bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses to changes in sprat abundance of common tern breeding numbers at 12 colonies in the Firth of Forth, east Scotland
Authors: Jennings Gemma , McGlashan Derek J. , Furness Robert W. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Jennings, G., McGlashan, D. J. and Furness, R. W. 2012. Responses to changes in sprat abundance of common tern breeding numbers at 12 colonies in the Firth of Forth, east Scotland. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 572–577. Breeding numbers collected in 12 common tern Sterna hirundo colonies in the Firth of Forth, Scotland, along with sprat landings data for the area, were used to investigate how the dynamics of a shared prey resource may affect different colonies in a region. Between 1969 and 2010, breeding numbers fluctuated much more at individual colonies than across the region as a whole, with the largest colonies showing opposite trends, suggesting relocation by birds. This indicates that data from individual colonies may be less useful than regional numbers when using seabirds as indicators. Tern breeding numbers in the region were reduced when the sprat stock (Sprattus sprattus) collapsed in the early 1980s after targeted fishing, but recovered during recent decades when the stock was unfished. This should be considered for reopening the Firth of Forth sprat fishery, as well as in the management of other shared prey stocks.
Nursing students’ knowledge and beliefs about care of older adults in a shifting context of nursing education
Authors: Baumbusch Jennifer , Dahlke Sherry , Phinney Alison 
Published: February 2012

baumbusch j., dahlke s. & phinney a. (2012) Nursing students’ knowledge and beliefs about care of older adults in a shifting context of nursing education. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(11), 2550–2558.AbstractAim.  To a report a study of improvements in students’ knowledge and beliefs about nursing care of older adults following completion of an introductory course with integrated adult/older adult content.Background.  Nursing schools are under pressure to provide accelerated programmes to meet growing workforce demands and provide students with the knowledge they require to care for an ageing population. Thus, stand‐alone courses in gerontological nursing are being eliminated and integrated with general adult content. The effect of this approach remains poorly understood.Design.  A one‐group pretest‐post‐test design was used.Methods.  Data were collected between September–December 2010. Students completed the Palmore Facts on Aging Quiz, the Perceptions of Caring for Older People Scale, and open‐ended questions about their experiences before and after completing a course with integrated adult/older content.Results.  Students’ knowledge and beliefs about nursing care of older adults demonstrated an important improvement following completion of the course. Qualitative findings reflected three themes: relating to older people; neglect by the system; having time to learn.Conclusions.  Findings from this study suggest that even when integrated with general adult content, students’ knowledge and beliefs about older adult care can be positively influenced. Furthermore research is needed to examine long‐term integration of students’ learning about older adult care. Nursing faculty with expertise in nursing care of older adults must develop resources and supports for their colleagues to build capacity among nurse educators and integrate older adult content throughout nursing programmes to enhance nursing practice with an ageing population.
Socio‐economic risk factors for incident restless legs syndrome in the general population
Authors: SZENTKIRALYI ANDRAS , FENDRICH KONSTANZE , HOFFMANN WOLFGANG , HAPPE SVENJA , BERGER KLAUS 
Published: February 2012

SummaryFew and controversial data exist about the relationship between socio‐economic status and restless legs syndrome, and prospective analyses are lacking. We aimed to explore the associations between socio‐economic factors and incident restless legs syndrome in the general population. Two prospective population‐based cohort studies were conducted: the Dortmund Health Study with a mean follow‐up of 2.2 years; and the Study of Health in Pomerania with a mean follow‐up of 5.2 years. The studies included 1312 subjects and 4308 subjects, respectively. Restless legs syndrome was assessed twice according to the standard minimal criteria. The modified Winkler Index of social class, education, job status, partnership and income were assessed by interviews at baseline. The risk of restless legs syndrome associated with each socio‐economic factor was estimated by multivariable logistic regression adjusted for behavioural factors and co‐morbidities. Female gender, being retired and unemployment were independent risk factors of incident restless legs syndrome in both studies. Low level of education and income were independently associated with incident restless legs syndrome only in the Dortmund Health Study, but not in the other study. Migrational background and shiftwork were further independent risk factors of restless legs syndrome that were only assessed in the Dortmund Health Study. People with less favourable socio‐economic situation are at an increased risk of developing restless legs syndrome. Behavioural variables and co‐morbidities did not explain this association, thus further studies are required to reveal the mechanism behind the proposed relationship.
Reliability and accuracy of anthropometry performed by community health workers among infants under 6 months in rural Kenya
Authors: Mwangome Martha K. , Fegan Greg , Mbunya Ronald , Prentice Andrew M. , Berkley James A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjective  To assess the inter‐observer variability and accuracy of Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) and weight‐for‐length Z score (WFLz) among infants aged <6 months performed by community health workers (CHWs) in Kilifi District, Kenya.Methods  A cross‐sectional repeatability study estimated inter‐observer variation and accuracy of measurements initially undertaken by an expert anthropometrist, nurses and public health technicians. Then, after training, 18 CHWs (three at each of six sites) repeatedly measured MUAC, weight and length of infants aged <6 months. Intra‐class correlations (ICCs) and the Pitman’s statistic were calculated.Results  Among CHWs, ICCs pooled across the six sites (924 infants) were 0.96 (95% CI 0.95–0.96) for MUAC and 0.71 (95% CI 0.68–0.74) for WFLz. MUAC measures by CHWs differed little from their trainers: the mean difference in MUAC was 0.65 mm (95% CI 0.023–1.07), with no significant difference in variance (P = 0.075).Conclusion  Mid Upper Arm Circumference is more reliably measured by CHWs than WFLz among infants aged <6 months. Further work is needed to define cut‐off values based on MUAC’s ability to predict mortality among younger infants.
Novel high‐throughput RNAi vectors for plant biotechnology
Authors: Schmidt Nadja , Merker Matthias , Becker Dirk 
Published: February 2012

With 2 figures and 1 tableAbstractThe knockdown of genes through RNA interference (RNAi) inducing vectors with one promoter regulating a sense and antisense sequence of the target gene separated by a spacer/intron region has been rampant in plant kingdom. Those constructs are difficult to clone because of long homologies. This study is the first to successfully use RNAi constructs with two promoters in inverse orientation flanking a DNA sequence of the target gene in plants. Different double‐promoter constructs containing a β‐d‐glucuronidase gene–targeting sequence with constitutive 35S promoters or inducible heat shock promoters GmHSP17.5‐E (Glycine max) were tested. We were able to knock down the β‐d‐glucuronidase expression in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum after transformation with these new RNAi constructs. The change in gene expression was tested with molecular, histochemical and fluorimetric methods. The results showed a very high and reliable knockdown rate for constitutive promoters. Owing to their consistent knockdown and the uncomplicated cloning, these new RNAi vectors are of outstanding importance for genomics and plant biotechnology.
Emu Oil: A novel therapeutic for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract?
Authors: Abimosleh Suzanne M , Tran Cuong D , Howarth Gordon S 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGastrointestinal diseases characterized by inflammation, including the inflammatory bowel diseases, chemotherapy‐induced mucositis and non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐induced enteropathy, currently have variably effective treatment options, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Recently, naturally‐sourced agents including prebiotics, probiotics, plant‐extracts and marine‐derived oils known to possess anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant properties have been investigated in vitro and in vivo. However, animal‐derived oils are yet to be extensively tested. Emu Oil is extracted from the subcutaneous and retroperitoneal fat of the Emu, a flightless bird native to Australia, and predominantly comprises fatty acids. Despite the limited rigorous scientific studies conducted to date, with largely anecdotal claims, Emu Oil, when administered topically and orally, has been shown to possess significant anti‐inflammatory properties in vivo. These include a CD‐1 mouse model of croton oil‐induced auricular inflammation, experimentally‐induced polyarthritis and dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis. Recently, Emu Oil has been demonstrated to endow partial protection against chemotherapy‐induced mucositis, with early indications of improved intestinal repair. Emu Oil could therefore form the basis of an adjunct to conventional treatment approaches for inflammatory disorders affecting the gastrointestinal system.
Expression of dopamine receptors in human lower esophageal sphincter
Authors: Liu Xin‐Bo , Liu Jun‐Feng 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Dopamine (DA) is considered to be an important modulator of enteric function. Recent experiments have suggested that DA receptors are widely expressed in animal gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to explore the expression of DA receptors (D1R, D2R, D3R, D4R, D5R) in sling fibers and clasp fibers from the human lower esophageal sphincter (LES).Methods:  Muscle strips of sling and clasp fibers from the LES were obtained from patients undergoing esophago‐gastrectomy, and circular muscle strips from the esophagus and stomach were used as controls. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to determine the expression of the five subtypes of DA receptors.Results:  Messenger RNA and protein for three of five DA receptors were identified in the sling and clasp fibers of the LES. Expression was highest for D1R, then D5R and D2R in decreasing levels. D3R and D4R mRNA and protein were not identified in the muscle strips.Conclusion:  D1R, D2R, D5R can be detected in the human LES, and probably contribute to LES function. D3R and D4R are not expressed, and probably do not contribute to LES function in humans.
“Part of the Very Concept”: Wittgensteinian Moral Philosophy1
Authors: Carter Drew 
Published: February 2012

AbstractX is “part of the very concept” of Y. This formulation recurs throughout Raimond Gaita's philosophy and informs Christopher Cordner's. I elucidate the formulation's meaning and the nature of the necessity posited, then conclude with a criticism. One cannot love evil. One cannot love cow dung. For Gaita, these claims differ in type. The first testifies to a conceptual relation, but the second to a “mere fact.” I see no clear basis for assigning to claims one type over another, which challenges the footing of Wittgensteinian moral philosophy. Why do no moral“mere facts” partly define our form of life?
Spinoza's Three Gods and the Modes of Communication
Authors: Balibar Etienne 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe paper, which retains a hypothetical character, argues that Spinoza's propositions referring to God (or involving the use of the name ‘God’, essentially in the Ethics), can be read in a fruitful manner apart from any pre‐established hypothesis concerning his own ‘theological preferences’, as definite descriptions of three ‘ideas of God’ which have the same logical status: one (akin to Jewish Monotheism) which identifies the idea of God with the idea of the Law, one (akin to a heretic ‘Socinian’ version of Christianity) which identifies it with the idea of Human Love, and one (akin to a form of Cosmotheism, rather than ‘Pantheism’) which identifies it with Nature. Evidence of this analytic tripartition can be found in the letter of the texts themselves. If accepted (at least as a thought experiment), it would carry three interesting consequences: 1) to renew our understanding of the theory of the ‘three kinds of knowledge’, which have obvious affinities with the three possible ways of understanding the idea of God; 2) to emphasize the critical move associated by Spinoza with each of the three ideas of God (passing from an anthropomorphic legislator to an impersonal command, passing from an imaginary community of similarities to a practical community of singularities, and passing from a teleological and harmonious idea of nature to a causal, even conflictual, idea of its infinite power); 3) to locate the essential ethical and political questions associated with religion on the ‘vectors’ which lead from one idea to another, and represent themselves practical conatus: obedience, utility, order. It is also assumed that such a reading enhances the relevance of Spinoza's philosophy with respect to contemporary debates about religion and secularism.
Mark, Image, Sign: A Semiotic Approach to Spinoza
Authors: Vinciguerra Lorenzo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractInstead of reading Spinoza's account of the imagination in an anthropocentric way, as dependent on the traditional doctrine of human faculties, the author considers it as a consequence of his physics and cosmology. Knowledge by signs, as Spinoza calls imagination, has to be rooted in his theory of marks and images, and concerns all beings (human and non human) that are capable of marking and being marked by other bodies in the infinite semiosis of nature.
Injury severity scoring systems: a review of application to practice
Authors: Kim Young‐Ju 
Published: February 2012

Aim: This study reviews the historical development of injury severity scoring systems and their application to clinical practice.Background: A variety of injury severity scoring systems have been developed and applied since more than four decades. It is increasingly important for nurses to be familiar with these scoring systems, their strengths and weaknesses, and their applications to nursing practice.Design: Systematic literature review.Methods: The injury severity scoring systems developed from the 1970s to 2011 were identified via electronic database searches, footnote chasing and contact with clinical experts. The most frequently used scoring systems in the literature were classified according to the criteria used in each scoring system.Conclusions: All injury severity scoring systems are valuable but have certain problems. A universal scoring system applicable for various purposes appears difficult to achieve. However, the understanding and proper use of scoring systems will allow us to perform critical evaluations and continual refinement of trauma management.Relevance to clinical practice: As nurses and researchers, it is critical that we should know the application of these injury severity scoring systems to ensure their quality and appropriate utilization.
A community‐randomized controlled trial against sugary snacking among infants and toddlers
Authors: Mohebbi Simin Z. , Virtanen Jorma I. , Vehkalahti Miira M. 
Published: February 2012

Mohebbi SZ, Virtanen JI, Vehkalahti MM. A community‐randomized controlled trial against sugary snacking among infants and toddlers. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40 (Suppl. 1): 43–48. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –
Objectives:  We evaluated the impact of educational interventions on sugary snacking in infants and toddlers in Tehran, Iran.
Methods:  A 6‐month intervention was integrated into health staff duties. We assigned 12‐ to 15‐month‐olds (n = 242) and their mothers attending the vaccination offices of 18 randomly selected public health centers into the following groups: pamphlet and reminder (A), pamphlet only (B), and one control group (C). The mothers were interviewed at baseline and after follow‐up. We recorded the frequency of sugary snacking for both the children and their mothers and calculated changes over 6 months. A reduction in the children’s snacking frequency indicated a positive outcome. The family’s residential area (affluent/nonaffluent) indicated its socioeconomic level. Associations between the children’s and their mothers’ snacking frequency were assessed by means of Spearman correlation. The outcomes of each intervention group were compared separately to those of the control group by means of the Mann–Whitney test. In addition, we performed intention to treat analysis. Factors related to a positive outcome were explained by means of logistic regression models.
Results:  In all groups, the child’s and mother’s snacking at baseline correlated (r = 0.4). A positive outcome was found for 62% of the children in group A and for 49% and 32% in groups B and C, respectively. In group A, a reduction in the children’s snacking frequency was found despite their residential area (P < 0.05). Controlling for intervention effects, the logistic regression model showed that residential area was unrelated to the positive outcome.
Conclusions:  Oral health education with reminders provided to mothers by general health staff is a valuable tool for reducing sugary snacking in infants and toddlers in a country with developing oral health systems.
Orthodontic treatment attitude versus orthodontic treatment need: differences by gender, age, socioeconomical status and geographical context
Authors: Deli Roberto , Macrì Ludovica A. , Radico Paola , Pantanali Francesca , Grieco Domenico L. , Gualano Maria R. , La Torre Giuseppe 
Published: February 2012

Deli R, Macrì LA, Radico P, Pantanali F, Grieco DL, Gualano MR, La Torre G. Orthodontic treatment attitude versus orthodontic treatment need: differences by gender, age, socio‐economical status and geographical context. Community Dent Oral Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40 (Suppl. 1): 71–76. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S
Abstract –
Objectives:  To investigate the relationship between the attitude towards orthodontic treatment and the objective level of orthodontic need, and variables like gender, socioeconomic status and geographical context, among 6‐ to 16‐year‐old children.
Methods:  The attitude of 2284 Italian children towards orthodontics was assessed using the Child Orthodontic Attitude Survey (COAS) questionnaire, previously validated for Italian‐speaking children. The level of orthodontic need was evaluated by using the Risk of Malocclusion Assessment (ROMA) Index while socioeconomic status (SES) was based on parental job activities. The univariate analysis was performed using chi‐square tests to find differences between groups for categorical variables, while multivariate analyses were conducted using logistic regression models.
Results:  Individuals with a higher SES had a statistically significant lower need of orthodontic treatment (P = 0.003). Children with a very high SES were from northern (20.8%) and central Italy (65.9%), while only 13.3% lived in southern Italy (P < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that females, older children, in‐treatment subjects and children from the region of Puglia were more likely to have orthodontics (OR = 2.09; 95% CI: 1.66–2.64, OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 1.01–1.15, OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11–1.97, OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.05–1.95, respectively).
Conclusions:  The orthodontic treatment attitude largely depends on age, gender and geographical context but is not influenced by the real level of orthodontic therapy need.
Rare species drive local trait diversity in two geographically disjunct examples of a naturally rare alpine ecosystem in New Zealand
Authors: Richardson Sarah J. , Williams Peter A. , Mason Norman W. H. , Buxton Rowan P. , Courtney Shannel P. , Rance Brian D. , Clarkson Beverley R. , Hoare Robert J. B. , St. John Mark G. , Wiser Susan K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractQuestionIs there evidence for similar community assembly processes in two geographically disjunct examples of a rare alpine ecosystem?LocationTwo alpine granite gravel fields 610 km apart along a fault line in western South Island, New Zealand – the Lookout Range and Mt Titiroa.MethodsPlot‐based vascular plant composition and traits for 86 species (height, seed length, leaf size and nutrient concentrations) were used to examine community structure reflecting assembly processes. We examined species richness, trait values averaged across species and plots, relationships between trait pairs using standardized major axis (SMA) regression and phylogenetically independent contrasts (PIC), relationships between abundance and trait values, and functional diversity indices against null models. Lastly, we partitioned taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity within and across alpine ranges.ResultsFunctional and phylogenetic turnover of diversity between the two locations was low (2.9% and 6.3%, respectively) relative to turnover of taxonomic diversity (75%). Species‐level traits were similar between the two locations, except leaf P, which was higher at Mt Titiroa. Plot‐level average traits were all significantly higher on Mt Titiroa. Relationships between species‐level traits were typically non‐significant at both locations, or significant only at a single location. In contrast, relationships between plot‐level trait values were frequently significant and consistent across the two locations. At both locations, dominant species had a narrow range of similar trait values, while rare species had a wide range of values. Within plots, we found both trait convergence and divergence. Associations of trait values among dominant and rare species were largely non‐random but inconsistent between the two locations.ConclusionsThe two locations had a similar pool of trait values but often differed in how those traits were assembled. Results demonstrate that dominant species are subject to rigorous filters during community assembly leading to trait convergence, but rare species contributed to trait diversity and trait divergence. Models of community assembly can often predict traits of dominant species but must consider the importance of rare species as a source of local trait diversity, even in species‐poor communities under severe environmental conditions.