bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of resistance to the spotted stalk borer, Chilo sacchariphagus, in the sugarcane cultivar R570
Authors: Nibouche S. , Tibère R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractResistance in sugarcane [Saccharum spec. (Poaceae)] to the spotted stalk borer, Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was studied by comparing feeding behaviour on resistant cv. R570 and susceptible cv. R579. In a field survey, the feeding behaviour of C. sacchariphagus larvae was described to identify their feeding sites on the plant. In a greenhouse artificial infestation study, we compared the establishment of larvae on potted plants. In laboratory choice and no‐choice experiments, we studied the establishment of larvae on plant organs (stalk, sheath, leaf spindle). Study of the feeding behaviour showed that: (1) first to fourth instars are able to feed on stalk, sheath, and leaf spindle, (2) boring into the stalk occurs mostly in the four uppermost internodes, and (3) most young larvae bore through the abaxial surface of leaf sheaths to reach the stalk. In greenhouse experiments, we observed an early two‐fold reduction of the number of larvae on R570 plants within the first 48 h after infestation. In laboratory experiments, larval antixenosis was demonstrated at the abaxial surface of R570 leaf sheath, but was observed neither in the leaf spindle nor in the stalk. First, second, and third instars were susceptible to this antixenosis. We hypothesize that the main resistance mechanism in R570 is an early reduction of larval establishment on plants, due to antixenosis located at the abaxial surface of leaf sheaths.
Immediate provisional restoration of screw‐type implants in the posterior mandible: results after 5 years of clinical function
Authors: Payer Michael , Heschl Alexander , Wimmer Gernot , Wegscheider Walther , Kirmeier Robert , Lorenzoni Martin 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjective: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the outcome of immediately provisionally restored implants in the posterior mandible after a minimum of 60 months in function.Material and methods: Twenty‐four patients were treated with 40 screw‐type implants replacing mandibular molars and premolars. Implants were provisionalized immediately after placement. Radiographic coronal bone levels, implant survival and success were evaluated 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months after the final restoration.Results: Measurements of the mean marginal bone levels around immediately loaded implants after 12 months showed a significant bone loss (P<0.001) within the first year after the final restoration. Measurements of coronal bone levels after 24, 36, 48 and 60 months, respectively, showed no further significant increase of bone resorption. Two implants were lost within the first year after the final restoration, resulting in an overall survival rate of 95%; a total of three implants were recorded as failures (two implant losses and one excessive bone resorption above 50%), resulting in an overall success rate of 92.5 after an implant observation period of up to 8 years.Conclusion: The present data revealed results comparable to conventionally loaded implants. Careful patient selection in combination with high primary stability seem to be key factors for immediately loaded implants. Larger long‐term randomized clinical trials are needed to confirm the final evidence of this protocol as the standard treatment concept for the partially edentulous mandible. To cite this article:
Payer M, Heschl A, Wimmer G, Wegscheider W, Kirmeier R, Lorenzoni M. Immediate provisional restoration of screw‐type implants in the posterior mandible: results after 5 years of clinical function. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 815–821. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01919.x
Early bone apposition and 1‐year performance of the electrodeposited calcium phosphate coatings: an experimental study in rabbit femora
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Sun Chen , Wang Yuchen , Wang Yining 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the early bone apposition and 1‐year performance of the electrodeposited calcium phosphate coatings with or without chitosan.Material and methods: Seventy‐two cylindrical implants with a length of 8 mm and a diameter of 3.3 mm were divided into three groups: electrodeposited calcium phosphate coated without chitosan, with chitosan, and an uncoated control. The implants adopted the special gap design and were inserted into the rabbit femora. After 2, 4, 26, and 52 weeks, the implants were retrieved and analyzed for bone formation, bone‐to‐implant contact, and coating degradation.Results: It was found that the coatings without chitosan had the highest bone contact at early time (P<0.05). The coatings with chitosan had the least bone formation within gaps after 2, 4, and 26 weeks of implantation (P<0.05). However, no difference was found among the three groups after 52 weeks. Both coatings showed degradation as early as 2 weeks post‐implantation. And after 52 weeks, most of the coatings had been degraded. There were no inflammatory reactions and hardly any osteoclasts around the implants and the coatings. The confocal laser scanning microscopy observation further demonstrated the different bone deposition characteristics. With scanning electron microscopy, no coatings could be found on both the implant surface and the bone interface.Conclusions: Bone apposition to both electrodeposited calcium phosphate coatings was different at early time but almost the same after 52 weeks. And both coatings showed early as well as a continued degradation in the rabbit femora. To cite this article:
Wang J, Sun C, Wang Y, Wang Y. Early bone apposition and 1‐year performance of the electrodeposited calcium phosphate coatings: an experimental study in rabbit femora. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 951–960. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01935.x
Neuroblastoma: What the nurse practitioner should know
Authors: Mazur Kate A. 
Published: May 2010

Purpose: To provide a comprehensive review of the background, diagnosis, and primary care management of neuroblastoma (NBL) and to describe the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic tests for the patient with NBL. Data sources: Extensive review of the worldwide scientific literature on the condition, including primary care articles and studies performed. Conclusions: NBL is one of the most common tumors of childhood and clinical presentation depends on the site of the primary tumor as well as the presence and location of any metastasis. Treatment includes a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, as well as the newer immunotherapy. Implications for practice: NBL is often identified in the primary care setting, and it is important to be able to recognize the presentation and correctly manage the disease. The clinical presentation of NBL, the vital facts needed to ensure that this diagnosis will not be overlooked, and follow‐up in a primary care setting will be reviewed.
The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act 2008: What clinicians should understand
Authors: Clifton Jennifer M. , VanBeuge Susan S. , Mladenka Christine , Wosnik Kelly K. 
Published: May 2010

Purpose: To explain the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), what it covers, and what it does not cover to aid primary care practitioners in advising their patients. Data sources: Governmental agencies, congressional records, and various nongovernmental agencies, press releases, and journal articles. Conclusions: The GINA will protect patients from employment and insurance information in multiple ways. However, loopholes exist which will need to be addressed at the next review of the Act in 6 years. Implications for practice: In order to provide accurate information regarding genetic testing, clinicians need to be familiar with key factors about GINA regarding law, practice, impact on patients and their rights in terms of genetic testing.
Evaluating the sleep/wake cycle in persons with asthma: Three case scenarios
Authors: Babcock Jenna , Krouse Helene J. 
Published: May 2010

Purpose: To evaluate if wrist actigraphy, a measurement of movement, is an effective tool for assessing sleep/wake patterns and use in clinical practice in persons with asthma. Data sources: Data from three individuals with asthma were utilized to develop three case scenarios. The case scenarios illustrated the use of actigraphy as the measurement tool for sleep patterns as they relate to individuals with varying degrees of asthma control. Conclusions: The person with poorly controlled asthma had less total sleep time and lower sleep efficiency than the person with well‐controlled asthma. The actigraph provided useful information on sleep patterns such as daytime napping, nighttime sleep, and sleep efficiency in persons with varying degrees of asthma control. Implications for practice: Nighttime asthma symptoms are often hard for the nurse practitioner (NP) to assess as they are often subjectively reported by patients. The use of actigraph in the clinical setting can provide useful, objective information on the sleep/wake cycles of persons with asthma to aid the NP in providing optimal management of the disease.
Shelf‐Life Extension of Fresh Tuber aestivum and Tuber melanosporum Truffles by Modified Atmosphere Packaging with Microperforated Films
Authors: Rivera Carmen Susana , Blanco Domingo , Salvador María Luisa , Venturini María Eugenia 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT:  The aim of this study was to design a modified atmosphere packaging suitable for Tuber melanosporum and Tuber aestivum truffles that extend their shelf life and their availability as a fresh product. Their respiration rates were determined by O2 depletion and CO2 formation in closed systems performed at different temperatures: 4, 10, and 23 °C. The results were fitted by exponential equations and derivatives of these equations were used to obtain the experimental respiration rates. Our results revealed high respiration rates in both species of truffles and respiratory quotients (RQ) higher than 1 in all the cases studied. A linear dependence of respiration rate, both RO2 and RCO2, on O2 concentration was revealed. A mathematical model was used to predict the evolution of the gaseous composition at 4 °C in the interior of polypropylene trays (250 mL) heat sealed with 4 microperforated films of different transmission rates. A microperforated film with 2 holes (90 × 50 μm) was selected to produce an internal atmosphere of 15%CO2/7%O2 at 4 °C. The predicted atmosphere composition was confirmed by the experimental results. The quality and microbiological characteristics of fresh truffles, packaged in these conditions, revealed that the microbial counts of pseudomonads and Enterobacteriaceae were decreased, the weight loss was reduced, the typical hard texture was maintained, and the development of mycelium growth was delayed, enabling good scores for aroma and flavor, and therefore prolonging the shelf life of T. melanosporum and T. aestivum truffles to 28 and 21 d, respectively.Practical Application: This study describes the benefits of using MAP with microperforated films in the postharvest storage of Tuber melanosporum and Tuber aestivum fresh truffles. The shelf life of T. aestivum is prolonged to 21 d and of T. melanosporum to beyond 28 d increasing the possibilities for a foreign market.
Transglutaminase Catalysis of Modified Whey Protein Dispersions
Authors: Clare Debra A. , Daubert Christopher R. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT:  Transglutaminase (TGase) cross‐linking reactions were accomplished using a heat‐modified whey protein concentrate (mWPC) substrate after pH adjustment to 8. Based on earlier reports, the degree of lactosylation with respect to β‐lactoglobulin was lower in mWPC dispersions than measured in commercial whey concentrate (cWPC) protein solutions. In this study, a higher concentration of free sulfhydryl groups was detected in soluble supernatant fractions. Both factors potentially impact the availability of reactive lysine/glutaminyl residues required for TGase reactivity. The addition of 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) to the substrate mix, CBZ‐glutaminyl glycine and hydroxylamine, revealed a 3.6‐fold increase in TGase activity, likely due in part to maintenance of the catalytic cysteine residue in a reduced state. Furthermore, inclusion of DTT to mWPC dispersions significantly raised the apparent viscosity, independently of enzyme modification, while the rate of polymerization increased 2‐fold based on OPA assay measurements. Limited cross‐linking slightly increased the apparent viscosity, whereas extensive coupling lowered these values compared to equivalent nonenzyme‐treated mWPC samples. Carbohydrate‐staining revealed formation of glyco‐polymers due to covalent linkages between glucosamine and mWPC proteins after TGase processing. Again, the apparent viscosity decreased after extensive enzymatic modification. Larger particles, sized 11.28 μm, were observed in the structural matrix of TGase‐mWPC‐fixed samples compared to 8 μm particles in control mWPC samples as viewed in scanning electron micrographs. Ultimately, the functional characteristics of TGase‐mWPC ingredients may be custom‐designed to deliver alternative functional attributes by adjusting the experimental reaction conditions under which catalysis is achieved.Practical Application: Taken together, these results suggest that unique TGase‐mWPC and/or TGase‐mWPC‐glucosamine ingredients may be designed to provide novel, value‐added, polymeric/glyco‐polymeric protein products that afford added benefit for the milk industry.
The influence of forest management and habitat on insect communities associated with dead wood: a case study in forests of the southern French Alps
Authors: LEMPERIERE GUY , MARAGE DAMIEN 
Published: May 2010

Abstract.  1. Dead wood plays a key role in the functioning of forest ecosystems and is appropriate for conservation purposes and for maintaining biodiversity. In this context, in mixed silver fir ancient forests of the southern French Alps, the respective influence of management status and decay stages were assessed together with assemblages of saproxylic invertebrates.2. Although the structure of the saproxylic insect composition showed a strong dependence on the different stages of decaying wood, with groups of species restricted to one particular stage, the other part of this structure was only slightly influenced by the management status.3. In early successional stages of dead wood that generate ephemeral habitats suitable for specialists, the assemblage of species could locally become extinct very quickly. In intermediate stages which were colonised by other assemblages of species, the richness and abundance of some groups were probably positively correlated with historical continuity at a local scale.4. In the case of suitable long persistent habitats colonised by species with limited dispersal ability, some old established populations could be temporarily deprived of their potential habitats. However, the actual populations of invertebrates have gone through spatio‐temporal discontinuities in a metapopulational context at the landscape level.
Clinical and Toxicodynamic Evidence that High-Dose Pyrazinamide Is Not More Hepatotoxic than the Low Doses Currently Used
Authors: Pasipanodya Jotam G. , Gumbo Tawanda 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTAntimicrobial pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies suggest that pyrazinamide doses higher than those currently recommended may be more efficacious. However, high pyrazinamide doses are believed to be hepatotoxic. Searches for clinical trials in MEDLINE, EBSCOHOST, and the Cochrane Controlled Trial Register were made. Studies that employed pyrazinamide dose scheduling and pharmacokinetic analysis design were examined. Population pharmacokinetic modeling methods were utilized to identify parameters associated with toxicity. At an equivalent area under the concentration-time curve, the time that concentration persisted above some thresholds was associated with overall adverse events (P= 0.032), arthralgia (P= 0.089), and an elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase level at 3 months (P= 0.067). Next, a meta-analysis was utilized to compare rates of adverse events (i) between different pyrazinamide doses, (ii) between different dosing schedules, and (iii) between pyrazinamide-containing and non-pyrazinamide-containing antituberculosis regimens. The 29 studies selected were heterogeneous (CochraneQstatisticPvalue of <0.001;I2of >95%). For the once-a-day dosing schedule, arthralgia was dose dependent (r2= 0.996). However, arthralgia was less common with intermittent dosing, consistent with the time concentration persisted above the threshold. Arthralgia was generally clinically inconsequential. The frequencies of hepatotoxicity were 0.057 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.021 to 0.141) for pyrazinamide monotherapy, 0.044 (CI, 0.033 to 0.059) for pyrazinamide-containing combination regimens, and 0.040 (CI, 0.023 to 0.040) for non-pyrazinamide-containing combination regimens. The frequencies of hepatotoxicity were 0.042 (CI, 0.026 to 0.067) for 30 mg/kg of body weight, 0.055 (CI, 0.031 to 0.094) at 40 mg/kg, and 0.098 (CI, 0.047 to 0.193) at 60 mg/kg of pyrazinamide. Thus, high-dose pyrazinamide did not significantly increase hepatotoxicity. This suggests that a considerable portion of hepatotoxicity rates may be idiosyncratic.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Amphotericin B Deoxycholate, Liposomal Amphotericin B, and Amphotericin B Lipid Complex in an
In Vitro
Model of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Lestner Jodi M. , Howard Susan J. , Goodwin Joanne , Gregson Lea , Majithiya Jayesh , Walsh Thomas J. , Jensen Gerard M. , Hope William W. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic (PK-PD) properties of amphotericin B (AmB) formulations against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) are not well understood. We used an
in vitro
model of IPA to further elucidate the PK-PD of amphotericin B deoxycholate (DAmB), liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) and amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC). The pharmacokinetics of these formulations for endovascular fluid, endothelial cells, and alveolar cells were estimated. Pharmacodynamic relationships were defined by measuring concentrations of galactomannan in endovascular and alveolar compartments. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize fungal biomass. A mathematical model was used to calculate the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) in each compartment and estimate the extent of drug penetration. The interaction of LAmB with host cells and hyphae was visualized using sulforhodamine B-labeled liposomes. The MICs for the pure compound and the three formulations were comparable (0.125 to 0.25 mg/liter). For all formulations, concentrations of AmB progressively declined in the endovascular fluid as the drug distributed into the cellular bilayer. Depending on the formulation, the AUCs for AmB were 10 to 300 times higher within the cells than within endovascular fluid. The concentrations producing a 50% maximal effect (EC
50
) in the endovascular compartment were 0.12, 1.03, and 4.41 mg/liter for DAmB, LAmB, and ABLC, respectively, whereas, the EC
50
in the alveolar compartment were 0.17, 7.76, and 39.34 mg/liter, respectively. Confocal microscopy suggested that liposomes interacted directly with hyphae and host cells. The PK-PD relationships of the three most widely used formulations of AmB differ markedly within an
in vitro
lung model of IPA.
Glycosylation Steps during Spiramycin Biosynthesis in
Streptomyces ambofaciens
: Involvement of Three Glycosyltransferases and Their Interplay with Two Auxiliary Proteins
Authors: Nguyen Hoang Chuong , Karray Fatma , Lautru Sylvie , Gagnat Josette , Lebrihi Ahmed , Ho Huynh Thuy Duong , Pernodet Jean-Luc 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT

Streptomyces ambofaciens
synthesizes spiramycin, a 16-membered macrolide antibiotic used in human medicine. The spiramycin molecule consists of a polyketide lactone ring (platenolide) synthesized by a type I polyketide synthase, to which three deoxyhexoses (mycaminose, forosamine, and mycarose) are attached successively in this order. These sugars are essential to the antibacterial activity of spiramycin. We previously identified four genes in the spiramycin biosynthetic gene cluster predicted to encode glycosyltransferases. We individually deleted each of these four genes and showed that three of them were required for spiramycin biosynthesis. The role of each of the three glycosyltransferases in spiramycin biosynthesis was determined by identifying the biosynthetic intermediates accumulated by the corresponding mutant strains. This led to the identification of the glycosyltransferase responsible for the attachment of each of the three sugars. Moreover, two genes encoding putative glycosyltransferase auxiliary proteins were also identified in the spiramycin biosynthetic gene cluster. When these two genes were deleted, one of them was found to be dispensable for spiramycin biosynthesis. However, analysis of the biosynthetic intermediates accumulated by mutant strains devoid of each of the auxiliary proteins (or of both of them), together with complementation experiments, revealed the interplay of glycosyltransferases with the auxiliary proteins. One of the auxiliary proteins interacted efficiently with the two glycosyltransferases transferring mycaminose and forosamine while the other auxiliary protein interacted only with the mycaminosyltransferase.
Intrapulmonary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Micafungin in Adult Lung Transplant Patients
Authors: Walsh Thomas J. , Goutelle Sylvain , Jelliffe Roger W. , Golden Jeffrey A. , Little Emily A. , DeVoe Catherine , Mickiene Diana , Hayes Maggie , Conte John E. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTInvasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a life-threatening infection in lung transplant recipients; however, no studies of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PKPD) of echinocandins in transplanted lungs have been reported. We conducted a single-dose prospective study of the intrapulmonary and plasma PKPD of 150 mg of micafungin administered intravenously in 20 adult lung transplant recipients. Epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and alveolar cell (AC) samples were obtained via bronchoalveolar lavage performed 3, 5, 8, 18, or 24 h after initiation of infusion. Micafungin concentrations in plasma, ELF, and ACs were determined using high-pressure liquid chromatography. Noncompartmental methods, population analysis, and multiple-dose simulations were used to calculate PKPD parameters.Cmaxin plasma, ELF, and ACs was 4.93, 1.38, and 17.41 μg/ml, respectively. The elimination half-life in plasma was 12.1 h. Elevated concentrations in ELF and ACs were sustained during the 24-h sampling period, indicating prolonged compartmental half-lives. The mean micafungin concentration exceeded the MIC90ofAspergillusfumigatus(0.0156 μg/ml) in plasma (total and free), ELF, and ACs throughout the dosing interval. The area under the time-concentration curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24)/MIC90ratios in plasma, ELF, and ACs were 5,077, 923.1, and 13,340, respectively. Multiple-dose simulations demonstrated that ELF and AC concentrations of micafungin would continue to increase during 14 days of administration. We conclude that a single 150-mg intravenous dose of micafungin resulted in plasma, ELF, and AC concentrations that exceeded the MIC90ofA. fumigatusfor 24 h and that these concentrations would continue to increase during 14 days of administration, supporting its potential activity for prevention and early treatment of pulmonary aspergillosis.