives the impression that after the Tang nothing of interest was written in this particular genre. Consequently, very little scholarly attention has been given to the youxian poems composed in post-Tang periods. This article examines youxian poems by Qing (1644-1911) women, specifically those poems entitled Nü youxian (roaming as a female transcendent). With the increasing consciousness of "self," the rise of groups of women writers, and the popularity of women's culture in late imperial China, youxian poems provided a unique literary space for women's poetic and autobiographical voices, certainly deserving more scholarly attention. I argue that by presenting female transcendents or women pursuing transcendence at the center of a poem and re-inscribing the traditional literary images, the poets created a stronger female subjectivity that reflected women's desires in their intellectual and spiritual lives. I also propose that nü youxian was a new subgenre of youxian poetry, emerging only in the context of the efflorescence of women's poetry.
Male Honor and Female Chastity in Early China
Authors: Hinsch Bret 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn many respects, masculinity in early China resembled practices which have been described by anthropologists researching the Mediterranean region. Maintaining a reputation for honor was particularly important to Chinese manhood. As the individual was tightly integrated into a social group, men had to control the behavior of those around them to defend themselves against possible shame. For this reason, men found it useful to regulate the sexual practices of female kin to defend their own honor. The emergence of female chastity was thus closely tied to the honor culture of early Chinese masculinity.
Orientation Based on Ambient Directional Information by Red-Spotted Newts (Notophthalmus Viridescens)
Authors: Omland Kristian Shawn 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRed-spotted newts migrate between breeding sites in ponds and upland habitats. I tested the use and importance of slope as an orientation cue among adult male newts that I had removed from ponds. Newts reliably oriented downhill upon being released in a sloped orientation arena and in enclosures on the forest floor. By contrast, juvenile newts, which are wholly terrestrial animals, oriented randomly with respect to slope. Adult newts oriented downhill after having spent five days in pens at the test sites even though they presumably had access to information about the location of their pond during that time. Newts kept on land for 10 or 20 days prior to testing still oriented downhill in the orientation arenas but oriented randomly with respect to both slope and the homeward direction in the forest enclosures. I trained newts to exhibit shoreward orientation in aquaria, then tested their response in orientation arenas. Newts oriented toward shore in a flat arena and when the downhill direction coincided with the trained shoreward direction, but they oriented downhill rather than toward shore when the two directions conflicted. These results show that slope is an important cue to adult red-spotted newts returning to ponds and suggest that orientation based on ambient directional information is one of the mechanisms red-spotted newts employ when migrating to their breeding sites.
Dominance Styles of Female and Male Barbary Macaques (Macaca Sylvanus)
Authors: Preuschoft Signe , Paul Andreas , Kuester Jutta 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Dominance styles can be understood as consequences of different competition regimes imposed by socio-ecological conditions. As vital resources differ for males and females of the same species, one might expect different competitive tactics, hence differential dominance styles in both sexes. This was investigated on the basis of dyadic competition over a food resource (peanut) or mating partner (estrous female) in the semifree ranging colony of Barbary macaques at 'Affenberg Salem'. Both, females and males competed over nuts. The dominant typically won the nut by eliciting the retreat of the subordinate with a ritualised assertive signal, the 'rounded-mouth threat face'. The competitive style in adult male dyads (AM-AM) differed from that of all other age-sex class combinations, including adult versus subadult males, and did not change with the kind of incentive: Use of threat faces and retreat was replaced by ignoring, tension, or recruitment behaviour, and in 115of AM-AM dyads at least one nut was taken by a third party. In the few cases where a male did perform a threat face his rival responded by counter aggression, recruitment or appeasement/affiliation, or by taking the nut nevertheless. It is concluded that (1) dominance relations among adult females are stricter than those between males, indicating different dominance styles for the two sexes; (2) the 'egalitarian' competitive style of adult males was compatible with an absence of formalisation of dominance-subordination relations and did not indicate an absence of competition among them; (3) Adult males behaved as dominance oriented as females if the risk of injury was small (as in AM-SM dyads). The 'egalitarian' behaviour in AM-AM dyads is best understood as the result of a stalemate where the risks of escalation are high relative to the value of the resource. In sum, the results suggest that variance in power asymmetries and differential cost-benefit ratios of escalated competition may produce different dominance styles even within the same species.
Infant 'Babbling' in a Nonhuman Primate: Complex Vocal Sequences with Repeated Call Types
Authors: Elowson A. Margaret , Snowdon Charles , Lazaro-Perea Cristina 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe pygmy marmoset is a small South American primate with a complex social system based on cooperative breeding. Infant pygmy marmosets are extremely vocal; most of their calling is a repetitive pattern of mixed call types that is babbling-like. In a longitudinal study of vocal development in 8 infant pygmy marmosets, we recorded more than 750 calling bouts which occurred in a wide range of behavioural contexts. The infants used 16 different call types that we grouped into three categories: Adult-Like (acoustic structure consistent with that of adult calls), Adult-Variant (acoustic structure with some adult features and some variable features), and Infant (absent from the adult repertoire). The calling bouts were highly conspicuous in their duration (ranging up to more than 6.5 min/bout), complexity (up to 10 different call types/bout), and call rate with nearly 3 calls/s. When the infants were older, their call rate slowed and they shifted to using several of the Adult-Like calls with greater frequency, and used fewer Adult-Variant types. The infants did not use the Adult-Like call types appropriately when compared to the typical adult usage of those types. Caregivers were significantly more likely to respond to an infant when it was vocalizing than when it was not.
Litter Composition Influences the Development of Aggression and Behavioural Strategy in Male Mus Domesticus
Authors: Benus  , Henkelmann  
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe differences in behavioural strategies coping with social and environmental challenges in male house mice have been reported. In this study, we describe the influence of litter composition on the readiness of male mice to engage a social (intruder) and non-social (unfamiliar object/area) challenge, as well as on their flexibility in behaviour. For this purpose wild-type house mice selected for long attack latency and litter compositions of 1 male + 5 females, and 6 males were used. Data obtained during the period in which littermates were housed together (until a subadult age) are referred to as short-term effects. Data obtained in adulthood (at least 4 weeks after separation from their siblings) are indicated as long-term effects. The small difference in maternal care between dams caring for 1 + 5- and 6 + 0-litters, had no consequence on the bodyweight development of the pups. However, indications for a slower locomotor development in 1 + 5- than in 6 + 0-males were found. Aggressive interactions within litters in an undisturbed situation were less frequent in 1+5-litters compared with 6+0-litters. An unfamiliar intruder, however, was faster attacked by 1+ 5- than by 6 + 0-males. In the long-term, there was no significant difference in attack latency towards an unknown intruder between 1 + 5- and 6 + 0-males. Though, there was within time a remarkable difference in the shortening of attack latencies. It was much more pronounced in 6 + 0- than in 1 + 5-males. The same contradiction between short- and long-term consequences of litter composition on subsequent behaviour was found in the response to challenging non-social events. In the short-term, 1+5-males were more prone to investigate an unfamiliar object than 6+0-males. In adulthood, however, 1 + 5-males were much more reluctant to investigate an unfamiliar area than 6 + 0-males. Several previous studies demonstrated a narrow interrelation between readiness to engage a challenge and rigidity in behaviour. However, this study shows that adult 6 + 0-males, which are very prone to engage a challenge, are more flexible in their behaviour, measured as response to a change in a Y-maze, than the more reluctant 1 + 5-males. It can be concluded that litter composition has a pronounced influence on the development of aggression and behavioural strategy. Differences in the rate of behavioural maturation might underiy the differences in adult behaviour.
Chorusing and Call Convergence in Chimpanzees: Tests of Three Hypotheses
Authors: Mitani John , Gros-Louis Julie 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMale chimpanzees produce a species-typical long distance call known as the pant hoot. Males give acoustically similar pant hoots when calling together during choruses, but the process by which this vocal convergence takes place is unclear. Three potential mechanisms might account for call matching. First, vocal convergence could represent the passive effect of male chimpanzees sharing a common affective state during choruses. Second, matching could result through the active modification of calls. Such modification might occur if males modeled their calls after those produced by their current chorusing partner. Alternatively, actively mediated convergence would result if males mimicked the calls given by high-ranking males. We examined acoustic variation in calls given during choruses and while alone to test these three hypotheses. Results showed that a similar call type is not given repeatedly during successive choruses. In addition, low-ranking individuals did not produce calls that matched those of the alpha male. Chorused calls produced by two dyadic pairs were more similar to each other than they were to calls delivered during other choruses. The higher ranking, yet dependent, member of one of these dyads appeared to give calls that converged on those produced by the other individual. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that male chimpanzees accomodate each other vocally through the active alteration of their calls during choruses. We suggest that a similar form of accomodation takes place in animals from a wide range of other taxa and that the process serves to maintain and strengthen social bonds between individuals.
Practice and Song Development in Zebra Finches
Authors: Slater  , Jones  
Published: March 2012

AbstractMale zebra finches reared by both parents were placed in isolation from day 35 to day 70 of life, the sensitive phase for song learning, and exposed to a singing adult male thereafter. Half the birds were stimulated to practice by a tape of birdroom noise during their period in isolation, and the practice of all birds was monitored. Those that were stimulated did practice more during the period when the tape was on, but the overall amount of practice in both groups was very high, rising to occur in 60-80% of all 10 min monitoring sessions after 50 days of age. Individual differences were considerable. In the unstimulated group, there was some suggestion that birds which practised more had achieved greater song stereotypy on one measure by day 70. However, the hypothesis that birds which practised more would be more likely to develop copies of their fathers' songs was not supported. Instead, the final song of birds in both groups was clearly based on that of the tutor introduced at 70 days. While the results point to a great deal of practice by young zebra finches, they do not suggest that greater practice leads to earlier crystallisation of song or increases the likelihood of copying songs heard earlier.
Asymmetries in Physiological State as a Possible Cause of Resident Advantage in Contests
Authors: Papaj Daniel , Messing Russell 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
As is common in defense of resources in many animals, contests on host fruit between female Mediterranean fruit flies (Ceratitis capitata) are generally resolved in favour of the resident individual. Here we offer an interpretation of resident advantage in this species which is derived from a dynamical state-variable perspective on behaviour. We first demonstrated the occurrence of residence advantage. In field-cage assays of freely-foraging and freely-interacting females within a tree bearing host coffee berries, the occurrence of two females on a berry almost always resulted in contests. Approximately half of the contests among females on berries resulted in clear winners; resident females won an overwhelming majority of such contests. Contests tended to occur while the resident fly was currently engaged in egg-laying, either boring into the berry with their ovipositor or marking the berry after laying eggs. Non-residents, by contrast, were uniformly engaged in searching behaviour. We next tested the hypothesis that degree of resident advantage is a function of the degree to which a resident is engaged in egg-laying behaviour just prior to the contest. In experimental manipulations of resident status, which female won depended strongly on what residents were doing at the time contests were initiated. If residents were resting and grooming, non-residents (who were uniformly searching) usually won. If residents were laying eggs or marking the fruit after laying eggs, residents usually won. Only when both residents and non-residents were engaged in searching behaviour did the outcome of a contest not depend on resident status. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that contest outcome is related to the dynamical state of the contestants in terms of their relative age. We staged contests between host-deprived females that differed in age by two weeks, manipulating age independently of resident status. Older females won virtually all contests with younger ones regardless of resident status. In a field-cage assay of freely-foraging flies, older females also engaged in significantly more egg-laying activity. Taken together, these results indicate that older females value a fruit more highly than do younger ones, invest more in defense of that resource and therefore win more contests.
Zur interpretatio Romana in der ,Germania' des Tacitus
Authors: Lund Allan A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article demonstrates that Tacitus, who coined the term interpretatio Romana, used this concept differently than today's historians of religion. Tacitus differentiated between universal and local gods. It is also shown that this differentiation fits the author's structuring of "Germania", which he divides into a general and a specific part. This carries far-reaching consequences because for instance the cult of the Semnones is a local superstitio in tacitean terms, and the common identification of Roman with ”Germanic“ gods since J. Grimm must be abandoned. Finally, the article establishes that G. Wissowa's seminal work on interpretatio Romana, which assumes the deity cults of Germania superior and inferior, fails to take into account that Tacitus, as a historian of religion, merely dealt with "authentic" and "original" Germania.
Eine Rehabilitierungs-Maßnahme Alfred Kurellas Kritik an Bertolt Brechts Lob der Parteidisziplin
Authors: Schaad Martin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis essay seeks to illuminate the motives behind Alfred Kurella's damning review of Bertold Brecht's Lehrstück The Measures Taken. This review of 1931 is commonly regarded as having turned the official marxist literary critique against Brecht, straining the relations between the playwright and the nomenklatura for the years that followed. Yet, a closer examination of Alfred Kurella's biography reveals that his review of The Measures Taken has much less to do with Bertold Brecht or with marxist cultural politics, than with the serious political difficulties its author was facing at the time.
Land, Development and Ecology
Authors: Verstraelen Frans J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFor all peoples, land is an invaluable asset, a pre-condition for life, growth, and development. There are, however, different assessments of land in various parts of the world. In the North with its Enlightenment inheritance, scientific approach and technological development, land is viewed rather rationally, while in the South land is understood also rela- tionally, intuitively and mystically, in contrast to a purely rational view and use. "Reason seeks to analyse, to define and so, in a sense to master. The intuitive view has a strong component of belonging" (Tuwere 1994:10). Since in both the Pacific and Africa land has a mystical, spiritual background, it seems that Christians and Christian churches elsewhere can greatly benefit from their experiences and insights for deepening an understanding of and approach to land, development and ecological issues. This paper presents viewpoints expressed mainly by Pacific and Africans theologians. There are, of course, other perspectives as instanced by Cecilia Asogwa, a popular educator in Nigeria who, in her reflection on the integrity of creation, inserts experiences and initiatives of rural women in Ebenebe, Nigeria, who through involvement in an economic self-help group obtained personal and community empowerment experienced as part of the healing of creation (see Asogwa 1992).
The Conversion of Izates and Galatians 2:11-14
Authors: Na Kang-Yup 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBut when Cephas came to Antioch, I opposed him to his face because he stood self-condemned. For before certain people came from James, he used to eat with the Gentiles. After they came, however, he drew back and kept himself separate for fear of the circumcision faction. And the other Jews joined him in this hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was led astray by their hypocrisy. But when I saw that they were not acting consistently with the truth of the gospel, I said to Cephas in front of all of them, "If you, a Jew, live like a Gentile and not like a Jew, how is it that you force the Gentiles to become Jews?" (Galatians 2.11-14)
The God at the End of the Story: Are Biblical Theology and Narrative Character Development Compatible?
Authors: McEntire Mark 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIf the end goal of theology of the Hebrew Scriptures is a description of God and God’s relationship to the world, then the Hebrew Scriptures present us with a dilemma. It is increasingly apparent that the Tanak provides a wide variety of portraits of the divine being. There are two basic possibilities for making use of all of these portraits. The first option is to lay all of them out on a level surface and allow them be in dialogue and tension with one another. The second option is to place these portrayals on a trajectory which gives a position of privilege to those which are at some particular point along the path. Of course there are three choices of trajectory: Historical, canonical, or narrative. The last two differ far more for the Christian Old Testament than for the Tanak. A strictly narrative approach, which reads the biblical story from Genesis to Nehemiah, presents a divine being who is changing and developing as a character, a process which has been well demonstrated over the past decade by Jack Miles, Richard Elliot Friedman, W. Lee Humphreys, Meir Sternberg, Jerome M. Segal, and others. There is general agreement that the divine character portrayed at the end of this narrative trajectory is the one which matches the religious experience of those who were putting the literature, both the individual books and the canon, into its final form. This conclusion would seem to point toward a narrative method of doing theology which gives this endpoint a place of privilege, an observation which raises two questions. First, does this match the actual use of texts by those who are attempting narrative approaches to biblical theology? Second, what role do those portrayals which present earlier stages in the divine character development play in a narrative approach to a theology of the Hebrew Scriptures?
The Şahin village (Kütahya, Turkey) clay deposit and its possible utilization
Authors: Yanik G. , Ceylantekin R. , Taşçi E. , Özçay Ü. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Şahin-village clay deposit, situated in the vicinity of Kütahya, western Turkey, has a promising reserve suitable for tile production. In order to evaluate its potential use, 27 clay samples were collected and their mineralogical, chemical, firing and technological properties were evaluated. The reaction of samples with dilute HCl, dispersion in water and their swelling properties were determined. Mineral identification studies were conducted using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analyses (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Analysis showed that clay minerals are illite, kaolinite and montmorillonite. Non-clay minerals are quartz, muscovite, microcline and goethite. The clay samples consisted mainly of SiO2 and Al2O3 corresponding to about 81–83% (average) because of the presence of clay minerals and quartz, accompanied by a significant amount of iron oxide. Mineralogical, chemical, thermal analysis and technological tests showed that the clays from Şahin village could be used for stoneware tiles, tile and brick-making.