bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response to color by male and female Frankliniella occidentalis during swarming and non‐swarming behavior
Authors: Matteson N. A. , Terry L. I. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractResponses of male and female Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) to colors of various hues and brightness levels were compared between swarming and non‐swarming behavior periods. Relative rankings of color preference were similar between males and females and between swarming and non‐swarming behavior periods. Numbers of thrips were higher on blues, violets, white and somewhat less on some yellows, while lower numbers were found on greens, reds, some yellows and highly UV reflective white. The effect of UV reflection on thrips response to color depended upon the amount of UV reflectance. Highly UV reflective white (78% reflectance at 365 nm) captured very few thrips compared with low UV white (14% reflectance at 365 nm), but colors with less than 35% UV reflectance had no negative effect on numbers of thrips captured compared with their lower UV counterparts. Correlations of average preference rank of colors across all tests with relative rank of brightness of the colors (based on the area under the reflectance curve in different spectral ranges) indicated highly significant correlations of preference with the brightness in the blue‐violet range (R = 0.69 for females; R = 0.86 for males, P < 0.0021), but no significant correlation with brightness in the visible, green‐yellow, or UV range. This contrasts with previous physiological research which indicates that spectral response efficiency of this species peaks in the UV and at 540 nm (green‐yellow range). Several possible physiological, behavioral and color brightness explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.Significantly higher numbers of male thrips were trapped during swarming (4.5–6.3 ×) compared with non‐swarming behavior periods. Significantly higher numbers of males were trapped than females during swarming behavior periods, but more females were trapped than males during non‐swarming behavior periods. Sex ratios during non‐swarming periods approximated sex ratios found in populations in plants. Based on the density change relative to sex ratio change between behavior periods, there was an indication of a greater change in male behavior than in female behavior. Since males and females responded similarly to color during both behavior periods and attractive colors were similar to flower colors, this suggests that male thrips use resource‐based areas for aggregation sites.
Performance of Piezodorus guildinii on four species of Indigofera legumes
Authors: Panizzi A. R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPiezodorus guildinii (Westwood) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), a major pest of soybean in South America, feeds on alternative legume hosts, and four species of Indigofera were tested. Nymphal survival was 88% on I. endecaphylla Jacq. (IE), 15% on I. suffruticosa Mill. (IS), 70% on I. hirsuta L. (IH) and 40% on I. truxilliensis H.B.K. (IT)). From stadia 2 through 5, fastest development (22 days) occurred on IE and IT, and the slowest (29 days) on IS. Fresh body weight at emergence was higher for nymphs fed on IE and IT. Adult survival of P. guildinii after 40 days, was greater than 70% on IT and IE, and less than 20% on IS. Females oviposited on all Indigofera species, but < 30% were observed to lay eggs on IS. Body weight gain during the first week was greater for adults feeding on IE and IH. Insects lost weight on IS; at the end of day 15 no differences in percent change in body weight, among the food plants tested, were observed. Field surveys conducted on IT and IS, the two most abundant species in northern Paraná, indicated a greater number of nymphs, adults, and egg masses on the former host. On both hosts P. guildinii was more abundant during April/May, after soybean harvest, suggesting movement of the populations from soybean to Indigofera.
The effect of mineral oil on stylet activities and potato virus Y transmission by aphids
Authors: Powell G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMineral oil sprayed onto potato virus Y (PVY) infected tobacco plants reduced acquisition of this potyvirus by Myzus persicae (Sulz.). Although the pre‐penetration activities of aphids were longer on oil treated leaves, the inhibitory effect of the oil could not be attributed to differences in the duration of stylet penetration. Aphids were therefore made part of a DC circuit in order to investigate their stylet activities during penetration of PVY infected source plants and healthy test plants. Both acquisition and inoculation of the virus were reduced by the presence of oil on the plant surface, but these reductions could not be related to electrically recorded differences in plant penetration behaviour. In particular, stylet punctures of plant cell membranes were not reduced by mineral oil. Non‐behavioural reasons are suggested to explain the mode of action of the oil.
The role of honeydew as an ovipositional stimulant for two species of syrphids
Authors: Budenberg W. J. , Powell W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe influence of honeydew contamination on egg laying by the syrphids Episyrphus balteatus (Deg.) and Platycheirus albimanus (F.) on ears of wheat was investigated in a large laboratory flight cage. Artificially‐applied honeydew elicited oviposition by E. balteatus but not by Platycheirus albimanus. Episyrphus balteatus females landed more frequently on ears contaminated with honeydew than on clean ears, suggesting a response to honeydew volatiles. Honeydew from the rose‐grain aphid Metopolophium dirhodum and from the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum stimulated E. balteatus to lay eggs, whereas honeydew from the nettle aphid Microlophium carnosum did not. The number of eggs laid by E. balteatus increased with increasing honeydew concentration. At low honeydew concentrations the presence of aphids increased oviposition by E. balteatus, but aphid presence had little effect on the number of eggs laid at high honeydew concentrations.
Resistance in certain maize cultivars to first and third‐instar Chilo partellus larvae
Authors: Kumar H. , Saxena K. N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe resistance/susceptibility levels of ten maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars to neonates and 3rd‐instar larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were measured in the field and screenhouse experiments. The maize cultivars tested were: Inbred A, Mp 704, V‐37, Population 10, Hybrid 511, Katumani Composite B, ER‐29 SVR, Poza Rica 7832, ICZ2‐CM, and MMV 400. Most cultivars were found susceptible to 3rd‐instar larvae based on the incidence of dead heart symptoms, foliar feeding and stem tunnelling caused by stem borers in both the field and screenhouse experiments. However, the maize cultivars V‐37, MMV 400 and Poza Rica 7832 sustained significantly lesser damage than the other cultivars when infested with neonates or 3rd instar larvae.The screenhouse experiments conducted with five maize cultivars, i.e. Inbred A, Mp 704, V‐37, ER‐29 SVR, and Poza Rica 7832 showed that neonates fed less on the resistant than the susceptible maize cultivars but feeding by the 3rd instars was equally high on all the maize cultivars except Mp 704 on which the larvae fed less than the others. In the cultivars infested with neonates, the mean period for 50% moth emergence P50 was longest on Mp 704 followed by Poza Rica 7832, ER‐29 SVR, V‐37 and Inbred A. In the cultivars infested with 3rd‐instars, P50 was longest for Poza Rica 7832 followed equally by the remaining cultivars.On the basis of the evidence presented we here conclude that neonates of C. partellus are sensitive to the growth inhibiting effects of the resistant maize cultivars Mp 704, V‐37, and Poza Rica 7832 but the older larvae are insensitive to these effects of Mp 704 and V‐37 but not of Poza Rica 7832.
Influence d'une alimentation préalable et du jeûne sur l'apparition de la recherche intensive des proies chez Semiadalia undecimnotata
Authors: Ettifouri M. , Ferran A. 
Published: April 2011

RésuméLes prédateurs qui vivent aux dépens de ressources alimentaires groupées, modifient leur mode de déplacement après la capture et l'ingestion d'une proie. Ils passent de la recherche extensive (déplacements rapides et linéaires) à la recherche intensive (déplacements lents et sinueux). Chez les adultes et les larves de dernier stade de la coccinelle Semiadalia undecimnotata Schn. (Col., Coccinellidae), dans les premières heures qui suivent leur naissance ou leur mue, l'ingestion d'un premier puceron ne modifie pas les caractéristiques locomotrices individuelles: les déplacements restent de type extensif. Au début de chaque stade, cette coccinelle présente une période de sensibilisation à la proie rencontrée. Durant ces laps de temps, elle doit consommer plusieurs proies avant d'ětre capable d'adopter la recherche intensive. L'existence d'une période de jeûne avant cette première prise alimentaire favorise, au contraire, l'adoption de la recherche intensive.AbstractEffect of a prior feeding period and of fasting on the appearance of intensive search of preys with S. undecimnotataThe ladybird, Semiadalia undecimnotata, like all other entomophagous insects feeding on relatively sedentary prey, exhibits two types of walking pattern during the search for prey: extensive and intensive search. The latter is engaged following detection of visual or chemical cues. Changes in the ladybird search pattern: extensive search ‐ a single prey capture ‐ intensive search, were investigated in relation to experience of prior feeding‐periods (experienced coccinellids) or to lack of such experience (naïve coccinellids) and with respect to changes in duration of fasting. The analysis of their pathways was performed initially by comparison of three locomotory paramètres: the number of stops (number/s), the walking speed (mm/s) and the turning‐rate (degrees/s), and subsequently by statistical classification (principle components analysis). Unlike experienced coccinellids, observations of naïve coccinellids, indicate that a single feeding session during the three to five hours after emergence of an adult, or ecdysis of the larva, will change the walking pattern slightly. These animals will maintain extensive search or adopt a particular, intermediate locomotory pattern which is a development of extensive search but do not adopt intensive search. Fasting, for periods over twelve hours, favoured intensive search in populations studied. It is probable that the requirement to feed on more than one prey item before adopting intensive search involves concepts such as forms of learning (sensitization).
Host acceptance behaviour of the jack pine tip beetle, Conophthorus anksianae and the red pine cone beetle, C. resinosae
Authors: de Groot P. , Borden J. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe jack pine tip beetle, Conophthorus banksianae McPherson (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and the red pine cone beetle, C. resinosae Hopkins, are doubtful sibling species. However, it is possible that these two taxa are valid species that maintain reproductive isolation because they accept different hosts. In a series of laboratory and field cage experiments, the host acceptance behaviours of these two species under choice and no choice conditions were compared. The field experiments demonstrated that the two species have a similar propensity to accept jack pine cones and shoots for feeding, but differ consistently in their acceptance of red pine cones, and variably in their acceptance of red pine shoots. However, the laboratory experiments did not indicate a difference between the two species in their propensity to accept red pine cones for feeding. In field cages, C. resinosae accepted significantly more red pine cones for oviposition than C. banksianae; the situation was reversed for jack pine shoots. In comparison to C. banksianae, C. resinosae is a more generalist feeder. The results from this study suggest that host acceptance behaviour is a permeable barrier unable to ensure reproductive isolation between the two species. Although there are differences in the host acceptance behaviours between C. banksianae and C. resinosae, we conclude that these differences do not necessarily support their designation as distinct species.
The role of trophallaxis in the distribution of Perizin in a honeybee colony with regard to the control of the Varroa mite
Authors: van Buren N. W. M. , Mariën A. G. H. , Velthuis H. H. W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIt is claimed that Perizin, a pesticide to control the mite Varroa jacobsoni, acts systemically and is distributed by trophallaxis of the bees. We studied the role of trophallactic interactions in the distribution of coumaphos, the active ingredient, among the colony members and whether coumaphos can reach all mites by systemic activity. Colonies were divided into three compartments by a screen, one receiving a Perizin treatment by sprinkling, the others receiving no Perizin. In this way it was possible to trace the amount of coumaphos transferred between bees through the screen from the treated part to the untreated one by trophallaxis. After different periods of time the number of fallen mites was counted and the amount of coumaphos in bees was determined for all hive compartments. We found that trophallactic interactions are of minor importance in the distribution of Perizin between the two compartments. The recommended method of sprinkling Perizin over the bees was shown to be very inefficient; only 24% of the applied amount reaches the alimentary canal of the bees; the rest must therefore remain at other places: on the outside of the bees, in the combs and on the hive‐parts.
Dispersion pattern of the medfly from its geographic centre of origin and genetic relationships of the medfly with two close relatives
Authors: Kourti A. , Loukas M. , Sourdis J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe used three different approaches, a phylogenetic analysis, the principal component analysis, and Gabriel Graphs, to study the dispersion of the medfly from its geographic centre of origin. Our analysis was based on 13 enzyme polymorphisms detected electrophoretically in 15 natural populations coming from distinct geographic areas. The results indicate that (i) there is a clear‐cut separation of the native African from the introduced populations, (ii) the population from Spain seems to connect the African and the Mediterranean or American populations, and (iii) the Mediterranean populations as well as the American ones comprise two distinct groups of closely related populations.We have also estimated a phylogenetic tree for 3 species of the genus Ceratitis: C. capitata, C. rosa and C. nigra, based on electrophoretic data under the assumption of a molecular clock. The results suggest that C. capitata and C. rosa are more closely related to each other than either is to C. nigra.
Development and application of an integrated pest management programme for the psyllid, Ctenarytaina thysanura on Boronia megastigma in Tasmania
Authors: Mensah R. K. , Madden J. L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn integrated pest management programme for control of the psyllid, Ctenarytaina thysanura (Ferris & Klyver) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in commercial boronia plantations was developed and implemented from 1986–1989. The programme involved spraying boronia stems only with the systemic organophosphate mevinphos at peak incidence of late stage nymphs. At this time, the majority of parasitoids were pupating within mummified hosts. Consequently, actively feeding nymphs were potentially susceptible to mevinphos but the parasitoids were not. Stem application negated any contact effect on parasitoids and predators. The conservation of natural enemies subsequently reduced psyllid numbers and no insecticide has been required since 1989. In economic terms the benefit to cost ratio of the IPM programme was 22.40: 1.0 and this was 40 times greater than the conventional 10 demeton‐S‐methyl sprays used by growers prior to the study.
Antimetabolic effects of plant lectins and plant and fungal enzymes on the nymphal stages of two important rice pests, Nilaparvata lugens and Nephotettix cinciteps
Authors: Powell K. S. , Gatehouse A. M. R. , Hilder V. A. , Gatehouse J. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractInsect feeding trials were carried out to determine the effects of incorporating a range of plant derived proteins into artificial diets fed to leafhopper and planthopper pests of rice. The lectins Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and the enzyme soy bean lipoxygenase (LPO) were shown to exhibit significant antimetabolic effects towards first and third instar nymphs of rice brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) when incorporated into artificial diet at 0.1% (w/v), 0.1% (w/v) and 0.08% (w/v) levels respectively. The lectin GNA was also shown to exhibit a significant antimetabolic effect towards third instar nymphs of the rice green leafhopper (Nephotettix cinciteps Uhler). A number of inert proteins, lectins, protein inhibitors and enzymes also tested showed relatively little or no effect towards both insects.
The behaviour of 9 stored product beetles at pitfall trap arenas and their capture in millet
Authors: Obeng‐Ofori D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPitfall trap capture for Sitophilus oryzae (L.), S. zeamais (Motschulsky), S. granarius (L.), Tribolium confusum (Duval), T. castaneum (Herbst); Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), Cryptolestes pusillus (Schonherr), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabr.), and Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) in millet was assessed by visual and time‐lapse video recordings. The behaviour of different beetle species in arenas containing millet was monitored over 24 h and the frequency of encounters with the trap rim resulting in capture recorded. The capture efficiency of four types of pitfall traps (i.e. polystyrene, polythene, glass and tin‐plated steel can) with rims exposed or submerged below the millet surface level were compared. Capture was related to beetle size, locomotory rate, and beetle behaviour at the trap rim as well as trap design and placement. The lighter and smaller species were least captured. Glass jars were more effective than plastic and metal containers. Traps placed with their rims submerged below the grain surface level were more efficient than those with rims exposed. Capture rate was unrelated to trap size. The frequency of encounters with trap rims was not correlated with capture rate. Three types of avoidance behaviours at the trap rims i.e. probing, skirting and spontaneous retreat, were related to capture rate, spontaneous retreat being the most effective escape mechanism and probing least.
The occurrence of translocations in insecticide resistant and susceptible field‐collected strains of the German cockroach
Authors: Ross M. H. , Crouch J. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractInsecticide resistant and susceptible field‐collected strains of the German cockroach were surveyed for the occurrence of chromosome polymorphisms. Analyses were on meiotic cells of males that hatched from oothecae with unusual numbers (>5) of incompletely developed eggs (aberrant oothecae). Three males were reciprocal translocation heterozygotes. A spontaneous translocation was noted in one cell of a fourth male. The males were from insecticide resistant strains. Partially developed eggs in oothecae from outcrosses of two of the translocation herozygotes ceased development in early stages and were characterized by gross morphologic abnormalities. Chromosome abnormalities other than translocations occurred in a low percentage of males from aberrant oothecae in both resistant and susceptible strains. The only general differences between susceptible and resistant strains were that, in pooled data, the frequencies of unhatched oothecae and of aberrant oothecae were higher in the resistant than susceptible strains.
Influence of larval dietary supply on the food consumption, food utilization efficiency, growth and development of the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea
Authors: Zheng Y. , Hagen K. S. , Daane K. M. , Mittler T. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLarvae of the common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), were fed either an optimal or a suboptimal number of eggs of the moth Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) in the first and/or second larval instar, or in all three larval instars. Parameters for the duration, growth, and the efficiency of conversion of ingested food to body substance (ECI) of each instar were established for seven different dietary regimes. Larvae that had a suboptimal food supply in the first instar had a significantly longer developmental time, gained significantly less weight, and had a slightly lower ECI in that instar larvae. Suboptimally‐fed second less, but remained only slightly longer in that instar and had a similar ECI to optimally‐fed second instar larvae. The developmental time of suboptimally‐fed third instar larvae was similar to that of optimally‐fed larvae of that stage. Whereas the growth of the former was significantly less than that of larvae optimally fed in that instar, the ECI of the former was significantly higher. Despite the relatively smaller size of larvae fed suboptimally in the first and/or second instar, when such larvae were subsequently supplied with an overabundance of prey eggs, they consumed approximately the same number of eggs during the remainder of their larval life as did larvae whose food supply had not been restricted previously. When larvae were allowed to consume different numbers of eggs in their third instar, their gain in weight and therefore the weights attained by the resulting adults (based on the weights of 3‐day‐old cocoons) had a highly significant positive correlation with the number of eggs consumed in this instar.
Mating disruption to control damage by leafrollers in Virginia apple orchards
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Kaakeh W. , Killian J. C. , Lachance M. W. , Kirsch P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMating disruption for control of variegated leafroller (VLR), Platynota flavedana (Clemens), tufted apple bud moth (TBM), P. ideausalis Walker, and redbanded leafroller (RBL), Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), was studied in Virginia apple orchards in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, each dispenser (1000/ha) contained 190 mg of 67.2% E11–14:Ac, 28.8% Z11–14:Ac, 1.4% E11–14:OH, 0.6% Z11–14:OH, and 2% Z9–12:Ac (a putative generic leafroller disruption blend). Trap captures of VLR, TBM and RBL were reduced by 97%, 51% and 55%, respectively. Average leafroller injury in the interior and edge of the pheromone block was 3.8% and 2.7%, respectively. The conventional control and abandoned blocks had 0.05 and 27.5% injury, respectively. Dispensers containing E11–14:OH (70%) and Z11–14:OH (30%) (close to the natural blend of VLR), more effectively disrupted orientation to pheromone traps by both Platynota spp. than did the generic blend. In 1990, dispensers containing 150 mg of E11–14:OH (70%) and Z11–14:OH (1000/ha) were placed in two 2‐ha blocks and one 4‐ha block. One pheromone‐treated block was sprayed in August with phosmet for codling moth, not timed for leafrollers. Trap captures of VLR and TBM were reduced by almost 100% and 69%, respectively. RBL captures were not reduced by VLR pheromone permeation. Injury from Platynota spp. in pheromone block middles and edges ranged from 0.3–1.7% and 0.3–2.3%, respectively. Injury in conventional blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. RBL injury in pheromone block middles ranged from 0–6.1%, and in edges, 1.7–4.8%. Injury in control blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. Combined leafroller injury in an abandoned block was 18% (s.e. 0.3). Release rates averaged 30 and 32 mg/ha/h for the VLR and generic pheromone dispensers, respectively.