bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Correlates of Depression with Atypical Symptoms in Hong Kong
Authors: Lee Sing , Ng King Lam , Tsang Adley 
Published: December 2009

Objective: Previous studies of atypical depression have been conducted in Western communities. There has been no community-based epidemiological study of atypical depression that covers the entire spectrum of bipolar disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine the 12 month prevalence of atypical depression and the differences in demographic and clinical profiles between depressed patients with and without atypical symptoms in the Chinese adult population of Hong Kong. Method: A random sample of 3016 Chinese adults completed a telephone-based structured interview that examined their 12 month prevalence of major depressive episode. Atypical depression was defined as major depressive episode with hypersomnia and increased weight or appetite. Major depressive episode with and without atypical symptoms were compared on sociodemographic variables, number of depressive and manic/hypomanic symptoms, proportion of having lifetime mania/hypomania, suicidality, family psychiatric history, help-seeking behaviour, level of distress and role impairment. Results: The 12 month prevalence of atypical depression was 1.3%. Compared to non-atypical depression, atypical depression was associated with female gender, soft (subthreshold) bipolar II disorder, family psychiatric history, higher suicidality, more help-seeking from psychiatrists, and more depressive and manic/hypomanic symptoms. There was no difference in levels of distress or impairment. Conclusions: Although limited by the lack of detailed information on comorbidity, bipolar family history, and age of onset, the findings support the hypothesis that atypical depression among Chinese people in Hong Kong exhibited prevalence and correlates similar to those found in Western epidemiological and clinical studies. Further research is warranted to examine its association with hypomania and how atypical depression may occupy a nosological position between typical unipolar depression and bipolar spectrum disorders.
Efficacy of plain radiography and computer tomography in localizing the site of pelvic arterial bleeding in trauma patients
Authors: Dormagen Johann B. , Tötterman Anna , Røise Olav , Sandvik Leiv , Kløw Nils-E. 
Published: December 2009

Background: Immediate angiography is warranted in pelvic trauma patients with suspected arterial injury (AI) in order to stop ongoing bleeding. Prior to angiography, plain pelvic radiography (PPR) and abdominopelvic computer tomography (CT) are performed to identify fracture and hematoma sites. Purpose: To investigate if PPR and CT can identify the location of AI in trauma patients undergoing angiography. Material and Methods: 95 patients with pelvic fractures on PPR (29 women, 66 men), at a mean age of 44 (9–92) years, underwent pelvic angiography for suspected AI. Fifty-six of them underwent CT additionally. Right and left anterior and posterior fractures on PPR were registered, and fracture displacement was recorded for each quadrant. Arterial blush on CT was registered, and the size of the hematoma in each region was measured in cm2. AIs were registered for anterior and posterior segments of both internal iliac arteries. Presence of fractures, arterial blush, and hematomas were correlated with AI. Results: Presence of fracture in the corresponding skeletal segment on PPR showed sensitivity and specificity of 0.86 and 0.58 posteriorly, and 0.87 and 0.44 anteriorly. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.77 and 0.69, respectively. Fracture displacement on PPR >0.9 cm posteriorly and >1.9 cm anteriorly revealed specificity of 0.84. Sensitivities of arterial blush and hematoma on CT were 0.38 and 0.82 posteriorly, and 0.24 and 0.82 anteriorly. The specificities were 0.96 and 0.58 posteriorly, and 0.79 and 0.53 anteriorly, respectively. For hematomas, the AUC was 0.79 posteriorly and 0.75 anteriorly. Size of hematoma >22 cm2 posteriorly and >29 cm2 anteriorly revealed specificity of 0.85 and 0.86, respectively. Conclusion: CT findings of arterial blush and hematoma predicted site of arterial bleeding on pelvic angiography. Also, PPR predicted the site of bleeding using location of fracture and size of displacement. In the hemodynamically unstable patient, PPR may contribute equally to effective assessment of injured arteries.
Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Personnel
Authors: Tabarani Christy M. , Domachowske Joseph B. 
Published: December 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Review the evidence supporting recommendations for annual influenza vaccination in all healthcare providers.

2.
Discuss the current vaccination coverage rates in healthcare providers and identify barriers to achieving better coverage.

3.
Identify strategies to improve influenza vaccination coverage rates among healthcare providers.
RasGRP1 Regulates Antigen-Induced Developmental Programming by Naive CD8 T Cells
Authors: Priatel John J. , Chen Xiaoxi , Huang Yu-Hsuan , Chow Michael T. , Zenewicz Lauren A. , Coughlin Jason J. , Shen Hao , Stone James C. , Tan Rusung , Teh Hung Sia 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Ag encounter by naive CD8 T cells initiates a developmental program consisting of cellular proliferation, changes in gene expression, and the formation of effector and memory T cells. The strength and duration of TCR signaling are known to be important parameters regulating the differentiation of naive CD8 T cells, although the molecular signals arbitrating these processes remain poorly defined. The Ras-guanyl nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 has been shown to transduce TCR-mediated signals critically required for the maturation of developing thymocytes. To elucidate the role of RasGRP1 in CD8 T cell differentiation, in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed with 2C TCR transgenic CD8 T cells lacking RasGRP1. In this study, we report that RasGRP1 regulates the threshold of T cell activation and Ag-induced expansion, at least in part, through the regulation of IL-2 production. Moreover, RasGRP1−/− 2C CD8 T cells exhibit an anergic phenotype in response to cognate Ag stimulation that is partially reversible upon the addition of exogenous IL-2. By contrast, the capacity of IL-2/IL-2R interactions to mediate Ras activation and CD8 T cell expansion and differentiation appears to be largely RasGRP1-independent. Collectively, our results demonstrate that RasGRP1 plays a selective role in T cell signaling, controlling the initiation and duration of CD8 T cell immune responses.
Surfactant Protein B Propeptide Contains a Saposin-Like Protein Domain with Antimicrobial Activity at Low pH
Authors: Yang Li , Johansson Jan , Ridsdale Ross , Willander Hanna , Fitzen Michael , Akinbi Henry T. , Weaver Timothy E. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Surfactant protein B (SP-B) proprotein contains three saposin-like protein (SAPLIP) domains: a SAPLIP domain corresponding to the mature SP-B peptide is essential for lung function and postnatal survival; the function of SAPLIP domains in the N-terminal (SP-BN) and C-terminal regions of the proprotein is not known. In the current study, SP-BN was detected in the supernatant of mouse bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and in nonciliated bronchiolar cells, alveolar type II epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages. rSP-BN indirectly promoted the uptake of bacteria by macrophage cell lines and directly killed bacteria at acidic pH, consistent with a lysosomal, antimicrobial function. Native SP-BN isolated from BALF also killed bacteria but only at acidic pH; the bactericidal activity of BALF at acidic pH was completely blocked by SP-BN Ab. Transgenic mice overexpressing SP-BN and mature SP-B peptide had significantly decreased bacterial burden and increased survival following intranasal inoculation with bacteria. These findings support the hypothesis that SP-BN contributes to innate host defense of the lung by supplementing the nonoxidant antimicrobial defenses of alveolar macrophages.
Differential Role of the Fas/Fas Ligand Apoptotic Pathway in Inflammation and Lung Fibrosis Associated with Reovirus 1/L-Induced Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Lopez Andrea D. , Avasarala Sreedevi , Grewal Suman , Murali Anuradha K. , London Lucille 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are two clinically and histologically distinct syndromes sharing the presence of an inflammatory and fibrotic component. Apoptosis via the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway plays an important role in the development of acute lung injury and fibrosis characteristic of these and other pulmonary inflammatory and fibrotic syndromes. We evaluated the role of apoptosis via the Fas/FasL pathway in the development of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in reovirus 1/L-induced BOOP and ARDS. CBA/J mice were intranasally inoculated with saline, 1 × 106 (BOOP), or 1 × 107 (ARDS) PFU reovirus 1/L, and evaluated at various days postinoculation for in situ apoptosis by TUNEL analysis and Fas/FasL expression. Our results demonstrate the presence of apoptotic cells and up-regulation of Fas/FasL expression in alveolar epithelium and in infiltrating cells during the inflammatory and fibrotic stages of both reovirus 1/L-induced ARDS and BOOP. Treatment of mice with the caspase 8 inhibitor, zIETD-fmk, inhibited apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrotic lesion development in reovirus 1/L-induced BOOP and ARDS. However, CBA/KlJms-Faslpr-cg/J mice, which carry a point mutation in the Fas cytoplasmic region that abolishes the ability of Fas to transduce an apoptotic signal, do not develop pulmonary inflammation and fibrotic lesions associated with reovirus 1/L-induced BOOP, but still develop inflammation and fibrotic lesions associated with reovirus 1/L-induced ARDS. These results suggest a differential role for the Fas/FasL apoptotic pathway in the development of inflammation and fibrotic lesions associated with BOOP and ARDS.
Elevated Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Affects the Immune Response via Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Long-Lived Mclk1+/− Mouse Mutants
Authors: Wang Dantong , Malo Danielle , Hekimi Siegfried 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are believed to stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, a transcriptional regulator of the immune response. Mclk1 encodes a mitochondrial protein that is necessary for ubiquinone biosynthesis. Heterozygote Mclk1+/− mutant mice are long-lived despite increased mitochondrial ROS and decreased energy metabolism. In this study, Mclk1+/− mutant mice in the C57BL/6J background displayed increased basal and induced expression of HIF-1α in liver and macrophages in association with elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines, in particular TNF-α. Mutant macrophages showed increased classical and decreased alternative activation, and mutant mice were hypersensitive to LPS. Consistent with these observations in vivo, knock-down of Mclk1 in murine RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells induced increased mitochondrial ROS as well as elevated expression of HIF-1α and secretion of TNF-α. We used an antioxidant peptide targeted to mitochondria to show that altered ROS metabolism is necessary for the enhanced expression of HIF-1α, which, in turn, is necessary for increased TNF-α secretion. These findings provide in vivo evidence for the action of mitochondrial ROS on HIF-1α activity and demonstrate that changes in mitochondrial function within physiologically tolerable limits modulate the immune response. Our results further suggest that altered immune function through a limited increase in HIF-1α expression can positively impact animal longevity.
An NZW-Derived Interval on Chromosome 7 Moderates Sialadenitis, But Not Insulitis in Congenic Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Burt Rachel A. , Watkins Laura , Tan Iris K. L. , Wang Nancy , Quirk Fiona , Mackin Leanne , Morgan Phillip , Zhang Jian-Guo , Berzins Stuart P. , Morahan Grant , Brodnicki Thomas C. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Autoimmune lymphocytic infiltration of the salivary glands, termed sialadenitis, is a pathologic feature of Sjögren’s syndrome (SjS) that is also prominent in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Genetic factors regulate sialadenitis, and a previous (NOD × NZW)F2 study detected linkage to murine chromosome (Chr) 7. The locus, subsequently annotated as Ssial3, maps to the distal end of Chr7 and overlaps a region associated with type 1 diabetes susceptibility in NOD mice. To examine whether Ssial3 could contribute to both diseases, or was specific for SjS, we generated a congenic mouse strain that harbored an NZW-derived Chr7 interval on the NOD genetic background. This congenic strain exhibited reduced sialadenitis compared with NOD mice and confirmed Ssial3. This reduction, however, did not ameliorate saliva abnormalities associated with SjS-like disease in NOD mice, nor were congenic mice protected against insulitis (lymphocytic infiltration of the pancreatic islets) or diabetes onset. Thus, the Ssial3 locus appears to have a tissue-specific effect for which the NZW allele is unable to prevent other autoimmune traits in the NOD mouse. Anomalous increases for antinuclear Ab production and frequency of marginal-zone B cells were also identified in congenic mice, indicating that the NZW-derived Chr7 interval has a complex effect on the NOD immune system.
POSTMORTEMS: AN EDINBURGH PERSPECTiVE
Authors: AngusStuart E 
Published: December 2009

The editorial in the last issue (Horowitz RE. Autopsies: an exercise in futility? J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2009; 39:194-5) was provocative, valuable and of immediate concern. In addition it is worth recording the researches carried out in Edinburgh by HM Cameron, at that time a senior lecturer in the University Department of Pathology. He and his colleagues, McGoogan, Clarke, Wilson and Watson, provided an exhaustive and thorough enquiry on the role of the autopsy; an enquiry noteworthy for its close collaboration with consultants from four medical and two surgical units in Edinburgh. In one of their series1 of l54 autopsies they found that 15% of main diagnoses were not confirmed and 42% of causes of death were not confirmed. These results were deemed by pathologists and clinicians to be clinically significant. Consequently they were not convinced that the clinician was always well placed to judge the potential value of an autopsy. In a prospective study2 of 1,152 hospital autopsies, there were many examples of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis, all encountered in a routine hospital autopsy service. They also noted that death certificates were unreliable as a source of diagnostic data, the major diagnosis being wrong in about a quarter of cases.3 An editorial in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine questioned if we really can accept that modern clinical techniques are so definite as to be regarded as supporting the demise of the autopsy.4 Although there are many reasons for the decline of the autopsy, one factor is the sordid and depressing environment of many postmortem facilities. A significant rise of interest in Edinburgh occurred when the late Sir Alastair Currie improved accommodation, introducing air-conditioning, audio-visual aids and closed circuit television; specimens were dissected by junior staff and comments made by experienced consultants. The idea of Dr Horowitz of a central or regional facility divorced from the hospital pathologist who then would be freed from the chore of the autopsy is indeed radical. It seems to me like the creation of a ghetto of the dead. The autopsy and the diagnostic biopsy are intrinsically linked, each supporting the other. The quality of both is improved by combination. After all, what is clinical medicine but pathology on the wing?
Interference Reflection Microscopy
Authors: Barr Valarie A. , Bunnell Stephen C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInterference reflection microscopy (IRM) is an optical technique used to study cell adhesion or cell mobility on a glass coverslip. The interference of reflected light waves generates images with high contrast and definition. IRM can be used to examine almost any cell that will rest upon a glass surface, although it is most useful in examining sites of close contact between a cell and substratum. This unit presents methods for obtaining IRM images of cells with particular emphasis on IRM imaging with a laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM), as most LSCM are already capable of recording these images without any modification of the instrument. Techniques are presented for imaging fixed and live cells, as well as simultaneous multi‐channel capture of fluorescence and reflection images. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 45:4.23.1‐4.23.19. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A dissolved oxygen sensor based on composite fluorinated xerogel doped with platinum porphyrin dye
Authors: Zhao Yun , Ye Tingxiu , Chen Haixu , Huang Dapeng , Zhou Tingyao , He Chunyan , Chen Xi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new functional fluorinated material taking n‐propyltrimethoxysilicane (n‐propyl‐TriMOS) and 3,3,3‐trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilicane (TFP‐TriMOS) as precursors was applied to construct a novel dissolved oxygen sensing film. The sensing film was fabricated by dip‐coating the functional fluorinated material‐doped [meso‐tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) porphyinato] platinum(II) (PtF20TPP) onto a glass slide. The oxygen sensing film exhibited a good linear relationship, fast response time, long stability and high sensitivity to dissolved oxygen. In the developed optical oxygen sensor, an LED and a photodiode were composed to construct a back‐detection optical system not needing an optical fiber based on fluorescence intensity detection. The smart optical oxygen sensor based on the PtF20TPP fluorescence quenching possesses the advantages of portability and low cost and can be applied to the dissolved oxygen in situ monitoring in seawater. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Reaction of Ozone with the Hydroxide Ion: Mechanistic Considerations Based on Thermokinetic and Quantum Chemical Calculations and the Role of HO4− in Superoxide Dismutation
Authors: Merényi Gábor , Lind Johan , Naumov Sergej , von Sonntag Clemens 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe reaction of OH− with O3 eventually leads to the formation of .OH radicals. In the original mechanistic concept (J. Staehelin, J. Hoigné, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1982, 16, 676–681), it was suggested that the first step occurred by O transfer: OH−+O3→HO2−+O2 and that .OH was generated in the subsequent reaction(s) of HO2− with O3 (the peroxone process). This mechanistic concept has now been revised on the basis of thermokinetic and quantum chemical calculations. A one‐step O transfer such as that mentioned above would require the release of O2 in its excited singlet state (1O2, O2(1Δg)); this state lies 95.5 kJ mol−1 above the triplet ground state (3O2, O2(3Σg−)). The low experimental rate constant of 70 M−1 s−1 is not incompatible with such a reaction. However, according to our calculations, the reaction of OH− with O3 to form an adduct (OH−+O3→HO4−; ΔG=3.5 kJ mol−1) is a much better candidate for the rate‐determining step as compared with the significantly more endergonic O transfer (ΔG=26.7 kJ mol−1). Hence, we favor this reaction; all the more so as numerous precedents of similar ozone adduct formation are known in the literature. Three potential decay routes of the adduct HO4− have been probed: HO4−→HO2−+1O2 is spin allowed, but markedly endergonic (ΔG=23.2 kJ mol−1). HO4−→HO2−+3O2 is spin forbidden (ΔG=−73.3 kJ mol−1). The decay into radicals, HO4−→HO2.+O2.−, is spin allowed and less endergonic (ΔG=14.8 kJ mol−1) than HO4−→HO2−+1O2. It is thus HO4−→HO2.+O2.− by which HO4− decays. It is noted that a large contribution of the reverse of this reaction, HO2.+O2.−→HO4−, followed by HO4−→HO2−+3O2, now explains why the measured rate of the bimolecular decay of HO2. and O2.− into HO2−+O2 (k=1×108 M−1 s−1) is below diffusion controlled. Because k for the process HO4−→HO2.+O2.− is much larger than k for the reverse of OH−+O3→HO4−, the forward reaction OH−+O3→HO4− is practically irreversible.
Reversible Interconversion between Luminescent Isomeric Metal–Organic Frameworks of [Cu4I4(DABCO)2] (DABCO=1,4‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane)
Authors: Braga Dario , Maini Lucia , Mazzeo Paolo P. , Ventura Barbara 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe metal–organic frameworks (MOF) of cluster [Cu4I4(DABCO)2] (DABCO=1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) have been prepared and characterized as two different crystalline forms, I and II. Form I is obtained by reaction of DABCO and CuI in aqueous solution or by solvothermal reaction, while form II is obtained by reacting DABCO and CuI in acetonitrile. Their luminescence properties in the solid state have been analyzed at room temperature and at 77 K. MOF II has bright emission with a maximum at 556 nm that shifts bathochromically at low temperature in conjunction with a marked change in the colour of the emission. The emission of MOF I has a maximum at 580 nm and a less pronounced temperature dependence. The peculiar luminescence properties of the two isomers have been interpreted by utilising current knowledge on the excited states properties of CuI cubane clusters. The two isomers exhibit a high degree of porosity and can release the disordered solvent molecules trapped in the channels, whilst preserving the crystal structure. Isomer I can be converted into II on exposure to acetonitrile or methanol vapour, whereas II reverts to I when heated in a closed pan at 250 °C.
Solvent‐Resistant Nanofiltration for Product Purification and Catalyst Recovery in Click Chemistry Reactions
Authors: Cano‐Odena Angels , Vandezande Pieter , Fournier David , Van Camp Wim , Du Prez Filip E. , Vankelecom Ivo F. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe quickly developing field of “click” chemistry would undoubtedly benefit from the availability of an easy and efficient technology for product purification to reduce the potential health risks associated with the presence of copper in the final product. Therefore, solvent‐resistant nanofiltration (SRNF) membranes have been developed to selectively separate “clicked” polymers from the copper catalyst and solvent. By using these solvent‐stable cross‐linked polyimide membranes in diafiltration, up to 98 % of the initially present copper could be removed through the membrane together with the DMF solvent, the polymer product being almost completely retained. This paper also presents the first SRNF application in which the catalyst permeates through the membrane and the reaction product is retained.