bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells and Attenuation of Atherosclerotic Lesion by a Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist, Exendin-4
Authors: Arakawa Masayuki , Mita Tomoya , Azuma Kosuke , Ebato Chie , Goto Hiromasa , Nomiyama Takashi , Fujitani Yoshio , Hirose Takahisa , Kawamori Ryuzo , Watada Hirotaka 
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE
Exogenous administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) or GLP-1 receptor agonists such as an exendin-4 has direct beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. However, their effects on atherosclerogenesis have not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GLP-1 on accumulation of monocytes/macrophages on the vascular wall, one of the earliest steps in atherosclerogenesis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
After continuous infusion of low (300 pmol · kg−1 · day−1) or high (24 nmol · kg−1 · day−1) dose of exendin-4 in C57BL/6 or apolipoprotein E–deficient mice (apoE−/−), we evaluated monocyte adhesion to the endothelia of thoracic aorta and arteriosclerotic lesions around the aortic valve. The effects of exendin-4 were investigated in mouse macrophages and human monocytes.

RESULTS
Treatment with exendin-4 significantly inhibited monocytic adhesion in the aortas of C57BL/6 mice without affecting metabolic parameters. In apoE−/− mice, the same treatment reduced monocyte adhesion to the endothelium and suppressed atherosclerogenesis. In vitro treatment of mouse macrophages with exendin-4 suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and suppressed nuclear translocation of p65, a component of nuclear factor-κB. This effect was reversed by either MDL-12330A, a cAMP inhibitor or PKI14-22, a protein kinase A–specific inhibitor. In human monocytes, exendin-4 reduced the expression of CD11b.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggested that GLP-1 receptor agonists reduced monocyte/macrophage accumulation in the arterial wall by inhibiting the inflammatory response in macrophages, and that this effect may contribute to the attenuation of atherosclerotic lesion by exendin-4.
Toxicological Properties of Citrinin
Authors: Flajs Dubravka , Peraica Maja 
Published: January 2010

Toxicological Properties of CitrininCitrinin (CTN) is a nephrotoxic mycotoxin produced by several fungal strains belonging to the generaPenicillium, Aspergillus, andMonascus.It contaminates various commodities of plant origin, cereals in particular, and is usually found together with another nephrotoxic mycotoxin, ochratoxin A (OTA). These two mycotoxins are believed to be involved in the aetiology of endemic nephropathy. In addition to nephrotoxicity, CTN is also embryocidal and fetotoxic. The genotoxic properties of CTN have been demonstrated with the micronuleus test (MN), but not with single-cell gel electrophoresis. The mechanism of CTN toxicity is not fully understood, especially not whether CTN toxicity and genotoxicity are the consequence of oxidative stress or of increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes. CTN requires complex cellular biotransformation to exert mutagenicity.Compared with other mycotoxins, CTN contamination of food and feed is rather scarce. However, it is reasonable to believe that humans are much more frequently exposed to CTN than generally accepted, because it is produced by the same moulds as OTA, which is a common contaminant of human food all over the world.At present, there are no specific regulations either in Croatia or in the European Union concerning CTN in any kind of commodity.
Growth, Development, Yield and Quality of Middle and Large Fruit Size Greenhouse Tomato - On-Farm Research
Authors: Kowalczyk Katarzyna , Gajc-Wolska Janina 
Published: January 2010

Growth, Development, Yield and Quality of Middle and Large Fruit Size Greenhouse Tomato - On-Farm Research
Four tomato cultivars from the Seminis Vegetable Seeds Company: large size Red Chief F1 and Ivone F1 fruits and middle size Flexxione F1 and Brillant F1 fruits were used in the experiment. There were six plants on each slab of rockwool. Plant density was 2.5 plants·m-2. Tomato plants were grown according to a system for one main shoot or two shoots in which case fruits for the experiment were collected from the main shoot or from fruit bearing lateral shoots (two plants on each mat). The measurements included a week's increase of the shoot length, the diameter of the stem, the length of the leaf, number of leaves, number of blooming cluster, number of cluster set, number of harvesting cluster and plant loading with fruits.
Fruit firmness as well as the content of dry matter, vitamin C, total sugars, titratable acidity, pH of the cell sap, soluble solids, NO3, P, K, Ca and the content of nutrients such as N, P, K, Ca in the leaf samples which allowed the assessment of the state of plant nutrition, were determinared. Large size fruit tomato cultivars produced higher total commercial yield than middle size fruit cultivars. Middle size fruit cultivars produced higher early yield. The large size fruit cultivars showed better yielding in the autumn than the middle size fruit cultivars. The plant growth depended on the type of the cultivar. The stem diameter of tomato plant depended on the cultivation conditions. A smaller stem diameter was observed with the higher EC in the root environment. In 2006 fruits were characterized by a higher content of vitamin C, total sugars, soluble solids, nitrates, phosphorus and calcium than in the year 2007. Higher values of chemical components (dry matter, vitamin C, titratable acidity, soluble solids, nitrates, phosphorus, potassium and calcium) were obtained in tomato fruits harvested in summer than in autumn time. Large size fruits contained a little more dry matter, total sugars, nitrate ions and phosphorus, but less vitamin C than middle size fruits. On the other hand, middle size tomato fruits were firmer than large size fruits and contained more vitamin C and calcium. No clear differences in fruit quality were observed depending on different systems of plant growing.
The Difference in Visual Skills Between Expert Versus Novice Soccer Referees
Authors: Ghasemi Abdullah , Momeni Maryam , Rezaee Meysam , Gholami Amin 
Published: January 2010

The Difference in Visual Skills Between Expert Versus Novice Soccer Referees
The aim of this study was to compare the visual skills of expert and novice soccer referees. Twenty expert soccer referees, twenty two novice soccer referees and twenty non-athletes male students were investigated for facility of accommodation, peripheral vision, eye saccadic movements and speed of recognition. The results showed that the expert soccer referees were superior in all of the visual skills, but there was no significant difference between novice referees and non-athletes. This substantial difference between expert and novice soccer referees implies that these visual skills are important for refereeing soccer. For detecting other visual skills in soccer, referees must use visual skills from other programs. This study suggested that talent identification and development of visual abilities among soccer referees is of fundamental importance to success.
Relationship Between Airway Resistance indices and Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Young Adults
Authors: Fatemi Roholah , Ghanbarzadeh Mohsen 
Published: January 2010

Relationship Between Airway Resistance indices and Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Young Adults
The present study aims at assessing the relationship between airway resistance indexes (FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC) and maximal oxygen uptake (Vo2max) in young adults. Subjects of the study included 50 healthy males (age, 22.1 ± 2.47 years; FEV1, 3.41 ± .66 liter; FVC, 3.96 ± .56 liter; VO2max, 38.83 ± 9.83 ml.kg-1.min-1) studying at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. After determining subjects' volumes of FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC by digital spirometer, maximal oxygen uptake was measured. The study protocol measured VO2max levels using the sub-maximal Astrand-Ryming test on the ergometer cycle. The data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results revealed a significant correlation among the three independent variables of FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC and projected VO2max values. Based on the results, it can be concluded that these parameters have a close interaction with higher VO2max levels, and therefore, having a lower airway resistance seems beneficial.
Comparison of Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Playing Nintendo Wii Sports and Brisk Treadmill Walking
Authors: Willems Mark , Bond Timothy 
Published: January 2010

Comparison of Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Playing Nintendo Wii Sports and Brisk Treadmill Walking
Regular moderate-intensity exercise (e.g. brisk walking) provides health benefits. In the present study, we compared the physiological and metabolic responses of playing the Nintendo Wii Sports tennis, baseball and boxing with self-paced brisk treadmill walking. Ten young-adults (21±1 years; 73.9±12.0 kg; 1.76±0.06 m) played each sport for 10 min with a 5 min rest interval or, in a separate session, walked briskly (6.1±0.6 km·h-1) with an equivalent time order wearing the Cosmed K4b2 metabolic system. In a bout of 10 min, the average values during Nintendo Wii boxing for physiological (i.e. minute ventilation, oxygen uptake and heart rate) and metabolic (i.e. energy expenditure, fat oxidation, carbohydrate oxidation and respiratory exchange ratio) responses were equal to brisk treadmill walking but lower for Nintendo Wii tennis and baseball (P<0.05). It was concluded that the physiological and metabolic responses of Nintendo Wii boxing would allow this game activity to be a viable part of a programme of structured exercise in young-adults to gain health benefits.
Hematological Profile of Serbian Youth National Soccer Teams
Authors: Joksimović Aleksandar , Stanković Daniel , Ilić Dragan , Joksimović Ivana , Jerkan Milorad 
Published: January 2010

Hematological Profile of Serbian Youth National Soccer Teams
Soccer is one of the most widely played and complex sports in the world, where players need technical, tactical, and physical skills to succeed. Technical and tactical skills in soccer are highly dependent on the player's physical capacity. The selection, development and professional guidance of young players is a priority for many top soccer clubs in order to maintain their sporting and financial status. The aim of the present study was to determine hematological profile of youth national soccer teams and to compare the values of fifteen hematological parameters between 3 Serbian youth national teams (under 14, 15 and 16 years old), as well as between soccer players and nonathletes. 80 young soccer players and 30 non-athletes participated in the study. 15 hematologic parameters (WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, PLT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PDW, LYM%, MON%, GRAN%, LYM, MON, GRAN) were measured. In order to determine the significance of differences between the groups on a multivariate level a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was administered, and to test the differences between the groups on an univariate level a univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied. It was concluded that there is no significant difference in all the variables (WBC, Ly, Mo, Gr, PLT, HGB, HCT, etc), except RBC, probably due to age, androgen affection on erythropoesis, field positoning and diet. From a practical point of view, the clinician has to take into account not only age, but also training status of individuals when evaluating their blood tests.
The Effects of Finish Sauna on Hemodynamics of the Circulatory System in Men and Women
Authors: Prystupa Tetyana , Wołyńska Alicja , Ślężyński Jan 
Published: January 2010

The Effects of Finish Sauna on Hemodynamics of the Circulatory System in Men and Women
Finnish sauna is one of the most popular among all the saunas types and as a result is the most commonly used. Bath in the Finnish sauna is a combination of heating with a warm and dry air and the short influence of high humidity and cooling with cold water and air. The article aims to identify pulse and blood pressure in the conditions of thermal heating in the sauna among women and men between the age of 20-25. Hypothetically sauna has a great influence on the basic hemodynamic parameters such as pulse and blood pressure. There were 127 healthy, young women and 74 men, students at the University of Physical Education in Wroclaw taking part in the experiment. Average age of the volunteers was 21.5 and 21.7.
The results indicate that a bath in the Finnish sauna leads to a significant increase of the pulse among men and women. Concurrently the results show a considerable decrease in diastolic pressure, with the systolic pressure remaining at almost the same level. It can be concluded that a bath in a Finnish sauna positively influences the hemodynamics of blood pressure and pulse. A series of bathes in the Finnish sauna leads to a considerable decrease of the systolic and diastolic pressure and an increase of the pulse among male and female volunteers.
Factors of Development of Far Eastern Martial Arts in Central Europe
Authors: Cynarski Wojciech , Sieber Lothar , Obodyński Kazimierz , Ďuriček Milan , Król Paweł , Rzepko Marian 
Published: January 2010

Factors of Development of Far Eastern Martial Arts in Central Europe
The aim of the research was to indicate the main factors of development declared by the practitioners of the different disciplines of martial arts and combat sports in selected countries of Central Europe. In particular, such variables as training location and type of martial arts/combat sports have been taken into consideration. Five research questions have been established which should be answered in order to find the solution to the posed problem.
The theoretical perspective for analyses presented here consists of sociology of sport and humanist theory of martial arts. This approach results in the need for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the answers to questions about the barriers of development according to the variables of the practiced variety (a martial art, a combat sport) and the place of training.
The method of diagnostic survey has been used. The research was conducted on a group of 500 subjects from south-eastern Poland, Slovakia, Germany and additionally (for comparison) from England, of which 489 were accepted for the study. This number includes 137 representatives of kyokushin karate from Poland, 143 Polish karatekas of non-contact varieties, 18 representatives of jujitsu and karate from Germany, 37 aikidokas from Poland (a martial art without sportive rivalry), 107 judokas from Poland and 24 judokas from Slovakia, with an additional 23 British rugby players. The selection of the group was deliberate and complete, taking into account the representatives of various martial arts and combat sports, with rugby used for comparative purposes.
Practicing martial arts oriented to self-realization, determines the motivation for their practice, which differs from the motivation in sport (combat sports). It influences the dominating choices of values-goals and popularity, thus the development of given varieties. Both martial arts and combat sports of Asian origin (aikido, judo, jujitsu, karate) attract practitioners, mainly due to their usefulness in self-defense. The values connected with training and sportive rivalry (combat sports, rugby) are also noticed. The variable of place (country) is connected with the dominating forms in promoting a given martial art or combat sport.
Reliabity and Validity of the Trichotomous and 2×2 Achievement Goal Models in Turkish University Physical Activity Settings
Authors: Agbuga Bulent 
Published: January 2010

Reliabity and Validity of the Trichotomous and 2×2 Achievement Goal Models in Turkish University Physical Activity Settings
The present research is designed to continue exploration of the reliability and validity of the 2 × 2 and trichotomous achievement goal frameworks in Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) Turkish undergraduate physical activity courses. One hundred and fifty eight Turkish undergraduate students (116 males; 42 females) served as participants. They completed both the trichotomous and 2 × 2 achievement goal scales. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to examine and construct the validity of both the 2 × 2 and trichotomous achievement goal models. The results showed that the 2 × 2 achievement goal model represents an adequate fit to the data (X 2/df = 1.66, CFI = 0.91, GFI = 0.93, NNFI = 0.89, and RMSEA = 0.06). Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the mastery-approach, performance-approach, mastery-avoidance, and performance-avoidance goals were 0.65, 0.68, 0.72, and 0.60, respectively, indicating acceptable internal consistency. However, CFA analysis pointed out that the trichotomous achievement goal model provided a poor fit to the data (X 2/df = 1.59, CFI = 0.85, GFI = 0.88, NNFI = 0.69, and RMSEA = 0.06), although Cronbach's alpha coefficients in the trichotomous achievement goal model indicated acceptable reliability (mastery goals = 0.70, performance-approach goals = 0.73, and performance-avoidance goals = 0.64). Results from the present study indicate that only the 2 × 2 achievement goal model provides a reliable and valid measure of achievement goals for Turkish undergraduate students.
Recreational Exercise Motives of Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Caglar Emine , Canlan Yusuf , Demir Murat 
Published: January 2010

Recreational Exercise Motives of Adolescents and Young Adults
This study examined the motives for taking part in recreational exercise/sporting activities based on a sample of Turkish young people. Secondly, gender and age group differences with motivational dimensions were investigated. A total of 298 members of 6 Youth Centers voluntarily participated in this study. The Recreational Exercise Motivation Measure (REMM) was administered to all participants. Two × two MANOVA revealed significant main effect for gender (p < 0.03) and age group (p < 0.01). Univariate follow-up tests revealed that the significant main effect for gender was attributable to health subscale, and age group differences were correlated with health, body/appearance, social/enjoyment, and skill development subscales (p < 0.01). It can be concluded that health motives were more important for females than males, and motives relating to health, appearance, and social/enjoyment were more important for young adults.
Physical Activity Levels of the Young Adults in an Economically Developing Country: The Turkish Sample
Authors: Karaca Ayda , Caglar Emine , Cinemre Şükrü 
Published: January 2010

Physical Activity Levels of the Young Adults in an Economically Developing Country: The Turkish Sample
The purpose of this study was to examine the physical activity levels of the young adults in Turkey, selected as an example of an economically developing country.
A total of 1027 university students voluntarily participated in this study. The sport and household activity indexes of the Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire (PAAQ) were administered to the subjects.
Student t-test showed gender differences in the intensity of the sport activities index (p<0.001). The results of 2 (gender) × 2 (intensity of sport activities) univariate ANOVA revealed significant gender, intensity differences and significant gender × intensity interaction on participation duration in the sports activities. This finding showed that males spent more time in both vigorous and non-vigorous sport activities than females. In terms of the type of engagement in sport activity, the majority of males primarily played soccer, while females had primarily walked. The Student t test revealed gender differences in both the duration of housework and sitting in the house.
To conclude, males participated in sport activities with a higher intensity and spent more time on these activities than females. On the other hand, females spent much more time on housework activities and sitting in the house than males.
The Advice Genre (1400-1599). Genre and Text Type Conventions
Authors: Barrera Ivalla 
Published: January 2010

The Advice Genre (1400-1599). Genre and Text Type Conventions
The aim of this paper is to characterize the advice text as a genre in the late medieval and early modern English periods. This genre is very popular during this time and is usually found within medical remedy books. For this reason, it has been generally studied within the scope of medieval recipes in historical discourse analysis. In this paper my intention is to show the independent status of the advice text as a genre. A first step for this lies in the characterization of the linguistic features pertaining to the sections that compound this genre and its comparison with the recipe genre. The corpus for this study has been collected from several sources, both edited and unedited. The description of the text type features will be illustrated with examples taken from this corpus. As I show in the conclusion, the advice text is an independent genre with a clear communicative purpose and addressed to an intended audience.
Can We Talk about European Public Policy in the Field of Sport?
Authors: Földesi Gyöngyi 
Published: January 2010

Can We Talk about European Public Policy in the Field of Sport?Despite the continuous deepening, development and enlargement, the members of the European Union still diverge in their policies and have to find a way to diminish this divergence. The social, economical and cultural significance of sport is well known in the whole of Europe. Accordingly, in the recent past, the various institutions of the European Union have come to pay more attention to sport issues. An important milestone of this was the European Commission issuing a White Paper on sport, and the inclusion of sport in the Lisbon Treaty. However the question is raised: Is there a European public policy of sport? The author's objective was to investigate this question. This paper aims to highlight the European sport policy and tries to find the answer to the following question: can we talk about European public policy in the field of sport? The research examines through the analysis of documents whether sport can be regarded as an element of public policy. We can talk about common public policy of a certain area if it corresponds to the following five criteria: content, social competence, coercive factor, normative orientation and programme. In the first part, the content and the social competence are analyzed, and then some critical issues of the definition, namely of the public policy will be discussed. In the opinion of the author, the most problematic criterion is the programme, which presumes at least a mid-term European sport conception. It is especially important that sport could fulfil its community building, identity-forming role to which it is suited in the continuously enlarging Europe. Finally the author draws the conclusion that the European sport policy corresponds partly to the above-mentioned criteria; however, the realization of the Pierre de Coubertin Action Plan included in the White Paper, and the ratification of the Lisbon Treaty can create opportunities for sport to become a public policy of the European Union.
Do Major Sports Events Enhance Tourism Destinations?
Authors: Zagnoli Patrizia , Radicchi Elena 
Published: January 2010

Do Major Sports Events Enhance Tourism Destinations?A growing number of destinations are utilizing sport events as a strategic tool for revitalizing and re-qualifying themselves. The aim of this paper is to explore the value of sport events in enhancing the "quality" (in terms of image, tourist attractiveness, quality of life, etc.) of a tourist destination. This assessment is based on a case study analysis regarding the effects of sport initiatives adopted by a number of cities and countries in Italy, Europe and worldwide. The findings suggest that sport events can have different implications for host destinations: from fostering an economic and social urban "regeneration", to putting a city on a worldwide tourist map, or even changing the unequal participation of a country in the global economy.