bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The value of shoulder distension arthrography with intraarticular injection of steroid and local anaesthetic: a follow-up study
Authors: Mulcahy K A , Baxter A D , Oni O O A , Finlay D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A series of 51 patients, seen in Leicester, with “frozen shoulder”, and referred for arthrographic examination, were assessed both before and after distension arthrography, using air and a low-osmolar contrast media combined with a steroid and local anaesthetic injection. 38 attended for further assessment at up to 6 months later. 16 patients were found to have a rotator cuff tear. There was no significant change in the mean range of active movement in the patients with rotator cuff tears, but symptomatic improvement ensued in 44% of cases. In those found to have no rotator cuff tear, and external rotation of less than 35°, a significant improvement in range of movement was seen. While those with less limitation of external rotation showed no change in their range of movement, they did experience symptomatic improvement in 73% of cases. We conclude that shoulder distension arthrography, with steroid and local anaesthetic injection, may be of symptomatic benefit in patients with frozen shoulder and without a rotator cuff tear, while only those with external rotation of less than 35° are likely to improve their range of motion.
EMI patent litigation in the US
Authors: Cormack A M 
Published: July 2009

Having observed a little bit of the EMI patent litigation in the United States from a somewhat different perspective I would like to comment on the above letter by Strong and Hurst.
The paragraph about EMI's willingness to grant patent licences being inhibited by fear of a Declamatory Judgement seems unfair to the US District Courts as well as perhaps being disingenuous.
Magnetic resonance imaging appearances of fatigue fractures of the long bones of the lower limb
Authors: Tyrrell P N M , Davies A M 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Fatigue fractures may be confused with malignant bone lesions on radiography and hence are periodically referred for further imaging assessment with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The appearances on MRI are characteristic although not pathognomonic. Typical findings include: intramedullary bands of low signal intensity, continuous at some point with the cortex, indicative of a fracture line; intramedullary areas of high signal on both T2-weighted and short-t inversion recovery (STIR) images representing marrow oedema or haemorrhage, together with evidence of periosteal oedema. We present seven cases of fatigue fractures of the long bones of the lower limb and discuss the MRI findings and compare CT and MRI in imaging these lesions.
Magnetic resonance imaging of transfusional hepatic iron overload
Authors: Bondestam S , Lamminen A , Anttila V-J , Ruutu T , Ruutu P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The transfusional iron overload in 11 adult patients suffering from haematological malignancy was studied in 14 consecutive 1.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Routine T 1- and T 2-weighted spin echo sequences and a fat suppressed sequence (STIR) were used. The ratio from a region of interest of the liver parenchyma and from a manganese chloride reference phantom was measured. There was a definite difference between the signal ratio from the haematological patient group and the control group (p = 0.0001). The patients showed a diminished signal ratio in all pulse sequences used. There was a statistically significant inverse linear correlation between the number of transfused red cell units and the signal ratio in the T 2,-weighted (p = 0.03) and the T 2-weighted (p = 0.03) images. A definite decrease of the effect is found after 20–30 red cell unit transfusions in T 2-weighted and STIR images.
Magnetic resonance imaging for volume estimation of large multinodular goitres: a comparison with scintigraphy
Authors: Huysmans D A K C , De Haas M M , Van Den Broek W J M , Hermus A R M M , Barentsz J O , Corstens F H M , Ruijs S H J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
As a result of increasing interest in non-surgical treatment for the reduction of goitre size the use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for volume estimation of large multinodular goitres was evaluated in 20 patients (three males and 17 females; age 61 ± 21 years) with a multinodular goitre larger than 100 ml. In addition, MR measurements were compared with scintigraphic (SC) volume estimations. Intraobserver coefficient of variation (CV) of MR measurements was 2.2 ± 2.0% (Observer 1) and interobserver CV 4.1 ± 2.2% (Observers 1 and 2). In all 20 patients signs of mechanical complications were shown on MR images. For SC measurements intraobserver CV was 7.5 ± 5.7% (Observer 3) and 5.4 ± 5.1% (Observer 4). Interobserver CV was 10.1 ± 6.1%. The correlation between measurements with both methods was not strong (r = 0.665) and the resulting CV was 17.3 ± 14.2%. Underestimation of SC volumes could not be explained by the presence of cysts on the surface of the thyroid. It is concluded that MR imaging can be used for in vivo thyroid volume estimation in large multinodular goitres. The high precision of MR measurements makes this technique potentially useful for the evaluation of thyroid growth and non-surgical treatment for reducing goitre size. Scintigraphic volume measurements do not suffice for this purpose. An additional advantage of MR imaging is the detailed anatomical information it provides with regard to mechanical complications of large goitres.
Digital sialography: imaging and intervention
Authors: Buckenham T M , George C D , McVicar D , Moody A R , Coles G S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Digital subtraction imaging (DSI) has been widely used in angiography but less commonly applied to sialography. Over a 3-year period 109 patients referred for sialography, 42 males and 67 females with a mean age of 44 years (range 8–85 years), were examined using a digital subtraction imaging technique. 13 patients went on to have an interventional procedure, stone removal or duct dilatation. The role of DSI imaging in sialography and its use in facilitating interventional procedures on the salivary glands are discussed.
99Tcm-HMPAO cerebral scintigraphy and transcranial pulsed Doppler in acute intracranial hypertension in rabbits
Authors: De Bray J M , Le Jeune J , Pourcelot L , Saumet J L , Jallet P 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) and 99Tcm-HMPAO cerebral scintigraphy in detecting the effects of acute intracranial hypertension by pressure transmission using a previously validated model. In 20 New Zealand rabbits, cerebral blood flow velocities of basilar artery and carotid siphon were simultaneously monitored in baseline conditions and during acute intracranial hypertension by pressure transmission. This hypertension was induced by progressive steps of 5 mmHg, for a 5 min duration by elevating a saline infusion bottle connected to the subdural space. In baseline conditions, significant correlations were found between basilar artery resistive index and 99Tcm-HMPAO uptake in brain stem, r = 0.5 (p &lt; 0.05) and posterior cerebral areas, r = 0.78 (p &lt; 0.001). Severe intracranial hypertension equal to the diastolic arterial pressure with a cerebral perfusion pressure of 22.8 ± 12.7 mmHg significantly decreased the basilar artery blood flow velocities and global 99Tcm-HMPAO cerebral uptake. At this level of intracranial pressure, few correlations between the two methods were observed. TCD detected relatively high blood-flow velocities in the carotid siphon appearing to result from proximal cerebral artery vasospasm. Transcranial pulsed Doppler provides data about haemodynamic changes such as hypoperfusion, vascular resistance increase in the basilar artery territory and vasospasm of the carotid siphon. 99Tcm-HMPAO scintigraphy, which has not yet been studied during intracranial hypertension, gave immediate information on local cerebral perfusion. Cerebral scintigraphy demonstrated a significant diffuse and heterogeneous decrease in cerebral blood flow, without dissociation between supratentorial and infratentorial territories, and tissue perfusion deficit owing to arterial vasospasm. TCD provides emergency investigation in patients with severe head injuries or hydrocephalus. 99Tcm-HMPAO complements TCD in cases of vasospasm and in determining an area of perfusion tissue deficit.
Ciliated foregut cyst of the pancreas mimicking teratomatous tumour
Authors: Kohzaki S , Fukuda T , Fujimoto T , Hirao K , Matsunaga N , Hayashi K , Irie J , Kondo N 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A ciliated cyst of foregut origin is often found in relation to the tracheobronchial tree and the upper gastrointestinal tract, when it is called bronchogenic cyst and enterogenous cyst, respectively. Cysts of this type rarely occur in the pancreas. We report a case of ciliated foregut cyst involving the pancreas, and mimicking teratomatous tumour on radiology.
Dual X-ray absorptiometry of the lumbar spine: the precision of paired anteroposterior/lateral studies
Authors: Blake G M , Jagathesan T , Herd R J M , Fogelman I 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Supine lateral dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) has the potential to provide a sensitive and precise method of measuring changes in trabecular bone mass in the lumbar vertebral bodies. An important reason for the improvement in precision compared with the earlier decubitus lateral technique is the use of baseline compensation, an algorithm which computes the changes in lateral bone mineral density (BMD) using data from both anteroposterior (AP) and lateral scans. This report examines the precision of supine lateral DXA based on scans of 12 female volunteers (age range 21–56 years). Five AP/lateral scan pairs were performed on each subject and precision expressed by the coefficient of variation (CV). For the AP scan the CV for both L1–L4 and L2–L4 BMD was 0.8%. Precision of the L2–L4 lateral vertebral body, mid-vertebral and volumetric BMD parameters with (without) the baseline compensation correction were 1.2% (2.1%), 2.4% (3.0%) and 1.5% (2.5%), respectively. Two methods of performing baseline compensation, referred to as the multiplicative and additive algorithms, were compared and the former shown to give significantly better precision. The precisions of different combinations of lumbar vertebrae for the measurement of lateral vertebral body BMD were compared and the precision for L2–L4 shown to be significantly better than for L3–L4. When individual vertebrae were examined L3 had the best precision although the differences with L2 and L4 were not significant. The study confirmed that supine lateral measurements of vertebral body BMD with baseline compensation give better precision than the decubitus method. The improvement makes it feasible to follow patients longitudinally and may allow the sensitivity of the lateral scan to supersede that of AP measurements.
Effect of tumour shrinkage on the biological effectiveness of permanent brachytherapy implants
Authors: Dale R G , Jones B , Coles I P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A tumour shrinkage factor is incorporated into previously derived linear-quadratic (LQ) formulae which allowed radiobiological assessment of the efficacy of permanently implanted radionuclides. The new formulations relate the biologically effective dose (BED) to radionuclide half-life, recovery half-life, tumour radiosensitivity, potential doubling time and linear shrinkage rate. Specific attention has been given to the following radionuclides: gold-198 (half-life, 2.7 days), palladium-103 (half-life, 17 days), ytterbium-169 (halflife, 32 days) and iodine-125 (half-life, 60 days). For each nuclide the log cell kill resulting from typically prescribed doses was calculated for a range of tumour clonogen doubling times at various radiosensitivities and linear shrinkage rates. It is shown that even relatively modest shrinkage rates are capable of enhancing the clinical potential of the longer-lived nuclides. However, even though the effect of tumour shrinkage is minimal in the case of gold-198, for fast growing and/or insensitive tumours there are fewer radiobiological uncertainties associated with the use of this nuclide. The revised equations may also have applications in certain types of biologically targeted radiotherapy.
Vertebral measurements for assessment of osteoporosis
Authors: ITO M , Hayashi K , Yamada M , Nakamura T 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We measured the vertebral heights and spinal bone mineral density (BMD) of healthy women, and morphometrically evaluated the physiological features of the vertebrae to investigate the relationship of BMD to types of spinal deformity as well as the radiographic detection rate for decreased vertebral bone density. Vertebral BMD was measured from LI to L4 using dual X-ray absorptiometry and from LI to L3 using quantitative computed tomography in 245 healthy women ranging in age from 22 to 81 years. The vertebral heights, anterior (Ha), middle (Hm), and posterior (Hp), were measured from T12 through L5, and the Ha/Hp and Hm/Hp ratios were calculated. Although the age-related reduction of vertebral height was not as marked as that of BMD, the vertebral heights, especially the Ha and Hm from T12 to L5 vertebrae, and the Ha/Hp and Hm/Hp from T12 to L3, significantly decreased with age. The presence of a wedge-shaped deformity was strongly related to cortical BMD, and biconcave deformity to trabecular BMD. Although investigation of the sensitivity and specificity of several criteria revealed that vertebra-specific dimension criteria are useful in the detection of decreased bone density, the detection of decreased BMD using vertebral measurements is considered to be limited.
A fishy tale? Carotid artery perforation following a meal of haddock: was the culprit a fish bone?
Authors: Taylor W J , Platts A D , Hamilton G 
Published: July 2009

A 63-year-old gentleman was admitted to hospital complaining of progressive neck swelling, with bruising and increasing difficulty in swallowing. These symptoms were preceded by a severe bout of coughing. The night prior to admission he had eaten a meal of haddock, had woken well but then experienced the bout of coughing. He had a past medical history of polycythaemia which was treated with busulphan and regular venesection.Examination revealed a distressed patient with massive pulsatile swelling on the right side of his neck. The overlying skin was bruised. His blood pressure measured 150/80. His voice was soft, but there was no stridor. The rest of the examination was unremarkable. A contrast computed tomography (CT) examination was performed (Figure 1). The patient proceeded to angiography (Figures 2, 3 and 4). What is the diagnosis?
Book reviews
Authors: Hately W 
Published: July 2009

This is the first of a series of books on obstetric ultrasound aimed at highlighting important advances as they are reported from many disciplines across the world literature. The editors consider that the rapid pace of development in obstetric ultrasound demands prompt recording and authoritative review.
This 300 page volume includes contributions from over 20 internationally recognized authorities. The detection of fetal abnormalities in the first trimester using transvaginal scanning and the finding of markers for fetal chromosomal abnormalities are both well described. The fetal lung and dilated urinary tract are particular subjects dealt with in detail in this first volume.
Uptake of pentavalent technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid by pigmented villonodular synovitis: comparison with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and gallium-67 scintigraphy
Authors: Kobayashl H , Kotoura Y , Hosono M , Sakahara H , Yamamuro T , Endo K , Konishi J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The scintigraphic findings of a patient with pigmented villonodular synovitis are described and compared with the computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging data. Intense uptake of pentavalent technetium-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid without gallium-67 citrate uptake indicates that pigmented villonodular synovitis has the features of a hyperplastic or neoplastic lesion rather than an inflammatory lesion from the point of view of nuclear medicine.
Imaging studies for emphysematous pyelonephritis
Authors: Chaudhuri T K , Fink S 
Published: July 2009

We wish to comment on an article by Christensen and Bistrup [1]. The article emphasizes the importance of ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT) and intravenous urography (IVU) in the diagnosis of emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN).
While US and CT provide excellent anatomical information (including the degree and extent of gas-collection in EPN) about the renal parenchyma and its surroundings, they do not provide physiological, pathophysiological and functional information about the nephron.
Computerized strain-gauge plethysmography in the diagnosis of symptomatic and asymptomatic venous thrombosis
Authors: Warwick D J , Thornton M J , Freeman S , Bannister G C , Glew D , Mitchelmore A E 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis study compares the results of a computerized strain-gauge plethysmograph with ascending lower limb venography in 94 patients with clinical deep venous thrombosis, and in 121 patients with asymptomatic legs being screened after total hip replacement. In the symptomatic patients, strain-gauge plethysmography had a sensitivity of 100%, an accuracy of 73%, a specificity of 64% and a negative predictive value of 100% for thrombosis above the popliteal confluence. In the screened patients, the figures were 38.1%, 55.4%, 60.0% and 81.1% respectively. Computerized strain-gauge plethysmography is a safe, non-invasive, reliable and portable method of excluding proximal thrombosis in a symptomatic patient. It avoids the need for urgent venography when anticoagulation therapy is reserved for those with proximal thrombosis. The device was not valuable as a screening tool after total hip replacement, since it had a low specificity and did not reliably detect the non-occlusive mural femoral thrombi which typically follow this procedure.
Low-reflectivity periportal collar on hepatic ultrasound
Authors: Worthy S A , Elliott S T , Bennett M K 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A low attenuation periportal collar is frequently found on computed tomography (CT) in association with a variety of liver diseases and other conditions (Lawson, T L, Thorsen, M K, Erikson, S J et al, Periportal halo: a CT sign of liver disease, Abdom. Imaging, 18, 42–46 (1993)). Abnormal periportal intensity has been reported on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in various hepatobiliary diseases. Transient low reflectivity periportal cuffing has recently been described and was presumed to be due to periportal lymphoedema associated with malignant lymphadenopathy. We report the finding of such bands in four patients with chronic hepatobiliary disease and present the associated histological findings.
Ultrasound quantitation of respiratory organ motion in the upper abdomen
Authors: Davies S C , Hill A L , Holmes R B , Halliwell M , Jackson P C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Organ motion can cause artefacts in abdominal imaging particularly with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and may often limit the diagnostic quality of an image. If spatial resolution and image quality are to improve in MRI and other imaging techniques, a more detailed understanding of organ motion is required. Despite the importance of organ motion little quantitative information is available to date. This study was the continuation of work instigated to investigate and quantify respiratory movements of upper abdominal organs for a group of healthy volunteers in order to provide the design criteria for a motion test object for use in MRI. A previous phase of the project allowed construction of a test object but refinements were needed to represent respiratory motion more closely as a consequence of the data presented in this paper. Improvements in the scanning technique and the recording procedure have revealed that, contrary to our initial findings, motion of the diaphragm and liver is predominantly in the superior-inferior (SI) direction with an average displacement (± SD) (quiet respiration) of 12 ± 7 mm (range 7–28 mm) and 10 ± 8 mm (range 5–17 mm), respectively. For some volunteers, motion of the kidneys can be complex, especially during deep inspiration. New data have been provided by this phase of the motion study on the displacement, velocity and acceleration of abdominal organs as a function of time. These data show that MRI motion artefact reduction techniques which assume that either organ displacement, velocity or acceleration are constant are only applicable during certain phases of the respiratory cycle.
Reduction of radiation doses in leg lengthening procedures by means of audit and computed tomography scanogram techniques
Authors: Romanowski C A J , Underwood A C , Sprigg A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Children with congenital bone dysplasias may benefit from leg lengthening procedures. Such procedures, by necessity, require frequent and regular imaging. It is necessary to minimize the total radiation dose to these patients, and particularly the dose to the gonads. In the present study the films of 13 patients who had completed leg lengthening procedures were reviewed. The number of films was assessed together with the use of appropriate gonad shielding. In a second part of the study, thermoluminescent dosemeter measurements of radiation doses to a phantom were made for both plain radiographs (with and without gonad protection) and computed tomography (CT) scanograms. The results show that audit plays an important role in assessing radiographic practice with respect to accurate placement of gonad protection and confirm that a significant dose reduction can be accomplished by careful use of this lead shielding. Dose reduction can also be achieved by using alternative radiographic techniques such as CT scanograms. Other techniques such as ultrasound or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry are briefly discussed. These may play an important additional part in the reduction of total radiation dose to the patients.
Reconstruction of images from radiofrequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectra
Authors: Smith C M , Stevens A D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses methods for obtaining image reconstructions from electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra which constitute object projections. An automatic baselining technique is described which treats each spectrum consistently; rotating the non-horizontal baselines which are caused by stray magnetic effects onto the horizontal axis. The convolved backprojection method is described for both two- and three-dimensional reconstruction and the effect of cut-off frequency on the reconstruction is illustrated. A slower, indirect, iterative method, which does a non-linear fit to the projection data, is shown to give a far smoother reconstructed image when the method of maximum entropy is used to determine the value of the final residual sum of squares. Although this requires more computing time than the convolved backprojection method, it is more flexible and overcomes the problem of numerical instability encountered in deconvolution. Images from phantom samples in vitro are discussed. The spectral data for these have been accumulated quickly and have a low signal-to-noise ratio. The results show that as few as 16 spectra can still be processed to give an image. Artifacts in the image due to a small number of projections using the convolved backprojection reconstruction method can be removed by applying a threshold, i.e. only plotting contours higher than a given value. These artifacts are not present in an image which has been reconstructed by the maximum entropy technique. At present these techniques are being applied directly to in vivo studies.