bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TeamArab:al‐Jazeeraand the flagging of everydayArabism during the 2008BeijingOlympics
Authors: Phillips Christopher 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe linking of living rooms across state borders byal‐Jazeera and other pan‐Arab satellite television channels has prompted claims that a ‘newArabism’ that undermines state nationalism is emerging. Until now, analysts have mostly focused on the ‘hot’Arabism in the news coverage of politicised events such as theIsrael–Palestine conflict. This article offers a new dimension by suggesting that as important to satellite television's construction and reproduction ofArab identity is the everyday discourse found in less overtly political programmes such as sport. To demonstrate this, it offers an analysis of al‐Jazeera's coverage of the 2008BeijingOlympics showing how the broadcasts address viewers as a commonArab audience who are simultaneously encouraged to be nationalistic towards their separate nation‐states within a given ‘Arab arena’ of states with whom they should primarily compete. This suggests that new Arabism should in fact be considered a ‘supranationalism’, not a revived Arab nationalism as it simultaneously promotes Arab and state identities in tandem. Finally, it aims to expand our understanding of ‘everyday nationalism’ by adaptingMichaelBillig's theory and methodology of ‘banal nationalism’ inBritish newspapers to facilitate the study of sport on supranational Arab identity on satellite television.
Quiet eye training expedites motor learning and aids performance under heightened anxiety: The roles of response programming and external attention
Authors: Moore Lee J. , Vine Samuel J. , Cooke Andrew , Ring Christopher , Wilson Mark R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractQuiet eye training expedites skill learning and facilitates anxiety‐resistant performance. Changes in response programming and external focus of attention may explain such benefits. We examined the effects of quiet eye training on golf‐putting performance, quiet eye duration, kinematics (clubhead acceleration), and physiological (heart rate, muscle activity) responses. Forty participants were assigned to a quiet eye or technical trained group and completed 420 baseline, training, retention, and pressure putts. The quiet eye group performed more accurately and displayed more effective gaze control, lower clubhead acceleration, greater heart rate deceleration, and reduced muscle activity than the technical trained group during retention and pressure tests. Thus, quiet eye training was linked to indirect measures of improved response programming and an external focus. Mediation analyses partially endorsed a response programming explanation.
Having a Pap smear, quality of life before and after cervical screening: a questionnaire study
Authors: Korfage IJ , van Ballegooijen M , Wauben B , Looman CWN , Habbema JDF , Essink‐Bot M‐L 
Published: May 2012

Please cite this paper as: Korfage I, van Ballegooijen M, Wauben B, Looman C, Habbema J, Essink‐Bot M. Having a Pap smear, quality of life before and after cervical screening: a questionnaire study. BJOG 2012;119:936–944.Objective  To assess the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) impact of cervical cancer screening in women with normal test results.Design  Questionnaire study.Setting  Maastricht, the Netherlands.Population  A cohort of 789 women were followed from screening invitation until after the receipt of screening results. A female age‐matched reference group (n = 567) was included.Methods  Questionnaires were sent to the home address of the women before screening, after screening, and again with the screening results.Main outcome measures  Generic HRQoL (SF‐12, EQ‐5D), generic anxiety (STAI‐6), screen‐specific anxiety (PCQ), and potential symptoms and feelings related to the smear‐taking procedure.Results  A total of 60% of screening participants completed questionnaire 1(n = 924): 803 of these women granted permission to access their files; 789 of these 803 women had normal test results (Pap 1), and were included in the analyses. Generic HRQoL (SF‐12, EQ‐5D) and anxiety (STAI‐6) scores were similar in the study and reference groups. Before screening, after screening, and also after the receipt of test results, screening participants reported less screen‐specific anxiety (PCQ, P < 0.001) than the reference group (n = 567), with differences indicating clinical relevance. 19% of screening participants were bothered by feelings of shame, pain, inconvenience, or nervousness during smear taking, and 8 and 5% of women experienced lower abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding, discharge, or urinary problems for 2–3 and 4–7 days, respectively, following the Pap smear.Conclusion  The reduced levels of screen‐specific anxiety in screening participants, possibly indicating reassurance, are worthwhile addressing in more depth. We conclude that although considerable numbers of women reported unpleasant effects, there were no adverse HRQoL consequences of cervical screening in women with normal test results.
Low‐molecular‐weight heparin or warfarin for anticoagulation in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves: what are the risks? A retrospective observational study
Authors: Basude S , Hein C , Curtis SL , Clark A , Trinder J 
Published: May 2012

Please cite this paper as: Basude S, Hein C, Curtis S, Clark A, Trinder J. Low‐molecular‐weight heparin or warfarin for anticoagulation in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves: what are the risks? A retrospective observational study. BJOG 2012;119:1008–1013.The management of anticoagulation in pregnant women with mechanical heart valves is complex. The maternal and fetal outcomes of 32 pregnancies in 15 women on three different anticoagulation regimens were compared. Anticoagulation with low‐molecular‐weight heparin (n = 4), warfarin (n = 22) and combination therapy (n = 6) resulted in adverse maternal events in four (100%), three (50%) and three (14%) women, and resulted in fetal losses in one (25%), 17(77%) and three (50%) pregnancies, respectively. Whereas the rate of fetal loss in the warfarin group was high, all women in the LMWH and half of those in the combination group had serious adverse maternal events, including valve thrombosis, maternal death and postpartum haemorrhage.
Application of cardiac electrophysiology simulations to pro‐arrhythmic safety testing
Authors: Mirams Gary R , Davies Mark R , Cui Yi , Kohl Peter , Noble Denis 
Published: May 2012

Concerns over cardiac side effects are the largest single cause of compound attrition during pharmaceutical drug development. For a number of years, biophysically detailed mathematical models of cardiac electrical activity have been used to explore how a compound, interfering with specific ion‐channel function, may explain effects at the cell‐, tissue‐ and organ‐scales. With the advent of high‐throughput screening of multiple ion channels in the wet‐lab, and improvements in computational modelling of their effects on cardiac cell activity, more reliable prediction of pro‐arrhythmic risk is becoming possible at the earliest stages of drug development. In this paper, we review the current use of biophysically detailed mathematical models of cardiac myocyte electrical activity in drug safety testing, and suggest future directions to employ the full potential of this approach.LINKED ARTICLE This article is commented on by Gintant, pp. 929–931 of this issue. To view this commentary visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2012.02096.x
The stereotypy‐inducing and OCD‐like effects of chronic ‘binge’ cocaine are modulated by distinct subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Metaxas A , Keyworth HL , Yoo JH , Chen Y , Kitchen I , Bailey A 
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE High rates of cigarette smoking occur in cocaine‐dependent individuals, reflecting an involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in cocaine‐elicited behaviour. This study was designed to assess the contribution of different nAChR subtypes to the behavioural and neurochemical effects of chronic cocaine treatment.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cocaine (15 mg·kg−1, i.p.) was administered to male C57BL/6J mice in a chronic ‘binge’ paradigm, with and without the coadministration of the α7 preferring nAChR antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA; 5 mg·kg−1, i.p.) or the β2* nAChR antagonist dihydro‐β‐erythroidine (DHβE; 2 mg·kg−1, i.p.). Quantitative autoradiography was used to examine the effect of cocaine exposure on α7 and α4β2* nAChRs, and on the high‐affinity choline transporter.KEY RESULTS MLA+cocaine administration induced an intense self‐grooming behaviour, indicating a likely role for α7 nAChRs in modulating this anxiogenic, compulsive‐like effect of cocaine. In the major island of Calleja, a key area of action for neuroleptics, MLA+cocaine reduced choline transporter binding compared with cocaine (with or without DHβE) administration. DHβE treatment prevented the induction of stereotypy sensitisation to cocaine but prolonged locomotor sensitisation, implicating heteromeric β2* nAChRs in the neuroadaptations mediating cocaine‐induced behavioural sensitisation. ‘Binge’ cocaine treatment region‐specifically increased α4β2* nAChR binding in the midbrain dopaminergic regions: ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra pars compacta.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have shown a differential, subtype‐selective, contribution of nAChRs to the behavioural and neurochemical sequelae of chronic cocaine administration. These data support the clinical utility of targeting specific nAChR subtypes for the alleviation of cocaine‐abuse symptomatology.
Tale of the Kulet eclogite from the Kokchetav Massive, Kazakhstan: Initial tectonic setting and transition from amphibolite to eclogite
Authors: ZHANG R. Y. , LIOU J. G. , OMORI S. , SOBOLEV N. V. , SHATSKY V. S. , IIZUKA Y. , LO C.‐H. , OGASAWARA Y. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe Kulet eclogite in the Kokchetav Massif, northern Kazakhstan, is identified as recording a prograde transformation from the amphibolite facies through transitional coronal eclogite to fully recrystallized eclogite (normal eclogite). In addition to minor bodies of normal eclogite with an assemblage of Grt + Omp + Qz + Rt ± Ph and fine‐grained granoblastic texture (type A), most are pale greyish green bodies consisting of both coronal and normal eclogites (type B). The coronal eclogite is characterized by coarse‐grained amphibole and zoisite of amphibolite facies, and the growth of garnet corona along phase boundaries between amphibole and other minerals as well as the presence of eclogitic domains. The Kulet eclogites experienced a four‐stage metamorphic evolution: (I) pre‐eclogite stage, (II) transition from amphibolite to eclogite, (III) a peak eclogite stage with prograde transformation from coronal eclogite to UHP eclogite and (IV) retrograde metamorphism. Previous studies made no mention of the presence of amphibole or zoisite in either the pre‐eclogite stage or coronal eclogite, and so did not identify the four‐stage evolution recognized here. P–T estimates using thermobarometry and Xprp and Xgrs isopleths of eclogitic garnet yield a clockwise P–T path and peak conditions of 27–33 kbar and 610–720 °C, and 27–35 kbar and 560–720 °C, respectively. P–T pseudosection calculations indicate that the coexistence of coronal and normal eclogites in a single body is chiefly due to different bulk compositions of eclogite. All eclogites have tholeiitic composition, and show flat or slightly LREE‐enriched patterns [(La/Lu)N = 1.1–9.6] and negative Ba, Sr and Sc and positive Th, U and Ti anomalies. However, normal eclogite has higher TiO2 (1.35–2.65 wt%) and FeO (12.11–16.72 wt%) and REE contents than those of coronal eclogite (TiO2 < 0.9 wt% and FeO < 12.11 wt%) with one exception. Most Kulet eclogites plot in the MORB and IAB fields in the 2Nb–Zr/4–Y and TiO2–FeO/MgO diagrams, although displacement from the MORB–OIB array indicates some degree of crustal involvement. All available data suggest that the protoliths of the Kulet eclogites were formed at a passive continent marginal basin setting. A schematic model involving subduction to 180–200 km at 537–527 Ma, followed by slab breakoff at 526–507 Ma, exhumation and recrystallization at crustal depths is applied to explain the four‐stage evolution of the Kulet eclogite.
The Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Fatal Motor Vehicle Injury: High Risk at Low Alcohol Levels
Authors: Taylor Benjamin , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundAlcohol consumption causes motor vehicle accident (MVA) injury in a dose–response fashion. However, the relationship between how this risk is different with respect to fatal and nonfatal outcomes is not clear. A meta‐analysis has already been completed for alcohol consumption and nonfatal MVA injury, but none exists for fatal injury. Thus, an analysis of the acute dose–response relationship between alcohol and motor vehicle injury death is warranted to generate single occasion‐ and dose‐specific relative risks for the first time.MethodsA systematic literature review and inverse‐variance weighted, random effects meta‐analysis were conducted to fill this gap. Fractional polynomial regression was used to model the dose–response relationship. Usual tests of heterogeneity and publication bias were run.ResultsFive studies meeting the inclusion criteria of this analysis were selected. At all levels of blood alcohol concentration (BAC), the odds ratio (OR) of fatal motor vehicle injury was significant. Overall, the 5 combined studies yielded an OR of fatal injury of 1.74 (95% CI: 1.43–2.14) for every 0.02% increase in BAC. At 0.08, the legal limit in most countries, the OR was 13.0 (95% CI: 11.1–15.2).ConclusionsThis study is able to definitively show and quantify, for the first time, the significantly increased OR for fatal motor vehicle injury. This analysis showed some evidence of both study heterogeneity and publication bias, likely due to the increased variation we could expect from a small study number. The alcohol‐caused fatal motor vehicle injury literature is sparse with respect to dose–response information. More studies investigating this relationship and other injury types are recommended in this area to be able to calculate stable estimates of risk overall and by injury type specifically.
Characterization of Cerebellar Ataxia in Chronic Alcoholics Using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS)
Authors: Fitzpatrick Lauren E. , Jackson Martin , Crowe Simon F. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundAlcoholism is the most common cause of cerebellar dysfunction, yet estimates of the incidence of alcoholic cerebellar degeneration (ACD) vary greatly, with differences in methodologies contributing to these disparate findings. This study set out to characterize the frequency and pattern of clinical signs of ACD in an alcoholic group using the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS).MethodsWe compared the performance of 49 alcoholics and 29 control participants. The relative contributions of demographic and alcohol consumption variables to ICARS scores in the alcoholic group were also examined.ResultsThe alcoholic group demonstrated significantly poorer performance on all of the ICARS subscales as compared with the control group. Within the alcoholic group, performance was more impaired on the speech scale than on all of the other scales, except the lower limb component of the kinetic scale, and less impaired on the oculomotor scale compared with all other scales. Years of heavy drinking and lifetime alcohol consumption correlated with total ICARS scores; however, maximum daily consumption was actually negatively correlated with ICARS scores. Of the alcohol history variables, years of heavy drinking was the best predictor of total ICARS scores, making a 19% unique contribution, followed by the period of abstinence from alcohol, which uniquely contributed 7% of the variance. There were high correlations between age and male gender and the alcohol consumption variables; however, age and gender were still found to uniquely contribute 5 and 7% respectively to the variance in total ICARS scores.ConclusionsACD may affect up to two‐thirds of chronic alcoholics. Assessing the number of years an individual has been drinking beyond a certain threshold can give a good indication of the likelihood of ACD. Age, gender, and the source of the clinical sample may significantly contribute to the prevalence of ACD and require further detailed investigation.
Commentary on the Study: Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Future Alcohol Use in Patients with Co‐Occurring Bipolar Disorder and Alcohol Dependence: A Prospective Analysis in an 8‐Week Randomized Controlled Trial of Acamprosate (Prisciandaro et al.)
Authors: Preuss Ulrich W. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundComorbidity of alcohol abuse and dependence with bipolar disorders is high. The aim of this short commentary is to review a current study investigating the impact of depressive symptoms and craving on alcohol use in individuals with co‐occurring bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence.MethodsThe strengths of Prisciandaro and colleagues' (2012) study are reviewed. The research group collected data as part of an 8‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of acamprosate treatment in comorbid individuals.ResultsThe importance of the study lies in highlighting the complex relationship between bipolar affective disorder symptoms, in particular depression, and alcohol use in a prospective design. It also overcomes several shortcomings of previous studies, since trajectories of both disorders within a short time frame of 1 week were hitherto rarely investigated.ConclusionsWhile the current study is successfully shedding light on the relationship between depressive symptoms, craving, and alcohol use in comorbid individuals, future studies may also investigate the influence of rapid cycling, mixed states, and psychotic symptoms on alcohol consumption and vice versa. Further, other comorbid samples could be included like first episode versus subjects with multiple affective episodes or comorbidity in males versus females. This research may provide a better basis for future psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy or integrated treatment approaches in these comorbid and severely affected individuals.
Assessing the Environmental Impact of Water Consumption by Energy Crops Grown in Spain
Authors: Núñez Montserrat , Pfister Stephan , Antón Assumpció , Muñoz Pere , Hellweg Stefanie , Koehler Annette , Rieradevall Joan 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe environmental impact of the water consumption of four typical crop rotations grown in Spain, including energy crops, was analyzed and compared against Spanish agricultural and natural reference situations. The life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used for the assessment of the potential environmental impact of blue water (withdrawal from water bodies) and green water (uptake of soil moisture) consumption. The latter has so far been disregarded in LCA. To account for green water, two approaches have been applied: the first accounts for the difference in green water demand of the crops and a reference situation. The second is a green water scarcity index, which measures the fraction of the soil‐water plant consumption to the available green water. Our results show that, if the aim is to minimize the environmental impacts of water consumption, the energy crop rotations assessed in this study were most suitable in basins in the northeast of Spain. In contrast, the energy crops grown in basins in the southeast of Spain were associated with the greatest environmental impacts. Further research into the integration of quantitative green water assessment in LCA is crucial in studies of systems with a high dependence on green water resources.
An Approach for Calculating the Environmental External Costs of the Belgian Building Sector
Authors: Allacker Karen , De Nocker Leo 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThis article describes an approach developed to estimate the environmental external costs of the Belgian building sector. Several existing methods and related data sets for determining the monetary value of environmental impacts were reviewed and compared in light of their relevance to an impact assessment of the construction sector. This study concludes that the methods available consider different impacts and differ substantially in monetary values for identical impacts. A harmonized and transparent method is recommended to improve the feasibility and acceptance of internalizing external costs; agreement on the impacts to be assessed and their external costs based on current insights is important. Here, a new method is proposed for a life cycle impact assessment‐based valuation of environmental external costs for application to the Belgian building sector. To enable a comprehensive assessment, it became clear that solely considering “key” pollutants is insufficient.Although this article focuses on the development and not on the implementation of the method proposed, implementation revealed that the life cycle environmental external cost of new buildings (meeting current insulation standards or better) is relatively small compared to the life cycle financial cost.
Antidepressant Use, Depressive Symptoms, and Incident Frailty in Women Aged 65 and Older from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
Authors: Lakey Susan L. , LaCroix Andrea Z. , Gray Shelly L. , Borson Soo , Williams Carla D. , Calhoun Darren , Goveas Joseph S. , Smoller Jordan W. , Ockene Judith K. , Masaki Kamal H. , Coday Mace , Rosal Milagros C. , Woods Nancy F. 
Published: May 2012

ObjectivesTo examine the associations between depressive symptoms, antidepressant use, and duration of use with incident frailty 3 years later in nonfrail women aged 65 and older.DesignSecondary analysis of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI‐OS), a prospective cohort study.SettingWHI‐OS was conducted in 40 U.S. clinical centers.ParticipantsWomen aged 65 to 79, not frail at baseline.MeasurementsAntidepressant use was assessed through medication container inspection at baseline. Four groups were created according to baseline use and Burnam depression screen (range 0–1, 0.06 cutoff): antidepressant nonusers without depressive symptoms (reference group), antidepressant nonusers with depressive symptoms, antidepressant users without depressive symptoms, and antidepressant users with depressive symptoms. Frailty components included slowness or weakness, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintended weight loss, ascertained through self‐report and physical measurements at baseline and Year 3.ResultsOf 27,652 women at baseline, 1,350 (4.9%) were antidepressant users and 1,794 (6.5%) were categorized as depressed. At Year 3, 4,125 (14.9%) were frail. All groups had a greater risk of incident frailty than the reference group. Odds ratios (ORs) ranged from 1.73 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41–2.12) in antidepressant users who were not depressed to 3.63 in antidepressant users who were depressed (95% CI = 2.37–5.55). All durations of use were associated with incident frailty (<1 year OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.41–2.68; 1–3 years OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.45–2.74; >3 years OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.20–2.14).ConclusionIn older adult women, depressive symptoms and antidepressant use were associated with frailty after 3 years of follow‐up.