bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIGH‐HEAD DAMS AFFECT DOWNSTREAM FISH PASSAGE TIMING AND SURVIVAL IN THE MIDDLE FORK WILLAMETTE RIVER
Authors: Keefer M. L. , Taylor G. A. , Garletts D. F. , Helms C. K. , Gauthier G. A. , Pierce T. M. , Caudill C. C. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTMany high‐head dams in Oregon's Willamette River basin were constructed without fish passage facilities for downstream migrants. Instead, fish pass dams via hydroelectric turbines, surface spillways or deep‐water regulating outlets. The availability of these routes varies seasonally with dam operations and reservoir depth, which can fluctuate by tens of meters.To assess how dam and reservoir operations affect fish movement timing and survival, we used rotary screw traps below three Willamette basin dams and at two riverine sites above reservoirs. Traps were operated 2950 days over 8 years, and >195 000 fish were collected. Samples above reservoirs were primarily native salmonids (Oncorhynchus spp.), daces (Rhinichthys spp.) and sculpins (Cottus spp.), while those below dams were often dominated by non‐native Centrarchidae. Capture rates at riverine sites were highest from late winter to early summer, coincident with juvenile Chinook salmon emigration. Conversely, collection below dams was largely restricted to late fall and winter when reservoirs were drawn down to annual lows and discharge was high. We hypothesize that winter operations facilitated fish access to dam turbines and regulating outlets, whereas spring–summer operations entrapped fish in reservoirs and restricted volitional downstream passage.Total fish mortality was ≤2% at riverine sites and was 36–69% below dams. Estimates were highest for non‐native species and juvenile Chinook salmon. Fatal injuries were consistent with traumas related to pressure, shear and contact and there were size‐related and morphology‐related risk differences. Mitigation opportunities include fish bypass system development, retrofits for existing routes and seasonally appropriate reservoir draw down to allow fish passage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value of three‐dimensional hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography with SonoVue in the assessment of tubal patency
Authors: Zhou L. , Zhang X. , Chen X. , Liao L. , Pan R. , Zhou N. , Di N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the accuracy of transvaginal three‐dimensional hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography using SonoVue (3D SonoVue‐HyCoSy) in the assessment of Fallopian tubal patency.MethodsWe recruited 75 infertile patients undergoing 3D SonoVue‐HyCoSy before standard diagnostic laparoscopy with chromotubation (lap and dye). Tubal patency was assessed by automated 3D coded contrast imaging (3D SonoVue‐HyCoSy), and the findings were compared with the results of lap and dye.ResultsFor detecting tubal patency among the 150 Fallopian tubes assessed, 3D SonoVue‐HyCoSy had a sensitivity of 93.5%, specificity of 86.3%, positive and negative predictive values of 87.8% and 92.6%, respectively, and diagnostic accuracy of 90.0%. The test‐positive rates of 3D SonoVue‐HyCoSy vs lap and dye were not significantly different (82/150 vs 77/150, P > 0.05).Conclusion3D SonoVue‐HyCoSy should be considered clinically valuable as a practical, non‐invasive, primary investigatory tool for evaluating tubal patency. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REDD+ governance
Authors: Lederer Markus 
Published: January 2012

AbstractReducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) has developed into one of the most important carbon governance mechanisms that the international community has at its disposal in the fight against climate change. Deforestation and degradation, particularly in the tropics, constitute one of the major drivers of climate change, the avoidance of which is often portrayed as one of the most effective and efficient options for mitigation. Whether the potential of REDD+ can really be used depends, however, not only on technical issues but even more on how the evolving mechanism is governed on various levels, ranging from the local to the international. The following article analyses some key aspects of REDD+ governance focusing on finance, legal issues, institutional considerations, and potential additional benefits. WIREs Clim Change 2012, 3:107–113. doi: 10.1002/wcc.155This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
Waste Rapeseed Oil Used as a Binder for Masonry Units: NMR Spectroscopic Analysis
Authors: Heaton T. , Fisher J. , Forth J. P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe chemistry of unsaturated oils used as binders for masonry units is under investigation, as it is likely to be relevant to their long term properties and may be used to improve the manufacturing requirements. The mixing process is followed by heat curing for 24 h, during which time the unit gains strength. The chemistry of this process has been assumed to be a complex series of oxidative and thermal reactions due to the double bonds present in the triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrocarbon chains, producing a heterogeneous, cross‐linked solid matrix which encapsulates solid aggregates. A number of model samples and binder obtained from cured blocks were analysed via several NMR techniques. The reactions are characterised by consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and formation of oxygenated compounds, chain‐shortened TAG, free fatty acids (FFA), di‐ and monoacylglycerols (DAG and MAG) and cross‐linked material. The analysis facilitates identification of specific products and mechanisms of formation as the curing progresses, and evidence for instability of particular species in the matrix from samples retrieved after 6 months of storage.
SECULAR CHANGES IN HEIGHT, BODY WEIGHT, BODY MASS INDEX AND PUBERTAL DEVELOPMENT IN MALE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS IN KRAKOW, POLAND
Authors: KRYST ŁUKASZ , KOWAL MAŁGORZATA , WORONKOWICZ AGNIESZKA , SOBIECKI JAN , CICHOCKA BARBARA ANNA 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThis study examined the secular changes in height, body weight, body mass index and pubertal development in male children and adolescents in Krakow (Poland) over the past 80 years, with an emphasis on the last decade (2000–2010). The survey of the population of Krakow is a continuation of observations conducted in that area for many years. The analysis aims to determine whether in the last decade Krakow still witnessed the secular trend, and what form the trend took. The body height and weight, and body mass index (BMI), of 1862 boys aged 3.5–18.5 years were analysed, against the background of a survey series from the years 1938 (N=1801), 1971 (N=2045), 1983 (N=3124) and 2000 (N=2328). The mean body height, in almost all age categories, was greater than in the past; however the final height over the last decade remained the same. The mean values of body weight and BMI increased, especially in the last decade. Also, an acceleration of puberty in boys was observed. The last 10 years saw an over 3-month decrease in the age of initial appearance of pubic hair in boys. In conclusion, the last decade saw cessation of the growing taller trend: maximum body height stabilized at approximately 179 cm, but weight and BMI increased. Also, a distinct acceleration of puberty was noticed. Lack of height increase, at the same time as weight gain and puberty acceleration, indicate a progressing developmental disharmony.
Do Pension-Related Business Ties Influence Mutual Fund Proxy Voting? Evidence from Shareholder Proposals on Executive Compensation
Authors: Ashraf Rasha , Jayaraman Narayanan , Ryan Harley E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe examine the relation between mutual fund votes on shareholder executive compensation proposals and pension-related business ties between fund families and the firms. In unconditional tests, we find that fund families support management when they have pension ties to the firm. We find no relation when we stratify by fund family in conditional tests, which suggests that fund families with pension ties vote with management at both client and nonclient firms. We confirm this result in an analysis of nonclient firms. Overall, our results suggest that pension-related business ties influence fund families to vote with management at all firms.
Linear internal waves and the control of stratified exchange flows
Authors: McC. HOGG A. , WINTERS K. B. , IVEY G. N. 
Published: January 2012

Internal hydraulic theory is often used to describe idealized bi-directional exchange
flow through a constricted channel. This approach is formally applicable to layered
flows in which velocity and density are represented by discontinuous functions that
are constant within discrete layers. The theory relies on the determination of flow
conditions at points of hydraulic control, where long interfacial waves have zero phase
speed. In this paper, we consider hydraulic control in continuously stratified exchange
flows. Such flows occur, for example, in channels connecting stratified reservoirs and
between homogeneous basins when interfacial mixing is significant. Our focus here is
on the propagation characteristics of the gravest vertical-mode internal waves within
a laterally contracting channel.Two approaches are used to determine the behaviour of waves propagating through
a steady, continuously sheared and stratified exchange flow. In the first, waves are
mechanically excited at discrete locations within a numerically simulated bi-directional
exchange flow and allowed to evolve under linear dynamics. These waves are then
tracked in space and time to determine propagation speeds. A second approach, based
on the stability theory of parallel shear flows and examination of solutions to a sixth-order
eigenvalue problem, is used to interpret the direct excitation experiments. Two
types of gravest mode eigensolutions are identified: vorticity modes, with eigenfunction
maxima centred above and below the region of maximum density gradient, and density
modes with maxima centred on the strongly stratified layer. Density modes have phase
speeds that change sign within the channel and are analogous to the interfacial waves
in hydraulic theory. Vorticity modes have finite propagation speed throughout the
channel but undergo a transition in form: upwind of the transition point the vorticity
mode is trapped in one layer. It is argued that modes trapped in one layer are not
capable of communicating interfacial information, and therefore that the transition
points are analogous to control points. The location of transition points are identified
and used to generalize the notion of hydraulic control in continuously stratified flows.
A DNA vaccine co-expressingTrichinella spiralisMIF and MCD-1 with murine ubiquitin induces partial protective immunity in mice
Authors: Tang F. , Xu L. , Yan R. , Song X. , Li X. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCo-expression ofTrichinella spiralismacrophage migration inhibitory factor (TsMIF) withT. spiraliscystatin-like domain protein (TsMCD-1) in a DNA vaccine induces a Th1 immune response and partial protection againstT. spiralisinfection. The present study evaluated whether co-expression of mouse ubiquitin (Ub) withTsMIF andTsMCD-1 might improve the immune response againstT. spiralisinfection. Groups of BALB/c mice were immunized twice at 2-week intervals with 100 μg of plasmid DNA encoding either aTsMIF–TsMCD-1 fusion protein (pVAX1-Tsmif-Tsmcd-1) or an Ub-co-expressing triple fusion protein Ub–TsMIF–TsMCD-1 (pVAX1-Ub-Tsmif-Tsmcd-1). Control animals were immunized with pVAX1-Ubor blank vector plasmid. Specific antibody levels (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgM, IgA, IgE) against the recombinant proteinTsMIF–TsMCD-1, serum cytokines (interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and IL-17), CD4+/CD8+T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses were monitored. Challenge infection was performed 2 weeks after the second immunization and worm burden was assayed at 35 days post-challenge. Antibody responses induced by pVAX1-Ub-Tsmif-Tsmcd-1were significantly lower than forTsMIF-TsMCD-1, but the vaccine induced increased levels of Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ) and increased T-cell cytotoxicity. The reduction of worm burden (37.95%) following immunization with pVAX1-Ub-Tsmif-Tsmcd-1was significantly greater than that induced by the pVAX1-Tsmif-Tsmcd-1vaccine (23.17%;P< 0.05).
The influence of adult worm age and definitive host on the transmission of Echinostoma caproni: egg hatchability and miracidial infectivity
Authors: Muñoz-Antoli C. , Toledo R. , Esteban J.G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe analysed the influence of different ages of Echinostoma caproni adult worms reared in different definitive host-species on egg hatchability and miracidial infectivity. Eggs obtained from 2-, 4- and 6-week-old adult worms collected from rats, hamsters and mice, hatched miracidia that were used to infect laboratory-reared specimens of Biomphalaria glabrata. Highest egg hatchability was obtained with eggs derived from hamsters and mice. Egg hatchability did not seem to be affected by the age of E. caproni adult worms. Miracidial infectivity was not affected by the definitive host species. However, miracidial infectivity was affected by the age of adult worms when they developed in the mice intestine. The long period of miracidial infectivity in hamsters revealed this definitive host as the most suitable for experimental development of the life cycle and parasite transmission.
Fear of the kampung, fear of unrest: urban unemployment and colonial policy in 1930s Java
Authors: INGLESON JOHN 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper discusses the responses of The Netherlands Indies colonial government to the rise in urban unemployment in Java brought about by the 1930s Depression. At least one in six of the large European/Eurasian population in the colony, and an even larger proportion of urban Indonesian workers, became unemployed as a result of the Depression. The colonial government and the European community were greatly concerned that the growth of unemployment among Europeans would lead to destitution for many, ultimately forcing them into the native kampung1. They were also concerned about what they saw as the moral decay of local-born European/Eurasian youth who were unemployed in unprecedented numbers. Furthermore, the European community feared that the growth in unemployment among western-educated Indonesians in the towns and cities in Java would create a fertile recruitment ground for nationalist political parties leading to urban unrest. Fear of the kampung for destitute Europeans, and fear of urban unrest from unemployed western-educated Indonesians, shaped the colonial government's responses to urban unemployment. The impact of the Depression on both Indonesian and European unemployed in the towns and cities in Java triggered lengthy debates on the role of the state in the provision of social security.
NTPDase activity in lymphocytes of rats infected byTrypanosoma evansi
Authors: OLIVEIRA CAMILA B. , DA SILVA ALEKSANDRO S. , SOUZA VIVIANE C. G. , COSTA MARCIO M. , JAQUES JEANDRE A. S. , LEAL DANIELA B. R. , LOPES SONIA T. A. , MONTEIRO SILVIA G. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYTrypanosoma evansiis the aetiological agent of trypanosomosis in domestic animals. In this pathology, an inflammatory response can be observed and, as a consequence, the increase of extracellular adenine nucleotides such as ATP. These nucleotide concentrations are regulated by ectoenzymes such as NTPDase (EC 3.6.1.5, CD39), which catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP and ADP into AMP. In this study, the activity of NTPDase in lymphocytes of rats experimentally infected withT. evansiwas evaluated. The animals were inoculated with the parasite and monitored by blood smear on a daily basis. The animals were then were divided into 4 groups according to the degree of parasitaemia and period of infection. The blood collections for enzyme analysis and lymphocyte count were performed on the 3rd (beginning of infection), 5th (acute infection) and 15th (chronic infection) days post-infection (p.i.). The control group was composed of non-infected animals. In the infected group a decrease in ATP hydrolysis (36%) was observed on the 3rd day p.i. and a decrease in ADP hydrolysis (62%) was observed on the 5th day p.i. when compared to the control. On the 15th day p.i., an increase in ATP (94%) and ADP (50%) hydrolysis was observed in the infected group. Considering these data it is suggested that NTPDase activity is altered on the surface of lymphocytes of rats infected withT. evansiat different time-points of infection.
Host-parasite associations and host-specificity in haemoparasites of reed bed passerines
Authors: VENTIM RITA , MORAIS JOANA , PARDAL SARA , MENDES LUÍSA , RAMOS JAIME A. , PÉREZ-TRIS JAVIER 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThe host specificity and host sharing of avian haemoparasites (genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium) is still poorly known, although they infect a large proportion of several studied bird populations. This study used molecular techniques to detect haemoparasites in marsh warblers and in other passerines that feed in reed beds, at 4 sites in Portugal. The host-specificity of the parasite lineages was analysed and compared with other cases described in the literature to assess whether apparent host specificity changes according to the studied system. Nine lineages of Haemoproteus and 15 of Plasmodium were found, of which only 10 Plasmodium were proven to have local transmission. Each lineage was confined to a distinct set of host species. The distribution of parasites in the host species was non-nested, meaning that specialist lineages did not always share hosts with generalists. The most prevalent lineages were those with a wider host range, indicating that the ability to infect more hosts will enhance a parasite's prevalence in its entire host range. We also found that in our areas, a specialist parasite (H. MW1) appears to have a more generalist character than described in the literature, suggesting that a parasite's apparent specialization can depend on the type of host species sampled.
Study ofTrypanosoma cruziepimastigote cell death by NMR-visible mobile lipid analysis
Authors: BENITEZ DIEGO , PEZAROGLO HORACIO , MARTÍNEZ VERÓNICA , CASANOVA GABRIELA , CABRERA GONZALO , GALANTI NORBEL , GONZÁLEZ MERCEDES , CERECETTO HUGO 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYCell death mechanisms inTrypanosoma cruzihave not been disclosed in detail though different conventional techniques have been used in the classification of parasite-cell death type. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has successfully been used as a tool to evaluate the onset of apoptosis in a number of higher eukaryote-cell models analysing the ratio of CH2/CH3integration from the visible mobile lipids (VML). Surprisingly, this versatile non-invasive spectroscopy technique has never been employed with this purpose inT. cruzi. In the present study it is shown that under different parasite death-conditions the ratio CH2/CH3varied drastically. Thus,T. cruziepimastigotes in apoptotic conditions increase significantly this ratio while in necrotic as well as in autophagic situations the parasites maintain the VML, CH2/CH3ratio, in normal values. Additionally, other VML markers commonly used in these studies, such as the change in the region of methyl-choline moiety, -N+(CH3)3, exhibited different particular patterns according to the type of cell death. Our results suggest that the1H NMR-VML technique is an adequate tool to discriminate differentT. cruzideath pathways.
Huck Finn, Aristotle, and Anti-Intellectualism in Moral Psychology
Authors: Montmarquet James 
Published: January 2012

AbstractJonathan Bennett, Nomy Arpaly, and others see in Huckleberry Finn's apparent praiseworthiness for not turning Jim in (even though this goes against his own moral judgments in the matter) a model for an improved, non-intellectualist approach to moral appraisal. I try to show – both on Aristotelian and on independent grounds – that these positions are fundamentally flawed. In the process, I try to show how Huck may be blameless for lacking what would have been a praiseworthy belief (that I should help Jim), hence, blameless for not acting on this belief; but being ‘blamelessly unpraiseworthy’ is not the same thing as being praiseworthy.
CLINICAL HETEROGENEITY IN SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS AND HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS: SYNTHESIS OF GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS AND THE LITERATURE
Authors: Gartlehner Gerald , West Suzanne L. , Mansfield Alyssa J. , Poole Charles , Tant Elizabeth , Lux Linda J. , Lohr Kathleen N. 
Published: January 2012

Objectives: The aim of this study was to synthesize best practices for addressing clinical heterogeneity in systematic reviews and health technology assessments (HTAs).Methods: We abstracted information from guidance documents and methods manuals made available by international organizations that develop systematic reviews and HTAs. We searched PubMed® to identify studies on clinical heterogeneity and subgroup analysis. Two authors independently abstracted and assessed relevant information.Results: Methods manuals offer various definitions of clinical heterogeneity. In essence, clinical heterogeneity is considered variability in study population characteristics, interventions, and outcomes across studies. It can lead to effect-measure modification or statistical heterogeneity, which is defined as variability in estimated treatment effects beyond what would be expected by random error alone. Clinical and statistical heterogeneity are closely intertwined but they do not have a one-to-one relationship. The presence of statistical heterogeneity does not necessarily indicate that clinical heterogeneity is the causal factor. Methodological heterogeneity, biases, and random error can also cause statistical heterogeneity, alone or in combination with clinical heterogeneity.Conclusions: Identifying potential modifiers of treatment effects (i.e., effect-measure modifiers) is important for researchers conducting systematic reviews and HTAs. Recognizing clinical heterogeneity and clarifying its implications helps decision makers to identify patients and patient populations who benefit the most, who benefit the least, and who are at greatest risk of experiencing adverse outcomes from a particular intervention.
Four Models of the Fourth Estate: A Typology of Contemporary Chinese Journalists
Authors: Hassid Jonathan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractScholarly attention has not kept pace with the rapid changes in the professional role of Chinese journalists. Instead, two older views prevail. The first, which sees Chinese journalists as “mouthpieces” of the Communist Party unchanged from the Maoist era, downplays the tremendous changes in the media since 1978. The second view, holding that they are increasingly becoming “American-style professionals,” overstates the influence of international media norms on Chinese news workers' day-to-day reality. While such communist and American-style professionals do exist in contemporary China, both are far less influential and numerous than stereotypes would suggest. Exclusive scholarly focus on these groups ignores two other more numerous and influential orientations: “advocate professionals,” those who write to influence opinion and policy, and “workaday journalists,” who work mainly for money and lack a commitment to public service. This article delineates all four types of Chinese journalist and explains why an understanding of the latter two professional orientations is critical to understanding China's media, politics and society.