bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MENSTRUAL MANAGEMENT: THE MOTHER'S PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Carlson Glenys , Wilson Jill 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIt is suggested in the service provision literature for people who have a learning disability (LD) that menstrual management should be addressed proactively on the basis of least restrictive approaches. In this study, detailed information about menstrual management decision‐making on behalf of 30 young women with LD and high support needs was obtained through interviews with their mothers. Analysis of the interview data suggests that although menstrual suppression or elimination was often preferred, parental decision‐making appeared to be occurring without access to practical support or comprehensive information. Some parental perspectives are identified and briefly discussed. It is concluded that service provision organisations need to make available information and practical support to young women, their families, and staff members, in the areas of menstrual and fertility management.
COST EFFECTIVENESS AND PROVISION FOR SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL NEEDS
Authors: Thomson G.O.B. , Ward K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInterest in school effectiveness and performance indicators has been a major concern of educational research in developed educational systems throughout the 1980s, although little of this activity has been translated to the area of special educational needs. Drawing upon data from a national survey of school leavers with significant special educational needs (n = 618), indicators of successful post‐school outcomes are hypothesised. A model developed in the field of health economics (McGuire et al., 1988) is described and adapted to provide a theoretical framework against which effective provision for special educational needs may be judged. Ordinal scales on seven key variables are described and applied to representative case studies from the above data set. The hypothesised outcome variables are employment; economic self‐sufficiency; personal autonomy; role‐taking in the family; role‐taking in society; uptake of post‐secondary education and qualifications gained at school. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the health economics model (known as QALYs — Quality Adjusted Life Years) as a potentially useful method of considering the value‐added benefit of differing forms of provision for differing disability groups.
PARENTS' VIEWS OF DIFFERENT RESPITE CARE SERVICES
Authors: Stalker Kirsten , Robinson Carol 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper focuses on one part of a three‐year study into respite care services to disabled children. Relevant literature in the field is first reviewed and the aims and methods of the research are outlined. The main findings from semi‐structured interviews with 160 parents using different types of respite care—family based schemes, local authority residential homes and health authority provision, including hospitals—are reported and discussed. Certain differences emerged between the characteristics of children using different services, notably in terms of age, weight, and level of dependency. Uneven access to services was identified, with black and low income families apparently having limited choice. Significant variation was found in the perceptions of the various service users. Important features of family based schemes were the child‐centred nature of the service, the good relationships generally enjoyed by parents and carers and the informality of arrangements. Some benefits were reported for children receiving respite care in residential homes but widespread difficulty in obtaining bookings and instances of poor physical care were significant drawbacks. Parents using health authority provision reported a range of dissatisfactions, mostly associated with the institutional nature of the service.
A CHECKLIST OF CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SURVEY INSTRUMENT
Authors: Harris Philip , Humphreys Jacky , Thomson Graham 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Checklist of Challenging Behaviour (CCB) was developed as a survey instrument in a study of aggressive behaviour amongst people with learning difficulties from a single health district within the UK. The content of the CCB was generated by service providers from a review of the literature and through an analysis of hospital records of violent incidents. The resultant behaviours were separated into two checklists; the first was a list of aggressive behaviours involving harmful, physical contact with others and, the second, a list of other types of challenging behaviour. Five‐point scales were used to rate the behaviour for frequency, management difficulty and severity. The CCB appeared to have an acceptable level of content validity. Reliability checks supported the use of the CCB as a survey instrument for identifying the range and type of aggressive and challenging behaviours. The data did not support the use of the CCB as a reliable measure for change at the individual level. The difficulties of measuring changes in aggressive behaviour are discussed.
A CROSS‐CULTURAL STUDY OF PARENTAL ATTITUDES AND BELIEFS ABOUT LEARNING DISABILITY (MENTAL HANDICAP)
Authors: Fatimilehin Iyabo A. , Nadirshaw Zenobia 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe literature suggests that Asian families have attitudes and beliefs about learning disability (mental handicap) which differ from those of white British families, and that these attitudes may have an influence on service utilisation. A structured interview schedule addressing these issues was piloted on 12 Asian and 12 white British families to determine its effectiveness in identifying attitudinal differences between the two groups. In this study, the differences in attitudes and beliefs were found to be unrelated to descriptive variables such as the characteristics of the son/daughter with a learning disability, and characteristics of the parents. However, attitudinal differences and service utilisation patterns were more related to religious and cultural differences. A further major influence on attitudes and service utilisation in Asian families was a lack of knowledge about the cause and concept of learning disability, and of the services available. The findings of this study highlight the short‐comings of services for black and ethnic minority people with learning disabilies, and have major implications for future service provision.
OUTCOMES OF ORDINARY HOUSING SERVICES IN WALES: OBJECTIVE INDICATORS
Authors: Perry Jonathan , Felce David 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOutcome data were collected on fourteen, recently provided staffed houses for people with mild, moderate, severe or profound learning disabilities in order to assess the quality of service provided. Quality indicators reflected the quality of the housing provision, social and community integration, social relationships within the houses, resident engagement in activity, developmental progress over time and opportunities for autonomy and choice. The data show that the quality of the houses investigated was broadly similar to that reported for other housing services in British research which has accompanied deinstitutionalisation. Quality levels on many indicators were related to the ability of residents and the data illustrate the difficulty in providing services for people with more severe or profound learning disabilities, which are capable of achieving outcomes comparable with those attained in services for more able residents. This research provides further evidence that the extent of staff support for resident activity is critical to how much residents are able to participate fully in the everyday activities which arise in the conduct of their lives.
GENETIC AND BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF PRADER‐WILLI SYNDROME: A REVIEW WITH A TRANSLATION OF THE ORIGINAL PAPER
Authors: Clarke D. J. , Boer Harm , Webb Tessa 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn English translation of the 1956 paper in which Prader, Labhart and Willi originally described the syndrome which now bears their name is followed by a discussion of the advances in understanding regarding genetic and behavioural aspects which have occurred during the intervening years.Prader‐Willi syndrome is associated with an absence of a paternal contribution to a defined area of the long arm of chromosome 15, and with maladaptive behaviours which are more common than among people of the same age and sex, who have equivalent cognitive impairments. The syndrome is associated with an excessive appetite which may lead to the consumption of unusual items (such as frozen or discarded food) and to extreme obesity. The association between genetic and behavioural abnormalities offers an opportunity to explore the mediating effect of environmental variables on specific maladaptive behaviours.
DO OUTPATIENT PHYSIOTHERAPISTS IN WALES HAVE ADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Authors: Lipscombe Hilary , Hall Elizabeth Ann 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAs people with an intellectual disability are resettled from institutions, the likelihood increases that physiotherapists working in outpatient departments will have patients who have an intellectual disability. This study, therefore, sought to establish from a sample of 88 outpatient physiotherapists the degree of their knowledge of the All Wales Strategy for the Development of Services for the Mentally Handicapped, die adequacy of their experience and knowledge to treat this particular client group effectively and their attitudes towards people with intellectual disabilities. Although physiotherapists were generally aware of the principles of the AWS, 88% did not know its specific objectives. They had very little experience and knowledge of intellectual disability, 77% believing themselves inexperienced. Nevertheless, a large majority held positive attitudes towards this client group and agreed in principle with integration into the community. Training with respect to people who exhibit challenging behaviour was identified as necessary.
OFFENDING BY ADULTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES: IDENTIFYING NEED IN ONE HEALTH DISTRICT
Authors: Lyall I. , Holland A.J. , Collins S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe extent to which adults in one health district with intellectual disabilities engaged in offending behaviour and the nature of their need was investigated in a series of three studies. First, the number of adults who reported having learning difficulties or who had attended special needs schools, in a consecutive series of adults charged at a city police station over a two‐month period, was identified. Secondly, the extent and nature of offending by those living in residential placements for people with learning disabilities was ascertained retrospectively for the year 1992. In addition, the policies and responses of the residences' managers to offending behaviour were ascertained. Thirdly, a case control study of the outcome in the criminal justice process of those with self‐reported learning disabilities identified in Study One was undertaken. Twelve (4.4%) of the 251 people arrested and screened at the city police station had been to a special school for children with mild or severe learning disabilities. Seven (2%) of 358 adults living in residential placements for adults with learning disabilities had been interviewed by police because of an alleged offence. None of this group appeared in Court despite the seriousness of some offences. In Study One, seven (58%) were sentenced by the Courts. None received a prison sentence or were diverted to the health service. The lack of established links between the criminal justice agency and other services and the experience and attitudes of staff in the different agencies both hindered the recognition of the presence of a possible learning disability and also prevented referral across agencies. These and social factors, such as homelessness, all contributed to a failure to provide for the needs of this minority of adults with learning disabilities who became involved in the criminal justice system.
THE VULNERABILITY OF SUSPECTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES DURING POLICE INTERVIEWS: A REVIEW AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DECISION‐MAKING
Authors: Clare Isabel C.H. , Gudjonsson Gisli H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (England and Wales) recognised that suspects with intellectual disabilities were ‘vulnerable’ during interviews with the police. However, no attempt was made to specify the disadvantages which might contribute to this vulnerability. This paper reviews the experimental evidence relating to two possible areas of disadvantage—impaired understanding of the caution and legal rights, and susceptibility to acquiescence, suggestibility, compliance and confabulation. A pilot study relevant to a third area, that of decisionmaking, is presented. A fictional film was made of a police interrogation, depicting a male suspect making a true and a false confession. At scheduled pauses during, and just after, the film, items from a semistructured interview schedule were presented. Compared with their average intellectual ability counterparts, the participants with intellectual disabilities (Full Scale IQ: 60–75) were less likely to think that a police interview and false confession might have serious consequences for the suspect. Their views reflected the importance they placed on the suspect's actual, rather than professed, guilt or innocence. Moreover, they believed that an innocent suspect might be protected because his or her innocence would be evident to others. The possible impact of these views on the decision‐making in police interviews of suspects with intellectual disabilities is discussed.
POLICE INVOLVEMENT WITH CLIENTS HAVING INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES: A PILOT STUDY IN SOUTH LONDON
Authors: McNulty Craig , Kissi‐Deborah Rosamund , Newsom‐Davies Imogen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFollowing the increasing trend for de‐institutionalisation of people with learning disabilities, community services are increasingly being utilised to support those who also display challenging behaviours. Where severely challenging behaviours are involved community service providers may require additional support from die police service. The authors undertook a retrospective pilot study among two major community care providers in South London, and looked at the reasons for calling the police, the frequency with which die police were called; staff expectations in calling the police and the outcomes for die clients in terms of further involvement with the criminal justice system. The authors note that the police were generally used as additional support when clients became too difficult for the immediate service providers to manage. It is also noted that police action on behalf of victims was generally low and that the police were never called in response to clients with learning disabilities reporting having witnessed crime. The authors note that further research is required.
EXPRESSED EMOTION, ATTRIBUTIONS AND COPING IN STAFF WHO HAVE BEEN VICTIMS OF VIOLENT INCIDENTS
Authors: Cottle Mandy , Kuipers Liz , Murphy Glynis , Oakes Peter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn some occupations, there is an increased risk of becoming a victim of a violent incident. Nursing and care work, in settings for people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour, or who have mental health needs, are occupations which can involve such a risk. This study examined how staff felt, after a violent incident, towards the perpetrator of die incident (expressed emotion), and the reasons (attributions) that the care staff gave as to their belief about the cause of the incident. Coping was investigated by looking at measures of anxiety. Results indicated that anxiety was often increased a week after the incident but then returned to baseline levels after a month. Expressed emotion was often high after an incident, and remained high a month later. Reasons that staff gave about the cause of the violent incident varied but they seldom blamed themselves for die incident. They tended to make attributions which were internal to the client, external to themselves, personal to the client, uncontrollable by themselves, and neither controllable nor uncontrollable by the client.
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE SCHALOCK & KEITH (1993) QUALITY OF LIFE QUESTIONNAIRE: A REPLICATION
Authors: Rapley Mark , Lobley John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe Quality of Life of people with learning disabilities has become a topic of much concern to academics, policy makers, human service providers and evaluators. As yet there has been little progress towards the goal of developing an instrument which adequately reflects the subjective QOL perceptions of people with learning disabilities. To assist in die development of a psychometrically sound and internationally acceptable QOL measure, factor analyses of the Schalock & Keith (1993) Quality of Life Questionnaire (QOL. Q). were undertaken widi a British sample. Discrepancies between the factor solution reported in the QOL. Q Standardisation Manual (Schalock, Keith & Hoffman, 1990) and that obtained for the UK sample are reported. It is concluded that the QOL. Q shows broad cross‐cultural comparability.
RESIDENT BEHAVIOUR AND STAFF INTERACTION WITH PEOPLE WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES AND SERIOUSLY CHALLENGING BEHAVIOUR IN RESIDENTIAL SERVICES
Authors: Felce David , Lowe Kathy , Blackman Derek 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe behaviour of 16 residents with severe intellectual disabilities and severely challenging behaviour and the interactions they received from staff were observed. Eight people lived in traditional hospitals and eight in community settings. The two groups were individually matched by adaptive ability. Differences in the occurrence of various categories of staff/resident interaction and resident activity between die two groups were not statistically significant. There was some indication that interaction and engagement in activity were improved in those community settings which were genuinely small and based on ordinary housing. However, a more striking finding for all residents was their lack of constructive occupation and the low level of assistance given by staff to help individuals participate more. Although generally responsive to the social overtures of residents, staff were otherwise not found to have an evident focus on encouraging resident engagement in activity. Two case studies are presented which, with other recent research, point to the impact which the content and focus of staff attention can have on resident activity patterns. Comparison to research on people with less severe challenging behaviour supports the contention that individuals with the most severe challenging behaviours tend to lead more impoverished lives.
STAFF ATTITUDES TOWARDS INDIVIDUALS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES AND AIDS: THE ROLE OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS CLIENT SEXUALITY AND THE ISSUE OF MANDATORY TESTING FOR HIV INFECTION
Authors: Murray James L. , MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Minnes Patricia M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study investigated staff attitudes towards individuals with learning disabilities and AIDS in combination with staff attitudes towards client sexuality. Two hundred and forty‐six respondents (55% of those invited to participate) from one organisation in Scotland voluntarily and anonymously returned the nine‐item Staff Attitudes Towards persons with Learning Disabilities and AIDS (LDAIDS) scale (Murray & Minnes, 1994b) and the Sexuality and Persons with Learning Disabilities Attitude Inventory (SPLDAI; Brantlinger, 1983; Murray & Minnes 1994a). Results indicated that staff held moderately positive attitudes towards individuals with a learning disability and AIDS. Regression analysis showed that while controlling for staff demographic and contact variables, attitudes towards client sexuality (SPLDAI) predicted 22% of the variance in scores of attitudes towards clients with learning disabilities and AIDS., Forty‐four percent of participants employed in a direct residential care capacity agreed with mandatory testing of clients for HIV infection. The implications of these findings are discussed with relevance to issues raised by Cambridge (1994) who explored the informed consent/mandatory testing issue. Directions for future research and limitations of the study are also discussed.
Effects of visual and verbal presentation on cognitive load in vigilance, memory, and arithmetic tasks
Authors: Klingner Jeff , Tversky Barbara , Hanrahan Pat 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDegree of pupil dilation has been shown to be a valid and reliable measure of cognitive load, but the effect of aural versus visual task presentation on pupil dilation is unknown. To evaluate effects of presentation mode, pupil dilation was measured in three tasks spanning a range of cognitive activities: mental multiplication, digit sequence recall, and vigilance. Stimuli were presented both aurally and visually, controlling for all known visual influences on pupil diameter. The patterns of dilation were similar for both aural and visual presentation for all three tasks, but the magnitudes of pupil response were greater for aural presentation. Accuracy was higher for visual presentation for mental arithmetic and digit recall. The findings can be accounted for in terms of dual codes in working memory and suggest that cognitive load is lower for visual than for aural presentation.
Efficient and cost‐effective estimation of the influence of respiratory variables on respiratory sinus arrhythmia
Authors: Egizio Victoria B. , Eddy Michael , Robinson Matthew , Jennings J. Richard 
Published: August 2010

AbstractResearchers are interested in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) as an index of cardiac vagal activity. Yet, debate exists about how to account for respiratory influences on quantitative indices of RSA. T. Ritz, M. Thons, and B. Dahme (2001) developed a within‐individual correction procedure by which the effects of respiration on RSA may be estimated using regression models. We replicated their procedure substituting a spectral high‐frequency measure of RSA for a time‐domain statistic and a respiratory belt's relative measure of tidal volume for the direct assessment provided by a pneumotachograph. The standardized slopes from the respiratory belt and pneumotachography‐derived regression equations (estimated across a 6‐min paced breathing protocol) were positively correlated (r=0.93, p<.001); correlations were similar across 2‐ and 4‐min time courses parsed from the 6‐min protocol. Our results offer methodological alternatives to the research community.