bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From sunlight to phytomass: on the potential efficiency of converting solar radiation to phyto‐energy
Authors: Amthor Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryThe relationship between solar radiation capture and potential plant growth is of theoretical and practical importance. The key processes constraining the transduction of solar radiation into phyto‐energy (i.e. free energy in phytomass) were reviewed to estimate potential solar‐energy‐use efficiency. Specifically, the out‐put : input stoichiometries of photosynthesis and photorespiration in C3 and C4 systems, mobilization and translocation of photosynthate, and biosynthesis of major plant biochemical constituents were evaluated. The maintenance requirement, an area of important uncertainty, was also considered. For a hypothetical C3 grain crop with a full canopy at 30°C and 350 ppm atmospheric [CO2], theoretically potential efficiencies (based on extant plant metabolic reactions and pathways) were estimated at c. 0.041 J J−1 incident total solar radiation, and c. 0.092 J J−1 absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). At 20°C, the calculated potential efficiencies increased to 0.053 and 0.118 J J−1 (incident total radiation and absorbed PAR, respectively). Estimates for a hypothetical C4 cereal were c. 0.051 and c. 0.114 J J−1, respectively. These values, which cannot be considered as precise, are less than some previous estimates, and the reasons for the differences are considered. Field‐based data indicate that exceptional crops may attain a significant fraction of potential efficiency.

Contents

Summary
939

I.
Introduction
940

II.
Approach
940

III.
Solar radiation absorption
942

IV.
Quantum requirement for CO2 assimilation
943

V.
Respiration
946

VI.
Photosynthate mobilization and translocation
948

VII.
Maintenance
949

VIII.
Substrate requirement for growth
949

IX.
From sunlight to phyto‐energy: potential overall efficiency
953

X.
Assessment
955

Acknowledgements
955

References
955
Salinomycin sensitizes cancer cells to the effects of doxorubicin and etoposide treatment by increasing DNA damage and reducing p21 protein
Authors: Kim Ju‐Hwa , Chae Minji , Kim Won Ki , Kim You‐Jin , Kang Han Sung , Kim Hyung Sik , Yoon Sungpil 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSESalinomycin (Sal) has recently been shown to inhibit various cancer stem cells. Here, we investigated whether Sal could sensitize cancer cells to the effects of doxorubicin (DOX) or etoposide (ETO).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHUsing the Comet assay, immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis, we assessed the ability of Sal to increase DNA breakage. We performed a cell proliferation assay to determine cell viability, cellular detachment, increased pre‐G1 region, Annexin V staining and TUNEL assay to measure the ability of Sal to increase apoptosis.KEY RESULTSSal increased DNA breakage and phosphorylated levels of p53 and H2AX. Sal also induced the formation of DNA foci with pH2AX and 53BP1. Furthermore, Sal increased the sensitivity of cancer cells to the apoptotic effects of DOX or ETO. We found that pH2AX, pBRCA1, p53BP1 and pChk1 levels were greatly increased after co‐treatment of Sal with DOX or ETO. The level of anti‐apoptotic p21 protein was increased by DOX or ETO but decreased by Sal, which increased proteasome activity.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThis is the first study to report that Sal increases DNA damage, and this effect plays an important role in the increased apoptosis caused by Sal. Overall, we demonstrated that the ability of Sal to sensitize cancer cells to the effects of DOX or ETO is associated with an increase in DNA damage and a decrease in anti‐apoptotic protein p21 levels. These results may contribute to the development of Sal‐based chemotherapy for cancer patients receiving DOX or ETO treatment.
CRF2mediates the increased noradrenergic activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and the negative state of morphine withdrawal in rats
Authors: Navarro‐Zaragoza Javier , Núñez Cristina , Ruiz‐Medina Jessica , Laorden M Luisa , Valverde Olga , Milanés M Victoria 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSERecent evidence suggests that corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) receptor signalling is involved in modulating the negative symptoms of opiate withdrawal. In this study, a series of experiments were performed to further characterize the role of CRF‐type 2 receptor (CRF2) signalling in opiate withdrawal‐induced physical signs of dependence, hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis activation, enhanced noradrenaline (NA) turnover in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) phosphorylation (activation), as well as CRF2expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract‐A2noradrenergic cell group (NTS‐A2).EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHThe contribution of CRF2signalling in opiate withdrawal was assessed by i.c.v. infusion of the selective CRF2antagonist, antisauvagine‐30 (AS‐30). Rats were implanted with two morphine (or placebo) pellets. Six days later, rats were pretreated with AS‐30 or saline 10 min before naloxone and the physical signs of abstinence, the HPA axis activity, NA turnover, TH activation and CRF2expression were measured using immunoblotting, RIA, HPLC and immunohistochemistry.KEY RESULTSRats pretreated with AS‐30 showed decreased levels of somatic signs of naloxone‐induced opiate withdrawal, but the corticosterone response was not modified. AS‐30 attenuated the increased production of the NA metabolite, 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol, as well as the enhanced NA turnover observed in morphine‐withdrawn rats. Finally, AS‐30 antagonized the TH phosphorylation at Serine40 induced by morphine withdrawal.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese results suggest that physical signs of opiate withdrawal, TH activation and stimulation of noradrenergic pathways innervating the PVN are modulated by CRF2signalling. Furthermore, they indicate a marginal role for the HPA axis in CRF2‐mediation of opiate withdrawal.
Clearance of maternal isohemagglutinins from infant circulation (CME)
Authors: Shaikh Salima , Sloan Steven R. 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: Non–group O neonates require testing for passively acquired maternal isohemagglutinins for them to receive type‐specific red blood cells (RBCs), according to the latest edition of the AABB Standards. A neonate is defined as an infant up to 4 months old in the AABB Standards, and many blood banks tend to stop testing for maternal anti‐A and/or anti‐B after 4 months of age. In lieu of such testing, group O RBCs are usually transfused to infants up to 4 months of age. This practice can limit the overall supply of group O RBCs available to other patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 1309 infants up to 4 months of age was performed, to assess the age by which passively acquired maternal isohemagglutinins are cleared from infant circulation. Detection of isohemagglutinins was performed by mixing sample sera and observing agglutination, followed by incubation and addition of anti‐immunoglobulin anti‐human globulin (antiglobulin test phase).RESULTS: The data show that 6.4% of infants up to 1 month of age had maternal isohemagglutinins, while none of the infants ranging from 2 to 4 months of age had maternal isohemagglutinins in their sera.CONCLUSIONS: Maternal isohemagglutinins are rare after the first month of life and patients who are at least 2 months old can safely receive ABO type–compatible RBC units without testing for passively acquired maternal anti‐A and/or anti‐B.
Experience with routine total nonfasting blood cholesterol screening of volunteer blood and component donors
Authors: Eason Stephen , Goudar Shankar , Centilli Jeff , Sayers Merlyn 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND: There is an increasing number of blood programs giving donors information about health risks for cardiovascular disease based on a total nonfasting cholesterol level measured at donation.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Experience with screening 187,714 individual donors for total nonfasting cholesterol was reviewed and results were compared with those for a representative sample of United States adults as published in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Donors were invited to retrieve their results and were tracked as to whether they used this service or not.RESULTS: By comparison with the national surveys, more blood donors have normal total nonfasting cholesterols and fewer have borderline high or high values as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. These observations hold for both males and females across all age ranges from 20 to older than 75 years. Only a minority of donors retrieve their results.CONCLUSIONS: The blood donor setting can be expanded, by inclusion of total nonfasting cholesterol level, to include screening for cardiovascular disease risk. When compared with the general adult population, donors represent a group at less risk for heart disease.
Domestic Violence, Poverty, and Social Services: Does Location Matter?*
Authors: Hetling Andrea , Zhang Haiyan 
Published: October 2010

Objective. This study investigates whether or not domestic violence agencies are located in areas of need. Recent research indicates that community economic disadvantage is a risk factor for intimate partner violence, but related questions regarding the geographic location of social service agencies have not been investigated.Methods. Using Connecticut as a case study, we analyze the relationship of agency location and police‐reported domestic violence incidents and assaults using OLS regression and correcting for spatial autocorrelation.Results. The presence of an agency within a town has no relationship with the rates of domestic violence. However, regional patterns are evident.Conclusion. Findings indicate that programs are not geographically mismatched with need, but neither are programs located in towns with higher rates of incidents or assaults. Future research and planning efforts should consider the geographic location of agencies.
Economic Context and Americans' Perceptions of Income Inequality*
Authors: Xu Ping , Garand James C. 
Published: October 2010

Objectives. The increase in income inequality in the United States over the past three decades has been well documented, though Americans differ in their perceptions of rising inequality. In this article we investigate the degree to which context shapes individuals' perceptions of rising income inequality in the United States.Methods. Using objective data on state‐level income inequality and survey data from the 2004 American National Election Study (ANES), we estimate a series of ordered logit models depicting individuals' perceptions of rising income inequality as a function of state income inequality and various control variables.Results. We find that individuals residing in states with high income inequality are more likely than other individuals to perceive large increases in national income inequality over the past 20 years. We also consider possible interaction effects for state income inequality with political knowledge and family income, but our evidence suggests that such effects are limited to family income. We find that individuals from lower income strata are more likely to translate state income inequality into inequality perceptions than those with higher incomes.Conclusion. State inequality context significantly shapes individuals' perceptions of rising income inequality, particularly among those with lower incomes.
Reassessing the Impact of Hispanic Stereotypes on White Americans' Immigration Preferences*
Authors: Lu Lingyu , Nicholson‐Crotty Sean 
Published: October 2010

Objectives. There is disagreement in the literature on immigration attitudes regarding the relative importance of ethnic stereotypes and more general cultural and economic concerns about increasing immigration in the formation of those attitudes. We argue that the impact of stereotypes relative to these other factors may have been underestimated for a variety of reasons.Methods. We test the impact of stereotypes on immigration preferences in data from the Multi‐Ethnic Module of the 2000 General Social Survey. Because the dependent variables analyzed herein are ordinal, we estimate ordered logistic regressions that correct for diagnosed hetereoskedacticity.Results. Statistical analyses confirm that negative stereotypes are a significantly larger predictor of ethnicity‐specific immigration preferences relative to general attitudes about immigration. Intervening variables analyses also suggest that the impact of stereotypes has been underestimated relative to cultural and economic anxieties because these variables significantly mediate its observed impact.Conclusions. The results suggest that ethnic stereotypes are significantly more important in determining immigration preferences among Americans than has been reported in previous research.
Explaining Anti‐Kurdish Beliefs in Turkey: Group Competition, Identity, and Globalization*
Authors: Dixon Jeffrey C. , Ergin Murat 
Published: October 2010

Objective. In the wake of Turkey's EU candidacy and the U.S.‐led war in Iraq, Turkey's Kurdish question has drawn international attention. Due to previous data limitations, ours is the first article to analyze what explains anti‐Kurdish beliefs in Turkey using nationally representative survey data.Methods. Through descriptive analyses and partial proportional odds models of the Pew Global Attitudes Survey (2002), we examine the extent and sources of these beliefs.Results. We find high levels of anti‐Kurdish beliefs in Turkey, but little evidence of group competition/material interests shaping these beliefs; rather, nationalism, secularism, and, somewhat surprisingly, favorable evaluations of globalization better explain anti‐Kurdish beliefs.Conclusion. Although broad processes of social‐dominance orientation and authoritarianism may be factors working in the background, anti‐Kurdish beliefs are better explained by the peculiar case of modernization in Turkey and these anti‐Kurdish beliefs may be different from negative beliefs about other minorities.
Practice Standards for Transcranial Doppler (TCD) Ultrasound. Part II. Clinical Indications and Expected Outcomes
Authors: Alexandrov Andrei V. , Sloan Michael A. , Tegeler Charles H. , Newell David N. , Lumsden Alan , Garami Zsolt , Levy Christopher R. , Wong Lawrence K.S. , Douville Colleen , Kaps Manfred , Tsivgoulis Georgios ,   for the American Society of Neuroimaging Practice Guidelines Committee
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONTranscranial Doppler (TCD) is a physiological ultrasound test with established safety and efficacy. Although imaging devices may be used to depict intracranial flow superimposed on structural visualization, the end‐result provided by imaging duplex or nonimaging TCD is sampling physiological flow variables through the spectral waveform assessment.SUMMARY OF RESULTSClinical indications considered by this multidisciplinary panel of experts as established are: sickle cell disease, cerebral ischemia, detection of right‐to‐left shunts (RLS), subarachnoid hemorrhage, brain death, and periprocedural or surgical monitoring. The following TCD‐procedures are performed in routine in‐ and outpatient clinical practice: complete or partial TCD‐examination to detect normal, stenosed, or occluded intracranial vessels, collaterals to locate an arterial obstruction and refine carotid‐duplex or noninvasive angiographic findings; vasomotor reactivity testing to identify high‐risk patients for first‐ever or recurrent stroke; emboli detection to detect, localize, and quantify cerebral embolization in real time; RLS‐detection in patients with suspected paradoxical embolism or those considered for shunt closure; monitoring of thrombolysis to facilitate recanalization and detect reocclusion; monitoring of endovascular stenting, carotid endarterectomy, and cardiac surgery to detect perioperative embolism, thrombosis, hypo‐ and hyperperfusion.CONCLUSIONBy defining the scope of practice, these standards will assist referring and reporting physicians and third parties involved in the process of requesting, evaluating, and acting upon TCD results.
X‐linked agammaglobulinemia complicated with endobronchial tuberculosis
Authors: Kawakami Chihiro , Inoue Akiko , Takitani Kimitaka , Kanegane Hirokazu , Miyawaki Toshio , Tamai Hiroshi 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAim:  We report a case of X‐linked agammaglobulinemia complicated with endobronchial tuberculosis.Methods:  We observed the patient’s clinical course and analysed his data retrospectively.Results: Interestingly, the T‐cell proliferation activity in this patient was intact, and the CD4‐positive T cells produced interferon gamma. However, the result of the quantiferon alpha‐2b test was negative.Conclusion:  The findings of this case suggest that the quantiferon alpha‐2b test may not be diagnostic for tuberculosis not only in patients with T‐cell disorders but also in cases with B‐cell deficiencies such as X‐linked agammaglobulinemia.
The Role of Single Immediate Loading Implant in Long Class IV Kennedy Mandibular Partial Denture
Authors: Mohamed Gehan F. , El Sawy Amal A. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: The treatment of long‐span Kennedy class IV considers a prosthodontic challenge. This study evaluated the integrity of principle abutments in long Kennedy class IV clinically and radiographically, when rehabilitated with conventional metallic partial denture as a control group and mandibular partial overdentures supported with single immediately loaded implant in symphyseal as a study group.Material and Methods: Twelve male patients were divided randomly allotted into two equal groups. First group patients received removable metallic partial denture, whereas in the second group, patients received partial overdentures supported with single immediately loaded implant in symphyseal region. The partial dentures design in both groups was the same. Long‐cone paralleling technique and transmission densitometer were used at the time of denture insertion, 3, 6, and 12 months. Gingival index, bone loss, and optical density were measured for principle abutments during the follow‐up.Results: A significant reduction in bone loss and density were detected in group II comparing with group I. Gingival index had no significant change (p‐value < 0.05).Conclusion: A single symphyseal implant in long span class IV Kennedy can play a pivotal role to improve the integrity of the principle abutments and alveolar bone support.
A Collagenated Porcine Bone Substitute for Augmentation at Neoss Implant Sites: A Prospective 1‐Year Multicenter Case Series Study with Histology
Authors: Pagliani Luca , Andersson Peter , Lanza Massimiliano , Nappo Antonio , Verrocchi Damiano , Volpe Stefano , Sennerby Lars 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: The presence of localized defects and/or small amounts of bone below the maxillary sinus is a common finding, which may compromise implant placement. There is therefore a need for predictable techniques for bone augmentation in such situations.Purpose: The study aims to clinically and histologically evaluate a porcine bone (PB) substitute used for augmentation of the alveolar crest or the maxillary sinus floor prior to or in conjunction with implant placement.Materials and Methods: Nineteen patients were treated with a porcine bone substitute and barrier membranes (OsteoBiol, Tecnoss Dental, Turin, Italy) for lateral bone augmentation (Group 1a) and healing of bone defects (Group 1b) or for augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor using either a replaceable (Group 2a) or an infractured bone window (Group 2b). A total of 34 implants (Neoss Ltd., Harrogate, UK) were placed in conjunction or 5 to 7 months after the procedure. Implants were followed with implant stability measurements at placement and abutment connection, and with intraoral radiographs at abutment connection and after at least 1 year of loading. A biopsy for histology and morphometry was taken at the first reentry operation.Results: All but one of the procedures was successful (94.7%) as one maxillary sinus procedure (Group 2a) resulted in insufficient bone for implant placement. One of the 34 implants failed, giving an implant survival rate of 97.1% after 1 year. Implant stability measurements showed a mean stability of 71.9 ± 7.7 implant stability quotient (ISQ) at placement, which significantly increased to 75.3 ± 6.8 ISQ at abutment connection (p = .03). The average bone loss was 0.5 ± 0.7 mm during 1 year.Histology revealed new bone formation at the PB surface, which formed bridges between particles and between particles and preexisting bone. The presence of scalloped resorption lacunae and new osteons inside the particles indicated ongoing resorption/remodeling of the particles. The histomorphometric analyses showed that the total specimen area consisted of, in average, 56.5 ± 15.7% mineralized tissue of which 24.8 ± 13.9% of the total area was PB particles.Conclusion: This study showed good clinical results when using a PB substitute and barrier membranes for augmentation of the alveolar crest and maxillary sinus. Histology revealed bone condensation properties and indicated that the material can be resorbed with time.
Importance of Ca2+ Modifications for Osseointegration of Smooth and Moderately Rough Anodized Titanium Implants – A Removal Torque and Histological Evaluation in Rabbit
Authors: Fröjd Victoria , Wennerberg Ann , Franke Stenport Victoria 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: Incorporation of Ca2+ into the titania of anodized titanium surfaces has been found to enhance osseointegration. It provides a stable surface when the ions are incorporated into the oxide layer during the anodizing process. The Ca2+ may suggestively be prominent sites for mineral induction, attract proteins, and catalyze intracellular cascades.Purpose: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the osseointegration of smooth (Sa < 0.5 µm) and moderately rough (Sa 1.0–2.0 µm) commercially pure titanium implants, with and without Ca2+, in order to reflect on the importance of surface chemistry in relation to topography.Materials and Methods: Anodized implants with (OxCa) or without Ca2+ (Ox), blasted implants (Bl), and blasted anodized implants, with (BlOxCa) or without Ca2+ (BlOx), were inserted in rabbit femur and tibia. The implant surfaces were characterized using interferometry, scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy prior to implant installation. Removal torque (RTQ) measurements were executed on all implants after a healing period of 12 weeks. The implants were, thereafter, removed en bloc with surrounding tissues and prepared for histological evaluations.Results: RTQ measurements of tibial implants revealed significantly higher values for BlOxCa implants (90.7 ± 23.3 Ncm) compared to OxCa (64.6 ± 18.2 Ncm) and BlOx implants (69.7 ± 17.5 Ncm) (p = 0.029). Ca2+ modification of smooth implants placed in the femur did not reveal any differences.Conclusion: Ca2+ modification of smooth implants resulted in similar interfacial shear strength as moderately rough implants and Ca2+ modification of moderately rough implants demonstrated the significantly strongest interfacial shear strength when placed in rabbit tibia. This possibly demonstrated surface chemistry compensating for lesser roughness.