bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poisons information in Scotland: delivery of TOXBASE on the Internet
Authors: Bateman D. N. , Good A. M. , Kelly C. A. , Laing W. J. 
Published: April 2009

Poisons information in the UK is provided by the six centres of the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS). In mid-1999 an existing database, TOXBASE, was modernized and transferred to the Internet and made freely available to health professionals working in the National Health Service. We report the effect of this change on poisons information provision in Scotland in 2000. Telephone and TOXBASE enquiry profiles and agent accesses, were examined by enquirer source and Scottish Health Board (corrected for population size). Indices used included number of telephone enquiries and computer usage data, including details of agent and agent category. Enquiries to TOXBASE were found to be more than 3.4 times more frequent than by telephone. Profile of agents was generally similar, apart primarily from ethanol, which was a more frequent telephone agent. There was a negative correlation between population-corrected volume of telephone enquiries and TOXBASE sessions by the health board. Most telephone enquiries came from primary care, whereas the major TOXBASE users were Accident and Emergency (A and E) departments. Referrals to senior clinical staff increased from the previous year. Our study concluded that computer information systems are alternative tools to the telephone for poisons information provision. In Scotland there is evidence that the systems complement each other, with no evidence of loss of clinical referrals about more severe poisoning. User feedback has been positive.
The computer in the general practice consultation: a literature review
Authors: Brown J. 
Published: April 2009

The last decade has seen the introduction of computers into more than 80% of general practices in Great Britain. [1] The computerization of practices has many administrative and clinical advantages in areas such as the patient database and repeat prescribing. But, despite this technological revolution, relatively few studies have examined the use of computers in the consultation, their impact on the doctor/patient relationship, or the views of doctors themselves. This paper seeks to review the existing literature systematically and provide a summary focusing on five main areas: • position and use of computers during the consultation; • behaviour associated with the computer; • the patient perspective; • the doctor perspective; • confidentiality.
CArE: A software package for computer-aided nurse education
Authors: Habjanič A. , Kokol P. , Zorman M. , Šlajmer-Japelj M. 
Published: April 2009

Computer-managed instruction (CMI) has been used in nursing education since the late 1960s. It is because of its accessibility and self-paced format that CMI is very well suited both to students and practising nurses, as learning can take place at the learner’s own pace and in his or her own time. In addition CMI also supports continuing education and distant learning. The aim of this paper is to present CArE - a software package for Computer Aided Nu rse Education and in particular, for teaching the basics of the nursing care process. This package has been developed as a result of the Phare TEMPUS project called NICE (Nursing Informatics and Computer Aided Education) [14] [15].
Empowering Older People
Authors: Thompson Neil , Thompson Sue 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: This article explores models and strategies for developing empowering forms of social work practice with older people. • Findings: Social work with older people has strong roots in a predominantly medical model in which the primary objective is to ensure that care is provided. While social work with other client groups has made major steps forward in developing less medicalized approaches, the work undertaken with older people has seen far less progress. This article examines the differences between a care model and an empowerment model, identifies some of the barriers standing in the way of movement from one to the other and considers ways of responding to such barriers. • Applications: The authors identify strategies for developing empowering forms of practice.
Reading Mental Health Inquiries
Authors: Stanley Nicky , Manthorpe Jill 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: This article examines the findings of a series of mental health inquiry reports published in the UK during the 1990s and identifies implications for social workers operating in the field of mental health. • Findings: These inquiry reports have been enormously influential in determining the shape of both services and new legislation. They have also delivered messages concerning practice both in terms of interprofessional communication and coordination and regarding direct work with service users. • Applications: It is argued that social workers can use these inquiries to define their role more constructively and to distinguish their precise contribution to the network of mental health services. This may be particularly necessary at a time of major change.
Knowledge Bases and Knowledge Biases in Social Work
Authors: Payne Malcolm 
Published: April 2009

Summary: The conception of a knowledge base for social work is explored within a multinational/multicultural context. Findings: Flaws in the idea of a knowledge base include the conception that social science knowledge is being continually reconstructed rather than acting as a base, the impossibility of defining a separable body of knowledge and the difficulty of seeing some knowledge as basic to all social work practice. Four arenas of debate within social work where the concept is particularly used are in defining the processes of professionalization, defining training and education curricula, identifying what knowledge is useful in practice and defining professional roles within multidisciplinary teams. Study of the construction and politics of knowledge biases within social work, through examination of the use of knowledge in practice and through consideration of the influence of stakeholders in creating biases, permits understanding of social work knowledge as a continuing interactive process among practitioners and other stakeholders rather than as an established base. Applications: Knowledge in any particular country or specialization of social work may be seen as biases within a broader conception of knowledge.
Abusing Children - Abusing Animals
Authors: Bell Lorna 
Published: April 2009

Summary: Research suggests that if an individual is cruel to animals then he/she is more likely to be aggressive towards his/her partner and children; that children who are abused are more likely to be cruel to animals; and that children who are cruel to animals are more likely to be aggressive towards humans. Because of the potential seriousness of the link between cruelty to animals and a child’s experiences and behaviour, a survey was undertaken in the UK to explore what services were available to children who were cruel to animals. This paper summarizes some of the existing research and describes the study of services. Findings: The findings show that a small number of children are already receiving services, but that most agencies do not routinely include cruelty to animals as part of their assessment. There is no therapy or counselling specifically focused on cruelty to animals, but agencies could provide a range of services appropriate to the needs of the child and/or the family. Applications: This articles highlights the fact that a child’s cruelty to animals may be an important symptom of negative experiences and/or predictor of future aggressive behaviour and that cruelty to animals should be included in assessments of vulnerable children.
Child Asylum Seekers and Refugees
Authors: Jones Adele 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: This article draws on research with young people affected by immigration controls (Jones, 1998), other studies and relevant literature to examine the conditions and treatment of children and young people who seek asylum in the UK. • Findings: The findings highlight the detention and impoverishment of young asylum seekers and inadequacies in local authority provisions as evidence of discriminatory treatment. The author argues that contradictions between law and policy relating to children and those concerned with immigration control, negative social constructions of ‘refugee’ and ‘immigrant’ and the masking of social inequalities in dominant discourses of children’s rights are factors which contribute to this situation. • Applications: The focus of current child care policy within the UK is to improve the quality and consistency of services to children in need, to improve outcomes for children looked after (children separated from birth parents) and to eradicate child poverty. The challenge for social work is to extend this concern to children affected by immigration controls. The author suggests that social workers have a major part to play in reclaiming and revisioning children’s rights as a more inclusive concept in order to address the impact of structural inequality and discrimination on the achievement of rights. Although arising from work in the UK, the findings are more widely applicable in that the need for harmonization of domestic legislation with international agreements is highlighted and in the appeal for a rights-based approach to social work.
Creating Identities?
Authors: Bolzan Natalie , Smith Meg , Mears Jane , Ansiewicz Rhonda 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: Support groups for people with a mental illness have been in existence for over 40 years. The current consumerist agenda constructs people with a mental illness as consumers of mental health services such as support groups. To explore the range and type of support groups in New South Wales, Australia, an empirical study based upon interviews with a purposive sample of respondents with experience of using support groups and a postal questionnaire was conducted. • Findings: From the study it became apparent that (so-called) consumers were challenging the construction of themselves as consumers of services. Instead they were asserting that their contribution to the treatment and management of their illness was closer to that of ‘expert’ than of consumer. • Application: From these findings, we argue that this reconstruction of their self-perceptions suggests that people with a mental illness are challenging the consumerist agenda and acting as social citizens. This change in self-perception by mentally ill people should be addressed by policymakers and practitioners in all forms of social work practice.
Hexavalent bispecific antibodies represent a new class of anticancer therapeutics: 1. Properties of anti-CD20/CD22 antibodies in lymphoma
Authors: Rossi Edmund A. , Goldenberg David M. , Cardillo Thomas M. , Stein Rhona , Chang Chien-Hsing 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe dock and lock (DNL) method is a new technology for generating multivalent antibodies. Here, we report in vitro and in vivo characterizations of 20-22 and 22-20, a pair of humanized hexavalent anti-CD20/22 bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) derived from veltuzumab (v-mab) and epratuzumab (e-mab). The 22-20 was made by site-specific conjugation of e-mab to 4 Fabs of v-mab; 20-22 is of the opposite configuration, composing v-mab and 4 Fabs of e-mab. Each bsAb translocates both CD22 and CD20 into lipid rafts, induces apoptosis and growth inhibition without second-antibody crosslinking, and is significantly more potent in killing lymphoma cells in vitro than their parental antibodies. Although both bsAbs triggered antibody-dependent cellular toxicity, neither displayed complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Intriguingly, 22-20 and 20-22 killed human lymphoma cells in preference to normal B cells ex vivo, whereas the parental v-mab depleted malignant and normal B cells equally. In vivo studies in Daudi tumors revealed 20-22, despite having a shorter serum half-life, had antitumor efficacy comparable with equimolar v-mab; 22-20 was less potent than 20-22 but more effective than e-mab and control bsAbs. These results indicate multiple advantages of hexavalent anti-CD20/22 bsAbs over the individual parental antibodies and suggest that these may represent a new class of cancer therapeutics.
c-Myc–mediated control of cell fate in megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors
Authors: Guo Yinshi , Niu Chao , Breslin Peter , Tang Minghui , Zhang Shubin , Wei Wei , Kini Ameet R. , Paner Gladell P. , Alkan Serhan , Morris Stephan W. , Diaz Manuel , Stiff Patrick J. , Zhang Jiwang 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
It has been found that c-Myc protein plays a critical role in controlling self-renewal versus differentiation in hematopoietic stem cells. We report that c-Myc also controls the fate of megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors through regulating the differentiation of erythroid and megakaryocytic progenitors. In addition to the significant reduction of granulocytes/macrophages and B and T lymphocytes because of the reduction of their corresponding progenitors, we found significantly increased numbers of megakaryocytic progenitors and mature megakaryocytes in bone marrow and spleens of c-Myc-knockout (c-Myc−/−) mice. Differentiation of erythrocytes was blocked at the erythroid progenitor stage. This increased megakaryocytopoiesis is a cell-intrinsic defect of c-Myc-mutant hematopoietic stem cells, as shown by transplantation studies. Furthermore, we found that c-Myc is required for polyploidy formation but not for cytoplasmic maturation of megakaryocytes. Megakaryocytes from c-Myc−/− mice are significantly smaller in size and lower in ploidy than those of control mice; however, because of the dramatic increase in megakaryocyte number, although fewer platelets are produced by each megakaryocyte, a greater than 3-fold increase in platelet number was consistently observed in c-Myc−/− mice. Thus, c-Myc−/− mice develop a syndrome of severe thrombocytosis-anemia-leukopenia because of significant increases in megakaryocytopoiesis and concomitant blockage of erythrocyte differentiation and reductions in myelolymphopoiesis.
Loss of heterozygosity 4q24 and TET2 mutations associated with myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Jankowska Anna M. , Szpurka Hadrian , Tiu Ramon V. , Makishima Hideki , Afable Manuel , Huh Jungwon , O'Keefe Christine L. , Ganetzky Rebecca , McDevitt Michael A. , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractChromosomal abnormalities are frequent in myeloid malignancies, but in most cases of myelodysplasia (MDS) and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), underlying pathogenic molecular lesions are unknown. We identified recurrent areas of somatic copy number–neutral loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and deletions of chromosome 4q24 in a large cohort of patients with myeloid malignancies including MDS and related mixed MDS/MPN syndromes using single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. We then investigated genes in the commonly affected area for mutations. When we sequenced TET2, we found homozygous and hemizygous mutations. Heterozygous and compound heterozygous mutations were found in patients with similar clinical phenotypes without LOH4q24. Clinical analysis showed most TET2 mutations were present in patients with MDS/MPN (58%), including CMML (6/17) or sAML (32%) evolved from MDS/MPN and typical MDS (10%), suggesting they may play a ubiquitous role in malignant evolution. TET2 mutations affected conserved domains and the N terminus. TET2 is widely expressed in hematopoietic cells but its function is unknown, and it lacks homology to other known genes. The frequency of mutations in this candidate myeloid regulatory gene suggests an important role in the pathogenesis of poor prognosis MDS/MPN and sAML and may act as a disease gene marker for these often cytogenetically normal disorders.
Perspectives on thrombosis in essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera: is leukocytosis a causative factor?
Authors: Barbui Tiziano , Carobbio Alessandra , Rambaldi Alessandro , Finazzi Guido 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Leukocyte (WBC) count has been recently identified as an independent predictor of major thrombosis in both essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera (PV). However, whether leukocytosis should be simply considered a marker for vascular disease or whether elevated WBC levels actually contribute directly to causing such disorders is presently matter of many studies. By adopting epidemiologic criteria for causation, we have examined the characteristics to support this association such as (1) strength, (2) consistency, (3) specificity, (4) temporality, (5) biologic gradient, (6) plausibility, (7) experimental evidence, and (8) analogy. Our conclusion supports the notion that baseline leukocytosis in ET and PV patients adds prognostic significance to existing risk factors and that may be considered causative of vascular events. These developments could induce clinicians to incorporate WBC count into standard clinical practice. However, we need prospective clinical studies with stratification of patients according to their baseline leukocyte counts. Until such evidence is available, the decision on how to manage these patients should continue to follow conventional criteria.
Characterization of the expression of Salmonella Type III secretion system factor PrgI, SipA, SipB, SopE2, SpaO, and SptP in cultures and in mice
Authors: Gong Hao , Su Jing , Bai Yong , Miao Lu , Kim Kihoon , Yang Yonghua , Liu Fenyong , Lu Sangwei 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Background
The type III secretion systems (T3SSs) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 and 2 (SPI-1 and SPI-2) are important for invasion of epithelial cells during development of Salmonella-associated enterocolitis and for replication in macrophages during systemic infection, respectively. In vitro studies have previously revealed hierarchical transport of different SPI-1 factors and ordered synergistic/antagonistic relationships between these proteins during Salmonella entry. These results suggest that the level and timing of the expression of these proteins dictate the consequences of bacterial infection and pathogenesis. However, the expression of these proteins has not been extensively studied in vivo, especially during the later stages of salmonellosis when the infection is established.

Results
In this study, we have constructed bacterial strains that contain a FLAG epitope inserted in frame to SPI-1 genes prgI, sipA, sipB, sopE2, spaO, and sptP, and investigated the expression of the tagged proteins both in vitro and in vivo during murine salmonellosis. The tagged Salmonella strains were inoculated intraperitoneally or intragastrically into mice and recovered from various organs. Our results provide direct evidence that PrgI and SipB are expressed in Salmonella colonizing the spleen and cecum of the infected animals at early and late stages of infection. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that the SpaO protein is expressed preferably in Salmonella colonizing the cecum but not the spleen and that SptP is expressed preferably in Salmonella colonizing the spleen but not the cecum.

Conclusion
These results suggest that Salmonella may express different SPI-1 proteins when they colonize specific tissues and that differential expression of these proteins may be important for tissue-specific aspects of bacterial pathogenesis such as gastroenterititis in the cecum and systemic infection in the spleen.
Clinical and ultrasonographic features of abdominal tuberculosis in HIV positive adults in Zambia
Authors: Sinkala Edford , Gray Sylvia , Zulu Isaac , Mudenda Victor , Zimba Lameck , Vermund Sten H , Drobniewski Francis , Kelly Paul 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Background
The diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis (TB) is difficult, especially so in health care facilities in developing countries where laparoscopy and colonoscopy are rarely available. There is little information on abdominal TB in HIV infection. We estimated the prevalence and clinical features of abdominal (excluding genitourinary) TB in HIV infected adults attending the University Teaching Hospital, Zambia.

Methods
We screened 5,609 medical inpatients, and those with fever, weight loss, and clinical features suggestive of abdominal pathology were evaluated further. A clinical algorithm was used to specify definitive investigations including laparoscopy or colonoscopy, with culture of biopsies and other samples.

Results
Of 140 HIV seropositive patients with these features, 31 patients underwent full evaluation and 22 (71%) had definite or probable abdominal TB. The commonest presenting abdominal features were ascites and persistent tenderness. The commonest ultrasound findings were ascites, para-aortic lymphadenopathy (over 1 cm in size), and hepatomegaly. Abdominal TB was associated with CD4 cell counts over a wide range though 76% had CD4 counts <100 cells/μL.

Conclusion
The clinical manifestations of abdominal TB in our HIV-infected patients resembled the well-established pattern in HIV-uninfected adults. Patients with fever, weight loss, abdominal tenderness, abdominal lymphadenopathy, ascites and/or hepatomegaly in Zambia have a high probability of abdominal TB, irrespective of CD4 cell count.
Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human cervical-vaginal fluid using colposcopy samples
Authors: Zegels Geert , Van Raemdonck Geert AA , Coen Edmond P , Tjalma Wiebren AA , Van Ostade Xaveer WM 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundCervical-vaginal fluid (CVF) plays an important role in the prevention of gynecological infections, although little is known about the contribution of CVF proteins to the immunity of the lower female genital tract. In order to analyze the protein composition of human CVF, we used CVF samples that are routinely collected during colposcopy, but are usually discarded. Since these samples are available in large quantities we aimed to analyze their usefulness for proteomics experiments. The samples were analyzed using different prefractionation techniques (ultrafiltration and C4(RP)-LC protein separation) followed by C18(RP)-LC peptide separation and identification by MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry. To determine the reproducibility of this proteomics platform we analyzed three technical replicates. Using spectral counting, protein abundances were estimated in a semiquantitative way. We also compared the results obtained in this study with those from previous studies derived from patients with different physiological conditions in order to determine an overlapping protein set.ResultsIn total, we were able to identify 339 proteins in human CVF of which 151 proteins were not identified in any other proteomics study on human CVF so far. Those included antimicrobial peptides, such as human beta-defensin 2 and cathelicidin, which were known to be present in CVF, and endometrial proteins such as glycodelin and ribonucleoprotein A. Comparison of our results with previously published data led to the identification of a common protein set of 136 proteins. This overlapping protein set shows increased fractions of immunological and extracellular proteins, confirming the extracellular immunological role of CVF.ConclusionWe demonstrated here that CVF colposcopy samples can be used in proteomics experiments and hence are applicable for biomarker discovery experiments. The delineation of an overlapping set of proteins that is identified in most proteomics studies on CVF may help in the description of a reference proteome when performing proteomics studies on human CVF.