bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cross‐Linking of Neurofilament Proteins of Rat Spinal Cord In Vivo After Administration of 2,5‐Hexanedione
Authors: Lapadula Daniel M. , Irwin Richard D. , Suwita Elizabeth , Abou‐Donia Mohamed B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The aliphatic hexacarbonsn‐hexane, methyl‐nbutyl ketone, and 2,5‐hexanedione are known to produce a peripheral neuropathy that involves an accumulation of 10‐nm neurofilaments above the nodes of Ranvier in the spinal cord and peripheral nerve. In this study, rats were treated with 0.5% 2,5‐hexanedione in drinking water for 180 days, and their spinal cord neurofilaments were isolated after development of the neuropathy. Visualization by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electro phoresis revealed a significant reduction in content of the neurofilament triplet proteins in treated animals and the presence of bands migrating at 138K and 260K that were not present in control animals. Analysis of the lanes using immunoblotting procedures and anti‐70K, anti‐160K, and anti‐210K neurofilament antibodies revealed many crosslinked peptides. The 138K band cross‐reacted with the anti‐160K neurofilament antibody. This suggests that the 138K band is an intramolecular cross‐link of the 160K neurofilament subunit. In addition to this peptide, there were numerous high‐molecular‐weight peptides immuno reactive with all three neurofilament protein antibodies. In addition to cross‐linking, there was also a diminished amount of immunoreactive breakdown product of all three neurofilament proteins. This report demonstrates direct evidence of 2,5‐hexanedione‐induced cross‐linking of neurofilament proteins in vivo, which maybe responsible for the accumulation of neurofilament proteins pathognomic of this neuropathy.
An Assessment of the Role of Opioid Receptors in the Response to Cannabimimetic Drugs
Authors: Devane William A. , Spain James W. , Coscia Carmine J. , Howlett Allyn C. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Cannabimimetic drugs have been shown to inhibit adenylate cyclase activity in NI8TG2 neuroblastoma cells. This investigation examines the possible role of opioid receptors in the cannabimimetic response. Opioid receptors of the δ subtype were found on N18TG2 membranes using [3H]D‐Ala2‐D‐Leu5‐enkephalin. No δ or K receptors were detected using selective ligands for these sites. The δ binding affinity and capacity were unaltered by cannabimimetic drugs. To test if cannabimimetic drugs may modulate opioid effector mechanisms, cyclic AMP metabolism was determined in intact cells and in membranes. N18TG2 adenylate cyclase was inhibited by the cannabimimetic drugs Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol and desacetyllevonantradol, and by the opioid agents morphine, etorphine, and D‐Ala2‐Met5‐enkephalinamide. The opioid inhibition was reversed by naloxone and naltrexone; however, the cannabimimetic response was unaffected. Both cannabimimetic and opioid drugs decreased cyclic AMP accumulation in intact cells, but opioid antagonists blocked the response only to the latter. Thus, cannabimimetic effects are observed even though opioid receptors are blocked by antagonist drugs. The interaction between desacetyllevonantradol and etorphine was neither synergistic nor additive at maximal concentrations, suggesting that these two drugs operate via the same effector mechanism. Other neuronal cell lines having an opioid response were also examined. The cannabimimetic inhibition of cyclic AMP accumulation in NG108‐15 neuroblastoma x glioma cells was not as great as the response in N18TG2. N4TG1 neuroblastoma cells did not respond to cannabimimetic drugs under any conditions tested. Thus, the cannabimimetic inhibition of adenylate cyclase is not universally observed, and the efficacy of the cannabimimetic response does not correlate with the efficacy of the opioid response.
Secretin Stimulates Cyclic AMP Formation in the Rat Brain
Authors: Fremeau Robert T. , Korman Louis Y. , Moody Terry W. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The effects of secretin on cyclic AMP levels in the rat brain were determined. Incubation of rat brain frontal cortex slices with secretin or the structurally related peptides peptide histidine leucine (PHI) or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the presence of 10 mMtheophylline resulted in a dose‐dependent increase in the cyclic AMP levels. The half‐maximal increase in cyclic AMP occurred using a 1 μM dose of secretin or a 2 μMdose of PHI or VIP. Preincubation of slices with secretin‐(5–27) produced a dose‐dependent inhibition of the secretin but not VIP‐ or PHI‐stimulated increase in the cyclic AMP content. Also, in receptor binding studies, secretin‐(5–27) produced a dose‐dependent inhibition (Ki= 400 nM) of125I‐secretin but not of125I‐VIP binding to rat brain membranes. Guanyl‐5′‐yl imidodiphosphate decreased the affinity of radiolabelled secretin binding as a result of an increased rate of dissociation of bound125I‐secretin. These data suggest that secretin receptors in the rat brain may be coupled to adenylate cyclase in a stimulatory manner and that secretin‐(5–27) may function as a central secretin receptor antagonist.
Catecholamine‐Metabolizing Enzymes of Bovine Brain Microvessel Endothelial Cell Monolayers
Authors: Baranczyk‐Kuzma Anna , Audus Kenneth L. , Borchardt Ronald T. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The activities of monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), phenol sulfotransferase (PST), alkaline phosphatase (AP), γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GT), and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) were quantitated in primary cultures of bovine brain microvessel endothelial cell monolayers and cerebral gray matter. Significant MAO‐A and ‐B, cytosolic and membrane‐bound COMT, PST, AP, GT, and ACE activities are demonstrated in bovine gray matter. By comparison, enzyme activities of the monolayers vary with the age of the monolayer and are generally higher in complete monolayers. Relative to gray matter enzyme activities, the monolayers are enriched with AP, GT, and ACE, enzymes considered to be markers for brain endothelium. Results also indicate that the activities of MAO‐A and PST in the monolayers approach those found in the gray matter. Conversely, cytosolic COMT and MAO‐B activities in the monolayers are negligible and much lower, respectively, compared to activities in gray matter. Additional studies with both tissues suggest that the PST of both tissues is the thermostable form of the enzyme.
Reduction of calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum could only provide partial neuroprotection against beta‐amyloid peptide toxicity
Authors: Suen Ka‐Chun , Lin Kim‐Fung , Elyaman Wassim , So Kwok‐Fai , Chuen‐Chung Chang Raymond , Hugon Jacques 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBeta‐amyloid (Aβ) peptide has been suggested to play important roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ peptide neurotoxicity was shown to induce disturbance of cellular calcium homeostasis. However, whether modulation of calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can protect neurons from Aβ toxicity is not clearly defined. In the present study, Aβ peptide‐triggered ER calcium release in primary cortical neurons in culture is modulated by Xestospongin C, 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate or FK506. Our results showed that reduction of ER calcium release can partially attenuate Aβ peptide neurotoxicity evaluated by LDH release, caspase‐3 activity and quantification of apoptotic cells. While stress signals associated with perturbations of ER functions such as up‐regulation of GRP78 was significantly attenuated, other signaling machinery such as activation of caspase‐7 transmitting death signals from ER to other organelles could not be altered. We further provide evidence that molecular signaling in mitochondria play also a significant role in determining neuronal apoptosis because Aβ peptide‐triggered activation of caspase‐9 was not significantly reduced by attenuating ER calcium release. Our results suggest that neuroprotective strategies aiming at reducing Aβ toxicity should include molecular targets linked to ER perturbations associated with ER calcium release as well as mitochondrial stress.
Cyclin‐dependent kinase‐5 in neurodegeneration
Authors: Shelton Shirley B. , Johnson Gail V. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCyclin‐dependent kinase‐5 (CDK5) is predominantly active in the nervous system and it is well established that CDK5 is essential in neuronal development. In addition to its recognized role in development, there is increasing evidence that CDK5 may be involved in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders. Although studies have shown that CDK5 can modulate cell death and survival, controversy still exists as to the exact role CDK5 may play in neurodegenerative processes. This review will highlight recent data on the possible roles of CDK5 in neurodegeneration.
Applications of nucleic acid technology in the CNS
Authors: Trülzsch Barbara , Wood Matthew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis review examines applications of nucleic acid technology in the form of catalytic nucleic acids (ribozymes and DNAzymes) and RNA interference (RNAi) in the CNS. The basic mechanism of catalytic nucleic acids and RNAi is reviewed, and potentials and problems highlighted. Recent advances in chemical modifications and delivery techniques are summarized. Applications in the CNS, including their use in primary neuronal cells, organotypic slice culture and the brainin vivoare further discussed.
Primed phosphorylation of tau at Thr231 by glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) plays a critical role in regulating tau's ability to bind and stabilize microtubules
Authors: Cho Jae‐Hyeon , Johnson Gail V. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSite‐specific phosphorylation of tau negatively regulates its ability to bind and stabilize microtubule structure. Although tau is a substrate of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), the exact sites on tau that are phosphorylated by this kinasein situhave not yet been established, and the effect of these phosphorylation events on tau–microtubule interactions have not been fully elucidated. GSK3β phosphorylates both primed and unprimed sites on tau, but only primed phosphorylation events significantly decrease the ability of tau to bind microtubules. The focus of the present study is on determining the importance of the GSK3β‐mediated phosphorylation of a specific primed site, Thr231, in regulating tau's function. Pre‐phosphorylation of Ser235 primes tau for phosphorylation by GSK3β at Thr231. Phosphorylation by GSK3β of wild‐type tau or tau with Ser235 mutated to Ala decreases tau–microtubule interactions. However, when Thr231 alone or Thr231 and Ser235 in tau were mutated to Ala, phosphorylation by GSK3β did not decrease the association of tau with the cytoskeleton. Further, T231A tau was still able to efficiently bind microtubules after phosphorylation by GSK3β. Expression of each tau construct alone increased tubulin acetylation, a marker of microtubule stability. However, when cells were cotransfected with wild‐type tau and GSK3β, the level of tubulin acetylation was decreased to vector‐transfected levels. In contrast, coexpression of GSK3β with mutated tau (T231A/S235A) did not significantly decrease the levels of acetylated tubulin. These results strongly indicate that phosphorylation of Thr231 in tau by GSK3β plays a critical role in regulating tau's ability to bind and stabilize microtubules.
Potassium, sodium, calcium and glutamate‐gated channels: pore architecture and ligand action
Authors: Zhorov Boris S. , Tikhonov Denis B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the last decade, the idea of common organization of certain ion channel families exhibiting diverse physiological and pharmacological properties has received strong experimental support. Transmembrane topologies and patterns of the pore‐facing residues are conserved in P‐loop channels that include high‐selective cation channels and certain ligand‐gated channels. X‐ray structures of bacterial K+channels, KcsA, MthK and KvAP, help to understand structure‐function relationships of other P‐loop channels. Data on binding sites and mechanisms of action of ligands of K+, Na+, Ca2+and glutamate gated ion channels are considered in view of their possible structural similarity to the bacterial K+channels. Emphasized are structural determinants of ligand–receptor interactions within the channels and mechanisms of state‐dependent action of the ligands.
Impacts of Animal Well‐Being and Welfare Media on Meat Demand
Authors: Tonsor Glynn T. , Olynk Nicole J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article provides the first known examination of how animal welfare information provided by media sources impacts beef, pork and poultry demand. Results suggest that media attention to animal welfare has a small, but statistically significant impact on meat demand. Long‐run pork and poultry demand are hampered by increasing media attention whereas beef demand is not directly impacted. Loss in consumer demand is found to come from exiting the meat complex rather than spilling over and enhancing demand of competing meats. An outline of economic implications is provided for the broader discussion of animal welfare.
Some Aspects of the Drying and Heating of Textiles Part III–The Migration of Solvents and Solutes during Drying
Authors: PRESTON J. M. , CHEN J. C. 
Published: July 2010

The migration of moisture and dissolved substanoes during drying operations has been investigated. Similar migration is found to ooour during the production of “fused” semi–stiff collars where liquids other than water are used.A simple mechanism is proposed to explain the migration phenomena.
The Action of Light on Jute
Authors: CALLOW H. J. , SPEAKMAN J. B. 
Published: July 2010

When jute is exposed to light and air, all the main components undergo degradation. An aqueous extract of the exposed material contains reducing substances, which may be aldehydes of low molecular weight derived from the cellulose by main chain fission, because the copper number of jute is increased by exposure. In addition, the aqueous extract is more acid than that from unexposed jute. Part of the acid seems to come from degraded polyuronides, and the remainder from the lignin, which loses methoxyl groups during irradiation. Their loss may lead to the formation of o–diphenols and, ultimately, o–quinones. These seem to be the main cause of the discolouration. which jute suffers during exposure to light and air.in the light of these observations, it seemed probable that discolouration would be prevented by methylation or acetylation. Jute is bleached by treatment with diazomethane, but subsequent discolouration during exposure, though minimiaod, is not entirely prevented. Botter results were obtained hy first bleaching jute with sodium hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide, and then acetylating with a mixture of acetic anhydride, xylene, and sulphanilic acid at the boil. Acetylation for 3 tir. gives a product which bleaches during irradiation, but some discolouration takes place during acetylation. When, however. the jute is treated for only 1 hr., the primary discolouration is minimised, and tho degree of acetylation is such that neither discolouration nor bleaching takes place during exposure.The bleaching of highly aeetylated jute during irradiation is favoured by the presence of oxygen and water. Acetyl groups are lost during exposure, and it seems probable that bleaching is caused by the formation of acetyl peroxide, which was shown to be capable of bleaching aeetylated jute.
The Formation of Polymers in Wool*
Authors: LIPSON M. , SPEAKMAN J. B. 
Published: July 2010

When wool fibres are impregnated with a dilute solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate, dried, and then treated with a solution of methacrylic acid containing a trace of hydrogen peroxide, preferential internal polymerisation is brought about by the hydroxyl radicals formed inside the fibres when the hydrogen peroxide encounters the ferrous ions. The reaction proceeds best at low j>H values in absence of oxygen. Preferential internal polymerisation of water–insoluble monomers can also be brought about if they are emulsified with Lissolamine V, and no difficulty has been encountered in forming copolymers of methacrylic acid and methyl methaerylate, for example, within the fibres.Such internal deposits of polymer can be used to modify the properties of wool in a number of ways. When the polymer is acid, two–tone effects can be obtained by dyeing treated and untreated wool in the same dyebath, the treated wool taking a lighter shade. Conversely, when the polymer is basic, the treated wool takes a darker shade. In addition, internal deposits of polymer are capable of increasing the wear–resistance and reducing the milling shrinkage of wool fabrics. Finally, if the monomer carries reactive side–chains, e. g. methacrylamide, internal polymerisation followed by cross–linking with formaldehyde causes a striking increase in the resistance of wool fibres to extension in water. It is not yet known whethor cross–linkages are formed between the polymer and the wool, but reactions of this type should be useful in strengthening intact fibre and repairing damaged fibres.
The Reaction of Wool with Organic Chloroamines I–Conditions for rendering Wool Non–felting
Authors: ALEXANDER P. , CARTER D. , EARLAND C. 
Published: July 2010

It is shown that certain chloroamines will react with wool to render it unshrinkable, but only in the presence of high concentrations of hydrogen and ohloride ions. In the absence of high concentrations of these ions the chloroamines still react with the wool, which does not, however, become unshrinkable unless very high concentrations are employed.From a practical point of view the use of chlorosulphamic acid is most promising in the presence of high concentrations of sodium chloride, as small quantities of available chlorine then render the wool completely unshrinkable with a minimum of damage.
A Study of the Photochemistry of Dyes on Proteins and other Substrates
Authors: CUMMING J. W. , GILES C. H. , McEachran A. E. 
Published: July 2010

The rates of oxidation and of reduction in aqueous solution, and of fading in films of a typical protein (gelatin) and a typical non‐protein (methylethylcellulose), have been determined for several series of dyes of different chemical classes. The general conclusion reached is that the photodegradation of a dye may follow either of the alternative mechanisms of oxidation or reduction, but normally oxidation occurs more readily on all non‐proteins and reduction on proteins. In photochemical oxidation of dyes on non‐proteins the substrate does not necessarily take part directly, but in reduction on proteins some constituent of the protein itself appears to act as the reducing agent. The histidine side‐chains are probably the active constituent.The conclusions in some instances have been confirmed by examination of spectral absorption curves of oxidation, reduction, and fading products of certain dyes.
Fibro and Fibrolane in the Carpet Trade with particular reference to Dyeing
Authors: CHEETHAM R. C. 
Published: July 2010

The impact of man‐made fibres on the carpet trade is discussed, and the desirable attributes of a carpet fibre are suggested. The properties and the performance of viscose rayon staple (Fibro) and regenerated protein staple (Fibrolane) are then considered in detail, some indication being given of the relative advantages of these fibres as well as any apparent disadvantages. The methods being developed to overcome these disadvantages include modifications to fibre structure as in crimped Fibro and Fibre M 55 and also treatments designed to reduce rate of soiling. Suggestions are then made regarding the composition of man‐made fibre blends and reference is made to spun‐dyed staple.The scouring and the dyeing of blends consisting of Fibro and/or Fibrolane are then considered, detailed methods and selections of dyes being given for the various staples and yarns. Particular reference is made to the effect of denier on dyeing rate as it affects both staple and yarn. The absorption of direct dyes by protein blends containing Fibro is shown to follow similar lines to that by Fibro itself, but certain special considerations apply. Finally, brief reference to the dyeing of tufted carpets is followed by a summary of progress.
Optical Studies: I–Relation of Colour to the Apparent Soilability of Textile Materials
Authors: MANN H. B. , MORTON T. H. 
Published: July 2010

The apparent degree of soiling of a coloured object is a matter of subjective assessment, but is, as we have been able to show with a group of observers, closely paralleled by the physical quantity Hs, the diminution (%) in the brightness coefficient of the surface–Hs = YO−YS/YO×100A study of soiled coloured starch has indicated the possibility of relating Hs and hence degree of apparent soiling to the physical concentration of soil and the reflectance spectrum of the original surface. It is possible to compute from the spectrum a characteristic empirical quantity, the Sim value, which ranks the coloured material in order of relative apparent unsoilability in a series of materials, similar in structure but differing in colour. The derivation of SMR values for coloured starch involves no optical hypothesis, and the generalisation to fibrous materials depends only on the essential optical similarities of the systems. Full practical details, with tabulated data, are given for the determination of the SME values of coloured fibres. The conclusions are discussed with special reference to the behaviour of carpets made from viscose rayon staple.
Stripping of Procion Dyes from Cotton for Investigation of Faults
Authors: Nevell T. P. 
Published: July 2010

Procion‐dyed cotton that is insoluble in cuprammonium hydroxide may be rendered soluble by treating it in boiling 4% sodium carbonate solution, thus enabling its fluidity to be determined. By means of hot 40% aqueous hydrazine, all except one of twenty Procion dyes examined may be completely stripped from cotton without degrading it. Cloth stripped in this way is suitable for fluidity determinations and for re‐dyeing for testing purposes.Some of the experimental work was done by Miss V. A. Morris and Miss D. M. Wynne.
The Visible Spectra of Some 1,4‐Diaminoanthraquinone Disperse Dyes in Solvents and on Polymer Substrates
Authors: Sinclair Roy S. , McAlpine Eoghan 
Published: July 2010

The visible spectra of a series of 1,4‐disubstituted aminoanthraquinone dyes dissolved in different solvents and polymer substrates have been measured. The position of the absorption maximum has been correlated with a weighted mean ionization potential of the substituent groups. Solvent shifts were found to be small but the dependence on polarity and hydrogen‐bonding ability was shown to act in opposite directions.A detailed examination of the characteristic double‐peak structure of the visible‐absorption band has shown that the splitting is due to vibrational effects. The variation in the absorbance ratio of the two peaks with substituent and solvent has been explained in terms of the relative disposition of the ground‐ and excited‐state potential‐ energy curves. The effect of concentration on the double‐peak ratio has been re‐examined and found to be negligible.