bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of wood veneers by Fenton's reagents: Effects of wood constituents and low molecular weight phenolic compounds on hydrogen peroxide decomposition and wood tensile strength loss
Authors: Xie Yanjun , Xiao Zefang , Goodell Barry , Jellison Jody , Militz Holger , Mai Carsten 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPine wood (Pinus sylvestris) veneer strips were incubated in acetate buffer containing hydrogen peroxide and Fe ions (Fenton's reagent) to mimic aspects of brown rot decay and to assess the degradation of cellulose in wood via measurement of tensile properties (measured in a zero-span mode). Varying the type of iron (ferrous or ferric sulfate) mixed with H2O2did not yield significant differences in the rates of H2O2concentration and tensile strength reduction. However, increasing the amount of wood material (the number of wood strips) in the reaction mixture elevated Fe(III) reduction in solution, indicating that wood constituents participated in this reaction. Increasing concentrations of Fe(III) in the reaction mixture resulted in a decrease in H2O2in solution. Despite an increase in iron concentration and H2O2decomposition under these conditions, a uniform and consistent strength loss of 30% was observed at all Fe(III) concentrations tested. At fixed Fe(III) concentrations, increasing the H2O2concentration linearly increased the strength loss of the veneers up to approximately 50% within 24 h. The addition of a low molecular weight, metal-binding, phenolic compound (2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid) and of a non-chelating hydroquinone to the reaction mixtures entailed a more rapid consumption of H2O2; however, the tensile strength loss of the veneers decreased with increasing concentration of the phenolics. Thus, in contrast to previous studies on cellulose degradation, phenolics reduced the degree of wood decay in a Fenton system.
Effects of modification with glutaraldehyde on the mechanical properties of wood
Authors: Xiao Zefang , Xie Yanjun , Militz Holger , Mai Carsten 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was treated with glutaraldehyde (GA) and magnesium chloride (MgCl2) as a catalyst. The effects of treating conditions on the mechanical properties were examined. The weight percent gain (WPG) of thin veneer strips after leaching was highest at pH 4.0–4.5 and tensile strength measured in zero-span strength and finite-span strength decreased with decreasing pH in a range of 3.5–5.5. Sole treatment with MgCl2 also gradually decreased the tensile strength up to 25% with decreasing pH. At a fixed GA concentration (1.2 M), increasing MgCl2 concentration linearly diminished tensile strength. Conversely, increasing GA at a fixed MgCl2 concentration (1.5%) displayed the same effect, whereas in both cases zero-span strength loss was higher than finite span-strength loss. GA treatment of Scots pine sapwood stakes did not affect the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasticity, but significantly reduced work to maximum load in bending and impact bending strength indicating embrittlement of wood. At the same time, compression strength increased with increasing WPG of GA. It is assumed that embrittlement caused by hydrolysis and crosslinking of cell wall polymers is compensated by enhanced compression strength thereby resulting in unchanged bending strength.
Stylistics and the analysis of poetry – a credo and an example
Authors: Macleod Norman 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
As Donald Freeman once aptly remarked, urging demonstration rather than propaganda, “The only way to do stylistics is to do stylistics” (Freeman, Styles and stylisticians, 1973). But not everyone is willing to do stylistics, by any means. The case for stylistics still seems to be resisted or ignored – or it simply fails to be heard. In English Literature departments, various passing influences have served to sideline whatever considerable claims can be made for a properly informed stylistic analysis. More or less simultaneously, emerging academic realignments have threatened to leave stylistics marginalized in exactly those theoretical and descriptive areas on which it vitally depends, namely Linguistics and English Language. In fact, in almost all its connections, stylistics tends to be affected by marginalization or isolation – or by a puzzling failure to make its irresistible case. This paper, drawing on (or drawing attention to) several friendly and enlightened assessments, again makes the case for stylistics and demonstrates its relevance in the focused analysis of a poem, namely the sonnet On First Looking into Chapman's ‘Homer’ by John Keats. The analysis focuses on syntactic and grammetric features of the poem, sometimes coinciding with earlier literary discussions.
Fatigue Assessment of Brazed T-Joints Based on Damage Tolerance Including Residual Stress Effects
Authors: Schindler Hans-Jakob , Leinenbach Christian 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The fatigue crack growth behavior of a brazed joint is characterized by a Paris-exponent that is much higher than the one of bulk metals, which means that brazed components have only a short residual fatigue life after the initiation of a fatigue crack. Therefore, the threshold of fatigue crack growth of brazed joints is of particular importance in the fatigue analysis of brazed components and needs to be understood well. Residual stresses have to be considered in crack growth analysis in the threshold regime. The corresponding effects are explored experimentally and theoretically. The stress intensity factors due to the residual stresses in a brazed T-joint of compressor impellers were measured by using the cut compliance method. It was found that residual stresses are present but relatively small. They do not affect the endurance stress significantly. A concept for an endurance analysis of a brazed T-joint that includes imperfections and residual stresses is suggested.
Measurement of the Cooling Power of Polyethylene Glycol Aqueous Solutions Used as Quenching Media
Authors: Ikkene Rafika , Koudil Zahia , Mouzali Mohamed 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSolutions of high molecular weight polymers are used widely in the heat treatment of metal alloys known as quenching. Water-soluble polymers offer a number of environmental, economic, and technical advantages, including eliminating the quench-oil fire hazard. The cooling power of water-soluble polymers such as polyethylene glycol (PEG) and salts aqueous solutions is studied with a cylindrical test probe of Inconel 600 by using a quenchometer. The dependences of the cooling rates, at each bath temperature, on polymer concentration and agitation are established. The present paper describes, through an understanding of the quenching mechanism, the effect that some parameters concerning the control of polymer quenchants have on their behavior. The effect of the salts on the quenching characteristics has also been studied. A study has been made of the relationship between the concentration of PEG, bath temperature, agitation, and cooling power in aqueous quenchants that contain up to 20 % of PEG. The presence of 5 % or less of the polymer in solution increased the cooling power of the quench in comparison with the water quenchant. However, increasing polymer concentration will decrease the cooling power as well as the maximum cooling rate because of the formation of the vapor blanket in the first phase of the quenching mechanism. The hardening power (HP) of the PEG quenchant solution was characterized on the cooling curve by the two critical points, CRF (the cooling rate at the ferrite/pearlite nose) and CRM (the cooling rate at the martensite start transformation), using an empirical relation giving HP in function of the measured polymer quenchant cooling characteristics. The highest HP was obtained in dilute solution of PEG having a concentration of 2.5 %, which reaches a value of 2051 at 20°C and 1951 at 45°C, under agitation.
Buchbesprechung
Authors: Rabus Achim 
Published: February 2010

Zusammenfassung
REINDL, DONALD F., Language Contact: German and Slovenian. Bochum: Universitätsverlag Dr. Brockmeyer, 2008 (Diversitas linguarum; 20), XII, 233 S. ISBN 978-3-8196-0715-8
Therapies for the medical management of persistent hypoglycaemia in two cases of inoperable malignant insulinoma
Authors: Ong Gregory S Y , Henley David E , Hurley David , Turner J Harvey , Claringbold Phillip G , Fegan P Gerry 
Published: February 2010

ObjectiveHypoglycaemia poses a significant management challenge in patients with unresectable functional malignant insulinoma. Novel agents such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and radiolabelled peptides may be effective where there is failure of conventional therapy.DesignWe present the cases of two men diagnosed with inoperable malignant insulinoma and hepatic metastases who developed severe symptomatic hypoglycaemia, and review potential therapies for glycaemic support.MethodDespite treatment with diazoxide, frequent oral carbohydrate, prednisolone and somatostatin analogue therapy, both men required hospital admission for treatment with continuous i.v. dextrose. Both were treated with Lutetium-177 octreotate. One man was also treated with everolimus, a mTOR inhibitor.ResultUse of Lutetium-177 octreotate, and in one case everolimus, successfully achieved normoglycaemia, facilitating safe discharge from hospital. Both men also had regression in the size and number of hepatic metastases.ConclusionLutetium-177 octreotate and everolimus are options for managing hypoglycaemia due to unresectable malignant insulinoma when refractory to conventional supportive therapies.
Physical Activity Resources and Changes in Walking in a Cohort of Older Men
Authors: Michael Yvonne L. , Perdue Leslie A. , Orwoll Eric S. , Stefanick Marcia L. , Marshall Lynn M. ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study Group
Published: February 2010

Objectives. We evaluated the influence of physical activity resources and neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) on walking among community-dwelling older men. Methods. Participants reported time walked per day at baseline (2000–2002) and follow-up. Residential addresses were linked to a geographic information system database to assess proximity to parks, trails, and recreational facilities. Log-binomial regression analyses were conducted to test the hypothesis that men living near physical activity resources were more likely to increase or maintain time walked. Results. Average time walked per day declined by 6 minutes between baseline and follow-up (P < .05). There was a significant interaction of neighborhood SES and physical activity with walking time (P < .1). Proximity to parks and proximity to trails, respectively, were associated with a 22% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01, 1.47) and 34% (95% CI = 1.16, 1.55) higher likelihood of maintaining or increasing walking time in high-SES neighborhoods, but there was no association in low-SES neighborhoods. Proximity to recreational facilities was not associated with walking. Conclusions. Uncovering reasons that proximity to parks and trails is not associated with maintenance of walking activity among men in low-SES neighborhoods could provide new insight into ways to promote physical activity.
Endorsement of Interpersonal Strategies for Dealing with Hypothetical Everyday Arthritis Problems as a Function of Marital Status, Gender, and Problem Severity
Authors: Strough Jonell , McFall Joseph P. , Schuller Kelly L. 
Published: February 2010

We used hypothetical vignettes to examine whether older adults' endorsement of interpersonal strategies for dealing with health-related (arthritis) everyday problems varied as a function of marital status, gender, and the severity of the problem. Adults 60 years and older ( N = 127, M = 71.40 years, SD = 7.21) rated interpersonal (i.e., discuss with doctor, spouse, relative) and other strategies (e.g., deal with the problem alone, pray) for solving two hypothetical everyday problems (one mild and one severe arthritis problem). Women reported a greater likelihood of using interpersonal strategies. Married people rated interpersonal strategies that involved their spouse higher than other strategies. Greater severity of problems was associated with greater endorsement of interpersonal strategies. Implications of the results for understanding the conditions under which older adults endorse strategies that may initiate collaborative everyday problem solving are discussed.
Risks and Prices: The Role of User Sanctions in Marijuana Markets
Authors: Pacula Rosalie Liccardo , Kilmer Beau , Grossman Michael , Chaloupka Frank J 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
User sanctions influence the legal risk for consumers who engage in illegal drug markets. If a reduction in user sanctions leads to an increase in consumption, drug prices will rise unless supply is perfectly elastic. In equilibrium, a change in consumption associated with decreasing user sanctions could be relatively small if supply is upward sloping. Using a novel dataset with rich transaction-level information, this paper evaluates the impact of recent changes in user sanctions for marijuana on marijuana prices. The results suggest that lower legal risks for users are associated with higher marijuana prices in the short-run, which ceteris paribus, implies an upward sloping supply curve, higher consumption, and higher profits for drug dealers. The findings have important implications for the current policy debates regarding decriminalization of marijuana.
An example of a commutative basic algebra which is not an MV-algebra
Authors: Botur Michal 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Many algebras arising in logic have a lattice structure with intervals being equipped with antitone involutions. It has been proved in [CHK1] that these lattices are in a one-to-one correspondence with so-called basic algebras. In the recent papers [BOTUR, M.—HALAŠ, R.: Finite commutative basic algebras are MV-algebras, J. Mult.-Valued Logic Soft Comput. (To appear)]. and [BOTUR, M.—HALAŠ, R.: Complete commutative basic algebras, Order 24 (2007), 89–105] we have proved that every finite commutative basic algebra is an MV-algebra, and that every complete commutative basic algebra is a subdirect product of chains. The paper solves in negative the open question posed in [BOTUR, M.—HALAŠ, R.: Complete commutative basic algebras, Order 24 (2007), 89–105] whether every commutative basic algebra on the interval [0, 1] of the reals has to be an MV-algebra.
On idempotent modifications of generalized MV-algebras
Authors: Jakubík Ján 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The notion of idempotent modification of an algebra was introduced by Ježek; he proved that the idempotent modification of a group is always subdirectly irreducible. In the present note we show that the idempotent modification of a generalized MV -algebra having more than two elements is directly irreducible if and only if there exists an element in A which fails to be boolean. Some further results on idempotent modifications are also proved.
Comparative study in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy with and without the use of local anaesthetic (Lidocaine 1%) infiltration at the shock wave site
Authors: Nagendra BKC , Sharma U 
Published: February 2010

Background: Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) is a simple and non-invasive technique in which renal and ureteric calculi are pulverised into small fragments by shockwaves and then allowed to pass spontaneously in small fragments along with urine. Effective ESWL requires a co-operative patient who will remain immobilize on the lithotripsy table comfortably for which different anaesthetic techniques are used. Occasionally discharge of patient is delayed due to persistent sedation, nausea and vomiting. Objective: The aim is to assess the use of local anaesthetic agent (20 ml Lidocaine 1%) infiltration in 60 patients (Experiment Group) and no infiltration in 60 patients (Control Group) on patients undergoing Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) procedure. Materials and methods: is a study done in 120 patients of ASA I and ASA II patients undergoing ESWL procedure. The infiltration technique is standardized so that the local anesthetic agent was infiltrated five minutes before the procedure along the line of shockwave site in Experiment Group. Result: In this study, the age, sex, weight, time of shockwave treatment was almost similar in both groups. The mean need of Ketamine and duration of stay after procedure was significantly more in control group than experiment group. Conclusion: In this study, it is concluded that the need of Ketamine and duration of stay after procedure is significantly more in control group.Key words: ESWL; infiltration; Ketamine; Lidocaine 1% DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i2.2697 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.2 Issue 26, 92-96
Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: Correlation between electrocardiography and echocardiography
Authors: Prakash O , Karki P , Sharma SK 
Published: February 2010

Background: Hypertension is an important modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Left ventricular hypertrophy - the marker of hypertension, has emerged as an independent risk factor that can be detected by electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography (ECHO). Objective: Correlation of electrocardiography and echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. Materials and methods: Hundred patients with hypertension were studied for left ventricular hypertrophy by the help of electrocardiography and echocardiography. Left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG was assessed by the help of Sokolow- Lyon Voltage Criteria (SLV) and Romhilt - Estes Point Score (R/E). Results: Among 100 patients, 60 were males and 40 were females. Mean age for male was 54.82 ± 12.10 years and 52.95 ± 11.63 years for female. The mean systolic blood pressure for male was 150.47 ± 20 mmHg and for female 148.60 ± 16.95 mmHg; where as Diastolic blood pressure for male was 93.67 ± 11.13 mmHg and for female it was 96.05 ± 12.47 mmHg. Echocardiography detected left ventricular hypertrophy in 64% patients. Electrocardiography detected Left Ventricular Hypertrophy by R/E and SLV criteria 13% and 34% respectively. Conclusion: In developing and under developed country ECG is a useful tool for detection of LVH where the facilities of echocardiography and trained echocardiographer are still not in a common man's reach. Key words: Left ventricular hypertrophy; Hypertension DOI: 10.3126/kumj.v7i2.2698 Kathmandu University Medical Journal (2009) Vol.7, No.2 Issue 26, 97-103
A microstructural dry-snow metamorphism model for kinetic crystal growth
Authors: Miller D.A. , Adams E.E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHistorically, dry-snow metamorphism has been classified by the thermal environment and thermodynamic processes in a snowpack. Snow experiencing predominantly macroscopic isothermal conditions develops different microstructure than snow subjected to large temperature gradients. As such, much previous research has been categorized by and limited to specific thermal conditions. The current research expands a generalized approach for the movement of heat and mass to include a snow crystal kinetic growth model. An existing spiral defect propagation theory for kinetic growth on simple faceted geometry is utilized. Primary crystal habit as a function of temperature is incorporated. A model of heat and mass transfer through an ice and pore structure is coupled with phase-change thermodynamics during kinetic growth. A kinetic growth microstructure model is developed and integrated into heat and mass transfer representations, which are solved using finite-difference techniques. The kinetic morphology model approximates frequently observed hopper-type crystals. The snow microstructure is allowed to change at every step, resulting in a transient description of kinetic growth metamorphism. Variable kinetic growth rates are demonstrated based on temperature and on crystallographic orientation relative to a temperature gradient. Crystals preferentially aligned with the temperature gradient have significantly higher growth rates, supporting previous observations of predominant crystal habits developing under temperature gradient conditions. Grain-size dispersion increase with time is demonstrated and supported experimentally in the literature. A dominant grain growth theory based on crystallographic orientation that has been previously postulated is supported. A broad range of metamorphic geometric parameters and thermal conditions may now be simulated with a single model.
Effects of digital elevation model spatial resolution on distributed calculations of solar radiation loading on a High Arctic glacier
Authors: Arnold Neil , Rees Gareth 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHigh-resolution airborne lidar data are used to produce digital elevation models (DEMs) of an arctic valley glacier (midre Lovénbreen, Svalbard) at resolutions of 2.5–2000 m, using three different interpolation schemes. These data are used in a distributed model of solar radiation loading for glaciers. When the mean of all lidar measurements within a DEM cell is used to calculate cell height, the differences between the finest- (2.5 m) and coarsest-resolution (2000 m) DEMs for the calculated annual whole-glacier spatial means of total potential direct-beam solar radiation, potential duration of direct-beam solar radiation, and intensity of potential direct-beam solar radiation are 20%, 56% and −23% of the 2.5 m DEM values respectively. A resolution change from 2.5 m to 200 m affects the whole-glacier spatial mean summer net solar radiative flux by an average of 5%, and the summer melt production from the glacier by an average of 3% compared with the 2.5 m DEM values, for the years 2001–03. These changes are largely driven by underestimation of shading by surrounding topography at coarser DEM resolutions. This dependency is reduced in the second and third interpolation schemes, especially at resolutions finer than 50 m, which use the maximum lidar height measurement in some or all DEM cells. These results suggest that resolutions of ∼50 m are the coarsest that should be adopted in high-resolution glacier surface energy-balance models for glaciers of similar size and in similar topographic situations to midre Lovénbreen, and that the impact of DEM resolution on calculated solar radiation receipts can be reduced by an appropriate choice of DEM interpolation scheme.
New microsatellite loci for Narcissus papyraceus (Amarillydaceae) and cross‐amplification in other congeneric species
Authors: Simón Violeta I. , Picó F. Xavier , Arroyo Juan 
Published: February 2010

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite loci from a genomic library of the species Narcissus papyraceus were optimized and characterized for studies of population genetics.• Methods and Results: Eleven markers that were successfully amplified showed polymorphism when tested on 50 individuals from two populations in southern Spain and northern Morocco. Overall, the number of alleles per locus ranged between 4 and 15. Between 8 and 11 loci successfully amplified in other eight Narcissus species.• Conclusions: These markers will enable genetic diversity studies of N. papyraceus across its distribution range and conduct paternity analyses among individuals differing in flower morphology.
Psychotic Depression or Schizophrenia
Authors: Swartz Conrad M. 
Published: February 2010

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Discuss differences in diagnosing psychotic depression and schizophrenia.

2.
Review the variety of clinical manifestations of psychotic depression and the basic meaning of the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

3.
Summarize the psychological and psychiatric adverse effects of anti-psychotic drugs.