bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Lipid Content and Lipoxygenase on Flavor Volatiles in the Tomato Peel and Flesh
Authors: Ties Paige , Barringer Sheryl 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Ten different varieties of tomatoes were separated into peel and flesh and each portion was measured separately. Headspace volatiles were measured in real time using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. Lipoxygenase activity was measured using the adsorption of conjugated dienes formed by lipoxygenase. Lipid was extracted and fatty acids were quantified using a gas chromatograph. Volatiles were significantly greater in the peel than flesh when there was a significant difference. The lipoxygenase activity of flesh and peel correlated with the volatiles produced by the lipoxygenase pathway. There was no correlation with other volatiles, which are not dependent on lipid oxidation by lipoxygenase. The lipoxygenase activity, total fatty acid content, and linolenic acid of the peel were greater than the flesh, which is directly related to an increase in fresh, green volatiles. Addition of exogenous lipoxygenase had no effect on lipoxygenase‐derived volatiles formed. The addition of linoleic acid caused an increase in hexanal, 1‐hexanol, and (E)‐2‐heptenal in the flesh and (E)‐2‐heptenal in the peel. Stored unrefrigerated peel had higher volatile concentrations, whereas refrigerated peel had significantly lower concentration than day 0. Storage decreased lipoxygenase activity in the unrefrigerated and refrigerated peel, but had no effect on the fatty acid content. Overall, linolenic acid was the most important to the formation of headspace volatiles, but lipoxygenase activity and unknown factors are also important.Practical Application:  The peel of a tomato is most beneficial to the production of volatiles associated with the fresh aroma of tomatoes; therefore, it should be used in the processing of tomato products to produce a fresh, green aroma rather than being removed. Knowledge of the effects of lipoxygenase activity, total fatty acid content, and fatty acid profile on flavor volatiles will allow for better selection of a variety for raw consumption.
Storage Stability of Sterilized Liquid Extracts from Pomegranate Peel
Authors: Qu Wenjuan , Breksa III Andrew P. , Pan Zhongli , Ma Haile , Mchugh Tara H. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Pomegranate marc, a byproduct of commercial juice production, has shown promise as a starting material for the recovery of health promoting phenolic compounds. The stability of aqueous extracts prepared from pomegranate marc was evaluated in preparation to directly using these extracts as nutraceuticals or food additives. The liquid extracts were produced under extraction conditions of 25 °C, water to peel ratio of 50 : 1 (w/w) for 2 min, and then sterilized at 121 °C for 10 s. Storage conditions tested included 3 different pH values (3.5, 5.0, and 7.0) and 2 packaging methods (no light and exposure to light). The extracts were evaluated for industrial (pH, total soluble solid content, and clarity), color, spectral, and antioxidant characteristics over a period of 180 d. The results showed that both pH value and packaging method significantly influenced the industrial and color characteristics of the extracts. The high pH had a negative effect on spectral and antioxidant characteristics. Therefore, the recommended storage conditions are low pH and with dark packaging to maintain the high storage stability. After 180 d of storage, extracts stored at low pH (3.5) in dark packaging still retained 67% and 58% of their total soluble phenolic concentration and antioxidant activity, compared with 61% and 43% for high pH (7.0) samples, and were composed of high concentrations of punicalagins A and B, gallic, and ellagic acids.Practical Application:  The present research developed an effective recovery of phenolic compounds from pomegranate marc to be used as nutraceuticals or food additives. The aqueous extract product has good quality characteristics with high industrial and color stability, and total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, when stored at pH 3.5 in dark packaging for up to 180 d. The evaluation results of storage stability reported here are important for commercialization.
The effects of forest age on saproxylic beetle biodiversity: implications of shortened and extended rotation lengths in a French oak high forest
Authors: Lassauce Aurore , Larrieu Laurent , Paillet Yoan , Lieutier Francois , Bouget Christophe 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

In French oak high forests, current silvicultural trends include two seemingly opposed practices: shortening the forestry cycle, which contributes to forestry intensification, and lengthening rotations in temporary set‐aside stands, called ‘ageing islands’, to favour biodiversity and high‐quality large‐diameter tree production.
To derive the potential effects of these two trends, we studied habitat structure and saproxylic beetles biodiversity along an age gradient in a French oak high forest. Four age classes were surveyed: premature (i) 160/180 years and (ii) 180/200 years, (iii) mature 200/220 years, and (iv) overmature 300‐year‐old stands. Structural features were noted: deadwood volumes, density of large trees with or without microhabitats, number of cavities, presence of dead large canopy branches, sap droppings and sporophores of saproxylic fungi.
Results showed that beetle species richness was positively related to stand age. Globally, overmature stands differed significantly from younger premature and mature forests in species composition and structure. Younger stands tended to show both fewer structural features and lower levels of saproxylic biodiversity. As the forest aged, the overall structural complexity and saproxylic biodiversity increased. However, no individual stand characteristic influenced preferentially biodiversity, and stand age was the best explaining factor.
In conclusion, we discuss how (i) shorter rotations in the high forest production cycle and (ii) temporary set‐aside forest islands affect forest structure and deadwood‐associated assemblages. Shortening rotation length in oak high forests may negatively impact saproxylic biodiversity, whereas temporary set‐asides may play a key role for biodiversity conservation in a managed forest matrix.
Ephedrine Versus Phenylephrine for the Management of Hypotension During Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: An Updated Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Lin Fu‐Qing , Qiu Man‐Tang , Ding Xiang‐Xiang , Fu Shu‐Kun , Li Quan 
Published: July 2012

SummaryAimsA systematic literature review comparing the efficacy of ephedrine and phenylephrine for the management of spinal anesthesia–induced hypotension during Cesarean sections (C‐sections) was published in 2002. A number of well‐designed trials with controversial results have been published afterward. Therefore, an updated meta‐analysis was necessary.MethodsThe MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched (last search performed on September 26, 2011). Pooled risk ratio (RR) or standard mean difference (SMD) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for the incidence of intra‐operative hypotension or umbilical blood pH values.ResultsA total number of 15 trials and 742 parturients under elective C‐sections were analyzed. When used to prevent hypotension, patients receiving ephedrine and phenylephrine did not differ significantly in the incidence of hypotension (RR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.83–1.80), umbilical arterial pH values (SMD = −0.38; 95% CI, −1.67 to 0.92) or venous pH values (SMD = −0.18; 95% CI, −0.44 to 0.07). And administration routes did not affect the incidence of hypotension and umbilical blood pH values. When used to treat hypotension, patients given ephedrine and phenylephrine had comparable incidence of intra‐operative hypotension (RR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.40–1.56), while parturients receiving phenylephrine had neonates with higher umbilical arterial pH values (SMD = −1.32; 95% CI, −2.35 to −0.30) and venous pH values (SMD = −0.79; 95% CI, −1.09 to −0.49) than those given ephedrine.ConclusionProphylactic use of ephedrine and phenylephrine were both effective in preventing maternal hypotension during C‐section under spinal anesthesia; phenylephrine was superior to ephedrine in treating hypotension, evidenced by higher umbilical blood pH values.
Tenuigenin Protects Dopaminergic Neurons from Inflammation‐Mediated Damage Induced by the Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Yuan Hui‐Li , Li Bo , Xu Jin , Wang Yong , He Yi , Zheng Yan , Wang Xiao‐Min 
Published: July 2012

SummaryBackgroundParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc).AimsTo study if tenuigenin (TEN), the main active component of Polygala tenuifolia, can protect dopaminergic neurons from inflammation‐mediated damage in vivo.MethodsWe observed the effects of TEN on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced PD model by behavioral analysis, high‐performance liquid chromatography, immunohistochemistry and enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay, etc.ResultsWe showed that a single intranigral dose of LPSs (10 μg) induced microglial activation, reduced the survival ratio of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive (TH‐ir) neurons in the SNpc and reduced dopamine (DA) content in the striatum. Treatment with 300 mg/kg TEN once per day over 14 weeks improved the survival rate of TH‐ir neurons in the SNpc to 75%, on the non‐injected side. Treatment with 200 or 300 mg/kg TEN once per day over 14 weeks significantly improved DA levels in the striatum to 73% and 81% on the non‐injected side, respectively. The excessive production of cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐1β, was abolished by TEN administration.ConclusionOur results suggest that TEN may play a role in protecting dopaminergic neurons against inflammatory challenge.
Music and Language Perception: Expectations, Structural Integration, and Cognitive Sequencing
Authors: Tillmann Barbara 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMusic can be described as sequences of events that are structured in pitch and time. Studying music processing provides insight into how complex event sequences are learned, perceived, and represented by the brain. Given the temporal nature of sound, expectations, structural integration, and cognitive sequencing are central in music perception (i.e., which sounds are most likely to come next and at what moment should they occur?). This paper focuses on similarities in music and language cognition research, showing that music cognition research provides insight into the understanding of not only music processing but also language processing and the processing of other structured stimuli. The hypothesis of shared resources between music and language processing and of domain‐general dynamic attention has motivated the development of research to test music as a means to stimulate sensory, cognitive, and motor processes.
Correlation Between Bladder Mucosal Alpha‐1D/Alpha‐1A Adrenoceptor mRNA Ratio and Lower Urinary Tract Function in Benign Prostatic Obstruction Patients
Authors: KURIZAKI Yoshiki , ISHIZUKA Osamu , IMAMURA Tetsuya , ICHINO Midori , ISHIKAWA Masakuni , OGAWA Teruyuki , NISHIZAWA Osamu 
Published: July 2012

Objectives: Alpha‐1 adrenoceptor (AR) antagonists are commonly used as therapeutic agents for patients with benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). Our objective was to investigate the correlation between the ratio of bladder mucosal alpha‐1D/alpha‐1A adrenoceptor mRNA and lower urinary tract function in BPO patients.Methods: In 20 BPO patients, the expression level of alpha‐1 AR mRNAs in the bladder mucosal biopsies was investigated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The subjects were divided into two groups. In Group 1, the ratio of alpha‐1D mRNA to alpha‐1A mRNA was greater than one. In Group 2, the ratio was less than one. We determined the correlation by Schäfer nomogram between Group 1 and Group 2 patients and lower urinary tract function as determined by a video urodynamic study.Results: Two patients were excluded due to inability to void. Another was excluded because the alpha‐1D/alpha‐1A mRNA ratio was one. On the Schäfer nomogram, six of nine Group 1 cases had obstructions less than IV and normal or weak detrusor contractility. For Group 2, six of eight cases had obstructions more than IV and normal or strong detrusor contractility.Conclusion: Patients with higher levels of alpha‐1D AR mRNA were distinct from those with higher alpha‐1A AR mRNA levels with regard to obstruction and detrusor activity. The results suggest that the Schäfer nomogram might be useful in determining which alpha‐1 AR antagonists are better for BPO patients suffering from storage symptoms.
Bioenergetics of photoheterotrophic bacteria in the oceans
Authors: Kirchman David L. , Hanson Thomas E. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryPhotoheterotrophic microbes, such as proteorhodopsin (PR)‐based phototrophic (PRP) and aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, are well known to be abundant in the oceans, potentially playing unique roles in biogeochemical cycles. However, the contribution of phototrophy to the energy requirements of these bacteria has not been quantitatively examined to date. To better understand the implications of photoheterophy in the oceans, we calculated energy benefits and costs of phototrophy and compared net benefits with maintenance costs. Benefits depend on the number of photosynthetic units (PSUs), absorption cross‐section area of each PSU as function of wavelength, the in situ light quality, and the energy yield per absorbed photon. For costs we considered the energy required for the synthesis of pigments, amino acids and proteins in each PSU. Our calculations indicate that AAP bacteria harvest more light energy than do PRP bacteria, but the costs of phototrophy are much higher for AAP bacteria. Still, the net energy gained by AAP bacteria is often sufficient to meet maintenance costs, while that is not the case for PRP bacteria except with high light intensities and large numbers of proteorhodopsin molecules per cell. The low costs and simplicity of PR‐based phototrophy explain the high abundance of proteorhodopsin genes in the oceans. However, even for AAP bacteria, the net energy yield of phototrophy is apparently too low to influence the distribution of photoheterotrophic bacteria among various marine systems.
Reefing Procedure for Lateral Collateral Ligament Attenuation during Ligamentous Repair for Elbow Trauma
Authors: Sears Benjamin W. , Garrigues Grant E. , Witmer Dan , Ramsey Matthew L 
Published: July 2012

Background Injury to the lateral soft tissue structures is common after complex elbow trauma and instability. Typically, this consists of lateral collateral ligamentous complex avulsion from the lateral distal humeral condyle. However, in some cases, attenuation of the ligament midsubstance may also occur, potentially resulting in residual ligamentous laxity after repair. Methods From 2007 to 2011, 37 patients were identified through a current procedural terminology code search as having undergone lateral ulnar collateral ligament (LUCL) repair during surgery for trauma to their elbow and were retrospectively reviewed. Results Attenuation of the ligament midsubstance was found in 19% (seven of 37) patients who underwent surgical repair of the LUCL for injuries to the elbow. In these patients, direct repair of the ligament with additional reefing of the ligament midsubstance was performed. Retrospective review of this population revealed no postsurgical instability or need for subsequent stabilizing procedures. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that, in select patients, repair with reefing of an attenuated LUCL ligament promotes stability to the elbow.
Nicotine enhances both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to inspiratory‐activated airway vagal preganglionic neurons
Authors: Zhou Xujiao , Chen Yonghua , Ge Dengyun , Yuan Wenjun , Wang Jijiang 
Published: July 2012

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?Airway vagal preganglionic neurons (AVPNs) supply the essential excitatory drive to the postganglionic neurons, which dominate the neural control of the airway physiologically and play critical roles in the pathogenesis of some common airway disorders. AVPNs express multiple subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), but the influences of exogenous nicotine or endogenous acetylcholine are unknown.
What is the main finding and its importance?Nicotine and endogenous acetylcholine both cause a postsynaptic excitatory current in inspiratory‐ activated AVPNs, and enhance both the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. The overall effect of nicotine on inspiratory‐activated AVPNs is excitatory. The nicotinic effects on inspiratory‐activated AVPNs are mediated presynaptically by activation of α4β2 type of nAChRs and postsynaptically by activation of multiple nAChRs including α7 and α4β2 types.
The airway vagal preganglionic neurons (AVPNs) supply the essential excitatory drive to the postganglionic neurons and dominate the neural control of the airway both physiologically and pathophysiologically. The AVPNs express multiple subunits of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), but the influences of exogenous nicotine and endogenous acetylcholine are unknown. This study examined the effects of nicotine and endogenous acetylcholine on retrogradely labelled, functionally identified inspiratory‐activated AVPNs (IA‐AVPNs) using the patch‐clamp technique. Nicotine (10 μmol l−1) significantly increased the frequency and amplitude of the spontaneous EPSCs of IA‐AVPNs, and these effects were insensitive to methyllycaconitine (MLA, 100 nmol l−1), an antagonist of the α7 type of nAChR, but was prevented by dihydro‐β‐erythroidine (DHβE, 3 μmol l−1), an antagonist of the α4β2 type of nAChR. Nicotine caused a tonic inward current in IA‐AVPNs, which was reduced by MLA or DHβE alone, but was not abolished by co‐application of MLA and DHβE. Nicotine caused a significant increase in the frequency of GABAergic and glycinergic spontaneous IPSCs and significantly increased the amplitude of glycinergic spontaneous IPSCs, all of which were prevented by DHβE. Nicotine had no effects on the miniature EPSCs or miniature IPSCs following pretreatment with TTX. Under current clamp, nicotine caused depolarization and increased the firing rate of IA‐AVPNs during inspiratory intervals. Neostigmine (10 μmol l−1), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, mimicked the effects of nicotine. These results demonstrate that nicotine and endogenous ACh enhance the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs of IA‐AVPNs and cause a postsynaptic excitatory current and that the nicotinic effects are mediated presynaptically by activation of the α4β2 type of nAChR and postsynaptically by activation of multiple nAChRs, including α7 and α4β2 types.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 antagonizes angiotensin II‐induced pressor response and NADPH oxidase activation in Wistar–Kyoto rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Lo Jennifer , Patel Vaibhav B. , Wang Zuocheng , Levasseur Jody , Kaufman Susan , Penninger Josef M. , Oudit Gavin Y. 
Published: July 2012

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an enzyme which converts angiotensin II (Ang II) into angiotensin‐(1–7) [Ang‐(1–7)] and terminates the effects of Ang II, is a negative regulator of activated renin‐angiotensin system (RAS). Cardiac overexpression of ACE2 has shown conflicting results on myocardial fibrosis in contrast to marked anti‐ hypertensive and anti‐remodelling properties.
What is the main finding and its importance?Recombinant hACE2 administration attenuates oxidative stress, NADPH oxidase activity and ERK1/2 signalling and high blood pressure confirming its beneficial role in two rat models of hypertension.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a monocarboxypeptidase capable of metabolizing angiotensin II (Ang II) into angiotensin‐(1–7) [Ang‐(1–7)], has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. We hypothesized that ACE2 is a negative regulator of Ang II‐mediated pathological effects in vivo. In Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) rats, Ang II infusion (0.1 μg min−1 kg−1) induced a pressor response, activation of NADPH oxidase and generation of superoxide in the heart, kidney and blood vessels; these effects were significantly blunted by recombinant human ACE2 (rhACE2; 2 mg kg−1), in association with a lowering of plasma Ang II and elevation of Ang‐(1–7) levels. In the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) model, rhACE2 (2 mg kg−1 day−1) delivered over a 14 day period partly corrected the hypertension, the NADPH oxidase activation and the increased superoxide generation in the heart, kidney and blood vessels. Treatment with rhACE2 inhibited Ang II‐mediated phosphorylation of the myocardial extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 pathway in WKY rats, with congruent results seen in SHR hearts. Hence, rhACE2 is an important negative regulator of the Ang II‐induced pressor response and NADPH oxidase activation and suppresses pathological myocardial signalling, thereby providing a novel therapeutic agent with which to antagonize an activated renin–angiotesin system.
Nucleus of the solitary tract catecholaminergic neurons modulate the cardiovascular response to psychological stress in rats
Authors: Daubert Daisy L. , McCowan Michael , Erdos Benedek , Scheuer Deborah A. 
Published: July 2012

Key points
Exaggerated cardiovascular responses to stress increase risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease, but the mechanisms controlling the magnitude of this response are not understood.
Catecholaminergic neurons located in the hindbrain area termed the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) modulate the control of blood pressure and are activated by psychological stress, but their role in modulating the cardiovascular response to stress is unknown.
In this study we lesioned these NTS catecholaminergic neurons and measured the cardiovascular and hormonal responses to psychological stress in rats.
We showed that lesioning these neurons increases baseline blood pressure and causes an exaggerated blood pressure response to acute or repeated psychological stress, suggesting that physiological or pathophysiological inhibition of these neurons could lead to exaggerated stress responses and hypertension.
These results help us understand the mechanisms that contribute to enhanced cardiovascular responses to psychological stress.
Abstract  Catecholaminergic neurons within the central nervous system are an integral part of stress‐related neurocircuitry, and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) plays a critical role in cardiovascular regulation. We tested the hypothesis that NTS catecholaminergic neurons attenuate psychological stress‐induced increases in blood pressure and promote neuroendocrine activation in response to psychological stress. Anti‐dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase antibody conjugated to the neurotoxin saporin (DSAP) or saline vehicle was microinjected into the NTS to lesion catecholaminergic neurons in male Sprague–Dawley rats, and 17 days later the rats were subjected to 60 min of restraint stress for five consecutive days. DSAP treatment significantly enhanced the integrated increase in mean arterial pressure during restraint on the first (800 ± 128 and 1115 ± 116 mmHg (min) for saline‐ and DSAP‐treated rats) and fifth days (655 ± 116 and 1035 ± 113 mmHg (min) for saline‐ and DSAP‐treated rats; P < 0.01 for overall effect of DSAP treatment) of restraint. In contrast, after 60 min of restraint plasma corticosterone concentration was significantly lower in DSAP‐treated compared with saline‐treated rats (25.9 ± 7 compared with 46.8 ± 7 μg dl−1 for DSAP‐ and saline‐treated rats; P < 0.05). DSAP treatment also significantly reduced baseline plasma adrenaline concentration (403 ± 69 compared with 73 ± 29 pg ml−1 for saline‐ and DSAP‐treated rats), but did not alter the magnitude of the adrenaline response to restraint. The data suggest that NTS catecholaminergic neurons normally inhibit the arterial pressure response, but help maintain the corticosterone response to restraint stress.