bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MARL SLATE AND BASAL PERMIAN BRECCIA AT MIDDRIDGE, CO. DURHAM
Authors: BELL J. , HOLDEN J. , PETTIGREW T. H. , SEDMAN K. W. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A study of the stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Basal Permian Breccia and Marl Slate at Middridge, south-east Durham, was recently made possible by the reopening of an old quarry. The Permian Breccia here, although originally deposited under terrestrial (desert) conditions, was subsequently partially redistributed during the transgression of the Zechstein Sea. Numerous specimens of invertebrates, fish and plants were collected and the assemblages as a whole demonstrate that the Marl Slate is of a near shore facies in this part of Durham. Sessile, shallow water invertebrate fossils are relatively abundant at the top of the Breccia and in a laminated limestone within the Marl Slate. Many of these fossils represent several years of
in situ
growth which contradicts the accepted palaeoenvironmental interpretation of seasonal toxic conditions. It is suggested that toxic conditions were less severe in the near shore environment which probably acted as a refuge for the deep and shallow water faunas during periods of unfavourable conditions in the offshore area. This interpretation is supported by other exposures of the Marl Slate in south Durham which yield a sparse invertebrate assemblage in contrast to the exposures to the north-east which yield few or no invertebrates and an essentially deep water fish fauna.
THREE IGNIMBRITES FROM THE BORROWDALE VOLCANIC GROUP
Authors: MILLWARD DAVID 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Ignimbrites at Kidsty Pike, St Sunday Crag and Coniston are thinner than many within the Borrowdale Volcanic Group and occur in distinctive layered sequences which consist mostly of basic to intermediate pyroclastic fall deposits. The ignimbrites from these areas show particulate structure, eutaxitic texture, columnar jointing and the rare development of lithophysae (siliceous nodules). The latter is indicative of the important role of volatiles in the formation and later history of the deposits. Field relations and comparison with modern counterparts suggest eruption of the St Sunday Crag and Coniston ignimbrites from the same centres as the ashfall deposits with which they are interbedded.
A SEISMIC SURVEY OF THE FORMER CHANNEL OF THE RIVER DOE, INGLETON
Authors: WILSON C. D. V. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
An east-west seismic refraction line has been shot 400 m north of the unconformity at Thornton Force to test the hypothesis of glacial blockage of the River Doe. The seismic data have been coordinated with an earlier resistivity survey (Bruckshaw 1948). The geophysical results confirm the buried valley and elucidate its cross-section
HYDROGEOCHEMICALLY ANOMALOUS AREAS IN THE ASKRIGG BLOCK OF THE NORTHERN PENNINE OREFIELD
Authors: INESON P. R. , AL-BADRI A. S. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A regional hydrogeochemical reconnaissance survey of the southern part of the northern Pennine orefield (Askrigg Block) was undertaken with a sample density of one sample per two square kilometres. 370 water samples, each with 30 analytical determinations necessitated the use of various multivariate statistical interpretation techniques. After due consideration for pollution and possible contamination, it is concluded that in the Litton and Dent areas undiscovered mineral deposits may be present.
THE GREAT LIMESTONE (NAMURIAN) OF SOUTH NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: FAIRBAIRN R. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
This paper extends the work of Fairbairn (1978) in tracing individual beds and posts of the Great Limestone from the northern part of the Alston Block into the Northumberland Trough. The Bench and Main Posts, forming the lower half of the Great Limestone, when traced northwards from Weardale to Rothbury show little change in thickness and lithology. However, the upper part of the limestone passes gradually northwards into mudstone as a result of the incoming of mudstone partings which thicken and become more numerous towards the north as the limestone posts thin.
LANDFORM DEVELOPMENT AROUND KISDON, UPPER SWALEDALE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: ROSE J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The landforms of the upper part of Swaledale are described and analysed in terms of their development and regional pattern of Quaternary history. The area is dominated by Kisdon, which is a conspicuous, isolated hill associated with a prominent change in the course of the River Swale and an anomalous abandoned valley known as Skeb Skeugh. This large-scale relief is the framework for a complex assemblage of smaller landforms such as drift-tails, meltwater channels, eskers, kames, river gorges, river terraces and landslips. The origin of Kisdon is attributed to glacial modification of the original river pattern, and the last stage in the diversion of the drainage is recorded in the meltwater drainage system which developed during Devensian deglaciation. River landforms and landslips are explained in terms of the adjustment between Late-glacial and Flandrian subaerial processes and the glacially inherited landscape.
EARLY SUBMARINE LITHIFICATION IN THE RED CHALK AND LOWER CHALK OF EASTERN ENGLAND: A BACTERIAL CONTROL MODEL AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
Authors: JEANS C. V. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Early submarine lithifications are common in the Albian and Cenomanian Red Chalk and Lower Chalk of eastern England. They have developed generally in shallow water sediments deposited relatively slowly in the aphotic zone of the Chalk sea. Five varieties of early lithification are described and interpreted in detail. The lithification has occurred during the intrinsic diagenesis of the sediment ranging from very close to the water/sediment interface to some metres below. It has been caused by the precipitation of a ferroan calcite cement (2940–8900 ppm Fe
2+
) under anaerobic alkaline conditions. The preservation of aragonitic fossils indicates that sources from within the sediment and the external reservoir of sea water supplied the necessary Ca
2+
and CO
3
2−
. Indirect evidence suggests that (1) bacterial ammonification and sulphate-reduction have effected the precipitation of the ferroan calcite cement, and (2) porewater temperature, depositional rates, and the content of aragonite and organic matter in the sediment were important factors in controlling the development of early lithification. The importance or the bacterial mechanism as a general lithification process in the aphotic marine environment is discussed.
A NEW REVISION OF THE PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIAN FAUNA OF KIRKDALE CAVE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: BOYLAN PATRICK J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Kirkdale Cave, discovered in 1821, has a special place in British palaeontology, as William Buckland’s first, and classic, fossil hyaena den. Since Buckland’s time there has been no comprehensive re-examination of all the surviving mammalian fossils from this important site. Hitherto the Kirkdale species list has apparently shown puzzling anomalies, including a mixture of cold (glacial) and warm (interglacial) species within a single thin cave-earth.

All of the surviving Kirkdale Cave material that could be traced has now been re-examined, and a revised faunal list is given. Eighteen species are identified, four more species are doubtfully recorded, and twenty-seven rejected as erroneous or synonyms. The latter include
Homo sapiens, Ursus spelaeus, Mammuthus primigenius, Rangifer tarandus
and
Coelodonta antiquitatis,
The material is indicative of a single, homogenous faunal assemblage, which includes
Vulpes vulpes, ‘Panthera’
cf.
leo, Crocuta crocuta spelea, Elephas antiquus, Hippopotamus amphibius, Bison cf.priscus
and the interglacial rhinoceros,
Dicerorhinus hemitoechus.
The assemblage is attributed to the climatic optimum (Zone II) of the Ipswichian interglacial.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE LOESS AROUND MORECAMBE BAY, NORTH-WEST ENGLAND
Authors: VINCENT P. J. , LEE M. P. 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Discontinuous deposits of strong brown silt have been observed on all the limestone outcrops around Morecambe Bay. These are identified as loessic sediments and are interpreted as the deflation products of glacigenic sediments, which accumulated in the Bay as Lake District and Irish Sea ice wasted.
QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS AT WESTFIELD FARM, FIMBER, NORTH HUMBERSIDE
Authors: BRAY D. A. , FREEMAN S. M. C. , READ D. , WALSH P. T. , WILSON P. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

An unexposed outlier of unfossiliferous sand and brickearth in the Chalk of the central Yorkshire Wolds at Westfield Farm, Fimber has been shown by augering and trenching to comprise a tripartite stratigraphic sequence totalling over 15m thickness. The sediments, over 10,000 m
3
in residual volume, occupy an elongate closed depression which is over 10m deep. They are disposed synclinally in what is reasoned to be a solution subsidence structure, the wavelength/amplitude ratio of which is tighter than 5:1. Mineralogical evidence indicates that the fill sediments are similar to nearby loessic drifts of supposed late-Devensian age. However, the geomorphological situation of the outlier suggests that the fill is considerably older.
EUSTACY, SEA LEVEL AND LOCAL TECTONISM, WITH EXAMPLES FROM THE BRITISH CARBONIFEROUS
Authors: RAMSBOTTOM W. H. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A method is presented which allows calculation of a tectonic element in situations where the primary influence on deposition is eustacy. Calculation of the eustatic rise in sea level needed for deposition of any thickness of rocks yields a conclusion that, assuming deposition of the Carboniferous rocks in Britain was primarily influenced by eustacy, the sea level rose by about 227 m during the Dinantian and about 100 m during the Namurian. There was a temporary halt to sea level rises at a level corresponding with the Mississippian/Pennsylvanian non-sequence in North America. Preliminary attempts are made to estimate the amount of sea level lowering between transgression, and an example of derived figures for local tectonism in the late Viséan of Scotland is given.
GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE WHIN SILL IN THE ROMAN WALL DISTRICT OF NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: SUMMERS T. P. , LOS A. P. , WESTBROOK G. K. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Magnetic and seismic refraction investigations of two areas on the outcrop of the Whin Sill in western Northumberland with obscure geological relationships have served to clarify these relationships. In the area east of Great Chesters, a 0.9 km wide gap in outcrop of the sill is shown to have been produced by a channel eroded 30 m into the sill and filled by glacial drift. In the area of Limestone Corner the transgressive nature of the sill is demonstrated, but the two leaves of the sill are shown not to be connected by a continuous dyke.
GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS NEAR GOXHILL, SOUTH HUMBERSIDE
Authors: BARKER R. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Geophysical surveys between Goxhill and Skitter Ness have resulted in the discovery of an old channel of the River Humber from which the boulder clay has been completely eroded and in which estuarine silts have been subsequently deposited. It is suggested that during the time when the river was in direct contact with the Chalk, saline water entered the aquifer and was later entrapped by the deposition of the low permeability silts.
THE STRATIGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF WESTPHALIAN VOLCANIC ROCKS TO THE EAST AND SOUTH OF NOTTINGHAM
Authors: BURGESS I. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Igneous rocks in the concealed North-East Leicestershire Coalfield to the east and south of Nottingham comprise both extrusive and intrusive suites. Extrusive activity, intermittent in the late Viséan and Namurian, culminated in Westphalian A with the outpouring of alkaline basaltic lavas and tuffs, apparently from several sources. In the east, these contribute almost the entire sequence, intertongueing westwards with Coal Measures sediments. The intrusive rocks comprise numerous alkaline basaltic and doleritic sills, and represent a later period of activity, possibly associated with tectonism during Westphalian C.
PETROGRAPHY OF THE PRE-CARBONIFEROUS ROCKS OF THE BECKERMONDS SCAR BOREHOLE IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MAGNETIC ANOMALY AT THE SITE
Authors: BERRIDGE N. G. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A brief petrographical description of the Ordovician metasediments of the Beckermonds Scar Borehole is given, with more detailed coverage of their anomalously high magnetite content. Despite the presence of secondary vein mineralisation it is concluded that the magnetite, and hence the high magnetic anomaly at the site, is essentially of sedimentary origin. A quartz-microdiorite minor intrusion probably postdates early mineralisation and therefore also the Wensleydale Granite, with which proportions of both the veins and the metamorphism may be associated.
HOLKERIA
GEN. NOV., A FORAMINIFER CHARACTERISTIC OF THE HOLKERIAN STAGE OF THE BRITISH DINANTIAN
Authors: STRANK ANGELA R. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Holkeria,
a new genus of tournayellid foraminifer characteristic of Holkerian strata in the British Isles, is described. Three species are recognised: the first,
H. avonensis
has been described by Conil and Longerstaey in Conil, Longerstaey & Ramsbottom (1980) as
Rhodesina avonensis.
The second,
H. daggeri,
and the third,
H. topleyensis,
are newly described here.
THE ORIGIN OF CYCLOTHEMS IN THE LATE DINANTIAN PLATFORM CARBONATES AT CRICH, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: BRIDGES D. H. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The Monsal Dale Limestones at Crich, Derbyshire represent a carbonate platform succession of early Brigantian (D
2
) age, The exposed succession (36m) contains five cyclothems each terminated by a limestone surface providing evidence of subaerial exposure, overlain by a thin clay. The lower part of each cyclothem is dominated by a skeletal-peloidal grainstone/packstone which was probably deposited in an open bay or lagoon, but the upper part of each cyclothem is dominated by fine-grained peloidal grainstone/packstone. Both facies show evidence of bioturbation, but in addition the peloidal facies contains fenestrae indicative of periodic emergence which suggests that it may have formed in shallow subtidal or lower intertidal conditions. Each cyclothem therefore records the progressive shoaling which occurred prior to emergence, but there is a negligible sedimentary record of each subsequent transgressive event. Four of the cyclothems are terminated by surfaces displaying minor karstic solution features, but the fifth is coated by a subaerial crust and is associated with early diagenetic rhizoliths, pseudomorphs of gypsum and minor silicification.
GEOGRAPHICAL CHANGE IN BRITAIN DURING THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD
Authors: JOHNSON G. A. L. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Gulf Coast plain of S.E. U.S.A. is suggested as a modern analogue of the Carboniferous shelf across Britain. The coastal plain has developed over a comparable period to the shelf, they are of similar size and the gross environment of deposition, structural setting and broad evolution are much the same. Deposition on the British Carboniferous shelf began with fluviatile sedimentation following the Middle Devonian compressional event that produced widespread uplift and erosion across Britain south of the Scottish Highlands. Marine deposition commenced at the beginning of the Carboniferous in the south and is diachronous across Britain arriving in the Scottish Borders in the Asbian and with the Brigantian Hurlet transgression in South Scotland. In part this can be ascribed to progressive northward spreading epeirogenic downwarping which was first recognised in Devonian marine deposits and called the ‘bathyal lull’. Concurrently tensional stress in the upper crust, owing to slab pull subduction to the south, caused differential subsidence and block and basin extensional tectonics over the shelf. A combination of differential subsidence of sedimentary basins with regional subsidence caused deep Dinantian downwarping in the north and the formation of thick sequences of shallow water deposits. By the Namurian, differential movement was slackening in the north with change to more regional epeirogenic sinking; the centre of deposition or depocentre migrated southward to the Central basin at this time. This process of developing seaward stability continued in the Silesian with a depocentre migrating further south to Cheshire and the Midlands in the earlier Westphalian and to the south-west of Britain, south of the Wales-Brabant ridge, in the late Westphalian. Differential subsidence persisted in the south into the Westphalian and stabilisation of the shelf had not evolved to completion by the time it was terminated by the late Carboniferous Hercynian collision orogeny. From early in Westphalian B times a new arid land surface developed with red-bed deposition across Britain, spreading from the north southwards. Red beds were laid down in some basins in the Midlands and South Scotland apparently without significant break in deposition from the Carboniferous through into the Permian. The sequence of structural change with tensional stress, compressional stress and epeirogeny, together with independent factors such as eustatic changes in sea-level, combined to provide an evolving environment of deposition which is described and briefly compared with similar processes associated with the Gulf Coast plain of U.S.A.
ISOGRAPTUS GIBBERULUS
(NICHOLSON) AND THE ISOGRAPTIDS OF THE ARENIG SERIES (ORDOVICIAN) OF ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: JENKINS C. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A revision of collections of
Isograptus gibberulus
(Nicholson) from the Arenig Series of England and Wales shows that nine separate isograptid species and subspecies have previously been included under that name. They are
Isograptus caduceus gibberulus
(for which a lectotype is now selected),
I. caduceus
cf.
imitatus
(Harris),
I. caduceus
subsp. indet.,
I. victoriae divergens
(Harris),
Pseudisograptus stellus
(Hopkinson),
P. angel
n. sp.,
P. ? menaiensis
n. sp. and
Pseudisograptus
n. spp. A and B.

The new identifications resolve important taxonomic problems related to the definition of
Isograptus.
They also allow a reassessment of the
I. gibberulus
Zone in Britain, and make possible a more accurate correlation of the zone to the graptolite sequences in other countries. The fauna of the zone indicates that it is no older than the Ca 3 Zone (uppermost Castlemainian) of the Lower Ordovician in Australasia.
THE OSTRACODA AND UNIFORMITARIANISM. I. THE LATER RECORD: RECENT, PLEISTOCENE AND TERTIARY
Authors: NEALE JOHN W. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Ostracods are the most sophisticated organisms with which micropalaeontologists deal and have specific ecological requirements, particularly regarding salinity and temperature. This, combined with the fact that they occupy marine, brackish, freshwater and even terrestrial habitats makes them ideal subjects for applying knowledge gained from study of Recent forms back in time to elucidate the past. The two main controlling parameters are those noted above but a wide range of others, often difficult or impossible to ascertain geologically are also operative. This address looks at some examples from the later Pleistocene and Tertiary record.
THE PETROGRAPHY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE WATERSWALLOWS SILL, BUXTON, DERBYSHIRE
Authors: INESON P. R. , WALTERS S. G. , SIMON. MSc. R. M. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A petrographic and geochemical survey of the Waterswallows Sill has shown it to be an olivine microphyric dolerite of a transitional type with tholeiitic affinities. The cores from 86 boreholes indicate a saucer-shaped intrusion 80 m thick with a coarse-grained upper unit and a fine-grained columnar lower unit. Eight new K-Ar isotopic age determinations gave a spread of ages from 160 to 280 my. These results are examined knowing that smectite (nontronite and saponite) alteration, and not chlorite alteration as previously reported, is present. The variable loss of argon related to the partial devitrification of the primary interstitial glass may explain these analyses. They do not indicate the age of emplacement of the Sill.
STRATIGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EARLY PALAEOGENE PYROCLASTIC DEPOSITS IN THE NORTH SEA BASIN
Authors: O’B. KNOX R. W. , MORTON A. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Early Palaeogene pyroclastic sedimentation in the North Sea Basin took place in two main phases. The first (c. 58 – 57 Ma) was related to Hebridean volcanicity and the associated deposits are coarsest and most abundant in central western parts of the North Sea Basin. The second phase (c. 55 – 52 Ma) appears to have been related to volcanic activity in the Rockall-Greenland rift, with a maximum phase of explosive eruptions taking place immediately before the onset of oceanic crust generation at c. 54 – 54.5 Ma.
A LATE DEVENSIAN AND EARLY FLANDRIAN FAUNA AND FLORA FROM KILDALE, NORTH-EAST YORKSHIRE
Authors: KEEN D. H. , JONES R. L. , ROBINSON J. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Late Devensian and early Flandrian Mollusca and Ostracoda from a silted kettle-hole at Kildale in north-east Yorkshire are described. The fauna is related to a radiocarbon-dated stratigraphic and palaeobotanical sequence. The faunal assemblages are compared with others of similar age in Northern Ireland and Denmark. An assessment is made of the environments of the Windermere interstadial, Loch Lomond Stadial and early part of the Flandrian Interglacial at the locality.
MARINE REPTILES FROM THE UPPER LIAS (LOWER TOARCIAN, LOWER JURASSIC) OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST
Authors: BENTON M. J. , TAYLOR M. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Fossil marine reptiles have been collected in some abundance from several sites along the Yorkshire coast over the last 225 years. Much of this material has remained unstudied and there is confusion over the provenance of most specimens. A detailed study of early collectors’ reports has revealed the sources of some specimens, and others have been dated by means of associated ammonites and matrix. A complete list of all specimens known to us is given, and these include 55 crocodiles, 69 ichthyosaurs, 33 plesiosaurs and one pterosaur. Reptiles are rare in the Lower and Middle Lias of Yorkshire. The richest horizons are within the Upper Lias (Lower Toarcian, Whitbian), with 14 specimens from the Jet Rock Formation and 144 from the Alum Shales Formation (predominantly the Main Alum Shales). The best localities have been the Whitby – Saltwick section (137 specimens) and the old alum quarries at Kettleness (5 specimens) and Loftus (4 specimens). The faunas from these sites are unrivalled in the Upper Lias of Britain, and they show significant differences from the Upper Lias faunas of SW Germany (e.g. Holzmaden) and France.
ANOMALOUS URANIUM IN SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS OVERLYING THE WASDALE HEAD GRANITE, CUMBRIA.
Authors: BUCKLEY A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Earlier work has indicated that the main outcrop of the Eskdale Granite may be the source of stream sediment uranium anomalies. The collection and analysis (by XRF) of the <150
μ
m fraction of boulder clays and stream sediments from further north has indicated the presence of anomalous uranium, arsenic and molybdenum over a body of granite at Wasdale Head. Follow-up sampling confirmed this and delineated the anomaly more accurately. No primary uranium mineralisation has been found but the anomaly is comparable with anomalies from mineralised areas and detailed examination of the samples suggests that, whilst scavenging has caused some enhancement, the anomaly is unlikely to have formed simply by accumulation of uranium from the normal low background. Furthermore, it is unlikely that secondary processes acting on lithologies similar to those exposed in the area would produce a strong correlation between these elements.