bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender identity, research self‐efficacy and research intention in trainee clinical psychologists in the UK
Authors: Wright Anne B. , Holttum Sue 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis study tested, with a sample of United Kingdom (UK) trainee clinical psychologists, part of an existing model of factors that influence clinical psychologists' levels of research activity, in which gender identity is hypothesized to influence research self‐efficacy and this in turn strength of intention to do research. A sample of 121 trainee clinical psychologists (56 men and 65 women) completed a measure of gender identity, research intention, and a research self‐efficacy scale. Results indicated no differences in levels of research intention or research self‐efficacy between the biological sexes or according to category‐based gender identities (masculine and feminine). However, masculinity as a scale quantity was statistically significantly related to stronger research intention, preference for conducting quantitative research and research self‐efficacy. Multiple regression analysis provided evidence that research self‐efficacy may mediate between masculinity and strength of research intention. Research self‐efficacy was the strongest predictor of intention to do research in the future. Findings have relevance for clinical psychology training as research activity directly impacts upon advances in the discipline of clinical psychology, implementation of research into practice, and evaluation of psychological therapies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:• Clinical psychologists' research activity is important for the advancement of the clinical psychology profession but relatively few clinical psychologists appear to engage in research activity.• In a national sample of male and female UK trainee clinical psychologists, trainees' research self‐efficacy was strongly positively correlated with intention to do research in the future.• Scores on a measure of masculinity also predicted research intention, and research self‐efficacy mediated the relationship between masculinity and intention.• Clinical psychology training courses might seek to increase trainees' research self‐efficacy by exploring factors hypothesized to enhance the research training environment and that have predicted greater practitioner research activity in previous literature.• Because research activity tends to be seen as stereotypically a more male activity, it may also be worth challenging or encouraging trainees to reflect on stereotypical views of gender and research.
Applications of machine learning and computational intelligence to drug discovery and development
Authors: Hecht David 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn silico modeling of ADMET property models with QSAR and QSPR models has proven to be an effective approach for increasing the efficiency of small molecule drug discovery and development processes. Development of new, improved models and techniques is currently an active area of research. In recent years, there has been growing interest in adapting tools and techniques from the fields of computational intelligence and machine learning for use in drug discovery and development. This report reviews some of the more popular applications. Drug Dev Res 72: 53–65, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In silico genome‐scale modeling and analysis for identifying anti‐tubercular drug targets
Authors: Lee Dong‐Yup , Chung Bevan Kai Sheng , Yusufi Faraaz N.K. , Selvarasu Suresh 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosisis the deadly pathogen responsible for causing tuberculosis in humans, continuing to infect and kill millions of people globally. Despite the availability of a number of anti‐tuberculosis drugs and advances in high‐throughput drug discovery technology there is an urgent need for designing novel anti‐tubercular treatments due to growing parasite resistance and compromised immune systems in some patients. Therefore, it is highly necessary to develop systematic approaches that can facilitate the drug discovery by identification of drug targets in effective and efficient ways. In this sense, with the availability of whole genome sequence, application of genome‐scale modeling is becoming increasingly important for deriving rational drug target identification. This approach is indeed powerful in unraveling the metabolic behavior of pathogens and helps in identifying most relevant metabolites/genes as drug targets, which are experimentally testable. Herein, we present a review on the application of genome‐scale modeling and analysis in the context of identification of anti‐tubercular drug targets. Drug Dev Res 72: 121–129, 2011.  © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of mathematical chemodescriptors and proteomics‐based biodescriptors in drug discovery
Authors: Basak Subhash C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article briefly reviews the theoretical basis, calculation, and applications of mathematical chemodescriptors as well as biodescriptors derived using the techniques of discrete mathematics, in particular chemical graph theory and information theory. The utility of easily calculable mathematical chemodescriptors for the in silico screening of chemical databases in drug discovery and predictive toxicology is discussed. The use of multiple mathematical approaches derived from graph theory in the characterization of chirality is reviewed along with applications of chirality indices to molecules with multiple chiral centers. The utility of diverse sets of mathematical molecular descriptors in differential QSAR of ligands tested using targets from wild‐type and resistant organisms is shown. Previous results show that a two‐tier pharmacophore‐cum‐mathematical descriptor approach may augment efficient in silico screening of chemical libraries for drug design. Finally, the formulation of proteomics‐based biodescriptors and the use of a combined chemobiodescriptor approach for the assessment of bioactivity of chemicals is reviewed. Drug Dev Res 72: 225–233, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FGF receptor gene expression and its regulation by FGF signaling during early zebrafish development
Authors: Ota Satoshi , Tonou‐Fujimori Noriko , Nakayama Yukiko , Ito Yuki , Kawamura Akinori , Yamasu Kyo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe expression of the gene for zebrafish fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (fgfr4) in a 3‐somite stage embryo was stained (blue) together with pax2a expression (red), which was seen mainly at the midbrain‐hindbrain boundary, by two‐color in situ hybridization. At this stage, fgfr4 is expressed in the midbrain, anterior hindbrain, and posterior hindbrain, in addition to the paraxial and lateral mesoderm. See the article by Ota et al. in this issue.
Highly Stereoselective Trichloromethylation of N‐(tert‐Butylsulfinyl)aldimines: Facile Synthesis of Chiral α‐Trichloromethylamines
Authors: Li Ya , Cao Yunlv , Gu Jiaying , Wang Wei , Wang Han , Zheng Tao , Sun Zhihua 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe first highly stereoselective and facile synthesis ofα‐trichloromethylamines is described by using a nucleophilic trichloromethylation strategy. With tetrabutylammonium triphenyldifluorosilicate (TBAT) as the mediator, the trichloromethyl anion (CCl3–) from TMSCCl3 can be transferred to N‐(tert‐butylsulfinyl)aldimines in excellent yields and with high diastereoselectivity (≥99:1 dr).
Greenhouse gas balance and resource demand of biogas plants in agriculture
Authors: Bachmaier Johannes , Effenberger Mathias , Gronauer Andreas 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFor ten agricultural biogas plants, a detailed balance of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and cumulated energy demand was calculated. Compared with the reference system based on fossil resources, electricity production in the biogas plants avoids GHG emissions of 573–910 g CO2‐eq/kWhel (CO2‐eq, carbon dioxide equivalents; kWhel, Kilowatt hours electrical energy). Without accounting for the substitution of electricity from the reference system, GHG emissions from electricity production in the biogas plants range from −85 to 251 g CO2‐eq/kWhel. With savings of 2.31–3.16 kWhfossil/kWhel (kWhfossil, Kilowatt hours primary energy from fossil energy carriers), the cumulated energy demand of the biogas plants was also much lower than for the fossil reference system. The reduction of direct methane emissions together with the efficient utilization of the heat from cogeneration and the use of animal waste as input material can improve the GHG balance of electricity production from biogas, substantially. Currently, a reliable estimate of the GHG emissions of electricity production from biogas can only be made based on individual monitoring data. The validity of GHG balances should be enhanced by providing reliable data on nitrous oxide emissions from energy crop cultivation, methane leakage from biogas plants and emissions from uncovered storage of digested residues.
Expression of gangliosides, GD1a, and sialyl paragloboside is regulated by NF‐κB‐dependent transcriptional control of α2,3‐sialyltransferase I, II, and VI in human castration‐resistant prostate cancer cells
Authors: Hatano Koji , Miyamoto Yasuhide , Nonomura Norio , Kaneda Yasufumi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractGangliosides are sialic acid–containing glycosphingolipids that are associated with tumor malignancy and progression. Among the enzymes required for the production of gangliosides, sialyltransferases have received much attention in terms of their relationship with cancer. In our previous report, ganglioside GD1a and sialyl paragloboside (SPG), a neolacto‐series ganglioside, were much more abundant in PC3 and DU145 cells, castration‐resistant prostate cancer cells, as compared with hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer cells and normal prostate epithelium. GD1a is synthesized from GM1 by α2,3 sialyltransferase (ST3Gal) I and mainly by ST3Gal II. The enzyme to synthesize SPG is ST3Gal VI. The high production of GD1a and SPG in castration‐resistant prostate cancer cells was correlated with the high expression of ST3Gal II and VI, respectively. The expression of ST3Gal I and II was mildly induced by phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate (PMA), and PMA‐induced expression of ST3Gal I and ST3Gal II was inhibited by NF‐κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) but not by AP‐1 decoy ODN. Among the five mammalian homologs of the NF‐κB family, RelB RNAi most effectively inhibited the expression of ST3Gal I and ST3Gal II. The expression of ST3Gal VI was also most effectively inhibited by RelB RNAi. The amount of GD1a and SPG was significantly reduced by RelB siRNA treatment in PC3 cells. Thus, the production of GD1a and SPG in castration‐resistant prostate cancer cells was indirectly controlled by NF‐κB, mainly by RelB, through the transcriptional regulation of ST3Gal I, II, and VI.
Sunitinib facilitates the activation and recruitment of therapeutic anti‐tumor immunity in concert with specific vaccination
Authors: Bose Anamika , Taylor Jennifer L. , Alber Sean , Watkins Simon C. , Garcia Jorge A. , Rini Brian I. , Ko Jennifer S. , Cohen Peter A. , Finke James H. , Storkus Walter J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe multikinase inhibitor sunitinib malate (SUT) has been reported to reduce levels of myeloid suppressor cells and Treg cells in cancer patients, hypothetically diminishing intrinsic impediments for active immunization against tumor‐associated antigens in such individuals. The goal of this study was to identify longitudinal immune molecular and cellular changes associated with tumor regression and disease‐free status after the treatment of established day 7 s.c. MO5 (B16.OVA) melanomas with SUT alone (1 mg/day via oral gavage for 7 days), vaccination using ovalbumin (OVA) peptide‐pulsed dendritic cell [vaccine (VAC)] alone, or the combination of SUT and VAC (SUT/VAC). We observed superior anti‐tumor efficacy for SUT/VAC combination approaches, particularly when SUT was applied at the time of the initial vaccination or the VAC boost. Treatment effectiveness was associated with the acute loss of (and/or failure to recruit) cells bearing myeloid‐derived suppressor cells or Treg phenotypes within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the corollary, prolonged enhancement of Type‐1 anti‐OVA CD8+ T cell responses in the tumor‐draining lymph node and the TME. Enhanced Type‐1 T cell infiltration of tumors was associated with treatment‐induced expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) and CXCR3 ligand chemokines in vascular/peri‐vascular cells within the TME, with SUT/VAC therapy benefits conditionally negated upon adminsitration of CXCR3 or VCAM‐1 blocking antibodies. These data support the ability of a short 7 day course of SUT to (re)condition the TME to become more receptive to the recruitment and prolonged therapeutic action of (VAC‐induced) anti‐tumor Tc1 cells.
Risks of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer among immigrants to Sweden
Authors: Mousavi Seyed Mohsen , Brandt Andreas , Sundquist Jan , Hemminki Kari 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have indicated that ionizing radiation, particularly during childhood, is the main established risk factor for thyroid cancer. History of benign nodules/adenoma, goiter, iodine deficiency or high‐iodine intake might be other associated factors. We wanted to define the histology‐specific thyroid cancer risk in the first‐generation immigrants to Sweden. We used the 2010 update of the nation‐wide Swedish Family‐Cancer Database (>12 million individuals; 1.8 million immigrants; histology code in force since 1958) to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for histology‐specific thyroid cancer among immigrants compared to the native Swedes. The patient series covered 2,604 male and 6,406 female Swedes, and 247 and 863 immigrants. The median age at immigration was 29 years, and the median age at thyroid cancer diagnosis was 46 years. Increased risks for female papillary carcinoma were observed for Finns (SIR = 1.63), former Yugoslavians (2.36), Russians (2.34), other East Europeans (2.14), Turks (3.16), Iranians (2.68), Iraqis (2.77), East and Southeast Asians (2.92), other Asians (1.69) and South Americans (2.23). Male Iranians (2.85), East and Southeast Asians (3.57) and other Asians (2.26) had an increased risk for papillary carcinoma. Only male East and Southeast Asians (2.93) had an increased risk for follicular carcinoma. The data might suggest that immigrant populations in Sweden from areas of low or high‐iodine intake are at risk of papillary carcinoma, implicating iodine imbalance as a contributing factor to our findings. The increased risk of thyroid cancer among Asian immigrants may confirm the role of childhood‐ionizing radiation on thyroid cancer risk.
Butein, a tetrahydroxychalcone, suppresses cancer‐induced osteoclastogenesis through inhibition of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappaB ligand signaling
Authors: Sung Bokyung , Cho Sung‐Gook , Liu Mingyao , Aggarwal Bharat B. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOsteoclastogenesis is associated with aging and various age‐related inflammatory chronic diseases, including cancer. Receptor activator of nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) ligand (RANKL), a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, has been implicated as a major mediator of bone resorption, suggesting that agents that can suppress RANKL signaling might inhibit osteoclastogenesis, a process closely linked to bone resorption. We therefore investigated whether butein, a tetrahydroxychalcone, could inhibit RANKL signaling and suppress osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL or tumor cells. We found that human multiple myeloma cells (MM.1S and U266), breast tumor cells (MDA‐MB‐231) and prostate tumor cells (PC‐3) induced differentiation of macrophages to osteoclasts, as indicated by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐positive cells, and that butein suppressed this process. The chalcone also suppressed the expression of RANKL by the tumor cells. We further found that butein suppressed RANKL‐induced NF‐κB activation and that this suppression correlated with the inhibition of IκBα kinase and suppression of phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, an inhibitor of NF‐κB. Finally, butein also suppressed the RANKL‐induced differentiation of macrophages to osteoclasts in a dose‐dependent and time‐dependent manner. Collectively, our results indicate that butein suppresses the osteoclastogenesis induced by tumor cells and by RANKL, by suppression of the NF‐κB activation pathway.
Photons bring light into DNA repair: The comet assay and laser microbeams for studying photogenotoxicity of drugs and ageing
Authors: Greulich Karl Otto 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis contribution reviews recent applications of micromanipulation, by UV photons, in DNA repair and ageing research as well as in the evaluation of the phototoxicity of drugs. In some cases, micromanipulation is combined with the comet assay, a technique, which allows a direct view on DNA damages. It is shown that, in humans, the sensitivity of DNA to UV induced damage and its subsequent repair is surprisingly stable up to high age and that drugs which are usually non‐toxic induce DNA damage when irradiated in parallel by UV irradiation. Using the immune fluorescent comet assay, IFCA, a variant of the comet assay, direct comparison of the effects of ionizing 137Cs radiation with those of localized UV radiation is possible. When a laser microbeam is used to damage DNA in a cell nucleus with high temporal and spatial resolution, it can be observed directly how repair molecules accumulate (are recruited) at the site of damage. Comparison of the recruitment speed allows establishing an order of DNA repair events. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlation mapping method for generating microcirculation morphology from optical coherence tomography (OCT) intensity images
Authors: Jonathan Enock , Enfield Joey , Leahy Martin J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractStandard optical coherence tomography (OCT) in combination with software tools can be harnessed to generate vascular maps in vivo. In this study we have successfully combined a software algorithm based on correlation statistic to reveal microcirculation morphology on OCT intensity images of a mouse brain in vivo captured trans‐cranially and through a cranial window. We were able to estimate vessel geometry at bifurcation as well as along vessel segments down‐to mean diameters of about 24 μm. Our technique has potential applications in cardiovascular‐related parameter measurements such as volumetric flow as well as in assessing vascular density of normal and diseased tissue. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The amazing osteocyte
Authors: Bonewald Lynda F 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The last decade has provided a virtual explosion of data on the molecular biology and function of osteocytes. Far from being the “passive placeholder in bone,” this cell has been found to have numerous functions, such as acting as an orchestrator of bone remodeling through regulation of both osteoclast and osteoblast activity and also functioning as an endocrine cell. The osteocyte is a source of soluble factors not only to target cells on the bone surface but also to target distant organs, such as kidney, muscle, and other tissues. This cell plays a role in both phosphate metabolism and calcium availability and can remodel its perilacunar matrix. Osteocytes compose 90% to 95% of all bone cells in adult bone and are the longest lived bone cell, up to decades within their mineralized environment. As we age, these cells die, leaving behind empty lacunae that frequently micropetrose. In aged bone such as osteonecrotic bone, empty lacunae are associated with reduced remodeling. Inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor and glucocorticoids used to treat inflammatory disease induce osteocyte cell death, but by different mechanisms with potentially different outcomes. Therefore, healthy, viable osteocytes are necessary for proper functionality of bone and other organs. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Carotid body function and ventilatory responses in intermittent hypoxia. evidence for anomalous brainstem integration of arterial chemoreceptor input
Authors: Gonzalez‐Martín M.C. , Vega‐Agapito M.V. , Conde S.V. , Castañeda J. , Bustamante R. , Olea E. , Perez‐Vizcaino F. , Gonzalez C. , Obeso A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea is a frequent medical condition consisting in repetitive sleep‐related episodes of upper airways obstruction and concurrent events of arterial blood hypoxia. There is a frequent association of cardiovascular diseases and other pathologies to this condition conforming the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Laboratory models of OSAS consist in animals exposed to repetitive episodes of intermittent hypoxia (IH) which also develop cardiovascular pathologies, mostly hypertension. The overall OSAS pathophysiology appears to be linked to the repetitive hypoxia, which would cause a sensitization of carotid body (CB) chemoreflex and chemoreflex‐driven hyperreactivity of the sympathetic nervous system. However, this proposal is uncertain because hyperventilation, reflecting the CB sensitization, and increased plasma CA levels, reflecting sympathetic hyperreactivity, are not constant findings in patients with OSAS and IH animals. Aiming to solve these uncertainties we have studied the entire CB chemoreflex arch in a rat model of IH, including activity of chemoreceptor cells and CB generated afferent activity to brainstem. The efferent activity was measured as ventilation in normoxia, hypoxia, and hypercapnia. Norepinephrine turnover in renal artery sympathetic endings was also assessed. Findings indicate a sensitization of the CB function to hypoxia evidenced by exaggerated chemoreceptor cell and CB afferent activity. Yet, IH rats exhibited marked hypoventilation in all studied conditions and increased turnover of norepinephrine in sympathetic endings. We conclude that IH produces a bias in the integration of the input arising from the CB with a diminished drive of ventilation and an exaggerated activation of brainstem sympathetic neurons. J. Cell. Physiol. 226: 1961–1969, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological organization of the dorsal protuberance of Linepithema humile (Mayr, 1868) ant's larvae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Authors: Bueno Odair Correa , Mathias Maria Izabel Camargo , Ortiz Gabriela 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe Argentine ant Linepithema humile is an important invasive species because of the levels of infestation that it can reach; however, there is little information about its presence, histological organization, and function of the dorsal protuberance, which is found exclusively in their larvae. The objective of this study was to describe it in L. humile through scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, bringing information about this structure. The epidermis of these larvae have cuticles covering the whole body, and is formed by a sequence of overlapping lamellas where the inner ones were thicker and presented lower electron density, whereas the outer ones were thinner and highly electron dense. Pores or pore‐like channels were not observed. A thick and acellular region composed of granular material was found under the cuticular layer. Out of this region, the flattened epidermic cells formed an epithelial layer. For the dorsal protuberance region, these cells become prismatic, and similarly to the cuticle, presents significant thickening. These cells presented extended microvilli, as well as a great amount of lamellar rough endoplasmic reticulum. Under this epithelium was observed a concentration of fat body cells, more numerous in the dorsal protuberance region. This study indicated that the dorsal protuberance present in the first segment of L. humile larvae has apparently no secretory function because no pores were found. This fact allowed to conclude that in L. humile larvae the dorsal protuberance would have the function to make it easier for the worker ants to carry them within the colony. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.