bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanosensory neurons, cutaneous mechanoreceptors, and putative mechanoproteins
Authors: Valle M.E. Del , Cobo T. , Cobo J.L. , Vega J.A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe mammalian skin has developed sensory structures (mechanoreceptors) that are responsible for different modalities of mechanosensitivity like touch, vibration, and pressure sensation. These specialized sensory organs are anatomically and functionally connected to a special subset of sensory neurons called mechanosensory neurons, which electrophysiologically correspond with Aβ fibers. Although mechanosensory neurons and cutaneous mechanoreceptors are rather well known, the biology of the sense of touch still remains poorly understood. Basically, the process of mechanosensitivity requires the conversion of a mechanical stimulus into an electrical signal through the activation of ion channels that gate in response to mechanical stimuli. These ion channels belong primarily to the family of the degenerin/epithelium sodium channels, especially the subfamily acid‐sensing ion channels, and to the family of transient receptor potential channels. This review compiles the current knowledge on the occurrence of putative mechanoproteins in mechanosensory neurons and mechanoreceptors, as well as the involvement of these proteins on the biology of touch. Furthermore, we include a section about what the knock‐out mice for mechanoproteins are teaching us. Finally, the possibilities for mechanotransduction in mechanoreceptors, and the common involvement of the ion channels, extracellular membrane, and cytoskeleton, are revisited. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:1033–1043, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chromosome observation by scanning electron microscopy using ionic liquid
Authors: Dwiranti Astari , Lin Linyen , Mochizuki Eiko , Kuwabata Susumu , Takaoka Akio , Uchiyama Susumu , Fukui Kiichi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractElectron microscopy has been used to visualize chromosome since it has high resolution and magnification. However, biological samples need to be dehydrated and coated with metal or carbon before observation. Ionic liquid is a class of ionic solvent that possesses advantageous properties of current interest in a variety of interdisciplinary areas of science. By using ionic liquid, biological samples need not be dehydrated or metal‐coated, because ionic liquid behaves as the electronically conducting material for electron microscopy. The authors have investigated chromosome using ionic liquid in conjunction with electron microscopy and evaluated the factors that affect chromosome visualization. Experimental conditions used in the previous studies were further optimized. As a result, prewarmed, well‐mixed, and low concentration (0.5∼1.0%) ionic liquid provides well‐contrasted images, especially when the more hydrophilic and the higher purity ionic liquid is used. Image contrast and resolution are enhanced by the combination of ionic liquid and platinum blue staining, the use of an indium tin oxide membrane, osmium tetroxide‐coated coverslip, or aluminum foil as substrate, and the adjustment of electron acceleration voltage. The authors conclude that the ionic‐liquid method is useful for the visualization of chromosome by scanning electron microscopy without dehydration or metal coating. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:1113–1118, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nervous system development in Spinicaudata and Cyclestherida (Crustacea, Branchiopoda)—comparing two different modes of indirect development by using an event pairing approach
Authors: Fritsch Martin , Richter Stefan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCladocera are the ecologically most important group within the Branchiopoda. They are unquestionably branchiopods but their evolutionary origin remains unclear. One favored explanation of their origin is that they evolved from a reproductive larva of a clam shrimp‐like ancestor. To reveal a transformation and identify (potential) changes in chronology (heterochrony), we investigated and compared the development of representatives of two clam shrimp taxa, one of the Spinicaudata (Leptestheria dahalacensis) and one of the Cyclestherida (Cyclestheria hislopi), the sister group of Cladocera. Both taxa develop indirectly although the exact modes are quite different. The development of the nervous system, labeled and analyzed using immunohistochemical techniques and confocal microscopy, and that of the external morphology, scanned with an electron microscope, was investigated. L. dahalacensis hatch as a free‐swimming nauplius and the nervous system and external morphology develop gradually. In C. hislopi, on the other hand, several internal and external structures develop before the hatching of a nonswimming embryo‐like larva which is still carried in a dorsal brood pouch. The development in L. dahalacensis is directed from anterior to posterior, whereas in C. hislopi a more synchronous anterior and posterior differentiation is present. A comparison of both developmental sequences gives us the first indications of the evolutionary transformation which the Cladocera may have undergone from a clam shrimp‐like ancestor. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Organization of the sensory system of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Annelida, Clitellata) visualized by DiI
Authors: Kiszler Gabor , Varhalmi Eszter , Berta Gergely , Molnar Laszlo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe anatomical organization of the peripheral and central sensory structures of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris was investigated applying a fluorescent carbocyanine dye (DiI) as a neuronal tracer. Using whole‐mount preparations and confocal laser scanning microscopy, the pattern of primary sensory cells and pathways of their processes were traced and reconstructed in three‐dimensions. Our study shows that a ventral nerve cord ganglion receives sensory fibers from at least two adjacent segments suggesting that the peripheral nervous system is not segmental in its arrangement and the receptive‐fields of the body wall overlap in earthworms. Furthermore, our result suggests an integrative function of the basiepidermal plexus consists of sensory and motor fibers. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of neurotransmitter distribution in brain development of benthic and pelagic octopod cephalopods
Authors: Wollesen Tim , Sukhsangchan Charuay , Seixas Pedro , Nabhitabhata Jaruwat , Wanninger Andreas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe database on neurotransmitter distribution during central nervous system development of cephalopod mollusks is still scarce. We describe the ontogeny of serotonergic (5‐HT‐ir) and FMRFamide‐like immunoreactive (Fa‐lir) neurons in the central nervous system of the benthicOctopus vulgarisand Fa‐lir distribution in the pelagicArgonauta hians. Comparing our data to previous studies, we aim at revealing shared immunochemical domains among coleoid cephalopods, i.e., all cephalopods except nautiluses. During development ofO. vulgaris, 5‐HT‐ir and Fa‐lir elements occur relatively late, namely during stage XII, when the brain neuropils are already highly differentiated. In stage XII‐XX individuals, Fa‐lir cell somata are located in the middle and posterior subesophageal mass and in the optic, posterior basal, and superior buccal lobes. 5‐HT is predominately expressed in cell somata of the superior buccal, anterior basal, and optic lobes, as well as in the subesophageal mass. The overall population of Fa‐lir neurons is larger than the one expressing 5‐HT. Fa‐lir elements are distributed throughout homologous brain areas ofA. hiansandO. vulgaris.We identified neuronal subsets with similar cell number and immunochemical phenotype in coleoids. These are located in corresponding brain regions of developmental stages and adults ofO. vulgaris, A. hians, and the decapod squidIdiosepius notoides. O. vulgarisandI. notoidesexhibit numerous 5‐HT‐ir cell somata in the superior buccal lobes but none or very few in the inferior buccal lobes. The latter have previously been homologized to the gastropod buccal ganglia, which also lack 5‐HT‐ir cell somata in euthyneuran gastropods. Among coleoids, 5‐HT‐ir neuronal subsets, which are located ventrally to the lateral anterior basal lobes and in the anterior middle subesophageal mass, are candidates for homologous subsets. Contrary toI. notoides, octopods exhibit Fa‐lir cell somata ventrally to the brachial lobes and 5‐HT‐ir cell somata close to the stellate ganglia. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Education and Poverty: Confronting the Evidence
Authors: Ladd Helen F. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCurrent U.S. policy initiatives to improve the U.S. education system, including No Child Left Behind, test‐based evaluation of teachers, and the promotion of competition are misguided because they either deny or set to the side a basic body of evidence documenting that students from disadvantaged households on average perform less well in school than those from more advantaged families. Because these policy initiatives do not directly address the educational challenges experienced by disadvantaged students, they have contributed little—and are not likely to contribute much in the future—to raising overall student achievement or to reducing achievement and educational attainment gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged students. Moreover, such policies have the potential to do serious harm. Addressing the educational challenges faced by children from disadvantaged families will require a broader and bolder approach to education policy than the recent efforts to reform schools.
Freezing E3‐brane instantons with fluxes
Authors: Bianchi M. , Collinucci A. , Martucci L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractE3‐instantons that generate non‐perturbative superpotentials in IIB 𝒩 = 1 compactifications have a much more frequent occurrence than currently believed. Worldvolume fluxes will typically lift the E3‐brane geometric moduli and their fermionic superpartners, leaving only the two required universal fermionic zero‐modes. We consistently incorporate SL(2, ℤ) monodromies and world‐volume fluxes in the effective theory of the E3‐brane fermions and study the resulting zero modes spectrum, highlighting the relation between F‐theory and perturbative IIB results. This leads us to a IIB derivation of the index for generation of superpotential terms, which reproduces and generalizes available results. Furthermore, we show how E3 worldvolume fluxes can be explicitly constructed in a one‐modulus compactification, such that the instanton has exactly two fermonic zero‐modes. This construction is readily applicable to numerous scenarios.
Transovarial biotransference of etoxazole through a terrestrial trophic web
Authors: Sáenz‐de‐Cabezón Irigaray Francisco J , Zalom Frank G 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Transovarial transport is defined as the passage of chemicals from the maternal body to eggs within the ovaries. Little is known about the effects of transovarial transport on non‐target species. This study evaluates etoxazole (a transovarial acaricidal compound) on a terrestrial trophic web consisting of a ubiquitous phytophagous mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and three species of predatory mites.RESULTS: Predatory mite females that consumed eggs laid by etoxazole‐treated T. urticae also produced infertile eggs. There was a negative relationship between the proportion of etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females and the instantaneous rate of predatory mite increase at the population level (r2 = 0.86). Reduced fertility of etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females continued for 18 days following application. Eggs laid by etoxazole‐treated T. urticae females remained toxic to predatory mite females for 42 days after treatment.CONCLUSIONS: Transovarial transport could lead to magnification in the ecosystem by enhancing both bioavailability and movement of an active ingredient. The potential for enhancement of residual activity by terrestrial organisms and its significance once reaching the food web should be taken into account for new classes of acaricides and insecticides. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Sol–gel synthesis, solid sintering, and thermal stability of single‐phase YCoO3
Authors: Feng Guanlin , Xue Yanfeng , Shen Hongzhi , Feng Shuo , Li Liang , Zhou Jing , Yang Hang , Xu Dapeng 
Published: April 2012

AbstractUsing Y(NO3)3·6H2O and Co(NO3)2·6H2O as the starting materials, the single‐phase YCoO3 has been synthesized by a two‐step process involving a sol–gel technique and a sintering method. The structure, electromagnetic properties, and thermal stability of the synthesized samples were measured by XRD, thermogravimmetry and differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA), TEM, and vibration sample magnetometer (VSM). The experimental results show that the synthesis conditions of the single‐phase YCoO3 are 900–950 °C for 10 h in air. And the synthesis temperature is extended to 900–1000 °C and the sintering time is shortened to 5 h in an oxygen atmosphere. The synthesized powders have orthorhombic structure, with a diameter of ∼30 nm, which is stable in air below 1050 °C and in oxygen atmosphere below 1100 °C. Above those temperatures, YCoO3 decomposes into Y2O3 and Co3O4.
ODMR of single point defects in silicon nanostructures
Authors: Bagraev Nikolay , Danilovsky Eduard , Gets Dmitry , Klyachkin Leonid , Kudryavtsev Andrey , Kuzmin Roman , Malyarenko Anna 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe present the findings of the optically detected magnetic resonance technique (ODMR), which reveal single point defects in the ultra‐narrow silicon quantum wells (Si‐QW) confined by the superconductor δ‐barriers. This technique allows the ODMR identification without application of an external cavity, as well as a high frequency source and recorder, and with measuring the transmission spectra within the frameworks of the excitonic normal‐mode coupling caused by the microcavities embedded in the Si‐QW plane. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Shapiro steps revealed by Josephson junctions embedded in silicon microcavities
Authors: Bagraev Nikolay , Danilovsky Eduard , Gets Dmitry , Klyachkin Leonid , Kudryavtsev Andrey , Kuzmin Roman , Malyarenko Anna 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOne of the best candidate on the role of the THz optoelectronic pairs appears to be the high mobility p ‐type silicon quantum well (Si‐QW), 2 nm, confined by the δ‐barriers heavily doped with boron on the n ‐type Si (100) surface. The δ‐barriers heavily doped with boron are already shown to exhibit the high temperature superconductor properties, Tc = 145 K, 2Δ = 44 meV and Hc 2 = 0.22 T. This Si‐QW confined by the superconductor δ‐barriers is a basis of the sandwich nanostructure device that is used to register the Shapiro steps and the Fiske steps by measuring the Josephson CV characteristics. The Josephson GHz and THz emission is controlled, for the first time, by stabilizing the drain‐source current and by varying the top gate voltage. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cathodoluminescence spectroscopy of zinc‐blende GaN quantum dots
Authors: Bürger M. , Schupp T. , Lischka K. , As D. J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe analyzed the cathodoluminescence of zinc‐blende GaN/AlN quantum dots grown by two different methods. Method A being droplet epitaxy, a vapor liquid solid process and method B being Stranski‐Krastanov growth. At an equal quantum dot density of 1011 cm‐2, droplet epitaxy grown quantum dots have shown a luminescence intensity which was more than one order of magnitude higher than the one of Stranski‐Krastanov quantum dots. Furthermore, we revealed a dependency between the quantum dot emission energy and the amount of deposited Ga. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Topographically controlled growth of silver nanoparticle clusters
Authors: Wi Jung‐Sub , Shrestha Lok Kumar , Nagao Tadaaki 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe present a straightforward method to form regular arrays of chemically synthesized Ag nanoparticle clusters, which are preferentially nucleated and developed inside pre‐patterned Si nanowells. The sizes and shapes of the clusters follow the dimensions of the lithographically defined Si nanowells, which here have a depth of 100 nm and form a square array with a pitch of 300 nm. Potential use of the array of Ag nanoparticle clusters as a surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) based sensing platform is demonstrated by the calculation of locally enhanced electromagnetic fields and by confocal microscopic measurements of increased Raman signals from organic molecules adsorbed on the Ag nanoparticle clusters. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Density functional theory study of the multimode Jahn‐Teller problem in the fullerene anion
Authors: Ramanantoanina Harry , Gruden‐Pavlovic Maja , Zlatar Matija , Daul Claude 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe fullerene anion, C60−, within the Ih point group, is a spherical molecule subject to the T ⊗ h Jahn–Teller (JT) distortion. The descent in symmetry goes to the three epikernel subgroups, namely D5d, D3d, and D2h. The last one completely removes the electronic degeneracy, whereas D5d and D3d structures are subject to further JT distortion, leading to C2h minimum energy structure. The multideterminantal density functional theory approach was applied to calculate the JT parameters for all seven different structures of lower symmetry. The multimode problem in this system was addressed using the intrinsic distortion path method, in which the JT distortion is expressed as a linear combination of all totally symmetric normal modes in the particular low symmetry minimum energy conformation. Results obtained by both methods are consistent and give direct insight into the coupling of electronic distribution and nuclear movements in C. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry for analysis of sexual assault evidence
Authors: Musah Rabi A. , Cody Robert B. , Dane A. John , Vuong Angela L. , Shepard Jason R. E. 
Published: March 2012

RATIONALESexual assault crimes are vastly underreported and suffer from alarmingly low prosecution and conviction rates. The key scientific method to aid in prosecution of such cases is forensic DNA analysis, where biological evidence such as semen collected using a rape test kit is used to determine a suspect's DNA profile. However, the growing awareness by criminals of the importance of DNA in the prosecution of sexual assaults has resulted in increased condom use by assailants as a means to avoid leaving behind their DNA. Thus, other types of trace evidence are important to help corroborate victims' accounts, exonerate the innocent, link suspects to the crime, or confirm penetration.METHODSDirect Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART‐MS) was employed for the comprehensive characterization of non‐DNA trace evidence associated with sexual assault. The ambient ionization method associated with DART‐MS is extremely rapid and samples are processed instantaneously, without the need for extraction, sample preparation, or other means that might compromise forensic evidence for future analyses.RESULTSIn a single assay, we demonstrated the ability to identify lubricant formulations associated with sexual assault, such as the spermicide nonoxynol‐9, compounds used in condom manufacture, and numerous other trace components as probative evidence. In addition, the method can also serve to identify compounds within trace biological residues, such as fatty acids commonly identified in latent fingerprints.CONCLUSIONSCharacterization of lubricant residues as probative evidence serves to establish a connection between the victim and the perpetrator, and the availability of these details may lead to higher rates of prosecution and conviction, as well as more severe penalties. The methodology described here opens the way for the adoption of a comprehensive, rapid, and sensitive analysis for use in crime labs, while providing knowledge that can inform and guide criminal justice policy and practice. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterning Hierarchy in Direct and Inverse Opal Crystals
Authors: Mishchenko Lidiya , Hatton Benjamin , Kolle Mathias , Aizenberg Joanna 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBiological strategies for bottom‐up synthesis of inorganic crystalline and amorphous materials within topographic templates have recently become an attractive approach for fabricating complex synthetic structures. Inspired by these strategies, herein the synthesis of multi‐layered, hierarchical inverse colloidal crystal films formed directly on topographically patterned substrates via evaporative deposition, or “co‐assembly”, of polymeric spheres with a silicate sol–gel precursor solution and subsequent removal of the colloidal template, is described. The response of this growing composite colloid–silica system to artificially imposed 3D spatial constraints of various geometries is systematically studied, and compared with that of direct colloidal crystal assembly on the same template. Substrates designed with arrays of rectangular, triangular, and hexagonal prisms and cylinders are shown to control crystallographic domain nucleation and orientation of the direct and inverse opals. With this bottom‐up topographical approach, it is demonstrated that the system can be manipulated to either form large patterned single crystals, or crystals with a fine‐tuned extent of disorder, and to nucleate distinct colloidal domains of a defined size, location, and orientation in a wide range of length‐scales. The resulting ordered, quasi‐ordered, and disordered colloidal crystal films show distinct optical properties. Therefore, this method provides a means of controlling bottom‐up synthesis of complex, hierarchical direct and inverse opal structures designed for altering optical properties and increased functionality.
Is it possible to obtain a presurgical Lasmar score for hysteroscopic myomectomy by ultrasound alone?
Authors: Camanni M. , Bonino L. , Tessarolo M. , Migliaretti G. , Ferrero B. , Deltetto F. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether a Lasmar score obtained entirely by the use of two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound provides results similar to those obtained using the original hysteroscopic technique.MethodsThis was a prospective study performed on a series of patients presenting with symptomatic submucous fibroids and scheduled for hysteroscopic myomectomy. Ultrasound Lasmar scores were obtained by a single physician, a specialist in ultrasonography, in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. 3D images were evaluated by offline examination using multiplanar analysis. Classical Lasmar scores were obtained by a different physician, a specialist in hysteroscopy, during the follicular phase of the subsequent cycle. Surgery was performed by a third physician in the follicular phase who also reported a Lasmar score, which we considered as the gold standard. The concordance between group classifications (I–III, relating to difficulty of hysteroscopic resection) according to the three methods used to obtain the Lasmar score (ultrasound, classical and surgery) was calculated using Cohen's κ statistic.ResultsThirty‐four women, with a mean age of 43 ± 4.9 years, were enrolled in the study. Thirty‐six submucous fibroids were identified by both ultrasound and diagnostic hysteroscopy. The mean diameter of fibroids evaluated was 28 ± 13.2 mm. The concordance between the three methods of classifying patients according to Lasmar score was high: classical vs. surgery, κ = 0.88; ultrasound vs. surgery, κ = 0.93; and classical vs. ultrasound, κ = 0.77.ConclusionThe Lasmar score can be obtained solely by ultrasound examination performed in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, avoiding office hysteroscopy without a loss of diagnostic accuracy. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.