bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemic Kerato-Conjunctivitis—An Adenovirus Infection
Authors: Sommerville R. G. 
Published: May 2009

Two strains of adenovirus Type 3 were isolated from fifty-nine patients suffering from epidemic kerato-conjunctivitis. Serological examination of a further group of fifty-nine patients revealed that neutralizing antibody to adenovirus Type 8 usually developed when the duration of the disease exceeded 14 days, and that at the same time a smaller number of patients also developed low titre neutralizing antibody to Type 3 adenovirus. From the evidence presented it is suggested that adenovirus Type 8 was the infecting organism in the majority of cases, and that when neutralizing antibody to Types 3, 6 or 7 adenovirus was present this probably represented a non-specific effect of stimulation by a heterotypic strain of adenovirus. Insignificant antibody titres by C.F. tests were frequently associated with high titres of neutralizing antibody hi the late convalescent phase of the illness.I would like to express my gratitude for assistance in obtaining material for the investigation to the following clinicians: Dr J. Winning, Dr J. Marshall, Dr A. Mellick and Dr A. M. W. Thomson of the Eye Infirmary, Glasgow, and to Dr E. McNaught of the Ophthalmic Institution, Glasgow; for supplies of adenovirus seed to Dr B. E. Andrews, Central Public Health Laboratory, Colindale and Dr D. A. J. Tyrrell, Virus Research Laboratory, Sheffield; and for technical assistance to C. McLean, F.I.M.L.T., H. G. Carson, F.I.M.L.T. and J. Kerr.
Some cultural characteristics ofStaphylococcus aureusstrains from superficial skin infections
Authors: Parker M. T. 
Published: May 2009

1. A collection of 1389 strains ofStaphylococcus aureusof human origin was examined by the following tests: phage typing, antibiotic resistance, ability to inhibit the growth ofCorynebacterium diphtheriae, the egg-yolk reaction and the serum opacity reaction.2. Nearly all strains ofStaph. aureusType 71 were penicillin resistant, inhibitedC. diphtheriae, gave a negative egg-yolk reaction, and produced a zone of opacity on horse-serum agar.3. The penicillin resistance of Type 71 strains is unlikely to have arisen as a result of the therapeutic use of penicillin, and is probably a natural characteristic of the type.4.Staph. aureusstrains which gave a negative egg-yolk reaction and a positive serum opacity reaction occurred almost exclusively in superficial lesions. The majority of them were members of Type 71, or were penicillin-resistant members of phage-group III. It is suggested that these organisms can cause superficial inflammation, but are usually unable to invade deeper tissues.I wish to thank Dr A. J. H. Tomlinson for valuable information about his unpublished work on impetigo. Thanks are also due to many colleagues who have provided cultures and clinical information, to Dr R. E. O. Williams for typing phages, and to Mr L. E. Simmons for technical assistance.
A comparison of complement-fixation titres in poliomyelitis-infected tissue-culture fluids and mouse brains
Authors: Selzer Golda 
Published: May 2009

Ultra-centrifugation of emulsions from suckling mouse brains infected with the MEF1 strain of poliomyelitis virus separates a non-infective antigen, or soluble antigen, from infective virus. This antigen is responsible for most of the complement fixation and explains the high titres obtained. On the other hand, the same virus, and also Mahoney, Type 1 poliomyelitis virus, grown in monkey kidney tissue culture, fail to produce this soluble antigen, and this is probably a factor in the low complement-fixing titres obtained in tests with these fluids.The author would like to express her appreciation of Miss M. Butchart's valuable technical assistance.
The development of homologous neutralizing antibody during a Type 1 poliomyelitis epidemic
Authors: Miles J. A. R. , Austin F. J. , Caughey J. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Sera taken from seventy-nine individuals who had been examined for poliomyelitis antibodies shortly before a Type 1 epidemic, were examined for the development of antibodies to polio-virus 6 months after the epidemic.2. Ten of eleven (91%) susceptibles aged 5–7 years, 44% of those aged 8–9 years, 25% of those aged 10–14 and only one of fifteen (7%) 15 years or more old had developed neutralizing antibodies to Type 1 polio-virus.3. In the school which the younger subjects attended, one boy developed paralytic poliomyelitis while the school was in session, but the amount of minor illness in the epidemic period was not significantly different from the 3-year average.4. The comparison between these findings and the notification rate for the province suggested that the chance of an infection with polio-virus during this epidemic, leading to a clinically recognizable attack of the disease, might have been as much as eighteen times higher in adolescents and adults than in the 5–9 age group.5. The epidemiological significance of these results is discussed.We have pleasure in acknowledging our indebtedness to Dr J. H. S. Gear for the report on the sera collected before the epidemic, to Dr W. Murphy, Medical Officer of Health, for data about notifications, to Dr A. M. Douglas for assisting by collecting some of the bloods, to the Principal and staff of John McGlashan College for their readiness to assist us at all times and to all those subjects who allowed us to take a further specimen of their blood for this investigation.
Brill–Zinsser disease; the possibility of its occurrence in Britain
Authors: Lawy H. S. , Beattie C. P. , Bensted H. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. Of 318 Polish refugees now living in this country 30% gave a history of typhus fever; nearly half of these had complement-fixing antibodies to a titre of 1–5 or more to epidemic typhus. A further 12% without such a history similarly had these antibodies making a total of 22% of 318 refugees. None of the 174 British born controls had antibodies up to this titre.2. Brill-Zinsser disease may occur from time to time among immigrants or visitors from typhus endemic areas to this country, but it is unlikely to be a serious problem.3. The clinical diagnosis of Brill-Zinsser disease may not be easy because the characteristic rash is not always to be seen. Any patient of Eastern European origin or who has a history of typhus complaining of fever and severe headache should be examined serologically by the rickettsial agglutination or the complement-fixation test for specific epidemic typhus antibodies. The Weil-Felix reaction may be positive, but a negative result will not exclude a diagnosis of Brill-Zinsser disease.We acknowledge with gratitude the help, interest and advice of Dr E. S. Murray, of the School of Public Health, Harvard University and Dr Janet Niven and also the technical assistance of Mr J. P. Brooks, FIMLT. We have to thank Messrs Lederle for their kindness in supplying the rickettsial antigens and in addition those who helped us to obtain the specimens and the volunteers who supplied them.
An improved assay method for neutralizing antibodies against influenza viruses
Authors: Groth S. Fazekas de St , Withell J. , Lafferty K. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. A method has been developed for the assay of antisera against influenza viruses.2. Surviving bits of allantois-on-shell serve as host tissue, eighty to one hundred units being provided by a single egg. The test is set up in plastic trays, and uses a simple synthetic medium.3. The method has worked equally well with the ten representative strains of influenza virus tested. It surpasses the orthodox techniques of neutralization in mice or whole eggs as regards sensitivity, accuracy and economy.
The Antibody Response in Man Following Infection With Viruses of the pox Group: II. Antibody Response Following Vaccination
Authors: McCarthy K. , Downie A. W. , Bradley W. H. 
Published: May 2009

Following primary vaccination no antibody was detected up to the tenth day. After this time neutralizing antibody and antihaemagglutinin were present in the majority of individuals, while, with the technique used, complement-fixing antibody was found in less than half those examined. Neutralizing antibody may be found in the blood more that 20 years after primary vaccination; by this time very few show antihaemagglutinin and then only in low titre. Complement-fixing antibody was not found more than 6 months after primary vaccination.In revaccinated individuals the antibody response tended to be higher than after primary vaccination and, when it occurred, often appeared within a week.This suggeststhat prompt revaccination of smallpox contacts may offer even greater protection than does primary vaccination.The neutralization test is a better measure of immunological response than are either of the other two tests, for these may give a negative result even though there may be a well-marked rise in neutralizing antibody. The ‘early’ type of reaction to revaccination was associated with an antibody response in only about half the subjects examined. In the remainder, the skin reaction, although identical in appearance, must be regarded as allergic in nature and not accompanied by increase in immunity.
The Dose-Response Relationship Between Influenza Viruses and the Surviving Allantois
Authors: Groth S. Fazekas de St , White D. O. 
Published: May 2009

It is shown that bits of allantois-on-shell cut from any one egg do not differ either in susceptibility to infection by influenza viruses or in yield of haemagglutinin. For this reason the dose-response curve within any egg is Poissonian.Bits cut from different eggs vary both in susceptibility and in haemagglutinin yield. Unlike in whole eggs however, the scatter is so small that it can be demonstrated only by refined tests done on a large number of subjects. For practical purposes the dose-response curve may still be taken as Poissonian.Susceptibility and yield vary independently of one another.The data are used to define the accuracy of infectivity tests in bits of allantois-on-shell; the expected errors are given both for straight replication and for tests done with different reagents, by different operators, or at different times.
Salmonellae and shigellae in a group of rural South African Bantu school children
Authors: Bokkenheuser V. , Richardson N. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. Faeces from rural, outwardly healthy Bantu school children from a Native Reserve region have been bacteriologically examined seven times at regular intervals over a period of one year.2. Of 75 children, 44·0% experienced at least one salmonella infection and 29·3% one shigella infection; considering the infections together, salmonellae or shigellae were recovered from 72·0% of the individuals. The observations are discussed and the view is expressed that over a period of one year, practically all children experience one, and many of them several, attacks by these pathogens.3. In the majority of cases, the infections appeared to be subclinical and of short duration. There was no evidence proving the existence of chronic carriers.4. Salmonelloses showed a seasonal dependence with the highest incidence in early summer, i.e. December. Shigelloses was distributed evenly throughout the year.5. The recovered salmonellae were of twenty types.Salm. typhi, Salm. paratyphi A, BandCwere not isolated. Members of all shigella groups were encountered.6. All the recovered strains from the Tlaseng area were sensitive to streptomycin, chioromycetin, terramycin, achromycin and neomycin, and most of them to aureomycin and erythromycin. In comparison, salmonella strains isolated from the Johannesburg urban area showed signs of increased resistance to the same antibiotics.7. Water was probably implicated in the conveyance of the infections.We should like to express our thanks to the Director of this Institute, Prof. E. H. Cluver, for permission to publish this paper; to Mr R. G. Robinson for assessing the micro-organisms' sensitivity/resistance to antibiotics; to Dr P. A. Christensen for statistical advice; and to Dr A. R. P. Walker (of the Human Biochemistry Research Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research), who incurred the major portion of the expenses of transport by permitting us to accompany him during his investigation on bilharziasis and nutritional state in the Bantu school children.
Laboratory investigations of a carrier of multiple phage types of Salmonella paratyphi B
Authors: Bernstein A. 
Published: May 2009

A carrier has been found of at least three phage types of Salmonella paratyphi B. Investigation has shown that phage-mediated conversion could account for this multiplicity of types according to the following scheme.It is not possible, however, to exclude the actual occurrence of repeated infection with different phage types.I am grateful to Dr E. S. Anderson of the Central Enteric Reference Laboratory, Colindale, for his interest and advice during the course of this investigation, and to Dr Helen A. Wright of the University of Edinburgh who provided the many cultures and so introduced me to this problem.
Variations in natural resistance to tuberculosis
Authors: Gray David F. , Graham-Smith Heather , Noble John L. 
Published: May 2009

1. ‘Resistant’ and ‘susceptible’ species of animals appear to be more or less equally susceptible to lung infection with equal doses of tubercle bacilli. Therefore it is pertinent to ask whether recognized natural differences in species resistant are in fact significant. For example, in terms of death rates (i.e. of overall resistance) the C57 mouse is at least as susceptible to tuberculosis as the guinea-pig and much more so than man.2. Resistant, moderately susceptible and susceptible strains of mice as determined by death rates when exposed to large infecting doses, were equally susceptible to intranasal infection with small numbers of tubercle bacilli.3. A state of tolerance of the parasite by the host lasting for about 3 weeks was observed in all mouse strains, regardless of ultimate strain resistance.4. Pre-allergic deaths commenced in all groups when the tuberculous processes left insufficient normal lung to support life, but the deaths stopped first in the resistant strain and last in the susceptible strain, coinciding approximately in each strain with the onset of allergy.5. Acquired immunity, once established, appeared not to vary in quality from one mouse strain to another, at least during 3 months' observation.6. Racial or strain variations in the resistance of mice to tuberculosis are therefore natural, only in the sense that speed of onset of acquired immunity is probably genetically determined for each strain.7. It is suggested that both species and racial variations in natural resistance to pulmonary infection are insignificant. Differences in the subsequent course of the disease appear to be explainable by the rapidity, efficiency and duration of the acquired immune response.
Vaccination of man with attentuated live adenovirus
Authors: Hitchock Griselda , Tyrrell D. A. J. , Bynoe M. L. 
Published: May 2009

Eighteen volunteers were given live adenovirus attenuated by passage in pig kidney tissue culture. Thirteen were given adenovirus Type 7 and five were given adenovirus Type 4. All volunteers who were given Type 7 and who had no homologous neutralizing antibody on inoculation showed antibody rises. Except in one volunteer not in isolation no signficant symptoms were seen.It is suggested that adenoviruses attenuated in this way might be useful for large-scale vaccination programmes.
The dissemination of Salmonella typhi, S. paratyphi A and S. paratyphi B through the organs of the white mouse by oral infection
Authors: Gerichter C. B. 
Published: May 2009

A dose of 5 × 109S. typhi (strain Ty2) and S. paratyphi B (strain HB3) administered to white mice orally, caused an infection of various organs of the mouse, namely: spleen, liver, kidneys, lungs, gall-bladder, mesenteric lymph nodes, jejunum and of the blood stream. The percentage of infected spleens was higher than that of other organs.With the above-mentioned dose of Ty2, the infection of the liver was found to be five times higher than that of the gall-bladder. The infection of the latter lasted for about 8–9 days, whereas that of the liver for 18–19 days.The bacteria appeared in the various organs: liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs in about 2 min. after oral infection, and in the blood stream after about 20 sec.The speed and intensity of the invasion of micro-organisms from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood stream depends neither upon the volume of the dose (0·5 ml. or 0·1 ml.), nor upon the content of the mouse's stomach.The M.I.D. for the blood stream of the mouse by oral infection is about 5 × 105 bacteria for Ty2, HB3 and AH6.In blood samples collected by cardiac puncture 2–3 min. after oral infection, an average of 5 × 102 micro-organisms/ml. blood was found. The count of bacteria increased and reached its peak after 20 min. (about 3 × 103 bacteria). After that period, the number decreased: 1·6 × 103 after 1 hr., 8 × 102 after 2 hr. and 1·7 × 102 after 3 hr. In spite of this considerable decrease, the blood did not became sterile until after several days.In the infected spleen (by oral infection) an inverse process was observed: at the beginning only a small number of micro-organisms was found (about 5 × 10/100 mg. spleen), but afterwards the number of bacteria increased (1·2 × 102 after 24 hr. and 5 × 102 after 4 days).In mice infected by the subcutaneous route with a dose of 5 × 109 bacteria, the number of micro-organisms in the blood stream did not differ significantly from that found after oral infection, whereas infection by intraperitoneal route caused a severe infection. When 5 × 107 micro-organisms (LD50) were administered by intraperitoneal route, 107 bacteria appeared in the blood stream of the moribund mice while in the spleen about 4·1 × 107 were found.The author wishes to express his appreciation to Prof. I. Gurewitch and to Dr R. Rozansky from the Department of Clinical Microbiology, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, for their advice and criticism.
The use of new antigens in the complement-fixation test for acute poliomyelitis
Authors: Selzer Golda 
Published: May 2009

A complement-fixation test for acute poliomyelitis using unheated antigens derived from suckling mouse brain infected with poliovirus Type 1 or Type 2 is described.The results of tests in 62 patients clinically diagnosed as cases of acute poliomyelitis in a recent epidemic and in 26 controls are recorded.The CF tests were positive in 100% of 53 cases with poliovirus Type 1 and/or Type 2 in stool. A positive result was obtained in 23 (76%) of 30 cases whose sera were examined in the first 7 days of illness.Negative tests of the initial serum samples were found in 15 (28·5%) of 53 cases, but all these became positive in titres of 40 or 80 on testing of convalescent serum.In 31 (69%) of 45 cases whose sera were re-tested between the 3rd and 4th weeks of illness the CF antibody levels rose, reaching titres of 80 or 160 in most instances. Of the remaining 14 cases only one dropped in insignificant degree (from titre 320 to 160) and the 13 stationary results had been positive in titres of 40–160 on initial tests most of which were performed in the 2nd week of illness.Homotypic CF antibody response without crossing was found in 37 (71%) of 52 cases with Type 1 or Type 2 virus in stool. In the cases of crossing the heterotypic antibody response was either transient, diminishing or stationary in all and in only low titre in most instances.In 26 control cases there were seven positive CF tests, but one of these was nonspecific, five were in lowest titres, and one case appeared to have had recent poliomyelitis infection.Heating the antigens did not broaden the reaction. It caused only slight loss of potency except in two cases in which the CF titre increased substantially.The antigenic preparation described appears to be superior to antigens of other origin in the diagnosis of acute poliomyelitis by complement-fixation tests, as positive tests are recognized earlier in the illness and the titres are higher. Homotypic results were obtained in all cases and no instance of false negative occurred in this series.I would like to thank the medical staff of the Cape Town City Hospital for Infectious Diseases for the trouble taken in collecting stools and paired sera, and Prof. Kipps for his interest in this work. I am indebted to Miss Karin Larssen for valuable technical assistance.
Dulcitol–sucrose–salicin–iron–urea agar (DSSIU)—a new medium for differential diagnosis of Salmonellae
Authors: Papadakis J. A. 
Published: May 2009

A new dulcitol–salicin–sucrose–iron–urea medium is described which, on the basis of a single-tube culture, tests the fermentation of three sugars, H2S production and urea hydrolysis.On this medium 91% of 228 Salmonellae gave easily recognized characteristic reactions, simulated only by some strains of theBethesda-Ballerupgroup. Proteus strains and most paracolon strains gave equally characteristic pictures.The reactions of some other Enterobacteria are described. It is suggested that the medium is good enough to deserve extended trial in routine work.
Aerosol sampling methods for the virus of foot-and-mouth disease and the measurement of virus penetration through aerosol filters
Authors: Thorne H. V. , Burrows T. M. 
Published: May 2009

Single and multi-jet liquid impingers and membrane-filters were found to be efficient sampling devices for aerosols generated from suspensions of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Concentration of the aerosol samples with an adsorbent, Attaclay, facilitated the detection of small amounts of virus. Sodium dodecyl sulphate could be used for elution as the virus of FMD is resistant to this anionic detergent.The penetration of these aerosols through various air filtration media was determined using impinger samplers. A glass fibre paper was found to be the most efficient with a virus penetration of less than 0·001%.We wish to thank Dr D. W. Henderson and Dr H. M. Darlow, of M.R.E. and Mr R. G. Dorman of C.D.E. Porton for valuable prefatory discussions and advice. We are also indebted to Miss S. Cartwright for inoculating mice, to Miss M. Shoobridge and Mr S. Taylor for technical assistance, and to Vokes Ltd. for supplying materials.
Staphylococcal nasal carriage in mothers, babies and staff in a maternity hospital
Authors: Anderson K. F. , Coulter J. R. , Keynes D. Ruth 
Published: May 2009

The nasal carriage of 407 mothers before, during and after admission to a maternity hospital and that of their babies during and after hospital stay was investigated together with the nasal carriage by the hospital staff.The nasal carrier rate among mothers admitted to hospital was 38%, 40% of these strains being resistant to penicillin.The nasal carrier rate among the nursing staff was 38 and 72% of these were resistant to penicillin.If a population is swabbed only once approximately 25% of the carriers will be missed. Those showing slight carriage were no more likely to be missed than those showing heavy carriage. The concentration of organisms in the nose is evidently varying continuously.Heavy carriers are no more likely to transmit than light carriers and it is therefore not right to report on the profusion or otherwise of growth if that implies a greater chance of transmission.The biggest increase in resistance among nursing staff strains occurred in the non-typable group which could be explained by resistance to phage developing concurrent with resistance to antibiotics.The difference in phage-distribution between patient and staff strains centred in group II which formed 19% of patient strains but only 7% of hospital strains.The carrier rate was no higher for those with a history of hospital admission within 12 months or without a history of staphylococcal sepsis.Those giving a history of penicillin therapy had the same resistance rate as those without a history of such therapy.