bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Health Insurance in Oregon: Underenrollment of Eligible Children and Parental Confusion About Children's Enrollment Status
Authors: DeVoe Jennifer E. , Ray Moira , Graham Alan 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We identified characteristics of Oregon children who were eligible for the Oregon Health Plan (OHP), the state's combined Medicaid–Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), but were not enrolled in January 2005. We also assessed whether parents’ confusion regarding their children's status affected nonenrollment. Methods. We conducted cross-sectional analyses of linked statewide Food Stamp Program and OHP administrative databases (n = 10 175) and primary data from a statewide survey (n = 2681). Results. More than 20% of parents with children not administratively enrolled in OHP reported that their children were enrolled. Parents of 11.3% of children who were administratively enrolled reported that they were not. Eligible but unenrolled children had higher odds of being older, having higher family incomes, and having employed and uninsured parents. Conclusions. These findings reveal an important discrepancy between administrative data and parent-reported access to public health insurance. This discrepancy may stem from transient coverage or confusion among parents and may result in underutilization of health insurance for eligible children.
Pakistan and Water: New Pressures on Global Security and Human Health
Authors: Pappas Gregory 
Published: March 2011

The Indus River is the major source of water for the more than 180 million people of Pakistan. A rapidly increasing population over the past 60 years has created new pressures on water that was once a plentiful resource for the health and development of the country. Rising tensions between India and Pakistan, which share the Indus flow, may lead to violent confrontation in an already volatile part of the globe. The recent flooding, which affected more than 20 million people, drew attention to poor management of the rivers of Pakistan. Public health has the scientific knowledge and professional capacity to help develop water management practices that could improve population health in Pakistan.
Exposure to the Above the Influence Antidrug Advertisements and Adolescent Marijuana Use in the United States, 2006–2008
Authors: Carpenter Christopher S. , Pechmann Cornelia 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We examined the relationship between exposure to the Above the Influence antidrug campaign in 210 US media markets and adolescent marijuana and alcohol use from 2006 to 2008. Methods. We analyzed monthly advertising exposure (targeted rating points) data from the Office of National Drug Control Policy and drug use data from the Monitoring the Future study. We estimated multivariate logistic regression models of marijuana use for students in grades 8, 10, and 12, with controls for individual, family, and media market characteristics and year and regional fixed effects. Results. For eighth-grade adolescent girls, greater exposure to antidrug advertisements was associated with lower rates of past-month marijuana use (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52, 0.87) and lower rates of lifetime marijuana use (AOR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.93), but not alcohol use (AOR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.84, 1.19). Associations were not significant for adolescent boys or for students in grades 10 and 12. Conclusions. Antidrug advertising may be an effective way to dissuade eighth-grade adolescent girls from initiating marijuana use.
Citizens United, Public Health, and Democracy: The Supreme Court Ruling, Its Implications, and Proposed Action
Authors: Wiist William H. 
Published: March 2011

The 2010 US Supreme Court Citizens United v Federal Election Commission 130 US 876 (2010) case concerned the plans of a nonprofit organization to distribute a film about presidential candidate Hillary Clinton. The Court ruled that prohibiting corporate independent expenditures for advocacy advertising during election campaigns unconstitutionally inhibits free speech. Corporations can now make unlimited contributions to election advocacy advertising directly from the corporate treasury. Candidates who favor public health positions may be subjected to corporate opposition advertising. Citizen groups and legislators have proposed remedies to ameliorate the effects of the Court's ruling. The public health field needs to apply its expertise, in collaboration with others, to work to reduce the disproportionate influence of corporate political speech on health policy and democracy.
Racial Disparities in Rehospitalization Among Medicare Patients in Skilled Nursing Facilities
Authors: Li Yue , Glance Laurent G. , Yin Jun , Mukamel Dana B. 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We examined racial disparities in rehospitalization rates among a cohort of non-Hispanic White and Black Medicare beneficiaries admitted to skilled nursing facilities for postacute care. Methods. We analyzed the 2008 national Nursing Home Minimum Data Set, augmented with other databases. We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate overall racial disparities in rehospitalization rates within 30 days and 90 days of nursing facility admission and the extent to which the disparities were explained by patient, facility, market, and state factors. Stratified analyses identified persistent disparities within patient subgroups, facility types, and states. Results. The 30-day rehospitalization rates were 14.3% for White patients (n = 865 993) and 18.6% for Black patients (n = 94 651); the 90-day rehospitalization rates were 22.1% and 29.5%, respectively. Both patient and admitting facility characteristics accounted for a considerable portion of overall racial disparities, but disparities persisted after multivariable adjustments overall and in patient subgroups. Conclusions. We found persistent racial disparities in rehospitalization among the nation's skilled nursing facility patients receiving postacute care. Targeted efforts are needed to remove these disparities.
Health-Related Quality of Life Among Central Appalachian Residents in Mountaintop Mining Counties
Authors: Zullig Keith J. , Hendryx Michael 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We examined the health-related quality of life of residents in mountaintop mining counties of Appalachia using the 2006 national Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Methods. Dependent variables included self-rated health; the number of poor physical, poor mental, and activity limitation days (in the past 30 days); and the Healthy Days Index. Independent variables included metropolitan status, primary care physician supply, and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System behavioral and demographic variables. We compared dependent variables across 3 categories: mountaintop mining (yes or no), other coal mining (yes or no), and a referent nonmining group. We used SUDAAN MULTILOG and multiple linear regression models with post hoc least squares means to test mountaintop mining effects after adjusting for covariates. Results. Residents of mountaintop mining counties reported significantly more days of poor physical, mental, and activity limitation and poorer self-rated health (P < .01) compared with the other county groupings. Results were generally consistent in separate analyses by gender and age. Conclusions. Mountaintop mining areas are associated with the greatest reductions in health-related quality of life even when compared with counties with other forms of coal mining.
Adolescents’ Use of Indoor Tanning: A Large-Scale Evaluation of Psychosocial, Environmental, and Policy-Level Correlates
Authors: Mayer Joni A. , Woodruff Susan I. , Slymen Donald J. , Sallis James F. , Forster Jean L. , Clapp Elizabeth J. , Hoerster Katherine D. , Pichon Latrice C. , Weeks John R. , Belch George E. , Weinstock Martin A. , Gilmer Todd 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We evaluated psychosocial, built-environmental, and policy-related correlates of adolescents’ indoor tanning use.Methods. We developed 5 discrete data sets in the 100 most populous US cities, based on interviews of 6125 adolescents (aged 14–17 years) and their parents, analysis of state indoor tanning laws, interviews with enforcement experts, computed density of tanning facilities, and evaluations of these 3399 facilities’ practices regarding access by youths. After univariate analyses, we constructed multilevel models with generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs).Results. In the past year, 17.1% of girls and 3.2% of boys had used indoor tanning. The GLMMs indicated that several psychosocial or demographic variables significantly predicted use, including being female, older, and White; having a larger allowance and a parent who used indoor tanning and allowed their adolescent to use it; and holding certain beliefs about indoor tanning's consequences. Living within 2 miles of a tanning facility also was a significant predictor. Residing in a state with youth-access legislation was not significantly associated with use.Conclusions. Current laws appear ineffective in reducing indoor tanning; bans likely are needed. Parents have an important role in prevention efforts.
Comparison of Two Health-Promotion Programs for Older Workers
Authors: Hughes Susan L. , Seymour Rachel B. , Campbell Richard T. , Shaw James W. , Fabiyi Camille , Sokas Rosemary 
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We examined the effects of 2 worksite health-promotion interventions (compared with a health-education control) on older workers’ healthy behaviors and health outcomes. Methods. We conducted a prospective, randomized controlled trial with 423 participants aged 40 years and older. Participants were categorized into 3 study arms: the COACH intervention combined Web-based risk assessments with personal coaching support, the RealAge intervention used a Web-based risk assessment and behavior-specific modules, and a control group received printed health-promotion materials. Participants were assessed at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Random-effects modeling controlled for baseline stage of change for all behaviors of interest in all groups. Results. At 6 and 12 months, COACH participants showed significantly increased fruit and vegetable consumption (P = .026; P < .001) and participation in physical activity (P = .05; P = .013), and at 12 months they showed decreased percentage of energy from fat (P = .027). RealAge participants showed significantly decreased waist circumference at 6 and 12 months (P = .05; P = .018). Conclusions. COACH participants were twice as likely to use the COACH intervention as RealAge participants were to use the RealAge intervention. COACH participants experienced twice the number of positive outcomes that control participants experienced.
The Rush to Drill for Natural Gas: A Public Health Cautionary Tale
Authors: Finkel Madelon L. , Law Adam 
Published: March 2011

Efforts to identify alternative sources of energy have focused on extracting natural gas from vast shale deposits. The Marcellus Shale, located in western New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, is estimated to contain enough natural gas to supply the United States for the next 45 years. New drilling technology—horizontal drilling and high-volume hydraulic fracturing of shale (fracking)—has made gas extraction much more economically feasible. However, this technique poses a threat to the environment and to the public's health. There is evidence that many of the chemicals used in fracking can damage the lungs, liver, kidneys, blood, and brain. We discuss the controversial technique of fracking and raise the issue of how to balance the need for energy with the protection of the public's health.
Market Provision of Program Quality in the Television Broadcasting Industry
Authors: Lin Panlang 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
This paper uses a simple model of duopoly competition to study the market provision of program quality offered by television broadcasters under three different regimes. In regime 1, two broadcasters are financed only with subscription fees (i.e., fee-based or pay TV). In regime 2, the two broadcasters generate their revenues only from advertising (i.e., free TV). In regime 3, one pay TV broadcaster competes with one free TV broadcaster. We show that the broadcasters in regime 3 (but not in regimes 1 and 2) vertically differentiate their channel programs if, for a given level of advertising market profitability, viewers strongly or weakly dislike the presence of advertising. In such cases, although the two pay TV broadcasters in regime 1 will unambiguously offer higher or lower quality programming than the two free TV broadcasters under regime 2, it is not clear which broadcaster will provide higher or lower program quality in regime 3 because this depends on the degree of horizontal differentiation between the channel programs. However, the levels of quality offered under regimes 1 and 2 fall between the quality levels offered by the two broadcasters in regime 3.
Influence of aging and neurodegeneration on dendritic spine morphology
Authors: Bloss Erik , Morrison John , Hof Patrick , Dickstein Dara 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
In neuronal circuits, excitatory synaptic transmission predominantly occurs at postsynaptic protrusions called dendritic spines. Spines are highly plastic structures capable of formation, enlargement, shrinkage, and elimination over time. Individual spine morphology is widely variable, and evidence suggests these differences in morphology are relevant to spine function. Recent reports provide evidence that spine structural plasticity underlies functional synaptic changes, including those seen in animal models of learning and memory plasticity. Conversely, impairments in cognitive functions, such as those commonly seen in aging, have recently been linked to and correlated with alterations in spine density and morphology. In addition, dendritic spine density and morphology also appear to be altered in various transgenic animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Ultimately, an understanding of the synaptic basis of age- and disease-related cognitive impairments may lead to the development of drug treatments that can restore or protect synaptic profiles in neural circuits that mediate cognition.
Mitochondrial bioenergetics is defective in presymptomatic Tg2576 AD Mice
Authors: Varghese Merina , Zhao Wei , Wang Jun , Cheng Alice , Qian Xianjuan , Chaudhry Amna , Ho Lap , Pasinetti Giulio 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related dementia, with the pathological hallmarks of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, brain atrophy and loss of synaptic terminals. Dysfunctional mitochondrial bioenergetics is implicated as a contributing factor to the cognitive decline observed in AD. We hypothesized that, in the presence of the AD neurotoxic peptide beta-amyloid, mitochondrial respiration is impaired early in synaptic terminals, which are vital to cognitive performance, preferentially in cognitive centers of the brain. We compared oxygen consumption in synaptosomal and perikaryal mitochondria prepared from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of wild type (WT) and AD transgenic Tg2576 mice. Compared to WT mice, Tg2576 mice showed decreased mitochondrial respiration in the cerebral cortex specifically in synaptosomal fraction, while the perikaryal mitochondria were unaffected. Neither mitochondrial fraction was affected in the cerebellum of Tg2576 mice as compared to WT. The occurrence of a bioenergetic defect in synaptic terminals of mice overexpressing mutant beta-amyloid, in particular in an area of the brain important to cognition, points to an early role of mitochondrial defects in the onset of cognitive deficits in AD.
Winter Oilseed-Rape Yield Estimates from Hyperspectral Radiometer Measurements
Authors: Piekarczyk Jan , Sulewska Hanna , Szymańska Grażyna 
Published: March 2011

Winter Oilseed-Rape Yield Estimates from Hyperspectral Radiometer Measurements
Spectral reflectance data can be used for estimation of plant biophysical parameters such as seed yield, related to the use of solar energy. A field experiment was conducted to investigate relationships between canopy reflectance and seed yield of winter oilseed rape sown on four different dates. Ground hyperspectral reflectance measurements were made using a hand-held radiometer and multispectral images were taken with a VIS-NIR camera. The different sowing dates generated a wide range of difference in crop spectral response and seed yields. The strongest relationships (R2=0.87) between the yield and spectral data recorded by both sensors occurred at early flowering stages. Later, the presence of flowers caused a decline in the relationship between yield and spectral data especially in the visible (VIS) range. In the full flowering stage the strongest correlation (R2=0.72) with the yield showed vegetation indices of the near-infrared (NIR) bands.
Influence of the stand position on the slope and climate on latewood characteristics of Scots pine on dunes of South-West Estonia
Authors: Pärn Henn 
Published: March 2011

Influence of the stand position on the slope and climate on latewood characteristics of Scots pine on dunes of South-West Estonia
Radial growth, latewood width and relationships between climatic variables and latewood width of Scots pines from stands of different age growing at different positions on the slopes of dunes (foot and top) were investigated in two study sites (Hdm-1 and Hdm-2) in the region of dunes in South-West Estonia. Analysis revealed no obvious regularity between tree-ring widths of pines on the top and at the foot of the dunes. Young pines showed a better radial growth at the foot. Old pines had a slightly larger average tree ring width on the top of the dunes. The average latewood width of young pines was significantly larger at the foot of the dunes. The position on the slope had no significant effect on the average latewood percentage in tree-rings. The average latewood width of the old pines was rather equal at both positions on the slope. The average latewood percentage in tree-rings was larger at the foot of the dunes. The slightly lesser latewood percentage observed in the case of the young stand was obviously related to the young age of this stand. The latewood width of young pines was not sensitive to the temperature conditions. The latewood width was positively correlated with mean monthly temperatures of December of the previous year and of June of the current season only at the foot of the slope. The high temperatures of the winter and spring months (January-June) had a positive and the warm August of the previous year a negative effect on the latewood formation in old pines in both positions. The latewood of old pines on the top of the dunes was more sensitive to the mean temperatures of the spring months and at the foot of the dunes, to the winter temperatures. Significant correlations between latewood width and precipitation were mostly observed in the case of the old pine stand. Precipitation in all months of the previous summer and autumn and in the winter months of the current year favoured latewood formation in both positions. The latewood width in the young stand was positively correlated with the precipitation in July of the current growth season but significantly only on the top of the dune.
Spinal surgery following organ transplantation
Authors: Shaikh Kashif A. , Helbig Gregory M. , Shapiro Scott A. , Shah Mitesh V. , Khairi Saad A. , Horn Eric M. 
Published: March 2011

Object
Organ transplantation for renal, liver, cardiac, and pulmonary failure has become more common in recent years, and patients are living longer as a result of improved organ preservation methods, immunosuppressive regimens, and general posttransplant care. Some of these patients undergo spine fusion surgery following organ transplantation, and there is little available information concerning outcomes. The authors report on their experience with and the outcomes of spine fusion in this rare and unique immunosuppressed patient group.

Methods
Using the Current Procedural Terminology and ICD-9 codes for solid organ transplants, bone marrow transplantations (BMTs), and spine fusion surgeries, the authors searched their patient database between 1997 and 2008. Data points of interest included primary diagnosis, type of organ transplant, immunosuppressant drug therapy, complications from spine surgery, and radiographic analysis of spine fusion. Spine fusion was assessed with CT or radiography at the latest follow-up.

Results
The database search results revealed 5999 patients who underwent heart, lung, liver, kidney, pancreas, intestine, or bone marrow transplant between 1997 and 2008. Eighteen of the 5999 patients underwent a spine fusion surgery while receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Organ transplants included kidney, liver, heart, pancreas, and allogenic BMT. There were 3 deaths unrelated to spine fusion within 1 year of the surgery and 1 death immediately after spine surgery. Graft-versus-host disease developed in 1 patient when prednisone was stopped prior to the spine surgery. Thirteen patients underwent follow-up radiographic imaging at an average of 25 months after spine surgery; 12 demonstrated radiographic fusion.

Conclusions
The results suggest that spine fusion rates are adequate despite immunosuppressive therapy in patients undergoing spinal fusion after transplant procedures. The data also illustrate the high morbidity and mortality rates found in the organ transplant patient population.