bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European Union's Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS): Still a Viable Entity or a Concept Spiraling Towards Obscurity?
Authors: Wenk Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe European Union's Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) was envisioned as a panacea for the perceived ills facing the European Union (EU) at the time of its inception. Its manifest purpose was to more comprehensively administer environmental management and compliance, to help ensure a uniform set of environmental performance across the entire EU. The scheme, together with the Eco-Label, the other EU voluntary tool, was developed as a complement to traditional 'command-and-control' legislation. While noble and ambitious in its design, EMAS has failed to become the shining light of environmental management which it was designed to be, and instead has devolved into a second class citizen. While the ongoing revision, EMAS III, offers some hope for the future, the program as a whole remains burdened by inefficiency and impracticality. The Scheme must expand in scope, and include motivations and rewards for incorporating such pressing ideas as CSR, or it will be doomed to the ash heap of history.
Sustainable Urban Development, the Dutch Method: Best Practice for the European Integrated Approach?
Authors:   Boeve, van Middelkoop L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn important European environmental policy aim is to create “sustainable cities”. The aim of this article is to explore the possible tensions between environmental measures and urban spatial planning law that can arise in creating such sustainable cities and examine opportunities for integrated sustainable urban planning. The policy document discussed in this article is the European Thematic Strategy on Urban Development of 2006. This Strategy promotes an integrated approach as the tool to achieve sustainable urban development, with the implementation of existing EU environmental legislation as its outer boundary. However, no specific EU legislation has been adopted or is foreseen thereon. The EU merely intends to offer support and guidance to the Member States. But will such a policy suffice to reach the aim? Are not clearer (legislative) parameters needed? Within the EU several “best practices” to the integrated approach are being developed by the Member States. This article highlights the Dutch approach to integrated urban development that could be seen as such a best practice. Particularly relevant in urban (re)development projects are the Dutch 'Interim Act City and Environment approach', the legal Framework for Air Quality in the Dutch Environmental Management Act and the 'Crisis and Recovery Act'. These instruments show chances for integrated urban (re)development. But some points of attention remain even in the Dutch approach, such as the guarantee that the ecological aspect of sustainability must not come off worse. Is EU legislation needed to address these points of attention or will national (or local) action do?
The Regulation of Environmental Noise in Germany
Authors: Albrecht Eike 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe protection from noise is one of the most important environmental topics, in particular because the noise situation has not improved in the recent years. To combat noise and to protect the citizens from noise is a major topic of national environmental law as well as European law. This article will give a short overview of the noise situation and noise related legislative activities in Germany, and also different instruments of environmental policy and law. Because of the importance of the European Environmental Noise Directive, the article focuses on the transposition of the Directive into German law. A crucial point of this Directive and of German law is whether there is an individual right of the citizens against the competent authority for the preparation of noise action plans.
Egalitarian Justice and Valuational Judgment
Authors: Knight Carl 
Published: July 2010

AbstractContemporary discussions of egalitarian justice have often focused on the issue of expensive taste. G.A. Cohen has recently abandoned the view that all chosen disadvantages are non-compensable, now maintaining that chosen expensive judgmental tastes—those endorsed by valuational judgment—are compensable as it is unreasonable to expect persons not to develop them. But chosen expensive brute taste—the main type of non-compensable expensive taste on the new scheme—cannot be described in such a way that there is a normative difference between it and chosen expensive judgmental taste. As there are related problems with denying compensation for the other kind of expensive taste that might remain non-compensable, Cohen's position on taste appears to be either implausible or virtually indistinguishable from that of equality of welfare. However, compensation for valuational judgment-based expensive taste might be justified on grounds of responsibility.
The 'Banality of Good'?
Authors: Scarre Geoffrey 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhilst there has been much talk about the supposed 'banality of evil', there has been comparatively little discussion of the putatively parallel notion of the 'banality of good'. This paper explores some of the resonances of the phrase and proposes that banally good acts have the leading feature that the agent's reasons for action do not include the thought that the effects intended are good (either morally or practically). It is argued, against David Blumenthal, that the label 'banal' should not be applied to acts of spontaneous or everyday goodness but instead to those characterized by a lack of genuine moral commitment, for example, acts done purely in obedience to authority, or from self-seeking motives or mere habit. Finally, it is proposed that the doing of good in a banal mode may reasonably be encouraged in circumstances where more estimable moral motives may be lacking or feeble.
The Ideality of Law
Authors: Coyle Sean 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBoth of the books under review (R. Dworkin, Justice in Robes and N.E. Simmonds, Law as a Moral Idea) offer a challenge to the dominant jurisprudential tradition of legal positivism. Underlying this superficial similarity in aims is a sharp divergence in philosophical outlook. Whereas Dworkin's arguments operate within a body of background assumptions that he shares with his opponents, and which he has done much to shape, Simmonds sees his task as challenging those assumptions. This is particularly evident in the moral philosophies at the heart of each book: Dworkin (I argue) can be seen as offering a Protestant-voluntarist-atheist philosophy; whereas Simmonds resembles a Catholic-conservative-Aristotelian.
From 'Convention' to 'Ethical Life': Hume's Theory of Justice in Post-Kantian Perspective
Authors: Westphal Kenneth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHume and contemporary Humeans contend that moral sentiments form the sole and sufficient basis of moral judgments. This thesis is criticized by appeal to Hume's theory of justice, which shows that basic principles of justice are required to form and to maintain society, which is indispensable to human life, and that acting according to, or violating, these principles is right, or wrong, regardless of anyone's sentiments, motives or character. Furthermore, Hume's theory of justice shows how the principles of justice are artificial without being arbitrary. In this regard, Hume's theory belongs to the unjustly neglected modern natural law tradition. Some key merits of this strand in Hume's theory are explicated by linking it to Kant's constructivist method of identifying and justifying practical principles (à la O'Neill), and by showing how and why Hegel adopted and further developed Kant's constructivism by re-integrating it with Hume's central natural law concern with our actual social practices.
Thinking about Normativity: Ralph Wedgwood on 'Ought'
Authors: de Muijnck Wim 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRalph Wedgwood's The Nature of Normativity provides a theory about the semantics, metaphysics, and epistemology of normative judgments, taken to be judgments of the form 'I ought to '. The theory is based on the principle of Normative Judgment Internalism, and the principle that 'the intentional is normative'. I argue, first, that by being merely about oughts, Wedgwood's account leaves out one essential constituent of normativity: value. Secondly, I argue that mainly because of this, the account faces a serious issue of relevance.
What is Objectification?
Authors: Papadaki Lina 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectification is a notion central to contemporary feminist theory. It has famously been associated with the work of anti-pornography feminists Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin, and more recently with the work of Martha Nussbaum. However, objectification is a notion that has not yet been adequately defined. It has been used rather vaguely to refer to a broad range of cases involving, in some way or another, the treatment of a person (usually a woman) as an object. My purpose in this paper is to offer a plausible understanding of objectification. I do that by focusing on the work of four prominent thinkers: Immanuel Kant, and contemporary feminists Catharine MacKinnon, Andrea Dworkin and Martha Nussbaum. Through drawing on these thinkers' conceptions of objectification, I am finally led to a more complete and coherent understanding of this notion.
Constructivism and Practical Reason: On Intersubjectivity, Abstraction, and Judgment
Authors: Ronzoni Miriam 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe article offers an account of the constructivist methodology in ethics and political philosophy as 1) deriving from an agnostic moral ontology and 2) proposing intersubjective justifiability as the criterion of justification for normative principles. It then asks whether constructivism, conceived in this way, can respond to the challenge of “content skepticism about practical reason”, namely whether it can provide sufficiently precise normative guidance whilst remaining faithful to its methodological commitment. The paper critically examines to alternative way of meeting this challenge, namely John Rawls's original position and O'Neill's Kantian constructivism, analyses what is problematic about both, and endorses a third, possibly intermediate model. Within such a model, the basic features of the original position are accepted, but in a flexible and heuristic manner, thereby accommodating some of O'Neill's concerns.
Trivial Sacrifices, Great Demands
Authors: Sin William 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSuppose that people in the affluent countries can easily save the lives of the starving needy in poor countries. Then, three points seem to follow. First, it is wrong for these people not to make the easy rescue (The Principle of Easy Rescue). Second, it is wrong to stop making the easy rescue even if they have made many rescues already (The Inexhaustible Nature of Positive Duties). Third, if we accept the first two points, the demands of morality are super-extreme. That is, people have to keep making trivial sacrifices until there is no more trivial sacrifices to make (The Super-Extreme Nature of Moral Demands). Here, predictably, our commonsense will resist the third point. However, I argue in this paper that, since the first two points are harder to refute, we have to accept the third point anyway.
Ecclesiology as Narrative
Authors: O'Brien John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy focusing on how the transmission and reception of ecclesiologies are enshrined in narratives and in the conversation between narratives, this article argues that that there can be a retrieval and a re-articulation of classical ecclesiologies which surpass the mens auctoris of these narratives, leading to a higher synthesis and communion, with important ecumenical implications. The structure of this conversation of ecclesiological narratives is triangular, with narratives emerging from the laity, the theologians and the bishops offering correctives to each other. Each of these narratives can surpass its own hidden rootedness in possible structures of oppression by locating itself in a further triangular hermeneutical space defined by the the preferential option for the excluded, a contemplative search for the designs of God and a search for structures of greater inclusiveness. In this way an adequate ecclesiology may emerge whose temporal distance from classical ecclesiologies provides a potential productive ground of even deeper understanding.
The Promise of Constructive Comparative Ecclesiology: Partial Communion
Authors: Haight Roger 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConstructive comparative ecclesiology is the method used by the Faith and Order Commission in its transdenominational documents. The method aims at characterizations of the Church that are inclusive of as many churches as possible. These interpretations thus represent an existential ecclesial existence that is shared by Christians across the churches. This common existential ecclesial existence can be the basis for partial communions among churches, that is, communions that recognize common ecclesial bonds despite substantial ecclesial differences that prevent full communion. The thesis of this essay, then, is that the usefulness of constructive comparative ecclesiology lies in its encouragement of partial communion among the churches.
Time will teach us … Reflections on Thirty-five years of Pentecostal – Roman Catholic dialogue
Authors: Creemers Jelle 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe official dialogue between the Roman Catholic Church and Classical Pentecostal representatives is the only substantial bilateral dialogue between a historic church and a 'young' spiritual movement. In view of the challenge of ecumenism in the twenty-first century to incorporate new expressions of Christian community life into the ecumenical movement, this dialogue offers us an interesting test case. Since its establishment in 1972, it has gone through five phases of dialoguing, each lasting five to nine years. Both the Final Reports on each phase and the comments given by participants and observers throughout the last 35 years show the inner dynamic of this unique dialogue. It was based on a simple friendship and started as a long series of exploratory meetings with little theological but much relational gain. Yet slowly but surely it evolved into a strong dialogue that is characterised by a recognition of spiritual unity, a deep mutual respect, and an ability of honest self-criticism, teaching us that the new ecumenism requires the basis of a loving relationship and courage to leave the well-trodden paths.
The Baptismal Revolution in the American Episcopal Church: Baptismal Ecclesiology and the Baptismal Covenant
Authors: Podmore Colin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Episcopal Church has come to espouse a developed form of baptismal ecclesiology, in which all laypersons are believed to be ministers by virtue of their baptism and the ordained ministry is understood as a particular form of the ministry of all the baptized. The adoption of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer was significant for this. Also included in that book was a 'Baptismal Covenant' that has come to be seen as an iconic statement of the Episcopal Church's commitment to social action and 'inclusion'. This article documents the genesis and content of this developed form of baptismal ecclesiology and of the Baptismal Covenant, highlights their relevance for the ordination of women to the priesthood, and points to their significance for the moral and ecclesiological aspects of the current crisis in the Anglican Communion. Comparison is made with the ecclesiology of the Church of England, as expressed in its liturgy and in relevant reports.
A Mad Hatter's Tea Party in the Old Mitre Tavern? Ecumenical Reactions to Growing into Union
Authors: Atherstone Andrew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the immediate aftermath of defeat for the Anglican-Methodist Unity Scheme in the Church of England's Convocations in July 1969, Archbishop Ramsey famously spoke out in despair: 'Let the minorities, who disagree among themselves, tell us what their scheme is. But they won't, they won't, they wont'. The Scheme's evangelical and catholic opponents had frustrated ecumenical hopes, but without offering a viable alternative. Responding to the archbishop's cri de coeur, four leading dissentients (Colin Buchanan, Graham Leonard, Eric Mascall and J.I. Packer) published Growing into Union (1970), one of the most controversial ecumenical tracts in recent decades. This paper examines the background to their pioneering catholic-evangelical alliance and the reactions which Growing into Union provoked, especially amongst ecumenical thinkers.
Priests and Bishops in Bede's Ecclesiology: the use of sacerdos in the Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum
Authors: Thomas Benjamin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs the earliest historian of the Church in England, Bede's presentation of the English Church exercises a wide influence on the self-understanding of the Anglican Communion. This understanding, especially with respect to the historical nature of the episcopal and the presbyteral orders of ministry, is not always clear even in the best English translations, particularly in the rendering of the word sacerdos which can be correctly translated as both 'priest' and 'bishop'. Although Bede apparently supports a three-fold ordered ministry, a careful investigation of the use of sacerdos in his History suggests that he is willing to treat priests and bishops as colleagues and equals in certain contexts, including the sacramental ministry, the evangelistic mission, and the synodical counsels of the Church. This equality does not mean that Bede sees the two orders as essentially the same, rather that in their overlapping areas of responsibility the two orders, bishops and priests, are functionally equivalent.
Our Call: The Constitutive Importance of the People's Judgment
Authors: Richardson Henry 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is often debated whether what we ought, politically, to do is determined by standards that are independent of any actual political process or whether, by contrast, judgments reached in actual democratic processes have constitutive importance in determining what we should do. This paper argues that this is not an exclusive disjunction and that, consistently with there being independent standards, constitutively authoritative judgments can enter into the truth-conditions pertaining to claims about what we ought, politically, to do. The crucial objection to constitutive judgment is that it involves an unacceptable form of bootstrapping, according to which reasons arise out of nothing. To circumvent this objection, the paper deploys John Broome's notion of a wide-scope 'normative requirement'. Normative requirements affect what ought to be done without altering the balance of reasons and defuse the bootstrapping objection by blocking the derivation of all-things-considered conclusions. To show that politics involves constitutive authority of this kind, the paper defends two illustrative normative requirements applicable to the political process that give constitutive roles to political judgments of various kinds. Throughout, the discussion is enlivened by comparisons to the judgments of a baseball umpire, which have been illuminatingly discussed by Robert Brandom.
Doing Harm, Allowing Harm, and Denying Resources
Authors: Hall Timothy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOf great importance to many non-consequentialists is a claimed moral difference between doing and allowing harm. I argue that non-consequentialism is best understood, however, as consisting in three morally distinct categories where commentators typically identify two: standard doings of harm, standard allowings of harm, and denials of resources. Furthermore, the moral distinctness of denials of resources is independent of whether denials are doings or allowings of harm, I argue. I argue by way of matched examples, as well as by way of two widely accepted features of non-consequentialism: stringent rights of persons, and the susceptibility of resources to distribution within political society.
Virtue Ethics, Character, and Normative Receptivity
Authors: Upton Candace 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClassically-conceived accounts of character posit traits that are both dynamic and global. Dynamic traits produce behavior, and global traits produce behavior across the full range of situation kinds relevant to a particular trait. If you are classically just, for example, you would behave justly across the full range of situation kinds relevant to justice. But classical traits are too crude to fulfill trait attributions' intrinsically normative purpose, which is to reflect the moral merit agents deserve. I defend an extra-classical account of character traits that endorses flexible traits that might issue in behavior across any narrow or broad range of situation kinds, and static traits that might issue in no behavior at all. Extra-classical traits are more subtle and sensitive, and so are normatively receptive to the credit that psychologically-complicated agents merit. Further, extra-classical traits can fulfill all the unproblematic roles of classical traits. Extra-classicism is, hence, a significant and substantial improvement upon classically conceived character traits and traditional virtue ethics.
Morality and Privilege
Authors: Williams Reginald 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper discusses, from a moral psychology perspective, the putative fact that many people's socio-economic status makes it difficult for them to live what their philosophical thinking suggests is a fully moral life—an under-appreciated fact, or better phenomenon, that I call 'culturo-socio-divergence'. Section 1 explicates my distinction between 'culture' (the philosophical thinking of one's time) and 'society' (socio-economic conditions). Section 2 highlights some ways in which the culture and society in America can be seen as divergent, and section 3 discusses the significance of this divergence for moral psychology, linking the experience of culturo-socio-divergence with that of both guilt and shame. Finally, section 4 sketches this paper's implications for future research.
Patriotism and Morality: Mapping the Terrain
Authors: Primoratz Igor 
Published: July 2010

AbstractI first distinguish patriotism from nationalism. The kind of patriotism that provides the last refuge to the scoundrel is put aside as not to the point. I then develop a typology of positions on the moral standing of patriotism that includes (1) extreme patriotism that trumps moral considerations that conflict with it, (2) extreme patriotism understood as the central moral virtue, (3) moderate patriotism, (4) patriotism as a morally indifferent preference, and (5) a distinctively ethical version of patriotism. I argue that (1) is clearly morally unacceptable; concur with the critics of (2) that it, too, must be rejected; agree with the defenders of (3) that it is a distinctive and morally legitimate position, but go on to argue that there is nothing to be said for it, morally speaking, and that it is therefore (4) a morally indifferent preference; finally, I present (5) as a different type of patriotism which, under some fairly common circumstances, may be a moral duty.