bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The genetic determination of alternate stages in polyphenic insects
Authors: Erezyilmaz Deniz 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMolt‐based transitions in form are a central feature of insect life that have enabled adaptation to diverse and changing environments. The endocrine regulation of these transitions is well established, but an understanding of their genetic regulation has only recently emerged from insect models. The pupal and adult stages of metamorphosing insects are determined by the stage specifying transcription factors broad‐complex (br) and Ecdysone inducible protein 93 (E93), respectively. A probable larval determinant, chronologically inappropriate metamorphosis (chinmo), has just recently been characterized. Expression of these three transcription factors in the metamorphosing insects is regulated by juvenile hormone with ecdysteroid hormones, and by mutual repression between the stage‐specific transcription factors. This review explores the hypothesis that variations in the onset, duration, and tissue‐specific expression of chinmo, br, and E93 underlie other polyphenisms that have arisen throughout insects, including the castes of social insects, aquatic stages of mayflies, and the neoteny of endoparasites. The mechanisms that constrain how chinmo, br, and E93 expression may vary will also constrain the ways that insect life history may evolve. I find that four types of expression changes are associated with novel insect forms: (1) heterochronic shift in the turnover of expression, (2) expansion or contraction of expression, (3) tissue‐specific expression, and (4) redeployment of stage‐specific expression. While there is more to be learned about chinmo, br, and E93 function in diverse insect taxa, the studies outlined here show that insect stages are modular units in developmental time and a substrate for evolutionary forces to act upon.
Integrated reporting quality and negative ESG media coverage: Empirical evidence from South Africa
Authors: Bellucci Marco , Crovini Chiara , Di Fabio Costanza , Simoni Lorenzo 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis study draws upon media agenda‐setting theory to investigate the relationship between negative media coverage around environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues and the quality of integrated reporting (IR). In particular, we examine the top 100 South African listed companies in the 2013–2018 timeframe for 317 firm‐year observations. Our results reveal that IR quality is positively related to negative ESG media coverage. Thus, a company exposed to more media pressure issues higher‐quality IR consistent with its need to face scrutiny and potential reputational damage and to restore or maintain its legitimacy. Results are robust to different measures of negative ESG media coverage, controlling for ESG disclosures, and are confirmed by analyses aimed at addressing endogeneity (instrumental variable approach, firm‐fixed effects, and matched samples). Subsample analyses show that financial sector reputational concerns do not impact our results. Additional tests show no long‐term effects of negative media coverage on IR quality and that sustainability embeddedness alleviates a company's response to negative ESG news in terms of enhanced reporting.
Status and influencing factors of frailty in hospitalized patients with chronic heart failure: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Tang Miaoyan , Zhao Ruifang , Lv Qiaoxia 
Published: June 2024

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the frailty status of inpatients with chronic heart failure (CHF) and analyse its influencing factors, so as to provide evidence for the early identification of high‐risk groups and frailty management.BackgroundEarly identification of frailty can guide the development and implementation of holistic and individualized treatment plans. However, at present, the frailty of patients with CHF has not attracted enough attention.DesignA cross‐sectional study.MethodsFrom June 2022 to June 2023, a convenience sample of 256 participants were recruited at a hospital in China. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of frailty in patients with CHF, and an ROC curve was drawn to determine the cut‐off values for each influencing factor. STROBE checklist guides the reporting of the manuscript.ResultsA total of 270 questionnaires were sent out during the survey, and 256 valid questionnaires were ultimately recovered, resulting in an effective recovery rate of 94.8%. The incidence of frailty in hospitalized patients with CHF was 68.75%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that age, self‐care ability, nutritional risk, Kinesiophobia and NT‐proBNP were risk factors for frailty, while albumin and LVEF were protective factors.ConclusionMultidimensional frailty was prevalent in hospitalized patients with CHF. Medical staff should take measures as early as possible from the aspects of exercise, nutrition, psychology and disease to delay the occurrence and development of frailty and reduce the occurrence of clinical adverse events caused by frailty.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThis study emphasizes the importance of the early identification of multidimensional frailty and measures can be taken to delay the occurrence and development of frailty through exercise, nutrition, psychology and disease treatment.Patient or Public ContributionPatients contributed through sharing their information required for the case report form and filling out questionnaires.
Effect of Face Mask on Lowering COVID‐19 Incidence in School Settings: A Systematic Review
Authors: Viera Luka 
Published: June 2024

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe emergence of COVID‐19 resulted in a substantial loss of education because of global school closures. Face masks are a potential measure to restrain the COVID‐19 spread; therefore, this paper evaluated the effectiveness of face masks in reducing COVID‐19 incidence in school settings.METHODSA systematic review was conducted by searching the literature in the Cochrane COVID‐19 Study Register and the World Health Organization COVID‐19 global literature. Data were summarized in tabular forms, and the findings were presented as narrative synthesis.RESULTSA total of 15,709 records were retrieved. The screening and selection led to the inclusion of 12 observational and 2 quasi‐experimental studies. Nine studies were conducted in different states, counties, or districts of the United States, and the remaining 5 were reported from Germany, Finland, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The results of 10 out of 14 studies favored mask use in reducing school COVID‐19 incidence. Three studies found no link between mask use and COVID‐19 incidences, whereas 1 quasi‐experimental study noted a higher COVID‐19 incidence with mask use in students aged 6‐11 years than no use of mask among preschool children aged 3‐5 years.CONCLUSIONMask mandates may lessen the incidence of respiratory infectious diseases in school settings during a pandemic; more well‐designed studies are warranted to clarify further the evidence regarding mask use in school settings.
A computable general equilibrium model of the monetary policy implications for financial stability in South Africa
Authors: Beyers Conrad , Essel‐Mensah Kojo A. , Tsomocos Dimitrios P. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe South African Reserve Bank (SARB) uses interest rates to control inflation. The Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model can contribute to inflation targeting objective and also determine the effects on banks and the economy. We improved the accuracy of the results from previous work on the banking sector CGE model by estimating the elasticities of the reduced form equations of the model instead of arbitrarily choosing them.Our results conform with the established view that lower policy rates lead to an increase in inflation and a reduction in banks' profits. However, because of the adverse supply shocks arising from the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the increase in the GDP is crowded out. The CGE model is a useful tool for the SARB for monetary policy implications on financial stability, informing and providing analysis on its repo rate decision, and determining the consequent effects on the economy.
Multidimensional Finite Element Models for Geometrically Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses of Rotating Blades
Authors: Azzara Rodolfo , Filippi Matteo , Carrera Erasmo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This study introduces multidimensional finite element models for conducting geometrically nonlinear analyses on rotating structures. The mathematical framework employed is based on the Carrera Unified Formulation, which provides a systematic approach for generating one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional finite element models with varying levels of accuracy. The multidimensional models developed using CUF consist of solid and beam elements. These models utilize a specialized 1D kinematic formulation that solely encompasses displacements as degrees of freedom. This formulation is achieved by combining Lagrange polynomials defined within sub-regions (or elements) bounded by an arbitrary number of points (or nodes). These characteristics align with conventional solid finite elements, facilitating a straightforward summation of inertial and elastic contributions at the shared interface nodes. The governing equations of the models incorporate the effects of rotation, including the Coriolis term and the spin softening matrix. The Green-Lagrange strain tensor’s linear and nonlinear terms are also considered in formulating the 3D and 1D finite elements. Numerical simulations have been conducted on various blade configurations. The obtained nonlinear solutions are compared with linearized ones and validated against results from existing literature.
OC-DICAM: One Class Defect Identification in Composite Aerostructure Material
Authors: Yunker Austin , Kettimuthu Rajkumar , Kral Zachary 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
One of the materials used in the design of aircraft structures is fiber-reinforced composites due to their good tensile strength and resistance to compression. During the manufacturing process, these structures are thoroughly inspected for flaws and defects to ensure structural integrity during commercial use. This non-destructive inspection (NDI) process can be done using ultrasonic testing (UT) due to its effectiveness at detecting flaws embedded within the material surface. Currently, the NDI process is done manually and can be a significant bottleneck in the manufacturing workflow. Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown success in numerous fields including computer vision, natural language processing, and recommendation systems. In this paper, we develop an AI-based assistance tool to drastically reduce inspection time. Typical AI workflows require large amounts of labelled data but defects rarely occur resulting in strong class imbalance. To overcome this, our method utilizes self-supervised learning (SSL) and only requires non-defect data during training. We verify our method using fuselage data generated in a production environment. We show that our method can effectively identify three common types of defects: delamination, foreign object debris (FOD), and porosity.
Rapid Numerical Assessment of Process-Induced Dimensional Changes and Residual Stresses in Large Aerospace Composite Parts
Authors: Zappino Enrico , Zobeiry Navid , Masia Rebecca , Petrolo Marco 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Process-induced deformations (PIDs) are a major issue in fabricating composite aerostructures, hindering the assembly process. For example, geometrical mismatches between spars and wing skins can lead to considerable assembly delays during the assembly of a composite wing box. In these cases, shims with specific geometries, based on the mismatch of the original parts, are fabricated and used to meet the current tight tolerances in aerospace. Given such parts ‘complex and large geometry, process simulations to assess PIDs are often quite slow. This paper aims to evaluate the effect of geometry and design details on PIDs and residual stresses of composite spars efficiently and robustly. Typical cross-sectional geometries such as the Omega shape are considered. Furthermore, the impact of design details, including ply drop-off, on PIDs such as spring-in angles, warpage, and 3D stress distributions are evaluated along long spars.
The structural modeling is handled using 1D higher-order layer-wise theories based on the Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) to speed up the process simulation of large parts. Such theories are necessary to detect relevant mechanical behaviors: transverse stretching, shear deformation, anisotropy, and layer-wise changes of the physical properties. On the other hand, using 1D theories significantly impacts the computational overhead as there are no aspect ratio constraints on the finite elements (FE), thus leading to much fewer degrees of freedom than 2D or 3D models. Although 1D, the model provides the complete 3D strain and stress fields as the primary unknowns — in this paper, pure displacements — are expanded using higher-order Lagrange polynomials to remove the typical assumptions of 1D modes, e.g., rigid cross-sections, null or constant shear distributions.
The evolution of material properties, such as the evolution of the degree of cure, viscoelastic moduli, and free strains, are characterized using established DSC and DMA tests. Accordingly, a cure-hardening instantaneously linear elastic (CHILE) constitutive model is adopted for numerical simulations. The results are verified through analytical formulations and published data in the literature. The proposed simulation approach allows for rapid evaluation of residual stresses and PIDs. Due to its numerical efficiency, the effect of various design parameters can be quickly evaluated. Therefore, this tool can explore the design space for large and complex composite parts and potentially develop mitigation strategies.
Determination of Cohesive Traction Separation Curve for Z-Pinned Interface Using Two Scale Homogenization
Authors: Davidson Paul 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this study a detailed numerical analysis is conducted to determine the traction-separation curve for z-pin under mode-I loading state. A single z-pin is modeled and studied with pre-stress and friction and cohesive interface modeled, to determine the traction-separation curves in mode-I. The results show that a traditional bi-linear or tri-linear traction separation curve is insufficient to capture the bending of z-pin and consequent frictional dissipation due to z-pin contact with the substrate. Based on this study, a new approach to parameterize traction-separation is proposed.
Electrical Characterization and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties of Hybrid Buckypaper Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites
Authors: Tripathi Kartik , Morales Madeline , Hamza Mohamed H. , Henry Todd C. , Hall Asha , Chattopadhyay Aditi 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the utilization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to enhance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding capabilities within aerospace structures. Buckypaper (BP), which is an electrically conductive thin membrane made of highly cross-linked CNTs, provides an effective way to enhance the EMI shielding properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. However, limited work has been reported in predicting the frequency dependent electrical conductivity as well as EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of hybrid BP/CFRP composites. In this paper, a novel quantum tunneling based equivalent circuit approach, in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulations, is employed to characterize the electrical properties of unidirectional CFRP plies. A frequency range of 1 GHz to 12 GHz corresponding to the L to X band frequency spectrum was considered for this study. It was observed that at 12 GHz the longitudinal conductivity decreases to ∼3,300 S/m from a DC conductivity level of 40,000 S/m, while the transverse conductivity concurrently rises from almost nil to ∼12.67 S/m. Subsequently, these results are integrated as effective lamina properties into Ansys High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) to predict SE by simulating the transmission of electromagnetic waves across a semi-infinite shield representative volume element. The numerical simulations illustrate that the inclusion of BP leads to significant improvement in the SE. For an incident radiation at 12 GHz, the incorporation of a single BP interleaf enhances the SE of a [90,0] laminate by up to ∼64% while the incorporation of two BP interleaves in a [90,0,±45,0,90] balanced symmetric laminate enhances its SE by ∼20%. This enhancement can be attributed to the high conductivity of BP at high frequencies.
Analytical and Numerical Modeling of a Thermal Switch via Shape Changing Stimuli-Responsive Material
Authors: Owens Charles Abdol-Hamid , Farzinazar Shiva , Lee Jaeho 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Here the authors present a thermal switch design composed of a stimuli-responsive material (SRM) component paired with a structured material (SM) component for thermal insulation applications. A numerical model is used to assess the performance of a point versus area contact switch design in a vacuum environment where the emissivity is set to ε ≥ 0.00, with a conduction-based analytical model developed to validate the numerical model for when ε = 0.00. A point contact switch is governed by contact at a singular point in the ON state to enhance thermal transport compared to the OFF state. Conversely, when an area contact switch is in the ON state, thermal transport occurs across a cross-sectional area rather than at a point. For the numerical solution of the temperature scalar field, a finite element method (FEM) approach discretizes the governing equations that are solved via the Newton-Raphson method. For the conduction-based analytical solution, a trigonometric approach based on the geometry of the design is used to find the geometrical factor and volume fraction, whose product with the material thermal conductivity produces the switching ratio. Numerical analysis reveals that increasing the contact area of the switching component results in a significant increase in the switching ratio, especially at the geometric limits of the design. When ε = 0, the switching ratio of the point contact is found to be approximately r = 1.54, while the area contact has a switching ratio up to r = 134.25 as the contact area increases to its largest value. The conduction-based analytical model produces a switching ratio that ranges from r = 1.12 to r = 102.61 as the contact area increases to its maximum value. For ε &gt; 0, r increases with ε for s* ≤ 0.20, but r decreases with ε for s* ≥ 0.60, after undergoing an inflection for 0.20 &lt; s* &lt; 0.60. This inversion occurs due to the radiative thermal loss to the ambient environment. With a conduction-only model, the switching ratios of the analytical and numerical models are approximately identical and follow the same trend with increasing contact area. An extended numerical model investigates the thermal contact resistance and mechanical forces that may limit the efficiency of the switch design. This work provides a detailed quantitative analysis on how contact area strongly affects the performance of a thermal switch design that utilizes a stimuli-responsive material as the switching mechanism.
A Global-Local Modelling Approach for Wave Propagation, SHM and Damage Detection in Reinforced Panels Using Integrated Piezoelectric Sensors
Authors: Zappino Enrico , Najd Jamal , Carrera Erasmo , Harizi Walid , Aboura Zoheir 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This paper presents forward a novel method for the damage detection in smart structures. The use of node-dependent kinematic models, based on the Carrera Unified Formulation, has led to an innovative global-local approach, with the ability to couple finite elements with different kinematics, and thus different levels of accuracy. With such approach it is possible to model a composite structure with embedded piezoelectric transducer, where the integrated patch or region is modelled using high-fidelity models, as the complex phenomena is expected to happen locally around that area. Thus, the use of layer-wise model is necessary on the level where higher accuracy is needed, as in the embedded area, whereas it remains possible to implement the cost efficient homogenized equivalent single layer models in other areas, reducing the computational cost. This approach has been used to study the lamb-wave propagation in reinforced composite panels, where a damage has been introduced. The detection of such damage through pitch and catch set-up has been studied. The reflected signal due to damage has also been investigated. The results show that this approach may provide accurate damage detection localization and accurate wave propagation despite the presence of localized models with sensors/ actuators.
An in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of pathogenic single-cell microorganisms
Authors: Feix Anna Sophia , Tabaie Emily Z. , Singh Aarshi N. , Wittenberg Nathan J. , Wilson Emma H. , Joachim Anja 
Published: June 2024

SUMMARY
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recognized throughout scientific communities as potential vehicles of intercellular communication in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, thereby influencing various physiological and pathological functions of both parent and recipient cells. This review provides an in-depth exploration of the multifaceted roles of EVs in the context of bacteria and protozoan parasite EVs, shedding light on their contributions to physiological processes and disease pathogenesis. These studies highlight EVs as a conserved mechanism of cellular communication, which may lead us to important breakthroughs in our understanding of infection, mechanisms of pathogenesis, and as indicators of disease. Furthermore, EVs are involved in host–microbe interactions, offering insights into the strategies employed by bacteria and protozoan parasites to modulate host responses, evade the immune system, and establish infections.