bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Effects of Isoflurane on High-frequency and Low-frequency γ Oscillations in the Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus in Freely Moving Rats
Authors: Hudetz Anthony G. , Vizuete Jeannette A. , Pillay Siveshigan 
Published: February 2011

Background
Cortical γ oscillations are thought to play a role in conscious cognitive functions. Suppression of 40-Hz γ activity was implicated in the loss of consciousness during general anesthesia. However, several experimental studies found that γ oscillations were preserved in anesthesia. The authors investigated the concentration-dependent effect of isoflurane on spontaneous γ oscillations in two frequency bands and three distinct brain regions in the rat.

Methods
Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were chronically implanted with epidural and coaxial depth electrodes to record cortical field potentials in frontal cortex, visual cortex, and hippocampus in waking and at steady-state isoflurane concentrations of 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2%. The γ power was calculated for the frequency bands 30-50 and 70-140 Hz. Temporal variation and interregional synchrony of γ activity were analyzed using wavelet transform. Loss of consciousness was indexed by the loss of righting reflex.

Results
Rats lost their righting reflex at 0.8 ± 0.1% isoflurane. High-frequency γ power was decreased by isoflurane in a concentration-dependent manner (P < 0.001, 50% decrease at 0.8% isoflurane) in all brain regions. Low-frequency γ power was unaffected by isoflurane. The duration and interregional synchrony of high-frequency γ bursts was also reduced (P l < 0.001, 40% decrease at 0.8% isoflurane).

Conclusions
Distinction between high- and low-frequency γ bands is important when evaluating the effect of general anesthetics on brain electrical activity. Spontaneous 40-Hz γ power does not indicate the state of consciousness. The attenuation and interregional desynchronization of high-frequency γ oscillations appear to correlate with the loss of consciousness.
Bispectral Index Monitoring, Duration of Bispectral Index Below 45, Patient Risk Factors, and Intermediate-term Mortality after Noncardiac Surgery in the B-Unaware Trial
Authors: Kertai Miklos D. , Palanca Ben J. A. , Pal Nirvik , Burnside Beth A. , Zhang Lini , Sadiq Furqaan , Finkel Kevin J. , Avidan Michael S. 
Published: February 2011

Background
Postoperative mortality has been associated with cumulative anesthetic duration below an arbitrary processed electroencephalographic threshold (bispectral index [BIS] <45). This substudy of the B-Unaware Trial tested whether cumulative duration of BIS values lower than 45, cumulative anesthetic dose, comorbidities, or intraoperative events were independently associated with postoperative mortality.

Methods
The authors studied 1,473 patients (mean ± SD age, 57.9 ± 14.4 yr; 749 men) who underwent noncardiac surgery at Barnes-Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to determine whether perioperative factors were independently associated with all-cause mortality.

Results
A total of 358 patients (24.3%) died during a follow-up of 3.2 ± 1.1 yr. There were statistically significant associations among various perioperative risk factors, including malignancy and intermediate-term mortality. BIS-monitored patients did not have lower mortality than unmonitored patients (24.9 vs. 23.7%; difference = 1.2%, 95% CI, -3.3 to 5.6%). Cumulative duration of BIS values less than 45 was not associated with mortality (multivariable hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.93-1.14). Increasing mean and cumulative end-tidal anesthetic concentrations were not associated with mortality. The multivariable Cox regression model showed a good discriminative ability (c-index = 0.795).

Conclusions
This study found no evidence that either cumulative BIS values below a threshold of 40 or 45 or cumulative inhalational anesthetic dose is injurious to patients. These results do not support the hypothesis that limiting depth of anesthesia either by titration to a specific BIS threshold or by limiting end-tidal volatile agent concentrations will decrease postoperative mortality.
Patient and Parent Psychosocial Factors Associated With Health‐related Quality of Life in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Herzer Michele , Denson Lee A , Baldassano Robert N , Hommel Kevin A 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study was to examine the mediating role of youth depressive symptoms in the relation between parent distress and youth health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in a sample of adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).Patients and Methods:Sixty‐two adolescents, ages 13 to 17 years, with a confirmed diagnosis of IBD completed assessments of depressive symptoms and HRQOL. Each adolescent's primary caregiver completed a measure of parent stress related to his or her child's illness. Pediatric gastroenterologists provided data for disease severity assessments.Results:Multiple regression analyses revealed that adolescent depressive symptoms fully mediated the relation between parent distress and several dimensions of HRQOL (ie, general well‐being, emotional functioning, social functioning, and total HRQOL). Moreover, mediation was observed after statistically controlling for the effect of disease severity, IBD diagnosis, and significant demographic parameters on HRQOL.Conclusions:Findings suggest that adolescent depressive symptoms may serve as the mechanism through which parent distress is linked to poorer HRQOL in adolescents with IBD. Close monitoring of parent illness‐related distress and adolescent depressive symptoms, as well as clinical interventions targeting these factors, is needed to promote optimal outcomes in adolescents with IBD.
Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Imaging‐related Radiation: Are We Increasing the Likelihood of Malignancy?
Authors: Fuchs Yonathan , Markowitz James , Weinstein Toba , Kohn Nina , Choi‐Rosen Jeanne , Levine Jeremiah 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTBackground and Aims:Increasing use of diagnostic radiography has led to concern about the malignant potential of ionizing radiation. We aimed to quantify the cumulative effective dose (CED) from diagnostic medical imaging in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and to identify which children are at greatest risk for high amounts of image‐related radiation exposure.Patients and Methods:A retrospective chart review of pediatric IBD patients seen between January 1 and May 30, 2008 was conducted. The effective dose of radiation received from all of the radiology tests performed during the course of each patient's treatment was estimated using typical effective doses and our institution's computed tomography dose index. A CED ≥50 mSv was considered high.Results:Complete records were available for 257 of 372 screened subjects. One hundred seventy‐one had Crohn disease (CD) and 86 had ulcerative colitis (UC). The mean CED was 17.56 ± 15.91 mSv and was greater for children with CD than for those with UC (20.5 ± 17.5 vs 11.7 ± 9.9 mSv, P < 0.0001). Fifteen children (5.8%) had a CED ≥50 mSv, including 14 of 171 (8.2%) with CD and 1 of 86 (1.2%) with UC (P = 0.02). In children with CD, factors associated with high CED per multivariate analysis were any IBD‐related surgery (odds ratio 42, 95% confidence interval 8–223, P < 0.0001) and platelet count (odds ratio 16, 95% confidence interval 1.5–175, P = 0.02).Conclusions:Although all doses of ionizing radiation have some malignancy‐inducing potential, a small but important percentage of children with IBD are exposed to particularly high doses of ionizing radiation from diagnostic tests and procedures. Physicians caring for such patients must seek to limit radiation exposure whenever possible to lessen the lifetime risk of malignancy.
THE STEP FROM DIAGENESIS TO METAMORPHISM IN PELITIC ROCKS DURING ALPINE OROGENESIS
Authors: FREY M. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryPelitic rocks were followed from unmetamorphosed clays and marls of Upper Triassic and Lower Liassic to anchimetamorphosed phyllites of the Alpine border region in Switzerland. Phengite and Al‐rich chlorite formed from mixed‐layer illite/montmorillonite; pyrophyllite from kaolinite. For the formation of paragonite, the following sequence is proposed: irregular mixed‐layer illite/montmorillonite → regular mixed‐layer mica/montmorillonite → mixed‐layer paragonite/phengite → paragonite.Besides the formation of new minerals in the transition zone (anchizone) between diagenesis and greenschist facies, other changes with increasing metamorphic grade are: the crystallinity of illite (in the sense of Kubler, 1967) increases, the intensity ratio 002/001 of the illite basal reflexions increases, 1Md illite changes to 2M1 phengite; the slates change colour from red to pink; the mean density increases; and textural changes due to reactions between clastic quartz and clay cement occur.
DIAGENETIC ORIGIN OF GRAYWACKE MATRIX MINERALS
Authors: WHETTEN JOHN T. , HAWKINS JAMES W. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryPhyllosilicates and zeolites grew in Columbia River sediments during hydrothermal experiments at relatively low temperatures and pressures. Although the new minerals may not be equilibrium assemblages, our results strongly support the idea that matrix minerals in graywackes may be the result of alteration of components thermodynamically unstable in the environment of diagenesis. Scanning electron micrographs show that the new minerals have formed as a mesh‐like coating on original grains. The textural relationship of the new minerals to the original minerals resembles graywacke texture.
PTEN in colorectal cancer: a report on two Cowden syndrome patients
Authors: Kersseboom R , Dubbink HJ , Corver WE , van Tilburg AJP , Poley JW , van Leerdam ME , Atmodimedjo PN , van de Laar IMBH , Collée JM , Dinjens WNM , Morreau H , Wagner A 
Published: February 2011

Kersseboom R, Dubbink HJ, Corver WE, van Tilburg AJP, Poley JW, van Leerdam ME, Atmodimedjo PN, van de Laar IMBH, Collée JM, Dinjens WNM, Morreau H, Wagner A. PTEN in colorectal cancer; a report on two Cowden syndrome patients.Heterozygous germline PTEN mutations cause Cowden syndrome. The risk of colorectal cancer in Cowden patients, however, remains a matter of debate. We describe two patients presenting with colorectal cancer at a young age (28 and 39 years) and dysmorphisms fitting the Cowden spectrum. Heterozygous germline mutations in PTEN were found in both patients. Moreover, analysis of the resected colorectal cancer specimens revealed loss of heterozygosity at the PTEN locus with retention of the mutated alleles, and greatly reduced or absent PTEN expression. Histologically and molecularly, the tumours showed resemblance with sporadic colorectal cancers, although they had prominent fibrotic stroma. Our data indicate that PTEN loss was involved in carcinogenesis in the two patients, supporting that colorectal cancer is part of the Cowden syndrome‐spectrum. This is in line with data on sporadic colorectal cancer, mice studies and emerging epidemiological data on Cowden syndrome. Although the exact role of germline PTEN mutations in the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer remains unclear, we think that Cowden syndrome should be in the differential diagnosis of colorectal cancer certainly in view of the possible prognostic and therapeutic consequences. Prospective follow‐up and surveillance of PTEN mutation carriers from the age of 25 to 30 years in a study setting should clarify this issue.
Criminalization and Deviantization as Properties of the Social Order
Authors: Ben-Yehuda Nachman 
Published: February 2011

It is argued that deviance should be analyzed as a relative phenomenon in different and changing cultures, vis-a-vis change and stability in the boundaries of diverse symbolic-moral universes. Deviantization and criminalization are interpreted as the outcomes of negotiations about the nature of morality and legitimization to use, and the use of, power. The legitimization of power is conceptualized in terms of a moral order that in turn defines the boundaries of symbolic-moral universes. Problematic behavioural acts, which take place at the realm of the seams, where boundaries of different symbolic-moral universes meet and touch, or which are directed from the periphery of a symbolic-moral universe towards its centre and vice versa, and which involve challenges (use or abuse) of power and morality would fall in the area of deviance. A distinction is made between regular deviance where the element of power is typically implicit and the element of morality is much more salient, and political deviance where the elements of power and morality are both explicit. Political deviance is further divided into three categories: challenges to the rulers, challenges from the rulers and contests between symbolic-moral universes from different cultures. Conceptualizing deviance in this way enables us to interpret processes of deviantization and criminalization within the context of central social processes. The November 1944 assassination of Lord Moyne is used to demonstrate how the above theoretical approach can be utilized to develop a sociological interpretation of the case.
Professionals' and Parents' Perceptions of A&E Use in a Children's Hospital
Authors: Roberts Helen 
Published: February 2011

Helpful keywords in accessing literature on the use made of hospital accident and emergency (A&E) departments are ‘misuse’ ‘abuse’ and ‘inappropriate’. While the medical literature is inclined to present patients (and, in the case of children, their parents) as irresponsible, or misguided, social scientists looking at similar data have tended to act as apologists for patients, explaining A&E attendance in terms of poor access to GPs, mistaken beliefs about the relative skills of hospital-based doctors and GPs and ‘lay’ health beliefs. Both of these approaches see the patient (or parent) as passive recipients of health care, rather than active caretakers of their own or their children's health. On the basis of a study of minor ailments presenting at a children's A&E department, this paper explores the differing views of health workers and parents. It suggests that a view of patients (parents) as largely passive custodians of their own or their children's health is inadequate. Patients (parents) can and do play an active part as providers of primary health care and their decisions to use A&E are not as irrational as health providers sometimes suppose. In this light, attempts to ‘re-educate’ parents to use A&E in a way which would be more acceptable to health providers is unlikely to succeed.
Soil organic carbon fractions and management index after 20 yr of manure and fertilizer application for greenhouse vegetables
Authors: Lou Y. , Xu M. , Wang W. , Sun X. , Liang C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractImpacts of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on total organic carbon (CT), water‐soluble organic C (CWS), microbial biomass C (CMB), particulate organic C (CP), labile organic C (CL), C storage and sequestration, and C management index (CMI) in surface soil (0–20 cm) were investigated in a 20‐yr field experiment under a greenhouse vegetable system in northeast China. The treatments included unfertilized control (CK), N fertilizer (N), balanced NPK fertilizer (NPK), organic manure alone (M) and the NPK fertilizer combined with the manure (MNPK). Under the treatments of N and NPK, CT content and C storage were not significantly changed over the experimental period, while CWS, CMB, CP, CL concentrations and CMI were significantly increased compared with the unfertilized control. In comparison with the control, the manure treatments, M and MNPK, significantly increased CT content and C storage, sequestrating organic C of 8.9 and 9.2 Mg/ha, respectively. The M and MNPK treatments showed higher CWS, CMB, CP and CL concentrations and CMI than the other three treatments. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to show that CWS, CMB, CP, CL and CMI could be useful indicators for assessing soil quality and total C changes. The M treatment is effective in sequestrating soil C, but resulted in lower crop yield compared with the NPK treatment. The MNPK treatment showed the greatest increases in crop yield and C sequestration in the greenhouse vegetable system.
Google's Insights for Search: A Note Evaluating the Use of Search Engine Data in Social Research*
Authors: Scheitle Christopher P. 
Published: February 2011

Objective. This research note presents and assesses the potential for Google's Insights for Search tool for use in social science research.Methods. Measures of social phenomena across time and across ecological units produced from search engine data are compared with existing data sources.Results. The comparisons show that the search engine data correspond quite closely with existing measures of issue salience and religious adherence.Conclusions. Given its relative lack of cost both in terms of money and labor, its flexibility, and its correspondence to other data, social scientists should consider the Insights for Search tool for research purposes.
Ordinary states: Everyday corruption and the politics of space in Mumbai
Authors: ANJARIA JONATHAN SHAPIRO 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTIn this article, I draw from fieldwork on the micropractices of hawkers’ illicit dealings with low‐level state functionaries in Mumbai, India, to explore how claims to city space are negotiated. I argue that what is often understood as a breakdown in urban governance is, instead, what I call an “ordinary space of negotiation” that constitutes the grounds on which claims to substantive citizenship are made. This ethnographic exploration of what practices of corruption produce has the possibility to expand how scholars think about the state and political claim making in liberal democratic contexts at large.
MALNUTRITION‐INFLAMMATION‐ATHEROSCLEROSIS SYNDROME IN PATIENTS WITH END‐STAGE RENAL DISEASE
Authors: Zyga Sofia , Christopoulou Georgia , Malliarou Maria 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYMalnutrition‐inflammation‐atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome is where three dominant clinical entities which occur in patients with end‐stage renal disease—malnutrition, inflammation and atherosclerosis—coexist and interact with each other. This literature review aims to present the factors which are responsible for the existence of MIA syndrome in patients with end‐stage chronic kidney disease (CKD) on renal replacement therapy. Studies have shown that the main role in the pathogenesis of the MIA syndrome is played by inflammatory cytokines. The main inflammatory cytokines are tumour necrosis factor‐a, interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐6. The following work examines these cytokines, indicating their main characteristics and the basic mode of action in patients with end‐stage CKD as well as the further development of the syndrome. The existence of this syndrome is responsible for the high rates of morbidity and mortality in this group of patients who reach a level comparable with persons suffering from metastatic cancer.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE NEPHROLOGY EDUCATORS’ NETWORK
Authors: Sinclair Peter M. , Levett‐Jones Tracy 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYNephrology nurse educators face many challenges related to professional development and resource sharing. In Australia and New Zealand, as well as other countries where the ‘tyranny of distance’ is a feature, access, equity and lack of educational support due to the geographical isolation of many nephrology units, present particular challenges. This paper reports the findings from a case study of 51 nephrology nurse educators in Australia. Using an exploratory descriptive approach, the study aimed to identify current issues facing nephrology nurse educators and determine the feasibility of developing an online community of practice to support them in their role. An outcome of the study was the establishment of The Nephrology Educators’ Network. This network seeks to enhance peer support, collegiality, critical companionship, collaboration, knowledge sharing and the benchmarking of practices for those involved in nephrology nurse education. In this paper, we describe and reflect on some of the outcomes and challenges faced in developing this network.
Assessment of Five Antigens from Mycobacterium tuberculosis for Serodiagnosis of Tuberculosis
Authors: He Xiu-Yun , Li Jing , Hao Juan , Chen Hong-Bing , Zhao Ya-Zhen , Huang Xiang-Yu , He Ke , Xiao Li , Ye Li-Ping , Qu Yi-Mei , Ge Lin-Hu 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTTuberculosis (TB), caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis, is a major public health issue, particularly in developing countries, and thus effective diagnostic methods for TB remain a central theme in basic and clinical research. To evaluate five antigens (38-kDa protein [38kDa], Rv3621c, Rv3618, 38kDa-ESAT-6 [38E6], and Ag85B-HBHA [AH]) in serological tests for TB patients, we recruited 288 patients and 201 healthy controls. The median IgG reactivity to 38kDa, 38E6, and AH was higher than that to Rv3618 and Rv3621c in pulmonary TB. 38kDa and 38E6 provided high sensitivities in pulmonary TB but low sensitivities in extrapulmonary TB (EPTB). The specificities achieved by 38kDa and 38E6 ranged from 82.0% to 93.9% in patients with non-TB respiratory disease (PD) and in controls. 38kDa and 38E6 exhibited lower sensitivities and higher specificities than their combinations with Rv3618. These findings provide useful information on the relative importance of the above five antigens and suggest that combinations of Rv3618 with 38kDa and 38E6 can increase their sensitivities, but their specificities need to be further increased.
Mutation Detection and Accurate Diagnosis of Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Report from a Tertiary Care Center in India
Authors: Ajbani Kanchan , Rodrigues Camilla , Shenai Shubhada , Mehta Ajita 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

We screened and spoligotyped 150 consecutive phenotypically confirmed extensively drug-resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(XDR-TB) isolates (January 2008 to March 2009) for rifampin, isoniazid, fluoroquinolone, and aminoglycoside resistance targeting
rpoB
,
inhA
,
katG
,
gyrA
,
gyrB
, and
rrs
. Mutations predominant among XDR-TB were S315T (
katG
) (100% of isolates), S531L (
rpoB
) (97% of isolates), D94G (
gyrA
) (53% of isolates), and A1401G (
rrs
) (71% of isolates). Spoligotyping revealed 62% of the isolates to be Beijing.
Chronic Q Fever-Related Dual-Pathogen Endocarditis: Case Series of Three Patients
Authors: Kampschreur Linda M. , Oosterheert Jan Jelrik , de Vries Feyens Cornelia A. , Delsing Corine E. , Hermans Mirjam H. A. , van Sluisveld Ingrid L. L. , Lestrade Peter J. , Renders Nicole H. M. , Elsman Peter , Wever Peter C. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Following
Coxiella burnetii
infection, there is a 1 to 5% risk of chronic Q fever. Endocarditis, mycotic aneurysm, and vascular prosthesis infection are common manifestations. We present three patients with endocarditis by
C. burnetii
concomitant with another bacterial pathogen. Chronic Q fever should therefore be considered in all endocarditis patients in regions where Q fever is endemic.