bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duration of Passive Immunity
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Hopkins Barbara E. 
Published: May 2009

1. The course of elimination of passive immunity in rabbits injected intravenously with diphtheria antitoxin obtained from a horse, consists of three phases:(a) an initial loss of 50 per cent, occurring within the first 24 hours;(6) a gradual constant percentage loss of approximately 25 per cent, from day to day, lasting 6–7 days;(c) a rapidly accelerated loss of 50 per cent, or more per day after the seventh or eighth day.2. In rabbits sensitised with small doses of horse serum the same three phases are seen, but(a) while the initial loss remains the same(b) the gradual constant percentage loss is of the same magnitude, but lasts only two or three days;(c) the rapidly accelerated loss occurs after the third or fourth day and over 90 per cent, of the antitoxin present is lost within 24 hours.3. Possible explanations of the three phases are:(a) initial loss due either to precipitin to horse serum normally present in rabbits or to saturation of or adsorption to the tissues;(b) a phase independent of precipitin action;(c) accelerated loss due to formation of precipitin commencing seven or eight days after injection of horse serum in normal rabbits and three or four days after injection in sensitised rabbits.
Parenteric Fevers in Egypt
Authors: Khaled Z. 
Published: May 2009

(1) Bacteriological examination of 1078 enterica-suspect cases showed that 112 (i.e. 10 per cent.) were due to Bacillus asiaticus Castellani. In the same series 12 per cent. were found to be due to B. typhosus or B. paratyphosus (A or B).(2) The distribution of cases is widespread, both in time and space, and there is no special incidence on sex or age-group.(3) The symptomatology of asiaticus parenteric fever is detailed and a description is given of the causal organism.(4) There is some group-(agglutination) relation between B. asiaticus and the paratyphoid-Gaertner subgroup.(5) Parenterica due to “intermediate organisms” other than B. asiaticus is believed to exist in Egypt. These will be dealt with in a later communication.(6) Early haemo-culture in all enterica-suspect cases should be considered the diagnostic method par excellence. If the blood develops immune bodies as well, the diagnosis becomes definite.
The Agglutination of Standard Agglutinable Cultures of the Flexner-group of Dysentery Bacilli by Non-dysenteric Human Sera
Authors: Gardner A. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. The results are recorded of the degrees to which standard agglutinable cultures of five serological types Flexner-group bacilli (V, W, X, Y, Z) are agglutinated by non-dysenteric human sera.2. Certian of these cultures are more highly agglutinated by some normal human sera than was anticipated.3. In order that the sera of non-dysenteric subjects may all (or parctically all) be found to contain less than 10 or less than 20 units in males and females respectively, the reduction-factors of agglutinability at persent in use for certain of these cultures must be somewhat increased.4. The conception of a limit, above which no “normal” serum will be found to react, is only valid as a compromise between truth and convenience. Repetition of agglutination-tests capable of measuring the fluctuation of agglutinins in active infection is the only safe and scientific procedure.
The Aberdeen Epidemic of Milk-borne Bacillary Dysentery, March to May, 1919
Authors: Kinloch J. Parlane 
Published: May 2009

1. An epidemic of diarrhoea or gastro-enteritis occurring in Aberdeen in 1919, and causing over 1000 cases and 72 deaths, has been proved to be due to infection of milk with dysentery bacilli of the Flexner type.2. Similar epidemics of milk-borne diarrhoea have occurred formerly, but bacteriological investigation had failed to determine the nature of the infecting organism. Keference to the epidemiological and clinical features of such former epidemics, however, makes it practically certain that they were essentially of the same description as the Aberdeen epidemic of 1919, and accordingly indicates that they were likewise due to infection of milk with dysentery group bacilli.3. The Aberdeen epidemic of milk-borne bacillary dysentery had run its course and had caused 72 deaths before serological proof of bacillary dysentery was available. Since the time of the Aberdeen investigation, notable advances have been made in methods for the bacteriological diagnosis of the dysenteries as a result of the fundamental work of F. W. Andrewes, A. D. Gardner, C. J. Martin and others. Nevertheless, modern methods of bacteriological diagnosis are not infallible, and the Aberdeen experience clearly indicates that deaths will be prevented if polyvalent anti-dysenteric serum and saline treatment are used at once in a disease having the clinical symptoms of bacillary dysentery, or in an acute enteritis from which has been isolated organisms with the cultural reactions of the dysentery group bacilli.
The Rôle of the Twort-d'Herelle Phenomenon in Epidemics of Mouse-Typhoid
Authors: Topley W. W. C. , Wilson J. , Lewis E. R. 
Published: May 2009

Summarising our results, and considering their probable significance, we should draw the following conclusions.Our observations do not suggest that the dissemination of a bacteriophage is likely to have been the cause of the sudden decrease in the excretion rate of B. aertrycke, which was observed among the population at risk during the epidemic previously recorded (Topley, Ayrton and Lewis, 1924).Our results are completely at variance with those recorded by d'Herelle in the case of fowl typhoid, a disease which shows many points of similarity to enteric infection in mice. The observations we have recorded do not suggest that the presence of the bacteriophage will, in itself, prevent the epidemic spread of infection, check an epidemic when it has once started, or appreciably reduce the mortality among the population at risk. In the light of these results we cannot share d'Herelle's optimism as to the probable results of the wholesale administration of the lytic principle in a public water supply. We do not suggest that the Twort-d'Herelle phenomenon has no significance in the epidemic spread of disease, but it does not appear to us that the problem is the simple and straightforward one envisaged by d'Herelle.The results of the last experiment of this series are in substantial agreement with d'Herelle's experiments on barbone in cattle, so far as they concern the action of the lytic filtrate in causing an immunising response, though we have not obtained such strikingly uniform and satisfactory results.We would note, in conclusion, that we have not yet tested the effect of the administration of the lytic principle, by injection, during the course of an experimental epidemic.
A Segregation Method for eliminating Tuberculosis from Cattle
Authors: Adeane C. R. W. , Gaskell J. F. 
Published: May 2009

1. The tuberculin reaction properly applied is a reliable test of the presence of tuberculosis in cattle.2. A method of segregation is described by which any herd can be rendered tuberculin negative in three to four years without diminution of the herd.3. Evidence is given that recovery from a tuberculous infection can take place in cattle.4. Calves can only be infected with tuberculosis after birth, such an infection may, however, take place extremely rapidly within the first few days of life.5. Artificial feeding of calves with sterilised milk must be supplemented by some vitamine-containing food, otherwise “joint ill,” corresponding to rickets in human beings, will develop at about the third or fourth month. Bull calves are more susceptible to “joint ill” than heifers.
The Precipitation Reaction: Experiments on Multiple Zones
Authors: Taylor G. L. , Adair Muriel E. 
Published: May 2009

1. An antiserum containing antibodies for two unrelated antigens, crystalline egg albumin and crystalline horse serum albumin, has been prepared.2. In titrations of the antiserum against mixtures of these antigens it has been possible to produce a single zone or two zones of optimal particulation by varying the relative concentrations of the components in the antigenic mixtures. It is evident, therefore, that whilst (a) a single zone does not necessarily indicate a single antigen-antibody system, (b) multiple zones suggest the presence of more than one antigen-antibody system.
The Effective Radiating Surface of the Human Body
Authors: Bedford T. 
Published: May 2009

The effects of posture and clothing on the effective radiating surface of the body are discussed. Some results obtained by Bohnenkamp and Pasquay by their electrical capacity method are criticised, and measurements made by the application of Simpson's rule are described.The conclusion is reached that no serious error results from assuming that the effective radiating surface of the clothed subject, when in a normal standing posture, is of about the same area as that given by the Du Bois equation for skin area.In two nude subjects, crouching in the most cramped position possible, the estimated radiating surface was reduced by 19 and 8 per cent, as compared with a standing posture.
The Effect of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Baths on the Subcutaneous Tissue Gas Tensions
Authors: Ellman P. , Taylor H. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. A method is described for estimating subcutaneous tissue oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions in man.2. Measurements were carried out before and at the end of carbon dioxide and oxygen saponin foam baths. These baths decrease the carbon dioxide and increase the oxygen subcutaneous tissue gas tensions. No appreciable differences were found between carbon dioxide and oxygen baths.3. We conclude that gases do not diffuse through the skin in sufficient quantities to affect the subcutaneous tissue gas tensions.
A Long Term Experiment with Rats on a Human Dietary
Authors: Orr John Boyd , Thomson William , Garry R. C. 
Published: May 2009

For 2¼ years a large colony of rats was maintained on a diet based on a dietary survey of a human population. One-half of the rats was fed on the human survey diet, or this diet with a small increase in milk, the other half on the same diet supplemented with additional milk and green food. Four generations of animals were reared, all from the same stock.The rats on the human diet with additional milk and green food were healthy in all respects so far as can be judged from our own rats on a stock diet and from the data of other workers.On the other hand, in spite of an exactly similar environment and heredity, the animals without additional milk and green food, showed:(1) a slightly impaired reproductive capacity;(2) a very markedly increased death-rate due to increased susceptibility to an infection to which all rats were equally exposed;(3) a definitely slower rate of growth;(4) a lower haemoglobin content in the blood; and,(5) a clinically poorer condition as judged by behaviour and state of the coat.These findings are discussed and the possibility of applying them to human dietetic problems briefly touched upon.
The Clotting of Plasma through Staphylococci and their Products
Authors: Walston H. D. 
Published: May 2009

1. Whole cultures, suspensions in distilled water, and cell-free filtrates of Staphylococci clot citrated and other plasmas.2. Whole cultures and filtrates are comparatively thermostable, while suspensions are less so. Partially purified filtrates are likewise less stable than the crude filtrates.3. The clotting principle is precipitable by alcohol, acetic acid, and ammonium sulphate.4. The clotting principle is dialysable through cellophane after alcoholic precipitation but not before.5. The clotting principle is distinct from haemolysin.6. Sera can be obtained which have a neutralising action on the clotting principle.7. Pure fibrinogen can be clotted by a staphylococcal filtrate.8. The clotting principle is distinct from the toxin responsible for local inflammation and fixation.9. The clot formed by the addition of “coagulase” to plasma is composed of true fibrin.
A Disease resembling distemper epidemic among ferrets
Authors: Spooner E. T. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. Material taken from a ferret sick of a disease epidemic among breeders' stocks in 1935 was shown to produce a similar disease when inoculated into normal ferrets.2. The behaviour of the experimental disease and its pathology indicated that it was a form of distemper, antigenically related to dog distemper, but differing in minor points from the description of canine distemper in the ferret given by Dunkin & Laidlaw.3. Associated with the disease was a strain of Brucella bronchiseptica which may possibly have been responsible for the high incidence of bronchopneumonia observed.
The intradermal test in whooping cough a review, with a study of 1300 cases
Authors: Thompson A. R. 
Published: May 2009

The literature dealing with the intradermal test in whooping cough has been reviewed, and the claims as to the specific value of the test have been investigated in 1300 cases.A method for the extraction of endotoxin fromHaemophilus pertussishas been described and the intradermal response to this preparation compared with that following whole vaccine.The findings in this investigation do not support the claim that the intradermal response to Sauer's vaccine in the strength commonly employed (10,000 million organisms per c.c.) is of value either in demonstrating immunity to whooping cough or in the early diagnosis of this disease. The bacterial content of this vaccine appears to be too high for skin-testing purposes, giving rise to inflammatory lesions of a non-specific character rather than to allergic reactions of specific value. These reactions are less apparent when the vaccine is employed in a diluted form.The intradermal response to pertussis endotoxin, on the other hand, though not invariably consisting of a clear-cut reaction (and in this respect falling short of the ideal as a reagent) is more consistent with the development of the allergic state towardsH. pertussis, reactions presumably of this nature being present in the skin of approximately 85% of children with a past history of whooping cough. Similar reactions, however, can be elicited in the skin of about 30% of individuals with no history of the disease; but in view of the fact that, unlike the more invasive virus diseases, many individuals never develop whooping cough in spite of almost certain exposure when young, it is suggested that latent immunization or recent contact with the causative organism might account for this phenomenon. Whether these reactions indicate merely sensitization or a definite immunity to pertussis must remain, for the time being,sub judice.The onset of bacterial hypersensitiveness, as judged by the pertussis endotoxin test, appears about the 10th day of whooping cough and becomes heightened during the subsequent course of the disease. Ultimately this cutaneous allergy undergoes a regression, which, however, is not always complete. For this reason the pertussis endotoxin test would appear to be of some value in assessing the immune state of the individual, and also as a diagnostic reaction in early, atypical or late cases of whooping cough where bacteriological findings by the cough plate method have proved disappointing.
The Graphic method of constructing a Life Table illustrated by the Brighton Life Table, 1891—1900
Authors: Newsholme Arthur , Stevenson T. H. C. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The graphic method is more easy of application and requires less mathematical knowledge than the extended analytical method.(2) In our experience it produces smooth curves of px and Ex.(3) The analytical in the selection of the best process of interpolation appeals to the graphic method.(4) While either the analytical or graphic process may in unskilful or careless hands give erroneous results, owing to errors in working out, the analytical process, unlike the graphic, presents a wide choice of methods, which although accurately worked out, give incomparable results.(5) The facts given in the table on page 321 and in Fig. 1 A and B and table on page 317 show that almost identical results are obtained by the graphic method and by the improved extended analytical method. We regard this as important testimony to the accuracy of each of these methods, and at the same time as indicating the inaccuracy of the analytical methods giving different results.(6) As the results obtained by the modified short analytical method and by the combined analytical and graphic method approximate so closely to those obtained by the detailed graphic method, either of them may safely be adopted by those who cannot spare time for working out a detailed Life Table by the graphic method.(7) Every published Life Table should give exact details of the method of its construction, in order that the comparability of data and results may be tested. Much confusion has arisen, and important errors in comparison between different Life Tables have been produced, by the use of different methods of construction and the non-publication of details of methods.
The Biological or Precipitin Test for Blood, considered mainly from its medico-legal aspect. II.
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Powerful anti-sera may be produced by the intravenous injection of smaller quantities of serum than have hitherto generally been used (p. 260).2. Nuttall's quantitative method affords a simple and fairly accurate means of determining the quantity of precipitum formed. By its means quantitative differences can be appreciated which are scarcely, or not at all, apparent in the tubes on inspection (p. 263).3. Normal saline solution is the best diluent for normal sera, and 1—21 has been found to be a convenient dilution. Increase of salt has very little effect on the production of precipitum (p. 266).4. The quantity of precipitum formed is not influenced by the temperature at which the experiment is conducted (i.e. between the temperature of the ice-chest and 37° C.) (p. 268).5. In the case of dried bloods time per se does not destroy their capacity for reacting with their homologous anti-sera. Fluid sera appear to deteriorate slightly by keeping (pp. 269—274).6. Putrefaction of the serum, or anti-serum, does not affect the production of a specific precipitum (p. 274).7. Although the intimate mixture of lime and blood completely destroys the latter, the former is not present in sufficient quantity in ordinary earths to affect blood mixed with earth. The presence of small quantities of lime, however, gives rise to a clouding in solution, which can be got rid of by the passage of CO2, and subsequent filtration (pp. 276—281).8. The presence of even small quantities of acids, or alkalis, rapidly reduces the quantity of precipitum formed (pp. 281—284).9. In diseased conditions a marked alteration may occur in the quantity of precipitum (pp. 265 and 285).10. The volatile antiseptics produce little effect on sera, even after long contact, but formalin, corrosive sublimate, lysol, lysoform, the sulphates of copper and iron, and nitrate of silver, especially in strong solutions, exert a very deleterious action (pp. 287 and 358).11. Blood dried on fabrics, and materials in common use (with the exception of certain leathers) may with adequate precautions be readily diagnosed (p. 290).12. After an undiluted anti-serum has been raised to a temperature beyond 60° C. the capacity for producing precipitum is diminished, and it is destroyed completely after exposure to 68° C. These effects seem to be produced at lower temperatures in normal undiluted sera (pp. 354–55).13. The precipitum-producing power of normal sera is reduced by filtration through a Chamberland filter, but not by passage through a Berkefeld filter (as far as the experiment was conducted) (p. 357).
On the Danysz Effect with reference to the Toxin-Antitoxin Reaction
Authors: Craw J. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. It is inadmissible to study the “Danysz Effect” on tetanolysin owing to its rapid deterioration.2. The so-called “equivalents” of toxin and antitoxin deduced by Arrhenius and Madsen are arbitrary.3. No evidence has yet been advanced that the “Danysz Effect” has a limiting value when the time of contact of the first fraction of toxin with the antitoxin is prolonged.4. If a limiting value of the “Danysz Effect” exist that calculated by Arrhenius is probably erroneous.5. The monomolecular formula used by Arrhenius is merely an interpolation.6. The “Danysz Effect” is much better represented by a bimolecular formula.7. No confirmation of the “equivalents” of toxin and antitoxin has as yet been obtained from the “Effect.”8. Expediency appears to be the only justification for assuming that the “Effect” is due to either a modified antitoxin or to a modified toxin, viz. epitoxonoid.9. All the phenomena of the “Effect” hitherto advanced have their counterpart in the staining of paper, porcelain, etc., by anilin dyes.
On the Supersensitation of Persons by Horse-serum
Authors: Goodall E. W. 
Published: May 2009

1. There were 90 patients at the Eastern Hospital, who, during the years 1897, 1898, 1899, 1904, 1905 and 1906, were injected with horseserum for a second attack or relapse of diphtheria, who had been treated with horse-serum at the first attack.2. Of these 9 had an “immediate reaction,” 22 an “accelerated reaction,” and 8 had both, 39 in all, or 43·4 per cent.3. The “immediate reaction” showed itself a few minutes to six hours after the first injection for the second attack.4. The shortest interval between the first injection at the primary attack and the occurrence of an “immediate reaction” after a reinjection for a second attack was 35 days; the longest was 363 days.5. The ”accelerated reaction” showed itself 19 hours to five days after the first injection for the second attack.6. The shortest interval between the first injection at the primary attack and the occurrence of an “accelerated reaction” after a reinjection for a second attack was 25 days; the longest was 1511 days. In each of these cases the reaction occurred the day after the reinjection.7. In seven of the cases of “immediate reaction” the symptoms were severe. In all save one of those of “accelerated reaction” they were mild or moderate.8. In 24 of the cases there was a normal serum-reaction after the reinjection for the second attack; but even this occurred in most cases slightly earlier than is usual after injection at a primary attack.9. So far as the figures go they show:(a) that when a patient has had a serum-reaction at the primary attack, he is more likely to have an abnormal reaction after injection at the second attack;(b) that the greater the volume of serum given in the primary attack, the more likely is an abnormal reaction to occur after serum at the second attack;(c) and that consequently an abnormal reaction is most likely to occur after serum at a second attack when the patient has had a large volume of serum followed by a reaction at the first attack.There are, however, indications that the volume of serum given at the primary attack may have different effects as regards the determination of an “immediate” or an “accelerated reaction,” according to its amount.