bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethyl Pyruvate Rescues Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons by Regulating Glial Activation in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Huh Sue H. , Chung Young C. , Piao Ying , Jin Min Y. , Son Hyo J. , Yoon Nam S. , Hong Joo Y. , Pak Youngmi K. , Kim Yoon S. , Hong Jong K. , Hwang Onyou , Jin Byung K. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This study examined whether ethyl pyruvate (EP) promotes the survival of nigrostriatal dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. MPTP induced degeneration of nigrostriatal DA neurons and glial activation as visualized by tyrosine hydroxylase, macrophage Ag complex-1, and/or glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry showed activation of microglial NADPH oxidase and astroglial myeloperoxidase (MPO) and subsequent reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species production and oxidative DNA damage in the MPTP-treated substantia nigra. Treatment with EP prevented degeneration of nigrostriatal DA neurons, increased striatal dopamine levels, and improved motor function. This neuroprotection afforded by EP was associated with the suppression of astroglial MPO expression, NADPH oxidase-, and/or inducible NO synthase-derived reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species production by activated microglia. Interestingly, EP was found to protect DA neurons from 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium neurotoxicity in cocultures of mesencephalic neurons and microglia but not in neuron-enriched mesencephalic cultures devoid of microglia. The present findings show that EP may inhibit glial-mediated oxidative stress, suggesting that EP may have therapeutic value in the treatment of aspects of Parkinson’s disease related to glia-derived oxidative damage.
Weighted Lp Boundedness of Pseudodifferential Operators and Applications
Authors: Michalowski Nicholas , Rule David J. , Staubach Wolfgang 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this paper we prove weighted norm inequalities with weights in the Ap classes, for pseudodifferential operators with symbols in the class that fall outside the scope of Calderón– Zygmund theory. This is accomplished by controlling the sharp function of the pseudodifferential operator by Hardy–Littlewood type maximal functions. Our weighted norm inequalities also yield Lp boundedness of commutators of functions of bounded mean oscillation with a wide class of operators in .
Introduction to Plant Breeding Learning Activity: Soybean
Authors: Lathrop Amy , Namuth‐Covert Deana , Lee Don 
Published: June 2011

This activity discusses the basic process used in a traditional breeding program. Crossing, genetic variation, selection and elements of DNA technology are discussed within this activity. The material is aimed toward high school or introductory life science undergraduate students. There is a quiz based “breeder's notebook” feature, which gives students opportunities to apply their new knowledge in other scenarios. At the completion of this activity students should be able to:
State the expected number of years it takes to develop a cultivar in plant breeding programs and explain why it takes that long.
Define the words homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, and phenotype.
Identify flower structures and explain what role they play in plant reproduction.
Understand how genes from each parent are inherited.
Explain what molecular markers are and how they are used in a breeding program.
Identify at what point in the program the breeder works with the most genotypic variation.
Identify at what point in the program a breeder plants lines in the most locations.
Teachers can use the activity to supplement their teaching strategies. It is also useful for graduate students and extension audiences wanting a refresher on the basic steps of soybean breeding. It is available free of charge for educational use.
Mass Casualty Triage: An Evaluation of the Science and Refinement of a National Guideline
Authors: Lerner E. Brooke , Cone David C. , Weinstein Eric S. , Schwartz Richard B. , Coule Phillip L. , Cronin Michael , Wedmore Ian S. , Bulger Eileen M. , Mulligan Deborah Ann , Swienton Raymond E. , Sasser Scott M. , Shah Umair A. , Weireter Leonard J. , Sanddal Teri L. , Lairet Julio , Markenson David , Romig Lou , Lord Gregg , Salomone Jeffrey , O'Connor Robert , Hunt Richard C. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTMass casualty triage is the process of prioritizing multiple victims when resources are not sufficient to treat everyone immediately. No national guideline for mass casualty triage exists in the United States. The lack of a national guideline has resulted in variability in triage processes, tags, and nomenclature. This variability has the potential to inject confusion and miscommunication into the disaster incident, particularly when multiple jurisdictions are involved. The Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Triage were developed to be a national guideline for mass casualty triage to ensure interoperability and standardization when responding to a mass casualty incident. The Core Criteria consist of 4 categories: general considerations, global sorting, lifesaving interventions, and individual assessment of triage category. The criteria within each of these categories were developed by a workgroup of experts representing national stakeholder organizations who used the best available science and, when necessary, consensus opinion. This article describes how the Model Uniform Core Criteria for Mass Casualty Triage were developed.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:129-137)
Evaluation of Antiseptic Antiviral Activity of Chemical Agents
Authors: Geller Chloé , Finance Chantal , Duval Raphaël Emmanuel 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAntiviral antisepsis and disinfection are crucial for preventing the environmental spread of viral infections. Emerging viruses and associated diseases, as well as nosocomial viral infections, have become a real issue in medical fields, and there are very few efficient and specific treatments available to fight most of these infections. Another issue is the potential environmental resistance and spread of viral particles. Therefore, it is essential to properly evaluate the efficacy of antiseptics‐disinfectants (ATS‐D) on viruses. ATS‐D antiviral activity is evaluated by (1) combining viruses and test product for an appropriately defined and precise contact time, (2) neutralizing product activity, and (3) estimating the loss of viral infectivity. A germicide can be considered to have an efficient ATS‐D antiviral activity if it induces a >3 or >4 log10 reduction (American and European regulatory agency requirements, respectively) in viral titers in a defined contact time. This unit describes a global methodology for evaluating chemical ATS‐D antiviral activity. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 51:26.10.1‐26.10.22. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Do physical and relational aggression explain adolescents' friendship selection? The competing roles of network characteristics, gender, and social status
Authors: Dijkstra Jan Kornelis , Berger Christian , Lindenberg Siegwart 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe role of physical and relational aggression in adolescents' friendship selection was examined in a longitudinal sample of 274 Chilean students from 5th and 6th grade followed over 1 year. Longitudinal social network modeling (SIENA) was used to study selection processes for aggression while influence processes were controlled for. Furthermore, the effects of network characteristics (i.e., reciprocity and transitivity), gender, and social status on friendship selection were examined. The starting assumption of this study was that selection effects based on aggression might have been overestimated in previous research as a result of failing to consider influence processes and alternative characteristics that steer friendship formation. The results show that selection effects of both physical and relational aggression disappeared when network effects, gender, and social status were taken into account. Particularly gender and perceived popularity appeared to be far more important determinants of friendship selection over time than aggression. Moreover, a peer influence effect was only found for relational aggression, and not for physical aggression. These findings suggest that similarity in aggression among befriended adolescents can be considered to be mainly a by‐product rather than a leading dimension in friendship selection. Aggr. Behav. 37:417–429, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous Charge Transfer and Dipole Formation at the Interface Between P3HT and PCBM
Authors: Aarnio Harri , Sehati Parisa , Braun Slawomir , Nyman Mathias , de Jong Michel P. , Fahlman Mats , Österbacka Ronald 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn the pursuit of developing new materials for more efficient bulk‐heterojunction solar cells, the blend poly (3‐hexylthiophene):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) serves as an important model system. The success of the P3HT:PCBM blend comes from efficient charge generation and transport with low recombination. There is not, however, a good microscopic picture of what causes these, hindering the development of new material systems. In this report UV photoelectron spectroscopy measurements on both regiorandom‐ (rra) and regioregular‐ (rr) P3HT are presented, and the results are interpreted using the Integer Charge Transfer model. The results suggest that spontaneous charge transfer from P3HT to PCBM occurs after heat treatment of P3HT:PCBM blends. The resulting formation of an interfacial dipole creates an extra barrier at the interface explaining the reduced (non‐)geminate recombination with increased charge generation in heat treated rr‐P3HT:PCBM blends. Extensive photoinduced absorption measurements using both above‐ and below‐bandgap excitation light are presented, in good agreement with the suggested dipole formation.
Genome‐wide association analysis of age at onset in schizophrenia in a European‐American sample
Authors: Wang Ke‐Sheng , Liu Xuefeng , Zhang Qunyuan , Aragam Nagesh , Pan Yue 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe performed a genome‐wide association analysis to identify genetic variants influencing age at onset (AAO) and examine gene × gender interactions for AAO in schizophrenia (SCZ) using a European‐American sample (1,162 cases). Linear regression model in PLINK was used to test for associations with AAO while the GxE option was chosen to test for the influence of gene × gender interactions. The most significant association with AAO was observed with SNP rs7819815 (P = 3.10 × 10−7) at 8q24.22. The next best signal was at 4q25 inCOL25A1gene (rs17039583,P = 4.30 × 10−6) and the third region was at 4p16.1 (rs17407555,P = 4.56 × 10−6,near RAF1P1, and rs4697924,P = 1.23 × 10−5withinWDR1gene). Conditional analysis on chromosome 4 indicated that 4p16.1 and 4q25 loci were independent. Furthermore, 2 SNPs (rs16834822 and rs16834824) at 1q43 inRYR2showed strong associations in the female sample (P = 2.10 × 10−6and 2.33 × 10−6, respectively) and strong gene × gender interactions in influencing AAO (P = 9.23 × 10−7and 1.15 × 10−6, respectively) while the second best region showing gene × gender interaction was at 7q22.3 (rs179863,P = 2.33 × 10−6). Using an independent sample of 1,068 cases, we could not replicate the associations for above top SNPs; however, we found nominal significance associations for their flanking SNPs (P < 0.05). These findings provide evidence of several genetic variants influencing AAO of SCZ. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microinfarcts, brain atrophy, and cognitive function: The Honolulu Asia Aging Study Autopsy Study
Authors: Launer Lenore J. , Hughes Timothy M. , White Lon R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective:This study was untaken to investigate the association of micro brain infarcts (MBIs) with antemortem global cognitive function (CF), and whether brain weight (BW) and Alzheimer lesions (neurofibrillary tangles [NFTs] or neuritic plaques [NPs]) mediate the association.Methods:Subjects were 436 well‐characterized male decedents from the Honolulu Asia Aging Autopsy Study. Brain pathology was ascertained with standardized methods, CF was measured by the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument, and data were analyzed using formal mediation analyses, adjusted for age at death, time between last CF measure and death, education, and head size. Based on antemortem diagnoses, demented and nondemented subjects were examined together and separately.Results:In those with no dementia, MBIs were strongly associated with the last antemortem CF score; this was significantly mediated by BW, and not NFTs or NPs. In contrast, among those with an antemortem diagnosis of dementia, NFTs had the strongest associations with BW and with CF, and MBIs were modestly associated with CF.Interpretation:This suggests that microinfarct pathology is a significant and independent factor contributing to brain atrophy and cognitive impairment, particularly before dementia is clinically evident. The role of vascular damage as initiator, stimulator, or additive contributor to neurodegeneration may differ depending on when in the trajectory toward dementia the lesions develop. ANN NEUROL 2011
Effect of temperature and thermodynamic quality of solvent over unperturbed chain dimensions of nylon 6
Authors: Baloch Musa Kaleem , Nawaz Mohsan , Bano Arjamand 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA nylon 6 sample having average molecular mass 4.825 × 105 g mol−1 was fractionated into five different fractions with respect to molecular mass, which ranged from 3691 to 999,000 g mol−1. The light scattering and intrinsic viscosity measurements were made in m‐cresol and its mixture with 1,4‐dioxane. The second virial coefficient, radius of gyration and Mark Houwink's constant and unperturbed chain dimensions were determined by light scattering and viscosity measurement. It has been observed that all these parameters are composition of solvent and temperature dependent. The solvent having composition of 97% m‐cresol and 3% dioxane, was best and it deteriorated with the increase/decrease in percentage of 1,4‐dioxane in m‐cresol. However, its thermodynamic quality was enhanced with the temperature. Such variation in quality of solvent was reflected in all the estimated parameters and showed maxima at this composition of solvent. The unperturbed dimensions obtained by different methods though, differed in values but showed same trend and NA‐MKB method gave close results to the one obtained through [ηo]. A new expression has also been proposed relating ko to solvent quality and temperature and the data obtained by us for nylon‐6 and the one obtained from the literature for dextran obeyed this expression up to large extent irrespective of the solvent composition and temperature. The proposed equations have also been applied to dextran/methoxy ethylene and dextran/ethylene glycol systems and worked well. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Characterization of gamma irradiated concentrated aqueous solutions of chitosan/sodium alginate blends and their drug uptake‐release characters
Authors: El‐Din Horia M. Nizam , El‐Naggar Abdel Wahab M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBlends films based on different ratios of concentrated aqueous solutions of chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (AG) in the presence of 1% of glutaraldehyde, as a cross‐linking agent for chitosan, were prepared by solution casting and then exposed to gamma irradiation. The formed blends were characterized by IR spectroscopic analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The uptake‐release properties of CS/AG blends, taking ketoprofen as an example for drug, were also investigated. DSC thermograms of CS/AG blends revealed good miscibility was sustained between CS and AG. The water uptake and gel content of CS/AG blends was found to decrease by increasing the ratio of AG in the initial solution. The IR spectra indicated the formation of cross‐linking and hydrogen bonding, while the TGA study showed that the CS/AG blends displayed higher thermal stability than pure CS polymer. Based on Fick's law, it was demonstrated that the main parameters affecting the release of ketoprofen drug from the CS/AG blend hydrogels were composition and pH. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
A theoretical investigation on the properties of the new poly(N‐vinylcarbazole)‐3‐methylthiophene (PVK‐3MeT) synthesized graft copolymer
Authors: Chemek Mourad , Ayachi Sahbi , Hlel Abdelkader , Wéry Jany , Lefrant Serge , Alimi Kamel 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this article, we present quantum chemical calculations, based on density functional theory (DFT), performed to investigate the geometries and the opto‐electronic properties of a new synthesized graft copolymer based on poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and poly(3‐methylthiophene) (PMeT) named PVK‐3MeT. First, we have theoretically computed and compared the structural, optical, and vibrational parameters of both neutral and doped states. In addition, the excited state was theoretically obtained by the ab initio RCIS/STO‐3G method. To assign the absorption and emission peaks observed experimentally, we computed the energies of the lowest singlet excited state with the time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) method. Electronic parameters such as the HOMO‐LUMO band gap, the ionization potential (IP), and electron affinity (EA) are extracted. Calculations show that the PVK‐3MeT copolymer is nonplanar in its ground neutral state. Meanwhile, upon doping or photoexcitation, an enhancement of the planarity is observed, resulting on a decrease of the inter‐ring torsion angle between 3‐methylthiophene units. Such modifications in the geometric parameters induce a dramatic change on the HOMO and LUMO orbitals in the doped or excited states. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Removal of toxic metals using superabsorbent polyelectrolytic hydrogels
Authors: Roy P. K. , Swami V. , Kumar D. , Rajagopal C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBecause of the presence of carboxylic acid moieties, poly(acrylic acid) possesses a unique ability to form stable complexes with divalent metal ions. However, its practical use for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions is restricted because of its inherent water solubility. To address this issue, crosslinking of this polymer has been attempted to synthesize hydrogel, which is stable in aqueous medium over a wide range of pH values. The hydrogels, prepared by redox polymerization of acrylic acid in the presence of polyethylene glycol diacrylate as the crosslinker, were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, elemental analysis, thermal analysis, and swelling studies. This chelating hydrogel‐bearing O, O donor groups exhibited high‐metal sorption capacity of 41.1, 58.2, 43.1, and 81.2 mg/g for Cr6+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Pb2+, respectively, under optimum conditions. The effect of parameters including pH, concentration, and interference of common ions on metal uptake was also investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms have been used to validate the metal uptake data. High recovery (>97%) was achievable for all metal ions with 1N HCl as eluting agent, and the regeneration tests revealed that the sorbent could be used repeatedly for at least 10 cycles without any loss in chelating efficiency. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Crystallization kinetics of ultra high‐molecular weight polyethylene in liquid paraffin during solid–liquid thermally induced phase separation process
Authors: Zhang Chun‐Fang , Bai Yun‐Xiang , Gu Jin , Sun Yu‐Ping 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe crystallization behaviors of ultra high‐molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in liquid paraffin under isothermal and nonisothermal conditions were studied by differential scanning calorimetry during the solid–liquid thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process. For isothermal crystallization, the development of relative crystallinity with the crystallization time is analyzed by the Avrami equation with the exponent n = 2.7. The relatively high content of secondary crystallization at higher crystallization temperature can be obtained due to the high mobility of UHMWPE chains. For nonisothermal crystallization studies, the Avrami theory modified by Jeziorny is used, and the result is found that the Avrami exponent n is variable around 5 and decreases slightly as the cooling rate decreases. In addition, the extent of secondary crystallization increases with increasing cooling rate. The calculated activation energies are 881 kJ/mol for isothermal crystallization obtained from the Arrhenius equation and 462 kJ/mol for nonisothermal crystallization from the Kissinger equation, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Synthesis and characterization of new silyl cross‐linking agent for drug delivery system
Authors: Hosseinzadeh F. , Galehassadi M. , Mahkam M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNew crosslinking reagent that has silyl group together with ethyl hydroxyl methacrylate was successfully synthesized. Network polymers with this crosslinked reagent, methacrylic acid, and silyl monomers of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate ester were synthesized and studied their properties. These sily monomers are: 2‐[(triethylsilyl)oxy] ethyl methacrylate, 2‐((tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl methacrylate, and 2‐((triphenylsilyl)oxy)ethyl methacrylate. All monomers and polymers were identified by spectroscopic methods. Then mesalasine was entrapped in these network polymers and the in vitro release profiles were established separately in both enzyme‐free simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (SGF, pH 1) and (SIF, pH 7.4), respectively. In vitro release studies showed that these network polymers can be good candidates for colon‐specific drug delivery. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.
Impact of Anions on Electrocatalytic Activity in Palladium Nanoparticles Supported on Ionic Liquid–Carbon Nanotube Hybrids for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Shin Ju Yeon , Kim Youn Soo , Lee Youngmi , Shim Jun Ho , Lee Chongmok , Lee Sang‐gi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA series of palladium nanoparticles supported on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which were functionalized covalently with imidazolium polymer salts with different anions, Pd/polyIL(X)–CNTs (IL=ionic liquid; X=Cl, Br, I, ClO4, BF4, PF6), were prepared to investigate the influence of imidazolim salt anions on electrocatalytic activity in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The anions of the imidazolium moiety significantly impacted on the ORR kinetics in a 0.1 Msolution of HClO4. The electronically active surface area results are in good agreement with the order of the ORR kinetic activity of the supported Pd/polyIL(X)–CNTs (X: Cl>ClO4>BF4>Br≈PF6≫I). In contrast, owing to the facile anion exchange of halide anions with hydroxide anions, anion‐dependent catalytic activity has not been observed in 0.1 MNaOH. Iterative ORR experiments in acid–base solutions demonstrated anion exchange on the electrode. These results indicate that subtly varied structures of the IL moiety profoundly influence the performance of IL–CNT hybrid materials and molecular‐level control of interfacial interactions between the support material, catalysts, and electrolytes is important in the design of supported metal nanoparticle catalysts for fuel cells.