bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of ZnCdTe-Alloyed Nanocrystals on Polymer–Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Yan , Hou Yanbing , Tang Aiwei , Feng Zhihui , Feng Bin , Li Yan , Teng Feng 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The photovoltaic properties of solar cell based on the blends of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV), fullerene (C60), and ZnCdTe-alloyed nanocrystals were investigated. Comparing the spectral response of photocurrent of the MEH-PPV:C60(+ZnCdTe) nanocomposite device with that of the devices based on MEH-PPV:C60and pristine MEH-PPV, one can find that the nanocomposite device exhibits an enhanced photocurrent. In comparing the composite devices with different ZnCdTe:[MEH-PPV + C60] weight ratios of 10 wt% (D1–1), 20 wt% (D1–2), 40 wt% (D1–3), and 70 wt% (D1–4), it was found that the device D1–3exhibits the best performance. The power conversion efficiency (η) is improved doubly compared with that of the MEH-PPV:C60device.
Radiocarbon deficiencies of US Gulf Coast lakes compromise paleo-hurricane records
Authors: Aharon Paul , Lambert W. Joe 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRadiocarbon assays of sediments from Lake Shelby, US Gulf Coast, exhibit substantial 14C deficiencies of 9.3% and 4.7% for the limnic sapropel and associated fresh-water clams Rangia cuneata, respectively. Measured radiocarbon dates from the sapropel and clams require corrections of 785 ± 80 and 365 ± 90 14C yr (1σ), respectively, in order to achieve consistency with the radiocarbon time scale. Lake sediments of the US Gulf Coast serve as unique repositories of pre-historic hurricane strikes. Previously unrecognized radiocarbon deficiencies likely render compromised chronologies of the paleo-hurricane records, and erroneous estimates of return period and landfall probability that are derived from the storm chronologies. The recalculated severe hurricane chronologies suggest that the annual landfall probabilities of the last millennium on the US Gulf Coast are equal to, or higher than, the preceding three millennia.
The Southern Mountains Zone, Isle of Rum, Scotland: volcanic and sedimentary processes upon an uplifted and subsided magma chamber roof
Authors: HOLOHAN E. P. , TROLL V. R. , ERRINGTON M. , DONALDSON C. H. , NICOLL G. R. , EMELEUS C. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Southern Mountains Zone of the Rum Central Complex lies inside a major ring fault and comprises an intricate association of country-rock outcrops, breccias and rhyodacite. The breccias and rhyodacite were long thought to be products of subterranean explosion and intrusion, respectively. Here, we report new observations that support re-interpretation of these units as mass movement deposits and ignimbrites. The most abundant breccias (Coire Dubh-type) consist mainly of country-rock clasts <1 m in diameter in a sand or silt matrix. Internally bedded and graded, and interlayered with sandstones and lithic tuffs, these breccias are interpreted as debris flow and stream flow deposits. Rhyodacite sheets show gradational or sharp, concordant contacts with Coire Dubh-type breccias, and display graded basal lithic tuffs and graded fiamme swarms. These sheets are interpreted as moderately to densely welded rhyodacite ignimbrites (25–100 m thick). A steep body of fragmented (fiamme-bearing) rhyodacite with intrusive non-fragmented contacts is interpreted as an ignimbrite vent system. The rhyodacite and breccia succession is over 200 m thick and unconformably overlies a structurally uplifted Precambrian basement, within which there is also evidence of later subsidence. Outcrops of potential caldera-collapse ‘megabreccia’ are more structurally consistent than previously thought, and are re-interpreted here as coherent segments of Precambrian country rock (caldera floor). The Southern Mountains Zone breccias and rhyodacites respectively reflect sedimentary and pyroclastic processes acting in response to a complex tectonic interplay of intrusion-related uplift and caldera subsidence.
A preliminary investigation into the occurrence of different kinds of carbonates in certain soils
Authors: Hardy F. 
Published: March 2009

1. A sample of marine silt taken from the foreshore of the N.W. coastal belt of the Wash was found as the result of a mineralogical examination to contain dolomite in its mineral assemblage.2. It was surmised from this discovery that should dolomite be a normal constituent of soils derived from marine silts, its presence might modify in them certain processes such as nitrification in which the neutralising effect of a quick acting base is an essential factor.3. This supposition was strengthened by certain culture experiments on nitrification, and was to some extent established as a fact by a detailed chemical investigation into the nature of the carbonate content of several soils of known geological and agricultural history.
Basic slags and mineral phosphates
Authors: Vanstone Ernest 
Published: March 2009

(1) The relationship between phosphate soluble in 2 per cent, citric acid and total phosphate present has been investigated in the following cases:(a) Phosphates of known composition.(b) Basic Slags.(c) Mineral Phosphates.(2) The relationship is best shown graphically and in nearly all the above cases is a straight line passing through the origin.For each of three basic slags of widely differing citric solubility, the graphis a straight line showing that citric solubility is a definite constant, independent of the weight taken in the test, when allowance is made for a small constant error in the determination.(3) The ratio soluble phosphate/total phosphate in the case of the mineral phosphates Gafsa, Ephos, Nauru, and a West Indian phosphate, depends on the weight taken in the test, the graphs are not straight lines.
A note on the sheraqi soils of Egypt. A study in partial sterilisation
Authors: Prescott James Arthur 
Published: March 2009

In a previous communication attention was called to the possibilities of partial sterilisation under field conditions in the case of the summer fallow of Egyptian agriculture.This fallow period or “sheraqi” is particularly characteristic of the basin system of agriculture during the interval between the harvest of the winter crop and the Nile flood, but it is also common under perennial. conditions of irrigation after the winter crops.
The Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Soil Suspensions as a Measure of Soil Fertility
Authors: Sen Ashutosh , Wright C. H. 
Published: March 2009

Measurements have been made of the electrical conductivity of aqueous suspensions of stored soil samples taken at intervals of several years from four of the Rothamsted classical plots bearing the same crop every year. The results show that under continuous cropping:1. The initial conductivity (and therefore the soluble salt content) of an unmanured soil decreases steadily to a minimum value, which then remains fairly constant over a long period of years. There is reason to believe that, under the same conditions, the normal initial conductivity of a continuously manured plot (excluding the temporary increased measurements due to application of manure) decreases similarly to a fairly constant minimum value, which is slightly greater than that of an adjacent unmanured soil depending on the kind and probably on the quantity of manure applied.2. The 7 days’ increase of both unmanured and manured soil decreases progressively. In the case of an unmanured soil for which earlier samples were available, the 7 days’ increase is found to decrease comparatively rapidly during the first few years of continuous cropping.
Investigations in crop husbandry. II. On the age of seed beans
Authors: Garner F. H. , Sandees H. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. New and old seed beans have been compared for three years, in the last two of which precise field experiments have been conducted with two different strains.2. In general new seed gave higher yields than old seed, but the difference was only of the order of 10 per cent. There was some evidence that conditions when the seed was harvested might be more important than age.3. New seed produced more branches in early spring, and a greater number of pod-bearing stems at harvest; on the other hand, old seed produced stems that were more thickly podded at harvest, and pods that contained a greater number of beans.4. In one case abnormally large seed produced very vigorous plants, and very large beans at harvest.
The Influence of Rainfall on the Yield of Mangolds at Rothamsted
Authors: Kalamkar R. J. 
Published: March 2009

1. The influence of rainfall on the yield of mangolds is studied in this paper.2. Analysis shows that the variation in the yield due to annual causes cannot be accounted for by a single weather element, rain.3. An additional inch of rain above the normal, during the period extending from the middle of March to about the end of May, is harmful possibly because of the difficulty in securing a proper tilth and delay in sowing, which results in a shortening of the growing period.
Metabolizable energy values for broiler chicks of eleven samples of field beans (Viciafaba L.) harvested in 1968
Authors: Edwards D. G. , Duthie I. F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe metabolizable energy values of eleven samples of field beans (Throws M.S.). representative of different generations, locations and soil types, were determined using 3-week-old broiler chicks. A mean ‘classical’ value of 2·40 ± 0·09 kcal/g (10·09 kJ/g) was obtained, together with a mean nitrogen-corrected value of 226 ± 0·11 kcal/g (9·47 kJ/g). There was a considerable variation within groups of samples classified according to generation, location or soil type, so that no distinct relationships were detectable. Supplementary analytical data relating to moisture, crude protein, oil and fibre of the samples are also presented.
Dispersion of surface-applied salts in porous media
Authors: Rose D. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExact equations to predict the leached fraction of fertilizer applied at the soil surface with irrigation water have been derived from solutions of the equation of hydrodynamic dispersion. These exact equations are compared with an approximate equation derived by Pandey (1979) for the same problem; his equation sometimes gives rise to considerable errors.
Some factors influencing the development of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under dry-farming systems in Sudan
Authors: Khalifa F. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out over a 3-year period at two locations in the central rainlands of Sudan under rainfed conditions at one site and under supplementary irrigation at the other to study the effects of cultivars and cultural practices on growth and grain yield of sunflower. Four cultivars, namely, Manohurian, Peredovik, Hungarian-A and Hungarian-B and four intra-row spacings of 15, 30, 45 and 60 cm (in rows 60 cm apart) were tested with three sowing dates starting on 15 July and following at 15-day intervals. Manchurian outyielded the other three varieties under supplementary irrigation whereas under rainfed conditions the reverse was true. This was attributed to the relative earliness in flowering of the varieties and their moisture requirements. Manchurian was the tallest with the thickest stem and a larger head at both locations compared with the other three varieties. Under rainfed conditions, the early sowing date of 15 July gave a significantly higher grain yield than the other two sowing dates, with the last sowing date of 15 August giving significantly least. This is attributed to decreasing moisture availability with delayed sowings. But under supplementary irrigation the effect of sowing date was less marked. Contrasting effects of sowing dates on plant height and stem circumference were obtained under the two systems of production. Under rainfed conditions there was a decrease in plant height and stem circumference with delayed sowing, whereas under supplementary irrigation the reverse was true. A contrasting response of plant height to spacing was also obtained; wider intra-row spacing was associated with taller plants under rainfed conditions and shorter plants under supplementary irrigation. Wider spacing was associated with thicker stems and larger heads at both locations. On the evidence obtained, 45 cm intra-row spacing is recommended for rainfed planting and 30 cm intra-row spacing for irrigated production of sunflower.
The influence of plants on the mineralization of nitrogen and the maintenance of organic matter in the soil
Authors: Theron J. J. 
Published: March 2009

The influence of growing plants on nitrification in the soil was studied by means of small lysimeters of which four were planted to a perennial grass, four to an annual millet crop and four were left fallow.Nitrification was entirely repressed under the grass from the second season after its establishment onwards, and did not take place even when the grass was dormant in winter. This was due to a direct influence of the living root, since in the fallow soil which was treated similarly, nitrification took place freely throughout the winter. Under the annual crop a repression of nitrification could be detected only towards maturity of the crop and the soil solution was completely depleted of nitrates at this period. Nitrification was resumed, however, immediately after the crop was ripe and had died off and continued through the winter.During the period that nitrification was depressed replaceable ammonia made its appearance in the soil in more than normal quantities. This fact is hold to indicate that the plant exerts its influence on the mineralization of nitrogen in the soil by paralysing the autotrophic dehydrogenase system of the nitrifying organisms without interfering with the process of ammonification and not, as has been claimed, by excreting such quantities of carbonaceous matter that nitrates are reassimilated by micro-organisms.By virtue of the constancy of the carbon-nitrogen ratio in soils this influence of plants on the mineralization of nitrogen has a very important bearing on the conservation of soil humus and consequently on any system of alternate husbandry. Some of its implications were discussed with particular reference to local fertilizer practice and field experience.
Studies on Calcium Cyanamide. III. Storage and Mixing with Superphosphate
Authors: Richardson H. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. On storage under good farm conditions Calcium Cyanamide gained steadily in weight, the increase reaching about 10 per cent. after 27 months. The percentage of nitrogen decreased at a practically equivalent rate, so that there was little change in total nitrogen. The form of the nitrogen remained practically unchanged for the first 6 months; by 12 months there was a slight reduction in cyanamide nitrogen and a slight production of dicyanodiamide—less than 1 per cent. of the total nitrogen.2. In a farm mixture of Calcium Cyanamide and superphosphate (1:3) cooled by spreading in a thin layer after mixing, 16 per cent, of the nitrogen was converted to dicyanodiamide in the fresh mixture and this increased to 25 per cent, after 1 month's storage. More dicyanodiamide was produced in a series of laboratory mixtures of Calcium Cyanamide and superphosphate, in which heating was allowed to take place. Dicyanodiamide production varied regularly with the composition of the mixtures, rising to a maximum of 50 per cent. of the total nitrogen in the mixture containing 20 per cent. of Calcium Cyanamide, and falling to below 20 per cent. of the nitrogen in the 50 per cent. mixture.
The fat stock of Anglesey and Caernarvon
Authors: Phillips R. 
Published: March 2009

1. A survey of the trade in fat cattle, calves and sheep through the collecting centres of the Ministry of Food has been made for the counties of Anglesey and Caernarvon.2. The results show that the Anglesey stock are invariably heavier and in better condition and marketed slightly earlier in the year, than those of Caernarvon.3. The imported fat cattle were heavier and more uniform than the home-bred.4. A check has been made of the variations in live-weight of fat cattle according to colour. Invariably the Black cattle (Welsh) have been lighter, and the Red/White (Hereford) heavier than the average live weight of all cattle of both sexes.5. The bulk of the meat produced in the two counties is delivered during the autumn months, confirming the experience that the winter fattening of cattle is not now widely practised.6. In sheep husbandry the two counties are complementary. The small draft mountain ewe, crossed with a heavier type ram, is capable of rearing a fat lamb practically equal to her own body weight in less than 6 months.7. Losses in mature ewes and rams are suspected to be high because of the small proportions of them, in relation to the population figures, that are delivered to the collecting centres.
A theory for fertilizer response
Authors: Greenwood D. J. , Wood J. T. , Cleaver T. J. , Hunt J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA model is derived that relates yield to levels of applied fertilizer in terms of parameters that have direct physical meaning. N8, P8, and K8 define the contribution of the soil to the supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium for plant growth; BN, BP and BK define the responses to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer at low nutrient levels and aN is the level of nitrogen required to raise the osmotic pressure sufficiently to prevent growth.To test the model, field experiments were carried out on French beans and summer cabbage in which 125 different combinations of levels of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium fertilizers were applied. The yield data from each block of each experiment fitted the model very well. Fitted values differed from block to block but these differences could be attributed to the fact that for each block equally good fits were often obtained with widely differing parameter values. Estimates of N8 were made from chemical analysis of the (NH4 + NO3) — N of soil samples from the field plots, and P8, and K8 from chemical studies of the adsorption of phosphate and potassium on untreated soil. They were in substantial agreement with the average values obtained by the entirely different procedure of fitting the model to the yield data. Also estimated values for BN, BP and BK and aN from other chemical studies were consistent with those obtained by model fitting.It is concluded that although the theory has limitations it is broadly in accord with the results of the detailed field experiments.
Forage yield and chemical composition of pearl-millet (Pennisetum typhoides) as influenced by exchangeable sodium
Authors: Singh K. N. , Sharma D. K. , Chillar R. K. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effect of exchangeable sodium percentages (ESP) of 86, 61, 43, 33 and 28 on forage yield and chemical composition of four cultivars of pearl-millet (LC-2, LC-5, LC-6 and LC-7) was studied under field conditions during 1981 and 1982. Dry and green forage yields were significantly higher at 28 ESP over other ESP values. Increasing ESP decreased the yield and concentration of Ca, K and P but increased that of Na in the plants. Cultivar LC-5 was found to give the best performance under sodic soil followed by LC-7, LC-6 and LC-2. At an early stage of crop growth (45 days), cv. LC-2 had significantly lower concentrations of Ca, K and P and a higher Na concentration compared with other cultivars.
Some consequences of imposing different continuousgrazing pressures in the spring on tiller demography and leaf growth
Authors: Tallowin J. R. B. , Williams J. H. H. , Kirkham F. W. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe effects of different severities of continuous grazing imposed during the spring, followed by a uniform continuous grazing management from mid-summer onwards, were examined in relation to changes in tiller demography and leaf growth of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Two grazing severities were imposed, based upon maintaining a constant sward height of either 35 mm (severe) or 75 mm (lenient). From 1 June onwards, a uniform grazing pressure with a sward height of 60 mm was imposed.Differences in the age class structure of the tiller populations developed during the spring between the two grazing treatments, principally through the suppression of daughter tiller development under the more lenient grazing. The demographic differences between the treatments were further increased during the remainder of the grazing season, under the common grazing management, largely because of the greater production of secondary daughter tillers in the sward which had been leniently grazed. The demographic differences between the swards had little effect on net pasture production during the treatment season, with lamina growth rates being virtually unaffected across a wide range of steadystate, continuous-grazing pressures. However, longer-term effects on pasture development, due to the demographic differences between the swards, did appear in the following season; the more severe grazing pressure treatment resulted in earlier inflorescence development in the subsequent season.
Red and far-red light influence carbon partitioning, growth and flowering of bahia grass (Paspalum notatum)
Authors: Marousky F. J. , Blondon F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYBahia grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) plants were grown in growth chambers at Gif, France, and at Gainesville in Florida, demonstrating that the species is a long-day plant and greatly influenced by light quality during the photosynthetic period. Flowering occurred in all instances when the middle of the dark period was interrupted with red or red + far-red light. With nightly interruptions of farred light, flowering occurred only when a sufficient quantity of far-red was present during the photosynthetic period. Plants grown under short days with nightly interruptions of red, far-red or red + far-red light had less starch accumulation and greater leaf growth and dry weight than plants grown without nightly light interruptions, whatever the light quality during the photosynthetic period. The treatments did not affect the partitioning of assimilates and flowering in the same way.