bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermally stimulated current in low‐density polyethylene/MgO nanocomposite. On the mechanism of its superior dielectric properties
Authors: Ishimoto Kazuyuki , Tanaka Toshikatsu , Ohki Yoshimichi , Sekiguchi Yoitsu , Murata Yoshinao 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPolymer nanocomposites are attracting attention as emerging insulating materials. We measured the thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/MgO nanocomposites while varying measuring such parameters as the temperature increase rate and the intensity of the applied electric field. A TSDC peak that spreads over a wide temperature range from 0 °C to 60 °C was observed in all samples. As the amount of MgO nanofiller increases, the TSDC peak height decreases. Furthermore, by adopting a partial heating method, the wide TSDC peak was resolved into several component peaks. Among them, the peak at about 12 °C was found not to appear in the base LDPE. Analysis of its initial rising portion indicated that the 12 °C peak had a fairly large energy depth of about 2 eV. These results indicate that charge carriers tend to be captured more strongly after the addition of MgO nanofillers. If these captured charge carriers induce homocharge layers in the vicinity of the electrodes, further space charge formation would be suppressed. This seems to explain the fact that the amount of space charge is smaller in nanocomposites with a proper addition of MgO than in the base LDPE. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(3): 1–7, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21136
Investigation of direct load management scheme with consideration of end‐user comfort
Authors: Kondoh Junji , Shafiu Ahmed , Jenkins Nick , Pudjianto Danny , Strbac Goran 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA direct load management scheme with two‐way communication, with consideration of end‐user comfort, is proposed. First, the control algorithm is developed and the data required to be transmitted between system operator and controllable loads are identified. Then, the actions of controllable air conditioners and the power adjustment of dispersed generators to eliminate overloads in a substation transformer are simulated. The results indicate that the proposed load management technique performs effectively to reduce overloads on the transformer while maintaining energy consumption in each load, and the performance is improved by coordination with the output of dispersed generators. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(3): 19–28, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21139
Characteristics of lightning strikes on wind turbine blades. Experimental study of the effects of receptor configuration and other parameters
Authors: Shindo Takatoshi , Asakawa Akira , Miki Megumu 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe characteristics of lightning strikes on wind turbine blades have been investigated by model experiments with real turbine blades. The effects of various types of receptors, the polarities of the applied voltages, and pollution on the blade surface are clarified. Based on these experimental results, lightning protection design of actual wind turbine blades by receptors is discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(3): 8–18, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21143
New design and development of size‐selected gas cluster SIMS
Authors: Moritani Kousuke , Hashinokuchi Michihiro , Mukai Gen , Mochiji Kozo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA new cluster time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) was developed, using a size‐selected gas cluster ion as a projectile. Because a large gas cluster ion can generate numerous low‐energy constituent atoms during a collision with the surface, multiple and ultralow‐energy sputterings are induced. Dividing the acceleration energy of a gas cluster ion by the number of constituent atoms provides the mean kinetic energy of the constituent atoms. Hence, sputtering can be controlled to minimize decomposition of the sample molecules by precisely adjusting the number of constituent atoms (the cluster size) and/or the acceleration energy of the gas cluster ions. The cluster size was selected by the time‐of‐flight method using two ion deflectors attached along the ion‐beam line. A high resolution of 11.7 was achieved for the cluster size/size width (m/Δm) of the Ar‐cluster ions. The SIM spectra of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were measured using the size‐selected gas‐cluster SIMS machine. The large fragment ions emitted from PMMA are enhanced as the cluster size increases. This result suggests that a large cluster ion projectile in which each constituent atom within the cluster has decreased kinetic energy inhibits the decomposition of the polymer structure. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 176(3): 52–58, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21159
Transduced B cells: B is for ‘beneficial’!
Authors: Scott David W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractB cells have been used as tolerogenic APCs for nearly two decades. However, the ability to transduce B cells for use in gene therapy has been hampered by the low efficiency of transduction of resting B cells. This has been partially overcome by mitogenic activation of these cells, a factor that is not without risks as activated B cells may become pathogenic. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, this challenge is met by achieving high‐efficiency transduction of resting murine B cells with a lentiviral vector. Furthermore, the application of this protocol to generate MOG‐expressing B cells and successfully prevent EAE, as described in this issue, is an important step forward in B‐cell therapy.
IL‐33 links tissue cells, dendritic cells and Th2 cell development in a mouse model of asthma
Authors: Eiwegger Thomas , Akdis Cezmi A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIL‐33 is becoming a central molecule in allergic asthma that addresses various cascades of innate and adaptive immune responses that lead to inflammation in the lung. Its effects are exerted via its heterodimeric receptor that consists of ST2 and the ubiquitously expressed IL‐1 receptor accessory protein (ILRAcP). IL‐33 integrates both innate and adaptive immunity in a unique fashion via basophils, mast cells, eosinophils, innate lymphoid cells, NK and NKT cells, nuocytes, Th2 lymphocytes and a CD34pos precursor cell population. These actions of IL‐33 seem to be particularly strong and dominant in models with mucosal inflammation. A study in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology demonstrates that IL‐33 acts, in an ST2‐dependent manner, as a maturation factor for BM‐derived DCs via up‐regulation of CD80, CD40 and OX40L. This process is accompanied by the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐6, IL‐1β, TNF‐α and TARC/CCL17. IL‐33‐pre‐treated DCs were significantly more potent for the generation of allergen‐specific Th2‐type cells with IL‐5 and IL‐13 production. Intratracheal administration of OVA‐pulsed DCs with IL‐33 significantly enhances eosinophil numbers and mucous secretion. In conclusion, IL‐33 affects both the development of allergic sensitization and the development of lung inflammation in allergic asthma.
Cover Picture: Eur. J. Immunol. 6/11
Authors: Chong Shu Zhen , Wong Kok Loon , Lin Gen , Yang Christopher Maolin , Wong Siew‐Cheng , Angeli Veronique , MacAry Paul A. , Kemeny David Michael 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe cover of this issue is based on microscopy images of immature dendritic cells (DCs) stained with hematoxylin‐and‐eosin (H&E) provided by Chong et al. (pp. 1639–1651). In their article, Chong et al. investigate which cell types contribute to the differentiation of TNF/iNOS‐producing dendritic cells (Tip‐DCs), a subset of DCs that has been shown to arise during inflammation and to be an important mediator of immune defense. The authors provide evidence that CD8+ T cells can induce the rapid development of human monocytes into Tip‐DCs that are capable of further driving Th1 responses by priming naive CD4+ T cells.
Two‐Step versus One‐Step Spin Transitions in Iron(II) 1D Chain Compounds (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 18/2011)
Authors: Bauer Wolfgang , Scherer Wolfgang , Altmannshofer Sandra , Weber Birgit 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe cover picture shows the influence of the bridging ligand in iron(II) 1D coordination polymers on the spin‐transition properties of those complexes. Rigid linkers like 4,4′‐bipyridine increase the cooperative interactions between the spin‐crossover centres, leading to thermal hysteresis loops. In contrast to this, flexible linkers like 1,3‐bis(4‐pyridyl)propane support the formation of zigzag chains with restraining interactions between the 1D chains that lead to stepwise spin transitions. Details are discussed in the article by B. Weber et al. on p. 2803 ff.
Synthesis and physico‐chemical properties of novel dialkyl diphosphate gemini surfactants based on octadecanol
Authors: Tyagi Parul , Tyagi Rashmi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA series of dialkyl diphosphate gemini surfactants has been synthesized using C18 as hydrophobic chains and phosphate as head groups. Three flexible spacers have been used. In the present study, an attempt has also been made to synthesize mono octadecyl phosphate (MOP) at 35°C, which was used as an intermediate in the synthesis of geminis. This long chain of MOP has been effectively converted to gemini surfactants and subsequently converted to their disodium salts. The effect of reaction variables like temperature, duration, molar ratios of reactants, catalyst and spacer on the yield of dialkyl diphosphate gemini surfactant has also been reported. The MOP, gemini surfactants and disodium salt of gemini surfactants were characterized using FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR. Surface active and physico‐chemical properties of synthesized gemini surfactants and their monomer were also determined. The results revealed that the yield of dialkyl diphosphate gemini surfactants ranged from 80 to 90%. Among all synthesized dialkyl diphosphate gemini surfactants D, S‐1,6‐GSOD had maximum anionic content, i.e. 80.7%, showed highest foaming ability and superior dispersing ability, whereas D, S‐1,8‐GSOD showed low cmc values, i.e. 0.00012 mM/L; minimum surface tension and interfacial tension, i.e. 39.1 and 36.3 mN/m, respectively.
Topical emulsions containing ceramides: Effects on the skin barrier function and anti‐inflammatory properties
Authors: Carneiro Rita , Salgado Ana , Raposo Sara , Marto Joana , Simões Sandra , Urbano Manuela , Ribeiro Helena M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe barrier properties of the stratum corneum (SC) are largely dependent on the intactness of the lipid lamellae that surround the corneocytes. Ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol together with hydrocortisone (HC) have thus been proposed as protective or therapeutic agents against xerosis and atopic dermatitis (AD). However, topical delivery of these substances is still a challenge because of the excellent barrier function of the skin. The aim of the present study was to develop a formulation with combined anti‐inflammatory/barrier repair properties. In order to achieve this goal, a new non‐ionic O/W emulsion (CerEmulsion) containing skin barrier lipids and HC was prepared. Its physicochemical and microbiological stability and skin permeation performance were compared to a blank emulsion (NoCerEmulsion). Placebos described as PlaceboCerEmulsion and PlaceboNoCerEmulsion of CerEmulsion and NoCerEmulsion, respectively, were also prepared in order to study the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) profiles. The emulsions presented white glossy and pourable characteristics with an acidic pH. CerEmulsion showed smaller droplet sizes and higher viscosity values (5000 mPas) while NoCerEmulsion presented viscosity values of 2000 mPas. Crystalline structures were prominent in both emulsions. The microbiological analysis showed that the results were within the established specification limits. CerEmulsion and NoCerEmulsion have shown similar release profiles and CerEmulsion presented a similar anti‐inflammatory activity in vivo when compared with a commercially available 1% HC emulsion. Both emulsions were chemically, physically, and microbiologically stable. TEWL was significantly lower for the group treated with PlaceboCerEmulsion, suggesting that skin hydration was higher with this ceramide‐containing formulation.Practical applications: In this work, the authors develop and characterize a new non‐ionic HC/ceramide‐dominant O/W emulsion as a topical therapy for the improvement of skin barrier abnormalities in atopic dermatitis (AD). This unique formulation includes high concentrations of three lipids (ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids) and paraffin. Its use is recommended for AD patients ≥6 months of age. It is also indicated for the management and relief of burning and itching associated with various dermatoses, including AD, irritant contact dermatitis, and radiation dermatitis.
Preparation and properties of fully esterified erythritol
Authors: Ioannou Panayiotis V. , Lala Maria A. , Tsivgoulis Gerasimos M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPure tetraesters of erythritol with C10, C12, C14, C16, C18 saturated, and C18:1 unsaturated (oleoyl) fatty acyl chains have been prepared for the first time and characterized using the acylating systems fatty acid/N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/4‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), fatty acid anhydride/DMAP, fatty acyl chloride/pyridine, and fatty acyl chloride/boron trifluoride etherate. For the first three systems the yields were in the range of 80–90% while the fatty acyl chloride/pyridine system has the advantage of lower cost. The fatty acyl chloride/boron trifluoride etherate system gave lower (ca 70%) yields of the tetraesters. The tetraesters of erythritol may have applications analogues to those of triglycerides. In addition, new applications can be envisaged for these compounds, as a result of their differences in physical, chemical, and biochemical properties compared to triglycerides.Practical applications: The tetraesters of erythritol with saturated fatty acyl chains may have applications analogous to those of saturated triglycerides. However, tetraesters with unsaturated fatty acid chains may have greater prospects of having industrial uses after doing chemistry on the carbon–carbon double bonds.
Loss of cell components during rehydration of dried Rhodotorula glutinis and its implications for lead uptake
Authors: Cho Dae Haeng , Chu Khim Hoong , Kim Eui Yong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractMicrobial cells are routinely dried and ground before they are used in metal biosorption studies. In this work, a metal biosorbent was prepared by drying biomass of the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis in an oven at 70°C for 24 h followed by grinding. Two forms of the prepared biosorbent particles, washed and unwashed, were examined for their ability to remove lead from solution. It was found that the unwashed biosorbent exhibited higher lead uptake than the washed biosorbent. Analysis of the supernatant of washed cells incubated in water and that of unwashed cells incubated in lead solution revealed the presence of protein, carbohydrates, organic acids and inorganic phosphate. Overall, the washed and unwashed cells leached, respectively, 14.5 and 13.4% of their initial dry weight (100 mg). Acid‐base titration data revealed that the leached components contained several potential binding sites for metal cations with carboxyl and phosphoryl groups being particularly important. The higher level of lead uptake exhibited by the unwashed biomass was attributed to the fact that it leached smaller amounts of cell constituents with proton binding sites relative to the washed cells.
Scientists contemplate unexplained death in Austrian Alps
Authors: Miller Charles , Dillon Christopher , Martinez Jennifer , Parsons Melissa , Weinlich Ricardo , Melino Gerry 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe recent EMBO Molecular Medicine Workshop on Cell Death and Disease was held this past March in the picturesque Alpen ski‐town of Obergurgl, Austria. Scientists working on diverse mechanisms and pathways of cell death convened to present and discuss their current research. Topics included not only cell death signalling pathways, their etiology in human disease, and potential avenues for therapeutic intervention, but also new approaches and perspectives for understanding the subtle mechanisms regulating cell fate.
Geological constraints and 26Al–10Be burial dating isochrons
Authors: Muzikar Paul 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThe 26Al–10Be burial dating method has been applied to a range of problems in geochronology. This technique allows us to determine the burial age of quartz‐containing sediments, by measuring the concentration of cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al in the quartz. In its most basic form, the method assumes a simple history (single exposure episode followed by burial) for the quartz clasts. Balco and Rovey have recently developed an innovative isochron version of this method, which can take into account a more complicated exposure history for the quartz, and used it to date a series of glacial tills. There can be constraints on the slope and intercept of the isochron, depending on how we model the geology of the Balco–Rovey approach. We show how to take these constraints into account when fitting the slope and intercept; we apply a Bayesian approach, in which there is a straightforward way to implement constraints. We discuss the important issues that arise; a variety of choices must be made in choosing the prior, both in what geological insights to include and in how to include them. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of alongshore and cross‐shore wave energy flux on large‐ and small‐scale coastal erosion patterns
Authors: Galal Elsayed M. , Takewaka Satoshi 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTA strong low‐pressure system traveled along the Japanese main island Honshu in October 2006. High waves and storm surge attacked the Kashima Coast resulting in huge erosion over the area. Airborne laser data measured in October 2005 and November 2006 were analyzed to estimate cross‐sectional changes within the subaerial zone. The results of the alongshore distribution of the changes of cross‐sectional area indicate that the amount of erosion of the 38 km‐long northern and 15 km‐long southern parts decreased toward the south in each part and that the amount of erosion was smaller in protected areas with artificial headlands than in unprotected areas. The local alongshore variation of the erosion and accretion patterns showed wavy fluctuations of several hundreds of meters. The total amounts of the estimated eroded volume of the subaerial zone over the northern and southern parts were 620 000 m3 and 600 000 m3, respectively. The Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model was applied to estimate wave conditions along the coast during the storm. The computational results were verified, and then the alongshore distribution of wave energies, expressed as the alongshore and cross‐shore components of the wave energy flux, was compared with the alongshore distribution of cross‐sectional change. The results show that the distribution of energy flux explains the distribution of erosion well: The alongshore variability in the cross‐shore energy flux is responsible for the large‐scale variability in erosion, and shorter‐scale variability is due to gradients in the alongshore energy fluxes, especially for the areas without coastal works. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the use of paleotsunami deposits to reconstruct inundation distance and runup heights associated with prehistoric inundation events, Crescent City, southern Cascadia margin
Authors: Peterson Curt D. , Carver Gary A. , Cruikshank Ken M. , Abramson Hans F. , Garrison‐Laney Carolyn E. , Dengler Lori A. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTHistoric‐ and prehistoric‐tsunami sand deposits are used to independently establish runup records for tsunami hazard mitigation and modeled runup verification in Crescent City, California, located in the southern Cascadia Subduction Zone. Inundation from historic (1964) farfield tsunami (~5–6 m runup height) left sand sheet deposits (100–200 m width) in wetlands located behind a low beach ridge [3–4 m elevation of the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88)]. The most landward flooding lines (4·5–5 m elevation) in high‐gradient alluvial wetlands exceed the 1964 sand sheet records of inundation by 1–2 m in elevation. The most landward flooding in low‐gradient alluvial wetlands exceed the corresponding sand sheet record of inundation distance by 1000 m. Nevertheless, the sand sheet record is an important proxy for high‐velocity inundation. Sand sheet deposition from the 1964 historic tsunami closely corresponds to the landward extent of large debris transport and structural damage in the Crescent City waterfront. The sand sheet deposits provide a proxy for maximum hazard or ‘kill zone’ in the study area.Six paleotsunami sand sheets (0·3–3 ka) are recorded in the back‐ridge marshes in Crescent City, yielding a ~450 year mean recurrence interval for nearfield Cascadia tsunami. Two paleotsunami sand deposit records, likely correlated to Cascadia ruptures between 1·0 and 1·5 ka, are traced to 1·2 km distance and 9–10 m elevation, as adjusted for paleo‐sea level. The paleotsunami sand deposits demonstrate at least twice the runup height, and four times the inundation distance of the farfield 1964 tsunami sand sheet in the same marsh system. The preserved paleotsunami deposits in Crescent City are compared to the most landward flooding, as modeled by other investigators from a predicted Cascadia (~ Mw 9) rupture. The short geologic record (~1·5 ka) yields slightly lower runup records than those predicted for the modeled Mw 9 rupture scenario in the same marsh, but it generally verifies predicted maximum tsunami runup for use in the planning of emergency response and rapid evacuation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediment dynamics below retreating cliffs
Authors: Ward D. J. , Berlin M. M. , Anderson R. S. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThe retreat of cliffs may constitute the dominant erosional response to base‐level fall in arid settings underlain by horizontally‐bedded sedimentary rock. These vertical cliffs typically loom above a relatively straight bedrock slope (‘plinth’) that is mantled with a thin layer of sediment and perched near the angle of repose. In detail, a plinth consists of a system of quasi‐parallel ridges and channels. We ask how the sediment supplied from a retreating cliff influences the erosion of the plinth hillslopes and channels, and how this affects the rate of cliff retreat. Motivated by field observations and high‐resolution topographic data from two sites in western Colorado, we develop a two‐dimensional (2D), rules‐based numerical model to simulate the erosion of channels draining a plinth and diffusive erosion of the intervening interfluves. In this model, retreat of a cliffband occurs when the height of the vertical cliff exceeds a threshold due to incision by channels on the plinth below. Debris derived from cliff retreat is distributed over the model plinth according to the local topography and distance from the source. This debris then weathers in place, and importantly can act to reduce local bedrock erosion rates, protecting both the plinth and ultimately the cliff from erosion. In this paper, we focus on two sets of numerical model experiments. In one suite, we regulate the rate of rockfall to limit the cliff retreat rate; in most cases, this results in complete loss of the plinth by erosion. In a second suite, we do not impose a limit on the cliff retreat rate, but instead vary the weathering rate of the rockfall debris. These runs result in temporally steady cliff‐plinth forms and retreat rates; both depend on the weathering rate of the debris. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.