bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cholesterol Depletion Reduces Entry of Campylobacter jejuni Cytolethal Distending Toxin and Attenuates Intoxication of Host Cells
Authors: Lin Chia-Der , Lai Cheng-Kuo , Lin Yu-Hsin , Hsieh Jer-Tsong , Sing Yu-Ting , Chang Yun-Chieh , Chen Kai-Chuan , Wang Wen-Ching , Su Hong-Lin , Lai Chih-Ho 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter jejuni
is a common cause of pediatric diarrhea worldwide. Cytolethal distending toxin, produced by
Campylobacter jejuni
, is a putative virulence factor that induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in eukaryotic cells. Cellular cholesterol, a major component of lipid rafts, has a pivotal role in regulating signaling transduction and protein trafficking as well as pathogen internalization. In this study, we demonstrated that cell intoxication by
Campylobacter jejuni
cytolethal distending toxin is through the association of cytolethal distending toxin subunits and membrane cholesterol-rich microdomains. Cytolethal distending toxin subunits cofractionated with detergent-resistant membranes, while the distribution reduced upon the depletion of cholesterol, suggesting that cytolethal distending toxin subunits are associated with lipid rafts. The disruption of cholesterol using methyl-β-cyclodextrin not only reduced the binding activity of cytolethal distending toxin subunits on the cell membrane but also impaired their delivery and attenuated toxin-induced cell cycle arrest. Accordingly, cell intoxication by cytolethal distending toxin was restored by cholesterol replenishment. These findings suggest that membrane cholesterol plays a critical role in the
Campylobacter jejuni
cytolethal distending toxin-induced pathogenesis of host cells.
Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase, Tryptophan Catabolism, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis: a Model for Chronic Mycobacterial Infections
Authors: Plain Karren M. , de Silva Kumudika , Earl John , Begg Douglas J. , Purdie Auriol C. , Whittington Richard J. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTVirulent mycobacterial infections progress slowly, with a latent period that leads to clinical disease in a proportion of cases.Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisis an intracellular pathogen that causes paratuberculosis or Johne's disease (JD), a chronic intestinal disease of ruminants. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that regulates tryptophan metabolism, was originally reported to have a role in intracellular pathogen killing and has since been shown to have an important immunoregulatory role in chronic immune diseases. Here we demonstrate an association between increased IDO levels and progression to clinical mycobacterial disease in a natural host, characterizing gene expression, protein localization, and functional effects. IDO mRNA levels were significantly increased inM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis-infected monocytic cells. Levels of both IDO gene and protein expression were significantly upregulated within the affected tissues of sheep with JD, particularly at the site of primary infection, the ileum, of animals with severe multibacillary disease. Lesion severity was correlated with the level of IDO gene expression. IDO gene expression was also increased in the peripheral blood cells ofM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis-exposed sheep and cattle. IDO breaks down tryptophan, and systemic increases were functional, as shown by decreased plasma tryptophan levels, which correlated with the onset of clinical signs, a stage well known to be associated with Th1 immunosuppression. IDO may be involved in downregulating immune responses toM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisand other virulent mycobacteria, which may be an example of the pathogen harnessing host immunoregulatory pathways to aid survival. These findings raise new questions about the host-mycobacterium interactions in the progression from latent to clinical disease.
Twitter=quitter? An analysis of Twitter quit smoking social networks
Authors: Prochaska Judith J , Pechmann Cornelia , Kim Romina , Leonhardt James M 
Published: July 2011

ObjectiveWidely popular, Twitter, a free social networking and micro-blogging service, offers potential for health promotion. This study examined the activity of Twitter quit smoking social network accounts.DesignA cross‐sectional analysis identified 153 activated Twitter quit smoking accounts dating back to 2007 and examined recent account activity for the month of August 2010.ResultsThe accounts had a median of 155 followers and 82 total tweets per account; 49% of accounts had >100 tweets. Posted content was largely inconsistent with clinical guidelines; 48% linked to commercial sites for quitting smoking and 43% had tweets on e‐cigarettes. In August 2010, 81 of the accounts (53%) were still active.ConclusionsThough popular for building quit smoking social networks, many of the Twitter accounts were no longer active, and tweet content was largely inconsistent with clinical guidelines. Future research is needed to examine the effectiveness of Twitter for supporting smoking cessation.
Tobacco use in Bollywood movies, tobacco promotional activities and their association with tobacco use among Indian adolescents
Authors: Arora Monika , Mathur Neha , Gupta Vinay K , Nazar Gaurang P , Reddy K Srinath , Sargent James D 
Published: July 2011

BackgroundSmoking in Hollywood movies is a known risk factor for teen smoking in the USA and Europe, but little is known about the association between exposure to tobacco use in Bollywood movies and teen tobacco use in India.MethodsA cross-sectional sample of 3956 adolescents (eighth and ninth grades, ages 12–16 years) from 12 randomly selected New Delhi schools was surveyed in 2009, assessing tobacco use status, receptivity to tobacco promotions (based on owning or being willing to wear tobacco-branded merchandise) and exposure to tobacco use in movies. Quartiles of exposure to tobacco use in popular Bollywood movies released from 2006 to 2008 (n=59) were determined by content coding them for tobacco use and querying the adolescents whether they had seen each one. Logistic regression was used to control for covariates including age, gender, parent education, school performance, sensation-seeking propensity, family and peer tobacco use, and authoritative parenting.ResultsAltogether, the 59 movies contained 412 tobacco use occurrences. The prevalence ofever tobacco useamong adolescents was 5.3%. Compared with low-exposure adolescents (quartile 1), the adjusted odds of ever tobacco use among high-exposure adolescents (quartile 4) was 2.3 (95% CI 1.3 to 3.9). Being receptive to tobacco promotions was also associated with higher adjusted odds of ever tobacco use, 2.0 (95% CI 1.4 to 3.0).ConclusionWatching tobacco use in Bollywood movies and receptivity to tobacco promotional activities were both independently associated with ever tobacco use among adolescents in India, with ORs being similar to the studies of adolescents elsewhere.
Comparison of oestrus detection methods in dairy cattle
Authors: Holman A. , Thompson J. , Routly J. E. , Cameron J. , Jones D. N. , Grove‐White D. , Smith R. F. , Dobson H. 
Published: July 2011

Sixty‐seven Holstein‐Friesian cows, from 20 days postpartum, were recruited into the study and fitted with both a pedometer (SAE Afikim) and a Heatime neck collar (SCR Engineers) and allocated a heat mount detector (either scratchcard [Dairymac] or KaMaR [KaMaR]) or left with none, relying only on farm staff observation. Common production stressors and other factors were assessed to determine their impact on the ability of each method to accurately detect oestrus and to investigate effects on the frequency of false‐positive detections. Only 74 per cent of all potential oestrus periods (episodes of low progesterone) were identified by combining information from all methods. There was no difference between the methods in terms of sensitivity for detecting ‘true oestrus events’ (approximately 60 per cent), with the exception of scratchcards, which were less efficient (36 per cent). Pedometers and KaMaRs had higher numbers of false‐positive identifications. No production stressors had any consequence on false‐positives. The positive predictive values for neck collars or observation by farm staff were higher than those of other methods, and combining these two methods yielded the best results. Neck collars did not detect any of the nine oestrus events occurring in three cows with a body condition score (BCS) of less than 2, and the efficiency of correctly identifying oestrus was also reduced by high milk yield (odds ratio [OR]=0.34). Pedometer efficiency was reduced by lameness, low BCS or high milk yield (OR=0.42, 0.15 or 0.30, respectively).
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the structures and stabilities of [CnO2n+1]2– and [CnO2n+1]X2 polycarbonates containing chainlike (CO2)n units (n = 2–6; X = H or Li)
Authors: Bruna Pablo J. , Grein Friedrich , Passmore Jack 
Published: July 2011

The structures and stabilities of chainlike (CO2)n (n = 2–6) polycarbonates, where adjacent C atoms are linked by C–O–C bonds, were investigated at the density functional theory (DFT) level (B3PW91/6–311G(2d,p)), including dicarboxylic dianions, [CnO2n+1]2–, and the corresponding acids, [CnO2n+1]H2, and Li salts, [CnO2n+1]Li2. At equilibrium, the most stable systems have Cs, C2, or C2v symmetries. In the gas phase, these dianions are generally metastable with respect to spontaneous ejection of one electron, yet in the presence of counterions they become stabilized, for example, as [CnO2n+1]2–(Li+)2 ion pairs. [CnO2n+1]2– linkages are also stabilized as dicarboxylic acids, [CnO2n+1]H2; we find the latter to have equilibrium conformations of higher symmetry than previously reported in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, none of the [CnO2n+1]X2 (X = Li or H) compounds with n ≥ 2 have been reported in the experimental literature (albeit, the alkyl esters C2O5R2 and C3O7R2 are commercially available). All CO bonds in C2O5X2 to C6O13X2 have single- to double-bond character (≈140–118 pm), indicating that the [CnO2n+1] moieties are held together by strong chemical forces (in contrast to the weakly bound complexes (CO2)n and (CO2)n–, n > 1). Vibrational frequencies were calculated to ensure all conformations were true minima. The IR and Raman intensities show that the high intensity C=O stretching modes (1750 ± 100 cm–1) will help in the spectral characterization of these compounds. Solvation calculations using the polarizable continuum model (PCM) find that C2O52– can be formed via CO32– + CO2 as well as CO3–[Formula: see text], each reaction having ΔG298 < 0 in practically all solvents. This result confirms the experimentally observed large solubility of CO2(g) in molten carbonates, CO3M2 (M = Li, Na, or K). In contrast, starting with n = 2, the reactions [CnO2n+1]2– + CO2 do not proceed spontaneously in any solvent (ΔG298 > 0).
Application of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide – graphene modified electrode for sensitive determination of caffeine
Authors: Sun Jun-Yong , Huang Ke-Jing , Wei Shuai-Yun , Wu Zhi-Wei 
Published: July 2011

An electrochemical sensor based on a cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) – dispersed graphene (Gr) system for sensitive detection of caffeine is presented. The electrochemical behavior of caffeine on the modified glassy carbon electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The results showed that the modified electrode exhibited good electrocatalytic activity to the oxidation of caffeine. Under the optimized experimental conditions, caffeine was detected in the concentration range from 0.3 to 100 µmol L–1 with a detection limit of 91 nmol L–1 at a signal-to-noise ratio = 3. The biosensor exhibited some advantages over other electrochemical sensors, such as long-term stability, satisfactory recovery (98.1%−102.3%), and good reproducibility (RSD = 5.1%). The practical application of the developed method was verified in soft-drink sample analysis.
INNOVATIVE PRODUCT DESIGN APPROACHES FOR IMPLEMENTING MARKETING STRATEGY: THE LINKAGE
Authors: HSU YEN 
Published: July 2011

Taiwanese consumer electronic products are favored by consumers globally, owing to the producing industry's ability to rapidly generate innovations. This study examined local consumer electronics industry enterprises for their product marketing strategies adopted to establish market advantage to deal with global competition. For assessing their product innovation approaches to marketing strategy, a questionnaire survey was conducted, and through factor analysis and cluster analysis these companies were classified into four different marketing strategic groups (Market Leader, Market Focus, Market Challenge, and Market Niche). In-depth case study was then conducted on selected companies in each of these groups. These enterprises in different marketing strategic groups each adopted a different approach in design innovation. More importantly, there exist tight relationships between enterprises in each group and their corresponding characteristics in innovation type, market goals, appeals, and features. This model of marketing strategic group and its matching characteristics may serve as a reference list. For example, a company may choose characteristics according to its current group; or, if a company is interested in moving into another group, it will know which characteristics to adopt.
Immunoregulatory Molecule B7-H1 (CD274) Contributes to Skin Carcinogenesis
Authors: Cao Yujia , Zhang Lu , Ritprajak Pacharee , Tsushima Fumihiko , Youngnak-Piboonratanakit Pornpan , Kamimura Yosuke , Hashiguchi Masaaki , Azuma Miyuki 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
B7-H1 (CD274), a member of the B7 family of coinhibitory molecules, is often induced in human tumors and its expression is closely correlated with a poor prognosis or higher malignancy grade. Tumor-associated B7-H1 is implicated in mechanisms of immune escape. Under inflammatory conditions, B7-H1 is also inducible in normal epithelial cells, but little is known about its involvement in the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells. We recently found that skin-specific expression of B7-H1 accelerates chemically induced carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), despite impaired skin inflammatory responses, in B7-H1 transgenic (B7-H1tg) mice. B7-H1tg–derived keratinocytes (KC) and SCCs exhibited a marked reduction of E-cadherin, and B7-H1tg–originated SCCs showed elevated expression of the transcription factors Slug and Twist, suggesting that B7-H1 overexpression in KCs promotes the epithelial–mesenchymal transition and accelerates carcinogenesis. This review discusses the diverse functions of B7-H1 in carcinogenesis and cancer progression, and considers future directions for developing cancer therapy targeting B7-H1. Cancer Res; 71(14); 4737–41. ©2011 AACR.
Apoptotic Role of IKK in T-ALL Therapeutic Response
Authors: Riz Irene , Zweier-Renn Lynnsey A. , Toma Ian , Hawley Teresa S. , Hawley Robert G. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the treatment of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), it is still the highest risk malignancy among ALL. The outcome of relapsed patients remains dismal. The pro-survival role of NOTCH1 and NFκB in T-ALL is well documented; also, both factors were reported to be predictive of relapse. The NOTCH1 signaling pathway, commonly activated in T-ALL, was shown to enhance the transcriptional function of NFκB via several mechanisms. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of NOTCH1-NFκB signaling was suggested to be incorporated into existing T-ALL treatment protocols. However, conventional chemotherapy is based on activation of various types of stress, such as DNA damage, mitotic perturbations or endoplasmic reticulum overload. NFκB is frequently activated in response to stress and, depending on yet unknown mechanisms, it either protects cells from the drug action or mediates apoptosis. Here, we report that T-ALL cells respond to NFκB inhibition in opposite ways depending on whether they were treated with a stress-inducing chemotherapeutic agent or not. Moreover, we found that NOTCH1 enhances NFκB apoptotic function in the stressed cells. The data argue for further studies of NFκB status in T-ALL patients on different treatment protocols and the impact of activating NOTCH1 mutations on treatment response. Mol Cancer Res; 9(8); 979–84. ©2011 AACR.
A DNA Vaccine against ERBB2 Impairs Chemical Carcinogenesis in Random-Bred Hamsters
Authors: Berta Giovanni N. , Sprio Andrea E. , Iezzi Manuela , Spadaro Michela , Cappia Susanna , Salamone Paolina , Di Scipio Federica , Mognetti Barbara , Papotti Mauro , Musiani Piero , Forni Guido , Cavallo Federica 
Published: July 2011

AbstractVaccines against oncoantigens halt early neoplastic lesions in several cancer-prone, genetically engineered mouse models, whereas their ability to prevent chemical carcinogenesis has not been explored. This is a significant issue, as exposure to chemical mutagens is responsible for a substantial percentage of cancers worldwide. Here, we show that the archetypal oncoantigen ERBB2 is transiently overexpressed in Syrian hamsters during the early stages of 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral carcinogenesis. Repeated DNA vaccinations against ERBB2 significantly reduce the number, size, and severity of oral lesions in a manner directly proportional to the anti-ERBB2 antibody response. These results support the prospects of vaccines as a fresh strategy in the management of individuals at risk for exposure to defined carcinogenic agents. Cancer Prev Res; 4(7); 994–1001. ©2011 AACR.
EarlyCDT-Lung: An Immunobiomarker Test as an Aid to Early Detection of Lung Cancer
Authors: Lam Stephen , Boyle Peter , Healey Graham F. , Maddison Paul , Peek Laura , Murray Andrea , Chapman Caroline J. , Allen Jared , Wood William C. , Sewell Herb F. , Robertson John F.R. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Recent publications have reported the technical and clinical validation of EarlyCDT-Lung, an autoantibody test which detected elevated autoantibodies in 40% of lung cancers at diagnosis. This manuscript reports the results of EarlyCDT-Lung run on four new (postvalidation) data sets. The following four cohorts of patients (n = 574) with newly diagnosed lung cancer were identified: group 1 (n = 122), 100% small cell lung cancer (SCLC); group 2 (n = 249), 97% non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); group 3 (n = 122), 100% NSCLC; group 4 (n = 81), 62% NSCLC. Serum samples were obtained after diagnosis, prior to any anticancer treatment. Autoantibody levels were measured against a panel of six tumor-related antigens (p53, NY-ESO-1, CAGE, GBU4–5, Annexin 1, and SOX2) in the EarlyCDT-Lung panel and previously established cutoffs applied. In groups 2, 3, and 4, patients were individually matched by gender, age, and smoking history to a control individual with no history of malignant disease. Assay sensitivity was tested in relation to cancer type and stage, and in the matched normals to demographic variables. The autoantibody panel showed sensitivity/specificity of 57%/n.d (not done) for SCLC in group 1, 34%/87% for NSCLC in group 2, 31% and 84% for NSCLC in group 3, and 35%/89% for NSCLC and 43%/89% for SCLC in group 4. There was no significant difference in positivity of EarlyCDT-Lung and different lung cancer stages. These studies confirm the value of an autoantibody assay, EarlyCDT-Lung, as an aid to detecting lung cancer in patients at high risk of the disease. Cancer Prev Res; 4(7); 1126–34. ©2011 AACR.
Decreased Prostate Cancer-Specific Survival of Men with BRCA2 Mutations from Multiple Breast Cancer Families
Authors: Thorne Heather , Willems Amber J. , Niedermayr Eveline , Hoh Ivan M.Y. , Li Jason , Clouston David , Mitchell Gillian , Fox Stephen , Hopper John L. ,   on behalf of the Kathleen Cunningham Consortium for Research in Familial Breast Cancer Consortium (kConFab), Bolton Damien 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The role of a germ-line BRCA2 mutation in the development of prostate cancer is established, but the clinical presentation linked to outcome for this group of men has not been well described.
A total of 148 men from 1,423 families were ascertained from the kConFab consortium. Each participant met the following criteria: (i) a verified case of prostate cancer; (ii) confirmed as either a carrier or noncarrier of a family-specific BRCA pathogenic mutation; (iii) comprehensive clinical and treatment data were available. Clinical data were linked to treatment received and overall survival was analyzed by Kaplan–Meier.
Prostate cancer in men from breast cancer-prone families has a high risk of disease progression, irrespective of mutation status. BRCA2 mutation carriers have an increased risk of death and prostate cancer-related death [HR (95% CI) 4.5 (2.12–9.52), P = 8.9 × 10−5] by comparison with noncarriers. Serum PSA readings taken prior to diagnosis in 90% of all men, age adjusted, were above clinical significance. Following D'Amico risk stratification, 77.5% of BRCA2 mutation carriers and 58.7% of noncarriers had high-risk disease. BRCA2 mutation status was also an independent prognostic indicator of overall survival. Furthermore, there was a poor overall survival outcome for both the BRCA2 mutation carriers and noncarriers given curative-intent treatment.
All men in breast cancer-prone families are at risk of developing aggressive prostate cancer. This information is significant and should be included in discussions with genetic counselors and medical professionals when discussing prostate cancer treatment options for men in these families, irrespective of mutation status. Cancer Prev Res; 4(7); 1002–10. ©2011 AACR.
The BATTLE to Personalize Lung Cancer Prevention through Reverse Migration
Authors: Gold Kathryn A. , Kim Edward S. , Lee J. Jack , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Farhangfar Carol J. , Hong Waun Ki 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Agents can enter clinical development for cancer prevention either initially or after previous development for a different indication, such as arthritis, with both approaches consuming many years of development before an agent is fully evaluated for cancer prevention. We propose the following, third approach: reverse migration, that is, importing agents, targets, and study designs to personalize interventions and concepts developed in advanced cancer to the setting of cancer prevention. Importing these “ready-made” features from therapy will allow reverse migration to streamline preventive agent development. We recently reported the Biomarker-integrated Approaches of Targeted Therapy for Lung Cancer Elimination (BATTLE) trial of personalized lung cancer therapy and now propose the reverse migration development of personalized lung cancer prevention based on the BATTLE model. Cancer Prev Res; 4(7); 962–72. ©2011 AACR.
Cancer Vaccines: Moving toward Prevention?
Authors: Kwak Larry W. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
After several decades of research, recent successful phase III controlled clinical trials have renewed enthusiasm for vaccine treatment of cancer. This perspective on the report by Berta and colleagues in this issue of the journal (beginning on page 994) discusses the potential prevention of oral cancer through vaccine strategies and, in the broader context, ideal characteristics of tumor antigens as candidates for vaccines for both treating and preventing cancer, potential primary and secondary prevention settings for vaccines, desirable types of immune effectors induced by vaccines, and safety. Cancer Prev Res; 4(7); 954–6. ©2011 AACR.