bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicity and recovery in the pregnant mouse after gestational exposure to the cyanobacterial toxin, cylindrospermopsin
Authors: Chernoff N. , Rogers E. H. , Zehr R. D. , Gage M. I. , Malarkey D. E. , Bradfield C. A. , Liu Y. , Schmid J. E. , Jaskot R. H. , Richards J. H. , Wood C. R. , Rosen M. B. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractCylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a tricyclic alkaloid toxin produced by fresh water cyanobacterial species worldwide. CYN has been responsible for both livestock and human poisoning after oral exposure. This study investigated the toxicity of CYN to pregnant mice exposed during different segments of gestation. The course of recovery and individual responses to the toxin were evaluated. Adverse effects of CYN were monitored up to 7 weeks post‐dosing by clinical examination, histopathology, biochemistry and gene expression. Exposure on gestational days (GD) 8–12 induced significantly more lethality than GD13–17 exposure. Periorbital, gastrointestinal and distal tail hemorrhages were seen in both groups. Serum markers indicative of hepatic injury (alanine amino transferase, aspartate amino transferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase) were increased in both groups; markers of renal dysfunction (blood urea nitrogen and creatinine) were elevated in the GD8–12 animals. Histopathology was observed in the liver (centrilobular necrosis) and kidney (interstitial inflammation) in groups exhibiting abnormal serum markers. The expression profiles of genes involved in ribosomal biogenesis, xenobiotic and lipid metabolism, inflammatory response and oxidative stress were altered 24 h after the final dose. One week after dosing, gross, histological and serum parameters had returned to normal, although increased liver/body weight ratio and one instance of gastrointestinal bleeding was found in the GD13–17 group. Gene expression changes persisted up to 2 weeks post‐dosing and returned to normal by 4 weeks. Responses of individual animals to CYN exposure indicated highly significant inter‐animal variability within the treated groups. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A microfluidic positioning chamber for long‐term live‐cell imaging
Authors: Hanson Lindsey , Cui Lifeng , Xie Chong , Cui Bianxiao 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe report a microfluidic positioning chamber (MPC) that can rapidly and repeatedly relocate the same imaging area on a microscope stage. The “roof” of the microfluidic chamber was printed with serials of coordinate numbers that act as positioning marks for mammalian cells that grow attached to the “floor” of the microfluidic chamber. MPC cell culture chamber provided a simple solution for tracking the same cell or groups of cells over days or weeks. The positioning marks were used to register time‐lapse images of the same imaging area to single‐pixel accuracy. Using MPC cell culture chamber, we tracked the migration, division, and differentiation of individual PC12 cells for over a week using bright field and fluorescence imaging. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo optical imaging of early‐stage apoptosis in mouse brain after transient cerebral ischemia
Authors: Liu Ning , Deguchi Kentaro , Shang Jingwei , Zhang Xuemei , Tian Fengfeng , Yamashita Toru , Ohta Yasuyuki , Ikeda Yoshio , Matsuura Tohru , Abe Koji 
Published: October 2010

AbstractApoptosis is one of the mechanisms contributing to neuronal degeneration in ischemic stroke. In vivo imaging of annexin V (A5) was performed at 12 hr, 24 hr, 48 hr, and 4 days after 90‐min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) in mice with a fluorescent protein Cy5.5. Immunohistochemistry for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), A5, and TUNEL were also performed with brain sections after the tMCAO. In vivo fluorescence was strongly observed at 48 hr over the head, especially with removal of both head skin and skull bone. Zonal ex vivo fluorescent signals were surrounding the ischemic core, and double‐positive cells with Cy5.5/exogenous A5 antibody were found in this area. HSP70 was observed at the peak time of 24 hr; A5 became detectable at 12 hr, with increasing numbers until 48 hr. The number of TUNEL‐positive cells increased at 24 hr and retained the high level until 4 days, showing a dissociating temporal pattern with A5. Double‐positive cells for A5/TUNEL reached their peak at 48 hr. All the data suggest that some cells still have a chance to be rescued for a long period after acute cerebral ischemia. The in vivo Cy5.5 fluorescence representing A5 signal spatially surrounding the ischemic core temporally detects an early‐stage apoptosis after cerebral ischemia. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Redox proteomics in aging rat brain: Involvement of mitochondrial reduced glutathione status and mitochondrial protein oxidation in the aging process
Authors: Perluigi M. , Di Domenico F. , Giorgi A. , Schininà M.E. , Coccia R. , Cini C. , Bellia F. , Cambria M.T. , Cornelius C. , Butterfield D.A. , Calabrese V. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIncreasing evidence supports the notion that increased oxidative stress is a fundamental cause in the aging process and in neurodegenerative diseases. As a result, a decline in cognitive function is generally associated with brain aging. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive intermediates, which can modify proteins, nucleic acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, leading to neuronal damage. Because proteins are major components of biological systems and play key roles in a variety of cellular functions, oxidative damage to proteins represents a primary event observed in aging and age‐related neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, with a redox proteomics approach, we identified mitochondrial oxidatively modified proteins as a function of brain aging, specifically in those brain regions, such as cortex and hippocampus, that are commonly affected by the aging process. In all brain regions examined, many of the identified proteins were energy‐related, such as pyruvate kinase, ATP synthase, aldolase, creatine kinase, and α‐enolase. These alterations were associated with significant changes in both cytosolic and mitochondrial redox status in all brain regions analyzed. Our finding is in line with current literature postulating that free radical damage and decreased energy production are characteristic hallmarks of the aging process. In additon, our results further contribute to identifying common pathological pathways involved both in aging and in neurodegenerative disease development. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of neuronal cell death by paraneoplastic Ma1 antigen
Authors: Chen Huai‐Lu , D'Mello Santosh R. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractParaneoplastic Ma1 (PNMA1) is a member of a family of proteins involved in an autoimmune disorder called paraneoplastic neurological syndrome. Although it is widely expressed in brain, nothing is known about the function of PNMA1 in neurons. We find that PNMA1 expression is highest in the perinatal brain, a period during which developmentally regulated neuronal death occurs. PNMA1 expression increases in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) induced to die by low potassium (LK) and in cortical neurons following homocysteic acid (HCA) treament. Elevated PNMA1 expression is also observed in the degenerating striatum in two separate mouse models of Huntington's disease, the R6/2 transgenic model and the 3‐nitropropionic acid‐induced chemical model. Suppression of endogenous PNMA1 expression inhibits LK‐induced neuronal apoptosis. Ectopic expression of PNMA1 promotes apoptosis even in medium containing high potassium, a condition that normally ensures survival of CGNs. Deletion of the N‐terminal half of the PNMA1 protein abrogates its apoptotic activity, whereas deletion of the C‐terminal half renders the protein more toxic. Within the N‐terminal half, the ability to induce neuronal death depends on the presence of a BH3‐like domain. In addition to being necessary for apoptosis, the BH3‐like domain is necessary for self‐association of PNMA1. Apoptosis by PNMA1 expression is inhibited by overexpression of Bcl2, suggesting that PNMA1‐induced neuronal death may depend on the binding of a proapoptotic member of the Bcl2 family to the BH3 domain. Taken together, our results suggest that PNMA1 is a proapoptotic protein in neurons, elevated expression of which may contribute to neurodegenerative disorders. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Central amplification and fibromyalgia: Disorder of pain processing
Authors: Petersel Danielle L. , Dror Vardit , Cheung Raymond 
Published: October 2010

AbstractFibromyalgia (FM), a complex chronic pain disorder affecting a heterogeneous patient population, is an area of active basic and clinical research. Although diagnostic criteria for FM have been available for 2 decades, there remains no definitive diagnostic and no consensus regarding its etiology. Accumulating evidence suggests the underlying cause of FM pain results from abnormal pain processing particularly in the central nervous system rather than from dysfunction in peripheral tissues where pain is perceived. In this review, we examine recent studies investigating abnormalities in central pain processing as a component of FM in both preclinical models of generalized muscle hypersensitivity and clinical research in patients with FM. We focus our discussion on two areas where strong evidence exists for abnormalities in sensory signaling: the reduction of descending control, including suppression of descending inhibitory pathways and/or enhancement of descending facilitatory pathways, and changes in key neurotransmitters associated with central sensitization. Finally, we discuss currently available pharmacological treatments indicated for the management of pain in FM patients, based on their proposed mechanism of action and efficacy. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracellular calcium induces quiescence of the low‐frequency embryonic motor rhythm in the mouse isolated brainstem
Authors: Meillerais A. , Champagnat J. , Morin‐Surun M.P. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAlthough extracellular calcium ionic concentration ([Ca]o) is known to increase during late gestation and to drop after parturition, little is known about the influence of [Ca]o on fetal brain function. We have investigated the influence of [Ca]o, calcium‐sensing receptors/nonselective cation currents (CaSR/NSCC), and GABAergic inhibitions on maturation of brainstem‐spinal motor activities: the primary low‐frequency embryonic rhythm [LF; silent since embryonic day (E)16] and the fetal respiratory rhythm (RR; emerging at E14–E15). Using in vitro isolated brainstem‐spinal cord preparations of mice at different fetal and postnatal (P) stages (E16–P1), we demonstrate that reducing fetal [Ca]o from 1.2 mM to 0.7 mM at E16–E18 or blocking GABAA receptors at E16–P0 reactivates LF and reveals LF‐related disturbance of RR at E16–E18. This LF is stopped by adding gadolinium or spermidine (CaSR/NSCC agonists) at E18–P0 or GABAA receptor agonists at E16–E18. In contrast, [Ca]o–induced slowing of RR at E16–E18 is not reproduced by gadolinium and spermidine. We conclude that perinatal CaSR/NSCC and GABAA inhibition allow quiescence of the LF, thereby improving functional maturation of the RR. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A single‐crystal Raman and infrared study of the nonlinear optical crystal MBANP
Authors: Bailey R. T. , Cruickshank F. R. , Dines T. J. , Sherwood N. , Tedford M. C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSingle‐crystal Raman and polycrystalline thin‐film infrared measurements have been obtained for the polar organic nonlinear optical material 2‐(α‐methylbenzylamino)‐5‐nitropyridine (MBANP). For comparison, thin‐film polycrystalline infrared measurements were also made on 2‐(α‐methylbenzylamino)‐3,5‐dinitropyridine (MBADNP). The long wavelength electronic absorption was measured in several solvents and as a thin solid film. The Raman spectra are dominated by three intense bands attributed to vibrations of the ring, the NO2 substituent, and the NH bond. The most intense scattering and absorption arose from the αbb component of the polarisability tensor. This implies that the most significant contribution to the transition polarisability arises from the electronic transition near 383 nm, polarised along the b‐axis of the crystal. The strongest bands in the infrared spectra are also associated with the same three bands, consistent with the predictions of the effective conjugation coordinate (ECC) theory, implying efficient electron–phonon coupling (or electronic delocalisation) in the conjugated system. DFT calculations of vibrational wavenumbers and eigenvectors were used to assign relevant vibrational features and to derive useful information about the molecular structure. This single‐crystal material is also a strong candidate for an efficient laser Raman converter with a large wavenumber shift of 3404 cm−1 and a high damage threshold. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a global drylands observing system: Observational requirements and institutional solutions
Authors: Verstraete M. M. , Hutchinson C. F. , Grainger A. , Stafford Smith M. , Scholes R. J. , Reynolds J. F. , Barbosa P. , Léon A. , Mbow C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractQuantitative data on dryland changes and their effects on the people living there are required to support policymaking and environmental management at all scales. Data are regularly acquired by international, national or local entities, but presently exhibit specific gaps. Promoting sustainable development in drylands necessitates a much stronger integration, coordination and synthesis of available information. Space‐based remote sensing systems continue to play an important role but do not fulfill all needs. Dedicated networks and observing systems, operating over a wide range of scales and resolutions, are needed to address the key issues that concern decision‐makers at the scale of local communities, countries and the international community. This requires a mixture of ‘bottom–up’ and ‘top–down’ design principles, and multiple ownership of the resultant system. This paper reviews the limitations of current observing systems and suggests establishing a Global Drylands Observing System, which would capitalize on the achievements of systems already established to support the other Rio Conventions. This Global Drylands Observing System would provide an integrated, coherent entry point and user interface to a range of underlying information systems, identify and help generate missing information, propose a set of standards for the acquisition, archiving and distribution of data where these are lacking, evaluate the quality and reliability of these data and promote scientific research in these fields by improving access to data. The paper outlines the principles and main objectives of a Global Drylands Observing System and calls for renewed efforts to invigorate cooperation mechanisms between the many global environmental conventions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Squeeze film characteristics between a sphere and a rough porous flat plate with micropolar fluids
Authors: Elsharkawy Abdallah A. , Al‐Fadhalah Khaled J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe effects of surface roughness on the squeeze film characteristics between a sphere and flat plate covered with a thin porous layer are investigated in this paper. The sphere and the plate are separated with a non‐Newtonian lubricant of a micropolar fluid. The well‐established Christensen stochastic theory of hydrodynamic lubrication of rough surfaces is used to incorporate the effects of surface roughness into the Reynolds equation. The film pressure distribution is solved and other squeeze film characteristics, such as the load‐carrying capacity,and time–height relationship, are obtained. The results indicate that lubrication by a micropolar fluid will increase the load‐carrying capacity and lengthen the squeeze film time, regardless to the surface rough and porosity of the flat plate. It is also found that excessive permeability of the porous layer causes a significant drop in the squeeze film characteristics and minimises the effect of surface roughness. For the case of limited or no permeability, the azimuthal roughness is found to increase the load‐carrying capacity and squeeze time, whereas the reverse results are obtained for the case of radial roughness.
Explaining the joint effect of source credibility and negativity of information in two‐sided messages
Authors: Eisend Martin 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBy referring to different stages of an attribution process, this study examines how source credibility effects and opposing effects of negative information in two‐sided messages can be disentangled. The findings show that disclosure uniqueness (i.e., whether disclosures in a two‐sided message are given voluntarily or not) leads to both inferences on source credibility and inferences on product uniqueness. The inference on product uniqueness requires more cognitive effort on the part of the consumer than the inference on source credibility. Therefore, the effects of disclosures in two‐sided messages on brand attitudes depend on the cognitive load of consumers. Consumers make either an inference on the source or on both the source and the product. The results add to previous attribution research and the two‐sided message literature, showing that consumers under cognitive load can fail to make inferences on negative brand attributes in two‐sided messages. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Greatly Enhanced Energy Density and Patterned Films Induced by Photo Cross‐Linking of Poly(vinylidene fluoride‐chlorotrifluoroethylene)
Authors: Chen Xiang‐Zhong , Li Zhi‐Wei , Cheng Zhao‐Xi , Zhang Ji‐Zong , Shen Qun‐Dong , Ge Hai‐Xiong , Li Hai‐Tao 
Published: October 2010

AbstractGreatly enhanced energy density in poly(vinylidene fluoride‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) [P(VDF‐CTFE)] is realized through interface effects induced by a photo cross‐linking method. Being different from nanocomposites with lowered dielectric strength, the cross‐linked P(VDF‐CTFE)s possess a high breakdown field as well as remarkably elevated polarization, both of which contribute to the enhanced energy density as high as 22.5 J · cm−3. Moreover, patterned thin films with various shapes and sizes are fabricated by photolithography, which sheds new light on the integration of PVDF‐based electroactive polymers into organic microelectronic devices such as flexible pyroelectric/piezoelectric sensor arrays or non‐volatile ferroelectric memory devices. magnified image
Tracking Explicit Chain Sequence in Kinetic Monte Carlo Simulations
Authors: Wang Lin , Broadbelt Linda J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe execution of individual KMC events can become a major computational bottleneck in the simulation of sequences along chains using KMC because of complex data storage schemes required to record the sequence of each chain. The execution of a KMC event can be very time‐consuming because searching, moving, and modifying all the data detailing a chain to reflect the transformation as a result of a chemical reaction event can be computationally expensive. To address this issue, we developed a new data storage scheme for recording sequence, which can significantly improve calculation speed without affecting the information content of the calculations. By using the proposed data storage scheme, the computational time can be reduced significantly from 12 h to 4 min for our test reaction system.
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Staining ground sections of natural dry bone tissue for microscopy
Authors: de Boer H. H. , Aarents M. J. , Maat G. J. R. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTThe histological staining of bone tissue is of great value in identifying structural changes in human bone tissue when examined microscopically, and is therefore routinely used by clinical pathologists. However, for archaeological and other types of undecalcified dry bone tissue, histochemical staining is currently not widely used. The purpose of this paper is to describe a new method developed for the staining of undecalcified archaeological bone which may be a valuable addition to the palaeopathological toolkit. Sections were ground by hand and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The microstructure and architecture of the stained sections become clearly visible without compromising total tissue envisioning. In addition, staining enhances differentiation between taphonomically affected and non‐affected bone tissue. This paper accordingly describes a reproducible stepwise method for the production of ground stained sections. An additional troubleshooting paragraph discusses the most often encountered problems and provides solutions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jekyll and Hyde: the role of the microenvironment on the progression of cancer
Authors: Allen Michael , Louise Jones J 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIt is now recognized that the host microenvironment undergoes extensive change during the evolution and progression of cancer. This involves the generation of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which, through release of growth factors and cytokines, lead to enhanced angiogenesis, increased tumour growth and invasion. It has also been demonstrated that CAFs may modulate the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype, which has therapeutic implications. The altered fibroblast phenotype also contributes to the development of an altered extracellular matrix (ECM), with synthesis of ECM isoforms rarely found in normal tissues, including tenascin‐C isoforms and the fibronectin EDA isoform. There is also emerging evidence of how the tensile strength of the tumour‐associated ECM may be modified and lead to altered signalling in tumour cells. The hypoxic environment of the tumour stimulates angiogenesis and also impacts on other aspects of cell signalling, including the c‐met pathway and lysyl oxidase‐mediated signalling, which can directly promote tumour cell invasion. The inflammatory infiltrate associated with many solid tumours also modulates tumour function, having both anti‐ and pro‐tumour effects. All of these components of the microenvironment provide potential targets for therapeutic attack, with a number of molecules already in clinical trials. It is also becoming evident that characterizing the tumour microenvironment can provide important prognostic and predictive information about tumours, independent of the tumour cell phenotype. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new era: melanoma genetics and therapeutics
Authors: Ko Justin M , Fisher David E 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe have recently witnessed an explosion in our understanding of melanoma. Knowledge of the molecular basis of melanoma and the successes of targeted therapies have pushed melanoma care to the precipice of a new era. Identification of significant pathways and oncogenes has translated to the development of targeted therapies, some of which have produced major clinical responses. In this review, we provide an overview of selected key pathways and melanoma oncogenes as well as the targeted agents and therapeutic approaches whose successes suggest the promise of a new era in melanoma and cancer therapy. Despite these advances, the conversion of transient remissions to stable cures remains a vital challenge. Continued progress towards a better understanding about the complexity and redundancy responsible for melanoma progression may provide direction for anti‐cancer drug development. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.