bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of tin pest on the surface of tin‐rich lead‐free alloys
Authors: Skwarek Agata , Sroda Marcin , Pluska Mariusz , Czerwinski Andrzej , Ratajczak Jacek , Witek Krzysztof 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate tin pest formation in lead‐free alloys.Design/methodology/approachSamples of Sn99.5Ag3.0Cu0.5, Sn99Cu1 and Sn98Cu2 alloys were prepared in four different forms. The first group was prepared using traditional PCB technology and a hand soldering method. The next group of samples was composed of as‐received ingots of these alloys. To check the impact of mechanical treatment on the transformation process, additional cold‐worked and cold‐rolled samples were prepared (30 kN). All samples were placed initially either at −18°C or at −65°C for low temperature storage testing. Visual observations, scanning electron microscopy observations and X‐ray diffraction analysis were performed to identify the transformation process. Additional samples were prepared using a force of 75 kN and placed in a chamber at a temperature of −30°C for long‐term testing.FindingsThe detectable symptoms of tin pest in samples subjected to mechanical processing with 1 and 2 wt.% of Cu addition stored at −18°C were observed at the edges of the samples after 17 months of storage. Further aging at −18°C showed the progress of α/β transformation with time under low‐temperature stress, but only in these specimens. With the application of greater force to the pressing process (75 kN instead of 30 kN) and at a temperature of storage close to the maximal transformation rate (−30°C), there was a significant acceleration of the α/β transformation, and this dependence can be used in predicting the risk of tin pest occurrence in various lead‐free alloys.Originality/valueThe paper shows that the degree of mechanical processing had a great influence on the α/β transformation rate. Based on these observations, it is proposed that such mechanically processed samples can be used for accelerated testing of tin‐rich lead‐free alloys at low temperatures. Such tests would be appropriate for a practical estimation of the tin pest risk when the design life of some electronic equipment ranges from 15 to 25 years.
Climate change regulation: implications for business executives
Authors: Polonsky Michael Jay , Miles Morgan P. , Landreth Grau Stacy 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide an overarching conceptual decision model that delineates the major issues and decisions associated with carbon regulations that will allow executives to better understand the potential regulatory schemes and implications that may be imposed in the near future.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the extant literature as the foundation to develop a conceptual model of the decisions pertaining to climate change regulation that face business executives today.FindingsThis paper suggests four major categories of issues that must be addressed in any climate change regulatory scheme. These include: “scope” – will carbon emission management systems be global or regional; “who pays” – will the consumer or will the supply chain be responsible for the cost of their emissions; “market or compliance‐based mechanisms” – will the CO2 emissions system be market‐based or a compliance‐based regulatory system; and “criteria” – how can credence of the remedy be established – what is necessary for a business initiative to qualify for as a creditable carbon offset?Research limitations/implicationsThis paper offers a framework that categories the fundamental decisions that must be made in any climate change regulation. This framework may be useful in advancing research into any of the four categories of decisions and their implications on commerce and the environment. This paper is designed to be managerially useful and in that way does limit its ability to specifically advance many dimensions of research.Practical implicationsThe paper offers executives for a simple model of the decisions that must be made to craft an effective climate change regulatory scheme. In addition, it suggests how these decisions may create exploitable economic opportunities for innovative and proactive firms.Originality/valueThis paper adds value to the debate by clarifying the decisions that must be addressed in any climate change regulation scheme.
Forecasting in airforce supply chains
Authors: Downing Matthew , Chipulu Maxwell , Ojiako Udechukwu , Kaparis Dinos 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe UK Chinook helicopter is a utility and attack helicopter being operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF). Its versatile nature is of enormous importance to the strategic capability of the RAF's operations. The purpose of this paper is to utilise systems‐based forecasting to conduct an evaluation of inventory and forecasting systems being used to support its maintenance programme.Design/methodology/approachA case study is conducted. Data are collected from existing monthly Component Repair (CRP) data and performance evaluation of software. For propriety reasons, all data have been sanitised.FindingsAnalysis of the current inventory and forecasting system suggests a possible lack of forecasting precision. Current non‐specific formulation of forecasting techniques implied several of the cost driver's demands were being miscalculated. This lack of precision is possibly a result of the smoothing value of 0.01 being too low, especially as the results of statistical modelling suggest that current parameter values of 0.01 might be too low.Originality/valueThe paper reports on work conducted jointly between Boeing and the University of Southampton that sought to create an intermittent demand forecasting model.
Farmers' markets as retail spaces
Authors: Murphy Andrew J. 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to report results from an exploratory study of farmers' markets, taking particular interest in the motives for participation of customers, and their perceptions of the functioning of markets as co‐created sites of local food production, retail and consumption. Customer perceptions are also compared between farmers' markets and supermarkets.Design/methodology/approachQuestionnaires were completed by 252 customers at 11 farmers' markets around New Zealand in 2008‐2009. Customers rated the importance of 31 constructs that might influence their involvement. For comparison, 257 supermarket shoppers in Auckland completed a similar questionnaire. Student t‐tests are used to distinguish between samples and subsample groups.FindingsThe paper finds that product quality is the key motivator for patronage, with price not a significant barrier to purchase or visits to farmers' markets. The “retail environment” has only a modest influence on market customer choices, and markets are only partially co‐created, with customers not highly valuing interaction with producers. Customers rated price, location and store environment constructs to be much more important at supermarkets than at markets.Originality/valueFarmers' markets have experienced recent rapid growth and diffusion in many parts of the world, including Australasia, becoming popular sites of small retail trade and local cultural exchange. This paper contributes to the understanding of what motivates customers to participate in them, and what distinguishes markets from other food retailing sites such as supermarkets, at least in the New Zealand context.
Internalising a brand across cultures: the case of IKEA
Authors: Tarnovskaya Veronika V. , de Chernatony Leslie 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the mechanism of brand internalisation when a brand transcends national borders. It focuses on the ways international and local managers interpret the brand, develop brand understanding and enact it through communication with other colleagues.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on a case study of IKEA in Russia and China during 2003‐2004.FindingsThe processes of brand conceptualising, comprehending and activating are identified, characterised by a weakening collective sense making amongst employees locally. Brand activating represents a discontinuity stage of brand internalisation when a shared brand understanding by employees becomes increasingly difficult to achieve. As such managers should broaden their brand contexts to include cultural elements and cues, involve local staff as well as adopt roles which facilitate collective sense‐making processes.Research limitations/implicationsNew research should explore local employees' brand experiences throughout their brand internalisation. It should also delve deeper into the ways they enact their brand in relationships with other local stakeholders.Practical implicationsThe study argues that international managers need greater awareness of theirs' and local employees' roles in brand internalisation. Managers need to create common frameworks for sense making and work towards partnership relationships with local stakeholders.Originality/valueThis is an original paper of value to global retailers and other branded organisations.
The cascading affective consequences of exercise among hotel workers
Authors: Magnini Vincent P. , Lee Gyumin , Kim BeomCheol (Peter) 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop and test a model in which exercise, mediated by emotional intelligence and trust, can result in increased job satisfaction and organizational commitment of frontline hotel workers.Design/methodology/approachData for this study were collected from a judgment sample of frontline workers at nine full‐service hotels in South Korea. A total of 210 questionnaires were retrieved.FindingsThis study finds that: frequent exercise among hotel workers leads to higher levels of emotional intelligence among them; this emotional intelligence then spawns increased cognition‐based trust in their managers, affect‐based trust in their managers, and overall job satisfaction; the heightened level of cognition‐based trust also has a direct path to overall job satisfaction; and overall job satisfaction results in bolstered organizational commitment.Research limitations/implicationsIt could prove informative for future research to investigate the relationships between these constructs in different contexts and settings.Practical implicationsRegarding exercise, those working in the hotel business should be encouraged to make fitness activities part of their lifestyles. In terms of emotional intelligence, this trait should be gauged in the selection process and can also be developed through on‐going training efforts. With respect to associate/manager trust, managers are advised to continually demonstrate “evidence of trustworthiness”.Originality/valueThis research is the first to examine the consequences of exercise among hotel workers. The cascading effects found in this study hold practical value for hoteliers.
Effects of authentic atmospherics in ethnic restaurants: investigating Chinese restaurants
Authors: Jang SooCheong (Shawn) , Liu Yinghua , Namkung Young 
Published: July 2011

PurposeGiven the rapid development of ethnic‐themed restaurants, this study aims to investigate how authentic atmospherics affects consumer emotions and behavioral intentions in Chinese restaurants in the USA.Design/methodology/approachA total of 348 usable responses from full table service restaurants in the USA were obtained via self‐administered questionnaires. A proposed model was tested following Anderson and Gerbing's two‐step approach: a measurement model and a subsequent structural model.FindingsUsing a structural equation modeling technique, this study found that authentic atmospherics significantly influences consumers' positive and negative emotions, and both types of emotions acted as full mediators between authentic atmospherics and behavioral intentions. Subsequent regression analyses revealed that menu presentation, furnishings, and music were significant predictors of positive emotions whereas menu presentation and music significantly influenced negative emotions.Research limitations/implicationsThe data were collected from only full table service restaurants. Therefore, generalizing the results for other segments of the restaurant industry may not be possible.Practical implicationsThe findings have important implications for selecting and refining crucial elements of authentic atmospherics in order to enhance customers' favorable emotions, avoid unfavorable emotions, and ultimately heighten positive behavioral consequences.Originality/valueDifferent from previous studies on the general aspect of atmospherics, this study exclusively investigates the effect of authentic atmospherics on customer post‐dining behavioral intentions in Chinese restaurants, one of the most popular ethnic restaurant segments in the US foodservice market. This study could also provide directions for improving the perceived authenticity of restaurant atmospherics.
Forces, trends, and decisions in pharmaceutical supply chain management
Authors: Rossetti Christian L. , Handfield Robert , Dooley Kevin J. 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify and examine the major forces that are changing the way biopharmaceutical medications are purchased, distributed, and sold throughout the supply chain. This will become important as healthcare reform moves forward, and logistics will be transformed in this industry.Design/methodology/approachMultiple interviews with key informants at each level of the value chain were combined with manifest text analysis from practitioner articles to derive key insights into the primary change drivers influencing the future of the biopharmaceutical supply chain.FindingsThe research discovered radical shifts in the structure of the biopharmaceutical supply chain. Future research into biopharmaceutical supply chain practices will need to explore three primary issues: How will supply chain member compensation influence the power of parties within the network? How will the role of supply chain intermediaries change the landscape of medication delivery to the end customer? What impact will the role of regulatory constraints on product pedigree and proliferation have on this network? The relationship between these forces is mediated by operations strategy concerning inventory policy, supply chain visibility, and desired service levels.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was based on multiple interviews with a convenience sample, as well as text analysis from practitioner articles. These findings are an initial step to guide future more in‐depth research for this dynamic and contextually rich supply chain environment that impacts consumers in every country in the world.Originality/valueThe paper adds insights into the pharmaceutical supply chain, examining this from multiple perspectives.
The influence of service environments on customer emotion and service outcomes
Authors: Lin Jiun‐Sheng Chris , Liang Haw‐Yi 
Published: July 2011

PurposePrevious research on the relationship between service environments and customer emotions and service outcomes has focused on the physical environment. Among studies exploring the social environment, the emphasis has been on service employees, ignoring the impact of other customers. Recent research has further called for the need to include displayed emotion within the social environment. Therefore, this study aims to develop and test a more comprehensive model that focuses on the relationship between the social environment (employee displayed emotion and customer climate) and the physical environment (ambient and design factors) and resulting customer emotion and service outcomes.Design/methodology/approachBased on past research, a theoretical framework was developed to propose the links between social/physical environments and customer emotion/perceptions. Extant research from various academic fields, including environmental psychology, was reviewed, deriving 11 hypotheses. Data collected from fashion apparel retailers, using both observation and customer survey methods, was examined through structural equation modeling (SEM).FindingsResults show that both social and physical environments have a positive influence on customer emotion and satisfaction, which in turn affect behavioral intentions. The physical environment exhibited more influence on customer emotion and satisfaction than social environment.Research limitations/implicationsThis research explains how both social and physical environments affect customer emotion and perceptions. Future research directions are discussed, with an emphasis on incorporating customer characteristics, industry attributes, and cultural variables to better understand the influence of service environments in different service settings.Practical implicationsSocial and physical environments influence customer emotional states within the service delivery context, which in turn affect customer service evaluations. Therefore, both social and physical service environments should be emphasized by service firms.Originality/valueThis research represents an early attempt to develop a more comprehensive model explaining how both social and physical environments affect customer emotion and perceptions. This study also represents the first empirical study of service environment research to include employee displayed emotion as part of the social environment.
Efficient simulations of detailed combustion fields via the lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Chiavazzo Eliodoro , Karlin Ilya V. , Gorban Alexander N. , Boulouchos Konstantinos 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe paper aims to be a first step toward the efficient, yet accurate, solution of detailed combustion fields using the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method, where applications are still limited due to both the stiffness of the governing equations and the large amount of fields to solve.Design/methodology/approachThe suggested methodology for model reduction is developed in the setting of slow invariant manifold construction, including details of the while. The simplest LB equation is used in order to work out the procedure of coupling of the reduced model with the flow solver.FindingsThe proposed method is validated with the 2D simulation of a premixed laminar flame in the hydrogen‐air mixture, where a remarkable computational speedup and memory saving are demonstrated.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of the chosen detailed LB model, the flow field may be described with unsatisfactory accuracy: this motivates further investigation in this direction in the near future.Practical implicationsA new framework of simulation of reactive flows is available, based on a coupling between accurate reduced reaction mechanism and the LB representation of the flow phenomena. Hence, the paper includes implications on how to perform accurate reactive flow simulations at a fraction of the cost required in the detailed model.Originality/valueThis paper meets an increasing need to have efficient and accurate numerical tools for modelling complex phenomena, such as pollutant formation during combustion.
Entropy generation analysis for the design optimization of solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Sciacovelli Adriano , Verda Vittorio 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to investigate performance improvements of a monolithic solid oxide fuel cell geometry through an entropy generation analysis.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis of entropy generation rates makes it possible to identify the phenomena that cause the main irreversibilities in the fuel cell, to understand their causes and to propose changes in the design and operation of the system. The various contributions to entropy generation are analyzed separately in order to identify which geometrical parameters should be considered as the independent variables in the optimization procedure. The local entropy generation rates are obtained through 3D numerical calculations, which account for the heat, mass, momentum, species and current transport. The system is then optimized in order to minimize the overall entropy generation and increase efficiency.FindingsIn the optimized geometry, the power density is increased by about 10 per cent compared to typical designs. In addition, a 20 per cent reduction in the fuel cell volume can be achieved with less than a 1 per cent reduction in the power density with respect to the optimal design.Research limitations/implicationsThe physical model is based on a simple composition of the reactants, which also implies that no chemical reactions (water gas shift, methane steam reforming, etc.) take place in the fuel cell. Nevertheless, the entire procedure could be applied in the case of different gas compositions.Practical implicationsEntropy generation analysis allows one to identify the geometrical parameters that are expected to play important roles in the optimization process and thus to reduce the free independent variables that have to be considered. This information may also be used for design improvement purposes.Originality/valueIn this paper, entropy generation analysis is used for a multi‐physics problem that involves various irreversible terms, with the double use of this physical quantity: as a guide to select the most relevant design geometrical quantities to be modified and as objective function to be minimized in the optimization process.
Application of the lattice Boltzmann method for large‐scale hydraulic problems
Authors: Biscarini Chiara , Di Francesco Silvia , Mencattini Matteo 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to prove the validity of the front‐tracking variant of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to simulate free surface hydraulic flows (i.e. dam break flows).Design/methodology/approachIn this paper, an algorithm for free surface simulations with the LBM method is presented. The method is chosen for its computational efficiency and ability to deal with complex geometries. The LBM is combined to a surface‐tracking technique applied to a fixed Eulerian mesh in order to simulate free surface flows.FindingsThe numerical method is then validated against two typical cases of environmental‐hydraulic interest (i.e. dam break) by comparing LBM results with experimental data available in literature. The results show that the model is able to reproduce the observed water levels and the wave fronts with reasonable accuracy in the whole period of the transient simulations, thus highlighting that the present method may be a promising tool for practical dam break analyses.Originality/valueEven if the main philosophy of the proposed method is equal to the volume of fluid technique usually coupled to Navier‐Stokes models, no additional differential equation is needed to determine the relative volume fraction of the two phases, or phase fraction, in each computational cell, as the free‐surface tracking is automatically performed. This results in a method very simple to be coded with high computational efficiency. The results presented in this paper are the first, to the best of the authors' knowledge, in the field of hydraulic engineering.