bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baker functions for compact Riemann surfaces
Authors: Schilling R. J. 
Published: June 2010

This article contains a proof of an important theorem in soliton mathematics. The theorem, stated roughly in [4], contains necessary conditions for the existence of a vector function
\[

ψ
(
t
,
p
)
=
(

ψ
1

(
t
,
p
)
,
…
,

ψ
l

(
t
,
p
)
)
,

t
∈

C

g

,

p
∈
R
,

\psi (t,p) = ({\psi _1}(t,p), \ldots ,{\psi _l}(t,p)),\quad t \in {{\mathbf {C}}^g},\quad p \in R,

\]
with prescribed poles and

l
l

essential singularities an a compact Riemann surface

R
R

of genus

g
g

.

ψ
\psi

is called a Baker function in honor of the 1928 article [1] of H. F. Baker. This report clarifies Krichever’s description of

ψ
\psi

for

l
>
1

l > 1

essential singularities. The divisors

δ
α

{\delta _\alpha }

in (1) below are the key to the

l
>
1

l > 1

construction. Krichever’s

(
l
>
1
)

(l > 1)

construction is not easy to deal with in practical problems. E. Previato [5] noted this and applied our characterization of the

δ
α

{\delta _\alpha }

to construct the finite gap solutions to the nonlinear Schroedinger equation.
Large cardinals and strong model theoretic transfer properties
Authors: Foreman Matthew 
Published: June 2010

In this paper we prove the following theorem:

[

C
o
n

(

Z
F
C

+

t
h
e
r
e

i
s

a

2
−

h
u
g
e

c
a
r
d
i
n
a
l
)
⇒
f
o
r

a
l
l

n

[{\rm {Con}}({\rm {ZFC}}\,{\rm { + }}\,there\,is\,a\,{\rm {2 - }}huge\,cardinal) \Rightarrow for\,all\,n

\[

C
o
n

(

Z
F
C
+

(

ℵ

n
+
3

,

ℵ

n
+
2

,

ℵ

n
+
1

)
↠
(

ℵ

n
+
2

,

ℵ

n
+
1

,

ℵ
n

)
)

{\rm {Con}}({\rm {ZFC + }}({\aleph _{n + 3}},{\aleph _{n + 2}},{\aleph _{n + 1}}) \twoheadrightarrow ({\aleph _{n + 2}},{\aleph _{n + 1}},{\aleph _n}))

\]
. We do this by using iterated forcing to collapse the

2
2

-huge cardinal to

ℵ

n
+
1

{\aleph _{n + 1}}

and extending the elementary embedding generically.
Weighted nonlinear potential theory
Authors: Adams David R. 
Published: June 2010

The potential theoretic idea of the "thinness of a set at a given point" is extended to the weighted nonlinear potential theoretic setting—the weights representing in general singularities/degeneracies—and conditions on these weights are given that guarantee when two such notions are equivalent at the given point. When applied to questions of boundary regularity for solutions to (degenerate) elliptic second-order partial differential equations in bounded domains, this result relates the boundary Wiener criterion for one operator to that of another, and in the linear case gives conditions for boundary regular points to be the same for various operators. The methods also yield two weight norm inequalities for Riesz potentials
\[

(

∫

(

I
α

∗

f
)

q

v

d
x

)

1

/

q

⩽

(

∫

f
p

w

d
x

)

1

/

p

,

{\left ( {\int {{{({I_\alpha }{\ast }f)}^q}v\,dx} } \right )^{1/q}} \leqslant {\left ( {\int {{f^p}w\,dx} } \right )^{1/p}},

\]

1
>
p
⩽
q
>
∞

1 > p \leqslant q > \infty

, which at least in the first-order case

(
α
=
1
)

(\alpha = 1)

have found some use in a number of places in analysis.
Numerical construction of Gaussian quadrature formulas for ∫₀¹(-𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑥)⋅𝑥^{𝛼}⋅𝑓(𝑥)⋅𝑑𝑥 and ∫₀^{∞}𝐸_{𝑚}(𝑥)⋅𝑓(𝑥)⋅𝑑𝑥
Authors: Danloy Bernard 
Published: June 2010

Most nonclassical Gaussian quadrature rules are difficult to construct because of the loss of significant digits during the generation of the associated orthogonal polynomials. But, in some particular cases, it is possible to develop stable algorithms. This is true for at least two well-known integrals, namely
\[

∫
0
1

−
(

Log

x
)
⋅

x
α

⋅
f
(
x
)
⋅
d
x

and

∫
0
∞

E
m

(
x
)
⋅
f
(
x
)
⋅

d
x
.

\int _0^1 { - ({\operatorname {Log}}\;x) \cdot {x^\alpha } \cdot f(x) \cdot dx\quad {\text {and}}\quad \int _0^\infty {{E_m}(x) \cdot f(x) \cdot } dx.}

\]
A new approach is presented, which makes use of known classical Gaussian quadratures and is remarkably well-conditioned since the generation of the orthogonal polynomials requires only the computation of discrete sums of positive quantities. Finally, some numerical results are given.
On the eigenvectors of a finite-difference approximation to the Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problem
Authors: Gekeler Eckart 
Published: June 2010

This paper is concerned with a centered finite-difference approximation to to the nonselfadjoint Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problem
\[

L
[
u
]
=
−

[
a
(
x
)

u
x

]

x

−
b
(
x
)

u
x

+
c
(
x
)
u
=
λ
u
,

0
>
x
>
1
,

u
(
0
)
=
u
(
1
)
=
0.

\begin {array}{*{20}{c}} {L[u] = - {{[a(x){u_x}]}_x} - b(x){u_x} + c(x)u = \lambda u,\quad 0 > x > 1,} \hfill \\ {u(0) = u(1) = 0.} \hfill \\ \end {array}

\]
It is shown that the eigenvectors

W
p

{W_p}

of the

M
×
M

M \times M

-matrix (

Δ
x
=
1

/

(
M
+
1
)

\Delta x = 1/(M + 1)

mesh size), which approximates L, are bounded in the maximum norm independent of M if they are normalized so that

|

W
p

|

2

=
1

|{W_p}{|_2} = 1

.
On asymptotic properties of aliquot sequences
Authors: Erdős P. 
Published: June 2010

Put

s

(
1
)

(
n
)
=
σ
(
n
)
−
n
,
σ
(
n
)
=

Σ

d

/

n

d

{s^{(1)}}(n) = \sigma (n) - n,\sigma (n) = {\Sigma _{d/n}}d

.

s
k

(
n
)
=

s

(
1
)

(

s

(
k
−
1
)

(
n
)
)

{s^k}(n) = {s^{(1)}}({s^{(k - 1)}}(n))

. In this note we prove that for every k the density of integers satisfying
\[

s
k

(
n
)
=
(
1
+
σ
(
1
)
)
n

(
(
σ
(
n
)
−
n
)

/

n

)
k

{s^k}(n) = (1 + \sigma (1))n{((\sigma (n) - n)/n)^k}

\]
is 1. Several unsolved problems are stated.
The Szekeres multidimensional continued fraction
Authors: Cusick T. W. 
Published: June 2010

In his paper "Multidimensional continued fractions" (Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Eötvös Sect. Math., v. 13, 1970, pp. 113-140), G. Szekeres introduced a new higher dimensional analogue of the ordinary continued fraction expansion of a single real number. The Szekeres algorithm associates with each k-tuple

(

α
1

,
…
,

α
k

)

({\alpha _1}, \ldots ,{\alpha _k})

of real numbers (satisfying

0
>

α
i

>
1

0 > {\alpha _i} > 1

) a sequence

b
1

,

b
2

,
…

{b_1}, {b_2}, \ldots

of positive integers; this sequence is called a continued k-fraction, and for k = 1 it is just the sequence of partial quotients of the ordinary continued fraction for

α
1

{\alpha _1}

. A simple recursive procedure applied to

b
1

,

b
2

,
…

{b_1}, {b_2}, \ldots

produces a sequence

a
(
n
)
=
(

A
n

(
1
)

/

B
n

,
…
,

A
n

(
k
)

/

B
n

)

(
n
=
1
,
2
,
…
;

A
n

(
i
)

⩾
0

a(n) = (A_n^{(1)}/{B_n}, \ldots ,A_n^{(k)}/{B_n})\;(n = 1,2, \ldots ;A_n^{(i)} \geqslant 0

and

B
n

>
0

{B_n} > 0

are integers) of simultaneous rational approximations to

(

α
1

,
…
,

α
k

)

({\alpha _1}, \ldots ,{\alpha _k})

and a sequence

c
(
n
)
=
(

c

n
0

,

c

n
1

,
…
,

c

n
k

)

(
n
=
1
,
2
,
…
)

c(n) = ({c_{n0}},{c_{n1}}, \ldots ,{c_{nk}})\;(n = 1,2, \ldots )

of integer

(
k
+
1
)

(k + 1)

-tuples such that the linear combination

c

n
0

+

c

n
1

α
1

+
⋯
+

c

n
k

α
k

{c_{n0}} + {c_{n1}}{\alpha _1} + \cdots + {c_{nk}}{\alpha _k}

approximates zero. Szekeres conjectured, on the basis of extensive computations, that the sequence

a
(
1
)
,
a
(
2
)
,
…

a(1),a(2), \ldots

contains all of the "best" simultaneous rational approximations to

(

α
1

,
…
,

α
k

)

({\alpha _1}, \ldots ,{\alpha _k})

and that the sequence

c
(
1
)
,
c
(
2
)
,
…

c(1),c(2), \ldots

contains all of the "best" approximations to zero by the linear form

x
0

+

x
1

α
1

+
⋯
+

x
n

α
n

{x_0} + {x_1}{\alpha _1} + \cdots + {x_n}{\alpha _n}

. For the special case k = 2 and

α
1

=

θ
2

−
1
,

α
2

=
θ
−
1

{\alpha _1} = {\theta ^2} - 1,{\alpha _2} = \theta - 1

(where

θ
=
2
cos
⁡
(
2
π

/

7
)

\theta = 2\cos (2\pi /7)

is the positive root of

x
3

+

x
2

−
2
x
−
1
=
0

{x^3} + {x^2} - 2x - 1 = 0

, Szekeres further conjectured that the 2-fraction

b
1

,

b
2

,
…

{b_1},{b_2}, \ldots

is "almost periodic" in a precisely defined sense. In this paper the Szekeres conjectures concerning best approximations to zero by the linear form

x
0

+

x
1

(

θ
2

−
1
)
+

x
2

(
θ
−
1
)

{x_0} + {x_1}({\theta ^2} - 1) + {x_2}(\theta - 1)

and concerning almost periodicity for the 2-fraction of

(

θ
2

−
1
,
θ
−
1
)

({\theta ^2} - 1,\theta - 1)

are proved. The method used can be applied to other pairs of cubic irrationals

α
1

,

α
2

{\alpha _1},{\alpha _2}

.
On multiple node Gaussian quadrature formulae
Authors: Barrow David L. 
Published: June 2010

Let

μ
1

,
…
,

μ
k

{\mu _1}, \ldots ,{\mu _k}

be odd positive integers and

n
=

Σ

i
=
1

k

(

μ
i

+
1
)

n = \Sigma _{i = 1}^k({\mu _i} + 1)

. Let

{

μ
i

}

i
=
1

n

\{ {\mu _i}\} _{i = 1}^n

be an extended Tchebycheff system on

[
a
,
b
]

[a,b]

. Let L be a positive linear functional on

U
≡

span

(
{

μ
i

}
)

U \equiv {\operatorname {span}}(\{ {\mu _i}\} )

. We prove that L has a unique representation in the form
\[

L
(
p
)
=

∑

i
=
1

k

∑

j
=
0

μ
i

−
1

a

i
j

p

(
j
)

(

t
i

)
,

a
>

t
1

>
⋯
>

t
k

>
b
,

L(p) = \sum \limits _{i = 1}^k {\sum \limits _{j = 0}^{{\mu _i} - 1} {{a_{ij}}{p^{(j)}}({t_i}),\quad a > {t_1} > \cdots > {t_k} > b,} }

\]
for all

p
∈
U

p \in U

. The proof uses the topological degree of a mapping

F
:

D
¯

⊂

R
k

→

R
k

F:\overline D \subset {R^k} \to {R^k}

. The result is proved by showing that the equation

F
(

t
_

)
=
0

F(\underline {t}) = 0

has a unique solution, which in turn is proved by showing that F has degree 1 and that for any solution

t
_

\underline {t}

to the equation

F
(

t
_

)
=
0

F(\underline {t}) = 0

,

det
F
′
(

t
_

)
>
0

\det F\prime (\underline {t}) > 0

. We also give extensions to the cases when the

{

u
i

}

\{ {u_i}\}

are a periodic extended Tchebycheff system and when L is a nonnegative linear functional.
Tabulation of constants for full grade 𝐼_{𝑀𝑁} approximants
Authors: Zakian V. , Edwards M. J. 
Published: June 2010

For

f
:
[
0
,
∞
)
→
R

f:[0,\infty ) \to R

the

I

M
N

{I_{MN}}

approximant of

f
(
t
)

f(t)

is
\[

I

M
N

(
f
,
t
)
=

∫
0
∞

f
(
x
t
)

∑

i
=
1

N

K
i

e

−

α
i

x

d
x
,

{I_{MN}}(f,t) = \int _0^\infty {f(xt)\sum \limits _{i = 1}^N {{K_i}{e^{ - {\alpha _i}x}}dx,} }

\]
where

α
i

{\alpha _i}

,

K
i

{K_i}

are defined constants. Under appropriate conditions on f,

I

M
N

{I_{MN}}

approximants of full grade are capable of giving good approximation both for small and large t. These and other properties of full grade

I

M
N

{I_{MN}}

approximants make them particularly useful in a wide range of practical applications. The constants

α
i

{\alpha _i}

,

K
i

{K_i}

of full grade

I

M
N

{I_{MN}}

approximants are generated by partial fraction decompositions of certain Padé approximants to

e

−
z

{e^{ - z}}

. The purpose of this paper is firstly to tabulate the constants

α
i

{\alpha _i}

,

K
i

{K_i}

for all full grade

I

M
N

{I_{MN}}

approximants for

1
⩽
N
⩽
10

1 \leqslant N \leqslant 10

; secondly, to give accurate estimates of their precision; and thirdly, to describe the methods of tabulation and estimation in sufficient detail to allow the results of this paper to be extended readily.
Numerical approximation of a Cauchy problem for a parabolic partial differential equation
Authors: Ewing Richard E. , Falk Richard S. 
Published: June 2010

A procedure for the numerical approximation of the Cauchy problem for the following linear parabolic partial differential equation is defined:
\[

u
t

−

(
p
(
x
)

u
x

)

x

+
q
(
x
)
u
=
0
,

0
>
x
>
1
,
0
>
t
⩽
T
;

u
(
0
,
t
)
=

f
1

(
t
)
,

0
>
t
⩽
T
;

u
(
1
,
t
)
=

f
2

(
t
)
,

0
>
t
⩽
T
;

p
(
0
)

u
x

(
0
,
t
)
=
g
(
t
)
,

0
>

t
0

⩽
t
⩽
T
;

|

u
(
x
,
t
)

|

⩽
M
,

0
⩽
x
⩽
1
,
0
⩽
t
⩽
T
.

\begin {array}{*{20}{c}} {{u_t} - {{(p(x){u_x})}_x} + q(x)u = 0,\quad 0 > x > 1,0 > t \leqslant T;\quad u(0,t) = {f_1}(t),} \hfill \\ {0 > t \leqslant T;\quad u(1,t) = {f_2}(t),\quad 0 > t \leqslant T;\quad p(0){u_x}(0,t) = g(t),} \hfill \\ {0 > {t_0} \leqslant t \leqslant T;\quad |u(x,t)| \leqslant M,\quad 0 \leqslant x \leqslant 1,0 \leqslant t \leqslant T.} \hfill \\ \end {array}

\]
The procedure involves Galerkin-type numerical methods for related parabolic initial boundary-value problems and a linear programming problem. Explicit a priori error estimates are presented for the entire discrete procedure when the data

f
1

{f_1}

,

f
2

{f_2}

, and g are known only approximately.
Sharp maximum norm error estimates for finite element approximations of the Stokes problem in 2-D
Authors: Durán R. , Nochetto R. H. , Wang Jun Ping 
Published: June 2010

This paper deals with finite element approximations of the Stokes equations in a plane bounded domain

Ω
\Omega

, using the so-called velocity-pressure mixed formulation. Quasi-optimal error estimates in the maximum norm are derived for the velocity, its gradient and the pressure fields. The analysis relies on abstract properties which are in turn a consequence of the eixstence of a local projection operator

Π
h

{\Pi _h}

satisfying
\[

∫
Ω

div
⁡
(

v

−

Π
h

v

)
q

d

x

=
0
,

∀

v

∈

[

H
0
1

(
Ω
)
]

2

,
∀
q
∈

M
h

,

\int _\Omega \operatorname {div}({\mathbf {v}} - {\Pi _h}{\mathbf {v}})q\;d{\mathbf {x}} = 0,\quad \forall {\mathbf {v}} \in {{[H_0^1(\Omega )]}^2},\forall q \in {M_h},

\]
where

M
h

{M_h}

is the finite element space associated with the pressure. Several examples for which this operator can be constructed locally illustrate the theory.
A family of Gauss-Kronrod quadrature formulae
Authors: Gautschi Walter , Rivlin Theodore J. 
Published: June 2010

We show, for each

n
≥
1

n \geq 1

, that the

(
2
n
+
1
)

(2n + 1)

-point Kronrod extension of the n-point Gaussian quadrature formula for the measure
\[

d

σ
γ

(
t
)
=

(
1
+
γ

)
2

(
1
−

t
2

)

1

/

2

d
t

/

(

(
1
+
γ

)
2

−
4
γ

t
2

)
,

−
1
>
γ
≤
1
,

d{\sigma _\gamma }(t) = {(1 + \gamma )^2}{(1 - {t^2})^{1/2}}dt/({(1 + \gamma )^2} - 4\gamma {t^2}),\quad - 1 > \gamma \leq 1,

\]
has the properties that its

n
+
1

n + 1

Kronrod nodes interlace with the n Gauss nodes and all its

2
n
+
1

2n + 1

weights are positive. We also produce explicit formulae for the weights.
Incomplete hyperelliptic integrals and hypergeometric series
Authors: Loiseau J.-F. , Codaccioni J.-P. , Caboz R. 
Published: June 2010

We consider the incomplete hyperelliptic integral
\[

H
(
a
,
X
)
=

∫
0
X

d
x

a
−

λ
2

x
2

−

λ
n

x
n

H(a,X) = \int _0^X {\frac {{dx}}{{\sqrt {a - {\lambda _2}{x^2} - {\lambda _n}{x^n}} }}}

\]
with

a
>
0

a > 0

,

λ
2

>
0

{\lambda _2} > 0

,

n
>
2

n > 2

, where X belongs to the connected component of

{
x

|

λ
2

x
2

+

λ
n

x
n

>
a
}

\{ x|{\lambda _2}{x^2} + {\lambda _n}{x^n} > a\}

containing the origin. Continuing previous work on the complete hyperelliptic integral, we express in this paper

H
(
a
,
X
)

H(a,X)

as a convergent series of hypergeometric type. A brief survey of some applications to algebraic equations and mechanics is then given.
Navier-Stokes equations on thin 3D domains. I. Global attractors and global regularity of solutions
Authors: Raugel Geneviève , Sell George R. 
Published: June 2010

We examine the Navier-Stokes equations (NS) on a thin

3
3

-dimensional domain

Ω
ε

=

Q
2

×
(
0
,
ε
)

{\Omega _\varepsilon } = {Q_2} \times (0,\varepsilon )

, where

Q
2

{Q_2}

is a suitable bounded domain in

R

2

{\mathbb {R}^2}

and

ε
\varepsilon

is a small, positive, real parameter. We consider these equations with various homogeneous boundary conditions, especially spatially periodic boundary conditions. We show that there are large sets

R

(
ε
)

\mathcal {R}(\varepsilon )

in

H
1

(

Ω
ε

)

{H^1}({\Omega _\varepsilon })

and

S

(
ε
)

\mathcal {S}(\varepsilon )

in

W

1
,
∞

(
(
0
,
∞
)
,

L
2

(

Ω
ε

)
)

{W^{1,\infty }}((0,\infty ),{L^2}({\Omega _\varepsilon }))

such that if

U
0

∈

R

(
ε
)

{U_0} \in \mathcal {R}(\varepsilon )

and

F
∈

S

(
ε
)

F \in \mathcal {S}(\varepsilon )

, then (NS) has a strong solution

U
(
t
)

U(t)

that remains in

H
1

(

Ω
ε

)

{H^1}({\Omega _\varepsilon })

for all

t
≥
0

t \geq 0

and in

H
2

(

Ω
ε

)

{H^2}({\Omega _\varepsilon })

for all

t
>
0

t > 0

. We show that the set of strong solutions of (NS) has a local attractor

A

ε

{\mathfrak {A}_\varepsilon }

in

H
1

(

Ω
ε

)

{H^1}({\Omega _\varepsilon })

, which is compact in

H
2

(

Ω
ε

)

{H^2}({\Omega _\varepsilon })

. Furthermore, this local attractor

A

ε

{\mathfrak {A}_\varepsilon }

turns out to be the global attractor for all the weak solutions (in the sense of Leray) of (NS). We also show that, under reasonable assumptions,

A

ε

{\mathfrak {A}_\varepsilon }

is upper semicontinuous at

ε
=
0

\varepsilon = 0

.
Threshold functions for Ramsey properties
Authors: Rödl Vojtěch , Ruciński Andrzej 
Published: June 2010

Probabilistic methods have been used to approach many problems of Ramsey theory. In this paper we study Ramsey type questions from the point of view of random structures. Let

K
(
n
,
N
)

K(n,N)

be the random graph chosen uniformly from among all graphs with

n
n

vertices and

N
N

edges. For a fixed graph

G
G

and an integer

r
r

we address the question what is the minimum

N
=
N
(
G
,
r
,
n
)

N = N(G,r,n)

such that the random graph

K
(
n
,
N
)

K(n,N)

contains, almost surely, a monochromatic copy of

G
G

in every

r
r

-coloring of its edges (

K
(
n
,
N
)
→

(
G

)
r

K(n,N) \to {(G)_r}

, in short). We find a graph parameter

γ
=
γ
(
G
)

\gamma = \gamma (G)

yielding
\[

lim

n
→
∞

Prob
⁡
(
K
(
n
,
N
)
→

(
G

)
r

)
=

{

0

if

N
>
c

n
y

,

1

if

N
>
C

n
y

,

\lim \limits _{n \to \infty } \operatorname {Prob}(K(n,N) \to {(G)_r}) = \left \{ {\begin {array}{*{20}{c}} {0\quad {\text {if }}\;N > c{n^y},} \\ {1\quad {\text {if}}\;N > C{n^y},} \\ \end {array} } \right .\quad

\]
for some

c
c

,

C
>
0

C > 0

. We use this to derive a number of consequences that deal with the existence of sparse Ramsey graphs. For example we show that for all

r
≥
2

r \geq 2

and

k
≥
3

k \geq 3

there exists

C
>
0

C > 0

such that almost all graphs

H
H

with

n
n

vertices and

C

n

2
k

k
+
1

C{n^{\frac {{2k}}{{k + 1}}}}

edges which are

K

k
+
1

{K_{k + 1}}

-free, satisfy

H
→

(

K
k

)
r

H \to {({K_k})_r}

. We also apply our method to the problem of finding the smallest

N
=
N
(
k
,
r
,
n
)

N = N(k,r,n)

guaranteeing that almost all sequences

1
≤

a
1

>

a
2

>
⋯
>

a
N

≤
n

1 \leq {a_1} > {a_2} > \cdots > {a_N} \leq n

contain an arithmetic progression of length

k
k

in every

r
r

-coloring, and show that

N
=
Θ
(

n

k
−
2

k
−
1

)

N = \Theta ({n^{\frac {{k - 2}}{{k - 1}}}})

is the threshold.
AnOrange RipeningMutant Links Plastid NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase Complex Activity to Central and Specialized Metabolism during Tomato Fruit Maturation
Authors: Nashilevitz Shai , Melamed-Bessudo Cathy , Izkovich Yinon , Rogachev Ilana , Osorio Sonia , Itkin Maxim , Adato Avital , Pankratov Ilya , Hirschberg Joseph , Fernie Alisdair R. , Wolf Shmuel , Usadel Björn , Levy Avraham A. , Rumeau Dominique , Aharoni Asaph 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn higher plants, the plastidial NADH dehydrogenase (Ndh) complex supports nonphotochemical electron fluxes from stromal electron donors to plastoquinones. Ndh functions in chloroplasts are not clearly established; however, its activity was linked to the prevention of the overreduction of stroma, especially under stress conditions. Here, we show by the characterization of OrrDs, a dominant transposon-tagged tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutant deficient in the NDH-M subunit, that this complex is also essential for the fruit ripening process. Alteration to the NDH complex in fruit changed the climacteric, ripening-associated metabolites and transcripts as well as fruit shelf life. Metabolic processes in chromoplasts of ripening tomato fruit were affected in OrrDs, as mutant fruit were yellow-orange and accumulated substantially less total carotenoids, mainly β-carotene and lutein. The changes in carotenoids were largely influenced by environmental conditions and accompanied by modifications in levels of other fruit antioxidants, namely, flavonoids and tocopherols. In contrast with the pigmentation phenotype in mature mutant fruit, OrrDs leaves and green fruits did not display a visible phenotype but exhibited reduced Ndh complex quantity and activity. This study therefore paves the way for further studies on the role of electron transport and redox reactions in the regulation of fruit ripening and its associated metabolism.
A Pseudomonas syringae ADP-Ribosyltransferase Inhibits Arabidopsis Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases
Authors: Wang Yujing , Li Jifeng , Hou Shuguo , Wang Xingwei , Li Yuan , Ren Dongtao , Chen She , Tang Xiaoyan , Zhou Jian-Min 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The successful recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as a danger signal is crucial for plants to fend off numerous potential pathogenic microbes. The signal is relayed through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MPK) cascades to activate defenses. Here, we show that the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector HopF2 can interact with Arabidopsis thaliana MAP KINASE KINASE5 (MKK5) and likely other MKKs to inhibit MPKs and PAMP-triggered immunity. Inhibition of PAMP-induced MPK phosphorylation was observed when HopF2 was delivered naturally by the bacterial type III secretion system. In addition, HopF2 Arg-71 and Asp-175 residues that are required for the interaction with MKK5 are also necessary for blocking MAP kinase activation, PAMP-triggered defenses, and virulence function in plants. HopF2 can inactivate MKK5 and ADP-ribosylate the C terminus of MKK5 in vitro. Arg-313 of MKK5 is required for ADP-ribosylation by HopF2 and MKK5 function in the plant cell. Together, these results indicate that MKKs are important targets of HopF2.
Meta‐analysis of drug‐related deaths soon after release from prison
Authors: Merrall Elizabeth L. C. , Kariminia Azar , Binswanger Ingrid A. , Hobbs Michael S. , Farrell Michael , Marsden John , Hutchinson Sharon J. , Bird Sheila M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAims  The transition from prison back into the community is particularly hazardous for drug‐using offenders whose tolerance for heroin has been reduced by imprisonment. Studies have indicated an increased risk of drug‐related death soon after release from prison, particularly in the first 2 weeks. For precise, up‐to‐date understanding of these risks, a meta‐analysis was conducted on the risk of drug‐related death in weeks 1 + 2 and 3 + 4 compared with later 2‐week periods in the first 12 weeks after release from prison.Methods  English‐language studies were identified that followed up adult prisoners for mortality from time of index release for at least 12 weeks. Six studies from six prison systems met the inclusion criteria and relevant data were extracted independently.Results  These studies contributed a total of 69 093 person‐years and 1033 deaths in the first 12 weeks after release, of which 612 were drug‐related. A three‐ to eightfold increased risk of drug‐related death was found when comparing weeks 1 + 2 with weeks 3–12, with notable heterogeneity between countries: United Kingdom, 7.5 (95% CI: 5.7–9.9); Australia, 4.0 (95% CI: 3.4–4.8); Washington State, USA, 8.4 (95% CI: 5.0–14.2) and New Mexico State, USA, 3.1 (95% CI: 1.3–7.1). Comparing weeks 3 + 4 with weeks 5–12, the pooled relative risk was: 1.7 (95% CI: 1.3–2.2).Conclusions  These findings confirm that there is an increased risk of drug‐related death during the first 2 weeks after release from prison and that the risk remains elevated up to at least the fourth week.