bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limited Transferrin Receptor Clustering Allows Rapid Diffusion of Canine Parvovirus into Clathrin Endocytic Structures
Authors: Cureton David K. , Harbison Carole E. , Cocucci Emanuele , Parrish Colin R. , Kirchhausen Tom 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT
Viral pathogens usurp cell surface receptors to access clathrin endocytic structures, yet the mechanisms of virus incorporation into these structures remain incompletely understood. Here we used fluorescence microscopy to directly visualize the association of single canine parvovirus (CPV) capsids with cellular transferrin receptors (TfR) on the surfaces of live feline cells and to monitor how these CPV-TfR complexes access endocytic structures. We found that most capsids associated with fewer than five TfRs and that ∼25% of TfR-bound capsids laterally diffused into assembling clathrin-coated pits less than 30 s after attachment. Capsids that did not encounter a coated pit dissociated from the cell surface with a half-life of ∼30 s. Together, our results show how CPV exploits the natural mechanism of TfR endocytosis to engage the clathrin endocytic pathway and reveal that the low affinity of capsids for feline TfRs limits the residence time of capsids on the cell surface and thus the efficiency of virus internalization.
Fall in peptic ulcer mortality associated with increased consultant input, prompt surgery and use of high dependency care identified through peer-review audit
Authors: Aga Hiba , Readhead David , MacColl Gavin , Thompson Alastair 
Published: February 2012

ObjectivesPatients with peptic ulceration continue to present to surgeons with complications of bleeding or perforation and to die under surgical care. This study sought to examine whether improved consultant input, timely interventions and perioperative care could reduce mortality from peptic ulcer.DesignProspective collection of peer-review mortality data using Scottish Audit of Surgical Mortality methodologies (http://www.SASM.org) and analysed using SPSS.SettingSecondary care; all hospitals in Scotland, UK, admitting surgical patients over 13 years (1994–2006).Participants42 736 patients admitted (38 782 operative and 3954 non-operative) with peptic ulcer disease; 1952 patients died (1338 operative and 614 non-operative deaths) with a diagnosis of peptic ulcer.Primary and secondary outcome measuresAdverse events; consultant presence at operation, operations performed within 2 h and high dependency/intensive therapy unit (HDU/ITU) use.ResultsAnnual mortality fell from 251 in 1994 to 83 in 2006, proportionately greater than the reduction in hospital admissions with peptic ulcer. Adverse events declined over time and were rare for non-operative patients. Consultant surgeon presence at operation rose from 40.0% in 1994 to 73.4% in 2006, operations performed within 2 h of admission from 10.3% in 1994 to 28.1% in 2006 and HDU/ITU use from 52.7% in 1994 to 84.4% in 2006. Consultant involvement (p=0.005) and HDU/ITU care (p=0.026) were significantly associated with a reduction in operative deaths.ConclusionPatients with complications of peptic ulceration admitted under surgical care should be offered consultant surgeon input, timely surgery and HDU/ITU care.
Learning from near misses: from quick fixes to closing off the Swiss-cheese holes: Table 1
Authors: Jeffs Lianne , Berta Whitney , Lingard Lorelei , Baker G Ross 
Published: February 2012

IntroductionThe extent to which individuals in healthcare use near misses as learning opportunities remains poorly understood. Thus, an exploratory study was conducted to gain insight into the nature of, and contributing factors to, organisational learning from near misses in clinical practice.MethodsA constructivist grounded theory approach was employed which included semi-structured interviews with 24 participants (16 clinicians and 8 administrators) from a large teaching hospital in Canada.ResultsThis study revealed three scenarios for the responses to near misses, the most common involved ‘doing a quick fix’ where clinicians recognised and corrected an error with no further action. The second scenario consisted of reporting near misses but not hearing back from management, which some participants characterised as ‘going into a black hole’. The third scenario was ‘closing off the Swiss-cheese holes’, in which a reported near miss generated corrective action at an organisational level. Explanations for ‘doing a quick fix’ included the pervasiveness of near misses that cause no harm and fear associated with reporting the near miss. ‘Going into a black hole’ reflected managers' focus on operational duties and events that harmed patients. ‘Closing off the Swiss-cheese holes’ occurred when managers perceived substantial potential for harm and preventability. Where learning was perceived to occur, leaders played a pivotal role in encouraging near-miss reporting.ConclusionTo optimise learning, organisations will need to determine which near misses are appropriate to be responded to as ‘quick fixes’ and which ones require further action at the unit and corporate levels.
Getting doctors to clean their hands: lead the followers
Authors: Haessler Sarah , Bhagavan Anju , Kleppel Reva , Hinchey Kevin , Visintainer Paul 
Published: February 2012

BackgroundDespite ample evidence that hand hygiene (HH) can reduce nosocomial infections, physician compliance remains low. The authors hypothesised that attending physician role modelling and peer pressure among internal medicine teams would impact HH adherence.MethodsNine teams were covertly observed. Team member entry and exit order, and adherence to HH were recorded secretly. The mean HH percentage across encounters was estimated by compliance of the first person entering and exiting an encounter, and by the attending physician's HH compliance.Results718 HH opportunities prior to contact and 744 opportunities after contact were observed. If the first person entering a patient encounter performed HH, the mean compliance of other team members was 64%, but was only 45% if the first person failed to perform HH (p=0.002). When the attending physician performed HH upon entering the patient encounter, the mean HH compliance was 66%, but only 42% if the attending physician did not perform HH (p<0.001). Similar results were seen on exiting the room. The effects of the first person were not driven solely by the attending physician's HH behaviour because the attending physician was first or second to enter 57% of the encounters and exit 44% of the encounters.ConclusionsIf the first person entering a patient room performs HH, then others were more likely to perform HH too, implying that peer pressure impacts team member HH compliance. The attending physician's behaviour also influenced team members regardless of whether the attending physician was the first to enter or exit an encounter, implying that role modelling impacts the HH behaviour of learners. These findings should be used when designing HH improvement programmes targeting physicians.
Major trauma and urban cyclists: physiological status and injury profile
Authors: Manson Joanna , Cooper Sian , West Anita , Foster Elizabeth , Cole Elaine , Tai Nigel R M 
Published: February 2012

IntroductionPedal cycling in cities has the potential to deliver significant health and economic benefits for individuals and society. Safety is the main concern for potential cyclists although the statistical risk of death is low. Little is known about the severity of injuries sustained by city cyclists and their outcome.AimThe aim of this study was to characterise the physiological status and injury profile of cyclists admitted to our urban major trauma centre (MTC).MethodsDatabase analysis of cyclist casualties between 2004 and 2009. The physiological parameters examined were admission systolic blood pressure (SBP), admission base deficit and prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale.Results265 cyclists required full trauma-team activation. 82% were injured during a collision with a motorised vehicle. The majority (73%) had collided with a car or a heavy goods vehicle (HGV). These casualties formed the cohort for further analysis. Cyclists who collided with an HGV were more severely injured and had a higher mortality rate. Low SBP and high base deficit indicate that haemorrhagic shock is a key feature of HGV casualties.ConclusionCollision with any vehicle can result in death or serious injury to a cyclist. Injury patterns vary with the type of vehicle involved. HGVs were associated with severe injuries and death as a result of uncontrollable haemorrhage. Awareness of this injury profile may aid prehospital management and expedite transfer to MTC care. Rapid haemorrhage control may salvage some, but not all, of these casualties. The need for continued collision prevention strategies and long-term outcome data collection in trauma patients is highlighted.
RELAXATION METHOD FOR NAVIER–STOKES EQUATION
Authors: DE OLIVEIRA P. M. C. 
Published: February 2012

The motivation for this work was a simple experiment [P. M. C. de Oliveira, S. Moss de Oliveira, F. A. Pereira and J. C. Sartorelli, preprint (2010), arXiv:1005.4086], where a little polystyrene ball is released falling in air. The interesting observation is a speed breaking. After an initial nearly linear time-dependence, the ball speed reaches a maximum value. After this, the speed finally decreases until its final, limit value. The provided explanation is related to the so-called von Kármán street of vortices successively formed behind the falling ball. After completely formed, the whole street extends for some hundred diameters. However, before a certain transient time needed to reach this steady-state, the street is shorter and the drag force is relatively reduced. Thus, at the beginning of the fall, a small and light ball may reach a speed superior to the sustainable steady-state value. Besides the real experiment, the numerical simulation of a related theoretical problem is also performed. A cylinder (instead of a 3D ball, thus reducing the effective dimension to 2) is positioned at rest inside a wind tunnel initially switched off. Suddenly, at t = 0 it is switched on with a constant and uniform wind velocity [Formula: see text] far from the cylinder and perpendicular to it. This is the first boundary condition. The second is the cylinder surface, where the wind velocity is null. In between these two boundaries, the velocity field is determined by solving the Navier–Stokes equation, as a function of time. For that, the initial condition is taken as the known Stokes laminar limit V → 0, since initially the tunnel is switched off. The numerical method adopted in this task is the object of the current text.
The Superior Temporal Sulcus Differentiates Communicative and Noncommunicative Auditory Signals
Authors: Shultz Sarah , Vouloumanos Athena , Pelphrey Kevin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractProcessing the vocalizations of conspecifics is critical for adaptive social interaction. A species-specific voice-selective region has been identified in the right STS that responds more strongly to human vocal sounds compared with a variety of nonvocal sounds. However, the STS also activates in response to a wide range of signals used in communication, such as eye gaze, biological motion, and speech. These findings raise the possibility that the voice-selective region of the STS may be especially sensitive to vocal sounds that are communicative, rather than to all human vocal sounds. Using fMRI, we demonstrate that the voice-selective region of the STS responds more strongly to communicative vocal sounds (such as speech and laughter) compared with noncommunicative vocal sounds (such as coughing and sneezing). The implications of these results for understanding the role of the STS in voice processing and in disorders of social communication, such as autism spectrum disorder, are discussed.
Neural Mechanisms Mediating Contingent Capture of Attention by Affective Stimuli
Authors: Reeck Crystal , LaBar Kevin S. , Egner Tobias 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Attention is attracted exogenously by physically salient stimuli, but this effect can be dampened by endogenous attention settings, a phenomenon called “contingent capture.” Emotionally salient stimuli are also thought to exert a strong exogenous influence on attention, especially in anxious individuals, but whether and how top–down attention can ameliorate bottom–up capture by affective stimuli is currently unknown. Here, we paired a novel spatial cueing task with fMRI to investigate contingent capture as a function of the affective salience of bottom–up cues (face stimuli) and individual differences in trait anxiety. In the absence of top–down cues, exogenous stimuli validly cueing targets facilitated attention in low-anxious participants, regardless of affective salience. However, although high-anxious participants exhibited similar facilitation following neutral exogenous cues, this facilitation was completely absent following affectively negative exogenous cues. Critically, these effects were contingent on endogenous attentional settings, such that explicit top–down cues presented before the appearance of exogenous stimuli removed anxious individuals' sensitivity to affectively salient stimuli. fMRI analyses revealed a network of brain regions underlying this variability in affective contingent capture across individuals, including the fusiform face area (FFA), posterior ventrolateral frontal cortex, and SMA. Importantly, activation in the posterior ventrolateral frontal cortex and the SMA fully mediated the effects observed in FFA, demonstrating a critical role for these frontal regions in mediating attentional orienting and interference resolution processes when engaged by affectively salient stimuli.
Action–Sound Coincidences Suppress Evoked Responses of the Human Auditory Cortex in EEG and MEG
Authors: Horváth János , Maess Burkhard , Baess Pamela , Tóth Annamária 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The N1 auditory ERP and its magnetic counterpart (N1[m]) are suppressed when elicited by self-induced sounds. Because the N1(m) is a correlate of auditory event detection, this N1 suppression effect is generally interpreted as a reflection of the workings of an internal forward model: The forward model captures the contingency (causal relationship) between the action and the sound, and this is used to cancel the predictable sensory reafference when the action is initiated. In this study, we demonstrated in three experiments using a novel coincidence paradigm that actual contingency between actions and sounds is not a necessary condition for N1 suppression. Participants performed time interval production tasks: They pressed a key to set the boundaries of time intervals. Concurrently, but independently of keypresses, a sequence of pure tones with random onset-to-onset intervals was presented. Tones coinciding with keypresses elicited suppressed N1(m) and P2(m), suggesting that action–stimulus contiguity (temporal proximity) is sufficient to suppress sensory processing related to the detection of auditory events.
Neuronal Correlates of Perception, Imagery, and Memory for Familiar Tunes
Authors: Herholz Sibylle C. , Halpern Andrea R. , Zatorre Robert J. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
We used fMRI to investigate the neuronal correlates of encoding and recognizing heard and imagined melodies. Ten participants were shown lyrics of familiar verbal tunes; they either heard the tune along with the lyrics, or they had to imagine it. In a subsequent surprise recognition test, they had to identify the titles of tunes that they had heard or imagined earlier. The functional data showed substantial overlap during melody perception and imagery, including secondary auditory areas. During imagery compared with perception, an extended network including pFC, SMA, intraparietal sulcus, and cerebellum showed increased activity, in line with the increased processing demands of imagery. Functional connectivity of anterior right temporal cortex with frontal areas was increased during imagery compared with perception, indicating that these areas form an imagery-related network. Activity in right superior temporal gyrus and pFC was correlated with the subjective rating of imagery vividness. Similar to the encoding phase, the recognition task recruited overlapping areas, including inferior frontal cortex associated with memory retrieval, as well as left middle temporal gyrus. The results present new evidence for the cortical network underlying goal-directed auditory imagery, with a prominent role of the right pFC both for the subjective impression of imagery vividness and for on-line mental monitoring of imagery-related activity in auditory areas.
ParentChecker: a computer program for automated inference of missing parental genotype calls and linkage phase correction
Authors: Hu Zhiqiu , Ehlers Jeffrey D , Roberts Philip A , Close Timothy J , Lucas Mitchell R , Wanamaker Steve , Xu Shizhong 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Background
Accurate genetic maps are the cornerstones of genetic discovery, but their construction can be hampered by missing parental genotype information. Inference of parental haplotypes and correction of phase errors can be done manually on a one by one basis with the aide of current software tools, but this is tedious and time consuming for the high marker density datasets currently being generated for many crop species. Tools that help automate the process of inferring parental genotypes can greatly speed the process of map building. We developed a software tool that infers and outputs missing parental genotype information based on observed patterns of segregation in mapping populations. When phases are correctly inferred, they can be fed back to the mapping software to quickly improve marker order and placement on genetic maps.

Results
ParentChecker is a user-friendly tool that uses the segregation patterns of progeny to infer missing genotype information of parental lines that have been used to construct a mapping population. It can also be used to automate correction of linkage phase errors in genotypic data that are in ABH format.

Conclusion
ParentChecker efficiently improves genetic mapping datasets for cases where parental information is incomplete by automating the process of inferring missing genotypes of inbred mapping populations and can also be used to correct linkage phase errors in ABH formatted datasets.
Linking public health agencies and hospitals for improved emergency preparedness: North Carolina's public health epidemiologist program
Authors: Markiewicz Milissa , Bevc Christine A , Hegle Jennifer , Horney Jennifer A , Davies Megan , MacDonald Pia DM 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Background
In 2003, 11 public health epidemiologists were placed in North Carolina's largest hospitals to enhance communication between public health agencies and healthcare systems for improved emergency preparedness. We describe the specific services public health epidemiologists provide to local health departments, the North Carolina Division of Public Health, and the hospitals in which they are based, and assess the value of these services to stakeholders.

Methods
We surveyed and/or interviewed public health epidemiologists, communicable disease nurses based at local health departments, North Carolina Division of Public Health staff, and public health epidemiologists' hospital supervisors to 1) elicit the services provided by public health epidemiologists in daily practice and during emergencies and 2) examine the value of these services. Interviews were transcribed and imported into ATLAS.ti for coding and analysis. Descriptive analyses were performed on quantitative survey data.

Results
Public health epidemiologists conduct syndromic surveillance of community-acquired infections and potential bioterrorism events, assist local health departments and the North Carolina Division of Public Health with public health investigations, educate clinicians on diseases of public health importance, and enhance communication between hospitals and public health agencies. Stakeholders place on a high value on the unique services provided by public health epidemiologists.

Conclusions
Public health epidemiologists effectively link public health agencies and hospitals to enhance syndromic surveillance, communicable disease management, and public health emergency preparedness and response. This comprehensive description of the program and its value to stakeholders, both in routine daily practice and in responding to a major public health emergency, can inform other states that may wish to establish a similar program as part of their larger public health emergency preparedness and response system.
Apoptosis inhibition or inflammation: the role of NAIP protein expression in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas compared to non-neoplastic lymph node
Authors: Mazrouei Safoura , Ziaei Amin , Tanhaee Amir Pouya , Keyhanian Kianoosh , Esmaeili Mahdad , Baradaran Azar , Salehi Mansoor 
Published: February 2012

Abstract

Background
Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAP) family play a critical role in apoptosis and inflammatory response. Neuronal Apoptosis Inhibitory Protein (NAIP), as a member of both IAPs and NLR families (NOD-Like Receptor), is a unique IAP harboring NOD (Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain) and LLR (Leucine Rich Repeat) motifs. Considering these motifs in NAIP, it has been suggested that the main function of NAIP is distinct from other members of IAPs. As a member of NLR, NAIP mediates the assembly of 'Inflammasome' for inflammatory caspase activation. Pathologic expression of NAIP has been reported not only in some infectious and inflammatory diseases but also in some malignancies. However, there is no report to elucidate NAIP expression in lymphomatic malignancies.

Methods
In this study, we examined NAIP protein expression in 101 Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded blocks including samples from 39 Hodgkin Lymphoma and 23 Non Hodgkin Lymphoma cases in comparison with 39 control samples (30 normal and 9 Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia (RLH) lymph nodes) using semi-quantitative immuno-flourecent Staining.

Results
NAIP expression was not statistically different in lymphoma samples neither in HL nor in NHL cases comparing to normal samples. However, we evaluated NAIP expression in normal and RLH lymph nodes. Surprisingly, we have found a statistically significant-difference between the NAIP expression in RLH (M.R of NAIP/GAPDH expression = 0.6365 ± 0.017) and normal lymph node samples (M.R of NAIP/GAPDH expression = 0.5882 ± 0.047) (P < 0.01).

Conclusions
These findings show that the regulation of apoptosis could not be the main function of NAIP in the cell, so the pathologic expression of NAIP is not involved in lymphoma. But, we concluded that the over expression of NAIP has more effective role in the inflammatory response. Also, this study clarifies the NAIP expression level in lymphoma which is required for IAPs profiling in order to be used in potential translational applications of IAPs.