bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adverse outcome pathways and ecological risk assessment: Bridging to population-level effects
Authors: Kramer Vincent J , Etterson Matthew A , Hecker Markus , Murphy Cheryl A , Roesijadi Guritno , Spade Daniel J , Spromberg Julann A , Wang Magnus , Ankley Gerald T 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Maintaining the viability of populations of plants and animals is a key focus for environmental regulation. Population-level responses integrate the cumulative effects of chemical stressors on individuals as those individuals interact with and are affected by their conspecifics, competitors, predators, prey, habitat, and other biotic and abiotic factors. Models of population-level effects of contaminants can integrate information from lower levels of biological organization and feed that information into higher-level community and ecosystem models. As individual-level endpoints are used to predict population responses, this requires that biological responses at lower levels of organization be translated into a form that is usable by the population modeler. In the current study, we describe how mechanistic data, as captured in adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), can be translated into modeling focused on population-level risk assessments. First, we describe the regulatory context surrounding population modeling, risk assessment and the emerging role of AOPs. Then we present a succinct overview of different approaches to population modeling and discuss the types of data needed for these models. We describe how different key biological processes measured at the level of the individual serve as the linkage, or bridge, between AOPs and predictions of population status, including consideration of community-level interactions and genetic adaptation. Several case examples illustrate the potential for use of AOPs in population modeling and predictive ecotoxicology. Finally, we make recommendations for focusing toxicity studies to produce the quantitative data needed to define AOPs and to facilitate their incorporation into population modeling. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:64–76. © 2010 SETAC
Effects of dietary uranium on reproductive endpoints—fecundity, survival, reproductive success—of the fish Danio rerio
Authors: Simon Olivier , Mottin Elmina , Geffroy Benjamin , Hinton Thomas 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Exposure to metal-contaminated water has been shown to result in a number of reproductive abnormalities in adult and larvae fish, such as failure of oocyte maturation and teratogenic effects. Recently, dietary uptake of metals by fish has been recognized as a critical route of exposure, however, the mechanisms of metal uptake and toxicity are poorly understood and in need of further investigation. The objectives of the present study are to quantify uranium (U dietary transfers from spiked artificial diets) in Danio rerio tissues and embryos, as well as establish its effect on reproduction and embryonic development. Uranium's environmental prominence is currently increasing because of new mining and milling activities. Uranium concentrations range from 0.02 µg/L in natural waters to 2 mg/L. The focus of this study was to examine the trophic transfer and effects of U following exposure modalities (dose, exposure duration 1 to 20 d). Two different isotopes were used to distinguish between chemical and radioactivity toxicity of U. Results showed that U trophic transfer was low (0.52%). Uranium tissue distributions showed that accumulation occurred in digestive organs (liver, digestive tract) following dietary exposure. High levels of U were measured in the gonads (female in particular, &gt;20% of relative burden). High U accumulation levels in eggs indicated maternal transfer of the contaminant. Moreover, U trophic exposure led to a reduction in reproduction success as a function of U accumulated levels. High U exposure conditions strongly reduced the total number of eggs (50%) and their viability at 10 d (reduction of the clutch number, low quality of eggs). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:220–225. © 2010 SETAC
Anisotropy favoring triangulation CVD(MPFA) finite‐volume approximations
Authors: Pal Mayur , Edwards Michael G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA family of flux‐continuous, control‐volume distributed multi‐point flux approximation schemes CVD (MPFA) have been developed for solving the general geometry‐permeability tensor pressure equation on structured and unstructured grids (Comput. Geo. 1998; 2: 259–290, Comput. Geo. 2002; 6: 433–452). The locally conservative schemes are applicable to the diagonal and full‐tensor pressure equation with generally discontinuous coefficients and remove the O(1) errors introduced by standard reservoir simulation schemes when applied to full‐tensor flow approximation. The family of flux‐continuous schemes is quantified by a quadrature parameterization. Improved numerical convergence for the family of CVD(MPFA) schemes for specified quadrature points has been observed for lower anisotropy ratios for both structured and unstructured grids in two dimensions.However, for strong full‐tensor anisotropy fields the quadrilateral schemes can induce strong spurious oscillations in the numerical solution. This paper motivates and demonstrates the benefit of using anisotropy favoring triangulation for treating such cases. Test examples involving strong full‐tensor anisotropy fields are presented in 2‐D and 3‐D, which show that the family of schemes on anisotropy favoring triangulation (prisms in 3‐D) yield well‐resolved pressure fields with little or no spurious oscillations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetohydrodynamic effects on blood flow through an irregular stenosis
Authors: Abdullah Ilyani , Amin Norsarahaida , Hayat Tasawar 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects on the blood flow. Rheological properties of blood have been taken into account through the constitutive equations of a micropolar fluid. Unsteady nonlinear differential system is solved numerically by employing finite difference method. Explicit results of axial velocity, flow rate and wall shear stress are obtained and analyzed. It is found that an applied magnetic field reduces the blood flow rate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lattice Boltzmann modeling of pore‐scale fluid flow through idealized porous media
Authors: Han Yanhui , Cundall Peter A. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn order to capture the hydro‐mechanical impacts on the solid skeleton imposed by the fluid flowing through porous media at the pore‐scale, the flow in the pore space has to be modeled at a resolution finer than the pores, and the no‐slip condition needs to be enforced at the grain–fluid interface. In this paper, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), a mesoscopic Navier–Stokes solver, is shown to be an appropriate pore‐scale fluid flow model. The accuracy and lattice sensitivity of LBM as a fluid dynamics solver is demonstrated in the Poiseuille channel flow problem (2‐D) and duct flow problem (3‐D). Well‐studied problems of fluid creeping through idealized 2‐D and 3‐D porous media (J. Fluid Mech.1959;5(2):317–328,J. Fluid Mech.1982;115:13–26,Int. J. Multiphase Flow1982;8(4):343–360,Phys. Fluids A1989;1(1):38–46,Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech.1999;23:881–904,Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech.2010; DOI: 10.1002/nag.898,Int. J. Multiphase Flow1982;8(3):193–206) are then simulated using LBM to measure the friction coefficient for various pore throats. The simulation results agree well with the data reported in the literature. The lattice sensitivity of the frictional coefficient is also investigated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Sesquiterpenoids from Artemisia anomala
Authors: Zan Ke , Shi She‐Po , Fu Qiang , Chen Xiao‐Qing , Zhou Si‐Xiang , Xiao Mei‐Tian , Tu Peng‐Fei 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOne new guaianolide, anomalactone A (1), and one new norcadinane sesquiterpene, anomallenodiol (2), along with two germacranolides, anomalactones B and C (3 and 4, resp.), were isolated from the aerial part of Artemisia anomala S. Moore. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses.
The Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐2‐hydroxybutanoic Acid via Menthyl Chiral Auxiliaries
Authors: Xiang Ji‐Ming , Li Bao‐Lin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn the presence of titanium(IV) tetraethoxide ((EtO)4Ti), menthyl arylglyoxylates are prepared by transesterification of ethyl arylglyoxylates and natural (−)‐(1R,2S,5R)‐menthol. Using menthyl as a chiral auxiliary, the corresponding novel (R)‐menthyl 2‐aryl‐2‐hydroxybutanoates are synthesized by the addition of Et2Zn with menthyl arylglyoxylates. The structures of the products are characterized by IR and 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. The diastereoselectivities are analyzed by HPLC. The addition reactions are completed with good yields and high diastereoisomeric excess (de up to 95%), and, after hydrolysis, the (R)‐2‐aryl‐2‐hydroxybutanoic acids are obtained with high optical purities.
Trimethylsilyl Iodide‐Promoted Aza‐Prins Cyclization for the Synthesis of 4‐Iodopiperidines
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Das Sukant Kishore , Srinivas Rangavajjula , Yadav Jhillu S. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe aza‐Prins cyclization of homoallyl N‐tosylamine with aliphatic aldehydes gives trans‐2‐alkyl‐4‐iodo‐1‐tosylpiperidines. This method is chemoselective as it works only with the aliphatic aldehydes, and, in the case of aromatic aldehydes, the starting materials are recovered.
Stereoselective Synthesis, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activities of Novel Isosteviol Derivatives with D‐Ring Modification
Authors: Wu Ya , Liu Cong‐Jun , Liu Xu , Dai Gui‐Fu , Du Jin‐Yu , Tao Jing‐Chao 
Published: October 2010

AbstractConsiderable interests have been attracted by isosteviol and its derivatives because of their large variety of bioactivities. In this project, a series of novel 15‐ and 16‐substituted isosteviol derivatives were stereoselectively prepared by means of functional interconversions in ring D of the tetracyclic diterpene isosteviol. All compounds synthesized were characterized by analysis of NMR, IR, HR‐MS data, and the configurations of 33 and 37 were confirmed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The antibacterial activities in vitro of these isosteviol derivatives were investigated; the synthetic compounds were more active against Gram‐positive than Gram‐negative bacteria, and were especially active against Bacillus subtilis. Among them, compound 27 (MIC=1.56 μg/ml) exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and thus may be exploitable as a lead compound for the development of potent antibacterial agents.
Synthetic Studies on Camptothecins. Part 3
Authors: Kuang Yun‐Yan , Niu Jing‐Ze , Chen Fen‐Er 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA concise and efficient asymmetric process for the total synthesis of (20S)‐7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (=SN‐38; 1f), an active metabolic form of the prodrug irinotecan, is described. This approach features the enantioselective cyanosilylation of indolizinone 4 into the corresponding cyanohydrin 5, mediated by a bifunctional thiourea‐based cinchona alkaloid under mild conditions, and I2‐catalyzed Friedländer condensation of the tricyclic lactone 6 and 2‐amino‐5‐hydroxy propiophenone (=1‐(2‐amino‐5‐hydroxyphenyl)propan‐1‐one).
Cytotoxic Triterpenoid Saponins Acetylated with Monoterpenoid Acid from Albizia julibrissin
Authors: Zou Kun , Zhang Qing‐Ying , Wang Bin , Cui Jing‐Rong , Zhao Yu‐Ying , Zhang Ru‐Yi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThree new triterpenoid saponins, named julibroside J16 (2), julibroside J17 (3), and julibroside J21 (4), each of which possesses an oleanane triterpenoid aglycone of acacic acid, two monoterpenoid acids, and nine sugar moieties, together with one known saponin, julibroside II (1), were isolated from the stem bark of Albizia julibrissin by chromatographic methods. Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic means. Saponins 1, 2, and 4 showed inhibitory activities against Bel 7402 human cancer cell line in vitro.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ester‐Linked Hen Egg White Lysozyme Reveals the Effect of Missing Backbone Hydrogen Bond Donors on the Protein Structure
Authors: Eichenberger Andreas P. , Gattin Zrinka , Yalak Garif , van Gunsteren Wilfred F. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe three‐dimensional structure of a protein is stabilized by a number of different atomic interactions. One of these is hydrogen bonding. Its influence on the spatial structure of the hen egg white lysozyme is investigated by replacing peptide bonds (except those of the two proline residues) by ester bonds. Molecular dynamics simulations of native and ester‐linked lysozyme are compared with the native crystal structure and with NOE distance bounds derived from solution NMR experiments. The ester‐linked protein shows a slight compaction while losing its native structure. However, it does not unfold completely. The structure remains compact due to its hydrophobic core and a changed network of hydrogen bonds involving side chains.
Artabotryols A – E, New Lanostane Triterpenes from the Seeds of Artabotrys odoratissimus
Authors: Gupta Chitrasen , Prasad Subedar , Sahai Mahendra , Asai Teigo , Hara Noriyuki , Fujimoto Yoshinori 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSix new lanostane triterpenes, artabotryols A, B, C1, C2, D, and E (1, 2, 3a, 3b, 4, and 5, resp.) have been isolated from the seeds of Artabotrys odoratissimus (Annonaceae). Their structures have been established as (3α,22S,25R)‐3‐hydroxy‐22,26‐epoxylanost‐8‐en‐26‐one (1), (3α,22S,25R)‐22,26‐epoxylanost‐8‐ene‐3,26‐diol (2), (3α,22S,25R,26R)‐26‐methoxy‐22,26‐epoxylanost‐8‐en‐3‐ol (3a), (3α,22S,25R, 26S)‐26‐methoxy‐22,26‐epoxylanost‐8‐en‐3‐ol (3b), (3α,22S,25R)‐3,22‐dihydroxylanost‐8‐en‐26‐oic acid (4) and (3α,7α,11α,22S,25R)‐3,7,11‐trihydroxy‐22,26‐epoxylanost‐8‐en‐26‐one (5) by spectroscopic studies and chemical correlations.
Alkylation Reactions at the Benzo Moiety of 2,4‐Dimethoxy‐3‐(phenylsulfonyl)benzo[a]heptalenes – Model Compounds of Colchicinoids
Authors: El Rayes Samir , Linden Anthony , Abou‐Hadeed Khaled , Hansen Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlkylation reactions of 3‐(X‐sulfonyl)benzo[a]heptalene‐2,4‐diols (X=Ph, morpholin‐4‐yl) and their dimethyl ethers were studied. The diols form with K2CO3/MeI in aqueous media the 1‐methylated benzoheptalenes, but in yields not surpassing 20% (Table 1). On the other hand, 2,4‐dimethoxybenzo[a]heptalenes can easily be lithiated at C(3) with BuLi and then treated with alkyl iodides to give the 3‐alkylated forms in good yield (Table 2). Surprising is the reaction with two equiv. or more of t‐BuLi since the alkylation at C(4) is accompanied by the reductive elimination of the X‐sulfonyl group at C(3) (Table 3). Most exciting is also the course of 2,4‐dimethoxy‐3‐(phenylsulfonyl)benzo[a]heptalenes in the presence of an excess of MeLi. After the expected exchange of MeO against Me at C(4) (Scheme 6), rearrangement takes place under formation of 4‐benzyl‐2‐methoxybenzo[a]heptalenes and concomitant loss of the sulfonyl group at C(3) (Table 4). In the case of X=morpholin‐4‐yl, rearrangement cannot occur. However, the intermediate benzyl anions of Type E (Scheme 8) react easily with O2 of the air to build up corresponding benzo[a]heptalene‐4‐methanols (Table 6).
Enzyme‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of Two Novel Carbasugar Derivatives
Authors: Gümüş Ayşegül , Tanyeli Cihangir 
Published: October 2010

AbstractEnzymatic resolution of racemic 1,4,5,6‐tetrachloro‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐7,7‐dimethoxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐ene (rac‐1) using various lipases in vinyl acetate as acetyl source was studied. The obtained enantiomerically enriched (+)‐(1,4,5,6‐tetrachloro‐7,7‐dimethoxybicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐2‐yl)methyl acetate ((+)‐2; 94% ee), upon treatment with Na in liquid NH3, followed by Amberlyst‐15 resin in acetone, provided (−)‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐en‐7‐one ((−)‐7), which is a valuable precursor for the synthesis of carbasugar derivatives. Subsequent Baeyer–Villiger oxidation afforded a nonseparable mixture of bicyclic lactones, which was subjected to LiAlH4 reduction and then acetylation. The resultant compounds (−)‐11 and (+)‐12 were submitted to a cis‐hydroxylation reaction, followed by acetylation, to afford the novel carbasugar derivatives (1S,2R,3S,4S,5S)‐4,5‐bis(acetoxymethyl)cyclohexane‐1,2,3‐triyl triacetate ((−)‐(13)) and (1R,3R,4R,6R)‐4,6‐bis(acetoxymethyl)cyclohexane‐1,2,3‐triyl triacetate ((−)‐(14)), respectively, with pseudo‐C2‐symmetric configuration. The absolute configuration of enantiomerically enriched unreacted alcohol (−)‐1 (68% ee) was determined by X‐ray single‐crystal analysis by anchoring optically pure (R)‐1‐phenylethanamine. Based on the configurational correlation between (−)‐1 and (+)‐2, the absolute configuration of (+)‐2 was determined as (1R,2R,4S).
Synthesis of 2,4,8‐Trisubstituted 1,7‐Naphthyridines by the Reaction of 4‐(1‐Aryl‐2‐methoxyethenyl)‐3‐isocyanopyridines with Excess Organolithiums
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Kozuki Taketoshi , Fukamachi Shuhei , Konishi Hisatoshi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA convenient method for the synthesis of 2,4,8‐trisubstituted 1,7‐naphthyridines 6 by the reaction of (E)‐4‐(1‐aryl‐2‐methoxyethenyl)‐3‐isocyanopyridines 4, which could be easily prepared from commercially available 3‐aminopyridine via aroylation of lithium (4‐lithiopyridin‐3‐yl)pivalamide with N‐methoxy‐N‐methylbenzamides, with excess organolithiums has been developed.
Synthesis of Pteroenone and Its Stereoisomers, a Defensive Metabolite of the Abducted Antarctic Pteropod Clione antarctica
Authors: Asao Hiroki , Nakamura Yoko , Furuya Yukito , Kuwahara Shigefumi , Baker Bill J. , Kiyota Hiromasa 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFour stereoisomers of (+)‐pteroenone, a defensive metabolite of the abducted Antarctic pteropod Clione antarctica, were synthesized by employing anti‐/syn‐selective aldol reactions as the key step. These compounds displayed no antifeedant activity against a generally benthic Antarctic fish that does not co‐occur with this pteropod.
Factors Affecting Leaf Litter Decomposition by Micropterna sequax (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)
Authors: Rumbos Christos I. , Stamopoulos Dimitrios , Georgoulas Giorgios , Nikolopoulou Efi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFeeding behaviour and consumption rates of the caddisfly Micropterna sequax (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae) larvae were investigated under laboratory conditions. The consumption rates of M. sequax were measured at four temperatures (5.5, 9.5, 13 and 19 °C) and its feeding preferences among four leaf species (European beech, oak, chestnut and oriental plane) were studied. Furthermore, fresh and senescent conditioned or not beech leaves were offered to Micropterna larvae to assess the impact of the leaf age and conditioning on the larvae feeding rates. Temperature exerted a pronounced effect on the consumption rates of the larvae, the optimum temperature for feeding being 13 °C. In all the experiments, larvae showed a sound preference for chestnut leaves over the other leaves tested, with consumption rates of up to 0.55 mg leaf mg–1 animal d–1. Senescent beech leaves were clearly preferred against fresh ones, while no significant differences were recorded between the consumption rates of conditioned and non‐conditioned plant material. The role of physical and chemical characteristics of the leaves possibly involved in the larvae selectivity is also discussed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Critical Re‐Evaluation of the Lecanidae (Rotifera: Monogononta) of Thailand, with Description of a New Species
Authors: Segers Hendrik , Savatenalinton Sukonthip 
Published: October 2010

AbstractTo contribute to the biogeographical knowledge of rotifers, we critically re‐evaluate the species of Lecanidae recorded from Thailand. We report on a number of rare (L. armata Thomasson, L. bulla diabolica Hauer, L. chinesensis Zhuge and Koste) and one new species of Lecane. Lecane latissima Yamamoto is recognized as the senior synonym of Lecane thailandensis Segers and Sanoamuang, L. kostei De Ridder is reestablised as valid name for the cold‐water bipolar taxon formerly referred to as L. latissima. Some dubious and dated records of taxa are reconsidered. In total, we confirm 92 species of Lecane from the country, which is almost half of the world's diversity of the taxon, and a limited degree of endemics to various scales, from countrywide to Paleotropical. These results are in accord with the moderate endemicity model of distribution and diversity patterns in microscopic organisms.A potential new avenue of research may be to unravel cryptic diversity in species complexes such as the L. ludwigii, L. lunaris, L. bulla, L. leontina and L. quadridentata species groups as models of tropical and subtropical micrometazoans. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Efficient replication and generation of recombinant bovine adenovirus‐3 in nonbovine cotton rat lung cells expressing I‐SceI endonuclease
Authors: Du Enqi , Tikoo Suresh K. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe rigorous evaluation of recombinant bovine adenovirus (BAdV)‐3 as a gene delivery vector requires quick and efficient method of isolating recombinants. This requires both a suitable cell line and an efficient method of rescuing recombinant BAdV‐3. To facilitate rapid isolation of recombinant BAdV‐3, we have developed an efficient system for generating recombinants using newly identified nonbovine cell line permissive for replication of BAdV‐3.MethodsNonbovine cotton rat lung (CRL) cells in comparison to Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells and VIDO R2 cells were analyzed for the production of progeny virus and DNA transfection efficiency. In addition, lentiviral expression system was used to generate stable nonbovine CRL cell line expressing endonuclease I‐SceI as examined by western blotting. Transfection of this cell line with circular or linear plasmid containing full‐length BAdV‐3 genome was used to generate recombinant BAdV‐3.ResultsWe demonstrate that nonbovine CRL cells are permissive for replication of BAdV‐3 and can be efficiently transfected with plasmid DNA. Second, we constructed CRL cell line (VIDO DT1) expressing an intron‐encoding endonuclease I‐SceI. Finally, we demonstrate that transfection of VIDO DT1 cells with a circular plasmid containing recombinant BAdV‐3 genome flanked by I‐SceI recognition sites can efficiently rescue recombinant virus.ConclusionsThe use of circular molecular clones together with I‐SceI endonuclease expressing, BAdV‐3 permissive CRL cell line not only increased the viral genome transfection efficiency, but also reduced the viral rescue time and amount of DNA required for rescuing recombinant BAdV‐3s. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL AND SOCIO‐ECONOMIC FACTORS ON THE SUPPLY RESPONSE OF SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMS IN THE MARGINAL ZONES OF KENYA
Authors: Kavoi M.M. , Hoag Dana L. , Pritchett James 
Published: October 2010

AbstractKenya's stated policy is to increase dairy production through sustained liberalization of output and input markets. The present study assessed dairy farmers' responsiveness to both market price factors and non‐price factors within a liberalized market environment. Econometric analysis used in the study is based on a profit function using farm household survey data collected for a year. Results showed that dairy farmers are more responsive to non‐price factors than to price factors. Hence the need for a consistent and a sustained liberalization program in the sub‐sector, as well as reinforcing liberalization policies in place by increasing public expenditure on rural infrastructure and other agricultural support services. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.