bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 4 selectively modulates both glutamate and GABA transmission in the striatum: implications for Parkinson’s disease treatment
Authors: Cuomo Dario , Martella Giuseppina , Barabino Emanuela , Platania Paola , Vita Daniela , Madeo Graziella , Selvam Chelliah , Goudet Cyril , Oueslati Nadia , Pin Jean‐Philippe , Acher Francine , Pisani Antonio , Beurrier Corinne , Melon Christophe , Kerkerian‐Le Goff Lydia , Gubellini Paolo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlterations of striatal synaptic transmission have been associated with several motor disorders involving the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson’s disease. For this reason, we investigated the role of group‐III metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in regulating synaptic transmission in the striatum by electrophysiological recordings and by using our novel orthosteric agonist (3S)‐3‐[(3‐amino‐3‐carboxypropyl(hydroxy)phosphinyl)‐hydroxymethyl]‐5‐nitrothiophene (LSP1‐3081) andl‐2‐amino‐4‐phosphonobutanoate (L‐AP4). Here, we show that both drugs dose‐dependently reduced glutamate‐ and GABA‐mediated post‐synaptic potentials, and increased the paired‐pulse ratio. Moreover, they decreased the frequency, but not the amplitude, of glutamate and GABA spontaneous and miniature post‐synaptic currents. Their inhibitory effect was abolished by (RS)‐α‐cyclopropyl‐4‐phosphonophenylglycine and was lost in slices from mGlu4 knock‐out mice. Furthermore, (S)‐3,4‐dicarboxyphenylglycine did not affect glutamate and GABA transmission. Finally, intrastriatal LSP1‐3081 or L‐AP4 injection improved akinesia measured by the cylinder test. These results demonstrate that mGlu4 receptor selectively modulates striatal glutamate and GABA synaptic transmission, suggesting that it could represent an interesting target for selective pharmacological intervention in movement disorders involving basal ganglia circuitry.
A role for TREM2 ligands in the phagocytosis of apoptotic neuronal cells by microglia
Authors: Hsieh Christine L. , Koike Maya , Spusta Steve C. , Niemi Erene C. , Yenari Midori , Nakamura Mary C. , Seaman William E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFollowing neuronal injury, microglia initiate repair by phagocytosing dead neurons without eliciting inflammation. Prior evidence indicates triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells‐2 (TREM2) promotes phagocytosis and retards inflammation. However, evidence that microglia and neurons directly interact through TREM2 to orchestrate microglial function is lacking. We here demonstrate that TREM2 interacts with endogenous ligands on neurons. Staining with TREM2‐Fc identified TREM2 ligands (TREM2‐L) on Neuro2A cells and on cultured cortical and dopamine neurons. Apoptosis greatly increased the expression of TREM2‐L. Furthermore, apoptotic neurons stimulated TREM2 signaling, and an anti‐TREM2 mAb blocked stimulation. To examine the interaction between TREM2 and TREM2‐L in phagocytosis, we studied BV2 microglial cells and their engulfment of apoptotic Neuro2A. One of our anti‐TREM2 mAb, but not others, reduced engulfment, suggesting the presence of a functional site on TREM2 interacting with neurons. Further, Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with TREM2 conferred phagocytic activity of neuronal cells demonstrating that TREM2 is both required and sufficient for competent uptake of apoptotic neuronal cells. Finally, while TREM2‐L are expressed on neurons, TREM2 is not; in the brain, it is found on microglia. TREM2 and TREM2‐L form a receptor–ligand pair connecting microglia with apoptotic neurons, directing removal of damaged cells to allow repair.
Vascular calcification and secondary hyperparathyroidism of severe chronic kidney disease and its relation to serum phosphate and calcium levels
Authors: Terai K , Nara H , Takakura K , Mizukami K , Sanagi M , Fukushima S , Fujimori A , Itoh H , Okada M 
Published: March 2009

Background and purpose:  Various complications consequent on disordered calcium and phosphate homeostasis occur frequently in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Particularly, vascular calcification has high morbidity and mortality rates. There is a clear need for a better CKD model to examine various aspects of this disordered homeostasis.Experimental approach:  Oral dosing with adenine induced CKD in rats in only 10 days. Serum calcium, phosphate and parathyroid hormone were measured and calcification in aorta was assessed histologically. The effects of varying phosphorus content of diet or treatment with phosphate binders or active vitamin D3 on these parameters were examined.Key results:  After adenine dosing, significant hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT) were observed during the experimental period of 15 weeks. Aortic calcification was detected in only some of the animals even at 15 weeks (∼40%). Treatment with vitamin D3 for 18 days, even at a low dose (100 ng·kg−1, 3–4 times week−1, p.o), caused aortic calcification in all animals and increases in serum calcium levels up to the normal range. The vitamin D3‐induced calcification was significantly inhibited by phosphate binders which lowered serum phosphate levels and the calcium × phosphate product, although serum calcium levels were elevated.Conclusions:  These data suggest that rats dosed orally with adenine provide a more useful model for analysing calcium/phosphate homeostasis in severe CKD. Controlling serum calcium/phosphate levels with phosphate binders may be better than vitamin D3 treatment in hyperphosphatemia and 2HPT, to avoid vascular calcification.
THE EFFECT OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT ON STRESSED AND UNSTRESSED GRAPHITE/EPOXY COMPOSITES
Authors: MACANDER ALEKSANDER , SILVERGLEIT MAURICE 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThree types of graphtte/epoxy composite materials were subjected to stressed (static and fatigue) and unstressed prolonged immersion in tap and synthetic seawater. One material consisted of a Iaminate comprising undirectlonally oriented high tensile strength graphite “prepreg” tape, the second material consisted of a combination high tensile strength and ultra high modulus “prepreg” tapes oriented In a [0/ ± 45] pattern, and the third comprised a high tensile strength “prepreg” woven fabric laminate. The data developed show the effects of a marine environment on the interlaminar shear and flexural properties of the composites.
THE UDALOY CLASS DESTROYER
Authors: KEHOE J.W. , BROWER KENNETH S. , MEIER HERBERT A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis is the ninth report in the series that presents SHIP CHARACTERISTICS for the various type ships being introduced, now or in the future, into the Fleet of the Navies throughout the world. In this report, the Authors discuss the major design concepts and basic characteristics of the Soviet UDALOY Class Destroyer which along with the SOVREMENNY Class Destroyer, has been making frequent appearances on the Baltic Sea.
HOW TO CHOOSE CABLE SHIELDING FOR EMI REDUCTION
Authors: MARTIN ALBERT R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe problem of choosing an adequate shield for a cable generally reduces to one of two cases: In the first case, a radiated field threat is specified and a conducted susceptibility level is known for the equipment under consideration. The problem is to determine what shield construction should be used, in order to insure that no malfuctions due to EMI will occur in the equipment. In the second case, a shielding effectiveness level for the cable shield is specified and the task is to meet this specification by proper shield design.Cable shields are evaluated in terms of their surface transfer impedance Ztc. In this paper, we will define surface transfer impedance; show how it is related to shielding effectiveness; and explain why surface transfer impedance, rather than shielding effectiveness, should be used to specify shield construction. We will then introduce the concept of critical transfer impedance, Zt and show how to derive this quantity from known radiated field and conducted susceptibility levels. Finally, we explain how to use the critical transfer impedance for the system being considered in conjunction with a library of surface transfer impedance curves for various cable shield designs, to arrive at a shield construction which will adequately protect the system from the imposed EMI threat.
SURFACE PREPARATION BY FLASHBLASTING
Authors: BRANNON JAMES H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe ability of high intensity radiation to clean and divest surface coatings has wide commercial and industrial importance. Using the experience of personnel who pioneered the role of lasers in material cleaning and art conservation, Maxwell Laboratories, Inc., has developed a new surface preparation technology that employs the radiative output of bright xenon gas filled lamps. Such broad band radiation effectively strips and removes select surface layers while maintaining the integrity of the base substrate. This paper presents a general account of the present methodology and applications of flash cleaning systems. After a brief introduction, the components and operation of such machines and the characteristics of the emitted radiation will be described. An overview of three applications of interest to the surface preparation community follow. These are, respectively, the select removal of paint coatings from metal substrates, the conversion of rust to magnetite as a surface stabilization procedure prior to painting, and the use of citric acid solutions in conjunction with flash treatments to remove rust and corrosion from steel leaving a bare metal surface. After enumeration of the many advantages offered by light cleaning, the future outlook of this growingly important technology concludes the paper.
THE STRUCTURAL SYNTHESIS DESIGN PROGRAM–ITS IMPACT ON THE FLEET
Authors: WIERNICKI CHRISTOPHER J. , GOODING THOMAS G. , NAPPI NATALE S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe structural design of a ship's section is a complicated, repetitive and time consuming task. With the advent of new technology, high speed computers have enabled the ship designer to accomplish in a matter of seconds what would formerly take days to accomplish by hand. The Structural Synthesis Design Program (SSDP) is a Navy developed computer‐aided design tool which is used to design (or to analyze) the longitudinal scantlings for a variety of ship cross sections, consisting of any practical combinations of decks, platforms, bulkheads and materials, i.e., various steel and aluminum alloys. The final hull section design will have the lowest practical weight for the chosen geometric configuration, structural arrangements, and imposed loadings. The scantling developed by the program will satisfy all U.S. Navy ship structural design criteria. An explanation of the objective and design elements of Navy ship structures is included. The rationale behind the SSDP design philosophy is developed along with the significant program capabilities. In an attempt to highlight the influence of automated design procedures on the current naval ship design process, the effect of the SSDP on the DDG 51 destroyer structural development is addressed.
PRODUCTION LINE CONCEPT FOR OVERHAULING SUBMARINES: ITS TIME HAS COME
Authors: LANZILLO KENNETH F. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe current problem concerning high costs and long durations of submarine overhauls and costly redundancy among shipyards dictates that the present methodology for overhauling submarines be improved. While this problem appears difficult, there is an unprecedented opportunity and a suggested solution, the adoption of what I will call a Production Line Concept (PLC). The unprecedented opportunity stems from the probable few but large classes of the submarine fleet in the 1990s and beyond. That composition coupled with the advancing state of the art of industrial engineering forms the evolution of a PLC. The PLC is based on constructing an integrated, automated facility designed to perform depot level life‐cycle maintenance work on a large class of submarines with speed, high quality and minimal manning. The adoption of a PLC will have a profound effect on submarine shipyards, overhaul planning and logistics support. The PLC will not only attract a sound, affordable submarine maintenance budget and effect timely overhauls but will provide a better work quality by using more uniform and disciplined techniques. The PLC will provide new orderliness to nearly all aspects of the administration, management and control of nuclear submarine overhauls. While adopting the PLC will require determination, conviction and courage, there is an outstanding opportunity to do it now.
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE MODULARITY FOR SHIPBOARD SYSTEMS
Authors: ABRAHAM DAVID 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTMulti‐hierarchical information processing and control systems offer high reliability and expandability when modularity of software and hardware are coincident. The multi‐hierarchical architecture permits autonomous major subsystem operation provided that Hardware/Software modules are restricted to designated subsystem functions. Developments in microprocessing have made the multi‐hierarchical approach not only feasible, but economically attractive. A combat system example is used for illustration.
THE “NO FRAME” CONCEPT —IT'S IMPACT ON SHIPYARD COST
Authors: NAPPI NATALE S. , WALZ RONALD W. , WIERNICKI CHRISTOPHER J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA proposed cost effective alternative to current U.S. Navy structurally configured hulls is presented in this paper. This proposed design for producibility concept involves the elimination of structural stanchions and transverse web frames. The potential impact of this “no frame” concept on structural design, weight and construction and material costs for naval surface frigates and destroyers is reflected in 1) reduced costs for the installation of distributive systems and 2) a reduced number and complexity of structural details providing a more reliable and less costly structure.This study was performed in three parts: 1) Determine the most feasible length between bulkheads without frames; 2) Using this length perform detail weight studies and construction and material costs analysis comparison on a 72‐foot long hull module, with and without frames, for a FFG‐7, and 3) Estimate the saving in man hours of labor on the installation of distributive systems and shipfitting for an FFG‐7.For the feasible length studies on the “no frame” structural configuration, thirty‐seven strength, weight and vertical center of gravity studies were performed on two ship classes; twenty‐two on the FFG‐7 class and fifteen on the DD‐963 class. The detailed weight studies and construction and material cost analyses were conducted for FFG‐7 “no frame” and “as built” modules. Results indicating the “no frame” concept module was 6.8% heavier and 14.8% less costly than the “as built” module.For the impact of an FFG‐7 “no frame” structurally configured hull on the cost of labor required for the installation of distributive systems and for other functional work such as ship fitting, welding, and electrical, this study indicated a reduction of 169,206 labor hours per ship, representing 7.12% of the total required man hours to fabricate an FFG‐7 class ship.With the employment of the “no frame” concept, certain areas of significant concern and potential risk were addressed. These include: 1) the actual impact on structural weight and cost, 2) the actual impact on the installation of distributive systems and on other functional systems, 3) effects on a typical opening in a “no frame” structurally configured deck, 4) secondary (hydrostatic) load induced bending moments and shear forces at longitudinal beam and transverse bulkhead intersections, and 5) the vibrational response of a “no frame” structurally configured deck.
Equipment Age‐Reliability Analysis
Authors: PRICHARD JAMES W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAge‐reliability analysis is the process of discovering the relationship between the age of an item in service and its tendency to fail. Age may be measured in calendar days or in terms of events such as “start‐ups” or “firings.” The most useful statistic in age‐reliability analysis is the conditional probability of failure — the probability that an item that has attained an age of X‐days will fail within the coming Y‐days.In the past two years, the Naval Sea Systems Command has conducted age‐reliability analyses on twenty‐two equipments in the DDG‐2 and AFS‐1 class ships. These analyses indicate that overhaul is of no benefit or of only temporary benefit within the first five years of operation (after manufacture or overhaul) for eighty‐two percent of the equipment and that it is actually harmful for thirty‐two percent. Equipment in the FF‐1052 and DD‐963 class ships is now being studied.
A Fiber Optic System for Damage Assessment of FRP Composite Structures
Authors: CRANE ROGER M. , MACANDER ALEKSANDER B. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThere are a limited number of nondestructive techniques available for field inspection of large composite structures and practically none for inservice inspection. An innovative damage assessment system is proposed which uses an optical fiber mesh implanted into the body of a fiber reinforced composite structure. This mesh would become an integral part of the structure on fabrication. The selection of the mesh fibers would be predicated on their strain to failure characteristics and strain compatibility with the base composite reinforcing fibers. This optical system will be capable of locating damage, assessing severity and monitoring damage growth. A successful implementation of the total damage assessment system would involve the interaction of the optical fiber mesh with an adequately designed interrogative electronic package. This paper focuses on the former aspect of the total system. It will address some recent experimental work showing the practicality of the concept for large, complex composite structure.
FIRE MAIN CONTROL
Authors: MALKOFF DONALD B. , MOY MELVYN C. , WILLIAMS HERMAN L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe ship fire main has undergone considerable development throughout the past 2,000 years, resulting in a system that is critical both for normal ship function and for ship survivability in emergencies. Because of its complexity, the modern firemain system is highly vulnerable to malfunction and to damage during combat. Firemain fault detection and fault recovery are currently conducted manually by damage control teams. The advantages and disadvantages of this method are discussed, and alternative methods of fault detection and recovery are explored. An interactive computer program is introduced which uses central control over remotely situated valves to facilitate fault detection and recovery, significantly reducing recovery‐time and manpower requirements. These reductions may result in savings of lives, ship systems, and ships themselves. The computer program is based upon an algorithm which is, in effect, a prescription that can be followed manually by the operator or be completely automated. The color graphic display which is used for monitoring can also be utilized for the training of damage control operators or for the evaluation of other algorithms for firemain control. Alternative firemain hardware and configurations could lead to even more efficient methods of fault detection and recovery as well as improved firemain water supply management in general.
MODERNIZATION OF THE BARQUE EAGLE
Authors: TSAI N.T. , HACISKI E.C. , KUCINSKI LCDR. J.J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe U.S. Coast Guard training barque Eagle (WIX‐327), former Horst Wessel, was built in 1936, by Blohm & Voss in Germany, for the German Navy and to the rules of Germanischer Lloyd. Since 1946 she has served continuously as the training vessel for the U.S. Coast Guard Academy. To improve safety and performance, an extensive phased modernization was undertaken from 1979 through 1983 at the Coast Guard Yard. Changes in the subdivision, ballast and tankages were made to satisfy the criteria for two‐compartment damage stability. Extensive renovation of machinery, structure, navigation components and habitability was also accomplished during the same period. Scheduled summer training cruises were maintainedeach year.
SHIPBOARD EXPLOSIVE SAFETY & SURVIVABILITY
Authors: CHENARD JOHN H. , MOORE GLEN R. , KORDICH MICHEAL M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Navy has recently completed development of a booster rocket motor, MK 70, for use with the new Standard missile. The new missile will be deployed on Terrier new threat upgrade (NTU) ships.This paper describes the shipboard integration program directed by the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) to insure that ship safety and survivability would not be degraded upon deployment of SM‐2 missiles with the MK 70 booster.At‐sea and land based tests were conducted to evaluate missile launcher and ship compatibility with the new missile system and to insure increased operational capabilities.The results of these tests are described along with the ship, launcher, and missile modifications determined necessary for the safe integration of the SM‐2 into the Terrier ships.
A METHODOLOGY FOR TECHNOLOGY CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION FOR NAVAL SHIPS
Authors: GODDARD CHARLES H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA rational method for evaluating hull, mechanical, and electrical technologies for future ship designs is presented. A format is proposed for the characterization of emerging technologies. The basic steps necessary to establish a technology assessment baseline ship are presented. In addition, a process is developed for conducting an impact evaluation when performance is held constant. A case study for a frigate is conducted to validate the proposed methodology. The methodology will assist ship designers and research and development managers in deciding which technologies should be funded so they may be incorporated in a future ship design.
MASTER ORDNANCE REPAIR APPLIED: STANDARD ITEM 009–67
Authors: STIMSON WILLIAM A. , MARSH MICHAEL T. , UTTICH RICHARD M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe 600‐ship United States Navy offers private shipyards an unprecedented opportunity for overhaul of surface combatants with complex combat systems. Recognizing the new challenge associated with the overhaul of high technology combat systems in the private sector, the Navy in 1983 established the master ordnance repair (MOR) program. This program, a joint effort of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and the Shipbuilders Council of America (SCA), was designed to identify and qualify those companies and private shipyards technically capable of managing combat systems work and conducting combat system testing.Standard Item 009–67 describes the role of the MOR company in combat system overhaul. It defines terms that are important to understanding the item itself, and imposes upon the prime contractor an obligation to utilize the MOR subcontractor in a managerial capacity. Specific tasks are assigned to the MOR company in planning, production, and testing. Finally, this standard item describes to the Navy planner how to estimate the size of the MOR team appropriate to the work package, a feature that will ensure that combat system bids are tailored to a specific availability.