bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological Citizenship After Chernobyl
Authors: Petryna Adriana 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the social and political impact of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion from the perspective of radiation monitoring, clinical practices of radiation medicine, and compensation strategies. The experiences of workers of the contaminated zone and their transit through scientific research centers, public health bureaucracies, and activist organizations are documented. Together, these institutions mediate an informal economy of illness and claims to “biological citizenship”—a massive demand for, but selective access to, a form of social welfare based on scientific and legal criteria that both acknowledges injury and compensates for it. In the effort to map environmental contamination, to measure individual and population-wide exposures, and to arbitrate claims of illness, public health policies have recast the Chernobyl aftermath as a complex political and technical experience, with its own bureaucratic and legal contours which contributes to an increase of illness claims and social suffering.
An Ethnographic Evaluation of Post-Alma Ata Health System Reforms in Mongolia: Lessons for Addressing Health Inequities in Poor Communities
Authors: Janes Craig R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractGlobally, post-Alma Ata health care system reforms have included reorganization of government health agencies, establishment of rationalized, evidence-based systems of care, implementation of user charges for public services, and experiments with third party financing. Drawing on materials collected in the context of long-term ethnographic research in Mongolia, this chapter reveals that there is a mismatch between the economic rationality that underlies current health reform programs and the realities of the lived experiences of illness in poor communities. Coupled with decentralization and poor regulatory oversight, current health reform efforts can result in fragmentation of the health system, increasing opportunity costs for health care seeking by poor households, reduced access to essential drugs, and an overall increased risk for health-cost related impoverishment. The chapter concludes by arguing that ethnographic information on health care seeking in poor communities can inform health reform efforts through explaining how features of health reform produce health inequities.
Developing Countries and the GATT/WTO System
Authors: Chimni Bs 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter sketches the general or popular sources of free trade skepticism among ordinary citizens, civil society organizations, and policy makers in developing countries. It argues that the sentiment against free trade in developing countries is not simply a function of rent-seeking special interests. Free trade skepticism is rooted in a profound appreciation of the historical, ethical, legal, and political contexts in which the idea of free trade has been advanced and practiced.
MFN and the Third-party Economic Interests of Developing Countries in GATT/WTO Dispute Settlement
Authors: Bown Chad P 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the indirect or “third-party” interest of developing countries in WTO trade disputes over market access. It then documents the various economic reasons why a country may have an economic third-party interest in a formal GATT/WTO dispute. The chapter takes a sample of data of disputes involving allegations of excessive import protection, and provides an economic assessment of the developing, third-country liberalization gains associated with bilateral, complainant liberalization gains from the respondent. Finally the chapter concludes.
Special and Differential Treatment in Agricultural Trade
Authors: Epps Tracey D , Trebilcock Michael J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) has emerged as a key issue in the agricultural talks of the Doha Round Negotiations. Developed and developing countries have been unable to agree on a mutually satisfactory way forward. This chapter reviews the role of SDT policies in agricultural trade and explores the possibilities for an approach that takes account both of political realities and the ultimate goal of economic improvement for developing countries. The chapter also reviews the historical development of SDT policies, and pays particular attention to agriculture in the Uruguay Round and considers whether such policies have achieved what developing countries hoped they would. The chapter then explores what is at stake for developing countries in the Doha Development Round and examines the arguments relating to SDT policies in the agricultural sector. Finally, the chapter considers possibilities for a way forward that takes account of the goal of SDT policies as they have been conceived by developing countries, as well as the interests of developed countries and the realpolitik of trade negotiations.
The GATS and Developing Countries
Authors: Hoekman Bernard 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
With the exception of basic telecommunications, very little progress has been made to date in using the GATS framework to lock in unilateral reforms that have already been implemented, let alone in inducing new liberalization. Developing countries have resisted expanding their specific commitments. Instead of quid pro quo bargaining, traditional S&D treatment has become more prominent. This chapter raises the question: Why such limited traction? The basic argument is that in the services context, the power of standard reciprocity is constrained and that there is a stronger case for S&D treatment of developing countries. However, the form this S&D treatment should take is not the standard GATT form that was criticized by Hudec. Instead, what is needed is to provide greater assurances that the preconditions for benefiting from services liberalization have been put in place. This is necessary for reciprocity to be able to work. These preconditions are largely regulatory in nature. This suggests, therefore, that what may be needed is to complement the WTO with mechanisms to assist governments design and implement regulation and to monitor the effects of applied policies, both liberalization and regulation.
Development by Moving People
Authors: Cho Sungjoon 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores practical strategies for promoting the international migration of workers under the WTO parameter, i.e., free movement of natural persons (Mode 4) of the GATS. It first identifies both benefits and costs of temporary migration while it highlights that those costs may be manageable. It then analyzes to what extent GATS Mode 4 could manifest development potential embedded in GATS. It observes that the “GATS visa” proposal could deliver this development potential in GATS and suggests that WTO Members should tackle three main challenges (temporariness, legal binding, and levels of commitments) to succeed in the GATS visa program. It argues that WTO Members should first gain confidence in the GATS visa system through voluntary experimentation on a limited scale before they negotiate on the expansion of the covered list or on any legally binding mechanism.
3 Opportunities and Inducements
Authors: Small Mario Luis 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines why mothers so often reported making new friends through their children’s childcare centers. It finds that centers, in order to perform the many tasks required for their operation, tended to generate both opportunities and inducements for parents to interact. These ranged from mundane fieldtrips to logistically complex fundraisers. As a result, many of the friends mothers formed were unexpected. The chapter also finds that centers differed dramatically in the extent to which they generated the opportunities and inducements important to tie formation.
5 Trust and Obligations
Authors: Small Mario Luis 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines those conditions under which mothers who were so weakly tied that no theorist would expect them to provide social support often provided such support anyway. It finds that centers both intentionally and unintentionally facilitated trust among parents and instituted obligations that the latter felt compelled to follow. These conditions at times generated a supportive network of acquaintances that mothers could call upon. This network, however, was only useful or important among mothers who were highly isolated or otherwise resource‐deprived.
6 Ties to Other Organizations
Authors: Small Mario Luis 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines not social but organizational ties: connections that, through their centers, mothers made to other organizations that possessed valuable resources. It finds that centers were connected, in varying degrees, to organizations such as hospitals, youth organizations, museums, and federal agencies. These connections differed in type and orientation, and provided mothers access to many resources that can be categorized into information, services, and material goods. These connections were brokered by the centers through four mechanisms: referrals, collaboration, validation, and storage.
2 Interpretation of Data
Authors: Rosenthal Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Identical observations are often interpreted differently by different scientists, and that fact and its implications are the subject of this chapter. Interpretation effects are most simply defined as any difference in interpretations. The difference may be between two or more interpreters, or an interpreter and such a generalized interpreter as an established theory or an “accepted” interpretation of a cumulative series of studies. As in the observer effect, the interpreter effect, or difference, does not necessarily imply a unidirectional phenomenon. When observations are nonrandomly distributed around a true value, these are referred to as “biased observations.” Similarly, when interpretations do not vary randomly—and usually they do not—these are referred to as “biased”.
3 Intentional Error
Authors: Rosenthal Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on intentional error. Intentional error production on the part of the experimenter is probably as relatively rare an event in the psychological experiment as it is in the sciences generally. Nevertheless, any serious attempt at understanding the social psychology of psychological research must consider the occurrence, nature, and control of this type of experimenter effect. The control of intentional error is discussed.
5 Psychosocial Attributes
Authors: Rosenthal Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The experimenter attributes discussed in Chapter 4 were all readily assessable by inspection. This chapter discusses experimenter attributes which are also readily assessable, but not simply by inspection. The anxiety or hostility of those experimenters functioning well enough to be experimenters at all must be assessed more indirectly, sometimes by simply asking the experimenter various questions, more often by the use of standard psychological instruments.
6 Situational Factors
Authors: Rosenthal Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
More than an experimenter's score on a test of anxiety, his status and warmth are defined and determined in part by the nature of the experimental situation and the particular subject being contacted. This chapter considers experimenter “attributes” that are still more situationally determined. That is, the degree of warmth an experimenter shows one subject may be correlated with the degree of warmth he shows other subjects. But whether he “accidentally” encounters a subject with whom he has had prior social contact seems less likely to be an enduring attribute and more purely situational. The distinction is, nevertheless, arbitrary. Experimenters who are acquainted with a subject may differ in associated personality characteristics which make them more likely to be acquainted with other subjects as well. The effects of prior acquaintanceship thus may be due not simply to the prior contact as such, but to correlated variables as well.
8 Experimenter Expectancy
Authors: Rosenthal Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses another “attribute” highly dependent on the specific experiment being conducted—the expectancy the experimenter has of how his subjects will respond. The particular expectation a scientist has of how his experiment will turn out is variable, depending on the experiment being conducted, but the presence of some expectation is virtually a constant in science. The independent and dependent variables selected for study by the scientist are not chosen by means of a table of random numbers. They are selected because the scientist expects a certain relationship to appear between them. Even in those less carefully planned examinations of relationships called “fishing expeditions” or, more formally, “exploratory analyses” the expectation of the scientist is reflected in the selection of the entire set of variables chosen for examination. Exploratory analyses of data, like real fishing ventures, do not take place in randomly selected pools.
10 Animal Subjects
Authors: Rosenthal Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In Chapter 9 a question was raised as to the generality of the effects of the experimenter's expectancy. This chapter describes experiments designed to extend the generality of these effects. It was felt that a major gain in the generality of the phenomenon depended on the demonstration that expectancy effects might operate with different species of subjects. Accordingly, the subjects of these experiments were rats rather than humans.
19 Experimenter Sampling
Authors: Rosenthal Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Much of this book has been devoted to showing that an experimenter's expectancy may be an unintended determinant of the results of his research. This chapter addresses the question of what can be done to control the effects of the experimenter's expectancy. A number of strategies are proposed. Some of these strategies are recognized as direct attempts to minimize expectancy effects. Somewhat paradoxically, some of these strategies are recognized as attempts to maximize these effects. The chapter discusses strategies that seek neither to minimize nor to maximize but rather to randomize and “calibrate” experimenter expectancies.
21 Personnel Considerations
Authors: Rosenthal Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
In the last two chapters suggestions were made which were designed to help control experimenter expectancy effects in specific experiments. Drawing upon some of the suggestions made earlier, this chapter considers on a possibly more general basis the selection and training of experimenters as an aid to the control of experimenter expectancy effects. If there were certain kinds of data collectors who never influenced their subjects unintentionally, we could make a point of having only these experimenters collect our data. If the amount and type of an experimenter's training were significant predictors of his expectancy effects, we could establish training programs for data collectors such that its graduates' data would be unaffected by their expectancies or hypotheses.
Cosmology and the Great Declaration
Authors: Penner Hans H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of cosmic aeons. The architecture of cosmic space in this pulsating universe consists of three spheres: the highest sphere is without form or sensation; the middle sphere is form only, without sensation; the lowest sphere consists of both form and sensation; it includes our world. The chapter presents declaration of Buddha Dipankara: “Do you see this ascetic lying on the path? Innumerable aeons from now he will be a Buddha in the world. His mother will be named Maya, his father Suddhodana, and he will be called Gotama.”
The Birth and Early Life of Gotama
Authors: Penner Hans H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter details the birth and early life of Gotama. At the beginning of our aeon the future Buddha continued to live in the heavenly domain known as Tushita, and because of the results of past karma he had the ability to know that his last rebirth was about to take place. He knew the time was right because the age of human life in our aeon was neither too long nor too short; in fact, it was the age in which human beings lived to about a hundred years. Observing the four great island-continents that encircled Mount Meru, he chose Jambudipa, that is, India and Kapilavatthu, for the place of his birth. He also chose the warrior caste, the caste that gave birth to the great universal ruler, as his proper rank and announced that his father would be King Suddhodana, king of the Sakyas and a descendant of the solar race; Queen Maya would become his mother.
Flight from the Palace
Authors: Penner Hans H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter details the departure of Gotama from the palace for a homeless life. Life in the palace became ugly and gloomy. One day an inhabitant of the heavens appeared before Gotama in the form of an ascetic. The recluse told him that his knowledge that life was nothing more than an endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth had led him to adopt the homeless life. Relatives and strangers had become the same for him; greed and hate had ceased to be. He told Gotama that wherever he found himself, at the root of a tree, a deserted sanctuary, a hill, or a wood, that became his home. He had no possessions, no expectations; intent on gaining freedom from rebirth, he accepted whatever was given to him. And then before Gotama's very eyes he flew off into the sky. Gotama now knew very clearly what had to be done, and he made plans to leave the palace for the homeless life.
Rules, Rules, and More Rules
Authors: Penner Hans H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter describes Buddha's establishment of rules. The ordination of over two hundred monks into Buddha's community of ascetics had caused a great stir in Rajagaha. In fact, many of the younger men in the merchant and warrior castes enthusiastically followed the ascetics and became renouncers of the householder's life. As is usually the case in such a situation, not everyone in the town was happy with the continued growth of the ascetic community in the Bamboo Grove. Buddha rebuked those monks who behaved badly and established new rules for the proper wearing of robes, the decorum for receiving alms, and the etiquette and relations to be observed between monks, preceptors, and novices.
The Buddha Goes Home
Authors: Penner Hans H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter details Buddha's visit to his home. With the earth refreshed with monsoon rains, the Buddha decided that it was time to keep his promise to Kaludayin and visit home. When he arrived at Kapilavatthu along with a great multitude of ascetics, he was directed to Nigrodha Park for his residence. The town folk, hearing that he had arrived, started for the grove but were stopped short by a proclamation from the king stating, “No one is to go to the grove before me”.
Devadatta Attempts to Kill the Buddha
Authors: Penner Hans H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter details Devadatta's attempts to kill the Buddha. Devadatta, the Buddha's cousin and brother-in-law, seemed to envy the Buddha from the time they were children at play. When he joined the ascetic community during the Buddha's first visit home, he pledged to himself that he would acquire the special mental/magical powers the Buddha perfected during his enlightenment and that some ascetics possessed as a part of their discipline in following the Eightfold Path.
The Last Watch and the Funeral
Authors: Penner Hans H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter details how as Buddha settled down in the grove near Kusinara the sal trees burst forth in abundant untimely blossoms that fell, covering his body. Heavenly coral tree flowers also fell from the sky, together with sandalwood powder, sprinkling and covering his body in homage. It describes how Buddha rehearsed the levels of meditation, just as he performed them during the watches of the night at Bodh-Gaya. Traversing and then reversing the levels of meditation, he attained final liberation.
The Cosmological Structure
Authors: Penner Hans H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
There are three basic differences between Buddhist and monotheistic cosmologies: (1) No beginning, no end; (2) God and thus theology are irrelevant; and (3) the doctrine of karma. This chapter describes the cosmology. It then demonstrates the explicit fit, the framework, syntax, or constraint of the cosmology as the fundamental structure of the narratives of the legends, including a map of India to illustrate the argument that geography is cosmography.
The Gift, the Renouncer, and the Householder
Authors: Penner Hans H. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Weber defined the Buddhacentric view of the “received tradition” of Western studies of Buddhism when he wrote that “Buddhism is other-worldly asceticism.” This mistaken perception of the Buddhist community is corrected in this chapter. The Buddhist community consists of householders and renouncers mediated by the gift. In Part I both Sujåtå (at the beginning of the story) and Cunda (at its end) are highlighted as the defining characters of the community. Buddha tells both that for their gift they will “receive great merit.” The chapter turns to Mauss's classic text on “the gift,” the ever popular story of Vessantara's perfection of giving, and The Question of King Milinda for an analysis of the place of “giving” as the mediating element in the oppositional structure of the Buddhist community. The Buddha and Universal Monarch, the prince and the king, householder and renouncer are inseparable; the one defines the other mediated by the gift.
A case study from neuroscience involving stereology and multivariate analysis
Authors: Cruz-Orive Luis M. , Insausti Ana M. , Insausti Ricardo , Crespo Dámaso 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDowns syndrome is characterized by a triplication of chromosome 21 (HSA-21), and is the most frequent cause of mental retardation in the newborn. A special trisomic mouse (Ts65Dn) is a well known animal model for Downs syndrome. This chapter presents a new study that tries to detect possible differences between in Ts65Dn mice and controls in the total neuron number for each of four subpopulations, defined as expressing: calbindin, parvalbumin (Pv), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in astrocytes, NADPH-diaphorase; within each of three well defined compartments of the hippocampus, namely: dentate gyrus (DG); union of CA1 and CA2; and CA3 (pyramidal layer). The problem; the material and statistical framework; estimation of neuron number by the classical Cavalieri-disector stereological design; statistical detection of group mean differences (univariate analysis); sample size predictions for further action; statistical detection of group mean differences; and study results are disussed.
Counting in situ hybridized neurons
Authors: Finsen Bente , Gregersen Rikke , Lehrmann Elin , Lovmand Steen , West Mark J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses in situ hybridization. Topics covered include the principles of hybridization, visualization of single cells with AP-conjugated oligonucleotide probes, sensitivity of alkaline phosphatase (AP)-labeled, tissue processing, specificity of the hybridization reaction, screening of internal standard sections, and stereological quantification.