bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Victimization and substance use disorders in a national sample of heterosexual and sexual minority women and men
Authors: Hughes Tonda , McCabe Sean Esteban , Wilsnack Sharon C. , West Brady T. , Boyd Carol J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTContext  There is consensus in the research literature that substance use disparities exist among sexual minority women and men; however, few studies have examined risk factors that may contribute to these disparities.Aims  To compare reports of life‐time victimization experiences in a US national sample of adult heterosexual and sexual minority women and men and to examine the relationships between victimization experiences and past‐year substance use disorders.Design, participants, measurements  The secondary data analyses used 2004–05 (wave 2) National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) data collected in structured diagnostic face‐to‐face interviews in the United States. Substance use disorders (SUDs) were defined according to DSM‐IV criteria and included past‐year alcohol abuse, alcohol dependence, drug abuse and drug dependence. The sample consisted of 34 653 adults aged 20 years and older; approximately 2% of the respondents self‐identified as sexual minority (lesbian, gay or bisexual).Findings  Results showed strong associations between victimization and any past‐year SUDs and confirmed findings from several previous studies indicating that, compared with heterosexuals, sexual minority women and men are at heightened risk for life‐time victimization. However, prevalence of the seven victimization experiences and the degree of association between individual victimization experiences and SUDs varied substantially across sexual minority subgroups. The childhood victimization variables—especially childhood neglect—showed the strongest and most consistent associations with SUDs. Odds of SUDs were generally higher among both female and male respondents, regardless of sexual identity, who reported multiple (two or more) victimization experiences than among those who reported no life‐time victimization, suggesting a possible cumulative effect of multiple victimization experiences.Conclusions  Higher rates of life‐time victimization, particularly victimization experienced in childhood, may help to explain higher rates of substance use disorders among sexual minorities. However, more research is needed to understand better the complex relationships among sexual orientation, victimization and substance use.
Methadone dose and neonatal abstinence syndrome—systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Cleary Brian J. , Donnelly Jean , Strawbridge Judith , Gallagher Paul J. , Fahey Tom , Clarke Mike , Murphy Deirdre J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAim  To determine if there is a relationship between maternal methadone dose in pregnancy and the diagnosis or medical treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS).Methods  PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and PsychINFO were searched for studies reporting on methadone use in pregnancy and NAS (1966–2009). The relative risk (RR) of NAS was compared for methadone doses above versus below a range of cut‐off points. Summary RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using random effects meta‐analysis. Sensitivity analyses explored the impact of limiting meta‐analyses to prospective studies or studies using an objective scoring system to diagnose NAS.Results  A total of 67 studies met inclusion criteria for the systematic review; 29 were included in the meta‐analysis. Any differences in the incidence of NAS in infants of women on higher compared with lower doses were statistically non‐significant in analyses restricted to prospective studies or to those using an objective scoring system to diagnose NAS.Conclusions  Severity of the neonatal abstinence syndrome does not appear to differ according to whether mothers are on high‐ or low‐dose methadone maintenance therapy.
Alcohol as a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Authors: Phillips David P. , Brewer Kimberly M. , Wadensweiler Paul 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAim  To test whether alcohol is a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).Design and setting  US epidemiological study using computerized death certificates, linked birth and infant death dataset, and Fatality Analysis Reporting System.Participants  All SIDS cases (n = 129 090) and other infant deaths (n = 295 151) from 1973–2006; all persons involved in late‐night alcohol‐related crashes (n = 135 946) from 1994–2008.Measurements  Three measures were used: the expected number of deaths on New Year versus the observed number (expected values were determined using a locally weighted scatterplot smoothing polynomial), the average number of weekend deaths versus the average number of weekday deaths, and the SIDS death rate for children of alcohol‐consuming versus non‐alcohol‐consuming mothers.Findings  These measures indicate that the largest spikes in alcohol consumption and in SIDS (33%) occur on New Year, alcohol consumption and SIDS increase significantly on weekends, and children of alcohol‐consuming mothers are much more likely to die from SIDS than are children of non‐alcohol‐consuming mothers.Conclusions  Alcohol consumption appears to be a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome, although it is unclear whether alcohol is an independent risk factor, a risk factor only in conjunction with other known risk factors (like co‐sleeping), or a proxy for other risk factors associated with occasions when alcohol consumption increases (like smoking). Our findings suggest that caretakers and authorities should be informed that alcohol impairs parental capacity and might be a risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome; in addition, future research should further explore possible connections between sudden infant death syndrome and alcohol.
Acrylamide Electrophoresis and Binding Ability of Hepatic Ribosomal Protein from Normal and from Diabetic Rats
Authors: Tragi K. H. , Reaven G. M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Liver ribosomes were isolated from normal and diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced either by the administration of alloxan or by injection of anti‐insulin serum. Treatment of rat liver ribosomes with ammonium chloride leads to a detachment of proteins which have an inhibitory effect on the binding of polyuridylic acid (poly U) to ribosomes. However, there is evidence that these proteins do bind to poly U and that there is less binding of proteins derived from diabetic liver ribosomes than of proteins derived from normal animals.The separation of these detachable proteins by means of a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals a quantitative increase of one single protein. The appearance of this increase is independent of the mode of induction of diabetes (alloxan, anti‐insulin serum) and is abolished by the administration of insulin. This finding added to the evidence of a reduction of ribosomal aggregation in diabetes mellitus could lead one to suggest the hypothesis that this detachable ribosomal protein has a repressive function with regard to the binding of messenger RNA to the ribosome.
Evaluation of antileukaemic effects of rapamycin in patients with imatinib‐resistant chronic myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Sillaber C. , Mayerhofer M. , Böhm A. , Vales A. , Gruze A. , Aichberger K. J. , Esterbauer H. , Pfeilstöcker M. , Sperr W. R. , Pickl W. F. , Haas O. A. , Valent P. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTBackground  Recent data suggest that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is involved in the regulation of growth of neoplastic cells in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML).Patients and methods  We treated six patients with imatinib‐resistant CML in haematological relapse (leukocytes > 20 000 µL−1) with rapamycin at 2 mg per os daily for 14 consecutive days, with dose‐adjustment allowed to reach a target rapamycin serum concentration of 10–20 pg mL−1.Results  A major leukocyte response with decrease to less than 10 000 µL−1 was obtained in two patients, and a minor transient response was seen in two other patients. In responding patients, we also observed a decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA levels in circulating leukaemic cells. Side effects during rapamycin treatment were mild in most patients. In one patient, pneumonia developed. Rapamycin was also found to counteract growth of CML cells in vitro as determined by 3H‐thymidine incorporation. Moreover, rapamycin inhibited the growth of Ba/F3 cells exhibiting various imatinib‐resistant mutants of BCR/ABL, including the T315I variant that exhibits resistance against most currently available BCR/ABL kinase inhibitors.Conclusions  Rapamycin shows antileukaemic effects in imatinib‐resistant CML in vitro and in vivo. Larger trials with rapamycin or rapamycin‐derivatives in combination with other targeted drugs are warranted to further determine clinical efficacy in CML.
Strong evidence for up‐regulation of cyclooxygenase‐1 in head and neck cancer
Authors: Erovic B. M. , Woegerbauer M. , Pammer J. , Selzer E. , Grasl M. Ch. , Thurnher D. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTBackground  Cyclooxygenase‐1, in contrast to cyclooxygenase‐2, is generally reported to be constitutively expressed as a housekeeping enzyme in many different tissues. A number of recently published reports, however, challenge the notion that cyclooxygenase‐1 expression is invariably constitutive by demonstrating that this enzyme might be up‐regulated under certain pathological conditions in, for example, breast or ovarian cancer cells. In this study we investigated the expression of cyclooxygenase‐1 in head and neck tumours and compared it to the cyclooxygenase‐1 expression levels in normal oropharyngeal epithelial cells.Material and methods  Paraffin‐embedded pretreatment biopsies were obtained from head and neck tumour patients (n = 35). In addition, samples of normal oropharyngeal mucosa were taken from patients (n = 12) undergoing routine tonsillectomy. Cyclooxygenase‐1 expression levels were determined by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and real‐time RT‐PCR in cancerous tissue versus normal mucosa.Results  Immunohistochemistry revealed overexpression of cyclooxygenase‐1 in tumour biopsies compared to normal mucosa. Cyclooxygenase‐1 was highly synthesized in the cytoplasm of neoplastic cells while significantly lower levels were detectable in normal mucosal cells. Western blotting and real‐time RT‐PCR also demonstrated higher cyclooxygenase‐1 levels in tumour specimens compared to normal tissue samples.Conclusion  In this study we show for the first time that cyclooxygenase‐1 is overexpressed in head and neck cancer cells compared to epithelial cells of normal mucosa.
Myeloperoxidase level in patients with stable coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Ndrepepa G. , Braun S. , Mehilli J. , Von Beckerath N. , Schömig A. , Kastrati A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  No studies have measured plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) across the entire spectrum of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of the study was to compare MPO level across the entire spectrum of CAD, to assess the accuracy of MPO in predicting acute coronary syndromes and to define independent correlates of MPO level.Design  This case–control study included 874 patients with angiographically proven CAD. Cases included 680 patients with CAD (382 patients with stable CAD, 107 patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes and 191 patients with ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction). Controls included 194 subjects with normal coronary angiograms. MPO was measured using an enzyme immunoassay before angiography and heparin administration.Results  MPO level [median (25th–75th percentiles)] was 74·5 (52·5–135·3) µg L−1 in cases vs. 61·2 (44·6–80·9), µg L−1 in controls (P < 0·001). MPO level was 61·2 (47·5–85·8), µg L−1 in patients with stable CAD, 99·2 (62·2–154·9), µg L−1 in patients with non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes and 129·5 (72·2–216·0) µg L−1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction (P < 0·001). Elevated MPO level was associated with acute coronary syndromes with an area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0·731 (95% confidence interval 0·692–0·770; P < 0·001). Independent correlates of MPO level were acute coronary syndrome (P < 0·001), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (P = 0·007), creatinine (P = 0·026), left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0·027, negative association) and smoking (P = 0·028).Conclusions  MPO level is elevated in patients with CAD and higher levels of MPO were found with progression of CAD from stable CAD to non‐ST‐segment elevation acute coronary syndromes and to acute myocardial infarction.
Incidence of type 2 diabetes in southern Spain (Pizarra Study)
Authors: Soriguer F. , Rojo‐Martínez G. , Almaraz M. C. , Esteva I. , Ruiz de Adana M. S. , Morcillo S. , Valdés S. , García‐Fuentes E. , García‐Escobar E. , Cardona I. , Gomez‐Zumaquero J. M. , Olveira‐Fuster G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  Few European studies have used an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to examine the incidence of type 2 diabetes. We determined the incidence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes in a population from southern Spain.Material and methods  A population‐based cohort study was undertaken in Pizarra, Spain. Baseline data were recorded on age, sex, weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, and diabetes status for 1051 persons, of whom 910 were free of type 2 diabetes (at‐risk sample). Of these, 714 completed the 6‐year follow‐up study. Body mass index, waist‐to‐hip ratio and weight increase since baseline were calculated. The homeostasis model assessment equations were used to estimate the indices of insulin resistance and β‐cell function. Each person received an OGTT at baseline and after 6 years.Results  Type 2 diabetes developed in 81 people for a total of 4253 person‐years, representing an incidence of 19·1 cases per 1000 person‐years (95% confidence interval, 15·3–23·6). Age and the presence of obesity, central obesity and carbohydrate metabolism disorders [IFG (cut off = 100 mg dL−1, capillary blood glucose level), IGT or both] at baseline were significant markers for the onset of type 2 diabetes during follow‐up. After adjusting for these variables, multivariate analysis showed weight increase, waist‐to‐hip ratio and the indices of insulin resistance and β‐cell function were significantly associated with the risk for type 2 diabetes.Conclusions  The incidence of type 2 diabetes in a population from southern Spain is high. It is probably associated with the high prevalence of obesity and weight increase in this population.
DRB1 alleles in polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis in southern France
Authors: Reviron D. , Foutrier C. , Guis S. , Mercier P. , Roudier J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTo investigate the association of HLA‐DRB1 alleles with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 55 patients with PMR without giant cell arteritis, 203 patients with RA and 230 controls, all from the European population of Marseille, were HLA‐DRB1 genotyped by PCR‐SSO.HLA‐DRB1*01 was significantly increased in both the PMR and RA groups compared to controls (35% versus 17%, Pc < 0.05, and 41% versus 17%, Pc < 0.001, respectively). HLA‐DRB1*04 was significantly increased in the RA group compared to controls (48% versus 23%, Pc < 0.001) but not in the PMR group. HLA‐DRB1*04 subtype frequencies were significantly different between PMR patients and RA patients. Shared epitope‐positive HLA‐DRB1*04 alleles (DRB1*0401, 0404, 0405, 0408) were significantly overrepresented in RA patients compared to PMR patients and shared epitope‐negative HLA‐DRB1*04 alleles were overrepresented in PMR patients compared to RA patients.In conclusion, in the Mediterranean population studied, HLA‐DRB1*01 is associated with RA and PMR whereas HLA‐DRB1*04 is associated with RA only.
Rapid evolution as a possible constraint on emerging infectious diseases
Authors: PENCZYKOWSKI RACHEL M. , FORDE SAMANTHA E. , DUFFY MEGHAN A. 
Published: September 2010

Summary1. Emerging infectious diseases may decimate populations or become endemic, but such worst‐case scenarios do not occur as frequently as might be expected, even for virulent parasites.2. One explanation for this apparent paradox is that rapid evolution of host resistance may diminish or terminate epidemics. Theoretical and empirical studies have shown that evolution in host–parasite systems can dramatically alter the prevalence and intensity of infection.3. The potential for rapid evolution to protect host populations from negative effects of virulent parasites depends on the type of parasite‐driven evolution that occurs. In some host–parasite systems, evolution of increased host resistance can terminate epidemics. However, evolution resulting from parasite‐mediated disruptive selection might actually allow a disease to persist in the host population. Epidemics may also be sustained through coevolution of the parasite.4. The rate of evolution and subsequent disease dynamics will be affected by both the diversity of the host population and the community context in which the host–parasite interaction is embedded. Predators, competitors and food resources can all affect the rates of evolution of hosts and parasites and interact with evolution to determine the outcome of epidemics.5. Freshwater organisms have played an important role in the studies of eco‐evolutionary dynamics. Rapid evolution in response to parasitism has been demonstrated in multiple freshwater host species, which appears to have protected some of these populations from the virulent effects of infectious diseases.6. Studies of emerging infectious diseases in freshwater ecosystems should consider the possibility of evolution of hosts and/or parasites on ecological timescales, since this phenomenon can profoundly affect disease dynamics.
Seismic attenuation in Faroe Islands basalts
Authors: Shaw F. , Worthington M.H. , White R.S. , Andersen M.S. , Petersen U.K. ,   the Seifaba Group
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWe analysed vertical seismic profiling (VSP) data from two boreholes at Glyvursnes and Vestmanna on the island of Streymoy, Faroe Islands, to determine the magnitude and causes of seismic attenuation in sequences of basalt flows. The work is part of SeiFaBa, a major project integrating data from vertical and offset VSP, surface seismic surveys, core samples and wireline log data from the two boreholes. Values of effective seismic quality factor (Q) obtained at Glyvursnes and Vestmanna are sufficiently low to significantly degrade the quality of a surface reflection seismic image. This observation is consistent with results from other VSP experiments in the North Atlantic region. We demonstrate that the most likely cause of the low values of effective Q at Glyvursnes and Vestmanna is a combination of 1D scattering and intrinsic attenuation due to seismic wave‐induced fluid flow within pores and micro‐cracks. Tests involving 3D elastic wave numerical modelling with a hypothetical basalt model based on field observations, indicate that little scattering attenuation is caused by lateral variations in basalt structure.
Land‐use impact on ecosystem functioning in eastern Colorado, USA
Authors: Paruelo J. M. , Burke I. C. , Lauenroth W. K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLand‐cover change associated with agriculture has had an enormous effect on the structure and functioning of temperate ecosystems. However, the empirical evidence for the impact of land use on ecosystem functioning at the regional scale is scarce. Most of our knowledge on land‐use impact has been derived from simulation studies or from small plot experiments. In this article we studied the effects of land use on (i) the seasonal dynamics and (ii) the interannual variability of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a variable linearly related to the fraction of the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) intercepted by the canopy. We also analysed the relative importance of environmental factors and land use on the spatial patterns of NDVI. We compared three cultivated land‐cover types against native grasslands. The seasonal dynamics of NDVI was used as a descriptor of ecosystem functioning. In order to reduce the dimensionality of our data we analysed the annual integral (NDVI‐I), the date of maximum NDVI (DMAX) and the quarterly average NDVI. These attributes were studied for 7 years and for 346 sites distributed across eastern Colorado (USA).   Land use did modify ecosystem functioning at the regional level in eastern Colorado. The seasonal dynamics of NDVI, a surrogate for the fraction of PAR intercepted by the canopy, were significantly altered by agricultural practices. Land use modified both the NDVI integral and the seasonal dynamics of this spectral index. Despite the variability within land‐cover categories, land use was the most important factor in explaining regional differences of the NDVI attributes analysed. Within the range of environmental conditions found in eastern Colorado, land use was more important than mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature and soil texture in determining the seasonal dynamics of NDVI.
Eco‐hydrological controls on summertime convective rainfall triggers
Authors: JUANG JEHN‐YIH , KATUL GABRIEL G. , PORPORATO AMILCARE , STOY PAUL C. , SIQUEIRA MARIO S. , DETTO MATTEO , KIM HYUN‐SEOK , OREN RAM 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTriggers of summertime convective rainfall depend on numerous interactions and feedbacks, often compounded by spatial variability in soil moisture and its impacts on vegetation function, vegetation composition, terrain, and all the complex turbulent entrainment processes near the capping inversion. To progress even within the most restricted and idealized framework, many of the governing processes must be simplified and parameterized. In this work, a zeroth‐order representation of the dynamical processes that control convective rainfall triggers – namely land surface fluxes of heat and moisture – is proposed and used to develop a semianalytical model to explore how differential sensitivities of various ecosystems to soil moisture states modify convective rainfall triggers. The model is then applied to 4 years (2001–2004) of half‐hourly precipitation, soil moisture, environmental, and eddy‐covariance surface heat flux data collected at a mixed hardwood forest (HW), a maturing planted loblolly pine forest (PP), and an abandoned old field (OF) experiencing the same climatic and edaphic conditions. We found that the sensitivity of PP to soil moisture deficit enhances the trigger of convective rainfall relative to HW and OF, with enhancements of about 25% and 30% for dry moisture states, and 5% and 15% for moist soil moisture states, respectively. We discuss the broader implications of these findings on potential modulations of convective rainfall triggers induced by projected large‐scale changes in timberland composition within the Southeastern United States.