bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Anachronistic Novel: Reading Pearl S. Buck Alongside Franco Moretti
Authors: Christie Stuart 
Published: December 2010

AbstractReappropriating Franco Moretti’s term ‘distant reading’, this essay positions American novelist Pearl S. Buck as both the outsider‐inside a particular Chinese cultural tradition as well as an insider‐outside the tradition of Chinese fictionalized historiography (the modern xiaoshuo) which allowed for the birth of a globalized ‘China’ in the English‐language novel. Buck’s anachronistic legacy, I argue, runs afoul of Moretti’s own tendency in The Novel, Volume I: History, Geography, and Culture to re‐inscribe the nationality and centeredness of received canons, even when attempting to legislate new directions for a global readership. Lacking a home within any particular national or global tradition, extra‐canonical novels and their writers parallel the received canon subversively, by questioning the rationale underlying canon formation as a merely classificatory exercise; that is, by questioning how some works are included and others excluded. Once excluded, anachronistic novels nevertheless persist, apart from widespread scholarly recognition. Eventually, however, Pearl S. Buck’s self‐proclaimed anachronism, deployed so effectively during her Nobel Laureate speech in 1938, became untimely, as she struggled to convince an American television audience, in 1958, that her views about femininity, China apart, were relevant to modern life.
RHEOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH‐METHOXYL ESTERIFIED, LOW‐METHOXYL ESTERIFIED AND LOW‐METHOXYL AMIDATED PECTIN GELS
Authors: VITHANAGE CHANDRA R. , GRIMSON MALCOLM J. , WILLS PETER R. , HARRISON PAUL , SMITH BRONWEN G. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT Pectins are polygalacturonic acids with varying degrees of methyl esterification and are widely used to create gels. The commercial pectins studied by the authors were high‐methoxyl esterified pectin, low‐methoxyl esterified pectin and low‐methoxyl amidated pectin. A puncture test was performed at 5 and 20C using a texture analyzer. The compression force was recorded as a function of displacement. The resulting force‐displacement measurements were converted to stress‐strain to calculate Young's modulus by assuming incompressibility of the materials in a linear viscoelastic region (LVR). A rheometer was used for the shear flow curve, frequency sweep, amplitude sweep and creep tests, at 5 and 20C. The effects of temperature on storage and loss moduli were obtained. Further to that, a differential scanning calorimeter was used to investigate the melting behavior of pectin gels. The shear elastic moduli of pectin gels in an LVR were compared with Young's modulus. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSUnderstanding the rheological properties of high‐methoxyl esterified pectin (HM), low‐methoxyl esterified pectin (LM) and low‐methoxyl amidated pectin (LMA) pectin gels is useful in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries for the improvement of product quality. The results may be used to model the relationship between the microstructural and mechanical properties of HM, LM and LMA pectin gels.
Digital Remote Sensing within the Field of Land Change Science: Past, Present and Future Directions
Authors: Southworth Jane , Gibbes Cerian 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe availability of repeat digital, synoptic measures of the earth’s surface has resulted in remote sensing of the earth’s surface forming the basis of many land change science (LCS) research questions. This article reviews passive digital remote sensing for the use of LCS and discusses the past, present and future directions for remote sensing applications within the LCS field. Rigorous detection of land cover change provides the foundation for improved understandings of human–environment interactions. Change detection includes the monitoring and assessing of land cover conversions and modifications that have become imperative to LCS. Generally land cover change analyses rely on digital remotely sensed data, in particular, passive satellite imagery. We aim to provide a general overview of the remote sensing methodologies used commonly for land cover change analyses and then consider more novel approaches for monitoring and assessing land cover change using the available technology. Finally, some of the main limitations to development in this field will also be discussed.
Reinvigorating the Concept of Land Tenure for American Urban Geography
Authors: Pierce Joseph 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTenure rights are durable privileges to use and benefit from specific pieces of land. In the USA, tenure rights are typically conceptually folded into the ‘bundle of rights’ associated with formal land ownership. Legally, this model rests on well‐documented principles: private, serial, single‐party property ownership and clear, well‐regulated surveying. However, tenure does not begin and end in property. People negotiate the terms under which they use spaces – and the durability of those terms – through implicit and explicit social processes. Many geographers focused on US cities have tacitly conceded that existing forms of tenure are adequately captured in the concept of property rights despite extensive discussion about the complex construction of non‐property rights in the development literature. This article argues that a vocabulary adapted from the conversation about land tenure, specifically regarding use and usufruct rights, would enhance the ‘critical property’ literature by exposing additional, already‐existing rights in land.
Neoliberalism and the Biophysical Environment 1: What ‘Neoliberalism’ is, and What Difference Nature Makes to it
Authors: Castree Noel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThere now exists a significant body of theoretically informed empirical research into ‘neoliberal environments’. It comprises numerous studies which together explore the connections between neoliberal principles and policies, on the one side and the biophysical world on the other. These studies are, for the most part, political economic in character and authored by so‐called ‘critical’ geographers. However, making sense of them is by no means straightforward, despite their common focus on neoliberal environments. This is because neoliberalism and the biophysical world are complex phenomena, making an holistic and comprehensive understanding of them very challenging to achieve. Accordingly, separate studies of their interconnections have focused on one or other aspect of the complexity in a particular time and context. It is currently left to readers of these studies to synthesise them into a wider, joined‐up account of neoliberal environments. This and two companion articles aim for precisely this sort of broad and coherent understanding. This article begins with a discussion of neoliberalism and explains why it necessarily has environmental aspects to it. The second companion article presents a theory of ‘neoliberal environments’, while the third connects that theory to the empirical findings of studies published to‐date. This final article also departs from the otherwise constructive tone of its companions. Together, the three articles offer readers both an overarching understanding of ‘neoliberal environments’ and some tools to question the way these environments are currently understood by many geographers.
Neoliberalism and the Biophysical Environment 2: Theorising the Neoliberalisation of Nature
Authors: Castree Noel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThere now exists a significant body of theoretically informed empirical research into ‘neoliberal environments’. It comprises numerous studies which together explore the connections between neoliberal principles and policies, on the one side, and the biophysical world on the other. However, making sense of them is by no means straightforward, despite their common focus on neoliberal environments. It is currently left to readers of these studies to synthesise them into a wider, joined‐up account of neoliberal environments. This and two companion articles aim for precisely this sort of broad and coherent understanding. The contribution of this second instalment is to present an overarching political economic theory of ‘neoliberal environments’. By synthesising concepts from the work of Karl Marx, Karl Polanyi and James O’Connor, this article presents a framework for thinking about how neoliberal policies relate to the biophysical world.
Purified Hexameric Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded BARF1 Protein for Measuring Anti-BARF1 Antibody Responses in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients
Authors: Hoebe E. K. , Hutajulu S. H. , van Beek J. , Stevens S. J. , Paramita D. K. , Greijer A. E. , Middeldorp J. M. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

WHO type III nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is highly prevalent in Indonesia and 100% associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). NPC tumor cells express viral proteins, including BARF1, which is secreted and is considered to have oncogenic and immune-modulating properties. Recently, we found conserved mutations in the BARF1 gene in NPC isolates. This study describes the expression and purification of NPC-derived BARF1 and analyzes humoral immune responses against prototype BARF1 (B95-8) and purified native hexameric BARF1 in sera of Indonesian NPC patients (
n
= 155) compared to healthy EBV-positive (
n
= 56) and EBV-negative (
n
= 16) individuals. BARF1 (B95-8) expressed in
Escherichia coli
and baculovirus, as well as BARF1-derived peptides, did not react with IgG or IgA antibodies in NPC. Purified native hexameric BARF1 protein isolated from culture medium was used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and revealed relatively weak IgG and IgA responses in human sera, although it had strong antibody responses to other EBV proteins. Higher IgG reactivity was found in NPC patients (
P
= 0.015) than in regional Indonesian controls or EBV-negative individuals (
P
< 0.001). IgA responses to native BARF1 were marginal. NPC sera with the highest IgG responses to hexameric BARF1 in ELISA showed detectable reactivity with denatured BARF1 by immunoblotting. In conclusion, BARF1 has low immunogenicity for humoral responses and requires native conformation for antibody binding. The presence of antibodies against native BARF1 in the blood of NPC patients provides evidence that the protein is expressed and secreted as a hexameric protein in NPC patients.
Persistence, Replacement, and Rapid Clonal Expansion of Meningococcal Carriage Isolates in a 2008 University Student Cohort
Authors: Bidmos Fadil A. , Neal Keith R. , Oldfield Neil J. , Turner David P. J. , Ala'Aldeen Dlawer A. A. , Bayliss Christopher D. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
A study of meningococcal carriage dynamics was performed with a cohort of 190 first-year students recruited from six residential halls at Nottingham University, United Kingdom. Pharyngeal swabs were obtained on four occasions between November 2008 and May 2009. Direct plating and culture on selective media were succeeded by identification and characterization of meningococci using PCR-based methodologies. Three serogroup Y clones and one serogroup 29E clone were highly prevalent in particular residential halls in November 2008, which is indicative of rapid clonal expansion since the start of the academic year. Persistent carriage of the same meningococcal strain for at least 5 to 6 months was observed in 45% of carriers, with infrequent evidence of antigenic variation in PorA. Sequential carriage of heterologous meningococcal strains occurred in 36% of carriers and involved strains with different capsules and antigenic variants of PorA and FetA in 83% of the cases. These clonal replacement strains also exhibited frequent differences in the presence and antigenic structures of two other surface proteins, NadA and HmbR. This study highlights the low level of antigenic variation associated with persistent carriage but, conversely, the importance of alterations in the repertoire of antigenic variants for sequential carriage of meningococcal strains. Rapid clonal expansion of potentially pathogenic strains in residential halls has implications for the implementation of public health interventions in university populations.
How To Detect NDM-1 Producers
Authors: Nordmann Patrice , Poirel Laurent , Carrër Amélie , Toleman Mark A. , Walsh Timothy R. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Enterobacterial isolates expressing the carbapenemase NDM-1 are emerging worldwide. Twenty-seven NDM-1-positive isolates of worldwide origin were included in this study to identify these strains as not only pathogens but also colonizers of normal flora for infection control screening. Although susceptibility to carbapenems varied, a combined test (IMP/IMP + EDTA), the Etest MBL, and automated susceptibility testing by Vitek2 (bioMérieux) identified those NDM-1 producers as verified by PCR using specific primers. Screening for carriers of NDM-1 producers may be based on media such as the ChromID ESBL culture medium routinely used to screen for extended-spectrum β-lactamase producers, which gives excellent detection levels with low limits of detection ranging from 8 × 10
0
to 5 × 10
2
CFU/ml. The CHROMagar KPC culture medium had higher limits of detection (1 × 10
1
to 5 × 10
5
CFU/ml) and may be proposed for the follow-up of outbreaks of infections with NDM-1 producers. Colonies growing on these screening media can be verified as NDM-1 producers with molecular methods as described herein.
Laboratory Detection of Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae: Evaluation of Two Screening Agar Plates and Two Confirmation Techniques
Authors: Overdevest I. T. M. A. , Willemsen I. , Elberts S. , Verhulst C. , Kluytmans J. A. J. W. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

The worldwide prevalence of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing ESBL-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
(ESBL-E) is increasing, making the need for optimized detection techniques more urgent. In this study we investigated the performance of two ESBL-E screening and two ESBL-E confirmation techniques. In accordance with the Dutch national guidelines (
www.wip.nl
), a collection of 642 highly resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
strains, as identified by Vitek2, was used to test the performances of two screening techniques (EbSA ESBL agar plate and ChromID ESBL agar plate) and of two confirmation techniques (MIC-strip ESBL and Vitek2 ESBL test panel). The individual test results were compared by using Etest, followed by a combination disk test if Etest results were inconclusive. Among group 1 isolates (
Escherichia coli
,
Klebsiella
spp.,
Proteus
spp.,
Salmonella
spp., and
Shigella
spp.) 291 (57.6%) were ESBL-E, versus 65 (47.4%) in group 2 (
Enterobacter
spp.,
Citrobacter
spp.,
Morganella morganii
,
Serratia
spp., and
Providencia
spp.). The sensitivities of all four tests for group 1 were comparable (EbSA, 96.6%; ChromID, 97.3%; MIC-strip, 99.6%; and Vitek2, 95.1%). The specificities of the EbSA and ChromID were the same (93.9%). However, the confirmation techniques produced many inconclusive test results, which reduces the applicability in routine laboratories. Only the two screening agar plates were validated for ESBL testing of group 2 microorganisms. They showed comparable sensitivities; however, the EbSA screening agar plate had a significantly higher specificity (78.6% versus 44.3%). In conclusion the screening agar plates performed better than the two confirmation techniques. The EbSA agar plate had the best overall performance.
Cell Type Specificity and Host Genetic Polymorphisms Influence Antibody-Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Infection
Authors: Boonnak Kobporn , Dambach Kaitlyn M. , Donofrio Gina C. , Tassaneetrithep Boonrat , Marovich Mary A. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTAntibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is implicated in severe, usually secondary, dengue virus (DV) infections. Preexisting heterotypic antibodies, via their Fc-gamma receptor (FcγR) interactions, may increase disease severity through enhanced target cell infection. Greater numbers of infected target cells may contribute to higher viremia and excess cytokine levels often observed in severe disease. Monocytes, macrophages, and immature and mature dendritic cells (DC) are considered major cellular targets of DV. Apheresis of multiple donors allowed isolation of autologous primary myeloid target cell types for head-to-head comparison of infection rates, viral output, and cytokine production under direct infection (without antibody) or ADE conditions (with antibody). All studied cell types except immature DC supported ADE. All cells undergoing ADE secreted proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 [IL-6] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) at enhancement titers, but distinct cell-type-specific patterns were observed for other relevant proteins (alpha/beta interferon [IFN-α/β] and IL-10). Macrophages produced type I interferons (IFN-α/β) that were modulated by ADE. Mature DC mainly secreted IFN-β. Interestingly, only monocytes secreted IL-10, and only upon antibody-enhanced infection. While ADE infection rates were remarkably consistent in monocytes (10 to 15%) across donors, IL-10 protein levels varied according to previously described regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-10 promoter region. The homozygous GCC haplotype was associated with high-level IL-10 secretion, while the ACC and ATA haplotypes produced intermediate and low levels of IL-10, respectively. Our data suggest that ADE effects are cell type specific, are influenced by host genetics, and, depending on relative infection rates, may further contribute to the complexity of DV pathogenesis.
The Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded BILF1 Protein Modulates Immune Recognition of Endogenously Processed Antigen by Targeting Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Molecules Trafficking on both the Exocytic and Endocytic Pathways
Authors: Zuo Jianmin , Quinn Laura L. , Tamblyn Jennifer , Thomas Wendy A. , Feederle Regina , Delecluse Henri-Jacques , Hislop Andrew D. , Rowe Martin 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTDespite triggering strong immune responses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has colonized more than 90% of the adult human population. Successful persistence of EBV depends on the establishment of a balance between host immune responses and viral immune evasion. Here we have extended our studies on the EBV-encoded BILF1 protein, which was recently identified as an immunoevasin that functions by enhancing degradation of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) antigens via lysosomes. We now demonstrate that disruption of the EKT signaling motif of BILF1 by a K122A mutation impairs the ability of BILF1 to enhance endocytosis of surface MHC-I molecules, while subsequent lysosomal degradation was impaired by deletion of the 21-residue C-terminal tail of BILF1. Furthermore, we identified another mechanism of BILF1 immunomodulation: it targets newly synthesized MHC-I/peptide complexesen routeto the cell surface. Importantly, although the diversion of MHC-I on the exocytic pathway caused a relatively modest reduction in cell surface MHC-I, presentation of endogenously processed target peptides to immune CD8+effector T cells was reduced by around 65%. The immune-modulating functions of BILF1 in the context of the whole virus were confirmed in cells lytically infected with a recombinant EBV in whichBILF1was deleted. This study therefore extends our initial observations on BILF1 to show that this immunoevasin can target MHC-I antigen presentation via both the exocytic and endocytic trafficking pathways. The results also emphasize the merits of including functional T cell recognition assays to gain a more complete picture of immunoevasin effects on the antigen presentation pathway.
NP Body Domain and PB2 Contribute to Increased Virulence of H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens
Authors: Tada Tatsuya , Suzuki Koutaro , Sakurai Yu , Kubo Masanori , Okada Hironao , Itoh Toshihiro , Tsukamoto Kenji 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

The molecular basis of pathogenicity of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in chickens remains largely unknown. H5N1 A/chicken/Yamaguchi/7/2004 virus (CkYM7) replicates rapidly in macrophages and vascular endothelial cells in chickens, causing sudden death without fever or gross lesions, while H5N1 A/duck/Yokohama/aq10/2003 virus (DkYK10) induces high fever, severe gross lesions, and a prolonged time to death, despite the 98% amino acid identity between the two viruses. To explore the molecular basis of this difference in pathogenicity, a series of eight single-gene reassortant viruses from these HPAI viruses were compared for pathogenicity in chickens. Two reassortants possessing the NP or PB2 gene from DkYK10 in the CkYM7 background reduced pathogenicity compared to other reassortants or CkYM7. Inversely, reassortants possessing the NP or PB2 gene of CkYM7 in the DkYK10 background (rgDkYK-PB2
Ck
, rgDkYK-NP
Ck
) replicated quickly and reached higher titers than DkYK10, accompanied by more rapid and frequent apoptosis of macrophages. The rgDkYK-NP
Ck
and rgDkYK-PB2
Ck
reassortants also replicated more rapidly in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) than did rgDkYK10, but replication of these viruses was similar to that of CkYM7 and DkYK10 in duck embryo fibroblasts. A comparison of pathogenicities of seven rgDkYK10 mutants with a single amino acid substitution in NP
Dk
demonstrated that valine at position 105 in the NP
Ck
was responsible for the increased pathogenicity in chickens. NP
Ck
, NP
105V
, and PB2
Ck
enhanced the polymerase activity of DkYK10 in CEFs. These results indicate that both NP and PB2 contribute to the high pathogenicity of the H5N1 HPAI viruses in chickens, and valine at position 105 of NP may be one of the determinants for adaptation of avian influenza viruses from ducks to chickens.
Structure-Function Analyses Point to a Polynucleotide-Accommodating Groove Essential for APOBEC3A Restriction Activities
Authors: Bulliard Yannick , Narvaiza Iñigo , Bertero Alessandro , Peddi Shyam , Röhrig Ute F. , Ortiz Millán , Zoete Vincent , Castro-Díaz Nataly , Turelli Priscilla , Telenti Amalio , Michielin Olivier , Weitzman Matthew D. , Trono Didier 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT
Members of the human APOBEC3 family of editing enzymes can inhibit various mobile genetic elements. APOBEC3A (A3A) can block the retrotransposon LINE-1 and the parvovirus adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) but does not inhibit retroviruses. In contrast, APOBEC3G (A3G) can block retroviruses but has only limited effects on AAV-2 or LINE-1. What dictates this differential target specificity remains largely undefined. Here, we modeled the structure of A3A based on its homology with the C-terminal domain of A3G and further compared the sequence of human A3A to those of 11 nonhuman primate orthologues. We then used these data to perform a mutational analysis of A3A, examining its ability to restrict LINE-1, AAV-2, and foreign plasmid DNA and to edit a single-stranded DNA substrate. The results revealed an essential functional role for the predicted single-stranded DNA-docking groove located around the A3A catalytic site. Within this region, amino acid differences between A3A and A3G are predicted to affect the shape of the polynucleotide-binding groove. Correspondingly, transferring some of these A3A residues to A3G endows the latter protein with the ability to block LINE-1 and AAV-2. These results suggest that the target specificity of APOBEC3 family members is partly defined by structural features influencing their interaction with polynucleotide substrates.