bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of two P5CS genes controlling proline accumulation during salt‐stress requires ABA and is regulated by ABA1, ABI1 and AXR2 in Arabidopsis
Authors: Strizhov Nicolai , Ábrahám Edit , Ökrész László , Blickling Stefan , Zilberstein Aviah , Schell Jeff , Koncz Csaba , Szabados László 
Published: August 2010

SummaryProline is a common compatible osmolyte in higher plants. Proline accumulation in response to water stress and salinity is preceded by a rapid increase of the mRNA level of Δ1‐pyrroline‐5‐carboxylate synthase (P5CS) controlling the rate‐limiting step of glutamate‐derived proline biosynthesis. P5CS is encoded by two differentially regulated genes in Arabidopsis. Gene AtP5CS1 mapped to chromosome 2‐78.5 is expressed in most plant organs, but silent in dividing cells. Gene AtP5CS2 located close to marker m457 on chromosome 3–101.3 contributes 20–40% of total P5CS mRNA in plant tissues, but is solely responsible for the synthesis of abundant P5CS mRNA in rapidly dividing cell cultures. Accumulation of AtP5CS transcripts is regulated in a tissue specific manner and inducible by drought, salinity, ABA, and to a lesser extent by auxin. Induction of AtP5CS1 mRNA accumulation in salt‐treated seedlings involves an immediate early transcriptional response regulated by ABA signalling that is not inhibited by cycloheximide, but abolished by the deficiency of ABA biosynthesis in the aba1 Arabidopsis mutant. However, inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide prevents the induction of AtP5CS2 mRNA accumulation, and blocks further increase of AtP5CS1 mRNA levels during the second, slow phase of salt‐induction. Mutations abi1 and axr2, affecting ABA‐perception in Arabidopsis, reduce the accumulation of both AtP5CS mRNAs during salt‐stress, whereas ABA‐signalling functions defined by the abi2 and abi3 mutations have no effect on salt‐induction of the AtP5CS genes.
Sites of rDNA transcription are widely dispersed through the nucleolus in Pisum sativum and can comprise single genes
Authors: Thompson W.F. , Beven A.F. , Wells B. , Shaw P.J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIncorporation by RNA polymerases of BrUTP into both plant root tissue and isolated plant nuclei as a method for localization of the sites of transcription has been used. In this paper pea root tissue was used, and under the conditions employed, nearly all the incorporation occurs in the nucleolus, and thus must be catalysed by RNA polymerase I. Immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy shows that incorporation occurs in a pattern consisting of many small foci distributed widely through the dense fibrillar component of the nucleoli. Immunogold labelling using silver‐enhanced Nanogold probe at the electron microscopic level confirms the sites of transcription as small foci approximately 200nm in diameter. Simultaneous fluorescence in situ hybridization with a probe to the external transcribed spacer (ETS) region of the pre‐rRNA shows that the structures revealed by this probe and the BrUTP immunofluorescence labelling are very similar. A probe to the transcribed portion of the rDNA (18S) also shows a good correlation to the sites of BrUTP incorporation within the nucleolus. On the other hand a probe to the non‐transcribed intergenic spacer region (NTS) shows very little coincidence with the sites of BrUTP incorporation, and double fluorescence in situ labelling with both 18S and NTS probes confirms this difference in localization. These results suggest that most BrUTP foci correspond to single transcribed genes.
Development of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves at low temperatures releases the suppression of photosynthesis and photosynthetic gene expression despite the accumulation of soluble carbohydrates
Authors: Strand Åsa , Hurry Vaughan , Gustafsson Petter , Gardeström Per 
Published: August 2010

Summary Arabidopsis thaliana plants were grown at 23°C and changes in carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis and photosynthetic gene expression were studied after the plants were shifted to 5°C. The responses of leaves shifted to 5°C after development at 23°C are compared to leaves that developed at 5°C. Shifting warm developed leaves to 5°C lead to a severe suppression of photosynthesis that correlated with a rapid and sustained accumulation of hexose phosphates and soluble sugars. Associated with the suppression of photosynthesis and the accumulation of soluble sugars was a reduction in the amount of transcript for genes encoding photosynthetic proteins (cab and rbcS). In contrast, leaves that developed at 5°C showed an increase in photosynthesis and control levels of photosynthetic gene expression. This recovery occurred even though leaves that developed at 5°C maintained large pools of soluble sugars. Leaves that developed at 5°C also showed a strong upregulation of the cytosolic pathway for soluble sugar synthesis but not of the chloroplastic pathway for starch synthesis. This was shown at the level of both enzyme activity and the amount of transcript. Thus, development of Arabidopsis leaves at 5°C resulted in metabolic changes that enabled them to produce and accumulate large soluble sugar pools without any associated suppression of photosynthesis or photosynthetic gene expression. These changes were also associated with enhanced freezing tolerance. We suggest that this reprogramming of carbohydrate metabolism associated with development at low temperature is essential to the development of full freezing tolerance and for winter survival of over‐wintering herbaceous annuals.
Epigenetic programming via histone methylation at WRKY53 controls leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ay Nicole , Irmler Kristina , Fischer Andreas , Uhlemann Ria , Reuter Gunter , Humbeck Klaus 
Published: August 2010

SummaryLeaf senescence, the final step of leaf development, involves extensive reprogramming of gene expression. Here, we show that these processes include discrete changes of epigenetic indexing, as well as global alterations in chromatin organization. During leaf senescence, the interphase nuclei show a decondensation of chromocenter heterochromatin, and changes in the nuclear distribution of the H3K4me2, H3K4me3, and the H3K27me2 and H3K27me3 histone modification marks that index active and inactive chromatin, respectively. Locus‐specific epigenetic indexing was studied at the WRKY53 key regulator of leaf senescence. During senescence, when the locus becomes activated, H3K4me2 and H3K4me3 are significantly increased at the 5′ end and at coding regions. Impairment of these processes is observed in plants overexpressing the SUVH2 histone methyltransferase, which causes ectopic heterochromatization. In these plants the transcriptional initiation of WRKY53 and of the senescence‐associated genes SIRK, SAG101, ANAC083, SAG12 and SAG24 is inhibited, resulting in a delay of leaf senescence. In SUVH2 overexpression plants, significant levels of H3K27me2 and H3K27me3 are detected at the 5′–end region of WRKY53, resulting in its transcriptional repression. Furthermore, SUVH2 overexpression inhibits senescence‐associated global changes in chromatin organization. Our data suggest that complex epigenetic processes control the senescence‐specific gene expression pattern.
Mosquito allergy: Clinical features and natural course
Authors: KULTHANAN Kanokvalai , WONGKAMCHAI Sirichit , TRIWONGWARANAT Daranporn 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMosquito bite allergic reactions are due to sensitization to mosquito salivary proteins. The purpose of our study was to assess the clinical features of Thai patients with mosquito allergy, and to define the natural desensitization course. Seventy patients with mosquito allergy were enrolled. Most patients were female. Half of the patients had a personal history of atopy. The average age of onset of mosquito reaction was 5.7 years old (range 2–58). Four patients were in the desensitization phase in which clinical symptoms disappeared within 9.5 years (median). The common cutaneous lesions were erythematous papules (68.6%) and immediate wheals (67.1%). The most common area of involvement was the leg. Forty of 50 patients (80%) had positive skin prick testing to mosquito allergen (Culex quinquefasciatus) and 31 of 42 patients (73.8%) had positive immunoglobulin E antibodies against allergens in C. quinquefasciatus saliva proteins.
Appropriateness of therapy for fistulizing Crohn’s disease: findings from a national inflammatory bowel disease cohort
Authors: Pittet V. , Juillerat P. , Michetti P. , Vader J.‐P. , Burnand B. , Rogler G. , Beglinger C. , Seibold F. , Mottet C. , Felley C. , Gonvers J.‐J. , Froehlich F. ,   The Swiss IBD Cohort Study Group
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1007–1016SummaryBackground  About 30–50% of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) develop fistulae, implying significant disease burden and complicated clinical management.Aim  To assess appropriate use of therapy for fistulizing CD patients enrolled in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort using criteria developed by the European Panel on the Appropriateness of Crohn’s disease Therapy.Methods  Specific questionnaires were used to gather information on disease and its management. We assessed appropriateness of therapy at enrolment for adult CD patients with one or several fistulae.Results  Two hundred and eighty‐eight CD patients had fistulizing disease, of which 80% had complex fistulae and 32% currently had active draining fistulae. Mean age (s.d.) at diagnosis was 27 years (11), 51% males. Of the patients, 78% were judged as having globally an appropriate therapy, which was more often given for complex fistulae (87%) than for simple fistulae (67%). Antibiotics, azathioprine/MP, methotrexate and conservative surgery were almost always appropriate. Anti‐tumor necrosis factor α was considered globally appropriate (91%), although most often with an uncertain indication. The 5ASA compounds, steroids and aggressive surgery were most often inappropriate (84%, 58% and 86% respectively).Conclusions  Formal appropriateness criteria for CD therapy were applied to a national cohort of IBD patients. For more than three‐quarters of the patients with fistulizing CD, therapy was globally appropriate.
A test of Tyler’s Line – response of chironomids to a pH gradient in Tasmania and their potential as a proxy to infer past changes in pH
Authors: REES ANDREW B. H. , CWYNAR LES C. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. Tyler’s Line delimits two distinct limnological provinces that reflect differences in climate, geology and vegetation in Tasmania. Lakes west of Tyler’s Line are typically acidic and dystrophic with relatively shallow euphotic zones, whereas eastern lakes are circumneutral and oligotrophic or ultra‐oligotrophic, allowing deeper penetration of light. Consequently, Tyler’s Line defines a boundary where species assemblages change over a relatively short distance.2. A survey of 48 Tasmanian lakes was undertaken to identify indicator taxa of the two limnological provinces and breakpoints along the pH gradient where shifts in taxa occur. Chironomidae (Diptera) were used because they are ideal candidates for lake classification.3. Three independent methods (geographical position, piecewise linear regression, two‐way indicator species analysis) verified that chironomids accurately reflect the environmental variables defining Tyler’s Line at lake and catchment scales. Chironomid genera are often speciose, and members of the same genus can have markedly different responses to a given environmental variable. Although the types of taxa changed along the pH gradient, richness did not. This finding contrasts with many studies from the northern hemisphere but accords with other studies from Australia.4. Models of pH, developed using both partial least squares and weighted averaging partial least squares, can be used to understand past natural variability of pH in Tasmania and to test hypotheses regarding the timing, magnitude and source of contamination in impacted aquatic ecosystems.
Stream geomorphology regulates the effects on periphyton of ecosystem engineering and nutrient enrichment by Pacific salmon
Authors: HOLTGRIEVE GORDON W. , SCHINDLER DANIEL E. , GOWELL CONRAD P. , RUFF CASEY P. , LISI PETER J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) returning to streams deliver substantial quantities of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) that may stimulate primary production. Salmon can also affect the phytobenthos negatively via physical disturbance during nest excavation, a process that may counteract the positive effects of salmon‐derived nutrients on benthic algae. The ability of salmon to disturb benthic habitats may be a function of substratum particle size, and therefore, the geomorphology of streams could determine the net effect of salmon on benthic communities.2. Based on surveys of 17 streams in southwest Alaska before the salmon run and during peak salmon density, we identified size thresholds for the disturbance of substratum particles by salmon and classified particles as vulnerable (<60 mm B‐axis), invulnerable (>110 mm) or transitional (61–110 mm). At the scale of individual rocks, algal biomass on vulnerable substrata decreased at peak spawning (relative to values before the run) as a power function of salmon density; transitional and invulnerable substrata showed no quantifiable pattern. However, invulnerable substrata in streams with more than 0.11 salmon m−2 showed net algal accrual, or relatively smaller declines in algal biomass, than vulnerable substrata, indicating that large rocks provide refuge for benthic algae from salmon disturbance.3. We expected that streams with proportionally larger rocks would respond positively to salmon at the whole‐stream scale, after accounting for the relative abundance of rocks of different sizes within streams. Invulnerable rocks made up only 0–12% of the total substratum particle size distribution in salmon‐bearing streams, however, and algal accrual on invulnerable substrata did not outweigh the strong disturbance effects on the more spatially extensive vulnerable substrata. The change in whole‐stream benthic algal biomass among streams was negatively related to salmon density.4. Stable isotopes of nitrogen (δ15N) were used to track nutrients from salmon into benthic biota. Periphyton δ15N on rocks of all size classes was higher at peak salmon spawning than before the salmon run, indicating the uptake of salmon‐derived nitrogen. Peak δ15N values were positively related to salmon abundance and followed a two‐isotope mixing relationship. The per cent of N from salmon in periphyton was also related to salmon density and was best explained by a saturating relationship. Spring δ15N was unrelated to salmon returns in the previous year, suggesting little annual carryover of salmon nutrients.
Apical surgery of a maxillary molar creating a maxillary sinus window using ultrasonics: a clinical case
Authors: García B. , Peñarrocha M. , Peñarrocha M. A. , Von Arx T. 
Published: August 2010

García B, Peñarrocha M, Peñarrocha MA, von Arx T. Apical surgery of a maxillary molar creating a maxillary sinus window using ultrasonics: a clinical case. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 1054–1061, 2010.AbstractAim  To describe a method of carrying out apical surgery of a maxillary molar using ultrasonics to create a lateral sinus window into the maxillary sinus and an endoscope to enhance visibility during surgery.Summary  A 37‐year‐old female patient presented with tenderness to percussion of the maxillary second right molar. Root canal treatment had been undertaken, and the tooth restored with a metal‐ceramic crown. Radiological examination revealed an apical radiolucency in close proximity to the maxillary sinus. Apical surgery of the molar was performed through the maxillary sinus, using ultrasonics for the osteotomy, creating a window in the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus. During surgery, the lining of the sinus was exposed and elevated without perforation. The root‐end was resected using a round tungsten carbide drill, and the root‐end cavity was prepared with ultrasonic retrotips. Root‐end filling was accomplished with MTA®. An endoscope was used to examine the cut root face, the prepared cavity and the root‐end filling. No intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. At the 12‐month follow‐up, the tooth had no clinical signs or symptoms, and the radiograph demonstrated progressing resolution of the radiolucency.Key learning points

When conventional root canal retreatment cannot be performed or has failed, apical surgery may be considered, even in maxillary molars with roots in close proximity to the maxillary sinus.
Ultrasonic sinus window preparation allows more control and can minimize perforation of the sinus membrane when compared with conventional rotary drilling techniques.
The endoscope enhances visibility during endodontic surgery, thus improving the quality of the case.
Convergence and divergence in plant community trajectories as a framework for monitoring wetland restoration progress
Authors: Matthews Jeffrey W. , Spyreas Greg 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. Environmental policies that use ecological restoration to offset the destruction of natural ecosystems assume that restorations readily compensate for the losses because they progress reliably and predictably over time, following deterministic successional trajectories. However, succession and restoration are spatially and historically contingent processes, often characterized by divergent trajectories that deviate from expectations. 2. We develop a framework for monitoring restorations that integrates two ideas from succession theory: convergence vs. divergence in species composition among successional sites, and progression towards vs. deviation from an expected community state. We apply this framework to short‐ and long‐term monitoring data from 11 restored wetlands in Illinois, USA, by comparing plant species composition among restored wetlands over time and between restored wetlands and two sets of reference wetlands (high integrity, ‘target’ wetlands and low integrity, degraded wetlands). 3. Over the first 4 years, restored wetlands that were initially similar in species composition diverged, progressing towards different high integrity target states. Planting a large number of native species in restorations increased their similarity to reference wetlands. 4. Over longer time scales (5–11 years post‐restoration), however, restored wetlands deviated from the ideal trajectory and converged upon the species composition of degraded wetlands, mainly because of non‐native species invasion. 5. Synthesis and applications. Framing restoration trajectories in terms of compositional convergence/divergence and progression towards/deviation from an acceptable range of reference sites is useful for monitoring restoration progress, identifying constraints to success and predicting restoration outcomes. Barriers to restoration, including non‐native species and a lack of native propagules, can limit long‐term progression towards target communities and constrain restoration to undesirable outcomes. Furthermore, convergence of restored wetlands on an undesirable community state limits the effectiveness of wetland mitigation policies.
Nursing staff perceptions of the use of physical restraint in institutional care of older people in Finland
Authors: Saarnio Reetta , Isola Arja 
Published: August 2010

Aims and objectives.  To describe the perceptions of nursing staff on the use of physical restraints in institutional care of older people.Background.  Physical restraint of older people is a common practice in institutional care in many countries, including Finland. As the nursing staff plays a major role in deciding on physically restraining older patient and in the care the patient receives, new research information is needed on the nursing staff’s attitudes towards the use of physical restraints.Design.  A qualitative study.Method.  The data consisted of focus group interviews with staff and supervisors. There were four focus groups: nurses, practical nurses, institutional assistants and care supervisors.Results.  In addition to traditional methods of restraint, such as belts and locked doors, the nursing staff also used indirect restraint by removing the patient’s mobility aid. Factors contributing to the use of restraints included requests by the patient’s family members to use restraint to ensure the patient’s safety and social reasons, in the form of lack of legislation on the use of restraint. The use of restraints caused feelings of guilt among the nursing staff, but on the other hand, it was seen as a way of making older patient feel more secure.Conclusions.  There is a need for official guidelines on the use of physical restraints in care of older people. This would require the entire nursing team to make a joint decision on the use of restraints and constant reassessment of the need of using restraints.Relevance to clinical practice.  The results of the study provide nursing staff and supervisors a chance to ethically deliberate and evaluate their own work. Alternative practices for physical restraint can also be directly applied to practical care of older people.
Process of ambivalent normalisation: experience of family caregivers of elders with mild cognitive impairment in Taiwan
Authors: Kuo Li‐Min , Shyu Yea‐Ing L 
Published: August 2010

Aims and objectives.  To conceptualise the caregiving process in Taiwanese families caring for elders with mild cognitive impairment.Background.  Family caregivers play an essential role in the lives of elders with mild cognitive impairment by dealing with their cognitive status and daily function. Little is known, however, about the development of the caregiving trajectory, particularly in Asian countries.Design and methods.  Grounded theory methodology was used. Data were collected via in‐depth interviews with 10 family caregivers of patients with mild cognitive impairment and living at home in northern Taiwan. Data were analysed by constant comparative analysis.Results.  The process most used by family caregivers to adjust to conflicts and changes in relationships with elders with mild cognitive impairment was ‘ambivalent normalisation’. This dynamic process included three components: subtle changes, optimistic appraisal and ambivalent anticipation. Family caregivers who had developed this process were more likely to adopt multiple effective behavioural approaches to avoid conflict in their daily life and to begin outlining future caregiving tasks.Conclusions.  The process of ambivalent normalisation can sensitise healthcare providers to family caregivers’ needs and provide a basis for developing frameworks for future substantive theory and possible future research.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study’s findings may help healthcare providers understand family caregivers’ needs and effective patterns for taking care of elders with mild cognitive impairment. Interventions can be developed to facilitate family caregivers’ awareness of the changes in their loved one in the initial stage of diagnosis and adopt multiple effective strategies to prevent conflicts in their lives. Healthcare providers can actively examine the cognitive function of older people in general outpatient departments, provide well‐timed treatments and minimise caregiver burden.