bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Microwaves in the Production Process of Biodiesel from Bulk Oil
Authors: Hartulistiyoso Edy , Farobie Obie , Wulandarni Dyah , Akmal Saladdin Muhammad 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Using bulk oil as biodiesel fuel is a waste reduction opportunity that creates economic value and creates alternative fuels to replace diesel fuel. The research was conducted through the transesterification reaction of bulk oil and methanol in batches using microwave heating to speed up the reaction time. The research is expected to show the right performance and response time to achieve optimal biodiesel yield and biodiesel properties, according to the Indonesian Nasional Standard (SNI). The experiment used two power levels (100 and 400 watts) and three reaction times (5, 10 and 15 minutes). Based on the analysis of variance and extended Duncan’s test, microwave power and response time were found to have a significant <0.05 impact on product yield. The highest yield was 93.3%, achieved with a variation of 100 watts and a process time of 10 minutes. The results showed that, except for total glycerol, all quality criteria (density, acid number, saponification rate, methyl ester content, and iodine) met the SNI 7182:2015 standard [17]. It can be concluded that the use of microwaves has the potential to shorten the reaction time of biodiesel production while at the same time achieving high yield and good biodiesel quality.
Cloud point and oxidation stability analysis of turpentine oil and ethanol in b40 biodiesel blend using response surface methodology
Authors: Kirana Fadilah Achmad Anisa , Ilham Khatamy Ade , Arrayyan Billal , Sri Kunarti Eko , Anggarani Riesta , Setyo Wibowo Cahyo , Allif Fathurrahman Nur 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Given the availability and the potential of bioresources as blending components of diesel blends, the synergy of turpentine oil and ethanol in the B40 biodiesel blend is presented in this work. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the influence of both bioresources on the important characteristics of B40 biodiesel blends, i.e., cloud point and oxidation stability. Based on the result, the relationship between turpentine oil and ethanol on cloud point was best expressed with a two-factor interaction (2FI) model. Meanwhile, the quadratic model was more suitable for oxidation stability The most ideal cloud point was found at 10.6 °C in 8% v/v and 0.5% v/v of turpentine oil and ethanol concentration, respectively and the most ideal oxidation induction time was found at 250 minutes in 5% v/v and 0.7% v/v of turpentine oil and ethanol, respectively. It is believed that the rigid structure of turpentine oil is responsible for preventing crystal formation and the ethanol-biodiesel blend attraction also enhances their liquid-phase stability. Furthermore, the oxidation stability of B40 biodiesel blends continues to be maintained at sufficient levels.
Experimental Analysis of Palm-Oil Biodiesel Oxidation Stability on the Aging Characteristics of Diesel-Biodiesel Blends
Authors: Ginanjar Kemal , Kuntolaksono Satrio , Widya Iskandar Anne , Joelianingsih  , Zaelani Rizal , Abdurrojaq Nurmajid , Anggarani Riesta , Setyo Wibowo Cahyo , Allif Fathurrahman Nur 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The utilization of biodiesel-diesel blends has gained significant momentum in recent years. However, the unique properties of palm oil biodiesel demand careful handling compared to conventional diesel fuel whereas the most important is the preservation of oxidation stability. It is related to the resistance of biodiesel and its blends against heat and oxygen-induced oxidation reactions. This study focuses on the aging characteristics of palm oil biodiesel-diesel blends (B10 to B50) which were impacted by varying pristine biodiesel oxidation stability by aging with air and heat exposure. The experiment of biodiesel and its blend aging was set up using the Accelerated method (EN 14112 / EN 15751) and Rapid Smale Scale Oxidation Test method (ASTM D7545). Furthermore, the effects of diesel fuel aging on high and low biodiesel oxidation stability were examined, including density, kinematic viscosity, water content, acid number, and lubricity. Based on the results, it was found that the aging time of palm oil biodiesel significantly influences the oxidative parameters of the biodiesel-diesel blends (B10 to B50). Moreover, prolonged aging resulted in decreased oxidation stability and increased viscosity, total acid number, and lubricity. These outcomes highlight how crucial it is to handle and store palm oil biodiesel properly in order to maintain the quality of biodiesel-diesel blends.
Synthesis of Fe3O4/ZnO from Zinc Dross Waste as an Active Material for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Listianto Raharjo Mohammad , Jaya Budiarso Indra , Jaya Diguna Lina , Danang Birowosuto Muhammad , Wibowo Arie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is an attractive active material in emerging solar cell technologies, such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), due to its high stability and electron mobility. The activity of ZnO can be enhanced by adding a small amount of impurity, such as iron oxide. Since zinc dross contains Zn as the primary element and Fe as the minor element, it can be used as a precursor to obtain iron oxide/ZnO. In this study, ZnO was prepared from zinc dross through a hydrometallurgy process and utilized as the active material for DSSCs. For comparison, pure ZnO was also prepared using zinc acetate as the precursor through the sol-gel process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that pure ZnO was observed in the sample prepared using zinc acetate as the precursor, while ZnO with a Fe3O4 phase was observed in the sample prepared using zinc dross. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations reveal that the thickness of ZnO layer that was deposited onto fluorine-doped tin oxide glass was 11.3 ± 0.4 μm. The solar cell performance tests showed that the presence of dyes that adsorbed on ZnO synthesized from zinc dross could increase the efficiency of DSSCs up to 26.5 times while the ZnO synthesized from zinc acetate has 11.5 higher efficiency compared to the non-sensitized counterpart. Moreover, ZnO from zinc dross exhibited 1.2 times higher efficiency than ZnO from pure Zn precursor, indicating the feasibility of converting zinc dross waste into valuable materials.
Effectiveness of Carica (Carica pubescens) marinade on buffalo meat physicochemical
Authors: Patriani P , Irgiadi A , Desnamrina K C 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Carica (Carica pubescens) is a type of mountain papaya that contains the enzyme papain and is proteolytic. Carica fruit also contains flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, and tannins that have antibacterial properties. Buffalo meat has a rough texture, is tough, dark red, and has a distinctive flavour. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Carica marination on the physicochemical quality of buffalo meat. This study used a completely randomised design with 4 treatments and 6 replicates. The treatments in the study consisted of C0: without Carica marination, C1: buffalo meat marination using 15% Carica, C2: buffalo meat marination using 30% Carica, and C3: buffalo meat marination using 45% Carica. The results showed that marinating buffalo meat using Carica had a very significant effect (P˂0.01) on pH and tenderness and a significant effect (P˂0.05) on protein content, moisture content and cooking shrinkage. The best treatment was sample C2 with pH 5.65, cooking loss 26.3%, moisture content 69.3%, protein content 20.8% and tenderness 0.0560 mm/g/s. This study concluded that 30% Carica marinade effectively improves the physicochemical quality of buffalo meat. Carica can potentially develop as a tenderiser in the meat product industry in a sustainable manner.
Vermicompost from Spent Coffee Grounds as a Nutrient-Rich Organic Fertilizer
Authors: Erdawati  , Pratiwi Yussi , Saefurahman Ganjar 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Vermicompost is an organic fertilizer produced from organic waste with the support of earthworms. The type of earthworm commonly used is the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus. Organic waste that can be used to produce vermicompost includes coffee grounds, cow manure, and agricultural waste. In this study, the effects of the amount of medium, the number of worms, and the composting time on the vermicompost production from spent coffee grounds was examined. The vermicompost with different concentrations was also tested to grow Aglaonema flowers. The results showed that the factors affecting the vermicompost production were the amounts of medium, composting time, and the number of worms. The results of the linear regression test showed that the regression coefficient for the amount of medium was 0.34, for composting time was 0.522, and for the number of worms was 0.623. The application of vermicompost as a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer was also successfully tested on Aglaonema brevispathum planting.
Transverse and Longitudinal Optical Phonon Analysis of Silicon dioxide (SiO2) from Rice Husk Charcoal
Authors: Patonah Har Nazopatul , Irzaman  , Asri Nurani Hanifan Rahmah , Hajar Siti , Prasta Jenie Renan , Hardhienata Hendradi , Zuhri Mahfuddin , Siskandar Ridwan , Syafutra Heriyanto , Pratama Erdiansyah , Arif Setiawan Ardian , Alatas Husin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Rice husk is one of the biggest wastes from rice production. Rice husk can be used as an alternative in producing silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon dioxide is widely used in various industries, such as glass, ceramics, tires and electronics. In this paper, charcoal from rice husks is annealed at various temperatures of 800 °C, 850 °C and 900 °C and then characterized using FTIR. In previous studies, analysis using FTIR was able to show the functional groups of Silicon dioxide found in rice husk charcoal. FTIR data modified with the Kramers-Kronig (KK) equation can produce Longitudinal Optics (LO) and Transverse optics phonon (TO) values. The LO and TO values are the optical properties of the Silicon dioxide from rice husk charcoal. In addition, the value of the dielectric function can also be obtained. Based on the results, it shows that the LO values for each treatment were 907.47 cm−1, 958.62 cm−1, and 986.67 cm−1. The TO values for each treatment were 903.61 cm−1, 954.00 cm−1 and 964.41 cm−1. The dielectric function values of each treatment were 512.00 cm−1, 962.48 cm−1 and 1007.00 cm−1. By analyzing the optical-phonon parameters of Transverse Optics (TO) and Longitudinal Optics (LO), we succeeded in characterizing the SiO2 properties with the variations of annealing temperature. We determined that the TO and LO were not-monotonously affected by the variation in annealing temperature, which was determined by studying the optical-phonon wavelengths.
Development of solid recovery fuel for power generation with bacterial bio-drying of municipal solid waste in Lombok Island West Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Soleh Mochamad , Hidayat Yudi , Abidin Zaenal 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The growth of waste in big cities in Indonesia increases sharply every year. The Government’s ability to manage solid waste only reaches 40.09% in urban areas and 1.02% in rural areas, so the right policies are needed so that Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) does not save potential problems that will impact the future. The waste problem is no longer just a matter of cleanliness and the environment but has become a social problem that has the potential to cause conflict. The most likely solution to solving the MSW problem is to use it as a source of alternative fuel, which can be done by a mechanical-biological treatment technology into Solid Recovery Fuel (SRF).
The proposed SRF processing method is straightforward and requires a little technology; thus, it could be developed at the community level. The MSW is collected and processed by communities and then sold to power plants or factories or used in communities to replace solid fuels such as wood or charcoal. Compared with the standard RDF and SRF specifications, MSW SRF falls under medium-grade Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) or SRF specifications. Further comparison with coal, water hyacinth SRF, and sorghum shows that MSW SRF has several advantages, such as low fixed carbon, sulfur, and moisture, that could be beneficial for combustion performance, which concludes that MSW has potential and meet the specification as an alternative fuel for thermal power plant or other industry that utilizes thermal energy.
This paper proposes a processing methodology for municipal solid waste into alternative energy. The method could guide local people in using biomass resources to improve local economic prosperity.
Numerical Analysis for Predicting the Rate of Graphitization on Wood Biomass During the Plasma-Assisted Pyrolysis
Authors: Purawiardi Ibrahim , Kismanto Agus , Hijrah Handayani Airine , Maddu Akhiruddin , Elbersen Wolter , Kartono Agus , Widya Sari Yessie , Dimyati Arbi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The plasma-assisted pyrolysis process is a powerful treatment for converting wood biomass to graphitic carbon. In order to make this process more precise and effective in time, the rate of graphitization data is needed, especially for predicting the effective time of treatment. In this study, numerical analysis is conducted to predict the rate of graphitization. An explicit finite difference method is applied for the numerical analysis. Some initial parameters used are the wood thickness (5 mm), coefficient of diffusivity (0.082 mm2/s), input plasma temperature (4,000 C), initial wood temperature (35 C), and room temperature (27 C). The analysis was conducted with a variation of time differences of 1 s, 2 s, 3 s, 4 s, and 5 s. The assumption used in this analysis is that the minimum temperature for graphitic carbon conversion is 2,000 C. The result of this study is the values of graphitization rates and exposure times summarized in TABLE 1. Therefore, this numerical analysis can successfully be used to predict the rate of graphitization and plasma exposure time for different wood biomass thicknesses.
Extraction of Pigments and Antioxidant Activity from the Red Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii
Authors: Farobie Obie , Sukmawanti Putri Nurmalia , Bayu Dani Nandiyanto Asep 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Indonesia is one of the world’s significant producers of seaweed and marine macroalgae, accounting for 38% of the global seaweed market. Marine macroalgae contain natural pigments such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycoerythrin, and phycobilin, which have the potential as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial agents. However, pigment extraction and antioxidant analysis of the red macroalga Eucheuma cottonii have not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate pigment extraction from E. cottonii and analyze the potential antioxidant compounds. The extraction was conducted using a phosphate buffer solution at a ratio of 1:10 (b/v). The mixture was ultrasonicated at 3,000 and 3,600 rpm and various times (10, 20, and 30 min). The results showed that phycoerythrin concentration increased during ultrasonication at a lower frequency of 3,000 rpm. The crude extract of phycoerythrin (PE) increased from 201.66 to 306.68 μg/mL when ultrasonication was increased from 0 to 30 min. Interestingly, in a shorter time (10 min extraction), the extraction using ultrasonication produced a higher concentration of phycoerythrin than the control, which was carried out without ultrasonication.
Preliminary Study Effect of by-products of Biodiesel Glycerol in Increasing the Elasticity of Film sheets for Seaweed Derivative-Based Soft Capsules
Authors: Hidayat T. , Syamsu K. , Candra Sunarti T. , Nurilmala M. , Parulian Manalu L. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Glycerol is a by-product in the production of biodiesel that has the potential to be used as a material for making films for soft capsules. This study aims to determine the effect of glycerin on the elasticity of film sheets for soft capsules. The method used is the determination of glycerin concentration based on trial and error, film solution preparation by casting technology, and physical testing of the sheet including tensile strength, elasticity, tackiness, and viscosity. The results showed that the best concentration in the manufacture of film for soft capsules was 15 % with a tensile strength of 2.3 MPa, elasticity of 3.4 MPa, and stickiness of 1500 gf. The appearance of the resulting film sheet is very clear and slightly elastic. The addition of glycerol can improve the quality of film sheets for soft capsules
Effect of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) biomass on organoleptic quality of goat meat during shelf life
Authors: Patriani P , Hafid H , Hutajulu S F B 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Cinnamon is an herbal spice that contains antioxidants and antimicrobials. The use of cinnamon in the postharvest industry of agricultural products has been widely practised and provides economic benefits. Goat meat is a postharvest product with high protein levels, making it susceptible to damage due to microbial growth during its shelf life. Goat meat also has a distinctive aroma that is less favoured by consumers. Appropriate methods are needed to improve the organoleptic quality of goat meat. This study aims to determine cinnamon’s effect on the organoleptic quality of goat meat. The design used was a factorial, completely randomised design. The factor I is Cinnamon concentration (K0:0%; K1:5%; K2:10%; K3:15%), and Factor II is the length of storage (H1:24 hours, H2:48 hours). The results showed that cinnamon marinade had a very significant effect (P<0.01) on taste and aroma but no significant effect (P>0.05) on texture and colour. The hedonic test showed that marination using 10%-15% cinnamon on goat meat was preferred in terms of aroma and flavour. The H2S test showed that samples marinated in cinnamon and stored for 48 hours did not show spoilage. Cinnamon has the potential to be a sustainable preservative.
Application of Sacha Inchi Oil and Deterpenated Nutmeg Oil as Natural Antiaging in Facial Cream Formulation
Authors: Muna Neli , Setyaningsih Dwi , Syahbana Rusli Meika , Amanah Nurul , Tarida Ina 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) is rich in essential nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids (α-linolenic acid), omega-6 (linoleic acid), omega-9 (oleic acid) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol and δ -tocopherol) which acts as a good skin barrier and reduces skin inflammation due to UV exposure. On the other hand, deterpenated nutmeg oil was reported to have antioxidant activity (IC50) stronger than native nutmeg oil. This study aims to utilize sacha inchi oil and deterpenated nutmeg oil as natural antiaging in facial cream formulations. Before used, sacha inchi oil is subjected to chemical glycerolysis to improve consumer acceptance. The physic-chemical properties between sacha inchi native oil and after pre-treatment were not significantly different. However, the hedonic test showed that the glycerolysis pre-treatment at 80°C had a better acceptance than native sacha inchi oil. The facial cream formulation used 5% sacha inchi oil and 1% deterpenated nutmeg oil with 1 – 5% niacinamide. All formulations showed oil in water (o/w) emulsion type. Facial cream with 5% niacinamide was the best formulation based on the hedonic test. It has a pH of 7.58, spreadability of 5.51 cm, and globule size of 7.11 μm
Effect of the addition of essential oils-based bio-additive on biodiesel B30 performance during durability and field tests
Authors: Syahbana Rusli Meika , Setiapraja Hari , Agustian Egi , Farobie Obie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Indonesia Government has implemented the mandatory B30 program or mixing 30% biodiesel with 70% diesel oil since January 2020, and it has become one of the priority programs to reduce emissions and dependency on fossil fuels. Researchers have reported that the use of biodiesel has an impact on engine filter clogging and fuel performance. This problem can be overcome by bio-additives addition. Several researchers also reported that essential oils can function as fuel bio-additives. This study aimed to identify B30 performance with and without the addition of bio-additives during engine durability and field tests. In this study, the bio-additives used were formulations of a mixture of essential oils (turpentine, rhodinol, and clove terpenes). B30 with a mixture of essential oil-based bio-additive formulas was applied directly to the diesel engine, and then analysis was carried out in the form of engine RPM, fuel consumption, filter pressure difference, and smoke emission before and after the durability test. The durability test results for up to 100 hours showed that the values for RPM and power of the engine, fuel consumption, filter pressure differences, and smoke emissions tended to be the same or identical to the values at the beginning phase of the measurement. Field test results showed that the addition of bio-additives can reduce particulate levels in the main tank by up to 60% after 4 days of use, and the same result was obtained in the measurement of water content. The fuel filter with the addition of bio-additives was cleaner than without the addition of bio-additives. The use of bio-additives improves the B30 and still comply with the technical specifications required by the Directorate General of Oil and Gas, Indonesia.
Synthesis of Biodegradable Plastic Film from Chitosan-Glycerol with Cellulose Nanowhiskers of Coconut Coir as Reinforcing Agent
Authors: Said Lestari , Lisdiana Hayyun , Saefurahman Ganjar 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This research was conducted to synthesize biodegradable plastic films from chitosan and glycerol with the addition of cellulose nanowhiskers as a reinforcing agent. Cellulose synthesis of nanowhiskers from coconut husks was carried out with 3 phases, i.e., pre-treatment, bleaching, and sulphuric acid hydrolysis with a concentration of 55%. The result of cellulose hydrolysis in the form of needle-like nanowhiskers with an average of 223.6 nm particle size and a crystallinity index of 34.27% were shown through the results of FTIR, SEM, PSA, and XRD. Plastic film was made by blending method, which was mixing whole material then stirred until homogeneous and printed at room temperature. This study showed that the addition of cellulose nanowhiskers 3% can increase the tensile strength value up to 50 MpA, water resistance by 88.86%, and the biodegradation rate by 0.51 mg/day, but the value decreased if the addition of cellulose nanowhiskers was more than 3%. This was influenced by the rigid properties of cellulose nanowhiskers and experienced aggregation if it was added in excess. In conclusion, the addition of cellulose nanowhiskers with precise concentration can increase the tensile strength, water resistance, and the rate of biodegradation in the plastic film from chitosan-glycerol.