bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Location of osteoclast precursors in fetal rat calvaria cultured on collagen gels
Authors: Braidman Isobel P. , Rothwell Claire , Webber David M. , Crowe Peter , Anderson David C. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Although osteoclasts are derived from hematopoietic cells, the exact identity of their precursors and the mechanism for their recruitment onto bone surfaces remain unclear. We wished to study their differentiation in the fetal rat calvaria and to locate its source of osteoclast precursor cells. Osteoclasts were detected by neutral red staining or cytochemical reaction for acid phosphatase of intact bone (cell number and area measured by computerized image analysis) or in cryostat sections of bone (enzyme activity measured by quantitative cytochemistry). Histology of semithin sections of fixed bones was also examined. The 19 day calvariae contained few mature osteoclasts. After 48 h culture on gels of type 1 collagen (1.5 mg/ml) supplemented with 5 mM calcium β-glycerophosphate, 10 mM proline, and 2 μg/ml ascorbic acid, numerous large osteoclasts were seen on their endocranial surfaces. In contrast, cell morphology and enzyme activity deteriorated in bones cultured in liquid medium. The cells that formed in vitro rapidly responded to calcitonin by contraction. Stripping of endocranial membranes from the calvariae prevented osteoclast formation in culture, but these cells were seen when “stripped” bones had been cocultured with their membranes for 48 h or with intact 16 day calvariae (well before the onset of osteogenesis). Few osteoclasts were found when an 0.22μm filter was inserted between the stripped calvaria and the endocranial membranes. We conclude that the endocranial membranes, which contain the meningeal blood vessels, are a major source of osteoclast precursors and that these cells are present in calvarial tissue even before the onset of osteogenesis.
Parathyroid hormone stimulates formation of inositol phosphates in a membrane preparation of canine renal cortical tubular cells
Authors: Coleman Daniel T. , Dr. Bilezikian John P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRecent studies have shown that, in addition to its well-known action to stimulate adenylate cyclase activity, parathyroid hormone (PTH) may stimulate the inositol phosphate second messenger system in its target tissues, bone and kidney. We have developed a membrane preparation of canine renal cortex to test this hypothesis. We also have examined the potential role of guanine nucleotides on the formation of inositol phosphates (IPs) in this tissue. Collagenase-dispersed tubules were labeled with [3H]inositol, and membranes containing labeled phospholipase C (PLC) substrates ([3H]phosphatidyl inositol, [3H]phosphatidylinositol monophosphate, and [3H]phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate) were prepared. bPTH-(1–34) (100 nM) rapidly increased levels of all measured [3H]IPs (IP1, IP2, and IP3) 1.6–1.7-fold within the first 30 s of stimulation. The half-maximal concentration for the response to bPTH-(1–34) was approximately 8 nM. GTPγS (100 μM), a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP, also increased levels of the three [3H]IPs (1.8 to 2.8-fold). The half-maximal concentration for the response to GTPγS was approximately 30 μM. In the presence of GTPμS, bPTH-(1–34) increased levels of IPs by up to 2.7 times more than GTPγS alone. The results indicate that bPTH-(1–34) can stimulate the formation of inositol phosphates in the kidney and suggest that PTH may activate a receptor coupled to this effect through a guanine nucleotide regulatory protein.
Opportunities and challenges of rural practice: managing self amid ambiguity
Authors: Curtin Lisa , Hargrove David S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLiving and practicing psychology in a small, rural community has opportunities and challenges. We describe the context of rural communities and identify several of those challenges and opportunities. A case study demonstrates the influence of multigenerational involvement, complex professional and social situations, and the potential difficulties facing the responsible clinician. We suggest both a theoretical perspective and specific procedures for treating prototypical cases in a rural practice. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 66:1–13, 2010.
Technology of creation of an expert system for diagnosing thyroid pathology based on a set of qualitative signs of cell atypia
Authors: Kirillov Vladimir , Gladyshev Alexander , Demidchik Evgeny 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAn expert system for differential diagnosis of thyroid pathology has been developed, in which the function of transforming qualitative signs of cell atypia into the quantitative form is realized. It based on the set of qualitative signs of cell atypia and works in the mode by the question—answer principle. An expert system (software) contained the X‐matrix and six standard S‐matrices. The X‐matrix was designed for filling with the alternative answers yes/no regarding the presence of cells with characteristic signs of atypia in the visual fields of a preparation. S‐matrices characterized the main forms of thyroid diseases, such as papillary and follicular cancer, follicular adenoma, autoimmune thyroiditis, nodular colloid and diffuse toxic goiter, by their set of yes/no answers. The answers entered to the X‐matrix were compared with answers of the S‐matrix. Each element of each S‐matrix, besides the answers yes/no, contained its weighting coefficient corresponding to a qualitative feature of a certain nosologic form. Weighting coefficient of each feature for every nosologic form was calculated by their frequency of occurrence in 30 visual fields. Comparison of X‐matrices with S‐matrices and verification of diagnosis according to the value of a diagnostic index with a percentage probability was performed in the automatic mode. Diagnostic index was determined by the sum of weighting coefficients of features with the coincident yes/no answers, while comparing X‐matrix elements with the corresponding S‐matrix elements. The software displayed on the monitor is the list of nosologic forms in the order of decreasing the diagnostic index values. Microsc. Res. Tech. 73:1091–1100, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Near future ocean acidification increases growth rate of the lecithotrophic larvae and juveniles of the sea star Crossaster papposus
Authors: Dupont Sam , Lundve Bengt , Thorndyke Mike 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOcean acidification (OA) is believed to be a major threat for near‐future marine ecosystems, and that the most sensitive organisms will be calcifying organisms and the free‐living larval stages produced by most benthic marine species. In this respect, echinoderms are one of the taxa most at risk. Earlier research on the impact of near‐future OA on echinoderm larval stages showed negative effects, such as a decreased growth rate, increased mortality, and developmental abnormalities. However, all the long‐term studies were performed on planktotrophic larvae while alternative life‐history strategies, such as nonfeeding lecithotrophy, were largely ignored. Here, we show that lecithotrophic echinoderm larvae and juveniles are positively impacted by ocean acidification. When cultured at low pH, larvae and juveniles of the sea star Crossaster papposus grow faster with no visible affects on survival or skeletogenesis. This suggests that in future oceans, lecithotrophic species may be better adapted to deal with the threat of OA compared with planktotrophic ones with potentially important consequences at the ecosystem level. For example, an increase in populations of the top predator C. papposus will likely have huge consequences for community structure. Our results also highlight the importance of taking varying life‐history strategies into account when assessing the impacts of climate change, an approach that also provides insight into understanding the evolution of life‐history strategies. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:382–389, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stratification and synaptogenesis in the mushroom body of the honeybee, Apis mellifera
Authors: Ganeshina Olga 
Published: March 2010

AbstractStratification is a basic anatomical feature of central brain in both vertebrates and many invertebrates. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between stratification and synaptogenesis in the developing mushroom bodies of the honeybee. During metamorphosis, the vertical lobe of mushroom body shows progressive stratification with three thick primary strata and more secondary strata and laminae. Three primary strata are formed at the metamorphic stage P1, before the youngest generation of the mushroom body intrinsic neurons, Kenyon cells, is produced. Thus, the primary strata within the lobe are unlikely to represent three major subpopulations of the Kenyon cells sequentially produced in the mushroom bodies. Formation of laminae starts at the stage P2 and culminates at the end of metamorphosis. The laminae appear within the lobe rather than being added sequentially from the ingrowth stratum. Alternating dark and light lamina (lamina doublets) are formed in the vertical lobe in late metamorphosis (stages P6–P9), but they are not visible in adults. The pattern of stratification is not continuous along the vertical lobe at the same developmental stage, and resorting of axons of the Kenyon cells is likely to occur within dark laminae. In the developing vertical lobe, dark laminae show lower synaptic density and exhibit an ultra structure that is indicative for a delay in synaptogenesis relative to the primary strata. A local transient block of synaptogenesis within the dark laminae may provide correct targeting of Kenyon cells by extrinsic mushroom body neurons. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intraarticular gene transfer of thrombospondin‐1 suppresses the disease progression of experimental osteoarthritis
Authors: Hsieh Jeng‐Long , Shen Po‐Chuan , Shiau Ai‐Li , Jou I‐Ming , Lee Che‐Hsin , Wang Chrong‐Reen , Teo Min‐Li , Wu Chao‐Liang 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn osteoarthritis, angiogenesis, which occurs in the osteochondral junction and synovium, may accelerate inflammation and contribute to the severity of the disease. We used anterior cruciate ligament‐transection (ACLT) to investigate the therapeutic effect of an angiogenesis inhibitor, thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1), in a rat model of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis was induced in Wistar rats in the knee of one hind leg. After ACLT, AdTSP‐1 (adenoviral vector encoding mouse TSP‐1) was intraarticularly injected into the knee joints. Transgene expression, angiogenesis, and inflammatory responses in the knee joints were examined. They were also assessed morphologically, radiographically, and histologically for manifestations of disease. The levels of TSP‐1 peaked on day 3 and were substantially maintained for at least 9 days after AdTSP‐1 infection. Adenovirus‐mediated gene expression was detected in the synovial membrane and chondrocytes. TSP‐1 gene transfer induced transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) production, but it reduced microvessel density, macrophage infiltration, and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) levels. Gross morphological and histopathological examinations revealed that rats treated with AdTSP‐1 had less severe osteoarthritis than controls. In vivo adenovirus‐mediated TSP‐1 gene transfer significantly reduced microvessel density, inflammation, and suppressed the progression of osteoarthritis. This study provides potential applications of TSP‐1 gene delivery for treating osteoarthritis. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1300–1306, 2010
Precise landmarking in computer assisted total knee arthroplasty is critical to final alignment
Authors: Brin Yaron S. , Livshetz Isaac , Antoniou John , Greenberg‐Dotan Sari , Zukor David J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractImage‐free computer navigation systems build a frame of reference of a patient's knee from anatomical landmarks entered by the surgeon during the initial stage of total knee arthroplasty. We performed tibial cuts on 70 sawbones using computer navigation. All landmarks were marked identically except for the tibial mechanical entry point, which was marked correctly in 10 bones and with offsets of 5, 10, and 15 mm medially and laterally in the others. The actual coronal angle of the tibial cuts was measured directly and compared to the final angle given by the navigation system. Significant deviations of the coronal angle were observed in the trial groups. Landmarking errors during navigated TKA can lead to inaccurate tibial bone cuts. This navigation system did not have an iterative software method to verify landmarking errors that can lead to inaccurate tibia bone cuts. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1355–1359, 2010
Effect of varying osmotic conditions on the response of bovine nucleus pulposus cells to growth factors and the activation of the ERK and Akt pathways
Authors: Mavrogonatou Eleni , Kletsas Dimitris 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIntervertebral disc and especially nucleus pulposus is characterized by low cellularity. Additionally, extreme variations in osmolality are observed in this tissue, as a result of its specific physicochemical environment, daily activities, or degeneration. In this study, we investigated the role of osmotic fluctuations in the proliferative response of nucleus pulposus cells to exogenous growth factors. In particular, we examined the effect of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) on the proliferation of bovine nucleus pulposus cells and on the activation of the MEK/ERK and PI‐3‐K/Akt pathways under varying osmotic conditions, in an effort to understand the mechanisms regulating cell proliferation in the intact and the degenerated intervertebral disc. Exposure of cells to high osmolality restrained novel DNA synthesis induced by PDGF or IGF‐I in a dose‐dependent manner and reduced ERK and Akt activation stimulated by serum or isolated growth factors. Our findings indicate that hyperosmolality imposes a strict control in intervertebral disc cells' proliferation, while hypo‐osmotic conditions prevailing in degenerated discs may offer a more permissive environment for cellular proliferation. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1276–1282, 2010
Evaluation of bone tunnel placement for suture augmentation of an injured anterior cruciate ligament: Effects on joint stability in a goat model
Authors: Fisher Matthew B. , Jung Ho‐Joong , McMahon Patrick J. , Woo Savio L‐Y. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractUse of novel tissue engineering approaches to heal an injured anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) requires suture repair and/or augmentation to provide joint stability. We evaluated the effects of the location of suture augmentation at the femur and tibia in terms of joint stability using a goat model. Eight goat stifle joints were tested with augmentation sutures placed in two femoral tunnel locations: (1) anterior to, or (2) through the ACL footprint, and two tibial tunnel locations: (1) medial to, or (2) medial and lateral to the footprint. Using a robotic/universal force‐moment sensor testing system, the anterior tibial translation (ATT) and the corresponding in situ force carried by the sutures were obtained at 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion in response to external loads. No significant differences were found between augmentation groups due to tunnel location in terms of ATT or the in situ forces carried by the sutures at all flexion angles tested. Similar results were found under 5 N m of varus–valgus torque. Under a 67 N anterior tibial load, the ATT was restored to within 3 mm of the intact joint following suture augmentation (p > 0.05). Suture augmentation, when placed close to the ACL insertion, could be helpful in providing initial joint stability to aid ACL healing in the goat model. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1373–1379, 2010
Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil from Herba Moslae
Authors: Li Jing‐en , Nie Shao‐ping , Qiu Zeng‐hui , Che Mei‐jing , Li Chang , Xie Ming‐yong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Herba Moslae is a well‐known edible and medicinal plant in China, and the essential oil, which is assumed to contain the active components, was isolated by steam distillation method. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity and the antioxidant activity of the essential oil from Herba Moslae.RESULTS: The essential oil from Herba Moslae exhibited antimicrobial activity against all of the tested bacteria and fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for bacteria ranged from 118 to 472 µg mL−1, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were from 236 to 944 µg mL−1. The oil showed pronounced antibacterial and antifungal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus oryzae, but weak inhibition to Escherichia coli. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil from Herba Moslae was evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging assay, β‐carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay and metal chelating activity assay. In addition, the amount of total phenolic content in the oil (386 ± 1 µg kg−1) was determined.CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the essential oil from Herba Moslae could be potentially used as a new potential source of natural antimicrobial, antioxidants and antiputrefactive in food industry. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimum extraction process of polyphenols from Bridelia grandis stem bark using experimental design
Authors: Brusotti Gloria , Ngueyem Tatiana Adrienne , Biesuz Raffaela , Caccialanza Gabriele 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEuphorbiaceae barks are known to contain an appreciable amount of polyphenolic compounds responsible for several biological activities. Preliminary extraction from Bridelia grandis stem bark afforded high content of polyphenols, determined by spectrophotometric methods such as Folin–Ciocalteu (for total phenols, TP) and n‐butanol‐HCl (for condensed tannins, CT). A preliminary Plackett–Burman screening design was used to identify the key factors that influence the TP and CT extraction. Between all the variables known to influence the extraction from vegetable matrixes, six were selected; maceration was chosen as traditional extraction methodology. To investigate the effect of solvents and extraction method, methanol, acetone 70% (v/v in water), centrifugation and ultrasound were chosen. A full factorial design 23 was applied to optimize the extraction procedure. The responses were obtained analyzing the extracts for their TP and CT contents determined by the above‐mentioned spectrophotometric methods. The results confirm that, within the explored domain, the optimum solvent is methanol and the optimum method is one‐cycle centrifugation. Finally, it was also compared with the effect of maceration on the considered responses. It has never given results better than centrifugation, whereas in the case of CT it represents an advantage to employ a three‐cycle centrifugation instead of one.
Fish oil: production and use now and in the future
Authors: Pike Ian H. , Jackson Andrew 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe global production of fish oil is around one million tonnes. This production is expected to be maintained. Rich in long‐chain omega‐3 fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA, it can supplement diets inadequate in these fatty acids such as those in many Western countries. Farmed fish, especially oily fish such as salmonids fed on fish oil provide an excellent source of these acids. Fish oil can be used directly in a purified form (nutraceuticals) in a wide range of foods. The daily recommended intake of EPA plus DHA of 0.25 to 0.50 g can then be met.
How good is the evidence for a favourable effect of very long chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular disease?
Authors: Stanley John 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe evidence for beneficial effects of very long chain (VLC) n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is strong because it is based on the results of adequately powered intervention trials with disease endpoints. This contrasts with the evidence for a detrimental effect of saturated fat on CVD which is weak because such studies have not been carried out. Accordingly, any set of dietary recommendations which attaches more importance to saturated fat intakes than VLC n‐3 PUFA intakes can be questioned. Despite the strength of the evidence there are practical difficulties associated with implementing the recommendation to increase intake of VLC n‐3 PUFA to 1g per day which need to be overcome. These include the acceptability of fatty fish consumption, the presence of methyl mercury in fish at the top of the food chain and declining global fish stocks.
Mental rotation of body parts and sensory temporal discrimination in fixed dystonia
Authors: Katschnig Petra , Edwards Mark J. , Schwingenschuh Petra , Aguirregomozcorta Maria , Kägi Georg , Rothwell John C. , Bhatia Kailash P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFixed dystonia is an uncommon but severely disabling condition typically affecting young women following a minor peripheral injury. There is no evidence of any structural lesions of the central nervous system nor any clear peripheral nerve or root damage. Electrophysiological techniques such as short intracortical inhibition, cortical silent period and a plasticity inducing protocol have revealed similarities but also differences compared to classical mobile dystonia. To further explore the pathophysiology of fixed dystonia we compared mental rotation of body parts and sensory temporal discrimination in 11 patients with fixed dystonia, 11 patients with classical mobile dystonia and 10 healthy controls. In the mental rotation task subjects were presented with realistic photos of left or right hands, feet and the head of a young women with a black patch covering the left or the right eye in six different orientations. Subjects had to verbally report the laterality of the presented stimuli. To assess sensory temporal discrimination subjects were asked to discriminate whether pairs of visual, tactile (electrical), or visuo‐tactile stimuli were simultaneous or sequential (temporal discrimination threshold) and in the latter case which stimulus preceded the other (temporal order judgement). In accordance with previous studies patients with mobile dystonia were abnormal in mental rotation and temporal discrimination, whereas patients with fixed dystonia were only impaired in mental rotation. Possible explanations for this deficit may include the influence of the abnormal body posture itself, a shared predisposing pathophysiology for mobile and fixed dystonia, or a body image disturbance. These findings add information to the developing pathophysiological picture of fixed dystonia. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society