bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of emissions of SO2, PM2.5, and metals released from coke ovens using high sulfur coals
Authors: Khare Puja , Baruah B.P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractCoal combustion processes have inherent characteristics that lead to the release of both gaseous and particulate matter in the atmosphere that have primary and secondary impact on air quality, human health, and climate. Coals from Northeastern region of India have high sulfur, low ash, and high volatile matter. In the present investigation, sulfur, metals and ash contents of feed coals were considered for making an emission inventory for these coals. For the calculation of emission factors of SO2 and metals, mass balance method was used, while for PM2.5, measured values near the coke ovens were taken. The emission factors and emission rates of SO2 for coke ovens ranged between 0.80 to 4.8 Kg/t and 204 to 1226 t/yr respectively. The emission factors for PM2.5, total carbon (TC), black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) varied between 0.7 to 3 Kg/t, 0.48 to 2.1 Kg/t, 0.007 to 0.03 Kg/t and 0.47 to 2.1 Kg/t, respectively. Total emissions for PM2.5, TC, BC and OC ranged between 72–306 t/yr, 49–217 t/yr, 0.71–2.9 t/yr and 48–214 t/yr, respectively. Emission rates of metals (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sn, Te, Hg, Pb, and Bi) showed dependency on the volatility of the metals, condition of coke ovens (reductive) and rank of coal. Present investigation provides preliminary information on source profile of coke oven emissions (SO2, PM2.5 and trace metals) which is useful for assessing the impact of coke oven on ambient air quality, source apportionment study in the area and for designing the coke ovens to regulate the emissions. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Resistance and uptake of heavy metals by Vorticella microstoma and its potential use in industrial wastewater treatment
Authors: Rehman A. , Shakoori Farah R. , Shakoori A.R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe ciliate, Vorticella microstoma, showed tolerance against Cd2+ (22 μg/mL), Cu2+ (22 μg/mL), Ni2+ (17 μg/mL), and Hg2+ (16 μg/mL). The metal ions slowed down the growth of the ciliate as compared to the culture grown without metal stress. The decrease in cell population was 60% for Cd2+, 49% for Cu2+, 35% for Ni2+, and 49% for Hg2+ after 8 days of metal stress. The order of resistance to heavy metal, in terms of reduction in the cellular population, was Ni2+ < Hg2+ = Cu2+ < Cd2+. Metal‐uptake capability of the ciliate was worked out for its potential use as bioremediator of wastewater. V. microstoma decreased 72% of Cd2+, 82% of Cu2+, 80% of Ni2+, and 74% of Hg2+ from the medium after 96 h of incubation. V. microstoma was also able to remove 73% of Cd2+, 80% of Cu2+, 83% of Ni2+, and 76% of Hg2+ from the industrial wastewater after 6 days of incubation at room temperature. The multiple heavy metal uptake ability of V. microstoma can be exploited for metal detoxification and environmental clean‐up operations. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Implementation of phase change thermodynamic probability for unsteady simulation of cavitating flows
Authors: Asnaghi A. , Jahanbakhsh E. , Seif M. S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe aim of this work is to investigate the non‐equilibrium effects of phase change in cavitating flows. For this purpose, the concept of phase change thermodynamic probability is used along with homogeneous model to simulate two‐phase cavitating flows. For simulation of unsteady behaviors of cavitation, which have practical applications, unsteady PISO algorithm based on the non‐conservative approach is utilized. For multi‐phase simulation, single‐fluid Navier–Stokes equations, along with the volume fraction transport equation, are employed.In this paper, phase change thermodynamics probabilities and cavitation model is briefly summarized. Thus, derivation of the cavitation model, starting from the basic thermodynamic equations to the mass and momentum conservation equations at a liquid–vapor two‐phase flow, is presented to explain the numerical model. Unsteady simulations of cavitation around a flat plate normal to flow direction are presented to clarify the accuracy of the model. The accuracy of the numerical results is good, and it is possible to apply this method to more complex geometries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An immersed‐boundary finite‐volume method for direct simulation of flows with suspended paramagnetic particles
Authors: Kang S. , Suh Y. K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn the present study, we have proposed an immersed‐boundary finite‐volume method for the direct numerical simulation of flows with inertialess paramagnetic particles suspended in a nonmagnetic fluid under an external magnetic field without the need for any model such as the dipole–dipole interaction. In the proposed method, the magnetic field (or force) is described by the numerical solution of the Maxwell equation without current, where the smoothed representation technique is employed to tackle the discontinuity of magnetic permeability across the particle–fluid interface. The flow field, on the other hand, is described by the solution of the continuity and momentum equations, where the discrete‐forcing‐based immersed‐boundary method is employed to satisfy the no‐slip condition at the interface. To validate the method, we performed numerical simulations on the two‐dimensional motion of two and three paramagnetic particles in a nonmagnetic fluid subjected to an external uniform magnetic field and then compared the results with the existing finite‐element and semi‐analytical solutions. Comparison shows that the proposed method is robust in the direct simulation of such magnetic particulate flows. This method can be extended to more general flows without difficulty: three‐dimensional particulate flows, flows with a great number of particles, or flows under an arbitrary external magnetic field. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wie das All leuchtet
Authors: Revnivtsev Mikhail , Hetznecker Helmut 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMilliarden und Abermilliarden von Punktquellen tauchen die gesamte Milchstraßein ein diffuses Röntgenlicht. Was die galaktische Hintergrundstrahlung ausmacht, entzog sich lange irdischen Blicken. Jetzt konnten Astronomen das Rätsel lösen
The identification of some new mixed‐valence phosphorus thiohalides in solution
Authors: Dillon Keith B. , Gemmell Patrick , Hibbert Thomas G. , Xue Bao Y. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe reaction of a phosphorus trihalide PX3 (X = Cl, Br, or I) with a thiophosphorus halide P(S)Y3 (Y = Cl or Br) in the presence of zinc powder as a halogen acceptor has led to the formation of several new mixed‐valence phosphorus species in solution. These include examples with two or three phosphorus atoms present, such as Y2P(S)PX2 and Y2P(S)P(X)P(S)Y2, or halogen exchange derivatives thereof. Structural assignments for these species have been made on the basis of 31P NMR shift, multiplicity, intensity, and coupling constant data. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:156–160, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20590
Resolving the enigma of prebiotic COP bond formation: Prebiotic hydrothermal synthesis of important biological phosphate esters
Authors: Maheen Gull , Tian Ge , Wang Yingwu , He Chao , Shi Zhan , Yuan Hongming , Feng Shouhua 
Published: April 2010

AbstractImportant biological phosphate esters such as sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphate, glycerol‐2‐phosphate, and phosphoethanolamine were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Phosphorus was incorporated into the biomolecules, leading to the formation of COP type compounds hydrothermally. Only perlite‐catalyzed reaction at 180°C could result in the formation of sn‐glycerol‐3‐phosphate, whereas glycerol‐2‐phosphate could be easily synthesized at 100°C with or without minerals and phosphoethanolamine was obtained within a temperature range of 100 to 120°C. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:161–167, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20591
Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease: Insights into reduced tumor surveillance from an unusual malignancy
Authors: O'Neill Iain D. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTasmanian devil facial tumor disease (DFTD) is a highly aggressive cancer involving the facial tissues that currently presents a serious extinction risk for the Tasmanian devil population. Although the histogenesis is uncertain, an origin from a neural crest cell‐lineage is considered likely. Epidemiological, cytogenetic and immunological data all support the premise that DFTD arose from a single tumor clone from an individual diseased animal, and is being transmitted between individual animals as a tumor “allograft” by biting during social interaction. The spread of this cancer throughout the species is believed to be facilitated by a reduced MHC diversity, possibly as a result of an evolutionary bottleneck. The pathogenesis of DFTD has some similarities with certain human cancers, including donor‐recipient tumor transmission, which may complicate organ transplantation, and certain forms of malignancy at the maternal/fetal interface. The natural history and pathology of DFTD, and the data describing this highly unusual tumor biology are discussed.
X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the complexes of enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase of Plasmodium falciparum with triclosan variants to elucidate the importance of different functional groups in enzyme inhibition
Authors: Maity Koustav , Bhargav Saligram Prabhakar , Sankaran Banumathi , Surolia Namita , Surolia Avadhesha , Suguna Kaza 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTriclosan, a well‐known inhibitor of Enoyl Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase (ENR) from several pathogenic organisms, is a promising lead compound to design effective drugs. We have solved the X‐ray crystal structures of Plasmodium falciparum ENR in complex with triclosan variants having different substituted and unsubstituted groups at different key functional locations. The structures revealed that 4 and 2′ substituted compounds have more interactions with the protein, cofactor, and solvents when compared with triclosan. New water molecules were found to interact with some of these inhibitors. Substitution at the 2′ position of triclosan caused the relocation of a conserved water molecule, leading to an additional hydrogen bond with the inhibitor. This observation can help in conserved water‐based inhibitor design. 2′ and 4′ unsubstituted compounds showed a movement away from the hydrophobic pocket to compensate for the interactions made by the halogen groups of triclosan. This compound also makes additional interactions with the protein and cofactor which compensate for the lost interactions due to the unsubstitution at 2′ and 4′. In cell culture, this inhibitor shows less potency, which indicates that the chlorines at 2′ and 4′ positions increase the ability of the inhibitor to cross multilayered membranes. This knowledge helps us to modify the different functional groups of triclosan to get more potent inhibitors. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 467–476, 2010
Functional apparent moduli as predictors of oral implant osseointegration dynamics
Authors: Chang Po‐Chun , Seol Yang‐Jo , Kikuchi Noboru , Goldstein Steven A. , Giannobile William V. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAt present, limited functional data exists regarding the application and use of biomechanical and imaging technologies for oral implant osseointegration assessment. The objective of this investigation was to determine the functional apparent moduli (FAMs) that could predict the dynamics of oral implant osseointegration. Using an in vivo dental implant osseous healing model, two FAMs, functional bone apparent modulus (FBAM), and composite tissue apparent modulus (FCAM), of the selected peri‐implant structures were calculated via microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) and finite element (FE) simulations in order to support this concept. Results showed significant sensitivity between FAMs and micro‐CT parameters, especially between bone mineral density and FBAM, while at extraction defect sites the strongest correlations existed between bone‐implant contact and FCAM. Significant enhancement of FCAM indicated progressive functional repair during early osseointegration. Further, the resultant interfacial resistance was predicted by bone mineral content (BMC) and FBAM within a ∼200 μm peri‐implant thickness, while the extraction defects gave zones of ∼575 μm and 200 μm for BMC and FCAM, respectively. These results suggest that the function of dental implant support can be predicted from a peri‐implant structural zone. We conclude that FAMs can be used to predict the dynamics of dental implant osseointegration in vivo. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Chlorhexidine release and antibacterial properties of chlorhexidine‐incorporated polymethyl methacrylate‐based resin cement
Authors: Hiraishi N. , Yiu C. K. Y. , King N. M. , Tay F. R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study evaluated chlorhexidine release from experimental, chlorhexidine‐incorporated polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)‐based resin cements prepared from Super‐Bond C&B (Sun Medical) and examined the antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. Chlorhexidine diacetate was added into PMMA polymer to obtain chlorhexidine concentration of 0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 wt %. Chlorhexidine‐incorporated, cured resin disks were immersed in distilled water at 37°C for 5 weeks, and the chlorhexidine release was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. The antibacterial effect of freshly mixed resin cements was examined using the agar diffusion test. For the direct contact test, the wells (n = 6) of microtiter plates were coated with cements. The coated wells were aged up to 3 weeks prior to the placement of bacterial suspensions directly on cured cements. The 3.0 and 4.0% chlorhexidine‐incorporated cement exhibited chlorhexidine release for 5 weeks; however, more than 98% of chlorhexidine was retained in resin matrix. No release was detected from the 1.0 and 2.0% incorporated cement at 1 week and 2 weeks, respectively. The agar diffusion test failed to detect antibacterial effects against Enterococcus faecalis, whereas the direct contact test revealed the antibacterial effect of 3.0 and 4.0% incorporated cements against each microbe for 2 weeks. The 3.0 and 4.0% chlorhexidine‐incorporated resin cement possessed prolonged chlorhexidine release and antibacterial properties for 2 weeks. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Characterization of an Importin α/β‐recognized nuclear localization signal in β‐dystroglycan
Authors: Lara‐Chacón Bárbara , de León Mario Bermúdez , Leocadio Daniel , Gómez Pablo , Fuentes‐Mera Lizeth , Martínez‐Vieyra Ivette , Ortega Arturo , Jans David A. , Cisneros Bulmaro 
Published: April 2010

Abstractβ‐dystroglycan (β‐DG) is a widely expressed transmembrane protein that plays important roles in connecting the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton, and thereby contributing to plasma membrane integrity and signal transduction. We previously observed nuclear localization of β‐DG in cultured cell lines, implying the existence of a nuclear targeting mechanism that directs it to the nucleus instead of the plasma membrane. In this study, we delineate the nuclear import pathway of β‐DG, characterizing a functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the β‐DG cytoplasmic domain, within amino acids 776–782. The NLS either alone or in the context of the whole β‐DG protein was able to target the heterologous GFP protein to the nucleus, with site‐directed mutagenesis indicating that amino acids R779 and K780 are critical for NLS functionality. The nuclear transport molecules Importin (Imp)α and Impβ bound with high affinity to the NLS of β‐DG and were found to be essential for NLS‐dependent nuclear import in an in vitro reconstituted nuclear transport assay; cotransfection experiments confirmed the dependence on Ran for nuclear accumulation. Intriguingly, experiments suggested that tyrosine phosphorylation of β‐DG may result in cytoplasmic retention, with Y892 playing a key role. β‐DG thus follows a conventional Impα/β‐dependent nuclear import pathway, with important implications for its potential function in the nucleus. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 706–717, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In the eye of the beholder: mothers' perceptions of poor neighborhoods as places to raise children
Authors: Dahl Trayci , Ceballo Rosario , Huerta Marisela 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study explores how mothers facing similar neighborhood conditions evaluate their neighborhoods as places to raise children. The authors relied upon a triangulation of methods, using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies, with a sample of 91 low‐income mothers. Content analysis of qualitative interviews revealed that mothers often hold divergent views about the quality of the same or similar neighborhoods. Mothers' overall neighborhood perceptions were influenced by several specific indicators, including social interaction, collective efficacy, fear of crime, personal victimization, and neighborhood incivilities. Moreover, mothers' subjective neighborhood perceptions were related to their parenting strategies. This study thus underscores the importance of not solely relying on “objective” neighborhood criteria such as census data, but of also attending to residents' subjective perceptions of their own neighborhoods. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“If they could make us disappear, they would!” youth and violence in Cité Soleil, Haiti
Authors: Willman Alys , Marcelin Louis Herns 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study explores community‐level risk and protective factors for youth violence in Cité Soleil, Port‐au‐Prince's most violent slum. The youth of Cité Soleil have often been mobilized to violence by powerful actors as tools for achieving political or financial gain. Drawing on a formal survey (N=1,575) and ethnographic data collected between March 2008 and April 2009, we analyze the factors that contributed—and continue to contribute—to making these youth available for such mobilization. Youth frame their experiences in terms of a broader social conflict between the “included” and the “excluded,” and view violence as an effective means of obtaining what is denied to them by society: opportunity, respect, and material benefits. The experiences from Haiti offer important lessons in understanding the community level drivers of youth violence, and can contribute to policy approaches that go beyond stabilization measures toward addressing structural violence. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of the effect of ammonium carbamate on the stability of proteins
Authors: da Silva Lucimara Lopes , Pessôa Filho Pedro de Alcântara , Miranda Everson Alves 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The use of the volatile salt ammonium carbamate in protein downstream processing has recently been proposed. The main advantage of using volatile salts is that they can be removed from precipitates and liquid effluents through pressure reduction or temperature increase. Although previous studies showed that ammonium carbamate is efficient as a precipitant agent, there was evidence of denaturation in some enzymes. In this work, the effect of ammonium carbamate on the stability of five enzymes was evaluated.RESULTS: Activity assays showed that α‐amylase (1,4‐α–D‐glucan glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1), lysozyme (1,4‐β‐N‐acetylmuramoylhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.17) and lipase (triacyl glycerol acyl hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) did not undergo activity loss in ammonium carbamate solutions with concentrations from 1.0 to 5.0 mol kg−1, whereas cellulase complex (1,4‐(1,3:14)‐β‐D‐glucan 4‐glucano‐hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.4) and peroxidase (hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) showed an average activity loss of 55% and 44%, respectively. Precipitation assays did not show enzyme denaturation or phase separation for α‐amylase and lipase, while celullase and peroxidase precipitated with some activity reduction. Analysis of similar experiments with ammonium and sodium sulfate did not affect the activity of enzymes.CONCLUSION: Celullase and peroxidase were denatured by ammonium carbamate. While more systematic studies are not available, care must be taken in designing a protein precipitation with this salt. The results suggest that the generally accepted idea that salts that denature proteins tend to solubilize them does not hold for ammonium carbamate. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioprocess scale‐up: quest for the parameters to be used as criterion to move from microreactors to lab‐scale
Authors: Marques Marco P. C. , Cabral Joaquim M. S. , Fernandes Pedro 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAdvances in high‐throughput process development and optimization involve the rational use of miniaturized stirred bioreactors, instrumented shaken flasks and microtiter plates. As expected, each one provides different levels of control and monitoring, requiring a compromise between data quantity and quality. Despite recent advances, traditional shaken flasks with nominal volumes below 250 mL and microtiter plates are still widely used to assemble wide arrays of biotransformation/bioconversion data, because of their simplicity and low cost. These tools are key assets for faster process development and optimization, provided data are representative. Nonetheless, the design, development and implementation of bioprocesses can present variations depending on intrinsic characteristics of the overall process. For each particular process, an adequate and comprehensive approach has to be established, which includes pinpointing key issues required to ensure proper scale‐up. Recently, focus has been given to engineering characterization of systems in terms of mass transfer and hydrodynamics (through gaining insight into parameters such as kLa and P/V at shaken and microreactor scale), due to the widespread use of small‐scale reactors in the early developmental stages of bioconversion/biotransfomation processes. Within this review, engineering parameters used as criteria for scaling‐up fermentation/bioconversion processes are discussed. Particular focus is on the feasibility of the application of such parameters to small‐scale devices and concomitant use for scale‐up. Illustrative case studies are presented. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry