bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Tennis Ball Problem
Authors: Freeman John M. , Schonbek Tomas , Wei Wandi 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe generalize the original tennis ball problem to the case in which the number of balls received and the number of balls discarded can vary from move to move, and derive formulas solving the problem in that case. We then use these formulas to obtain new and simpler proofs of the relation between the solution to the original tennis ball problem and the Catalan numbers, as well as a considerably simpler proof for the generalization in which a fixed number
Free Standing Silicon as a Compliant Substrate for SiGe
Authors: Cohen G. M. , Mooney P. M. , Chu J.O. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe show that SiGe grown on free-standing silicon is elastically relaxed. The free-standing Si structure consists of a ∼30 nm-thick, 5 μm-square silicon slab supported by a SiO2 pedestal at a single contact point at the center of the square (the cross-section resembles a mushroom). A matrix of free-standing structures was made by patterning a bonded silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer and undercutting the SiO2 to form the pedestal. Un-patterned areas of the SOI wafer and the exposed bulk Si substrate were included as reference regions. A UHVCVD Si0.8Ge0.2 film, about 200 nm-thick, was grown epitaxially on both sides of the free-standing silicon and the surrounding exposed bulk Si. The SiGe was also grown on the un-patterned SOI and bulk substrate control areas. The SiGe film grown on both SOI and bulk silicon was found to be fully strained. In contrast, the SiGe layer grown on free-standing silicon is ∼89% strain-relaxed, and the free-standing silicon film was measured to be under tensile strain. Since the same lattice mismatch was found between the SiGe layer and the Si on the free-standing silicon and on the SOI and bulk Si control regions, we conclude that the strain relaxation of the SiGe film on freestanding Si is elastic with the strain accommodated entirely by the free-standing silicon film under tensile strain. This was further confirmed by AFM measurements. The SiGe film on the control regions showed a very smooth SiGe surface with only a few surface steps originating from misfit dislocations at the SiGe/Si interface. No surface steps from misfit dislocations were observed on the surface of the SiGe film on free-standing Si. These results show that freestanding silicon serves as an ideal compliant substrate for SiGe.
Low Temperature Growth of GaAs on Si Substrates for Ultra-fast Photoconductive Switches
Authors: Ma Kai , Urata Ryohei , Miller David A. B. , Harris James S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe have grown GaAs directly on silicon substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) at low substrate temperatures (∼250 °C). The silicon wafer surface cleaning and GaAs film growth processes were done at temperatures lower than the Si-Al eutectic temperature, in order to enable monolithic integration of low-temperature-grown-GaAs (LT-GaAs) photoconductive switches with Si-CMOS circuits. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), ex situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies were performed to characterize the LT-GaAs film quality. The film surfaces show less than 1 nm root-mean-square (rms) roughness and the anti-phase domain (APD) density is below the XRD detection limit. Metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photoconductive switches were made using this material. A time-resolved electro-optic sampling technique was used to determine the responsivity and speed of the switches. A full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) switching time of ∼2 picoseconds was achieved and the responsivity of switches made from LT-GaAs on Si material was comparable to that of switches made from LT-GaAs on GaAs material.
Acute Sulfonylurea Therapy at Disease Onset Can Cause Permanent Remission of KATP-Induced Diabetes
Authors: Remedi Maria Sara , Agapova Sophia E. , Vyas Arpita K. , Hruz Paul W. , Nichols Colin G. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) can be caused by gain-of-function ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channel mutations. This realization has led to sulfonylurea therapy replacing insulin injections in many patients. In a murine model of KATP-dependent NDM, hyperglycemia and consequent loss of β-cells are both avoided by chronic sulfonylurea treatment. Interestingly, KATP mutations may underlie remitting-relapsing, transient, or permanent forms of the disease in different patients, but the reason for the different outcomes is unknown.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To gain further insight into disease progression and outcome, we examined the effects of very early intervention by injecting NDM mice with high-dose glibenclamide for only 6 days, at the beginning of disease onset, then after the subsequent progression with measurements of blood glucose, islet function, and insulin sensitivity.

RESULTS
Although ∼70% of mice developed severe diabetes after treatment cessation, ∼30% were essentially cured, maintaining near-normal blood glucose until killed. Another group of NDM mice was initiated on oral glibenclamide (in the drinking water), and the dose was titrated daily, to maintain blood glucose &lt;200 mg/dL. In this case, ∼30% were also essentially cured; they were weaned from the drug after ∼4 weeks and again subsequently maintained near-normal blood glucose. These cured mice maintain normal insulin content and were more sensitive to insulin than control mice, a compensatory mechanism that together with basal insulin secretion may be sufficient to maintain near-normal glucose levels.

CONCLUSIONS
At least in a subset of animals, early sulfonylurea treatment leads to permanent remission of NDM. These cured animals exhibit insulin-hypersensitivity. Although untreated NDM mice rapidly lose insulin content and progress to permanently extremely elevated blood glucose levels, early tight control of blood glucose may permit this insulin-hypersensitivity, in combination with maintained basal insulin secretion, to provide long-term remission.
Prevalence and Management of Diabetes and Metabolic Risk Factors in Thai Adults
Authors: Aekplakorn Wichai , Chariyalertsak Suwat , Kessomboon Pattapong , Sangthong Rassamee , Inthawong Rungkarn , Putwatana Panwadee , Taneepanichskul Surasak ,   the Thai National Health Examination Survey IV Study Group
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and undiagnosed and diagnosed diabetes in Thai adults in 2009 and examine the extent of changes in proportions of diagnosis, treatment, and control for blood glucose, high blood pressure, and high total cholesterol between 2004 and 2009.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data from the multistage cross-sectional National Health Examination Survey (NHES) IV of 18,629 Thai adults aged ≥20 years conducted in 2009 were used to analyze and compare with the data from NHES III in 2004.

RESULTS
The prevalence of IFG and diabetes was 10.6 and 7.5%, respectively. Of all diabetes diagnoses, 35.4% were not previously diagnosed, and the proportion was higher in men than in women (47.3 vs. 23.4%, P &lt; 0.05). Compared with those in year 2004, the proportions of individuals with diabetes and concomitant hypertension did not significantly decrease in 2009 in both sexes, but the proportions of women with diabetes who were abdominally obese or had high total cholesterol (≥5.2 mmol/L) significantly increased in 2009 by 18.0 and 23.5%, respectively (all P &lt; 0.01). The rates of treatment and control of blood glucose, high blood pressure, and high total cholesterol were favorably improved in 2009. However, in substantial proportions of individuals with diabetes these concomitants were still controlled suboptimally.

CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of diabetes and IFG remained high in Thai adults. Improvement in detection and control of diabetes and associated metabolic risk factors, particularly obesity and high serum cholesterol, are necessary.
Context‐dependent recruitment of Guettarda viburnoides in a Neotropical forest–savanna mosaic
Authors: Loayza Andrea P. , Loiselle Bette A. , Rios Rodrigo S. 
Published: August 2011

•Premise of the Study: Seed dispersal is a key process for plant regeneration in tropical areas. Differences in disperser behavior result in a nonrandom distribution of seeds among habitats. Patterns of seed dispersal may cascade through the entire recruitment phase or uncoupling between developmental stages may occur such that patterns of seed dispersal are discordant with patterns of recruitment. Here, we analyzed how habitat and interannual variability affect the recruitment dynamics of a bird‐dispersed tree, Guettarda viburnoides (RUB.).•Methods: Over 3 years, we determined the habitats where seeds of G. viburnoides are dispersed, and we experimentally quantified postdispersal seed predation, seedling emergence, and survival in four habitats of a forest–savanna mosaic in Bolivia.•Key Results: Habitat affected seed dispersal, seed predation, and seedling emergence. The strength of postdispersal processes, however, varied between years and no consistent within‐habitat pattern emerged. Uncoupling among different life‐stages was observed across habitats, and spatial concordance was found between seed rain and sapling recruitment patterns.•Conclusions: Habitat can affect seed dispersal, postdispersal processes and the recruitment dynamics of a Neotropical tree in a heterogeneous landscape. Additionally, our results show interannual variability in the strength of postdispersal processes, which leads to shifts in habitat suitability between years. Therefore, to better understand the role of site suitability for recruitment, we need to explicitly consider not only variation in habitat‐specificity for dispersal and postdispersal processes, but also how this variation can shift under different environmental conditions—that is, the context dependence of suitability.
Paleocene Malvaceae from northern South America and their biogeographical implications
Authors: Carvalho Mónica R. , Herrera Fabiany A. , Jaramillo Carlos A. , Wing Scott L. , Callejas Ricardo 
Published: August 2011

• Premise of the study: The clade Bombacoideae + Malvoideae (‘Malvatheca group’ sensu Baum et al.) in Malvaceae comprises a mostly tropical lineage with derived taxa that now thrive in higher latitudes. The sparse fossil record, especially for Malvoideae, obscures interpretations of past distributions. We describe fossil leaves of Malvoideae from the middle‐late Paleocene Cerrejón Formation in Colombia, which contains evidence for the earliest known neotropical rainforest.• Methods: Fifty‐six leaf compressions belonging to Malvaceae were collected from the Cerrejón Formation in northern Colombia. Leaf architectural characters were scored and optimized for 81 genera of Malvaceae. Synapomorphic characters and unique character combinations support natural affinities for the fossil leaves. Fossil pollen from the same formation was also assessed.• Key results: Despite convergence of overall leaf architecture among many Malvaceae, Malvaciphyllum macondicus sp. nov. can be assigned to the clade Eumalvoideae because of distal and proximal bifurcations of the costal secondary and agrophic veins, a synapomorphy for this clade.• Conclusions: The leaf compressions, the oldest fossils for Eumalvoideae, indicate a minimum divergence time of 58–60 Ma, older than existing estimates from molecular analyses of living species. The abundance of eumalvoid leaves and of bombacoid pollen in the midlate Paleocene of Colombia suggests that the Malvatheca group (Malvoideae + Bombacoideae) was already a common element in neotropical forests and does not support an Australasian origin for Eumalvoideae.
Medial Malleolar Fractures: A Biomechanical Study of Fixation Techniques
Authors: Fowler T. Ty , Pugh Kevin J. , Litsky Alan S. , Taylor Benjamin C. , French Bruce G. 
Published: August 2011

Fracture fixation of the medial malleolus in rotationally unstable ankle fractures typically results in healing with current fixation methods. However, when failure occurs, pullout of the screws from tension, compression, and rotational forces is predictable. We sought to biomechanically test a relatively new technique of bicortical screw fixation for medial malleoli fractures. Also, the AO group recommends tension-band fixation of small avulsion type fractures of the medial malleolus that are unacceptable for screw fixation. A well-documented complication of this technique is prominent symptomatic implants and secondary surgery for implant removal. Replacing stainless steel 18-gauge wire with FiberWire suture could theoretically decrease symptomatic implants. Therefore, a second goal was to biomechanically compare these 2 tension-band constructs.
Using a tibial Sawbones model, 2 bicortical screws were compared with 2 unicortical cancellous screws on a servohydraulic test frame in offset axial, transverse, and tension loading. Second, tension-band fixation using stainless steel wire was compared with FiberWire under tensile loads. Bicortical screw fixation was statistically the stiffest construct under tension loading conditions compared to unicortical screw fixation and tension-band techniques with FiberWire or stainless steel wire. In fact, unicortical screw fixation had only 10% of the stiffness as demonstrated in the bicortical technique. In a direct comparison, tension-band fixation using stainless steel wire was statistically stiffer than the FiberWire construct.
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis After TKA Associated With Tibial Component Loosening
Authors: Chung Byung June , Park Yong Bum 
Published: August 2011

There is no known causal link between total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS). There also is no known relationship between PVNS and implant loosening after TKA in the literature. This article presents a case of PVNS in a patient undergoing revision TKA for tibial component loosening. A 74-year-old woman who had undergone cemented bilateral TKA 5 years earlier presented with painful swelling in her right knee. At the time of the primary TKA, no abnormal signs were found in the synovial membrane. Routine follow-up radiographs did not indicate implant loosening. At the patient’s final follow-up examination before revision surgery, a radiolucent lesion was found below the tibial component. During revision surgery, there was focal proliferation of the synovial tissue with heavy pigmentation around the anteromedial part of the tibial component. The abnormal tissue was removed, and the tibial component was exchanged. The articular surface of the polyethylene was not damaged, and backside wear was not found. For the revision surgery, 5-mm thick medial metal block and extension stem were used. Histological analysis of the resected tissue revealed the typical appearance of PVNS.
We present a typical case of PVNS found during revision TKA 5 years after primary TKA. It is hoped this report will encourage surgeons to consider PVNS in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with painful swelling of the knee and to consider PVNS as one of the causes of implant loosening after TKA. Further research about causal factors between PVNS and implant loosening are needed.
Fundamental Group of Simple C*-algebras with Unique Trace III
Authors: Nawata Norio 
Published: August 2011

Abstract We introduce the fundamental group ℱ(A) of a simple σ-inital C*-algebra A with unique (up to scalar multiple) densely defined lower semicontinuous trace. This is a generalization of Fundamental Group of Simple C*-algebras with Unique Trace I and II by Nawata andWatatani. Our definition in this paper makes sense for stably projectionless C*-algebras. We show that there exist separable stably projectionless C*-algebras such that their fundamental groups are equal to ℝ×+ by using the classification theorem of Razak and Tsang. This is a contrast to the unital case in Nawata and Watatani. This study is motivated by the work of Kishimoto and Kumjian.
Smoking-Attributable Health Care Expenditures for US Adults With Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease
Authors: Gu Dian , Sung Hai-Yen , Calfee Carolyn S. , Wang Yingning , Yao Tingting , Max Wendy 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceCigarette smoking is a primary risk factor for chronic lower respiratory disease (CLRD) and is associated with worse symptoms among people with CLRD. It is important to evaluate the economic outcomes of smoking in this population.ObjectiveTo estimate smoking prevalence and cigarette smoking-attributable health care expenditures (SAHEs) for adults with CLRD in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data from the 2014-2018 and 2020 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) and the 2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The final study population, stratified by age 35 to 64 years and 65 years or older, was extracted from the 2014-2018 NHIS data. The data analysis was performed between February 1 and March 31, 2024.ExposuresCigarette smoking, as classified into 4 categories: current smokers, former smokers who quit less than 15 years ago, former smokers who quit 15 or more years ago, and never smokers.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSmoking-attributable health care expenditures were assessed using a prevalence-based annual cost approach. Econometric models for the association between cigarette smoking and health care utilization were estimated for 4 types of health care services: inpatient care, emergency department visits, physician visits, and home health visits.ResultsIn the 2014-2018 NHIS study sample of 13 017 adults, 7400 (weighted 62.4%) were aged 35 to 64 years, 5617 (weighted 37.6%) were 65 years or older, and 8239 (weighted 61.9%) were female. In 2020, among 11 211 222 adults aged 35 to 64 with CLRD, 3 508 504 (31.3%) were current smokers and 3 496 790 (31.2%) were former smokers. Total SAHEs in 2020 for this age group were $13.6 billion, averaging $2752 per current smoker and $1083 per former smoker. In 2020, 7 561 909 adults aged 65 years or older had CLRD, with 1 451 033 (19.2%) being current smokers and 4 104 904 (54.3%) being former smokers. Total SAHEs in 2020 for the older age group were $5.3 billion, averaging $1704 per current smoker and $682 per former smoker. In sum, SAHEs for adults with CLRD aged 35 years or older amounted to $18.9 billion in 2020.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of adults with CLRD, cigarette smoking was associated with a substantial health care burden. The higher per-person SAHEs for current smokers compared with former smokers suggest potential cost savings of developing targeted smoking cessation interventions for this population.
Clinical evaluation of deep learning‐enhanced lymphoma pet imaging with accelerated acquisition
Authors: Li Xu , Pan Boyang , Chen Congxia , Yan Dongyue , Pan Zhenglin , Feng Tao , Liu Hui , Gong Nan‐Jie , Liu Fugeng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPurposeThis study aims to evaluate the clinical performance of a deep learning (DL)‐enhanced two‐fold accelerated PET imaging method in patients with lymphoma.MethodsA total of 123 cases devoid of lymphoma underwent whole‐body 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT scans to facilitate the development of an advanced SAU2Net model, which combines the advantages of U2Net and attention mechanism. This model integrated inputs from simulated 1/2‐dose (0.07 mCi/kg) PET acquisition across multiple slices to generate an estimated standard dose (0.14 mCi/kg) PET scan. Additional 39 cases with confirmed lymphoma pathology were utilized to evaluate the model's clinical performance. Assessment criteria encompassed peak‐signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index (SSIM), a 5‐point Likert scale rated by two experienced physicians, SUV features, image noise in the liver, and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR). Diagnostic outcomes, including lesion numbers and Deauville score, were also compared.ResultsImages enhanced by the proposed DL method exhibited superior image quality (P < 0.001) in comparison to low‐dose acquisition. Moreover, they illustrated equivalent image quality in terms of subjective image analysis and lesion maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) as compared to the standard acquisition method. A linear regression model with y = 1.017x + 0.110 () can be established between the enhanced scans and the standard acquisition for lesion SUVmax. With enhancement, increased signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), CNR, and reduced image noise were observed, surpassing those of the standard acquisition. DL‐enhanced PET images got diagnostic results essentially equavalent to standard PET images according to two experienced readers.ConclusionThe proposed DL method could facilitate a 50% reduction in PET imaging duration for lymphoma patients, while concurrently preserving image quality and diagnostic accuracy.
A 3D Bioprinted Cortical Organoid Platform for Modeling Human Brain Development
Authors: Cadena Melissa A. , Sing Anson , Taylor Kylie , Jin Linqi , Ning Liqun , Salar Amoli Mehdi , Singh Yamini , Lanjewar Samantha N. , Tomov Martin L. , Serpooshan Vahid , Sloan Steven A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe ability to promote three‐dimensional (3D) self‐organization of induced pluripotent stem cells into complex tissue structures called organoids presents new opportunities for the field of developmental biology. Brain organoids have been used to investigate principles of neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric disorders and serve as a drug screening and discovery platform. However, brain organoid cultures are currently limited by a lacking ability to precisely control their extracellular environment. Here, this work employs 3D bioprinting to generate a high‐throughput, tunable, and reproducible scaffold for controlling organoid development and patterning. Additionally, this approach supports the coculture of organoids and vascular cells in a custom architecture containing interconnected endothelialized channels. Printing fidelity and mechanical assessments confirm that fabricated scaffolds closely match intended design features and exhibit stiffness values reflective of the developing human brain. Using organoid growth, viability, cytoarchitecture, proliferation, and transcriptomic benchmarks, this work finds that organoids cultured within the bioprinted scaffold long‐term are healthy and have expected neuroectodermal differentiation. Lastly, this work confirms that the endothelial cells (ECs) in printed channel structures can migrate toward and infiltrate into the embedded organoids. This work demonstrates a tunable 3D culturing platform that can be used to create more complex and accurate models of human brain development and underlying diseases.