bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Removal of organic dyes in the hybrid photocatalysis/nanofiltration system
Authors: Grzechulska‐Damszel Joanna , Morawski Antoni W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe removal of azo dyes acid red 18 (AR18), direct green 99 (DG99) and acid yellow 36 (AY36) in hybrid photocatalysis/nanofiltration (NF) system was investigated. The photocatalytic reactions were conducted in the flow reactor with immobilized photocatalyst bed. A commercially available titanium dioxide (Aeroxide® P25, Degussa, Germany) was used as a photocatalyst. The solution after the photocatalytic reaction was applied as feed for NF process. The changes of various parameters, including concentration of dyes, pH and conductivity of the solution, total organic carbon (TOC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) content were analyzed during the process.It was found that azo dyes AR18, DG99 and AY36 solutions could be successfully decolorized in the quartz labyrinth flow reactor with immobilized photocatalyst bed. The rate of color removal can range as follows: AR18 > DG99 > AY36. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas permeation properties of Seragel membrane
Authors: Saeidi M. , Tavakol Moghadam M. , Mahdyarfar M. , Mohammadi T. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractGas permeation behavior through a specific type of polymeric membrane was investigated in this work. The main objective of our study was to determine gas permeation properties of a specific polymeric membrane over a range of operating pressures. The diffusive layer of this membrane consists of Butadiene–Sulfone block copolymer and demonstrates high chemical stability in corrosive media. Permeances were determined at the temperature of 35 °C and pressures of 760, 1520, and 3040 cmHg for methane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Gas permeances were also determined for actual binary mixtures of H2S/CH4. Average permeances of 23.17 and 3.75 GPU for H2S and CO2 were achieved respectively, at the pressure range of 380–1140 cmHg. Calculated permeances by a model developed for this membrane in previous literatures have been compared with experimental data in this study and the agreement of the model with H2S/CH4 mixture was also investigated. The results show that the agreement between the pure gas experimental permeances and the data from the model is more in comparison with the experimental gas mixture results. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extended NRTL model for PEG + salt based aqueous two‐phase system
Authors: Perumalsamy Muthiah , Murugesan Thanapalan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLiquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 2000–sodium citrate systems were determined experimentally at 25°, 35° and 45 °C. Experimental techniques and analytical methods were described in the previous article (T. Murugesan, M. Perumalsamy. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 2005; 50, 1392–1395 [22]). The NRTL (nonrandom, two‐liquid) model, expressed in mass fraction, was used to correlate the LLE of aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS). The interaction energy parameters of the NRTL model were adjusted using these experimental LLE data. The model described experimental equilibrium data with a good agreement. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphonium‐based layered silicate—Poly(ethylene terephthalate) nanocomposites: Stability, thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Patro T. Umasankar , Khakhar Devang V. , Misra Ashok 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPET‐clay nanocomposites were prepared using alkyl quaternary ammonium and phosphonium modified clays by melt‐mixing at 280°C using a micro twin screw extruder. The latter clays were prepared by synthesizing phosphonium surfactants using a simple one‐step method followed by a cation exchange reaction. The onset temperature of decomposition (Tonset) for phosphonium clays (>300°C) was found to be significantly higher than that of ammonium clays (around 240°C). The clay modified with a lower concentration (0.8 meq) of phosphonium surfactant showed a higher Tonset as compared to the clay modified with a higher concentration (1.5 meq) of surfactants. Nanocomposites prepared with octadecyltriphenyl phosphonium (C18P) modified clay showed a higher extent of polymer intercalation as compared with benzyltriphenylphosphonium (BTP) and dodecyltriphenylphosphonium (C12P) modified clays. The nanocomposites prepared with ammonium clays showed a significant decrease in the molecular weight of PET during processing due to thermal degradation of ammonium surfactants. This resulted in a substantial decrease in the mechanical properties. The molecular weight of PET was not considerably reduced during processing upon addition of phosphonium clay. The nanocomposites prepared using phosphonium clays showed an improvement in thermal properties as compared with ammonium clay‐based nanocomposites. Tonset increased significantly in the phosphonium clay‐based nanocomposites and was higher for nanocomposites which contained clay modified with lower amount of surfactant. The tensile strength decreased slightly; however, the modulus showed a significant improvement upon addition of phosphonium clays, as compared with PET. Elongation at break decreased sharply with clay. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Characterization of methyl‐substituted polyamides used for reverse osmosis membranes by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and MD simulation
Authors: Shintani Takuji , Shimazu Akira , Yahagi Satoshi , Matsuyama Hideto 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThree kinds of polyamides were synthesized from three diamines and 1,3,5‐benzenetricarbonyl trichloride (TMC). The diamines used were m‐phenylene diamine, N‐methyl‐m‐phenylenediamine, and N,N′‐dimethyl‐m‐phenylenediamine. The average free volume sizes of the polyamides were measured by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), and the free volume fractions were evaluated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The methyl substitution on amino groups of diamines brought about an increase in interstitial space of molecular chains of the polyamides. In addition, reverse osmosis (RO) membranes were prepared by interfacial polymerization from the three diamines and TMC. The increase in the degree of methyl‐substitution of diamines led to increased chlorine resistance and decreased salt rejections of the polyamide RO membranes. Thus, the methyl‐substitution of diamines significantly influenced membrane performance. The vacancy sizes and fractional volumes in polyamides evaluated by PALS measurement and MD simulation were well correlated with salt rejection of polyamide RO membranes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
PVDF–TiO2 composite hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes prepared by TiO2 sol–gel method and blending method
Authors: Yu Li‐Yun , Shen Hong‐Mei , Xu Zhen‐Liang 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOrganic–inorganic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)–titanium dioxide (TiO2) composite hollow fiber ultrafiltration (UF) membranes were prepared by TiO2 sol–gel method and blending method, respectively. The membranes were characterized in terms of microstructure, hydrophilicity, permeation performance, thermal stability, and mechanical strength. The experimental results indicated that PVDF–TiO2 composite UF membranes exhibited significant differences in surface properties and intrinsic properties because of the addition of inorganic particles. The TiO2 particles improved the membrane strength and thermal stability of PVDF–TiO2 composite UF membranes. In particular, hydrophilicity and permeability increased dramatically with the increase of TiO2, whereas the retention property of UF membranes was nearly unchanged. However, high TiO2 concentration induced the aggregation of particles, resulting in the decline of hydrophilicity and permeability. Compared with PVDF–TiO2 composite hollow fiber UF membranes prepared by TiO2 blending method, PVDF–TiO2 composite hollow fiber UF membranes prepared by TiO2 sol–gel method formed a dispersed inorganic network, and the stronger interaction between inorganic network and polymeric chains led to TiO2 particles being uniformly dispersed in UF membranes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Two‐phase composite modeling of polyurea/wood interfaces
Authors: Sonnenschein Mark F. , Brune Douglas A. , Wendt Benjamin L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe flexural modulus of oak and pine boards suffused with polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) was measured as a function of the amount of pMDI imbibed. The resulting modulus values were compared to predicted values calculated by assuming a relationship between the composite phases. Specifically, the measured flexural moduli were compared to values obtained from a Kerner model, in which the composite phase consists of isolated and spherical particulate isotropically arranged in the major phase. Results were also compared to a Davies model, in which the two phases exist in a bonded co‐continuous morphology. The measured data was shown to be well fit to the Kerner model and not well described by the Davies model, despite the fact that the Davies model is more physically descriptive of the filled wood pore structure. This incongruous result indicates that the pMDI/wood interface is weak, and the resulting tensile properties are not significantly different from the wood–air composite in the absence of pMDI. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal and antimicrobial studies of newly developed transition metal–polychelates derived from polymeric Schiff base
Authors: Nishat Nahid , Parveen Shadma , Dhyani Swati , Asma  , Ahamad Tansir 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMonomeric Schiff base derived from salicylaldehyde and 1,3‐diaminopropane was subjected to polycondensation reaction with formaldehyde and piperazine in basic medium. The resin was found to form polychelates readily with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) metal ions. The materials were characterized by elemental analysis, spectral studies (IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and UV–visible), magnetic moment measurements, and thermal analysis. The electronic spectra and magnetic moment measurements of the synthesized polychelates confirmed the geometry of the central metal ion. Metal–resin bonds were registered in the IR spectra of the polychelates. The thermogravimetric analysis data indicated that the polychelates were more stable than the corresponding polymeric Schiff base. All the synthesized metal–polychelates showed excellent antibacterial activities against the selected bacteria. The antimicrobial activities were determined by using the shaking flask method, where 25 mg/mL concentrations of each compound were tested against 105 CFU/mL bacteria solutions. The number of viable bacteria was calculated by using the spread‐plate method, where 100 μL of the incubated antimicrobial agent in bacteria solutions were spread on agar plates, and the number of bacteria was counted after 24 h of incubation period at 37°C. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A microwave‐assisted process for coating polymer and glass surfaces with semiconducting ZnO submicron particles
Authors: Irzh Alexander , Gedanken Aharon 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new method for coating glass slides with ZnO particles with an average size of 200 nm is proposed in the current article. The coating was performed under microwave radiation. Two main morphologies are found for the ZnO crystals that are deposited on glass slides. The first morphology is that of a very dense coating of ZnO hexagonal rods growing perpendicular to the glass surface. The second is the growth of ZnO flower‐like particles. In addition to coating the glass by ZnO particles, we also report on coating other polymers [poly(methyl methacrylate) plate, polycarbonate beads, Nylon 6,6 beads, and polypropylene beads) by ZnO. The morphology obtained for ZnO coated on polymers is different from that detected for coating ZnO on glass. The unorganized coating of ZnO rods on polymers has been observed. The coated glass slides were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, volumetric titration, EDS, scanning electron microscope, and optical measurements (DRS and transmittance spectroscopy). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of tridentate phenoxy‐imine ligand [N,N,O] nickel(II) and palladium(II) complexes and their catalytic behaviors in vinyl polymerization of norbornene
Authors: Li Aike , Chen Jianxin , Zhang Li , Li Zhongshui , Zhu Meiping , Zhang Wenjie , Lin Xinrong , Zhang Zhichun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this study, new complexes LNiCl(1), LNiBr(2), LNiI(3), and LPdCl(4) (L = 4,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐(N‐(quinolin‐8‐yl)iminomethyl)phenolato) have been synthesized and characterized. X‐ray diffraction studies on Complexes 1 and 4 revealed that N, N, O, and halogen atoms coordinated to metal, with a nearly square planar geometries in all cases. All these complexes are robust and exhibit high activities for the addition polymerization of norbornene (NB) with methylaluminoxane as cocatalyst [up to 47.62 kg PNB(mmol of Ni)−1h−1] and also lead to various activities and molecular weights of polynorbornenes under different reaction conditions. It is noteworthy that Complexes 1 and 4 show better activity under higher reaction temperature of 80°C. However, Complex 2 showed lower activity, and Complex 3 was found nearly inert toward NB polymerization, probably, because of thermal instability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Reactions of stoichiometric intumescent paints
Authors: Horacek Heinrich 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUnder the influence of heat intumescent paints with stoichiometric compositions decomposed to defined compounds: Ammonium polyphosphate degraded to polyphosphoric acid and ammonia. Polyphosphoric acid reacted with pentaerythritols and glycerol to cyclic phosphoric acid esters, which were identified as the blowing agents. Melamine and polyphosphoric acid combined to melamine polyphosphate and dipolyphosphate. In further degradation of polyphosphoric acid, it dehydrated to phosphorus pentoxide, which reacted with titanium dioxide further to titanium pyrophosphate. Intumescent paints with higher efficiency could be developed by the addition of glycerol, which reacted to phosphoric esters with lower temperatures of decomposition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Induction of chemical and moisture resistance in Saccharum spontaneum L fiber through graft copolymerization with methyl methacrylate and study of morphological changes
Authors: Kaith Balbir Singh , Jindal Rajeev , Maiti Mithu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this article, morphological modification of Saccharum spontaneum L, a natural fiber through graft copolymerization with methylmethacrylate using ferrous ammonium sulfate—potassium per sulfate redox initiator has been reported. Different reaction parameters such as reaction temperature, time, initiator molar ratio, monomer concentration, pH and solvent were optimized to get maximum graft yield (144%). The graft copolymers thus formed were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric, differential thermal analysis, and differential thermogravimetric techniques. Graft copolymer has been found to be more moisture resistant and also showed higher chemical and thermal resistance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Swelling behavior and metal ion retention from aqueous solution of hydrogels based on N‐1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and N‐hydroxymethylacrylamide
Authors: Marambio Oscar.G. , Pizarro Guadalupe del C. , Jeria‐Orell Manuel , Geckeler Kurt E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHydrophilic copolymer gels were prepared by free‐radical copolymerization of 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NVP) and N‐hydroxymethyl acrylamide (HMAm). The ratios of both monomers and crosslinker agent (CA) were varied, and the effect of external stimuli such as pH of the swelling media and inorganic ion interaction were investigated. The gels showed a pH‐responsive behavior. The interactions of inorganic ions with the hydrophilic hydrogels were determined as a function of pH, copolymer composition, and variation of the composition crosslinking degree. Additionally, a decrease of the pH of the solution caused a decrease in the equilibrium degree of swelling of the copolymer gels. The capacity to remove several metal ions such as Cu(II), Cr(III), Co(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), and Fe(III) in the aqueous phase was determined by using the liquid‐phase polymer‐based retention (LPR) technique. In addition, the copolymers and their complexes with transition metal ions were characterized by the monomer reactivity ratios by using the Kelen‐Tüdös method, elemental analysis, FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Based on the results of swelling and retention capacity of metal ions of poly(NVP‐co‐HMAm), it was concluded that the swelling and retention capacity properties of the hydrogels depends on the reaction environment's pH. This is regarded as a functional hydrogel, which could be employed as biodegradable materials for applications in agriculture chemicals and as drug delivery systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation of honeycomb films from nitryl poly(ether ether ketone)s via water‐droplet templating
Authors: Zhang Pei , Jiao Qingze , Zhao Yun , Tian Ye , Li Qingyun , Wang Xiaolin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe fabrication of honeycomb‐patterned films from nitryl poly(ether ether ketone)s (PEEK‐NO2) in a high‐humidity atmosphere was reported in this article. PEEK‐NO2 was prepared through acid (nitric acid and sulfuric acid) nitration from poly(ether ether ketone)s (PEEK). The obtained polymer, which was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed excellent solubility and thermal stability. Some influence factors on the pattern formation and the fabrication of the porous structure, such as the solution concentration, the solvent, and the atmosphere humidity, were investigated. The results showed that with the increase of the solution concentration, the aperture of the film diminished gradually; the lower the solvents´ boiling point were, the smaller the films´ apertures were and the more regular the pores´ arrange; only under high‐humidity circumstances could obvious and ordered honeycomb films be formed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The ultrasound‐based interfacial treatment of aramid fiber/epoxy composites
Authors: Dong Huijuan , Wu Jian , Wang Guiying , Chen Zhigang , Zhang Guangyu 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe quality of interfacial adhesion of aramid/epoxy composites affects the mechanical performance of the material, and thus there is a need to improve the condition by using the ultrasound‐based interfacial treatment. To do so, an ultrasonic transducer has been developed and evaluated under various operational conditions when it is installed in the winding system. It has demonstrated several key characteristics such as low power, high amplitude (more than 80 μm), and continuous working (more than 8 h) without water‐cooling. Subsequently, experiments were carried out to determine the mechanical performance of the polymer material with and without ultrasound treatment, showing that the ultrasonic treatment has improved the interfacial performance up to 10%, compared with those without any ultrasound‐treatment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Kinetics of alkaline hydrolysis and morphologies of novel poly(ethylene terephthalate) micro‐porous hollow fibers and functional characteristics of fabrics
Authors: Tsen Wen‐Chin , Hsiao Kai‐Jen , Shu Yao‐Chi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis investigation explores the kinetics of the alkaline hydrolysis of regular poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) solid fibers and PET micro‐porous hollow fibers, using statistical regression analysis. Statistical regression analysis results concerning the kinetics of the alkaline hydrolysis of regular PET solid fibers and PET micro‐porous hollow fibers yielded a β value of 1. The R2 of the kinetic equation for α values from 1.07 to 1.16 exceeded that for α = 1. The rate constants of alkaline hydrolysis followed the order PET micro‐porous hollow fibers ≫ regular PET solid fibers. A morphology of large pores of diameter 0.1–3.5 μm was observed following alkali treatment of the PET micro‐porous hollow fibers. The weight loss percentage of the hollow fibers was around 20%. The hollowness of the PET micro‐porous hollow fibers after alkali treatment was between 30 and 32%. The PET micro‐porous hollow fibers exhibited simultaneous water‐absorption/release and keep‐warm functions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Reactive extrusion of zein with glyoxal
Authors: Selling Gordon W. , Woods Kristen Kruger , Biswas Atanu , Willett J. L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCross‐linked zein has been produced using glyoxal (GLY) as the cross‐linking reagent via reactive extrusion for the first time in a twin screw extruder using dilute sodium hydroxide as catalyst. Tri(ethylene glycol) was used as a plasticizer for various items. The extrudate was then ground and processed using either compression or injection molding. At the highest level of GLY (6%), tri(ethylene glycol) was used at 10% as a plasticizer to allow further processing to take place. With this formulation, samples could be obtained from the injection mold, however, the samples did not hold their molded shape due to the elasticity of the sample at the mold temperature. When lower levels of GLY were used, injection molded sample bars of similar quality to control were obtained. The physical properties of these samples were similar to control. At GLY levels of 1.75% and higher, the samples were resistant to dissolution by acetic acid. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Dynamically vulcanized blends of polypropylene and ethylene‐octene copolymer: Comparison of different peroxides on mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics
Authors: Babu R. Rajesh , Singha Nikhil K. , Naskar Kinsuk 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) are prepared by the dynamic vulcanization process, where crosslinking of an elastomer takes place during its melt mixing with a thermoplastic polymer under high shear. TPVs based on polypropylene (PP) with different grades of ethylene‐octene copolymers (EOC) were prepared with a coagent assisted peroxide crosslinking system. The effect of dynamic vulcanization and influence of various types and concentrations of peroxide were mainly studied on the basis of the mechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics. Three structurally different peroxides, namely dicumyl peroxide (DCP), tert‐butyl cumyl peroxide (TBCP), and di‐tert‐butyl peroxy isopropyl benzene (DTBPIB) were investigated. The mechanical properties of the TPVs are primarily determined by the extent of crosslinking in the EOC and the degree of degradation in the PP phase. Among all peroxides used DCP gives best overall properties with low‐molecular‐weight EOC, whereas TBCP shows best property level with high‐molecular‐weight EOC‐based TPVs. These can be explained on the basis of the molecular characteristics of EOC and the nature of the peroxide used. Differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and morphological analysis reveal that PP and EOC are a thermodynamically immiscible system. The melting endotherm was studied to determine the influence of various peroxides on crystallinity of the PP phase. Tensile fracture patterns were also analyzed to study the failure mechanism of the samples. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009