bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hair of the dog: Obtaining samples from coyotes and wolves noninvasively
Authors: Ausband David E. , Young Julie , Fannin Barbara , Mitchell Michael S. , Stenglein Jennifer L. , Waits Lisette P. , Shivik John A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractCanids can be difficult to detect and their populations difficult to monitor. We tested whether hair samples could be collected from coyotes (Canis latrans) in Texas, USA and gray wolves (C. lupus) in Montana, USA using lure to elicit rubbing behavior at both man‐made and natural collection devices. We used mitochondrial and nuclear DNA to determine whether collected hair samples were from coyote, wolf, or nontarget species. Both coyotes and wolves rubbed on man‐made barbed surfaces but coyotes in Texas seldom rubbed on hanging barbed surfaces. Wolves in Montana showed a tendency to rub at stations where natural‐material collection devices (sticks and debris) were present. Time to detection was relatively short (5 nights and 4 nights for coyotes and wolves, respectively) with nontarget and unknown species comprising approximately 26% of the detections in both locations. Eliciting rubbing behavior from coyotes and wolves using lures has advantages over opportunistic genetic sampling methods (e.g., scat transects) because it elicits a behavior that deposits a hair sample at a fixed sampling location, thereby increasing the efficiency of sampling for these canids. Hair samples from rub stations could be used to provide estimates of abundance, measures of genetic diversity and health, and detection–nondetection data useful for cost‐effective population monitoring. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Design of an underwater telemetry antenna for locating and retrieving submerged radiocollars
Authors: Webb Stephen L. , Gaskamp Joshua A. , Gee Kenneth L. , Demarais Stephen , Little Andrew R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRadiocollars represent a significant investment of financial resources, particularly global positioning system (GPS) collars, and loss of data imposes analytical limitations from reduced sample sizes. Radiocollars on large, terrestrial mammals are seldom lost in the water. However, several instances in Oklahoma, USA necessitated a reliable and cost‐effective technique for retrieving GPS collars from underwater to salvage the financial investment and data. We designed an underwater telemetry antenna to find and retrieve collars in ≤3 m of water. We describe field simulations under varying environmental and water conditions, and provide a list of materials along with instructions and considerations for building and using an underwater telemetry antenna. We successfully used our underwater antenna to locate and retrieve our submerged collar that was disposed of in a pond after illegal harvest; we also located and retrieved all collars used for field simulation (n = 11). On average, search time for collars was 30 min. The design of our underwater antenna was inexpensive (US$30), easy to build, and effective at locating submerged collars in 0.6–3.0 m of water, with varying water turbidity and substrates. Although our underwater telemetry antenna was designed to meet our needs, it could be modified for more specific or alternative circumstances. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Structural Aspects of Chlorine‐Aluminium Alkoxides
Authors: Veith Michael , Ullah Wazir Hameed , Kirs Tatjana , Huch Volker , Zimmer Michael 
Published: May 2011

AbstractLiAlH4 and AlCl3 reacted in a ratio 1:3 to obtain Cl2AlH, which is stabilised by the addition of two equivalents of N‐methylpiperidine (nmp) to form dichloroalane (1) as bis adduct of nmp. Compound 1 was allowed to react with 2,6‐tBu‐4‐MeC6H2OH and HOcHex in a 1:1 ratio to get compounds 2 and 3, respectively. Cl2Al(2,6‐tBu‐4‐MeC6H2O)(nmp) (2) is a monomer in which the central aluminium atom is tetracoordinate. Contrary to the parent compound 1, compound 2 is stabilised by only one nmp molecule. The larger bulk of the alkoxide in 2 prevents the second nmp molecule to reach the aluminium atom. Compound 3 crystallises as unique anionic tri‐nuclear aluminium entity [Al3Cl6(OR)4]– [nmp2H]+ with a protonated nmp as countercation. The lesser bulk of the cyclohexanolate leads to a higher oligomerisation of ROAlCl2 (R = cyclohexyl). When a relatively bulkier alcohol, 1‐methylcyclohexanol, was allowed to react with mixtures of LiAlH4 and AlCl3 prepared in 1:1 and 1:3 ratios in solution, compounds 4 and 5, respectively, were obtained. Both compounds ((HClAlOR)2 (4) and (Cl2AlOR)2 (5), R = cHexMe‐1)) are dimers with oxygen as bridging atom in the Al2O2 rings. All compounds 2, 3, 4, and 5 were structurally characterised by X‐ray diffraction on single crystals.
Anthraquinone‐2,6‐disulfonate as Versatile Ligand for the Synthesis of Hydrogen‐Bonded Supramolecules
Authors: Fu Feng , Hou Xiang‐Yang , Wang Xiao , Gao Zi‐Wei , Li Dong‐Sheng 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe reactions of anthraquinone‐2,6‐disulfonic acid disodium salt (Na2a‐2,6‐dad) with CuII, MnII, and ZnII with 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) or 2,2′‐dipyridyl (bipy) under hydrothermal conditions formed two or three‐dimensional supramolecules of stoichiometries [Cu(a‐2,6‐dad)(phen)(H2O)3](H2O)4 (1), [Mn(a‐2,6‐dad)(bipy)2(H2O)](H2O)2 (2), and [Zn(a‐2,6‐dad)(bipy)2(H2O)](H2O)2 (3), which were synthesized and characterized. The arrangement around each metal atom is distorted octahedral. The ligands in all the compounds are engaged in intermolecular hydrogen bonding leading to the formation of hydrogen‐bonded networks, the compounds show novel π–π stacking interactions. Photoluminescence measurements indicate that the compound [Zn(a‐2,6‐dad)(bipy)2(H2O)](H2O)2 (3) shows strong blue luminescence in the solid state at room temperature.
Development and Validation of a Surgical Workload Measure: The Surgery Task Load Index (SURG‐TLX)
Authors: Wilson Mark R. , Poolton Jamie M. , Malhotra Neha , Ngo Karen , Bright Elizabeth , Masters Rich S. W. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a multidimensional, surgery‐specific workload measure (the SURG‐TLX), and to determine its utility in providing diagnostic information about the impact of various sources of stress on the perceived demands of trained surgical operators. As a wide range of stressors have been identified for surgeons in the operating room, the current approach of considering stress as a unidimensional construct may not only limit the degree to which underlying mechanisms may be understood but also the degree to which training interventions may be successfully matched to particular sources of stress.MethodsThe dimensions of the SURG‐TLX were based on two current multidimensional workload measures and developed via focus group discussion. The six dimensions were defined as mental demands, physical demands, temporal demands, task complexity, situational stress, and distractions. Thirty novices were trained on the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) peg transfer task and then completed the task under various conditions designed to manipulate the degree and source of stress experienced: task novelty, physical fatigue, time pressure, evaluation apprehension, multitasking, and distraction.ResultsThe results were supportive of the discriminant sensitivity of the SURG‐TLX to different sources of stress. The sub‐factors loaded on the relevant stressors as hypothesized, although the evaluation pressure manipulation was not strong enough to cause a significant rise in situational stress.ConclusionsThe present study provides support for the validity of the SURG‐TLX instrument and also highlights the importance of considering how different stressors may load surgeons. Implications for categorizing the difficulty of certain procedures, the implementation of new technology in the operating room (man–machine interface issues), and the targeting of stress training strategies to the sources of demand are discussed. Modifications to the scale to enhance clinical utility are also suggested.
Late Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Liver Transplantation
Authors: Chok Kenneth S. H. , Chan See Ching , Cheung Tan To , Chan Albert C. Y. , Fan Sheung Tat , Lo Chung Mau 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundLong‐term survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after liver transplantation is affected mainly by recurrence of HCC. There is the opinion that the chance of recurrence after 2 years post‐transplantation is remote, and therefore lifelong surveillance is not justified because of limited resources. The aims of the present study were to determine the rate of late HCC recurrence (≥2 years after transplantation) and to compare the long‐term patient survival outcomes between cases of early recurrence (<2 years after transplantation) and late recurrence.PatientsA total of 139 adult HCC patients having liver transplantation during the period from July 1994 to December 2007 were included in the analysis. The median follow‐up period was 55 months. Thirty‐two patients received deceased‐donor grafts and 107 received living‐donor grafts.ResultsHepatocellular carcinoma recurrence occurred in 24 (17.3%) patients, among them 22 (86%) had living‐donor grafts and 7 (5%) developed late recurrence. Patients in the early recurrence group and patients in the late recurrence group had comparable demographics and disease pathology. The former group, when compared with the latter, had significantly worse overall survival at 3 years (13.3 versus 100%) and 5 years (6.67 versus 71.4%) (log‐rank test; p < 0.001).ConclusionsBoth early recurrence and late recurrence of HCC after liver transplantation were not uncommon, mostly detected at a subclinical stage. Regular and long‐term surveillance with imaging and blood tests is essential for early detection.
Thymic involution and corticosterone level in Sandhoff disease model mice: new aspects the pathogenesis of GM2 gangliosidosis
Authors: Matsuoka Kazuhiko , Tsuji Daisuke , Taki Takao , Itoh Kohji 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSandhoff disease (SD) is a lysosomal disease caused by a mutation of the HEXB gene associated with excessive accumulation of GM2 ganglioside (GM2) in lysosomes and neurological manifestations. Production of autoantibodies against the accumulated gangliosides has been reported to be involved in the progressive pathogenesis of GM2 gangliosidosis, although the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. The thymus is the key organ in the acquired immune system including the development of autoantibodies. We showed here that thymic involution and an increase in cell death in the organ occur in SD model mice at a late stage of the pathogenesis. Dramatic increases in the populations of Annexin‐V+ cells and terminal deoxynucletidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) + cells were observed throughout the thymuses of 15‐week old SD mice. Enhanced caspase‐3/7 activation, but not that of caspase‐1/4, ‐6 ,‐8, or −9, was also demonstrated. Furthermore, the serum level of corticosterone, a potent inducer of apoptosis of thymocytes, was elevated during the same period of apoptosis. Our studies suggested that an increase in endocrine corticosterone may be one of the causes that accelerate the apoptosis of thymocytes leading to thymic involution in GM2 gangliosidosis, and thus can be used as a disease marker for evaluation of the thymic condition and disease progression.
Structural variation along the Zagros and the nature of the Dezful Embayment
Authors: ALLEN MARK B. , TALEBIAN MORTEZA 
Published: May 2011

AbstractStructure varies along strike in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt of Iran, which is a principal element in the Arabia–Eurasia continental collision. Pre-collision, Late Cretaceous ophiolite nappes (Kermanshah, Neyriz) and related nappes of deep marine sediments (Radiolarite Series) were emplaced next to two regions (Pusht-e Kuh arc, Fars) which later developed a consistent structural style across the range from the High Zagros Fault to the foreland limit of deformation. The intervening area has a zone of highly imbricated Arabian plate strata (the Bakhtyari Culmination) thrust southwest towards and over a low relief, low elevation region (the Dezful Embayment). There are no ophiolite nappes northeast of the Bakhtyari Culmination. Isopachs reflect these different structural patterns from Late Cretaceous time but not earlier. In Late Cretaceous time the Dezful Embayment recorded less deposition than adjacent areas to the northwest and southeast. In the Palaeogene there was little net difference between the Dezful Embayment and its margins. The Dezful Embayment has been a depocentre since roughly 35 Ma, which is the likely time of initial collision between Arabia and Eurasia. We propose that the syn-collision structure and stratigraphy of the Zagros is therefore strongly influenced by the variation in Late Cretaceous ophiolite emplacement, but the original cause of this variation is not clear.
Human ethology: concepts and implications for the sciences of man
Authors: Eibl-Eibesfeldt Irenäus 
Published: May 2011

AbstractHuman ethology is defined as the biology of human behavior. The methods it employs and the questions it poses are elaborations of those generally used in the various fields of biology, but especially adapted to the study of man. Observation and experimentation in the natural and seminatural setting as well as the comparative method derived from morphology play important roles in human ethology, and the exploration of phylogenetic adaptations constitutes one of its focal interests. On the basis of observations on experientially deprived and nondeprived children, comparative primate and animal behavior studies, and cross-cultural investigations, certain universal phylogenetic adaptations (in terms of fixed action patterns, innate releasing mechanisms, releasers, innate motivating mechanisms, and innate learning dispositions) have been found to occur. However, human ethology does not restrict itself to the investigation of phylogenetic adaptations. The question as to how a behavior pattern contributes to survival can be posed with respect to cultural patterns as well. Similar selection pressures have shaped both culturally and phylogenetically evolved patterns. Through cross-cultural studies a number of universal social interaction strategies have been discovered.
Motor-sensory feedback and geometry of visual space: an attempted replication
Authors: Gyr John , Willey Richmond , Henry Adele 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis study involved a partial replication of an experiment performed by Held & Rekosh (1963) on the relation between prism-induced changes in visuomotor feedback and shifts in the perception of straightness. The Held & Rekosh study is important because its methodology makes it possible to clearly separate changes in perception due to visuomotor feedback from those due to other perceptual factors. Thus it bears unambiguously on the hypothesis that the neurological processing of sensory input is dependent on the organization of motor activity. The present paper consists of a brief review of theory and experiment on sensorimotor phenomena in perception, followed by a detailed consideration of the Held & Rekosh study and the present replication. For greater effectiveness, Held & Rekosh should have used base-up and base-down prism orientations rather than the base-left and base-right orientations that they employed, but in any case our replication yielded negative results for both base-up and base-right. It is concluded that, given the minimally effective prism orientation and the attentional loads characterizing the Held & Rekosh study, there is need for further experimentation with these two variables. A more drastic suggestion is that there may be a need to confront anew the evidence for sensorimotor processes in perception.
Absolute timing of mental activities
Authors: Wasserman Gerald S. , Kong King-Leung 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA new tool that may measure certain absolute temporal properties of information processing in intact organisms is suggested by. investigations of temporal summation in single nerve cells. Two findings have led to this suggestion: One, the form of the temporal summation function (relating the intensity and duration required to evoke a criterion neural signal) depends on the analysis used by the investigator. Corresponding form variations occur in behavioral studies when the observer's task is varied. Two, the critical durations of fixed neural signals depend on the latency of the feature of the signal chosen as criterion; early features yield short critical durations and vice versa. The critical duration also varies in behavioral studies if one varies the observer's task, keeping the stimulus ensemble fixed.These data lead to two inferences: One, the form of a behavioral temporal-summation function expresses the kind of hidden mental analysis mediating that behavior. Two, a behavioral critical duration is an indicator of the absolute timing of the hidden mental analysis mediating that behavior.
The neuropsychology of schizophrenia
Authors: Gray J. A. , Feldon J. , Rawlins J. N. P. , Hemsley D. R. , Smith A. D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA model is proposed for integrating the neural and cognitive aspects of the positive symptoms of acute schizophrenia, using evidence from postmortem neuropathology and neurochemistry, clinical and preclinical studies of dopaminergic neurotransmission, anatomical connections between the limbic system and basal ganglia, attentional and other cognitive abnormalities underlying the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, specific animal models of some of these abnormalities, and previous attempts to model the cognitive functions of the septohippocampal system and the motor functions of the basal ganglia. Anatomically, the model emphasises the projections from the septohippocampal system, via the subiculum, and the amygdala to nucleus accumbens, and their interaction with the ascending dopaminergic projection to the accumbens. Psychologically, the model emphasises a failure in acute schizophrenia to integrate stored memories of past regularities of perceptual input with ongoing motor programs in the control of current perception. A number of recent experiments that offer support for the model are briefly described, including anatomical studies of limbic-striatal connections, studies in the rat of the effects of damage to these connections, and of the effects of amphetamine and neuroleptics, on the partial reinforcement extinction effect, latent inhibition and the Kamin blocking effect; and studies of the latter two phenomena in acute and chronic schizophrenics.
The quest for optimality: A positive heuristic of science?
Authors: Schoemaker Paul J. H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the strengths and weaknesses of one of science's most pervasive and flexible metaprinciples;optimalityis used to explain utility maximization in economics, least effort principles in physics, entropy in chemistry, and survival of the fittest in biology. Fermat's principle of least time involves both teleological and causal considerations, two distinct modes of explanation resting on poorly understood psychological primitives. The rationality heuristic in economics provides an example from social science of the potential biases arising from the extreme flexibility of optimality considerations, including selective search for confirming vidence, ex post rationalization, and the confusion of prediction with explanation. Commentators are asked to reflect on the extent to which optimality is (1) an organizing principle of nature, (2) a set of relatively unconnected techniques of science, (3) a normative principle for rational choice and social organization, (4) a metaphysical way of looking at the world, or (5) something else still.
Age preferences in mates reflect sex differences in human reproductive strategies
Authors: Kenrick Douglas T. , Keefe Richard C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe finding that women are attracted to men older than themselves whereas men are attracted to relatively younger women has been explained by social psychologists in terms of economic exchange rooted in traditional sex-role norms. An alternative evolutionary model suggests that males and females follow different reproductive strategies, and predicts a more complex relationship between gender and age preferences. In particular, males' preferences for relatively younger females should be minimal during early mating years, but should become more pronounced as the male gets older. Young females are expected to prefer somewhat older males during their early years and to change less as they age. We briefly review relevant theory and present results of six studies testing this prediction. Study 1 finds support for this gender-differentiated prediction in age preferences expressed in personal advertisements. Study 2 supports the prediction with marriage statistics from two U.S. cities. Study 3 examines the cross-generational robustness of the phenomenon, and finds the same pattern in marriage statistics from 1923. Study 4 replicates Study 1 using matrimonial advertisements from two European countries, and from India. Study 5 finds a consistent pattern in marriages recorded from 1913 through 1939 on a small island in the Philippines. Study 6 reveals the same pattern in singles advertisements placed by financially successful American women and men. We consider the limitations of previous normative and evolutionary explanations of age preferences and discuss the advantages of expanding previous models to include the life history perspective.
A mobility gradient in the organization of vertebrate movement: The perception of movement through symbolic language
Authors: Golani Ilan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOrdinary language can prevent us from seeing the organization of whole-animal movement. This may be why the search for behavioral homologies has not been as fruitful as the founders of ethology had hoped. The Eshkol-Wachman (EW) movement notational system can reveal shared movement patterns that are undetectable in the kinds of informal verbal descriptions of the same behaviors that are in current use. Rules of organization that are common to locomotor development, agonistic and exploratory behavior, scent marking, play, and dopaminergic drug-induced stereotypies in a variety of vertebrates suggest that behavior progresses along a “mobility gradient” from immobility to increasing complexity and unpredictability. A progression in the opposite direction, with decreasing spatial complexity and increased stereotypy, occurs under the influence of the nonselective dopaminergic drugs apomorphine and amphetamine and partly also the selective dopamine agonist quinpirole. The behaviors associated with the mobility gradient appear to be mediated by a family of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits and their descending output stations. Because the small number of rules underlying the mobility gradient account for a large variety of behaviors, they may be related to the specific functional demands on these neurological systems. The EW system and the mobility gradient model should prove useful to ethologists and neurobiologists.