bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Terebinth Fruit Oil and Optimization of Acidolysis Reaction with Caprylic and Stearic Acids
Authors: Koçak Derya , Keskin Hasene , Fadıloğlu Sibel , Kowalski Boleslaw , Göğüş Fahrettin 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCharacterization of the fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of terebinth fruit oil and the synthesis of structured lipids (SL) were performed in this study. Interesterification reaction of terebinth fruits oil (Pistacia terebinthus L.) with caprylic acid (CA) and stearic acid (SA) to produce a SL was performed in n‐hexane using immobilized sn‐1,3 specific lipase from Mucor miehei. The effect of reaction conditions and relationship among them were analyzed by response surface methodology (RSM) with a four‐factors five‐level central composite rotatable experimental design. The four major factors chosen were enzyme load (10–30 wt% based on substrates), reaction time (7–18 h), reaction temperature (40–60 °C) and substrate mole ratio (terebinth oil:SA:CA 1:1:1–1:1:3). The best fitting quadratic model was determined by regression and backward elimination. Based on the fitted model, the optimal reaction conditions for the incorporation of CA and SA were found to be temperature 50 °C; time 18 h; enzyme load 30 wt%; substrate ratio 1:1:3. Under these optimum conditions, the incorporation of SA and CA could be obtained as 19 and 14%, respectively.
Circular Lead Tanks and their Significance for Romano-British Christianity
Authors: Watts Dorothy J. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryAt least sixteen whole or partial circular lead tanks have been found in Roman Britain, several of them decorated with Christian symbols. Over the past fifty years different uses have been ascribed to these vessels, some secular, some religious. The objective of this paper is two-fold: to examine the motifs used in the decoration of the tanks and to attempt to discover the purpose of the vessels. It is proposed that the tanks are all Christian objects and that they were used in the baptismal ceremony for the footwashing rite, a practice carried out in various parts of the Christian world at least up to the sixth century.
A Lost Reliquary Casket from Gwytherin, North Wales
Authors: Butler Lawrence , Graham-Campbell James 
Published: April 2011

SummaryA reliquary casket known from seventeenth- and eighteenth-century records as that of St Winifrid had been lost by the mid-nineteenth century from the church at Gwytherin in Clwyd. A drawing attributed to Edward Lluyd, published here for the first time, suggests that it was most probably of eighth- or early ninth-century date and was influenced by Anglo-Saxon (JG-C) or Irish (LB) models, if not an actual import into North Wales.
Tudor Silver-Gilt Dress-hooks: A New Class of Treasure Find in England
Authors: Gaimster David , Hayward Maria , Mitchell David , Parker Karen 
Published: April 2011

This paper combines a study of the typological, technological and constructional attributes of a sample of fifteen dress-hooks and cap-hooks, reported between 1998 and 2000 under the terms of the Treasure Act (1996), with a survey of contemporary pictorial sources, probate inventories and associated wills along with a trawl of ‘small wares’ in the records of the Goldsmiths' Company in order to assess the role of these accessories in vernacular dress of sixteenth-century England.Of particular interest are questions of manufacture and design, followed by the questions of how these objects functioned in relation to the closure and decoration of dress, their noteworthiness in contemporary accounts, their social status, their ranking in the output of contemporary goldsmiths and whether there was a gender bias in terms of their ownership. This cross-examination of excavated finds with contemporary iconographie and documentary sources represents an interdisciplinary case study in historical archaeology.
Iron Age to Early Modern Activity and Palaeochannels at Magor Pill, Gwent: An Exercise in Lowland Coastal-Zone Geoarchaeology
Authors: Allen J. R. L. , Rippon S. J. 
Published: April 2011

A geological and geomorphological survey, combined with sedimentological results, has provided a detailed, trans-zonal famework in which to examine the significance of an eclectic variety of artefactual and documentary evidence relating to prolonged human activity on the tidal stream known as Magor Pill.The shoreline, underlain by estuarine silts and peats of the Flandrian Wentlooge Formation, has retreated by a minimum of some 800m since Iron Age-Roman times, leaving exposed on the modern foreshore the earlier but silted-up courses of Magor Pill. As the coast retreated, fishing stakes, one a double row from the tenth century, were set up on the widening lower foreshore. The palaeochannel deposits yielded small amounts of stratified Iron Age, Romano-British, medieval and early modern occupation debris, together with woven baskets and hurdles related to the early modern and probably also medieval fishing activities in the area. One of the palaeochannels contained the wreck of a medieval, clinker-built boat carrying high-grade iron ores. By far the largest amounts of occupation debris, however, were transposed and mixed into semi-mobile foreshore gravels. This material demonstrates that there was a thriving Romano-British settlement at Magor Pill, apparently in sea connection with the southern shores of the Bristol Channel. From the eleventh to the early fourteenth century, there existed a port to which much pottery from various English sources was imported. In early modern times at Magor Pill, a vigorous outward trade in store cattle to west and south-west England was balanced by pottery imports chiefly from Devon and Somerset. Coastal erosion not only destroyed the primary evidence for these activities, and the wetland landscapes in which they occurred, but also forced, probably in late medieval times, the repositioning inland of the (?) Romano-British sea defences of the area. As part of the general process of reorganizing the defences and drainage of the wetland, the seabanks along Magor Pill and its tributaries were shortened in a number of stages and the outfalls moved further seaward.
Barrows in the Anglo-Saxon Land Charters
Authors: Grinsell L. V. 
Published: April 2011

The Saxons used beorh for prehistoric barrows and hlæw for their own barrows, but pleased themselves which term to use for prehistoric barrows containing intrusive Saxon burials (e.g. Rough Barrow, Cheselbourne 8b, Dorset; Cwicelmes Low, Ardley, Oxon.; the better known Cwichelmes Low (East Hendred, Oxon. ex Berkshire) is mentioned not in a charier but in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Long barrow Swell IV, Glos., contained Saxon intrusive burials.There are more than twenty rough barrows but only one rough low (in Chetwode-Hillesden, Buckinghamshire, S 544), implying that the Saxons normally kept their own barrows tidy but did not bother much about those of earlier date.They sometimes distinguished between long and round barrows (e.g. Long Barrow, Swell IV, Glos.; ‘the barrow which lies between the two long barrows’, Wonston, Hants. They never distinguished between round barrows of bowl, bell, disc and saucer types.Scrutiny of the charters has led to the discovery of a few barrows previously unknown to the Ordnance Survey Archaeology Division, e.g. Buckland Newton I, Dorset; Cheselbourne 17, Dorset; Tetbury Upton 3, Glos.As the charters were written more than a thousand years ago they recorded many barrows long before they had been reduced to their present sorry state by ploughing and other agencies.
A Lost Tile Pavement at Tewkesbury Abbey and an Early Fourteenth-Century Tile Factory
Authors: Vince Alan G. , Wilmott Tony 
Published: April 2011

The products of a tilery working in the Welsh marches in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries with a probable production centre at Hereford, can be identified at a number of sites through petrological analysis. The accuracy of the heraldic tiles allows careful analysis from which dates, and possible commissions may be identified.The tilery began the production of accurate heraldic designs c. 1260. These were augmented by Chertsey-Halesown copies around the turn of the thirteenth-fourteenth centuries. The production of heraldic tiles was stepped up in the 1320s, as a result of the filling of at least one large order, for the chapel of St Peter at Ludlow Castle, in 1328. A further commission was made between 1328 and 1339, for the church at Bredon. Probably as early as the 1330s the Malvern Chase industry was beginning, and this industry had acquired stamps from the Hereford tilers by the middle of the century.
I.—Excavation of the Megalithic Chambered Cairn at Dyffryn Ardudwy, Merioneth, Wales
Authors: Powell T. G. E. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryThe visible monument comprised two periods of construction. First, a small megalithic chamber, characterized by a pair of projecting portal-stones flanking a high closing slab, had been built, and surrounded by a small oval cairn. The chamber had been rifled, but a pit in front of the portal, and sealed beneath the cairn, contained portions of several Neolithic pottery vessels of a fine, undecorated, ware. The second structure consisted of a large megalithic burial chamber built to the east of the first monument. The cairn of this, eastern, chamber was roughly rectangular in plan, and extended westward so as to incorporate the whole of the earlier monument. Pottery from the eastern chamber, and its forecourt, represented several Neolithic, and Bronze Age, wares. The elaborate system of blocking in this forecourt was found virtually intact.The report is subdivided:I. IntroductionII. TopographyIII. Method of ExcavationIV. Description of the Monument as ExcavatedV. ArtefactsVI. Discussion
I. Giants' Hills 2 Long Barrow, Skendleby, Lincolnshire
Authors: Evans J. G. , Simpson D. D. A. 
Published: April 2011

The Neolithic long barrow whose excavation is described in this report is one of a pair known as Giants' Hills, situated in the parish of Skendleby, Lincolnshire (NGR: TF(53)429709; Lat. 53° 12′ 40″ N., Long. 0° 8′ 30″ E.). The general geographical location is an outlier of the chalk at the southern extremity of the Lincolnshire Wolds (fig. 1). The site lay at between 56 and 58m O.D. along the gentle south-facing slope of a small river valley (fig. 2). The maximum slope is 7 degrees. Orientation was approximately south-east/north-west with what can be considered the more important end of the barrow (the front) towards the south-east. The dimensions of the preserved mound were 65 × 13m (maximum) (originally 77 × 19m), and of the entire site from the original outer edges of the ditch, 89 × 29m (maximum).The other barrow of the pair, Giants' Hills 1, was excavated by C. W. Phillips (1936). To the south-east beyond a low chalk ridge and in a topographical position similar to that of the Giants' Hills barrows lies another pair of long barrows, the Deadmen's Graves (fig. 2). On a broader geographical scale, both pairs belong to a group of about fifteen long barrows situated on the Lincolnshire Wolds (fig. 1).Excavation took place under the direction of the authors at the instigation of the Department of the Environment (now the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England) because of damage sustained by ploughing. As well as being a rescue operation, the work can be seen as an integral part of research into prehistoric chalkland environments and Neolithic burial practices. Thus, financial support was provided not only by the DoE, but also by University College Cardiff and the University of Leicester. There were three field seasons. In the first two, from 4–28 September 1975 and 27 March to 10 April 1976, the western end of the site (west of line AL, fig. 4) was excavated totally. The main excavation took place between 14 August and 25 September 1976.
Characteristic X-rays generation under the action of femtosecond laser pulses on nano-structured targets
Authors: Ovchinnikov A.V. , Kostenko O.F. , Chefonov O.V. , Rosmej O.N. , Andreev N.E. , Agranat M.B. , Duan J.L. , Liu J. , Fortov V.E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEnhancement of Kα yield from a metal foil covered with metal rods of submicron sizes, with low aspect ratio, irradiated by a p-polarized femtosecond laser pulses of about 1017 W/cm2 intensity is demonstrated. Obtained relative increase in Kα X-ray line emission is explained with a model of vacuum heating of fast electrons.
Electrical performances of AlInN/GaN HEMTs. A comparison with AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with similar technological process
Authors: Jardel Olivier , Callet Guillaume , Dufraisse Jérémy , Piazza Michele , Sarazin Nicolas , Chartier Eric , Oualli Mourad , Aubry Raphaël , Reveyrand Tibault , Jacquet Jean-Claude , Di Forte Poisson Marie-Antoinette , Morvan Erwan , Piotrowicz Stéphane , Delage Sylvain L. 
Published: April 2011

A study of the electrical performances of AlInN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) on SiC substrates is presented in this paper. Four different wafers with different technological and epitaxial processes were characterized. Thanks to intensive characterizations as pulsed-IV, [S]-parameters, and load-pull measurements from S to Ku bands, it is demonstrated here that AlInN/GaN HEMTs show excellent power performances and constitute a particularly interesting alternative to AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, especially for high-frequency applications beyond the X band. The measured transistors with 250 nm gate lengths from different wafers delivered in continuous wave (cw): 10.8 W/mm with 60% associated power added efficiency (PAE) at 3,5 GHz, 6.6 W/mm with 39% associated PAE at 10.24 GHz, and 4.2 W/mm with 43% associated PAE at 18 GHz.
Common ancestry of iron oxide- and iron-sulfide-based biomineralization in magnetotactic bacteria
Authors: Abreu Fernanda , Cantão Mauricio E , Nicolás Marisa F , Barcellos Fernando G , Morillo Viviana , Almeida Luiz G P , do Nascimento Fabrícia F , Lefèvre Christopher T , Bazylinski Dennis A , R de Vasconcelos Ana Tereza , Lins Ulysses 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMagnetosomes are prokaryotic organelles produced by magnetotactic bacteria that consist of nanometer-sized magnetite (Fe3O4) or/and greigite (Fe3S4) magnetic crystals enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane. In magnetite-producing magnetotactic bacteria, proteins present in the magnetosome membrane modulate biomineralization of the magnetite crystal. In these microorganisms, genes that encode for magnetosome membrane proteins as well as genes involved in the construction of the magnetite magnetosome chain, the mam and mms genes, are organized within a genomic island. However, partially because there are presently no greigite-producing magnetotactic bacteria in pure culture, little is known regarding the greigite biomineralization process in these organisms including whether similar genes are involved in the process. Here using culture-independent techniques, we now show that mam genes involved in the production of magnetite magnetosomes are also present in greigite-producing magnetotactic bacteria. This finding suggest that the biomineralization of magnetite and greigite did not have evolve independently (that is, magnetotaxis is polyphyletic) as once suggested. Instead, results presented here are consistent with a model in which the ability to biomineralize magnetosomes and the possession of the mam genes was acquired by bacteria from a common ancestor, that is, the magnetotactic trait is monophyletic.
Using experimental evolution to explore natural patterns between bacterial motility and resistance to bacteriophages
Authors: Koskella Britt , Taylor Tiffany B , Bates Jennifer , Buckling Angus 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Resistance of bacteria to phages may be gained by alteration of surface proteins to which phages bind, a mechanism that is likely to be costly as these molecules typically have critical functions such as movement or nutrient uptake. To address this potential trade-off, we combine a systematic study of natural bacteria and phage populations with an experimental evolution approach. We compare motility, growth rate and susceptibility to local phages for 80 bacteria isolated from horse chestnut leaves and, contrary to expectation, find no negative association between resistance to phages and bacterial motility or growth rate. However, because correlational patterns (and their absence) are open to numerous interpretations, we test for any causal association between resistance to phages and bacterial motility using experimental evolution of a subset of bacteria in both the presence and absence of naturally associated phages. Again, we find no clear link between the acquisition of resistance and bacterial motility, suggesting that for these natural bacterial populations, phage-mediated selection is unlikely to shape bacterial motility, a key fitness trait for many bacteria in the phyllosphere. The agreement between the observed natural pattern and the experimental evolution results presented here demonstrates the power of this combined approach for testing evolutionary trade-offs.
Tumour suppressor function of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-T
Authors: Scott Anthony , Wang Zhenghe 
Published: April 2011

It has long been thought that PTPs (protein tyrosine phosphatases) normally function as tumour suppressors. Recent high-throughput mutational analysis identified loss-of-function mutations in six PTPs in human colon cancers, providing critical cancer genetics evidence that PTPs can act as tumour suppressor genes. PTPRT (protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-T), a member of the family of type IIB receptor-like PTPs, is the most frequently mutated PTP among them. Consistent with the notion that PTPRT is a tumour suppressor, PTPRT knockout mice are hypersensitive to AOM (azoxymethane)-induced colon cancer. The present review focuses on the physiological and pathological functions of PTPRT as well as the cellular pathways regulated by this phosphatase.
Minimally Invasive Trans-Portal Resection of Deep Intracranial Lesions
Authors: Raza S. M. , Recinos P. F. , Avendano J. , Adams H. , Jallo G. I. , Quinones-Hinojosa A. 
Published: April 2011

Background: The surgical management of deep intra-axial lesions still requires microsurgical approaches that utilize retraction of deep white matter to obtain adequate visualization. We report our experience with a new tubular retractor system, designed specifically for intracranial applications, linked with frameless neuronavigation for a cohort of intraventricular and deep intra-axial tumors.
Methods: The ViewSite Brain Access System (Vycor, Inc) was used in a series of 9 adult and pediatric patients with a variety of pathologies. Histological diagnoses either resected or biopsied with the system included: colloid cyst, DNET, papillary pineal tumor, anaplastic astrocytoma, toxoplasmosis and lymphoma. The locations of the lesions approached include: lateral ventricle, basal ganglia, pulvinar/posterior thalamus and insular cortex. Post-operative imaging was assessed to determine extent of resection and extent of white matter damage along the surgical trajectory (based on T2/FLAIR and diffusion restriction/ADC signal).
Results: Satisfactory resection or biopsy was obtained in all patients. Radiographic analysis demonstrated evidence of white matter damage along the surgical trajectory in one patient. None of the patients experienced neurological deficits as a result of white matter retraction/manipulation.
Conclusion: Based on a retrospective review of our experience, we feel that this accesss system, when used in conjunction with frameless neuronavigational systems, provides adequate visualization for tumor resection while permitting the use of standard microsurgical techniques through minimally invasive craniotomies. Our initial data indicate that this system may minimize white matter injury, but further studies are necessary.
Contribution of subsurface peat to CO2 and CH4 fluxes in a neotropical peatland
Authors: WRIGHT EMMA L. , BLACK COLIN R. , CHEESMAN ALEXANDER W. , DRAGE TREVOR , LARGE DAVID , TURNER BENJAMIN L. , SJÖGERSTEN SOFIE 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTropical peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycling but little is known about factors regulating carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes from these ecosystems. Here, we test the hypotheses that (i) CO2 and CH4 are produced mainly from surface peat and (ii) that the contribution of subsurface peat to net C emissions is governed by substrate availability. To achieve this, in situ and ex situ CO2 and CH4 fluxes were determined throughout the peat profiles under three vegetation types along a nutrient gradient in a tropical ombrotrophic peatland in Panama. The peat was also characterized with respect to its organic composition using 13C solid state cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Deep peat contributed substantially to CO2 effluxes both with respect to actual in situ and potential ex situ fluxes. CH4 was produced throughout the peat profile with distinct subsurface peaks, but net emission was limited by oxidation in the surface layers. CO2 and CH4 production were strongly substrate‐limited and a large proportion of the variance in their production (30% and 63%, respectively) was related to the quantity of carbohydrates in the peat. Furthermore, CO2 and CH4 production differed between vegetation types, suggesting that the quality of plant‐derived carbon inputs is an important driver of trace gas production throughout the peat profile. We conclude that the production of both CO2 and CH4 from subsurface peat is a substantial component of the net efflux of these gases, but that gas production through the peat profile is regulated in part by the degree of decomposition of the peat.
A review of the burden of vertigo
Authors: Holmes Susan , Padgham Nigel D 
Published: April 2011

Aim and objectives.  To provide an overview of vertigo and its management and identify its impact on individuals to offer strategies for managing the condition.Background.  Dizziness and vertigo are symptoms common to many pathologies/dysfunctions ranging from the benign to the potentially serious; many are poorly understood. Although rarely life‐threatening, vertigo is debilitating and significantly affects quality of life; it may be as disabling as paralysis or loss of a limb. Although 40–80% of cases remain unexplained, referral for specific investigation is rare.Design.  A narrative literature review including descriptive, theoretical and empirical material reliant on the keywords ‘dizziness’ and ‘vertigo’ and the phrase ‘vestibular disorders’. This provided diverse information that was used to address the research questions.Results.  Vertigo is a widespread and potentially distressing symptom that may arise at any age and be acute or chronic. For most, it resolves spontaneously; for others, dizziness persists, causing significant distress. Its management is challenging, especially when the underlying cause is unclear. Pharmacological interventions, physiotherapy, psychotherapy or, rarely, surgery can be used in its management. Few nursing studies are available, suggesting that nursing knowledge may be limited.Relevance to clinical practice.  Although nurses may frequently encounter patients with vertigo, there are few relevant nursing studies in this area; few consider appropriate nursing interventions or approaches to patient care. The information provided reveals that understanding the full impact of the condition and identification of patients’ needs are essential to effective care. Some strategies to help affected patients are outlined.Conclusions.  Vertigo, a widespread, often intractable condition, affects significant numbers of people; diagnosis and management can be challenging. Treatment, care and support must be selected on an individual basis taking individuals into account. The primary goals are to maintain physical status, psychosocial interaction and quality of life.