bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Legal Universalism
Authors: Rasulov Akbar 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This essay offers an ideology critique of international legal universalism (ILU). The concept of ideology, for the present purposes, is understood as a body of discourse and rhetoric that produces distinct political effects, such as legitimation, motivation, and normalization. The particular political effects that are produced by ILU ideology range from the inflation of international legal scholars’ collective self-image as a uniquely skilled expert community, to the entrenchment, within the broader disciplinary consciousness, of a quasi-messianic belief in international law as an unreservedly benevolent mechanism of global social engineering. The consequences of this include a culture of false necessity and disciplinary whitewashing and a tradition of professional self-aggrandizement whereby the profession comes to appoint itself as humanity’s singularly enlightened guardian and the articulator of ‘true universal values’. Drawing on the traditions of critical narratology and legal realist analysis, this chapter aims to identify and uncover the exact narrative structures, theoretical devices, and rhetorical mechanisms by means of which this ideological dynamic is put in place. The core discursive foundation that underpins the ILU discourse, it concludes, consists of a combination of deliberate conceptual black-boxing that enables the ILU discourse to encode the language of universality with several different, not immediately reconcilable, meanings; a pattern of resulting three-way conceptual slippage; and the consistent but never acknowledged infusion of a strongly Hegelianized understanding of international law’s history and political ontology.
Oscillating Justice
Authors: Miller Zinaida 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the legitimacy of the international justice field—comprised of both international criminal law and transitional justice—depends upon a constant oscillation between universal and particular. That oscillation provides the field with a global justification for existence—a standardized fight against atrocity, a universal need for truth—and a defence against accusations of hegemony and neocolonialism. The nimble movement between these poles, however, can obscure their outer limits. To trace the pattern of oscillation, this chapter examines the ways in which anti-impunity and truth-telling discourses and practices move between universality and particularity. While oscillation suggests a useful balance between the general and the specific, in reality it is tilted. The final section argues that the ‘tilt’ is consistently away from recognizing or engaging the racial and colonial dynamics that undergird the representation, reception, and practice of international justice. Universalist presumptions of anti-impunity or truth make hierarchies of race and coloniality appear too particular while particularist efforts to contextualize violence still stop short of addressing radical difference. The chapter reveals the stakes of the ongoing struggle over universalist and particularist visions of international justice.
Conceptual Universality vs Pragmatic Particularity in International Adjudication
Authors: Kulick Andreas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this contribution I argue that we are currently witnessing a paradigm shift in international dispute settlement. The dominant ‘Western’ narrative of ‘conceptual universality’ of international adjudication is waning and a different approach will gain hold in international law and international relations, which I refer to as ‘pragmatic particularity’. The past three decades since the fall of the Iron Curtain have seen promotion of and enthusiasm for formalized judicial dispute settlement as the preferred means to solve a conflict in the international arena. Such a universal view of international adjudication is conceptual in that it postulates a normative ideal of international dispute settlement that is intended to shape its reality. By contrast, three trends—China’s rise on the international scene, the return of the (nation) state and the backlash against international courts and tribunals—drive international adjudication in the opposite direction of a new paradigm of ‘pragmatic particularity’.
Tilak as a Writer
Authors: Upton Robert E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of Tilak’s entire written output, describing the range of Tilak’s writings and statements, and their provenance. It gives brief synopses of Tilak’s three main texts—The Orion: Or Researches into the History of the Vedas (1893), The Arctic Home in the Vedas (1903), and the Gita Rahasya (‘Secret Import of the Gita’) (1915)—and situates them in the context of his career, as well as offering a contextualization of Tilak in contemporary debates, particularly concerning Aryanism. On Aryanism, it shows that Tilak’s ‘Aryan invasion’ theory stands askance to the emerging Hindutva interpretation of Indian history even during Tilak’s lifetime. Tilak’s turn to the Gita later in his career is used to shed fresh light on the extraordinary valorization of that text, in India and globally, in this period. The chapter also characterizes the main concerns of Tilak’s newspaper writings in the English-language Mahratta and the Marathi Kesari over the course of his career, something hitherto lacking in more selective accounts.
Introduction to Dynamical Wave Function Collapse
Authors: Pearle Philip 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This book describes one approach to resolving the ‘measurement problem’ of standard quantum theory (SQT), by changing the Schrodinger equation’s evolution of the wave function. The wave function of SQT does not describe reality. For example, the wave function corresponding to a completed experiment is the sum of terms describing the different experimental outcomes whereas one of these outcomes is what appears in Nature, The rules of SQT respond to this deficiency by imposing an ill-defined ‘collapse postulate.’ The prior smooth evolution of the wave function according to Schrodinger’s equation is replaced by an abrupt ‘jump’ to one of the outcomes. When, why, how are unanswered questions. I have added a term to Schrodinger’s equation, obtaining a theory (which I named the ‘Continuous Spontaneous Localization’ theory, or CSL) that answers these questions. The term has a random field in it: each field makes the sum of terms evolve to one of the terms. The collection of all possible fields produces the (Born rule) probabilistic predictions of SQT. Thus, CSL does something SQT does not: it describes the occurrence of events. But, it is a different theory than SQT, so it predicts different results for some carefully crafted experiments. CSL has now existed for over three decades. While no experiment as yet has proven CSL true, no experiment has conflicted with it either. In this book I have aimed to give a clear exposition of CSL and its consequences, accessible to anyone who has studied SQT.
Finding Forex, 1850–1914
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The years between 1850 and 1914 are most closely associated with the Gold Standard. This was believed to deliver currency stability and so removed the need for a foreign exchange market. However, many countries did not join the Gold Standard, while others only adhered to it in part. Even among those that did commit themselves to the Gold Standard, there was a need for a foreign exchange market where banks could cover their currency exposure. However, this market was hidden from view, being conducted within and between banks and on the trading floor of stock exchanges such as London and New York. This rapidly developing foreign exchange market was made possible by the revolution in communications delivered by the telegraph, with London acting as its hub
Forex Today, Post-2007
Authors: Michie Ranald C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the foreign exchange market had established itself as the biggest in the world by turnover, able to cope with change and crises. Monetary unification in Europe had removed many separate currencies, but foreign exchange trading continued to grow. Foreign exchange trading also proved resilient in the face of the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and subsequent revelations of market manipulation. Though direct dealing between banks continued, as did the use of inter-dealer brokers, the foreign exchange market fully embraced the electronic revolution, with computers employing sophisticated mathematical programs dominating trading. The centre of the market remained in the City of London.
Constitutional Identity and Traditional Authority in the Post-colony
Authors: Klug Heinz 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The notion of constitutional identity is often used as a basis for classifying constitutions according to their differing features. Gary Jacobsohn, however, argues that constitutional identity emerges dialogically and represents a mix of political aspirations and commitments that are expressive of a nation’s past, as well as the determination of those within the society who seek in some ways to transcend that past. James Tully in turn argues for the recognition of a multiplicity of identities within modern constitutionalism. This chapter combines these approaches to explore the place of traditional authorities within postcolonial constitutions. In exploring the status of traditional authorities in postcolonial constitutional orders, the various waves of postcolonial constitutions, and the different sources of identity and resistance that have struggled to reshape constitutional orders in moments of constitution-making, amendment, and contestation, the chapter both demonstrates the persistence of traditional authority within African constitutional orders and attempts to identify what Jacobsohn describes as a broader constitutional identity.
The Emergence of European Society through Public Law
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Many Europeans struggle to understand where European Union-centred Europeanization has led them. The standard response—that their situation is sui generis, one of a kind—no longer holds. Brexit, conflicts over European financial transfers, immigration, or dubious judicial reforms in some Member States demand a more substantial answer. Against that background, this book frames European integration by reconstructing European public law in the light of Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU). According to Article 2 TEU, all Europeans are today part of one society. European integration may not have produced a European state or people, but it has helped to create a European society. This society is interwoven with European public law as the Treaty characterizes it with 12 constitutional principles. The book interprets this statement as the manifesto, identity, and constitutional core of a democratic society. Thus, Europeans should understand that European integration has ushered in a European democratic society. This approach takes the bull by the horns because democracy represents the key concept in the struggle to understand and develop our society. On that basis, the book goes through many of the great debates of European public law and presents them in a new and forward-looking light.
Concepts
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
One of Hegel’s key insights is that understanding requires abstraction, that is, concepts. Concepts establish meaning and create knowledge. Chapter 2 traces the transformation of European public law by examining the transformation of its basic concepts. It delves into the transformation of European public law, beginning with the Jus Publicum Europaeum of the late seventeenth century and the droit public de l’Europe of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries before examining Carl Schmitt’s Jus Publicum Europaeum of 1950, cast as the very opposite of what the book then develops as the new European public law. The chapter then liberates public law from its statist embrace and grounds it in one of modernity’s fundamental differentiations, the dualism of public versus private. The concept of public law comes in one of two guises: administrative or constitutional law. The conceptual moves that allow for a European administrative and constitutional law thus shed further light on the transformation of European public law. The concept of European administrative law never sparked much controversy, but it facilitates discussion of the challenge of an overbearing bureaucracy. The concept of European constitutional law proved much more controversial and provides a means to understanding many of the current challenges. The chapter finally introduces the concept of transformative constitutionalism, an innovation of the Global South, to frame European public law’s answer to its most significant challenge: the authoritarian tendencies of some national governments. Moreover, other key concepts of public law are reframed, such as authority, citizenship, sovereignty, statehood, and union.
Courts
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To gain true insight, a Hegelian approach demands that we go beyond concepts and principles, as necessary as they are, and research societal institutions and their operations. Chapter 4 focuses on the role of courts in European society. It starts with a broad comparative analysis tracing the unexpected development of how national courts gained ever greater authority, including broad law-making authority, on very thin constitutional bases and yet with much support from their national societies. It then shows the transformation of these courts through their Europeanization. On that foundation, the chapter highlights the foundational role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in the emergence and democratization of European society: it would not exist today without the transformative law of the CJEU and the ECtHR. The chapter reconstructs the two courts as the two complementary sides of European constitutional adjudication: the ECtHR focuses on rights, the CJEU on structures. This reveals two great processes of transformation as the CJEU started out as a supranational administrative tribunal and the ECtHR has, for decades, been an almost irrelevant institution. Today, by contrast, both courts are even engaged in transformative constitutionalism to meet authoritarian tendencies in European society. Of course, such activity raises concerns of democratic legitimacy, which the chapter addresses in conversation with a proponent of illiberal democracy.
The Business of Digital Music
Authors: Batiste Larry D. , Asher Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Digital music platforms increase the ability for the singer/songwriter to release music economically and provide accessibility for listeners to receive music and other content. With a click of a button, consumers can share and customize their favorite music in real time. Artists feel empowered to create independently and have control over their image and finances while increasing their fanbase. Topics in this chapter include an explanation of digital music and why it is popular among music creators and consumers. The reader will learn how to get paid for digital sales and performances of their songs. The reader will gain insight on digital distribution options as well as online marketing and promotion strategies used by both major and independent artists. This chapter also includes a detailed independent record release checklist and timeline.
Impact of preovulatory follicle maturity on oocyte metabolism and embryo development
Authors: Clark Hannah M , Stokes Allyson E , Edwards J Lannett , Payton Rebecca R , Schrick F Neal , Campagna Shawn R , Sarumi Qudus , Hessock Emma A , Roberts Samantha R , Azaridolatabad Nima , Moorey Sarah E 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Improved oocyte competence for embryo development and pregnancy was observed following ovulation of preovulatory follicles with greater physiological maturity, as indicated by estradiol production, prior to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. It was hypothesized that follicular fluid from preovulatory follicles of greater maturity better supports the maturing oocyte's metabolic requirements and improves embryo development. The objective was to determine if differences in preovulatory follicular fluid due to follicle maturity influence oocyte metabolism during in vitro maturation (IVM) and affect embryo development. Bovine preovulatory follicular fluid was collected 18 h after a GnRH-induced LH surge. Serum estradiol concentration at GnRH administration categorized follicles as greater or lesser maturity. Immature bovine oocytes were submitted to 24 h IVM in medium supplemented with 20% follicular fluid from preovulatory follicles of greater or lesser maturity. Embryo development was recorded. Oocyte maturation media and media conditioned by developing embryos were submitted for metabolomics. A randomized block design was utilized to determine differences in embryo development and media metabolites (P ≤ 0.05). Blastocysts from oocytes matured in greater vs. lesser maturity follicular fluid had a more moderate rate of development (P = 0.01). At the conclusion of 24 h IVM, abundance of 66 metabolites differed between greater and lesser follicle maturity treatments. Nine metabolites differed in media conditioned by developing embryos. Metabolome results suggest improved amino acid, purine, and glucose metabolism, followed by a more efficient rate of embryo development, in oocytes matured in greater vs lesser maturity follicular fluid.
Promotion of legume intake—Israeli dietitians’ knowledge, beliefs and practices
Authors: Ofir Orit , Stark Aliza Hannah , Bar-Zeev Yael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
The health and environmental benefits of legume consumption are reflected in dietary guidelines worldwide. However, legume intake fails to meet recommendations. Dietitians’ legume counseling practices can impact consumption patterns. This cross-sectional study assessed Israeli dietitians’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices regarding legume counseling and identified pertinent barriers and facilitators.

Methods
An electronic survey among Israeli dietitians (n = 309) was performed. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations between recommending legumes with participants’ socio-demographic and professional characteristics, knowledge, perceptions, attitudes toward legume counseling and personal legume intake.

Results
Almost half (47.4%) of the participants recommended that 76% or more of their patients increase legume intake. Factors that were associated with recommending legumes were perceptions of fewer barriers to consumption [adjusted OR (aOR) 1.92 (95% CI 1.24–2.96)] and positive attitudes toward legume counseling pertaining to its importance [aOR 1.95 (95% CI 1.12–3.4)]. Negatively associated factors were a low level of personal legume consumption [aOR 0.38 (95% CI 0.15–0.94)] and working in hospitals [aOR 0.43 (95% CI 0.19–0.98)].

Conclusions
Israeli dietitians’ recommendations for legume consumption were well below current guidelines. These findings indicate the need for a tailored intervention for nutrition professionals to increase the frequency of legume counseling and overall consumption.
The National Sleep Research Resource: making data findable, accessible, interoperable, reusable and promoting sleep science
Authors: Zhang Ying , Kim Matthew , Prerau Michael , Mobley Daniel , Rueschman Michael , Sparks Kathryn , Tully Meg , Purcell Shaun , Redline Susan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the National Sleep Research Resource (NSRR), a National Heart Lung and Blood Institute-supported repository developed to share data from clinical studies focused on the evaluation of sleep disorders. The NSRR addresses challenges presented by the heterogeneity of sleep-related data, leveraging innovative strategies to optimize the quality and accessibility of available datasets. It provides authorized users with secure centralized access to a large quantity of sleep-related data including polysomnography, actigraphy, demographics, patient-reported outcomes, and other data. In developing the NSRR, we have implemented data processing protocols that ensure de-identification and compliance with FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) principles. Heterogeneity stemming from intrinsic variation in the collection, annotation, definition, and interpretation of data has proven to be one of the primary obstacles to efficient sharing of datasets. Approaches employed by the NSRR to address this heterogeneity include (1) development of standardized sleep terminologies utilizing a compositional coding scheme, (2) specification of comprehensive metadata, (3) harmonization of commonly used variables, and (3) computational tools developed to standardize signal processing. We have also leveraged external resources to engineer a domain-specific approach to data harmonization. We describe the scope of data within the NSRR, its role in promoting sleep and circadian research through data sharing, and harmonization of large datasets and analytical tools. Finally, we identify opportunities for approaches for the field of sleep medicine to further support data standardization and sharing.
The Bridging the Gaps Program: Three Decades of Collaborative Service-Oriented Learning in the Health Professions
Authors: Kakara Mihir , Martinak Ellen , McCormick Bridget , Morales Knashawn H. , Bogner Hillary R. , Jacobs Dina , Tuton Lucy Wolf 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Health professions educators are continuing to develop training programs for future health care professionals to understand social determinants of health and address practical needs of their training institutions via service-oriented learning. Although individual U.S. programs have piloted different models, evaluations of programs that have demonstrated longitudinal growth and sustainability in the community are lacking, which is important because these programs can have long-term impacts not only on students but also on the communities they serve. In this article, the authors describe the long-term impacts of the Bridging the Gaps (BTG) program. First established in 1991 as an academic health institution and community organization collaborative, by 2019, the BTG program encompassed 9 academic health institution–based programs, partnering with 96 community organizations and employing 187 health professions students across 15 disciplines. By 2019, the program had 5,648 alumni. Of 3,104 alumni, 2,848 (91.8%) felt that the program broadened their understanding of health issues encountered by vulnerable and/or economically disadvantaged populations, and 2,767 of 3,101 (89.2%) felt that the program increased their interest in working with these populations. A total of 142 of 156 (91.0%) reported an effect on their clinical practice, 169 of 180 (93.9%) reported an effect on their professional role, and 64 of 109 (58.7%) reported an effect on their research careers. Of the community partners, 1,401 of 1,441 (97.2%) felt that the partnership between their organization and the BTG program was beneficial, 955 of 1,423 (67.1%) felt that BTG students brought resources to their organization that had previously been unavailable, and 1,095 of 1,421 (77.1%) felt that the linkages between their agency and other organizations were strengthened. The BTG program demonstrates growth and sustainability in its ongoing efforts to integrate training on social determinants of health via service-oriented learning into health professions education.