bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helping the Poorest Help Themselves? Encouraging Employment Past 65 in England and the USA
Authors: LAIN DAVID 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn the context of population ageing and low retirement incomes, the UK government is encouraging delayed retirement. However, the OECD has argued that UK means-tested benefits disincentivise employment for the poorest, and Vickerstaff (2006b) has suggested managers have typically controlled opportunities to work beyond 65. In the US, contrastingly, benefits are meagre and difficult to access, and age discrimination legislation protects individuals from forced retirement. Would a US ‘self-reliance’ policy approach increase employment amongst the poorest over 65s in the UK and enhance or diminish their financial position? The evidence suggests that extending UK age discrimination legislation and restricting benefits would increase overall employment past 65, although not necessarily to US levels. Analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and the US Health and Retirement Study finds the poorest over 65s were more likely to work in the USA than in England in 2002. However, within the USA, employment amongst the poorest was still low, especially compared with wealthier groups; logistic regression analysis primarily attributes this to lower levels of health and education. A US policy approach would therefore most likely damage the financial position of the poorest in the UK, as increased employment would not sufficiently compensate for lost benefits.
Typological variation of kinship terminologies is a function of strict ranking of constraints on nested binary classification trees
Authors: Miers Paul 
Published: January 2011

AbstractJones argues that extending Seneca kin terms to second cousins requires a revised version of Optimality Theoretic grammar. I extend Seneca terms using three constraints on expression of markers in nested binary classification trees. Multiple constraint rankings on a nested set coupled with local parity checking determines how a given kin classification grammar marks structural endogamy.
The cognitive path through kinship
Authors: El Guindi Fadwa 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntegral to the discipline of anthropology are both science and holism. The application of Optimality Theory to two partial kin terminologies narrows analysis to descriptive value, fragments phenomena, and constrains data selection, which precludes significant knowledge. Embedded in this critique is a call to move analysis from fragment to whole and from descriptive features to deeper levels of knowledge underlying kin terms, thereby leading to a cognitive path for holistic understanding of human phenomena.
Genealogy, kinship, and knowledge: A cautionary note about causation
Authors: Lyon Stephen M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe choice of emphasis in kinship studies has often resulted in incompatible theoretical models of kinship that are mutually undermining and contradictory. Jones' attempts to reconcile disparate approaches to kinship using OT is useful, however; seeing kinship as a specialized system for representing genealogy may be unwarranted in the light of recent advances in mathematical approaches to kinship terminologies.
Thinking about kinship and thinking
Authors: Jones Doug 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe target article proposes a theory uniting the anthropological study of kin terminology with recent developments in linguistics and cognitive science. The response to comments reaches two broad conclusions. First, the theory may be relevant to several current areas of research, including (a) the nature and scope of the regular, “grammatical” side of language, (b) the organization of different domains of conceptual structure, including parallels across domains, their taxonomic distribution and implications for evolution, and (c) the influence of conceptual structure on social structure. Second, the theory compares favorably with alternatives, including (a) the theory that kin terminology is not really that complicated, (b) the theory that kin terms mirror social categories, (c) componential analysis, and (d) kinship algebra. If further research in anthropology, linguistics, and other fields supports the theory, and confirms the psychological reality of proposed mechanisms, then kinship may emerge as a model system for the study of important issues in cognition and social organization.
The effect of time volunteering and charitable donations in later life on psychological wellbeing
Authors: CHOI NAMKEE G. , KIM JINSEOK 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTAlthough accumulated research findings point to both short- and long-term salutary effects of time volunteering on older adults' physical and mental health, little research has been done on the effect of older adults' making charitable donations on their wellbeing. Guided by activity theory and the theory of volunteering and using data from the first and second waves of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS, 1995–1996 and MIDUS II, 2004–2006), this study examined the question of whether time volunteering and charitable donations nine years earlier had a positive direct effect on psychological wellbeing among individuals age 55 and above. Controlling for time 1 (T1) psychological wellbeing and T1 human, cultural, and social capital resources, a moderate amount (up to ten hours monthly) of T1 time volunteering and any amount of T1 charitable donations had a direct positive effect on time 2 (T2; nine years later) psychological wellbeing. The findings also show a greater effect on psychological wellbeing of any amount of charitable donations than of any amount of time volunteering, although the extent of the effect of both time volunteering and charitable donations was small. With regard to human, cultural, and social capital resources, T1 self-rated health and generative quality were significant predictors of T2 psychological wellbeing, but T1 social capital had no significant effect on T2 psychological wellbeing.
What makes terrorism modern? Terrorism, legitimacy, and the international system
Authors: ZARAKOL AYŞE 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article aims to understand the phenomenon of international terrorism by wedding a constructivist understanding of terrorism with an overview of the historical evolution of the state. The Westphalian state has replaced three types of authority: religious, personal and local. Political challenges to the modern international system inevitably derive their claim to legitimacy from one of these other forms of authority. I argue that there is a correlation between the kind of legitimacy claim a ‘terrorist’ cause is based on and how threatening we find the activities based on that claim. The less the distance between the unrecognised legitimacy claim on the one hand and the principles conferring legitimacy in the modern states system on the other, the less ontologically threatening we find the claimants to be. All historical variants of modern ‘terrorism’ fall into one of two categories of disruptive activity. They are either based in claims to local authority and target only particular states, or in claims to personal and/or religious authority and reject the modern states system altogether. Groups labelled as terrorist can therefore be classified as system-affirming or system-threatening. The former is a contained problem, but the latter has followed geographically broadening spread pattern throughout the international system.
Republican security theory revisited
Authors: KUSTERMANS JORG 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRepublicanism is getting increasing attention in International Relations. Engaging Daniel Deudney'sRepublican Security Theory, it is argued that republicanism should be interpreted in ideological terms, that it is a polysemous tradition of political thought, and that it matters because it is socially embodied in world political practice. Special attention is given to republicanism's relationship to the question of technology. A short case study of the Cold War illustrates the central claims of the argument.
Analytical and numerical investigation of pulse-shape effect on the interaction of an ultrashort, intense, few-cycle laser pulse with a thin plasma layer
Authors: Malav Harish , Maheshwari K. P. , Choyal Y. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDependence of quasistatic Wakefield and high harmonic generation on the pulse-shape of an ultrashort, intense, few-cycle laser in the reflected radiation from a thin dense plasma layer is investigated. The pulse envelopes considered are Gaussian, Lorentzian, and hyperbolic secant having identical full width at half maximum of intensity. The reflected radiation from the strongly driven surface plasma layer embodies a quasistatic Wakefield, which exists after the main pulse is passed over. A phase modulation is also experienced by the laser light upon reflection from plasma surface motion. As a result harmonics of center carrier frequency of the laser-pulse are generated in the reflected signal. Intensity of the laser harmonics and magnitude of the Wakefield in the reflected radiation are found to depend on the pulse-shape, number of cycles, carrier envelope phase difference, plasma density, angle of incidence, and intensity of the incident pulse.
Thinking about knowing: conceptual foundations for interdisciplinary environmental research
Authors: KHAGRAM SANJEEV , NICHOLAS KIMBERLY A. , BEVER DENA MACMYNOWSKI , WARREN JUSTIN , RICHARDS ELIZABETH H. , OLESON KIRSTEN , KITZES JUSTIN , KATZ REBECCA , HWANG REBECA , GOLDMAN REBECCA , FUNK JASON , BRAUMAN KATE A 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYWorking across knowledge-based research programmes, rather than institutional structures, should be central to interdisciplinary research. In this paper, a novel framework is proposed to facilitate interdisciplinary research, with the goals of promoting communication, understanding and collaborative work. Three core elements need to be addressed to improve interdisciplinary research: the types (forms and functions) of theories, the underlying philosophies of knowledge and the combination of research styles; these three elements combine to form the research programme. Case studies from sustainability science and environmental security illustrate the application of this research programme-based framework. This framework may be helpful in overcoming often oversimplified distinctions, such as qualitative/quantitative, deductive/inductive, normative/descriptive, subjective/objective and theory/practice. Applying this conceptual framework to interdisciplinary research should foster theoretical advances, more effective communication and better problem-solving in increasingly interdisciplinary environmental fields.
The illusion of tacit knowledge as the great problem in the development of product configurators
Authors: Haug Anders 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn many cases, the use of product configurators provides a number of benefits for engineering-oriented companies, such as shorter lead times, the use of fewer man hours, and improved product quality. However, not all of these projects are successful. The task of defining what should be implemented into the configurator is much more complex than anticipated in many configurator projects. In the worst-case scenario, this implies that the configurator is never fully developed or it fails to support the users in a satisfactory manner. The difficulties in creating adequate specifications of what to implement in the knowledge base of a configurator have been explained in much of the configuration literature by the assumption that much of the relevant knowledge of the product experts is tacit. However, this paper shows that this kind of explanation can be misleading and may even be incorrect. This is accomplished by discussing the problems inherent in such explanations and through interviews with configuration project knowledge engineers. Therefore, according to this basis, this paper provides general recommendations concerning the use of the termtacit knowledgeand outlines issues related to the acquisition of product knowledge in configuration projects.
Isolation of Histoplasma capsulatum from bats in the urban area of São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: DIAS M. A. GALVÃO , OLIVEIRA R. M. ZANCOPÉ , GIUDICE M. C. , NETTO H. MONTENEGRO , JORDÃO L. R. , GRIGORIO I. M. , ROSA A. R. , AMORIM J. , NOSANCHUK J. D. , TRAVASSOS L. R. , TABORDA C. P. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThe presence of bats in caves, attics, ceilings, and roofs is important epidemiologically as they can increase the chance of human acquisition of pathogens, including Histoplasma capsulatum. Brazilian urban areas contain many species of bats, especially insectivorous bats, that are attracted by a wide range of readily available food and shelter. From August 2003 to December 2008, we analysed 2427 bats in the São Paulo State region. Homogenates of the livers and spleens of the bats were plated on specific medium to identify animals infected with H. capsulatum. The fungus was isolated from 87 bats (3·6%). The infected bats were identified as Molossus molossus (74), Nyctinomops macrotis (10), Tadarida brasiliensis (1), Molossus rufus (1) and Eumops glaucinus (1), all insectivorous species. The data presented are a relevant contribution to the epidemiology of H. capsulatum in densely populated urban areas such as in São Paulo State, especially since histoplasmosis is not included in the mandatory disease notification system.
On using intelligent computer-assisted language learning in real-life foreign language teaching and learning
Authors: Amaral Luiz A. , Meurers Detmar 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper explores the motivation and prerequisites for successful integration of Intelligent Computer-Assisted Language Learning (ICALL) tools into current foreign language teaching and learning (FLTL) practice. We focus on two aspects, which we argue to be important for effective ICALL system development and use: (i) the relationship between activity design and restrictions needed to make natural language processing tractable and reliable, and (ii) pedagogical considerations and the influence of activity design choices on the integration of ICALL systems into FLTL practice.
Hormonal induction and semen characteristics of tambaqui Colossoma macropomum
Authors: Maria Alexandre Nizio , Azevedo Hymerson Costa , Santos Jadson Pinheiro , Carneiro Paulo César Falanghe 
Published: January 2011

SummaryIn the hatchery-bred tambaqui Colossoma macropomum, spontaneous semen release does not occur, and hand-stripping produces reduced semen volume. The goal of this work is to evaluate the effects of hormonal induction with carp pituitary extract (CPE) on both qualitative (visual aspect, pH, motility, viability and morphological abnormalities) and quantitative (volume, concentration and number of spermatozoa per ejaculate) traits of tambaqui semen. Eleven males were treated with CPE (induced), and 11 were left untreated as a control (non-induced). All analysed parameters except motility and percentage of viable spermatozoa presented significant differences (p < 0.05) between the induced and non-induced treatments. CPE induction resulted in a 25-fold increase in semen volume and a 10-fold increase in the number of spermatozoa collected. However, both sperm concentration and the frequency of sperm with morphological abnormalities (commonly detached heads or bent tails) were significantly lower in CPE-induced fish. The hormonal induction of tambaqui males with CPE is efficient and positively influences some qualitative and quantitative properties of semen. Additionally, semen collection via gentle abdominal massage occurs more readily in CPE-induced fish.
Quantitative assessment of the entire thoracic aorta from magnetic resonance images
Authors: Johnson Ryan K. , Premraj Senthil , Patel Sonali S. , Wahle Andreas , Stolpen Alan , Sonka Milan , Scholz Thomas D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectivesAlthough magnetic resonance imaging is a primary modality for following patients with connective tissue diseases, only a limited amount of the image data is utilised. The purpose of this study was to show the clinical applicability of an automated four-dimensional analysis method of magnetic resonance images of the aorta and develop normative data for the cross-sectional area of the entire thoracic aorta.Study designMagnetic resonance imaging was obtained serially over 3 years from 32 healthy individuals and 24 patients with aortopathy and a personal or family history of connective tissue disorder. Graph theory-based segmentation was used to determine the cross-sectional area for the thoracic aorta. Healthy individual data were used to construct a nomogram representing the maximum cross-sectional area 5th–95th percentile along the entire thoracic aorta. Aortic root diameters calculated from the cross-sectional area were compared to measured diameters from echocardiographic data. The cross-sectional area of the entire thoracic aorta in patients was compared to healthy individuals.ResultsCalculated aortic root diameters correlated with measured diameters from echo data – correlation coefficient was 0.74–0.87. The cross-sectional area in patients was significantly greater in the aortic root, ascending aorta, and descending aorta compared to healthy individuals.ConclusionThe presentation of the dimensional data for the entire thoracic aorta shows an important clinical tool for following patients with connective tissue disorders and aortopathy.
Pentalogy of Cantrell with double-outlet right ventricle: a case of surgical correction
Authors: Ootaki Yoshio , Strainic James , Ungerleider Ross M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPentalogy of Cantrell is characterised by a combination of severe defects in the middle of the chest including the sternum, diaphragm, heart, and abdominal wall. Mortality rate after cardiac surgery is usually high. We report a successful total correction of the cardiac defects in a case of Pentalogy of Cantrell with a double-outlet right ventricle prior to abdominal wall defect repair.
Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects with transthoracic echocardiography
Authors: Şahin Murat , Özkutlu Süheyla , Yıldırım Işıl , Karagöz Tevfik , Çeliker Alpay 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study is to evaluate our clinical experience using an Amplatzer septal occluder for catheter closure of a secundum atrial septal defect under transthoracic echocardiography guidance without general anaesthesia.MethodsPatients eligible for transcatheter atrial septal defect closure were selected using transthoracic echocardiography. The largest defect diameter measured in different views was selected as the reference diameter. All procedures were performed under conscious sedation with fluoroscopic and transthoracic echocardiographic guidance.ResultsBetween November, 2006 and December, 2009 a secundum-type atrial septal defect was closed with the Amplatzer septal occluder in 40 patients with transthoracic echocardiographic guidance. The mean age and weight were 7.9 years and 26.9 kilograms, respectively. The mean atrial septal defect diameter was 11.4 millimetres, total septal diameter was 38.5 millimetres, and the mean device diameter and the difference between device and atrial septal defect diameter were 12.6 and 1.2 millimetres, respectively. There were no major complications. The mean follow-up time was 14.8 months.ConclusionIn selected cases, in which the defects are small and the rims are adequate and transthoracic echocardiography provides high image quality, transthoracic echocardiography can be substituted with transoesophageal echocardiography. The ratio of defect size to total septal diameter can be used as a guide for patient selection; those that have a value of 0.33 or greater can be considered eligible for closure with transthoracic echocardiography. However, transthoracic echocardiography should not be used when there are large or multiple defects, or the rims are thin and soft and the image resolution is inadequate.
Inductive probabilistic taxonomy learning using singular value decomposition
Authors: FALLUCCHI FRANCESCA , ZANZOTTO FABIO MASSIMO 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCapturing word meaning is one of the challenges of natural language processing (NLP). Formal models of meaning, such as networks of words or concepts, are knowledge repositories used in a variety of applications. To be effectively used, these networks have to be large or, at least, adapted to specific domains. Learning word meaning from texts is then an active area of research. Lexico-syntactic pattern methods are one of the possible solutions. Yet, these models do not use structural properties of target semantic relations, e.g. transitivity, during learning. In this paper, we propose a novel lexico-syntactic pattern probabilistic method for learning taxonomies that explicitly models transitivity and naturally exploits vector space model techniques for reducing space dimensions. We define two probabilistic models: the direct probabilistic model and the induced probabilistic model. The first is directly estimated on observations over text collections. The second uses transitivity on the direct probabilistic model to induce probabilities of derived events. Within our probabilistic model, we also propose a novel way of using singular value decomposition as unsupervised method for feature selection in estimating direct probabilities. We empirically show that the induced probabilistic taxonomy learning model outperforms state-of-the-art probabilistic models and our unsupervised feature selection method improves performance.
PlanfulversusAvoidant Coping: Behavior of Individuals With Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury During a Psychosocial Stress Test
Authors: Krpan Katherine M. , Stuss Donald T. , Anderson Nicole D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMany people who sustain traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have poor psychosocial outcomes that have been related to the use of avoidant coping. A major obstacle to understanding the mechanisms of this relationship are the self-report measures by which coping has been traditionally evaluated. The purpose of the present study was to compare coping behavior during a simulated real-world stress test with self-reported coping. People with moderate-to-severe TBI and matched controls completed the Baycrest Psychosocial Stress Test (BPST) where coping behavior was evaluated, and also completed the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WOC). While there were no group differences in self- or significant-other-reported behavior on the WOC, the TBI group engaged in more avoidant than planful behavior on the BPST, while the control group displayed the opposite pattern of behavior. Moreover, in the control group there were positive relations between behavior on the BPST and self-reported coping on the WOC, but no such relation within the TBI group. Secondary analyses allowed for TBI participants to be characterized as “planners” or “avoiders.” This is the first study, to our knowledge, to report behavioral differences in coping post-TBI. Future work investigating the moderators of these differences may have significant implications for rehabilitative intervention. (JINS, 2011,17, 248–255)