bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Expectations of the President
Authors: Simon Dennis M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article presents a diverse body of research to examine the origin and development, the content, and the consequences of public expectations. It starts by describing on image-based expectations and the idealization of the presidency. The discussion then turns to performance-based expectations and the responsibilities imposed on occupants of the modern presidency. Furthermore, the article provides an assessment of existing research and identifies the questions most likely to animate future research on what the American public expects of its presidents. There are three consequences created by the idealization of the president in American politics and culture. The study of what the public expects of its presidents consists of two conversations. The first is academic and involves a conversation, members of the academy who study the relationship between the president and the mass public. The second is about expectations occurs in the ‘public square’.
Presidential Responsiveness to Public Opinion
Authors: Druckman James N. , Jacobs Lawrence R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article explores the president's emergence as a ‘representative’. It also presents different definitions of representation and examines research into the modern definition of presidential representativeness — the president's responsiveness to public opinion. A number of complications that studies of responsiveness face is emphasized, including the questions of whether citizens even possess ‘real preferences’, what specific aspects of preferences leaders respond to, whose preferences they consider, and whether citizens' preferences merely reflect those of elites. In addition, the article outlines the five major and exemplary bodies of research that investigate the extent and nature of presidential representation. Presidential representation varies across dimensions and levels of salience. It is much more complicated, multidimensional, and dynamic than investigations of whether the public's policy preferences align with the president's policies capture.
The President and Congressional Parties in an Era of Polarization
Authors: Rohde David W. , Barthelemy Meredith 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article describes a portion of the research on Congress and the president produced over the last two decades that relates to presidential party leadership. The main focus is on whether the theoretical arguments and empirical findings of that research apply to the polarized partisan era of the ‘Republican Revolution’ and the Bush presidency. It also concentrates on only a few aspects of the literature, particularly presidential success in the legislative process, the tendency to ‘go public’, and the consequences of divided government. Three aspects of presidential-congressional interaction are explained. A segment of the literature that is particularly relevant to this discussion involves the consequences of divided government. The implications of polarization are relevant to a large and important share of the political agenda.
Presidential Approval as a Source of Influence in Congress
Authors: Edwards George C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article argues that to determine the nature of the relationship between presidential approval and congressional support, one needs to reason more carefully about the theoretical underpinnings of the relationship and employ more rigorous designs for tests that evaluate this theorizing. The article begins by considering the views of presidents, White House aides, and other Washington insiders. It then outlines the reasoning behind hypothesizing that presidential approval would influence votes in Congress. There are two basic approaches to investigating the impact of presidential approval on congressional support for the White House. The theoretical thinking is vital as a foundation for developing and testing hypotheses.
The Paradigm of Development in Presidential History
Authors: Skowronek Stephen 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the paradigm of development in presidential history. The paradigm of development was stamped on contemporary understandings of the presidency very early on. The article also describes the issues and controversies emerging within and among presidential history. An adequate explanation is offered for whatever variation might be observed in the executive invocation of plebiscitary standards of legitimacy. Unitary theorists agree with the post-progressive critics of the modern presidency: they too see that modern American political development has led to the derangement of American institutions. The current opening for historical research is finally described.
Methodological Issues in the Study of Political Parties
Authors: Noel Hans 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article considers the quantitative methods in the study of political parties. It focuses on the most important methodological issues concerning the study of parties in V. O. Key's three main domains — in the government, as an organization, and in elections. The question of party cleavages and realignment is explored, emphasizing how this question bridges the three domains. The application of Social Networks Analysis in political science is in its infancy, but there are a number of scholars applying the method to political parties. The social networks theory of parties is nowhere near the level of rigor or predictive precision that the spatial voting theories of Congress have achieved. In general, the four areas of parties research nicely show several important problems in the study of parties.
Methodological Perspectives on Interest Groups
Authors: Ainsworth Scott 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article uses many interest group classics as well as a wide range of new works to show key methodological concerns for the interest group subfield. Each of the main sections of this article starts with a highly condensed discussion of some classical approaches to interest group studies and then introduces some newer work with important methodological advances. It then describes the pluralism and sociological models. It also reports the descriptive work. Additionally, it explains how adopting some of the same reasoning that underpins maximum likelihood econometric methods can strengthen descriptive work. Methodological issues related to unobserved actions and counterfactuals are also addressed. Moreover, the role of information for interest groups and interest group scholarship is reviewed. The immense domain of interest group studies virtually ensures that scholars will continue to be fascinated by interest groups.
American Political Parties
Authors: Silbey Joel H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article provides a sweeping analysis of the history of American political parties. It specifically uses the lens of critical election theory to explore the scholarly treatment of the development of parties as institutions, of the relationship between parties and the electorate, of the means that parties have used to communicate with and build relationships with the electorate, and of the existence and definition of party systems. The Democrats' administrative state grew during the Second World War and was reinforced and further expanded during the Cold War that followed. There was increased partisan polarization in the 1990s as the Republicans regained control of the House of Representatives and vigorously set themselves against a Democratic president.
How Parties Nominate Presidents
Authors: Mayer William G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article reviews the evolution of the presidential nominating process and the role of party in securing presidential nominations from the founding to the modern era. It also describes the understanding of how voters reach decisions in presidential primaries and the larger consequences of the presidential nomination process for the functioning of the American political system. It starts by presenting a brief history of presidential nomination procedures. Two major ideas underlie most of the changes instituted by the McGovern-Fraser Commission. The most conspicuous consequence of the new rules was a significant increase in the number of presidential primaries. No matter what the rules, ambitious candidates and other actors find ways to make them work to their advantage or, at least, to neutralize the disadvantages. Party leaders have found ways of exerting influence in the post-reform nomination process.
Partisan Models and the Search for Party Effects in the US Senate
Authors: Sinclair Barbara 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article addresses what to do know about party in the US Senate and the questions that still need to be addressed. It also mentions that treating the Senate separately from the House in discussing party effects is justified because of the unusual rules that govern Senate consideration of legislation. The Senate majority leader is now the acknowledged chief agenda setter for the Senate floor. Conditional party government (CPG) theory and cartel theory are the two most prominent party theories. They propose that control over the legislative agenda is fundamental to party influence. The emphasis on negative agenda control in the cartel model has unfortunately led to questions about positive agenda control being underemphasized. The importance of organizational control of the Senate is described. The multiple-goals assumption when taken seriously changes both the potential costs and potential benefits of party organization and party leadership to members.
Party Coalitions in the US Congress
Authors: Brady David W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article demonstrates that the focus of scholars on the nature of coalitions within the parties and across parties in the US Congress has been and is that such coalitions are ultimately based on a left-right ideological space. It first describes how party theories of Congress are distinct from preference theories and the implications for coalition theory for two-party systems. It then presents some data that illustrate the rise of cross-party coalitions prior to the Second World War and their fall post-1970s, the argument being that in the Second World War era, a cross-party coalition of southern and border state Democrats with Republicans known as the Conservative Coalition dominated legislative politics and that political science literature follows the patterns observed in the Congress. It further discusses how preferences within and across the parties are significant for understanding policy outcomes. Moreover, the future of intraparty and interparty coalitions is addressed.
The President, Party Politics, and Constitutional Development
Authors: Milkis Sidney M. , Rhodes Jesse H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article explores the troubled relationship between the presidency and the political parties. The modern presidency became part of the living constitution as the guardian of new rights. Ronald Reagan was the first modern president to pose fundamental challenges to received government arrangements, a stance that required the support of a national, programmatic Republican Party. His efforts to square the institution of the modern presidency with the demands of party leadership were only partially successful. The challenge of remaking American politics ex cathedra would be cast in further relief during the presidency of George W. Bush. Bush's unprecedented efforts to strengthen the national Republican organization demonstrated the enormous potential of the modern presidency as an instrument of party building. Barack Obama's organizational efforts were modeled after the techniques that Republicans had pioneered.
State Parties Research
Authors: Wright Gerald C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article addresses how the two reformist traditions have shaped the party systems of the states and how they can be studied. It also provides a broad outline of research on partisanship in the state electorates, state party organizations, and the role of the parties in state government. Some commentary on future directions for research is presented. It then briefly reviews these recommendations, focusing in particular on what kinds of opportunities and challenges are given for state parties research by the changes in the ideological polarization of the parties which are so evident at the national level. Stronger, responsible parties are supposed to increase both government's accountability to the public and policy coherence. The future for state parties research is bright with the promise of new data resources which will permit stronger and more definitive tests of theories of party and citizen behaviour.
Who Sings in the Heavenly Chorus?
Authors: Schlozman Kay L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article takes an empirical look at the shape of the organized interest system in contemporary national politics. The discussion is predicated on two understandings that are sometimes overlooked in discussions of the mobilization of groups and the logic of collective action. The first is that interest groups are only a part of the set of organizations that represent collective interests in politics. Second, the shape of the organized interest system reflects not only processes by which organizations are created but also decisions to bring previously apolitical organizations into the political arena. The Washington Representatives directory is the single most nearly comprehensive listing of politically active organizations in Washington. It has shown that the shape of the organized interest community reflects both the free-rider problem and the resource-constraint problem and confirmed Schattschneider's observations that the heavenly chorus underrepresents organizations advocating on behalf of either broad public interests or the resource-deprived.
Social and Economic Justice Movements and Organizations
Authors: Strolovitch Dara Z. , Forrest M. David 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article explores the debates about organizations that represent and activate populations that were mobilized by social movements during the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. It also investigates the representation of chronically marginalized constituencies, especially women, racial minorities, gays and lesbians, and the poor. Research demonstrating the limitations of business power suggests that there are circumstances under which public interest groups can prevail against powerful lobbies in spite of vastly unequal material resources. The influences of institutionalization are described. Scholarship investigating advocacy on behalf of marginalized groups should continue its preliminary but productive conversation with the work of political theorists who challenge the idea that groups based on identities such as race, class, gender, and sexuality exist prior to politics.
Urban Interest Groups
Authors: Berry Jeffrey M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article explores the changing nature of urban interest group politics and contrasts trends and developments at the urban level with what is known about lobbies in Washington. It also examines the barriers to entry for interest group politics and finds strikingly low barriers at the local level. Analysis then turns to the politics of location, maintaining that the traditional image of downtown business groups dominating local politics while neighbourhoods are politically feeble is outdated and misleading. The revival of citizen participation programs in urban politics is addressed. It is shown that it presents neighbourhoods leverage that they would not otherwise possess. The possible commonalities in future research on national and local interest groups are reviewed. The interest group subfield will reorient itself, with research crossing boundaries set by tradition.
Lobbying and Influence
Authors: Leech Beth L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the scholarly efforts to document the influence of interest groups and suggest some reasons why there is such a great disconnect between popular belief and scholarly evidence. One of the best-known examples of contradictory findings about the influence of interest groups comes from the classic studies of US trade policy conducted by E. E. Schattschneider (1935) and, three decades later, Bauer, Pool, and Dexter (1963). Schattschneider documented many limitations on group influence and Bauer, Pool, and Dexter documented many instances in which the close relationships interest groups had with their allies led to advantageous outcomes. In the age of Bauer, Pool, and Dexter, interest groups were effective in part because of the information they supplied. The wrong assumptions about how policy works are finally discussed.
Interest Groups in American Elections
Authors: Wilcox Clyde , Iida Rentaro 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article examines the myriad ways that interest groups are active in American elections, and the difficulties that scholars face in answering basic questions about this activity. The study of interest groups in elections raises problems of conceptualization, measurement, and estimation. The specific manifestation of these problems influences what is studied, how it is studied, and the conclusions that can be drawn. Groups consider their policy goals, resources that can be used in elections and constraints on the use of those resources, and the political environment, as well as other factors. The effects of interest group on American elections and policy are covered.
Linking Political Parties and Interest Groups
Authors: Heaney Michael T. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article argues that political parties and interest groups are intricately and inextricably linked to one another. First, it examines co-evolution, discipline, brokerage, and identity as mechanisms that link parties and groups. The theoretical perspective behind each of these mechanisms is also explained in the context of empirical research that documents their relevance to organizational strategies and behaviours. It discusses how a research program that more explicitly addresses the party-group linkage might revise the understanding of parties and groups, and the nature of their dynamic interaction. It then suggests a number of avenues for future inquiry that would help to build more systematic knowledge about the ties between parties and groups. A new agenda for party-group linkages should recognize that the subject requires more than merely ‘more research’.
Naloxone Reversal of Morphine- and Morphine-6-Glucuronide-induced Respiratory Depression in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Olofsen Erik , van Dorp Eveline , Teppema Luc , Aarts Leon , Smith Terry W. , Dahan Albert , Sarton Elise 
Published: May 2010

Background
Opioid-induced respiratory depression is antagonized effectively by the competitive opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. However, to fully understand the complex opioid agonist-antagonist interaction, the effects of various naloxone doses on morphine and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G)-induced respiratory depression were studied in healthy volunteers.

Methods
Twenty-four subjects received 0.15 mg/kg morphine intravenously at t = 0 followed by placebo, 200 or 400 microg naloxone at t = 30 min. Thirty-two subjects received 0.3 mg/kg M6G intravenously at t = 0 followed by placebo, 25, 100, or 400 microg naloxone at t = 55 min. There were a total of 8 subjects per treatment group. Respiration was measured on a breath-to-breath basis at constant end-tidal Pco2. A mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model consisting of a part describing biophase equilibration and a part describing receptor association-dissociation kinetics was used to analyze the data.

Results
Naloxone reversal of M6G-induced respiratory depression developed more slowly than reversal of the respiratory effect of morphine. A simulation study revealed that this was related to the slower receptor association-dissociation kinetics of M6G (koff M6G = 0.0327 +/- 0.00455 min versus morphine 0.138 +/- 0.0148 min; values are typical +/-SE). Duration of naloxone reversal was longer for M6G. This was related to the three- to fourfold greater potency of naloxone as an antagonist against M6G compared with morphine. Increasing the naloxone dose had no effect on the speed of reversal, but it did extend reversal duration.

Conclusions
Naloxone reversal of the opioid effect is dependent on the receptor association-dissociation kinetics of the opioid that needs reversal with respect to the rate of reversal. The pharmacodynamics of naloxone determines reversal magnitude and duration.
Functional Studies of RYR1 Mutations in the Skeletal Muscle Ryanodine Receptor Using Human RYR1 Complementary DNA
Authors: Sato Keisaku , Pollock Neil , Stowell Kathryn M. 
Published: May 2010

Background
Malignant hyperthermia is associated with mutations within the gene encoding the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor, the calcium channel that releases Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum stores triggering muscle contraction, and other metabolic activities. More than 200 variants have been identified in the ryanodine receptor, but only some of these have been shown to functionally affect the calcium channel. To implement genetic testing for malignant hyperthermia, variants must be shown to alter the function of the channel. A number of different ex vivo methods can be used to demonstrate functionality, as long as cells from human patients can be obtained and cultured from at least two unrelated families. Because malignant hyperthermia is an uncommon disorder and many variants seem to be private, including the newly identified H4833Y mutation, these approaches are limited.

Methods
The authors cloned the human skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor complementary DNA and expressed both normal and mutated forms in HEK-293 cells and carried out functional analysis using ryanodine binding assays in the presence of a specific agonist, 4-chloro-m-cresol, and the antagonist Mg.

Results
Transiently expressed human ryanodine receptor proteins colocalized with an endoplasmic reticulum marker in HEK-293 cells. Ryanodine binding assays confirmed that mutations causing malignant hyperthermia resulted in a hypersensitive channel, while those causing central core disease resulted in a hyposensitive channel.

Conclusions
The functional assays validate recombinant human skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor for analysis of variants and add an additional mutation (H4833Y) to the repertoire of mutations that can be used for the genetic diagnosis of malignant hyperthermia.