bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Performance of Zirconium Alloys in Sulfide Solutions
Authors: Yau Te-Lin 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Zirconium Grades R 60702, R 60704, and R 60705 were investigated for deep sour gas well applications. Test methods include autoclave, constant strain, sustained load, and constant strain rate techniques. Test results indicate that these alloys have excellent resistance to general corrosion and to stress corrosion cracking in sulfide environments. No cracking was detected in all grades of zirconium in 5% NaCl + 0.5% CH3COOH + saturated H2S at room and boiling temperatures. Hydrogen sulfide seems to play a neutral role in the corrosion reactions of zirconium because of zirconium's low affinity for sulfur.
Comparison of Several Accelerated Laboratory Tests for the Determination of Localized Corrosion Resistance of High-Performance Alloys
Authors: Manning P. E. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Results of immersion pitting, immersion crevice, and slow scan potentiodynamic pitting tests are compared to assess the relevance of particular types of accelerated laboratory tests for localized corrosion. The alloys examined include 317 L, 20-type alloys, duplex stainless steels, and nickel-base alloys. The solutions utilized are acid chloride-type with and without ferric ions [Fe2(SO4)3] as an oxidizing species. The acids examined include sulfuric, hydrochloric, and mixtures of these two acids. The best accelerated test for rating localized corrosion resistance of alloys is the immersion pitting temperature test. Results from this test procedure best simulate and correlate with the service performance of alloys.
Stress Corrosion Cracking Characterization of 3.5 NiCrMoV Low Pressure Turbine Rotor Steels in NaOH and NaCl Solutions
Authors: Lyle Fred F. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This paper describes a research program conducted to determine susceptibility of steels used in low pressure (LP) turbine rotors of power plants to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in LP turbine environments. Slow strain rate SCC tests were conducted on samples from two 3.5 NiCrMoV rotor forgings over a temperature range of 38 to 204 C (100 to 400 F). Environments employed included pure NaOH solutions, 3.5% NaCl, pure water, and mixtures of NaOH and NaCl, Na2S, Na2SO4, or CuO. Supplementary electrochemical data also were generated. Test results indicate that the minimum NaOH concentration required to produce detectable SCC decreases with increasing temperature. Addition of small amounts of NaCl reduced the concentration of NaOH necessary to produce SCC at 157 C (315 F). Pure 3.5% NaCl induced SCC at 121 C (250 F). SCC was not detected in either steel in tests in pure water at 157 C (315 F).
The Anodic Dissolution of a Ni-Base Superalloy
Authors: Cavanaugh M. A. , Kargol J. A. , Nickerson J. , Fiore N. F. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A single phase nickel base superalloy, HASTELLOY Alloy C-276, was anodically polarized in 0.5 N NaCl at 70 C, and the concentrations of metal-ion complexes in solution were determined. Relative dissolution rates of alloying elements were obtained and selectivity coefficients were calculated. The corrosion products that formed at high anodic potentials were identified as FeCl2+, Ni2+, HCrO4−, and MoO42−. The pH was observed to decrease and the chloride ion concentration to increase in the electrolyte when diffusion of corrosion products out from an occluded region at the alloy surface was restricted. The increased hydrogen ion concentration in the occluded region was explained by the formation of molybdate and chromate ions as corrosion products. The high corrosion resistance of Alloy C-276 in chloride may be related to the formation of corrosion-inhibiting molybdate ion.
Electrochemical Behavior of Steel in Salt Contaminated Concrete: Part 1
Authors: Dehghanian Changiz , Locke Carl E. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Corrosion of steel in concrete is a problem because of the presence of chloride ions at the metal-concrete interface. The chloride ion is introduced as a contaminant in the mix or from the sources such as deicing salt or seawater. The electrochemistry of steel in this system is not well defined. This paper presents the polarization curves for steel in Type I and V portland cement with various salt contents. The degree of corrosiveness of steel in these two portland cement concretes was evaluated. Laboratory-dry and water-saturated concrete samples were used to determine the electrochemical behavior of steel at the presence of chloride ions in these conditions. The anodic polarization curves indicated that the steel passivates in the concrete sample of Type I portland cement with the salt content up to 0.1 %, but the passivity of steel was maintained up to 0.5% in Type V portland cement. (The samples had been exposed to distilled water for 90 days after removal from a water cabinet). The anodic polarization curves indicated no passivity for the samples exposed to the dry condition of the laboratory.
An Electrochemical Investigation of Localized Corrosion on Titanium in Chloride Environments
Authors: Mckay P. , Mitton D. B. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Electrochemical methods have been used to study the crevice and pitting corrosion behavior of unalloyed titanium in chloride solutions at elevated temperatures (maximum 150 C). The investigation was focused primarily on crevice corrosion. The techniques which were used included simultaneous measurement of the corrosion potential-time behavior of plain and creviced specimens, controlled anodic polarization of creviced specimens (both potentiostatic and potentiodynamic methods), and the measurement of the current and the potential of galvanic cells formed between creviced specimens and large uncreviced areas of titanium. The data obtained under both controlled and freely corroding conditions were interpreted using an electrochemical mechanism of crevice corrosion on titanium in chloride solutions. The degree of anodic polarization in the crevice, produced either potentiostatically or naturally by galvanic coupling, was shown to have a major effect on the kinetics of crevice corrosion initiation and propagation. The distribution of the cathodic reaction between reduction of O2 on the external surface and H+ reduction in the crevice was evaluated. The concept of a critical crevice pH for initiation of crevice corrosion was used to explain the differences between these results and those of other published studies for the critical temperatures and chloride concentrations necessary for initiation of crevice corrosion on unalloyed titanium.
Passivation of Titanium by Molybdate Ion
Authors: Glass Robert S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The passivating effect of molybdate ion on the corrosion of titanium in deaerated, boiling 1N H2SO4 has been explored. In this medium, in the absence of molybdate ion, titanium rapidly corrodes. An immediate passivation process for Ti is observed when Mo+6 at a concentration as low as 3 mM is added to an H2SO4 solution in which Ti is actively corroding. The open circuit potential attained for Ti in molybdate solution is shown to be controlled by redox processes. Through a combination of surface analytical and electrochemical data, it is shown that upon immersion of Ti in acidic molybdate solution, the native TiO2 oxide is replaced by a salt film containing Mo. This film is adherent when a passivated electrode is transferred to a molybdate-free solution, and it provides a corrosion resistant barrier.
The Effect of Thermal Treatments on Stress Corrosion Cracking of Alloy-800 in a Caustic Environment
Authors: Pathania R. S. , Cleland R. D. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) tests under controlled potentials were conducted on plastically stressed C-rings of Alloy-800 to evaluate the effect of thermal treatments (at 500 to 850 C) on SCC of Alloy-800 steam generator tubing. The tests were conducted in a caustic solution at 300 C; such alkaline environments may sometimes form in crevices in nuclear steam generators. The results are presented in the form of a time-temperature-SCC diagram.
Thermal treatments generally inhibited the SCC of Alloy-800, and the improvement was substantial in a few cases. Application of anodic potential and increasing stress generally accelerated SCC.
Stress Corrosion Cracking Susceptibility of AISI 316 NG and 316 Stainless Steel in an Impurity Environment
Authors: Maiya P. S. , Shack W. J. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The relative stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of heat-treated AISI 316 nuclear grade (NG) and 316 stainless steel (SS) has been investigated by means of constant extension rate tensile (CERT) tests over a range of strain rates from 10−5 to 10−7 s−1 in simulated boiling water reactor (BWR) environments that contain SO42− as an impurity. It is observed that although AISI 316 NG SS is extremely resistant to intergranular SCC (IGSCC) even when subjected to severe heat treatments, it can become susceptible to transgranular SCC (TGSCC) in the presence of impurities. Sensitized AISI 316 SS, however, is susceptible to IGSCC even in high-purity water containing 0.2 ppm O2, and the addition of an impurity aggravates the IGSCC susceptibility. The SCC results obtained for both materials are discussed in terms of a phenomenological model that incorporates a slip-dissolution mechanism and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. The results for both IGSCC and TGSCC are demonstrated to be consistent with the slip-dissolution model of Ford.
Pitting Corrosion of Inconel 600 in High-Temperature Water Containing CuCl2
Authors: Park J. R. , Szklarska-Smialowska Z. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Pitting corrosion of Inconel 600 was studied in aqueous sodium and cupric chloride solutions at 60 and 280 C. The pit nucleation potential, Enp, was evaluated in two different concentrations of sodium chloride. Enp decreased with increasing concentrations of the chloride ion and with temperature. On specimen surfaces exposed to cupric chloride solutions, pitting occurred at open circuit potentials nearly equal to or higher than the Enp determined by anodic polarization in 0.01 M NaCl solution. The number and size of the pits increased with increasing concentrations of cupric chloride and dissolved oxygen. On specimens partly covered with polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) tape (i.e., in the presence of artificial crevices), pitting occurred more easily at low concentrations of CuCl2 (≤ 20 ppm CuCl2 in deaerated solutions at 280 C). Tubes covered with oxide films that formed during the operation of model boilers exhibited greater pitting resistance than tubes with clean surfaces at 280 C, but less resistance at 60 C. Corrosion products contained in the pits were enriched in chromium with small amounts of copper, sulfur, and chlorine. The composition of corrosion products covering the pits was similar to that in the pits, but with the additional enrichment of iron. Presumably, sulfur present in Inconel 600 as an impurity was significant in the pitting process. The probable mechanism of the processes leading to pitting of Inconel 600 tubing in high-temperature water is discussed.
Corrosion Behavior of 18-8 Stainless Steels in Hot Concentrated Caustic Soda Solutions under Heat-Transfer Conditions
Authors: Yasuda M. , Tokunaga S. , Taga T. , Hine F. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of AISI 304 and 316 stainless steels (SSs) in hot concentrated caustic soda solutions was investigated under heat-transfer conditions. The corrosion potential of the specimens was located in the active region; thus, the alloys were attacked in the form of general corrosion, depending on the heat-transfer conditions. AISI 316 was more susceptible than AISI 304. Such corrosion behavior is attributed to the failure of the passive film on the heated surface, caused by concentration of caustic solution next to the metal surface and erosion by gas bubbles. A molybdenum-free alloy, AISI 305J1, was tested under the same conditions as AISI 316 to clarify the detrimental effect of Mo on austenitic SS corrosion in hot concentrated NaOH. Intergranular corrosion was occasionally found when the potential was located in the passive region, depending on test conditions and heat treatment of the specimens.
Molybdate Corrosion Inhibition in Deaerated and Low-Oxygen Waters
Authors: Weber T. R. , Stranick M. A. , Vukasovich M. S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The inhibiting effect of sodium molybdate on mild steel corrosion in deaerated and low-oxygen concentration waters at pH 9.0 and 60 C was investigated using weight loss and electrochemical test methods. Molybdate was inhibitive at a water oxygen concentration between 1 and 2.5 mg/L. In combinations with sodium nitrite, molybdate exhibited synergistic inhibition at 1 mg/L oxygen. An explanation of the observed synergism is discussed based on the electrochemical study.
A New Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation Test for Determining Degree of Sensitization in Ferritic Stainless Steels
Authors: Lee J. B. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
An electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (EPR) test has been developed for quantifying the degree of sensitization of ferritic stainless steels (SSs). This test is applicable to AISI 430, 430 Ti, 430 Nb, 434, 444, and 446. The test is conducted at 30 C in a deaerated 3 to 5 N H2SO4 solution. A test specimen is first passivated at + 400 mVSCE for 2 to 10 min, depending on the grade of SS, and then subjected to a reactivation step where the potential is decreased at a rate of 100 to 250 mV/min toward the open circuit potential (OCP) to determine whether a reactivation peak occurs. Results of the EPR test agree well with those of the Cu-CuSO4-50% H2SO4 immersion test.
Environmental Cracking of High Strength Maraging Steels: Part 2—Gaseous Fluoride Atmospheres
Authors: Bradhurst D. H. , Heuer P. M. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
An investigation was made of the susceptibility to cracking of two commercial 350 grades of maraging steel. Tensile tests were carried out on samples of the steels at very slow strain rates, and the load at failure was used to assess the susceptibility of the steels to cracking in an environment of gaseous uranium hexafluoride and hydrogen fluoride at 70 C. Good resistance to cracking was observed in dry uranium hexafluoride gas but cracking occurred when hydrogen fluoride was present at partial pressures above about 1 kPa. The failure stress decreased with increasing pressure of hydrogen fluoride. Scanning electron microscopy revealed brittle fracture surfaces in all cases where failure occurred at low stress, while failures at high stress were usually ductile in appearance. In view of the susceptibility of these steels to hydrogen embrittlement, it is suggested that the mechanism of failure in the presence of HF was associated with reaction-produced hydrogen. Oxide coated samples prepared by air aging, did not have significantly better resistance to cracking than vacuum aged Samples in the UF6/HF environment.
An Initial Investigation of Calcareous Deposits upon Cathodic Steel Surfaces in Sea Water
Authors: Wolfson S. L. , Hartt W. H. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The influence of potential and nominal sea water velocity upon the nature of calcareous deposits formed upon a cathodic steel surface has been investigated. Specific attention was focused upon change with exposure time of the current density to maintain a prescribed cathodic potential and upon thickness of the calcareous film. Equations have been developed whereby pH of the electrolyte adjacent to both a filmed and film-free surface can be rationalized in terms of cathodic current density and character of the electrolyte flow. Structure of calcareous deposits was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Results are discussed within the frame of current understanding of marine cathodic protection and cathodic protection practices.
Corrosion Inhibition of a Carbon Steel in 3% NaCl Solutions by Aliphatic Amino-Alcohol and Diamine Type Compounds
Authors: Duprat Michel , Dabosi Francis 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Following the results previously obtained on the inhibiting effect of 2-ethylamino-ethanol, electrochemical corrosion rate measurement techniques (plotting of steady state polarization curves and polarization resistance measurements) were carried out in aerated and stirred 3% NaCl solutions containing various similar organic molecules (amino-alcohols and diamines). A comparative study of their efficiency was undertaken. Because most of these coumpounds exert a strong alkalizing effect on the saline solutions, they are characterized by means of the differential inhibitive efficiency concept which gives an account of the intrinsic inhibiting action of the compound and from which the influence of the pH rising is eliminated. The results of this comparative study corroborate the surface chelate formation as previously assumed to account for the intrinsic inhibiting action of 2-ethylamino-ethanol.
Determination of Stress Corrosion Cracking Resistance of Al-Cu-Mg Alloys by Slow Strain Rate and Alternate Immersion Testing
Authors: Maitra Shantanu 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Increased artificial aging from the T351 temper to T851 temper is known to increase resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCO for Al-Cu-Mg alloy 2124. A series of incrementally aged 2124 alloy plate was tested for resistance to SCC by the slow strain rate technique and by the conventional alternate immersion test method. It is shown that slow strain rate test results are in agreement with the conventional test results. Using fracture energy and other loss in ductility parameters to denote resistance to SCC, it has been shown that this technique can be used as a more accurate SCC test. SEM examinations of fracture surfaces confirm the SCC indices obtained by the slow strain rate test.
Formation of Spherical Colloidal Nickel Ferrite Particles as Model Corrosion Products
Authors: Regazzoni Alberto E. , Matijević Egon 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Ni-ferrite particles of various sizes and chemical compositions were prepared by aging at 90 C for different periods of time coprecipitated ferrous and nickel hydroxide gels in the presence of nitrate ion. The size and the stoichiometry of the final solids were found to be strongly dependent on the initial composition of the systems. Under certain conditions, the so prepared particles are spherical and of narrow size distribution. The formation of Ni-ferrite by incorporation of Ni2+ ions into magnetite, crystallizing from a ferrous hydroxide gel at 90 C in a mild oxidative medium, was also studied. The developed procedures suggest possible pathways by which the corrosion crud is formed in nuclear power plants.
An Electrochemical Method for Hydrogen Determination in Steel
Authors: Zakroczymski Tadeusz 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
A sensitive method for determination of the amount of absorbed hydrogen and its forms in metal (steel) is described. The method is based on the electrochemical measurement of hydrogen desorption rate. An analysis of the pertinent equations for the diffusion controlled desorption process is given and suggestions are made regarding uses of the method.
Pit Formation in the Cathodic Polarization of Passive Iron IV. Repair Mechanism by Molybdate, Chromate and Tungstate
Authors: Ogura Kotaro , Ohama Takahiko 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The effect of molybdate, chromate and tungstate on the pitting resistance of iron has been investigated, and the repair mechanism is considered. Molybdate enhanced the pitting resistance with increasing the concentration, which was attributed to the polymolybdate's ability to adsorb or precipitate as a salt. Chromate inhibited the pitting formation effectively at higher concentration, but pitting was expedited at lower concentration. The inhibition of pitting by chromate was related to the deposition of a protective layer involving chromium hydroxide or oxide at a lower concentration; however, chromate stimulated the anodic reaction, which created a situation in favor of pitting formation. Tungstate had no positive effect on the pitting resistance; pitting was accelerated at a higher concentration (≥0.2 M), which was rationalized by assuming that the polytungstate neither adsorbed on passive iron nor precipitated as a salt with iron ion.
The Influence of Applied Stress and Surface Finish on the Pitting Susceptibility of Low Alloy Turbine Disk Steels in Wet Steam
Authors: Lennon S. J. , Robinson F. P. A. , Garrett G. G. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The effects of applied tensile and compressive stresses and surface finish on the pitting susceptibility, and hence stress corrosion crack initiation, of 34CrNiMo6 and 26NiCrMoV145 steam turbine disk steels were studied. In an attempt to simulate actual conditions, all tests were conducted in an aerated wet steam environment. Four-point bend specimens were used in the study, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine any pits and cracks found in the specimens. It was found that 34CrNiMo6 is more susceptible to pitting than 26NiCrMoV145, that testing time influences the degree of pitting on differently machined surfaces, and that pitting susceptibility increases with increasing applied tensile stress.
Results following Repair of Gluteus Medius Defects following Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Rajkumar Shanmugasundaram , Singer Gian C. , Jones Jonathan R. 
Published: June 2011

13 patients with tears in the gluteus medius tendon following total hip arthroplasty were studied. The diagnosis of a gluteal tear was made on the basis of clinical signs and a positive arthrogram of the hip in all cases. 11 patients underwent gluteus medius repair and two patients declined surgery. 10 patients attended a review clinic (eight gluteal repair patients and two conservatively managed patients) and three were reviewed by telephone and medical notes. The mean follow up was 61 months (range 12–116 months). The mean age at follow up was 71.42 years (69–79 years) and the male to female ratio was 5:8. The mean duration of symptoms prior to repair was 16 months. An anterolateral transgluteal approach had been used for primary surgery in nine cases and in four cases the original surgical approach was unknown. The mean Harris Hip score prior to repair was 77.4 (range 55–87), which improved to a mean post operative Harris hip score of 86.97 (range 79–96) following repair. The Oxford hip score prior to repair was 20 (range 16–25) which improved to a mean of 14.2 after repair (range 4–29). 9 out of 11 patients who had the repair were satisfied and would recommend the procedure. We believe an accurate and timely diagnosis together with repair can reduce the morbidity associated with this post-operative complication following THA.