bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The metazoan parasite‐fauna of fish from Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex in relation to features of the habitat and host populations
Authors: Wootten R. 
Published: May 2010

A survey of the metazoan parasite‐fauna of eight species of fish from Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex was carried out between January 1968 and March 1969. 56 Brown trout, 89 Rainbow trout, 181 Perch, 165 Ruffe, 31 Roach, 31 Ten‐spined Sticklebacks, four Eels and one Stone‐loach were examined. In addition, 125 Rainbow trout were examined from adjacent raceways. Thirty‐one species of parasites were found, five Monogenea, nine Cestoda, eight Digenea, one Acanthocephala, four Nematoda, one Annelida, one Mollusca and two Crustacea.The possible origins of the parasite fauna are discussed. The relative abundance of different groups of parasites is considered in relation to the physical and biotic features of the habitat. Parasite species with planktonic crustacean intermediate hosts and/or avian final hosts are particularly abundant. The introduction of trout has resulted in an oligotrophic element being added to an otherwise eutrophic parasite fauna. Possible changes in the parasite‐fauna which may have occurred since construction of the reservoir are described. The parasite‐fauna of Rainbow trout from the raceways was found to be a reduced version of that of fish from the reservoir.
The physiology of digestion of blue‐green algae in the cichlid fish, Tilapia nilotica
Authors: Moriarty D. J. W. 
Published: May 2010

The cells of blue‐green algae are lysed by high concentrations of acid (pH 1.9–1.4) in the stomach of Tilapia nilotica. After lysis, cell contents are digested in the intestine. Acid secretion follows a diurnal cycle related to feeding, and thus there is a cycle from zero to maximum digestion each day. Some of the digestive enzymes have been studied.SummaryBlue‐green algae are lysed by a high concentration of acid in the stomach. pH 1.4 is the lowest value recorded in the stomach of T. nilotica; lysis is most effective at this pH.Enzymatic digestion occurs in the intestine, after the algae are lysed.Acid secretion in the stomachs of T. nilotica and H. nigripinnis in Lake George, Uganda, follows a diurnal cycle associated with feeding. Secretion starts when feeding starts in the morning. In T. nilotica, low pH values are not obtained throughout the stomach until feeding ceases in the evening. Thus there is a gradation through the day, from zero to maximum in number of blue‐green algal cells lysed, and therefore digested and assimilated.Colour changes in the ingested phytoplankton can be used as an indicator of gastric acid secretion by fish in the laboratory. Acid is not secreted by stressed fish.Pepsinogen was detected in the stomach wall of T. nilotica. Evidence for the absence of peptic digestion in the stomach of T. nilotica is presented.A pancreatic α‐amylase, pH optimum 7.0 to 8.0, and requiring chloride, is present in the intestinal juice of T. nilotica.Trypsin and chymotrypsin are also present, but carboxypeptidases A and B could not be detected.Esterase activity, but no lipase, was detected in the intestine juice.
Desiccation and age as factors in the vertical distribution of the dog‐whelk, Nucella lapillus
Authors: Coombs) Valerie‐Anne 
Published: May 2010

Desiccation tolerance levels have been estimated for Nucella in relation to specific age‐groups which occupy distinct tidal levels. The values obtained have been shown to follow the natural age progression, and hence the natural zonation levels. The likelihood of critical or lethal fluid‐loss values being reached during six‐hour periods of exposure in absence of both shelter and consideration of natural zonation has been investigated. It is concluded that Nucella attempts to prevent loss of excessive volumes of fluid during emersion by occupying specific tidal levels in accordance with natural fluid‐loss tolerances. The species is further assisted by a natural inclination to seek sheltered positions during rough weather, and the presence of a comparatively large reservoir of fluid held extra‐viscerally in the mantle cavity.SummaryThe age‐analysis system used throughout the experimental section is explained briefly and natural zonation levels of differently aged dog‐whelks are described for Blackrock individuals.Critical and lethal fluid‐loss values are estimated for each age‐group; the results are seen to follow the natural age progression.Fluid losses occurring after six hour exposure periods in wind and calm conditions in absence of shelter at 9°, 15° and 25°C are illustrated for all age‐groups. The results showed how group 4 and 5 individuals were likely to reach at least critical levels if subjected to wind at 25°C for six hours. However, neither of these age‐groups occupy levels of the shore where this would be likely to occur; their natural zonation levels only receiving three to four hours of exposure under normal conditions.Extra‐visceral fluid volumes are calculated for each age‐group. The values obtained also follow the natural age progression. It is thought likely that extra‐visceral fluid plays an important part in keeping Nucella moist during emersion.
A comparative study of reproduction in two populations of the insectivorous bats, Otomops martiensseni, at latitudes 1°5′S and 2°30′S
Authors: Mutere Festo A. 
Published: May 2010

The insectivorous bat under review, Otomops martiensseni (Matschie) is essentially an African bat with a distribution from down south to as far north as Kenya. It is cave‐dwelling and does not appear to occur in West Africa. In this study, reproduction of two populations, one at Suswa in the Rift Valley, latitude 1°5′S and the other at Ithundu in the Chyulu Hills, latitude 2°30′S was investigated and compared. Regular monthly samples from both populations were collected commencing in March 1970 and running on to February 1972. The bats were processed in the laboratory for pregnancies, weights of testes and foetuses and other measurements and observations. Seasonality in the occurrence of pregnancies was observed in both populations, that is, from October to January only. Also the adult males realized a peak in their mean testicular weight in August, a short period just before the onset of pregnancies thus indicating the most likely time of mating. The female sexual cycle at Ithundu appears to be geared to the rainfall regime as measured at Makindu Meteorological Station about 10 km away. The male sexual cycle, on the other hand, shows a peak in the very dry months suggesting that such a dry spell may be more important than the rain. Molossid bats exhibit variation in their breeding cycles.SummaryThe breeding cycles of two populations of the cave dwelling insectivorous bat, O. martiensseni have been elucidated. In one population at Ithundu, the adult females show evidence of pregnancies from October to January and the adult males exhibit a peak in their sexual cycle in August. In the Suswa population, a similar state of affairs obtains. In both populations, there is the curious tendency for pregnancies to occur also in May at Suswa and Ithundu; and also in June in Ithundu. But as such pregnancies are not sustained in the ensuing months and are of extremely low magnitude, they cannot be regarded as constituting another breeding season. The peak in the adult male cycle occurred during the dry spell from June to September. The peak in pregnancies at Ithundu appears to coincide with the peak rainfall and it is possible that the same is true of Suswa. Considering that these bats are seasonal in their breeding and that they are only monotocous, their recruitment rate as shown by their age distribution is low.
A structural study of the sensilium of two species of bird flea, Ceratophyllus (Insecta: Siphonoptera)
Authors: Greenwood M. T. , HOLDICH D. M. 
Published: May 2010

The structure of the sensilium of fleas has been investigated by light, stereoscan and transmission electron microscopy.This compound sensory structure, which occurs in both sexes, is positioned on the terminal segments and superficially comprises a saddle‐shaped cuticular plate covered with microtrichia between which are dispersed a species‐specific number of pits (16–100) each with a long hair arising from its centre. The cuticular pit is made of two chambers each supported by vertical septa. The apertures in each chamber through which the seta passes vary in diameter allowing an angle of flexure of the hair.Observations of cellular detail indicate features common with other insect mechano‐receptors, a bipolar neuron making contact with the hair base. The dendrite is divided into distal and proximal segments by a ciliary region in which can be seen supporting scolopale rods. The scolopale cell, the trichogen and tormogen cells ensheath the sensory neuron. The tormogen cell is large and one is characteristically associated with each pit. During development it withdraws from the hair leaving a large extracellular cavity into which protrude numerous microvilli.In Ceretophyllus styx secretion is found in this extracellular cavity during the Spring period prior to the return of the migrant host.The tormogen cell wraps around the neuron and is thought to give support to the hair base/neuron (= tubular body) junction giving a measure of increased sensitivity to the system. This sensitivity, it is suggested, could be increased by the presence of the extracellular secretion which is serving to hold the system rigid, any movement of the hair being passed on to the neuron. C. styx overwinters in a cocoon emerging in the Spring when its migrant host returns. On emergence the system, sensitised by the presence of the secretion, can now be used for the detection of the returning host by mechanical means and/or during the mating process, aligning male with female. Ceratophyllid fleas are known to mate on emergence without the necessity of a blood meal.Having mated removal of the fluid would make the hair base/neuron junction less sensitive.If the interpretation of the results is accepted and the presence of fluid in C. styx at least, is a physiological feature at certain times of the year, then two possible roles exist:(1) That the sensilium is used to detect the presence of the returning host.(2) That, having emerged from the overwintering cocoon, the sensilium is then used in the mating process.
Populations of the Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) and Long‐tailed field mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) on skomer island, Dyfed
Authors: Healing T. D. , Jewell V. T. , Jewell P. A. , Rowlands I. W. , Gipps J. H. W. 
Published: May 2010

The methods used to study the populations of the Bank vole and Long‐tailed field mouse on Skomer Island in 1981 are described. The survey was a repeat of one performed in 1960 and the methods used were almost identical.The distribution of both species of rodent over the island was studied using trap lines and was found to be similar in both surveys.The vegetation of the island was divided into nine categories and the habitat preferences of both rodent species assessed. These have remained distinct and, as in the previous survey, the voles were found to be most strongly associated with areas of deep bracken with little undercover and the mice with open areas such as cliff tops and rocky outcrops.A crude survey of the distribution of the nine vegetation categories was undertaken, a vegetation map was prepared, and the area of each category was estimated. Two trapping grids were established in vegetation categories favoured by the voles. The data from these grids were used in conjunction with the vegetation map to estimate the population of voles over the whole island. Insufficient data were available for such an estimate to be made of the size of the population of mice.
Morphometric variation of populations of House mice Mus demesticus in Britain and Faroe
Authors: Davis Simon J. M. 
Published: May 2010

A multivariate analysis was made of the mandible shape of wild‐caught House mice from the British mainland, various circum‐British islands and Faroe.Shape variation within any one of the three archipelagoes—Faroe, Shetland, Orkney—is greater than within mainland Britain excluding Caithness. This is probably due to the founder effect, as well as reduced subsequent swamping.The grouping of Caithness mice with those of Orkney, Shetland and Faroe may reflect their Scandinavian origin.
The position of an arginine residue influences substrate affinity and K+ coupling in the human glutamate transporter, EAAT1
Authors: Ryan Renae M. , Kortt Nicholas C. , Sirivanta Tan , Vandenberg Robert J. 
Published: May 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 565–575.AbstractGlutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system and extracellular glutamate levels are controlled by a family of transporters known as excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs). The EAATs transport glutamate and aspartate with similar micromolar affinities and this transport is coupled to the movement of Na+, K+, and H+. The crystal structure of a prokaryotic homologue of the EAATs, aspartate transporter from Pyrococcus horokoshii (GltPh), has yielded important insights into the architecture of this transporter family. GltPh is a Na+‐dependent transporter that has significantly higher affinity for aspartate over glutamate and is not coupled to H+ or K+. The highly conserved carboxy‐terminal domains of the EAATs and GltPh contain the substrate and ion binding sites, however, there are a couple of striking differences in this region that we have investigated to better understand the transport mechanism. An arginine residue is in close proximity to the substrate binding site of both GltPh and the EAATs, but is located in transmembrane domain (TM) 8 in the EAATs and hairpin loop 1 (HP1) of GltPh. Here we report that the position of this arginine residue can explain some of the functional differences observed between the EAATs and GltPh. Moving the arginine residue from TM8 to HP1 in EAAT1 results in a transporter that has significantly increased affinity for both glutamate and aspartate and is K+ independent. Conversely, moving the arginine residue from HP1 to TM8 in GltPh results in a transporter that has reduced affinity for aspartate.
Can distribution models help refine inventory‐based estimates of conservation priority? A case study in the Eastern Arc forests of Tanzania and Kenya
Authors: Platts Philip J. , Ahrends Antje , Gereau Roy E. , McClean Colin J. , Lovett Jon C. , Marshall Andrew R. , Pellikka Petri K. E. , Mulligan Mark , Fanning Eibleis , Marchant Rob 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAim  Data shortages mean that conservation priorities can be highly sensitive to historical patterns of exploration. Here, we investigate the potential of regionally focussed species distribution models to elucidate fine‐scale patterns of richness, rarity and endemism.Location  Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania and Kenya.Methods  Generalized additive models and land cover data are used to estimate the distributions of 452 forest plant taxa (trees, lianas, shrubs and herbs). Presence records from a newly compiled database are regressed against environmental variables in a stepwise multimodel. Estimates of occurrence in forest patches are collated across target groups and analysed alongside inventory‐based estimates of conservation priority.Results  Predicted richness is higher than observed richness, with the biggest disparities in regions that have had the least research. North Pare and Nguu in particular are predicted to be more important than the inventory data suggest. Environmental conditions in parts of Nguru could support as many range‐restricted and endemic taxa as Uluguru, although realized niches are subject to unknown colonization histories. Concentrations of rare plants are especially high in the Usambaras, a pattern mediated in models by moisture indices, whilst overall richness is better explained by temperature gradients. Tree data dominate the botanical inventory; we find that priorities based on other growth forms might favour the mountains in a different order.Main conclusions  Distribution models can provide conservation planning with high‐resolution estimates of richness in well‐researched areas, and predictive estimates of conservation importance elsewhere. Spatial and taxonomic biases in the data are essential considerations, as is the spatial scale used for models. We caution that predictive estimates are most uncertain for the species of highest conservation concern, and advocate using models and targeted field assessments iteratively to refine our understanding of which areas should be prioritised for conservation.
Headquarters of Terrorists Is “Virtual Ummah”
Authors: ROY OLIVIÉR 
Published: May 2010

Though anti‐American terrorism springs these days as much from Yemen and the “virtual ummah” as from Afghanistan, President Obama has nontheless further committed US troops to stabilizing a country well‐known as the graveyard of empires. What can the only Muslim country that belongs to NATO offer by way of advice? How best can the US keep its focus on the terrorist threat despite its diversion in Afghanistan?Turkey's former envoy to Afghanistan and two of Europe's leading experts on Islamist terrorism offer their views.
Exploring Women's Participation in a U.S. Microcredit Program
Authors: Salt Rebekah J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this ethnographic study was to explore and describe women's participation in a U.S. microcredit program in the Pacific Northwest and to examine the relationship between the participants’ businesses and their health. Design and Methodology: In 2006, an ethnographic study was conducted with a microcredit organization in the Pacific Northwest using the following methods: (a) 10 audiotaped, semistructured interviews with clientele; (b) observation of microcredit groups four times a month for 6 months; (c) conversations with organization executive directors; and (d) review of organizational documents. The participants were women 32 to 64 years of age who had received one or more loans from the microcredit organization. Findings: Four broad themes emerged from the data: (a) Microcredit: The introduction; (b) Microcredit: The place; (c) Stereotypes; and (d) Health. Despite the challenges associated with participation, all of the study participants were enthusiastic about the advantages of microcredit and would recommend it to others. Conclusions: Many international microcredit organizations have incorporated health care and health education into their programs and have reported successful economic and social outcomes for women. In the United States (US), reports are varied, and there is a lack of literature that explores the economic and health link that is addressed in some international microcredit literature. The findings from this study might be used to initiate discussions around conjoint health education programs and microcredit as a health intervention. Clinical Relevance: Nurses, as a trusted presence in the community, are in a position to partner with microcredit organizations to improve the health of clientele.
Suffering in a productive world: Chronic illness, visibility, and the space beyond agency
Authors: HAY M. CAMERON 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTIs coping with illness really a matter of agency? Drawing on ethnographic research among people with rheumatological and neurological chronic diseases in the United States, I argue that patients’ coping strategies were informed by a cultural expectation of productivity that I call the “John Wayne Model,” indexing disease as something to be worked through and controlled. People able to adopt a John Wayne–like approach experienced social approval. Yet some people found this cultural model impossible to utilize and experienced their lack of agency in the face of illness as increasing their suffering, which was made all the worse if their sickness was invisible to others. Unable to follow the culturally legitimated John Wayne model, people fell into what I call the “Cultured Response”—the realm beyond the agency embedded in cultural models, in which people do not resist but embrace as ideal the cultural expectations they cannot meet and that oppress their sense of value in the world. [suffering, cultural models, agency, chronic illness, United States, cultural anthropology, medical anthropology]
Mediating “The Voice of the Spirit”: Musical and religious transformations in Nigeria's oil boom
Authors: BRENNAN VICKI L. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine a musical recording made by a Yoruba Christian church in the context of Nigeria's oil boom in the 1970s. I focus on the recording as a node of mediation: a site at which multiple forms of mediation converge to bring together institutional orders and individual subjectivities. Those responsible for the recording drew on meaningful cultural forms—in this case, religion, music, and electronic media—to make authoritative claims about morality and experience in the context of profound social change. I seek to understand how religious groups use media to create links between political‐economic transformations and individual experience. [Nigeria, Christianity, mediation, music, religious authority, political economy]
Guillain‐Barré syndrome in a child with pain: lessons learned from a late diagnosis
Authors: Pier Danielle B. , Hallbergson Anna , Peters Jurriaan M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChildren with Guillain‐Barré Syndrome (GBS) often do not present like adults with an ascending paralysis and sensory abnormalities, but typically have pain and gait difficulties as predominant symptoms. We present a case of paediatric GBS that was not diagnosed until late in the course because of limited neurological examination, erroneous interpretation of newly acquired data and insufficient familiarity with the disorder in children. Through this case, essentials of paediatric GBS are reviewed.Conclusion:  pain and gait difficulties can be the main features of paediatric GBS at presentation. In addition, a comprehensive neurological exam in any case of weakness or diffuse pain combined with ongoing critical interpretation of a disease course allows for adjustment of a preliminary diagnosis towards a potentially life‐threatening disease.
Impact of chorioamnionitis and preeclampsia on neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants below 32 weeks gestational age
Authors: Schlapbach Luregn J , Ersch Jörg , Adams Mark , Bernet Vera , Bucher Hans Ulrich , Latal Beatrice 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAim:  Intrauterine conditions may interfere with foetal brain development. We compared the neurodevelopmental outcome between infants <32 weeks gestational age after maternal preeclampsia or chorioamnionitis and controls.Methods:  Case‐control study on infants with maternal preeclampsia, chorioamnionitis and controls (each n = 33) matched for gestational age. Neurodevelopment at 2 years was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II.Results:  A total of 99 infants were included with a median gestational age of 29 weeks (range 25–32). Median mental developmental index (MDI) was 96 in the control, 90 in the chorioamnionitis and 86 in the preeclampsia group. Preeclampsia infants had a lower MDI compared with the control group (univariate p = 0.021, multivariate p = 0.183) and with the chorioamnionitis group (univariate p = 0.242; multivariate p = 0.027). Median psychomotor index was 80.5 in the control, 80 in the preeclampsia and 85 in the chorioamnionitis group and was not different between these three groups (p > 0.05). Chorioamnionitis or preeclampsia exposure was not associated with major neurodevelopmental impairments (cerebral palsy, MDI<70, PDI<70).Conclusion:  The results of this preliminary study suggest that preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis play a relatively minor role among risk factors for adverse neurodevelopment outcome. Postnatal factors such as ventilation and bronchopulmonary dysplasia may have a greater impact on neurodevelopmental outcome.