bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined Effects of Heat Stress and Food Supply on Flight Performance of Olive Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Wang Xin-Geng , Johnson Marshall W , Daane Kent M , Opp Susan 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a newly invasive pest of olives, Olea europaea L., in California. The table olive industry is located in California's Central Valley, where daily high summer temperatures can be &gt;35.0°C. This study investigated the effects of high temperatures (heat stress) and food conditions on the flight performance of B. oleae in laboratory flight mill tests. Flies were provided food (honey and hydrolyzed yeast) and water for a 1-wk preconditioning period and then subjected to 24-h preflight exposure to diurnal temperature regimes (low-high temperatures of 18.3–35.0°C and 18–37.8°C) and deprivation of food. Flies with the preflight stress conditions had significantly lower flight performance (1,305 m and 0.989 h at 18.3–35.0°C and 1,152 m and 0.966 h at 18.3–37.8°C) than control files that were held under no-stress preflight conditions (constant 23.9°C, food, and water) and flew 1,982 m for 1.54 h. Flight distance and duration were further reduced when no water was provided during the 24-h preflight exposure to high temperature stress. Flight distance and duration also were decreased when the preflight exposure period was increased to 2 and 3 d. When flies were deprived of food and water during the preconditioning period, there was significant adult mortality and flight performance was poor (&lt;50 m and &lt;2 min) after 24-h preflight exposure to either the 18.3–35.0°C or the 18.3–37.8°C temperature regime and deprivation of food. Heat stress and food deprivation also reduced postflight fecundity and adult longevity. The results are discussed with respect to the ability of B. oleae to survive summer heat and food deprivation by dispersing to refuges with food, water, and shelter.
COMPACTION OF SOILS.
Authors: WILLIAMS F H P 
Published: June 2009

Synopsis. Soil compaction is the process whereby soil is mechanically compressed through a reduction in the air voids. It is measured in terms of the dry density or amount of solid matter in unit volume. Soils range in dry density from about 140 lb. per cubic foot for coarse-grained gravels and sands to about 90 lb. per cubic foot for heavy clays. For a constant amount of compaction, all soils have an optimum moisture content at which a maximum dry density is obtained. The leboratory tests used to determine the compaction characteristics are described in this Paper and factors affecting their results are discussed. In the field, compaction is effected by different types of roller, rammer, or vibrator. The results of full-scale investigations which have been made at the Road Research and sheepfoot rollers, a frog rammer, and vibrating plant, are discussed. The main Laboratory of the compaction of five British soils by smooth-wheel, pneumatic-tired, conclusions are that:— (l) There is an optimum moisture content for each type of plant which may differ hm that indicated by laboratory tests. (2) Granular soils are best compacted by smooth-wheel rollers, wet clay soils by pneumatic-tired rollers, and dry clay soils by sheepsfoot rollers. (3) Provided that the thickness of loose layer does not exceed 9 inches, the decrease of dry density with depth below the surface was about the same for all the rollers tested. A suggested procedure is outlined for carrying out full-scale compaction trials on a job, and an example of its use is given.
FLOOD-PREVENTION SCHEMES IN THE VICINITY OF THE CITY OF NOTTINGHAM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HYDRAULIC MODEL CONSTRUCTED AT DELFT UNIVERSITY, HOLLAND.(INCLUDS PLATES).
Authors: HAILE W H , CHEETHAM H 
Published: June 2009

Synopsis The Paper describes the urban flooding problems in the River Trent valley affecting the City of Nottingham and adjacent Urban Districts, the worsening of conditions due to urban development in the flood plains, and the methods of dealing with the problem. Owing to lack of facilities in Great Britain, an hydraulic model was constructed by Professor Thijsse at Delft University, Holland, and thirty-one separate schemes were investigated. The Paper concludes with a description of the scheme finally adopted, which is now being carried out.
STRESSES IN A RESTRAINED PIPE-LINE.
Authors: PIPPARD A J S 
Published: June 2009

Synopsis The Paper describes an investigation made for the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in connexion with large diameter pipe-lines. Formulae are developed for the stresses in a fully restrained line arising from the pressure of the liquid in it, from general variations of temperature, and from differential heating. The loading on anchor-blocks and buttress-blocks ia considered. Formulae are given for the spacing of ring-supports necessary to keep the combined stresses due to bending, eccentricities in alignment, temperature changes, and fluid pressure, within safe limits when judged by the Mises-Hencky criterion. Lack of data on possible errors of alignment and straightness of pipes make these formulæ tentative in character, but the general analysis is independent of particular assumptions in these respects. Tables of formulæ are given both in general terms and in a simplified form for a particular pipe.
Recommendations for the development and application of wildlife toxicity reference values
Authors: Allard Patrick , Fairbrother Anne , Hope Bruce K , Hull Ruth N , Johnson Mark S , Kapustka Lawrence , Mann Gary , McDonald Blair , Sample Bradley E 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Toxicity reference values (TRVs) are essential in models used in the prediction of the potential for adverse impacts of environmental contaminants to avian and mammalian wildlife; however, issues in their derivation and application continue to result in inconsistent hazard and risk assessments that present a challenge to site managers and regulatory agencies. Currently, the available science does not support several common practices in TRV derivation and application. Key issues include inappropriate use of hazard quotients and the inability to define the probability of adverse outcomes. Other common problems include the continued use of no-observed- and lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs and LOAELs), the use of allometric scaling for interspecific extrapolation of chronic TRVs, inappropriate extrapolation across classes when data are limited, and extrapolation of chronic TRVs from acute data without scientific basis. Recommendations for future TRV derivation focus on using all available qualified toxicity data to include measures of variation associated with those data. This can be achieved by deriving effective dose (EDx)-based TRVs where x refers to an acceptable (as defined in a problem formulation) reduction in endpoint performance relative to the negative control instead of relying on NOAELs and LOAELs. Recommendations for moving past the use of hazard quotients and dealing with the uncertainty in the TRVs are also provided. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:28–37. © 2009 SETAC
Refined avian risk assessment for aldicarb in the United States
Authors: Moore Dwayne RJ , Teed R Scott , Rodney Sara I , Thompson Ryan P , Fischer David L 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Aldicarb was recently reviewed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for re-registration eligibility. In this paper, we describe a refined avian risk assessment for aldicarb that was conducted to build upon the screening-level methods used by USEPA. The goal of the refined ERA was to characterize and understand better the risks posed by aldicarb to birds in areas where the pesticide is applied. Aldicarb is a systemic insecticide sold in granular form under the trade name Temik®. It is applied directly to soil and is used to control mites, nematodes, and aphids on a variety of crops (e.g., cotton, potatoes, peanuts). Consumption of grit is necessary for proper digestion in many bird species, particularly for granivores and insectivores. Thus, aldicarb granules may be mistaken for grit by birds. The Granular Pesticide Avian Risk Assessment Model (GranPARAM) is described in a companion paper and was used to estimate the probability and magnitude of effects to flocks of birds that frequent aldicarb-treated fields. One hundred thirty-five exposure scenarios were modeled that together include a range of bird species, crops, application methods and rates, and regions in the United States. The results indicated that, even for the most sensitive bird species, the risks associated with the agricultural use of granular aldicarb are negligible to low. There are several reasons for the limited risk: 1) the Temik formulation includes a gypsum core and a graphite coating and is black in color, all of which have been shown to be unattractive to birds, and 2) the pesticide is applied subsurface and rapidly dissolves following contact with water. The fact that no bird kill incidents involving appropriate label uses of aldicarb have been conclusively documented in the United States over its 38 years of use supports the results of this refined risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:83–101. © 2009 SETAC
An Approach to Fracture Characterization Using Borehole Seismic Data
Authors: Dutta Pradyumna , Singh Sunil Kumar , Al-Genai Jarrah , Akhtar Azhar , Akbar Mahmood 
Published: June 2009

Summary
The Najmah, Sargelu, and Marrat reservoirs are the main Jurassic reservoirs in Kuwait. These fractured-carbonate reservoirs that have moderate-to-low porosity were deposited in an inner- to midramp warm marine environment. The fracture systems play a significant role in production in these reservoirs, and it is essential to identify areas of high fracture density. It has been observed that fractures associated with certain faults have facilitated the flow in the Jurassic reservoirs. Identification of faults and associated fractures mainly has been on the basis of 3D-/2D-seismic data, image logs, cores, and thin sections.
The Greater Burgan field consists of the Burgan, Magwa, and Ahmadi structures. The four main reservoir units in the Greater Burgan field are the Wara, Mauddud, Burgan Third, and Burgan Fourth sands. The deeper reservoirs—namely, the Lower Cretaceous Ratawi and Minagish limestone—and the Jurassic Marrat formation contain significant oil reserves but are of less importance. However, a recent successful exploratory well in the Arifjan prospect, which is located on the eastern flank of the Greater Burgan field, has opened up a large area that was previously considered to be nonproductive. It has been noticed that there is excellent correlation between the fractures observed in cores and image logs and those predicted from the converted component of the zero-offset vertical seismic profile (VSP). After registration of the z-component image with the converted image for various prominent reflectors, the discontinuities in the reflectors in the converted-component image revealed fracture swarms that could be traced away from the wellbore.
This technique of processing the VSP data to identify fracture clusters could form a bridge between surface and borehole data and improve confidence in predicting fracture swarms away from the wellbore and also assist in planning of future surface seismic and 3D VSP surveys.
Evaluating Crystallization Risks in Liquefied-Natural-Gas (LNG) Production
Authors: Luis F. Ayala H. , Juan Emilio Fernández L. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is anticipated to dominate world energy trade and fill the gap between production and energy demands in a few years, especially in the US. LNG is the liquefied version of dry natural gases at ultralow temperatures (approximately −160°C or −260°F at atmospheric pressure), which aims at minimizing storage volume requirements needed for overseas transportation. Within this context, it is clear that technology must continue to be developed to optimize the thermodynamic processes involved in the compression, liquefaction, and revaporization of LNG and associated operational challenges. One key challenge during the production of LNG is the presence of trace amounts of heavy components in the gas feed composition is known to induce the precipitation of a solid phase during the cooling process, which presents the risk of equipment plugging and associated hazards. However, there are very few general thermodynamic tools available for the prediction of solid-liquid equilibrium for very low-temperature conditions (&lt;−200°F). In this study, available thermodynamic predictive tools are evaluated for the determination of LNG crystallization conditions. Previously presented crystallization prediction models are examined, and potential pitfalls identified. The results from this study are expected to provide a better understanding of the thermodynamics of LNG processes and provide a framework for subsequent work in the analysis of LNG refrigeration and liquefaction processes—typically considered the key elements of any LNG project.
Eliminating Buoyant Migration of Sequestered CO2 Through Surface Dissolution: Implementation Costs and Technical Challenges
Authors: Burton McMillan , Bryant Steven L. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in geologic formations will be part of any substantive campaign to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The risk of leakage from the target formation must be weighed against economic feasibilities for this technology to gain stakeholder acceptance. The standard approach to large-scale geologic sequestration into saline aquifers assumes that CO2 will be injected as a bulk phase. In this case, the primary driver for leakage is the buoyancy of CO2 under typical deep-reservoir conditions (depths &gt; 2,600 ft or 800 m). Investigating alternative approaches that use inherently safe trapping mechanisms can help to characterize the price of reducing the risk of leakage.
In this paper, we examine a process in which CO2 is dissolved in brine before injection into deep subsurface formations. The CO2-laden brine is slightly denser than brine containing no CO2, so the complete dissolution of all CO2 into brine at the surface before injection will eliminate the risk of buoyancy-driven leakage. The process considered here involves dissolving CO2 at surface facilities. We determine the capital costs for the additional facilities and compare them the capital costs for injecting bulk-phase CO2. We also estimate the power requirements to determine the additional operating costs. The additional capital and operating costs can be regarded as the price of this form of risk reduction.
Comparing this alternative to the standard, we find that an additional power consumption of 3 to 9% of the power plant capacity will be required, and the capital costs will increase by approximately 60%. Brine is required at rates of millions of barrels per day and would be lifted from the target aquifer. The bulk volume of the aquifer is on the order of a hundred million acre-ft for reasonable power plant sizes (250 to 1,000 MW) and for reasonable injection periods (30 to 50 years). Although this alternative results in higher costs, surface dissolution may be attractive when the costs of monitoring or ensuring against buoyancy-driven CO2 leakage exceed these additional costs.
Retention of CO2-Foaming Agents on Chalk: Effects of Surfactant Structure, Temperature, and Residual-Oil Saturation
Authors: Fjelde Ingebret , Zuta John , Hauge Ingrid 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Injection of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a well-known enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) technique. Formation of stable foam inside the reservoir can improve macroscopic sweep efficiency. On the other hand, retention of surfactants decreases the cost-efficiency of the EOR process. This paper presents flow-through retention experiments with CO2-foaming agents on outcrop Liege chalk plugs at two different temperatures: 55 and 70°C. Two branched ethoxylated (EO) sulfonates with different ethoxylation degree, S1 (EO = 7) and S2 (EO = 12), were used. The aim was to investigate the effect of ethoxylation degree on surfactant retention. Furthermore, the effects of temperature and residual oil on surfactant retention were studied. The effect of waterflooding followed by CO2 flooding on surfactant retention at reservoir conditions was also examined. Partitioning of the foaming agents between water and oil phases was studied.
Results show that increasing the ethoxylation degree of the surfactant decreases the retention on chalk cores saturated with formation water at 55°C. S2, which was found to give the lowest retention at 55°C, was found to have a higher retention at 70°C. The presence of residual-oil saturation after waterflooding (Sorw) decreased the retention of S1 and increased the retention of S2 in comparison to the absence of residual oil. The retention of S2 after waterflooding followed by CO2 flooding at 340 bar and 55°C was in the same range as retention on 100%-water-saturated core, but significantly lower than retention in residual-oil-saturated cores. The experiments have shown that not only are surfactant structure and temperature important for the retention of surfactants, but also the presence of oil.
Characterization of Oil/Water Flows in Inclined Pipes
Authors: Atmaca S. , Sarica C. , Zhang H.-Q. , Al-Sarkhi A. S. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Oil/water flow is a common occurrence during production and transportation of petroleum fluids through pipes. Understanding of oil/water pipe flow behaviors is crucial to many applications including design and operation of flow lines and wells, separation, and interpretation of production logs. In this study, the oil/water pipe flow was experimentally investigated for different inclination angles (0°, ±1°, ±2° and −5°). A total of 324 tests were conducted in a 0.0508-m (2-in.) ID 21.1-m (69.6-ft) long test section using tap water and mineral oil with superficial velocities ranging from 0.025 to 1.75 m/s. The experimental results include observations of flow patterns and phase distributions, and measurements of water holdups and pressure gradients. A high-speed video system was used to observe the mixing status between oil and water and to determine the flow patterns at various flow conditions. Quick closing valves were used to measure the phase holdups and to demonstrate the slippage between oil and water with the water cut to water holdup ratio. The experimental results of flow pattern transitions, water holdups, and pressure gradients are compared against predictions of the Zhang and Sarica (2006) model. The model performance is analyzed based on the experimental observations and the modeling considerations. Recommendations are presented for future model improvement.
Identifying Layer Permeabilities and Skin Using a Multi-Layer Transient Testing Approach in a Complex Reservoir Environment
Authors: Eissa Moustafa , Joshi Sameer , Singh Kamaljeet , Bahuguna Ajay , Elbadri Mohamed 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Conventional pressure transient testing, using a pressure gauge positioned at a fixed depth in a well, has historically been the main source of permeability and skin estimation in formations. However, if a well is completed as a multi-layer commingled producer, then this conventional approach makes it difficult to measure the permeability and skin of individual layers.
Greater Munga field of the Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company (GNPOC) in Sudan has several wells that commingle production from the Aradabia, Bentiu-2 and Bentiu-3 formations. These formations are highly variable in terms of the reservoir properties, oil types and pressure regimes. A selective inflow performance (SIP) test was carried out during production logging (PL) jobs in some of these wells and it indicated that the productivity index (P.I.) of the individual layers varies widely, ranging from 1.5 to 15 b/d/psi. This illustrated the need for a method to estimate the permeability and skin of each layer. This information was needed for reservoir model calibration, well productivity prediction, low productivity diagnosis and remedial action selection.
Two solutions were proposed to GNPOC; use the conventional technique of isolating each layer and testing it separately or carry out a commingled multi-layer transient (MLT) test with a PL tool. In an MLT test, in addition to the normal PL runs, individual pressure transient stations are also recorded at the top of each contributing layer. The MLT test measures the flow rate and wellbore pressure above each producing layer for different surface flow rates during the infinite-acting phase. These individual layer flow rates and pressure transients are used to calculate the individual layer properties.
GNPOC decided to go in for the MLT testing option and two wells were analyzed. In the first well, MLT testing showed that one of the layers had a very high permeability compared to the other layers. It depleted much faster and had early water breakthrough. Consequently a water shut-off job is planned for this layer. In the second well, MLT analysis showed that the upper layer had poorer permeability as compared to the lower layers. However, this layer holds good oil reserves. Hence, this well is a good candidate for future side tracking into the upper layer, in order to exploit the untapped reserves in this layer.
In this paper, we will discuss the MLT testing technique, introduce a workflow for the analysis, and then will discuss the results of the analyses for two examples from GNPOC. Based on the success of these cases, multi-layer transient testing is estabilished as a preferred testing technique in this complex reservoir environment.
The Total Control of Well Integrity Management
Authors: Smith L. , Milanovic D. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
This paper describes a web-based program which provides a comprehensive approach to well integrity management covering all potential integrity threats to the whole well. This "cradle-to-grave" software, the Intetech Well Integrity Toolkit (iWIT), provides well information and data analysis for timely, informed, decision-making. Using its own or existing client databases, this software carries out quantitative data analysis in real-time and provides feedback to the operator about the condition of individual wells and also overviews of the whole field integrity status.
The iWIT software has been used in fields with less than 50 up to over 1600 wells. Installations have been made in primary recovery fields to tertiary recovery fields, both onshore and offshore. The software has been installed in new and mature fields; some fields with no automation in place and some which have been automated for over a decade.
All the operators that have installed the software to date have decided to expand its use, either to incorporate more assets (e.g. the integrity management of the flowlines up to the manifold) and/or to install the system throughout their group operations internationally. Current installations include two Gulf operators in Abu Dhabi and Qatar.
The management of well integrity is a vital element in the successful, economic and safe operation of all assets. Data relevant to well integrity is widespread, including the safety critical elements test results; monitoring of annulus pressures; evaluation of tubing and casing integrity; inspection results from well logs; evaluation of scaling risks etc. The management of, and continuous evaluation of, this vast range of data presents a huge challenge. The system described in this paper has met that challenge comprehensively.