bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-step hydrolysis of nipa (Nypa fruticans) frond as treated by semi-flow hot-compressed water
Authors: Phaiboonsilpa Natthanon , Tamunaidu Pramila , Saka Shiro 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Two-step hydrolysis of nipa (Nypa fruticans) frond, one of the monocotyledonous angiosperms, was studied in a semi-flow hot-compressed water treatment at 230°C/10 MPa/15 min (first stage) and 270°C/10 MPa/30 min (second stage). In the first stage, hemicelluloses such as O-acetyl-4-O-methylglucuronoarabinoxylan and pectin and para-crystalline cellulose were selectively hydrolyzed, as well as lignin, which was partially decomposed. In the second stage, hydrolysis of crystalline cellulose and some additional decomposition of lignin were observed. In addition, inorganic constituents and free sugars, composed mainly of glucose, fructose, and sucrose, were recovered in cold water (20°C/10 MPa/30 min) prior to these 2 stages. In total, 97.3% of oven-dried nipa frond sample could be solubilized into cold and hot-compressed water. The degradation products in the water-soluble portion were primarily recovered as various saccharides (hydrolyzed moieties of the polyoses), which were later dehydrated, fragmented and isomerized partly. The residual (2.7%) is composed mainly of lignin associated with 0.4% of Si. A decomposition pathway is proposed for O-acetyl-4-O-methylglucuronoarabinoxylan as the major hemicellulose based on its various hydrolyzed products.
A Circuit Model for Saccadic Suppression in the Superior Colliculus
Authors: Phongphanphanee Penphimon , Mizuno Fengxia , Lee Psyche H. , Yanagawa Yuchio , Isa Tadashi , Hall William C. 
Published: February 2011

Attenuation of visual activity in the superficial layers (SLs), stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum, of the superior colliculus during saccades may contribute to reducing perceptual blur during saccades and also may help prevent subsequent unwanted saccades. GABAergic neurons in the intermediate, premotor, layer (SGI), stratum griseum intermedium, send an inhibitory input to SL. This pathway provided the basis for a model proposing that the SGI premotor cells that project to brainstem gaze centers and discharge before saccades also activate neighboring GABAergic neurons that suppress saccade-induced visual activity in SL.Thein vitromethod allowed us to test this model. We made whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in collicular slices from either rats or GAD67–GFP knock-in mice, in which GABAergic neurons could be identified by their expression of green fluorescence protein (GFP). Antidromic electrical stimulation of SGI premotor cells was produced by applying pulse currents in which their axons congregate after exiting the superior colliculus. The stimulation evoked monosynaptic EPSCs in SGI GABAergic neurons that project to SL, as would be predicted if these neurons receive excitatory input from the premotor cells. Second, IPSCs were evoked in SL neurons, some of which project to the visual thalamus. These IPSCs were polysynaptically mediated by the GABAergic neurons that were excited by the antidromically activated SGI neurons. These results support the hypothesis that collaterals of premotor neuron axons excite GABAergic neurons that inhibit SL visuosensory cells.
Responses of Antarctic Tundra Ecosystem to Climate Change and Human Activity
Authors: Olech Maria 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOver the last couple of years the Antarctic Peninsula region has been one of the fastest warming regions on the Earth. Rapidly proceeding deglaciation uncovers new areas for colonisation and formation of Antarctic tundra communities. The most evident dynamics, i.e. changes in both biodiversity and structure of tundra communities, are observed in the forefields of retreating glaciers. This paper presents examples of changes in biodiversity and in the direction and rate of succession changes taking place due to climate warming compounded by synanthropization in the maritime Antarctic
A Community Mental Health Service Delivery Model: Integrating the Evidence Base Within Existing Clinical Models
Authors: Flannery Frank , Adams Danielle , O'Connor Nick 
Published: February 2011

Objectives: A model of care for community mental health services was developed by reviewing the available literature, surveying ‘best practice’ and evaluating the performance of existing services in a metropolitan area mental health service servicing a population of approximately 1.1 million people. Methods: A review of relevant academic literature and recognized ‘good practice’ service delivery models was undertaken in conjunction with a review of local activity data and consultation with key stakeholders (not addressed in this paper). A model was developed identifying the core functions of community mental health service delivery. Results: The components of a comprehensive, integrated model of community mental health service (CMHS) are outlined. The essential components of a comprehensive, integrated model of CMHSs include: acute and emergency response, community continuing care services, assertive rehabilitation teams, partnerships with general practitioners and other human services agencies. Conclusions: We propose a comprehensive integrated model of community mental health service. Clarity of role, required outputs and expected outcomes will assist the development of effective and appropriate community mental health services. Outreach to the community is a key success factor for these services and their associated inpatient services. Gap analysis can assist in the planning and costing of community mental health services.
An Intensive Community Team in Aged Persons Mental Health
Authors: George Kuruvilla , Giri Shraevani 
Published: February 2011

Objective: The aim of this paper was to describe an intensive community team (ICT) in aged persons’ mental health. The rationale for setting up the team, the principles, service activity and findings from the evaluation of the service are discussed. Conclusions: The program was found to provide substantial support and benefit for patients. ICT does not replace the need for acute inpatient beds but it does provide an opportunity for some patients, who otherwise would have been admitted, to be managed in their homes. It also has the potential of reducing the length of stay for a number of patients.
Consumer Strategies for Coping With Antipsychotic Medication Side Effects
Authors: Meehan Tom , Stedman Terry , Wallace Jane 
Published: February 2011

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the strategies employed by consumers to manage the common side effects associated with antipsychotic medication use. Method: Focus group discussions and individual interviews involving 238 consumers, 25 carers and 16 mental health staff were employed to identify key side effects and a range of consumer coping strategies for managing these adverse effects. Results: Nine side effects were selected from a total pool of 32 proposed in the group discussions. Strategies that were perceived by the participants to be useful in coping with the selected side effects were then identified. Conclusions: While the strategies proposed for each side effect differed, common themes included the maintenance of a balanced lifestyle, healthy eating and sleeping routines, and fostering a positive outlook on life. Understanding the strategies employed by consumers to deal with the adverse effects of their medications may help clinicians to engage more effectively with consumers in the discussion and management of side effects.
Virtual Microscopy in a Veterinary Curriculum
Authors: Sims Michael H. , Mendis-Handagama Chamindrani , Moore Robert N. 
Published: February 2011

Teaching faculty in the University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine assist students in their professional education by providing a new way of viewing microscopic slides digitally. Faculty who teach classes in which glass slides are used participate in a program called Virtual Microscopy. Glass slides are digitized using a state-of-the-art integrated system, and a personal computer functions as the “microscope.” Additionally, distribution of the interactive images is enhanced because they are available to students online. The digital slide offers equivalent quality and resolution to the original glass slide viewed on a microscope and has several additional advantages over microscopes. Students can choose to examine the entire slide at any of several objectives; they are able to access the slides (called WebSlides) from the college's server, using either Internet Explorer or a special browser developed by Bacus Laboratories, Inc.,a called the WebSlide browser, which lets the student simultaneously view a low-objective image and one or two high-objective images of the same slide. The student can “move the slide” by clicking and dragging the image to a new location. Easy archiving, annotation of images, and Web conferencing are additional features of the system.
Evolution of a Course in Veterinary Clinical Pathology: The Application of Case-Based Writing Assignments to Focus on Skill Development and Facilitation of Learning
Authors: Sharkey Leslie , Overmann Jed , Flash Pamela 
Published: February 2011

Rationale for study – To encourage application and critical thinking, case-based writing assignments and grading rubrics were developed for use in a second-year core clinical pathology course. Objectives were to describe how this teaching technique was adapted to a large-class setting and how student perceptions of the learning experience guided modifications of this teaching technique over two presentations of the course and plans for a third presentation. Our goal was to enhance learning by encouraging application of course material to clinical situations and thereby improve students’ ability to organize and communicate information. Furthermore, we evaluated the influence of instructor feedback on the learning process. Methods – With assistance from the University of Minnesota Center for Writing, assignments and grading rubrics were developed. Students completed course evaluation surveys designed to elicit feedback on the impact of the assignments. Results – Increased learner confidence was reflected in larger self-reported increases in understanding of the material and ability to apply information and in increased feelings of preparedness for class and examinations. A large majority of students advocated the use of such assignments in the course in future years, and modifications to make grading and evaluation of assignments more efficient are underway. Conclusions – Investment of faculty and student time in case-based writing assignments in the veterinary clinical pathology curriculum appears to increase student engagement with material and learner confidence. Future studies should address the impact of this type of assignment more specifically on clinical reasoning and communication skills and on long-term retention of material.
University of Alberta Undergraduate Student and Alumni Pharmacist Mentorship Pilot Project
Authors: Lopatka Harold , Hickson Clive , Legaarden Terry 
Published: February 2011

Background: The value of mentoring is recognized in many fields, including pharmacy, as a means for one person (mentor) to help another person (protegé) enhance his or her growth, knowledge and skills. The University of Alberta Faculty of Pharmacy and the Pharmacy Alumni Association conducted an 8-month mentorship pilot project involving pharmacy undergraduate students and alumni pharmacists. The focus was to assist students transitioning into the pharmacy workforce by providing guidance and advice from pharmacist mentors. Methods: A prototype mentorship model was developed. The model consisted of recruitment and matching processes and multiple structured and unstructured communication sessions (education and relationship-building). Seven student protegés and 7 licensed Alberta pharmacists participated in the pilot throughout the 2007–08 academic year. The formal evaluation was based on document reviews and participant interviews. Results: The key findings included: participants were very positive about the pilot program activities; both protegés and mentors would recommend participation to colleagues; the ideal year for participation was the third year in the pharmacy undergraduate program; the most beneficial pieces of advice were about change associated with early career development; 5 of 7 mentor/protegé pairs planned to continue or were actually continuing communications; e-mail was the most efficient communication; finding the time to communicate was the major barrier. Discussion: The results from the pilot provided preliminary evidence that pharmacy students have similar mentorship needs as students in other disciplines and that a formal mentorship model can address these needs. The students had career-related and personal questions and interests that were addressed by the alumni pharmacist mentors. The mentorship model had sufficient processes and structure to build and maintain relationships and to satisfy mentorship needs. Conclusion: The pilot demonstrated that a pharmacy mentorship model can be successfully established and be of benefit to participants and potentially to pharmacy practice. Based on the findings, an expanded version of the program was implemented in the fall 2009 academic term.
Experience with an Adherence Assessment Form
Authors: McLean William , Sparrow Linda , Stann Darcy 
Published: February 2011

Background: Nonadherence is so common that the majority of patients taking chronic medications will eventually stop their medication on their own. Pharmacists are in a position to intervene to improve adherence; however, many do not. Such intervention would ideally be accomplished in a total pharmaceutical care approach; however, many pharmacists feel they do not have the time for such interventions. We propose the use of an adherence assessment form which the patient would complete to save pharmacist time; the pharmacist could then react to issues identified in the form. Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the acceptability of such a form to patients and to dispensary staff, and its potential for impact on adherence. Methods: The author recruited 2 regional groups of pharmacies with pharmacy interns/students, 4 in Hamilton and 15 in Edmonton. Patients presenting with new prescriptions were asked by the intern or the staff to participate via a consent form. Patients completed the adherence assessment form while they waited for their prescription. The pharmacist then intervened on adherence issues identified in the questionnaire. The patient completed a patient satisfaction survey. The pharmacist or the assistant was asked to complete a pharmacy satisfaction survey. Results: A total of 200 patients, 111 in Hamilton and 89 in Edmonton, completed the process. Analysis of patient responses revealed that most patients expect benefits from their medication and would like more information; 2/3 found that the assessment form led to an informative discussion; 1/3 found that it brought up issues they had not thought about; over half learned a lot about their new medication; and over half said that as a result of the dialogue, they will know what do about side effects; 1/5 said they would be more motivated about their health. Analysis from the pharmacies revealed that over half of the pharmacies believed the form improved comprehension of the medication regimen; over half believed it facilitated more consultation for patients; over half found greater satisfaction by patients for their services and 1/3 felt it frequently changed patient outcomes. Despite all this, 2/3 of pharmacies said that the form should not be routinely used, as it did not save pharmacists any time. Conclusion: It was concluded that the form was acceptable to patients and pharmacies and showed sufficient potential impact to warrant a study of its influence on adherence measures.
Biofeedback History: An Alternative View
Authors: Peper Erik , Shaffer Fred 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The tapestry of biofeedback history has been woven from many independent threads. Some contributors started with much vigor and nurtured others, and then they faded away. Yet they seeded ideas that the next generation rediscovered as their own. Others blossomed and disappeared, whereas still others have continued to actively nurture the field. Interest in biofeedback has waxed and waned in response to the historical forces of technology, social culture, beliefs, and economics.
Surface Electromyography-Assisted Ergonomic Analysis in a Newspaper Printing Plant: A Case Study
Authors: Caffrey Thomas R , Clasby Robert 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This case study reports on the use of surface electromyography (SEMG) evaluation in a work environment, including production, to show a relationship between muscle dysfunction and specific job tasks and their injury potential. The results show that SEMG can help identify discordant muscle activity as part of an ergonomic evaluation. Such an evaluation leads to improvement in muscle function through SEMG-guided worker/workplace retraining.
Technique for Autologous Nasal Mucosa Transplantation in Severe Ocular Surface Disease
Authors: Chun Yeoun Sook , Park In Ki , Kim Jae Chan 
Published: February 2011

Purpose To describe the detailed surgical technique used for harvesting and transplantation of autologous nasal mucosa grafts for ocular surface reconstruction, to evaluate the clinical results and utility of autologous nasal mucosa grafts in ocular surface diseases. Methods Autologous nasal mucosa was harvested from either the middle or inferior turbinate. It was transplanted on 11 eyes with severe ocular surface diseases including 4 eyes with chemical burns, 2 eyes with thermal burns, 1 eye with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 1 eye with erythema multiforme major, and 3 eyes with extensively recurred pterygiums. Clinical outcomes were assessed based on ocular manifestation, epithelization, and visual acuity. Results The mean follow-up period was 19.9 months (range 13–32 months). Nasal mucosal tissues were safely excised, and their mucosal harvest sites were completely healed in 2 weeks without postoperative complications. All nasal mucosa autograft survived successfully with rapid epithelization, well-developed horizontal vascularization, and abundant mucin secretion. Clinical success, intact ocular surface epithelium without epithelial erosion more than 4 weeks, was achieved in all eyes. There was no recurrence of significant ulceration, conjunctivalization, fibrovascularization, Symblepharon, or pterygium. Conclusions Goblet cell transplantation using autologous turbinate nasal mucosa presents a promising treatment method in patients with severe ocular surface disorders.
Interpreting Levels of Exposures to Chemical Agents
Authors: Rappaport Stephen M. , Kupper Lawrence L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe personal monitoring makes it possible to obtain sufficient data to characterize the distributions of air‐contaminant levels across workers and groups and to identify the important determinants of exposure. The occupational hygienists measure individual exposures relatively easily over the full work shift. Despite the OSH Act of 1970 and the increase number of occupational hygienists in the U.S, the numbers of exposure measurements per survey did not increase. This trend seems to reflect a fundamental change in focus for occupational exposure assessment. Occupational hygienists appear to have increasingly devoted their efforts to evaluating compliance with occupational exposure limits (OELs). The present study addresses the modality to integrate statistical methods and the philosophical bases for OELs within a logical framework for interpreting exposure levels.
Pharmacokinetics and Unusual Work Schedules
Authors: Paustenbach Dennis J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMany studies have been conducted to assess the health aspects of the shift workers but it is still not fully understood. The assessment of the health aspects of unusual shifts is complex since some of these schedules require the worker to alternate between night and day work every few days. These schedules have been called rapidly rotating, fast, or simply rapid‐roto shifts. In order for the health professional to ensure protection of workers who are exposed to airborne chemicals during unusually long or unusually short work periods, he or she should be familiar with the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of the chemical of interest as well as understand the rationale for its occupational exposure limit. The present study focuses about the pharmacokinetic models, exposure limits and adjustment of limits for carcinogens, etc.
Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Barnes Lisa Simkins 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The present study provides an overview about hazardous waste management. The study emphasizes that the practicing professional must always consult the latest regulations before developing or updating a hazardous waste management program. Management of hazardous waste in accordance with EPA and OSHA regulations is essential not only for limitation of regulatory and tort liability, but for the protection of human health and the environment. The basic background information and regulatory and legal liabilities for the industrial hygienist or environmental professional involved in one or more facets of hazardous waste management have also been provided.
Probing Local and Global Ferroelectric Phase Stability and Polarization Switching in Ordered Macroporous PZT
Authors: McLachlan Martyn A. , McComb David W. , Ryan Mary P. , Morozovska Anna N. , Eliseev Eugene A. , Payzant E. Andrew , Jesse Stephen , Seal Katyayani , Baddorf Arthur P. , Kalinin Sergei V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe describe the characterization, ferroelectric phase stability and polarization switching in strain‐free assemblies of PbZr0.3Ti0.7O3 (PZT) nanostructures. The 3‐dimensionally ordered macroporous structures present uniquely large areas and volumes of PZT where the microstructure is spatially modulated and the composition is homogeneous. Variable temperature powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies show that the global structure is crystalline and tetragonal at room temperature and undergoes a reversible tetragonal to cubic phase transition on heating/cooling. The measured phase‐transition temperature is 50–60 °C lower than bulk PZT of the same composition. The local ferroelectric properties were assessed using piezoresponse force spectroscopy that reveal an enhanced piezoresponse from the nanostructured films and demonstrate that the switching polarization can be spatially mapped across these structures. An enhanced piezoresponse is observed in the nanostructured films which we attribute to the formation of strain free films, thus for the first time we are able to assess the effects of crystallite‐size independently of internal stress. Corresponding polarization distributions have been calculated for the bulk and nanostructured materials using a direct variational method and Landau‐Ginzburg‐Devonshire (LGD) theory. By correlating local and global characterization techniques we have for the first time unambiguously demonstrated the formation of tetragonal and ferroelectric PZT in large volume nanostructured architectures. With the wide range of materials available that can be formed into such controlled architectures we conclude that this study opens a pathway for the effective studies of nanoscale ferroelectrics in uniquely large volumes.