bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel precision bender system for focusing mirrors
Authors: Trakhtenberg E. , Collins J. , Schmidt O. 
Published: October 2010

A novel mirror bender system utilizing cam-shaft mover (CSM) with 100 µm eccentricity was designed and successfully tested. The system was initially tested and characterized in the laboratory, and then later the performance was verified using the Advanced Photon Source synchrotron radiation source. The force from the two separate CSMs is translated to both ends of a mirror through a small-diameter bellows feed-through. The system uses an internal spring assembly to compensate for atmospheric pressure. A compact gear box with 10:1 ratio between the stepper motor and cam shaft is used to increase the precision of the bender system. This bender system is equipped with a precise rotary potentiometer and load cell for feedback. A system resolution better than 0.2 µm per step was achieved. This bender system was designed as a separate unit, is very compact and can be used to bend a mirror in both the vertical and horizontal planes. Details of the system design, changes made from the prototype system to the production unit and test results are presented here.
Microbial biodegradation of aromatic alkanoic naphthenic acids is affected by the degree of alkyl side chain branching
Authors: Johnson Richard J , Smith Ben E , Sutton Paul A , McGenity Terry J , Rowland Steven J , Whitby Corinne 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) occur naturally in oil sands and enter the environment through natural and anthropogenic processes. NAs comprise toxic carboxylic acids that are difficult to degrade. Information on NA biodegradation mechanisms is limited, and there are no studies on alkyl branched aromatic alkanoic acid biodegradation, despite their contribution to NA toxicity and recalcitrance. Increased alkyl side chain branching has been proposed to explain NA recalcitrance. Using soil enrichments, we examined the biodegradation of four aromatic alkanoic acid isomers that differed in alkyl side chain branching: (4′-n-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (n-BPBA, least branched); (4′-iso-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (iso-BPBA); (4′-sec-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (sec-BPBA) and (4′-tert-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (tert-BPBA, most branched). n-BPBA was completely metabolized within 49 days. Mass spectral analysis confirmed that the more branched isomers iso-, sec- and tert-BPBA were transformed to their butylphenylethanoic acid (BPEA) counterparts at 14 days. The BPEA metabolites were generally less toxic than BPBAs as determined by Microtox assay. n-BPEA was further transformed to a diacid, showing that carboxylation of the alkyl side chain occurred. In each case, biodegradation of the carboxyl side chain proceeded through beta-oxidation, which depended on the degree of alkyl side chain branching, and a BPBA degradation pathway is proposed. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences at days 0 and 49 showed an increase and high abundance at day 49 of Pseudomonas (sec-BPBA), Burkholderia (n-, iso-, tert-BPBA) and Sphingomonas (n-, sec-BPBA).
The dynamics of microbial partnerships in the coral Isopora palifera
Authors: Chen Chung-Pin , Tseng Ching-Hung , Chen Chaolun A , Tang Sen-Lin 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Both bacteria and algal symbionts (genus Symbiodinium), the two major microbial partners in the coral holobiont, respond to fluctuations in the environment, according to current reports; however, little evidence yet indicates that both populations have any direct interaction with each other in seasonal fluctuation. In this study, we present field observations of a compositional change in bacteria and Symbiodinium in the coral Isopora palifera in three separate coral colonies following monthly sampling from February to November in 2008. Using massively parallel pyrosequencing, over 200 000 bacterial V6 sequences were classified to build the bacterial community profile; in addition, the relative composition and quantity of Symbiodinium clades C and D were determined by real-time PCR. The results showed that coral-associated bacterial and Symbiodinium communities were highly dynamic and dissimilar among the tagged coral colonies, suggesting that the effect of host specificity was insignificant. The coral-associated bacterial community was more diverse (Shannon index up to 6.71) than previous estimates in other corals and showed rapid seasonal changes. The population ratios between clade C and D groups of Symbiodinium varied in the tagged coral colonies through the different seasons; clade D dominated in most of the samples. Although significant association between bacteria and symbiont was not detected, this study presents a more detailed picture of changes in these two major microbial associates of the coral at the same time, using the latest molecular approaches.
Future Outlook for Databases from the Perspective of Bioresources Databases
Authors: Yamazaki Yukiko 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDatabases, like journals, are now an essential component of our research activities. However, the maintenance of databases and the timely, accurate, and complete incorporation into them of the wealth of data being created daily through scientific activities represent a difficult problem.I have been working on bioresources databases and come to appreciate the need for closer links between journals and databases to improve the scientific value of databases. For example, it is frequently difficult to identify experimental materials from articles in journals. In experimental science, it is vital that one scientist’s experiments are readily reproducible by others; this requires an environment that provides other scientists with ready access to identical experimental materials. This could become possible if journal requires a database address and/or an idendifier of the material as a prerequisite of publication. There are also problems in the maintenance and management of gene lists. I believe that a dramatic improvement in this field would also be possible if database submission system were established in cooperation with journals, databases and communities.In another regard, I have high expectations for ontology to make efficient use of databases. Bioresources databases deal with various biological species, such as animals, plants, and microorganisms. Differences in technical terms and in descriptions arising from differences in biological species can be overcome by means of ontology.On the basis of my experiences in the field of bioresources databases, I will present my talk with a focus on the need for strong cooperation between databases and journals, and on my expectations for ontology.
Changes in serum S100β protein and Mini‐Mental State Examination after cold (28°C) and warm (34°C) cardiopulmonary bypass using different blood gas strategies (alpha‐stat and pH‐stat)
Authors: Shaaban‐Ali M. , Harmer M. , Vaughan R. S. , Dunne J. A. , Latto I. P. , Haaverstad R. , Kulatilake E. N. P. , Butchart E. G. 
Published: October 2010

Background: The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass temperature and blood gas management on the brain is still controversial. This study was designed to compare the changes in S100β protein concentration and Mini‐Mental State Examination in patients undergoing cold (28 °C) vs. warm (34 °C) cardiopulmonary bypass using different blood gas strategies (alpha‐stat and pH‐stat).Methods: Sixty patients were randomly allocated to one of four equal groups (cold alpha‐stat, cold pH‐stat, warm alpha‐stat, warm pH‐stat). Serum S100β concentrations were measured before CPB, directly after CPB, at 4.5 h and at 24 h after CPB. Mini‐Mental State Examination was performed one day before surgery and on day five after the operation. Antegrade warm blood cardioplegia (37 °C) was used in all patients.Results: There was no significant difference in postoperative S100β protein levels between the four groups. Also, there was no interaction between bypass temperature and type of blood gas strategy on S100β levels after bypass (directly after bypass, 4.5 h and 24 h after bypass). Mini‐Mental State Examination score was not affected by blood gas strategy but it was significantly lower in patients undergoing cold cardiopulmonary bypass surgery: median (range), 26 (12–29) vs. 27 (23–30) in warm patients, P = 0.014. There was no significant correlation between Mini‐Mental State Examination score 5 days after CPB and S100β levels at any of the studied time‐points after CPB.Conclusion: These results support the use of warm CPB (34 °C) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery regardless of the type of blood gas strategy.
Reducing the risk of systemic embolization during gynecologic laparoscopy − effect of volume preload
Authors: Tuppurainen T. , Mäkinen J. , Salonen M. 
Published: October 2010

Background: About 27% of the population is known to have a patent foramen ovale. It can be opened if the left atrial pressure is less than the right atrial pressure. This pressure reversal has been reported during gynecologic laparoscopic surgery. The present paper describes with help of transesophageal echocardiography the pressure relationship between the atria during laparoscopic surgery and the effect of volume preload.Methods: Twenty‐one gynecologic ASA 1–3 patients were included in this open study. The movement of interatrial septum was monitored with transesophageal echocardiography during the procedure. If the septum movement was to the left, the patient was given 500 mL hydroxyethyl starch to increase the filling pressures.Results: After induction, the mobile part of foramen ovale rounded to the right in 15 patients but six patients showed movement to the left. After pneumoperitoneum and head‐down tilt, one patient of the six returned to normal but eight additional patients showed movement to the left. These 13 patients had a filling infusion of 500 mL hydroxyethyl starch. The movement was normalized in 12 patients. We saw echogenic particles coming from the inferior caval vein in every patient. Only one patient had very small atrial septal defects and no embolic complications.Conclusion: The head‐down tilt and pneumoperitoneum had a more negative influence on the filling of the left side than on the filling of the right side of the heart. The pressure reversal occurs in systole during expiration of mechanical ventilation. The infusion of volume helps to normalize the pressure relationship and to diminish the embolic risk.
Descriptive Analysis of Self‐injurious Behaviour and Self‐restraint
Authors: Forman Debbie , Hall Scott , Oliver Chris 
Published: October 2010

Background  Self‐restraint often appears to be associated with self‐injurious behaviour (SIB), and has been described as an attempt to prevent or escape from SIB. Research into the determinants of self‐restraint is limited, and the present single case study assesses the environmental determinants of self‐restraint and SIB, as well as describing the relationship between the two behaviours.Methods  Observations in the natural environment were conducted for 16.5 h and data were collected on SIB, self‐restraint and environmental events.Results  Sequential analysis showed that SIB and self‐restraint were unrelated to environmental events and that the behaviours co‐varied inversely. Self‐injurious behaviour occurred at higher than chance levels immediately following self‐restraint and also at high levels immediately prior to self‐restraint.Conclusions  Whilst these results would appear to support the hypothesis that self‐restraint was negatively reinforced by escape from SIB, the data cannot be explained solely by this theory. The implications of these findings for the behavioural theory of SIB and the conceptualization of self‐restraint are discussed.
Social Skills Training for Adolescents with Intellectual Disabilities: A Cautionary Note
Authors: Elliott Carolyn , Pring Tim , Bunning Karen 
Published: October 2010

Background  Social skills training is increasingly used to help adolescents with intellectual disabilities to adapt to life after school.Methods  This paper describes a training course for a group of students in their final year at school. Teacher and student self‐evaluation measures were used to assess the course.Results  The teacher's scores showed that the students had improved significantly; however, the students saw themselves as significantly less skilled after training.Conclusions  The present authors conclude that the two measures assess different aspects of the training and that both should be used in its assessment. Self‐assessment appears to have limitations as a measure of progress, but may be used to monitor the students' responses to training, and the extent to which they require individual support and attention during it.
Interrogative Suggestibility among Witnesses with Mild Intellectual Disabilities: the Use of an Adaptation of the GSS
Authors: Milne Rebecca , Clare Isabel C. H. , Bull Ray 
Published: October 2010

Background  As part of the assessment of witnesses' ability to provide an account to the police and the courts, information is sometimes sought concerning their level of interrogative suggestibility. The most widely used measure for this is the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale (GSS, Gudjonsson 1997), which has two parallel forms (GSS 1 and GSS 2). However, the GSS relates to a verbally presented narrative, not to a visual event, as is more common to witness situations.Methods  The present study adapted the scale's format so that the questions referred to a video‐taped incident that had been viewed 24 h earlier by men and women with mild intellectual disabilities (n = 47) and their ‘general population’ counterparts (n = 38).Results  The pattern of results was identical to that typically obtained using the GSS in that: (1) compared with their general population counterparts, the participants with intellectual disabilities were more suggestible because of their vulnerability to the ‘misleading questions’; (2) suggestibility scores correlated with the participants' verbal recall of the incident, and (3) both participants with intellectual disabilities and their general population counterparts who were misled by questions in the form of two false alternatives were more likely to select the latter option.Conclusions  The implications of these findings for psychological assessments of potential witnesses are discussed.
Monitoring Change in Psychotherapy with People with Intellectual Disabilities: the Application of the Assimilation of Problematic Experiences Scale
Authors: Newman David W. , Beail Nigel 
Published: October 2010

Background  The assimilation model and the assimilation of problematic experiences scale (APES), provide a structured account of changes occurring within psychotherapy. The model proposes that the clients assimilate their problematic experience through the development of schema observable in the psychotherapeutic setting. The model provides a way of describing change in psychotherapy independent of affiliation to a single theoretical school. This paper aims to demonstrate the application of APES methodology to psychotherapy with people with intellectual disabilities.Methods  An innovative research procedure is implemented, utilizing transcript and rating procedures in relation to a client and therapist dialogue within psychodynamic psychotherapy. Outcome data is collected from psychometric questionnaires. Quantitative data and qualitative methods are combined to portray results in the format of a single case study.Results  The presented case illustrates assimilation achieved by a client with intellectual disabilities within and across psychotherapy sessions. Outcome data is also provided.Conclusions  This study provides a newly obtained information on the applicability of psychotherapy and the assimilation model in relation to this client group. The outcome data acts as a point of reference with which to examine the nature and validity of APES findings. The present authors argue that process research has a significant role in advancing our understanding of psychotherapy with the people with intellectual disabilities.
Frequency–wavenumber modelling and migration of 2D GPR data in moderately heterogeneous dispersive media
Authors: Bitri Adnand , Grandjean Gilles 
Published: October 2010

An algorithm for modelling and migrating ground penetrating radar (GPR) data in moderately heterogeneous dispersive media is presented. The method is based on wavefield extrapolation in the frequency–wavenumber (f–k) domain, from the solution of the 2D Maxwell's equations. The wavefield is extrapolated by a phase‐shift technique using a constant relative permittivity K and a quality factor Q. It is then modified by a correction term to handle the lateral K and Q variations. The spatial distribution of the K and Q‐factor values, representing the given model parameters, is introduced into the algorithm by a regular grid parametrization. The radar wave dispersion and attenuation, induced by relaxation processes, are taken into account by a linear frequency‐dependent Q model, and expressed by a complex wavenumber in the propagation equation.A synthetic case and a field data set illustrate the potential of the method for frequencies of 300, 500 and 900 MHz. In the first case, a typical civil engineering problem is considered. The frequency dependence of the wave velocity and attenuation is well illustrated. The synthetic data are afterwards migrated using the initial model parameters. The results show the importance of using spatially varying model parameters in the migration processes. The second case concerns an application of the method to a real data set. In order to adjust the model parameters, a forward modelling sequence is performed until the best match between the measured and the synthetic data is achieved. A depth migration is then applied to the data, and the result is compared with the initial model parameters.In conclusion, we assess the contributions of the method to industrial applications, by discussing the performance of the algorithm compared with its limitations.
Prenatal education for mothers with disabilities
Authors: Blackford Karen A. , Richardson Heather , Grieve Sarah 
Published: October 2010

Prenatal education for mothers with disabilities Prenatal nurse educators are well prepared to meet the learning needs of many expectant mothers. But how prepared are they to meet the learning needs of mothers with disabilities? To answer this question, eight mothers with various chronic illnesses located in north‐eastern Ontario, Canada were asked to describe their maternity experiences. Given the small convenience sample and exploratory nature of the study, a qualitative content analysis was done. The mothers’ reports described interaction with a variety of health professionals. This analysis focuses on findings specific to nurses who provide prenatal education. In general, mothers reported they had received insufficient, inappropriate information, especially about their pregnancy and chronic illnesses. The mothers thought that nurses doubted the ability of women with disabilities to be decision‐makers or responsible and ‘proper’ mothers. Suggestions by disabled mothers for quality care in prenatal education are described. A more emancipatory approach to preparing nurses for practice as prenatal educators is recommended. Such an approach can reduce the barriers associated with power differences between women with disabilities as ‘learners’ and their nurse ‘teachers’.
Coping after heart transplantation: a descriptive study of heart transplant recipients’ methods of coping
Authors: Kaba Evridiki , Thompson David R. , Burnard Philip 
Published: October 2010

Coping after heart transplantation: a descriptive study of heart transplant recipients’ methods of copingThe purpose of the study reported in this paper was to explore the coping strategies of heart transplant recipients. Using a qualitative research approach, interviews were conducted with 42 participants (35 men and seven women). Analysis of the data revealed eight coping strategies: acceptance/optimism, denial/avoidance, setting targets, comparing oneself with others, making attributions, seeking social support, having faith and changing priorities and perceptions. These are discussed in relation to the literature and a tentative model of coping after heart transplantation is offered. The findings may provide pointers to health professionals about ways in which they can improve support for heart transplant recipients and their families.
Anxiety and depression in Taiwanese cancer patients with and without pain
Authors: Chen Mei‐Ling , Chang Hsien‐Kun , Yeh Chao‐Hsing 
Published: October 2010

Anxiety and depression in Taiwanese cancer patients with and without pain The purpose of this investigation was to compare anxiety and depression in Taiwanese cancer patients with and without pain. In 1998, a convenience sample of 203 hospitalized cancer patients, 77 with pain and 126 without pain, were assessed for anxiety and depression using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Disease‐related factors such as performance status, disease stage and perceived treatment effect were also assessed and controlled for their effect on anxiety and depression. The prevalence of both anxiety and depression in the pain group was significantly higher than that for the pain‐free group. After controlling the effect of disease‐related factors, patients’ pain status had a significant effect on depression, but not on anxiety. Patients with pain had more depressive symptoms than patients without pain. Cancer patients’ anxiety can be predicted significantly by functional status and perceived treatment effect. In addition to pain status, cancer patients’ depression can be predicted by their functional status.
Classifying clinical decision making: a unifying approach
Authors: Buckingham Christopher D. , Adams Ann 
Published: October 2010

Classifying clinical decision making: a unifying approachThis is the first of two linked papers exploring decision making in nursing which integrate research evidence from different clinical and academic disciplines. Currently there are many decision‐making theories, each with their own distinctive concepts and terminology, and there is a tendency for separate disciplines to view their own decision‐making processes as unique. Identifying good nursing decisions and where improvements can be made is therefore problematic, and this can undermine clinical and organizational effectiveness, as well as nurses’ professional status. Within the unifying framework of psychological classification, the overall aim of the two papers is to clarify and compare terms, concepts and processes identified in a diversity of decision‐making theories, and to demonstrate their underlying similarities. It is argued that the range of explanations used across disciplines can usefully be re‐conceptualized as classification behaviour. This paper explores problems arising from multiple theories of decision making being applied to separate clinical disciplines. Attention is given to detrimental effects on nursing practice within the context of multidisciplinary health‐care organizations and the changing role of nurses. The different theories are outlined and difficulties in applying them to nursing decisions highlighted. An alternative approach based on a general model of classification is then presented in detail to introduce its terminology and the unifying framework for interpreting all types of decisions. The classification model is used to provide the context for relating alternative philosophical approaches and to define decision‐making activities common to all clinical domains. This may benefit nurses by improving multidisciplinary collaboration and weakening clinical elitism.