bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Head motion detection using FID navigators
Authors: Kober Tobias , Marques José P. , Gruetter Rolf , Krueger Gunnar 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis work explores a concept for motion detection in brain MR examinations using high channel‐count RF coil arrays. It applies ultrashort (<100 μsec) free induction decay signals, making use of the knowledge that motion induces variations in these signals when compared to a reference free induction decay signal. As a proof‐of‐concept, the method was implemented in a standard structural MRI sequence. The stability of the free induction decay‐signal was verified in phantom experiments. Human experiments demonstrated that the observed variations in the navigator data provide a sensitive measure for detection of relevant and common subject motion patterns. The proposed methodology provides a means to monitor subject motion throughout a MRI scan while causing little or no impact on the sequence timing and image contrast. It could hence complement available motion detection and correction methods, thus further reducing motion sensitivity in MR applications. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vessel imaging with viable tumor analysis for quantification of tumor angiogenesis
Authors: Ungersma Sharon E. , Pacheco Glenn , Ho Calvin , Yee Sharon Fong , Ross Jed , van Bruggen Nicholas , Peale Franklin V. , Ross Sarajane , Carano Richard A. D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn “uncorrected” version of the following article was published in the June 2010 issue of MRM. The corrected version of the article is provided here. The publisher regrets the error.Imaging of tumor microvasculature has become an important tool for studying angiogenesis and monitoring antiangiogenic therapies. Ultrasmall paramagnetic iron oxide contrast agents for indirect imaging of vasculature offer a method for quantitative measurements of vascular biomarkers such as vessel size index, blood volume, and vessel density (Q). Here, this technique is validated with direct comparisons to ex vivo micro‐computed tomography angiography and histologic vessel measurements, showing significant correlations between in vivo vascular MRI measurements and ex vivo structural vessel measurements. The sensitivity of the MRI vascular parameters is also demonstrated, in combination with a multispectral analysis technique for segmenting tumor tissue to restrict the analysis to viable tumor tissue and exclude regions of necrosis. It is shown that this viable tumor segmentation increases sensitivity for detection of significant effects on blood volume and Q by two antiangiogenic therapeutics [anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) and anti‐neuropilin‐1] on an HM7 colorectal tumor model. Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor reduced blood volume by 36 ± 3% (p < 0.0001) and Q by 52 ± 3% (p < 0.0001) at 48 h post‐treatment; the effects of anti‐neuropilin‐1 were roughly half as strong with a reduction in blood volume of 18 ± 6% (p < 0.05) and a reduction in Q of 33± 5% (p < 0.05) at 48 h post‐treatment. Magn Reson Med 63:1637–1647, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sudden loading perturbation to determine the reflex response of different back muscles: A reliability study
Authors: Santos Brenda R , Larivière Christian , Delisle Alain , McFadden David , Plamondon André , Imbeau Daniel 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this study we estimate the reliability of reflex response variables to identify the main sources of variability and to estimate appropriate measurement strategies to obtain more reliable measures. Back muscle surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded in healthy males during anteriorly‐directed sudden loading perturbations applied to the trunk. Measures of EMG reflex latency and amplitude were obtained. The generalizability theory was used as a framework to estimate the magnitude of the different variance components and the reliability of the measures corresponding to various simulations of different measurement strategies. Reliability of the different variables was poor to moderate (intraclass correlation coefficient range 0–0.62). Averaging scores across homologous muscles and several trials were strategies to achieve more acceptable reliability. The reflex response of back muscles is inherently variable, and a large measurement effort is necessary to obtain reliable and, consequently, valid and responsive estimations of this neuromuscular function. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Proximal axonal changes after peripheral nerve injury in man
Authors: Gunasekera Sudath M. , Wijeskara Ravindra L. , Sesath Hewa G.R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPeripheral nerve injury leads to changes in the proximal axon. Traumatic nerve injuries in humans were investigated to characterize such electrophysiological changes. Mixed nerve conduction studies (MNCS) and motor conduction studies (MCS) were performed proximal to the injury. Control values were obtained from the uninjured limb. Median (n = 24) and ulnar (n = 35) nerve injuries were studied. The injured nerves had significant mixed nerve action potential (MNAP) amplitude reductions (median: P < 0.0001; ulnar: P < 0.0001). The majority of the MNAP amplitude reductions were severe and early. There was slowing in the mixed nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) (median: P = 0.09; ulnar: P = 0.04) and motor conduction velocity (MCV) (median: P = 0.046; ulnar: P = 0.005). Axonal loss appears to play a significant role in producing the MNCS changes observed, and its early occurrence is noteworthy. Proximal MCV reduction could be secondary to the effects of injury as well as collateral sprouting of uninjured axons. Proximal axonal changes may have an impact on recovery. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Short‐term unilateral resistance training affects the agonist–antagonist but not the force–agonist activation relationship
Authors: Tillin Neale A. , Pain Matthew T.G. , Folland Jonathan P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this study we investigated the contribution of neural adaptations to strength changes after 4 weeks of unilateral isometric resistance training. Maximal and submaximal isometric knee extension contractions were assessed before and after training. Surface electromyography (EMG) data were collected from the agonist and antagonist muscles and normalized to evoked maximal M‐wave and maximal knee flexor EMG, respectively. The interpolated twitch technique (ITT) was also used to determine activation at maximum voluntary force (MVF). MVF increased in the trained (+20%) and untrained (+8%) legs. Agonist EMG at MVF increased in the trained leg (+26%), although activation determined via the ITT was unchanged. In both legs the position of the force–agonist EMG relationship was unchanged, but antagonist coactivation was lower for all levels of agonist activation. Strength gains in the trained leg were due to enhanced agonist activation, whereas decreased coactivation may have affected strength changes in both legs. Muscle Nerve, 2011
Alcohol‐related peripheral neuropathy: Nutritional, toxic, or both?
Authors: Mellion Michelle , Gilchrist James M. , De La Monte Suzanne 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAlcohol‐related peripheral neuropathy (ALN) is a potentially debilitating complication of alcoholism that results in sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction. Unfortunately, ALN is rarely discussed as a specific disease entity in textbooks because it is widely assumed to primarily reflect consequences of nutritional deficiency. This hypothesis is largely based on observations first made over eight decades ago when it was demonstrated that thiamine deficiency (beriberi) neuropathy was clinically similar to ALN. In recent studies, failure of thiamine treatment to reverse ALN, together with new information demonstrating clinical and electrophysiological distinctions between ALN and nutritional deficiency neuropathies, suggests that alcohol itself may significantly predispose and enhance development of neuropathy in the appropriate clinical setting. We reviewed the evidence on both sides and conclude that ALN should be regarded as a toxic rather than nutritional neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 43: 309–316, 2011
The RNID's customer care initiative
Authors: Holweger Karl 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID) like many charities is increasingly providing services under contract to both the public and commercial sector, which is why it has been pioneering a major customer care programme in the charity sector. It is the UK's largest not‐for‐profit service‐providing organisation for deaf and hard of hearing people. Its mission is to earn recognition from deaf people as the key organisation promoting their access to society. Its recently introduced Customer Care Initiative is one of the main cornerstones in its plan to turn this mission into reality.
Market segmentation ‐ are UK charities making the most of the potential?
Authors: Sargeant Adrian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses the findings of research carried out into the application of market segmentation in the charity sector. Four hundred and ten of the top performing charities (as ranked by income from voluntary donations) were surveyed to determine what techniques of segmentation they apply to their database. They were also asked to indicate how this information is used to inform and determine appropriate fundraising strategies. The findings show that with the exception of a few large organisations, the concept of market segmentation is as yet not utilised to its full potential in the development of successful fundraising strategy.
Company giving to schools: Business or charity?
Authors: Rosenberg Harris 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAlmost weekly, national newspapers report the launch of governmental initiatives and funding programmes to improve educational standards and the environment in which these are to be actioned. Local newspapers also recognise the news‐worthiness of the school community. The MP's visit, the Gladiator opening a school fete, the environmental programme are all avidly reported. With the millions of pounds being poured into education and the insatiable appetite of the media to report what is happening at schools, it is hardly surprising that business has recognised the commercial potential of dealing with the school community, be this as a direct supplier or as an organisation that may receive publicity through association. This article will examine the business‐school relationship and the motives that underlie this relationship. Much of the below article is developed from material taken from the author's recent book, ‘A Handbook of School Fundraising’1.
The fundraising database audit
Authors: Rodd John , Stroud Lawrence 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe concept of the database audit is relatively new, both in commercial and in nonprofit marketing. This paper sets out the case, benefits, pitfalls and techniques that are part of database auditing.The principles of database auditing are explained, with measurement, comparison, retrospection, trends, top‐down, KPIs, diagnostics and other key concepts explored. A typical audit sequence is shown. The benefits of auditing are described, and several supporting tables and chart examples from real charity audits given, including lifetime value, growth and attrition of a database and active/inactive supporter cohorts. The challenges and difficulties experienced in auditing are described, and software tools illustrated. Common pitfalls are described and the future of database audits is predicted.
A cross‐cultural analysis of the demographics of membership in nonprofit organisations
Authors: Talaga James , Wong John 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the identification of demographic characteristics of members of nonprofit organisations across a large number of countries. It is found that there are significant differences in the demographic characteristics within countries for different types of non‐profit organisations and across countries for the same nonprofit type organisation. Understanding these patterns can lead to increased efficiencies in communication by nonprofit organisations within and across national boundaries.
Direct marketing managers in UK charitable organisations
Authors: Bennett Roger , Gabriel Helen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAlthough the charity sector is one of the United Kingdom's biggest users of direct marketing, little is known about the characteristics of the people who manage direct marketing within charities. This paper presents the results of a survey of 115 direct marketing managers in the UK's largest fundraising charitable organisations; focusing on their experience, motivation, training and educational backgrounds. The degrees to which respondents' employing organisations placed a high value on the marketing function and the extents to which various categories of direct marketing manager possessed wide‐ranging general managerial competencies were also examined. There was little evidence of the ‘hybridisation’ of direct marketing specialists. Rather, individuals exhibiting hybrid manager attributes were sometimes put in charge of direct marketing.
Building relations between educational establishments and local business
Authors: Poppitt David G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSchools, colleges and universities are rapidly realising that, by building better relations with local business, they are in a particularly advantageous position when competing with other charitable bodies. By the very nature of their existence, they possess facilities that can be utilised as bargaining tools in the constant competitive search for sponsorship deals.This paper describes the experience of one independent school which has been successful in obtaining funding from local businesses both from philanthropic and sponsorship sources. It suggests that educational establishments have a distinct advantage over other charitable organisations in their negotiating ability as they have at their ‘fingertips’ the sort of facility that businesses require for both their recreational and their academic needs.
Putting a small database to work: Focusing smarter for higher returns
Authors: Kay‐Williams Susan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThere is a widespread assumption that a good database is a large one. This paper contends that this is not necessarily so and that a small database can be known more intimately and thus developed more specifically and more profitably. Of course, many of the ideas discussed here may also be applied to larger databases.This paper is based on elements of two presentations made by the author at the IIR conference on long‐term and profitable fundraising strategies, and the Century Communications conference on ‘The Marketer's Guide to Effective Database Marketing’.
The setting up, development and running of a foundation: Implications for a nonprofit organisation
Authors: Haines Verity 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper describes the formation and development of a foundation for the National Film and Television School (NFTS). A fundraising strategy was devised to provide capital and an endowment fund. Trustees were appointed from key positions in the film and television world, and the paper outlines the achievements so far of the NFTS Foundation.
Synthesis and characterization of biodegradable, amorphous, soft IPNs with shape‐memory effect
Authors: Feng Yakai , Zhao Haiyang , Jiao Licai , Lu Jian , Wang Heyun , Guo Jintang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractStar‐shaped oligo[(D,L‐lactide)‐co‐ε‐caprolactone]s (PCLA) with various number average molecular weights were synthesized via ring‐opening polymerization of D,L‐lactide (DLLA) and ε‐caprolactone (CL) with organic Sn as catalyst and pentaerythritol as an initiator. The elastic amorphous interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of polyesterurethane/poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) were synthesized in situ by UV‐photopolymerization of PEGDMA and thermal polymerization of PCLA with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI). IPNs are transparent soft materials and the gel content of the IPNs is exceeding 87%. They are rubbery when PEGDMA content is above 10% at room temperature. IPNs show good shape‐memory properties. IPNs recover quickly its permanent form in 10 sec when the environment temperature is above its glass transition temperature (Tg). IPNs have only one single Tg between the Tg of PEGDMA and polyesterurethane. The strain recovery rate (Rr) and the strain fixity rate (Rf) are above 90%. No characteristic peaks of PEG crystallites in X‐ray diffraction pattern (XRD) demonstrate that they are amorphous polymer networks. The wettability, degradation rate, mechanical properties, and Tg of the IPNs could be conveniently adjusted by changing PEGDMA content in IPNs. The soft IPNs are promising suitable as potential soft substrates with tailored mechanical properties for potential clinical or medical use. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel class of organosoluble poly(arylene ether nitrile) copolymers containing methyl substituent and cardo xanthene moiety
Authors: Sheng Shou‐Ri , Zhang Wei , Huang Shui‐Ping , Wang Bo , Song Cai‐Sheng 
Published: February 2011

Abstract9,9‐Bis(3‐methyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)xanthene (BMHPX) was synthesized in 72% yield by a HCl/ZnCl2‐catalyzed condensation reaction of xanthenone with excess o‐cresol. Based on this new bisphenol monomer, a series of poly(arylene ether nitrile) (PAEN) and PAEN copolymers containing methyl substituent and cardo xanthene moiety were prepared by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2,6‐difluorobenzonitrile (DFBN) with BMHPX and with varying mole proportions of BMHPX to hydroquinone (HQ) (100/0–40/60) using N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) as solvent in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate. These polymers had inherent viscosities between 0.54 and 0.72 dl/g, and their weight‐average molecular weights and number‐average molecular weights were in the range of 32,600–36,400 and 17,300–18,300, respectively. All PAENs were amorphous and were soluble in dipolar aprotic solvents such as NMP and N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc), and even in THF and chloroform at room temperature. The resulting polymers showed glass transition temperatures (Tg's) between 213–226°C, and the Tg values of the copolymers were found to increase with increase of the BMHPX units content in the polymer. Thermogravimetric studies showed that all the polymers were stable up to 404°C, with 10% weight loss temperatures ranging from 444 to 455°C, and char yields of 52–58% at 700°C in nitrogen. All new PAENs could be cast into transparent, strong, and flexible films with tensile strengths of 102–120 MPa, elongations at break of 14–18%, and tensile moduli of 3.3–3.7 GPa. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐sensitive chitosan membranes as a substrate for cell adhesion and cell sheet detachment
Authors: Nie Pingping , He Xiaoling , Chen Li 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA series of temperature‐sensitive poly(CSA‐co‐NIPAAm) membranes that were suitable for cell culture and confluent cell sheets detachment were prepared. The membranes with thermo‐responsive surface properties were synthesized by the copolymerization of acrylic acid‐derivatized chitosan (CSA) and N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) in aqueous solution. Characterization of the membranes were carried out by means of the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and water contact‐angle (WCA) measurements. The adhesion and detachment of mouse fibroblast (L929) cells on these membranes have been investigated. The study showed that poly(CSA‐co‐NIPAAm) membranes could not only enhance fibroblasts attachment but also harvest confluent cell sheets by simply lowering the temperature. Furthermore, the detached cells retained high viability and could proliferate again after transferred to a new culture surface. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous study of cure kinetics and rheology of montmorillonite/vinyl ester resin nanocomposites
Authors: Akhlaghi Shahin , Kalaee Mohammadreza , Jowdar Effat , Nouri Ali , Mazinani Saeedeh , Afshari Mehdi , Famili Mohamadhosein Navid , Amini Navid , Behrouz Toktam 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn this work, the effect of quaternary ammonium salt containing nanoclay content (1–5 wt%) on phase morphology, rheology, cure kinetics, and mechanical properties of the vinyl ester resin (VER)‐based nanocomposites was studied. The morphological characterization including d‐spacing measurement, microscopy observation and phase‐height image processing were performed on the prepared nanocomposites using small angel X‐ray scattering (SAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). According to the results obtained from these techniques, it was concluded that an intercalated morphology existed for all the nanocomposites. The kinetic analyses of the isothermal curing followed by storage modulus obtained from the rheometry experiments are shown to be an affective rheological characteristic to investigate the cure behavior of VER/clay nanocomposites. In addition, the most important finding regarding the effect of nanoclay on the cross‐linking behavior of VER systems lays on the chemisorption and physisorption of the reacting monomers and initiator molecules on the nanoclay platelets surface which is found to be responsible for the retardation of the cure reaction caused by organoclay. Eventually, the mechanical characterizations were performed through the tensile, flexural and impact analysis tests. In this case, a considerable improvement of the bulk mechanical responses such as tensile and flexural strengths and also the corresponding moduli were observed for the nanocomposites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐dimensional non‐close‐packed arrays of nanoparticles via core‐shell nanospheres and reactive ion etching
Authors: Sparnacci Katia , Antonioli Diego , Deregibus Simone , Panzarasa Guido , Laus Michele , De Leo Natascia , Boarino Luca , Kapeliouchko Valerj , Poggio Tiziana 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNanosized PTFE/polystyrene core‐shell particles were prepared by seed emulsion polymerization technique starting from PTFE seeds of 20 nm. At the end of the reaction, no residual PTFE nor secondary nucleation was observed and by appropriately choosing the ratio between the monomer and the PTFE seed it was possible to obtain particles, with predetermined size in the range 60–100 nm, featuring an extremely narrow size distribution. These particles were successfully employed as building blocks for the preparation of large scale nanosized monolayers through the floating technique. Reactive ion etching was further applied to modulate the size characteristics of the resulting 2D ordered nanostructure. Although for relatively short RIE times a peculiar continuous morphology was observed in which the particles are interconnected through thin arms, on further increasing the RIE time a well‐organized 2D arrangement of particles with size of about 30 nm was obtained. Considering the shell as an expendable ordering and spacing tool, the use of core‐shell nanospheres allows a wide variety of controlled morphologies to be designed and prepared thus opening new perspectives for nanostructure fabrication processes through nanosphere lithography (NSL). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.