bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Youth human rights: the role of public health interventions to contribute with young person safety
Authors: Crespin E 
Published: March 2011

Currently there is no state- sponsored programme in El Salvador for the physical and psychological rehabilitation and social reintegration of those who are left with chronic injuries as a consequence of gun violence. In mid-2006 the HD Centre commissioned an exploratory study interviewing patients and staff members at the Instituto Salvadoreo de Rehabilitacion de Invalidos (ISRI, Institute fo the Rehabilitation of the Disabled). This informal study provided interesting snapshot of the situation of survivors of gun violence. About 50% of ISRIs total patient intake consist of people with firearm related injuries. Most of them are 14–25 years old youngsters. Young person safety, mental health, right of life are part of fundamental human rights. Youth violence is one of the highest in the region. Public Health are needed to ensure youth well being, mental health and human rights for youngsters in El Salvador.ObjectiveTo explore perception of Youth about their rights to live and grow in a safety environment free of gun violence, there is going to be explored the links between gun violence and well being as human right, the role of health workers to identify risk factors and public health interventions for the young person safety.MethodsThere is going to be developed 4 focus groups of youngsters between 14 and 25 years old, one of them integrated of women, from rural and urban area in order to explore through dynamics their perception about human rights, health and safety connections.Instruments QuestionnaireThe variables: young person safety, youth human rights, gun violence, risks factors and protective factors.ResultsIt is expected to collect information from four different regions in El Salvador as participants into the focal groups.ConclusionsSalvadoran youngsters perceived insecurity as one of their fundamental human rights being neglected in the country and there is a role to play of health workers through public health interventions improving surveillance of risks factors, protective factors, mental health and integral youth development programmes
Economics of risky driving: cross-sectional analysis of emergency department patients with high-risk behaviours
Authors: Sommers B , Fargo J , Shope J , Sommers M 
Published: March 2011

The concept of risky driving is not well articulated, nor is the societal burden imposed by risky driving behaviours. These behaviours lead to significant injury and mortality in the US and have application to global populations.AimsWe estimated the societal cost burden associated with risky driving, drinking-driving and substance use, among young adults exhibiting both high-risk driving behaviour and problem drinking.MethodsA sample of Emergency Department patients aged 18–44, who screened positive for risky driving and problem drinking (n=313), were surveyed regarding driving behaviours, injuries, healthcare utilisation, legal problems and traffic crashes over the previous year. These self-reported data, supplemented by police crash reports, were used to estimate annual societal costs. Multivariate regressions were used to detect associations between costs and risky driving, drinking-driving and substance use.ResultsSocietal costs related to driving behaviour and substance use averaged $23 340 per person, annually. Risky driving was consistently associated with higher criminal justice costs and total costs in univariate and multivariate models. Substance use was associated with increased injury, crash, and healthcare costs. Drinking-driving was not associated with increased costs in multivariate models. Compared to average drivers, the riskiest drivers imposed increased legal costs of $700 and increased total societal costs of $2450, annually.ConclusionsRisky-driving imposes significant costs on society, even controlling for substance use and drinking-driving behaviour. Healthcare and other interventions to reduce risky-driving are likely to be both life-saving and cost-saving to society.
Disaster management
Authors: Haddadi M , Hasani S A , Masoumi G 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionWith regard to disaster proneness of Islamic Republic of Iran, considering the capacity of all stakeholders may lead to correct use of resources and facilities and decrease or control the destructive effects in disaster affected areas.MethodsIn a library based review we found out, saving life is the most important factor in health management and that the disaster management must focus on three phases.Pre-eventManagement of this phase includes situational analysis (structural and non-structural), surveillance, adapting standards, communication, information and warning systems, public education and organising local or country wide manoeuvres for testing the response mechanisms.EventIncludes triage, reinforcement of rescue and relief capacities, evacuation, financial and human supports in the community and collaboration with other stakeholders such as the Ministry of Interior and other subcommittees, local or collaborating health facilities in the field or nearby, medical and residential centres, mass media and if indicated, field hospitals also expert human resources are important for medical management in this phase.Post-eventIt's the longest phase includes referring survivors to rehabilitation centres, evaluating mental and social needs of them and assist communication between the remainders and social support centres and assessing the response programs.DiscussionPublic awareness by capacity building is necessary for decreasing destructive outcomes in stressful situations. Disaster prevention, mitigation & preparedness are more important than response in achieving the goals and objectives of vulnerability reduction. Disaster response alone is not sufficient as it yields only temporary results at a very high cost.
Aligning the organisation to effectively manage risk
Authors: Furst P G 
Published: March 2011

The realities of globalisation and associated business risks have taken center-stage and innovative firms have to address this to stay competitive. All organisational systems and procedures harbour risk, which includes safety. Therefore the traditional approaches to the management of safety is not good enough any more.One way to achieve this is through an integrated operational risk management approach which is a methodology of identifying and eliminating risk from the construction process. The key to its success is its embedment into the operations of the contractor, as well as the project delivery process. Risk identification, assessment and management have an important role to play in the construction business, which is inherently high risk. Safety folks traditionally deal with hazard rather than assess risk. This to helps foster the separation and isolation of safety from operations.Innovative business thinking requires the linkage of all the business operations, and an integration and alignment of all systems, processes and procedures within the business. Safety can only, become truly effective if it is integrated into the fabric of the management systems utilised within the organisation. In this session we will explore ways that risk assessment and safety operations can be integrated into the overall management systems of the organisation, as well as the project delivery process, thereby improving quality and efficiency, cutting costs as well as improving profits.
Comparison of different models to assess the medical costs of injury
Authors: Macey S , Lyons R A , Phillips C , Brophy S 
Published: March 2011

AimTo compare different models of excess health service utilisation (HSU) to produce enhanced estimates of the short and medium term direct medical costs of injuries.MethodA retrospective and prospective anonymised electronic population cohort, encompassing all residents of Swansea, Wales, UK (n = 227 100). The Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) system is being used to anonymously track injured and uninjured individuals through multiple healthcare databases over a 3 year period. Excess HSU within emergency department, inpatient and outpatient sectors will be determined using two different models. In one the HSU postinjury will be counted and subsequently adjusted for potential confounders, including age, gender, deprivation status, preinjury healthcare utilisation, co-morbidities and access to/distance from hospital, using negative binomial regressions. In the other model the number of healthcare contacts observed during the follow-up period will be compared with the number expected to have occurred, based on pre injury healthcare contacts, to calculate standardised utilisation ratios. In both models general practice and inpatient data will be used to identify co-morbidities.ResultsAnalysis is ongoing and results will be presented at the conference.ConclusionThis study presents an enhanced approach to determining the extent of excess HSU and medical costs following injury, and will contribute to improved measurement of the burden of injury.
Patterns of injury and violence in Yaound Cameroon: an analysis of hospital data
Authors: Juillard C , Mballa G A E , Nyemb N , Stevens K A , Hyder A A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe burden of injuries are quickly becoming a leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa, where reports on the epidemiology of injuries are limited. Reports on the patterns and frequency of injuries from Cameroon are scarce. This study explores the patterns of trauma seen at the emergency ward of the busiest trauma centre in Cameroons capital city.MethodsAdministrative records from 1 January 2007 through 31 December 2007 were retrospectively reviewed for all trauma patients presenting to the emergency ward. Univariate analysis was performed to assess patterns of injuries in terms of mechanism, date, age and gender. Bivariate analysis was utilised to explore potential relationships between demographic variables and mechanism of injury.ResultsA total of 6234 injured people were seen at the Central Hospital of Yaounds emergency ward during the year 2007. Males comprised 71%; the mean age of injured patients was 29 (SD=14.9). Nearly 60% were due to road traffic injury, 46% involving a pedestrian. Intentional injuries were the second most common mechanism, 55% of which involved unarmed assault. Falls victims and male patients were more likely to be admitted (p<0.001).DiscussionPatterns in terms of age, gender and mechanism are similar to reports from other countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The magnitude of cases reported is high for a single institution in an African city the size of Yaound. As the burden of injury is predicted to increase dramatically in sub-Saharan Africa, prevention efforts in Cameroon are strongly warranted.
Addressing increasing robbery incidents on Nigerian highways
Authors: Obiemenyego C , Ojugbana C , Olebunne K , Okonkwo B , Ikediashi I 
Published: March 2011

Media and police reports indicate that robbery incidents on the roads of Nigeria are common feature with many deaths and injuries occurring at such scenes. Most of these incidents occur at nights on isolated parts of the roads and sections where the roads are bad.ObjectiveThis study focuses on robbery incidents arising from bad spots on highways and proffers solutions.MethodCrime reports of 1 year on robbery activities on Suleja-lambata and Bida-Mokwa, two carriage roads of 284 km were studied. Records were obtained from the police, 100 road users and 50 community members were interviewed.Findings32 robbery incidents were recorded in the period of study. 24 occurred at nights with bad road spots accounting for 80% of the incidents. Official total deaths recorded were 12, number of injuries was 48. However, 85% of road users interviewed agreed that injuries were highly under reported by about 200%. The study further revealed that 50% of bad road spots were left unattended for an average of 4 months with weak security no warning signs to road users.RecommendationsBad road spots are attractive for robbery activities at nights. Deaths and injuries at such spots are high but very preventable. Retro reflective danger signs should be mounted on bad spots at nights, security should be enhanced, roads should be promptly repaired and drivers properly sensitised on road dangers at nights.
Inhibitory control and children's risk for dog bites
Authors: Davis A L , Schwebel D C , Morrongiello B A , Stewart J , Bell M , Oneal E E 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionApproximately 400 000 US children seek medical attention for dog bites annually (CDC, 2008). A dozen die. Inhibitory control, the capacity to plan and suppress inappropriate approach responses under instruction or in novel situations (Rothbartet al, 2001), is linked to broad child injury risk (Schwebel & Plumert, 1999), but is poorly understood as a risk factor for pediatric dog bites.Method82 children (mean 4.84 years; SD=0.91, 46% male) were recruited from Birmingham, USA and Guelph, Canada. All lived in homes with 1–3 dogs. Parents completed the inhibitory control scale of the Children's behaviour questionnaire (Rothbartet al, 1994) and items concerning children's history with dogs.ResultsInhibitory control correlated to parent-report of children's history of almost being bitten by a dog, r=−0.27; uninhibited children were more likely to have almost experienced dog bites. Inhibitory control also related to parent-report of children's negative experiences with dogs that resulted in crying, r=−0.29, (uninhibited children more likely to have had negative incidents); of children playing rough with dogs, r=−0.31 (uninhibited children playing rough with dogs); and of parent concern that children's behaviour will anger their dog, r=−0.25 (parents of uninhibited children more concerned).ImplicationsCurrent dog bite prevention strategies focus on dog control and owner education (eg, leash laws, animal training). These strategies help, but identification of child specific risk factors, such as inhibitory control, could aid development of other dog-bite prevention programs.
The role of alcohol in homicide: a 3 year review
Authors: Mokuolu O S 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe use of alcohol may produce adverse effects on brain tissues that affect judgement. Such alteration in judgement has therefore made alcohol to serve as an enhancer of homicide, which is now recognised as a cause of premature mortality in Africa. Alcohol increases the likelihood of risk-taking and provocative behaviour by some potential victims; this might in turn lead to violent interactions and homicides. Thus alcohol often plays some role, more commonly in the culprits but occasionally also in the victims. Homicides usually take place between 18:00 and 6:00. Weapons commonly employed in homicide include sharp objects or use of clubs. It may also be the result of fierce fight.ObjectivesTo characterise the relationship between alcohol use and homicide victimisation with a view to determine the magnitude of contribution of alcohol use to homicide activities in Nigeria and make recommendations as appropriate for its control.MethodLibrary search, Internet search, Police and Hospital records.ResultMost of all alcohol induced homicide involves people that are known to each other. People within the age group 20–40 are most susceptible due to great interpersonal interaction that may end up in misunderstandings and frustrations and therefore predisposing to causation of felonies, including homicide.ConclusionHeightened co-ordination in responses to prevention of alcoholism and homicides can be enhanced by a collective approach. Nobody is left out in this approach, because homicide due to alcoholism is a preventable one. Therefore, if enhanced expertise, network of agencies and individuals collaborate well with one another, violence and injuries can be reduced.
Work-related injury and ill-health among mountaineers in the UK: identifying key factors
Authors: McDermott H , Munir F , St Laurent D 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundChronic illnesses are recognised as one of the most expensive health problems in industrialised countries. In 2008/2009, an estimated 1.2 million Britons were suffering from an illness they believed was caused or made worse by work. Of these, musculoskeletal disorders and stress were the most common, with those working in some industries more at risk than others. Within the last decade increased levels of participation in adventure activities such as mountaineering has led to an increase in those who lead such activities as a career. The high risk nature of leading adventurous activities may have adverse effects on health, yet very little is known about the cumulative effects of a career in the outdoor industry.Aims and methodThis study aimed to identify the key factors related to the physical and psychological health of those working as Mountain Instructors within the UK. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 20 mountaineers to gain information on work-related injury and ill-health.ResultsA large number of interviewees reported suffering from a musculoskeletal disorder which was related to work activities and many interviewees felt they had to continue to work even when ill or injured. Examples of work-related issues causing stress were also reported including aggressive or challenging behaviours presented by clients and extended working days.ConclusionThose working in the outdoor industry develop a variety of chronic injuries. These data informed the development of a large scale questionnaire study, the findings of which will also be discussed.
Building rural motor vehicle safety capacity through community sports
Authors: Anderson B L , Miller B K , Aitken M E , Daniels D M 
Published: March 2011

Introduction/objectivePersons living in rural areas are at great risk of motor vehicle injury, as are children ages 4–7 years when prematurely graduated to seat belts designed for adults. Social marketing, individual decision-making and community engagement models were integrated to increase booster seat use through an accepted sport in rural communities. We report on lessons learnt from a multi-state study in the USA.MethodsA non-randomised controlled design was used. Intervention strategies included building child passenger safety resources, tailored print media, community presentations and local spokespersons. Restraint was assessed for all children <15 years at the sport setting. Car seats were provided at no cost. Control communities received only brochures. Trained community volunteers assisted staff in conducting pre/post intervention observational surveys.ResultsTwenty rural communities participated. Community members were engaged at every site to increase community access. Study communities with pre-existing child restraint resources were less engaged in planning and implementation than communities with few resources. Participation from parents varied according to buy-in from team coaches. Frequent communication and a personal presence in the study communities were critical factors to participation and interest. Weather and unanticipated events competing for community interests occurred. The project increased capacity and resources for sustained child passenger safety efforts in engaged communities.ConclusionsThe study was successful in generating local support and resources for child restraint. Flexibility and personal connections with local leaders increased volunteer recruitment and community involvement. Efforts are ongoing to sustain community interest.
How do fathers access child safety information?
Authors: Olsen L , Brussoni M , Kruse S 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionInjury is the leading cause of death for children over the age of one. Prevention methods such as providing parents with information injury risks and prevention strategies can be an effective way to help change risk behaviour and decrease the chance of an injury event.PurposeTo gain an understanding on father's behaviours in regard to accessing information on childhood safety.MethodInterviews for this qualitative study were carried out with fathers of children aged 2–7 years in British Columbia, Canada. Interview questions explored whether fathers were likely to access information on child safety issues; what type of information they were likely to search for; what types of resources they used or would like to use.ResultsIn total, 32 fathers were interviewed. Of the fathers that did look for information on child safety, most reported accessing the internet as a main resource for child safety. Many fathers reported issues around trusting sources and accessing quality information over the internet. Other common responses were pamphlets, community centres and consulting health experts.ConclusionFathers use specific portals of information to access information on child safety. In order to ensure that parents are suitably informed on prevention strategies, health professionals need to consider the role and use of the internet, the design of pamphlets and the use of language in the development of materials as well as the development of dissemination strategies.
Dog bite prevention: what children know
Authors: Dixon C A , Mahabee-Gittens E M , Lindsell C J 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThere are 4.5 million annual dog bites in the US; >368 000 are seen in emergency departments (ED). Children ages 5–9 have the highest incidence.ObjectivesTo determine child dog bite prevention knowledge.MethodsCross-sectional sample of parents and children (5–15 years), presenting to a paediatric ED. Dyads completed knowledge tests developed from Centre for Disease Control dog bite prevention recommendations. Passing score was >70%; logistic and linear regression modelled odds of passing and knowledge scores.ResultsOf 300 children: mean age was 8.7 (3.1 SD), 69% were 5–9 years, and 51% were female. Of parents: 63% had income >$20 000, 57% had education >high school and 51% were white. Dog ownership was 73%; dog bite prevalence was 23%. Over 70% of parents denied child receiving dog bite prevention education; 88% desired it. Mean child knowledge score was 10 (2.5SD). Older children had higher odds of passing (OR:1.15 (95% CI 1.06 to 1.25)), as did children with white parents (OR:1.88 (95% CI 1.17 to 3.02)). Children gained 0.25 score with each year of age and had 0.97 higher scores if they had white parents (p<0.01). No associations were found between knowledge, socioeconomic status, dog ownership or prior dog bite.ConclusionDog bites are preventable child injuries. Results indicate >40% children fail dog bite prevention knowledge testing suggesting universal dog bite prevention education is warranted, with special consideration for populations predicted to have lower dog bite prevention knowledge.