bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Simultaneous Learning Effect: Why Does Simultaneous Task Learning Improve Retention?
Authors: Burns Daniel J. , Ladd Mara V. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Despite the prevalence of encoding variables that have been shown to influence the rate of learning, very few affect the rate of forgetting of verbal material. However, when a list of words is learned simultaneously with other lists, the rate of forgetting is markedly lower than that of single-task learning. Although the magnitude of this simultaneous learning effect is large compared with typical list learning effects, it has received little empirical attention. Experiments 1 and 2 tested the hypothesis that the simultaneous learning effect is the result of a differential contribution of short-term memory during encoding. The results showed that the advantage for simultaneous task learning was obtained even under conditions that minimized the potential effects of short-term memory. Experiment 3 revealed that the simultaneous learning effect was larger when the specific items learned simultaneously were the same on each learning trial than when they were different. This finding supported a cuing explanation of the effect: The items from the other lists act as retrieval cues during delayed recall.
Trait Dissociation and Commission Errors in Memory Reports of Emotional Events
Authors: Merckelbach Harald , Zeles Gwen , van Bergen Saskia , Giesbrecht Timo 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In 2 studies we examined whether trait dissociation is related to spontaneous commission errors (reports of events that did not occur) in free recall of emotional events. We also explored whether the functional locus of the dissociation-commission link is related to repeated retrieval or shallow encoding. In Experiment 1 participants were exposed to a staged incident and were repeatedly asked to add more information to their written accounts of the event. Dissociation levels were related to commission errors, indicating that people who report many dissociative experiences tend to make more commission errors. However, it was not the case that the overall increase in commission errors over successive retrieval attempts was typical for high dissociative participants. In Experiment 2 participants saw a video fragment of a severe car accident. During the video, half the participants performed a dual task, and the other half did not. Participants performing the dual task made more commission errors than controls, but this effect was not more pronounced in those with high trait dissociation scores. These studies show that there is a link between dissociation and spontaneous commission errors in memory reports of emotional events, but the functional locus of this link remains unclear.
The Effect of Exemplar Activation on Mental Representations of the Ingroup: The Moderating Role of Relative Ingroup Size
Authors: Coats Susan , Bayer Elisha-Rose , Worthen James B. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The current research explores the effects of exemplars on the stereotype representation of one’s ingroup. Previous research demonstrated that exposure to an ingroup exemplar affects the stereotype one holds of one’s ingroup (Coats & Smith, 1999). The primary purpose of the present study was to examine whether this effect is moderated by relative ingroup size. Participants were placed into either a minority or majority group situation and exposed to 1 of 2 dissimilar exemplars of their ingroup. Later, they rated their ingroup. Ratings of the ingroup differed between exemplar conditions in unexpected ways, indicating that the exemplar affected participants’ stereotype of their ingroup. Furthermore, exemplars had a stronger effect on participants in the minority group than those in the majority group. Finally, relative ingroup size and, to a marginal extent, exemplars were found to affect ratings of ingroup variability.
History of Psychology: Johns Hopkins’s First Professorship in Philosophy: A Critical Pivot Point in the History of American Psychology
Authors: Fuchs Alfred H. , Evans Rand B. , Green Christopher D. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The first professorship in philosophy at Johns Hopkins University was contested in the early 1880s by two of the most prominent and influential scholars in America: Charles Sanders Peirce and George Sylvester Morris. A third figure also vied for the position, although he was much less well known at the time: Granville Stanley Hall. Through a series of unexpected circumstances, Hall ultimately won the professorship and then used it to leverage an extraordinary career that included his opening the first American research laboratory in psychology, establishing the "American Journal of Psychology," becoming president of Clark University, founding the American Psychological Association, and profoundly affecting the character of developmental psychology in America.
Memory Search following Valid and Invalid Abrupt-Onset Cues
Authors: Homa Donald , Newton Craig , Terry Donovan , Schafer Scott , Richter Ken 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The impact of abrupt-onset cues on memory search was investigated, where the abrupt-onset cue was a valid (Experiment 1), random (Experiment 2), or irrelevant (Experiment 3) predictor of the location containing the test probe. In Experiment 4, the abrupt-onset cue either preceded or followed the test probe. Sternberg-like functions were obtained in Experiments 1 and 2, with the effects of the abrupt-onset cue localized primarily in the intercept rather than the slope. Experiment 3 demonstrated that a spatially separated and irrelevant abrupt-onset cue increased latency even when all memory probes occurred at the fixation point. In Experiment 4, the robust impact of an abrupt-onset cue vanished, regardless of stimulus onset asynchrony, when it followed the target. We concluded that abrupt-onset cues captured attention regardless of their predictability, manifested as a delaying of search. However, once attention was captured by the target, a subsequent abrupt-onset stimulus had no effect. These results were discussed in terms of diffuse attention and contingent capture models of attention.
History of Psychology: Recurring Errors among Recent History of Psychology Textbooks
Authors: Fuchs Alfred H. , Evans Rand B. , Thomas Roger K. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Five recurring errors in history of psychology textbooks are discussed. One involves an identical misquotation. The remaining examples involve factual and interpretational errors that more than one and usually several textbook authors made. In at least 2 cases some facts were fabricated, namely, so-called facts associated with Pavlov’s mugging and Descartes’s reasons for choosing the pineal gland as the locus for mind-body interaction. A fourth example involves Broca’s so-called discovery of the speech center, and the fifth example involves misinterpretations of Lloyd Morgan’s intentions regarding his famous canon. When an error involves misinterpretation and thus misrepresentation, I will show why the misinterpretation is untenable.
Perceptions of Self and Other in the Prisoner’s Dilemma: Outcome Bias and Evidential Reasoning
Authors: Krueger Joachim I. , Acevedo Melissa 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In the prisoner’s dilemma, self-interest clashes with collective interest. The way players resolve this conflict affects how others view them. Cooperators are seen as more moral than defectors, and, when there is no information about the other player’s choice, cooperators and defectors are seen as equally competent. However, players who are defected against are seen as less competent, especially if they themselves cooperated (Experiments 1 and 2). Similarly, cooperators see themselves as more moral, but not as less competent, than defectors do (Experiments 3). Independent of concerns about reputation and self-image maintenance, evidential reasoning contributes to cooperative behavior. Players who project their own attitudes onto others are more likely to cooperate (Experiments 3). Compared with classic game theory, a theory of reputational concerns and evidential reasoning is better equipped to explain empirical patterns of choice behavior in social dilemmas.
Young and Older Adults’ Strategies in Complex Arithmetic
Authors: Lemaire Patrick , Arnaud Laurence 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Young and older adults solved complex addition problems such as 49 + 56. Verbal protocols, solution times, and percentage errors documented strategy repertoire and strategy selection in young and older participants and age-related differences in complex arithmetic performance. Both young and older adults used a set of 9 strategies to solve complex addition problems, although many older adults used a smaller strategy repertoire. The data also showed age-related differences in strategy execution and strategy selection. We discuss general implications of the present data to further our understanding of complex arithmetic and the role of strategic variations during aging.
Importance of Life Domains in Different Cultural Groups
Authors: Elizur Dov , Kantor Jeffrey , Yaniv Eyal , Sagie Abraham 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This study assessed the role of individualism and collectivism in the shaping of personal values of Canadians, Israelis, and Palestinians. Based on Sagie and Elizur’s (1996) multifaceted approach, we distinguished personal values that are individual centered (i.e., associated with one’s home, family, or work) from collective-centered values (i.e., associated with the religion, sports, or politics). The magnitude of the difference between both value types differs according to cultural orientation. As compared with Palestinians, we predicted that Canadians and Israelis would rank individual-centered values higher and collective-centered values lower. Data obtained from samples of Palestinians, Israelis, and Canadians supported this hypothesis.
Calling All Codes: Interactive Effects of Semantics, Phonology, and Orthography Produce Dissociations in a Repetition Blindness Paradigm
Authors: Stolz Jennifer A. , Neely James H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
We used the repetition blindness (RB) paradigm to examine the roles of semantics, phonology, and orthography on report from rapidly presented 5-item word lists. Semantic primes in positions 1 and 3 in the list preceded homographic homophones, homographic heterophones, and heterographic homophones as critical targets in positions 2 and 4. All codes (i.e., semantic, phonologic, and orthographic) were repeated, or meaning changed while only phonology, only orthography, or both were repeated for the critical targets. Using a scoring procedure that considered order of report, we assessed facilitation for report of the first instance of the repeated target (a novel aspect of our procedure) and RB for report of the second instance of the repeated target. Except when accompanied by a change in orthography, a change in meaning reduced RB relative to when all codes were repeated. Facilitation in the report of the first instance of the repeated item occurred only if meaning changed and phonology was repeated (independent of whether orthography changed). Finally, recall was worse for the meaning change nonrepeated control lists (which instantiated 3 unrelated meanings in the list, including the last unrelated item) than for the no-meaning change control lists (which instantiated 2 unrelated meanings). We discuss the relevance of these findings for extant accounts of repetition blindness.
Color Change as a Causal Agent Revisited
Authors: Young Michael E. , Falmier Olga 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Michotte (1946/1963, p. 235) concluded that color "has no bearing whatever on the question of qualitative causality." Surprisingly, this claim has received little empirical investigation in the 60 years since its publication. In 2 experiments, 2 balls struck a cylinder and changed color (either continuously or in a stepped progression) for 2 s. After the 2-s interval, the cylinder disgorged a purple substance. Participants chose which of the 2 balls was most likely to have caused the disgorging effect. An object that changed color was favored as the cause much more often than one that did not, and participants generally preferred an object that reached its terminal color immediately before the effect over objects that reached their terminal colors earlier. When participants performed a causal ratings task, color change produced moderate judgments of causation, with little response differentiation as a function of color dynamics.
Remembering Others: Using Life Scripts to Access Positive but Not Negative Information
Authors: White Hedy , Coppola Harmony A. , Multunas Nichole K. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The current research extended to memories of others the life script theory of abstract, idealized mental representations of transitional experiences. Recent and earlier high school graduates rated positive and negative characteristics of popular, average, and unpopular girls from their schools. "Average" girls were rated as higher than average on possessing positive characteristics. Recent but not earlier graduates distinguished between popularity conditions on negative characteristics (negative information is not included in life scripts). For positive characteristics, earlier graduates remembered unpopular girls less favorably (perhaps using stereotypical scripts) than recent graduates remembered them (having greater access to episodic memories of individual girls). A smaller graduation time difference in the same direction resulted for average and popular girls.
Reduction and Elimination of Format Effects on Recall
Authors: Goolkasian Paula , Foos Paul W. , Krusemark Daniel C. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Two experiments investigated whether the recall advantage of pictures and spoken words over printed words in working memory (Foos & Goolkasian, 2005; Goolkasian & Foos, 2002) could be reduced by manipulating letter case and sequential versus simultaneous presentation. Participants were required to remember 3 or 6 items presented in varied presentation formats while verifying the accuracy of a sentence. Presenting words in alternating uppercase and lowercase improved recall, and presenting words simultaneously rather than successively removed the effect of presentation format. The findings suggest that when forcing participants to pay attention to printed words you can make them more memorable and thereby diminish or remove any disadvantage in the recall of printed words in comparison with pictures and spoken words.
Are Theories to Be Evaluated in Isolation or Relative to Alternatives? An Abductive View
Authors: Capaldi E. J. , Proctor Robert W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Although it is distinct from induction and deduction, abduction is often mistaken for them. The initial stage of abduction, or novel hypothesis abduction, has 2 components. The first concerns providing novel hypotheses that explain the pattern of data; the second suggests that the novel hypothesis should be accepted to the extent that it is the best available hypothesis. The second component is known as inference to the best explanation. Others have shown how novel hypothesis abduction provides an important type of reasoning for generating novel hypotheses. Our concern is with evaluating already formed abductions to determine which is best, using inference to the best explanation in connection with theories. We call this competing theories abduction. Competing theories abduction suggests that theories should be evaluated in relation to other theories rather than in isolation, as suggested by some philosophers and psychologists. In psychology this is demonstrated in connection with 2 widely accepted forms of relativism: the logical possibilities view and unique standards relativism.
An Ancient Maya Dock and Dam at Blue Creek, Rio Hondo, Belize
Authors: Barrett Jason W. , Guderjan Thomas H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA precolumbian Maya dock and dam complex was located on the Río Hondo in northwestern Belize near the site of Blue Creek. Survey and excavation showed a range of activities to be associated with the complex, including lithic raw material procurement and manufacture. The discovery also underscores Blue Creek’s role in long-distance commercial exchange involving lowland riverine systems. Large quantities of exotic commodities, including jadeite from the Motagua River valley in Guatemala and stone tools from the industrial manufacturing site of Colhá, Belize, have been recovered from Preclassic and Classic period deposits at Blue Creek, and the site is posited as a vital point of transshipment responsible for the filtering of peripheral resources into the central lowlands. The Blue Creek dock and dam provides a rare glimpse of Maya riverine architecture and offers tangible evidence of infrastructural supports associated with maritime commerce.
A Population Estimate for the Epiclassic Middle Malpaso Valley (La Quemada), Zacatecas, Mexico
Authors: Trombold Charles D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLong-term excavations at two large La Quemada hinterland habitation sites provide data for developing population estimates based on ethnographic studies. Calculations based in part on ratio constants of roofed floor area to excavated space are applied to 183 habitation sites in the valley measured in 1974. These data reveal not only the range of population in the immediate valley, but also in major population aggregates around La Quemada during the period of major occupation (ca. A.D. 700). The mean population within the La Quemada core area is estimated as 6,867 (between 4,578 and 9,155) individuals, with an average population density of 38 persons per km2. Population density within three of the largest nearby settlement aggregates ranges around a mean of 209, 136, and 117 individuals respectively per square kilometer.
Di Peso’s Concept of the Northern Sierra: Evidence from the Upper Bavispe Valley, Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Douglas John E. , Quijada César A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractOften the late prehistoric period of northeast Sonora is portrayed as the product of a migration from, or closely associated with, the peoples of Casas Grandes Valley in northwest Chihuahua. That migration is believed to have occurred around A.D. 1300–1500, either at the zenith or during the decline of the Casas Grandes culture. However, recent excavations along the Río Bavispe in northeast Sonora show that developments in polychrome pottery, domestic architecture, and possibly community architecture parallel the pattern found in northwest Chihuahua during the A.D. 1000–1200 period, before the type site of the Casas Grandes culture, Paquimé, was founded. This surprising result demonstrates that the role of long-term regional interaction needs to be considered in shaping both areas. To conceptualize this process, we suggest revitalizing Di Peso’s 1966 concept of the “Northern Sierra” as an important step in the foundational shifts required to build more cogent explanations.
Approaching Social Practice through Access Analysis at Las Canoas, Honduras
Authors: Stockett Miranda K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIdentifying patterns in the organization of spaces, and in the ways past peoples may have moved through those spaces, can provide insights into daily practice, group interaction, and social control in community life. To identify such patterns, a modified version of access analysis is applied to the densely settled Late Classic (A.D. 650–960) site of Las Canoas, northwest Honduras. The usefulness of this spatial diagramming technique to illuminate patterns of potential significance to the past architects and occupants of this site will be critically assessed. In particular, access analysis is applied to consider formal and informal control of movement and social interaction within two discrete household groups. Conclusions regarding spatial use and social practice at Las Canoas are drawn from combined consideration of access diagrams, architectural form, activity distribution, and connections with the surrounding landscape.
Maternal super‐obesity (body mass index ≥ 50) and adverse pregnancy outcomes
Authors: ALANIS MARK CHRISTOPHER , GOODNIGHT WILLIAM H. , HILL ELIZABETH G. , ROBINSON CHRISTOPHER J. , VILLERS MARGARET S. , JOHNSON DONNA D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractObjective. To determine if pregnancy complications are increased in super‐obese (a body mass index (BMI) of 50 or more) compared to other, less obese parturients. Design. Cross‐sectional study. Setting and population. All 19,700 eligible women, including 425 (2.2%) super‐obese women with singleton births between 1996 and 2007 delivering at a tertiary referral center, identified using a perinatal research database. Methods. Bivariate and trend analyses were used to assess the relation between super‐obesity and various pregnancy complications compared to other well‐established BMI categories. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression techniques. Main outcome measures. Outcomes for adjusted and unadjusted analyses were small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) birth, large‐for‐gestational age (LGA) birth, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), fetal death, preterm birth, placental abruption, cesarean delivery, and Apgar scores < 7. Results. Compared to all other obese and non‐obese women, super‐obese women had the highest rates of preeclampsia, GDM, LGA, and cesarean delivery (all p < 0.05 for trend test). Super‐obesity was also associated with a 44% reduction in SGA compared to all other women (OR 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40–0.76) and a 25% reduction compared to other, less obese women (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.54–1.03). Super‐obesity was positively associated with LGA, GDM, preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and a 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 compared to all other women after controlling for important confounders. Conclusion. Super‐obesity is associated with higher rates of pregnancy complications compared to women of all other BMI classes, including other obese women.