bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity and ex vivo validation of finite element models of the domestic pig cranium
Authors: Bright Jen A. , Rayfield Emily J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA finite element (FE) validation and sensitivity study was undertaken on a modern domestic pig cranium. Bone strain data were collected ex vivo from strain gauges, and compared with results from specimen‐specific FE models. An isotropic, homogeneous model was created, then input parameters were altered to investigate model sensitivity. Heterogeneous, isotropic models investigated the effects of a constant‐thickness, stiffer outer layer (representing cortical bone) atop a more compliant interior (representing cancellous bone). Loading direction and placement of strain gauges were also varied, and the use of 2D membrane elements at strain gauge locations as a method of projecting 3D model strains into the plane of the gauge was investigated. The models correctly estimate the loading conditions of the experiment, yet at some locations fail to reproduce correct principal strain magnitudes, and hence strain ratios. Principal strain orientations are predicted well. The initial model was too stiff by approximately an order of magnitude. Introducing a compliant interior reported strain magnitudes more similar to the ex vivo results without notably affecting strain orientations, ratios or contour patterns, suggesting that this simple heterogeneity was the equivalent of reducing the overall stiffness of the model. Models were generally insensitive to moderate changes in loading direction or strain gauge placement, except in the squamosal portion of the zygomatic arch. The use of membrane elements made negligible differences to the reported strains. The models therefore seem most sensitive to changes in material properties, and suggest that failure to model local heterogeneity in material properties and structure of the bone may be responsible for discrepancies between the experimental and model results. This is partially attributable to a lack of resolution in the CT scans from which the model was built, and partially due to an absence of detailed material properties data for pig cranial bone. Thus, caution is advised when using FE models to estimate absolute numerical values of breaking stress and bite force unless detailed input parameters are available. However, if the objective is to compare relative differences between models, the fact that the strain environment is replicated well means that such investigations can be robust.
Dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy and the risks of low birthweight, preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA)—a systematic review and meta‐analyses
Authors: Patra J , Bakker R , Irving H , Jaddoe VWV , Malini S , Rehm J 
Published: July 2011

Please cite this paper as: Patra J, Bakker R, Irving H, Jaddoe V, Malini S, Rehm J. Dose–response relationship between alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy and the risks of low birthweight, preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA)—a systematic review and meta‐analyses. BJOG2011;118:1411–1421.Background  Descriptions of the effects of moderate alcohol consumption during pregnancy on adverse pregnancy outcomes have been inconsistent.Objective  To review systematically and perform meta‐analyses on the effect of maternal alcohol exposure on the risk of low birthweight, preterm birth and small for gestational age (SGA).Search strategy  Using Medical Subject Headings, a literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CABS, WHOlist, SIGLE, ETOH, and Web of Science between 1 January 1980 and 1 August 2009 was performed followed by manual searches.Selection criteria  Case–control or cohort studies were assessed for quality (STROBE), 36 available studies were included.Data collection and analysis  Two reviewers independently extracted the information on low birthweight, preterm birth and SGA using a standardised protocol. Meta‐analyses on dose–response relationships were performed using linear as well as first‐order and second‐order fractional polynomial regressions to estimate best fitting curves to the data.Main results  Compared with abstainers, the overall dose–response relationships for low birthweight and SGA showed no effect up to 10 g pure alcohol/day (an average of about 1 drink/day) and preterm birth showed no effect up to 18 g pure alcohol/day (an average of 1.5 drinks/day); thereafter, the relationship showed a monotonically increasing risk for increasing maternal alcohol consumption. Moderate consumption during pre‐pregnancy was associated with reduced risks for all outcomes.Conclusions  Dose–response relationship indicates that heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy increases the risks of all three outcomes whereas light to moderate alcohol consumption shows no effect. Preventive measures during antenatal consultations should be initiated.
Monitoring or avoiding health information – the relation to inner inclination and health status
Authors: Ek Stefan , Heinström Jannica 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground:  The way a person responds to health information, for instance by actively seeking it out or avoiding it, is an important part of overall coping with health issues. This study starts from the assumption that there are individual differences in information behaviour in charged contexts such as when faced with the stress and anxiety of compromised health.Objective:  To shed light on mechanisms through which personal characteristics (locus of control) and world views (sense of coherence) influence health information interest and health information seeking in relation to health status.Method:  The methods used in this study are quantitative. The material consists of data procured via a postal survey, which was posted to a representative sample group consisting of 2500 Finnish citizens aged 18–65 years. The statistical analysis consists of F‐tests for means, frequency analyses and cross tab‐analyses (chi‐square and Goodman–Kruskal gamma).Results:  Persons with perceived health problems are comparatively more characterised by external locus of control and by lower motivation to act on health issues.Conclusion:  More research is needed before these complex relationships are fully understood. However, the results of this study show that internal locus of control entails high interest in, and low avoidance of, health information.
Online health information search and evaluation: observations and semi‐structured interviews with college students and maternal health experts
Authors: Kim Hyojin , Park Sun‐Young , Bozeman Ingrid 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground:  While the Internet is a popular source of health information, health seekers’ inadequate skills to locate and discern quality information pose a potential threat to their healthcare decision‐making.Objectives:  We aimed to examine health information search and appraisal behaviours among young, heavy users of the Internet.Methods:  In study 1, we observed and interviewed 11 college students about their search strategies and evaluation of websites. In study 2, three health experts evaluated two websites selected as the best information sources in study 1.Results:  Familiarity with health websites and confidence in search strategies were major factors affecting search and evaluation behaviours. Website quality was mostly judged by aesthetics and peripheral cues of source credibility and message credibility. In contrast to users’ favourable website evaluation, the experts judged the websites to be inappropriate and untrustworthy.Conclusion:  Our results highlight a critical need to provide young health seekers with resources and training that are specifically geared toward health information search and appraisal. The role of health seekers’ knowledge and involvement with the health issue in search effort and success warrants future research.
Neurochemokines: a menage a trois providing new insights on the functions of chemokines in the central nervous system
Authors: Rostène William , Dansereau Marc‐André , Godefroy David , Van Steenwinckel Juliette , Goazigo Annabelle Reaux‐Le , Mélik‐Parsadaniantz Stéphane , Apartis Emmanuelle , Hunot Stéphane , Beaudet Nicolas , Sarret Philippe 
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 680–694.AbstractRecent observations suggest that besides their role in the immune system, chemokines have important functions in the brain. There is a great line of evidence to suggest that chemokines are a unique class of neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, which regulate many biological aspects as diverse as neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation and synaptic transmission. In physiopathological conditions, many chemokines are synthesized in activated astrocytes and microglial cells, suggesting their involvement in brain defense mechanisms. However, when evoking chemokine functions in the nervous system, it is important to make a distinction between resting conditions and various pathological states including inflammatory diseases, autoimmune or neurodegenerative disorders in which chemokine functions have been extensively studied. We illustrate here the emergent concept of the neuromodulatory/neurotransmitter activities of neurochemokines and their potential role as a regulatory alarm system and as a group of messenger molecules for the crosstalk between neurons and cells from their surrounding microenvironment. In this deliberately challenging review, we provide novel hypotheses on the role of these subtle messenger molecules in brain functions leading to the evidence that previous dogmas concerning chemokines should be reconsidered.
Between promiscuity and specificity: novel roles of EF‐hand calcium sensors in neuronal Ca2+ signalling
Authors: Mikhaylova Marina , Hradsky Johannes , Kreutz Michael R. 
Published: July 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 695–713.AbstractIn recent years, substantial progress has been made towards an understanding of the physiological function of EF‐hand calcium sensor proteins of the Calmodulin (CaM) superfamily in neurons. This deeper appreciation is based on the identification of novel target interactions, structural studies and the discovery of novel signalling mechanisms in protein trafficking and synaptic plasticity, in which CaM‐like sensor proteins appear to play a role. However, not all interactions are of plausible physiological relevance and in many cases it is not yet clear how the CaM signaling network relates to the proposed function of other EF‐hand sensors. In this review, we will summarize these findings and address some of the open questions on the functional role of EF‐hand calcium binding proteins in neurons.
Perceptions of patient participation amongst elderly patients with end‐stage renal disease in a dialysis unit
Authors: Aasen Elin M. , Kvangarsnes Marit , Heggen Kåre 
Published: July 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2012; 26; 61–69  Perceptions of patient participation amongst elderly patients with end‐stage renal disease in a dialysis unitAim:  A patient’s right to influence treatment and health care has been guaranteed by Norwegian law since 1999. The aim of this study was to explore how elderly patients with end‐stage renal disease who are undergoing treatment with haemodialysis for the rest of their lives perceive patient participation in a dialysis unit.Methods:  This study, which was inspired by critical discourse analysis, drew on data derived from transcribed interviews with 11 patients.Findings:  Two discourses related to patient participation were identified. The first and dominant discourse was called the health‐care team’s power and dominance. Both environmental conditions and the team’s practice exercised power and control over the patients. The patients trusted the health‐care team, but some felt powerless and were afraid of what might happen if they refused to follow the instructions. The health‐care team owned the knowledge and decided what the patients needed to know. Most of all the patients wanted dialogue about the future. After years of treatment, patient identity seemed to be threatened by this situation. The second discourse is called the patients struggling for shared decision‐making. Some patients struggled to be involved in decision‐making about ‘dry weight’, diet, blood access and time of treatment when these factors threatened their well‐being and the quality of their daily lives.Conclusions:  The elderly patients’ right to participate in their haemodialysis treatment did not seem to be well incorporated into the social practices of haemodialysis units. Changing the social practices in the dialysis units from a paternalistic ideology to an ideology of participation will require consideration of the context, the dialogue and the process of shared decision‐making with the patient.
Soil carbon and related soil properties along a soil type and land‐use intensity gradient, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Wilson B. R. , Koen T. B. , Barnes P. , Ghosh S. , King D. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to systematically quantify differences in soil carbon and key related soil properties along a replicated land‐use intensity gradient on three soil landscapes in northwest New South Wales, Australia. Our results demonstrate consistent land‐use effects across all soil types where C, N and C:N ratio were in the order woodland > unimproved pasture = improved pasture > cultivation while bulk density broadly showed the reverse pattern. These land‐use effects were largely restricted to the near surface soil layers. Improved pasture was associated with a significant soil acidification, indicating that strategies to increase soil carbon through pasture improvement in these environments might also have associated soil degradation issues. Total soil carbon stocks were significantly larger in woodland soils, across all soil types, compared with the other land‐uses studied. Non‐wooded systems, however, had statistically similar carbon stocks and this pattern persisted whether or not carbon quantity was corrected for equivalent mass. Our results suggest that conversion from cultivation to pasture in this environment would yield between 0.06 and 0.15 t C/ha/yr which is at the lower end of predicted ranges in Australia and well below values measured in other cooler, wetter environments. We estimate that a 10% conversion rate (cultivation to pasture) across NSW would yield around 0.36 Mt CO2‐e/yr which would contribute little to emission reductions in NSW. We conclude that carbon accumulation in agricultural soils in this environment might be more modest than current predictions suggest and that systematically collected, regionally specific data are required for the vegetation communities and full range of land‐uses before accurate and reliable predictions of soil carbon change can be made across these extensive landscapes.
Ascertainment of early onset eating disorders: a pilot for developing a national child psychiatric surveillance system
Authors: Lynn R.M. , Viner R.M. , Nicholls D.E. 
Published: July 2011

Background:  A Child & Adolescent Psychiatric Surveillance System was established as part of a British Paediatric Surveillance Unit study of early onset eating disorders (EOED).Method:  A study of EOED presenting to paediatricians was undertaken through the BPSU over 15 months in 2005–06.Results:  Monthly report cards compliance was 83%, identifying 208 EOED cases. On evaluation, 99% of psychiatrists responding supported the need for surveillance and 95% would continue to contribute.Conclusions:  The findings of this pilot study suggest that a monthly surveillance of rare conditions in child and adolescent psychiatry is feasible and enhances ascertainment.
Long‐term follow up after uterine artery embolization for symptomatic uterine leiomyomas
Authors: POULSEN BENTE , MUNK TORBEN , RAVN PERNILLE 
Published: July 2011

AbstractUterine artery embolization is one of the established treatment options for symptomatic uterine leiomyomas, with a proven effect on the size of leiomyomas and providing short‐term relief of symptoms. Only few studies have addressed long‐term satisfaction with the treatment. We conducted a historical cohort study of 96 patients. The patients were treated at a median age of 43years (range 23–59years). The median size of the largest myoma was 69mm (range 20–170mm). By use of a postal questionnaire (response rate 86%) and audit of patient files, we found that 53% reported full recovery of symptoms and 36% some effect on symptoms after a median of 8.9years (range 8–9.4years). Overall, 25% of the women reported a need for further treatment. The rate of eventual hysterectomy was 22%. We confirm that uterine artery embolization is a safe and well‐tolerated procedure with a high long‐term satisfaction rate.
Older mothers do not confer greater perinatal risk to dichorionic diamniotic twins
Authors: MULLINS EDWARD , KUMAR SAILESH 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAdvanced maternal age may be associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in singleton pregnancies. It is unclear whether a similar association exists for dichorionic twins. This objective of this study was to ascertain whether advanced maternal age was associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality in a 15 year retrospective review of dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twins delivered at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, a tertiary referral center in London, UK, between 1994 and 2008. In all, 1 174 DCDA deliveries occurred in the study period. Maternal age was not associated with neonatal unit admission or composite fetal and neonatal mortality. Advanced maternal age appeared to have no deleterious effect on the perinatal outcomes of DCDA twin pregnancies.
Tooth loss and dental caries in community‐dwelling older adults in northern Manhattan
Authors: Northridge Mary E. , Ue Frances V. , Borrell Luisa N. , De La Cruz Leydis D. , Chakraborty Bibhas , Bodnar Stephanie , Marshall Stephen , Lamster Ira B. 
Published: July 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00502.xTooth loss and dental caries in community‐dwelling older adults in northern ManhattanObjective: To examine tooth loss and dental caries by sociodemographic characteristics from community‐based oral health examinations conducted by dentists in northern Manhattan.Background: The ElderSmile programme of the Columbia University College of Dental Medicine serves older adults with varying functional capacities across settings. This report is focused on relatively mobile, socially engaged participants who live in the impoverished communities of Harlem and Washington Heights/Inwood in northern Manhattan, New York City.Materials and Methods: Self‐reported sociodemographic characteristics and health and health care information were provided by community‐dwelling ElderSmile participants aged 65 years and older who took part in community‐based oral health education and completed a screening questionnaire. Oral health examinations were conducted by trained dentists in partnering prevention centres among ElderSmile participants who agreed to be clinically screened (90.8%).Results: The dental caries experience of ElderSmile participants varied significantly by sociodemographic predictors and smoking history. After adjustment in a multivariable logistic regression model, older age, non‐Hispanic Black and Hispanic race/ethnicity, and a history of current or former smoking were important predictors of edentulism.Conclusion: Provision of oral health screenings in community‐based settings may result in opportunities to intervene before oral disease is severe, leading to improved oral health for older adults.
A dynamical analysis of the proposed HU Aquarii planetary system
Authors: Horner J. , Marshall J. P. , Wittenmyer Robert A. , Tinney C. G. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
It has recently been suggested that the eclipsing polar HU Aquarii is a host to at least two giant planets. We have performed highly detailed dynamical analyses of the orbits of those planets and showed that the proposed system is highly unstable on time-scales of &lt;5 × 103 yr. For the coplanar orbits suggested in the discovery Letter, we find stable orbital solutions for the planetary system only if the outer body moves on an orbit that brings it no closer to the host star than ∼6 au. The required periastron distance for the outer planet lies approximately 5 Hill radii beyond the orbit of the inner planet, and well beyond the 1σ error bars placed on the orbit of the outer planet in the discovery Letter. If the orbits of the proposed planets are significantly inclined with respect to one another, the median stability increases slightly, but such systems still become destabilized on astronomically minute time-scales (typically within a few 104 yr). Only in the highly improbable scenario where the outer planet follows a retrograde but coplanar orbit (i.e. inclined by 180° to the orbit of the inner planet) is there any significant region of stability within the original 1σ orbital uncertainties. Our results suggest that, if there is a second (and potentially, a third planet) in the HU Aquarii system, its orbit is dramatically different from that suggested in the discovery Letter, and that more observations are critically required in order to constrain the nature of the suggested orbital bodies.
CS (5−4) survey towards nearby infrared bright galaxies
Authors: Wang Junzhi , Zhang Zhiyu , Shi Yong 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
With the observations of the CS (5−4) line towards a sample of 24 infrared bright galaxies using Heinrich Hertz Submillimeter Telescope (HHSMT), we detected CS (5−4) emission in 14 galaxies, including 12 ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs)/luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) and two nearby normal galaxies. As a good dense gas tracer, which has been well used for studying star formation in the Milky Way, CS (5−4) can trace the active star-forming gas in galaxies. The correlation between CS (5−4) luminosity, which is estimated with detected CS (5−4) line emission, and the infrared luminosity in these 14 galaxies, is fitted with a correlation coefficient of 0.939 and a slope close to unity. This correlation confirms that dense gas, which is closely linked to star formation, is very important for understanding star formation in galaxies.
Killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the Canadian Arctic: Distribution, prey items, group sizes, and seasonality
Authors: Higdon Jeff W. , Hauser Donna D. W. , Ferguson Steven H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractKiller whales (Orcinus orca) have a global distribution, but many high‐latitude populations are not well studied. We provide a comprehensive review of the history and ecology of killer whales in the Canadian Arctic, for which there has previously been little information. We compiled a database of 450 sightings spanning over 15 decades (1850–2008) to document the historical occurrence, distribution, feeding ecology, and seasonality of killer whales observed throughout the region. Sighting reports per decade increased substantially since 1850 and were most frequent in the eastern Canadian Arctic. The mean reported group size was 8.3 (median = 4, range 1–100), but size varied significantly among regions and observed prey types. Observations of predation events indicate that Canadian Arctic killer whales prey upon other marine mammals. Monodontids were the most frequently observed prey items, followed by bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus), phocids, and groups of mixed mammal prey. No killer whale sightings occurred during winter, with sightings gradually increasing from early spring to a peak in summer, after which sightings gradually decreased. Our results suggest that killer whales are established, at least seasonally, throughout the Canadian Arctic, and we discuss potential ecological implications of increased presence with declining sea ice extent and duration.