bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organic derivatives of titanium. II. Preparation and properties of some ortho‐esters
Authors: Cullinane N. M. , Chard S. J. , Price G. F. , Millward B. B. , Langlois G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome further esters have been prepared by methods already described in Part I and also by a transesterification process (cf. Speer, 1949), e.g. Certain physical properties, for example boiling‐points at different pressures, densities, viscosities and molecular weights have been determined, and the action of heat and moisture investigated.A modification of Burnop's (1938) expression has been devised by which the boiling‐points of the normal esters can be accurately predicted.In general, the molecular weights, determined cryoscopically, have been found to give approximately double the values calculated from the molecular formulae, and structural formulae are suggested to account for these results.
Suppression of flame in explosive systems
Authors: Jones Elwyn 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method of preventing explosions in chemical manufacturing plants where inflammable bases or vapours are employed in the presence of air or oxygen is further elucidated and the principle extended to condensed explosives. The relative merits of various inhibitors in varying circumstances are reviewed and the conclusion drawn that the best inhibitors of flame are complex organic substances, often of a highly inflammable nature. The seeming paradox admits of a simple explanation based on thermochemical considerations.
Manufacture of algal chemicals. II. Laboratory‐scale isolation of mannitol from brown marine algae
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods for the isolation of mannitol from the common brown algae indigenous to Great Britain have been worked out on the laboratory scale with a view to the ultimate development of a process suitable for large‐scale production. These comprise (i) solvent extraction of the dried seaweed and (ii) dilute‐acid extraction of the fresh or dried seaweed, followed by evaporation of the extract to dryness and the isolation of mannitol from this extract by (a) solvent extraction (b) precipitation as a water‐insoluble derivative or (c) the use of ion‐exchange resins.
The hydrolysis of wool wax and related high molecular weight esters. II. Heterogeneous reaction: Oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Truter E. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aqueous alkaline hydrolysis of wool wax, n‐octadecyl caprylate and palmitate and cholesteryl acetate and caprylate as oil‐in‐water emulsions stabilized by various agents, has been examined. It is shown that the extent of reaction in a given time is not related to the quality of the emulsion, but is probably limited by the rate of penetration of the interface.
The elastic and viscous properties of polystyrene in the solid and liquid state
Authors: Mohrman H. W. , Buchdahl R. , Neilsen L. E. , Merz E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements on unfractionated and fractionated polystyrenes have provided data from which several fundamental conclusions can be drawn: (i) for a large class of mechanical properties, the value of the property is zero at low molecular weights, increases with increasing molecular weight, and finally approaches an asymptote; (ii) the details of the molecular weight distribution curve are immaterial in determining the value of the measured mechanical property as long as the number‐ and weight‐average molecular weights are above their respective limiting values; (iii) polystyrene contains a quasi‐permanent molecular network whose parameters determine the visco‐elastic response of the macroscopic specimen.
THE determination of the cement content of soil‐cement mixtures I. A laboratory method
Authors: Clare K. E. , Sherwood P. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil‐cement is being used increasingly in many aspects of civil engineering, and a method of determining the cement content is required both for research purposes and for checking the quality of soil‐cement construction. A description is given of the development and adoption in the U.S.A. of a method based on the determination of the calcium oxide content of the soil, the cement and the soil‐cement mixture. Adoption of this method in this country is described, and reference is made to the difficulty encountered in using it with soil‐cement made from heavy clay. Various modifications to the method have been investigated, and it was found that the most accurate results could be obtained with clay‐cement mixtures only when the acid extract containing the calcium was separated from the mixture by centrifuging.Reference is made to a possible method of measuring the cement content of the soil‐cement by estimating the sulphate content which arises from the calcium sulphate contained in normal Portland cement. This method might be preferable for cement‐stabilized soil containing a large proportion of calcium carbonate but substantially free from sulphate.
Pre‐ignition reactions of some combustible substances with solid oxidants
Authors: Patai Saul , Hoffmann E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMixtures of solid inorganic oxidants (potassium chlorate, perchlorate and nitrate) with various combustible substances (carbon black, paraffin wax, starch and asphalt), when heated at relatively low temperatures, undergo an exothermal pre‐ignition reaction. This process, which is heterogeneous and in some cases a genuine solid‐solid reaction, elevates the temperature of the sample until ignition takes place. The plotting the natural logarithms of the time needed to the ignition point at various initiation temperatures, against 1/T°K. results in straight lines, permitting the evaluation of the critical increment of the Arrhenius equation.
Physico‐chemical studies on dusts. II. Nature and regeneration of the high‐solubility layer on silicious dusts
Authors: Clelland D. W. , Ritchie P. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is shown that the high‐solubility layer previously demonstrated (Clelland, Cumming & Ritchie, 1951) on silicious dust‐particle surfaces is not a surface layer of hydrated silica; and evidence is adduced that it is a vitreous silica layer of the Beilby type, formed during the production of the dust by crushing and grinding. An important part of the evidence is the demonstration that prolonged grinding of quartz leads to a reduction in density. This reduction is attributed to partial conversion of the dust particles to vitreous silica: no conversion to other crystalline modifications of silica could be detected. Further, when the high‐solubility layer has been removed from silicious dust particles by solvents, it can be regenerated by a purely mechanical polishing process. The regenerated layer yields silica into aqueous media very largely in colloidal form.
The influence of formamide on the bactericidal action of certain substances against bacterium aerogenes
Authors: Cooper E. A. , Goddard A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAqueous formamide (20%) was found to exert a specific effect on the germicidal power of formic and acetic acids and also of ammonium hydroxide: bactericidal action against Bacr. aerogenes was increased six‐ to twelve‐fold. Certain other disinfecting substances were affected by formamide to a much less extent, e.g. phenols, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, oxalic acid, lactic acid, and various esters, while o‐chlorophenol and trichloracetic acid were actually diminished in germicidal activity. Possible explanations for the observed results are discussed.
The correlation of slot‐opening with flow rate for air bubbling into water
Authors: Cross C. A. , Ryder H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen air flows through a slot in a vertical diaphragm into a tank full of water, the level on the air‐inlet side is depressed below the apex of the slot. This depression, defined as the slot‐opening, has been correlated with the air rate. Some 300 determinations have been made at air rates between 0·01 and 800 cu. ft. per min. for one rectangular and one triangular slot. A few further measurements have been made with slots of varied dimensions.All these measurements are shown to fit with the simple hydrodynamic theory (Rogers & Thiele, 1934) when this is modified to take account of surface tension effects. The new theory requires that below a critical air rate the slot opening should be determined by surface tension effects alone, whereas above this rate the original hydrodynamic equations would apply. The values now found for the constants of these equations are significantly different from those proposed by the previous workers. In particular, the exponent of h (the slot opening) now corresponds with the theoretical values to within the limits of experimental accuracy. The larger values obtained in the earlier work (Roger & Thiele, 1934: Spells & Bakowski, 1950) were probably due to the inclusion of measurements below the critical rate.
The resistance of fire‐fighting foams to destruction by radiant heat
Authors: French R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis note describes experiments that have been carried out to determine an index of the resistance of fire‐fighting foams to radiant heat and the development of an apparatus for this purpose. Results are given of experiments performed to find the manner in which this property is influenced by the intensity of the radiation and by the expansion factor and ultimate shear strength of the foam. It is shown that maximum resistance to radiant heat is obtained from a foam of low expansion and high shear strength and that the heat‐resistance index depends on the water content of the foam over the normal range of expansion factors.
Large‐scale filtration and purification of air supplies (with special reference to the electrostatic precipitator)
Authors: Munden D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA description is given of the construction and principles of operation of the Precipitron and miniature Cottrell‐type electrostatic precipitators. Measurements have been made of the efficiency of these two types of precipitator in removing chemical dust from the air. Details are given of the experimental method and the efficiency values are compared with those obtained for a number of commercial dust‐filters tested under similar conditions.
The prevention of corrosion in packaging. III. Vapour‐phase inhibitors
Authors: Stroud E. G. , Vernon W. H. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOf many compounds examined in vapour form in moisture‐laden air, a number will, in varying degrees, confer protection upon ferrous and some non‐ferrous metals when contained in the same enclosed space. Certain esters (e.g. n‐ and iso‐propyl benzoates, n‐butyl benzoates and methyl cinnamate) afford good protection to steel. Complete inhibition of the corrosion of steel and cast iron may be effected in moist air, even when heavily contaminated with sulphur dioxide, by certain amine carbonates, e.g. cyclohexylamine carbonate. These compounds also possess, in marked degree, the property of arresting the further corrosion of iron and steel surfaces that have already become rusted by exposure to moist polluted air.
A solvent method for the recovery of tar binder from road materials
Authors: Green E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper describes a solvent method for the recovery of tar from road‐surfacing mixtures. The tar oils and tar resins are extracted from a sample of the road material using carbon disulphide. The fraction of the tar insoluble in this solvent, but soluble in pyridine, is recovered from an identical sample of the road material by extracting with pyridine and concentrating the solution, from which the fraction is precipitated by the addition of carbon disulphide. This material is added to the solution of oils and resins together with the required quantity of pyridine‐insoluble material (prepared beforehand from any suitable tar) and the carbon disulphide is removed by distillation. During this period the precipitated fractions redisperse in the tar oils. The method will recover the tar binder from any road‐surfacing mixture, either freshly mixed or after it has been on the road several years.A small‐scale distillation test is described which is suitable for identifying the recovered tar in accordance with the requirements of B.S. 76.
The preparation of 1‐chloro‐2: 6‐dinitrobenzene
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Tucker S. Horwood 
Published: July 2010

Abstract1‐Chloro‐2: 6‐dinitrobenzene (4‐chloro‐3: 5‐dinitrobenzene) has been prepared by the following route: chlorobenzene → potassium 4‐chloro‐3: 5‐dinitrobenzenesulphonate (I) → potassium 4‐amino2 3: 5‐dinitrobenzenesulphonate (II) → 2: 6‐dinitroaniline (III) → 1‐chloro‐2: 6‐dinitrobenzene (IV).
Diffusion coefficients of ethanol in aqueous solutions
Authors: Smith I. E. , Storrow J. Anderson 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiffusion coefficients of ethanol in various ethanol–water solutions have been measured at temperatures up to 72.5°. At each temperature the product of diffusion coefficient and viscosity passes through a maximum at 8 mol.‐% ethanol and through a minimum at 32–37 mol.‐% ethanol with increasing concentration. From extrapolated values the variation of diffusion coefficient with composition at normal boiling point has been found.
Studies in coal‐tar bases. V. contaminants of pyridine
Authors: Coulson E. A. , Ditcham J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCommercial samples of pyridine derived from coal tar show a variability in the ease with which they are catalytically hydrogenated that can be correlated with the amount of sulphur‐containing impurities. The non‐basic contaminants were separated from two typical samples of pyridine by passing steam through acidified aqueous solutions. From the first, which was a refined sample, there was obtained a small amount of o‐xylene: the second, a cruder technical grade, furnished an authenticated specimen of tetrahydrothiophen (thiophan), an individual which was thus recognized for the first time as a coal‐tar constituent. It is not difficult to reduce the sulphur content of a crude pyridine from about 0·022% by weight to less than 0·001% by the process described. Alternatively, if the sample is boiled with 1·5% by weight of potassium permanganate and redistilled, the sulphur content is reduced to about 0·0025%.
Tristrontium silicate—a new compound
Authors: Nurse R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTristrontium silicate, 3SrO,SiO2, was not discovered by previous investigators of the system SrO‐SiO2. The preparation of the new compound is described and optical properties and X‐ray spacings are given. A comparison is made between 3SrO,SiO2 and 3CaO,SiO2, the principal cementing compound in Portland cement. It is shown that the strontium compound has not the property of hardening under water, but the possibility remains that hardening may take place in sulphate solutions, and that cements in which strontium is wholly or partly substituted for calcium may be of value in resisting attack by sea‐water or soil sulphates.
The physical toxicity of chemicals. II. Factors affecting physical toxicity in aqueous solutions
Authors: McGowan J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvidence has been brought forward to show that a large number of simple organic compounds produce toxic symptoms in living organisms when they reach a definite concentration in some biophase. If this is so, for non‐associated compounds which do not participate in hydrogen‐bonding the equation — log10Ct = – log10C′ + k[P] is suggested by considerations of solubility. Here, Ct and C′ are the toxic concentrations in water and in the biophase respectively (g.‐mol./1.); [P] is the parachor (c.c.) and k is a constant. This equation was found to hold and examples are given. The constant k has been found to have the value o·012 and C′ is, of course, constant for any one manifestation of toxicity. Corrections can be applied for the presence in the molecules of the toxic compounds of groupings giving rise to association and hydrogen bonding.The equation is useful for the prediction of toxicities of compounds which would be expected to be physically toxic and for the classification of data on toxicities of aqueous solutions.
The freezing and melting of some sulphur chloirdes
Authors: Whiting G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFreezing and melting curves were obtained for pure sulphur dichloride and pure sulphur monochloride, and for mixtures of the two. Because the mixtures contained very little free chlorine, the usual deposition of higher chlorides did not obscure the phase behaviour, which showed that the following compounds were stable at low temperatures: SCl2, freezing and melting at 151° K.; S2Cl2, freezing and melting at 191° K.; and an intermediate compound, probably S2Cl3, freezing and melting at 145°k.No compound corresponding to S3Cl4 was indicated; all mixtures containing from 20% to 50% of sulphur dichloride showed a rapid fall in temperature during freezing.The phenomena associated with the freezings are described; and evidence for the formation and persistence of the intermediate compound at room temperature is discussed.
Sulphur in oil shale or torbanite
Authors: Mapstone Geo. E. , Nartsissov B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMott's rapid method for the determination of sulphate and pyritic sulphur in coal can be applied to oil shale or torbanite, the pyrites content being calculated from the iron extracted. The organic sulphur is best calculated by subtracting the pyritic sulphur from the total sulphur content of the hydrochloric acid‐extracted material as determined by the quartz‐tube method [I.P.63/42(T), 1949].On the pyrolysis of the torbanite approximately only I% of added pyritic sulphur appears as organic sulphur in the oil. Similarly the addition of calcium carbonate had no effect and calcium hydroxide had only a slight effect on the organic sulphur content of the oil. None of these materials affected the oil yield significantly.
A note on the correlation of flooding rates for packed gas‐liquid columns
Authors: Dell F. R. , Pratt H. R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe following equation, which is derived from an expression previously obtained for liquid‐liquid extraction columns by Dell & Pratt (1951), and which is basically similar to the equation of Bertetti (1942), is proposed for the correlation of flooding rates for packed absorption and distillation columns:
magnified image
This equation can be reduced to a form resembling the graphical correlation used by Sherwood, Shipley & Holloway (1938). A comparison with the available experimental data shows that agreement is good up to a critical value of the group on the right, beyond which the exponent changes sharply to to − 0·20. Derived values of the constants C2 are given for four types of packing, and the applications and limitations of the equation are discussed.
The permeability method of specific surface determination: A correction factor
Authors: Rose H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe value of the specific surface for a given powder obtained by the application of Carman's equation is in general found to depend on the porosity of the bed on which the test is made. In this paper a correction is developed that largely eliminates this variation.Furthermore, for those powders which have also been analysed by alternative techniques, the values of specific surface, as determined by the use of Carman's equation and corrected by means of the data of the present paper, and those obtained by the application of the photo‐extinction and nitrogen‐adsorption techniques, show the deviations which would be predicted from the known limitations of the alternative methods of analysis.
Some aspects of the chemistry of coal tars. II. General characteristics and chemical composition of down‐jet tars
Authors: Vahrman M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe features of the process of down‐jet combustion of coal bearing on the quality of the tar produced are considered. The physical properties of the tar from a high‐volatile, weakly caking coal (Haunchwood peas) and examination of the fractions obtained by distillation show it to be of low‐temperature type. The fraction obtained between 370° and about 400° was a resinous organo‐gel containing high‐boiling phenols, neutral substances and bases. The main chemical classes of compounds were separated from this tar by solvent extraction, and the fractions obtained were further subdivided with organic solvents for comparison with other tars and to obtain sufficiently simple materials for more detailed examination later. Analyses, yields and descriptions of the fractions obtained are given. Similar solvent‐extraction of a down‐jet tar from a low‐oxygen (high‐rank) coal showed that differences and similarities in the coal structures were reflected in the composition of the tars. Further evidence of the primary nature of down‐jet tars was thus obtained.
Vapour pressures of some rare‐earth halides
Authors: Harrison E. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApproximate data are given on the vapour pressures, in the range 10−1 to 10−3 mm. of mercury, of many of the cerium group of rare‐earth halides. The vapour pressures were determined by the method of molecular effusion. Also, a method is described for dehydrating these halides such that in their anhydrous form they are free from any basic salts and are 100% volatile in vacuo.
Resinous condensation products from humic acids and glycols or diamines
Authors: Thomson G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Northumberland coal can be oxidized by nitric acid or by sodium hydroxide and oxygen under pressure to give a humic acid of empirical formula C3H2O. Since the apparent equivalent weight is 213, this corresponds to C12H8O4. This humic acid can be condensed with glycols and diamines to give hard, black infusible resins, which can be plasticized and filled in the usual manner. These resins are resistant to cold concentrated solutions of acids or alkalis, but can be hydrolysed on prolonged heating under reflux with dilute alkali. During condensation, more than theoretical amounts of water are released; the hardness and the carbon/hydrogen ratio of the product depends on the intensity of heating.
Colorimetric determination of thiophen in pure benzoles by the alloxan and isatin reagents
Authors: French K. H. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOwing to unexpected maxima in the colour‐concentration curves, some confusion may occur in the colorimetric test for thiophen using alloxan or isatin reagents (French, 1946) if the test is applied to higher concentrations than those for which it was designed. A dilution procedure has been recommended to ensure that the colour measurements are made on the portions of the curves before the maxima.A number of precautions to be observed when performing the tests have been suggested. These will ensure that reproducible colours are always obtained.
The heat treatment of dolomite. III. The precipitation of magnesia from sea‐water by calcined dolomite
Authors: Britton H. T. S. , Gregg S. J. , Willing E. G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of dolime have been prepared by calcining dolomite at a series of temperatures between 700° and 1480°; they were then slaked at 95°, and the slurry added to sea‐water to precipitate magnesium hydroxide. The rate of fall f of the sludge line in tall cylindrical tubes was then observed, and the composition r of the precipitate determined (r = CaO: MgO). Both f and r vary according to the temperature Tc of calcination, and both have minimum values when Tc is between 1000° and 1100°.