bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in live births in the past 20 years in Zhengzhou, China
Authors: HAN WEI , SONG JIANGANG , LIU AIQING , HUO KAIMING , XU FALIN , CUI SHIHONG , WANG XIAOYANG , ZHU CHANGLIAN 
Published: January 2011

Abstract Objective. To evaluate changing trends in neonatal births and deaths in a provincial women's and children's hospital over the past 20 years. Design: Retrospective longitudinal study. Setting. Henan Provincial Women's and Children's Hospital, China. Population. Live births in Henan Provincial Women's and Children's Hospital from January 1987 to December 2006. Methods: Data was stratified by sex, birth weight, delivery type, maternal age, gestational age, and single or multiple births. The incidence of low Apgar scores and neonatal death was calculated for each fiscal year. Main outcome measures: Trends in the fundamental status of hospital‐born live births and risk factors for neonatal death. Results. 26 760 hospital live births were included. The ratio of males to females was 1.16:1. The mean gestational age decreased from 39.5±1.4 weeks to 38.4±2.5 weeks (p <0.001) and multiple births increased from 1.5 to 7.3% (p<0.001). The proportion of preterm births increased from 4.7 to 18.9% (p<0.001), maternal age increased from 25.9±3.7 years to 29.0±4.4 years (p<0.001), and cesarean deliveries increased from 23.7 to 65.5% (p<0.001). The incidence of low Apgar scores decreased from 12.9 to 1.1% (p<0.001). The incidence of neonatal death was 8.5/1 000 live births, with preterm births and low Apgar scores accounting for 72.8 and 16.2% of all neonatal deaths, respectively. Conclusion. Preterm births, multiple births, and cesarean deliveries increased dramatically. Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal death.
Association between 5 min Apgar scores and planned mode of delivery in diabetic pregnancies
Authors: STUART ANDREA E. , MATTHIESEN LEIF S. , KÄLLÉN KARIN B. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract Objective. Due to the high incidence of neonatal complications in diabetic pregnancies, the aim of our study was to investigate whether elective cesarean section could prevent adverse neonatal outcome. Design. Population‐based study. Setting. Data were extracted from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry. Population. All women (n=13 491) with diabetic pregnancies during the period 1990–2007. Methods. Neonatal outcome in diabetic pregnancies was compared after elective cesarean section at 38 completed gestational weeks with planned vaginal delivery at 39 completed weeks of gestation or later. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals for Apgar scores <7 at 5 min after birth were calculated using multiple logistic regression. Main Outcome Measures. Apgar score <7 at 5 min after birth. Results. A significantly decreased risk of Apgar score <7 at 5 min after birth in the group who underwent an elective cesarean section at 38 completed gestational weeks was found compared with those who continued pregnancy to 39 completed weeks of gestation or more, irrespective of final mode of delivery. Conclusions. Our results indicate a protective effect of planned cesarean section on the risk of low Apgar scores in diabetic pregnancies.
Multi‐laboratory validation of very high sun protection factor values
Authors: Stanfield Joseph W. , Ou‐Yang Hao , Chen Theresa , Cole Curtis , Appa Yohini 
Published: January 2011

Background: High sun protection factor (SPF) sunscreens have multiple benefits but there has not been validation of the test method for determining SPF values higher than 50. This study addresses specifically the accuracy and reproducibility of the high SPF test.Methods: Two high SPF formulations with a standard reference (SPF 15) were tested at four independent test facilities according to the 2007 FDA proposed amendments to the sunscreen monograph. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the SPF results within each lab as well as the SPF results between different labs.Results: The test formulations have overall mean values of 90.5 and 70.7. There was no statistically significant difference between the labs for either formulation and all four labs were able to statistically differentiate these two levels of SPF values. The coefficients of variance (CV) for the high SPF formulations were comparable to those of the corresponding SPF 15 reference within each lab.Conclusions: The data show that SPF values above 50 and up to at least 90 can be measured by multiple laboratories with accuracy and reproducibility.
Reduction of skin‐homing cytotoxic T cells (CD8+–CLA+) in patients with vitiligo
Authors: Antelo Daniela Pereira , Filgueira Absalom Lima , Cunha José Marcos Telles 
Published: January 2011

Background: Vitiligo is a frequently acquired, hereditary disease, characterized by achromic macules due to the absence of melanocytes. In contrast with earlier studies, in which the main pathogenic role was attributed to anti‐melanocyte antibodies, recent papers have emphasized a role for CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in melanocyte destruction. Fifteen percent of peripheral T cell express cutaneous lymphocyte‐associated antigen (CLA), responsible for skin‐homing T cell. Phototherapy is used to treat patients with generalized vitiligo and it has been shown to interfere with CLA+ T cells in other skin diseases.Objective: To describe peripheral blood T cell subpopulations' frequency and ability to express the skin‐homing molecule (CLA) in patients with non‐segmental vitiligo, before and after photochemotherapy (PUVA).Patients and Methods: Twenty‐two patients with generalized and active spreading vitiligo were submitted to 30 PUVA‐8MOP sessions. Lymphocyte immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry using anti‐CD3, anti‐CD8 and anti‐CLA monoclonal antibodies. Fifteen healthy volunteers, sex‐ and age‐matched, were included as a control group.Results: CD8+–CLA+ T cells were significantly reduced in number in untreated vitiligo patients (P=0.008) when compared with control individuals, albeit with a more intense CLA expression (P=0.028). These findings were not altered after PUVA. No significant difference was noticed in CD4/CD8 ratios nor in CD4–CLA+ T cell numbers between vitiligo patients and controls, both before and after PUVA.Conclusions: CD8–CLA+ T cells are reduced in peripheral blood of patients with non‐segmental vitiligo. This finding may be related to the previously reported increase of CD8+ cells in both lesions and perilesional skin of these patients.
Extramammary Paget disease – clinical appearance, pathogenesis, management
Authors: Wagner Gunnar , Sachse Michael Max 
Published: January 2011

SummaryExtramammary Paget disease is a rare malignant neoplasm. With regard to the pathogenesis, two prognostically different forms can be distinguished. The primary form of extramammary Paget disease is an in situ carcinoma of the apocrine gland ducts. In contrast, the secondary form is characterized by an intraepithelial spread due to an underlying carcinoma of the skin or other organ systems. Extramammary Paget disease occurs in older patients. The predilection sites include the entire anogenital skin and less often the axillary region. We present five different patients with this disease, thereby demonstrating its variation in clinical morphology. The lesion usually presents as an erythematous sharply defined spot. The polygonal borders, caused by the centrifugal growth of the tumor, may provide a diagnostic clue. The treatment of choice for extramammary Paget disease remains Mohs’ microscopic surgery. However, radiotherapy or topical applications may be alternative treatment options in selected cases. In patients with the secondary form of extramam‐mary Paget disease, treatment of the primary tumor is the main approach.
Comics, Graphic Novels, Graphic Narrative: A Review
Authors: Freedman Ariela 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDespite the popularity and critical impact of comics and graphic narrative, academics have been late to the examination of the field, and critic‐practitioners like Art Spiegelman and Scott McCloud have been the most influential critics, advocates and spokespeople for the medium. This article presents a brief history of American comics and comics criticism, which has long defined itself as emergent, oppositional and underground, alongside scholarly attempts to frame the impact and importance of the medium. The mixture of advocacy and analysis, fandom and critique, amateur and professional study, and artistic self‐definition and critical examination characteristic of comics criticism poses challenges to the border between high art and popular culture and between word and image; it also confounds the distinction between academic and amateur scholarship. Comics criticism, in other words, has the potential not only to incorporate this new medium into the field of literary criticism, but to challenge and transform some of the basic assumptions of that criticism.
The Crisis of Liberalism and the Politics of Modernism
Authors: Ho Janice 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis essay gives a brief overview of the different ways in which literary criticism has understood modernism’s response to the crisis of liberalism that occurred in the early 20th century. Beginning with a historical explanation of the crisis and an account of its stakes for modernist art, the essay proceeds to discuss a central debate among critics that had taken place in the 1930s and that was particularly concerned about the ideological values of modernism during such a time of political instability. The essay shows how this early debate continues to frame and inform current criticism on the ‘politics of modernism’, which similarly seeks to analyze modernism’s relationship to the values of liberalism that had been so dominant for most of the 19th century. Focusing subsequently on contemporary criticism, the essay looks at two major thematic concerns that have shaped modernist studies from the 1980s onwards: first, the issue of how modernist aesthetics subverts forms of liberal subjectivity; and second, the issue of the extremist politics – invariably fascism – that modernist authors have frequently embraced. Both these concerns reflect a sense that modernism is fundamentally antagonistic to the 19th‐century heritage of liberalism, imagining alternative models of consciousness from the liberal subject and repudiating the moderation of liberal politics. However, this essay concludes with more recent criticism which seeks to rethink modernism’s relationship to liberalism in more positive ways, focusing in particular on studies that examine modernism’s response to the transformation of liberalism from its classical Victorian form to the modern form of liberal democracy.
Literature and Governmentality
Authors: Marx John 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRecent scholarship on governmentality promises to reinvigorate literary critical analysis of how novels, poems, and plays help to organize the world’s populations as they interact. In turn, literary criticism helps to illuminate the global implications of Michel Foucault’s lectures at the Collège de France, published in English as Security, Territory, Population (2007) and The Birth of Biopolitics (2008). By privileging varied practice over unifying theory, Foucault’s approach leads scholars to examine the circulation of governmental techniques in conjunction with the circulation of governable populations. An emphasis on mobility and exchange should appeal particularly to specialists in immigrant, imperial, and postcolonial literature. While considering a range of literary critical and social scientific scholarship on governmentality, this essay also shows how literature itself authorizes discrepant forms of administration. I contend that literature and literary criticism engage in imaginative reformulations and reinventions of the art of government, and in so doing contribute to debates about governing that are every bit as cross‐disciplinary as they are transnational.
Essentialism vis‐à‐vis Possibilia, Modal Logic, and Necessitism
Authors: Roca‐Royes Sonia 
Published: January 2011

Abstract Pace Necessitism – roughly, the view that existence is not contingent – essential properties provide necessary conditions for the existence of objects. Sufficiency properties, by contrast, provide sufficient conditions, and individual essences provide necessary and sufficient conditions. This paper explains how these kinds of properties can be used to illuminate the ontological status of merely possible objects and to construct a respectable possibilist ontology. The paper also reviews two points of interaction between essentialism and modal logic. First, we will briefly see the challenge that arises against S4 from flexible essential properties; as well as the moves available to block it. After this, the emphasis is put on the Barcan Formula (BF), and on why it is problematic for essentialists. As we will see, Necessitism can accommodate both (BF) and essential properties. What necessitists cannot do at the same time is to continue to understanding essential properties as providing necessary conditions for the existence of individuals; against what might be for some a truism.
Essential Properties and Individual Essences
Authors: Roca‐Royes Sonia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAccording toEssentialism, an object’s properties divide into those that are essential and those that are accidental. Whilebeing humanis commonly thought to be essential to Socrates,being a philosopherplausibly is not. We can motivate the distinction by appealing – as we just did – to examples. However, it is not obvious how best to characterize the notion ofessential property, nor is it easy to give conclusive arguments for the essentiality of a given property. In this paper, I elaborate on these issues and explore the way in which essential properties behave in relation to other related properties, likesufficient‐for‐existenceproperties andindividual essences.
Judgment Aggregation
Authors: Cariani Fabrizio 
Published: January 2011

AbstractJudgment aggregation studies how collective opinions arise from the aggregation of individual ones. This article surveys a variety of aggregation rules (possible ways of aggregating individual judgments into collective ones). Aggregation by majority opinion is known to satisfy some but not all the desiderata for an aggregation rule. More general impossibility results show that not all the natural desiderata can be satisfied by a single aggregation rule. To interpret these results, we focus here on some applications of judgment aggregation models in Epistemology. In particular, we explore their possible role in an account of collective belief and collective reason. The focus on these applications allows us to give precise answers concerning which of the natural desiderata must be abandoned.
The Ethics of Belief
Authors: Marušić Berislav 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe ethics of belief is concerned with the question what we should believe. According to evidentialism, one should believe something if and only if one has adequate evidence for what one believes. According to classic pragmatism, other features besides evidence, such as practical reasons, can make it the case that one should believe something. According to a new kind of pragmatism, some epistemic notions may depend on one’s practical interests, even if what one should believe is independent of one’s practical reasons. In this paper I recount and briefly assess the debate between evidentialism and pragmatism.
A Wolff in Kant’s Clothing: Christian Wolff’s Influence on Kant’s Accounts of Consciousness, Self‐Consciousness, and Psychology
Authors: Dyck Corey W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn attempts to come to grips with Kant’s thought, the influence of the philosophy of Christian Wolff (1679–1754) is often neglected. In this paper, I consider three topics related to Kant’s philosophy of mind, broadly construed, where Wolff’s influence is particularly visible, namely, consciousness, self‐consciousness, and the doctrine of the soul or psychology. I argue that within this context we can better understand Kant’s particular arguments and positions, and gain a more accurate sense of which aspects of Kant’s accounts derive from the antecedent traditions and which constitute genuine philosophical innovations.
Ambiguous Messianism: The Political Theology of Martin Buber1
Authors: Ohana David 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this article I will exmine the complex attitude of Martin Buber (1878–1965) to Messianism in the prism of political theology in Israel. Buber’s intellectual and scholarly interest in Messianism was intense and it can also be said to have been methodical. Messianism and its universal essence were the very foundation of his thought. His methodical treatment of Messianism encouraged the idea that his dialogic approach to philosophical enquiry was an authentic philosophical method.
Biblical Characters in Hellenistic Judaism
Authors: Wyrick Jed 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe portrayal of biblical characters in Hellenistic Judaism exhibits a consistent, individual‐centered approach to the interpretation of the Bible. Jewish Greek literary traditions (such the Septuagint, apocryphal and pseudepigraphic works composed in Greek, Philo of Alexandria, Josephus, and Greek fragmentary works by Jewish authors) promoted first the historical influence and relevance of biblical characters and subsequently their moral exemplarity or depravity. The latter trend was influenced by Hellenistic biographies, aretalogies, and the ideal of the Stoic sage. An interest in biblical figures and patriarchs as role models and anti‐role models may also be seen in the Hellenized Jewish use of intertextuality, typology, ‘riffing’, or mirror narratives, as well as in pseudepigraphic attribution and composition, as a means to lend scriptural authority to new narratives and moral authority to the heroes and texts of the past. A similar focus on the virtues and vices of biblical characters in texts composed by Jews can be found in the use of the Hellenistic literary form known as theBeispeilreihe, in which exemplars are listed in a carefully crafted genre that argues a consistent theme in a poetic and condensed form.
The Prehistory and Internal Relationships of Australian Languages
Authors: McConvell Patrick , Bowern Claire 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAustralian linguistic prehistory has lagged behind equivalent endeavours on other continents in part because of the dearth of grammars and dictionaries until recent times, when there has been a great deal of high quality work done. Australianist linguists have tended not to use the standard comparative method. In some cases, this was because it was prematurely judged inapplicable in Australia, due to supposed very high levels of diffusion, which did not allow cognates to be distinguished from loans. This view is losing ground as more solid reconstruction work is being done on the Pama‐Nyungan family, Pama‐Nyungan subgroups and Non‐Pama‐Nyungan families. As these results accumulate, together with studies of the linguistic stratigraphy of loanwords, they provide a more solid basis for hypotheses about the sociocultural and environmental prehistory that can then be tested against the results of other disciplines. Gradually a more detailed picture is emerging of an eventful and dynamic last 10,000 years; linguistic evidence is crucial here. This is challenging the former view of relative stasis and equilibrium after the initial human colonisation 40,000–50,000 years ago.
Semantic Reanalysis and Language Change
Authors: Eckardt Regine 
Published: January 2011

AbstractReanalysis is a well‐known process of language change in morpho‐syntax. However, the semantic composition of sentence meanings can also undergo reanalysis and lead to meaning changes for parts of the sentence. The article provides the basic notions of compositional semantics/pragmatics that underlie semantic reanalysis, surveys possible constellations and causes of reanalysis, and contrasts the process to other ways of semantic change. I will, moreover, illustrate semantic reanalysis on basis of a case study which highlights some of its typical features.
The Köhler Group Motivation Gain: How to Motivate the ‘Weak Links’ in a Group
Authors: Kerr Norbert L. , Hertel Guido 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA recurring question of successful group work is how to maintain high task motivation of the individual members. This paper reviews research on one well documented group motivation gain phenomenon, where group members are more highly motivated than comparable individual performers – the Köhler motivation gain effect. The basic effect is attributed to two psychological mechanisms, one involving upward social comparisons and a second involving the indispensability of group members’ efforts. In addition to summarizing research on the discovery and causes of the basic effect, this review identifies probable moderators of each contributing causal mechanism. Moreover, promising topics for future research as well as implications for the application of the Köhler effect in real group work are discussed.
Multiple Perspectives on the Influence of Gender in Online Interactions
Authors: Armentor‐Cota Janet 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAs an information and communication technology, the Internet has contributed to structural changes in social life. This technology has opened up new social spaces for people to communicate across time and space, explore interests and interactions, and form and maintain relationships. Gender is a social structure that matters, but how it matters online is a topic that has intrigued researchers for the last 20 years. Research in the area of online gender interactions is multidisciplinary and addresses a variety of online forums including discussion groups, chat, instant messaging, blogs, virtual worlds and social network sites. Patterns are identified in the literature and examples of gender fluidity, gender reproduction, and a blending of gender fluidity and reproduction are presented. This paper provides a framework for understanding the multidisciplinary research on this topic and discusses how changes in online demographics and recent developments in information and communication technologies, such as social network sites, present new forums in which to explore the role of gender in online interactions.
Male Bodies in Manhood Acts: The Role of Body‐Talk and Embodied Practice in Signifying Culturally Dominant Notions of Manhood
Authors: Vaccaro Christian Alexander 
Published: January 2011

AbstractNew developments in the critical study of men and masculinity, known as the manhood acts perspective, have focused attention on the ways that males collectively and individually engage in identity work to present themselves as men (Schrock and Schwalbe 2009). This review unpacks two central processes through which males use the body to put on a convincing manhood act. First, I review research on institutions and culture in order to explain how various discourses on male bodies provide resources to signify manhood. Second, I demonstrate how males are socialized to use their bodies to symbolize manhood. Overall, I demonstrate how the manhood acts perspective provides a potentially fruitful theoretical framework for understanding previous research on manhood and the body.