bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XI.—The Cytology of Pharaoh's Ant,Monomorium pharaonis(L.)
Authors: Smith Ian C. , Peacock A. D. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisPharaoh's Ant,Monomorium pharaonis(L.), is arrhenotokously parthenogenetic, conforming essentially to the pattern of reproduction characteristic of Hymenoptera generally. The female is diploid, 2n= 22, the male haploid,n= 11, in certain somatic cells and in the gonia, though polyploidy exists in some larval tissues. The 11 discrete chromosomes of the male cells comprise a single genome, in which are distinctive only one large clubbed chromosome and at least one of intermediate size. Spermatogenesis is characterized by a first abortive division and a second equational division, resulting in two spermatozoa being derived from each haploid spermatogonium. Spermateleosis is described in some detail. Certain peculiar features are discussed, viz. the cytoplasmic buds appearing during spermatogenesis; unequal second spermatocyte divisions; the single chromosome sometimes observed as lying apart from the other chromosomes during first spermatocyte metaphase; the division and grouping of polar body chromosomes. For reasons given, several recent conclusions of Whelden and Haskins (1953) regarding the cytology of ants are regarded as mistaken.
VI.—Cytological Studies of Stored Product Insects. I. Caryedon gonagra (F.) (Bruchidae)
Authors: Sanderson Ann R. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisCaryedon gonagra (F.) is a beetle pest in ground nut kernels and occurs in this country in stored nuts. The karyotype has been investigated in both sexes. The chromosome complement of 2n = i8 includes a heteromorphic sex-determining pair—a large metacentric X and a small spherical Y. Particular attention has been paid to the sex bivalent in the male since study of this character alone may prove sufficiently diagnostic in species separation in closely related members of the Bruchidae.
V.—On Cardiopteridium, a Genus of Fossil Plants of Lower Carboniferous Age, with Special Reference to Scottish Specimens
Authors: Walton John 
Published: June 2012

Among the genera of fern-like plants of Palæozoic Age there are a number which have orbicular or reniform leaflets. Detached leaflets of this form are frequently found, and it is a matter of difficulty to determine to which of several genera such fragments belong.Under the nameCyclopterisBrongniart (1828, p. 215) described some orbicular leaflets found in Upper Carboniferous strata, and later investigators have shown that most of these leaflets were the basal or stipular pinnules (aphlebiæ) of the frond of the PteridospermNeuropteris. They were sessile on the rachis and had broad bases of attachment, while the shape of the pinnules on the upper parts of the frond was quite different. The Scottish fossils which will be described in this memoir are also orbicular leaflets and have been namedCyclopterisby some authors. There is evidence, however, that they were pedicillate and were not the aphlebiæ of the frond which bore them.
XII.—The Avian Ulna: Its Quill - Knobs
Authors: Edington George H. , Miller Agnes E. 
Published: June 2012

The presence upon the ulna of many birds of a row of smaller or greater tuberosities, their variety in size and conformation, and the presence of other appearances on the surface of the ulna suggested that an investigation of these variations and of the development of the structures might yield points of interest.Owen (1848) was apparently the first (we have been unable to consult Brandt's paper, quoted by Gadow) to draw attention to these ulnar markings, related to the quills of the secondary remiges. In that year he published a schematic outline drawing of the avian forelimb. Neither in this nor in a subsequent publication (1849), however, did he describe the linear series of markings on the ulna shown in the drawing; but in 1866 he stated that “on the ulnar and anconal sides of the shaft are the rows of quill-knobs (in Raptores) for the secondaries; the anconal row is most marked in longipennate Natatores, and is the only row in many birds.” He mentioned also that this character is wanting in the flightless and some other birds. Pl. I, fig. 1, will be seen to correspond closely with his description.
XVI.—The Heather Rhizomorph Fungus, Marasmius androsaceus Fries
Authors: Macdonald J. A. 
Published: June 2012

Increasing attention has been paid to dying-out of heather in Scotland over the last fifteen years. The question is of considerable economic importance, owing to the huge areas of grazing involved. Cameron (1937), Morison (1938) and Cameron, McHardy and Bennett (1944) have dealt with the entomological side of the problem. Braid and Tervet (1937) have stressed the necessity of a fuller study of fungi on heather and, particularly, of the heather rhizomorph fungus.The present work, begun in 1939, was undertaken to determine the identity, parasitism, distribution and characters of the heather rhizomorph fungus and of any other fungi capable of attacking heather in Scotland. The heather rhizomorph fungus proved to be the only one isolated from heather which acted as a parasite. Accordingly, the others were not investigated further.
XIII.—The Abdominal Portion of the Alimentary System inHapalemurandLepilemur
Authors: Davies D. V. , Osman Hill W. C. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisA detailed consideration of the morphology, peritoneal and topographical relations, blood supply and certain aspects of the histology of the alimentary tube are considered in these two rare lemurines, the anatomy of which has hitherto been very incompletely known. Evidence is presented of the structural apartness ofHapalemurfromLepilemurandLemurand therefore for its separation in a separate subfamily of Lemuridæ. Differences betweenHapalemurandLepilemurare seen in the stomach, cæcum, colon, spleen, liver and gall-bladder. The resemblance of the spleen ofHapalemurto that of the marsupials proclaims its primitive status, while the fissuration and relative sizes of the main hepatic lobes show noteworthy differences in the two genera. In some respectsHapalemurapproaches the Cheirogaleinæ, but cannot be included by definition within that subfamily.
XIV.—Note on the Embryonic Development of the Hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin)
Authors: Parsons Charles W. , Miller Agnes E. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoaziri) embryos are of special interest because the species is the only representative of its family and sub-order, and is well known to possess important anatomical features comparable with the bird-like reptiles. Eleven hoazin embryos collected by Dr G. S. Carter in British Guiana have been examined. These range in development from a stage having nine mesoderm segments—equivalent to a fowl embryo of approximately forty hours' incubation—to a single specimen ready to hatch. The earlier embryos resemble the corresponding stages in the development of other birds, but the oldest embryo shows features characteristic of the type and has been dissected. Points in the anatomy of this specimen and their bearing on previous observations on hoatzin embryos are discussed.
XIX.—Sexual Maturity in Brown Leghorns, and the Relationship of Genetic Variance to Differences in Environment
Authors: Osborne Robert 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe concept of heritability is discussed in relation to the climatic changes which may affect the variations of age at sexual maturity in the fowl, and it is suggested that genetic and environmental variance, as expressed in the customary statistical formulation, may be largely synonymous terms.Four groups of Brown Leghorn pullets are compared, one subject to no artificial lighting and the sub-optimal conditions of war years, a second to restricted lighting, and a third and fourth to 14-hour day length. The formal estimates of genetic and environmental variance were respectively 910 and 978, 594 and 546, 188 and 295, and 56 and 135. Further reduction of variability is apparent on subdivision into early and late hatches, heritability being apparently zero in the first case but maintained at an average level in the second.Changes in variability substantiate the presence of genotype-environment interactions as previously reported, and similar conclusions follow from heterogeneity of regressions of age at maturity on date of hatch.
II.—On a Specimen ofPsilophyton robustiusDawson, from the Lower Devonian of Canada
Authors: Hopping C. A. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisAn account is given of the speciesPsilophyton robustiusand the relevant literature is reviewed. There follows an illustrated description of a relatively well-preserved fertile, branched specimen. The morphological features of this specimen are discussed with reference to the earlier descriptions by Dawson and others. It has been found necessary to institute a new genus asPsilophytonis now apparently inappropriate for this species. The name given to this new genus isTrimerophyton, which includes the one speciesTrimerophyton robustius(Dawson) Hopping.
What Determines Wine Prices: Objective vs. Sensory Characteristics
Authors: Lecocq Sébastien , Visser Michael 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe hedonic technique is applied to wines. In the price equation we include objective characteristics appearing on the label, as well as sensory characteristics and a grade assigned by expert tasters. We have three almost identically structured data sets (two on Bordeaux wines, and one on Burgundy wines). The results are used to make comparisons between two of the most important wine regions in France, and comparisons over time (the two Bordeaux data sets are sampled at different points in time). (JEL Classification: D49.)Another puzzle is the lack of correlation between price and pleasure. Perhaps it is not so surprising that a first-rate example of a little known wine can seem much more memorable than something more famous selling at ten times the price; part of the thrill is the excitement of discovery and the feeling of having beaten the system. What is more extraordinary is the wild price variation at the very top end. Demand bubbles up mysteriously, apparently fuelled by fashion and rumour as much as by intrinsic quality.—Jancis Robinson,Confessions of a Wine Lover, Penguin Books, 1997.
Early Sales of Bordeaux grands crus
Authors: Mahenc Philippe , Meunier Valérie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEn primeur sales of Bordeaux grands crus occur every spring on the Bordeaux marketplace and represent the main source of supply for wine merchants. We address two specific issues related to the en primeur strategy. First, we study whether en primeur prices are good estimates of wines' qualities, as well as how they may reveal any relevant information to uninformed buyers. Second, we consider which roles en primeur sales may play between traders, given the market informational and competitive structures. (JEL classification: D42, D82, L15.)
The Paris 1976 Wine Tastings Revisited Once More: Comparing Ratings of Consistent and Inconsistent Tasters
Authors: Cicchetti Domenic V. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn the author's earlier research, five quite reliable and six quite unreliable subsets of tasters were identified, from among the full sample of eleven wine tasters, at the heralded 1976 Paris blind Chardonnay and Bordeaux/Cabernets wine competitions. This study shows quite conclusively that the consistent tasters and the inconsistent ones provided quite different results when compared both to each other and to the results based upon the full sample of eleven tasters. Results demonstrate the following: one should be wary of findings based solely upon an omnibus approach (i.e., results based only on the full sample of 11 tasters); that a next logical step is not only to continue to identify consistent tasters, but to design future studies in which these reliable judges are used to teach neophyte imbibers to also achieve high levels of wine tasting consistency; and that in continuing to investigate other important empirically derived oenological information, we should not, in the process, lose sight of the sheer hedonic pleasure of the next glass of wine.
What Determines the Future Value of an Icon Wine? New Evidence from Australia
Authors: Wood Danielle , Anderson Kym 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTo what extent can the future price of icon wines be anticipated from information available at the time of their initial sale by wineries? Using a seemingly unrelated regression model we show that weather variables and changes in production techniques, along with the age of the wine, have significant power in explaining the secondary market price variation across different vintages of each of three icon Australian red wines. The results have implications for winemakers in determining the prices they pay for grapes and charge for their wines, and for consumers/wine investors as a guide to the prospective quality of immature icon wines. (JEL codes: C23, D12, D44, D80, G12)
The Military Action in Iraq 2003: Did the US Consumer Boycott of French Wines Have any Economic Effects?
Authors: Bentzen Jan , Smith Valdemar 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe public opinion in the US turned against France and to some extent Germany for not supporting the armed intervention in Iraq. From early 2003 a boycott of French goods, especially wines, by American consumers became an issue which affected sales of French wines in the US. This paper analyses how the boycott affected the demand for French wine on the American market using international trade data. The effect may have been only temporary. We estimate it at some 120 million US dollars. (JEL classification: C22, D12)
Debunking Critics' Wine Words: Can Amateurs Distinguish the Smell of Asphalt from the Taste of Cherries?
Authors: Weil Roman L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractI report my tests of the hypothesis that wine consumers cannot match critics' descriptions of wines with the wines themselves. My results suggest that testers' ability to match the descriptions with the wines is no better than random. I report on more than two hundred observations of wine drinkers who engaged in the following experiment. The drinker faces 3 glasses of wine, two of which contain identical wines and the third contains a different wine. I record whether the drinker can distinguish wines—whether he can tell the singleton from the doubleton and, if the drinker can distinguish, which wine he prefers. I present the testers with descriptions of the two wines written by the same wine critic/reviewer. I find that 51 percent of the testers who can distinguish the wines correctly match the description of the wine with the wine itself. The percentage matching does not significantly differ from the expected-if-random half. I have recorded the sex of the testers and I can find that men can distinguish the wines better than random, but women cannot. The differences are so small, even though significant, however, that the Exact F test detects no significant difference between the ability of men and women in these experiments. The results span tests of wines from Bordeaux, Burgundy, the Rhône, Spain, Germany, and Australia; the tests use only still wines, all less than ten years old. (JEL Classification: C93, D12)I dedicate this paper to Adrienne Lehrer, whose 1983 book,Wine and Conversation, with a different experimental design, anticipated these results.
Analyzing Wine Demand with Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Gerolimetto Margherita , Mauracher Christine , Procidano Isabella 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this paper we analyse wine demand in Italy with microdata. Instead of estimating a parametric model, we study the demand following a non parametric approach by means of Artificial Neural Networks. The input set includes the usual economic variables (price and income) and some sociodemographic factors that are also shown to be relevant for demand analysis. We compute price elasticities using two different nonparametric procedures. (JEL Classification: C14, C21, Q11, Q13)
An Analysis of the Concordance Among 13 U.S. Wine Competitions
Authors: Hodgson Robert T. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAn analysis of over 4000 wines entered in 13 U.S. wine competitions shows little concordance among the venues in awarding Gold medals. Of the 2,440 wines entered in more than three competitions, 47 percent received Gold medals, but 84 percent of these same wines also received no award in another competition. Thus, many wines that are viewed as extraordinarily good at some competitions are viewed as below average at others. An analysis of the number of Gold medals received in multiple competitions indicates that the probability of winning a Gold medal at one competition is stochastically independent of the probability of receiving a Gold at another competition, indicating that winning a Gold medal is greatly influenced by chance alone. (JEL Classification: D02, Q19)
Globalization, Superstars, and Reputation: Theory & Evidence from the Wine Industry
Authors: Gibbs Michael , Tapia Mikel , Warzynski Frederic 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe develop a simple model of the effects of reputation on prices. An increasing fraction of consumers who are “naive” (less informed about quality) results in a stronger sensitivity of prices to ratings of quality. We then argue that this may be a factor in price dynamics for goods that become more widely traded as a result of globalization. We then provide some empirical analysis of these ideas using data on prices and Robert Parker's ratings of wines. Wine prices are strongly related to ratings, and even more so for higher quality wine categories. In addition, changes in Parker ratings for the same wine result in large price changes. Price elasticities with respect to ratings have risen dramatically since 1993. One plausible explanation for this is the growing globalization of the fine wine market, which increases the prevalence of naive wine consumers. (JEL Classification: D8, F1, L1, Q1)
Dynamic Analysis of Brand and Regional Reputation: The Case of Wine
Authors: Schamel Günter 
Published: June 2012

AbstractGlobalization has created an international wine market and global brands. However, consumers continue to regard regional origin as a dominant criterion in their wine buying decisions. Indicators of collective regional reputation as well as individual producer (or brand) reputation guide consumers in their buying decisions. We measure regional and brand reputation indicators for 27 growing regions around the world. Regional reputation is based on a region's overall quality performance through time. Positive and negative brand reputation based on relative regional peer performance is a distinct feature of this empirical application. Noting competing as well as common interest among regional producers, we hypothesize that wines from producers with a high quality reputation rely more on their own strengths and will depend less on their region's reputation and vice versa. We also test whether this assertion is valid over time covering six recent vintages. We apply a hedonic model to measure the significance of these regional and brand reputation indicators in determining wine prices. Our model largely confirms our hypothesis, but it also suggests that for some regions (Germany and New Zealand), high quality brands rely heavily on overall regional reputation. In other regions (including Napa and Sonoma Valley), high reputation brands seem to lose their strength and start to rely on regional reputation. Regions holding on to their strong individual brand reputations include the Rhone Valley, Spain, and Bordeaux. The analysis sheds light on how regional and producer brands are performing as wine markets mature in terms of global branding and consumers becoming more knowledgeable about wine regions, quality, and reputation. (JEL Classification: D4, L1, Q13)
On the Revelation of Provenance in Online Wine Auctions
Authors: Kwong Lester M.K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the social desirability to disclose pertinent information to participants in an optimal auction environment. In particular, we consider aspects of information which will affect all potential buyers in a uniform fashion. In the case of wine, such information may be interpreted as an unobservable dimension such as the quality or the storage condition of a bottle of wine. We show that when the participants in the auction are symmetrically uninformed in such a dimension, it may be socially optimal not to resolve this common uncertainty. Under the sufficient conditions provided to generate this outcome, efficiency will be restored in the optimal auction. (JEL Classification: D44, D82)
A Demand Analysis of the Korean Wine Market Using an Unrestricted Source Differentiated LA/AIDS Model
Authors: Lee Youngjae , Lynn Kennedy P. , Hilbun Brian M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAn unrestricted source differentiated LA/AIDS model was used to estimate Korean wine demand. In doing so, this study tested the null hypotheses of product aggregation, block separability and substitutability. The test results show that the unrestricted source differentiated model is significantly different from the aggregated model, separated model, and restricted source differentiated model at the conventional level. By using this system-wide model, this study estimated price and expenditure elasticities to identify the price effect on Korean wine consumption. (JEL Classification: F10, F11, F13)
How Expert are “Expert” Wine Judges?
Authors: Hodgson Robert T. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRecent papers by Hodgson (2008) and Gawel and Godden (2008) have questioned the consistency of expert wine judges in a wine competition setting. In the latter paper, a methodology introduced in psychometric research to measure judge reliability corrected for chance was used to quantify judge consistency (Cohen, 1968). This paper extends that notion, suggesting a value of 0.7 for Cohen's weighted kappa might be used to define an expert wine judge. With that criterion, less than 30% of judges who participated in either of the two studies would be considered “expert.” (JEL Classification: C1, L15)
What is Making Investment in the Texas Vineyard Industry Tick? A Real Options Analysis of Entry and Exit
Authors: Cyr Don , Hanagriff Roger D. , Kwong Lester M.K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe Texas wine industry of the United States has experienced substantial growth in recent years and yet is constrained by a significant lack of supply of Texas grown grapes. Using a real options framework we examine the role that wine grape price uncertainty plays on the financial decision to invest in vineyard operations in the state of Texas. Given reasonable estimates of required rates of returns, investment and operating costs for typical Texas vineyards, it is found that grape price uncertainty results in a delay in investment and subsequently a lack of grape supply. This delay in investment, known as hysteresis, is often found in situations involving large fixed investments combined with uncertain returns. In general the results indicate that average prices for Texas grapes would have to increase by 30 to 40 percent in order for a significant expansion in Texas vineyards to take place. (JEL Classification: Q120, Q140, G310, D920)