bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sabellaria Alveolata (L.) At Duckpool, North Cornwall, 1975
Authors: Wilson Douglas P. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONBetween 4 May 1973 and 29 March 1975 we did not visit Duckpool. Indeed after the 1973 visit (Wilson, 1974, pp. 429–30) the intention had been to discontinue observations on colony formation and growth, for it seemed unlikely that much more data of value were obtainable, and that is still true. However, at Easter 1975 Monsieur Yves Gruet, who has done much excellent work on Sabellaria associations on the coast of France (references in Wilson, 1974), visited Plymouth with his family and wished to see Duckpool. We went there on 29 March and arising out of that visit my wife and I were again there the following October, with one main object in view as explained below, and this in turn led to a further visit in November. This paper records observations made during those visits.
The Influence of water flow rate on Pumping Rate in Mytilus Edulis using a Refined Direct Measurement Apparatus
Authors: Hildreth D. I. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONWork on pumping and filtration rates of bivalve molluscs was initially concerned with the physiological concept of pumping water through the mantle cavity. Comprehensive reviews are given by Winter (1970) and Ali (1971). The methods are of two kinds; direct, in which the flow of exhaled water itself is measured, and indirect, in which the rate of clearance of food particles is used to calculate water flow through the gills.There is a disadvantage in the indirect method when used to calculate volumes of water pumped because it involves the assumption that a fixed percentage (often 100% with large particles) of the particulate matter passing through the gill system is retained. Pumping rate is thus estimated as a function of the particle collecting properties of the latero-frontal cirri, whereas the water current is produced by the lateral cilia. Although the structure of the latero-frontal cirri is now well documented (Moore, 1971), their efficiency in particle retention can alter under certain conditions (Dral, 1967). There is need, therefore, for direct measurement of the quantity of water pumped. Recent advances in the understanding of branchial innervation and the control of lateral ciliary activity also reinforce this point (Aiello, 1960, 1962, 1970; Paparo, 1972, 1973).The constant level chamber for direct measurement of pumping rate was devised by Galtsoff (1926), to ensure that separation of the exhalant water current from the bivalve was not interfered with by pressure differences produced by the process of separation. The apparatus has been used in various forms by Galtsoff (1926, 1928, 1946), Nelson (1935, 1936), Collier & Ray (1948), Loosanoff & Engle (1947), Loosanoff & Nomejko (1946) and more recently by Drinnan (1964) and Davids (1964).
The Feeding Apparatus of the Barnacle Nauplius Larva: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Rainbow P. S. , Walker G. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe nauplius stages of many barnacle species have been described at the light microscope level (Bassindale, 1936; Knight-Jones & Waugh, 1949; Costlow & Bookhout, 1957; Karande, 1974), including those of the British barnaclesBalanus balanoides(L.) andBalanus hameri(Ascanius) (Crisp, 1962a,b). Although these studies have included full descriptions of limb structure, it is not possible with the light microscope to resolve the topographical relationship of the limbs and other structures associated with feeding. Attempts to describe the feeding process of barnacle nauplii (Lochhead, 1936; Norris & Crisp, 1953; Gauld, 1959; Moyse & Knight-Jones, 1967) have necessarily been limited for this reason.
The Vertical Distribution and Diurnal Migration of the Crustacea Amphipoda Collected during the SOND Cruise, 1965 II. The Hyperiidea and General Discussion
Authors: Thurston Michael H. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis paper forms the second and last part of a study of the vertical distribution and migration of pelagic Amphipoda based on material collected off Fuertaventura, Canary Islands, during the SOND Cruise in 1965. The first part (Thurston, 1976b) dealt with the Gammaridea. The data presented herein deal with the Hyperiidea, to which is added a general discussion.The background to the cruise has been given by Currie, Boden & Kampa (1969), and Foxton (1969) has described the gear and methods used. This analysis is based primarily on samples obtained from a series of 1 m2ring-net (N 113) hauls, but has been supplemented by selected materials from modified 3 m Isaacs-Kidd Mid-water Trawl (IKMT), neuston net and 1 m2Rectangular Mid-water Trawl (RMT 1) hauls. Thurston (1976b) has discussed the limitations of the sampling techniques as they affect the present results.
Gigantism and Partial Parasitic Castration of Chaetognatha Infected with Larval Trematodes
Authors: Pearre Sifford 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONParasite-induced excess growth, or gigantism, has been reported in several mammals (reviewed by Cheng, 1971) and a fish (Summerfelt & Warner, 1970). Work on invertebrates has centred on size increase in gastropod molluscs associated with infections by larval trematodes (reviewed by Cheng, 1967, 1971). Among these the results have been variable, with some host species showing real gains in body size (soft tissue) (Rothschild & Rothschild, 1939), others initial gains with later stunting (Pan, 1965), and still others gains only in shell thickness (Cheng, 1967). Parasitic castration in other invertebrate groups, not necessarily accompanied by gigantism, has been reviewed by Kuris (1974).
The Antibacterial Activity of Haemocyte Clumps in the Gills of the Shore Crab,Carcinus Maenas
Authors: White K. N. , Ratcliffe N. A. , Rossa M. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe shore crab,Carcinus maenas(L.), rapidly clears bacteria from the circulation to the tissues by virtue of the phagocytic and clumping capacity of circulating haemocytes and fixed phagocytic cells (Smith & Ratcliffe, 1978, 1980a,b; White & Ratcliffe, 1982). If re-infection resulting from the re-entry of sequestered micro-organisms into the circulation is to be prevented then the host must eliminate or incapacitate the foreign particles in some way. The migration of laden host cells to the exterior does not appear to be an important means of disposal of segregated non-self material in the Crustacea (Merril, Mongeon & Fisher, 1979; White & Ratcliffe, 1982), so that the ability to resist infection must reside with the cellular killing capacity, perhaps augmented by humoral antibacterial activity. Indeed, our earlier observations on the disappearance of bacteria fromC. maenasgills seem to indicate that their loss resulted from the lytic action of host haemocytes (White & Ratcliffe, 1982), as does the elimination of micro-organisms from the hepatopancreas of the crayfish,Parachaeraps bicarinatus(McKay & Jenkin, 1970a).
Growth and Reproduction of Convoluta Roscoffensis Containing Different Naturally Occurring Algal Symbionts
Authors: Douglas A. E. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONA common characteristic of alga-invertebrate symbioses is their specificity; in general, a given symbiotic invertebrate species forms a stable association with just one species or genus of alga. One approach to examine the basis and significance of the specificity is to compare the performance (i.e. survival, growth and reproduction) of invertebrates experimentally infected with a range of algae. To date, such investigations have been made almost exclusively with algae which do not naturally form an association with the host species (e.g. Schoenberg & Trench, 1980; Mews & Smith, 1982; Douglas, 1983), and the relevance of the conclusions to the natural situation is not always clear.
The Effects of Proximity to the Continental Slope Sea-Bed on Pelagic Halocyprid Ostracods at 49°N, 13°W
Authors: Ellis Celia J. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONIn the deep oceans where the water depths are in excess of 4000 m the benthic environment is widely separated from the productive euphotic zone and there is an exponential decline in pelagic biomass with increasing depth (Vinogradov, 1968; Wishner, 1980; Angel & Baker, 1982). The sea-bed acts as a sediment trap stopping the downward drift of particulates. Here resuspension and biological and geochemical processes in the benthic boundary layer cause enrichment of the waters above the sediments. Wishner (1980) has noted some of the evidence for near-bottom increases in phosphorus, nitrogen, ATP and sediment resuspension in the deep sea. In parallel with this enrichment and probably related to it, the pelagic macroplankton biomass is increased, at least to distances up to 100 m off bottom (Wishner, 1980; Angel & Baker, 1982). This suprabenthic zone seems to be inhabited by a distinct community of nektonic and planktonic species quite different to that inhabiting comparable depths in the abyssopelagic zone. Marshall & Merrett (1977) reviewed what was known of this community, with special reference to the fishes. Grice & Hulsemann (1970) and Grice (1972) have described new suprabenthic copepod species and Angel & Baker (1982) recorded an entirely novel pelagic ostracod fauna of 25 new species in a 5–20 m off bottom haul at 20°N, 21°W in 4005 m of water.
Annual Variation in the Recruitment ofSemibalanus Balanoideson the North Yorkshire Coast 1969–1981
Authors: Kendall M. A. , Bowman R. S. , Williamson P. , Lewis J. R. 
Published: May 2009

Recruitment ofSemibalanus balanoidesat Robin Hood Bay, North Yorkshire, between 1969 and 1981 ranged from almost total failure toca.30 spat/cm2. A similar annual pattern over 100 km of adjacent coast appears to implicate climatic or hydrographic factors. Adult fecundity did not vary greatly, but as there was substantial variation in the number of cyprids reaching the shore, events during the planktonic phase (particularly wind-driven larval dispersion) appeared to be of prime importance.Thereafter, settlement density was modified by cyprid behaviour, except when larvae were very abundant, by the availability of space and the temporal pattern of the settlement. Mortality during early shore life was highly variable, photographic studies in 1981 showing between 1% and 92% of settlers dying within ten days. Under highly desiccating conditions 70% of a single day's input to the upper shore died in the first 24h. Such severe mortality could be compensated for by later inputs as settlement extended over 4 weeks or more, primarily as a result of unexpectedly long and asynchronous release.
The Turbellarian Paravortex Parasitic in Scrobiculariid Bivalves: New Records from South-West England
Authors: Gibbs P. E. 
Published: May 2009

The rhabdocoele turbellarian Paravortex scrobiculariae (Graff) was first described, but not named, by Villot (1878) who discovered this parasite living in the gut of Abra tennis (Montagu) in Brittany. In naming the species, Graff (1882) did not add to Villot's description. Wahl (1906) erected the genus Paravortex to include this form which he had found in Scrobicularia plana (da Costa) and Venerupis decussata (L.) at Trieste and Naples. The first record of P. scrobiculariae in British waters was supplied by Freeman (1957) who, working at Whitstable, Kent, found 8 specimens in 3 out of a sample of 40 S. plana he examined. No further British record appears to have been made.A recent survey has shown Paravortex to be common and widespread in S. plana inhabiting the estuaries of south-west England. As noted by previous workers, Paravortex can be readily seen through the semi-transparent gut wall of its host on account of its pinkish colour; observation is facilitated if the bivalve is maintained in clean sea water for 3–4 days to allow evacuation of some of the gut contents and is most easily performed during the winter months when gametes are not present in quantity. In this study, counts of the Paravortex were made by removing the gut from the surrounding foot tissues and releasing the Paravortex by cutting the gut longitudinally. From each locality, 20–30 S. plana, all within the length range of 30–50 mm, were examined. Paravortex is viviparous, the newly-hatched young being 120–150 μm long; at this stage they are transparent and are easily overlooked amongst the gut contents; thus counts relate chiefly to adults 0·5–1·5 mm in length.
Seasonal Changes in Net Phytoplankton of the West-Central North Sea
Authors: Horwood J. W. , Nichols J. H. , Harrop Ruth 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONIn 1976 the Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, carried out 13 plankton sampling cruises off the north-east coast of England. They spanned the months February-November. From these cruises Harding et al. (1978) described the distributions of surface chlorophyll and nutrients and the production offish eggs and larvae. Reynolds (1978) described in more detail the distributions of chlorophyll and phaeopigments throughout the year, and Horwood (1982) detailed the distribution of zooplankton biomass. This study presents the species composition of the algae from a small region of the survey area illustrated in Fig. 1.
Fine Structure of Small Free-Living Paramoeba (Amoebida) and Taxonomy of the Genus
Authors: Cann J. P. , Page F. C. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONAmoebae of the genus Paramoeba Schaudinn, 1896, are among the Gymnamoebia most frequently isolated from marine habitats, and individual species have a wide distribution throughout the world. Unlike many genera of Gymnamoebia, Paramoeba is exclusively marine. The type species, P. eilhardi Schaudinn, 1896, was originally described from a marine aquarium in Berlin with no further information on origin (Schaudinn, 1896); it has been found in the Mediterranean off France (Chatton, 1953; Grell, 1961) and Italy (Grell & Benwitz, 1970) and the Indian Ocean off Madagascar (Grell & Benwitz, 1970). P. schaudinni de Faria, da Cunha & Pinto, 1922, originally described from a sea-water aquarium at Rio de Janeiro, has recently been reported from the Gulf of Mexico (Sawyer, 1980). P. pemaquidensis Page, 1970, has been found on the coasts of Maine, U.S.A. (Page, 1970), Norfolk (Page, 1973), and Essex (Page, unpublished); in open waters off the eastern coast of the U.S.A. (Davis, Caron & Sieburth, 1978); in marine sediments of the western North Atlantic, the Bight of New York, and the Gulf of Mexico (Sawyer, 1980); and in the present study on the shores of North Wales and western Scotland. Paramoeba aestuarina Page, 1970, though not found as often as P. pemaquidensis, is also widely distributed (Page, 1970; Davis et al. 1978; Sawyer, 1980). The first European finding of P. aestuarina is reported in the present paper, but the exact origin of the strain is uncertain. P. perniciosa Sprague, Beckett & Sawyer, 1969, which appears to be an obligate parasite, has thus far been reported only from crustaceans off the eastern coast of the U.S.A. (Sprague, Beckett & Sawyer, 1969; Sawyer, 1976).
The Reproductive Biology of the Deep-Sea AsteroidBathybiaster Vexillifer
Authors: Tyler P. A. , Pain S. L. , Gage J. D. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe reproductive biology of asteroids from a wide variety of ecological niches has been examined (Farmanfarmaianet al.1958; Cognetti & Delavault, i962;Pearse, 1965; Chia, 1968; Crump, 1971; Jangoux & Vloebergh, 1973; Worley, Franz & Hendler, 1977; Barker, 1979; Shick, Taylor & Lamb, 1981). Most of the species within this class appear to show some degree of seasonal reproductive synchrony with very few species showing aseasonal reproduction (Shicket al.1981). Although the seasonally reproducing asteroids show a wide variety of reproductive strategies, from planktotrophic larvae to direct development, they all occur in relatively shallow water and are thus subject to the seasonal fluctuations of the physico-chemical environment. Only two shallow-water species,Ctenodiscus crispatus(Shicket al.1981) andPatiriella exigua(Lawson-Kerr & Anderson, 1978), have aseasonal reproduction in both males and females. However, the deep sea is the only major environment in the world's ocean for which we have no data for the reproductive cycle of asteroids.
Comparison of the Feeding Behaviour of Calanus and Pseudocalanus in two Experimentally Manipulated Enclosed Ecosystems
Authors: Harris Roger P. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONImplicit in some recent models of the dynamics of planktonic systems, for example that of Steele & Frost (1977) is the concept that filter-feeding copepods may be scaled by size when considering feeding in relation to the size composition of their paniculate food. For a particular organism ingestion of phytoplankton has been considered to be a function of its own weight and the size composition of the phytoplankton available to it. Such scaling has been assumed to occur both in an intra- and interspecific sense, with model development involving a ‘large’ copepod {Calanus) able to feed and grow more efficiently on ‘large’ cells (diatoms) and a ‘small’ copepod {Pseudocalanus) better adapted to feed on ‘small’ cells (flagellates). However, although the general relationship between growth and metabolic rate and body size is widely accepted (Banse, 1976; Fenchel, 1974) this relationship between dietary particle-size composition and size of organism has remained a working hypothesis with little experimental support..
The Biology of a Population ofEbalia Tuberosa(Crustacea: Decapoda: Leucosiidae) From the Clyde Sea Area
Authors: Schembri Patrick J. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONMembers of the leucosiid genusEbaliaare typical oxystomatous crabs which live on subtidal coarse sediments at depths ranging from a few metres to over 2500 m. Although this genus has an almost worldwide distribution, no studies of the population biology of any species has been made.Five species ofEbaliaoccur round British coasts (Ingle, 1980), four of which have also been recorded from the Clyde Sea area (Allen, 1967). During dredging surveys in this region, a sizeable population ofEbalia tuberosa(Pennant) was located in the vicinity of the University Marine Biological Station on Great Cumbrae Island, and regular sampling of this population over a period of two years provided the data on which this study is based.Apart from a few references to the occurrence of female crabs in berry (Lebour, 1928a,b; Marine Biological Association, 1957; Allen, 1967) and to the occurrence of larvae in the plankton (Jorgensen, 1923, 1925; Lebour, 19286; 1947; Rees, 1952; Williamson, 1956; Marine Biological Association, 1957; Bruce, Colman & Jones, 1963; Crothers, 1966), no other information on the population biology ofE. tuberosais available.
Ligamental Structure In Mactracea And Myacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: Yonge C. M. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONIn the Bivalvia the two valves and connecting ligament are parts of a single shell each composed of three layers secreted by continuous surfaces of pallial epithelium as shown in Fig. 1. The superficial periostracum is formed in a groove at the base of the inner side of the outer (secretory) fold of the mantle margin and is continuous around the pallial lobes and within the embayments at each end of the ligament. The outer calcareous (prismatic) layer of the valves and the anterior and posterior outer (lamellar) ligament layers are formed by the outer surface of this outer fold which hypertrophies in the depths of the embayments where ligamental material is secreted. The inner calcareous (usually nacreous or porcellanous) layer of the valves is produced by the general pallial surface except along a mid-dorsal strip, the mantle isthmus (Owen, Trueman & Yonge, 1953; Yonge, 1953) which secretes the inner (fibrillar) ligament layer.
Factors Affecting O2-Uptake in the Cuttlefish,Sepia Officinalis
Authors: Johansen Kjell , Brix Ole , Kornerup Sonja , Lykkeboe Gunnar 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONCephalopods are among the most active and agile animals in the oceans. They are all predators and many pelagic species are capable of high swimming speeds.The morphology of the gills (ctenidia) and heart and vascular systems in cephalopods are suggestive of a high efficiency in respiratory gas exchange and internal blood gas transport.The present study reports on resting (standard) values of O2-uptake in relation to body size and ambient water O2-tension in the common cuttlefish,Sepia officinalis.
Cholinergic Innervation of Muscle Fibres in Squid
Authors: Bone Q. , Packard A. , Pulsford A. L. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe small squidAlloteuthis, and the largerLoligohave elongate mantles chiefly made up of two distinct types of circular muscle fibres, partitioned by thin sheets of radial muscle fibres (Bone, Pulsford & Chubb, 1981).Nerve terminals on both types of circular fibre and upon radial fibres contain 50 nm electron-lucent vesicles; preliminary pharmacological investigations (Bone & Howarth, 1980) indicate that L-glutamate is the excitatory transmitter at the terminals upon the circular fibres. In other cephalopods, such asSepia, and the squidsLepidoteuthisandTaningia(Clarke & Maul, 1962; Clarke, 1967) there are in addition to the circular and radial fibres, layers of longitudinal muscle fibres in the mantle. Such longitudinal fibre layers are lacking over the greater part of the mantle inAlloteuthisandLoligo.In this note, we show that they are present only around the anterior margin of the mantle in these two squid, and that both these anterior longitudinal fibres and the radial fibres of the mantle are insensitive to L-glutamate, but contract in response to acetylcholine, as do the retractor muscles of the head and arms, and the siphon muscles.
Nerve Fibre and Receptor Counts in the Sprat Utriculus and Lateral Line
Authors: Best A. C. G. , Gray J. A. B. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONIt has long been known that the ears of clupeoid fishes differ from most other fish in that they have a gas-containing bony bulla associated with each ear (for references to early work see Allen, Blaxter & Denton, 1976). The expansion and contraction, with changing pressure, of this gas causes liquid to flow in the ear and lateral line (Gray & Denton, 1979; Denton, Gray & Blaxter, 1979) thus causing displacements (Best & Gray, 1980) and excitation (Denton & Gray, 1980) of the utricular maculae; it also causes excitation of the lateral line neuromasts (unpublished). Only a small fraction of the alternating liquid flow from the bullae passes through the pars inferior of the labyrinth (Gray & Denton, 1979). Furthermore, in larvae, when the utricular structures can be seen to move vigorously with an alternating pressure the saccular otolith is not seen to move (Blaxter, Denton & Gray, 1981).