bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and Nutrient Accumulation and Distribution in Grain Sorghum. I. Dry Matter Production and Ca and Mg Uptake and Distribution1
Authors: Jacques G. L. , Vanderlip R. L. , Whitney D. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalcium and magnesium have been found deficient in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in some areas. To conduct fertility trials and interpret plant tissue nutrient analyses, we must first understand the growth and nutrient uptake and distribution patterns of the plant. Studies were conducted to investigate growth and Ca and Mg uptake and distribution in grain sorghum throughout its growth cycle. Two grain sorghum hybrids (‘RS 610’ and ‘RS 702’) were planted at the Kansas State University Agronomy Farm, Manhattan, Kan., in 1970 and 1971. Weekly samples were analyzed for Ca and Mg in the plant parts.Dry matter production and Ca and Mg uptake were similar in both hybrids, although a larger proportion of dry matter and Ca and Mg were distributed in vegetative portions of RS 702 than in RS 610. Environmental factors affected growth and nutrient uptake both years, but patterns were similar.Calcium and Mg concentrations varied among plant parts, and concentrations within a plant part were not constant throughout sorghum's growth cycle. Plant‐part nutrient concentrations generally were high early in the growth cycles and decreased as the plants reached maturity, except that Ca content in leaf blades increased with maturity. Whole plant Ca and Mg concentrations decreased almost linearly throughout each growing season.Calcium and Mg distributions in plant parts were not proportional to dry matter distribution. Only a small percentage of the plant's total accumulated Ca was in the grain at maturity, when the grain accounted for nearly half of the total plant weight. There was evidence of translocation of Mg from culms to developing grain, but Ca seemed to be immobile.Calcium and Mg uptake preceded dry matter production, and Ca was generally taken up more rapidly than Mg during vegetative growth. When vegetative growth had been completed, more than half of the plant's total Ca and Mg uptake had occurred.
Laboratory Evaluation of Quality in Subtropical Grasses. III. Genetic Variation among Digitaria Species in In Vitro Digestion and its Relationship to Plant Morphology1
Authors: Klock M. A. , Schank S. C. , Moore J. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn vitro organic matter digestion procedures (IVOMD) were used to evaluate a wide range of Digitaria spp. (digitgrass) breeding lines at three stages of maturity, across 11 field replications of one genotype, and as full‐sib families evaluated at two locations and with two fertilizer treatments. Observations were made on the effect of flowering culms and stem microanatomy on digestibility. Information on the variation in digestibility among digitgrass hybrids and factors which may affect digestibility would be useful in selecting promising genotypes early in a breeding program.At 3, 5 and 7‐week regrowth, IVOMD ranged respectively from 69.8 to 77.7, 56.6 to 68.4 and 50.7 to 64.0% on different lines. Lines lower in digestion at 3‐week re‐growth were lower at 5 and 7 weeks, and lines initially higher in digestion usually remained higher at all three harvests. Eleven field replications of a clonally propagated genotype did not differ significantly, nor did three laboratory replications per sample. Significant differences in IVOMD were detected not only among hybrid families, but also within some of the families (among full sibs).A factorial analysis was performed on IVOMD data on five hybrid families. Significant differences in digestion among genotypes, families, levels of fertilization, and location were observed. The genetic portion constituted the greatest single component of the total variance. The range in IVOMD was 53.9 to 76.3% among genotypes and 57.8 to 73.1% among families. Genotype IVOMD correlated directly with family mean for each harvest. A highly significant negative correlation (r = −0.81) was found between percent IVOMD and percent seed stalks. Micro‐scopic examination revealed that genotypes with low digestion showed more evidence of secondary cell wall thickening in nodal regions of the stem than did those genotypes with high digestion.
Phalaris and Tall Fescue Forage Production as Affected by Nematodes in the Field1
Authors: Hoveland C. S. , Rodriguez‐Kabana R. , Berry C. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNematodes are known to damage cool season perennial grasses, but effects on forage yields in the southeastern U.S. are unknown. Forage yield losses of two cultivars each of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) were studied in a central Alabama field experiment on Augusta fine sandy loam (Aerie Ochraquult) soil. Yields were measured on untreated soil and on soil treated with methyl bromide (MB) or carbofuran nematicide (CN). Second‐year total forage yields of ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue were increased 107% with MB and 39% with CN above that of untreated soil. ‘AP‐2’ phalaris forage yields were increased 348% with MB and 172% with CN. Autumn and early winter production was affected most by the soil treatments. Sod populations of stubby root (Trichodorus christiei Allen.), stunt (Tylenchorhynchus claytonia Steiner), and lance (Hoplolaimus galeatus (Cobb) Thorne) nematodes increased by the second season and then declined. Populations of plant parasitic nematodes were decreased by MB and CN treatments. Nematodes destroyed grass roots at depths beyond 10 cm, and plant stand losses occurred during autumn drought. Nematode susceptibility contributed significantly to poor performance of tall fescue and phalaris on sandy soils. Other soilborne pathogens also may be a factor in causing root damage.These results indicate that nematodes are important in the persistence and production of phalaris and tall fescue on sandy soils of the southeastern U.S. Breeding for host plant resistance to nematodes will be necessary to extend the geographical range of these grass species.
Performance of Spring Sown Triticale, Oats, Barley, and Wheat1
Authors: Oplinger E. S. , Youngs V. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTriticale (X Triticosecale) has recently been promoted as a high protein livestock feed. In order to determine its suitability for this purpose we compared the yield, test weight, protein content and lodging of triticale with that of adapted cultivars of spring oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at four locations in each of 4 years in Wisconsin.Triticale cultivars averaged 16.9% protein concentration in the whole grain, while wheat, oats and barley cultivars averaged 15.5, 14.2 and 12.5% protein, respectively. However, wheat, oats, and barley produced higher grain yields and more protein on an area basis. Maximum protein yield was produced by Dal oats, a recently released high protein cultivar. The triticale cultivars were taller than the other species, but they had good standability up to maturity. Triticale was later in maturity, harder to thresh, and of considerably higher ergot content than the other spring species.
Estimating Relative Leaf Water Content with a Simple Beta Gauge Calibration1
Authors: Obrigewitsch R. P. , Rolston D. E. , Nielsen D. R. , Nakayama F. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExisting methods for periodically measuring plant water status require considerable instrumentation or time. The method described herein simplifies plant water measurement by providing a completely linear calibration between attenuated beta radiation through a plant leaf and its relative water content simply by measuring the radiation intensity through the leaf at only two water contents — full turgidity and complete dryness. A 14C beta source was used with leaf discs from sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.). The method includes a means for drying the leaf discs while maintaining the original geometry. Measurements on leaf discs at relative water contents between O and 1 show that the method is accurate, and that a calibration can be established using a standard method to ensure full turgidity and complete dryness without the added necessity of determining the mass of the leaf. Thus, after proper calibration, only radiation intensity measurements are required to determine the relative water content of a leaf.
Yield Response to Soil Warming: Economic Feasibility1
Authors: Schimisseur W. E. , Boersma L. , Rykbost K. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe development potential of soil warming with power plant waste heat is evaluated and major determinants to development are identified by evaluating the economic feasibility of producing selected crops by soil warming. Yield responses to soil warming were identified from a series of test plot experiments. Crop values and soil warming production costs are specific to Willamette Valley, Ore., in 1973. The capital cost of a soil warming installation consisting of 5.08 cm diameter PVC pipes buried 90 cm deep at 183 cm centers with supply lines and pumps was estimated to be $8,213/ha. The annual amortization would be $847 or $l,242/ha at interest rates of 10 and 15%. Additional operating and maintenance costs would result in total annual costs of $927 or $l,407/ha at opportunity costs of 10 and 15%.Only high value crops could be profitably produced using soil warming. The economic potential of the proposed production technique is limited by the high capital cost of the installation. This potential could be improved by decreasing installation costs through the use of wider spacings, by selection of crop cultivars more responsive to soil warming, and by accepting lower interest rates on the invested capital.
Alfalfa Flower Color Associated with Differential Seed Set by Leaf‐cutter Bees1
Authors: Goplen B. P. , Brandt S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany studies have been carried out to demonstrate that alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants vary in their attractiveness to bees. Flower color has often been implicated as one of the factors in attractiveness, but the reports are conflicting and inconclusive. Field observations by the authors indicated that yellow flowered alfalfa plants were tripped less frequently and set less seed than the common purple flowered plants.To investigate this phenomenon, an initial study of 18 pairs of plants pollinated by leaf‐cutter bees, Megachile pacifica (Panzer), revealed that the yellow flowered plants produced only one‐half as much seed (P = 0.05) as plants with purple flowers. A subsequent more detailed study was then carried out in an attempt to determine the relative importance of flower color per se as a factor in alfalfa pollination and seed set.Twenty pairs of yellow and purple flowered plants were studied in a spaced‐plant plot of ‘Ladak’ alfalfa which contained yellow flowered plants in a predominantly purple‐blue flowered population. Leaf‐cutters were used for pollination. Percent tripping was determined by observations of 100 florets on racemes taken at random from each plant. Other observations made were: number of florets (20 racemes), percent pods, seeds/pod, seed weight (g/200 seeds), and seed yield (g/plant). On the average, it was found that yellow flowered plants were tripped much less frequently (16% vs. 43%, P = 0.01), produced fewer seeds/pod (P = 0.01), lower percent pods (P = 0.01), and yielded half as much seed as purple flowered plants (P = 0.10).It was concluded that if flower color per se is not the predominant factor responsible for the lower tripping and seed set on the yellow flowered plants, nevertheless it is associated with this phenomenon. This study indicates the need for more comprehensive studies to determine the cause(s) for the observed differential tripping and seed set of yellow flowered plants.
Mo and N Effects on Growth, Yield, and Mo Composition of Burley Tobacco1
Authors: Sims J. L. , Atkinson W. O. , Smitobol Chirtchart 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNicotiana tabacum L., cv. ‘Ky‐14’, was grown in field experiments on Maury silt loam soil (clayey, mixed, mesic; Typic, paleudult) to determine the influence of Mo and N nutrition on growth, yield, and Mo concentration of burley tobacco. Previous studies have shown that high rates of commercial fertilizers commonly applied in hurley tobacco production decreased soil pH, concentration of soil and plant Mo, and depressed dry matter accumulation during early growth stages. The present studies were designed to evaluate the use of Mo and NO‐3 sources of N fertilizer to increase early growth and final cured leaf yields.In one experiment conducted during 2 years, N as KNO3, NH4NO3, or urea was applied at rates of O, 224, and 448 kg N/ha. Potassium in the form of K2SO4, and in amounts equivalent to the K in KNO3 was added to plots receiving NH4NO3 and urea. In a second experiment conducted during 1 year N as Ca(NO3)2 or urea was applied at rates of 280 kg N/ha. No K2S04 was applied. Rates of Mo as sodium molybdate were O, 0.22, and 0.44 kg Mo/ha in Experiment 1 and O, 0.22, 0.44, and 0.88 kg Mo/ha in Experiment 2.In Experiment 1, dry matter accumulation during early growth was inversely related to rate of N and K fertilizer applied. Mo fertilization did not overcome the depressing effects of fertilizer on early growth, but a trend existed for both Mo and NO3‐ sources of N to improve early growth. Mo significantly increased yields of cured leaf. Significant N rate × Mo rate and N and K fertilizer treatment × Mo rate interactions occurred for cured leaf yields. Response to Mo occurred only at the 224 kg N rate, and Mo applied at the rate of 0.44 kg/ha increased yields about 900 kg/ha over plots unfertilized with Mo in the presence of KNO3. Average plant Mo concentration during early growth was doubled by adding Mo at the 0.44 kg/ha rate and halved by adding N at the 448 kg/ha rate. The critical concentration of Mo for dry matter accumulation during early growth appeared to be about 0.38 μ/g dry weight.Results of Experiment 2 confirmed those of Experiment 1 regarding effects of NO3‐ sources and Mo fertilization. Additionally, Mn concentration in plants treated with Ca(NO3)2 was about half that of urea‐treated plants, and in urea‐treated plants Mn concentration was reduced by one‐half by Mo fertilization. Since Mn toxicity of tobacco is common in hurley production, these findings are of particular significance.
Abandoned Sugarcane Stubble as a Potential Source of Seedcane1
Authors: Broadhead Dempsey M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSparsity of buds on sugarcane stalks in vegetative propagation requires 1 ha of the current crop for seedcane to plant each 6 to 10 ha. In an attempt to obtain planting stock at less cost, second‐year abandoned ‘C. P. 36–111’ sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) stubble pieces were evaluated as a potential alternate source of seedcane. Two lines of mature stalk used as seed pieces (check) were compared with single stubble pieces spaced 15, 30, 60, and 90 cm; clumps of two‐piece stubble spaced 60 cm; and clumps of three‐piece stubble spaced 60 and 90 cm apart.Yield of sugarcane grown from mature stalk seedcane was superior to that grown from single stubble pieces or from clumps of stubble. However, differences in yields from stalks and stubble pieces decreased in stubble crops. Single and multiple stubble pieces produced similar results. The Brix value was similar in juice from sugarcane grown from stalks and from stubble pieces.
Nitrogen Release from Isobutylidene Diurea: Soil pH and Fertilizer Particle Size Effects1
Authors: Hughes T. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil‐isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) mixtures were incubated to determine the effects of soil pH and IBDU particle size on N release patterns. Such information is needed for predicting rates and frequencies of application. All incubations were conducted at a temperature of 21 ± 0.5 C. and 28 ± 2% soil moisture. Evidence was obtained for excluding urea‐N concentrations from calculations of N recovery, thus all recoveries were based on concentrations of (NH+4 + NO−3)‐N.Nitrogen release patterns from 0.7 to 0.8 mm IBDU particles in soil at initial pH's of 5.7, 6.8, and 7.7 were determined. After four weeks of incubation, the amount of N released was equivalent to one‐third of the IBDU‐N for soil at pH 5.7, however, lesser amounts were released in soil at pH's 6.8 and 7.7. Differences in N release were due to differences in NH+4‐N concentrations, whereas concentrations of NO−3‐N were not related to soil pH throughout the 10‐week incubation period. Thus, N release from IBDU was affected by soil pH shortly after fertitizer application, but this effect disappeared as soon as the NH+4 accumulation was exhausted by nitrifying organisms.Fertilizer particle size had pronounced effects on N release in soil of initial pH's 5.7 and 7.4. Nitrogen recoveries of 75% after 10 weeks, 58% after 21 weeks, and 50% after 32 weeks were obtained for IBDU particle diameters of 0.6 to 0.7 mm, 1.0 to 1.2 mm, and 1.7 to 2.0 mm, respectively.
Yields and Sugar Content of Sugarbeets as Affected by Deficit High‐Frequency Irrigation1
Authors: Miller D. E. , Aarstad J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInstallation and operating costs of irrigation systems are related to system capacity and amount of water applied. If sprinkler systems can be designed for less than usual peak evapotranspiration rates, initial costs will be less. If less water is applied, operating expenses will decrease. Previous work indicated that sugarbeets can be grown satisfactorily under high‐frequency deficit irrigation (daily or more often at rates less than evapotranspiration) with soil water supplying part of the irrigation deficit. A field study was conducted, using solid‐set sprinklers, with the objective of determining the minimum amount of irrigation water that must be applied during peak use periods to avoid reduction in sugar yields. Treatments involved irrigation each morning at rates equivalent to various proportions of evaporation the previous day from a Class A Weather Bureau pan. The soil was near the upper limit of available water when the treatments were initiated.In 1974 yields of roots and sugar were not significantly different at daily irrigation rates equivalent to 100, 75, or 50% of pan evaporation. In 1972 and 1973 sugar yields were decreased only by not irrigating from mid‐August to mid‐September, compared to daily irrigation at 90% pan evaporation. Total water used by the crop was decreased by deficit high‐frequency irrigation while yield of sugar per unit of water used increased. In 1974 sugar yields per unit of water used increased from 184 to 264 kg/ha/cm as irrigation rates decreased from 100 to 50% of pan evaporation.This study indicates that with soils with adequate available waterholding capacity and crops that will tolerate deficit high‐frequency irrigation, systems can be designed for less capacity and total water application may be reduced. Soil water will be used to reduce the irrigation deficit.
Screening Soybeans for Tolerance to Metribuzin1
Authors: Barrentine W. L. , Edwards C. J. , Hartwig E. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies were initiated to develop a nutrient culture technique to select soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars or breeding lines for tolerance to the herbicide metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐tert‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio)‐as‐triazine‐5(4H) one]. Forty‐five soybean cultivars, representing determinate and indeterminate types commonly grown in the U.S., were screened in a modified Hoagland's nutrient culture containing 0.125 ppm metribuzin. Two cultivars, ‘CNS’ and ‘Wayne,’ and one breeding line, D66‐5566, were the most tolerant, showing only slight injury, whereas ‘Semmes’ and ‘Tracy’ were killed. Metribuzin caused severe injury to ‘Amsoy,’ ‘Chippewa 64,’ ‘Corsoy,’ ‘Clark 63,’ ‘Custer,’ ‘Delmar,’ ‘Arksoy,’ ‘Peking,’ ‘Dorman,’ and ‘Bragg.’ The remaining 30 cultivars were moderately injured. This technique will be useful in breeding programs to select for metribuzin tolerance.
Effect of Municipal Sewage Sludge on Rooting of Grass Cuttings1
Authors: Burns Robert E. , Boswell Fred C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe availability of activated, digested, solid sewage sludge from municipalities at little or no cost suggests its possible use as a medium for sod production. Since most warm season sod is produced from vegetative material, and solid municipal sludge is available, the effect of this substrate on the rooting of grass cuttings should be evaluated. Due to the large difference found in quality of sludge from various disposal plants sludge from diverse sources should be compared. Cuttings of bermudagrass, centipedegrass, and zoysiagrass were rooted in activated, digested sludge from sewage plants serving an industrial area (I) and a residential area (R). The sludge from plant I had a much higher heavy metal content than that from plant R. The number of roots developed on bermudagrass cuttings rooted in I sludge was 80% of the cuttings rooted in R sludge and the total root length was 22% of those cuttings rooted in the R sludge. The difference between root production by centipedegrass cuttings in the two sludges was much greater than for bermudagrass. The effect of dilution of sludge with soil on root production was slight in comparison with the difference between soil and sludge. Both sludges were inferior to the soil controls as rooting media. The difference was greater when comparing the I sludge with soil than when comparing R sludge to soil. These data imply that the heavy metals in the I sludge may have retarded root formation on the grass cuttings since large differences in metal content of the two sludges were noted. Root primordia formation was reduced less than subsequent elongation of the roots.
Soil Water Uptake by Alfalfa1
Authors: Kohl R. A. , Kolar J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater uptake patterns of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) assist us in understanding proposed models governing plant water uptake. The data in this paper are presented to elucidate some details of passive water uptake from profiles with nonuniform soil water distributions. Soil water content under an alfalfa seed crop was monitored with a neutron moisture probe. Alfalfa roots withdraw soil water in the lower portion of the root zone (where soil matric potentials were between −7 and −10 bars), while the upper portion of the profile was above −2 bars. This indicates that for passive water uptake to occur, large water potential differences must exist between the root xylem and the soil in the upper, moist portion of the profile. Plant water potential measurements support passive uptake.
Performance of Maize Hybrids Grown in Conventional Row and Randomly Distributed Planting Patterns1
Authors: Mock J. J. , Heghin L. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAerial seedings of maize (Zea mays L.) by farmers in the U.S. Corn Belt have been reported by the news media. However, there are no reports in the scientific literature of controlled experiments designed to study influences of random distributions of plants (the expected distributions with aerial seedings) on maize productivity.Therefore, we conducted experiments in 1972 and 1973 to study effects of conventional row (spaced 102 cm apart) and randomly distributed planting patterns on growth and yield of two commercially available maize hybrids. In 1972, planting densities were 49,420 and 98,840 plants/ha, and in 1973 they were 39,536 and 79,072 plants/ha. Random planting patterns were obtained by casting heat‐killed field peas on the ground within a plot area and hand‐planting a maize kernel at each location of a pea. Both hybrids responded similarly to planting patterns each year. Percentage emergence, mature plant height, 50% pollen‐shed, 50% silk‐emergence, and number of ears/100 plants were not consistently influenced by planting pattern. Both years, however, significantly less grain was harvested from randomly planted than from row‐planted plots (i.e., −20.2 q/ha and −12.6 q/ha for 1972 and 1973, respectively), and response to increased plant densities was consistently smaller in random than in row planting patterns. Also, grain weight per plant was less (i.e., −25.0 g/plant) in randomly planted plots.