bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liver X receptors interfere with cytokine-induced proliferation and cell survival in normal and leukemic lymphocytes
Authors: Geyeregger René , Shehata Medhat , Zeyda Maximilian , Kiefer Florian W , Stuhlmeier Karl M , Porpaczy Edit , Zlabinger Gerhard J , Jäger Ulrich , Stulnig Thomas M 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
A novel role for Liver X receptors in lymphocytic cells is described with potential application in immunosuppression and anti-leukemia therapy.
Liver X receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors regulating lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Recent data indicate an additional role of LXR in immunity by controlling dendritic cell and T-cell function and in breast and prostate cancer cells. Here, we show that LXR activation interferes with IL-2 and IL-7-induced proliferation and cell cycle progression of human T-cell blasts mainly through inhibited phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein and decreased expression of the cell cycle protein cyclin B. Comparable results were obtained with IL-2-dependent chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL) T cells. Furthermore, we show for B-CLL cells that LXR are functionally active and inhibit expression of survival genes bcl-2 and MMP-9, and significantly reduce cell viability, suggesting an interference of LXR with cytokine-dependent CLL cell survival. In conclusion, our data reveal LXR as a potent modulator of cytokine-dependent proliferation and survival of normal and malignant T and B lymphocytes. This novel LXR action could find clinical application in immunosuppressive and antileukemic therapies.
Ustekinumab: Treatment of Adult Moderate-to-Severe Chronic Plaque Psoriasis
Authors: Scanlon James V , Exter Benjamin P , Steinberg Michael , Jarvis Courtney I 
Published: August 2009

Objective: To systematically review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety profile of ustekinumab to inform pharmacists and other healthcare professionals of this new biologic therapy for psoriasis. Data Sources: A search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts was performed through July 2009, limited to publications in English, using the search terms CNTO-1275, ustekinumab, interleukin-12, interleukin-23, and/or psoriasis to identify literature sources. References from the retrieved articles were also evaluated to identify relevant literature. An abstract from a Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology and unpublished Phase 3 clinical trials in progress (using www.clinicaltrials.gov ) were also reviewed. The Food and Drug Administration, European Medicines Agency, and Health Canada Web sites were used to retrieve product monographs, regulatory guidances, and advisory committee briefing packets. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All available studies relevant to the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical safety/efficacy of ustekinumab for the treatment of psoriasis were included, with preference for human data. Data Synthesis: Ustekinumab, an anti-interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, achieved the primary endpoint of 75% reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index score in a large proportion of patients in the Phase 3 PHOENIX trials. Commensurate improvements were also seen in the Physician's Global Assessment and Dermatology Life Quality Index scores. These efficacy results were reproduced in the ACCEPT trial, demonstrating superiority of ustekinumab to etanercept. The frequency of adverse events was similar between ustekinumab and placebo; common adverse events reported included nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, headache, arthralgia, cough, and injection site reactions. Phase 3 studies indicate that the optimal dosing appears to be 45 mg for patients weighing less than 100 kg or 90 mg for patients weighing more than 100 kg, with both doses administered subcutaneously. In these studies, the second dose was given 4 weeks after the first and then every 8–12 weeks thereafter, based upon response. Conclusions: Ustekinumab, a promising new therapy, reduces the extent and severity of psoriasis and was well tolerated in clinical trials. Ongoing clinical trials will allow clinicians to further assess the efficacy/safety profile of this novel biologic.
A Direct Simulation of Adiabatic Charge Transfer Through Bridged Organic Molecules
Authors: Koslowski Thorsten , Steinbrecher Thomas 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
We approach the dynamics of adiabatic charge transfer through bridged triarylamine cations by a direct molecular dynamics simulation involving classical and quantum mechanical degrees of freedom. Within a simple yet chemically specific model, the quantum mechanical subsystem is described by a tight-binding Hamiltonian, which is coupled to a classical force field. From a population analysis of the quantum part, the charge transfer rate can be readily extracted, including the influence of memory effects. The direct computation of the associated thermodynamic potential establishes a close link to analytical rate concepts. The theoretical data are compared to experiments, and the limits and possible extensions of our approach are discussed.
Stability Domains of Multi-Component Crystals in Ternary Phase Diagrams
Authors: Rager Timo , Hilfiker Rolf 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The topology of ternary phase diagrams of systems that are forming salts, cocrystals, solvates, or hydrates is discussed based on a simple mathematical model. The considerations include the thermodynamic stability of the multi-component crystal relative to the individual components, the character of the interactions in solution, the effect of relative solubility of the components, the consequences of using liquid components, the formation of multi-component crystals with different stoichiometry, and the competition between cocrystals or salts and solvates. Based on the characteristics of the phase diagrams, recommendations are provided as to an efficient design of salt formation and cocrystallization experiments.
Density Functional Study of Defects in Boron Nitride Nanotubes
Authors: Mirzaei Mahmoud 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The electronic structure properties of two pristine and defected models of zigzag and armchair boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are computationally studied. Chemical shielding (CS) tensors at the sites of various boron-11 (B-11) and nitrogen-15 (N-15) nuclei in each of the optimized structures are calculated and converted to isotropic and anisotropic chemical shieldings (ICS and ACS, respectively). The ACS values revel that boron atoms at the end of nanotube play the major role in determining the characteristic properties of the BNNTs. Defects are considered by removing a B-N bond from the pristine models yielding B-B and N-N bonds in the zigzag but not in the armchair BNNT. The changes of the CS tensors at the sites of those B-11 and N-15 nuclei in the B-B and N-N bonds are the most significant among other nuclei. The calculations are performed employing BLYP method and 6–31G* standard basis set using GAUSSIAN 98.
Serum osteocalcin concentrations in relation to glucose and lipid metabolism in Chinese individuals
Authors: Zhou Mi , Ma Xiaojing , Li Huating , Pan Xiaoping , Tang Junling , Gao Yunchao , Hou Xuhong , Lu Huijuan , Bao Yuqian , Jia Weiping 
Published: August 2009

ObjectivesOsteocalcin, a bone-derived protein, has recently been reported to affect energy metabolism. We investigated the relationship between serum osteocalcin and parameters of adiposity, glucose tolerance, and lipid profile in Chinese subjects.MethodsSerum osteocalcin was measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay in 254 men (128 with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 126 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT)), 66 premenopausal women (33 with T2DM and 33 with NGT) as well as 180 postmenopausal women (92 with T2DM and 88 with NGT). Their associations with parameters of adiposity, glucose tolerance, and lipid profile were examined.ResultsSerum osteocalcin concentrations in diabetic patients were significantly lower than those in NGT subjects after adjusted for age, gender, and body mass index (P=0.003). Postmenopausal women had higher osteocalcin concentrations than premenopausal women and men (both P<0.001). Multiple stepwise regression analysis showed that age, %fat, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, and fasting serum insulin were independently associated with osteocalcin in men (P<0.05). Age and HbA1c were independently correlated with osteocalcin in postmenopausal women. Besides age and HbA1c, serum triglyceride was also an independent factor influencing osteocalcin in premenopausal women. In addition, osteocalcin was also positively associated with homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function. Furthermore, multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that osteocalcin was independently associated with T2DM.ConclusionsSerum osteocalcin was closely associated with not only fat and glucose metabolism but also with lipid metabolism.
Estimating the sorption of pharmaceuticals based on their pharmacological distribution
Authors: Williams Mike , Ong Poh L. , Williams Desmond B. , Kookana Rai S. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Pharmaceuticals released into aquatic systems are expected to sorb to sediments to varying degrees. Their sorption is likely to influence their fate and, ultimately, the risk they pose to aquatic organisms. This has led to the European Medicines Agency requiring an assessment of affinity to solids, using batch sorption methods, for the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of new human medicines. However, a large body of data is generated before pharmaceuticals are released onto the market, including their extent of distribution throughout the human body, measured by the volume of distribution (VD). In the present study, batch sorption experiments were undertaken using 12 different soils and sediments to determine whether VD was a good indicator of experimental Kd values for 21 pharmaceuticals. The r2 values obtained from the regressions ranged from 0.39 to 0.76 (with a median value of 0.5) and all regressions were found to be significant. The use of this more comprehensive set of soils and sediments was consistent with previous studies comparing VD and Kd, despite the Kd values of the selected pharmaceuticals varying greatly between soils. The relationship between Kd and VD was greatly improved when zwitterionic antibiotics and carbamazepine were not included, possibly due to complex sorption or pharmacokinetic behavior. There are likely to be a number of factors affecting the sorption of pharmaceuticals that cannot be explained by VD. However, further work may elucidate how these factors can be accounted for, enabling VD to be effectively used to facilitate the ERA of human pharmaceuticals with already available information.
Physiological Mechanisms Underlying Heterosis for Shade Tolerance in Maize
Authors: Liu Weidong , Tollenaar Matthijs 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTHeterosis in maize (Zea mays L.) confers stress tolerance. To better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying the differential response of a maize hybrid (CG60 × MBS1236) and its parental inbred lines to shading stress, studies were conducted in a field hydroponic system in Ontario, Canada, from 2004 to 2006. Shading stress consisted of a 55% reduction in incident solar radiation and was implemented either for a 30‐ to 33‐d period before silking starting at the 7‐leaf tip stage, a 21‐d period during silking, or a 21‐d period after silking. Mean reduction in total dry matter at maturity (TDM) due to the shading treatments was 18%, and this reduction was similar for the three shading periods. Heterosis for grain yield was greater when plants were exposed to shading during the presilking and silking periods compared to the unshaded control. This increase was attributable to increased heterosis for both harvest index and TDM. In contrast, shading during the grain‐filling period did not increase heterosis for grain yield. Heterosis for grain yield was highly associated with heterosis for kernel number. Heterosis for kernel set was attributable, in part, to the relationship between kernel number and plant growth rate (PGR) during the period bracketing silking and the inherent lower PGR of the inbred lines as compared to the hybrid. Kernel set was also affected by shading during the presilking period, in particular, in one of the two inbred lines.
Effects of Foliar‐Applied Ethylene Inhibitor and Synthetic Cytokinin on Creeping Bentgrass to Enhance Heat Tolerance
Authors: Xu Yan , Huang Bingru 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTHeat stress is a major factor causing leaf senescence and other physiological damages in cool‐season grass species. Cytokinins and ethylene are two major plant hormones affecting leaf senescence. The objective of this study was to determine whether foliar application of an ethylene synthesis inhibitor (aminoethoxyvinylglycine, AVG) and a synthetic cytokinin (trans‐zeatin riboside, t‐ZR) would enhance creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) tolerance to heat stress associated with the suppression of leaf senescence. Creeping bentgrass ‘Penncross’ was exposed to either heat stress (35°C) or optimal growth temperature (20°C) for 35 d in growth chambers. Plants at each temperature were treated with 25 μM AVG, 25 μM t‐ZR or water (control). Foliar spray of AVG or zeatin riboside (ZR) solution resulted in increases in turf quality, leaf chlorophyll content, activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the reduction in lipid peroxidation, compared with water‐treated plants, for plants exposed to heat stress. In addition, foliar application of AVG suppressed ethylene evolution, whereas exogenous ZR resulted in elevated endogenous cytokinin levels under heat stress. The results suggest that the application of AVG or ZR suppressed leaf senescence and improved heat tolerance of creeping bentgrass, which could be because of their effects on endogenous production of ethylene and cytokinins and on antioxidant metabolism.
Introgressing White Mold Resistance from Phaseolus Species of the Secondary Gene Pool into Common Bean
Authors: Singh Shree P. , Terán Henry , Schwartz Howard F. , Otto Kristen , Lema Margarita 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTWhite mold (WM) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is a severe disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in North America. Common bean has only partial resistance. However, some accessions of P. coccineus L. and other species of the secondary gene pool (SGP) are highly resistant. The objectives of this study were to (i) introgress WM resistance from the SGP and (ii) compare resistance of interspecific breeding lines (IBL) VCW 54 and VCW 55, developed by congruity backcrossing between ‘ICA Pijao’ and P. coccineus accession G 35172, and VRW 32, derived from recurrent backcrossing of ICA Pijao with P. costaricensis accession S 33720 with known sources of resistance. The three IBL, ICA Pijao, and susceptible (‘Othello’) and resistant (92BG‐7, A 195, G 122, I9365–25, ‘ICA Bunsi’, and VA 19) genotypes were screened in the greenhouse in Colorado and Idaho in 2007 and 2008 and in the field in Idaho in 2007. White mold resistance was successfully introgressed from two of the three Phaseolus species (P. coccineus and P. costaricensis) of the SGP. VCW 54 had the highest WM resistance, and VCW 55 and VRW 32 had similar resistance as previously reported. These sources of WM resistance should be introgressed into common bean cultivars.
Dry Bean Landrace and Cultivar Performance in Stressed and Nonstressed Organic and Conventional Production Systems
Authors: Singh Shree P. , Terán Henry , Muñoz‐Perea Carlos German , Lema Margarita , Dennis Marie , Hayes Richard , Parrott Richard , Mulberry Kenneth , Fullmer David , Smith Jay 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTHigh‐yielding cultivars adapted to stressed and nonstressed production systems (PS) would maximize efficiency of soil water and nutrient usage, compete well with weeds, resist diseases and insect pests, and reduce dependence on water, fertilizer, and pesticide. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the performance of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces and cultivars across seven stressed and nonstressed PS, (ii) identify high‐yielding cultivars within and across PS, and (iii) determine associations among PS. Three landraces and 13 cultivars were evaluated for days to maturity, 100‐seed weight, and yield in 2003 and 2004. The PS and genotype effects and their interactions with years were significant (P < 0.01). The mean yield (740 kg ha−1), 100‐seed weight (28 g), and days to maturity (81 d) were least in the on‐farm organic low input (OFOL) PS. The greatest mean yield (2740 kg ha−1) was obtained in the on‐station conventional (OSCN) PS, while the greatest 100‐seed weight (35 g) and days to maturity (95) were obtained in the on‐farm low soil fertility (OFLF) PS. Red genotypes yielded more across all PS. ‘Bill Z’ in OSCN and on‐farm organic high‐input (OFOH) PS, ‘UI 239’ in on‐station continual bean production (OSCB), CO46348 in on‐station drought‐stressed production (OSDS), ‘Matterhorn’ in on‐farm conventional (OFCN), ‘NW 63’ in OFLF, and ‘Buster’ in OFOL had high yield. CO46348, UI 239, NW 63, and Bill Z had high yields across PS. Positive associations for yield in the OFCN occurred with yield across all PS except OFOL. The latter was not correlated with other PS. Thus, testing in the OFCN PS would be pivotal for development of high‐yielding cultivars for diverse PS, while testing at OFOL would need to be done for cultivars developed for use in that PS.
Transgenic Breeding: Perspectives and Prospects
Authors: Visarada K. B. R. S. , Meena Kanti , Aruna C. , Srujana S. , Saikishore N. , Seetharama N. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTTransgenic technology serves to introduce gene sequences for expression of a desired trait. Production of transgenic plants is reported in many crops, but commercialization is limited to a few selected crops, such as cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and canola (Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.). This paper presents the sequential processes of transgenic event design, event selection, and “cleaning up” genetic background for forward breeding programs. Expression of the foreign gene cannot be viewed in isolation and is more complex than has been assumed because of the interaction of transgene with native genes. Variations among clones and within the progeny are observed, and hence all the clones are taken into account for evaluation. Plant breeding must be involved to move transgenes from transformable but agronomically unacceptable genotypes into elite breeding lines with two backcrosses. Production of transgenic plants in large numbers is difficult and laborious and requires large investments. It is worthwhile investing in parallel efforts to incorporate the transgene into improved plant material to satisfy commercial interests.
The Associated Effects of the Soybean Aphid Resistance Locus Rag1 on Soybean Yield and Other Agronomic Traits
Authors: Kim Ki‐Seung , Diers Brian W. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTThe soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is a new invasive soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] insect pest first identified in North America in 2000. A major aphid resistance gene Rag1 was identified and mapped from the maturity group VIII cultivar Dowling, and the gene has been introgressed into Midwest‐adapted germplasm. The objective of this study was to test the associated effects of Rag1 on yield and several important agronomic traits in two elite Midwest‐adapted soybean backgrounds. To do this, we tested two backcross populations that segregate for Rag1 with simple sequence repeat markers linked to the gene in field tests conducted in multiple environments with no detectable soybean aphid infestations. Across environments, Rag1 had no significant (P = 0.05) associated effects on yield, plant height, and lodging score in either population. However, Rag1 was significantly associated with a 2‐d delay in maturity in one population. This delay in maturity is likely caused by linkage drag between Rag1 and gene(s) that delayed maturity. These results indicate that breeders can incorporate Rag1 into Midwest‐adapted backgrounds without an associated yield reduction.
Linkage Maps of Wheat Stripe Rust Resistance Genes Yr5 and Yr15 for Use in Marker‐Assisted Selection
Authors: Murphy Lesley R. , Santra Dipak , Kidwell Kimberlee , Yan Guiping , Chen Xianming , Campbell Kimberly Garland 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTStripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.) is a serious disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Resistance genes Yr5 and Yr15 are the only known all‐stage resistance genes that defeat all stripe rust races currently found in the United States. Previously mapped markers for these genes, however, show limited polymorphism across diverse genotypes and/or map at a distance from the genes, reducing the effectiveness of marker‐assisted selection. Our objective was to create new linkage maps for both genes using sequence tagged site (STS) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci and to evaluate closely linked markers across a diverse panel of wheat genotypes. Two recombinant inbred populations created using Avocet‐Susceptible as a susceptible parent and Triticum aestivum L. ssp. spelta (L.) Thell. ‘Album’ and Triticum dicoccoides Koern. as the Yr5 and Yr15 donors, respectively, were evaluated for resistance to multiple races of stripe rust. Molecular markers that had been previously mapped to wheat chromosome 1B (Yr5) or 2B (Yr15) were mapped on the appropriate population. Markers most closely linked to each gene were evaluated against a panel of genotypes collected from active introgression programs in the United States. The Yr5 gene is flanked on the distal side by STS7/8 marker and by Xbarc349 and Xbarc167 on the proximal side, although none of these markers were diagnostic in all backgrounds. For Yr15, Xbarc8 and Xgwm413 appear to be completely linked with the gene in our population, along with resistance gene analog polymorphism marker Xwgp34. These two SSR markers also appear to be diagnostic in all backgrounds tested with one exception (Zak). We have developed linkage maps for both genes and identified several useful SSR and STS markers for introgression of Yr5 and Yr15