bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparisons in the epidemiology, diagnostic features and cure rate by transsphenoidal surgery between paediatric and adult-onset Cushing's disease
Authors: Storr H L , Alexandraki K I , Martin L , Isidori A M , Kaltsas G A , Monson J P , Besser G M , Matson M , Evanson J , Afshar F , Sabin I , Savage M O , Grossman A B 
Published: February 2011

ObjectiveThere are few published comparisons between paediatric and adult-onset Cushing's disease (CD). We compare the epidemiology, diagnostic features and cure rate by transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) in these groups.DesignRetrospective review of patient databases in a single university hospital centre.PatientsTotally, 41 paediatric (mean age 12.3±3.5 years; range 5.7–17.8) and 183 adult (mean age 40±13 years; range 18.0–95.0) patients with CD were investigated.ResultsPaediatric CD was characterised by male (63%) and adult CD by a female predominance (79%, P<0.0001). There were small but significant differences in clinical presentation. Biochemical features of CD were comparable except the serum cortisol increase during a CRH test: mean change (105%, n=39) in paediatric and (54%, n=123) in adult subjects (P<0.0001). Macroadenomas were more common in adult (15%, 28/183) than in paediatric (2%, 1/41, P=0.04) CD. Corticotroph microadenomas were more easily visualised by pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in adult (76%, 50/66) compared with paediatric (55%, 21/38, P=0.045) CD with poorer concordance of imaging with surgical findings in children (P=0.058). The incidence of ACTH lateralisation by bilateral simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling was comparable in paediatric (76%, 25/33) and adult (79%, 46/58; P=0.95) patients with good surgical concordance in both (82% paediatric and 79% adult). Cure rates by TSS were comparable, with a paediatric cure rate of 69%.ConclusionSeveral features of paediatric CD are distinct: increased frequency of prepubertal CD in males, the different clinical presentation, the decreased presence of macroadenomas and the frequent absence of radiological evidence of an adenoma on MRI.
Benzene Induces Cytotoxicity without Metabolic Activation
Authors: Nishikawa Takuro , Izumo Kimiko , Miyahara Emiko , Horiuchi Masahisa , Okamoto Yasuhiro , Kawano Yoshifumi , Takeuchi Toru 
Published: February 2011

Benzene Induces Cytotoxicity without Metabolic Activation: Takuro Nishikawa, et al. Departments of Environmental Medicine and Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University—ObjectivesBenzene has been consistently associated with hematological disorders, including acute myeloid leukemia and aplastic anemia, but the mechanisms causing these disorders are still unclear. Various metabolites of benzene lead to toxicity through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the inhibition of topoisomerase and DNA damage. However, benzene itself is considered to have no mutagenic or cytotoxic activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of benzene itself on a human myeloid cell line with or without benzene metabolizing enzyme inhibitors.MethodsA human myeloid cell line, HL‐60, was exposed to benzene with or without cytochrome P450 2E1 or myeloperoxidase inhibitor. Cytotoxicity was evaluated in terms of global DNA methylation levels, induction of apoptosis, and ROS production.ResultsBenzene did not change global DNA methylation levels. However, benzene itself increased the levels of apoptosis and ROS. This cytotoxicity did not change with the addition of benzene metabolizing enzyme inhibitors. Benzene itself increased the mRNA levels of oxidative stress‐related genes and transcription factors of activator protein‐1.ConclusionsBenzene did not Influence global DNA methylation in HL‐60 cells, but had cytotoxic effects and changed gene expression levels. To elucidate the mechanisms of benzene toxicity, benzene itself as well as benzene metabolites must be investigated.
Comparison of Green and White Mesh Trammel Nets and Gill Nets to Assess the Fish Community in a Large River
Authors: Wanner Greg A. , Klumb Robert A. , Shuman Dane A. , Steffensen Kirk , Stukel Sam , Utrup Nicholas J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Standardized monitoring programs in great rivers need to identify and minimize the bias in the estimates of fish population characteristics to enable fishery managers to make informed decisions. We compared the effectiveness of green and white mesh in drifted trammel and anchored gill nets in capturing fish in the Missouri River from downstream of Fort Randall Dam, South Dakota, to the mouth of the river near St. Louis, Missouri. Sampling occurred from March to November 2006 and from April to May 2007. Paired green and white trammel net drifts (N = 383) caught 28 fish species from 12 families. Pairs of anchored gill nets set overnight (N = 193) caught 24 fish species from 12 families. Chi-square tests indicated that for most species there were no significant differences in occurrence between mesh colors in both the trammel and gill nets. However, occurrence was significantly higher in white mesh nets for goldeye Hiodon alosoides and blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus in trammel nets and for river carpsucker Carpiodes carpio and walleye Sander vitreus in gill nets. Despite turbidities in the Missouri River that ranged over two orders of magnitude, analysis of covariance indicated that water clarity had no significant effect on capture rates between green and white meshes. The majority of the variance in mean catch per unit effort (CPUE) of these species in both gears was spatial or temporal. In general, CPUE and precision were either similar or higher for white nets, making it unnecessary to dye nets green, which saves time and money. Because turbidity did not significantly affect catch rates between green and white mesh nets, the variations in CPUE can more confidently be attributed to localized changes in the actual relative abundance throughout the Missouri River.
Effects of Redd Superimposition by Introduced Kokanee on the Spawning Success of Native Bull Trout
Authors: Weeber Matthew A. , Giannico Guillermo R. , Jacobs Steven E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Intra- and interspecific competition for spawning space is a commonly observed interaction in salmonids that can result in progeny loss. This study examined the impacts of redd superimposition by kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka on the reproductive success of bull trout Salvelinus confluentus in the Deschutes River basin, Oregon. The activities of high-density spawning groups of kokanee were hypothesized to place the eggs and alevins of bull trout at risk of displacement and damage wherever the spawning habitats of these two species overlap. Bull trout egg pocket depths and kokanee scouring depths were measured. Fry emergence from redds, a proxy for bull trout reproductive success in the presence of kokanee, was compared between superimposed and undisturbed redds by using fry emergence traps. Our results indicate that groups of spawning kokanee did not scour the stream bed deeply enough to reach bull trout eggs. Data on bull trout fry emergence revealed that kokanee redd superimposition did not affect bull trout egg-to-fry survival rates.
Genetic Structure and Diversity among Brook Trout from Isle Royale, Lake Nipigon, and Three Minnesota Tributaries of Lake Superior
Authors: Stott Wendylee , Quinlan Henry R. , Gorman Owen T. , King Timothy L. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis from Isle Royale, Michigan, three Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior, and Lake Nipigon in Ontario were analyzed for genetic variation at 12 microsatellite DNA loci. Analysis of molecular variance, genetic distance measures, and cluster analysis were used to examine the diversity, gene flow, and relatedness among the samples. The diversity estimates for the samples from Isle Royale were similar to those for the samples collected from Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior, and all estimates were lower than those reported in other studies of brook trout from eastern North America. Genetic differences were detected among the brook trout at Isle Royale, Lake Nipigon, and the Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior. Further, the population in Tobin Harbor at the eastern end of Isle Royale was distinct from the populations from tributaries at the southwestern end of the island. The Minnesota tributary population formed a group that was genetically distinct from those from Isle Royale and Lake Nipigon. The Isle Royale population should be managed to preserve the genetic and phenotypic variation that distinguishes it from the other brook trout populations analyzed to date.
A Comparison of the Survival and Migratory Behavior of Hatchery-Reared and Naturally Reared Steelhead Smolts in the Alsea River and Estuary, Oregon, using Acoustic Telemetry
Authors: Johnson Steven L. , Power James Harry , Wilson Derek R. , Ray James 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We tracked three groups of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss smolts implanted with acoustic transmitters to determine whether the degree of hatchery domestication or the juvenile rearing environment (hatchery raceway versus natural stream) influenced migration timing and survival in the Alsea River and estuary, Oregon. Two groups consisted of age-1 smolts reared in concrete raceways. One hatchery-reared group (traditional brood group) was derived from the traditional Alsea River broodstock initially developed in the 1950s. The second hatchery-reared group (new brood group) was derived from naturally reared Alsea River adult steelhead that were captured and spawned at the hatchery beginning in the winter of 2000–2001. The third group (naturally reared group) consisted of age-2 naturally reared smolts captured in a downstream migrant trap located in a tributary stream near the hatchery. We placed transmitters in 74 traditional brood smolts, 76 new brood smolts, and 72 naturally reared smolts. Thirty-one acoustic receivers were located throughout the Alsea River and estuary and in the ocean offshore of the river mouth to monitor smolt movement. We found no significant difference between groups in their survival to the head of tide or to the mouth of the estuary. Most smolts from all three groups were detected at the head of tide (87% of fish from the traditional brood group, 78% from the new brood group, and 84% from the naturally reared group). However, survival was poor in the lower estuary for all three groups; we estimated that only 37% of the traditional brood group, 45% of the new brood group, and 47% of the naturally reared group survived to the ocean. The timing of migration through the river was highly variable in all three groups, and we found no significant differences in the rate of downstream movement from the release site to the head of tide. Mean residence time within the estuary was similar for all groups, although smolts from the naturally reared group showed less variability in estuary residence time than hatchery-reared smolts.
Mandatory Catch and Release and Maximum Length Limits for Largemouth Bass in Minnesota: Is Exploitation Still a Relevant Concern?
Authors: Carlson Andrew J. , Isermann Daniel A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We evaluated the response of Minnesota populations of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides to implementation of 305-mm maximum total length (TL) limits (three lakes) and mandatory catch-and-release regulations (six lakes). Responses were compared with population trends observed in nine reference populations where largemouth bass harvest was regulated by prevailing statewide regulations. Increased harvest regulation generally improved largemouth bass size structure, but statistically significant improvements in size structure indices were detected in only a few individual lakes. Increased regulation of harvest did not appear to influence electrofishing catch per unit effort (CPUE; fish/h) of largemouth bass less than 381 mm TL. Electrofishing CPUE of fish greater than or equal to 381 mm TL (CPUE-381) generally improved after more stringent harvest regulations were in place, but improvements were only significant for two of the three lakes where a 305-mm maximum length limit was implemented. With the exception of one lake, increased harvest regulation did not appear to reduce largemouth bass growth rates. Improvements in size structure and CPUE-381 were rarely observed in reference lakes. Our results suggest that despite increases in voluntary catch and release of largemouth bass, angler exploitation is still an important factor regulating size structure in some Minnesota lakes, and more intensive harvest regulations can improve size structure in some populations.
Short- and Long-Term Evaluation of Passive Integrated Transponder and Visible Implant Elastomer Tag Performance in Muskellunge
Authors: Younk Jerry A. , Herwig Brian R. , Pittman Bruce J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Fisheries professionals charged with managing muskellunge Esox masquinongy frequently seek population information that requires the ability to identify cohorts as well as individuals; hence, reliable tagging methods are needed. Our approach was to simultaneously assess multiple marking techniques on different life stages of muskellunge over short and long time scales. We evaluated the short-term detection of visible implant elastomer (VIE) and passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in muskellunge fingerlings in experimental ponds. We compared survival (relative to that of control fish) and tag retention for two PIT tagging locations (the cheek and dorsal musculature) and one VIE location (the jaw). Overwinter survival did not differ between tagged and untagged fish (84–98%), but overwinter PIT tag retention was lower for the cheek (92%) than the dorsal musculature (100%). We also fin-clipped and VIE-tagged (jaw) 1,651 muskellunge fingerlings from 1997 to 2002 to evaluate long-term tag retention in a broodstock lake. In addition, 125 adult muskellunge were captured and PIT-tagged from 2003 to 2006. Muskellunge were sampled annually with trap nets and electrofishing during spring and fall. Only 2 VIE tags were detected in adults marked as fingerlings. The proportion of PIT-tagged adults recaptured ranged from 52% to 84% during the sampling period. Our results indicate that both VIE and PIT tags are viable short-term marks for muskellunge fingerlings, while PIT tags appear to be reliable long-term tags when implanted in the dorsal musculature of adults.
Factors Associated with Mortality of Walleyes and Saugers Caught in Live-Release Tournaments
Authors: Schramm Harold L. , Vondracek Bruce , French William E. , Gerard Patrick D. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We measured the initial mortality (fish judged nonreleasable at weigh-in), prerelease mortality (fish judged nonreleasable 1–2 h after weigh-in [which includes initial mortality]), and postrelease mortality (fish that died during a 5-d retention in net-pens) in 14 live-release tournaments for walleye Sander vitreus conducted in April–October 2006 and April–July 2007 in lakes and rivers in Michigan, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Among the 14 events, initial mortality was 0–28%, prerelease mortality was 3–54%, and postrelease mortality was 0–100%; the mortality of reference fish (walleyes ≥31 cm long that were captured by electrofishing and held in net-pens with tournament-caught walleyes to measure postrelease mortality) was 0–97%. Mortality was generally low in events conducted when water temperatures were below 14°C but substantially higher in events when water temperatures were above 18°C. The mortality of reference fish suggests that capture by electrofishing and minimal handling when the water temperature exceeds 19°C results in high mortality of walleyes that is largely the result of the thermal conditions immediately after capture. Mortality was not related to the size of the tournaments (number of boats), the total number or weight of walleyes weighed in, or the mean number or weight of walleyes weighed in per boat. Mortality was positively related to the depth at which walleyes were caught and the live-well temperature and negatively related to the live-well dissolved oxygen concentration. Surface water temperature was the best predictor of mortality, and models were developed to predict the probability of prerelease and postrelease mortality of 10, 20, and 30% or less of tournament-caught walleyes due to water temperature.
Use of Portable Antennas to Estimate Abundance of PIT-Tagged Fish in Small Streams: Factors Affecting Detection Probability
Authors: O'Donnell Matthew J. , Horton Gregg E. , Letcher Benjamin H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Portable passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag antenna systems can be valuable in providing reliable estimates of the abundance of tagged Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in small streams under a wide range of conditions. We developed and employed PIT tag antenna wand techniques in two controlled experiments and an additional case study to examine the factors that influenced our ability to estimate population size. We used Pollock's robust-design capture–mark–recapture model to obtain estimates of the probability of first detection (p), the probability of redetection (c), and abundance (N) in the two controlled experiments. First, we conducted an experiment in which tags were hidden in fixed locations. Although p and c varied among the three observers and among the three passes that each observer conducted, the estimates of N were identical to the true values and did not vary among observers. In the second experiment using free-swimming tagged fish, p and c varied among passes and time of day. Additionally, estimates of N varied between day and night and among age-classes but were within 10% of the true population size. In the case study, we used the Cormack–Jolly–Seber model to examine the variation in p, and we compared counts of tagged fish found with the antenna wand with counts collected via electrofishing. In that study, we found that although p varied for age-classes, sample dates, and time of day, antenna and electrofishing estimates of N were similar, indicating that population size can be reliably estimated via PIT tag antenna wands. However, factors such as the observer, time of day, age of fish, and stream discharge can influence the initial and subsequent detection probabilities.
Comparison of Channel Catfish Age Estimates and Resulting Population Demographics Using Two Common Structures
Authors: Colombo Robert E. , Phelps Quinton E. , Miller Candice M. , Garvey James E. , Heidinger Roy C. , Richards Nathaniel S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Sagittal otoliths and the articulating process of the pectoral spine have both been validated as accurate techniques for estimating the age of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (≤age 4). However, there is limited information on the relative precision of estimates from these two structures. Thus, we analyzed the precision of age estimates derived from otoliths and the articulating process of the pectoral spine and compared the dynamic processes (recruitment, growth, and mortality) resulting from those estimates. Aging structures were removed from 110 channel catfish captured from the Wabash River (river kilometers 550–9.6) via day–time electrofishing. The age estimation methodologies were similar to those described in previous studies. Agreement between the ages derived from the two structures was high; the average percent error was 8.4%, the coefficient of variation was 11.4, and the slope of the age bias plots did not differ from 1, indicating similar age assignments between structures. The corresponding recruitment patterns, von Bertalanffy growth models, and mortality rates did not differ between the aging structures. We conclude that the articulating process of the pectoral spine provides age assignments similar to those of otoliths and that the dynamic processes do not differ between structures. Further, based on the results of this study, the articulating process of the pectoral spine provides a suitable alternative to otoliths and has the advantage that channel catfish do not have to be sacrificed.
Habitat Selection and Spawning Success of Walleyes in a Tributary to Owasco Lake, New York
Authors: Chalupnicki Marc A. , Johnson James H. , McKenna James E. , Dittman Dawn E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Walleyes Sander vitreus are stocked into Owasco Lake, New York, to provide a sport fishery, but the population must be sustained by annual hatchery supplementation despite the presence of appropriate habitat. Therefore, we evaluated walleye spawning success in Dutch Hollow Brook, a tributary of Owasco Lake, to determine whether early survival limited recruitment. Spawning success during spring 2006 and 2007 was evaluated by estimating egg densities from samples collected in the lower 725 m of the stream. Environmental variables were also recorded to characterize the selected spawning habitat. Drift nets were set downstream of the spawning section to assess egg survival and larval drift. We estimated that 162,596 larvae hatched in 2006. For 2007, we estimated that 360,026 eggs were deposited, with a hatch of 127,500 larvae and hatching success of 35.4%. Egg density was significantly correlated to percent cover, substrate type, and depth : velocity ratio. Two sections had significantly higher egg deposition than other areas. Adult spawning walleyes selected shallow, slow habitats with some cover and gravel substrate in the accessible reaches of Dutch Hollow Brook. Our results show that walleyes found suitable spawning habitat in Dutch Hollow Brook and that egg and larval development does not appear to limit natural reproduction.
A Review of Bull Trout Habitat Associations and Exploratory Analyses of Patterns across the Interior Columbia River Basin
Authors: Al-Chokhachy Robert , Roper Brett B. , Bowerman Tracy , Budy Phaedra 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
An understanding of habitat relationships for bull trout Salvelinus confluentus remains an important component for identifying future restoration, management, and recovery efforts. We examined past efforts through a comprehensive synthesis of peer-reviewed articles evaluating bull trout habitat relationships, and we used field data within classification tree analysis (CTA) to improve our understanding of the consistency of bull trout habitat use patterns. We performed CTA using reach-level habitat data collected from currently occupied stream networks (i.e., those within the current distribution of bull trout) and unoccupied stream networks where hierarchical filters (i.e., area and temperature) were met and from occupied areas where temperature criteria were exceeded. Results from the literature review demonstrated consistent results at the microhabitat and channel unit scales; indicated the importance of slow-velocity, deeper habitats; and, together with observed diel shifts, highlighted the importance of complex habitat regardless of scale or season. At the reach scale, however, our results indicated substantially less consistency in bull trout habitat relationships. Including maximum stream temperature into the CTA did not result in changes to the overall structure of the CTA; results from the CTA indicated that bull trout were found in reaches with larger substrate, deeper pools, and more cover, but the specific criteria differed along a gradient of stream depth. Our results indicated (1) important gaps in our knowledge regarding the role of substrate size in juvenile bull trout habitat use, (2) the need for elucidation of habitat use patterns in downstream reaches, which may act as critical overwintering habitat or migratory corridors, and (3) the need to incorporate sampling efficiencies in future bull trout habitat evaluations.