bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age of red blood cells and mortality in the critically ill
Authors: Pettilä Ville , Westbrook Andrew J , Nichol Alistair D , Bailey Michael J , Wood Erica M , Syres Gillian , Phillips Louise E , Street Alison , French Craig , Murray Lynnette , Orford Neil , Santamaria John D , Bellomo Rinaldo , Cooper David J ,   the Blood Observational Study Investigators for the ANZICS Clinical Trials Group
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Introduction
In critically ill patients, it is uncertain whether exposure to older red blood cells (RBCs) may contribute to mortality. We therefore aimed to evaluate the association between the age of RBCs and outcome in a large unselected cohort of critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand. We hypothesized that exposure to even a single unit of older RBCs may be associated with an increased risk of death.

Methods
We conducted a prospective, multicenter observational study in 47 ICUs during a 5-week period between August 2008 and September 2008. We included 757 critically ill adult patients receiving at least one unit of RBCs. To test our hypothesis we compared hospital mortality according to quartiles of exposure to maximum age of RBCs without and with adjustment for possible confounding factors.

Results
Compared with other quartiles (mean maximum red cell age 22.7 days; mortality 121/568 (21.3%)), patients treated with exposure to the lowest quartile of oldest RBCs (mean maximum red cell age 7.7 days; hospital mortality 25/189 (13.2%)) had an unadjusted absolute risk reduction in hospital mortality of 8.1% (95% confidence interval = 2.2 to 14.0%). After adjustment for Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, other blood component transfusions, number of RBC transfusions, pretransfusion hemoglobin concentration, and cardiac surgery, the odds ratio for hospital mortality for patients exposed to the older three quartiles compared with the lowest quartile was 2.01 (95% confidence interval = 1.07 to 3.77).

Conclusions
In critically ill patients, in Australia and New Zealand, exposure to older RBCs is independently associated with an increased risk of death.
Prospective Multi-Institutional Study Evaluating the Performance of Prostate Cancer Risk Calculators
Authors: Nam Robert K. , Kattan Michael W. , Chin Joseph L. , Trachtenberg John , Singal Rajiv , Rendon Ricardo , Klotz Laurence H. , Sugar Linda , Sherman Christopher , Izawa Jonathan , Bell David , Stanimirovic Aleksandra , Venkateswaran Vasundara , Diamandis Eleftherios P. , Yu Changhong , Loblaw D. Andrew , Narod Steven A. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose Prostate cancer risk calculators incorporate many factors to evaluate an individual's risk for prostate cancer. We validated two common North American–based, prostate cancer risk calculators. Patients and Methods We conducted a prospective, multi-institutional study of 2,130 patients who underwent a prostate biopsy for prostate cancer detection from five centers. We evaluated the performance of the Sunnybrook nomogram–based prostate cancer risk calculator (SRC) and the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) –based risk calculator (PRC) to predict the presence of any cancer and high-grade cancer. We examined discrimination, calibration, and decision curve analysis techniques to evaluate the prediction models. Results Of the 2,130 patients, 867 men (40.7%) were found to have cancer, and 1,263 (59.3%) did not have cancer. Of the patients with cancer, 403 (46.5%) had a Gleason score of 7 or more. The area under the [concentration-time] curve (AUC) for the SRC was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.69); the AUC for the PRC was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.59 to 0.64). The AUC was higher for predicting aggressive disease from the SRC (0.72; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.75) compared with that from the PRC (0.67; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.70). Decision curve analyses showed that the SRC performed better than the PRC for risk thresholds of more than 30% for any cancer and more than 15% for aggressive cancer. Conclusion The SRC performed better than the PRC, but neither one added clinical benefit for risk thresholds of less than 30%. Further research is needed to improve the AUCs of the risk calculators, particularly for higher-grade cancer.
Levels of Symptom Burden During Chemotherapy for Advanced Lung Cancer: Differences Between Public Hospitals and a Tertiary Cancer Center
Authors: Cleeland Charles S. , Mendoza Tito R. , Wang Xin Shelley , Woodruff Jeanie F. , Palos Guadalupe R. , Richman Stephen P. , Nazario Arlene , Lynch Garrett R. , Liao Kai-Ping , Mobley Gary M. , Lu Charles 
Published: June 2011

PurposeWe compared risk factors for high disease- and treatment-related symptom burden over 15 weeks of therapy in medically underserved patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer and in patients treated at a tertiary cancer center.Patients and MethodsWe monitored symptom severity weekly during chemotherapy. Patients were recruited from a tertiary cancer center (n=101) and three public hospitals treating the medically underserved (n=80). We used a composite symptom-severity score and group-based trajectory analysis to form two groups: one with consistently more severe symptoms and another with less severe symptoms. We examined predictors of group membership.ResultsSeventy percent of the sample (n=126) reported low symptom-severity levels that decreased during therapy; 30% (n=55) had consistently severe symptoms throughout the study. In multivariate analysis, patients with good performance status being treated in public hospitals were significantly more likely than patients treated at the tertiary cancer center to be in the high-symptom group (odds ratio, 5.6; 95% CI, 2.1 to 14.6; P =.001) and to report significantly higher symptom interference (P =.001). Other univariate predictors of high-symptom group membership included variables associated with being medically underserved (eg, having less education, being single, and being nonwhite). No group differences by ethnicity were observed in the public hospitals. Medically underserved patients were less likely to receive adequate pain management.ConclusionPatients with advanced lung cancer and good performance status treated at public hospitals were more likely than those treated at a tertiary cancer center to experience substantial symptoms during chemotherapy.
Phase I Study of Temsirolimus in Pediatric Patients With Recurrent/Refractory Solid Tumors
Authors: Spunt Sheri L. , Grupp Stephan A. , Vik Terry A. , Santana Victor M. , Greenblatt David J. , Clancy Jill , Berkenblit Anna , Krygowski Mizue , Ananthakrishnan Revathi , Boni Joseph P. , Gilbertson Richard J. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose To determine dose-limiting toxicities, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of weekly intravenous temsirolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway inhibitor, in pediatric patients with recurrent or refractory solid tumors. Patients and Methods Cohorts of three to six patients 1 to 21 years of age with recurrent or refractory solid tumors were treated with a 1-hour intravenous infusion of temsirolimus weekly for 3 weeks per course at one of four dose levels: 10, 25, 75, or 150 mg/m2. During the first two courses, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations (phosphorylation of S6, AKT, and 4EBP1 in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells) were performed. Results Dose-limiting toxicity (grade 3 anorexia) occurred in one of 18 evaluable patients at the 150 mg/m2 level, which was determined to be tolerable, and an MTD was not identified. In 13 patients evaluable for response after two courses of therapy, one had complete response (CR; neuroblastoma) and five had stable disease (SD). Four patients (three SDs + one CR) remained on treatment for more than 4 months. The sum of temsirolimus and sirolimus areas under the concentration-time curve was comparable to values in adults. AKT and 4EBP1 phosphorylation were inhibited at all dose levels, particularly after two courses. Conclusion Weekly intravenous temsirolimus is well tolerated in children with recurrent solid tumors, demonstrates antitumor activity, has pharmacokinetics similar to those in adults, and inhibits the mTOR signaling pathway in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. Further studies are needed to define the optimal dose for use in combination with other antineoplastic agents in pediatric patients.
Angiotensin Receptor Blockade and Risk of Cancer in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Case-Control Study
Authors: Chang Chia-Hsuin , Lin Jou-Wei , Wu Li-Chiu , Lai Mei-Shu 
Published: June 2011

Purpose The objective of this case-control study was to evaluate the risk of malignancy in diabetic patients who received angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Patients and Methods A total of 21,750 new diabetic patients who started antihypertensive treatment were identified from the Taiwan National Health Insurance claims database during the period from July 1, 2000, to December 31, 2000. As of December 31, 2007, patients with incident cancer were included as cases and up to four age- and sex-matched controls were selected by risk-set sampling. Logistic regression models were applied to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs between ARB use and cancer incidence, adjusted for other types of antihypertensive drugs, insulin, oral hypoglycemic agents, statins, and underlying diseases. Results Among the 1,281 patients with incident cancer and 5,104 controls, 333 (26.0%) and 1,341 (26.3%), respectively, received ARBs (OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.85 to 1.14). There was no statistically significant association between the effect of ARBs as a class and cancer incidence after adjustment for covariates (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.80 to 1.10). Among the individual ARBs, losartan decreased the risk (OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.97) and candesartan (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.05 to 3.06) and telmisartan (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.97 to 2.43) possibly increased the risk of occurrence of malignancy. Conclusion The results did not show an effect of ARBs as a class on increasing cancer incidence in patients with diabetes. However, there was a negative association of losartan but a positive one of candesartan and telmisartan with the overall occurrence of cancer. The underlying mechanism certainly requires further investigation.
Cost-Effectiveness of Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Versus Routine Surveillance in Patients With Unilateral Breast Cancer
Authors: Zendejas Benjamin , Moriarty James P. , O'Byrne Jamie , Degnim Amy C. , Farley David R. , Boughey Judy C. 
Published: June 2011

Purpose Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) rates in women with unilateral breast cancer are increasing despite controversy regarding survival advantage. Current scrutiny of the medical costs led us to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of CPM versus routine surveillance as an alternative contralateral breast cancer (CBC) risk management strategy. Methods Using a Markov model, we simulated patients with breast cancer from mastectomy to death. Model parameters were gathered from published literature or national databases. Base-case analysis focused on patients with average-risk breast cancer, 45 years of age at treatment. Outcomes were valued in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Patients' age, risk level of breast cancer, and quality of life (QOL) were varied to assess their impact on results. Results Mean costs of treatment for women age 45 years are comparable: $36,594 for the CPM and $35,182 for surveillance. CPM provides 21.22 mean QALYs compared with 20.93 for surveillance, resulting in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $4,869/QALY gained for CPM. To prevent one CBC, six CPMs would be needed. CPM is no longer cost-effective for patients older than 70 years (ICER $62,750/QALY). For BRCA-positive patients, CPM is clearly cost-effective, providing more QALYs while being less costly. In non-BRCA patients, cost-effectiveness of CPM is highly dependent on assumptions regarding QOL for CPM versus surveillance strategy. Conclusion CPM is cost-effective compared with surveillance for patients with breast cancer who are younger than 70 years. Results are sensitive to BRCA-positive status and assumptions of QOL differences between CPM and surveillance patients. This highlights the importance of tailoring treatment for individual patients.
Improved plasma free metadrenaline analysis requires mixed mode cation exchange solid-phase extraction prior to liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection
Authors: Clarke Michael W , Cooke Brian , Hoad Kirsten , Glendenning Paul 
Published: June 2011

Background The investigation and effective management of phaeochromocytoma involves biochemical measurement of either conjugated total urine or plasma free metadrenalines. Current analytical methods include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (ECD) or liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS). Since the first two methods are either extremely laborious, necessitate low sample run numbers, result in slow turnaround times or are subject to analytical interference, a robust, routine clinical method is not achievable. We established a novel sample preparation method to measure plasma free metadrenalines using LCMS/MS. Methods Three different solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods were compared: hydrophilic–lipophilic balance sorbent (HLB), weak cation exchange (WCX) and mixed mode cation exchange (MCX) and their ability to remove interfering compounds prior to LCMS/MS analysis. Maximum recovery of plasma free metadrenaline and plasma free normetadrenaline were achieved by positively charging compounds prior to SPE application. Results Compared with HLB and WCX cartridges, MCX extraction resulted in chromatography without co-eluting interference with superior assay precision and accuracy. Additionally, samples that could not be quantified because of interference using HPLC/ECD could be readily assayed using this new method. Conclusions The use of the MCX SPE method with LCMS/MS detection provides an improved assay to measure plasma free metadrenalines in comparison to many available alternative methods.
The Impact of Gender Composition on Team Performance and Decision Making: Evidence from the Field
Authors: Apesteguia Jose , Azmat Ghazala , Iriberri Nagore 
Published: June 2011

We investigate whether the gender composition of teams affects their economic performance. We study a large business game, played in groups of three, in which each group takes the role of a general manager. There are two parallel competitions, one involving undergraduates and the other involving MBA students. Our analysis shows that teams formed by three women are significantly outperformed by all other gender combinations, both at the undergraduate and MBA levels. Looking across the performance distribution, we find that for undergraduates, three-women teams are outperformed throughout, but by as much as 0.47 of a standard deviation of the mean at the bottom and by only 0.09 at the top. For MBA students, at the top, the best performing group is two men and one woman. The differences in performance are explained by differences in decision making. We observe that three-women teams are less aggressive in their pricing strategies, invest less in research and development, and invest more in social sustainability initiatives than does any other gender combination. This paper was accepted by Brad Barber, Teck Ho, and Terrance Odean, special issue editors.
An Empirical Analysis of User Content Generation and Usage Behavior on the Mobile Internet
Authors: Ghose Anindya , Han Sang Pil 
Published: June 2011

We quantify how user mobile Internet usage relates to unique characteristics of the mobile Internet. In particular, we focus on examining how the mobile-phone-based content generation behavior of users relates to content usage behavior. The key objective is to analyze whether there is a positive or negative interdependence between the two activities. We use a unique panel data set that consists of individual-level mobile Internet usage data that encompass individual multimedia content generation and usage behavior. We combine this knowledge with data on user calling patterns, such as duration, frequency, and locations from where calls are placed, to construct their social network and to compute their geographical mobility. We build an individual-level simultaneous equation panel data model that controls for the different sources of endogeneity of the social network. We find that there is a negative and statistically significant temporal interdependence between content generation and usage. This finding implies that an increase in content usage in the previous period has a negative impact on content generation in the current period and vice versa. The marginal effect of this interdependence is stronger on content usage (up to 8.7%) than on content generation (up to 4.3%). The extent of geographical mobility of users has a positive effect on their mobile Internet activities. Users more frequently engage in content usage compared to content generation when they are traveling. In addition, the variance of user mobility has a stronger impact on their mobile Internet activities than does the mean. We also find that the social network has a strong positive effect on user behavior in the mobile Internet. These analyses unpack the mechanisms that stimulate user behavior on the mobile Internet. Implications for shaping user mobile Internet usage behavior are discussed. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta and Preyas Desai, special issue editors. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta and Preyas Desai, special issue editors.
The Dark Side of Rapport: Agent Misbehavior Face-to-Face and Online
Authors: Jap Sandy , Robertson Diana C. , Hamilton Ryan 
Published: June 2011

A considerable body of research has extolled the virtues of establishing rapport in negotiations. Negotiators who are high in rapport tend to be more likely to reach an agreement and more satisfied with the outcome. Although rapport generally has been found to have positive effects in standard negotiation settings, we investigate the effects of rapport in impasse settings, where conflict between negotiators' core needs means that a successful deal can only be reached when one or both parties acts unethically or “misbehaves,” for example, by lying to the negotiation partner. In a series of three experiments, we find that negotiators who have a high level of rapport are more likely to behave unethically than are negotiators who have a low level of rapport. We find this effect holds both when high rapport results from the way in which negotiations are conducted (face-to-face versus computer mediated) and also when rapport is established through a brief rapport-building exercise before negotiations begin. Finally, we find that the negative effects (unethical behavior)—but not the positive effects (satisfaction with the negotiation, trust, and willingness to work in the future with the negotiation partner)—of high rapport are reduced when negotiators are given a simple reminder before negotiations begin that one's actions can have long-term repercussions for one's reputation. Taken together, this research supports the idea that, despite its several advantages, in certain situations rapport has a dark side, of which negotiators must be wary. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta and Preyas Desai, special issue editors. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta and Preyas Desai, special issue editors.
Approximation for convex functionals on non-positively curved spaces
and the Trotter–Kato product formula
Authors: Stojkovic Igor 
Published: June 2011

Abstract.
We study the validity of the Trotter–Kato product formula in the setting of gradient flows on CAT(0) metric spaces. We follow the strategy of the proof of the Hilbert space version of this theorem given by Kato–Masuda,
but instead of the linear structure and inner product we have only geodesics and the CAT(0) inequality available. Thus we construct a counterpart of the approximation semigroups and their resolvents in CAT(0) spaces. We show that the convergence of the approximated resolvents to the resolvents of the sum functional implies convergence of the approximation semigroups to the semigroup associated to the sum functional. We also show that this resolvents convergence implies the product Trotter–Kato formula in CAT(0) spaces.
These approximation theorems are of independent interest. A major
difficulty compared to the linear theory is the lack of an appropriate notion of weak convergence on such spaces. This difficulty is successfully overcome with the aid of an
ultra-filters technique. The main results of our investigation are various versions of the Trotter–Kato product formula in CAT(0) spaces.
Therapeutic drug monitoring of newer antiepileptic drugs / Therapeutic drug monitoring bei neueren Antiepileptika
Authors: Brandt Christian , May Theodor W. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) has been in clinical use for more than three decades. Its value has, however, been questioned recently for several reasons, e.g., the occurrence of newer AEDs, for which the use of TDM has to be evaluated, but also because of financial strains on health systems. The current review aims at assessing the use of TDM in newer AEDs, i.e., those that entered the market since the beginning of the 1990s. As some have been licensed only recently and others are only in very limited use, either because of orphan drug status or because of limited efficacy or potentially severe adverse events, only limited data exist for some of the newer AEDs. General considerations are made in the review, and each new AED is discussed, and, in some cases preliminary, assessment of the use of TDM is given.
Freedom, Self-Obligation, and Selfhood in Henry James
Authors: Fessenbecker Patrick 
Published: June 2011

Patrick Fessenbecker, "Freedom, Self-Obligation, and Selfhood in Henry James" (pp. 69–95)
In this essay I argue for a new interpretation of Henry James's The Portrait of a Lady (1880–81, revised 1908). After briefly surveying the history of interpretations of the novel, I argue that critics have failed to understand the peculiar nature of Isabel Archer's volitional state, particularly in her decision to stay with her abusive husband at the end of the novel. Isabel, I demonstrate, is constrained in an important and binding way, but the source of the constraint is simply herself, in a philosophically perplexing way. This essay attempts to illuminate these features of the novel by drawing on the philosophical resources in Harry G. Frankfurt's works, particularly his notion of "wantons," or agents who do not care about their wills and thus are in an important sense not persons, as well as his concept of a "volitional necessity," a complex of cares, desires, and beliefs that is so essential to an agent's personhood that actions on behalf of the necessity feel inevitable. Though the agent cannot help but act on the necessity, she nevertheless feels importantly free, because the compulsory force is simply her self. The essay then concludes by briefly suggesting how these Frankfurtian ideas might suggest new interpretations of other James novels, which I introduce through short discussions of The Wings of the Dove (1902) and The Ambassadors (1903).