bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reductosols: Natural soils and Technosols under reducing conditions without an aquic moisture regime
Authors: Blume Hans‐Peter , Felix‐Henningsen Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAccording to the German soil classification, Reductosols (German: “Reduktosole”) are soils with a redoximorphic color pattern, but without water saturation for lengthy periods. They are formed by reducing conditions due to oxygen deficiency caused by the accumulation of reduct gases such as CH4, CO2, NH3, or H2S in the soil atmosphere. Soil oxygen may have been displaced by the ascent of CO2 from post‐volcanic mofettes or by CH4 from sanitary landfills. Furthermore, a lack of oxygen causing redoximorphism can occur in unsaturated soils if they contain or receive large quantities of easily decomposable organic matter (i.e., organic urban waste or sludge). Under such circumstances, a gleyic color pattern (e.g., an oxidized Bg horizon above a Cr horizon with strongly reducing conditions) forms without the influence of an aquic moisture regime. Waste‐water and petrol infiltration in soil can form a stagnic color pattern without the stagnation of surface water. Such more or less well‐drained but strongly redoximorphic horizons should be named as Yg instead of Bg.In some cases, such soils only exist for a short time due to the loss of reduct gases or termination of infiltration of organic liquids. Reductosols are ecotops with oxygen deficiency. Natural Reductosols dominate in recent and former volcanic areas, whereas Reductic Technosols are formed in urban‐industrial agglomerations. Their morphology, chemistry, dynamics, genesis, and ecology is summarized and discussed in this paper.Natural gas and CO2 gas are deposited in deeper zones of the earth crust since some time. Leakages of these depots let form reductosols as well.
Genotypic variation of potato for phosphorus efficiency and quantification of phosphorus uptake with respect to root characteristics
Authors: Balemi Tesfaye , Schenk Manfred K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPotato (Solanum tuberosum L.), an important food crop, generally requires a high amount of phosphate fertilizer for optimum growth and yield. One option to reduce the need of fertilizer is the use of P‐efficient genotypes. Two efficient and two inefficient genotypes were investigated for P‐efficiency mechanisms. The contribution of root traits to P uptake was quantified using a mechanistic simulation model.For all genotypes, high P supply increased the relative growth rate of shoot, shoot P concentration, and P‐uptake rate of roots but decreased root‐to‐shoot ratio, root‐hair length, and P‐utilization efficiency. Genotypes CGN 17903 and CIP 384321.3 were clearly superior to genotypes CGN 22367 and CGN 18233 in terms of shoot–dry matter yield and relative shoot‐growth rate at low P supply, and therefore can be considered as P‐efficient. Phosphorus efficiency of genotype CGN 17903 was related to higher P‐utilization efficiency and that of CIP 384321.3 to both higher P‐uptake efficiency in terms of root‐to‐shoot ratio and intermediate P‐utilization efficiency. Phosphorus‐efficient genotypes exhibited longer root hairs compared to inefficient genotypes at both P levels. However, this did not significantly affect the uptake rate and the extension of the depletion zone around roots. The P inefficiency of CGN 18233 was related to low P‐utilization efficiency and that of CGN 22367 to a combination of low P uptake and intermediate P‐utilization efficiency. Simulation of P uptake revealed that no other P‐mobilization mechanism was involved since predicted uptake approximated observed uptake indicating that the processes involved in P transport and morphological root characterstics affecting P uptake are well described.
Hereditary parkinsonism: Parkinson disease look‐alikes—An algorithm for clinicians to “PARK” genes and beyond
Authors: Klein Christine , Schneider Susanne A. , Lang Anthony E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn the past decade, a number of genetic causes of parkinsonism have been identified. As a consequence, clinicians have to consider an increasing range of differential diagnoses when confronted with a patient with parkinsonism with a positive family history. While well‐established monogenic forms with PARK acronyms have been reviewed extensively, less emphasis has been placed on other inherited conditions that may also present with signs of parkinsonism or even mimic idiopathic Parkinson's disease clinically. In this review, we focus on three different scenarios in patients with an overall early age of onset of parkinsonism: (i) atypical features in patients with mutations in one of the “PARK” genes; (ii) classical parkinsonism due to mutations in “other than‐PARK” genes or yet other genes where parkinsonism may be a well‐recognized, concomitant, or even an isolated feature; (iii) atypical parkinsonism in other genetic disorders which are, however, typically characterized by features other than parkinsonism. Atypical features in patients from Group I include, for example, a slower disease course (PARK2, PARK6, PARK7) or dementia (PARK1/4, PARK14). Conditions in Group II have been designated by a DYT or SCA acronym (for example, DYT5 or SCA3) and also include patients with heterozygous GBA mutations, mitochondrial gene mutations. Group III comprises mutations in the FMR1, MAPT, GRN, ATP7B, PANK2, FBXO7, CHAC, FTL1, Huntingtin, JPH3 genes, and a number of even rarer, miscellaneous conditions. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Neuropathology of Parkinson's disease with the R1441G mutation in LRRK2
Authors: Martí‐Massó José‐Félix , Ruiz‐Martínez Javier , Bolaño Maria J. , Ruiz Irune , Gorostidi Ana , Moreno Fermin , Ferrer Isidre , de Munain Adolfo López 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe report the neuropathological findings in a patient with Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with Basque R1441G‐LRRK2/dardarin mutation. The patient was a man with disease onset at 68 years of age, with unilateral rest tremor; the Parkinsonism was well controlled with medication for 15 years. He died at the age of 86, after 18 years of evolution. The neuropathological examination disclosed mild neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta without α‐synuclein, tau, LRRK2, or ubiquitin cytoplasmic inclusions. Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites were absent. This is the first neuropathological study of PD associated with brain with the R1441G mutation in LRRK2. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Relative preservation of thalamic centromedian nucleus in parkinsonian patients with dystonia
Authors: Truong Linda , Brooks Daniel , Amaral Fabricio , Henderson Jasmine M. , Halliday Glenda M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTo determine whether variable thalamic degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) contributes to less drug responsive clinical features. Formalin‐fixed thalami from longitudinally followed patients with PD and early dystonia (N = 6), early falls (N = 5) or no dystonia or falls (N = 6) and age‐matched controls without neuropathology (N = 10) were serially sectioned, stained, and analyzed. Neurons in the centromedian parafascicular (CM‐Pf) nucleus were quantified using the optical disector method and analysis of variance with post hoc testing used to determine variability in neurodegeneration between groups. Patients with PD were confirmed to have significant neurodegeneration in the CM‐Pf complex, with no difference in the degree of neurodegeneration between patients with PD with early falls compared with patients with no history of falls or dystonia. In contrast, patients with PD with early dystonia had significantly less neurodegeneration of the CM but not the Pf than patients without this feature. Preservation of the CM in patients with PD with early dystonia would result in a relative increase in CM activity through the direct basal ganglia pathway and increased primary motor cortex activity. Overall this data provides evidence for pathway‐specific neurodegeneration as an underlying feature of the clinical variability observed in patients with PD. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Extrapyramidal stiffness in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Pradat Pierre‐François , Bruneteau Gaelle , Munerati Elisabetta , Salachas François , Le Forestier Nadine , Lacomblez Lucette , Lenglet Timothee , Meininger Vincent 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThere is accumulating evidence that ALS is a multisystem degenerative disease, raising the question of whether some symptoms are of extrapyramidal origin. The objective was to better characterize the type of stiffness in a series of ALS patients and to study correlations with balance and postural impairment. We studied ALS patients who exhibited stiffness without noticeable motor deficit in the lower limbs. We analyzed the response to manual stretch velocity to differentiate between extrapyramidal (rigidity) or pyramidal (spasticity) stiffness, shortening reaction in the tibialis anterior muscles (abolished in pyramidal diseases and exaggerated in extrapyramidal diseases) and balance and posture impairment (UPDRS and Berg's scale). After a preliminary inter‐rater reliability study, 39 consecutive ALS patients were prospectively recruited. Each patient was randomly assigned to one or other of two investigators who evaluated either stiffness or balance impairment. In the lower limbs, rigidity was observed in at least one muscle in 27/39 patients (69%), and shortening reaction was exaggerated in 20/39 patients (51%). Both were correlated with balance and posture impairment (UPDRS and Berg's scale,P< 0.001). This study suggests that extrapyramidal involvement plays a role in stiffness and balance impairment in a subset of ALS patients. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Global existence to a reaction–diffusion equation through a self‐similar‐like upper solution
Authors: Bernard Guy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA demonstration method is presented, which will ensure the existence of positive global solutions in time to the reaction–diffusion equation −ut+Δu+up=0 in ℝn×[0, ∞), for exponents p⩾3 and space dimensions n⩾3. This method does not require the initial value to have a specific uniform smallness condition, but rather to satisfy a bell‐like form. The method is based on a specific upper solution, which models the diffusion process of the heat equation. The upper solution is not self‐similar, but does have a self‐similar‐like form. After transforming the reaction–diffusion problem into an equivalent one, whose initial value is uniformly very small, a local solution is obtained in the time interval [0, 1] by the use of this upper solution. This local solution is then extended to [0, ∞) through an infinite sequence of extensions. At each step, an appropriate change of variables will transform the extension into a problem nearly identical to the local problem in [0, 1]. These transformations exploit the diffusive and self‐similar‐like nature of the upper solution. Copyright
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wave propagation in an inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic medium
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Der , Lin Ya‐Ting , Jeng Yu‐Shiuh , Ruan Zheng‐Wei 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAnalytical solutions for wave velocities and wave vectors are yielded for a continuously inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic medium, in which Young's moduli (E, E′) and shear modulus (G′) varied exponentially as depth increased. However, for the rest moduli in cross‐anisotropic materials, ν and ν′ remained constant regardless of depth. We assume that cross‐anisotropy planes are parallel to the horizontal surface. The generalized Hooke's law, strain–displacement relationships, and equilibrium equations are integrated to constitute governing equations. In these equations, displacement components are fundamental variables and, hence, the solutions of three quasi‐wave velocities, VP, VSV, and VSH, and the wave vectors, \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage[mathscr]{euscript}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\mathop{\mathop{l}\limits^{\rightharpoonup}}\nolimits_{P}$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage[mathscr]{euscript}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\mathop{\mathop{l}\limits^{\rightharpoonup}}\nolimits_{\mathit{SV}}$\end{document}, and \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage[mathscr]{euscript}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\mathop{\mathop{l}\limits^{\rightharpoonup}}\nolimits_{{\mathit{SH}}}$\end{document}, can be generated for the inhomogeneous cross‐anisotropic media. The proposed solutions and those obtained by Daley and Hron, and Levin correlate well with each other when the inhomogeneity parameter, k, is 0. Additionally, parametric study results indicate that the magnitudes and directions of wave velocity are markedly affected by (1) the inhomogeneous parameter, k; (2) the type and degree of geomaterial anisotropy (E/E′, G′/E′, and ν/ν′); and (3) the phase angle, θ. Consequently, one must consider the influence of inhomogeneous characteristic when investigating the behaviors of wave propagation in a cross‐anisotropic medium. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved explicit integration in plasticity
Authors: Vrh Marko , Halilovič Miroslav , Štok Boris 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe article presents a simple but efficient numerical scheme for the integration of non‐linear constitutive equations, in which the principal reason for the inaccuracy of the classical explicit schemes, for example forward‐Euler scheme, is effectively eliminated. In the newly developed explicit scheme, where there is no need for iteration, the implementation simplicity of the forward‐Euler scheme and accuracy of the approach, which is using the backward‐Euler scheme to integrate the constitutive equations, are successfully combined. Computational performance of the proposed next increment corrects error (NICE) integration scheme, particularly regarding the accuracy and the CPU time consumption, is first analysed on a case of complex loading of a material point. When comparing it to the forward‐Euler, backward‐Euler, trapezoidal and midpoint integration schemes, it turns out that because of its capability of a fast and relatively accurate integration of the constitutive equations, the NICE scheme is very convenient for the integration of constitutive models, where a direct solution technique is used to solve a boundary value problem. Although the deduction of the new integration scheme is general, its implementation for shell applications needs particular care. Namely, in order to satisfy the zero normal stress condition during the whole integration, a through‐thickness strain increment has to be adequately chosen in each integration step. The NICE scheme, which was also implemented into ABAQUS/Explicit via User Material Subroutine (VUMAT) interface platform, has been additionally compared with the ABAQUS/Explicit default integration scheme (backward‐Euler) and forward‐Euler scheme. Two loading case‐studies, namely the bending of a square plate and the stretching of a specimen including the onset of necking, are considered with two constitutive models—the von Mises and GTN material model being adopted. Generally, the NICE scheme has demonstrated to be advantageous in cases, where reasonable accuracy and very fast integration of the constitutive model is demanded, which is mostly the case in engineering computations with a direct solution method, for example explicit dynamics and metal forming process simulations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The interaction of Bacillus subtilis σA with RNA polymerase
Authors: Johnston Elecia B. , Lewis Peter J. , Griffith Renate 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRNA polymerase (RNAP) is an essential and highly conserved enzyme in all organisms. The process of transcription initiation is fundamentally different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, initiation is regulated by σ factors, making the essential interaction between σ factors and RNAP an attractive target for antimicrobial agents. Our objective was to achieve the first step in the process of developing novel antimicrobial agents, namely to prove experimentally that the interaction between a bacterial RNAP and an essential σ factor can be disrupted by introducing carefully designed mutations into σA of Bacillus subtilis. This disruption was demonstrated qualitatively by Far‐Western blotting. Design of mutant σs was achieved by computer‐aided visualization of the RNAP‐σ interface of the B. subtilis holoenzyme (RNAP + σ) constructed using a homology modeling approach with published crystal structures of bacterial RNAPs. Models of the holoenzyme and the core RNAP were rigorously built, evaluated, and validated. To allow a high‐quality RNAP‐σ interface model to be constructed for the design of mutations, a crucial error in the B. subtilis σA sequence in published databases at amino acid 165 had to be corrected first. The new model was validated through determination of RNAP‐σ interactions using targeted mutations.
Effect of different modified atmosphere packaging on microbial quality, oxidation and colour of a seasoned ground beef product (meatball)
Authors: Ozturk Aylin , Yilmaz Neriman , Gunes Gurbuz 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe effects of different modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on microbial quality, oxidation and colour of meatballs were investigated. Meatballs were prepared in our laboratory and packaged in vacuum or in different gases: combinations of O2 (0, 2, 21%) and CO2 (0, 33, 66, 100%) with N2 as balance gas. Total microbial count, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and colour were determined during storage at 3°C for 3 weeks. Total microbial count remained unchanged at around 6.3 LogCFU/g in vacuum and 100% CO2 packages after 7 days, and slightly increased afterwards. The microbial count was higher in other packages and increased to 7.6 LogCFU/g after 21 days storage. Oxidation was inhibited by reduced O2 and increased CO2 in the packages. Packages with low O2 maintained colour (a‐values) to a greater extent than the packages with higher O2 levels. MAP containing 1–3%O2 with 33%CO2 inhibited microbial growth, oxidation and colour change in meatballs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on the power prior
Authors: Neuenschwander Beat , Branson Michael , Spiegelhalter David J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe power prior by Ibrahim and Chen (Statist. Sci. 2000; 15:46–60) is one of several methods to incorporate historical data in the analysis of a clinical trial. The power prior raises the likelihood of the historical data to the power parameter a0 which quantifies the discounting of the historical data due to heterogeneity between trials. It is shown that the standard method of estimating the power parameter from the historical and current data is inappropriate, and we therefore suggest to use a modified power prior approach or to consider alternative methods instead. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐pressure Phase Transition and Properties of Cu3N: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Wosylus Aron , Schwarz Ulrich , Akselrud Lev , Tucker Matt G. , Hanfland Michael , Rabia Kaneez , Kuntscher Christine , von Appen Jörg , Dronskowski Richard , Rau Dieter , Niewa Rainer 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn‐situ X‐ray and neutron diffraction investigations on Cu3N indicate the onset of a high‐pressure phase transition at about 5 GPa. The tetragonal cell parameters of the high‐pressure phase reveal a discontinuous volume decrease of about 20 %. The phase transition is reversible, with a hysteresis of about 2 GPa. Subsequent ex‐situ investigations in a multi‐anvil press evidence a reversible re‐formation of ambient pressure Cu3N from XRD patterns. The structure refinement with nitrogen atoms disordered in distorted octahedral voids of a tetragonal body‐centered copper substructure leads to an occupation of approximately 1/3 and thus to a composition of Cu3N1.0(1). Optical absorption measurements (IR‐VIS) up to 10 GPa indicate a semiconductor–metal transition. Density‐functional based total energy calculations concerning the proposed high‐pressure phase of Cu3N strongly support the experimental findings of a pressure‐induced phase transition above 6 GPa to a structure with a copper tetragonal body‐centered sublattice and nitrogen atoms in distorted octahedral voids. However, the calculations identify a need for an ordered alternative to provide the tetragonal distortion within the range of the observed c/a ratio. The resulting lattice parameters and the transition pressure fit with the measured data. For the case of an ordered occupation of the copper bct octahedral voids, all observed properties are in good agreement with the calculations.
Process Evaluation of a Fully Automated Molecular Diagnostics System
Authors: Felder Robin A. , Foster Maria L. , Lizzi Michael J. , Pohl Brent R. , Diemert Dustin M. , Towns Bryan G. 
Published: September 2009

Molecular diagnostics presents challenges to clinical laboratories that are under pressure to consolidate and automate. There is a need to evaluate molecular automation for process efficiency and suitability for high-throughput environments in core laboratories. A fully automated molecular instrument platform (the BD Viper System with XTR Technology in extracted mode [BD Viper System with XTR]), was evaluated for automation efficiency, labor requirements, and system robustness. System productivity was predicted using time and motion studies as well as process simulation. Preanalytical steps required 15 min of skilled operator time. The BD Viper System with XTR fully automated DNA extraction, amplification, and analysis of 368 specimens (736 results for Chlamydia and Gonorrhea). Time and motion studies estimated that the total hands-on full time employee (FTE) burden was approximately 35 min per run, of which 41% was high complexity, 29% medium complexity and 29% relatively unskilled labor. A skilled operator can easily operate four instruments for 8.5 h and generate data on 2944 results (four runs on each instrument for a total of 1472 clinical specimens) for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) analysis. Based on mean time between intervention data, the BD Viper System with XTR was estimated to be capable of operating for more than 1000 runs without system malfunction. We determined that fully automated molecular analysis of GC and CT is possible in a core laboratory facility with significant throughput and minimal impact on labor demand using a fully automated and robust molecular diagnostics platform (such as the BD Viper System with XTR).