bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of constant temperatures on development of the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa
Authors: Kasana Abdulmajid , AliNiazee M. T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe developmental rates of various life stages of Rhagoletis completa Cresson (Diptera: Tephritidae) were determined in the laboratory at seven different constant temperatures: 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, and 32 ± 1°C, RH 80 ± 10%, photoperiod L16:D8. Preoviposition developmental rate was fastest at 28°C (10 ± 1 days, mean ± SD) and slowest at 12°C (26 ± 1 days). About 83% of the females deposited eggs at 20 and 24°C and only 25% oviposited at 32°C. Females laid the highest number of eggs at 24°C and the lowest at 8°C. Egg development increased with increasing temperatures up to 28°C, then declined. The fastest egg development was noticed at 28°C (55 ± 1 h) and slowest at 8°C (389 ± 2 h). Over 90% egg hatch was observed at temperatures between 12 and 32°C, but decreased to 73% at 8°C. Larval development was fastest also at 28°C (20 ± 0.2 days). Over 65% pupation was recorded at 20 and 24°C, but decreased to 15% at 32°C and 12% at 8°C. Pupal development was most rapid at 24°C (53 ± 1 days) and slowest at 8°C (162 ± 2 days). More than 70% of adult emergence was noticed in treatments between 16 and 24°C but decreased to 20% at 8°C. Based on a linear regression model of temperature‐development rate relationship, the lower developmental thresholds were determined to be 6.6, 5.3, 2.9, and 5°C for preoviposition, egg, larval, and pupal stages, respectively. Based on a non‐linear developmental rate model, the upper developmental thresholds were 34°C for preoviposition, egg, and larval stages and 30°C for pupal stage.
Monophagy in a polyphagous grasshopper, Schistocerca shoshone
Authors: Sword G. A. , Chapman R. F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe feeding behavior of different populations of the grasshopper, Schistocerca shoshone, was investigated in the southwestern United States. Insects from three riparian populations, with a broad spectrum of plants available to them, tended to eat plants roughly in relation to their availability except that broad‐leaved herbaceous plants were avoided. Insects from a desert population in a plantation of Simmondsia fed exclusively on that plant, as did those from another population in the Tucson mountains, despite the availability of a range of other plants. Insects from a third desert population, near Portal, fed mainly on Prosopis, the dominant woody plant. In detailed behavioral experiments in the laboratory, insects from Tucson mountains readily accepted Simmondsia, and less readily accepted Prosopis. Three other common woody plants from the habitat were generally rejected without feeding. Insects from Portal accepted Prosopis and Simmondsia with approximately equal readiness. Breeding experiments suggested that the differences between the plantation insects and those from Portal was genetic and not induced by experience. The insects from both populations were potentially polyphagous and ate a wide range of plants in the laboratory if given no alternative.
Apple maggot fly response to red sphere traps in relation to fly age and experience
Authors: Duan Jian Jun , Prokopy Ronald J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractResponses of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), to 8 cm red sticky sphere traps, baited with the synthetic fruit odor butyl hexanoate, were investigated in field‐caged apple trees containing green or red Gravenstein apples. Trap capture rate and the probability of oviposition in apples before capture generally increased with female age and number of mature eggs in ovaries. Two days of pre‐test exposure of mature females to red hawthorns, green Red Delicious apples or green Gravenstein apples had no significant effect on the likelihood of a fly finding a red sphere. However, before capture on a sphere or departing a tree, hawthorn‐exposed females found significantly fewer apples and laid significantly fewer eggs than females exposed to Gravenstein apples. Variation in duration of pre‐test exposure (1–4 days) of flies to Gravenstein apples had no detectable influence on female response to apples or to a red sphere in a test tree. The relevance of these findings to effectiveness of sphere traps for R. pomonella control in commercial orchards is discussed.
Crowding inhibits pupation in Tribolium freemani: contact chemical and mechanical stimuli are involved
Authors: Kotaki Toyomi , Fujii Hiroshi 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPupation of Tribolium freemani larvae was strongly inhibited by crowding. When such larvae were transferred to regimes with various levels of food quantity (1, 2 and 3 g) and rearing density (1 to 5 larvae/g food), the percentage of pupation observed within 10 days after transfer increased as the rearing density decreased, regardless of the amount of food medium. Co‐rearing of single T. freemani larvae with Tenebrio molitor larvae or mechanical stimulation with a shaker or rotator also exerted a pupation‐inhibiting effect. Larvae confined individually in a wire cage held in vials containing a group of larvae underwent metamorphosis as did isolated ones. These results suggest that a tactile stimulus is important in manifestation of the crowding effect. Freshly killed larvae had some crowding effect on isolated larvae, but this effect was significantly reduced when the dead larvae had been washed with hexane. Hexane extracts of larvae delayed the time of pupation in isolated larvae in a dose‐dependent manner. Therefore, a substance(s) on the body surface of larvae may be involved in the crowding effect.
Mechanisms of resistance to the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens in wild rice (Oryza spp.) cultivars
Authors: Velusamy R. , Kumar M. Ganesh , Thangaraj Edward Y. S. Johnson 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThree wild rice species and six cultivated rice varieties were evaluated to determine their mechanisms of resistance to Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.). Wild rice species, Oryza officinalis, O. punctata, and O. latifolia and cultivated rices Rathu Heenati (Bph 3), Babawee (bph 4), ARC 10550 (bph 5), Swarnalata (Bph 6), Ptb 33 (bph 2 + Bph 3) and the susceptible Taichung Native (TN 1) (no resistance gene) were included in the study. In a free choice seedbox screening test, wild rice species maintained their high level of resistance through the 48 h exposure to N. lugens nymphs while plant damage ratings of cultivated rice varieties increased with time. Wild rices were non preferred and significantly more individuals settled on susceptible TN 1 followed by cultivated rices. The quantity of food ingested and assimilated by N. lugens on wild rices was less than on cultivated resistant varieties. N. lugens caged on resistant wild rices had slow nymphal development, reduced longevity, low fecundity, and low egg hatchability as compared to N. lugens on cultivated resistant varieties.
Analysis of wheat resistance to the cereal aphidSitobion avenaeusing electrical penetration graphs and flow charts combined with correspondence analysis
Authors: Caillaud Claudia M. , Pierre J. S. , Chaubet B. , Di Pietro J. P. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe behaviour ofSitobion avenae(F.) was compared on resistant wheat lines ofTriticum monococcum(L.) and a susceptible variety ofTriticum aestivum(L.). Firstly, stylet penetration activities were monitored with the Electrical Penetration Graph (EPG) technique and subsequently analysed using flow charts combined with correspondence analysis. Plant resistance was shown to be associated with repeated penetrations without access to either the xylem or the phloem, and with numerous failures in starting a sustained sap ingestion (as represented by pattern E2). Access to sieve elements of the phloem did not seem to be much affected on resistant plants but it took the aphid three times as long to produce a sap ingestion pattern when maintained on the resistant lineT. monococcumn ° 44 (Tm44) as compared with aphids maintained on susceptible plants. As a result the total time spent in ingesting from sieve elements was reduced by 72% on Tm44. Secondly, direct observations of freely‐moving apterous adults were performed. Aphids did not discriminate between resistant and susceptible wheat during the first 30 min of access to test leaves, but only 4 out of 25 aphids were still probing after eight hours on resistant Tm44.The relevance of these results to possible location of the resistance factor(s) are discussed. Although detection of plant resistance before sieve elements are reached can not be rigorously excluded, the factors involved inT. monococcumresistance toS. avenaeundoubtedly occur within the phloem vessels.
Seasonal abundance and spatial patterns of the predator Lyctocoris campestris in stored corn*
Authors: Parajulee Megha N. , Phillips Thomas W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA two‐year sampling study (1992–93) in a flat storage of shelled corn showed that the larger pirate bug, Lyctocoris campestris (F.) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), can be detected by relative sampling techniques as early as the second week of May. The perceived seasonal pattern of L. campestris varied with trapping method. Of the three relative sampling methods used, probe traps consistently captured more bugs of both sexes than cardboard traps in the grain and sticky flight traps. Probe traps showed a third degree polynomial trend through the season. On the other hand, flight traps were effective for monitoring L. campestris population during early and mid‐summer when temperatures were high, but the effectiveness declined during late summer and early fall. Cardboard traps showed the opposite trend to those of flight traps, with increasing L. campestris abundance during the fall when bugs sought refuge as temperature decreased. Sampling date and environmental factors, including grain moisture content, air and grain temperatures were correlated with trap capture. Earlier work reported that L. campestris showed a highly female biased sex ratio in the field as opposed to a 1:1 sex ratio in laboratory colonies. The present study found that the estimate of sex ratios in the field can differ with trapping methods. Of the three relative sampling methods used, flight and cardboard traps, in most cases, showed no deviation from a 1:1 sex ratio. Probe traps, however, indicated a highly female biased sex ratio in field populations. Absolute sampling using a 1140 ml cup sampler also showed no deviation from a 1:1 sex ratio in the field population. The data suggested that relative sampling methods may be inappropriate for sex ratio estimation in the field. Thus, an absolute sampling method is required for determination of the true field sex ratio of L. campestris. Analyses of dispersion patterns showed that both males and females of L. campestris exhibit an aggregated spatial distribution in the grain.
Variations in body length, weight, fat content and survival in Coccinella septempunctata at different hibernation sites
Authors: Zhou X. , Honek A. , Powell W. , Carter N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAdults of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae) were sampled in four overwintering sites: one in England and three at different altitudes in the Czech Republic (350–1420 m above sea level) in autumn 1992 and spring 1993. Body length, dry weight and fat weight were measured. There were significant differences in body length between sampling sites in spring 1993, but not in autumn 1992. The average sex ratio (♀) in all samples was 1:0.60 in 1992 and 1:0.72 in 1993. Females were significantly larger and heavier, and contained more fat than males in both sampling periods. Dry weight and fat weight were positively correlated to body length at all sampling sites except at Ruzyne, in the Czech Republic. Adults hibernating at higher altitudes and away from their breeding and feeding habitats had significantly more fat than those hibernating at lower altitudes. Fat reserves were reduced by 30% during the hibernation at the top of the Krkonose mountain, in the Czech Republic, where temperatures were much lower, but more than half of the fat reserves were consumed during the overwintering period at the other sampling sites. The significance of body length and fat reserves in relation to adult hibernation sites and overwintering survival is discussed.
Elimination of sexual brood in the Argentine ant Linepithema humile: queen effect and brood recognition
Authors: Passera L. , Aron S. , Bach D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMated queens of the ant Linepithema humile (Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr) introduced into dequeened colony fragments rearing sexual brood elicited worker aggression resulting in queen larvae being bitten and eliminated. By contrast, male larvae were spared. Regarding queen brood, killing mainly concerned small and medium sized larvae. A large proportion of the large larvae escaped extermination, and prepupae and pupae were spared. These data suggest that workers were able to discriminate sex, caste and age of the brood.That a queen pheromone may be involved was shown by experiments using whole or cut corpses that were either rinsed or not rinsed in pentane. The pheromone eliciting worker aggressive behaviour was shown to act over a short distance, suggesting that it is somewhat volatile. Similarities and differences between this new queen pheromone and other known queen pheromones acting on queen production or worker attraction are discussed as well as the origin of the signals underlying the recognition of the larval classes.
Observation of epigeic predators and predation on artificial prey in a cereal field
Authors: Lys Jon‐Andri 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPredation activity of different epigeic predators on artificially supplied prey was studied in a cereal field during several 24 h periods from spring to early summer 1993. Carabids were the most frequently observed predators. Among them Poecilus cupreus was the most voracious species during day‐time, and Agonum muelleri during night‐time. Predation rates were highest between 10.00 and 18.00 h and lowest between 02.00 and 10.00 h. Linear regressions showed significantly positive relations between temperature and predation rates, and between predation and activity density of epigeic predators. The latter relation was stronger when only activity density of predators which were observed to consume baits was included. Quadrat sampling and pitfall sampling showed that with the former only a small proportion of bait‐consuming predators were caught whereas with the latter method this proportion was high.
Oviposition and feeding preferences of a flower‐feeding weevil, Coelocephalapion aculeatum, in relation to conspecific damage to its host‐plant
Authors: Heard Timothy A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe oviposition and feeding preferences of Coelocephalapion aculeatum Fall (Coleoptera: Apionidae), a host specific florivore of Mimosa pigra L. (Mimosaceae), were studied in relation to conspecific damage to its host‐plant. Adults of C. aculeatum cease ovipositing in inflorescences when the egg load reaches a number consistent with the larval carrying capacity of the inflorescence. The basis for this oviposition deterrence was examined by offering inflorescences damaged by adult feeding alone, larval feeding alone and a combination of adult feeding and oviposition. Adults preferred to oviposit on inflorescences which are not damaged by either adult feeding, larval feeding, or oviposition. No evidence for the existence of an oviposition deterring pheromone (ODP) was found. I suggest that the ability of a single host inflorescence to support the development of many larvae causes selection for the use of these oviposition deterring cues which can convey more quantitative information about the level of previous infestation than can ODPs. Adults fed a similar amount on damaged compared to undamaged inflorescences. These results assisted in the design of host range testing trials and allows predictions to be made about the effectiveness of this insect as a biological control agent.
Laboratory rearing of the squirrel flea Ceratophyllus sciurorum sciurorum with notes on its biology
Authors: Larsen K. S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA rearing method for the flea Ceratophyllus (Monopsyllus) sciurorum sciurorum, a pest on farmed mink in Europe, has been developed. The behaviour of egg‐laying and the development period are described at 23 °C and 80% r.h. The eggs of C. sciurorum sciurorum hatched after 4–7 days and cocoons were formed 10–12 days later. The development period from egg to newly emerged adult was 23–32 days. Females emerged, in general, earlier than males.
Does host range influence susceptibility of herbivorous insects to non‐host plant proteinase inhibitors?
Authors: Broadway Roxanne M. , Villani Michael G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe examined the influence of proteinase inhibitors on digestive enzymes and development of oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis Waterhouse, European chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky), Phyllophaga white grub, Phyllophaga anxia (LeConte), cranberry root grub, Lichnanthe vulpina (Hentz), Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, Asiatic garden beetle, Maladera castanea (Arrow) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), and the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Rottemburg) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). We demonstrated that all species within our test group had alkaline midguts that contained proteinase activity that could be inhibited, in vitro with serine proteinase inhibitors. Our data suggests that host range may influence the susceptibility to non‐host inhibitors. Chronic ingestion of the serine proteinase inhibitor, Kunitz‐soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI), significantly reduced proteolytic activity in vivo in those species with relatively specialized feeding habits (i.e., cranberry root grub, Japanese beetle, Asiatic garden beetle, and black cutworm). Chronic ingestion of STI also resulted in reduced larval growth and delayed pupation for black cutworm, and elevated larval mortality for Japanese beetle. However, chronic ingestion of STI did not influence larval survival for those species with relatively generalized feeding habits (i.e., oriental beetle, European chafer). Based on these results, we propose mechanistically‐based criteria for selecting proteinase inhibitors for phytochemical defense against herbivorous insects.
Inheritance of dicrotophos resistance in greenhouse whitefly
Authors: Omer Amir D. , Tabashnik Bruce E. , Johnson Marshall W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe studied inheritance of resistance to dicrotophos in greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Compared with females from a field‐collected susceptible strains (S), females from a resistant strain (R) of T. vaporariorum derived from heavily treated cotton fields had a 28‐fold greater LC50 to dicrotophos in laboratory bioassays. Concentration‐mortality lines obtained from female progeny of reciprocal F1 crosses (R♀ XS♂ and S♀ XR♂) were similar, suggesting that inheritance of dicrotophos resistance was autosomal and not influenced by maternal effects. Responses of F1 female progeny were similar to those of the parental S strain, indicating that the resistance was partially recessive (degree of dominance, D, was −0.61). Mortality observed in female progeny obtained from a backcross (F1♀ XR♂) corresponded more closely to expectations derived from polygenic models than to expectations from a monogenic model. The estimated number of effective factors (sensu Lande, 1981) contributing equally to resistance was three.
Pupation site and emergence time influence the mating success of bagworm females, Oiketicus kirbyi
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Gries Gerhard , Chinchilla Carlos 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn commercial oil palm plantations in Costa Rica, we tested the hypotheses that pupation site and emergence time affect the mating success of protogynous female bagworms, Oiketicus kirbyi (Guilding) (Lepidoptera: Psychidae). Greater proportions of female than male pupae on upper leaves of oil palms and greater proportions of mated females in the upper rather than lower crown strata support the hypothesis that selection of pupation site by female larvae influences the mating success of adults. Increasing captures of males with increasing trap height further suggest that enhanced mating success of females in tree tops may be attributed either to most effective dissemination of sex pheromone on higher sites, or to males foraging predominantly in the upper strata of oil palms. As the majority of females pupated in the middle rather than upper crown of oil palms, selection of pupation site by females may be affected by additional as yet unknown factors. Emergence of females significantly preceded emergence of males. Increasing proportions of mated females throughout the emergence season probably resulted from an increased ‘availability’ of males. In tropical rainforests with local variations in O. kirbyi developmental time and stage, protogyny may represent an evolutionary strategy that furthers outbreeding.
The effect of stem and cob borers on maize subjected to different nitrogen treatments
Authors: Sétamou M. , Schulthess F. , Bosque‐Pérez N. A. , Thomas‐Odjo A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe influence of four nitrogen levels (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg N/ha) on growth of maize and development of lepidopterous pests was investigated in a field trial. Nitrogen had a positive effect on both plant growth variables (plant height, stem diameter and yield), and development and survival of Sesamia calamistis and Eldana saccharina, and thereby increased the incidence of dead hearts and stem tunneling. However, the percent yield loss due to artificial infestation decreased with increasing N application rate from 20% to 11% in the in the 0kg/ha and 120kg/ha treatment, respectively. Using a multiple regression analysis, plant height, plant diameter and stem tunneling were found to be the most important variables explaining the variability in maize yield.
Influence of wind conditions and intertrap spacing on pheromone trap catches of male European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer
Authors: Wedding Rolf , Anderbrant Olle , Jönsson Peter 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe spatial distribution of catches of male European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.) (Hymenoptera, Diprionidae), was studied using different pheromone trap arrays. In hexagonal trap groups, trap interference was evident by reduced catch in the central of seven traps spaced 10 to 40 m apart. When the trap spacings were either 5 or 80 m no significant reduction could be shown. The interaction was more pronounced for strong (100 μg) pheromone ([2S, 3S, 7S]‐3, 7‐dimethyl‐2‐pentadecanyl acetate) lures than for weak ones (10 μg). Similarly, the inner traps caught less than the outer traps in grids of 6 × 6 traps spaced 20 or 50 m apart. Mark‐release‐recapture experiments in the grid array confirmed that a majority of the males originated from outside the trap group and were caught in the first trap they encountered. There were no differences between catches in downwind, crosswind and upwind traps. Thus, no ‘overshooting’ was evident during average conditions, i.e. the sawflies did not divert from the trap initially attracting them by flying to the upwind trap. However, the proportion caught in the upwind traps increased with increasing wind velocity, suggesting more overlapping pheromone plumes at higher wind speeds. Also, the recapture rate of released males increased with increasing wind velocity up to a daily average of 3.1 m/s at 2 m, indicating that sawflies more easily find the pheromone source, probably due to a more stable pheromone puff trajectory during higher wind velocities. The application of pheromone traps in e.g. monitoring studies is discussed and a distance of at least 50 m between the traps with strong lures used in the present study is recommended to avoid trap interaction.