bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an Algorithm to Guide Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Treated With Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion on How to Respond to Real-Time Continuous Glucose Levels
Authors: Jenkins Alicia J. , Krishnamurthy Balasubramanium , Best James D. , Cameron Fergus J. , Colman Peter G. , Farish Steven , Hamblin Peter S. , O'Connell Michele A. , Rodda Christine , Rowley Kevin , Teede Helena , O'Neal David N. 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate an algorithm guiding responses of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)–treated type 1 diabetic patients using real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Sixty CSII-treated type 1 diabetic participants (aged 13–70 years, including adult and adolescent subgroups, with A1C ≤9.5%) were randomized in age-, sex-, and A1C-matched pairs. Phase 1 was an open 16-week multicenter randomized controlled trial. Group A was treated with CSII/RT-CGM with the algorithm, and group B was treated with CSII/RT-CGM without the algorithm. The primary outcome was the difference in time in target (4–10 mmol/l) glucose range on 6-day masked CGM. Secondary outcomes were differences in A1C, low (≤3.9 mmol/l) glucose CGM time, and glycemic variability. Phase 2 was the week 16–32 follow-up. Group A was returned to usual care, and group B was provided with the algorithm. Glycemia parameters were as above. Comparisons were made between baseline and 16 weeks and 32 weeks.

RESULTS
In phase 1, after withdrawals 29 of 30 subjects were left in group A and 28 of 30 subjects were left in group B. The change in target glucose time did not differ between groups. A1C fell (mean 7.9% [95% CI 7.7–8.2to 7.6% [7.2–8.0]; P &lt; 0.03) in group A but not in group B (7.8% [7.5–8.1] to 7.7 [7.3–8.0]; NS) with no difference between groups. More subjects in group A achieved A1C ≤7% than those in group B (2 of 29 to 14 of 29 vs. 4 of 28 to 7 of 28; P = 0.015). In phase 2, one participant was lost from each group. In group A, A1C returned to baseline with RT-CGM discontinuation but did not change in group B, who continued RT-CGM with addition of the algorithm.

CONCLUSIONS
Early but not late algorithm provision to type 1 diabetic patients using CSII/RT-CGM did not increase the target glucose time but increased achievement of A1C ≤7%. Upon RT-CGM cessation, A1C returned to baseline.
Long-Term Trends in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sawada Susumu S. , Lee I.-Min , Naito Hisashi , Noguchi Jun , Tsukamoto Koji , Muto Takashi , Higaki Yasuki , Tanaka Hiroaki , Blair Steven N. 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
Whereas single assessments of cardiorespiratory fitness have been shown to predict lower incidence of type 2 diabetes, there are no data on long-term trends in fitness and risk. We investigated the relationship between long-term trends in fitness and the incidence of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cohort of 4,187 Japanese men free of diabetes completed annual health checkups and fitness tests for estimated maximal oxygen uptake at least four times over 7 years (1979–1985). We modeled the trend in fitness over 7 years for each man using simple linear regression. Men were then divided into quartiles based on the regression coefficient (slope) from the model. During the follow-up period (1985–1999), 274 men developed diabetes. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for the incidence of diabetes were obtained using the Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS
Men in the lowest quartile of the distribution decreased in fitness over the 7 years (median slope −1.25 ml/kg/min), whereas men in the highest quartile increased in fitness (median slope 1.33 ml/kg/min). With adjustment for age, initial fitness level, BMI, systolic blood pressure, cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, and a family history of diabetes and use of the lowest quartile, the HRs (95% CI) for the second through fourth quartiles were 0.64 (0.46–0.89), 0.40 (0.27–0.58), and 0.33 (0.21–0.50), respectively (Ptrend &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate that the long-term trend in fitness is a strong predictor of the incidence of type 2 diabetes in Japanese men.
DURATION-1: Exenatide Once Weekly Produces Sustained Glycemic Control and Weight Loss Over 52 Weeks
Authors: Buse John B. , Drucker Daniel J. , Taylor Kristin L. , Kim Terri , Walsh Brandon , Hu Hao , Wilhelm Ken , Trautmann Michael , Shen Larry Z. , Porter Lisa E. ,   for the DURATION-1 Study Group
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
In the Diabetes Therapy Utilization: Researching Changes in A1C, Weight and Other Factors Through Intervention with Exenatide Once Weekly (DURATION-1) study, the safety and efficacy of 30 weeks of treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide once weekly (exenatide QW; 2 mg) was compared with exenatide BID in 295 patients with type 2 diabetes. We now report the safety and efficacy of exenatide QW in 1) patients who continued treatment for an additional 22 weeks (52 weeks total) and 2) patients who switched from exenatide BID to exenatide QW after 30 weeks.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this randomized, multicenter, comparator-controlled, open-label trial, 258 patients entered the 22-week open-ended assessment phase (n = 128 QW-only; n = 130 BID→QW). A1C, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body weight, blood pressure, fasting lipids, safety, and tolerability were assessed.

RESULTS
Patients continuing exenatide QW maintained A1C improvements through 52 weeks (least squares mean −2.0% [95% CI −2.1 to −1.8%]). Patients switching from exenatide BID to exenatide QW achieved further A1C improvements; both groups exhibited the same A1C reduction and mean A1C (6.6%) at week 52. At week 52, 71 and 54% of all patients achieved A1C &lt;7.0% and ≤6.5%, respectively. In both treatment arms, FPG was reduced by &gt;40 mg/dl, and body weight was reduced by &gt;4 kg after 52 weeks. Nausea occurred less frequently in this assessment period and was predominantly mild. No major hypoglycemia was observed.

CONCLUSION
Exenatide QW elicited sustained improvements in glycemic control and body weight through 52 weeks of treatment. Patients switching to exenatide QW experienced further improvements in A1C and FPG, with sustained weight loss.
Variation of Interstitial Glucose Measurements Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitors in Healthy, Nondiabetic Individuals
Authors:   Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
To characterize glucose levels during daily living using continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) in nondiabetic individuals.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Seventy-four healthy children, adolescents, and adults aged 9–65 years with normal glucose tolerance used a blinded CGM device for 3 to 7 days.

RESULTS
Sensor glucose concentrations were 71–120 mg/dl for 91% of the day. Sensor values were ≤60 or &gt;140 mg/dl for only 0.2% and 0.4% of the day, respectively. Sensor glucose concentrations were slightly higher in children than adults (P = 0.009) and were slightly lower during the night than day (95 vs. 99 mg/dl, P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Glucose values ≤60 and &gt;140 mg/dl, measured with CGM, are uncommon in healthy, nondiabetic individuals. CGM may be useful to evaluate glucose tolerance in nondiabetic individuals over time. Furthermore, these data provide a basis for comparison for studies that use CGM to assess glucose control in subjects with diabetes.
Day-to-Day Variation of Insulin Requirements of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and End-Stage Renal Disease Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis
Authors: Sobngwi Eugene , Enoru Sostanie , Ashuntantang Gloria , Azabji-Kenfack Marcel , Dehayem Mesmin , Onana Arnold , Biwole Daniel , Kaze François , Gautier Jean-François , Mbanya Jean-Claude 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate day-to-day variations of insulin needs in type 2 diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on maintenance hemodialysis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We developed a 24-h euglycemic clamp in patients who received an average of 2,200 calories in a standardized three-meal and two-snack regimen per day, adjusted to body size and sex. Intravenous insulin was adjusted every 30 min to achieve 5.5 ± 1.1 mmol/l glycemia over 24 h prehemodialysis, during hemodialysis session, and 24 h posthemodialysis in 10 type 2 diabetic patients, aged 55.7 ± 8.7 years with 11.9 ± 4.5 years diabetes duration, undergoing maintenance hemodialysis for 2.3 ± 2.3 years. Insulin requirements were derived from the dose of insulin administered to maintain euglycemia per period of time and day-to-day comparisons performed.

RESULTS
Mean capillary glycemia was 5.5 ± 0.3 mmol/l prehemodialysis and 5.3 ± 0.2 mmol/l posthemodialysis (P = 0.39). Pre- and posthemodialysis areas under the glucose curve were comparable. This was achieved by infusing 23.6 ± 7.7 IU/24 h prehemodialysis vs. 19.9 ± 4.9 IU/24 h posthemodialysis, indicating a 15.3% decrease posthemodialysis (P = 0.09). Basal insulin needs decreased from 0.4 ± 0.1/h prehemodialysis to 0.3 ± 0.1/h posthemodialysis (P = 0.01). Total boluses were decreased by 2.2 ± 3.1 IU (P = 0.15). Changes in blood urea did not correlate with changes in insulin needs (r = 0.1, P = 0.79).

CONCLUSIONS
The present study has demonstrated a significant 25% reduction in basal insulin requirements the day after dialysis compared with the day before. No significant change in boluses was observed, and overall the reduction of total insulin requirements was −15% equivalent to −4 IU/day posthemodialysis of marginal statistical significance.
Detecting birds and estimating their velocity vectors by means of MRL-5 meteorological radar
Authors: Dinevich Leonid , Leshem Yosi , Pinsky Mark , Sterkin Alexander 
Published: March 2010

Detecting birds and estimating their velocity vectors by means of MRL-5 meteorological radar
The computerised bird monitoring system devised on the basis of MRL-5 meteorological radar enables to perform around-the-clock automated bird monitoring. The paper presents an algorithm for identifying bird signals against a background of other objects. The radar signal reflected from a flying bird changes its location in space. In case the flight direction remains unchanged, the coordinates of the corresponding radio echoes obtained as a result of successive azimuth scans form a straight line. This enables to isolate bird radio echoes from those of motionless or chaotically moving objects, such as ground clutter, clouds, precipitation, atmospheric inhomogeneities, etc. In the proposed algorithm, the coordinates thus obtained are used for estimation of vectors of individual birds and bird groups.
In order to identify a bird signal, its fluctuation pattern is analysed. A fluctuation pattern is determined by the frequency of wing-flapping that is characteristic of a certain bird species. The analysis of the spectra of signals obtained in the study indicates that the proposed algorithm enables to isolate bird radio echoes with approximately 85% confidence. The technique implying simultaneous measurements of signal fluctuation pattern and of the effective scattering area (ESA) forms a promising basis for further studies aimed at determining the species of flying birds by means of radar.
Observer error in measurements of nestling wing length in small passerines
Authors: Kania Wojciech 
Published: March 2010

Observer error in measurements of nestling wing length in small passerines
Wing lengths of nestlings of Great Tit Parus major, Blue Tit P. caeruleus and Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca measured by one observer (WK) were compared with the measurements taken concurrently by one of 30 other observers. In total 1321 pairs of measurements were analysed. The differences between the measurers were found to: (1) depend on wing length; (2) vary between distinct wing-length classes and species; (3) be bigger in the case of inexperienced measurers (4) be small, only exceeding ± 1 mm in 7% cases and ± 2 mm in 0.5% cases. Such small measurement errors did not significantly bias the wing-length-based age estimation. The average differences between the age estimates derived from wing length taken by WK and other experienced measurers ranged from -0.3 to +0.3 day for various measurers, species and wing-length classes when 1-3 day-old nestlings (1-5 day-old in Blue Tit) were excluded. For the latter nestlings as well as for inexperienced measurers that range was -0.4-. +0.8 day.
Variability in expression of male fertility in triticale (Xtriticosecale wittmack) with Triticum timopheevi cytoplasm
Authors: Góral Halina , Tyrka Mirosław , Stojałowski Stefan , Wędzony Maria 
Published: March 2010

Variability in expression of male fertility in triticale (Xtriticosecalewittmack) withTriticum timopheevicytoplasmWe present a reliable, visual method for evaluation of the level of male fertility during flowering, that is indispensable for breeding of hybrid cultivars of winter triticale based on the cms-T.timopheevisystem. Detailed observations of anther development were performed on 20 F2and BC1plants derived from crosses between male-sterile and fertility restoring lines. Variation of anther development within florets, spikelets, spikes, and among spikes of the same plant was examined. Hierarchic analysis showed significant role of these factors in determination of anther development, irrespective of the level of plant fertility. The sterilizing effect of cytoplasm was always better visible in the tip and base spikelets of the spike, in the third floret, and the anther adjacent to the floret axis. Our data indicate that during selection toward male-sterile plants at anthesis, at least 5 spikes should be evaluated. Special attention should be paid to the development of the anthers at the 2ndand 7thspikelet of the spike along with the variability in anther development within spikelet and floret. The anthers in the tip and base spikelets of the spike must be precisely evaluated during selection toward restorer lines.
Requirements analysis of Multi-Agent Based Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Authors: Lavendelis Egons , Grundspenkis Janis 
Published: March 2010

Requirements analysis of Multi-Agent Based Intelligent Tutoring SystemsThe agent oriented software engineering research proposes general assumptions for agent oriented software development, while intelligent tutoring system (ITS) research proposes specific ITS architecture and other specific knowledge for ITS development. Both of these views should be taken into consideration while developing multi-agent based ITSs. Thus there is a need for specific approaches for all phases of agent based ITS development which take into consideration main ideas from both agent oriented software engineering and ITS research. In this paper we propose a requirements analysis approach for multi-agent based ITSs. A case study of a simple ITS is included, too. Requirements analysis in the proposed approach consist of two main steps, namely goal modelling and use case modelling. During the goal modelling the main goals of the system are identified and a goal hierarchy for the system is created. During the use case modelling use cases needed to achieve each lower level goal and their descriptions are created. The proposed approach of the requirements analysis is intended to be a part of the full life cycle methodology for multi-agent based ITS development. The developed use case model (especially use case scenarios) is used during the agent interaction design and task definition. Goal hierarchy during the design phase is mainly used for checking, if the results of design achieve all system's goals.
The effective management approach: integration of business, quality management and knowledge management processes
Authors: Galandere-Zīle Imandra 
Published: March 2010

The effective management approach: integration of business, quality management and knowledge management processesIn the nowadays' dynamic environment only those organizations can survive that are able quickly react to opportunities and threats from the environment and to produce innovation ideas and turn them into products and services at a quicker pace then the competition. Therefore organizations seek different ways how to get ahead competitors. As quality management and knowledge management have proved themselves as perspective fields author of the paper proposes the integrated approach of both areas in order organizations can gain the most possible benefit from applying them. This paper shows the deeper aspects of both of these fields from the point of view of the process approach. Here is discussed the interactions of quality management, knowledge management and business processes. An elaborated organizational business and quality management process chart shows how quality management processes support the organization's management by providing information about system effectiveness, process performance, customer satisfaction and requirements. This information can be successfully used as a basis for decision-making concerning the necessary improvements and organization future goals. An integrated organizational business, quality management and knowledge management process chart demonstrates how effective management of an organization's knowledge assets can help to improve the organization's tasks in the sense of organizational performance, effectiveness and innovations. This paper is a beginning of the research toward the development of knowledge management services for quality management.
Information security governance as key performance indicator for financial institutions
Authors: Kryukov Dmitry , Strauss Raimonds 
Published: March 2010

Information security governance as key performance indicator for financial institutions
Due to their nature financial institutions and their performance are in constant focus of attention from different stakeholder groups. These groups according to their functions and interests are implementing different sets of key performance indicators for financial institution performance assessment. In the proposed paper authors present a hypothesis of information security governance being a financial institution key performance indicator. Authors provide high level overview of existing situation in key performance indicator domain for financial institutions. The overview of stakeholder groups interested in financial institution performance management is provided. In the same way as corporate governance is treated as financial and operational performance reflecting and influencing factor, information security governance as a component of corporate governance, according to authors' opinion, should be treated as key performance indicator for financial institutions. In the paper the most indicative financial performance indicators as well as their calculation methods are defined for financial institutions. The paper contains overview of information security assessment models and researches in this field. Authors have chosen information security maturity model to use in testing hypothesis. The paper contains description of calculation methodology for financial performance indicators and information security maturity indicators. The hypothesis has been proved performing analysis of correlation between calculated financial performance indicators and information security governance model indicators for chosen Latvian financial institutions.
Definition of General Requirements for Graph Visualization Software
Authors: Zabiniako Vitaly , Rusakov Pavel 
Published: March 2010

Definition of General Requirements for Graph Visualization SoftwareThis paper contains comparative analysis of some modern graph visualization packages (for example, "Graphviz", "yFiles", "Wilmascope 3D", etc) in order to outline and characterize general requirements that could be useful for development of new graph visualization software (GVS). Relations between identified requirements and necessary related components of potential GVS are being derived. To precise these requirements there were studied an additional theoretical information sources. The main goal of this research is to improve development of new GVS providing mechanism of design templates for different kinds of tasks (for example - visualization of general graphs, diagrams, routing and communication networks, etc). The result of this research is presented in tabular form. That allows identifying the set of main components of new frameworks at early stages of software development (starting with a list of desired features and transforming it into a list of necessary components). An example of using such table in DBMS MS Access environment is provided in a study of development of imaginary GVS as a part of generic air traffic control routing system. There is made conclusion about the achieved results. It is presented information about future researches in this field.
Purchasing Behaviour in an Online Supermarket
Authors: Marimon Frederic , Vidgen Richard , Barnes Stuart , Cristóbal Eduard 
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to assess the applicability of the four dimensions of online service quality, as proposed in the E-S-QUAL scale, to the setting of an online supermarket; and, second, to propose and test a model that links these e-quality dimensions with loyalty and purchasing behaviour in the setting of an online supermarket. An online questionnaire was used to survey 131 customers of an online Spanish supermarket using the E-S-QUAL scale. The data were analysed by exploratory factor analysis to test the applicability of the E-S-QUAL scale to the setting of an online supermarket and generate an extended model (including constructs for ‘perceived value’, ‘loyalty’ and ‘actual purchases’). The model was then checked by structural equation modelling (SEM). The four dimensions proposed by the E-S-QUAL scale were confirmed in the setting of an online Spanish supermarket. The influence of these various quality dimensions on perceived value, loyalty and actual purchases are delineated here. The study reassures online vendors that E-S-QUAL is an appropriate instrument by which to measure online service quality. The study also provides empirical evidence that high levels of e-service quality have a positive influence on purchasing behaviour. The study is the first to provide definitive empirical evidence of the commonly presumed linkage between the quality dimensions proposed in the E-S-QUAL scale and the constructs of loyalty and actual – not self-reported – purchase behaviour.
Sensitivity of the Sea Urchin Arbacia lixula (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in Toxicity Tests
Authors: Máximo Marcus Vinicius , Mottola L. S. M. , Resgalla Jr. Charrid 
Published: March 2010

This study investigates the sea urchin Arbacia lixula in terms of embryonic and larval development time, development tolerance in different salinities and maintenance water temperatures, its repeatability in the presence of reference toxicants used in toxicity tests, and its sensitivity in comparison with other species of sea urchin normally used in Brazil. The embryonic development of A. lixula at 25°C rapidly reached the larval stage pluteus in less than 24 hours, therefore it was not necessary to extend the period of the experiments. However, it presents some disadvantages such as a fertilization membrane that is not very clear, and often with a fertilization rate from 70 to 80%. The experiments to determine the viability of the embryos in different salinities and temperatures demonstrated a wide tolerance, with a normal development of 24 h between the salinities of 29 and 39 and 20 h for 30ºC of temperature. The toxicity tests carried out with the reference toxicant resulted in values for variation coefficients lower than 30% for chromium and zinc, demonstrating that the tests are repeateable. When compared with other sea-urchin species (Lytechinus variegatus and Echinometra lucunter), A. lixula presented sensitivity of the same order and scale, and similar results were obtained for the environmental samples (sediment elutriate).