bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Growth Studies of Intertidal Gastropods From Shell Micro-Growth Band Measurements, Including A Comparison With Alternative Methods
Authors: Ekaratne S. U. K. , Crisp D. J. 
Published: May 2009

Tidal micro-growth bands were used to study the annual cycle of shell growth of individuals dated predominantly by the immersion mark technique, in three common intertidal gastropodsNucella lapillus(L.),Littorina littorea(L.) andPatella vulgataL. growing naturally in the Menai Straits. Growth in all three species approximated to the von Bertalanaffy type. All three species grew throughout the year,N. lapillusandL. littoreawith early autumn and summer maxima, respectively, andP. vulgatawith two maxima, one in late spring and the other in early autumn.P. vulgataalone were observed during exposure to a 6-day period of sub-zero air temperature in January 1982 when shell growth was totally interrupted. InNucellaandLittorinashell growth was found to be closely related to ambient temperature but inPatellathere was a summer depression in growth. The file technique when combined with the immersion mark technique in date marking, was found to be inferior to the immersion mark technique on its own, since filing occasionally affected growth adversely.From among the factors determining the seasonal changes in growth rate, temperature was of major importance. Seasonal reproduction may also have an influence, especially inP. vulgatawhere gametogenesis coincides with the depression in growth rate during summer months.Alternative methods used in gastropod growth studies were compared. In the light of inadequacies associated with other methods of measuring growth, micro-growth band measurements in gastropods offers a new method with high resolution suitable both for short and long-term growth studies. It has potential also for ecological and physiological aspects of growth measurements.
Note on Projects for the Improvement of Sponge-Fisheries
Authors: Bidder George 
Published: May 2009

In considering the experiments of Buccich (6) on propagation of sponges by cuttings, two main questions present themselves:—(1) If a sponge be divided into many fragments, will the total increase of such fragments and their progeny be greater than the increase of the intact sponge and its progeny would have been in the same time; the conditions of water, &c., being identical?(2) Are sponges, grown as recommended by Buccich, more or less favourably situated than those on the sea-bottom?
Trade liberalisation and the nutrition transition: mapping the pathways for public health nutritionists
Authors: Thow Anne Marie 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo describe pathways through which trade liberalisation affects the food environment, relevant to the nutrition transition, in order to enable public health nutritionists to understand trade policy as a macro-level influence on food consumption.DesignThe pathways mapped in the present paper are based on the agreements of the World Trade Organization, which shape national policy. Implications for nutrition are presented based on a comprehensive literature review, and case studies are used to illustrate the various pathways.SettingDeveloping countries are currently experiencing a nutrition transition, resulting in dietary patterns associated with chronic disease. Chronic diseases are amenable to prevention, and trade policy has been highlighted as a potential avenue for nutrition-related prevention.ResultsTrade liberalisation influences the food environment through facilitating trade in goods and services, enabling investment and decreasing support/protection for domestic industry. These policy outcomes facilitate the nutrition transition particularly through increasing the availability and affordability of processed foods and animal products. The framework highlights the complex relationship between trade policy and the nutrition transition, with both negative and positive outcomes arising from different aspects of trade liberalisation.ConclusionsPolicy change associated with trade liberalisation has created incentives for consumption patterns associated with the nutrition transition, but has also had some positive nutritional outcomes. As a result, it is important for public health nutritionists to consider the implications of trade policy decisions in their efforts to prevent and control diet-related chronic diseases.
Was lernen Medizinstudenten im Wahlfach Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie?
Authors: Frank Reiner , Gegenfurtner Gisela , Steininger Christine , Kopecky-Wenzel Marie , Noterdaeme Michele 
Published: May 2009

Fragestellung: Im Rahmen des medizinischen Curriculums der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (MeCuMLMU) wird ein Kurs «Wahlfach Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie» durchgeführt. Ziele und Schwerpunkte sind der Einblick in den klinischen Alltag und der Erwerb von Grundfertigkeiten in psychopathologischer Befunderhebung und in Gesprächsführung. Methodik: Die 23 Unterrichtseinheiten erstrecken sich innerhalb einer Woche über vier Tage. Der Kurs wird zweimal im Semester für jeweils 12 Studierende angeboten. Der Einblick ins Fachgebiet wird durch Fallbeispiele von Kindern unterschiedlichen Alters mit je einer externalisierenden, internalisierenden Störung und einer Entwicklungsverzögerung und durch eine klinische Visite mit individueller Betreuung der Studierenden im Lehrkrankenhaus vermittelt. Das Erstellen eines psychischen Befundes wird anhand von Videoaufnahmen von Patienten in Gruppenarbeit unter Anleitung eingeübt. Rollenspiel mit Videofeedback bietet die Möglichkeit, Gesprächsfertigkeiten zu entwickeln. Ergebnisse: Die Evaluation erfolgt durch eine schriftliche Prüfung am Ende des Kurses, in der eigenständig ein Befund aufgeschrieben werden muss. Der Kurs wird von Studierenden und Dozenten in strukturierter Form beurteilt. Videoaufnahmen werden im Anschluss an den Kurs ausgewertet. Bei einer Teilgruppe konnte nach sechs Monaten eine Nachbefragung durchgeführt werden. Schlussfolgerungen: Der Kurs bietet eine hervorragende Möglichkeit, Studierende für das Fach Kinder- und Jugendpsychotherapie zu begeistern und als Nachwuchs zu gewinnen.
Distribution, pharmacological characterization and function of the 18 kDa translocator protein in rat small intestine
Authors: Ostuni Mariano Anibal , Péranzi Gabriel , Ducroc Robert A. , Fasseu Magali , Vidic Branislav , Dumont Janice , Papadopoulos Vassilios , Lacapere Jean‐Jacques 
Published: May 2009

Background information. The TSPO (18 kDa translocator protein) is a mitochondrial transmembrane protein involved in cholesterol transport in organs that synthesize steroids and bile salts. Different natural and synthetic high‐affinity TSPO ligands have been characterized through their ability to stimulate cholesterol transport, but also to stimulate other physiological functions including cell proliferation, apoptosis and calcium‐dependent transepithelial ion secretion. Here, we investigate the localization and functions of TSPO in the small intestine.Results. TSPO was present in enterocyte mitochondria but not in rat intestinal goblet cells. Enterocyte cytoplasm also contained the endogenous TSPO ligand, polypeptide DBI (diazepam‐binding inhibitor). Whereas intestinal TSPO had high affinity for the synthetic ligand PK 11195, the pharmacological profile of TSPO in the duodenum was distinct from the jejunum and ileum. Specifically, benzodiazepine Ro5‐4864 and protoporphyrin IX showed 5–13‐fold lower affinity for duodenal TSPO. The mRNA and protein ratios of TSPO to other mitochondrial membrane proteins VDAC (voltage‐dependent anion channel) and ANT (adenine nucleotide transporter) were significantly different. PK 11195 stimulated calcium‐dependent chloride secretion in the duodenum and calcium‐dependent chloride absorption in the ileum, but did not affect jejunum ion transport.Conclusions. The functional differences in subpopulations of TSPO in different regions of the intestine could be related to structural organization of mitochondrial protein complexes that mediate the ability of TSPO to modulate either chloride secretion or absorption in the duodenum and ileum respectively.
Estimating the posterior probability that genome-wide association findings are true or false
Authors: Bukszár József , McClay Joseph L. , van den Oord Edwin J. C. G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMotivation: A limitation of current methods used to declare significance in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is that they do not provide clear information about the probability that GWAS findings are true of false. This lack of information increases the chance of false discoveries and may result in real effects being missed.Results: We propose a method to estimate the posterior probability that a marker has (no) effect given its test statistic value, also called the local false discovery rate (FDR), in the GWAS. A critical step involves the estimation the parameters of the distribution of the true alternative tests. For this, we derived and implemented the real maximum likelihood function, which turned out to provide us with significantly more accurate estimates than the widely used mixture model likelihood. Actual GWAS data are used to illustrate properties of the posterior probability estimates empirically. In addition to evaluating individual markers, a variety of applications are conceivable. For instance, posterior probability estimates can be used to control the FDR more precisely than Benjamini–Hochberg procedure.Availability: The codes are freely downloadable from the web site http://www.people.vcu.edu/∼jbukszar.Contact: jbukszar@vcu.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Abscisic Acid Negatively Regulates Elicitor-Induced Synthesis of Capsidiol in Wild Tobacco
Authors: Mialoundama Alexis Samba , Heintz Dimitri , Debayle Delphine , Rahier Alain , Camara Bilal , Bouvier Florence 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the Solanaceae, biotic and abiotic elicitors induce de novo synthesis of sesquiterpenoid stress metabolites known as phytoalexins. Because plant hormones play critical roles in the induction of defense-responsive genes, we have explored the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on the synthesis of capsidiol, the major wild tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia) sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin, using wild-type plants versus nonallelic mutants Npaba2 and Npaba1 that are deficient in ABA synthesis. Npaba2 and Npaba1 mutants exhibited a 2-fold higher synthesis of capsidiol than wild-type plants when elicited with either cellulase or arachidonic acid or when infected by Botrytis cinerea. The same trend was observed for the expression of the capsidiol biosynthetic genes 5-epi-aristolochene synthase and 5-epi-aristolochene hydroxylase. Treatment of wild-type plants with fluridone, an inhibitor of the upstream ABA pathway, recapitulated the behavior of Npaba2 and Npaba1 mutants, while the application of exogenous ABA reversed the enhanced synthesis of capsidiol in Npaba2 and Npaba1 mutants. Concomitant with the production of capsidiol, we observed the induction of ABA 8′-hydroxylase in elicited plants. In wild-type plants, the induction of ABA 8′-hydroxylase coincided with a decrease in ABA content and with the accumulation of ABA catabolic products such as phaseic acid and dihydrophaseic acid, suggesting a negative regulation exerted by ABA on capsidiol synthesis. Collectively, our data indicate that ABA is not required per se for the induction of capsidiol synthesis but is essentially implicated in a stress-response checkpoint to fine-tune the amplification of capsidiol synthesis in challenged plants.
Effect of screening mammography on breast cancer survival in comparison to other detection methods: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kawai Masaaki , Kuriyama Shinichi , Suzuki Akihiko , Nishino Yoshikazu , Ishida Takanori , Ohnuki Koji , Amari Masakazu , Tsuji Ichiro , Ohuchi Noriaki 
Published: May 2009

The effectiveness of screening mammography (SMG) on mortality has been established in randomized controlled trials in Western countries, but not in Japan. This study evaluated the effectiveness by comparing the survival based on detection methods. The survivals were estimated by the Kaplan–Meier method. Breast cancer patients diagnosed from 1 January 1989 to 31 December 2000 were determined using the Miyagi Prefectural Cancer Registry and follow‐up was performed from the date of the diagnosis until the date of death or the end of follow‐up, 31 December 2005. The hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of breast cancer death based on the detection methods were estimated by the Cox proportional‐hazard regression model. The mean age of the 7513 patients was 55.7 years (range, 15.0–99.3). The 5‐year survival associated with the SMG group, the clinical breast examination (CBE) group, and the self‐detection group was 98.3%, 94.3%, and 84.8%, respectively. The HR (95% CI) of deaths from breast cancer was 2.50 (1.10–5.69) for patients in the CBE group and 6.57 (2.94–14.64) for the self‐detection group in comparison to the SMG group. In women aged 50–59, the HRs were 1.64 (0.58–4.62) among the CBE group and 3.74 (1.39–10.03) among the self‐detection group, and the HRs for the CBE and self‐detection groups in women aged 60–69 were 2.96 (0.68–12.83) and 9.51 (2.36–38.26), respectively. After adjusting for stage, the HRs dropped remarkably. Screening mammography may be more effective in the elderly group and be able to reduce the mortality of breast cancer in Japan. (Cancer Sci 2009)
Associations of cohort and socio‐demographic correlates with transitions from alcohol use to disorders and remission in metropolitan China
Authors: Lee Sing , Guo Wan‐Jun , Tsang Adley , He Yan‐Ling , Huang Yue‐Qin , Zhang Ming‐Yuan , Liu Zhao‐Rui , Shen Yu‐Cun , Kessler Ronald C. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTAims  To examine socio‐demographic associations of transitions from alcohol use to disorders and of remission from disorders in metropolitan China.Design and setting  Face‐to‐face interviewing by trained lay‐interviewers on a multi‐staged, clustered sample from the general population of Beijing and Shanghai, China.Participants  A total of 5201 adults aged 18–70 years and with household registration.Measurements  World Mental Health version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview.Findings  Lifetime prevalence estimates for alcohol use, regular use (at least 12 drinks in a year), DSM‐IV abuse and dependence with abuse were 65.4%, 39.5% (60.4% of ever‐drinkers), 4.6% (11.6% of regular users) and 0.9% (20.4% of lifetime alcohol abusers), respectively. These estimates were higher among respondents from the recent cohort; 64.3% and 36.9% respondents with a history of lifetime abuse and dependence respectively had remitted. The number of socio‐demographic associations for the onset of each transitional stage decreased from alcohol use to alcohol dependence. Onset of ever‐use was more common in respondents who were male, 18–50 years of age, with middle education level and never married, but less common among the previously married and students. First onset of regular use among those with ever‐use was more common in respondents who were male, less than 50 years of age and never married, but less common in students. Being male and less than 50 years of age was associated with more alcohol abusers among regular users.Conclusion  This study was the first to reveal in a Chinese population that qualitatively different risk factors might operate during the different stages of progression from alcohol use to disorders. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these differences in order to guide prevention programmes.
Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5‐year‐old children
Authors: Erkkola M. , Kaila M. , Nwaru B. I. , Kronberg‐Kippilä C. , Ahonen S. , Nevalainen J. , Veijola R. , Pekkanen J. , Ilonen J. , Simell O. , Knip M. , Virtanen S. M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryBackgroundVitamin D is known to have a number of immunological effects and it may play a role in preventing allergic diseases.ObjectivesTo study the effect of maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy on the emergence of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), and atopic eczema by the age of 5 years in children with HLA‐DQB1‐conferred susceptibility for type 1 diabetes.MethodsChildren (1669) participating in the population‐based birth cohort study were followed for asthma, AR, and atopic eczema assessed by validated questionnaire at 5 years. Maternal diet was assessed by a food‐frequency questionnaire.ResultsThe mean maternal intake of vitamin D was 5.1 (SD 2.6) μg from food and 1.4 (2.6) μg from supplements. Only 32% of the women were taking vitamin D supplements. When adjusted for potential confounders, maternal intake of vitamin D from food was negatively related to risk of asthma [hazard ratio (HR) 0.80; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64–0.99] and AR [HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.75–0.97]. Vitamin D supplements alone were not associated with any outcome. Adjustment for maternal intake of other dietary factors did not change the results.ConclusionMaternal vitamin D intake from foods during pregnancy may be negatively associated with risk of asthma and AR in childhood.
Effector activity of peanut allergens: a critical role for Ara h 2, Ara h 6, and their variants
Authors: Porterfield H. S. , Murray K. S. , Schlichting D. G. , Chen X. , Hansen K. C. , Duncan M. W. , Dreskin S. C. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryRationale
An important property of allergens is their ability to cross‐link IgE and activate mast cells and basophils. The effector activity of peanut allergens has not been well characterized.Methods
Crude extracts of fresh peanut flour were fractionated by gel filtration. Effector function was assayed by measuring degranulation of RBL SX‐38 cells sensitized with IgE from individual sera and from pools of sera of peanut‐allergic donors.Results
Following gel filtration, 75 ± 7% of the applied protein and 76 ± 16% (n=3) of the applied activity (assayed with a pool of 11 sera) were recovered in the resultant fractions. The majority (85 ± 2%; n=3) of the recovered activity resided in a fraction with a theoretical average molecular weight of ∼20 kDa and a range of 13–25 kDa. When all the individual fractions were recombined, the measured activity was similar to that of the original extract [140 ± 43% when measured with a pool of serum (n=2) and 66 ± 7% when measured with individual sera (n=4)]; when all individual fractions excluding the 20 kDa fraction were recombined, the measured activity was only 8 ± 2% (n=2) of the original extract when assayed with the serum pool and 10 ± 4% (n=3) when assayed with the individual sera. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis of this biologically active fraction revealed >60 protein spots. Analysis of 50 of the most prominent spots by matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and of the full mixture by automated tandem mass spectrometry coupled to online capillary liquid chromatography revealed that >97% of the protein mass consisted of Ara h 2.0101, Ara h 2.0201, Ara h 6 isoforms, and variants of these proteins.Conclusions
Ara h 2 and Ara h 6 account for the majority of the effector activity found in a crude peanut extract.
Behavioural and growth differences between experienced and naïve populations of a native crayfish in the presence of invasive rusty crayfish
Authors: HAYES NICOLE M. , BUTKAS KATRINA J. , OLDEN JULIAN D. , JAKE VANDER ZANDEN M. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. Species invasions are a leading threat to native species and ecosystems. How populations of native species respond to the presence of invasive species will ultimately determine their long‐term persistence.2. In this study, we capitalise on a unique opportunity to compare the behaviour and growth of naïve and experienced virile crayfish (Orconectes virilis Hagen) populations in the presence of invasive rusty crayfish (O. rusticus Girard). In behavioural trials, experienced O. virilis (coexisted with O. rusticus for >30 years) showed more aggressive behaviour than their naïve counterparts. Naïve O. virilis retreated from aggressive interactions with O. rusticus 38% more often than experienced O. virilis. Experienced O. virilis spent 39% more time occupying shelter than naïve O. virilis.3. There were also differences in O. rusticus behaviour: O. rusticus spent 24% more time occupying shelter with naïve O. virilis relative to experienced O. virilis.4. In field mesocosm experiments with O. rusticus, naïve O. virilis declined in body mass by 1% while experienced O. virilis’ body mass increased by 6%, thus highlighting the potential population‐level implications of the previously observed behavioural effects.5. Our work demonstrates significant behaviour and growth differences between naïve and experienced O. virilis in the presence of invasive O. rusticus. Whether this difference is the result of phenotypic plasticity or evolution by natural selection remains to be determined. Either way, this area of inquiry has implications for managing native populations and species in an increasingly invaded world.
Direct interpretation of 2D potential fields for deep structures by means of the quasi‐singular points method
Authors: Elysseieva I.S. , Pašteka R. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe founder of the Russian school of direct interpretation of potential fields (with minimal prior geological‐geophysical information) was V.M. Berezkin, who introduced the operator of total normalized gradient for the 2D interpretation of profile gravity data sets. This operator was successfully applied in searches of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The further development of this approach (the so‐called quasi‐singular points method) has allowed solution also to various structural problems, using mathematical criteria for the transition from extremes of total normalized gradient fields to coordinates of anomalous sources. The main numerical evaluation strategy is based on stabilized downward continuation of field derivatives and specific use of the filtration properties of Fourier series approximation. The characteristic properties of the quasi‐singular points method are: 1) presentation of a more general total normalized gradient function through additional parameters (derivative order m, form of smoothing function Q, number of Fourier coefficients N* with maximal N), optimum values being chosen during a peak‐spectrum analysis of the interpreted function; 2) calculation of the set of total normalized gradient fields for various values of N*/N, representing coordinate systems {x,N*/N} as an ‘axes tree’ of extrema, where each 2D total normalized gradient field is representationally compressed in a 1D line, permitting a) immediate overview of the positions of the axes in all variants of the calculated fields and b) reduction of the retained information, as required in subsequent interpretation; 3) development of two criteria for transition from extrema of total normalized gradient fields to the coordinates of anomaly sources. The quasi‐singular points method is intended for tracing limiting gently‐sloping boundaries, if their micro‐relief features are sources of the interpreted anomaly but sub‐vertical contacts may also be traced. The method has been tested in delineating various geological structures. One of the most challenging, successfully achieved, was tracing of the Moho discontinuity and study of the upper mantle, using only Bouguer anomaly data along interpretation profiles. This is attested in an example of two regional profiles intersecting the European part of Russia. The central part of one of them coincides with the results from a deep seismic profile.