bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’interprétation limitée du politique dans « The Law of Peoples » de John Rawls
Authors: Thibault Jean-François 
Published: July 2012

Cet article analyse les limites de l’interprétation du politique que l’on trouve dans « The Law of Peoples » de John Rawls. Considéré comme une simple addition à sa conception libérale du droit et de la justice politique, telle que développée dans La théorie de la justice et par la suite amendée dans son Libéralisme politique, ce droit des gens l’étend au domaine des relations internationales tout en validant du même coup la portée universelle de son interprétation du politique. Reposant sur une stratégie qui tend à écarter l’expression des désaccords, des antagonismes et des oppositions, l’auteur soutient que cette interprétation rawlsienne du politique, qui vise à la réconciliation du monde commun autour d’un consensus partagé par l’ensemble des participants, ne contribue guère à l’intelligibilité du problème auquel J. Rawls lui-même estime que la réflexion politique est confrontée, mais conduit tout au contraire à un renforcement du statu quo.
Représentation et présence : la démocratie représentative en question
Authors: Leydet Dominique 
Published: July 2012

Deux thèses sont défendues : premièrement, il existe une différence d’espèce entre le gouvernement représentatif et la démocratie représentative ressaisie à travers l’idée de présence. Deuxièmement, les revendications de droits spécifiques de représentation formulées aujourd’hui en faveur de groupes marginalisés ne signalent pas une crise de la démocratie représentative, mais une radicalisation de l’exigence de présence qui s’apparente à certaines des revendications ouvrières du XIXe siècle. L’enjeu est de mettre en cause l’idée qu’il y aurait rupture entre une politique dite « traditionnelle », qui serait affaire d’idées et/ou d’intérêts, et une nouvelle politique identitaire.
De la coupe aux lèvres : la pénible transformation de la politique étrangère japonaise après la guerre froide
Authors: Macloed Alex 
Published: July 2012

Traditionnellement la politique étrangère du Japon a été, pour les uns, celle d’un « État réactif », content de répondre aux actions des autres, ou, pour d’autres, notamment Susan Pharr, celle d’un « État défensif », cherchant à minimiser les risques et à maximiser les bénéfices. Cet article opte plutôt pour cette dernière interprétation, mais en se demandant si le Japon a été capable d’adopter une politique étrangère plus proactive dans la période d’après-guerre froide et plus à la mesure de son poids réel sur le plan international. Il met l’accent sur les difficultés internes et externes que le Japon doit surmonter avant qu’une telle nouvelle politique étrangère ne devienne réalité.
Choisir le bon contexte : John Locke et ses interprètes
Authors: Prévost Jean-Guy 
Published: July 2012

Ces notes critiques soulignent la traduction récente (ou annoncée) de trois ouvrages ayant apporté une contribution majeure aux études sur Locke : La pensée politique de John Locke, de John Dunn; John Locke. Droit naturel et propriété, de James TuIIy; La politique révolutionnaire et les Deux Traités du Gouvernement de Locke, de Richard Ashcraft. Au-delà des révisions importantes qu’ils suggèrent quant aux interprétations libérale ou marxiste de la pensée de Locke, ces travaux illustrent de façon éloquente une façon de faire l’histoire des idées politiques. Si l’on veut retrouver la signification d’une oeuvre, on ne peut en effet se contenter de la situer par rapport à une tradition construite a posteriori ou de la rattacher, par analogie, à une structure socio-économique dont elle serait le reflet. Ce que Dunn, TuIIy et Ashcraft proposent, c’est de reconstruire les contextes politique et linguistique dans lesquels Locke a écrit, un exercice au terme duquel celui-ci émerge comme le porte-parole du calvinisme radical plutôt que comme le héraut du libéralisme bourgeois.
Déclin de l’État et formes postmodernes de la démocratie
Authors: Thuot Jean-François 
Published: July 2012

Cet article analyse la trajectoire évolutive de l’État et de la démocratie dans le contexte du passage de la modernité à la postmodernité. L’État moderne, comme le modèle de la démocratie représentative qui lui est associé, constituent des structures de médiation de l’activité sociale opérant la subordination des pratiques sociales particulières, concrètes, des acteurs. La société postmoderne invalide ce dispositif, car, en soumettant le politique à l’exigence incontournable de faire corps avec la société « réelle », elle fait éclater la puissance étatique au profit d’autorités plurielles et excentrées, en même temps qu’elle suscite l’émergence d’un nouveau modèle de démocratie, la démocratie fonctionnelle.
Transformation des modes étatiques de contrôle social
Authors: Duchastel Jules , Laberge Danielle 
Published: July 2012

Cet article s’intéresse au problème des transformations récentes des formes étatiques de contrôle social. Avant même de statuer sur la réalité ou la profondeur de ces changements, les auteurs s’interrogent sur la différence entre les projets et la mise en œuvre de transformations. Ils attirent l’attention sur la complexité de ce qu’il et convenu de nommer le système pénal et, conséquemment, de ses transformations possibles. Distinguant les divers niveaux de cohérence entre éléments du système, ils montrent comment logiques politiques et bureaucratiques manifestent avant tout des tendances contradictoires.
Après avoir distingué cinq modalités d’intervention étatique dans le domaine du contrôle social — production législative et réglementaire, financement, coordination des activités des agences, supervision des activités des agences, gestion directe — ils présentent les principales transformations des pratiques discursives entourant le contrôle social et abordent quelques exemples d’évolution de ces activités de contrôle, en particulier le bénévolat et la privatisation.
Les pouvoirs de l'exécuteur testamentaire : étendue maximale et durée
Authors: Castelli Mireille D. 
Published: July 2012

A testator can increase or diminish the extent as well as the duration of the powers provided an executor by the Civil Code of Quebec. However, regardless of how positive the formula that he uses may be, he cannot grant absolute and arbitrary powers. That is true whether one considers the executor the agent of the deceased or of the legatees. In effect, it is the purpose of the administration of a testamentary estate which dictates the solution. Since that purpose is to carry out the will of the deceased, the first duty of the executor is to attempt to assure the legatee or the heir the largest possible patrimony. In any case, the executor would not be freed from the control which a request for his dismissal represents unless he should be a residuary legatee. A clause which would have that as its purpose would be considered null and void as contrary to public order and good morals.
Moreover, the duration of the administration of an estate can never be prolonged once the administration has been completed even if the testator had foreseen an administration of a longer duration. The only difference the formula used by the testator could make (the possibility of prolounging longer than necessary the administation of the estate) would be to influence the burden of proof which, in one case, would fall on the executor and, in the other, on the heirs or legatees.
Les principes généraux du droit français de la fonction publique
Authors: Timsit Gérard 
Published: July 2012

In France, public service rests upon the fundamental rule of the specialization of the law applicable to public servants. This entails that public servants are given a special status that singles them out from others in the other economic or social sectors.
That special legal status of the French public service is however being diminished under the influence of external factors. Economic factors tend to subject public servants to the general law of labour contracts. Political factors tend to give public servants the complete enjoyment of fundamental rights and civil liberties. Finally, administrative factors such as policies favouring mobility and promotion tend to lessen the importance of rigid classification and grading.
On the eve of major statutory changes in the law of the public service in Québec, Professor Timsit’s study provides an interesting comparative viewpoint.
Droit et linguistique - une approche du formalisme juridique
Authors: Raucent Léon 
Published: July 2012

Recent works in linguistics and on the philosophy of interpretation have some relevance for lawyers, since law can be characterized to a certain extent, especially in an age of burgeoning legislation, as a language-related science, as an exercise in reading the text of statutes.
The textual basis of law explains why laymen are so frequently complaining about its formal nature, i.e. its almost exclusive concern with words rather than concepts, and its total disregard for social reality. To say that such criticism can be explained is not, however, saying that it is valid.
This paper attempts to show that the close reliance of law on the wording of legislation does not, or at least should not, lead to formalism. For the meaning of legislation is derived not only from its own words, but also from its context and social background. Indeed, legislation can only acquire its ultimate and complete meaning through its application to individual cases.
La notion d'enrichissement sans cause en droit administratif québécois
Authors: Rousseau-Houle Thérèse 
Published: July 2012

The problem of unjust enrichment has often been raised in recent years with reference to litigation concerning contracts with public authorities. Many times, parties to such contracts have invoked this principle to obtain compensation for services provided under contracts later declared irregular or void. The courts have then attempted to apply in the context of administrative law the conditions laid down by civil law doctrine for unjust enrichment.
The transposition to administrative law of the civil concept of unjust enrichment does not, however, appear to have been adequate. To begin with, the principle of unjust enrichment is difficult to dissociate from the quasi-contract of negotiorum gestio in administrative law. Further, the material and legal conditions of unjust enrichment cannot be applied as a whole to administrative law. In this field, unjust enrichment appears as a true quasi-contract in the sense that it requires the assent of the person enriched. Furthermore, the enrichment must have resulted in a real benefit in the general interest of the administration. These special conditions require a different approach toward the notion of unjust enrichment in administrative law.
This approach may be elaborated from the Common Law notion of quantum meruit or from the theory of unjust enrichment in French administrative law.
A new concept of unjust enrichment in Quebec administrative law would lead to finding, in the field of quasi-contracts, a solution which would provide for the protection of both public finances and the individual interests of co-contractants.
The Himalaya Clause, “stipulation pour autrui”. Non-Responsibility Clauses and Gross Negligence under the Civil Code
Authors: Tetley William 
Published: July 2012

L'imputation de la responsabilité des pertes et dommages subis par la cargaison des navires dans les ports québécois est une question non encore tranchée. Le problème se complique du fait de l'introduction, dans la plupart des contrats de transport maritime international par connaissement, de la clause dite « Himalaya ». Cette clause représente à peu près en common law l'équivalent de la stipulation pour autrui. La validité de ces clauses a souvent été contestée avec succès devant les tribunaux de plusieurs pays, notamment de Grande-Bretagne, des États-Unis et du Canada. Par ailleurs, en droit civil, si la stipulation pour autrui est admise, ce n'est qu'à titre d'exception et sous des conditions très précises.
L'auteur recense la jurisprudence des pays de common law relativement à la clause Himalaya, et examine ensuite la validité de cette clause en droit civil à titre de stipulation pour autrui.
Il traite également du contrat de porte fort, et de la validité des clauses de non-responsabilité en cas de faute lourde.
Enfin, il analyse cinq décisions québécoises récentes, ainsi qu'une importante décision de la High Court australienne.
Le droit des valeurs mobilières et le retour des compagnies publiques au statut de compagnie privée
Authors: Alain Robert 
Published: July 2012

This article examines the « going private » phenomenon as it has developed in the United States and Canada over the past few years as well as its implications for Quebec law.
« Going private » transactions involve different means of corporate reorganization that allow a few controlling shareholders to eliminate, without adequate compensation, most other shareholders from further participation in a corporate body.
Such transactions are of interest to those who study company law or securities law as the methods employed often go beyond the spirit of both. The author attempts to demonstrate the role each can play in preventing abuses of minority rights. Corporate law, while ensuring majority rule, seeks to protect individual shareholders while securities law has developed to avoid the manipulation of individual shareholders in transactions involving securities.
The author believes that « going private » should take place only if full disclosure of the aims of the controlling group have been given to the minority, if there is a valid business purpose for going private and if the eliminated shareholders are treated fairly. Examples of these criteria are to be found in recent American, Canadian and Quebec jurisprudence as well as in the policy statements of the Securities Exchange Commission and the Ontario Securities Commission. These are analysed in relation to present Quebec law.
The author suggests that the Quebec Securities Commission should adopt a policy statement on « going private » similar to that of the OSC. This would be a better means of ensuring that the Quebec Securities Commission fulfill its role of promoting investor protection and an efficient securities market.
Le droit des valeurs mobilières et les placements privés
Authors: Antaki Nabil N. , Leclerc Gilles 
Published: July 2012

The overwhelming control of the different North American securities commissions over the capital market compels businessmen and corporate lawyers to a permanent search for new means to avoid the registration and prospectus requirements of the acts.
The authors try in this article to analyse the private placement exemption which seems to be most frequently relied upon. They discuss its development since the United States Supreme Court's decision in Ralston Purina. They explain the pros and cons of the subjective « need to know » and the capability of investors to « fend for themselves » tests as well as their byproducts. The recent and certainly more objective standards adopted by the S.E.C. and Ontario are also discussed. Finally, the resale of the restricted securities acquired in a private placement transaction is studied.
In this context, the Quebec law is hardly adequate and needs substantial clarifications.
La loi française du 11 juillet 1979 relative à la motivation des actes administratifs
Authors: Péquignot Georges 
Published: July 2012

This paper summarizes the changes brought about in French administrative law by a law of 1979 imposing on administrative authorities a broad duty to give reasons for their decisions.
Traditionally, the state of the law had been that, failing a specific statutory requirement, administrative authorities were under no obligation to provide reasons. This, however, had not prevented the Conseil d'État from reviewing administrative action — even of a clearly discretionary nature — for unlawfulness or impropriety of motives.
The new law is aimed at improving communications between administrative authorities and the public. It reverses the former rule for three broad classes of decisions concerning individual cases : those having an unfavourable effect on rights and interests, those allowing for more favourable treatment than is provided under a rule of general application, and those made by social security and unemployment assistance agencies.
Alleviation or disregard of the new rule is allowed in cases of emergency, where confidentiality or secrecy is required by law, or where, no decision being made in a prescribed time, a negative decision is deemed to have been rendered.
Guidelines for the implementation of the new law have been issued by the Prime Minister to all Ministers; the latter have in turn issued more detailed instructions to decision-making officers in their departments. Further guidance will have to come from the administrative courts when they are called upon to review decisions for insufficiency or impropriety of reasons.
Ultimately, however, achievement of the goal of improving the quality of intercourse between citizens and administrative authorities will require the development of a more open and trustful relationship between them.
« La Loi canadienne sur les droits de la personne » : une Charte méconnue
Authors: Lemieux Denis , Lachapelle Andrée , Lévesque Suzanne 
Published: July 2012

While the Constitutional Charter of Rights and the Canadian Bill of Rights have benefited to some degree from the debates and criticisms surrounding their adoption and application, few jurists are aware of the Canadian Human Rights Act. This statute pursues at the federal level the same goals as those set forth in provincial human rights legislation such as the Charte des droits et libertés de la personne. It applies to more than ten per cent of the Quebec labour force and, therefore, is not without influence in the implementation of human rights policies and the redress of grievances.
The purpose of this paper is to compare the Canadian Human Rights Act with other existing charters. In a first part, we will present the nature and scope of the Act, in a comparative perspective. The second part of the paper will deal with the implementation of the Act by the Canadian Human Rights Commission and Tribunals, also in a comparative perspective.
Les conséquences juridiques des informations erronées fournies par les préposés de l'Administration publique
Authors: Pelletier Gaston 
Published: July 2012

Government has, by its administrative hand, permeated practically all fields of human activity. Civil servants are therefore giving about more information than ever, information upon which citizens rely to act in such or such manner. What happens though if the information, given in good faith, happens to be erroneous ? That question is precisely the object of this article. Its author considers and weighs the effectiveness of three recourses ; one whereby the legality of the information would be upheld in spite of its erroneous character ; another whereby, the Government would be held liable for damages sustained by an ill informed citizen ; finally, one for redress in equity before the ombudsman.
Le régime juridique des langues dans l'administration publique au Nouveau-Brunswick
Authors: Foucher Pierre , Snow Gérard 
Published: July 2012

Linguistic rights in New Brunswick have progressed since the enactment of the Official Languages of New Brunswick Act of 1969. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms has caused the entrenchment of some linguistic guarantees in the Constitution and has provided for judicial enforcement. Collective rights have also been given legislative sanction through the passing, in 1981, of An Act Recognizing the Equality of the Two Official Linguistic Communities in New Brunswick, and new legislation to replace the 1969 Act has now been proposed in a recent government-sponsored study.
This paper looks at the legal consequences of these enactments in relation to public administration in New Brunswick.
Perspectives de l'égalité juridique des langues au Canada
Authors: Yalden Maxwell 
Published: July 2012

A substantial gap exists between theory and practice in the area of linguistic equality. While it is widely accepted that Canada's two major linguistic groups should have equal access to services in their respective languages, difficulties arise in the application of this principle to concrete situations.
From a theoretical point of view, the author recognizes that many reforms have been discussed promoting the goal of linguistic equality. While he admits that is unlikely that laws alone will guarantee the accomplishment of this objective, he indicates the areas where the laws are most likely to influence linguistic reality.
Le rôle de l'État dans l'élaboration des choix énergétiques et le rôle plus spécifique des différentes institutions publiques en France
Authors: Turpin Dominique 
Published: July 2012

This paper surveys the role of the key governmental institutions in the making of energy policy in France. It shows that in spite of fairly extensive debate of the issues in both chambers of the French National Assembly since the mid-1970s, members of parliament have so far failed to make a significant impact on decision-making in the field of energy. Part of this is due to the strength of the Cabinet's influence over the National Assembly, and to its constitutional position as policy-maker. Moreover, in spite of a vast array of departmental branches and associated agencies directly under ministerial authority, the government's power may have been more formal than real. Much of the actual decision-making is made by experts employed by the large State or privately-owned corporations. This extensive network of closely connected energy-producing corporations appears to have been, and to remain, the real seat of power, in spite of recurrent hopes for, and attempts at, democratization.
Le contrôle judiciaire comme technique de participation des citoyens aux choix énergétiques
Authors: Lemieux Denis 
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this paper is to show how judicial review has been used in the last ten years as a participatory technique by citizens and groups in the decision making process of administrative and political decisions dealing with energy exploitation and use.
In a first part, the author makes the point that judicial review is unadopted to that purpose. A second part reviews the recent case law. That review brings the author to the conclusion that the judicial forum was, by and large, an inappropriate one as far as participation was the avowed goal of plaintiffs and petitioners. But, in the last part of the paper, the author affirms that despite all these short-comings, the use of judicial review was often positive not as a technique of participation but as one which did facilitate participation at a subsequent stage, due to the wide publicity and comments, judicial and extrajudicial, surrounding the proceedings.
L'âge de la responsabilité pénale
Authors: Choquette Marie 
Published: July 2012

The jurisdiction of the youth court depends on the age of the person who appears before it. Since the federal Young Offenders Act came into effect, the minimum limit has been established at twelve years of age. Consequently, sections 12 and 13 of the Criminal Code have been repealed.
In the Province of Quebec, before Bill 60 came into effect, the lower age limit was fourteen years. Since the bill came into force, however, the Youth ProtectionAct has become essentially a law of protection and all federal offences must be treated in accordance with the Young Offenders Act. Many reasons persuaded the legislator to lower the minimum age from fourteen to twelve years of age, but it seems that the most convincing was a decline of the age of juvenile criminality.
Finally, the Young Offenders ACt establishes the maximum age limit at eighteen years of age and standardizes that age accross Canada from April 1, 1985. Reasons of uniformity, equity and constitutionality have influenced the legislator in setting the upper age limit at eighteen years of age.