bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studying the explanations for the automated prediction of bug and non-bug issues using LIME and SHAP
Authors: Schulte Lukas , Ledel Benjamin , Herbold Steffen 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Context
The identification of bugs within issues reported to an issue tracking system is crucial for triage. Machine learning models have shown promising results for this task. However, we have only limited knowledge of how such models identify bugs. Explainable AI methods like LIME and SHAP can be used to increase this knowledge.

Objective
We want to understand if explainable AI provides explanations that are reasonable to us as humans and align with our assumptions about the model’s decision-making. We also want to know if the quality of predictions is correlated with the quality of explanations.

Methods
We conduct a study where we rate LIME and SHAP explanations based on their quality of explaining the outcome of an issue type prediction model. For this, we rate the quality of the explanations, i.e., if they align with our expectations and help us understand the underlying machine learning model.

Results
We found that both LIME and SHAP give reasonable explanations and that correct predictions are well explained. Further, we found that SHAP outperforms LIME due to a lower ambiguity and a higher contextuality that can be attributed to the ability of the deep SHAP variant to capture sentence fragments.

Conclusion
We conclude that the model finds explainable signals for both bugs and non-bugs. Also, we recommend that research dealing with the quality of explanations for classification tasks reports and investigates rater agreement, since the rating of explanations is highly subjective.
An empirical study of fault localization in Python programs
Authors: Rezaalipour Mohammad , Furia Carlo A. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractDespite its massive popularity as a programming language, especially in novel domains like data science programs, there is comparatively little research about fault localization that targets Python. Even though it is plausible that several findings about programming languages like C/C++ and Java—the most common choices for fault localization research—carry over to other languages, whether the dynamic nature of Python and how the language is used in practice affect the capabilities of classic fault localization approaches remain open questions to investigate. This paper is the first multi-family large-scale empirical study of fault localization on real-world Python programs and faults. Using Zou et al.’s recent large-scale empirical study of fault localization in Java (Zou et al. 2021) as the basis of our study, we investigated the effectiveness (i.e., localization accuracy), efficiency (i.e., runtime performance), and other features (e.g., different entity granularities) of seven well-known fault-localization techniques in four families (spectrum-based, mutation-based, predicate switching, and stack-trace based) on 135 faults from 13 open-source Python projects from the BugsInPy curated collection (Widyasari et al. 2020). The results replicate for Python several results known about Java, and shed light on whether Python’s peculiarities affect the capabilities of fault localization. The replication package that accompanies this paper includes detailed data about our experiments, as well as the tool FauxPy that we implemented to conduct the study.
Are Female-Breadwinner Couples Always Less Stable? Evidence from French Administrative Data
Authors: Ferrari Giulia , Solaz Anne , Vitali Agnese 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The paper studies the association between partners' relative incomes and union dissolution among couples in France. With the increase in dual-earner couples and women’s educational level, couples in which women earn more than their partners are structurally becoming more widespread. Because female breadwinning challenges long-lived social norms regarding traditional gender roles, scholars have theorized a higher risk of union dissolution among female-breadwinner couples compared to couples in other income arrangements. We estimate the risk of union dissolution using regression analyses on unique longitudinal data from French administrative sources containing an unconventionally high number of couples (4% of the population) and separation events (more than 100,000), as well as precise and reliable income measurement. Female-breadwinner couples face a higher risk of union dissolution compared to other couple types. This result is robust to various definitions of female breadwinning and controls for partners’ employment status. Contrary to recent research on other countries, we find no sign of a fading effect among younger cohorts. However, among younger, cohabiting couples and couples in registered partnerships the risk of union dissolution is lowest when both partners are employed and provide a similar share of the total couple’s income, suggesting the emergence of a new profile of stable couples. The female-breadwinner penalty in union dissolution is in place; also in France, it holds among married and cohabiting couples and registered partnerships, across all birth cohorts and levels of household income.
SunbYte: an autonomous pointing framework for low-cost robotic solar telescopes on high altitude balloons
Authors: Cho Yun-Hang , Heung Gianni , Bobrov Yakov , Middleton Joseph , Brownlow Josh , Verth Gary , Fedun Viktor 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe design and usability of a fully autonomous robotic control system (SunbYte - Sheffield University Balloon “lYfted” TElescope) for solar tracking and observational applications onboard high-altitude balloons are addressed here. The design is based on a six-step development plan balancing scientific objectives and practical engineering requirements. The high-altitude solar observational system includes low-cost components such as a Cassegrain-type telescope, stepper motors, harmonic drives, USB cameras and microprocessors. OpenCV installed from ROS (Robotic Operating System), python and C facilitated the collection, compression, and processing of housekeeping and scientific data. This processed data was then transmitted to the ground station through the launch vehicle’s telecommunication link. The SunbYte system allows the brightest spot in the sky, the sun, to be identified, and a telescope pointed towards it with high enough accuracy that a scientific camera can capture images. This paper gathers and presents the results from primarily two missions with the High-Altitude Student Platform (HASP, NASA Balloon Program office and LaSpace). Additionally, a discussion will be made comparing these with an earlier iteration flown with the German-Swedish “REXUS/BEXUS” programme coordinated by the European Space Agency. By capturing and analysing a series of tracking images with the location of the Sun at the calibrated centre, the system demonstrated the tracking capabilities on an unstable balloon during ascent. Housekeeping sensor data was collected to further analyse the thermal and mechanical performance. The low temperature increased friction in the drive train and reduced the responsiveness of the harmonic drive actuation system. This caused some issues which require further work in future missions, for example, with SunbYte 4 and its work when flying with the HEMERA ZPB (Zero Pressure Balloon) program.
Carnitine modulates antioxidative defense in ABI2 mutant under salt stress
Authors: Gokce Azime , Sekmen Cetinel Askim Hediye , Turkan Ismail 
Published: June 2024

AbstractCarnitine, a ubiquitous compound in living organisms, fulfills diverse roles in energy metabolism, stress resilience, and detoxification. Its antioxidant and osmolyte traits offer relief to stressed plants. Antagonizing abscisic acid (ABA), carnitine influences ABA-responsive genes. Our study, using Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type Ler. (Landsberg erecta) and ABA-insensitive abi2-1 mutants, explored carnitine’s impact on antioxidative responses and ABI2’s role in salt-induced carnitine metabolism. The application of 5 µM carnitine has alleviated the decrease in RWC, shoot weight, and rosette diameter WT plants caused by 80 mM salt stress for 4 days. Carnitine reduced cell membrane damage and salinity effects, evidenced by decreased lipid peroxidation and H2O2. In contrast, the impaired ABI2 of abi2-1, due to deficient phosphatase activity, further exacerbated the inhibitory effect of carnitine on the enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, consequently reducing stress mitigation. While abi2-1 mutants exhibited unchanged superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, they demonstrated increased catalase and peroxidase activity following carnitine treatment under salt stress compared to WT plants. Conversely, wild-type WT plants treated with carnitine exhibited elevated total glutathione content under salt stress, a response not observed in abi2-1 mutants under carnitine treatment. These results underscore the crucial role of ABI2-dependent ABA signaling in regulating plant carnitine metabolism.
A first molecular insight into the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the northern Adriatic sea
Authors: Putelli Elisa , Costantini Federica , Tirelli Valentina 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865 is an invasive ctenophore that has spread to many areas of the Eurasian seas in recent decades and is one of the 100 most dangerous species in the world. This species was first observed in the northern Adriatic Sea in 2005 and then disappeared until 2016, when its first bloom was recorded. After that, it bloomed every summer in the area, causing severe damage to artisanal fisheries. Given the lack of genetic data for the northern Adriatic, here we compare the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of M. leidyi populations sampled in 2016, 2018 and 2021 on the north-eastern coast of Italy with native populations and those introduced in other basins using two molecular markers: CytB and ITS. The CytB haplotype found in the samples from the northern Adriatic was identical to that found in the Gulf of Mexico and the Black Sea/Mediterranean. ITS analysis revealed 11 alleles, including 8 novel ones. The presence of a panmictic population in the northern Adriatic and the lower genetic variability compared to the native populations suggest that M. leidyi has been introduced into the Adriatic more than once and the species recently expanded in this area.
Teaching speculative design
Authors: Bendor Roy , Lupetti Maria Luce 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Speculative design is an emerging form of critical material engagement with possible futures. Designers working speculatively call attention to current and future sociotechnical dilemmas, and aim to provoke debate about the moral, political and ethical implications of sociotechnical innovation. Despite the popularity of speculative design and its presence in a variety of domains, there are very few resources that address it as a pedagogical practice. We attempt to fill this gap by presenting the structure, reasoning and outcomes of a graduate course on speculative design we taught during the academic year 2022-3. The article describes class activities and outcomes, discusses the benefits and challenges of teaching speculative design (especially in a design-engineering program), and concludes by identifying the most considerable obstacles awaiting those who want to integrate speculative design into the curriculum. As such, the article provides a useful resource for those interested in understanding the benefits of speculative design as a critical pedagogical practice, and for those who wish to bring that understanding into the classroom.
Front row or backstage? Evidence on concert ticket preferences from a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Thompson Dylan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSophisticated ticketing practices have become widespread in the concert industry in recent years, with a wider range of musicians now experimenting with different ticket pricing schemes. The aim of these practices is to help musicians manage ticket capacity and maximize their concert income. However, there is limited evidence on how musicians can optimally allocate and price tickets with respect to how consumers value different ticket attributes. This study uses a stated preference discrete choice experiment and choice modeling methods to analyze consumer preferences for different attributes of concert tickets. The results of the modeling exercise highlight patterns in consumer preferences across different seating areas within a hypothetical venue, as well as average preferences for other common attributes of concert tickets. Finally, this study provides evidence of the significant welfare consumers derive from the availability of new ticketing innovations in the form of VIP packages.
Area of interest algorithm for surface deflection areas
Authors: Babel Christoph , Guru Mahish , Weiland Jakob , Bambach Markus 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn the automotive industry, the process of deep drawing is used for producing most of the outer surface panels. There, surface defects can occur while stamping the part. This paper proposes an area of interest (AOI) algorithm to filter possible surface deflection areas of finite element method (FEM) simulation results. The FEM is well established in the area of sheet metal forming and has shown accurate results in showing surface defects like waviness and sink marks. These two defect types are also the targeted systematic defects. In these deep drawing simulations, every manufacturing step of the sheet metal is calculated and the resulting stresses and strains are analyzed. The paper presents a newly developed post processing method for detecting surface in-corrections on basis of FEM simulation results. The focus of the method is to be independent of an experts knowledge. It should be able to be used by a wide range of non-expert applicants, unlike other post-processing methods know in today’s literature. A comparison between several machine learning (ML) approaches is made. It is shown, that the developed method outperforms current state of the art approaches in terms of the recall rate. In addition, a contour tree dataset of a FEM simulation in combination with an ML approach can be successfully used to learn a multidimensional relationship between the nodes.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Social Cognition Among People Living with HIV: Implications for Non-Social Cognition and Social Everyday Functioning
Authors: Vance David E. , Billings Rebecca , Lambert Crystal Chapman , Fazeli Pariya L. , Goodin Burel R. , Kempf Mirjam-Colette , Rubin Leah H. , Turan Bulent , Wise Jenni , Hellemann Gerhard , Lee Junghee 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSocial cognition—the complex mental ability to perceive social stimuli and negotiate the social environment—has emerged as an important cognitive ability needed for social functioning, everyday functioning, and quality of life. Deficits in social cognition have been well documented in those with severe mental illness including schizophrenia and depression, those along the autism spectrum, and those with other brain disorders where such deficits profoundly impact everyday life. Moreover, subtle deficits in social cognition have been observed in other clinical populations, especially those that may have compromised non-social cognition (i.e., fluid intelligence such as memory). Among people living with HIV (PLHIV), 44% experience cognitive impairment; likewise, social cognitive deficits in theory of mind, prosody, empathy, and emotional face recognition/perception are gradually being recognized. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to summarize the current knowledge of social cognitive ability among PLHIV, identified by 14 studies focused on social cognition among PLHIV, and provides an objective consensus of the findings. In general, the literature suggests that PLHIV may be at-risk of developing subtle social cognitive deficits that may impact their everyday social functioning and quality of life. The causes of such social cognitive deficits remain unclear, but perhaps develop due to (1) HIV-related sequelae that are damaging the same neurological systems in which social cognition and non-social cognition are processed; (2) stress related to coping with HIV disease itself that overwhelms one’s social cognitive resources; or (3) may have been present pre-morbidly, possibly contributing to an HIV infection. From this, a theoretical framework is proposed highlighting the relationships between social cognition, non-social cognition, and social everyday functioning.
Analysis of emergency assembly points for post-earthquake disaster management: a case study of Erzincan, Türkiye
Authors: Akar Alper , Akar Özlem , Konakoğlu Berkant 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe selection of emergency assembly points within the urban area holds significant importance for ensuring swift and effective intervention in the aftermath of a potential disaster until temporary shelter areas are prepared. In both historical and instrumental periods, Erzincan (Türkiye) has experienced major earthquakes resulting in significant loss of life and property. The likelihood of similar earthquakes occurring in Erzincan in the future remains high. Therefore, it is necessary to identify safe areas where people can assemble after an earthquake, moving away from hazardous zones. The aim of this study is to analyse the capacities and adequacies of emergency assembly points, which constitute a step in disaster management and enhance the earthquake resilience of the city, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based on selected criteria (accessibility, spatial distribution, proximity to healthcare facilities, size, capacity adequacy, and proximity to fault avoidance zones), and to propose solutions. The assessment revealed that the available assembly points are not homogeneously distributed throughout the city and are inadequate to meet the available building and population density. Therefore, in addition to the available 38 emergency assembly points, 67 new alternative emergency assembly points have been identified. The proposed emergency assembly points (in the 75–100% range) increased the number of neighborhoods within the 250 m service area by 43.75% and 42.5% for 500 m.The findings underscore the necessity for more comprehensive and effective planning for Erzincan in the event of a potential disaster or emergency.
A spatial evaluation framework of urban physical resilience considering different phases of disaster risk management
Authors: Parizi Sedigheh Meimandi , Taleai Mohammad , Sharifi Ayyoob 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe physical structure of urban settlements has become increasingly vulnerable to hazards following the growing trends of natural hazards, including earthquakes. The concept of resilience has gained momentum to facilitate better planning and response to such hazards. This research seeks to develop a conceptual spatial framework considering different phases of disaster risk management to evaluate urban physical resilience. Twenty indicators that define urban structure are identified and included in an Interpretive Structural Modeling—Analytic Network Process (ISM-ANP) hybrid model for analysis. The model and the indicator weights are adjusted using statistical and optimization techniques. District 4 of Tehran has been selected as the study area, and the proposed evaluation framework is applied to several zones with different physical urban structures. According to the results, the most important indicators of urban structure are the Robustness of Buildings, Street Width, Building Density, and Aspect Ratio. Sensitivity analysis and scenario-making are performed to explore the desired state of urban physical resilience for each zone. The results of the case study indicate moderate levels of urban physical resilience. The study provides more clear and practical insights into the concept of resilience to help urban planners and decision-makers improve urban physical resilience.
An unmanned tank combat game driven by FPSO-MADDPG algorithm
Authors: Wang Fei , Liu Yi , Zhou Yudong , Zhou Dianle , Yan Dan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractWith the development of artificial intelligence and unmanned technology, unmanned vehicles have been utilized in a variety of situations which may be hazardous to human beings, even in real battle fields. An intelligent unmanned vehicle can be aware of surrounding situations and make appropriate responding decisions. For this purpose, this paper applies Multi-agent Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (MADDPG) algorithm for vehicle’s of situation awareness and decision making, inside which a Fast Particle Swarm Optimization (FPSO) algorithm is proposed to calculate the optimal vehicle attitude and position; therefore, an improved deep reinforcement learning algorithm FPSO-MADPPG is formed. A specific advantage function is designed for the FPSO portion, which considers angle, distance, outflanking encirclement. A dedicated reward is designed for the MADPPG portion, which considers key factors like angle, distance, and damage. Finally, FPSO-MADPPG is then used in a combat game to operate unmanned tanks. Simulation results show that our method not only can obtain higher winning rate, but also higher reward and faster convergence than DDPG and MADPPG algorithms.
The power of social norms: Why conceptual engineers should care about implementation
Authors: Nimtz Christian 
Published: June 2024

AbstractJennifer Nado has recently argued that conceptual engineers should focus on (re-)designing representations and may safely ignore issues of implementation. I make a general case for the methodological importance of implementation to conceptual engineering. Using the Social Norms Account as a foil, I argue for three claims. (1) Inquiring into methods of implementation is a theoretically challenging and philosophically worthwhile project in and of itself. (2) A sound theoretical understanding of implementation is imperative for theorists of conceptual engineering. It proves vital for their assessment of the prospects for engineering interventions and the political risks inherent in them. (3) A sound theoretical understanding of implementation is imperative for practitioners of conceptual engineering. The usefulness of their representational (re-)designs depends on respecting broadly cognitive and social constraints on the part of the target population. I conclude that conceptual engineers have very good reasons to seriously engage with issues of implementation.