bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology of the nerve endings in laryngeal mucosa of the horse
Authors: YAMAMOTO Y. , ATOJI Y. , HOBO S. , YOSHIHARA T. , SUZUKI Y. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTo discuss the significance of laryngeal sensation on various disorders of the horse, we studied the morphological and topographical characteristics of sensory structures in the laryngeal mucosa using immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy. Various sensory structures, i.e. glomerular endings, taste buds and intraepithelial free nerve endings, were found in the laryngeal mucosa by immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) and neurofilament 200kD (NF200). Glomerular nerve endings were distributed mainly in the epiglottic mucosa; some endings were also found in the arytenoid region arising from thick nerve fibres running through the subepithelial connective tissue. Some terminals directly contacted the epithelial cells. Taste buds were distributed in the epithelium of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic fold. In the whole mount preparation, the taste buds were supplied by the terminal branching of the thick nerve fibres. In some cases, the taste buds were arranged around the opening of the duct of the epiglottic glands. The intraepithelial free nerve endings were found to be immunoreactive for substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP). These nerve endings were surrounded by the polygonal stratified epithelial cells in the supraglottic region, and by the ciliated cells in the subglottic region. The density of the intraepithelial free nerve endings was highest in the corniculate process of the arytenoid region and lowest in the vocal cord mucosa. The densities of CGRP‐ and SP‐immunoreactive nerve endings in the arytenoid region were (mean ± s.d.) 30.6 ± 12.0 and 10.0 ± 4.9 per unit epithelial length (1 mm), respectively and in the vocal fold mucosa, 1.1 ± 0.9 and 0.8 ± 0.7, respectively. Approximately one half of the CGRP immunoreactive nerve endings were immunoreactive for SP, and most SP‐immunoreactive nerve endings were also immunoreactive for CGRP. Well‐developed subepithelial plexus with numerous intraepithelial fibres were observed in flat or round mucosal projections that existed on the corniculate process of the arytenoid region. In conclusion, the laryngeal mucosa of the horse seems to have morphology‐ and/or location‐dependent sensory mechanisms against various endo‐and exogenious stimuli.
The force and contact stress on the navicular bone during trot locomotion in sound horses and horses with navicular disease
Authors: WILSON A. M. , McGUIGAN M. P. , FOURACRE L. , MacMAHON L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMechanical overload due to poor conformation or shoeing has been suggested to contribute to the development of navicular disease. While studies have determined the compressive force exerted on the navicular bone in normal horses, this has not been reported for horses with navicular disease. Also, the force has not been converted to stress by correction for contact area. In this study we developed a technique for the determination of the contact area between the deep digital flexor tendon and the navicular bonein vivo, and used a forceplate system to determine the force and stress on the bone at trot in 6 normal and eight diseased horses. The mean ± s.d. peak force and peak stress were 5.62 ± 1.45 N/kg and 2.74 ± 0.76 MPa for the normal group and 6.97 ± 1.50 N/kg and 3.07 ± 0.55 MPa for the navicular disease group. The peak force and peak stress were similar for both groups but the force and stress in the horses with navicular disease were approximately double control group values early in the stance phase. This was due to a higher force in the deep digital flexor tendon, which was attributed to a contraction of the deep digital flexor muscle in early stance in an attempt to unload the heels.
Relationships of age and shape of the navicular bone to the development of navicular disease: a radiological study
Authors: DIK K. J. , BELT A. J. M. van den , BROEK J. van den 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEstimating the shape of the proximal articular border of the navicular bone and grading the radiological navicular bone condition(grades 3and4representing the most severe changes), the aim of this study was to assess potential age‐related implications of the previously reported shape predisposition to navicular disease in 746 normal and 174 clinically affected Dutch Warmbloods age 3–19 years. A significant, age‐independent, shape‐grade association found in normal and affected horses emphasises the fundamental character of the shape predisposition to navicular disease. A significant age‐related increase of the least susceptible shape prevalence was found in elderly normal horses.A shape‐independent lowgrades 3and4prevalence (mean 15%) was found in normal horses, vs. a highgrades 3and4prevalence (mean 85%) in the affected horses. Therefore, the clinical manifestation of the disease is grade‐rather than shape‐dependent.A significant age‐related appearance of inverted flask‐shaped channels and enthesophytes was found in the clinically affected horses. However, considering the significant shape‐radiological features association previously reported in 3‐year‐old normal horses, this association may be shape‐ rather than age‐dependent.
HDAC5 and HDAC9 in Medulloblastoma: Novel Markers for Risk Stratification and Role in Tumor Cell Growth
Authors: Milde Till , Oehme Ina , Korshunov Andrey , Kopp-Schneider Annette , Remke Marc , Northcott Paul , Deubzer Hedwig E. , Lodrini Marco , Taylor Michael D. , von Deimling Andreas , Pfister Stefan , Witt Olaf 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Purpose: Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors in childhood. Survivors suffer from high morbidity because of therapy-related side effects. Thus, therapies targeting tumors in a specific manner with small molecules such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are urgently warranted. This study investigated the expression levels of individual human HDAC family members in primary medulloblastoma samples, their potential as risk stratification markers, and their roles in tumor cell growth.
Experimental Design: Gene expression arrays were used to screen for HDAC1 through HDAC11. Using quantitative real time reverse transcriptase-PCR and immunohistochemistry, we studied the expression of HDAC5 and HDAC9 in primary medulloblastoma samples. In addition, we conducted functional studies using siRNA-mediated knockdown of HDAC5 and HDAC9 in medulloblastoma cells.
Results: HDAC5 and HDAC9 showed the highest expression in prognostically poor subgroups. This finding was validated in an independent set of medulloblastoma samples. High HDAC5 and HDAC9 expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival, with high HDAC5 and HDAC9 expression posing an independent risk factor. Immunohistochemistry revealed a strong expression of HDAC5 and HDAC9 proteins in most of all primary medulloblastomas investigated. siRNA-mediated knockdown of HDAC5 or HDAC9 in medulloblastoma cells resulted in decreased cell growth and cell viability.
Conclusion: HDAC5 and HDAC9 are significantly upregulated in high-risk medulloblastoma in comparison with low-risk medulloblastoma, and their expression is associated with poor survival. Thus, HDAC5 and HDAC9 may be valuable markers for risk stratification. Because our functional studies point toward a role in medulloblastoma cell growth, HDAC5 and HDAC9 may potentially be novel drug targets. Clin Cancer Res; 16(12); 3240–52. ©2010 AACR.
An Evaluation of Dvorak Technique–Based Tropical Cyclone Intensity Estimates
Authors: Knaff John A. , Brown Daniel P. , Courtney Joe , Gallina Gregory M. , Beven John L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The satellite-based Dvorak technique (DVKT) is the most widely available and readily used tool for operationally estimating the maximum wind speeds associated with tropical cyclones. The DVKT itself produces internally consistent results, is reproducible, and has shown practical accuracy given the high cost of in situ or airborne observations. For these reasons, the DVKT has been used in a reasonably uniform manner globally for approximately 20 years. Despite the nearly universal use of this technique, relatively few systematic verifications of the DVKT have been conducted. This study, which makes use of 20 yr of subjectively determined DVKT-based intensity estimates and best-track intensity estimates influenced by aircraft observations (i.e., ±2 h) in the Atlantic basin, seeks to 1) identify the factors (intensity, intensity trends, radius of outer closed isobar, storm speed, and latitude) that bias the DVKT-based intensity estimates, 2) quantify those biases as well as the general error characteristics associated with this technique, and 3) provide guidance for better use of the operational DVKT intensity estimates. Results show that the biases associated with the DVKT-based intensity estimates are a function of intensity (i.e., maximum sustained wind speed), 12-h intensity trend, latitude, and translation speed and size measured by the radius of the outer closed isobar. Root-mean-square errors (RMSE), however, are shown to be primarily a function of intensity, with the best signal-to-noise (intensity to RMSE) ratio occurring in an intensity range of 90–125 kt (46–64 m s−1). The knowledge of how these factors affect intensity estimates, which is quantified in this paper, can be used to better calibrate Dvorak intensity estimates for tropical cyclone forecast operations, postseason best-track analysis, and climatological reanalysis efforts. As a demonstration of this capability, the bias corrections developed in the Atlantic basin are also tested using a limited east Pacific basin sample, showing that biases and errors can be significantly reduced.
Plasma levels of fibrinolytic proteins and the risk of myocardial infarction in men
Authors: Meltzer Mirjam E. , Doggen Carine J. M. , de Groot Philip G. , Rosendaal Frits R. , Lisman Ton 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHypofibrinolysis as measured with overall clot lysis assays is associated with risk of arterial thrombosis. Individual components of the fibrinolytic system, however, have not been studied extensively in relation to arterial disease, or results of studies were inconsistent. The relation between plasminogen and α2-antiplasmin levels and cardiovascular risk factors and the association between plasminogen, α2-antiplasmin, tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and risk of myocardial infarction was investigated in the Study of Myocardial Infarctions Leiden (555 men with a first myocardial infarction and 635 controls). α2-antiplasmin was associated with age and lipid levels, whereas plasminogen correlated with lipids, C-reactive protein, and smoking. Increased levels of all fibrinolytic factors were associated with myocardial infarction. Age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs; 95% confidence interval) for quartile 4 compared with 1 were 1.7 (1.2-2.3) for plasminogen, 1.9 (1.3-2.6) for α2-antiplasmin, 1.7 (1.2-2.3) for t-PA, and 1.7 (1.2-2.4) for PAI-1. After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, only α2-antiplasmin levels remained associated with risk (OR, 1.4; [1.0-2.0]). t-PA and PAI-1 levels predominantly reflected lipid levels, whereas plasminogen reflected the inflammatory state. Concluding, elevated α2-antiplasmin levels are independently associated with risk of myocardial infarction. t-PA, PAI-1, and plasminogen levels appear to reflect other cardiovascular risk factors.
Community violence and urban childhood asthma: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Sternthal M.J. , Jun H-J. , Earls F. , Wright R.J. 
Published: April 2010

We examined the association between community violence exposure and childhood asthma risk in a multilevel, multimethod, longitudinal study controlling for individual- and neighbourhood-level confounders and pathway variables.Analyses included 2,071 children aged 0–9 yrs at enrolment from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods. Multilevel logistic regression models estimated the likelihood of asthma, controlling for individual-level (child's age, sex, race/ethnicity, maternal asthma, socioeconomic status and family violence in the home) and neighbourhood-level confounders (concentrated disadvantage, collective efficacy and social disorder), and pathway variables (maternal smoking, breastfeeding).In adjusted analyses, medium (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.17–2.19) and high levels (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.12–2.18) of community violence were associated with increased asthma risk, relative to low levels. The increased asthma risk remained for African Americans when models included community violence and all other individual-level covariates, but attenuated to borderline nonsignificance when further adjusting for collective efficacy.Community violence is associated with asthma risk when controlling for individual- and neighborhood-level confounders. Neither community violence, nor the other individual-level factors, fully accounted for the excess asthma burden among African Americans. These data suggest that public health interventions outside the biomedical model may be needed to reduce asthma in disadvantaged populations.
Prevalence of airflow obstruction in smokers and never-smokers in Switzerland
Authors: Bridevaux P-O. , Probst-Hensch N.M. , Schindler C. , Curjuric I. , Felber Dietrich D. , Braendli O. , Brutsche M. , Burdet L. , Frey M. , Gerbase M.W. , Ackermann-Liebrich U. , Pons M. , Tschopp J-M. , Rochat T. , Russi E.W. 
Published: April 2010

The aim of the present study was to measure age-specific prevalence of airflow obstruction in Switzerland in smokers and never-smokers using pulmonary function tests and respiratory symptoms from 6,126 subjects participating in the Swiss Cohort Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases in Adults.The lower limit of normal of the forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio was used to define airflow obstruction. Severity of airflow obstruction was graded according to the recommendations of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease.Prevalence of airflow obstruction ranged from 2.5% in subjects aged 30–39 yrs to 8.0% in those aged ≥70 yrs. In multivariate analysis, age (OR 2.8, ≥70 yrsversus30–39 yrs), smoking (OR 1.8) and asthma (OR 6.7) were associated with airflow obstruction. Never-smokers constituted 29.3% of subjects with airflow obstruction. Never-smokers with airflow obstruction were younger, more likely to be male and reported asthma more frequently than obstructive smokers. Obstructive smokers and never-smokers had similar level of symptoms and quality of life impairment.The prevalence of airflow obstruction in Switzerland is similar to other developed countries. Never-smokers account for a third of the prevalence, which is higher proportion than elsewhere. Airflow obstruction in never-smokers deserves attention because of its frequency and its similar health impact to that in smokers.
Acute ischaemic hemispheric stroke is associated with impairment of reflex in addition to voluntary cough
Authors: Ward K. , Seymour J. , Steier J. , Jolley C.J. , Polkey M.I. , Kalra L. , Moxham J. 
Published: April 2010

Cough function is impaired after stroke; this may be important for protection against chest infection. Reflex cough (RC) intensity indices have not been described after stroke. RC, voluntary cough (VC) and respiratory muscle strength were studied in patients within 2 weeks of hemispheric infarct. The null hypotheses were that patients with cortical hemisphere stroke would show the same results as healthy controls on: 1) objective indices of RC and VC intensity; and 2) respiratory muscle strength tests.Peak cough flow rate (PCFR) and gastric pressure (Pga) were measured during maximum VC and RC. Participants also underwent volitional and nonvolitional respiratory muscle testing. Nonvolitional expiratory muscle strength was assessed by measuringPgaincrease after magnetic stimulation over the T10nerve roots (twitch T10Pga). Stroke severity was scored using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS; maximum = 31).18 patients (mean±sdage 62±15 yrs and NIHSS score 14±8) and 20 controls (56±16 yrs) participated. VC intensity was impaired in patients (PCFR 287±171versus497±122 L·min−1) as was VCPga(98.5±61.6versus208.5±61.3 cmH2O; p<0.001 for both). RC PCFR was reduced in patients (204±111versus379±110 L·min−1; p<0.001), but RCPgawas not significantly different from that of controls (179.0±78.0versus208.0±77.4 cmH2O; p = 0.266). Patients exhibited impaired volitional respiratory muscle tests, but twitch T10Pgawas normal.VC and RC are both impaired in hemispheric stroke patients, despite preserved expiratory muscle strength. Cough coordination is probably cortically modulated and affected by hemispheric stroke.
Inhaled corticosteroid use is associated with lower mortality for subjects with COPD and hospitalised with pneumonia
Authors: Malo de Molina R. , Mortensen E.M. , Restrepo M.I. , Copeland L.A. , Pugh M.J.V. , Anzueto A. 
Published: April 2010

Recent studies suggest that use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be associated with a higher incidence of pneumonia. However, it is unclear whether COPD subjects on ICS who develop pneumonia have worse outcomes. Therefore, our aim was to examine the association of prior outpatient ICS therapy with mortality in hospitalised COPD subjects with pneumonia.We included subjects ≥64 yrs of age, hospitalised with pneumonia in US Veterans Affairs hospitals, and assessed the association of ICS exposure with mortality for hospitalised COPD subjects with pneumonia in a covariate-adjusted regression model.We identified 6,353 subjects with a diagnosis of pneumonia and prior COPD, of whom 38% were on ICS. Mortality was 9% at 30 days and 16% at 90 days. In regression analyses, outpatient ICS therapy was associated with lower mortality at both 30 days (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.70–0.83), and 90 days (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.75–0.86).Outpatient therapy with ICS was associated with a significantly lower 30- and 90-day mortality in hospitalised COPD patients with pneumonia.
FIZZ1 potentiates the carbachol-induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction
Authors: Chen H. , Jacobson B.A. , Mason L. , Wolf S.F. , Bowman M.R. 
Published: April 2010

FIZZ1 is an adipokine highly expressed under inflammatory conditions, and yet, little is known of its function. In this study we examine the expression and function of FIZZ1 in an ovalbumin mouse model of asthma.Trachea from naïve or ovalbumin-sensitised and -challenged mice were compared for transcriptional, functional and proteomic differences using gene microarrays,ex vivotracheal contraction, immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis.FIZZ1 was expressed in ovalbumin-treated, but not naïve, trachea. Naïve trachea incubated with recombinant FIZZ1 exhibited denuded epithelium and contractile hyperresponsiveness. The FIZZ1-incubated trachea also exhibited an associated increased expression of phospho-c-Raf, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, phospho-p38, MLCK and MLC-20.These data demonstrate that FIZZ1 regulates tracheal smooth muscle contraction through impairment of the epithelium and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in muscle.
Adverse respiratory outcomes associated with occupational exposures at a soy processing plant
Authors: Cummings K.J. , Gaughan D.M. , Kullman G.J. , Beezhold D.H. , Green B.J. , Blachere F.M. , Bledsoe T. , Kreiss K. , Cox-Ganser J. 
Published: April 2010

This study aimed to characterise the relationship between adverse health outcomes and occupational risk factors among workers at a soy processing plant.A questionnaire, spirometry, methacholine challenge, immune testing and air sampling for dust and soy were offered. Prevalence ratios (PRs) of respiratory problems from comparisons with the US adult population were calculated. Soy-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgE among participants and healthcare worker controls were compared. Associations between health outcomes and potential explanatory variables were examined using logistic regression.147 (52%) out of 281 employees, including 66 (70%) out of 94 production workers, participated. PRs were significantly elevated for wheeze, sinusitis, ever-asthma and current asthma. Participants had significantly higher mean concentrations of soy-specific IgG (97.9 mg·L−1versus1.5 mg·L−1) and prevalence of soy-specific IgE (21%versus4%) than controls. Participants with soy-specific IgE had three-fold greater odds of current asthma or asthma-like symptoms, and six-fold greater odds of work-related asthma-like symptoms; the latter additionally was associated with production work and higher peak dust exposures. Airways obstruction was associated with higher peak dust. Work-related sinusitis, nasal allergies and rash were associated with reported workplace mould exposure.Asthma and symptoms of asthma, but not other respiratory problems, were associated with immune reactivity to soy.
A simple assessment of dyspnoea as a prognostic indicator in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Nishiyama O. , Taniguchi H. , Kondoh Y. , Kimura T. , Kato K. , Kataoka K. , Ogawa T. , Watanabe F. , Arizono S. 
Published: April 2010

The prognosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is poor. No therapy has been shown to prolong survival. The objective of this study was to examine the prognostic significance of dyspnoea in daily living at baseline in IPF using a simple assessment tool.93 consecutive patients with IPF, who had undergone evaluation at diagnosis, were included. The level of dyspnoea was assessed using the modified Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. The relationship between data at baseline and survival was examined.A univariate Cox proportional-hazard model showed that forced vital capacity % predicted (hazard ratio (HR) 0.965, 95% CI 0.948–0.982; p<0.0001), diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide % predicted (HR 0.978, 95% CI 0.963–0.993; p=0.0041), baseline arterial oxygen tension (HR 0.963, 95% CI 0.938–0.989; p = 0.0060) and modified MRC score (HR 2.402, 95% CI 1.495–3.858; p = 0.0003) were significantly predictive of survival. All variables of the 6-min walk test, including walk distance (HR 0.995, 95% CI 0.992–0.998; p = 0.0020), the lowest arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (Sp,O2) (HR 0.944, 95% CI 0.918–0.972; p<0.0001) and the Borg scale (HR 1.285, 95% CI 1.091–1.514; p = 0.0027), were also significant. With stepwise, multivariate Cox proportional analysis, the modified MRC score (HR 2.181, 95% CI 1.333–3.568; p = 0.0019) and the lowestSp,O2during the 6-min walk test (HR 0.952, 95% CI 0.924–0.981; p = 0.0014) were the most significant.Dyspnoea in daily living, assessed with the modified MRC scale at baseline, provides additional prognostic information for patients with IPF.