bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New developments in the Late Carboniferous geology of the central Pennines, northern England: a review
Authors: Waters C. N. , Maynard J. R. , Wignall P. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

This paper provides an overview of recent work on the Silesian geology of the central Pennines, northern England, and acts as an introduction to the thematic set of papers presented in this issue of the
Proceedings.
The thematic set includes a paper derived from the Yorkshire Geological Society field meeting to Bradford, held on 16 and 17 September 1995 (
Waters
et al.
this volume). The remaining papers stem from talks presented at the general meeting of the Yorkshire Geological Society, held at Huddersfield University on 7 October 1995.
Late Carboniferous stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Bradford area, and its implications for the regional geology of northern England
Authors: Waters C. N. , Aitkenhead N. , Jones N. S. , Chisholm J. I. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

This paper presents descriptions and sedimentological interpretations of a number of sections in the Millstone Grit and Lower Coal Measures of the Bradford area, West Yorkshire. These are used to discuss the application of sequence stratigraphic models to cyclicity, particularly illustrating the problems of interpreting an erosive surface at the base of the Pule Hill Grit (Marsdenian R
2
). A change in basin bathymetry is confirmed as the cause of an evolution of delta geometry from deep basin, turbidite-fronted deltas in the Kinderscoutian (R
1c
4), to shallow marine, sheet-like deltas from late Kinderscoutian to Yeadonian, and increasingly lacustrine environments during Langsettian times. Evidence is provided for switching of sediment supply in the Langsettian between the Elland, Greenmoor and Grenoside cycles. The importance of intrabasinal sedimentary controls on deposition is discussed in relation to the Elland and Greenmoor cycles. The importance of intrabasinal tectonics is highlighted by slumps in the Stanningley Rock, synsedimentary faults in the Rough Rock Flags and vertical stacking of channel sandstones in the Elland Flags. Displacements on the Denholme Clough and Aire Valley fault systems during early Marsdenian times apparently produced an area of raised sea-bed topography associated with condensed mudstone-successions, diversion of sandy deltaic lobes, lateral transition of the ammonoid-bearing Bilinguites bilinguis Marine Bands into
Lingula
bands and the shallow marine Keighley Bluestone.
Graptolites of the Barnby Hills Shale (Silurian, Ludlow), New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Rickards R. B. , Wright A. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

An upper Ludlow graptoloid fauna of seven taxa from the Barnby Hills Shale, New South Wales, is associated with a diverse dendroid fauna of 20 taxa, in assemblages dominated by graptolites with rare scolecodonts. An association of late forms of
Bohemograptus bohemicus tenuis
(Bouček) with
Egregiograptus egregius byrnesianum
gen. et subsp. nov. suggests a level of approximately the
inexpectatus/kozlowskii
biozones.

The following additional new forms are described:
Dictyonema sherrardae mumbilensis
subsp. nov.,
D. goepperti krafti
subsp. nov.,
D. delicatulum barnbyensis
subsp. nov.,
Stelechocladia talenti
sp. nov.,
S. struszi
sp. nov.,
Acanthograptus aculeatus neureaensis
subsp. nov.,
Thallograptus acanthicus vandenbergi
subsp. nov.,
T. cooperi
sp. nov.,
Coremagraptus kalfusi praekalfusi
subsp. nov.,
Ptilograptus discurrens sherrardae
subsp. nov.,
Linograptus posthumus introvertus
subsp. nov., and
Prolinograptus packhami
gen. et sp. nov. The following are recorded from Australia for the first time:
D. goepperti
Kraft;
Callograptus? pulchellus
Shrock (subspp. 1 and 2)
Desmograptus quebecensis
Ruedemann,
Stelechocladia
Bouček,
Coremagraptus plexus
(Počta),
Coremagraptus kalfusi
Bouček and
E. egregius
Urbanek. In addition are several forms attributable to
Dictyonema, Dendrograptus, Linograptus
and
Pristiograptus.
It is suggested that there are several possible evolutionary origins for
Egregiograptus,
the most likely being from a Ludlow species of
Neolobograptus. Acanthograptus aculeatus neureaensis
subsp. nov. is regarded as an evolutionary derivative of
A. a. aculeatus
(Počta);
Coremagraptus kalfusi praekalfusi
subsp. nov. as an ancestor of
C. k. kalfusi; Thallograptus acanthicus vandenbergi
subsp. nov. to have evolved from
T. a. acanthicus
Bouček; and
Dictyonema sherrardae mumbilensis
subsp. nov. from
D. s. sherrardae
Rickards
et al.
A new elythid spiriferide brachiopod from the Lower Carboniferous (Asbian) reef facies of the British Isles
Authors: Brunton C. H. C. , Mundy D. J. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The genus
Nebenothyris
Minato, 1963 closely resembles the common spiriferoid genus
Phricodothyris,
but differs in having median ridges in both valves. It has seldom been mentioned in British faunas, but has been recognized in brachiopod collections from the Craven Reef Belt, North Yorkshire. We review the occurrence of
Nebenothyris
and recognize a new species,
N. rhachis,
from B2b ‘reefal’ limestones of late Asbian age in northern England and Ireland.
An igneous dyke complex in the Carboniferous Limestone of north Derbyshire and its significance
Authors: Cope F. Wolverson 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Descriptions are given of exposures, mostly temporary, of tholeiite dykes and kindred intrusions cutting Lower Carboniferous (Asbian) limestones in Great Rocks Dale near Buxton, Derbyshire. The presence of unusually severe marmorization of the limestones in contact with the intrusions and the outstanding thickness of the Lower Miller’s Dale Lava in the same area give indirect evidence that the various flow-units of the Lower Lava were fed by fissure eruption probably beneath the sea.
Yorkshire stone for building the Houses of Parliament (1839–
c
.1852)
Authors: Lott Graham K. , Richardson Christine 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The use of a Yorkshire stone, from Anston in South Yorkshire, for the building of the ‘New’ Houses of Parliament in London, which began in 1839, was something of an accident. The original stone chosen, after extensive studies by a Select Committee which included several eminent geologists, was Permian Lower Magnesian Limestone (now known as the Cadeby Formation) from quarries at Bolsover Moor (Derbyshire) and subsequently at Mansfield (Nottinghamshire). However, neither of these quarries was able to meet the considerable stone output demanded for the building and within a short space of time Magnesian Limestone from the quarries at Anston, transported via the Chesterfield Canal, was substituted and used for most of the upper fabric.
A sequence stratigraphic model for deposition of the Lower Kinderscout Delta, an Upper Carboniferous turbidite-fronted delta
Authors: Hampson Gary J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Late Kinderscoutian (Upper Carboniferous) strata in the central Pennines, northern England, were deposited in a turbidite-fronted delta, here termed the Lower Kinderscout delta. Existing depositional models of this delta system are based solely on facies analysis and imply that its lithostratigraphic components were coeval and genetically linked. However, detailed sedimentological logging of these strata at outcrop reveals a range of key elements, some of which can be traced regionally and which record distinct breaks in deposition, thereby contradicting these models. Key elements include: (1) high-relief (up to 40 m) erosion surfaces at the bases of coarse-grained fluvial and deltaic sandstone bodies, (2) thin coals, (3) surfaces across which there are a number of abrupt changes, including changes in depositional process from turbidity-current dominated to traction-current dominated, in sand:shale ratio and in ichnofauna, (4) intensely-bioturbated siltstones and (5) condensed shales, including marine bands. Each of these key elements records a change in sediment supply and/or accommodation space, implying that they have the potential for time correlation within a conceptual sequence stratigraphic framework. A new depositional model is proposed which is based on such a conceptual framework. A crucial feature of this model is the recognition of major erosional unconformities (sequence boundaries) which were produced by fluvial incision during discrete periods of falling relative sea level, when sediment was bypassed into the deep basin, and across which there are no genetic links in facies. Facies architecture is repeated, and therefore predictable, between the sequence boundaries. The sequence stratigraphic model therefore represents an important alternative to existing depositional models, particularly with regard to the timing and distribution of sandstone bodies.
Westphalian B marine bands and their subsurface recognition using gamma-ray spectrometry
Authors: O’Mara Peter T. , Turner Brian R. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Palaeogeographic reconstructions, marine band deposition and the variations of uranium enrichment in sediments enable marine bands to be divided into four types: (1) Namurian marine bands, which represent marine anoxic black shale events, with thick ammonoid acme phases that concentrate uranium; (2) Vanderbeckei marine bands have thin ammonoid acme zones and abundant benthos, resulting from shallower water depths and poorly developed anoxic events with negligible uranium enrichment; (3) Westphalian B/C marine bands are more marginal and have an abundance of land-derived plant fragments with adsorbed uranium, as well as uranium entrapped within phosphatic tests of
Lingula;
(4) brackish water
Lingula
beds with abundant terrigenous matter and negligible uranium response. This classification scheme provides a means of predicting the uranium response of individual marine bands which is attributed primarily to the type and amount of organic matter, and the salinity of the waters responsible for deposition. This approach allows marine bands to be recognized and identified in the subsurface from their gamma ray and spectral gamma response, and together with palynological analysis allows the marine band to be placed more accurately within the regional stratigraphic framework.
A comparison of the Skiddaw and Manx groups (English Lake District and Isle of Man) using neodymium isotopes
Authors: Strong P. , Evans J. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Nd-isotope analyses of greywackes from the Skiddaw Group give an εNd range of −9.3 to −4.1, broadly compatible with suggestions of a provenance within an inactive and dissected, continental-margin volcanic arc. There is no clear temporal trend but the youngest greywackes have the lowest εNd values, perhaps suggesting an increase in the proportion of an older continental component through time as the arc was eroded. Two stratigraphical units were also sampled from the Manx Group, the likely lateral equivalent of the Skiddaw Group on the Isle of Man. Of these, the Lonan Flags gave εNd values of −6.0 and −5.1, within the upper part of the Skiddaw Group range. However, a sample from the slightly younger Maughold Banded Group has εNd = +2.1, indicative of a large influx of juvenile volcaniclastic detritus. This influx appears to have occurred earlier (mid-Arenig) in the Manx Group than in the Skiddaw Group where the first volcaniclastic interbeds are seen in the (Llanvirn) Tarn Moor Formation.
Structural evolution of the Lake District Boundary Fault Zone in west Cumbria, UK
Authors: Akhurst M. C. , Barnes R. P. , Chadwick R. A. , Millward D. , Norton M. G. , Maddock R. H. , Kimbell G. S. , Milodowski A. E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Lake District Boundary Fault Zone (LDBFZ) lies at the boundary between the Permo-Triassic East Irish Sea Basin and the Lower Palaeozoic Lake District Block. It divides northwards, within west Cumbria, into a network of fault strands that lie within the cover sequence of Upper Palaeozoic and younger rocks and Lower Palaeozoic basement rocks, and terminates at the St Bees Fault Zone. The earliest evidence of movement across the LDBFZ during the Ordovician is drawn from the component Thistleton Fault which has a volcanotectonic origin and bounds blocks of distinctive stratigraphy and structure. Reactivation of the LDBFZ in response to regional tectonic events occurred during the Late Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cainozoic. Oblique reverse displacement during the late Carboniferous was associated with Variscan basin inversion. East–west extension and syndepositional normal displacement accompanied the formation of the East Irish Sea Basin during Permian and early Triassic times. Analysis of fracture mineralization phases from the fault zone strands demonstrates repeated fault activity from mid-Triassic to early Cretaceous times. Slickenside data from the Sellafield area indicate these phases of Mesozoic faulting accommodated dip-slip displacement and south-west-directed extension. Regional uplift during the Cainozoic was accompanied by basin inversion; oblique-reverse displacement across the LDBFZ at this time was accompanied by Cainozoic folding of the hanging-wall block. The structural evolution and displacement history noted for the LDBFZ is likely to have been similar to that of other major faults of north-north-west trend in northern England, notably the Pennine Fault.
The petrology and paragenesis of fracture mineralization in the Sellafield area, west Cumbria
Authors: Milodowski A. E. , Gillespie M. R. , Naden J. , Fortey N. J. , Shepherd T. J. , Pearce J. M. , Metcalfe R. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The petrology and paragenesis of fracture mineralization hosted in the Ordovician, Dinantian (Carboniferous Limestone) and Permo-Triassic rocks of the Sellafield area were studied as part of the United Kingdom Nirex Limited programme of site investigations around Sellafield in west Cumbria for a deep repository for radioactive waste. This paper summarizes the petrological and mineralogical observations from 23 of the deep (up to 2 km) boreholes drilled by Nirex.

A paragenetic sequence of nine Mineralization Episodes (ME1 to ME9) was recognized, and has been interpreted in the context of the geological and hydrogeological history of the Lake District massif and East Irish Sea Basin margin areas. ME1 to ME3 produced silicate and sulphide-dominated Palaeozoic epithermal to mesothermal mineralization associated with pre-Acadian hydrothermal circulation and late-Caledonian (mid-Devonian) intrusions. ME4 to ME7 represent carbonate-sulphate-fluorite-hematite-dominated mineralization associated with warm, complex, Na-Cl-Ca-SO
4
brines expelled from the East Irish Sea Basin area during progressive burial of the thick Carboniferous and Permo-Triassic sedimentary sequence. Sulphate-carrying brines expelled to the basin margin in the Sellafield area mixed locally with cooler, more dilute, sulphate-poor groundwaters carrying barium, resulting in the precipitation of barite. ME8 and ME9, by contrast, are closely related to the development of the present-day groundwater system. ME8 involved telodiagenetic, supergene alteration and weathering by near surface oxidizing groundwaters. Isotopic evidence indicates that ME8 was probably initiated following Late Tertiary uplift and may still be ongoing in some areas. ME9 may be coeval with ME8, but represents mineralization in the deeper, more-reducing groundwater environment. This mineralization episode is dominated by calcite (sometimes associated with pyrite, marcasite, barite, anhydrite or gypsum) precipitated from groundwaters of similar composition to those found in the Sellafield area at the present day. Observations suggest that ME9 mineralization occurred during the Quaternary and is ongoing in the present groundwaters.
The metamorphic history of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group: a petrographic study
Authors: Meller Nicola 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Petrographic studies of the secondary mineralogy of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group of north-west England suggest that these rocks were affected by at least four metamorphic events during the Palaeozoic. The first event was hydrothermal metamorphism which probably occurred during volcanism and resulted in deposition of chalcedony in veins and vesicles. Celadonite may be a result of this hydrothermal event or later burial metamorphism. The chalcedony was subsequently overprinted by contact and burial metamorphism. Contact metamorphism is defined by the presence of biotite and/or hornblende with or without hornfelsing and extends up a few km from the batholith/volcanic interface. Burial metamorphism is defined by two assemblages: calc-silicate hosted and calcite hosted, where their distribution is interpreted as being controlled by a change in the
X

CO
2

. content of the (predominantly hydrous) fluid associated with burial metamorphism. A fluid with lower
X

CO
2

was responsible for formation of the calc-silicate assemblage, whereas the fluid associated with the calcite hosted assemblage had a relatively higher
X

CO
2

. Burial metamorphic minerals replaced and infilled both hydrothermal chalcedony and primary igneous features (crystals, matrix and vesicles) and reached a maximum grade of prehnite-actinolite to actinolite-pumpellyite facies in the Devonian prior to the Acadian Orogeny. The last metamorphic event is regional metamorphism which is associated with the Acadian Orogeny and resulted in the formation of tectonically aligned white mica. Pervasive carbonate associated with the cleavage may be a result of regional metamorphism or a later post-metamorphic event. Post-metamorphic carbonate veins in the Lake District were probably coeval with post-Brockram carbonate veins in Nirex borehole volcanic sequences.
Microborings in mid-Cretaceous fish teeth
Authors: Underwood C. J. , Mitchell S. F. , Veltkamp C. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Fish teeth and other remains from the British Cretaceous contain abundant evidence for post-mortem colonization by endolithic organisms. The borings are here recognized as occurring in three morphotypes, including a flask-shaped form not previously recorded. There is strong evidence to suggest that each of these boring types shows a strong preference for a particular substrate histology. The damage and destruction of vertebrate remains by microborings is here considered to exert a major taphonomic conrol on microvertebrate assemblages. The relationships between the intensity of colonization of vertebrate material by endolithic organisms and palaeoenvironment have implications for using these bone microborings as palaeoenvironmental indicators.
The architecture of concealed Dinantian carbonate sequences over the Central Lancashire and Holme highs, northern England
Authors: Evans D. J. , Kirby G. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Many of the concepts of early Carboniferous carbonate deposition in ‘block’ and ‘basinal’ areas were developed in northern England, although the subsurface extent and nature of these successions were difficult to define due to limited Dinantian outcrop and borehole data. Detailed interpretation of seismic reflection data from this region, calibrated by borehole and outcrop data, has resulted in the identification of two distinct seismic facies in the subsurface, corresponding to shallow-water carbonates and deeper-water basinal lithologies. The subsurface extent and architecture of these facies have been mapped. Shallow-water carbonates are interpreted from seismically ‘transparent’ units which are broadly lens-like and which are restricted to the Central Lancashire and Holme highs. Surrounding and basinwards of these shallow-water carbonates is a ‘stripy’ seismic facies with a wedge-like form representing basinal-facies rocks. The two seismic facies are interdigitated and attest to a complex history of progressive drowning of the intra-basinal highs. Relative sea-level appears to have risen at varying rates during Dinantian times, with periods of rapid rise resulting in the retreat of shallow-water carbonates and periods of less rapid rise, stillstand or perhaps sea-level fall leading to their outbuilding. No evidence is found of significant footwall erosion of strata associated with fault movements in Chadian to Arundian times as suggested by some published tectonostratigraphic models.
Evidence of Late Devensian and early Flandrian processes and environments in the Idle Valley at Tiln, North Nottinghamshire
Authors: Howard Andy J. , Bateman Mark D. , Garton Daryl , Green Frances M. L. , Wagner Pat , Priest Vicki 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

This paper elucidates the late Pleistocene and early Flandrian environmental history of the Lower Idle Valley through sedimentological, palaeobiological and radiometric dating studies of fluvial and aeolian deposits. The lower part of the sequence comprises braided river sands and gravels with silty peats infilling a scour hollow in their upper surface. Coleopteran and palynological analyses of the organic sediments indicate deposition in a slow moving or static water body with fringing reeds, sedges and substantial beds of wet moss. Away from the water, the vegetation was open and probably of grassland with few trees. Radiocarbon dating indicates accumulation of organic material started towards the end of the Dimlington Stadial,
c.
13,500 cal bp. A cryoturbated, podsolized sandy clay with plant matter was developed on the sands and gravels and is akin to an ‘Arctic Structure Soil’. The sandy clay parent material on which the soil was developed is suggested to have originated in a lacustrine environment, tentatively linked to the Lake Humber complex. The palaeosol is buried, in turn, beneath coversands, the uppermost part of which is reworked. Thermoluminescence (TL) age determinations show that the coversands started to accumulate around 13,700 bp, probably in response to climatic deterioration prior to the Loch Lomond Stadial. Reworking began around 8,500 years ago.
A palynological investigation of the Lower and lowermost Middle Jurassic strata (Sinemurian to Aalenian) from North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Palliani Raffaella Bucefalo , Riding James B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A palynological investigation of the Lower and lowermost Middle Jurassic (Sinemurian to Aalenian) strata of North Yorkshire has been undertaken which incorporates material from the BGS Brown Moor Borehole, near Acklam and the coastal outcrops between Staithes and Robin Hood’s Bay. The resulting dataset is an additional contribution to the Jurassic dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy of northern England. Two distinctive variants of
Liasidium variabile
appear to have biostratigraphical significance in the Upper Sinemurian of North Yorkshire. Specimens of
L. variabile
from the
Caenisites turneri
Ammonite Zone, the
Eparietites denotatus
Ammonite Subzone and the
Oxynoticeras simpsoni
Ammonite Subzone have short apical and antapical horns. Forms from the overlying uppermost
Oxynoticeras oxynotum
Ammonite Zone, however, are characterized by elongate apical horns and rounded hypocysts. The regional dinoflagellate cyst diversity increase in the late Pliensbachian and the disappearance of many dinoflagellate cysts in the Lower Toarcian are both interpreted as being related to eustatic fluctuations. The paucity of dinoflagellate cysts close to the
Dactylioceras tenuicostatum-Harpoceras falciferum
Ammonite zonal transition in the Lower Toarcian was caused by the spread of widespread marine anoxia during the Lower Toarcian maximum flooding event. A new species of dinoflagellate cyst,
Nannoceratopsis symmetrica
, is described.