bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near infrared imaging of micro-structured polymer-metal surface pattern
Authors: Han J. , Lee J. , Lee T. , Kang J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTwo-dimensional infrared scanning microscopy images of micro-structured surface patterns in an organic transistor device with metal electrode stripes on a polymer channel layer have been demonstrated. A compact single mode optical fiber scanning probe which has a micro dome-shape lens at the tip end was used for the scanning in which reflected beam intensities are coupled back to the optical fiber transceiver depending on the returned power of the sample material. Based on the experiment, the obtained structural dimensions of the micro structure specimen were well matched to the designed ones. These images were compared to the digital microscopy photos for a potential usage to conduct not only the in situ microscopic electrode pattern monitoring of the device but also to non-destructively investigate any surface reflecting material in micrometer scales.
The Validity of Schizophrenia vs. Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Lake C. Ray 
Published: February 2010

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Differentiate the consistencies of the historical concepts of bipolar disorder versus schizophrenia and distinguish that the diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder are unique and disease-specific in contrast with those of schizophrenia.

2.
Compare the validities of schizophrenia versus bipolar disorder.

3.
Outline the signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder.
Molecular Genetics and the Kraepelinian Dichotomy: One Disorder, Two Disorders, or Do We Need to Start Thinking Afresh?
Authors: Craddock Nick , Owen Michael J. 
Published: February 2010

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Cite genetic findings in mood and psychotic illness.

2.
Review implications of recent genetic findings for understanding the relationship between mood and psychotic illness.

3.
Discuss implications of recent findings for understanding the relationship between mood and psychotic illness and other psychiatric phenotypes, such as autism.
Accuracy and Reproducibility of Artemis Central Flap Thickness and Visual Outcomes of LASIK With the Carl Zeiss Meditec VisuMax Femtosecond Laser and MEL 80 Excimer Laser Platforms
Authors: Reinstein Dan Z. , Archer Timothy J. , Gobbe Marine , Johnson Neil 
Published: February 2010

PURPOSE:
To quantify the accuracy and reproducibility of central flap thickness for flaps created with the VisuMax femtosecond laser system.

METHODS:

This was a prospective study of 24 eyes of 12 myopic LASIK patients. The VisuMax femtosecond laser was used to create flaps with an intended central flap thickness of 110
µ
m. Artemis 1 very high-frequency digital ultrasound scans were performed preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. Central flap thickness was calculated as the addition of the preoperative epithelial thickness and the postoperative stromal component of the flap. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and range) of central Reinstein Flap Thickness were calculated for all flaps. Central flap thickness accuracy was calculated as the difference between the mean and intended flap thickness. Reproducibility was evaluated as the flap thickness standard deviation between eyes.

RESULTS:

At 3 months, mean central Reinstein Flap Thickness was 112.3±7.9
µ
m (range: 102.6 to 132.9
µ
m). The accuracy was +2.3
µ
m and reproducibility was 7.9
µ
m. On average, the flap diameter was 0.47±0.21 mm greater than the intended flap diameter.

CONCLUSIONS:

The VisuMax femtosecond laser system was found to create flaps accurate to the intended thickness in the center with a low standard deviation, which will help reduce the risk of obtaining an excessively thick flap. [
J Refract Surg
. 2010;26:107–119.]
Evaluation of a Risk Factor Scoring System for Corneal Ectasia After LASIK in Eyes With Normal Topography
Authors: Binder Perry S. , Trattler William B. 
Published: February 2010

PURPOSE:
To assess a previously published risk score system for predicting postoperative LASIK ectasia in eyes with normal preoperative topography.

METHODS:
A retrospective review of one surgeon's LASIK database was performed for eyes with Randleman ectasia risk scores based on patient age <30 years, pre-operative central corneal thickness <510 µm, residual stromal bed thickness <300 µm, and/or a preoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent >−8.00 diopters that had a minimum follow-up of 1 year.

RESULTS:
Of 1702 eyes with myopic errors and normal topographies, 35 (2.0%) eyes had a combined risk score between 5 and 9 points, 92 (5.4%) eyes had a combined risk score of 4 or higher, and 208 (12.2%) eyes had a combined score of 3 or higher. None of these eyes developed ectasia, whereas 3 eyes with preoperative topographic keratoconus with no other risk factors developed ectasia.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current risk score system would have eliminated 5.4% of eyes with 4 or more points from LASIK surgery, and would have also required the surgeon to advise an additional 6.8% of eyes with a score of 3 that they were at “moderate risk” and should “proceed with caution.” In eyes with normal preoperative topographies, the scoring system may not accurately predict whether patients are at increased risk for developing postoperative LASIK ectasia. [
J Refract Surg
. 2010;26:241–250.]
Factors Related to the Correction of Astigmatism by LASIK After Penetrating Keratoplasty
Authors: Lee Hyun Soo , Kim Man Soo 
Published: February 2010

Purpose:
To analyze the preoperative factors related to successful correction of astigmatism by LASIK after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP).

Methods:
This retrospective chart review included 71 patients (75 eyes) undergoing LASIK after PKP. The full refractive cylindrical (thus near-spherical) errors were treated by laser ablation. Postoperative follow-up examinations included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), manifest autorefraction, slit-lamp examination, topography, specular microscopy, and simple questionnaire regarding satisfaction with LASIK at 1 day, 1 week, and 1, 6, and 12 months.

Results:
Before surgery, no eye had UDVA of 20/60 or better and 42 (56%) eyes had CDVA of 20/40 or better. At 1 year, 45 (60%) eyes had UDVA of 20/60 or better and 57 (76%) eyes had CDVA of 20/40 or better. The mean astigmatism was 6.80±2.10 diopters (D) preoperatively. The mean reduction of astigmatism was 3.80±2.30 D (53.9±28.7%) at 12 months after LASIK and was relatively stable between 6 and 12 months. Although mean achieved correction showed a tendency toward undercorrection, CDVA and contact lens/spectacle tolerance were significantly increased. The younger the patient, the lesser magnitude of refractive cylinder, and greater endothelial cell density showed better astigmatism reduction in the multiple regression analysis.

Conclusions:
LASIK is a safe and effective procedure with stability for reducing astigmatism following PKP and increasing spectacle or contact lens tolerance. For optimal predictability and visual outcomes after LASIK, we recommend the full identification of astigmatism after PKP and preoperative analysis of the endothelial cell density.
Glutathione-Redox Balance Regulates c-rel–Driven IL-12 Production in Macrophages: Possible Implications in Antituberculosis Immunotherapy
Authors: Alam Kaiser , Ghousunnissa Sheikh , Nair Shiny , Valluri Vijaya Lakshmi , Mukhopadhyay Sangita 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe glutathione-redox balance, expressed as the ratio of intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione, plays an important role in regulating cellular immune responses. In the current study, we demonstrate that alteration of glutathione-redox balance in macrophages by GSH donors like cell-permeable glutathione ethyl ester reduced or N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) can differentially regulate production of IL-12 cytokine in macrophages. A low concentration of NAC increased IL-12 p40/p70 production, whereas at high concentration, IL-12 production was inhibited due to increased calmodulin expression that binds and sequesters c-rel in the cytoplasm. Although NAC treatment increased the IκBα phosphorylation, it failed to increase TNF-α levels due to enhanced expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, which specifically prevented nuclear translocation of p65 NF-κB. We demonstrate that NAC at 3 mM concentration could increase bacillus Calmette-Guérin–induced IFN-γ production by PBMCs from patients with active tuberculosis and shifts the anti–bacillus Calmette-Guérin immune response toward the protective Th1 type. Our results indicate that redox balance of glutathione plays a critical role in regulating IL-12 induction in native macrophages, and NAC can be used in tailoring macrophages to induce enhanced Th1 response that may be helpful to control tuberculosis and other pathophysiological disorders.
Detailed Characterization of T Cell Responses to Herpes Simplex Virus-2 in Immune Seronegative Persons
Authors: Posavad Christine M. , Remington Michael , Mueller Dawn E. , Zhao Lin , Magaret Amalia S. , Wald Anna , Corey Lawrence 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In 2003, we described a small cohort of subjects (n = 6) who possessed no detectable serum Abs to HSV-1 or HSV-2 and no clinical or virological evidence of mucosal HSV infection yet possessed consistently detectable HSV-specific T cell responses measured primarily by lymphoproliferative (LP) and CTL assays to whole HSV-2 Ag. We termed these persons immune seronegative (IS). This report characterizes the T cell responses in 22 IS subjects largely recruited from studies of HSV-seronegative subjects in ongoing sexual relationships with HSV-2–seropositive (HSV-2+) partners using pools of overlapping peptides spanning 16 immuno-prevalent HSV-2 proteins. Overall, 77% of IS subjects had HSV-specific LP responses, 85% had IFN-γ ELISPOT responses to at least one HSV-2 peptide pool, and 55% had both LP and IFN-γ ELISPOT responses. In some cases, IFN-γ ELISPOT responses were in excess of 500 spot-forming cells per 106 PBMCs and persisted for over 5 y. Although HSV-2+ subjects (n = 40) had frequent responses to glycoproteins and tegument and immediate-early (IE) proteins of HSV-2, T cell responses in IS subjects were directed primarily at UL39 and the IE proteins ICP4 and ICP0. These data suggest that the antigenic repertoire of T cells in IS subjects is skewed compared with that of HSV-2+ subjects and that IS subjects had more frequent T cell responses to IE proteins and infrequent T cell responses to virion components. Understanding the mechanism(s) by which such responses are elicited may provide important insights in developing novel strategies for preventing acquisition of sexually acquired HSV-2.
Distinct Roles for CCR4 and CXCR3 in the Recruitment and Positioning of Regulatory T Cells in the Inflamed Human Liver
Authors: Oo Ye H. , Weston Chris J. , Lalor Patricia F. , Curbishley Stuart M. , Withers David R. , Reynolds Gary M. , Shetty Shishir , Harki Jehan , Shaw Jean C. , Eksteen Bertus , Hubscher Stefan G. , Walker Lucy S. K. , Adams David H. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are found at sites of chronic inflammation where they mediate bystander and Ag-specific suppression of local immune responses. However, little is known about the molecular control of Treg recruitment into inflamed human tissues. We report that up to 18% of T cells in areas of inflammation in human liver disease are forkhead family transcriptional regulator box P3 (FoxP3)+ Tregs. We isolated CD4+CD25+CD127lowFoxP3+ Tregs from chronically inflamed human liver removed at transplantation; compared with blood-derived Tregs, liver-derived Tregs express high levels of the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR4. In flow-based adhesion assays using human hepatic sinusoidal endothelium, Tregs used CXCR3 and α4β1 to bind and transmigrate, whereas CCR4 played no role. The CCR4 ligands CCL17 and CCL22 were absent from healthy liver, but they were detected in chronically inflamed liver where their expression was restricted to dendritic cells (DCs) within inflammatory infiltrates. These DCs were closely associated with CD8 T cells and CCR4+ Tregs in the parenchyma and septal areas. Ex vivo, liver-derived Tregs migrated to CCR4 ligands secreted by intrahepatic DCs. We propose that CXCR3 mediates the recruitment of Tregs via hepatic sinusoidal endothelium and that CCR4 ligands secreted by DCs recruit Tregs to sites of inflammation in patients with chronic hepatitis. Thus, different chemokine receptors play distinct roles in the recruitment and positioning of Tregs at sites of hepatitis in chronic liver disease.
Ischemic Injury Enhances Dendritic Cell Immunogenicity via TLR4 and NF-κB Activation
Authors: Jurewicz Mollie , Takakura Ayumi , Augello Andrea , Naini Said Movahedi , Ichimura Takaharu , Zandi-Nejad Kambiz , Abdi Reza 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Ischemic (isc) injury during the course of transplantation enhances the immunogenicity of allografts and thus results in poorer graft outcome. Given the central role of dendritic cells (DCs) in mounting alloimmune responses, activation of donor DCs by ischemia may have a primary function in the increased immunogenicity of isc allografts. In this study, we sought to investigate the effect of ischemia on DC activity in vitro. Following induction of ischemia, bone marrow-derived DCs were shown to augment allogeneic T cell proliferation as well as the IFN-γ response. Isc DCs produced greater levels of IL-6, and isc insult was concurrent with NF-κB activation. TLR4 ligation was also shown to occur in isc DCs, most likely in response to the endogenous ligand heat shock protein 70, which was found to be elevated in DCs following isc injury, and lack of TLR4 abrogated the observed effects of isc DCs. As compared with control DCs, isc DCs injected into the footpads of mice demonstrated enhanced migration, which was concomitant with increased recipient T cell activity. Moreover, isc DCs underwent a greater degree of apoptosis in the lymph nodes of injected mice, which may further demonstrate enhanced immunogenicity of isc DCs. We thus show that isc injury of DCs enhances DC function, augments the allogeneic T cell response, and occurs via ligation of TLR4, followed by activation of NF-κB. These data may serve to identify novel therapeutic targets to attenuate graft immunogenicity following ischemia.
CD8 T Cell Cross-Reactivity Networks Mediate Heterologous Immunity in Human EBV and Murine Vaccinia Virus Infections
Authors: Cornberg Markus , Clute Shalyn C. , Watkin Levi B. , Saccoccio Frances M. , Kim Sung-Kwon , Naumov Yuri N. , Brehm Michael A. , Aslan Nuray , Welsh Raymond M. , Selin Liisa K. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate complex networks of CD8 T cell cross-reactivities between influenza A virus and EBV in humans and between lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and vaccinia virus in mice. We also show directly that cross-reactive T cells mediate protective heterologous immunity in mice. Subsets of T cell populations reactive with one epitope cross-reacted with either of several other epitopes encoded by the same or the heterologous virus. Human T cells specific to EBV-encoded BMLF1280–288 could be cross-reactive with two influenza A virus or two other EBV epitopes. Mouse T cells specific to the vaccinia virus-encoded a11r198–205 could be cross-reactive with three different lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, one Pichinde virus, or one other vaccinia virus epitope. Patterns of cross-reactivity differed among individuals, reflecting the private specificities of the host’s immune repertoire and divergence in the abilities of T cell populations to mediate protective immunity. Defining such cross-reactive networks between commonly encountered human pathogens may facilitate the design of vaccines.
Different Bacterial Pathogens, Different Strategies, Yet the Aim Is the Same: Evasion of Intestinal Dendritic Cell Recognition
Authors: Bedoui Sammy , Kupz Andreas , Wijburg Odilia L. , Walduck Anna K. , Rescigno Maria , Strugnell Richard A. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Given the central role of intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) in the regulation of gut immune responses, it is not surprising that several bacterial pathogens have evolved strategies to prevent or bypass recognition by DCs. In this article, we will review recent findings on the interaction between intestinal DCs and prototypical bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella, Yersinia, or Helicobacter. We will discuss the different approaches with which these pathogens seek to evade DC recognition and subsequent T cell activation. These diverse strategies span to include mounting irrelevant immune responses, inhibition of Ag presentation by DCs, and stretch as far as to manipulate the Th1/Th2 balance of CD4+ T cells in the bacteria’s favor.
Diversity of the CD8+ T Cell Repertoire Elicited against an Immunodominant Epitope Does Not Depend on the Context of Infection
Authors: Rudd Brian D. , Venturi Vanessa , Smithey Megan J. , Way Sing Sing , Davenport Miles P. , Nikolich-Žugich Janko 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The diversity of the pathogen-specific T cell repertoire is believed to be important in allowing recognition of different pathogen epitopes and their variants and thereby reducing the opportunities for mutation-driven pathogen escape. However, the extent to which the TCR repertoire can be manipulated by different vaccine strategies so as to obtain broad diversity and optimal protection is incompletely understood. We have investigated the influence of the infectious/inflammatory context on the TCR diversity of the CD8+ T cell response specific for the immunodominant epitope in C57BL/6 mice, derived from glycoprotein B of HSV-1. To that effect, we compared TCR V segment utilization, CDR3 length, and sequence diversity of the response to natural HSV-1 infection with those elicited by either Listeria monocytogenes or vaccinia virus expressing the immunodominant epitope in C57BL/6 mice. We demonstrate that although the type of infection in which the epitope was encountered can influence the magnitude of the CD8+ T cell responses, TCR β-chain repertoires did not significantly differ among the three infections. These results suggest that widely different live vaccine vectors may have little impact upon the diversity of the induced CTL response, which has important implications for the design of live CTL vaccine strategies against acute and chronic infections.
Contribution of Myelin Autoantigen Citrullination to T Cell Autoaggression in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Carrillo-Vico Antonio , Leech Melanie D. , Anderton Stephen M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Breakdown in immunological self tolerance, leading to autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, might arise from immune recognition of self proteins that have undergone heightened posttranslational modification under pathophysiological conditions. A posttranslational modification of particular interest is the deimination of Arg to citrulline, catalyzed by peptidylarginyl deiminase (PAD) enzymes. As a CD4+ T cell-driven model of multiple sclerosis, we used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with the immunodominant 35–55 peptide of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (pMOG) in C57BL/6 mice to test whether citrullination of a T cell epitope can contribute to disease etiopathology. Immunization with an altered peptide ligand (APL) of pMOG with an Arg→citrulline conversion at a TCR contact (residue 41) led to the activation of two populations of APL-responsive T cells that either did, or did not cross-react with the native pMOG peptide. This APL could induce EAE. However, this reflected the activation of T cells that cross-reacted with the native pMOG epitope, because prior tolerization of these T cells using pMOG prevented APL-induced EAE. Using a passive transfer model, we found that T cells that responded specifically to the citrullinated form of pMOG were neither necessary, nor sufficient to initiate the EAE lesion. Nevertheless, these cells could provoke exacerbation of pathology if transferred into mice with ongoing EAE. The PAD2 and PAD4 enzymes were markedly upregulated in the inflamed CNS. Therefore, once inflammation is established, citrullination of target autoantigens can allow an expanded repertoire of T cells to contribute to CNS pathology.
A strategy for tailored design of efficient and low‐pressure drop packed column chromatography
Authors: Li Ping , Yu Jianguo , Xiu Guohua , Rodrigues Alirio E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPacked chromatographic column, with higher efficiency and lower pressure drop is designed by using inert core adsorbents as stationary phase. The analytical solutions for moments and height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) are given under the conditions of linear adsorption kinetics by taking into account of the axial dispersion, film mass‐transfer resistance, intraparticle diffusion resistance, and the sorption rate for chromatographic column packed with inert core adsorbents. By minimizing HETP, a nonlinear algebraic equation was derived to predict the optimized value of the inert core radius. For a given adsorbent with the optimized inert core radius, a strategy was presented to tailor the design of new packed chromatographic column with higher efficiency and lower pressure drop. As an example for supercritical carbon dioxide chromatography, reduced equations in terms of dimensionless inert core radius were derived by “order of magnitude” analysis. The quantitative analysis shows that the major benefit of the inert core adsorbent is a shorter diffusion path compared to conventional fully porous particles. The shorter diffusion path reduces dispersion of solutes and minimizes peak broadening leading to lower pressure drop while maintaining high‐separation efficiency. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Thiol‐En‐Klickchemie
Authors: Hoyle Charles E. , Bowman Christopher N. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNach Sharpless’ visionärer Charakterisierung verschiedener idealisierter Reaktionen als Klick‐Reaktionen hat man innerhalb der Materialwissenschaften und Synthesechemie große Anstrengungen unternommen, um solche Reaktionen zu finden und zu implementieren. In diesem Aufsatz diskutieren wir die radikalvermittelte Thiol‐En‐Reaktion, die über all die Merkmale einer Klick‐Reaktion verfügt: hohe Effizienz, einfache Durchführung, keine Nebenprodukte, hohe Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten, hohe Ausbeuten. Darüber hinaus besteht die Möglichkeit, die Thiol‐En‐Reaktion photoinitiiert auszuführen, was insbesondere für Photopolymerisationen zur Synthese extrem einheitlicher Polymernetzwerke genutzt wird. Der Reaktionsmechanismus wird nach dem aktuellen Kenntnisstand erläutert, und zentrale Anwendungen der Thiol‐En‐Reaktion in der Material‐ und Molekülsynthese, der Biofunktionalisierung, der Polymersynthese und der Oberflächen‐ und Polymermodifizierung werden zusammengefasst.