bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notions directrices et architectonique de la métaphysique. La critique kantienne de Wolff en 1763
Authors: Buchenau Stefanie 
Published: December 2011

Cet article cherche à reconstituer la thèse de Christian Wolff sur l’évidence (Deutlichkeit) des principes métaphysiques, dans un article de 1729 sur les « Notions directrices et le véritable usage de la première science », qui offre une référence centrale (et méconnue aujourd’hui) aux répondants du concours de 1762-1763, dont Kant. Wolff affirme en effet que la métaphysique est susceptible d’une certitude égale voire supérieure à celle des mathématiques et qu’elle diffuse cette certitude à travers toutes les autres disciplines ; c’est cette thèse forte qu’il s’agira précisément de questionner en 1763. Une lecture plus attentive de l’article de Wolff permet d’en dégager certaines prémisses. La thèse de Wolff sur la certitude mathématique de la métaphysique est fondée sur un renversement de l’ordre de priorité entre métaphysique (ontologie) et mathématiques. Selon Wolff qui, dans son débat avec les mathématiques, s’appuie notamment sur la géométrie euclidienne, ce sont des notions métaphysiques qui fondent la validité des règles mathématiques et logiques. Des notions comme « identité », « chose », « possibilité », etc., possèdent en effet un statut « directeur » ou méthodique, dirigeant l’esprit sur le chemin de la connaissance et, sous une forme systématisée, composent une ontologie moderne et « architectonique ». La restitution de ce cadre permet de mieux voir la continuité méthodologique entre Wolff et Kant. En effet, même si Kant conteste la validité de quelques-uns de ces concepts, les modalités de leur systématisation et l’équation entre science architectonique et ontologie, sa Recherche sur l’évidence des principes s’inscrit à l’intérieur du programme, esquissé par Wolff, de la fondation d’une métaphysique architectonique contenant un tableau de concepts directeurs. De ce point de vue, Kant s’avère plus tributaire de la méthode wolffienne qu’il n’est supposé communément, et leur débat gagne en profondeur.
Akt Induces Osteoclast Differentiation through Regulating the GSK3β/NFATc1 Signaling Cascade
Authors: Moon Jang Bae , Kim Jung Ha , Kim Kabsun , Youn Bang Ung , Ko Aeran , Lee Soo Young , Kim Nacksung 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
SHIP is an SH2-containing inositol-5-phosphatase expressed in hematopoietic cells. It hydrolyzes the PI3K product PI(3,4,5)P3 and blunts the PI3K-initiated signaling pathway. Although the PI3K/Akt pathway has been shown to be important for osteoclastogenesis, the molecular events involved in osteoclast differentiation have not been revealed. We demonstrate that Akt induces osteoclast differentiation through regulating the GSK3β/NFATc1 signaling cascade. Inhibition of the PI3K by LY294002 reduces formation of osteoclasts and attenuates the expression of NFATc1, but not that of c-Fos. Conversely, overexpression of Akt in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) strongly induced NFATc1 expression without affecting c-Fos expression, suggesting that PI3K/Akt-mediated NFATc1 induction is independent of c-Fos during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. In addition, we found that overexpression of Akt enhances formation of an inactive form of GSK3β (phospho-GSK3β) and nuclear localization of NFATc1, and that overexpression of a constitutively active form of GSK3β attenuates osteoclast formation through downregulation of NFATc1. Furthermore, BMMs from SHIP knockout mice show the increased expression levels of phospho-Akt and phospho-GSK3β, as well as the enhanced osteoclastogenesis, compared with wild type. However, overexpression of a constitutively active form of GSK3β attenuates RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation from SHIP-deficient BMMs. Our data suggest that the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/NFATc1 signaling axis plays an important role in RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis.
Eosinophils Preserve Parasitic Nematode Larvae by Regulating Local Immunity
Authors: Gebreselassie Nebiat G. , Moorhead Andrew R. , Fabre Valeria , Gagliardo Lucille F. , Lee Nancy A. , Lee James J. , Appleton Judith A. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Eosinophils play important roles in regulation of cellular responses under conditions of homeostasis or infection. Intestinal infection with the parasitic nematode, Trichinella spiralis, induces a pronounced eosinophilia that coincides with establishment of larval stages in skeletal muscle. We have shown previously that in mouse strains in which the eosinophil lineage is ablated, large numbers of T. spiralis larvae are killed by NO, implicating the eosinophil as an immune regulator. In this report, we show that parasite death in eosinophil-ablated mice correlates with reduced recruitment of IL-4+ T cells and enhanced recruitment of inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-producing neutrophils to infected muscle, as well as increased iNOS in local F4/80+CD11b+Ly6C+ macrophages. Actively growing T. spiralis larvae were susceptible to killing by NO in vitro, whereas mature larvae were highly resistant. Growth of larvae was impaired in eosinophil-ablated mice, potentially extending the period of susceptibility to the effects of NO and enhancing parasite clearance. Transfer of eosinophils into eosinophil-ablated ΔdblGATA mice restored larval growth and survival. Regulation of immunity was not dependent upon eosinophil peroxidase or major basic protein 1 and did not correlate with activity of the IDO pathway. Our results suggest that eosinophils support parasite growth and survival by promoting accumulation of Th2 cells and preventing induction of iNOS in macrophages and neutrophils. These findings begin to define the cellular interactions that occur at an extraintestinal site of nematode infection in which the eosinophil functions as a pivotal regulator of immunity.
The Financial Impact of Smoking on Health-Related Costs: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Max Wendy 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To summarize our knowledge of the economic impact of smoking on health-related outcomes and to discuss the quality of this evidence. The potential effect of smoking-related health promotion programs on reducing costs is discussed. Data Sources. Studies reviewed were cited in recently published reviews, identified through database searches of MEDLINE/HealthSTAR, PsychINFO, and ABI/Inform or obtained from reference lists of other studies. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Included are studies of the health care and other costs of smoking published in English in peer-reviewed journals during the last 20 years. Studies of annual and lifetime costs are included as are studies of employer costs. Forty-nine studies were reviewed. Data Extraction Methods. Data extracted were total costs, medical care and other direct costs, lost productivity, and mortality costs. Underlying methodologies were described and compared. Data Synthesis. The annual cost of smoking is between 6 and 14% of personal health expenditures. Estimates have increased over time, reflecting better and more comprehensive methodologies. Smoking appears to result in increased lifetime costs, although some studies have found contrary results. In the workplace, smokers incur greater medical costs and more lost productivity than nonsmokers. They also impose costs on their nonsmoking coworkers. Major Conclusions. The overwhelming body of evidence in the literature asserts that smoking imposes costs on an annual basis, that it leads to increased medical costs over the life span, and that many of these costs are borne by employers. Although the methods for studying this issue have evolved over time and are presently quite comprehensive, future research is needed to further substantiate the findings and develop further refinements.
Shining Lights: Studies That Have Most Influenced the Understanding of Health Promotion's Financial Impact
Authors: Golaszewski Thomas 
Published: December 2011

Purpose. To examine the literature from the past 20 years and identify those studies that support the economic merit of health promotion. Data Source. A panel of experts was used to identify the top studies supporting the purpose of this article. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Studies were chosen based on the following criteria: the study (1) examined the relationship between health risks and financial outcomes, or health promotion programs and financial outcomes; (2) provided strong and compelling financial data supporting the worth of health promotion; (3) had a high-quality methodology; (4) answered an important question or replicated important findings with superior methodology; and (5) represented U.S.-based initiatives published since 1980. After initially nominating a group of studies for consideration, panelists rated each on a scale from 1 to 3 representing their opinion of importance. Studies rating the highest were included for this discussion. Data Extraction Methods. Studies were analyzed by population characteristics, design, statistical tests, limitations, and results. This information was summarized for each identified article. Major Conclusions. A relationship between modifiable health risk factors and health care costs is supported by research. Health promotion interventions appear to provide positive financial returns, most notably for health care costs and absenteeism reduction. Private sector initiatives seem to be driving economic-based research. Overall, health promotion shows promising results for providing financial advantages for its sponsors; however, if this discipline is to show its true worth, considerable funding is needed from government or philanthropic sources to cover the substantial costs of quality research.
Prevalence of Abnormalities Influences Cytologists' Error Rates in Screening for Cervical Cancer
Authors: Evans Karla K , Tambouret Rosemary H , Evered Andrew , Wilbur David C , Wolfe Jeremy M 
Published: December 2011

Context.—Medical screening tasks are often difficult, visual searches with low target prevalence (low rates of disease). Under laboratory conditions, when targets are rare, nonexpert searchers show decreases in false-positive results and increases in false-negative results compared with results when targets are common. This prevalence effect is not due to vigilance failures or target unfamiliarity.
Objective.—To determine whether prevalence effects could be a source of elevated false-negative errors in medical experts.
Design.—We studied 2 groups of cytologists involved in cervical cancer screening (Boston, Massachusetts, and South Wales, UK). Cytologists evaluated photomicrographs of cells at low (2% or 5%) or higher (50%) rates of abnormality prevalence. Two versions of the experiment were performed. The Boston, Massachusetts, group made decisions of normal or abnormal findings using a 4-point rating scale. Additionally, the group from South Wales localized apparent abnormalities.
Results.—In both groups, there is evidence for prevalence effects. False-negative errors were 17% (higher prevalence), rising to 30% (low prevalence) in the Boston, Massachusetts, group. The error rate was 27% (higher prevalence), rising to 42% (low prevalence) in the South Wales group. (Comparisons between the 2 groups are not meaningful because the stimulus sets were different.)
Conclusions.—These results provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that experts are not immune to the effects of prevalence even with stimuli from their domain of expertise. Prevalence is a factor to consider in screening for disease by human observers and has significant implications for cytology-based cervical cancer screening in the post–human papillomavirus vaccine era, when prevalence rates of high-grade lesions in the population are expected to decline.
Evaluation of Weight Reducing Effect of Evening Primrose Oil
Authors: Riaz Azra , Khan Rafeeq Alam , Siddiqi Afaq Ahmed , Mirza Talat 
Published: December 2011

Weight reducing effect of Evening primrose oil in healthy rabbits was assessed following administration of EPO for 60 days in the doses of 90, 180 and 360 ul/Kg. Reduction in weight might be due to significant decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, blood glucose and increase in HDL-C.
Biomineralization: Self‐Assembly Processes
Authors: Yu Shu‐Hong , Chen Shaofeng 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article focuses on biomineralization processing involving nanoparticle self‐assembly. Biomineralization is a process of depositing inorganic or inorganic–organic hybrid materials as complex shapes or as hierarchical structures on various size scales having unique properties. Emerging nonclassical crystallization methods of self‐assembly are summarized, including oriented attachment, mesocrystal growth from amorphous precursors, and polymer particle assembly from polymer‐induced liquid precursors. Recent progress in understanding biomineralization in nature and biomimetic mineralization via nanoparticle self‐assembly directed by organic molecules is summarized. Crystallization in organisms commonly involves biopolymer‐induced nucleation and growth, self‐assembly of nanobuilding blocks, and organization of amorphous precursors. A better understanding of biomineralization in organisms and self‐assembly process, in general, will lead to the rational design and synthesis of functional materials having well‐defined hierarchical structures, controlled length scales, and desired properties under environment‐friendly conditions.
Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry: Ligand Design Objectives and Principles
Authors: Thompson Katherine H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMetal‐based pharmaceutical agents are composed of one or more metal ions and at least one ligand. Additional molecular substituents may include targeting moieties, linking groups, antioxidants, or pendant carbohydrates, or some combination of these. There are two main applications of metal‐based pharmaceutical agents: diagnostic and therapeutic. Ligand requirements for the two streams of development differ in some important ways, but are still based on the same basic principles for molecular design, including consideration of thermodynamic and hydrolytic stability, pharmacokinetics, molecular weight and charge, lipophilicity and hydrophilicity, aqueous solubility, functional groups, and ligand nontoxicity (sometimes achieved by using naturally occurring binding groups). Examples of the principles that are discussed in this article include Gd(III)‐based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, Cu(II)‐clotrimazole, proposed as an antiparasitic agent,67Ga‐citrate for tumor imaging, and99 mTc(I)‐sestamibi for cardiac imaging.
Hemophore
Has
A
Authors: Izadi‐Pruneyre Nadia , Wolff Nicolas , Delepierre Muriel , Lecroisey Anne 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

To satisfy their iron needs, several gram‐negative bacteria use a heme uptake system that relies on the secretion in the extracellular medium of heme‐binding proteins called
HasA hemophores
. These proteins scavenge heme from the host, either free or hemoprotein‐bound, and shuttle it to a specific outer membrane transporter, HasR, whereby it is internalized by a TonB‐dependent process and then used as an iron source. HasA hemophores form a family of highly conserved 19–20 kDa proteins without either sequential or structural similarities to other known proteins.

The HasA hemophore from

Serratia marcescens

, the most deeply studied, is described here with a special focus on its heme binding site and its unusual pair of axial ligands, a histidine and a tyrosine. The spectroscopic properties and the structures of the heme loaded and unloaded hemophore, free or complexed to the HasR transporter are presented. The mechanisms of heme capture by the hemophore and heme transfer to HasR are discussed.
Electrospinning and Imaging
Authors: Merritt Sonia R. , Exner Agata A. , Lee Zhenghong , von Recum Horst A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPolymer processing via electrospinning is a cost effective and scalable method for preparing nanofibers with industrial, electrical, and biomedical applications, particularly tissue engineering and drug delivery. Characterization methods for these fibers include microscopy techniques for vitro surface morphology information, spectroscopy methods to determine in vitro chemical composition, and medical imaging tools for in vivo assessment of morphology and efficacy of implanted material. The focus of this paper is be on recent applications for electrospun nanofibers, in vitro characterization methods, and medical imaging modalities that can be used for in vivo assessment of the fibers, as well as insights in how to adapt existing techniques toward the characterization of electrospun materials.
Nanokristalle mit wohldefinierten Kristallflächen für die Katalyse
Authors: Zhou Kebin , Li Yadong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMithilfe von Bottom‐Up‐Verfahren können die Zusammensetzung, Größe und Form jedes beliebigen Nanokristalls gleichmäßig gesteuert werden. Die Erforschung formkontrollierter Nanokristalle hat gezeigt, dass die katalytischen Eigenschaften dieser Materialien wegen ihrer wohldefinierten Kristallflächen nicht nur von der Größe, sondern auch von der Form der Nanokristalle bestimmt werden. Diese Erkenntnis ist für die moderne Heterogenkatalyseforschung von großer Bedeutung: Erstens könnte damit eine rationale Synthese von Katalysatoren ermöglicht werden, da sich die gewünschte katalytische Aktivität und Selektivität mithilfe einer einfachen Regulierung der Größe (d. h. der exponierten Kristallflächen) des Nanokristalls einstellen lassen. Zweitens sind formkontrollierte Nanokristalle einfachere Systeme als herkömmliche, komplexe Festkörper und könnten daher als neuartige Modellkatalysatoren die Lücke zwischen Modelloberflächen und realen Katalysatoren schließen.
Functional analyses of RET mutations in Chinese hirschsprung disease patients
Authors: Leon Thomas Y.Y. , So Man‐Ting , Lui Vincent C.H. , Hofstra Robert M.W. , Tam Paul K.H. , Ngan Elly S.W. , Garcia‐Barceló Maria‐Mercè 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDHirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disease characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in various length of distal digestive tract. The rearranged during transfection gene (RET) is considered the major gene in HSCR. Although an increasing number of HSCR‐associated RET coding sequence (CDS) mutations have been identified in recent years, not many have been investigated for functional consequence on the RET protein.METHODS and RESULTSWe examined the functional implications of the de novo RET‐CDS mutations V145G, Y483X, V636fsX1, and F961L that we first identified in sporadic Chinese patients with HSCR. The V145G disrupted RET glycosylation and F961L RET phosphorylation. Presumably, the truncation mutations would affect the translocation or the anchoring of the RET protein onto the cellular membrane.CONCLUSIONThe study of RET‐CDS mutations that appear de novo is essential not only for understanding the mechanistic of the disease but also for penetrance and recurrence risk estimations, being the ultimate goal for the improvement in disease management and counseling. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen Excess in the “114” Cobaltite Hexagonal Structure: The Ferrimagnet CaBaCo4O7.50.
Authors: Pralong V. , Caignaert V. , Sarkar T. , Lebedev O. I. , Duffort V. , Raveau B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe title compound is obtained by oxidation of CaBaCo4O7 either electrochemically in alkaline medium or by reaction with an aqueous solution of NaClO.
ChemInform Abstract: Host‐Sensitized Emission of LiInW2O8 Wolframites: From Red‐Eu3+ to White‐Dy3+ Phosphors.
Authors: Naidu S. Asiri , Boudin S. , Varadaraju U. V. , Raveau B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractUnder UV excitation, the LiInW2O8:Eu3+ phosphor exhibits an intense red emission and the LiInW2O8:Dy3+ and LiInW2O8:Dy3+/Eu3+ phosphors show white emission.
ChemInform Abstract: HP‐KB3O5 Highlights the Structural Diversity of Borates: Corner‐Sharing BO3/BO4 Groups in Combination with Edge‐Sharing BO4 Tetrahedra.
Authors: Neumair Stephanie C. , Vanicek Stefan , Kaindl Reinhard , Toebbens Daniel M. , Martineau Charlotte , Taulelle Francis , Senker Juergen , Huppertz Hubert 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe new high pressure compound KB3O5 is prepared from a stoichiometric mixture of K2CO3 and H3BO3 [1.) 900 °C, 12 h; 2.) 3 GPa, 600 °C, 10 min].
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Photoluminescence Properties of New Oxyborates, Mg5NbO3(BO3)3 and Mg5TaO3(BO3)3, with Novel Warwickite‐Type Superstructures.
Authors: Kawano Tetsuya , Yamane Hisanori 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe new title compounds are synthesized from mixtures of MgO, Nb2O5 or Ta2O5, and H3BO3 (1200 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Structural and Magnetic Characterization of BiFexMn2‐xO5 Oxides (x = 0.5, 1.0).
Authors: Retuerto M. , Martinez‐Lope M. J. , Krezhov K. , Fernandez‐Diaz M. T. , Alonso J. A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe new title compounds are prepared by the citrate route from stoichiometric amounts of Bi2O3, FeC2O4, and MnCO3 dissolved in citric acid (for x = 1.0: air, 800 °C, 15 h; for x = 0.5: 100 bar O2, 825 °C, 10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Synthesis of Poly‐Substituted Fluorine‐Containing Pyridines and Dihydropyrimidines via Cascade C—F Bond Cleavage Protocol.
Authors: Chen Zixian , Zhu Jiangtao , Xie Haibo , Li Shan , Wu Yongming , Gong Yuefa 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAnionic activation of fluoroalkyl groups in alkynes (I) leads to pyridines, e.g. (III), or pyrimidines such as (V) depending on the conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfated Zirconia: An Efficient Catalyst for Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Silyl Ethers under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Thirupathi Boningari , Prasad Avvari N. , Srinivas Rapelli , Reddy Benjaram M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractSulfated zirconia is successfully used as solid superacid catalyst for the O‐silylation of primary and secondary alcohols, phenols, and oximes.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Enantioselective Amination of α‐Ketoesters Catalyzed by an Axially Chiral Guanidine Base.
Authors: Terada Masahiro , Amagai Kei , Ando Kenichi , Kwon Eunsang , Ube Hitoshi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe reaction produces enantioenriched multifunctionalized ketoesters which can be readily derivatized to β‐amino‐α‐hydroxy esters with an aliphatic substituent at the β‐position.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Chemoselective N‐TBS Protection of Anilines under Exceptional Mild Conditions in the eco‐Friendly Solvent 2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran.
Authors: Pace Vittorio , Alcantara Andres R. , Holzer Wolfgang 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCompounds (III) and (V) are easily deprotected by means of silica gel in ethanol/water.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Synthesis of Phenols by Copper‐Catalyzed Hydroxylation of Aryl Iodides, Bromides, and Chlorides.
Authors: Yang Kai , Li Zheng , Wang Zhaoyang , Yao Zhiyi , Jiang Sheng 
Published: December 2011

AbstractUsing this method one‐pot formation of aryl alkyl ethers is possible.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in Water with a β‐Aminosulfonamide Organocatalyst.
Authors: Miura Tsuyoshi , Ina Mariko , Imai Kie , Nakashima Kosuke , Yasaku Yumi , Koyata Naka , Murakami Yasuoki , Imai Nobuyuki , Tada Norihiro , Itoh Akichika 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBest results are achieved performing the reaction in the presence of water instead of brine to afford the corresponding aldol products with anti‐selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Oxidative ortho‐Acylation of Benzamides with Aldehydes: Direct Functionalization of the sp2 C—H Bond.
Authors: Park Jihye , Park Eonjeong , Kim Aejin , Lee Youngil , Chi Ki‐Whan , Kwak Jong Hwan , Jung Young Hoon , Kim In Su 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe reaction allows an efficient access to a wide range of diaryl ketones.