bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nurse‐delivered universal point‐of‐care testing for HIV in an open‐access returning traveller clinic
Authors: Herbert R , Ashraf AN , Yates TA , Spriggs K , Malinnag M , Durward‐Brown E , Phillips D , Mewse E , Daniel A , Armstrong M , Kidd IM , Waite J , Wilks P , Burns F , Bailey R , Brown M 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundEarly diagnosis of HIV infection reduces morbidity and mortality associated with late presentation. Despite UK guidelines, the HIV testing rate has not increased. We have introduced universal HIV screening in an open‐access returning traveller clinic.MethodsData were prospectively recorded for all patients attending the open‐access returning traveller clinic between August 2008 and December 2010. HIV testing was offered to all patients from May 2009; initially testing with laboratory samples (phase 1) and subsequently a point‐of‐care test (POCT) (phase 2).ResultsA total of 4965 patients attended the clinic; 1342 in phase 0, 792 in phase 1 and 2831 in phase 2. Testing rates for HIV increased significantly from 2% (38 of 1342) in phase 0 to 23.1% (183 of 792) in phase 1 and further increased to 44.5% (1261 of 2831) during phase 2 (P < 0.0001). Two new diagnoses of HIV‐1 were identified in phase 1 (1.1% of tested); seven patients had a reactive POCT test in phase 2, of whom five (0.4% of those tested) were confirmed in a 4th generation assay. The patients with false reactive tests had a concurrent Plasmodium falciparum infection. Patients travelling to the Middle East and Europe were less likely to accept an HIV test with POCT.ConclusionsA nurse‐delivered universal point‐of‐care HIV testing service has been successfully introduced and sustained in an acute medical clinic in a low‐prevalence country. Caution is required in communicating reactive results in low‐prevalence settings where there may be alternative diagnoses or a low population prevalence of HIV infection.
Simultaneous measurement of urinary albumin and total protein may facilitate decision‐making in HIV‐infected patients with proteinuria
Authors: Samarawickrama A , Cai M , Smith ER , Nambiar K , Sabin C , Fisher M , Gilleece Y , Holt SG 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveWe recently showed that a urine albumin/total protein ratio (uAPR) < 0.4 identifies tubular pathology in proteinuric patients. In tubular disorders, proteinuria is usually of low molecular weight and contains relatively little albumin. We tested the hypothesis that uAPR is useful in identifying tubular pathology related to antiretroviral use in HIV‐infected patients.MethodsWe retrospectively identified urine protein/creatinine ratios (uPCRs) in HIV‐infected patients. A subset of samples had uPCR and urine albumin/creatinie ratio (uACR) measured simultaneously. We classified proteinuric patients (uPCR > 30 mg/mmol) into two groups: those with predominantly ‘tubular’ proteinuria (TP) (uAPR < 0.4) and those with predominantly ‘glomerular’ proteinuria (GP) (uAPR ≥ 0.4).ResultsA total of 618 of 5244 samples from 1378 patients had uPCR ≥ 30 mg/mmol. uAPRs were available in 144 patients: 46 patients (32%) had TP and 21 (15%) GP; the remainder had uPCR < 30 mg/mmol. The TP group had a higher fractional excretion of phosphate compared with the GP group (mean 27% vs. 16%, respectively; P < 0.01). Patients with TP were more likely to be on tenofovir and/or a boosted protease inhibitor compared with those with GP. In 18 patients with heavy proteinuria (uPCR > 100 mg/mmol), a renal assessment was made; eight had a kidney biopsy. In all cases, the uAPR results correlated with the nephrological diagnosis.ConclusionsIn HIV‐infected patients, measuring uAPR may help to identify patients in whom a renal biopsy is indicated, and those in whom tubular dysfunction might be an important cause of proteinuria and which may be related to antiretroviral toxicity. We suggest that this would be useful as a routine screening procedure in patients with proteinuria.
Modifying the Modifier: Body Modification as Social Incarnation
Authors: JOHNCOCK WILL 
Published: March 2012

The notion that body modification occurs when one undertakes practices like tattooing, piercing or scarification, engenders discourses in which: (i) body modifiersendorsesuch practices as self‐constructive, distancing their practitioners from social regulation and a deterministic biology, whereas; (ii) criticscondemntheir seemingly violent, corporeal interference. However, in suspecting that such analysis should be attentive to the concurrent individual and social co‐constitution of behaviours, a sociological and post‐structural interrogation of this characterization of body modification as a “sovereign, denaturalizing” endeavour is demanded.An engagement with theoriginary violenceof Derridian deconstruction will duly re‐conceive body modification practice as not something which introduces violence to corporeality. Rather, violence will present as a primordial differentiating process which bodies always already condition, and by which they are conditioned/produced/modified. The second issue at stake in this article will thus develop as a contestation to the characterization of “body modification” as an exclusive category of practice. Such practices do not arrive, pre‐existing, but rather manifest as the originary violence/differentiation of bodies‐as‐modifications‐which‐modify. This re‐defines modification from something that agentive subjects introduce to bodies, to something that subjects‐as‐bodies cannot help but be. Consequently, individual agency is not divorced from behaviour, but emerges as a corporeal, social production.
Morphological evidence that pentagastrin regulates secretion in the human parotid gland
Authors: Loy Francesco , Diana Martina , Isola Raffaella , Solinas Paola , Isola Michela , Conti Gabriele , Lantini Maria Serenella , Cossu Margherita , Riva Alessandro , Ekström Jörgen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSalivary secretion is principally regulated by autonomic nerves. However, recent evidence from in vivo animal experiments suggests that gastrointestinal peptide hormones can also influence saliva production. The aim of the present study was to define the secretagogue activity of the gastrin‐analogue pentagastrin in human salivary glands. For this purpose, parotid tissues were exposed to pentagastrin in vitro. Morphological techniques were used to evaluate modifications to serous acinar cells associated with secretion. Using a variant of the osmium maceration method, high resolution scanning electron microscopy allowed assessment of the morphology of the cytoplasmic aspect of the plasmalemma to demonstrate secretory activity. To quantify responses to pentagastrin, we recorded morphometric data on microvilli, microbuds, and protrusions. Dose‐dependent morphological changes were observed, whereas protein concentration increased in the incubate. The use of selective receptor antagonists showed pentagastrin to act principally via cholecystokinin‐A receptors. The morphological responses observed following exposure to pentagastrin differed from those elicited following exposure to the pan‐muscarinic agonist carbachol. This study provides the first demonstration of a direct secretory action of gastrointestinal peptides on salivary glands in humans.
Incremental evolution of the neural crest, neural crest cells and neural crest‐derived skeletal tissues
Authors: Hall Brian K. , Gillis J. Andrew 
Published: March 2012

AbstractUrochordates (ascidians) have recently supplanted cephalochordates (amphioxus) as the extant sister taxon of vertebrates. Given that urochordates possess migratory cells that have been classified as ‘neural crest‐like’– and that cephalochordates lack such cells – this phylogenetic hypothesis may have significant implications with respect to the origin of the neural crest and neural crest‐derived skeletal tissues in vertebrates. We present an overview of the genes and gene regulatory network associated with specification of the neural crest in vertebrates. We then use these molecular data – alongside cell behaviour, cell fate and embryonic context – to assess putative antecedents (latent homologues) of the neural crest or neural crest cells in ascidians and cephalochordates. Ascidian migratory mesenchymal cells – non‐pigment‐forming trunk lateral line cells and pigment‐forming ‘neural crest‐like cells’ (NCLC) – are unlikely latent neural crest cell homologues. Rather,Snail‐expressing cells at the neural plate of border of urochordates and cephalochordates likely represent the extent of neural crest elaboration in non‐vertebrate chordates. We also review evidence for the evolutionary origin of two neural crest‐derived skeletal tissues – cartilage and dentine. Dentine is abona fidevertebrate novelty, and dentine‐secreting odontoblasts represent a cell type that is exclusively derived from the neural crest. Cartilage, on the other hand, likely has a much deeper origin within the Metazoa. The mesodermally derived cellular cartilages of some protostome invertebrates are much more similar to vertebrate cartilage than is the acellular ‘cartilage‐like’ tissue in cephalochordate pharyngeal arches. Cartilage, therefore, is not a vertebrate novelty, and a well‐developed chondrogenic program was most likely co‐opted from mesoderm to the neural crest along the vertebrate stem. We conclude that the neural crest is a vertebrate novelty, but that neural crest cells and their derivatives evolved and diversified in a step‐wise fashion – first by elaboration of neural plate border cells, then by the innovation or co‐option of new or ancient metazoan cell fates.
Active head lifting from supine in early infancy: an indicator for non‐optimal cognitive outcome in late infancy
Authors: VAN HAASTERT INGRID C , GROENENDAAL FLORIS , VAN DE WAARSENBURG MARIA K , EIJSERMANS MARIA J C , KOOPMAN‐ESSEBOOM CORINE , JONGMANS MARIAN J , HELDERS PAUL J M , DE VRIES LINDA S 
Published: March 2012

Aim  To explore whether active head lifting from supine (AHLS) in early infancy is associated with cognitive outcome in the second year of life.Method  The presence of AHLS was always recorded in the notes of infants admitted to our tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. Random sampling was used to pair infants with AHLS with two comparison infants without AHLS whose sex, gestational age, birth year (1993–2009), time of assessment, and developmental test (Griffiths Mental Development Scales, Mental Scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development‐II, or cognitive subtest of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development‐III) were comparable. Brain injury identified from neonatal cranial ultrasound scans was classified as no – mild or moderate – severe. Z‐scores of cognitive test outcomes were calculated for multivariable analysis.Results  Eighty‐seven preterm (34 males, 53 females) and 40 term (17 males, 23 females) infants with AHLS were identified. AHLS was documented at a mean (corrected) age of 7.0 (SD 1.7) and 8.1 (SD 2.2) months respectively. The cognitive assessments were performed at a mean corrected age of 15.7 (SD 1.7) and 23.9 (SD 1.6) months in preterm infants, and 19.1 (SD 2.3) months in term infants. The mean cognitive outcome of preterm and term infants with AHLS was lower than that of infants without AHLS (p=0.002 and p=0.004 respectively). This remained after excluding infants with cerebral palsy with matching comparison infants (p=0.001 in preterm and p=0.001 in term infants). The mean difference was highest (1.35SD) between term male infants and comparison infants (p=0.001).Interpretation  AHLS is associated with a less favourable cognitive outcome in the second year of life in preterm as well as in term‐born infants than in comparison infants.
The effects of blood‐draw and injection stimuli on the vasovagal response
Authors: Gilchrist Philippe T. , Ditto Blaine 
Published: March 2012

AbstractVasovagal reactions (VVR) are common, complicating and deterring people from various medical procedures. A recent perspective (R. R. Diehl, ) suggests that VVR developed from the adaptive process of hemorrhagic fainting, perhaps as a means of preparing for anticipated blood loss. The primary goal of this study was to compare vasovagal symptoms during intravenous‐injection and blood‐draw videos. Sixty‐two young adults watched the videos. Vasovagal symptoms were assessed with self‐report, blood pressure, and heart rate variability. As predicted, participants reported more vasovagal symptoms and anxiety following the blood‐draw video. Sympathetic nervous system activity (low‐ to high‐frequency ratio) decreased during both videos but significantly more during the blood‐draw video, although this could be reversed by the Applied Tension technique. Results are discussed in terms of the relevance of specific stimuli and emotions in VVR.
Defensive coping, urbanization, and neuroendocrine function inBlackAfricans: TheTHUSAstudy
Authors: Malan Leoné , Hamer Mark , Reimann Manja , Huisman Hugo , Van Rooyen Johannes , Schutte Alta , Schutte Rudolph , Potgieter Johan , Wissing Marié , Steyn Faans , Seedat Yaackob , Malan Nico 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDissociation between β‐adrenergic behavioral and physiological defensive active coping (AC) responses was associated with cardiometabolic risk in urban but not ruralAfrican males. Whether this is partly driven by underlying neuroendocrine dysfunction is not certain. We aimed to assess the association between coping style, urbanization, and neuroendocrine function. Blood pressure (BP) and serum stress hormones were assessed across levels of urbanization (rural vs. urban) and coping style (active vs. passive) in 178BlackAfrican men. Urban men demonstrated increased hypertension prevalence, α‐adrenergic hemodynamic pattern, lower testosterone levels, and a larger cortisol:testosterone ratio (Cort:Test) compared to their rural counterparts. This was particularly evident in urbanACmen where cortisol andCort:Test explained 36–40% of the variance inBP. Dissociation between behavioral and physiological β‐adrenergic neuroendocrine responses in urbanACAfrican men was shown. A stressful urban environment might induce an apparent loss of physiological control, thereby facilitating disturbed neuroendocrineACresponses, which could increase cardiovascular disease risk.
The world according to iTunes: mapping urban networks of music production
Authors: WATSON ALLAN 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this article, I present a social network analysis that explores and maps relational urban networks of production within the global recorded music industry. Within the analysis, recorded music albums are viewed as temporary market‐based projects that bring together teams of skilled creative workers in recording studios across the globe. New tools and techniques for networking studios in geographically distant locations give mobile musically creative workers the ability to coordinate musical recordings on a global scale, resulting in new relational geographies of music production. An innovative approach is taken to the social network analysis to assess the connectedness of cities and determine the centrality and power of cities within networks of production for three major Anglophone digital music markets. The result is a mapping of the relational urban networks of music production as indicated through the interdependencies between projects, studios and local urban agglomerations.
The performance of adverse effects search filters in MEDLINE and EMBASE
Authors: Golder Su , Loke Yoon K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground:  Search filters can potentially improve the efficiency of searches involving electronic databases such as medline and embase. Although search filters have been developed for identifying records that contain adverse effects data, little is known about the sensitivity of such filters.Objectives:  This study measured the sensitivity of using available adverse effects filters to retrieve papers with adverse effects data.Methods:  A total of 233 included studies from 26 systematic reviews of adverse effects were used for analysis. Search filters from medline and embase were tested for their sensitivity in retrieving the records included in these reviews. In addition, the sensitivity of each individual search term used in at least one search filter was measured.Results:  Subheadings proved the most useful search terms in both medline and embase. No indexing terms in medline achieved over 12% sensitivity. The sensitivity of published search filters varied in medline from 3% to 93% and in embase from 57% to 97%. Whether this level of sensitivity is acceptable will be dependent on the purpose of the search.Conclusions:  Although no adverse effects search filter captured all the relevant records, high sensitivity could be achieved. Search filters may therefore be useful in retrieving adverse effects data.
The Effect of Phase 2 of the Premier Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration on Incentive Payments to Hospitals Caring for Disadvantaged Patients
Authors: Ryan Andrew M. , Blustein Jan , Doran Tim , D. Michelow Marilyn , Casalino Lawrence P. 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveThe Medicare and Premier Inc. Hospital Quality Incentive Demonstration (HQID), a hospital‐based pay‐for‐performance program, changed its incentive design from one rewarding only high performance (Phase 1) to another rewarding high performance, moderate performance, and improvement (Phase 2). We tested whether this design change reduced the gap in incentive payments among hospitals treating patients across the gradient of socioeconomic disadvantage.DataTo estimate incentive payments in both phases, we used data from the Premier Inc. website and from Medicare Provider Analysis and Review files. We used data from the American Hospital Association Annual Survey and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Impact File to identify hospital characteristics.Study DesignHospitals were divided into quartiles based on their Disproportionate Share Index (DSH), from lowest disadvantage (Quartile 1) to highest disadvantage (Quartile 4). In both phases of the HQID, we tested for differences across the DSH quartiles for three outcomes: (1) receipt of any incentive payments; (2) total incentive payments; and (3) incentive payments per discharge. For each of the study outcomes, we performed a hospital‐level difference‐in‐differences analysis to test whether the gap between Quartile 1 and the other quartiles decreased from Phase 1 to Phase 2.Principal FindingsIn Phase 1, there were significant gaps across the DSH quartiles for the receipt of any payment and for payment per discharge. In Phase 2, the gap was not significant for the receipt of any payment, but it remained significant for payment per discharge. For the receipt of any incentive payment, difference‐in‐difference estimates showed significant reductions in the gap between Quartile 1 and the other quartiles (Quartile 2, 17.5 percentage points [p < .05]; Quartile 3, 18.1 percentage points [p < .01]; Quartile 4, 28.3 percentage points [p < .01]). For payments per discharge, the gap was also significantly reduced between Quartile 1 and the other quartiles (Quartile 2, $14.92 per discharge [p < .10]; Quartile 3, $17.34 per discharge [p < .05]; Quartile 4, $21.31 per discharge [p < .01]). There were no significant reductions in the gap for total payments.ConclusionsThe design change in the HQID reduced the disparity in the receipt of any incentive payment and for incentive payments per discharge between hospitals caring for the most and least socioeconomically disadvantaged patient populations.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health and Health Care among U.S. Adolescents
Authors: Lau May , Lin Hua , Flores Glenn 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveTo examine racial/ethnic disparities in medical and oral health status, access to care, and use of services in U.S. adolescents.Data SourceSecondary data analysis of the 2003 National Survey of Children's Health. The survey focus was children 0–17 years old.Study DesignBivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted for white, African American, Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native, and multiracial adolescents 10–17 years old (n = 48,742) to identify disparities in 40 measures of health and health care.Principal FindingsCertain disparities were especially marked for specific racial/ethnic groups and multiracial youth. These disparities included suboptimal health status and lack of a personal doctor or nurse for Latinos; suboptimal oral health and not receiving all needed medications in the past year for African Americans; no physician visit or mental health care in the past year for Asian/Pacific Islanders; overweight/obesity, uninsurance, problems getting specialty care, and no routine preventive visit in the past year for American Indian/Alaska Natives; and not receiving all needed dental care in multiracial youth.ConclusionsU.S. adolescents experience many racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. These findings indicate a need for ongoing identification and monitoring of and interventions for disparities for all five major racial/ethnic groups and multiracial adolescents.
Ghrelin: An emerging new anticonvulsant neuropeptide
Authors: Portelli Jeanelle , Michotte Yvette , Smolders Ilse 
Published: March 2012

SummaryNeuropeptides appear to be of importance when the central nervous system (CNS) is challenged, such as during high‐frequency firing and pathologic conditions. Potential advantages of treatments that target neuropeptide systems in comparison to classical neurotransmitter systems and ion channels revolve around the subject of efficacy as well as the reduced likelihood of side effects, thus making them attractive candidates for the development of new clinical applications for various disorders. The number of neuropeptides linked to epilepsy is on the rise, reflecting the increased interest of researchers in this domain. Ghrelin has only very recently been introduced into the field of epilepsy, and has already led to contradictory clinical publications. There is a great paucity with regard to what mechanism of action is utilized by ghrelin to inhibit seizures. In this review we disclose how we can better understand the mechanism ghrelin uses to prevent seizures, which indirectly could give an insight to researchers who are studying ghrelin in other fields of research.