bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biology of Phlebotomus sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in two contrasting leishmaniasis foci of south-west Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Zahrani M. A. , Lane R. P. , Chin I. Ching , Asiry M. A. , Peters W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn south-west Saudi Arabia two forms of leishmaniasis occur. Visceral disease (VL) due to Leishmania infantum affects humans (mainly infants) in lowland areas and cutaneous disease (CL) due to L. tropica affects a broader age group in highland areas. Leishmania infantum is common in dogs and may occasionally infect man. Longitudinal sampling of sandflies in two foci with matched sticky and light traps inside and outside houses demonstrated that, although the species composition was very similar, the dominant species in the highlands (Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot) was different from that in the lowlands (P. bergeroti Parrot). In both habitats there was a marked seasonal variation in abundance, peak levels in the lowlands preceding the highlands, as did sandfly numbers inside houses compared to outside houses.Phlebotomus sergenti were found infected with L. tropica in June and July which, together with its endophilic behaviour, incriminated this species as the vector of cutaneous disease. The vector of visceral disease in humans is suspected to be either P. alexandri Sinton or P. orientalis Parrot, but not P. arabicus Theodor as previously suggested.
Oviposition pattern and behaviour of the pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Blümke A. , Anderbrant O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe potential role of oviposition deterrents in the egglaying behaviour of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) females was studied by investigation of natural egg distribution, and by a laboratory study of potential oviposition deterrents. Pine shoots were sampled from different whorls on the sun-exposed and the shaded side of trees. More shoots with eggs from two or more females were found than would be expected if each female laid eggs on a randomly chosen shoot. The anti-predatory larval oral secretion of N. sertifer had no effect on N. sertifer egglaying but acted as an oviposition deterrent to Diprion pini in laboratory experiments. The different responses may be due to differences in the species' life-cycles. In other experiments, the effect of the presence of N. sertifer eggs, extracts obtained from eggs or from needles with eggs, were all tested on N. sertifer egg laying. None of the treatments had any inhibitory effect on egglaying. Thus, neither the natural pattern of egg distribution nor the results of the laboratory experiments indicated that an oviposition deterring pheromone is used by N. sertifer. Results from earlier studies, showing a deterrent effect of larval oral secretion in D. pini, were confirmed.
Population genetics of redlegged earth mitesHalotydeus destructorandH. anthropus(Acarina: Penthaleidae) from Australia and or South Africa
Authors: Qin T.-K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA population genetic study ofHalotydeus destructor(Tucker) andH. anthropusQin & Halliday was undertaken using allozyme electrophoresis. Allele frequency data were collected from five polymorphic loci (Gpi—glucose phosphate isomerase,G6pd—glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,Idh— isocitrate dehydrogenase,Mdh— malate dehydrogenase, andPgm–phosphoglucomutase) to determine genetic variability and levels of gene flow among Australian and South African populations. The two species could be distinguished by the most common allele atGpiand usuallyPgm. There was no evidence for subdivision among the Australian populations ofH. destructor, but the levels of substructuring among the South African populations ofH. destructorand those ofH. anthropuswere high. The geographic origin ofH. destructoris discussed; the evidence suggests that the original source of the Australian populations ofH. destructorwas from Cape Town, South Africa.
Characterization of a microsatellite locus in the parasitoid waspAphelinus abdominalis(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Authors: Vanlerberghe-Masutti F. , Chavigny P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPrimers for DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were synthesized for a microsatellite locus isolated from a partial genomic library of the aphid parasitoidAphelinus abdominalis(Dalman). Screening for genetic polymorphism at this locus in two laboratory strains of this wasp revealed the presence of two alleles different in the number of (GT) and (GGC) repeats. The relative frequencies of the two alleles were not significantly different between the two strains or between diploid females and haploid males. Heterozygosity at this microsatellite locus was estimated to be 0.40 which is within the range in other hymenopterous species. Given thatA. abdominalisis a good candidate for augmentative release programmes in greenhouses against aphids, we suggest that microsatellite markers may have application in discriminating among aphelinid sibling species and strains. The markers provide a means for studying the performance and impact of selected parasitoid lines on pest dynamics in field release experiments.
The western and northern limit of Glossina morsitans in Northern Katanga
Authors: Schwetz  
Published: July 2009

The hypothesis which I have previously suggested, that the limit of morsitans coincides more or less with that of the park (at least in Katanga), has just been confirmed by several new observations.. But sometimes the range of the fly terminates before the disappearance of the park. This double disappearance is generally gradual.Between 9° and 5° S. Lat. the western limits of the park and of G. morsitans coincide roughly with the Lualaba-Lomami watershed, but most frequently they disappear a little to the east of this line, that is to say, they do not quite reach the Lomami basin.In this region, between the Lualaba and the Lomami, the park and morsitans gradually disappear in the neighbourhood of 5·30° S. Lat., that is, a little south of Kongolo.
On Two Species of Physothrips (Thysanoptera) injurious to Tea in India
Authors: Bagnall Richard S. 
Published: July 2009

The two species of thrips described in the following pages have been found on tea in sufficient numbers as to be regarded as pests, and they should therefore be made known to economic biologists. A member of the sub-order Tubulifera (Haplothrips sp.) was also found both by Prof. Maxwell Lefroy and Mr. Andrews on tea, but it seems to occur also on other plants; I have not yet had the opportunity of studying it.P. lefroyi is a strongly characterised species both in structure and coloration; whilst P. setiventris, when both sexes are taken, should be easily recognised by the black “ tail ” of the ♂. The former species may ultimately be removed from the genus Physothrips, with advantage.
Ecological Studies of the Greenhouse Thrips, Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, in Palestine
Authors: Rivnay E. 
Published: July 2009

1. The effects of humidity upon the rate of development of the egg, larva and pupa of Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Bché., is quite negligible.2. The rate of development and reproduction primarily depends upon the temperature.3. The larva and adult are more resistant to the ill effects of combined temperature and relative humidity than are the egg and pupa.4. Humidity of above 87 per cent. is the safe zone for the development of the pupa.5. A temperature-activity scale for Heliothrips is given.6. The plant tissue wherein the egg is laid may have a detrimental effect upon the egg under certain conditions.7. The effects of the particular climatic conditions of Palestine on the seasonal abundance of the insect are described.
The Food of Tsetse-flies (Glossina swynnertoni and G. palpalis) as determined by the Precipitin Test
Authors: Symes C. B. , McMahon J. P. 
Published: July 2009

1. The main food hosts of Glossina swynnertoni in a district of Tanganyika appear to be (a) one or more Bovids, perhaps kudu or roan, exhibiting a close blood relationship to ox or buffalo ; (b) giraffe ; (c) pig. There is evidence that monkey or baboon is also made use of and that zebra definitely is not.2. With regard to G. palpalis on Maboko Island, crocodile and hippopotamus are important hosts. But they are far less important than we had supposed. The majority of flies appear to have fed on some animal not yet determined.
The Mechanism of Respiration of Locusts and its Bearing on the Problem of Inhalation of Poison Dusts
Authors: Hamilton A. G. 
Published: July 2009

1. Measurements of the spiracles and the tracheae of 5th instar hoppers and adults ofLocustaand adults ofSchistocercahave been made (see Tables I, II and IV). These measurements show that particles of dust which had passed a 300 B.S. Sieve (i.e., under 0·053 mm. in diameter) are small enough to enter all the spiracles and that the particles which had passed a 150 B.S. Sieve (i.e., under 0·104 mm. in diameter) could enter spiracles 1 to 4 and 10.2. It has been proved by the presence of particles of dust in the respective spiracles, that spiracles 1 to 4 are inspiratory in function and spiracles 5 to 9 expiratory under all conditions, while the function of spiracle 10 is expiratory when the locust is flying and inspiratory when it is motionless.3. The quantity of dust present in the tracheae increases with the length of exposure to the cloud of dust ; the quantity present after 10 seconds exposure is not regarded as sufficient to kill the locust.4. The action of external poisons is thought to be by direct penetration of the integument or through the nerve endings or both.5. The results given in this paper suggest that further work on the action of poison dusts should be concentrated on the investigation of direct penetration of the integument and of the nerve action, rather than poisoning through the respiratory system.
The Distribution of Tsetse-flies in Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Potts W. H. 
Published: July 2009

1. Details are given of the distribution of the eight species of tsetse occurring in the Tanganyika Territory (G. brevipalpis, G. longipennis, G. fuscipleuris, G. palpalis, G. morsitans, G. swynnertoni, G. pallidipes, and G. austeni).2. The effect of past climatic changes on the present distribution of some of the species is discussed in a somewhat speculative manner.3. The detailed information is summarised in a general description and map of the fly-belts of the Territory.4. The effect of certain broad vegetation types and major topographical features on the distribution of species of tsetse in Tanganyika are discussed.5. The effect of the major topographical features in limiting the distribution of the fly is always found to reside in some accompanying vegetative or climatic feature.6. Possible and likely extensions of the fly-belts are briefly indicated ; if these should take place, but little of Tanganyika Territory would remain uninfested by tsetse-fly. The possibility of natural retreat of fly-belts is also discussed.7. A few details are given of the habits and habitats of some of the lesser known species (G. longipennis, G. fuscipleuris and G. austeni).
A Study of spontaneous Locomotor Activity inLocusta migratoria migratorioides(R. & F.) by the Actograph Method
Authors: Edney E. Berry 
Published: July 2009

An actograph apparatus is described for recording in 24-hour periods, under controlled conditions, the activity ofLocusta migratoria migratorioides(R. & F.) in terms of distance travelled.Great variation was observed in the amount of activity shown by different individuals and the activity of any one individual is shown to vary considerably over each stadium, the highest level occurring about half-way between moults, and falling off towards the beginning and end of each stadium.An insect is shown to be capable of very intense activity immediately before a moult if no convenient moulting place is found.No significant difference is found between the activity of males and females, but the average distance travelled in a 24-hour period in the 4th and 5th stadia is shown to be greater than that in the 2nd or 3rd.The daily activity of adults is shown to vary considerably from day to day, and the diurnal distribution of the activity of adults up to seven days old is shown to be similar to that of nymphs.The unequal distribution of activity over each 24-hour period is shown to be due to absence of fresh food in the second half of each record, and the effect of this starvation is shown to vary according to the stage of development of the insect.The effects of changes in relative humidity on the amount and distribution of activity are shown to be very slight or none.A diurnal periodicity is shown to be induced in the insects when reared under alternating 12-hour periods of light and dark. The longer the conditioning lasts, the more clear-cut is the periodicity. In constant darkness the periodicity is retained for only a few days and gradually disappears.A tendency for periods of high activity to recur every 2–2½ hours is demonstrated in certain records. In the other records, constituting actually the majority, it is suggested that the periodicity is masked or that the locust's nervous mechanism is inadequate to maintain it.Preliminary experiments with a form of trophograph suggest that the 2–2½ hour periodicity may be associated with a hunger rhythm.
Evidence for a possible fitness trade-off between insecticide resistance and the low temperature movement that is essential for survival of UK populations of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Foster S. P. , Harrington R. , Devonshire A. L. , Denholm I. , Clark S. J. , Mugglestone M. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractApterous aphids need to move from ageing to younger leaves in order to survive UK winters. This behaviour was studied at low temperatures in field and laboratory trials using Myzus persicae (Sulzer) clones representing all five recognized categories of esterase-based insecticide resistance found in UK populations. Both studies showed that the tendency of aphids to move from deteriorating leaves was inversely related to their insecticide resistance level. This maladaptive behaviour associated with greater insecticide resistance could lead to increased risks of aphids becoming separated from plants after leaf fall, and subsequent death from starvation when adverse cold and wet conditions prevent return. Revertant clones, that had spontaneously lost extreme resistance to insecticides by ceasing to express their amplified esterase genes, tended to show similar behaviour to aphids that had retained their high resistance phenotypes. This implies that rates of movement were not related directly to esterase production.
The Insect Parasites of the Spruce Sawfly (Diprion polytomum, Htg.) in Europe
Authors: Morris K. R. S. , Cameron E. , Jepson W. F. 
Published: July 2009

A severe outbreak of the Spruce Sawfly (Diprion polytomum, Htg.) in Eastern Canada led to a request to Farnham House Laboratory to investigate, and if possible collect and export, the parasites of this insect in its native home in Europe.Work started in 1932 and it was found thatD. polytomumwas a comparatively rare insect in Europe, though widely distributed. It is heavily parasitized, 31 species of Hymenopterous and Dipterous parasites having been found up to the present. Nearly twenty-eight million parasitized cocoons and eggs of this and other species ofDiprionhave been collected and despatched from Europe, and work is still continuing.Previous to the present work only 13 species of parasites, a list of which is given, were recorded from this host.Of the 31 species now known, 15 are primary, 5 can be primary or secondary, and 9 secondary only; in 2 cases the status is not known.Descriptions of all the species are given and in the case of the obligatory and facultative primaries, the biology and immature stages are also described and notes added on their suitability for introduction into Canada. A key to the adult parasites is given, and a key to the larval stages of the primary and facultative primary parasites. Some practical notes are also given, including methods of accelerating the emergence of parasites in winter and methods of preparing parasite larvae for examination and identification.
A revision of the north-western European species of thevitripennis, pallipes, octonarius, triangulator, fraternus, formosus, parasitellae, metacarpalisandcircumscriptus-groups ofApantelesFörster (Hymenoptera, Braconidae)
Authors: Nixon G. E. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe north-western European species of thevitripennis, pallipes, octonarius, triangulator, fraternus, formosus, parasitellae, metacarpalisandcircumscriptus-groups ofApantelesare revised. Sixty-five species are dealt with, of which twenty-four are described as new. One species,A. exiguus(Haliday), is lifted from synonymy. Brief notes are added on North American species of thecircumscriptus-group in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) to assist their eventual correlation with the European species. Reference is also made to two species ofHypomicrogaster.
An alcohol dehydrogenase in the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (Dipt., Culicidae)
Authors: Sakai Richard K. , Iqbal M. Perwaiz , Baker Richard H. , Tahir Muhammad K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA survey of alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) in Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles has uncovered five electrophoretic variants among laboratory strains. Detailed genetic analysis revealed that these variants are inherited as codominant alleles at a single locus. The Adh locus has been assigned to linkage group III between s and cl. A survey of a natural population from Lahore, Pakistan, revealed the presence of four of the five variants and suggests the possibility of using this enzyme polymorphism to monitor a release programme. Substrate specificity tests suggest that this enzyme can utilize almost any aliphatic primary alcohol as a substrate.
Within-plant distribution of thrips and their predators: effects of cotton variety and developmental stage
Authors: Atakan Ekrem , Coll Moshe , Rosen David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPlant characteristics often influence the distribution of herbivores and natural enemies. In turn, the degree of their spatial association is likely to influence the ability of natural enemies to control pests. Also, an understanding of pest distribution patterns is important for the development of reliable and cost-effective sampling protocols. In this study, we assessed the effect of cotton variety and developmental stage on the within-plant distribution and degree of spatial overlap between populations of two thrips species and their predators. In the two studied varieties, cv. Pima and Acala, almost all Thrips tabaci Lindeman inhabited the leaves, while Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) colonized only the flowers. With respect to the predators, most Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) were found on the leaves of both varieties, whereas predatory Orius spp. colonized mainly the flowering structures on Pima plants but the leaves on Acala. This variability in prey and predator distribution resulted in a significant and positive correlation between thrips and predator populations on Pima but not on Acala plants. The results also suggest that, overall, thrips are most likely to be preyed upon on squares and to be relatively safe in flowers. An intermediate but relatively high risk of predation apparently occurs on the leaves. The significance of these within-plant distribution patterns for the monitoring of thrips populations is discussed.
Weather associated with spring and summer migrations of rice pests and other insects in south-eastern and Eastern Asia
Authors: Mills A. P. , Rutter J. F. , Rosenberg L. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTrajectory analysis of the windfields at 10 m and 1.5 km was used to determine the direction and extent of windborne movements of insects trapped in spring and summer in south-eastern and eastern Asia for the period 1968 to 1985. Approximately 2500 trajectories, depicting the movements of airborne particles, were constructed where temperatures were high enough (>=10°C) to allow flight and where wind speeds (> =5 kmh−1) were expected to lead to downwind displacements. Trap catches were dominated (97%) by delphacid species (e.g. Nilaparvata lugens Stål and Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)), with Cicadellidae (1.1%) and Diptera (0.7%) as the next most numerous. Very few Lepidoptera were reported. Most trajectories were less than or equal to 40 h in duration. The previously recognized northwards migration along a broad front in prevailing Summer Monsoon and Trade winds was confirmed, as was the important role of frontal depressions in the windborne migration of insects in temperate areas. Nearly 50% of the trajectories were constructed in mobile weather systems which both disturbed and strengthened the prevailing winds and led to pronounced differences in the direction and distance of sources for insects caught at any catching site. Similarly, fluctuations in position of quasi-stationary fronts induced considerable mixing of populations from different sources and influenced the northern extent of each phase of rice pest migration. The results supported earlier findings that migrations occurred between the tropics and temperate areas during the spring and summer, but also indicated that migrations within the tropics at this time of year were a more frequent occurrence than had been considered previously.
Description of EuropeanChamaespheciaspp. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) feeding onEuphorbia(Euphorbiaceae), and their potential for biological control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in North America
Authors: Tosevski I. , Gassmann André , Schroeder D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe description of the tenChamaespheciaspecies associated withEuphorbiain eastern and south-eastern Europe is based on external adult morphology, male and female genitalia, and the structure of the egg chorion. These species can be divided into two groups according to the shape of the setae of the dorso-basal part of the valvae in the male genitalia. MostChamaespheciaspecies are associated with one species of host-plant and all are closely tied to one habitat type. The host-plant and the structure of the egg chorion are fundamental characteristics for the determination of a few species, and very helpful for the others. All species bore into the main root of their host-plant and overwinter as larvae. With the exception of two species which have an annual or biennial life cycle, all species are univoltine. The larvae of three of the eightChamaespheciaspp. investigated feed and develop in the roots of North American leafy spurge,Euphorbia esulasensu lato. Of these, the best candidate for the biological control of leafy spurge isC. crassicornis, because the larvae have a similar survival rate on the target weed and the European host-plant,E. virgata.