bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term, Explicit Memory in Rituals
Authors: Czachesz István 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article reconsiders the problem of memorization in rituals in light of recent empirical work in memory research. Four hypotheses are put forward in particular: (1) Emotionally laden details will enhance the formation of memories about any detail of the ritual; (2) harsh sensory stimuli will function as attention-magnets, resulting in increased memorization of the stimuli at the cost of remembering other elements of the ritual; (3) the self-relatedness of a ritual will enhance the formation of memories about the ritual, although the positive effect might be limited to details that are self-related; and (4) stress can be understood to function as a “zoom,” limiting the range of details remembered. The effects of stress will be modulated by gender differences and the timing of the ritual within the circadian cycle. The consequences of the four hypotheses are compared with the predictions of the Modes Theory and the Ritual Form Theory.
Folk Intuitions, Science Fiction and Philosophy: Comment on Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Gasparatou Renia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSome experimental philosophers imply that philosophers should endorse folk intuitions and even use them to advance philosophical theses. In this paper I will try to contrast experimental appeals to intuition with J. L. Austin’s, whom some experimentalists cite as a precursor of their method. I will suggest that Austin evokes ordinary intuitions in order to dismantle philosophical quests. He even suggests (a) that the appeal to ordinary intuitions of the folk can hardly prescribe answers to extraordinary circumstances and (b) that philosophical quests themselves are extraordinary. Therefore, the appeal to folk intuitions cannot prescribe answers to philosophical problems. It can only dissolve philosophical quests; yet, the dismantling of philosophy hardly accords with the experimentalists’ agenda.
S-Band Dual-Polarization Radar Observations of Winter Storms
Authors: Kennedy Patrick C. , Rutledge Steven A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis study is based on analyses of dual-polarization radar observations made by the 11-cm-wavelength Colorado State University–University of Chicago–Illinois State Water Survey (CSU–CHILL) system during four significant winter storms in northeastern Colorado. It was found that values of specific differential phase KDP often reached local maxima of ∼0.15°–0.4° km−1 in an elevated layer near the −15°C environmental temperature isotherm. The passage of these elevated positive KDP areas is shown to be linked to increased surface precipitation rates. Calculations using a microwave scattering model indicate that populations of highly oblate ice particles with moderate bulk densities and diameters in the ∼0.8–1.2-mm range can generate KDP (and differential reflectivity ZDR) values that are consistent with the radar observations. The persistent correlation between the enhanced KDP level and the −15°C temperature regime suggests that rapidly growing dendrites likely played a significant role in the production of the observed KDP patterns. The detection of organized regions of S-band KDP values greater than ∼0.1°–0.2° km−1 in winter storms may therefore be useful in identifying regions of active dendritic particle growth, as a precursor to aggregate snowfall.
Expanding perfusion across disciplines: the use of thrombelastography technology to reduce risk in an obstetrics patient with Gray Platelet Syndrome - a case study
Authors: Clements Ann , Jindal Sucheta , Morris Chris , Srivastava Garima , Ikomi Amaju , Mulholland John 
Published: January 2011

It is important that our speciality continues to push its boundaries. Our perfusion team has invested time lecturing to non-cardiac specialties about perfusion-led technology. This resulted in working closely with the obstetrics team to treat a pregnant patient with the bleeding disorder Gray Platelet Syndrome. In the first instance, we used our Thromboelastograph (TEG) platelet mapping programme to assess the patient. These results agreed with the platelet aggregation tests, showing a degree of platelet inhibition, but it was the overall clotting profile (basic thrombelastograph), showing a borderline hyper-coagulable state, that was of most interest and commonly seen in pregnancy. We believe a TEG result within acceptable limits could help re-adjust the risk of spinal haematomas following regional anaesthesia, thereby, reducing the risks of difficult intubation and general anaesthetic exposure to the baby. The case study describes both basic and platelet mapping thrombelastographs and their potential role in not only this patient with Gray Platelet Syndrome, but any obstetric patient where there are bleeding concerns.
Predicting the severity of relapsing-remitting MS: The contribution of cross-sectional and short-term follow-up MRI data
Authors: Enzinger C , Fuchs S , Pichler A , Wallner-Blazek M , Khalil M , Langkammer C , Ropele S , Fazekas F 
Published: January 2011

Background and objective: Predicting the long-term clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is difficult on clinical grounds. Recent studies have suggested magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) metrics to be helpful. We wanted to confirm this. Methods: Contactable individuals ( N = 84) from an initial 99 patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) who had undergone careful baseline and 2-year follow-up examinations including MRI were reassessed after a mean of 10.8 ± 2.7 years. We investigated using multivariate linear regression analyses if clinical and MRI data obtained at the prior time-points and the rates of change in morphologic variables over a mean observational period of 2.5 years could have served to predict a patient’s MS severity score (MSSS) 11 years later. Conversion to secondary progressive MS (SPMS) was a further outcome variable. Results: In univariate analyses, the ‘black hole ratio’ (BHR) at baseline ( p = 0.017, beta = 0.148) and at first follow-up ( p = 0.007, beta = −0.154) was the only MRI parameter showing a significant correlation with the MSSS. In a multiple regression model, the independent predictive value of imaging variables became statistically non-significant and the latest MSSS was predicted primarily by the baseline EDSS ( r2 = 0.28; p < 0.001). The BHR at baseline explained 9.4% of variance of conversion to SPMS ( p = 0.033). Over the observational period the MSSS remained stable in patients remaining RRMS, but increased in converters to SPMS from 4.0 to 6.4. Conclusions: We failed to confirm a clear independent contribution of cross-sectional and short-term follow-up MRI data for the prediction of the long-term clinical course of MS. The MSSS is not a stable indicator of disease severity but may increase in converters to SPMS.
Novel imatinib-sensitive PDGFRA-activating point mutations in hypereosinophilic syndrome induce growth factor independence and leukemia-like disease
Authors: Elling Christian , Erben Philipp , Walz Christoph , Frickenhaus Marie , Schemionek Mirle , Stehling Martin , Serve Hubert , Cross Nicholas C. P. , Hochhaus Andreas , Hofmann Wolf-Karsten , Berdel Wolfgang E. , Müller-Tidow Carsten , Reiter Andreas , Koschmieder Steffen 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion is seen in a fraction of cases with a presumptive diagnosis of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). However, because most HES patients lack FIP1L1-PDGFRA, we studied whether they harbor activating mutations of the PDGFRA gene. Sequencing of 87 FIP1L1-PDGFRA–negative HES patients revealed several novel PDGFRA point mutations (R481G, L507P, I562M, H570R, H650Q, N659S, L705P, R748G, and Y849S). When cloned into 32D cells, N659S and Y849S and—on selection for high expressors—also H650Q and R748G mutants induced growth factor–independent proliferation, clonogenic growth, and constitutive phosphorylation of PDGFRA and Stat5. Imatinib antagonized Stat5 phosphorylation. Mutations involving positions 659 and 849 had been shown previously to possess transforming potential in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Because H650Q and R748G mutants possessed only weak transforming activity, we injected 32D cells harboring these mutants or FIP1L1-PDGFRA into mice and found that they induced a leukemia-like disease. Oral imatinib treatment significantly decreased leukemic growth in vivo and prolonged survival. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that imatinib-sensitive PDGFRA point mutations play an important role in the pathogenesis of HES and we propose that more research should be performed to further define the frequency and treatment response of PDGFRA mutations in FIP1L1-PDGFRA–negative HES patients.
A novel role for platelet secretion in angiogenesis: mediating bone marrow–derived cell mobilization and homing
Authors: Feng Weiyi , Madajka Maria , Kerr Bethany A. , Mahabeleshwar Ganapati H. , Whiteheart Sidney W. , Byzova Tatiana V. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Angiogenesis alleviates hypoxic stress in ischemic tissues or during tumor progression. In addition to endothelial cell proliferation and migration, the angiogenic process requires bone marrow–derived cell (BMDC) recruitment to sites of neovascularization. However, the mechanism of communication between hypoxic tissues and the BM remains unknown. Using 2 models of hypoxia-induced angiogenesis (ischemic hindlimb surgery and subcutaneous tumor growth), we show that platelet infusion promotes BMDC mobilization into the circulation, BMDC recruitment into growing neovasculature, tumor vascularization, and blood flow restoration in ischemic limbs, whereas platelet depletion inhibits these effects. Thus, platelets are required for BMDC recruitment into ischemia-induced vasculature. Secretion of platelet α-granules, but neither dense granules nor platelet aggregation is crucial for BMDC homing and subsequent angiogenesis, as determined using VAMP-8−/−, Pearl, and integrin Beta 3−/− platelets. Finally, platelets sequester tumor-derived promoters of angiogenesis and BMDC mobilization, which are counterbalanced by the antiangiogenic factor thrombospondin-1. A lack of thrombospondin-1 in platelets leads to an imbalance in proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors and accelerates tumor growth and vascularization. Our data demonstrate that platelets stimulate BMDC homing in a VAMP-8–dependent manner, revealing a previously unknown role for platelets as key mediators between hypoxic tissues and the bone marrow during angiogenesis.
G-CSF–mediated thrombopoietin release triggers neutrophil motility and mobilization from bone marrow via induction of Cxcr2 ligands
Authors: Köhler Anja , De Filippo Katia , Hasenberg Mike , van den Brandt Cindy , Nye Emma , Hosking Martin P. , Lane Thomas E. , Männ Linda , Ransohoff Richard M. , Hauser Anja E. , Winter Oliver , Schraven Burkhart , Geiger Hartmut , Hogg Nancy , Gunzer Matthias 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Emergency mobilization of neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) from the bone marrow (BM) is a key event of early cellular immunity. The hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) stimulates this process, but it is unknown how individual neutrophils respond in situ. We show by intravital 2-photon microscopy that a systemic dose of human clinical-grade G-CSF rapidly induces the motility and entry of neutrophils into blood vessels within the tibial BM of mice. Simultaneously, the neutrophil-attracting chemokine KC (Cxcl1) spikes in the blood. In mice lacking the KC receptor Cxcr2, G-CSF fails to mobilize neutrophils and antibody blockade of Cxcr2 inhibits the mobilization and induction of neutrophil motility in the BM. KC is expressed by megakaryocytes and endothelial cells in situ and is released in vitro by megakaryocytes isolated directly from BM. This production of KC is strongly increased by thrombopoietin (TPO). Systemic G-CSF rapidly induces the increased production of TPO in BM. Accordingly, a single injection of TPO mobilizes neutrophils with kinetics similar to G-CSF, and mice lacking the TPO receptor show impaired neutrophil mobilization after short-term G-CSF administration. Thus, a network of signaling molecules, chemokines, and cells controls neutrophil release from the BM, and their mobilization involves rapidly induced Cxcr2-mediated motility controlled by TPO as a pacemaker.
Interactions between factor XIII and the αC region of fibrinogen
Authors: Smith Kerrie A. , Adamson Penelope J. , Pease Richard J. , Brown Jane M. , Balmforth Anthony J. , Cordell Paul A. , Ariëns Robert A. S. , Philippou Helen , Grant Peter J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFibrinogen αC residues 242-424 have been shown to have a major regulatory role in the activation of factor XIII-A2B2 (FXIII-A2B2); however, the interactions underpinning this enhancing effect have not been determined. Here, we have characterized the binding of recombinant (r)FXIII-A subunit and FXIII-A2B2 with fibrin(ogen) and fibrin αC residues 233-425. Using recombinant truncations of the fibrin αC region 233-425 and surface plasmon resonance, we found that activated rFXIII-A bound αC 233-425 (Kd of 2.35 ± 0.09μM) which was further localized to αC 389-403. Site-directed mutagenesis of this region highlighted Glu396 as a key residue for binding of activated rFXIII-A. The interaction was specific for activated rFXIII-A and depended on the calcium-induced conformational change known to occur in rFXIII-A during activation. Furthermore, nonactivated FXIII-A2B2, thrombin-cleaved FXIII-A2B2, and activated FXIII-A2B2 each bound fibrin(ogen) and specifically αC region 371-425 with high affinity (Kd < 35nM and Kd < 31nM, respectively), showing for the first time the potential involvement of the αC region in binding to FXIII-A2B2. These results suggest that in addition to fibrinogen γ′ chain binding, the fibrin αC region also provides a platform for the binding of FXIII-A2B2 and FXIII-A subunit.
Mixed-phenotype acute leukemia: clinical and laboratory features and outcome in 100 patients defined according to the WHO 2008 classification
Authors: Matutes Estella , Pickl Winfried F. , van't Veer Mars , Morilla Ricardo , Swansbury John , Strobl Herbert , Attarbaschi Andishe , Hopfinger Georg , Ashley Sue , Bene Marie Christine , Porwit Anna , Orfao Alberto , Lemez Petr , Schabath Richard , Ludwig Wolf-Dieter 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The features of 100 mixed-phenotype acute leukemias (MPALs), fulfilling WHO 2008 criteria, are documented. Myeloid and T-lineage features were demonstrated by cytoplasmic myeloperoxidase and CD3; B-lineage features were demonstrated by at least 2 B-lymphoid markers. There were 62 men and 38 women; 68% were adults. Morphology was consistent with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; 43%), acute myeloid leukemia (AML; 42%), or inconclusive (15%). Immunophenotyping disclosed B + myeloid (59%), T + myeloid (35%), B + T (4%), or trilineage (2%) combinations. Cytogenetics evidenced t(9;22)/(Ph+) (20%), 11q23/MLL rearrangements (8%), complex (32%), aberrant (27%), or normal (13%) karyotypes. There was no correlation between age, morphology, immunophenotype, or cytogenetics. Response to treatment and outcome were available for 67 and 70 patients, respectively; 27 received ALL, 34 AML, 5 a combination of ALL + AML therapy, and 1 imatinib. ALL treatment induced a response in 85%, AML therapy in 41%; 3 of 5 patients responded to the combination therapy. Forty (58%) patients died, 33 of resistant disease. Overall median survival was 18 months and 37% of patients are alive at 5 years. Age, Ph+, and AML therapy were predictors for poor outcome (P < .001; P = .002; P = .003). MPAL is confirmed to be a poor-risk disease. Adults and Ph+ patients should be considered for transplantation in first remission.
Flexible mechanisms: the diverse roles of biological springs in vertebrate movement
Authors: Roberts Thomas J. , Azizi Emanuel 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe muscles that power vertebrate locomotion are associated with springy tissues, both within muscle and in connective tissue elements such as tendons. These springs share in common the same simple action: they stretch and store elastic strain energy when force is applied to them and recoil to release energy when force decays. Although this elastic action is simple, it serves a diverse set of functions, including metabolic energy conservation, amplification of muscle power output, attenuation of muscle power input, and rapid mechanical feedback that may aid in stability. In recent years, our understanding of the mechanisms and importance of biological springs in locomotion has advanced significantly, and it has been demonstrated that elastic mechanisms are essential for the effective function of the muscle motors that power movement. Here, we review some recent advances in our understanding of elastic mechanisms, with an emphasis on two proposed organizing principles. First, we review the evidence that the various functions of biological springs allow the locomotor system to operate beyond the bounds of intrinsic muscle properties, including metabolic and mechanical characteristics, as well as motor control processes. Second, we propose that an energy-based framework is useful for interpreting the diverse functions of series-elastic springs. In this framework, the direction and timing of the flow of energy between the body, the elastic element and the contracting muscle determine the function served by the elastic mechanism (e.g. energy conservation vs power amplification). We also review recent work demonstrating that structures such as tendons remodel more actively and behave more dynamically than previously assumed.
Effects of grade and mass distribution on the mechanics of trotting in dogs
Authors: Lee David V. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYQuadrupedal running on grades requires balancing of pitch moments about the center of mass (COM) while supplying sufficient impulse to maintain a steady uphill or downhill velocity. Here, trotting mechanics on a 15 deg grade were characterized by the distribution of impulse between the limbs and the angle of resultant impulse at each limb. Anterior–posterior manipulation of COM position has previously been shown to influence limb mechanics during level trotting of dogs; hence, the combined effects of grade and COM manipulations were explored by adding 10% body mass at the COM, shoulder or pelvis. Whole body and individual limb ground reaction forces, as well as spatiotemporal step parameters, were measured during downhill and uphill trotting. Deviations from steady-speed locomotion were determined by the net impulse angle and accounted for in the statistical model. The limbs exerted only propulsive force during uphill trotting and, with the exception of slight hindlimb propulsion in late stance, only braking force during downhill trotting. Ratios of forelimb impulse to total impulse were computed for normal and shear components. Normal impulse ratios were more different from level values during uphill than downhill trotting, indicating that the limbs act more as levers on the incline. Differential limb function was evident in the extreme divergence of forelimb and hindlimb impulse angles, amplifying forelimb braking and hindlimb propulsive biases observed during level trotting. In both downhill and uphill trotting, added mass at the up-slope limb resulted in fore–hind distributions of normal impulse more similar to those of level trotting and more equal fore–hind distributions of shear impulse. The latter result suggests a functional trade-off in quadruped design: a COM closer to the hindlimbs would distribute downhill braking more equally, whereas a COM closer to the forelimbs would distribute uphill propulsion more equally. Because muscles exert less force when actively shortening than when lengthening, it would be advantageous for the forelimb and hindlimb muscles to share the propulsive burden more equally during uphill trotting. This functional advantage is consistent with the anterior COM position of most terrestrial quadrupeds.
Identification of the elusive peptidergic diuretic hormone in the blood-feeding bugRhodnius prolixus: a CRF-related peptide
Authors: Te Brugge Victoria , Paluzzi Jean-Paul , Schooley David A. , Orchard Ian 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYProbing of a host and ingestion of a blood-meal in a fifth instar Rhodnius prolixus results in a cascade of tightly integrated events. The huge blood-meal is pumped into the anterior midgut during feeding, then modified by diuresis and stored until it is digested. While serotonin is known to be a diuretic hormone in R. prolixus, a peptidergic factor(s) was also known to play a role in diuresis. In the present study we employed molecular techniques and mass spectrometry to determine the sequence of a native CRF-like peptide from R. prolixus (Rhopr DH). In addition, we confirmed the distribution and localization of Rhopr DH using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, and demonstrated its potent biological activity on both the anterior midgut and Malpighian tubules.
Aerodynamic effects of corrugation in flapping insect wings in hovering flight
Authors: Meng Xue Guang , Xu Lei , Sun Mao 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY
We have examined the aerodynamic effects of corrugation in model insect wings that closely mimic the wing movements of hovering insects. Computational fluid dynamics were used with Reynolds numbers ranging from 35 to 3400, stroke amplitudes from 70 to 180 deg and mid-stroke angles of incidence from 15 to 60 deg. Various corrugated wing models were tested (care was taken to ensure that the corrugation introduced zero camber). The main results are as follows. At typical mid-stroke angles of incidence of hovering insects (35–50 deg), the time courses of the lift, drag, pitching moment and aerodynamic power coefficients of the corrugated wings are very close to those of the flat-plate wing, and compared with the flat-plate wing, the corrugation changes (decreases) the mean lift by less than 5% and has almost no effect on the mean drag, the location of the center of pressure and the aerodynamic power required. A possible reason for the small aerodynamic effects of wing corrugation is that the wing operates at a large angle of incidence and the flow is separated: the large angle of incidence dominates the corrugation in determining the flow around the wing, and for separated flow, the flow is much less sensitive to wing shape variation. The present results show that for hovering insects, using a flat-plate wing to model the corrugated wing is a good approximation.