bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The biosynthetic genes for prenylated phenazines are located at two different chromosomal loci of Streptomyces cinnamonensis DSM 1042
Authors: Seeger Kerstin , Flinspach Katrin , Haug‐Schifferdecker Elisa , Kulik Andreas , Gust Bertolt , Fiedler Hans‐Peter , Heide Lutz 
Published: December 2010

Summary Streptomyces cinnamonensis DSM 1042 produces two types of isoprenoid secondary metabolites: the prenylated naphthalene derivative furanonaphthoquinone I (FNQ I), and isoprenylated phenazines which are termed endophenazines. Previously, a 55 kb gene cluster was identified which contained genes for both FNQ I and endophenazine biosynthesis. However, several genes required for the biosynthesis of these metabolites were not present in this cluster. We now re‐screened the cosmid library for genes of the mevalonate pathway and identified a separate genomic locus which contains the previously missing genes. This locus (15 kb) comprised orthologues of four phenazine biosynthesis genes known from Pseudomonas strains. Furthermore, the locus contained a putative operon of six genes of the mevalonate pathway, as well as the gene epzP which showed sequence similarity to a recently discovered class of prenyltransferases. Inactivation and complementation experiments proved the involvement of epzP in the prenylation reaction in endophenazine biosynthesis. This newly identified genomic locus is more than 40 kb distant from the previously identified cluster. The protein EpzP was expressed in Escherichia coli in form of a his‐tag fusion protein and purified. The enzyme catalysed the prenylation of 5,10‐dihydrophenazine‐1‐carboxylic acid (dihydro‐PCA) using dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as isoprenoid substrate. Km values were determined as 108 µM for dihydro‐PCA and 25 µM for DMAPP.
HPA Axis Alterations in Mental Disorders: Impact on Memory and its Relevance for Therapeutic Interventions
Authors: Wingenfeld Katja , Wolf Oliver T. 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYDysfunctions in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis have been reported for several mental disorders that are also often characterized by memory disturbances. It is now well established that glucocorticoids influence cognitive processes by enhancing memory consolidation and impairing memory retrieval. There is further evidence for an association between HPA axis related disturbances and memory function in mental disorders. The present selective review provides a brief overview of HPA axis dysfunction and its impact on memory function in major depressive disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline personality disorder. Furthermore, the relevance of these findings for therapeutic intervention is discussed.
Analysis of Remote Sensing Images of Ground Ruptures Resulting from the Kunlun Mountain Pass Earthquake in 2001
Authors: Xinjian SHAN , Jianhua LI , Chao MA , Jiahang LIU 
Published: December 2010

Abstract On November 14, 2001, an earthquake measuring a magnitude of 8.1 occurred to the west of the Kunlun Mountain Pass which is near the border between Xinjiang and Qinghai of China. Since its epicenter is located in an area at an elevation of 4900 m where the environment is extremely adverse, field investigation to this event seems very difficult. We have performed interpretation and analysis of the satellite images of ETM, SPOT, Ikonos, and ERS‐1/2SAR to reveal the spatial distribution and deformation features of surface ruptures caused by this large earthquake. Our results show that the rupture zone on the ground is 426 km long, and strikes N90–110°E with evident left‐lateral thrusting. In spatial extension, it has two distinct sections. One extends from the Bukadaban peak to the Kunlun Mountain Pass, with a total length of 350 km, and trending N95–110°E. Its fracture plane is almost vertical, with clear linear rupture traces and a single structure, and the maximum left‐lateral offset is 7.8 m. This section is the main rupture zone caused by the earthquake, which is a re‐fracturing along an old fault. The other is the section from Kushuihuan to the Taiyang Lake. It is 26 km long, trending N90–105°E, with the maximum strike‐slip displacement being 3 m, and is a newly‐generated seismic rupture. In a 50 km‐long section between the Taiyang Lake and the Bukadaban peak, no rupture is found on the ground. The eastern and western rupture zones may have resulted from two earthquakes. The macroscopic epicenter is situated at 65 km east of the Hoh Sai Lake. The largest coseismic horizontal offset in the macroscopic epicenter ranges from 7 m to 8 m. Based on the dislocation partition of the whole rupture zone, it is suggested that this rupture zone has experienced a process of many times of intensification and fluctuation, exhibiting a remarkable feature of segmentation.
Geology and D‐O‐C Isotope Systematica of the Tieluping Silver Deposit, Henan, China: Implications for Ore Genesis
Authors: Yanjing CHEN , PIRAJNO Franco , Yinghui SUI 
Published: December 2010

Abstract The Tieluping silver deposit, which is sited along NE‐trending faults within the high‐grade metamorphic basement of the Xiong'er terrane, is part of an important Mesozoic orogenic‐type Ag‐Pb and Au belt recently discovered. Ore formation includes three stages: Early (E), Middle (M) and Late (L), which include quartz‐pyrite (E), polymetallic sulfides (M) and carbonates (L), respectively. The E‐stage fluids are characterized by δD=−90‰, δ13Cco2=2.0‰ and δ18O=9‰ at 373°C, and are deeply sourced; the L‐stage fluids, with δD=−70‰, δ13CCo2=−1.3‰ and δ18O=−2‰, are shallow‐sourced meteoric water; whereas the M‐stage fluids, with δD=−109‰, δ13CCo2=0.1‰ and δ18O=2‰, are a mix of deep‐sourced and shallow‐sourced fluids. Comparisons of the D‐O‐C isotopic systematics of the E‐stage ore‐forming fluids with the fluids derived from Mesozoic granites, Archean‐Paleoproterozoic metamorphic basement and Paleo‐Mesoproterozoic Xiong'er Group, show that these units cannot generate fluids with the measured isotopic composition (high δ18O and δ13C ratios and low δD ratios) characteristic of the ore‐forming fluids. This suggests that the E‐stage ore‐forming fluids originated from metamorphic devolatilization of a carbonate‐shale‐chert lithological association, locally rich in organic matter, which could correspond to the Meso‐Neoproterozoic Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups, rather than to geologic units in the Xiong'er terrane, the lower crust and the mantle. This supports the view that the rocks of the Guandaokou and Luanchuan Groups south of the Machaoying fault might be the favorable sources. A tectonic model that combines collisional orogeny, metallogeny and hydrothermal fluid flow is proposed to explain the formation of the Tieluping silver deposit. During the Mesozoic collision between the South and North China paleocontinents, a crustal slab containing a lithological association consisting of carbonate‐shale‐chert, locally rich in organic matter (carbonaceous shale) was thrust northwards beneath the Xiong'er terrane along the Machaoying fault. Metamorphic devolatilization of this underthrust slab provided the ore‐forming fluids to develop the Au‐Ag‐(Pb‐Zn) ore belt, which includes the Tieluping silver deposit.
Guanling Biota: A Marker of Triassic Biotic Recovery from the end‐Permian Extinction in the Ancient Guizhou Sea
Authors: Dayong JIANG , MOTANI Ryosuke , Chun LI , Weicheng HAO , Yuanlin SUN , Zuoyu SUN , SCHMITZ Lars 
Published: December 2010

Abstract After a slow recovery from the end‐Permian extinction during the Early Triassic and rapid radiation in the Middle Triassic, evolution of organisms reached a new peak phase in the Late Triassic. The Guanling Biota from the Wayao Member (conodont Paragondolella polygnathiformis Zone), Falang Formation, Xinpu, Guanling County, Guizhou Province, southwestern China corresponds to this peak that marks the full recovery from the end‐Permian extinction of marine ecosystems. The biota is of high diversity, containing well preserved and completely articulated skeletons of vertebrates comprising marine reptiles, fishes, and invertebrates including crinoids, ammonites, bivalves, and other fossils, and is one of the best examples of marine ecosystem records in life history. The fossil marine reptiles and crinoids are most significant in this biota, especially the marine reptiles, which provide an important link between the Triassic Pacific and Tethys, and between Triassic basal forms and the Jurassic‐Cretaceous marine top predators. The most remarkable fossils are the large completely articulated ichthyosaur skeletons up to and more than 10 m, and the first recorded thalattosaurs and placodonts in China. Following our review, of the 17 named reptilian taxa the eight listed here are considered to be valid: three ichthyosaurs (Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999; Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000, Guanlingsaurus liangae Yin in Yin et al., 2000), three thalattosaurs (Anshunsaurus huangguoshuensis Liu, 1999, Xinpusaurus suni Yin in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus kohi Jiang et al., 2004), and two placodonts (Sinocyamodus xinpuensis Li, 2000, Psephochelys polyosteoderma Li and Rieppel, 2002). Mixosaurus guanlingensis Cao in Yin et al., 2000 might be a junior synonym of Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li, 1999, and Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li and You, 2002 and Panjiangsaurus epicharis Chen and Cheng, 2003 might be junior synonyms of Guizhouichthyosaurus tangae Cao and Luo in Yin et al., 2000. It needs to re‐describe the holotypes after a complete preparation for clarifying the taxonomic status of Typicusichthyosaurus tsaihuae Yu in Yin et al., 2000, Xinpusaurus bamaolinensis Cheng, 2003, Neosinosaurus hoangi (Zhou in Yin et al., 2000), Wayaosaurus geei Zhou in Yin et al., 2000, Wayaosaurus bellus Zhou in Yin et al., 2000 and Placochelys ? minutus Yin and Luo in Yin et al., 2000.
SEM Observation of the Wing Membrane of Beipiaopterus chenianus (Pterosauria)
Authors: Junchang LÜ , Yoshitsugu KOBAYASHI , Chongxi YUAN , Shu'an JI , Qiang JI 
Published: December 2010

Abstract The cross‐section and surface structures of wing membranes from the ctenochasmatid pterosaur Beipiaopterus chenianus were observed through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the wing membrane contains a high density of blood vessels, implying strong thermoregulatory function, similar to that of a bat wing membrane. This is the first comparison of the microstructures of pterosaur wing membranes with those of the modern bat. It is inferred that a bat‐like physiology exists, at least in relatively small pterosaurs suggesting that these pterosaurs were warm‐blooded, active fliers.
Dynamics Simulations of a Graphite Block Under Longitudinal Impact
Authors: Kim Gyeongho , Kim Dong Ok , Choi Woo-Seok , Kang Ji Ho , Noh Jae Man 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Graphite blocks are important core components of the high temperature gas-cooled reactor. As these blocks are simply stacked in array, collisions among neighboring components may occur during earthquakes or accidents. Thus, it is important to develop a reliable seismic model of the stacked graphite blocks and have them designed to maintain their structural integrity during the anticipated occurrences. Various aspects involved in modeling and calculating impact-contact dynamics can affect the resulting behavior of the graphite block. These include mesh size, time step, contact behavior, mechanical constraint formulation of impact-contact analysis, etc. This work is dedicated to perform comparative studies and the effects of these parameters will be identified. The insights obtained through these studies will help build a realistic impact-contact model of the graphite block from which a lumped or reduced dynamics model will be developed for the seismic analysis of the reactor including these graphite components.
Reactivity Accident in a High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Due to Inadvertent Withdrawal of Control Rod
Authors: Yanhua Zheng , Lei Shi 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Reactivity accident due to inadvertent withdrawal of the control rod is one kind of the design basis accident for high temperature gas-cooled reactors, which should be analyzed carefully in order to validate the reactor inherent safety properties. Based on the preliminary design of the Chinese pebble-bed modular high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-PM) with single module power of 250 MW, several cases of reactivity accident has been studied by the help of the software TINTE in the paper (e.g., the first scram signal works or not, the absorber balls (secondary shutdown units) drop or not) and the ATWS situation is also taken into account. The dynamic processes of the important parameters including reactor power, fuel temperature, and xenon concentration are studied and compared in detail between these different cases. The calculating results show that the decay heat during the reactivity accidents can be removed from the reactor core solely by means of physical processes in a passive way so that the temperature limits of the fuel element and other components are still obeyed, which can effectively keep the integrality of the fuel particles to avoid massive fission products release. This will be helpful to the further detail design of the HTR-PM demonstrating power plant project.
Extraction of Actinides and Lanthanides by Supercritical Fluid
Authors: Zhu Liyang , Duan Wuhua , Xu Jingming , Zhu Yongjun 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Reprocessing of used nuclear fuel and nuclear waste management are important issues for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. It is necessary to develop novel nuclear waste treatment technologies to meet the goal of minimizing the secondary liquid waste. Supercritical fluids are considered green solvents in chemical engineering process. Moreover, extraction of metal ions by supercritical fluid is achieved. It gains growing interest to treat nuclear waste using supercritical fluid extraction recently because it can greatly decrease the secondary liquid waste with high radioactivity. During the past 2 decades, extraction of actinides and lanthanides by supercritical fluid has been intensively studied in many countries, and many important progresses have been made. However, the prospect of industrial application of supercritical fluid extraction technology in nuclear waste management is still unclear. In this paper, extraction of actinides and lanthanides from various matrices or from their oxides by supercritical fluid including the experimental results, extraction mechanism, and kinetic process was reviewed. The engineering demonstration projects were introduced. The trend of industrial application of supercritical fluid extraction technology in nuclear waste management was also discussed.
Complete Genome Analysis of a Novel Intertypic Recombinant Human Adenovirus Causing Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis in Japan
Authors: Kaneko Hisatoshi , Aoki Koki , Ohno Shigeaki , Ishiko Hiroaki , Fujimoto Tsuguto , Kikuchi Masayuki , Harada Seiya , Gonzalez Gabriel , Koyanagi Kanako O. , Watanabe Hidemi , Suzutani Tatsuo 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
For 4 months from September 2008, 102 conjunctival swab specimens were collected for surveillance purposes from patients across Japan suspected of having epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC). Human adenovirus (HAdV) DNA was detected in 61 samples by PCR, though the HAdV type for 6 of the PCR-positive samples could not be determined by phylogenetic analysis using a partial hexon gene sequence. Moreover, for 2 months from January 2009, HAdV strains with identical sequences were isolated from five conjunctival swab samples obtained from EKC patients in five different regions of Japan. For the analyses of the 11 samples mentioned above, we determined the nucleotide sequences of the entire penton base, hexon, and fiber genes and early 3 (E3) region, which are variable regions among HAdV types, and compared them to those of other HAdV species D strains. The nucleotide sequences of loops 1 and 2 in the hexons of all 11 samples showed high degrees of identity with those of the HAdV type 15 (HAdV-15) and HAdV-29 prototype strains. However, the fiber gene and E3 region sequences showed high degrees of identity with those of HAdV-9, and the penton base gene sequence showed a high degree of identity with the penton base gene sequences of HAdV-9 and -26. Moreover, the complete genome sequence of the 2307-S strain, which was isolated by viral culture from 1 of the 11 samples, was determined. The 2307-S strain was a recombinant HAdV between HAdV-9, -15, -26, -29, and/or another HAdV type; however, the recombination sites in the genome were not obvious. We propose that this virus is a novel intertypic recombinant, HAdV-15/29/H9, and may be an etiological agent of EKC.
Candida palmioleophila: Characterization of a Previously Overlooked Pathogen and Its Unique Susceptibility Profile in Comparison with Five Related Species
Authors: Jensen Rasmus H. , Arendrup Maiken C. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Candida palmioleophila
has previously been misidentified as
C. famata
or
C. guilliermondii
. We have investigated traditional and modern identification methods for the identification of this and related species. Forty-one clinical isolates previously identified as
C. famata
or
C. guilliermondii
and 8 reference strains were included. Color development on CHROMagar, growth temperature ranges, micromorphologies, carbon assimilation (ID32C), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) profiles, and susceptibility profiles (mica- and anidulafungin and itra-, vori-, posa-, and fluconazole MICs were determined by EUCAST method EDef 7.1, and caspofungin MICs were determined by Etest) were determined, and results were compared to those of molecular identification (ITS1 and ITS2 sequencing). The following five different species were identified among the clinical isolates by sequencing, but no
C. famata
isolates were found:
C. guilliermondii
(22 isolates),
C. palmioleophila
(8 isolates),
C. fermentati
(6 isolates),
C. lusitaniae
(3 isolates), and
C. intermedia
(2 isolates).
C. palmioleophila
developed a distinct scintillating color of turquoise to rose, grew at 40°C, and failed to produce pseudohyphae within 14 days. The ID32C profile for 7/9
C. palmioleophila
isolates was 5367352315, and all were unable to hydrolyze esculin (Esc). The six related species were well discriminated by MALDI-TOF MS. The susceptibility pattern for
C. palmioleophila
was unique, as the echinocandin MICs were low (range, 0.008 to 0.125 μg/ml) and fluconazole MICs were high (range, 8 to >16 μg/ml). Correct identification of
C. palmioleophila
is important due to its unique susceptibility profile. Identification is possible yet laborious with conventional techniques, whereas MALDI-TOF MS easily separated the related species.
Mosquito Saliva Causes Enhancement of West Nile Virus Infection in Mice
Authors: Styer Linda M. , Lim Pei-Yin , Louie Karen L. , Albright Rebecca G. , Kramer Laura D. , Bernard Kristen A. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTWest Nile virus (WNV) is transmitted to vertebrate hosts primarily by infectedCulexmosquitoes. Transmission of arboviruses by the bite of infected mosquitoes can potentiate infection in hosts compared to viral infection by needle inoculation. Here we examined the effect of mosquito transmission on WNV infection and systematically investigated multiple factors that differ between mosquito infection and needle inoculation of WNV. We found that mice infected with WNV through the bite of a single infectedCulex tarsalismosquito exhibited 5- to 10-fold-higher viremia and tissue titers at 24 and 48 h postinoculation and faster neuroinvasion than mice given a median mosquito-inoculated dose of WNV (105PFU) by needle. Mosquito-induced enhancement was not due to differences in inoculation location, because additional intravenous inoculation of WNV did not enhance viremia or tissue titers. Inoculation of WNV into a location where uninfected mosquitoes had fed resulted in enhanced viremia and tissue titers in mice similar to those in mice infected by a single infected mosquito bite, suggesting that differences in where virus is deposited in the skin and in the virus particle itself were not responsible for the enhanced early infection in mosquito-infected mice. In addition, inoculation of mice with WNV mixed with salivary gland extract (SGE) led to higher viremia, demonstrating that mosquito saliva is the major cause of mosquito-induced enhancement. Enhanced viremia was not observed when SGE was inoculated at a distal site, suggesting that SGE enhances WNV replication by exerting a local effect. Furthermore, enhancement of WNV infection still occurred in mice with antibodies against mosquito saliva. In conclusion, saliva fromC. tarsalisis responsible for enhancement of early WNV infection in vertebrate hosts.
Immune and Viral Profile from Tolerance to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Clearance: a Longitudinal Study of Vertically Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Children on Combined Therapy
Authors: Carey Ivana , D'Antiga Lorenzo , Bansal Sanjay , Longhi Maria Serena , Ma Yun , Mesa Irene Rebollo , Mieli-Vergani Giorgina , Vergani Diego 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThe aim of the study was to investigate longitudinally hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T-cell reactivity and viral behavior versus treatment response in tolerant children during combined antiviral therapy. Twenty-three children with infancy-acquired hepatitis B (HBeAg+) belonging to a published pilot study of 1-year treatment with lamivudine/alpha interferon (IFN-α) were investigated. Five seroconverted to anti-HBs (responders). Nine were HLA-A2+(4 responders and 5 nonresponders). Mutations within the HBV core gene were determined at baseline in liver and in serial serum samples by direct sequencing at baseline; during treatment week 2 (TW2), TW9, TW28, and TW52; and after follow-up week 24 (FUW24) and FUW52. HBV-specific reactivity was evaluated by T-cell proliferation with 16 HBV core 20-mer overlapping peptides and by HLA-A2-restricted core18-27pentamer staining and CD8+IFN-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay. HBV core-specific T-cell proliferative and CD8 responses were more vigorous and broader among responders than among nonresponders at TW28 and TW52, while the number of mutations within HBV core gene immunodominant epitopes was lower at TW28 and was negatively associated with HBV-specific T-cell proliferative responses at both time points. The HBV DNA viral load was negatively associated with HBV-specific T-cell proliferative and CD8 responses during treatment, especially at TW28. Treatment-induced transition from immunotolerance to HBV immune control is characterized by the emergence of efficient virus-specific immune responses capable of restraining mutations and preventing viral evasion.