bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current issues of selenium in cancer chemoprevention
Authors: Jung Hwa Jin , Seo Young R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe element selenium (Se) was identified, nearly 40 years ago, as being essential in the nutrition of animals and humans. In addition, antitumorigenic effects of Se compounds have been described in a variety of in vitro and animal models, suggesting that supplemental Se in human diets may reduce cancer risk. Apparent mechanisms underlying the potential of Se compounds as cancer chemopreventive agents have been suggested. Some recent clinical trials, however, have shed doubt on the anticancer effects of Se. The contradictory findings and consequent controversy might be due to the lack of understanding of the mechanisms underlying Se biology. This article reviews current knowledge on this topic and addresses the disparate viewpoints on the chemopreventive effects of Se, the human populations.
Zinc deficiency and neurodevelopment: The case of neurons
Authors: Adamo Ana M. , Oteiza Patricia I. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractZinc is essential for normal brain development. Gestational severe zinc deficiency can lead to overt fetal brain malformations. Although not teratogenic, suboptimal zinc nutrition during gestation can have long‐term effects on the offspring's nervous system. This article will review current knowledge on the role of zinc in modulating neurogenesis and neuronal apoptosis as well as the proposed underlying mechanisms. A decrease in neuronal zinc causes cell cycle arrest, which in part involves a deregulation of select signals (ERK1/2, p53, and NF‐κB). Zinc deficiency also induces apoptotic neuronal death through the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway, which can be triggered by the activation of the zinc‐regulated enzyme caspase‐3, and as a consequence of abnormal regulation of prosurvival signals (ERK1/2 and NF‐κB). Alterations in the finely tuned processes of neurogenesis, neuronal migration, differentiation, and apoptosis, which involve the developmental shaping of the nervous system, could have a long‐term impact on brain health. Zinc deficiency during gestation, even at the marginal levels observed in human populations, could increase the risk for behavioral/neurological disorders in infancy, adolescence, and adulthood.
Contemporary principles of coronary chronic total occlusion recanalization
Authors: Weisz Giora , Moses Jeffrey W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSuccessful recanalization and percutaneous revascularization of coronary arteries with chronic total occlusion (CTO) is one of the “last frontiers” in coronary interventions. Conquering this objective may enable complete percutaneous revascularization in an increasing number of patients. Revascularization of CTOs carries multiple theoretical advantages such as improvement in wall motion abnormalities and left ventricular function, and ultimately, increased long‐term survival. In the long term, when coronary disease progresses, having an open artery may increase the tolerance to future coronary events. The contemporary principles of the recanalization technique are reviewed. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hybrid myocardial revascularization: An integrated approach to coronary revascularization
Authors: Popma Jeffrey J. , Nathan Senthil , Hagberg Robert C. , Khabbaz Kamal R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCoronary artery bypass surgery is beneficial in patients with complex coronary artery disease. The longevity of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) placed to the left anterior descending (LAD) artery (LIMA‐LAD) is between 92–99% at 15 years, and contributes substantially to the survival advantage in patients treated with surgical revascularization. The long‐term patency of saphenous vein grafts (SVGs), commonly used (>95%) in surgical revascularization procedures, is less well‐established, with up to 26% of SVGs failing in the first year. In selected patients, particularly in those patients with vessels poorly suited to SVGs, hybrid myocardial revascularization (HMR) has been used, combining a minimally invasive approach to the LIMA‐LAD with drug‐eluting stent placement of the non‐LAD vessels. The advantages and disadvantages of hybrid myocardial revascularization are reviewed in this report. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass and Energy Flow Analysis Supports Process Improvement
Authors: Thißen N. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSuccessful process development and improvement in chemical and pharmaceutical production requires the preparation of detailed information relating to relevant parameters in order to determine the impact on production costs, product quality, and yield. Mass and energy flow analysis was further developed to incorporate any resource such as raw materials, utilities, manpower, plant, and handling equipment which may have an impact on the result of the process. Process improvement, cost reduction, de‐bottlenecking, and capacity increase are the main objectives of this analysis. Two cases from production processes in the chemical industry demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure: a process of a more environmentally friendly plastic additive and substitution of the primary energy of a boiler with waste solvent.
Energy Saving by Optimal Energy Recovery in Chemical Process Technology
Authors: Kleemann G. , Paul W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAt a time when energy resources and raw materials are becoming scarcer and more expensive, cost‐effective energy management becomes not only an economic but also an ecological necessity. It is vital to promote energy saving by improving the efficiency of existing chemical engineering processes systematically and holistically by examining energy and material flows. The PINCH method is recommended for the systematic processing of energy recovery projects. It permits energy analysis of systems and allows the available energy recovery potential to be calculated. The method is tried and tested and has already been used successfully by large companies. The situation is different in small and medium‐sized companies. These are either unaware of the method or do not apply it due to the lack of qualified staff. Accordingly, substantial potential energy saving opportunities are not being exploited. This article briefly discusses the procedure involved with the PINCH method. With the aid of one simple and one complex example, it is shown that appropriately structured heat transfer systems can achieve considerable energy savings. The need to install additional heat exchangers becomes apparent. The method is not only applicable for planning new installations since the general project plan for step‐by‐step realization of energy recovery measures can also be developed with this method in reconstruction projects. It is demonstrated that the PINCH method is easy to use and can be applied with simple tools. In addition, small and medium‐sized companies can also achieve excellent results in energy recovery with this method.
Comparison of Two Alternative Routes to an Enantiomerically Pure β‐Amino Acid
Authors: Eissen M. , Weiß M. , Brinkmann T. , Steinigeweg S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEnantiomerically pure β‐amino acids are key building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. Special consideration will be given to the production of (S)‐3‐aminobutanoic acid. Mass balancing is encouraged and highlighted to support the decision‐making process in early stages of synthesis design when alternative routes are available. Though the overall yield of a chemical approach is twice as good as a chemoenzymatic route, the latter is more convincing regarding raw material consumption and costs as well as health issues. The energy flow analysis in early process development could not yet be carried out but principles concerning the modeling of energy demand were briefly exemplified by a comparative study of two processes with respect to decanoic acid methyl ester.
Pyrazino[2.3‐g]quinoxaline‐Bridged Indole‐Based Building Blocks: Design, Synthesis, Anion‐Binding Properties, and Phosphate‐Directed Assembly in the Solid State
Authors: Wang Ting , Yan Xiu‐Ping 
Published: March 2010

AbstractStrategies for exploring anionic templates to direct sophisticated supramolecular assembly have attracted attention. Herein, a series of new anion receptors 1–3 containing two indole‐based binding sites bridged by linking spacer pyrazino[2.3‐g]quinoxaline (PQ) have been rationally designed and prepared from the precursors 2,3‐diindol‐3′‐yl quinoxaline (DIQ) and 5,6‐dihydrodiindolo[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine (DIPZ). X‐ray analyses showed a self‐connected network and dimeric packing through hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking interaction in the solid state in the structures of 1 and 2, respectively. All three receptors exhibited a series of prominent absorption bands from the expanded π system. The indole‐based expanded receptors were found to strongly and selectively bind F−, AcO−, and H2PO4− among the tested anions (F−, Cl−, Br−, AcO−, H2PO4−, HSO4−, NO3−, and ClO4−), and operated as efficient colorimetric sensors for naked‐eye detection of fluoride anions in DMSO. These tailored building blocks captured two anions located at far‐spaced binding sites, and adopted noninterfering anion‐binding processes to guarantee the anion‐binding affinity, topology, and dimensionality. Solid‐state studies elucidated that the neutral 1–3 interacted with the tetrahedral dihydrogen phosphate anion in proper proportions and designed topologies, thus leading to the formation of a series of multidimensional networks by self‐assembly in the solid state. The observations showed a well‐characterized phosphate‐directed assembly of multidimensional metal‐free coordination polymers in the solid state, in which the formed phosphate aggregates, including dimer encapsulated in an indole‐mediated hydrogen‐bonded pocket and an infinite chain, behaved as anionic templates to direct the self‐assembly. However, no evidence proved the presence of such phosphate‐directed infinite coordination polymers in solution.
5‐Iodo‐3‐Ethoxypyrazoles: An Entry Point to New Chemical Entities
Authors: Guillou Sandrine , Janin Yves L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOur program, which has focused on the preparation of new pyrazole derivatives, has led us to report here an original and simplified preparation of ethyl 3‐ethoxy‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carboxylate. This is based on the reaction of hydrazine monohydrochloride and diethyl 2‐(ethoxymethylene)malonate. Further transformations of this key compound allowed the preparation of the two possible iodinated isomers, namely, 3‐ethoxy‐4‐iodo‐ and 3‐ethoxy‐5‐iodo‐1H‐pyrazole. These compounds have opened the way to a quick access to many original pyrazole series. As an illustration, we report here on the selectivity of N‐arylation, by using the Lam and Cham method, the C4‐ and C5‐arylation of some of these 3‐ethoxypyrazole derivatives by using the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction, and C5‐benzylation reactions by means of the Negishi reaction. This was followed by hydrolysis of the ethoxy group, which led to the corresponding pyrazol‐3‐one derivatives. As a conclusion of this work, we conducted an investigation into the regiochemistry of the condensation between diethyl 2‐(ethoxymethylene)malonate and the hydrochloride salts of methyl, benzyl, or phenyl hydrazine.
Encoding the frequency dependence in MRI contrast media: the emerging class of CEST agents
Authors: Terreno Enzo , Castelli Daniela Delli , Aime Silvio 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCEST agents represent a very promising class of MRI contrast media as they encode a frequency dependence that is not like the classical relaxation‐based agents. This peculiar property enables novel applications such as the detection of more than one agent in the same MR image as well as the set‐up of ratiometric methods for the quantitative assessment of physico‐chemical and biological parameters that characterize the micro‐environment in which they are distributed. This survey is aimed at providing the reader with the basic properties and the potential of these compounds. Fundamental aspects, such as the theoretical basis of the saturation transfer via chemical exchange, the generation of the CEST contrast, the classification and sensitivity of CEST agents, and some representative examples displaying their potential in the field of MR‐molecular imaging, are presented and discussed in detail. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of analytical mathematical approaches for identifying key nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy biomarkers in the diagnosis and assessment of clinical change of diseases
Authors: Nikas Jason B. , Keene C.Dirk , Low Walter C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a rapidly emerging technology that can be used to assess tissue metabolic profile in the living animal. At the present time, no approach has been developed 1) to systematically identify profiles of key chemical alterations that can be used as biomarkers to diagnose diseases and to monitor disease progression; and 2) to assess mathematically the diagnostic power of potential biomarkers. To address this issue, we have evaluated mathematical approaches that employ receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and logistic regression analysis to systematically identify key biomarkers from NMR spectra that have excellent diagnostic power and can be used accurately for disease diagnosis and monitoring. To validate our mathematical approaches, we studied the striatal concentrations of 17 metabolites of 13 R6/2 transgenic mice with Huntington's disease, as well as those of 17 wild‐type (WT) mice, which were obtained via in vivo proton NMR spectroscopy (9.4 Tesla). We developed diagnostic biomarker models and clinical change assessment models based on our three aforementioned mathematical approaches, and we tested all of them, first, with the 30 original mice and, then, with 31 unknown mice. Their prediction results were compared with genotyping—the gold standard. All models correctly diagnosed all of the 30 original mice (17 WT and 13 R6/2) and all of the 31 unknown mice (20 WT and 11 R6/2), with a positive likelihood ratio approximating infinity [1/0 (→ ∞)], and with a negative likelihood ratio equal to zero [0/1 = 0]. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4091–4112, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of cerebellin2 in chick and its preferential expression by subsets of developing sensory neurons and their targets in the dorsal horn
Authors: Yang Mao , Cagle Michael C. , Honig Marcia G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe cerebellins are a family of four secreted proteins, two of which, Cbln1 and Cbln3, play an important role in the formation and maintenance of parallel fiber‐Purkinje cell synapses. We have identified the chicken homologue of Cbln2 and, through the use of in situ hybridization, shown that it is expressed by specific subsets of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord starting shortly after those neurons are generated. In the developing spinal cord, Cbln2 is highly expressed by dI1, dI3, dI5, and dILB dorsal interneurons and to a lesser extent by dI2, dI4, dI6, and dILA dorsal interneurons, but not by ventral (v0–v3) interneurons. After the spinal cord has matured and neurons have migrated to their final destinations, Cbln2 is abundant in the dorsal horn. In the DRGs, Cbln2 is expressed by TrkB+ and TrkC+ sensory neurons, but not by TrkA+ sensory neurons. Interestingly, regions of the spinal cord where TrkB+ and TrkC+ afferents terminate (i.e., laminae II, III, IV, and VI) exhibit the highest levels of Cbln2 expression. Cbln2 is also expressed by preganglionic sympathetic neurons and their targets in the sympathetic chain ganglia. Thus, the results show that Cbln2 is frequently expressed by synaptically connected neuronal populations. This, in turn, raises the possibility that if Cbln2, like Cbln1, plays a role in the formation and maintenance of synapses, it may somehow mediate bi‐directional communication between discrete populations of neurons and their appropriate neuronal targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2818–2840, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear‐cytoplasmic localization of acetyl coenzyme a synthetase‐1 in the rat brain
Authors: Ariyannur Prasanth S. , Moffett John R. , Madhavarao Chikkathur N. , Arun Peethambaran , Vishnu Nisha , Jacobowitz David M. , Hallows William C. , Denu John M. , Namboodiri Aryan M.A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAcetyl coenzyme A synthetase‐1 (AceCS1) catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl coenzyme A from acetate and coenzyme A and is thought to play diverse roles ranging from fatty acid synthesis to gene regulation. By using an affinity‐purified antibody generated against an 18‐mer peptide sequence of AceCS1 and a polyclonal antibody directed against recombinant AceCS1 protein, we examined the expression of AceCS1 in the rat brain. AceCS1 immunoreactivity in the adult rat brain was present predominantly in cell nuclei, with only light to moderate cytoplasmic staining in some neurons, axons, and oligodendrocytes. Some nonneuronal cell nuclei were very strongly immunoreactive, including those of some oligodendrocytes, whereas neuronal nuclei ranged from unstained to moderately stained. Both antibodies stained some neuronal cell bodies and axons, especially in the hindbrain. AceCS1 immunoreactivity was stronger and more widespread in the brains of 18‐day‐old rats than in adults, with increased expression in oligodendrocytes and neurons, including cortical pyramidal cells. Expression of AceCS1 was substantially up‐regulated in neurons throughout the brain after controlled cortical impact injury. The strong AceCS1 expression observed in the nuclei of CNS cells during brain development and after injury is consistent with a role in nuclear histone acetylation and therefore the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. The cytoplasmic staining observed in some oligodendrocytes, especially during postnatal brain development, suggests an additional role in CNS lipid synthesis and myelination. Neuronal and axonal localization implicates AceCS1 in cytoplasmic acetylation reactions in some neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2952–2977, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonhomogeneous distribution of filamentous actin in the presynaptic terminals on the spinal motoneurons
Authors: Li Yan‐Chao , Bai Wan‐Zhu , Zhou Li , Sun Lian‐Kun , Hashikawa Tsutomu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough actin is known to play important roles in synapses, immunocytochemical and structural studies on synaptic actin have resulted in conflicting data, and the presence and precise localization of filamentous actin (F‐actin) in the synapses have still not been well clarified. We recently described a phalloidin‐based antifluorescein isothiocyanate system, which has been successfully developed for ultrastructural investigations of F‐actin in the ependymal microvilli. By this technique, the present study has demonstrated the presence of F‐actin in both the pre‐ and the postsynaptic regions in the synapses of spinal motoneurons. In the presynaptic terminal, F‐actin was localized predominantly in the active zones and the adjacent synaptic vesicle clusters, including the vesicles docked at the active zones and a population of recycling vesicles. By contrast, the proximally located vesicle pool was much less intensely stained. In the postsynaptic region, F‐actin was concentrated at the postsynaptic densities and stretched some way into the surrounding cytoplasm. Insofar as the axonal terminals analyzed in this study touched on either the cell body or the dendritic shaft, where the postsynaptic regions did not form spine‐like specializations, our results cannot shed any light on the distribution of F‐actin within spines. However, the present study has provided a hitherto unreported ultrastructural view of the subcellular distribution of F‐actin in the synapse, which is thought to be helpful for understanding the roles of the synaptic actin cytoskeleton. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3184–3192, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sciatic nerve injury in adult rats causes distinct changes in the central projections of sensory neurons expressing different glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor family receptors
Authors: Keast Janet R. , Forrest Shelley L. , Osborne Peregrine B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMost small unmyelinated neurons in adult rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) express one or more of the coreceptors targeted by glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurturin, and artemin (GFRα1, GFRα2, and GFRα3, respectively). The function of these GDNF family ligands (GFLs) is not fully elucidated but recent evidence suggests GFLs could function in sensory neuron regeneration after nerve injury and peripheral nociceptor sensitization. In this study we used immunohistochemistry to determine if the DRG neurons targeted by each GFL change after sciatic nerve injury. We compared complete sciatic nerve transection and the chronic constriction model and found that the pattern of changes incurred by each injury was broadly similar. In lumbar spinal cord there was a widespread increase in neuronal GFRα1 immunoreactivity (IR) in the L1‐6 dorsal horn. GFRα3‐IR also increased but in a more restricted area. In contrast, GFRα2‐IR decreased in patches of superficial dorsal horn and this loss was more extensive after transection injury. No change in calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐IR was detected after either injury. Analysis of double‐immunolabeled L5 DRG sections suggested the main effect of injury on GFRα1‐ and GFRα3‐IR was to increase expression in both myelinated and unmyelinated neurons. In contrast, no change in basal expression of GFRα2‐IR was detected in DRG by analysis of fluorescence intensity and there was a small but significant reduction in GFRα2‐IR neurons. Our results suggest that the DRG neuronal populations targeted by GDNF, neurturin, or artemin and the effect of exogenous GFLs could change significantly after a peripheral nerve injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3024–3045, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New brain pathways found in the vocal control system of a songbird
Authors: Akutagawa Eugene , Konishi Masakazu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSongbirds use a complex network of discrete brain areas and connecting fiber tracts to sing their song, but our knowledge of this circuitry may be incomplete. The forebrain area, “caudal mesopallium” (CM), has received much attention recently for its song‐related activities. HVC, a prominent song system nucleus, projects to a restricted area of the CM known as the avalanche nucleus (Av). However, the other connections of Av remain unknown. Here we used tract‐tracing methods to examine the connections of Av to other song system nuclei. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into Av labeled both afferent terminals and neurons in HVC and the interfacial nucleus of the nidopallium (NIf), suggesting that there is complex feedforward and feedback communication between these nuclei (HVC↔Av↔NIf). Labeled neurons were also found in the uvaeform nucleus (Uva), which was substantiated by BDA injections into Uva that labeled terminals in Av. Double fluorescent tracing experiments confirm that both HVC and Uva project to Av. The present study adds complex new connections that expand the traditional song system circuitry into the caudal mesopallium. These new pathways are likely to have broad implications for deciphering how this intricate system works. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3086–3100, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.