bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory innervation of the calvarial bones of the mouse
Authors: Kosaras Bela , Jakubowski Moshe , Kainz Vanessa , Burstein Rami 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMigraine sufferers frequently testify that their headache feels as if the calvarial bones are deformed, crushed, or broken (Jakubowski et al. [2006] Pain 125:286–295). This has lead us to postulate that the calvarial bones are supplied by sensory fibers. We studied sensory innervation of the calvaria in coronal and horizontal sections of whole‐head preparations of postnatal and adult mice, via immunostaining of peripherin (a marker of thinly myelinated and unmyelinated fibers) or calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP; a marker more typical of unmyelinated nerve fibers). In pups, we observed nerve bundles coursing between the galea aponeurotica and the periosteum, between the periosteum and the bone, and between the bone and the meninges; as well as fibers that run inside the diploë in different orientations. Some dural fibers issued collateral branches to the pia at the frontal part of the brain. In the adult calvaria, the highest concentration of peripherin‐ and CGRP‐labeled fibers was found in sutures, where they appeared to emerge from the dura. Labeled fibers were also observed in emissary canals, bone marrow, and periosteum. In contrast to the case in pups, no labeled fibers were found in the diploë of the adult calvaria. Meningeal nerves that infiltrate the periosteum through the calvarial sutures may be positioned to mediate migraine headache triggered by pathophysiology of extracranial tissues, such as muscle tenderness and mild trauma to the skull. In view of the concentration of sensory fibers in the sutures, it may be useful to avoid drilling the sutures in patients undergoing craniotomies for a variety of neurosurgical procedures. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:331–348, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of auditory thalamocortical connections in the pallid bat, Antrozous pallidus
Authors: Razak Khaleel A. , Zumsteg Terese , Fuzessery Zoltan M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAuditory thalamocortical connections are organized as parallel pathways originating in various nuclei of the medial geniculate body (MGB). The development of these pathways has not been studied. Therefore it remains unclear whether thalamocortical connections segregate before the onset of hearing or whether refinement of exuberant thalamocortical connections occurs following hearing onset. We studied this issue in the pallid bat. In adult pallid bats, parallel thalamocortical pathways represent two different sounds used in two different behaviors. The suprageniculate (SG) nucleus of the dorsal division of the MGB (MGBd) projects to a high‐frequency cortical region selective for the echolocation calls, but not to a low‐frequency cortical region sensitive to noise transients used in the localization of prey. Conversely, the ventral division (MGBv) projects to the low‐frequency, but not the high‐frequency, cortical region. Here we studied the development of these parallel pathways. Based on retrograde tracer injections in electrophysiologically characterized cortical loci, we show that there is an asymmetrical overlap in projection patterns from postnatal (P) day 15–60. The low‐frequency region receives extensive input from both the SG and the MGBv. In contrast, the high‐frequency region receives the great majority of its input from the SG, as in adults, whereas projections from the MGBv appear to make only a minor contribution, if any. By P150, these pathways are segregated and adult‐like. These data suggest that these anatomically segregated pathways arise through postnatal refinement of initially overlapping connections. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:231–242, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total number and volume of Von Economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans
Authors: Butti Camilla , Sherwood Chet C. , Hakeem Atiya Y. , Allman John M. , Hof Patrick R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractVon Economo neurons (VENs) are a type of large, layer V spindle‐shaped neurons that were previously described in humans, great apes, elephants, and some large‐brained cetaceans. Here we report the presence of Von Economo neurons in the anterior cingulate (ACC), anterior insular (AI), and frontopolar (FP) cortices of small odontocetes, including the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), the Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus), and the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). The total number and volume of VENs and the volume of neighboring layer V pyramidal neurons and layer VI fusiform neurons were obtained by using a design‐based stereologic approach. Two humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) brains were investigated for comparative purposes as representatives of the suborder Mysticeti. Our results show that the distribution of VENs in these cetacean species is comparable to that reported in humans, great apes, and elephants. The number of VENs in these cetaceans is also comparable to data available from great apes, and stereologic estimates indicate that VEN volume follows in these cetacean species a pattern similar to that in hominids, the VENs being larger than neighboring layer V pyramidal cells and conspicuously larger than fusiform neurons of layer VI. The fact that VENs are found in species representative of both cetacean suborders in addition to hominids and elephants suggests that these particular neurons have appeared convergently in phylogenetically unrelated groups of mammals possibly under the influence of comparable selective pressures that influenced specifically the evolution of cortical domains involved in complex cognitive and social/emotional processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:243–259, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural reconnection in the transected spinal cord of the freshwater turtle Trachemys dorbignyi
Authors: Rehermann María Inés , Marichal Nicolás , Russo Raúl E. , Trujillo‐Cenóz Omar 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper provides the first evidence that freshwater turtles are able to reconnect their completely transected spinal cords, leading to some degree of recovery of the motor functions lost after injury. Videographic analysis showed that some turtles (5 of 11) surviving more than 20 days after injury were able to initiate stepping locomotion. However, the stepping movements were slower than those of normal animals, and swimming patterns were not restored. Even though just 45% of the injured turtles recovered their stepping patterns, all showed axonal sprouting beyond the lesion site. Immunocytochemical and electron microscope images revealed the occurrence of regrowing axons crossing the severed region. A major contingent of the axons reconnecting the cord originated from sensory neurons lying in dorsal ganglia adjacent to the lesion site. The axons bridging the damaged region traveled on a cellular scaffold consisting of brain lipid‐binding protein (BLBP)‐ and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive cells and processes. Serotonergic varicose nerve fibers and endings were found at early stages of the healing process at the epicenter of the lesion. Interestingly, the glial scar commonly found in the damaged central nervous system of mammals was absent. In contrast, GFAP‐ and BLBP‐positive processes were found running parallel to the main axis of the cord accompanying the crossing axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:197–214, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurons express hemoglobin α‐ and β‐chains in rat and human brains
Authors: Richter Franziska , Meurers Bernhard H. , Zhu Chunni , Medvedeva Vera P. , Chesselet Marie‐Françoise 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHemoglobin is the oxygen carrier in vertebrate blood erythrocytes. Here we report that hemoglobin chains are expressed in mammalian brain neurons and are regulated by a mitochondrial toxin. Transcriptome analyses of laser‐capture microdissected nigral dopaminergic neurons in rats and striatal neurons in mice revealed the presence of hemoglobin α, adult chain 2 (Hba‐a2) and hemoglobin β (Hbb) transcripts, whereas other erythroid markers were not detected. Quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis confirmed the expression of Hba‐a2 and Hbb in nigral dopaminergic neurons, striatal γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, and cortical pyramidal neurons in rats. Combined in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry with the neuronal marker neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) in rat brain further confirmed the presence of hemoglobin mRNAs in neurons. Immunohistochemistry identified hemoglobin α‐ and β‐chains in both rat and human brains, and hemoglobin proteins were detected by Western blotting in whole rat brain tissue as well as in cultures of mesencephalic neurons, further excluding the possibility of blood contamination. Systemic administration of the mitochondrial inhibitor rotenone (2 mg/kg/d, 7d, s.c.) induced a marked decrease in Hba‐a2 and Hbb but not neuroglobin or cytoglobin mRNA in transcriptome analyses of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Quantitative RT‐PCR confirmed the transcriptional downregulation of Hba‐a2 and Hbb in nigral, striatal, and cortical neurons. Thus, hemoglobin chains are expressed in neurons and are regulated by treatments that affect mitochondria, opening up the possibility that they may play a novel role in neuronal function and response to injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:538–547, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perisomatic‐targeting granule cells in the mouse olfactory bulb
Authors: Naritsuka Hiromi , Sakai Kazuhisa , Hashikawa Tsutomu , Mori Kensaku , Yamaguchi Masahiro 
Published: March 2009

AbstractInhibitory interneurons in the hippocampus and neocortex are differentiated into several morphological and functional subtypes that innervate distinct subcellular domains of principal neurons. In the olfactory bulb (OB), odor information is processed by local neuronal circuits that include the major inhibitory interneuron, granule cells (GCs). All GCs reported to date target their inhibitory output synapses mainly to dendrites of mitral cells (MCs) and tufted cells (TCs) in the external plexiform layer (EPL). Here we identified a novel type of GC that targets output synapses selectively to the perisomatic region of MCs. In the OB of adult transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of nestin gene regulatory regions, we observed cells in the granule cell layer (GCL) that have GC‐like morphology and strongly express GFP (referred to as type S cells). Type S cells expressed NeuN and GAD67, molecular markers for GCs. Intracellular labeling of type S cells revealed that their dendrites did not enter the EPL, but formed branches and spines within the GCL, internal plexiform layer, and mitral cell layer. Type S cells typically had huge spines at the ends of the apical dendrites. Some of the terminal spines attached to the perisomatic region of MCs and formed dendrosomatic reciprocal synapses with a presumed granule‐to‐mitral inhibitory synapse and a mitral‐to‐granule excitatory synapse. These findings indicate the morphological differentiation of GCs into dendritic‐targeting and perisomatic‐targeting subsets, and suggest the functional differentiation of the GC subsets in the processing of odor information in the OB. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:409–426, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic neuron distribution in the pedunculopontine nucleus defines functional subterritories
Authors: Mena‐Segovia J. , Micklem B.R. , Nair‐Roberts R.G. , Ungless M.A. , Bolam J.P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons are widely distributed in brainstem structures involved in the regulation of the sleep‐wake cycle, locomotion, and attention. These brainstem structures include the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), which is traditionally characterized by its population of cholinergic neurons that have local and wide‐ranging connections. The functional heterogeneity of the PPN is partially explained by the topographic distribution of cholinergic neurons, but such heterogeneity might also arise from the organization of other neuronal populations within the PPN. To understand whether a topographical organization is also maintained by GABAergic neurons, we labeled these neurons by in situ hybridization for glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA combined with immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase to reveal cholinergic neurons. We analyzed their distribution within the PPN by using a method to quantify regional differences based on stereological cell counts. We show that GABAergic neurons of the rat PPN have a rostrocaudal gradient that is opposite to that of cholinergic neurons. Indeed, GABAergic neurons are predominantly concentrated in the rostral PPN; in addition, they form, along with cholinergic neurons, a small, high‐density cluster in the most caudal portion of the nucleus. Thus, we provide evidence of heterogeneity in the distribution of different neuronal populations in the PPN and show that GABAergic and cholinergic neurons define neurochemically distinct areas. Our data suggest that the PPN is neurochemically segregated, and such differences define functional territories. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:397–408, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Space–time finite element computation of arterial fluid–structure interactions with patient‐specific data
Authors: Takizawa Kenji , Christopher Jason , Tezduyar Tayfun E. , Sathe Sunil 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe stabilized space–time fluid–structure interaction (SSTFSI) technique developed by the team for advanced flow simulation and modeling is applied to the computation of arterial fluid–structure interaction (FSI) with patient‐specific data. The SSTFSI technique is based on the deforming‐spatial‐domain/stabilized space–time formulation and is supplemented with a number of special techniques developed for arterial FSI. These include a recipe for pre‐FSI computations that improve the convergence of the FSI computations, using an estimated zero‐pressure arterial geometry, layers of refined fluid mechanics mesh near the arterial walls, and a special mapping technique for specifying the velocity profile at an inflow boundary with non‐circular shape. In the test computations reported here, we focus on a patient‐specific middle cerebral artery segment with aneurysm, where the arterial geometry is based on computed tomography images. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatal Outcome After Ingestion of Star Fruit in a Severe Chronic Kidney Disease Patient
Authors: Tsai Jen‐Pi , Fang Te‐Chao , Wang Chih‐Hsien , Chung Tien‐Hua , Hsu Bang‐Gee 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUremic patients are often more susceptible to drug or toxin overload because their normal routes of excretion are compromised. Star fruit intoxication has been previously reported in dialysis patients but not in patients with earlier‐stage chronic kidney disease (CKD; stages 1–5). A case of star fruit intoxication is reported in a patient not yet on dialysis. She presented with consciousness disturbance and tonic‐clonic convulsions, evolving into refractory status epilepticus, and she eventually died despite hemoperfusion and hemodialysis treatment. The case reflects the need to advise those with later stages of CKD to avoid star fruit.
Reasons Renal Patients Give for Deciding Not to Dialyze: A Prospective Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Noble Helen , Meyer Julienne , Bridges Jackie , Kelly Daniel , Johnson Barbara 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDAs the population ages, sicker patients often with multiple comorbidities are presenting in renal clinics. Some are deciding not to embark on dialysis. The objective of this study was to gain an understanding of the decision that some patients make not to embark on dialysis.METHODSNaturally occurring qualitative interviews were conducted with 30 patients and 17 caregivers managed within a Renal Supportive Care Service in an acute NHS Trust in London.RESULTSSeveral patients believed they had made an informed and autonomous decision, either on or against the advice of their doctor (n 5 17); some felt that they had no option but to refuse dialysis treatment, as it would not have been of benefit and might ultimately cause their death (n 5 7); some stated they had decided to opt for medication rather than dialysis 3 times a week and seemed to believe that either option would lead to the same outcome (n 5 2), and some felt there had been no decision to be made (n 5 4).CONCLUSIONSPrior to this study, little was known about those who decide not to embark on dialysis and how they make this decision. It cannot be presumed that decisions made by patients are fully understood and free from inappropriate professional or family influence, and the decision needs to be regularly revisited to check patients' and caregivers' understanding and to allow for reversal of the decision if fitting. There is a need to understand how service providers can help to ensure that such decisions are informed and supported by the best available supportive care thereafter.
Safety of Cyclosporine in Warm Ischemia Transplanted Kidneys: A Selective Review
Authors: Ahmed Aimun , Ahmed Ahmed 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUNDImmunosuppressive agents may have an impact on ischemia/reperfusion injury. Both renal warm ischemia (RWI) and cyclosporine may contribute to chronic allograft dysfunction and delayed graft function (DGF). Interaction between cyclosporine and RWI in generating renal injury is a controversial area.METHODSA search of the Medline database and OVID was done to identify articles related to the effects of cyclosporine on RWI.RESULTSBoth animal and human studies demonstrated detrimental effects of cyclosporine on injury and fibrosis in the kidney subjected to a period of RWI.CONCLUSIONSCyclosporine can sensitize the kidney to fibrosis induced by RWI. We recommend alternative approaches in immunosuppression including reduction in cyclosporine or cyclosporine‐free protocols when RWI is expected, as in non‐heart‐beating donors or in hemodynamically unstable donors.
Cytodiagnosis of Ollier's disease: A case report
Authors: Anshu  , Bhiogade Yogita , Nalinimohan C. , Gangane Nitin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOllier's disease is a rare nonhereditary condition where patients present with multiple enchondromas involving usually the small bones of the hands and feet.We report the case of a 17‐year‐old girl who presented with multiple osteolytic lesions involving almost all phalanges of both her hands. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed from her left index finger. Smears showed mostly chondroid matrix with singly scattered cells showing binucleation and mild atypia at places. A diagnosis of enchondroma was offered in view of the cytologic and radiological findings.The dysplastic cartilage in Ollier's disease may show features similar to well differentiated chondrosarcoma. It is important not to overdiagnose such cases with atypia as low grade chondrosarcomas. Radiological appearances must be taken into account. FNAC is helpful as an outpatient diagnostic procedure when it obviates surgical intervention as most lesions tend to regress asthe skeleton matures. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CE can identify small molecules that selectively target soluble oligomers of amyloid β protein and display antifibrillogenic activity
Authors: Colombo Raffaella , Carotti Angelo , Catto Marco , Racchi Marco , Lanni Cristina , Verga Laura , Caccialanza Gabriele , De Lorenzi Ersilia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSoluble and toxic oligomers of amyloid β (Aβ) protein have been identified as the true neurotoxic species involved in Alzheimer's disease and considering them as targets to inhibit Aβ aggregation might have a therapeutic value. We previously set up a CE method that enables the separation and quantification of transient oligomers of Aβ protein‐containing 42 amino acids (Aβ1–42) along the pathway leading to fibrils and we now demonstrate how this method can be successfully applied to examine the in vitro inhibitory effects of small molecules on Aβ oligomerization. To this end, we investigated mitoxantrone and pixantrone, two well‐known anticancer drugs, as well as suramin and a suramin‐like compound. By using CE, it is here shown how mitoxantrone and pixantrone either reduce or block Aβ1–42 oligomerization, while Thioflavin T spectrofluorimetric assay and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate how these two compounds also display antifibrillogenic activity. Interestingly, in vitro cell viability experiments indicated that pixantrone significantly reduces Aβ1–42 neurotoxicity.
Accurate quantification of DNA methylation of DRD4 applying capillary gel electrophoresis with LIF detection
Authors: Goedecke Simon , Schlosser Sabrina , Mühlisch Jörg , Hempel Georg , Frühwald Michael C. , Wünsch Bernhard 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAberrant DNA methylation of gene promoters may be investigated by an array of different technologies. Besides DNA sequencing techniques following bisulfite treatment and determination of overall methylation by quantification of 5‐methylcytosine/cytosine ratio following DNA hydrolysis, most approaches rely on PCR amplification of a defined template and subsequent analysis by conventional gel electrophoresis. As an additional analytical tool, a capillary gel electrophoresis method has been developed to quantify the methylation in combined bisulfite restriction analysis products of the gene dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4). Analyses were carried out in a bare fused‐silica capillary dynamically coated with a 1% w/w solution of PVA (Mr=72 000). A buffer (pH 7.3) containing 3% w/w 2‐hydroxyethylcellulose (Mν∼90 000 g/mol) was used as sieving matrix. With 1/x weighted regression the accuracy (bias) of the method is within ±10% and the precision (expressed as RSD) also meets the common acceptance criteria of 15% (20% near lower LOQ). It overcomes the limitations of standard gel electrophoresis, which allows only one single run per analysis and requires large amounts of DNA. Therefore, the method represents a valuable tool for routine quantitative analysis of the methylation status of DRD4 and other target genes.
Let eating disorder patients decide: Providing choice may reduce early drop‐out from inpatient treatment
Authors: Vandereycken Walter , Vansteenkiste Maarten 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPremature drop‐out from treatment is a highly prevalent phenomenon among eating disorder (ED) patients. In a specialized inpatient treatment unit a major change was made in the admission strategy in 2001, giving a maximum of personal choice to the patients. A quasi‐experimental research was carried out comparing 87 patients treated till 2000 (‘old’ strategy) with 87 patients treated from 2001 on (‘new’ strategy). The results indicate that the provision of choice at the beginning of treatment significantly reduced drop‐out during the first weeks of inpatient treatment. No differences between both strategies on later drop‐out and weight change (in anorexia nervosa patients) during inpatient treatment were found. The results are discussed in the light of the importance placed on dynamics of personal choice, autonomy and volition within the framework of the self‐determination theory (SDT). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.