bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
8 Actuality, Activity, Ambiguity: Preliminary Considerations onEnergeia
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn the sixth chapter of Metaphysics Theta, Aristotle resumes direct engagement with the science of being, as such. The entire text up to this point has been preparatory. He now undertakes, first, to explain being-in-energeia (Theta 6) and then the contrasting notion of being-in-capacity (Theta 7). The distinction between them is not of interest only because of the ways in which it can be exploited to solve other problems. The distinction itself involves deep claims about the structure of being. Grasping the very concept of being-in-energeia requires insight. That insight is not easy to achieve. There are fairly complicated obstacles in the way of grasping the concept of energeia properly. Some of them derive from our historical situation (by contrast with that of Aristotle and his contemporaries), and some of them derive from the concept itself. Rather than turning directly to Theta 6, this chapter attempts to remove those obstacles and then to introduce a more helpful context for the explanation in Theta 6. It shows that the inaccessibility of the concept of being-in-energeia is one reason why Aristotle has pursued an indirect strategy in Metaphysics Theta, devoting so much attention to the notion of a power. One reason for this is that ‘energeia’ is not a Greek word in normal use, whereas ‘dunamis’ (‘power’) is.
9 Being‐in‐Energeia(Theta 6)
Authors: Beere Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the passage of greatest importance for any interpretation of the notion of energeia: Theta 6. It is there, and only there in the entire extant corpus, that Aristotle undertakes to say as fully and clearly as he can what energeia is. The text is divided into three parts: (1) the introductory lines; (2) a preliminary set of remarks about energeia, which contrast it with being-incapacity; and (3) a set of analogous cases of energeia. The chapter treats (3) in two stages. For in (3), Aristotle not only makes his best attempt to help us understand energeia, he also tells us that there is no explicit definition of energeia to be given. All we can do is to grasp energeia by considering the analogy among the various cases of energeia. In order to understand this claim about the semantics of ‘energeia’, analogy is discussed followed by the analogous cases.
Principles of systematic upscaling
Authors: Brandt Achi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBuilding on the complementary advantages of Renormalization Group (RG) and multigrid (MG) methods, Systematic Upscaling (SU) comprises rigorous procedures for deriving suitable variables and corresponding numerical equations (or statistical relations) that describe a given physical system at progressively larger scales, starting at some fine scale where the physical laws are known (in the form of a partial differential system, or a statistical-mechanics Hamiltonian, or Newton laws for moving particles, etc.). Unlike RG, the SU algorithms include repeated coarse-to-fine transitions, which are essential for (1) testing the adequacy of the set of coarse-level variables (thus providing a general tool for constructing that set); (2) accelerating the finer-level simulations; and, most importantly (3) confining those simulations to small representative subdomains. No substantial scale separation is assumed; as in MG, small scale ratio between successive levels is in fact important to ensure slowdown-free simulations at all scales. Detailed examples are given in terms of local-interaction systems at equilibrium, and extensions are briefly discussed to long-range interactions, dynamic systems, low temperatures, and more.
1 Words and meaning
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that the received view of meaning in linguistics, referred to as literalism, is flawed in a number of respects. The distinction it posits between sentence meaning and speaker meaning makes a principled distinction between context-independent meaning (semantics) and context-dependent meaning (pragmatics). The consequence of this for word meaning is that word meanings are assumed to be stable and relatively delimited ‘atoms of meaning’, which are context-independent. In contrast, it is argued that word meaning is inherently variable in language use. This is a function of both encyclopaedic knowledge and context of use.
3 Cognitive linguistics
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter situates LCCM Theory in the larger cognitive linguistics enterprise of which it is a part. It begins by introducing cognitive linguistics, and by briefly reviewing its primary commitments and guiding assumptions. It argues that LCCM Theory represents a cognitive semantic theory, and also a cognitive theory of grammar. The chapter also considers the way in which LCCM Theory serves to build on antecedent theories in cognitive linguistics.
8 Polysemy
Authors: Evans Vyvyan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses the phenomenon of polysemy in the light of LCCM Theory. In LCCM Theory, polysemy relates not to the variation evident in the situated semantic contribution of a word. Rather, it is a consequence of a single phonological vehicle being associated with distinct lexical concepts which are semantically related. Semantic relatedness is a matter of degree and is determined by the bipartite structure of lexical concepts. Polysemy is examined by way of a detailed case study of the spatial and ‘state’ lexical concepts associated with the English prepositional vehicles in, on, and at.
9 ‘Hesiod's races and your own’: Socrates' ‘Hesiodic’ project
Authors: Van Noorden Helen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter looks for a deeper affinity between Plato and Hesiod in this study of the myth of the races of man in the Republic. The central idea is that Plato does not just ‘rework’ the Hesiodic narrative of the five races, but reads its contribution to the Works and Days as an antecedent to, and a model for, his own, self-critical practice of philosophy. In this sense, it can ask us to think of Hesiod's races as ‘our own’ too (546e): they set the pattern for our continued philosophical reflection.
15 On grey-haired babies: Plato, Hesiod, and visions of the past (and future)
Authors: Rowe Christopher 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter defends (partly against El Murr in this volume) a reading of the Politicus myth as describing three phases to the cosmos, from the world under Kronos, via a transitional second phase, to the present regime of Zeus. It suggests a reason why Plato might have chosen not to remove the ambiguities that underlie the controversy this myth has aroused: the myth springs a trap for Athenian readers eager to fall back on their own misguided sense of superiority.
Unitary Executive Power
Authors: Curtin Deirdre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that there is an ongoing constitutional narrative, quite irrespective of the adoption or otherwise of a formal democratic big ‘C’ EU Constitution. The lines of the visible and living constitution are clear — and becoming clearer — in, for example, recent case law of the Court of Justice where it emphasizes the primordial position of the rule of law within the Union legal order, building on existing case law and interpretations of the underlying constitutional values of the EU system. The lines of the invisible constitution are understandably more opaque, and often hidden somewhat, so may require more active rooting-out and reconstruction. This can involve issues such as the evolving case law of the Court giving shape to a principle of legal unity across the various ‘pillars’ (leading to further ‘depillarization’ in practice, in a manner not easily visible to an outsider. At the same time, other (political) actors may be involved in this process too as the manner in which the tool of inter-institutional agreements are used illustrates.
Accountable Executive Power
Authors: Curtin Deirdre 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter highlights the manner of the evolution of certain practices of public ‘accountability’ in the context of a diffuse and fragmented understanding of EU executive power in the Union political system. The invisible constitution of the EU can also include relatively subterranean processes and practices by non-executive institutions, such as the European Parliament for example, that gradually and incrementally is becoming an accountability forum of some significance with regard to various EU satellite actors.
Democratic Drift
Authors: Flinders Matthew 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Although there is no doubt that the constitution has been significantly reformed since the election of New Labour in May 1997 the degree to which these reforms have altered the nature of democracy in the United Kingdom remains highly contested. A major problem within this debate is that it has become polarized around a binary distinction between power‐sharing and power‐hoarding models of democracy when the contemporary situation is actually far more complex. This book draws upon theories and methods from comparative political analysis in order to argue and then demonstrate three central and inter‐related arguments. Firstly, that the distinctive element of ‘New’ Labour's approach to constitutional engineering is not that it has shifted the nature of democracy in the United Kingdom from one model to another but has instead sought to apply different models at the periphery and core: bi‐constitutionality. Secondly, that contemporary evidence of both increasing levels of public disengagement from conventional politics and falling levels of public trust in politicians, political institutions and political processes originate from the ‘expectations gap’. This ‘gap’ is created by the process of political competition artificially increases public expectations; only for these expectations to be dashed as the elected party either seeks to renege upon certain pre‐election commitments or fails to achieve them. Finally, democracy in the United Kingdom is currently drifting. The old rules do not appear to suit the new game, and yet the government continues to insist that the old rules still apply. The critical challenge for any future government, of any political complexion, will be to articulate a new form of constitutional morality with the capacity to clarify exactly what its reforms in the sphere of constitutional reform and democratic renewal are seeking to achieve.
The Metaphysics of Truth
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe difference between deflationary and correspondence truth remains unclear largely because of insufficient attention to the distinction between the metaphysics of truth and the linguistics of the truth term, and hence to what deflationary theories say, or should say, about that metaphysics. Emphasizing the similarity between deflationism and a sort of ‘nonfactualism’, this chapter argues that the metaphysics of deflationism should reject the need for and possibility of explaining the nature or causal role of truth. It is largely because of this metaphysics that deflationism rejects a standard semantics and a descriptive role for the truth term. Finally, the chapter argues that the case for correspondence truth over deflationism is strong provided we can explain reference. If we cannot then we should adopt deflationism. The heavy price for this would be eliminativism about meaning.
Naturalism and the A Priori
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter starts from the rejection of a priori knowledge on two grounds: first, confirmation holism removes any strong motivation for thinking that mathematics and logic are immune from empirical revision; second, the idea of a priori knowledge is deeply obscure, as the history of failed attempts to explain it show. The chapter defends this position from Rey's argument for a reliablist a priori and Field's for an a priori logic. It argues that Rey has not explained a way of knowing at all, hence not an a priori one: he has not shown how the beliefs reliably generated by his ‘logical sub-system’ are epistemically nonaccidental. The dominant idea of Field's argument is that logic must be seen as a priori because we need logic to get evidence for anything. The chapter gives a reason for thinking that this idea is ‘fishy’: an evidential system can undermine itself.
No Place for the A Priori
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that all knowledge is empirical. It attempts to undermine the motivation for the a priori that comes from examples in mathematics, philosophy, and logic. In particular, it argues that logic can be seen as empirical if rule-circular arguments are allowed. And a priorists cannot disallow such arguments because any justification of a priori reasoning would have to be rule-circular. The chapter argues that the whole idea of the a priori is unexplained and deeply obscure. Traditional attempts at explanation that appeal to analyticity fail in two ways. They rest on an unexplained acceptance of logical truths and on the mistaken view that competence with a concept is sufficient for knowledge about it. A consideration of the contemporary views of Peacocke, Bealer, and BonJour helps to bring out the obscurity.
Letters of the Middling Sort
Authors: Whyman Susan E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows how middling-sort merchants, writing clerks, and dissenters used letters to work out problems regarding business, religion, gender and class. Letters of four generations of Tucker stone merchants reveal how an Anglican Weymouth family constructed social relationships, personal identities, and political aspirations through epistolary language. The Congregational Bateman and Wilson families of Manchester and London used letters to cope with anxieties about gender, business and, especially, personal salvation. Letters of the Quaker Follows family of East Anglia and Leicestershire were their primary link to a Quaker way of life, and reveal tense family relationships. The chapter shows how religious differences produced distinctive modes of letter writing. Epistolary literacy is proposed as a criterion for inclusion in the middling-sort. It was a unifying attribute and powerful weapon in their businesses, families, and spiritual lives.
6 Monument and Festival in Vergil
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Vergil consistently brings together the monument and festival at significant points in the Eclogues, Georgics, and Aeneid. Representative passages from each oeuvre show that Vergil moves his reader through a simple dichotomy between writing and song to a more nuanced approach to the interrelation of these media. Ecphrasis of art works in the Aeneid in particular allows for the exploration of questions of fixity and perpetuity that other poets explore more directly through the language of writing. Although the ability to interpret the various media is an important aspect of imperial citizenship, Vergil does not offer a successful model for achieving this goal.
14 Literature and the Law: Horace, Sermones 2. 1
Authors: Lowrie Michèle 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The book's last section examines the literary representation in Augustan Rome of the interrelation of literature and the law as competing discourses. Both have a complex mediality and despite our initial assumption that the law wields power by contrast with literature, the latter's control of representation compensates over time for deficiencies in its authors' political power. In Sermones 2. 1, Horace stages a dialogue between himself and a jurist, Trebatius Testa, in which the libel law and the law of the genre both put pressures on satire's generic identity. Horace may lack the freedom of speech satire should have theoretically, but he still manages to raise questions about the extent to which Augustus obeys the rule of law.
LOT Meets Frege's Problem (Among Others)
Authors: Fodor Jerry A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThere are two closely related issues that a theory of intentional mental states and processes might reasonably be expected to address: Frege's problem and the problem of publicity. This chapter shows that that a LOT version of representational theory of mind (RTM) has the resources to cope with both of them. It presents a survey of the relevant geography as viewed from a LOT/RTM perspective.
Technological change and health insurance
Authors: Zweifel Peter 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that there is a dual causal link between technological change and insurance. On the one hand, technological change often presents new opportunities, but also challenges to insurers. However, what has been rarely recognized up to now is that insurance may also induce technological change, in the guise of both product innovation and process innovation. The first part of the chapter discusses the impact of innovation on insurance, followed by innovation in medicine and its impact on health insurance. The second half is devoted to the reverse causal relationship, starting with the feedback from insurance to innovation, in general, and ending with the feedback from health insurance to technological change in medicine.
Ageing and pharmaceutical innovation
Authors: Eisen Roland , Ilgin Yasemin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter asks whether elderly people only spend more on pharmaceuticals to have an easier life, or whether the pharmaceutical industry reacts to this trend of ‘population greying’ by directing research and development (R&D) of new pharmaceuticals in this direction. It outlines a general way in which the process of innovation might be conceptualized, stressing the importance of ‘induced innovations’. It develops the hypothesis that as the proportion of elderly in a population rises, not only the share of pharmaceutical expenditure rises, but also the share of pharmaceutical R&D devoted to this part of the population. With the help of a simple econometric model, the chapter tests this hypothesis and present some results.
New approaches to health care innovation: information for the chronic patient
Authors: García-Goñi Manuel , Windrum Paul 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter aims to obtain better knowledge of health innovations, their key drivers, and dynamics. It focuses on the interaction between two agents: health service providers and patients. It presents a case study that highlights the importance of modifying the quantity and quality of the health information provided to patients, and the way in which that information is provided. The case study consists of the substitution of one educational programme for diabetes patients for a new one. The study provides a number of important insights into the real impact of the interaction between health providers and patients on long-term health status.
The convergence of nano-, bio-, and information technologies in healthcare
Authors: Pangher Nicola 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter describes the nature of revolutionary new health technologies, and their potential application and innovation in health care delivery. It focuses on the challenges that these technologies pose for both business and the health care system. The chapter is especially interesting as its reveals that as soon as a new technology is available on the market, the ‘right’ to the best existing treatment, escaping in many cases all the evidence-based guidelines, acts as a push for technology inception.
The mean free path and collisions
Authors: Blundell Stephen J. , Blundell Katherine M. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
At room temperature, the rms speed of O2 or N2 is about 500 ms-1. Processes such as the diffusion of one gas into another would therefore be almost instantaneous, were it not for the occurrence of collisions between molecules. Collisions are fundamentally quantum mechanical events, but in a dilute gas, molecules spend most of their time between collisions and so we can consider them as classical billiard balls and ignore the details of what actually happens during a collision. This chapter models the effect of collisions in a gas and develops the concepts of a mean collision time, the collision cross-section and the mean free path.
Exporting Pandora’s Box—Exploitation, Risk Communication, and Public Health Problems Associated with the Export of Hazard
Authors: Fischbacher-Smith Denis , Hudson Ray 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter highlights a set of key policy issues around the export of hazardous activities, and contextualizes them within the wider process of globalization. The export of hazardous activities remains a problem despite attempts at international regulation via the Basel convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Wastes and their disposal. Whilst public policy can serve to reduce risks to some people in some places, it typically does so by enhancing the risk to other people in other places, albeit unintentionally. Such exports therefore remain a key policy issue and bring with them a series of concerns for public health, the manner in which governments and corporations communicate risk, and the capacity of local populations to comprehend the nature of the risks involved.
Contrastive topics operate on speech acts
Authors: Tomioka Satoshi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractContrastive Topics are known to elicit a kind of pragmatic effect that is characterized as incompleteness, partiality, and/or uncertainty. Chapter 5 ‘Contrastive Topics Operate on Speech Acts’ by Satoshi Tomioka presents an analysis of this effect that makes appeal to contrasted speech acts. The majority of the empirical data discussed in the chapter come from Japanese, in which contrastive topics receive proto‐typical focus accents and the particle (‐wa) that signals a sentence topic must be employed. The proposed analysis derives the pragmatic effect of contrastive topics by making use of the contribution of focus accents, the function of the topic particle, and pragmatic inference based on the Gricean reasoning. A variety of consequences and implications of the analysis are also addressed.
The Unfinished Democratization of Europe
Authors: Eriksen Erik O. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe widening and deepening of the European Union have brought to the fore the question of democracy at the European level. The system of domination already in place at the European level requires and aspires to direct legitimation—from the citizens themselves and not merely indirectly, from the member nation-states. Such can only be achieved by making the EU into a democratic polity. But can democracy be disassociated from its putative nation-state foundation? This book develops a revised concept of democratic legitimacy based on discourse theory. It is argued that post-national democracy requires a constitution but not necessarily a state. The Union amounts to less than a state but more than an international organization and a system of transnational governance. In the political theory of the multi-level constellation that makes up the EU, it is conceived of as a regional subset of an emerging cosmopolitan order. The EU is a state-less government. As it is not premised on group identity, it is able to accommodate a high measure of variance with regard to territory and function. The book analyses the reforms undertaken to bring the EU ‘closer to the citizens’. It documents elements of democratization and the reduction of arbitrary power. However, democracy requires that the citizens can approve or reject the laws they are subjected to. Since the institutional and civic conditions under which a public justification process would be deemed legitimate are not in place, European post-national democracy remains an unaccomplished mission.