bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of electric-trap and hand-net catches of Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) and G. tachinoides Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the Sudan vegetation zone of northern Nigeria
Authors: Rogers D. J. , Randolph Sarah E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA comparison was made of the efficiencies of catching parties with hand nets and electric back-pack and screen traps for the capture of Glossina palpalis palpalis (R.-D.) and G. tachinoides Westw. in northern Nigeria. Whilst there was little to choose between the various devices during standing catches, one electric back-pack caught up to four times as many G. palpalis as two men with hand nets during moving catches on fly-rounds. Two reasons for the observed variation in success rate of the catching party with hand nets are suggested, and estimates are made of the relative efficiencies of each method at capturing flies during a single traverse of a fly-round. The combined use of the electric back-pack and screen drawn immediately behind the back-pack wearer recorded the arrival height of the flies, whilst hand-net catches tended to reflect the heights at which the flies spent most of their time after arrival. There were differences between the sexes both in arrival height, perhaps related to differences in resting heights on the vegetation, and in the fat and haematin levels of flies caught in hand nets above and below the waist. High ambient temperature reduced the average height of the visits of both sexes to human bait. The relevance of the results obtained in this study to sampling tsets populations is discussed in relation to various seasonal changes in hand-net samples recorded in the literature.
The sequence of events in outbreaks of Austrosimulium pestilens Mackerras & Mackerras (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Hunter D. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies in Queensland showed that an outbreak of Austrosimulium pestilens Mack. & Mack. occurs if the water-level in a river rises enough to release eggs buried in the river-bed. Following such a rise, the larval development of A. pestilens was completed in 6–7 days in summer and 9–10 days in winter, and after a pupal period of 1·5–2 days in summer and 3 days in winter, adult eclosion began. Most flies emerging during the first 1–2 days were males, but females were slightly predominant later. A. pestilens emerged throughout the diel; at night there was a drop in the numbers emerging, and this was followed by a distinct early morning peak. Following a rapid rise and fall in river-levels, adult eclosion and mating occurred over a period of several days early in an outbreak, but after high river-levels of long duration, eclosion and mating occurred over a much longer period.
Radiolsotopes as metabolic labels forGlossina(Diptera: Glossinidae). II. The excretion of137Cs under field conditions as a means of estimating energy utilisation, activity and temperature regulation
Authors: Taylor P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMales ofGlossina morsitansWestw. andG. pallidipesAust. labelled with radiocaesium (137Cs) were released in their natural habitat and later recovered on four occasions in the hot, hot wet and cold dry seasons in Rhodesia. The rate of excretion of the radioisotope was related to previous laboratory results to give estimates of activity, temperature regulation and energy utilisation in the field. It is considered that maleG. morsitansare unlikely to fly for more than a few minutes per day. The hunger cycle duration is estimated as 3·5–4 days forG. morsitansmales and 5·5 days forG. pallidipesmales. Temperature regulation within the range 23–27°C was exhibited by both species, especially in the winter.
Feeding habits of anophelines (Diptera: Culicidae) in 1971–78, with reference to the human blood index: a review
Authors: Garrett-Jones C. , Boreham P. F. L. , Pant C. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA synoptic view is given of the data amassed by WHO, with technical assistance from the Imperial College of Science and Technology, on the origins of blood-meals in Anopheles samples collected from 1971 to 1978. Attention is focused on the proportion of each sample found to contain human blood and on the problems of interpreting from this the human blood index or degree of biting-contact with man exhibited by vector populations. The difficulties of overcoming bias in sampling, which are formidable in unsprayed areas, are further compounded where the dwellings are treated with a slow-acting residual insecticide which knocks down many engorged mosquitoes before they can be collected from their daytime resting places. There is evidence to suggest that the host-selection patterns of those vectors which are ‘opportunistic’ feeders may be heavily influenced, even from village to village or from month to month, by the changing availability of alternative hosts, particularly cattle. This suggests in turn that the possibilities of manipulating the degree of mosquito-man contact by encouraging deflection to animals (zooprophylaxis) or by measures to afford a degree of personal protection should not be under-estimated by malaria strategists. It may sometimes be found less difficult to reduce the vector’s human blood index than it is to measure it, but in view of the epidemiological importance of this parameter, suggestions are put forward for improving entomological field practice in this area. They include a quantitative survey of the biotopes available to the mosquito population as diurnal shelters, a longitudinal survey of the densities of blood-fed females per biotope, and a survey of the numbers and the respective distribution of people and domestic animals available as hosts. The work-load entailed by such a thorough form of investigation, to be repeated where necessary at different seasons of the year, underlines the necessity to concentrate efforts on a small number of localities, carefully chosen for the malaria situations they represent and the vector populations they support. A large-scale blood-meal sampling programme, confined to these selected localities, is most likely in our estimation to yield information of value for controlling malaria vectors.
Dynamics of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) attacking cotton in the coastal plain of Israel
Authors: Gerling D. , Motro U. , Horowitz R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe dynamics of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) were followed during two years in treated and untreated cotton fields in three locations in Israel. Two parasite species, Encarsia lutea (Masi) and Eretmocerus mundus Merc., were the only important natural enemies, but percentage parasitism did not rise with increase in the host population. The whiteflies reached peak populations at the end of the summer. Their distribution upon the plants was not uniform, rather, they tended to concentrate on a few leaves. The leaf bearing the maximal population was the sixth or seventh until mid-July. From then on, its location was variable according to the growth pattern of the foliage. Insecticide treatments, in particular with aldicarb, resulted in depression of both whitefly and parasite populations, but neither was exterminated.
Field studies on irradiated Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) from a colony maintained on a Membrane-Feeding regimen
Authors: Weiss M. , Takken W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn a field study in eastern Tanzania, the behaviour of 4167 males and females of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. from a colony fed on equine blood through artificial membranes (Seibersdorf flies) was compared to that of 4065 flies from a colony fed on goats or rabbits (Tanga flies). All flies had been treated with 11·8 krad γ-irradiation, a sterilising does, in the late puparial stage in a saturated nitrogen atmosphere. Recapture rates were 5·66% for Seibersdorf and 4·50% for Tanga flies. Only 57% as many Tanga females were recaptured as compared to Seibersdorf females, but the Tanga females had a higher insemination rate. The age-distribution and dispersal of the recaptured flies of the males of both groups and of the females were similar. Laboratory studies showed that although there were no marked differences in fat reserves between males of the Tanga and the Seibersdorf strains, the Seibersdorf females had significantly more fat than the Tanga females.
The effect of model size and ox odour on the alighting response of Glossina morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Hargrove J. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe number of tsetse visiting a black cylindrical model (designed to look like a small host animal) in the Zambesi Valley, Zimbabwe, was estimated by catching them on an expanse of electric netting placed next to the model. The number which alighted was found by electrocuting the flies on the surface of the model on other occasions when the netting was absent. About half the Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. visiting a stationary small model (a black drum 57 cm long and 37 cm in diametter) in the absence of ox odour alighted on it, but virtually none of the G. pallidipes Aust. alighted. When the linear dimensions of the standard model were increased threefold, about 1·5 times as many tsetse visited its close vicinity. Of these, nearly all the G. morsitans and about one-third of the G. pallidipes alighted on the model. Four to seven times as many tsetse visited the models when the odour of one ox was dispensed near them. When odour was present, about 1·5 times as many tsetse visited the large model as visited the small one. Some 55–85% of G. morsitans visiting the small model in the presence of ox odour alighted, but only about 30% of the male and 20% of the female G. pallidipes alighted. The latter percentages increased to 53 and 62 when the large model was used. A smaller percentage of G. morsitans females landed on the large model in the presence of ox odour than in its absence. With mobile models, significantly more tsetse were taken if electric nets were appended fore and aft of the model. In the absence of electric nets, 2–30 times as many tsetse landed on the large model as on the small one, the effect being greater for female G. morsitans than for males and much greater for G. pallidipes than for G. morsitans. The percentage of visiting flies of both sexes and species that landed was greater when the large model was used.
A revision of the species ofSosylus(Coleoptera: Colydiidae) occurring in New Guinea
Authors: Pope R. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe genusSosylusincludes important natural predators and parasites of ambrosia beetles (Platypodidae). Nine species ofSosylusare recorded from New Guinea (Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya in Indonesia), and a key is provided for their identification. Five of the species,S. giluwesp. n.,S. hywelisp. n.,S. minusculussp. n.,S. morobensissp. n. andS. reflexussp. n., are described as new and one,S. erosus(Pasc.), is recognised as an extension to the known range of an existing species. New information is presented concerning the distribution and sexual dimorphism of the previously described species, and lectotypes are designated where necessary and feasible.
Patna rhizolineatasp. n. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) in Pakistan
Authors: Bradley J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA pyralid moth belonging to the tribe Anerastiini, reared from larvae feeding in the rhizomes of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense) in Pakistan, is described from the male and female and namedPatna rhizolineatasp. n. It is differentiated from the closely related Afrotropical speciesP. venatellaHmps. As a result of the comparative study of type material,P. brunneicostellaHmps.,Critonia sarcoidaHmps. andP. aulacodesMeyr. were found to be conspecific withP. venatellaand are placed as junior synonyms of it.
Notes on Anthocoridae (Heteroptera) with descriptions of two new species of economic importance from Africa
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOrius amnesiussp. n., a predator ofMegalurothrips sjostedti(Tryb.) infesting cowpea, is described from the male and female from Nigeria. A sympatric species,Orius albidipennis(Reut.) was also attacking the pest.Wollastoniella gattisp. n., a predator of tetranychid mites on ornamental species ofSolanum, is also described from the male and immature examples from Kenya.O. amnesiusresemblesO. albidipennisand several other economically important and widely distributed species ofOriusfound in Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
The biology of false wireworms and their adults (soil-inhabiting Tenebrionidae) (Coleoptera): a review
Authors: Allsopp P. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSoil-dwelling tenebrionid larvae have developed in three evolutionary lines and are pests in all faunal regions. Description of and keys to most of the important species are available. However, revisional studies, on both adult and larval characters, are needed in many groups. The basic number of non-sex chromosomes appears to be 18, but the number and type of sex chromosomes are variable. Host ranges of both larvae and adults are usually extensive but usually only include plants. Development rates are related mainly to temperature, with life-cycles of one, two or three years. Larval development periods are rather long, and adults are long-lived. The number of instars is high, often above ten and frequently variable within a species. Sampling is best carried out by direct counts and pitfall trapping. In the species studied, mating follows a regular pattern and pheromones are involved. Species show definite temperature, moisture and soil-type preferences and these influence both spatial and temporal distribution. Recorded parasitoids include Diptera (mainly tachinids), Hymenoptera, mites, bacteria and fungi. Birds, carabids and a variety of other vertebrates are the main predators, but abdominal secretions and postural mechanisms provide some defence. Cultural control was formerly widely practised but has given way to chemical control.
Azygophleps albovittata Bethune-Baker (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) attacking groundnuts in northern Nigeria, with descriptions of the immature and imaginal stages
Authors: Carter D. J. , Deeming J. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe cossid moth Azygophleps albovittata Bethune-Baker is recorded for the first time as a pest of groundnuts in northern Nigeria. This is the first food-plant record for the species and, as groundnuts were only introduced into Africa 400 to 500 years ago, there must be at least one indigenous host-plant. The larval, pupal and imaginal stages are described and figured. Attacks by larvae of this moth appear to be confined to crops on sandy and gravelly soils, as groundnuts grown on lateritic soils at Samaru are not affected. Larvae cause massive damage to the crown of the plant, but attacks are highly localised and never affect more than 20% of plants. As larvae diapause throughout the dry season, crop rotation may prove to be an effective means of control.
Toxares deltiger (Haliday) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) parasiting the cereal aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), in southern England: a new host-parasitoid record
Authors: Powell W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSixty-seven per cent of parasitoid mummies which developed from Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) collected in wheat fields at Rothamsted, southern England, in 1979 were of Toxares deltiger (Hal.), a species previously unrecorded from cereal aphids. T. deltiger formed only 1% of samples when parasitoid mummies were collected directly from cereals in the field. Laboratory observations of the parasitoid indicate that affected aphids probably leave the host-plant prior to death and mummy formation.
The identity of a suspected vector of coconut lethal yellowing disease in Jamaica and notes on Caribovia intensa (Walker) (Homoptera: Cicadelloidea)
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSpecimens of a leafhopper from Jamaica, previously thought to be Osbornellus bimarginatus (DeLong) and which is suspected of being the vector of lethal yellowing disease of coconut, were found to belong to a new species. This is described as O. dabeki sp.n. and compared with related species. Genitalia of the male of Caribovia intensa (Wlk.), hitherto unknown, is described, and this species is compared with and shown to be distinct from C. coffeacola (Doz.).
Interspecies attraction studies in three species of Callosobruchus and in Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Rup P. J 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInterspecies attraction studies in four species of bruchids (Callosobruchus analis (F.), C. chinensis (L.), C. maculatus (F.) and Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boh.)) showed that only males were attracted by the females of other species except in C. maculatus, the males of which were also attracted by males of Z. subfasciatus. C. chinensis showed no attraction towards any other species and none was attracted to it. On the other hand, C. maculatus males were attracted by females of C. analis and Z. subfasciatus and vice versa. C. analis and Z. subfasciatus showed no attraction towards each other.
The effect of temperature and hosts on the population dynamics of Neoaliturus fenestratus (Herrich-Schäffer) (Hemiptera: Euscelidae)
Authors: Klein M. , Raccah B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe population dynamics of the leafhopper Neoaliturus fenestratus (H.-S.) was studied at two temperatures (20 and 25°C) and on a summer host-plant (safflower) and a winter host-plant (Chrysanthemum segetum).The life-span, reproduction and computed rates of increase were established, and it was found that the leafhopper performed best on safflower at 25°C. Delayed mating induced longer survival in both sexes. C. segetum, the winter host-plant, enabled long maintenance of the insect, although markedly reducing its rate of reproduction. The implication of these findings for the seasonal cycle of the leafhopper is discussed.
A portable suction trap for sampling small insects
Authors: Wainhouse D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA suction trap for sampling small insects in areas without mains electricity is described. The traps were operated from two 25-ampere-hour 12-V batteries connected in parallel, giving an average airflow of 329–355 m3/h over a 12-h period. The trap was used successfully to catch first-instar larvae ofCryptococcus fagisugaLdgr. in a beech forest in England.
On the biting activities of some anthropophilic Amazonian Simuliidae (Diptera)
Authors: Lacey L. A. , Charlwood J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractQuantitative observations on the biting activities ofSimulium simplicicolorLutz andS. sanguineumKnab s.1. at Aripuanã, Mato Grosso, Brazil, andS. guianenseWise andS. sanguineums.1. at Uru´, Par´, were made during the wet and dry seasons between June 1978 and August 1979. The species demonstrated characteristic attacking patterns regardless of abundance or environmental conditions.S. simplicicolor,S. guianenseandS. sanguineums.1. at Uruá demonstrated bimodal biting patterns with early morning and late afternoon peaks.S. sanguineums.1. at Aripuanã, however, bit throughout the day with three peaks of activity. Evidence is presented for circadian control of the biting patterns which are subject to modification by exogenous factors outside of an optimal range.S. simplicicolorseemed to be most affected by light intensity, whereas the other species were affected by variable combinations of light, temperature and humidity depending on the species and population. Physiological age sometimes also modified biting activity inS. simplicicolor. This variable was not studied in the other species.S. simplicicolorandS. guianensepreferred biting man on the legs andS. sanguineums.1. at Uruá preferred the upper torso, butS. sanguineums.1. at. Aripuanã did not demonstrate a consistent preference for sites above or below the waist. Average engorgement times for all of the populations except the Uruá population ofS. sanguineums.1. were between 4·3 and 5·3 min.
Diapause and laboratory breeding of Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead and Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir (Diptera: Psychodidae) from southern France
Authors: Ready P. D. , Croset H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObservations are reported on diapause and laboratory breeding of Phlebotomus perniciosus Newst. and P. ariasi Tonnoir, the two phlebotomine sandflies incriminated as vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in southern France. Previous field studies had suggested that both species are univoltine in southern France, but the present laboratory investigations showed that diapause is obligatory for neither species. Temperature (both species) and photoperiod (P. perniciosus) were found to affect diapause-induction, and diapause was commonly determined before the overwintering stage (the fourth-instar larva). The results showed that P. perniciosus can be mass-reared for at least three uninterrupted generations each year if it is maintained at 28°C in LD 17:7. Further investigations are needed if P. ariasi is also to be bred in sufficient numbers for epidemiological experiments; its colonisation was prevented primarily by low fertility, and attempts at forced insemination were unsuccessful.
The role of carbon dioxide in host-finding by mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): a review
Authors: Gillies M. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFrom a critical review of the literature, it is concluded that the role of carbon dioxide in host-seeking by mosquitoes comprises two distinct actions. Firstly, it acts as an ‘attractant’, orientation towards the host being mediated by kinesis and optomotor anemotaxis. When tested in the absence of moving air currents, orientation to the source is not possible and only the kinetic or ‘activating’ effect is manifested. Moreover, in the absence of other host factors, sustained flight takes place only in response to intermittent pulses of carbon dioxide; this response is not elicited in uniformly permeated airstreams. Secondly, carbon dioxide has a combined action with warm moist convection currents at close range and with odour factors at a distance from the host.
Overlapping and copulation between the wet- and dry-season generations of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) at Nsukka, Nigeria
Authors: Iheagwam E. U. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAt Nsukka in south-eastern Nigeria, nymphs of the wet-and dry-season generations of Zonocerus variegatus (L.) overlapped, both in time (January to March) and in space. Contrary to some previous suggestions, adults of the two generations also overlapped (mid-May to end-July), and copulation occurred between individuals of both sexes in the laboratory.
The flight capabilities of laboratory and tropical field populations of the brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens(Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Baker P. S. , Cooter R. J. , Chang P. M. , Hashim H. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe duration of flight byNilaparvata lugens(Stål) of tropical origin from field and laboratory populations was studied. Field insects (from the third generation on rice) flew longer and more readily than laboratorybred insects. The longest recorded flight, of 10·75 h, was by a female from the field. Laboratory-reared insects performed poorly even after only one generation in the laboratory. Flights that were started in the morning lasted longer than those started in the afternoon. Lift production varied between individuals and during a continuous flight. Individuals flying for over 150 min tended to produce more lift for a longer proportion of the flight than those flying for less than 10 min. The pattern of lift production appeared to be similar in successive flights, except in those following very long flights when the insect appeared to be exhausted. There was no tendency for the first flight to be the longest. Up to 28% loss of body weight was recorded (in a flight lasting 512 min) during flight. The results indicate that individuals from tropical field populations ofN. lugenshave the capacity for long range migration.