bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ida Mann Lecture 2007: Planet Eye
Authors: McMenamin Paul G 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe concept for this lecture arose as a consequence of the invitation from the College to give the ‘Ida Mann Lecture’ arriving recently after I had enjoyed the beautiful David Attenborough series ‘Planet Earth’ on television. It struck me as not too fanciful an idea at the time to make an analogy between ‘Planet Earth’ and the eye and thus the idea of giving an Attenborough‐like tour of the ocular microenvironments and making the analogy between various immune cells in the eye and wildlife on planet Earth was born. I could only hope that in some small measure my presentation would inspire and educate an audience of ophthalmologists on the amazing world of ocular immune cells in the way that David Attenborough enraptures millions of television viewers with his beautiful series.
The fourth New Zealand cataract and refractive surgery survey: 2007
Authors: Pick Zelda S , Leaming David V , Elder Mark J 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  To examine the current practice and changing trends for cataract and refractive surgery in New Zealand (NZ) between 1997 and 2007.Methods:  A self‐administered confidential postal questionnaire was sent to all consultant ophthalmologists practising in NZ in 2007, eliciting surgical volumes and technique, anaesthetic, preferred equipment and patient management. Results were compared with previous NZ surveys and international surveys of surgeons in Northern America, Europe and the UK.Results:  From the 113 ophthalmologists surveyed 88% responded, comprising 86 cataract surgeons and 20 refractive surgeons. Key findings for cataract surgeons were: 65% routinely used sub‐Tenon's anaesthetic, 20% topical anaesthetic, 24% favoured intracameral antibiotics, 88% operated via clear corneal or anterior limbal incisions and 61% used temporal incisions. Acrylic foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs) were preferred, 27% of surgeons routinely used aspheric IOLs, 31% used presbyopia‐correcting IOLs and 63% expressed high interest in toric IOLs. Of the refractive surgeons, 83% would perform bilateral LASIK at the same surgical event; phakic IOL was the treatment of choice for 30‐year‐old −12D myopes, and clear lens exchange for 45‐year‐old +5D hyperopes.Conclusions:  The majority of NZ cataract surgical practice remains comparable with results from international surveys. A notable exception, as in previous comparisons, is a lower use of topical anaesthetic in NZ with a higher use of sub‐Tenon's anaesthetic instead. Refractive surgery practice in NZ is generally comparable with that of American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery members.
UPSTREAM MARKET FORECLOSURE
Authors: Gabszewicz Jean J. , Zanaj Skerdilajda 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates how an incumbent monopolist can weaken potential rivals or deter entry in the output market by manipulating the access of these rivals in the input market. We analyse two polar cases. In the first one, the input market is assumed to be competitive with the input being supplied inelastically. We show that this situation opens the door to entry deterrence. Then, we assume that the input is supplied by a single seller who chooses the input price. In this case, we show that entry deterrence can be reached only through merger with the seller of the input.
A NOTE ON MARKET COVERAGE IN VERTICAL DIFFERENTIATION MODELS WITH FIXED COSTS
Authors: Liao Pei‐Cheng 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTWith fixed costs of quality improvement, we find that a covered market outcome with an interior solution in the price stage is not a Nash equilibrium. When the degree of consumer heterogeneity is high (low) enough, an uncovered market outcome (a covered market outcome with a corner solution in the price stage) is the only Nash equilibrium. When the degree of consumer heterogeneity is moderate, both of the two market outcomes are Nash equilibria, but an uncovered market outcome yields higher social welfare than a covered market outcome with a corner solution in the price stage.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF EXCHANGE RATE APPRECIATION AND AGGREGATE ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: THEORY AND EVIDENCE FROM MIDDLE EASTERN COUNTRIES
Authors: Kandil Magda , Mirzaie Ida Aghdas 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe paper examines the effects of exchange rate depreciation on real output and price in a sample of 11 developing countries in the Middle East. The theoretical model decomposes movements in the exchange rate into anticipated and unanticipated components. Unanticipated currency fluctuations determine aggregate demand through exports, imports, and the demand for domestic currency, and determine aggregate supply through the cost of imported intermediate goods. The evidence indicates that the supply channel attributed to anticipated exchange rate appreciation results in limited effects on output growth and price inflation. Consistent with theory's predictions, unanticipated appreciation of the exchange rate appears more significant with varying effects on output growth and price inflation across developing countries.
Is Group Affiliation Profitable in Developed Countries? Belgian Evidence
Authors: Buysschaert An , Deloof Marc , Jegers Marc , Rommens An 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: It is fairly well established that business group affiliation can compensate for relatively weak institutions in emerging markets, and in Japan. However, business groups are also common in the EU, and there have not yet been any studies of business group affiliation and firm performance in the EU. Consequently, we investigate how business group affiliation affects firm performance in Belgium.Research Findings/Insights: We find that operating profitability of group companies is significantly lower than that of stand‐alone companies, while group companies have more volatile profits than stand‐alone companies. Operating profitability of group companies does not depend on the extent of group diversification. Internal capital markets transfer funds from good performers to poorly performing group companies. The impact of group affiliation on profitability does not depend on group age or group ownership.Theoretical Implications: Our study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to investigate how affiliation with a business group affects company performance in a developed country other than Japan. The results raise the question why business groups endure in so many developed countries with good investor protection and well‐developed capital markets. Some explanations proposed in the literature are not confirmed.Practical Implications: Our study offers insights to policy makers and practitioners on the value and the role of business groups in developed countries. The results raise doubts about the value of these groups in such countries and suggest that policy makers may want to consider dismantling business groups in EU countries.
Abstracts: The properties and application of a novel amphiphilic polymer as an active interfacial modifier
Authors: Ohtani Naoko , Koyanagi Ayako , Ueda Yuka , Sakamoto Kazutami , Yoshioka Masato 
Published: September 2010

pp.247–253 A peptide/silicone hybrid functional polymer composed of silk peptide and silicone resin with a hydrophobic alkyl group was investigated for its compatibility and functionality as a cosmetic ingredient. We have found this polymer provides characteristic functions to modify and control various interfacial properties and named it active interfacial modifier (AIM‐FN). At the liquid/liquid interface, AIM‐FN worked as an excellent W/O emulsifier for various oils, polar or non‐polar, and even for silicone oil. In principle AIM‐FN stays at the interface between the aqueous phase and lipid phase because it is not compatible with either phase. At liquid/solid interfaces, the peptide moiety of AIM‐FN attaches to the hydrophilic solid surface and makes it water repellant and water proof with its hydrophobic silicone and alkyl residue. An emulsion formulated with AIM‐FN gives a non‐oily and non‐tacky skin feeling as AIM‐FN improves the solid/solid (skin/skin) surface property.
Abstracts: Development of an amino acid‐responsive fine liposome
Authors: Yamazaki Naoko , Hisamitsu Issei , Sumida Yasushi 
Published: September 2010

pp.260–266 In this study, we attempted to develop a liposome which showed responsiveness to membrane‐fluidity to amino acids as a NMF component in the human skin. Amino acids have an amphoteric charge in solution. Therefore, we considered that the liposomes were given a one‐sided electrical charge and controlled on the surface charge, so that their membrane‐properties were varied by electrostatic forces of attraction or repulsion with the electric charges of amino acids. First, we investigated the constituent of the liposome with responsiveness to outer conditions. It was found that the liposomes containing the Dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid (PA) showed the most effective responsiveness to 5, (6)‐Carboxyfluorescein (CF) leakage. Further, it was indicated that the surface charge and the microfluidity in the vicinity of the polar group affected the CF leakage. Next, we investigated the membrane‐fluidity in the presence of amino acids, expecting that the membrane‐fluidity was controlled by neutralization or the increase of the surface charge with the electrical charges of amino acids. As a result, the promotion of the leak was seen in the presence of an acidic amino acid (Asp) having a negative charge. On the other hand, the depression of the leak was seen in the presence of a neutral amino acid (Gly) or a basic amino acid (Lys) having a neutral or a positive charge, respectively. Lys was the most effective on the depression of the leak. Moreover, we found that the microfluidity in the vicinity of the polar group affected the depression of CF leakage. It was assumed that the depression of leakage was due to the neutralization of the surface charge and the decrease of the microfluidity in the presence of the neutral amino acid or the basic amino acid. In conclusion, we confirmed that the liposome which showed responsiveness to amino acids was prepared by mixing PA into PC liposome.
Abstracts: Natural moisturizing factors in the stratum corneum I. Effects of lipid extraction and soaking
Authors: Robinson M. , Visscher M. , Laruffa A. , Wickett R. 
Published: September 2010

pp. 13–22 Natural moisturizing factor (NMF) is essential for appropriate stratum corneum hydration, barrier homeostasis, desquamation, and plasticity. It is formed from filaggrin proteolysis to small, hygroscopic molecules including amino acids. We hypothesized that common lipid extraction and soaking in water would alter the level of NMF in the upper stratum corneum (SC) and its biophysical properties. A novel method of measuring and quantifying the amino acid components of NMF is presented. Adhesive tapes were used to collect samples of the SC and were extracted with 6 mM perchloric acid for analysis by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The HPLC results were standardized to the amount of protein removed by the tapes. An increase in NMF was found with increased SC depth. Also, the combination of extraction and soaking was found to increase NMF loss relative to control or to extraction or soaking alone. Our results indicate that common skin care practices significantly influence the water binding materials in the upper SC. The findings have implications for the evaluation and formulation of skin care products.
Abstracts: Basic theory of emulsification
Authors: Horiuchi T. 
Published: September 2010

pp.2–22 A significant problem in emulsion science concerns the selection of surfactants and the stability of emulsions. In the HLB system, emulsification needs to use an emulsifier depending on the properties of an oil. Emulsion preparations in cosmetics consist of a lot of oil ingredients. In order to prepare stable emulsions, it is necessary to select the optimal surfactant among tremendous numbers of surfactants as well as to understand the compatibility between material and material in a dispersed system. This paper reviews the HLB system, organic conception diagram and solubility parameter as a compatibility index, and the optimal selection of a surfactant by the HLB system. Furthermore, acceleration tests for emulsion stability in low and high temperature storages will be discussed in terms of the physical properties of the oil and emulsifier.
Abstracts: The effect of rinse water obtained from the washing of rice (YU‐SU‐RU) as a hair treatment
Authors: Inamasu S. , Ikuyama R. , Fujisaki Y. , Sugimoto K.‐I. 
Published: September 2010

pp.29–33 We researched the histories of the hairstyles and hair care practices of Japanese women, and found a very close relationship between the two. For example, the court ladies of the Heian Period, whose beautiful long hair, called suberakashi, reached to the floor, were said to have combed their hair each day using Yu‐Su‐Ru (rinse water obtained from the washing of rice) . Rice is considered to be the most important food in the Japanese diet, and the historical fact that rice was used for hair care is very interesting. We therefore focused our attention on the Yu‐Su‐Ru hair care practice in the Heian Period, and examined its effects on hair. As a result, we found that Yu‐Su‐Ru exhibited hair care effects, such as reducing surface friction and increasing hair elasticity. However, when hair was treated with Yu‐Su‐Ru alone, flaking was observed on the hair surface, and the direct application of Yu‐Su‐Ru was considered difficult. Thus, Yu‐Su‐Ru extracts, which are highly effective in hair care and do not cause flaking were examined. The results showed that Yu‐Su‐Ru extracts had multiple functions for hair care at the same time. Thus, the new application of Yu‐Su‐Ru for hair care was discovered.
Abstracts: Basic optics of effect materials
Authors: Jones S. A. 
Published: September 2010

pp. 85–105 Effect materials derive their color and effect primarily from thin‐film interference. Effect materials have evolved over the decades from simple guanine crystals to the complex multilayer optical structures of today. The development of new complex effect materials requires an understanding of the optics of effect materials. Such an understanding would also benefit the cosmetic formulator as these new effect materials are introduced. The root of this understanding begins with basic optics. This paper covers the nature of light, interference of waves, thin‐film interference, color from interference, and color travel.
Abstracts: New alternatives to cosmetics preservation
Authors: Papageorgiou S. , Varvaresou A. , Tsirivas E. , Demetzos C. 
Published: September 2010

pp. 107–123 This work was partially presented at the 7th Joint Meeting of AFRP, ASP, GA, PSE and SIF, Athens, Greece, and at the XIIIth COSMODERM Joint Meeting of ESCAD and the Hellenic Society of Dermatology and Venerology, Athens, Greece.In recent years, there is a considerable interest in the development of preservative‐free or self‐preserving cosmetics. The aim of our work was to develop new cosmetic formulations by replacing chemical preservatives with ingredients with antimicrobial properties that are not legislated as preservatives according to Annex VI of Commission Directive 76/768/EEC. This paper describes the preservative efficacy of the well‐known antimicrobial extracts of Lonicera caprifoleum and Lonicera japonica in combination with glyceryl caprylate and/or levulinic acid, p‐anisic acid, and ethanol. We prepared a series of acidic (pH = 5.5) aqueous and O/W formulations, i.e., tonic lotion, shampoo, shower gel, conditioning cream, anticellulite cream, cleansing milk and peeling cream, containing (0.2% w/w) Lonicera extracts, alone in the case of tonic lotion and in combination with (1% w/w) glyceryl caprylate in the other products, and we performed challenge tests according to the European Pharmacopoeia procedures and criteria. Formulations such as shampoo, shower gel, and conditioning cream fulfilled criterion A, while tonic lotion, anticellulite cream, cleansing milk, and peeling cream fulfilled criterion B, in regard to contamination from A. niger. Furthermore, we evaluated the efficacy of the antimicrobial systems in two states of use: the intact product and after 3 weeks of consumer use. The results showed that A. niger was also detected during use by consumers in the products that satisfied only criterion B in challenge tests. The addition of antimicrobial fragrance ingredients such (≤0.3% w/w) levulinic acid or (0.1% w/w) p‐anisic acid and/or (5% w/w) ethanol afforded products that met criterion A in challenge tests and were also microbiologically safe during use. The small quantity (5% w/w) of ethanol gave an important assistance in order to boost the self‐preserving system and to produce stable and safe products.
Sialidosis Type 1
Authors: SWALLOW DALLAS M. , EVANS LORRAINE , STEWART G. , THOMAS P. K. , ABRAMS J. D. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryObserrations have been made on two brothers who had progressive ataxia, intention myoclonus and visual failure starting early in the third decade of life. Their parents were consanguineous. The brothers showed bilateral cherry red spots a t the maculae and bilateral perinuclear cataracts; their intelligence was preserved. Urine was found to contain large amounts of sialylated oligosaccharides; cultured skin fibroblasts showed deficiency of the enzyme sialidase (neuraminidase).Studies on leiirocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts showed aberrant electrophoretic mobilities of six enzmyes all of which are known to be glycoproteins, and this has been attributed to excessive amounts of sialic acid on the enzyme molecules.The clinical features together with the biochemical findings indicate that these are further cases of the newly described condition Sialidosis Type 1 and i t is suggested that the electrophoretic findings might be typical of the condition.
An alternative model of recombination and interference
Authors: RISCH N. , LANGE K. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryA model of four‐strand crossing‐over is presented in which all non‐randomness is attributed to the non‐Poisson distribution of the number of exchanges. Nth order recombination fractions and the coefficient of coincidence are calculated in terms of the model. It is shown that coincidence may be greater or less than unity depending on the prior distribution of exchanges. An obligate exchange is a sufficient condition for coincidence to be less than unity if there is a maximum of four exchanges, but not necessarily if five or more are possible. It is also shown that triarginal coincidence is a11 insufficient concept to explain the behaviour of coincidence over it entire tn‐o‐climensioiial domain.
FACTORS AFFECTING FETAL SURVIVAL AFTER INTRAUTER TRANSFUSION FOR RHESUS ISOIMMUNIZATION
Authors: Ogborn A. D. R. , Hunt Kathleen M. , Gordon H. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryIntrauterine transfusion of the fetus is described in 165 pregnancies. The overall fetal survival rose from 28 per cent in 1964 to 1969 to 42·5 per cent in 1973 to 1975. Apart from technical complications of the procedure itself, the factors most likely to affect fetal survival were the gestational age and amniotic fluid optical density difference before the first intrauterine transfusion, the birth weight and the cord blood haemoglobin level.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAUTERINE FETAL TRANSFUSION AND A β‐SYMPATHOMIMETIC SUBSTANCE ON THE LECITHIN/ SPHINGOMYELIN RATIO IN HUMAN AMNIOT1C FLUID
Authors: Van Iddekinge B. , Hughes Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe apparently low incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in babies born prematurely after irstrauterine transfusion and the simultaneous prophylactic administration of intravenous isoxsuprine (a β‐sympathomimetic agent) was investigated by serial study of amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios. The ratio rose very significantly after intrauterine transfusions and significantly (but less markedly) after the administration of intravenous isoxsuprine alone.
INTRACRANIAL BIRTH TRAUMA IN VAGINAL BREECH DELIVERY: THE CONTINUED IMPORTANCE OF INJURY TO THE OCCIPITAL BONE
Authors: Wigglesworth J. S. , Husemeyer R. P. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryBetween 1966 and 1976, postmortem examinations revealed significant intracranial birth trauma in 17 infants delivered breech first and in ten infants delivered head first; separation of the squamous and lateral parts of the occipital bone (occipital osteodiastasis) was found in five of the infants who died after breech delivery. The finding of the lesions in these infants is attributed to the adoption, since 1971, of a postmortem technique involving dissection of the suboccipital region before opening the skull. Review of earlier necropsy reports suggests that the lesion was sometimes missed. Analysis of the fresh stillbirths and neonatal deaths occurring in the 477 vaginal breech deliveries at the Hammersmith Hospital (1966 to 1976) showed that all neonatal deaths in infants weighing more than 3000 g at birth were associated with intracranial birth trauma: 2 out of 3 had occipital osteodiastasis which seems to be more common than is generally recognized and is only found with careful autopsy technique.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPERMATOGENESIS AND SERUM HORMONE LEVELS IN SUBFERTILE MEN
Authors: Jackaman R. , Ghanadian R. , Ansell I. D. , McLoughlin P. V. A. , Chisholm G. D. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe measurements of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were related to the sperm concentration and testicular biopsy in 137 subfertile men. The biopsies were classified into four histological groups: normal, focal tubular atrophy, maturation arrest and Sertoli‐cell‐only syndrome. A positive correlation was found between sperm concentration and the histological grade of spermatogenesis. FSH was directly related to the spermatogenesis and the values were significantly raised in maturation arrest and Sertoli‐cell‐only syndrome. This relationship was present, but to a much lesser extent, for LH. Serum testosterone levels remained unchanged and no relationship between testosterone and either sperm concentration or testicular biopsy was observed. These data indicate the value of FSH in the investigation of the subfertile male, but suggest that the routine measurement of testosterone is unnecessary.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN CERVICAL MUCUS AND ITS RESPONSE TO VARIOUS CONTRACEPTIVE REGIMES
Authors: Chantler E. N. , Lo Katie , Elstein M. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryCarbonic anhydrase activity is present in human cervical mucus throughout the normal menstrual cycle. Lowest activity occurs in the ovulatory phase. A similar pattern of activity is seen in the presence of either an ‘inert’ or copper‐releasing intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). The overall levels of activity are not significantly altered by the presence of either type of IUCD. A cyclic pattern of activity is retained even though endogenous ovarian function is suppressed by combined oestrogen‐progestogen oral contraceptives.