bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiotherapy and surgery—An indispensable duo in the treatment of retroperitoneal sarcoma
Authors: Van De Voorde Lien , Delrue Louke , van Eijkeren Marc , De Meerleer Gert 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe authors undertook a systematic review to designate the role that radiotherapy (RT) might play in the treatment of retroperitoneal sarcomas. Correlating with recent literature, the objective of this review was to evaluate whether there was enough evidence for the authors to develop an institutional treatment protocol concerning the use of RT in the treatment of retroperitoneal sarcoma. Furthermore, this was a call for surgeons to talk to radiation oncologists before performing surgery. The 2 objectives of this review were: 1) to determine the benefit of RT in terms of local control and/or survival in the treatment of retroperitoneal sarcomas and 2) to discover the optimal timing of RT in the treatment sequence. A computerized literature search was performed in the PubMed database, the Cochrane Library database, and reference lists; and journals also were searched by hand to identify all retrospective and prospective reports published since 1998 relating to RT treatment of adult retroperitoneal sarcoma. Mainly, analyses were sought that were based on a 5‐year local control rate (LCR), 5‐year disease‐free survival, and 5‐year overall survival (OS). If only 2 years follow‐up were available, then the authors also noted this outcome. Toxicity data were collected and analyzed separately. The synthesis of the literature was based on 9 prospectively nonrandomized studies and 10 retrospective studies that, together, reviewed a total of 1426 patients. The 5‐year LCR varied from 27% to 62%, and the results from other reports fell in between those values. The 5‐year OS rate ranged from 12% to 90%, and complete resection and tumor grade were the most important prognostic factors in most studies. This review resulted in 7 recommendations concerning the use of RT in the treatment of retroperitoneal sarcoma. The authors concluded that there is good evidence from multiple single‐institutions studies that RT improves the LCR in patients with retroperitoneal sarcoma. Until now, there has not been a translation of this approach into survival benefit. The current results indicated that preoperative external‐beam RT followed by radical surgery seems to be the preferred sequence, and adding intraoperative RT is a safe procedure for dose escalation in the upper abdomen. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Polydactyly: How many disorders and how many genes? 2010 update
Authors: Biesecker Leslie G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLimb development is clinically and biologically important. Polydactyly is common and caused by aberrant anterior–posterior patterning. Human disorders that include polydactyly are diverse. To facilitate an understanding of the biology of limb development, cataloging the genes that are mutated in patients with polydactyly would be useful. In 2002, I characterized human phenotypes that included polydactyly. Subsequently, many advances have occurred with refinement of clinical entities and identification of numerous genes. Here, I update human polydactyly entities by phenotype and mutated gene. This survey demonstrates phenotypes with overlapping manifestations, genetic heterogeneity, and distinct phenotypes generated from mutations in single genes. Among 310 clinical entities, 80 are associated with mutations in 99 genes. These results show that knowledge of limb patterning genetics is improving rapidly. Soon, we will have a comprehensive toolkit of genes important for limb development, which will lead to regenerative therapies for limb anomalies. Developmental Dynamics 240:931–942, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Establishment of conditional reporter mouse lines at ROSA26 locus for live cell imaging
Authors: Abe Takaya , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Shioi Go , Inoue Ken‐Ichi , Nakao Kazuki , Aizawa Shinichi , Fujimori Toshihiko 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA series of conditional reporter mouse lines were established in which specific organelles were labeled with fluorescent proteins. Subcellular localization and intensity of 28 fluorescent fusion‐protein constructs were surveyed in cell lines, and 16 constructs then were selected to generate mouse lines. The fusion cDNAs were inserted into the ROSA26 genomic locus next to the stop sequences flanked with loxP so that fluorescent proteins were expressed under the ubiquitous ROSA26 transcriptional machinery when the loxP sequences were recombined with Cre. The subcellular localization and intensity of the fusion product in each reporter mouse line were examined by ubiquitously expressing them in E7.5 embryos. Twelve reporter lines, that mark nucleus, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane, microtubule, actin filament, and focal adhesion, were found suitable for live imaging. Distinct double staining was demonstrated for nucleus and plasma membrane or Golgi apparatus; clear time‐lapse live images were obtained for nucleus and plasma membranes; conditional expression was confirmed on Lyn‐Venus and H2B‐mCherry lines in notochord with Not‐Cre. genesis, 49:579–590, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photolysis of Hi‐CO Nitrogenase – Observation of a Plethora of Distinct CO Species Using Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Yan Lifen , Dapper Christie H. , George Simon J. , Wang Hongxin , Mitra Devrani , Dong Weibing , Newton William E. , Cramer Stephen P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFourier‐transform infrared‐spectroscopy (FT‐IR) was used to study the photochemistry of CO‐inhibited Azotobacter vinelandii Mo nitrogenase using visible light at cryogenic temperatures. The FT‐IR difference spectrum of photolyzed hi‐CO at 4 K comprises negative bands at 1973 cm–1 and 1679 cm–1 together with positive bands at 1711 cm–1, 2135 and 2123 cm–1. The negative bands are assigned to a hi‐CO state that comprises 2 metal‐bound CO ligands, one terminally bound, and one bridged and/or protonated species. The positive band at 1711 cm–1 is assigned to a lo‐CO product with a single bridged and/or protonated metal‐CO group. We term these species “Hi‐1” and “Lo‐1”, respectively. The high‐energy bands are assigned to a liberated CO trapped in the protein pocket. Warming results in CO recombination, and the temperature dependence of the recombination rate yields an activation energy of 4 kJ mol–1. Two α‐H195 variant enzymes yielded additional signals. Asparagine substitution, α‐H195N, gives a spectrum containing 2 negative “Hi‐2” bands at 1936 and 1858 cm–1 with a positive “Lo‐2” band at 1780 cm–1, while glutamine substitution, α‐H195Q, produces a complex spectrum that includes a third CO species, with negative “Hi‐3” bands at 1938 and 1911 cm–1 and a positive feature “Lo‐3” band at 1921 cm–1. These species can be assigned to a combination of terminal, bridged, and possibly protonated CO groups bound to the FeMo cofactor active site. The proposed structures are discussed in terms of both CO inhibition and the mechanism nitrogenase catalysis. Given the intractability of observing nitrogenase intermediates by crystallographic methods, IR‐monitored photolysis appears to be a promising and information‐rich probe of nitrogenase structure and chemistry.
Ligand‐Free Pd‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Cross‐Coupling Reactions under Atmospheric Pressure of Carbon Monoxide: Synthesis of Aryl Ketones and Heteroaromatic Ketones
Authors: Li Hongling , Yang Min , Qi Yanxing , Xue Jijun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe carbonylative Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions of boronic acids with aryl iodides catalyzed by Pd2(dba)3 as a ligand‐free catalyst under atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide has been firstly developed. Under mild reaction conditions, a broad range of aryl/heteroaryl iodides and aryl/heteroaryl boronic acids were selectively coupled to afford the corresponding diaryl ketones in good to excellent yields at low catalyst loadings (0.05 to 2 mol‐%). Moreover, the catalyst can also be recycled.
Silicon Lewis Acid Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Hydrazones/Cyclopentadiene: Mild Access to Pyrazolidine Derivatives
Authors: Zamfir Alexandru , Schenker Sebastian , Bauer Walter , Clark Timothy , Tsogoeva Svetlana B. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA first and fairly mild metal‐free catalytic route was developed for the [3+2] cycloadditions of different N‐acylhydrazones to cyclopentadiene, providing the synthetically andbiologically important five‐membered cyclic compounds pyrazolidines. The reaction was successfully conducted in high yields (up to 99 %) with high diastereoselectivities (up to 98:2 dr) by using catalytic amounts of TMSOTf (trimethylsilyl triflate) as a readily available Lewis acidic catalyst. The experimental findings were supported by DFT calculations of the reaction mechanism. The theoretical and experimental diastereomeric excess values show good agreement, rendering the computations an efficient tool for predicting the selectivities in these and related reactions.
The brain tumor microenvironment
Authors: Charles Nikki A. , Holland Eric C. , Gilbertson Richard , Glass Rainer , Kettenmann Helmut 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHigh‐grade brain tumors are heterogeneous with respect to the composition of bona fide tumors cells and with respect to a range of intermingling parenchymal cells. Glioblastomas harbor multiple cell types, some with increased tumorigenicity and stem cell‐like capacity. The stem‐like cells may be the cells of origin for tumor relapse. However, the tumor‐associated parenchymal cells—such as vascular cells, microglia, peripheral immune cells, and neural precursor cells—also play a vital role in controlling the course of pathology. In this review, we describe the multiple interactions of bulk glioma cells and glioma stem cells with parenchymal cell populations and highlight the pathological impact and signaling pathways known for these types of cell–cell communication. The tumor‐vasculature not only nourishes glioblastomas, but also provides a specialized niche for these stem‐like cells. In addition, microglial cells, which can contribute up to 30% of a brain tumor mass, play a role in glioblastoma cell invasion. Moreover, non‐neoplastic astrocytes can be converted into a reactive phenotype by the glioma microenvironment and can then secrete a number of factors which influences tumor biology. The young brain may have the capacity to inhibit gliomagenesis by the endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells, which secrete tumor suppressive factors. The factors, pathways, and interactions described in this review provide a new prospective on the cell biology of primary brain tumors, which may ultimately generate new treatment modalities. However, our picture of the multiple interactions between parenchymal and tumor cells is still incomplete. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progenitors in the adult cerebral cortex: Cell cycle properties and regulation by physiological stimuli and injury
Authors: Simon Christiane , Götz Magdalena , Dimou Leda 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe adult brain parenchyma contains a widespread population of progenitors generating different cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage such as NG2+ cells and some mature oligodendrocytes. However, it is still largely unknown how proliferation and lineage decisions of these progenitors are regulated. Here, we first characterized the cell cycle length, proliferative fraction, and progeny of dividing cells in the adult cerebral cortex and then compared these proliferation characteristics after two distinct stimuli, invasive acute brain injury and increased physiological activity by voluntary physical exercise. Our data show that adult parenchymal progenitors have a very long cell cycle due to an extended G1 phase, many of them can divide at least twice and only a limited proportion of the progeny differentiates into mature oligodendrocytes. After stab wound injury, however, many of these progenitors re‐enter the cell cycle very fast, suggesting that the normally long G1 phase is subject to regulation and can be abruptly shortened. In striking contrast, voluntary physical exercise shows the opposite effect with increased exit of the cell cycle followed by an enhanced and fast differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the endogenous population of adult brain parenchymal progenitors is subject to profound modulation by environmental stimuli in both directions, either faster proliferation or faster differentiation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activation of interferon signaling pathways in spinal cord astrocytes from an ALS mouse model
Authors: Wang Rengang , Yang Bo , Zhang Dongxian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting predominantly motor neurons. Recent studies suggest that the disease progression of ALS is non‐cell‐autonomous, although the interaction between neurons and glial cells in different disease stages is not entirely clear. Here, we demonstrate that the interferon (IFN) signaling pathway is activated in human SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice, a rodent model of ALS. IFN‐stimulated genes (ISGs) increased in the spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mice at a presymptomatic age. In addition, the up‐regulated ISGs, and most likely their transcriptional activators, were found specifically in astrocytes surrounding motor neurons, suggesting that IFN signaling in astrocytes was triggered by specific pathologic changes in motor neurons. Furthermore, induction of ISGs in cultured astrocytes was highly sensitive to IFN, especially Type I IFN. ISGs in astrocytes were activated specifically by endoplasmic reticulum stress‐induced neurodegeneration in vitro, implicating a similar process in the presymptomatic stage of SOD1 mutant mice. Finally, reduction or deletion of IFNα receptor 1 inhibited IFN signaling and increased the life‐span of SOD1(G93A) mice. Thus, the activation of IFN signaling pathways represents an early “dialogue” between motor neurons and astrocytes in response to pathological changes in ALS. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of aquaporin‐4 channels on K+ buffering and gap junction coupling in the hippocampus
Authors: Strohschein Susan , Hüttmann Kerstin , Gabriel Siegrun , Binder Devin K. , Heinemann Uwe , Steinhäuser Christian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAquaporin‐4 (AQP4) is the main water channel in the brain and primarily localized to astrocytes where the channels are thought to contribute to water and K+ homeostasis. The close apposition of AQP4 and inward rectifier K+ channels (Kir4.1) led to the hypothesis of direct functional interactions between both channels. We investigated the impact of AQP4 on stimulus‐induced alterations of the extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) in murine hippocampal slices. Recordings with K+‐selective microelectrodes combined with field potential analyses were compared in wild type (wt) and AQP4 knockout (AQP4−/−) mice. Astrocyte gap junction coupling was assessed with tracer filling during patch clamp recording. Antidromic fiber stimulation in the alveus evoked smaller increases and slower recovery of [K+]o in the stratum pyramidale of AQP4−/− mice indicating reduced glial swelling and a larger extracellular space when compared with control tissue. Moreover, the data hintat an impairment of the glial Na+/K+ ATPase in AQP4‐deficient astrocytes. In a next step, we investigated the laminar profile of [K+]o by moving the recording electrode from the stratum pyramidale toward the hippocampal fissure. At distances beyond 300 μm from the pyramidal layer, the stimulation‐induced, normalized increases of [K+]o in AQP4−/− mice exceeded the corresponding values of wt mice, indicating facilitated spatial buffering. Astrocytes in AQP4−/− mice also displayed enhanced tracer coupling, which might underlie the improved spatial re‐ distribution of [K+]o in the hippocampus. These findings highlight the role of AQP4 channels in the regulation of K+ homeostasis. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of nanofluids on mixed convective heat transfer over a horizontal backward‐facing step
Authors: Mohammed H.A. , Al‐aswadi A.A. , Abu‐Mulaweh H.I. , Shuaib N.H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPredictions are reported for laminar mixed convection using various types of nanofluids over a horizontal backward‐facing step in a duct, in which the upstream wall and the step are considered adiabatic surfaces, while the downstream wall from the step is heated to a uniform temperature that is higher than the inlet fluid temperature. The straight wall that forms the other side of the duct is maintained at constant temperature equivalent to the inlet fluid temperature. Eight different types of nanoparticles, Au, Ag, Al2O3, Cu, CuO, diamond, SiO2, and TiO2, with 5% volume fraction are used. The conservation equations along with the boundary conditions are solved using the finite volume method. Results presented in this paper are for a step height of 4.9 mm and an expansion ratio of 1.942, while the total length in the downstream of the step is 0.5 m. The Reynolds number is in the range of 75 ≤ Re ≤ 225. The downstream wall was fixed at a uniform wall temperature in the range of 0 ≤ ΔT ≤ 30 °C which is higher than the inlet flow temperature. Results reveal that there is a primary recirculation region for all nanofluids behind the step. It is noticed that nanofluids without secondary recirculation region have a higher Nusselt number and it increases with Prandtl number decrement. On the other hand, nanofluids with secondary recirculation regions are found to have a lower Nusselt number. Diamond nanofluid has the highest Nusselt number in the primary recirculation region, while SiO2 nanofluid has the highest Nusselt number downstream of the primary recirculation region. The skin friction coefficient increases as the temperature difference increases and the Reynolds number decreases. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.20344
Hypothyroidism following childhood cancer therapy–an under diagnosed complication
Authors: Brabant Georg , Toogood Andrew A. , Shalet Stephen M , Frobisher Clare , Lancashire Emma R , Reulen Raoul C , Winter David L , Hawkins Michael M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTo determine the prevalence of hypothyroidism amongst most adult survivors of childhood cancer in Britain using the British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (BCCSS). The BCCSS is a population based cohort of individuals diagnosed with childhood cancer between 1940 and 1991 and who survived at least 5 years from diagnosis (n = 17,981). 10483, 71% of those survivors aged at least 16 years, returned a completed questionnaire, which asked if hypothyroidism had been diagnosed. Of the whole cohort, 7.7% reported hypothyroidism with the highest risk among patients treated for Hodgkin's disease (HD) (19.9%), CNS neoplasms (15.3%), Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (6.2%) and leukaemia (5.2%). Survivors were more likely to develop hypothyroidism if they had received radiotherapy for HD (p = 0.0001) or a CNS neoplasm (p < 0.00005) but not leukaemia (p = 0.3). In these three patient groups, the frequency of hypothyroidism was similar in men and women. Survivors of irradiated CNS tumours reported a prevalence of hypothyroidism, which was substantially lower if discharged to primary care compared with being on hospital follow‐up and which declined substantially with increased follow‐up in both primary care (p = 0.004) and hospital follow‐up (p = 0.023) settings. Hypothyroidism is a common finding amongst adult survivors of childhood malignancy. The substantial differences in reported hypothyroidism prevalence after irradiated CNS neoplasms suggests substantial under‐diagnosis, which increased with increased follow‐up, and which increased among those followed‐up in primary care compared with hospital settings.
Breast cancer and age in Black and White women in South East England
Authors: Jack Ruth H. , Davies Elizabeth A. , Møller Henrik 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBlack women have lower age‐standardized breast cancer incidence rates than White women in the United Kingdom. However, little is known about such differences in risk in separate age groups. Records on female residents of South East England diagnosed with breast cancer between 1998 and 2003 were extracted from the Thames Cancer Registry database. Age‐specific incidence rates were calculated for each 5‐year age group using 2001 Census population data for White, Black Caribbean and Black African women. Black Caribbean and Black African breast cancer patients were younger than both the White patients and those with no ethnicity recorded. Black Caribbean and Black African women in the population also had a younger age profile than White women. The computed age‐specific incidence rates in women aged under 50 were similar in the different ethnic groups, whereas in women aged 50 and over White women had higher rates. The younger age of Black Caribbean and Black African breast cancer patients in South East England reflects the younger age of these populations, rather than an increased risk of disease at younger ages.
Significant associations of prostate cancer susceptibility variants with survival in patients treated with androgen‐deprivation therapy
Authors: Bao Bo‐Ying , Pao Jiunn‐Bey , Huang Chun‐Nung , Pu Yeong‐Shiau , Chang Ta‐Yuan , Lan Yu‐Hsuan , Lu Te‐Ling , Lee Hong‐Zin , Chen Lu‐Min , Ting Wen‐Chien , Hsieh Chi‐Jeng , Huang Shu‐Pin 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAndrogen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) is the most common therapy for advanced prostate cancer, but the prognosis significantly differs among individuals. In this study, we evaluated recently identified 19 prostate cancer susceptibility variants as prognostic predictors for the survival after ADT. A total of 601 prostate cancer patients treated with ADT were enrolled in this study cohort. The prognostic significance of the prostate cancer risk variants on disease progression, prostate cancer‐specific mortality (PCSM) and all‐cause mortality (ACM) after ADT were assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression model. Two polymorphisms, rs16901979 and rs7931342, were significantly associated with PCSM (p = 0.005 for rs16901979 and p = 0.038 for rs7931342), and rs16901979 was also associated with ACM (p = 0.003) following ADT. Although the effect of rs7931342 was attenuated after controlling for other known clinical prognostic factors, rs16901979 remained a significant predictor for PCSM and ACM after ADT (p = 0.002). Moreover, the addition of the rs16901979 status in current clinical staging system further enhanced the risk prediction on PCSM and ACM particularly for the high‐risk patients with distant metastasis (p < 0.017). In conclusion, this is the first study showing that prostate cancer risk variants, such as rs16901979, might improve outcome prediction following ADT, thus allowing identification of high‐risk patients who might benefit from appropriate adjuvant therapy.