bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Stroke Patients With Intracerebral Hemorrhage Have a Better Functional Outcome Than Patients With Cerebral Infarction?
Authors: Katrak Pesi H. , Black Deborah , Peeva Victoria 
Published: May 2009

ObjectiveTo compare the functional outcome of stroke patients with cerebral infarction (CI) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) after rehabilitation.DesignReview of a prospectively maintained database of all stroke patients admitted to a rehabilitation unit during a 9.5‐year period.SettingRehabilitation unit in a university hospital in Australia.PatientsA total of 718 consecutive stroke admissions (589 CI and 129 ICH) who met the inclusion criteria.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasurementsFunctional Independence Measure (FIM) gain, FIM efficiency, Motor Assessment Scale (MAS) change, gait velocity, and discharge destination.ResultsPatients who had ICH were more severely disabled on admission compared with patients who had CI and achieved a greater functional improvement with rehabilitation, ie, a greater FIM efficiency and a greater MAS change. Admission FIM score, admission MAS score, and length of stay were significant explanatory variables for the discharge FIM and FIM gain in both ICH and CI patients. On general linear model analyses, stroke type remained a significant explanatory factor for FIM gain, after adjusting for admission FIM, length of stay, age, and days from stroke onset to rehabilitation admission, ie, stroke patients with ICH obtained a better functional outcome than patients with CI. Admission motor FIM, admission MAS, younger age, and increasing length of stay were independent predictors for FIM gain and discharge FIM for both CI and ICH groups. Admission cognitive FIM score predicted discharge FIM for both the CI and ICH groups and FIM gain in the ICH group but was not a predictor of FIM gain for the CI group. The majority of patients in both groups went home at discharge.ConclusionsAlthough patients with ICH had a greater level of disability on admission to rehabilitation, they achieved significantly greater gains in function than patients with CI after rehabilitation. This was found regardless of the severity of disability on admission.
The Histamine-Sensitizing Property ofHaemophilus Pertussis
Authors: Maitland H. B. , Kohn R. , MacDonald A. D. 
Published: May 2009

Summary and ConclusionsMice and rats which are normally resistant to histamine become more susceptible to its lethal action after an injection ofH. pertussis. This so-called sensitization to histamine is not an anaphylactic phenomenon. It is due to the action of a component ofH. pertussis, the histamine-sensitizing factor (HSF), which in some unknown way overcomes the physiological mechanism in rats and mice that makes them more resistant than other species to histamine. Guinea-pigs which appear not to possess this mechanism and are about 200-fold more susceptible, weight for weight, than rats and mice, were not made more sensitive byH. pertussis.After a stated dose of vaccine, sensitization was detectable in 48 hr., reached a maximum in 3–4 days, remained at this level for about 2 weeks and gradually disappeared. The effects of dosage, route of injection, and weight and sex of mice have been examined.The HSF was found in strains ofH. pertussis; it was not found inH. parapertussis, H. bronchisepticusorH. influenzae. It was only slightly affected by heating at 70° C. for 1 hr. but was destroyed at 80° C. in ½ hr. It was destroyed when bacteria were disintegrated by shaking with glass beads, or by grinding after being freeze-dried. It was found in the supernatant fluid of a partially autolysed vaccine.HSF was antigenic. Antisera were prepared in rabbits. Anti-HSF combined with HSF and neutralized its histamine-sensitizing activity. Bacteria treated with antiserumin vitroabsorbed anti-HSF and did not thereafter sensitize mice.Antiserum protected mice passively against the sensitizing action of vaccine, presumably by combining with HSF. After sensitization had developed the sensitive state was not affected by antiserum.Although HSF is an antigen there was no indication that histamine-sensitization was due to its antigenicity.The HSF was differentiated from heat-labile and heat-stable toxin, haemagglutinin, capsular material and agglutinogen.The preparation V 17, which is a small fraction of the disintegrated bacteria, adsorbed on red cell stromata (Pillemeret al.1954) had a high histamine-sensitizing value. Compared with whole bacterial vaccine it caused little production of agglutinin in mice; in rabbits it caused a slower and smaller production of agglutinin and a faster and greater production of anti-HSF. For this reason immune rabbit sera may have a high agglutinin titre and a low anti-HSF value or vice versa. Anti-HSF rabbit serum protected mice against sensitization by V 17.Vaccines could be graded according to their histamine-sensitizing activity. This did not always correspond to their grading by agglutinin production in mice. The relation of HSF to the immunizing antigen ofH. pertussisand the use of histamine-sensitization to indicate the immunizing potency of pertussis vaccines are discussed.We wish to thank Glaxo Laboratories Ltd. for the supply of reference vaccine, and the Whooping Cough Immunization Committee of the Medical Research Council for vaccines and sera.
The Experimental Pathogenicity in Mice of Strains ofProteusof Animal Origin
Authors: Phillips J. E. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. Strains ofProteusderived from animals produced septicaemia in mice when given in large doses intravenously, but smaller doses caused necrotic lesions in the kidneys. The organisms failed to produce kidney lesions when administered intra-peritoneally or subcutaneously but did cause septicaemia.2. Killed suspensions ofProteusfailed to induce kidney lesions.3. Strain differences in pathogenicity were found, some strains producing naked-eye lesions in the kidney, others giving microscopic changes only in this organ; of those strains which caused no changes in the kidney tissue, some persisted for several days and others were eliminated rapidly.4. The mechanism of this localization in the kidney is discussed.The writer wishes to thank Dr A. Wilson Taylor and Prof. R. Lovell for their advice and helpful suggestions and Mr R. Hood for the photographs.
A Study ofCandida AlbicansAgglutinins in Human Sera
Authors: Winner H. I. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySera of 2017 subjects were tested by the slide-agglutination method for the presence of agglutinins toCandida albicans. 638 (31·6%) were positive, and more females than males had positive sera.The results are reported of quantitative agglutinin estimations in 501 subjects, 121 of whom were known to be infected withC. albicans.The significance ofC. albicansagglutinins is discussed.
Bile Salt Media and their advantages in some Bacteriological Examinations
Authors: MacConkey Alfred T. 
Published: May 2009

Bile salt media have been in use since 1900, and during the seven years which have elapsed it has been shown that B. typhosus, B. enteritidis (Gaertner), B. coli communis and similar organisms grow on these media just as well as on any other nutrient media. At 37°C. the growth of most of the organisms of the air and soil is inhibited by bile salt media.These media can therefore be used with confidence for the isolation of B. typhosus and other intestinal organisms.
Observations on East African Bacillary Dysentery
Authors: Pirie J. H. Harvey 
Published: May 2009

Fifty-six cases examined for Dysentery bacilli. All save one were clinically dysentery, and all save two were negative for amoebae and other protozoa.Twenty cases (35·7%) yielded dysentery-like bacilli.From these twenty cases thirty-six organisms were isolated and studied. Of these—Six corresponded with no familiar pathogenic organism.Six resembled B. Shiga. Two agreed completely both by fermentation and agglutination. One also gave typical fermentation and agglutination results but was at first a motile organism, although in later generations it became non-motile. The other three are less definitely Shiga bacilli.Five were mannite-fermenting organisms but only one agreed very closely in its fermentation reactions with B. Flexner and it was not agglutinated by Flexner serum.Sixteen cultures from ten separate cases corresponded closely with Morgan's bacillus.Eight of these agreed completely in their characters with Morgan's No. 1 bacillus.Three differed only from Morgan's No. 1 in being non-motile.Five presented characters intermediate between those of Morgan's No. 1 and Bowman's “Bac. S.”Of six cases yielding Morgan's bacillus, agglutination with the patient's own serum was positive in five.Three cultures showed affinities with the Bac. enteritidis.Polyvalent anti-dysenteric serum treatment tried on a considerable number of cases was a complete failure.
On Factors Limiting the Extent of the Concentration of Antitoxic Sera by the Fractional Precipitation Methods at present employed
Authors: Homer Annie 
Published: May 2009

The following conclusions of practical value to those engaged in serum concentration can be drawn from the experimental work described above:(1) An end product containing not more than 20% of protein and having a potency of 8 or 10 times that of the original can be obtained as a matter of routine where the pooled antidiphtheritic sera has a unitage not greater than 500, and where the heat denaturation is of the order of 40%.(2) By the fractional precipitation methods at present employed for the concentration of antitoxic sera for therapeutic use the degree of concentration of high potency sera cannot be taken beyond the limit of about 22,500 units of antitoxin per gramme of protein in the end product.
The Bacterial Content of the Air in Army Sleeping Huts, with especial reference to the Meningococcus
Authors: Eagleton A. J. 
Published: May 2009

Experiments I–VIII.I shows that under the conditions shown the plates were covered with innumerable colonies 7 feet above ground level to ground level. The beds and trestles were used to keep the hut always uniform.II shows that 8 feet above ground, i.e. on top of the crossbeams, the same conditions obtain.III, IV, V, and VI show that the same condition exists in the area between the beds or trestles. The beds make no difference, better or worse.VII shows practically the same condition high up on the beam between the beds. The inverted plates naturally show less colonies, as the organisms mostly fall on to the plates.VIII confirms the above.There is only one conclusion to draw from these experiments, and that is that practically speaking there is no difference in the number of organisms on the ground floor and 8 feet above it, in the ordinary men’s sleeping huts, Barrack Design 230/14.
The Diets of Labouring Class Families during the course of the War
Authors: Ferguson Margaret 
Published: May 2009

1. Throughout the war the food value of the dietaries investigated with one exception showed great constancy, temporary shortage of certain commodities being compensated for by the greater use of others, especially of flour.2. The food consumed was determined much more by the income and dietary habits of the families than by the restrictions imposed by rationing. The marked variations in the energy value of one dietary from time to time (normally a generous one) were directly caused by changes of income.3. The children of three families were markedly below the average in height and weight. As the energy available in the food of these families only averaged 40 per cent. above their basal requirements calculated according to age and body surface, it seems probable that the interruption of growth had been caused by an insufficient supply of food.4. A fourth family had at two periods of study an equally low intake of energy, but during the other two studies had at least 100 per cent. above the basal energy requirements. As the children were normal in development, growth was apparently unchecked by the temporary periods of food shortage.
The Small-flaking or “O” Agglutination of Permanent Standardised “O” Suspensions ofB. typhosusby the Serums of Normal, Inoculated and Infected Persons
Authors: Gardner A. D. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The concentration of small-clumping (O) typhoid agglutinin in the serums of a group of recently inoculated persons was found to be, on an average, distinctly higher than that of a group of uninoculated persons.Additional proof that this is the result of the inoculation is given by tracing the curve of production of “O” agglutinin in a healthy adult immediately after inoculation.(2) The serums of healthy persons show a moderate but extremely variable power of clumping typhoid “O” suspensions. Expressed as a titre, the normal limit varies between 1 in 50 and 1 in 200, according to the sensitiveness of the suspension used. Expressed in standard units of “O” agglutinating power the normal limit is 10 standard “O” units.(3) Methods of preparation of permanent suspensions for the estimation of “O” agglutinin are discussed and Felix's recommendation of the alcohol method is confirmed. The agglutinability standardisation of suspensions of this kind is described.(4) Broth suspensions treated with 0·1 per cent, formalin, such as are used for the ordinary Widal reaction, are shown to be capable of detecting “O” agglutinin, but to be less suitable for its estimation than alcohol suspensions.(5) The place of small-clumping “O” agglutination in the diagnosis of typhoid fever is discussed, and a method of performing the combined “H” and “O” test in inoculated persons is suggested, wherein a compromise is effected between the customary quantitative measurement and Felix's qualitative “one-dilution” method.
Investigations on Sterilisation by Steam: A New Principle for the Sterilisation by Vaporable Disinfectants
Authors: Clemmesen Svend 
Published: May 2009

(1) A modern pressure steam steriliser is thoroughly tested systematically.(2) The experiences gained by the different methods employed are compared.(3) It is shown that if steam is forced through the objects to be sterilised, the penetration through and the heating of the materials are practically effected in the time it takes to fill the oven. A bucket containing four surgeons' smocks and placed in accordance with the new principle, is thus heated in 5 minutes from 24° C. to 126° C. in all layers, by steam at 134° C. (2 atm. pressure). The same bucket placed in current steam at 134° C. with space for the steam to stream round about the bucket, as in ordinary sterilisers, is to be steamed for 40 minutes to get the thermometers in the contents to register over 125° C. In the first case, the samples of earth used are sterile after 5 minutes, in the second, after 30 minutes.(4) In a series of orientating and purely provisional experiments, it is also proved that a smock bucket can be sterilised throughout at a low temperature, by formaldehyde-aqueous vapours, when these are sucked through the smocks, in accordance with the new principle.
Virulence, Immunity and Bacteriological Variation in Relation to Plague
Authors: Burgess A. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. African pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) are very suitable animals for plague experiments on account of their tolerance of captivity and their extreme susceptibility. After inoculation with small doses of plague culture of ordinary virulence they always die.2. Broth-grown vaccine was much more efficient as a prophylactic than agar-grown vaccine. When two doses were given a survival rate of 56 per cent, was obtained with the former and 25 per cent, with the latter.3. A vaccine composed of carbolised spleen pulp from animals, which had died of acute plague, was rather more efficient than broth vaccine, giving a survival rate of 75 per cent. But it is not likely to be of practical value, as preparation is difficult, there are undesirable local effects and its superiority over broth vaccine is not very great. Its efficiency is attributed to the fact that the organisms which it contains are a true “body strain.” The method of preparation is similar to that of Hindle's yellow fever prophylactic.4. A number of experiments are described in which virulence was abolished or reduced by passage through immune or partially immune rats. This occurred only when the passage animal showed a considerable degree of immunity, as indicated by the length of the survival period after the test infection. Cultures made from the abscess at the site of infection were less often attenuated than those from the liver of an immunised animal, but this was observed only in the case of large well-defined abscesses. It is suggested that a firm abscess wall protects organisms inside it against the action of antibodies appearing in the general circulation.A culture attenuated by passage through an immunised rat was restored to normal virulence by successive passages through normal rats, but the process was slower than in the case of cultures attenuated by long cultivation, five passages being required in the former case and only one in the latter.5. Cultures used in the later work, unlike those used in the earlier work, lost virulence rapidly when kept at room temperature. Experiments and observations are described which suggest that old strains, even when subjected to rat passage, are less stable as regards virulence than those recently isolated from human epidemic cases, and that the high temperature of the Gold Coast has an adverse effect upon virulence.6. Attempts to isolate stable variants of B. pestis were not successful. Colonies vary much in form. Three types of colony are mentioned, but all intermediate grades were observed. Certain old avirulent strains had a greater tendency to produce large irregular colonies than recent strains, but the relation was so loose that the form of colony gave little indication of the degree of virulence. In old avirulent strains the bacilli tend to become longer and filaments of great length may be present. Salt stability tends to become less as a strain grows old and avirulent, but the change is not very marked and is apt to be masked by individual fluctuations.
Döderlein's Vaginal Bacillus: A Contribution to the Study of the Lacto-Bacilli
Authors: Cruickshank Robert 
Published: May 2009

It is concluded from a study of the morphological and cultural characters of 60 strains of Döderlein's vaginal bacillus that the organism belongs to the lacto-bacillus group of bacteria.Primary culture of Döderlein's bacillus may be readily obtained on lactose blood agar incubated aerobically provided the vaginal flora is of “Grade A” type, but its subsequent propagation on artificial culture media is less likely to be successful.Three morphological types of Döderlein's bacillus are recognised. Cultural and fermentative tests show that these types are all biologically similar.There is no serological homogeneity among the strains of Döderlein's bacillus, although there was some evidence of a serological relationship among the members of the commonest morphological type. The same serological type tends to persist in the vagina throughout pregnancy. Döderlein's bacillus and lacto-bacilli derived from other sources are not serologically identical.
Specific and Non-Specific Serum Reactions in Typhus Fever
Authors: Felix A. 
Published: May 2009

1. In all species of animals tested—rabbit, guinea-pig, chicken and horse—normal agglutinins for B. agglutinabilis U2 are far more abundant than those for B. proteus X 19.2. Human serum reacts in the same manner. Wassermann negative sera have been employed as normal sera. Their reaction in Weltmann's globulin test was also negative.3. Wassermann positive sera from cases of syphilis and sera from lepers give distinctly higher agglutination reactions with U2 than normal human sera. On X 19, however, those sera do not exercise any increased agglutinating action.4. Similar though somewhat stronger reactions with U2 are obtained with typhus sera. However, this reaction is far from being uniformly positive in typhus, while this is the case with the X 19 reaction.5. The discordance between these results and those published by Wilson and by Fletcher, Lesslar and Lewthwaite is due to the failure by these workers to employ controls of suitable type.6. In syphilis and leprous sera high titres of agglutination with U2 coincide with globulin-increase as indicated by the Weltmann reaction.7. The summation effect of the non-specific agglutination by gelatine and the action of specific immune agglutinins, described by Weil, is again demonstrated.8. The combined action of an abundance of preformed normal agglutinins and of augmented serum colloids is suggested as one of the factors involved in increased heterologous agglutination (polyagglutination).9. B. agglutinabilis U2 is a typical representative of “polyagglutinable” organisms; B. proteus X 19, however, is not liable to the action of “polyagglutinating” sera.
On diphtheria immunity in North Greenland 1932–33
Authors: Krogh-Lund G. 
Published: May 2009

1. 304 natives of North-west Greenland were examined with standardized Schick toxin, and 139 with direct smears stained by the methods of Gram and Bie.2. Of these 98 gave positive, 143 negative, and 63 doubtful reactions to the Schick test. 51 showed a positive control reaction with heated toxin. The swabs from 11 persons showed rods resembling the diphtheria bacillus.3. We incline to the belief, also held by Wells & Heinbecker, that the most natural explanation of the existence of this large number of Schick-negative reactors in Eskimos and Greenlanders, is that diphtheria bacilli not in frequently occur in their throats, occasionally causing “angina” epidemics. Owing to the difficulty of bacteriological investigation in those latitudes, especially in performing fermentation and virulence tests upon the isolated strains, it has mostly been impossible to trace the aetiology of these epidemics to diphtheria bacilli.
Genetical studies on immunity in mice: II. Correlation between antibody formation and resistance
Authors: Gorer P. A. , Schütze H. 
Published: May 2009

1. Four mouse lines have been tested for “H” and “O” antibody production following inoculation withSalmonella typhi muriumandS. enteritidis; two of these lines had been selected for resistance and susceptibility but not inbred; two, D and E, had been brother-sister inbred for over thirty generations but not selectively as far as resistance is concerned.2. After immunization withS. typhi murium:(a) Female mice, in all four lines, tend to give higher “H” and “O” titres than do males, a positive correlation between ability to produce antibody and resistance to infection being thus established.(b) Interline differences exist for both these antibodies. Those concerned with “H” antibody may be correlated with resistance. In the case of “O” antibody, no correlation is suggested.3. After immunization withS. enteritidis:There appears to be no correlation sexually or interlineally between resistance and antibody production. That genetic differences exist, in respect of this organism also, is shown by the fact that the pure lines, D and E, give a better antibody response than the selected lines A and B. When tested for immunizability by subsequent infection withS. enteritidisno useful information could be obtained with strain A or B owing to their great internal variation. Strains D and E both showed a gain in expectation of life following immunization. The more resistant strain D showed a significantly greater gain than did E, the strain with a lower natural resistance.4. The titres of normal “O”enteritidis-antibody found in the four lines indicates that there may be a negative correlation between the titre of these antibodies and resistance to infection withS. enteritidis.5. The significance of the above findings is discussed and it is stressed that a significant correlation between resistance and antibody formation does not imply that the two phenomena are causally related.6. It is pointed out that strains that have been inbred even without selection react far more homogeneously in the infection experiments here described than do strains that have been selected but not intensively inbred.