bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cervical cancer screening in Australia: modelled evaluation of the impact of changing the recommended interval from two to three years
Authors: Creighton Prudence , Lew Jie-Bin , Clements Mark , Smith Megan , Howard Kirsten , Dyer Suzanne , Lord Sarah , Canfell Karen 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
The National Cervical Screening Program in Australia currently recommends that sexually active women between the ages of 18-70 years attend routine screening every 2 years. The publically funded National HPV Vaccination Program commenced in 2007, with catch-up in females aged 12-26 years conducted until 2009; and this may prompt consideration of whether the screening interval and other aspects of the organized screening program could be reviewed. The aim of the current evaluation was to assess the epidemiologic outcomes and cost implications of changing the recommended screening interval in Australia to 3 years.

Methods
We used a modelling approach to evaluate the effects of moving to a 3-yearly recommended screening interval. We used data from the Victorian Cervical Cytology Registry over the period 1997-2007 to model compliance with routine screening under current practice, and registry data from other countries with 3-yearly recommendations to inform assumptions about future screening behaviour under two alternative systems for screening organisation - retention of a reminder-based system (as in New Zealand), or a move to a call-and-recall system (as in England).

Results
A 3-yearly recommendation is predicted to be of similar effectiveness to the current 2-yearly recommendation, resulting in no substantial change to the total number of incident cervical cancer cases or cancer deaths, or to the estimated 0.68% average cumulative lifetime risk of cervical cancer in unvaccinated Australian women. However, a 3-yearly screening policy would be associated with decreases in the annual number of colposcopy and biopsy procedures performed (by 4-10%) and decreases in the number of treatments for pre-invasive lesions (by 2-4%). The magnitude of the decrease in the number of diagnostic procedures and treatments would depend on the method of screening organization, with call-and-recall screening associated with the highest reductions. The cost savings are predicted to be of the order of A$10-18 M annually, equivalent to 6-11% of the total cost of the current program (excluding overheads), with call-and-recall being associated with the greatest savings.

Conclusions
Lengthening the recommended screening interval to 3 years in Australia is not predicted to result in increases in rates of cervical cancer and is predicted to decrease the number of women undergoing diagnostic and treatment procedures. These findings are consistent with a large body of international evidence showing that screening more frequently than every three years with cervical cytology does not result in substantial gains in screening effectiveness.
Biosynthesis of chiral 3-hydroxyvalerate from single propionate-unrelated carbon sources in metabolically engineered E. coli
Authors: Tseng Hsien-Chung , Harwell Catey L , Martin Collin H , Prather Kristala LJ 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
The ability to synthesize chiral building block molecules with high optical purity is of considerable importance to the fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Production of one such compound, 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV), has previously been studied with respect to the in vivo or in vitro enzymatic depolymerization of biologically-derived co-polymers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate). However, production of this biopolymeric precursor typically necessitates the supplementation of a secondary carbon source (e.g., propionate) into the culture medium. In addition, previous approaches for producing 3HV have not focused on its enantiopure synthesis, and thus suffer from increased costs for product purification.

Results
Here, we report the selective biosynthesis of each 3HV stereoisomer from a single, renewable carbon source using synthetic metabolic pathways in recombinant strains of Escherichia coli. The product chirality was controlled by utilizing two reductases of opposing stereoselectivity. Improvement of the biosynthetic pathway activity and host background was carried out to elevate both the 3HV titers and 3HV/3HB ratios. Overall, shake-flask titers as high as 0.31 g/L and 0.50 g/L of (S)-3HV and (R)-3HV, respectively, were achieved in glucose-fed cultures, whereas glycerol-fed cultures yielded up to 0.19 g/L and 0.96 g/L of (S)-3HV and (R)-3HV, respectively.

Conclusions
Our work represents the first report of direct microbial production of enantiomerically pure 3HV from a single carbon source. Continued engineering of host strains and pathway enzymes will ultimately lead to more economical production of chiral 3HV.
Knowledge and acceptability of the rectal treatment route in Laos and its application for pre-referral emergency malaria treatment
Authors: Inthavilay Southisouk , Franchard Thierry , Meimei Yang , Ashley Elizabeth A , Barennes Hubert 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
Rectal artesunate has been shown to reduce death and disability from severe malaria caused by delays in reaching facilities capable of providing appropriate treatment.
Acceptability of this mode of drug delivery in Laos is not known. In 2009 the acceptability of rectal treatments was evaluated among the general Lao population and Lao doctors in a national survey.

Methods
A cross sectional survey was performed of 985 households selected through a multi-stage random sampling process from 85 villages in 12/18 provinces and of 315 health staff randomly selected at each administrative level.

Results
Out of 985 families, 9% had used the rectal route to treat children (the main indication was seizures or constipation). The population considered it less effective than other routes. Other concerns raised included pain (28%), discomfort for children (40%) and the possibility of other side effects (20%). Of 300 health staff surveyed (nurses 44%, doctors 66%), only 51% had already used the rectal route with a suppository, mostly to treat fever (76%). Health staff working in provincial hospitals had more experience of using the rectal route than those in urban areas. The majority (92%) were keen to use the rectal route to treat malaria although oral and intramuscular routes were preferred and considered to be more efficacious.

Discussion and conclusion
Use of rectal treatments is uncommon in Laos and generally not considered to be very effective. This view is shared by the population and health care workers. More information and training are needed to convince the population and health staff of the efficacy and advantages of the rectal route for malaria treatment.
DNA polymeraseη protein expression predicts treatment response and survival of metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma patients treated with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy
Authors: Teng Kai-yuan , Qiu Miao-zhen , Li Zhuang-hua , Luo Hui-yan , Zeng Zhao-lei , Luo Rong-zhen , Zhang Hui-zhong , Wang Zhi-qiang , Li Yu-hong , Xu Rui-hua 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
DNA polymerase η (pol η) is capable of bypassing DNA adducts produced by cisplatin or oxaliplatin and is associated with cellular tolerance to platinum. Previous studies showed that defective pol η resulted in enhanced cisplatin or oxaliplatin sensitivity in some cell lines. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of pol η protein expression in metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma.

Methods
Four gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines were chosen to explore the relationship between pol η protein expression and oxaliplatin sensitivity by western blotting and MTT assay. Eighty metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma patients treated with FOLFOX or XELOX regimen as first-line chemotherapy were analyzed, corresponding pretreatment formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues were used to detect pol η protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Relationship between pol η protein expression and clinical features and outcome of these patients was analyzed.

Results
A positive linear relationship between pol η protein expression and 48 h IC50 values of oxaliplatin in four gastric cancer cell lines was observed. Positivity of pol η protein expression was strongly associated with poor treatment response, as well as shorter survival at both univariate (8 versus 14 months; P < 0.001) and multivariate (hazard ratio, 4.555; 95% confidence interval, 2.461-8.429; P < 0.001) analysis in eighty metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma patients.

Conclusions
Our study indicates that polη is a predictive factor of treatment response and survival of metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma patients treated with FOLFOX or XELOX as first-line chemotherapy. Therefore confirming the value of polη in studies with prospective design is mandatory.
Identification and characterization of duck plague virus glycoprotein C gene and gene product
Authors: Lian Bei , Xu Chao , Cheng Anchun , Wang Mingshu , Zhu Dekang , Luo Qihui , Jia Renyong , Bi Fengjun , Chen Zhengli , Zhou Yi , Yang Zexia , Chen Xiaoyue 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundViral envelope proteins have been proposed to play significant roles in the process of viral infection.ResultsIn this study, an envelope protein gene, gC (NCBI GenBank accession no. EU076811), was expressed and characterized from duck plague virus (DPV), a member of the family herpesviridae. The gene encodes a protein of 432 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 45 kDa. Sequence comparisons, multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis showed that DPV gC has several features common to other identified herpesvirus gC, and was genetically close to the gallid herpervirus.Antibodies raised in rabbits against the pET32a-gC recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) recognized a 45-KDa DPV-specific protein from infected duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells. Transcriptional and expression analysis, using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR) and Western blot detection, revealed that the transcripts encoding DPV gC and the protein itself appeared late during infection of DEF cells. Immunofluorescence localization further demonstrated that the gC protein exhibited substantial cytoplasm fluorescence in DPV-infected DEF cells.ConclusionsIn this work, the DPV gC protein was successfully expressed in a prokaryotic expression system, and we presented the basic properties of the DPV gC product for the first time. These properties of the gC protein provided a prerequisite for further functional analysis of this gene.
Primary cardiac osteosarcoma in a 42-year-old woman
Authors: Luo Honghe , Lei Yiyan , Su Chunhua , Cai Lie , Wang Tao , Zou Jianyong , Chen Zhenguang 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
We describe here a 42-year-old woman who was admitted to hospital with a pedunculated mass in her left atrium. She was diagnosed with a primary cardiac osteosarcoma with special immunohistochemical characteristics. Echocardiography and computed tomography can be used to differentiate cardiac osteosarcomas from routine intracardiac tumors. The patient was treated by surgical removal of the mass. Two years later, she has shown no evidence of disease recurrence. We discuss primary osteosarcomas in the cardiac cavity and their management.
ADAR2-dependent RNA editing of GluR2 is involved in thiamine deficiency-induced alteration of calcium dynamics
Authors: Lee Shuchen , Yang Guang , Yong Yue , Liu Ying , Zhao Liyun , Xu Jing , Zhang Xiaomin , Wan Yanjie , Feng Chun , Fan Zhiqin , Liu Yong , Luo Jia , Ke Zun-Ji 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundThiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency (TD) causes mild impairment of oxidative metabolism and region-selective neuronal loss in the central nervous system (CNS). TD in animals has been used to model aging-associated neurodegeneration in the brain. The mechanisms of TD-induced neuron death are complex, and it is likely multiple mechanisms interplay and contribute to the action of TD. In this study, we demonstrated that TD significantly increased intracellular calcium concentrations [Ca2+]iin cultured cortical neurons.ResultsTD drastically potentiated AMPA-triggered calcium influx and inhibited pre-mRNA editing of GluR2, a Ca2+-permeable subtype of AMPA receptors. The Ca2+permeability of GluR2 is regulated by RNA editing at the Q/R site. Edited GluR2 (R) subunits form Ca2+-impermeable channels, whereas unedited GluR2 (Q) channels are permeable to Ca2+flow. TD inhibited Q/R editing of GluR2 and increased the ratio of unedited GluR2. The Q/R editing of GluR2 is mediated by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA 2 (ADAR2). TD selectively decreased ADAR2 expression and its self-editing ability without affecting ADAR1 in cultured neurons and in the brain tissue. Over-expression of ADAR2 reduced AMPA-mediated rise of [Ca2+]iand protected cortical neurons against TD-induced cytotoxicity, whereas down-regulation of ADAR2 increased AMPA-elicited Ca2+influx and exacerbated TD-induced death of cortical neurons.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that TD-induced neuronal damage may be mediated by the modulation of ADAR2-dependent RNA Editing of GluR2.
Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its role in portal vein tumor thrombus
Authors: Li Nan , Guo Weixing , Shi Jie , Xue Jie , Hu Huasheng , Xie Dong , Wu Mengchao , Cheng Shuqun 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
This study was conducted to investigate the expression of CXCR4 in portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) tissue and its possible role in the invasiveness of tumor thrombus cells.

Methods
We detected differential expression of CXCR4 between PVTT and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by an immunohistochemical assay. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference and a migration assay were performed on human primary cells derived from PVTT to study the impact of CXCR4 on the invasiveness of HCC.

Results
The expression of CXCR4 in tumor thrombus tissue was higher than that in HCC tissue. The invasion ratio of PVTT cells was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) after being infected with a CXCR4-targeting siRNA lentivirus, indicating that downregulation of CXCR4 by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference significantly impaired the invasive potential of PVTT.

Conclusions
These results indicate that CXCR4 is an effective curative target for hepatocellular carcinomas with PVTT.
Synthesis of Zinc Isonicotinates by Solid-state Reactions: A Green Route to Coordination Polymers
Authors: Chen Jinxi , Zhang Ruobing 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Two known coordination polymers, Zn(INA)2 and Zn(INA)2·2H2O (INA: isonicotinate), have been synthesized through solid-state reactions that are more efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional methods. By varying the reaction conditions, the solid-state reactions between the metal salt and bridging ligand could be rationally controlled to give different polymeric three-dimensional structures or a mononuclear coordination compound.
Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccination in the United Kingdom, 1996–2007
Authors: Jick Hershel , Hagberg Katrina Wilcox 
Published: November 2010

Study Objective. To estimate the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in people in the United Kingdom at low risk for influenza during an 11‐year period from July 1996–June 2007.Design. Case‐control study.Data Source. United Kingdom General Practice Research Database.Subjects. A total of 4985 patients (aged < 80 yrs) who were considered to be at low risk for influenza, but were diagnosed with influenza or influenza‐like illness from July 1996–June 2007, were identified as cases. A total of 19,940 controls who were also low‐risk individuals, who had no diagnosis of influenza, were matched to the cases by year of birth, sex, specific general practice, and date on which case patient was diagnosed with influenza (index date).Measurements and Main Results. We identified previous vaccination status from the subjects' electronic medical records and evaluated the effect of timing of influenza vaccination and the number of previous annual vaccinations received. We estimated the relative risk of influenza in those who received the influenza vaccination compared with those who did not, conditional on the matching variables. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Age, sex, general practice, index date, and preexisting medical conditions were closely controlled for in the analysis. Vaccination conferred an important protective effect (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.60–0.91) when given within 4 months before seasonal influenza outbreaks. This effect was similar for each calendar year and across all ages.Conclusion. Seasonal influenza vaccination provided substantial protection against clinically diagnosed influenza when given within 4 months of annual seasonal outbreaks in people at low risk. A review of the incidence of influenza over the 11‐year period provides compelling indirect evidence that influenza vaccines were similarly effective in those who were at high risk. These results provide a useful background to current and future influenza outbreaks whose course is uncertain.
Le compte rendu, une grammaire du discours de la thèse d'État de géographie (1960-1984)
Authors: Bourgeat Serge 
Published: November 2010

Entre 1960 et 1984, les revues de géographie ont publié de très nombreux comptes rendus de thèses d’État. Ce type d’articles fut même le principal discours écrit concernant la thèse. Outre leur aspect fonctionnel de résumés d’ouvrages longs et parfois peu accessibles, ces textes qui relevaient de l’écriture de genre furent aussi une véritable grammaire du discours de la thèse, relayant les principales attentes disciplinaires et formelles de la communauté et jouant ainsi un rôle normatif. Or la période fut peu ou prou celle du « changement de paradigme ». Comment les comptes rendus ont-ils accompagné cette mutation ?
Subjectivité, socialité, spatialité : le corps, cet impensé de la géographie
Authors: Di Méo Guy 
Published: November 2010

Cet article argumente en faveur de la prise en compte du corps humain comme objet géographique. Il constate que le corps reste, à ce jour et à quelques exceptions près, plus nombreuses depuis le début des années 2000, un impensé de la géographie française, à la différence de ce que l’on observe dans les écrits géographiques en langue anglaise. C’est-à-dire une réalité toujours présente dans son propos, mais jamais explicitée ni évoquée dans les problématiques, théories et méthodes que construisent ou utilisent les géographes. L’auteur replace ici le corps dans une conception personnelle de la géographie sociale. Il en fait le point de rencontre des rapports du social, du spatial et du sujet. Le corps est envisagé sous cinq angles qui en éclairent l’intérêt géographique. Il est d’abord conçu comme un espace générateur d’espaces, puis comme un organisme vivant, objet et sujet d’une écologie humaine. L’accent est mis ensuite sur sa fonction de médium des interactions et de la communication des individus dans l’espace social. Les deux dernières parties portent sur son rôle identitaire : d’abord observé en regard de l’image de soi qu’il contribue à produire et du point de vue de la distinction sociale ; puis analysé en tant qu’incorporation du social, du sexe et du genre, mais aussi des attaches territoriales ( embodiment ).
Les grands ensembles de banlieue comme menaces urbaines ?
Authors: Germes Melina , Schirmel Henning , Brailich Adam , Glaszei Georg , Pütz Robert 
Published: November 2010

Depuis les années 1960, la physionomie des villes européennes est fortement marquée par les grands ensembles, autant à l’Est qu’à l’Ouest. Nous proposons une recherche comparative de la constitution discursive des grands ensembles de banlieue en Allemagne, en France et en Pologne. Avec la théorie des discours nous formulons le postulat que la signification des espaces sociaux est construite dans le discours, au sein duquel l’ordre socio-spatial est institué. Afin d’identifier les différents modèles discursifs locaux, internationaux ou nationaux, nous procédons à une analyse lexicométrique et à une analyse qualitative de grands quotidiens de la presse écrite. Celles-ci montrent comment, au-delà de la diversité des qualifications des grands ensembles, ceux-ci sont constitués à travers le prisme de la sécurité, étant tantôt menacés en Pologne, tantôt menaçants en France et en Allemagne. Les significations contextuelles ne sont pas contraintes aux frontières nationales ni aux frontières linguistiques, en ce que les discours sur les grands ensembles en Allemagne de l’Est et de l’Ouest sont différenciés.
Diaspora, développement et urbanisation : des Burkinabè de l'étranger acteurs des projets urbains de Zaca et Ouaga 2000 à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Bertoncello Brigitte 
Published: November 2010

Inscrit dans un nouvel ensemble de recherches portant sur l’articulation entre migration et urbanisation, le présent article a pour objectif de comprendre comment les migrants, à travers leurs investissements, participent à la fabrique urbaine de leur pays d’origine et deviennent des acteurs du développement des villes. Le retour des Burkinabè de Côte d’Ivoire dans leur pays d’origine, perçu par le gouvernement de B. Compaoré comme un risque de déstabilisation économique et sociale, a généré un nouveau regard sur la question migratoire. Après avoir été négligés, les Burkinabè de l’étranger sont aujourd’hui considérés comme des développeurs potentiels. Depuis 2002, acteurs public et privé mettent en place des dispositifs facilitant mais aussi orientant leurs projets d’investissement au pays. Il s’agit en effet de canaliser l’argent des migrants vers les deux grands projets urbains de Ouagadougou, ZACA et Ouaga 2000, devant permettre d’afficher dynamisme et modernité d’une capitale en mouvement. Les migrants, autrefois porteurs de projets de développement, s’insèrent aujourd’hui dans des projets urbains déjà pensés par l’État selon un modèle occidental. Au cœur de politiques de récupération, ils semblent perdre leur autonomie mais reste leur capacité à se réapproprier les projets urbains.
Foucault et « la société punitive »
Authors: Gros Frédéric 
Published: November 2010

Résumé Foucault prononce en 1973 un cours au Collège de France intitulé « La société punitive ». Ce cours, encore inédit, offre les premières grandes propositions théoriques de Foucault sur la naissance de la prison. Elles seront reprises, infléchies, reproblématisées dans Surveiller et Punir . Mais, en 1973, elles sont données avec une netteté conceptuelle et un tranchant polémique qu’elles ne retrouveront plus par la suite. Trois grandes notions sont définies : le « pénitentiaire », le « carcéral » et le « coercitif ». C’est le nouage de ces trois dimensions qui rend compte de l’invention de la prison.
L'assurance santé aux États-Unis : la réforme Obama
Authors: Rodwin Victor G. 
Published: November 2010

Résumé Le Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) est le projet de réforme du système d’assurance santé le plus ambitieux que les États-Unis aient connu depuis celui du président Lyndon Johnson. Cette réforme vise à moderniser le système de santé en mobilisant des ressources considérables au niveau fédéral pour financer à grande échelle des expérimentations autour d’idées connues et débattues depuis vingt-cinq ans : disease management , paiement à la performance, programmes de prévention et de dépistage, systèmes forfaitaires de rémunération. Enfin, un autre volet de la réforme vise à réduire les gaspillages, à lutter contre les abus et les fraudes et à rationaliser le système Medicare. Pourquoi cette loi, qui met fin à de nombreuses tentatives avortées, a-t-elle suscité un débat si passionné entre démocrates et républicains ? Quels sont les défis auxquels le gouvernement sera confronté et réussira-t-il à faire appliquer la loi ?