bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Engineers Don't Understand Logistics
Authors: LIGHT STEPHEN P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe author describes his observations during twenty‐eight years of naval ship design, acquisition and logistics support experience that engineers do not understand logistics or even consider logistics as part of their engineering responsibilities. This paper will explore the reasons why. The paper will also provide reasons why the engineer should understand logistics and why it should become a part of the engineer's responsibilities and lexicon. The paper presents the position that an engineer armed with a knowledge of logistics can do the best job in producing a good supportability design. Recommendations are provided to the naval engineering and logistics communities to increase the logistics knowledge of engineers. Also, the author advocates the development of design techniques to be used by the engineer to produce good supportability designs. The increased role of the engineer in applying supportability design techniques will be required in the future if we are to do more with the planned reductions in the acquisition workforce.
Numerical Modeling of Cavitation Bubble Behavior and Noise
Authors: OSBORNE GREGORY E. , LATORRE ROBERT 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper summarizes a study on the numerical analysis of cavitation bubble noise and presents the results of a numerical analysis of the pressure pulse developed during a single cavitation bubble collapse and the development of a 1/3 octave noise spectral analysis. The results of a systematic numerical study of bubble growth are presented along with an example of the calculated 1/3 octave noise spectra.
Damage Control — The Last Line of Shipboard Defense
Authors: HERMAN STANLEY , LOESER CHRISTOPHER T. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the ship, system and equipment design features, operational doctrine and training that has been developed to provide effective shipboard damage control. Both the ship and the sailor are addressed, since both are integral and interdependent components of the damage control “system.” Also, the enhancements afforded to protection of personnel from the effects of conventional and nonconventional weapons are discussed. Finally, a brief look into the future is presented. With the shrinking defense budget and corresponding reduction in fleet size and ship manning, novel system designs and automated decision aids will be required to do the job.
An Adaptive Filter Study for Application to Ship Steering Machinery
Authors: SCHMIDT LOUIS V. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTRecent studies on roll stabilization of ships using a digitally controlled rudder provided an introduction to the wide discrepancy possible in the nonlinear behavior of ship steering machinery. The full potential for use of rudder roll stabilization was not achievable during actual sea trials under these circumstances. An adaptive filter system using a reference model was developed and configured for application to digitally controlled ship steering machinery. Guidelines for establishing the desired performance are described and results of the numerical investigations are presented in this paper. Currently, verification by dockside testing remains to be done.
Fracture Mechanics of Ship Structures
Authors: SIELSKI ROBERT A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTUsing international cooperative exchange programs, the Department of Defense is currently working with U.S. steel makers to improve the technology base so that they can produce new highly weldable, low alloy, high strength alloys. The development program for these alloys should insure adequate strength and toughness, but not impose excessive requirements. That program justifies the need for a greater understanding of the use of fracture mechanics for the selection of structural materials.There have been several recent independent extensive studies of the application of fracture mechanics to ship structures sponsored by the Ship Structure Committee, the Naval Research Laboratory, David Taylor Research Center, and the Admiralty Research Establishment. The recommendations of these experts range from continued use of existing material parameters, use of linear elastic fracture mechanics, and the use of ductile fracture mechanics for determining the requirements for hull material. This paper reviews the results of these studies and recommends an approach to the development of rational criteria. The Navy is starting an extensive research and development program to verify the chosen methodology, including the testing of large scale sections that will replicate ship hulls.The result of this application of theory and verification through testing will be a new basis for the determination of the toughness requirements for ship structures, avoiding excessive requirements as we seek to use the latest materials that will be available during this decade and in the twenty‐first century.
The Navy's Shipboard Waste Management Research & Development Program
Authors: SMOOKLER ARTHUR , ALIG CRAIG 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIncreasing federal regulatory restrictions on overboard waste discharge in national and international waters require that the Navy develop shipboard equipment and procedures to process and store a wide range of wastes onboard surface ships or, where permitted, to discharge certain wastes in environmentally acceptable forms. Navy policy and guidance recognizes the fleet's environmental responsibilities, and major research, development, test, and evaluation efforts are being conducted to develop and evaluate suitable shipboard waste processing systems for oily wastes, non‐oily wastewater, hazardous wastes/materials, and solid wastes. Environmental protection systems for back‐fit and forward‐fit are being developed. A wide range of shipboard requirements must be accommodated, including space, size/weight, safety/health, and reliability. Current priorities focus on plastics and other solid wastes, oily wastes, ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons and blackwater. Significant progress is being made, and the Navy is confident that ship designs for the 21st century will be environmentally sound.
Innovations in Training Simulation
Authors: SOTTILARE ROBERT A. , LONG RODNEY A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTWith the Navy leaning towards a smaller but better trained force, using simulators in training becomes a cost effective way of keeping our military edge. Several innovations are being utilized in today's simulators. Hardware and software designs now include distributed computer architectures, real‐time, multi‐tasking operating systems, flexible generic consoles, commercial off‐the‐shelf equipment, standard real‐time ocean acoustic models, and standard acoustic data bases. This paper describes these technologies and their innovative application in the Navy's newest Anti‐Submarine Warfare Team Trainer, Device 14A12.Device 14A12 simulates sonar, fire control, electronic warfare, bridge, ownship aircraft and Naval Tactical Data Systems (NTDS) for 16 surface ownship classes. Device 14A12 also simulates multiple air, surface and subsurface threat, neutral and friendly platforms as well as missiles and torpedoes. The innovative modeling of these systems along with Device 14A12's enormous flexibility will allow the Navy to provide effective tactical training for the surface fleet now and in the future.
Total Integrated Fleet Maintenance and Support Database
Authors: FAHRENKRUG THOMAS P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAs the Navy enters into an era of tighter budgets and increasing intervals between ship overhauls and equipment restoration, the work load on the intermediate maintenance activity (IMA) will increase. More repairs and component overhauls will require each repair activity to be managed in a manner that will produce maximum efficiency and quality repairs. This paper will describe fleet maintenance as it is managed today and how, through the utilization of existing or developmental processes and data files, a master database will evolve to serve all participants from the production workers through senior managers. It will describe the interface of the type commander (TyCom), immediate superior in command (ISIC), IMA, and the ship using the tools of the master database to plan and conduct quality repairs efficiently. It also will describe an interface between the TyCom, NavSea, and the shipyard to effectively plan and schedule depot and intermediate level availabilities to meet current budget and operational constraints.The author thanks the staff of the commander, Submarine Forces, U.S. Atlantic and more specifically Cdr. R. Erman, force maintenance officer and LCdr. M. McCammon, force quality assurance officer for their insight on TyCom initiatives. Additionally, I want to acknowledge the professionalism and assistance of my associates R.B. Holmes, H.H. Woodruff, J.L. Lantz, H.E. Reynolds, R.E. Dunphy, T.A. Ruark, and J. Holt in the development of this paper.
A Knowledge‐Base System for the Threat Evaluation and Weapon Assignment Process
Authors: CARLING ROBERT L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe threat evaluation and weapon assignment process is an important air defence function of the command and control system of a frigate or destroyer. It ranks the radar air tracks coming from the ship's automatic detection and tracking unit according to specific criteria. These criteria include the position of the closest point of approach (CPA) with respect to the ship, the time for the target to reach the CPA, and other ship and target characteristics. As soon as the target tracks have been ranked, the ship must assign its hardkill and/or softkill weapons to these targets so that they will be destroyed or decoyed from the ship. The important problems arising from the weapon assignment process are the order and choice of hardkill/softkill weapons to be assigned against a specific attack of anti‐ship missiles.A knowledge‐base approach to the threat evaluation and weapon assignment process for a single warship attacked by anti‐ship missiles has been explored using SMALLTALK 80/HUMBLE. This paper describes the design of the knowledge‐base system, the design of the testing environment for it, the evaluation of the performance of the knowledge‐base system in the environment and it finally presents the results that were obtained.
Zonal Electrical Distribution Systems: An Affordable Architecture for the Future
Authors: PETRY CHESTER R. , RUMBURG JAY W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe electrical system of today's U. S. Navy ships was designed for reliability of power to vital loads. The existing radial electrical system architecture has evolved from World War II to an increasingly complex and expensive system as vital loads have grown and become more power quality sensitive for each new class of ships.The maze of normal and alternate cables on modern navy ships is almost impossible to protect and keep functioning during and after a casualty. The Navy is now demanding that future ships be more affordable while maintaining existing performance capabilities. New studies have shown that zonal electrical distribution system architecture provides a construction cost savings while inherently providing more operational flexibility.This paper will discuss cost and weight comparisons of existing conventional electrical distribution systems to proposed zonal distribution systems on DDG‐51 and LSD‐41 class ships. It will examine the weight impacts and affordability of installing the zonal distribution system on these ships. Further, it will discuss various zonal distribution system architectures, commonality of components with surface ship electrical distribution systems, and propose developments which will enhance future navy and maritime ship construction.
Naval Surface Combatant Ship Designer's Aid
Authors: ANDERT ED P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe naval surface combatant ship design process can be greatly enhanced by a computerized, knowledge‐based designer's aid. Naval surface ship design is a technological challenge to maximize ordnance on target which requires the use of rapidly advancing techniques and systems for surveillance, detection, communication, information processing, ordnance delivery, and propulsion, among others. This paper discusses the first step in the development of a computerized, knowledge‐based (expert system) tool to assist ship designers in selecting requirements and incorporating the most appropriate combat systems and certain hull, machinery and electrical system (HM&E) equipment. This Naval Surface Combatant Ship Designer's Aid (NAVSURF) system allows the designer to select the type of ship to be developed and required ship characteristics such as speed. It then suggests a set of requirements for the ship along with a set of combat and HM&E equipment based on the selected requirements. The NAVSURF system is an interactive environment that suggests requirements and equipment while allowing the user to select alternatives, ask for reports of selected items, upgrade the databases of available requirements, and upgrade the knowledge‐base that makes suggestions.
Shipboard Damaged Stability Assessment: The Flooding Casualty Control Software
Authors: ZAHN PETER B. , ROSBOROUGH JOHN , CARLSTROM RICHARD 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Flooding Casualty Control Software (FCCS) was developed under the auspices of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea) and is currently being deployed on a variety of ships in the fleets of both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Coast Guard. The primary objective of FCCS is to enable damage control personnel to identify critical stability conditions, especially when related to the loss of reserve buoyancy due to battle damage and the destabilizing effects of large quantities of firefighting water, in a timely manner.FCCS was initially deployed in 1990. It utilizes the standard algorithms of the Ship Hull Characteristics Program (SHCP). The user interface was designed to allow quick familiarity for shipboard users, primarily the damage control assistant (DCA) and his staff. Intact stability evaluations include the effects of topside icing, high winds, personnel crowding, heavy lifts over the side, high speed turns, and towing. FCCS also supports ballasting analysis for amphibious ships as well as providing bottom reaction and beached stability data for grounding incidents. By providing a tool for the “fuel king” and DCA to generate the required daily updates on the current ship load and liquids status, FCCS is assured of an accurate baseline in the event of damage. The design allows the evaluation of the ultimate ship stability status for a damage event using simple compartmentation and flooding status inputs. Evaluation of the adequacy of resulting stability, as well as identification of such critical stability parameters as off center loading, margin line immersion, and negative GM, are accomplished by the program. Guidance is provided for the user to initiate appropriate flooding related damage control activities.Initially fitted on USS Oliver Hazard Perry Class frigates, FCCS databases have been for the USCG Hamilton class high endurance cutters, USS Arleigh Burke class Aegis destroyers, and a variety of other U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard ship classes. The program accommodates such special features as well decks, compensating fuel systems, and a variety of evaluation criteria. FCCS is currently configured for use as a non‐integrated backfit to existing ships. Development efforts are underway in parallel to provide FCCS as a module for the Integrated Survivability Management System (ISMS).
High Energy Density Lithium Rechargeable Batteries for Underwater Vehicle Propulsion
Authors: SMITH PATRICIA H. , CHUA DAVID L. , FLEISCHMANN CHARLES W. , JAMES STANLEY D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe rechargeable lithium/cobalt oxide electrochemistry is examined for its use in powering underwater vehicles. It has been successfully developed in 30 amp hour capacity cells. A comparative study with the silver oxide/zinc technology, most frequently used for this application, revealed lithium's superior performance. Lithium/cobalt oxide gave more charge‐discharge cycles with 40–50% higher energy density. Lithium's advantage was especially marked at ‐2°C, where it cycled four times longer than silver cells. Projections indicate that, at the 600 amp hour cell size, the battery will have an energy density of 120 watt hours per pound resulting in a more durable and cost effective power source for naval vehicles than currently possible.
Statistical Process Control for Software in the Maintenance Phase
Authors: LUKE STEPHEN R. , JACOBS DERYA ALASYA , REED BILLIE M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAs technology advances and our dependency on software increases, the requirement to develop the correct means to improve quality in both the development phase and the maintenance phase of software life cycle support becomes increasingly significant. The focus of this paper is on the dilemma facing software engineering in maintaining quality within the constraints of the maintenance phase. The paper further proposes that the software maintenance process can also be analyzed and improved using statistical process control (SPC) techniques.The methods discussed in this paper have been proposed for use in the Software Maintenance project at NUWC Detachment Norfolk. Upon successful testing at NUWC Detachment Norfolk, they will be forwarded to the AN/SQQ‐89(V) (interagency) Software Quality Evaluation Committee for use by other agencies which are developing and maintaining AN/SQQ‐89(V) software.
A Capable, Affordable 21st‐century Destroyer
Authors: LEVEDAHL WILLIAM J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA simple tumblehome hull of 4500LT lightship displacement carries 1200LT of military payload 6000NMi at 20kts with inherently‐low acoustic, infrared, and radar signatures, and with superior seakeeping, without seawater ballast. Its two intercooled, recuperated turbines replace the seven simple‐cycle engines of a comparably‐armed conventional destroyer and consume 59% less fuel; both ships share a 30kt sustained speed at 80% power. Use of stern flaps permits carrying more fuel; range is doubled to 12,000 NMi.Two removable, prealigned and pretested steerable propulsor modules are attached to the stern after construction and are pierside replaceable without drydocking; each includes a steerable pod aligned to the water inflow. Contrarotating tractor propellers are driven by a pretested integrated capsule which comprises seals, thrust bearings, contrarotating ring‐ring bicoupled epicyclic gears, and an alternating‐current electric motor. A streamlined strut connects each pod rigidly to a vertical steerable barrel which contains the individually‐replaceable propulsor auxiliaries. Two power modules are removable and are mounted in the helicopter hangar. Each module comprises a 26,400 HP intercooled regenerated gas turbine, a 3 Mw ship‐service generator, and a propulsion generator with a second high‐voltage winding for electrothermal guns.
Sea Power, Peacekeeping, Defense Conversion and Budgets…Can They Be Balanced?
Authors: SKOLNICK ALFRED 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Persian Gulf War underscored the logic of joint military operations, shared assets and compatible equipments. In that vein, the time is ripe for our individual military services to assess common national needs and tailor their classical strengths to meet modern world realities without compromising those strengths. Within the Navy, in particular, this is an unequalled opportunity to begin constructing fleet units and future weaponry that meet a broad range of uncertainties; this requires a tilt toward ship designs and weapon developments that offer high investment payoff, adaptivity in use and untapped growth potential. Also, selected naval centers of excellence ashore with industrial knowledge and hands‐on experience can lend themselves to true “dual‐usage” and civil‐military integration by combining their Navy contributions with civilian‐training offerings in vocational techniques. This combined approach will let us maintain vital parts of our defense technology industrial base while tapping the skills of seasoned master mechanics and engineers and transferring their knowledge to a new generation facing radically different national needs. This path allows practical satisfaction of our most immediate challenge—meeting both civilian and military demands upon our country—while directly improving the product coming out of our secondary school systems through occupational skill training. The call here is to use experienced professionals with track records of accomplishment to actually produce results rather than simply talk about them; to err on the side of performance and accomplishment is in the tradition of an achievement‐oriented America.
Quality Management and Master Ordnance Repair
Authors: STIMSON WILLIAM A. , MARTINEZ ERNEST 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTBecause of the redefinition of national defense needs and the reduction of defense budgets, the management of complex combatant repair is more imperative than ever. To this end, the U.S. Navy is calling for Total Quality Leadership (TQL) strategies from its agencies and contractors. These strategies are derived from well known initiatives of quality management, such as those of Deming. They define the basis of any quality program.Quality methodologies have proven highly effective in the manufacturing sector, but many remain unproven or tentative in service and repair industries. The authors believe that TQL methods can be effective in the repair industry also, but must be developed or adapted to suit the unique characteristics of that industry: high skill, non‐rote crafts, with continual customer interface at all levels of operation.In establishing a direction for TQL development, the authors have chosen two elements. The first is the Malcolm Baldrige Quality Improvement Program, which provides guidelines for direction. The second is the Master Ordnance Repair (MOR) Program, which provides the management vehicle. From its beginning in 1983, MOR has been a program of management. The task is explicit in its charter, NAVSEAINST 8000.2, which requires that a MOR contractor manage combat system work and testing.Quality management methods are applied to the MOR program to achieve MOR objectives using Baldrige measurements. Methods are presented which deploy the quality function across the organization. Techniques are provided to improve the company's ability to control its processes and the robustness of its product. These include methods of process analysis that determine added value, ownership, and internal customer. Stress is placed on in‐process verification rather than on end‐of‐process inspection.The recommendations of this paper require no extraordinary skills or costs, but do require a formal and systematic approach to quality issues. The authors believe that with TQL methods in place, continuous improvement will follow.
Electrical Load Analysis Trends: Sea Trial Data from Two CG‐47 Class Ships
Authors: Lowell David R. , Rains Dean A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTElectrical load analysis for U.S. Navy ships is based on a method referred to as DDS 310–1, a static analysis for sizing generators. The DDS analysis is made at 10 and 90°F. Sea trial data for two CG‐47 class ships were analyzed and correlated with ambient temperature in the range of 77 to 96°F to give the correlation (with t in degrees F): P = 2575 + 8.74(t–90) ± 116 Kw.These data give insight into the effect of ambient temperature at conditions above or below the DDS 310–1 condition of 90°F. The variation of the data about the line is an indication of the variability that can be expected. The sea trial data show that DDS 310–1 gave a conservative but reasonable estimate of the power actually required.