bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The key elements of a good market relationship between a nonprofit organisation's service recipients and its funders
Authors: Brinckerhoff Peter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThere are many conflicts that a nonprofit organisation has to endure, but one of the most painful occurs when a funder and a service recipient want fundamentally different outcomes from the nonprofit organisation. This article shows some examples of organisations that have weathered successfully this type of situation and provides specific suggestions for managers to apply to prevent and solve such problems.
Pareto's law of income distribution, or the 80/20 rule
Authors: Rodd John 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPareto's Law of Income Distribution forms the basis of the well‐known, but often overlooked, ‘eighty‐twenty’ rule. The implication is that a small proportion of customers (or donors) are accountable for a very large share of sales turnover or income.This paper examines the impact on fundraising of the pioneering work of Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923) concerning the distribution of wealth between groups in society, which was first published exactly one hundred years ago, in 1895. It discusses the relevance of Pareto's Law to contemporary fundraising, using case data from UK charities who have put Pareto's assertions to the test.The recognition of the Pareto principle is wholly dependent on data analysis and software tools to perform the calculations and then display Pareto‐style reports.Such tools are beginning to be seen in UK and some overseas software packages and general tools, available in the UK nonprofit marketplace. Illustrations of software systems supporting Pareto‐style diagnostic analysis are given.At its most basic, Pareto's principle compels fundraisers to look into their databases of supporters to identify the small but potent élite donating segments who always seem to exist among the general mass.The implications for fundraising that flow from such analyses are important and can be far‐reaching. They allow fundamental supporter segmentation patterns based on historic donating history to be understood, and, if understood, managed productively.Finally, Pareto compels the decision to alter either fundraising management and allocation of resources, or to manage supporters, rather than appeals, which in the UK continues to be the most common management style.
Integrated donor management: Using telemarketing to increase donor affinity and fundraising income
Authors: Logan Timothy D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper introduces the concept of integrated donor management (IDM). This is defined as combining two or more development methods to maximise a donor's affinity to an organisation. With IDM, all activities are designed to educate, cultivate and appreciate donors. The telephone is considered within this framework and specifically its relationship is explored with direct mail, major donors, planned giving and donor acknowledgement. Guidelines are provided for using the phone responsibly to increase donor affinity and fundraising income.
Corporate identity: What does it mean for museums?
Authors: Mclean Fiona 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the commercial sector it is recognised that corporate identity is highly significant not only in differentiating an organisation, but also for its long‐term survival. However, no substantial research has previously been undertaken investigating corporate identity in the nonprofit sector. This paper outlines an investigation into the current practice of corporate identity management in museums. A number of distinct elements are identified, which are not adequately addressed by the commercially orientated corporate identity literature. The implications of these issues are considered, and some suggestions made for future corporate identity management activities in the nonprofit sector.
Enigmatic exchange mechanisms in modern societies: Community and business barter and international countertrade
Authors: Liesch Peter W. , St. Hill Rod , Birch Dawn 
Published: February 2011

AbstractModem domestic barter systems are operating in Australia and other high‐income countries at the local community level, and at the national level for business exchanges. Both governments and firms practise countertrade at the international level. These exchange regimes appear to have become institutionalised in a macromarketing system which is organised on the primacy of market exchange based on price as the coordinating device. In this paper, explanations for this enigma are presented with a particular emphasis on the Australian context.
Using data analysis in strategic legacy marketing
Authors: Rodd John 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper is about the application of database analysis to records of deceased persons who have made bequests to charity, in order to establish their key characteristics. All findings are based on researched findings, with sources disguised. The paper outlines the benefits of such analysis in strategic planning, with particular reference to understanding the profiles of future legators, reducing inappropriate or wasteful marketing, establishing segmentation criteria, positioning legators in demographic terms, locating them geographically, sizing the market, establishing the most attractive prospects and determining the earning power of the existing ‘live’ supporter database versus the wider general public, and anticipating the effects of competition. Finally the paper suggests ways in which an understanding of legator profiles can control the effort applied to incoming enquiries and pledgers, using database analysis to predict their potential.
UK trust fundraising ‐ Learning to say thank you
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Pole Kris 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the United Kingdom, Charities Aid Foundation (CAF) data suggest that grant‐making trusts are currently responsible for supplying over 13 per cent of an ‘average’ charity's income (approximately four times the amount committed by corporate donors). Remarkably however, very little is known about the behaviour of such organisations and the contact strategies that are used by charities to solicit their support. This paper reviews the findings of a postal survey of 350 grant‐making trusts and identifies the criteria most commonly used to perform an initial sift of proposals and to develop a final short list to appraise for support or rejection. The findings clearly show that charity applications to trusts have increased dramatically over the past three years. Regrettably however, trusts perceive that there has been an accompanying decline in the standards of application being made. Trusts report that they are now frequently subjected to ill‐considered ‘blanket’ mailings from charities that often take no account of the specific aims and objectives of the trust. In general, the research also identified that applicants appeared to have undertaken very little research prior to submission of their application and if successful, would be unlikely to thank the trustees, nor to indicate what had been achieved as a result of their generosity.
Understanding the increasing affluence of women
Authors: Nichols Judith E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIncreasingly, women are emerging as major donors in their own right. For example in May 1998, five women with Harvard ties, in partnership with the University, established a $15m matching fund to encourage other women to make significant gifts to the University.There are three major economic reasons for targeting women seriously for an organisation's fundraising efforts: women have increasing economic power; women outlive men; women have a new awareness of the power of the dollars they control.Research done in both the United States (Martha Taylor and Sandra Shaw) and the United Kingdom (Stephen Pidgeon and Pauline Lockier) demonstrates that women and men have different ‘philanthropic triggers’. Many women have tended to contribute significant volunteer time and service to the institutions about which they care rather than significant gifts of money. Often, women are interested in not only how their gift benefits a specific institution, but also how it benefits society in general. Women often rely not on formal relationships with institutions, but on their perceived value of the institution's goals and impact.This paper provides a context for looking at women as donors.
The influence of poll results on public opinion: Examining the personal consequences of the poll topic
Authors: Areni Charles S. , Ferrell M. Elizabeth , Wilcox James B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA laboratory experiment examined the effect of reporting poll results on opinions regarding a legislative proposal affecting higher education. The results indicated that exposure to poll results was more likely to change opinions when the proposal had few personal consequences, and when the majority position in the polls was counter to the opinions held by most subjects. Under these conditions, a ‘bandwagon effect’ resulted wherein subjects tended to switch to the majority position reported in the polls. However, when the personal consequences of the proposal were substantial, and/or the majority position was consistent with the views of most subjects, poll results had little or no impact on opinions. These results suggest that, in certain circumstances, reported poll results are viewed as an acceptable basis for opinions on government policies, and that governments can use poll results strategically to sway the opinions of voters ‐ especially voters who are relatively unaffected by the policy.
Prediction of donor lifetime value and the development of true segmented donor strategy
Authors: Hunter Tim , Hill Richard 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper is based on projects developed by WWAV Rapp Collins on behalf of two UK charities, Shelter and the NSPCC. The classic model used by nonprofit organisations for donor development programmes using the concept of lifetime value (LTV) is challenged and the paper describes the development of an alternative model. The paper assesses existing segmentation methodology and systems such as RFV, and analyses, step by step, how the new model was set up. There is particular emphasis on the scoring methods used and validation of the scores. Income from donors is likely to be maximised by efficiently separating the profitable from the unprofitable with the use of a more discriminating system.
Auditory complications in childhood cancer survivors: A report from the childhood cancer survivor study
Authors: Whelan Kimberly , Stratton Kayla , Kawashima Toana , Leisenring Wendy , Hayashi Susan , Waterbor John , Blatt Julie , Sklar Charles A. , Packer Roger , Mitby Pauline , Robison Leslie L. , Mertens Ann C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackgroundStudies have found associations between cancer therapies and auditory complications, but data are limited on long‐term outcomes and risks associated with multiple exposures.ProcedureThe Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a retrospective cohort investigating health outcomes of long‐term survivors (5+ years) diagnosed and treated between 1970 and 1986 compared to a randomly selected sibling cohort. Questionnaires were completed by 14,358 survivors of childhood cancer and 4,023 sibling controls. Analysis determined the first occurrence of four auditory conditions in two time periods: diagnosis to 5 years post‐diagnosis, and ≥5 years post‐diagnosis. Multivariable analyses determined the relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of auditory conditions by treatment exposure.ResultsFive or more years from cancer diagnosis, survivors were at increased risk of problems hearing sounds (RR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.8–2.8), tinnitus (RR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.4–2.1), hearing loss requiring an aid (RR = 4.4; 95% CI: 2.8–6.9), and hearing loss in 1 or both ears not corrected by a hearing aid (RR = 5.2; 95% CI: 2.8–9.5), when compared to siblings. Temporal lobe and posterior fossa radiation was associated with these outcomes in a dose‐dependent fashion. Exposure to platinum compounds was associated with an increased risk of problems hearing sounds (RR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.3–3.2), tinnitus (RR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.9–4.2), and hearing loss requiring an aid (RR = 4.1; 95% CI: 2.5–6.7).ConclusionsChildhood cancer survivors are at risk of developing auditory complications. Radiation and platinum compounds are determinants of this risk. Follow‐up is needed to evaluate the impact of auditory conditions on quality of life. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:126–134. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survey on breast cancer patients in China toward breast‐conserving surgery
Authors: Zhang Li , Jiang Ming , Zhou Yi , Du Xiao‐bo , Yao Wen‐xiu , Yan Xi , Jiang Yu , Zou Li‐qun 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjective: We sought to investigate attitudes toward breast‐conserving therapy (BCS) in early‐stage breast cancer (EBC) patients from P. R. China and assess the factors influencing their decision.Background: There exists geographical difference in decision to perform mastectomy or BCS for EBC patients. To date, there has been no report on attitudes toward BCS or factors influencing the surgical choice in mainland China.Methods: A structured questionnaire was delivered to 1800 EBC patients. The questionnaire elicited information about general patients' characteristics, attitudes toward BCS, the roles of doctors and spouses, the levels of understanding of BCS, and the reasons for their preferences.Results: Of 1590 participants, only 7.3% anticipated BCS and this was significantly associated with patient age, income, occupation, martial status, education, levels of self‐understanding of the disease, and doctors' and spouses' suggestions (P<0.05). Approximately 70% of doctors (71.0%) and 40% spouses (39.6%) advised patients not to conserve their breasts. Although the percentage of patients endorsing BCS was higher than that of those opposing it (43.7 vs 15.1%) and more patient believed BCS was beneficial for women (39.2%), even if given another opportunity, only 32.5% of patients preferred to choose it. Moreover, the level of understanding BCS among patients is low (well‐known: less‐known: never‐heard, 2.3 vs 47.4 vs 13.3%).Conclusions: These results suggested that Chinese EBC patients lack accurate and comprehensive understanding of BCS. More efforts are needed to educate breast cancer patients in mainland China toward BCS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Important issues related to using pooled samples for environmental chemical biomonitoring
Authors: Caudill Samuel P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPooling samples for analysis was first proposed in the 1940s to reduce analytical measurement costs associated with screening World War II recruits for syphilis. Later, it progressed to more complex screening strategies, to population prevalence estimation for discrete quantities, and to population mean estimation for continuous quantities. Recently, pooled samples have also been used to provide efficient alternatives for gene microarray analyses, epidemiologic studies of biomarkers of exposure, and characterization of populations regarding environmental chemical exposures. In this study, we address estimation and bias issues related to using pooled‐sample variance information from an auxiliary source to augment pooled‐sample variance estimates from the study of interest. The findings are illustrated by using pooled samples from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2002 to assess exposures to perfluorooctanesulfonate and other polyfluoroalkyl compounds in the U.S. population. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐Pot Encapsulation of Luminescent Quantum Dots Synthesized in Aqueous Solution by Amphiphilic Polymers
Authors: Yuwen Lihui , Bao Biqing , Liu Ge , Tian Jing , Lu Haoting , Luo Zhimin , Zhu Xingrong , Boey Freddy , Zhang Hua , Wang Lianhui 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA simple one‐pot polymer encapsulation method is developed for group II–VI semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) synthesized in aqueous solution. The micelles of amphiphilic polymers, such as octadecylamine‐modified poly(acrylic acid), capture and encapsulate the QDs when the original hydrophilic ligands, namely 3‐mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), capped on the CdTe/CdS core/shell QDs are partially or fully exchanged by the hydrophobic ligands, 1‐dodecanethiol. The molar ratio of the amphiphilic polymer to QDs plays a crucial role in determining the final morphology of the encapsulated structures, including the number of QDs encapsulated in one polymeric micelle. Importantly, the polymer coating significantly improves the optical properties of the QDs, which enhances the photoluminescence quantum yield by about 50%. Furthermore, the photostability of the amphiphilic polymer‐coated QDs is much better than that of the synthesized QDs capped with MPA.
Examining the global reach of the 2008 US economic downturn
Authors: Kandogan Yener 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article analyzes how the 2008 US economic downturn propagated through the global trading system, creating an economic contagion around the world. Consistent with previous global crises, the reach and impact of this crisis is not the same across different regions. This article contributes to the literature by examining the effect of dependency on the country of origin of a crisis, openness to international trade, and the role a country plays in the global trading network to explain the variation in the reach and the impact across countries. The article concludes with policy recommendations to avoid future economic contagions or reduce their impact. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of normal fetal pulmonary veins from the early second trimester by enhanced‐flow (e‐flow) echocardiography
Authors: Dong F.‐Q. , Zhang Y.‐H. , Li Z.‐A. , Hou Z.‐Z. , He X.‐J. , Guo Y.‐Z. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the feasibility of using enhanced‐flow (e‐flow) imaging technology to identify fetal pulmonary veins and establish gestational age‐specific reference values at 12–40 weeks' gestation.MethodsThe pulmonary venous internal diameter, peak systolic and diastolic flow velocities and visualization rate were analyzed in 332 normal fetuses at 12–40 weeks of gestation. Two‐dimensional gray‐scale (2D) ultrasound, color Doppler and e‐flow imaging were used to detect the pulmonary veins in the four‐chamber view by taking the lung as the penetration window.ResultsThe pulmonary veins could be visualized as early as 12 weeks' gestational age by e‐flow imaging. The right and left pulmonary venous internal diameters and peak systolic and diastolic flow velocities increased with increasing gestational age. Between 12 and 40 gestational weeks, the internal diameter and both the systolic and diastolic flow velocities of the fetal right pulmonary vein were significantly larger than were those of the left vein (P < 0.05). Of 118 fetuses at 12–22 gestational weeks, the visualization rate of the four pulmonary veins (left superior and inferior, right superior and inferior) was 5.9% (7/118) by 2D ultrasound, 41.5% (49/118) by color Doppler and 61.9% (73/118) by e‐flow imaging. The visualization rate by e‐flow imaging was significantly higher than that using the other two techniques (P < 0.001).Conclusione‐flow imaging is apparently a feasible and promising technology with which to identify the fetal pulmonary veins in the early stages of the second trimester. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stuve–Wiedemann syndrome: a skeletal dysplasia characterized by bowed long bones
Authors: Begam M. A. , Alsafi W. , Bekdache G. N. , Chedid F. , Al‐Gazali L. , Mirghani H. M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the prenatal sonographic features of Stuve–Wiedemann syndrome (SWS).MethodsA retrospective review of all cases of confirmed SWS during an 8‐year period was conducted. Clinical and historical data and outcome of the pregnancies were noted. Fetal biometry, skeletal survey, amniotic fluid volume and associated anomalies were recorded. A sonographic algorithm was proposed to distinguish SWS from other bent bone disorders.ResultsIn total, there were 10 cases, six of which were diagnosed prenatally. The main prenatal features of SWS were mild‐to‐moderate micromelia and bowing of the lower limb bones, affecting the tibia more than the femur. There was relative sparing of fibula and upper limb bones, with normal scapulae and clavicles. Camptodactyly was the main associated anomaly. All fetuses developed growth restriction in the late second trimester with oligohydramnios in half of the cases. These features could appear late in pregnancy. Although the thoracic dimensions were normal in the majority of fetuses, respiratory insufficiency, as a result of myotonia, was a leading cause for mortality.ConclusionsIt is possible to diagnose SWS prenatally. SWS is associated with high mortality during the first year of life, and those who survive have high morbidity. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Einfluss der Oberflächenmorphologie auf die Performance von Low‐E Schichtsysteme
Authors: Kleinhempel Ronny , Wahl André , Böhme Thomas , Thielsch Roland 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAm Beispiel der Abscheidung von Low‐E Schichten auf verschiedene Kunststoffoberflächen konnte der Einfluss der Oberflächenrauheit auf die funktionellen Eigenschaften diskutiert werden. Bei der Verwendung rauer Oberflächen wird eine verstärkte Absorption im sichtbaren Spektralbereich beobachtet, welche auf Oberflächenplasmonenverluste zurückzuführen ist. Für die Verbesserung der Transmission (Tvis) muss folglich ein Substrat mit geringer Rauheit verwendet werden. Dabei ist es möglich, mit einer geeigneten Substratvorbehandlung die Substratoberfläche zu glätten. Zusätzlich wird die Stärke und die spektrale Lage der Plasmonenabsorption durch das dielektrische Material an der Grenzfläche zum Silber beeinflusst. Ein Material mit hoher Brechzahl ist für eine optimale Entspiegelung der Silberschicht notwendig. Auf rauen Substraten wird hierbei jedoch eine stärkere Absorption festgestellt. Eine Möglichkeit, diese Absorption zu reduzieren, ist die Verwendung von dünnen Zwischenschichten mit kleinerem Brechungsindex.
Number words, quantifiers, and principles of word learning
Authors: Sullivan Jessica , Barner David 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHow do children learn the meanings of words like many and five? Although much is known about the mechanisms that underlie children's acquisition of nouns and verbs, considerably less is understood of how children begin to learn the meanings of words that refer to sets (e.g., number words and quantifiers). Here we argue that children's acquisition of quantity expressions relies on learning mechanisms typically associated with learning content words. In particular, we argue that the Whole Object Assumption and the Principle of Contrast are special cases of more general principles that guide not just the acquisition of nouns and verbs, but also the acquisition and interpretation of number words and quantifiers. WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 639–645 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.140This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Language