bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of British Anthomyiid Flies. VII.—The Onion-Fly Complex
Authors: Miles Mary 
Published: July 2009

Onions are attacked by larvae of Anthomyiid flies from May to August. Two species are concerned, namely the onion fly, Delia antiqua (Mg.), and the bean seed fly, D. cilicrura (Rond.). The onion fly, which in some seasons is mainly univoltine, attacks the crop in June and July. The bean seed fly, which has. 3–4 generations a year, is most injurious to spring-sown onions in May and to summer-sown onions in August. Attack by D. antiqua is the result of the chemotropic response of the species to its host-plants. Attack by D. cilicrura follows the disturbance of the soil during cultural operations in April-May, and occurs again when seed-beds are prepared for August sowings.The recognition of this complex pattern of attack makes it necessary to reconsider the value of established control measures. The calomel (mercurous chloride) seed-dressing is unlikely to give control of onion fly because its ovicidal efficiency is impaired by exposure to the air during the three months between the sowing of onion seed (end of February) and oviposition (end of May), and by the growth of the plants, which results in the eggs being laid at some distance from the old seed-coat which carries the ovicide. It is also unlikely to have a direct effect on infestation by bean seed fly, because the eggs of this species are not necessarily laid on the seedlings and, in the case of August sowings, the eggs may have hatched before the seed is sown.
Pseudotheraptus wayi, a new Genus and Species of Coreid (Hemiptera) injurious to Coconuts in East Africa
Authors: Brown E. S. 
Published: July 2009

A new genus, Pseudotheraptus, is described for a Coreid bug, Ps. wayi, sp. n., Causing early nutfall of coconuts in East Africa. Two other species, Ps. devastans (Dist.) and Ps. ugandae, sp. n., are placed in this genus, with descriptions and a key for determination of the three species.The taxonomic relation of Pseudotheraptus to other genera is discussed, with particular reference to Theraptus, in which the species now described as Ps. wayi was formerly placed provisionally, and to Amblypelta, of which one species (A. cocophaga China) is the cause of identical damage to coconuts in the British Solomon Islands Protectorate.A key is given for the determination of the two species now remaining in the genus Theraptus.
Three new Coccids (Hemipt.: Coccoidea) attacking Coffee in East Africa
Authors: De Lotto G. 
Published: July 2009

Australian workers have been interested for some time in the common Ceroplastes on coffee in Kenya as a source from which parasites of Ceroplastes destructor Newst. might be obtained.The doubt that more than one white waxy scale occurs on coffee in East Africa led to an examination of material of C. destructor and certain other allied species. It was found that C. destructor was present in Uganda and Kenya but did not occur on coffee in Kenya, so far as is known at present. C. brevicauda Hall, here raised to specific rank, was found to occur on coffee in Uganda and a new species, C. luteolus, on the same crop in Kenya.Descriptions of C. luteolus, Lecaniodiaspis erratica and Pseudococcus latipes, spp. n., all from coffee, are given.
The Transmission of Bancroftial Filariasis on Ukara Island, Tanganyika. I.—A Geographical and Ecological Description of the Island with an annotated List of Mosquitos and other Arthropods of medical Importance
Authors: Smith A. 
Published: July 2009

A description is given of Ukara Island, which lies in the Tanganyika part of Lake Victoria, with an annotated list of mosquitos and other arthropods of medical importance found there. There are also notes on local plants and vertebrates.The inhabitants, called Bakara, live in cone-shaped grass huts over 20 ft. in height and diameter. People and cattle are housed together.The area of the island is about 45 sq. miles. The 17,000 inhabitants, almost entirely African, support themselves by advanced agricultural practices involving the use of manure and nitrogenous plants. There is a coastal belt of intense cultivation and a large central area of uninhabited grassland with extensive deep erosion. The beds of rivers which radiate from the centre are occupied by large irrigated areas. Seasonal fluctuations in lake level have little effect in general on cropping practices which are affected more by seasonal variations in rainfall.The average rainfall for 1950–52 was 62 inches per annum. Temperatures are equable throughout the year. Mean maxima for 1953 were 81°F. for April, 83°F. for May, 82°F. for June and 81°F. for July—mean minima were 70°F. for April, 68°F. for May, 69°F. for June and 67°F. for July. Wind velocities, recorded at noon, vary between 4·8 metres per second in June and 2·4 in January.
The Transmission of Bancroftial Filariasis on Ukara Island, Tanganyika. II.—The Distribution of Bancroftial Microfilaraemia compared with the Distribution of Hut-haunting Mosquitos and their Breeding Places
Authors: Smith A. 
Published: July 2009

Ukara Island was selected for studies on the transmission of bancroftial filariasis because it provided a naturally circumscribed area with a substantial human population of which adequate numbers showed miorofilariae. It is a closely-knit and stable community.Filarial infections also occur in bird, lizard, dog and hyrax (rock-rabbit) on the island. The determination of the vectors of human filariasis thus depends on evidence of different kinds, the present paper considering only the general correlation of microfilarial incidence with the distribution of common domestic mosquitos in villages of the island.
The specific Biological Characteristics ofAnopheles(Myzomyia)sergentii(Theo.) and their Correlation with Malaria Control in Israel
Authors: Saliternik Z. 
Published: July 2009

Anopheles(Myzomyia)sergentii(Theo.) has been shown to be the most important vector of malaria, especially ofPlasmodium falciparum, in Israel at the present time.The morphology of the adults, larvae and eggs is discussed, details being given of variations in the pigmentation of the fronto-clypeus in the larvae, a factor the possible genetical significance of which is felt to warrant further research.Resistance of the aquatic stages to extreme variations in environmental conditions and their ability to survive and even metamorphose in minimal amounts of water have been observed. Breeding in nature has been found between 12°C. and 36°C. At 30°C. the time elapsing from egg-laying to hatching is one and a half days. Pupal development takes a further one and a half days and the total time from oviposition to the emergence of the adult is nine days, whereas in winter it may be as much as three months.
Cuticular bands as age criteria in the sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) (Diptera, Calliphoridae)
Authors: Tyndale-Biscoe Marina , Kitching R. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Lucilia cuprina (Wied.), cuticular bands are deposited most clearly on the mesothoracic post-phragmata, and up to ten such layers can be counted. The bands are deposited clearly only in response to fluctuating temperatures where the minimum temperature in a cycle falls below about 15·5°C. Growth bands are deposited whenever such a change in ambient temperature occurs and the deposition appears to show no inherent rhythmicity. The maximum width of the phragmata is more or less constant and the number of bands which can be distinguished depends upon how quickly the maximum width of the phragmata is reached. The rate of growth of the growth bands and their consequent width depends upon the maximum temperature experienced and the length of time the insect is maintained at that temperature in any cycle. Trials showed that the count of growth bands was an acceptable estimate of the actual age in days when temperatures rose 3·5°C or more above the threshold value of 15·5°C. With a greater temperature range, greater accuracy was achieved. The availability of protein food was shown to have little effect on the deposition of growth bands. A mean age in days was calculated for samples of field-caught flies of a uniformly young ovarian ‘age’ using the counts of growth bands and by working back in the temperature records from their sites of capture using the day-degrees method. Significant differences between the two estimates of age were taken to indicate the occurrence of developmental delays. These were attributable to shortages of protein food in the field and were associated with periods of drought. The method allows the demonstration that developmental delays have occurred but does not provide an accurate estimate of the duration of these delays. It does not permit the confident identification of delays imposed by shortages of oviposition sites.
Digestive processes of haematophagous insects. VII. Comparison of animal-fed and membrane-fed adults of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. (Diptera, Glossinidae)
Authors: Gooding R. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn Agar/Parafilm membrane system, developed for feeding tsetse flies, was evaluated by comparing membrane-fed and goat-fed female Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. with respect to the following: fly weight, meal size, trypsin levels and amount of protein in the posterior midgut, and the portion of midgut protein which is in the posterior midgut. In flies having the same prefeeding history, the digestive physiology of membrane-fed flies was not significantly different from those fed on goats. The offspring of membrane-fed flies were lighter, took smaller meals, and had less trypsin and protein in the posterior section of the midgut than did flies from the stock animal-fed colony. However the relationship between trypsin levels and protein in the posterior part of the midgut was the same in flies from animal-fed and membrane-fed colonies.
A new species of Psychodopygus Mangabeira (Diptera, Phlebotomidae) from the Transamazônica highway, Pará State, Brazil
Authors: Fraiha H. , Ward R. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA new species of sandfly, Psychodopygus lainsoni, is described from specimens captured in ‘ terra firme ’ rain forest at km 46 Altamira-Itaituba on the Transamazônica highway. In many respects the male resembles those of the squamiventris group, and the female is similar to those of other groups.
Field and laboratory observations on Psychodopygus lainsoni Fraiha & Ward and other sandflies (Diptera, Phlebotomidae) from the Transamazônica highway, Pará State, Brazil
Authors: Ward R. D. , Killick-Kendrick R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDescriptions are given of the collection and rearing of Psychodopygus lainsoni Fraiha & Ward and five sympatric species, P. carrerai (Barretto), a member of the P. squamiventris group, Lutzomyia anduzei (Rozeboom) and two undescribed species closely related to L. anduzei (Rozeboom) designated L. sp. no. 260.43 and 260.44, all from the Altamira region of the Transamazônica highway, Pará State, Brazil. Fungal contamination of rearing containers and a reluctance of reared flies to feed prevented the establishment of closed colonies of these silvatic species. Storage of P. lainsoni eggs at 15°C delayed hatching, and reduced hatch rates and larval viability. Pupal storage at 12°C failed to inhibit emergence. Diapause is reported in the egg stage of L. sp. 260.44.
The retardation of puparium formation in Diptera: could factors other than ecdysone control cuticle stabilisation inGlossinaandSarcophagaspecies?
Authors: Whitehead D. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEvidence gained using blowflies (Calliphora vicinaR.-D.,Lucilia sericata(Mg.),L. cuprina(Wied.) andProtophormia terraenovae(R.-D.) ), fleshflies (Sarcophagaspp.) and tsetse flies (Glossinaspp.) in ligaturing experiments and by the injection of prepupal haemolymph (with added ecdysone) suggests that factors other than ecdysone, released in the posterior segments, may initiate pupariation. They could act as synergists for ecdysone. Puparium formation is reduced from 77·5±3·1% to 35·7±2·8% (P<0·001) if 50 ng α-ecdysone is injected through the anterior knot into the middle region of twice-ligaturedSarcophaga argyrostoma(R.-D.) larvae instead of into the abdomens of singly tied larvae. The pupariation score is increased to 57·2±4·8% if haemolymph from rounded-off prepupae is injected into the middle region of isolated abdomens. The uninjected posterior region sometimes darkens alone. Ligature of the abdomens ofS. peregrinaR.-D. andS. argyrostomaprepupae which have just reached the orange-peritreme stage before rounding-off confines the pupariation to the posterior segments.The effects of retarding puparium formation for 12–24 h by the use of dopa decarboxylase inhibitors or by means of a loose constriction (‘ cummerbund‘) are reported because the location of the patches of cuticle which stabilise and darken as the inhibition slowly wears off implicates certain areas under the integument as the sites of production or secretion of puparial tanning hormone or ‘ posterior darkening factor ’. Retardation of pupariation results from the pressure stimulus applied to rounded-off prepupae because either a hormone is held back or an inhibitor is released as a consequence of the distortion of the cuticle by the cummerbund. When fleshfly larvae are tightly ligatured every hour in front of or behind the brain for 18 h after removal from a moist environment which inhibits pupariation, the percentage of larvae which pupariate in both situations suggests that the CNS itself can inhibit pupariation of the anterior region because of the presence of the stricture. This inhibition, which is not due to lack of oxygen, can be reversed by the presence of factors produced in the abdomen.
Estimated mortalities of the immature stages of Aedes cantans (Mg.) (Diptera, Culicidae) in a natural habitat
Authors: Lakhani K. H. , Service M. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFor three consecutive years the eggs, the immature stages and the emergent adults of Aedes cantans (Mg.) populations were sampled from a small woodland ditch in southern England with a view to constructing the life-table of the species. Estimates of the numbers of ‘viable’ eggs available for hatching and the size of the resultant adult population yielded an estimate of the probability of a ‘viable’ egg resulting in an adult. Estimating the mortality rates in different immature stages which occur simultaneously is known to be difficult. It was considered reasonable to rely on a generalised exponential survivorship model based on the assumption that the relative mortality rate during the duration of each instar of A. cantans is constant, but this rate may vary from instar to instar. The parameters of the model were estimated using experimental data on the duration and total incidences through regular sampling of different instars together with the estimate of the probability that a ‘viable’ egg would result in an adult. The survivorship picture thus obtained agreed closely with the survivorship pattern obtained using a graphical approach based on the construction of the stage-specific age distribution of the pre-adults, and then drawing a smooth curve through the age distribution to produce an approximation to the survivorship curve. Because mortality was similar in all three years, the three years' data were pooled to give estimates of the life-table parameters. These clearly showed that substantial population loss occurred in the first two larval instars of A. cantans.
Biology and host specificity of two aphids Dactynotus chondrillae (Nevsk.) and Chondrillobium blattnyi (Pintera) (Hemiptera) living on Chondrilla juncea
Authors: Caresche L. A. , Hasan S. , Wapshere A. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe biology and host specificity of Dactynotus chondrillae (Nevsk.) and Chondrillobium blattnyi (Pintera) living on the weed Chondrilla juncea (Compositae, Cichoriaceae) have been studied in the Mediterranean region as part of the biological control programme against this weed for Australia. Both are recorded from south-eastern Russia to the western Mediterranean region. The two species are monoecious. D. chondrillae has a facultative sexual reproductive phase every year but Chondrillobium blattnyi reproduces indefinitely by parthenogenesis in the Mediterranean region. D. chondrillae feeds mostly on young shoots, has population peaks in the spring and in the autumn, and can damage Chondrilla in the field. Chondrillobium blattnyi is a leaf feeder capable of seriously injuring the rosettes, but it never occurs in large enough populations in nature to be damaging. To demonstrate specificity, both aphids were tested against various Cichoriaceae and other Compositae and also against 61 cultivated plant species belonging to 20 families. The two aphids were shown to be specific to the genus Chondrilla. In the laboratory D. chondrillae was less host restricted than the other aphid and it reproduced on Sonchus asper and Taraxacum officinale. Comparative testing with strains of the two aphids from various sources against various forms of C. juncea showed that each strain was adapted to the form of C. juncea occurring in its own geographic area. The southern French strain of these aphids was ill-adapted to the main Australian form of C. juncea, but a strain of D. chondrillae originating from the Italian Adriatic coast heavily infested this form. D. chondrillae was not considered to be specific enough to permit its introduction into Australia and the introduction of Chondrillobium blattnyi has been delayed until it can be shown that it cannot transmit virus diseases that affect lettuce.
The biology of the Psylloidea (Homoptera): a review
Authors: Hodkinson I. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPsyllids are generally narrowly host specific and are restricted almost exclusively to perennial dicotyledenous plants. Psyllids are known vectors of plant diseases. In addition, the effects of salivary injection can be very severe, causing growth abnormalities in the plant. Psyllid development rates are related to the nutritive status of the host-plant and, as in aphids, the honeydew produced while feeding is low in nitrogen. Psyllids reproduce sexually and pass through five nymphal instars before becoming adult. The immature stages exhibit both morphological and behavioural adaptations to resist desiccation, and the life-cycle is often highly synchronised with host-plant phenology. Adult Psyllids are known to disperse up to eight miles on wind currents, although in general dispersal is less marked than in aphids. The mechanism of host-plant selection is probably chemo-gustatory. Capacity for population increase in Psyllids is more dependent on generation time than on female fecundity. Recorded Psyllid parasites include Diptera of the family Cecidomyiidae and a wide range of Hymenoptera. These parasite species are almost exclusively parasitic on Psyllids although there is little evidence for parasite–host specificity within the Psylloidea. Psyllid species from a wide range of geographical areas have similar predator complexes. Anthocorids, Syrphids, Coccinellids and Neuroptera larvae are the main predators. At high population densities nymphal mortality increases in a density-dependent manner with increasing density, whereas at low densities nymphal survival is enhanced by group feeding. Close parallels exist in the feeding biology of aphids and Psyllids, but aphids appear better adapted for the exploitation of unstable ephemeral food sources.
The chemical inhibition of feeding by phytophagous insects: a review
Authors: Chapman R. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChemical inhibition of feeding has been studied in detail for only a few insect species, but inhibitory chemicals play a considerable part in host-plant selection by a wide range of phytophagous insects from several orders. Many different chemicals are involved, some of them amongst the normal constituents of plants. A few have a general effect, preventing feeding by all the insects which have so far been tested, but the majority are effective only against some species.Inhibition may function by blocking the input from receptors normally responding to phagostimulants or by stimulating specific ‘deterrent’ cells. The former may have a general effect on all insects, but chemicals in the latter category will only be effective if the insect has neurones capable of responding to them. Hence these will have more specific effects.Inhibitory chemicals may be applied to plants in the same way as insecticides, their advantage being that the parasite/predator complex of species not feeding directly on the plant will be unharmed. An alternative approach is to breed resistant varieties of plants by selecting for inhibitory attributes. Although many varieties of crops are known which are insect-resistant, the basis of the resistance is generally unknown. A more thorough understanding of the mechanisms involved in inhibition of feeding by chemicals would enable a more logical approach to be made to the development of resistant plants.
The maintenance of laboratory colonies of Culicoides variipennis (Coq.), C. nubeculosus (Mg.) and C. riethi Kieff. (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Boorman J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method is described by which Culicoides variipennis (Coq.), C. riethi Kieff. and C. nubeculosus (Mg.) have been maintained as laboratory colonies for over five years. Techniques are given for the maintenance of adults, larvae and pupae; with some modifications these could probably be applied to a range of other species. Adult midges were held in waxed card pill boxes, and provided with sugar solution. Anaesthetised mice provided a blood-meal source. Larvae were reared in pans on a substrate of glass fibre in a medium which contained nutrient broth, grass meal and Bemax. The life-cycle of these species occupies 10–21 days at 23–25°C.
The arrival of male moths of the cotton leaf-worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.)(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) at a new continuously recording pheromone trap
Authors: Campion D. G. , Bettany B. W. , Steedman R. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA pheromone trap is described which records the exact time individual male moths enter a trap. This apparatus was operated for approximately three months at two sites in Cyprus. Continuous recordings were made of wind speed, wind direction, temperature and relative humidity near the trap site. Males of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) were generally attracted to a trap baited with S. littoralis virgin females for the first two to three hours after dark. Males of S. exigua (Hb.) arrived most frequently at a trap baited with S. exigua females between 03.00 and 04.00 h. A relationship between wind speed and numbers of males of S. littoralis recorded was found at one site; for winds at a height of 1–37 m varying between 0·8 and 5·2 m s-1, increased wind speed resulted in an increase in the numbers of males recorded. Increase in relative humidity at one site was associated with a decrease in the number of males recorded. No apparent relationship was established between temperature and the number of males recorded, other than the fact that below 13°C many fewer males arrived at the trap. The implications of these findings in relation to movement of adult male S. littoralis are discussed.