bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single-Nucleotide Changes in the HIV Rev-Response Element Mediate Resistance to Compounds That Inhibit Rev Function
Authors: Shuck-Lee Deidra , Chang Hua , Sloan Emily A. , Hammarskjold Marie-Louise , Rekosh David 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Previously we described the identification of two compounds (3-amino-5-ethyl-4,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide [103833] and 4-amino-6-methoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile [104366]) that interfered with HIV replication through the inhibition of Rev function. We now describe resistant viral variants that arose after drug selection, using virus derived from two different HIV proviral clones, NL4-3 and R7/3. With HIV
NL4-3
, each compound selected a different single point mutation in the Rev response element (RRE) at the bottom of stem-loop IIC. Either mutation led to the lengthening of the stem-loop IIC stem by an additional base pair, creating an RRE that was more responsive to lower concentrations of Rev than the wild type. Surprisingly, wild-type HIV
R7/3
was also found to be inhibited when tested with these compounds, in spite of the fact this virus already has an RNA stem-loop IIC similar to the one in the resistant NL4-3 variant. When drug resistance was selected in HIV
R7/3
, a virus arose with two nucleotide changes that mapped to the envelope region outside the RRE. One of these nucleotide changes was synonymous with respect to
env
, and one was not. The combination of both nucleotide changes appeared to be necessary for the resistance phenotype as the individual point mutations by themselves did not convey resistance. Thus, although drug-resistant variants can be generated with both viral strains, the underlying mechanism is clearly different. These results highlight that minor nucleotide changes in HIV RNA, outside the primary Rev binding site, can significantly alter the efficiency of the Rev/RRE pathway.
Head-to-head comparison between echocardiography and cardiac MRI in the evaluation of the athlete's heart
Authors: Prakken Niek H J , Teske Arco J , Cramer Maarten J , Mosterd Arend , Bosker Annieke C , Mali Willem P , Doevendans Pieter A , Velthuis Birgitta K 
Published: January 2011

ObjectiveEchocardiographic cut-off values are often used for cardiac MRI in athletic persons. This study investigates the difference between echocardiographic and cardiac MRI measurements of ventricular and atrial dimensions and ventricular wall thickness, and its effect on volume and wall mass prediction in athletic subjects compared with non-athletic controls.MethodsHealthy non-athletic (59), regular athletic (59) and elite athletic (63) persons, aged 18–39 years and training 2.5±1.9, 13.0±3.0 and 25.0±5.4 h/week, respectively (p<0.001), underwent echocardiography and cardiac MRI consecutively. Left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) dimensions were measured on both modalities. LV and RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes and LV wall mass were determined on cardiac MRI. Echocardiographic M-mode LV volumes (Teichholz formula) and LV wall mass (American Society of Echocardiography formula) were calculated.ResultsLV and RV dimensions were smaller on echocardiography (p<0.001), and although the correlation with the cardiac MRI volume was good (p<0.01), the difference in volume was large (LV end-diastolic volume difference 93±32 g, p<0.001). LV wall thickness and calculated wall mass were significantly (p<0.001) larger on echocardiography (wall mass difference −101±34 g, p<0.001). Differences in absolute dimensions did not change significantly between non-athletic and athletic persons; however, the difference in echocardiographic estimations of LV volumes and wall mass did increase significantly with the larger athlete's heart, requiring possible correction of the standard echocardiographic formulas.ConclusionsEchocardiography shows systematically smaller atrial and ventricular dimensions and volumes, and larger wall thickness and mass, compared with cardiac MRI. Correction for the echocardiographic formulas can facilitate better intertechnique comparability. These findings should be taken into account in the interpretation of cardiac MRI findings in athletic subjects in whom cardiomyopathy is suspected on echocardiography.
Effects of Cooperating and Conflicting Prosody in Spoken English Garden Path Sentences: ERP Evidence for the Boundary Deletion Hypothesis
Authors: Pauker Efrat , Itzhak Inbal , Baum Shari R. , Steinhauer Karsten 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
In reading, a comma in the wrong place can cause more severe misunderstandings than the lack of a required comma. Here, we used ERPs to demonstrate that a similar effect holds for prosodic boundaries in spoken language. Participants judged the acceptability of temporarily ambiguous English “garden path” sentences whose prosodic boundaries were either in line or in conflict with the actual syntactic structure. Sentences with incongruent boundaries were accepted less than those with missing boundaries and elicited a stronger on-line brain response in ERPs (N400/P600 components). Our results support the notion that mentally deleting an overt prosodic boundary is more costly than postulating a new one and extend previous findings, suggesting an immediate role of prosody in sentence comprehension. Importantly, our study also provides new details on the profile and temporal dynamics of the closure positive shift (CPS), an ERP component assumed to reflect prosodic phrasing in speech and music in real time. We show that the CPS is reliably elicited at the onset of prosodic boundaries in English sentences and is preceded by negative components. Its early onset distinguishes the speech CPS in adults both from prosodic ERP correlates in infants and from the “music CPS” previously reported for trained musicians.
Perceptual and Conceptual Priming of Environmental Sounds
Authors: Schirmer Annett , Soh Yong Hao , Penney Trevor B. , Wyse Lonce 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
It is still unknown whether sonic environments influence the processing of individual sounds in a similar way as discourse or sentence context influences the processing of individual words. One obstacle to answering this question has been the failure to dissociate perceptual (i.e., how similar are sonic environment and target sound?) and conceptual (i.e., how related are sonic environment and target?) priming effects. In this study, we dissociate these effects by creating prime–target pairs with a purely perceptual or both a perceptual and conceptual relationship. Perceptual prime–target pairs were derived from perceptual–conceptual pairs (i.e., meaningful environmental sounds) by shuffling the spectral composition of primes and targets so as to preserve their perceptual relationship while making them unrecognizable. Hearing both original and shuffled targets elicited a more positive N1/P2 complex in the ERP when targets were related to a preceding prime as compared with unrelated. Only related original targets reduced the N400 amplitude. Related shuffled targets tended to decrease the amplitude of a late temporo-parietal positivity. Taken together, these effects indicate that sonic environments influence first the perceptual and then the conceptual processing of individual sounds. Moreover, the influence on conceptual processing is comparable to the influence linguistic context has on the processing of individual words.
Critical Thoughts on the Politics of Immanence
Authors: Mandarini Matteo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis intervention aims to question the opposition between a ‘politics of immanence’ and a ‘politics of transcendence’ through a critical assessment of some contemporary philosophical approaches to politics and a reappraisal of Mario Tronti’s account of the autonomy of the political. I shall argue that the contrast between immanence and transcendence is ultimately politically disabling, as it fails to provide an adequate position from which to situate a political thinking and practice.
Oktyabr’skaya Revolyutsiya i Fabzavkomy [The October Revolution and Factory-Committees], edited by Steve A. Smith, London: Kraus International Publications, 1983 Oktyabr’skaya Revolyutsia i Fabzavkomy, Volume 3, Second Edition, edited by Yoshimasa Tsuji, Tokyo: Waseda University, 2001 Oktyabr’skaya Revolyutsiya i Fabzavkomy: Materialy po istorii fabrichno-zavodskikh komitetov, Volume 4, edited by Yoshimasa Tsuji, St Petersburg: St Petersburg University Press, 2002
Authors: Flenley Paul 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe article re-examines the key debates concerning the relationship between the Russian factory-committee movement and the Bolshevik Party and Soviet state in 1917‐18. It does so with reference to a four-volume collection of documents in Russian on the history of the factory-committees in 1917/18 which first began to be published in 1927 and completed publication in 2002. Rather than the traditional totalitarian view of a movement which was cynically manipulated and dominated by an authoritarian party, what emerges is a much more complex and dynamic relationship. The article in particular argues that the so-called bureaucratisation of the factory-committee movement after the October Revolution emerged out of the practical dilemmas faced by the committees in the economic chaos of 1917/18 and the factory-committee leaders’ own desires to promote a rational, planned alternative to that chaos.
Impersonal Power. History and Theory of the Bourgeois State, Heide Gerstenberger, translated by David Fernbach, Historical Materialism Book Series, Leiden: Brill 2007.
Authors: Parker David 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHeide Gerstenberger’s book offers a comparative view of the origins and emergence of the bourgeois state in England and France. Both, according to her, emerged out of ancien-régime type structures which were themselves distinct from feudalism. Whilst recognising the value of Gerstenberger’s attempt to avoid economic reductionism when explaining changing power-structures, it is suggested that analytical tools such as ‘class’, ‘mode of production’ and the ‘state’, which she confines to capitalism, do have considerable utility for the analysis of precapitalist régimes. More importantly, it is suggested that her attempt to maintain that in England, as in France, an ancien-régime type society endured at least to the end of the eighteenth century obscures the fundamentally divergent paths taken by the two countries. This is compounded by her rejection of the idea of a French absolutism and an underestimation of the extent to which power-structures in England were modified by the precocious development of capitalism. Whilst suggesting that a bourgeois public space was able to develop in the interstices of structures of the ancien régime, Gersternberger fails to recognise the extent to which this had transformed the English polity by the mid-seventeenth century.
A Compass for the Sunflower
Authors: Gottesfeld Dorit 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper examines the distinctiveness in content and style of narrative texts written by prominent Palestinian women writers from Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, and the Diaspora, from 1948 to the present day. The paper diachronically examines the changes and developments that have taken place from period to period. It also synchronically examines the characteristics common to works from the same period and the differences between one writing locus and another. It shows that over the years, the writing of Palestinian women writers has become more refined in thematic and stylistic terms, while combining personal with national issues. Although the female self in the works of Palestinian women writers has become increasingly accentuated, the political dimension does not disappear from their work, and seems to be laying in wait to burst forth at any opportunity.
Gamete Donation and the Role of Religious Leaders in Iran
Authors: Moinifar Heshmat S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn recent years, infertility has been considered as a medical problem as well as a social problem, thus couples have sought medical assistance to overcome childlessness. The introduction, however, of a third party in the creation of a child is supposedly highly problematic in many developing countries, including Iran. After the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the government dismantled family planning programs, although at the time there were no serious debates and policies on assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). In 1989, the government reversed its policies and since then has had one of the most successful family planning programs in the region. In this regard, other than socio-economic factors, opinion of jurists have influenced family planning programs and related issues like ARTs in Iran, thus the position of religious leaders has had a direct effect on how Iran has achieved its development goals including ARTs. Iran is the only Muslim country in the world in which ARTs using donor gametes and embryos have been legitimized by religious authorities and passed into law. This has placed Iran as a Shi‘a-dominant country in a quite distinguished position vis-à-vis the Sunni Islamic world, where all forms of gamete donation, based on many studies, are strictly prohibited.In this article, the “Iranian ART Revolution” that has allowed donor technologies to be admitted as a form of assisted reproduction technology will be examined. In this regard, an attempt is made to explore religious leaders’ positive and negative views toward this issue. Thus, the verdicts or fatwas of mojtahedin in the context will be discussed. After providing a brief review of different opinions of mojtahedin, these differentiations through in-depth interviews with two prominent mojtaheds, Ayatollahs Mousavi Ardabili and Sobhani in 2007 on ARTs will be discussed to enrich the argument.
A Response to Muslim Countries’ Reservations Against Full Implementation of CEDAW
Authors: Sonbol Amira el-Azhary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to show the contradictions between Islamic law as presented by the Quran and Sunna and the justifications used by Muslim countries to hold reservations against the full application of the CEDAW Convention. More specifically, Article 16 of the CEDAW Convention constitutes the focus of this study with reference to other articles of pertinence to the larger issue of women’s equality.
Steps toward Peace in Civil Wars in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Disaggregate Approach to Civil War Settlements
Authors: Pearson Frederic S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRegardless of the types of civil conflict settlements, all parties generally enter into some sorts of tacit or direct bargaining in the course of civil conflict, namely, in steps toward peace. In contrast to a basically static framework employed in much of existing literature on civil war settlements and mediation, this article proposes a disaggregate approach to dynamic and multi-phase processes in civil conflict termination via negotiations. We illustrate a conceptual and theoretical framework to examine four steps in civil conflict settlements in a large-N research program. In so doing, we present an initial effort to construct a dyadic dataset isolating processes that allow civil conflict settlements to progress or regress between low and higher levels of agreement in the Asia-Pacific region from 1990 to 2005. We discuss a set of preliminary simple statistical results for the four distinct settlement phases in the context of conflict and rebel characteristics. Among the findings of note, third parties provide important assistance in nurturing successful negotiations especially in the context of waning insurgent strength. Peace proposals originate most frequently from governments, and seem to hinge especially on opponents’ battlefield advantages. Evidence of mutually hurting stalemates is also found. In the article’s conclusion we elaborate a long-term research agenda.
Domestic Unrest and the Initiation of Negotiations
Authors: Ghosn Faten 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe main argument of this article is that we need to incorporate domestic-pressure arguments into conflict management studies and, at the same time, we need to include conflict-management opportunities in the study of domestic-international theory. This study looks at the impact of domestic incentives on a state’s decision to negotiate. The primary hypothesis is that domestic turmoil will increase the likelihood that rival states with a history of aggressive interaction shift their foreign policy to a more accommodative one. Testing my argument on strategic rivals between 1945 and 1995, I find that after controlling for the factors of history and level of hostility between the rivals, anti-government unrest actually increases the likelihood of negotiations taking place, while acts threatening the downfall of the regime tend to decrease the chance of witnessing negotiations.
Peril by Proxy: Negotiating Conflicts in East Africa
Authors: Brewer Cecily G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA proxy war is a conflict in which one party fights its adversary via another party rather than engaging that party in direct conflict. This article discusses two examples: the Sudan-Ugandan proxy war of the 1990s and the Sudan-Chad proxy war that has fed the conflict in Darfur. In these cases, the states aimed to alter regional power structures through cross-border rebel support. This support generated a perpetual Prisoners’ Dilemma whereby the patron governments refused to end proxy support unless the other side did as well, but had little reason to trust that the other side would do so. The Sudan-Uganda and Sudan-Chad peace processes succeeded in reaching agreement, but failed in implementation. Permanent resolution of such complex, persistent, and deadly conflicts requires conflict analyses that take a regional view; conflict mediation that seeks to alter the underlying conflict dynamics through addressing the motivations of both patrons and proxies; and implementation agreements backed by strong guarantees.
Sudan: In a Procrustean Bed with Crisis
Authors: Smith Stephen W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCivil war in Sudan ‐ first between the North and the South, then in Darfur ‐ extends over half a century, interrupted only by a spell of uneasy peace between 1972 and 1983. Over time, a number of analytical templates have been propounded to account for the quasi-permanent crisis. The causes for conflict in Sudan have thus been pegged to the legacy of colonialism, ethno-religious divide, Islamist terrorism, a resource war, state failure, regional conflict concatenation, genocide, and a “turbulent state paradigm” (Alex de Waal). This article takes stock of the various frameworks offered for explanation both in academic writing and the broader media discourse on Sudan. The critical assessment provides for a rehearsal of available scholarship and leads to three interlocking conclusions: (1) the translation of local/national conflict into relevant international language is a form of reciprocal resource mobilization; (2) conflict analysis, and with all the more reason conflict management, are always part of the unfolding crisis they strive to come to terms with; and (3) conflict analysis ought to be predicated on an “uncertainty principle” akin to the one postulated by Werner Heisenberg for quantum physics, because the momentum of a conflict and its analytical fixation inexorably escape each other.
Peripheral Vestibular System in Down Syndrome
Authors: Inagaki Taro , Morita Norimasa , Cureoglu Sebahattin , Schachern Patricia A. , Nomiya Shigenobu , Nomiya Rie , Paparella Michael M. 
Published: January 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate the maturity of the peripheral vestibular system in Down syndrome by examining the number of Scarpa’s ganglion cells and the density of vestibular hair cells.Study DesignCase‐control study using human temporal bones.SettingTertiary academic center, otopathology laboratory.Subjects and MethodsSixteen temporal bones from 8 patients with Down syndrome and 15 control temporal bones from 8 individuals with no history of otologic disease were selected. Hypoplasia of the lateral semicircular canal (LSC) and vestibule was investigated by measuring the dimensions of the structures. Scarpa’s ganglion cells were counted under light microscopy. The vestibular hair cells were counted in the LSC crista and the utricular and saccular maculae under differential interference contrast (Nomarski) microscopy and expressed as density.ResultsThe patients with Down syndrome were divided into 2 groups: with and without LSC hypoplasia. The number of Scarpa’s ganglion cells and the density of vestibular hair cells were significantly smaller in both groups of patients with Down syndrome than in the control group. There was no significant difference in the number of Scarpa’s ganglion cells or the density of vestibular hair cells between the groups with and without LSC hypoplasia.ConclusionThe peripheral vestibular system, including Scarpa’s ganglion cells and vestibular hair cells, is hypoplastic irrespective of the vestibular malformation in Down syndrome.
Effect of Orogastric Tubes on Aspiration Status and Recommendations for Oral Feeding
Authors: Leder Steven B. , Lazarus Cathy L. , Suiter Debra M. , Acton Lynn M. 
Published: February 2011

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects, if any, of the presence of an orogastric tube on incidence of aspiration and oral diet recommendations.Study DesignCase series with planned data collection.SettingLarge, urban, tertiary care teaching hospital.Subjects and MethodsReferred sample of 10 consecutively enrolled inpatients (2 pediatric, aged 17 days and 3 months, respectively; and 8 adults, mean age 63 years). An orogastric tube was present for the first videofluoroscopic swallowing study or fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and then removed for the second swallow study.ResultsThere were no significant differences (P = 1.0) for both overall incidence of aspiration and aspiration by food consistency (liquid or puree) dependent on orogastric tube presence. All 9 participants recommended for an oral diet ate successfully.ConclusionsAn orogastric tube did not affect incidence of aspiration. A videofluoroscopic or endoscopic evaluation of swallowing can be performed with an orogastric tube present, and there is no contraindication to keeping an orogastric tube in place to supplement oral alimentation until prandial nutrition is adequate.