bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research progress of mushroom drying pretreatment technology
Authors: Yang Jie , Wang Yunfeng , Li Ming , Peng Cuixian , Liu Qi , Guan Xiaokang , Liang Zhongwei , Wang Qian 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMushrooms are delicious foodstuffs that are rich in nutrients, but they have high moisture contents and are easily spoiled. While mushrooms are usually preserved by drying, the process tends to reduce quality, and it takes a long time and consumes a large amount of energy. To improve the mushroom drying efficiency and quality, pretreatment is often conducted. In this review, a comprehensive summary of commonly used pretreatments for mushroom drying is provided. Moreover, the effects of various pretreatments on the drying rate and quality characteristics of mushrooms are summarized, and their respective advantages and limitations are analyzed. Furthermore, the application and development prospects of various mushroom drying pretreatments are analyzed and discussed.Practical applicationsThe pretreatment before mushroom drying can shorten drying time, maintain the optimal color and taste of dried mushroom, and reduce nutrient loss. This review summarizes two types of pretreatment methods used in mushroom drying: thermal pretreatment and nonthermal pretreatment. It can provide reference for the application and research of pretreatment in mushroom drying, and also provide new ideas for the optimization of industrial mushroom drying processes.
Linearizing nonlinear gravity models: Biased BvOLS versus unbiased alternatives
Authors: Egger Peter H. , Pfaffermayr Michael 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe use of high‐dimensional fixed‐effects estimation has become customary with the estimation of gravity models of bilateral trade, migration, or commuting as outcome. However, fixed‐effects methods can be used without incidental‐parameter bias in a very small set of stochastic models. Alternatives to fixed‐effects estimation are iterative‐structural model estimation or linearizations of the structural model. Baier and Bergstrand deployed such a linearization. While easy to implement, the approach has drawbacks related to the approximation point and lack of observability of ingredients needed for the linearization. This compromises empirical work. The present paper provides a remedy to this problem by linearizing at the observed trade equilibrium.
Carbon isotope trends across a century of herbarium specimens suggest CO2 fertilization of C4 grasses
Authors: del Toro Isa , Case Madelon F. , Karp Allison T. , Slingsby Jasper A. , Staver A. Carla 
Published: May 2024

Summary

Increasing atmospheric CO2 is changing the dynamics of tropical savanna vegetation. C3 trees and grasses are known to experience CO2 fertilization, whereas responses to CO2 by C4 grasses are more ambiguous.

Here, we sample stable carbon isotope trends in herbarium collections of South African C4 and C3 grasses to reconstruct 13C discrimination.

We found that C3 grasses showed no trends in 13C discrimination over the past century but that C4 grasses increased their 13C discrimination through time, especially since 1950. These changes were most strongly linked to changes in atmospheric CO2 rather than to trends in rainfall climatology or temperature.

Combined with previously published evidence that grass biomass has increased in C4‐dominated savannas, these trends suggest that increasing water‐use efficiency due to CO2 fertilization may be changing C4 plant–water relations. CO2 fertilization of C4 grasses may thus be a neglected pathway for anthropogenic global change in tropical savanna ecosystems.
Can plants build their niche through modulation of soil microbial activities linked with nitrogen cycling? A test with Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Przybylska Maria Stefania , Violle Cyrille , Vile Denis , Scheepens J. F. , Munoz François , Tenllado Álvaro , Vinyeta Mariona , Le Roux Xavier , Vasseur François 
Published: May 2024

Summary

In natural systems, different plant species have been shown to modulate specific nitrogen (N) cycling processes so as to meet their N demand, thereby potentially influencing their own niche. This phenomenon might go beyond plant interactions with symbiotic microorganisms and affect the much less explored plant interactions with free‐living microorganisms involved in soil N cycling, such as nitrifiers and denitrifiers.

Here, we investigated variability in the modulation of soil nitrifying and denitrifying enzyme activities (NEA and DEA, respectively), and their ratio (NEA : DEA), across 193 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. We studied the genetic and environmental determinants of such plant–soil interactions, and effects on plant biomass production in the next generation.

We found that NEA, DEA, and NEA : DEA varied c. 30‐, 15‐ and 60‐fold, respectively, among A. thaliana genotypes and were related to genes linked with stress response, flowering, and nitrate nutrition, as well as to soil parameters at the geographic origin of the analysed genotypes. Moreover, plant‐mediated N cycling activities correlated with the aboveground biomass of next‐generation plants in home vs away nonautoclaved soil, suggesting a transgenerational impact of soil biotic conditioning on plant performance.

Altogether, these findings suggest that nutrient‐based plant niche construction may be much more widespread than previously thought.
Two lysin motif extracellular (LysMe) proteins are deployed in rice to facilitate arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis
Authors: Tian Li , Hao Yi‐ming , Guo Rui , Guo Hao‐ran , Cheng Jian‐fei , Liu Tai‐rong , Liu Hao , Lu Guihua , Wang Bin 
Published: May 2024

Summary

During arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, plant innate immunity is modulated to a prime state to allow for fungal colonization. The underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored. In this study, two rice genes encoding LysM extracellular (LysMe) proteins were investigated.

By obtaining OsLysMepro:GUS transgenic plants and generating oslysme1, oslysme2 and oslysme1oslysme2 mutants via CRISPR/Cas9 technique, OsLysMe genes were revealed to be specifically induced in the arbusculated cells and mutations in either gene caused significantly reduced root colonization rate by AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Overexpression of OsLysMe1 or OsLysMe2 dramatically increased the colonization rates in rice and Medicago truncatula.

The electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual‐luciferase reporter assay supported that OsLysMe genes are regulated by OsWRI5a. Either OsLysMe1 or OsLysMe2 can efficiently rescue the impaired AM phenotype of the mtlysme2 mutant, supporting a conserved function of LysMe across monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.

The co‐localization of OsLysMe proteins with the apoplast marker SP‐OsRAmy3A implies their probable localization to the periarbuscular space (PAS) during symbiosis. Relative to the fungal biomass marker RiTEF, some defense‐related genes showed disproportionately high expression levels in the oslysme mutants. These data support that rice plants deploy two OsLysMe proteins to facilitate AM symbiosis, likely by diminishing plant defense responses.
Elevated aerosol enhances plant water‐use efficiency by increasing carbon uptake while reducing water loss
Authors: Wang Bin , Wang Zhenhua , Wang Chengzhang , Wang Xin , Jia Zhou , Liu Lingli 
Published: May 2024

Summary

Aerosols could significantly influence ecosystem carbon and water fluxes, potentially altering their interconnected dynamics, typically characterized by water‐use efficiency (WUE). However, our understanding of the underlying ecophysiological mechanisms remains limited due to insufficient field observations.

We conducted 4‐yr measurements of leaf photosynthesis and transpiration, as well as 3‐yr measurements of stem growth (SG) and sap flow of poplar trees exposed to natural aerosol fluctuation, to elucidate aerosol's impact on plant WUE.

We found that aerosol improved sun leaf WUE mainly because a sharp decline in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) inhibited its transpiration, while photosynthesis was less affected, as the negative effect induced by declined PAR was offset by the positive effect induced by low leaf vapor pressure deficit (VPDleaf). Conversely, diffuse radiation fertilization (DRF) effect stimulated shade leaf photosynthesis with minimal impact on transpiration, leading to an improved WUE. The responses were further verified by a strong DRF on SG and a decrease in sap flow due to the suppresses in total radiation and VPD.

Our field observations indicate that, contrary to the commonly assumed coupling response, carbon uptake and water use exhibited dissimilar reactions to aerosol pollution, ultimately enhancing WUE at the leaf and canopy level.
Political determinants of government transparency: Evidence from open government data initiatives
Authors: Hong Sounman , Ji Suho , Kim Taek Kyu 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe increasing availability of extensive governmental data, technological advancements, and a rising standard for government openness are encouraging global governments to implement open data initiatives. While some governments are actively adapting to these trends, others remain behind, despite the pressure. This research explores the political and administrative reasons behind these differences. By analyzing how local governments in South Korea handled requests for open data from citizens between 2007 and 2016, the study highlights the importance of political competition and administrative strength in fostering government transparency and effectively addressing citizen data requests. The study assesses open government data based on its scope, time, and quality, finding that higher levels of electoral competition and better administrative capabilities contribute to increased transparency and responsiveness. However, the study's use of a regression discontinuity design reveals that the political party controlling local governments had minimal influence on these factors.Related ArticlesHeo, Inhye. 2013. “The Political Economy of Policy Gridlock in South Korea: The Case of the Lee Myung‐bak Government's Green Growth Policy.” Politics & Policy 41(4): 509–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12029.Heo, Inhye. 2022. “Energy Democratization Policy without Democratization of Policy Governance in South Korea: A Participatory Democracy Perspective.” Politics & Policy 50(4): 834–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12480.Nam, Aerang, and Christopher M. Weible. 2023. “Examining Experts' Discourse in South Korea's Nuclear Power Policy Making: An Advocacy Coalition Framework Approach to Policy Knowledge.” Politics & Policy 51(2): 201–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12522.
What is the impact of simulation‐based training for paediatric procedures on patient outcomes, cost and latent safety threats?
Authors: Graef Samuel E. , Karimi Nima , Xu Maggie , Petropoulos Jo‐Anne , Ngo Quang N. , Bilgic Elif 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBackgroundSimulation‐based training (SBT) provides a safe space for medical trainees to experience realistic scenarios. SBT has been found to improve trainee performance in paediatric procedures. However, limited evidence exists regarding its effects on higher‐level outcomes. This scoping review aims to identify studies that investigate the impact of SBT for procedural skills on T3 (patient outcomes) and T4 level outcomes (latent safety threats [LSTs], and hospital level costs) in paediatrics.MethodsFull‐text articles were included if they focused on medical trainees, used simulation training for paediatric procedures and reported T3/T4 level outcomes. Six databases were searched from January 2011 to September 2022. Search strategies were developed with the assistance of a librarian. Three independent reviewers performed pilot screenings before title/abstract and full‐text screenings. A data extraction sheet was created to gather information on interventions, outcomes, research design, and other study characteristics.FindingsAfter title/abstract screening of 4,076 sources, 50 were included for full‐text review, with 15 articles selected for data extraction. Four were randomised control studies (RCTs), fourteen focused on T3 level outcomes including mortality rates, and one measured LSTs. There were no studies reporting cost‐related data. Three of the studies focused on bag‐and‐mask ventilation, and eight mentioned the use of mannequins.DiscussionWe highlight the potential effectiveness of simulation‐based training of paediatric procedural skills in improving patient outcomes, such as reduced mortality rates and incidence of illness/injury.ConclusionThough the quality of research designs was low, researchers used different simulation modalities and outcome measures and showed a positive impact of SBT(e.g., decreased mortality rates).
Totally deranged elements of almost simple groups and invariable generating sets
Authors: Harper Scott 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBy a classical theorem of Jordan, every faithful transitive action of a non‐trivial finite group has a derangement (an element with no fixed points). The existence of derangements with additional properties has attracted much attention, especially for faithful primitive actions of almost simple groups. In this paper, we show that an almost simple group can have an element that is a derangement in every faithful primitive action, and we call these elements totally deranged. In fact, we classify the totally deranged elements of all almost simple groups, showing that an almost simple group contains a totally deranged element only if the socle of is or with . Using this, we classify the invariable generating sets of a finite simple group of the form where and , answering a question of Garzoni. As a final application, we classify the elements of almost simple groups that are contained in a unique maximal subgroup in the case where is not core‐free, which complements the recent work of Guralnick and Tracey addressing the case where is core‐free.
Thermoelasticity Determined Stresses in Inclined-Loaded Finite-Width Plate Having Two Transversely Aligned Different-Size Neighboring Holes
Authors: Khaja A. A. , Rowlands R. E. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
An incline-loaded finite aluminum plate containing two different-size colinear round holes is stress analyzed from associated thermal data. The neighboring holes, which are aligned with the width of the plate, are sufficiently close together than their stress fields interact. While results are supported here by those from finite elements and strain gages, a motivation for the presented approach is for where finite element methods are impracticable, e.g., when loads are unreliable or unavailable. Representative of situations when applied loads are not well-known, the present finite element results, while acceptable, are not as reliable as those from strain gages. The present methodology is applicable to other geometries or loading as well as to members fabricated from nonisotropic materials. The technique can provide stress concentrations in finite perforated geometries for varying distance between holes. This ability was previously limited to infinite members. Some of the highlights are as follows: (1) Experimentally determine stresses throughout region containing different-diameter holes whose stresses interact. (2) Colinear holes in inclined finite tensile plate transversely aligned to its longitudinal direction. (3) Suitable for isotropic or anisotropic materials. (4) Valid for other loading conditions or geometries. (5) Important design implications for pressure-vessel members.
Comparative Effects of Advanced Footwear Technology in Track Spikes and Road-Racing Shoes on Running Economy
Authors: Joubert Dustin P. , Oehlert Garrett M. , Jones Eric J. , Burns Geoffrey T. 
Published: May 2024

Purpose: Determine the effects of advanced footwear technology (AFT) in track spikes and road-racing shoes on running economy (RE). Methods: Four racing shoes (3 AFT and 1 control) and 3 track spikes (2 AFT and 1 control) were tested in 9 male distance runners on 2 visits. Shoes were tested in a random sequence over 5-minute trials on visit 1 (7 trials at 16 km·h−1; 5-min rest between trials) and in the reverse/mirrored order on visit 2. Metabolic data were collected and averaged across visits. Results: There were significant differences across footwear conditions for oxygen consumption (F = 13.046; P < .001) and energy expenditure (F = 14.710; P < .001). Oxygen consumption (in milliliters per kilogram per minute) in both the first AFT spike (49.1 [1.7]; P < .001; dz = 2.1) and the other AFT spike (49.3 [1.7]; P < .001; dz = 1.7) was significantly lower than the control spike (50.2 [1.6]), which represented a 2.1% (1.0%) and 1.8% (1.0%) improvement in RE, respectively, for the AFT spikes. When comparing the subjects’ most economic shoe by oxygen consumption (49.0 [1.5]) against their most economic spike (49.0 [1.8]), there were no statistical differences (P = .82). Similar statistical conclusions were made when comparing energy expenditure (in watts per kilogram). Conclusions: AFT track spikes improved RE ∼2% relative to a traditional spike. Despite their heavier mass, AFT shoes resulted in similar RE as AFT spikes. This could make the AFT shoe an attractive option for longer track races, particularly in National Collegiate Athletic Association and high school athletics, where there are no stack-height rules.
Metabolic flux regulates growth transitions and antibiotic tolerance in uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
Authors: Morrison Josiah J. , Madden Ellen K. , Banas Daniel A. , DiBiasio Eric C. , Hansen Mads , Krogfelt Karen A. , Rowley David C. , Cohen Paul S. , Camberg Jodi L. 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Reducing growth and limiting metabolism are strategies that allow bacteria to survive exposure to environmental stress and antibiotics. During infection, uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC) may enter a quiescent state that enables them to reemerge after the completion of successful antibiotic treatment. Many clinical isolates, including the well-characterized UPEC strain CFT073, also enter a metabolite-dependent, quiescent state
in vitro
that is reversible with cues, including peptidoglycan-derived peptides and amino acids. Here, we show that quiescent UPEC is antibiotic tolerant and demonstrate that metabolic flux in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle regulates the UPEC quiescent state via succinyl-CoA. We also demonstrate that the transcriptional regulator complex integration host factor and the FtsZ-interacting protein ZapE, which is important for
E. coli
division during stress, are essential for UPEC to enter the quiescent state. Notably, in addition to engaging FtsZ and late-stage cell division proteins, ZapE also interacts directly with TCA cycle enzymes in bacterial two-hybrid assays. We report direct interactions between the succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit SdhC, the late-stage cell division protein FtsN, and ZapE. These interactions may enable communication between oxidative metabolism and the cell division machinery in UPEC. Moreover, these interactions are conserved in an
E. coli
K-12 strain. This work suggests that there is coordination among the two fundamental and essential pathways that regulate overall growth, quiescence, and antibiotic susceptibility.

IMPORTANCE

Uropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(UPEC) are the leading cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Upon invasion into bladder epithelial cells, UPEC establish quiescent intracellular reservoirs that may lead to antibiotic tolerance and recurrent UTIs. Here, we demonstrate using an
in vitro
system that quiescent UPEC cells are tolerant to ampicillin and have decreased metabolism characterized by succinyl-CoA limitation. We identify the global regulator integration host factor complex and the cell division protein ZapE as critical modifiers of quiescence and antibiotic tolerance. Finally, we show that ZapE interacts with components of both the cell division machinery and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and this interaction is conserved in non-pathogenic
E. coli
, establishing a novel link between cell division and metabolism.
The GATA transcription factor BcWCL2 regulates citric acid secretion to maintain redox homeostasis and full virulence in
Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Ren Weiheng , Qian Chen , Ren Dandan , Cai Yunfei , Deng Zhaohui , Zhang Ning , Wang Congcong , Wang Yiwen , Zhu Pinkuan , Xu Ling 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT

Botrytis cinerea
is a typical necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungus which can deliberately acidify host tissues and trigger oxidative bursts therein to facilitate its virulence. The white collar complex (WCC), consisting of BcWCL1 and BcWCL2, is recognized as the primary light receptor in
B. cinerea
. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms through which the WCC components, particularly BcWCL2 as a GATA transcription factor, control virulence are not yet fully understood. This study demonstrates that deletion of BcWCL2 results in the loss of light-sensitive phenotypic characteristics. Additionally, the Δ
bcwcl2
strain exhibits reduced secretion of citrate, delayed infection cushion development, weaker hyphal penetration, and decreased virulence. The application of exogenous citric acid was found to restore infection cushion formation, hyphal penetration, and virulence of the Δ
bcwcl2
strain. Transcriptome analysis at 48 h post-inoculation revealed that two citrate synthases, putative citrate transporters, hydrolytic enzymes, and reactive oxygen species scavenging-related genes were down-regulated in Δ
bcwcl2
, whereas exogenous citric acid application restored the expression of the above genes involved in the early infection process of Δ
bcwcl2
. Moreover, the expression of
Bcvel1
, a known regulator of citrate secretion, tissue acidification, and secondary metabolism, was down-regulated in Δ
bcwcl2
but not in Δ
bcwcl1
. ChIP-qPCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that BcWCL2 can bind to the promoter sequences of
Bcvel1
. Overexpressing
Bcvel1
in Δ
bcwcl2
was found to rescue the mutant defects. Collectively, our findings indicate that BcWCL2 regulates the expression of the global regulator
Bcvel1
to influence citrate secretion, tissue acidification, redox homeostasis, and virulence of
B. cinerea
.

IMPORTANCE

This study illustrated the significance of the fungal blue light receptor component BcWCL2 protein in regulating citrate secretion in
Botrytis cinerea
. Unlike BcWCL1, BcWCL2 may contribute to redox homeostasis maintenance during infection cushion formation, ultimately proving to be essential for full virulence. It is also demonstrated that BcWCL2 can regulate the expression of
Bcvel1
to influence host tissue acidification, citrate secretion, infection cushion development, and virulence. While the role of organic acids secreted by plant pathogenic fungi in fungus-host interactions has been recognized, this paper revealed the importance, regulatory mechanisms, and key transcription factors that control organic acid secretion. These understanding of the pathogenetic mechanism of plant pathogens can provide valuable insights for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies against fungal diseases.