bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Human Stem Cell-Based Model for Identifying Adverse Effects of Organic and Inorganic Chemicals on the Developing Nervous System
Authors: Buzanska Leonora , Sypecka Joanna , Nerini-Molteni Silvia , Compagnoni Anna , Hogberg Helena T. , del Torchio Riccardo , Domanska-Janik Krystyna , Zimmer Jens , Coecke Sandra 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aim of our study was to investigate whether a human neural stem cell line derived from umbilical cord blood (HUCB-NSC) can serve as a reliable test model for developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). We assessed the sensitivity of HUCB-NSCs at different developmental stages to a panel of neurotoxic (sodium tellurite, methylmercury chloride, cadmium chloride, chlorpyrifos, and L-glutamate) and non-neurotoxic (acetaminophen, theophylline, and D-glutamate) compounds. In addition, we investigated the effect of some compounds on key neurodevelopmental processes like cell proliferation, apoptotic cell death, and neuronal and glial differentiation. Less differentiated HUCB-NSCs were generally more sensitive to neurotoxicants, with the notable exception of L-glutamate, which showed a higher toxicity to later stages. The relative potencies of the compounds were: cadmium chloride &gt; methylmercury chloride ≫ chlorpyrifos ≫ L-glutamate. Fifty nanomolar methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl) inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in early-stage cells. At the differentiated stage, 1 μM MeHgCl induced selective loss of S100β-expressing astrocytic cells. One millimolar L-glutamate did not influence the early stages of HUCB-NSC development, but it affected late stages of neuronal differentiation. A valuable system for in vitro DNT assessment should be able to discriminate between neurotoxic and non-neurotoxic compounds and show different susceptibilities to chemicals according to developmental stage and cell lineage. Although not exhaustive, this work shows that the HUCB-NSC model fulfils these criteria and may serve as a human in vitro model for DNT priority setting.
TWIST Family of Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors Mediate Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Growth and Commitment
Authors: Isenmann Sandra , Arthur Agnieszka , Zannettino Andrew CW , Turner Jenna L. , Shi Songtao , Glackin Carlotta A. , Gronthos Stan 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The TWIST family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, Twist-1 and Dermo-1 are known mediators of mesodermal tissue development and contribute to correct patterning of the skeleton. In this study, we demonstrate that freshly purified human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) express high levels of Twist-1 and Dermo-1 which are downregulated following ex vivo expansion. Enforced expression of Twist-1 or Dermo-1 in human MSC cultures increased expression of the MSC marker, STRO-1, and the early osteogenic transcription factors, Runx2 and Msx2. Conversely, overexpression of Twist-1 and Dermo-1 was associated with a decrease in the gene expression of osteoblast-associated markers, bone morphogenic protein-2, bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. High expressing Twist-1 or Dermo-1 MSC lines exhibited an enhanced proliferative potential of approximately 2.5-fold compared with control MSC populations that were associated with elevated levels of Id-1 and Id-2 gene expression. Functional studies demonstrated that high expressing Twist-1 and Dermo-1 MSC displayed a decreased capacity for osteo/chondrogenic differentiation and an enhanced capacity to undergo adipogenesis. These findings implicate the TWIST gene family members as potential mediators of MSC self-renewal and lineage commitment in postnatal skeletal tissues by exerting their effects on genes involved in the early stages of bone development.
Doppler and gray‐scale sonographic classification of adnexal torsion
Authors: Auslender R. , Shen O. , Kaufman Y. , Goldberg Y. , Bardicef M. , Lissak A. , Lavie O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo propose, in cases with coiling of the ovarian vessels, a classification of severity of torsion based on Doppler and gray‐scale ultrasound findings and to suggest a treatment strategy for each situation.MethodsSeventeen patients were examined in a gynecological emergency room between December 1995 and February 2003 due to suspected adnexal torsion. Doppler and gray‐scale ultrasound were used to visualize coiling of the ovarian blood vessels. Intraovarian flow was assessed by spectral Doppler and on this basis, along with the patient's clinical condition, the decision was made as to whether surgery was necessary. Findings on surgery were recorded.ResultsAll 17 patients showed coiling of the ovarian vessels. Nine had arterial and venous blood flow within the ovary and ultrasound and surgical findings usually demonstrated normal sized or mildly enlarged ovaries. Five had only arterial blood flow within the ovary and surgery usually revealed enlarged ovaries with normal color or mild discoloration. Three had neither arterial nor venous blood flow within the ovary, with vessel coiling evident only on gray‐scale and not on Doppler examination, and surgical findings included signs of ovarian ischemia or necrosis.ConclusionIn cases of coiling of the ovarian vessels, Doppler flow analysis of the ovary can help differentiate between ischemic adnexal torsion and coiling of the ovarian blood vessels without strangulation, aiding in the choice of treatment. According to type of blood flow seen on Doppler examination, we suggest the following classification of severity of adnexal torsion and treatment strategy: Class 1, coiling with arterial and venous ovarian blood flow; a conservative approach may be considered if the clinical condition permits; Class 2, coiling with arterial ovarian flow but no venous flow; surgical intervention is required; and Class 3, true strangulation, with no ovarian blood flow; urgent surgical intervention is required. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability investigation of an airfoil section with active flap control
Authors: Bergami Leonardo , Gaunaa Mac 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis work presents a method to determine flutter and divergence instability limits for a two‐dimensional (2‐D) airfoil section fitted with an actively controlled trailing edge flap. This flap consists of a deformable trailing edge, which deformation is governed by control algorithms based on measurements of either heave displacement, local angle of attack or aerodynamic pressure difference measured over the airfoil. The purpose of the controlled deformable flap is to reduce fluctuations in the aerodynamic forces on the airfoil, which, according to recent studies, have a significant potential for fatigue load alleviation. The structural model of the 2‐D airfoil section contains three degrees of freedom: heave translation, pitch rotation and flap deflection. A potential flow model provides the aerodynamic forces and their distribution. The unsteady aerodynamics are described using an indicial function approximation. Stability of the full aeroservoelastic system is determined through eigenvalue analysis by state–space formulation of the indicial approximation. Validation is carried out against an implementation of the recursive method by Theodorsen and Garrick for ‘flexure–torsion–aileron’ flutter. The implemented stability tool is then applied to an airfoil section representative of a wind turbine blade with active flap control. It is thereby observed that the airfoil stability limits are significantly modified by the presence of the flap, and they depend on several parameters: flap structural characteristics, type of control, control gain factors and time lag. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constitutional Isomerism of BiW6Cl15: (BiCl)[W6Cl14] and (BiCl2)[W6Cl13]
Authors: Ströbele Markus , Meyer H.‐Jürgen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe compound (BiCl)[W6Cl14] was previously characterized as a product of the reduction of tungsten hexachloride with elemental bismuth. Another modification of BiW6Cl15 is now presented as (BiCl2)[W6Cl13], based on the results of an X‐ray single crystal structure determination (space group P21/c, a = 1354.3(2) pm, b = 1234.4(2) pm, c = 1538.9(2) pm, and β = 118.76(1) °). The structure of (BiCl2)[W6Cl13] contains chains of [(W6Cl8i)Cl4aCl2/2a–a]– clusters bridged by chlorine atoms. The (BiCl2)+ counterion exhibits two short Bi–Cl distances of 244.1(4) and 245.9(3) pm, respectively.
Configurational variations for the primal and dual problem in elasticity
Authors: Materna D. , Barthold F.‐J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis contribution is concerned with variational methods and configurational variations for the primal and the dual problem in elasticity. The derivations of variational balance laws are based on energy minimization principles for the primal and the dual problem. Variations of the energy of the primal problem with respect to configurational changes lead to the primal material residual. We introduce an energy functional of the dual problem and we investigate configurational variations for this energy, which yield a novel material residual of the dual problem. Furthermore, we propose variational sensitivity relations for the primal and the dual solution due to configurational variations. The explicit formulations of the residuals and the sensitivity relations are derived for a hyperelastic material.
Zostera marina population genetics in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, and implications for grass bed restoration
Authors: Campanella James Joseph , Bologna Paul A. X. , Smith Stephanie M. , Rosenzweig Eric B. , Smalley John V. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWithin Barnegat Bay, New Jersey, Zostera marina populations have declined by 62% over the last 20 years, and restoration efforts have met with mixed success. We have completed a microsatellite‐based genetic investigation of eight populations of Z.marina within Barnegat Bay to determine whether the genetic stock origins of the plants used in management projects may affect restoration success. Additionally, we assessed the genetic diversity of Z. marina in Barnegat Bay to better understand its population structure. Clonal diversity ranged from 0.70 to 0.95 for the populations studied. Individually, Barnegat Bay populations are not genetically diverse, and there is also little divergence among populations. The Atlantic populations had mean Hobs values (0.20–0.34) that were far lower than the Hexp values (0.69–0.83). Also, the FIS values in all of the eastern populations indicate a surfeit of homozygotes over heterozygotes, suggesting a low degree of outcrossing in the Barnegat Bay populations. Six of the ten populations studied (Ham Island, Manahawkin Bay, Shelter Island, Marsh Elder, Harvey Cedar Sedge, and Long Island) show evidence of historical bottlenecks. Mean estimated FST values would suggest that most alleles are undergoing moderate genetic differentiation, with values that range from 0.06 to 0.13. Oyster Creek and Sedge Island demonstrate the largest estimated effective population sizes and may be the most appropriate populations for use in future eelgrass restoration projects.
Structure of Brazilian Atlantic forests with occurrence of the woolly spider monkey (Brachyteles hypoxanthus)
Authors: da Silva Júnior Wilson Marcelo , de Melo Fabiano Rodrigues , Moreira Leandro Santana , Barbosa Elaine Ferreira , Meira‐Neto João Augusto Alves 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis work examines patches of Atlantic forests in Minas Gerais State where woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteleshypoxanthus) are inhabitants in order to understand the effects of forest structure, diversity, and succession inB.hypoxanthusabundance. This study was carried out in three reserves: Rio Doce State Park (PERD), Mata do Sossego (Sossego), and Serra do Brigadeiro State Park (PESB). Structural studies were carried out by means of point‐centered quarter samples in areas used by woolly spider monkeys. Evenness was lower in PERD than in the other two communities. By means of successional functional groups analysis and diametric structure, the PERD forest sample was shown to be in the later, and PESB forest sample in the earlier, stages of secondary succession. We found that tree species evenness and structural traits driven by succession were important factors in determining spider monkey abundance patterns. The PERD forest sample had lower evenness and had lower density of woolly spider monkeys than the Sossego forest sample. The lowest density of these primates was in the PESB forest sample, the earlier successional stage of secondary succession of this study.
Mesomorphic Lamella Rolling of Au in Vacuum
Authors: Huang Chang-Ning , Chen Shuei-Yuan , Shen Pouyan 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Lamellar nanocondensates in partial epitaxy with larger-sized multiply twinned particles (MTPs) or alternatively in the form of multiple-walled tubes (MWTs) having nothing to do with MTP were produced by the very energetic pulse laser ablation of Au target in vacuum under specified power density and pulses. Transmission electron microscopic observations revealed (111)-motif diffraction and low-angle scattering. They correspond to layer interspacing (0.241–0.192 nm) and the nearest neighbor distance (ca. 0.74–0.55 nm) of atom clusters within the layer, respectively, for the lamella, which shows interspacing contraction with decreasing particle size under the influence of surface stress and rolls up upon electron irradiation. The uncapped MWT has nearly concentric amorphous layers interspaced by 0.458–0.335 nm depending on dislocation distribution and becomes spherical onions for surface-area reduction upon electron dosage. Analogous to graphene-derived tubular materials, the lamella-derived MWT of Au could have pentagon–hexagon pair at its zig-zag junction and useful optoelectronic properties worthy of exploration.
GROUNDNUT YIELD RESPONSE AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF FUNGICIDE AND PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION IN FARMER-MANAGED TRIALS IN NORTHERN GHANA
Authors: NAAB J. B. , SEINI S. S. , GYASI K. O. , MAHAMA G. Y. , PRASAD P. V. V. , BOOTE K. J. , JONES J. W. 
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYPrior on-station research showed that sowing dates, sowing density and applications of fungicide and phosphorus (P) increased groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) pod yield by 60–80%. Farmer-managed trials were conducted in the Wa district of the Upper West Region of Ghana from 2004 to 2007 to test the yield response to sowing density, fungicide and P and to assess economic returns of these technologies to farmers. Treatments included: an early maturing groundnut cultivar, Chinese, sown at farmers' density (5–8 plant m−2) without fungicide and without P application (T1, control), with fungicide sprays alone (T2), or with fungicide and P application (T3), cultivar Chinese sown at recommended (higher) density (20 plant m−2) with fungicide and P application (T4), and a full season cultivar, Manipinter, with fungicide and P application (T5). Soil fertility, sowing density, days from sowing to first weeding, incidence and severity of leaf-spot disease and plant population at final harvest were recorded. Relative to farmers' practice, pod yield of cultivar Chinese was significantly increased by 80% with fungicide sprays alone, 108% with fungicide and P application, and 113% with fungicide and P application at higher sowing density. Cultivar Manipinter treated with fungicide and P gave 107% increase in pod yield relative to farmers' practice. Correlation and stepwise regression analyses suggested that major determinants of groundnut pod yield in farmers' fields were plant density, leaf-spot disease and P availability. The increase in yield with fungicide and P application translated into a 4–5-fold increase in gross margin for farmers in the region. Returns to labour and labour productivity were doubled with combined use of fungicide and P fertilizer.
Ethmoid silent sinus syndrome causing inward displacement of the orbit: case report
Authors: McArdle B , Perry C 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjective:We describe a previously unreported case of ethmoid silent sinus syndrome.Method:Case report and review of the world literature regarding silent sinus syndrome.Results:A 33-year-old woman developed medial displacement of the left orbital contents in the absence of trauma, surgery or other significant pathology. Imaging showed opacification of the left ethmoid sinus and implosion of the medial orbital wall. Previously reported cases of silent sinus syndrome have all involved the maxillary sinus, with subsequent implosion of the orbital floor. Computed tomography scans of our patient showed wide, flat ethmoidal bulla and surrounding cells, with few horizontal bony septae reinforcing the area of collapse.Conclusion:This case represents the first report of ethmoid silent sinus syndrome. We argue that, in anatomically susceptible individuals, the silent sinus syndrome can present due to chronic ethmoidal sinusitis.
Cascades in decaying three-dimensional electron magnetohydrodynamic turbulence
Authors: WAREING CHRISTOPHER J. , HOLLERBACH RAINER 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDecaying electron magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) turbulence in three dimensions is studied via high-resolution numerical simulations. The resulting energy spectra asymptotically approach a k−2 law with increasing RB, the ratio of the nonlinear to linear time scales in the governing equation, consistent with theoretical predictions. No evidence is found of a dissipative cutoff, consistent with non-local spectral energy transfer and recent studies of 2D EMHD turbulence. Dissipative cutoffs found in previous studies are explained as artificial effects of hyperdiffusivity. In another similarity to 2D EMHD turbulence, relatively stationary structures are found to develop in time, rather than the variability found in ordinary or MHD turbulence. Further, cascades of energy in 3D EMHD turbulence are found to be suppressed in all directions under the influence of a uniform background field. Energy transfer is further reduced in the direction parallel to the field, displaying scale-dependent anisotropy. Finally, the governing equation is found to yield a weak inverse cascade, at least partially transferring magnetic energy from small to large scales.
Effect of electric field emission on charging of dust particles in a plasma
Authors: SODHA MAHENDRA SINGH , DIXIT AMRIT , PRAKASH GYAN 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe authors have considered the charging of spherical particles in a plasma, taking into account the electric field emission of electrons from the dust particles and the change in the electron/ion densities in the plasma. The dependence of the charge of a particle and electron/ion densities on the radius and number of dust particles and the density of electrons/ions and the temperature in the undisturbed plasma has been studied numerically without and with the inclusion of the electric field emission of electrons from the particles. It is seen that both the electric field emission and the electron/ion kinetics significantly affect the charging process.
Does hypocortisolism predict a poor response to cognitive behavioural therapy in chronic fatigue syndrome?
Authors: Roberts A. D. L. , Charler M.-L. , Papadopoulos A. , Wessely S. , Chalder T. , Cleare A. J. 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundThere is evidence that patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have mild hypocortisolism. The clinical significance of this is unclear. We aimed to determine whether hypocortisolism exerted any effect on the response of CFS to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).MethodWe measured 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFC) in 84 patients with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-defined CFS (of whom 64 were free from psychotropic medication) who then received CBT in a specialist, tertiary out-patient clinic as part of their usual clinical care. We also measured salivary cortisol output from 0800 to 2000 h in a subsample of 56 psychotropic medication-free patients.ResultsOverall, 39% of patients responded to CBT after 6 months of treatment. Lower 24-h UFC output was associated with a poorer response to CBT but only in psychotropic medication-free patients. A flattened diurnal profile of salivary cortisol was also associated with a poor response to CBT.ConclusionsLow cortisol is of clinical relevance in CFS, as it is associated with a poorer response to CBT. Hypocortisolism could be one of several maintaining factors that interact in the persistence of CFS.
Psychiatric family history and schizophrenia risk in Denmark: which mental disorders are relevant?
Authors: Mortensen P. B. , Pedersen M. G. , Pedersen C. B. 
Published: July 2009

BackgroundA family history of schizophrenia is the strongest single indicator of individual schizophrenia risk. Bipolar affective disorder and schizo-affective disorders have been documented to occur more frequently in parents and siblings of schizophrenia patients, but the familial occurrence of the broader range of mental illnesses and their role as confounders have not been studied in large population-based samples.MethodAll people born in Denmark between 1955 and 1991 (1.74 million) were followed for the development of schizophrenia (9324 cases) during 28 million person-years at risk. Information of schizophrenia in cohort members and psychiatric history in parents and siblings was established through linkage with the Danish Psychiatric Central Register. Data were analysed using log-linear Poisson regression.ResultsSchizophrenia was, as expected, strongly associated with schizophrenia and related disorders among first-degree relatives. However, almost any other psychiatric disorder among first-degree relatives increased the individual's risk of schizophrenia. The population attributable risk associated with psychiatric family history in general was 27.1% whereas family histories including schizophrenia only accounted for 6.0%. The general psychiatric family history was a confounder of the association between schizophrenia and urbanization of place of birth.ConclusionsClinically diagnosed schizophrenia is associated with a much broader range of mental disorders in first-degree relatives than previously reported. This may suggest risk haplotypes shared across many disorders and/or shared environmental factors clustering in families. Failure to take the broad range of psychiatric family history into account may bias results of all risk-factor studies of schizophrenia.