bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of ultrasonography on central venous catheter insertion in intensive care
Authors: Palepu Gopal B , Deven Juneja , Subrahmanyam M , Mohan S 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Background and Aims: The insertion of central venous catheters (CVCs) is an integral part of the management of critically ill patients. We aimed to study the impact of ultrasonography (USG) on CVC insertion in intensive care. Setting and Design: A prospective study of 450 patients requiring CVC in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care hospital. Methods and Materials: The patients were randomized into two groups: to have CVC insertion with USG-guidance or with the anatomic landmark technique (ALT). Data were collected on patient demographics; operator experience; and method, site and side of insertion. Outcome measures included successful insertion of CVC, number of attempts needed and complications. Results: Internal jugular vein (IJV) cannulation was successful in 177/194 patients (91.2%) using ALT and in 200/205 patients (97.6%) using USG guidance, a significant difference of 6.4% (P = 0.006). Using ALT, 72.7% of cannulations could be accomplished in the first attempt as compared with 84.4% with USG guidance (P = 0.004). The overall complication rate was 28/399 (7%), with 19 (9.8%) complications in the ALT group and 9 (4.4%) in the USG group (age-, sex-, and operator-adjusted OR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.13-0.96; P = 0.03). For subclavian vein catheterization, the success rate was 26/28 (92.9%) in the ALT group and 17/17 (100%) in the USG group (P = 0.52). Using ALT, 71.4% cannulation could be accomplished in the first attempt as compared with 82.4% under USG guidance (P = 0.49). The overall complication rate was 6/45 (13.3%), with 4 (14.3%) complications in the ALT group and 2 (11.8%) in the USG group (P > 0.99). Conclusions: Real-time USG guidance improves success rates, reduces the number of attempts and decreases the complications associated with CVC insertion, especially for the IJV, and should become the standard of care in intensive care.
Ultrasound characterization of breast masses
Authors: Gokhale Sudheer 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA lump in the breast is a cause of great concern. High frequency, high-resolution USG helps in its evaluation. This is exemplified in women with dense breast tissue where USG is useful in detecting small breast cancers that are not seen on mammography. Several studies in the past have addressed the issue of differentiating benign from malignant lesions in the breast. The American College of Radiology has also brought out a BIRADS-US classification system for categorizing focal breast lesions.
Efficacy and safety of USG-guided ethanol sclerotherapy in cystic thyroid nodules
Authors: Jayesh SR , Mehta Pankaj , Cherian Mathew P , Ilayaraja V , Gupta Prashanth , Venkatesh K 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Objective : To study the effectiveness and safety of USG-guided ethanol sclerotherapy in cystic thyroid nodules. Materials and Methods : USG of the thyroid gland was performed in 54 patients suspected to have a thyroid nodule on clinical examination. All patients with a predominantly cystic nodule (i.e., when >2/3 rd of the nodule was cystic) were included in the study. Ethanol was injected into the cyst under USG guidance. The amount of ethanol injected was about 50% of the amount of aspirated fluid. Follow-up USG was done every month for 3 months; ethanol was re-injected when there was no significant reduction in the cyst volume. The initial cyst volume was compared with the final volume; statistical significance was assessed using the paired t-test. Results : USG revealed predominant cystic nodules in 16 of the 54 patients. Fifteen patients were selected for the study. Following ethanol sclerotherapy, four out of the 15 patients (26.6%) showed complete disappearance of the cyst and nine (60%) showed significant reduction in the cyst volume (i.e., reduction of cyst volume by ≥50% of initial volume). Only two patients did not show significant reduction in cyst volume; both these patients had nodules with an initial volume of ≥20 cc. There were no complications attributable to ethanol injection during follow-up. Conclusion: Ethanol sclerotherapy is an effective and safe treatment for benign cystic thyroid nodules with volumes of < 20 cc. Cystic nodules with volume >20 cc may need more number of alcohol injections and longer follow-up.
Anthelmintics
Authors: Harder Achim 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Parasitic Worms2.1.Trematodes (Flukes)2.1.1.Blood Flukes2.1.2.Lung Flukes2.1.3.Liver Flukes2.1.4.Giant Intestinal Fluke2.1.5.Lesser Intestinal Flukes2.2.Cestodes (Tapeworms)2.2.1.Broad or Fish Tapeworm2.2.2.Beef Tapeworm2.2.3.Pork Tapeworm2.2.4.Dwarf Tapeworm2.2.5.Dog Tapeworm2.3.Nematodes (Roundworms)2.3.1.Roundworm2.3.2.Hookworms2.3.3.Pinworm2.3.4.Whipworm2.3.5.Threadworm2.3.6.Trichina2.3.7.Cat and Dog Round‐ and Hookworms (Larvae ofToxocara canis, Toxocara cati, Ancylostoma brasiliense, Ancylostoma caninum)2.3.8.Guinea Worm2.3.9.Lymphatic Filaria2.3.10.Convoluted Filaria2.3.11.African Eye Worm3.Anthelmintic Drugs
Fertilizers, 3. Synthetic Soil Conditioners
Authors: Hähndel Reinhardt , Prün Hans 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Foams2.1.Closed‐Cell Expandable Polystyrene Foam2.2.Primarily Open‐Cell Urea – Formaldehyde Resin Foams3.Colloidal Silicates4.Polymer Dispersions and Polymer Emulsions5.Tensides
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation of 2,3‐Allenyl Acetates Using a Chiral Diaminophosphine Oxide
Authors: Nemoto Tetsuhiro , Kanematsu Mutsumi , Tamura Shinji , Hamada Yasumasa 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAn enantioselective synthesis of allenes through palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation using a chiral diaminophosphine oxide is described. The asymmetric allylic alkylations proceeded in the presence of a catalytic amount of lithium acetate at 4 °C, affording the chiral allenes in excellent yield with up to 99% ee.
A New Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopropanes Containing Quaternary Stereocentres via Organocatalytic Michael Addition to Vinyl Selenones
Authors: Marini Francesca , Sternativo Silvia , Del Verme Francesca , Testaferri Lorenzo , Tiecco Marcello 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA novel organocatalytic method for the stereoselective synthesis of highly substituted cyclopropanes is reported. The Michael adducts, generated through the addition of α‐substituted cyanoacetates to easily accessible vinyl selenones catalyzed by a bifunctional ureidic catalyst, smoothly cyclize by intramolecular alkylation induced by a de‐ethoxycarbonylation process. The one‐pot sequence generates cyclopropanes bearing adjacent tertiary and quaternary stereocentres as single Z‐isomers in moderate to high yields and good enantiomeric excesses.
An Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Halides by Aqueous Ammonia
Authors: Wang Deping , Cai Qian , Ding Ke 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe copper(I) bromide/1‐(5,6,7,8‐tetrahydroquinolin‐8‐yl)‐2‐methylpropan‐1‐one (CuBr‐L3) combination catalyzed the cross‐coupling reactions between aryl or heteroaryl halides and aqueous ammonia with high yields to produce primary aromatic or heteroaromatic amines at room temperature or under mild conditions.
Stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) against photo‐degradation using dienophilic compounds
Authors: Abdel‐Naby Abir S. , Al‐Dossary Abeer O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAs dienophilic compounds, N‐ aminophenylmaleimides would be expected to act as radical traps and thus, could be investigated as organic photo‐stabilizers for rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Their stabilizing efficiencies were evaluated by measuring the extent of discoloration and the change in the mechanical properties of the photo‐irradiated polymer. Their stabilizing efficiencies were compared with phenyl salicylate, which is a commonly used industrial photo stabilizer. The results have proved the higher stabilizing efficiency of all the investigated materials as compared with phenyl salicylate. The stabilizing efficiency of the aminomaleimides is attributed to their radical trapping potency which intervenes with the radical degradation of the photo‐irradiated PVC. Moreover, it was found that these materials lower the extent of discoloration of the polymer during later stages of degradation. This improvement in the color stability is most probably attributable to the ability of the aminomalemides to react by a Diels–Alder reaction with the conjugated double bonds created on the polymeric chains as a result of the degradation of the polymer. Finally, the results illustrate the blending of aminomaleimide derivatives with phenyl salicylate improve the photo stabilization of the polymer as shown from the absorbance coefficient Δa values, and this improvement attains its maximum when both the investigated stabilizers and phenyl salicylate are taken in equivalent ratios. The observed synergism is attributed to the combination of the mechanisms by which both stabilizers function. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Untersuchungen hinsichtlich der Dauerhaftigkeit von Wärmedämmverbundsystemen (WDVS) mit Holzfaserdämmplatten
Authors: Rüther Norbert 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDer Schutz der Dämmstoffe von WDVS vor Umwelteinflüssen wird hauptsächlich durch das Putzssystem sichergestellt. Haftet dieses nicht mehr am Dämmstoff, so sind umfangreiche Sanierungsmaßnahmen erforderlich. Mit Hilfe von Haftzugprüfungen aus künstlich gealterten Proben sollten Prognosen über die Dauerhaftigkeit unter realen Bedingungen abgeleitet werden. Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Festigkeit von Platten mit hoher Anfangsfestigkeit über die Zeit um etwa 25 % geringer wird, dann jedoch auf dem Festigkeitsniveau verbleibt. Bei Platten mit niedriger Anfangsfestigkeit wurde kein relevanter Festigkeitsabfall ermittelt.Experimental analysis of the durability of external thermal insulation compound systems (ETICS) using wood fibre insulating boards.The insulation of external thermal insulation compound systems has to be protected by the rendering system. The failure of the rendering system, e.g. due to the loss of bonding strength to the insulation can lead to a failure of the hole system. Forecasts of the durability should be done by using test results of tensile bond strength from samples which were stressed by artificial weathering. Boards with a relatively high strength lose nearly 25 % of their strength and continue in a while at that level. Boards with a relatively low strength do not lose there strength any more.
Extremely low frequency electric fields and cancer: Assessing the evidence
Authors: Kheifets Leeka , Renew David , Sias Glenn , Swanson John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMuch of the research and reviews on extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) have focused on magnetic rather than electric fields. Some have considered such focus to be inappropriate and have argued that electric fields should be part of both epidemiologic and laboratory work. This paper fills the gap by systematically and critically reviewing electric‐fields literature and by comparing overall strength of evidence for electric versus magnetic fields. The review of possible mechanisms does not provide any specific basis for focusing on electric fields. While laboratory studies of electric fields are few, they do not indicate that electric fields should be the exposure of interest. The existing epidemiology on residential electric‐field exposures and appliance use does not support the conclusion of adverse health effects from electric‐field exposure. Workers in close proximity to high‐voltage transmission lines or substation equipment can be exposed to high electric fields. While there are sporadic reports of increase in cancer in some occupational studies, these are inconsistent and fraught with methodologic problems. Overall, there seems little basis to suppose there might be a risk for electric fields, and, in contrast to magnetic fields, and with a possible exception of occupational epidemiology, there seems little basis for continued research into electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics 31:89–101, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Non‐parametric Conditional Bivariate Reference Region with an Application to Height/Weight Measurements on Normal Girls
Authors: Petersen Jorgen Holm 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA conceptually simple two‐dimensional conditional reference curve is described. The curve gives a decision basis for determining whether a bivariate response from an individual is “normal” or “abnormal” when taking into account that a third (conditioning) variable may influence the bivariate response. The reference curve is not only characterized analytically but also by geometric properties that are easily communicated to medical doctors – the users of such curves. The reference curve estimator is completely non‐parametric, so no distributional assumptions are needed about the two‐dimensional response. An example that will serve to motivate and illustrate the reference is the study of the height/weight distribution of 7–8‐year‐old Danish school girls born in 1930, 1950, or 1970.
Mechanism‐Guided Library Design and Dual Genetic Selection of Synthetic OFF Riboswitches
Authors: Muranaka Norihito , Abe Koichi , Yokobayashi Yohei 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAfter the recent discovery of bacterial riboswitches, synthetic riboswitches have been engineered by using natural and artificial RNA aptamers. In contrast to natural riboswitches, the majority of synthetic riboswitches in bacteria reported to date are ON switches that activate gene expression in response to the aptamer ligand. In this study, we adopted a mechanism‐guided approach to design libraries predisposed to contain OFF riboswitches that respond to thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP). The first library design exploited a pseudo‐Shine‐Dalgarno (SD) sequence located near the 3′‐end of the TPP aptamer, which would be less accessible to the ribosome when the aptamer is bound to TPP. In the second library, an SD sequence was strategically placed in the aptamer's P1 stem, which is stabilized upon ligand binding. OFF riboswitches were obtained by dual genetic selection of these libraries. The results underscore the importance of effective library design to achieve desired riboswitch functions.
N2O Decomposition over Fe‐ZSM‐5 Studied by Transient Techniques
Authors: Prechtl P. M. , Kiwi‐Minsker L. , Bulushev D. A. , Bromley B. K. , Renken A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractN2O decomposition to gaseous N2 and O2 catalyzed by a commercial Fe‐ZSM‐5 has been studied by different transient techniques: (i) via the transient response methods at ambient pressure, (ii) via the temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactor under vacuum, and (iii) by temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) under vacuum. The catalyst was activated in He at 1323 K. Two main steps can be distinguished within the transient period of N2O decomposition under constant N2O feed at 603 K: the first step consists of molecular N2 formation and surface atomic oxygen (O)Fe. It follows a period of stoichiometric N2O decomposition to gaseous N2 and O2 with increasing conversion until steady state is reached. The observed rate increase is assigned to a slow accumulation on the surface of NOx,ads species formed from N2O and participating as co‐catalyst in the N2O decomposition. The NOx,ads species accelerates the atomic oxygen recombination/desorption, which is the rate‐determining step of N2O decomposition. The formation and accumulation of NOx,ads species during N2O interaction with the catalyst was confirmed by TAP studies. The amount of NOx,ads was found to depend on the number of N2O pulses injected into the TAP reactor. In the presence of adsorbed NOx on the catalyst surface (NOx,ads) the desorption of dioxygen is facilitated. This results in a shift of the oxygen desorption temperature from 744 K to considerably lower temperatures of 580 K in TPD experiments. Pulses of gaseous NO had a similar effect leading to the formation NOx,ads, thus facilitating the oxygen recombination/desorption.
Molecular Design Strategies for Near‐Infrared Ratiometric Fluorescent Probes Based on the Unique Spectral Properties of Aminocyanines
Authors: Kiyose Kazuki , Aizawa Sakiko , Sasaki Eita , Kojima Hirotatsu , Hanaoka Kenjiro , Terai Takuya , Urano Yasuteru , Nagano Tetsuo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn spite of the wide availability of various near‐infrared (NIR) fluorophores as labeling reagents, there are few functional NIR fluorescent probes for which change in the absorption and/or fluorescence spectra upon specific reaction with biomolecules is seen. The widely used photoinduced electron‐transfer mechanism is unsuitable for NIR fluorophores, such as tricarbocyanines, because their long excitation wavelength results in a small singlet excitation energy. We have reported the unique spectral properties of amine‐substituted tricarbocyanines, which were utilized to develop two design strategies. One approach was based on control of the absorption wavelength by using the difference in electron‐donating ability before and after a specific reaction with a biomolecule, and the other approach was based on control of the fluorescence intensity by modulating the Förster resonance energy‐transfer efficiency through a change in the overlap integral that arises from the change in absorption under acidic conditions. These strategies were validated by obtaining tricarbocyanine‐based ratiometric NIR fluorescent probes for esterase and for pH level.
Theoretical Calculations on the Tetramethyldisilene Rearrangement: A New Approach to an Old Mechanistic Problem
Authors: Nag Mrinmoy , Gaspar Peter P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRoark and Peddle first observed that, when not trapped, Me2SiSiMe2 underwent a series of rearrangements to give two major isomeric products: 1,1‐dimethyl‐1,3‐disilacyclobutane and 1,3‐dimethyl‐1,3‐disilacyclobutane. The widely accepted mechanism for this rearrangement was proposed by Barton and co‐workers. However, little is known about the thermodynamic or kinetic properties of this reaction, because the relevant data are limited to the product ratios of the two isomers. Our calculations predict that the product ratio is driven by kinetic control rather than thermodynamic control. We also show that new DFT functionals, such as MPW1K and M052X, produce thermochemical results comparable with CCSD(T) calculations.
Conformational Dependence of σ‐Electron Delocalization in Linear Chains: Permethylated Oligosilanes
Authors: Bande Annika , Michl Josef 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe effects of σ‐electron delocalization on optical properties of saturated linear chains of permethylated oligosilanes are strongly conformation dependent. We analyze the origin of the conformational dependence of the energies of molecular orbitals and of electronic excitations in simple intuitively understandable terms by using a first‐order approximation to the Hückel version of the “Ladder C” model. The analysis is supported by comparison with results of numerical calculations from time‐dependent density functional theory, which agree well with experiment. To facilitate the comparison, a simple procedure has been developed that defines the overall and local fractional σ and π characters of a backbone molecular orbital and a fractional overall and local σσ* and σπ* characters of an excited state for any conformation of a linear chain.
Die Grenzflächenspannungen von CO2–O2– und Rauchgas‐Mischungen
Authors: Engberg R. , Köpke D. , Eggers R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn dieser Arbeit werden die Grenzflächenspannungen des Systems CO2–O2 und von kondensierten Rauchgasmischungen (als ternäre Mischung CO2–O2–N2) untersucht. Es werden Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt und eine Gebrauchsformel empfohlen, mit der eine Berechnung der Grenzflächenspannung mit guter Genauigkeit möglich ist.
Klick‐Chemie. Synthesen, die gelingen
Authors: Kunz Doris 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEin Synthesekonzept, das auf Grundlage weniger, sehr zuverlässig ablaufender Reaktionen mit einer breiten Substratspezifität rasch zu einer hohen Diversität führt, ist die Klick‐Chemie. Diese ist auf Grund der hohen Zeitersparnis insbesondere für die Wirkstoffforschung von großer Bedeutung. Die Kriterien umfassen neben günstigen thermodynamischen Voraussetzungen vor allem eine einfache Reaktionsführung und eine leichte (fast nicht mehr notwendige) Aufarbeitung. Die kupferkatalysierte, 1, 3‐dipolare Alkin‐Azid‐Cycloaddition hat sich hierbei als erfolgreichste Klick‐Reaktion erwiesen, deren Vorzüge in den unterschiedlichsten Bereichen der Chemie mittlerweile genutzt werden. Die mechanistischen Vorstellungen dieser katalytischen Reaktion werden näher beleuchtet.
Die E‐Klasse. Ob süß oder sauer, ob knallrot oder giftgrün – sie ist immer dabei
Authors: Roth Klaus , Lück Erich 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn der Europäischen Union dürfen über 300 Lebensmittelzusatzstoffe verwendet werden. Die meisten davon sind völlig harmlos und werden schon seit Jahrhunderten oder sogar Jahrtausenden genutzt. Alle anderen sind gründlich untersucht worden und werden weiterhin durch nationale, europäische und Gesundheitsbehörden der Vereinten Nationen überwacht. Lebensmittelzusatzstoffe verbessern das Erscheinungsbild und verzögern den Verderb von Lebensmittelprodukten. Sie schützen uns auch vor Lebensmittelvergiftungen durch bakterielle Toxine z.B. in Wurstwaren oder sie verbessern sogar die geschmackliche Qualität wie beim Wein. Sprechen wir es offen aus: Niemand liebt Lebensmittelzusatzstoffe, aber ihre Vorteile sind unbestritten.
Biokraftstoffe – aktuelle Anwendungen
Authors: Harrer Roswitha 
Published: August 2009

Abstract“Stroh im Tank”, “Biomasse statt Erdöl”, “Sunfuels” – das sind seit Jahren geläufige Schlagworte über klimafreundliche Energieträger der zweiten Generation. Fließt aber außer Forschungsgeldern wirklich schon Bio‐Ökosprit, und kann man ihn tanken?
An integrated time management model for distributed workflow management systems in Grid environments
Authors: Liu Jianxun , Zhou Chunjie , Cao Jian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMulti‐granularity of time and time zone difference are two aspects of a time management model (TMM) for distributed workflow management system (DWfS). There are some recent literatures concerning each of them. However, current researches on DWfS have not put them together but have built up an integrated model. As business and scientific collaboration processes across continents become more and more frequent, it is increasingly important to build an integrated model to take them as a whole to make the time transformation and temporal verification in collaboration processes easy and efficient. Aiming at solving this problem, an integrated TMM, DWfS‐TMM, is proposed in this paper. The DWfS‐TMM model consists of a set of general time ontology and a set of general rules for unified transformation between different time zones and different time granularity units. The representation of build‐time and run‐time temporal constraints in workflow processes and the temporal consistency checking method in this model is investigated. Finally, a real case study is investigated and it is shown from this case study that the presented model is useful and practicable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.