bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research in social entrepreneurship: past contributions and future opportunities
Authors: Short Jeremy C. , Moss Todd W. , Lumpkin G. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSocial entrepreneurship has been a topic of academic inquiry for nearly 20 years, yet relatively little scholarly output has appeared in mainstream management and entrepreneurship journals. Our review of this literature reveals that conceptual articles outnumber empirical studies, and empirical efforts often lack formal hypotheses and rigorous methods. These findings suggest that social entrepreneurship research remains in an embryonic state. Future research would benefit from the incorporation of multivariate methods to complement the case study techniques that have dominated previous efforts. Our review also suggests that social entrepreneurship is informed by common areas of interest to management scholars like entrepreneurship, public/nonprofit management, and social issues, all of which represent fruitful venues for future research efforts. Therefore, we recommend that scholars embrace key themes in strategic entrepreneurship and frame their research using established theories, such as contingency theory, creation theory, discovery theory, innovation diffusion theory, resource dependence theory, and other theoretical bases relevant to strategic entrepreneurship research. Copyright © 2009 Strategic Management Society.
A comparison of PCA and MAF for ToF‐SIMS image interpretation
Authors: Henderson Alex , Fletcher John S. , Vickerman John C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWhile time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) image generation has been useful in the determination of the spatial distribution of chemistry in a broad application area, the amount of secondary ion signal available in each pixel remains small, hampering the use of multivariate analysis (MVA) approaches. The pre‐treatment of data commonly comprises two approaches to increase pixel signal intensity prior to MVA: mass channel summation and pixel summation. Recent advances in instrumentation have lead to much greater signal per image pixel such that a true spectrum can be discerned at each point across the sample. In this study, we determine the outcomes of these two pre‐treatments prior to principal components analysis (PCA) and maximum autocorrelation factor (MAF) analysis in comparison with high signal intensity data.Both PCA and MAF analyses of the high signal intensity data are presented with MAF being identified as the most effective approach. Image data was reduced in intensity to determine the effectiveness of MVA with lower spectral intensity. MAF was found to outperform PCA on such data, although both techniques were useful in the identification of the chemistry present. The data were then mass summed, using a number of different approaches, to reduce mass resolution, leading to a detrimental effect on PCA analysis, but little discernable change to MAF output. Reducing the spatial resolution by summing spectra from adjacent pixels, however, lead to a severe blurring of the MAF image structure, with PCA performing well.Conclusions and recommendation for pre‐treatment and MVA technique selection are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlating MALDI and SIMS imaging mass spectrometric datasets of biological tissue surfaces
Authors: Eijkel G. B. , Kükrer Kaletaş B. , van der Wiel I. M. , Kros J. M. , Luider T. M. , Heeren R. M. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractImaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a rapidly evolving tool for combined chemical and spatial analysis of biological tissues. The complexity of the biological data requires various analytical methods to process the raw datasets. In this article, we report on the ‘semi‐automated’ correlation of two imaging MS datasets obtained with secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) on the same, single brain tissue sample. Prior to statistical analysis, the raw datasets are preprocessed with novel algorithms for baseline correction and peak picking. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) are used in concert to extract the maximum amount of information about the location of different biochemical molecules on the tissue surface. More importantly, the results show that combining the information from MALDI and SIMS, by using CCA, enables us to correlate and improve the individual results of these two imaging MS experiments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of propensity scores in principal causal effect estimation
Authors: Jo Booil , Stuart Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe examine the practicality of propensity score methods for estimating causal treatment effects conditional on intermediate posttreatment outcomes (principal effects) in the context of randomized experiments. In particular, we focus on the sensitivity of principal causal effect estimates to violation of principal ignorability, which is the primary assumption that underlies the use of propensity score methods to estimate principal effects. Under principal ignorability (PI), principal strata membership is conditionally independent of the potential outcome under control given the pre‐treatment covariates; i.e. there are no differences in the potential outcomes under control across principal strata given the observed pretreatment covariates. Under this assumption, principal scores modeling principal strata membership can be estimated based solely on the observed covariates and used to predict strata membership and estimate principal effects. While this assumption underlies the use of propensity scores in this setting, sensitivity to violations of it has not been studied rigorously. In this paper, we explicitly define PI using the outcome model (although we do not actually use this outcome model in estimating principal scores) and systematically examine how deviations from the assumption affect estimates, including how the strength of association between principal stratum membership and covariates modifies the performance. We find that when PI is violated, very strong covariate predictors of stratum membership are needed to yield accurate estimates of principal effects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Causation, counterfactuals, and competitive advantage
Authors: Durand Rodolphe , Vaara Eero 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCausation is still poorly understood in strategy research, and confusion prevails around key concepts such as competitive advantage. In this paper, we define epistemological conditions that help dispel some of this confusion and provide a basis for more developed approaches. In particular, we argue that a counterfactual approach—one that builds on a systematic analysis of ‘what‐if’ questions—can advance our understanding of key causal mechanisms in strategy research. We offer two concrete methodologies—counterfactual history and causal modeling—as useful solutions. We also show that these methodologies open up new avenues in research on competitive advantage. Counterfactual history can add to our understanding of the context‐specific construction of resource‐based competitive advantage and path dependence, and causal modeling can help to reconceptualize the relationships between resources and performance. In particular, resource properties can be regarded as mediating mechanisms in these causal relationships. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De novoventure strategy: arch incumbency at inaugural entry
Authors: Fan Terence Ping Ching 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBy definition,de novoindustry ventures do not share many market‐contact points with incumbents—itself an important source of competitive ‘stability’ through mutual forbearance. As such, these ventures are often subject to aggressive retaliation at the outset, which could threaten their very survival. In this study, the notion of an arch incumbent is developed, hypothesizing that, in general, a large market overlap with an incumbent lowers the survival odds of ade novoentrant. However, a large market overlap with the arch incumbent combined with an aggressive inaugural market entry or a different market positioning reduces the probability of retaliation by the arch incumbent (and subsequently other incumbents as well), and hence increases the probability of survival for ade novoentrant. The empirical experience ofde novoventures in the intra‐European passenger airline industry supports these hypotheses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognizing authors: an examination of the consistent programmer hypothesis
Authors: Hayes Jane Huffman , Offutt Jeff 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSoftware developers have individual styles of programming. This paper empirically examines the validity of theconsistent programmer hypothesis: that a facet or set of facets exist that can be used to recognize the author of a given program based on programming style. The paper further postulates that the programming style means that different test strategies work better for some programmers (or programming styles) than for others. For example, all‐edges adequate tests may detect faults for programs written by Programmer A better than for those written by Programmer B. This has several useful applications: to help detect plagiarism/copyright violation of source code, to help improve the practical application of software testing, and to help pursue specific rogue programmers of malicious code and source code viruses. This paper investigates this concept by experimentally examining whether particular facets of the program can be used to identify programmers and whether testing strategies can be reasonably associated with specific programmers. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Occurrence of microcystin‐producing cyanobacteria in Ugandan freshwater habitats
Authors: Okello William , Portmann Cyril , Erhard Marcel , Gademann Karl , Kurmayer Rainer 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMicrocystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptides, which are the most abundant toxins produced by cyanobacteria in freshwater. The phytoplankton of many freshwater lakes in Eastern Africa is dominated by cyanobacteria. Less is known, however, on the occurrence of MC producers and the production of MCs. Twelve Ugandan freshwater habitats ranging from mesotrophic to hypertrophic conditions were sampled in May and June of 2004 and April of 2008 and were analyzed for their physicochemical parameters, phytoplankton composition, and MC concentrations. Among the group of the potential MC‐producing cyanobacteria, Anabaena (0–107 cells ml−1) and Microcystis (103–107 cells ml−1) occurred most frequently and dominated in eutrophic systems. A significant linear relationship (n = 31, r2 = 0.38, P < 0.001) between the Microcystis cell numbers and MC concentration (1.3–93 fg of MC cell−1) was observed. Besides [MeAsp3, Mdha7]‐MC‐RR, two new MCs, [Asp3]‐MC‐RY and [MeAsp3]‐MC‐RY, were isolated and their constitution was assigned by LC‐MS2. To identify the MC‐producing organism in the water samples, (i) the conserved aminotransferase domain part of the mcyE gene that is indicative of MC production was amplified by general primers and cloned and sequenced, and (ii) genus‐specific primers were used to amplify the mcyE gene of the genera Microcystis, Anabaena, and Planktothrix. Only mcyE genotypes that are indicative of Microcystis sp. were obtained via the environmental cloning approach (337 bp, 96.1–96.7% similarity to the Microcystis aeruginosa strain PCC7806). Accordingly, only the mcyE primers, which are specific for Microcystis, revealed PCR products. We concluded that Microcystis is the major MC‐producer in Ugandan freshwater. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 25: 367–380, 2010.
Vagal Nerve Function in Obesity: Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Kral John G. , Paez Wencesley , Wolfe Bruce M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe primal need for nutrients is satisfied by mechanisms for sensing internal stores and detecting food; ATP is the most primitive signal. With increasing density of sensory neurons and glia (the primordial brain) and the emergence of autonomic neural activity throughout the endoderm, transmitters and other signaling molecules enable alimentation before the appearance of innate storage functions. Memory and, ultimately, cognition are prerequisites for processing and producing food to facilitate assimilation and safeguard the supply of nutrients. The gut–brain–gut axis via the vagus nerve is the autonomic neurohumoral pathway integrating these elements of energy homeostasis. Humans uniquely override obligate nutrient needs, eating in the absence of deprivation, resulting in pathological chronic overnutrition arising from dysautonomia. Obesity surgery circumvents powerful redundant mechanisms of alimentation and reduces excess stores of body fat from chronic overnutrition while preventing re‐accumulation of fat. All bariatric operations, whether purely restrictive, maldigestive and malabsorptive, or combinations, rely on regulatory mechanisms related to autonomic nervous system function and the brain–gut axis. We review the functional anatomy and the importance of the vagus nerve for maintaining maladaptive chronic overnutrition and describe interventions to abrogate its effects. In aggregate, the preponderance of evidence supported by laboratory and clinical mechanistic studies interrupting abdominal bi‐directional vagal transmission demonstrates that the majority of patients report less “hunger” and lose weight.
Synthesis of Glass Nanofibers Using Femtosecond Laser Radiation Under Ambient Condition
Authors: Sivakumar M , Venkatakrishnan K , Tan B 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We report the unique growth of nanofibers in silica and borosilicate glass using femtosecond laser radiation at 8 MHz repetition rate and a pulse width of 214 fs in air at atmospheric pressure. The nanofibers are grown perpendicular to the substrate surface from the molten material in laser-drilled microvias where they intertwine and bundle up above the surface. The fibers are few tens of nanometers in thickness and up to several millimeters in length. Further, it is found that at some places nanoparticles are attached to the fiber surface along its length. Nanofiber growth is explained by the process of nanojets formed in the molten liquid due to pressure gradient induced from the laser pulses and subsequently drawn into fibers by the intense plasma pressure. The attachment of nanoparticles is due to the condensation of vapor in the plasma.
Characterization of Scale Formed on the Surfaces of Toilet Bowls
Authors: Ohki Tohru , Nishikawa Naoki , Hasegawa Takayuki , Okano Tomomichi , Tanizawa Yoshiaki 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRepeated use of a toilet results in the build‐up of a deposit derived from urine and hard water on the surface of the toilet bowl. The hardened mineral scale is difficult to clean completely, especially in the case of deposits under the rim. A number of studies have focused on kidney stones, which are also caused by urine in the urinary tract; little attention, however, has been paid to the detailed composition and structure of the toilet scale. To develop powerful products for removing the toilet scale effectively instead of relying on acid‐cleaning and scrubbing, the composition and the accumulation mechanism of the scale must be clarified. Scale samples collected from the bowl surface were characterized by IR, XRF, XRD, ICP–AES, SEM–EDS and HPLC techniques and found to consist mainly of calcium phosphates, struvite, calcium carbonate, uric acid and proteins. After acid treatment of the scale, a film‐like structure of protein, produced as a result of the metabolism of bacteria and mold, was left behind. The scale had composite structures that were composed of the inorganic minerals and the organic materials listed above. This structure might be critical to making the scale resistant to removal by acid‐containing cleaners.
Anti‐apoptotic action of hydrogen sulfide is associated with early JNK inhibition
Authors: Shi Sa , Li Qing‐song , Li Hong , Zhang Li , Xu Man , Cheng Jia‐li , Peng Cheng‐hai , Xu Chang‐qing , Tian Ye 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe mechanism of action of Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a novel endogenous gaseous messenger and potential cardioprotectant is not fully understood. We therefore investigated the prevention of cardiomyocyte apoptosis by exogenous H2S and the signaling pathways leading to cardioprotection. Using a simulated ischemia–reperfusion (I/Re) model with primary cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes, I/Re induced a rapid, time‐dependent phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), with significant elevation at 0.25 h and a peak at 0.5 h during reperfusion. NaHS (H2S donor) significantly inhibited the early phosphorylation of JNK, especially at 0.5 h. Both NaHS and SP600125 (specific JNK inhibitor) decreased the number of apoptotic cells, lowered cytochrome C release and enhanced Bcl‐2 expression. When NaHS application was delayed 1 h after reperfusion, the inhibition of apoptosis by H2S was negated. In conclusion, this is novel evidence that early JNK inhibition during reperfusion is associated with H2S‐mediated protection against cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
Attentional modulation fails to attenuate the subjective pain experience in chronic, unexplained pain
Authors: Snijders T.J. , Ramsey N.F. , Koerselman F. , Van Gijn J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground: Chronic, unexplained pain is a common, ill‐understood clinical problem. Increased sensitivity for pain and other stimuli is often implied as an underlying mechanism. Attentional processes influence central pain processing and might mediate hypersensitivity at a cerebral level.Aims: To study patients with chronic, unexplained pain with respect to (a) subjective pain experience; (b) effects of attentional manipulation; (c) level at which alterations in pain processing occur: locally (symptomatic body region), or generalised.Methods: We compared 16 patients with chronic, unexplained limb pain with 16 matched healthy controls. Pain thresholds to electrical stimuli were recorded. Subjects then received individually thresholded painful and non‐painful stimuli, with manipulation of attention towards or away from pain. The intensity of pain perception was recorded by means of visual analogue scales (VAS). Pain thresholds and effects of Attention and Laterality on VAS scores were compared between groups by means of general linear modelling (restricted to 12 patients with unilateral pain and 12 controls).Results: Distraction increased thresholds for pain in healthy volunteers, but this effect was significantly attenuated in patients. Significant interactions between attention‐effects, stimulus laterality and stimulus intensity indicated that VAS scores for painful stimuli were attenuated during distraction in healthy controls, but not in pain patients.Conclusions: Results support the notion that pain processing is enhanced in chronic, unexplained pain, and that the influence of attentional modulation on pain processing is attenuated. Potential cerebral mechanisms are changes in either attentional allocation or attention‐mediated descending pain modulation. The changes seem to occur at a generalised level.
Global Justice, Freedom of Movement and Democratic Citizenship
Authors: Bauböck Rainer 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article discusses three liberal arguments about freedom of movement: immigration as a remedy for global injustice in the distribution of opportunities, freedom of movement as an integral aspect of individual autonomy, and immigration control as implied in democratic self-determination and citizenship. The article shows how these apparently irreconcilable stances can be reconstructed as partially overlapping once we realize that liberal citizenship provides not only reasons for closure but entails a bundle of mobility rights and is open for access by migrant stakeholders.
Altruisme, égoïsme et individualisme dans l’École durkheimienne
Authors: Steiner Philippe 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article studies Durkheim's views on altruism and selfishness and, therefore, on modern individualism. In contrast to Comte and Spencer, Durkheim used these concepts in his empirical work on suicide and then as intellectual tools for explaining his view on the professional and political organization required in a modern democracy. Finaly, the article examines how Durkheim's views were modified by the Durkheimian, notably with Marcel Mauss’ emphasis on interested/desinterested behaviors in gift-giving processes which are the empirical and symbolical roots of social solidarity.
The Importance of Protestantism in Max Weber's Theory of Secularisation
Authors: Carroll Anthony J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this article, I review my recent bookProtestant Modernity. Weber, Secularisation and Protestantism,which reconstructs Weber's theory of secularisation and argues that this is formulated within a liberal Protestant framework. I argue that this theory is a part of his Protestant account of modernity. I also sketch some of the major issues involved in developing a Catholic account of modernity and provide some worked through examples of the sociological implications of this change of confessional presuppositions.
Secularism in Context: The Relations between the Greek State and the Church of Greece in Crisis
Authors: Karagiannis Evangelos 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe present article addresses the question of secularism in Greece. It discusses the prevalent modernist and civilisationist explanations of the recent crisis in state-church relations in Greece. Based on the idea that there is neither a single route to, nor a single pattern of, modernity and secularism, the article argues that the entanglement between state and church in modern Greece does not necessarily indicate either incomplete modernity or incomplete secularism. The paper emphasises both the structural weakness of the Orthodox Church in the modern Greek state and the secularisation of the church's ideology as core dimensions of the particular pattern of secularism in this country. The recent crisis is interpreted as a result of the twofold challenge of democratisation and globalisation that this historically grown pattern of secularism is facing over the last decades. Further, the article seeks to demonstrate that the nationalist stance of the Church of Greece should not be seen as persistent blind traditionalism and anti-modernism.
SCHEDULING A HETEROGENEOUS SET OF TRAINS OVER A SINGLE LINE TRACK USING LAGRANGIAN RELAXATION
Authors: MACKENZIE SCOTT , MILLS GRAHAM 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThere is increasing interest in the cost of railway infrastructure access as a variety of private companies operate trains with different lengths over a common rail network. It is important to have a method for evaluating the cost of adding an additional train to a railway timetable. This is particularly so for single line track with occasional passing loops. The concept of a fixed loop capacity is extended to one that is dependent on the trains. We develop a model for scheduling a heterogeneous set of trains on single line systems with loops. Our method minimizes the total weighted delay. A Lagrangian relaxation technique is used that relaxes the capacity constraints for track segments and super segments. We measure the delay for each train and the total weighted delay for the heterogeneous set of trains. Our model allows us to investigate the robustness of the weighted delay to variation in the departure time of individual trains. The paper demonstrates that a Lagrangian relaxation heuristic provides optimal train schedules for instances of small heterogeneous train sets. The method is used primarily to check the effectiveness of heuristic algorithms commonly used to find schedules for practical problems.