bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Too Much Competition in Higher Education? Some Conceptual Remarks on the Excessive‐Signaling Hypothesis
Authors: Mause Karsten 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWithin the economics of higher education, there is a small but influential literature that describes and analyzes the outcomes of competitive processes on markets for higher educational services. Colleges and universities in the United States currently invest a vast amount of resources in order to attract well‐qualified students. Costly activities like advertising, infrastructure investments, the recruitment of academic stars, or the granting of merit‐based tuition discounts can be interpreted as different forms of “market signaling” in the sense of Spence. According to some social science authors, these signaling activities have reached a dimension that has to be classified as excessive or socially wasteful from a welfare‐economic viewpoint. The present article makes some conceptual remarks on this excessive‐signaling hypothesis, and intends to contribute to the debate about the (potentially) harmful and beneficial effects of competition in higher education.
The Phenotype Lu(a−b−) Together with Unconventional Kidd Groups in One Family
Authors: Crawford Mary N. , Greenwalt T. J. , Sasaki T. , Tippett Patricia , Sanger Ruth , Race R. R. 
Published: October 2009

Minus‐minus blood group phenotypes are characterized by the absence of any detectable phenotypic representation of the alleles expected at the determining gene loci. Double minus phenotypes have been found in most blood group systems but all individuals thus far tested for the Lutheran factors have been Lu(a+b+), Lu(a+b+) or Lu(a−+). Six individuals with the hitherto undisclosed blood group Lu(a−b−) were found in three generations of a Caucasian family.Unlike the other minus‐minus phenotypes, to which recessive genetical backgrounds have been assigned, Lu(a−b−) appears to be a dominant character.The Kidd groups of the family are also anomalous: The proposita and her two brothers are Lu(a−b−), Jk(a+b−) yet their father is Lu(a−b−), Jk(a−b+) and their mother is Lu(a−b+), Jk(a+b−). Possible genetical backgrounds are discussed.
Naturally Occurring Anti‐M Antibodies in One Member of Fraternal Twins
Authors: Kuhns William J. 
Published: October 2009

Naturally occurring anti‐M antibodies were found in the serum of a five‐month‐old Negro twin as revealed by a discrepancy between the cell blood group and the reverse blood group. The corresponding twin did not possess this antibody.There was no apparent cause for its presence, although it was of interest that the mother was type MN. The possibility is discussed that transfer of maternal red cells to the fetus occurred and that the M agglutinogen persisted in the infant following birth until the time that it was able to respond by forming anti‐M antibodies.
The Rho Variant — Du
Authors: Sturgeon Phillip 
Published: October 2009

In a survey of 18,365 bloods for the incidence of the Du factor, in a population comprised approximately of 72 per cent Caucasoids, 15 per cent Negroids, 10 per cent Mexicans and 3 per cent Orientals, 78 Du bloods were found of which seven were type ccDuee. Of the latter, five came from Negroids and two from Caucasoids; the frequency among the two populations approximates respectively one in 6,000 and one in 500. In the general population of this region it is one in 2,500.The degree of reactivity of the type ccDuee found in this study was that of the “low grade” variety. However, from the remaining 71 “low grade” Du bloods, substantially weaker examples were found among type CcDuee and ccDuEe. The indirect antiglobulin and ficinized cell method readily detected type ccDuee; however, among the weaker variants, the antiglobulin method gave the more consistent results.It is concluded, therefore, that type ccDuee does occur in this area with a frequency that is considered significant and that its detection rests on the antiglobulin or other equally sensitive methods.
The Occasional Fallibility of in Vitro Compatibility Tests
Authors: Chaplin Hugh , Cassell Mona 
Published: October 2009

A patient is described in whom rapid destruction of transfused red cells occurred repeatedly despite entirely compatible cross‐match results by a wide variety of dependable laboratory procedures. The report includes detailed serologic investigations of these phenomena, as well as the results of 17 measurements of in vivo red cell survival. A striking clinical observation was the regular onset of typical sickle cell “crisis” coincident with the rapid destruction of large volumes of donor erythrocytes.The occasional fallibility of compatibility tests is emphasized.
Standards for Rejection of Blood Donors: A Comparison of CuSO4 Specific Gravity, Microhematocrit and Electronic Hematocrit Values with Hemoglobin Values by the Cyanmethemoglobin Technic
Authors: Perkins Herbert A. , Torg Barbara 
Published: October 2009

The following tests were performed simultaneously on finger puncture blood from 200 blood donors: specific gravity by the copper sulfate screening technic, hemoglobin by the cyanmethemoglobin method, and hematocrit by the microhematocrit and also by a new electronic device.The electronic hematocrit provides a simple and rapid technic for estimating the hematocrit, and correlated well with the microhematocrit. Neither technic correlated as closely with cyanmethemoglobin values as did the copper sulfate test. Since current standards for blood donor acceptance are based on hemoglobin levels (and in view of its simplicity), the copper sulfate technic remains the method of choice for screening donors. This can be supplemented in borderline cases by a cyanmethemoglobin determination. The electronic hematocrit could be a useful device to supplement the copper sulfate test in situations where accurate hemoglobin determinations are not available.
Blood Groups, Serum Genetic Factors and Hemoglobins in Western Solomon Islanders
Authors: Douglas R. , Jacobs J. , Hoult G. E. , Staveley J. M. 
Published: October 2009

A sample of 186 Western Solomon Islanders characterizes this population by an absence of A2, high N, S associated only with N, an Le(a−b−) frequency as high as Maoris, high Rh1, and an absence of Dia, Jsa and Lua.The high frequency of absent haptoglobins is probably related to the high malaria rate in the area. The absence of abnormal hemoglobins is noted in relation to the same disease.
A Statistical Approach to Ordering and Usage Policies for a Hospital Blood Bank*
Authors: Elston R. C. , Pickrel Jerry C. 
Published: October 2009

An electronic computer (UNIVAC 1105) is used in a simulation study to determine ordering and usage policies for a hospital blood bank. It is assumed that only type specific transfusions are given, and all use of fresh blood obtained for specific cases is excluded. A ratio of 25:4 is taken as the ratio of the cost whenever the bank is “short” of a unit for actual transfusion to the cost of an outdated unit.Optimal inventory levels are determined for a particular bank when the oldest blood is used first and the random volunteer donor input is maintained at current levels, when this input is doubled, and when the entire input is composed of ordered blood having life of 15 days. If the random input is doubled the losses are almost quadrupled. The losses would be least if the input were completely ordered and the life of the ordered blood were not restricted; but when the ordered blood has a life of only 15 days the losses are somewhat higher than when the random input remains unchanged. Consequences of always using the freshest blood first are also examined. This policy does not appear to be feasible unless the bank contains an excessive amount of blood.
Comparison of Fetal and Adult ABH Antigens by the Quantitative Hemagglutination Technic
Authors: Solomon Joel M. 
Published: October 2009

The quantitative hemagglutination technic has been used to demonstrate quantitative and qualitative differences between fetal and adult ABH antigens. Fetal antigens are, on the average, less reactive than comparable adult antigens and show significant alterations in antigenic specificity.Fetal A1 could not be definitely distinguished from fetal A2. Qualitative variations were observed among fetal and adult H antigens detected with extracts of the seeds of Ulex europeus.In general the quantitative reciprocity of A and H observed with adult erythrocytes is equally applicable to fetal bloods.
Pyrogens from an Historical Viewpoint*
Authors: Seibert Florence B. 
Published: October 2009

In 1920 fevers that followed intravenous transfusions posed difficult problems for the surgeon, and the use of triple‐distilled water for the preparation of such solutions was recommended on an empirical basis.A careful study of this problem led to the following conclusions: (1) that non‐pyrogenic distilled water could be dependably prepared by a single distillation in an all‐pyrex apparatus containing an adequate spray‐catching baffle; (2) that, if such water were sterilized immediately, it would remain non‐pyrogenic; (3) that non‐pyrogenic salt solutions and various other solutions for use in intravenous therapy could be made by using such water; and (4) that certain bacteria falling into the water released heat‐stable and filterable products which were responsible for the fevers; and (5) that protein products could also be prepared which would elicit no fevers on intravenous injection, if bacterial contamination was prevented during their preparation.Pyrogen preparations were later made from Pseudomonas and certain other bacteria for use as standards. They were found to be mainly polysaccharide in nature. They caused immediate leukopenia and delayed leukocytosis and also developed tolerance to themselves on repeated injection.Pyrogens of endogenous origin, possibly released from leukocytes, have also been found.
The Relation between Storage Time of Erythrocytes and Their Percentage Viability after Transfusion
Authors: Eadie G. S. , Brown Ivan W. , Smith Wirt W. 
Published: October 2009

During storage of blood the percentage of viable erythrocytes decreases at such a rate that when these percentages are plotted against time of storage, they fall on an S‐shaped curve. This curve can be explained on the assumption that the resistance of red cells to in vitro aging is normally distributed, i.e., follows the normal probability curve. By a mathematical transformation used in other cases of biological standardization, the curve can be changed to a straight line, the slope of which, if accurately determined with a sufficient number of recipients, is the most accurate method of estimating the rate of in vitro aging.To illustrate the method, the rate of in vitro aging has been determined for the following storage procedures: (a) addition of ACD solution; (b) addition of two different solutions containing EDTA as anticoagulant; (c) prevention of coagulation by removal of calcium with an ion‐exchange resin and subsequent addition of glucose‐lactate or glucose acetate solution. Of these, the last had the fastest rate of in vitro aging and the first the slowest. Possible reasons for this are discussed. In addition, blood was stored in plastic bags rejected by the manufacturer because of toxic substances in the plastic; here a fraction of the cells was rapidly rendered nonviable while the remainder aged normally.
The Use of ACD Bank Blood and Fresh Heparinized Blood in Open‐Heart Surgery:*
Authors: Britten Anthony , Salzman Edwin W. , Grove‐Rasmussen Morten , Shaw Robert S. 
Published: October 2009

A study was undertaken to establish whether the use of stored ACD blood, up to four days old and subsequently heparinized and recalcified, in the pump‐oxygenator for open‐heart surgery would have any detrimental effect upon postoperative coagulation and hemostasis. A comparison was made with cases in which fresh heparinized blood was used.Postoperative abnormalities were encountered in all patients. There was no significant difference between the two groups. No evidence was found of any disadvantage in the use of ACD blood.
The Effect of Community and Chapter Characteristics on Blood Donations
Authors: Rockwell T. H. , Hanlon R. F. 
Published: October 2009

In an effort to explain why certain communities consistently meet or exceed their collection quotas while others consistently fail, the authors analyzed 50 Ohio counties within the Northern Ohio Red Cross Blood Program and the Columbus Regional Blood Program of the American Red Cross. They measured collection and usage rates, and 18 sociological, demographic and economic dimensions for each county. They found that the best predictor of community collections was the amount of blood used by county residents during that year. Population and population density were also significantly correlated with collection rates. However, education, economic complexity, birth rate, health indices, living conditions and population age, etc., all failed to show a relationship to collection rates when population and usage were removed from the analysis by partial regression technic. Moreover, in the Columbus region less than 5 per cent of the available population gave blood in voluntary blood programs.The general conclusions of this research were that on a macroscopic basis the prime motivation for community donation is its use of whole blood. All of the economic, sociological and demographic factors investigated failed to explain why one community would produce so much more blood than another. Therefore, this might support the belief of community blood workers that the primary factor responsible for adequate collections of whole blood is the organization and leadership of those individuals responsible for the blood program within the community.
Viral Hepatitis Associated with Sub‐human Primates*
Authors: Hillis William D. 
Published: October 2009

Recent epidemiologic evidence has accumulated indicating that certain chimpanzees and other primates act as carriers of human hepatitis virus. Outbreaks of human hepatitis in which primates have been so implicated are summarized in this paper, and the significant epidemiologic findings are emphasized. Isolations of viral agents from the stools of 25 suspect animals, together with experimental attempts to characterize some of the properties of these agents and to relate them to human hepatitis virus, are described.The paper also gives biochemical and histologic evidence for pathologic involvement of the livers of some of the implicated primates, as a possible consequence of infection by hepatitis virus. Such findings suggest that certain primates may prove useful as experimental hosts for human hepatitis virus.
Studies on the Serum and the Infectious Hepatitis Viruses of Man
Authors: Bolin Vern S. , Brauninger Gordon E. , Pardee Judith , Alsever John B. 
Published: October 2009

Serum hepatitis (SH) virus was isolated in tissue culture from the blood of each of the five human volunteers 41 to 90 days following their inoculation with NIH icterogenic plasma pool VI. Six other strains of hepatitis viruses were isolated from patient sources; one from a case of clinical serum hepatitis and the remainder from five (5) cases of clinically diagnosed infectious hepatitis. All agents were grown in human lung cell and rabbit kidney tissue culture systems. SH 204 virus was neutralized by specific rabbit antisera prepared against viruses SH 211, SH 204, SH 210, SH‐Neib, IH‐MJ and IH‐Horst. These antisera at a final dilution of 1:40 neutralized 10 to 1,000 TCID50units of the SH 204 virus. Cross complement fixation tests were carried out with the ten hepatitis viruses against specific rabbit antisera which was prepared against each of the virus agents. Irrespective of the source of isolation of the SH or IH virus, there were no apparent differences in the antigenic structure of the viruses, since all produced a common complement fixing antibody in rabbits immunized with the different viral agents. The complement fixation titers observed ranged from 1:200 to 1:3000. In sharp contrast, normal human serum and normal rabbit kidney and human lung cell tissue culture fluids, when tested against antisera produced to these agents as antigens, fixed complement in a range of titer of only 1:8 to 1:96.Complement fixation tests were carried out against specific antisera for many of the other human enteric viruses. SH virus did not fix complement with specific antisera prepared against Coxsackie, Group B1virus types one to six; Coxsackie, Group A, Virus, type nine; Echo, types one, three, six, eight, 23, 26, 28; Folio viruses, types one, two and three; and Para‐influenza, type three virus. However, the SH virus was found to fix complement with antisera prepared against Echo virus, types two, seven, 24 and 25, but the titers observed ranged only from 1:64 to 1:128. Complement fixing antibodies were also demonstrated in three of 25 normal calf sera tested, but were not demonstrated in normal serum obtained from guinea pigs, rabbits, rhesus monkey, horse, human infant, sheep or cat. Antisera against infectious canine hepatitis virus did not fix complement with the SH virus. Finally, convalescent sera obtained from the volunteers who had been inoculated with the icterogenic plasma pool, demonstrated a high titer of complement fixing antibodies against the SH virus.
Prevention of Hemolysis of Large Volumes of Red Blood Cells Slowly Frozen and Thawed in the Presence of Dimethylsulfoxide
Authors: Huggins Charles E. 
Published: October 2009

Dimethylsulfoxide has been found to afford a major degree of protection to large volumes of human red blood cells against hemolysis from slow freezing and thawing. This protective action appears to be due to reduction of the degree to which solutes concentrate when pure cellular water is partially sequestered in the form of ice.The presence of hypotonic solutes in a DMSO‐containing medium leads to cellular swelling. Cells swollen by such treatment have been found to be vulnerable to damage during storage in the frozen state. This effect has probably been encountered in the past but has not been previously documented as a cause of cellular death from freezing and thawing.A middle road can be found that prevents hemolysis from salt hyperconcentration as well as hemolysis of swollen cells during storage. By this means “units” of packed human red blood cells can be slowly frozen, stored for long periods at –85 C, and thawed with minimal hemolysis.This investigation was supported (in part) by the Public Health Service Research Grant #HE‐05673–03 from the National Heart Institute, and Grant CRTY‐5018 from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service. This is publication #1137 of the Cancer Commission of Harvard University.
Low Molecular Weight Dextran in Open Heart Surgery: Effect on Coagulation Factors and on Red Cell Antibody Activity*
Authors: Perkins Herbert A. , Rolfs Mary R. , McBride Alice , Roe Benson 
Published: October 2009

Low molecular weight (40,000) dextran is being extensively used in open heart surgery to minimize the amount of donor blood required and to inhibit red cell aggregation. At equal concentrations, its effects on blood coagulation were less than those of standard dextran plasma substitutes; but in the very high concentrations used in open heart surgery its effects were greater. Addition of low molecular weight dextran to normal plasma caused a gross precipitate and striking inhibition of coagulation. Factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and fibrinogen were partially removed with the precipitate. Patients subjected to open heart surgery had lower levels of these two clotting factors in their plasma when dextran was used, but it is not certain whether this loss occurred in vivo, or during separation of the plasma from red cells (and precipitate) prior to testing. No proof was obtained in this series of cases that low molecular weight dextran increased the tendency to bleed, but the results indicate that this would be a likely possibility with the use of larger amounts.The low molecular weight dextran had a slight tendency to induce red cell aggregation by itself. It potentiated the aggregative effect of Polybrene and the agglutinating effect of a saline Rh antibody. On the other hand, it inhibited agglutination of red cells induced by an Rh antibody in a high protein medium. It thus appears likely that high concentrations of low molecular weight dextran in the blood of a patient could lead to erroneous conclusions in compatibility tests.
Salivary Secretion of A, B and H Substances in Gastric Cancer in Japan and the U.S.A.
Authors: Desai Rajendra G. , Creger William P. , Shirley R. , Gausepohl N. , Amkraut A. 
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this investigation was to examine salivary secretion of A, B and H blood group substances in gastric cancer subjects of two ethnic groups, the Asian Japanese with a known increased incidence of the disease and the U.S.A. Whites with an intermediate incidence of the disorder. Eighty‐two histologically proven cases of stomach cancer and 130 control subjects from U.S.A. and 212 cases of cancer of the stomach and 177 control subjects in Asian Japanese were tested for salivary blood group substances. It was found that by mean tube titer analysis U.S.A. Whites with gastric cancer secreted more H substance than controls (p<0.001), and possibly more A substance (p<0.05). By similar analysis, Japanese with gastric cancer did not secrete more of these substances as compared to their controls.When all subjects tested were assigned either secretor or non‐secretor status on the basis of bi‐modal distribution behavior, then more secretors were found in the Japanese gastric cancer group than in controls (p = 0.01), and a similar trend was seen in U.S.A. Whites (p.<0.05).Some observations on blood group secretor phenomena and disease are reviewed, and a speculation is offered in regard to a possible mechanism of importance in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. This speculation attempts to relate neoplasia of gastric epithelial cells to introduction of viral DNA, and the suggestion is made that virus might find it easier to penetrate a cell containing A substance rather than one containing H substance or none at all.
Survey on Blood Bank Fees and Replacement Policies of Institutional Members of the American Association of Blood Banks
Authors: Hemphill Bernice M. 
Published: October 2009

As the socio‐economics of blood banking is of great interest, a survey was made to determine the processing and blood replacement fees charged by hospital, community and miscellaneous blood banks. Information furnished by 354 AABB institutional members was analyzed, and weighted mean processing and replacement fees were determined using blood usage as a common base. The replacement policies of the reporting banks also were reviewed.The author concludes there is no great variance in the fees charged or in blood replacement policies reported by banks in all five AABB districts; but that there is a need for blood banks to adopt more standardized terminology as related to blood transfusion charges.