bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethylenebisthiocarbamates (Analysis)
Authors: Malik Ashok Kumar , Camara C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEthylenebisdithiocarbamates are widely used around the world to protect crops against different kinds of pests, and it is not surprising that these compounds can be detected at trace level in environmental samples. Stringent regulations have produced an increase in the number of methods developed for their determination. In this section, a brief introduction to the methods for the analysis of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate pesticides, followed by a more detailed discussion of individual methods, is presented. Analysis of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate residues and their decomposition products in foodstuffs, water, commercial samples, and various environmental samples using different techniques is the key feature of this article.
Fungicides, Antibiotics
Authors: Yamaguchi Isamu , Tagawa Michito 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAntibiotics have an economic advantage over synthetic chemicals in that a variety of substances can be manufactured using one set of equipment and facilities. In addition, they are produced not from limited fossil resources, but from renewable agricultural products through fermentation by microorganisms. However, because of their highly specific mechanism of action, they are apt to suffer from the emergence of resistant strains. Thus, it is sometimes necessary to combine the agents with other chemicals that have different mechanisms of action or to use them in rotation. Nevertheless, molecular biology is making rapid advances, and more efficient production of microbial products will become possible by modern gene engineering.
Fungicides, Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors
Authors: Köllerm Wolfram 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBecause the potential of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in the control of plant diseases was discovered in the late 1960s, this class has become one of the most widely use target‐specific, systemic fungicides. In contrast to other fungicide classes, their importance was not necessarily determined by a broad spectrum of disease control provided by each member of the class, but rather by an unprecedented number of commercial products with particular properties displayed by each member. For several diseases, the original efficacies of the class of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors has declined due to the development of resistance. The future role of this class of fungicides will continue to be substantial, in particular with the diversification of disease control measures aimed at delaying the development of resistance to other classes of fungicides.
Herbicides: Inhibitors of Glutamine Synthetase
Authors: Plimmer Jack , Gammon D. W. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Glufosinate‐ammonium is a nonselective contract herbicide. Glufosinate was introduced as a herbicide in 1981 and is used for controlling a wide range of annual and perennial broad‐leaved weeds in fruit orchards, vineyards, rubber and palm oil plantations, ornamental trees and brushes, noncropland, and pre‐emergence in vegetables. It is also used as a desiccant in potatoes, sunflowers, and so on. A number of crops have been genetically modified to tolerate glufosinate. These include field corn, canola, soybeans, and sugar beet.
Soil Microorganisms: Role in Biodegradation
Authors: Turco Ron 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOver the last 100 years, the study of soil microbiology has revealed that a wide array of inherent biochemical abilities exist in each gram of soil. The study of microorganisms was hampered for many years by our inability to separate the cells from their growth environment. This makes the study of soil ecology unique because few other areas of ecological investigation have such difficulty in separating the studied organisms from their habitat. Therefore, the structure and function of soil reflects the interrelatedness of the organism and their habitat.
Interval Analysis for Circuits
Authors: Kolev Lubomir V. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Interval Analysis

The Interval Approach

Areas of Application

Virtues and Drawbacks of the Interval Approach

Interval Arithmetic

Interval Functions

Interval Methods for Linear Equations

Interval Methods for Nonlinear Equations

Tolerances of Linear Circuits

Transient Tolerance Analysis

Global Analysis of Nonlinear DC Circuits

Alternative Applications

Robust Stability

Performance Characteristics

Improved Numerical Efficiency

Trends for Future Development
Microwave Oscillators
Authors: Mortazawi Amir 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe sections in this article areModeling of Microwave OscillatorsInjection Locking of Microwave OscillatorsNoise in OscillatorsGunn OscillatorsImpatt OscillatorsDielectric Resonator OscillatorsElectronically Tunable OscillatorsPhase Lock Loops
International Communication
Authors: Driskill Linda P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe sections in this article areLanguage Issues in International CommunicationSimplified Language SystemsTranslationEffects of National Laws on CommunicationEffects of Cultural DifferencesInteraction of National, Regional, Ethnic, and Corporate FactorsInfluence of Corporate Norms and PoliciesCorporate Policies About International CommunicationWhere to Find HelpThe Demand for Increased International CommunicationInfluences of Culture on Communication PracticesProblems Related to International CommunicationHow to Communicate with International AudiencesEthical IssuesTheories of International CommunicationResearch MethodsIssues for Future Study in International Communication
Injectable Biomaterials for Regenerating Complex Craniofacial Tissues
Authors: Kretlow James D. , Young Simon , Klouda Leda , Wong Mark , Mikos Antonios G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEngineering complex tissues requires a precisely formulated combination of cells, spatiotemporally released bioactive factors, and a specialized scaffold support system. Injectable materials, particularly those delivered in aqueous solution, are considered ideal delivery vehicles for cells and bioactive factors and can also be delivered through minimally invasive methods and fill complex 3D shapes. In this review, we examine injectable materials that form scaffolds or networks capable of both replacing tissue function early after delivery and supporting tissue regeneration over a time period of weeks to months. The use of these materials for tissue engineering within the craniofacial complex is challenging but ideal as many highly specialized and functional tissues reside within a small volume in the craniofacial structures and the need for minimally invasive interventions is desirable due to aesthetic considerations. Current biomaterials and strategies used to treat craniofacial defects are examined, followed by a review of craniofacial tissue engineering, and finally an examination of current technologies used for injectable scaffold development and drug and cell delivery using these materials.
In Pursuit of Zero: Polymer Brushes that Resist the Adsorption of Proteins
Authors: Hucknall Angus , Rangarajan Srinath , Chilkoti Ashutosh 
Published: April 2009

AbstractProtein resistant or “non‐fouling” surfaces are of great interest for a variety of biomedical and biotechnology applications. This article briefly reviews the development of protein resistant surfaces, followed by recent research on a new methodology to fabricate non‐fouling surfaces by surface‐initiated polymerization. We show that polymer brushes synthesized by surface‐initiated polymerization that present short oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains are exceptionally resistant to protein adsorption and cell adhesion. The importance of the protein and cell resistance conferred by these polymer brushes is illustrated by their use as substrates for the fabrication of antibody microarrays that exhibit femtomolar limits of detection in complex fluids such as serum and blood with relaxed requirements for intermediate wash steps. This example highlights the important point that the reduction in background noise afforded by protein‐resistant surfaces can greatly simplify the development of ultrasensitive heterogeneous, surface‐based clinical and proteomic assays with increased sensitivity and utility.
Richer milk for sons but more milk for daughters: Sex‐biased investment during lactation varies with maternal life history in rhesus macaques
Authors: Hinde Katherine 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLactation represents the greatest postnatal energetic expenditure for human and non‐human primate females, and the ability to sustain the costs of lactation is influenced by a mother's physical condition. This is especially true for young mothers that initiate reproduction shortly after adolescence. These mothers have fewer bodily reserves available for lactation and face tradeoffs between reproduction and their own growth. Milk synthesis among captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was investigated at the California National Primate Research Center from 2005 to 2007 (N = 114). Rhesus macaques produced low energy density milk typical of the primate order, but there was substantial individual variation among mothers in both milk energy density and yield. As a consequence, the available milk energy (AME), the product of milk energy density and milk yield, to support infant growth, development, and activity, varied tenfold among mothers. Primiparous mothers (N = 40) had fewer bodily resources, as measured by mass and body mass index, available for lactation than did multiparous mothers (N = 74) and showed poorer lactational performance. Mothers of sons produced milk of higher energy density, especially primiparous mothers, but lower milk yield, such that AME was the same for sons and daughters. Although AME from the mother was the same for sons and daughters, there was significant sexual dimorphism in infant mass. These data indicate that selection has likely favored sex‐specific regulation of growth and development that is not necessarily contingent on greater maternal investment. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inside Cover: hallium(I) as a Coordination Site Protection Agent: Preparation of an Isolable Zero‐Valent Nickel Tris‐Isocyanide (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 19/2009)
Authors: Fox Brian J. , Millard Matthew D. , DiPasquale Antonio G. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Figueroa Joshua S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBinding of thallium(I) by low‐valent nickel establishes the use of main‐group ions as coordination site protection agents for transition‐metal centers. As described by J. S. Figueroa and co‐workers in their Communication on page 3473 ff., Tl(I) coordination provides a route to the preparation of a coordinatively unsaturated nickel tris‐isocyanide complex. Thallium functions as a protecting group towards Lewis bases and is readily removed upon addition of halide ions.magnified imageBinding of thallium(I) by low‐valent nickel establishes the use of main‐group ions as coordination site protection agents for transition‐metal centers. As described by J. S. Figueroa and co‐workers in their Communication on page 3473 ff., Tl(I) coordination provides a route to the preparation of a coordinatively unsaturated nickel tris‐isocyanide complex. Thallium functions as a protecting group towards Lewis bases and is readily removed upon addition of halide ions.magnified image
Insulin‐Producing Cells Derived from Rat Bone Marrow and Their Autologous Transplantation in the Duodenal Wall for Treating Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Yu‐Hua , Wang He‐Feng , Liu Wei , Wei Bin , Bing Lu‐Jun , Gao Ying‐Mao 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIslet cell transplantation is one of the most promising therapies for diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the limited availability of purified islets for transplantation and the risk of immunological rejection severely limit its use. In vitro transdifferentiation of autologous bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into insulin‐producing cells (IPCs) could provide an abundant source of cells for this procedure and avoid immunological rejection. Here, we isolated and characterized BMSCs and induced their in vitro differentiation into IPCs. Reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that these IPCs could express Ins1, Ins2, glucagon, glucose transporter 2, and pancreatic duodenal homeobox‐1. Insulin production by the IPCs was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis. On this basis, donor rats supplying BMSCs were made diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The IPCs were then autologously transplanted into the duodenal submucosa of diabetic rats. Grafted cells could be visualized in sections after 2, 4, and 8 weeks by immunohistochemical staining for insulin. Furthermore, in the IPC‐implanted group, hyperglycemia was normalized, compared with a persistent increase in glucose levels in the diabetic group and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test‐induced responses were observed in the IPC‐implanted group. These results on autologous transplantation of IPCs derived from BMSCs into the duodenal wall could offer a novel potential therapeutical protocol for DM. Anat Rec, 292:728–735, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative Anatomy and Evolution of the Cardiac Innervation in New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini, E. Geoffroy, 1812)
Authors: Kawashima Tomokazu , Thorington Richard W. , Whatton James F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe morphology of the autonomic cardiac nervous system (ACNS) was examined in 24 sides of 12 New World monkeys (Platyrrhini) of all four families to document the morphology systematically and to study the evolutionary changes of the ACNS in this primate lineage. We report the following: (1) Although several trivial intra‐ and inter‐specific variations are present, a family‐dependent morphology of the ACNS does not exist in New World monkeys. (2) The sympathetic ganglia in New World monkeys consist of the superior cervical, the middle cervical, and the cervicothoracic which is composed of the inferior cervical and first and second thoracic, and the thoracic ganglia starting with the third thoracic. The general cardiac nervous system is the sympathetic middle and inferior cardiac nerves and all parasympathetic vagal cardiac branches. (3) The morphology of the ACNS in the New World monkeys is almost consistent regardless of the number of vertebrae, the cardiac position and deviation (axis), and the great arterial branching pattern of the aortic arch, and it is very similar to that in the Old World monkeys, with only one difference: the superior cervical ganglion in the New World monkeys tends to be relatively smaller, higher, and provides a narrower contribution to the spinal nerves than in the Old World monkeys. The ACNS morphology exhibits significant evolutionary changes within the primate lineage from New and Old World monkeys to humans. The comparative morphology within the lineage is concordant with the phylogeny, suggesting that the primate ACNS preserves its evolutionary history in close alignment with phylogeny. Anat Rec, 292:670–691, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Histological and Immunohistochemical Analysis of Lymphoid Tissues of the Tasmanian Devil
Authors: Kreiss Alexandre , Obendorf David L. , Hemsley Susan , Canfield Paul J. , Woods Gregory M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) the world's largest carnivorous marsupial, at risk from extinction due to an infectious cancer, devil facial tumour disease. (This is one of the devils in our research population). See Kriess, et al., on page 611, in this issue.Anatomical Record 292:611–620.
Metal‐Promoted Nucleophilic Addition and Cyclization of Diamines with Dicyanonitrosomethanide, [C(CN)2(NO)]−
Authors: Chesman Anthony S. R. , Turner David R. , Deacon Glen B. , Batten Stuart R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAdditional cyclization: Dicyanonitrosomethanide, [C(CN)2(NO)]− undergoes nucleophilic addition and cyclization of 1,2‐diaminoethane and 1,3‐diaminopropane on the nitrile groups to form imidazolinyl and 1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidinyl groups, respectively. Ethanolamine has lower reactivity and fails to cyclize.magnified imageThe metal‐promoted nucleophilic addition of diaminoalkanes to dicyanonitrosomethanide, C(CN)2(NO)− (dcnm), and subsequent cyclization has been utilized in the synthesis of novel anionic species. The addition and cyclization of 1,2‐diaminoethane (en) to both nitrile groups of dcnm forms the anion diimidazolinylnitrosomethanide (dinm), isolated in the dinuclear complex [{Cu(dinm)(en)}2en][ClO4]2 (1). The same reaction solution yields [Cu(cinm)(ainm)] (cinm=cyanoimidazolinylnitrosomethanide, ainm=(((2‐aminoethyl)amino)iminomethyl)imidazolinylnitrosomethanide) (2), which contains intermediates of the dinm species, supporting a stepwise mechanism of addition of the diamine followed by cyclization. 1,3‐Diaminopropane (pn) added and cyclized on only one nitrile group to form a 1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidine ring. This resulted in the formation of the cyanonitroso‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidinylmethanide ligand (cnpm) in complexes with the general formula [M(cnpm)2(pn)] (M=Cu (3 a), Ni (3 b), Zn (3 c)). These reactions are contrasted to the addition of ethanolamine in the pyridine (py) complex [Ni(chnm)2(py)2]⋅(py) (4) (chnm=cyano((2‐hydroxyethyl)amino)iminomethylnitrosomethanide) with no cyclization, demonstrating the higher reactivity of amines compared with alcohols. The formation of the complexes [M(cmnm)2(mame)] (M=Co (5 a), Ni (5 b), cmnm=cyano(imino(methoxy)methyl)nitrosomethanide, mame=1‐dimethylamino‐2‐methylaminoethane) indicate mame may be too sterically hindered to add to dcnm under similar reaction conditions.
The immediate‐early oncoproteins Fra‐1, c‐Fos, and c‐Jun have distinguishable surface behavior and interactions with phospholipids
Authors: Gaggiotti María Cecilia , Del Boca Maximiliano , Castro Gonzalo , Caputto Beatriz L. , Borioli Graciela A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis work explores the surface properties of the transcription factor Fra‐1 and compares them with those of two other immediate early proteins, c‐Fos and c‐Jun, to establish generalities and differences in the surface behavior and interaction with phospholipids of this type of proteins. We present several experimental clues of the flexible nature of Fra‐1, c‐Fos, and c‐Jun that support sequence‐based predictions of their intrinsical disorder. The values of surface parameters for Fra‐1 are similar in general to those of c‐Fos and c‐Jun. However, we find differences in the interactions of the three proteins with phospholipids. The closely related Fra‐1 and c‐Fos share affinity for anionic lipids but the former has more affinity for a condensed phase and senses a change in DPPC phase, while the latter has more affinity for an expanded phase. These features are in contrast with our previous finding that c‐Jun is not selective for phospholipid polar head group or charge. We show here that at least some immediate early transcription factors can interact with membrane phospholipids in a distinguishable manner, and this shall provide a basis for their potential capacity to regulate membrane‐mediated cellular processes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 710–718, 2009.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Model‐based data evaluation of polyhydroxybutyrate producing mixed microbial cultures in aerobic sequencing batch and fed‐batch reactors
Authors: Johnson Katja , Kleerebezem Robbert , van Loosdrecht Mark C.M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) with mixed microbial cultures is a promising approach for the sustainable production of bioplastics. Usually a two‐step process is employed consisting of (i) the enrichment of a PHA producing mixed culture in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and (ii) the subsequent PHA production in a fed‐batch reactor. Both reactors are highly dynamic systems, particularly if the SBR is working at low sludge residence times (SRTs) or if growth is (partly) permitted in fed‐batch systems. Under these conditions the concentrations of substrate, PHA and biomass change rapidly, complicating the identification of biomass specific conversion rates as required for process characterization. We developed a structured approach for the evaluation of such SBR and fed‐batch experiments consisting of five steps: (1) Measurement of a sufficiently large set of parameters including off‐gas concentrations, (2) Corrections of measurements for effects of sampling and addition of liquids (pH control, substrate), (3) Calculation of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide evolution rates, the latter including inorganic carbon dissolved in the liquid phase, (4) Balancing of the measured conversions, (5) Evaluation of the measurements by means of a metabolic model. This approach has been successfully applied to a large number of data sets. Steps 1–4 ensured that data sets of high quality were obtained. Step 5 allowed to find the best estimates for all conversions and biomass specific rates for the measured data sets, while complying with material balances. Conversions of the substrate acetate, the nitrogen source ammonia and of the storage polymer PHA (here polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)) were described very accurately by the model. Modeled off‐gas conversions often deviated somewhat from measured conversions, which might be partly due to an inaccurate model stoichiometry. Nonetheless, the described approach proved to be a very useful tool for the evaluation and comparison of PHB producing cultures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 50–67 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measurement of anal cushions in idiopathic faecal incontinence
Authors: Thekkinkattil D K , Dunham R J , O'Herlihy S , Finan P J , Sagar P M , Burke D A 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Background
Faecal incontinence affects a heterogeneous population and aetiology can be multifactorial. In a subset of patients the aetiology remains idiopathic despite standard investigations. Anal cushions are important in normal continence, but have rarely been studied. The aim of this study was to measure the size of the anal cushions and to evaluate their role in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence.

Methods
Women in whom idiopathic faecal incontinence was diagnosed after standard anorectal investigations underwent transvaginal ultrasonography. The area of the anal cushions was measured and a cushion : canal (C : C) ratio derived, which was compared with that in a control group of women without faecal incontinence.

Results
Some 21 patients with incontinence (median age 60 years) and 102 asymptomatic controls (median age 41 years) underwent scanning. The median (interquartile range) C : C ratio in the symptomatic group was significantly lower than that for controls (0·57 (0·54–0·66) versus 0·68 (0·61–0·73) respectively; P = 0·001). C : C ratio was not influenced by age (r = 0·023, P = 0·821).

Conclusion
The C : C ratio was reduced in patients with idiopathic faecal incontinence.