bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Massive transfusion – evaluation of current clinical practice and outcome in two large teaching hospital trusts in Northern England
Authors: Rose A. H. , Kotzé A. , Doolan D. , Norfolk D. R. , Bellamy M. C. 
Published: June 2009

Background and Objectives  Although numerous guidelines exist for the management of massive blood loss, there have been few data confirming whether these guidelines are observed in practice or whether compliance results in improved outcome. We have performed a retrospective audit of cases of massive transfusion in two major teaching hospital trusts in Northern England to investigate the use of blood components and patient outcome.Materials and Methods  The massive transfusion population was electronically derived from a list of all blood component transfusions in 2006. Data from the intensive care and patient administration databases established hospital outcome. Factors independently predictive of survival were identified by logistic regression. Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges. Odds ratios (OR) are given with 95% confidence intervals.Results  Two hundred and four patients had a massive transfusion. Although only 1·3% of all transfused patients, the massive transfusion group used 10% of the total blood products. Their mortality rate was 34%. Factors independently predictive of survival were: a ratio of fresh frozen plasma: red blood cells > 1·1, OR 7·22 (1·95–26·68), and elective surgery, OR 4·56 (1·88–11·05). Factors independently predictive of death were: age (per year), OR 0·97 (0·95–0·99), liver disease, OR 0·25 (0·09–0·70), male gender, OR 0·41 (0·19–0·89), vascular surgery, OR 0·34 (0·12–0·96) and number of adult packs of platelets transfused, OR 0·69 (0·57–0·83).Conclusion  Massive transfusion occurs rarely but has a high mortality and requires a disproportionate amount of blood products. An increased ratio of fresh frozen plasma to red blood cells was associated with improved outcome.
Fluctuating Asymmetry of Responders Affects Offers in the Ultimatum Game Oppositely According to Attractiveness or Need as Perceived by Proposers
Authors: Zaatari Darine , Palestis Brian G. , Trivers Robert 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Ultimatum Game (UG) measures cooperative tendencies in humans. A proposer offers to split a given sum of money between self and a responder, who may accept or reject the offer. If accepted, each receives the proposed split; if rejected, nobody receives anything. We studied the effect of the putative responder’s degree of facial symmetry (fluctuating asymmetry, FA) on the offer he/she received in opposite‐sexed UGs. Symmetry is an important measure of biological quality so subjects were expected to receive higher offers when symmetrical than asymmetrical. In a sample of Jamaicans, individuals played two UGs with opposite‐sexed responders, a symmetrical photo of a Lebanese and an asymmetrical one. Individuals do indeed give more to symmetrical responders (p = 0.032). When subjects are asked their motivation, a striking dichotomy emerges: those who cite ‘attractiveness’ as a motive, give strongly to symmetrical responders while those citing ‘need’ invariably give more to asymmetrical ones (p < 0.0001). Females also show a nearly significant tendency to cite need as a motive more often than do males.
A Cardinal Measure of Competitive Ability in Barbary Macaque Males (Macaca sylvanus)
Authors: Bissonnette Annie , Lange Elena , Van Schaik Carel P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCardinal scores of individual competitive ability allow us to quantify the magnitude of the difference between the competitive ability of any two individuals. However, they have rarely been used in animal behaviour because most researchers were mainly interested in ordinal ranking. In this paper, we validated the normalized David’s score (David H. A., Biometrika 74, 1987, 432; de Vries H., Stevens J. M. G. & Vervaecke H., Anim. Behav. 71, 2006, 585) as a cardinal measure of male competitive ability in a group of Barbary macaques living under semi‐free ranging conditions. To derive competitive ability scores, we used a semi‐experimental protocol where two males had to compete over access to a prized food resource (i.e. a nut) within the natural group setting. This protocol was used because it allowed the exclusion of three factors other than competitive ability (i.e. respect of ownership, social tolerance and motivation) which may influence the outcome of dyadic encounters in group‐living primates. We expected that a measure of competitive ability excluding the three above‐mentioned influences would correlate with some intrinsic features of males. Male competitive ability scores were calculated based on 357 nut tests. As expected, male competitive ability shows a curvilinear relationship with age (used as a proxy for male general physical condition), with young, ‘athletic’ males having the highest scores. However, we also found that male competitive ability scores were highly correlated with the dominance scores derived from naturally occurring agonistic interactions, which suggest that observations of spontaneous interactions may suffice to estimate the competitive abilities of individuals. We conclude that despite its limitation, the normalized David score is often preferred to ordinal ranking as an estimate of resource holding potential as originally defined (Parker G. A., J. Theor. Biol. 47, 1974, 223).
Added Weights Lead to Reduced Flight Behavior and Mating Success in Polyandrous Honey Bee Queens (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Hayworth Miranda K. , Johnson Nels G. , Wilhelm Matthew E. , Gove Robert P. , Metheny Jackie D. , Rueppell Olav 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHoney bee queens are exceptionally promiscuous. Early in life, queens perform one to five nuptial flights, mating with up to 44 drones. Many studies have documented potential benefits of multiple mating. In contrast, potential costs of polyandry and the sensitivity of queens to such costs have largely been ignored because they are difficult to address experimentally. To consider one aspect of mating costs to queens, the difficulty of flight, we compared flight behavior and success among a group of control queens and two experimental groups of queens that carried lead weights of two different sizes. For each queen, we assessed the number and duration of all flights and, after egg‐laying commenced, the amount of stored sperm and the number of mates in terms of the offspring’s patrilineal genetic diversity. Added weights quantitatively decreased the number of flights, the mean duration of flights and consequently the total time spent flying. Mating success in terms of sperm quantity and patrilines detected among the queens’ offspring was also negatively impacted by the experimental manipulation. Thus, it can be concluded that the flight effort of honey bee queens during their mating period is adjusted in response to an experimentally increased cost of flying with multiple consequences for their mating success. Our results suggest that queen behavior is flexible and mating costs deserve more attention to explain the extreme polyandry in honey bees.
Experimental Evidence for the Amelioration of Shadow Competition in an Orb‐Web Spider Through the ‘Ricochet’ Effect
Authors: Rao Dinesh 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStationary predators such as spiders can face competition from conspecifics simply by virtue of the spatial positioning of their webs. Shadow competition, wherein a predator ‘upstream’ restricts access to prey for another individual further ‘downstream’, can affect the foraging success of stationary predators. However, in spiders that build orb‐webs in proximity to each other, insect prey often ‘ricochet’ off the outer web and land on the inner web. In this study, I asked whether the negative effect of shadow competition could be compensated for by the ricochet effect. I experimentally show that despite a strong spatial advantage to a spider on the outer side in terms of prey interceptions, the likelihood of prey intercepting the inner web is increased through the ricochet effect. I also show that the degree of overlap between the webs significantly influences both the number of prey intercepted as well as the number of ricochets. This study shows experimentally that a spider that builds its web close to a conspecific’s web suffers very little cost in terms of lost prey interception.
Vegetative compatibility types of Cryphonectria parasitica, causal agent of chestnut blight, in the Black Sea region of Turkey
Authors: Akilli S. , Katircioğlu Y. Z. , Maden S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryVegetative compatibility types (vc types) of 296 isolates of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, were determined. The isolates had been obtained from 32 localities in 11 provinces in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Five vc types were detected: EU‐1, EU‐12, EU‐14, EU‐2 and EU‐5. The number of vc types found in single provinces varied between one and five. All of the five vc types were present only in the Kastamonu province. Vc type EU‐1 was detected in all the provinces. EU‐1 accounted for 90.8% of all isolates. Vc type EU‐12 was present in eight provinces and accounted for 6.8% of the isolates, whereas one or two isolates each of EU‐14, EU‐2 and EU‐5 were found in one or two provinces. Isolates possessing the white colony phenotype were considered to be hypovirulent. Hypovirulent isolates of each vc type were found, and they were detected in nine of 11 provinces.
Identification of genomic regions carrying QTL for agronomic and quality traits in rye (Secale cereale) introgression libraries
Authors: Falke K. C. , Wilde P. , Wortmann H. , Geiger H. H. , Miedaner T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIntrogression libraries can be used to localize genomic regions carrying quantitative trait loci (QTL). We used this approach to detect QTL regions affecting the per se performance of agronomic and quality traits with two rye (Secale cereale L.) introgression libraries. Our objectives were to detect candidate introgression lines (pre‐ILs) that have a different per se performance than the recurrent parent and to identify the underlying QTL regions. The introgression libraries containing 40 BC2S3 lines each were established with marker‐assisted backcrossing from crosses of the heterozygous Iranian primitive rye accession Altevogt 14160 and the elite inbred line L2053‐N. To assess the phenotypic effect of the donor chromosome segments (DCS) the pre‐ILs were evaluated for grain yield, plant height, thousand‐kernel weight, test weight, falling number and protein content in replicated field trials at five locations in Germany over 2 years. In total, 58 significant (P < 0.05) differences between pre‐ILs and L2053‐N were observed in each introgression library. The DCS in pre‐ILs differing from the recurrent parent possess most likely the responsible QTL. Genomic regions carrying favourable QTL alleles were detected for test weight, thousand‐kernel weight and protein content. We conclude that Altevogt 14160 can not only be used to enrich the genetic variation of the restricted hybrid rye gene pools but will also allow the breeder to efficiently detect favourable QTL for marker‐assisted selection.
Genotype by environment interactions of heat stress disorder resistance in crisphead lettuce
Authors: Jenni S. , Yan W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLettuce is a cool season crop susceptible to physiological disorders when exposed to supra optimal temperatures. Genotype (G) by environment (E) interaction (GE) of rib discolouration, tipburn, premature bolting and ribbiness in crisphead lettuce was characterized under high temperature and long day growing conditions. Replicated data of 10 crisphead lettuce varieties from two plantings in each of four growing seasons at two locations in Quebec were analysed using the GGE biplot method. Head‐weight‐over‐stem‐length ratio, ribbiness, rib discolouration incidence and tipburn incidence were affected (P = 0.00001) by E, G and GE. E explained more variation in head‐weight‐over‐stem‐length ratio (77.1%) and rib discolouration incidence (77.3%) than G and GE, whereas GE explained more variation (72.4%) in tipburn incidence and G explained more variation (38%) in ribbiness. Strong crossover GE was detected with rib discolouration and tipburn incidence, but not with head‐weight‐over‐stem‐length ratio and ribbiness. Under heat stress, varieties of the Vanguard group had lower ribbiness than those of the Great Lakes group. Cultivar ‘Estival’ showed consistent resistance to bolting, ribbiness, tipburn and rib discolouration across all E.
Feeding on one side or both sides in a breast‐feeding session
Authors: Kondolot Meda , Yalçin S. Songül , Yurdakök Kadriye 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground:  The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of breast‐feeding method (on only one or on two sides in a single feeding session) on growth, sleep duration and sucking period, and stool frequency.Methods:  Exclusively breast‐fed healthy infants, aged 1–6 months, were included in the study during child health follow‐up visits. Mothers were given a questionnaire on sleep duration, sucking periods, and stool frequencies of their infants.Results:  The height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐age z scores were significantly higher in infants breast‐fed from one side during a single session than from both sides (P= 0.002, P < 0.001; respectively). Infants sucking on only one breast in a breast‐feeding session defecated significantly less at night (P= 0.005), their maximum sucking periods at night were shorter (P= 0.049).Conclusion:  Breast‐feeding at one side only during a single breast‐feeding session increases growth, decreases stool frequency and the maximum sucking period at night and does not influence the overall sleep pattern.
Learning through face‐to‐face and online discussions: Associations between students' conceptions, approaches and academic performance in political science
Authors: Bliuc Ana‐Maria , Ellis Robert , Goodyear Peter , Piggott Leanne 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper reports on research investigating student experiences of learning through face‐to‐face and online discussions in a political science course in a large Australian university. Using methodologies from relational research into university student learning, the study investigates associations between key aspects of student learning focusing on conceptions of what students learn, approaches to learning, and learning outcomes. The main hypothesis tested here was that there are qualitative differences in the student conceptions of learning through discussions and their approaches to face‐to‐face and online discussions. Furthermore, it was expected to find that these differences were reflected in the learning outcomes, that is, student approaches would be linked to more complete conceptions of learning and to better academic performance. More tentatively, the existence of causal relationships between these aspects of learning and academic performance was also explored. Data on students' conceptions and approaches was collected through closed‐ended questionnaires and final mark was used as an indicator of the quality of learning (academic performance). Our analysis identified variations in the quality of conceptions and student approaches also revealing strong associations between what students thought their learning is about, the way they approached their learning, and academic performance in both face‐to‐face and online contexts. Implications of these findings for research and practice are elaborated.
Assessor or assessee: How student learning improves by giving and receiving peer feedback
Authors: Li Lan , Liu Xiongyi , Steckelberg Allen L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between the quality of peer assessment and the quality of student projects in a technology application course for teacher education students. Forty‐three undergraduate student participants completed the assigned projects. During the peer assessment process, students first anonymously rated and commented on two randomly assigned peers' projects, and they were then asked to improve their projects based on the feedback they received. Two independent raters blindly evaluated student initial and final projects. Data analysis indicated that when controlling for the quality of the initial projects, there was a significant relationship between the quality of peer feedback students provided for others and the quality of the students' own final projects. However, no significant relationship was found between the quality of peer feedback students received and the quality of their own final projects. This finding supported a prior research claim that active engagement in reviewing peers' projects may facilitate student learning.
Capital Investments and Stock Returns in Japan*
Authors: Titman Sheridan , Wei K.C. John , Xie Feixue 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe negative relation between capital investments and subsequent stock returns, found in the United States, is not observed in Japan, which is inconsistent with the risk‐based explanation. More specifically, we find no significant relation between capital expenditures (CE) and subsequent stock returns for either the entire sample or for keiretsu firms. However, in the pre‐1990 subperiod, there is a positive relation between increased CE and subsequent risk‐adjusted returns among independent firms, especially for those firms that have high cash flows and/or low leverage. These results are consistent with existing evidence that independent firms are financially constrained in the pre‐1990 period and that keiretsu main bank monitoring effectively controls the overinvestment problem.
Pyramidal Discounts: Tunneling or Overinvestment?*
Authors: Holmén Martin , Högfeldt Peter 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSwedish families exploit the strong separation between ownership and control in pyramiding to establish control over several firms' internal cash flows via a very small capital investment. We establish that the discounts on the portfolio firms at the bottom of the pyramid as well as pyramid holding company are directly linked to costs from overinvestment that increase with the separation between ownership and control. In a financially developed economy where pyramids are transparent and the tax system regulates the flow of dividends within the pyramid and to shareholders, the primary cause of the discounts is not tunneling but overinvestment costs.
Natural surfactants used in cosmetics: glycolipids
Authors: Lourith N. , Kanlayavattanakul M. 
Published: June 2009

SynopsisCosmetic surfactant performs detergency, wetting, emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersing and foaming effects. Adverse reactions of chemical synthesis surfactant have an effect on environment and humans, particularly severe in long term. Biodegradability, low toxicity and ecological acceptability which are the benefits of naturally derived surfactant that promises cosmetic safety are, therefore, highly on demand. Biosurfactant producible from microorganisms exhibiting potential surface properties suitable for cosmetic applications especially incorporate with their biological activities. Sophorolipids, rhamnolipids and mannosylerythritol lipids are the most widely used glycolipids biosurfactant in cosmetics. Literatures and patents relevant to these three glycolipids reviewed were emphasizing on the cosmetic applications including personal care products presenting the cosmetic efficiency, efficacy and economy benefits of glycolipids biosurfactant.
Influence of concentration of fragrances on salivary α‐amylase
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Tahara Y. , Kosaka S. 
Published: June 2009

SynopsisThe objective is to reveal the influence of the concentration of fragrances on salivary biomarkers, which reflect the human stress system, in 15 female young healthy adults. Lavandula officinalis and Citrus aurantium were used as the test samples. Salivary biomarkers such as α‐amylase activity (AMY), cortisol (CORT) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were measured during baseline, inhalation and post‐inhalation periods. Our results indicated that (i) a significant difference was not observed for the control and the 3 wt% test samples, however, the AMY was decreased by inhalation of the 1 wt% test samples (P < 0.05); (ii) AMY levels changed more significantly than did the hormone levels; (iii) a tendency of negative correlation was not observed between DHEA and CORT. It was considered that the time‐course change of AMY might be a useful index of the inhalation of fragrances, which reflects the acute psychosomatic reactivity of humans.
Melasma in Latin America: options for therapy and treatment algorithm
Authors: Cestari T , Arellano I , Hexsel D , Ortonne JP ,   Latin American Pigmentary Disorders Academy
Published: June 2009

AbstractObjective/Aim  To examine approaches to therapy for melasma in Latin Americans and to propose treatment algorithms for patients with mild, moderate and severe melasma.Background  Melasma is prevalent in up to 10% of the Latin American population. It is found in all racial groups and is more common in subjects with darker skin phototypes. A number of topical treatments and procedures have been used for melasma. Topical treatments containing hydroquinone are the most popular. Care must be taken when treating melasma to avoid inducing post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation and ochronosis. Determination of the severity of melasma (using the Melasma Area Severity Index and/or Physician's Global Assessment) and choice of the most effective and suitable treatment and/or procedure for individual patients is therefore essential. Sun protection is mandatory for all melasma patients.Methods  Thirty‐one clinical studies of topical treatments, chemical peels and laser and other therapies used for treating melasma were assessed for the level and quality of clinical evidence, by the Latin American Pigmentary Disorders Academy. The results of this analysis were combined with differential diagnosis guidelines and methods for assessing treatment success to establish algorithms for treating mild and moderate‐to‐severe melasma.Results  The most appropriate first‐line treatment for mild melasma is hydroquinone 4%, triple combination cream containing hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05% and fluocinolone acetate 0.01%, double combination (e.g. 4% hydroquinone and 0.1% tretinoin) or non‐phenolic therapy where there is an allergy to compounds. In moderate‐to‐severe melasma, triple combination cream is the recommended first‐line treatment. Second‐line treatment is double combination or hydroquinone 4% where triple therapy is not available or if allergic to compounds. Sun avoidance measures and broad spectrum sunscreens with high SPF are fundamental for the successful management of the disease.Conflicts of interestT Cestari and I Arellano have conducted research on Tri‐Luma. D Hexsel and J‐P Ortonne are paid consultants for Galderma.