bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THC Content on a Dry Weight Basis: Implications for Hemp Legality
Authors: Sikora Frank J , Kariuki Solomon K , Pearce Robert C , Hamilton Doris , Ji Huihua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
The 2018 Farm Bill defines hemp as Cannabis sativa L. with a tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentration not more than 0.3% on a dry weight basis where THC is implied to be total THC (THCTotal) including both acid (Δ9-THCA) and neutral (Δ9-THC) forms.

Objective
Effect of temperature and mass were studied to determine the quickest time to prepare fresh hemp suitable for grinding without affecting THCTotal. Proficiency testing program data were also analyzed to compare THCTotal contents on a dry versus wet weight basis.

Methods
Fresh hemp of 150 and 400 g were freeze-dried or heat-treated at 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C for various lengths of time up to 72 h. Ground hemp was analyzed for moisture content via AOAC 934.01 and THCTotal via liquid chromatography/mass spectrometer (LC/MS) or gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID). A data set analyzed from a proficiency testing program included moisture and THCTotal from 20 to 67 laboratories on 12 analytical samples circulated from 2020 through 2022.

Results
The quickest drying time of 24 h occurred at 70°C with 150 g. These conditions did not affect THCTotal content on a dry weight basis. Twelve proficiency testing program analytical samples ranged from 5.8% to 11.4% moisture and 0.144% to 0.399% THCTotal on a wet weight basis. An increase in reported THCTotal on a dry weight basis compared to a wet weight basis ranged from 0.002% to 0.027% with a significant difference occurring in only one analytical sample.

Conclusions
Suitable conditions for drying hemp without altering THCTotal content were 24 h at 70°C. Determining residual moisture in oven-dried ground hemp to calculate THCTotal content on a dry weight basis provides no benefit given the minimal difference between contents on dry versus wet weight bases, interlaboratory variability, and terpene volatilization.
Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolytic Products—A Love Story of Environmental, Biological, and Chemical Conditions
Authors: Arora Rohit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Glucosinolates (GSL) play an important role in providing defense to plants and helping them to cope with various biotic, as well as abiotic, stresses. Many living beings including humans and animals, including some herbivores, have adapted themselves to use this defense mechanism for their own use. More than 120 glucosinolates are distributed within a large number of plants. Many factors are known to influence the GSL composition in a plant. Among these, cofactors, myrosinase isozymes, heavy metals and the environmental conditions such as light, CO2 and temperature are important in regulation. These factors ensure that different glucosinolate compositions can be produced by the plants, thus impacting the defense mechanism.

Objective
The objective of the current review is to highlight the importance of the factors responsible for affecting glucosinolate composition and concentration.

Methods
The review has been compiled using accessible literature from Pubmed, Scopus, and Google scholar. Efforts have been made to restrict the literature to the last 5 years (2018–2023), with some exceptions.

Results
The current critical review acts as a resource for all the researchers working on these essential compounds. It provides information on the factors that may influence glucosinolate production. It also gives them an opportunity to modify the glucosinolate composition of a plant using the given information.

Conclusions
Glucosinolates have long been an ignored class of biomolecule. The plethora of biological activities of the compounds can be useful. Though there are some harmful components such as goitrin and progoitrin, these can be easily removed by modulating some of the factors highlighted in the review.

Highlights
The current review has covered most of the factors that have the ability to modify glucosinolate composition and concentration. The mechanistic action of these factors has also been discussed using the current available literature.
Development of underground detection system using a metal detector and aluminum tag for Copris ochus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Kho Jung-Wook , Kim Young-Joong , Kim Hwang , Hong Sun Hee , Lee Young Su , Park Jong-Seok , Lee Doo-Hyung 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Tracking of soil-dwelling insects poses greater challenges compared to aboveground-dwelling animals in terrestrial systems. A metal detector system consisting of a commercially available detector and aluminum tags was developed for detecting dung beetle, Copris ochus Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). First, detection efficacy of the system was evaluated by varying volumes of aluminum tags attached on a plastic model of the insect and also by varying angles. Then, detection efficacy was evaluated by varying depths of aluminum-tagged models under soil in 2 vegetation types. Finally, the effects of tag attachment on C. ochus adults were assessed for survivorship, burrowing depth, and horizontal movement. Generally, an increase in tag volume resulted in greater detection distance in semi-field conditions. Maximum detection distance of aluminum tag increased up to 17 cm below soil surface as the tag size (0.5 × 1.0 cm [width × length]) and thickness (16 layers) were maximized, resulting in a tag weight of 31.4 mg, comprising ca. 9% of average weight of C. ochus adult. Furthermore, the detection efficacy did not vary among angles except for 90°. In the field, metal detectors successfully detected 5 aluminum-tagged models in 20 × 10 m (W × L) arena within 10 min with detection rates ≥85% for up to depth of 10 cm and 45%–60% at depth of 20 cm. Finally, aluminum tagging did not significantly affect survivorship and behaviors of C. ochus. Our study indicates the potential of metal detector system for tracking C. ochus under soil.
Deciphering Structural Traits for Thermal and Kinetic Stability across Protein Family Evolution through Ancestral Sequence Reconstruction
Authors: Cea Pablo A , Pérez Myriam , Herrera Sixto M , Muñoz Sebastián M , Fuentes-Ugarte Nicolás , Coche-Miranda José , Maturana Pablo , Guixé Victoria , Castro-Fernandez Victor 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Natural proteins are frequently marginally stable, and an increase in environmental temperature can easily lead to unfolding. As a result, protein engineering to improve protein stability is an area of intensive research. Nonetheless, since there is usually a high degree of structural homology between proteins from thermophilic organisms and their mesophilic counterparts, the identification of structural determinants for thermoadaptation is challenging. Moreover, in many cases, it has become clear that the success of stabilization strategies is often dependent on the evolutionary history of a protein family. In the last few years, the use of ancestral sequence reconstruction (ASR) as a tool for elucidation of the evolutionary history of functional traits of a protein family has gained strength. Here, we used ASR to trace the evolutionary pathways between mesophilic and thermophilic kinases that participate in the biosynthetic pathway of vitamin B1 in bacteria. By combining biophysics approaches, X-ray crystallography, and molecular dynamics simulations, we found that the thermal stability of these enzymes correlates with their kinetic stability, where the highest thermal/kinetic stability is given by an increase in small hydrophobic amino acids that allow a higher number of interatomic hydrophobic contacts, making this type of interaction the main support for stability in this protein architecture. The results highlight the potential benefits of using ASR to explore the evolutionary history of protein sequence and structure to identify traits responsible for the kinetic and thermal stability of any protein architecture.
The cochlear dose and the age at radiotherapy predict severe hearing loss after passive scattering proton therapy and cisplatin in children with medulloblastoma
Authors: Abu-Arja Mohammad H , Brown Austin L , Su Jack M , Okcu M Fatih , Lindsay Holly B , McGovern Susan L , McAleer Mary Frances , Grosshans David R , Chintagumpala Murali M , Paulino Arnold C 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
Hearing loss (HL) is associated with worse neurocognitive outcomes among patients with medulloblastoma. We aimed to identify risk factors associated with severe HL and to evaluate the generalizability of a published HL calculator among patients treated with passive scattering proton therapy (PSPT) and cisplatin.

Methods
We identified patients aged 3–21 years who were treated at our centers between 2007 and 2022. Audiograms were graded using the International Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) Boston scale. Time to grades 3–4 HL was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier and multivariable Cox models to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results
Seventy-nine patients were treated with PSPT at a median age of 7.5 years (range: 3.1–21.1). The mean cochlear dose (Dmc) (±SD) was 31.5 ± 8.5 Gy, and the cumulative cisplatin dose was 295 ± 50 mg/m2. Fifty-nine patients (75%) received amifostine. Patients completed a median of 9 audiograms (range: 4–22) with a median audiogram follow-up of 49 months (range: 6–177). Twenty-seven patients (34%) had grades 3–4 HL. In adjusted Cox models, only higher Dmc (HR = 1.12, 95% CI:1.06–1.18) was associated with grades 3–4 HL. The predicted 3-year incidence of grades 3–4 HL was 40.0% (95% CI: 21.3–66.3) and 66.7% (95% CI: 35.4–93.7) for children with Dmc ≥36 Gy and age at radiotherapy ≥7 and &lt;7 years, respectively (P = .042). It was 8.9% (95% CI: 2.3–31.6) and 15.6% (95% CI: 5.3–41.1) for children with Dmc &lt;36 Gy and age at radiotherapy ≥7 and &lt;7 years, respectively (P = .78).

Conclusions
Children &lt;7 years at radiotherapy with a Dmc ≥36 Gy are at higher risk for HL.
Oral Lipid Nanocrystal Amphotericin B (MAT2203) for the Treatment of Invasive Fungal Infections
Authors: Dalton Liam M , Kauffman Carol A , Miceli Marisa H 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) has broad fungicidal activity against many fungi, but the high incidence of adverse events, particularly nephrotoxicity, and the need for intravenous administration restrict its use for many patients. MAT2203, an investigational oral AmB formulation available under a compassionate use program, uses a lipid nanocrystal bilayer structure to deliver AmB with lower toxicity. We present a synopsis of clinical characteristics, treatment course, and outcomes for 5 patients who were treated with MAT2203. Outcomes were positive, with cure of infection noted in 4 patients and improvement in 1 patient who remains on therapy. MAT2203 was well tolerated with only modest gastrointestinal adverse effects. This new oral formulation might provide a safer treatment option for patients requiring extended courses of AmB.
Abstract Representations of Voices in Video Games
Authors: Medina-Gray Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Elizabeth Medina-Gray aims to provide a framework from which to analyze the abstract representation of voice in video games. Her focus is on the use of sounds that accompany texted dialogue but that have no linguistic meaning or comprehensible words and phrases and where the sound has noticeable technologically mediated qualities. The purpose is to allow for an exploration of the spaces at the intersection of the human and the mechanical, and, to this end, Medina-Gray makes use of both social semiotics and musical analysis of the sounds to suggest that players will use imagination to uncover the human in such abstract representations.
Music and Motion in First-Person Virtual Reality Games
Authors: Mancey Kate 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Kate Mancey uses the concepts of place illusion and plausibility illusion from the field of Psychology to highlight the role of music in virtual reality games. In particular, she is concerned with the perception of motion in music, a motion that, in the game’s world, is independent of any changes in the player’s head position. Using Half-Life: Alyx as an example, Mancey offers a methodology for analyzing motion in recorded sound and shows how music’s independence of motion allows the player to imagine the presence of other entities beyond what can be seen. Through this, she argues that music offers a life force for virtual worlds.
Video Games Live and the Gamification of the Orchestral Concert Experience
Authors: Hunt Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Elizabeth Hunt’s chapter focuses on the long-running concert series Video Games Live (VGL), which raises issues of gamification for both the audience and the performers. Hunt argues that the VGL concerts subvert traditional concert codes by inciting the carnivalesque through gamification of the concert mechanics and through audience participation on stage. This is demonstrated through examination of the VGL performance of Space Invaders (Taito, 1978), Frogger (Konami, 1981), and Guitar Hero (Harmonix, 2005). It is through such features that the audience member becomes a voluntary and active coproducer of the concert; this form of “participatory spectatorship” helps to break down the boundary between high art and low art erected, in part, by the traditional rules of orchestral concerts.
Auditory Reality and Virtuality
Authors: Collins KC , Kapralos Bill 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
KC Collins and Bill Kapralos investigate advances in spatial audio rendering for video game sound and discuss the pros and cons of the technology within the framework of realism. The authors first provide an overview of human localization of real-world sound, attempts to emulate these real-world conditions in virtual reality and video game audio technology, and the problems encountered in doing so. They then turn to the psychology of hearing—in particular, the role of attention and focus in our sound perception, and the importance of using sound design for emotion and expression. Collins and Kapralos argue that, in using sound as a “tool of realism” in video games, the artistic power of sound is lost: the belief that technological advances in spatial audio’s emulation of the real world produces realism, or even hyperrealism, is misguided, and what often results is an anemic hyporealism that lacks the imagination both game and player require.
Unreal Performances
Authors: Cook James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
James Cook’s chapter explores the growing phenomenon of the use of video game technologies and platforms to host “live” music concerts. Cook presents several brief case studies, each exploring the history or a particular dimension of musical performances within games. Thus, the chapter provides overviews of concerts in Second Life and Fortnite, as well as musical avatars such as Gorillaz and Hatsune Miku, and Cook’s own experience of recording historical performances in reconstructed VR settings. Throughout, Cook expounds the view that such musical performances are examples of metalepsis; the events are a recontextualization of liveness and provide a “liminal space between the virtual and real world” into and out of which performers and audiences step.
Perceived stress and influencing factors for the people at high risk to COVID-19 in centralized quarantine camps in Wenzhou, China
Authors: Zhou Yi-Wei , Zheng Jian-Yong , Shan Chun-Yan , Yang Hong-Sheng , Su Yi-Suo , Wang Deborah Baofeng , Ni Jian-Xiao , Lan Liu-Jie , Lian Xin-Ze , Zhou Zu-Mu 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Background
This study was designed to assess stress levels and related factors during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic among individuals in centralized quarantine camps in Wenzhou, China.

Methods
The survey was conducted using a questionnaire. The questionnaire included questions on sociodemographic characteristics, life events related to the COVID-19 and stressful situations, as well as Perceived Stress Scale-14. Participants included close contacts of patients with COVID-19 or at-risk individuals in quarantine camps. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze different factors affecting perceived stress.

Results
The prevalence of high stress among quarantine camp participants was 37.45%. Of the 881 respondents, 51.99% were concerned about the difficulty of controlling the epidemic, 46.20% were concerned about the health of themselves and their family members and 39.61% were concerned about not being able to leave their homes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the prevalence of stress among different groups for certain variables, including occupation, education level and knowledge of COVID-19 (all P &lt; 0.05). Our study found that at-risk individuals and close contacts experienced high levels of stress in quarantine camps during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that centralized quarantine policies should be adapted and optimized to minimize negative psychological effects on quarantined individuals.
The Impact of Neuroanesthesia Fellowship Training and Anesthesiologist-Surgeon Dyad Volume on Patient Outcomes in Adult Spine Surgery: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Chui Jason , Ng Wai , Yang Victor , Duggal Neil 
Published: June 2024

Introduction:
Extensive research has explored the impact of surgeons’ characteristics on patient outcomes; however, the influence of anesthesiologists remains understudied. We performed a population-based retrospective cohort study to investigate the impact of anesthesiologists’ characteristics on in-hospital morbidity after spine surgery.

Methods:
Adult patients who underwent spine surgery at the London Health Science Centre, Ontario, Canada between January 1, 2010 and June 30, 2023 were included in this study. Data was extracted from the local administrative database. Five anesthesiologists’ characteristics (neuroanesthesia fellowship and residency training backgrounds, surgeon familiarity, annual case volume, and sex) were examined as primary exposures. The primary outcome was composite in-hospital morbidity, encompassing 141 complications. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to assess the association between anesthesiologists’ characteristics and postoperative morbidity with adjustment of patients’ sex, Charlson Comorbidities Index, surgical complexity, and surgeon characteristics.

Results:
A total of 7692 spine surgeries were included in the analysis. Being a neuroanesthesia fellowship-trained anesthesiologist and high anesthesiologist-surgeon annual dyad volume were associated with reduction in in-hospital comorbidity; adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of 0.58 (0.49-0.69; P<0.001) and 0.93 (0.91-0.95; P<0.001), respectively. Conversely, anesthesiologist annual case volume, characteristics of residency training and anesthesiologist sex showed only nuanced associations with outcomes.

Conclusions:
Neuroanesthesia fellowship training and high surgeon-anesthesiologist dyad familiarity was associated with a reduction in in-hospital morbidity following spine surgery. These findings underscore the superiority of structured fellowship education over case exposure experience alone, advocate for dedicated neuroanesthesia teams with high surgeon-anesthesiologist dyad volume and recognize neuroanesthesia as a crucial subspecialty in spine surgery.
Albumin Versus Balanced Crystalloid for the Early Resuscitation of Sepsis: An Open Parallel-Group Randomized Feasibility Trial. The ABC-Sepsis Trial
Authors: Gray Alasdair J. , Oatey Katherine , Grahamslaw Julia , Irvine Sîan , Cafferkey John , Kennel Titouan , Norrie John , Walsh Tim , Lone Nazir , Horner Daniel , Appelboam Andy , Hall Peter , Skipworth Richard J. E. , Bell Derek , Rooney Kevin , Shankar-Hari Manu , Corfield Alasdair R. ,   on behalf of the Albumin, Balanced, and Crystalloid-Sepsis (ABC-Sepsis) Investigators
Published: June 2024

Objectives:
International guidelines recommend IV crystalloid as the primary fluid for sepsis resuscitation, with 5% human albumin solution (HAS) as the second line. However, it is unclear which fluid has superior clinical effectiveness. We conducted a trial to assess the feasibility of delivering a randomized controlled trial comparing balanced crystalloid against 5% HAS as sole early resuscitation fluid in patients with sepsis presenting to hospital.

Design:
Multicenter, open, parallel-group randomized feasibility trial.

Setting:
Emergency departments (EDs) in 15 U.K. National Health Service (NHS) hospitals.

Patients:
Adult patients with sepsis and a National Early Warning Score 2 greater than or equal to five requiring IV fluids withing one hour of randomization.

Interventions:
IV fluid resuscitation with balanced crystalloid or 5% HAS for the first 6 hours following randomization.

Measurements and Main Results:
Primary feasibility outcomes were recruitment rate and 30-day mortality. We successfully recruited 301 participants over 12 months. Mean (sd) age was 69 years (± 16 yr), and 151 (50%) were male. From 1303 participants screened; 502 participants were potentially eligible and 300 randomized to receive trial intervention with greater than 95% of participants receiving the intervention. The median number of participants per site was 19 (range, 1–63). Thirty-day mortality was 17.9% (n = 53). Thirty-one participants died (21.1%) within 30 days in the 5% HAS arm, compared with 22 participants (14.8%) in the crystalloid arm (adjusted odds ratio, 1.50; 95% CIs, 0.84–2.83).

Conclusions:
Our results suggest it is feasible to recruit critically ill patients to a fluid resuscitation trial in U.K. EDs using 5% HAS as a primary resuscitation fluid. There was lower mortality in the balanced crystalloid arm. Given these findings, a definitive trial is likely to be deliverable, but the point estimates suggest such a trial would be unlikely to demonstrate a significant benefit from using 5% HAS as a primary resuscitation fluid in sepsis.