bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated Temperature Properties as Influenced by Nitrogen Additions to Types 304 and 316 Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Rozic EJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Elevated Temperature Properties as Influenced by Nitrogen Additions to Types 304 and 316 Austenitic Stainless Steels was presented at an informal workshop session held at the 72nd Annual Meeting of the Society, in Atlantic City, N. J., 22—27 June 1969. The sponsors of this symposium included the Joint Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals, Metals Properties Council, American Society for Testing and Materials, and American Society of Mechanical Engineers. J. J. Heger, U. S. Steel Corporation, and G. V. Smith, consultant, served as co-chairmen.
Applications of Composite Materials
Authors: Salkind MJ , Holister GS 
Published: March 2009

Description
The technology of high performance fiber composites has been with us for only one decade. Although fiberglass has been available for many years, the discovery of boron fiber in the early 1960's, followed quickly by graphite and other fibers, ushered in a new era of structural composites which included the rediscovery of fiberglass for critical, highly loaded structures.
Effects of Radiation on Substructure and Mechanical Properties of Metals and Alloys
Authors: Moteff J 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Effects of Radiation on Substructure and Mechanical Properties of Metals and Alloys was presented at Los Angeles, Calif., 26-28 June 1972 in conjunction with the Seventy-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee E10 on Radioisotopes and Radiation Effects. John Moteff, Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering Department, University of Cincinnati, served as chairman of the symposium committee, which consisted of C. J. Baroch, A. L. Bement, E. Landerman, F. R. Shober, and K. M. Zwilsky. The six sessions were presided over by: L. R. Steele, H. Bohm, J. R. Weir, T.T. Claudson, I. P. Bell and K.M. Zwilsky, and S.D. Harkness and C. Y. Li.
Sensory Evaluation of Appearance of Materials
Authors: Hunter RS , Martin PN 
Published: March 2009

Description
Because of the overlapping interest of ASTM Committees E12 on Appearance of Materials and E18 on Sensory Evaluation of Materials and Products in vision and appearance, they have maintained liaison for many years, and joint sponsorship of this symposium was very appropriate. For Committee E12 the symposium effort represented an extension beyond instrumental measurements, which had received most of their attention. For Committee E18 it was a follow-up to ASTM Special Technical Publication 433, "Basic Principles of Sensory Evaluation" (1968), which included a chapter on vision and general chapters applying to all the senses. W. H. Danker, who was Chairman of Subcommittee E18.02 during the early planning in 1970 and 1971, was largely responsible for the initial proposal for a joint effort of the two committees and the later proposal that this effort take the form of a symposium. W. J. Kiernan, who was Chairman of Committee E12 in 1970, gave enthusiastic support to the proposed project and contributed many valuable suggestions for getting it underway.
Factors Affecting Accuracy From Genomic Selection in Populations Derived From Multiple Inbred Lines: A Barley Case Study
Authors: Zhong Shengqiang , Dekkers Jack C M , Fernando Rohan L , Jannink Jean-Luc 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We compared the accuracies of four genomic-selection prediction methods as affected by marker density, level of linkage disequilibrium (LD), quantitative trait locus (QTL) number, sample size, and level of replication in populations generated from multiple inbred lines. Marker data on 42 two-row spring barley inbred lines were used to simulate high and low LD populations from multiple inbred line crosses: the first included many small full-sib families and the second was derived from five generations of random mating. True breeding values (TBV) were simulated on the basis of 20 or 80 additive QTL. Methods used to derive genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) were random regression best linear unbiased prediction (RR–BLUP), Bayes-B, a Bayesian shrinkage regression method, and BLUP from a mixed model analysis using a relationship matrix calculated from marker data. Using the best methods, accuracies of GEBV were comparable to accuracies from phenotype for predicting TBV without requiring the time and expense of field evaluation. We identified a trade-off between a method's ability to capture marker-QTL LD vs. marker-based relatedness of individuals. The Bayesian shrinkage regression method primarily captured LD, the BLUP methods captured relationships, while Bayes-B captured both. Under most of the study scenarios, mixed-model analysis using a marker-derived relationship matrix (BLUP) was more accurate than methods that directly estimated marker effects, suggesting that relationship information was more valuable than LD information. When markers were in strong LD with large-effect QTL, or when predictions were made on individuals several generations removed from the training data set, however, the ranking of method performance was reversed and BLUP had the lowest accuracy.
Bone-Resorbing Cells in Multiple Myeloma: Osteoclasts, Myeloma Cell Polykaryons, or Both?
Authors: Silvestris Franco , Ciavarella Sabino , De Matteo Monica , Tucci Marco , Dammacco Franco 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Myeloma bone disease (MBD) leads to progressive destruction of the skeleton and is the most severe cause of morbidity in multiple myeloma. Its pathogenetic mechanisms are not fully understood, though the current evidence points to osteoclast (OC) hyperactivity coupled with defective osteoblast function unable to counteract bone resorption. OCs are generated in bone marrow by myeloid progenitors through increased levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and M-CSF, whose intracellular pathways propagate signals that activate sequential transcription factors, resulting in the production of major OC enzymes that drive specific functions such as acidification and degradation of the bone matrix. Osteolytic lesions, however, are not characterized by massive OC content, whereas malignant plasma cells, which are usually present in a high number, may occur as large multinucleated cells. The possibility that myeloma cells fuse and generate polykaryons in vivo is suggested by the in vitro formation of multinuclear cells that express tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase and produce pits and erosive lacunae on experimental osteologic substrates. Further, the detection in vivo of polykaryons with chromosome translocations typical of myeloma cells lends support to the view that myeloma polykaryons may act as functional OCs and participate in the skeletal destruction by resorbing bone.
Myeloma Bone Disease: Recent Advances in Biology, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Sezer Orhan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Bone disease is a hallmark of multiple myeloma (MM). Occurring in the majority of MM patients, it is associated with bone pain, fractures, and hypercalcemia and has major impacts on quality of life. Furthermore, bone resorption activity has been shown to be an independent risk factor for overall survival in patients with symptomatic MM. Myeloma is characterized by a unique form of bone disease with lytic bone destruction that is not followed by reactive bone formation (uncoupling). This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the biology of osteoclast activation and osteoblast inhibition in MM, diagnostic standards, and recent progress in treatment options for myeloma bone disease. Translational research has enabled a rapid transfer of mechanistic insights from the bench to the bedside and will hopefully result in better treatment options and outcome for patients in near future.
The Compact Semisubmersible Smit Semi 1 and 2: Design and Construction
Authors: Schepman G.J. , van Santen J.A. , Smallengange M.J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Offshore exploitation of oil- and gas resources can only be maintained ifefficient support tools like vessels and its equipment are available. The SmitSemi's 1 and 2 are recognized as a new step forward in this approach. Designbackground reaching to the final design will be discussed ranging from theoverall layout, motional behaviour, stability up to the construction.

Introduction
As the exploitation of offshore oil-and gas reserves is steadily increasingduring the last decades, the requirements for efficient IRM and subseainstallation and construction work is growing. The North Sea market is nowadaysa multimillion dollar market. These platforms, subsea structures and pipelineshave to be maintained. The preferred approach of performing these tasks is thatof using modern equipment combined with a professional company. Currently thereis a need for new sophisticated equipment entering the market. The developmentand introduction of the two compact semi-submersibles Smit Semi 1 and 2 areregarded as a solution. In this paper, the development of vessel from thefeasibility stage up to the construction will be highlighted. Special attentionwill be given to new steps in the well-known concept of semi-submersibledesign.

Initial Design Specification
As the first step in the design process, the project team of SmitInternational and Marine Structure Consultants (MSC) established the designspecification for the new offshore support vessel. Based on the initial marketreview, the vessel should serve the Inspection, Repair and Maintenance (IRM)market and the light and medium installation and construction market (ref 4).Initially, extensive saturation diving operations were not specified as a majorelement of the vessel.
A New Rod Shear Device for the Measurement of the Degradation of Soil-Pile Interfaces
Authors: Felio G.Y. , Berthold C.S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
A laboratory model pile testing apparatus (Rod Shear) was developed toobtain a better understanding of the behavior of soil/pile interfaces under awide range of loading conditions. The instrumented model pile is capable ofmeasuring the frictional resistance mobilized during loading and the porepressures generated at the soil/pile interface. This article presents adescription of the Rod Shear, the method used to prepare the sample, and theprocedure to conduct the test. Preliminary results on Kaolin clay are included. Finally, a discussion regarding further research possibilities using this newRod Shear is given.

Introduction
Laboratory model pile tests are an inexpensive, versatile means of studyingthe behavior of cyclically loaded piles in clay. Safe and economical piles canbe designed without relying on expensive pile load tests or empiricalcorrelations, if the critical factors affecting pile capacity under static andcyclic loading can be determined. An optimum design is especially important foroffshore structures which require costly, large diameter, very long piles whichare subjected to cyclic wave storm loading and possibly earthquake loading. Laboratory model pile tests can be performed on a variety of soils undercontrolled conditions of lateral stress, vertical stress, degree ofconsolidation, and degree of saturation.
The purpose of this research was to develop an improved Rod Shear device, atriaxial-type test apparatus using an instrumented model pile, for determiningthe mechanism of degradation of skin friction in clays under cyclic axialloading.
The amount of load that the soil can support without failure is known as thesoil resistance or pile capacity. During cyclic loading, the ability of thesoil to carry a load may decrease. Less load is transferred from the pile tothe soil as the skin friction, i.e. the shear transfer, degrades. Past researchhas shown that the pile capacity under cyclic loads may be significantly lessthan the static capacity (Matlock and Holmquist [1]; Bogard and Matlock [2];Briaud and Felio [3]; Poulos [4,5,6]). The degradation of skin friction may bedue to changes in pore water pressure and the migration of pore water and/ordue to realignment of clay particles (Bogard and Matlock [2]).
4-1BB Functions As a Survival Factor in Dendritic Cells
Authors: Choi Beom K. , Kim Young H. , Kwon Patrick M. , Lee Sang C. , Kang Sang W. , Kim Moon S. , Lee Myoung J. , Kwon Byoung S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
4-1BB (CD137) is expressed on dendritic cells (DCs) and its biological function has remained largely unresolved. By comparing 4-1BB-intact (4-1BB+/+) and 4-1BB-deficient (4-1BB−/−) DCs, we found that 4-1BB was strongly induced on DCs during the maturation and that DC maturation was normal in the absence of 4-1BB. However, DC survival rate was low in the absence of 4-1BB, which was due to the decreased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in 4-1BB−/− DCs compared with 4-1BB+/+ DCs after DC maturation. Consistent with these results, 4-1BB−/− DCs showed an increased turnover rate in steady state and more severely decreased in spleen by injecting LPS compared with 4-1BB+/+ DCs. When OVA-pulsed DCs were adoptively transferred to recipient mice along with OVA-specific CD4+ T cells, 4-1BB−/− DCs did not properly migrate to the T cell zone in lymph nodes and poorly induced proliferation of CD4+ T cells, although both DCs comparably expressed functional CCR7. Eventually, 4-1BB−/− DCs generated a reduced number of OVA-specific memory CD4+ T cells compared with 4-1BB+/+ DCs. To further assess the role of 4-1BB on DC longevity in vivo, 4-1BB+/+ and 4-1BB−/− C57BL/6 were administrated with Propionibacterium acnes that develop liver granuloma by recruiting DCs. Number and size of granuloma were reduced in the absence of 4-1BB, but the inflammatory cytokine level was comparable between the mice, which implied that the granuloma might be reduced due to the decreased longevity of DCs. These results demonstrate that 4-1BB on DCs controls the duration, DC-T interaction, and, therefore, immunogenicity.
Immunologic and Therapeutic Synergy of IL-27 and IL-2: Enhancement of T Cell Sensitization, Tumor-Specific CTL Reactivity and Complete Regression of Disseminated Neuroblastoma Metastases in the Liver and Bone Marrow
Authors: Salcedo Rosalba , Hixon Julie A. , Stauffer Jimmy K. , Jalah Rashmi , Brooks Alan D. , Khan Tahira , Dai Ren-Ming , Scheetz Loretta , Lincoln Erin , Back Timothy C. , Powell Douglas , Hurwitz Arthur A. , Sayers Thomas J. , Kastelein Robert , Pavlakis George N. , Felber Barbara K. , Trinchieri Giorgio , Wigginton Jon M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
IL-27 exerts antitumor activity in murine orthotopic neuroblastoma, but only partial antitumor effect in disseminated disease. This study demonstrates that combined treatment with IL-2 and IL-27 induces potent antitumor activity in disseminated neuroblastoma metastasis. Complete durable tumor regression was achieved in 90% of mice bearing metastatic TBJ-IL-27 tumors treated with IL-2 compared with only 40% of mice bearing TBJ-IL-27 tumors alone and 0% of mice bearing TBJ-FLAG tumors with or without IL-2 treatment. Comparable antitumor effects were achieved by IL-27 protein produced upon hydrodynamic IL-27 plasmid DNA delivery when combined with IL-2. Although delivery of IL-27 alone, or in combination with IL-2, mediated pronounced regression of neuroblastoma metastases in the liver, combined delivery of IL-27 and IL-2 was far more effective than IL-27 alone against bone marrow metastases. Combined exposure to IL-27 produced by tumor and IL-2 synergistically enhances the generation of tumor-specific CTL reactivity. Potentiation of CTL reactivity by IL-27 occurs via mechanisms that appear to be engaged during both the initial sensitization and effector phase. Potent immunologic memory responses are generated in mice cured of their disseminated disease by combined delivery of IL-27 and IL-2, and depletion of CD8+ ablates the antitumor efficacy of this combination. Moreover, IL-27 delivery can inhibit the expansion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory and IL-17-expressing CD4+ cells that are otherwise observed among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from mice treated with IL-2. These studies demonstrate that IL-27 and IL-2 synergistically induce complete tumor regression and long-term survival in mice bearing widely metastatic neuroblastoma tumors.
IL-7 Dependence in Human B Lymphopoiesis Increases during Progression of Ontogeny from Cord Blood to Bone Marrow
Authors: Parrish Yasmin Khan , Baez Ineavely , Milford Terry-Ann , Benitez Abigail , Galloway Nicholas , Rogerio Jaqueline Willeman , Sahakian Eva , Kagoda Mercy , Huang Grace , Hao Qian-Lin , Sevilla Yazmar , Barsky Lora W. , Zielinska Ewa , Price Mary A. , Wall Nathan R. , Dovat Sinisa , Payne Kimberly J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
IL-7 is critical for B cell production in adult mice; however, its role in human B lymphopoiesis is controversial. One challenge was the inability to differentiate human cord blood (CB) or adult bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) without murine stroma. Here, we examine the role of IL-7 in human B cell development using a novel, human-only model based on coculturing human HSCs on primary human BM stroma. In this model, IL-7 increases human B cell production by &gt;60-fold from both CB and adult BM HSCs. IL-7-induced increases are dose-dependent and specific to CD19+ cells. STAT5 phosphorylation and expression of the Ki-67 proliferation Ag indicate that IL-7 acts directly on CD19+ cells to increase proliferation at the CD34+ and CD34− pro-B cell stages. Without IL-7, HSCs in CB, but not BM, give rise to a small but consistent population of CD19lo B lineage cells that express EBF (early B cell factor) and PAX-5 and respond to subsequent IL-7 stimulation. Flt3 ligand, but not thymic stromal-derived lymhopoietin (TSLP), was required for the IL-7-independent production of human B lineage cells. As compared with CB, adult BM shows a reduction of in vitro generative capacity that is progressively more profound in developmentally sequential populations, resulting in an ∼50-fold reduction in IL-7-dependent B lineage generative capacity. These data provide evidence that IL-7 is essential for human B cell production from adult BM and that IL-7-induced expansion of the pro-B compartment is increasingly critical for human B cell production during the progression of ontogeny.
Clathrin- and Dynamin-Dependent Endocytic Pathway Regulates Muramyl Dipeptide Internalization and NOD2 Activation
Authors: Marina-García Noemí , Franchi Luigi , Kim Yun-Gi , Hu Yonjun , Smith David E. , Boons Geert-Jan , Núñez Gabriel 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Muramyl dipeptide (MDP), the NOD2 agonist, induces NF-κB and MAPK activation leading to the production of antimicrobial and proinflammatory molecules. MDP is internalized into acidified vesicles in macrophages. However, the endocytic mechanism of MDP uptake that induces NOD2 signaling is unknown. We now report the identification of an endocytosis pathway dependent on clathrin and dynamin that mediates MDP internalization and NOD2 activation. Intracellular MDP uptake was inhibited by chlorpromazine, a drug that disrupts clathrin-dependent endocytosis, but not by compounds that block pinocytosis or cellular entry via scavenger or mannose receptors. In contrast, MDP uptake and NOD2-dependent signaling were unimpaired in macrophages deficient in PepT1, a peptide transporter previously implicated in MDP internalization. Both chlorpromazine and knockdown of clathrin expression by RNA interference attenuated MDP-induced NF-κB and MAPK activation. Furthermore, MDP uptake and NOD2-dependent signaling were impaired by inhibition of dynamin, a GTPase required for budding of clathrin-coated vesicles from the plasma membrane. Finally, bafilomycin A, a specific inhibitor of the vacuolar proton pump, blocked MDP accumulation in acidified vesicles and cytokine responses, suggesting that vacuolar maturation is important for MDP-induced NOD2 signaling. These studies provide evidence for a clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis pathway that mediates MDP uptake and NOD2 activation.
The Presence of a Matrix-Derived Neutrophil Chemoattractant in Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome after Lung Transplantation
Authors: Hardison Matthew T. , Galin F. Shawn , Calderon Christopher E. , Djekic Uros V. , Parker Suzanne B. , Wille Keith M. , Jackson Patricia L. , Oster Robert A. , Young K. Randall , Blalock J. Edwin , Gaggar Amit 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Lung transplantation is a therapeutic modality frequently used in end-stage lung disease. Unfortunately, lung transplant recipients have poor clinical outcomes, often due to the development of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). This process is often characterized by the pathologic findings of obliterative bronchiolitis: neutrophil influx and extracellular matrix remodeling leading to luminal obstruction and airway inflammation. The molecular mechanisms underlying BOS are poorly understood and disease-specific biomarkers are lacking. We report that in addition to increased levels of IL-8, the level of the neutrophil chemoattractant proline-glycine-proline (PGP) is elevated in BOS patient bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The enzymes responsible for generating PGP, matrix metalloproteases 8 and -9 and prolyl endopeptidase, are also elevated in these samples. Together, IL-8 and PGP account for most of the neutrophil chemoattractant capacity seen in BOS BAL fluid. Using specific neutralizing Abs to both IL-8 and PGP, we demonstrate that PGP is a prominent neutrophil chemoattractant found in BAL fluid from individuals at the time of diagnosis of BOS. These findings highlight the influence of a matrix-derived neutrophil chemoattractant in posttransplantation BOS and provide opportunities for the development of unique diagnostics and therapeutics to potentially improve disease outcomes.
CLEC-2 Is a Phagocytic Activation Receptor Expressed on Murine Peripheral Blood Neutrophils
Authors: Kerrigan Ann M. , Dennehy Kevin M. , Mourão-Sá Diego , Faro-Trindade Inês , Willment Janet A. , Taylor Philip R. , Eble Johannes A. , Reis e Sousa Caetano , Brown Gordon D. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
CLEC-2 is a member of the “dectin-1 cluster” of C-type lectin-like receptors and was originally thought to be restricted to platelets. In this study, we demonstrate that murine CLEC-2 is also expressed by peripheral blood neutrophils, but only weakly by bone marrow or elicited inflammatory neutrophils. On circulating neutrophils, CLEC-2 can mediate phagocytosis of Ab-coated beads and the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, in response to the CLEC-2 ligand, rhodocytin. CLEC-2 possesses a tyrosine-based cytoplasmic motif similar to that of dectin-1, and we show using chimeric analyses that the activities of this receptor are dependent on this tyrosine. Like dectin-1, CLEC-2 can recruit the signaling kinase Syk in myeloid cells, however, stimulation of this pathway does not induce the respiratory burst. These data therefore demonstrate that CLEC-2 expression is not restricted to platelets and that it functions as an activation receptor on neutrophils.