bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evaluation of bacterial flora in progress of peri‐implant disease
Authors: Sato J , Gomi K , Makino T , Kawasaki F , Yashima A , Ozawa T , Maeda N , Arai T 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:  Cumulative interceptive supportive therapy (CIST) is currently used as a guideline for treating peri‐implant diseases. The objectives of this study were to determine the detection rate and measure the number of periodontopathic bacteria in lesions of different CIST levels and thereby characterize peri‐implant disease from a bacteriological viewpoint.Methods:  This study included 105 patients who had both residual natural teeth and implants with peri‐implant disease. A total of 105 implants were divided into levels A, B, C and D according to the CIST classification. Bacterial samples were collected from peri‐implant pockets and four periodontopathic bacteria were measured by PCR and PCR‐Invader assay.Results:  The number of periodontopathic bacteria increased in line with CIST level, and the detection rate was also associated with CIST level. However, no difference was found in the bacterial detection rate of P. gingivalis and T. denticola between CIST‐B and CIST‐C. There was a higher detection rate of all periodontopathic bacteria for CIST‐D.Conclusions:  The number of periodontopathic bacteria and detection rate increased as peri‐implant disease advanced. However, there were no major differences in the detection rate between CIST‐B and CIST‐C. On the other hand, a higher detection rate of periodontopathic bacteria was seen for CIST‐D.
Maxillary tuberosity fracture: a life‐threatening haemorrhage following simple exodontia
Authors: Bertram AR , Rao ACA , Akbiyik KM , Haddad S , Zoud K 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMaxillary tuberosity fracture is a potential complication of routine exodontia of posterior maxillary teeth. On rare occasions, such a complication can result in torrential haemorrhage due to the close proximity of significant vessels to the area. We present a case of life‐threatening haemorrhage complicating a tuberosity fracture during simple extraction of a maxillary posterior tooth. The local anatomy of the region is discussed and we provide guidelines for general dental practitioners for the management of the complication of a tuberosity fracture during routine exodontia.
Cisapride in the prophylaxis of equine post operative ileus
Authors: GERRING E. L. , KING J. N. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryCisapride and domperidone were both effective in restoring electrical and mechanical activity, coordination between gastric and small intestinal activity cycles and the stomach to anus transit time in three ponies in which post operative ileus was induced experimentally. Cisapride (0.1 mg/kg bodyweight intramuscularly) for three to eight doses prevented idiopathic post operative ileus in 22 clinical cases requiring colic surgery. The only side effects after cisapride were increased bowel sounds and slight, transient sounds of discomfort. No adverse side effects were seen in 16 cases following anastomosis or enterotomy. Cisapride appears safe and effective in the prophylaxis of equine post operative ileus.
Gastric ulcers in horses: a comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs
Authors: MURRAY M. J. , GRODINSKY CAROLYN , ANDERSON C. W. , RADUE P. F. , SCHMIDT G. R. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryGastroendoscopic examinations were performed on 187 horses, ranging from one to 24 years. Eighty‐seven horses had clinical problems including chronic, recurrent colic for seven or more days (25), one or more episodes of colic within the previous seven days (13), or acute colic (10), diminished appetite (53), poor bodily condition (40), and/or chronic diarrhoea (9). One hundred horses that had no signs of gastrointestinal problems were examined as part of a gastroendoscopic survey. Lesions observed in the squamous fundus, squamous mucosa adjacent to the margo plicatus along the greater curvature, glandular fundus, and the squamous mucosa along the lesser curvature were scored on a scale of 0–4, with 0 representing no lesions and 4 representing the most severe lesions. The mean endoscopic scores for the squamous fundus, margo plicatus and lesser curvature were significantly greater (P<0.001) in horses with clinical signs than those without signs. This was because of the greater number of horses with lesions in the symptomatic group (80/87) compared to those without signs (52/100), and the greater severity of lesions in the horses with clinical signs. Of the horses, 74 were in race training. There was a significantly (P<0.01) greater prevalence and severity of lesions at all sites except the glandular fundus in horses in training compared to those not in training, and in the horses in training with clinical signs (n = 37) compared to those in training without clinical signs (n = 37).
A retrospective survey of anaesthesia in horses with colic
Authors: TRIM CYNTHIA M. , ADAMS JENNIFER G. , COWGILL LARI M. , WARD SHERRY L. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe purpose of this survey was to identify complications occurring in horses with colic during anaesthesia and recovery from anaesthesia; and to determine any relationships between these complications and drugs used for induction or maintenance of anaesthesia. Two hundred and thirty nine horses were anaesthetised on a total of 250 occasions for colic surgery between January 1985 and May 1987. Of these, 189 recovered from 200 anaesthetic episodes. Most horses received xylazine and guaifenesin with either thiobarbiturate (68 per cent) or ketamine (24 per cent) and anaesthesia was maintained with either halothane (51 per cent), isoflurane (43 per cent), or first halothane then isoflurane (6 per cent). Sixty nine per cent also received an opioid. Hypotension or tachycardia were recorded in 15 and 13 per cent of anaesthesias, respectively. Arterial P02 was less than 13.3 kPa in 17 per cent of 175 anaesthesias. None of these complications was associated with a specific anaesthetic agent. Hypertension was recorded in 11.5 per cent of anaesthesias and occurred more frequently during isoflurane anaesthesia (P<0.05). The mean duration of anaesthesia was 126 mins (range, 50–270 mins), and was not different for horses receiving thiobarbiturate or ketamine, halothane or isoflurane. The time taken to stand after anaesthesia recorded on 149 occasions and was 63 ± 24 mins (range, 15–135 mins). This was not different for the different anaesthetic agents. Horses that were excited or had difficulty standing up during recovery had a significantly longer duration of anaesthesia (165 ± 51 mins) (P<0.05) but no specific anaesthetic agent was involved. Of the 189 horses, 148 (75 per cent) survived and were discharged from the hospital. Horses that did not survive had a significantly increased prevalence of anaesthetic complications, and longer durations of anaesthesia.
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the healing of ventral midline abdominal incisions in the horse
Authors: WILSON D. A. , BADERTSCHER R. R. , BOERO M. J. , BAKER G. J. , FOREMAN J. H. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryUltrasonography was used to evaluate the ventral midline incisions of 21 ponies following exploratory laparotomy. The incisions were evaluated before surgery and at weekly intervals from one to seven weeks after surgery. Both 5.0 and 7.5 MHz linear array and 7.5 MHz sector transducers were used for the evaluations. The incisional complications observed were drainage, oedema, suture sinus formation, suture abscess, superficial dehiscence and incisional hernia. Ultrasonographic imaging of the ventral midline incision was an easy, reliable and objective method for detecting and monitoring the progression of incisional complications in a non‐invasive manner.
Rectal packing as initial management of grade 3 rectal tears
Authors: BAIRD A. N. , TAYLOR T. S. , WATKINS J. P. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryGrade 3 rectal tears were created in 14 horses. Epidural anaesthesia was maintained in all horses for 8 h post injury. In seven horses with cotton filled stockinette packing the rectum, neither gross faecal contamination nor progression of the rectal tear occurred. Seven horses without rectal packing developed faecal contamination of the rectal tear with formation of a faeces filled serosal or mesorectal diverticulum.
A study of the effect of isoflurane anaesthesia on equine skeletal muscle perfusion
Authors: GOETZ T. E. , MANOHAR M. , NGANWA D. , GUSTAFSON R. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryThe effects of 1.1, 1.5 and 1.8 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration) isoflurane‐02 anaesthesia on skeletal muscle blood flow, 02 delivery and vascular resistance were studied in the non‐dependent region of seven healthy normothermic, isocapnoeic ponies. Muscle blood flow was determined with 15 um diameter radionuclide labelled microspheres that were injected into the left ventricle. Muscle blood flow during anaesthesia was compared to unanaesthetised (control) measurements. Isoflurane administration caused a dose dependent decrease in mean aortic pressure, and skeletal muscle (temporalis, triceps brachii, longissimus dorsi, gluteus medius, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis) blood flow. However, in the masseter, triceps brachii at 1.1 and 1.5 MAC, and longissimus dorsi lumborum at 1.1 MAC anaesthesia, blood flow values were not different from the control value. Vascular resistance did not change significantly in any of the muscles with any concentration of isoflurane. With the exception of the masseter muscle, isoflurane anaesthesia also decreased skeletal muscle 02 delivery. There were no significant differences in the muscle parameters studied between the three concentrations of isoflurane. Because skeletal muscle vascular resistance was unchanged throughout the study, it is possible that there may be an interference of ‘autoregulation’ in the skeletal muscle vascular beds of isocapnoeic ponies during isoflurane‐02 anaesthesia.
Cost analysis for reimbursement-rate setting of hospital pharmaceutical services in Thailand
Authors: Riewpaiboon Arthorn , Kumluang Suthasinee ,   Pharmacy Cost Study Group
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to develop a hospital pharmaceutical service model, together with a costing template for unit cost analysis and to analyse unit costs of hospital pharmaceutical services.MethodsThe study was designed on the basis of activity-based costing. A model of the services was set up by consensus of the working group. Pharmaceutical services among the study hospitals were standardised. A Microsoft Excel-based costing template was developed. Finally, the costing template was used for the unit cost analysis. Sensitivity analysis and descriptive statistics were used for further analysis.Key findingsFour general and seven regional hospitals participated in the study. Hospital pharmaceutical services were divided into nine supporting activities and nine patient-service activities. Unit costs of drug dispensing per prescription by regional hospitals were approximately double that of general hospitals. In contrast, the cost of aseptic dispensing per item in regional hospitals was lower than those in general hospitals. In comparing the unit costs from standard labour costs with those from actual labour costs, both increases and decreases were found.ConclusionsCosting and the use of Microsoft Excel can be applied to the development of a costing template for unit cost analysis of hospital pharmaceutical services. This programme can provide accurate unit costs for services. The results can be used when considering pharmacy service reimbursement, efficiency and service development.
Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir-Based Regimens in HIV-Infected Pediatric Patients
Authors: King Jennifer R. , Yogev Ram , Jean-Philippe Patrick , Graham Bobbie , Wiznia Andrew , Britto Paula , Carey Vincent , Hazra Rohan , Acosta Edward P. ,   for the P1058 Protocol Team
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

HIV-infected children are treated with tenofovir in combination with other, potentially interacting, antiretroviral agents. We report the pharmacokinetic parameters of tenofovir in combination with efavirenz, darunavir-ritonavir, or atazanavir-ritonavir in HIV-infected children. HIV-infected patients 8 to 18 years of age receiving a tenofovir (300 mg)-based regimen containing efavirenz (300 or 600 mg) once daily (group 1), darunavir (300 or 600 mg)-ritonavir (100 mg) twice daily (group 2), or atazanavir (150 to 400 mg)-ritonavir (100 mg) once daily (group 3) were enrolled. Plasma samples were collected over a 24-h time interval. The 90% confidence intervals (90% CI) of the geometric means for the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the minimum concentration of drug in serum (
C
min
) of each antiretroviral were computed and checked for overlap with intervals bracketing published values obtained in adult or pediatric studies demonstrating safety and/or efficacy. Group 1 efavirenz plasma concentrations were observed to be higher in patients receiving fixed-dose combination tablets compared with subjects receiving the individual formulation. In group 2, tenofovir and darunavir exposure was observed to be lower than expected. In group 3, tenofovir and atazanavir administered concomitantly produced exposures similar to those published for adult patients. The 90% CI of AUC and
C
min
for tenofovir overlapped the target range for all combinations. Informal comparisons of treatment groups did not indicate any advantage to any combination with respect to tenofovir exposure. Further study of exposures achieved with antiretrovirals administered in combination is warranted.
Refining Vancomycin Protein Binding Estimates: Identification of Clinical Factors That Influence Protein Binding
Authors: Butterfield Jill M. , Patel Nimish , Pai Manjunath P. , Rosano Thomas G. , Drusano George L. , Lodise Thomas P. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

While current data indicate only free (unbound) drug is pharmacologically active and is most predictive of response, pharmacodynamic studies of vancomycin have been limited to measurement of total concentrations. The protein binding of vancomycin is thought to be approximately 50%, but considerable variability surrounds this estimate. The present study sought to determine the extent of vancomycin protein binding, to identify factors that modulate its binding, and to create and validate a prediction tool to estimate the extent of protein binding based on individual clinical factors. This single-site prospective cohort study included hospitalized adult patients treated with vancomycin and with a vancomycin serum concentration determination available. Linear regression was used to predict the free vancomycin concentration (
f
[vanco]) and to determine the clinical factors modulating vancomycin protein binding. Among the 50 patients in the study, the mean protein binding was 41.5%. The strongest predictor of
f
[vanco] was the total vancomycin concentration (total [vanco]), and this was modified by dialysis and total protein of ≥6.7 g/dl as covariates. The algebraic expression from the final prediction model was
f
[vanco] = 0.643 + 0.560 × total [vanco] − {0.067 × total [vanco] × D} − {0.071 × total [vanco] × TP} where D = 1 if dialysis dependent or 0 if not dialysis dependent, and TP = 1 if total protein is ≥6.7 g/dl or 0 if total protein is <6.7 g/dl. The
R
2
of the final prediction model was 0.959 (
P
< 0.001). Validation of our model was performed in 13 patients, and the predictive performance was highly favorable (
R
2
was 0.9, and bias and precision were 0.18 and 0.18, respectively). Prediction models such as ours can be utilized in future pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics studies evaluating the exposure-response profile and to determine the pharmacodynamic target of interest as it relates to the free concentration.
Analysis of the HD-GYP Domain Cyclic Dimeric GMP Phosphodiesterase Reveals a Role in Motility and the Enzootic Life Cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Sultan Syed Z. , Pitzer Joshua E. , Boquoi Tristan , Hobbs Gerry , Miller Michael R. , Motaleb M. A. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT

HD-GYP domain cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) phosphodiesterases are implicated in motility and virulence in bacteria.
Borrelia burgdorferi
possesses a single set of c-di-GMP-metabolizing enzymes, including a putative HD-GYP domain protein, BB0374. Recently, we characterized the EAL domain phosphodiesterase PdeA. A mutation in
pdeA
resulted in cells that were defective in motility and virulence. Here we demonstrate that BB0374/PdeB specifically hydrolyzed c-di-GMP with a

K
m

of 2.9 nM, confirming that it is a functional phosphodiesterase. Furthermore, by measuring phosphodiesterase enzyme activity in extracts from cells containing the
pdeA pdeB
double mutant, we demonstrate that no additional phosphodiesterases are present in
B. burgdorferi
.
pdeB
single mutant cells exhibit significantly increased flexing, indicating a role for c-di-GMP in motility. Constructing and analyzing a
pilZ
pdeB
double mutant suggests that PilZ likely interacts with chemotaxis signaling. While virulence in needle-inoculated C3H/HeN mice did not appear to be altered significantly in
pdeB
mutant cells, these cells exhibited a reduced ability to survive in
Ixodes scapularis
ticks. Consequently, those ticks were unable to transmit the infection to naïve mice. All of these phenotypes were restored when the mutant was complemented. Identification of this role of
pdeB
increases our understanding of the c-di-GMP signaling network in motility regulation and the life cycle of
B. burgdorferi
.
Obstetrician-gynaecologists' opinions about conscientious refusal of a request for abortion: results from a national vignette experiment
Authors: Rasinski Kenneth A , Yoon John D , Kalad Youssef G , Curlin Farr A 
Published: June 2011

Background and objectivesConscientious refusal of abortion has been discussed widely by medical ethicists but little information on practitioners' opinions exists. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) issued recommendations about conscientious refusal. We used a vignette experiment to examine obstetrician-gynecologists' (OB/GYN) support for the recommendations.DesignA national survey of OB/GYN physicians contained a vignette experiment in which an OB/GYN doctor refused a requested elective abortion. The vignette varied two issues recently addressed by the ACOG ethics committee—whether the doctor referred and whether the doctor disclosed their objection to the abortion.Participants and setting1800 OB/GYN randomly selected physicians were asked to complete a mail survey containing the vignette. The response rate was 66% (n=1154) after excluding 40 ineligible cases.MeasurementPhysicians indicated their approval for the vignette doctor's decision.Main resultsOverall, 43% of OB/GYN physicians responded that the conscientious refusal exercised by the vignette physician was appropriate. 70% rated the vignette doctor as acting appropriately when a referral was made. This dropped to 51% when the doctor disclosed objections to the patient, and to 12% when the doctor disclosed objections and refused to make a referral. Consistent with previous research, males were more likely to support disclosure and refusal to refer. Highly religious physicians supported non-referral but not disclosure.ConclusionOB/GYN physicians are less likely to support conscientious refusal of abortion if physicians disclose their objections to patients. This is at odds with ACOG recommendations and with some models of the doctor–patient relationship.
Lost property? Legal compensation for destroyed sperm: a reflection and comparison drawing on UK and French perspectives
Authors: Cordell Sean , Bellivier Florence , Widdows Heather , Noiville Christine 
Published: June 2011

In a recent case in the UK, six men stored their sperm before undergoing chemotherapy treatment for cancer in case they proved to be infertile after the treatment. The sperm was not properly stored and as a result was inadvertently destroyed. The men sued the NHS Trust that stored the sperm and were in the end successful.This paper questions the basis on which the judgement was made and the rationale behind it, namely that the men ‘had ownership’ of the sperm, and that compensation was thus due on the grounds that the men's property had been destroyed. We first argue that the claim is erroneous and enhances the tendency towards the commodification of body parts. We then suggest that the men could have been compensated for the harm done to them without granting property rights, and that this would, at least in philosophical and ethical terms, have been more appropriate. To help illustrate this, we draw on a parallel case in French law in which a couple whose embryos had been destroyed were overtly denied ownership rights in them. Finally, we suggest some possible ethical and practical problems if the proprietary view expressed in the UK ruling were to become dominant in law, with particular focus on the storing of genetic information in biobanks. We conclude that, although compensation claims should not necessarily be ruled out, a ‘no property in the body’ approach should be the default position in cases of detached bodily materials, the alternative being significantly ethically problematic.
Late Miocene–Holocene canyon incision in the western Altiplano, northern Chile: tectonic or climatic forcing?
Authors: García Marcelo , Riquelme Rodrigo , Farías Marcelo , Hérail Gérard , Charrier Reynaldo 
Published: June 2011

Abstract:

Major fluvial incision (600–1000 m) affecting the Coastal Cordillera and Central Depression of northern Chile is analysed to evaluate supposed coeval uplift of the Altiplano and/or climatic changes in the Atacama Desert. The timing of the beginning of incision is constrained by the age of deposition of the Central Depression top. In the north (18–19°S), this top corresponds to fluvial gravels accumulated between 11.9 ± 0.6 Ma and 8.3 ± 0.5 Ma, which are genetically related to semiarid climate and to an eastward poorly dissected parallel drainage network that developed between 15.0 ± 0.6 and 11.2 ± 0.6 Ma; thus, gravel deposition ended at 11.9–11.2 Ma. To the south (19–20°S), the Central Depression top corresponds to
c
. 6 Ma alluvial deposits. Stratigraphically determined canyon ages and knickzone locations indicate that southward dissection began later and/or developed under a regime of lower erosion capacity owing to drier climate. Vertical incision rate evolution is compatible with eastward knickzone migration. Dissection required a considerable altitude difference between ancient and present-day river base levels, which was achieved predominantly by basin infill on an already partially elevated bedrock. Therefore subsequent incision would have been triggered by local semiarid climatic periods rather than by contemporaneous surface uplift. Exoreic canyons occur when climatic conditions in the catchments are arid–semiarid whereas endoreism is developed when these conditions in catchments are hyperarid.