bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Chemistry of Anti-Pernicious Anæmia Factors
Authors: Ellis B , Petrow V , Snook G F 
Published: April 2011

Summary and Conclusions
Our previous conclusion that acid hydrolysis of vitamin B12 leads to the formation of a “ninhydrin-reacting” substance is confirmed. The behaviour of this “ninhydrin-reacting” substance and of 2-aminopropanol on paper chromatograms has been examined. The results appear to show that these two substances are identical. Evidence has been obtained for the presence in acid hydrolysates of vitamin B12 of material showing selective absorption with bands and inflections at 2850, 2768, 2690, 2585 and 2500 å (referred to as “the 285 component“). This “285 component” is resolved into at least two structurally related substances by chromatography employing n-butyl alcohol-acetic acid as the irrigation solvent. Formation of ammonia occurs during acid or alkaline hydrolysis of vitamin B12. The authors thank Mr. R. E. Rodway for technical assistance in the isolation of crystalline vitamin B12 from a concentrate kindly supplied to the Research Department by Mr. A. W. Davidson. The ultra-violet absorption data were kindly determined by Dr. E. R. Holiday (M.R.C. Spectrographic Unit The London Hospital, E.1***), who also carried out the examinations with the Corning filter. The authors thank the Directors of The British Drug Houses, Ltd., for permission to publish these results.
The Factors Influencing Sterilisation by Low Pressure Steam
Authors: Barson T E , Peacock F , Robins E L , Wilkinson G R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Variations in the times to reach steam temperature by surgeons' gowns within a steam steriliser with air elimination by downward displacement and evacuation have been examined. Using surgeons' gowns equilibrated with normal atmospheric conditions, about 60 to 70 per cent relative humidity, the times taken for the gowns to attain steam temperature were variable, whichever method of air removal was employed. Gowns dried at 50° rapidly attained steam temperature and then superheated to a considerable degree. The superheat was maintained for long periods.
The Effects of Added Peptone on The Bactericidal Action of Solutions of Formaldehyde
Authors: Bullock Kenneth , Rao V Subba 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
When formaldehyde (HCHO) is used as a disinfectant in the presence of peptone the peptone and the bacteria compete for the HCHO1. An equilibrium distribution of the HCHO is reached only slowly. The state of combination of HCHO in the presence of 1 per cent peptone varies with its previous relationship to the peptone. If, in all states of combination with peptone, HCHO were fully available to act as a disinfectant peptone would neither retard nor reduce such action. Estimates of the proportions of HCHO in three different degrees of binding with peptone having been made we now enquired in which of these the HCHO remained bactericidal.
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Authors: Edwards D , Lewis J J , Stenlake J B , Zoha M S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The preparation of two further NSN-tris-ethonium compounds, 9-ethyl-9-thioniaheptadecylenebis(triethylammonium) triiodide (dioctasulphonium triethiodide; DOSE) and 11-ethyl-11-thioniaheneicosylenebis(triethylammonium) triiodide (didecasulphonium triethiodide; DDSE) is described. The bis-quaternary compound 7-dioxothiatridecylenebis(triethylammonium iodide), and the NNN-tris-quaternary compounds 7:7-diethyl-7-azoniatridecylenebis (triethylammonium) triiodide (dihexazonium triethiodide; DHAE), 9:9-diethyl-9-azoniaheptadecylenebis(triethylammonium triiodide (dioctazonium triethiodide; DOAE) and 11:11-diethyl-11-azoniahenicosylenebis(triethylammonium) triiodide (didecazonium triethiodide; DDAE) have also been synthesised. All the compounds possess neuromuscular blocking activity in the gastrocnemius muscle-sciatic nerve preparation of the cat, the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat and kitten and as measured by the rabbit head drop and mouse paralysis methods. Dihexazonium triethiodide and the sulphone 7-dioxathiatridecylenebis(triethylammonium iodide) (dihexone) show tubocurarine-like activity; dioctasulphonium triethiodide and dioctazonium triethiodide were predominantly tubocurarine-like but had some transitional properties, whilst didecasulphonium triethiodide and didecazonium triethiodide resembled decamethonium. Dihexazonium triethiodide was about equipotent with tubocurarine on the cat. Marked species variations in potency were observed. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Vegetable Purgatives Containing Anthracene Derivatives
Authors: Fairbairn J W , Friedmann C A , Ryan H A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Evidence is produced to show that the sennosides are probably breakdown products from primary glycosidal compounds occurring in the crude drug. Carefully prepared extracts have been shown to contain these primary compounds and one such compound has been isolated in a pure form. Biological and chemical assays show it is about 50 per cent more active than the sennosides and the relation of this fact to the explanation of the total activity of senna is discussed.
The Ganglionic Blocking Activity of A Series Of Tertiary Sulphonium Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Brown D M , Turner D H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A number of polymethylene bis-tertiary sulphonium quaternary ammonium salts have been examined for their ganglionic blocking activity on the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. The effect of substituting different alkyl groups on the sulphur and nitrogen atoms and varying the length of the polymethylene chain has been investigated. Maximum activity was found in the tetramethylene di-ethyl sulphonium tri-ethyl ammonium salt, which was about three times as active as hexamethonium. With tri-, penta- and hexamethylene salts maximum activity occurs when there are a total of 13 to 15 carbon atoms in the molecule. It is concluded that the substitution of sulphur for nitrogen in the bis-quaternary ammonium salts does not necessarily lead to a reduction in relative potency. The importance of the groupings on the “onium” centres in producing ganglionic block is stressed.
The Effect of Protoveratrine a on Potassium and Calcium Ion Movements in Muscle and Nerve
Authors: Lister R E , Lewis J J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of protoveratrine A on the efflux of potassium ions (K+) from frog and rat skeletal muscle and the isolated electrically driven rat heart have been studied. No effect was seen upon the rate of efflux from skeletal muscle but that from the heart was increased. Protoveratrine A increases K+ uptake from frog skeletal muscle and causes this tissue to release more calcium (Ca++). There was no increase in Ca++ release from lobster nerve treated with protoveratrine A. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
The Effects of Protoveratrine on Plasma Potassium Levels in The Cat and Rabbit
Authors: Lister R E , Lewis J J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Protoveratrine has been shown to increase the level of venous plasma potassium (K+) in intact rabbits and anaesthetised cats. By the use of restricted circulation experiments it has been demonstrated that at therapeutic dose levels protoveratrine causes an increase in the level of K+ in the plasma of blood from the coronary circulation but not from skeletal muscle. The possible significance of this finding and its relation to the Bezold-Jarisch reflex is discussed.
A Comparison of The Spasmolytic Effects of Two Phenylethylamines and Some Observations on Morphine-Like Activity
Authors: McCoubrey A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Contraction of isolated guinea pig ileum caused by 5-hydroxytryptamine, acetylcholine, histamine and barium was prevented by the isopropyl and cyclohexyl ethers of 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)ethylamine at similar concentrations to those found in rat tissues after injection. Inhibition due to the isopropyl ether was immediate and readily washed out. It did not antagonise substance P. Inhibition by the cyclohexyl ether was persistent and needed a short incubation period for full potency to develop. It antagonised substance P. The results are introduced against a background of a broad speculation on the nature of morphine-like activity. Ammonium ion partially inhibited 5-hydroxytryptamine at a concentration similar to that found in vivo during convulsions.
Some Effects of Hydrallazine on Blood Iron and an Iron-Containing Enzyme System
Authors: Kirpekar S M , Lewis J J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A hydrallazine-iron chelation complex has been prepared and shown to have a m.p. of 210°, and no ultra-violet absorption peak at 265 mμ. It has no hypotensive properties and does not antagonise the pressor response to adrenaline in the rat. At high dose levels hydrallazine inhibits catalase activity in vitro but not in vivo. The iron catalysed oxidation of cysteine to cystine is also inhibited by hydrallazine. Hydrallazine at high dose levels has been shown to cause haemolysis in vivo and in vitro. A consistent effect upon iron-excretion could not be shown.
Sodium Novobiocin: Stability Aspects
Authors: Busse M J , And K A Lees , Vergine V J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The stability of monosodium novobiocin has been examined. The solid antibiotic has been shown to be sensitive to light, but if properly protected, to be stable for a period of 2 years at 20°. In aqueous solution and suspension it is affected by increase of temperature, pH and certain heavy metals. Phosphate, and possibly sulphate, also cause decomposition. Concentrated solutions of novobiocin become coloured, particularly above 20° and in the presence of air. Light has little effect on potency but irradiation with ultra-violet light accelerates potency loss in solution. There appears to be no difference in the potency stability of three different batches of sodium novobiocin. Ultra-violet spectrophotometry cannot be used as a method of assay.
An Indicator Control Device for Ethylene Oxide Sterilisation
Authors: Royce A , Bowler C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The use of physical sterilisation controls instead of bacteriological controls for heat sterilisation processes is cited. Due to sorption of the gas and penetrability difficulties added need for such controls exists in ethylene oxide sterilisations. Some data on sorption of ethylene oxide is presented. The construction of a simple disposable device, to indicate the attainment of lethal conditions in ethylene oxide sterilisations is described. Data are presented to compare the control device with bacteriological controls, under different conditions of time, temperature, and gas concentration.
The Effect of Splenectomy on the Production of Anaphylactic Shock in the Guinea Pig and the Rat
Authors: Sanyal R K , West G B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Splenectomy in the guinea pig affords protection against active anaphylactic shock, if the operation is performed a short time before the challenge with antigen. When the challenge is made under ether anaesthesia, the maximal protective action is present 24 hours after splenectomy but is lost during the next 48 hours. If the challenge is made under urethane anaesthesia, the protective action is present 72 hours after the operation. The mechanism of the protective action of splenectomy is not clear, although it may be due to a loss of tissue antibodies or of complement since passive anaphylaxis is not altered by the operation. In contrast, removal of the spleen in the rat fails to modify the symptoms of anaphylactic shock.
Stability of Vitamin B12.
Authors: Mukherjee S L , Sen S P 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The decomposition products of aneurine in solution at pH 8.0 and aneurine and nicotinamide at pH 4–4.5 destroy vitamin B12 activity. Ferric chloride has a protective effect. The decomposition products have reducing properties, and it is thought that these are responsible for the loss of B12 activity. Solutions containing the reducing substances heated to dryness and redissolved lost the ability to destroy the vitamin. Cysteine and H2S are shown to destroy the activity of vitamin B12, and again ferric chloride offers protection.
The Action of Morphine and Morphine-Like Analgesics Applied on the Intraluminally Peristaltic Reflex of the Isolated Guinea Pig Ileum
Authors: Medaković M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Morphine and morphine-like analgesics inhibit peristalsis of the isolated guinea pig ileum, when introduced into its lumen. Their effects were parallel to their relative analgesic potencies. Since suitable doses of morphine did not inhibit the responses to nicotine and to 5-HT, it is thought that the inhibitory action of morphine and related drugs, involves the afferent part of the peristaltic reflex. Peristalsis, previously abolished by intraluminal morphine, can be restored by 5-HT by the same route. That the inhibitory action of the intraluminal morphine upon the peristalsis may be caused, at least partly, by its antagonism towards intrinsic 5-HT and may take place on the same mucosal receptors, is discussed.
Chemotherapeutic Properties of Some New Quaternary Ammonium Salts: Part I. Chemistry
Authors: Austin W C , Lunts L H C , Potter M D , Taylor E P 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The preparation of a large number of new heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts for biological screening is described. Certain of the quaternary salts possess amoebicidal, antibacterial, antifilarial and trypanocidal activity.
The Secondary Conditioned Response of Rats and the Effects of Some Psychopharmacological Agents
Authors: Maffii G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The secondary conditioned response has been studied in rats in an experimental avoidance situation. The activity of seventeen drugs has been tested upon the secondary conditioned response developed on a stable basis after an appropriate period of training. Chlorpromazine, promazine, reserpine and morphine block the secondary avoidance conditioned response as well as the usual avoidance conditioned response, in doses not affecting the motor function. Meprobamate, hydroxyzine, azacyclonol, phenaglycodol and phenobarbitone sodium have no specific inhibitory action on the avoidance conditioned response, but suppress the secondary conditioned response. A specific depression of conditioned behaviour is also produced by mescaline and iproniazid. Barbitone sodium, glutethimide, L1458 and mephenesin inhibit the conditioned responses only at neurotoxic doses. On the basis of these findings a new classification of “tranquillising agents” is proposed. It is also suggested that the systematic study of the secondary conditioned avoidance response of rats, may provide a useful experimental approach for studying the specific behavioural action of drugs.
A Study of Bacteriological Media; The Examination of Bacto-Casitone
Authors: Habeeb A F S A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Three batches of Bacto-Casitone have been examined quantitatively for their free and total amino acids using paper chromatography. Variation occurs in the free amino acids in the three batches. The spots due to the peptides have been found to be a mixture of peptides. When casitone was examined for its strepogenin activity using the medium of Steele, Sauberlich, Reynolds and Baumann1, and Kodicek and Mistry2 the stimulatory pattern in the two media appeared to be different. The three batches showed similar strepogenin activity.
Some Pharmacological and Microbiological Properties of Chlorhydroxyquinoline and Related Compounds
Authors: Heseltine W W , Freeman F M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Chlorhydroxyquinoline, prepared by the chlorination of 8-hydroxy-quinoline under controlled conditions, has been found to be active in vitro against a variety of micro-organisms. Its bacteriostatic activity appears to be greater than that of certain other halogenated derivatives and its oral toxicity in rats is low. After oral administration, chlorhydroxyquinoline is apparently excreted mainly in the faeces of rats and bacteriostatic levels have been observed in the stools of rats and dogs.
The Influence of Spectral Slit Width on the Absorption of Visible or Ultra-Violet Light by Pharmacopoeial Substances
Authors: Rogers A R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The importance of narrow slits in the spectrophotometric determination of extinction coefficients has been demonstrated. Care is needed in the B.P. 1958 spectrophotometric tests or assays of apomorphine hydrochloride, chloroquine phosphate, chloroquine sulphate, diiodohydroxyquinoline, naphazoline nitrate, papaverine hydrochloride and especially procyclidine hydrochloride, to avoid spuriously low results.
Colorimetric Estimation of Dithranol
Authors: Parikh P M , Vadodaria D J , Mukherji S P 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Dithranol in glacial acetic acid when reacted with solution of sodium nitrite develops an orange yellow colour. The optimum conditions for this reaction were exploited for the quantitative estimation of dithranol alone or in ointments. Some of the common ingredients such as salicylic acid, benzoic acid, zinc oxide and boric acid usually present in dithranol ointment were found not to interfere. The method is simple and accurate and results are reproducible within ± 2 per cent.
The Effect of Salicylates on the Thymus Gland of the Immature Rat
Authors: Stephenson N R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Salicylic acid and its derivative, acetylsalicylic acid, induced thymic atrophy not only in intact immature rats but also in adrenalectomised immature animals when administered by mouth in the diet, or by subcutaneous injection. A straight line with a negative slope was obtained by plotting the log dose of salicylate against the relative thymus weight. This linear relation was used to compare quantitatively the thymolytic activities of acetylsalicylic acid, ethyl salicylate, and salicylamide with those of salicylic acid. The results of this investigation suggested that salicyl compounds act directly on the thymus gland and not by stimulating the pituitary-adrenal system. No evidence was found to indicate that salicylates potentiate the thymolytic action of adrenal corticosteroids.
The Physical Properties of Lysolecithin and Its Sols
Authors: Robinson N , Saunders L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The solubilisation of triolein, cholesterol and monostearin in water by lysolecithin has been investigated by the optical density method. These substances solubilised to a considerable extent, increasing in the order–triolein, cholesterol and monostearin. An increase in temperature of 15° had little effect on solubilisation of any of the three substances. The change in optical density with concentration of the solubilised component showed a similar pattern for the three substances, but the mixed sols formed had different stabilities. Lysolecithintriolein sols contained only small proportions of triolein and were fluid and stable for no longer than 12 hours whilst lysolecithin-monostearin sols containing high proportions of monostearin formed gels and were stable for at least a month. Lysolecithin-cholesterol sols were unstable showing an initial rise and then a steady decrease in optical density over a period of 72 hours for given concentrations as slow separation of cholesterol was taking place. Factors operative in the solubilisation of each of these three substances by lysolecithin have been suggested.
Determination of Low Concentrations of Some Antibacterial Substances in Solutions After Contact With Bacteria
Authors: Beckett A H , Patki S J , Robinson Ann E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A liquid-liquid extraction procedure is described for the separation of certain antibacterial substances (hexylresorcinol, chloroxylenol, oxine and chloramphenicol) from their solutions after contact with bacteria, before spectrophotometric analysis. The choice of a suitable organic solvent for a particular drug-bacteria system is discussed. The use of the proposed extraction method permitted concurrent determination of the drug and cell exudate (λ max approximately 260 mμ) in a single solution. The accuracy and validity of the method is demonstrated.
Diketopiperazines—A New Group of Central Nervous System-Depressing Agents
Authors: de Jongh D K , van Proosdij-Hartzema E G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The pharmacology of Ph. 481, N(3′:4′dimethoxyphenylethyl)-2:6-diketopiperazine HCl is presented. The compound is shown to augment the effect of barbiturates in mice and of ether in rats. It specifically inhibits the conditioned escape response in rats. It is practically devoid of anticonvulsive, analgesic or antitussive activity, and it diminishes the tone of the skeletal muscles without interfering with neuromuscular transmission or polysynaptic spinal reflexes. It has slight antispasmodic activity on smooth muscles.
The Interaction of Phenolic Compounds with Bacteria
Authors: Beckett A H , Patki S J , Robinson Ann E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of solutions containing hexylresorcinol in the presence and absence of cetomacrogol and sodium chloride is described. The relation between the extent of drug binding, light-scattering changes and the release of cell exudate in E. coli suspensions on addition of hexylresorcinol with the bactericidal activity is examined. Potentiation of the bactericidal activity of hexylresorcinol by sodium chloride and the inactivation by cetomacrogol is discussed with respect to drug binding, light-scattering changes in the bacterial suspensions and the release of bacterial cell exudate in the presence of these agents.
Studies On Leontice Leontopetalum Linn: Part 111. The Microscopy of the Root Tuber of L. leontopetalum
Authors: Nelson P F , Fish F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Samples of the root tuber of Leontice leontopetalum, Linn. (Berberidaceae) have been examined histologically. An illustrated description of the distribution of tissues, the cells and cell contents is given.
The Determination of Inorganic Sulphate in Sodium Lauryl Sulphate
Authors: Gwilt J R , Hedley J S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The official method for the determination of inorganic sulphate in sodium lauryl sulphate is time-consuming. Separation of organic and inorganic sulphate via the lead salts followed by complexometry leads to a rapid and convenient method with readily reproducible results.
The Influence of Three Phenothiazine Derivatives and of Amiphenazole on the Action of Methadone: Studies with Two Algesimetric Methods in Untrained Human Subjects
Authors: Boréus L-O , Sandberg F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The influence of the phenothiazine derivatives chlorpromazine, acepromazine and mepazine and of the phenylthiazole derivative amiphenazole on the pain-threshold-raising action of methadone is described. The tests were made in untrained human subjects by two algesimetric methods, one involving thermal stimulation of the skin, and the other mechanical stimulation of the finger nail-bed. The thermal method was reliable, whereas the mechanical one did not disclose analgesic potency. Chlorpromazine and acepromazine, proved to have analgesic activity but did not significantly increase the analgesic effect of methadone. Mepazine, which lacked analgesic activity, antagonised the methadone analgesia. Amiphenazole was found to exert an analgesic action by itself but it did not decrease the potency of methadone. The side-effects of methadone were increased by chlorpromazine and acepromazine, but were uninfluenced by mepazine and amiphenazole.
On the Metabolism of Some Aromatic Nitro Compounds by Different Species of Animal: Part III. The Toxicity of the Dinitrophenols, with a Note on the Effects of High Environmental Temperatures
Authors: Harvey D G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An account is given of an investigation of the toxicity of the dinitrophenols to small laboratory animals. A new pattern of toxicity to chemical structure has been discovered and is discussed in relation to other dinitro-compounds. Also the effects of high temperatures on the toxicity of the dinitrophenols have been studied.