bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twelve-Month and Lifetime Health Service use in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey
Authors: Oakley Browne Mark A. , Elisabeth Wells J , Mcgee Magnus A. ,   For The New Zealand Mental Health Survey Research Team
Published: December 2009

Objective: To estimate the 12 month and lifetime use of health services for mental health problems. Method: A nationwide face-to-face household survey carried out in 2003–2004. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0) was used. There were 12 992 completed interviews from participants aged 16 years and over. The overall response rate was 73.3%. In this paper, the outcomes reported are 12 month and lifetime health service use for mental health and substance use problems. Results: Of the population, 13.4% had a visit for a mental health reason in the 12 months before interview. Of all 12 month cases of mental disorder, 38.9% had a mental health visit to a health or non-health-care provider in the past 12 months. Of these 12 month cases, 16.4% had contact with a mental health specialist, 28.3% with a general medical provider, 4.8% within the human services sector and 6.9% with a complementary or alternative medicine practitioner. Most people with lifetime disorders eventually made contact if their disorder continued. However, the percentages seeking help at the age of onset were small for most disorders and several disorders had large percentages who never sought help. The median duration of delay until contact varies from 1 year for major depressive disorder to 38 years for specific phobias. Conclusions: A significant unmet need for treatment for people with mental disorder exists in the New Zealand community, as in other comparable countries.
Lifetime Prevalence and Projected Lifetime Risk of DSM-IV Disorders in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey
Authors: Oakley Browne Mark A. , Elisabeth Wells J. , Scott Kate M. , Mcgee Magnus A. ,   For The New Zealand Mental Health Survey Research Team
Published: December 2009

Objective: To estimate the lifetime prevalence and projected lifetime risk at age 75 years of DSM-IV disorders in New Zealand. Method: A nationwide face-to-face household survey carried out in 2003–2004. A fully structured diagnostic interview, the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0), was used. There were 12 992 completed interviews from participants aged 16 years and over. The overall response rate was 73.3%. In this paper, the outcomes reported are lifetime prevalence and projected lifetime risk at age 75 years. Results: The lifetime prevalence of any disorder was 39.5%. The lifetime prevalences for disorder groups were: anxiety disorders, 24.9%; mood disorders, 20.2%; substance use disorders, 12.3%; and eating disorders, 1.7%. The prevalences for all disorders were higher in the younger age groups. Females had higher prevalences of anxiety, mood and eating disorders compared with males; males had higher prevalences of substance use disorders. The estimated projected lifetime risk of any disorder at age 75 years was 46.6% with the median age of onset being 18 years. Adjustment for age, sex, education and household income did not remove all differences between Māori and the composite other ethnic group in the risk of disorder (hazard ratio = 1.1–1.4). After adjustment, hazard ratios for Pacific people ranged from 0.8 to 2.5. Conclusions: These results confirm those of other studies: mental disorders are relatively common and tend to have early onset. Females are more likely to experience anxiety, mood and eating disorders than males, who experience more substance use disorders. Adjustment for socioeconomic factors and demography does not explain all ethnic differences, although remaining differences are small relative to cohort and even sex differences.
How have the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Antidepressants Affected Suicide Mortality?
Authors: Hall Wayne D. , Lucke Jayne 
Published: December 2009

Objective: We review evidence on two claims that have been made about the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants; that they have: (i) decreased suicide rates in the population; and (ii) increased suicide rates in some individuals early in treatment. Method: We critically review evidence in the English-speaking peer-reviewed medical literature on: (i) meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of SSRIs; (ii) observational studies of suicide risk in patients prescribed SSRIs and other antidepressants; and (iii) ecological studies of correlations between population use of SSRI use and population suicide rates. Results: The largest and most recent meta-analyses of RCTs of SSRIs have found suggestive evidence that SSRIs increase suicidal ideation early in treatment compared with placebo. Observational studies have found an increased risk of self-harm within 9 days of an antidepressant drug being prescribed but the risk has been similar for the older tricyclic antidepressants and the SSRIs. Ecological studies in developed countries have found either that suicide rates have declined as SSRI use has increased, or have found no relationship between suicide rates and increased SSRI use. Conclusions: Meta-analyses of RCTs suggest that SSRIs increase suicide ideation compared with placebo but the observational studies suggest that SSRIs do not increase suicide risk more than older antidepressants. If SSRIs increase suicide risk in some patients, the number of additional deaths is very small because ecological studies have generally found that suicide mortality has declined (or at least not increased) as SSRI use has increased.
Exciting Career Opportunity Beckons! Early Intervention and Vocational Rehabilitation in First-Episode Psychosis: Employing Cautious Optimism
Authors: Killackey Eoin J. , Jackson Henry J. , Gleeson John , Hickie Ian B. , Mcgorry Patrick D. 
Published: December 2009

Objective: While there are now effective interventions for the symptoms of psychosis and schizopshrenia, treatment for the functional domains of these illnesses has received less attention. A key area affected by psychotic illness is vocational functioning. This area is currently of interest to clinicians, policy-makers, politicians and patients. This paper reviews several forms of vocational intervention practised over the years and highlights the issues around adopting an early intervention approach towards vocational rehabilitation. The paper has four aims: first, to consider some of the consequences of unemployment for those with psychotic illnesses; second, to review methods that have been used to address unemployment among the mentally ill; third, to highlight the importance of vocational development at a developmentally appropriate life stage; and finally, to consider the application of evidence-based vocational rehabilitation to those with first-episode psychosis.Method: An initial broad literature search was conducted using PsychInfo and Medline databases. Further narrower searches were conducted electronically where indicated. Finally, some articles were sourced through manual searches of relevant journals.Results: People with psychotic illness have a high rate of unemployment at the outset of their illness which tends to worsen over time. This is complicated by systemic factors such as the structure of the welfare system. Approaches for assisting people with mental illness return to work have evolved over the history of psychiatry. There now exists an evidencebased method of intervention. To date this has not been trialled in a systematic way with people in the early stages of psychotic illness.Conclusions: There is cause for cautious optimism in the vocational recovery of people with psychotic illnesses. Limited evidence exists that the individual placement and support approach developed with chronic populations is very effective in early episode patients. There are a number of challenges to implementing vocational intervention in first-episode psychosis. Overcoming these obstacles will require the cooperation of clinicians, those with illness, policy-makers and politicians. However, the potential economic, health and personal gains, as well as current and future research should provide sufficient motivation to overcome these barriers.
Antipsychotic Medication Dispensing and Associated Odds Ratios of Death In Elderly Veterans and War Widows, 2001
Authors: Hollis Jean , Touyz Stephen , Grayson David , Forrester Loelle 
Published: December 2009

Objectives: To explore the odds ratios (ORs) of death associated with antipsychotic (AP) medications dispensed to elderly subjects. Method: Subjects were veterans and war widows 65 years and older dispensed an AP drug in 2001 in NSW or ACT. For all subjects, dispensing records for AP medication, benzodiazepines, lithium, carbamazepine, sodium valproate and antidepressant medication were extracted and combined with age, gender and date of death. A study date was allocated, either the date of death or a random date from 1.5.01 to 31.12.01. Subjects dispensed an AP in 2001, but not dispensed an AP or other psychotropic medication in the 120 days prior to their study date, formed a reference group. Psychotropic dispensing in the 120 days prior to the study date was analysed using nested logistic regression models to produce ORs of death associated with various AP drugs. The ORs for risperidone, olanzapine and pericyazine were compared. Haloperidol ORs were established for those dispensed the drug 0–30 days prior to study date or 31–120 days prior to the study date. Results: The ORs associated with haloperidol, olanzapine, risperidone, pericyazine, thioridazine and chlorpromazine were significant when compared with the reference group. Odds ratios for all three haloperidol periods were significant when compared with olanzapine, risperidone and pericyazine 120 day ORs. Although there was a trend favouring olanzapine when compared with risperidone, the difference in the ORs failed to reach significance (p = 0.066). Conclusions: Haloperidol is associated with significantly higher mortality rates than other AP medication but it is not clear whether this represents drug toxicity or the medical conditions for which it was dispensed. There was no evidence that the conventional AP pericyazine was associated with a higher mortality rate than olanzapine or risperidone.
Stages of Recovery Instrument: Development of a Measure of Recovery from Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Andresen Retta , Caputi Peter , Oades Lindsay 
Published: December 2009

Objective: In order to realize the vision of recovery-orientated mental health services, there is a need for a model and a method of measuring recovery as the concept is described by mental health consumers. A preliminary five-stage model based on consumer accounts was developed in an earlier study by the authors. This next stage of the research program describes the development and initial testing of a stage measure which, when validated, can be used in testing that model. Method: Existing measures of recovery were reviewed to assess their concordance with the model, and a new measure, the Stages of Recovery Instrument (STORI) was subsequently developed. A postal survey was conducted of 94 volunteers from the NISAD Schizophrenia Research Register. Participants completed the STORI and measures of mental health, psychological wellbeing, hope, resilience and recovery. Results: The STORI correlated with all of the psychological health variables, and the five stage subscales were found to be internally consistent. An ordinal relationship between the stage subscales was demonstrated by the intercorrelations of the subscale scores and the pattern of correlations between the subscales and the other measures. However, a cluster analysis of items revealed an overlap in measurement of adjacent stages, with only three clear clusters emerging. Conclusions: The results provide preliminary empirical validation of the STORI as a measure of the consumer definition of recovery. However, refinement of the measure is needed to improve its capacity to discriminate between the stages of the model. The model could then be comprehensively tested using longitudinal methods and the inclusion of objective measures.
Impact and Management of Dual Relationships in Metropolitan, Regional and Rural Mental Health Practice
Authors: Endacott Ruth , Wood Anita , Judd Fiona , Hulbert Carol , Thomas Ben , Grigg Margaret 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To explore the extent and impact of professional boundary crossings in metropolitan, regional and rural mental health practice in Victoria and identify strategies mental health clinicians use to manage dual relationships. Method: Nine geographically located focus groups consisting of mental health clinicians: four focus groups in rural settings; three in a regional city and two in a metropolitan mental health service. A total of 52 participants were interviewed. Results: Data revealed that professional boundaries were frequently breached in regional and rural settings and on occasions these breaches had a significantly negative impact. Factors influencing the impact were: longevity of the clinician's relationship with the community, expectations of the community, exposure to community ‘gossip’ and size of the community. Participants reported greater stress when the boundary crossing affected their partner and/or children. Clinicians used a range of proactive and reactive strategies, such as private telephone number, avoidance of social community activities, when faced with a potential boundary crossing. The feasibility of reactive strategies depended on the service configuration: availability of an alternative case manager, requirement for either patient or clinician to travel. The greater challenges faced by rural and regional clinicians were validated by metropolitan participants with rural experience and rural participants with metropolitan experience. Conclusions: No single strategy is used or appropriate for managing dual relationships in rural settings. Employers and professional bodies should provide clearer guidance for clinicians both in the management of dual relationships and the distinction between boundary crossings and boundary violation. Clinicians are clearly seeking to represent and protect the patients' interests; consideration should be given by consumer groups to steps that can be taken by patients to reciprocate.
The NUCOG: Validity and Reliability of a Brief Cognitive Screening Tool in Neuropsychiatric Patients
Authors: Walterfang Mark , Siu Ronald , Velakoulis Dennis 
Published: December 2009

Objectives: To examine the validity and reliability of a brief cognitive screen instrument, the Neuropsychiatry Unit Cognitive Assessment Tool (NUCOG), in patients with dementia, major psychiatric disorders and neurological disorders, and to compare its performance with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Method: The NUCOG was undertaken with the MMSE on a total of 347 individuals, with 82 subjects in the control group and 265 in the patient group. The patient group consisted of patients with dementia (n = 65), non-dementing neurological disorders (n = 44) and psychiatric illness (n = 156). The patient group was further broken into subgroups of dementing and psychiatric disorders for further analysis. A subgroup of patients (n = 22) underwent detailed neuropsychological testing. Results: The NUCOG and MMSE scores, which correlated strongly, were highest in the control group, and lowest in the dementia group, with psychiatric and neurological patients scoring similarly. Internal consistency and reliability were high. Scores were significantly affected by age and years of education. The NUCOG differentiated the four broad groups and the dementia subgroups more strongly than the MMSE. The NUCOG subscale scores correlated strongly with most neuropsychological subtests undertaken. At a cut-off score of 80/100, sensitivity of the NUCOG for detection of dementia was 0.84 and specificity 0.86. Conclusions: The NUCOG is a valid and reliable cognitive tool that is sensitive and specific for the detection of dementia. The NUCOG was able to differentiate dementia and psychiatric subgroups which were not able to be discriminated on MMSE scores. The NUCOG appears to be a well-tolerated, reliable and highly useful clinical tool that offers benefits over and above the MMSE.
Predictors of Depression 12 Months after Cardiac Hospitalization: The Identifying Depression as a Comorbid Condition Study
Authors: Schrader Geoff , Cheok Frida , Hordacre Ann-Louise , Marker Julie 
Published: December 2009

Objective: To determine characteristics which predict depression at 12 months after cardiac hospitalization, and track the natural history of depression. Method: Depressive symptoms were monitored at baseline, 3 and 12 months in a cohort of 785 patients, using the self-report Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Multinomial regression analyses of baseline clinical and demographic variables identified characteristics associated with depression at 12 months. Results: Three baseline variables predicted moderate to severe depression at 12 months: depression during index admission, past history of emotional health problems and current smoking. For those who were depressed during cardiac hospitalization, 51% remained depressed at both 3 and 12 months. Persistence was more evident in patients who had moderate to severe depressive symptoms when hospitalized. Mild depression was as likely to persist as to remit. Conclusions: Three clinically accessible characteristics at the time of cardiac hospitalization can assist in predicting depression at 12 months and may aid treatment decisions. Depressive symptoms persist in a substantial proportion of cardiac patients up to 12 months after hospitalization.
Larval diapause of Monochamus urussovi and photoperiodic effects on larval development in tree bolts
Authors: Togashi K. , Kasuga H. , Yamashita H. , Iguchi K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTo determine the larval diapause and the effect of photoperiod on development in Monochamus urussovi (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), larvae were reared on Abies sachalinensis and Picea jezoensis logs and bolts. Larvae stopped developing in the final instar at 25°C and 16L : 8D (16 h light and 8 h dark) whereas an exposure to 5°C in the dark (134 days) following acclimation at 12°C under natural daylength led to adult emergence. When larvae were reared under 8L : 16D or 16L : 8D at 25°C with an intervening period of chilling at 5°C in the dark (112 days), a photoperiod of 8L : 16D induced a shorter time required for adult emergence after being returned to 25°C, and smaller adult body size than 16L : 8D.
B cell differentiation in the bursa of Fabricius and spleen of embryos and chicks immediately after hatching
Authors: NARABARA Kiyoaki , ABE Asaki ,   GERILECHAOGETU, HANIEH Hamza , KONDO Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTFlow cytometric analysis and immunohistochemical observation were used to qualitatively and quantitatively clarify the nature of B cell differentiation in the bursa of Fabricius of chick embryos and to determine the timing of antibody class switching in chicken spleens based on positivity of IgM and IgG on and in the cells. In the bursa, the sIgM‐positive cell population formed from the 12th to 15th day of embryogenesis. The proportion of sIgM‐high expressing (sIgMhigh) cells was lower among bursacytes than splenocytes of hatched chicks, suggesting that the sIgMhigh bursacytes are to be released to peripheral sites. The proportion of sIgMhigh cells was higher at 0 days old than at any other examined stage of development. Colonization of the spleen by B cells occurred between the 18th day of embryogenesis and 0 days old. Antibody class switching was thought to start in the spleen between 1 and 2 weeks of age, because IgG‐positive cells were present in the spleen of 2‐week‐old chicks, but not 0‐day‐old or 1‐week‐old chicks.
A small-molecule inhibitor of integrin α2β1 introduces a new strategy for antithrombotic therapy
Authors: Käpylä Jarmo , Ojala Marika , Nieminen Jonna , Lipsanen Anu , Lappalainen Heli , Eckes Beate , Johnson Mark , Lassila Riitta , Marjamäki Anne , Nissinen Liisa , Pentikäinen Olli , Jouppila Annukka , Heino Jyrki 
Published: December 2009

SummaryInteraction of blood platelets with vascular collagen is an initiating event in haemostasis and thrombus formation. Based on molecular modelling of human integrin α2I domain and cell-based screening assays we have developed sulfonamide derivatives, a mechanistically novel class of molecules. These molecules show antiplatelet efficacy by selectively inhibiting α2β1 integrin-mediated collagen binding. One sulfonamide derivative, named BTT-3016, showed inhibitory capacity in several assessments of human platelet interaction with collagen. It inhibited about 90% of the aggregation of gel-filtered magnesium-supplemented platelets and 70% of aggregation in PPACK-anticoagulated platelet-rich plasma when stimulated with collagen but not with ADP. The antiplatelet activity of BTT-3016 was dependent on α2β1 integrin, since in collagen binding test BTT-3016 had no effect on the platelets derived from α2 integrin null mice. When tested in an in vivo model in mice, BTT-3016 clearly reduced thrombus formation on the vessel wall after vascular injury. Furthermore, BTT-3016 prolonged tail-bleeding time in a manner comparable to aspirin. We show that new α2β1 inhibitors exert collagen-specific antiplatelet activity and regulate thrombus growth in vivo without compromising primary haemostasis more than aspirin. We suggest that the α2β1 inhibiting strategy could be further developed for the prevention and treatment of arterial thrombosis.
Wavenumber Spectrum in the Gulf Stream from Shipboard ADCP Observations and Comparison with Altimetry Measurements
Authors: Wang Dong-Ping , Flagg Charles N. , Donohue Kathleen , Rossby H. Thomas 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The wavenumber spectra for velocity and temperature in the Gulf Stream region are calculated from a decade (1994–2004) of shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements taken as part of the Oleander Project. The velocity and temperature spectra have comparable magnitude, in terms of the kinetic and potential energy, and both indicate a k−3 slope in the mesoscales. In contrast, the corresponding velocity spectrum determined from satellite altimetry sea surface heights yields a significantly higher energy level and a k−2 slope. The discrepancy between altimeter-derived and directly measured velocity spectra suggests that altimetric velocity probably is contaminated by noise in sea surface height measurement. Also, the k−3 slope, which appears to be in agreement with two-dimensional quasigeostrophic turbulence theory, does not support the contemporary surface quasigeostrophic theory. These results highlight large gaps in the current understanding of the nature of surface geostrophic turbulence.