bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamic behaviour of a fluidized bed reactor for paper machine whitewater contaminant removal
Authors: Loranger Eric , Daneault Claude , Chabot Bruno , Vallerand Raphaëlle 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTo comply with future stringent environmental regulations, paper mills will need to reduce fresh water consumption and reject loads by closing down their whitewater systems. However, excessive build‐up of contaminants will occur affecting paper machine runnability (performance) and paper quality. We propose removing contaminants from paper machine whitewater by adsorption on matrices in a fluidized bed reactor. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of fines and fibres on bed expansion behaviour. Results show that bed expansion follows the Richardson and Zaki correlation but parameters must be modified according to the type of pulp found in the whitewater.
Integrated Water Management and CP Implementation for Wool and Textile Blend Processes
Authors: Baban Ahmet , Yediler Ayfer , Ciliz Nilgun Kiran 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe textile industry worldwide involves a large number of washing, bleaching, dyeing, and conditioning processes. The industry is well‐known for its extensive water consumption and discharges. Each process wastewater stream has a unique pollutant characteristics and flow rate. The segregation of weakly polluted streams, and their separate treatment and reuse for appropriate processes may result in a considerable reduction in water consumption and wastewater discharge. A wool and blends textile enterprise was investigated in an attempt to achieve optimum water management. The segregated streams were selected by assessment of the processes and comprehensive characterization of the wastes generated. Cleaner Production (CP) implementation options were developed and compared. The methodology was applied as a case study for an integrated wool, wool‐PES blends and clothing industry study in Istanbul. Economical and applicable treatment alternatives complying with the criteria for reuse and discharge were designed and operated under laboratory conditions. Furthermore, a cost assessment of the CP options was made based on the stream segregation and reuse.
Determination of the Sum of Short Chain Polychlorinated n‐Alkanes with a Chlorine Content of Between 49 and 67% in Water by GC‐ECNI‐MS and Quantification by Multiple Linear Regression
Authors: Geiß Sabine , Einax Jürgen W. , Scott Steve P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis new approach for the quantification of the sum of short chain polychlorinated alkanes in mixtures (commonly abbreviated as SCCPs, where P stands for paraffin) with average chlorine contents between 49 and 67% and different C‐number distributions is the background for ISO CD 12010, allowing standardized analysis according to the European water framework directive in unfiltered surface water, ground water, drinking water and waste water. A quantification method for the sum of short chain polychlorinated n‐alkanes by GC‐ECNI‐MS (gas chromatography coupled with electron capture chemical ionization mass spectrometry), independent of the chlorine content and robust against changes in C‐number distribution, was developed. This means that the very different response factors in GC‐ECNI‐MS, depending on the chlorine content, are no longer a problem for the analysis of SCCPs. Furthermore, problems with the selection of analytical standards due to batch dependent technical mixtures and different environmentally occurring mixtures can be overcome by using this robust method. The calibration was performed using synthetic mixtures mimicking a variety of different technically produced SCCP mixtures with average chlorine contents between 49 and 67% and different C‐number distributions. By this means, the calibration is also traceable. The method was based on the integration of selected m/z value (mass/charge relation value) signals over the full retention range of the compounds. Quantification was performed using multiple linear regression calibration with two selected m/z signals, and verified with two other mass combinations. The selection of the m/z values used for quantification was carried out by means of an orthogonal calibration design. A stepwise procedure was utilized to produce the best quantification results, with the minimum number of quantification m/z signals, together with the minimization of potential interferences to be encountered in water analysis. The weighted sum of the peak areas of two m/z values, m/z 327 and 423, led to a sum determination which was applicable to the different SCCP mixtures most likely to be found in the aquatic environment. The problem with the very different response factors of the selected m/z values in GC‐ECNI‐MS, caused by the differing chlorine content of the SCCP mixtures, was overcome as well by forming the weighted sum of the two selected peak areas. The method was especially suitable for water analysis because of the low detection limit achieved by GC‐ECNI‐MS for chlorinated compounds.
Use of SYTO 13, a fluorescent dye binding nucleic acids, for the detection of microparticles in in vitro systems
Authors: Ullal Anirudh J. , Pisetsky David S. , Reich Charles F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMicroparticles (MPs) are small membrane‐bound vesicles that are released from activated or dying cells by a blebbing process. These particles contain nuclear and cytoplasmic components and represent unique biomarkers for disease. The small size of particles, however, limits detection using flow cytometry with either light scatter or staining for surface markers. Because MPs contain DNA and RNA, we have explored the use of SYTO 13, a member of the class of SYTO dyes, for particle detection. SYTO 13 is cell permeable and has a high fluorescent yield when bound to DNA or RNA. In this study, we compared detection of MPs using either light scatter or SYTO 13 staining, testing the hypothesis that, with fluorescence detection with SYTO 13, problems of “noise” with light scatter are reduced and the range of MP sizes detected is increased. In these experiments, particles were obtained from lymphoid cell lines treated in vitro to undergo apoptosis. As these results showed, STYO 13 allowed the detection of 1.5–2.9 times as many particles as did light scatter. The increased sensitivity was observed with three different cell lines and was independent of inducing stimulus. Treatment of fixed and permeabilized MPs with DNase and RNase showed that SYTO 13 binding resulted from interaction with both DNA and RNA. Together, these findings indicate that the nucleic acid content of MPs provides the basis for their detection in in vitro systems and suggests the utility of fluorescent dyes like SYTO 13 for more sensitive quantitative assays. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Ki‐67 staining for determination of rhesus macaque T cell proliferative responses ex vivo
Authors: Shedlock Devon J. , Talbott Kendra T. , Morrow Matthew P. , Ferraro Bernadette , Hokey David A. , Muthumani Karuppiah , Weiner David B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe capacity for robust proliferation upon re‐infection is a hallmark of adaptive immunity and the basis of vaccination. A widely used animal model for the study of human disease is the rhesus macaque (RM), where capacity for proliferation can be assessed ex vivo using carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)‐based dilution assays. However, we show over the course of the standard ex vivo proliferation assay that CFSE‐labeling at commonly used dye concentrations induces significant cell death, but that this phenomenon is dose‐dependent. Here, we describe an alternative semiquantitative method for estimating T cell proliferative responses that avoids the putative biases associated with chemical modification. RM peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated ex vivo with cognate peptides for 5 days, immunostained for intracellular Ki‐67, and then analyzed by flow cytometry. We describe a gating strategy using Ki‐67 and side light scatter, also a marker of blastogenesis, which correlates strongly with data from CFSE dilution. We show that this method is a valid tool for measuring RM antigen‐specific cellular proliferation ex vivo and can be used as an alternative to CFSE dilution assays. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The climate learning ladder. A pragmatic procedure to support climate adaptation
Authors: Tàbara J. David , Dai Xingang , Jia Gensuo , McEvoy Darryn , Neufeldt Henry , Serra Anna , Werners Saskia , West Jennifer J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe introduce a new pragmatic procedure called the ‘climate learning ladder’ to structure policy analysis, support reflection and identify critical decisions to support climate adaptation. This tool is the result of the reflexive learning process that occurred while developing innovative appraisal methods in the Alxa League of Inner Mongolia, China, and in the Guadiana river basin in the European Union. Building capacities to cope with climate change requires going beyond simply providing ‘more knowledge’ on climate impacts to policy makers. Instead, climate adaptation can be understood as a multi‐step social process in which individuals and organizations need to learn how to (1) manage different framings of the issues at stake while raising awareness of climate risks and opportunities, (2) understand different motives for, and generate adequate incentives or sanctions to ensure, action, (3) develop feasible options and resources for individual and collective transformation and collaboration and (4) institutionalize new rights, responsibilities and feedback learning processes for climate adaptation in the long term. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Ectopic GC in the thymus of myasthenia gravis patients show characteristics of normal GC
Authors: Zuckerman Neta S. , Howard Wendy A. , Bismuth Jacky , Gibson Kate , Edelman Hanna , Berrih‐Aknin Sonia , Dunn‐Walters Deborah , Mehr Ramit 
Published: January 2010

AbstractYoung patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) frequently have ectopic GC in their thymus. We investigated these ectopic GC by microdissection of GC B cells and analysis of their Ig gene characteristics, in comparison to normal GC. CDR3 length distribution, a measure of clonal variability, and Ig gene family usage were similar in MG and normal tonsil samples. Lineage tree analysis demonstrated similar diversification and mutations per cell compared with normal control trees. Mutations were observed in the framework regions, responsible for the structural integrity of the BCR; however, these mutations were mostly conservative or neutral, confirming that a functional BCR is conserved in MG. In the CDR, responsible for Ag binding, selection against replacement mutations was revealed. This may indicate that the MG clones analyzed are already highly Ag‐specific, and therefore potential affinity‐reducing replacement mutations in the CDR3 are not propagated, due to Ag‐driven selection. Somatic hypermutation (SHM) targeting motifs and aa substitution preferences in MG were similar to those of normal controls. Overall, these results suggest that B cells in the ectopic GC in MG appear to undergo normal diversification and selection, in spite of the chronic nature and different environment of the response.
Human β‐defensin 3 has immunosuppressive activity in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Semple Fiona , Webb Sheila , Li Hsin‐Ni , Patel Hetal B. , Perretti Mauro , Jackson Ian J. , Gray Mohini , Davidson Donald J. , Dorin Julia R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstractβ‐defensins are antimicrobial peptides with an essential role in the innate immune response. In addition β‐defensins can also chemoattract cells involved in adaptive immunity. Until now, based on evidence from dendritic cell stimulation, human β defensin‐3 (hBD3) was considered pro‐inflammatory. We present evidence here that hBD3 lacks pro‐inflammatory activity in human and mouse primary Mϕ. In addition, in the presence of LPS, hBD3 and the murine orthologue Defb14 (but not hBD2), effectively inhibit TNF‐α and IL‐6 accumulation implying an anti‐inflammatory function. hBD3 also inhibits CD40/IFN‐γ stimulation of Mϕ and in vivo, hBD3 significantly reduces the LPS‐induced TNF‐α level in serum. Recent work has revealed that hBD3 binds melanocortin receptors but we provide evidence that these are not involved in hBD3 immunomodulatory activity. This implies a dual role for hBD3 in antimicrobial activity and resolution of inflammation.
Reaction Diversity of the S–S Bond Promoted by Metal Coordination: From Discovery to Controllable Reactions
Authors: Zhu Hai‐Bin , Li Lei , Xu Gang , Gou Shao‐Hua 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPromoted by NiCl2 coordination in the mixed solvent MeOH/CH2Cl2, diverse in situ S–S bond reactions, such as S‐oxidation and S–S and C–S bond scission, occurred in the disulfide ligand of 2‐ppds {bis[4‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)pyrimidin‐2‐yl]disulfane} to yield three new components identified as 2‐mpp [2‐methoxy‐4‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)pyrimidine], 2‐ppst {S‐[4‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)pyrimidin‐2‐yl] 4‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)pyrimidine‐2‐sulfonothioate} and 2‐pps {bis[4‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)pyrimidin‐2‐yl]sulfane}. More importantly, such in situ reactions could be efficaciously controlled so that they proceed in a highly selective manner. Thus, NiCl2‐mediated in situ reaction of 2‐ppds with the aid of continuous air bubbling through the reaction mixture exclusively led to 2‐pps, whereas replacement of NiCl2 by Cu(OAc)2 afforded 2‐mpp alone. A confirmatory experiment proved that 2‐ppst served as a decisive intermediate in these in situ reactions.
A Back‐to‐Back Ligand with Dipyrazolylpyridine and Dipicolylamine Metal‐Binding Domains
Authors: Tovee Clare A. , Kilner Colin A. , Barrett Simon A. , Thomas James A. , Halcrow Malcolm A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractReaction of 4‐bromomethyl‐2,6‐bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine with dipicolylamine yields 4‐bis(pyrid‐2‐ylmethyl)aminomethyl‐2,6‐bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine (L). Treatment of L with [MCl2(NCPh)2] (M = Pd, Pt) in the presence of AgPF6 affords [MCl(L)]PF6, whose palladium or platinum centre is bound exclusively by the dipicolylamino moiety of L, as established by NMR spectroscopy. The pendant dipyrazolylpyridine residue in these compounds is complexed by iron(II) to form [Fe{MCl(μ‐L)}2][PF6]4 (M = Pd, 1; M = Pt, 2·nH2O). The nitromethane solvate crystal of 1 contains low‐spin iron centres at 150 K. However, dried 1 and 2·nH2O are predominantly high‐spin at room temperature, undergoing very gradual thermal spin transitions upon cooling to ≤ 50 % completeness. The platinum compound also undergoes a thermal spin transition in CD3NO2 solution, with T1/2 = 253 K.
Carolacton – A Macrolide Ketocarbonic Acid that Reduces Biofilm Formation by the Caries‐ and Endocarditis‐Associated Bacterium Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Jansen Rolf , Irschik Herbert , Huch Volker , Schummer Dietmar , Steinmetz Heinrich , Bock Martin , Schmidt Thomas , Kirschning Andreas , Müller Rolf 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe macrolide ketocarbonic acid carolacton (1) was isolated from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, strainSo ce960, because of its antibiotic activity. Subsequently, carolacton (1) was discovered to be a highly potent agent against biofilms containing the caries‐ and endocarditis‐associated bacterium Streptococcus mutans. The 2D structure of 1 was elucidated by HRMS, IR and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Initially, the stereogenic centres were determined by chemical derivatization in combination with computional methods and finally verified by X‐ray analysis.
Electrical imaging of sliding geometry and fluids associated with a deep seated landslide (La Clapière, France)
Authors: Jomard H. , Lebourg T. , Guglielmi Y. , Tric E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper deals with the applicability of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) for the recognition of large landslide structures at depths, which have never previously been imaged accurately. One of the most studied and instrumented deep landslides in Europe is taken as an example: the La Clapière landslide.The first stage of the study consisted of an accurate geological mapping taking into account a morphological analysis of gravitational deformations. This allowed a very fine definition of the landslide structure, that could be compared with three provided ERT profiles performed within the landslide body. Very good correlations were obtained for the determination of sub‐horizontal structures and associated fluid circulations. It confirmed the position of the sliding surface that reached a maximum depth of 100 m. Forward computing was however necessary to determine the influence and then the presence of vertical discontinuities. It supports the use of ERT as an efficient tool for large scale landslide imaging, such as deep seated landslides. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raw materials: the importance of quality and safety. A review.
Authors: Salgueiro L. , Martins A. P. , Correia H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAromatic plants and spices are used throughout the world for flavouring food and beverages, as well as for food supplements, novel foods and as a source of essential oils and aromatic extracts. The non‐availability or inadequacy of standards for checking and assuring the quality of aromatic plants and spices is one of the main problems that arise for industry when using such raw materials. As many aromatic plants are harvested from the wild, standardization to assure their quality is important for their safe and effective utilization in food and beverage industries. On the other hand, there are numerous parameters that influence the chemical composition of plants, which play an important role in the final quality of the product and possibly in any risk arising to the consumer. Also, from a safety point of view, aromatic plants and spices should be free of undeclared contaminants and adulterants, such as toxic botanicals, pathogenic microorganisms and excessive levels of microbial toxins, pesticides or fumigation agents. We focus on these aspects and examine ways to assure their appropriate utilization from the quality and safety standpoint. The regulatory situation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is very complicated; several differences in standards and regulations between countries can be found, a situation that can result in more health risks arising for consumers. To clarify some of the existing problems, the major regulations of the USA and the European Union (EU) and the borderlines between food supplements and medicines and other international standards, are briefly described and discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional methods for time series prediction: a nonparametric approach
Authors: Aneiros‐Pérez Germán , Cao Ricardo , Vilar‐Fernández Juan M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe problem of prediction in time series using nonparametric functional techniques is considered. An extension of the local linear method to regression with functional explanatory variable is proposed. This forecasting method is compared with the functional Nadaraya–Watson method and with finite‐dimensional nonparametric predictors for several real‐time series. Prediction intervals based on the bootstrap and conditional distribution estimation for those nonparametric methods are also compared. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution of different kinematic models and a complex Jurassic stratigraphy in the construction of a forward model for the Montagna dei Fiori fault‐related fold (Central Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Di Francesco L. , Fabbi S. , Santantonio M. , Bigi S. , Poblet J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Montagna dei Fiori has received attention from geologists over the past decades because of both its Jurassic stratigraphy and its complex present‐day structure. The latter is the result of multiple phases of deformation, from the Early Jurassic, during the opening of the Tethyan Ocean, to Neogene evolution of the Apennines fold‐and‐thrust belt. In this paper, we present a new stratigraphic interpretation of the Jurassic palaeogeography, based on a new geological mapping project in the area. Using this new stratigraphy, we constructed two forward models, using a combination of different fault/fold interactions, in order to unravel the kinematic evolution of the Montagna dei Fiori fault‐related fold. The first model was constructed manually using the fault‐bend and fault‐propagation theories from an initial configuration which included previous extensional features, whereas the second model was constructed using the software 2DMove (Midland Valley) using the fault‐bend and trishear fault‐propagation folding theories and starting from a layer‐cake stratigraphy. Both forward models involved the same main steps and provided a reasonable geological simulation of the geometry of the Montagna dei Fiori structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suicide in later life: public health and practitioner perspectives
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Iliffe Steve 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectivesSuicide in later life is a public health concern. Given the need for practical guidance and policy implementation, this paper aims to provide a critical interpretive synthesis approach to prioritize the likely relevance of publications and the contribution that they make to understanding of the problem.MethodsA selective review of the English language literature focusing on the epidemiology of suicide among older people was conducted; the search strategy built on that of a previous review. Papers were selected for their ability to shed light on the potential for prevention and practice from public health perspectives.ResultsWhilst the majority of older people who commit suicide have major depression, suicide seems to be due to a combination of personality factors and co‐morbidities, including chronic pain and disablement. Complex multi‐component public health studies are underway and are likely to provide useful knowledge to guide practice more precisely, but there is remarkably little information about the involvement of older people in risk reduction or about harm minimization approaches at patient and public participation levels.ConclusionsFor lack of sufficient evidence from intervention trials that are specific to older people, practitioners need to extrapolate from studies of younger adults and be aware of risk factors for suicide in later life. Public health approaches combined with practitioners' experiences of older people at risk may help minimize the risks of suicide in later life. These are fruitful areas for collaborative practice development, service initiatives, evaluation, and research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An index of fatal toxicity for drugs of misuse
Authors: King Leslie A. , Corkery John M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the lethal toxicity of five commonly‐used illicit substances by relating the number of associated deaths to their availability.MethodsAn index of toxicity was calculated for each of five drugs [heroin, cocaine/crack, ecstasy (MDMA), amphetamine and cannabis] as the ratio of the number of deaths associated with that substance to its availability in the period 2003–2007. Three separate proxy measures of availability were used (number of users as determined by household surveys, number of seizures by law enforcement agencies and estimates of the market size). All data are related to England and Wales only.ResultsThere was a broad correlation between all three denominators of availability. Not unexpectedly, heroin and cannabis showed, respectively, the highest and lowest toxicities. The index of fatal toxicity of MDMA was close to that of amphetamine and cocaine/crack. There was a rank correlation between this index and other measures of lethal toxicity based on safety ratios.ConclusionsThese results are contrary to widely‐held public views of the relative fatal toxicity of MDMA. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.