bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of correct bicycle helmet use: how varying definitions and study quality influence the results
Authors: Lee R S , Hagel B E , Karkhaneh M , Rowe B H 
Published: April 2009

Background:Bicycle helmets effectively reduce the risk of bicycle-related head injuries and trauma; however, they must fit properly to be effective. Little is known about the prevalence of correctly worn helmets and factors associated with proper helmet use.Objective:To examine proper bicycle helmet use through a systematic review.Methods:Comprehensive searches of electronic medical databases were performed, and completed by grey literature and reference list checks to identify eligible studies. Studies eligible for inclusion had to involve cyclists and report on the prevalence of correct or incorrect helmet use. Two reviewers independently selected studies and data were extracted regarding the prevalence and factors influencing proper helmet wearing of cyclists.Results:An inclusive search strategy led to 2285 prescreened citations; 11 of the studies were finally included in the review. Overall, correct helmet use varied from 46% to 100%, depending on the criteria used by researchers to define proper helmet use; stricter criteria reduced the proportion of properly worn helmets. Adulthood, female sex and educational interventions were associated with correct helmet use in some studies. Self-reported poor helmet fit (OR = 1.96; 95% CI 1.10 to 3.75), posterior positioning of helmet (OR = 1.52; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.26) and helmet loss in crash (OR = 3.25; 95% CI 1.82 to 5.75) increased the risk of head injury. In addition, educational programmes on helmet use in schools increased correct helmet use among schoolchildren.Conclusions:This systematic review outlines the current state of the literature including the variability in research methodology and definitions used to study proper helmet-wearing behaviour among cyclists.
The first integrated use of in situ U–Pb geochronology and geochemical analyses to determine long-distance transport of glacial erratics from mainland Canada into the western Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Doornbos Chris , Heaman Larry M. , Doupé Jonathan P. , England John , Simonetti Antonio , Lajeunesse Patrick 
Published: April 2009

Glacial erratics collected on Melville Island, western Canadian Arctic Archipelago, were analyzed to determine their mainland provenance, thereby constraining their long-distance transport by the Laurentide Ice Sheet. These erratics can be broadly subdivided into three main lithologies: granite (n = 15), quartzite (n = 7), and diabase–diorite (n = 3). The granite erratics are most distinctive from a provenance perspective and can be further subdivided into three geochemical groups based on their potassium content: (1) a high-K2O group (K2O > 4.0 wt.%), (2) an intermediate-K2O group (K2O between 2.0 and 4.0 wt.%), and (3) a low-K2O group (K2O < 2.0 wt.%). In situ thin section laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer U–Pb zircon ages obtained for eight granite erratics yielded both Archean (2575 Ma) and a range of Paleoproterozoic (2472–1778 Ma) crystallization ages. In addition, three overprint ages were identified at 1.90, 1.84, and ∼1.0 Ga. The most compelling constraint for a northward regional ice flow originating on the mainland are two high-precision conventional U–Pb zircon ages of 1969.5 ± 1.0 and 2472.3 ± 0.5 Ma, indicating that these granite erratics must have been derived from the 2.0–1.9 Ga Taltson–Thelon Orogen and the nearby 2.5–2.4 Ga Queen Maud Block, respectively. These granite-dominated terranes are located 600 km due south and southeast of the collection area on Melville Island. Although it is unknown whether the final deposition of these erratics on Melville Island involved transport by one or more glaciations, it is apparent that this ice flow cannot be accommodated by the proposed north–south axis of the M’Clintock Ice Divide, the primary topographic feature of the northwestern Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last glacial maximum. The transport of erratics reported here would have required a former ice divide oriented east–west over the mainland, close to that proposed for the Ancestral Keewatin Divide. An east–west ice divide in this region is consistent with previously reported ice-flow indicators that document northward flow from the mainland and recent thermomechanically coupled ice-sheet numerical modeling that indicates former maximum ice thickness on the mainland immediately south of Melville Island.
Deep electrical structure of northern Alberta (Canada): implications for diamond exploration
Authors: Türkoğlu Erşan , Unsworth Martyn , Pana Dinu 
Published: April 2009

Geophysical studies of upper mantle structure can provide constraints on diamond formation. Teleseismic and magnetotelluric data can be used in diamond exploration by mapping the depth of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary. Studies in the central Slave Craton and at Fort-à-la-Corne have detected conductors in the lithospheric mantle close to, or beneath, diamondiferous kimberlites. Graphite can potentially explain the enhanced conductivity and may imply the presence of diamonds at greater depth. Petrologic arguments suggest that the shallow lithospheric mantle may be too oxidized to contain graphite. Other diamond-bearing regions show no upper mantle conductor suggesting that the correlation with diamondiferous kimberlites is not universal. The Buffalo Head Hills in Alberta host diamondiferous kimberlites in a Proterozoic terrane and may have formed in a subduction zone setting. Long period magnetotelluric data were used to investigate the upper mantle resistivity structure of this region. Magnetotelluric (MT) data were recorded at 23 locations on a north–south profile extending from Fort Vermilion to Utikuma Lake and an east–west profile at 57.2°N. The data were combined with Lithoprobe MT data and inverted to produce a three-dimensional (3-D) resistivity model with the asthenosphere at 180–220 km depth. This model did not contain an upper mantle conductor beneath the Buffalo Head Hills kimberlites. The 3-D inversion exhibited an eastward dipping conductor in the crust beneath the Kiskatinaw terrane that could represent the fossil subduction zone that supplied the carbon for diamond formation. The low resistivity at crustal depths in this structure is likely due to graphite derived from subducted organic material.
Reversible decomposition of mono(α-hydroxy)phosphines and their reaction with α,β-unsaturated aldehydes
Authors: Moiseev Dmitry V. , Marcazzan Paolo , James Brian R. 
Published: April 2009

The mono(α-hydroxy)phosphines R2PCH(OH)R′ (R = Ph, R′ = H, Et, CH2Ph, Ph, p-X-C6H4; R = cyclohexyl, R′ = Ph) are prepared under solvent-free conditions by a 1:1 reaction of Ph2PH with the appropriate aldehyde, and their stabilities (with respect to reversible dissociation into reactants), studied in DMSO, Et2O, and MeOH, increase with decreased basicity of the hydroxyphosphine; for example, for the Ph2PCH(OH)C6H4-p-X phosphines, stability decreases in the order: X = CN > Cl > F > H > Me > OMe. A 1:1 room-temperature reaction of the (α-hydroxy)phosphines (except for R′ = H) with cinnamaldehyde in DMSO slowly yields the known mono- and di-phosphines Ph2PCH(Ph)CH2CHO (4a) and Ph2PCH(Ph)CH2CH(PPh2)OH (10a), and the corresponding R′CHO aldehyde. In MeOH, the sequentially formed intermediates, PhCH=CHCH(OH)PPh2, PhCH(OH)CH=CHPPh2, and Ph2PCH(Ph)CH=CHOH, were detected en route to 4a and 10a. Reaction of cinnamaldehyde with Ph2PCH2OH gives 4a and the hemiacetal Ph2PCH2OCH2OH formed from the reactant hydroxyphosphine with the co-product formaldehyde. Reactions carried out in MeOH are faster because of the formation of hemiacetals from the phosphine-containing aldehyde products; thus, 4a is seen as Ph2PCH(Ph)CH2CH(OMe)(OH), which on dissolution in Et2O, reverts to the aldehyde. The reaction rates and equilibrium concentrations of the various species depend on the R′ group of the reactant phosphine; the rates of consumption of the hydroxyphosphines in the reactions with cinnamaldehyde decrease in the order: Ph2PCH(OH)Ph > Ph2PCH(OH)Et > Ph2PCH(OH)CH2Ph >> Ph2PCH2OH. The reactivity pattern of Ph2PCH(OH)Ph with sinapaldehyde [3,5-(OMe)2-4-OH-cinnamaldehyde] in DMSO follows that seen for cinnamaldehyde. Reaction of Ph2PH with cinnamaldehyde in DMSO affords 4a and 10a via the same intermediates seen with the Ph2PCH(OH)R′ reagents, but these latter reactions are thought to occur via direct attack on cinnamaldehyde by the hydroxyphosphine rather than via Ph2PH.
An overview of the stratigraphy and facies development of the Jurassic System on the Tabas Block, east-central Iran
Authors: Wilmsen Markus , Fürsich Franz Theodor , Seyed-Emami Kazem , Majidifard Mahmoud Reza 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The Tabas Block of east-central Iran shows very thick and well-exposed Upper Triassic–Jurassic sequences, which are crucial for the understanding of the Mesozoic evolution of the Iran Plate. The succession is subdivided into major tectonostratigraphic units based on widespread unconformities related to the Cimmerian tectonic events. As elsewhere in Iran, there is a dramatic change from Middle Triassic platform carbonates (Shotori Formation) to the siliciclastic rocks of the Shemshak Group (Norian–Bajocian), reflecting the onset of Eo-Cimmerian deformation in northern Iran. Following the marine sedimentation of the Norian–Rhaetian Nayband Formation, the change to non-marine, coal-bearing siliciclastic rocks (Ab-e-Haji Formation) around the Triassic–Jurassic boundary is related to the main uplift phase of the Cimmerian orogeny. Condensed limestones of the Toarcian–Aalenian Badamu Formation indicate widespread transgression, followed by rapid lateral facies and thickness variations in the succeeding Lower Bajocian Hojedk Formation. This tectonic instability culminated in the middle Bajocian compressional–extensional Mid-Cimmerian event. The resulting Mid-Cimmerian unconformity separates the Shemshak Group from the Upper Bajocian–Upper Jurassic Magu (or Bidou) Group. The succeeding Late Bajocian–Bathonian onlap of the Parvadeh and Baghamshah formations (Baghamshah Subgroup) was caused by increased subsidence of the Tabas Block rather than a eustatic sea-level rise, followed by the development of a large-scale platform–basin carbonate system (Callovian–Kimmeridgian Esfandiar Subgroup). Block faulting starting in the Kimmeridgian (Late Cimmerian event) resulted in the destruction of the carbonate system, which was covered by Kimmeridgian–Tithonian limestone conglomerates, red beds and evaporites (Garedu Subgroup or Ravar Formation). Virtually the same pattern of relative sea-level change, facies development and succession of geodynamic events is recorded from the Late Triassic–Jurassic of northern Iran (Alborz Mountains), suggesting that the Iran Plate behaved as a single structural unit at that time.
The Shemshak Group (Lower–Middle Jurassic) of the Binalud Mountains, NE Iran: stratigraphy, depositional environments and geodynamic implications
Authors: Wilmsen Markus , Fürsich Franz Theodor , Taheri Jafar 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
The Lower–lower Middle Jurassic non-marine sedimentary succession of the Binalud Mountains of NE Iran is correlated with the Jurassic part of the Shemshak Group of the Alborz Mountains and subdivided into three formations: the Arefi, the Bazehowz and the Aghounj formations. The succession rests, with angular unconformity, on a metamorphic basement deformed during the Late Triassic Eo-Cimmerian orogeny. The lowermost unit, the Arefi Formation, is subdivided into a lower Derekhtoot Member and an upper Kurtian Member. The Derekhtoot Member (up to 750 m thick) consists of very coarse-grained, chaotic boulder beds, breccias and conglomerates representing rock-fall deposits and proximal–middle alluvial fans, deposited along steep fault scarps. The succeeding Kurtian Member (>300 m) comprises finer-grained conglomerates with well-rounded clasts, reflecting deposition in a proximal braided river system. The overlying Bazehowz Formation is more than 1000 m thick and consists of vertically stacked, decametre-scale channel-fill cycles of the middle reaches of a braided fluvial system. The uppermost unit, the Aghounj Formation, consists of at least 400 m of granule- to pebble-size, thick-bedded and large-scale trough cross-bedded quartz conglomerates and sandy interbeds of a proximal braided fluvial system. The overall succession fines upwards due to erosion, down to metamorphic basement, of a high-relief source area in the NE, and rests on Cimmerian basement, suggesting that the strata are intramontane deposits of the Cimmerian mountain chain in NE Iran. This interpretation has important implications concerning the position of the NW–SE-trending Eo-Cimmerian suture in NE Iran, which should be placed further SW than formerly assumed.
Enhanced platelet activation by prolactin in patients with ischemic stroke
Authors: Lohmann Tobias , Hild Eva , Kobsar Anna , Siegemund Annelie , Spilcke-Liss E. , Hentschel Betina , Stumpf Christian , Daniel Werner , Garlichs Christian , Eigenthaler Martin , Wallaschofski Henri 
Published: April 2009

SummaryProlactin and leptin are newly recognised platelet co-stimulators due to potentiation of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Elevated leptin levels have recently been found to be a risk factor for ischemic stroke in both men and women, and especially in combination with increased blood pressure for hemorrhagic stroke in men. Until now an association between hyperprolactinemia and ischemic stroke has not been investigated systematically.We determined plasma prolactin and leptin levels as well as platelet P-selectin expression in 36 patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack and detecteda significant correlation between increased prolactin values and enhanced ADP stimulated P-selectin expression on platelets. In contrast, no correlation of leptin values with platelet P-selectin expression was found. Next we determined plasma prolactin and leptin as well as acquired and congenital risk factors of thrombophilia in patients with first-ever non-hemorrhagic stroke with or without atrial fibrillation. Excluding patients with such preexisting risk factors,21 patients with and 59 patients without atrial fibrillation were identified. Patients without atrial fibrillation revealed significantly higher plasma prolactin levels than patients with atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, the influence of aspirin or clopidogrel on prolactin stimulated P-selectin expression in vitro was tested, showing that aspirin was without effect,whereas clopidogrel significantly inhibited platelet P-selectin expression. In conclusion, hyperprolactinemia might be a novel risk factor for stroke mediating its thrombogenic effect through enhanced platelet reactivity, and this might correspond to a higher efficacy of antiplatelet combination therapy with clopidogrel compared to aspirin therapy alone.
Loss of TGF-β or Wnt5a results in an increase in Wnt/β-catenin activity and redirects mammary tumour phenotype
Authors: Roarty Kevin , Baxley Sarah E , Crowley Michael R , Frost Andra R , Serra Rosa 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Introduction
The tumour-suppressive effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) are well documented; however, the mechanistic basis of these effects is not fully understood. Previously, we showed that a non-canonical member of the Wingless-related protein family, Wnt5a, is required for TGF-β-mediated effects on mammary development. Several lines of evidence support the hypothesis that Wnt5a acts as a tumour suppressor. In addition, it has been shown that Wnt5a can antagonise canonical Wnt/β-catenin signalling in various cell types. Here we test the hypothesis that TGF-β and Wnt5a can antagonise Wnt/β-catenin signalling and redirect mammary tumour phenotype. The results provide a new mechanism for the tumour-suppressive effects of TGF-β.

Methods
Wnt/β-catenin signalling was measured in tumours with altered TGF-β (dominant-negative TGF-β type II receptor, DNIIR) or Wnt5a (Wnt5a-/-) signalling as the accumulation of nuclear β-catenin using both confocal microscopy and cell fractionation. RT-PCR was used to measure the expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes. Sca1 expression was determined by western blot and keratin (K) 6- and K14-positive populations were determined by immunohistochemistry.

Results
Loss of TGF-β or Wnt5a signalling resulted in stabilisation of nuclear β-catenin and expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes suggesting that TGF-β and Wnt5a act to inhibit Wnt/β-catenin signalling in mammary epithelium. Increased expression of Sca-1 was observed in developing DNIIR and Wnt5a-/- mammary glands. DNIIR and Wnt5a-/- tumours demonstrated an expanded population of K6- and K14-expressing cells typically seen in Wnt/β-catenin-induced tumours.

Conclusions
The key findings here are that: TGF-β and Wnt5a regulate Wnt/β-catenin activity; and loss of TGF-β and Wnt5a redirect the phenotype of tumours so that they resemble tumours induced by activation of Wnt/β-catenin. The findings suggest a new mechanism for the tumour-suppressive effects of TGF-β.
Mental stress‐induced haemoconcentration in women: Effects of menstrual cycle phase
Authors: van Zanten Jet J. C. S. Veldhuijzen , Carroll Douglas , Ring Christopher 
Published: April 2009

Objectives In women, variation in the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) has been reported with phase of the menstrual cycle. Mental stress‐induced rheological and haemodynamic perturbations have been implicated in the triggering of MI. This study examined cardiovascular reactions to mental stress across the menstrual cycle, as a factor contributing to the known variation between the menstrual cycle phases in MI incidence.Methods Rheological and haemodynamic activity during rest and a prolonged mental stress task were assessed in 12 women during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.Results The stress task increased haematocrit, colloid osmotic pressure, blood pressure and heart rate, and decreased heart rate variability and R‐wave to pulse interval. However, there were no effects of menstrual phase on rheological or haemodynamic function at rest or in response to mental stress. There were also no moderating menstrual cycle effects for the rheological or haemodynamic reactions over time to this prolonged stress task.Conclusions Our findings do not support the hypothesis that variations in reactions to mental stress can explain the reported variations in risk for MI across the menstrual cycle.
Effect of Embedded Seams on Tested Water Vapor Transport Properties of Low Permeance Materials
Authors: Indyke David , Danny Frank 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
A method based on ASTM E96/E96M-05 is described for testing the comparative effect of seams and closure types on the water vapor transmission properties of low permeance materials typically applied as moisture vapor retarders. The baseline performance of two materials with water vapor permeance values at 23°C around 5 and 50 ng⋅Pa−1⋅s−1⋅m−2 was measured at both 23°C with 50 % relative humidity and 38°C with 90 % relative humidity. Seams and closures of various types were imposed on both materials including simple overlap, C-fold, lap joint closed with double-sided tape, gap covered by single-sided tape, and lap joint closed with sealant. Testing at 23°C with 50 % relative humidity was repeated using seam widths of 20, 40, and 60 mm. Samples with seam widths of 40 mm were additionally tested at 38°C with 90 % relative humidity. The method gave comparative results indicating that tape and sealant closures are the more effective types in limiting leakage and that seam width can have a significant influence on water vapor transmission through the seam.
Effects of Amendment Materials on Cement-Solidified Contaminated Marine Sediments—Mechanical Stability and Leaching of Heavy Metals
Authors: Kvennås M. , Sparrevik M. , Grini R. S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractStabilization/solidification technology (S/S), in which contaminated marine sediments are mixed with cement and other binding agents have shown to be a promising remediation technique. The major advantage of S/S over other contaminated sediments remediation techniques is that dredged material can be transformed from a soft material into a filling material with favorable geotechnical properties. Reduced contaminant transport from the treated material is achieved simultaneously. This paper summarizes a study investigating how amendments (additions) may improve the mechanical properties and reduce leaching of heavy metals of two cement-stabilized marine harbor sediments from the cities of Bergen and Hammerfest, Norway. The deployed amendments comprised granulated blast furnace slag (Merit®), cement kiln dust, fly ash, gypsum, sand, iron sulfide, and microsilica. The use of amendments was observed to improve the strength of cement-stabilized soft and wet sediments, where the use of granulated blast furnace slag (Merit) resulted in the greatest inprovement. Cement stabilization resulted in a reduced leaching of lead, whereas the leaching of copper and chromium from Hammerfest sediments increased substantially. In order to achieve the lowest total net transport of contaminants through the material, S/S recipes for environmental projects should not only be optimized with regard to physical strength, but also with regard to leaching and permeability.
Könyvismertetések
Authors: Kas Bence , Lukács Ágnes , Pléh Csaba , Jakab Zoltán 
Published: April 2009

GósyMária:
Pszicholingvisztika
(Kas Bence –Lukács Ágnes) 577Traxler, MatthewJ. –Gernsbacher, MortonA_2
Sol-gel bioactive glass-ceramics Part II: Glass-ceramics in the CaO-SiO2-P2O5-MgO system
Authors: Radev Lachezar , Hristov Vladimir , Michailova Irena , Samuneva Bisserka 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Ceramics, with basic composition based on the CaO-SiO2-P2O5-MgO system with different Ca+ Mg/P+Si molar ratio (R), were prepared via polystep sol-gel technique. The structure of the obtained ceramic materials has been studied by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, and SEM. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of akermanite and HA for the sample with R = 1.68 and Mg substituted β-TCP and silicocarnotite for the sample with R = 2.16, after thermal treatment at 1200°C/2 h. The obtained results are in good agreement with FTIR. In vitro test for bioactivity in static condition proved that the carbonate containing hydroxyapatite (CO3HA) can be formed on the surface of the synthesized samples. CO3HA consisted of both A- and B-type CO 32− ions. SEM micrographs depicted different forms of HA particles, precipitated on the surface after soaking in 1.5 simulated body fluid (SBF).
Nonlinear Filtering for Markov Systems with Delayed Observations
Authors: Calzolari Antonella , Florchinger Patrick , Nappo Giovanna 
Published: April 2009

Nonlinear Filtering for Markov Systems with Delayed ObservationsThis paper deals with nonlinear filtering problems with delays, i. e., we consider a system (X, Y), which can be represented by means of a system (X, Ŷ), in the sense thatYt= Ŷa(t), wherea(t)is a delayed time transformation. We start withXbeing a Markov process, and then study Markovian systems, not necessarily diffusive, with correlated noises. The interest is focused on the existence of explicit representations of the corresponding filters as functionals depending on the observed trajectory. Various assumptions on the functiona(t)are considered.