bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Institutions and Economic Policy: rural renter legislation in Argentina, 1912–1942
Authors: Gallo Andrés 
Published: January 2010

ResumenLa importancia de las instituciones políticas en el crecimiento económico en países en desarrollo no ha sido adecuadamente estudiada. El desarrollo económico argentino hacia fines del siglo XIX y principios del XX se basó en la producción agropecuaria de exportación. La estructura de producción se sostuvo con un sistema generalizado de contratos de arrendamientos. Este artículo utiliza análisis espacial y regresiones logísticas para estudiar el rol del Congreso Nacional en dar forma al marco legal de dichos contratos para el período 1912–1943. La principal conclusión es que las reformas legislativas fueron un producto del funcionamiento de las instituciones políticas en el Congreso, que proveyeron de poder de veto a los Conservadores para suavizar las reformas propuestas por los Radicales. El fraude electoral en los años treinta detuvo el proceso reformista en el Congreso y dio paso a cambios más revolucionarios a partir de 1940.
Institutional change in industrial relations. Strike arbitration in Spain, 1880–1915
Authors: Domenech Jordi 
Published: January 2010

ResumenEste artículo analiza los intentos por parte del estado español de ofre-cer un marco regulatorio para las relaciones industriales a principios del siglo XX. Se discute aquí que el conflicto principal se centraba en el reconocimiento de los sindicatos por parte de los propietarios de empresas, lo que hacía que cualquier acuerdo para finalizar huelgas en curso fuera muy inestable. Respondiendo a un movimiento obrero cada vez más activo, el Estado intentó regular las huelgas, pero sin embargo no se decidió a forzar a los empresarios a reconocer a los sindicatos. Esto dio pie a la formulación de un sistema transitorio que duró casi veinte años en el que el empresariado pedía constantemente al estado que garantizara la libertad de trabajo en las huelgas y el estado selectivamente desoía a los empresarios para forzarles a conceder algunas de las demandas de los trabajadores y evitar que los conflictos sociales adquirieran mayores proporciones. Se analiza con detalle el papel del estado en las huelgas y se muestra cómo la intervención de las autoridades —generalmente del gobernador civil— aseguraba la concesión de al menos algunas de las reclamaciones de los trabajadores. Finalmente, se argumenta que este equilibrio institucional generaba la radicalización y movilización de empresarios y trabajadores.Palabras clave: relaciones industriales, huelgas, cambio institucional, Restauración, España
Stature in nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro: preliminary evidence from prison records
Authors: Frank Zephyr 
Published: January 2010

ResumoEsta análise sobre condições de vida no Rio de Janeiro, no século XIX, baseia-se em dados antropométricos e descritivos obtidos na documentação da Casa de Detenção. A pesquisa mostra que houve mudanças significativas nas alturas de presos ao longo do tempo e em função de sua cor e nacionalidade. Principalmente, houve um declínio na estatura de escravos, a partir dos nascidos nos anos 1830 e continuando ate os anos 1860, onde se interrompe o presente estudo. As diferenças entre escravos e homens livres por um lado, e entre brasileiros nativos no Rio de Janeiro e brasileiros nascidos fora da capital por outro lado, mostram que, além do declínio percebido na estatura dos escravos, houve também uma «penalidade urbana» na estatura, indicada pelo fato de serem os presos nascidos no Rio de Janeiro menos altos do que os outros presos brasileiros. Falta de alimentação, aumento no custo de vida em geral, transferência de escravos para fora da cidade depois de 1850, e epidemias urbanas eram fatores que influíam nas alturas dos presos.
La circulación de moneda en el Norte argentino después de la Independencia: el caso de Tucumán entre 1820 y 1850
Authors: Nicolini Esteban A. , Parolo María Paula 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThe study of monetary phenomena in Argentina between 1810 and 1850 is complicated by the lack of historical sources and the coexistence of various currencies. According to previous research, the north of the country and specially Tucumán have been strongly influenced by Bolivian monetary policy and its currency devaluation throught the issue of coins Know as «feble». However, so far, a quantitative analysis of the circulation of money in this region for this period does not exist. This article shows that probate inventories have a great potential for advancing the exploration of these issues and presents an analysis of all the inventories available for Tucumán between 1820 and 1850. With this information the demand for money for this period is estimated and we confirm that money in circulation would have become more abundant in the 1840s, the period of highest levels of issue of «feble» coins, but without an obvious break with previous decades.
Financiamiento e Inversión Pública en la Argentina en un Periodo de Transición, 1900–1935. Un Enfoque General y Dos Estudios de Caso
Authors: Regalsky Andrés Martín , Salerno Elena 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTBetween 1900 and 1935, the Argentine economy experienced important changes. Strongly specialized at first in the exportation of primary goods to European markets, the economy gradually turned to import substitution for the internal market. This transition was accompanied by increases in the number and scope of the functions performed by the State. In this paper we approach this evolution with an analysis of public investment in two critical areas: railways and water and drainage works, both of which resulted in the formation of the first public enterprises. Other aspects of public finances are also examined here: the evolution and structure of tax collection and public debt, both of which experienced an ever increasing complexity and scope.
Some new results for the Lagrange polynomials in several variables
Authors: Chen Kung Yu , Liu Shouh Jung , Srivastava H. M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn some recent investigations involving certain differential operators for a general family of Lagrange polynomials, Chan el al. encountered and proved a certain summation identity for the Lagrange polynomials in several variables. In the present paper, we derive some generalizations of this summation identity for the Chan-Chyan-Srivastava polynomials in several variables. We also discuss a number of interesting corollaries and consequences of our main results.
Inverse coefficient problems for nonlinear elliptic equations
Authors: Yang Runsheng , Ou Yunhua 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper is devoted to a class of inverse coefficient problems for nonlinear elliptic equations. The unknown coefficient of the elliptic equations depends on the gradient of the solution and belongs to a set of admissible coefficients. It is shown that the nonlinear elliptic equations are uniquely solvable for the given class of coefficients. Proof of the existence of a quasisolution of the inverse problems is obtained.
A modified AOR-type iterative method for L-matrix linear systems
Authors: Wu Shiliang , Huang Tingzhu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBoth Evans et al. and Li et al. have presented preconditioned methods for linear systems to improve the convergence rates of AOR-type iterative schemes. In this paper, we present a new preconditioner. Some comparison theorems on preconditioned iterative methods for solving L-matrix linear systems are presented. Comparison results and a numerical example show that convergence of the preconditioned Gauss-Seidel method is faster than that of the preconditioned AOR iterative method.
Reduced nephron endowment due to fetal uninephrectomy impairs renal sodium handling in male sheep
Authors: Singh Reetu R. , Denton Kate M. , Bertram John F. , Jefferies Andrew J. , Moritz Karen M. 
Published: January 2010

Reduced nephron endowment is associated with development of renal and cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized this may be attributable to impaired sodium homoeostasis by the remaining nephrons. The present study investigated whether a nephron deficit, induced by fetal uninephrectomy at 100 days gestation (term=150 days), resulted in (i) altered renal sodium handling both under basal conditions and in response to an acute 0.9% saline load (50 ml·kg−1 of body weight·30 min−1); (ii) hypertension and (iii) altered expression of renal channels/transporters in male sheep at 6 months of age. Uninephrectomized animals had significantly elevated arterial pressure (90.1±1.6 compared with 77.8±2.9 mmHg; P&lt;0.001), while glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow (per g of kidney weight) were 30% lower than that of the sham animals. Total kidney weight was similar between the groups. Renal gene expression of apical NHE3 (type 3 Na+/H+ exchanger), ENaC (epithelium Na+ channel) β and γ subunits and basolateral Na+/K+ ATPase β and γ subunits were significantly elevated in uninephrectomized animals, while ENaC α subunit expression was reduced. Urine flow rate and sodium excretion increased in both groups in response to salt loading, but this increase in sodium excretion was delayed by approximately 90 min in the uninephrectomized animals, while total sodium output was 12% in excess of the infused load (P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, the present study shows that animals with a congenital nephron deficit have alterations in tubular sodium channels/transporters and cannot rapidly correct for variations in sodium intake probably contributing to the development of hypertension. This suggests that people born with a nephron deficit should be monitored for early signs of renal and cardiovascular disease.
Approaches for Modification of Starch Composition in Durum Wheat
Authors: Lafiandra Domenico , Sestili Francesco , D'Ovidio Renato , Janni Michela , Botticella Ermelinda , Ferrazzano Gianluca , Silvestri Marco , Ranieri Roberto , DeAmbrogio Enzo 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTManipulation of starch composition in cereals and particularly in wheat is receiving increasing attention due to recognition of its important role in food and nonfood applications. The amylose/ amylopectin ratio influences the physicochemical properties of starches and nutritional value of derived end products. Identification of the key enzymes involved in the starch biosynthetic pathway has opened new avenues for altering the amylose and amylopectin content in durum and bread wheat. The granule bound starch synthases (GBSSI), or waxy proteins, are the enzymes responsible for amylose synthesis in storage tissues; amylopectin is produced by the concerted action of different enzymes, including starch synthases (SS), branching (SBE), and debranching enzymes (DBE). By altering the level of key enzymes involved in the regulation of starch synthesis, it is possible to generate novel starches with unique functional properties. In this respect, both low and high amylose starches are particularly interesting because they are associated with industrial and processing properties as well as with human health and nutrition. So far, major attention has addressed the manipulation of starch composition in bread wheat, whereas durum wheat has been investigated to a much lesser extent. Approaches currently available to alter amylose/amylopectin ratio and tailor starch composition in durum wheat are presented.
Individual myeloma‐specific T‐cell clones eliminate tumour cells and correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Michalek Jaroslav , Ocadlikova Darina , Matejkova Eva , Foltankova Veronika , Dudová Silvie , Slaby Ondrej , Horvath Radek , Pour Ludek , Hajek Roman 
Published: January 2010

SummaryDespite novel treatment strategies, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable disease with low immunogenicity and multiple immune defects. We developed an ex vivo strategy for inducing myeloma‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and demonstrate the possibility of identification and long‐term in vivo monitoring of individual myeloma‐specific T‐cell clones using the most sensitive clonotypic assay that is able to detect low frequencies of T‐cell clones (1 clonotypic cell in 106 cells). Ten patients with MM were examined for the presence of tumour‐reactive T cells using dendritic cells loaded with autologous tumour cells. All patients had detectable myeloma‐reactive T cells in vitro. Expanded myeloma‐reactive T cells demonstrated specific cytotoxic effects against autologous tumour cells in vitro (median 39·6% at an effector:target ratio of 40:1). The clonality of myeloma‐specific T cells was studied with a clonotypic assay, which demonstrated both oligoclonal and monoclonal populations of myeloma‐specific T cells. CD8+ CTLs were the most immunodominant myeloma‐specific T‐cell clones and clinical responses were closely associated with the in vivo expansion and long‐term persistence of individual CD8+ T‐cell clones, usually at very low frequencies (10−3–10−6). We conclude that the clonotypic assay is the most sensitive tool for immunomonitoring of low‐frequency T cells.
Decreased precipitation exacerbates the effects of sea level on coastal dune ecosystems in open ocean islands
Authors: GREAVER TARA L. , STERNBERG LEONEL S. L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe alteration of fresh and marine water cycling is likely to occur in coastal ecosystems as climate change causes the global redistribution of precipitation while simultaneously driving sea‐level rise at a rate of 2–3 mm yr−1. Here, we examined how precipitation alters the ecological effects of ocean water intrusion to coastal dunes on two oceanic carbonate islands in the Bahamas. The approach was to compare sites that receive high and low annual rainfall and are also characterized by seasonal distribution (wet and dry season) of precipitation. The spatial and temporal variations in precipitation serve as a proxy for conditions of altered precipitation which may occur via climate change. We used the natural abundances of stable isotopes to identify water sources (e.g., precipitation, groundwater and ocean water) in the soil–plant continuum and modeled the depth of plant water uptake. Results indicated that decreased rainfall caused the shallow freshwater table on the dune ecosystem to sink and contract towards the inland, the lower freshwater head allowed ocean water to penetrate into the deeper soils, while shallow soils became exceedingly dry. Plants at the drier site that lived nearest to the ocean responded by taking up water from the deeper and consistently moist soil layers where ocean water intruded. Towards the inland, decreased rainfall caused the water table to sink to a depth that precluded both recharge to the upper soil layers and access by plants. Consequently, plants captured water in more shallow soils recharged by infrequent rainfall events. The results demonstrate dune ecosystems on oceanic islands are more susceptible to ocean water intrusion when annual precipitation decreases. Periods of diminished precipitation caused drought conditions, increased exposure to saline marine water and altered water‐harvesting strategies. Quantifying species tolerances to ocean water intrusion and drought are necessary to determine a threshold of community sustainability.
Interdecadal changes in at‐sea distribution and abundance of subantarctic seabirds along a latitudinal gradient in the Southern Indian Ocean
Authors: PÉRON CLARA , AUTHIER MATTHIEU , BARBRAUD CHRISTOPHE , DELORD KARINE , BESSON DOMINIQUE , WEIMERSKIRCH HENRI 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLong‐term demographic studies have recently shown that global climate change together with increasing direct impacts of human activities, such as fisheries, are affecting the population dynamics of marine top predators. However, the effects of these factors on species distribution and abundance at sea are still poorly understood, particularly in marine ecosystems of the southern hemisphere. Using a unique long‐term data set of at‐sea observations, we tested for interdecadal (1980s vs. 2000s) changes in summer abundance and distribution of 12 species of Albatrosses and Petrels along a 30° latitudinal gradient between tropical and Antarctic waters of the southern Indian Ocean. There were contrasting effects of climate change on subantarctic seabird distribution and abundance at sea. While subtropical waters showed the highest rate of warming, the species that visited this water mass showed the greatest changes in distribution and abundance. The abundance of Wandering Albatrosses (Diomedea exulans), White‐chinned Petrels (Procellaria aequinoctialis) and Giant Petrels (Macronectes sp.) declined markedly, whereas the other species showed contrasting trends or did not change. With the exception of the White‐chinned Petrel, these decreases were at least partly related to regional increase in sea surface temperature. The southward shift of Wandering Albatross and Prions (Pachyptila spp.) distributions could be ascribed to species redistribution or decrease in abundance due to warming of the subtropical waters. Surprisingly, White‐chinned Petrel distribution shifted northward, suggesting more complex mechanisms. This study is the first to document a shift in species range in the Southern Ocean related to climate change and contrasting abundance changes. It suggests that some species might experience more severe impacts from climate change depending on the water masses they visit. As climate changes are predicted to continue in the next decades, understanding species responses to climate change is crucial for conservation management, especially when their conservation status is critical or unknown.
The melanocortin receptor agonist NDP‐MSH impairs the allostimulatory function of dendritic cells
Authors: Rennalls La’Verne P. , Seidl Thomas , Larkin James M. G. , Wellbrock Claudia , Gore Martin E. , Eisen Tim , Bruno Ludovica 
Published: January 2010

SummaryAs α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH) is released by immunocompetent cells and has potent immunosuppressive properties, it was determined whether human dendritic cells (DCs) express the receptor for this hormone. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction detected messenger RNA specific for all of the known melanocortin receptors in DCs. Mixed lymphocyte reactions also revealed that treatment with [Nle4, DPhe7]‐α‐MSH (NDP‐MSH), a potent α‐MSH analogue, significantly reduced the ability of DCs to stimulate allogeneic T cells. The expression of various cell surface adhesion, maturation and costimulatory molecules on DCs was also investigated. Although treatment with NDP‐MSH did not alter the expression of CD83 and major histocompatibility complex class Ι and ΙΙ, the surface expression of CD86 (B7.2), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM‐1/CD54) and CD1a was reduced. In summary, our data indicate that NDP‐MSH inhibits the functional activity of DCs, possibly by down‐regulating antigen‐presenting and adhesion molecules and that these events may be mediated via the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 pathway.
Net carbon transfer between Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca seedlings in the field is influenced by soil disturbance
Authors: Teste François P. , Simard Suzanne W. , Durall Daniel M. , Guy Robert D. , Berch Shannon M. 
Published: January 2010

Summary 1. Mycorrhizal pathways are comprised of fungal hyphae that facilitate carbon transfer between plants. We determined whether net carbon transfer occurred between conspecific conifer seedlings in the field, and whether soil disturbance or access to mycorrhizal pathways affected transfer. 2. We established two soil disturbances and planted pairs of different sized Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca seedlings (naturally regenerated or planted) into one of four mesh treatments (0.5, 35, 250 μm or directly into soil) restricting mycorrhizal pathways. We pulse‐labelled both seedlings, one with 13CO2 and the other with 14CO2, to quantify net carbon transfer. Ectomycorrhizas were identified using morphological and molecular techniques. 3. Net carbon transfers were detected and were not due to re‐fixation of respired carbon. More transferred carbon accumulated in shoots than roots. In disturbed soil, there was greater net carbon transfer to natural seedlings than planted seedlings; the reverse pattern was observed in undisturbed soil. For planted seedlings only, the magnitude of net carbon gain was positively related to seedling size and height growth rate. Greater net accumulation of carbon occurred in Rhizopogon vinicolor, a long‐distance ectomycorrhizal fungi exploration type (morphological character), than the two other most abundant ectomycorrhizal fungi with contact‐ and short‐distance exploration types. Long‐distance exploration types have the potential to form long‐distance hyphal connections between plant roots, whereas contact‐ and short‐distance are restricted to short‐distance (c. 0–0.25 μm) connections. 4. Synthesis. These results confirm that net carbon transfer occurs through mycorrhizal pathways; however, the amount transferred was very small. Mycorrhizal pathways were facilitating net transfer of carbon to large, vigorous natural seedlings in disturbed soils, whereas smaller planted seedlings received more net carbon gain in undisturbed soils. The size variation within these planted seedlings was great enough to elicit a positive relationship between net carbon gain and seedling size and growth rate. These findings are relevant to regeneration of forests characterized by mixed severity disturbance regimes, which leave a suite of environmental conditions that may result in a greater magnitude of transfer.