bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXVI.—Contemporary Authority adduced for the popular idea that the Ostrich Feathers of the Prince of Wales were derived from the Crest of the King of Bohemia. In a Letter from Sir Nicholas Harris Nicolas, G.C.M.G. to Sir Henry Ellis, Secretary
Authors: Nicolas Nicholas Harris 
Published: June 2012

In the paper which I had the honour of communicating to the Society of Antiquaries last year on the Origin and History of the Badge of Edward Prince of Wales, I stated that there was no contemporary authority for the popular idea that the Ostrich Feathers were derived from the Crest of the King of Bohemia who was slain at Crecy, and that it could not be traced to any earlier writer than Camden.An accident, which in historical and antiquarian investigations often supplies information, when all the obvious and direct sources of knowledge have been exhausted, has just shewn me that I was mistaken, and I lose no time in submitting to the Society what I have discovered on the subject.
XXX.—Account of the Remains of an Ancient Camp near Bayonne. By S. Baring Gould, Esq. of Lew Trenchard
Authors: Gould S. Baring 
Published: June 2012

Near Cambo, a small watering-place at the distance of about twelve miles from Bayonne, in the department of the Basses Pyrenees, France, are the remains of a camp which native antiquaries have variously conjectured as being of Roman, Celtic, Saracen, or ancient Cantabrian construction. Tt bears not the slightest resemblance to the three former, and from its being situated in the very centre of the Basque districts may be considered as the work of that people, perhaps at the time when attacked by the Romans and driven into their mountain fastnesses, where they manfully stood their ground in defiance of the imperial eagles, and which is the subject of the “Lelo,” a national chant, a translation of which I may be pardoned for inserting:I. “The strangers of Rome marched against Biscay; and thro' Biscay sounded the song of war. Octavian was lord of the world, while Cecobidi was the leader of the men of Biscay.
VI.—Remarks on the Angon, or barbed Javelin of the Franks, described by Agathias
Authors: Wylie William Michael 
Published: June 2012

I told you I had found the angon, and you will be able to judge of the correctness of my statement from the accompanying notes and drawings, which you can lay before the Society.As a sequel of your paper, and bearing also on an historical fact, the subject may interest those of our Fellows who do not usually give their attention to this branch of antiquities.
XIX. An Account of the Mausoleum of Theodoric, at Ravenna; in a Letter from Sydney Smirke, Esq. F.S.A., to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S., Secretary
Authors: Smirke Sydney 
Published: June 2012

I have the honour to send you a drawing of the Mausoleum of Theodoric at Ravenna, with a request that you will lay it before the Society of Antiquaries, if you shall think it deserving of their notice.Although the building must be well known to many who have visited that City, yet, as I am not aware that any detailed representation of it has been hitherto published, I trust that a drawing taken on the spot in 1825 will not be destitute of interest in the eye of an Antiquary. I have of course represented the building exactly in its present state: originally it must have presented a very different appearance. During the lapse of thirteen centuries the earth has accumulated round its basement to such a degree as to conceal the greater part of it beneath the general level of the surrounding country; the two flights of steps therefore are of modern construction, and from an examination of the upper story it is apparent that a decagonal arcade formerly encircled it, which has since either fallen into decay, or perhaps been purposely despoiled of its component stones. The part now standing is in good preservation, and is formed of ashlared blocks of limestone of large, but irregular, sizes.
III. Account of King Edward the Fourth's Second Invasion of England, in 1471, drawn up by one of his Followers; with the King's Letter to the Inhabitants of Bruges upon his success: translated from a French Manuscript in the Public Library at Ghent. Communicated by Edward Jerningham, Esq. F.S.A. in a Letter to Nicholas Carlisle, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary
Authors: Jerningham Edward 
Published: June 2012

I beg leave to communicate, through your hands, to the Society of Antiquaries, a fac-simile Copy of a curious Manuscript, preserved in the Public Library at Ghent.The Manuscript appears to be an illuminated transcript of a Report, drawn up by one of the followers of King Edward the Fourth in his final expedition from Zeland, anno 1471, and forwarded to the Court of Charles the Bold Duke of Burgundy, through whose advice and aid the same had been principally planned and effected.
XXXV. Observations on the Origin of the Pointed Arch in Architecture: in a Letter from Sydney Smirke, Esq. addressed to Henry Ellis, Esq. F.R.S. Secretary
Authors: Smirke Sydney 
Published: June 2012

I beg to be permitted to address a few observations to you on the subject of the Origin of the Pointed Arch in Architecture.It may perhaps appear presumptuous in me to mingle in a controversy which has already attracted the enquiries and exercised the acuteness of many, whose information and ability have better qualified them for pursuing their researches with success: but as it seems to be thought by many that the question has not yet received a satisfactory solution, I trust I shall not be deemed an inexcusable trespasser upon your indulgence, if, in the hope of throwing some additional light upon that difficult subject, I solicit your attention to a quarter to which no one, I believe, has hitherto resorted for information; I allude, Sir to the interesting remains of Saracen Architecture, which are to be found at this day in Sicily.
XVI. An Account of the Discovery at Hexham, in the County of Northumberland, of a brass vessel containing a number of the Anglo-Saxon Coins called Stycas; Communicated to the Society of Antiquaries by John Adamson, Esq. M.R.S.L., F.SS.A., London and Edinburgh, F.L.S. Corresp. Memb. Roy. Acad. of Sciences at Lisbon, Memb. of the Roy. Soc. for Ancient Northern Literature at Copenhagen, one of the Secretaries of the Lit. and Phil. Soc. and of the Antiq. Soc. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, &c. &c.
Authors: Adamson John 
Published: June 2012

The accidental discovery of a number of these Coins, greater than any hitherto made, having been communicated to me by the Reverend William Airey, the Perpetual Curate of Hexham, I am enabled to lay the following account before the Society of Antiquaries.On Monday the fifteenth day of October last, the sexton and his assistant were employed in preparing a grave, at the west side of the north transept of the present church of Hexham, about three yards from the wall. It was in that part of the church-yard now used, which is called the Campey Hill; and which many years ago was an eminence, but has since been levelled; and, though not originally any portion of the burial ground, has been of late years appropriated for that purpose. Why this place received its name of the Campey Hill we have not at the present day the means of ascertaining; but the hill would appear to have been principally formed by the ruins of part of the church, and the consequent accumulations of soil and rubbish since the time at which the Coins were concealed, which was prior to the erection of the present building.
Evolution of Precambrian life in the Brazilian geological record
Authors: Fairchild Thomas Rich , Sanchez Evelyn A.M. , Pacheco Mírian Liza A.F. , de Moraes Leme Juliana 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPrecambrian rocks comprise nearly one-quarter of the surface of Brazil and range from Paleoarchean (ca. 3.6 Ga) to the latest Ediacaran (0.542 Ga) in age. Except for controversial phosphatized ‘embryo-like’ microfossils like those from the lower Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, China and complex rangeomorphs, Brazilian research has revealed all major categories of Precambrian life forms described elsewhere – microbialites, biomarkers, silicified microfossils, palynomorphs, vase-shaped microfossils, macroalgae, metazoans, vendobionts and ichnofossils – but the paleobiological significance of this record has been little explored. At least four occurrences of these fossils offer promise for increased understanding of the following aspects of Precambrian biospheric evolution: (i) the relationship of microbialites in 2.1–2.4 Ga old carbonates of the Minas Supergroup in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais (the oldest Brazilian fossils) to the development of the early oxygenic atmosphere and penecontemporaneous global tectonic and climatic events; (ii) the evolutionary and biostratigraphic significance of Mesoproterozoic to Ediacaran organic-walled microfossils in central–western Brazil; (iii) diversity and paleoecological significance of vase-shaped heterotrophic protistan microfossils in the Urucum Formation (Jacadigo Group) and possibly the Bocaina Formation (Corumbá Group), of Mato Grosso do Sul; and (iv) insights into the record of skeletogenesis and paleoecology of latest Ediacaran metazoans as represented by the abundant organic carapaces ofCorumbellaand calcareous shells of the index fossilCloudina, of the Corumbá Group, Mato Grosso do Sul. Analysis of the Brazilian Precambrian fossil record thus holds great potential for augmenting paleobiological knowledge of this crucial period on Earth and for developing more robust hypotheses regarding possible origins and evolutionary pathways of biospheres on other planets.
Climate‐induced change in biogenic bromine emissions from the Antarctic marine biosphere
Authors: Hughes Claire , Johnson Martin , von Glasow Roland , Chance Rosie , Atkinson Helen , Souster Terri , Lee Gareth A. , Clarke Andrew , Meredith Michael , Venables Hugh J. , Turner Suzanne M. , Malin Gill , Liss Peter S. 
Published: June 2012

Climate change and human activities are expected to have a major impact on the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems and the biogeochemical cycles they mediate in the coming years. Here we describe time series measurements of biogenic bromocarbons (CHBr3 and CH2Br2) collected in coastal waters of the western Antarctic Peninsula which is one of the world's most rapidly changing marine environments. Our measurements spanned a period of changing sea‐ice dynamics and phytoplankton community structure driven by climatic forcing. Specifically, the occurrence of high chlorophylla concentrations (≥5 μg L−1) and dominance of the largest phytoplankton size fraction (≥20 μm) indicating diatom bloom conditions was reduced following winter periods with a relatively short winter sea‐ice duration (<50 days). While large inter‐annual variability in seawater CHBr3 concentrations was observed alongside these changes the same was not found for CH2Br2 which is surprising given their proposed common source. Seawater CHBr3 concentrations were found to be significantly higher (122 [14.7–580] pmol L−1, P < 0.0001, Mann‐Whitney) in samples collected in diatom bloom compared to non‐bloom waters (42.9 [12.0–126] pmol L−1). A comparison of sea‐to‐air flux rates suggests that a switch from diatom bloom to non‐bloom conditions results in a factor of 3–4 decrease in average CHBr3sea‐to‐air emission rates which will reduce the supply of biogenic bromine to the atmosphere. Our calculations suggest that this will drive a decrease in inorganic bromine levels in the troposphere by a factor of 2–3 outside of ozone depletion events with potentially important implications for ozone cycling and dimethyl sulphide oxidation. This work has captured and crucially quantified the impact of a climate‐induced change in a marine ecosystem on ocean‐atmosphere biogeochemistry.
Field-Based Evaluations of Horizontal Flat-Plate Fish Screens, II: Testing of a Unique Off-Stream Channel Device—the Farmers Screen
Authors: Mesa Matthew G. , Rose Brien P. , Copeland Elizabeth S. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Screens are installed at water diversion sites to reduce entrainment of fish. Recently, the Farmers Irrigation District (Oregon) developed a unique flat-plate screen (the “Farmers Screen”) that operates passively and may offer reduced installation and operating costs. To evaluate the effectiveness of this screen on fish, we conducted two separate field experiments. First, juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch were released over a working version of this screen under a range of inflows (0.02–0.42 m3/s) and diversion flows (0.02–0.34 m3/s) at different water depths. Mean approach velocities ranged from 0 to 5 cm/s and sweeping velocities ranged from 36 to 178 cm/s. Water depths over the screen surface ranged from 1 to 25 cm and were directly related to inflow. Passage of fish over the screen under these conditions did not severely injure them or cause delayed mortality, and no fish were observed becoming impinged on the screen surface. Second, juvenile coho salmon and steelhead O. mykiss were released at the upstream end of a 34-m flume and allowed to volitionally move downstream and pass over a 3.5-m section of the Farmers Screen to determine whether fish would refuse to pass over the screen after encountering its leading edge. For coho salmon, 75–95% of the fish passed over the screen within 5 min and 82–98% passed within 20 min, depending on hydraulic conditions. For steelhead, 47–90% of the fish passed over the screen within 5 min and 79–95% passed within 20 min. Our results indicate that when operated within its design criteria, the Farmers Screen provides safe and efficient downstream passage of juvenile salmonids under a variety of hydraulic conditions.
Received November 17, 2011; accepted March 15, 2012
Perceptions of psychotherapy trainees of psychotherapy research
Authors: Widdowson Mark 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAims: The research‐practice gap and lack of engagement with research by trainees and qualified therapists is a widely discussed issue amongst psychotherapy researchers. The present study investigates the perceptions of psychotherapy trainees of psychotherapy research and explores what would encourage them to participate in research. Method: Two focus groups of 16 trainees in total were conducted at two separate psychotherapy training institutes to explore trainees’ attitudes and perceptions. Data was analysed using Braun and Clarke's (2006) thematic analysis. Results: Three superordinate themes emerged: negative perception of research; recognition of the importance of research; and what would be needed to facilitate engagement in research. Discussion: The results suggest that interest in and willingness to participate in research exists, however it is necessary for negative perceptions about research to be addressed and for researchers to design projects which are supportive of participants.
The determinant bound for discrepancy is almost tight
Authors: Matoušek Jiří 
Published: June 2012

In 1986 Lovász, Spencer, and Vesztergombi proved a lower bound for the hereditary discrepancy of a set system

F

\mathcal {F}

in terms of determinants of square submatrices of the incidence matrix of

F

\mathcal {F}

. As shown by an example of Hoffman, this bound can differ from

h
e
r
d
i
s
c

(

F

)

\mathrm {herdisc}(\mathcal {F})

by a multiplicative factor of order almost

log
⁡
n

\log n

, where

n
n

is the size of the ground set of

F

\mathcal {F}

. We prove that it never differs by more than

O
(
(
log
⁡
n

)

3

/

2

)

O((\log n)^{3/2})

, assuming

|

F

|

|\mathcal {F}|

bounded by a polynomial in

n
n

. We also prove that if such an

F

\mathcal {F}

is the union of

t
t

systems

F

1

,
…
,

F

t

\mathcal {F}_1,\ldots ,\mathcal {F}_t

, each of hereditary discrepancy at most

D
D

, then

h
e
r
d
i
s
c

(

F

)
≤
O
(

t

(
log
⁡
n

)

3

/

2

D
)

\mathrm {herdisc}(\mathcal {F})\le O(\sqrt t (\log n)^{3/2}D)

. For

t
=
2

t=2

, this almost answers a question of Sós. The proof is based on a recent algorithmic result of Bansal, which computes low-discrepancy colorings using semidefinite programming.
Recent advances targeting innate immunity‐mediated therapies against HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Shankar Esaki Muthu , Velu Vijayakumar , Vignesh Ramachandran , Vijayaraghavalu Sivakumar , Rukumani Devi Velayuthan , Sabet Negar Shafiei 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTEarly defence mechanisms of innate immunity respond rapidly to infection against HIV‐1 in the genital mucosa. Additionally, innate immunity optimises effective adaptive immune responses against persistent HIV infection. Recent research has highlighted the intrinsic roles of apolipoprotein B mRNA‐editing, enzyme‐catalytic, polypeptide‐like 3G, tripartite motif‐containing protein 5, tetherin, sterile α‐motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain‐containing protein 1 in restricting HIV‐1 replication. Likewise, certain endogenously secreted antimicrobial peptides, namely α/β/θ‐defensins, lactoferrins, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, trappin‐2/elafin and macrophage inflammatory protein‐3α are reportedly protective. Whilst certain factors directly inhibit HIV, others can be permissive. Interferon‐λ3 exerts an anti‐HIV function by activating Janus kinase‐signal transducer and activator of transcription‐mediated innate responses. Morphine has been found to impair intracellular innate immunity, contributing to HIV establishment in macrophages. Interestingly, protegrin‐1 could be used therapeutically to inhibit early HIV‐1 establishment. Moreover, chloroquine inhibits plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation and improves effective T‐cell responses. This minireview summarizes the recently identified targets for innate immunity‐mediated therapies and outlines the challenges that lie ahead in improving treatment of HIV infection.
Immunomodulatory properties of Enterococcus faecium JWS 833 isolated from duck intestinal tract and suppression of Listeria monocytogenes infection
Authors: Choi Hyun Jong , Shin Myeong Su , Lee Sang Myeong , Lee Wan Kyu 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory properties of Enterococcus faecium JWS 833 (JWS 833) isolated from duck intestine and compare them to those of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a proven immunity‐enhancing probiotic. To investigate the immune‐enhancing properties of JWS 833, production of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines was measured in mouse peritoneal macrophages. In addition, a Listeria monocytogenes challenge model was used in the assessment. It was found that heat‐killed JWS 833 stimulates mouse peritoneal macrophages to produce NO, interleukin‐1 β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and that oral administration of viable JWS833 enhances NO, IL‐1β and TNF‐α synthesis upon L. monocytogenes challenge. Moreover, mice fed with JWS 833 were partially protected against lethal challenge with L. monocytogenes. JWS 833 strain has significantly greater immunostimulatory properties than LGG. Moreover, JWS 833 strain partially protects mice against lethal challenge with L. monocytogenes. JWS 833, a novel strain of E. faecium isolated from duck intestine, is potentially a useful feed supplement for controlling pathogens and enhancing host immune responses.
Climate change, fuel and fire behaviour in a eucalypt forest
Authors: Matthews Stuart , Sullivan Andrew L. , Watson Penny , Williams Richard J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA suite of models was used to examine the links between climate, fuels and fire behaviour in dry eucalypt forests in south‐eastern Australia. Predictions from a downscaled climate model were used to drive models of fuel amount, the moisture content of fuels and two models of forest fire behaviour at a location in western Sydney in New South Wales, Australia. We found that a warming and drying climate produced lower fine fuel amounts, but greater availability of this fuel to burn due to lower moisture contents. Changing fuel load had only a small effect on fuel moisture. A warmer, drier climate increased rate of spread, an important measure of fire behaviour. Reduced fuel loads ameliorated climate‐induced changes in fire behaviour for one model. Sensitivity analysis of the other fire model showed that changes in fuel amount induced changes in fire behaviour of a similar magnitude to that caused directly by sensitivity to climate. Projection of changes in fire risk requires modelling of changes in vegetation as well as changes in climate. Better understanding of climate change effects on vegetation structure is required.
Well‐differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcomas with prominent myxoid stroma: analysis of 56 cases
Authors: Sioletic Stefano , Dal Cin Paola , Fletcher Christopher D M , Hornick Jason L 
Published: June 2012

Aims:  Occasional cases of well‐differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma (LPS) contain myxoid stroma, leading to confusion with other sarcomas. The aim of this study was to analyse the clinicopathological and genetic features of well‐differentiated/dedifferentiated LPS with prominent myxoid stroma.Methods and results:  Fifty‐six cases of LPS (22 well‐differentiated; 34 dedifferentiated) with prominent myxoid stroma were evaluated. Most arose in the retroperitoneum, abdominal cavity, or spermatic cord. The mean size was 170 mm. Myxoid LPS‐like plexiform vessels were conspicuous in 11 cases of well‐differentiated LPS. In 22 cases of dedifferentiated LPS, myxofibrosarcoma‐like curvilinear vessels were prominent. In other cases, the myxoid component had variably bland or pleomorphic morphology. By immunohistochemistry, staining for MDM2 was positive in 95% of cases, and CDK4 in 78%. Cytogenetics in 13 cases showed ring and giant marker chromosomes. Fluorescence in‐situ hybridization showed amplification of 12q13–15 in six cases evaluated. Of 30 patients with follow‐up, all but one had local recurrences (up to four), but only one has so far had distant metastases.Conclusions:  Well‐differentiated/dedifferentiated LPS with prominent myxoid stroma can closely resemble other sarcoma types, especially myxoid LPS and myxofibrosarcoma. The clinical presentation (large retroperitoneal or abdominal tumour) is a clue to the correct diagnosis; the degree of nuclear atypia helps to exclude myxoid LPS. Immunohistochemistry for MDM2 and CDK4 and genetic analysis can be useful to confirm the diagnosis.
The lengths birds will go to avoid incest
Authors: Heinsohn Robert 
Published: June 2012

image

[ A southern pied babbler (Turdoides bicolor) subordinate female immediately before dispersal to become dominant in a new group. Dispersal is an important mechanism whereby southern pied babblers avoid inbreeding; though there is no sex‐bias in dispersal distance, individuals move twice as far from birth groups as from subsequent groups. Southern pied babblers are found throughout the Kalahari Desert. A habituated population is intensively studied at the Pied Babbler Research Project, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa. Image courtesy Tom Flower. ]Nelson‐Flower, M.J., Hockey, A.R., O'Ryan, C.O. & Ridley, A.R. (2012) Inbreeding avoidance mechanisms: dispersal dynamics in cooperatively breeding southern pied babblers. Journal of Animal Ecology, 81, 875–882.Cooperatively breeding species, in which some individuals help others to rear their offspring, face a high risk of inbreeding because of close relatedness within social groups. Many species circumvent this problem via sex‐biased dispersal, in which one sex is more likely to disperse (and to disperse further), while the other stays and helps. In the absence of sex‐biased dispersal, more complex dispersal patterns can arise, based on kin recognition. However, this can also present challenges when dispersal distances are short, leading to clusters of relatives on neighbouring territories. In this issue, Nelson‐Flower et al. (2012) break important new ground by unravelling adaptive incest‐avoidance mechanisms in a cooperatively breeding bird without sex‐biased dispersal. They provide an elegant demonstration of finely tuned dispersal distances together with cognitively based methods for knowing whom to avoid as mates.