bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Canopy Starts at 0.5 m: Predatory Mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) Differ between Rain Forest Floor Soil and Suspended Soil at any Height
Authors: Beaulieu Frédéric , Walter David E. , Proctor Heather C. , Kitching Roger L. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTSuspended soils in forest canopies are thought to harbor a substantial fraction of canopy biomass and many arboreal specialists, but do forest floor generalist predators with high vagility also use this habitat? We tested the hypothesis of no difference between forest floor and suspended‐soil predatory mite faunas (Acari: Mesostigmata) in an Australian rain forest. Our results show that instead of being habitat generalists, many predatory mites partition soil into two main strata: soil suspended aboveground irrespective of height (0.5–20 m) and soil on the ground. Of 53 species of Mesostigmata in suspended soil, 53 percent (28 species) were absent from or rarely found on the ground. This increased to 60 percent (15/25 species) if only common species are considered. Among these 15 ‘suspended‐soil specialists’, all but the three least abundant were found throughout the arboreal strata. Moreover, ten species also occurred in litter accumulated on the surface of decaying logs or boulders close to the forest floor. Thus, although the arboreal predatory mite fauna is distinct from that on the forest floor, it is not restricted to the high canopy: even slightly elevated substrate appears acceptable as habitat for these suspended‐soil specialists. Our data suggest that a substantial portion of a rain forest's soil and litter fauna is held above the forest floor.
Growth Response to Ionic and Osmotic Stress of NaCl in Salt‐tolerant and Salt‐sensitive Maize
Authors: Zhao Ke‐Fu , Song Jie , Fan Hai , Zhou San , Zhao Meng 
Published: April 2010

Abstract Salt‐tolerant maize (STM) and salt‐sensitive maize (SSM) were treated with 100 mM NaCl for 1, 3 and 6 d and the contents of Na+ and Cl− (cps) of different organelles of leaf cells determined by X‐ray microanalysis. The results showed that Na+ and Cl− entered the cytoplasm, vacuole, chloroplast and apoplast simultaneously. When STM and SSM were treated in 100 mM NaCl at atmospheric pressure (−P) and with pressure equivalent to the osmotic pressure of the NaCl (+P), the dry weights of STM (+P) and SSM (+P) plants were greater than that of STM (−P) and SSM (−P) plants, showing that the inhibitory effect of salt on plant growth was at least partially due to the osmotic effect of the NaCl. When STM and SSM were treated with NaCl and iso‐osmotic polyethlene glycol, the dry weights of plants given the iso‐osmotic polyethlene glycol treatment were lower for both maize lines than that of the NaCl‐treated plants. Our data show that under NaCl stress, both STM and SSM seedlings simultaneously suffered from osmotic and ion stresses.
MODELING THE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF CLOSTRIDIUM SPOROGENES SPORES UNDER DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE, pH AND NACl CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: DONG QING‐LI 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to examine the effects of temperature (101–121C), pH value (5.5–6.5) and concentration of sodium chloride (2–6%) on the heat resistance of Clostridium sporogenes spores under laboratory conditions. The inactivation curves of spore reduction from 1010 to 105 cfu/mL were fitted by Weibull frequency distribution model, and the primary fitting equations were obtained with R2 > 0.90. Moreover, the inactivation parameters δ and p of Weibull functions were modeled using a quadratic polynomial equation of response surface model (RSM). Mathematical evaluation demonstrated that the standard error of prediction (%SEP) obtained by RSM was 11.826 and 6.735% for model establishing δ and p, respectively, and 1.390 and 9.907% for model validation, respectively. The root mean square error was less than 0.05 for δ and p. Both the bias factor and accuracy factor were within acceptable range for model establishing and validation. Therefore, RSM provides a useful and accurate method of fitting the effects of experimental conditions on the thermal resistance of C. sporogenes spores, and could be referenced to ensure food safety with respect to C. sporogenes spores control.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSWeibull frequency distribution model could be used for establishing nonlinear heat resistance models of Clostridium sporogenes spores under laboratory media conditions. The interacting effects of temperature, pH and NaCl concentration might be applied together for inactivating C. sporogenes spores growth in the food, and response surface model could be referenced to ensure food safety with respect to C. sporogenes spores control. Food producers would depend on these models for the decision‐making of food safety after established models are validated under real food environment.
Na+‐independent, nifedipine‐resistant rat afferent arteriolar Ca2+responses to noradrenaline: possible role of TRPC channels
Authors: Salomonsson M. , Braunstein T. H. , Holstein‐Rathlou N.‐H. , Jensen L. J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAim: In rat afferent arterioles we investigated the role of Na+entry in noradrenaline (NA)‐induced depolarization and voltage‐dependent Ca2+entry together with the importance of the transient receptor potential channel (TRPC) subfamily for non‐voltage‐dependent Ca2+entry.Methods: R340/380Fura‐2 fluorescence was used as an index for intracellular free Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i). Immunofluorescence detected the expression of TRPC channels.Results: TRPC 1, 3 and 6 were expressed in afferent arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cells. Under extracellular Na+‐free (0 Na) conditions, the plateau response to NA was 115% of the baselineR340/380(control response 123%). However, as theR340/380baseline increased (7%) after 0 Na the plateau reached the same level as during control conditions. Similar responses were obtained after blockade of the Na+/Ca2+exchanger. The L‐type blocker nifedipine reduced the plateau response to NA both under control (from 134% to 116% of baseline) and 0 Na conditions (from 112% to 103% of baseline). In the presence of nifedipine, the putative TRPC channel blockers SKF 96365 (30 μm) and Gd3+(100 μm) further reduced the plateau Ca2+responses to NA (from 117% to 102% and from 117% to 110% respectively).Conclusion: We found that Na+is not crucial for the NA‐induced depolarization that mediates Ca2+entry via L‐type channels. In addition, the results are consistent with the idea that TRPC1/3/6 Ca2+‐permeable cation channels expressed in afferent arteriolar smooth muscle cells mediate Ca2+entry during NA stimulation.
The immature platelet fraction is a useful marker for predicting the timing of platelet recovery in patients with cancer after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: YAMAOKA G. , KUBOTA Y. , NOMURA T. , INAGE T. , ARAI T. , KITANAKA A. , SAIGO K. , ISEKI K. , BABA N. , TAMINATO T. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPrediction of the timing of platelet recovery after chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) allows for optimal platelet transfusion. We assessed the clinical utility of the percentage value of the immature platelet fraction (IPF%) monitored using an XE‐2100 automated hematology analyzer to predict the timing of platelet recovery after chemotherapy and HSCT. The IPF% was serially monitored in 31 patients with cancer who received 66 courses of chemotherapy and HSCT. In patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy and HSCT, a transient increase in IPF% was observed 1–11 days prior to platelet recovery (>30 × 109/l). In patients undergoing chemotherapy with a peak IPF% >10%, platelet recovery occurred significantly earlier than in those with IPF% peak values ≤10% (median periods were 2 and 5 days; P < 0.05). Platelet recovery appears to occur earlier in patients undergoing HSCT with a peak IPF% >10% than in those with IPF% peak values ≤10% (median periods were 2 and 6 days). Thus, the IPF% peak value is a useful parameter for predicting the timing of platelet recovery after chemotherapy and HSCT and has the potential to facilitate optimal platelet transfusion.
New molecular microbiology approaches in the study of Campylobacter fetus
Authors: Kienesberger Sabine , Gorkiewicz Gregor , Wolinski Heimo , Zechner Ellen L. 
Published: April 2010

Summary Campylobacter fetus infection is a substantial problem in herds of domestic cattle worldwide and a rising threat in human disease. Application of comparative and functional genomics approaches will be essential to understand the molecular basis of this pathogen's interactions with various hosts. Here we report recent progress in genome analyses of C. fetus ssp. fetus and C. fetus ssp. venerealis, and the development of molecular tools to determine the genetic basis of niche‐specific adaptations. Campylobacter research has been strengthened by the rapid advancements in imaging technology occurring throughout microbiology. To move forward in understanding the mechanisms underlying C. fetus virulence, current efforts focus on developing suitable in vitro models to reflect host‐ and tissue‐specific aspects of infection.
Short‐chain 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase is a negative regulator of insulin secretion in response to fuel and non‐fuel stimuli in INS832/13 β‐cells
Authors: PEPIN Émilie , GUAY Claudiane , DELGHINGARO‐AUGUSTO Viviane , JOLY Erik , MADIRAJU S.R. Murthy , PRENTKI Marc 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackground:  Hyperinsulinemia associated with non‐ketotic hypoglycemia is observed in patients with mutated β‐oxidation enzyme short‐chain 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase (HADHSC). In the present study, we investigated the mechanism underlying HADHSC‐mediated regulation of insulin secretion.Methods:  Knockdown of HADHSC expression by RNA interference in INS832/13 β‐cells was achieved using short hairpin RNA and short interference RNA.Results:  Knockdown of HADHSC increased both fuel‐ (glucose or leucine plus glutamine) and non‐fuel (high KCl)‐induced insulin secretion. Enhanced glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) induced by HADHSC knockdown was independent of changes in cytosolic Ca2+ and also occurred in the presence of fatty acids. l‐Carnitine, used in the formation of acyl‐carnitine compounds, increased GSIS in control cells, but was unable to further increase the augmented GSIS in HADHSC‐knockdown cells. The pan transaminase inhibitor amino‐oxyacetate reversed HADHSC knockdown‐mediated increases in GSIS. Oxidation of [1‐14C]‐palmitate and ‐octanoate was not reduced in HADHSC‐knockdown cells. l‐3‐Hydroxybutyryl‐carnitine (tested using its precursor l‐3‐hydroxybutyrate) and l‐3‐hydroxyglutarate, which accumulate in blood and urine, respectively, of HADHSC‐deficient patients, did not change insulin secretion.Conclusions:  Insulin secretion promoted by both fuel and non‐fuel stimuli is negatively regulated by HADHSC. Enhanced secretion after HADHSC knockdown is not due to inhibition of fatty acid oxidation causing an accumulation of long‐chain fatty acids or their CoA derivatives. l‐3‐Hydroxybutyrate and l‐3‐hydroxyglutarate do not mediate enhanced secretion caused by reduced HADHSC activity. Transamination reaction(s) and the formation of short‐chain acylcarnitines and CoAs may be implicated in the mechanism whereby HADHSC deficiency results in enhanced insulin secretion and hyperinsulinemia.
The effects of moxaverine on ocular blood flow in patients with age‐related macular degeneration or primary open angle glaucoma and in healthy control subjects
Authors: Pemp Berthold , Garhofer Gerhard , Lasta Michael , Schmidl Doreen , Wolzt Michael , Schmetterer Leopold 
Published: April 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  The phosphodiesterase inhibitor moxaverine has been shown to increase choroidal blood flow (BF) in young healthy subjects. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of intravenously administered moxaverine on ocular BF in patients with age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and in age‐matched control subjects.Methods:  Twenty patients with AMD, 20 patients with POAG and 20 control subjects were included. Moxaverine 150 mg was applied intravenously over 30 min. BF was measured in the choroid and in the optic nerve head (ONH) using laser‐Doppler flowmetry and in retinal vessels combining laser‐Doppler velocimetry with retinal vessel analysis before and 30, 60 and 90 min after start of drug administration. BF velocities in the retrobulbar vessels were measured using colour Doppler imaging.Results:  Moxaverine increased choroidal BF by 9 ± 22% (p = 0.012), ONH BF by 13 ± 33% (p = 0.021), mean flow velocity in the ophthalmic artery by 23 ± 34% (p < 0.001) and in the posterior ciliary arteries by 25 ± 35% (p < 0.001). Moxaverine had no significant effect on retinal vessel diameters and retinal BF. There were no significant differences in any of the measured parameters between the three groups.Conclusion:  The present study indicates that systemic administration of moxaverine increases choroidal and ONH BF in elderly patients with eye diseases associated with hypoperfusion and in age‐matched controls. Further studies in patients are needed to investigate whether long‐term treatment with moxaverine is clinically beneficial for patients with ocular diseases.
Comparative cost‐effectiveness of three intrauterine devices: a multi‐center randomized trial
Authors: Wen Jin , Li Ying , Li Youping , Wang Li , Zhou Jian , Ba Lei , Shen Suqi , Wu Yulin 
Published: April 2010

Abstract Objective To determine the relative cost‐effectiveness of three intrauterine devices (IUDs), MLCu375, TCu380A, and YuangongCu365. Methods Cost‐effectiveness of three IUDs, namely MLCu375, TCu380A, and YuangongCu365, was analyzed from the provider's perspective by means of a randomized trial with one‐year follow‐up carried out in six centers in China. Results YuangongCu 365 had the lowest termination and pregnancy rates (4.17% and 0.54%, respectively), followed by TCu380A (8.59% and 1.11%, respectively) and MLCu375 (14.17% and 2.04%, respectively). YuangongCu365 was more effective yet more costly than the MLCu375. There was a favorably dominating trend of cost‐effectiveness for TCu380A comparing with MLCu375 when taking continuation rate as the effectiveness indicator, but there was no difference in cost‐effectiveness between the two IUDs when using the pregnancy avoidance rate as the effectiveness measure. Conclusions TCu380A is slightly more cost‐effective than the MLCu375. YuangongCu365 is the most effective of the three devices and be used provided it is economically affordable. The comparative long‐term safety and cost‐effectiveness of these devices need to be further investigated.
Conducting research in the aftermath of disasters: ethical considerations
Authors: O’Mathúna Dónal P 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDisaster research focuses on the impact disasters have on people and social structures. Planning for and responding to disasters require evidence to guide decision‐makers. The need for such evidence provides an ethical mandate for the conduct of sound disaster research. Disaster research ethics draws attention to ethical issues common to all research involving human subjects. However, disaster research involves a number of distinctive factors, including the degree of devastation affecting participants and the urgency often involved in initiating research projects. Such factors generate ethical issues not usually encountered with other types of research, and create tensions that must be taken into account in designing and conducting disaster research so that it attains the highest ethical standards.An overview of general research ethics issues is presented here in the context of disaster research. As with all research involving humans, protection of participants and minimizing harm is the highest ethical priority. Other ethical issues include formal ethical approval, informed consent, balancing burdens and benefits, participant recruitment, coercion, the role of compensation, and conflicts of interest. Using examples from specific studies, some of the distinctive features of disaster research ethics are discussed. These include cross‐cultural collaboration and communication, vulnerability of participants arising from the degree of devastation, avoiding exploitation of disaster victims, and protecting researchers. The article concludes with some of the major challenges facing disaster research ethics and how they might be addressed.
Phenotypic and molecular characterization ofBrachyspiraspp. isolated from wild rodents
Authors: Backhans Annette , Johansson Karl‐Erik , Fellström Claes 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe occurrence of intestinal spirochaetes of genusBrachyspirain wild rodents was studied by cultivating 209 caecal samples. Spirochaetal cultures were obtained from 83% of rats and 33% of house mice. Biochemical characterization and six different species‐specific PCR methods were applied to 101 of 118 isolates and a selection of 34 brachyspiras were further studied by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that isolates representing all the established biochemical phenotypes could be cultured from the rodents, including the porcine pathogensBrachyspira hyodysenteriaeandBrachyspira pilosicoli. Phylogenetic studies indicated that rodents carryBrachyspiraspp. that are closely related to porcine and avian isolates, as well as variants previously not described. One group of hippurate‐negative rat isolates were shown to possess the 16S rRNA gene hexa(T) nucleotide segment, previously described only inB. pilosicoliand ‘Brachyspira corvi’, and phylogenetically they formed a sister lineage of theB. pilosicolicluster. Furthermore, a large number of the rodents were colonized by slowly growing, non‐ or weakly haemolytic spirochaetes. Most of these brachyspiras were isolated at 37°C and phylogenetically they formed two separate clusters. Sequence analysis of their 16S rRNA genes indicated that the new variants ofBrachyspiraspp. may constitute novel species of the genusBrachyspira.
Haemolytic Disease of the New Born Foal
Authors: JEFFCOTT L. B. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYThe clinical picture of haemolytic disease in foals, its laboratory diagnosis together with the haematological, immunological and pathological aspects are reviewed and discussed. Some details of the treatment and management of the disease both in a well‐equipped hospital and in general practice are described.RÉSUMÉLe tableau clinique de la maladie hémolytique du foal (ictère hémolytique du foal nouveau né) est brossé. Les aspects hématologiques, immunologiques, pathologiques de cette affection et son diagnostic au laboratoire sont exposés et discutés. Des précisions sont apportées sur les méthodes de traitement tant pour un hopital bien équipé que dans les conditions d'une clientèle non spécialisée.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas klinische Bild, die Labordiagnose und die haematologischen, imumologischen und pathologischen Besonderheiten der neonatalen Isoerytevolyse der Fohlen werden beschrieben. Einzelheiten der Behandlung in Spitälern und in der Praxis werden angegeben.
Studies on the Development of a New Lead System for Equine Electrocardiography
Authors: HOLMES J. R. , DARKE P. G. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryFollowing the derivation of resultant cardiac dipole moments from the integration of body surface potentials throughout the cardiac cycle in three horses previously reported, this paper describes observations on the same animals to determine the siting of bipolar leads in the three body axes to produce vectorcardiograms similar to those from the dipole moment studies. The results were compared with those using Einthoven's system. The experimental leads gave more accurate portrayal of the cardiac electric field than the conventional Einthoven's triangle which particularly in the horizontal plane was not representative of the cardiac electric forces.RésuméCet article décrit l'emplacement des dérivations bipolaires suivant trois axes qui permettent d'obtenir des vectocardiogrammes comparables à ceux obtenus précédemment (étude de la résultante des moments du dipole cardiaque lors de la révolution cardiaque à partir du champ électrique superficiel).Les résultats sont comparés à ceux obtenus par la méthode d'Einthoven.Les dérivations expérimentales donnent une image plus précise du champ électrique du coeur que ne le font celles dessinant le triangle d'Einthoven. Ce dernier, notamment dans le plan horizontal, n'est point chez le Cheval représentatif des forces électriques du coeur.ZusammenfassungIn einem früheren Bericht wurde die Bestimmung kardialer Dipolmomente beschrieben, die auf Grund der Integration von Körperoberflächen‐Potentialen während des ganzen kardialen Zyklus bei 3 Pferden gewonnen werden konnten; der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt nun die Beobachtungen an den gleichen Pferden, die gemacht worden sind, um die Placierung bipolarer Ableitungen in den 3 Körperachsen zu bestimmen. Mit ihrer Hilfe können Vektorkardiogramme gewonnen werden, die mit denjenigen der Dipolmoment‐Untersuchungen vergleichbar sind. Die Resultate werden mit Befunden verglichen, die mit Einthoven's Ableitungen erhalten wurden. Die experimentellen Ableitungen haben eine genauere Analyse des kardialen elektrischen Feldes erlaubt als das konventionelle Einthoven'sche Dreieck, das besonders in der horizontalen Ebene nicht repräsentativ ist für die elektrischen, kardialen Kräfte.
The Heart Rates of Thoroughbred Horses during a Race
Authors: KRZYWANEK H. , WITTKE G. , BAYER A. , BORMAN P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe heart rates of 19 Thoroughbred racehorses have been continuously recorded during racing. Before the start, heart rates are highly variable due partly to emotional influences. In the starting stall immediately prior to the race, frequencies averaging 132 ± 18 were recorded. This corresponds to an anticipated rise in heart rate of 50 per cent of the total rise recorded during the race. Maximal heart rates reached an average of 223 ± 11 (coefficient of variation 5 per cent).RésuméLes rythmes cardiaques de dix neufs chevaux de Pur Sang ont été enregistrés de façon permanente durant la course. Avant le départ les rythmes cardiaques sont très variables, notamment sous l'influence de facteurs émotionnels. Dans les stalles de départ, immédiatement avant la course des fréquences de 132 ± 18 ont été enregistrées. Ceci correspond à une élévation anticipée du rythme cardiaque, de l'ordre de 50% de celui enregistré durant la course. Le rythme cardiaque maximum atteint une moyenne de 223 ± 11 (coefficient de variation 5%).ZusammenfassungDie Herzschlagfrequenzen von 19 Rennpferden Englischen Vollbluts wurden kontinuierlich während der Rennen aufgezeichnet. Vor dem Start zeigten sich ausgeprägte Variationen, die zum Teil emotionellen Einflüssen zuzuschreiben waren. In den Startboxen wurden unmittelbar vor dem Rennen Frequenzen von 132 ± 18 gefunden. Dieser Befund stimmt mit einem vorausgesehenen Anstieg der Herzschlagfrequenz um 50% des totalen Anstiegs während des Rennens überein. Die maximalen Herzschlagfrequenzen erreichten einen Durchschnitt von 223 ± 11 (Variationskoeffizienz 5%).