bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tail Muscle Free Amino Acid Concentration of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Fed Diets Containing Protein‐bound versus Crystalline Amino Acids
Authors: Fox Joe M. , Lawrence Addison L. , Li‐Chan Eunice 
Published: April 2009

Abstract Tail muscle tissue free amino acids (FAA) concentration is reported for subadult (4.3 g) Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing only protein‐bound amino acids, crystalline lysine as a supplement to protein‐bound lysine, and only crystalline amino acids (CAA). FAA were determined in shrimp at 0.00, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h postfeeding. Highest total tissue concentrations of essential amino acids and individual amino acids were typically observed 4 h postfeeding for shrimp fed intact and crystalline lysine‐supplemented feeds. Those shrimp offered diets containing only CAA showed no tissue maxima. Similar uptake patterns for lysine shown by shrimp fed the intact and crystalline lysine‐supplemented diet indicate the potential use of small amounts of crystalline lysine in shrimp feeds.
Growth Response and Resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Fed Diets Containing Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles
Authors: Lim Chhorn , Yildirim‐Aksoy Mediha , Klesius Phillip H. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract A study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary levels of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth, body composition, hematology, immune response, and resistance of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Five diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% DDGS with supplemental lysine (Diets 1–5) as partial replacements of a combination of soybean meal and cornmeal on an equal protein basis were fed to juvenile catfish (13.33 ± 0.25 g) for 12 wk. Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency were similar for fish in all treatments. Body lipid and moisture increased and decreased, respectively, in fish feed DDGS‐containing diets relative to the control group. Dietary treatment had no effect on red and white blood cell counts. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly higher in fish fed diets containing DDGS than in those fed the control diet. Fish fed 20–40% DDGS diets had increased serum total immunoglobulin, and those fed the 30% DDGS diet had significantly increased antibody titers 21 d following E. ictaluri challenge. Other immune variables evaluated were not affected by dietary treatments. Preliminary results on bacterial challenge showed an increased resistance against E. ictaluri in fish fed DDGS‐containing diets (Diets 2–5).
Biochemical and Serological Characterization of Flavobacterium columnare from Freshwater Fishes of Eastern India
Authors: Dash Swati Sucharita , Das Basanta Kumar , Pattnaik Phalguni , Samal Surya Kanta , Sahu Swagatika , Ghosh Subrato 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Flavobacterium columnare is an important pathogen of freshwater fishes often causing high mortality. Seven strains of F. columnare have been isolated from gill necrosis, skin lesions and internal organs of Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Carassius auratus, Anabas testudineus and Clarias batrachus and characterized by biochemical reactions and serological tests viz indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Dot‐ELISA, agglutination test. All the strains showed binding to Congo red dye as well as hemolysis. All the seven strains were susceptible to amikacin, gentamycin and ofloxacin. In vivo LD50 dose of virulent strain MS2 was found to be 6 × 104 CFU/mL after experimental infection to L. rohita. Serologically all the seven strains showed a positive result to agglutination, Dot‐ELISA and indirect ELISA. The agglutination titer was found to be in the range of 256‐131,072. The lysozyme activity of hyperimmune sera was found to be 39.37 ± 0.80 units/mL. This is the first extensive study that report about the various strains of F. columnare from freshwater fishes of Eastern India and their differentiation by biochemical and serological methods.
Effect of Stocking Density on the Growth, Survival, and Behavior of Postpuerulus Western Rock Lobster, Panulirus cygnus (George) (Decapoda: Palinuridae)
Authors: Moyle Kane , Johnston Danielle , Knott Brenton , Melville‐Smith Roy , Walker Di 
Published: April 2009

Abstract The effect of four stocking densities (30, 60, 100, and 150 lobsters/m2) on the growth and survival of Panulirus cygnus postpueruli was determined over a 112‐d grow‐out trial. Agonistic behavior at each experimental density was recorded using infrared filming. Survival and growth decreased with increasing density, although this trend was only significant between the lowest (30/m2) and the highest densities (150/m2) (P < 0.05) at the conclusion of the grow‐out trial. Density had no significant effect on apparent feed intake but significantly affected food conversion ratios (FCR) across all four densities, with FCR being best at 30/m2 and worst at 150/m2. The number and frequency of agonistic encounters per tank differed significantly with density, with agonistic encounters being highest at 150/m2 and lowest at 30/m2. Agonistic encounters coincided with the crepuscular foraging pattern of postpueruli. The reduction in survival and growth of postpueruli at the highest density (150/m2) can be attributed to the significant increase in the number of agonistic encounters. This study supports that P. cygnus postpueruli should be stocked at densities less than 100/m2 in order to minimize the negative effect of density on growth and survival.
Effects of Dietary Lipids on Growth and Feed Utilization of Jade Perch, Scortum barcoo
Authors: Song Li Ping , An Liguo , Zhu Yong An , Li Xian , Wang Ai Ying 
Published: April 2009

Abstract To examine the effects of dietary lipids on the growth and feed utilization of jade perch juveniles, Scortum barcoo, diets containing 36.3% crude protein supplemented with increasing lipid levels (6, 9, 12, and 15% of the dry matter) were used to feed triplicate groups of 30 fish for 60 d. At the end of the experiment, more than 95% fish survived well from all diet groups (P > 0.05). Measurements on the weight gains and the daily specific growth rates indicated that fish fed with diets of 12 and 15% lipids exhibited higher growth rates (P < 0.05); evaluations for the feed conversion ratio and the protein efficiency ratio indicated that fish fed with 12 and 15% lipid diets used their feed and dietary proteins more efficiently (P < 0.05). The muscle lipid and dry matter contents increased dramatically in fish fed with higher dietary lipid levels (P < 0.05). The highest lipid contents were obtained from fish in the 15% lipid diet group and the highest amount of dry matters from the 12% lipid diet group. On the other hand, protein contents in fish muscles declined with increasing dietary lipid levels (P < 0.05), and the lowest values were shown in the 15% lipid diet group. Ash contents showed no significant differences from muscles of fish fed with four different diets (P > 0.05). Together, increasing lipid levels in fish diets was effective to improve fish growth, feed efficiency, and protein utilization.
A Microsatellite DNA Marker Developed for Identifying Disease‐resistant Population of Giant Black Tiger Shrimp, Penaeus monodon
Authors: Mukherjee Kuntal , Mandal Nripendranath 
Published: April 2009

Abstract White spot disease caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) poses major problems that result in huge economic losses each year in shrimp aquaculture throughout the world. In the present study, microsatellite‐based DNA fingerprints have been compared between naturally occurring WSSV disease‐resistant and susceptible populations of giant black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, to find DNA markers. For the first time, we report here a microsatellite locus, which, after amplification by polymerase chain reaction, provides a highly statistically significant DNA fingerprint of 71 bp, only in disease susceptible populations but not in disease‐resistant shrimp populations, whereas a 317 bp band is common in both. The absence of the former DNA marker will be very useful to identify disease‐resistant broodstock of P. monodon for marker‐assisted selection in breeding programs to generate disease‐free shrimps (P. monodon) in the aquaculture industry.
Berend Houwen Memorial Lecture: ISLH Las Vegas May 2009
Authors: SCULLY M. A. , MACHIN S. J. 
Published: April 2009

SummaryThrombotic microangiopathies are a relatively rare group of congenital and inherited disorders caused by defects in processing the ultra large forms of von Willibrand factor which pathologically give rise to platelet rich microthrombi in the micro arterial circulation leading to end organ damage particularly in the brain, heart and kidneys. Identification of the ADAMTS 13 gene has led to the definition of congenital deficiency of its activity or failure of activity due to the development of an inhibitory IgG antibody. The idiopathic autoimmune form of the disease is the most common. There are various subgroups of acquired TTP associated with HIV infection, pregnancy, pancreatitis, associated with bone marrow transplantation, various disseminated malignancies and certain drugs, particularly Clopidogrel. Diagnostic assays are now becoming widely available to identify ADAMTS 13 activity and also acquired antibodies to the enzyme. Mainline treatment is associated with daily plasma exchange with associated other immunosuppressant treatments particularly steroids and recently the use of Rituximab, a monoclonal anti‐CD20 antibody. Despite improvement in treatment modalities there is still significant mortality of 10–20%, particularly if there is a delay in initiating plasma exchange. Relapse also occurs in 20–50% of patients although this may be improved by Rituximab therapy.
A high density COX1 barcode oligonucleotide array for identification and detection of species of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium
Authors: CHEN W. , SEIFERT K.A. , LÉVESQUE C.A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe developed a COX1 barcode oligonucleotide array based on 358 sequences, including 58 known and two new species of Penicillium subgenus Penicillium, and 12 allied species. The array was robotically spotted at near microarray density on membranes. Species and clade‐specific oligonucleotides were selected using the computer programs SigOli and Array Designer. Robotic spotting allowed 768 spots with duplicate sets of perfect match and the corresponding mismatch and positive control oligonucleotides, to be printed on 2 × 6 cm2 nylon membranes. The array was validated with hybridizations between the array and digoxigenin (DIG)‐labelled COX1 polymerase chain reaction amplicons from 70 pure DNA samples, and directly from environmental samples (cheese and plants) without culturing. DNA hybridization conditions were optimized, but undesired cross‐reactions were detected frequently, reflecting the relatively high sequence similarity of the COX1 gene among Penicillium species. Approximately 60% of the perfect match oligonucleotides were rejected because of low specificity and 76 delivered useful group‐specific or species‐specific reactions and could be used for detecting certain species of Penicillium in environmental samples. In practice, the presence of weak signals on arrays exposed to amplicons from environmental samples, which could have represented weak detections or weak cross reactions, made interpretation difficult for over half of the oligonucleotides. DNA regions with very few single nucleotide polymorphisms or lacking insertions/deletions among closely related species are not ideal for oligonucleotide‐based diagnostics, and supplementing the COX1‐based array with oligonucleotides derived from additional genes would result in a more robust hierarchical identification system.
Phase Equilibria Constraints on Relations of Ore‐bearing Intrusions with Flood Basalts in the Panxi Region, Southwestern China
Authors: ZHANG Zhaochong , HAO Yanli , AI Yu , LI Ying , ZHAO Li 
Published: April 2009

Abstract:There are two types of temporally and spatially associated intrusions within the Emeishan large igneous province (LIP); namely, small ultramafic subvolcanic sills that host magmatic Cu‐Ni‐Platinum Group Element (PGE)‐bearing sulfide deposits and large mafic layered intrusions that host giant Ti‐V magnetite deposits in the Panxi region. However, except for their coeval ages, the genetic relations between the ore‐bearing intrusions and extrusive rocks are poorly understood. Phase equilibria analysis (Q‐Pl‐Ol‐Opx‐Cpx system) has been carried out to elucidate whether ore‐bearing Panzhihua, Xinjie and Limahe intrusions are co‐magmatic with the picrites and flood basalts (including high‐Ti, low‐Ti and alkali basalts), respectively. In this system, the parental magma can be classified as silica‐undersaturated olivine basalt and silica‐saturated tholeiite. The equivalents of the parental magma of the Xinjie and Limahe peridotites and picrites and low‐Ti basalts are silica‐undersaturated, whereas the Limahe gabbro‐diorites and high‐Ti basalts are silica‐saturated. In contrast, the Panzhihua intrusion appears to be alkali character. Phase equilibria relations clearly show that the magmas that formed the Panzhihua intrusion and high‐Ti basalts cannot be co‐magmatic as there is no way to derive one liquid from another by fractional crystallization. On the other hand, the Panzhihua intrusion appears to be related to Permian alkali intrusions in the region, but does not appear to be related to the alkali basalts recognized in the Longzhoushan lava stratigraphy. Comparably, the Limahe intrusion appears to be a genetic relation to the picrites, whereas the Xinjie intrusion may be genetically related to be low‐Ti basalts. Additionally, the gabbro‐diorites and peridotites of the Limahe intrusion are not co‐magmatic, and the former appears to be derived liquid from high‐Ti basalts.
The effect of pedicle screw insertion through the neurocentral cartilage on the growth of immature canine vertebra
Authors: Wang Liang , Luo Zhuo‐jing , Luo Li‐jing , Feng Lin‐jie , Meng Hao 
Published: April 2009

Objective:  To explore the influence of pedicle screw insertion through the neurocentral cartilage (NCC) on the development of vertebrae and spinal canal in an animal experiment.Methods:  Sixteen dogs were randomly assigned to three groups: in group 1, posterior muscles at the surgery site were dissected; in group 2, the pedicles were drilled through the NCC by screws; in group 3, screws were placed in the pedicles through the NCC. Vertebrae of T8, T10, T12, L2, L4 and L6 were studied with the average data of the adjacent two vertebrae serving as controls. Spiral computerized tomography (CT) was used to assess the morphologic parameters of studied vertebrae and their controls. Measurements were made by an independent radiologist on the first post‐operative day and 3 months after operation. Paired Student's t‐tests of studied vertebrae and their controls were performed to evaluate the effect of pedicle screw insertion.Results:  In group 3, 3 months after operation the area, transverse diameter and anterior‐posterior diameter of the vertebral canal and length of pedicle of studied vertebrae were significantly smaller than those of control vertebrae (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in morphologic parameters between the studied vertebrae and the control vertebrae in groups 1 and 2 (P > 0.05).Conclusion:  (i) Pedicle screw placement has a significant impact on the growth of the canine vertebra canal, and may lead to iatrogenic spinal stenosis, but their placement has no significant effect on the vertebral bodies; and (ii) the NCC can repair itself automatically. Drilling pedicle bone through the NCC with a screw and then removing the screw has no obvious impact on the growth of vertebrae.
Regeneration of spinal cord with cell and gene therapy
Authors: Feng Shi‐qing , Kong Xiao‐hong , Liu Yang , Ban De‐xiang , Ning Guang‐zhi , Chen Jia‐tong , Guo Shi‐fu , Wang Pei 
Published: April 2009

Objective:  Transplantation of fetal spinal cord cells (FSCC) can promote regeneration of injured spinal cord, while Schwann cells (SC) and some growth factors have a similar effect. However, the synergistic effects and optimal combination of these modalities have not yet been evaluated. In the current study, the efficiency of cell therapy of FSCC and/or SC, with/without growth factors (nerve growth factor [NGF] and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]) was examined, with the aim of establishing an optimized protocol for spinal cord injury.Methods:  One hundred and twenty adult rats were randomly divided into six groups with 20 rats in each group. One week after the thoracic spinal cord injury model had been created, the rats were treated with different therapeutic modalities: Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium (DMEM) in Group I, FSCC in Group II, FSCC plus SC in Group III, FSCC plus SC over‐expressing NGF in Group IV, FSCC plus SC over‐expressing BDNF in Group V, and FSCC plus SC over‐expressing both NGF and BDNF in Group VI. Subsequently, the rats were subjected to behavioral tests once a week after injury, while histology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy were performed at one and three month post‐operation.Results:  Both SC and FSCC promoted regeneration of spinal cord injury when used separately, while a combination of the two types of cell resulted in better recovery than either alone. Both growth factors (NGF and BDNF) enhanced the outcomes of cell therapy, while synergistic effects meant that a combination of each individual component (group VI) achieved the best results according to locomotion scale, histology and immunoreactivity in the injured cords.Conclusion:  SC, NGF and BDNF can enhance the outcome of FSCC therapy, while the combination of FSC with SC, NGF and BDNF is possibly the optimal protocol for clinical treatment of acute spinal cord injury.
Apoptotic effects of curcumin on human osteosarcoma U2OS cells
Authors: Jin Song , Xu Hong‐guang , Shen Jing‐nan , Chen Xu‐wu , Wang Hong , Zhou Jia‐guo 
Published: April 2009

Objective:  Curcumin, an active ingredient derived from the rhizome of the plant, Curcuma longa, has antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐cancer activities. The aims of this study were to examine whether curcumin can induce apoptosis in an osteosarcoma cell line.Methods:  Curcumin‐induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma U2OS cells was investigated using morphological analysis, marked nuclear condensation and fragmentation of chromatin, which were observed by Hoechst 33258 staining and DNA ladder formation. The U2OS cells were treated with or without curcumin. Cell viability was assessed by the 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐Diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) method. Cell‐cycle, apoptosis and apoptosis‐related proteins in U2OS cells were evaluated by flow cytometry and western blotting.Results:  Curcumin showed growth inhibitory effects on U2OS cells in a dose‐and time‐dependent manner, inducing significant G1 arrest and apoptosis in U2OS cells. This curcumin‐induced apoptosis in U2OS cells was accompanied by up‐regulation of Bax, Bak, and p‐Bad and down‐regulation of Bcl‐2, but no effect on the levels of Bcl‐XL or Bad proteins was noted. Moreover, curcumin treatment resulted in a significant reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in the concentrations of mitochondrial cytochrome C and caspase‐3.Conclusion:  Multiple molecular pathways are involved in curcumin‐induced apoptosis of human U2OS cells. These include pro‐and anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family proteins, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial cytochrome C and caspase‐3.
Recurrence analysis in 66 cases with grade I and grade II chondrosarcomas in the extremities
Authors: Ma Xiao‐jun , Dong Yang , Zhang Chun‐lin , Zeng Bing‐fang 
Published: April 2009

Objective:  We analyzed chondrosarcomas in long bones to assess whether Grade I and II chondrosarcomas should both be grouped as low grade malignant tumors (musculoskeletal Tumor Society Stage I or Stage II), and to explore rational surgical treatment for Grade I and II chondrosarcomas.Methods:  We retrospectively reviewed 66 patients from January 1996 to December 2007 with Grade I and II chondrosarcoma of the extremities without metastases at the Department of Orthopaedics of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital. Thirty‐eight patients had undergone intralesional or marginal resection, and 28 patients had undergone wide marginal or radical excision based on imaging findings. The mean age of the patients was 43 years (range, 5–85) and the minimum follow‐up was 31 months (mean, 48; range, 5–141). We analyzed grade diagnosis, therapeutic options, and local recurrence rate of the two grades of chondrosarcoma.Results:  Of all patients, 22 experienced local recurrence, making the local recurrence rate 33.3%. A statistically significant difference in outcome between patients with Grade I and Grade II tumors undergoing intralesional resection was identified. No significant difference according to surgical method was found between the two groups in total.Conclusion:  Grade II chondrosarcomas should be grouped as high stage malignant tumors (Stage II) and grade I chondrosarcomas assigned to the low stage malignant tumor group (Stage I). Our experience suggests the surgical method should be related to radiographic margin status and oncologic classification. Wide resection should be considered for Grade II, while intralesional resection is suitable for Grade I.
An intramedullary nail with multifunctional interlocking for all types of fracture in both femurs
Authors: Wang Yong‐qing , Hu Yong‐cheng , Xu Zhan‐min , Zhao Ya‐wei , Wu Jia‐min 
Published: April 2009

Objective:  A femoral compound interlocking intramedullary nail (FCIIN) was designed to treat all types of fractures between the trochanter and epicondyle of both femurs. It could substitute for femoral interlocking intramedullary nails (FIIN) at five points.Methods:  According to the morphological characteristics of the femoral medullary canal, the nail is designed to accommodate a 1250 mm radius of radian and a 135° neck‐shaft angle. Three interlocking holes of 6.5 mm diameter are located at the proximal end of the FCIIN, making crossing of the screws possible. The hole is designed to be vertical (90°) or oblique (45° upper or lower). At the tip of the proximal interlocking screws, whose root diameter gradually increases from 3.5 mm to 6.5 mm, a self‐tapping cancellous screw is placed. There are two types of distal interlocking screws. One is a fine thread and the other a bolt screw. Two interlocking holes and a recess 4.5 mm in diameter are located at the distal end of the FCIIN. Under biomechanical destructive testing, the proximal interlocking screw device has satisfactory strength and reasonable structure. A total of 47 patients (31 males and 16 females, with an average age of 39.83 years) with femoral fractures were assessed in this study. Fourteen cases were diagnosed as intertrochanteric, 7 as subtrochanteric, 18 as femoral shaft, and 8 as supracondylar fractures. All 47 patients were treated with the FCIIN.Results:  Of the 47 patients, anatomic reduction was achieved in 34, good reduction in 11, and forced line reduction in 2 cases. Reduction was excellent or good in 95.87% of the fractures. The removal time of the FCIIN was 12 to 21 months (average, 16.9 months). One patient with an intertrochanteric fracture who had a fixation failure combined with non‐union achieved healing with an external fixator at 18 months. Failure to insert the distal interlocking screws occurred in 5 patients but did not affect bone healing.Conclusion:  The FCIIN is a useful device in the treatment of a variety of femoral fractures.