bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host finding and recognition by Altica carduorum, a defoliator of Cirsium arvense
Authors: Wan F.‐H. , Harris P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAltica carduorum Guer. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) populations aggregate on vigorously growing stands of its host, the thistle Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. (Asteraceae). The beetle needs contact to recognize a Cirsium species and biting to distinguish its host C. arvense. Feeding or mechanical damage on C. arvense, but not other Cirsium species, aggregates the beetles. Also feces from feeding on C. arvense, but not other Cirsium species, aggregates the opposite sex. Adults also aggregate on larval feces. We suggest that initial host location in the spring depends on random encounter by beetles overwintering in a stand of C. arvense. The beetles commonly make short flights after feeding and either land on another C. arvense plant, which establishes a secondary aggregation centre, or return to the original one. In this manner beetles released on a stand of C. arvense in China spread a radius of 600 m in a year, but those released 35 m away from their host failed to find it. Altica carduorum will develop on any Cirsium species to which it is confined, but is monophagous in the field because host finding is dependent on aggregation to wound and feces substances that are specific to C. arvense.
The fate of immunoglobulin G fed to larvae of Ostrinia nubilalis
Authors: Ben‐Yakir David , Shochat Chen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSince plants can be transformed genetically to produce functional antibodies, an immunological approach may be developed for controlling their arthropod pests. Specific antibodies would protect plants from arthropods if they could gain access to the pest antigen in sufficient amounts such that the normal function of the antigen is disrupted. In order to study the fate of ingested antibodies in the body of the European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), we fed the larvae on serum‐containing diet. When larvae were fed on the serum‐containing diet for various lengths of time between 12 and 96 h, no significant differences were noted in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration in their body. Immediately after the larvae stopped feeding, the concentrations of the IgG in their midgut was about one half that of the diet itself, but it decreased significantly after 6 h and again after 18 h (about 3 and 10 fold, respectively). Immediately after the larvae stopped feeding, the concentration of the IgG in their hemolymph was about 1/500 that in the diet. The concentration of IgG in the hemolymph of ECB larvae was influenced directly by the titer of antibodies in their diet. During the first 6 h after the larvae stop feeding the concentration of IgG in their hemolymph did not decrease significantly; however, it did so after 18 h (about 6 fold). The possibility that specific antibodies will gain access to antigens in the ECB body is discussed.
Alteration of developmental rate and growth of Choristoneura fumiferana parasitized by Tranosema rostrale: role of the calyx fluid
Authors: Doucet Daniel , Cusson Michel 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe studied the effect of parasitism by Tranosema rostrale (Brischke)* (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on the developmental rate and growth of its host, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). In the laboratory, T. rostrale completed its larval development in 13–14 days and its prepupae always emerged from 6th instar hosts, irrespective of host age (day 2 of the 4th, 5th or 6th instar) at the time of parasitization. Parasitism by T. rostrale did not affect the developmental rate of C. fumiferana parasitized as 4th instar larvae, but significantly lengthened the developmental period of hosts parasitized as 5th or 6th instars, with a doubling of duration in the latter case. In addition, T. rostrale significantly reduced the growth of its host: the maximum fresh mass reached by larvae parasitized as 4th, 5th or 6th instars was about half that of unparasitized larvae and their dry mass gain varied between 7 and 20% of that measured for their unparasitized counterparts. Parasitism also significantly lowered the production of faeces by host larvae. We examined the possibility that accessory fluids from the female wasp were responsible for the observed parasitism‐induced alterations. Calyx fluid (CxF) injected into 6th instar larvae lengthened the time to pupation whereas venom had no effect on development. Although total faeces production was not affected by injection of either fluid, the rate of faeces production was significantly reduced in larvae injected with CxF at 0.5 female‐equivalent. Injection of CxF treated with psoralen and UV did not delay pupation of C. fumiferana. These results indirectly suggest that polydnavirus transcription is required for this developmental alteration to be effected.
Effects of host plant and cucurbitacin on growth of larval Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi
Authors: Hirsh I. S. , Barbercheck M. E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe effects of host plant and dietary cucurbitacin on the growth of larval southern corn rootworm (SCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber (Chrysomelidae: Luperini), were investigated. SCR were reared on four hosts: corn, Zea mays; peanuts, Arachis hypogaea; and two squash varieties, Cucurbita pepo cv. Ambassador (containing cucurbitacin D (0.08 mg g−1 fr.wt.) = bitter), and C. pepo cv. Early Yellow Crookneck (lacking cucurbitacin = non‐bitter). Larval growth was significantly greater on corn and peanuts than on either squash variety. After four weeks, adults had emerged from corn and peanut plants, while squash‐reared larvae had not yet entered the pupal stage. There was no difference in larval growth on the two varieties of squash. Primary metabolite measurements showed no nutritional differences between the two squash varieties. Artificial diet experiments were used to test the effect of three concentrations of cucurbitacin D (0.0, 0.1, and 0.6 mg g−1 diet) on growth of larval SCR. Larvae reared on diet containing 0.6 mg g−1 cucurbitacin weighed significantly less than larvae reared on diet containing 0.1 mg g−1 or no cucurbitacin after 10 d. No significant difference in growth was measured between the 0.1 mg g−1 diet and the 0.0 mg g−1 diet. Results are discussed relative to theories about the relationship between diabroticites and cucurbitacins.
Host location and discrimination mediated through olfactory stimuli in two species of Encyrtidae
Authors: van Baaren Joan , Nénon Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe role of olfactory stimuli in host detection and evaluation was studied in two encyrtid Hymenoptera. The first, Epidinocarsis lopezi De Santis, is a monophagous parasitoid of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti Matile‐Ferrero, itself feeding exclusively on cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz. The second, Leptomastix dactylopii Howard, is a monophagous parasitoid of the Citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri Risso, but this latter is highly polyphagous. The behaviour of females of both parasitoids (attraction and locomotion) was compared in a tubular olfactometer for the odours of their respective hosts on cassava and poinsettia. Tests were made using: 1) healthy host‐plant alone; 2) host‐plant infested with unparasitized mealybugs; 3) unparasitized mealybugs only; 4) host‐plant infested with parasitized mealybugs and 5) parasitized mealybugs only. Only E. lopezi was attracted by the odour of the host‐plant alone, but both species were attracted by the odour of an infested host‐plant and that of unparasitized mealybugs. The odour of parasitized mealybugs, alone or on host‐plant, induced an undirected activity. The attraction of E. lopezi to the odour of the host‐plant alone could be linked to the monophagous diet of its host, whereas the attraction of the two species of parasitoids to the odours of infested host‐plants and unparasitized mealybugs could be due to the fact that both parasitoids are specialists. The behavioural response of both species to the odour of parasitized mealybugs revealed a new aspect in host discrimination: the identification of parasitized hosts could be partly mediated through olfactory stimuli, and not only through gustatory stimuli.
Quality and environmental factors affecting Trichogramma brassicae efficiency under field conditions
Authors: Dutton Ana , Cerutti Fabio , Bigler Franz 
Published: March 2011

AbstractField parasitism of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) (synonymous to T. maidis Pint. et Voegele) on Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner was compared to four single quality parameters (walking speed, fecundity on the factitious host Ephestia keuhniella Zeller, fecundity on the natural host O. nubilalis, and life span) previously measured in the laboratory and, a quality index calculated from three of the measured parameters. A single quality parameter (fecundity on E. keuhniella) and the calculated quality index showed a correlation to T. brassicae field parasitism, for different T. brassicae populations. The number of female Trichogramma released clearly influenced parasitism but not in the same proportion for all populations tested, reflecting that numbers released can only to some extent compensate for low quality in Trichogramma. Variation indegree hours above 18 °C also influenced field parasitism. When incorporating degree hours to the quality index a significant correlation R2 = 0.56 (P = 0.01) is obtained. In this work fecundity of T. brassicae on E. keuhniella can be as good an indicator for the potential field performance of T. brassicae, as the quality index which takes into account three quality parameters. Since environmental factors can obscure the potential performance of a population, i.e., one which under optimal laboratory conditions performs well, the quality index gives only a partial indication of how the released strains will perform in the field.
Behavioral responses of leafroller larvae to apple leaves and fruit
Authors: Suckling D. M. , Ioriatti C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLarvae of Epiphyas postvittana and Planotortrix octo were released onto branches cut from apple trees, and allowed to colonize a range of types of artificial nests. Both species exhibited similar strong preferences for nests comprising leaf‐leaf or leaf‐fruitlet combinations, followed by nests comprising leaf‐plastic leaf, leaf‐plastic fruitlet or plastic leaf‐fruitlet combinations. Nests involving fresh plant material alone (shoot, fruitlet or leaf alone) were also colonized to a lesser extent, but no larvae were found on nests consisting of plastic leaves or fruitlets alone or in combinations of the two. In another experiment, more E. postvittana larvae colonized nests with leaf and fruitlet combinations, compared to leaf and glass ball, or leaf and treated wax ball combinations, where the wax had been in contact with fresh apples or fruitlets. Choice tests, conducted using larval traps, showed that larvae were caught in traps baited with odors collected and released by wax which had been in contact with mature apples and leaves. Chloroform extracts from apple skin also caught larvae in choice tests. These results suggest that both physical and chemical cues are important to leafroller larval establishment.
Molecular markers locate genes for resistance to the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, in hybrid Solanum tuberosum x S. berthaultii potato progenies
Authors: Yencho G. Craig , Bonierbale Meredith W. , Tingey Ward M. , Plaisted Robert L. , Tanksley Steven D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe wild Bolivian potato, Solanum berthaultii Hawkes, has been used as a source of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, one of the most significant pests of potato. In this study, two reciprocal backcross S. tuberosum x S. berthaultii potato progenies, BCB and BCT, were mapped with RFLP markers and screened for resistance to CPB consumption, oviposition and defoliation. The genotypic and phenotypic data were combined and analysed to locate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for resistance to CPB. Three QTLs on three chromosomes in BCB, and two QTLs on two chromosomes in BCT influenced resistance. The QTLs were generally additive but one instance of epistasis was noted. Each QTL accounted for 4–12% of the phenotypic variation observed in resistance. In the more resistant BCB population, a three QTL model explained ca. 20% of the variation in CPB oviposition. When alleles at the three QTLs were homozygous S. berthaultii, oviposition was reduced ca. 60% compared to the heterozygotes. The QTLs for resistance to CPB were compared to those previously identified for the type A and B glandular trichomes, which have been implicated in resistance in the same progenies. Generally, the QTLs for resistance to CPB coincided with loci associated with the glandular trichomes confirming the importance of the glandular trichomes in mediating resistance. However, a relatively strong and consistent QTL for insect resistance in both BCB and BCT on chromosome 1 was observed that was not associated with any trichome traits, suggesting the trichomes may not account for all of the resistance observed in these progenies.
Waxes enhance Plutella xylostella oviposition in response to sinigrin and cabbage homogenates
Authors: Spencer Joseph L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOviposition by the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), on substrates treated with host stimuli (cabbage homogenate or sinigrin) and/or waxes (paraffin or a mixture of 10 single chain n‐alkanes) was quantified using continuous observations and endpoint bioassays. Paraffin or an n‐alkane mixture applied over cabbage homogenate or sinigrin caused an increase in oviposition compared to that on any single stimulus in choice tests. Sinigrin alone at 10−5 M to 10−2 M is an ovipositional stimulant; addition of alkane over sinigrin made all sinigrin concentrations (10−6 M to 10−2 M) significantly more stimulatory than controls. Waxes alone do not stimulate oviposition. In choice tests, insect movement between sinigrin/alkane treatment combinations was random, however, once encountered, visit duration was significantly longer on sinigrin with alkane than on sites treated with either stimulus alone. Given the ubiquity of waxes on plant surfaces and the interaction between waxes and host‐specific chemical stimuli, waxes should be included when considering factors that significantly influence herbivore host acceptance.
Sodium polyacrylamide polyacrylate, a gelling agent in diets for cabbage looper, omnivorous looper and western avocado leafroller
Authors: Honda Jeffrey , Han Man‐Wi , Leppla Norman C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIngredient substitutions for agar or carrageenan in artificial diets for lepidopterous larvae were evaluated. A sodium polyacrylamide polyacrylate gelling agent, Water‐Lock G‐400, was compared with agar for solidifying diets of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), omnivorous looper, Sabulodes aegrotata (Gueneé), and the western avocado leafroller, Amorbia cuneana Walsingham. Water‐Lock G‐400 is considerably less expensive than agar or carrageenan, it does not require heating to gel, and it is made from a dependable supply of agricultural starch.Sabulodes aegrotata pupae from larvae reared on agar were significantly heavier than those reared on Water‐Lock G‐400. However, the remainder of the variables observed (larval survival, developmental times, fecundity, sex ratio and pupal weights for A. cuneana and T. ni) were all independent of diet. Decreasing the total amount of ingredients in a Water‐Lock‐G‐400 diet produced fewer and smaller T. ni pupae than did an agar diet when the larvae were reared using a mass production protocol. However, these lower values were still above acceptable levels for mass production and reduced the cost of diet production by 65%.Further ingredient substitutions impaired larval development (i.e., replacing pinto beans with soy protein or combinations of soy protein and α‐cellulose), while others did not (i.e., excluding pinto beans and reducing water content and replacing pinto beans with α‐ cellulose or corn cob grits). Moisture control by adding corn cob grits to diets increased the yield of pupae, while removing water from diets increased survivorship and the yield of pupae.
Effect of beetle size on predation of cabbage root fly eggs by ground beetles
Authors: Finch S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractLaboratory studies were done to determine the numbers of cabbage root fly (Delia radicum L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) eggs eaten by sixty species of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) collected from a range of habitats. For 35 species that were between 2.7 mm and 10 mm long, there was a linear relationship between the numbers of eggs eaten and beetle length. For each 1 mm increase in length above 2.7 mm, an additional 18 eggs were eaten/beetle/day. Eight further species within the above size range did not eat any fly eggs, as these species are known to be either phytophagous or to feed on moving prey. Large numbers of eggs were eaten by beetles in 13 of the 25 genera tested. Based on size, maximum numbers of eggs were eaten by 7 species of Agonum Bonelli, 5 species of Amara Bonelli and seven species of Bembidion Latreille. Only one of the 6 species of Pterostichus Bonelli tested, P. strenuus (Panz.), ate the expected numbers of eggs, the other species being too large to feed from such small prey items as cabbage root fly eggs. The numbers of beetles larger than 10 mm that ate eggs was highly variable and so 10 mm was considered the upper size limit of carabid predators of cabbage root fly eggs.
A prospective clinical trial of single Astra Tech 4.0 or 5.0 diameter implants used to support two‐unit cantilever bridges: results after 3 years
Authors: Palmer Richard M. , Howe Leslie C. , Palmer Paul J. , Wilson Ron 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the use of a single Astra Tech implant to support a two‐unit cantilever fixed dental prosthesis.
Materials and method: Twenty‐nine subjects with an edentulous space (at least equivalent to two bicuspid units) in the premolar/molar segments of the maxilla or mandible with opposing natural teeth or a fixed/removable prosthesis were treated. They were provided with either a 4 or 5.0 mm diameter fixture MT OsseoSpeed. Prostheses were constructed using a cast‐to abutment as a one‐piece unit with porcelain fused to precious metal to allow direct screw retention.
Results: Subjects expressed a high satisfaction with treatment, including appearance and function. The most important complication was abutment screw loosening. It occurred as a single episode in four subjects and in another six subjects the loosening was recurrent. Bone levels were stable and there were no significant differences in radiographic bone height between cantilever and non‐cantilever sides of the implant at any time point.
Conclusion: Single implants can be successfully used to support two‐unit cantilever FDPs in the premolar region. A common factor could not be identified in relation to abutment screw loosening.
To cite this article: Palmer RM, Howe LC, Palmer PJ, Wilson R. A prospective clinical trial of single Astra Tech 4.0 or 5.0 diameter implants used to support two‐unit cantilever bridges: results after 3 years. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 35–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02160.x
Enhanced bone regeneration around dental implant with bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene and vascular endothelial growth factor protein delivery
Authors: Luo Tao , Zhang Wei , Shi Bin , Cheng Xiangrong , Zhang Yufeng 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the synergistic effect of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP‐2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the repair of bone defects around dental implants.
Material and methods: Five groups of scaffold were fabricated by a freeze‐drying method, including pure chitosan/collagen scaffold; scaffold loaded with adenoviruses expressing BMP‐2, adenoviruses expressing VEGF, both adenoviruses expressing BMP‐2 and VEGF, VEGF protein and adenovirus expressing BMP‐2. In vitro studies examined whether bone marrow stromal cells were responsive to these scaffolds over time. Bone formation capacity, bone‐to‐implant contact, as well as removal torque values were investigated in vivo. Differences between the various groups were statistically analyzed using the one‐way analysis of variance test.
Results: The in vitro study revealed a burst and rapid release of VEGF with a sustained high‐level expression of BMP‐2 in scaffold combined with VEGF protein and adenoviruses expressing BMP‐2. Histomorphometry demonstrated that scaffolds expressing BMP‐2 enhanced more bone formation compared with other groups; VEGF alone is insufficient to promote bone formation. New bone formation in the bone defects around dental implants, bone‐to‐implant contact and mean peak removal torque showed statistically significant difference for the adenoviral vector encoding human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Ad‐BMP‐2) and VEGF protein and adenovirus expressing BMP‐2 groups. Furthermore, scaffold combined with VEGF protein and Ad‐BMP‐2 represented the best outcomes in this model.
Conclusions: A combination of BMP‐2 gene and VEGF protein could have a synergistic effect in promoting bone healing.
To cite this article: Luo T, Zhang W, Shi B, Cheng X, Zhang Y. Enhanced bone regeneration around dental implant with bone morphogenetic protein 2 gene and vascular endothelial growth factor protein delivery. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012 467–474. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02164.x
Bone healing in critical‐size defects treated with either bone graft, membrane, or a combination of both materials: a histological and histometric study in rat tibiae
Authors: Bernabé Pedro Felício Estrada , Melo Luiz Gustavo Nascimento , Cintra Luciano Tavares Angelo , Gomes‐Filho João Eduardo , Dezan Jr Eloi , Nagata Maria José Hitomi 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the present investigation was to histologically analyze the effect of using lyophilized bovine bone (GenOx® organic matrix) with (or without) guided tissue regeneration (using a decalcified cortical osseous membrane [GenDerm®]) on bone healing in surgically created critical‐size defects created in rat tibia.
Material and methods: Surgical critical‐size bone defects were created in 64 animals that were randomly divided into four groups: group I (control); group II (defect filled with GenOx®); group III (defect covered by GenDerm®); group IV (defect filled with GenOx® and covered by GenDerm®). Animals were killed at 30 or 90 days post‐surgery. The specimens were embedded in paraffin, serially cut, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for analysis under light microscopy. The formation of new bone in the cortical area of the defect was histomorphometrically evaluated.
Results: All experimental groups demonstrated superior bone healing compared with the control group. However, group IV samples showed evidence of more advanced healing at both 30 and 90 days post‐surgery as compared with the other experimental groups.
Conclusions: The bovine organic bone graft GenOx® associated with GenDerm® this produced the best treatment results in the case of critical‐size defects in rat tibia.
To cite this article: Bernabé PFE, Melo LGN, Cintra LTA, Gomes‐Filho JE, Dezan E Jr, Nagata MJH. Bone healing in critical‐size defects treated with either bone graft, membrane, or a combination of both materials: a histological and histometric study in rat tibiae. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 384–388. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02166.x