bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Signs of Base of Skull Fracture in the South Indian Population
Authors: Jain Harsh , Ranjan Shambhavi , Ganesh Krishnamurthy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Objective The clinical signs of base of skull fracture (BSF) are often ambiguous and difficult to identify, but are often used to make decisions on early medical interventions. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of the clinical signs of BSF, their dependency to diagnose this injury and to assess the correlation between the presence of these clinical signs and the severity of head injury and patient outcome.
Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in South India over a period of 3 years (2020–2023). Patients older than 18 years, with radiological or surgical evidence of BSF were monitored for developing the clinical signs including Battle's signs, raccoon's sign, otorrhea, and rhinorrhea. The presence of these clinical signs was correlated with demographical characteristics, patient presentation, complications, and their outcome.
Results A total of 292 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the cohort was 36.27 ± 18.68 years. A total of 55 (18.8%) showed at least one of the four signs of BSF. Raccoon's sign was seen in 9.5% cases, Battle's sign in 5.5%, otorrhea in 5.5%, and rhinorrhea in 2.4% cases. Patients with frontal (p = 0.021) or ethmoid (0.049) fractures and ENT bleeding (p = 0.022) were significantly more likely to present with at least one sign of BSF. The patients who presented with clinical signs were more likely to have a complication during the course of the hospital stay (p = 0.024) than those without clinical signs, including cranial nerve palsy (p < 0.001) and cerebrospinal fluid leak (p < 0.001). The outcome of the patient did not change based on the presence of clinical signs (p = 0.926).
Conclusion These study results indicate a limited diagnostic value of BSF clinical signs in the South Indian population. Thus, other modalities should be considered for the diagnosis when suspected. These results also discourage the use of the nasal route in all patients with suspected head injury and emphasize that during the nasal aspiration procedure, the use of a rigid device is fundamental to avoid false passage of the aspiration tube from the nasal to the intracranial region.
Using the Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology to explore how to increase users’ intention to take a robotaxi
Authors: Wei Wei , Sun Jie , Miao Wei , Chen Tong , Sun Hanchu , Lin Shuyuan , Gu Chao 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn recent years, many governments and companies have gradually launched robotaxi projects to help make transportation systems smarter, improve travel efficiency, and reduce travel costs. Robotaxi is a new mode of travel that replaces human driving with machines, freeing up social labour and enriching people’s travel choices. This study employs the Extended Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) to understand the influencing factors of users’ adoption and usage of robotaxis in China to facilitate the broader integration of robotaxis into urban transportation systems. This study surveyed the preferences of 2048 respondents and analysed the data through structural equation modelling. The results indicate that performance expectancy, hedonic motivation, and price value are the factors influencing users’ behavioural intentions, while effort expectancy and social influence affect use behaviour. In contrast, habit is an important factor that affect both behavioural intention and actual use behaviour. Based on the findings, we have proposed practical strategies to improve robotaxi services and updated the UTAUT2 model in the context of robotaxi. We suggest that robotaxi operators can promote user acceptance and use by reducing the difficulty of use, improving the cost performance and the ride experience, and making appropriate publicity and guidance.
Impact of plasma-activated water on germination, growth, and production of green leafy vegetables
Authors: Chalise Roshan , Tamang Asish , Kattel Avash , Sharma Sangat , Basnet Suresh , Khanal Raju 
Published: June 2024

In this work, we investigated the effects of plasma-activated water produced by atmospheric pressure air gliding arc discharge on the germination, growth, and production properties of green leafy vegetable seeds. Increasing the plasma activation time from 0 to 20 min resulted in notable changes in the physio-chemical properties of the water, including elevated levels of nitrate and nitrite, hydrogen peroxide, oxidation–reduction potential, total dissolved solids, and electrical conductivity, along with a decrease in pH. Our findings indicate that plasma-activated water significantly promotes germination, enhances seedling growth, and boosts the production of green leafy vegetables. The rate of water absorption by seeds increased with longer exposure times to plasma. Notably, seeds treated with plasma-activated water for 10–15 min exhibited longer root and shoot lengths, increased fresh weight of plants, and improved seed germination compared to the control group. Furthermore, the chlorophyll content in green leafy plants was enhanced when irrigated with plasma-activated water. However, prolonged exposure of seeds to plasma discharges for 20 min resulted in adverse effects on germination, growth, and production. These findings suggest that optimal plasma activation times are crucial in harnessing the beneficial effects of plasma-activated water on seed germination and plant growth.
Ground states of planar dipolar rotor chains with recurrent neural networks
Authors: Serwatka Tobias , Roy Pierre-Nicholas 
Published: June 2024

In this contribution, we employ a recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture in a variational optimization to obtain the ground state of linear chains of planar, dipolar rotors. We test different local basis sets and discuss their impact on the sign structure of the many-body ground state wavefunction. It is demonstrated that the RNN ansatz we employ is able to treat systems with and without a sign problem in the ground state. For larger chains with up to 50 rotors, accurate properties, such as correlation functions and Binder parameters, are calculated. By employing quantum annealing, we show that precise entanglement properties can be obtained. All these properties allow one to identify a quantum phase transition between a paraelectric and a ferroelectric quantum phase.
Modulation of the strength of weak S–H⋯O hydrogen-bond: Spectroscopic study of the complexes of 2-flurothiophenol with methanol and ethanol
Authors: Metya Surajit , Roy Supravat , Mandal Sourav , Huang Qian-Rui , Kuo Jer-Lai , Das Aloke 
Published: June 2024

Spectroscopic exploration of sulfur-centered hydrogen bonding involving a thiol group (S–H) as the hydrogen bond donor is scarce in the literature. Herein, we have investigated 1:1 complexes of 2-fluorothiophenol (2-FTP) with methanol (MeOH) and ethanol (EtOH) in the gas phase to examine the physical characteristics and strength of the S–H⋯O hydrogen bond. Structures, conformations, and the strength of the S–H⋯O interaction are investigated by measuring the electronic and Infrared (IR) spectra of the two complexes employing resonant two-photon ionization, UV–UV hole-burning, and IR–UV double resonance spectroscopic techniques combined with quantum chemical calculations. Three conformers of 2-FTP⋯MeOH and two conformers of 2-FTP⋯EtOH have been detected in the experiment. A comparison of the IR spectra obtained from the experiment with those of the low-energy conformers of 2-FTP⋯MeOH and 2-FTP⋯EtOH predicted from the theory confirms that all the observed conformers of the two complexes are primarily S–H⋯O hydrogen bonded. The IR red-shifts found in the S–H stretching frequencies in 2-FTP⋯MeOH and 2-FTP⋯EtOH concerning that in 2-FTP are ∼76 and ∼88 cm−1, respectively, which are much larger than that was reported earlier in the 2-FTP⋯H2O complex (30 cm−1). The strength and physical nature of different noncovalent interactions, including the S–H⋯O hydrogen bond existing in the complexes, are further analyzed using natural bond orbital analysis, quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and localized molecular orbital-energy decomposition analysis. The current investigation reveals that the S–H⋯O hydrogen bond can be strengthened by judicial choices of the hydrogen bond acceptors of higher proton affinities.
Theoretical studies and anharmonic effect analysis on the reaction mechanism of 3-methyl-1-butanol with OH radical
Authors: Wang Li , Chen Yiwei , Yao Li 
Published: June 2024

The mechanism of hydrogen abstraction in the reaction of 3-methyl-1-butanol with an OH radical was investigated by quantum chemical calculations. The total reaction consists of five channels (R1–R5), with channel R3 having the lowest energy barrier (5.4 kcal·mol−1) and channel R4 having the highest energy barrier (13.2 kcal·mol−1). All channels are exothermic reactions with lower energy barriers. Thermodynamic parameters, including constant pressure molar heat capacity CPo, enthalpy of formation ΔfHo, and entropy So, for all reactants and products, were researched using the CBS-QB3 level across a temperature scale of 298–5000 K. The harmonic and anharmonic rate constants of all reaction channels were calculated at the CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p) level for a temperature range of 223–4000 K. Throughout the temperature range, except for R2, the harmonic rate constant of all reaction channels is consistently higher than the anharmonic one, and it can be seen from the results that the anharmonic effect is significant and cannot be ignored. Meanwhile, the polynomial coefficients a1–a7 for the thermodynamic parameters and the polynomial coefficients A, n, and E for the kinetic parameters were fitted using the principle of least squares.
“It’s nothing serious, take it easy”
Authors: Jiang Qingsheng , Mao Yansheng , Wang Yihang 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Prior studies have focused on the prevalence, causes and impacts of patients’ negative emotions during
doctor-patient communication. However, to date, there is a paucity of research focusing on doctors’ emotion-regulating strategies
and their effects on online medical consultation (OMC). In this connection, drawing on the concept of extrinsic emotion
regulation, this paper analyzes empirically the doctors’ strategies in regulating patients’ emotions and examines the effects
based on data from Dingxiang Yisheng, one of the largest online medical consultation platforms in China. It is
found that doctors deploy extensive discourse of relational work and diagnosis to regulate patients’ negative emotions. Comments
from patients not only reveal the effectiveness of doctors’ strategies in alleviating negative emotions but also showcase that
patients attribute the relief of their emotions to doctors’ expertise, attitude, response speed, and communication skills. All
these findings contribute to theoretical insights into emotion regulation and have practical implications for online
doctor-patient communication.
Discovering Love numbers through resonance excitation during extreme mass ratio inspirals
Authors: Avitan Shani , Brustein Ram , Sherf Yotam 
Published: June 2024

AbstractGeneral Relativity predicts that black holes (BHs) do not possess an internal structure and consequently cannot be excited. This leads to a specific prediction about the waveform of gravitational waves (GWs) which they emit during a binary BH inspiral and to the vanishing of their Love numbers. However, if astrophysical BHs do possess an internal structure, their Love numbers would no longer vanish, and they could be excited during an inspiral by the transfer of orbital energy. This would affect the orbital period and lead to an observable imprint on the emitted GWs waveform. The effect is enhanced if one of the binary companions is resonantly excited. We discuss the conditions for resonant excitation of a hypothetical internal structure of BHs and calculate the phase change of the GWs waveform that is induced due to such resonant excitation during intermediate- and extreme-mass-ratio inspirals. We then relate the phase change to the electric quadrupolar Love number of the larger companion, which is resonantly excited by its smaller companion. We discuss the statistical error on measuring the Love number by LISA and show that, because of this phase change, the statistical error is small even for values of the Love number as small as 10−4for moderate values of the spin parameter. Our results indicate that, for extreme-mass-ratio inspirals with moderate spin parameter, the Love number could be detected by LISA with an accuracy which is higher by up to two orders of magnitude than what can be achieved via tidal deformation effects. Thus, our results indicate that resonant excitation of the central BH during an extreme- or intermediate-mass-ratio inspirals is the most promising effect for putting bounds on, or detecting, non-vanishing tidal Love numbers of BHs.
Can a radiation gauge be horizon-locking?
Authors: Stein Leo C 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this short Note, I answer the titular question: yes, a radiation gauge can be horizon-locking. Radiation gauges are very common in black hole perturbation theory. It’s also very convenient if a gauge choice is horizon-locking, i.e. the location of the horizon is not moved by a linear metric perturbation. Therefore it is doubly convenient that a radiation gauge can be horizon-locking, when some simple criteria are satisfied. Though the calculation is straightforward, it seemed useful enough to warrant writing this Note. Finally I show an example: the

ℓ

vector of the Hartle–Hawking tetrad in Kerr satisfies all the conditions for ingoing radiation gauge to keep the future horizon fixed.
Comparative analysis of microstructure, electrical and optical performance in sidewall etching process for GaN-based green micro-LED
Authors: Li Xinran , Su Xujun , Wang Guobin , Chen Jingjing , Wang Luhua , Song Wentao , Xu Ke 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Micro-LEDs show the size-dependent external quantum efficiency (EQE) reduction problem, mainly owing to increased non-radiative recombination loss at the sidewall for smaller chip size. In this work, the evolution of microstructure, surface potential and optical performance of the green micro-LED sidewall was investigated comparatively after inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) etching through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Kelvin probe force microscope (KPFM), cathodoluminescence (CL) and time-resolved photoluminescence (TRPL). As confirmed by TEM and geometric phase analysis (GPA), ICP etching causes sidewalls to form atomically rough semi-polar surfaces and increases 25% compressive strain at the sidewall compared to the inside. TMAH solution introduces new sidewall defects due to excessive etching of three atomic layers of InGaN. Holes accumulate at the surface because of build-in electric field as showed by KPFM. The sidewall defects lead to a decrease in carrier lifetime resulting in uneven luminescence of micro-LED mesa. TMAH treatment removes the damaged layer and reduces the non-radiative recombination rate. ICP causes damage to the nanoscale structure, however the influence of sidewall defects on the carrier behavior is in the micron range due to unavoidable surface dangling bonds and surface lattice relaxation. A non-radiative recombination mechanism is proposed based on strain relaxation.
Two-dimensional borophane semiconductor: a first-principles calculation
Authors: Zhang Mingxin , He Chaoyu , Zhong Jianxin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The experimentally synthesized graphene-type boron single layer (g-borophene) and its hydrogenated derivative (borophane in Cmmm symmetry) have been confirmed as normal metals, which are not appropriate for applications in the semiconductor field. Based on first-principles calculations, a new adsorption pattern (P6/mmm) with semiconducting feature has been proposed as a metastable phase for hydrogenated borophene. The results show that P6/mmm phase is both dynamically and mechanically stable. Its total energy is 4.829 eV atom−1, which is slightly higher than that of the ground state Cmmm configuration (4.858 eV atom−1). The HSE06-based band structures show that P6/mmm phase is a semiconductor with an indirect band gap of 1.86 eV and such a band gap can be effectively modulated by external strains. Our work shows that surface hydrogenation has the opportunity to induce a metal-insulator transition in two-dimensional borophene and provide a new two-dimensional semiconductor for potential applications in nano-electronic devices.
Polarization-multiplexed dual-band terahertz beam switching based on magneto-dielectric metasurfaces
Authors: Li Fan , Cheng Jie-Rong , Tan Zhi-Yu , Fan Fei , Chang Sheng-Jiang 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Electrically tunable metasurfaces with pixel-level phase control are good candidates for dynamic manipulation of the beam direction in the terahertz band, which is a critical and highly desired technique for next generation communications. Yet the complex biasing, limited aperture and cross talk hinders its progress. In this study, we propose a magnetic-field-globally controlled metasurface for beam switching. The metasurface is composed of a bi-layer silicon metagrating on a magneto-optical substrate InSb. The beam direction is governed by two physical processes: the magnetically-controlled polarization and the polarization-controlled diffraction. By utilizing the circular dichroism and Faraday rotation effects in InSb, the metasurface can operate at two frequency bands. The beam is switched among four directions by properly choosing the magnetic field biasing and the frequency. This study offers a promising solution for beam management using magnetic field biasing and in a global manner.
Low-crystalline urchin-like CuCo2O4/rGO composite for high-performance supercapacitor
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Hu Mingxiang , Yao Zuofang , Yang Le 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
To meet the excellent capacity, power density and long lifespan for supercapacitors, developing advanced transition-metal oxide electrode materials is an important topic. Herein, we explored the effect of alkali source hydrolysis on the structural feature of CuCo2O4 during the growing process. It is found that urea with stronger hydrolysis ability leads to better morphology but larger crystalline grain size. Further, the grain size is decreased by introducing reduced graphene oxide (rGO). Consequently, the urea-derived CuCo2O4/rGO composite with urchin-like hierarchy configuration and small crystalline grain size provides a specific capacity of 1664 C g−1 at current density of 1 A g−1, and remains 65.3% of initial capacity when the current density increases to 30 A g−1. The symmetric supercapacitor achieves a high energy density (16 Wh kg−1 at 7200 W kg−1) and cycle stability (93.2% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles at 10 A g−1). This study highlights the inherent relation between the structural feature and synthesis condition.
Controllable optical tweezer and spanner in evanescent fields via a single plasmonic metasurface
Authors: Zheng Zhiyuan , Yu Ying 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
A dual-functional plasmonic metasurface is proposed to realize trapping and rotation of microparticles in evanescent fields by simply changing the polarization of incident light. The metasurface is constituted with subwavelength rectangular nanoslit that is perforated in an Au film on the glass substrate. Simulated near-field intensity distributions show that surface plasmon vortex with designed topological charge and focused point with enhanced intensity can be controllably generated in the center region of the designed metasurface by different circularly polarized lights. Calculated optical force and optical potential on a polystyrene sphere further demonstrate the good performances of rotating and trapping a microparticle with the generated vortex and focused surface plasmon polaritons. Moreover, two examples designed with different topological charges demonstrate the flexibility of these metasurfaces in tuning the rotation radius of microparticles. The advantages of the proposed metasurface in design flexibility, multifunctionality, and small size may provide new possibilities for applications of integrated optical manipulation devices and systems.
A theoretical model considering the photochemical and photothermal behavior of arc radiation-induced gassing materials ablation
Authors: Cao Weidong , Li Xingwen , Luo Chaojie , Wang Qian , Yin Jianning , Zhang Yanfeng , Zhuang Tao 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this study, we introduce a theoretical model designed to explore both the photochemical and photothermal behavior of arc plasma radiation-induced ablation in gassing materials. We employ time-dependent density functional theory to analyze the photochemical behavior, while reactive force field molecular dynamics are used to explore the photothermal behavior. The phenomena, behavior and consequences of valence shell electronic excitation are analyzed in terms of ultraviolet (UV) absorption, electron-hole distribution, and Mayer bond order. Based on the photochemical findings, we apply a periodic electric field that corresponds to the vibration frequency of the permanent dipole moment to simulate infrared radiation, and convert UV photon energy into atomic kinetic energy to analyze UV radiation. This atomic-scale insight into photothermal behavior enables us to identify the final composition of ablation gases, including H2, CO, H2O, NH3, as well as specific cyanides, amines, and hydrocarbons. The results of the theoretical model and physical properties indicate that the concentration of hydrogen-containing gases in the ablation gas significantly affects the arc extinguishing capabilities of different polymers. Finally, we propose modification schemes suitable for polymers in power circuit breakers, considering UV absorption and smoke black production. Additionally, we present the potential application of theoretical models for calculating the ablation rate, necessitating further in-depth re-search.
Impact of tin doping on charge carrier dynamics of a two-dimensional lead halide perovskite
Authors: Bhandari Sahil , Kundar Milon , Pal Suman Kalyan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Compositional engineering and doping of lead halide perovskites (LHPs) have emerged as promising methods to adjust the optical properties of these materials. Tin (Sn) doping, in particular, proves effective in achieving tunable band gaps, enhanced stability, high defect tolerance, and improved transport properties. However, the impact of tin doping on the photophysical properties of two-dimensional (2D) LHPs remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the optical properties, including excited state properties, of a Sn-doped 2D perovskite, utilizing various spectroscopic techniques. Our femtosecond transient absorption measurements reveal alterations in charge carrier dynamics within the 2D perovskite due to Sn doping. The doping leads to a significant reduction in charge carrier trapping, resulting in slower carrier recombination. Furthermore, Sn doping reduces the exciton binding energy, consequently decelerating exciton-exciton annihilation in the Sn-doped perovskite.