bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro‐induced Th17 cells fail to induce inflammation in vivo and show an impaired migration into inflamed sites
Authors: Janke Marko , Peine Michael , Nass Alexia , Morawietz Lars , Hamann Alf , Scheffold Alexander 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRecently, IL‐17 produced by Th17 cells was described as pro‐inflammatory cytokine with an eminent role in autoimmune diseases, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis. A lack of IL‐17 leads to amelioration of collagen‐induced arthritis. IL‐17 induction in naïve CD4+ T cells depends on IL‐6 and TGF‐β and is enhanced by IL‐23. The in vivo inflammatory potential of in vitro‐primed Th17 cells however, remains unclear. Here, we show that, although IL‐17 neutralisation results in amelioration of murine OVA‐induced arthritis, in vitro‐primed Th17 cells cannot exacerbate arthritic symptoms after adoptive transfer. Furthermore, Th17 cells cannot induce an inflammatory delayed type hypersensitivity reaction because they fail to migrate into inflamed sites, possibly due to the lack of CXCR3 expression. Also, re‐isolated Th17 cells acquired IFN‐γ expression, indicating instability of the Th17 phenotype. Taken together, the data show that IL‐6, TGF‐β and IL‐23 might not provide sufficient signals to induce “fully qualified” Th17 cells.
Involvement of CD8+ T cells in protective immunity against murine blood‐stage infection with Plasmodium yoelii 17XL strain
Authors: Imai Takashi , Shen Jianying , Chou Bin , Duan Xuefeng , Tu Liping , Tetsutani Kohhei , Moriya Chikako , Ishida Hidekazu , Hamano Shinjiro , Shimokawa Chikako , Hisaeda Hajime , Himeno Kunisuke 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWhen developing malaria vaccines, the most crucial step is to elucidate the mechanisms involved in protective immunity against the parasites. We found that CD8+ T cells contribute to protective immunity against infection with blood‐stage parasites of Plasmodium yoelii. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with P. yoelii 17XL was lethal, while all mice infected with a low‐virulence strain of the parasite 17XNL acquired complete resistance against re‐infection with P. yoelii 17XL. However, the host mice transferred with CD8+ T cells from mice primed only with P. yoelii 17XNL failed to acquire protective immunity. On the other hand, the irradiated host mice were completely resistant to P. yoelii 17XL infection, showing no grade of parasitemia when adoptively transferred with CD8+ T cells from immune mice that survived infection with both P. yoelii XNL and, subsequently, P. yoelii 17XL. These protective CD8+ T cells from immune WT mice had the potential to generate IFN‐γ, perforin (PFN) and granzyme B. When mice deficient in IFN‐γ were used as donor mice for CD8+ T cells, protective immunity in the host mice was fully abrogated, and the immunity was profoundly attenuated in PFN‐deficient mice. Thus, CD8+ T cells producing IFN‐γ and PFN appear to be involved in protective immunity against infection with blood‐stage malaria.
CCL20/CCR6 blockade enhances immunity to RSV by impairing recruitment of DC
Authors: Kallal Lara E. , Schaller Matthew A. , Lindell Dennis M. , Lira Sergio A. , Lukacs Nicholas W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractChemokines are important mediators of the immune response to pathogens, but can also promote chronic inflammatory states. Chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6) is found on immature DC and effector/memory T cells, and binds a single ligand, CCL20, with high affinity. Here, we investigated the role of CCL20 and CCR6 in a pulmonary viral infection caused by RSV, a ubiquitous virus that can cause severe pulmonary complications. Neutralization of CCL20 during RSV infection significantly reduced lung pathology and favored a Th1 effector response. CCR6‐deficient animals recapitulated this phenotype, and additionally showed enhanced viral clearance when compared with WT mice. No differences were observed in migration of T cells to the lungs of CCR6−/− animals; however, a significant reduction was observed in numbers of conventional DC (cDC), but not plasmacytoid DC, in CCR6−/− mice. A pathogenic phenotype could be reconstituted in CCR6−/− mice by supplying cDC into the airway, indicating that mere number of cDC dictates the adverse response. Our data suggest that blockade of the CCL20/CCR6 pathway provides an environment whereby the attenuated recruitment of cDC alters the balance of innate immune cells and mediates the efficient antiviral response to RSV.
Uptake of apoptotic DC converts immature DC into tolerogenic DC that induce differentiation of Foxp3+ Treg
Authors: Kushwah Rahul , Wu Jing , Oliver Jordan R. , Jiang George , Zhang Jinyi , Siminovitch Katherine A. , Hu Jim 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDC apoptosis has been observed in patients with cancer and sepsis, and defects in DC apoptosis have been implicated in the development of autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms of how DC apoptosis affects immune responses, are unclear. In this study, we showed that immature viable DC have the ability to uptake apoptotic DC as well as necrotic DC without it being recognized as an inflammatory event by immature viable DC. However, the specific uptake of apoptotic DC converted immature viable DC into tolerogenic DC, which were resistant to LPS‐induced maturation. These tolerogenic DC secreted increased levels of TGF‐β1, which induced differentiation of naïve T cells into Foxp3+ Treg. Furthermore, induction of Treg differentiation only occurred upon uptake of apoptotic DC and not apoptotic splenocytes by viable DC, indicating that it is specifically the uptake of apoptotic DC that gives viable immature DC the potential to induce Foxp3+ Treg. Taken together, these findings identify uptake of apoptotic DC by viable immature DC as an immunologically tolerogenic event.
Differential phosphorylation of functional tyrosines in CD19 modulates B‐lymphocyte activation
Authors: Ishiura Nobuko , Nakashima Hiroko , Watanabe Rei , Kuwano Yoshihiro , Adachi Takahiro , Takahashi Yoshimasa , Tsubata Takeshi , Okochi Hitoshi , Tamaki Kunihiko , Tedder Thomas F. , Fujimoto Manabu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCD19 is a B‐cell transmembrane molecule that is critical for B‐cell activation. CD19 serves as a scaffold protein for key signal transduction molecules including Lyn, PI3K, and Vav, by providing docking sites for these molecules via phosphorylation of CD19‐Y513, CD19‐Y482, and CD19‐Y391. We investigated the process of CD19 tyrosine phophorylation during B‐cell activation using Ab specific for each of these phosphorylated tyrosines. BCR engagement induced differential tyrosine phosphorylation, as CD19‐Y513 phophorylation occurred first, and CD19‐Y482 phosphorylation was delayed and transient. Different BCR isotypes exhibited distinct patterns of CD19 phosphorylation: IgG‐BCR ligation resulted in faster phosphorylation of CD19‐Y513 and more intense phosphorylation of CD19‐Y391 than IgM‐BCR ligation. This affected CD19‐mediated downstream pathways involving Vav, PI3K, and Akt. Additionally, the phosphorylation profile of CD19 differed distinctly according to its plasma membrane location. CD19 phosphorylated at Y513 was almost exclusively located within lipid rafts, whereas phosphorylated Y482 and Y391 were found both inside and outside of the rafts. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of all three tyrosines was remarkably enhanced and prolonged following the simultaneous stimulation of BCR and CD40. Thus, variations in phosphorylation patterns may contribute to the complexity of CD19‐regulated signal transduction.
Controllable Synthesis of Cu2O Microcrystals via a Complexant‐Assisted Synthetic Route
Authors: Zhang Wanqun , Shi Lei , Tang Kaibin , Dou Shumei 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA novel method using Cu(AC)2·H2O and dimethylglyoxime as reagents has been successfully developed for the controllable synthesis of Cu2O microcrystals with distinctive morphologies, including porous hollow microspheres, octahedral microcages, and microcrystals with truncated corners and edges and octahedral microcrystals. These structures can be fine‐tuned by varying reaction temperature, reaction time, and concentration. The products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, and UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectra. This is the first report of the preparation of the novel microcage structure of Cu2O through a simple solution‐based route. By investigating the intermediate products which resemble the final crystal structures, a possible growth mechanism is proposed. Moreover, the investigations showed that the various 3D architectures of the as‐made products exhibit different abilities to catalytically degrade rhodamine‐B. Our work shows that octahedral Cu2O crystals with entirely {111} faces are photocatalytically more active than octahedral microcrystals with truncated corners and edges, suggesting the {111} faces of Cu2O nanostructures are catalytically more active than the {100} and {110} faces. Due to dual effect of the cavity structure and the {111} surfaces, the octahedral microcages with truncated corners and edges exhibit a higher extent of the photodecomposition reaction. As a result of very slow photocorrosion rate of the Cu2O microcrystal, it is expected that these microcrystals with different surfaces may find more applications in photocatalysis.
β‐Diketiminate Zinc Complexes for the Hydroamination of Alkynes
Authors: Biyikal Mustafa , Löhnwitz Karolin , Meyer Nils , Dochnahl Maximilian , Roesky Peter W. , Blechert Siegfried 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA series of electronically and sterically modified β‐diketiminate methylzinc complexes [{N,N′‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐β‐diketiminato}methylzinc] (1), [{N,N′‐bis(2‐isopropylphenyl)‐β‐diketiminato}methylzinc] (2), [{N,N′‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)‐β‐diketiminato}methylzinc] (3), [{N,N′‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐β‐diketiminato}methylzinc] (4), a bis(β‐diketiminato)zinc compound [bis{N,N′‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐β‐diketiminato}zinc] (5), and a β‐diketiminate bis(trimethylsilylamido)zinc complex [{2‐(1‐cyclohexylimidazolidine‐2‐ylidene)‐1‐methylethylidene‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)aminato}bis(trimethysilylamido)zinc] (6) were prepared and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. All methylzinc compounds exhibit a trigonal‐planar coordinated zinc atom, with the exception of polymeric compound4, in which intermolecular coordination of the OMe group to the zinc atom additionally takes place. All zinc complexes were investigated as catalysts in the intramolecular hydroamination of nonactivated alkynes and show high catalytic activity in the presence of the cocatalyst [PhNMe2H][SO3CF3]. The zinc complex1shows the highest catalytic activityin most of the cyclization reactions. In this context, it waspossible to isolate the intermediate, which was formed bythe reaction of the precatalyst1and the cocatalyst [PhNMe2H][SO3CF3]. The resulting zinc catalyst [{N,N′‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐β‐diketiminato}(trifluoromethanesulfonate)zinc]·thf (7) was structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The zinc complex7show the same catalytic activity in the hydroamination when an equimolar mixture of the precatalyst1and the cocatalyst was used. It is supposed that the high steric bulk of the precatalyst1protects the Lewis acid zinc center from polar functional groups but allows interactions for the cyclization process.
Mechanistic Studies on the Copper‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Ketones (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 4/2010)
Authors: Issenhuth Jean‐Thomas , Notter François‐Paul , Dagorne Samuel , Dedieu Alain , Bellemin‐Laponnaz Stéphane 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe cover picture shows the Aiguille du Midi, Mont Blanc massif, France. The mechanism of the copper‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of ketones has been determined by experimental mechanistic investigations and computational studies. The insertion of the ketone into the Cu–H bond was found to have a lower activation barrier than the reaction of the copper alkoxy intermediate with the silane that regenerates the Cu–H bond along with the silyl ether product, as shown in the picture. Details are discussed in the article by A. Dedieu, S. Bellemin‐Laponnaz et al. on p. 529 ff.
Phytomining of plant enzymes for biotechnological use of fats and oils
Authors: Jach Guido , Soezer Nursen , Schullehner Katrin , Lalla Bernhard , Welters Peter , Mueller Andreas 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHuman history is closely linked to the use of plants as valuable sources for nutrition, commodities and energy as well as a multitude of raw materials, such as fats, oils and natural polymers like cellulose or starch. However, only recently, plants have become a cornerstone of sustainable industry by exploiting lead structures and biosynthetic pathways for the modification of renewable resources. The chemical industry already uses plant oils as renewable feedstock. Unsaturated fatty acids are well‐suited raw materials for the production of polymers, plasticizers and lubricants. Doubtlessly, the wealth of plant biosynthetic pathways makes them an attractive source of fascinating new enzymes for fat and oil modification and new biotechnological applications. The use of plant enzymes and compounds in industrial biotechnology offers new means to address energy savings and increases in efficiency and sustainability. Discovery and evaluation of suitable enzymes can be done via phytomining, an iterative approach unlocking the huge potential of plant biodiversity while aiming to increase the efficiency of current production processes, e.g. by complementing microbial production lines with a suitable gene, or implementing completely new and innovative fermentation processes. This article reflects potential biotechnological and industrial uses of (plant) oils and enzymes as well as the use of the phytomining platform to gain required enzymatic functions from plants.
Cross‐metathesis with acrylonitrile and applications to fatty acid derivatives
Authors: Bruneau Christian , Fischmeister Cédric , Miao Xiaowei , Malacea Raluca , Dixneuf Pierre H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this minireview, we report on the state of the art concerning the cross‐metathesis of acrylonitrile with olefins. A special focus is given to catalytic conditions that are suitable for medium‐size and long‐chain aliphatic model substrates. The recent applications of this metathesis reaction to fatty acid derivatives to generate fatty nitriles and bifunctional products are considered. They represent very attractive transformations for the access to N‐containing monomers and functional intermediates for the chemical industry from renewable raw materials.
Asymmetric bolaamphiphiles from vernonia oil designed for drug delivery
Authors: Grinberg Sarina , Kipnis Noa , Linder Charles , Kolot Victoria , Heldman Eliahu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThroughout the ages, fats, oils and their chemical derivatives have been used in a variety of medical applications, but currently they are becoming important as components in drug delivery systems. Liposomes (vesicles from phospholipids) are among the lipid‐based delivery systems that have been most extensively studied. However, targeting of liposomes to specific tissues is still problematic, and attempts to overcome these limitations include developments in nano‐sized monolayer vesicles made of bolaamphiphiles (compounds containing two hydrophilic headgroups at each end of an alkyl chain). This paper describes bolaamphiphile synthesis and characterization of the nano‐sized vesicles formed from the bolaamphiphiles with potential application for targeted drug delivery to the brain. The starting material for the synthesis is vernonia oil (or its fatty acids or methyl esters), which is a naturally epoxidized triacylglycerol obtained from the seeds ofVernonia galamensis. The targeting mechanism is based on the hydrolysis of the amphiphile's headgroup by an enzyme abundant in the target tissue, with subsequent release of the encapsulated drug at the target site. Preliminary experiments in mice demonstrated that the marker FITC‐dextran, which normally does not penetrate the blood brain barrier, is delivered into the brain when encapsulated in these vesicles.
Oxidation of a tensidic alcohol to its corresponding carboxylic acid via Au catalysts
Authors: Heidkamp Katharina , Decker Nadine , Martens Kerstin , Prüße Ulf , Vorlop Klaus‐Dieter , Franke Oliver , Stankowiak Achim 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe oxidation of the fatty‐alcohol ethoxylate GENAPOL LA 050 to its corresponding ether carboxylic acid using supported Au catalysts under mild aerobic conditions in aqueous alkaline solution was investigated. Screening of different metal oxide supports and several preparation methods yielded an assortment of highly selective catalysts with varying activities. AEROXIDE® TiO2 P25 turned out to be the most suitable support and deposition‐precipitation with urea emerged as the best‐suited preparation method. Further experiments with this catalyst displayed the dependency of the catalytic activity on reaction parameters such as temperature, pressure and reactant/catalyst ratio. The long‐term stability study of this particular catalyst in repeated batches revealed catalyst deactivation by Au particle agglomeration due to intermediate Au leaching under the reaction conditions.
Protein engineering and discovery of lipases
Authors: Kourist Robert , Brundiek Henrike , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLipases are widely used in the modification of fats and oils with applications in the production of structured triacylglycerols, selective isolation or incorporation of specific fatty acids, and in oleochemistry for the synthesis of emollient esters and sugar fatty acid esters. Despite the numerous examples for the effective use of lipases, the biocatalysts often need to be optimized to show the desired specificities, stability, operational properties, etc. Beside rather classical methods such as variation of the solvent system or carrier for immobilization, the use of protein engineering methods to modify the protein on a molecular level is an important tool for the creation of tailor‐designed enzymes. Protein design is also complemented with the efficient isolation of novel lipases from the metagenome. This article covers concepts and examples for the discovery of novel lipases and their variants by protein engineering and metagenome techniques.
Nickel(II) adsorption mechanism from aqueous solution by a new adsorbent—Waste acorn of Quercus ithaburensis
Authors: Malkoc Emine , Nuhoglu Yasar 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis article presents the data for the effect of adsorbent dose, initial metal concentration, solution pH, agitating rate, and temperature on the adsorption of nickel(II) on waste of acorn. Batch adsorption studies have been carried out. Adsorption equilibrium was approached within 30–60 min. The nature of the possible adsorbent and metal ion interactions were examined by the FTIR technique. The maximum nickel(II) adsorption is noted at pH 5.0. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin equations. The equilibrium data fit well the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacity (Qo) calculated from Langmuir isotherm was 9.42 mg g−1 at initial pH of 5.0 at 60°C. The adsorption of nickel(II) on waste of acorn increased from 7.68 to 9.1 mg g−1 when temperature was increased from 25 to 60°C at an initial concentration of 200 mg L−1. The adsorption of nickel(II) ions increased with increasing temperature indicating endothermic nature of the adsorption process. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS° have been calculated. The thermodynamics of nickel(II) ion onto waste of acorn system indicates spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. The pseudo first‐ and second‐order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data, and the rate constants were evaluated. The experimental data were fitted by the second‐order kinetic model, which indicates that chemical sorption is the rate limiting step, inside of mass transfer. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Coastal foredune topography as a control on secondary airflow regimes under offshore winds
Authors: Lynch Kevin , Jackson Derek W. T. , Cooper J. Andrew G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAeolian sediment transport under offshore winds is usually discounted from sediment budget considerations of coastal dunes. Results presented here indicate however, that depending on wind orientation and foredune morphology, positive contributions to the sediment budget can arise from offshore winds. Lee‐side airflow patterns, seaward of the foredune crest, under offshore winds were studied at three sites of varying foredune geometry along Magilligan Strand, Northern Ireland. Ultrasonic anemometers recorded 1 Hz wind velocity data at 1° intervals. Descriptive statistics and wind rose diagrams were used in the analysis of these data. Under perpendicularly offshore winds each site exhibited a different type of lee‐side airflow pattern. A tall (11·4 m), sharp‐crested foredune produced flow separation with a recirculation cell. A lower (6·6 m), more rounded, foredune crest exhibited lee‐side flow that remained attached but was deflected parallel to the crest, while flow over a low incipient foredune crest resulted in attached flow with no deflection in the lee. The morphology of the lee slopes best explained these airflow adjustments. More obliquely offshore winds were also found to affect the secondary airflow patterns, with a smooth transition from flow separation to flow attachment as the incident angle decreased. At higher wind velocities this smooth transition was replaced with a more abrupt switch between the secondary airflow types. This threshold was located at similar approach angles to those recorded for desert dunes (90° +/− 20°). These findings have significant implications for the post‐storm recovery and long‐term evolution of beach‐dune systems where the predominant winds are offshore, and offer an explanation for the presence of many beach‐dune systems in lee‐coast locations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distribution and residence time of suspended sediment stored within the channel margins of a gravel‐bed bedrock river
Authors: Skalak Katherine , Pizzuto James 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPreviously undocumented deposits are described that store suspended sediment in gravel‐bedded rivers, termed ‘fine‐grained channel margin’ (FGCM) deposits. FGCM deposits consist of sand, silt, clay, and organic matter that accumulate behind large woody debris (LWD) along the margins of the wetted perimeter of the single‐thread, gravel‐bed South River in Virginia. These deposits store a total mass equivalent to 17% to 43% of the annual suspended sediment load. Radiocarbon, 210Pb and 137C dating indicate that sediment in FGCM deposits ranges in age from 1 to more than 60 years. Reservoir theory suggests an average turnover time of 1·75 years and an annual exchange with the water column of a mass of sediment equivalent to 10% to 25% of the annual sediment load. The distribution of ages in the deposits can be fitted by a power function, suggesting that sediment stored in the deposits has a wide variety of transit times. Most sediment in storage is reworked quickly, but a small portion may remain in place for many decades. The presence of FGCM deposits indicates that suspended sediment is not simply transported downstream in gravel‐bed rivers in agricultural watersheds: significant storage can occur over decadal timescales. South River has a history of mercury contamination and identifying sediment sources and sinks is critical for documenting the extent of contamination and for developing remediation plans. FGCM deposits should be considered in future sediment budget and sediment transport modeling studies of gravel‐bed rivers in agricultural watersheds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.