bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing for amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) use to ascertain validity of self-reported ATS use among young female sex workers in Cambodia
Authors: Kab Vannda , Evans Jennifer , Sansothy Neth , Stein Ellen , Claude-Couture Marie , Maher Lisa , Page Kimberly 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Objective
To assess concordance between self-reported amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) use and toxicology results among young female sex workers (FSW) in Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

Methods
Cross-sectional data from the Young Women’s Health Study-2 (YWHS-2), a prospective study of HIV and ATS use among young (15 to 29 years) FSW in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, was analyzed. The YWHS-2 assessed sociodemographic characteristics, HIV serology, HIV risk, and ATS use by self-report and urine toxicology testing at each quarterly visit, the second of which provided data for this assessment. Outcomes include sensitivity, specificity, positive- and negative predictive values (overall and stratified by age), sex-work setting, and HIV status.

Results
Among 200 women, prevalence of positive toxicology screening for ATS use was 14% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.2, 18.9%) and concurrent prevalence of self-reported ATS was 15.5% (95% CI, 10.4, 20.6%). The sensitivity and specificity of self-reported ATS use compared to positive toxicology test results was 89.3% (25/28), and 96.5% (166/172), respectively. The positive predictive value of self-reported ATS use was 80.6% (25/31); the negative predictive value was 98.2% (166/169). Some differences in concordance between self-report and urine toxicology results were noted in analyses stratified by age group and sex-work setting but not by HIV status.

Conclusion
Results indicate a high prevalence of ATS use among FSW in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and high concordance between self-reported and toxicology-test confirmed ATS use.
Mental health outcomes in HIV and childhood maltreatment: a systematic review
Authors: Spies Georgina , Afifi Tracie O , Archibald Sarah L , Fennema-Notestine Christine , Sareen Jitender , Seedat Soraya 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Background
High rates of childhood maltreatment have been documented in HIV-positive men and women. In addition, mental disorders are highly prevalent in both HIV-infected individuals and victims of childhood maltreatment. However, there is a paucity of research investigating the mental health outcomes associated with childhood maltreatment in the context of HIV infection. The present systematic review assessed mental health outcomes in HIV-positive individuals who were victims of childhood maltreatment.

Methods
A systematic search of all retrospective, prospective, or clinical trial studies assessing mental health outcomes associated with HIV and childhood maltreatment. The following online databases were searched on 25–31 August 2010: PubMed, Social Science Citation Index, and the Cochrane Library (the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems, HIV/AIDS, and Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis registers).

Results
We identified 34 studies suitable for inclusion. A total of 14,935 participants were included in these studies. A variety of mixed mental health outcomes were reported. The most commonly reported psychiatric disorders among HIV-positive individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment included: substance abuse, major depressive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. An association between childhood maltreatment and poor adherence to antiretroviral regimens was also reported in some studies.

Conclusion
A broad range of adult psychopathology has been reported in studies of HIV-infected individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment. However, a direct causal link cannot be well established. Longer term assessment will better delineate the nature, severity, and temporal relationship of childhood maltreatment to mental health outcomes.
Prediction of cardiac arrest in critically ill patients presenting to the emergency department using a machine learning score incorporating heart rate variability compared with the modified early warning score
Authors: Ong Marcus Eng Hock , Lee Ng Christina Hui , Goh Ken , Liu Nan , Koh Zhi Xiong , Shahidah Nur , Zhang Tong Tong , Fook-Chong Stephanie , Lin Zhiping 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Introduction
A key aim of triage is to identify those with high risk of cardiac arrest, as they require intensive monitoring, resuscitation facilities, and early intervention. We aim to validate a novel machine learning (ML) score incorporating heart rate variability (HRV) for triage of critically ill patients presenting to the emergency department by comparing the area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity with the modified early warning score (MEWS).

Methods
We conducted a prospective observational study of critically ill patients (Patient Acuity Category Scale 1 and 2) in an emergency department of a tertiary hospital. At presentation, HRV parameters generated from a 5-minute electrocardiogram recording are incorporated with age and vital signs to generate the ML score for each patient. The patients are then followed up for outcomes of cardiac arrest or death.

Results
From June 2006 to June 2008 we enrolled 925 patients. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for ML scores in predicting cardiac arrest within 72 hours is 0.781, compared with 0.680 for MEWS (difference in AUROC: 0.101, 95% confidence interval: 0.006 to 0.197). As for in-hospital death, the area under the curve for ML score is 0.741, compared with 0.693 for MEWS (difference in AUROC: 0.048, 95% confidence interval: -0.023 to 0.119). A cutoff ML score ≥ 60 predicted cardiac arrest with a sensitivity of 84.1%, specificity of 72.3% and negative predictive value of 98.8%. A cutoff MEWS ≥ 3 predicted cardiac arrest with a sensitivity of 74.4%, specificity of 54.2% and negative predictive value of 97.8%.

Conclusion
We found ML scores to be more accurate than the MEWS in predicting cardiac arrest within 72 hours. There is potential to develop bedside devices for risk stratification based on cardiac arrest prediction.
A prospective analysis of lymphocyte phenotype and function over the course of acute sepsis
Authors: Boomer Jonathan S , Shuherk-Shaffer Jennifer , Hotchkiss Richard S , Green Jonathan M 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Introduction
Severe sepsis is characterized by an initial hyper-inflammatory response that may progress to an immune-suppressed state associated with increased susceptibility to nosocomial infection. Analysis of samples obtained from patients who died of sepsis has identified expression of specific inhibitory receptors expressed on lymphocytes that are associated with cell exhaustion. The objective of this study was to prospectively determine the pattern of expression of these receptors and immune cell function in patients with acute sepsis.

Methods
Twenty-four patients with severe sepsis were enrolled within 24 hours of the onset of sepsis, as were 12 age-matched healthy controls. Peripheral blood was obtained at enrollment and again seven days later. Immune cell subsets and receptor expression were extensively characterized by quantitative flow cytometry. Lymphocyte function was assayed by stimulated cytokine secretion and proliferation assays. Results were also correlated to clinical outcome.

Results
At the onset of severe sepsis, patients had decreased circulating innate and adaptive immune cells and elevated lymphocyte expression of receptors associated with cell activation compared to controls. Samples analyzed seven days later demonstrated increased expression of the inhibitory receptors CTLA4, TIM-3 and LAG-3 on T lymphocytes accompanied by decreased expression of the IL-7 receptor. Functional assays revealed impaired secretion of interferon γ following stimulation in vitro, which was reversible by incubation overnight in fresh media. Impaired secretion of IFNγ correlated with death or development of secondary infection.

Conclusions
Lymphocytes from patients with acute sepsis upregulate expression of receptors associated with cell exhaustion, which may contribute to the immune suppressed state that occurs in protracted disease. Therapy that reverses T cell exhaustion may restore immune function in immunocompromised patients and improve survival in sepsis.
Evaluation of CT angiography for visualisation of the lenticulostriate artery: difference between normotensive and hypertensive patients
Authors: Gotoh K , Okada T , Satogami N , Yakami M , Takahashi J C , Yoshida K , Ishii A , Tanaka S , Miyamoto S , Togashi K 
Published: June 2012

Objective
High-resolution CT angiography (CTA) is currently available using multidetector row CT (MDCT); however, its use for small artery visualisation has been limited. To evaluate its capability, we investigated CTA visualisation for difference in number of the lenticulostriate artery (LSA) branches between normotensive and hypertensive patients, because hypertension is a major cause of LSA damage.

Methods
This was a retrospective study evaluating cerebrovascular CTA at our hospital conducted from February 2008 to June 2009 under approval of the institutional review board. 117 patients (39 males and 78 females, 19–88 years old) were included. CTA was conducted using a 64 channel MDCT. Total numbers of LSA branches were examined for differences by age with regression analysis and the presence or absence of hypertension and/or aneurysm using two-sample t-tests. A p-value &lt;0.016 was considered statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. A multiple variable analysis of three factors was also conducted.

Results
The average number of LSA branches was 3.6 [95% confidence interval (CI) 3.0–4.1] and 4.4 (95% CI 4.1–4.7), respectively, for a patient with and without history of hypertension, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.013). The difference was approximately one branch in the multiple variable analysis. No significant correlation was observed for age and no significant difference was observed for the presence or absence of aneurysms.

Conclusions
Contrast-enhanced CTA can visualise significant differences in the number of LSA branches among patients with and without hypertension.

Advances in knowledge
Current high-resolution CTA can visualise LSA well, which enables finding a difference in the LSA between normotensive subjects and hypertensive patients.
The Wheels on the Bus Go “Buy Buy Buy”: School Bus Advertising Laws
Authors: Pomeranz Jennifer L. 
Published: June 2012

School buses, a practical necessity for millions of children, are at the center of new efforts to raise revenue. School bus advertising laws bring public health and commercialization concerns to the school setting. In doing so, they potentially expose school districts to First Amendment lawsuits. I examined various school bus advertising bills and laws. I reviewed First Amendment “forum analysis” as applied in the transit and school settings to clarify how this legal test may affect school districts subject to such laws. I have made recommendations for school districts to enact appropriate policies to ensure that such advertising does not undermine public health and to enable the districts to maintain control over their property.
Area-Level Social Fragmentation and Walking for Exercise: Cross-Sectional Findings From the Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth Study
Authors: Pabayo Roman , Barnett Tracie A. , Datta Geetanjali D. , Lambert Marie , O’Loughlin Jennifer , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: June 2012

Objectives. We determined whether social fragmentation, which is linked to the concept of anomie (or normlessness), was associated with a decreased likelihood of willingness to walk for exercise. Methods. Data were collected from mothers and fathers of 630 families participating in the Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth Cohort, an ongoing longitudinal study investigating the natural history of obesity and insulin resistance in children. Social fragmentation was defined as the breakdown of social bonds between individuals and their communities. We used log-binomial multiple regression models to estimate the association between social fragmentation and walking for exercise. Results. Higher social fragmentation was associated with a decreased likelihood of walking for exercise among women but not men. Compared with women living in neighborhoods with the lowest social fragmentation scores (first quartile), those living in neighborhoods in the second (relative risk [RR] = 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.78, 1.05), third (RR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.70, 1.00), and fourth (RR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.65, 0.99) quartiles were less likely to walk for exercise (P = .02). Conclusions. Social fragmentation is associated with reduced walking among women. Increasing neighborhood stability may increase walking behavior, especially among women.
Methanogenic microbial communities in sediment from the coastal area of puck bay (Southern Baltic)
Authors: Reindl Andrzej , Bolałek Jerzy 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
In this work, data on methanogenic Archaea communities in sediment from the coastal area of Puck Bay were investigated. Sediments were collected along the Hel Peninsula from areas characterized by the occurrence of gas bubbles. Based on the analysis of molecular markers, the presence of a specific methanogenic Archaea gene was detected at all stations. Further research involved the cloning and sequencing of methanogenic DNA. Based on the comparison of obtained genetic sequences with existing genetic databases, it was confirmed that all of the nucleotide sequences belonged to the domain Archaea. Furthermore, in the investigated sediment certain sequences had certain similarities to the sequences of organisms from the families Methanosarcinaceae, Methanospirillaceae and Methanocorpusculaceae.
Spherical, magnetic grains of extraterrestrial origin, isolated from Pacific sediments
Authors: Uścinowicz Grzegorz 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the existence of cosmic spherules in oceanic sediments. Two cores recovered from the Clarion-Clipperton fault zone (northeastern Pacific Basin) contain magnetic spherules of extraterrestrial origin. Their chemical compositions and morphological features show the degree of heterogeneity of cosmic material reaching the earth’s surface. The diverse origins of spherules from the Pacific Ocean explains their diverse composition and does not allow for the classification of the material into a single group. In addition, the time interval over which sediments accumulated extends for an estimated period of approximately 200 000 years to the present.
Les outils de gestion dans les organisations culturelles : de la critique artiste au management de la création
Authors: Aubouin Nicolas , Coblence Emmanuel , Kletz Frédéric 
Published: June 2012

Résumé Le secteur culturel a adopté différentes positions face aux outils de gestion. À la suite d’une longue période de rejet, le contexte changeant (new public management, pression des tutelles, nécessité d’intégrer les publics...) a généré une mise en place progressive d’outils dans les organisations culturelles, portée par des acteurs nouveaux, qui acquéraient légitimation d’intervention et expertise gestionnaire. Face aux effets pervers nés de ces implémentations, a émergé une nouvelle forme de rencontre entre l’outil et l’organisation culturelle. Par une étude de cas multiple, l’article montre que, derrière la mise en place d’outils de gestion dans les organismes culturels, se cachent des enjeux spécifiques et un mode inédit d’utilisation : loin de constituer un frein à la créativité et à l’innovation artistique, les outils apparaissent comme de puissants moteurs pour stimuler le processus de création.
Les usages-types d'un outil de gestion des risques à l'hôpital
Authors: Martineau Régis 
Published: June 2012

Résumé Cet article vise à apporter des éléments de clarification à l’étude de l’usage des outils de gestion dans les organisations. Si les recherches dans ce domaine ont permis de mieux comprendre le phénomène, on en sait encore peu sur le résultat du processus : peut-on reconnaître des types d’usages des outils de gestion ? Nous mobilisons un courant théorique qui conceptualise l’activité instrumentée des individus (Lorino, 2002). En nous appuyant sur une étude de cas menée autour d’un outil en particulier (une Fiche de Signalement d’Incident au sein d’un hôpital), nous mettrons en évidence l’émergence du cas de l’application, du déplacement et de l’adaptation. Un cas de non usage est lui aussi examiné : celui du rejet. Nous concluons en proposant une piste de réflexion pour l’émergence d’une typologie de ces usages.
Velocity and attenuation dispersion relations for the effective Biot model: total‐field formulation
Authors: Greenhalgh Stewart , Liu Xu , Zhou Bing 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, two approaches ‐ the host phase fields and the total fields, were respectively applied to formulate the effective Biot governing equations from the original double‐porosity dual‐permeability (DPDP) model. The host‐phase formulation given previously in the literature is made under the assumption that the macroscopic fluid flux of the included phase is zero, so that this term can be ignored in the conservation of the momentum equation. The total‐field formulation developed here has no such limiting assumption and gives rise to new and general governing equations that cover the host‐field approach as a special case. By computing the phase velocity and attenuation dispersion curves of sample rocks, we show that the two sets of governing equations are consistent at a very low frequency but for larger volume fractions of phase 2, there is a significantly increasing discrepancy in the slow P‐wave as the frequency increases. The slow P‐wave, whilst difficult to observe, does exist and must be considered when computing the frequency‐dependent reflection coefficients at an interface with a porous medium.
Electromagnetic induction antenna modelling using a linear system of complex antenna transfer functions
Authors: Moghadas Davood , André Frédéric , Bradford John H. , van der Kruk Jan , Vereecken Harry , Lambot Sébastien 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe quantitative retrieval of soil apparent electrical conductivity using electromagnetic induction (EMI) has remained limited due to strong simplifications regarding EMI antenna modelling. In this paper, a new technique for EMI antenna modelling is applied for the common‐offset EMI systems. The EMI system is efficiently described using global transmission and reflection coefficients and Green's functions are used to describe wave diffusion for horizontal and vertical dipole modes. We performed EMI measurements along a 180‐metre‐long transect with two different instrument heights above the soil surface, as well as with different orientations and frequencies. To ensure proper retrieval of the soil apparent electrical conductivity, the reference values were obtained from electrical conductivity data measured from 11 undisturbed soil cores taken along the EMI transect. The apparent electrical conductivity values calculated by applying the proposed model have a good agreement with reference values, however some discrepancies can be observed that are mainly attributed to the presence of local heterogeneities and also errors due to the variations in the height of the EMI instruments above the ground. The proposed method appears to be promising for quantitative retrieval of soil apparent electrical conductivity and resolving calibration issues that are typically encountered using EMI. In addition, the model calibration (antenna transfer functions determination) was successfully accomplished using conductivity values measured from the soil cores.
PATIENTS WITH ≥ 20 X 109/L PLATELETS AT BASELINE MAY HAVE A PROMPT RESPONSE TO ROMIPLOSTIM DURING THE EARLY PHASE OF TREATMENT: AN ITALIAN SINGLE-INSTITUTION EXPERIENCE
Authors: Baldini Simone , Rigacci Luigi , Carrai Valentina , Alterini Renato , Fjerza Rajmonda , Bosi Alberto 
Published: June 2012

Patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia treated with romiplostim may benefit from a higher starting dose when a rapid increase in count is needed, but it could be avoided in those with a prompt response to the standard dosage. We hypothesized that a platelet count ≥ 20 x 109/l at baseline could distinguish subjects with such response from those with a delayed one during the early phase of treatment. Our work is a retrospective and single-institution analysis comparing the median platelet count, the median weekly dosage of romiplostim and the median number of weekly platelet counts < 50 x 109/l between patients with a baseline ≥ 20 x 109/l platelets (n=10, 2 splenectomized) and those with a lower one (n=8, 3 splenectomized) during the first month of treatment with romiplostim. The results show a higher median platelet count (79,5 vs 40,5 x 109/l, p=0,002) and a lower median dose of romiplostim (1 vs 2 mcg/kg/week, p=0,01) in subjects with a baseline ≥ 20 x 109/l platelets, who also had a trend of less weekly counts < 50 x 109/l platelets (1 vs 2, p=0,054). These data suggest that patients with ≥ 20 x 109/l platelets at baseline may achieve a prompt response with the standard dose of romiplostim, but further and larger data are needed in order to assess whether it can be considered in clinical practice.
Alport Syndrome: De Novo Mutation in the COL4A5 Gene Converting Glycine 1205 to Valine
Authors: Antón-Martín Pilar , López Cristina Aparicio , Ramiro-León Soraya , Garzón Sonia Santillán , Santos-Simarro Fernando , Gil-Fournier Belén 
Published: June 2012

Background Alport syndrome is a primary basement membrane disorder arising from mutations in genes encoding the type IV collagen protein family. It is a genetically heterogeneous disease with different mutations and forms of inheritance that presents with renal affection, hearing loss and eye defects. Several new mutations related to X-linked forms have been previously determined. Methods We report the case of a 12 years old male and his family diagnosed with Alport syndrome after genetic analysis was performed. Result Anew mutation determining a nucleotide change C.3614G > T (p. Gly1205Val) in hemizygosis in the COL4A5 gene was found. This molecular defect has not been previously described. Conclusion Molecular biology has helped us to comprehend the mechanisms of pathophysiology in Alport syndrome. Genetic analysis provides the only conclusive diagnosis of the disorder at the moment. Our contribution with a new mutation further supports the need of more sophisticated molecular methods to increase the mutation detection rates with lower costs and less time.
Improving Older Trauma Patients’ Outcomes Through Targeted Occupational Therapy and Functional Conditioning
Authors: O’Brien Lisa , Bynon Shai , Morarty Jacqui , Presnell Scott 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. Hospitalized older people are at risk of functional decline, and risk increases with length of stay (LOS). We measured the impact on LOS and discharge destination of targeted occupational therapy and a functional conditioning program (FCP) for older adults admitted to a metropolitan trauma unit.
METHOD. The intervention group consisted of 50 participants &gt;65 yr old living independently in the community before admission. Outcomes were compared with historical control group data (N = 105).
RESULTS. The intervention group’s mean LOS was 2 days less than that of the control group (p = .04). A higher proportion in the intervention group was also discharged to home, but the difference was not statistically significant. Referrals to occupational therapy increased significantly (p = .05), and participants were seen 1.5 days sooner (p = .003) than the control group. Referral to FCP was 7 times higher in the intervention group (p = .001).
CONCLUSION. Targeted occupational therapy and FCP can improve LOS in older trauma patients.