bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect and interaction between wheat bran and zinc oxide on productive performance and intestinal health in post-weaning piglets
Authors: Molist Francesc , Hermes Rafael Gustavo , de Segura Arantza Gómez , Martín-Orúe Susana María , Gasa Josep , Manzanilla Edgar Garcia , Pérez José Francisco 
Published: May 2011

The inclusion of fibre has been studied as an alternative to antimicrobials in weaning pig diets, while ZnO is used as an effective method to prevent post-weaning diarrhoea. However, it has not been investigated to what extent these two strategies interact with each other. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of including wheat bran (WB) and ZnO alone or combined in the diet of early-weaning pigs on productive performance and microbial activity in the gastrointestinal tract (trial 1). A total of sixty-four piglets were distributed in a 2 × 2 factorial combination of two levels of WB (0v. 40 g/kg) and ZnO (0v. 3 g/kg) in the diet. The inclusion of ZnO in the diet improved the feed intake and growth of the animals and reduced the incidence of diarrhoea. The inclusion of WB increased SCFA concentrations and decreasedEscherichia colicounts. However, simultaneous incorporation of WB and ZnO increasedE. colicounts. Twoin vitrotrials were also designed to clarify hypotheses derived from thein vivotest: (1) the ability of WB and other fibre sources to bindE. coli in vitro(trial 2) and (2) thein vitrointeractions between WB and ZnO with respect toE. coligrowth (trial 3). We can conclude that incorporation of WB in the diet improved gut health by modulating the activity and composition of the microbial population. The negative interaction between WB and ZnO raises the interest of considering the inclusion of phytase enzymes to reduce the therapeutic levels of ZnO in post-weaning diets.
Intakes and breast-milk concentrations of essential fatty acids are low among Bangladeshi women with 24–48-month-old children
Authors: Yakes Elizabeth A. , Arsenault Joanne E. , Munirul Islam M. , Hossain Mohammad B. , Ahmed Tahmeed , Bruce German J. , Gillies Laura A. , Shafiqur Rahman Ahmed , Drake Christiana , Jamil Kazi M. , Lewis Bess L. , Brown Kenneth H. 
Published: May 2011

Maternal fat intake and adipose reserves are major sources of PUFA during lactation. The present study examined the cross-sectional relationship between prolonged breast-feeding and maternal BMI, assessed adequacy of fat intake among lactating and non-lactating mothers of children 24–48 months of age and determined breast-milk fatty acid composition. Multi-stage sampling was used to select a representative sample of mothers from two rural districts in Bangladesh (n474). Dietary data were collected during two non-consecutive 24 h periods via 12 h in-home daytime observations and recall. The National Cancer Institute method for episodically consumed foods was used to estimate usual intake distributions. Breast milk samples were collected from ninety-eight women, and breast-milk fatty acid methyl esters were quantified using GC. Approximately 42 % of lactatingv.26 % of non-lactating mothers were underweight (BMI < 18·5 kg/m2;P = 0·0003). The maternal diet was low in total fat (approximately 8 % of mean total energy) and food sources of PUFA, including oil and animal source foods, resulting in a low estimated mean total consumption of PUFA (5·1 g/d). Almost all women were estimated to consume less than the recommended intake levels for total fat, total PUFA, α-linolenic acid (ALA) and DHA. Median breast-milk linoleic acid (8·5 % weight) and ALA (0·2 %) concentrations were among the lowest reported in the literature, in contrast with arachidonic acid (0·5 %) and DHA (0·3 %) concentrations, which were mid-range. Bangladeshi women in general, and especially those who practise prolonged breast-feeding, may benefit from increased consumption of food sources of PUFA.
THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF COCOA (THEOBROMA CACAOL.): A REVIEW
Authors: CARR M. K. V. , LOCKWOOD G. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYThe results of research into the water relations of cocoa are reviewed in the context of drought mitigation and irrigation need. Background information on the centres of production of the cocoa tree, and the role of water in crop development and growth processes, is followed by reviews of the effects of water stress on stomatal conductance, leaf water status and gas exchange, together with drought tolerance, crop water use and water productivity. Leaf and shoot growth occur in a series of flushes, which are synchronized by the start of the rains following a dry season (or an increase in temperature), alternating with periods of ‘dormancy’. Flowering is inhibited by water stress but synchronous flowering occurs soon after the dry season ends. Roots too grow in a rhythmic pattern similar to that of leaf flushes. Roots can reach depths of 1.5–2.0 m, but with a mass of roots in the top 0.2–0.4 m, and spread laterally >5 m from the stem. Stomata open in low light intensities and remain fully open in full sunlight in well-watered plants. Partial stomatal closure begins at a leaf water potential of about −1.5 MPa. Stomatal conductance is sensitive to dry air, declining as the saturation deficit increases from about 1.0 up to 3.5 kPa. Net photosynthesis and transpiration both consequently decline over a similar range of values. Little has been published on the actual water use of cocoa in the field. Measured ETc values equate to <2 mm d−1only, whereas computed ETc rates of 3–6 mm d−1in the rains and <2 mm d−1in the dry season have also been reported. Despite its sensitivity to water stress, there is too a paucity of reliable, field-based published data of practical value on the yield responses of cocoa to drought or to irrigation. With the threat of climate change leading to less, or more erratic, rainfall in the tropics, uncertainty in yield forecasting as a result of water stress will increase. Social, technical and economic issues influencing the research agenda are discussed.
Demographic Trends, the Dividend-Price Ratio, and the Predictability of Long-Run Stock Market Returns
Authors: Favero Carlo A. , Gozluklu Arie E. , Tamoni Andrea 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper documents the existence of a slowly evolving trend in the log dividend-price ratio, DPt, determined by a demographic variable, MYt: the middle-aged to young ratio. Deviations of DPtfrom this long-run component explain transitory but persistent fluctuations in stock market returns. The relation between MYtand DPtis a prediction of an overlapping generation model. The joint significance of MY and DPtin long-horizon forecasting regressions for market returns explains the mixed evidence on the ability of DPtto predict stock returns and provide a model-based interpretation of statistical corrections for breaks in the mean of this financial ratio.
Creditor Coordination, Liquidation Timing, and Debt Valuation
Authors: Bruche Max 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper derives closed-form solutions for values of debt and equity in a continuous-time structural model in which the demands of creditors to be repaid cause a firm to be put into bankruptcy. This allows discussion of the effect of creditor coordination in recovering money on the values of debt, equity, and the firm, as well as on optimal capital structure. The effects of features of bankruptcy codes that prevent coordination failures between creditors, such as automatic stays and preference law, are also considered. The model suggests that such features, while preventing coordination failures, can decrease welfare.
Giving voice to the ‘dignified man’: reflections on global popular music
Authors: Simonett Helena 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAs music increasingly links the global and the local and vice versa, fusions of diverse musical genres and styles burgeon. Globalisation theory (specifically Appadurai) has spurred explorations of musical hybridity and cross-fertilisation among scholars from different academic fields focusing on music. In this essay, I argue for the necessity of understanding global cultural interactions and musical appropriations or exchanges in the context of the ambivalences of the globalised mass diffusion and the power asymmetries involved. The purpose of this paper is to contextualise contemporary theoretical considerations by describing the Yoremensamble project – a government-sponsored cultural project in which a group of urban mestizo musicians from northwestern Mexico appropriated local indigenous musical expressions to produce an album titled ‘Hombre digno’ (‘Dignified man’). The album is just one of many projects around the globe in which artists self-consciously re-localize global popular music styles. The resulting sonic fusions point to the need for a critical cultural analysis of such translocal and global phenomena which is rooted in ethnography.
Judicial Creativity at the Special Tribunal for Lebanon: Is There a Crime of Terrorism under International Law?
Authors: AMBOS KAI 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOn 21 January 2011, the pre-trial judge of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (hereinafter ‘STL’) posed several questions to the Appeals Chamber (‘Chamber’)1 pursuant to Rule 68(G) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence.2 Three of these questions dealt with the crime of terrorism.3 (i) Should the Tribunal take into account international notions on terrorism even though Article 2 of the Statute only refers to the Lebanese Criminal Code (‘LCC’)? (ii) If so, is there an international definition of ‘terrorism’ and how should it be applied? (iii) If not, how is the Lebanese definition of ‘terrorism’ to be interpreted by the Chamber? Both the prosecution and defence submitted extensive briefs dealing, inter alia, with these questions.4 Additionally, two amicus curiae briefs were submitted.5 On 16 February 2011, the Chamber issued its (interlocutory) decision pursuant to Rule 176 bis (A).6 The Chamber argues, in a nutshell, that terrorism has become a crime under international law and that the respective international definition influences the (applicable) Lebanese law. In the first part of this paper, I will argue that the Chamber's considerations, albeit innovative and creative, are essentially obiter, since the applicable terrorism definition can be found, without further ado, in the Lebanese law. There is no need to internationalize or reinterpret this law; it should be applied before the STL as understood in Lebanese practice. As to the Chamber's affirmation that there is a crime of terrorism under international law, I will argue, in the second part of the paper, that the available sources indicate, at best, that terrorism is a particularly serious transnational, treaty-based crime that comes close to a ‘true’ international crime but has not yet reached this status. Notwithstanding, the general elements of this crime can be inferred from the relevant sources of international law.
Portable Apparatus for In Situ X-Ray Diffraction and Fluorescence Analyses of Artworks
Authors: Eveno Myriam , Moignard Brice , Castaing Jacques 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA portable X-ray fluorescence/X-ray diffraction (XRF/XRD) system for artwork studies has been designed constructed and tested. It is based on Debye Scherrer XRD in reflection that takes advantage of many recent improvements in the handling of X-rays (polycapillary optics; advanced two-dimensional detection). The apparatus is based on a copper anode air cooled X-ray source, and the XRD analysis is performed on a 5–20 μm thick layer from the object surface. Energy dispersive XRF elemental analysis can be performed at the same point as XRD, giving elemental compositions that support the interpretation of XRD diagrams. XRF and XRD analyses were tested to explore the quality and the limits of the analytical technique. The XRD diagrams are comparable in quality with diagrams obtained with conventional laboratory equipment. The mineral identification of materials in artwork is routinely performed with the portable XRF-XRD system. Examples are given for ceramic glazes containing crystals and for paintings where the determination of pigments is still a challenge for nondestructive analysis. For instance, lead compounds that provide a variety of color pigments can be easily identified as well as a pigment such as lapis lazuli that is difficult to identify by XRF alone. More than 70 works of art have been studied in situ in museums, monuments, etc. In addition to ceramics and paintings, these works include bronzes, manuscripts, etc., which permit improvement in the comprehension of ancient artistic techniques.
Carbon Diffusion from Methane into Walls of Carbon Nanotube through Structurally and Compositionally Modified Iron Catalyst
Authors: Behr Michael J. , Mkhoyan K. Andre , Aydil Eray S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTo understand diffusion processes occurring inside Fe catalysts during multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) growth, catalysts were studied using atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Nanotube walls emanate from structurally modified and chemically complex catalysts that consist of cementite and a 5 nm amorphous FeOx cap separated by a 2–3 nm thick carbon-rich region that also contains Fe and O (a-C:FexOy). Nonuniform distribution of carbon atoms throughout the catalyst base reveals that carbon molecules from the gas phase decompose near the catalyst multisection junction, where the MWCNT walls terminate. Formation of the a-C:FexOy region provides the essential carbon source for MWCNT growth. Two different carbon diffusion mechanisms are responsible for the growth of the inner and outer walls of each MWCNT.
Characteristics of tinnitus and related observations in over 1800 tinnitus clinic patients
Authors: Meikle Mary , Taylor-Walsh E. 
Published: May 2011

This report has provided a brief survey of the Tinnitus Clinic population as it appeared near the end of 1981, when 1806 patients had been seen. That number is probably sufficient to provide satisfactory statistical reliability for the observations cited here. It should be mentioned that the Tinnitus Clinic has continued to accumulate cases, at the approximate rate of 30 per month, and at this writing the total number of patients seen to date is over 2300.The data obtained from the first 1806 patients were collected under conditions that were not as homogeneous as those prevailing now, in that standardized testing equipment was not available until January 1979, and testing techniques were continuing to be revised even after that time. In addition a major revision of the patient questionnaires was undertaken late in 1981, with the result that much more detailed information is being obtained than was formerly possible using the old questionnaire format. Thus, we can anticipate that the next such survey of the Tinnitus Clinic population will offer considerably expanded and more detailed types of observations than those presented here.
Spontaneous cochlear acoustic emissions and tinnitus. Clinical experience in the tinnitus patient
Authors: Hazell J. W. P. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe discovery of the presence of spontaneous mechanical activity within the cochlea has lead to speculation that this may be responsible for some forms of cochlear tinnitus. However, attempts in the present study, and also in other studies from the literature, to show a relationship between the measured spontaneous acoustical emissions in the external meatus and the subjective pitch matching of tonal tinnitus have not been very successful. In only two tinnitus patients out of 53 could an acoustic emission be detected which appeared to correlate with the subjective complaint.A simple apparatus for the detection of acoustical emissions is described and the possible mechanisms for the generation of cochlear tinnitus are discussed.
Benzodiazepines in the treatment of tinnitus
Authors: Lechtenberg Richard , Shulman Abraham 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA randomized controlled study using benzodiazepines to treat patients with chronic subjective tinnitus was performed to determine if these drugs could suppress intractable tinnitus. Trials with the antihistames meclizine, chlorpheniramine, and dexchlorpheniramine were used as the controls in the evaluation of diazepam, flurazepam, carbamazepine, oxazepam, and clonazepam. Of all the benzodiazepines studied, only oxazepam and clonazepam were significantly more effective than antihistamines in suppressing chronic tinnitus, but these two drugs alleviated the symptom in 52 per cent and 69 per cent of the individuals treated respectively. Oxazepam 30 milligrams daily or clonazepam 0.5 milligrams three times daily provides substantial control of chronic tinnitus.
Tinnitus in Menière's disease: response to titration Streptomycin therapy
Authors: Graham Malcolm D. , Sataloff Robert T. , Kemink John L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractEight patients with bilateral Menière's disease are reported in whom intramuscular Streptomycin Sulfate (ISS) dosage was titrated in an attempt to alleviate disabling vertigo and hearing loss.It appears possible to eliminate the vertiginous episodes, preserve or improve hearing, avoid ataxia and oscillopsia, and lessen tinnitus in most of these individuals.At the present time, we consider this treatment regimen our first choice of therapy in people with bilateral active Menière's disease or in patients whose only hearing ear is actively fluctuating and in whom associated disabling vertigo is present.
Effects of DNA and protein size on substrate cleavage by human tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1
Authors: Interthal Heidrun , Champoux James J. 
Published: May 2011

TDP (tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase) 1 catalyses the hydrolysis of phosphodiester linkages between a DNA 3′ phosphate and a tyrosine residue as well as a variety of other DNA 3′ substituents, and has been implicated in the repair of covalent complexes involving eukaryotic type IB topoisomerases. To better understand the substrate features that are recognized by TDP1, the size of either the DNA or protein component of the substrate was varied. Competition experiments and gel-shift analyses comparing a series of substrates with DNA lengths increasing from 6 to 28 nt indicated that, contrary to predictions based on the crystal structure of the protein, the apparent affinity for the substrate increased as the DNA length was increased over the entire range tested. It has been found previously that a substrate containing the full-length native form of human topoisomerase I protein is not cleaved by TDP1. Protein–oligonucleotide complexes containing either a 53 or 108 amino acid topoisomerase I-derived peptide were efficiently cleaved by TDP1, but similar to the full-length protein, a substrate containing a 333 amino acid topoisomerase I fragment was resistant to cleavage. Consistent with these results, evidence is presented that processing by the proteasome is required for TDP1 cleavage in vivo.
ATR signalling: more than meeting at the fork
Authors: Nam Edward A. , Cortez David 
Published: May 2011

Preservation of genome integrity via the DNA-damage response is critical to prevent disease. ATR (ataxia telangiectasia mutated- and Rad3-related) is essential for life and functions as a master regulator of the DNA-damage response, especially during DNA replication. ATR controls and co-ordinates DNA replication origin firing, replication fork stability, cell cycle checkpoints and DNA repair. Since its identification 15 years ago, a model of ATR activation and signalling has emerged that involves localization to sites of DNA damage and activation through protein–protein interactions. Recent research has added an increasingly detailed understanding of the canonical ATR pathway, and an appreciation that the canonical model does not fully capture the complexity of ATR regulation. In the present article, we review the ATR signalling process, focusing on mechanistic findings garnered from the identification of new ATR-interacting proteins and substrates. We discuss how to incorporate these new insights into a model of ATR regulation and point out the significant gaps in our understanding of this essential genome-maintenance pathway.
A cryptic promoter in the LEE1 regulatory region of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli: promoter specificity in AT-rich gene regulatory regions
Authors: Islam Md. Shahidul , Pallen Mark J. , Busby Stephen J. W. 
Published: May 2011

Transcription of the LEE1 operon in the locus of enterocyte effacement of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli is due to the P1 promoter. Mutational and biochemical analyses reveal the existence of an overlapping promoter, designated P1A, which can drive transcript initiation 10 bp upstream of the P1 promoter transcript start point. Because of the overlap between P1 and P1A, P1A activity is unmasked only when the P1 promoter is inactivated by mutation. In the present paper, we report that mutation of the P1–10 element is less effective in unmasking P1A promoter activity than mutation of the P1–35 element. This suggests that the P1 promoter −35 element, which corresponds to the consensus, can sequester RNA polymerase even when P1 is inactive and thereby prevent RNA polymerase from serving the P1A promoter. We propose that such promoter elements may play a role in enforcing specificity in bacterial regulatory regions that contain alternative possible promoters.
Thethick aleurone1Mutant Defines a Negative Regulation of Maize Aleurone Cell Fate That Functions Downstream ofdefective kernel1
Authors: Yi Gibum , Lauter Adrienne M. , Scott M. Paul , Becraft Philip W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe maize (Zea mays) aleurone layer occupies the single outermost layer of the endosperm. The defective kernel1 (dek1) gene is a central regulator required for aleurone cell fate specification. dek1 mutants have pleiotropic phenotypes including lack of aleurone cells, aborted embryos, carotenoid deficiency, and a soft, floury endosperm deficient in zeins. Here we describe the thick aleurone1 (thk1) mutant that defines a novel negative function in the regulation of aleurone differentiation. Mutants possess multiple layers of aleurone cells as well as aborted embryos. Clonal sectors of thk1 mutant tissue in otherwise normal endosperm showed localized expression of the phenotype with sharp boundaries, indicating a localized cellular function for the gene. Sectors in leaves showed expanded epidermal cell morphology but the mutant epidermis generally remained in a single cell layer. Double mutant analysis indicated that the thk1 mutant is epistatic to dek1 for several aspects of the pleiotropic dek1 phenotype. dek1 mutant endosperm that was mosaic for thk1 mutant sectors showed localized patches of multilayered aleurone. Localized sectors were surrounded by halos of carotenoid pigments and double mutant kernels had restored zein profiles. In sum, loss of thk1 function restored the ability of dek1 mutant endosperm to accumulate carotenoids and zeins and to differentiate aleurone. Therefore the thk1 mutation defines a negative regulator that functions downstream of dek1 in the signaling system that controls aleurone specification and other aspects of endosperm development. The thk1 mutation was found to be caused by a deletion of approximately 2 megabases.