bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. IV. Changes in the bronchial circulation demonstrated by C. T. Scanning and microradiography
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN M. W. , PASCOE J. R. , TYLER W. S. , MASON D. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to use radiographic contrast techniques and special imaging methods to identify and highlight bronchial arterial involvement in lung lesions associated with exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in horses. The lungs from four horses with histories of EIPH were prepared for computerised tomographic scanning and microradiography by perfusing the broncho‐oesophageal artery with a mixture of red latex and either barium or iodine contrast materials while the pulmonary supply received only blue latex. Computerised tomographic scan slices of the prepared inflated lungs were obtained from the caudal tip of the lung to the hilus. Microradiography of selected lung slices was also performed on a Faxitron. Diffuse areas of increased density, with preferential bronchial arterial supply noted on the computerised tomographic scans were confirmed by microradiography. Dense focal and diffuse plexuses of markedly hypertrophied and highly branched bronchial arterial networks were identified, centred around certain small airways. The vascular supply to these plexuses was recruited predominantly from neighbouring bronchial vessels, and in some cases, from the enlarged vasa vasorum of pulmonary arteries sending anastomoses to the affected areas. The authors conclude that bronchial vascular lesions in EIPH cases are the likely origin of haemorrhage; that small airway disease is the probable initiating stimulus for bronchial vascular proliferation in these lesions; and that the morphology and nature of the neovascular tissue in these lesions provides the conditions leading to haemorrhage in the lungs of horses with EIPH.
Oral administration of ascorbic acid to horses
Authors: SNOW D. H. , GASH S. P. , CORNELIUS J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effects of oral administration of high doses of ascorbic acid on plasma concentrations were investigated in both experimental Thoroughbred horses and those within racing stables. A single oral dose (20 g) did not result in any increase in plasma concentrations. However, daily administration of either 4.5 g or 20 g doses resulted in significant increases in plasma concentrations. Monthly variations in plasma ascorbate concentrations were found in both supplemented (20 g daily) and unsupplemented stables. It is concluded that oral supplementation with ascorbic acid is a satisfactory route to increase plasma and tissue concentrations.
Equine paranasal sinus cysts: A report of 15 cases
Authors: LANE J. G. , LONGSTAFFE J. A. , GIBBS CHRISTINE 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe clinical and radiographic features of 15 cases of paranasal sinus cysts are described. Breed, sex and side frequency were unremarkable but two distinct categories of age incidence emerged. Onset of signs had occurred before one year of age in three cases, while all but two of the remaining 12 animals were older than nine years. The most common clinical signs were nasal airway obstruction, facial swelling and nasal discharge, often occurring in combination. Radiographic changes were recorded in all horses. Sinus opacification was a consistent finding and in several cases the bone surrounding the sinus had increased in thickness. Increase in intra‐maxillary sinus pressure was demonstrated by septal displacement on ventro‐dorsal radiographs in almost half the cases. Less common signs included expansion, free fluid accumulation within the affected sinus, dental distortion and displacement and mineralisation. Two horses were destroyed without treatment but in 13 animals surgical exploration was performed. Two of these were destroyed, one at the time of surgery and one five days postoperatively. In the remaining 11 cases, all accessible parts of the cyst were removed through a facial flap and drainage to the nasal meati was established. All these horses recovered satisfactorily and were followed up for periods between three months and six years without evidence of recurrence. Thirteen cysts arose in the caudal maxillary sinus and one each in the frontal and rostral maxillary compartments. Histopathological examination of portions of the cyst walls suggests that, like ethmoidal haematomas, they may originate from episodes of haemorrhage beneath the upper respiratory tract mucosa.
Exploratory celiotomy for suspected urinary tract disruption in neonatal foals: A review of 18 cases
Authors: ADAMS RAGAN , KOTERBA ANNE. M. , CUDD T. C. , BAKER W. A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe medical records of 18 neonatal foals, in which exploratory celiotomies were performed for suspected urinary tract lesions, were reviewed. Despite clinical signs and laboratory values indicative of disruption of the urinary tract, three foals did not have a site of urinary tract leakage at surgery. Eight foals had ruptured bladders and seven foals had urachal lesions. Ultrasonography was used as a pre‐operative diagnostic procedure in eight foals to evaluate the presence of free peritoneal fluid and urinary tract integrity. Nine foals were alive six months after discharge. Seven of the nine non‐surviving foals died or were destroyed because of fungal or bacterial infections.
Development of a scoring system for the early diagnosis of equine neonatal sepsis
Authors: BREWER BARBARA D. , KOTERBA ANNE M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA sepsis scoring system was developed and tested prospectively in a blind study of 190 neonatal foals admitted to the University of Florida Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital's neonatal intensive care unit. The system used 14 readily available historical, clinical or laboratory variables and weighted each item to arrive at a sepsis score. The score was found to have a sensitivity of 93 per cent, a specificity of 86 per cent, positive accuracy rate of 89 per cent and negative accuracy rate of 92 per cent. The sepsis score was far more sensitive and specific for infection, even in very early cases, and had fewer false positive and false negative values than did any parameter taken individually.
Use of stapling instruments to aid in the removal of ovarian tumours in mares
Authors: DORAN R. , ALLEN D. , GORDON B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOvarian granulosa theca cell tumours were removed surgically in 10 mares. Stapling instruments were used to facilitate haemostasis of the ovarian pedicle in five out of 10 cases and as a sole method of haemostasis in the remaining five cases. Postoperative haemorrhage from the ovarian pedicle was suspected in only one case. All cases survived long term follow‐up from six months to four years. Results from this series of cases indicate that stapling instruments provide a rapid, easy and efficient means of ligating ovarian pedicles when performing ovariectomy in the mare.
Enzyme histochemistry on muscle biopsies as an aid in the diagnosis of diseases of the equine neuromuscular system: A study of six cases
Authors: van den HOVEN R. , MEIJER A. E. F. H. , BREUKINK H. J. , WENSING Th. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMuscle biopsies from six horses with clinical histories of muscle atrophy, muscle tremors, myopathic symptoms, unsteadiness of pelvic limbs and progressive ataxia were examined. Muscle biopsies were studied with enzyme histochemical techniques to evaluate the diagnostic values of these methods in cases suspected of suffering from neuromuscular disorders. Hypertrophy, atrophy, fibre splitting, waxy degeneration, phagocytosis and necrosis were seen in haematoxylin eosin stained sections of the different cases. Fibre type predominance and fibre type grouping were seen in the calcium ion stimulated myosine ATP‐ase (Ca‐ATP‐ase) stained sections of some cases. ‘Moth‐eaten fibres’ were demonstrated in three cases by staining with NADH: nitro blue tetrazolium oxidoreductase (NADH‐TR), succinale dehydrogenase (SDH), NADH dependent malate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase and by lactate dehydrogenase. The catabolic enzymes, acid phosphatase (ACP) and 5′‐nucleotidase were active in cases with fibre phagocytosis. The oxidative part of the pentose phosphate pathway in myopathic tissue seemed to be important in three cases, demonstrated by the increased activity of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGDH). The important feature of diseased horse muscle was that the pathohistochemical changes were exactly the same as in diseased skeletal muscles of humans. The application of tissue saving enzyme histochemical techniques can be recommended in the study of muscle tissue from horses suffering from suspected neuromuscular disorders.
Quantification of skin displacement near the carpal, tarsal and fetlock joints of the walking horse
Authors: VAN WEEREN P. R. , VAN DEN BOGERT A. J. , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA technique enabling simultaneous visualisation of skin and underlying bony structures in the walking horse was used to quantify skin displacements on the lateral surface of carpal, tarsal and fetlock joints. The technique employed implanted light‐emitting‐diodes (LEDs) for marking the bone, and self adhesive spot labels for marking the overlying skin. Photographic recordings were made. Skin displacement was measured in six Dutch Warmblood horses. Mean total displacements and mean displacement per degree of change of joint angle were calculated. Displacements at the level of the fetlock joints appeared to be generally small (≤ 2 mm), but displacements up to 2 cm were measured in the distal tibia. Displacements of this magnitude are of importance for the interpretation of results obtained by modern gait analysis techniques.
Distribution of ground reaction forces of the concurrently loaded limbs of the Dutch Warmblood horse at the normal walk
Authors: MERKENS H.W. , SCHAMHARDT H.C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe distribution of the ground reaction forces (GRF) over the concurrently loaded limbs of the normally walking horse was determined from ‘representative’ GRF patterns of all limbs, which were plotted in correct time order after analysis of simultaneously taken high‐speed film. This procedure visualises the GRF patterns of each of the four limbs in relation to the GRF pattern(s) of the one or two concurrently loaded limb(s) during a complete stride. In 15 clinically sound horses the mean averaged GRF data and temporal stride parameters showed an almost complete symmetry between both the forelimbs and both the hindlimbs and resulted in a load distribution during the first half of the stride being almost identical to those in the second half of the stride. The transverse horizontal force (Fx) was maximum during the unilateral support phase. No more than one limb at a time contributed to either the deceleration or acceleration longitudinal horizontal (Fy) force. The total vertical (Fz) force of the concurrently loaded limbs during a complete stride fluctuated between 7 to 12 N/kg body weight. In a left forelimb lame horse, the decreased GRF amplitudes were compensated by increased GRF amplitudes in the three other limbs during both the swing phase and stance phase of the lame limb. Due to alterations of both GRF data and temporal stride parameters of the lame limb, as well as the three other limbs, the distribution of the GRF during the complete stride was changed dramatically.
Effect of exercise on the partitioning of equine respiratory resistance
Authors: ART T. , SERTEYN D. , LEKEUX P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPleural, tracheal, pharyngeal and mask pressures as well as airflow and tidal volume of five ponies on a treadmill (incline 8.3°) were recorded simultaneously while resting, walking, trotting slowly, trotting fast, after standing for 30 secs and 5 mins after the end of the exercise. The curves obtained were used to calculate total pulmonary resistance (RL), lower airway resistance (RLA) and upper airway resistance (RUA). The latter was also divided into nasal resistance (Rnas) and laryngeal plus extrathoracic tracheal resistance (Retr+lar). Furthermore, the inspiratory and expiratory components of each of these R values were estimated. Levels of RL, RLA and RUA were increased significantly during exercise but, during the recovery period, the values were significantly lower than those pre‐exercise. RUA represented 82 per cent of RL at rest and this percentage did not change significantly during and after exercise. The nasal resistance to RUA ratio was always higher than 0.5. The fact that RL increased with exercise intensity was due to the increase of RUA during inspiration, and mainly a result of the increase of RLA during expiration. At fast trot, RLA represented 5 and 50 per cent of RL during inspiration and expiration respectively. It was concluded that heavy exercise induces in ponies an increase of RL, one reason for which could be the partial collapse of the extrathoracic and intrathoracic airways during inspiration and expiration respectively.
Detomidine: A preliminary analysis of its duration of action in the horse by variable interval responding
Authors: WOOD T. , WECKMAN T. , WOODS W. E. , TOBIN T. , DOUGHERTY J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryVariable interval (VI) reinforcement scheduling is a specific type of operant conditioning that is sensitive to drug effects even when overt clinical signs of the drug have diminished. Six horses were conditioned to break a light beam with a head‐bobbing movement and this behaviour was reinforced with a reward of clean oats (approximately 30 mg/reinforcement). Initial training procedures included familiarisation with the behavioural equipment and fixed‐ratio reinforced scheduling. To establish baseline rates of behaviour, the horses were converted to a variable interval (60 sees) reinforcement schedule and kept on this schedule for the remainder of the study. A within subjects cross‐over design was used with three treatments counterbalanced with the six horses. Detomidine (40 μg kg body weight, xylazine (1.1 mg/kg bodyweight) and saline (10 ml) were administered intravenously on Monday mornings with VI responding rates measured during a routine 30 min session each day from Monday to Friday. Responses and reinforcements were recorded and dispensed by use of an electromechanical relay system wired to an electric eye, an automatic feeder and a programming and recording system. Xylazine produced a small decrease in responding rates at 1 h post dose, while detomidine treated horses showed a dramatic decrease in responding rates after 1 h and a lingering effect at 24 h. No long range effects were seen with either treatment and all horses returned to baseline responding rates by 48 h post dose.
Application of cloned fragments of equine herpesvirus type‐1 DNA for detection of virus‐specific DNA in equine tissues
Authors: MORRIS CLAIRE M. , FIELD H. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTissue specimens obtained from equine herpesvirus‐1 (EHV‐1), subtype 1‐infected aborted foetuses were analysed for the presence of virus DNA by means of Southern blot and dot blot hybridisations. The specificity of the methods was confirmed although the sensitivity was inferior to classical techniques such as virus isolation. However, the possibility of detecting the state of the virus DNA and the ability to distinguish between subtypes were important features, and the dot blot method was shown to have potential for a rapid diagnostic test. This report demonstrates some potential practical applications of hybridisation methods for studying the pathogenesis and epidemiology of EHV‐1 but also reveals limitations of the techniques.
Characterisation of IgE‐mediated histamine release from equine basophilsin vitro
Authors: MAGRO A. M. , RUDOFSKY U. H. , SCHRADER W. P. , PRENDERGAST J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn vitroIgE‐mediated histamine release by equine blood basophils was characterised as the basis for a screening test for immediate hypersensitivity responses in horses. The responses are initiated by inducing agents that are capable of crosslinking or bridging the membrane‐bound IgE molecules. The release process is complete within 40 mins.In vitrohistamine release is dose‐dependent, with a submaximal response at less or greater than the optimal dose of inducing agent. Exogenous calcium is required but not magnesium; the optimal release calcium concentration is 1.0 to 1.5 mM. If an IgE‐mediated inducing agent is added in the absence of exogenous calcium, the basophils become desensitised. The pH and temperature optima for release are physiological (pH 7.4, 37°C). Histamine release is potentiated by deuterium oxide.
The nutritional status of pregnant and nonpregnant mares grazing South East Queensland pastures
Authors: GALLAGHER J. R. , McMENIMAN N. P. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIt has been reported that the increasing nutritional demands from mid to late pregnancy of grazing mares may not be met when these stages of gestation coincide with pastures being affected by frost. It was established in this study that grass/legume pastures could support the nutritional requirements of brood mares by providing digestible energy intakes of 68.0 and 91.7 MJ/day and digestible nitrogen intake of 91.2 and 138 g/day during mid and late pregnancy, respectively.
Plasma cell numbers in uteri of mares with persistent endometritis and in ovariectomised mares treated with ovarian steroids
Authors: WATSON ELAINE D. , STOKES C. R. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryImmunoglobulins A, G and M were localised by immunoperoxidase staining of endometrial sections from ovariectomised mares. Treatment with progesterone or oestradiol‐17β did not significantly affect numbers of cells secreting any of the isotypes. Mares with persistent endometritis did not have significantly greater numbers of endometrial plasma cells than genitally‐normal mares.
Preferred landing sites of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on a horse in Israel and its relevance to summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (sweet itch)
Authors: BRAVERMAN Y. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySix hundred and twenty culicoides of five species were collected from a bait horse at Kannot, Israel, between April and September 1986. Seventy‐two per cent of the midges were collected from the belly and 27 per cent from the dorsal aspect of the body, ie, the sweet itch summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (SSRD) zone. Midges were active mainly from half an hour prior to half an hour after sunset. Only Culicoides puncticollis, C imicola and C schultzei group were collected in considerable numbers. While C imicola was present continuously throughout the season, the appearance of the two other species was intermittent. Ninety‐five per cent of C schultzei group and approximately 100 per cent of the C puncticollis prefer to land on and most probably bite the belly. Culicoides imicola showed a clear preference for the dorsal ridge which overlaps the (SSRD) itch zone, and 70 per cent of the midges were collected there, while 28 per cent were collected from the belly. A considerably high proportion of the midges of this species were parous, ie, part of the population lived long enough to bite more than once. Skin temperature measurements showed the belly to be the warmest part of the body. Wind speeds of two to three knots reduced the number of midges collected. The findings of this study, together with a previous one (Braverman et al 1983), incriminate C imicola as the likely principal agent of SSRD in Israel.
Circulatory and muscle metabolic responses to draught work compared to increasing trotting velocities
Authors: GOTTLIEB M. , ESSÉN‐GUSTAVSSON B. , LINDHOLM A. , PERSSON S. G. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryCirculatory and muscle metabolic responses were studied in 10 horses which all performed incremental draught work at a low trotting speed on a treadmill (D‐test) and also exercise with gradually increasing velocities (S‐test). Exercise was continued until the horses could no longer maintain the weights above the floor or maintain speed trotting without changing gait to a gallop. Muscle biopsies were taken from the gluteus and the semitendinosus muscles before, and immediately after, exercise. The heart rate (HR) increased linearly with both increasing draught resistance and velocity and reached mean values of 212 and 203 beats/min, respectively. Blood lactate levels increased exponentially to mean values of 12.9 and 7.9 mmol/litre in the two tests. Both HR and blood lactate levels were significantly higher at the cessation of work in the D‐test compared to the S‐test. The relationship between HR and blood lactate response in the S‐test was similar to that in the D‐test. The red cell volume was determined after a standardised exercise tolerance test and was significantly correlated both to the weightloading and to the velocity, producing a HR of 200 beats/min. The changes seen in muscle glycogen and glucose‐6‐phosphate were similar in the two tests, whereas significantly higher lactate levels and lower creatine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate levels were seen in the D‐test compared to the S‐test. It was concluded that high oxidative capacity is of importance both for fast trotting and for draught work. Glycolysis with lactate accumulation and Phosphagen breakdown is greater during a shorter trotting distance and at a much lower trotting speed during exercise with incremental draught loading, than during exercise with increasing velocities.
Equine neutrophil locomotion in response toStreptococcus zooepidemicus
Authors: PYCOCK J. F. , ALLEN W. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe neutrophil is involved in the defence of the mare's uterus against micro‐organisms. The ability ofStreptococcus zooepidemicusand its growth products to induce shape changes or directional locomotion (Chemotaxis) of equine neutrophils was investigated; no effect was found.
Use of high‐speed cinematography and computer generated gait diagrams for the study of equine hindlimb kinematics
Authors: KOBLUK C. N. , SCHNURR D. , HORNEY F. D. , SUMNER‐SMITH G. , WILLOUGHBY R. A. , DEKLEER V. , HEARN T. C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryHigh‐speed cinematography with computer aided analysis was used to study equine hindlimb kinematics. Eight horses were filmed at the trot or the pace. Filming was done from the side (lateral) and the back (caudal). Parameters measured from the lateral filming included the heights of the tuber coxae and tailhead, protraction and retraction of the hoof and angular changes of the tarsus and stifle. Abduction and adduction of the limb and tarsal height changes were measured from the caudal filming. The maximum and minimum values plus the standard deviations and coefficients of variations are presented in tabular form. Three gait diagrams were constructed to represent stifle angle versus tarsal angle, metatarsophalangeal height versus protraction‐retraction (fetlock height diagram) and tuber coxae and tailhead height versus stride (pelvic height diagram). Application of the technique to the group of horses revealed good repeatability of the gait diagrams within a limb and the diagrams appeared to be sensitive indicators of left/right asymmetries.