bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression‐based identification of genetic determinants of the bacterial symbiosis ‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’
Authors: Wenter Roland , Hütz Katharina , Dibbern Dörte , Li Tao , Reisinger Veronika , Plöscher Matthias , Eichacker Lutz , Eddie Brian , Hanson Thomas , Bryant Donald A. , Overmann Jörg 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe phototrophic consortium ‘Chlorochromatium aggregatum’ is a highly structured association of green sulfur bacterial epibionts surrounding a central, motile bacterium and is the most specific symbiosis currently known between two phylogenetically distinct bacterial species. Genes and gene products potentially involved in the symbiotic interaction were identified on the genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic level. As compared with the 11 available genomes of free‐living relatives, only 186 open reading frames were found to be unique to the epibiont genome. 2‐D differential gel electrophoresis (2‐D DIGE) of the soluble proteomes recovered 1612 protein spots of which 54 were detected exclusively in consortia but not in pure epibiont cultures. Using mass spectrometry analyses, the 13 most intense of the 54 spots could be attributed to the epibiont. Analyses of the membrane proteins of consortia, of consortia treated with cross‐linkers and of pure cultures indicated that a branched chain amino acid ABC‐transporter binding protein is only expressed in the symbiotic state of the epibiont. Furthermore, analyses of chlorosomes revealed that an uncharacterized 11 kDa epibiont protein is only expressed during symbiosis. This protein may be involved in the intracellular sorting of chlorosomes. Application of a novel prokaryotic cDNA suppression subtractive hybridization technique led to identification of 14 differentially regulated genes, and comparison of the transcriptomes of symbiotic and free‐living epibionts indicated that 328 genes were differentially transcribed. The three approaches were mostly complementary and thereby yielded a first inventory of 352 genes that are likely to be involved in the bacterial interaction in ‘C. aggregatum’. Notably, most of the regulated genes encoded components of central metabolic pathways whereas only very few (7.5%) of the unique ‘symbiosis genes’ turned out to be regulated under the experimental conditions tested. This pronounced regulation of central metabolic pathways may serve to fine‐tune the symbiotic interaction in ‘C. aggregatum’ in response to environmental conditions.
‘Practice without theory’: a neuroanthropological perspective on embodied learning
Authors: Downey Greg 
Published: April 2010

This paper, drawing on research on skill acquisition and sports training, asks two questions. First, how does the mimetic channel function and thus limit what can be acquired by bodily enculturation? Second, given that it was acquired through imitation, what must be the nature of the resulting bodily knowledge? These questions are addressed through a close examination of movement education, especially its neurological, psychological, and interactional dynamics in the Afro‐Brazilian art capoeira. The study of embodied knowledge and its development in bodily practices suggests that gaining bodily skills requires more than ‘knowledge’, involving changes in physiology, perception, comportment, and behaviour patterns in unsystematic, diverse modes. Embodied knowledge from this perspective appears more complex, less systematic or susceptible to structural account, than typically modelled.RésuméÀ partir de travaux sur l’acquisition de compétences et l’entraînement sportif, l’article pose deux questions. D’une part, comment fonctionne le canal mimétique, et comment limite‐t‐il ce qui peut être acquis par une enculturation corporelle ? D’autre part, sachant que l’apprentissage s’est fait par imitation, quelle peut être la nature des connaissances corporelles en résultant ? Ces questions sont abordées par le biais d’un examen attentif de l’éducation au mouvement, et notamment de sa dynamique neurologique, psychologique et interactive, dans l’art afro‐brésilien de la capoeira. L’étude des connaissances incorporées et de leur développement dans les pratiques corporelles suggère que l’acquisition de compétences physiques nécessite plus que des « connaissances » et implique des changements physiologiques, perceptifs et comportementaux de nature diverse et non systématique. De ce point de vue, les connaissances incorporées semblent plus complexes, moins systématiques ou susceptibles de faire l’objet d’un compte‐rendu structural, que dans les modèles classiques.
The craft of skilful learning: Kazakh women's everyday craft practices in western Mongolia
Authors: Portisch Anna Odland 
Published: April 2010

In western Mongolia, Kazakh women make a range of embroidered and felt textiles for the home. This paper focuses on these women's everyday craft practices and the transmission of their craft knowledge to future generations. I consider embodied ways of conveying notions of good practice and quality, and how women are inspired by and learn in dialogue with their social and material environment. I focus on the detail of producing a Kazakh felt carpet (syrmaq) in order to consider the types of orientations and reflections that are involved in this process, and the relationship between reflection and practice.RésuméLes femmes kazakhes de l’Ouest de la Mongolie réalisent divers ouvrages textiles brodés et feutrés pour leur maison. Le présent article est consacré aux pratiques artisanales quotidiennes de ces femmes et à leur transmission aux générations futures. L’auteur examine les modes incorporés de transmission des notions de bonnes pratiques et de qualité, et la façon dont les femmes sont inspirées par leur environnement social et matériel, apprenant dans un dialogue avec celui‐ci. Elle se concentre sur les détails de la fabrication d’un tapis en feutre kazakh (syrmaq), pour examiner les types d’orientations et de réflexions intervenant dans ce processus ainsi que les relations entre réflexion et pratique.
Embodied cognition and communication: studies with British fine woodworkers
Authors: Marchand Trevor H.J. 
Published: April 2010

The approach to embodied cognition and communication presented in this study of carpentry practices among English woodwork tutors and trainees is an agent‐centred one. I describe the cognitive operations that make possible both the enactment and the understanding of practice by focusing on the way that received somatic information is ‘interpreted’from the body. It is proposed that the flow of human movement, like the stream of words in an utterance, is segmentable, in that it can be broken down into component actions, gestures, and postures that unfold dynamically in space and time. The point of my argument is that physical practice communicates, and therefore, like language, its component elements can be parsed by an observing party and acquired as mental representations by his or her motor domains of cognition. Motor representations yield embodied simulations of actions, or they can be systematically re‐combined, with the effect of producing physical imitation or novel articulations of knowledge‐in‐practice. Notably the compositional nature of mental representations underlies the ongoing and novel production of knowledge.RésuméLa présente étude des pratiques de la charpenterie chez les formateurs et apprentis anglais adopte une approche de la cognition et de la communication incorporées centrée sur les agents. L’auteur décrit les opérations cognitives qui permettent à la fois la réalisation et la compréhension de la pratique en se concentrant sur la manière dont les informations somatiques reçues sont « interprétées »à partir du corps. Il suggère que le flux des mouvements humains, comme le flux des mots d’un énoncé, peut être segmenté en actions, gestes et postures élémentaires qui se déploient de façon dynamique dans l’espace et le temps. L’argumentation vise à exposer que la pratique physique est un mode de communication et que, comme le langage, ses composants élémentaires peuvent être analysés par un observateur et acquis sous la forme de représentations mentales par ses domaines moteurs de cognition. Les représentations motrices produisent des simulations incorporées des actions ou peuvent être systématiquement recombinées de façon à produire des imitations physiques ou de nouvelles organisations des savoirs dans la pratique. On remarquera que la nature compositionnelle des représentations mentales sous‐tend la production permanente de nouvelles connaissances.
Footprints through the weather‐world: walking, breathing, knowing
Authors: Ingold Tim 
Published: April 2010

This essay investigates the relation between becoming knowledgeable, walking along, and the experience of weather. It begins by exploring the meaning of ground. Far from being uniform, homogeneous, and pre‐prepared, the ground is variegated, composite, and undergoes continuous generation. Moreover, it is apprehended in movement rather than from fixed points. Making their way along the ground, people create paths and tracks. These are made, however, through the impression of footprints rather than gestural inscription. As footprints are made in soft ground rather than stamped on a hard surface, their temporality is bound to the dynamics of its formation. These dynamics are a function of the weather, and of reactions across the interface between earth and air. Breathing with every step they take, wayfarers walk at once in the air and on the ground. This walking is itself a process of thinking and knowing. Thus knowledge is formed along paths of movement in the weather‐world.RésuméLe présent essai étudie la relation entre l’acquisition de connaissances, la déambulation et la perception du temps qu’il fait. Pour commencer, il explore la signification du sol. Loin d’être uniforme, homogène et préparé, le sol est divers, composite et en recréation constante. Il est en outre appréhendé en mouvement plutôt qu’à partir de points fixes. En marchant sur le sol, les gens créent des pistes et des chemins. Ceux‐ci sont produits par des traces de pas plutôt que par un geste d’inscription. Dès lors que ces empreintes s’inscrivent dans un sol meuble au lieu d’être imprimées sur une surface dure, leur temporalité est liée à la dynamique de leur formation, qui dépend elle‐même du temps qu’il fait et des réactions à l’interface entre la terre et l’air. En respirant à chaque pas, les marcheurs déambulent à la fois dans l’air et sur terre. Marcher est donc en soi un processus de réflexion et de connaissance. C’est ainsi que le savoir naît le long des chemins de déplacement traversant le monde des éléments.
Unconscious culture and conscious nature: exploring East Javanese conceptions of the person through Bourdieu's lens
Authors: Retsikas Konstantinos 
Published: April 2010

Though staging an imaginary dialogue between French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu and East Javanese informants, the paper explores anthropological processes of knowledge‐making regarding the roots of social domination. The employment of an explicitly comparative framework is undertaken with the aim of revealing the frontier areas and outer limits of knowledge production and of cross‐cultural translation in general. At the same time, it engages with ‘indigenous’ ways of knowing that emphasize embodied subjectivity and sensorial inter‐involvement with others and the ambient world, and that posit the assumption that being a particular person and acting in a specific way are closely connected.RésuméPar la mise en scène d’un dialogue imaginaire entre le sociologue français Pierre Bourdieu et des informateurs javanais de l’Est, l’article explore les processus anthropologiques de production de connaissances concernant les racines de la domination sociale. L’emploi d’un cadre explicitement comparatif a pour but de révéler les zones frontières et les limites extérieures de la production de connaissances et de la traduction interculturelle en général. Dans le même temps, l’auteur aborde les modes de connaissance « autochtones » qui mettent l’accent sur la subjectivité incorporée et les engagements sensoriels mutuels avec les autres et avec le monde environnant, et qui posent l’hypothèse qu’une personne donnée et une manière spécifique d’agir sont étroitement liées.
Anthropology of knowledge
Authors: Cohen Emma 
Published: April 2010

Explanatory accounts of the emergence, spread, storage, persistence, and transformation of knowledge face numerous theoretical and methodological challenges. This paper argues that although anthropologists are uniquely positioned to address some of these challenges, joint engagement with relevant research in neighbouring disciplines holds considerable promise for advancement in the area. Researchers across the human and social sciences are increasingly recognizing the importance of conjointly operative and mutually contingent bodily, cognitive, neural, and social mechanisms informing the generation and communication of knowledge. Selected cognitive scientific work, in particular, is reviewed here and used to illustrate how anthropology may potentially richly contribute not only to descriptive and interpretive endeavours, but to the development and substantiation of explanatory accounts also.RésuméLes comptes‐rendus portant sur l’émergence, la diffusion, la conservation, la persistance et la transformation des connaissances se heurtent à de nombreuses difficultés théoriques et méthodologiques. Bien que les anthropologues soient particulièrement bien placés pour affronter ces défis, des progrès considérables pourraient être réalisés en la matière dans le cadre d’une approche conjointe avec des disciplines voisines menant des recherches connexes. Les adeptes du décloisonnement des sciences humaines et sociales reconnaissent de plus en plus l’importance des interactions et interdépendances entre mécanismes physiques, cognitifs, neurologiques et sociaux dans la production et la communication des connaissances. Des travaux scientifiques choisis, en matière de cognition en particulier, sont examinés et utilisés pour illustrer la manière dont l’anthropologie pourrait apporter une riche contribution non seulement aux tâches descriptives et interprétatives, mais aussi à l’élaboration et la mise à l’épreuve de comptes‐rendus explicatifs.
Brahms and thePrinciple ofDestabilisedBeginnings
Authors: Mcclelland Ryan 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTDespite the considerable research on moment‐to‐moment motivic development in Brahms's instrumental music, surprisingly few studies emphasise global thematic processes which involve transformations of initially destabilised thematic material. After placing Brahms's destabilised beginnings in the context of earlier nineteenth‐century works, the article explores several pieces with destabilised beginnings in order to demonstrate Brahms's range of techniques for tonal and rhythmic‐metric destabilisation, strategies used to maintain destabilisation at preliminary thematic returns and the relationships between destabilised beginnings and their eventual stabilised form. Tonal destabilisation subsumes several related and somewhat overlapping techniques, and the article pursues six which have particular relevance in Brahms's music: (1) stylistically marked chromaticism, (2) unusual dissonance treatment, (3) denial of harmonic or melodic cadence, (4) minimally stable diatonic harmonisation, (5) disjuncture between harmonic function and sonority type and (6) ambiguous establishment of key. The briefer consideration of rhythmic‐metric destabilisation studies dissonance (1) at the level of metre and (2) at some level of hypermetre. The concluding section addresses stylistic and genre‐specific constraints on destabilised beginnings as well as the implications of destabilised beginnings for the analysis of musical form, especially the distinction between rondo and modified sonata designs.
The impacts of the crisis on social security administrations: A review of the findings of an ISSA survey
Authors: Orton Ian 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the findings of a major survey conducted in 2009 by the International Social Security Association (ISSA) on the impacts of the financial and economic crisis on social security administrations. The findings reveal that a majority of administrations have been negatively affected in terms of diminished investment returns on social security funds and reduced contribution income and are challenged by increased expenditure on benefits. In spite of all this, the findings indicate that administrations have reacted to the challenges presented in often proactive and innovative ways. However, challenges still remain. In this regard, the most preoccupying include the possibility of a slow economic recovery involving a protracted labour market crisis and the constraints of depleted financial reserves and reduced fiscal latitude.
The impact of the 2007‐2009 crisis on social security and private pension funds: A threat to their financial soundness?
Authors: Pino Ariel , Yermo Juan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSocial security and pension funds were affected on an unparalleled scale by the recent financial crisis. They reported massive unrealized investment losses and their governance mechanisms have been challenged, therefore endangering their financial soundness and questioning their capacity to deliver adequate benefits. The year 2009 ended with financial markets recovering, but also with portfolio reallocations and traditional risk management approaches being revisited. Governments have reacted to the crisis and implemented recovery plans that could issue a warning about the mid‐term fiscal situation. Post‐crisis fiscal stress may generate a trade‐off between a re‐establishment of a sound fiscal situation and a reduction in social expenditure. This article analyses the impact of the crisis on social security and pension funds and address all the aforementioned issues.
Connective tissue response to fractionated thermo‐ablative Erbium: YAG skin laser treatment
Authors: Bodendorf M. O. , Willenberg A. , Anderegg U. , Grunewald S. , Simon J. C. , Paasch U. 
Published: April 2010

SynopsisIndications for and prevalence of laser therapies with a fractionated laser beam have risen significantly. However, as of yet, little is known about the underlying molecular changes, especially with respect to dermal extracellular‐matrix remodelling, wound healing and inflammation. This study aimed at the investigation of the connective tissue response of sun‐damaged skin following fractionated laser treatment. Seven patients received a laser therapy on the lateral side of the neck of wrinkles grade III–IV (Glogau scale) using a fractionated thermo‐ablative erbium yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser (2940 nm, BURANE XL; Quantel Derma, Erlangen, Germany). Skin biopsies were taken at baseline from untreated skin, 1 and 6 weeks after laser intervention to investigate hyaluronan (HA), collagen‐I (Coll‐I) and collagen‐III (Coll‐III) remodelling as well as alteration of matrix metalloproteinase 1 expression (MMP‐1). To address this issue, HA synthesizing (HA synthetases, HAS) and degrading (hyaluronidases, HYAL) enzymes were measured at mRNA‐level using a real‐time PCR. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining for HA was performed by using the HA binding protein (HAbP) and for Coll‐I, Coll‐III and MMP‐1 by using monoclonal antibodies. The degree of inflammation was correlated descriptively. Our findings were that at the two examined read out points, HAS and HYAL showed a slight response alluding to HA synthesis under minimal signs of inflammatory reaction. Concordantly, although to a varying degree, an increase in the HA content of the skin after laser treatment could be detected by immunhistochemistry. During remodelling, Coll‐I, Coll‐III and MMP‐1 showed a cyclic course with a peak after 1 week. Conclusively, our results indicate a light alteration of the HA metabolism towards synthesis and a transient collagen neogenesis caused by a single fractionated thermo‐ablative laser skin intervention. Clinical improvement might be attributed to synergistic effects between collagen neogenesis and the water binding capacities of HA and its influence on skin contraction and remodelling.
Chronological ageing of human hair keratin fibres
Authors: Thibaut S. , De Becker E. , Bernard B. A. , Huart M. , Fiat F. , Baghdadli N. , Luengo G. S. , Leroy F. , Angevin P. , Kermoal A. M. , Muller S. , Peron M. , Provot G. , Kravtchenko S. , Saint‐Léger D. , Desbois G. , Gauchet L. , Nowbuth K. , Galliano A. , Kempf J. Y. , Silberzan I. 
Published: April 2010

SynopsisExamination of very long hair (length > 2.4 m) using a large range of evaluation methods including physical, chemical, biochemical and microscopic techniques has enabled to attain a detailed understanding of natural ageing of human hair keratin fibres. Scrutinizing hair that has undergone little or no oxidative aggression – because of the absence of action of chemical agents such as bleaching or dyeing – from the root to the tip shows the deterioration process, which gradually takes place from the outside to the inside of the hair shaft: first, a progressive abrasion of the cuticle, whilst the cortex structure remains unaltered, is evidenced along a length of roughly 1 m onwards together with constant shine, hydrophobicity and friction characteristics. Further along the fibre, a significant damage to cuticle scales occurs, which correlates well with ceramides and 18‐Methyl Eicosanoic Acid (18‐MEA) decline, and progressive decrease in keratin‐associated protein content. Most physical descriptors of mechanical and optical properties decay significantly. This detailed description of natural ageing of human hair fibres by a fine analysis of hair components and physical parameters in relationship with cosmetic characteristics provides a time‐dependent ‘damage scale’ of human hair, which may help in designing new targeted hair care formulations.
The weak rate of sphingolipid biosynthesis shown by basal keratinocytes isolated from aged vs. young donors is fully rejuvenated after treatment with peptides of a potato hydrolysate
Authors: Popa I. , Abdul‐Malak N. , Portoukalian J. 
Published: April 2010

SynopsisA new study was carried out to bring more information on the effect of the potato proteins ferment. Basal keratinocytes obtained from freshly excised skin samples of two groups of five donors, a young one (25–36‐year‐old) and an aged one (59–70‐year‐old) were established in culture. The results showed a downward trend in the content of all lipid fractions in untreated keratinocytes of aged donors when compared with young ones. We found major differences in the response of keratinocytes to potato proteins ferment treatment between young and old donors. Whereas the lipid content of cells from young donors increased either moderately or actually decreased in some cases in comparison with the untreated controls, the lipid biosynthesis was strongly stimulated in aged donors’ keratinocytes whose lipid contents globally became close to those found in young donors. However, the changes elicited by potato proteins ferment treatment were not seen at the same extent for all lipid classes. Cholesterol content increased up to three‐fold and alpha‐hydroxy fatty acids were augmented up to seven‐fold, whereas the increase in normal fatty acids was quite moderate. In sphingolipids labelled by incubation of keratinocytes in culture medium containing [14C]‐serine, ceramides and glucosylceramides in cells from aged donors showed the highest uptake of radioactivity, with somewhat less incorporation in sphingomyelin and gangliosides. Therefore, it seems that potato proteins ferment has a much more potent stimulatory activity on the lipid biosynthesis of basal keratinocytes of aged donors, thereby normalizing the cellular lipid content that obviously decreases along with ageing. Although our results were obtained only with basal keratinocytes in this study, potato proteins ferment could be beneficial to maintain an efficient skin barrier in ageing people, provided that the peptides can get through to the basal membrane upon topical application.