bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serotonin pathway gene–gene and gene–environment interactions influence behavioral stress response in infant rhesus macaques
Authors: Kinnally Erin L. , Karere Genesio M. , Lyons Leslie A. , Mendoza Sally P. , Mason William A. , Capitanio John P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA subset of serotonin (5-HT) pathway polymorphisms has been shown to confer risk for psychological dysfunction, particularly in individuals who experience early adversity. Understanding the developmental processes underlying these Gene × Environment interactions will strengthen the search for risk factors for behavioral dysfunction. We investigated the combined influence of two serotonin pathway polymorphisms and species-atypical, and possibly adverse, rearing (nursery rearing [NR]) on two dimensions of behavioral stress response in infant rhesus macaques. We hypothesized that the experience of NR and possession of both “high-risk” genotypes (genotypes that are thought to confer low 5-HT function) would predict the greatest behavioral stress response to maternal/social separation. Using a matched-pair design, the impact of early experience and the serotonin transporter (rh5-HTTLPR) and monoamine oxidase A (rhMAO-A-LPR) promoter polymorphisms on behavioral reactivity of 136 infant rhesus macaques (90–120 days of age) during a 25-hr social separation/relocation procedure was assessed. Each pair included one infant reared with mother in a large, outdoor field enclosure (field rearing) and one infant reared in a nursery (NR). Pairs were matched for putative gene activity of each polymorphism, sex, age, and weight at testing. Behavioral responses in a “human intruder” test were recorded, and activity and emotional reactivity composites were created to detect different aspects of psychological adaptation to stress. Our hypothesis that high-risk groups would be the most reactive to stress was not entirely borne out. Rh5-HTTLPR × rhMAOA-LPR interactions predicted emotional reactivity and tended to predict behavioral activity scores. Carriers of the two “low-risk” alleles exhibited the lowest behavioral activity, as might be predicted, but carriers of both “high-risk” alleles were two of four genotype groups exhibiting the highest observed Emotional Reactivity. Gene × Gene interactions were exacerbated by the experience of nursery rearing, as predicted, however. Finally, we suggest that genetic or environmental factors may mitigate the risk for behavioral dysregulation illustrated in the patterns of behavioral activity and emotional reactivity displayed by infants.
Autonomic reactivity in relation to attachment and early adversity among foster children
Authors: Oosterman Mirjam , De Schipper J. Clasien , Fisher Philip , Dozier Mary , Schuengel Carlo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis study examined whether the quality of relationships with foster caregivers was associated with autonomic nervous system reactivity of children during separation and reunion with their foster caregiver. Moreover, effects of early adversity were examined in relation to attachment and autonomic nervous system reactivity. The sample included 60 children between 26 and 88 months of age, who participated with their primary foster caregivers in the Strange Situation. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia and preejection period were measured as indicators of parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system reactivity, respectively. Attachment quality (ordered/disordered and secure/insecure attachment), was coded on the basis of children's behavior in the Strange Situation using the Cassidy and Marvin coding system. Children with a background of neglect and those with disordered (disorganized–controlling or insecure–other) attachment showed most sympathetic reactivity during the procedure. Moreover, children with disordered attachment showed less vagal regulation (respiratory sinus arrhythmia decreases on separation and increases on reunion) than children with ordered attachment. The findings show that the quality of relationships with current caregivers, and to a lesser extent specific experiences of neglect, may have an impact on children's abilities to regulate emotions in the context of environmental stress and challenges.
Predicting emotional and social competence during early childhood from toddler risk and maternal behavior
Authors: Blandon Alysia Y. , Calkins Susan D. , Keane Susan P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe longitudinal associations between maternal parenting behavior and toddler risk with children's emotional and social competence were examined during the transition to kindergarten, in a sample of 253 children. Toddler risk was characterized by early externalizing behavior and poor emotion regulation skills. Given that we were interested in the multiple pathways that may result in emotional and social competence, we examined the interactions among maternal parenting behavior and toddler risk. There were some significant interactions, although the pattern of results was not consistent across all competence outcomes. Maternal parenting behavior was not directly associated with children's emotional and social competence. In some instances, maternal control has differential implications for children's emotional and social competence dependent upon the child's level of early risk and maternal positive parenting. Specifically, maternal control tended to be more detrimental for children's emotional competence during the transition to kindergarten, when children exhibit higher levels of risk. Overall, it appears that there are multiple developmental pathways, depending on child and maternal characteristics that lead to early emotional and social competence.
Ott: Effective tool support for the working semanticist
Authors: SEWELL PETER , NARDELLI FRANCESCO ZAPPA , OWENS SCOTT , PESKINE GILLES , RIDGE THOMAS , SARKAR SUSMIT , STRNIŠA ROK 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSemantic definitions of full-scale programming languages are rarely given, despite the many potential benefits. Partly this is because the available metalanguages for expressing semantics – usually either for informal mathematics or the formal mathematics of a proof assistant – make it much harder than necessary to work with large definitions. We present a metalanguage specifically designed for this problem, and a tool, Ott, that sanity-checks such definitions and compiles them into proof assistant code for Coq, HOL, and Isabelle/HOL, together with code for production-quality typesetting, and OCaml boilerplate. The main innovations are (1) metalanguage design to make definitions concise, and easy to read and edit; (2) an expressive but intuitive metalanguage for specifying binding structures; and (3) compilation to proof assistant code. This has been tested in substantial case studies, including modular specifications of calculi from the TAPL text, a Lightweight Java with Java JSR 277/294 module system proposals, and a large fragment of OCaml (OCamllight, 310 rules), with mechanised proofs of various soundness results. Our aim with this work is to enable a phase change: making it feasible to work routinely, without heroic effort, with rigorous semantic definitions of realistic languages.
Pour une approche contrastive des formes nominales d'adresse
Authors: KERBRAT-ORECCHIONI CATHERINE 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTLes normes qui régissent l'emploi des termes d'adresse, et plus spécialement celui des ‘formes nominales d'adresse’, varient d'une langue et d'une culture à l'autre, ce qui peut engendrer certains problèmes dans les échanges interculturels. Cet article présente les grandes lignes d'une recherche collective portant sur la description de ces FNA envisagées dans une perspective contrastive. Après avoir examiné le cas des interactions dans les petits commerces en France et dans différents pays arabophones, on présentera quelques résultats plus généraux qui ressortent de cette recherche en cours.
Cost-effective provision of environmental services: the role of relaxing market constraints
Authors: GROOM BEN , PALMER CHARLES 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTFerraro and Simpson (2002) argue that when markets are competitive, payments for environmental services (PES) are more cost-effective in achieving environmental goals than more indirect approaches such as subsidies to capital. However, when eco-entrepreneurs face non-price rationing in input or output markets, as is typical for credit in developing countries for example, we show that interventions which relax constraints can be more cost-effective than PES. One corollary of this is that such indirect approaches are preferred to PES by interveners (e.g., donors) and eco-entrepreneurs alike. Both of these outcomes are more likely when constraints are severe. This has implications for schemes with dual environment and poverty alleviation objectives.
Legume consumption and severe depressed mood, the modifying roles of gender and menopausal status
Authors: Li Yanfeng , Dai Qi , Tedders Stuart H , Arroyo Cassandra , Zhang Jian 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveLegumes have been recommended as staple foods in the anticipation of disease prevention. However, the scientific evidence of their benefits, particularly on mental well-being, remains preliminary. We longitudinally assessed the association between legume consumption and the risk of severe depressed mood (SDM) among a national cohort.DesignThe study included adults aged 25–74 years who were examined in 1971–1975 as a part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Legume consumption at baseline was obtained from a 3-month FFQ and categorised as infrequent (<1 time/week), moderate (1–2 times/week) and frequent (≥3 times/week). SDM was defined as Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale score ≥22 or taking anti-depression medication after an average of 10·6 years of follow-up (from 8·0 to 12·5 years).ResultsAmong women, the proportion of individuals with SDM was 17·75 %. For premenopausal women (n1778), a significant linear trend of deleterious effect from legume consumption was observed (Pfor trend = 0·0148). The relative risks (RR) for infrequent, moderate and frequent consumptions were 1 (reference), 1·24 (95 % CI = 0·91, 1·70) and 1·75 (1·12, 2·75), respectively. However, moderate consumption showed a significant protective effect (RR = 0·52 (0·27, 1·00)) among women undergoing the menopausal transition (n454). No association was obtained from either postmenopausal women (n601) or men (n2036).ConclusionsThese findings suggest that gender and menopausal status were effect modifiers of the association between legume consumption and SDM. Detrimental effects of frequent consumption of legumes may exist among premenopausal women; moderate consumption, however, may protect perimenopausal women against SDM.
BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2is associated with a younger age of onset of overweight and a high prevalence of adverse metabolic profiles
Authors: O’Connell Jean , Kieran Phillip , Gorman Kathleen , Ahern Tomas , Cawood Tom J , O’Shea Donal 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo study the demographic and clinical parameters of three different categories of obesity, with particular focus on a cohort of individuals with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2, the fastest growing category of obesity.DesignOver 700 obese individuals were studied (186 with BMI = 30–39 kg/m2, 316 with BMI = 40–49 kg/m2and 290 with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2).ResultsMedian BMI was 51 kg/m2for patients who reported onset of overweight before 15 years of age, 47 kg/m2for patients who reported onset between 15 and 30 years, and 42 kg/m2for patients who became overweight after 30 years of age. The BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2group was notably younger than the group with BMI = 30–39 kg/m2(44 (sd11) yearsv. 50 (sd15) years;P< 0·0001). Eighteen per cent of obese patients studied were considered metabolically healthy according to standard cut-off points for blood pressure, fasting glucose and lipid profiles. However, the proportion of metabolically healthy individuals was significantly higher in the BMI = 30–39 kg/m2group than in the BMI = 40–49 kg/m2and BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2groups (31 %v. 17 % and 12 % respectively;P< 0·05 andP< 0·005). When compared with people of similar age in the general population, individuals with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m2had lower rates of marriage (51 %v. 72 %) and a higher prevalence of unemployment (14 %v. 5 %).ConclusionsThe current study suggests that the increasing prevalence of childhood obesity worldwide will lead to many more individuals achieving a higher BMI at a younger age. Furthermore, an earlier onset of overweight does not appear to prevent the adverse metabolic health outcomes associated with extreme obesity.
Bacterial and Mineral Elements in an Arctic Biofilm: A Correlative Study Using Fluorescence and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Clarke Samuel , Mielke Randall E. , Neal Andrea , Holden Patricia , Nadeau Jay L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFew simple labeling methods exist for simultaneous fluorescence and electron microscopy of bacteria and biofilms. Here we describe the synthesis, characterization, and application of fluorescent nanoparticle quantum dot (QD) conjugates to target microbial species, including difficult to label Gram-negative strains. These QD conjugates impart contrast for both environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and fluorescence microscopy, permitting observation of living and fixed bacteria and biofilms. We apply these probes for studying biofilms extracted from perennial cold springs in the Canadian High Arctic, which is a particularly challenging system. In these biofilms, sulfur-metabolizing bacteria live in close association with unusual sulfur mineral formations. Following simple labeling protocols with the QD conjugates, we are able to image these organisms in fully-hydrated samples and visualize their relationship to the sulfur minerals using both ESEM and fluorescence microscopy. We then use scanning transmission electron microscopy to observe precipitated sulfur around individual cells and within the biofilm lattice. All combined, this information sheds light on the possible mechanisms of biofilm and mineral structure formation. These new QD conjugates and techniques are highly transferable to many other microbiological applications, especially those involving Gram-negative bacteria, and can be used for correlated fluorescence and electron microscopy.
A Comparison between Bright Field and Phase-Contrast Image Analysis Techniques in Activated Sludge Morphological Characterization
Authors: Mesquita D.P. , Dias O. , Amaral A.L. , Ferreira E.C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDifferent approaches using microscopy image analysis procedures were employed for characterization of activated sludge systems. The approaches varied mainly on the type of visualization and acquisition method used for collection of data. In this context, this study focused on the comparison of the two most common acquisition methods: bright field and phase-contrast microscopy. Images were acquired from seven different wastewater treatment plants for a combined period of two years. Advantages and disadvantages of each acquisition technique and the results are discussed. Bright field microscopy proved to be more simple and inexpensive and provided the best overall results.
Chemistry‐based protein modification strategy for endocytic pathway analysis
Authors: Christiano Romain , Amessou Mohamed , Shi Getao , Azoulay Michel , Blanpain Annick , Drobecq Hervé , Melnyk Oleg , Florent Jean‐Claude , Johannes Ludger 
Published: January 2010

Background information. The integrated analysis of intracellular trafficking pathways is one of the current challenges in the field of cell biology, and functional proteomics has become a powerful technique for the large‐scale identification of proteins or lipids and the elucidation of biological processes in their natural contexts. For this, new dynamic strategies must be devised to trace proteins that follow a specific pathway such that their initial and final destinations can be detected by automated means.Results. Here, we report a novel vectorial strategy for trafficking pathway analysis. This strategy is based on a chemical modification of plasma membrane proteins with a bSuPeR (biotinylated sulfation site peptide reagent) and metabolic labelling in the Golgi apparatus, such that plasma membrane proteins that traffic via the retrograde route become detectable in complex mixtures. Efficient synthesis schemes are presented for tailor‐made chemical tools that are then applied to the step‐by‐step validation of the strategy, using a known retrograde cargo protein: the STxB (Shiga toxin B‐subunit). bSuPeR modification at the plasma membrane does not affect STxB transport to the Golgi apparatus, where the protein is metabolically labelled, allowing its detection in cell lysates.Conclusions. Our vectorial concept proposes a new chemical approach for traffic‐based profiling of proteins that may prove to be applicable to the analysis of diverse endocytic pathways.
Structural basis of the oxidative activation of the carboxysomal γ-carbonic anhydrase, CcmM
Authors: Peña Kerry L. , Castel Stephane E. , de Araujo Charlotte , Espie George S. , Kimber Matthew S. 
Published: January 2010

Cyanobacterial RuBisCO is sequestered in large, icosahedral, protein-bounded microcompartments called carboxysomes. Bicarbonate is pumped into the cytosol, diffuses into the carboxysome through small pores in its shell, and is then converted to CO
2
by carbonic anhydrase (CA) prior to fixation. Paradoxically, many β-cyanobacteria, including
Thermosynechococcus elongatus
BP-1, lack the conventional carboxysomal β-CA,
ccaA
. The N-terminal domain of the carboxysomal protein CcmM is homologous to γ-CA from
Methanosarcina thermophila
(Cam) but recombinant CcmM derived from
ccaA
-containing cyanobacteria show no CA activity. We demonstrate here that either full length CcmM from
T. elongatus
, or a construct truncated after 209 residues (CcmM209), is active as a CA—the first catalytically active bacterial γ-CA reported. The 2.0 Å structure of CcmM209 reveals a trimeric, left-handed β-helix structure that closely resembles Cam, except that residues 198–207 form a third α-helix stabilized by an essential Cys194-Cys200 disulfide bond. Deleting residues 194–209 (CcmM193) results in an inactive protein whose 1.1 Å structure shows disordering of the N- and C-termini, and reorganization of the trimeric interface and active site. Under reducing conditions, CcmM209 is similarly partially disordered and inactive as a CA. CcmM protein in fresh
E. coli
cell extracts is inactive, implying that the cellular reducing machinery can reduce and inactivate CcmM, while diamide, a thiol oxidizing agent, activates the enzyme. Thus, like membrane-bound eukaryotic cellular compartments, the β-carboxysome appears to be able to maintain an oxidizing interior by precluding the entry of thioredoxin and other endogenous reducing agents.
A Quality Improvement Initiative to Reduce Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Bizzarro Matthew J. , Sabo Barbara , Noonan Melanie , Bonfiglio Mary-Pat , Northrup Veronika , Diefenbach Karen ,   Central Venous Catheter Initiative Committee
Published: January 2010

Objective.To reduce the rate of late-onset sepsis in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) by decreasing the rate of central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI).Methods.We conducted a quasi-experimental study of an educational intervention designed to improve the quality of clinical practice in an NICU. Participants included all NICU patients with a central venous catheter (CVC). Data were collected during the period from July 1, 2005, to June 30, 2007, to document existing CLABSI rates and CVC-related practices. A multidisciplinary quality improvement committee was established to review these and published data and to create guidelines for CVC placement and management. Educational efforts were conducted to implement these practices. Postintervention CLABSI rates were collected during the period from January 1, 2008, through March 31, 2009, and compared with preintervention data and with benchmark data from the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).Results.The rate of CLABSI in the NICU decreased from 8.40 to 1.28 cases per 1,000 central line–days (adjusted rate ratio, 0.19 [95% confidence interval, 0.08–0.45]). This rate was lower than the NHSN benchmark rate for level III NICUs. The overall rate of late-onset sepsis was reduced from 5.84 to 1.42 cases per 1,000 patient-days (rate difference, −4.42 cases per 1,000 patient-days [95% confidence interval, −5.55 to −3.30 cases per 1,000 patient-days]).Conclusions.It is possible to reduce the rate of CLABSI, and therefore the rate of late-onset sepsis, by establishing and adhering to evidence-based guidelines. Sustainability depends on continued data surveillance, knowledge of medical and nursing literature, and timely feedback to the staff. The techniques established are applicable to other populations and areas of inpatient care.
Factors Associated with Time to Acquisition of Bloodstream Infection in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: de Mello Maria Júlia Gonçalves , de Albuquerque Maria de Fátima Pessoa Militão , Ximenes Ricardo Arraes de Alencar , Lacerda Heloísa Ramos , Ferraz Eduardo Jaime Seara , Byington Rita , Barbosa Maria Tereza Serrano 
Published: January 2010

Objective.To evaluate the risk factors that influence time to acquisition of a laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection (LCBI).Design.Prospective cohort study with an 18-month follow-up.Setting.A 16-bed medical and/or surgical pediatric intensive care unit that cares for patients of the Brazilian Public Health System exclusively.Patients.We included children from 0 to 18 years old who were represented by 875 consecutive admissions to the pediatric intensive care unit from January 1, 2005, through June 30, 2006. The children from all but 5 (0.6%) of the admissions were followed up until discharge or death. The majority (506 [58.2%]) were hospitalized for surgical pathology, and 254 (29.2%) underwent heart surgery.Methods.We used a standardized questionnaire and data collection from daily charts. Information on risk factors was collected before the onset of first LCBI. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The effect of the variables on the risk of LCBI each day was estimated through a Cox model fitting.Results.Fifty-seven children (6.6%) developed an LCBI, 54 (94.7%) of whom made use of a central venous catheter. LCBI incidence was 11.27 episodes/1,000 patient-days and 17.92 episodes/1,000 patient-days when associated with a central venous catheter. Factors associated with time to the first LCBI in the Cox model were age less than 2 years (hazard ratio [HR], 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–3.89), malnutrition (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.01–3.00), use of a central venous catheter (HR, 4.36; 95% CI, 1.30–14.64), use of antibiotics before admission (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.33–0.98), and use of transfused blood products (HR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.22–0.74).Conclusion.Factors associated with time to acquisition of LCBI were age less than 2 years, weight-for-age z score less than −2, and the use of a central venous catheter. Therefore, intensification of LCBI prevention efforts in patients with these characteristics is fundamental.