bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IT Careers: Organizational and Occupational Strategies
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the issue of information technology (IT) careers through a detailed study of the Bank of Scotland's Customer and Branch Automation Network (CABINET), a project whose size and duration provided an excellent illustration of the richness and complexity of expert technical labour. It analyses how career trajectories reflected the strategies of different occupational groupings and reflected organizational policies for the recruitment, promotion, and development of staff. It also charts the main segments of technical labour involved in the CABINET development, showing how they collaborated with a range of other groups to carry out their roles. The importance of collaborative networks is discussed and variations between the fluid networks of the user interface and the more narrowly focused links between technical specialists are considered. The different strategies pursued by IT staff in articulating their claims to be expert and valuable are examined, together with the contradictory relationship between technical experts and management.
The Economy of IS Expertise
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter analyses the economy of information systems expertise, focusing on the choice that organizations face between incorporating expertise into the hierarchy and various forms of market acquisition. It shows how choices between the use of consultants, subcontracting, and buying in software as packages cannot be reduced to an economic calculus. Information technology (IT) users with a systems development capacity have the choice between satisfying IT needs in-house or looking for products through the market. The financial services sector has always been a leader in in-house development, but the boundaries between what has been produced in-house and what has been provided through the market have been continually redrawn. This chapter looks at the broader processes involved in the commodification of black-boxing, the tendency in technological development for elements of uncertainty and complexity to become compartmentalized and bounded, segmenting parts of the technological system from uncertainties and complexities elsewhere.
State, Gender, and the Organization of Business in Rural Taiwan
Authors: Gallin Rita S. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTaiwan is often perceived as an ‘economic miracle’ because of how it has undergone a great deal of development as a result of exports. Contrary to the strategies of other Third World countries, Taiwan's planners relied not on direct foreign investment but on capital mobilization within the domestic private sector for promoting development. While also implementing a subcontracting system to further amplify the growth experienced by manufactured exports, small and medium enterprises have accounted for about 65% of exports in the later part of the 1980s and became prevalent players for the region's trading economy. Utilizing data collected in Hsin Hsing, this chapter attempts to describe how production and reproduction emerged in this village, how this has contributed greatly to the country's development, and how such business are organized in Taiwan's rural areas.
National Minority Questions and the Cold War Human Rights Regime (1945–1989)
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
After 1945, national minority rights lost their hitherto independent standing in international relations and were subsumed within the newly created universal human rights regime. The failure of the League of Nations discredited national minority rights and the minorities themselves tended to be viewed with suspicion owing to the wartime complicity of certain national minority leaders with Nazi aims in Central and Eastern Europe — though it should also be pointed out that these aims cleverly exploited national minority fears and aspirations within the region. Consequently, unlike in previous eras, national minority rights were considered contrary to international peace and security. The inter-war system of national minority guarantees was not resurrected and no new national minority rights provisions were included in the various agreements of the 1940s and 1950s which laid the foundations of the Cold War human rights regime. This chapter examines the various political calculations and normative assumptions which underlay the Cold War universal human rights regime that gave such short shrift to the particular problems of national minorities.
An Exploration in the Theory of Optimum Income Taxation
Authors: Mirrlees James A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the more general properties of the optimum income tax schedule and the rules governing these properties. A discussion of special cases is also included, along with the presentation of numerical results. It is important to note that the discussions in the chapter are based on seven simplifying assumptions, which are relayed in the first part of the chapter.
On Producer Taxation
Authors: Mirrlees James A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the new results that could be obtained from productive efficiency. Due to the analysis of public production and commodity taxation made by Diamond and Mirrlees, it is believed that constant returns prevailed in the private sector, which leads to the assumption that productive efficiency would not be desirable. Thus, the discussions in this chapter seek to determine whether new results can be obtained by using new and different methods.
Theoretical Perspectives on Internationalization, Performance, and Institutions
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis study aims to answer empirically the following questions: does internationalization cause the convergence of national labour-relations? How do shifting economic circumstances affect the performance of national labour-relation systems? The study takes on the aspect of internationalization that deals specifically with labour relations and analyses the dispersion of transnational market competition that comes in conflict with established labour relations as a mode of non-market governance. This chapter presents convergence in different perspectives; it associates convergence with the theory of industrial society, looks at convergence with an efficiency view, links convergence with diversity, and other such viewpoints. Also, this chapter examines the persistence of certain institutions in terms of their development and performance.
Concepts and Hypotheses
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOrganized business and labour are vital in the operations of industrial relations. Unions and employer associations, both organizations of interest, have to deal with certain organizational issues. First, these organizations have to establish their representational domain in terms of membership and tasks. Second, the organization would require a certain level of centralization so that the members comply with collective goals and decisions. Third, such organizations have to utilize power to progress. This chapter looks into these organizational issues not only through a conventional collective-action theory, but also through looking into the conflicting demands of an associations's structure in terms of membership and influence.
Representational Domains
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn theory, an association with a large domain requires a large organizing capacity. However, in practice, this organizing capacity depends also on how the organization's domain is related to other associations. Because of inter-associational competition, overlapping domains of organizations would result in a more fragmented system with a lower level of organizing capacity. Because organizing capacity lies in an association's ability to bring interests together, a country's most general representational space will be taken into consideration. For an association to be included in the study, its membership domain must have a national territorial coverage and an inter-industry branch coverage. This chapter analyses the representational domains and their heterogeneity, trends, and impacts of both unions and employer associations.
Introduction
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFirms that are involved in international trade and investment have to deal with certain obstacles and are presented with various strategic opportunities as there are new forms of environmental regulations and recent improvements in trade liberalization. Since the quota and tariff barriers under regional and multilateral trade agreements have been removed, new markets have been opened abroad. However, it is important to note that these firms utilize such barriers to protect themselves from international competition. The need thus arises for both governments and firms to come up with new alternative strategies for maintaining shelter in the home country while enabling access to international markets. While industries have traditionally relied on alliances with environmental groups and the application of local and national environmental regulation, international trade has resulted in new international-level opportunities. Corporate strategies in North America have thus been grounded on the principles of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
The Analytic Framework of Capture
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this chapter, we establish a general framework for investigating the relationship among the competitiveness of firms, trade liberalization regimes, and environmental regulation. As our analysis specifically focuses on the case of NAFTA, we look into three different disciplinary perspectives: 1) a corporate strategy perspective that takes on the problems and corresponding responses of firms that are under discriminatory environmental regulation; 2) examining the legal implications of regulatory shelter/capture to identify the legal processes within NAFTA and the legal instruments available to firms; and 3) political science perspectives which include neo-liberal institutionalism and the theory of complex interdependence to demonstrate the impacts of corporations and other stakeholders on regulatory processes and how the protectionist actions of national governments are restricted by international regimes.
The Learning Imperative
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Work and learning are becoming increasingly interrelated and interdependent and there is now this notion that education should be a preparation for work. The need for a new synthesis of education and industry arises as firms are now more inclined to employ highly-skilled individuals over low-skilled labour. Despite the largely and publicly funded infrastructure for schools, colleges, and universities, it is emphasized that individuals should be learning and practicing critical thought instead of merely being instructed. This chapter looks into past trends regarding the outdated educational models while exploring the potential for new learning technologies and the use of IT in educational processes. The chapter also examines the traditional suppliers of educational services and compares the risks and benefits of these with that of the new suppliers. Lastly, the interrelationships of learning with education and work are also analysed.
The Transition to Knowledge Capitalism
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks into how the rise of knowledge capital affects globalized competition, the changes in employment arrangements, the restructuring of firms and its ownership, and the falling demand for commodities and low knowledge-intensive products. Despite the upsurge of information in the media, society is still left eager for knowledge because of the lack of understanding of the notion of a knowledge-based economy and its implications on globalization, corporate restructuring, employment, and the like. Despite the efforts of government and corporate strategies to facilitate the understanding of this knowledge-based economy, this is hard to achieve without establishing the economic value of knowledge. This chapter presents the changes that have resulted from the shifting demands of firms for different skills and resources and explains the attempts that the government has made for these transitions.
Cultural difference and palliative care
Authors: Núñez Olarte Juan M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses cultural difference and palliative care. It looks at the existing issues in end-of-life care that are related to culture, the influence of culture on patients' perception of pain and treatment, and culture and ‘quality of death’. The chapter also discusses euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide versus terminal sedation, diagnosis disclosure, and how medical professionals in palliative care can meet diverse needs in a multi-cultural society.
Relatives
Authors: Randall Fiona 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the inclusion of relatives and families in the remit of care within the palliative care setting. In the WHO philosophy statement, palliative care is the procurement of quality life for the patients and their families. This statement suggests that in palliative care, the welfare of the family should also be a concern of the health care team. The WHO statement implies that the obligation to improve the quality of life of the families is as strong as the corresponding obligation to improve the quality life of the patients. While the conduct of other professional health care providers does not clearly provide provisions for the welfare of the families of the patients, other health care institutions have adopted the WHO statement. In this type of palliative care setting, the welfare of the families is seen as a crucial element for the definition of excellent care in the context of terminal illness. Others have developed an extreme ideology of the family-centred approach in the palliative care wherein the focus is suggested to be directed towards the family instead of the patient. This radical stand on palliative care suggests not only provisions of general obligations to be provided for the families but also therapeutic obligations to them. In the chapter, the radical approach towards the palliative care setting is thoroughly examined. The chapter examines the rise of a conflict of interests in the provision of equal treatment of the relative and patient's requirements. It also examines the contribution of bereavement care, the cost effectiveness and justification of benefits directed towards the families, and the nature and extent of obligations to the families and relatives.
Bourgeoisie—Liberalism—Democracy: Some Necessary Distinctions
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the relation and distinction among bourgeoisie, liberalism, and democracy in the history of Germany during the 19th century. The evidence of German society between 1871 and 1914 lends support to the view that the orderly reproduction of capitalist productive relations could be guaranteed within a form of state which fell considerably short of pure representative democracy. This chapter explains that received ideas of failed bourgeois revolution and liberal capitulation provide a poor means for understanding German political development during this period.
Backward State/Modern Economy: Unscrambling the German Couplet
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues against the belief that the long-term peculiarity of German history can be explained by the twin factors of failed bourgeois revolution and absent liberalism in the nineteenth century. It suggests that this lament for the lost liberalism of the German bourgeoisie is profoundly unhistorical and contends that most historians have focused too much on the issues of failures, blockages, and mistaken development in trying to explain why German history diverged from the ‘model’. It explains that the continuity of authoritarian values and its resilience depended on a combination of ideological mechanisms which warped the true perceptions of the bourgeoisie and hindered the establishment of the constitution of liberty on the model of the ‘West’.
Some Provisional Conclusions
Authors: Eley Geoff 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the course of German history before 1914. The results indicate that Germany did experience a successful bourgeois revolution in the nineteenth century but it did not take the form of a pitched battle between bourgeoisie and aristocracy. The findings also suggest the need to accept the broadly progressive character of German unification and that the bourgeoisie was neither weak nor immature.
Economy and Society: The Shadow Side
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the so-called shadow side of the achievement of the bourgeois revolution in Germany, which is the capitalist system. This system unlocked productive capacity, created a national market within an international economy, and opened up opportunities for entrepreneurial talent as material and institutional restrictions were pushed aside. It also increased consumption levels and generated employment. This chapter suggests that the principal problem with bourgeois society in Germany was not its absence but its ambiguity and that the bourgeoisie was as much a victim of its contradictory successes as its outright failures.
The State and Politics
Authors: Blackbourn David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the influence of the bourgeois revolution on the developments in state and politics in Germany during the nineteenth century. It explains that there was a basic discrepancy in Germany between economic dynamism and social and political backwardness and suggests that the peculiarity in German history may be traced to the lack of synchronization between developments as the different levels in historian Hans Rosenberg's so-called ‘great triad’. It contends that many accounts of German history have telescoped the links between economy and society and argues that the impact of capitalism was not confined to an encapsulated sphere of the economy.
The Forces of Change in the European Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter analyses a number of environmental forces that have had, and will continue to have, a considerable impact upon the European banking industry: deregulation, globalization, worldwide economic instability, the introduction of new information technologies, and the process of financial innovation that derives from the combination of these factors. It points out that it is necessary to understand the legal and economic environment in which the European banking industry operates, as well as how it has been affected, and can be expected to affect, the future structure of the industry. The chapter explains that the changes in the legal and economic environment are certainly not indigenous to Europe. However, in the United States, such changes have also given way to a very profound transformation of the American banking industry.
The Transformation of the Banking Business: A Corporate Perspective
Authors: Canals Jordi 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter uses an analytical framework to show some important structural determinants in any industry, such as entry barriers to potential competitors, negotiating power in relation to suppliers and buyers, and the intensity of rivalry, in order to evaluate the relative weight of environmental and regulatory changes that have occurred throughout the past years. It describes the entry barriers that identify those conditions which impede firms outside the sector from gaining access to an industry and, as a result, restrict the number of competitors offering the same product. The chapter further describes the relationships between a firm and its suppliers and buyers, which can have a significant bearing on the structure and competitive characteristics of any industry. It examines the function of a product and the need it fulfils for the consumer in order to find out whether or not a product is being threatened by substitutes.
Resilience and rehabilitation
Authors: Tookman Adrian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the relation between rehabilitation and resilience in the palliative care setting. It explains that though rehabilitation and palliative care may seem to be a contradiction in terms, the application of rehabilitative approach will allow carers to be proactive rather than reactive. It also suggests that the adoption of a rehabilitative approach to care can help patients achieve their maximum potential in the hope that further deterioration is unlikely.
Resilient multiprofessional teams
Authors: Payne Malcolm 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines resilience in multiprofessional teams in the palliative care setting. It suggests that multiprofessional teamwork can strengthen resilience in health and social care organizations providing palliative care which might itself be strengthened by greater resilience. It also discusses the concept of attachment theory and its potential positive applications in teamwork or multiprofessional practice. The major caution about applying this approach is that transferring a therapeutic psychological theory to the analysis of social relations in practical teamwork in health and social care organizations is not supported by directly relevant research.
The Delights of Luxury
Authors: Berg Maxine 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Luxury and novelty goods were of special significance to 18th-century consumers. Wider social access to these goods over the course of the 18th century set the terms for the introduction of new consumer goods. Adam Smith in The Theory of Moral Sentiments noted the curious fascination of his countrymen for ingenious trinkets and toys. These useful and agreeable contrivances stuffed into the pockets of 18th-century trendsetters for easy accessibility and display conveyed modernism and mechanical progress to their beholders. Their owners were benefiting from the opportunities made out of the broader markets and spending power perceived by Daniel Defoe. These two great analysts identified two cultural and social principles which were to have a profound effect on the economy: a delight in modern mechanical technique and a proclivity for luxury expenditure.
The Trinity
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores the meaning and coherence of the doctrine of the Trinity. In the process, it develops an a priori argument for the necessity of that doctrine, to back up the argument from revelation for its truth. It holds that Social Trinitarianism allows for intelligibility and consistency with creedal orthodoxy. It argues that there are three divine individuals. The three divine persons are three souls, three rational individuals. In the discussion, tritheism is the view that there are three independent divine beings, any of which could exist without the other, or which could act independently of each other.