bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robotic stereotactic body radiotherapy in the treatment of sinonasal mucosal melanoma: Report of four cases
Authors: Ozyigit Gokhan , Cengiz Mustafa , Yazici Gozde , Yildiz Ferah , Sezen Duygu , Yildiz Demet , Gurkaynak Murat , Zorlu Faruk , Akyol Fadil 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundSinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is a rare entity originating from melanocytes of the sinonasal mucosa. Postoperative radiotherapy is recommended in all cases to increase local control. However, external radiotherapy is rarely used as a definitive treatment modality. In this report, we present 4 cases of SNMM treated with CyberKnife (Accuray, Sunnyvale, CA).MethodsAll patients were immobilized with a thermoplastic mask. A planning CT scan with 1‐mm thickness was obtained, and these images were fused with MRI for the contouring procedure. Multiplan (Accuray) inverse planning software was used for treatment planning. Robotic stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) was delivered with CyberKnife.ResultsMedian follow‐up was 26 months. Three patients had complete response to CyberKnife, and 1 patient had partial response.ConclusionRobotic SBRT seems to be an appealing treatment option for local control. Effective systemic treatment is required to prevent distant metastases. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Hippocampal activity during recognition memory co‐varies with the accuracy and confidence of source memory judgments
Authors: Yu Sarah S. , Johnson Jeffrey D. , Rugg Michael D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIt has been proposed that the hippocampus selectively supports retrieval of contextual associations, but an alternative view holds that the hippocampus supports strong memories regardless of whether they contain contextual information. We employed a memory test that combined the ‘Remember/Know’ and source memory procedures, which allowed test items to be segregated both by memory strength (recognition accuracy) and, separately, by the quality of the contextual information that could be retrieved (indexed by the accuracy/confidence of a source memory judgment). As measured by fMRI, retrieval‐related hippocampal activity tracked the quality of retrieved contextual information and not memory strength. These findings are consistent with the proposal that the hippocampus supports contextual recollection rather than recognition memory more generally. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular cytogenetic evaluation of the mechanism of genotoxic potential of amsacrine and nocodazole in mouse bone marrow cells
Authors: Attia Sabry M. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe mechanism of genotoxic potential of the cancer chemotherapeutic drugs amsacrine and nocodazole in mouse bone marrow was investigated using a micronucleus test complemented by fluorescence in situ hybridization assay with mouse centromeric and telomeric DNA probes. In animals treated with different doses of amsacrine (0.5–12 mg kg−1), the frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes increased significantly after treatment with 9 and 12 mg kg−1. A statistically significant increase in micronuclei frequency was also detected for 75 mg kg−1 nocodazole (two exposures, spaced 24 h apart). Both compounds caused significant suppressions of erythroblast proliferation at higher doses. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated for the first time that amsacrine has high incidences of clastogenicity and low incidences of aneugenicity whereas nocodazole has high incidences of aneugenicity and low incidences of clastogenicity during mitotic phases in vivo. The assay also showed that chromosomes can be enclosed in the micronuclei before and after centromere separation. Therefore, the clinical use of these genotoxic drugs must be weighed against the risks of the development of chromosomal aberrations in cancer patients and medical personnel exposed to drug regimens that include these chemicals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of an alternative low energy fold for bovine α‐lactalbumin formed by disulfide bond shuffling
Authors: Lewney Sarah , Smith Lorna J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBovine α‐lactalbumin (αLA) forms a misfolded disulfide bond shuffled isomer, X‐αLA. This X‐αLA isomer contains two native disulfide bridges (Cys 6–Cys 120 and Cys 28–Cys 111) and two non‐native disulfide bridges (Cys 61–Cys 73 and Cys 77–Cys 91). MD simulations have been used to characterize the X‐αLA isomer and its formation via disulfide bond shuffling and to compare it with the native fold of αLA. In the simulations of the X‐αLA isomer the structure of the α‐domain of native αLA is largely retained in agreement with experimental data. However, there are significant rearrangements in the β‐domain, including the loss of the native β‐sheet and calcium binding site. Interestingly, the energies of X‐αLA and native αLA in simulations in the absence of calcium are closely similar. Thus, the X‐αLA isomer represents a different low energy fold for the protein. Calcium binding to native αLA is shown to help preserve the structure of the β‐domain of the protein limiting possibilities for disulfide bond shuffling. Hence, binding calcium plays an important role in both maintaining the native structure of αLA and providing a mechanism for distinguishing between folded and misfolded species. Proteins 2011. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First‐trimester diagnosis of cleft lip and palate using three‐dimensional ultrasound
Authors: Martinez‐Ten P. , Adiego B. , Illescas T. , Bermejo C. , Wong A. E. , Sepulveda W. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether systematic examination of primary and secondary palates using three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound aids in the identification of orofacial clefts in the first trimester.Methods3D datasets were acquired prospectively from women undergoing first‐trimester ultrasound screening for aneuploidy. Multiplanar mode display was used for offline analysis of (1) the primary palate in the coronal plane at the base of the retronasal triangle and (2) the secondary palate by virtual navigation in the axial plane. In addition, 3D datasets from three fetuses with a cleft palate diagnosed in the first trimester were retrospectively identified and included randomly in the study group.ResultsA total of 240 3D datasets from 237 pregnancies (including three sets of twins), 89% of which were obtained transabdominally and 11% transvaginally, were examined independently by three operators. The quality of the 3D datasets was classified subjectively as good, fair and poor in 76%, 20% and 4% of cases, respectively. Seven fetuses had an orofacial cleft; all involved both the primary palate and the secondary palate. Using 3D offline analysis, the primary palate was classified as intact in 229 (95%), cleft in nine (4%) and indeterminate in two (1%). Seven of the nine fetuses suspected to have a cleft affecting the primary palate had the cleft confirmed at birth or at postmortem examination (false‐positive rate 0.9% (2/231)). The secondary palate was classified as intact in 217 (90%), cleft in six (3%) and indeterminate in 17 (7%). Clefts of the secondary palate were confirmed in all six suspected cases and missed in one, which was diagnosed at 16 weeks. The visualization rate was affected by the quality of the 3D dataset (P < 0.001) and gestational age at evaluation (P < 0.01).ConclusionIn our series, all cases of clefting of the primary palate and 86% of cases involving the secondary palate were visualized using 3D ultrasound with a satisfactory false‐positive rate. Virtual navigation of the fetal palate using the multiplanar mode display seems to be useful in the diagnosis of clefting in the first trimester. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diversity and distribution of avian haematozoan parasites in the western Indian Ocean region: a molecular survey
Authors: ISHTIAQ FARAH , BEADELL JON S. , H.WARREN BEN , FLEISCHER ROBERT C. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe genetic diversity of haematozoan parasites in island avifauna has only recently begun to be explored, despite the potential insight that these data can provide into the history of association between hosts and parasites and the possible threat posed to island endemics. We used mitochondrial DNA sequencing to characterize the diversity of 2 genera of vector-mediated parasites (PlasmodiumandHaemoproteus) in avian blood samples from the western Indian Ocean region and explored their relationship with parasites from continental Africa. We detected infections in 68 out of 150 (45 3%) individuals and cytochromebsequences identified 9 genetically distinct lineages ofPlasmodiumspp. and 7 lineages ofHaemoproteusspp. We found considerable heterogeneity in parasite lineage composition across islands, although limited sampling may, in part, be responsible for perceived differences. Two lineages ofPlasmodiumspp. and 2 lineages ofHaemoproteusspp. were shared by hosts in the Indian Ocean and also on mainland Africa, suggesting that these lineages may have arrived relatively recently. Polyphyly of island parasites indicated that these parasites were unlikely to constitute an endemic radiation and instead probably represent multiple colonization events. This study represents the first molecular survey of vector-mediated parasites in the western Indian Ocean, and has uncovered a diversity of parasites. Full understanding of parasite community composition and possible threats to endemic avian hosts will require comprehensive surveys across the avifauna of this region.
Changes in protein expression in the sheep abomasum following trickle infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta
Authors: PEMBERTON ALAN D. , BROWN JEREMY K. , CRAIG NICKY M. , PATE JUDITH , McLEAN KEVIN , INGLIS NEIL F. , KNOX DAVID , KNIGHT PAMELA A. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYContinual low-level exposure of sheep to the helminth Teladorsagia circumcincta elicits a temporary protective immunity, where factors in the immune abomasal mucosa prevent penetration of infective larvae, but which is essentially lost within 6 weeks of cessation of parasite challenge. Here, a proteomic approach was used to identify proteins that are differentially regulated in immune compared to naïve sheep, as potential key mediators of immunity. Six naïve sheep and 12 sheep trickle-infected with T. circumcincta were treated with anthelmintic, and the naïve (control) and 6 immune sheep were killed 7 days later. The remaining 6 sheep (immune waning) were killed 42 days after anthelmintic treatment. Abomasal tissue samples were subjected to 2D-gel electrophoresis and densitometric analysis. Selected spots (n=73) were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting and confirmatory Western blotting was carried out for 10 proteins. Spots selectively up-regulated in immune versus control, but not immune waning versus control sheep, included galectin-15 and thioredoxin, which were confirmed by Western blotting. In immune sheep, serum albumin was significantly down-regulated and albumin proteolytic cleavage fragments were increased compared to controls. Unexpectedly, albumin mRNA was relatively highly expressed in control mucosa, down-regulated in immune, and was immunolocalized to mucus-producing epithelial cells. Thus we have identified differential expression of a number of proteins following T. circumcincta trickle infection that may play a role in host protection and inhibition of parasite establishment.
Comparison of Fluorescent Marker Systems with 2 Quantitative Methods of Assessing Terminal Cleaning Practices
Authors: Boyce John M. , Havill Nancy L. , Havill Heather L. , Mangione Elise , Dumigan Diane G. , Moore Brent A. 
Published: November 2011

Objective.To compare fluorescent markers with aerobic colony counts (ACCs) and an adenosine triphosphate (ATP) bioluminescence assay system for assessing terminal cleaning practices.Design.A prospective observational survey.Setting.A 500-bed university-affiliated community teaching hospital.Methods.In a convenience sample of 100 hospital rooms, 5 high-touch surfaces were marked with fluorescent markers before terminal cleaning and checked after cleaning to see whether the marker had been entirely or partially removed. ACC and ATP readings were performed on the same surfaces before and after terminal cleaning.Results.Overall, 378 (76%) of 500 surfaces were classified as having been cleaned according to fluorescent markers, compared with 384 (77%) according to ACC criteria and 225 (45%) according to ATP criteria. Of 382 surfaces classified as not clean according to ATP criteria before terminal cleaning, those with the marker removed were significantly more likely than those with the marker partially removed to be classified as clean according to ATP criteria (P = .003).Conclusions.Fluorescent markers are useful in determining how frequently high-touch surfaces are wiped during terminal cleaning. However, contaminated surfaces classified as clean according to fluorescent marker criteria after terminal cleaning were significantly less likely to be classified as clean according to ACC and ATP assays.
Size-dependent deformation mechanisms of Al nanopillars
Authors: Milne R J , Lockwood A J , Inkson B J 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The dynamical mechanical properties of Al nanopillars, <1 µm in diameter and with aspect ratios ranging from 2 : 1–6 : 1, have been evaluated in real-time by uniaxial compression testing inside a transmission electron microscope. The compressive deformation mode of the Al pillars is observed to be dependent on the diameter/aspect ratio of the pillar under test. For comparable height pillars and increasing aspect ratio, the compressive deformation mode of the Al pillars changes from deformation via discrete slip bands on multiple slip systems (900 nm diameter, aspect ratio ∼2 : 1), to localized bulging at the apex of the pillar, followed by slip band initiation (450 nm diameter, aspect ratio ∼4 : 1), to a full pillar buckling mode (250 nm diameter, aspect ratio ∼6 : 1). Al pillar buckling is observed to initiate a new pillar deformation sequence, comprising lateral slip of the pillar across the compressing diamond probe and generation of a 90° pillar kink. Extreme deformation close to the 90° kink results in sudden major strain bursts and lateral shear events, with dynamic recrystallization of the displaced Al volume occurring to form new grains.
Co‐morbid diabetes in patients with Crohn’s disease predicts a greater need for surgical intervention
Authors: Harper J. W. , Welch M. P. , Sinanan M. N. , Wahbeh G. T. , Lee S. D. 
Published: November 2011

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35: 126–132SummaryBackground  The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly. Given its pro‐inflammatory nature, comorbid diabetes may affect the course of Crohn’s disease (CD).Aim  To determine whether comorbid diabetes influences the natural history of CD.Methods  We compared a cohort with CD and comorbid diabetes to a nondiabetic control population and calculated the period prevalence of surgical intervention over a 5‐year period. Unadjusted and adjusted odds‐ratios were calculated regarding the need for surgical intervention using univariate and multivariate logistic regression.Results  A total of 240 patients were identified, 16 of whom were diabetics (6.7%). The period prevalence of CD‐specific surgery in the diabetic cases was 75.0% and in the nondiabetic controls, 31.7%. The diabetic patients were more obese than the controls (44% vs. 10%; P < 0.0001) and older than the controls (47.4 years vs. 38.6; P < 0.01). There was no difference in the frequency of biologic therapy use, immunomodulator use, smoking, perianal disease, ileal involvement or corticosteroid use between the diabetics and controls. Univariate analysis revealed that diabetes (OR 6.46 [95% CI 2.01–20.8]), smoking (OR 2.46 [95% CI 1.24–4.90]), ileal disease (OR 2.21 [95% CI 1.15–4.24]) and obesity (OR 2.22 [95% CI 1.04–4.77]) were risk factors for needing surgery. After adjustment for covariates, the OR for surgical intervention in diabetics was 5.4 (95% CI 1.65–17.64).Conclusion  Co‐morbid diabetes in patients with Crohn’s disease predicts a greater need for surgical intervention.
D.—‘STUDIES OF THE REACTIVITY OF KERATIN WITH HEAVY METALS’
Authors: Sikorski J. , Simpson W. S. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe ultimate aim of a rational electron staining technique should be to locate specific chemical sites. In view of the uncertainty of the types of chemical reactions taking place with some “recognized” electron stains, it has been decided to investigate those interactions between metal salts and keratin which are known to lead to the formation of metal sulphides or metal co‐ordination compounds. The present work was concentrated on the effects of mercury and lead salts and, apart from the usual thin‐sectioning techniques, covered also small and large angle X‐ray diffraction observations.
F.—DIFFERENTIAL ELECTRON STAINING OF THE SPERM CELL MEMBRANE
Authors: Silvester N. R. , Burge R. E. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe efficiency of two new electron stains has been estimated by a quantitative method using the interference microscope and electron microscope. It is found that the sperm cell membrane shows significant uptake of the stains of the order of 10 p.c. by weight, while the nucleus remains unstained.
CYTOLOGY OF SPERMATOGENESIS IN THE HONEY‐BEE, APIS INDICA (F.)
Authors: Sharma G. P. , Gupta Brij L. , Kumbkarni C. G. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe spermatogenesis of the honey‐bee, Apia indica (F.), has been worked out with special reference to the abortive meiosis and the role of cytoplasmic organelles.The haploid number of sixteen chromosomes in the parthenogenetic males remains constant through‐out spermatogenesis.Meiosis I is abortive, resulting in the formation of a definite non‐nucleated cytoplasmic bud containing some extra‐nuclear spindle fibres and the cytoplasmic body.The significance of an extra‐and an intra‐nuclear spindle in relation to the abortive meiosis is discussed.Meiosis II is normal so far as the nuclear division is concerned. The cytoplasm, however, divides unequally, resulting in the formation of a normal spermatid and a diminutive non‐functional spermatid body.The mitochondria are in the form of filaments and granules in the early stages. During meiosis I they assume a characteristic “blebbed” appearance. In the spermatid they fuse to form a typical mitochondrial nebenkern, which ultimately gives rise to the mitochondrial sheath around the axial filament of the sperm.A number of typical duplex spheroids (“Golgi dictyosomes”), each with a lipid sheath enclosing a non‐lipid medulla, are present in the spermatocytes. In the spermatid these duplex spheroids fuse to form a typical single acroblast which is sloughed off after depositing a pro‐acrosome at the nuclear membrane. The pro‐acrosome condenses to form the acrosome of the ripe sperm.
A technique of staining sections of paraffin‐embedded plant materials without employing a graded ethanol series
Authors: PERIASAMY K. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISMicrotome sections of paraffin‐embedded plant materials that do not contain delicate‐walled tissues can be air dried on slides without any deleterious effect, after dissolving the wax with xylol and also after staining, thereby completely eliminating the ethanol series customarily employed. Sections that contain delicate‐walled tissues may be so dried if they are stained with tannic acid and ferric chloride.
An investigation into the relation between structure and fluorescence of azo dyes
Authors: PUCHTLER HOLDE , SWEAT FAYE , GROPP SOPHIE 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThough azo dyes are not fluorescent in solutions, many azo dyes become fluorescent when bound to tissues. This fluorescence is determined largely by the aromatic components of the dye molecules. Like chromophores, these fluorophores are affected by other groupings in dye molecules. Relatively short, compact systems of conjugated double bonds or linking of such resonators by insulating groups favours fluorescence. Long chains of conjugated double bonds and coupling of azo groups in the 1,4‐ or 2,7‐ position of naphthols diminish or abolish fluorescence. Various factors considered important for the fluorescence of other classes of dyes, such as ring closure, coplanarity of chromophores, accumulation of ring systems and low dye concentration are detrimental to the fluorescence of azo dyes. However, these rules apply only to azo dyes; the fluorescence of triphenylmethane, anthraquinone, and quinone‐imine dyes is governed by different factors. Three dioxazine dyes and three copper phthalocyanine dyes included in this study were non‐fluorescent.
An electron microscopical study of Polyacrylamide
Authors: QUAYLE D. V. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISThe stages leading to the depositing of individual molecules of Polyacrylamide by spray technique have been studied electron microscopically. The number and weight average molecular weights of a high‐molecular‐weight fraction of Polyacrylamide were found to be 2.33 ± 0.23 × 106 and 2.59 ± 0.26 × 106 respectively, while the intrinsic viscosity determination gave 2.71 × 106. The molecular weight distribution for the fraction was also determined.
Storage of frozen materials for cryostat sectioning and “soluble‐compound” autoradiography
Authors: APPLETON T. C. 
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSISA technique is described for the storage of biological materials in air tight sachets made from a new aluminium‐polythene laminate. Tissues containing highly mobile soluble radioactive material have been stored for periods up to six months in these sachets which are stored in a liquid nitrogen refrigerator. This method of storage preserves the tissues in such a way as to prevent ice crystal damage, and also prevents cross‐contamination of radioactive material which would result from contact between radioactive specimens.
5‐HT3and 5‐HT4receptors contribute to the anti‐motility effects ofGarcinia buchananiibark extract in the guinea‐pig distal colon
Authors: Boakye P. A. , Stenkamp‐Strahm C. , Bhattarai Y. , Heckman M. D. , Brierley S. M. , Pasilis S. P. , Balemba O. B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground Garcinia buchananiibark extract is an anti‐motility diarrhea remedy. We investigated whetherG. buchananiibark extract has components that reduce gastrointestinal peristaltic activity via 5‐HT3and 5‐HT4receptors.Methods AqueousG. buchananiiextract was separated into fractions using preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC), and major chemical components were identified using standard tests. The anti‐motility effects of the extract and its fractions (PTLC1‐5) were studied through pellet propulsion assays using isolated guinea‐pig distal colons.Key Results Anti‐motility (PTLC1 & PTLC5) and pro‐motility (PTLC2) fractions were isolated from the extract. Flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, tannins, and phenols were identified in the extract and PTLC1&5. The potency of the extract applied via the mucosal surface was reduced by 5‐HT, 5‐HT3receptor agonist RS‐56812, 5‐HT4receptor agonists cisapride and CJ‐033466, 5‐HT3receptor antagonist granisetron, and 5‐HT4receptor antagonist GR‐113808. The anti‐motility effects of the aqueous extract and PTLC1&5 when applied serosally were reversed by RS‐56812, cisapride, and CJ‐033466. The 5‐HT3receptor antagonists, granisetron and ondansetron, reduced the effects of the extract to an extent and completely reversed the anti‐motility effects of PTLC1&5. GR‐113808 inhibited the actions of the extract during the initial 10 min, but enhanced the extracts’ anti‐motility effects after 15 min. GR‐113808 augmented the anti‐motility activities of PTLC1 and PTLC5 by 30%.Conclusions & Inferences These results indicate that the anti‐motility effects ofG. buchananiiaqueous extract are potentially mediated by compounds that affect 5‐HT3and 5‐HT4receptors. Identification and characterization of the bioactive compounds withinG. buchananiicould lead to the discovery of new non‐opiate anti‐diarrhea formulations.