bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choroidal neovascularization complicating epiretinal membrane removal
Authors: Korobelnik Jean‐François , Dureau Pascal , Sarfati Adrien , Chauvaud Dominique , Hoang‐Xuan Thanh 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose: Surgical removal of epiretinal membranes generally leads to anatomic and functional improvement. Main complications include cataract, retinal breaks and detachment. We describe the onset of a juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization 2 years after surgery of an epiretinal membrane.Methods: The neovascular membrane was treated by argon laser photocoagulation.Results: Complete obliteration of the neovascularization was obtained resulting in functional improvement.Conclusions: Although rare, choroidal neovascularization as a complication of epiretinal membrane surgery must be suspected in case of poor visual outcome or relapse of symptoms.
Thermal shock and germination in North‐West European Genisteae: implications for heathland management and invasive weed control using fire
Authors: Hanley M.E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractQuestion: Is the stimulation of germination by thermal shock (resulting from the passage of fire) commonly observed for Mediterranean‐climate Fabaceae also apparent for NW European Genisteae (Fabaceae) species?Location: Southern England and NW France.Methods: The germination of Cytisus scopiarius, Genista anglica, Ulex europaeus, Ulex gallii and Ulex minor was examined following exposure to a range of temperatures (50°C, 65°C, 80°C, 95°C and 110°C) applied to seeds for 5 min. A sixth Mediterranean‐origin species (Spartium junceum) was also included since it is a common invasive in NW Europe and North America.Results: All five native NW European species displayed increased germination following thermal shock, even when seeds were heated to 110°C. However, there was some variation depending on provenance: in contrast to seeds collected from southern England, germination of French C. scopiarius seeds was unaffected by temperature. Spartium junceum germinated most at 95°C, but was the only species to show reduced germination when seeds were heated to 110°C.Conclusions: The NW European Genisteae appear to be pre‐adapted to the high temperatures associated with fire; a response attributable to their evolutionary origins in the fire‐prone ecosystems of the Mediterranean Basin. Consequently, projected increases in fire frequency linked to climate change may stimulate their regeneration in NW European heathlands, potentially altering the species composition of these ecosystems. Additionally, a clearer understanding of the interaction between thermal shock and germination may explain why fire has so frequently been ineffective in controlling invasive Genisteae populations worldwide.
Cosmic queuing: galaxy satellites, building blocks and the hierarchical clustering paradigm
Authors: Lagos Claudia del P. , Padilla Nelson D. , Cora Sofía A. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
We study the properties of building blocks (BBs; i.e. accreted satellites) and surviving satellites of present-day galaxies using the semi-analytic model of galaxy formation SAG (‚semi-analytic galaxies’) in the context of a concordance Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) cosmology. We consider large number of dark matter (DM) halo merger trees spanning a wide range of masses (∼1 × 1010–2.14 × 1015 M⊙). We find higher metallicities for BBs with respect to surviving satellites, an effect produced by the same processes behind the build up of the mass–metallicity relation. We prove that these metallicity differences arise from the higher peak height in the density fluctuation field occupied by BBs and central galaxies which have collapsed into a single object earlier than surviving satellites. BBs start to form stars earlier, during the peak of the merger activity in ΛCDM, and build up half of their final stellar mass (measured at the moment of disruption) up to four times faster than surviving satellites. Surviving satellites keep increasing their stellar masses rather quiescently down to z≃ 1. The difference between the metallicities of satellites, BBs and central galaxies depends on the host DM halo mass, in a way that can be used as a further test for the concordance cosmology.
Fluid‐transport evaluation of lateral condensation, ProTaper gutta‐percha and warm vertical condensation obturation techniques
Authors: Mahera Fani , Economides Nikolaos , Gogos Christos , Beltes Panagiotis 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare the microleakage of four obturation techniques (lateral condensation, lateral condensation of ProTaper Gutta‐percha, single ProTaper Gutta‐percha and warm vertical condensation) over a 3‐month period. A fluid‐transport model was used to measure microleakage. Sixty human‐extracted teeth, divided into four groups, were prepared with ProTaper rotary instruments before the root canals were filled by one of the four examined techniques. All groups were obturated using Sultan as a root canal sealer. Microleakage was measured 7 days, 1 month and 3 months after the procedures. There were no statistically significant differences between the four groups at any of examination points (P > 0.05). The leakage was increased in all obturation techniques over the 3‐month period.
Reliability of assessing dye penetration along root canal fillings using methylene blue
Authors: Souza Erick Miranda , Pappen Fernanda Geraldes , Shemesh Hagay , Bonanato‐Estrela Cristiane , Bonetti‐Filho Idomeo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMethylene blue (MB) remains the most frequently used tracer for dye penetration tests of endodontic fillings, despite its chemical reactions with different materials. This study checked whether dye penetration displayed by MB is comparable to Rhodamine B (RB). One hundred and seventy‐two root canals were filled with gutta‐percha and six sealers. Samples were covered with nail varnish except for the apical area, and immersed in MB or RB solutions under negative pressure. After 24 h, roots were bisected, photographed and the maximal dye penetration recorded. Dye penetrations displayed by MB and RB were compared (Newman–Keuls test). MB and RB displayed comparable results for groups filled with AH Plus, EndoREZ and Polifil (P > 0.05). For Endofill, Sealer 26 and Sealapex, a significant lower dye penetration was observed when MB was used (P < 0.05). Laboratory tests using MB for measuring dye penetration through filled root canals can result in misleading conclusions.
Endodontic treatment of a mandibular first molar with three mesial canals and broken instrument removal
Authors: Faramarzi Farhad , Fakri Hamidreza , Javaheri Homan H 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTo succeed in any dental procedure, the clinician's awareness of the patient's dental anatomy and its variations is crucial. In endodontic therapy, obtaining full information about the root canals' variations can affect the outcome substantially. This case report presents the endodontic treatment of a mandibular first molar exhibiting three mesial root canals with 4 mm of a separated K‐file in the coronal third of the mesiolingual canal on an 18‐year‐old female patient. This case demonstrates the importance of locating additional canals in any roots undergoing endodontic treatment and how the clinician's awareness of aberrant internal anatomy may change the treatment results.
SEM evaluation of the apical external root surface of teeth with chronic periapical lesion
Authors: Felippe Wilson Tadeu , Ruschel Maica Fritzen , Felippe Gabriela Santos , Pozzobon Maria Helena , Felippe Mara Cristina Santos 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe aim is to verify, under scanning electron microscopy, the occurrence of apical root resorption in anterior and posterior teeth with chronic and radiographically visible periapical lesions. Thirty‐two teeth were extracted, the apical thirds (n = 39) were removed, and prepared to analyse the external apical root surface. All specimens presented irregular areas of root resorption with different depths, located mainly around the apical foramen. Teeth with chronic periapical lesions present areas of external apical root resorption with irregular surface and different depths located mainly around the apical foramen. Root resorptions may show different configurations and destroy the apical root structure more or less extensively.
A systematic review of the nasal index and the significance of the shape and size of the nose in rhinology
Authors: Leong S.C. , Eccles R. 
Published: May 2009

Background:  There was great interest in the 19th and early 20th century in classifying human races as Caucasian, Asian African etc. according to nasal shape and size, and the nasal index was the most commonly used measurement to differentiate races.Objective of review:  To determine if there is any clinical relevance of the shape and size of the nose in relation to physiology, pathology and surgery.Type of review:  Systematic review.Search strategy:  A structured search of PubMed was performed from 1966 to 2008 for each section of the review focusing on the ethnic variations in nasal index, the effect of climate of nasal shape, ethic variations of nasal physiology and racial predilection for sinonasal pathology.Results:  Nasal proportions do vary between ethnic groups but the size and shape of the nose does not define Caucasian, Asian and African races respectively. Anthropologists agree that the nasal variations are due to man’s adaptation to the environment. However, this theory remains to be proven. Published data on nasal physiology have not shown significant differences between the ethnic groups despite obvious differences in nasal proportions. There is no evidence of ethnic specific predilection to disease due to anatomical variation, physiological vulnerability or genetic susceptibility. Rhinology research is often confounded by classifying populations according to race, as racial characteristics are not based on any scientific principles and the nasal index may be a more reliable discriminator. The only area in which the size and shape of the nose is of relevance is in aesthetic and reconstruction surgery.Conclusions:  Nasal proportions are important aesthetically but appear to have little relevance to the rhinologist.
A randomised controlled trial to compare postoperative pain in children undergoing tonsillectomy using cold steel dissection with bipolar haemostasis versus coblation technique
Authors: Parker D. , Howe L. , Unsworth V. , Hilliam R. 
Published: May 2009

Objective:  To measure postoperative pain levels in children undergoing tonsillectomy, by two different techniques, cold steel dissection and coblator dissection. The hypothesis – that coblator dissection may be associated with less postoperative pain.Design:  Prospective, randomised, double blind trial.Setting:  Single centre, secondary care Children’s Hospital.Participants:  Children aged between 4 and 16 years, undergoing tonsillectomy, or adeno‐tonsillectomy. Exclusion criteria: children already taking regular analgesia and those who experienced postoperative bleeding. Seventy‐nine children were recruited, nine were excluded.Main outcome measures:  We compared analgesia requirements during the first 10 days, and also the return to normal eating and drinking. These were assessed, using a validated pain scale. All analgesic administration in hospital and at home was compared. The return to normal eating & drinking patterns, was also compared.Results:  Whilst in the 24 h postoperatively there was no significant difference in the pain scores between the two groups, the coblator group required less potent analgesia. No statistical difference was identified between the two groups following discharge, except on the sixth postoperative day, when the coblator group had lower pain scores. This may represent chance, rather than a clear difference.Conclusion:  The findings do not confirm the hypothesis that tonsillectomy undertaken in children, with the coblator device, is associated with lower levels of postoperative pain, but do indicate that less analgesia is required by the coblator patients in the first 12 h postoperatively.
Specific Interaction of the Legume Lectins, Concanavalin A and Peanut Agglutinin, with Phycocyanin
Authors: Pandey Gunjan , Fatma Tasneem , Komath Sneha Sudha 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn a recent study, we found that jacalin, a T‐antigen specific lectin could interact with phycocyanin (PC) in a carbohydrate‐independent manner. We show here that concanavalin A and peanut agglutinin too can interact with PC, although the nature of the interaction is distinctly different from that for jacalin. The legume lectins bind PC weaker in the presence of their specific carbohydrate ligands. Like jacalin, the legume lectins too interact with PC via two distinct sites. Higher ionic strengths resulted in a weakening of the interaction at site 1 and did not affect the interaction at site 2, clearly indicating that the interactions involve charged residues at the former and hydrophobic interactions at the latter site. The implications for the use of these lectin–PC complexes in photodynamic therapy and other clinical applications are discussed.
Role of p38 MAPKs in Hypericin Photodynamic Therapy‐induced Apoptosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Chan Pui S. , Koon Ho K. , Wu Zhen G. , Wong Ricky N. S. , Lung Maria L. , Chang Chi K. , Mak Nai K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe present study aims to determine the role of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in hypericin‐mediated photodynamic therapy (HY‐PDT)‐induced apoptosis of the HK‐1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. HY‐PDT was found to induce proteolytic cleavage of procaspase‐9 and ‐3 in HK‐1 cells. Apoptotic nuclei were observed at 6 h after PDT whereas B‐cell leukemia/lymphoma‐2‐associated‐X‐protein (Bax) translocation and formation of Bax channel is responsible for the cell death. Increase in phosphorylation of p38 MAPKs and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) was detected at 15–30 min after HY‐PDT. The appearance of phosphorylated form of p38 MAPKs and JNK1/2 was inhibited by the singlet oxygen scavenger l‐histidine. HY‐PDT‐induced cell death was enhanced by the chemical inhibitors for p38 MAPKs (SB202190 and SB203580), but not by the JNKs inhibitor SP600125. Knockdown of the p38α and p38β MAPK isoforms by small interfering RNA (siRNA) are more effective than the p38δ in enhancing PDT‐induced cell death. Augmentation of apoptosis by p38α or p38β knockdown is also correlated with the increased proteolytic cleavage of procaspase‐9 after HY‐PDT treatment. Our results suggested that HY‐PDT activated p38 MAPKs through the production of singlet oxygen. Inhibition of p38 MAPKs with chemical inhibitors or siRNA enhances HY‐PDT‐induced apoptosis of the HK‐1 NPC cells.
Diffuse Ultraviolet Erythemal Irradiance on Inclined Planes: A Comparison of Experimental and Modeled Data
Authors: Utrillas María P. , Marín María J. , Esteve Anna R. , Estellés Victor , Tena Fernando , Cañada Javier , Martínez‐Lozano José A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractValues of measured and modeled diffuse UV erythemal irradiance (UVER) for all sky conditions are compared on planes inclined at 40° and oriented north, south, east and west. The models used for simulating diffuse UVER are of the geometric‐type, mainly the Isotropic, Klucher, Hay, Muneer, Reindl and Schauberger models. To analyze the precision of the models, some statistical estimators were used such as root mean square deviation, mean absolute deviation and mean bias deviation. It was seen that all the analyzed models reproduce adequately the diffuse UVER on the south‐facing plane, with greater discrepancies for the other inclined planes. When the models are applied to cloud‐free conditions, the errors obtained are higher because the anisotropy of the sky dome acquires more importance and the models do not provide the estimation of diffuse UVER accurately.
Photocytotoxicity of the Fluorescent Nonsteroidal Androgen Receptor Ligand TDPQ†
Authors: Bilski Piotr J. , Risek Boris , Chignell Colin F. , Schrader William T. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐2,2‐dimethyl‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐8‐pyridono[5,6‐g]quinoline (TDPQ), a selective nonsteroidal androgen receptor (AR) ligand, is a fluorescent compound. We characterized its spectral properties in comparison with the structural precursor carbostyril 151 (C151) and with its racemic structural isomer 4‐ethyl‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐8‐pyridino[5,6‐g]quinoline (ETPQ). The absorption maximum in CH3CN of either TDPQ or ETPQ is 400 nm whereas that of C151 is 350 nm. The fluorescence lifetimes (τ) and quantum yields (ϕf) in CH3CN are typical of fluorescent dyes: TDPQ (4.2 ns, 0.8) and ETPQ (4.6 ns, 0.76). C151 showed lowerτandϕfof 0.2 ns and 0.02, respectively. TDPQ can function as a fluorescent label at (sub)micromolar concentrations. We detected TDPQ fluorescence in human breast tumor cells using confocal microscopy. While the fluorescence maxima of the compounds were solvent insensitive, theϕffor ETPQ decreased in aqueous solutions regardless of the presence of albumin or DNA. Theϕfof TDPQ was less affected. The quantum yield of singlet oxygen (1O2) photosensitization (ϕso) by TDPQ and ETPQ was about 7% in CH3CN, sufficient to induce photocytotoxicity. TDPQ was photocytotoxic in AR‐positive MDA‐MB‐453 breast cancer cells but not in AR‐negative MDA‐MB‐231 cells. The combination of AR selectivity with photocytotoxicity makes TDPQ a promising candidate for selective targeting of AR‐positive cells during photodynamic therapy.
Photochemistry and Thermal Decarboxylation of α‐Phosphoryloxy‐p‐nitrophenylacetates
Authors: Corrie John E. T. , Munasinghe V. Ranjit N. , Rudbeck Maria , Barth Andreas 
Published: May 2009

Abstractα‐Carboxy‐4‐nitrobenzyl phosphate 4 and its derived monomethyl phosphate ester 5 were synthesized and purified by anion‐exchange chromatography. A gradient of LiCl was necessary for elution of the anion‐exchange column to avoid unexpected thermal decarboxylation that occurred during vacuum evaporation when the volatile triethylammonium bicarbonate buffer was used. Photolysis of each compound was accompanied by decarboxylation, and 4 released inorganic phosphate with near‐100% stoichiometry. Time‐resolved infrared spectroscopy of the photolysis reaction, coupled with density functional theory calculations of vibrational frequencies, enabled us to infer a mechanism for the photolytic pathway, although there was some evidence for a second pathway also being operative. In contrast to the results for 4, photolysis of 5 appeared to release little or no monomethyl phosphate.
Reconstruction of Solar Spectral Surface UV Irradiances Using Radiative Transfer Simulations
Authors: Lindfors Anders , Heikkilä Anu , Kaurola Jussi , Koskela Tapani , Lakkala Kaisa 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUV radiation exerts several effects concerning life on Earth, and spectral information on the prevailing UV radiation conditions is needed in order to study each of these effects. In this paper, we present a method for reconstruction of solar spectral UV irradiances at the Earth’s surface. The method, which is a further development of an earlier published method for reconstruction of erythemally weighted UV, relies on radiative transfer simulations, and takes as input (1) the effective cloud optical depth as inferred from pyranometer measurements of global radiation (300–3000 nm); (2) the total ozone column; (3) the surface albedo as estimated from measurements of snow depth; (4) the total water vapor column; and (5) the altitude of the location. Reconstructed daily cumulative spectral irradiances at Jokioinen and Sodankylä in Finland are, in general, in good agreement with measurements. The mean percentage difference, for instance, is mostly within ±8%, and the root mean square of the percentage difference is around 10% or below for wavelengths over 310 nm and daily minimum solar zenith angles (SZA) less than 70°. In this study, we used pseudospherical radiative transfer simulations, which were shown to improve the performance of our method under large SZA (low Sun).
Staging the Debate: Loyalist‐Britishness and Masculinities in the Plays of Gary Mitchell
Authors: McDowell Wallace 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper, which emanates from the field of theatre studies, examines plays written by Belfast writer Gary Mitchell in and around the time of the Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement of 1998. Mitchell occupies a unique position in Irish theatre, being the first playwright to emerge from and offer a dramatic critique of paramilitary‐dominated Loyalist communities. Central to the paper is the argument that Mitchell offers a set of important insights into how such communities reflect academic debates around masculinities, imagined national communities and the relationship between masculinity and violence. The paper looks at three plays which received premieres around the time of the Belfast agreement and utilises the theoretical approaches offered by proponents of hegemonic masculinity as well as post‐Foucauldian thinkers.
The PTEN–AKT3 signaling cascade as a therapeutic target in melanoma
Authors: Madhunapantula SubbaRao V. , Robertson Gavin P. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryMelanocytes undergo extensive genetic changes during transformation into aggressive melanomas. These changes deregulate genes whose aberrant activity promotes the development of this disease. The phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K) and mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways are two key signaling cascades that have been found to play prominent roles in melanoma development. These pathways relay extra‐cellular signals via an ordered series of consecutive phosphorylation events from cell surface throughout the cytoplasm and nucleus regulating diverse cellular processes including proliferation, survival, invasion and angiogenesis. It is generally accepted that therapeutic agents would need to target these two pathways to be an effective therapy for the long‐term treatment of advanced‐stage melanoma patients. This review provides an overview of the PI3 kinase pathway focusing specifically on two members of the pathway, called PTEN and Akt3, which play important roles in melanoma development. Mechanisms leading to deregulation of these two proteins and therapeutic implications of targeting this signaling cascade to treat melanoma are detailed in this review.
IMPORTANCE OF CALLOSAL TRANSFER IN THE EXTRAMACULAR INHIBITION PHENOMENON ALONG THE HEMIOPIC BORDER
Authors: EHLERS NIELS 
Published: May 2009

The hemiopic border may be demonstrated in normal subjects by 2‐object campimetry, as an inhibition of the perception of one of the objects. When two horizontally disparate objects pass the border, the perception of the first object is inhibited. After a certain distance where only one object can be seen, the first distinctly reappears. After a further movement the second object also becomes distinct. This phenomenon has been studied with various object sizes and distances. In 7 patients with agenesia corporis callosi no inhibition could be demonstrated, suggesting a callosal transfer in the normal inhibition.The inhibition phenomenon probably illustrates the adaptation mechanism which must exist in order to correlate the function of the two hemiretinae.