bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesoscopic and magnetic fabrics in arcuate igneous bodies: an example from the Mandi-Karsog pluton, Himachal Lesser Himalaya
Authors: JAYANGONDAPERUMAL R. , DUBEY A. K. , SEN K. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractField, microstructural and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data from the Palaeozoic Mandi-Karsog pluton in the Lesser Himalayan region reveal a concordant relationship between fabric of the Proterozoic host rock and the granite. The pluton displays a prominent arcuate shape on the geological map. The margin-parallel mesoscopic and magnetic fabrics of the granite and warping of the host rock fabric around the pluton indicate that this regional curvature is either synchronous or pre-dates the emplacement of the granite body. Mesoscopic fabric, magnetic fabric and microstructures indicate that the northern part of the pluton preserves its pre-Himalayan magmatic fabric while the central and southern part shows tectonic fabric related to the Tertiary Himalayan orogeny. The presence of NW–SE-trending aplitic veins within the granite indicates a post-emplacement stretching in the NE–SW direction. Shear-sense indicators in the mylonites along the margin of the pluton suggest top-to-the-SW shearing related to the Himalayan orogeny. Based on these observations, it is envisaged that the extension that gave rise to this rift-related magmatism had a NE–SW trend, that is, normal to the trend of the aplite veins. Subsequently, during the Himalayan orogeny, compression occurred along this same NE–SW orientation. These findings imply that the regional curvature present in the Himachal Lesser Himalaya is in fact a pre-Himalayan feature and the pluton has formed by filling a major pre-Himalayan arcuate extension fracture.
Bring on the leprawns
Authors: Johannesson Nils-Lennart 
Published: February 2010

Review of: Dimitra Fimi, Tolkien, Race and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits. Palgrave Macmillan 2009. 252 pages. 9780230219519. Hardback £50.00Nils-Lennart Johannesson, Stockholm University, Sweden
COMMODITIES, OWNERSHIP, AND THE EUSTACE DIAMONDS: THE VALUE OF FEMININITY
Authors: Sattaur Jen 
Published: February 2010

In an 1867 treatise on diamonds and precious stones, Harry Emanuel writes the following:
[I]n the process of cutting, flaws and imperfections are often laid bare, which go much deeper than the appearance of the rough diamond would predict; and, on the other hand, the colour, apparent in the rough stone, is sometimes found to arise from the presence of flaws or specks, which are removed in cutting, thus leaving the stone white. (70)
From such a description, it is easy to see the parallel to the female condition, and particularly the female condition, as it is popularly portrayed in the mid-nineteenth century. With the emphasis on purity and hidden flaws, it is not difficult to understand why the diamond could hold such symbolic significance for the female wearer, by functioning as an indicator not only of personal wealth, but of moral worth. Trollope's The Eustace Diamonds (1871), a novel which can be said to revolve around this metaphor, is essentially a novel about worth: absolute vs. transitory worth, actual vs. symbolic worth, and especially monetary vs. moral worth. Lizzie's character, the legal issues surrounding the diamonds, and the convoluted marriage arrangements which are perpetuated by or affected by the presence of the diamonds are all, in one way or another, concerned with the different types of value – moral, symbolic, monetary, etc. – placed upon commodity objects: objects which, by their very nature, can never be permanently owned, as their value lies in their exchangeability. I will return later to a discussion of the diamonds themselves. There has been considerable recent commentary on the role of commodities – whatever their worth – and of commodity culture within Trollope's novel; such readings, however, concentrate on the purely symbolic role played by commodity objects – and primarily the diamonds – in the novel; it is worth, by contrast, examining how Trollope utilizes the discourses and associations of actual commodity objects as he deploys them within his fictional world. This paper will examine the ways in which Trollope uses four commodity objects in particular – books of poetry, hunting horses, the safe box, and finally, the Eustace diamonds themselves – and the contemporary discourses surrounding them to defend the essentially mercenary character of Lizzie as a woman shaped by the demands that a commodity-driven society places upon her.
MRS. SEACOLE PRESCRIBES HYBRIDITY: CONSTITUTIONAL AND MATERNAL RHETORIC INWONDERFUL ADVENTURES OF MRS. SEACOLE IN MANY LANDS
Authors: Howell Jessica 
Published: February 2010

In an 1857Saturday Reviewarticleof the novelTwo Years Ago, T. C. Sanders characterizes Charles Kingsley's ideal man: he “fears God and can walk a thousand miles in a thousand hours – [he] breathes God's free air on God's rich earth, and at the same time can hit a woodcock, doctor a horse, and twist a poker around his fingers” (qtd. in Haley 108). Tom Thurnall, the fearless, constitutionally robust, well-traveled doctor and hero ofTwo Years Ago, fits these requirements. His physical strength also manifests itself as a charmed immunity to illness: during a cholera epidemic in Aberalva (a fictional Cornish town), “[Tom] thought nothing about death and danger at all . . . Sleep he got when he could, and food as often as he could; into the sea he leapt, morning and night, and came out fresher each time” (Kingsley,Years288). Charles Kingsley's own self-proclaimed medical and religious philosophies give clear insight intoTwo Years Ago'sintended effects. A sanitary reformer in the mould of Edwin Chadwick and Florence Nightingale, Kingsley felt that disease arose from crowding, filth, and poisonous vapors. Kingsley's contemporaries named his perspective “muscular Christianity,” recognizing that Kingsley “strong arms” his readers by inspiring in them fear and uncertainty about their own health practices and then shows them the way, with examples like Tom, to an active, devout lifestyle.
Preface
Authors: Larking Lambert B. 
Published: February 2010

In a communication from Mr. Milward to the Archælogical Journal, December, 1850, the following statement occurs, with reference to the charters, &c. preserved in the Eecord Office at Malta.“There is also a volume of the fifteenth century, containing the accounts of the Commanderies. It is a continuation of an older and still more interesting volume which has, by some means, found its way into the Public Library. The latter gives the accounts of the property belonging to the Order in England and Scotland. Unfortunately these accounts are very difficult to decipher. I remember, however, looking over it, in company with a Scotch gentleman, who had edited various antiquarian works, and with another gentleman from Northumberland. The Scotchman read the MS. with tolerable facility; my friend from the North repeatedly identified certain allusions with property that he knew, and felt much interest in the book. There is also much that is valuable in the statement of the different prices paid for commodities, labour, &c.”
ZEB1 and CtBP form a repressive complex at a distal promoter element of the BCL6 locus
Authors: Papadopoulou Vasiliki , Postigo Antonio , Sánchez-Tilló Ester , Porter Andrew C. G. , Wagner Simon D. 
Published: February 2010

BCL6 is essential for normal antibody responses and is highly expressed in germinal centre B-cells. Constitutive expression due to chromosomal translocations or mutations of cis-acting regulatory elements contributes to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. BCL6 expression is therefore tightly regulated in a lineage- and developmental-stage-specific manner, and disruption of normal controls can contribute to lymphomagenesis. In order to discover potential cis-acting control regions we carried out DNase I-hypersensitive site mapping. Gel-shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation of the core region of a hypersensitive site 4.4 kb upstream of BCL6 transcription initiation (HSS-4.4) showed an E-box element-binding ZEB1 (zinc finger E-boxbinding homeobox 1) and the co-repressor CtBP (C-terminal binding protein). As compared with peripheral blood B-cells, ZEB1, a two-handed zinc finger transcriptional repressor, is expressed at relatively low levels in germinal centre cells, whereas BCL6 has the opposite pattern of expression. Transfection of ZEB1 cDNA caused a reduction in BCL6 expression and a mutated ZEB1, incapable of binding CtBP, lacked this effect. siRNA (small interfering RNA)-mediated knockdown of ZEB1 or CtBP produced an increase in BCL6 mRNA. We propose that HSS-4.4 is a distal promoter element binding a repressive complex consisting of ZEB1 and CtBP. CtBP is ubiquitously expressed and the results of the present study suggest that regulation of ZEB1 is required for control of BCL6 expression.
ParA2, aVibrio choleraechromosome partitioning protein, forms left-handed helical filaments on DNA
Authors: Hui Monica P. , Galkin Vitold E. , Yu Xiong , Stasiak Alicja Z. , Stasiak Andrzej , Waldor Matthew K. , Egelman Edward H. 
Published: February 2010

Most bacterial chromosomes contain homologs of plasmid partitioning (par) loci. These loci encode ATPases called ParA that are thought to contribute to the mechanical force required for chromosome and plasmid segregation. InVibrio cholerae, the chromosome II (chrII)parlocus is essential for chrII segregation. Here, we found that purified ParA2 had ATPase activities comparable to other ParA homologs, but, unlike many other ParA homologs, did not form high molecular weight complexes in the presence of ATP alone. Instead, formation of high molecular weight ParA2 polymers required DNA. Electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstruction revealed that ParA2 formed bipolar helical filaments on double-stranded DNA in a sequence-independent manner. These filaments had a distinct change in pitch when ParA2 was polymerized in the presence of ATP versus in the absence of a nucleotide cofactor. Fitting a crystal structure of a ParA protein into our filament reconstruction showed how a dimer of ParA2 binds the DNA. The filaments formed with ATP are left-handed, but surprisingly these filaments exert no topological changes on the right-handed B-DNA to which they are bound. The stoichiometry of binding is one dimer for every eight base pairs, and this determines the geometry of the ParA2 filaments with 4.4 dimers per 120 Å pitch left-handed turn. Our findings will be critical for understanding how ParA proteins function in plasmid and chromosome segregation.
Household food security is associated with early childhood language development: results from a longitudinal study in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Saha K. K. , Tofail F. , Frongillo E. A. , Rasmussen K. M. , Arifeen S. E. , Persson L. Å. , Huda S. N. , Hamadani J. D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground  Although household food security (HHFS) has been linked to academic performance in school children, its association with early childhood development has received less attention, particularly in low‐income countries. We investigated the association of HHFS with subsequent language development of children at 18 months of age in rural Bangladesh.Methods  We followed 1439 infants born in 2002–2003 to the mothers in Maternal and Infant Nutrition Intervention in Matlab study, a large intervention trial conducted in rural Bangladesh. A HHFS scale was created from data collected from mothers during pregnancy. At 18 months, children's language (expression and comprehension) development was assessed using a Bengali adaptation of MacArthur's Communicative Development Inventory which was based on mothers' report of their children's ability to comprehend and express words in different categories. General linear regression models were used to examine the association between HHFS and language development at 18 months of age adjusting for potential confounders.Results  Household food security was associated with language comprehension (B = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.09, 0.30, P < 0.001) and expression (B = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00, 1.02, P < 0.01) at 18 months of age. Mean language comprehension and expression at 18 months of the children in higher quartiles of HHFS were higher (P < 0.05) than those of the children in lower quartiles.Conclusions  Household food security is positively associated with subsequent language development of rural Bangladeshi children. Early language development has been reported to predict later child development. Therefore, strategies to ensure HHFS status in Bangladesh and similar settings should be considered for optimum child development.
Wing development genes of the pea aphid and differential gene expression between winged and unwinged morphs
Authors: Brisson J. A. , Ishikawa A. , Miura T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLittle is known about when, how or even if the wing development gene network elucidated in Drosophila is deployed in direct‐developing insects. Here we identify the wing development genes (as determined in Drosophila) of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), which produces winged or unwinged adults in response to environmental cues. We find that the principal wing development genes studied in Drosophila are present in the aphid genome and that apterous and decapentaplegic exhibit duplications. We followed expression levels of 11 of these developmental genes at embryogenesis and across the nymphal instars. Six showed significant stage‐specific expression level effects and apterous1 exhibited significantly different expression levels between winged and unwinged morphs, suggesting this gene acts proximately to realize polyphenic development.
Comprehensive survey of developmental genes in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum: frequent lineage‐specific duplications and losses of developmental genes
Authors: Shigenobu S. , Bickel R. D. , Brisson J. A. , Butts T. , Chang C‐c. , Christiaens O. , Davis G. K. , Duncan E. J. , Ferrier D. E. K. , Iga M. , Janssen R. , Lin G.‐W. , Lu H.‐L. , McGregor A. P. , Miura T. , Smagghe G. , Smith J. M. , Van Der Zee M. , Velarde R. A. , Wilson M. J. , Dearden P. K. , Stern D. L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAphids exhibit unique attributes, such as polyphenisms and specialized cells to house endosymbionts, that make them an interesting system for studies at the interface of ecology, evolution and development. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of the developmental genes in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and compare our results to other sequenced insects. We investigated genes involved in fundamental developmental processes such as establishment of the body plan and organogenesis, focusing on transcription factors and components of signalling pathways. We found that most developmental genes were well conserved in the pea aphid, although many lineage‐specific gene duplications and gene losses have occurred in several gene families. In particular, genetic components of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) Wnt, JAK/STAT (Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription) and EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) pathways appear to have been significantly modified in the pea aphid.
Testing for CHEK2 in the cancer genetics clinic: ready for prime time?
Authors: Narod SA 
Published: February 2010

Narod SA. Testing for CHEK2 in the cancer genetics clinic: ready for prime time?The 1100delC mutation of the CHEK2 gene was found to be a cause of breast cancer in 2002. The lifetime risk of breast cancer among women with a mutation and with a family history of breast cancer is approximately 25%. These women are good candidates for screening with MRI and for chemoprevention with tamoxifen. It is reasonable to test for this single mutation when women undergo testing for BRCA1 and BRCA2.
Race and renal function early after live kidney donation: an analysis of the United States Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network Database
Authors: Doshi Mona , Garg Amit X. , Gibney Eric , Parikh Chirag 
Published: February 2010

Doshi M, Garg AX, Gibney E, Parikh C. Race and renal function early after live kidney donation: an analysis of the United States Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database. Clin Transplant 2010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2010.01209.x. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Among Americans, the risk for kidney disease is higher in individuals of African descent (AA) when compared with Caucasians. We considered whether there are similar racial differences in kidney function soon after donor nephrectomy. Of the 31 928 live kidney donors that donated between the years 2000 and 2005, 16 996 (53%) had post‐donation serum creatinine recorded at a mean follow‐up of 156 d (range 1–1410 d). A total of 14 525 (85%) were Caucasians and 2471 (15%) were AA. When compared with Caucasians, AA donors were more likely to be younger, heavier, and male, had a higher baseline serum creatinine and a shorter duration of follow‐up. After accounting for these differences, the serum creatinine after donation and fractional rise in serum creatinine after donation were similar between the two groups (AA vs. Caucasian donors, 1.3 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 mg/dL; 53% vs. 45%) and the post‐donation estimated glomerular filtration rate was also similar (57.2 ± 0.6 vs. 56.0 ± 0.2 mL/min per 1.73 m2). We observed no major clinical difference in glomerular filtration rate and ability to compensate for loss of renal mass soon after live kidney donation between Caucasian and AA donors.
Does character displacement initiate speciation? Evidence of reduced gene flow between populations experiencing divergent selection
Authors: RICE A. M. , PFENNIG D. W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCharacter displacement – trait evolution stemming from selection to lessen resource competition or reproductive interactions between species – has long been regarded as important in finalizing speciation. By contrast, its role in initiating speciation has received less attention. Yet because selection for character displacement should act only where species co‐occur, individuals in sympatry will experience a different pattern of selection than conspecifics in allopatry. Such divergent selection might favour reduced gene flow between conspecific populations that have undergone character displacement and those that have not, thereby potentially triggering speciation. Here, we explore these ideas empirically by focusing on spadefoot toads,Spea multiplicata, which have undergone character displacement, and for which character displacement appears to cause post‐mating isolation between populations that are in sympatry with a heterospecific and those that are in allopatry. Using mitochondrial sequence data and nuclear microsatellite genotypes, we specifically asked whether gene flow is reduced between populations in different selective environments relative to that between populations in the same selective environment. We found a slight, but statistically significant, reduction in gene flow between selective environments, suggesting that reproductive isolation, and potentially ecological speciation, might indeed evolve as an indirect consequence of character displacement. Generally, character displacement may play a largely underappreciated role in instigating speciation.
Recent strategy for the management of advanced testicular cancer
Authors: Nakamura Terukazu , Miki Tsuneharu 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTesticular cancer is the most common cancer in young men and the cure rate has been approximately 80% since the introduction of cisplatin in the 1970s. BEP therapy (including bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin) has become a standard induction therapy instead of PVB therapy (cisplatin, vinblastin and bleomycin). However, the patients with incomplete responses to cisplatin‐based first‐line therapy or with relapsed disease have an extremely poor prognosis. For such difficult‐to‐treat patients, there are some proposed treatment options such as ifosfamide‐containing salvage chemotherapy or high‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT). HDCT with bone marrow rescue has been carried out as salvage or induction chemotherapy. However, a randomized control trial did not show the superiority to conventional first line therapy or salvage therapy. Therefore, a new anticancer agent was tested for cisplatin‐refractory or resistant testicular cancer. The development of combination therapy with new anticancer agents such as paclitaxel and irinotecan seems to be effective for these patients. TIP therapy including paclitaxel, ifosfamide and cisplatin would be a standard second line therapy for the patients with BEP failure. Residual tumor resection including retroperitoneal lymph node dissection integrated with induction and salvage chemotherapy still remains to play an important role to achieving a cure for advanced testicular cancer because there is no modality to predict residual viable cancer cells or teratoma element in the residual tumors. In the present review, we discuss and focus on the recent treatment strategy of advanced testicular cancer.
Evidence‐based clinical practice guidelines for bladder cancer (Summary – JUA 2009 Edition)
Authors:   The Committee for Establishment of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Bladder Cancer and the Japanese Urological Association
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn Japan, until now, the treatment of bladder cancer has been based on guidelines from overseas. The problem with this practice is that the options recommended in overseas guidelines are not necessarily suitable for Japanese clinical practice. A relatively large number of clinical trials have been conducted in Japan in the field of bladder cancer, and the Japanese Urological Association (JUA) considered it appropriate to formulate their own guidelines. These Guidelines present an overview of bladder cancer at each clinical stage, followed by clinical questions that address problems frequently faced in everyday clinical practice. In this English translation of a shortened version of the original Guidelines, we have abridged each overview, summarized each clinical question and its answer, and only included the references we considered of particular importance.
A CRITIQUE OF ISLAMIC ARGUMENTS ON HUMAN CLONING
Authors: Sekaleshfar Farrokh B. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract.Sunnism constitutes eighty percent of the Islamic world. The most academic and renowned religious seminary in the Sunni world is Al‐Azhar University in Egypt, and it is from here that most verdicts on novel issues such as human cloning are decreed and disseminated throughout the Islamic and non‐Islamic worlds. The perspective of this seminary and of other significant Sunni jurisprudential councils and figures are alluded to throughout this essay. I lay out the method of legal derivation employed by the Sunni clergy and scholars and then illustrate how they have arrived at their prohibition on human cloning. I demonstrate weaknesses of methodology employed by the major Sunni Muftis within the domain of jurisprudence.
CHANGING LANDSCAPE IN SCIENCE‐RELIGION DIALOGUES
Authors: Raman Varadaraja V. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract.One peculiarity of the broad theme of science‐religion dialogues is that while it has been growing significantly, it seems to be moving farther and farther away from its goal of establishing bridges and understandings between the two enterprises. This essay explores this unhappy situation, with particular reference to the works of two scholars who have been critical of some of the pioneer theologians and have suggested some radically new approaches to the issues.
IS PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL? ROBERT RUSSELL ON DIVINE ACTION
Authors: Haught John F. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract.Robert Russell's theological work has been a helpful stimulus to the task of understanding the meaning of divine action and providence in the age of science. He relates God's direct action “fundamentally” to the hidden domain of quantum events, and his theology of nature deserves careful attention. It is questionable, however, whether the term fundamental as applied to quantum events by physical science may be taken over by theology without more careful qualification than Russell offers.