bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased Glycation and Oxidative Damage to Apolipoprotein B100 of LDL Cholesterol in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Effect of Metformin
Authors: Rabbani Naila , Chittari Madhu Varma , Bodmer Charles W. , Zehnder Daniel , Ceriello Antonio , Thornalley Paul J. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to investigate whether apolipoprotein B100 of LDL suffers increased damage by glycation, oxidation, and nitration in patients with type 2 diabetes, including patients receiving metformin therapy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
For this study, 32 type 2 diabetic patients and 21 healthy control subjects were recruited; 13 diabetic patients were receiving metformin therapy (median dose: 1.50 g/day). LDL was isolated from venous plasma by ultracentrifugation, delipidated, digested, and analyzed for protein glycation, oxidation, and nitration adducts by stable isotopic dilution analysis tandem mass spectrometry.

RESULTS
Advanced glycation end product (AGE) content of apolipoprotein B100 of LDL from type 2 diabetic patients was higher than from healthy subjects: arginine-derived AGE, 15.8 vs. 5.3 mol% (P &lt; 0.001); and lysine-derived AGE, 2.5 vs. 1.5 mol% (P &lt; 0.05). Oxidative damage, mainly methionine sulfoxide residues, was also increased: 2.5 vs. 1.1 molar equivalents (P &lt; 0.001). 3-Nitrotyrosine content was decreased: 0.04 vs. 0.12 mol% (P &lt; 0.05). In diabetic patients receiving metformin therapy, arginine-derived AGE and methionine sulfoxide were lower than in patients not receiving metformin: 19.3 vs. 8.9 mol% (P &lt; 0.01) and 2.9 vs. 1.9 mol% (P &lt; 0.05), respectively; 3-nitrotyrosine content was higher: 0.10 vs. 0.03 mol% (P &lt; 0.05). Fructosyl-lysine residue content correlated positively with fasting plasma glucose. Arginine-derived AGE residue contents were intercorrelated and also correlated positively with methionine sulfoxide.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with type 2 diabetes had increased arginine-derived AGEs and oxidative damage in apolipoprotein B100 of LDL. This was lower in patients receiving metformin therapy, which may contribute to decreased oxidative damage, atherogenicity, and cardiovascular disease.
Euglycemic Infusion of Insulin Detemir Compared With Human Insulin Appears to Increase Direct Current Brain Potential Response and Reduces Food Intake While Inducing Similar Systemic Effects
Authors: Hallschmid Manfred , Jauch-Chara Kamila , Korn Oliver , Mölle Matthias , Rasch Björn , Born Jan , Schultes Bernd , Kern Werner 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
In the treatment of diabetic patients, the long-acting insulin analog insulin detemir is less prone to induce weight gain than other insulin formulations. Assuming that because of its pharmacologic properties, detemir displays stronger central nervous anorexigenic efficacy than human insulin, we compared acute effects of human insulin and detemir on electroencephalography (EEG) measures and food intake.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Frontocortical EEG direct current (DC) potentials were recorded in 15 healthy men during two hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps that included an insulin bolus injection (human insulin, 17.75 mU/kg body wt; detemir, 90 mU/kg body wt) followed by a steady 90-min infusion (1.0 vs. 2.0 mU · kg−1 · min−1). A higher dosage was chosen for detemir to compensate for its delay in impact relative to human insulin and to elicit similar systemic effects. At 20 min after infusion, subjects were allowed to eat ad libitum from a test buffet.

RESULTS
Mean glucose infusions to maintain euglycemia (P &gt; 0.93) and blood glucose concentrations (P &gt; 0.34) did not differ between conditions. Detemir infusion induced a negative DC-potential shift, averaging −372.2 μV from 21 to 90 min that was not observed during human insulin infusion (146.5 μV, P = 0.02). Detemir, in comparison with human insulin, reduced subsequent food intake by 303 kcal (1,257 vs. 1,560, P &lt; 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS
While inducing comparable peripheral effects, detemir exerts stronger acute effects on brain functions than human insulin and triggers a relative decrease in food consumption, suggesting an enhanced anorexigenic impact of detemir compared with human insulin on central nervous networks that control nutrient uptake.
Insufficiency of Janus Kinase 2–Autonomous Leptin Receptor Signals for Most Physiologic Leptin Actions
Authors: Robertson Scott , Ishida-Takahashi Ryoko , Tawara Isao , Hu Jiang , Patterson Christa M. , Jones Justin C. , Kulkarni Rohit N. , Myers Martin G. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
Leptin acts via its receptor (LepRb) to signal the status of body energy stores. Leptin binding to LepRb initiates signaling by activating the associated Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) tyrosine kinase, which promotes the phosphorylation of tyrosine residues on the intracellular tail of LepRb. Two previously examined LepRb phosphorylation sites mediate several, but not all, aspects of leptin action, leading us to hypothesize that Jak2 signaling might contribute to leptin action independently of LepRb phosphorylation sites. We therefore determined the potential role in leptin action for signals that are activated by Jak2 independently of LepRb phosphorylation (Jak2-autonomous signals).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We inserted sequences encoding a truncated LepRb mutant (LepRbΔ65c, which activates Jak2 normally, but is devoid of other LepRb intracellular sequences) into the mouse Lepr locus. We examined the leptin-regulated physiology of the resulting Δ/Δ mice relative to LepRb-deficient db/db animals.

RESULTS
The Δ/Δ animals were similar to db/db animals in terms of energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine and immune function, and regulation of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, but demonstrated modest improvements in glucose homeostasis.

CONCLUSIONS
The ability of Jak2-autonomous LepRb signals to modulate glucose homeostasis in Δ/Δ animals suggests a role for these signals in leptin action. Because Jak2-autonomous LepRb signals fail to mediate most leptin action, however, signals from other LepRb intracellular sequences predominate.
Factors Related to Perceived Diabetes Control Are Not Related to Actual Glucose Control for Minority Patients With Diabetes
Authors: McAndrew Lisa M. , Horowitz Carol R. , Lancaster Kristie J. , Leventhal Howard 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
To examine variables associated with perceived diabetes control compared with an objective measure of glucose control (A1C).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Beliefs about diabetes were assessed among 334 individuals with diabetes living in a primarily low-income, minority, urban neighborhood. Regression analyses tested associations between disease beliefs and both participants' perceptions of control and actual control (A1C).

RESULTS
Poorer perceived diabetes control was associated with perceiving a greater impact of diabetes, greater depressive symptoms, not following a diabetic diet, A1C, and a trend toward less exercise. Variables associated with better actual control (A1C) included higher BMI, older age, and not using insulin.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients' perceptions of their diabetes control are informed by subjective diabetes cues (e.g., perceived impact of diabetes and adherence to a diabetic diet), which are not related to A1C. Clinicians should take into account what cues patients are using to assess their diabetes control.
Determinants of Impaired Fasting Glucose Versus Glucose Intolerance in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Karakas Sidika E. , Kim Kyoungmi , Duleba Antoni J. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
To determine insulin resistance and response in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance, and combined glucose intolerance (CGI).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, 143 patients with PCOS (diagnosed on the basis of National Institutes of Health criteria) underwent oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT), and 68 patients also had frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance tests. Changes in plasma glucose, insulin, cardiovascular risk factors, and androgens were measured.

RESULTS
Compared with patients with NGT, those with both IFG and CGI were significantly insulin resistant (homeostasis model assessment 3.3 ± 0.2 vs. 6.1 ± 0.9 and 6.4 ± 0.5, P &lt; 0.0001) and hyperinsulinemic (insulin area under the curve for 120 min 973 ± 69 vs. 1,470 ± 197 and 1,461 ± 172 pmol/l, P &lt; 0.0001). Insulin response was delayed in patients with CGI but not in those with IFG (2-h OGTT, insulin 1,001 ± 40 vs. 583 ± 45 pmol/l, P &lt; 0.0001). Compared with the NGT group, the CGI group had a lower disposition index (1,615 ± 236 vs. 987 ± 296, P &lt; 0.0234) and adiponectin level (11.1 ± 1.1 vs. 6.2 ± 0.8 ng/ml, P &lt; 0.0096). Compared with the insulin-resistant tertile of the NGT group, those with IFG had a reduced insulinogenic index (421 ± 130 vs. 268 ± 68, P &lt; 0.05). Compared with the insulin-sensitive tertile of the NGT group, the resistant tertile had higher triglyceride and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and lower HDL cholesterol and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG). In the entire population, insulin resistance correlated directly with triglyceride, hs-CRP, and the free androgen index and inversely with SHBG.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with PCOS develop IFG and CGI despite having significant hyperinsulinemia. Patients with IFG and CGI exhibit similar insulin resistance but very different insulin response patterns. Increases in cardiac risk factors and free androgen level precede overt glucose intolerance.
Carriers of Loss-of-Function Mutations in ABCA1 Display Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction
Authors: Vergeer Menno , Brunham Liam R. , Koetsveld Joris , Kruit Janine K. , Verchere C. Bruce , Kastelein John J.P. , Hayden Michael R. , Stroes Erik S.G. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
Abnormal cellular cholesterol handling in islets may contribute to β-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. β-Cell deficiency for the ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), which mediates the efflux of cellular cholesterol, leads to altered intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and impaired insulin secretion in mice. We aimed to assess the impact of ABCA1 dysfunction on glucose homeostasis in humans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In heterozygous carriers of disruptive mutations in ABCA1 and family-based noncarriers of similar age, sex, and BMI, we performed oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) (n = 15 vs. 14) and hyperglycemic clamps (n = 8 vs. 8).

RESULTS
HDL cholesterol levels in carriers were less than half those in noncarriers, but LDL cholesterol levels did not differ. Although fasting plasma glucose was similar between groups, glucose curves after an OGTT were mildly higher in carriers than in noncarriers. During hyperglycemic clamps, carriers demonstrated lower first-phase insulin secretion than noncarriers but no difference in insulin sensitivity. The disposition index (a measure of β-cell function adjusted for insulin sensitivity) of the carriers was significantly reduced in ABCA1 heterozygotes.

CONCLUSIONS
Carriers of loss-of-function mutations in ABCA1 show impaired insulin secretion without insulin resistance. Our data provide evidence that ABCA1 is important for normal β-cell function in humans.
Differential Effects of Cream, Glucose, and Orange Juice on Inflammation, Endotoxin, and the Expression of Toll-Like Receptor-4 and Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3
Authors: Deopurkar Rupali , Ghanim Husam , Friedman Jay , Abuaysheh Sanaa , Sia Chang Ling , Mohanty Priya , Viswanathan Prabhakar , Chaudhuri Ajay , Dandona Paresh 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
We have recently shown that a high-fat high-carbohydrate (HFHC) meal induces an increase in plasma concentrations of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and the expression of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) and suppresser of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) in mononuclear cells (MNCs) in addition to oxidative stress and cellular inflammation. Saturated fat and carbohydrates, components of the HFHC meal, known to induce oxidative stress and inflammation, also induce an increase in LPS, TLR-4, and SOCS3.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Fasting normal subjects were given 300-calorie drinks of either glucose, saturated fat as cream, orange juice, or only water to ingest. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 1, 3, and 5 h for analysis.

RESULTS
Indexes of inflammation including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) binding, and the expression of SOCS3, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-1β in MNCs, increased significantly after glucose and cream intake, but TLR-4 expression and plasma LPS concentrations increased only after cream intake. The intake of orange juice or water did not induce any change in any of the indexes measured.

CONCLUSIONS
Although both glucose and cream induce NF-κB binding and an increase in the expression of SOCS3, TNF-α, and IL-1β in MNCs, only cream caused an increase in LPS concentration and TLR-4 expression. Equicaloric amounts of orange juice or water did not induce a change in any of these indexes. These changes are relevant to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and insulin resistance.
A1C for Screening and Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes in Routine Clinical Practice
Authors: Lu Zhong X. , Walker Karen Z. , O'Dea Kerin , Sikaris Ken A. , Shaw Jonathan E. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate A1C for screening and diagnosis of undiagnosed type 2 diabetes defined by oral glucose tolerance testing in clinical and general populations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A1C cut offs (≤5.5% to rule out diabetes; ≥7.0% to rule in diabetes) were derived from a clinical group (Melbourne Pathology [MP] group: n = 2,494; undiagnosed diabetes 34.6%) and then evaluated in a population-based sample (AusDiab group: n = 6,015; undiagnosed diabetes 4.6%).

RESULTS
For diabetes in the MP and AusDiab groups, A1C at 5.5% gave sensitivities of 98.7 and 83.5%, while A1C at 7.0% gave specificities of 98.2 and 100%, respectively. Many (61.9–69.3%) with impaired A1C (5.6–6.9%) in both populations had abnormal glucose status.

CONCLUSIONS
A1C ≤5.5% and ≥7.0% predicts absence or presence of type 2 diabetes, respectively, while at A1C 6.5–6.9% diabetes is highly probable in clinical and population settings. A high proportion of people with impaired A1C have abnormal glucose status requiring follow-up.
Impact of a Preconception Counseling Program for Teens With Type 1 Diabetes (READY-Girls) on Patient-Provider Interaction, Resource Utilization, and Cost
Authors: Fischl Andrea F. Rodgers , Herman William H. , Sereika Susan M. , Hannan Margaret , Becker Dorothy , Mansfield M. Joan , Freytag Linda L. , Milaszewski Kerry , Botscheller Amanda N. , Charron-Prochownik Denise 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the impact of a preconception counseling program tailored for teens with type 1 diabetes on cognitive, psychosocial, and behavioral outcomes and to assess its cost-effectiveness.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 88 teens with type 1 diabetes from two sites were randomized into the READY-Girls (Reproductive-health Education and Awareness of Diabetes in Youth for Girls) intervention (IG) (n = 43) or standard care (SC) (n = 45) groups. During three diabetes clinic visits, IG subjects viewed a two-part CD-ROM, read a book, and met with a nurse. Program effectiveness was measured by knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors regarding diabetes, pregnancy, sexuality, and preconception counseling. Assessments occurred at baseline, before and after viewing program materials, and at 9 months. Economic analyses included an assessment of resource utilization, direct medical costs, and a break-even cost analysis.

RESULTS
Age range was 13.2–19.7 years (mean ± SD 16.7 ± 1.7 years); 6% (n = 5) were African American, and 24% (n = 21) were sexually active. Compared with baseline and SC subjects, IG subjects demonstrated a significant group-by-time interaction for benefit and knowledge of preconception counseling and reproductive health: increasing immediately after the first visit (P &lt; 0.001) and being sustained for 9 months (P &lt; 0.05 benefits; P &lt; 0.001 knowledge). For IG subjects, preconception counseling barriers decreased over time (P &lt; 0.001), and intention and initiation of preconception counseling and reproductive health discussions increased (P &lt; 0.001). Costs of adverse reproductive outcomes are high. Direct medical costs of READY-Girls were low.

CONCLUSIONS
READY-Girls was beneficial and effects were sustained for at least 9 months. This low-cost self-instructional program can potentially empower young women with type 1 diabetes to make well-informed reproductive health choices, adding little time burden or cost to their diabetes management.
Changes in Prandial Glucagon Levels After a 2-Year Treatment With Vildagliptin or Glimepiride in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled With Metformin Monotherapy
Authors: Ahrén Bo , Foley James E. , Ferrannini Ele , Matthews David R. , Zinman Bernard , Dejager Sylvie , Fonseca Vivian A. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
To determine if the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor vildagliptin more effectively inhibits glucagon levels than the sulfonylurea glimepiride during a meal.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Glucagon responses to a standard meal were measured at baseline and study end point (mean 1.8 years) in a trial evaluating add-on therapy to metformin with 50 mg vildagliptin b.i.d. compared with glimepiride up to 6 mg q.d. in type 2 diabetes (baseline A1C 7.3 ± 0.6%).

RESULTS
A1C and prandial glucose area under the curve (AUC)0–2 h were reduced similarly in both groups, whereas prandial insulin AUC0–2 h increased to a greater extent by glimepiride. Prandial glucagon AUC0–2 h (baseline 66.6 ± 2.3 pmol · h−1 · l−1) decreased by 3.4 ± 1.6 pmol · h−1 · l−1 by vildagliptin (n = 137) and increased by 3.8 ± 1.7 pmol · h−1 · l−1 by glimepiride (n = 121). The between-group difference was 7.3 ± 2.1 pmol · h−1 · l−1 (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Vildagliptin therapy but not glimepiride improves postprandial α-cell function, which persists for at least 2 years.
High Levels of Foot Ulceration and Amputation Risk in a Multiracial Cohort of Diabetic Patients on Dialysis Therapy
Authors: Ndip Agbor , Lavery Lawrence A. , LaFontaine Javier , Rutter Martin K. , Vardhan Anand , Vileikyte Loretta , Boulton Andrew J.M. 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the prevalence of lower-limb complications in a multiracial cohort of patients with diabetes receiving dialysis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This work was a cross-sectional study of lower-limb complications in dialysis-treated patients with diabetes in the U.K. and U.S.

RESULTS
We studied 466 patients (139 U.K.; 327 U.S.). The prevalence of lower-limb complications was high (foot ulcers 12%, neuropathy 79%, peripheral arterial disease 57%, history of foot ulceration 34%, and prior amputation 18%), with no significant ethnic variation, except that foot ulcers were more common in whites than in patients of African descent (P = 0.013). Ninety-five percent of patients were at high risk of lower-limb complications. Prior amputation was related to foot ulcer history, peripheral arterial disease, and hemodialysis modality in multivariable analysis. Prevalent ulceration showed independent associations with foot ulcer history and peripheral arterial disease, but not with ethnicity.

CONCLUSIONS
All patients with diabetes receiving dialysis are at high risk of lower-limb complications independent of ethnic background.
Airborne Fungi in Dwellings for Dairy Cows and Laying Hens
Authors: Matković Kristina , Vučemilo Marija , Vinković Bara 
Published: January 2010

Airborne Fungi in Dwellings for Dairy Cows and Laying HensThe air of animal dwellings can contain great amounts of bioaerosol composed of dust, bacteria, fungi, and endotoxins. The composition may depend on animal species, building construction, animal accommodation, and microclimate parameters, to name just a few factors. Pathogens contained may be a serious threat to animal and human health.The aim of our study was to analyse the fungi aerosol content in a stable housing dairy cows and in a coop for laying hens over the three autumn months of 2007. The air was sampled on Petri dishes with Sabouraud glucose agar. After laboratory treatment, we identified the most common fungi. Their count in the stable ranged from 3.98×103 CFU m-3 to 5.11×104 CFU m-3 and in the coop from 6.89 ×104 CFU m-3 to 1.13×105 CFU m-3. The difference between the two animal dwellings was statistically different at the level of p<0.05. In both dwellings, the most common were the fungi Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and yeasts, followed by Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Alternaria sp., and Rhizopus sp.Our results are entirely in line with values reported in literature and are at the lower end of the range. They call for further investigation that would eventually lead to setting air quality standards for animal dwellings and to developing reliable monitoring systems in order to ensure safe food and safe environment.
Inflammatory and Haematotoxic Potential of Indoor Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) Hughes Metabolites
Authors: Piecková Elena , Hurbánková Marta , Černá Silvia , Lišková Aurélia , Kováčiková Zuzana , Kolláriková Zuzana , Wimmerová Soňa 
Published: January 2010

Inflammatory and Haematotoxic Potential of Indoor Stachybotrys chartarum (Ehrenb.) Hughes MetabolitesMouldStachybotrys chartarum(Ehrenb.) Hughes is known to pose a health risk in indoor environments. Most of its strains can produce several intra- and extracellular trichothecene mycotoxins. Complex secondary metabolites of stachybotrys isolates from mouldy dwellings/public buildings in Slovakia were intratracheally instilled in Wistar male rats (4 μg in 0.2 mL of 0.2 % dimethylsulphoxide; diacetoxyscirpenol as the positive control). After three days, haematological parameters were measured in peripheral blood and inflammatory response biomarkers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the results were statistically analysed. Exometabolites proved to suppress red blood cell (RBC), decreasing the total RBC count, haemoglobin, and haematocrit. The exposed rats showed significantly higher total BALF cell count, indicating inflammation, lower alveolar macrophage counts, and increased granulocyte count related to the BALF cells. Due to haematotoxic and inflammation-inducing properties, metabolites ofS. chartarumcan cause damage to the airways and haematological disorders in occupants of mouldy buildings.
Ochratoxin A and Aristolochic Acid Involvement in Nephropathies and Associated Urothelial Tract Tumours
Authors: Pfohl-Leszkowicz Annie 
Published: January 2010

Ochratoxin A and Aristolochic Acid Involvement in Nephropathies and Associated Urothelial Tract TumoursThis review addresses the unresolved aetiology of several nephropathies and associated upper tract tumours diagnosed all over the world, but especially in the Balkan regions. Studies conducted over the last 35 years point to mycotoxins, mainly ochratoxin A (OTA) as the main culprit. Recent theories however have implicated aristolochic acids (AA). The aim of this review is to put forward arguments in favour of the mycotoxin theory and to show the incoherence of the AA theory. It discusses the differences between the epidemiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN); OTA and AA carcinogenicity; clinical and pathological effects induced by OTA and AA; sources of OTA contamination (food, air, drinking water); OTA- and AA-DNA adduct formation; the role of genetic polymorphisms; and the risk for young children.