bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 1 Power Motivation
Authors: Fodor Eugene M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter traces research on the power motive from its early beginnings through the many avenues of inquiry that the concept has spawned. Topics include an explanation of the Picture Story Exercise (PSE) by which researchers measure the power motive, the motive’s connection to alcoholism, how the motive makes people responsive to ingratiation, David McClelland’s concept of power stress, how the motive relates to creativity, the distinction between implicit and explicit motivation, and issues concerning the reliability and validity of the PSE measure. There is an attempt to show how the concept knits together seemingly diverse domains of human behavior that otherwise elude easy explanation. The chapter ends with a glimpse into what the future may portend for research on the power motive.
Chapter 2 The Achievement Motive: A Review of Theory and Assessment ofnAchievement, Hope of Success, and Fear of Failure
Authors: Pang Joyce S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses major theoretical and methodological landmarks concerning n Achievement, such as behavioral and psychological characteristics of achievement-motivated individuals, developmental considerations, motivational incentives, and assessment paradigms. The chapter also discusses the development of a content-coding measure of hope of success and fear of failure, as well as behavioral differences between these approaches and avoidant achievement orientations. The chapter concludes with some recommendations for further research that is needed in order to better understand hope of success, fear of failure, and n Achievement.
Chapter 7 Computer-Based Modeling, Assessment, and Coding of Implicit Motives
Authors: Blankenship Virginia 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the Atkinson and Birch (1970) dynamics of action theory and summarizes research based on computer simulations of achievement situations. Task-based measures, including latency to an achievement task and percentage time spent at achievement tasks, are coordinated to dynamic concepts such as instigating and inhibitory forces. The Picture Story Exercise (PSE) as the measure of implicit motives can be administered on the Internet using survey programs that collect narratives. To facilitate research, thematic content of narratives can be analyzed using word-counting programs either as a replacement for or in conjunction with human coding of implicit motives. The reliability of the PSE is also discussed and research using the Rasch model to calculate reliability statistics is reviewed.
Chapter 8 Learning and Memory Correlates of Implicit Motives
Authors: Bender Michael , Woike Barbara A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of recent findings on the importance of implicit motives for cognition and memory. Empirical evidence is described for each stage of information processing, from attention, encoding, and rehearsal to retrieval. We find that people automatically attend to and process stimuli in the social environment that carry incentives linked to their implicit motives, especially when these are rich in motive-related affect. Through rehearsal and retrieval of such stimuli, the person can re-experience the pleasure associated with the implicit motive. In particular, the chapter focuses on the role of situational context factors that interact with motivational states to predict motive-related behavior in a person × situation framework. As an extension of the findings on this interaction, the importance of a personological perspective on cultural differences in cognition is highlighted.
Chapter 9 Properties of Motive-Specific Incentives
Authors: Stanton Steven J. , Hall Julie L. , Schultheiss Oliver C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractImplicit motives orient one’s attention toward motivational incentives and energize and select behaviors that facilitate incentive attainment. Yet, the exact qualities of these incentives were not rigorously explored until recently, and early research reports hindered the field by only offering vague references to what motivational incentives were. This chapter discusses and critiques major models of motive-specific incentives by McClelland and colleagues from the 1950s and 1980s as well as those by Schultheiss in the 2000s. Lastly, this chapter argues that nonverbal signals are the core implicit motivational incentives and presents a motivational field theory of motivational incentives proposing that facial expressions of emotion function as motive-specific incentives.
Chapter 11 Factors That Influence the Relation Between Implicit and Explicit Motives: A General Implicit–Explicit Congruence Framework
Authors: Thrash Todd M. , Cassidy Scott E. , Maruskin Laura A. , Elliot Andrew J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses the relation between implicit and explicit motives and focuses on factors that influence the degree to which an individual exhibits motive congruence (i.e., consistency between corresponding implicit and explicit motives). The chapter begins with a review of the extant empirical literature on motive congruence. A general conceptual framework based on the principles of structural equation modeling is proposed. Various theoretical perspectives on the processes through which congruence may be achieved are organized in terms of the general framework, and important methodological issues that have been overlooked in past research are identified. Finally, the chapter integrates the motive congruence literature with related literatures within psychology and identifies directions for future research.
Chapter 13 Implicit Motives: A Look from Personality Systems Interaction Theory
Authors: Baumann Nicola , Kaz Miguel , Kuhl Julius 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides an outline of Personality Systems Interaction (PSI) theory and its contribution to an understanding of implicit motives. It will be argued that the concept of motive can be applied across preconceptual, conceptual, and self-regulatory levels of analysis, which are related to three different motive measures (i.e., TAT/PSE, grid technique, and OMT, respectively). The Operant Motive Test (OMT) by Kuhl and Scheffer (1999) will be described in more detail. Recent results on the interaction between motives and cognitive mechanisms will be functionally analyzed: (a) Congruence between explicit and implicit motives, (b) self-determined versus incentive-focused levels of motive enactment, and (c) the role of need content in the modulation of cognitive behavioral systems.
Chapter 14 Political and Historical Consequences of Implicit Motives
Authors: Winter David G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses research on the economic, political, and historical aspects of implicit motives. The integrated running manual for scoring implicit motives is cited as a methodological tool in such studies. Implicit motives affect how people construe their social roles, as well as the satisfactions and vulnerabilities they derive from these roles. Implicit achievement motivation predicts improved entrepreneurial performance among individuals and for firms; however, it is often associated with frustration and failure in politics. The implicit power motive predicts successful political leadership, but is also associated with aggression and the escalation of crises to war. The chapter discusses the problem of taming power motivation and motivational aspects of globalization and climate change.
Photoperiodic Flowering in the Long-Day Plant Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Putterill Joanna , Stockum Christine , Warman Guy 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the theoretical models proposed to explain the mechanisms by which photoperiodic time measurement is achieved and our current understanding of the molecular basis of photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis. It also highlights some of the recent discoveries about the biochemical activities and function of the genes, including the exciting recent identification of FT protein as a florigen.
The Photoperiodic Flowering Response in Pharbitis nil
Authors: Hayama Ryosuke 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces a mechanism of photoperiodic flowering response in Pharbitis, drawing on the physiological and molecular genetic studies carried out to date. In Pharbitis, a circadian system whose phase is set by lights off through the action of red, far-red, and/or blue light during the light period, controls the photoperiodic flowering response. This circadian system may be distinct from that which controls other circadian rhythms, such as CAB gene expression. This circadian clock determines the phase of one or more clock-controlled genes, which generate a dusk-set activity rhythm in the dark and induce PnFT expression if the dark period is sufficiently long. In this model, one or more clock-controlled genes may be activated specifically in the dark, while red light may directly inhibit such activity during the light period. This mechanism is in contrast to that proposed for Arabidopsis and rice, both of which possess a mechanism for measuring the length of the day in which a clock-controlled gene, whose phase is mainly set by lights on at dawn, is directly activated by light posttranscriptionally.
Photoperiodism in Insects: Migration and Diapause Responses
Authors: Saunders David S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHigher latitudes are characterized by marked seasonal changes in climate, with winters becoming colder and longer to the north. Being “cold-blooded” animals, most insects find it difficult to cope with periods of cold and have evolved a number of strategies to avoid this form of stress. Broadly speaking, insects at higher latitudes may circumvent the adverse effects of winter by using two different strategies: they may move (migrate) to a more amenable climate or microclimate, or they may pass the winter in a state of dormancy (diapause). These two strategies have been regarded as alternatives. However, in reality, there are numerous and diverse migration and diapause phenomena, and they are not always mutually exclusive. Many long-distance travelers migrate in a state of diapause, and many insects that enter diapause may do so after shorter distance movements to specific overwintering sites. Moreover, the onset of migration and the induction of diapauses may be induced by the same environmental factors, most commonly day length or photoperiod. This chapter reviews these strategies, together with their physiological and behavioral characteristics, and the environmental factors that induce or initiate them. It places particular emphasis on the relationship between photoperiodic time measurement and the circadian, or other “circa”, systems.
Photoperiodism in Insects: Perception of Light and the Role of Clock Genes
Authors: Goto Shin G. , Shiga Sakiko , Numata Hideharu 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter proposes that some circadian clock genes may be responsible for photoperiodism. Many studies have shown the importance of the brain for photoperiodism, and thus these genes must be expressed in brain neurons. In D. melanogaster, different types of cells have been revealed to express circadian clock genes in the brain. Among them, ventral lateral neurons are thought to be one of the most important clock neurons that govern adult locomotor rhythms, but there are also many other PERIOD-expressing neurons in the brain. It is probable that in insects the cells responsible for photoperiodic time measurement are located at different sites from neurons responsible for the circadian clock in the brain.
Photoperiodism in Insects: Molecular Basis and Consequences of Diapause
Authors: Williams Karen D. , Schmidt Paul S. , Sokolowski Marla B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDiapause is a state of dormancy that allows an insect to escape in time. In diapause, the insect postpones development or reproduction in response to specific cues that anticipate the onset of hazardous conditions. For example, changes in day length are often used as cues to anticipate the onset of winter conditions. A glimpse of the molecular mechanisms underlying diapause has begun to emerge in a number of insect species, providing us with tantalizing directions for future research. From a genetic perspective, it appears that genes involved in clock function, insulin signaling, stress resistance, and development have been co-opted into insect diapause pathways. Diapause has consequences for growth, reproduction, survival, and longevity; this, too, provides exciting avenues for future research. Finally, there are similarities between insect diapauses and other dormancies such as dauer formation in nematodes, hibernation in mammals, and mammalian embryonic diapause. This chapter reviews the molecular events dictating the expression of diapause, as well as the events underpinning diapause maintenance.
Photoperiodism in Insects: Effects on Morphology
Authors: Nijhout H. Frederik 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the role of photoperiodism on phenotype expression in insects. Topics covered include general patterns of expression of seasonal morphs in insects, the interaction of photoperiod and temperature, how photoperiod affects development and morphology, developmental hormones in photoperiodic responses, and the evolution of seasonally plastic traits.
Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Avian Photoperiodism
Authors: Yoshimura Takashi , Sharp Peter J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractMany birds have highly sophisticated photoperiodic mechanisms and show robust responses to changing photoperiod. William Rowan is generally credited with the first demonstration of the avian photoperiodic response when he photostimulated dark eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) during the Canadian winter and observed stimulation of testicular growth. The application of molecular biological techniques to understanding the mechanisms controlling the avian photoperiodic response continue Rowan's pioneering tradition of using birds to study vertebrate photoperiodism. This chapter focuses on current understanding of genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the avian photoperiodic response.
Historical Prelude
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOne of the pioneers in the mathematical and conceptual study of oscillations was Norbert Wiener, whose book Cybernetics first appeared in 1948. The authors review the type of data, experimental techniques, and computing tools available to Wiener for the study of brain oscillations, and describes some of the vast expansions in data base, techniques, and ideas about function that have occurred since Wiener's time.
Epilepsy
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEpilepsy can be viewed from inter-related clinical and electrical/cellular points of view. Before and during a so-called electrographic seizure, neuronal events become both highly correlated (synchronized) and also organized in time. The latter organization occurs over a wide range of frequencies. Prior to seizures, very fast oscillations (VFO, &gt;70-80 Hz) occur, that are dependent on gap junctions. Understanding how VFO is generated may provide a therapeutic target.
Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractParkinson's Disease is associated with loss of brainstem dopaminergic neurons, and loss of dopaminergic innervation of basal ganglia and cortex. The most disabling clinical symptoms are slowness of movement and postural instability. Both in the clinical disorder, and in experimental models, dopaminergic deprivation leads to enhanced beta oscillations (~20 – 30 Hz) in motor and motor-related regions. Interestingly, beta oscillations occuring during cognitive tasks are associated with immobility. Beta oscillations can also be induced in vitro (Chapter 11).
Cerebellar Ataxia
Authors: Roger Roger D. , Whittington Miles A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDisease processes affecting the cerebellum and its connections, such as can occur in multiple sclerosis, often lead to lack of motor coordination, postural tremor, and tremor on directed movement; these symptoms can be difficult to treat. The cerebellum generates oscillations over a range of frequencies (beta, gamma, very fast) and some of these are coherent with oscillations in thalamus and in muscle. Genetically modified ataxic mice can exhibit short runs of very fast oscillations that are gap junction dependent. Oscillations can also be induced in cerebellar cortex slices: gamma and very fast oscillations both require gap junctions, and gamma also depends on synaptic inhibition.
4 Persuasion in the Decision Making of U.S. Supreme Court Justices
Authors: Wrightsman Lawrence S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter proposes that persuasion is more effective in influencing votes in certain types of cases than others. A distinction is made between ideological (i.e., hot-button issue) cases and non-ideological cases. Using data from several recent Supreme Court terms, the chapter shows that latency of the decision, frequency of unanimous votes, and behavior in oral arguments are affected by type of case. In oral arguments, justices' eventual votes can be predicted from the nature and frequency of their questions, to a greater degree in ideological cases than in non-ideological cases. Thus it is concluded that both the legal model and the attitudinal model of judicial decision making are applicable, depending on the type of case.
9 In Praise of Pedantic Eclecticism: Pitfalls and Opportunities in the Psychology of Judging
Authors: Simon Dan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe Chapter deals with methodological constraints and possibilities in employing experimental psychology towards an understanding of judging. While acknowledging the concern with the external-validity of the research, the Chapter cautions against adopting measures that would compromise its construct-validity and thus muddy up the conclusions to be drawn from the findings. At the same time, scholars of judging ought to cast a wide net to employ whichever valid research that speaks to the diverse set of mental operations involved in judging. The field should not shy away from utilizing germane basic-psychological findings, as long as they withstand the rigorous demands of external-validity. It is proposed that the body of research on coherence based reasoning is one such example. In sum, the Chapter advocates a pedantic attention to the experimental design of the research coupled with open-mindedness to the range of useful and valid methodologies.
13 Searching for Constraint in Legal Decision Making
Authors: Braman Eileen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis essay is about constraint in legal decision making: how we should conceptualize it, how we should study it, and why psychological theory and methods provide such a promising avenue for doing so. I treat constraint as a “democratic good,” necessary to justify the distributional decisions of unelected judges and as an empirical question: Does meaningful constraint exist? If so, where are we likely to find it? What are the potential sources of constraint in legal decision making? Asking these questions should lead to what I hope will be the next generation of empirical research on legal reasoning involving a wealth of theoretically based questions of interest to scholars in numerous disciplines.
17 Cognitive Style and Judging
Authors: Mitchell Gregory , Tetlock Philip E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn important dimension of judicial decisions little studied by social scientists is the scope of a court's opinion. Traditional political science studies of judging emphasize the political valence of judicial opinions but do not address the scope with which commands or proclamations are issued. The valence of an opinion is, however, theoretically orthogonal to the scope of an opinion. Differences in the manner in which opinions are written may reflect deep differences in the ways that individual judges understand the causes of human behavior and their own ability to predict behavior and influence it through court action. These deep differences involve what psychologists broadly refer to as variations in “cognitive style,” a psychological construct that has been operationalized in a variety of ways to refer to individuals’ consistent ways of perceiving stimuli, processing information, and thinking about problems. We discuss the importance of cognitive style for understanding judicial behavior.
18 Building a Better Judiciary
Authors: Farber Daniel A. , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe have spent much of our academic careers arguing that judicial decision-making – even in constitutional cases – is a specialized craft, not merely an exercise in politics. We have suggested that good judging requires both expertise and a certain set of dispositional traits, and that it can be enhanced or hindered by both personal traits and situational characteristics. This essay is part of that continuing project. In Part One, we describe what judges do when they decide constitutional questions, concluding that they are primarily exercising the same legal expertise that judges and lawyers utilize in all of their professional decisions. Part Two focuses briefly on the personal and contextual characteristics that have been shown to produce or interfere with expert decision-making in general. Finally, in Part Three we turn to our main focus: the legal structures that might enhance the positive characteristics and minimize the negative ones.
The Moral Justification for Journalism
Authors: Borden Sandra L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The chapter proceeds in four parts. The first section addresses the liberal assumptions of the First Amendment and how these contribute to moral minimalism in journalism. The second section discusses various conceptions of citizenship and relates these to a communitarian framework for understanding civic participation. The third section explains how journalism can contribute to the common good by exercising and promoting epistemic responsibility. The fourth section discusses the implications of this argument for what counts as excellent news, which journalists are responsible for offering to citizens to aid their flourishing.
Why Journalism Is a Profession
Authors: Davis Michael 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that journalism is a profession, that our doubts about its status as a profession tell us more about a mistake we make when defining the concept of profession than about journalism itself, and that a good definition of profession can give us some reason to hope that journalism will remain a profession even if the world changes in most of the ways we now fear it will. Journalists are something more than mere news reporters, editors, media employees, or the like; and that is why they have a future even if mere reporters, editors, writers and the like do not.
Inventing Objectivity: New Philosophical Foundations
Authors: Ward Stephen J. A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractToday, journalists face the prospect of another ethical invention. They need a new model that responds to a revolution in media communication of global proportions. The rise of an interactive online journalism that emphasizes immediacy, interpretation, and transparency challenges an older professional model of journalism that stresses careful editorial controls and verification. This chapter studies the invention of news objectivity, philosophically and historically. After distinguishing three senses of objectivity, it outlines how news objectivity was the result of a four-hundred-year-old interaction between the shifting nature of journalism and the shifting notions of objective knowledge and practice. The chapter then explains the doctrine of news objectivity and notes its decline, then concludes with its own attempt at ethical invention. It outlines an alternate understanding of objectivity, called “pragmatic objectivity,” to replace the traditional notion of news objectivity.