bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resynthesized lines and cultivars ofBrassica napusL. provide sources of resistance to the cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus(Mrsh.))
Authors: Eickermann M. , Ulber B. , Vidal S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe cabbage stem weevil (Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus(Mrsh.)) (Col., Curculionidae) is a serious pest of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napusL.var. oleiferaMetzg.) in central and northern Europe. Although host-plant resistance is a key tool in integrated pest management systems, resistant genotypes are not yet available for this species. Resynthesized rapeseed lines (B. oleraceaL.×B. rapaL.) are broadening the genetic diversity and might have potential as sources of resistance to pest insects. The host quality, of nine resynthesized rapeseed lines and six genotypes ofB. napusto cabbage stem weevil, was evaluated in laboratory screening tests and in a semi-field experiment. In dual-choice oviposition tests, femaleC. pallidactyluslaid significantly fewer eggs on five resyntheses and on swede cv ‘Devon Champion’ than on the moderately susceptible oilseed rape cv ‘Express’, indicating a lower host quality of these genotypes. Results of laboratory screenings were confirmed in a semi-field experiment, in which twelve genotypes were exposed toC. pallidactylusfemales. The number of larvae was significantly lower in two resyntheses and in cv ‘Devon Champion’ than in oilseed rape cv WVB 9. The total, as well as individual, glucosinolate (GSL) content in the leaves differed substantially among the genotypes tested. The amount of feeding by larvae ofC. pallidactylus, as measured by a stem-injury coefficient, was positively correlated with the indolyl GSL compounds 3-indolylmethyl and 4-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl, and with the aromatic GSL 2-phenylethyl, whereas it was negatively correlated with 4-hydroxy-3-indolylmethyl. Thus, the composition and concentration of GSL compounds within the plant tissue might be a key factor in breeding for pest resistance in oilseed rape.
U–Pb SHRIMP ages of detrital granulite-facies rutiles: further constraints on provenance of Jurassic sandstones on the Norwegian margin
Authors: MEINHOLD GUIDO , MORTON ANDREW C. , FANNING C. MARK , WHITHAM ANDREW G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractElectron microprobe analyses of 128 detrital rutile grains from two Jurassic sandstone samples (Hettangian and Bajocian–Bathonian in age) from hydrocarbon exploration wells on the Norwegian margin confirm that more than 85 % of the rutiles were derived from metapelitic rocks. Zr-in-rutile geothermometry confirms that about 83 % of the rutile was formed under high-grade metamorphism (>750 °C). Sixty-two rutile grains, including 60 of the identified high-temperature rutile population, were also analysed for U–Pb geochronology using SHRIMP. The 206Pb–238U rutile ages range from approximately 485–292 Ma, with a major cluster between 450 and 380 Ma. These data suggest that the detrital rutile was predominantly derived from a felsic source that experienced granulite-facies metamorphism about 450–380 Ma ago. This conclusion is consistent with derivation from high-grade Caledonian metasedimentary rocks, probably the Krummedal sequence in central East Greenland, as previously suggested by an earlier provenance study using conventional heavy mineral analysis, garnet geochemistry and detrital zircon age dating. The present study underscores the importance of rutile geochemistry and geochronology in quantitative single-mineral provenance analysis of clastic sedimentary rocks.
Radio Positioning using the Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) Signal
Authors: Palmer Duncan , Moore Terry , Hill Chris , Andreotti Marcus , Park David 
Published: November 2010

Over the recent decades, there have been a number of trends that have driven the desire to improve the ability to position and navigate in all environments. While GPS has been the driving factor behind most of these trends, there are limitations to GPS that have become more evident over time as the World has increasingly come to rely on location. These limitations are mostly due to the low transmission power of GPS satellites, where navigation signals broadcast from space are comparatively weak, especially by the time they have travelled to receivers on the ground. This makes the signals particularly vulnerable to fading in difficult environments such as built-up urban areas. The low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) also means that the signals are susceptible to jamming, both hostile and accidental.This motivates the need for non-GPS (or, more generally, non-GNSS) navigation technologies, for example, terrestrial based alternatives to GNSS such as eLoran. But, there is also significant interest in the exploitation of other non-navigation signals for positioning and navigation purposes. These so-called ‘Signals of Opportunity’ (SoOP) do not generally require any alterations to existing communications transmission infrastructure and often use alternative multi-carrier modulation techniques to those methods used by most GNSS services. The major challenge of using a SoOP for location purposes is that the transmitter network infrastructure has not generally been designed with positioning as a requirement.An ongoing project, at the Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy (IESSG) of the University of Nottingham, is directed towards an investigation of the potential of the Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB) signal for positioning purposes. A prototype Software Defined Radio (SDR) DAB positioning receiver has been developed and has now been tested. This paper presents a detailed review of the structure of the DAB signals and explains how these signals can be used as the basis of a positioning system. In addition the development of the prototype SDR receiver and the initial results are presented and discussed.
Chemical Constituents of Schisandra rubriflora Rehd. et Wils.
Authors: LI Gan‐Peng , ZHAO Jing‐Feng , TU Yong‐Qiang , YANG Xiao‐Dong , ZHANG Hong‐Bin , LI Liang 
Published: November 2010

Abstract: Schisandra rubriflora Rehd. et Wils. is a traditional Chinese medicine. To search for new and bioactive components from traditional Chinese medicines and provide scientific evidence for taxonomy, the chemical constituents of the plant were investigated by various column chromatography methods (silica gel, Sephadex LH‐20, and RP‐18). From the aerial parts of S. rubriflora, three new megastigmane glycosides, namely (3S, 5R, 6S, 9R)‐megastigmane‐3, 9‐diol 3‐O‐[α‐L‐arabionfuranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside] (1), 7‐megastigmene‐3‐ol‐9‐one 3‐O‐[α‐L‐arabionfuranosyl‐(1→6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside] (2), and megastigmane‐3α, 4β, 9σ‐triol 3‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (3), along with 14 known compounds, were isolated. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic and chemical methods.(Managing editor: Wei WANG)
Auffällige Zunahme des Lymphogranuloma venereum unter homosexuellen Männern in Hamburg
Authors: Krosigk Ariane v. , Meyer Thomas , Jordan Sabine , Graefe Kathrin , Plettenberg Andreas , Stoehr Albrecht 
Published: November 2010

ZusammenfassungNachdem in den letzten Jahren ein auffälliger Anstieg der klassischen Geschlechtskrankheiten, wie Lues und Gonorrhoe, im homosexuellen Patientenkollektiv zu beobachten war, zeigte sich im Jahr 2003 am ifi‐Institut in Hamburg erstmals eine Zunahme des seltenen Lymphogranuloma venereum. Insgesamt wurden in diesem Zeitraum vier homosexuelle Patienten mit unterschiedlichen Erscheinungsformen des Lymphogranuloma venereum identifiziert. Ein Auslandsaufenthalt lag bei keinem Patienten vor. Bei drei Patienten bestand gleichzeitig eine HIV‐Infektion. In allen Fällen konnte eine Chlamydia‐trachomatis‐Infektion mittels SDA (strand displacement amplification) in genitalen Abstrichproben oder Lymphknotenpunktat nachgewiesen werden. In 3 der 4 Fälle erfolgte eine Typisierung durch Sequenzanalyse von ompA‐PCR‐Produkten, wobei jeweils der C.‐trachomatis‐Serovar‐L2 identifiziert wurde. Weitere differentialdiagnostisch relevante genitale Infektionen wurden mit Hilfe erregerspezifischer PCR‐Analysen, bakteriologischen und serologischen Untersuchungsmethoden ausgeschlossen.In der Differentialdiagnose genitoanaler und oraler Erosionen, insbesondere bei homosexuellen und HIV‐infizierten Patienten, sollte daher auch an das Lymphogranuloma venereum gedacht werden. Der Nachweis genitaler Chlamydien‐Infektionen kann dabei unter Verwendung der neuen Nukleinsäure‐Amplifikationsverfahren schnell und zuverlässig durchgeführt werden.
The first Italian grammars of the English language
Authors: Frank Thomas 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Five grammars of the English language for the use of Italian learners (Pleunus 1701, Altieri 1728, Baretti 1762, Barker 1766, and Dalmazzoni 1788) were published during the 18th century. These grammars show that there was a growing interest in the English language and in English culture in general in 18th-century Italy. Part of this interest can be attributed to the presence of a large colony of English merchants in Leghorn (Livorno) and to the consequent development of trade between the two countries. These textbooks are largely based on the descriptions of English available at the time; in spite of being heavily conditioned by English spelling conventions, the Italian authors attempt, with varying success, to describe the phonology of English in a form suitable for their readers, namely, in terms of the Italian sound system. Their descriptions seek to define sounds considered ‘difficult’ for the foreign learner, e.g., /æ/ and /˄/ (described prevalently in terms of [a] and [ɔ] respectively), or such consonant sounds as /θ/ and /???/. They also provide at times corroborative evidence, which is compared with the testimony of certain contemporary English authors, e.g., Johnston (1764) and Walker (1791), of the state of the English language at the time. Their description of the English vowel system, in particular, throws some light on the pronunciation of English during the 18th century, but none of them, for example, records the gradual loss of post-vocalic r, which we know from other sources had already begun at this period. The treatment of the grammatical structure of English found in these grammars is largely traditional, and although some attempts are made to describe the peculiarities of English grammar, the rules given are frequently vague and uncertain.
The trivium arts and contemporary linguistics
Authors: Scaglione Aldo 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In the Prague School, and particularly in its most illustrious representative, Roman Jakobson, two discrete yet somewhat convergent themes of linguistic speculation appear to have come together. First, the notion that word order is a crucial testing ground for observation of the structures of thought and language. Second, the borrowing of rhetorical figures to explain contrasting modes of expression on the mental, linguistic, as well as stylistic-poetic levels. Both themes ultimately derive from traditional speculation on style and language in a characteristic and exemplary process of joining rhetoric and grammar.
El ‘Prosodion’ De Juan Gil De Zamora
Authors: Alonso Luis 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe paper is a preliminary synthesis of the work-in-progress on a critical edition of theProsodion,a grammatical treatise by Gil de Zamora (fl. 1280). It begins with a biographical sketch of the author in which his work is placed within the grammatical trends of the Middle Ages. The next section deals with problems connected with the textual transmission, the distribution, and diffusion of the work. Two branches of filiation of the manuscripts, corresponding to two grammatical schools are distinguished: an Italian (viz. the Florence and Todi MSS) and a French school (viz. the Paris and Merville MSS). Given the change in the dedication and the considerable increase of the text, which shows a doubling of the original size in the most recent MSS (Todi), it is argued that a two-fold redaction must have taken place. Special importance is attached to the analysis of the sources of and their treatment in theProsodion.It becomes obvious that Gil de Zamora is a mere compilator of grammatical works from different sources, which he arranges, adapts, and combines without any attempt at an original contribution.The next section of the paper is devoted to an analysis of the organization and contents of the work. It reveals theProsodionas a modernized version of Priscian’sInstitutiones, largely guided by the scholastic, rational method of Petrus Helias. The three treatises which compose the work are analysed in the following order: (a) Orthography, with a list of terms of orthographical difficulties; (b) Prosody, with a glossary of terms and problems in matters of accentuation, and (c) a Treatise concerning punctuation and pauses. The concluding portion emphasizes essential features of Zamora’s work: Its harmonizing attitude towards ‘old’ and ‘modern’ grammarians, the survival of Priscian’s doctrines in 13th-century Spain, and the practical conception of grammar as opposed to the speculative trends in Paris and Northern Europe.
The reception of Hebrew in sixteenth-century Europe
Authors: Percival W. Keith 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The main thesis of this article is that a species of general linguistics arose in 16th-century western Europe as a result of the impact of Hebrew studies. Two features of traditional Hebrew grammatical practice produced this, effect: (1) the phonetic classification of consonants by point of articulation, and (2) the analysis of words in terms of roots and affixes. Two works from the early 16th century are cited at some length: a treatise on the pronunciation of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew by the great Spanish humanist Antonio de Nebrija (De vi ac potestate litterarum), which first appeared in Salamanca in 1503; and Johannes Reuchlin’s Hebrew grammar, printed in Pforzheim in 1506. Nebrija exemplifies the impact of Hebrew phonetic theory, while Reuchlin expounds the traditional Hebrew morphological analysis, in the course of which he introduces the novel concept of the root. Moreover, in his treatment of Hebrew orthography he describes the sounds of the language both auditorily and physiologically.
In the second part of the article, the subsequent influence of Hebrew grammatical and linguistic notions is discussed. Reference is made to a work by the French orientalist Guillaume Postel (De originibus), in which the author contrasts the Semitic languages with the two classical languages typologically, calling the former ‘natural’ and the latter ‘grammatical’. There then follows an analysis of a work by the Swiss Hebraist Theodor Bibliander (De ratione communi omnium linguarum), in which the suggestion is made that all languages can be grammatically analysed in a uniform fashion utilizing the Hebrew descriptive framework and then compared with one another. The acquaintance with Semitic languages also introduced Christian scholars for the first time to a paradigm case of a family of related languages. Thus, we see the tentative adumbrations in the 16th century of both typological and genetic classification.
La alfabetización de la lengua nahuatl
Authors: Rubio Elena Díaz , García Jesús Bustamante 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The alphabetization of the Nahuatl language represents the first European experiment in the transformation of an American language into a literary language, an experiment realized in a fashion parallel to the first studies of the European vernaculars. This alphabetization was realized in a long process from the earliest contacts to the middle of the 17th century. It is possible to discern at least three stages. The first corresponds to the period which immediately folows the conquest (1523–1547). All efforts were concentrated at the time on the learning of the language, a learning without precedent, resulting in its being cast in the Procrustian bed of the orthographic conventions of Castillian. The goal was not proper alphabetization. The second stage (1547–1595) corresponds to a period in the deepening of the knowledge of Nahuatl, a process reflected in the first ‘artes’ or treatises and vocabularies. This improved knowledge of the language led to the realization that a more appropriate orthography was required. The third and final stage in the alphabetization of Nahuatl (1595–1673) is characterized by linguistic research which no doubt has its antecedents in the investigation of other ‘exotic’ languages and which is aimed at an improved analysis of this language of Mexico. The orthographic endeavours are now directed toward a reform of the writing system which includes the introduction of new characters in an attempt to capture the phonological particularities of Nahuatl. From this history of the long process of alphabetization, it is evident that a detailed analysis of the phonological descriptions and the orthographic principles conserved in the treatises until 1673 not only allows us to appreciate the achievements of these early linguists but also provides us with valuable information about the phonological system of classical Nahuatl as well as of Castillian of the period.
The grammatical doctrine of the Real Acadedemia Española (1854)
Authors: Sarmiento Ramón 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The Grammar of the Real Academia Española (1713) constitutes one of the fundamental chapters of Spanish linguistic thought. It is a required point of reference for all grammarians and has decisively influenced the evolution of grammatical thought. Therefore, the continuing importance of theoretical contributions of Academic bodies is stressed precisely at the present historical moment, in which the most significant progress in linguistic theory may accrue from the process of permanent critical revision of the past. The Grammatical doctrine of 1854 has been chosen as the object of this study for two reasons, both of which derive from the fact that this doctrine constitutes a modification of that of 1771. On the one hand, two periods in the history of linguistics (the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th) can be compared. On the other hand, we may discover to what extent theoretical and practical aspects concur in the two texts. This factor is of great importance since the instrumental nature of all grammar depends on the adaptation of these two aspects. An attempt is made to illustrate both publications by locating historical-cultural points of reference of the period in order to arrive at an objective evaluation of the significance of this doctrine. However, to attain such a goal, the work is analyzed in terms of the work’s original setting, its nature and its aims. The formal structure of the grammar is analyzed and the contents corresponding to the theory are carefully examined. We may deduce from this study that the doctrine of 1854 may be considered ‘traditional grammar’, due to the normativism and logical-grammatical parallelism which underlie its contents as well as the rational method advocated as the criterion which determines the majority of the definitions. For these reasons, the doctrine of 1854 is far removed from the earlier theoretical position stated in the 1771 grammar; it can be inscribed in the category of philosophical grammars of the 19th century. Furthermore, it is argued that the complete edifice of current Spanish grammar is built upon these foundations. Then, the present state of grammar cannot be understood by a simple face-lifting. The grammatical mould is made of many centuries of reflection on the same subjects. To ignore it would be foolhardy. Therefore it is argued that we must return to the foundations where we will find the indelible data which will assist us in interpreting the ever ephemeral present on which future grammars will inevitably be erected, erected.
The prospects of a sapir renaissance in linguistics
Authors: Malkiel Yakov 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This brief presentation reconstructed on the basis of a tape recording a quarter-century after the date of its original delivery is hardly more than an informal causerie, which the speaker never expected to see in print some day. However, it represents an interesting document in the history of American linguistics in that it mirrors the mood of the late 1950s, a decade marked by first attempts to revive interest in certain characteristic aspects of Sapir’s oeuvre. In addition, it exemplifies the particular appeal of Sapir’s thinking and style of scientific argumentation to younger intellectuals born, raised, and educated in Europe, whose careers later unfolded on New World campuses.
John Palsgrave’s ‘Lesclaircissement De La Langue Francoyse’ (1530)
Authors: Kibbee Douglas A. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
John Palsgrave, an Englishman, wrote the first detailed grammar of the French language, Lesclaircissement de la langue francoyse (1530). This work is remarkable not only for its length but also for its quality. Palsgrave wrote a pedagogical text for his English readers, using a system which leads the learner from the development of passive skills (interpretation, both oral andintellectual, of written texts) to the development of active skills (expressing oneself in the target language). At the same time, he responded to the French Humanist desire to bring the vernacular languages under the control of ‘rules certayne’.
In its grammatical method, Lesclaircissement exemplifies a stage in the development of Humanist grammar, as the Renaissance grammarians moved from a method based on forms to a more abstract representation of linguistic facts. As such, Palsgrave’s work stands half-way between the early Renaissance calques upon Donatus and the later excursions into logical grammar. In phonetics, Palsgrave’s attention to detail leads him to a clear recognition of the importance of nasal vowels in French (even if his articulatory description of the nasal vowels leaves something to be desired). In phonology, he aspires to a greater level of abstraction through his attempts to link liaison and elision phenomena to French phonotactics. In morpho-syntax, he uses the notion of perfection in language to provide an underlying structure in which the syntactic and the logical structure are explicit. He then explains how the languages in question ‘circumlocute’ to express the underlying structures. In this way, he prefigures the work of Meigret in French grammar. For all of his accomplishments, however, Palsgrave’s work had little influence on his successors. It had only one printing of 750 copies, and Palsgrave himself restricted the sales. Still, the work deserves our attention because of its wealth of detail and because of the method it uses.
Theories du langage et theories du pouvoir en France, 1800-1848
Authors: Formigari Lia 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
La manière dont les différentes coteries philosophiques en France abordent l’héritage de la linguistique des Lumières, la manière dont elles se confrontent sur ce terrain, trahissent leurs attitudes respectives face aux problèmes moraux et politiques qui accompagnent la formation de l’Etat bourgeois entre 1800 et 1848. Les auteurs de ces débats sont, d’une part, les ‘théistes’ (Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise de Bonald, Joseph de Maistre, Félicité Robert Lamennais), qui réfutent le matérialisme des ‘athées’ (’l’école de Locke’: notamment Condillac et les Idéologues), et développent une théorie du langage conforme à leur propre projet de restauration des valeurs et des pouvoirs d’ancien régime; d’autre part, les médiateurs (Victor Cousin, Jean-Philibert Damiron), qui visent à réaliser en philosophie aussi bien qu’en politique un grand compromis éclectique conforme a la ‘générale modération’ souhaitée par la classe sociale qui sera la protagoniste de la Révolution de Juillet. Des produits de cette philosophie médiatrice en linguistique sont encore l’essai de Pierre-Simon Ballanche sur les institutions sociales (1818), où il développe une théorie de la Parole qui suppose la nécessité historique de l’hégémonie bourgeoise, et celui d’Ernest Renan sur l’origine du langage (1848), où le spiritualisme français et la philologie d’école allemande se confirment réciproquement.