bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Splenic Reservoir Monocytes and Their Deployment to Inflammatory Sites
Authors: Swirski Filip K. , Nahrendorf Matthias , Etzrodt Martin , Wildgruber Moritz , Cortez-Retamozo Virna , Panizzi Peter , Figueiredo Jose-Luiz , Kohler Rainer H. , Chudnovskiy Aleksey , Waterman Peter , Aikawa Elena , Mempel Thorsten R. , Libby Peter , Weissleder Ralph , Pittet Mikael J. 
Published: July 2009

Monitoring Monocyte ReservoirsMonocytes are cells of the immune system that are recruited to sites of tissue injury and inflammation where they help to resolve the infection and are important for tissue repair. The bone marrow and blood are believed to be the primary reservoirs from which monocytes are mobilized after injury.Swirskiet al.(p.612; see the Perspective byJia and Pamer) now demonstrate that the spleen also serves as a critical reservoir of monocytes that are recruited during ischemic myocardial injury. Monocytes in the spleen are very similar in phenotype to blood-derived monocytes and are mobilized to the injured heart, where they represent a large fraction of the total monocytes that are recruited. The chemoattractant, angiotensin II, is required for optimal monocyte mobilization from the spleen and emigration into injured tissue.
Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Recombinant Subunit West Nile Virus Vaccine in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Lieberman Michael M. , Nerurkar Vivek R. , Luo Haiyan , Cropp Bruce , Carrion Ricardo , de la Garza Melissa , Coller Beth-Ann , Clements David , Ogata Steven , Wong Teri , Martyak Tim , Weeks-Levy Carolyn 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant subunit West Nile virus (WNV) vaccine was evaluated in rhesus macaques (
Macaca mulatta
). The vaccine consisted of a recombinant envelope (E) protein truncated at the C-terminal end, resulting in a polypeptide containing 80% of the N-terminal amino acids of the native WNV protein (WN-80E), mixed with an adjuvant (GPI-0100). WN-80E was produced in a
Drosophila melanogaster
expression system with high yield and purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using a monoclonal antibody specific for flavivirus E proteins. Groups of monkeys were vaccinated with formulations containing 1 or 25 μg of WN-80E antigen, and both humoral and cellular immunity were assessed after vaccination. The results demonstrated potent antibody responses to vaccination, as determined by both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus-neutralizing antibody assays. All vaccinated animals responded favorably, and there was little difference in response between animals immunized with 1 or 25 μg of WN-80E. Cellular immunity was determined by lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated animals stimulated in vitro with WN-80E. Cell-mediated immune responses varied from animal to animal within each group. About half of the animals responded with lymphoproliferation, cytokine production, or both. Again, there was little difference in response between animals immunized with a 1- or 25-μg dose of WN-80E in the vaccine formulations. In a separate experiment, groups of monkeys were immunized with the WN-80E/GPI-0100 vaccine or an adjuvant-only control formulation. Animals were then challenged by inoculation of wild-type WNV, and the level of viremia in each animal was monitored daily for 10 days. The results showed that whereas all animals in the control group had detectable viremia for at least 3 days after challenge, all of the vaccinated animals were negative on all days after challenge. Thus, the WN-80E vaccine was 100% efficacious in protecting monkeys against infection with WNV.
Development and Evaluation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on Recombinant VP2 Capsids for the Detection of Antibodies to Aleutian Mink Disease Virus
Authors: Knuuttila Anna , Aronen Pirjo , Saarinen Auli , Vapalahti Olli 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTAleutian disease (AD), a common infectious disease in farmed minks worldwide, is caused by Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV). Serodiagnosis of AD in minks has been based on detection of AMDV antibodies by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) since the 1980s. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) for identifying AMDV antibodies from mink sera. AMDV capsid protein (VP2) of a Finnish wild-type strain was expressed by the baculovirus system inSpodoptera frugiperda9 insect cells and was shown to self-assemble to VLPs (with an ultrastructure similar to that of the actual virion). A direct immunoglobulin G ELISA was established using purified recombinant AMDV VP2 VLPs as an antigen. Sera from farmed minks were collected to evaluate the AMDV VP2 ELISA (n= 316) and CIE (n= 209) based on AMDV VP2 recombinant antigen in parallel with CIE performed using a commercially available traditional antigen. CIE performed with the recombinant antigen had a sensitivity and specificity of 100% and ELISA a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 97%, with reference to CIE performed with the commercial antigen. The results show that the recombinant AMDV VP2 VLPs are antigenic and that AMDV VP2 ELISA is sensitive and specific and encourage further development of the method for high-throughput diagnostics, involving hundreds of thousands of samples in Finland annually.
Adjuvants Induce Distinct Immunological Phenotypes in a Bovine Tuberculosis Vaccine Model
Authors: Vordermeier H. Martin , Dean Gillian S. , Rosenkrands Ida , Agger Else M. , Andersen Peter , Kaveh Daryan A. , Hewinson R. Glyn , Hogarth Philip J. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTTuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most important infectious diseases of humans and animals.Mycobacterium bovisBCG, the only currently available TB vaccine, demonstrates variable levels of efficacy; therefore, a replacement or supplement to BCG is required. Protein subunit vaccines have shown promise but require the use of adjuvants to enhance their immunogenicity. Using the protective mycobacterial antigen Rv3019c, we have evaluated the induction of relevant immune responses by adjuvant formulations directly in the target species for bovine TB vaccines and compared these to responses induced by BCG. We demonstrate that two classes of adjuvant induce distinct immune phenotypes in cattle, a fact not previously reported for mice. A water/oil emulsion induced both an effector cell and a central memory response. A cationic-liposome adjuvant induced a central memory response alone, similar to that induced by BCG. This suggests that water/oil emulsions may be the most promising formulations. These results demonstrate the importance of testing adjuvant formulations directly in the target species and the necessity of measuring different types of immune response when evaluating immune responses.
Detection of
Enterobacter sakazakii
and Other Pathogens Associated with Infant Formula Powder by Use of a DNA Microarray
Authors: Wang Min , Cao Boyang , Gao Qili , Sun Yamin , Liu Pei , Feng Lu , Wang Lei 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

Pathogen detection is critical to the process of generating and testing powdered infant formula (PIF). An obstacle associated with PIF microbial surveillance is that most current procedures are time-consuming and labor-intensive. We have developed a rapid, DNA microarray-based detection technique to identify 10 different pathogenic bacteria associated with PIF contamination based on the 16S-23S rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences and
wzy
(O antigen polymerase) gene. Using this procedure,
Enterobacter sakazakii
,
Salmonella enterica
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae
,
Klebsiella oxytoca
,
Serratia marcescens
,
Acinetobacter baumannii
,
Bacillus cereus
,
Listeria monocytogenes
,
Staphylococcus aureus
, and
Escherichia coli
O157 were identified. One hundred eighty-five strains were used to validate the microarray assay (including 134 target pathogen strains and 51 closely related bacteria). Twenty-seven probes reproducibly detected multiple pathogens with high specificity and sensitivity (0.100 ng genomic DNA or 10
4
CFU/ml). Twenty-one real PIF samples were tested by the microarray with 100% accuracy. The data presented reveal that the designed oligonucleotide microarray is a promising method for basic microbiology, clinical diagnosis, food safety, and epidemiological surveillance.
Prospective Comparison of Eubacterial PCR and Measurement of Procalcitonin Levels with Blood Culture for Diagnosing Septicemia in Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Rowther Farjana B. , Rodrigues Camilla S. , Deshmukh Minal S. , Kapadia Farhad N. , Hegde Ashit , Mehta Ajita P. , Joshi Vinay R. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTRapid identification of infection has a major impact on the clinical course, management, and outcome of critically ill intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We compared the results of PCR and procalcitonin with blood culture for ICU patients suspected of having septicemia. Ninety patients (60 patients meeting the criteria for sepsis and 30 patients not meeting the criteria for sepsis) were evaluated. Compared with blood culture as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for PCR were 100%, 43.33%, 46.87%, and 100%, respectively, and for procalcitonin were 100%, 61.66%, 56.6%, and 100%, respectively. The average times required to produce a final result were as follows: PCR, 10 h; blood culture, 33 h; procalcitonin, 45 min. Both PCR and procalcitonin may be useful as rapid tests for detecting septicemia but compared with blood cultures lacked specificity.
Site and Clinical Significance ofAlloscardovia omnicolensandBifidobacteriumSpecies Isolated in the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Mahlen Steven D. , Clarridge Jill E. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTMost of the members of the genusBifidobacterium, including the related organismAlloscardovia omnicolens, are inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity of humans and animals and have been considered nonpathogenic for humans. However, the actual site of isolation and the clinical significance ofA. omnicolensand ofBifidobacteriumspecies are unclear. This may be due in part to the difficulties in distinguishing these organisms from other genera such asActinomyces. To determine the potential disease-causing role of these organisms, we analyzed the clinical significance of 15A. omnicolensandBifidobacteriumisolates identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing from a clinical laboratory. All of the organisms in this study were isolated from sterile sites or in significant numbers by standard clinical microbiological culture methods. Our 15 clinical strains fit into only four species:A. omnicolens(five isolates),Bifidobacterium scardovii(four isolates),B. longum(two isolates), andB. breve(four isolates). All fiveA. omnicolensisolates, one of theB. breveisolates, and three of the fourB. scardoviiisolates were cultured from urine at 105CFU/ml. OneB. scardoviiisolate was from a patient with a genitourinary tract wound infection, twoB. longumisolates were from abdominal wounds, and threeB. breveisolates were from blood cultures. This study enlarges the spectrum of diseases and clinical sources associated withA. omnicolensandBifidobacteriumspecies and addresses identification problems.
Identification of Performance Problems in a Commercial Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Enzyme Immunoassay by Multiuser External Quality Control Monitoring and Real-Time Data Analysis
Authors: Kim J. , Swantee C. , Lee B. , Gunning H. , Chow A. , Sidaway F. , Sherlock C. , Garceau R. , Dimech W. , Malloch L. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
In June 2005, a pilot program was implemented in Canadian laboratories to monitor the performance of the Abbott human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1/2) gO enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Two different external quality control (QC) reagents and a “real-time” software analysis program were evaluated. In November 2005, higher-than-expected calibrator rate values in these kits were first reported at the Ontario Ministry of Health (Etobicoke), followed by the Alberta Provincial Public Health Laboratory (Edmonton and Calgary) and others. These aberrations were easily and readily tracked in “real time” using the external QC reagents and the software program. These high calibrator values were confirmed in Delkenheim, Germany, by Abbott, and a manufacturing change was initiated beginning with lot 38299LU00, which was distributed to laboratories in Canada in April 2006. However, widespread reports of calibrator failure by laboratories outside Canada were made in March 2006. In April 2006, Abbott Diagnostics initiated a level III investigation to identify the root cause, which was prolonged storage, under uncontrolled storage conditions, of the raw material used in the manufacture of the matrix cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a program in Canada for serological testing that combines a common external QC reagent and a “real-time” software program to allow laboratories to monitor kit performance. In this case, external QC monitoring helped identify and confirm performance problems in the Abbott HIV-1/2 gO EIA kit, further highlighting the benefit of implementing such a program in a national or multilaboratory setting for laboratories performing diagnostic and clinical monitoring testing.
Rapid Multiplex Reverse Transcription-PCR Typing of Influenza A and B Virus, and Subtyping of Influenza A Virus into H1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, N1 (Human), N1 (Animal), N2, and N7, Including Typing of Novel Swine Origin Influenza A (H1N1) Virus, during the 2009 Outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Authors: He Jie , Bose Michael E. , Beck Eric T. , Fan Jiang , Tiwari Sagarika , Metallo Jacob , Jurgens Lisa A. , Kehl Sue C. , Ledeboer Nathan , Kumar Swati , Weisburg William , Henrickson Kelly J. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

A large outbreak of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus (swine origin influenza virus [S-OIV]) infection in Milwaukee, WI, occurred in late April 2009. We had recently developed a rapid multiplex reverse transcription-PCR enzyme hybridization assay (FluPlex) to determine the type (A or B) and subtype (H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9, N1 [human], N1 [animal], N2, or N7) of influenza viruses, and this assay was used to confirm the diagnoses for the first infected patients in the state. The analytical sensitivity was excellent at 1.5 to 116 copies/reaction, or 10
−3
to 10
−1
50% tissue culture infective doses/ml. The testing of all existing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes of influenza A virus and influenza B virus (41 influenza virus strains) and 24 common respiratory pathogens showed only one low-level H3 cross-reaction with an H10N7 avian strain and only at 5.2 × 10
6
copies/reaction, not at lower concentrations. Comparisons of the FluPlex results with results from multiple validated in-house molecular assays, CDC-validated FDA-approved assays, and gene sequencing demonstrated 100% positive agreement for the typing of 179 influenza A viruses and 3 influenza B viruses, the subtyping of 110 H1N1 (S-OIV; N1 [animal]), 62 H1N1 (human), and 6 H3N2 (human) viruses, and the identification of 24 negative clinical samples and 100% negative agreement for all viruses tested except H1N1 (human) (97.7%). The small number of false-positive H1N1 (human) samples most likely represent increased sensitivity over that of other in-house assays, with four of four results confirmed by the CDC's influenza virus subtyping assay. The FluPlex is a rapid, inexpensive, sensitive, and specific method for the typing and subtyping of influenza viruses and demonstrated outstanding utility during the first 2 weeks of an S-OIV infection outbreak. Methods for rapid detection and broad subtyping of influenza viruses, including animal subtypes, are needed to address public concern over the emergence of pandemic strains. Attempts to automate this assay are ongoing.
Comparative Evaluation of the AccuProbe Group B Streptococcus Culture Test, the BD GeneOhm Strep B Assay, and Culture for Detection of Group B Streptococci in Pregnant Women
Authors: Scicchitano Lisa M. , Bourbeau Paul P. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
We compared a rigorous culture method with the Gen-Probe AccuProbe Group B Streptococcus Culture Test (APGB) and the BD GeneOhm StrepB assay (GOSB) for the detection of group B streptococci (GBS) from an 18- to 24-h LIM broth. Culture (95.3%) and GOSB (95.3%) were more sensitive than APGB (86.5%) for the detection of GBS.
Molecular Characterization of
Capnocytophaga canimorsus
and Other Canine
Capnocytophaga
spp. and Assessment by PCR of Their Frequencies in Dogs
Authors: van Dam Alje P. , van Weert Angela , Harmanus Celine , Hovius K. Emiel , Claas Eric C. J. , Reubsaet Frans A. G. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

Capnocytophaga canimorsus
can be a virulent pathogen, whereas
C. cynodegmi
is of low virulence. Heterogeneity within these species, their frequency in dogs, and pathogenicity factors are largely unknown. Strains from blood cultures from patients presumptively identified as
C. canimorsus
(
n
= 25) and as
C. cynodegmi
by
rrs
analysis (
n
= 4), blood cultures from dogs (
n
= 8), blood cultures from cats (
n
= 2), and cultures from swabs from dog mouths (
n
= 53) were analyzed. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), a species-specific PCR on
rpoB
, and
rrs
sequencing were used. All 29 strains from human blood cultures could be grouped into three PCR-RFLP types. One included the
C. canimorsus
type strain, and the other types were closely related. Two canine strains were
C. canimorsus
and grouped into the least common RLFP pattern group. Five were
C. cynodegmi
and clustered with the reference strain. One canine and both feline strains were distinct. Four human strains that presumptively had been identified as
C. cynodegmi
by RNA gene sequence analysis clustered with the
C. canimorsus
strains by both PCR-RFLP and the sequence-specific PCR of the
rpoB
gene.
C. canimorsus
DNA was present in 73% (range, 61 to 85%) of dogs' mouths, and
C. cynodegmi
DNA was present in 96% (range, 94 to 100%) of dogs' mouths. As defined by
rpoB
PCR-RFLP and by PCRs using specific primers, all strains from human blood were
C. canimorsus.
The sequencing of
rrs
genes suggested the presence of different gene copies in a few strains, indicating that the method is less appropriate for species identification. Both species are present in the majority of dogs. Additional
Capnocytophaga
species occur in dogs' and cats' mouths.
Conjunctivitis with Regional Lymphadenopathy in a Trainee Microbiologist
Authors: Alcolea Adela , Suarez María Jesús , Lizasoain Manuel , Tejada Pilar , Chaves Fernando , Palenque Elia 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
We report a case of conjunctival tuberculosis in a trainee microbiologist caused by direct inoculation. The resident strain was analyzed by DNA fingerprinting, and an identical pattern was found in an isolate from sputum handled by the resident. After 6 months of treatment, the patient was cured.
Mapping of Functional Domains in Herpesvirus Saimiri Complement Control Protein Homolog: Complement Control Protein Domain 2 Is the Smallest Structural Unit Displaying Cofactor and Decay-Accelerating Activities
Authors: Singh Akhilesh K. , Yadav Viveka Nand , Pyaram Kalyani , Mullick Jayati , Sahu Arvind 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTHerpesvirus saimiri encodes a functional homolog of human regulator-of-complement-activation proteins named CCPH that inactivates complement by accelerating the decay of C3 convertases and by serving as a cofactor in factor I-mediated inactivation of their subunits C3b and C4b. Here, we map the functional domains of CCPH. We demonstrate that short consensus repeat 2 (SCR2) is the minimum domain essential for classical/lectin pathway C3 convertase decay-accelerating activity as well as for factor I cofactor activity for C3b and C4b. Thus, CCPH is the first example wherein a single SCR domain has been shown to display complement regulatory functions.
Human Ubc9 Contributes to Production of Fully Infectious Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions
Authors: Jaber Tareq , Bohl Christopher R. , Lewis Gentry L. , Wood Charles , West John T. , Weldon Robert A. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

Ubc9 was identified as a cellular protein that interacts with the Gag protein of Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. We show here that Ubc9 also interacts with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag protein and that their interaction is important for virus replication. Gag was found to colocalize with Ubc9 predominantly at perinuclear puncta. While cells in which Ubc9 expression was suppressed with RNA interference produced normal numbers of virions, these particles were 8- to 10-fold less infectious than those produced in the presence of Ubc9. The nature of this defect was assayed for dependence on Ubc9 during viral assembly, trafficking, and Env incorporation. The Gag-mediated assembly of virus particles and protease-mediated processing of Gag and Gag-Pol were unchanged in the absence of Ubc9. However, the stability of the cell-associated Env glycoprotein was decreased and Env incorporation into released virions was altered. Interestingly, overexpression of the Ubc9
trans
-dominant-negative mutant C93A, which is a defective E2-SUMO-1 conjugase, suggests that this activity may not be required for interaction with Gag, virion assembly, or infectivity. This finding demonstrates that Ubc9 plays an important role in the production of infectious HIV-1 virions.
The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) E6* Proteins from High-Risk, Mucosal HPVs Can Direct Degradation of Cellular Proteins in the Absence of Full-Length E6 Protein
Authors: Pim David , Tomaić Vjekoslav , Banks Lawrence 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
The E6 oncoproteins from high-risk mucosotrophic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) target a range of cellular proteins for proteasome-mediated degradation. Apart from the tumor suppressor p53 and proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bak, many targets contain class 1 PDZ domains and are involved in cell junction stability and signaling. The targeting mechanism is considered to function by the E6 protein acting as an adaptor molecule linking a cellular ubiquitin ligase to the target protein. In each case, whether the target is the p53 tumor suppressor or a member of the group of PDZ domain-containing targets, this mechanism relies on a direct interaction between E6 and its cellular target. This study focuses on the impact of the HPV type 18 (HPV-18) E6*I protein on the stability of Akt, Dlg, MAGI-1, MAGI-2, and Scribble. We show that HPV-18 E6* expression can downregulate the expression levels of Akt, Dlg, and Scribble in the absence of full-length HPV-18 E6 protein. The reduction in Dlg levels by E6* is independent of transcription and does not require a direct interaction between the two proteins although the proteasome pathway is involved. Further, we provide evidence that activation of certain signal transduction pathways has a profound effect on the targeting of Dlg by E6* and suggest that high-risk HPV E6 oncoproteins can target certain substrates both directly and indirectly through the E6* proteins and may cooperate in their degradation.