bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field trials of the synthetic sex pheromones of the striped rice borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and of related compounds
Authors: Beevor P. S. , Hall D. R. , Nesbitt Brenda F. , Dyck V. A. , Arida G. , Lippold P. C. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe female sex pheromones of Chilo suppressalis (Wlk.) were previously identified as (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-13-octadecenal. This paper describes field trials of the synthetic pheromones carried out in the Philippines, Korea and Iran during 1975 and 1976. These trials established that the two pheromones in their naturally occurring ratio are attractive to male C. suppressalis in the field. Both pheromones are necessary for efficient attraction, and ratios of the two pheromones close to the naturally occurring ratio are the most attractive. The rate of release of the pheromones was found to be critical in order to obtain an attractant source comparable with the virgin female moth. The bisulphite adducts of the pheromones showed some promise as a slow-release source of attractant material with a long field life.Preliminary experiments were carried out to assess the potential use of the two natural pheromones and of two pheromone “mimics”. (Z)-9-tetradecenyl formate and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl formate, as mating disruptants. All four compounds were shown to interfere with pheromonal communication between the sexes
Factors affecting resistance to insecticides in house-flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). II. Close linkage on autosome 2 between an esterase and resistance to trichlorphon and pyrethroids
Authors: Sawicki R. M. , Devonshire A. L. , Farnham A. W. , O'Dell Kate E. , Moores G. D. , Denholm I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWidespread slight pyrethroid-resistance in Musca domestica L. on animal farms in southern England was correlated with strong resistance to trichlorphon and to malathion, and with the presence of an esterase, E0·39, detected by electrophoresis. In the laboratory, the frequency of E0·39 increased in response to selection with either pyrethroids or trichlorphon. Genetic analysis confirmed that this esterase, controlled by a gene on autosome 2, was closely linked with moderate resistance to trichlorphon and malathion and weak resistance to pyrethroids. When autosome 2 with the gene for E0·39 was introduced into a strain homozygous for the resistance mechanism super-kdr, resistance to pyrethroids increased by a factor equivalent to the weak resistance conferred by autosome 2 with E0·39 alone. Homozygosity for both mechanisms of resistance, and E0·39, was obtained by selecting the progeny of this cross with permethrin alone, permethrin and trichlorphon, or DDT and trichlorphon, demonstrating that very strong pyrethroid resistance can be achieved through the use of non-pyrethroid insecticides. E0·39 was absent from insecticide-resistant strains of M. domestica from Denmark but was present in several multi-resistant strains from other European countries.
Reproductive abnormality and loss in natural populations ofGlossina pallidipesAusten (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Kenya
Authors: Turner D. A. , Snow W. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe nature, frequency and causes of reproductive loss were investigated in populations ofGlossina pallidipesAust. in western and coastal localities in Kenya. Daily collections from biconical traps in which females were trapped for varying periods up to 30 h were followed by a series of hourly captures which gave less biased data. Ovarian abnormalities and insemination failure were rare, and abortion was the only major source of loss of fecundity. Total reproductive loss was within the range 1·60–1·97% (0·23% ovarian loss plus 1·37% abortions or 1·74% total empty uteri) in western Kenya (Lambwe Valley) and 0·99–1·71% from less comprehensive data at the coast. The incidence of empty uteri was higher in daily than in hourly collections, due mainly to premature parturitions brought about by the stressful effects of prolonged confinement in traps and handling. Abortions were significantly more frequent in females which had ovulated but were not yet parous than in older, parous flies. No relationship between the frequency of abortion and climate, tsetse density or pathogen or parasite infection could be demonstrated.
The winter development, reproduction and lifespan of viviparae of Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on wheat in England
Authors: Williams C. T. , Wratten S. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractViviparae of Sitobion avenae (F.) in clip-cages on winter wheat in field plots in southern England were monitored throughout the 1980–81 winter to determine characteristics of development, reproduction and lifespan under winter conditions. Rate-temperature relationships for development and reproduction were well described by straight lines when temperatures were measured above 3°C. A simple thermal-time scale could therefore be used for both processes. The parental morph and the time of year modified thermal-time requirements for the production of an adult's first 20 nymphs but did not affect those for development. For both alatae and apterae, nymph production per day-degree was greater than at higher temperatures and the relationship between reproductive rate and age was different. The minimum temperature experienced by the aphids was −7°C; survival was good, with little low temperature mortality. Total fecundity of apterae was usually greater than at higher temperatures, though some apterae and alatae that were deposited in October had low fecundity, possibly because they were insufficiently acclimatized at the onset of cold winter weather. Overwintering alatae had lower development rates, reproductive rates and total fecundity than apterae and did not survive as long, but were restless as young adults and appeared ready to migrate. Oviparae were produced from late September to mid-October but not after this, suggesting that the clone used could ‘switch off’ sexual morph production in winter.
Comparison of the winter development, reproduction and lifespan of viviparae of Sitobion avenae (F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on wheat and perennial rye grass in England
Authors: Williams C. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe mid-winter development, reproduction and survival of field-acclimatized viviparae of Sitobion avenae (F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) on leaves of tillering wheat and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) plants at similar growth stages were compared by monitoring batches of aphids in clip-cages in field plots in southern England. For both aphid species, survival, total fecundity and reproductive rate were much higher on wheat than on L. perenne, and on both host-plants they were much higher for S. avenae than for R. padi. Development times (in day-degrees) were longer on L. perenne than on wheat, and on both host-plants were longer for R. padi than for S. avenae, though these differences were less marked. Comparison of the results with those of earlier studies suggests that large changes in cereal aphid performance occur between summer and winter and that these are both aphid-specific and host-plant-specific.
Two new species of Cicadulina China (Hemiptera: Euscelidae) from West Africa
Authors: Dabrowski Z. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo new species of Cicadulina, C. ghaurii sp. n. and C. hartmansi sp. n., are described. Both occur over a wide area in Nigeria and Cameroon, and C. ghaurii has been shown to transmit maize streak virus.
Behavioural strategies of fruit flies of the genusDacus(Diptera: Tephritidae) significant in mating and host-plant relationships
Authors: Drew R. A. I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdults ofDacusspp. feed on plant surface bacteria. The responses ofD. tryoni(Froggatt) andD. cacuminatus(Hering) to some components of bacterial odours and to cue-lure were tested in a field-cage olfactometer, in studies in south-eastern Queensland. One component of bacterial emission, 2-butanone, attractedD. tryoni(a species responding to cue-lure) but notD. cacuminatus(a species responding to methyl eugenol) and is suggested as the attractive portion of the cue-lure molecule. Sexually mature males and immature females ofD. tryoniresponded to 2-butanone, cue-lure and bacterial odours in field-cage tests. Females fed on sugar and water required protein hydrolysate to produce eggs, but males were fertile with or without protein. These different nutrient requirements, and the fact that males and females possess different crop colour and bacterial contents when feeding in the same host-plant, indicate that the sexes feed on different substrates. Consequently, the strong bacterial attractant cues in the host-tree may be a feeding attractant to females and a sex attractant to males. It is proposed that 2-butanone is an important rendezvous stimulant in nature, bringing the mature male flies into the feeding and oviposition sites (host-trees) of the developing females for mating encounters.
Density independence of survival in myiasis breeding of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Dallwitz R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSurvival, size and development time were measured for larvae of Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) reared in artificially induced strikes on sheep. Between 477 and 18 000 eggs or larvae were implanted in the fleece of 42 sheep. Survival was found not to depend significantly on implant numbers. Size and development time were significantly but only weakly dependent on implant numbers. These results contrast markedly with L. cuprina's performance on carrion.
Food web of insects associated with the cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus manihotiMatile-Ferrero (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), and its introduced parasitoid,Epidinocarsis lopezi(De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in Africa
Authors: Neuenschwander P. , Hennessey R. D. , Herren H. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAbout 130 species of parasitoids and predators are reported, most of them for the first time, to be associated directly or indirectly with the cassava pestPhenacoccus manihotiMatile-Ferrero and its parasitoid,Epidinocarsis lopezi(De Santis), newly introduced into Africa as a biological control agent. About 20 species are common. The species are grouped in 11 guilds, which include the indigenous hyperparasitoids, which originally attacked parasitoids of other mealybugs, the predators with whichE. lopezicompetes for the same food source and their antagonists.
The strawberry aphid complex, Chaetosiphon (Pentatrichopus) spp. (Hemiptera: Aphididae): taxonomic significance of variations in karyotype, chaetotaxy and morphology
Authors: Blackman R. L. , Eastop V. F. , Frazer B. D. , Raworth D. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHolocyclic populations of aphids of the Chaetosiphon (Pentatrichopus) fragaefolii (Cockerell) group from Fragaria in British Columbia were found to have a homozygous 2n = 12 female karyotype, whereas samples from predominantly anholocyclic populations in Oregon, California, England and New Zealand have 13, 14, 15 or 17 chromosomes showing various degrees of structural heterozygosity. The 17-chromosome form is a morphologically recognizable taxon, C. jacobi Hille Ris Lambers. The other karyotypes apparently represent a series of parthenogenetic lineages derived from the 2n = 12 holocyclic form and carrying one, two or three autosome dissociations. The North American populations showed no correlation between karyotype and the number of submarginal setae, a character previously used in attempts to differentiate taxa within this species complex in western North America. Submarginal setal number varied greatly within and between clones and tended to increase in successive generations from the fundatrix, confirming that this character varies both genetically and seasonally and has little taxonomic value. Populations of the fragaefolii group from Rosa spp. in North America have a shorter rostrum than those from Fragaria. The name C. thomasi Hille Ris Lambers is assigned to this rose-feeding species, which is holocyclic on R. rugosa in British Columbia and colonizes Potentilla spp. (but apparently not P. anserina) as alternative hosts. Old World populations on Fragaria, presumably originating from North America, have longer siphunculi than North American populations of fragaefolii and few or no submarginal setae; these differences are probably due to founder effects. Both Old and New World populations of fragaefolii use P. anserina as an alternative host-plant.
Differential rate of selection for resistance by carbamate, organophosphorus and combined pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides in Myzus persicae (sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Ffrench-Constant R. H. , Devonshire A. L. , Clark S. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField cages in southern England enclosing single rows of potatoes and infested with differing initial proportions of S (susceptible), R1 (moderately insecticide resistant) and R2 (very resistant) clones of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) were sprayed three times, at 14-day intervals, with pirimicarb (carbamate), demeton-S-methyl (organophosphorus) or a mixture of deltamethrin and heptenophos (pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides). The numbers of aphids on top, middle and basal leaves were counted, pre-treatment and one and eight days after each of the three sprays. The resistance genotype frequencies of the three variants were determined by an immunoplate assay which measures the amount of the carboxylesterase E4, the enzyme conferring resistance, in individual aphids. All three chemicals selected strongly for the very resistant variant. After three sprays, R2 aphid frequencies approached or equalled fixation (1·00) for both starting frequencies. However, the deltamethrin-heptenophos mixture selected for R2 aphids more rapidly than the other chemical treatments. Increasing the initial starting frequency of R2 aphids from 0·02 to 0·20 led to a more rapid increase of their frequencies towards 1·00 for all chemicals. The numbers of aphids on all treated plots were less than on the control. However, the more rapid increase in the proportion of R2's on plots treated with deltamethrin plus heptenophos, coupled with enhanced nymph production, resulted in a smaller reduction in numbers than was achieved by the other chemical treatments. The need for novel control methods is discussed in the light of the strong selection for R2 aphids exerted by all three insecticide classes.
Ecology of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Rensburg J. B. J. Van , Walters M. C. , Giliomee J. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNew information on the intraseasonal progression of larval infestations of Busseola fusca (Fuller) in South Africa was obtained through repeated sampling in maize plantings of different planting dates over various seasons. Due to the occurrence of distinct periods of moth flight, variation in planting date had a marked influence on levels of larval infestation. Also, plants were found to be most attractive as sites for oviposition between three and five weeks after emergence, resulting in a definite pattern in the time distribution of different larval instars in different plant parts. In the pre-tassel stage of plant development, most larvae occurred in localized groups within the whorls, reaching maximum numbers eight weeks after plant emergence. The emergence of the tassel forced some larvae to migrate to adjacent plants, resulting in an increase of internally damaged plants without an increase in larval numbers. It is shown that scouting for eggs over a limited period of plant development can lead to better timing of spray applications and thus to more cost-effective control measures.
Observations on Anopheles gambiae Giles s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) during a trial of permethrin-treated bed nets in The Gambia
Authors: Snow R. W. , Jawara M. , Curtis C. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn a Gambian village, the peak collections of females of the complex of Anopheles gambiae Giles occurred three months after the onset of the heaviest rains; 32% of these were A. melas Theobald, and 54% of blood-meals were identified as originating from man. Counts of A. gambiae s.l. in rooms containing permethrin-treated bed nets were compared with those in rooms containing placebo-treated nets. The numbers in the permethrin-treated nets were far lower than in placebo-treated nets. A higher rate of exophily was noted in rooms containing permethrin-treated nets. The numbers of unfed A. gambiae s.l. found inside the rooms with placebo-treated nets were significantly higher than those with permethrin-treated nets. However, the proportion fed and the mortality in the exit traps were not significantly affected by permethrin treatment. Three-minute bioassays conducted on four different fabric types impregnated at the same concentration showed that the toxicity varied between the fabrics. Handwashing severely reduced the toxicity and approximately halved the permethrin content. Bed nets are frequently washed in Gambian villages, and this could be a problem in the application of permethrin impregnation of bed nets for vector control. Methods are discussed to overcome this problem at the village level.
Estimation of egg to pupal survival of Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae) in the field using genetic and radioactive markers
Authors: Vogt W. G. , Runko S. , Walker J. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRadioactive (32P) and genetic (recessive eye-colour mutation) markers were used to estimate egg to pupal survival of Musca vetustissima Walker. Both marking techniques provided similar survival estimates under laboratory and field conditions in Australia. Egg to pupal survival rarely exceeded 10% in samples at intervals during spring and summer. Abiotic (dung quality and weather) and biotic (other dung fauna) mortality agents were both important in limiting the breeding success of M. vetustissima, being jointly responsible for a seasonal mean mortality of 93·8%.
Effects of trap design on catches of grassland bibionidae (diptera: nematocera)
Authors: D'Arcy-Burt S. , Blackshaw R. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBibionid flies were sampled in grassland in Northern Ireland from 4 April to 13 June 1985 using water and sticky traps with a range of characteristics. Nearly 70 000 bibionids were taken, of which 89·5% were males. Bibio johannis (L.) accounted for 96% of the catch, the rest comprising Dilophus febrilis (L.) (3%) and D. femoratus Meigen (1%). Trapping was carried out adjacent to a hedgerow and in the centre of the field. Differences in the abundance of the flies at these two locations occurred for all three species. Yellow was the best colour for maximizing catches. Greater numbers of B. johannis (63%) were taken in water than sticky traps, but over 76% of Dilophus spp. were caught on the latter. Increasing the diameter of water traps tended to enlarge the catch (principally B. johannis), but catch per unit area was relatively constant. The height of sticky traps above the ground affected the catch of all three species, indicating different flight levels.
A morphometric analysis of the Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) species-group (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Palmer J. M. , Wetton M. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe significance of morphological variation within the Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan) species-group is examined. Multivariate analyses of four characters from 344 females and seven characters from 90 males show two distinct groups found throughout the Oriental, Pacific and American Regions, corresponding to T. hawaiiensis and T. florum Schmutz, and an intermediate group, exilicornis Hood, from Africa. The results are compared with previously published morphometric data concerning the separation of T. hawaiiensis and T. florum, and additional distinguishing characteristics are assessed. The distributions of the three forms as recognized in this study are summarized.
Two new species of Encarsia Foerster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) from pakistan, associated with the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Lopez-Avila A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aphelinids Encarsia adrianae sp. n. and E. cibcensis sp. n. are described from material in culture ex Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on beans at the C·A·B International Institute of Biological Control, Ascot, UK. They are descendants of material collected in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from B. tabaci on Lantana camara.
Chelonus chailini sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Malaysia, parasitizing gracillariid moths (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Walker Annette K. , Huddleston T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChelonus chailini sp. n., which was discovered recently during a survey of potential biocontrol agents of the cocoa pest Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) in Malaysia, is described and illustrated. Five other gracillariid leaf-miners and bud-borers (Acrocercops globulifera Meyrick, A. diffluella van Deventer, A. caerulea Meyrick, A. phaeospora Meyrick and Epicephala chalybacma Meyrick) are cited as hosts of C. chailini, and brief notes on its biology are given.
The survival of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) and Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in aerated bins of wheat during british winters
Authors: Armitage D. M. , Llewellin B. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe survival of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) and Sitophilus granarius (L.) adults at the surface and centre of two 40-tonne bins of wheat, each aerated at about 10 m3/h per tonne was studied in separate experiments over three successive years. In one bin, fan operation was controlled manually, but in the other an automatic differential thermostat was used. This switched on the fan when the centre of the bin was 2°C warmer than the ambient. O. surinamensis always survived better than S. granarius in the same bin and position. Both species survived better at the surface of each bin than at the centre, and both died quicker at the centre of the bin with aeration controlled with a differential thermostat, where the grain temperature was usually less than 4°C, than in the bin with aeration regulated manually, which was mainly above 6°C. However, there was no difference between bins in the survival of either species at the surface. S. granarius always died out in both positions in both bins, but O. surinamensis always survived at the surface of both bins, and in one year it survived at the centre of the bin with aeration controlled manually.
Distribution patterns and population dynamics of adult mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) in southern israel
Authors: Margalit J. , Dimentman Ch. , Danon J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe species composition and population dynamics of mosquito adults trapped at 76 sites in southern Israel are described. Almost 200 000 specimens representing 23 species were collected. Five species, Aedes detritus (Haliday), Culiseta subochrea (Edwards), Culex antennatus (Becker), Cx. martinii Medschid and Cx. poicilipes (Theobald), are new records for this area, with Cx. poicilipes being recorded for the first time outside Africa. Six types of distribution patterns were discerned. The most abundant species was Cx. pipiens L. (79·7% of the total catch) followed by Ae. caspius (Pallas) (10%), Anopheles sergentii (Theobald) (2·1%), An. tenebrosus Dönitz (1·8%) and Cx. perexiguus Theobald (1·3%). All other species found each made up less than 1%. The spatial and temporal patterns of mosquito species in southern Israel are discussed.
Varying efficiency in a group of people sampling cabbage plants for aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Harrington R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe efficiencies of people sampling cabbage plants in the field for total numbers of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) were found to differ. Significantly more aphids were counted on leaves taken to the laboratory than on leaves examined by inexperienced people in the field, but field counts by an experienced person did not differ significantly from the laboratory sample. The implications of differences between people and the possibility of correcting for them in surveys are discussed.