bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Erlenmeyer flask bone deformity in the skeletal dysplasias
Authors: Faden Maha A. , Krakow Deborah , Ezgu Fatih , Rimoin David L. , Lachman Ralph S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractErlenmeyer flask bone deformity (EFD) is a long‐standing term used to describe a specific abnormality of the distal femora. The deformity consists of lack of modeling of the di‐metaphysis with abnormal cortical thinning and lack of the concave di‐metaphyseal curve resulting in an Erlenmeyer flask‐like appearance. Utilizing a literature review and cohort study of 12 disorders we found 20 distinct disorders were associated with EFD. We interrogated the International Skeletal Dysplasia Registry (ISDR) radiographic database (1988–2007) to determine which skeletal dysplasias or syndromes were highly associated with EFD, whether it was a uniform finding in these disorders, and if forms of EFD could be differentiated. EFD was classified into three groups. The first catogory was the typical EFD shaped bone (EFD‐T) resultant from absent normal di‐metaphyseal modeling with relatively normal appearing radiographic trabecular bone. EFD‐T was identified in: frontometaphyseal dysplasia, craniometaphyseal dysplasia, craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, diaphyseal dysplasia‐Engelmann type, metaphyseal dysplasia‐Pyle type, Melnick–Needles osteodysplasty, and otopalatodigital syndrome type I. The second group was the atypical type (EFD‐A) due to absence of normal di‐metaphyseal modeling with abnormal radiographic appearance of trabecular bone and was seen in dysosteosclerosis and osteopetrosis. The third group was EFD‐marrow expansion type (EFD‐ME) in which bone marrow hyperplasia or infiltration leads to abnormal modeling (e.g., Gaucher disease). Further, radiographic review determined that it was not always a consistent finding and that there was variability in both appearance and location within the skeleton. This analysis and classification aided in differentiating disorders with the finding of EFD. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subliming the Unsublimable: How to Deposit Nanographenes
Authors: Rouhanipour Ali , Roy Mainak , Feng Xinliang , Räder Hans Joachim , Müllen Klaus 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMit PLD zum Riesen‐PAH: Durch Laserstrahlverdampfen (pulsed laser deposition, PLD) hergestellte dünne Schichten nicht sublimierbarer großer polycyclischer aromatischer Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAHs) dienten als Proben für die Rastertunnelmikroskopie. Riesige PAHs mit bis zu 222 Kohlenstoffatomen sollten so möglich sein – eine Größe, die zuvor wegen des Fehlens geeigneter Abscheidemethoden nicht erreichbar war.magnified image
Fingerabdrücke von DNA‐Polymerasen: mehrfache simultane Enzym‐Charakterisierung auf DNA‐Arrays
Authors: Kranaster Ramon , Marx Andreas 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAuf den Punkt gebracht: Eine neue Screening‐Methode beruht auf einem Oligonucleotide adressierenden Enzymassay, der die simultane Mehrfachcharakterisierung unterschiedlicher Eigenschaften von DNA‐Polymerasen in Nanoliter‐Reaktionsräumen ermöglicht (siehe Schema). Aus einer kleinen Bibliothek von Proteinmutanten wurden mithilfe dieser Methode Enzyme mit veränderten Eigenschaften identifiziert.magnified image
Conjugated Polyelectrolytes: Synthesis, Photophysics, and Applications
Authors: Jiang Hui , Taranekar Prasad , Reynolds John R. , Schanze Kirk S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIonic polymers in action: Conjugated polyelectrolytes are an emerging class of multifunctional polymers that feature π‐conjugated backbones festooned with ionic solubilizing groups. These materials have been exploited in a number of applications, including fluorescent biosensors, polymer light‐emitting diodes, and polymer solar cells. MV2+=methylviologenmagnified imageOrganic optoelectronic polymers have evolved to the point where fine structural control of the conjugated main chain, coupled with solubilizing and property‐modifying pendant substituents, provides an entirely new class of materials. Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) provide a unique set of properties, including water solubility and processability, main‐chain‐controlled exciton and charge transport, variable band gap light absorption and fluorescence, ionic interactions, and aggregation phenomena. These characteristics allow these materials to be considered for use in applications ranging from light‐emitting diodes and electrochromic color‐changing displays, to photovoltaic devices and photodetectors, along with chemical and biological sensors. This Review describes the evolution of CPE structures from simple polymers to complex materials, describes numerous photophysical aspects, including amplified quenching in macromolecules and aggregates, and illustrates how the physical and electronic properties lead to useful applications in devices.
Vapor‐Phase Carbonylation of Dimethoxymethane over H‐Faujasite
Authors: Celik Fuat E. , Kim Tae‐Jin , Bell Alexis T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCarbonylation gets a phase lift: The usual liquid‐phase, high‐pressure processes for carbonylating formaldehydes are avoided in a novel vapor‐phase reaction. Using an acid zeolite (Faujasite) at near‐atmospheric pressure dimethoxymethane (DMM; the dimethyl acetal of formaldehyde; see scheme) is carbonylated to produce methyl methoxyacetate (MMAc). This approach provides a new route to ethylene glycol under mild conditions.magnified image
Nickel‐Catalyzed Formation of a Carbon–Nitrogen Bond at the β Position of Saturated Ketones
Authors: Ueno Satoshi , Shimizu Ryosuke , Kuwano Ryoichi 
Published: May 2009

AbstractGone fishing: When propiophenone and related ethyl ketones are treated with morpholine in the presence of K3PO4, chlorobenzene, and [Ni(cod)2]/PMe3 catalyst, a carbon–nitrogen bond is formed selectively at the β position (see scheme; cod=cycloocta‐1,5‐diene). Secondary amines were employed as substrates to give the corresponding β‐enaminones.magnified image
Self‐Mediated Stereoselective Oxidation of Thia‐Capped Cyclodextrins
Authors: Armspach Dominique , Matt Dominique , Toupet Loic 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSelf‐control: endo‐Sulfoxide products can be synthesized selectively by the oxidation of thia‐capped cyclodextrins using m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m‐CPBA) in water. The reaction occurs by the formation of an oxidant–cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Operating in organic media preferentially leads to exo‐sulfoxide products.magnified image
Low‐Energy‐Electron‐Induced Hydroamination of an Alkene
Authors: Hamann Thorben , Böhler Esther , Swiderek Petra 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe smallest catalyst: A new strategy to control chemical synthesis by exposure to low‐energy electrons relies on the electrostatic attraction caused by the soft ionization of one of the reaction partners. This approach was used to induce a reaction between C2H4 and NH3 yielding aminoethane. The reaction resembles a hydroamination except that the electron beam replaces the catalyst used in the organic synthesis.magnified image
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Generation of Alkenylindium Compounds from Indium Tribromide, Alkynes, and Ketene Silyl Acetals
Authors: Nishimoto Yoshihiro , Moritoh Ryosuke , Yasuda Makoto , Baba Akio 
Published: May 2009

AbstractInBr3 promotes the addition of ketene silyl acetals to monosubstituted alkynes to afford 2,2‐disubstituted alkenylindium compounds in high regio‐ and stereoselectivity (see scheme). In addition, the alkenylindium derivatives have been subsequently coupled with iodobenzene in the presence of a palladium catalyst.magnified image
Indoles from Simple Anilines and Alkynes: Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Activation Using Dioxygen as the Oxidant
Authors: Shi Zhuangzhi , Zhang Chun , Li Si , Pan Delin , Ding Shengtao , Cui Yuxin , Jiao Ning 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPd doles it out: A palladium‐catalyzed approach to indoles using the title reaction was achieved (see scheme). The oxidant used in this catalytic cycle was O2. Both N‐nonsubstituted and N‐alkyl monosubstituted anilines can be successfully transformed into the corresponding indoles by this method.magnified image
Rheology control by modulating hydrophobic and inclusive associations of side‐groups in poly (acrylic acid)
Authors: Wang Jie , Li Li , Ke Hailan , Liu Peng , Zheng Li , Guo Xuhong , Lincoln Stephen F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this article we demonstrated that the viscosities of modified poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) solutions were tunable by modulating the hydrophobic and inclusion association between alkyl groups and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) groups grafted to PAA. The viscosity can be controlled by changing the host–guest molar ratio, alkyl chain length, polymer concentration, salt concentration, pH value, temperature, or addition of native β‐CD. A viscosity maximum for inclusive polymer networks constructed by mixing hydrophobically modified PAA (HMPAA) and β‐CD–modified PAA (β‐CDPAA) appeared at the alkyl : β‐CD molar ratio of 1:1, which implies the inclusion association between HM and β‐CD grafts is binary. Longer side chain length or higher polymer concentration led to higher viscosity for aqueous HMPAA solution with only hydrophobic association or its mixture with β‐CDPAA with inclusion association. Monotonically increasing the ionic strength or pH value resulted in a viscosity maximum due to the competition between electrostatic repulsion and hydrophobic or inclusive association. The hydrophobic interactions of alkyl groups could be masked by native β‐CD, and the networks of HMPAA and β‐CDPAA mixture deconstructed upon addition of native β‐CD molecules. The storage modulus and loss modulus of hydrophobic HMPAA and inclusive HMPAA + β‐CDPAA solutions obey time–temperature superposition. The horizontal and vertical temperature shift factors obeyed a simple‐exponential Arrhenius relationship, where the activation energies for hydrophobic association system were found to be 3.4 and − 12.1 kJ/mol, and for inclusive association system 53.9 and − 2.9 kJ/mol, respectively. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factorial experimental design approach in semicontinuous emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate to study the effect of process variables
Authors: Mishra Sujata , Singh Jagbir , Choudhary Veena 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article describes the effect of various process variables in the semicontinuous emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate. A series of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) emulsions were prepared using ammonium persulphate as initiator in absence and presence of Dowfax 2AI as surfactant. The effect of process variables such as initiator concentration, monomer concentration (solid content), surfactant concentration, reaction temperature, monomer feeding time, and holding time were systematically studied on monomer conversion, particle size, gel content, and molecular weight using a two‐level fractional factorial experimental method. Analysis of fractional factorial design revealed that surfactant concentration, monomer concentration, initiator concentration, and monomer feeding time affect all the properties. However, the surfactant concentration and the interaction effect of initiator and monomer feeding time are the key variables influencing the properties of PMMA latex. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Study on the synthesis, characterization, and kinetic of bulk polymerization of disproportionated rosin (β‐acryloxyl ethyl) ester
Authors: Wang Ji‐Fu , Lin Ming‐Tao , Wang Chun‐Peng , Chu Fu‐Xiang 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDisproportionated rosin ((β‐acryloxyl ethyl) ester (DR‐2‐HEA) was synthesized by esterification of dispoportionated rosin (DR) with 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (2‐HEA) and evaluated by FTIR spectroscopy, GC/MS, 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. Kinetics parameters of bulk polymerization of DR‐2‐HEA in the presence of initiator AIBN was studied by using DSC. It has been assumed that the process of polymerization obey nth order empirical kinetic model to evaluate the kinetic parameters. The relative molecular weight and glass transition temperature of polymer of DR‐2‐HEA at different temperature was measured by GPC and DSC, respectively. The results showed that the temperature had no significant effect on the enthalpy of polymerization and the velocity of polymerization increased by the increase of temperature. DSC experimental data fit the simulation well while the reacted fraction (α) in the interval of 0.4<α<1. The polymer of DR‐2‐HEA is oligomer. The molecular weight and Tg did not affect by polymerization temperature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A study and comparison of multimedia Web searching: 1997–2006
Authors: Tjondronegoro Dian , Spink Amanda , Jansen Bernard J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSearching for multimedia is an important activity for users of Web search engines. Studying user's interactions with Web search engine multimedia buttons, including image, audio, and video, is important for the development of multimedia Web search systems. This article provides results from a Weblog analysis study of multimedia Web searching by Dogpile users in 2006. The study analyzes the (a) duration, size, and structure of Web search queries and sessions; (b) user demographics; (c) most popular multimedia Web searching terms; and (d) use of advanced Web search techniques including Boolean and natural language. The current study findings are compared with results from previous multimedia Web searching studies. The key findings are: (a) Since 1997, image search consistently is the dominant media type searched followed by audio and video; (b) multimedia search duration is still short (>50% of searching episodes are <1 min), using few search terms; (c) many multimedia searches are for information about people, especially in audio search; and (d) multimedia search has begun to shift from entertainment to other categories such as medical, sports, and technology (based on the most repeated terms). Implications for design of Web multimedia search engines are discussed.
A method for measuring the evolution of a topic on the Web: The case of “informetrics”
Authors: Bar‐Ilan Judit , Peritz Bluma C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe universe of information has been enriched by the creation of the World Wide Web, which has become an indispensible source for research. Since this source is growing at an enormous speed, an in‐depth look of its performance to create a method for its evaluation has become necessary; however, growth is not the only process that influences the evolution of the Web. During their lifetime, Web pages may change their content and links to/from other Web pages, be duplicated or moved to a different URL, be removed from the Web either temporarily or permanently, and be temporarily inaccessible due to server and/or communication failures. To obtain a better understanding of these processes, we developed a method for tracking topics on the Web for long periods of time, without the need to employ a crawler and relying only on publicly available resources. The multiple data‐collection methods used allow us to discover new pages related to the topic, to identify changes to existing pages, and to detect previously existing pages that have been removed or whose content is not relevant anymore to the specified topic. The method is demonstrated through monitoring Web pages that contain the term “informetrics” for a period of 8 years. The data‐collection method also allowed us to analyze the dynamic changes in search engine coverage, illustrated here on Google—the search engine used for the longest period of time for data collection in this project.
Economic and financial factors for the adoption and visibility effects of Web accessibility: The case of European banks
Authors: Andrés Javier De , Lorca Pedro , Martínez Ana B. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article aims at identifying the factors influencing the implementation of Web accessibility (WA) by European banks and its effects on the visibility through the Internet. We studied a database made up of 51 European banks whose shares are included in the Dow Jones EURO STOXX® TMI Banks [8300] Index. Regarding the factors for the implementation of WA, we considered two feasible reasons. First, WA adoption can be motivated by operational factors, as WA can contribute to increase the efficiency of the operations. Second, WA can also be understood as a part of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy, so banks that are more committed with CSR should be more prone to implement WA. However, our results indicate that neither operational nor social factors seem to have exerted a significant influence on WA adoption. An implication of these findings is the advisability of orientating governmental policies to firm awareness of the fact that WA should be a part of the CSR activities of banks. Regarding the effects of the implementation of WA, our results indicate that the effort pays dividends in terms of Internet visibility. This could eventually contribute to increase future revenues and, therefore, the performance of WA‐committed banks.
Planetary transit observations at the University Observatory Jena: TrES‐2
Authors: Raetz St. , Mugrauer M. , Schmidt T.O.B. , Roell T. , Eisenbeiss T. , Hohle M.M. , Koeltzsch A. , Vaňko M. , Ginski Ch. , Marka C. , Moualla M. , Tetzlaff N. , Seifahrt A. , Broeg Ch. , Koppenhoefer J. , Raetz M. , Neuhäuser R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe report on observations of several transit events of the transiting planet TrES‐2 obtained with the Cassegrain‐Teleskop‐Kamera at the University Observatory Jena. Between March 2007 and November 2008 ten different transits and almost a complete orbital period were observed. Overall, in 40 nights of observation 4291 exposures (in total 71.52 h of observation) of the TrES‐2 parent star were taken. With the transit timings for TrES‐2 from the 34 events published by the TrES‐network, the Transit Light Curve project and the Exoplanet Transit Database plus our own ten transits, we find that the orbital period is P = (2.470614 ± 0.000001) d, a slight change by ∼0.6 s compared to the previously published period. We present new ephemeris for this transiting planet. Furthermore, we found a second dip after the transit which could either be due to a blended variable star or occultation of a second star or even an additional object in the system. Our observations will be useful for future investigations of timing variations caused by additional perturbing planets and/or stellar spots and/or moons (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ageing as a price of cooperation and complexity
Authors: Kiss Huba J. M. , Mihalik Ágoston , Nánási Tibor , Őry Bálint , Spiró Zoltán , Sőti Csaba , Csermely Peter 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe network concept is increasingly used for the description of complex systems. Here, we summarize key aspects of the evolvability and robustness of the hierarchical network set of macromolecules, cells, organisms and ecosystems. Listing the costs and benefits of cooperation as a necessary behaviour to build this network hierarchy, we outline the major hypothesis of the paper: the emergence of hierarchical complexity needs cooperation leading to the ageing (i.e. gradual deterioration) of the constituent networks. A stable environment develops cooperation leading to over‐optimization, and forming an ‘always‐old’ network, which accumulates damage, and dies in an apoptosis‐like process. A rapidly changing environment develops competition forming a ‘forever‐young’ network, which may suffer an occasional over‐perturbation exhausting system resources, and causing death in a necrosis‐like process. Giving a number of examples we demonstrate how cooperation evokes the gradual accumulation of damage typical to ageing. Finally, we show how various forms of cooperation and consequent ageing emerge as key elements in all major steps of evolution from the formation of protocells to the establishment of the globalized, modern human society.
B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: towards understanding its cellular origin
Authors: Cobaleda César , Sánchez‐García Isidro 
Published: May 2009

AbstractB‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL) is a clonal malignant disease originated in a single cell and characterized by the accumulation of blast cells that are phenotypically reminiscent of normal stages of B‐cell differentiation. B‐ALL origin has been a subject of continuing discussion, given the fact that human disease is diagnosed at late stages and cannot be monitored during its natural evolution from its cell of origin, although most B‐ALLs probably start off with chromosomal changes in haematopoietic stem cells. However, the cells responsible for maintaining the disease appear to differ between the different types of B‐ALLs and this remains an intriguing and exciting topic of research, since these cells have been posited to be responsible for resistance to conventional therapies, recurrence and dissemination. During the last years this problem has been addressed primarily by transplantation of purified subpopulations of human B‐ALL cells into immunodeficient mice. The results from these different reconstitution experiments and their interpretations are compared in this review in the context of normal B‐cell developmental plasticity. While the results from different research groups might appear mutually exclusive, we discuss how they could be reconciled with the biology of normal B‐cells and propose research avenues for addressing these issues in the future.
Determination of ferruginol in rat plasma via high‐performance liquid chromatography and its application in pharmacokinetics study
Authors: Wei Yuhui , He Junquan , Qin Hongyan , Wu Xin'an , Yao Xiaojun 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFerruginol, a diterpene phenol, has recently received attention for its extensive pharmacological properties, including anti‐tumor, antibacterial, cardio‐protective and gastroprotective effects. In the present study, a high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for determination of ferruginol in rat plasma and applied for the pharmacokinetics study. The HPLC assay was performed with a VP ODS‐C18 column. The mobile phaseconsisted of methanol and 1% acetic acid solution (90:10, v/v). The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min, and the wavelength was set at 270 nm. This method was linear over the studied range of 0.1–10.0 µg/mL for ferruginol. The correlation coefficient was 0.9998. The intra‐day and inter‐day precisions were better than 4 and 5%, respectively. The extraction recovery and accuracy were greater than 97 and 96%, respectively. The detection limit was 30 ng/mL. The mean maximum concentration of ferruginol in rat plasma was 3.14 µg/mL at 40 min after oral administration at a dose of 20 mg/kg. Ferruginol was absorbed quickly p.o. with t1/2ka = 14.86 min and had a high rate of elimination with t1/2 = 41.73 min. The pharmacokinetic process of ferruginol in rat was well described with a one‐compartment model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.