bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food sources and intake of n‐6 and n‐3 fatty acids in low‐income countries with emphasis on infants, young children (6–24 months), and pregnant and lactating women
Authors: Michaelsen Kim F. , Dewey Kathryn G. , Perez‐Exposito Ana B. , Nurhasan Mulia , Lauritzen Lotte , Roos Nanna 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWith increasing interest in the potential effects of n‐6 and n‐3 fatty acids in early life, there is a need for data on the dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in low‐income countries. This review compiles information on the content in breast milk and in foods that are important in the diets of low‐income countries from the few studies available. We also estimate the availability of fat and fatty acids in 13 low‐income and middle‐income countries based on national food balance sheets from the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization Statistical Database (FOASTAT). Breast milk docosahexaenoic acid content is very low in populations living mainly on a plant‐based diet, but higher in fish‐eating countries. Per capita supply of fat and n‐3 fatty acids increases markedly with increasing gross domestic product (GDP). In most of the 13 countries, 70–80% of the supply of PUFA comes from cereals and vegetable oils, some of which have very low α‐linolenic acid (ALA) content. The total n‐3 fatty acid supply is below or close to the lower end of the recommended intake range [0.4%E (percentage of energy supply)] for infants and young children, and below the minimum recommended level (0.5%E) for pregnant and lactating women in the nine countries with the lowest GDP. Fish is important as a source of long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids, but intake is low in many countries. The supply of n‐3 fatty acids can be increased by using vegetable oils with higher ALA content (e.g. soybean or rapeseed oil) and by increasing fish production (e.g. through fish farming).
Maternal fatty acid status during pregnancy and lactation and relation to newborn and infant status
Authors: Lauritzen Lotte , Carlson Susan E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe present review of determinants of infant fatty acid status was undertaken as part of a conference on ‘Fatty acid status in early life in low‐income countries: determinants and consequences’. Emphasis is placed on the essential fatty acids, and particularly the physiologically important long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) of 20 and 22 carbons. We are unaware of any studies of determinants of infant fatty acid status in populations with a cultural dietary pattern with low amounts of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n‐6) and α‐linolenic acid (ALA,18:3n‐3). Many reports suggest that there may be adverse health effects related to the increased proportion of LA in relation to ALA, which have occurred worldwide due to the increased availability of vegetable oils high in LA. The issue of dietary n‐6 to n‐3 balance may apply to infant fatty acid status both during fetal and post‐natal life; however, this review focuses on the n‐3 and n‐6 LCPUFA, in particular, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n‐6), which are the predominant n‐3 and n‐6 LCPUFA found in cell membranes. The evidence that these fatty acids are preferentially transferred from maternal to fetal circulation across the placenta, and the sources and mechanisms for this transfer, are reviewed. We also address the sources of DHA and AA for the newborn including human milk DHA and AA and the factors that influence maternal DHA status and consequently the amount of DHA available for transfer to the fetus and infant via human milk.
Impact of fatty acid status on growth and neurobehavioural development in humans
Authors: Makrides Maria , Collins Carmel T. , Gibson Robert A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMany studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) supplementation during the perinatal period on the growth and neurobehavioural development of young children. Most of these intervention trials have involved infants from high‐income countries, and a significant proportion have investigated supplementation of infant formulas. Generally, supplementation of infant formula for preterm rather than term infants has demonstrated more consistent, positive effects on aspects of neurobehavioural development, while the growth of both term and preterm infants appears unaffected by LCPUFA supplementation. Maternal n‐3 LCPUFA supplementation during pregnancy has consistently resulted in modest increases in birth size, and the most recent study suggests that this is also true from women from low‐income environments. The effect of maternal supplementation on global neurobehavioural outcomes for children born at term remains unclear, although n‐3 LCPUFA supplementation of women expressing milk for their preterm infants does improve their performance on tests of global neurodevelopment. Further work is required to determine whether dietary n‐3 LCPUFA is neuroprotective for children from disadvantaged or low‐income backgrounds.
Fatty acid status in early life in low‐income countries – overview of the situation, policy and research priorities
Authors: Briend André , Dewey Kathryn G. , Reinhart Gregory A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFat intake may be low in low‐income countries and little information is available on its composition in terms of (n‐3) and (n‐6) fatty acids (FA). As a result, long chain poly‐unsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) status is a concern, especially in settings where fish intake is low and/or common sources of fat have a low alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) and high linoleic acid (LA) content. High LA levels, as found for instance in sunflower, safflower, corn, peanut and soy oils, may inhibit the conversion of ALA into its LC‐PUFA derivatives. Other factors that affect LA and ALA conversion into LC‐PUFA, including genetic factors, are little known and should also be investigated in different populations. Different interventions that could feasibly improve LC‐PUFA status in low‐income countries should be tested and their effects on functional outcomes assessed, preferably starting from pregnancy. Identifying affordable sources of ALA or LC‐PUFA that could be made locally available and easily introduced in the diet early in life is also a priority.
Fatty acid status and maternal mental health
Authors: Ramakrishnan Usha 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMaternal mental health (MMH) problems are a major public health concern with adverse consequences for women, their offspring and families. Intake of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially the n‐3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid, which are found predominantly in cold water fish, has been associated with a range of mental health outcomes and may improve MMH. The demands for these fatty acids are increased during pregnancy and lactation, and may influence MMH as they are integral parts of cell membranes especially in the brain and play a role in physiological processes such as membrane fluidity and neurotransmitter function. Observational studies and intervention trials that have examined the role of fatty acids and MMH disorders especially post‐partum depression (PPD) were identified using Pubmed and have been reviewed. Only three well‐designed large prospective studies were identified; these studies examined the relationship between dietary intakes of n‐3 fatty acids and fish during pregnancy, and found limited evidence of an association with PPD. Several intervention trials (n = 8) have been done but generally suffer from small sample size and vary in terms of the study subject characteristics and timing, duration and dosage of the intervention. The results are mixed, but one recently completed large trial found no evidence of benefit among women who received DHA during pregnancy. Few studies have been conducted in developing countries, and gaps remain on the influence of other nutrient deficiencies, genetic polymorphisms that influence n‐3 fatty acid synthesis and total fatty acid intake.
Metabolic programming of long‐term outcomes due to fatty acid nutrition in early life
Authors: Innis Sheila M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUnderstanding of the importance of dietary fatty acids has grown beyond a simple source of energy to complex roles in regulating gene expression and cell and intracellular communication. This is important because the metabolic and neuroendocrine environment of the fetus and infant plays a key role in guiding the set point of neural receptors that regulate energy homeostasis and expression of genes that control energy storage and oxidation. Early deviations in these pathways have the potential to lead to lasting adaptations, termed metabolic programming, which may combine to increase the risk of metabolic syndrome in later life. The quality of fatty acids in human diets has undergone major changes in the last 50 years, characterized by an increase in ω‐6 and decrease in ω‐3 fatty acids. Evidence is accumulating to support the concept that the maternal intake of ω‐6 and ω‐3 fatty acids in gestation and lactation, possibly involving both excess ω‐6 and inadequate ω‐3 fatty acids, can impact the developing infant tissue lipids and neuroendocrine and metabolic pathways relevant to metabolic programming. Further work is needed to understand the needs for different ω‐6 and ω‐3 fatty acids during fetal and infant life, and their roles with respect to development of energy homeostasis and metabolism.
Receipt of dental care and barriers encountered by persons with disabilities
Authors: Rouleau Tanya , Harrington Amanda , Brennan Michael , Hammond Flora , Hirsch Mark , Nussbaum Marcy , Bockenek William 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTA study was conducted to describe the receipt of dental care by patients with disabilities and to understand their perspective with regard to barriers to dental care. Subjects for this study were recruited among patients with disabilities seen at Carolinas Rehabilitation's outpatient clinic. A questionnaire consisting of 66 questions was completed by 344 subjects; with the topics related to both medical and dental care. Among the study population, 57.2% of subjects reported being seen by a dentist within the last 12 months, versus 67.3% before they became disabled. The last dental appointment was a routine examination for 59.5% of the respondents. Since becoming disabled, 16.6% of subjects reported problems receiving dental care. Financial challenges were the primary problem followed by physical accessibility issues. Further research is required to discover how barriers to care can be overcome to assure that those with disabilities receive adequate dental care.
Equine immune‐mediated keratopathies
Authors: MATTHEWS A. , GILGER B. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryImmune mediated keratopathies (IMMKs) are a relatively commonly occurring group of heterogeneous corneal disorders. This paper describes the currently recognised clinical presentations of the IMMKs in the USA and in the UK. Although a clinical diagnosis is relatively straightforward in most cases, the specific aetiopathogeneses of the IMMKs remains elusive and largely speculative, but are thought to be based upon upregulated immunoreactivity in the normally immunologically passive cornea. Treatment protocols, both medical and surgical, are based primarily on collective clinical experience and are variably successful, and in some cases recurrence or refractoriness to treatment is possible.
Current developments in equine cataract surgery
Authors: McMULLEN R. J. , UTTER M. E. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe purpose of this review is to discuss the evolution of equine cataract surgery over the past 50 years to its current stage. Equine cataract surgery is performed similarly compared with the techniques used in human ophthalmology and in other veterinary species. However, enough differences exist to make surgical lens removal and intraocular lens implantation in the horse an intrinsically unique endeavour. Due to the size of the adult equine globe, the introduction of species‐specific instrumentation has provided the cornerstone to many of the changes made regarding surgical technique over the last 15–20 years. The continuing development of an equine specific, foldable intraocular lens implant (IOL) has provided much needed data supporting the use of such lenses in the horse to improve upon the post operative visual outcome. Finally, the methods utilised to assess visual capacity and the effects of intraocular lens implantation on the globe (e.g. ocular ultrasonography, electroretinography and streak retinoscopy) are gradually becoming more important in preoperative patient assessment and IOL development in the horse. It is the hope of the authors that a broader group of equine veterinarians will become aware of the many changes that have taken place in equine cataract surgery over the last half‐century. Although aspiration was implemented nearly 40 years ago in foals for the treatment of congenital cataracts, phacofragmentation (phacoemulsification) techniques have only recently become routine in mature horses undergoing lens extraction.
Equine uveitis: A UK perspective
Authors: LOWE R. C. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryUveitis in the equine population of the UK does not appear to be as prevalent or disastrous as seen across regions of Europe and the USA. Some cases perceived to be recurrent uveitis may be poorly resolved single episodes of uveitis and care should be taken not to make the diagnosis of recurrence without ensuring effective control of the initial episode. Leptospira spp. appear to play only a minor role ERU in the UK which is probably the main reason for the prevalence of the disease being much lower compared to the USA and mainland Europe.Actual data are relatively few on the ground as far as disease surveillance in concerned. This has 2 implications. Firstly unless we are able to effectively monitor the levels of uveitic disease, it will be difficult to pick up early changes in the trend which may allow quicker intervention. Secondly, it is difficult to secure funding for further research if the prevalence of the problem is poorly defined. This may leave the UK equine population at risk should the disease profile suddenly alter for the worse.
Equine recurrent uveitis: The European viewpoint
Authors: SPIESS B. M. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryEquine recurrent uveitis (ERU) has always been and still is an important disease with a significant impact on the horse industry in Europe, with a prevalence of 8–10%. The need to understand and manage the disease has spurred the development of veterinary ophthalmology in general, although the aetiology of the disease remains the subject of intense discussion. It is most probably an autoimmune disease triggered, at least in Europe, in the majority of cases byLeptospiraspp. The therapy of ERU has evolved over the centuries from various methods of bloodletting to rational medical therapy using mydriatics and steroidal and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, to surgical therapies, such as vitrectomy or implantation of cyclosporin‐releasing devices. In Europe,pars planavitrectomy in horses testing positive forLeptospiraspp. appears to be the most successful form of therapy at the present time.
Equine recurrent uveitis: The viewpoint from the USA
Authors: GILGER B. C. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryEquine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is a common disease in horses in the USA. There have been many advances in the treatment of ERU; however, frequent misdiagnosis of ERU occurs in cases of primary corneal or uveal disease. It is critical to remember that primary uveitis (i.e. one bout of inflammation) is a different disease to ERU, which is an immune mediated recurrent uveitis. Standard symptomatic anti‐inflammatory therapy is effective to control most cases of ERU; however, some horses require advanced therapy, such as placement of drug delivery devices or removal of the vitreous, when they fail to respond to the standard therapy.
Equine glaucoma: State of the art
Authors: WILKIE D. A. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryUnderstanding and awareness of equine glaucoma has significantly improved in recent years. The availability of portable tonometers and veterinarian/owner awareness has increased the frequency of glaucoma as a clinical diagnosis. A variety of medications for the medical management of equine glaucoma have been evaluated and the addition of lasers has improved the surgical treatment of equine glaucoma. Despite this, equine glaucoma is an insidious and painful disease that probably remains under diagnosed and often results in blindness in the affected eye.
Ocular manifestations of systemic disease in horses
Authors: HUGHES K. J. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryOcular manifestations may develop in many systemic diseases of horses; however, signs may not be observed unless ophthalmological examination is specifically undertaken. Recognition and assessment of ocular lesions in horses with systemic disease is desirable to facilitate diagnosis and determination of treatment options and diagnosis for both the underlying systemic disease and ocular manifestations. The purpose of this article is to review systemic diseases of horses that may have ocular signs as part of the disease process. Systemic diseases are discussed in categories of pathways for development of ocular signs, namely immunological disease, neurological disease or local/systemic spread of disease.
LacI(Ts)-Regulated Expression as an In Situ Intracellular Biomolecular Thermometer
Authors: McCabe K. M. , Lacherndo E. J. , Albino-Flores I. , Sheehan E. , Hernandez M. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

In response to needs for
in situ
thermometry, a temperature-sensitive vector was adapted to report changes in the intracellular heat content of
Escherichia coli
in near-real time. This model system utilized vectors expressing increasing quantities of β-galactosidase in response to stepwise temperature increases through a biologically relevant range (22 to 45°C). As judged by calibrated fluorometric and colorimetric reporters, both whole
E. coli
cells and lysates expressed significant repeatable changes in β-galactosidase activity that were sensitive to temperature changes of less than 1°C (35 to 45°C). This model system suggests that changes in cellular heat content can be detected independently of the medium in which cells are maintained, a feature of particular importance where the medium is heterogeneous or nonaqueous, or otherwise has a low heat transfer capacity. We report here that the intracellular temperature can be reliably obtained in near-real time using reliable fluorescent reporting systems from cellular scales, with a 20°C range of detection and at least 0.7°C sensitivity between 35 and 45°C.
Isolation of a Novel Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Serotype b Bacteriophage Capable of Lysing Bacteria within a Biofilm
Authors: Castillo-Ruiz Mario , Vinés Enrique D. , Montt Camilo , Fernández Jorge , Delgado José Manuel , Hormazábal Juan Carlos , Bittner Mauricio 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

A bacteriophage specific for
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
serotype b, able to kill the bacterium within a biofilm, was isolated. Random mutagenesis of this phage rendered a bacteriophage able to kill 99% of the bacteria within a biofilm. This is the first report of a biocontrol experiment against
A. actinomycetemcomitans
.
Virulence and Resistance Determinants of German Staphylococcus aureus ST398 Isolates from Nonhuman Sources
Authors: Argudín M. A. , Tenhagen B.-A. , Fetsch A. , Sachsenröder J. , Käsbohrer A. , Schroeter A. , Hammerl J. A. , Hertwig S. , Helmuth R. , Bräunig J. , Mendoza M. C. , Appel B. , Rodicio M. R. , Guerra B. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

A series of 100
Staphylococcus aureus
isolates ascribed to sequence type 398 (ST398) and recovered from different sources (healthy carrier and diseased pigs, dust from pig farms, milk, and meat) in Germany were investigated for their virulence and antimicrobial resistance genetic background. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method. Virulence and resistance determinants (37 and 31 genes, respectively) were tested by PCR. Only two virulence profiles, including the accessory gene regulator
agrI
and three or four hemolysin-encoding genes, were detected. In contrast, 33 resistance profiles were distinguished (only 11 were shown by more than one isolate). Fifty-nine isolates were multiresistant (four or more antimicrobial classes), and 98 were methicillin resistant (
mecA
positive). All of the ST398 isolates showed resistance to tetracycline [encoded by
tet
(M) alone or together with
tet
(K) and/or
tet
(L)]. In addition, 98% were resistant to other antimicrobials, including macrolide-lincosamine-streptogramin B (70%, encoded by
ermA
,
ermB
, and
ermC
, alone or in combination), trimethoprim (65%, mostly due to
dfrK
and
dfrG
), kanamycin and gentamicin [29% and 14%, respectively, mainly related to
aac
(
6
′
)-Ie-aph
(
2
″
)-Ia
and/or
ant(4
′
)-Ia
but also to
aph(3
′
)-IIIa
], chloramphenicol (9%,
fexA
or
cfr
), quinupristin-dalfopristin (9%), ciprofloxacin (8%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (4%). The heterogeneity of the resistance profiles underlines the ability of the ST398 clone to acquire multiple antimicrobial resistance genes. However, the virulence gene content of the tested isolates was low. Continuous surveillance is needed to clarify whether its pathogenicity potential for animals and humans will increase over time.
Prevalence, Distribution, and Diversity of Salmonella enterica in a Major Produce Region of California
Authors: Gorski Lisa , Parker Craig T. , Liang Anita , Cooley Michael B. , Jay-Russell Michele T. , Gordus Andrew G. , Atwill E. Robert , Mandrell Robert E. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

A survey was initiated to determine the prevalence of
Salmonella enterica
in the environment in and around Monterey County, CA, a major agriculture region of the United States. Trypticase soy broth enrichment cultures of samples of soil/sediment (
n
= 617), water (
n
= 252), wildlife (
n
= 476), cattle feces (
n
= 795), and preharvest lettuce and spinach (
n
= 261) tested originally for the presence of pathogenic
Escherichia coli
were kept in frozen storage and later used to test for the presence of
S. enterica
. A multipathogen oligonucleotide microarray was employed to identify a subset of samples that might contain
Salmonella
in order to test various culture methods to survey a larger number of samples. Fifty-five of 2,401 (2.3%) samples yielded
Salmonella
, representing samples obtained from 20 different locations in Monterey and San Benito Counties. Water had the highest percentage of positives (7.1%) among sample types. Wildlife yielded 20 positive samples, the highest number among sample types, with positive samples from birds (
n
= 105), coyotes (
n
= 40), deer (
n
= 104), elk (
n
= 39), wild pig (
n
= 41), and skunk (
n
= 13). Only 16 (2.6%) of the soil/sediment samples tested positive, and none of the produce samples had detectable
Salmonella
. Sixteen different serotypes were identified among the isolates, including
S. enterica
serotypes Give, Typhimurium, Montevideo, and Infantis. Fifty-four strains were sensitive to 12 tested antibiotics; one
S.
Montevideo strain was resistant to streptomycin and gentamicin. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of the isolates revealed over 40 different pulsotypes. Several strains were isolated from water, wildlife, or soil over a period of several months, suggesting that they were persistent in this environment.