bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal indication of cannabis use by means of THC glucuronide determination
Authors: Mareck Ute , Haenelt Nadine , Geyer Hans , Guddat Sven , Kamber Matthias , Brenneisen Rudolf , Thevis Mario , Schänzer Wilhelm 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAccording to the regulations of the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA), the use of cannabinoids is forbidden in competition. In doping controls, the detection of cannabinoid misuse is based on the analysis of the non‐psychoactive metabolite 11‐nor‐9‐carboxy‐delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (carboxy‐THC). The determination of values greater than 15 ng/mL in urine represents an adverse analytical finding; however, no accurate prediction of the time of application is possible as the half‐life of carboxy‐THC ranges between three and four days. Consequently the detection of carboxy‐THC in doping control urine samples collected in competition might also result from cannabis use in out‐of‐competition periods. The analysis of the glucuronide of the pharmacologically active delta 9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC‐gluc) may represent a complementary indicator for the detection of cannabis misuse in competition.An assay for the determination of THC‐gluc in human urine was established. The sample preparation consisted of liquid‐liquid extraction of urine specimens, and extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Authentic doping‐control urine samples as well as specimens obtained from a controlled smoking study were analysed and assay characteristics such as specificity, detection limit (0.1 ng/mL), precision (>90%), recovery (∼80%), and extraction efficiency (90%) were determined. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining the combinatorial model of motor neuron survival by expression profiling of trophic factors and their receptors in the embryonic Gallus gallus
Authors: Gu Wendy X.W. , Kania Artur 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDuring embryogenesis, limb‐innervating lateral motor column (LMC) spinal motor neurons (MN) are generated in excess and subsequently nearly half of them die. Many motor neuron survival factors (MnSFs) have been shown to suppress this default programmed cell death (PCD) program through their receptors (MnSFRs), raising the possibility that they are involved in matching specific MNs with their target muscles. Published observations suggest a combinatorial model of MnSF/Rs function, which assumes that during the PCD phase, MNs are expressing combinations of MnSFRs, whereas the limb muscles innervated by these MNs express cognate combinations of MnSFs. We tested this model by expression profiling of MnSFs and their receptors in the avian lumbosacral spinal cord and limb muscles during the peak PCD period. Our findings highlight the complexity of MnSF/Rs function in the control of LMC motor neuron survival. Developmental Dynamics 239:965–979, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibromodulin regulates collagen fibrillogenesis during peripheral corneal development
Authors: Chen Shoujun , Oldberg Ake , Chakravarti Shukti , Birk David E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFibromodulin regulates collagen fibrillogenesis, but its existence/role(s) in the cornea is controversial. We hypothesize that fibromodulin regulates fibrillogenesis during postnatal development of the anterior eye. Fibromodulin is weakly expressed in the limbus at post‐natal day (P) 4, increases and extends into the central cornea at P14, becomes restricted to the limbus at P30, and decreases at P60. This differential spatial and temporal expression of fibromodulin is coordinated with emmetropization; the developmental increase in axial length and globe size. Genetic analysis demonstrated that fibromodulin regulates fibrillogenesis in a region‐specific manner. At the limbus, fibromodulin is dominant in regulating fibril growth during postnatal development. In the posterior peripheral cornea, cooperative interactions of fibromodulin and lumican regulate fibrillogenesis. These data indicate that fibromodulin plays important roles in the regulation of region‐specific fibrillogenesis required for the integration of the corneal and scleral matrices and sulcus development required for establishment of the visual axis. Developmental Dynamics 239:844–854, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of cell cycle in retinal development: Cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors co‐ordinate cell‐cycle inhibition, cell‐fate determination and differentiation in the developing retina†
Authors: Bilitou Aikaterini , Ohnuma Shin‐ichi 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe mature retina is formed through multi‐step developmental processes, including eye field specification, optic vesicle evagination, and cell‐fate determination. Co‐ordination of these developmental events with cell‐proliferative activity is essential to achieve formation of proper retinal structure and function. In particular, the molecular and cellular dynamics of the final cell cycle significantly influence the identity that a cell acquires, since cell fate is largely determined at the final cell cycle for the production of postmitotic cells. This review summarizes our current understanding of the cellular mechanisms that underlie the co‐ordination of cell‐cycle and cell‐fate determination, and also describes a molecular role of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) as co‐ordinators of cell‐cycle arrest, cell‐fate determination and differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 239:727–736, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental biomarkers of aging in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Pincus Zachary , Slack Frank J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe developmental process of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is famously invariant; however, these animals have surprisingly variable lifespans, even in extremely homogenous environments. Inter‐individual differences in muscle‐function decline, accumulation of lipofuscin in the gut, internal growth of food bacteria, and ability to mobilize heat‐shock responses all appear to be predictive of a nematode's remaining lifespan; whether these are causal, or mere correlates of individual decline and death, has yet to be determined. Moreover, few “upstream” causes of inter‐individual variability have been identified. It may be the case that variability in lifespan is entirely due to stochastic damage accumulation; alternately, perhaps such variability has a developmental origin and/or genes involved in developmental canalization also act to buffer phenotypic heterogeneity later in life. We review these two hypotheses with an eye toward whether they can be experimentally differentiated. Developmental Dynamics 239:1306–1314, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐apoptotic cell death in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Vlachos Manolis , Tavernarakis Nektarios 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe simple nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans has been instrumental in deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis. Beyond apoptosis, several paradigms of non‐apoptotic cell death, either genetically or extrinsically triggered, have also been described in C. elegans. Remarkably, non‐apoptotic cell death in worms and pathological cell death in humans share numerous key features and mechanistic aspects. Such commonalities suggest that similarly to apoptosis, non‐apoptotic cell death mechanisms are also conserved, and render the worm a useful organism, in which to model and dissect human pathologies. Indeed, the genetic malleability and the sophisticated molecular tools available for C. elegans have contributed decisively to advance our understanding of non‐apoptotic cell death. Here, we review the literature on the various types of non‐apoptotic cell death in C. elegans and discuss the implications, relevant to pathological conditions in humans. Developmental Dynamics 239:1337–1351, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Water Concentration and Acidity on the Synthesis of Porous Chromium Benzenedicarboxylates
Authors: Khan Nazmul Abedin , Jun Jong Won , Jhung Sung Hwa 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn the present work, two metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), chromium benzenedicarboxylates MIL‐53 and MIL‐101, have been synthesized. A wide range of reaction conditions were explored in order to understand the effects of water concentration and acidity. It was found that MIL‐101 is preferentially obtained when the water content is high and the acidity is low. On the contrary, concentrated reactants and high acidity lead to the formation of MIL‐53. The steady conversion of MIL‐101 into MIL‐53 during the reaction, due to the difference in relative stability, was also confirmed. The effect of water may therefore be explained by the increase in reaction rate with increasing concentration of reactants. The MIL‐53 is selectively obtained at low water content, because the MIL‐101, a transient phase, even if formed initially, may be converted into MIL‐53 because of the high reaction rate. Relatively low acidity (a pH of about 3) is beneficial to the synthesis of MIL‐101 even though increased MIL‐53 yield was expected at low acidity due to the accelerated deprotonation of terephthalic acid. The selective formation of MIL‐101 at low acidity is probably because the concentration of a chromium trimer (the chromium species that is essential for the MIL‐101 structure) increases with increasing pH. The concentration of the Cr trimer is more important than the concentration of benzenedicarboxylate for the synthesis of MIL‐101.
Synthesis of α‐Alkynyl‐β,β,β‐trifluoroalanine Derivatives by Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Shchetnikov Grigorii T. , Zotova Maria A. , Bruneau Christian , Dixneuf Pierre H. , Osipov Sergey N. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn efficient route to new α‐CF3‐α‐amino acid derivatives bearing an arylalkynyl moiety at the α‐carbon atom has been developed. The method is based on palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of the corresponding α‐propargyl (ethynyl) α‐amino esters with aryl halides to afford the amino acid derivatives with an internal triple bond that is suitable for further modifications.
A Facile Synthesis of Lentiginosine Analogues Based on a Highly Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Allylic Amination Using Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate
Authors: Kim In Su , Li Qing Ri , Dong Guang Ri , Kim Yoo Chang , Hong Yeon Ju , Lee Momi , Chi Ki‐Whan , Oh Joa Sub , Jung Young Hoon 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe concise synthesis of the lentiginosine analogues pyrrolizidine alkaloid 2 and pyrroloazepine alkaloid 3 has been achieved from inexpensive and readily available D‐lyxose. The key steps in the synthesis included regio‐ and diastereoselective amination, inter‐ or intramolecular olefin metathesis, and Appel cyclization. The anti‐3,4‐amino alcohol 6, essential for the preparation of the title compounds 2 and 3, was synthesized by the regio‐ and diastereoselective amination of anti‐3,4‐tribenzyl ether 7 using chlorosulfonyl isocyanate. The reaction of 7 with chlorosulfonyl isocyanate in toluene at 0 °C afforded 6 exclusively with a diastereoselectivity of 26:1 in 84 % yield. These results can be explained by the neighboring‐group effect, which leads to retention of thestereochemistry.
Elucidating the identity of Anisakis larvae from a broad range of marine fishes from the Yellow Sea, China, using a combined electrophoretic‐sequencing approach
Authors: Du Chunxia , Zhang Luping , Shi Meiqing , Ming Zhu , Hu Min , Gasser Robin B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLarval nematodes were collected from marine fishes from the Yellow Sea, China. Specimens (n=1731) of Anisakis type I from 311 fishes (representing 40 species) were each identified based on morphological characters. From the genomic DNA from individual specimens, a region of nuclear ribosomal DNA was amplified by PCR, followed by digestion with restriction endonuclease HinfI, TaqI or HhaI. Subsequently, the ITS‐1 and ITS‐2 regions of selected samples were sequenced. The results revealed three species of Anisakis, namely Anisakis pegreffii (n=1709), A. typica (n=3) and a genotype (n=19) proposed, also based on comparison with previous studies, to be a “hybrid” between A. pegreffii and A. simplex sensu stricto. Thus, A. pegreffii was the dominant species, accounting for 98.7% of the total number of specimens examined herein. This is the first report of A. typica and the “hybrid” genotype from fishes from the Yellow Sea. This study provides important basic information on Anisakis in this region and suggests that the genus Anisakis has substantial host and geographical distributions.
Determination of malachite green in fish water samples by cloud‐point extraction coupled to cation‐selective exhaustive injection and sweeping‐MEKC
Authors: Luo Xubiao , Jiang Xin , Tu Xinman , Luo Shenglian , Yan Liushui , Chen Bo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe have employed a high‐sensitivity off‐line coupled with on‐line preconcentration method, cloud‐point extraction (CPE)/cation‐selective exhaustive injection (CSEI) and sweeping‐MEKC, for the analysis of malachite green. The variables that affect CPE were investigated. The optimal conditions were 250 g/L of Triton X‐100, 10% of Na2SO4 (w/v), heat‐assisted at 60°C for 20 min. We monitored the effects of several of the CSEI‐sweeping‐MEKC parameters – including the type of BGE, the concentrations of SDS, the injection length of the high‐conductivity buffer, and the injection time of the sample – to optimize the separation process. The optimal BGE was 50 mM citric acid (pH 2.2) containing 100 mM SDS. In addition, electrokinetic injection of the sample at 15 kV for 800 s provided both high separation efficiency and enhanced sweeping sensitivity. The sensitivity enhancement for malachite green was 1.9×104 relative to CZE; the coefficients of determination exceeded 0.9928. The LOD, based on an S/N of 3:1, of CSEI‐sweeping‐MEKC was 0.87 ng/mL; in contrast, when using off‐line CPE/CSEI‐sweeping‐MEKC the sensitivity increased to 69.6 pg/mL. This proposed method was successfully applied to determine trace amounts of malachite green in fish water samples.
A tale of two planets: geomorphology applied to Mars' surface, fluvio‐deltaic processes and landforms
Authors: Kleinhans Maarten G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDeltas on planet Mars record past climate, but so far a wide range of hypotheses for their formation have been proposed. The objective of this paper is to understand martian fan deltas, their formative conditions, evolution and formative duration, and implications for the past climate.As an introduction to Mars, physiographic provinces are described and unambiguous proof is listed for the presence of flowing water in the past, such as certain minerals, groundwater, catastrophic outflow channels, alluvial fans and fan deltas, distributary networks and glaciers. The climate history of Mars differs from that of Earth by having had much drier conditions than on Earth, extreme intermittency and extreme events, most of them billions of years ago.Tens of fan deltas, unchannelized fan deltas and stepped fans have been found in impact crater and other lakes. The stepped fans were likely formed by backstepping under fast rising lake levels and have no known terrestrial equivalent. The fan deltas were formed once the lake overflowed. Alluvial fans are much more numerous and formed with less water.The delta studies illustrate how major challenges of martian morphology and reconstruction of past conditions can be taken up most effectively by combinations of the available high‐resolution images and digital elevation models, terrestrial analogues, laboratory experiments and physics‐based models gleaned from geomorphology.To resolve formative mechanisms and time scale of martian fans and deltas, morphological distinctions between dense debris flows and dilute fluvial flows must be identified for both source and sink areas. Furthermore, the properties of the martian surface material are very poorly constrained but can be explored by modelling various mass wasting, fluvial and glacial phenomena and hydrology, and by experimentation with slightly cohesive sediment. Finally, the highly debated role of groundwater sapping in valley and delta formation on Mars should be explored experimentally. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithological and fluvial controls on the geomorphology of tropical montane stream channels in Puerto Rico
Authors: Pike Andrew S. , Scatena Frederick N. , Wohl Ellen E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAn extensive survey and topographic analysis of five watersheds draining the Luquillo Mountains in north‐eastern Puerto Rico was conducted to decouple the relative influences of lithologic and hydraulic forces in shaping the morphology of tropical montane stream channels. The Luquillo Mountains are a steep landscape composed of volcaniclastic and igneous rocks that exert a localized lithologic influence on the stream channels. However, the stream channels also experience strong hydraulic forcing due to high unit discharge in the humid rainforest environment. GIS‐based topographic analysis was used to examine channel profiles, and survey data were used to analyze downstream changes in channel geometry, grain sizes, stream power, and shear stresses. Results indicate that the longitudinal profiles are generally well graded but have concavities that reflect the influence of multiple rock types and colluvial‐alluvial transitions. Non‐fluvial processes, such as landslides, deliver coarse boulder‐sized sediment to the channels and may locally determine channel gradient and geometry. Median grain size is strongly related to drainage area and slope, and coarsens in the headwaters before fining in the downstream reaches; a pattern associated with a mid‐basin transition between colluvial and fluvial processes. Downstream hydraulic geometry relationships between discharge, width and velocity (although not depth) are well developed for all watersheds. Stream power displays a mid‐basin maximum in all basins, although the ratio of stream power to coarse grain size (indicative of hydraulic forcing) increases downstream. Excess dimensionless shear stress at bankfull flow wavers around the threshold for sediment mobility of the median grain size, and does not vary systematically with bankfull discharge; a common characteristic in self‐forming ‘threshold’ alluvial channels. The results suggest that although there is apparent bedrock and lithologic control on local reach‐scale channel morphology, strong fluvial forces acting over time have been sufficient to override boundary resistance and give rise to systematic basin‐scale patterns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Power quality state estimation
Authors: Watson Neville R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDue to the size and complexity of modern electrical power networks and the cost of monitoring and telecommunication equipment, it is unfeasible to fully monitor the system state. For this reason state estimation techniques are used. With strategically placed measurements, estimation techniques can determine the parameters at unmonitored locations. Fundamental frequency state estimation is now a standard tool in modern power systems. The emission and immunity levels of modern electrical equipment are different to that of the past, and this has resulted in power quality issues have become important. Knowledge of the source and location of the disturbances is desirable so that remedial action can be taken promptly. Recent contributions have extended the concept to: harmonic state estimation (HSE) and identification of harmonic sources, transient state estimation (TSE) and voltage sag state estimation (VSSE), which are all types of power quality state estimation (PQSE). This paper provides an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art techniques currently available for PQSE in a large electrical power system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pt and Sn Doped Sputtered CeO2 Electrodes for Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Matolín V. , Cabala M. , Matolínová I. , Škoda M. , Václavů M. , Prince K.C. , Skála T. , Mori T. , Yoshikawa H. , Yamashita Y. , Ueda S. , Kobayashi K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe interaction of Pt with CeO2 layers was investigated by using photoelectron spectroscopy. Thirty‐nanometre‐thick Pt and Sn doped CeO2 layers were deposited simultaneously by rf‐magnetron sputtering on a Si(001) substrate and a carbon diffusion layer of a polymer membrane fuel cell by using a composite CeO2–Pt–Sn target. The laboratory XPS and synchrotron radiation soft X‐ray and hard X‐ray photoemission spectra showed the formation of cerium oxide with completely ionised Pt2+,4+ species, and with Pt4+ embedded in the film bulk. Hydrogen/air fuel cell activity measurements normalised to the amount of Pt used revealed high specific power of up to 5.4 × 104 mW mg–1 (Pt). The activity of these materials is explained by the strong activity of embedded Ptn+ cations.
The early news catches the attention: On the relative price impact of similar economic indicators
Authors: Hess Dieter , Niessen Alexandra 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis study investigates why financial markets react to the release of some economic indicators while ignoring others with similar informational content. Based on a Bayesian learning model, we show that the market impact of an economic indicator depends crucially on its early availability. The sequential introduction of the two largest German business surveys provides a natural experiment by which the model's implications are tested empirically. We show that even a large and well‐established indicator loses market impact if a similar indicator is launched and released earlier. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 30:909–937, 2010
Spred2 inhibits TGF‐β1‐induced urokinase type plasminogen activator expression, cell motility and epithelial mesenchymal transition
Authors: Villar Victor , Kocić Jelena , Santibanez Juan F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTGF‐β1 is a potent inductor of malignance in cancer cells. TGF‐β1 stimulates the expression of extracellular matrix degrading proteases, cell migration and it is also involved in the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the present work, we analyzed the role of Spred2 in the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) stimulation, EMT and cell migration by TGF‐β1. We found that both the expression of mRNA and the protein level of Spred2 were lower in transformed keratinocytes PDV compared with immortalized keratinocytes MCA‐3D. The transient ectopic expression of Spred2 in PDV cells inhibited the TGF‐β1‐transactivated SRE‐Luc reporter which is related with the ERK1,2 signal. The stable ectopic expression of Spred2 in PDV cells (SP cells) led to the loss of ERK 1,2 activation by TGF‐β1, although Smad2 activation was not affected, and the knockdown of Spred2 enhanced the activation of ERK1,2 signal by TGF‐β1. The increment of uPA expression induced by TGF‐β1 was suppressed in SP cells. In contrast, the stimulus on PAI‐1 expression was not affected and comparable to parental PDV cells. SP cells under TGF‐β1 treatment were unable to display the EMT, since the overexpression of Spred2 abolished the TGF‐β1‐induced disruption of the E‐cadherin cell to cell interactions, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and upregulation of the mesenchymal marker vimentin. Finally, SP cells could not respond to the TGF‐β1 stimulus on cell migration. Taken together, the data in the present study suggests that Spred2 is a regulator of TGF‐β1‐induced malignance in transformed keratinocytes.