bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neoproterozoic chemostratigraphy and correlation of the Port Askaig glaciation, Dalradian Supergroup of Scotland
Authors: BRASIER M. D. , SHIELDS G. 
Published: June 2010

The δ
13
C of preglacial carbonates beneath the glaciogenic Port Askaig Formation falls from +5‰ to negative values, while least-altered
87
Sr/
86
Sr values are close to 0.7067. Postglacial ‘cap carbonates’ of the Bonahaven Formation begin with negative δ
13
C
carb
values, jumping sharply to +11.7‰ near the top, which we correlate with excursions above the Elbobreen–Wilsonbreen glaciations of Svalbard and putative Sturtian (not Varanger) glaciations elsewhere, dated at
c.
720 Ma. Much of the succeeding Terminal Neoproterozoic is missing in NE Svalbard and East Greenland, raising doubts about their use for global Sr and C isotope curves in the Neoproterozoic.
A structural model for the western-central Sudetes: a deformed stack of Variscan thrust sheets
Authors: SESTON ROSEMARY , WINCHESTER JOHN A. , PIASECKI MAREK A. J. , CROWLEY QUENTIN G. , FLOYD PETER A. 
Published: June 2010

A model based on new structural and geochemical data is presented. It unifies the structural history of the Izera, Rudawy Janowickie and Kaczawa complexes with the Fore Sudetic block, despite their current separation by the Intra-Sudetic and Marginal Sudetic faults.
Above the granitoid Izera, Kowary and Wa¸droże gneisses, at the base of the structural sequence, the ductile Kowary shear zone marks the basal decollement of the Świerzawa thrust sheet, comprising often highly strained metasediments associated with enriched tholeiitic and alkaline metabasites. Above it, the ductile Kaczorów shear zone, corresponding to the main mylonitic zone within the Leszczyniec shear zone in the Rudawy Janowickie Complex, marks the base of the Dobromierz thrust sheet, characterized by voluminous MORB-like meta-tholeiites and minor metasediments in the higher parts of the Rudawy Janowickie and Kaczawa complexes and the Pyszczyńska Hill area of the Fore-Sudetic Block. In the east the Sle¸za ophiolite and the Góry Sowie Block override the entire nappe stack.

Kinematic fabrics in the major and related shear zones indicate D
1
compressional transport towards the northwest, followed by minor D
2
extensional movements. The thrust stack was deformed during D
3
by southwest verging folds, was subsequently intruded by post-orogenic granites, and later disrupted by the Intra-Sudetic, Marginal Sudetic and associated faults.
Precise U–Pb titanite age constraints on the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa
Authors: BUICK IAN S. , MAAS ROLAND , GIBSON ROGER 
Published: June 2010

The
c.
2.06 Ga Bushveld Complex intrudes the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Calcsilicate xenoliths within the mafic phase of the Bushveld Complex (Rustenburg Layered Suite, or RLS) preserve calcsilicate xenoliths with high-temperature (
c.
1200°C) mineralogies that were later metasomatized by hydrous, retrograde (
c.
600–700°C) fluids whose timing has been unconstrained. New U–Pb isotope data from newly grown titanite within a completely retrogressed xenolith indicates that retrogression occurred at 2058.9±0.8 Ma. This suggests that retrogression was due to hydrothermal circulation associated with the cooling RLS, and not slightly later Bushveld-related granites. The new data place a tight constraint on the minimum age of emplacement of the RLS.
Nature and distribution of deep crustal reservoirs in the southwestern part of the Baltic Shield: Evidence from Nd, Sr and Pb isotope data on late Sveconorwegian granites
Authors: ANDERSEN TOM , ANDRESEN ARILD , SYLVESTER ARTHUR G. 
Published: June 2010

Late Sveconorwegian (‘postorogenic’) granites (
c.
1.0–0.93 Ga) make up a voluminous and widespread suite of intrusions across south Norway. From radiogenic isotope data, three groups of late Sveconorwegian granites can be distinguished: (1) granite with more than 150 ppm Sr,
87
Rb/
86
Sr<5,
87
Sr/
86
Sr
0.93 Ga
<0.710 and ϵ
Nd
<0; (2) granite with less than 150 ppm Sr,
87
Rb/
86
Sr>5,
87
Sr/
86
Sr
0.93 Ga
>0.710 and ϵ
Nd
<0; (3) juvenile granite with
87
Sr/
86
Sr
0.93 Ga
<0.705 and ϵ
Nd
>0. Granite plutons belonging to Group 1 (‘normal-Sr concentration granite’) occur all over south Norway and include the largest batholiths (Østfold, FlÅ, Herefoss). Granite plutons of Group 2 (‘low-Sr concentration granites’) are restricted to north-central Telemark (Rjukan rift), and are associated with
c.
1.5 Ga Rjukan Group rhyolite. Group 3 is represented by one intrusion only, but still suggests input of mantle-derived magma, or the presence of young, mantle derived rocks in the deep crust in the region at
c.
0.93 Ga. The Group 1 granites are similar in Sr and Nd characteristics to some of the older (1.05 Ga) Sveconorwegian granitic intrusions (‘augen gneisses’) in the region in terms of radiogenic isotope systematics, but Pb isotopes suggest that the magmas did not form by simple remelting of augen gneiss. The Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic systematics of the late Sveconorwegian granites indicate mixing between a depleted-mantle derived component and two or more major components with an extended crustal history. One of the crustal end members is present throughout south Norway and has an isotopic signature similar to older granitic rocks of the Trans Scandinavian Igneous Belt (TIB). The other crustal end member is indistinguishable from Rjukan Group rhyolites and slightly younger intrusions associated with these, and is restricted to areas within the mid-Proterozoic Rjukan rift. The available data suggest that the deep continental crust of south Norway, both east and west of the Permian Oslo Rift, is an integral part of the Baltic Shield, with a common history back to 1.7–1.9 Ga, that is, to the end of the Svecofennian orogeny and the TIB magmatism.
Pyroclastic deposits within the East Greenland Tertiary flood basalts
Authors: HEISTER L. E. , O’DAY P. A. , BROOKS C. K. , NEUHOFF P. S. , BIRD D. K. 
Published: June 2010

Stratigraphic, geochemical and mineralogical characterization of pyroclastic deposits on the Gronau West Nunatak of East Greenland indicates that both alkaline and basaltic tephras occurred during the eruption of flood basalts associated with the opening of the North Atlantic ocean in the early Tertiary. Within the exposed section of Gronau West Nunatak,
c.
1 km thick representing
c.
1.6 Ma, 17 of the horizons are phreatomagmatic basaltic tephras. Near the top of the section, an alkaline tuff was dated at 53.8±0.3 Ma by
40
Ar/
39
Ar method. This tuff contains a distinctive mineralogy (sanidine, Mg-katophorite, aegirine) and geochemistry (melt inclusion compositions, and trace and rare earth element abundances) that indicate it was erupted from the Gardiner melanephelinite-carbonatite volcanic complex located 175 km to the SE, which was active from
c.
55 to 52 Ma. The alkaline tuff can be correlated to age-equivalent, compositionally similar alkaline pyroclastic horizons reported in North Atlantic sediment cores and in outcrops in Northern Europe, making it an important regional time-stratigraphic marker. This study indicates that North Atlantic explosive volcanic events were prevalent, regionally widespread, and originated in East Greenland during continental rifting, suggesting the need for reappraisal of the impact of North Atlantic volcanism on climate change during the early Tertiary.
The Neoproterozoic Hekla Sund Basin, eastern North Greenland: a pre-Iapetan extensional sequence thrust across its rift shoulders during the Caledonian orogeny
Authors: HIGGINS A. K. , SMITH M. P. , SOPER N. J. , LESLIE A. G. , RASMUSSEN J. A. , SØNDERHOLM M. 
Published: June 2010

The Vandredalen thrust sheet forms the allochthonous Caledonian front in Kronprins Christian Land, eastern North Greenland. It transported Neoproterozoic shallow marine, arkosic sediments of the Rivieradal Group and shelf sediments of the Hagen Fjord Group across parautochthonous Neoproterozoic–Ordovician sediments on the foreland. The thrust sheet roots to the east along the Brede Spærregletscher–Hekla Sund lineament and has a demonstrable westwards displacement of
c.
40 km. A large part of that displacement (
c
. 22 km) is achieved on a single structure, the Vandredalen thrust, but this is only one of a linked system of thrusts which involve parautochthonous thin-skinned thrust sheets to the west and thicker skinned thrust sheets now exposed in the east. Conodont geothermometry suggests that the thick-skinned thrust sheets formerly extended westwards above the Vandredalen thrust sheet at higher structural levels. Restoration of the displacement on the thin-skinned thrusts reveals the Rivieradal Group to be a Neoproterozoic syn-rift sequence deposited in an eastwards-facing extensional half-graben (Hekla Sund Basin) which originally lay immediately to the east of the Brede Spærregletscher–Hekla Sund lineament. The transgressive Hagen Fjord Group represents a period of post-rift thermal re-equilibration in latest Riphean time and the youngest units in the group overstep the original rift shoulder. The Hekla Sund Basin represents another example of the rift-sag episodes which are an important feature of the pre-Iapetan evolution of the Laurentian margin successions and comparisons are made with coeval basins in Scotland and Svalbard.
Nrf2 and Keap1 Abnormalities in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Association with Clinicopathologic Features
Authors: Solis Luisa M. , Behrens Carmen , Dong Wenli , Suraokar Milind , Ozburn Natalie C. , Moran Cesar A. , Corvalan Alejandro H. , Biswal Shyam , Swisher Stephen G. , Bekele B. Nebiyou , Minna John D. , Stewart David J. , Wistuba Ignacio I. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Purpose: To understand the role of nuclear factor erythroid-2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we studied their expression in a large series of tumors with annotated clinicopathologic data, including response to platinum-based adjuvant chemotherapy.
Experimental Design: We determined the immunohistochemical expression of nuclear Nrf2 and cytoplasmic Keap1 in 304 NSCLCs and its association with patients' clinicopathologic characteristics, and in 89 tumors from patients who received neoadjuvant (n = 26) or adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy (n = 63). We evaluated NFE2L2 and KEAP1 mutations in 31 tumor specimens.
Results: We detected nuclear Nrf2 expression in 26% of NSCLCs; it was significantly more common in squamous cell carcinomas (38%) than in adenocarcinomas (18%; P &lt; 0.0001). Low or absent Keap1 expression was detected in 56% of NSCLCs; it was significantly more common in adenocarcinomas (62%) than in squamous cell carcinomas (46%; P = 0.0057). In NSCLC, mutations of NFE2L2 and KEAP1 were very uncommon (2 of 29 and 1 of 31 cases, respectively). In multivariate analysis, Nrf2 expression was associated with worse overall survival [P = 0.0139; hazard ratio (HR), 1.75] in NSCLC patients, and low or absent Keap1 expression was associated with worse overall survival (P = 0.0181; HR, 2.09) in squamous cell carcinoma. In univariate analysis, nuclear Nrf2 expression was associated with worse recurrence-free survival in squamous cell carcinoma patients who received adjuvant treatment (P = 0.0410; HR, 3.37).
Conclusions: Increased expression of Nrf2 and decreased expression of Keap1 are common abnormalities in NSCLC and are associated with a poor outcome. Nuclear expression of Nrf2 in malignant lung cancer cells may play a role in resistance to platinum-based treatment in squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res; 16(14); 3743–53. ©2010 AACR.
Induction of B-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cell Apoptosis by Arsenic Trioxide Involves Suppression of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Survival Pathway via c-jun-NH2 Terminal Kinase Activation and PTEN Upregulation
Authors: Redondo-Muñoz Javier , Escobar-Díaz Elizabeth , Hernández del Cerro Mercedes , Pandiella Atanasio , Terol María José , García-Marco José A. , García-Pardo Angeles 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Arsenic trioxide (ATO) induces B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cell apoptosis in vitro. We sought to study the mechanism involved in this effect and whether ATO is suitable for combination therapies with protein kinase inhibitors.
Experimental Design: B-CLL cells were isolated from the peripheral blood of 28 patients. Cell viability studies with ATO alone or in combination with kinase inhibitors were done by flow cytometry, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses.
Results: After 48 hours, 3 μmol/L ATO induced apoptosis (average 75%) in all B-CLL samples studied and with minimal effect on normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. Apoptosis entailed Akt and NF-κB inactivation, XIAP downregulation, and PTEN upregulation, thus implying inhibition of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) survival pathway. Indeed, the combination of ATO and PI3K inhibitors increased the apoptotic effect of either agent alone. ATO also induced c-jun-NH2 terminal kinase (JNK) activation, and this was crucial and required for subsequent apoptotic events, as inhibiting JNK activity by either gene silencing or specific inhibitors prevented Akt and NF-κB inactivation, caspase activation, and mitochondrial damage. Moreover, JNK activation was the earliest response to ATO, preceding and determining reactive oxygen species production.
Conclusions: We identified the mechanism involved in ATO action on B-CLL cells and show that the combination of low doses of ATO and PI3K inhibitors efficiently induces B-CLL cell death. ATO may therefore constitute an efficient treatment for B-CLL, particularly in combined therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 16(17); 4382–91. ©2010 AACR.
A Pilot Study of Volume Measurement as a Method of Tumor Response Evaluation to Aid Biomarker Development
Authors: Zhao Binsheng , Oxnard Geoffrey R. , Moskowitz Chaya S. , Kris Mark G. , Pao William , Guo Pingzhen , Rusch Valerie M. , Ladanyi Marc , Rizvi Naiyer A. , Schwartz Lawrence H. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Tissue biomarker discovery is potentially limited by conventional tumor measurement techniques, which have an uncertain ability to accurately distinguish sensitive and resistant tumors. Semiautomated volumetric measurement of computed tomography imaging has the potential to more accurately capture tumor growth dynamics, allowing for more exact separation of sensitive and resistant tumors and a more accurate comparison of tissue characteristics.
Experimental Design: Forty-eight patients with early stage non–small cell lung cancer and clinical characteristics of sensitivity to gefitinib were studied. High-resolution computed tomography was done at baseline and after 3 weeks of gefitinib. Tumors were then resected and molecularly profiled. Unidimensional and volumetric measurements were done using a semiautomated algorithm. Measurement changes were evaluated for their ability to differentiate tumors with and without sensitizing mutations.
Results: Forty-four percent of tumors had epidermal growth factor receptor–sensitizing mutations. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that volumetric measurement had a higher area under the curve than unidimensional measurement for identifying tumors harboring sensitizing mutations (P = 0.009). Tumor volume decrease of &gt;24.9% was the imaging criteria best able to classify tumors with and without sensitizing mutations (sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 89%).
Conclusions: Volumetric tumor measurement was better than unidimensional tumor measurement at distinguishing tumors based on presence or absence of a sensitizing mutation. Use of volume-based response assessment for the development of tissue biomarkers could reduce contamination between sensitive and resistant tumor populations, improving our ability to identify meaningful predictors of sensitivity. Clin Cancer Res; 16(18); 4647–53. ©2010 AACR.
Low cut-off values increase diagnostic performance of protein S assays
Authors: Kate Min Ki ten , Kluin-Nelemans Hanneke , Mulder André , Mulder René 
Published: June 2010

SummaryConflicting data have been reported on the accuracy of protein S (PS) assays for detection of hereditary PS deficiency. In this study we assessed the diagnostic performance of two total PS antigen assays, four free PS assays and three PS activity assays in a group of 28 heterozygous carriers of mutations in PROS1 and 165 control subjects. Several control groups were formed, one of healthy volunteers and – because PS levels are influenced by oral contraception and pregnancy, and assays measuring PS activity may be influenced by the presence of the factor V Leiden mutation -, we also investigated the influences of these factors. All nine PS assays detected significantly reduced PS levels in subjects with a PROS1 mutation. Eight out of nine PS assays showed a 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity to detect heterozygous carriers of mutations in PROS1 with values far below the lower limit of the reference values obtained from healthy volunteers. Low specificities were found in subjects with a factor V Leiden mutation and in pregnant women. At lower cutoff levels, equal to the highest PS value found in heterozygous carriers of mutations in PROS1, the specificity considerably increased in these subjects. When using low cut-off levels equal to the highest PS value found in heterozygous carriers of mutations in PROS1, ensuring 100% sensitivity, the specificity in all study groups increases considerably, by which misclassification can be maximally avoided.
On the Temporal Characteristics of Radar Coherent Structures in Snow and Rain
Authors: Jameson A. R. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Previous work showed that the magnitudes of the radar-backscattered amplitudes have statistically significant periodic components of frequencies ( f ) in excess of those arising from the Doppler velocity fluctuations of incoherent scatter. Analyses in both rain and snow in the earlier work revealed what is interpreted as pervasive coherent scatter. This coherency is thought to come from precipitation structures acting like gratings in resonance with the radar wavelength that, when they move with a velocity component transverse to the beam, induce the observed f. The purpose of this article is to characterize briefly the temporal structure of f and, thereby indirectly, the temporal character of the structures producing the radar coherent backscatter. It is found that these structures last considerably longer than the decorrelation times of a few to 10 milliseconds, characteristic of Doppler velocity fluctuations associated with incoherent scatter. For the data analyzed, though, most last no more than a significant fraction of 1 s. Hence, for the observed transverse velocity of 2 ms−1, the dimensions of the gratings producing the radar coherent backscatter are only on the order of tens of centimeters to a few meters. Therefore, the typically large sampling volumes of most radars will contain many of these grids at any given time. Consequently, during 1 s of observations, one can envision the coherent scatter as coming from many individual grids twinkling on and off, much like the transient spectral reflections off ice crystals falling in sunlight.
On the Accuracy of Deriving Climate Feedback Parameters from Correlations between Surface Temperature and Outgoing Radiation
Authors: Murphy D. M. , Forster P. M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Changes in outgoing radiation are both a consequence and a cause of changes in the earth’s temperature. Spencer and Braswell recently showed that in a simple box model for the earth the regression of outgoing radiation against surface temperature gave a slope that differed from the model’s true feedback parameter. They went on to select input parameters for the box model based on observations, computed the difference for those conditions, and asserted that there is a significant bias for climate studies. This paper shows that Spencer and Braswell overestimated the difference. Differences between the regression slope and the true feedback parameter are significantly reduced when 1) a more realistic value for the ocean mixed layer depth is used, 2) a corrected standard deviation of outgoing radiation is used, and 3) the model temperature variability is computed over the same time interval as the observations. When all three changes are made, the difference between the slope and feedback parameter is less than one-tenth of that estimated by Spencer and Braswell. Absolute values of the difference for realistic cases are less than 0.05 W m−2 K−1, which is not significant for climate studies that employ regressions of outgoing radiation against temperature. Previously published results show that the difference is negligible in the Hadley Centre Slab Climate Model, version 3 (HadSM3).
Human fibroblasts support the expansion of IL-17–producing T cells via up-regulation of IL-23 production by dendritic cells
Authors: Schirmer Christine , Klein Claudia , von Bergen Martin , Simon Jan C. , Saalbach Anja 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The initiation of immune responses is associated with the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and their migration to draining lymph nodes. En route activated DCs encounter cells of the tissue microenvironment, such as fibroblasts. Because we have shown that DCs interact with fibroblasts during immune responses, we studied the impact of skin fibroblasts on human monocyte-derived DC function and subsequent human T-cell (TC) differentiation. We show that fibroblasts support interleukin-23 (IL-23) secretion from DCs preactivated by lipopolysaccharide (DCact) compared with lipopolysaccharide-activated DCs alone. The underlying complex feedback-loop mechanism involves IL-1β/tumor necrosis factor-α (from DCact), which stimulate fibroblasts prostaglandin E2 production. Prostaglandin E2, in turn, acts on DCact and increases their IL-23 release. Furthermore, fibroblast-stimulated DCact are far superior to DCact alone, in promoting the expansion of Th17 cells in a Cox-2-, IL-23-dependent manner. Using CD4+CD45RO+ memory TCs and CD4+CD45RA+ naive TCs, we showed that fibroblasts induce a phenotype of DCact that promotes the expansion of Th17 cells. Moreover, in psoriasis, a prototypic immune response in which the importance of IL-23/Th17 is known, high expression of Cox-2 in fibroblasts was observed. In conclusion, skin fibroblasts are involved in regulation of IL-23 production in DCs and, as a result, of Th17 expansion.