bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading Early Modern Literature Historically
Authors: Southcombe George 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRecently the interrelationship between early modern literature and history has been much considered, but the dialogue between the disciplines of English and History has not always been harmonious. Disputes have been fuelled in part by the divisive nature of some of the work that has been carried out in a literary‐historical vein. In particular, New Historicist approaches, which might be criticised on methodological and conceptual grounds, have caused alarm among scholars from both departments. However, there are reasons to think that historians and literary critics might be able to enjoy better relations. First, the criticisms that may be levelled at New Historicism do not apply to the work of a number of scholars who, from the 1980s on, have sought to locate literature in precise historical contexts. Secondly, both sides might view positively the fact that new texts and contexts are being examined: radical writing is being recovered; the use of gender as a key category of analysis has led to a reconfiguring of the texts which are routinely studied; literature is being discussed within ever widening geographical contexts (British, European, global); and debate over the early modern ‘public sphere’ has led to a broadening of the political and social contexts in which literature is situated. Finally, those literary critics who remain suspicious of historicisation actually have little to fear: the text, and close analysis of it, remains at the heart of any effective literary‐historical work.
Sexual Behaviors, Relationships, and Perceived Health Among Adult Men in the United States: Results from a National Probability Sample
Authors: Reece Michael , Herbenick Debby , Schick Vanessa , Sanders Stephanie A. , Dodge Brian , Fortenberry J. Dennis 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Introduction
To provide a foundation for those who provide sexual health services and programs to men in the United States, the need for population-based data that describes men’s sexual behaviors and their correlates remains.

Aims
The purpose of this study was to, in a national probability survey of men ages 18–94 years, assess the occurrence and frequency of sexual behaviors and their associations with relationship status and health status.

Methods
A national probability sample of 2,522 men aged 18 to 94 completed a cross-sectional survey about their sexual behaviors, relationship status, and health.

Main Outcome Measures
Relationship status; health status; experience of solo masturbation, partnered masturbation, giving oral sex, receiving oral sex, vaginal intercourse and anal intercourse, in the past 90 days; frequency of solo masturbation, vaginal intercourse and anal intercourse in the past year.

Results
Masturbation, oral intercourse, and vaginal intercourse are prevalent among men throughout most of their adult life, with both occurrence and frequency varying with age and as functions of relationship type and physical health status. Masturbation is prevalent and frequent across various stages of life and for both those with and without a relational partner, with fewer men with fair to poor health reporting recent masturbation. Patterns of giving oral sex to a female partner were similar to those for receiving oral sex. Vaginal intercourse in the past 90 days was more prevalent among men in their late 20s and 30s than in the other age groups, although being reported by approximately 50% of men in the sixth and seventh decades of life. Anal intercourse and sexual interactions with other men were less common than all other sexual behaviors.

Conclusion
Contemporary men in the United States engage in diverse solo and partnered sexual activities; however, sexual behavior is less common and more infrequent among older age cohorts.
Sexual Behaviors, Relationships, and Perceived Health Status Among Adult Women in the United States: Results from a National Probability Sample
Authors: Herbenick Debby , Reece Michael , Schick Vanessa , Sanders Stephanie A. , Dodge Brian , Fortenberry J. Dennis 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Past surveys of sexual behavior have demonstrated that female sexual behavior is influenced by medical and sociocultural changes. To be most attentive to women and their sexual lives, it is important to have an understanding of the continually evolving sexual behaviors of contemporary women in the United States.

Aims
The purpose of this study, the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior (NSSHB), was to, in a national probability survey of women ages 18–92, assess the proportion of women in various age cohorts who had engaged in solo and partnered sexual activities in the past 90 days and to explore associations with participants’ sexual behavior and their relationship and perceived health status. Past year frequencies of masturbation, vaginal intercourse, and anal intercourse were also assessed.

Methods
A national probability sample of 2,523 women ages 18 to 92 completed a cross-sectional internet based survey about their sexual behavior.

Main Outcome Measures
Relationship status; perceived health status; experience of solo masturbation, partnered masturbation, giving oral sex, receiving oral sex, vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, in the past 90 days; frequency of solo masturbation, vaginal intercourse, and anal intercourse in the past year.

Results
Recent solo masturbation, oral sex, and vaginal intercourse were prevalent among women, decreased with age, and varied in their associations with relationship and perceived health status. Recent anal sex and same-sex oral sex were uncommonly reported. Solo masturbation was most frequent among women ages 18 to 39, vaginal intercourse was most frequent among women ages 18 to 29 and anal sex was infrequently reported.

Conclusion
Contemporary women in the United States engage in a diverse range of solo and partnered sexual activities, though sexual behavior is less common and more infrequent among older age cohorts.
Condom Use During Most Recent Vaginal Intercourse Event Among a Probability Sample of Adults in the United States
Authors: Sanders Stephanie A. , Reece Michael , Herbenick Debby , Schick Vanessa , Dodge Brian , Fortenberry J. Dennis 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Correct and consistent condom use remains the most effective way to reduce sexually transmissible infection/HIV transmission during sex and is a highly effective contraceptive method. Understanding correlates of condom use is vital to public health programs.

Aim
To explore sociodemographic, event characteristics, and experiential correlates of condom use at last penile–vaginal intercourse (PVI).

Methods
Survey data were collected from a nationally representative probability sample of adults in the United States as part of the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior.

Main Outcome Measures
Condom use/non-use at most recent PVI was the main outcome. Logistic regression analyses predicted condom use from sociodemographic variables (i.e., age, education, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, health status, type of relationship with sexual partner) and event characteristics (i.e., location of sexual encounter, prior intercourse experience with partner, whether partner had other sex partners in the 6 months prior to sex with the participant; other contraceptive use, alcohol use, marijuana use, and for men, erection medication use). Logistic regression analyses examined evaluations of the sexual aspects of the experience (pleasure, arousal, erection/lubrication difficulty, participant orgasm, partner orgasm) in light of condom use.

Results
Condom-protected PVI was significantly greater among younger people, blacks and Hispanics, and those having PVI with a nonrelationship partner. Statistically adjusting for these differences, condom use was significantly associated with fewer previous intercourse experiences with the partner and not using other forms of contraception. The sexual aspects of experience were evaluated similarly regardless of whether or not a condom was used.

Conclusion
Public health programs among youths and minorities may underlie higher condom use rates among these groups. Condom use may be further improved by continuing such programs and also expanding outreach to older persons and whites, suggesting prolonging use as relationships develop, and highlighting that condom use does not necessarily interfere with the sexual experience.
Sexual Health Among U.S. Black and Hispanic Men and Women: A Nationally Representative Study
Authors: Dodge Brian , Reece Michael , Herbenick Debby , Schick Vanessa , Sanders Stephanie A. , Fortenberry J. Dennis 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Introduction
Little is known about the prevalence of sexual behaviors among the black and Hispanic populations in the United States outside the context of sexual risk and disease transmission in “high-risk” samples.

Aim
This study sought to establish current rates of sexual behaviors, sexual health care practices (i.e., experiences with testing and diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections [STIs]), and condom use in a probability sample of black and Hispanic adult men and women in the United States.

Main Outcome Measures
Sexual behaviors including solo masturbation, partnered masturbation, receiving oral sex and giving oral sex, vaginal intercourse, and anal intercourse were assessed. Self-reported rates of HIV and other STI testing, and self-reported history of STI diagnosis were examined. Also assessed were rates of condom use during most recent and past 10 vaginal intercourse events.

Methods
Data from a probability sample of 1246 black and Hispanic adults were analyzed to explore sexual behaviors, condom use, and STI testing and diagnosis trends.

Results
Masturbation, oral sex, and vaginal intercourse were prevalent among black and Hispanic men and women throughout the life course. Anal intercourse and same-gender sexual activities were less common. Self-reported rates of HIV testing were relatively high but varied by gender across age groups. Similarly, rates of testing for other STI were high and differed by gender across age groups. Overall rates of condom use among black and Hispanic men and women were relatively high and did not appear to be related to a variety of situational factors including location of sexual encounter, relationship status, other contraceptive use, and substance use during sexual activity.

Conclusion
These data provide a foundation for understanding diverse sexual behaviors, sexual health-care practices, and condom use among the general population of black and Hispanic men and women in the United States.
Mental- and Physical-Health Indicators and Sexually Explicit Media Use Behavior by Adults
Authors: Weaver James B. , Weaver Stephanie Sargent , Mays Darren , Hopkins Gary L. , Kannenberg Wendi , McBride Duane 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Converging evidence from culturally diverse contexts indicates that sexually explicit media use behavior (SEMB; i.e., pornography consumption) is associated with risky sexual health perceptions and behaviors, many that involve high risks of HIV/STD transmission.

Aim
Essentially unexplored, and the focus here, are potential relationships between SEMB and nonsexual mental- and physical-health indicators.

Main Outcome Measures
Variability in six continuously measured health indicators (depressive symptoms, mental- and physical-health diminished days, health status, quality of life, and body mass index) was examined across two levels (users, nonusers) of SEMB.

Methods
A sample of 559 Seattle–Tacoma Internet-using adults was surveyed in 2006. Multivariate general linear models parameterized in a SEMB by respondent gender (2 × 2) factorial design were computed incorporating adjustments for several demographics.

Results
SEMB was reported by 36.7% (n = 205) of the sample. Most SEMB users (78%) were men. After adjusting for demographics, SEMB users, compared to nonusers, reported greater depressive symptoms, poorer quality of life, more mental- and physical-health diminished days, and lower health status.

Conclusions
The findings show that mental- and physical-health indicators vary significantly across SEMB, suggesting the value of incorporating these factors in future research and programmatic endeavors. In particular, the findings suggest that evidence-based sexual health promotion strategies simultaneously addressing individuals’ SEMB and their mental health needs might be a useful approach to improve mental health and address preventable sexual health outcomes associated with SEMB.
Tenderness as Measured by Pressure Pain Thresholds Extends Beyond the Pelvis in Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome in Men
Authors: Davis Seth N.P. , Maykut Caroline A. , Binik Yitzchak M. , Amsel Rhonda , Carrier Serge 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (UCPPS) in men is a common complaint, and causes significant impairment in quality of life. Until recently, the focus of research has primarily been on pain symptoms or underlying prostate pathology. However, new clinical phenotyping demonstrates pelvic tenderness to be an important component of UCPPS. Unfortunately, mechanisms underlying tenderness remain to be understood, and tenderness itself has not been well quantified.

Aim
To validate the use of pressure pain thresholds as a method of measuring tenderness in UCPPS and to demonstrate that tenderness extends beyond the pelvis.

Methods
Fifty-five men diagnosed with UCPPS and 46 healthy controls were recruited through referrals and advertisements. Each participant filled out questionnaires and was assessed by a structured interview. In addition, all UCPPS men underwent urological assessment.

Main Outcome Measures
Demographic information was collected as well as the National Institutes of Health-Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index. Using a digital algometer, pressure pain thresholds on 10 genito-pelvic and one control site (deltoid) were measured. The four-glass test was used for all UCPPS men.

Results
UCPPS men had reliably lower pain thresholds compared to controls in all locations, including the deltoid. UCPPS men also demonstrated consistently lower overall pain thresholds regardless of location. Furthermore, pressure pain thresholds were able to correctly distinguish patients from controls 77% of the time. Prostate infection did not influence pain thresholds.

Conclusions
Lower pelvic and nonpelvic thresholds suggest the involvement of a central mechanism in UCPPS. Overall, the data confirm the move away from a prostate-based view of UCPPS. This is supported by the failure to find threshold differences related to prostate infection. Pressure pain thresholds appear to be a promising method of assessing tenderness in UCPPS.
Contraceptive Use Among Low-Income Urban Married Women in India
Authors: Kumar Manisha , Meena Jyoti , Sharma Sumedha , Poddar Anju , Dhalliwal Vikas , Modi-Satish Chander Modi S.C. , Singh Kamlesh 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The reports of a rise in contraceptive practices have not been matched by a similar decrease in population, so there is a need to look into the causes of this discrepancy.

Aim
To obtain information from low-income urban married women regarding their contraceptive knowledge, practices, and utilization of the services.

Main Outcome Measure
Percentage of low-income urban married women using contraception, different types of contraception used, influence of education on choice of contraception.

Methods
All nonpregnant married women between the ages of 18 and 45 years, belonging to low-income groups were selected for study. Statistical analysis was done using EPI Info ver-5.0. Chi square test was used to test the significance of data.

Results
Contraceptive use among these women was 52%; the most common method was tubal ligation. Educated women used spacing methods more often than uneducated women. Women had adequate awareness regarding type of contraceptives available but had no idea about the timing of starting contraception after delivery and about emergency contraception.

Conclusion
The low-income urban population is aware of the importance of limiting the family size and has family planning facilities yet has less contraceptive usage because of low level of education, increased rate of discontinuation, and lack of proper knowledge of the use of contraception.
Focusing “Hot” or Focusing “Cool”: Attentional Mechanisms in Sexual Arousal in Men and Women
Authors: Both Stephanie , Laan Ellen , Everaerd Walter 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Knowledge about the regulation of sexual emotion may add to the understanding of sexual problems such as diminished sexual desire and hypersexuality.

Aim
To investigate the regulation of sexual arousal by means of attentional focus in healthy sexually functional men and women.

Method
Using a habituation design with attentional strategies, it was investigated whether a focus on hot, emotional information of sexual stimuli would sustain or amplify sexual responses, whereas a focus on cool, cognitive information would weaken sexual responses.

Main Outcome Measures
Genital response (in women measured by vaginal photoplethysmography assessing vaginal pulse amplitude, and in men measured by mechanical penile strain gauge assessing penile circumference) and subjective report of sexual arousal and absorption.

Results
Attenuation of sexual feelings by attentional focus was observed, with stronger sexual feelings under the hot focus condition than under the cool focus condition. Also, sexual feelings diminished during repeated erotic stimulation, and increased with the introduction of novel stimulation, indicating habituation and novelty effects. Contrary to the expectations, the hot attentional focus did not preclude habituation of sexual arousal.

Conclusions
Attentional focus has substantial regulatory effects on subjective sexual arousal. Taking a participant and emotion-oriented focus rather than a spectator and stimulus-oriented focus while viewing erotic stimuli, enhances feelings of sexual arousal. Implications for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire, sexual arousal disorder, and hypersexuality are discussed, as well as future directions for studying regulation of sexual emotion.
In Vitro and in Vivo Animal Models in Priapism Research
Authors: Dong Qiang , Deng Shi , Wang Run , Yuan Jiuhong 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTIntroductionPriapism is an enigmatic yet devastating clinical phenomenon. In the last two decades, the use of various animal models to study this disorder has dramatically advanced our understanding of this mysterious disorder.AimThis report reviews various animal models used to study ischemic priapism and informs basic science researchers the broad view of priapism research.MethodsRetrospective review of pertinent literature from the last two decades via PubMed search using the keywords “ischemic priapism” and “priapism model.”Main Outcome MeasuresFindings on the animal models used in ischemic priapism research and its advantages and limitations.ResultsIn vitro and in vivo animal models varying from dogs, cats, rabbits, rats to mice were used in priapism research. In vitro models included: (i) corpora cavernosa smooth muscle (CCSM) strip in organ bath; (ii) corporal tissue binding assay; (iii) CCSM cell culture under hypoxia/anoxia. In vivo models could be categorized as: (i) pharmacologically induced by corpus cavernosum medicine injection; (ii) ventilation induced by tidal volume control; (iii) mechanical induced by a constrictor band placed around the base of the penis combined with induced erection; (iv) genetic engineered by intracorporal gene transfer, transgenic, or gene knock-out.ConclusionsThe ischemic priapism animal models are shifting from pharmaceutically or mechanically induced to genetically engineered. The knowledge generated by those models is enhancing our understanding and management of this clinical challenge.
A decelerating jet observed by the EVN and VLBA in the X-ray transient XTE J1752−223
Authors: Yang J. , Brocksopp C. , Corbel S. , Paragi Z. , Tzioumis T. , Fender R. P. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The recently discovered Galactic X-ray transient XTE J1752−223 entered its first known outburst in 2010, emitting from the X-ray to the radio regimes. Its general X-ray properties were consistent with those of a black hole candidate in various spectral states, when ejection of jet components is expected. To verify this, we carried out very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations. The measurements were carried out with the European VLBI Network (EVN) and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) at four epochs in 2010 February. The images at the first three epochs show a moving jet component that is significantly decelerated by the last epoch, when a new jet component appears that is likely to be associated with the receding jet side. The overall picture is consistent with an initially mildly relativistic jet, interacting with the interstellar medium or with swept-up material along the jet. The brightening of the receding ejecta at the final epoch can be well explained by initial Doppler deboosting of the emission in the decelerating jet.
Gas response in chaotic bars
Authors: Patsis P. A. , Kalapotharakos C. , Grosbøl P. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
We report the presence of typical straight ‘dust lane shocks’ in the gas response of a barred galaxy model, that lacks, to a large extent, in its stellar component the backbone of stable x1 periodic orbits. The stellar response of this model is characterized by an ansae-type bar, supported mainly by chaotic orbits. We follow the gas response by means of the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The shocks along almost straight line segments inside the bar region,are formed as a result of a flow according to which gas is streaming from both sides of the ‘dust lanes’. The gas then flows towards the galactic centre along them. Our simulations describe an alternative flow pattern (to the one based on elliptical motion of the gas around the centre of the galaxy) that could explain the frequently observed dust lanes in the bars of barred galaxies.
Fostering Linguistic Habits of Mind: Engaging Teachers’ Knowledge and Attitudes Toward African American Vernacular English
Authors: Wheeler Rebecca 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article outlines one linguistically based approach – contrastive analysis and code‐switching – for teachers of students who speak African American Vernacular English (AAVE). I discuss obstacles to bringing these linguistic insights and strategies to teachers in training and in the classroom. Across four scenarios from a teacher education program and from middle school classrooms, I describe (i) a grammatical construction or a linguistic insight covered in classes or professional development sessions with pre‐service and in‐service teachers and (ii) teachers’ work products (e.g. code‐switching charts) implementing their new knowledge. Analyzing the mismatch between (i) and (ii), I unpack teachers’ knowledge and ways of thinking about grammar, AAVE and Standard American English (SAE). This analysis reveals that teachers’ dominant language ideology and prior lack of training in the structure of English stand as limiting factors in the classroom, constraining their ability to implement a linguistically informed approach to stigmatized dialects, and constraining the linguist’s ability to communicate core linguistic principles. Finally, I show how this analysis led to adapting the core graphic organizer, the code‐switching chart, and to increasing the specificity of grammatical explanations to help teachers take steps toward building a linguistically informed language arts classroom.