bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Glycosylated Hemoglobin with Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Rakhecha Darshan , Patil Bharat Umakant , Parakh Akshay , Yelwatkar Samir 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background:
Diabetes is the leading cause of death and disability among cardiovascular disease patients. By 2025, India will have people with diabetes to one in every five diabetics worldwide.

Aim:
The study examines the relationship between glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in type 2 diabetes patients.

Settings and Design:
This was a cross-sectional observational study.

Materials and Methods:
Over 2 years, 345 subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus who gave informed consent and met the inclusion criteria were studied. The HbA1c test was performed using ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. Electrocardiogram and two-dimensional echocardiography were used to evaluate cardiac dysfunctions. The relationship between potential variables and outcomes was determined using logistic regression.

Statistical Analysis:
All statistical analyses were carried out using STATA version 13 (College Station, TX: Stata Corp LP).

Results:
Mean HbA1c levels were found to be higher in patients with LVDD (10.40% ± 4.25%) compared to normal LVDD (7.51% ±3.18%) (P = 0.004) in the current study. The predicted left ventricular (LV) function with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.883.

Conclusions:
LVDD is a common finding in people with type 2 diabetes. LVDD causes various cardiac complications, including LV hypertrophy, which is concerning. The current findings suggest that HbA1c is a reliable predictor of LVDD that can be used for screening in resource-limited areas where echocardiography is unavailable. In addition, regular HbA1c screening and blood sugar control can help prevent cardiovascular complications caused by LVDD in type 2 diabetic patients.
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Teaching Pathology to Medical Students
Authors: Puri Sarandeep Singh , Goel Neha , Garg Pradeep 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The applications of artificial intelligence (AI) have swiftly forayed into medical education. This study aimed to decipher the role of AI in teaching pathology to medical students, enlisting its potential benefits which include improved diagnostic accuracy, personalized learning experiences, and effective feedback mechanisms. It also brings into the light challenges and ethical considerations associated with incorporating AI in pathology education. This article provides a comprehensive idea about the current as well as prospects of AI in pathology in the long run.
The Use of Neutrophil Elastase and Neutrophil Myeloperoxidase as Biomarker in Hemarthrosis
Authors: Mohammed Rusul Qasim , Ahmed Abeer Anwer 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background:
Hemophilia is an inherited bleeding disorder that could cause many complications one of them is hemarthrosis. Neutrophils are the predominant immune cells that infiltrate joints after hemorrhage. Tissue injury is often accompanied by the productions of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are DNA constructs containing attached granular enzymes.

Aims of Study:
Measuring the circulating NETs, neutrophil elastase (NE), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the plasma of hemophilia A patients with hemarthrosis, for an understanding of hemarthrosis’ underlying pathology.

Subjects and Methods:
Fifty persons were recruited in this study, during a period of 8 months from November 2022 to June 2023: 25 patients were diagnosed as hemophilia A with hemarthrosis and another 25 individuals served as a control group who were unrelated, apparently healthy, and were age and sex matched. Plasma NE and MPO were measured by ELIZA technique.

Results:
The plasma MPO and NE levels were significantly higher in hemophilia A patients than controls: 12.714 ± 19.439 and 1535.34 ± 2059.87 ng/mL, respectively, at (P < 0.05) compared to control group 3.672 ± 3.623 and 235.26 ± 274.61 ng/mL.

Conclusions and Recommendations:
Patients with hemarthrosis had a considerably higher level of NETs in their plasma than healthy individuals. These findings may indicate the function of NETs in the pathology of hemophilia A with hemarthrosis, and the identification of high NETs might serve as a biomarker, as well as a possible prognostic and therapeutic target for such individuals.
Morphometric Analysis of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Authors: Sengodan Vetrivel Chezian , Jyothilakshmi G. L. , Sivagnanam Marimuthu , Sundar P. A. Shree Shyam 
Published: May 2024

Background:
The most often damaged ligament in the knee joint is the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Reconstruction surgery is the ideal option which requires morphometric understanding of ACL. The aim of the present study is to determine the length and width of ACL in the knee joint in the South Indian population.

Methodology:
The study was conducted from August 2020 to July 2021 during a 1-year period. We selected participants with no evident macroscopic abnormalities of the knee joints, between the ages of 27 years and 55 years of both genders. For the study, 50 knee joints from 29 cadavers that fulfilled the above requirements were dissected and the ACL was measured for its length and width in the center point in between bony attachments with digital vernier caliper.

Results:
The mean length of the ACL was found to be 29.73 mm with standard deviation of 2.32, and the mean width of the ACL was found to be 11.15 mm with standard deviation of 1.07.

Conclusion:
The present study will add to the existing knowledge on the morphometry of the ACL. This study would be helpful in selecting grafts for surgical reconstruction of the ACL.
Morphometry of the Tibial Footprint of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament in Punjabi Population
Authors: Sehmi Seema , Gagandeep Kaur , Maninder Singh 
Published: May 2024

Background:
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is responsible for knee joint stability during all possible movements. The purpose of our present study was to estimate normal values of the position and dimensions of the tibial attachment of ACL for its successful reconstruction.

Methodology:
A sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sample of the knee joint of 120 patients (58 men and 62 women) of 18–50 years of age was reviewed.

Results:
Anterior end of the tibial footprint was located at a mean of 14.92 mm ± 3.42 mm from the anterior end of the tibial plateau. The posterior end of the tibial footprint was located with a mean of 28.76 mm (±7.02) from the anterior end of the tibial plateau. The mean tibial footprint sagittal length was 14.56 mm ± 0.66 mm. The mean anterior cruciate sagittal center was located at 42.62% ±2.99% of the anteroposterior length of the tibial plateau. The present study will provide the baseline morphometric data for the position and size of the tibial footprint of the ACL on MRI in Punjab. Mean roof angle in the present study was 35.16° (±3.49°). Mean ACL-inclination angle was 50.13°(±4.56°). Mean ACL-Bluemensaat angle in the present study was 4.23°(±2.87°).

Conclusion:
Present study can help surgeons to ascertain the positioning of the tibial tunnel in routine ACL reconstruction as well as revised ACL reconstruction surgeries.
An Ultrasonographic Assessment to Document the Prevalence of Various Congenital Uterine Anomalies and their Probable Clinical Outcome in the Eastern Uttar Pradesh Region
Authors: Gaharwar Anamika , Pandey Priyanka , Pasricha Navbir , Sthapak Eti , Narayan Shamrendra 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Uterine anomalies arise from abnormal fusion of paramesonephric ducts or failure of apoptosis of septum between two ducts leading to abnormal division of the uterine cavity. Initial dearth of universal standard diagnosis was the reason for the improper reporting of the data associated with prevalence of uterine developmental anomalies. But now various authors have reported the prevalence of uterine anomalies using standard diagnostic techniques. The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of various uterine congenital anomalies among women of reproductive age (15–45 years) with no previous uterine pathology.

Methodology:
An ultrasound was utilized to take a transabdominal sonographs of both longitudinal and transverse planes from the supine position of participants who were made to consume 500–1000 mL of water to promote diuresis for the duration of the scan. Scans were then interpreted.

Results:
From a study of 200 participants whose mean age group fell around 30 ± 8 years, 140 of the women were parous and 60 were nulliparous. Twelve of the participants displayed anomalies that included bicornuate, arcuate, and septate. Five cases of the bicornuate uterus (2.5%), four arcuate uterus (2.0%), and three septate uterus (1.5%) were noted.

Conclusion:
From a sample size of 200, the occurrence of uterine anomalies is 6%, with no cases of uterine agenesis or a hypoplastic uterus.
Histogenesis of Human Fetal Liver with Special Histochemical and Selective Immunohistochemical Stains
Authors: Anbarasan A. , Mitra Suvradeep , Kar Arundhati , Gaikwad Manisha Rajanand , Singh Sweta , Tripathy Prabhas Ranjan 
Published: May 2024

Introduction:
The fetal liver cells can differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes based on the induction due to clonogenic properties with high growth potential. Understanding liver histogenesis might be helpful in liver and hepatocyte transplantation. Special histochemical and immunohistochemical stains provide better insight into the hepatic cellular architecture, although the literature regarding the same is relatively sparse.

Methodology:
This study's objective was to document the microscopic structure of the organization of hepatocytes, the appearance of central veins and sinusoids, the formation of the portal triad, and hematopoietic blasts of the liver at various weeks of gestation by using special histochemical and immunohistochemical stains and also to compare our observations with other regions of India and Western countries.

Results:
It was observed that the central vein and the arrangement of hepatocytes appeared at 14 weeks of gestation. The sinusoids and portal triads were formed at 15 weeks of gestation. The hemopoiesis level in the liver gradually increased from the 14th to 26th week of gestation, after which it decreased.

Conclusion:
A better understanding of human fetal liver histogenesis will help future research activities in liver transplantation and hepatocyte transplantation from the aborted/stillborn fetal liver from various weeks of gestation.
The Distribution of Parafollicular Cells (C Cells) in Adult Cadaveric Thyroid Gland
Authors: Hussain Kafeel , Sathialakshmi V. , Fathima Shaweez 
Published: May 2024

Background:
The population of parafollicular cells or C cells in the normal thyroid has subjective variation. These variations in cadaveric thyroid gland are primarily attributed to ethnicity, gender, underlying pathologies, and sampling technique or approach. The lack of homogenous C cell dispersal poses a challenge in the diagnosis and interpretation of C cell hyperplasia. The aim of the study is to analyze the C cell distribution in various parts of the cadaveric thyroid.

Methodology:
This study was performed with 56 thyroid glands acquired from adult human cadavers (37 males and 19 females). Calcitonin polyclonal antibody was employed to identify the C cells. C cells in tissue sections from the isthmus, upper, middle, and lower regions of the thyroid gland were examined.

Results:
The number of C cells in the section from the thyroid ranged between 0 and 5/low-power field (LPF) in the upper region, 0 and 12/LPF in the middle region, and 0 and 3/LPF in the lower region. The mean number of C cells displayed in the section from the upper third region of the thyroid was 9 ± 1.92 C cells (range 6–12 C cells). The mean number of C cells quantified in the section from the middle third region was 25 ± 3.34 cells (range 19–30 C cells). The mean number of C cells in the section from the lower third was 3 ± 1.88 C cells (range 0–6 C cells). Sexual dimorphism in the mean total number of C cells in the section from the midzone of the gland was statistically significant.

Conclusion:
The midzone of thyroid gland has more population of C cells than other region. A significantly higher number of C cells were observed in males. This nonuniform distribution of C cells could result in conflicting reports, especially during the assessment of C cell hyperplasia.
Aniline Blue Staining Method for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Index
Authors: Patil Priya Santosh , Mudiraj Nitin R. , Mane Vaibhav P. 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Infertility rate all over the globe is on the rise and semen analysis forms the only basic investigation for male infertility. The success of infertility treatment depends on many semen parameters. In this study, we focus on sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) by the aniline blue staining method. The DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was correlated with other semen parameters. The semen parameters in low DFI and high DFI (HDFI) groups were compared to highlight the importance of DFI in infertility management.

Methodology:
The sample size was 60. The semen parameters were studied. The sperm chromatin integrity and DFI were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating mean, standard deviation, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and unpaired t-test.

Results:
DFI showed a significant negative correlation with sperm count, progressive motility of sperms, sperm vitality, and a positive correlation with sperm deformity index (SDI). The cases were grouped according to DFI and showed statistically significant differences in the two groups with respect to sperm count, motility, sperm vitality, and SDI indicating poor sperm quality. HDFI group underwent prolonged infertility treatment.

Conclusion:
Acidic aniline blue staining method is a feasible screening test for sperm DFI which correlates well with semen analysis parameters such as low sperm counts, low progressive motility, low sperm vitality, and high SDI. A high SDF has a negative impact on infertility management.
Nonmetrical Variants of the Sigmoid Sulcus
Authors: Diwan Rakesh Kumar , Verma Rakesh Kumar , Pankaj Arvind Kumar , Rani Anita , Kumar Navneet 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Sigmoid sinus is an area of interest for anatomists, neurosurgeons, and radiologists. Different procedures such as mastoidectomy, thrombectomy in the sigmoid, and transverse sinus thrombosis have realized the need of proper morphological knowledge of the sigmoid sinus and its variations and their important relations. Therefore, the present study was conducted to report the prevalence of various nonmetrical attributes of the sigmoid sulcus in dry human skulls in India.

Methodology:
This study was conducted on 224 human skulls in which sex and origin were not known and these were taken from the departmental osteology laboratory. Interior of the skull base at the area of the sigmoid sulcus was carefully observed for the presence of any osseous projection on its anterior or posterior lips such as crest, plate, or bars. Shape, position, and side of projection were noted and frequency was calculated in percentage.

Results:
Out of 224 skulls, 80% of the sigmoid sulci showed one or other form of bony features. A total prevalence of 43.08% was observed for crests, whereas plates showed lesser frequency (28.57%) on the anterior lip of the sigmoid sulcus. Bony bars were the least common (9.14%) features, but were characteristically located at the angle region of the sigmoid sulcus. In 16.74% of skulls, sigmoid sulcus was shallow.

Conclusion:
Occurrence of bony attributes in the form of plates, crests, and bridges along the course of the sigmoid sulcus is quite high and shows frequent variability in location and laterality, which may adversely affect the morphology of the sigmoid sinus.
Adoption of Online Classes for Anatomy Learning During Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic – Participation, Perception, and Preference of Basic Medical Students of a Nigerian University
Authors: Omotoso Dayo Rotimi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background:
To sustain learning during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, there was the adoption of online teaching and learning for all academic programs, including anatomy in a Nigerian University. This study assessed the participation, perception, and experience of undergraduate students regarding the online classes adopted for uninterrupted anatomy learning during the pandemic.

Methodology:
The online class participation of 85 students of the nursing science, physiotherapy, and human anatomy programs was evaluated in four anatomy modules – systemic histology, systemic embryology, gross anatomy, and neuroanatomy. A survey was conducted to evaluate their perception and experience during the online classes. The data obtained were statistically analyzed.

Results:
The students had ≥ 96.5% active participation in each module. In comparison to physical classes, the distribution of perception of the students about online classes included less effective (50.6%), less interactive (48.2%), and more challenging time management (56.5%), requiring more self-discipline (65.9%), increased lecture hour per week (76.4%), and improved performance in class continuous assessments (58.8%), and a significant (P ≤ 0.05) majority reported the similar level of knowledge gained during the online classes. However, a significant (P ≤ 0.05) majority indicated a preference for the traditional physical classes.

Conclusion:
Online learning can be adopted to achieve comparatively similar learning outcome in anatomy courses when physical learning is not possible. Hence, a hybrid mode of learning for anatomy education should be developed in medical colleges to sustain learning during a global emergency that prevents physical learning.
Morphometric Study of the Distal end of Dry Adult Humerus of the South Indian Population with Its Clinical Applications
Authors: Vinay G. , Benjamin W. , Das Aditya K , Raviprasanna K. H , Kumar D Sunil 
Published: May 2024

Background:
The arm bone is the largest and strongest bone of the superior extremity. Movement of the arm bone helps in essential activities like writing. lifting objects and throwing. Use of implants in communited cracks in the lower end of the humerus of an aged person may be needed to retain the mobility at the elbow joint. The present study was aimed at providing morphometry of the distal end of the arm bone for comparison with different populations.

Methodology:
Eight morphometric parameters were evaluated from 200 dry adult humeral bones using the osteometric board and digital vernier calipers.

Results:
The average value of the maximal length of the arm bone in the present study was 306.3 ± 21.19 mm in the right humerus and 301.1 ± 22.4 mm in the left humerus. The transverse distance between the medial and lateral epicondyles was 57.4 ± 4.8 mm and 56.0 ± 4.7 mm in right and left humerus, respectively. The average distance between the capitulum and medial end of trochlea horizontally was 39.6 ± 3.4 and 39.5 ± 4.3 mm in right and left humerus, respectively. The average maximum transverse diameter of the trochlea was 24.4 ± 2.6 and 23.5 ± 2.6 mm in right and left humerus, respectively. The average anteroposterior diameter of the trochlea was 17.0 ± 3.9 and 16.3 ± 3.7 mm in right and left humerus, respectively.

Conclusion:
Eight morphometric parameters of 200 humeri presented. This information can be useful for surgeons in preparing implants and reconstruction of fractures of the distal end of the arm bone.
Insertional Footprint of Achilles Tendon on Calcaneal Tuberosity in South Indian Population: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Sengodan Vetrivel Chezian , Sengodan Mugundhan Moongilpatti , Sushama Anjana Muralidharan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background:
Pathologies related to the Achilles tendon (AT) and its insertion are a very prevalent problem. A thorough understanding of its anatomy would assist us to develop and fine-tune treatment options for the same. Hence, a study was done to identify the anatomical footprint of the insertion of AT on the calcaneal tuberosity (CT).

Methodology:
A cadaveric study was conducted, in which 27 human lower limbs (18 cadavers) were dissected to determine the insertion site of all three fascicles of the AT on the CT. The width of the insertion and thickness of the AT 1 cm proximal to the insertion were also calculated.

Results:
Rotation of AT, presence of three individual fascicles for each muscle belly, and insertion of these fascicles were consistent throughout the 27 lower extremities dissected. The average width of its insertion is 26.62 mm, with a standard deviation (SD) of 1.98 mm. The average thickness of the AT 1 cm proximal to the insertion was found to be 8.06 mm with a SD of 2.18 mm.

Conclusion:
These findings are of worth to the ankle and foot surgeons for a better understanding of the insertional tendinopathies and partial thickness tears of AT to design better surgical options for its repair and modulate the conservative management in terms of physiotherapy to the South Indian population.
The State, the Church and SME Development in the South-Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Marcel Jachin Anyiam 
Published: May 2024

Interest in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) development as well as its corresponding impact on economic development continues to be in forefront of policy debate in Nigeria, particularly South-East. As a result, various South East governments embarked on several policies and programmes ostensibly aimed at accelerating economic growth of the SouthEast through harnessing of the gains of Small and Medium Enterprises as was done by the newly industrialized countries. This paper examines the role of the state and the church in the development of SMEs in the South-East. Data for this study was generated through secondary sources. This paper adopted Keynesian theory as a framework of analysis. The findings of the study indicate that SMEs contribute significantly to the growth of any economy if given the required institutional backing for boosting SMEs. The study further revealed that there is a strong relationship between South-East development and development of SMEs. The study concludes that if adequate measures are not put in place by the South East governments for comprehensive development of the SMEs, development will continue to elude the region. On the basis of this, the study recommends that government should formulate/implement protective policies, spend more in financing SMEs, create conducive environment and provide constant electricity so that SMEs operators will be able to compete favourably with their foreign counter-parts, thereby making South-East the economic hub of Nigeria.