bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energetic consequences of seasonal breeding in female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Garcia Cécile , Huffman Michael A. , Shimizu Keiko , Speakman John R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractJapanese macaques inhabit a relatively cold environment and females of this species could have developed strategies of energy economy to face the sometimes‐harsh seasonal conditions of temperate climates, as well as reproductive costs, and thus regulate their energy balance. Here, we explore the relationship between nutritional status, body composition, seasonality, and reproductive status using isotope‐labeled water, anthropometric measurements, and leptin assays from 14 captive female Japanese macaques. Our results indicated that body mass provided the best predictor of fat‐free mass and fat mass. These females varied in estimated percent body fat between 8 and 25% (18% on average at the beginning of the mating season and 13% during the birth season). Higher body mass and body fat content were observed at the beginning of the mating season, which supports the hypothesis that individual females need to attain a sufficient physical condition to cover energy costs associated with mating activity, and to survive under severe ecological conditions in winter with high thermoregulatory costs. We found a relationship between conception rates and energetic condition or body fat, with females that conceived during one mating season being fatter after the end of their previous mating season. Together, these results suggest that, even in captive settings with constant food availability, seasonal breeding entails relatively high energy costs, and that females with higher energy status could invest more in reproductive activities and could afford to reproduce more rapidly. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regionalized autosomal STR profiles among Armenian groups suggest disparate genetic influences
Authors: Lowery Robert K. , Herrera Kristian J. , Barrett Dianne A. , Rodriguez Rosa , Hadden Laura R. M. , Harutyunyan Ashot , Margaryan Ashot , Yepiskoposyan Levon , Herrera Rene J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe archeology and ethnology of Armenia suggest that this region has acted as a crossroads for human migrations from Europe and the Middle East since at least the Neolithic. Near continual foreign influx has, in turn, led to the supposition that the gene pools of geographically separated Armenian populations may have diverged as differing historical influences potentially left distinct genetic traces in the various regions of the Armenian plateau. In this study, we seek to address whether any evidence for such genetic regional partitioning in Armenians exists by analyzing, for the first time, 15 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci in 404 Armenians from four geographically well‐characterized collections (Ararat Valley, Gardman, Sasun, and Lake Van) that represent distinct communities from across Historical Armenia. In addition, to determine whether genetic differences among these four Armenian populations are the result of differential affinities to populations of known historical influence in Armenia, we utilize 27 biogeographically targeted reference populations for phylogenetic and admixture analyses. From these examinations, we find that while close genetic affiliations exist between the two easternmost Armenian groups analyzed, Ararat Valley and Gardman, the remaining two populations display substantial distinctions. In particular, Sasun is distinguished by evidence for genetic contributions from Turkey, while a stronger Balkan component is detected in Lake Van, potentially suggestive of remnant genetic influences from ancient Greek and Phrygian populations in this region. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: The midline and endocranial volume of the Taung endocast
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. , Broadfield Douglas C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe Taung endocast is one of the best‐preserved and most important known in paleoanthropology. Although the endocast is undistorted and preserves distinctive landmarks, Taung has proved a difficult endocast, because it is only about 60% complete. To reconstruct Taung it is necessary to first use the available anatomical landmarks to define the midline of the endocast. It is only with a proper description of the midline that it is possible to reconstruct the endocast and obtain an accurate measurement of Taung's endocranial volume. Holloway (Science 168 (1970) 966–968) determined a conservative estimate for Taung of 404 ml. More recently this estimate has been revised downward by Falk and Clarke (Am J Phys Anthropol 134 (2007) 529–534) to 382 ml, giving Taung the smallest endocast for A. africanus. Certain challenges exist with the reconstruction of any endocast, particularly a hemi‐endocast such as Taung. A virtual reconstruction of Taung must assume perfect symmetry, a feature called into question here in Taung's most recent reconstruction by Falk and Clarke (2007). Holloway's (1970) reconstruction of Taung provides a guidepost for a conservative approach to endocast reconstructions, and the most reliable measurement of Taung's true endocranial volume. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The mechanical significance of morphological variation in the macaque mandibular symphysis during mastication
Authors: Panagiotopoulou Olga , Cobb Samuel N. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCatarrhine symphyseal morphology displays considerable variation. Although this has been related to dentition, phylogeny, sexual dimorphism, and facial orientation, most emphasis has been given to the functional significance of the symphysis to mechanical loading during mastication. The current state of knowledge regarding the mechanical significance of the symphysis is based on a combination of in vivo experimental and comparative studies on Macaca fascicularis. These approaches have provided considerable insight into the stereotypical patterns of loading in the symphyseal region during chewing and hypotheses related to the associated symphyseal morphologies. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to assess how in silico manipulation translates into the mechanical loading hypotheses previously proposed experimentally. In particular, this study tests the form‐function relationship of the symphysis of an adult M. fascicularis mandible during lateral transverse bending and dorsoventral shear of the mandibular symphysis, and a series of modified hypothetical morphologies including absence/presence of tori and variation in the inclination and depth of the symphysis. FEA results of this study support previous findings that stresses associated with lateral transverse bending and dorsoventral shear of the mandibular symphysis can be minimized via an increased labio‐lingual thickness in the superior transverse torus, an oblique symphyseal inclination, and/or an increased symphyseal depth. The finding that reduction of strains related to lateral transverse bending and dorsoventral shear can be achieved through a number of different morphologies contributes to our understanding of the influence of morphological and/or developmental constraints, such as dental development, on symphyseal form. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ein einfaches Rezept für raffinierte Cocktails: organokatalysierte Eintopf‐Reaktionen – Konzept, Nomenklatur und Ausblick
Authors: Albrecht Łukasz , Jiang Hao , Jørgensen Karl Anker 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDie asymmetrische Organokatalyse konnte erfolgreich in vielen mehrstufigen Eintopf‐Sequenzen eingebunden werden und stellt so einen einfachen, hoch stereoselektiven Zugang zu strukturell komplexen Zielmolekülen dar. Der Schlüssel zu diesem Erfolg liegt in der Eigenschaft organokatalysierter Reaktionen, auch in Gegenwart großer Mengen unbeteiligter Reagentien effizient zu verlaufen. Da der Organokatalysator in substöchiometrischen Mengen vorliegt und es sich um ein organisches Molekül handelt, kann man erwarten, dass er sich in nachfolgenden Reaktionen ebenfalls als passiver Zuschauer verhält. In diesem Kurzaufsatz wird ein einfach anzuwendendes Klassifizierungs‐ und Nomenklatursystem vorgestellt, das die systematische und aussagekräftige Beschreibung von Eintopf‐Reaktionen ermöglicht, und ausgewählte Beiträge aus dem Feld der organokatalysierten Eintopf‐Reaktionen werden gemäß diesem System besprochen. Zum Schluss wird ein Ausblick auf zukünftige Entwicklungen gegeben.
A Simple Recipe for Sophisticated Cocktails: Organocatalytic One‐Pot Reactions—Concept, Nomenclature, and Future Perspectives
Authors: Albrecht Łukasz , Jiang Hao , Jørgensen Karl Anker 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAsymmetric organocatalysis has been successfully incorporated in many multistep one‐pot sequences to provide simple access to structurally complex target molecules in a highly stereoselective fashion. The key feature behind this success is the ability of organocatalyzed reactions to proceed efficiently in the presence of large amounts of spectator reagents. Additionally, owing to their organic nature and substoichiometric presence, organocatalysts are also expected to become innocent bystanders in subsequent transformations. In this Minireview, an easy‐to‐use classification and nomenclatural system that is capable of systematically and informatively describing each one‐pot reaction is introduced, and selected important contributions within the field of organocatalytic one‐pot reactions are reviewed according to this new system. Finally, future developments and perspectives in the field are discussed.
Surface properties of polyurethane powder lacquers modified with polysiloxane‐methacrylic core‐shell nanoparticles
Authors: Pilch‐Pitera Barbara 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNon‐ and core‐shell nanoparticles‐containing polyurethane‐based powder coating systems, crosslinked with allophanate bonds containing polyisocyanates were examined. The surface structure of the powder coatings were investigated with a confocal microscopy and polarized optical microscopy (POM) using reflected light. The three‐dimensional surface topography and the values of surface roughness were determined. The surface structure was correlated with the chemical structure of the coatings and macroscopic surface behavior: surface free energy and gloss. These experimental results led to a better understanding of the development of surface topography and morphology and provide valuable information for the development of new polyurethane powder coating systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Investigation of liquefied wood residues based on cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
Authors: Zhang HaiRong , Pang Hao , Shi Jingzhi , Fu TieZhu , Liao Bing 
Published: August 2011

AbstractChinese eucalyptus was subjected to a liquefaction process using glycerol/ethylene glycol (EG) as liquefaction solvent. The effects of various liquefaction conditions, including reaction time, liquefaction temperature, acid concentration, and liquor ratio on the chemical composition of liquefied wood residues were studied. The results showed that the whole liquefaction process took place in two stages, the liquefaction yield of wood depended on the reaction temperature, acid concentration and liquor ratio. With increased acid concentration the liquefaction yield, acid‐insoluble lignin, and hemicellulose content of the residues were increased, and the relative content of cellulose was decreased. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) analyses of the residues showed that hemicellulose and lignin were almost decomposed at the initial stages of reaction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Impact of organoclay and maleated polyethylene on the rheology and instabilities in the extrusion of high density polyethylene
Authors: Adesina Ayuba A. , Hussein Ibnelwaleed A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe impact of organoclay on the rheology and extrusion of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was studied. Organoclay effect was studied at very low clay loading (≤0.1 wt %) while serving as a processing aid. A special design slit die with three transducers was used in the study of the extrusion melt instabilities. The rheological results showed that normal stress difference of HDPE was reduced during steady shear rate and stress growth tests when organoclay (≤0.1 wt %) was added. The extensional strain and stress growth of HDPE reduced with the addition of organoclay. So, organoclay (≤0.1 wt %) has an effect on the shear and extensional rheology of HDPE. The intensity of the melt instability was characterized with both a moment analysis and distortion factor (DF) from an advanced Fourier transform analysis. Both showed the same trends in the characterization of the pressure fluctuations in the die. Generally, addition of organoclay (≤0.1 wt %) to HDPE led to the reduction in DF. The ratio of first and second moment analyses became reduced as well. The results quantified the extent of elimination of gross melt fracture in HDPE by organoclay. Also, the extrusion pressure was reduced with organoclay (≤0.1 wt %) inclusion hence more throughput. There was a good correlation between rheology and extrusion. Both showed that the platy‐like organoclay streamlined the melt flow. However, the maleated polyethylene added as a compatibilizer did not give substantial synergistic effect. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Stress softening of NR reinforced by in situ prepared zinc dimethacrylate
Authors: Chen Yukun , Xu Chuanhui 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe stress softening effect of nature rubber (NR) reinforced by in situ prepared zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA) was studied. Degree of stress softening effect (Ds) in the 4th stress–strain cycle of the NR with 10 phr (parts per hundreds of rubber) ZDMA was only 2.23 (strain = 100%), whereas it reached to 59.98 at 50 phr ZDMA (strain = 200%). The stress softening effects of carbon black filled into NR, and compared with the ZDMA effect, was also studied here. Mooney–Rivlin semiempirical equation was introduced here to analysis the stress–strain behavior of the NR vulcanize filled with in situ prepared ZDMA, and the results showed that the ZDMA/NR system has an obvious Payne effect which is in good agreement with the stress softening effect. Crosslink density analysis indicated a high ionic crosslink density in the NR filled with high content ZDMA, which contributed to the low elastic recovery of the stress softening. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis and characterization of the feed ratio of polyethylene oxide (0 ∼ 10 wt % PEO) in the nylon‐6/PEO copolymer system
Authors: Tseng Yu‐Chi , Rwei Syang‐Peng 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this work, we have synthesis nylon‐6/polyethylene oxide (PEO) copolymer system based on feed ratio of PEO (0∼ 10 wt %) through condensation polymerization in a pilot scale. The structure of copolymer was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and verified by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR). The thermal properties were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and indicated both melting temperature (Tm) and cold crystallization temperature (Tc) appearing unapparent decreased while increased PEO content in copolymers. The incorporation of PEO into the nylon‐6 chain reduced its tensile strength, modulus, and heat distortion temperature (HDT). The notched Izod impact strength of and ductility of the copolymers improved significantly as the PEO content was increased. The plasticizing effect was caused by the soft segments from PEO, which increases the mobility of the molecular chain in the copolymers. The results of mechanical tests agree closely with dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) measurements. A rheological investigation revealed that neat nylon‐6 and its copolymer displayed similar behavior. The crystalline structure was examined by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The results demonstrate that the addition of a little PEO altered the crystallization from the α form to the γ form, mainly owing to the breaking parts of the original H‐bonds by the incorporation of ether groups. A mechanism of interaction between the amide and the ether group in nylon‐6/PEO copolymers is proposed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Integrated impact indicators compared with impact factors: An alternative research design with policy implications
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet , Bornmann Lutz 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn bibliometrics, the association of “impact” with central‐tendency statistics is mistaken. Impacts add up, and citation curves therefore should be integrated instead of averaged. For example, the journals MIS Quarterly and Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology differ by a factor of 2 in terms of their respective impact factors (IF), but the journal with the lower IF has the higher impact. Using percentile ranks (e.g., top‐1%, top‐10%, etc.), an Integrated Impact Indicator (I3) can be based on integration of the citation curves, but after normalization of the citation curves to the same scale. The results across document sets can be compared as percentages of the total impact of a reference set. Total number of citations, however, should not be used instead because the shape of the citation curves is then not appreciated. I3 can be applied to any document set and any citation window. The results of the integration (summation) are fully decomposable in terms of journals or institutional units such as nations, universities, and so on because percentile ranks are determined at the paper level. In this study, we first compare I3 with IFs for the journals in two Institute for Scientific Information subject categories (“Information Science & Library Science” and “Multidisciplinary Sciences”). The library and information science set is additionally decomposed in terms of nations. Policy implications of this possible paradigm shift in citation impact analysis are specified.
Cold European winters: interplay between the NAO and the East Atlantic mode
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Renfrew I. A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWestern Europe has experienced a sequence of unusually cold winters culminating in December 2010, which was the coldest December in the United Kingdom for over 100 years. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is the most important indicator of the climate of the North Atlantic and Western Europe. However, in this article, we argue that the record cold temperatures in December 2010 cannot be explained by appeal to the NAO alone. Rather we show that the consideration of another atmospheric teleconnection pattern, the East Atlantic (EA) pattern, provides for a more robust explanation as to why December 2010 was so cold. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Untersuchungen zu Alterung und Wärmebrücken bei Vakuum‐Isolations‐Paneelen (VIP) für Bauanwendungen
Authors: Sprengard Christoph , Spitzner Martin H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDer Artikel stellt u.a. umfangreiche Berechnungen zur Wärmebrückenproblematik am VIP‐Rand dar, die im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojektes “Energetische und wirtschaftliche Optimierung von VIP‐Paneelen“ durchgeführt wurden. Zusätzlich wird eine Vielzahl von Messwerten der Wärmeleitfähigkeit von VIP ausgewertet, die aus eigenen Untersuchungen und anderen Forschungsprojekten stammen, um die unterschiedlichen Temperaturlagerungen und Klimawechselprüfungen hinsichtlich des Anstiegs der Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Paneele zu vergleichen. Aus den Ergebnissen werden Hinweise für die Produktion der Paneele abgeleitet und die Rahmenbedingungen für den Einsatz günstigerer Stützkerne aus Mineralfasern untersucht.Investigations into Ageing and Thermal Bridging in Vacuum Insulation Panels (VIP) for Construction Applications. The article describes inter alia extensive calculations for thermal bridging problems at the VIP edge, which were conducted as part of a research project entitled “Optimisation of the energy‐related and commercial aspects of VIP panels“. In addition, a number of measurements of the thermal conductivity of VIP are evaluated. These measurements came from our own studies and other research projects, and the purpose of the evaluation is to compare the effects of different storage temperatures and climate‐change tests on the increase in the thermal conductivity of the panels. Guidelines for the production of panels are derived from the results, and the conditions for the use of more economical mineral‐fibre support cores are investigated.
Universelle Energiekennzahlen für Deutschland
Authors: Schröder Franz , Altendorf Lars , Greller Martin , Boegelein Tobias 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDie universellen Energiekennzahlen für Deutschland beinhalten bis dato über eine viertel Million Energieverbrauchskennzahlen von durch die BRUNATA‐METRONA‐Gruppe betreuten Mehrfamilienhäusern aus den vergangenen sechs Jahren. Ergänzt werden diese durch Energiekennzahlen aus dem privaten Einfamilienhausbereich, die das Institut für Gebäude‐ und Solartechnik der Technischen Universität Braunschweig erhoben hat. Die einheitliche Datenaufbereitung umfasst die rückwirkende Revision bzw. Normierung aller Energiekennzahlen anhand neuer ortsgenauer Klimafaktoren des Deutschen Wetterdienstes. Eine Auswahl von etwa 70.000 Energiekennzahlen gas‐ und ölbeheizter kleiner Wohngebäude bis typisch 280 m2 Nutzfläche werden gemäß ihrer Kennzahlenentwicklung nach Gebäudegröße und Nutzung als Mehrfamilienhaus oder Einfamilienhaus aufgeschlüsselt. Die Ergebnisse sollen u. a. dazu beitragen, den Heizenergieverbrauch und die Energiekennzahlverteilung des gesamten bundesdeutschen Wohnungsbestandes belastbar hochzurechnen.Universal Energy Ratings for Germany – Part 4: Specific heating‐energy consumption of small houses and consumption projection for the total housing stock. To date, the universal energy ratings for Germany contain more than a quarter of a million energy‐consumption ratings from the apartment buildings serviced by the BRUNATA‐METRONA Group over the past six years. These are supplemented by energy ratings from the private detached i.e. one‐family house sector, which have been compiled by the Institute for Building and Solar Technology at the Technical University of Braunschweig. The standard data processing includes the retroactive revision or normalisation of all the energy ratings using new, localised climate factors from the German Weather Service. A subset of some 70,000 energy ratings for small, gas‐ or oil‐heated residential buildings up to typically 280 m2 floor area is broken down by change in energy rating as a function of building size and of their use as apartment houses or detached, one‐family houses. Among other uses, the results will help to extrapolate the heating‐energy consumption and the energy‐rating distribution of the entire German housing stock in a robust and resilient manner.