bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accounting conservatism and voluntary corporate governance mechanisms by Australian firms
Authors: Ahmed Kamran , Henry Darren 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between voluntary adoption of selected corporate governance mechanisms and accounting conservatism for a sample of firms listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) over the 11‐year period prior to the promulgation of the ASX Corporate Governance Council Good Governance Principles and Best Practice Recommendations in 2003. Using four accounting and market‐based accounting conservatism measures, our results provide evidence of both conditional and unconditional conservatism in accounting reporting for Australian firms. We find that voluntary audit committee formation, increasing board independence and decreasing board size are positively associated with unconditional accounting conservatism and negatively related to the degree of conditional conservatism. Our results support the contention that firms voluntarily adopting perceived best practice corporate governance mechanisms employ unconditional accounting conservatism as a complimentary agency control device and are consistent with the observed negative association between the unconditional and conditional forms of accounting conservatism practice.
Family as a context: the influence of family composition and family geographic dispersion on intergenerational relationships among Chinese elderly
Authors: Guo Man , Chi Iris , Silverstein Merril 
Published: April 2011

Guo M, Chi I, Silverstein M. Family as a context: the influence of family composition and family geographic dispersion on intergenerational relationships among Chinese elderlyInt J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: S18–S29 © 2011 The Author(s), International Journal of Social Welfare © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.This study examined how the aggregate characters of family context (i.e. the number of children in a family and the geographic dispersion of family members) influence multiple parent–child relationships among Chinese elderly. The sample consisted of 1,103 older adults who lived in rural Anhui province, China, in 2009. The results of multiple regressions showed that the impact of family context on intergenerational relationships varied by the gender of both parents and children. Having more sons lowered both mothers' and fathers' ratings on their remotest parent–child ties, whereas having more daughters enhanced mothers' ratings on the closest ties. An average greater distance between parents and their adult children was associated with closer parent–child relationships. Having more children and greater within‐family variability in parent–child proximity increased fathers' differentiations in their relationships with children. We interpreted the findings in the context of son‐preference and large‐scale out‐migration in rural China.
Metabolic and physiologic effects of an endotoxin challenge in healthy obese subjects
Authors: Rohrer Marcel , Berger Mette M. , Pittet Yann K. , Delodder Frederik , Tappy Luc , Feihl François , Chioléro René L. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryAim:  The obesity epidemic has increased the number of obese patients admitted to the ICU. In vitro studies suggest that adipose tissue response to inflammation is enhanced: in vivo data are not conclusive yet. The aim of this study was to test the physiologic response of healthy obese subjects to a standardized intravenous LPS challenge.Methods:  Prospective single‐blind, randomized, cross‐over study in eight subjects (four men, four women), aged 34 ± 7 years, BMI 34·7 ± 4·2, without glucose intolerance and lipid abnormalities, testing the impact of intravenous LPS (2 ng kg−1 of actual body weight) versus placebo.Results:  Temperature, hemodynamic variables, indirect calorimetry and blood samples (TNF‐α, IL‐6, stress hormones, hs‐CRP) were collected. After LPS temperature, heart rate, TNF‐α and Il‐6 concentrations and stress hormones (cortisol and glucagon) increased significantly, with maximal responses between 120 and 240 min after the injection. The pattern, the timing and the magnitude of change were similar to those observed in lean subjects.Conclusion:  This study shows that healthy obese subjects have a similar response pattern to intravenous LPS as described in lean subjects.
Abdominal and thoracic focused assessment with sonography for trauma, triage, and monitoring in small animals
Authors: Lisciandro Gregory R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractObjectives –To review the nonradiologist use of ultrasound (US) in the setting of emergency and critical care, the development, clinical applications, and standardization of veterinary abdominal and thoracic focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) techniques.Etiology –Since the 1990s, the 4‐point FAST US technique has been used for injury surveillance in people with blunt and penetrating trauma. FAST screens for free fluid in the abdominal, pleural, and pericardial cavities with high sensitivity and specificity. More recently, an extended FAST scan was developed for the rapid detection of pneumothorax. These techniques and newly created scans have been applied to other critically ill, nontraumatized, subsets of human patients. As a result, the terminology related to this field, eg, extended FAST, HHFAST, FFAST, FAFF, BOAST, SLOH, bedside US, ‘$ Approach,’ protocols, and objectives have become convoluted despite having similar goals.Diagnosis –The importance of US in the setting of emergency medicine is highlighted by the fact that this diagnostic modality has become an integral part of the core curriculum for nonradiologists including the American College of Surgeons, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Board of Emergency Medicine, Society of Academic Emergency Medicine, and all United States Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Emergency Medicine residency programs.Therapy –Veterinary applications of FAST techniques include an abdominal FAST technique with an abdominal FAST applied fluid scoring system, and a thoracic FAST technique. In an attempt to avoid the creation of numerous acronyms, veterinarians would be well served by making the ‘T’ in ‘FAST’ stand for ‘Trauma,’‘Triage,’ and ‘Tracking.’Prognosis –These veterinary FAST techniques provide an extension of the physical examination for the emergency and critical care veterinarian potentially expediting diagnosis, prompting life‐saving maneuvers, and guiding patient management. Further clinical research to determine sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for specific conditions is warranted.
Early Hardness of Self‐Adhesive Resin Cements Cured under Indirect Resin Composite Restorations
Authors: GIRÁLDEZ ISABEL , CEBALLOS LAURA , GARRIDO MIGUEL A. , RODRÍGUEZ JESÚS 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTPurpose:  To determine the influence of curing mode on the surface hardness of seven resin cements used to lute indirect composite restorations.Materials and Methods:  Seven commercial dual‐curing resin cements were tested: two were total‐etch (RelyX ARC [3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA] and Variolink II [Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein]); one was self‐etch (Multilink Automix [Ivoclar Vivadent]), and four were self‐adhesive (RelyX Unicem [3M ESPE], Maxcem Elite [Kerr Corp., Orange, CA, USA], SmartCem2 [Dentsply, Detrey, GmbH, Konstanz, Germany], and G‐Cem [GC CORPORATION, Itabashi‐Ku, Tokyo, Japan]). Three specimens (0.5 × 6.5mm) of each material were prepared for each of three experimental groups: Group 1 (cements allowed to self cure); Group 2 (cements light‐cured for 40 seconds); and Group 3 (cements light‐cured for 80 seconds). All specimens were cured through a 4‐mm‐thick composite cylinder (Filtek Z250‐A3). Surface microhardness numbers were determined at 20 min after preparation. Results were analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance and Student–Newman–Keuls tests (p < 0.05).Results:  Superficial hardness was significantly influenced by the resin cement tested (p < 0.0001), the curing mode (p < 0.0001), and their interaction (p < 0.0001). RelyX ARC exhibited the highest mean microhardness values regardless of the curing mode. Light‐curing significantly increased the microhardness of all resin cements studied, and these values increased even further with a doubling of irradiation time. Self‐adhesive cements exhibited different behavior according to the curing mode. RelyX Unicem was highly sensitive to light irradiation, showing the lowest mean values in the self‐curing mode. After light irradiation for 40 or 80 seconds, Maxcem Elite exhibited the lowest mean hardness values of all the resin cements tested.Conclusion:  The microhardness of resin cements is highly dependent on the brand. Dual‐curing resin cements should always be light irradiated for longer periods than that recommended by manufacturers.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEDual‐curing resin cements should always be light‐cured for longer irradiation times, as light irradiation for 80 seconds yields the highest microhardness values in comparison with self‐curing or light irradiation for 40 seconds. However, some self‐adhesive resin cements exhibit low microhardness values when used to cement 4‐mm‐thick indirect composite restorations regardless of the curing mode applied.(J Esthet Restor Dent 23:116–125, 2011)
Functional Cortical and Subcortical Abnormalities in Pedophilia: A Combined Study Using a Choice Reaction Time Task and fMRI
Authors: Poeppl Timm B. , Nitschke Joachim , Dombert Beate , Santtila Pekka , Greenlee Mark W. , Osterheider Michael , Mokros Andreas 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Pedophiles show sexual interest in prepubescent children but not in adults. Research into the neurofunctional mechanisms of paraphilias has gathered momentum over the last years.

Aim
To elucidate the underlying neural processing of sexual interest among pedophiles and to highlight the differences in comparison with nonparaphilic sexual interest in adults.

Methods
Nine pedophilic patients and 11 nonpedophilic control subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while viewing pictures of nude (prepubescents, pubescents, and adults) and neutral content, as well as performing a concomitant choice reaction time task (CRTT).

Main Outcome Measures
Brain blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals and response latencies in the CRTT during exposure to each picture category.

Results
Analysis of behavioral data showed group differences in reaction times regarding prepubescent and adult but not pubescent stimuli. During stimulation with pictures displaying nude prepubescents, pedophiles showed increased BOLD response in brain areas known to be involved in processing of visual sexual stimuli. Comparison of pedophilic patients with the control group discovered differences in BOLD responses with respect to prepubescent and adult but not to pubescent stimuli. Differential effects in particular occurred in the cingulate gyrus and insular region.

Conclusions
The brain response of pedophiles to visual sexual stimulation by images of nude prepubescents is comparable with previously described neural patterns of sexual processing in nonpedophilic human males evoked by visual stimuli depicting nude adults. Nevertheless, group differences found in the cingulate gyrus and the insular region suggest an important role of these brain areas in pedophilic sexual interest. Furthermore, combining attention-based methods like CRTT with fMRI may be a viable option for future diagnostic procedures regarding pedophilia.
Ultrastructural and Quantitative Study of Clitoral Cavernous Tissue from Living Subjects
Authors: Caruso Salvatore , Cianci Antonio , Malandrino Chiara , Cavallari Lidia , Gambadoro Orazio , Arena Grazia , Pispisa Letterio , Agnello Carmela , Romano Mattea , Cavallari Vittorio 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
There has never been an investigation about the in vivo clitoral structure.

Aim
To study the “in vivo” age-related structural changes of the clitoris in healthy women and in those affected by metabolic disorders.

Methods
Forty-three women subgrouping in (i) five teenagers, aged 14–18; (ii) eight young premenopausal women, aged 23–32; (iii) 10 premenopausal women, aged 38–47; (iv) nine diabetic premenopausal women, aged 27–43; and (v) 11 naturally postmenopausal women aged 51–55. Each woman underwent microbiopsy of the clitoral body by means of an 18G needle, length 100 mm, using a semiautomatic gun during total anesthesia for a benign gynecological pathology. The tissue removed was processed for electron microscopy. A morphometric procedure was used on electron micrographs.

Main Outcome Measure
Micro ultrastructure observation of clitoral tissue.

Results
The cavernous tissue from the teenagers and young women showed large amounts of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The intercellular connective tissue showed scanty, small isometric collagen fibers and amorphous extracellular matrix. In the premenopausal diabetic women, ultrastructural abnormalities of SMCs were observed, consisting of increase of glycogen deposits, infolding cell borders, and cytoplasmic vacuoles. Moreover, the intercellular connective tissue was increased by densely packed collagen fibers. Finally, in the healthy, natural postmenopausal women, the SMCs were moderately reduced in number. We observed age-related structural changes of the vascular spaces and of the vascular lacunae. The SMC mean thickness was reduced with age; vascular abnormalities appeared to be correlated with the presence of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes.

Conclusion
Our “in vivo” study could help to understand some aspects of the physiology of the clitoris and its role in sexual response. Apart from data obtained by studying healthy women and women affected by diabetes, other investigations are needed to study subgroups of otherwise healthy sexually dysfunctional women.
Painful Love—“Hispareunia” After Sling Erosion of the Female Partner
Authors: Mohr Stefan , Kuhn Peter , Mueller Michael D. , Kuhn Annette 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Sling erosion/extrusion is a complication after suburethral sling insertion for female stress urinary incontinence that occurs in approximately 6% of patients. Symptoms may include vaginal discharge, infections, postcoital bleeding, and alterations of the sexual function. Little is known about the effect of sling erosion on the sexual function of the male partner.

Aim
The aim of this study was to determine male sexual function in partners of women who had undergone sling insertion for stress urinary incontinence and who developed sling erosion postoperatively.

Main Outcome Measures
Main outcome measures were the Brief Male Sexual Function Inventory (BMSFI) and visual analog scale (VAS) scores.

Methods
Male partners of patients who presented with sling erosion for various reasons were addressed and asked to fill in the BMSFI and assess sexual pain using the VAS before and 6 months after the sling erosion of their female partners was treated. Participants gave informed consent and those who had undergone prostate surgery during the past 12 months were excluded. For statistical analyses, SPSS version 10.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used.

Results
Thirty-two males were included in the study and produced a full set of data. VAS scores as a measurement for “hispareunia” improved from a median score of 8 before to a median score of 1 after intervention. Some domains of male sexual function (sexual interest, sexual drive, ejaculation, and erection) were significantly improved whereas the strength of erection, problems with ejaculation, and problems with lack of interest were not statistically significantly changed.

Conclusions
Changes of male sexual function and particularly pain after sling insertion in their female partners may be due to sling exposure. Sexual interest and drive may be negatively influenced. Male dyspareunia is a complaint that can be treated effectively by correcting the sling exposure.
The Ability of the General Male Public to Assess Their Suitability to Take 50-mg Sildenafil: An Assessment of the Comprehension of Patient Information Materials via Internet Survey
Authors: Symonds Tara , Coyne Karin S. , Margolis Mary Kay , Schnetzler Gabriel 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the most common male sexual dysfunction and has a negative impact on masculinity and self-esteem. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, including sildenafil, are the first-line treatment option for ED. Providing appropriate information regarding suitability for using sildenafil is important.

Aim
The purpose of this study was to assess whether a broad spectrum of men could appropriately evaluate their suitability for 50-mg sildenafil after reviewing patient information materials.

Main Outcome Measures
Patient information (Pack) on appropriate use of 50-mg sildenafil and patient information leaflet (PIL), a Web survey including demographics, self-assessed suitability for sildenafil use, and suitability screener.

Methods
A randomly selected, population-representative Web-based panel of males in the UK was recruited for this study. Eligible men answered a brief sociodemographic questionnaire and then were presented with the Pack. If a participant desired additional information, he could also review the PIL. The participants then rated the Pack and PIL (if reviewed), self-assessed their suitability for sildenafil use, and completed a previously validated screener for suitability.

Results
A total of 1,275 men aged 40 and above were included in these analyses; the mean age was 57.8 ± 9.9 years. A total of 1,054 men reported ED; 517 men (40.5%) deemed themselves suitable for sildenafil; 504 men (39.6%) deemed themselves unsuitable; and 254 (19.9%) were unsure. The concordance rate between screener-assessed suitability and self-assessed suitability was 70.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 68.1–73.7%). When accounting for men who would not take sildenafil even though they were suitable or would seek additional information from a healthcare professional prior to using sildenafil, the concordance rate was 84.2% (95% CI = 82.2–86.2%).

Conclusion
The results of this study suggest that men in the general population are capable of using written sildenafil patient education materials to accurately assess their suitability for treatment with 50-mg sildenafil.
Localized HI 21-cm absorption towards a double-lobed z= 0.24 radio galaxy
Authors: Curran S. J. , Whiting M. T. , Webb J. K. , Athreya R. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
We present the results of a mini-survey for associated HI 21-cm absorption at z≤ 0.42 with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. Our targets are radio galaxies, selected on the basis that the γ ≈ 1216 Å luminosities are below LUV∼ 1023 W Hz-1, above which there has never been a detection of 21-cm absorption. Of the three sources for which we obtained good data, two are unclassified active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and one is type-2. Being a non-detection, the type-2 object is consistent with our previous result that 21-cm absorption in radio sources is not dictated by unified schemes of AGN. In the case of the detection, the absorption only occurs towards one of the two resolved radio lobes in PKS 1649-062. If the absorption is due to another intervening galaxy, or cool HI gas in the intergalactic medium, covering only the south-west (SW) lobe, then, being at the same redshift, this is likely to be gravitationally bound to the optical object identified as PKS 1649-062. If the absorption is due to an inclined disc centred between the lobes, intervening the SW lobe while being located behind the north-east (NE) lobe, by assuming that it covers the emission peak at ≈150 kpc from the nucleus, we estimate a dynamical mass of ≈3 × 1012 M⊙ for the disc.
Astaxanthin Preparation by Lipase‐Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Its Esters from Haematococcus pluvialis Algal Extracts
Authors: Zhao Yingying , Guan Feifei , Wang Guili , Miao Lili , Ding Jing , Guan Guohua , Li Ying , Hui Bodi 
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Five of 8 fungal lipases screened were found to effectively hydrolyze astaxanthin esters from Haematococcus pluvialis algal cell extracts. Among these, an alkaline lipase from Penicillium cyclopium, expressed in Pichia pastoris, had the highest enzymolysis efficiency. Tween80 was shown to be an effective emulsifier in this lipase hydrolysis system for the 1st time. A series of experiments were performed to find optimal conditions for hydrolysis (pH, temperature, reaction time, lipase dosage). In the optimal reaction system, Tween80 and H. pluvialis extracts (mass ratio 1:1) were emulsified and added to the above lipase at a dosage of 4.6 U/μg (relative to total carotenoids), in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.0), and incubated at 28 °C for 7 h, with agitation at 180 rpm. The free astaxanthin recovery ratio under these conditions was 63.2%.Practical Application:  The chemical hydrolysis of astaxanthin esters from both H. pluvialis and Adonis rarely produced astaxanthin but always astacene and was therefore not considered applicable for industrial use. We would expect that our effort in this study was able to make a contribution to construct a new procedure apart from chemical methods.
Increasing prevalence of smoke-free homes and decreasing rates of sudden infant death syndrome in the United States: an ecological association study
Authors: Behm Ilan , Kabir Zubair , Connolly Gregory N , Alpert Hillel R 
Published: April 2011

PurposeThis study utilises an ecological design to analyse the relation between concurrent temporal trends in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) rates and prevalence of smoke-free households with infants in the USA, controlling for an important risk factor, infant supine sleep position.MethodsAnnual state-specific SIDS cases were computed using period linked birth/infant death files; the prevalence of 100% smoke-free homes with infants using Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey data, and percentage of infants in supine sleep position from National Infant Sleep Position data, for years 1995–2006. Incidence rate ratios relating trends in SIDS cases and risk factors were determined using time-series negative binomial regression. Population-level health effects were assessed with secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure population attributable fractions and excess attributable SIDS deaths.ResultsFor every 1% absolute increase in the prevalence of smoke-free homes with infants, SIDS rates decreased 0.4% from 1995 to 2006, controlling for supine sleep position. Nationally, it is possible that 20% of the 1326 total SIDS cases were attributable to childhood SHS exposure at home in 2006 with potentially 534 fewer infant deaths attributable to SHS exposure in 2006 than in 1995, owing to an increasing prevalence of 100% smoke-free homes with infants. Cumulatively, 4402 (lower 95% CI) to 6406 (upper 95% CI) excess SIDS cases may have been attributable to SHS exposure in the home over the 12-year study period.ConclusionsThe uptake of voluntary restrictions on smoking inside the home may present a public health benefit for infants in their first year of life. In light of inherent ecological study design limitations, these results warrant further individual level research linking postnatal SHS exposure and SIDS.