bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia A in China
Authors: Liang Yan , Zhao Yun , Yan Mei , Fan Xin‐Ping , Xiao Bai , Liu Jing‐Zhong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo develop a one‐tube fluorescent multiplexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to perform prenatal diagnosis of haemophilia A (HA).MethodsPeripheral blood samples were collected from 220 women and from members of five families with proven HA. One‐tube fluorescent PCR and capillary electrophoresis were performed to investigate four short tandem repeats (STRs) in intron 1, 13, 22 and 24 (STR1, STR13, STR22 and STR24, respectively) in FVIII.ResultsOur analysis revealed 7 different alleles for STR1, 10 for STR13, 7 for STR22 and 9 for STR24. The heterozygosity rate (HR) for STR1, 13, 22 and 24 was 34.6%, 49.6%, 43.6% and 38.2%, respectively. The HR was 75.0% (165/220) when these four markers were combined. Prenatal diagnosis was made for five male foetuses. Four foetuses were identified as affected ones of HA. The STR results were consistent with the data we obtained by PCR of St14 VNTR (DXS52) and DNA sequencing, which showed that one foetus harbours a mutation in exon12 (1804C > T) in FVIII.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that multiplex fluorescent analysis of four STRs is a rapid and simple method to perform genetic diagnosis of HA in families with a history of this disorder. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of achondroplasia: new specific signs
Authors: Boulet Stéphanie , Althuser Marc , Nugues Frédérique , Schaal Jean‐Patrick , Jouk Pierre‐Simon 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundAchondroplasia is one of the most common forms of short limb dwarfism. It is usually suspected on third trimester routine ultrasound because of very shortened long bones. We have described two new prenatal sonographic signs of achondroplasia visible at the proximal femoral metaphysis.MethodsOver 5 years, five fetuses were diagnosed with achondroplasia at the Grenoble Prenatal Diagnosis Centre. Ultrasound and tomographic examinations were performed by specialists. To study the proximal metaphysis, the ultrasound transducer was positioned at a 45 degree angle to the diaphyseal axis. Postnatal diagnosis was confirmed.ResultsOn computed tomography and postnatal X‐ray, proximal femoral metaphysis appeared rounded, with poor, uneven ossification. Connexion to diaphysis was abnormal, with relative overgrowth of the periosteum, creating a new diagnostic sign that we called the ‘collar hoop’ sign. On ultrasound, all fetuses had a very rounded metaphyseal–epiphyseal interface, with an angle connexion to diaphysis wider than expected. The ‘collar hoop’ sign was obvious on four of the fetuses. During the same period, proximal femoral metaphyses appeared normal in 653 healthy fetuses, suggesting high specificity of those two new signs.ConclusionMetaphysis examination is recommended if fetal femur length measures below the fifth percentile, as normal aspect may rule out achondroplasia. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrically conductive thermoplastic/metal hybrid materials for direct manufacturing of electronic components
Authors: Michaeli Walter , Pfefferkorn Tobias G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe work presents a novel polymer/metal hybrid material consisting of a thermoplastic polymer, copper fibers, and a low melting metal alloy, which is molten during processing. The material allows for electrical conductivities comparable to those of steel and still offers a good processability by injection molding. Still, the material's high metal content influences the filling and freezing behavior and therewith the part properties significantly. Injection molding trials were performed to characterize the filler distribution and the resulting electrical conductivity in dependence on the processing conditions and the matrix polymer choice. The metal alloy allows a homogeneous filler distribution within the part, which results in a high surface conductivity. Still, due to fiber‐poor shear zones the electrical conductivity measured over the part thickness is decreased in comparison to the passage conductivity. A more homogeneous conductivity distribution can be achieved when the metal alloy has a higher melting point than the chosen polymer matrix. The high metal content and therewith the increased thermal conductivity of the material limits the realizable flow lengths. Here, adjustments to the mold temperature control allow a significant increase of the material processability and flowability for an optimized production of conducting structures. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Hydro‐entangled bi‐component microfiber nonwovens
Authors: Gong R.H. , Nikoukhesal A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article describes the production of microfiber nonwoven fabrics from segment pie bi‐component fibers using air‐laying and hydro‐entanglement. The bi‐component fibers were split into microfibers during hydro‐entanglement. The microfiber nonwoven fabrics are compared with similar products made from single component fibers. The degree of fiber splitting is found to depend on the jet pressure as well as the fiber position in the web thickness direction. Compared with the nonwovens fabric made from single component fibers, the microfiber nonwoven fabrics have higher tensile strength, lower elongation, higher water absorbency. However, contrary to what was expected, the microfiber nonwovens fabrics have a stiffer handle. This is caused by the increased fiber entanglement and much denser structure for the bi‐component microfiber nonwoven fabrics. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and properties of novel phosphorus‐containing binaphthyl epoxy polymer
Authors: Ai Hao , Xu Kai , Liu Huan , Chen Mingcai 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNovel phosphorus‐containing binaphthyl epoxy DGEBN (diglycidyl ether of 2,2′‐hydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthalene) with high thermal performance was obtained from the addition reaction of DGEBN and diethyl phosphite. The modified binaphthyl epoxy was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The dynamic mechanical property of the cured epoxy polymer was investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The result revealed that the cured polymer with lower phosphorus content displayed higher value of the storage modulus when the networks reached rubbery state (above the glass transition temperature Tg). The Tgs decreased slightly with increasing phosphorous content. The thermal degradation was studied with thermogravimetric analysis and the evolved gas was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier transform infrared technique. The influence of phosphorus content and the chemical structure on the degradation behavior was discussed. The P‐modified binaphthyl epoxy polymers exhibited higher thermal stability than the P‐modified diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A polymer. Flammability measurements were performed by the examination of limited oxygen index and UL‐94 test. Compared with unmodified DGEBN, P‐containing epoxy polymers displayed higher limited oxygen index values and exhibited better flame retardance. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Morphology and surface properties of some siloxane–organic copolymers
Authors: Cazacu Maria , Racles Carmen , Alexandru Mihaela , Ioanid Aurelia , Vlad Angelica 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: It is well known that, due to their extremely low polarity, polysiloxanes are incompatible with almost any organic system. This incompatibility leads to phase separation in mixed siloxane–organic systems.RESULTS: Three siloxane–organic copolymers, poly[(5,5′‐methylene‐bis‐salicylaldehyde)‐imine‐(1,3‐bis(propylene)tetramethyldisiloxane)] (Paz1), poly[(2,5‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzoquinone)‐imine‐(1,3‐bis(propylene)tetramethyldisiloxane)] (Paz2) and poly[1,3‐bis(propylene)tetramethyldisiloxane diamide] (Pam), were prepared by the reaction of 1,3‐bis(3‐aminopropyl)tetramethyldisiloxane with appropriate organic partners (5,5′‐methylene‐bis‐salicylaldehyde, 2,5‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐benzoquinone and oxalyl chloride, respectively). The morphologies dictated by the incompatibility between siloxane and polar organic moieties were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The surface activity of the copolymers and water vapour sorption capacity were also measured.CONCLUSION: Even though the polar sequences are very short ones, the highly flexible siloxane‐containing sequence permits the self‐assembly of these into more or less polar domains. Such an organization influences the properties of the resulting materials, an important place being occupied by the surface properties. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Multiferroika. Materialien mit ferroelektrischer und ‐magnetischer Ordnung
Authors: Koblischka Michael R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMultiferroische Materialien zeigen zugleich ferromagnetische und ferroelektrische Ordnung. Beide Ordnungsparameter sind miteinander gekoppelt, was den Multiferroika neue Eigenschaften verleiht: Ihre magnetischen Eigenschaften lassen sich über elektrische Felder steuern und umgekehrt. Allerdings gibt es nur wenige Materialien, die multiferroisches Verhalten in einer Phase zeigen. Weitaus mehr mehrkomponentige Materialien lassen sich aus ferrolektrischen und ferromagnetischen Dünnschichten oder Nanostrukturen kombinieren. Sie eröffnen neue Möglichkeiten für die Sensorik, Spintronik und die Speichertechnik. Besonders interessant für Anwendungen sind Tunnelkontakte mit einer multiferroischen Tunnelbarriere.
Quanten‐Hall‐Effekt in Graphen. Ein‐ und doppellagiges Graphen im Magnetfeld
Authors: Zeitler Ulrich , Giesbers Jos , Maan Jan‐Kees 
Published: April 2009

AbstractGraphen besteht aus einer zweidimensionalen Lage von Kohlenstoff‐Atomen mit einzigartigen Eigenschaften. Elektronen oder Löcher bewegen sich wie Elementarteilchen ohne Ruhemasse mit relativistischen Geschwindigkeiten durch den Kristall. Im doppellagigen Graphen erzeugt die Zwischenlagenkopplung eine Ruhemasse. Graphen eröffnet also der Physik kondensierter Materie ein Forschungsfeld, das bisher der Hochenergiephysik vorbehalten war. Das relativistische Verhalten der Ladungsträger in Graphen führt unter anderem zu einem halbzahligen Quanten‐Hall‐Effekt im einlagigen Graphen und einem unkonventionellen ganzzahligen Quanten‐Hall‐Effekt im doppellagigen Graphen. In hohen Magnetfeldern existiert der halbzahlige Quanten‐Hall‐Effekt sogar bei Raumtemperatur.
Racetrack‐Speicher – Magnetband reloaded? Datenspeicher auf Basis magnetischer Domänenwände
Authors: Kläui Mathias 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRacetrack‐Speicher sind eine neue Art magnetischer Datenspeicher. Wie Festplatten verlieren sie die gespeicherte Information auch nach Abschalten des Stroms nicht. Theoretisch erlauben sie hohe Speicherdichten und viel schnellere Zugriffszeiten als heutige Festplatten. Die Bits werden wie bei alten Magnetbändern hintereinander in einem Draht gespeichert. Zum Suchen und Schreiben wird allerdings der Draht nicht mechanisch über die Schreib‐ und Leseeinheit gespult. Stattdessen treibt ein elektrischer Strom die magnetischen Domänen, die die Bits repräsentieren, durch den Draht. Dieser Strom besteht aus spinpolarisierten Elektronen im magnetischen Material und bewegt alle Wände der Domänen gleichförmig. Das physikalische Grundprinzip funktioniert bereits im Labor. Die Realisierung eines echten Speicherelements erfordert jedoch noch weitere Forschung.
Einblicke mit Schallwellen. Moderne medizinische Diagnostik mit Ultraschall
Authors: Kaarmann Hans , Oppelt Arnulf 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUltraschall ist inzwischen eine der häufigsten Bilddiagnose‐Methoden. Im einfachen Echobild lassen sich die Organe abgrenzen und ihre innere Struktur untersuchen. Schallköpfe in Matrixarray‐Technik ermöglichen die Beobachtung des schlagenden Herzens in Echtzeit. Mit dem Doppler‐Effekt untersucht man in die Flussgeschwindigkeit des Blutes und die Durchblutung von Gewebe. Die Ultraschall‐Elastographie kann über die Steifigkeit von Gewebe Tumore charakterisieren. Für die Untersuchung der verschiedenen Körperteile und Organe gibt es eine Vielfalt von angepassten Schallköpfen. Mikromechanische Fertigungsverfahren ermöglichen eine neue Generation von Matrixarray‐Schallköpfen, die besonders das Gebiet der Ultraschall‐Volumenaufnahmen erweitern werden.
Verursachen magnetische Anregungen Hochtemperatur‐Supraleitung?
Authors: Dahm Thomas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEinem Forscherteam vom Max‐Planck Institut für Festkörperforschung in Stuttgart, dem Leibniz‐Institut für Festkörper‐ und Werkstoffforschung Dresden sowie den Universitäten Tübingen, Würzburg und Santa Barbara (USA) ist es gelungen, Korrelationen zwischen dem magnetischen Anregungsspektrum und dem Elektronenspektrum in einem Hochtemperatur‐Supraleiter festzustellen. Dies weist darauf hin, dass magnetische Anregungen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Hochtemperatur‐Supraleitung spielen.
Visualisierung der Fermi‐Fläche
Authors: Wenderoth Martin , Weismann Alexander , Ulbrich Rainer G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDie elektronische Ladungsdichte an Festkörperoberflächen ist ein Abbild gestreuter Elektronen in deren Inneren. Das eröffnet die Möglichkeit, die Fermi‐Flächen von Metallen zu studieren und sichtbar zu machen. Experimente mit einem Tieftemperatur‐Rastertunnelmikroskop zeigen, dass auch sehr einfache Fermi‐Flächen eine starke anisotrope Propagation der Elektronen hervorrufen. Dieser als Elektronenfokussierung bezeichnete Effekt wurde von unserer Gruppe in Göttingen zusammen mit Kollegen aus Jülich und Halle am Beispiel von Kobalt in Kupfer untersucht.
Kräfte im Nano‐ und Pikonewtonbereich messen
Authors: Brand Uwe , Nesterov Vladimir 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn der Biophysik, Pharmazie und Medizin werden seit einigen Jahren sehr feine Kraftmessungen an einzelnen Zellen, Molekülen oder Proteinen ausgeführt. Hieraus lassen sich viele Eigenschaften dieser Objekte ableiten. Für diese Manipulationen verwendet man Rasterkraftmikroskope. Doch die gemessenen Kräfte sind meist mit einer großen Unsicherheit behaftet. An der Physikalisch‐Technischen Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Braunschweig haben wir eine empfindliche Messeinrichtung entwickelt, mit der sich Kräfte im Nano‐ und Pikonewtonbereich zuverlässig messen lassen.
Der Körper als Wärmemaschine
Authors: Müller Andreas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDie Serie Fermis Corner bringt physikalische Aufgaben aus dem Alltag, die sich durch einfaches Abschätzen lösen lassen. Bislang folgte die Lösung einer jeweiligen Aufgabe erst im darauf folgenden Heft. Zukünftig werden wir dies ändern. Die Serie wird in lockerer Folge erscheinen und die Lösung im Anschluss an die Frage präsentiert. Hier die Lösung aus dem letzten Heft.
On the influence of unsaturation on the macrolactonization of hydroxy fatty acids
Authors: Caruso Tonino , Donnamaria Carmen , Artillo Antonietta , Peluso Andrea , Spinella Aldo , Monaco Guglielmo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRegioselectivity and yields of Yamaguchi cyclization of (15S,16S)‐15,16‐dihydroxy‐otadecyl‐(6Z,9Z,12Z)‐trienoic acid and its saturated homologue have been compared at different temperatures and concentrations. For the unsaturated species the regioselectivity of cyclization depends on temperature to such an extent that the preferred regioisomer changes as the temperature changes, whereas for the saturated homologue the even‐membered ring turns out to be always the preferred one. Molecular mechanics is used to interpret these findings. For both dihydroxyacids, there is experimental evidence that the yields of the two monocyclic regioisomers are thermodynamically controlled, unlike those of the analogue monohydroxy lactones. The higher cyclization yield of the unsaturated monohydroxyacid is interpreted in terms of conformational pre‐organization. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and properties of the nanocomposite films of chitosan reinforced with cellulose whiskers
Authors: Li Qian , Zhou Jinping , Zhang Lina 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBio‐based nanocomposite films were successfully developed using cellulose whiskers as the reinforcing phase and chitosan as the matrix. Cellulose whiskers, with the lengths of 400 ± 92 nm and diameters of 24 ± 7.5 nm on average, were prepared by hydrolyzing cotton linter with sulfuric acid solution. The effects of whisker content on the structure, morphology and properties of the nanocomposite films were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR, UV‐vis spectroscopy, DMA, TG, tensile testing, and swelling experiment. The results indicated that the nanocomposites exhibited good miscibility, and strong interactions occurred between the whiskers and the matrix. With increasing whisker content from 0 to 15–20 wt %, the tensile strength of the composite films in dry and wet states increased from 85 to 120 MPa and 9.9 to 17.3 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the nanocomposite films displayed excellent thermal stability and water resistance with the incorporation of cellulose whiskers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1069–1077, 2009
Compression elastic modulus of neutral, ionic, and amphoteric hydrogels based on N‐vinylimidazole
Authors: Valencia Joaquin , Baselga Juan , Pierola Ines F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSeveral hydrogels of N‐vinylimidazole and sodium styrenesulfonate have been prepared by radical cross‐linking copolymerization in aqueous solution, using N,N′‐methylene‐bisacrylamide as crosslinker. Depending on composition, these hydrogels were neutral, amphoteric, cationic or anionic. Compression‐strain measurements were performed on samples as‐synthesized and swollen in deionized water or in acid aqueous solutions, with and without salt. It was thus found that the cross‐linking densities determined by compression measurements on as‐synthesized samples are in good accordance with those calculated by means of the model of polymer networks with pendant vinyl groups. A non‐Gaussian parameter (β) was introduced to explain that the elastic moduli (G) of samples swollen at equilibrium are larger than predicted by the Gaussian model. The β values of the neutral or ionized systems increase with swelling and fall into a single curve, which denotes a common behavior. Swelling has two opposite effects on G; on the one hand G decreases because the polymer volume fraction diminish and the system shifts from the affine limit to the phantom one; on the other, β increases and contributes to increasing G. The balance of those two opposite effects determines the variation of G with swelling. The possible contribution of ionic crosslinks to νe for the polyampholyte and for the polycation wearing divalent counteranions was discussed. A peculiar system is poly(sodium styrenesulfonate), whose cross‐linking density is much lower than expected. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1078–1087, 2009
Reinforcement of solid‐melt interfaces for semicrystalline polymers in a sequential two‐staged injection molding process
Authors: Jiang Genjie , Wu Hong , Yan Bowen , Guo Shaoyun , Huang Jian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe solid‐melt interfaces between polyethylene (PE) and polyamide 6 (PA6) reinforced by in situ reactive compatibilization in a sequential two‐staged injection molding process has been studied in this work. The effects of the maleic anhydride grafted PE content and processing parameters, such as injection pressure, injection speed, melt temperature, and mold temperature, on the interfacial adhesion were investigated experimentally. The results of the interfacial adhesion characterized by lap shear measurement showed that the interfacial temperature and heat transfer between PE and PA6 interfaces play a very significant role in the bonding process. The fracture surfaces of the specimens prepared at different calculated interfacial temperature were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which suggested that the fracture failure changes from adhesive to cohesive failure with increasing interfacial temperature. The contribution of crystalline parts of the in situ formed copolymers to the enhancement in interfacial adhesion also was determined by DSC analysis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1112–1124, 2009
Physical and psychological impairments of women with upper limb lymphedema following breast cancer treatment
Authors: Chachaj Angelika , Małyszczak Krzysztof , Pyszel Krystian , Lukas Joanna , Tarkowski Radosław , Pudełko Marek , Andrzejak Ryszard , Szuba Andrzej 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjective: The aim of the study was to identify factors associated with worse physical and emotional functioning of breast cancer survivors with upper extremity lymphedema.Methods: 1250 sets of questionnaires consisting of WHO‐DAS II, EORTC QLQ‐C30, EORTC QLQ‐BR23 and GHQ‐30 were mailed to women who underwent a breast cancer surgery at the Lower Silesian Oncology Center in Poland between January 1998 and December 2005.Results and conclusions: The response rate was 33.47%. 117 women were included into a lymphedema group and 211 into a group without this complication. Women with lymphedema were more disabled (overall disability (DAS) score 39.78 versus 34.67; p<0.001), reported symptoms from the upper extremity (shoulder or arm pain and difficulties in arm movement) and from the operated breast (pain and swelling) 2–3 times more often, experienced poorer quality of life (global quality of life (QOL) score 0.50 versus 0.57; p=0.005) and higher psychological distress (GHQ score 10.61 versus 8.01; p=0.007) in comparison to breast cancer survivors without lymphedema. The factors associated with higher DAS score, higher GHQ score and lower QOL score in women with lymphedema were as following: pain in the upper limb (mainly shoulder and arm), pain in operated breast, difficulties with arm movement, localization of lymphedema within the hand or in operated breast, a history of dermatolymphangitis and of receiving chemotherapy. Severity of lymphedema, younger age, BMI and localization of lymphedema within the dominant limb were not considerably related to worse outcomes in these women. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.