bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upper Old Red Sandstone sedimentation near the unconformity at Arbroath
Authors: Ramos Amparo , Friend Peter F. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Coastal exposures near Arbroath provide information about local sedimentation patterns of the Upper Old Red Sandstone (Late Devonian) and the relationship between these patterns and the underlying unconformity. Bluck's analyses of the morphology and internal structures of gravel and sand river bars have been used to interpret the conglomerates as the major components of river bars that formed on the edges of frequently shifting river channels. Sands accumulated as bar tails and also in overbank areas that seem to have formed preferentially in ‘shadow zones’ protected from channel action close to hillocks of bed-rock. Locally breccias accumulated near these hillocks and plugged steep-sided gullies that formed in the overbank areas. These gullies appear to reflect arid conditions and there are other features of the Upper Old Red Sandstone that support this conclusion.
Syn-depositional faulting and valley-fill breccias in the Permo-Triassic of Arran
Authors: Astin T. R. , Macdonald D. I. M. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Two outcrops of New Red Sandstone breccia at Brodick, Arran, are interpreted to be filling two steep-sided valleys. Valley formation is contrasted to the usual style of sedimentation of the enclosing Brodick Breccia, which was deposited on a low relief alluvial plain by a braided river system. The valleys are inferred to be a consequence of faulting creating local topography on the plain. The diagenesis of the New Red Sandstone breccia and the surrounding strata is described, to show that early lithification aided the formation of both steep valley walls, and the large blocks of sediment now filling the valleys.
Palaeocurrents and palaeo-environment of part of the Bearreraig Sandstone (Middle Jurassic) of Skye and Raasay, Inner Hebrides
Authors: Morton Nicol 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Part of the Middle Jurassic Bearreraig Sandstone in Skye (Strathaird) and Raasay consists of cross-bedded sandstones and sandy bioclastic limestones with marine fossils. The cross-bedding sets are mainly planar or subplanar, but sometimes trough. Palaeocurrent directions were bimodal (approximately N–S) in Strathaird, and unimodal (to N–NE) in Raasay. The beds were deposited as tidal sand waves migrating parallel to the coastline, and possibly influenced in direction by the major Camasunary, Screapadal and Applecross faults. The great lateral variation in facies, apparently fault-related, is in marked contrast to the earlier (Toarcian) and later (Bathonian, Great Estuarine Group) situations in the Hebrides Basin.
Small scale syn-sedimentary faults in the Upper Jurassic ‘Boulder Beds’
Authors: Pickering Kevin T. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Syn-sedimentary faults are common in the Kimmeridge ‘Boulder Beds’ in Sutherland, NE Scotland. Various styles are recognised: (1) closely spaced normal faults, generated by earthquake shock waves or listric faulting in the basal region of sediment gravity glides; (2) isolated normal faults with soft-sediment dykes along fault planes, possibly due to hydraulic fracturing that relieved high pore fluid pressures; (3) isolated conjugate normal faults with the acute bisectrix oriented perpendicular to bedding, probably formed by sediment overburden pressures; (4) decollement surfaces along which sliding or slumping has occurred, and (5) isolated reverse faults or thrusts; (4) and (5) possibly resulting from shear stresses generated as a result of sedimentation on a relatively steep basin slope. Sediment draping is visible above most of the fault surfaces, indicating that failure occurred in the superficial sediment cover and affected packets of beds up to a few metres thick. Stereograms of poles to the fault planes indicate a NNE–SSW girdle, with a concentration of poles showing fault planes dipping at about 45° to the ESE: the fault plane orientations corroborate earlier interpretations of a southeasterly dipping basin slope.
Pentameral fossils from the Lower Cambrian Pipe Rock of the North-West Highlands
Authors: Campbell N. A. , Paul C. R. C. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Star-shaped pentameral fossils occur commonly on a single bedding surface of the Lower Cambrian Pipe Rock at Allt nan Uamh, south of Inchnadamph. They occur as pure white quartzite fills in a yellow quartzite matrix, but preserve no trace of a body wall. The original shape is believed to have been like a five-lobed ctenophore. Each lobe has a median partition, but no trace of any orifice has been seen. The fossils are interpreted as body fossils. They are not echinoderms despite their consistent pentamery, but we can suggest no other phylum.
Geometry of deformation adjacent to the Glencoul thrust at Loch Glencoul, Sutherland
Authors: Maobing Lin 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Glencoul thrust at Loch Glencoul is on a ramp zone to which footwall imbricate faults are related. Lewisian rocks in the hanging wall are deformed against this ramp; dykes and the country rock foliation have been rotated into near-parallelism with the thrust plane. The degree of the deformation in the Lewisian gneiss and the dykes increases gradually towards the ramp surface.
The occurrence of possible Late-glacial estuarine deposits at levels above the Carse Clay west of Stirling
Authors: Laxton J. L. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Lithological evidence from pits and boreholes, together with limited palaeontological and geomorphological information, indicates the presence of a Late-glacial sea level in excess of 30 m O.D. over a distance of about 17 km west of Stirling. Associated with this former sea-level there is evidence of estuarine deposition in the valley of the River Teith downstream from Doune.
A raised beach feature occurs on the eastern side of the central part of the Menteith Moraine ridge. From this observation, considered with new lithological information on the deposits comprising the ridge and the local occurrence of solid rock near surface, it is suggested that the Menteith Moraine is a composite feature, only part of which is a true moraine associated with the Loch Lomond stadial.
Structural evolution of the Moine thrust belt between Loch More and Glendhu, Sutherland
Authors: Butler Robert W. H. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Reinvestigation and new mapping confirm that the area contains a number of large thrust sheets and imbricate slices of Cambrian cover and Lewisian basement but emphasise that they are bounded by an interconnecting network of WNW-directed faults. The network demonstrably propagated, piggy-back fashion, into the foreland since higher structures are cut or bulged up by lower imbricates. These new interpretations require a revision of structural units in the Glendhu area.

The margins of culminations, which resulted from the continual stacking of imbricate slices, are the sites of extensional faulting which locally post-date thrust structures. However, some of the major thrusts in the area have primary extensional geometries in their footwalls and hanging walls since they cut down stratigraphic section towards the foreland. The proposed explanation is that bedding in the foreland Cambrian shelf was dipping gently to the SE, possibly in response to isostatic loading by the emplacement of the
c.
10 km thick Moine thrust sheet. Datum-parallel thrust flats would then cut down stratigraphic section with an extensional sense. Early extensional strains which locally predate imbricate thrusts in those Cambrian quartzites in the immediate footwall to the Moine thrust may reflect a major gravity spreading component in the initial phases of the emplacement of the Moine sheet.

The geometry of thrusts in the Glendhu culmination is illustrated on a balanced cross-section. The hanging wall of the Glencoul thrust, which includes a stack of interthrust Cambrian cover and Lewisian basement termed the Aisinnin imbricates, restores to a width of over 15 km. This can be added to the displacement on the Glencoul and lower thrusts as estimated from the offset of foreland structures, of 25–33 km, to give a total restoration for the footwall of the Moine thrust of at least 40 km.
The systematic geochemical variation between two tectonically separate successions in the southern Monadhliaths, Inverness-shire
Authors: Haselock Paula J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Detailed mapping SE of Fort Augustus has revealed the presence of two distinct successions, lithostratigraphically subdivided into nine formations. The upper Corrieyairack Succession is overlain conformably by the Leven Schists of the Dalradian Supergroup and is in tectonic contact with the lower Glenshirra Succession. Both successions are geochemically distinct from the Lower Dalradian and are considered to be part of the Grampian Division. The two successions are also petrographically and geochemically distinct from each other and these differences are considered to represent variations in the nature of the original sediments. The lower Glenshirra Succession appears to represent a series of arkosic sediments deposited in an oxidising environment whilst the Corrieyairack Succession has affinities closer to greywackes. There are also minor differences in geochemistry between the individual formations, which support the structural and stratigraphic interpretation of the area.
The petrogenesis of the Tertiary basaltic and intermediate lavas of northeast Ireland
Authors: Lyle P. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
New trace element results are presented for the Tertiary basaltic and intermediate lavas in Antrim, including REE data available for the first time. The Lower Basalts are characteristically light REE enriched relative to chondritic values, the associated intermediate lavas are substantially enriched with marked negative Eu anomalies and the Upper Basalts are light REE depleted. The Lower Basalts probably formed by low degrees (<10%) of partial melting of a spinel lherzolite mantle with high-level fractionation of mainly olivine and plagioclase to produce the associated intermediate lavas. This mantle source may have been depleted by a previous magmatic episode in Permian times. The Upper Basalts probably result from a second stage fusion of the same mantle source with partial melting greater than 10%. They represent a change to magmas resembling Preshal Mhor type with MORB characteristics and are the final stages of an abortive rifting episode recognized elsewhere in the British Tertiary Volcanic Province.
Scottish Carboniferous amphibian localities
Authors: Smithson T. R. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A catalogue of Carboniferous amphibian localities in Scotland is given. The horizon, matrix lithology and amphibian fauna at each site is recorded, together with a list of the repositories in which the material is housed. The Scottish Carboniferous amphibian fauna is divisible into two discrete assemblages: a Coal Measures assemblage, comprising taxa found elsewhere in the British Coal Measures; and a pre-Coal Measures assemblage restricted to the Midland Valley. The Carboniferous flora and fish fauna appear to partition in a similar way. The boundary between these two assemblages is represented by the Passage Group.
Inter-tidal and sub-tidal organic deposits and sea level changes in the Uists, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Ritchie W. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Inter- and sub-tidal organic deposits are widely distributed along the Atlantic coast of the Uists. Two sites, at Pabbay (Sound of Harris) and Borve (Benbecula), include sub-tidal sections and these have been examined in detail. Fifteen other sites are summarised. Radiocarbon dates, pollen and macro remains in the organic layers indicate that sea level was 3 to 5 m lower between 8800 B.P. and 5164 B.P. than at present. The site at Pabbay provides evidence for a time (around 4366 B.P.) of massive sand-blowing onto the coast. Such sand accumulation may be equated with the origin of machair land in this area. All the sites provide evidence of coastal retreat and substantial changes in coastal outline.
Archaean supracrustal rocks from the Lewisian near Stoer, Sutherland
Authors: Cartwright I. , Fitches W. R. , O'Hara M. J. , Barnicoat A. C. , O'Hara S. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A previously unreported supracrustal suite, the “Cnoc an t-Sidhean Supracrustals”, together with at least three generations of acid and basic orthogneiss form the Lewisian complex at Stoer. Both supracrustals and orthogneisses underwent Badcallian granulite facies metamorphism and polyphase deformation, including the formation of major Badcallian recumbent folds.
Upper Old Red Sandstone sedimentation in the Buchan oilfield, North Sea
Authors: Richards Philip C. 
Published: January 2010

SynopsisA fining and maturing upwards fluvial sequence of Devonian to Viséan age forms the reservoir section of the Buchan oilfield. An upward transition occurs from mainly bed-transport deposits to bed-transport plus suspension deposits. The lower part of the sequence comprises multi-storey sand bodies deposited in mobile-channel belts and during sheetfloods. The upper part of the sequence is characterised by a greater number of fining-upward cycles, an increase in the amount of fine grained material and an increase in the number of cornstone horizons. It was deposited in a system of channels and associated flood basins, over which waning-flow sheetflood deposition periodically occurred.The upward change in facies and sedimentation style is interpreted as being due to the combined influences of three processes: a) a rise in sea level that raised river base levels; b) a change in climate and c) a decrease in the sediment supply from the soure area, which was possibly a granitic intrusion to the WNW of the field.
Hydrocarbon source rock potential of the Devonian rocks of the Orcadian Basin
Authors: Marshall J. E. A. , Brown J. F. , Hindmarsh S. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Potential hydrocarbon source rocks are evaluated from the Devonian Orcadian Basin (plus a small suite from the Hornelen Basin, Norway) for organic matter richness, type and maturation level. Techniques used include total organic carbon determination, pyrolysis, visual kerogen typing, spore colour and vitrinite reflectance. The sequences of SE Shetland, the Walls Sandstone, Fair Isle and the Hornelen Basin only contain small amounts of organic matter and were probably thermally mature before any significant cover was established and any minor hydrocarbons generated were soon lost. The main development of the Orcadian Basin does contain significant Middle Devonian and minor Lower Devonian hydrocarbon source rocks with oil and gas prone materials which are still in the oil window for the majority of the succession. Speculations are made concerning the possibility of hydrocarbons accumulating from this part of the sequence and prospects include reservoirs in the Upper Old Red Sandstone, Eday Beds, John O'Groats Sandstone, and the Lower Old Red Sandstone although deep ‘weathering’ effects are probably detrimental to preservation. Aeolian beds associated with extensive organic rich units may also be significant. Possible sites for hydrocarbon accumulation are the offshore half graben structures beneath the Moray Firth and in the onshore Devonian sequence. The timing of hydrocarbon generation is thought to be early.
Some comments on sedimentary basin development in the Northern North Sea
Authors: Beach Alastair 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A discussion of some of the problems concerning the structural development of sedimentary basins in the Northern North Sea is made. The Basin and Range Province, often used as an example for the geometry of extensional basins, may not be a good parallel for the Mesozoic North Sea basins, but may be appropriate for the Devonian basins. The Devonian basins originated during the extensional collapse of thickened Caledonian crust to a more normal thickness, a period of crustal restoration. In contrast, Mesozoic basins developed during a period of crustal attenuation, where normal crust was extensively modified to a variably thinned crust. Mesozoic basins cross some of the major Caledonian tectonic elements and may have been built on a Devonian basin architecture. During the Mesozoic, there are significant departures from the subsidence vs. stretching relation predicted by models for extensional basins, and a system of linked tectonics and detachments is invoked. The Northern North Sea forms the northern corner of the NW European block which deformed during the Mesozoic within the boundaries defined by the Tornquist, Biscay and Rockall–Faeroes fault systems. A semi-quantitative displacement vector diagram for the Northern North Sea within this block is presented.
The evolution of the Scottish mineral sub-province
Authors: Russell M. J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Lewisian rocks, or their equivalents to the northwest, were the ultimate source of most of the elements featuring in economic concentrations of industrial or metalliferous minerals in Scotland northwest of a line running through Loch Tay. Processes of derivation and concentration of these elements were: 1) mechanical weathering, particularly of the potassium-rich Laxfordian, to give the Moinian sub-arkoses and semipelites which were later attacked by convecting waters to release Ba, Pb, Zn and Ag for ore deposition in the Middle Dalradian (e.g. the sedimentary ores of Aberfeldy), 2) alkaline chemical weathering to produce smectite and illite bearing palaeosoils on the Lewisian; weathering which also released groundwaters rich in K, Al and Si for aluminosilicate formation by ‘reverse weathering’ in the seas around the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary (e.g. K-feldspar in the Fucoid beds, Ba-feldspar at Aberfeldy and muscovite in the Dalradian), 3) direct partial melting to contribute molybdenum and minor gold to Caledonian granitoids.

Mantle contributions to the crust, partly revealed by the Sm/Nd studies of O'Nions
et al.
(1983) and Halliday (1984) added Cr, Ni, Cu and Au to the Dalradian during rifting. Ba, Pb, Zn, Ag, Au, Pt, As and Sb were added during subduction and accretion of the Iapetus ocean floor and sediments in the Lower Palaeozoic. Certain associations of these elements were remobilized during the later stages of Caledonian magmatism (e.g. Cu and Au). Leaching of these source rocks also took place during early and late Carboniferous rifting when hydrothermal solutions produced the Pb + Zn veins at Leadhills and the Ag + Co + Cu + BaSO
4
mineralization in the Ochils respectively. Chemical weathering, particularly of the early Carboniferous basaltic pile in the reducing and acidic conditions of the Middle Carboniferous led to the generation of clay band ironstones and bauxitic clays.
Oil exploration and production in Scotland
Authors: Hallett D. , Durant G. P. , Farrow G. E. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The oil industry in Scotland spans a period of 136 years from James Young's patent on extracting oil from cannel coal, to the attainment of oil production from the North Sea of 2.6 million barrels per day. Subsequent to the First World War a campaign of onshore oil exploration began in Scotland, which is still in progress today. Operations in offshore Scottish waters have now been in progress for almost 20 years, and activity in 1984 was at a record level. The development of this industry has been subject to constraints in three main areas: technology, economics and legislation. The interaction of these three elements is examined in relation to both onshore and offshore exploration.
A late-Devensian pollen site in Cowal, south-west Scotland
Authors: Tipping Richard 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A thick sequence of clays and gyttja sediments from a valley in the north-west of the Cowal Peninsula is shown on palynological grounds to be of Late-Devensian (Loch Lomond Stadial) and early Flandrian age. The Stadial depositional environment is considered by comparison with varved glacial sediments in other regions to be glaciolacustrine in origin. Correlation of the basal part of this sequence with a prominent terminal moraine of probable Loch Lomond Stadial age leads to the proposal that Stadial glacial activity in the Cowal Peninsula was considerably greater than is at present recognized.
Provenance and setting of some Ordovician and Silurian conglomerates in Northern Ireland
Authors: Simon J. B. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The marine Caradoc–Llandovery deposits of the Pomeroy and Lisbellaw inliers in counties Tyrone and Fermanagh, which accumulated in a basin that deepened southwards towards the Longford–Down accretionary prism, contain rare conglomerates of predominantly vein quartz, quartzite and undeformed igneous clasts. These rocks have a similar setting and dispersal to the Llanvirn–Wenlock deposits of the Girvan area of Scotland, and in Ireland it is likely that coarse grained debris was also derived from pre-Dalradian metamorphic basement and an island arc complex to the north. It is possible, though not certain, that this source area is represented by Ordovician igneous rocks and metasediments of the Tyrone Igneous Complex.
Loch Lomond Advance glaciers in Assynt, Sutherland, and their palaeoclimatic implications
Authors: Lawson T. J. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Evidence for the limits of seven glaciers that formed in the Assynt area during the Loch Lomond Stadial is presented. Palaeoclimatic inferences based on reconstructions of these former glaciers support the view that the principle snow-bearing winds came from the south, and that glacial accumulation was aided by snow blown onto glacier surfaces by south-westerly and possibly north-westerly winds. One former glacier near Stronchrubie occupies an anomalously low position with an unfavourable aspect. A large potential snow-collecting area to the south and west, from which snow may have been redistributed by such winds, is suggested as the reason for the existence of this glacier.
Alluvial fans and an outwash fan in upper Glen Roy, Lochaber
Authors: Peacock J. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Mapping in upper Glen Roy suggests that, contrary to recent opinion, the Turret outwash fan and a few of the alluvial fans are largely subaerial in origin. It is proposed that the outwash fan was formed at a late stage in the retreat of ice from the Late Devensian maximum. The alluvial fans seem to have been laid down chiefly in the interval between deglaciation and the flooding of upper Glen Roy by the lakes associated with the Parallel Roads.
Shoreface storm deposits in the Rannoch Formation (Middle Jurassic), North West Hutton oilfield
Authors: Richards Philip C. , Brown Stewart 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Rannoch Formation of the NW Hutton oilfield is interpreted as a marine offshore to shoreface, storm-wave influenced deposit.
Four facies are recognised in drill cores: 1) heterolithic beds; 2) laminated and hummocky cross stratified (HCS) micacaeous sandstone; 3) indistinctly laminated micaceous sandstone; and 4) structureless sandstone. Facies 1 is interpreted as an offshore to shoreface transition deposit with thin storm-emplaced sandstone beds. The remaining facies represent the products of shoreface deposition under storm conditions of varying severity. Associated bioturbated sandstones represent periods of fair weather reworking.
The Rannoch Formation in the NW Hutton area is typical of the formation elsewhere in the UK northern North Sea and is therefore interpreted as a widespread, storm-dominated, offshore to shoreface regressive sequence.