bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential development of selectivity for faces and bodies in the fusiform gyrus
Authors: Peelen Marius V. , Glaser Bronwyn , Vuilleumier Patrik , Eliez Stephan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractViewing faces or bodies activates category‐selective areas of visual cortex, including the fusiform face area (FFA), fusiform body area (FBA), and extrastriate body area (EBA). Here, using fMRI, we investigate the development of these areas, focusing on the right FFA and FBA. Despite the overlap of functionally defined FFA and FBA (54%–75% overlap), we found that these regions developed along different trajectories. With age (7–32 years old), the FFA gradually increased in size and selectivity, and was significantly larger and more face‐selective in adults than children. By contrast, the size and selectivity of the FBA did not correlate with age, and were equivalent in children and adults. Whereas in adults the FFA and FBA were comparable in size, in children the FBA was on average 70% larger than the FFA. These findings suggest that, in children, the fusiform gyrus is predominantly selective for bodies, with commensurate face‐selective responses apparent later in development. Moreover, differences in the development of the FFA and FBA indicate that overlapping functional brain areas, supported by the same anatomical structure, can develop along different trajectories.
AUTHORIZING PSYCHIATRIC RESEARCH: PRINCIPLES, PRACTICES AND PROBLEMS
Authors: CHONG SIOW ANN , HUXTABLE RICHARD , CAMPBELL ALASTAIR 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTPsychiatric research is advancing rapidly, with studies revealing new investigative tools and technologies that are aimed at improving the treatment and care of patients with psychiatric disorders. However, the ethical framework in which such research is conducted is not as well developed as we might expect. In this paper we argue that more thought needs to be given to the principles that underpin research in psychiatry and to the problems associated with putting those principles into practice. In particular, we comment on some of the difficulties posed by the twin imperatives of ensuring that we respect the autonomy and interests of the research subject and, at the same time, enable potentially beneficial psychiatric research to flourish. We do not purport to offer a blueprint for the future; we do, however, seek to advance the debate by identifying some of the key questions to which better answers are required.
WHY MORAL PHILOSOPHERS ARE NOT AND SHOULD NOT BE MORAL EXPERTS
Authors: ARCHARD DAVID 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTProfessional philosophers are members of bioethical committees and regulatory bodies in areas of interest to bioethicists. This suggests they possess moral expertise even if they do not exercise it directly and without constraint. Moral expertise is defined, and four arguments given in support of scepticism about their possession of such expertise are considered and rejected: the existence of extreme disagreement between moral philosophers about moral matters; the lack of a means clearly to identify moral experts; that expertise cannot be claimed in that which lacks objectivity; and that ordinary people do not follow the advice of moral experts.I offer a better reason for scepticism grounded in the relation between moral philosophy and common‐sense morality: namely that modern moral philosophy views even a developed moral theory as ultimately anchored in common‐sense morality, that set of basic moral precepts which ordinary individuals have command of and use to regulate their own lives.Even if moral philosophers do nevertheless have a limited moral expertise, in that they alone can fully develop a set of moral judgments, I sketch reasons – grounded in the values of autonomy and of democracy – why moral philosophers should not wish non‐philosophers to defer to their putative expertise.
EQUALITY AND THE TREATMENT‐ENHANCEMENT DISTINCTION
Authors: HOLTUG NILS 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTIn From Chance to Choice, Allen Buchanan, Dan Brock, Norman Daniels and Daniel Wikler propose a new way of defending the moral significance of the distinction between genetic treatments and enhancements. They develop what they call a ‘normal function model’ of equality of opportunity and argue that it offers a ‘limited’ defence of this distinction. In this article, I critically assess their model and the support it (allegedly) provides for the treatment‐enhancement distinction. First, I argue that there is a troubling tension in the normal function model. Secondly, I argue that neither of the rationales invoked by Buchanan et al. really serves to justify this model or the results they seek to derive from it with respect to the significance of the distinction between treatments and enhancements.
Preschoolers' Attachment to Mother and Risk for Adjustment Problems in Kindergarten: Can Teachers Make a Difference?
Authors: Buyse Evelien , Verschueren Karine , Doumen Sarah 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBased on attachment theory, two aims were addressed. Firstly, we tested whether close teacher–child relationships may buffer children who are less securely attached to their mothers against negative outcomes, such as aggressive behavior. Secondly, our study evaluated whether teacher sensitivity may protect less securely attached children against forming less close relationships with their teachers. In a sample of 127 children, mother–child attachment was observed in preschool. In kindergarten, teacher sensitivity was observed, and teacher–child closeness and child aggressive behavior were rated by the teacher. Results of multilevel hierarchical regression analyses first showed that with high teacher–child closeness, less securely attached children are no longer at risk for more aggressive behavior. Secondly, it was found that with high teacher sensitivity, less securely attached children are no longer at risk for developing less close relationships with their teachers.
Understanding adolescent mental health: the influence of social processes, doing gender and gendered power relations
Authors: Landstedt Evelina , Asplund Kenneth , Gillander Gådin Katja 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDespite a well‐documented gender pattern in adolescent mental health, research investigating possible explanatory factors from a gender‐theoretical approach is scarce. This paper reports a grounded theory study based on 29 focus groups. The aim was to explore 16‐ to 19‐year‐old students’ perceptions of what is significant for mental health, and to apply a gender analysis to the findings in order to advance understanding of the gender pattern in adolescent mental health. Significant factors were identified in three social processes categories, including both positive and negative aspects: (1) social interactions, (2) performance and (3) responsibility. Girls more often experienced negative aspects of these processes, placing them at greater risk for mental health problems. Boys’ more positive mental health appeared to be associated with their low degree of responsibility‐taking and beneficial positions relative to girls. Negotiating cultural norms of femininity and masculinity seemed to be more strenuous for girls, which could place them at a disadvantage with regard to mental health. Social factors and processes (particularly responsibility), gendered power relations and constructions of masculinities and femininities should be acknowledged as important for adolescent mental health.
Exploring stigma: medical knowledge and the stigmatisation of parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Farrugia David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper analyses 12 parent interviews to investigate the stigmatisation of parents of children diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder. Drawing on poststructural accounts of the relationship between knowledge and subjectivity, the stigma concept is critically interrogated in order to address previous individualistic constructions of stigmatisation and to place stigma within the power dynamics of social control. The results of the study indicate that a child’s diagnosis with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is critical for parents to resist stigmatisation. Parents experienced considerable enacted stigma, but successfully resisted felt stigma by deploying medical knowledge to articulate unspoiled subject positions. The institutionalisation of medical knowledge within the autism community was critical to this process. Resistance to enacted stigma was successful to the degree that medical constructions of deviance deployed by parents were accepted by others, notably those in power within institutions. It is concluded that poststructural accounts of subjectivity and social control provide a useful way of conceptualising stigmatisation. An acceptance of the painful nature of stigma as lived experience co‐exists with an emphasis on the constantly negotiated nature of embodied subjectivity as a contingent social process to illustrate the conditions for active resistance to stigmatisation.
Biographical disruption, abruption and repair in the context of Motor Neurone Disease
Authors: Locock Louise , Ziebland Sue , Dumelow Carol 
Published: July 2009

AbstractConcepts of biographical disruption and repair have been widely applied to chronic illness, but not terminal illness. This paper examines the relevance of these concepts to motor neurone disease (MND), a progressive neurological condition characterised by loss of mobility, speech and ability to breathe or swallow. Survival is usually between two and five years, and some die within a few months. The condition thus lies at the boundary between chronic and terminal illness. Narrative interviews were conducted with 35 people living with MND and 11 family carers; analysis exploredhowpeople constructed their accounts as well aswhatthey said. As well as accounts of biographical disruption, we identified a distinctive sense that the diagnosis is a ‘death sentence’ and life is already over, which we term ‘biographical abruption’. We also found instances of biographical repair, as participants sought to make sense of their remaining life, restore normality and control, and find new meaning and identity.
The case of the vanishing patient? Image and experience
Authors: Blaxter Mildred 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIt has been argued that the new technologies of medicine privilege the image over the actual body and its experience, so that the patients themselves may ‘vanish’ behind the images. A case study is used to explore this from the patient’s point of view. What evidence is there that alienation or other dysfunctional effects can actually happen? In this example of the high‐tech medicine of lung cancer treatment, it was demonstrable that the process of diagnosis was not only dependent on, but also in some ways distorted by, the reliance on technologies. It was not necessarily true, however, that the machines and the images themselves proved alienating to the patient, or produced a feeling of disembodiment. It was the system in which they were used, their translation into records and decisions, which was deeply alienating, with only lip‐service paid to the principles of patient‐centredness or the inclusion of the patient as a partner in decision making. Features of the contemporary British health service which seem to foster this are discussed.
Criteria for initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy and short‐term immune response among HIV‐1‐infected patients in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Diabaté S , Alary M 
Published: July 2009

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to determine the predictors of CD4 count below 200 cells/μL and to propose an algorithm for antiretroviral therapy initiation; and to assess the determinants of immune response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Côte d'Ivoire.MethodsA total of 615 consecutive patients attending an HIV/AIDS day hospital were enrolled in the study. We constructed a score system based on the results of a multivariate logistic regression analysis of the predictors of CD4 count <200 cells/μL with the intention of proposing an algorithm able to accurately designate patients eligible for HAART. We also identified factors associated with a short‐term increase in CD4 count >50 cells/μL after HAART initiation.ResultsTotal lymphocyte count <1200 cells/μL (P<0.0001), lower haemoglobin levels (P<0.0001), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) clinical stages C (P=0.005) and B (P=0.045), as compared with stage A, were associated with CD4 count <200 cells/μL. Nonetheless, no accurate algorithm for HAART initiation was found. Three hundred and three of the 615 patients were treated. Of these 303 patients, 79.5% showed an increase of >50 cells/μL in CD4 count 6 months after HAART initiation (median increase 128 cells/μL). Adherence ≥95% (P=0.022) and increase in absolute total lymphocyte count during follow‐up (P<0.0001) were associated with a short‐term positive immune response.ConclusionsOur results support the effectiveness of generic drug combinations in sub‐Saharan Africa. In order to enhance the management of HIV disease in sub‐Saharan Africa, efforts should target the development of low‐cost CD4 cell count laboratory tests.
High rates of active hepatitis B and C co‐infections in HIV‐1 infected Cameroonian adults initiating antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Laurent C , Bourgeois A , Mpoudi‐Ngolé E , Kouanfack C , Ciaffi L , Nkoué N , Mougnutou R , Calmy A , Koulla‐Shiro S , Ducos J , Delaporte E 
Published: July 2009

ObjectivesTo investigate the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in HIV‐infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Cameroon.MethodsBaseline blood samples from 169 patients were tested retrospectively for hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg), anti‐hepatitis B core (anti‐HBc), anti‐HCV and – if HBsAg or anti‐HCV result was positive or indeterminate – for HBV DNA or HCV RNA, respectively, using the Cobas Ampliprep/Cobas TaqMan quantitative assay (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany).ResultsHBV DNA was detected in 14 of the 18 patients with positive or indeterminate HBsAg results [8.3% of the total study population, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.6–13.5]. The median HBV viral load was 2.47 × 107 IU/mL [interquartile range (IQR) 3680–1.59 × 108; range 270 to >2.2 × 108]. Twenty‐one patients (12.4%, 95% CI 7.9–18.4) were found with HCV RNA (all with positive HCV serology). The median HCV viral load was 928 000 IU/mL (IQR 178 400–2.06 × 106; range 640–5.5 × 106). No patient was co‐infected with HBV and HCV. In multivariate analysis, HCV co‐infection was associated with greater age [≥45 years vs. <45 years, odds ratio (OR) 11.89, 95% CI 3.49–40.55, P<0.001] and abnormal serum alanine aminotransferase level [≥1.25 × upper limit of normal (ULN) vs. <1.25 × ULN, OR 7.81, 95% CI 1.54–39.66, P=0.01]; HBV co‐infection was associated with abnormal serum aspartate aminotransferase level (OR 4.33, 95% CI 1.32–14.17, P=0.02).ConclusionsThese high rates of active HBV and HCV co‐infections in HIV‐positive Cameroonian patients requiring antiretroviral therapy underline the need to promote: (i) screening for HBV and HCV before treatment initiation; (ii) accessibility to tenofovir (especially in HBV‐endemic African countries); and (iii) accessibility to treatment for HBV and HCV infections.
A 5‐year longitudinal follow‐up study of serological responses to 23‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination among patients with HIV infection who received highly active antiretroviral therapy*
Authors: Hung C‐C , Chang S‐Y , Su C‐T , Chen Y‐Y , Chang S‐F , Yang C‐Y , Liu W‐C , Wu C‐H , Chang S‐C 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundLong‐term antibody responses to 23‐valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) among HIV‐infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are rarely investigated.MethodsAntibody responses to three pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides [Pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPS) 14, 19F and 23F] were assessed among 169 HIV‐infected patients who received HAART and 23‐valent PPV. Patients were stratified into four groups according to CD4 count at vaccination: group 1, CD4<100 cells/μL (n=35); group 2, CD4 100–199 cells/μL (n=36); group 3, CD4 200–349 cells/μL (n=34); and group 4, CD4≥350 cells/μL (n=64). The proportion of patients who achieved increases in antibody titres of twofold or greater from baseline values (responders) was compared among the four groups of patients for five consecutive years after vaccination.ResultsThe proportion of responders to the three serotypes was significantly lower among patients in group 1 compared with those in the other three groups during yearly follow‐up. Much faster loss of antibody responses was observed in group 1, although the rate of decline varied with the serotypes studied in the four groups. Compared with the nonresponders, more responders had CD4 counts >100 cells/μL at vaccination and achieved better virological suppression throughout the 5‐year period, while the absolute increases of CD4 cell counts after HAART were not statistically significantly different.ConclusionsDespite continued increases in CD4 cell counts after HAART, the proportion of HIV‐infected patients who maintained antibody responses to PPV declined significantly over the 5‐year follow‐up period, especially among those who had CD4 counts <100 cells/μL at vaccination and who failed to achieve virological suppression.
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia: frequency analysis and clinical characterization of 45 families from Portugal
Authors: Vale J. , Bugalho P. , Silveira I. , Sequeiros J. , Guimarães J. , Coutinho P. 
Published: July 2009

Background and purpose:  The relative frequency of the different autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA) varies widely amongst different geographic locations. Here we describe a series of 45 ADCA families from Portugal.Methods:  Patients with progressive cerebellar dysfunction of autosomal dominant transmission underwent a clinical examination protocol and genetic testing for spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA)1 to Machado‐Joseph disease (MJD)/SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA10, SCA12, SCA17 and dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA). We registered the clinical characteristics and frequency of each type of ataxia.Results:  MJD/SCA3 was the most frequent ADCA (26 families, 57.8% of all families), followed by DRPLA (5 families, 11.2%), SCA7 (2 families, 4.4%), SCA2 and SCA1 (1 family each, 2.2% each); 10 families (22.2%) had no molecular diagnosis. SCA1 and SCA7 patients had African ancestry. DRPLA patients had Portuguese ancestry and were characterized by prominent anticipation and a variable combination of epilepsy, extra‐pyramidal symptoms and dementia. Ophtalmoparesis, slow saccades and retinopathy were most distinctive of SCA3, SCA2 and SCA7 cases, respectively.Conclusions:  MJD/SCA3 was the most common ADCA in this group of families. The high frequency of DRPLA and presence of SCA1 and SCA7 cases was unexpected. The presence of these rarer ADCA types probably reflects migration phenomena, posing a challenge for differential diagnosis.
Predator behaviour and morphology mediates the impact of an invasive species: cane toads and death adders in Australia
Authors: Phillips B. L. , Greenlees M. J. , Brown G. P. , Shine R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe arrival of an invasive species can have severe impacts on native species. The extent of the impact, as well as the speed at which native species may mount an adaptive response, depend upon the correlation between impact and the individual phenotypes of the native species. Strong correlation between phenotype and impact within the native species raises the possibility of rapid adaptive response to the invader. Here, we examine the impact of a dangerous newly arrived prey species (the highly toxic cane toad Bufo marinus) on naïve predators (death adders Acanthophis praelongus) in northern Australia. During laboratory trials and field radiotracking, toads killed 48% of the adders we studied. Long‐term monitoring of the population also suggests a massive decline (>89%) in recent years concurrent with the arrival of toads. Variation in snake physiology (resistance to toad toxin) had little bearing on snake survival in the field. Snake behaviour (tendency to attack toads) and morphology (body size and head size), however, were strong predictors of snake survival. Smaller snakes with relatively small heads, and snakes that were unwilling to attack toads in the laboratory, had much higher survival rates in the field. These results show that toads have a massive impact on death adder populations, but that snake phenotypes strongly mediate this impact. Thus natural selection is operating on these adder populations and an adaptive response is a possibility. If these adders can rapidly shift toad‐relevant morphological and behavioural traits (either through plastic or evolved means), they will ultimately face a lowered impact from this toxic invader.
An elevational shift of cryophilous bryophytes in the last century – an effect of climate warming?
Authors: Bergamini Ariel , Ungricht Stefan , Hofmann Heike 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim To investigate altitudinal range shifts of bryophytes in Switzerland by comparing recent altitudinal distributions with historical distributions derived from herbarium specimens.Location Switzerland, covering 41,285 km2in Central Europe.Methods We used a dataset of 8520 herbarium specimens of 61 bryophyte species and compared altitudinal data between the two periods 1880–1920 and 1980–2005. The records we used were not specifically sampled for climatological analyses, but originate from non‐systematic fieldwork by various collectors. Historical and recent records were distributed all over Switzerland with occurrences in all major biogeographical areas. To account for different sampling efforts in the two time periods, different subsampling procedures were applied.Results Overall, we found a significant mean increase in altitude of 89 ± 29 m which was mainly driven by the cryophilous species (+222 ± 50 m). The mean increase in altitude of cryophilous species corresponds to a decadal upward shift of 24 m. The upper range limit of cryophilous species also increased by 189 ± 55 m, but there was no effect on the lower range limit. For intermediate and thermophilous species neither mean, nor upper or lower range limits changed. However, the proportion of records of thermophilous to cryophilous species increased considerably at lower altitudes, but levelled off above approximately 1800 m.Main conclusions We conclude that cryophilous bryophytes are expanding their range to higher elevations in Switzerland and that at lower elevations, a slow extinction process is going on, probably as a result of climate warming trends. The observed decadal upward shifts of cryophilous species closely match those reported from vascular plants in Europe and those expected, given recent estimates of climate warming trends. We emphasize that herbaria provide valuable data that can be used to detect ongoing changes in the distribution of species.