bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transmission electron microscopic observations of the multilevel microstructure of crosslinked copolymers with methacrylates and siloxane macromers by a radically polymerizable tuning approach
Authors: Yokota Mitsuru , Ajiro Hiroharu , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) the morphologies of crosslinked copolymers from methacrylate monomers from methylmethacrylate (MMA) and trifluoroethylmethacrylate (TFEMA), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) macromers with molecular weight (Mn) of 1,700 and 4,700 g/mol, and crosslinker. Depending on the PDMS content, we observed, spherical PMMA islands in which small PDMS domains were dispersed, PMMA continuous phase, closely packed PTFEMA islands, and homogeneously dispersed PDMS domains were observed with low or middle magnification. Fine observation at 100,000‐fold magnification revealed the “fundamental” common size domain, which was determined by the Mn value of the PDMS macromer. Thus we found two microstructure types: (1) a “fundamental domain” due to the Mn of the PDMS macromer, and (2) an aggregated domain. The former was constant under all conditions, but the latter was affected by the comonomer and its ratio. The present results are essential in understanding the chemical and physical characteristics of crosslinked copolymers from PDMS macromers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Modification of polycarbonate by adding poly(L‐lactide)
Authors: Wang Yonghong , Shi Yunyun , Yang Jinghui , Huang Ting , Zhang Nan , Wang Yong 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this study, the blend of polycarbonate (PC)/poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) (70/30) was prepared through the conventional extrusion‐injection‐molding process. The morphology of the blend was characterized using scanning electron microscope. Both differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X‐ray diffraction were used to investigate the crystallization behavior of PLLA component in the blend. The mechanical and thermal properties of the blend were comparatively investigated, and the hydrolytic degradation ability of the material was also evaluated. The results show that the dispersed‐PLLA particles are in the amorphous state in the PC matrix. Although the blend is immiscible, the rigid PLLA particles exhibit the toughening and reinforcement effects on PC simultaneously. Specifically, the heat‐distortion temperature of the blend is comparable to that of pure PC. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fluid catalytic cracking optimisation using factorial design and genetic algorithm techniques
Authors: Cuadros José F. , Melo Delba C. , Filho Rubens Maciel , Maciel Maria R. Wolf 
Published: May 2012

AbstractStatistical techniques coupled with genetic algorithm (GA) were used to identify optimal values of key operational variables in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. A Kellog Orthoflow F fluid catalytic cracking process model was considered. It is known as a highly nonlinear process with a large number of variables with strong interactions among them. A reduced process model was obtained through factorial design technique to be used as a process function in the optimisation work giving as result the operational conditions that maximise conversion without infringing operational restrictions with savings in computational burden and time. An increase of 8.71% in process conversion was achieved applying GA as optimisation technique. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Application of Chattim tree (devil tree, Alstonia scholaris) saw dust as a biosorbent for removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated water
Authors: Saha Rumpa , Saha Indrajit , Nandi Rumki , Ghosh Aniruddha , Basu Ankita , Ghosh Sumanta K. , Saha Bidyut 
Published: May 2012

Abstract“Devil tree saw dust”; a novel biosorbent has been utilised successfully for the removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated water. Batch adsorption procedure is utilised to test the ability of saw dust as an adsorbent for hexavalent chromium (reduction coupled adsorption). The contribution of various parameters on sorption, such as contact time, sorbate concentration, pH of the medium and temperature were estimated and maximum uptake of hexavalent chromium from contaminated water was 333.33 mg g−1 at pH 2.0 and temperature of 35°C. Hexavalent chromium uptake from contaminated water followed the pseudo‐first‐order rate expression. The standard free energy change (ΔG0), standard enthalpy change (ΔH0) and standard entropy change (ΔS0) have also been evaluated and it has been concluded that the sorption was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic in nature. The process follows well Langmuir isotherm. Fourier Transform Infra‐Red (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of hexavalent chromium loaded and unloaded saw dust were performed, SEM clearly indicates chromium adsorption. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the involvement of carbonyl, hydroxyl and amide groups on the cell surfaces in chromium binding. Very good adsorption capacity and low cost or cost free of devil tree saw dust makes this biosorbent as one of the best adsorbents for removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated water. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Dioxins: diagnostic and prognostic challenges arising from complex mechanisms
Authors: Rysavy Noel M. , Maaetoft‐Udsen Kristina , Turner Helen 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTDioxins are ubiquitous environmental challenges to humans, with a pervasiveness that arises from 200 years of rapid industrialization and mechanization of Western societies and which is now extending into the developing world. In spite of their penetrance of the human biota, these compounds are poorly understood in terms of their true physiological potential for harm, and the mechanisms by which they impact cellular and organ level function are only recently becoming clear. Emerging awareness that chronic exposures to toxins may have generational and subtle effects on the outcomes of diseases such as cancer and diabetes, which are already multifactorial and highly complex, creates the context for the current review paper. Here, we summarize dioxin exposure paradigms and the resulting physiological effects that have been documented in animals and humans. Novel insights into potential endogenous end exogenous ligands, as well as the mechanisms by which these ligands impact acute and chronic cellular processes, are discussed. We develop the idea that the diagnosis of dioxin exposure, the subtleties of the cellular effects of the compounds and prognosis of the long‐term effects of exposure are problems requiring that researchers leverage the power of genomics and epigenetics. However, the continuation of longitudinal epidemiological studies and the development of a firmer basis from which to extrapolate animal studies will be critical in ensuring optimal insight from these resource‐intensive techniques. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Pilot Study of Attention Bias Subtypes: Examining Their Relation to Cognitive Bias and Their Change following Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Calamaras Martha R. , Tone Erin B. , Anderson Page L. 
Published: May 2012

ObjectiveThe present investigation examined (a) whether a clinical sample of individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) comprises two distinct groups based on attention bias for social threat (vigilant, avoidant), (b) the relation between attention bias and cognitive bias, specifically estimates of the probability that negative social events will occur (probability bias), and (c) specific changes in attention bias following cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety.MethodParticipants were 24 individuals (nfemale = 7, nmale = 17; mage = 41) who met diagnostic criteria for SAD and sought treatment for fear of public speaking. Hypotheses were tested using t tests, linear regression analyses, and a mixed design analysis of variance.ResultsResults yielded evidence of 2 pretreatment groups (vigilant and avoidant). There was a significant positive correlation between vigilance for (but not avoidance of) threat and probability bias (R = .561, p < .05). After 8 weeks of treatment, the direction of change in attention bias differed between groups, such that the vigilant group became less vigilant and the avoidant group became less avoidant, with the avoidant group showing a significant change in attention bias from pretreatment to posttreatment.ConclusionsThese findings provide very preliminary support for the idea that individuals with SAD may differ according to type attention bias, avoidant or vigilant, as these biases changed in different ways following cognitive‐behavioral therapy for SAD. Further research is needed to replicate and extend these findings in order to evaluate whether SAD comprises subgroups of attentional biases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Clin. Psychol. 68:745‐754, 2012
Cancer therapy with genetically‐modified T cells for the treatment of melanoma
Authors: Lagisetty Kiran H. , Morgan Richard A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe aim of this review is to acquaint the reader with the concept of T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy for metastatic melanoma. We first review antigen choice, followed by gene delivery technology and, finally, we discuss selected clinical applications. To be successful, TCR gene therapy must combine multiple elements and research disciplines. First, there is a need for an understanding of tumor immunology because this is essential in proper antigen choice. Second, gene therapy is a technology‐driven field and cutting edge knowledge of protein engineering and gene delivery methods are indispensable. Finally, a dedicated team of physician/scientists and healthcare providers is fundamental to clinical success. TCR gene therapy is now a realistic treatment option for metastatic melanoma. Both tumor regression and on‐target/off‐tumor toxicities have been observed, which emphasizes the experimental nature of this approach. As with any new medical procedure, future large‐scale randomized trials will be necessary to validate this approach, and these are within reason in the next few years. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
A branch‐and‐bound algorithm for the double travelling salesman problem with two stacks
Authors: Carrabs Francesco , Cerulli Raffaele , Speranza Maria Grazia 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article studies the double traveling salesman problem with two stacks. A number of requests have to be served where each request consists in the pickup and delivery of an item. All the pickup operations have to be performed before any delivery can take place. A single vehicle is available that starts from a depot, performs all the pickup operations and returns to the depot. Then, it performs all the delivery operations and returns to the depot. The items are loaded in two stacks, each served independently from the other with a last‐in‐first‐out policy. The objective is the minimization of the total cost of the pickup and delivery tours. We propose a branch‐and‐bound approach to solve the problem. The algorithm uses properties of the problem both to tighten the lower bounds and to avoid the exploration of redundant subtrees. Computational results performed on benchmark instances reveal that the algorithm outperforms the other exact approaches for this problem. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013
Balancing profits and costs on trees
Authors: Coene Sofie , Filippi Carlo , Spieksma Frits C. R. , Stevanato Elisa 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe consider a rooted tree graph with costs associated with the edges and profits associated with the vertices. Every subtree containing the root incurs the sum of the costs of its edges, and collects the sum of the profits of its nodes; the goal is the simultaneous minimization of the total cost and maximization of the total profit. This problem is related to the TSP with profits on graphs with a tree metric. We analyze the problem from a biobjective point of view. We show that finding all extreme supported efficient points can be done in polynomial time. The problem of finding all efficient points, however, is harder; we propose a practical FPTAS for solving this problem. Some special cases are considered where the particular profit/cost structure or graph topology allows the efficient points to be found in polynomial time. Our results can be extended to more general graphs with distance matrices satisfying the Kalmanson conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2013
Treatment of Common Bile Duct Stones in Sweden 1989–2006: An Observational Nationwide Study of a Paradigm Shift
Authors: Sandzén Birger , Haapamäki Markku M. , Nilsson Erik , Stenlund Hans C. , Öman Mikael 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe preferred strategies for treatment of common bile duct stones have changed from choledochotomy with cholecystectomy to sphincterotomy with or without cholecystectomy. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of these treatment strategies on a nationwide level in Sweden.MethodsAll patients with hospital care for benign biliary diagnoses 1988–2006 were identified in Swedish registers. Patients with common bile duct stones and a first admission with choledochotomy and or endoscopic sphincterotomy from 1989 through 2006 comprised the study group. These patients were analyzed with respect to readmission for biliary diagnoses and acute pancreatitis.ResultsIncidence of open and laparoscopic choledochotomy decreased from 19.4 to 5.2, whereas endoscopic sphincterotomy increased from 5.1 to 26.1 per 100,000 inhabitants per year, respectively. Among patients treated for common bile duct stones (n = 26,815), 60.0 % underwent cholecystectomy during the first hospital admission in 1989–1994, compared to 30.1 % in 2001–2006. The treatment strategy that included endoscopic sphincterotomy was associated with more readmissions for biliary diagnoses and increased risk for acute pancreatitis than the treatment strategy with choledochotomy. However, patients treated with endoscopic sphincterotomy and concurrent cholecystectomy at the index admission had the lowest risk of readmission.ConclusionsCholecystectomy has been increasingly separated from treatment of bile duct stones, and endoscopic sphincterotomy has superseded choledochotomy as a first alternative for bile duct clearance in Sweden. In patients fit for surgery, clearance of the common bile duct can be combined with cholecystectomy, as it probably reduces the need for biliary related readmissions.
Nummulites solitarius – Nummulites burdigalensis Lineage in Kutch with Remarks on the Age of Naredi Formation
Authors: Saraswati Pratul Kumar , Sarkar Urbashi , Banerjee Santanu 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Three successive subspecies of Nummulites burdigalensis evolved from N. solitarius. These include N. burdigalensis keupperi, N. burdigalensis burdigalensis and N. burdigalensis cantabricus. The evolving lineage is traced in a borehole drilled through the Naredi Formation of Kutch. The associated taxa include N. solitarius and N. fraasi in the lower part and Assilina laxispira and A. spinosa in the upper part of the formation. The better stratigraphic resolution achieved by subspecies identification and the lately redefined Ilerdien Stage in the background of Early Eocene carbon isotope excursion marker, lead to constrain the age of Naredi Formation as Early Eocene, ranging from shallow-benthic zones SBZ6 to SBZ11.
Field and Petrographic Aspects of the Iron Ore Mineralizations of Gandhamardan Hill, Keonjhor, Orissa and their Genetic Significance
Authors: Bhattacharya H. N. , Ghosh Kaushik K. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Banded iron formations of the Iron Ore Group (Archean greenstone belts) of Jharkhand-Orissa region, India host a good number of large iron ore deposits (Fe wt %&gt; 62). Iron ore mineralization of Gandhamardan hill is one of them where iron ores occur in two stratigraphic horizons. One is strictly confined within banded iron formation (stratabound mineralization) with irregular geometry, and show fracture filling and replacement vein-type mineralization along the fringes of hard massive ores of the core. This type of mineralization is exposed along the western slope of the hill. Hard massive and laminated ores dominate this mineralization. The other type occurs as low dipping sheet like body above banded iron formation and covered by laterites forming the top of the hill. Flaky ores dominate this mineralization with formation of hard goethitic crust near the top. Both the mineralizations contain mineralized banded iron formation core-stones surrounded by hard massive or flaky iron ores. Hard massive ores are entirely represented by martite-microplaty hematite mineralogy. Hard laminated ores contain microplaty hematite and few martite grains representing early magnetites of the banded iron formation. Flaky ores are high porosity ores produced by leaching of silica, martite and microplaty hematite. Hard goethitic ores are developed due to replacement of martite and microplaty hematite or precipitation of goethite in the pore spaces.
Formation of iron ores within banded iron formation horizon, hydrothermal brecciation and replacement of jaspery blocks by iron ores, presence of mineralized banded iron formation core-stones within the massive hard ores and martite-microplaty hematite rich mineralogy of the ores strongly advocate in favour of hydrothermal origin for the Gandhamardan iron ore mineralization. Iron bearing reducing and alkaline basinal or deeply circulated meteoric water may be held responsible for the hydrothermal mineralization. The ore fluid became oxidizing with cooling. Such hydrothermal ores recorded further leaching and goethitization under supergene environment.
GIS based Morphometric Analysis of Yamuna Drainage Network in parts of Fatehabad Area of Agra District, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Ansari Ziaur Rehman , Rao L. A. K. , Yusuf Alia 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Remote Sensing and GIS techniques have been proved to be efficient tools in the delineation, updating and morphometric analysis of drainage basin. The present study incorporates a morphometric analysis of three sub-basins of Fatehabad area of Agra district using remote sensing and GIS techniques. The morphometric parameters of the sub-basins are classified under linear, areal and relief aspects. The drainage pattern exhibited by the main river Yamuna and its tributaries shows a dendritic pattern indicating homogenously underlain material while the mean bifurcation ratio values suggest that the geological structures are not disturbing the drainage pattern. The form factor value of sub-basins suggests that the main basin is more or less elongated. Circularity ratio values of the three sub-basins fall within range of elongated basin and low discharge. The area has low density indicating that the region has high permeable sub-soil material and dense vegetation. The values of drainage texture, drainage density and infiltration number indicate that sub-basin-III has the highest infiltration rate and low runoff, hence contributing most to the underground water resources. This study also indicates porous and permeable sub-soil condition in sub-basin-III. The values of sub-basin-I indicate low permeable subsoil material owning to high infiltration number value, hence low infiltration and high runoff.
3D Visualizing of Volumetric Surface Movement at Karstic Limestone Area
Authors: Alkouri Omar , Omar Husaini , Shariah Mohammed Abu , Rodzi Ahmad , Mansor Shattri , Yusof Zainuddin Md. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Limestone bedrock topography has complex phenomena and highly relief subsurface topography due to the presence of karstic features. Geotechnical and environmental problems arise whenever foundations are established on the surface of the limestone bedrock or within the overburden soils. Geographical information system (GIS) and remote sensing are emerging as powerful techniques widely applicable in natural resources management to detect land use changes and devise strategies based on these changes. The study focuses on using aerial photography for the detection of changes and effects of mining on geomorphology, especially the use of sequential images that allows to detect changes taken place from time to time, by using. Volumetric Surface Movement Spatiotemporal Data Model (VSMSDM) application has been employed to create karst terrain surface movements and visualized 3D information in the Virtual Geographical Information Systems (VGIS). VSMSDM application was implemented by developing prototype of visualization system using with integrated time in the TIN structure. The data have been collected from aerial photography in 1981 and 2004, and the results displayed that the proposed data model is able to view the changing in karst topography to detect significant landscapes and landforms changes.
Assessment of ground-based atmospheric observations for verification of greenhouse gas emissions from an urban region
Authors: McKain Kathryn , Wofsy Steven C. , Nehrkorn Thomas , Eluszkiewicz Janusz , Ehleringer James R. , Stephens Britton B. 
Published: May 2012

International agreements to limit greenhouse gas emissions require verification to ensure that they are effective and fair. Verification based on direct observation of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations will be necessary to demonstrate that estimated emission reductions have been actualized in the atmosphere. Here we assess the capability of ground-based observations and a high-resolution (1.3 km) mesoscale atmospheric transport model to determine a change in greenhouse gas emissions over time from a metropolitan region. We test the method with observations from a network of CO
2
surface monitors in Salt Lake City. Many features of the CO
2
data were simulated with excellent fidelity, although data-model mismatches occurred on hourly timescales due to inadequate simulation of shallow circulations and the precise timing of boundary-layer stratification and destratification. Using two optimization procedures, monthly regional fluxes were constrained to sufficient precision to detect an increase or decrease in emissions of approximately 15% at the 95% confidence level. We argue that integrated column measurements of the urban dome of CO
2
from the ground and/or space are less sensitive than surface point measurements to the redistribution of emitted CO
2
by small-scale processes and thus may allow for more precise trend detection of emissions from urban regions.