bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ge Pairs and Sb Ribbons in Rare‐Earth Germanium Antimonides RE12Ge7−xSb21 (RE=La–Pr)
Authors: Bie Haiying , Mar Arthur 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe ternary rare‐earth germanium antimonides RE12Ge7−xSb21 (RE=La–Pr; x=0.4–0.5) are synthesized by direct reactions of the elements. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies indicate that they adopt a new structure type (space group Immm, Z=2, a=4.3165(4)–4.2578(2) Å, b=15.2050(12)–14.9777(7) Å, c=34.443(3)–33.9376(16) Å in the progression from RE=La to Pr), integrating complex features found in RE6Ge5−xSb11+x and RE12Ga4Sb23. A three‐dimensional polyanionic framework, consisting of Ge pairs and Sb ribbons, outlines large channels occupied by columns of face‐sharing RE6 trigonal prisms. These trigonal prisms are centered by additional Ge and Sb atoms to form GeSb3 trigonal‐planar units. A bonding analysis attempted through a Zintl–Klemm approach suggests that full electron transfer from the RE atoms to the anionic substructure cannot be assumed. This is confirmed by band‐structure calculations, which also reveal the importance of GeSb and SbSb bonding. Magnetic measurements on Ce12Ge6.5Sb21 indicate antiferromagnetic coupling but no long‐range ordering down to 2 K.
A Zwitterionic Silylene as Reactive Intermediate and Its Unusual Dimerization to an N‐Heterobicyclic Disilane
Authors: Xiong Yun , Yao Shenglai , Driess Matthias 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA way to synthesize the transient zwitterionic silylene L′Si: 8 {L’=CH[(C=CH2)CMe(N(tBu))2]} and achieve its facile dimerization to the remarkable N‐heterobicyclic disilane 82 is described. At first, employing the β‐diketiminate ligand L [L=CH(CMeN(tBu))2], both starting materials LH (2) and its N‐lithium salt LLi (3) can react with SiBr4 to yield the silylene precursor L′SiBr2 (4) by silicon‐induced CH activation at an exocyclic methyl group on the backbone of the ligand. Compound 4 reacts with SiBr4 above room temperature to afford the unexpected terminal CH(SiBr3)‐substituted dibromosilane 6 along with the unique tricyclic trisilane 7. Reduction of 4 with KC8 at 0 °C furnishes the novel N‐heterobicyclic disilane 82, which is a formal dimer of the desired zwitterionic silylene L′Si: (8). It has been reasoned that compound 82 may results from [4+1] cycloaddition of two molecules of 8 to give the transient dimer 82′, which subsequently undergoes hydrogen transfer from a terminal methyl group on the backbone of the C3N2Si ligand to the low‐coordinate Si atom. The latter dimerization can be rationalized by the intrinsic zwitterionic character of 8 and insufficient steric protection through the tBu groups at the nitrogen atoms. The novel compounds 3, 4, 6, 7, and 82 have been characterized by 1H, 13C, and 29Si NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Additionally, the structures of 3, 6, 7, and 82 were also established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses.
Relative Stability of closo‐closo, closo‐nido, and nido‐nido Macropolyhedral Boranes: The Role of Orbital Compatibility
Authors: Shameema Oottikkal , Jemmis Eluvathingal D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe concept of orbital compatibility is used to explain the relative energies of different macropolyhedral structural patterns such as closo‐closo, closo‐nido, and nido‐nido. A large polyhedral borane condenses preferentially with a smaller polyhedron owing to orbital compatibility. Calculations carried out at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level show that the macropolyhedron closo(12)‐closo(6) is the most preferred structural pattern among the face‐sharing closo‐closo systems. The relative stabilities of four‐shared‐atom closo‐closo, three‐shared‐atom closo‐closo, three‐shared‐atom closo‐nido, edge‐sharing closo‐nido, and edge‐sharing nido‐nido structures are in accordance with the difference in the number of vertices of the individual polyhedra of the macropolyhedra. When the difference in the number of vertices of the individual polyhedra is large, the stability of the macropolyhedra is also large. Calculations further show that the orbital compatibility plays an important role in deciding the stability of the macropolyhedral boranes with more than two polyhedral units. The dependence of the orbital compatibility on the relative stability of the macropolyhedron varies with other factors such as inherent stability of the individual polyhedron and steric factors.
Toward an in situ phospho‐protein atlas: phospho‐ and site‐specific antibody‐based spatio‐temporally systematized detection of phosphorylated proteins in vivo
Authors: Teraishi Toshiya , Miura Kenji 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe “Human Genome Project” was completed in 2003, shifting the focus to proteome and transcriptome research. One approach to proteomics involves the comprehensive visualization of the localization of proteins in all tissues and organs. We discuss in situ phospho‐protein atlases, which are systematized representations of the localization of proteins. Protein atlases provide important information about the identity and presence of proteins in specific organs, tissues and cells under physiological and pathological conditions. Antibody‐based immunohistochemical analysis is a powerful method for generating a protein atlas. However, it is difficult to localize phosphorylated proteins under in vivo physiological conditions, even with immunohistochemistry, because these proteins tend to be dephosphorylated or phosphorylated due to the experimental manipulations. We also discuss an improved immunohistochemical method for precisely detecting phosphorylated protein, using the detection of phosphorylated ERK1/2 as an example. We consider that it is possible and useful to generate a phospho‐protein atlas.
Synthesis of the long‐persistence phosphor CaAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+, Nd3+ by combustion method and its luminescent properties
Authors: Zhang Bo , Zhao Changliang , Chen Donghua 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCalcium aluminate phosphor co‐doped Eu2+, Dy3+, Nd3+ is prepared by the combustion method. We study systemically the influences of the quantity of mixed Dy3+ ion, the quantity of flux H3BO3, the differences in dispersing methods between magnetic stirring and ultrasonic dispersing and the combustion temperature on the long‐persistence phosphor. The analytical results indicate that Dy3+ ion improves the properties of the phosphors CaAl2O4:Eu2+, Nd3+. The appropriate quantity of flux H3BO3 to reduce the forming temperature of the sample was determined. The monoclinic single phase of CaAl2O4 formed at 500°C and remained steady. The calcium aluminate co‐doped Eu2+, Dy3+, Nd3+ was synthesized by dispersal of the raw material using the ultrasonic method, and it had better optical properties. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolism in 1,3‐propanediol fed‐batch fermentation by a D‐lactate deficient mutant of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Xu Yun‐Zhen , Guo Ni‐Ni , Zheng Zong‐Ming , Ou Xian‐Jin , Liu Hong‐Juan , Liu De‐Hua 
Published: July 2009

AbstractKlebsiella pneumoniae HR526, a new isolated 1,3‐propanediol (1,3‐PD) producer, exhibited great productivity. However, the accumulation of lactate in the late‐exponential phase remained an obstacle of 1,3‐PD industrial scale production. Hereby, mutants lacking D‐lactate pathway were constructed by knocking out the ldhA gene encoding fermentative D‐lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of HR526. The mutant K. pneumoniae LDH526 with the lowest LDH activity was studied in aerobic fed‐batch fermentation. In experiments using pure glycerol as feedstock, the 1,3‐PD concentrations, conversion, and productivity increased from 95.39 g L−1, 0.48 and 1.98 g L−1 h−1 to 102. 06 g L−1, 0.52 mol mol−1 and 2.13 g L−1 h−1, respectively. The diol (1,3‐PD and 2,3‐butanediol) conversion increased from 0.55 mol mol−1 to a maximum of 0.65 mol mol−1. Lactate would not accumulate until 1,3‐PD exceeded 84 g L−1, and the final lactate concentration decreased dramatically from more than 40 g L−1 to <3 g L−1. Enzymic measurements showed LDH activity decreased by 89–98% during fed‐batch fermentation, and other related enzyme activities were not affected. NADH/NAD+ enhanced more than 50% in the late‐exponential phase as the D‐lactate pathway was cut off, which might be the main reason for the change of final metabolites concentrations. The ability to utilize crude glycerol from biodiesel process and great genetic stability demonstrated that K. pnemoniae LDH526 was valuable for 1,3‐PD industrial production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 965–972. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of eight major steroids from Polyporus umbellatus by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detections
Authors: Zhao Ying‐yong , Cheng Xian‐long , Zhang Yongmin , Zhao Ye , Lin Rui‐chao , Sun Wen‐ji 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPolyporus umbellatus is a widely used diuretic herbal medicine. In this study, a high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometric detection (HPLC‐APCI‐MS) method was developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of steroids, as well as for the quality control of Polyporus umbellatus. The selectivity, reproducibility and sensitivity were compared with HPLC with photodiode array detection and evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). Selective ion monitoring in positive mode was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of eight major components and β‐ecdysterone was used as the internal standard. Limits of detection and quantification fell in the ranges 7–21 and 18–63 ng/mL for the eight analytes with an injection of 10 µL samples, and all calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2 > 0.9919) within the test range. The quantitative results demonstrated that samples from different localities showed different qualities. Advantages, in comparison with conventional HPLC–diode array detection and HPLC‐ELSD, are that reliable identification of target compounds could be achieved by accurate mass measurements along with characteristic retention time, and the great enhancement in selectivity and sensitivity allows identification and quantification of low levels of constituents in complex Polyporus umbellatus matrixes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who succeeds in jail diversion programs for persons with mental illness? A multi‐site study
Authors: Case Brian , Steadman Henry J. , Dupuis Seth A. , Morris Laura S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study examined how the characteristics of people with mental illness who are participants in post‐booking jail diversion programs affect recidivism and time spent incarcerated. The study employed data from a multi‐site, federally funded jail diversion initiative. A pre–post comparison design was used to compare experiences of arrest and days spent in jail of diverted individuals for the 12 months following enrollment with the 12 months prior to enrollment. Also compared were differences in 12‐month public safety outcomes. Data were collected between February 2003 and August 2007. The findings suggest that people with mental illness who are diverted from jail to community‐based services experience fewer arrests and jail days. Approximately half of the sample were never arrested during the 12 months following enrollment. The strongest differences between people who experienced reduced contact with the criminal justice system and people with unchanged or increased contact were found in measures of criminal history. The results suggest that services targeted to diverted individuals with mental illness should address public safety goals, not just those of public health. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of chimeric HIV‐1 virus‐like particle production in a baculovirus‐insect cell expression system
Authors: Pillay Sirika , Meyers Ann , Williamson Anna‐Lise , Rybicki Edward P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA baculovirus‐insect cell expression system potentially provides the means to produce prophylactic HIV‐1 virus‐like particle (VLP) vaccines inexpensively and in large quantities. However, the system must be optimized to maximize yields and increase process efficiency. In this study, we optimized the production of two novel, chimeric HIV‐1 VLP vaccine candidates (GagRT and GagTN) in insect cells. This was done by monitoring the effects of four specific factors on VLP expression: these were insect cell line, cell density, multiplicity of infection (MOI), and infection time. The use of western blots, Gag p24 ELISA, and four‐factorial ANOVA allowed the determination of the most favorable conditions for chimeric VLP production, as well as which factors affected VLP expression most significantly. Both VLP vaccine candidates favored similar optimal conditions, demonstrating higher yields of VLPs when produced in the Trichoplusia ni Pro™ insect cell line, at a cell density of 1 × 106 cells/mL, and an infection time of 96 h post infection. It was found that cell density and infection time were major influencing factors, but that MOI did not affect VLP expression significantly. This work provides a potentially valuable guideline for HIV‐1 protein vaccine optimization, as well as for general optimization of a baculovirus‐based expression system to produce complex recombinant proteins. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Multiobjective flux balancing using the NISE method for metabolic network analysis
Authors: Oh Young‐Gyun , Lee Dong‐Yup , Lee Sang Yup , Park Sunwon 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFlux balance analysis (FBA) is well acknowledged as an analysis tool of metabolic networks in the framework of metabolic engineering. However, FBA has a limitation for solving a multiobjective optimization problem which considers multiple conflicting objectives. In this study, we propose a novel multiobjective flux balance analysis method, which adapts the noninferior set estimation (NISE) method (Solanki et al., 1993) for multiobjective linear programming (MOLP) problems. NISE method can generate an approximation of the Pareto curve for conflicting objectives without redundant iterations of single objective optimization. Furthermore, the flux distributions at each Pareto optimal solution can be obtained for understanding the internal flux changes in the metabolic network. The functionality of this approach is shown by applying it to a genome‐scale in silico model of E. coli. Multiple objectives for the poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)] production are considered simultaneously, and relationships among them are identified. The Pareto curve for maximizing succinic acid production vs. maximizing biomass production is used for the in silico analysis of various combinatorial knockout strains. This proposed method accelerates the strain improvement in the metabolic engineering by reducing computation time of obtaining the Pareto curve and analysis time of flux distribution at each Pareto optimal solution. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Online Measurement of Hydrocortisone Particles and Improvement of the Crystallization Process
Authors: Chen J.‐X. , Yuan J.‐S. , Ulrich J. , Wang J.‐K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMany methods have been developed to measure crystal particle size. The online Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM) and a classical offline Laser Diffraction Method (LDM) were used to measure the size of the polyvinylchloride (PVC) particles and hydrocortisone (HC) crystals. For the standard spherical PVC particles, the particle sizes measured using both FBRM and LDM are similar. However, for the anomalistic HC particles, the difference between the particle sizes measured by the above two methods increased with the increase in the degree of scrambling. The online monitoring of the particle size by direct installation of a FBRM probe into the crystallization process helped indicate the crystal quality, and thus, improve the control of crystallization processes.
Production of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Microorganisms
Authors: Krumov N. , Perner‐Nochta I. , Oder S. , Gotcheva V. , Angelov A. , Posten C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA promising new dimension in the field of biotechnology is the use of microorganisms for the production of inorganic nanoscale particles. The interest in nanotechnology is provoked by the unique properties of nanostructured materials and their potential fields of application ranging from medicine to electronics. This review article presents a systematic overview of the microorganisms capable of producing nanoparticles, and describes cellular mechanisms and outlines cultivation conditions that turn this process into a successful synthetic pathway.
A Model‐Based Approach to Determine the Design Space of Preparative Chromatography
Authors: Degerman M. , Westerberg K. , Nilsson B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA dream of many pharmaceutical companies is to be able to register a large design space with the regulatory agencies. The problem is that this will require both time and money, so an intelligent method of validating a design space is needed. The design space should only cover operating points at which the process runs optimally. This means that the process should be optimized for different process scenarios and objective functions and the found operating points should be registered as design space. This paper presents a method of determining a good design space by creating Pareto fronts for the ideal case and for various process disturbance scenarios. Optimal operating points are found for varying ratios between feed costs and operating costs, making it possible to make a quantitative choice of an operating point based on this ratio and a qualitative choice based on the whole front. The analysis will show how the chromatographic process can be made more robust when optimizing for higher yields, and how the effect of the critical process parameters can change. To be certain that a robust process is found and that it has a high performance, process disturbances must be taken into account when optimizing a process.
Gold (III) porphyrin complexes induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and inhibit tumor growth in colon cancer
Authors: Tu Shuiping , Wai‐Yin Sun Raymond , Lin Marie C. M. , Tao Cui Jian , Zou Bing , Gu Qing , Kung Hsiang‐Fu , Che Chi‐Ming , Wong Benjamin C. Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Gold (III) compounds have exhibited favorable antitumor properties both in vitro and in vivo. In a previous study, the authors reported that the novel gold (III) complex 1a (gold 1a) exhibited strong cytotoxicity in some tumor cell lines. In the current study, the effect of gold 1a was investigated on colon cancer cells.METHODS:The cytotoxicity of gold 1a was determined by using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thihazyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide method. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis and cell cycle. The expression of protein was evaluated by Western blot assay. Tumor growth in vivo was evaluated in nude mice.RESULTS:Gold 1a exhibited marked cytotoxic effects in vitro to human colon cancer, and the concentration of drug required to inhibit cell growth by 50% compared with control (IC50) values ranged from 0.2 μM to 3.4 μM, which represented 8.7‐fold to 20.8‐fold greater potency than that of cisplatin. Gold 1a significantly induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and cleaved caspase 3, caspase 7, and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase; released cytochrome C, and up‐regulated p53, p21, p27, and Bax. In vivo, intraperitoneal injection of gold 1a at doses of 1.5 mg/kg and 3.0 mg/kg significantly inhibited tumor cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and suppressed colon cancer tumor growth. An acute toxicology study indicated that gold 1a at effective antitumor concentrations did not cause any toxic side effects in mice.CONCLUSIONS:The current results suggested that gold 1a may be a new potential therapeutic drug for colon cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Very Long‐Range Effects: Cooperativity between Anion–π and Hydrogen‐Bonding Interactions
Authors: Lucas Xavier , Estarellas Carolina , Escudero Daniel , Frontera Antonio , Quiñonero David , Deyà Pere M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe interplay between two important non‐covalent interactions involving aromatic rings (namely anion–π and hydrogen bonding) is investigated. Very interesting cooperativity effects are present in complexes where anion–π and hydrogen bonding interactions coexist. These effects are found in systems where the distance between the anion and the hydrogen‐bond donor/acceptor molecule is as long as ∼11 Å. These effects are studied theoretically using the energetic and geometric features of the complexes, which were computed using ab initio calculations. We use and discuss several criteria to analyze the mutual influence of the non‐covalent interactions studied herein. In addition we use Bader’s theory of atoms‐in‐molecules to characterize the interactions and to analyze the strengthening or weakening of the interactions depending upon the variation of the charge density at the critical points.
Automation in high‐content flow cytometry screening
Authors: Naumann U. , Wand M. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHigh‐content flow cytometric screening (FC‐HCS) is a 21st Century technology that combines robotic fluid handling, flow cytometric instrumentation, and bioinformatics software, so that relatively large numbers of flow cytometric samples can be processed and analysed in a short period of time. We revisit a recent application of FC‐HCS to the problem of cellular signature definition for acute graft‐versus‐host‐disease. Our focus is on automation of the data processing steps using recent advances in statistical methodology. We demonstrate that effective results, on par with those obtained via manual processing, can be achieved using our automatic techniques. Such automation of FC‐HCS has the potential to drastically improve diagnosis and biomarker identification. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Scoring system for differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma and reactive mesothelial cells on cytology specimens
Authors: Kimura Noriko , Dota Kimiko , Araya Yoshikazu , Ishidate Takuzo , Ishizaka Masanori 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCytology is the only useful tool in the detection of malignant mesothelioma (MM) at an early stage. No other methods, such as immunocytochemistry or electron microscopy, are available to distinguish MM from reactive mesothelial cells (RMC). Some objective analysis of cytology specimens is necessary. On the basis of our case review and cytological features described in previous articles, we developed a scoring system for malignant mesothelioma (SSMM) of effusion cytology to distinguish MM cells from RMC.Mesothelioma cells in effusions from 22 patients (20 pleural and 2 peritoneal mesotheliomas) were compared with RMC from 20 patients without obvious tumor cells and 50 effusions containing metastatic carcinoma cells. The SSMM is based on characteristic features of mesothelial and malignant cells. The total achievable score is 10 points: one point each is given for variety of cell size, cyanophilic cytoplasm with villosity/windows/bleb, sheet‐like arrangement, mirror‐ball‐like cell clusters, nuclear atypia, and cannibalism, respectively. Further two points each are ascribed for acidophilic large nucleoli and multinucleated cells with more than eight nuclei. The total score for each of the 22 mesotheliomas was more than 5 points. On the other hand, all RMC and the 50 metastatic carcinoma cases scored less than 3 points, aside from two cases that were treated with OK432. No single characteristic feature was observed to be consistent within the 22 mesotheliomas analyzed. Ancillary use of immunocytochemistry, such as podoplanin (D2‐40) and calretinin, supported the diagnostic accuracy of the SSMM. SSMM is useful for the differential diagnosis of MM. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.