bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Torelli theorem for the moduli space of parabolic Higgs bundles
Authors: Gómez Tomas L. , Logares Marina 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In this article we extend the proof given by Biswas and Gómez [Quart. J. Math. 54: 159–169, 2003] of a Torelli theorem for the moduli space of Higgs bundles with fixed determinant, to the parabolic situation.
On linkages in polytope graphs
Authors: Werner Axel , Wotzlaw Ronald F. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A graph is k-linked if any k disjoint vertex-pairs can be joined by k disjoint paths. We slightly improve a lower bound on the linkedness of polytopes. This results in exact values for the minimal linkedness of 7-, 10- and 13-dimensional polytopes.
We analyze in detail linkedness of d-polytopes on at most (6d + 7)/5 vertices. In that case, a tight lower bound on minimal linkedness is derived, and examples meeting this lower bound are constructed. These examples contain a class of examples due to Gallivan.
Combinatorial differential geometry and ideal Bianchi–Ricci identities
Authors: Janyška J. , Markl M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
We apply the graph complex approach of [Markl, Differential Geom. Appl. 27: 257–278, 2009] to vector fields depending naturally on a set of vector fields and a linear symmetric connection. We characterize all possible systems of generators for such vector-field valued operators including the classical ones given by normal tensors and covariant derivatives. We also describe the size of the space of such operators and prove the existence of an ‘ideal’ basis consisting of operators with given leading terms which satisfy the (generalized) Bianchi–Ricci identities without the correction terms. The proofs given in this paper combine the classical methods of normal coordinates with the graph complex method.
Lignin oxidation mechanisms under oxygen delignification conditions. Part 2: Advanced methods for the detailed characterization of lignin oxidation mechanisms
Authors: Rovio Stella , Kuitunen Susanna , Ohra-aho Taina , Alakurtti Sami , Kalliola Anna , Tamminen Tarja 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAdvanced analysis methods have been developed to follow the reactions of lignin during alkaline oxygen delignification conditions more comprehensively than before. This aim was attained by monitoring both the lignin macromolecule and the dissolved reaction products. Softwood (SW) and hardwood (HW) kraft spent liquor lignins were studied as substrates under various reaction conditions. The decrease in the contents of different types of free phenolic hydroxyl groups and the concurrent formation of carboxylic acids was followed by31P NMR of the phosphitylated products. In addition, the formation of acidic degradation products with low molecular weight was determined by capillary zone electrophoresis (CE). This way, it was possible to distinguish the carboxylic acids bound to the lignin macromolecule from the cleaved reaction products, even if they partly co-precipitated during sample preparation. Peak deconvolution was applied to get information on syringyl type phenolic structures and on C(5) condensed guaiacyl structures in hardwood lignin. Pyrolysis-GC/MS was applied to provide additional information about the distribution of guaiacyl/syringyl/p-hydroxyphenyl (G/S/H) type lignin subunits, as well as changes in the phenylpropane side chain.
Solvent extraction as a means of preparing homogeneous lignin fractions
Authors: Ropponen Jarmo , Räsänen Lea , Rovio Stella , Ohra-aho Taina , Liitiä Tiina , Mikkonen Hannu , van de Pas Daniel , Tamminen Tarja 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSequential extraction method was applied to lignins from hardwood and softwood isolated by kraft and VTT organosolv processes. Solvent extraction was found to fractionate lignin according to the molecular weight: small molecular weight lignin is dissolved in the organic solvents and the lignin with higher molecular weight is enriched into the residue. Isolated acetone fractions of lignin are more homogeneous with narrow molecular weight distributions. Based on the31P NMR results, both total hydroxyl content and the content of phenolic hydroxyl units are higher in the acetone fraction than in the residue. Pyrolysis-GC/MS of all lignins showed thatp-hydroxy phenols are enriched to the residues. Preferential dissolution of syringyl type lignin in acetone was observed for hardwood kraft lignin, whereas the opposite behavior was seen for the hardwood organosolv lignin. Glass transition temperatures of all acetone soluble fractions were notably low compared to starting and residue lignins, which gives possibilities for future applications as a material with specific properties.
Ionic liquids as media for biomass processing: opportunities and restrictions
Authors: Schrems Michael , Brandt Agnieszka , Welton Tom , Liebner Falk , Rosenau Thomas , Potthast Antje 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The present study provides insight into the dissolution behavior of renewable materials in ionic liquids. Beech, spruce and rye straw were dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate as the ionic liquid of choice, which is currently one of the most frequently used cation-anion combinations among ionic liquids for biomaterial processing. The dissolution was followed by selective precipitation of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. The obtained lignin was analyzed with Curie-point pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Cu-Py-GC/MS) and the separated cellulose/hemicellulose fractions with gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Time dependence of the dissolution process was studied on rye straw, eucalyptus kraft pulp and beech sulfite pulp. The results show a changing dissolution profile over time, which is due to progressing degradation of the cellulose in the ionic liquid.
Conditioning of SO2-ethanol-water spent liquor from spruce for the production of chemicals by ABE fermentation
Authors: Sklavounos Evangelos , Iakovlev Mikhail , Yamamoto Minna , Teräsvuori Lydia , Jurgens German , Granström Tom , van Heiningen Adriaan 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The objective of this study is to develop a process for conditioning spent liquor produced by SO2-ethanol-water (SEW) fractionation of spruce wood chips for fermentation to butanol, ethanol and acetone/isopropanol, i.e., by means of the so called acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) process using Clostridia bacteria. This study serves as part of an overall project aiming at the development of economic processes for producing chemicals and biofuels from mixed forest biomass via SEW fractionation and ABE fermentation technologies.
An investigation into the wear behaviour of TiB2 particle reinforced aluminium composites produced by mechanical alloying
Authors: Ozyurek Dursun , Ciftci Ibrahim 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this study, wear behaviour of TiB2 particle reinforced aluminium (Al) composites produced by the mechanical alloying method was investigated. TiB2 ceramic particles of four different volume fractions were mechanically alloyed with Al and A356 alloy matrix materials. The mechanically alloyed particles were cold presses and then sintered at 550°C. After the sintering process, the composites were characterised through hardness measurements, scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Wear tests were also carried out on a pin-on-disc type wear apparatus under 10, 25 and 50 N loads. Wear loss of the composites were found to decrease with increasing hardness which increased with increasing TiB2 particle volume fraction. However, increasing the applied load and sliding distance increased the wear loss. Wear surface examinations showed that various wear mechanisms were effective in wear of the composites.
Large displacement static analysis of a cantilever Timoshenko beam composed of functionally graded material
Authors: Kocatürk Turgut , Şimşek Mesut , Akbaş Şeref Doğuşcan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn this study, non-linear static analysis of a cantilever Timoshenko beam composed of functionally graded material (FGM) under a non-follower transversal uniformly distributed load is studied with large displacements and large rotations. Material properties of the beam change in the thickness direction according to a power-law function. In this study, the finite element of the beam is constructed by using the total Lagrangian Timoshenko beam element approximation. The non-linear problem is solved by using the incremental displacement-based finite element method in conjunction with the Newton-Raphson iteration method. To use the solution procedures of the Newton-Raphson method, there is a need to linearize equilibrium equations, which can be achieved through the linearization of the principle of virtual work. In this study, the effects of large deflections, large rotations and various material distributions on displacements and normal stress and shear stress distributions through the thickness of the beam are investigated in detail. The convergence study is performed for various numbers of finite elements. In addition, some of the particular results of the present study which are obtained for the homogeneous material case are compared with the results of the SAP2000 packet program. Numerical results show that geometrical non-linearity and material distribution play very important roles in the static responses of FGM beams.
Thermal stresses in rings of thermoplastic composites made by automated fiber placement process
Authors: Zhao Qi , Hoa Suong V. , Gao Zhan Jun 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe automated fiber placement (AFP) of thermoplastic composites has a complex thermal history, which seriously leads to residual stresses in the products. An ANSYS simulation model is proposed to predict thermal history and induced thermal stresses in thermoplastic composite rings. It attempts to simulate closely the AFP process by adding materials incrementally. The processing speed was modeled by incrementally moving the hot air heater along the outer surface of the composite cylinder. The analysis is time-dependent, including two steps of transient heat transfer and induced thermal stress analyses. The heat transfer characteristics and the accumulated thermal effect during processing are investigated. Thermally induced stresses are examined.
Application of fiber optic sensors for elevated temperature testing of polymer matrix composite materials
Authors: Montesano John , Selezneva Marina , Poon Cheung , Fawaz Zouheir , Behdinan Kamran 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAdvanced polymer matrix composite (PMC) materials have been more frequently employed for aerospace applications due to their light weight and high strength. Fiber-reinforced PMC materials are also being considered as potential candidates for elevated temperature applications such as supersonic vehicle airframes and propulsion system components. A new generation of high glass-transition temperature polymers has enabled this development to materialize. Clearly, there is a requirement to better understand the mechanical behaviour of this class of composite materials. In this study, polyimide-coated fiber optic sensors are employed to continuously monitor strain in a woven carbon fiber bismaleimide (BMI) matrix laminate subjected to tensile static and fatigue loading at elevated temperatures. A unique experimental test protocol is utilized to investigate the capability of the optical sensors to monitor strain and track stiffness degradation of the composite material. An advanced interrogation system and an optical spectrum analyzer are utilized to track the variation in the optical fiber wavelength and the wavelength spectrum for correlation with strain gage measurements. Isothermal tensile static and fatigue tests at room temperature, 105°C, 160°C and 205°C suggest that these optical sensors are capable of continuously monitoring strain and tracking the stiffness loss of a highly compliant PMC specimen during cyclic loading. The results illustrate that employing optical sensors for elevated temperature applications has significant advantages when compared to conventional strain gages.
Anomalous elastic and piezoelastic properties of monoclinic bis(hexylammonium) zirconium bis (nitrilotriacetate) dihydrate, (C6H13NH3)2Zr(N(CH2COO)3)2 · 2 H2O
Authors: Haussühl Eiken , Haussühl Siegfried 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Large single crystals with optical quality of bis(hexylammonium) zirconium bis (nitrilotriacetate) dihydrate with dimensions up to about 15 cm3 were grown from aqueous solutions. The complete elastic stiffness tensor was determined at 293 K. The propagation velocities of ultrasonic modes which are strongly related to the elastic constants c
11, c
22, c
33, and c
66, displayed anomalous behaviour between 260 K and 300 K. We observed distinct anomalies in the temperature dependent evolution of the elastic coefficient c
22 as indicated by a drastic change of the thermoelastic constant T
22 between about 275 K and 295 K. No discontinuity of any ultrasonic wave velocity and no anomalous attenuation effects have been measured in the temperature range between 120 K and 330 K by plane wave techniques. Additionally, strong anomalies occur in the thermal expansion between 310 K and 270 K which is also recognized by differential scanning calorimetry. The complete piezoelastic tensor was measured between 1 and 1600 bar under hydrostatic conditions.
Characterization of Hydrophobic Forces for in Liquid Self-Assembly of Micron-Sized Functional Building Blocks
Authors: Gullo M. R. , Jacot-Descombes L. , Aeschimann L. , Brugger J. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the experimental and numerical study of hydrophobic interaction forces at nanometer scale in the scope of engineering micron-sized building blocks for self-assembly in liquid. The hydrophobic force distance relation of carbon, Teflon and dodeca-thiols immersed in degassed and deionized water has been measured by atomic force microscopy. Carbon and dodeca-thiols showed comparable attractive and binding forces in the rage of pN/nm2. Teflon showed the weakest binding and no attractive force. Molecular dynamic simulations were performed to correlate the molecular arrangement of water molecules and the hydrophobic interactions measured by atomic force microscopy. The simulations showed a depletion zone of 2Å followed by a layered region of 8Å in the axis perpendicular to the hydrophobic surface.
Oral Rehabilitation Following Removal of a Rhabdomyosarcoma and Subsequent Microstomia: A Case Report
Authors: Bilhan Hakan , Geckili Onur , Atalay Belir , Arat Selda 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor that is most often seen in children younger than 15 years of age. This pathology is found mainly in the head and neck region. Treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma at early stages of life usually affects the dental and osseous development of children. Because of impaired development, microstomia can arise, making dental treatment more difficult. This article presents a patient with microstomia caused by resection of an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in the nasolabial region. The patient was treated with 5 dental implants and fixed hybrid prosthesis in the maxilla and 2 implants supporting an overdenture in the mandible.
Part 3: Pharmacogenetic Variability in Phase II Anticancer Drug Metabolism
Authors: Deenen Maarten J. , Cats Annemieke , Beijnen Jos H. , Schellens Jan H.M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify genetic variants of glutathione S-transferase and uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase that have been shown to affect clinical outcomes in patients with cancer and describe the general effects of these variants with respect to standard treatment.Describe potential treatment considerations in patients with cancer who have genetic polymorphisms that affect Phase II metabolism of anticancer drugs.CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.comEquivalent drug doses may lead to wide interpatient variability in drug response to anticancer therapy. Known determinants that may affect the pharmacological response to a drug are, among others, nongenetic factors, including age, gender, use of comedication, and liver and renal function. Nonetheless, these covariates do not explain all the observed interpatient variability. Differences in genetic constitution among patients have been identified to be important factors that contribute to differences in drug response. Because genetic polymorphism may affect the expression and activity of proteins encoded, it is a key covariate that is responsible for variability in drug metabolism, drug transport, and pharmacodynamic drug effects.We present a series of four reviews about pharmacogenetic variability. This third part in the series of reviews is focused on genetic variability in phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes (glutathione S-transferases, uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferases, methyltransferases, sulfotransferases, and N-acetyltransferases) and discusses the effects of genetic polymorphism within the genes encoding these enzymes on anticancer drug therapy outcome. Based on the literature reviewed, opportunities for patient-tailored anticancer therapy are proposed.
Part 4: Pharmacogenetic Variability in Anticancer Pharmacodynamic Drug Effects
Authors: Deenen Maarten J. , Cats Annemieke , Beijnen Jos H. , Schellens Jan H.M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify genetic polymorphisms within pharmacodynamic candidate genes that are potential predictive markers for treatment outcome with anticancer drugs.Describe treatment selection considerations in patients with cancer who have genetic polymorphisms that could influence pharmacodynamic aspects of anticancer therapy.CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.comResponse to treatment with anticancer drugs is subject to wide interindividual variability. This variability is expressed not only as differences in severity and type of toxicity, but also as differences in effectiveness. Variability in the constitution of genes involved in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic pathways of anticancer drugs has been shown to possibly translate into differences in treatment outcome. The overall knowledge in the field of pharmacogenetics has tremendously increased over the last couple of years, and has thereby provided opportunities for patient-tailored anticancer therapy. In previous parts of this series, we described pharmacogenetic variability in anticancer phase I and phase II drug metabolism and drug transport. This fourth part of a four-part series of reviews is focused on pharmacodynamic variability and encompasses genetic variation in drug target genes such as those encoding thymidylate synthase, methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, and ribonucleotide reductase. Furthermore, genetic variability in other pharmacodynamic candidate genes involved in response to anticancer drugs is discussed, including genes involved in DNA repair such as those encoding excision repair crosscomplementing group 1 and group 2, x-ray crosscomplementing group 1 and group 3, and breast cancer genes 1 and 2. Finally, somatic mutations in KRAS and the gene encoding epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and implications for EGFR-targeted drugs are discussed. Potential implications and opportunities for patient and drug selection for genotype-driven anticancer therapy are outlined.
Dendritic Cells and Malignant Plasma Cells: An Alliance in Multiple Myeloma Tumor Progression?
Authors: Tucci Marco , Stucci Stefania , Strippoli Sabino , Dammacco Franco , Silvestris Franco 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe defective immunological features that have been identified in dendritic cells in multiple myeloma and explain how immunologic dendritic cell defects could reduce the clinical efficacy of dendritic cell-based vaccines.Outline possible therapeutic strategies based on current knowledge of the bone marrow crosstalk between myeloma cells and immature dendritic cells.CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.comThe crosstalk of myeloma cells with accessory cells drives the expansion of malignant plasma cell clones and the hyperactivation of osteoclastogenesis that occurs in multiple myeloma (MM). These reciprocal interactions promote defective dendritic cell (DC) function in terms of antigen processing, clearance of tumor cells, and efficacy of the immune response. Thus, myeloma cells exert immune suppression that explains, at least in part, the failure of therapeutic approaches, including DC vaccination. Impairment of DCs depends on high bone marrow levels of cytokines and adhesion molecules that affect both maturation and expression of costimulatory molecules by DCs. Moreover, DCs share with osteoclasts (OCs) a common ontogenetic derivation from the monocyte lineage, and thus may undergo OC-like transdifferentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Immature DCs (iDCs) induce clonogenic growth of malignant plasma cells while displaying OC-like features, including the ability to resorb bone tissue once cultured with myeloma cells. This OC-like transdifferentiation of iDCs is dependent on the activation of both the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK)–RANK ligand (RANK-L) and CD47–thrombospondin (TSP)-I axes, although interleukin 17–producing T helper-17 clones within the bone microenvironment may also take part in this function. Therefore, iDCs allied with malignant plasma cells contribute to MM osteoclastogenesis, although other molecules released by tumor cells may independently contribute to the bone-resorbing machinery.
The RANKL/RANK/OPG Signaling Pathway Mediates Medial Arterial Calcification in Diabetic Charcot Neuroarthropathy
Authors: Ndip Agbor , Williams Alfred , Jude Edward B. , Serracino-Inglott Ferdinand , Richardson Steve , Smyth J.V. , Boulton Andrew J.M. , Alexander M. Yvonne 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
The receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), RANK ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) signaling pathway (RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling) is implicated in the osteolysis associated with diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN); however, the links with medial arterial calcification (MAC) seen in people with CN are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of RANKL/OPG in MAC in patients with CN.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Bio-plex multiarray technology were used to quantify a range of cytokines, including RANKL and OPG in sera from 10 patients with diabetes, 12 patients with CN, and 5 healthy volunteers. Human tibial artery segments were immunohistochemically stained with Alizarin red and human RANKL antibody. Human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were also explanted from arterial segments for in vitro studies.

RESULTS
We demonstrate colocalization and upregulation of RANKL expression in areas displaying MAC. Systemic levels of RANKL, OPG, and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-8, granulocyte colony–stimulating factor) were elevated in those with CN compared with diabetic patients and healthy control subjects. Human VSMCs cultured in CN serum showed accelerated osteoblastic differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity) and mineralization (alizarin red staining) compared with cells treated with diabetic or control serum (P &lt; 0.05). Coincubation with OPG, the decoy receptor for RANKL, attenuated osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs and was independent of a high calcium-phosphate milieu. The accelerated mineralization induced by RANKL and CN serum correlated with nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, a process abrogated by OPG.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data provide direct evidence that RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling is modulated in patients with CN and plays a role in vascular calcification. This study highlights this pathway as a potential target for intervention.