bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical solutions for the unsteady MHD rotating flow over a rotating sphere near the equator
Authors: Sweet Erik , Vajravelu Kuppalapalle , Gorder Robert 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In this paper we investigate the three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) rotating flow of a viscous fluid over a rotating sphere near the equator. The Navier-Stokes equations in spherical polar coordinates are reduced to a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations. Self-similar solutions are obtained for the steady state system, resulting from a coupled system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Analytical solutions are obtained and are used to study the effects of the magnetic field and the suction/injection parameter on the flow characteristics. The analytical solutions agree well with the numerical solutions of Chamkha et al. [31]. Moreover, the obtained analytical solutions for the steady state are used to obtain the unsteady state results. Furthermore, for various values of the temporal variable, we obtain analytical solutions for the flow field and present through figures.
Superoxide dismutase mRNA and protein level in human colorectal cancer
Authors: Skrzycki Michał , Majewska Monika , Czeczot Hanna 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Impairments of antioxidant enzyme expression are often concomitant with the onset of cancer. Due to epigenetic factors causing an inflammatory state the gastrointestinal tract can become exposed to reactive oxygen species. The purpose of our work was to evaluate mRNA and protein levels of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in human colorectal adenocarcinoma due to its clinical advancement, and in colorectal cancer liver metastases. Evaluation of SOD expression in regard to CRC advancement, seems useful for clinical applications due to different tumor cells sensitivity to reactive oxygen species based treatment. Studies were conducted on a group of 27 patients: 15 diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma and 12 diagnosed with colorectal cancer liver metastases. The mRNA level was determined by RT-PCR, and protein level by Western blotting. We observed significant (P≤0.05) changes of mRNA and protein level of SOD isoenzymes in subsequent stages of colorectal adenocarcinoma advancement and in colorectal cancer liver metastases. Differences in mRNA and protein level of SOD isoenzymes in colorectal adenocarcinoma and its liver metastases indicates that SOD participate in adaptation of tumor cells to oxidative stress, and maintain certain level of ROS, necessary for appropriate cell proliferation. Expression of superoxide dismutase isoenzymes seems to be regulated not only at transcriptional level, but also posttranscriptional.
Xylan sorption kinetics at industrial conditions Part 1. Experimental results
Authors: Ribe Espen , Lindblad Margaretha Söderqvist , Dahlman Olof , Theliander Hans 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The sorption kinetics for birch black liquor xylan onto unbleached softwood kraft fibers at industrial relevant process conditions was investigated. The impact of process conditions on total sorption and rate was studied. It was found that an unbleached fiber can increase its weight up to 40% by sorption of xylan if process conditions are favorable and sufficient xylan is present in the liquor. A decrease in pH, an increase in temperature and an increase in ionic strength enhances both the initial sorption rate and the maximum sorption, as expected from the literature. Moreover, an increased xylan charge from 5 to 10 g/l increased sorption by about 20-30% on average. At the highest temperature tested some deviations from the expected results were obtained, which indicates that more than one mechanism affect sorption. Analysis of the surface carbohydrate composition suggests that xylan is preferably sorbed on the fiber surfaces. This is especially obvious at higher sorption temperatures. SEM pictographs of the cellulose fibers indicate that xylan sorbs as single xylan chains at 87 and 127°C. In contrast, at 167°C globular structures are observed on the fibers, which probably is due to precipitation of globular xylan aggregates from the liquor.
Review: Reduction of energy consumption in TMP refining through mechanical pre-treatment of wood chips
Authors: Gorski Dmitri , Hill Jan , Engstrand Per , Johansson Lars 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This review covers the effect of mechanical pre-treatment of wood chips on the energy consumption in refining and the quality of pulp. To understand the mechanisms of mechanical pre-treatment, a short description of relevant refining theory and reported effects of pre-treatment on wood morphology is given. Mechanical pre-treatment offers a chance to utilize the energy needed to defibrate chips in a more efficient way, minimizing the cyclic elastic deformations which are the main defibration mechanism in refining. Studies of fibre morphology indicate that compressive pretreatment mechanically introduces favorable weak points in the S1 and S2 fibre walls where defibration proceeds easier upon subsequent refining. Published results which cover the effect of the pretreatment on energy consumption and pulp properties are reviewed. Energy reduction of between 10% and 30% is reported in the literature. High ratio of volumetric compression is necessary. Pressurized conditions are required to ensure that the fibres are not damaged during the pre-treatment. Other effects of compressive pretreatment include a more uniform chip size and moisture content, better penetration of chemicals and removal of extractives from the chips. A list of equipment used for chip pre-compression is provided together with published results of pilot-scale and mill-scale operation.
A pilot web former designed to study retention-formation relationships
Authors: Svedberg Anna , Lindström Tom 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
A pilot-scale fourdrinier former has been developed for the purpose of investigating the relationship between retention and paper formation (features, retention aids, dosage points, etc.). The main objective of this publication was to present the R-F (Retention and formation)-machine and demonstrate some of its fields of applications. For a fine paper stock (90% hardwood and 10% softwood) with addition of 25% filler (based on total solids content), the relationship between retention and formation was investigated for a microparticulate retention aid (cationic polyacrylamide together with anionic montmorillonite clay). The retention-formation relationship of the retention aid system was investigated after choosing standardized machine operating conditions (e.g. the jet-to-wire speed ratio). As expected, the formation was impaired when the retention was increased. Since good reproducibility was attained, the R-F (Retention and formation)-machine was found to be a useful tool for studying the relationship between retention and paper formation.
Dynamic simulation and optimization of an SC papermaking line – illustrated with case studies
Authors: Linnala Mikko , Ruotsalainen Henri , Madetoja Elina , Savolainen Jouni , Hämäläinen Jari 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Dynamic modeling and simulation software can be used to simulate the industrial processes such as papermaking in order to improve the efficiency of the process. A dynamic simulation model can be combined with an optimization method to maximize the advantages which simulation tools can offer. In this paper, we combine dynamic process simulation and optimization to see how it can benefit a papermaking process which was envisaged to consist of a TMP mill, stock preparation, short circulation, a paper machine, and a reel. The aim is to increase the efficiency and minimize the costs involved in papermaking.
Geometry Related Inter-Instrument Differences in Spectrophotometric Measurements
Authors: Edström Per , Neuman Magnus , Avramidis Stefanos , Andersson Mattias 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The L&W Elrepho d/0 and the Spectrolino 45/0 instruments are examined using paper samples with different properties. External factors that influence the measurements - such as the sample background, the instrument calibration and the sample inhomogeneity - are studied, and a methodology for their minimization is presented. Experimental measurements show that such external factors, if not minimized by proper routines, affect the inter-instrument differences far more (up to 4-5 ΔE*ab) than the instrument geometry (the effect of which is small and of order 0.1 ΔE*ab). The DORT2002 radiative transfer model is used to simulate differences caused by instrument geometry. The simulated and measured differences are found to agree in magnitude, and the differences are mapped against sample properties. It is observed that the 45/0 instrument detects higher reflectance from paper samples with negligible absorption and transmittance. When there is considerable absorption (dyed samples) or transmittance (thin samples), the d/0 instrument detects higher reflectance. The physical mechanism behind this behavior is studied and explained using DORT2002, and the instrument differences are shown to depend on the anisotropy of the reflected light. The model/measurement agreement is satisfactory as the characteristic behavior is captured in almost all cases studied. This new understanding is important for facilitating accurate data exchange between the paper and graphic arts industries, but also for interpretation of reflectance measurements in general.
Pre-extraction and PSAQ pulping of Siberian larch
Authors: Kämppi Riikka , Hörhammer Hanna , Leponiemi Anja , van Heiningen Adriaan 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The aim of this study was to find conditions under which it is possible to produce hemicelluloses-rich extract from Siberian larch in addition to pre-extracted pulp with a yield comparable to normal kraft pulp. The study was conducted in order to determine proof of concept of a process utilizing Siberian larch for production of papermaking pulp and biochemically obtained value-added products, i.e. biofuels or lactic acid. By pre-extraction at 160 ºC for 60 minutes approximately 17% of the wood material could be dissolved. At kappa number 30, the pre-extracted kraft pulp gave 5% lower total yield than a conventional kraft pulp. Addition of 4% polysulfide (PS) and 0.1% anthraquinone (AQ) on wood increased the pre-extracted kraft pulp yield nearly to the same level as that of regular kraft pulp. Pre-extraction at 160 ºC for 60 minutes allowed reduction of EA charge by 3% on wood and Hfactor by 300-450. The viscosity of the pre-extracted PSAQ kraft pulps was higher than that of conventional larch kraft pulps and had a somewhat inferior strength and optical properties. The results indicate that under optimized conditions it is possible to produce preextracted PSAQ larch pulp without significant losses in pulp yield and quality, and in addition generate a new feed stock of carbohydrates for further utilization for value-added products.
Acute Hypoxia Induces HIF-Independent Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells through Increased Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression: The Role of Hypoxic Inhibition of Prolyl Hydroxylase Activity for the Induction of NF-κB
Authors: Winning Sandra , Splettstoesser Frank , Fandrey Joachim , Frede Stilla 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Myeloid cells recruited to sites of bacterial inflammation are exposed to low oxygen tension, hypoxia, and high concentrations of inflammatory cytokines that significantly affect myeloid cell function. Therefore, we analyzed the direct consequences of acute and severe hypoxia on monocytic adhesion to the endothelium in coculture experiments. Marked upregulation of monocytic ICAM-1, but no other monocytic adhesion molecule, was responsible for an ≈50-fold increase in adhesion of the monocytic cells THP-1 to human and rat endothelial cells. ICAM-1 expression was rapidly induced after the onset of severe hypoxia, but it decreased after 4 h. Knockdown of ICAM-1 by siRNA in endothelial and monocytic cells abolished the adhesion, indicating that ICAM-1 expression on both cell types was indispensable for hypoxia-induced adhesion of monocytes to the endothelium. siRNA-mediated knockdown of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, HIF-2α, and the NF-κB family member p65 revealed that hypoxic upregulation of ICAM-1 resulted from hypoxic NF-κB induction but not from activation of HIFs. Within the leukocyte-adhesion cascade, our results provide evidence for prolyl hydroxylase-dependent but HIF-independent activation of hypoxia-induced monocyte–endothelial adhesion and assign a new function to monocytic ICAM-1 under acute hypoxic conditions.
sRAGE Induces Human Monocyte Survival and Differentiation
Authors: Wang Yijie , Wang Hongmei , Piper Melissa G. , McMaken Sara , Mo Xiaokui , Opalek Judy , Schmidt Ann Marie , Marsh Clay B. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is produced either as a transmembrane or soluble form (sRAGE). Substantial evidence supports a role for RAGE and its ligands in disease. sRAGE is reported to be a competitive, negative regulator of membrane RAGE activation, inhibiting ligand binding. However, some reports indicate that sRAGE is associated with inflammatory disease. We sought to define the biological function of sRAGE on inflammatory cell recruitment, survival, and differentiation in vivo and in vitro. To test the in vivo impact of sRAGE, the recombinant protein was intratracheally administered to mice, which demonstrated monocyte- and neutrophil-mediated lung inflammation. We also observed that sRAGE induced human monocyte and neutrophil migration in vitro. Human monocytes treated with sRAGE produced proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Our data demonstrated that sRAGE directly bound human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. Binding of sRAGE to monocytes promoted their survival and differentiation to macrophages. Furthermore, sRAGE binding to cells increased during maturation, which was similar in freshly isolated mouse monocytes compared with mature tissue macrophages. Because sRAGE activated cell survival and differentiation, we examined intracellular pathways that were activated by sRAGE. In primary human monocytes and macrophages, sRAGE treatment activated Akt, Erk, and NF-κB, and their activation appeared to be critical for cell survival and differentiation. Our data suggest a novel role for sRAGE in monocyte- and neutrophil-mediated inflammation and mononuclear phagocyte survival and differentiation.
CXCL13 Blockade Disrupts B Lymphocyte Organization in Tertiary Lymphoid Structures without Altering B Cell Receptor Bias or Preventing Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Henry Rachel A. , Kendall Peggy L. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Lymphocytes that invade nonlymphoid tissues often organize into follicle-like structures known as tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs). These structures resemble those found in spleen or lymph nodes, but their function is unknown. TLOs are recognized in many autoimmune diseases, including the NOD mouse model of type 1 diabetes. In some cases, TLOs have been associated with the B lymphocyte chemoattractant, CXCL13. Studies presented in this article show that CXCL13 is present in inflamed islets of NOD mice. Ab blockade of this chemokine unraveled B lymphocyte organization in islet TLOs, without reducing their proportion in the islets. These chaotic milieus contained B lymphocytes with the same distinct repertoire of B cell receptors as those found in mice with well-organized structures. Somatic hypermutation, associated with T–B interactions, was not impaired in these disorganized insulitis lesions. Finally, loss of B lymphocyte organization in islets did not provide disease protection. Thus, B lymphocytes infiltrating islets in NOD mice do not require the morphology of secondary lymphoid tissues to support their role in disease.
NLRP3 Plays a Critical Role in the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Mediating Th1 and Th17 Responses
Authors: Gris Denis , Ye Zhengmao , Iocca Heather A. , Wen Haitao , Craven Robin R. , Gris Pavel , Huang Max , Schneider Monika , Miller Stephen D. , Ting Jenny P.-Y. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The interplay between innate and adaptive immunity is important in multiple sclerosis (MS). The inflammasome complex, which activates caspase-1 to process pro–IL-1β and pro–IL-18, is rapidly emerging as a pivotal regulator of innate immunity, with nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing protein family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) (cryopyrin or NALP3) as a prominent player. Although the role of NLRP3 in host response to pathogen associated molecular patterns and danger associated molecular patterns is well documented, its role in autoimmune diseases is less well studied. To investigate the role of NLRP3 protein in MS, we used a mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Nlrp3 expression was elevated in the spinal cords during EAE, and Nlrp3−/− mice had a dramatically delayed course and reduced severity of disease. This was accompanied by a significant reduction of the inflammatory infiltrate including macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4, and CD8+ T cells in the spinal cords of the Nlrp3−/− mice, whereas microglial accumulation remained the same. Nlrp3−/− mice also displayed improved histology in the spinal cords with reduced destruction of myelin and astrogliosis. Nlrp3−/− mice with EAE produced less IL-18, and the disease course was similar to Il18−/− mice. Furthermore, Nlrp3−/− and Il18−/− mice had similarly reduced IFN-γ and IL-17 production. Thus, NLRP3 plays a critical role in the induction of the EAE, likely through effects on capase-1–dependent cytokines which then influence Th1 and Th17.
Critical Role for TNF in the Induction of Human Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells by Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
Authors: Kleijwegt Fleur S. , Laban Sandra , Duinkerken Gaby , Joosten Antoinette M. , Zaldumbide Arnaud , Nikolic Tatjana , Roep Bart O. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
TNF is a pleiotropic cytokine with differential effects on immune cells and diseases. Anti-TNF therapy was shown to be effective in rheumatoid arthritis but proved inefficient or even detrimental in other autoimmune diseases. We studied the role of TNF in the induction of Ag-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs) by tolerogenic vitamin D3-modulated human dendritic cells (VD3-DCs), which previously were shown to release high amounts of soluble TNF (sTNF) upon maturation with LPS. First, production of TNF by modulated VD3-DCs was analyzed upon maturation with LPS or CD40L with respect to both secreted (cleaved) TNF (sTNF) and expression of the membrane-bound (uncleaved) form of TNF (mTNF). Next, TNF antagonists were tested for their effect on induction of Ag-specific Tregs by modulated DCs and the subsequent functionality of these Tregs. VD3-DCs expressed greater amounts of mTNF than did control DCs (nontreated DCs), independent of the maturation protocol. Inhibition of TNF with anti-TNF Ab (blocking both sTNF and mTNF) during the priming of Tregs with VD3-DCs prevented generation of Tregs and their suppression of proliferation of CD4+ T cells. In contrast, sTNF receptor II (sTNFRII), mainly blocking sTNF, did not change the suppressive capacity of Tregs. Blocking of TNFRII by anti-CD120b Ab during Treg induction similarly abrogated their subsequent suppressive function. These data point to a specific role for mTNF on VD3-DCs in the induction of Ag-specific Tregs. Interaction between mTNF and TNFRII instructs the induction of suppressive Tregs by VD3-DCs. Anti-TNF therapy may therefore act adversely in different patients or disease pathways.
A Murine Model of Atypical Antipsychotic‐Induced Weight Gain and Metabolic Dysregulation
Authors: Coccurello Roberto , Moles Anna 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn comparison with conventional, first‐generation antipsychotics (e.g., haloperidol), the administration of atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) has been associated with a higher risk of metabolic derangements, including body weight increase, dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, fat accumulation, and even liability to develop type II diabetes. Since this is a serious clinical problem that may be further exacerbated in overweight schizophrenics, establishing animal models of AAP‐induced adverse effects may contribute to clarifying the mechanisms underlying these effects. Here we present three basic protocols by which this problem has been modeled. The three protocols differ in many aspects (routes of administration, extent of the chronic treatment, diets, and dosage regimen), and the pros and cons of each procedure are systematically detailed throughout. It should be noted that several factors (e.g., species, sex, duration, and class of AAPs) could restrict the feasibility of these models, as well as their correspondence to the clinical condition. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 52:9.33.1‐9.33.22. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Web‐Based Analysis and Publication of Flow Cytometry Experiments
Authors: Kotecha Nikesh , Krutzik Peter O. , Irish Jonathan M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCytobank is a Web‐based application for storage, analysis, and sharing of flow cytometry experiments. Researchers use a Web browser to log in and use a wide range of tools developed for basic and advanced flow cytometry. In addition to providing access to standard cytometry tools from any computer, Cytobank creates a platform and community for developing new analysis and publication tools. Figure layouts created on Cytobank are designed to allow transparent access to the underlying experiment annotation and data processing steps. Since all flow cytometry files and analysis data are stored on a central server, experiments and figures can be viewed or edited by anyone with the proper permission, from any computer with Internet access. Once a primary researcher has performed the initial analysis of the data, collaborators can engage in experiment analysis and make their own figure layouts using the gated, compensated experiment files. Cytobank is available to the scientific community at http://www.cytobank.org. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 53:10.17.1‐10.17.24. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High‐Throughput Assessment of Mammalian Cell Viability by Determination of Adenosine Triphosphate Levels
Authors: Tolliday Nicola 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThere are many assays available for high‐throughput assessment of mammalian cell viability or cytotoxicity. Approaches include measurement of metabolic capacity, intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, induction of apoptosis, intracellular esterase and protease activity, and cellular membrane integrity. This unit provides an in‐depth protocol for measurement of cellular ATP levels as a readout of mammalian cell viability, using the CellTiter‐Glo assay from Promega Corporation. A comparison of the key parameters (sensitivity, speed, and cost) for this and other common high‐throughput viability assays is also presented. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 2:153‐161 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.