bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science and ethics of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome controversies in Africa
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic in Africa has raised important ethical issues for both researchers and clinicians. The most notorious controversy has been related to the zidovudine (AZT) trials in Africa in the late 1990s, in which the control groups were given a placebo rather than an effective drug to prevent vertical transmission. This raised concerns in the sponsoring country about exploitation of subjects, injustice and an ethical double standard between donor countries and resource‐poor settings. However, the real double standard is between clinical practice standards in Western versus African countries, which must be addressed as part of the increasing global inequity of wealth both between countries and also within countries. There are important limitations to ethical declarations, principles and guidelines on their own without contextual ethical reasoning. The focus on research ethics with the HIV epidemic has led to a relative neglect of ethical issues in clinical practice. Although the scientific advances in HIV/AIDS have changed the ethical issues since the 1990s, there has also been progress in the bioethics of HIV/AIDS in terms of ethical review capability by local committees as well as in exposure to ethical issues by clinicians and researchers in Africa. However, serious concerns remain about the overregulation of research by bureaucratic agencies which could discourage African research on specifically African health issues. There is also a need for African academic institutions and researchers to progressively improve their research capacity with the assistance of research funders and donor agencies.
Nomadic sexualities: an in‐depth case study about unsafe sex
Authors: O’Byrne Patrick 
Published: September 2011

O’BYRNE P. Nursing Inquiry 2012; 19: 357–367  Nomadic sexualities: an in‐depth case study about unsafe sexIn an era when researchers are identifying increased rates of unsafe sex among gay and bisexual men, it is important that the practice of unsafe sex be adequately explored. While much literature is already dedicated to this topic, only recently have researchers begun to develop in‐depth understandings of the personal meanings that people ascribe to unsafe sex. This study continues such explorations by examining (i) why one self‐defined gay man engaged in unsafe sex, and (ii) how he defined unsafe sex. The findings suggest that, for this man, his sexuality is nomadic and that what he feels is unsafe sex is the outcome of his nomadic sexuality conflicting with social imperatives for sexual stratification.
Football reminiscence for men with dementia: lessons from a realistic evaluation
Authors: Tolson Debbie , Schofield Irene 
Published: September 2011

Tolson D and Schofield I. Nursing Inquiry 2012; 19: 63–70 Football reminiscence for men with dementia: lessons from a realistic evaluationA major challenge of studies of non pharmacological dementia interventions is the likely modest intervention effect size and difficulties collecting data from individuals with behavioural, psychological and communicative symptoms. The reported Realist Evaluation is built around sets of contextually comparable case studies of Football Focussed Reminiscence for men with dementia. The study aim was to evaluate benefits of football related reminiscence for individuals and family carers. Four case studies were constructed; two community groups, one nursing home groups and individual sessions within their family home. Data was collected as field notes from non‐participation observation of reminiscence sessions, notes of conversations with people with dementia, audio recorded interviews with family members, facilitators and dementia link workers. The analysis was framed around identification and extraction of data pertaining to Context‐Mechanism‐Outcome configurations within each data set, and patterns and threads were compared across the cases. An important finding was that anticipation of pleasure in tandem with a sense of continuity appeared to be important mechanisms triggering optimal benefit. The paper explores design considerations, project delivery experiences and the contribution that innovative theory driven research adds to the study of complex interventions including those with behavioural and communicative symptoms of dementia.
Magnetic resonance imaging is an accurate and reliable method to evaluate non‐cystic fibrosis paediatric lung disease
Authors: MONTELLA SILVIA , MAGLIONE MARCO , BRUZZESE DARIO , MOLLICA CARMINE , PIGNATA CLAUDIO , ALOJ GIUSEPPINA , MANNA ANGELO , ESPOSITO ANTONIETTA , MIRRA VIRGINIA , SANTAMARIA FRANCESCA 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Chest MRI is increasingly used to assess pulmonary diseases, but its utility compared with high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) has never been evaluated in children using specific performance outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy and reliability of MRI compared with HRCT in children with non‐cystic fibrosis (CF) chronic lung disease.Methods:  Fifty subjects aged 5.9–20 years, with primary ciliary dyskinesia (n = 17), primary immunodeficiency (n = 17) or recurrent pneumonia (n = 16), underwent chest HRCT and MRI. The prevalence of lung abnormalities on HRCT was evaluated, and sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive and negative likelihood ratios for MRI versus HRCT were calculated. MRI and HRCT scans were also assessed using a modified Helbich score.Results:  Bronchiectasis, mucous plugging, peribronchial wall thickening, consolidation, bullae, abscesses and emphysema were detected by HRCT in 72, 68, 66, 60, 10, 8 and 8% of subjects, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and positive and negative likelihood ratios for MRI were good or excellent for most of the changes that were assessed. Median total Helbich scores for HRCT and MRI were 10 (range 0–20) and 10 (range 0–18), respectively. There was good‐to‐excellent agreement between the two techniques for all scores (r ≥ 0.8). A Bland–Altman plot confirmed this agreement between total scores (bias value: 0.2 ± 1.18; 95% limits of agreement of mean difference: −2.12–2.52).Conclusions:  Chest MRI was equivalent to HRCT to determine the extent of lung disease in children with non‐CF lung disease. The findings support the use of chest MRI as an alternative to HRCT in diagnostic pathways for paediatric chronic lung disorders.
Factors associated with long‐term survival of patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: GIROUX LEPRIEUR ETIENNE , LAVOLE ARMELLE , RUPPERT ANNE‐MARIE , GOUNANT VALéRIE , WISLEZ MARIE , CADRANEL JACQUES , MILLERON BERNARD 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Only a small proportion of patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have a life expectancy greater than 2 years. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with long‐term survival of patients with advanced NSCLC.Methods:  Patients who had received chemotherapy for stage IIIb or IV NSCLC that was not amenable to radiotherapy were studied retrospectively. Data were gathered prospectively from a comprehensive database. Long‐term survivors (>2 years) were compared with the other patients, with respect to clinical, biological and tumour–node–metastasis criteria.Results:  Data for 245 consecutive patients were collected. Thirty nine patients (15.9%) survived for more than 2 years. Long‐term survivors were more likely to have had metastases at fewer sites (P = 0.008), an absence of bone metastases (P = 0.01), a performance status (PS) of 0–1 at first progression of the tumour (P = 0.002), a tumour that was controlled with first (P < 0.0001) and second‐line (P = 0.004) chemotherapy, maintenance therapy (P = 0.001), curative surgery (P < 0.0001), time to first progression of the tumour of >3 months (P < 0.0001), normal LDH levels at diagnosis (P = 0.049), and a haemoglobin concentration >110 g/L at first progression of the tumour (P = 0.02). In multivariate analysis, surgery, maintenance treatment, time to first progression of the tumour of >3 months, a PS of 0–1 at first progression, the number of chemotherapy agents received, and LDH levels, were significant predictors of long‐term survival.Conclusions:  Assessment of these factors, and the use of maintenance therapy, when possible, may identify a population of patients with NSCLC that is likely to have a prolonged life expectancy.
A statistical model for scatter representation in stress life curves
Authors: LEHMAYR B. , STAUDACHER S. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTFatigue life reliability often is accounted for through minimal material data. To provide this information within structural calculation, experimental data from specimen testing needs to be processed with statistical methods. The results are either mean or worst case material data. However, in a robust design environment, scatter itself must be numerically available. In this paper, fatigue test results of a nickel‐based super alloy at two temperatures are taken from literature. These data are processed according to ASTM standard E739 to identify median and standard deviation, based on a stress life curve (S—N curve) in double logarithmic coordinates first proposed by Basquin. In addition, a new method for non‐constant standard deviation is applied to the dataset. The S—N curve parameters are treated with a statistical distribution to account for scatter in the material data. The basic parameter set is perturbed by Monte Carlo simulation to generate pseudo‐scatter in the life result, which can be plotted as a Wöhler field. This pseudo‐scatter is analysed and compared to the ASTM constant standard deviation regression. Statistical methods are used to show that a realistic prediction of fatigue life is feasible using the Perturbation approach. Both models represent the literature fatigue data very well, whereas the Perturbation approach provides more flexibility. It is especially recommended for black box Monte Carlo studies of structural lifing. The Perturbation approach is additionally capable of including runouts and using other life curves than such of S—N type.
Predictors of recurrence of prolapse after procedure for prolapse and haemorrhoids
Authors: Festen S. , Molthof H. , van Geloven A. A. W. , Luchters S. , Gerhards M. F. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim  The procedure for prolapse and haemorrhoids (PPH) is an effective surgical therapy for symptomatic haemorrhoids. Compared with haemorrhoidectomy, meta‐analysis has shown PPH to be less painful, with higher patient satisfaction and a quicker return to work, but at the cost of higher prolapse recurrence rates. This is the first report describing predictors of prolapse recurrence after PPH.Method  A cohort of patients with symptomatic haemorrhoids, treated with PPH in our hospital between 2002 and 2009, was retrospectively analysed. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify patient‐related and perioperative predictors associated with persisting prolapse and prolapse recurrence.Results  In total, 159 consecutively enrolled patients were analysed. Persistence and recurrence of prolapse was observed in 16% of the patients. Increased surgical experience showed a trend towards lower recurrence rates. Multivariate analysis identified female gender, long duration of PPH surgery and the absence of muscle tissue in the resected specimen as independent predictors of postoperative persistence of prolapse of haemorrhoids. The absence of prior treatment with rubber band ligation (RBL) as well as increased PPH experience at the hospital showed a trend towards a higher rate of prolapse recurrence.Conclusion  In order to reduce recurrence of prolapse, PPH should be performed by a surgeon with adequate PPH experience, patients should be treated with RBL prior to PPH and a resection of mucosa with underlying muscle fibres should be strived for.
Octreotide for the treatment of diarrhoea in patients with ileal pouch anal anastomosis: a placebo‐controlled crossover study
Authors: Van Assche G. , Ferrante M. , Vermeire S. , Noman M. , Rans K. , Van der Biest L. , Penninckx F. , Wolthuis A. , Rutgeerts P. , D’Hoore A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim  Diarrhoea with urgency is a debilitating long‐term complication of ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) after a proctocolectomy. Somatostatin analogues are used to control diarrhoea and high‐output ostomies. Hence, we designed a prospective, double‐blind, crossover trial to explore the efficacy and tolerability of octreotide to reduce diarrhoea in adult patients with IPAA.Method  Patients were randomized to octreotide subcutaneously (SC), 500 μg three times daily (t.i.d.), or matching placebo SC for 7 days. Responders (a reduction in stool frequency of three or more stools per 24‐h period and with a reduction in stool frequency of at least 30% after 7 days of treatment compared with baseline; the primary end‐point) remained in the same group and nonresponders could cross over to the alternative treatment for 7 days. Open‐label octeotide LAR 30 mg was offered to all responders on day 14. Flexible pouchoscopy with biopsies was performed at baseline in all patients and was repeated on days 7 and 14 in patients with pouchitis.Results  Fifteen patients (11 men, median age 52 years), all with ulcerative colitis, were randomized. Three patients were withdrawn for side effects during the blinded phase. Response was achieved by two of 12 and two of 11 patients treated with octreotide or placebo, respectively (including crossover, P = 0.9). The median stool frequency remained stable in both groups [Δoctreotide: 0 (IQR, −4 to 0), Δplacebo: −1 (IQR, −1 to 1), P = 0.45]. Octreotide had no effect on the modified pouch disease activity index (mPDAI), and pouchitis persisted in five of six subjects with pouchitis at onset. One subject received open‐label octreotide LAR.Conclusion  Octreotide has no clear beneficial effect on the stool pattern or on pouchitis severity in patients with high stool frequency after IPAA.
Does Euro or Dollar Pegging Impact the Real Exchange Rate? The Case of Oil and Commodity Currencies
Authors: Coudert Virginie , Couharde Cécile , Mignon Valérie 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to investigate the equilibrium exchange rates for commodity and oil currencies as well as the discrepancies of their observed exchange rates to these equilibriums. To this end, first, we estimate a long‐term relationship between the real effective exchange rate and economic fundamentals, including the commodity terms of trade. The estimation relies on panel cointegration techniques and covers annual data from 1980 to 2007. Our results show that real exchange rates co‐move with commodity prices in the long run and respond to oil price somewhat less than to commodity prices. Second, we assess the degree of misalignment of these currencies, as the gap between their observed exchange rate and the estimated equilibrium exchange rate. We show that these misalignments are not significantly related to the exchange rate regimes adopted by the countries, either pegged or floating. However, for pegged currencies, the size of misalignments significantly depends on the anchor currency, either the euro or the dollar. A comparison of misalignments of pegged commodity and oil currencies across different periods confirms these results: during periods of dollar (euro) overvaluation, currencies pegged to the dollar (euro) tend to be overvalued; the reverse being true when the dollar (euro) is undervalued. Consequently, pegged currencies are often driven away from their equilibria by wild fluctuations in the key currencies, on which they are anchored.
The Interaction of Legal and Social Norm Enforcement
Authors: KUBE SEBASTIAN , TRAXLER CHRISTIAN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAlthough legal sanctions are often nondeterrent, we frequently observe compliance with “mild laws.” A possible explanation is that the incentives to comply are shaped not only by legal, but also by social sanctions. This paper employs a novel experimental approach to study the link between legal and social norm enforcement. We analyze whether the two institutions are complements or substitutes. Our results show that legal sanctions partially crowd out social norm enforcement. Mild laws nevertheless give scope for a potentially large, positive welfare effect, as a higher level of compliance is achieved at lower social enforcement costs.
The Limited Power of Voting to Limit Power
Authors: GENG HONG , WEISS ARNE ROBERT , WOLFF IRENAEUS 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we experimentally approach the question of which aspects of a voting procedure are able to restrict elected candidates’ willingness to use their power in an opportunistic way. For this purpose, we rule out re‐election concerns and analyze whether the presence of a vote by itself matters for the exercise of power. We compare two kinds of electoral campaigns: self‐descriptions of personality and promises regarding prospective in‐office behavior. We find that social approval as conveyed by a vote does not suffice to induce pro‐social choices by elected candidates. On the other hand, when campaigns are promise‐based, elected candidates transfer more to their recipients than candidates selected by a random draw even though promises do not differ. This refutes explanations based on a taste for consistency or costs of lying. In contrast, the fact that the correlation between dictators’ promises and their beliefs on voter expectations is considerably strengthened in the presence of a vote offers support to a guilt‐aversion hypothesis. However, this support is qualified by the correlation between dictators’ second‐order beliefs and their choices, which is weaker than predicted. Overall, our results suggest the power of voting to limit the self‐oriented exertion of power is limited and context specific.
Cooperation Norms in Multiple‐Stage Punishment
Authors: NICKLISCH ANDREAS , WOLFF IRENAEUS 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe analyze the interplay between cooperation norms and people’s punishment behavior in a social‐dilemma game with multiple punishment stages. By combining multiple punishment stages with self‐contained episodes of interaction, we are able to disentangle the effects of retaliation and norm‐related punishment. An additional treatment provides information on the norms bystanders use in judging punishment actions. Partly confirming previous findings, punishment behavior and bystanders’ opinions are guided by an absolute norm. This norm is consistent over decisions and punishment stages and requires full contributions. In the first punishment stage, our results suggest a higher personal involvement of punishers, leading to a nonlinearity defined by the punishers’ contribution. In later punishment stages, the personal‐involvement effect vanishes and retaliation kicks in. Bystanders generally apply the same criteria as punishers in all stages.
Do People Always Pay Less Than They Say? Testbed Laboratory Experiments with IV and HG Values
Authors: JACQUEMET NICOLAS , JOULE ROBERT‐VINCENT , LUCHINI STÉPHANE , SHOGREN JASON F. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractHypothetical bias is a long‐standing issue in stated preference and contingent valuation studies—people tend to overstate their preferences when they do not experience the real monetary consequences of their decision. This view, however, has been challenged by recent evidence based on the elicitation of induced values (IV) in the lab and homegrown (HG) demand function from different countries. This paper uses an experimental design to assess the extent and relevance of hypothetical bias in demand elicitation exercises for both induced (IV) and homegrown (HG) values. For testbed purpose, we use a classic second‐price auction to elicit preferences. Comparing the demand curve we elicit in both, hypothetical bias unambiguously (i) vanishes in an IV, private good context and (ii) persists in HG values elicitation context. This suggests hypothetical bias in preference elicitation appears to be driven by “preference formation” rather than “preference elicitation.” In addition, companion treatments highlight two sources of the discrepancy observed in the HG setting: the hypothetical context leads bidders to underestimate the constraints imposed by their budget limitations, whereas the real context creates pressure leading them to bid “zero” to opt out from the elicitation mechanism. As a result, there is a need for a demand elicitation procedure that helps subjects take the valuation exercise sincerely, but without putting extra pressure on them.
The Sophisticated and the Simple: The Profitability of Contrarian Strategies from a Portfolio Manager's Perspective
Authors: Giamouridis Daniel , Montagu Chris 
Published: September 2011

AbstractValuation signals have been among the most popular between equity portfolio managers. Given the large variation of techniques and theories with regard to how value is measured, this study investigates the efficacy of alternative value measures. We consider a cross section of simple and sophisticated alternative measures and focus on comparison metrics of primary interest to equity portfolio managers. Our results show that sophisticated valuation models are superior – although not universally – relative to simple valuation models in many respects. Thus, we conclude that sophisticated models have interesting attributes and, in general, should be considered as an additional if not primary perspective on equity valuation and portfolio management.
‘Wenn ich leben soll, so sei es mit dir!’ The Relationship of Father and Son in Goethe'S Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre
Authors: Lee Charlotte 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe relationship between father and son is a highly nuanced and persistent theme in Goethe's late novel Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre, but has received relatively little critical attention. Drawing on various aspects of the text, from the relationship between Wilhelm and his own son Felix, to the theme of migration from the ‘fatherland’, this essay contends that the relationship of the younger generation to the older traces a pattern of departure and return. The development in the son of an identity distinct and independent from that of the father is a preoccupation of the earlier chapters of the Wanderjahre in particular; but this process of individuation tends to be accompanied in the novel by continued, even increased, identification with the father, which may be conscious or unconscious. All the various stages of this fluctuating relationship are telescoped into a few rich, enigmatic images in the novel's closing scene, in which the threat of separation and the desire for proximity are held in suspension.Die Vater‐Sohn‐Beziehung in Goethes spätem Roman Wilhelm Meisters Wanderjahre bildet ein vielseitiges Thema, ist aber in der Sekundärliteratur relativ selten behandelt worden. Anhand verschiedener Beispiele aus dem Text, vor allem die Beziehung zwischen Wilhelm und seinem eigenen Sohn, Felix, aber auch das Thema der Migration aus dem Vaterland, wird im Folgenden gezeigt, dass die Beziehung der jüngeren Generation zum alten von einer doppelten Bewegung geprägt ist: vom Weggang, aber auch von der Rückkehr. Die frühen Kapitel insbesondere beschäftigen sich mit der Entwicklung der persönlichen Identität des Sohnes, die sich von derjenigen des Vaters deutlich unterscheiden soll. Allerdings wird diese Individualisierung häufig von der fortgesetzten, sogar gesteigerten Identifizierung mit dem Vater begleitet, ob bewusst oder unbewusst. In der Schlussszene werden dann die vielen verschiedenen Phasen dieser schwankenden Beziehung in ein paar sinnreiche Bilder ineinandergeschoben, so dass sich die bedrohende Trennung und der Wunsch nach ewiger Innigkeit gegenüber stehen.