bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Simulation of the South Asian Summer Monsoon in a Coupled GCM with a More Realistic Ocean Mixed Layer
Authors: Song Yajuan , Qiao Fangli , Song Zhenya 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Simulation and prediction of the South Asian summer monsoon in a climate model remain a challenge despite intense efforts by the atmosphere and ocean research community. Because the phenomenon arises from the interaction of the atmosphere with the upper ocean, a deficiency in the simulation of the latter can lead to a poor simulation of the atmospheric meridional circulation. This study demonstrates that a significant improvement can be obtained in the simulation of the summer monsoon by correcting a prevailing deficiency in the mixed layer simulation of the Indian Ocean. A particular physical process of the nonbreaking wave–ocean mixing parameterized as Bυ, which has not been considered in any climate model, is included in this study to enhance the vertical mixing in the upper ocean. Results show that the inclusion of this mixing process in a climate model leads to a better simulation of the ocean mixed layer, especially in the regions where the mixing was previously underestimated. The improved mixed layer simulation further results in stronger meridional differential heating, which drives stronger low-level monsoonal winds and results in stronger moisture transport and convergence, especially in the northern Indian Ocean. Moisture convergence into the Bay of Bengal is significantly enhanced and in general the spatial distribution of moisture is more consistent with observations. The directly driven monsoonal winds by the differential heating are further amplified by the resultant latent heating, which generates not only a wind amplitude comparable to the observations but also a correct vertical structure.
Exact Averaging of Atmospheric State and Flow Variables
Authors: Kowalski Andrew S. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
A new set of averaging rules is put forward that exactly determines the means of air temperature, mixing ratio, and velocity by incorporating weighting factors in accordance with physical conservation laws. For the temperature and velocity, respectively, the means calculated according to these rules are shown to be in accordance with the gas law and the most fundamental definition from classical mechanics. By contrast, those reckoned according to traditional arithmetic averaging rules are found to be incorrect. For studies of eddy transport, and micrometeorology in particular, such imprecisely determined averages of state and flow variables bias the perturbation variables over the entire averaging domain and thereby skew estimates of mass, heat, and momentum exchange unless appropriate adjustments (such as density corrections) are applied. The exact calculation of gas-phase averages amends this problem and is equally applicable to planetary-, synoptic-, and mesoscale averaging, as well as to climatology.
Abrupt Circulation Responses to Tropical Upper-Tropospheric Warming in a Relatively Simple Stratosphere-Resolving AGCM
Authors: Wang Shuguang , Gerber Edwin P. , Polvani Lorenzo M. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The circulation response of the atmosphere to climate change–like thermal forcing is explored with a relatively simple, stratosphere-resolving general circulation model. The model is forced with highly idealized physics, but integrates the primitive equations at resolution comparable to comprehensive climate models. An imposed forcing mimics the warming induced by greenhouse gasses in the low-latitude upper troposphere. The forcing amplitude is progressively increased over a range comparable in magnitude to the warming projected by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change coupled climate model scenarios. For weak to moderate warming, the circulation response is remarkably similar to that found in comprehensive models: the Hadley cell widens and weakens, the tropospheric midlatitude jets shift poleward, and the Brewer–Dobson circulation (BDC) increases. However, when the warming of the tropical upper troposphere exceeds a critical threshold, ~5 K, an abrupt change of the atmospheric circulation is observed. In the troposphere the extratropical eddy-driven jet jumps poleward nearly 10°. In the stratosphere the polar vortex intensifies and the BDC weakens as the intraseasonal coupling between the troposphere and the stratosphere shuts down. The key result of this study is that an abrupt climate transition can be effected by changes in atmospheric dynamics alone, without need for the strong nonlinearities typically associated with physical parameterizations. It is verified that the abrupt climate shift reported here is not an artifact of the model’s resolution or numerics.
Association between Northward-Moving Tropical Cyclones and Southwesterly Flows Modulated by Intraseasonal Oscillation
Authors: Chen Jau-Ming , Shih Ching-Feng 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Tropical cyclones (TCs) of a particular track type move northward along the open oceans to the east of Taiwan and later pass over or near northern Taiwan. Their northward movement may be associated with intensified monsoon southwesterly flows from the northern South China Sea (SCS) toward Taiwan. Prolonged heavy rainfall then occurs in western Taiwan across the landfall and postlandfall periods, leading to severe floods. Characteristics of this TC–southwesterly flow association and related large-scale regulatory processes of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) are studied. For summers from 1958 to 2009, 16 out of 108 TCs affecting Taiwan exhibit the aforementioned northward-moving track. Among them, four TCs (25%) concur with enhanced southwesterly flows. Intensified moisture supplies from the SCS result in strong moisture convergence and prolonged heavy rainfall in western Taiwan. Both 30–60- and 10–24-day ISOs make positive contributions to the TC–southwesterly flow association. Both ISOs exhibit the northward progress of a meridional circulation pair from the tropics toward Taiwan. During landfall and the ensuing few days, Taiwan is surrounded by a cyclonic anomaly to the north and an anticyclonic anomaly to the south of these two ISOs. The appearance of anomalous southwesterly–westerly flows acts to prolong heavy rainfall in western Taiwan after the departure of a TC. The TC–southwesterly flow association tends to occur during the minimum phase of the 30–60-day ISO featuring a cyclonic anomaly in the vicinity of Taiwan but in various phases of the 10–24-day ISO. Rainfall in western Taiwan increases when these two ISOs simultaneously exhibit a cyclonic anomaly to the north of Taiwan.
Sensitivity of Circumpolar Deep Water Transport and Ice Shelf Basal Melt along the West Antarctic Peninsula to Changes in the Winds
Authors: Dinniman Michael S. , Klinck John M. , Hofmann Eileen E. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) can be found near the continental shelf break around most of Antarctica. Advection of this relatively warm water (up to 2°C) across the continental shelf to the base of floating ice shelves is thought to be a critical source of heat for basal melting in some locations. A high-resolution (4 km) regional ocean–sea ice–ice shelf model of the west Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) coastal ocean was used to examine the effects of changes in the winds on across-shelf CDW transport and ice shelf basal melt. Increases and decreases in the strength of the wind fields were simulated by scaling the present-day winds by a constant factor. Additional simulations considered effects of increased Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) transport. Increased wind strength and ACC transport increased the amount of CDW transported onto the WAP continental shelf but did not necessarily increase CDW flux underneath the nearby ice shelves. The basal melt underneath some of the deeper ice shelves actually decreased with increased wind strength. Increased mixing over the WAP shelf due to stronger winds removed more heat from the deeper shelf waters than the additional heat gained from increased CDW volume transport. The simulation results suggest that the effect on the WAP ice shelves of the projected strengthening of the polar westerlies is not a simple matter of increased winds causing increased (or decreased) basal melt. A simple budget calculation indicated that iron associated with increased vertical mixing of CDW could significantly affect biological productivity of this region.
Restoration of Labral Anatomy and Biomechanics After Superior Labral Anterior-Posterior Repair
Authors: Boddula Madhav R. , Adamson Gregory J. , Gupta Akash , McGarry Michelle H. , Lee Thay Q. 
Published: February 2012

Background: Both simple and mattress repair techniques have been utilized with success for type II superior labral anterior-posterior (SLAP) lesions; however, direct anatomic and biomechanical comparisons of these techniques have yet to be clearly demonstrated. Hypothesis: For type II SLAP lesions, the mattress suture repair technique will result in greater labral height and better position on the glenoid face and exhibit stronger biomechanical characteristics, when cyclically loaded and loaded to failure through the biceps, compared with the simple suture repair technique. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Six matched pairs of cadaveric shoulders were dissected, and a clock face was created on the glenoid from 9 o’clock (posterior) to 3 o’clock (anterior). For the intact specimen, labral height and labral distance from the glenoid edge were measured using a MicroScribe. A SLAP lesion was then created from 10 o’clock to 2 o’clock. Lesions were repaired with two 3.0-mm BioSuture-Tak anchors placed at 11 o’clock and 1 o’clock. For each pair, a mattress repair was used for one shoulder, and a simple repair was used for the contralateral shoulder. After repair, labral height and labral distance from the glenoid edge were again measured. The specimens were then cyclically loaded and loaded to failure through the biceps using an Instron machine. A paired t test was used for statistical analysis. Results: After mattress repair, a significant increase in labral height occurred compared with intact from 2.5 ± 0.3 mm to 4.3 ± 0.3 mm at 11 o’clock ( P = .013), 2.7 ± 0.5 mm to 4.2 ± 0.7 mm at 12:30 o’clock ( P = .007), 3.1 ± 0.5 mm to 4.2 ± 0.7 mm at 1 o’clock ( P = .006), and 2.8 ± 0.7 mm to 3.7 ± 0.8 mm at 1:30 o’clock ( P = .037). There was no significant difference in labral height between the intact condition and after simple repair at any clock face position. Labral height was significantly increased in the mattress repairs compared with simple repairs at 11 o’clock (mean difference, 2.0 mm; P = .008) and 12:30 o’clock (mean difference, 1.3 mm; P = .044). Labral distance from the glenoid edge was not significantly different between techniques. No difference was observed between the mattress and simple repair techniques for all biomechanical parameters, except the simple technique had a higher load and energy absorbed at 2-mm displacement. Conclusion: The mattress technique created a greater labral height while maintaining similar biomechanical characteristics compared with the simple repair, with the exception of load and energy absorbed at 2-mm displacement, which was increased for the simple technique. Clinical Relevance: Mattress repair for type II SLAP lesions creates a higher labral bumper compared with simple repairs, while both techniques resulted in similar biomechanical characteristics.
Venous thrombosis following intravenous injection of household bleach
Authors: Rahmani SH , Ahmadi S , Vahdati SS , Moghaddam HH 
Published: February 2012

Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is used extensively as a disinfectant or bleaching agent. Most studies describe ingestion or inhalation route of this product with rare complication and fatalities. Despite global daily exposures, data about bleach injection is limited. Here we report intentional infusion of 20 mL, sodium hypochlorite 5% diluted in 500 mL normal saline 1.5 h prior admission. Clinical manifestation included local pain and edema. There were no laboratory abnormalities in the patient. Doppler sonography revealed thrombosis in superficial (antecubital and basilic) veins. Limb elevation, warm compress, and ibuprofen relived pain and edema after 3 days.
The effects of cold-induced stress on liver oxidative injury during binge drinking
Authors: Ostojić Jelena Nešović , Mladenović Dušan , Ninković Milica , Vučević Danijela , Bondžić Kristina , Ješić-Vukićević Rada , Radosavljević Tatjana 
Published: February 2012

The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of cold stress on hepatic oxidative damage during binge drinking in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: group 1: control; group 2: ethanol-treated; group 3: stress-exposed; group 4: stress-exposed and ethanol-treated group. Oxidative and nitrosative stress parameters in the liver were determined spectrophotometrically, 12 h after treatment. Liver malondialdehyde concentration was significantly higher in group 4 when compared with groups 2 and 3. The highest increase in nitric oxide concentration was demonstrated in group 4 in comparison with groups 2 and 3. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly lower in group 4 when compared with groups 2 and 3. Ethanol administration induced a larger decrease in the activity of copper-/zinc-SOD in group 4 in comparison with group 2. Activity of manganese-SOD (Mn-SOD) was significantly higher in groups 3 and 4, when compared with control values, but the greatest increase in the activity of Mn-SOD was demonstrated in group 2. We also evaluated statistically significant decrease in the level of reduced gluthatione in the liver of group 4 in comparison with group 3. Based on our study, it can be concluded that cold-exposed stress and binge ethanol drinking have additive effects in imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant defense system in liver.
Study on the cytogenetic changes induced by benzene and hydroquinone in human lymphocytes
Authors: Peng D , Jiaxing W , Chunhui H , Weiyi P , Xiaomin W 
Published: February 2012

Benzene (BN) is a prototypical hematotoxicant, genotoxic carcinogen, and ubiquitous environmental pollutant. Although the molecular mechanisms of BN-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxic damage are poorly understood in humans, previous studies suggested that bioactivated BN metabolites are capable of oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA damage. The objective of the current study was to investigate the BN-induced cytogenetic changes and underlying mechanisms based on these hypotheses. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) might be the targets for BN-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, and therefore DNA damage responses of PBLs after exposure to different concentrations of BN (0.25, 3.5, 50 μmol/L) or BN metabolite, hydroquinone (HQ; 50, 150, 450 μmol/L) were studied in vitro. Microculture tetrazolium assay, flow cytometry, 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein-diacetate assay, comet assay, micronuclei assay, and attenuated total reflectance microspectroscope were chosen for this study. Based on the results, we reached the conclusion that different concentrations of BN or HQ significantly inhibited cell growth, induced the arrest of S phase and G2/M phase, and increased late apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, evidence was also provided to support the conclusion that BN and HQ induced DNA strand breaks and chromosomal mutations in PBL, which indicated the genotoxicity of BN and HQ. Current evidence has indicated that multiple mechanisms including dysfunction of cell cycle, programmed cell death, oxidative stress, and DNA lesions are likely to contribute to BN-induced cytogenetic changes.
National estimate of multiple sclerosis incidence in France (2001–2007)
Authors: Fromont A , Binquet C , Sauleau EA , Fournel I , Despalins R , Rollot F , Weill A , Clerc L , Bonithon-Kopp C , Moreau T 
Published: February 2012

Background: In France, the incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is not well known, and MS is one of the 30 long-term illnesses for which patients are covered for 100% of their health care costs. Objective: To estimate the incidence of MS in France and its geographic variations. Methods: We estimated the national rate for notification of MS to the main French health insurance system, and its confidence interval (CI), between November 2000 and October 2007, which covers 87% of the population. We analysed geographic variations using a Bayesian approach. Results: Between November 2000 and October 2007, among a covered population of 52,449,871, some 28,682 individuals were registered as having MS. After age standardization according to the European population, the notification rate for MS was 6.8 per 100,000 (6.7–6.9), 9.8 (9.7–10.0) in women and 3.7 (3.6–3.8) in men. When the under-notification rate (11.5% and 29%) was taken into account, the notification rate per 100,000 inhabitants was estimated between 7.6 and 8.8. The notification rate was higher in north-eastern France, and lower on the Atlantic coast and in the Alps as well as on both sides of the Rhône River. Conclusions: This study, conducted on a representative French population, provides for the first time national estimates of MS incidence between November 2000 and October 2007.
The effects of transurethral resection of the prostate on morbidity and mortality in patients with nondialysis-requiring renal insufficiency
Authors: Akdemir Alp Ozgur , Oztekin Cetin Volkan , Doluoglu Omer Gokhan , Karabakan Mehmet , Ugurlu Ozgur , Cetinkaya Mesut 
Published: February 2012

Objectives: To compare the prevalence of preoperative co-morbid factors and complications of transurethral resection of prostate (TUR-P) in patients with normal and non-dialysis requiring elevated serum creatinine levels. Methods: The records of 357 consecutive patients with IPSS≥20, serum creatinine level ≤ 3 mg/dl, residual urine volume ≤ 300 ml and with no upper urinary tract dilatation or evidence of prostate cancer that underwent TUR-P were retrospectively evaluated. 60 patients who did not fulfill the inclusion criteria were excluded. The preoperative Na, K, creatinine levels and the early changes observed in these parameters after TUR-P of the patients with normal (Group1, n = 272) and elevated (Group2, n = 25) serum creatinine levels, as well as the preoperative baseline data and postoperative complications were compared. Results: Preoperative PSA, serum urea, creatinine and K levels were significantly higher in group2. No significant differences were observed between early and late postoperative complications of the two groups. Co-morbid diseases were significantly more common in group2. No progression in renal failure or de novo need for hemodialysis was observed in group2. Conclusions: TUR-P can be safely performed in BPH patients with mild serum creatinine elevations (1.6-3 mg/dl) and moderately increased prostate volumes without additional morbidity and mortality.
Suppressive Regulation of KSHV RTA with O-GlcNAcylation
Authors: Ko Ying-Chieh , Tsai Wan-Hua , Wang Pei-Wen , Wu I-Lin , Lin Shu-Yu , Chen Yu-Lian , Chen Jen-Yang , Lin Su-Fang 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

Background
The replication and transcription activator (RTA) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a molecular switch that initiates a productive replication of latent KSHV genomes. KSHV RTA (K-RTA) is composed of 691 amino acids with high Ser and Thr content (17.7%), but to what extent these Ser and Thr are modified in vivo has not been explored.

Methods
By using tandem mass spectrometric analysis of affinity-purified FLAG tagged K-RTA, we sought to identify Ser and Thr residues that are post-translationally modified in K-RTA.

Results
We found that K-RTA is an O-GlcNAcylated protein and Thr-366/Thr-367 is the primary motif with O-GlcNAcylation in vivo. The biological significance of O-GlcNAc modified Thr-366 and Thr-367 was assessed by site-specific amino acid substitution. Replacement of Thr with Ala at amino acid 366 or 367 caused a modest enhancement of K-RTA transactivation activity in a luciferase reporter assay and a cell model for KSHV reactivation. By using co-immunoprecipitation coupled with western blot analysis, we showed that the capacity of K-RTA in associating with endogenous PARP1 was significantly reduced in the Thr-366/Thr-367 O-GlcNAc mutants. PARP1 is a documented negative regulator of K-RTA that can be ascribed by the attachment of large negatively charged polymer onto K-RTA via PARP1's poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity. In agreement, shRNA-mediated depletion of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) in KSHV infected cells augmented viral reactivation and virus production that was accompanied by diminished K-RTA and PARP1 complexes.

Conclusions
KSHV latent-lytic switch K-RTA is modified by cellular O-GlcNAcylation, which imposes a negative effect on K-RTA transactivation activity. This inhibitory effect involves OGT and PARP1, two nutritional sensors recently emerging as chromatin modifiers. Thus, we speculate that the activity of K-RTA on its target genes is continuously checked and modulated by OGT and PARP1 in response to cellular metabolic state.
Risk of new acute myocardial infarction hospitalization associated with use of oral and parenteral non-steroidal anti-inflammation drugs (NSAIDs): a case-crossover study of Taiwan's National Health Insurance claims database and review of current evidence
Authors: Shau Wen-Yi , Chen Hsi-Chieh , Chen Shu-Ting , Chou Hsu-Wen , Chang Chia-Hsuin , Kuo Chuei-Wen , Lai Mei-Shu 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Background
Previous studies have documented the increased cardiovascular risk associated with the use of some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Despite this, many old NSAIDs are still prescribed worldwide. Most of the studies to date have been focused on specific oral drugs or limited by the number of cases examined. We studied the risk of new acute myocardial infarction (AMI) hospitalization with current use of a variety of oral and parenteral NSAIDs in a nationwide population, and compared our results with existing evidence.

Methods
We conducted a case-crossover study using the Taiwan's National Health Insurance claim database, identifying patients with new AMI hospitalized in 2006. The 1-30 days and 91-120 days prior to the admission were defined as case and matched control period for each patient, respectively. Uses of NSAIDs during the respective periods were compared using conditional logistic regression and adjusted for use of co-medications.

Results
8354 new AMI hospitalization patients fulfilled the study criteria. 14 oral and 3 parenteral NSAIDs were selected based on drug utilization profile among 13.7 million NSAID users. The adjusted odds ratio, aOR (95% confidence interval), for risk of AMI and use of oral and parenteral non-selective NSAIDs were 1.42 (1.29, 1.56) and 3.35 (2.50, 4.47), respectively, and significantly greater for parenteral than oral drugs (p for interaction < 0.01). Ketorolac was associated with the highest AMI risk among both of oral and parenteral NSAIDs studied, the aORs were 2.02 (1.00, 4.09) and 4.27 (2.90, 6.29) respectively. Use of oral flurbiprofen, ibuprofen, sulindac, diclofenac, and parenteral ketoprofen were also significantly associated with increased AMI risk. The results of the present study were consistent with the majority of evidence from previous studies.

Conclusions
The collective evidence revealed the tendency of increased AMI risk with current use of some NSAIDs. A higher AMI risk associated with use of parenteral NSAIDs was observed in the present study. Ketorolac had the highest associated risk in both oral and parenteral NSAIDs studied. Though further investigation to confirm the association is warranted, prescribing physicians and the general public should be cautious about the potential risk of AMI when using NSAIDs.