bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absorption and Content of Water in Eggs of Ctenicera destructor (Brown), Ctenicera aeripennis (Kirby) and Hypolithus bicolor Eschscholtz (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Doane J. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEggs of Ctenicera destructor (Brown), Ctenicera aeripennis (Kirby) and bisexual and parthenogenetic strains of Hypolithus bicolor Eschscholtz must absorb water to complete embryonic development.In eggs of C. destructor incubated at 24.4 ± 0.5 °C. in sifted soil containing 15% water (wet weight basis), water absorption started during the second day of development and ended within 24 hours. The mean wet weight increased from 26.6 ± 0.2 (standard deviation) μg. to 39.2 ± 0.6 μg. by the third day. During this period the water content increased from 42% to 64%. After the third day, the mean wet weight remained constant but a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the mean water content and a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the mean dry weight occurred.The progress of water absorption in eggs of C. aeripennis and the two strains of H. bicolor was similar to that in C. destructor. Differences from C. destructor were apparent, however, in the sizes of the eggs, in the initial and final amounts of dry matter and in the water contents.Water absorption by eggs of C. destructor started after one day of incubation at 25 ± 0.5 °C., after 1 to 2 days at 20°, and after 4 days at 15°. The rate of absorption appeared to be slightly more rapid at higher temperatures within the range of 15–25 °C.
Studies on the Behavior and Development of Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott), a Predator of the Western Pine Beetle
Authors: Berryman Alan A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObservations on the life cycle and habits of Enoclerus lecontei were made in the laboratory and field. The eggs passed through distinctive color changes during their development; these color changes were used to determine their age. The three larval instars were separated on the basis of head capsule width. Larval size varied according to the amount of food consumed. All larvae were orange-red in color, except the third instar which altered to purple 4 to 6 days after moulting. The duration of the respective stadia were first, 8 to 15 days; second, 5 to 8 days; third, 19 to 35 days. At least one mature prey-larva was necessary for development in each instar but up to seven were consumed. The third instar fed for only 4 to 11 days, the remaining time was spent in a highly mobile, non-feeding stage. The pupal stage lasted 9 to 11 days. Adults lived 36 to 114 days and consumed from 44 to 158 bark beetle adults. The sex ratio was 1:1. The mating habits, oviposition behavior and feeding behavior are described.
The Reproductive Capacity of the Larch Sawfly and Some Factors of Concern in its Measurement
Authors: Heron R. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOvarian development and egg production in the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig), were studied in the development of a method for measuring reproductive capacity for population studies. Most of the oöcytes are mature at the time of adult emergence but some mature in the following few days. Quantitative differences in foliage consumption during the larval stages have an appreciable effect on egg production but normal environmental temperature differences and exposure to flooding during the spring development period influence ovarian development only to a limited extent.Reproductive capacity can be determined by oöcyte counts of dissected adults of uniform age. The sample size necessary for estimates of various degrees of precision was calculated.Several size measurements have a significant correlation with the numbers of oöcytes produced. The regression of numbers of oöcytes on adult weight is of limited usefulness in the estimation of reproductive capacity. This is largely due to the individual variability in the extent to which fat body tissue is utilized in ovarian development particularly in the case of the larger adults.
The Present Status of the Introduced Skipper, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), in North America and Possible Methods of Control
Authors: Arthur A. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe known distribution of Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) now includes large areas in Ontario. Spot infestations are recorded from such widely separated areas as Lanoraie and Montreal, Quebec; Ottawa, Sault Ste. Marie, and Fort William, Ontario; and Terrace, British Columbia.Infestations of T. lineola can be reduced by cutting infested areas during June, before adults emerge, or by spraying with Thuricide 90T at the rate of 2 pints per acre. The biology of the European parasite Stenichneumon scutellator Grav. is being studied prior to possible release.
A Phylogenetic Outline of the Caddisfly Genus Mystacides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae)
Authors: Yamamoto Toshio , Ross Herbert H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBased on evidence from the structure of the male genitalia, the caddisfly genus Mystacides Berthold has evolved into four distinctive monophyletic clusters of species, the primitive longicornis group and the more specialized indica, azurea, and sepulchralis groups. When geographic range is plotted against phylogeny, the genus appears to have originated and proliferated chiefly in Eurasia, but with two fairly recent dispersals into North America. M. sandersoni (Malaya) and elongata (China) are described as new, and M. interjecta Banks is resurrected for previous records of American longicornis auct. nec. Linnaeus. M. longicornis (L.) is entirely palearctic. M. sibiricus Martynov is a new synonym of interjecta (Banks).
pH Changes in Various Housefly Media
Authors: Takahashi Fumiki , Pimentel David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe pH changes occurring in different rearing media, both with and without housefly larvae (Musca domesticaL.), were evaluated. In standard medium which consisted of non-fat milk, brewer's yeast, liver, agar, and water, the pH surrounding the eggs and first-stage larvae was about 5.6. As the larvae grew and agitated the medium, at 5 mm. depth the pH increased and by 72 hours read about 7.5. This 7.5 was significantly higher than the pH 5.0 recorded at the same depth and time in the standard medium without larvae.
New Species and Keys to the Species of Ablautus Loew and Omniablautus Pritchard (Diptera: Asilidae)
Authors: Wilcox J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNew species of Ablautus Loew described are arnaudi from Baja California and California, basini from California and Nevada, colei from Washington and Oregon, and coachellus, linsleyi and schlingeri from California; females of californicus and vanduzeei are described; and a key to the species is given. New species of Omniablautus Pritchard described are nigripes and tolandi from California; Ablautus rubens Coquillet and A. nigronotum Wilcox are transferred to Omniablautus; and a key to the species is given.
Life History and Habits of the Green Spruce Leaf Miner, Epinotia nanana (Treitschke) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Daviault L. , Ducharme R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEpinotia nanana (Tr.) has become increasingly important in recent years in Quebec as it has caused severe defoliation of ornamental spruce trees in the Berthierville area, Quebec. The insect has a one-year life cycle and overwinters in the larval stage, mainly in the fifth instar, in a mined needle. Damage is most noticeable in the spring. Fairly heavy mortality, probably due to unfavourable climatic conditions, occurs among overwintering larvae. The amount of control exerted by parasites is always low.
Sequential Sampling for the Imported Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.)
Authors: Harcourt D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSequential sampling, in which decisions depend upon the accumulated results of a series of observations, leads to considerable saving of time and money. A sequential plan, based on the negative binomial distribution and providing for population estimates in three infestation categories, was drawn up for use in control of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), on cabbage. An appraisal of the plan under field conditions showed that it reduced the sampling time by 75% while rating the infestation correctly in 94 of 100 cases. With the six discrepancies, population means lay between the limits set for the infestation categories.
Systematics of Fossil Aphids From Canadian Amber (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFive Cretaceous fossil aphids from Canadian amber are described. All are new species and none is referable to an extant genus. The names assigned to these are as follows: Palaeoaphis archimedia, Ambaraphis costalis, Alloambria caudata, Pseudambria longirostris and Aniferella bostoni. Two new subfamilies have been proposed for four of them and the fifth has been placed in the Neophyllaphidinae, which was previously considered a tribe in the Callaphidinae. One new subfamily, the Palaeoaphidinae, is exceptionally primitive and the two included species, P. archimedia and A. costalis, have more antennal segments and a more primitive wing venation than any known aphid. The cubitus vein in these species is more like that of the Psyllidae and of the extinct Permian Archescytinidae than that of existing Aphidoidea. The venation of the other new subfamily, the Canadaphidinae, shares some similarities with the unipterine aphids that occur on the Combretaceae in Africa.The main features of the evolution of the aphid wing are discussed as an aid in placing the fossils with respect to current concepts of aphid classification.
Effects of Water Levels on the Overwintering Survival and Emergence of the Larch Sawfly in a Bog Habitat
Authors: Ives W. G. H. , Nairn L. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effects of fluctuating water tables on the survival of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), were studied by burying cocoons at different depths in a tamarack bog. Most larvae in cocoons flooded during August or September died before winter. The percentage of overwintering survival of unflooded cocoons remained constant from late fall until development began in the spring. The higher the cocoons were above the maximum water table during August and September, the greater was the percentage of overwintering survival and subsequent adult emergence.
Some Effects of Rearing Density on the Biology of the Elm Spanworm
Authors: Drooz A. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe elm spanworm, Ennomos subsignarius (Hübner), a defoliator of oaks and hickories in the Southern Appalachians, was reared under three population densities — one, two, and four larvae per cage. The size of the group influenced to a degree the time spent in the larval stage, but was even more significantly related to the duration of the hatch to adult period. Although male pupal weight was not related to group size, female weight and fecundity were. Females reared singly had significantly greater pupal weight and fecundity than those reared in groups.
A Review of Plocamaphis Oestlund With Descriptions of Three New Species (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPlocamaphis Oestlund is composed of aphids chat live mostly on the roots and underground portions of the stems of species of Salix L. and of Populus L. The group is mainly Nearctic where seven of the eight known species occur. Three of the Nearctic species, bradleyi, bulbosa and ontarioensis, are described as new. P. amerinae (Hartig) is the only Palaearctic species known. P. flocculosa (Weed) is known to occur in Europe and North America and is probably Holarctic, although records from Siberia are lacking.
Some Scolytidae From the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico
Authors: Thomas J. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA survey of the insect fauna in a part of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico was made in 1964 by a party of nine entomologists from the Canada Departments of Agriculture and Forestry. Approximately 50 species of Scolytidae in 20 genera were collected on this expedition and are listed with host relationships and distribution where possible. A brief discussion of the known biology of one of the major economic bark beetles, a species of Dendroctonus, is given. The local weather conditions and the forest composition are discussed generally for the benefit of future collectors in this area.
A New Species of Myzocallis Passerini, With a Key to the North American Species (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMyzocallis (Agrioaphis) agrifolicola new species is described from specimens collected on Quercus agrifolia Nee in California. To aid in its recognition a key to the known North American species is given. The key includes Myzocallis (Myzocallis) carpini (Koch), which is a European species previously unknown in North America.
Population Ecology of Insect Invaders of the Maritime Provinces
Authors: Pimentel David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFrom a study of the ecology of the insect invasions occurring in the Maritime Provinces the following generalizations are made: (1) The Maritimes have served as a focal point of many invasions because they have several international ports that are surrounded by diverse human modified environments. (2) Plant and animal communities of the Maritimes are relatively simple, which makes invasions easier and more successful. (3) The lack of evolved homeostasis between the invader and its adopted community may have been one of the prime reasons for outbreaks in the species populations newly introduced. (4) Both native and introduced parasites and predators have provided effective control of introduced pests.
ESTIMATION OF DENDROCTONUS BREVICOMIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) MORTALITY CAUSED BY INSECT PREDATORS
Authors: Berryman Alan A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaboratory and field experiments were designed to determine the effect of insect predators on the immature broods of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte. The results indicate that predation is dependent on the predator density and the time predator and prey are exposed together. Prey density was generally very high and had little effect on the rate of predation. The corroboration of laboratory and field experiments give confidence to the conclusion that the constant predation rate (0.261 prey per predator per day) can be used to estimate western pine beetle mortality from predation, provided temperatures remain within the 60° to 70°F range.
THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE ET APHELINIDAE) OF THE PEA APHID IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Mackauer Manfred , Finlayson Thelma 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe adults, mummies, and final-instar larvae of the eight hymenopterous parasites of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris), in Eastern Canada are described and illustrated. The history, synonymy, and biology of each species, and the problems of species differentiation in two of the genera,AphidiusandPraon, are discussed. Keys are given to separate the adults, mummies, and cast skins of the last larval instar.
The Mexican Forms ofCoccinella(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Brown W. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOf the 15 Mexican forms included inCoccinellaL. by recent authors, nine do not belong to that genus, and the records of four others may be erroneous. A key to six forms that may or do occur in Mexico is given. The two forms that surely occur there,nugatoriaMulsant 1850 andsonoricaCasey 1908, are considered only subspecifically distinct from one another. No new names are proposed.
NUTRITIONAL PEST CONTROL: THE “SELF-PROTECTION” OF FOODSTUFFS AGAINSTTRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM(COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE) OFTEN PRESUMABLY THROUGH NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
Authors: House H. L. , Graham A. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn feeding tests with 20 different dry foodstuffs, some, usually those of high carbohydrate content, permittedTribolium confusumjacquelin du Val to survive and develop reasonably well. Differences between the sugar content of Sugar Pops and Corn Flakes were probably the reason for better growth on the former than on the latter. Moreover, raisins and bran, i.e. Raisin Bran, was a better food than Bran Flakes. The hygroscopic properties of dehydrated peaches and of pineapple juice soon rendered them unfit as food forT.confusum. It is apparent that though some modern dry foodstuffs that lend themselves well as stored products may be highly susceptible to insect attack, others seem to be “self-protected” from serious insect infestation. This suggests that stored food products might be packaged and handled selectively according to their susceptibility rating and so result in obvious economies in their handling.
THE NEMATINE GENERA EITELIUS AND MICRONEMATUS IN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Wong Horne R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe species described as Pachynematus gregarius Marlatt is removed from the genus Micronematus and placed in the genus Eitelius. A key to the males and females of the two known species of Eitelius, and illustrations, are provided.
PARASITES OF THE RED-PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION NANULUS NANULUS (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE), IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Underwood G. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEggs, larvae, and cocoons of Neodiprion nanulus nanulus Schedl, from an isolated infestation in a small plantation of red pine, Pinus resinosa Aiton, near Fredericton, N.B., were reared for parasites. Nine species of ichneumonids were obtained, eight of which are first records from this host in the Maritime Provinces.
THE EMBRYONAL AND NYMPHAL CERVICOTHORACIC MUSCULATURE OF THE AMERICAN COCKROACH, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA (BLATTARIA: BLATTIDAE)
Authors: Storch R. H. , Chadwick L. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA series of 15 embryonic stages of Periplaneta americana Linnaeus is defined on the basis of external morphological characters. These stages permit the study of internal development of embryos whose chronological age is unknown or from embryos incubated at different or varying temperatures. The stages, while extremely useful, are entirely arbitrary divisions of a continuous developmental process and a larger or smaller number of them could have been designated.The cervical and thoracic musculature of the first-stage nymph is described for the first time, and its genesis is followed in the embryo. The embryonic and nymphal muscles are compared with those that have been reported for the adult.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE HAEMOCYTES OF THE GIANT COCKROACH, BLABERUS GIGANTEUS, WITH HISTOCHEMICAL TESTS
Authors: Arnold J. W. , Salkeld E. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe morphology of haemocytes of Blaberus giganteus (L.) was studied in vivo in adult insects, and in stained films of blood from all stages. The study included the measurement of cells and the application of several histochemical tests. It was concluded that four categories of haemocytes exist, prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular haemocytes, and spherule cells, and that the last two categories are closely related, both having the capacity to concentrate neutral mucopolysaccharides in their cytoplasm. Criteria for separating the categories are given.
SILKING BEHAVIOR OF THE GYPSY MOTH, PORTHETRIA DISPAR
Authors: Leonard David E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAfter feeding, gypsy moth larvae construct a silk mat (resting mat) on which they remain. Prior to molting, this mat is reinforced, or a new, dense mat is constructed (molting mat). Late in the last larval instar, a sparse cocoon is constructed. When larvae are starved, a shift in behavior is noted, with increased locomotion, irritability, and the trailing of a strand of silk as larvae wander. First-instar larvae, quiescent and anchored on resting mats, are not readily induced to spin down on silk threads; hence are not readily dispersed by wind. Hungry first-instar larvae, more apt to be spinning down, are presumed to be more readily dispersed by wind. Larvae which undergo an additional instar have a longer prefeeding phase and might be more readily dispersed than "normal' larvae. The effects of hunger may also cause the shift in diel periodicity of mid- and late-instar larvae, resulting in some dispersal of these larvae away from areas where food will be depleted.
THE INFLUENCE OF THREE INSECTICIDES ON PREDATION OF THE PEAR PSYLLA, PSYLLA PYRICOLA
Authors: McMullen R. D. , Jong C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effects of sprays of DDT, azinphos-methyl, and Ryania applied to a pear orchard on population densities of insect predators of Psylla pyricola Förster were assessed. The P. pyricola in the orchard were naturally tolerant to DDT and Ryania and highly resistant to azinphos-methyl. DDT eliminated or severely reduced numbers of Deraeocoris brevis piceatus Knight, D. fasciolus Knight, Diaphnocoris provancheri (Burque), and Campylomma verbasci (Meyer). Chrysopa carnea Stephens and C. oculata Say were moderately reduced. Anthocoris antevolens (White) and A. melanocerus Reuter were highly tolerant to DDT. Azinphos-methyl severely reduced numbers of A. antevolens, A. melanocerus, C. verbasci, and D. provancheri. C. carnea and C. oculata were moderately reduced. D. brevis piceatus and D. fasciolus were tolerant to azinphos-methyl. Ryania severely reduced numbers of A. antevolens, A. melanocerus, and C. verbasci; moderately reduced D. provancheri; and did not affect D. brevis piceatus, D. fasciolus, C. carnea, or C. oculata.In the DDT-treated plots the relative densities of Anthocoris spp. approximately doubled compared with the untreated plots. This was probably due to removal of competition for food by other predator species. Large increases ill the relative densities of Deraeocoris spp. were also observed in the Ryania treatments, probably for similar reasons. Significant increases in the P. pyricola populations in response to removal of predation pressure by the insecticide treatments occurred in the DDT and azinphos-methyl plots bur not in the Ryania plots.
A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE IN TENEBRIO MOLITOR (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractVentral nerve cord severence in newly emerged females of Tenebrio molitor L. resulted in a rate of oocyte production significantly higher than in normal, mated females and much higher than in intact virgins. This suggests that some nervous, inhibitory factor normally controls oocyte production. Mating partially suppresses this inhibitory mechanism, but the higher rate of oocyte production in females with severed nerve cords indicates that the inhibitory mechanism is exercising some control over oocyte production at all times. A sequence of events in the control of oocyte production in Tenebrio is proposed.
THE ROLE OF NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN FOOD SELECTION AND PREFERENCE AS RELATED TO LARVAL NUTRITION OF AN INSECT, PSEUDOSARCOPHAGA AFFINIS (DIPTERA, SARCOPHAGIDAE), ON SYNTHETIC DIETS
Authors: House H. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarvae of Pseudosarcophaga affinis auct. nec Fallén readily discriminated between synthetic diets satisfactory for growth and those that had nutritionally important faults. The faults were lack of an essential amino acid, unsatisfactory ratios of essential and nonessential amino acids, and unsatisfactory proportions of the best amino acid mixture relative to glucose levels. Some of these were made to resemble the proportions of amino acids and glucose found by other workers in tissues of aphid-resistant and -susceptible varieties of peas. All the experiments showed that the diets chosen by larvae were those on which they grew and developed best. That larvae can relate the chemical composition of the selected foodstuff with their nutritional requirements may cast some light on varietal resistance of plants or other foodstuff to insects.