bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of temperature and soil water potential on the leaf extension rate of perennial ryegrass in Northern Ireland
Authors: Keatinge J. D. H. , Stewart R. H. , Garrett M. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe rate of leaf extension in swards of the perennial ryegrass cv. Perma was monitored continuously from March 1976 to September 1977 in Northern Ireland. In this period air temperature and soil water potential were shown to be closely correlated with leaf extension rate. Simple linear expressions are shown to adequately describe the relationship between temperature and leaf extension rate when the year is divided into a winter phase, in which sward growth is very slow, and the remainder of the year in which temperature is high enough to allow significant sward production. Leaf extension growth occurred at all temperatures above freezing point. Soil water potentials of 0·15 MPa are shown to be capable of significantly reducing leaf extension rate. However, the occurrence of such soil water potentials are sufficiently rare in Northern Ireland as to permit prediction of leaf extension rates in perennial ryegrass from simple daily temperature records.
Fertility and birth weights of goats in a subtropical environment
Authors: Epstein H. , Herz A. 
Published: March 2009

Records of fertility and birth weights were examined in eight breeds of goat, indigenous to, or imported into, the subtropical environment of Israel. These included the local Syrian Mountain, Negev and Damascus breeds, and the imported Malta, Appenzeller, Saanen, Fawn German and Anglo- Nubian.All breeds of goat, local or imported, kidded at the end of winter and in early spring, and all, save the late-maturing Damascus and part of the Anglo- Nubian, kidded for the first time at the age of 1 year.In imported breeds of goat which acclimatized well in the subtropical environment fertility was not impaired.
Herefords and 1/4 Brahman–3/4 Hereford cross-breds: comparison of carcasses and meat palatability
Authors: Carroll F. D. , Rollins W. C. , Kunze Marion Simone 
Published: March 2009

A comparison of eighty-eight steers and heifers, representing equal numbers of Herefords and 3/4 Hereford–1/4 Brahman cross-breds, showed that the cross-bred dressed higher (60·3 % against 58·7 %) and that the cross-bred carcasses had more flank (6·9 % against 5·6 %).In two out of three palatability experiments, Hereford meat was more tender and, in one experiment, juicier than cross-bred meat. When breeds were compared as to colour of meat, cross-bred was judged darker. Also, heifer meat was judged darker than steer meat.
Starvation changes and sebsequent recovery of adult beef muscle
Authors: Yeates N. T. M. 
Published: March 2009

Two pairs of identical twin steers and six other adult cattle were killed, and their carcasses and tissues examined as necessary to study: (a) the muscle changes resulting from severe weight loss from starvation; (b) the reversability of such changes, as shown at various stages in recovery of the animals' weight.Decrease in the cross-sectional area of muscle following starvation was associated with reduction in muscle fibre diameter. There was no suggestion of the complete loss of any fibres; thus, with regain of live weight, recovery both of whole-muscle dimensions and muscle fibre diameter, appeared to be complete.
Magnesium in the dairy cow. VI. Metabolism on artificial diets low in magnesium
Authors: Rook J. A. F. , Campling R. C. , Johnson V. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The results are reported of three experiments in which metabolism trials were carried out with milking cows given artificial diets low in magnesium with or without supplementary magnesium.2. In Exps. 1 and 2, the basal diets provided cither about 13 or about 9 g. of magnesium/day, that is an intake of magnesium similar to that found previously with cut-grass diets (Rook & Balch, 1958) which produced hypomagnesaemia. The ‘availability’ of the magnesium of the artificial diets was, however, of the order of 25–35 % and higher than that of cut-grass diets, and for all cows the artificial diets provided magnesium in excess of requirements, as indicated by the excretion of measurable amounts of magnesium in the urine and the maintenance of normal concentrations of magnesium in the blood serum.
The cellularity of adipose tissue from pigs of different weights
Authors: Enser M. B. , Wood J. D. , Restall D. J. , MacFie H. J. H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryFat cell diameters were measured at 2-mm intervals throughout the depth of cores of subcutaneous shoulder and mid-back fat from ten Large White pigs. Five of the pigs were examined at 39 kg live weight and five at 70 kg live weight.In the shoulder fat of both groups there was a gradual change in fat cell size from the skin to the musculature. Cells were relatively small beneath the skin and adjacent to the underlying muscle and increased in size towards the junction of the inner and outer fat layers. The major difference between the two groups of pigs was that the cells closest to the skin and in the bulk of the inner layer were larger in the heavier animals whereas the cells at the junction of the two layers and closest to the muscle were similar in size. Such a uniform picture was not observed in the mid-back region where cells from the inner layer were larger than those from the outer layer.Cell size was Normally distributed at each site throughout the tissue. When the cell measurements for all the sites in each layer were combined there was no consistency in the type of distributions obtained although there was a tendency for them to be bimodal.In both layers of the shoulder fat there was a significant increase in the number of cells present in the 70 kg pigs compared with the 39 kg pigs and the new cells contributed considerably to the growth of the tissue between these weights. The observed cell size distributions and the cell size gradients within the tissue suggest that in the inner shoulder layer the new cells arise adjacent to the muscle. In the mid-back there was no significant difference in the number of fat cells present in the two groups of pigs and the growth of the mid-back fat was due to an increase in the size of fat cells already present.
The effect of sample date and plant density on the carbohydrate content of forage maize and the changes that occur on ensiling
Authors: McAllan A. B. , Phipps R. H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe (early maturing) maize hybrid, Anjou 210, was sown on 1 May (1975) and 50000 (LD) and 150000 (HD) plants/ha established. Leaf, stem, ear and husk components of the shoots, and whole shoots were separately examined for changes in dry weight, soluble sugars, starch, hemicellulose and cellulose at regular intervals from 104 to 154 days after planting together with whole shoots after ensiling.Throughout the sampling period whole shoot and ear dry weights increased steadily whereas those of leaf and stem decreased in plants from both treatments.Total soluble sugar contents for plants grown at LD were at a maximum 104 days after planting compared with 125 days after planting for the HD crop. Immediately prior to ensiling whole shoot soluble sugar content was 74 and 93 g/kg D.M. for LD and HD treatments respectively.Small amounts of starch (g/kg D.M.) were found in stems (10–25), husks (40–80) and leaves (17–35) of plants grown at both densities. The starch content of the ear increased from 57 to 390 g/kg D.M. and 168 to 376 g/kg D.M. in plants grown at LD and HD respectively.For plants from both treatments hemicellulose contents of husks, leaves and whole shoots increased with age whereas those of stems decreased. Cellulose contents did not vary greatly over the growing season.On ensiling plants from both densities, total soluble sugars had virtually disappeared after only 3 days. Apparent losses (approximately 0·3 g/g), over a longer period of time, were observed in hemicellulose sugars and starch. Apparent increases were observed in cellulose contents of approximately 0·15 g/g.
Effect of restricted water intake during summer on the digestibility of cell-wall constituents, nitrogen retention and water excretion in Marwari sheep
Authors: Bohra H. C. , Ghosh P. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryStudies were made on the effect of 50% reduction in daily water intake during summer on food intake, digestibility coefficients of the cell-wall constituents (CWC), nitrogen retention and water excretion in urine and faeces in the Marwari breed of sheep of the Rajasthan desert, India. The water-restricted animals consumed 54 and 42% less dry matter and digestible energy respectively than normally-watered animals. The digestibility coefficients of different CWC were apparently, though not significantly, higher in water-restricted animals. Throughout the study period, animals of both the groups, particularly the water-restricted group, remained in negative nitrogen balance. Moisture loss through the faeces was about 22% less in the water-restricted group than in the control animals. The water-restricted animals lost 21·1% of body weight in 23 days and these animals, when allowed water ad libitum, were able to recover 71·5 % of the lost body weight within 3 days.
The digestion of organic matter, nitrogen and amino acids in calves fed semi-purified diets containing urea, uric acid or soya-bean meal
Authors: Jacobs G. J. L. , Leibholz Jane 
Published: March 2009

SummarySemi-purified diets containing urea (diet A), uric acid (diet B) or soya-bean meal (diet C) as the sole source of nitrogen were fed to two Friesian bull calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae. Total collections of digesta leaving the abomasum were made over 24-h periods.The flow of organic matter to the duodenum expressed as a percentage of intake increased from 35·8% (diet A) and 40·6% (diet B) for the non-protein nitrogen diets to 58·3% for diet C. A greater proportion of the apparent digestion of organic matter occurred in the forestomachs of the calves when fed diets A or B than when they were fed diet C.The flow of nitrogen from the abomasum expressed as a percentage of intake showed a significant increase (P< 0·05) from 65·4% for diet A to 84·4% for diet B and 85·1% for diet C. When diets B and C were fed to the calves a greater proportion of the apparent digestion of nitrogen occurred in the hindgut than when they were fed diet A. The synthesis of microbial protein was 13·9 g and 13·0 g for every 100 g of organic matter digested in the stomach when the calves were fed diets B and C and only 10·9 g when the calves were fed diet A.A significantly (P< 0·05) greater proportion of dry matter of the digesta at the duodenum was composed of amino acids on diet C (19·5%) than diet A (16·1%) with the proportion of essential amino acids (especially threonine, lysine, histidine and arginine) also being greater. The amino acid composition of the digesta dry matter on diet B was intermediate (17·2%).From the data presented, it was predicted that cystine and histidine were the first limiting amino acids for growth when the calves were fed the non-protein nitrogen diets (A and B).
Mustard cake a substitute for groundnut cake in egg-type and meat-type chick diets
Authors: Cilly V. K. , Lodhi G. N. , Ichhponani J. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryExperiments were made to assess the nutritive value of expeller-proeessed mustard cake (MS) for egg-type and meat-type chicks. Eight samples of MS on average contained 37·2% crude protein, 27·5% true protein, 12·6% available carbohydrate and 2·09 % tannins. The average metabolizable energy content (ME) of eight samples of MS for egg-type and meat-type chicks were 2350 and 2300 kcal/kg respectively. MS in the diet replacing groundnut cake (GN) which formed 30–32 % of the control diets was found to have no effect on growth rate of the chicks of either breed although there was thyroid enlargement. MS was also found not to affect the body composition of the chicks.
The effect of dehydration on Sudanese desert sheep and goats
Authors: El-Hadi H. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYChanges in body weight and body temperature were observed in Sudanese desert sheep and goats, which had been subjected to the summer sun (20 °C min. to 42 °C max.), given water normally and then deprived of water for 3 days. Tritiated water was also used to measure total body water and water turnover in these animals together with measurements of plasma and extracellular space, intracellular fluid volume and blood osmolality. The body weight and the size of the fluid compartments decreased in the two species at varying degrees associated with haemoconcentration. The extent of some changes was more marked in sheep than in goats, suggesting better adaptation of the former species to desert life.
Influence of NAA and nitrogen on the growth and yield of late-planted paddy (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Grewal H. S. , Gill H. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out at Ludhiana in Punjab during 1982 and 1983 on the effect of foliar application of water spray or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 100 and 200 mg/1 of water on the growth and yield of rice when applied at tillering and before panicle emergence stages of late-transplanted paddy grown under four levels of nitrogen (0, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha). Foliar spray of NAA significantly increased the grain yield of paddy as compared with water spray under low levels of nitrogen (0 and 60 kg/ha) owing to increases in the number of ear-bearing shoots per plant, number of filled grains per panicle and grain weight. Chlorophyll content of leaves, leaf area index and interception of photosynthetically active radiation by the crop canopy also increased with foliar spray of NAA and application of nitrogen. Paddy responded significantly up to 90 kg N/ha in terms of grain yield whereas straw yield increased significantly up to 120 kg N/ha. However, grain mass declined significantly with increase in nitrogen from 90 to 120 kg/ha.
The growth and activity of winter wheat roots in the field: nutrient inflows of high-yielding crops
Authors: Barraclough P. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNutrient inflows, that is the amount of nutrient absorbed per unit root length per unit time, have been determined for several winter wheat crops (cv. Hustler) with grain yields in the range 8–11 t/ha (85% D.m.). Inflows reached a maximum in April or May with values in the range 13–34, 0·5–1·6, 3·5–13, 0·9–1·8 and 0·35–0·60 × 10–14 mol/cm root/sec for N, P, K, Ca and Mg respectively. The concentration in the soil solution necessary to maintain inflows by diffusion of nutrient through the soil was calculated using a nutrient uptake model. For an October-sown crop the model predicted that soil solution concentrations of 165 μΜ N, 14 μΜ P and 56 μΜ K were needed to sustain the observed maximum inflows, whereas for a September-sown crop, with a larger root system, even lower values of 106 μΜ N, 8 μΜ P and 36 μΜ K were needed. It appears that nutrient transport is unlikely to limit uptake by winter wheat crops growing in moist, well fertilized soils, at least for crops up to about 17 t/ha of total dry matter.
Effects of season, altitude and daylength on floral initiation of two contrasting genotypes ofTrifolium repensL.
Authors: Von Sury F. , Nösberger J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of season and altitude on floral initiation of twoTrifolium repenaL. cultivars, Haifa and California Ladino, were tested in the area of Ayacucho, Peru (2730 m, 13° S), with regard to their seed production potential. Specific effects of daylength at a constant temperature (20 °C) were examined in growth chambers.In Ayacucho, the proportion of inflorescence-bearing nodes was found to be lowest between December and June (Haifa 10–20%, Ladino 0–10%) and highest in August (Haifa 30%) and September–October (Ladino 15%). Late in the cool season, floral initiation of Ladino, but not that of Haifa, increased strongly at a high altitude (3250 m). In growth chambers, Haifa initiated few inflorescences and Ladino none in a 10 h daylength. In 16 h, the floral initiation of Haifa was very limited but Ladino formed many inflorescences. Floral initiation of Haifa was most pronounced and lasted longest after a daylength shift from 10 to 13 h.It is concluded that seasonal and altitudinal variations in low temperature were the main factors influencing floral initiation in the region of Ayacucho. Haifa is considered to be an intermediate-day plant, suited for seed production in the region because of its marked and early flowering. Ladino was classified as a quantitative longday plant, unsuitable for seed production at this low latitude because of its retarded floral response to low temperature.
Effects of soil and fertilizer P on yields of potatoes, sugar beet, barley and winter wheat on a sandy clay loam soil at Saxmundham, Suffolk
Authors: Johnston A. E. , Lane P. W. , Mattingly G. E. G. , Poulton P. R. , Hewitt M. V. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDuring 1899–1964 various levels of 0·5 M sodium bicarbonate-soluble P had been established in an experiment on a sandy clay loam (pH 6·5–7·0) at Saxmundham, Suffolk. Modification made between 1965 and 1968 widened the range of soluble P values to 3–67 mg/kg. Relationships between these soluble P values and yields of potatoes and sugar beet in 1969–74 and cereals in 1970–7 were assessed. Responses by potatoes and sugar beet to freshly applied superphosphate were also determined at each level of soluble P. Residual effects of these dressings and responses to fresh superphosphate between 1974 and 1976 were measured by barley. Two amounts of N were tested on spring barley in 1976–7 and two cultivars of winter wheat were grown in 1977 and yields related to soluble P.Relationships between yields and soluble P were described by an asymptotic regression equation. This model represented the measured yields well for all crops except barley, in one 4-year-period, when there were insufficient data at low soil P values and a linear regression model was fitted. The asymptotic model was used to estimate plateau yields each year and soluble P values at which yields were less than plateau values by one standard error. Average plateau yields, and associated soluble P values were: potatoes, 43 t/ha and 25 mg P/kg; sugar (from sugar beet) 6·8 t/ha and 20 mg P/kg; spring barley, given 63 kg N/ha, 4·7 t/ha and 25 mg P/kg; barley given 94 kg N/ha, 5·3 t/ha and 33 mg P/kg; winter wheat, 6·5 t/ha and 20 mg P/kg.The model was further used to estimate responses to dressings of superphosphate at three levels of soluble P (9, 15 and 25 mg/kg) in the soils. Yield responses to 55 kg P/ha were 3·9, 2·1 and 1·8 t tubers/ha and 1·1, 0·3 and 0·0 t sugar/ha, for potatoes and sugar beet respectively, at the three levels of soluble P.On impoverished soils (soluble P < 10 mg/kg) even the largest fresh applications of broadcast superphosphate did not raise yields to those achieved on enriched soils (soluble P > 25 mg P/kg) in the absence of fresh phosphate.Soluble P in the soils accounted for much of the within-year variation of yields and estimated reliably and quantitatively the value of phosphate residues derived from both superphosphate and farmyard manure which had been applied in varying amounts and at different times between 1899 and 1976.
Compensatory growth in immature sheep: II. Some changes in the physical and chemical composition of sheep half-carcass following feed restriction and realimentation
Authors: Drew K. R. , Reid J. T. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExperimental conditions and design were described in part I. Separable lean and fat were highly correlated with the carcass and whole body components of protein and ether extract. The carcasses of refed sheep at 45 kg empty body weight (EBW) had about 1 kg less fat and more lean than carcasses from sheep of similar weight which had been continuously fed. Restricting feed intake to 70% ad libitum gave carcasses that had more protein than those from sheep fed ad libitum both during continuous growth and after realimentation.Sheep that had lost 25% EBW to 26 kg and then were refed to 31 kg EBW had 34% less separable carcass fat than sheep which had been continuously fed to EBW of 36 kg and then had lost weight from that level to 31 kg EBW, and the separable fat was higher in water content than during normal growth (an effect shown consistently in realimented sheep).Severe underfeeding rapidly reduced bone water but bone ether extract continued to accumulate. After a period of refeeding, bone fat was rapidly mobilized and bone water quickly returned to normal. During early weight loss following food intake reduction, there was a larger decrease in carcass water than expected, and most of the discrepancy could be accounted for by the disproportionately large loss of water from bone and separable fat.It is concluded that during early regrowth there is a marked stimulus of lean tissue growth and depressed fat synthesis. After this initial period, growth rate of carcass tissues is not greatly different from that found in continuously growing sheep although there is some evidence of a small positive rate of protein growth effect following through to 45 kg EBW in the refed animals. The ratio of muscle gain to fat gain from 30 to 40 kg EBW was 2·23 in realimented sheep and 1·08 during normal growth.
Feed additives to diets supplemented with copper for growing pigs
Authors: Braude R. , Hosking Zena D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYResults of a co-ordinated trial carried out at 19 centres and involving 632 growing pigs indicated that the performance of pigs receiving diets supplemented with copper sulphate, at 250 mg Cu/kg diet, can be improved by the addition to the diet of 10 mg/kg of ‘Payzone’ or 50, reducing to 20 mg/kg, of ‘Grofas’. Zinc bacitracin, 50 mg/kg diet, was not effective. There were no marked effects on carcass quality.
Nutrient cycles involving phosphorus and potassium on livestock farms in Northern Ireland
Authors: Adams S. N. , McAllister J. S. V. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA method is described of determining the fertilizer P and K requirements of livestock farms from a knowledge of the stock carried and the crops grown on the farm as a whole. Recycling of P and K through organic manures is put on a rational basis and the fertilizer P and K needed to keep soil P and K at an adequate and constant level is easily measured.A pilot scheme on 100 Northern Ireland farms is testing the method's value for giving advice. It is readily acceptable to advisers and farmers and is enabling substantial savings of fertilizers to be made.
The response of swede varieties and their hybrids to soil pH
Authors: Denton O. A. , Whittington W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour swede varieties and their sixF1hybrids were grown for 2 years in plots varying in pH from 4·2 to 8·4. Yields were highest at intermediate pH's and the average yield of the hybrids was greater than that of the parents. The plants on the low pH plots (4·2, 4·6, 4·7) were less infected with mildew than those at high pH (6·7, 7·7, 8·4). There was no marked resistance to mildew amongst the varieties. The response by the parents and hybrids was assessed by regression analysis and showed that the variety Reform was most reactive and Harvester most stable. Stability patterns appeared to be inherited. Inheritance patterns for yield and number of leaves were determined. It was concluded that selection for better swedes should be carried out in environments other than those to which the crop is currently restricted.