bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of digital image analyses for use in wildlife research
Authors: Mott Cy L. , Albert Scott E. , Steffen Michael A. , Uzzardo John M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDue to the decreased cost and increased availability of digital camera technology, digital image analyses are rapidly replacing traditional caliper‐based approaches to wildlife morphometry. The substitution of image‐based measurement methods over those utilizing calipers is based on the assumption that both methods are comparable with respect to accuracy, precision, time required and inter‐observer variation, yet this hypothesis has not been explicitly tested. In this article, we evaluate these aspects of each method using three life stages of the marbled salamander Ambystoma opacum. We found that digital image‐based measurements were significantly more accurate, faster to obtain, and resulted in reduced inter‐observer measurement variation relative to caliper measurements, yet the former was associated with reduced precision among repeated measurements relative to the latter. Based on our observations, we recommend that digital image‐based measurements represent a useful alternative to caliper measurements and are particularly useful for organisms that pose risks to investigators, normally maintain non‐linear body orientations, or cannot easily be removed from their habitat.
Are abundance indices derived from spotlight counts reliable to monitor red deer Cervus elaphus populations?
Authors: Garel Mathieu , Bonenfant Christophe , Hamann Jean‐Luc , Klein François , Gaillard Jean‐Michel 
Published: April 2010

AbstractManagement of large herbivores could be improved by investing less effort in estimating absolute abundance and more effort tracking variation over time of indicators of ecological change (IEC) describing animal performance, herbivore impact on habitat, and relative animal abundance. To describe relative changes in animal abundance, monitoring trends in numbers through indices may constitute a useful and low cost method, especially at large spatial scales. Reliability of indices to detect trends should be evaluated before they are used in wildlife management. We compared population trends estimated from spotlight counts, a standard census method for deer populations, with population size estimates of a red deer Cervus elaphus population monitored using Capture‐Mark‐Recapture (CMR) methodology. We found a strong negative effect of conditions of observation (e.g. rainfall) on both the number of animals (‐24.4%) and the number of groups (‐31.6%) seen per kilometre. After controlling for observation conditions, we found that these two abundance indices were linearly correlated with CMR estimates, with the group‐based index being better correlated (r = 0.75) than the individual‐based index (r = 0.68). These consistent trends between indices and CMR estimates provide support in using standardised spotlight counts as an IEC describing relative changes in abundance for the monitoring and management of red deer populations.
Arctic fox Vulpes lagopus den use in relation to altitude and human infrastructure
Authors: Selås Vidar , Johnsen B⊘rge Steinmo , Eide Nina E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractOne obvious threat to the endangered arctic fox Vulpes lagopus population in Fennoscandia is competition with the larger red fox Vulpes vulpes, which may have expanded its range towards the alpine tundra because of increased food availability in the low‐alpine and subalpine region. The steady increase in the number of vacation cabins and roads, and thus also in human garbage and road‐killed animals, may subsidise easily available food resources and improve red fox survival in these otherwise marginal areas. In B⊘rgefjell National Park, Norway, 14 of 27 known arctic fox dens were used by arctic fox during 2001‐2005. The dens that were used were situated at higher altitudes, farther from natural red fox habitats, than unused dens. In the best of our logistic regression models, there was also a statistical negative effect of the number of cabins within 7 × 7 km squares around the den sites. Hence, our results support the prediction that the arctic fox is less likely to use areas where human activity might be benefiting red foxes. A successful conservation strategy for the arctic fox will probably require a reduction of the driving forces behind the red fox expansion in the alpine areas.
Trends in grouse research
Authors: Moss Robert , Storch Ilse , Müller Martin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBiological research on birds of the grouse family has become increasingly related to conservation. We review trends in grouse biology, analysing the representation of species and topics in the titles of 2,788 papers published since 1930. Ruffed grouse Bonasa umbellus, the most frequently studied species before 1960, was overtaken by willow ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus in the 1970s, after which black grouse Tetrao tetrix and capercaillie Tetrao urogallus became increasingly popular until they were the most‐studied species in the 2000s. The new focus on conservation ecology involves increased interest in the topics of threatened taxa, genetics and conservation. A new appreciation of the role of large, landscape‐scale processes in population dynamics and conservation management is shown by an increase in publications on landscape ecology and habitat, enabled by technical advances in telemetry, genetics and mapping systems. Meanwhile, the number of papers on disease, diet, behaviour and reproduction has declined. The topics of climate change, human disturbance and pollution had few hits, but we anticipate that interest in them will increase as the current emphasis on conservation continues. This may well involve improved genetic and GIS techniques for determining dispersal patterns, habitat connectivity and population viability, along with a better understanding of how grouse survive their predators and other enemies. Better communication of experiences in management for grouse conservation is needed.
Relationships of CBR and Insect Resistance and Yield Among Progenies of a CBR-Resistant x Insect-Resistant Cross1
Authors: Green C. C. , Wynne J. C. , Beute M. K. , Campbell W. V. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The potential for the development of large-seeded, highyielding virginia-type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) with resistance to Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) and three insects was examined. Forty randomly selected F2 families in F5 generation from a cross of the CBR-resistant germplasm NC 3033 and the cultivar NC 6 were evaluated for yield, fruit traits, and resistance to CBR, thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds), corn earworm (Heliothis zea Bodie) and potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae Harris). Significant differences were found among families for all traits measured except corn earworm damage and number of seed. Transgressive segregation was observed for six of the nine traits measured. Heritabilities were high for pod length, pod weight, and seed weight; moderate for pod yield, CBR resistance, thrips and potato leafhopper damage and low for corn earworm damage. Large negative genotypic correlations were found between CBR resistance (percent dead and diseased plants) and traits indicative of insect resistance. Genotypic correlations between percent dead and diseased plants and yield and fruit traits were large and positive. Based on the predicted response in the other unselected traits when selection is for one trait, selection for increased CBR resistance should result in lines with decreased insect resistance, pod size and weight, seed weight, and yield. These data suggest that unfavorable linkages or pleiotropy among these traits may exist that would prevent selection of desirable genotypes from this cross.
Specimen Preparation Techniques for Scanning Electron Microscopy of Developing Peanut Pegs1
Authors: Pattee H. E. , Mohapatra S. C. , Agnello E. K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This study evaluated various specimen preparation techniques for light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Main conclusions from this study were:
(i) Critical point drying (CPD) was preferred over freeze drying for SEM of whole or large pieces of specimens. However, CPD did not offer any additional advantage over air drying for SEM of thin (14 μm) microtomed sections of paraffin embedded specimens.
(ii) Formaldehyde-acetic acid-alcohol (FAA) was found to be satisfactory as a general purpose fixative for LM and low magnification SEM. However, for magnifications higher than X500, where subcellular details become the subject of investigation, glutaraldehyde (GA) was found to be preferable over FAA.
(iii) Certain artifacts appeared to be related to developmental stages of the peanut fruit.
Effect of Leaf Removal on Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in Peanut1
Authors: Osman A. K. , Wynne J. C. , Elkan G. H. , Schneeweis T. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The effect of varying levels of leaf defoliation on the nodulation and nitrogen fixation of a Virginia and a spanish-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivar was investigated in the greenhouse. Five leaf defoliation treatments - (a) control (no leaflet removal), (b) 25%, (c) 50%, (d) 75%, and (e) 100% - were carried out every 3 to 5 days throughout the growing period.
All nitrogen fixation measurements were affected by the defoliation (leaflet removal) treatments. Increased leaf defoliation reduced nodule formation and N2 fixation. The reduction in plant dry weight, nodule number, nodule dry weight, and nitrogenase activity was most severe for the 100% defoliation treatment. Correlation coefficients (r) of N2 fixation measurements and leaf areas and weights were highly significant.
The defoliation effect was similar in both experiments and cultivars; however, the Virginia type achieved higher values for all N2 fixation measurements.
Chemical and Functional Properties of Peanut and Rice Bran Flour Blends
Authors: Conkerton E. J. , Ory R. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Plant proteins are being added to foods and beverages to improve nutritive value or change functional properties. No one protein can supply all the desirable characteristics. Blends of peanut and rice bran flours in 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 ratios had different protein solubility than the original materials. Methionine, lysine, available lysine, hydration capacity, and fat absorption increased as the amount of rice bran increased. Emulsifying capacity and emulsion stability were highest in all blends.
Evaluation of Six Peanut Genotypes for Pod Rot Resistance1
Authors: Godoy Rodolfo , Smith Olin D. , Boswell T. E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Six genotypes (TxAG-3, PI 341885, Toalson, Starr, Florunner, and Goldin 1) were evaluated for reaction to Pythium myriotylum Drechs, and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn in the greenhouse to: 1) confirm field results as to the relative disease reactions of the entries; 2) ascertain whether peg versus pod exposure to pathogens confounds selection for pod rot resistance; 3) examine the utility of greenhouse inoculation in screening for pod rot resistance; and 4) evaluate simultaneous screening of plants for reaction to these fungi. Adult plants were exposed at two stages of fruit development. TxAG-3 had significantly less pod decay from each organism singly and in combination at both times of exposure to the pathogens than did the other entries. Exposure to the pathogens at the pegging and pod-filling stages of development produced similar results.
Identification and Incidence of Peanut Viruses in Georgia1
Authors: Kuhn C. W. , Demski J. W. , Reddy D. V. R. , Benner C. P. , Bijaisoradat Mandhana 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Surveys of peanuts in Georgia in 1983 detected peanut mottle virus (PMV), peanut stripe virus (PStV), and peanut stunt virus. The mild strain of PMV was by far the most prevalent virus in commercial peanuts; it occurred in every field and an average incidence of 15-20% was observed when the growing season was about two-thirds complete. The necrosis strain of PMV was noted in 39% of the fields, but the incidence was less than 0.1%. A new severe strain of PMV (chlorotic stunt) was identified in two fields. PStV was found at four locations; in each case the infected plants were near peanut germplasm lines from The People's Republic of China. Mixed infections of PMV and PStV occurred frequently. Peanut stunt virus was noted only in one research field in 1983. Numerous serological and sap inoculation tests did not detect tomato spotted wilt virus or cowpea chlorotic mottle virus.
Pattern Analysis of Genotype Adaptation and Genotype x Environment Interactions in the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests1
Authors: Shorter R. , Hammons R. O. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Genotype x environment (g x e) interactions can confound comparisons among peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes in multi-environment genotype trials. Herein g x e interactions in two data sets constructed from the Uniform Peanut Performance Tests (UPPT) over the period 1973–1978 were examined. Numerical classification and ordination techniques were used to examine genotype adaptation and environmental groupings.
Because of the harvest strategy adopted in specific trials, maturity differences among genotypes may have influenced genotype yields and rankings in these trials. For example in trials harvested 151–176 days after planting, Early Bunch yielded 951 kg ha-1 less than the average of Florunner, Tifrun and UF 714021. Conversely in trials harvested 129–141 days after planting, Early Bunch was 700 kg ha-1 higher yielding than the average of Florunner, Tifrun and UF 714021. Our results suggest that entries in UPPT trials be harvested in order of their maturities where such maturity differences are known. In any year, performance of new lines should be compared jointly with that of a number of standard genotypes as performance of any one standard may not be indicative of its long term average.
There was a degree of regional adaptation of certain genotypes in that, relative to other genotypes, Florigiant performed poorly and Florunner well in southeastern United States environments. However an environmental classification based on g x e interaction effects indicated that, over all genotypes, there were no temporal or closely related regional groups of environments with similar g x e interactions. No evidence was found that genotypes from different breeding programs had substantially different environmental adaptation responses.
The Presence of 5,7-Dihydroxyisoflavone in Peanuts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Analyses
Authors: Daigle D. J , Ory R. L , Branch W. D 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The defatted flours of 43 colored and one white testa peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were analyzed for flavonoids. Flavonoids were extracted from the flours with aqueous methanol, hydrolyzed, and the resulting aglycones analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography with a variable wavelenth detector. The UV spectrum and retention time coupled with those of standards allowed for the tentative identification of the principal flavonoid aglycone as 5,7-dihydroxyisoflavone (DHI).
Anatomical Traits Associated With Pod Rot Resistance in Peanut1
Authors: Godoy R , Smith O. D , Taber R. A , Pettit R. E 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars resistant to Pythium myriotylum Drechs. and Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, are needed for effective management of pod rotting diseases. The low efficiency of field screening for disease reaction in breeding for resistance has emphasized the need for improved evaluation methods. Anatomical examinations of roots, stems, leaves, pegs, and shells were made of six genotypes (TxAG-3, PI 341885, Toalson, Starr, Florunner, and Goldin I) with various degrees of resistance to pod rots in search of traits that might be used effectively in screening for disease reaction. The palisade mesophyll cells of 50-day old plants were arranged more compactly in pod rot resistant than in susceptible genotypes. An index representing total width (μm) of palisade cells/mm leaf blade was more discriminative in distinguishing among genotypes than average of either cell width or cell number alone. The distribution of lignin in peanut shells was correlated with pod rot resistance. The cell walls in the epicarp and sclerenchymatous mesocarp were thicker and more lignified in the resistant than in the susceptible genotypes. Genotypic differences in lignin distribution were readily apparent at 100x when shell sections were stained with phloroglucinol. Associations between anatomical traits of stems, pegs, roots, or juvenile plant leaflets and field pod rot reaction were not consistent among all genotypes. However, lignin-distribution in pods, and an index representing μm of palisade cells/mm of leaf blade individually or in combination, might be used effectively to supplement field evaluations in screening breeding lines for pod disease reaction.
18F-FDG-PET and MRI in patients with malignancies of the liver and pancreas
Authors: Reiner C. S. , Hany T. F. , Fornaro J. , von Schulthess G. K. , Marincek B. , Weishaupt D. , Donati O. F. 
Published: April 2010

Summary
Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of retrospective rigid image registration and fusion between F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the upper abdomen. Patients, material, methods: Image fusion of PET and MRI was performed in 30 patients with suspected malignancy of the liver or pancreas. Using a commercially available image fusion tool capable of rigid manual point-based registration, PET-Images were retrospectively registered and fused by matching eight homologous points in the 3D spoiled gradient echo (GRE) MRI sequences acquired in portal venous phase and in the CT-component of PET/CT. Two separate observers (R1, R2) assessed accuracy of image registration by determining the distances in the x-, y- and z-axis as well as the absolute distance between anatomical landmarks which differed from the landmarks chosen for registration. Quality of fusion was graded using a three point grading scale (1 poorly fused; 2 satisfactory fused; 3 correctly fused) and compared to hybrid PET/CT fusion. Results: Mean time of registration per patient was less than 2 minutes. Objective registration assessment showed errors between 2.4–6.3 mm in x-axis: mean 3.6 mm (R1); 4.6 mm (R2), 2.3–9.3 mm in y-axis (mean 5.1 mm; 5.5 mm) and 3.3–12.0 mm in z-axis (mean 5.9 mm; 5.9 mm.) The mean error in absolute distance between points was 6.0–16.8 mm (mean 9.9 mm; 10.6 mm). In visual assessment, most fusions were graded to be satisfactory or correctly fused: R1, R2: grade 3, 11/30 (36.7%), 22/30 (73.3%); grade 2, 13/30 (43.3%), 8/30 (26.7%); grade 1, 6/30 (20%), 0/30 (0%). Fusions were mostly comparable to hybrid PET/ CT fusions. All of the fusions were defined as diagnostically relevant by both observers. Conclusion: Retrospective rigid image fusion of FDGPET and MRI of the upper abdomen using the CT-component of PET/CT for registration is feasible without adaptation in image acquisition protocols and shows sub-centimeter registration errors in most cases.
Analysis of 18F-FDG uptake pattern in PET for diagnosis of aseptic loosening versus prosthesis infection after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Gebhard M. , Ackermann D. , Büll U. , Hermanns-Sachweh B. , Mumme T. , Gravius S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe aim of this prospective study was to identify a typical pattern for fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) uptake in positron emission tomography (PET) to differentiate aseptic loosening (tibial and / or femoral component) from prosthesis infection in painful knee prosthesis. Patients, methods: 20 patients with painful knee prosthesis underwent PET imaging to evaluate aseptic loosening / prosthesis infection of their knee prosthesis. The interface between bone and surrounding soft tissue or bone was divided into 3 segments each for both the femur and the tibia and in addition for 4 segments reflecting the surrounding periprosthetic soft tissue. FDG uptake in each of the segments was scored (0–3) by two independent observers. The final diagnosis was based on operative findings with subsequent microbiological culture and histological examination. Results: After surgical revision 6 femoral components and 5 tibial components were found to be loose and prosthetic infection was present in 9 prostheses. In 8 of 9 infected prostheses loosening of the femoral und tibial component occurred. There was no statistically significant correlation between the standardised uptake within each of the segments and the diagnosis of aseptic loosening or prosthesis infection. A differentiated qualitative and quantitative FDG-PET result interpretation divided into five categories was developed. Specificity / sensitivity / positive predictive value / negative predictive value were 93% / 83% / 83% / 93% for aseptic loosening of the femoral component, 87% / 80% / 67% / 93% for aseptic loosening of the tibial component and 82% / 89% / 80% / 90% for infection. Conclusion: This pilot study shows that FDG-PET is a promising diagnostic tool for patients with painful knee prostheses. There is a good correlation between PET images and the intraoperative and pathology findings. Its clinical value, however, warrants further evaluation in a larger patient population.
Temporizing External Fixation of the Lower Extremity: A Survey of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association Membership
Authors: Collinge Cory , Kennedy Jason , Schmidt Andrew 
Published: April 2010

This study examined the opinions of practicing traumatologists to aid in the initial treatment of complicated lower extremity fractures in accordance with current staged protocols. A 40-question online survey of the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) membership was administered from November 2008 to February 2009. The survey investigated surgeons' preferences regarding general principles and routine management of joint-spanning lower extremity external fixators, as well as favored knee- and ankle-spanning constructs and conditions of definitive surgical reconstruction. Data were collected using a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree (5) to strongly disagree (1). Responses were given numerical weight in descending order (scoring 5-1) and were reported as straight percentages and with a weighted mean called the rating average.
Responses were received from half of the OTA membership. Among the strongest preferences (rating average >4) were for obtaining a computed tomography (CT) scan as part of prereconstruction planning (4.8) and obtaining that CT scan after joint-spanning external fixation was applied (4.6). Restoration of length as the most important part of limb realignment at the time of temporizing external fixator application (4.3), the use of soft tissue protection during pin application (4.4), and avoiding overlap of pin sites with a plate at the time of reconstruction (4.3) were highly favored. Survey respondents treated a sizable volume of periarticular lower extremity injuries with temporizing external fixation and staged reconstruction. This consolidation of trends and preferences for constructing and using temporizing external fixation for complex lower extremity injuries hopefully will aid in the treatment of these difficult fractures.
First North American records forHeterarthrus vagans(Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), a Palaearctic leafmining sawfly of alder
Authors: Humble Leland M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe discovery in southwestern British Columbia of widespread established populations of the Palaearctic leafminerHeterarthrus vagans(Fallén) feeding on native red alder,Alnus rubraBong. (Betulaceae), is reported. A preliminary survey suggests that it is currently confined to the Fraser Valley west of Hope, its distribution extending north along Howe Sound almost to Squamish. It was not found in the greater Victoria area. No other regions of the province have been surveyed. This introduced sawfly completes at least two generations a year. Diagnostic characters to aid the recognition of adults and feeding larvae ofH. vagansand a modified key to adult Heterarthrinae on Betulaceae are provided.