bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat-tolerance studies of fat-tailed sheep in the subtropics
Authors: Hafez E. S. E. , Badreldin A. L. , Sharafeldin M. A. 
Published: March 2009

Forty adult (15 months old) fat-tailed Egyptian rams and ewes of the Rahmani and Ossimi breeds were available at the Animal Breeding Research Farm, Giza, Egypt (30° N.). Body temperature and respiration rates were measured twice weekly throughout the year 1953–4. On days of observations, four readings were taken at 10 a.m., 12 noon, 2 p.m. and 4 p.m. Skin temperature was measured once weekly at noon for nine body regions, using a precision bridge thermometer. The effects of docking and pregnancy were also studied.1. There were seasonal variations in body temperature and respiration rate. The maximum values were during summer and the minimum during winter. The seasonal rate of change was greater in respiration rate than in body temperature.2. Body temperature was 39·1 and 39·0° C. for the Ossimi rams and ewes respectively, while it was 38·9° C. for both Rahmani sexes. Respiration rate per minute was 42·0, 39·3, for Ossimi rams and ewes and 38·2 and 35·9 for Rahmani rams and ewes respectively. Body temperature and respiration rate were higher in the Ossimi than in the Rahmani breed, and in the males than in the females. Breed differences may be related to anatomical differences such as body conformation, size of skull and tail, thickness of skin and subcutaneous fat and differences in coat characteristics. Sex differences may be associated with the live weight of the animals as well as differences in the hormonal system.3. Pregnancy had no effect on body temperature and respiration rate in either breed.4. Different experimental groups reacted similarly with respect to diurnal variations in body temperature and respiration rate; the lowest values being at 10 a.m. and the highest at 4 p.m. Maximum body temperature and respiration rate preceded maximum environmental temperature by 2–4 hr. The diurnal rate of change in respiration rate was higher than that in body temperature. The diurnal changes in body temperature and respiration rate of animals were mainly due to the changes in the environmental temperature throughout the day.5. (a) Skin temperature varied from 33·7 to 39·7° C., according to season and body region. Seasonal variations in skin temperature of different body regions showed the same trend.(b) Highest skin temperatures were recorded for middle and upper fat tail, back thoracic and middle scrotum regions, while the lowest were recorded in lower and upper scrotum, lower tail and neck ventral regions. The breast region had an intermediate skin temperature. The different skin temperatures were due to anatomical differences such as the thickness of subcutaneous fat, density of covering wool or to differences in the amount of blood supply.6. Docked rams had a lower skin temperature and respiration rate than controls, denoting better heat regulation. This may be due to metabolic differences or anatomical changes in the body such as the thickness of subcutaneous fat.
Screening technique for frost resistance in Brassica Oil seeds
Authors: Dhillon S. S. , Larsson S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryBrassica oil seeds grown in India are occasionally damaged by frost, causing severe losses. A technique was developed to screen germplasm at the seedling stage. Twentyfour lines of B. campestris, B. juncea and B. napus were grown in plastic boxes in a glasshouse in a mixture of peat and sand. The seedlings were frozen after hardening for 2 days at 1 °C. Observations were recorded after 4 days, using a five-point scale. Frost tolerance index (FI) is calculated as the average value for injured plants for each line. Eight lines for each of the three species were tested. B. campestrisas a group showed better frost tolerance. Some lines of Indian mustard also showed good tolerance of low temperature (– 5·5 °C). These findings show good agreement with observations recorded in the literature. The method is detailed and discussed. Suggestions for future programmes are made.
Further studies on the fattening value of grass silage and on the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants
Authors: Dodsworth T. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. A feeding trial is described including four groups of cattle fed on silage only, two mixtures of silage and roots, and roots, straw, hay and oats.2. The live-weight gains made are recorded together with the rate of dry-matter intake.3. The efficiency of the dry matter of the diets was calculated.4. Silage fed alone produced a significantly greater rate of fattening than the other three diets.5. Cattle receiving roots in the morning and silage at night consumed 10·78% more dry matter and made greater live-weight gains than cattle fed on silage in the morning and roots at night.6. Calculation of the starch values of the roots and silage showed that these are higher when fed together than when silage is fed alone or when roots are fed with straw, hay and oats.7. An experiment is described designed to determine the effect of the dry-matter percentage of the diet on dry-matter intake in ruminants and of sudden changes in dry-matter content on digestibility.8. Sheep receiving 19·46% dry-matter silage consumed 16·7% more dry matter and 19·8% more starch equivalent than sheep eating 15·85% dry-matter silage.9. When the dry-matter percentage of the silage fell from 19·46 to 15·77 the digestibility of the dry matter fell by over 10%.10. The starch equivalent of the silage when fed alone was determined from the results of a digestibility trial and according to the performance of the cattle in the feeding trial. The values found were 65·88 and 66·15% respectively.11. The losses suffered in silage-making in twentyfive silos are recorded and discussed. The loss of dry matter and crude protein both average approximately 40% of that ensiled. The need for finding methods of reducing these losses is again stressed.
Studies on the storage of potatoes II. The temperature conditions inside potato clamps
Authors: Crook E. M. , Watson D. J. 
Published: March 2009

Continuous records of the temperature of potatoes stored in clamps were made in 1942–3 (one clamp) and in 1943–4 (three clamps). In the first year, the temperatures at various positions in the clamp coverings were also recorded.The temperature at the middle of the potato heap showed a drift with time similar to that of mean air temperature. Deviations of mean air temperature from smooth trend, lasting for about a week, had no effect on the temperature of the potatoes; longerperiod deviations were reflected in the temperature of the potatoes after a lag of about a week. The difference in weekly mean temperature between potatoes and external air averaged about 1–5° C. in 1943–4. In 1942–3 it was greater, increasing to over 20° C. in April, because bacterial rotting of the potatoes following blight infection increased the rate of heat production and caused the clamp to collapse at the end of April.
An analysis of carcass measurements of post-war British bacon pigs
Authors: Harrington G. , Pomeroy R. W. 
Published: March 2009

(a) Measurements made on sides of bacon exhibited since the war at the National Pig Breeders' Association carcass shows at Stirling and Peterborough and on various commercial sides have been analysed to investigate differences between the shows, the years and the sexes.(b) In the Large White exhibits the sides from gilts were on average longer, thicker in the belly, thinner in back fat and with better developed eye muscles than the sides from hogs.(c) The area of the eye muscle of the carcasses entered in these shows between 1948 and 1952 shows an unexplained decrease over this period. The width of the eye muscle is the only character showing a definite show difference, being larger at Stirling than at Peterborough.
The influence of the environment upon the estimated dressed carcass weight of fat sheep in West Wales (1943–6)
Authors: Phillips R. , Brown E. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The changes in the sheep population and in the sales of fat sheep have been examined for the West Wales region for the period 1940–8. These changes consist of a gradual annual decline in sales, whilst the severity of the 1947 winter conditions brought about a rapid drop in both sales and population by nearly 33% from 1946 to 1947.2. Analyses of sales of the four categories of fat sheep—rams, ewes, sheep and lambs—throughout the twenty-five collecting centres have been completed for the 4 years, 1943–6. These showed that lambs accounted for 85% of the fat sheep sales in this region.3. It was found that the average estimated dressed carcass weight (e.d.w.) of the four categories of sheep (rams, ewes, sheep and lambs) declined gradually from the collecting centres of west Pembrokeshire to the inland centres on the eastern boundaries of the region. This cline is also found in the case of the summer suckling lamb, the autumn wether lamb and the winter-fed fat lamb.
The analysis of change-over trials
Authors: Patterson H. D. 
Published: March 2009

The analysis of simple change-over trials based on Latin squares is considered. It is shown that several difficulties are encountered when estimates of residual effects are required. In particular, there may be biased error variances.In certain circumstances the amount of bias in the error variance can be estimated in a proportion of the experiments based on a given design. If this bias is sufficiently large to be of importance an average correction can be calculated for use with further experiments of the same type.
The seasonal output of pastures sown with ultra-simple seeds mixtures
Authors: Hughes G. Pearson 
Published: March 2009

An attempt has been made to evaluate the role of seven ‘ultra-simple’ seeds mixtures in the production of pasture during the grazing season. The individual value of each mixture is assessed and its period of production described.Pasture output was measured in dry matter and protein yields along with live-weight gains obtained with fattening cattle.
Evaluation of the ability of two carcass conformation systems to predict carcass composition of sheep
Authors: Bass J. J. , Carter W. D. , Woods E. G. , Moore R. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYConformation of carcasses from 107 Romney ewe lambs was determined using two visual scoring systems and the scores related to chemical and dissected carcass composition. The conformation system which evaluated the lateral profile of the hind leg failed to improve the prediction of carcass composition. The Meat and Livestock Commission system used in Great Britain separated carcasses on weight and fatness, the higher classes having the heaviest and fattest carcasses. After adjustment for carcass weight and fatness the higher conformation classes had the lightest bones and the heaviest weight of muscle, and some of the muscles weighed were shorter and deeper than those of the lower conformation classes.
Studies on carotene in relation to animal nutrition: Part II. The development and distribution of carotene in the plant and the carotene content of some common feeding stuffs
Authors: Seshan P. A. , Sen K. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Under artificial conditions of plant growth, the relative development of carotene is very poor. The absence of sunlight appears to be the main cause.2. Under field conditions, the maturity of a plant plays an active part in determining the carotene content, which gradually decreases with age. This phenomenon is less discernible among the legumes. The nitrogen content generally runs parallel to the carotene.3. The species of the plant seems to be a determining factor in the capacity of the plant for carotene formation.4. A study of the distribution of the carotene in different parts of the same plant shows that the leaves of grasses contain 3·1–11·0 times more carotene than the stems. The earheads and stems have almost equal amounts. With the growth of berseem and lucerne, the ratio of carotene in leaf to carotene in stem shows a tendency to increase, suggesting that the deterioration in the stem is comparatively more rapid than in the leaves when the plant becomes older.
The estimation of the yields of cereal experiments by sampling for the ratio of grain to total produce
Authors: Cochran W. G. 
Published: March 2009

In a number of cereal experiments, three on wheat, three on barley and one on oats, the yields of grain and straw per plot were estimated by weighing the total produce on each plot and taking samples, usually from the sheaves, to estimate the ratio of grain to total produce. This paper discusses the sampling errors of this method. The method proved considerably less accurate than was anticipated from previous calculations made by Yates & Zacopanay. Amongst the reasons which are suggested to account for this are the larger sizes of plot and sampling unit used in these experiments and the additional variability introduced by the presence of weeds, undergrowth and moisture.Nevertheless, the method appears to be substantially superior to the older method of cutting small areas from the standing crop, without weighing total produce, only about one-quarter of the number of samples being required to obtain results of equal precision.The samples were taken both by an approximately random process and by grabbing a few shoots haphazardly from each of several sheaves. The grab samples gave on the whole a slightly higher yield of grain, the greatest positive bias being 6%, but were otherwise just as accurate as the random samples. Since the grab samples can be selected and bagged in about one-third of the time required for random samples, their use is recommended for the majority of the samples required in any experiment.The validity of an approximate formula for calculating the variance of a ratio (in the present instance the ratio of grain to total produce) is discussed briefly in an appendix.
Studies on Carotene in relation to animal nutrition: Part III. Stability of carotene in plant material with special reference to hay making and storage
Authors: Seshan P. A. , Sen K. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. An experimental study has been made of the effects of heat, light, air, enzymes and bacteria on carotene destruction, when green fodder is dried and stored as hay.2. Carotene in green fodders can be destroyed by autoclaving or other forms of heating in the presence of air. The extent of destruction depends upon the period of heating.3. Carotene is not destroyed if green plants are dried in a vacuum.4. Atmospheric oxygen plays the predominant part in the destruction of carotene; and heat, light and moisture are merely accelerating agents. The destruction of carotene during storage is due mainly to a slow spontaneous oxidation of the pigment in plant material.5. The utility in India of grass drying or hay making with the specific object of providing vitamin A supplements is questionable, because of the carotene destruction during storage under prevailing temperature and climatic conditions.
The minerals in the clay fractions of a black cotton soil and a red earth from Hyderabad, Deccan State, India
Authors: Nagelschmidt G. , Desai A. D. , Muir Alex. 
Published: March 2009

The mineral compositions of the clays from a red earth and a black cotton soil from Hyderabad, Deccan State, India, occurring in close proximity in the field are determined. Both soils are derived from the same or from very similar parent rocks, a coarsely crystalline granite or gneiss.For both soils there is practically no variation in the mineralogical composition of the clay throughout the profile, but for any given clay there is some variation with grain size. The main contrast between the two is that the red clay contains predominantly kaolinite or halloysite, whereas the black clay contains mainly beidellite, a member of the montmorillonite group. The topography appears to be the principal factor associated with this difference in minerals, and the processes of weathering believed to have produced the contrasted clays are discussed with reference to experiments on the leaching of felspar in the laboratory and on hydrothermal synthesis.
Observations on the mineral metabolism of pullets. V: Acid-base equilibrium and reproductive activity
Authors: Common R. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. Calcium and phosphorus balance experiments with pullets during which the plasma alkali reserve of the birds was followed are described. Evidence is produced in support of the view that the onset of reproductive activity in the pullet is accompanied by an increase in plasma alkali reserve, as well as of calcium retention, provided the ration contains adequate calcium carbonate.2. These high levels of plasma alkali reserve tend to decrease with the beginning of laying, but apparently the plasma alkali reserve of laying birds tends in general to remain higher than that of the non-laying bird or of cocks.3. The possible bearing of these observations on bone mineral composition and Ca/P retention ratios is discussed.4. It is shown that on a cereal ration moderately low in calcium, where the apparent digestibility, of phytic acid phosphorus is of the order of 40–70%, it was not possible to correlate apparent digestibility with the calcium metabolism of shell formation. When the same ration was supplemented with 5% calcium carbonate, so that the apparent digestibility was of the order of 9–25%, then it was possible under circumstances of intense laying to detect a slight increase of apparent digestibility in association with laying.
The composition and digestibility of Northern Irish ryegrass seed and ryegrass seed cleanings: II. Data for ‘flatweed’, ‘hairgrass‘, and commercial Yorkshire fog seed, with a note on inorganic constituents
Authors: Rutledge W. A. , Common R. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. Data for the composition and digestibility of certain by-products of the ryegrass seed cleaning industry are presented in amplification of data already published.2. It is shown that the ‘hairgrass’ fraction of ryegrass seed cleanings has a starch equivalent somewhat superior to that of pure ryegrass seed or oats, and that this may be ascribed in all probability to its content of ratstail fescue seed.3. It is shown that the ‘flatweed’ fraction, consisting chiefly of buttercup seed, has a starch equivalent, on a dry-matter basis, about three-quarters that of oats or pure ryegrass seed, and that it is, in spite of a relatively high content of digestible oil, among the least valuable constituents of the cleanings, apart from dust, straw and other worthless material.4. Commercial Yorkshire fog seed is shown to have a feeding value comparable to that of pure perennial ryegrass seed.5. Some data are presented regarding the inorganic constituents of ryegrass seed and ryegrass seed by-products.
Economies in the use of animal by-products in poultry rations I. Vitamin and amino-acid provision for starting and growing chicks
Authors: Carpenter K. J. , Duckworth J. 
Published: March 2009

1. Chicks from commercial sources were housed intensively and fed on a series of rations containing decorticated extracted groundnut meal as the main supplementary source of protein, with and without additions of animal by-products and aureomycin. Parallel groups received rations conforming to Government regulations in their content of sources of animal protein.2. Growth and feed efficiency up to point of lay were as good in groups fed on all-vegetable rations, containing 18% of crude protein in the starting ration and 16% in the growing ration, as in groups fed on regulation rations of the same protein content.3. Performance on the all-vegetable ration up to 6 weeks of age was not as good as on the regulation ration. This inferiority could be largely or wholly corrected by adding extra groundnut meal and condensed fish solubles to the ration. Growth and feed efficiency over the whole rearing period were not improved by the addition of these supplements.4. Addition of aureomycin stimulated growth over the whole rearing period but failed to improve feed efficiency.5. Protein levels in the ration, the provision of animal protein factor(s) and aureomycin were without effect on the age at which laying began.6. Current estimates of the chick's requirement for certain amino-acids appeared to be too high when this type of ration was used.7. The addition of riboflavin to these starting rations was essential. When this was done mortality was low, leg weakness absent and feathering rate normal.
The laboratory determination of the protein digestibility of silage
Authors: Barnett A. John G. , Miller T. B. 
Published: March 2009

1. The relation between the soluble-nitrogen content of grass silage and the pepsin digestibility has been investigated, and formulae have been derived for calculating the protein digestibility in the silage dry matter from the determined solublenitrogen content.2. Comparisons have been made between the calculated results for protein digestibility, the results using the formulae of Watson and Dijkstra and the digestibility as determined on sheep.3. The peculiarities of molassed silage in the above connexion have been noted.
Plant breeding studies in leguminous forage crops I. Natural cross-breeding in winter beans
Authors: Fyfe James L. , Bailey Norman T. J. 
Published: March 2009

1. If a crop varies in respect to a character which shows simple Mendelian inheritance then it is possible to estimate the proportion of cross-fertilization within the crop from the data obtained by (i) drawing plants from the crop and scoring them in respect of the character, then (ii) growing their separate progenies and scoring them.2. Maximum likelihood expressions are given for the estimation of p and f { = (1 — α)/(l + α)} from the genotypic classification of the parents and from the phenotypic classification of the progenies; where p is the gametic frequency of the dominant allel and α is the proportion of fertilizations in which the pollen is equally likely to come from any plant in the population.3. When the above expressions are applied to a case in winter beans, in which the parent plants were selected for high yield it is found that the different estimates of p agree, but those of f do not.
Observations on the mineral metabolism of pullets: VI. The mobilization of body calcium for shell formation
Authors: Common R. H. , Hale R. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Some recent developments of mineral balance studies on laying fowl are discussed and applied to the interpretation of the average results of twenty-six balance experiments with pullets.2. Several of the experiments are re-examined in detail from the same standpoint.3. A tentative hypothesis covering the relations between the calcium metabolism of shell formation and the calcium-phosphorus metabolism of bone is put forward on the basis of this reconsideration of available data. It is suggested that some degree of mobilization of skeletal calcium is a normal feature of shell formation in the fowl, the fraction of bone mineral material mobilized always having a higher Ca: P ratio than the skeleton as a whole, although the actual ratio may vary with the calcium in the diet and with the form in which the calcium is provided.