bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoelectrochemical etching of cone‐shaped macropores in N‐type Si for solar cell texturization
Authors: Wang X. , Tebib A. , Veschetti Y. , Bastide S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMacropore formation by photoelectrochemical (PEC) etching of N‐type crystalline Si under front side illumination has been investigated. We report on two important parameters that influence the pore morphology: the applied anodic bias and the spectral distribution of the illumination source. On (100) c‐Si, the pore morphology changes from a round shape at low bias (0 V/NHE) to a conical shape at high bias (2 V/NHE). In the latter case we show that, by adjusting the spectrum of the white light source with longpass filters of different cut‐on wavelengths, we can control the cone angle of the pores from 50° with white light to 10° with infrared light. Optical measurements indicate that macropores formed with a narrow cone angle (20°) could be of interest for Si solar cell texturization since they result in a very low reflectivity (2.6% at 800 nm) and in an efficient light trapping.
Optical and magnetic properties of quasi one‐dimensional dilute magnetic ZnMnS and antiferromagnetic MnS
Authors: Chen Limei , Heimbrodt Wolfram , Klar Peter J. , Fröba Michael , Ronning Carsten , von Nidda Hans‐Albrecht Krug 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe study the optical and magnetic properties of quasi one‐dimensional dilute magnetic Zn1−xMnxS and antiferromagnetic (AF) MnS as a function of size, Mn content x, and sample morphology. On the one hand, we discuss the temporal dynamics of the yellow Mn‐related luminescence of the samples under resonant excitation demonstrating that the non‐exponential behavior of the luminescence decay is an intrinsic feature of such nanostructures and is strongly related to interplay of the characteristic length scales such as the extensions of the sample, the distance between killer centers, and the distance between Mn ions. The transients of the Mn related luminescence can quantitatively be described on the basis of a modified Förster model accounting for killer center statistics and reduced dimensionality. On the other hand, we investigate the paramagnetic to AF phase transition of spherical MnS nanostructures as a function of diameter. The phase transition is gradually suppressed whilst the local magnetic interactions such as the nearest neighbor and next‐nearest neighbor exchange constants remain unaltered, demonstrating that the suppression of the magnetic order is driven by the increasing surface to volume ratio leading to an effective reduction of the numbers of nearest and next‐nearest neighbors.
Mg‐doped Al0.85Ga0.15N layers grown by hot‐wall MOCVD with low resistivity at room temperature
Authors: Kakanakova‐Georgieva A. , Nilsson D. , Stattin M. , Forsberg U. , Haglund Å. , Larsson A. , Janzén E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe report on the hot‐wall MOCVD growth of Mg‐doped Alx Ga1–xN layers with an Al content as high as x ∼ 0.85. After subjecting the layers to post‐growth in‐situ annealing in nitrogen in the growth reactor, a room temperature resistivity of 7 kΩ cm was obtained indicating an enhanced p‐type conductivity compared to published data for Alx Ga1–xN layers with a lower Al content of x ∼ 0.70 and a room temperature resistivity of about 10 kΩ cm. It is believed that the enhanced p‐type conductivity is a result of reduced compensation by native defects through growth conditions enabled by the distinct hot‐wall MOCVD system. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) and UPLC/MSE analysis of RNA oligonucleotides
Authors: Ivleva Vera B. , Yu Ying‐Qing , Gilar Martin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFast and efficient ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS/MS) analysis of short interfering RNA oligonucleotides was used for identity confirmation of the target sequence‐related impurities. Multiple truncated oligonucleotides and metabolites were identified based on the accurate mass, and their presumed sequence was confirmed by MS/MS and MSE (alternating low and elevated collision energy scanning modes) methods. Based on the resulting fragmentation of native and chemically modified oligonucleotides, it was found that the MSE technique is as efficient as the traditional MS/MS method, yet MSE is more general, faster, and capable of producing higher signal intensities of fragment ions. Fragmentation patterns of modified oligonucleotides were investigated using RNA 2′‐ribose substitutions, phosphorothioate RNA, and LNA modifications. The developed sequence confirmation method that uses the MSE approach was applied to the analysis of in vitro hydrolyzed RNA oligonucleotide. The target RNA and metabolites, including the structural isomers, were resolved by UPLC, and their identity was confirmed by MSE. Simultaneous RNA truncations from both termini were observed. The UPLC quadrupole time‐of‐flight (QTOF) MS/MS and MSE methods were shown to be an effective tool for the analysis and sequence confirmation of complex oligonucleotide mixtures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling of Melt Flow and Solidification in the Twin‐Roll Strip Casting Process
Authors: Wang B. , Zhang J.‐Y. , Fan J.‐F. , Zhao S.‐L. , Ren S.‐B. , Chou K.‐C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA three‐dimensional mathematical model has been developed to simulate turbulent fluid flow, heat transfer and solidification in the pool of a twin‐roll strip caster. A Darcy‐porosity approach was used to study the fluid flow within the mushy solidification zone in the pool. The effect of the heat transfer coefficient and permeability constant on the flow and solidification was also predicted. It was shown that an even flow and temperature distribution of the pool can be obtained by using a suitable feeding system. The heat transfer between the rolls and the solidifying metal has a big influence on the location of the solidification end point. The permeability of the mushy zone is a key factor which affects the flow and solidification in the twin‐roll strip casting process.
Modeling Study of Turbulent Flow Effect on Inclusion Removal in a Tundish with Swirling Ladle Shroud
Authors: Solorio‐Diaz G. , Ramos‐Banderas A. , de J. Barreto J. , Morales R. D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe present study is focused on the assessment of a new concept of ladle shroud capable to control the turbulence promoted by the steel entry jet in a continuous casting tundish; the new proposal is a Swirling Ladle Shroud (SLS). It presumed that the SLS decreases the impact velocities in the tundish bottom close to 1/3 of that provided by a conventional shroud. In this mathematical study an analysis of turbulence control and particle removal is made by comparing the SLS with two different conventional tundish arrangements. Particle sizes included 1, 5, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 microns. Simulations also included the effects of the mass flow rate on the removal efficiency of non‐metallic inclusions, considering 3.8 and 7.6 ton/min mass flow rates. It was found that the SLS is capable to handle different mass flow rates, opposite to the conventional arrangements where at any increase of mass flow rate, these devices become inefficient to control turbulence, reducing considerably the inclusion removal efficiency. These results illustrate that using a SLS, the turbulent flow control and the particle removal may be better with this new proposal.
Retrogradation of waxy cornstarch studied by DSC
Authors: Liu Hongsheng , Yu Long , Tong Zhen , Chen Ling 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe retrogradation process of the biphasic endotherms Gr and M1r for waxy cornstarch was systematically investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The high temperature endotherm M1r developed significantly within 2–5 h, while the retrograded endotherm Gr appeared after 5 h storage and increased with time. The single endotherm Gr was separated using an analytical software, and the enthalpy was found to be ∼36% of the total enthalpy of the retrograded starch. Compared to normal cornstarch (∼77% amylopectin content), the final retrogradation ratio of the waxy cornstarch was higher. Both the waxy and normal cornstarches investigated showed a similar pattern of retrogradation process, which developed quickly in the initial stage (up to 1 day) and then gradually came to a near‐constant value in the second stage (from 1 to 20 days).
Accuracy of fetal gender determination in the first trimester using three‐dimensional ultrasound
Authors: Youssef A. , Arcangeli T. , Radico D. , Contro E. , Guasina F. , Bellussi F. , Maroni E. , Morselli‐Labate A. M. , Farina A. , Pilu G. , Pelusi G. , Ghi T. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the accuracy of three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound in fetal gender assignment in the first trimester.MethodsA series of pregnant women attending at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks for the nuchal translucency (NT) scan were enrolled into the study. An ultrasound volume of each fetus was obtained and stored for offline analysis. On the reconstructed mid‐sagittal plane, the angle between the genital tubercle and an imaginary line passing tangentially through the fetal back (genital angle) was estimated and a receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve was constructed to determine the best cut‐off for genital angle in fetal male gender determination. Fetal gender was subsequently ascertained in all cases. To calculate the interobserver variability, a second operator repeated the measurements.ResultsThere were 85 cases included in the study. The genital angle in males was significantly higher than that in females (51.2 ± 11.3° (n = 36) vs. 18.9 ± 4.1 (n = 49), P < 0.001). The ROC curve revealed the estimated genital angle to have a high degree of accuracy in fetal gender determination (area under the curve ± SE = 1.000 ± 0.001). The best cut‐off for male gender determination was found to be between 27° and 29° (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 98.0%). There was a high degree of correlation between the two operators (r2 = 0.998; coefficient of variation = 5.4%).Conclusions3D ultrasound is a highly accurate and reproducible tool for fetal gender assignment prior to 14 weeks of gestation. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State of the art: an integrated approach to pelvic floor ultrasonography
Authors: Santoro G. A. , Wieczorek A. P. , Dietz H. P. , Mellgren A. , Sultan A. H. , Shobeiri S. A. , Stankiewicz A. , Bartram C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSurgical management of pelvic floor disorders depends on a comprehensive understanding of the structural integrity and function of the pelvic floor. For visualizing this region, ultrasonography has emerged as a procedure that is relatively easy to perform, cost‐effective and widely available. In this review, pelvic floor ultrasonography, including two‐dimensional (2D), three‐dimensional (3D) and 4D imaging as well as transvaginal, endoanal and transperineal techniques, is discussed from a global and multicompartmental perspective, rather than using a compartmentalized approach. The role of the different sonographic modalities in the major disorders of the pelvic floor—urinary and fecal incontinence, pelvic organ prolapse and obstructed defecation syndrome—is evaluated critically. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Point prevalence of major depression in Estonia. Results from the 2006 Estonian Health Survey
Authors: Kleinberg A. , Aluoja A. , Vasar V. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAimThe study focuses on the point prevalence of major depressive episode in the Estonian population in 2006 and assesses the relationship of sociodemographic factors, health status indicators, alcohol use, and previous depressive episodes to major depression.MethodsThe present major depressive episode was assessed within the nationally representative, cross-sectional 2006 Estonian Health Survey (EHIS 2006), in which non-institutionalized individuals aged 18–84 years (n = 6105) were interviewed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).ResultsThe point prevalence of major depressive episode in the Estonian population was 5.6%. Depression was higher among females, in the non-Estonian ethnic group, among people older than 40 years, and in the lower-income group.ConclusionsThe point prevalence of major depressive episodes was comparable with the results of other population surveys, being a little higher than the average. Age, income, ethnicity, health status, self-rated health, and previous depressive episode were independent associates of depression.
Heart rate measured in the acute aftermath of trauma can predict post-traumatic stress disorder: A prospective study in motor vehicle accident survivors
Authors: Coronas R. , Gallardo O. , Moreno M.J. , Suárez D. , García-Parés G. , Menchón J.M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether increased physiological arousal immediately after trauma or at emergency admission can predict post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors with physical injuries.MethodsWe included 119 MVA survivors with physical injuries. In this prospective cohort study, heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were assessed during ambulance transport (T1) and at hospital admission (T2). One and four months after the accident, we assessed patients for PTSD (Davidson trauma scale, confirmed with the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders). Multivariate logistic regression models assessed the relationship between HR or BP and PTSD.ResultsPTSD was diagnosed in 54 (45.4%) patients at 1 month and in 39 (32.8%) at 4 months. In the multivariate analysis, HR at T1 or at T2 predicted PTSD at 1 month (OR=1.156, 95% CI [1.094;1.221] p < 0.0001). Only HR at T1 (not at T2) predicted PTSD at 4 months (OR=1.059, 95% CI [1.013; 1.108] p = 0.012). Injury severity predicted PTSD at 4 months (OR=1.207, 95% CI [1.085; 1.342] p = 0.001). A cut-off of 84 beats per minute yielded a sensitivity of 62.5% and a specificity of 75.0% for PTSD.ConclusionsHR measured at the scene of MVA and severity of injury predicted PTSD 4 months later.
Clinical significance of obstructive defecatory symptoms in women with pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Saks Emily K. , Harvie Heidi S. , Asfaw Tirsit S. , Arya Lily A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the presence of obstructive defecatory symptoms is associated with the site and severity of pelvic organ prolapse. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was performed of women with pelvic organ prolapse of grade 2 or greater who had completed a validated questionnaire that surveyed pelvic floor symptoms. Associations between patient characteristics, site and severity of prolapse, and obstructive bowel symptoms were investigated.ResultsAmong 260 women with pelvic organ prolapse, women with posterior vaginal wall prolapse were more likely to report obstructive symptoms, such as incomplete emptying (41% vs 21%, P = 0.003), straining at defecation (39% vs 19%, P = 0.002), and splinting with defecation (36% vs 14%, P < 0.001) compared with women without posterior vaginal wall prolapse. There was no significant association between any bowel symptom and increasing severity of prolapse.ConclusionsObstructive bowel symptoms are significantly associated with the presence of posterior vaginal wall prolapse, but not with the severity of prolapse.
Prenatal anxiety associated with male child preference among expectant mothers at 10–20 weeks of pregnancy in Xiangyun County, China
Authors: Loo Kek Khee , Li Yan , Tan Ying , Luo Xiying , Presson Angela , Shih Wendy 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship between male child preference and maternal prenatal psychological distress among expectant mothers from Xiangyun County, Yunnan Province, China.MethodsChild gender preference, state‐trait anxiety and depression, relationships with the husband and mother‐in‐law, and self‐esteem were measured in a sample of 198 women between 10 and 20 weeks of pregnancy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for prenatal anxiety.ResultsPrenatal anxiety was correlated with male child preference (r = 0.15, P < 0.05), maternal age (r = –0.17, P < 0.05), level of education (r = –0.23, P < 0.01), self‐esteem (r = –0.36, P < 0.01), relationship with mother‐in‐law (r = –0.34, P < 0.01), and relationship with husband (r = –0.35, P < 0.01). Significant relationships were maintained in multivariate analysis that included gender preference, maternal education, pregnancy anxiety, self‐esteem, number of people in the household, and relationship with husband as predictors (adjusted r2 = 0.28, P < 0.001).ConclusionMale child preference was associated with prenatal anxiety in this sample. Younger maternal age, lower self‐esteem, lower level of education, worse relationship with husband, and less family cohesiveness were also related to prenatal anxiety. Expectant mothers experienced prenatal anxiety when there was strong family preference for sons.
Discerning the Spirit: ambivalent assurance in the soteriology of Jonathan Edwards and Barthian correctives
Authors: Hastings W. Ross 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAssurance of salvation is a matter of perennial pastoral concern and theological controversy. After the Great Awakening, Jonathan Edwards developed a doctrine of assurance based largely on discerning the work of the Spirit in the affections and actions of the professed believer. One might have expected from this theocentric, trinitarian and surprisingly participational theologian a robust doctrine of assurance and a joyful, other-centred spirituality. Ironically, however, profound ambiguities persisted within it which will be shown to arise from the predominantly pneumatic nature of his version oftheosis, a blurring of the distinction between justification and sanctification, and the power of his predominantly psychological analogy of the Trinity. This article will therefore first present the main features of Jonathan Edwards’ doctrine of the assurance of salvation. The second section will evaluate it by outlining factors in Edwards’ theology which might have been expected to produce a high level of certainty concerning assurance, and then those which might militate against this certainty. Whilst Edwards did at times espouse the social analogy of the Trinity, histheosisis constructed predominantly within the psychological analogy. Innovatively modified though it was, because Edwards works within this framework, he overemphasises the pneumatological union of the saints with God, at the expense of the incarnational union of God with and for humanity in Christ. This results correspondingly in an inordinate reliance for assurance on the Spirit's work within the realm of human subjectivity, over against objective christological realities. In short, Edwards’ theology of assurance is, in the end, individualistic and anthropocentric.
The influence of dietary protein and energy intake on the performance, body composition and energy utilization of pigs growing from 7 to 19 kg
Authors: Campbell R. G. , Dunkin A. C. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThirty-six entire male pigs were used to investigate the effects of two levels of dietary crude protein (150 and 220 g/kg) each in combination with four levels of feeding (1·0, 1·32, 1·64 MJ digestible energy/kg M0·73per day andad libitum) on growth, body composition and energy utilization over the live-weight range 7 to 19 kg.Growth rate responded linearly (P< 0·001) to increasing energy intake but was depressed (P< 0·05) when dietary crude protein was reduced from 220 to 150 g/kg.Raising digestible energy intake increased and decreased respectively the proportions of fat and protein in the empty body at 19 kg live weight. However, the magnitude of the response of both components to change in digestible energy intake was reduced in the case of pigs fed the lower protein diet.Total energy retained and that retained as fat and as protein responded linearly (P< 0·001) to change in digestible energy intake of either diet. Extrapolation of the regression of total energy retained on digestible energy intake yielded a digestible energy requirement for maintenance of 510 kJ/kg M0·75per day, which was unaffected by level of dietary protein.The partial efficiencies of protein utilization, estimated from the regressions of protein deposition (g/day) on protein intake (g/day), were 0·616 and 0·411 for pigs given the diets containing 150 and 220 g crude protein per kg respectively.
A note on in vivo comparison of a urea-formaldehyde-molasses complex and urea molasses mixes as sole nitrogen supplements to a wheat chaff ration for steers
Authors: Lall D. , Makkar H. P. S. , Negi S. S. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA urfia-formaldehyde-molasses complex appeared to be a promising slow ammonia-releasing urea derivative in in vitro studies. It was compared with urea-molasses mixtures as a non-protein nitrogen supplement to an ad libitum wheat chaff ration for steers. The significantly lower (P < 0·01) crude protein digestibility and intake of digestible crude protein, and the non-significantly lower nitrogen retention on the urea-formaldehyde-molasses complex ration revealed the superiority of simple urea-molasses mixtures as a non-protein nitrogen supplement.
Gender differences in vascular function and insulin sensitivity in young adults
Authors: Dengel Donald R. , Jacobs David R. , Steinberger Julia , Moran Antoinette M. , Sinaiko Alan R. 
Published: September 2010

To examine influence of insulin resistance and other clinical risk factors for the MetS (metabolic syndrome) on vascular structure and function in young adults. This cross-sectional study was conducted in a cohort of young adults (mean age 22 years) and their siblings participating in a longitudinal study of cardiovascular risk (n=370). Insulin sensitivity was determined by euglycaemic insulin clamp. EDD (endothelium-dependent dilation) was determined by flow-mediated dilation using high-resolution ultrasound imaging of the brachial artery. EID (endothelium-independent dilation) was determined by NTG (nitroglycerine)-mediated dilation. The diameter and cIMT (intima–media thickness) of the carotid artery were also measured. There was no significant difference between males and females for age or body mass index. However, males had significantly higher glucose and triacylglycerol (triglyceride) levels, while the females had significantly higher HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) and insulin sensitivity (13.00±0.33 compared with 10.71±0.31 mg·kg−1 of lean body mass·min−1, P&lt;0.0001). Although peak EDD was significantly lower (6.28±0.26 compared with 8.50±0.28%, P&lt;0.0001) in males than females, this difference was largely explained by adjustment for brachial artery diameter (P=0.15). Peak EID also was significantly lower in males than females (20.26±0.44 compared with 28.64±0.47%, P&lt;0.0001), a difference that remained significantly lower after adjustment for brachial artery diameter. Males had a significantly greater cIMT compared with females (females 0.420±0.004 compared with males 0.444±0.004 mm, P=0.01), but when adjusted for carotid diameter, there was no significant difference (P=0.163). Although there were gender differences in vascular function and structure in the young adult population examined in this study, many of the differences were eliminated simply by adjusting for artery diameter. However, the lower EID observed in males could not be explained by artery diameter. Future studies need to continue to examine influence of gender on EID and other measures of vascular function.