bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discounting for Climate Change
Authors: Anthoff David , Tol Richard S.J. , Yohe Gary W. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
It is well-known that the discount rate is crucially important for estimating the social cost of carbon, a standard indicator for the seriousness of climate change and desirable level of climate policy. The Ramsey equation for the discount rate has three components: the pure rate of time preference, a measure of relative risk aversion, and the rate of growth of per capita consumption. Much of the attention on the appropriate discount rate for long-term environmental problems has focussed on the role played by the pure rate of time preference in this formulation. We show that the other two elements are numerically just as important in considerations of anthropogenic climate change. The elasticity of the marginal utility with respect to consumption is particularly important because it assumes three roles: consumption smoothing over time, risk aversion, and inequity aversion. Given the large uncertainties about climate change and widely asymmetric impacts, the assumed rates of risk and inequity aversion can be expected to play significant roles. The consumption growth rate plays multiple roles, as well. It is one of the determinants of the discount rate, and one of the drivers of emissions and hence climate change. We also find that the impacts of climate change grow slower than income, so the effective discount rate is higher than the real discount rate. Moreover, the differential growth rate between rich and poor countries determines the time evolution of the size of the equity weights. As there are a number of crucial but uncertain parameters, it is no surprise that one can obtain almost any estimate of the social cost of carbon. We even show that, for a low pure rate of time preference, the estimate of the social cost of carbon is indeed arbitrary—as one can exclude neither large positive nor large negative impacts in the very long run. However, if we probabilistically constrain the parameters to values that are implied by observed behaviour, we find that the expected social cost of carbon, corrected for uncertainty and inequity, is approximate 60 US dollar per metric tonne of carbon (or roughly $17 per tonne of CO2) under the assumption that catastrophic risk is zero.
Data material available at http://www.fnu.zmaw.de/FUND.5679.0.html
Effects of Hurricane Katrina on Nursing Facility Resident Mortality, Hospitalization, and Functional Decline
Authors: Dosa David , Feng Zhanlian , Hyer Kathy , Brown Lisa M. , Thomas Kali , Mor Vincent 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: The study was designed to examine the 30- and 90-day mortality and hospitalization rates among nursing facility (NF) residents in the affected areas of Louisiana and Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina and to assess the rate of significant posthurricane functional decline.Methods: A secondary data analysis was conducted using Medicare claims merged with NF resident data from the Minimum Data Set. Thirty- and 90-day mortality and hospitalization rates for long-stay (>90 days) residents residing in 141 at-risk NFs during Hurricane Katrina were compared to rates for residents residing at the same facilities during the same time period in prior nonhurricane years (2003 and 2004). Functional decline was assessed as a 4+ drop in function using a 28-point Minimum Data Set Activities of Daily Living Scale.Results: There were statistically significant differences (all P < .0001) in mortality, hospitalization, and functional decline among residents exposed to Hurricane Katrina. At 30 days, the mortality rate was 3.88% among the exposed cohort compared with 2.10% and 2.28% for residents in 2003 and 2004, respectively. The 90-day mortality rate was 9.27% compared with 6.71% and 6.31%, respectively. These mortality differences translated into an additional 148 deaths at 30 days and 230 deaths at 90 days. The 30-day hospitalization rate was 9.87% compared with 7.21% and 7.53%, respectively. The 90-day hospitalization rate was 20.39% compared with 18.61% and 17.82%, respectively. Finally, the rate of significant functional decline among survivors was 6.77% compared with 5.81% in 2003 and 5.10% in 2004.Conclusions: NF residents experienced a significant increase in mortality, hospitalization, and functional decline during Hurricane Katrina.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:S28-S32)
Measuring Individual Disaster Recovery: A Socioecological Framework
Authors: Abramson David M. , Stehling-Ariza Tasha , Park Yoon Soo , Walsh Lauren , Culp Derrin 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: Disaster recovery is a complex phenomenon. Too often, recovery is measured in singular fashion, such as quantifying rebuilt infrastructure or lifelines, without taking in to account the affected population's individual and community recovery. A comprehensive framework is needed that encompasses a much broader and far-reaching construct with multiple underlying dimensions and numerous causal pathways; without the consideration of a comprehensive framework that investigates relationships between these factors, an accurate measurement of recovery may not be valid. This study proposes a model that encapsulates these ideas into a single framework, the Socio-Ecological Model of Recovery.Methods: Using confirmatory factor analysis, an operational measure of recovery was developed and validated using the five measures of housing stability, economic stability, physical health, mental health, and social role adaptation. The data were drawn from a sample of displaced households following Hurricane Katrina. Measures of psychological strength, risk, disaster exposure, neighborhood contextual effects, and formal and informal help were modeled to examine their direct and indirect effects on recovery using a structural equation model.Findings: All five elements of the recovery measure were positively correlated with a latent measure of recovery, although mental health and social role adaptation displayed the strongest associations. An individual's psychological strength had the greatest association with positive recovery, followed by having a household income greater than $20 000 and having informal social support. Those factors most strongly associated with an absence of recovery included the time displaced since the hurricane, being disabled, and living in a community with substantial social disorder.Discussion: The socio-ecological framework provides a robust means for measuring recovery, and for testing those factors associated with the presence or absence of recovery.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:S46-S54)
Isolation of Chromaffin Granules
Authors: Creutz Carl E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAdrenal medullary chromaffin granules (dense core secretory vesicles) have been a valuable model system for the study of the proteins and membrane components involved in the process of exocytosis. Because of the abundance of chromaffin granules in a readily available tissue source, bovine adrenal medullae, and their unique sedimentation properties, it is possible to obtain large quantities of highly purified granules and granule membranes in a short period of time. Two protocols are presented here for the isolation of chromaffin granules: a basic protocol based on differential centrifugation in an iso‐osmotic medium that yields intact chromaffin granules, and an alternate protocol based on sedimentation through a density step gradient that provides a greater yield of more highly purified chromaffin granules. Since in the latter case the granules cannot be returned to a medium of physiological osmolarity without lysis after purification on the step gradient, the alternate protocol is more useful to obtain the granule membranes or contents for further study. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 48:3.39.1‐3.39.10. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dynamic Proliferation Assessment in Flow Cytometry
Authors: Diermeier‐Daucher Simone , Brockhoff Gero 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDynamic proliferation assessment via flow cytometry is legitimately supposed to be the most powerful tool for recording cell cycle kinetics in‐vitro. The preeminent feature is a single cell–based multi‐informative analysis by temporal high‐resolution. Flow cytometric approaches are based on labeling of proliferating cells via thymidine substitution by a base analog (e.g., 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine, BrdU) that is added to cell cultures either for a short period of time (pulse labeling) or continuously until cell harvesting. This unit describes the alternative use of the thymidine analog 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) in place of BrdU for three different applications: (1) dynamic proliferation assessment by EdU pulse cell labeling; (2) the same approach as (1) but in combination with live/dead cell discrimination; and (3) dynamic cell cycle analysis based on continuous cell labeling with EdU and Hoechst fluorochrome quenching. In contrast to the detection of BrdU incorporation, EdU‐positive cells can be identified by taking advantage of click chemistry, which facilitates a simplified and fast cell preparation. Further analysis options but also limitations of the utilization of EdU are discussed. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 48:8.6.1‐8.6.23. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Arf GTP‐Binding Protein Function in Cells
Authors: Cohen Lee Ann , Donaldson Julie G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis unit describes techniques and approaches that can be used to study the functions of the ADP‐ribosylation factor (Arf) GTP‐binding proteins in cells. There are six mammalian Arfs and many more Arf‐like proteins (Arls), and these proteins are conserved in eukaryotes from yeast to humans. Like all GTPases, Arfs cycle between GDP‐bound, inactive and GTP‐bound active conformations, facilitated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase‐activating proteins (GAPs) that catalyze GTP binding and hydrolysis, respectively. This unit describes approaches that can be taken to examine the localization and function of Arf and Arl proteins in cells. A simple protocol for measuring activation (GTP‐binding) of specific Arf proteins in cells using a pull‐down assay is also described. Approaches that can be taken to assess function of GEFs and GAPs in cells is described. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 48:14.12.1‐14.12.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cyanamides
Authors: Cameron William 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCyanamide has been commercially available, as calcium salt, since the beginning of the twentieth century. A commercial process for manufacturing a pure grade of cyanamide was introduced in 1964. Cyanamide was widely used as a nitrogen fertilizer and later as a raw material for dicyanamide and melamine. The use of cyanamide as fertilizer has been replaced by ammonia and urea. Melamine is made by a petrochemical process using natural gas. Cyanamide is used in the manufacture of dicyanamide and calcium cyanide. Cyanamide‐based chemicals have also been used in special applications for defoliants, fungicides, and herbicides.Calcium cyanamide is produced by both batch oven and continuous kiln processes. This article deals with the chemistry, manufacture, specifications, health and safety factors, and the use of cyanamide and its homologues, Melamine is used almost exclusively in the manufacture of melamine‐formaldehyde resins.
Phosgene
Authors: Dunlap Kenneth L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPhosgene is a colorless, low boiling liquid which is manufactured by the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine over activated carbon. It is a very toxic substance and extensive safety procedures and equipment have been developed to help ensure safety of handling. Because of its low boiling point and high toxicity, measures must be taken to prevent the entrance of phosgene into sewers and drains. Phosgene is a widely used intermediates. Practically all phosgene is captive, ie, used in the manufacture of other chemicals within the plant boundary. The major portion of phosgene produced goes into the production of isocyanates. It is also used in the production of polycarbonates and fine chemicals. The possiblity of phosgene–free technology may impact the market for phosgene.
Post‐identification feedback effects: Investigators and evaluators
Authors: MacLean Carla. L. , Brimacombe C.A. Elizabeth , Allison Meredith , Dahl Leora C. , Kadlec Helena 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe investigated the effects of post‐identification feedback and viewing conditions on beliefs and interviewing tactics of participant‐investigators, crime reports of participant‐witnesses and participant‐evaluators' credibility judgments of the witnesses. Study 1 participants assumed the roles of witness and investigator (N = 167 pairs). Witnesses' view of a simulated crime video was manipulated by distance from viewing monitor: 2 or 9 ft. Participants made a line‐up identification and received either positive feedback or no feedback. Significant effects for witnesses and investigators were associated with viewing condition and post‐identification feedback. Interviews between investigator‐witness pairs were videotaped. Investigators asked more positive, leading questions when they were led to believe that the witness had identified the suspect. In Study 2 evaluators (N = 302) viewed the witness‐investigator interviews. Viewing condition had no effect on judgments of witness credibility but positive post‐identification feedback led evaluators to judge witnesses as more credible than witnesses who received no feedback. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bone marrow reticulin and collagen content in patients with adult chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: A Danish nationwide study
Authors: Ettrup Marianne Schmidt , Jensen Annette Østergaard , Engebjerg Malene Cramer , Farkas Dóra Körmendiné , Nørgaard Mette , Cha Steven , Zhao Sean , Johansen Preben , Sørensen Henrik Toft 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe quantified and differentiated reticulin and collagen content in bone marrow specimens from chronic immune thrombocytopenic (ITP) patients and examined the correlation between some clinical characteristics and the fibrosis grading. Through the Danish National Patient Registry, we identified 378 patients with chronic ITP from 1997 until 2007. Of these, 253 (67%) had undergone at least one bone marrow biopsy, and we retrieved the bone marrow specimens from 187 (74%). We graded the bone marrow content of reticulin and collagen according to the Thiele scale (Grade 0–3). We also retrieved information on patients' clinical characteristics. We examined the prevalence of bone marrow fibrosis grading >0 by patients' age (≤75 years and >75 years), sex, platelet count at baseline (<30 × 109/L, and ≥30 × 109/L), splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and medications. In total 75 chronic ITP patients (40%) had a bone marrow grading >0. Of these, 72 (39%) had Grade 1 reticulin fibers present. Only three patients (<2%) had collagen fibers present: two had Grade 2 and one had Grade 3. The prevalence of bone marrow grading >0 was lower in patients aged >75 years than ≤75 years (prevalence ratio = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.36–1.15) and lower in men than women (prevalence ratio = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.45–1.09), while a baseline platelet count ≥30 × 109/L was associated with a higher prevalence of grading >0 (prevalence ratio = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.81–1.86). Thus, bone marrow reticulin and collagen content in chronic ITP patients may be associated with some clinical characteristics. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences between the normal vaginal bacterial community of baboons and that of humans
Authors: Rivera Angel J. , Frank Jeremy A. , Stumpf Rebecca , Salyers Abigail A. , Wilson Brenda A. , Olsen Gary J. , Leigh Steven 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHumans and baboons (Papiospp.) share considerable anatomical and physiological similarities in their reproductive tracts. Given the similarities, it is reasonable to expect that the normal vaginal microbial composition (microbiota) of baboons would be similar to that of humans. We have used a 16S rRNA phylogenetic approach to assess the composition of the baboon vaginal microbiota in a set of nine animals from a captive facility and six from the wild. Results show that although Gram‐positive bacteria dominate in baboons as they do in humans, there are major differences between the vaginal microbiota of baboons and that of humans. In contrast to humans, the species of Gram‐positive bacteria (Firmicutes) were taxa other thanLactobacillusspecies. In addition, some groups of Gram‐negative bacteria that are not normally abundant in humans were found in the baboon samples. A further level of difference was also seen even within the same bacterial phylogenetic group, as baboon strains tended to be more phylogenetically distinct from human strains than human strains were with each other. Finally, results of our analysis suggests that co‐evolution of microbes and their hosts cannot account for the major differences between the microbiota of baboons and that of humans because divergences between the major bacterial genera were too ancient to have occurred since primates evolved. Instead, the primate vaginal tracts appear to have acquired discrete subsets of bacteria from the vast diversity of bacteria available in the environment and established a community responsive to and compatible with host species physiology. Am. J. Primatol. 73:119–126, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measuring infant attachment security in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): adaptation of the attachment Q‐set
Authors: Warfield James J. , Kondo‐Ikemura Kiyomi , Waters Everett 
Published: September 2010

AbstractJohn Bowlby defined offspring–parent attachment as a relationship in which an infant or child uses one or a few preferred adults as a secure base from which to explore and as a haven of safety. He defined attachment security in terms of confidence in the adult's availability and responsiveness and the smooth organization of exploration and proximity seeking. Developmental psychologists have found this perspective productive in both observational and laboratory research. At the same time, they emphasize that such a construct cannot be operationalized in terms of one or a few behaviors. Instead, naturalistic observations of human infant attachment typically employ the Q‐sort method to develop the Attachment q‐set (AQS), 90 behaviorally descriptive items sorted in terms of how characteristic each item is of the infant's typical behavior. Meta‐analyses of research using the AQS attest to its reliability and validity. This article reports an adaptation of the AQS to the task of assessing infant attachment security in nonhuman primates and illustrates its use. The availability of comparable measures of attachment security will contribute to an expanded understanding of patterns of attachment behavior in nonhuman primate societies and will facilitate interaction between comparative and developmental psychologists. Am. J. Primatol. 73:109–118, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrous asynchrony causes low birth rates in wild female chimpanzees
Authors: Matsumoto‐Oda Akiko , Ihara Yasuo 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEstrous cycle asynchrony likely functions to elevate individual females' sexual attractiveness during female mate choice. Female chimpanzees show physiological estrus as anogenital swelling. Copulations are concentrated during the period of maximal tumescence, which is called the estrous period. A group of female chimpanzees in Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, was shown to display asynchrony in both maximal tumescence and periovulatory periods. We tested the hypothesis that females establish asynchronous maximal tumescence or periovulatory periods with respect to other females to increase copulation frequency and birth opportunities (Hypothesis 1). We analyzed differences in birth rates between four asynchronous years and five nonasynchronous years. Counter toHypothesis 1, females in periovulatory periods during asynchronous years showed significantly lower birth rates than those in nonasynchronous years. In addition, periovulatory females copulated more frequently on days on which no other female in a periovulatory period was present. These results suggest that birth rates tend to decrease when females experience nonoverlapping ovulation cycles, although copulation frequency is high. Such a decrease in the birth rate may have resulted from the cost associated with multiple copulations. We tested two other hypotheses: paternity confusion (Hypothesis 2) and sperm competition (Hypothesis 3). Both of these hypotheses were partially supported. The highest‐ranking male most effectively monopolized access to receptive females when relatively few other males and receptive females from the party (or subgroup) were present. The viability ofHypotheses 2and3requires that dominant males are able to hinder a female from mating with other males. Given that the male‐biased operational sex ratio created by female asynchrony is likely to reduce the efficiency of mate guarding by dominant males, an asynchronous female may gain a fitness benefit by increasing the probability of mating with at least one male who produces superior sperm. Am. J. Primatol. 73:180–188, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defective FA2H leads to a novel form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA)
Authors: Kruer Michael C. , Paisán‐Ruiz Coro , Boddaert Nathalie , Yoon Moon Y. , Hama Hiroko , Gregory Allison , Malandrini Alessandro , Woltjer Randall L. , Munnich Arnold , Gobin Stephanie , Polster Brenda J. , Palmeri Silvia , Edvardson Simon , Hardy John , Houlden Henry , Hayflick Susan J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveNeurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) represents a distinctive phenotype of neurodegenerative disease for which several causative genes have been identified. The spectrum of neurologic disease associated with mutations in NBIA genes is broad, with phenotypes that range from infantile neurodegeneration and death in childhood to adult‐onset parkinsonism‐dystonia. Here we report the discovery of a novel gene that leads to a distinct form of NBIA.MethodsUsing autozygosity mapping and candidate gene sequencing, we identified mutations in the fatty acid hydroxylase gene FA2H, newly implicating abnormalities of ceramide metabolism in the pathogenesis of NBIA.ResultsNeuroimaging demonstrated T2 hypointensity in the globus pallidus, confluent T2 white matter hyperintensities, and profound pontocerebellar atrophy in affected members of two families. Phenotypically, affected family members exhibited spastic quadriparesis, ataxia, and dystonia with onset in childhood and episodic neurological decline. Analogous to what has been reported previously for PLA2G6, the phenotypic spectrum of FA2H mutations is diverse based on our findings and those of prior investigators, because FA2H mutations have been identified in both a form of hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG35) and a progressive familial leukodystrophy.InterpretationThese findings link white matter degeneration and NBIA for the first time and implicate new signaling pathways in the genesis of NBIA. ANN NEUROL 2010