bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Never too many? How legumes control nodule numbers
Authors: MORTIER VIRGINIE , HOLSTERS MARCELLE , GOORMACHTIG SOFIE 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTRestricted availability of nitrogen compounds in soils is often a major limiting factor for plant growth and productivity. Legumes circumvent this problem by establishing a symbiosis with soil‐borne bacteria, called rhizobia that fix nitrogen for the plant. Nitrogen fixation and nutrient exchange take place in specialized root organs, the nodules, which are formed by a coordinated and controlled process that combines bacterial infection and organ formation. Because nodule formation and nitrogen fixation are energy‐consuming processes, legumes develop the minimal number of nodules required to ensure optimal growth. To this end, several mechanisms have evolved that adapt nodule formation and nitrogen fixation to the plant's needs and environmental conditions, such as nitrate availability in the soil. In this review, we give an updated view on the mechanisms that control nodulation.
NKp46+ cells express granulysin in multiple cutaneous adverse drug reactions
Authors: Schlapbach C. , Zawodniak A. , Irla N. , Adam J. , Hunger R. E. , Yerly D. , Pichler W. J. , Yawalkar N. 
Published: August 2011

To cite this article: Schlapbach C, Zawodniak A, Irla N, Adam J, Hunger RE, Yerly D, Pichler WJ, Yawalkar N. NKp46+ cells express granulysin in multiple cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Allergy 2011; 66: 1469–1476.AbstractBackground:  The spectrum of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (cADRs) ranges from benign presentations to severe life‐threatening forms such as toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). In TEN, granulysin has been shown to be the key cytotoxic molecule. Still, little is known about the expression of granulysin in other cADRs. As an important source of granulysin, natural killer (NK) cells are of major interest in cADRs. Recently, NKp46 has been identified as the most selective NK‐cell marker. However, the role of NKp46+ cells in cADRs and their contribution to granulysin expression remain to be elucidated.Methods:  Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining of tissue sections from multiple cADRs were quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated. Further, in vivo and in vitro drug‐stimulation tests were performed.Results:  Granulysin is expressed at different levels in multiple cADRs both by NKp46+ cells and by CD8+ T cells. Even in mild forms of cADRs, granulysin can be induced in vivo and in vitro in a drug‐specific manner. NKp46+ cells were found to infiltrate the dermal/epidermal junction particularly in TEN.Conclusion:  The impressive clinical differences of cADRs may not be uniquely explained by the expression of granulysin. Additional factors such as drug‐specific activation and recruitment of NKp46+ cells to the epidermis may play a role in determining the severity of cADRs. Therefore, unraveling the effects of drugs on NK‐cell activation and trafficking may help to better understand the cytotoxic mechanisms behind cADRs.
Innate and adaptive antifungal immune responses: partners on an equal footing
Authors: Hamad Mawieh 
Published: August 2011

SummaryAdaptive immunity has long been regarded as the major player in protection against most fungal infections. Mounting evidence suggest however, that both innate and adaptive responses intricately collaborate to produce effective antifungal protection. Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in initiating and orchestrating antifungal immunity; neutrophils, macrophages and other phagocytes also participate in recognising and eliminating fungal pathogens. Adaptive immunity provides a wide range of effector and regulatory responses against fungal infections. Th1 responses protect against most forms of mycoses but they associate with significant inflammation and limited pathogen persistence. By contrast, Th2 responses enhance persistence of and tolerance to fungal infections thus permitting the generation of long‐lasting immunological memory. Although the role of Th17 cytokines in fungal immunity is not fully understood, they can enhance proinflammatory or anti‐inflammatory responses or play a regulatory role in fungal immunity all depending on the pathogen, site/phase of infection and host immunostatus. T regulatory cells balance the activities of various Th cell subsets thereby permitting inflammation and protection on the one hand and allowing for tolerance and memory on the other. Here, recent developments in fungal immunity research are reviewed as means of tracing the emergence of a refined paradigm where innate and adaptive responses are viewed in the same light.
Oryza rufipogon, a valuable source for resistance to bacterial blight of rice
Authors: Ram Tilathoo , Laha Gouri S. , Deen Ram , Ramos Joy M. , VeraCruz Casiana M. , Brar Darshan S. 
Published: August 2011

With 2 tablesAbstractSix hundred and sixty‐two accessions of Oryza rufipogon were screened against two Philippine strains (PXO61 and PXO99) of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) for their resistance to bacterial blight (BB). Of the 662 accessions, 13.6% were resistant and 7.9% were moderately resistant to PXO61 strain, while 5.7% and 6.8% accessions were found resistant and moderately resistant, respectively, against strain PXO99. The accessions found resistant to one or both the strains were further evaluated with five Philippine isolates and four Indian isolates having different virulence profile. Fourteen accessions were highly resistant to all the five strains of the Philippines, while six accessions were found to have broad‐spectrum resistance to all the four Indian strains of Xoo. Of the 662 accessions screened, only two accessions designated as Acc # 104423 and 80671 were found resistant to all the Philippines and Indian strains making them highly valuable donors for durable broad‐ spectrum resistance to BB.
Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the differentiation of angiomyolipoma with minimal fat from clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Tanaka Hajime , Yoshida Soichiro , Fujii Yasuhisa , Ishii Chikako , Tanaka Hiroshi , Koga Fumitaka , Saito Kazutaka , Masuda Hitoshi , Kawakami Satoru , Kihara Kazunori 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to evaluate diffusion‐weighted (DW) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in differentiating between minimal fat angiomyolipoma (MFAML) and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). Forty‐one solid renal tumors without visible macroscopic fat on unenhanced computed tomography images were evaluated by MRI, including DW‐MRI, and were diagnosed pathologically as CCRCC (n = 36) or MFAML (n = 5). To evaluate the heterogeneity of diffusion in each tumor, the signals of the tumors on DW‐MRI were analyzed subjectively and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and histograms assessed objectively. Thirty‐three of 36 CCRCC (92%) exhibited a heterogeneous signal on DW‐MRI and several peaks in the ADC value histogram, whereas four of five MFAML exhibited a homogeneous signal on DW‐MRI and a single prominent peak in the histogram. The standard deviations of the ADC values were significantly smaller for MFAML than for CCRCC (P = 0.0015). In conclusion, DW‐MRI can be considered a useful and noninvasive addition to the preoperative differentiation of CCRCC and MFAML.
Lymphoepithelioma‐like bladder cancer: Clincopathologic study of six cases
Authors: Kozyrakis Diomidis , Petraki Constantina , Prombonas Ioannis , Grigorakis Alkiviadis , Kanellis Georgios , Malovrouvas Dimitrios 
Published: August 2011

AbstractHerein, we report on our experience with six patients (0.3%) diagnosed with lymphoepithelioma‐like bladder carcinoma (LELBC) over the past 15 years at our department. The mean age of the patients with LELBC was 73 years (range 69–80 years). All patients had at least pT2 disease. The primary treatment was transurethral resection of the bladder tumor, radical cystectomy (RC), and radiotherapy (RT) in one, two, and three patients, respectively. After a mean follow‐up of 31 months (range 13–72 months), three patients are still alive. The predominant subtype was diagnosed in four patients, three of whom are alive at the time of writing, compared with the two patients in whom the focal subtype was diagnosed, both of whom are dead. Two of the living patients were treated with a bladder‐preservation strategy. Our experiences suggest that RC may not be necessary in muscle invasive disease and that RT and chemotherapy may be reliable treatment options. The pathology report may be useful in selecting patients suitable for bladder‐preservation treatment.
Predictors of dropout in weight loss interventions: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Moroshko I. , Brennan L. , O'Brien P. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryAttendance and completion of weight loss intervention is associated with better weight loss outcomes; however, attrition is neither consistently reported nor comprehensively explored in the weight loss literature. A systematic review was undertaken to identify factors associated with attrition in weight loss interventions involving overweight or obese (body mass index ≥ 25) adults (18–65 years). Sixty‐one studies published before May 2011 and addressing factors associated with weight loss programme attrition were identified. Conclusions were limited by the large number of variables explored, the small number of studies exploring each variable, the large variety of study settings and methodologies used, the inconsistent reporting of results, and the conflicting findings across studies. A consistent set of predictors has not yet been identified. The majority of studies relied on pre‐treatment routinely collected data rather than variables selected because of their theoretical and/or empirical relationship with attrition. However, psychological and behavioural patient factors and processes associated with the treatment were more commonly associated with attrition than patient background characteristics. Future research should consider theoretically grounded social–psychological and behavioural processes as potential predictors of dropout. Identification of patients at risk of dropout will contribute to both the effectiveness and the cost‐effectiveness of weight loss interventions.
ON THE IMMORALITY OF THREATENING
Authors: Anderson Scott A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA plausible explanation of the wrongfulness of threatening, advanced most explicitly by Mitchell Berman, is that the wrongfulness of threatening derives from the wrongfulness of the act threatened. This essay argues that this explanation is inadequate. We can learn something important about the wrongfulness of threatening (with implications for thinking about coercion) by comparing credible threats to some other claims of impending harm. A credible bluff threat to do harm is likely to be more and differently wrongful than making intentionally false warnings about other sources of harm. This essay surveys some examples to secure this point, shows that Berman's moralized account of their wrongfulness is wanting, and offers the outline of an approach better suited to explain the wrongfulness of threatening.
A META‐DESCRIPTIVIST THEORY OF PROPER NAMES
Authors: Costa Claudio F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper proposes a new, stronger version of the cluster theory of proper names. It introduces a meta‐identifying rule that can establish a cluster's main descriptions and explain how they must be satisfied in order to allow the application of a proper name. At the same time, it preserves some main insights of the causal‐historical view. With the resulting rule we can not only give a more detailed reply to the counter‐examples to descriptivism, but also explain the informative contents of proper names and why they are rigid designators in contrast with descriptions.
DO WE SENSE MODALITIES WITH OUR SENSE MODALITIES?1
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIt has been widely assumed that we do not perceive dispositional properties. I argue that there are two ways of interpreting this assumption. On the first, extensional, interpretation whether we perceive dispositions depends on a complex set of metaphysical commitments. But if we interpret the claim in the second, intensional, way, then we have no reason to suppose that we do not perceive dispositional properties. The two most important and influential arguments to the contrary fail.
A Police Authority—the Denial of Conflict
Authors: Brogden M. 
Published: August 2011

‘I'm sorry you're not satisfied. We like to co-operate, I'll tell you what I'll do. I'll call an early meeting of the Watch Committee and put you on the agenda.’ ‘That would be kind of you.’ Matlock had halted as he left. ‘Do you remember a time, Chief Constable, when Watch Committees gave instructions to the police?’ (Dick Morland: Heart Clock, N.E.L. Science Fiction, 1973)
FROM SECOND HOME TO PRIMARY RESIDENCE: MIGRATION TOWARDS RECREATIONAL PROPERTIES IN SWEDEN 1991–2005
Authors: MÜLLER DIETER K. , MARJAVAARA ROGER 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTSecond homes are at the nexus of tourism and migration. Previous research has demonstrated that second homes are important domiciles after retirement. Nevertheless, few studies have addressed this issue specifically. Many households claim that they would use their second homes more often, and some even state that they would convert these homes into their new permanent homes. While this is a known phenomenon, its geographical outcome is rather unknown. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the conversion of second homes into primary residences. This is done with respect to timing and geographical patterns. A geo‐referenced longitudinal population database allows for identifying converted properties and linking them to information of their owners' households. This facilitates a discussion regarding the impact of conversions on planning and service provision in host communities, too. The analysis refers to the time period from 1991 to 2005.
FLEXIBILITY IN PLACE AND MEANINGS OF PLACE BY FIRST GENERATION MIGRANTS
Authors: POWELL MARK , RISHBETH CLARE 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe Walking Voices research project investigates the experience and perception of local places of first generation migrants. Two key themes are addressed: the scope of the outdoor environment to support a sense of belonging to new places, and how choices and values enacted in the public realm might reflect changing transnational identities. The fieldwork focused on one neighbourhood in Sheffield, UK, and engaged participants from five different countries of origin in self‐recorded audio techniques. Analysis of narratives revealed a process of engagement with the strange and familiar in everyday places, and that emotional qualities of place attachment can be strengthened by the recognition of transnational links. The visibility of activities and interactions in outdoor places was useful both for the learning of everyday skills, and for modelling diverse cultures within the neighbourhood. We suggest that the representational qualities of place both reflect and shape transnational identities, and perceptions of these inform choices of engagement or disassociation.
MONEY, SOCIAL STATUS AND ENDOGENOUS GROWTH IN A GENERALIZED CASH‐IN‐ADVANCE MODEL
Authors: CHEN HUNG‐JU , GUO JANG‐TING 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis paper analytically examines the equilibrium growth effect of money/inflation in a standard one‐sector AK model of endogenous growth with the most generalized cash‐in‐advance constraint and relative wealth‐induced preferences for social status. We show that on the economy's unique balanced growth equilibrium path, the sign of the correlation between money and output growth depends crucially on: (i) the intertemporal elasticity of substitution in consumption; and (ii) the liquidity‐constrained ratio of consumption to investment expenditure. Moreover, our model economy always exhibits a positive output–growth effect in response to changes of the strength for social status. We also undertake numerical experiments to assess the quantitative importance of our theoretical results under an empirically plausible set of parameters.
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND POLICIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Authors: CHOW GREGORY C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis article explains how economic analysis can be applied to understand environmental problems and to suggest appropriate policies to deal with these problems. Economic analysis is performed using static and dynamic models, and one‐person and several‐person game theoretical models. Policy recommendations include the control of industrial pollution in China and the regulation of world CO2 emission through the application of a resolution by the United Nations.
EXTERNAL ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND OPTIMAL PLANT LOCATION: CORRECTION
Authors: HWANG HONG , MAI CHAO‐CHENG , SHIEH YEUNG‐NAN 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis note shows that there is no interior solution in Mai and Hwang's oligopolistic location model with free entry when the sum of external economies scale and the degree of returns‐to‐scale is one or less than one. Furthermore, the shape of the demand function plays a key role in the determination of the oligopolistic firm's plant location.
Efficacy, safety and tolerability of rasagiline as adjunctive therapy in elderly patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Tolosa E. , Stern M. B. 
Published: August 2011

Background:  Rasagiline, an MAO‐B inhibitor, is indicated for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In this post hoc analysis, the efficacy, safety and tolerability of rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa were compared with placebo in elderly (≥70 years) and younger (<70 years) patients with PD.Methods:  Data were pooled from the Parkinson’s Rasagiline: Efficacy and Safety on the Treatment of ‘OFF’ and Lasting effect in Adjunct therapy with Rasagiline Given Once daily randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials with the primary efficacy end‐point being the reduction from baseline in daily OFF time. Secondary efficacy end‐points included scores for Clinical Global Improvement (CGI)‐Examiner during ON time, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)‐ADL during OFF time, UPDRS‐Motor during ON time and total daily ON time with and without troublesome dyskinesia. Tolerability was evaluated from adverse events (AEs) in the two age groups.Results:  Rasagiline decreased daily OFF time versus placebo (P < 0.01) and improved CGI‐Examiner score (P = 0.001) and UPDRS‐Motor ON score (P < 0.05). Changes in UPDRS‐ADL OFF score and total daily ON time without dyskinesia also favoured rasagiline but were not significant. Between‐group comparisons (≥70 vs. <70 years) showed that efficacy was unaffected by age for all end‐points (P > 0.1), and rasagiline was well tolerated amongst both groups of patients with a comparable incidence of total and dopaminergic AEs (P > 0.1).Conclusions:  Adjunct rasagiline is efficacious and well tolerated in elderly non‐demented patients (≥70 years) with moderate to advanced PD. Confirmation of the efficacy and safety of rasagiline in the elderly patient subgroup is especially relevant because of the increasing number of elderly patients with PD.
Residual periodontal pockets are a risk indicator for peri‐implantitis in patients treated for periodontitis
Authors: Cho‐Yan Lee Joseph , Mattheos Nikos , Nixon Kenneth Charles , Ivanovski Saso 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this retrospective study was to compare the clinical outcomes of implant treatment in periodontally compromised and periodontally healthy patients (PHP), with a minimum follow‐up period of 5 years.MethodsThirty treated periodontally compromised patients (PCP) and 30 PHP, with a total of 117 Straumann implants (PCP = 56, PHP = 61) were matched for age, gender, smoking and implant characteristics. The PCP group was further stratified with patients having at least one periodontal pocket ≥6 mm at follow‐up examination allocated to a “residual periodontitis” (RP) group, while the remaining patients were assigned to a “no residual periodontitis” (NRP) group. These groups were compared with respect to probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and marginal bone loss.ResultsThe mean follow‐up period in the PCP and PHP groups was 7.99 years (range 5.04–14.40) and 8.20 years (range 5.00–13.46) respectively. There was no difference in mean PPD between the PCP and PHP groups, but the prevalence of implants with PPD ≥5 mm + BOP was greater in the PCP group than in the PHP group, at both implant‐ (27% vs. 13%) and patient‐ (37% vs. 17%) level analyses. Mean implant PPD was significantly greater in the RP group (3.18 mm) than in both the NRP (2.67 mm) and PHP (2.81 mm) groups. Mean bone loss was also significantly greater in the RP group (0.68 mm) than in the NRP (0.23 mm) and PHP groups (0.26 mm). The prevalence of bone loss and PPD ≥5 mm + BOP at the implant level was significantly greater for the RP group compared with both the NRP and PHP groups.ConclusionsImplants in PCP with residual pocketing at follow‐up had increased PPD and bone loss compared with implants placed in PHP and PCP without residual pocketing. Hence, it is the maintenance of periodontal health rather than a previous history of periodontitis that is the critical determinant of increased risk of peri‐implantitis, highlighting the importance of effective periodontal therapy and maintenance in patients with a history of periodontitis.
Australasian College for Emergency Medicine examiner peer review process: Development and implementation
Authors: Yuen Allen , Rogers Ian R , Hazell Wayne 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIntroduction: In 2005, the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine set out to refine the selection, training and development of examiners. Part of this included development of an examiner peer review process.Objectives: The objectives of the present study were to observe examiners and seek their opinions on optimal oral examiner techniques, qualities and behaviours, and additionally, to describe how this information was utilized to develop an examiner peer review process.Methods: A qualitative stepwise method was utilized. This began with development of a list of examiner behaviours based on our direct observation of examiners. This was supplemented by a literature search to develop an examiner technique checklist. The checklist items were then put to the Court of Examiners to be rated on a scale of 1–10 for their perceived importance. A modified Delphi technique was utilized to further develop this checklist as an examiner peer review form with behavioural descriptors.Result: An assessment form was developed with similarly themed items grouped together. This form can now be used as the basis for regular feedback to examiners by appointed senior examiners during a peer review process.Conclusion: The present article describes the development of a list of optimal examiner attributes, followed by implementation of an examiner peer review process. The authors recommend examiner peer review for high‐stakes examinations.