bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Properties, Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen Seed Oil
Authors: Lianhe Zheng , Xing Huang , Li Wang , Zhengxing Chen 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe heartwood or root of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen is an important traditional medicine in Asia. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties, chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen seed oil. Oil, protein, carbohydrate, moisture, ash and total phenolic contents were found to be 12.96, 26.86, 42.58, 13.70, 3.90 and 5.55%, respectively. Free fatty acids, iodine number, peroxide value, saponification number and unsaponifiable matter were 1.66%, 106.53 g/100 g, 5.07 meq O2/Kg, 196.78 mg KOH/g and 1.70%, respectively. The oil showed high absorbance in the UV‐B and UV‐C ranges with potential for use as a broad spectrum UV protectant. The major fatty acids were linoleic acid (60.03%), oleic acid (17.48%) and palmitic acid (16.72%). The total tocopherol, total phenolics and β‐carotene were 511.9, 351.1 and 62.2 mg/kg oil, respectively. In addition, the methanol extract of seed oil showed significant in vitro antioxidant activity in four assays including DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition and chelating activity. This study suggests that Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen seed oil has the potential to be used in new products in the functional food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industries.
Functional outcome following intramedullary nailing or plate and screw fixation of paediatric diaphyseal forearm fractures: A systematic review
Authors: Westacott Daniel J. , Jordan Robert W. , Cooke Stephen J. 
Published: January 2012

Purpose Unstable paediatric diaphyseal both-bone forearm fractures requiring fixation have traditionally been treated with rigid internal fixation with plate and screws. Intramedullary stabilisation has grown in popularity over the last 25 years but may be associated with rotational deformity and subsequent loss of pronosupination. This systematic review aims to establish which treatment method provides better functional outcome. Methods A systematic review of the published literature was performed, searching Medline, Embase, Pubmed and the Cochrane Library for English-language studies comparing intramedullary nailing with plate and screws in patients less than 18 years old with both-bone diaphyseal forearm fractures. Results Seven studies met the inclusion criteria. They were all retrospective comparative studies (level III or IV). One was age- and sex-matched. Three looked specifically at older children. No study reported a significant difference in functional outcome with either treatment. Conclusions The currently available literature shows no difference in functional outcome between intramedullary nailing and plate and screw fixation, even in older children with less remodelling potential. Intramedullary nailing may therefore be the treatment of choice for simple fracture patterns due to shorter operative time, better cosmesis and ease of removal. Plating may still have a role in more complex injuries.
Stressed horizontal convection
Authors: Hazewinkel J. , Paparella F. , Young W. R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe consider the problem of a Boussinesq fluid forced by applying both non-uniform temperature and stress at the top surface. On the other boundaries the conditions are thermally insulating and either no-slip or stress-free. The interesting case is when the direction of the steady applied surface stress opposes the sense of the buoyancy driven flow. We obtain two-dimensional numerical solutions showing a regime in which there is an upper cell with thermally indirect circulation (buoyant fluid is pushed downwards by the applied stress and heavy fluid is elevated), and a second deep cell with thermally direct circulation. In this two-cell regime the driving mechanisms are competitive in the sense that neither dominates the flow. A scaling argument shows that this balance requires that surface stress vary as the horizontal Rayleigh number to the three-fifths power.
Lagrangian acceleration measurements in convective thermal turbulence
Authors: Ni Rui , Huang Shi-Di , Xia Ke-Qing 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe report the first experimental study of Lagrangian acceleration in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection, using particle tracking velocimetry. A method has been developed to quantitatively evaluate and eliminate the uncertainties induced by temperature and refraction index fluctuations caused by the thermal plumes. It is found that the acceleration p.d.f. exhibits a stretched exponential form and that the probability for large magnitude of acceleration in the lateral direction is higher than those in the vertical directions, which can be attributed to the vortical motion of the thermal plumes. The local acceleration variance $\langle {a}^{2} \rangle $ was obtained for various values of the three control parameters: the Rayleigh number $\mathit{Ra}$ ($6\ensuremath{\times} 1{0}^{8} \leq \mathit{Ra}\leq 1\ensuremath{\times} 1{0}^{11} $), the Prandtl number $\mathit{Pr}$ ($\mathit{Pr}= 4. 4, 5. 5$ and 6.1) and the system size $L~(L= 19. 2\text{~and~} 48. 6~\mathrm{cm} )$. These were then compared with the theoretically predicted dependence on these parameters for buoyancy-dominated turbulent flows and for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence, respectively. It is found that $\langle {a}^{2} \rangle $ in the central region is dominated by contributions from the turbulent background rather than from the buoyancy force, and the Heisenberg–Yaglom relation holds in this region. From this, we obtain the first experimental results of the constant ${a}_{0} $ of the acceleration variance in the micro-scale Reynolds number range $20\leq {R}_{\lambda } \leq 120$, which fills a gap in this constant in the lower ${R}_{\lambda } $ end from the experimental side, and provides possible constraints for its high ${R}_{\lambda } $ behaviour if a certain fitting function is attempted. In addition, acceleration correlation functions were obtained for different $\mathit{Ra}$. It is found that the zero crossing time of acceleration correlation functions is at $\tau \approx 2. 2{\tau }_{\eta } $ (${\tau }_{\eta } $ is the Kolmogorov time scale) over the range of $\mathit{Ra}({R}_{\lambda } )$ spanned in our experiments, which is the same as the simulation results in isotropic turbulence, and the exponential decay time ${\tau }_{1/ e} = (1. 12\pm 0. 05){\tau }_{\eta } $, which is larger than $(0. 73\ensuremath{\sim} 0. 80){\tau }_{\eta } $ found experimentally for other types of turbulent flows with larger ${R}_{\lambda } $.
NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF ADOLESCENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE MOROCCAN NUTRITIONAL TRANSITION: THE ROLE OF PARENTAL EDUCATION
Authors: LÓPEZ PILAR MONTERO , ANZID KARIM , CHERKAOUI MOHAMED , BAALI ABDELLATIF , LOPEZ SANTIAGO RODRIGUEZ 
Published: January 2012

SummaryIn Morocco, the beginning of the nutritional transition is closely linked to social and economic transformations and changes in behaviour and traditional lifestyles. The objective of this study is to describe the current pattern of food consumption and the nutritional status of adolescents in the province of Ouarzazate and its association with parents' educational level. The sample comprises 327 high school students from Ouarzazate: 135 (41.3%) boys and 192 (58.7%) girls (age range 15–20 years). For both boys and girls, the results show lower height and BMI z-scores than the WHO reference values. Adolescents whose parents have a low educational level have lower height/age and BMI/age z-scores than those whose fathers have a high educational level. No differences are observed in total daily energy intake depending on fathers' educational level, but the energy provided by lipids is higher in adolescents whose fathers have a high educational background. The quality of fats consumed (MUFA+PUFA/SFA) is better among those boys whose fathers have low education, but no differences are observed for girls. The process of nutritional transition is not uniform in the sample, but depends on the socioeconomic characteristics of population groups, which include, among others, accessibility of certain food, differences in habits and lifestyles related to energy expenditure, and higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in more favoured groups.
Considering RNAi experimental design in parasitic helminths
Authors: DALZELL JOHNATHAN J. , WARNOCK NEIL D. , MCVEIGH PAUL , MARKS NIKKI J. , MOUSLEY ANGELA , ATKINSON LOUISE , MAULE AARON G. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYAlmost a decade has passed since the first report of RNA interference (RNAi) in a parasitic helminth. Whilst much progress has been made with RNAi informing gene function studies in disparate nematode and flatworm parasites, substantial and seemingly prohibitive difficulties have been encountered in some species, hindering progress. An appraisal of current practices, trends and ideals of RNAi experimental design in parasitic helminths is both timely and necessary for a number of reasons: firstly, the increasing availability of parasitic helminth genome/transcriptome resources means there is a growing need for gene function tools such as RNAi; secondly, fundamental differences and unique challenges exist for parasite species which do not apply to model organisms; thirdly, the inherent variation in experimental design, and reported difficulties with reproducibility undermine confidence. Ideally, RNAi studies of gene function should adopt standardised experimental design to aid reproducibility, interpretation and comparative analyses. Although the huge variations in parasite biology and experimental endpoints make RNAi experimental design standardization difficult or impractical, we must strive to validate RNAi experimentation in helminth parasites. To aid this process we identify multiple approaches to RNAi experimental validation and highlight those which we deem to be critical for gene function studies in helminth parasites.
Gastrointestinal helminths of pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus/Pipistrellus pygmaeus) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) of England
Authors: LORD JENNIFER S. , PARKER STEVE , PARKER FIONA , BROOKS DARREN R. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYAlthough bats are one of the most successful and diverse of mammalian orders, studies that focus upon bat endoparasites are limited. To further knowledge of bat parasitology, pipistrelle bats (Pipistrellus pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus) were acquired from across the Greater Manchester and Lancashire region of England and examined for gastrointestinal helminths using morphological and molecular analyses†. Sixty-eight of 90 adult/juvenile bats (76% prevalence) were infected with at least 1 species of helminth and mean helminth abundance was 48·2 (+/−7·0). All helminths were digenean trematodes and the following species were identified in 51 P. pipistrellus specimens (prevalence in parentheses): Lecithodendrium linstowi (80·4%), L. spathulatum (19·6%), Prosthodendrium sp. (35·3%), Plagiorchis koreanus (29·4%) and Pycnoporus heteroporus (9·8%). Statistical analyses, incorporating multifactorial models, showed that male bats exhibited a significantly more aggregated helminth distribution and lower abundance than females. Positive associations were observed between L. linstowi and L. spathulatum, Prosthodendrium sp. and P. heteroporus and between L. spathulatum and P. koreanus. A revised phylogeny of bat-associated Lecithodendriidae, incorporating novel L. spathulatum and Prosthodendrium sp. 28S rRNA sequences, separated the controversial clade formed by L. linstowi and P. hurkovaae. Further studies are likely to assist the understanding of bat-parasite/pathogen relationships, helminth infracommunity structures and phylogenetics.
Host switch and infestation byLigula intestinalisL. in a silver bream (Blicca bjoerknaL.) population
Authors: VANACKER M. , MASSON G. , BEISEL J-N. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYSampling of the fish community was carried out for 20 years in the Mirgenbach reservoir, in North-Eastern France. The prevalence and the mean intensity ofLigula intestinalis(Cestoda) were analysed in roach (Rutilus rutilus) and silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna) populations, the main two infected species. The aim of this study was to investigate the host switch from roach to silver bream and the consequences ofL. intestinalisinfestation in silver bream, which is an unusual host for this parasite asLigulaparasitism in silver bream appears to be rare. We analysed in detail the relationships between parasitism index (PI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), perivisceral fat abundance (PFA) and condition index (CI) in the silver bream population. In 1998, prevalence ofL. intestinalishighlighted a clear host switch from roach to silver bream. In the silver bream population, young fish were the most severely infected and the impact of plerocercoids appeared to be different depending on the host sex. In male silver bream, plerocercoids drew energy from fat reserves even if GSI was also slightly impacted. On the contrary, in females energy was diverted from gonad maturation rather than from perivisceral fat reserves. No significant difference was observed in terms of CI in either sex.
Intestinal growth and pathology ofGiardia duodenalisassemblage subtype AI, AII, B and E in the gerbil model
Authors: BÉNÉRÉ E. , VAN ASSCHE T. , VAN GINNEKEN C. , PEULEN O. , COS P. , MAES L. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThis study investigated the significance of the genetic differences between assemblages A, B and E on intestinal growth and virulence. Intestinal growth and virulence were studied in 2 laboratory (AI: WB and B: GS/M-83-H7) and 6 field isolates of assemblage subtype AI, AII, B and EIII. Intestinal trophozoite burdens, body weight and faecal consistency were monitored until day 29 post-infection (p.i.), morphological (mucosal architecture and inflammation) and functional (disaccharidase and alkaline phosphatase enzyme activity) damage to the small intestine were evaluated on days 7 and 18 p.i. The assemblage subtypes AIand B were more infectious and produced higher trophozoite loads for a longer period compared to the subtypes AIIand EIII. The body weight of infected gerbils was significantly reduced compared to uninfected controls, but did not differ between the assemblage subtypes. Consistent softening of the faeces was only observed with assemblage B. Assemblage B next to assemblage subtype AIelicited relatively higher pathogenicity, characterized by more extensive damage to mucosal architecture, decreased brush-border enzyme function and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Assemblage EIIIand AIIisolates showed relatively low virulence. TheGiardiaassemblage subtypes exhibit different levels of growth and virulence in the gerbil model.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the transmission process of an intertidal trematode parasite
Authors: STUDER A. , LAMARE M. D. , POULIN R. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThe transmission of parasites takes place under exposure to a range of fluctuating environmental factors, one being the changing levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Here, we investigated the effects of ecologically relevant levels of UVR on the transmission of the intertidal trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis from its first intermediate snail host (Zeacumantus subcarinatus) to its second intermediate amphipod host (Paracalliope novizealandiae). We assessed the output of parasite transmission stages (cercariae) from infected snail hosts, the survival and infectivity of cercariae, the susceptibility of amphipod hosts to infection (laboratory experiments) and the survival of infected and uninfected amphipod hosts (outdoor experiment) when exposed to photo-synthetically active radiation only (PAR, 400–700 nm; no UV), PAR+UVA (320–700 nm) or PAR+UVA+UVB (280–700 nm). Survival of cercariae and susceptibility of amphipods to infection were the only two steps significantly affected by UVR. Survival of cercariae decreased strongly in a dose-dependent manner, while susceptibility of amphipods increased after exposure to UVR for a prolonged period. Exposure to UVR thus negatively affects both the parasite and its amphipod host, and should therefore be considered an influential component in parasite transmission and host-parasite interactions in intertidal ecosystems.
Defining the concept of ‘tick repellency’ in veterinary medicine
Authors: HALOS L. , BANETH G. , BEUGNET F. , BOWMAN A. S. , CHOMEL B. , FARKAS R. , FRANC M. , GUILLOT J. , INOKUMA H. , KAUFMAN R. , JONGEJAN F. , JOACHIM A. , OTRANTO D. , PFISTER K. , POLLMEIER M. , SAINZ A. , WALL R. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYAlthough widely used, the term repellency needs to be employed with care when applied to ticks and other periodic or permanent ectoparasites. Repellency has classically been used to describe the effects of a substance that causes a flying arthropod to make oriented movements away from its source. However, for crawling arthropods such as ticks, the term commonly subsumes a range of effects that include arthropod irritation and consequent avoiding or leaving the host, failing to attach, to bite, or to feed. The objective of the present article is to highlight the need for clarity, to propose consensus descriptions and methods for the evaluation of various effects on ticks caused by chemical substances.
Free Will and Necker's Cube: Reason, Language and Top-Down Control in cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Gillett Grant , Liu Sam C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe debates about human free will are traditionally the concern of metaphysics but neuroscientists have recently entered the field arguing that acts of the will are determined by brain events themselves causal products of other events. We examine that claim through the example of free or voluntary switch of perception in relation to the Necker cube. When I am asked to see the cube in one way, I decide whether I will follow the command (or do as I am asked) using skills that reason and language give to me and change my brain states accordingly. The voluntary shift of perspective in seeing the Necker cube this way or that exemplifies the top-down control exercised by a human being on the basis of the role of language and meaning in their activity. It also indicates the lived story that is at the centre of each human consciousness. In the third part of this essay, three arguments are used to undermine metaphysical objections to the very idea of top-down self control.
Large field-of-view X-ray imaging by using a Fresnel zone plate
Authors: Wang Xiao-Fang , Wang Jin-Yu , Chen Xiao-Hu , Chen Xin-Gong , Wei Lai 
Published: January 2012

AbstractTo diagnose the implosion of a laser-driven-fusion target such as the symmetry, the hydrodynamic instability at the interface, a high-resolution, large field-of-view kilo-electron-volt X-ray imaging is required. A Kirkpatrick-Baez (K-B) microscope is commonly used, but its field of view is limited to a few hundred microns as the resolution decreases rapidly with the increase of the field of view. A higher resolution could be realized by using a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) for imaging. Presented in this work is a numerical study on the imaging properties of an FZP at Ti-Kα wavelength of 0.275 nm, and a comparison to a K-B imager. It is found that the FZP can realize not only a resolution better than 1 µm, but also a field-of-view larger than 20 mm when the FZP is illuminated by X-rays of spectral bandwidth less than 1.75%. These results indicate the feasibility of applying the FZP in high-resolution, large field-of-view X-ray imaging.
Gender and age effects interact in preschoolers' help-seeking: evidence for differential responses to changes in task difficulty
Authors: THOMPSON R. BRUCE , COTHRAN THOMAS , MCCALL DANIEL 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis study explored preschool age and gender differences in help-seeking within the theoretical framework of scaffolded problem-solving and self-regulation (Bruner, 1986; Rogoff, 1990; Vygotsky, 1978; 1986). Within-subject analyses tracked changes in help-seeking among 62 preschoolers (34 boys, 28 girls, mean age 4.22 years) solving a challenging puzzle with an adult. The goal was to document whether age and gender interact with fluctuating difficulty to affect children's spontaneous help-seeking. ANOVAs indicated that girls used more help-seeking during difficult segments of the task, despite performance equal to the boys. This pattern was strongest among older girls, who outperformed all other children and used the most help-seeking. Partial correlations, controlling for solving time, indicated that age predicted children's help-seeking during the most difficult segments of the task, but only among girls. Gender differences in social–linguistic maturation and cognitive development are discussed within the framework of Vygotskian theory and related educational practice.
Greasing the Reels: Advertising as a Means of Campaigning on Chinese Television
Authors: Stockmann Daniela 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article examines a major change in campaigning through the means of mass media during the reform era. As the media commercialized and partially privatized, the state has tried increasingly to involve societal actors in the production of public service advertisements (PSAs) on television. Today, PSA campaigns are initiated by state and Party units, but their funding, production and broadcasting is made possible by a collaborative effort between broadcasters, advertising companies and commercial enterprises who voluntarily support their further development. I conducted 27 in-depth interviews with officials, broadcasters and producers in Beijing to tap into the policy rationale behind the use of public service advertisements in campaigning and the incentive structure facilitating collaboration between companies and state units. Interviews with judges of PSA competitions and content analysis of price-winning advertisements reveal the standards of the central government to employ public service advertising as a means of campaigning.
The Autumn Harvest: Peasants and Markets in Post-Collective Rural China
Authors: Zhou Xueguang 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFor the peasants in rural China, the harvest season is the occasion when several different worlds – the business world of large companies, the entrepreneurial world of middlemen, local elites and peasant households – are compressed into the same social space, thereby inducing intensive economic and social interactions and crystallizing social relations among villagers, local elites and markets. Based on ethnographic research on the autumn harvest in a township in northern China, this study sheds light on distinctive modes of market transactions across produces, and diverse interactions between markets and local institutions involving different co-ordination mechanisms, rhythms and social relationships. A more nuanced image of market transactions emerges from these observations, calling for a more refined conceptualization of markets and further research on their implications for institutional changes.