bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis following the use of the laryngeal mask airway
Authors: NAGAI K. , SAKURAMOTO C. , GOTO F. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryWe report a unilateral hypoglossal nerve paralysis following the use of a laryngeal mask airway in a 62 year‐old women with rheumatoid arthritis undegoing a shoulder joint replancement,. Cervical epidural anesthesia was vombined with general anaesthesia using nitrous oxide administrered via a larygeal mask airway with a the patient in the right lateral decubitus postion. The next morning, the patient was noted to have a right hypoglossal nerve palsy. compression of the nerve between the laryngeal mask airway cuff. distended with nitrous oxide, and the hyoid bone, was considered to be the cause ot the nerve paralysis.
Air inlets for infusion bottles
Authors: THORPE C. M. , SCOTT D. H. T. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryWe assessed the resistance to air flow in four comonly used air inlets. The Avon A81 ‘ and Codan air inlets provide the least resistance to flow, followed by the Baxter CO413 and lastly the Braun air inlet. The presence of a valve confers and advantage when rapid infusion of fluid is attempted . the valve in the inlet performed best out of the inlets tested.
Biological and clinical characterization of recurrent 14q deletions in CLL and other mature B‐cell neoplasms
Authors: Reindl Lena , Bacher Ulrike , Dicker Frank , Alpermann Tamara , Kern Wolfgang , Schnittger Susanne , Haferlach Torsten , Haferlach Claudia 
Published: July 2010

Summary14q‐deletions have been repeatedly described in mature B‐cell neoplasms, but not yet characterized in a larger cohort. Based on chromosome banding analysis, the present study identified 47 del(14q) cases in 3054 mature B‐cell neoplasms (1·5%) (chronic lymphocytic leukaemia [CLL]: 1·9%; CLL/prolymphocytic leukaemia [PL]: 9·0%; others: 0·2%). Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed with probes for 14q22.1, 14q24.1, 14q32.33, and IGH@ (14q32.3). The del(14q) had heteregeneous size but showed a breakpoint cluster at the centromeric site in 14q24.1 (62% of cases). At the telomeric side, the most frequent breakpoint was within the IGH@ locus (14q32.3) between IGH@ 3′‐flanking and IGHV (IgVH) probes (45%). In 16 cases (34%), breakpoints occurred within 14q24.1 and 14q32.3. Eighty‐one percent of del(14q) cases showed 1–3 additional cytogenetic alterations (in 45%, +12), and 56% were IGHV‐unmutated. In all cases (16/16) with breakpoints in 14q24.1 and 14q32.3, a B‐CLL immunophenotype was found. Clinical follow‐up in 32 del(14q) patients was compared to 383 CLL and CLL/PL patients without del(14q). While 3‐year‐overall survival did not differ significantly, time to treatment was significantly shorter in the del(14q) cohort (21·0 months vs. 80·1 months, P = 0·015). In conclusion, the del(14q) is a rare recurrent alteration in diverse mature B‐cell neoplasms, shows variable size but distinct clustering of breakpoints, and is associated with short time to treatment.
Interferon-α increases monocyte migration via platelet–monocyte interaction in murine intestinal microvessels
Authors: Higashiyama M , Hokari R , Kurihara C , Ueda T , Nakamura M , Komoto S , Okada Y , Watanabe C , Kawaguchi A , Nagao S , Miura S 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interferon (IFN)-α on recruitment of platelets and monocytes within the murine small intestinal venular endothelium. Monocytes were isolated from bone marrow of C57B6 mice. Platelets were collected from murine blood. Rolling and adhesion to submucosal microvessels in the small intestine were examined under an intravital fluorescence microscope after injection of fluorescein-labelled monocytes or platelets. In some mice, IFN-α (5 × 105U/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. After treatment with an antibody against P-selectin, changes in monocyte and platelet migration were also investigated. Changes in monocyte migration under the condition of thrombocytopenia were also investigated. Platelets and monocytes interacted with murine intestinal microvessels, although only few platelets and monocytes showed migration behaviour. Intraperitoneal injection of IFN-α enhanced the migration of both platelets and monocytes in the intestinal microvessels. Pretreatment with anti-P-selectin attenuated the increase in migration of platelets and monocytes induced by administration of IFN-α. Thrombocytopenia decreased the rolling ratio of monocytes, suggesting that the effect of IFN-α on migration was P-selectin-dependent, derived from both the endothelium of microvessels and platelets. The results of this study suggest that IFN-α acts as a potent proinflammatory agent via its stimulatory effect on the endothelium–platelet–monocyte interaction in intestinal microvessels by a P-selectin-dependent mechanism.
Expression of vimentin and high‐molecular‐weight cytokeratin (clone 34ßE12) in differentiating reactive renal tubular cells from low‐grade urothelial carcinoma cells in voided urine
Authors: Ohsaki H. , Hirakawa E. , Nakamura M. , Norimatsu Y. , Kiyomoto H. , Haba R. 
Published: July 2010

H. Ohsaki, E. Hirakawa, M. Nakamura, Y. Norimatsu, H. Kiyomoto and R. Haba Expression of vimentin and high‐molecular‐weight cytokeratin (clone 34ßE12) in differentiating reactive renal tubular cells from low‐grade urothelial carcinoma cells in voided urine Objective:  Reactive renal tubular cells show features of an atypical repair reaction. Differentiation between reactive renal tubular cells and low‐grade urothelial carcinoma (LG‐UC) cells can therefore be a diagnostic challenge based on morphology alone. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic utility of vimentin and a high‐molecular‐weight cytokeratin antibody (clone 34ßE12) in differentiating reactive renal tubular cells from LG‐UC.Methods:  We evaluated voided urine cytology and surgical specimens from 40 patients with renal disease, and 17 patients with LG‐UC. All slides were stained with vimentin and 34ßE12.Results:  In the reactive renal tubular cells in voided urine cytology, vimentin showed strong cytoplasmic staining in 39/40 (97.5%) cases, but all were negative for 34ßE12. LG‐UC cells showed positive staining for 34ßE12 in 3/17 (17.6%) cases, whereas none were positivity for vimentin. The reactive renal tubular cells of histological specimens in the renal disease group demonstrated positive for vimentin in all 40 cases and all were negative for 34ßE12. The LG‐UC group showed abnormal staining for 34ßE12 in 4/17 (23.5%) cases, whereas none were positive for vimentin.Conclusions:  Vimentin expression in urine cytology can help to distinguish reactive renal tubular cells from LG‐UC. However, 34ßE12 does not appear to be a useful adjunct to distinguish these two groups in voided urine cytology.
A MULTIDISCIPLINARY DIAGNOSTIC/GENETIC STUDY ON THE 105 PATIENTS WITH MENTAL RETARDATION OF THE E.S. LE GRANGE SCHOOL
Authors: Hof J. Op't , Venter P. A. , Toit Joan L. Du , Gericke G. G. , Dawson Bronwen , Coetzee D. J. , Mienie L. J. , Marais C. H. , Reinecke C. J. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA comprehensive genetic/diagnostic survey was undertaken at a special school for the mentally retarded involving 105 patients. Cytogenetic, biochemical and clinical investigations were undertaken to establish the contribution of the genetic factors to the problem of mental retardation. Apart from obtaining information about specific children, identifying families at risk, and providing genetic counselling in nearly 50% of cases, data was obtained which could be compared with other similar surveys. According to the aetiological grouping of the patients, 6.7% could be attributed to perinatal damage, 17.1% to chromosomal defects, 4.8% to biochemical disorders, 5.7% to other genetic causes, 12.4% to other prenatal damage, 1.9% to infections, and 51.4% to unknown causes. No individual with the marker X syndrome was found in this group.
Clients' community and social contacts: results of a 5‐year longitudinal study
Authors: LOWE K. , DE PAIVA S. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT.Clients’ contacts with a range of community amenities and with their friends and relatives were examined to assess the impact of a new community‐based service. Results over a 5‐year period were compared for clients in different residential settings: supported ordinary housing, mental handicap hospital and private family homes. Findings indicated increased use of community amenities for those in supported housing and in their family homes. Little change was noted in clients’ contact with relatives, and the paucity of social contact with friends was highlighted. Use of community amenities in relation to the development of social networks is dicussed.
Visual problems in people with severe mental handicap
Authors: CASTAÑE M. , PERIS E. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe incidence of visual problems in people with mental handicaps is very high. Nine severely mentally handicapped patients were studied. Several objective and subjective oprometric tests were performed. The results showed the presence of different kinds of visual problems that were compensated for by optical methods. The subjects showed a general change in their behaviour. It is essential to give optometric care to such people.
Hepatitis B in the non‐residential mentally handicapped population
Authors: DEVLIN J. B. , MULCAHY M. , CORCORAN R. , RAMSAY L. , TYNDALL P. , SHATTOCK A. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis study describes seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B in seven centres caring for non‐residential mentally handicapped individuals. Overall, 11% were hepatitis B marker seropositive and 4% had the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Male sex and increasing age were associated with seropositive status, and Down's syndrome was associated with the presence of HBsAg. Immediate family members of those with hepatitis B markers were screened and 22% had evidence of heptatitis B markers. Forty‐one family members were identified when the mentally handicapped individual was HBsAg positive and of these 13 (32%) were seropositive. This study demonstrates that hepatitis B is a problem for the non‐residential mentally handicapped population and confirms the risk of infection to their immediate families.
Influence of mental retardation severity and respondent characteristics on self‐reported attitudes toward mental retardation and eugenics
Authors: Antonak R. F. , Mulick J. A. , Kobe F. H. , Fiedler C. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEugenics refers to the investigation of means of social control to improve the mental or physical qualities of future generations. The present study investigated whether the self‐reported attitudes toward mental retardation and eugenics of a sample of 572 respondents would vary as a function of (1) severity of the mental retardation attitude referent; and (2) respondent sociode‐mographic characteristics. Among the respondents, 380 were health and human service providers (66% upper division undergraduate students and 34% graduate level professionals) and 192 were upper division undergraduate students majoring in fields other than health and human services. The results supported these conclusions: (1) psychometric characteristics of the scales used to measure attitudes were adequate; (2) increasing mental retardation severity was related to increasing endorsement of eugenic principles, independent of global attitudes toward people with mental retardation; and (3) respondent education was related to the expression of eugenic attitudes toward mild mental retardation, while familiarity with people with mental retardation was related to the expression of eugenic attitudes toward moderate and profound mental retardation.
Sequence of cognitive decline in dementia in adults with Down's syndrome
Authors: Devenny D. A. , Krinsky‐McHale S. J. , Sersen G. , Silverman W. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdults with Down's syndrome (DS) are known to be at risk of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), but because of their lifelong intellectual deficits, it is difficult to determine the earliest signs and characteristics of age‐associated decline and dementia. In a longitudinal study in which all participants were healthy at the time of their entry into the study, the present authors compared the amount of decline on the subtests of the WISC‐R to determine the sequence of cognitive decline associated with varying stages of dementia. Twenty‐two individuals with varying degrees of cognitive decline were compared to 44 adults with DS who have remained healthy. All participants functioned in the mild or moderate range of intellectual disability at initial testing. On each subtest of the WISC‐R, the amount of change experienced by the healthy participants over the study period was compared to the amount of change found for each of the groups with decline. Out of the individuals who showed declines, 10 adults with DS were classified as having ‘questionable’ decline based on the presence of memory impairment, and five and seven adults with DS were classified as in the ‘early stage’ and ‘middle stage’ of DAT, respectively, based on the presence of memory impairment, score on the Dementia Scale for Down Syndrome and a physician's diagnosis. It was found that participants who were identified as ‘questionable’, in addition to the memory loss that determined their classification, also showed significant declines on the Block Design and Coding subtests. The five adults in the early stage of dementia showed declines on these subtests, and in addition, on the Object Assembly, Picture Completion, Arithmetic and Comprehension subtests. The seven adults in the middle stage of dementia showed declines on these subtests, plus declines on Information, Vocabulary and Digit Span subtests. The Picture Arrangement and Similarities subtests were not useful in distinguishing between the groups because of baseline floor effects for a substantial proportion of participants. The present longitudinal study showed a sequence of cognitive decline associated with DAT, beginning with a possible ‘pre‐clinical’ stage, and progressing through the early and middle stages. This approach begins to define the sequence of declining cognitive capacities that contributes to the observed functional deterioration caused by Alzheimer's disease and that is likely to reflect the involvement of cortical areas as the disease progresses.
Olanzapine for chronic, stereotypic self‐injurious behaviour: a pilot study in seven adults with intellectual disability
Authors: McDonough M. , Hillery J. , Kennedy N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDopamine one (D1) receptor supersensitvity in the corpus striatum is said to be the primary mechanism within the dopamine model proposed for chronic, refractory self‐injurious behaviour (SIB), which may explain why conventional neuroleptics have proven largely ineffective. In common with other atypical antipsychotic agents, olanzapine has more affinity for the D1 receptor. The present study explored whether olanzapine could reduce rates of the stereotypic form of chronic SIB, a subtype where dopamine dysfunction is the most likely underlying mechanism. A clinical sample of seven patients with various levels of learning disability who displayed features of stereotypic SIB were assessed over a 6‐week period of baseline measurement and a 15‐week treatment phase during which olanzapine was added to existing medication. Both SIB and other aberrant behaviours were measured by daily nurse rating and the Self‐Injury Trauma Scale (SITS). All measurements were unblind. Doses ranged from 5 to 15 mg. Out of the seven subjects, three showed a clear improvement, one showed a marginal improvement, one deteriorated, and the data was equivocal for the remaining two individuals. The means of the SITS Number and Severity Indices (NI and SI, respectively) reduced significantly from baseline during both the 5‐ and 10‐mg treatment phases, and taking treatment as a whole, by 53% and 48%, respectively (NI: mean = 0.7 units reduction,P= 0.02; SI: mean = 0.9 units reduction,P= 0.04). The risk index also reduced, but did not reach significance. A modest reduction in mean nurse‐rated SIB was not significant for either phase or for treatment as a whole. At doses above 5mg, mean scores deteriorated on balance, although two responders showed a marginal additional improvement. Olanzapine was well tolerated with one adverse event reported (somnolence) which was mild and transient. The present pilot study suggests that olanzapine can reduce stereotypic SIB. A larger trial is indicated.
Does allergy impair innate immunity? Leads and lessons from atopic dermatitis
Authors: Mrabet‐Dahbi S. , Maurer M. 
Published: July 2010

To cite this article: Mrabet‐Dahbi S, Maurer M. Does allergy impair innate immunity? Leads and lessons from atopic dermatitis. Allergy 2010; 65: 1351–1356.AbstractHost defence responses against invading pathogens are well‐balanced, inflammatory processes of the innate and adaptive immune system. Impaired development or abnormal function of either system can result in failure to control pathogens and to clear infections. Infections have been claimed to modulate the onset and course of allergic diseases. This so‐called hygiene hypothesis is still an active area of research. In contrast, the effects of allergies on infections and pathogen‐directed immune responses are less well understood. Here, we have reviewed the existing evidence that allergies result in impaired innate immunity and we discuss recent observations that may explain why and how innate immunity is dysfunctional in allergic patients. With a focus on atopic dermatitis as a model of allergic disease, we speculate that one of the key features of allergic conditions, namely Th2 polarization, leads to several independent inhibitory effects on host defence and consequently to a higher risk of infections in allergic patients. A better understanding of impaired host defence and its mechanisms in allergic subjects will help to improve the management of these diseases.
Investigation and Standardization of the Conditions for Micro‐Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: du Bois M. J. G. J. , Huismans D. R. , Schellekens P. Th. A. , Eijsvoogel V. P. 
Published: July 2010

Experiments were performed to establish optimal conditions for specific and non‐specific lymphocyte transformation in vitro, in cultures containing 1–3 × 105 human lymphocytes. The stimulation as measured by 14C‐thymidine incorporation was evaluated when using various methods of lymphocyte purification and different numbers of contaminating erythrocytes, different kinds of tubes, serum from different sources, and varying PHA concentrations.Furthermore, the dependence of the 14C‐thymidine incorporation on the thymidine concentration in the medium and on the total number of lymphocytes present per culture was determined.Two methods of harvesting the cells to measure the 14C‐thymidine incorporation were compared.On the basis of this analysis, conditions for maximal sensitivity and reproducibility could be defined in measuring lymphocyte reactivity to PHA, allogeneic lymphocytes and antigens in a miniaturized culture system.
The Histocompatibility Complex of Rhesus Monkeys. I. Serology and Genetics of the RhL‐A System
Authors: Balner H. , Gabb B. W. , Toth E. K. , Dersjant H. , van Vreeswijk W. 
Published: July 2010

Rhesus monkeys have a major system of serologically defined histocompatibility antigens, called RhL–A. Like the analogous human system (HL–A), RhL–A is highly polymorphic, and its antigens are controlled by two closely linked segregant series of alleles. About 50% of the gene products of both allelic series can now be identified serologically. Recombination frequency within the RhL–A region is approximately 1%.The relevance of RhL–A to histocompatibility was proved by intersib skin grafting experiments. The influence of matching for RhL–A on graft survival in unrelated host/donor combinations is equivocal.A genetic locus exerting a major influence on mixed lymphocyte reactivity has been identified and found to be closely linked to the RhL–A region3. Genetics and characteristics of this MLR locus and its products are described in an accompanying communication (Balner & Toth 1973).
Cell Mediated Lympholysis in Man: An Attempt to Type with Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
Authors: Kristensen Tom , Grunnet Niels , Jøgensen Fritz , Lamm Lars U. , Kissmeyer‐Nielsen Flemming 
Published: July 2010

From approximately 3,000 CML combinations, originally established in order to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative influence of the serologically defined HLA‐A, B, and C antigens on cellular, complement independent cytolysis, 12 combinations were selected yielding reproducible positive cytolysis on allogenic target cells, although no HLA‐antigenic sharing could be demonstrated between stimulator and targeTlymphocytes.These 12 CytoToxic Lymphocytes (CTL's) have been tested in parallell as “CML typing combinations” againsTlymphocytes from a random population sample of 100 unrelated Danes. Based on a pairwise analysis 11 of these CTL's could be classified into two groups of significantly ‘ correlated CTL's. These two groups do not define monospecific traits of allelic genetic origin as judged by a mutually positive correlation and a poor fit to Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. The traits defined by these groups may be either partially identical or governed by closely linked loci. The same groups were identified and the same conclusions reached after exclusion of those individuals in the population sample where HLA‐A, B, C, or D antigens may be targets for destruction.Thus, this study gives direct evidence that known HLA antigens are not sole target determinants in CML or that cytotoxic lymphocytes recognize HLA molecules in a different way than lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The studies underline the immunogenetic complexity of CML although this reaction is most probably governed by genes in the HLA region. It is suggested that cytotoxic lymphocytes may recognize “backbone structures”; of the HLA molecules.
The Host Component of the Popliteal Lymph Node Graft‐Versus‐Host (GVH) Reaction
Authors: Rolstad Bent , Fossum Sigbjørn 
Published: July 2010

The cellular composition of rat popliteal lymph nodes undergoing a GVH reaction was examined. The great majority of cells isolated from the nodes were lymphocytes, while the contribution of phagocytic cells was negligible (<5%). Both T and B cells were present in GVH nodes. However, the proportion of B cells was higher than in normal lymph nodes (40–50% vs 30%).Cells synthesizing DNA were enumerated autoradiographically in sections of GVH nodes up to day 7 of the response. A significant increase in the proportion of 3H thymidine labelled cells had already been found on the third day of the GVH response, before lymph node enlargement was apparent. Of the differnt days tested a maximum of 6% labelled cells was found on day 7. Liquid scintillation counting of cell suspension from such nodes showed an even higher increase in 3H thymidine incorporation in GVH vs normal nodes. These findings indicate that cell proliferation is a central mechanism behind the lymph node enlargement.