bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Well, You've Drilled 'em. Now Can You Produce em? Panarctic Oils Ltd's Test Program - the Drake F76 Project
Authors: Bomba J.G. , Brown R.J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The primary goal of this paper is to present the historical significance of the The Drake F 76 program. After about 10 years of drilling onshore and offshore in the Arctic Islands region of the Canadian North, Panarctic Oils Ltd decided that it was time to prove one way or another if completing wells subsea and carrying out subsea tie-ins of flowlines and control systems was feasible This paper describes some of the thinking that went into developing the first under-the ice offshore pipeline as well as the first under the ice subsea connection system, well completion with trees/manifolds on the seafloor, some of the many specialized equipment developed for the project, summarises the construction of the flowline and control bundle system, and discusses the well testing program.
The primary significance of this paper is its historical value. It shows that what was done in the past is useful today as some of the ideas implemented then (industry firsts) have been developed further and are in use offshore today. The overall test program, of which the Drake F 76 well, the floating ice platform, the subsea tree, and the subsea diverless connections of flowlines and controls, and the subsequent production test were a part, proved that offshore production of gas in the Arctic region was feasible. By extension, oil could also be produced.

Introduction
This project, because of its uniqueness, has been the subject of at least 29 papers; one as recently as April 2010. Because the project resulted in a drilled, completed, and produced well under the ice, north of the Arctic Circle, and because some of the " firsts?? tried on that project have grown in importance since 1978, it is worth some discussion here at the first Arctic Technology Conference.
The Drake 76 well is located in 55m water approximately 1200 m offshore Drake Point on the Sabine Peninsula of Melville Island in the Canadian Arctic. Drilling in the Canadian Arctic began onshore in 1920. Forty one years later, drilling in the Arctic Islands began (1961).
Pressure Ridge Shapes and Slope Angles from Multi-beam Sonar Data
Authors: Wadhams P. , Toberg N. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We describe our work undertaken to analyse sea ice pressure ridge morphology in the Arctic ocean from Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) and submarines. Details of cruises, from ship-based launches of large (7m) AUVs to hand deployed AUVs are given, as well as the first submarine voyage to incorporate an upward looking multibeam sonar. We discuss our techniques of recovering meaningful data from the record, and introduce our method to calculate pressure ridge slope angles, orientation and frequency. This work is done in the context of the loads that both level and deformed sea ice exert on off-shore structures.

Introduction
There are important reasons to know the three-dimensional topography of the under-ice surface. The polar sea ice cover consists of two distinct components: thermodynamic ice, which has reached its current thickness by natural growth; and deformed ice, which can attain a much greater thickness through rafting and ridging. Pressure ridges, formed by the crushing of refrozen leads, can reach a draft of more than 50 m. From the viewpoint of modeling the role of sea ice in climate, this composite nature of the ice cover must be considered in order to deal with dynamics, thermodynamics and mechanics correctly. For the offshore industry, ridging is important, as the deepest multiyear pressure ridge represents the design load on an offshore structure, while the deepest ridges also control scouring frequencies in the nearshore zone. The topography of sea ice is important for such diverse applications as calculating its containment potential for oil blowouts, its role as a substrate for a sea ice ecosystem, its impact on icebreaker design, and its scattering potential for under-ice acoustic propagation.
The first measurements of under-ice topography were simple linear profiles generated by narrow-beam upward-looking sonar. These were first obtained from naval submarines, and it was the voyage of USS "Nautilus" in 1958 which first revealed, via an upward sonar profile, the rugged topography of the ice underside with its landscape of steep pressure ridges separated by smoother undeformed floe sections (Lyon, 1961). From then on, frequent submarine transects of the Arctic Ocean in different years and seasons have enabled the regional distribution of ice topography to be determined (Bourke and Garrett, 1987) and, more recently, the rapid decline in mean ice draft throughout the Arctic to be documented (Rothrock et al., 1999, 2003, 2008; Wadhams, 1990; Wadhams and Davis, 2000, 2001; Yu et al., 2004).
Developing Treatment Products for Increased Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Oil Spills across Open-Water Surfaces
Authors: Kjeilen-Eilertsen G. , Jersak J.M. , Westerlund S. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Uncontrolled releases of free-phase petroleum to open-water surfaces, e.g. oil spills, can be contained using existing products and techniques, such as booms, sorbents etc. Biotic and abiotic remedial approaches (such as use of dispersants, formation of oil-mineral aggregates [OMA] and bioremediation "products") also exist for managing or treating spilled oil in the water or in shoreline areas, although varying effectiveness in this regard has been reported.
A two-year project (2008-2010) targeting laboratory scale development and optimization of nutrient-bearing treatment products was recently completed. The designed products, when applied to spilled oil occurring in open-water marine areas, were intended to accomplish the following objectives:promote formation of OMA with desired buoyancy characteristics, thatfacilitate increased activity of indigenous, aerobic microbial populations and thusincreased degradation rates of the bound petroleum constituents.
When successfully optimized, such treatment products potentially provide a cost-effective alternative to existing approaches for treating oil spills (e.g. dispersants or clays only), possibly also with a wider time-window for use.
Selected combinations of clay minerals, nutrients and dispersants partly capable of meeting the objectives in laboratory scale experiments were identified through the project. A range of material combinations was screened in small scale laboratory experiments, and - based on a set of criteria of which initial biodegradation of oil was the most important - some combinations were selected for further examination. Testing was primarily done using a single crude oil topped to 150°C, and incubated at 10°C. Further examination of microbial population responses and better quantification of OMA formation and increased degradation of oil in OMA formed is warranted, including product effectiveness on emulsified oil. Large-scale laboratory and field pilot testing is also recommended to document results observed at small lab scale.
The petroleum industry is moving into increasingly remote and complex locations, such as deeper waters and the Arctic. In Norway at least, this calls for improved spill contingency, and there is currently a strong focus from the authorities to improve and expand the available "toolbox" of effective treatment approaches, as has been the focus internationally for some time. The Deepwater Horizon accident and the resulting moratorium on deep-sea drilling also support the needs in this regard.
Umbilical Technology for Arctic Projects
Authors: Fogg David 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This paper outlines the state of the art of subsea control umbilical technology, making reference to the requirements imposed by projects in arctic environments.
The mechanical demands on dynamic, riser umbilicals are dominated by the environmental loadings and motions of the host vessel. Common solutions for Arctic applications are often based on an FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading Vessel) and require the umbilical to withstand significant bending and tensile loading due to relatively large vessel motions and disconnect scenarios. The linear weight of the umbilical and provision of moulded polymer bend stiffener devices are of prime importance. Flexibility, minimum bend radii and resistance to fatigue damage are defining properties in the ability to provide solutions.
Other considerations relevant to Arctic environments are; temperatures, compatibility with installation methods such as trenching and on-bottom stability management by designed in weight or rock dumping etc.
This paper presents solutions based on armoured thermoplastic umbilicals containing hydraulic hoses and steel tube umbilicals. The benefits and limitations of both solutions are presented and contrasted. The status of each technology is highlighted with reference to track record and previous project experience.
The conclusion of this paper is that well engineered umbilical solutions are available to meet requirements with current visibility and emphasis is on the identification of any future emerging technology gaps. The effectiveness of thermoplastic umbilicals as a solution for very dynamic requirements is supported by experience gained to date and the use of thermoplastics in very low temperature applications is further supported by ongoing development work.

Introduction
An umbilical is defined as an assembly of fluid conduits, electrical and fibre optic cables, either on their own or with combinations of each other, cabled together for flexibility. In any offshore field development, the umbilical is a critical component for the production of hydrocarbons. In the context of this paper, the term umbilical is used to refer to permanently installed subsea applications where the umbilical can provide a combination of functions.
Disconnectable Arctic Spar
Authors: Sablok Anil , Ramachandran Manoj , Kim Jang Whan 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
A floating platform for arctic regions is required to break ice and withstand high ice loads, be disconnected and towed away in the event of approaching icebergs, leaving the mooring lines and risers in-place, support large topsides and provide large quantities of utility storage. Additionally the platform should provide low motion response to storm and ice loads to maximize the operational uptime and enable the use of current state-of-the-art riser systems.
This paper presents the details of a Spar platform that has been configured to satisfy all requirements for Arctic operation. The paper describes a number of key features that are specifically designed to reduce ice loads on the hull and to allow ice floes to break around the hull without damaging the hull, topsides, mooring or risers, while maintaining the characteristic low motion response to storm environments. The paper also describes the system for disconnecting and reconnecting the moorings and risers in response to approaching large icebergs.

Introduction
A floating offshore production platform suited for Arctic service where sheet ice and icebergs are prevalent has to be designed to satisfy the following key requirements:Withstand high ice loads during winter without damaging the hull, topsides or the risersProvide satisfactory performance due to ice loads and storms during non-winter months to protect the risers and provide high uptime for platform operationsMaximize uptime through good operational performanceBe able to disconnect from its mooring and risers and be towed away in case of an unavoidable iceberg or an extremely large ice floe that may induce damage to the hull, topsides, mooring or risersHave large capacity to store utilities in the hull to plan for limited supply boat trips
Spar has been considered as a floating platform for Arctic application because of its superior performance and its ability to minimize the ice loads, protect the risers and display consistent response in all directions to the storm environment or ice loads. The following sections will describe the Spar system, mooring and riser configurations designed for quick disconnection and reconnection.
Evaluation of the Hydrate Deposit at the PBU L-106 Site, North Slope, Alaska, for a Long-Term Test of Gas Production
Authors: Moridis George J. , Reagan Matthew T. , Anderson-Kuzma Heidi , Zhao Yang , Boyle Katie , Rector James W. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
As part of the effort to investigate the technical feasibility of gas production from hydrate deposits, a long-term field test (lasting 18–24 months) is under consideration in a project led by the U.S. Department of Energy. We evaluate a candidate deposit involving the C-Unit in the vicinity of the PBU-L106 site in North Slope, Alaska. This deposit is stratigraphically bounded by impermeable shale top and bottom boundaries (Class 3), and is characterized by high intrinsic permeabilities, high porosity, and high hydrate saturation. The C-unit deposit is composed of two hydrate-bearing strata separated by a 30-ft-thick shale interlayer, and its temperatrure across its boundaries ranges between 5 and 6.5 oC.
We investigate by means of numerical simulation the production potential of this deposit using both vertical and horizontal wells. We also explore the sensitivity of production to key parameters such as the hydrate saturation, the formation permeability and porosity, the system heterogeneity, the permeability of the bounding shale layers, and the initial temperature. The results indicate that production from horizontal wells may be orders of magnitude larger than that from vertical ones. Additionally, production increases with the formation permeability, and with a decreasing permeability of the boundaries. The effect of the hydrate saturation on production is complex and depends on the time frame of production. We show that hydrate dissociation declines very rapidly upon cessation of production, indicating that a production does not have long-term residual effects. In the same study, we investigate the potential of time-lapse seismic surveys to monitor gas production from hydrate deposits. The seismic properties, such as the elastic and shear moduli, are a function of the simulated time- and space-varying pressure and temperature, the aqueous-, gas-, and hydrate-phase saturation, and the porosity. We examine a variety of seismic measurement configurations and survey parameters to determine the optimal approach for detecting changes occurring in the hydrate deposit during production that can be used as the basis for monitoring hydrate dissociation, and the corresponding hydrate saturation and geomechanical status.

Introduction

Background.
Gas hydrates (GH) are solid crystalline compounds of water and gaseous substances that are described by the general chemical formula G•NH H2O. In the GH clathrates, the molecules of gas G (referred to as guests) occupy voids within the lattices of ice-like crystal structures. If gas and H2O availability is not a limitation, hydrate deposits can occur in two distinctly different geographic settings where the necessary conditions of low temperature T and high pressure P exist for their formation and stability: in the Arctic (typically in association with permafrost) and in deep ocean sediments (Kvenvolden, 1988).
Deepwater Arctic - Technical Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Aggarwal Rajiv , D'Souza Richard 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
This paper presents the alternatives available and assessment of floating platforms, stationkeeping and riser systems based on studies undertaken for Arctic fields. The industry experience with floating units for both drilling and production operations in the offshore areas subjected to ice features are discussed. The salient aspects of these systems are discussed considering the general characteristics of selected basins.
The Arctic fields developed so far are in water depths up to 125 m and have used the Gravity Based Structures and detachable FPSOs, besides other systems such as jacket platforms and islands used in shallower water. There is significant industry interest in the development of Arctic and Sub-Arctic fields in water depths beyond commercial viability of bottom founded designs. The water depths in some North American and offshore Greenland Basins are up to 2,800 m. The development of fields in deeper water would require use and adaptation of floating units and subsea systems, which have been used in many deepwater basins. However, their use in deepwater Arctic would add significant challenges from harsh weather, severe ice features (pack ice, icebergs), lack of infrastructure, remoteness, and reduced accessibility.
The floating unit designs, alternatives for sub-systems, and subsea solutions and technologies are enabling development of Arctic fields offshore Norway and Russia, such as Goliat and Shtokman in up to 350 m water depth. Floating units provide flexibility in field development and ability to detach and move the unit from the path of significant ice loading events and icebergs. These features enable improve their technical and commercial feasibility by reducing load effects and risks.

Challenges in Arctic
The development of hydrocarbon fields offshore Arctic and Sub-Arctic in the North, have gained significant importance due to potential for very large reservoirs increasing their commercial viability. Some of the important leasing areas in the Arctic or Sub-Arctic offshore identified in Fig. 1 are in deepwater and ultra-deepwater: Barent Sea, offshore Norway and Russia; Orphan Basin, offshore Newfoundland; and fields offshore Greenland and Iceland. The water depths vary from 300 m to 3,000 m in these leases and several of these fields are in exploratory drilling or in the development planning stages.
KCNQ1OT1 hypomethylation: A Novel disguised genetic predisposition in sporadic pediatric adrenocortical tumors?
Authors: Wijnen Mark , Alders Mariëlle , Zwaan Christian M. , Wagner Anja , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPediatric adrenal tumors, other than neuroblastoma, are rare and can be associated with a genetic predisposition. In this report we describe two patients with an isolated and apparently sporadic adrenocortical tumor; one girl with a carcinoma, the other girl with an adenoma. In both patients genetic screening revealed hypomethylation of the KCNQ1OT1 gene, well‐known for its association with the Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. This represents a likely novel genetic predisposition in patients with adrenocortical tumors without clear phenotypic features of the Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:565–566. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preliminary experience with personalized and targeted therapy for pediatric brain tumors
Authors: Wolff Johannes E. , Brown Robert E. , Buryanek Jamie , Pfister Stefan , Vats Tribhawan S. , Rytting Michael E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundA new generation of anticancer drugs has reached clinical care in common diseases, but their use in rare diseases such as pediatric brain tumors lags behind since conventional clinical trial design requires larger patient numbers.ProcedureWe designed individualized treatment protocols for pediatric patients with relapsed brain tumors, based upon the patient's treatment history. In addition, each tumor was analyzed with morphoproteomics using a panel of markers to show treatment targets, resulting in a list of potential novel drugs to be added to chemotherapy. Here, we present the concept and report the experiences of the first patients enrolled in the program.ResultsEleven treatment protocols were designed using morphoproteomic information and given to eight patients. The histological diagnoses included: medulloblastoma (n = 3), glioblastoma multiforme (n = 2), atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (n = 1), choroid plexus carcinoma (n = 1), and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (n = 1). Tumor markers included p‐ERK, Topoisomerase IIa, Bcl‐2, VEGF‐A, p‐STAT3, ER‐beta, p‐mTOR, and p‐NF‐kappaBp65. The novel agents included sorafenib, bevacizumab, fulvestrant, rapamycin, bortezomib, and curcumin. The response to the first protocol was complete response: 1, partial response: 1, stable disease: 0, progressive disease: 4, and continuous complete remission: 2. The median Event‐Free Survival was 0.32 year ± 0.4. For the comparison with the institutional control group, the individual response probability was calculated. The observed response was superior to the historical controls (P = 0.006 Whitman U‐test).ConclusionThis approach warrants further, systematic evaluation as proof of concept and then expansion to drug‐specific hypotheses. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 27–33. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Desmoplastic small round cell tumors with EWS‐WT1 fusion transcript in children and young adults
Authors: Philippe‐Chomette Pascale , Kabbara Nabil , Andre Nicolas , Pierron Gaelle , Coulomb Aurore , Laurence Valérie , Blay Jean‐Yves , Delattre Olivier , Schleiermacher Gudrun , Orbach Daniel 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe presence of the EWS‐WT1 gene fusion transcript (GFT) is characteristic of desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT), a rare and very aggressive disease for which the treatment has not yet been clearly standardized.MethodsThis was a retrospective national multicenter analysis of young patients <30 years with tumors expressing the EWS‐WT1‐GFT, designed to determine whether extensive surgery had an impact on survival.ResultsBetween 1995 and 2006, a EWS‐WT1‐GFT was detected in the tumors of 38 patients, 17 (44.7%) of whom had had a different initial pathologic diagnosis prior to molecular testing. Mean age was 13.2 years (range: 4–29.7 years). Only 9 patients (24%) had localized disease. Treatment was heterogeneous. Nine patients had “limited” surgical resections and 22 underwent “extensive” surgery. Two‐year event‐free survival and overall survival were 14.4% and 50%, respectively. Among the five patients who were alive in complete remission, four had undergone extensive and complete surgery.ConclusionsDetection of the EWS‐WT1‐GFT plays a major role in the diagnosis of DSRCT. No survival difference was observed according to extent of surgery, but complete surgery seemed to offer the best chance of long‐term survival. High‐dose chemotherapy or local radiotherapy did not appear to improve survival in this retrospective analysis, but larger prospective studies are needed to provide definitive conclusions on the role of these treatments. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 891–897. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.