bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Closed-loop control of unsteadiness over a rounded backward-facing step
Authors: Barbagallo Alexandre , Dergham Gregory , Sipp Denis , Schmid Peter J. , Robinet Jean-Christophe 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe two-dimensional, incompressible flow over a rounded backward-facing step at Reynolds number $\mathit{Re}= 600$ is characterized by a detachment of the flow close to the step followed by a recirculation zone. Even though the flow is globally stable, perturbations are amplified as they are convected along the shear layer, and the presence of upstream random noise renders the flow unsteady, leading to a broadband spectrum of excited frequencies. This paper is aimed at suppressing this unsteadiness using a controller that converts a shear-stress measurement taken from a wall-mounted sensor into a control law that is supplied to an actuator. A comprehensive study of various components of closed-loop control design – covering sensor placement, choice and influence of the cost functional, accuracy of the reduced-order model, compensator stability and performance – shows that successful control of this flow requires a judicious balance between estimation speed and estimation accuracy, and between stability limits and performance requirements. The inherent amplification behaviour of the flow can be reduced by an order of magnitude if the above-mentioned constraints are observed. In particular, to achieve superior controller performance, the estimation sensor should be placed upstream near the actuator to ensure sufficient estimation speed. Also, if high-performance compensators are sought, a very accurate reduced-order model is required, especially for the dynamics between the actuator and the estimation sensor; otherwise, very minute errors even at low energies and high frequencies may render the large-scale compensated linearized simulation unstable. Finally, coupling the linear compensator to nonlinear simulations shows a gradual deterioration in control performance as the amplitude of the noise increases.
FINITELY GENERATED SOLUBLE GROUPS WITH A CONDITION ON INFINITE SUBSETS
Authors: FARAMARZI SALLES ASADOLLAH 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLet G be a group. We say that G∈𝒯(∞) provided that every infinite set of elements of G contains three distinct elements x,y,z such that x≠y,[x,y,z]=1=[y,z,x]=[z,x,y]. We use this to show that for a finitely generated soluble group G, G/Z2(G) is finite if and only if G∈𝒯(∞).
New evidence of a giant bird from the Late Cretaceous of France
Authors: BUFFETAUT ERIC , ANGST DELPHINE 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA large heterocoelous cervical vertebra from the Late Cretaceous of Cruzy (Hérault, southern France) is described and referred to the giant bird Gargantuavis philoinos Buffetaut & Le Loeuff, 1998, confirming its avian nature. Gargantuavis appears to have been a long-necked bird with possibly a relatively small skull. Derived features such as heterocoely suggest that Gargantuavis was an advanced ornithuromorph, close to ornithurines.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS JUSTIFYING INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN BANGLADESH
Authors: SAYEM AMIR MOHAMMAD , BEGUM HOUSNE ARA , MONEESHA SHANTA SHYAMOLEE 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThis study examines women's attitude towards intimate partner violence among 331 Bangladeshi women in five selected disadvantaged areas of Dhaka city. This study used a shorter version of the Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Beating (IBWB) to measure women's attitude towards intimate partner violence. The results revealed that the mean score on the wife-beating scale of 15 items was 7.81 (SD=4.893). Significant amounts of the variance (42.9%) in women's attitude towards intimate partner violence can be attributed to respondent's education (B=−0.60,p<0.001), husband's education (B=−1.251,p<0.01), exposure to mass media (B=−1.251,p<0.01), respondent's current age (B=0.081,p<0.05), age at marriage (B=0.215,p<0.01), intimate partner violence victimization within the last 12 months (B=−1.533,p<0.001) and women receiving micro-credit (small-scale loan or financial assistance) (B= −2.214,p<0.001). The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings.
Contamination, distribution and pathogenicity ofToxocara canisandT. catieggs from sandpits in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Macuhova K. , Akao N. , Fujinami Y. , Kumagai T. , Ohta N. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe contamination, distribution and pathogenicity ofToxocara canisandT. catieggs in sandpits in the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan, are described. A total of 34 sandpits were examined, 14 of which were contaminated withT. catieggs, as assessed by the floatation method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Two naturally contaminated sandpits were investigated to determine the vertical and horizontal distribution of eggs, and an inverse relationship between the sand depth and number of eggs was observed. To examine the pathogenicity of the eggs, three ICR mice were inoculated with 300 eggs, which were recovered from sandpits. The mice exhibited eosinophilia in the peripheral blood and IgG antibody production in the sera after 3 weeks of infection. Most migrating larvae were recovered from carcasses, although three were found in the brains of two infected mice. These three larvae were determined to beT. canisby PCR, revealing that not onlyT. cati, but alsoT. caniseggs could be found in sandpits and, further, that eggs recovered from sandpits have the ability to invade a paratenic host.
Seroepidemiology of mumps in Europe (1996–2008): why do outbreaks occur in highly vaccinated populations?
Authors: ERIKSEN J. , DAVIDKIN I. , KAFATOS G. , ANDREWS N. , BARBARA C. , COHEN D. , DUKS A. , GRISKEVICIUS A. , JOHANSEN K. , BARTHA K. , KRIZ B. , MITIS G. , MOSSONG J. , NARDONE A. , O'FLANAGAN D. , DE ORY F. , PISTOL A. , THEETEN H. , PROSENC K. , SLACIKOVA M. , PEBODY R. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYMumps outbreaks have recently been recorded in a number of highly vaccinated populations. We related seroprevalence, epidemiological and vaccination data from 18 European countries participating in The European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN) to their risk of mumps outbreaks in order to inform vaccination strategies. Samples from national population serum banks were collected, tested for mumps IgG antibodies and standardized for international comparisons. A comparative analysis between countries was undertaken using age-specific mumps seroprevalence data and information on reported mumps incidence, vaccine strains, vaccination programmes and vaccine coverage 5–12 years after sera collection. Mean geometric mumps antibody titres were lower in mumps outbreak countries [odds ratio (OR) 0·09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·01–0·71)]. MMR1 vaccine coverage ⩾95% remained protective in a multivariable model (P < 0·001), as did an interval of 4–8 years between doses (OR 0·08, 95% CI 0·01–0·85). Preventing outbreaks and controlling mumps probably requires several elements, including high-coverage vaccination programmes with MMR vaccine with 4–8 years between doses.
Hydrogeochemical characteristics at Cape Lamb, Vega Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Moreno L. , Silva-Busso A. , López-Martínez J. , Durán-Valsero J.J. , Martínez-Navarrete C. , Cuchí J.A. , Ermolin E. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEnvironmental changes in the northern Antarctic Peninsula provide a sensitive local indicator of climate warming. A consequence of these changes is the activation of surface and subsurface hydrological cycles in areas where water, in colder conditions, would remain frozen. This paper analyses the effects of hydrological cycle activation at Cape Lamb, Vega Island. The conclusions are based on hydrochemistry and isotope interpretation of 51 representative water samples from precipitation, streams, lakes, ice, snow and groundwater. Based on these results relationships between the different components of the hydrological cycle are proposed. This paper highlights the important contribution of groundwater to surface water chemistry, the disconnection of the lakes from the overall flow, the lack of an ocean spray signature in surface water and groundwater and the significant influence of windblown dust in the composition of the analysed waters.
USE OFAGUADASAS WATER MANAGEMENT SOURCES IN TWO SOUTHERN MAYA LOWLAND SITES
Authors: Ferrand Ezgi Akpinar , Dunning Nicholas P. , Lentz David L. , Jones John G. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAguadas, either natural or human-made ponds, were significant sources of water for the ancient Maya.Aguadasare common features in the Maya Lowlands and make valuable locations for collecting archaeological and paleoenvironmental data. This article discusses research conducted at fouraguadasaround two adjacent Maya sites, San Bartolo and Xultun in Peten, Guatemala. Both San Bartolo and Xultun were established during the Preclassic period. However, the fates of the two sites differed, as Xultun continued to prosper while the city of San Bartolo was abandoned near the close of the Late Preclassic period. We argue thataguadasprovide important clues for understanding the fate of these two ancient communities and many others in the Maya Lowlands.
PARTING (WITH) THE DEAD: BODY PARTIBILITY AS EVIDENCE OF COMMONER ANCESTOR VENERATION
Authors: Geller Pamela L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAs a complement to life histories authored by many researchers of Maya bones, this study narrates death histories. The latter entails detection of perimortem and postmortem changes to decedents' bodies, followed by translation of these changes' encoded meanings. Biographical analysis of body parts and the buildings in which they are situated facilitates such an endeavor. Past investigations of partibility have focused on protracted processing of noble and royal bodies as a means to reconstitute decedents' identities. Commoners' burials, however, have received far less attention. Consequently, it is difficult to determine if partible practices differ according to or transcend social class. To address this lacuna, a multiscalar frame is applied to a burial sample comprised of decedents from varied social settings in the Three Rivers region, northwestern Belize. Identification of widely shared practices related to the becoming and venerating of ancestors offers a springboard for examining particulars within patterns. Scaling down, commoner burials unearthed at the minor center RB-11 are summarized and special attention is paid to the death history of Individual 71. This decedent's intentionally fragmented body reflects general thinking about ancestors as partible and dividual persons. Yet, certain attributes of Individual 71's burial are unique to the sample as a whole, which demonstrates how social class, circumstance, and individual life history are also instrumental in the reformation of ancestorhood.
The Difficult Path to an Economic Rule of Law: European Competition Policy, 1950–91
Authors: WARLOUZET LAURENT , WITSCHKE TOBIAS 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA historical retelling of European competition policy is crucial to understanding the discrepancy between the rules in the treaties and their implementation. The historian must navigate treacherous waters between contrasting treaty stipulations in the ECSC and in the EEC Treaties, initial attempts at rigorous implementation but with limited effect on the ground, and a complicated relationship between the supranational institutions. Only in the 1980s did the Commission enjoy the benefits of the ECJ's supportive case law. These benefits came due to a fortunate conjuncture of political, economical and administrative factors.
‘Rome wasn't built in a day’: lobbies, institutions and speculation in the 1880s building fever
Authors: MARTINO PAOLO DI 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT:During the 1880s, a massive speculative boom occurred in the Roman real estate market. Its subsequent crash left a lasting mark on the structure of the city and triggered a nationwide banking crisis. This article analyses the causes of this boom and bust by showing how a small but cohesive lobby managed to bypass and bend to its own advantage formal regulation by exploiting institutional conflicts and political divisions at both national and local level.
The Development and Implementation of a Hospital Emergency Response Team (HERT) for Out-of-Hospital Surgical Care
Authors: Scott Christopher , Putnam Brant , Bricker Scott , Schneider Laura , Raby Stephanie , Koenig William , Gausche-Hill Marianne 
Published: June 2012

AbstractOver the past two decades, Los Angeles County has implemented a Hospital Emergency Response Team (HERT) to provide on-scene, advanced surgical care of injured patients as an element of the local Emergency Medical Services (EMS) system. Since 2008, the primary responsibility of the team has been to perform surgical procedures in the austere field setting when prolonged extrication is anticipated. Following the maxim of “life over limb,” the team is equipped to provide rapid amputation of an entrapped extremity as well as other procedures and medical care, such as anxiolytics and advanced pain control. This report describes the development and implementation of a local EMS system HERT.Scott C, Putnam B, Bricker S, Schneider L, Raby S, Koenig W, Gausche-Hill M. The development and implementation of a Hospital Emergency Response Team (HERT) for out-of-hospital surgical care. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(3):1-5.
Evaluation of a Brief Training on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergencies: A Pre- and Post-Assessment in Nepal
Authors: Jordans Mark J.D. , Luitel Nagendra P. , Poudyal Bhava , Tol Wietse A. , Komproe Ivan H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIntroductionA principal strategy for the integration of mental health and psychosocial support in emergency settings is the training of front-line workers in international consensus-based guidelines.AimThis paper presents a pilot study evaluating changes in knowledge and understanding as a result of a brief training course in Nepal.MethodEvaluation questionnaires were distributed to participants in two-day courses (n = 109) before, directly after, and at two months following completion.ResultsThe course resulted in a post-training increase in correct answers of 21%, which further increased to 25% at two months.ConclusionA short training course based on widely endorsed guidelines to front-line staff can significantly increase mental health literacy for complex emergencies. While promising, the trend of knowledge gain is modest at most, and suggests a need for more intensive or more targeted training courses.Jordans MJD, Luitel NP, Poudyal B, Tol WA, Komproe IH. Evaluation of a brief training on mental health and psychosocial support in emergencies: a pre- and post-assessment in Nepal. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(3):1-4.
Television watching from adolescence to adulthood and its association with BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and obesity: a longitudinal study
Authors: Mamun Abdullah A , O'Callaghan Michael J , Williams Gail , Najman Jake M 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the prospective association of television (TV) watching from adolescence to young adulthood with BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and obesity.DesignA community-based longitudinal cohort study.SettingMater–University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) Cohort, Brisbane, Australia.SubjectsA sub-sample of 2439 children was followed up at ages 14 years and 21 years as part of a population-based birth cohort. Offspring reported the number of TV viewing hours each day at 14 and 21 years. BMI, WC and WHR were measured at 21 years.ResultsIn the adjusted model, offspring who watched TV for <3 h/d at 14 years but for ≥3 h/d at 21 years, or who watched TV for ≥3 h/d at 14 and 21 years, had greater BMI, WC and WHR at 21 years. Offspring who watched TV for ≥3 h/d at 14 years but for <3 h/d at 21 years had similar mean BMI, WC and WHR at 21 years to those who watched TV for <3 h/d at 14 and 21 years. Those offspring who reduced their TV watching hours to <3 h/d during the transition from adolescence into young adulthood were at less risk of becoming obese and those who continued or increased their TV watching to ≥3 h/d were at greater risk of becoming obese. This association remained independent of the potential confounding factors considered.ConclusionsThe present findings suggest that our efforts to decrease obesity by reducing TV watching hours among adults should consider interventions to reduce TV time among adolescents.
Self-reported dietary intake and appetite predict early treatment outcome among low-BMI adults initiating HIV treatment in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Koethe John R , Blevins Meridith , Bosire Claire , Nyirenda Christopher , Kabagambe Edmond K , Mwango Albert , Kasongo Webster , Zulu Isaac , Shepherd Bryan E , Heimburger Douglas C 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveLow BMI is a major risk factor for early mortality among HIV-infected persons starting antiretrovial therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa and the common patient belief that antiretroviral medications produce distressing levels of hunger is a barrier to treatment adherence. We assessed relationships between appetite, dietary intake and treatment outcome 12 weeks after ART initiation among HIV-infected adults with advanced malnutrition and immunosuppression.DesignA prospective, observational cohort study. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24 h recall survey. The relationships of appetite, intake and treatment outcome were analysed using time-varying Cox models.SettingA public-sector HIV clinic in Lusaka, Zambia.SubjectsOne hundred and forty-two HIV-infected adults starting ART with BMI <16 kg/m2and/or CD4+lymphocyte count <50 cells/μl.ResultsMedian age, BMI and CD4+lymphocyte count were 32 years, 16 kg/m2and 34 cells/μl, respectively. Twenty-five participants (18 %) died before 12 weeks and another thirty-three (23 %) were lost to care. A 500 kJ/d higher energy intake at any time after ART initiation was associated with an approximate 16 % reduction in the hazard of death (adjusted hazard ratio = 0·84;P= 0·01), but the relative contribution of carbohydrate, protein or fat to total energy was not a significant predictor of outcome. Appetite normalized gradually among survivors and hunger was rarely reported.ConclusionsPoor early ART outcomes were strikingly high in a cohort of HIV-infected adults with advanced malnutrition and mortality was predicted by lower dietary intake. Intervention trials to promote post-ART intake in this population may benefit survival and are warranted.
Developing a tool for collecting and costing activity data on psychiatric inpatient wards
Authors: Sabes-Figuera R. , McCrone P. , Sharac J. , Csipke E. , Craig T. K. J. , Rose D. S. , Pearman D. , Wykes T. 
Published: June 2012

Background.Increasing therapeutic inpatient activities may improve the quality and outcomes of care. Evaluation of these interventions is necessary including assessment of cost-effectiveness. The aim of this paper is to describe the development and reliability of a tool to collect information on care contacts and therapeutic activities of patients on inpatient wards.Method.The development of the tool consisted of: 1) literature review, 2) interviews with staff, 3) expert consultation, 4) feasibility study, 5) focus groups with staff members, and 6) reliability tests. Service use data were collected with the tool and costs calculated.Results.Service users' reported more use of activities than that contained in case notes during a 7-day period. This resulted in a cost difference of £10 per person. Case notes had more one-to-one nursing contacts, with a cost difference of £4 per person. One-day data showed less nurse contact time reported by participants compared to observational data (p < 0.001) but similar use of activities. Costs were £46 for the tool and £67 for the observational data.Conclusions.This tool is a good source of information on the number of activities attended by service users and contacts with psychiatrists. There is some disagreement with other sources of information on interactions between service users and nurses, possibly reflecting different definitions of a ‘meaningful contact’. This does not have a major impact on cost given that for much of the care received there is reasonable agreement.
The effect of surface heat fluxes on interannual variability in the spring onset of snow melt in the central Arctic Ocean
Authors: Maksimovich Elena , Vihma Timo 
Published: June 2012

The timing of spring snow melt onset (SMO) on Arctic sea ice strongly affects the heat accumulation in snow and ice during the melt season. SMO itself is controlled by surface heat fluxes. Satellite passive microwave (SSM/I) observations show that the apparent melt onset (MO) varies a lot interannually and even over 50–100 km distances. The MO record appeared to be a complex blend of SMO on top of sea ice and opening of leads and polynyas due to divergent sea ice drift. We extracted SMO out of the original MO record using sea ice concentration data. Applying ERA Interim reanalysis, we evaluated the portion of SMO variance explained by radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes in the period of 1989–2008. The anomaly of the surface net heat flux 1–7 days prior to SMO explained up to 65% of the interannual variance in SMO in the central Arctic. The main term of the net flux was the downward longwave radiation, which explained up to 90% of SMO variance within the western central Arctic. The role of the latent and sensible heat fluxes in earlier/later SMO was not to bring more/less heat to the surface but to reduce/enhance the surface heat loss. Solar radiation was not an important factor alone, but together with other fluxes improved the explained variance of SMO. Local 20‐year SMO trends averaged over the central Arctic Ocean are toward earlier melt by 9 days per decade.
Determination of the macroscopic optical properties of snow based on exact morphology and direct pore‐level heat transfer modeling
Authors: Haussener Sophia , Gergely Mathias , Schneebeli Martin , Steinfeld Aldo 
Published: June 2012

A multiscale methodology for the determination of the macroscopic optical properties of snow is presented. It consists of solving the coupled volume‐averaged radiative transfer equations for two semi‐transparent phases – ice and air – by Monte Carlo ray tracing in an infinite slab via direct pore‐level simulations on the exact 3D microstructure obtained by computed tomography. The overall reflectance and transmittance are computed for slabs of five characteristic snow types subjected to collimated and diffuse incident radiative flux for wavelengths 0.3–3 μm. The effect of simplifying the snow microstructure and/or the radiative transfer model is elucidated by comparing our results to (i) a homogenized radiation model and considering a particulate medium made of optical equivalent grain size spheres (DISORT), or (ii) a multiphase radiation model considering a packed bed of identical overlapping semi‐transparent spheres. The calculations are experimentally validated by transmittance measurements. Significant differences in the macroscopic optical properties are observed when simplifying the snow morphology and the heat transfer model (i.e., homogenized versus multiphase). The proposed approach allows – in addition to determine macroscopic optical properties based on the exact morphology and obtained by advanced heat transfer model – for detailed understanding of radiative heat transfer in snow layers at the pore‐scale level.