bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seed and Oil Characteristics of Nitrogen Fertilized Meadowfoam1
Authors: Crane J. M. , Calhoun W. , Ayres T. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.) is a potential new oilseed crop. However, effects of fertilization on oil content and fatty acid composition have received limited attention. This 3‐year field study was designed to determine the effects of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate used at two rates, 50 and 100 kg/ha, on meadowfoam seed protein content, oil content, and oil fatty acid composition. The plots were located on a silt loam soil (fine silty, mixed mesic Aquultic Argixeroll) near Corvallis, Oregon. Seed protein content increased as much as 29% over the control as N levels increased whereas seed oil content decreased with each increase of N. For any given N level, ammonium sulfate caused greater response thn ammonium nitrate for all characters measured. The C20 monoene (cis‐5‐eiocosenic acid) of the meadowfoam oil was reduced by the application of N in 1974 and 1975, but not 1977. Application of N increased the C22 diene content (cis‐5‐cis 13 docosadienoic acid) in all 3 years. These results demonstrate that fatty acid composition of meadowfoam oil can be altered by applying N, but that the total oil content of the seed is reduced.
Herbicidal Enhancement of Dallisgrass Establishment1
Authors: Evers G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDallisgrass (Paspalum dilatatum Poir.), a desirable subtropical pasture grass, is difficult to establish because of its slow germination and seedling growth compared to annual weeds. Herbicides were evaluated for weed control and phytotoxicity to dallisgrass planted on a prapared seedbed each spring for 3 years by determining seedling density and forage production. All herbicides were applied in 154 liters of water/ha with a CO2 pressurized sprayer. Herbicides used were dicamba [3,6‐dichloro‐O‐anisic acid], paraquat [l,l′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ion], tebuthiuron [N‐(5‐(l,l‐dimethylethyl)‐l, 3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐N,N′‐dimethylurea], diuron [3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐l,l‐dimethylurea], simarine [2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis (ethylamino)‐s‐triazine], bromacil [5‐bromo‐3‐sec‐butyl‐6‐methyluracil], glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine], hexazinone [3‐cyclohexyl‐6‐(dimethylamino)‐l‐methyl‐l,3,5‐triazine‐2,4(1H,3H)‐dione], and metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐tert‐(‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio)‐as‐triazn‐5(4H‐one].Dallisgrass production was increased 3, 30, and 8 fold for 1977, 1978, and 1979 respectively, by the best herbicide treatments. The most effective treatments were 1.1 kg/ha tebuthiuron; 0.6, 0.8, and 1.1 kg/ha metribuzin; and 2.2 kg/ha diuron. Lower rates of diuron failed to provide effective weed control. Tebuthiuron applied at 2.2 and 4.4 kg/ha resulted in some phytotoxicity to dallisgrass seedlings. Simazine increased seedling density and yield 2 out of 3 years when applied at 2.2 kg/ha but was ineffective at 1.1 kg/ha. The other herbicides failed to significantly increase seedling density or forage production.
Treatment of Heterogeneity of Variances in Hydrocyanic Acid Data1
Authors: Gray Elmer , Hurt Valina K. , Duckworth Diana L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHomogeneity of variance is a basic assumption of the analysis of variance. Hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN‐p) of samples of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) plants may vary from nil to the maximum produced by the genotype‐treatment combination, resulting in heterogeneous variances. The purpose of the present study was to further elucidate heterogeneity of variance in HCN‐p data and to employ appropriate treatment of the heterogeneity.‘Greenleaf’ and ‘Piper’ sudangrass (Sorghum sudanese (Piper) Stapf.) and ‘Suhi‐l’, a sorghum ✕ sudangrass hybrid were subjected to five N treatments: (a) no N applied, (b) 67.2 kg/ha at planting, (c) 33.6 kg/ha at planting and 33.6 kg/ha after second harvest, (d) 134.4 kg/ha at planting, and (e) 33.6 kg/ha at planting and 33.6 kg/ha after first, second, and third harvests. When the plants reached a height of 75 cm, they were cut at a height of 20 cm, resulting in four harvests. The cultivar, N, and harvest treatments were analyzed for heterogeneity of variances.For the natural data the treatment means and variances were positively associated and the variances for several treatment comparisons were heterogeneous. Transforming the natural data to common logarithms failed to eliminate the evidence of heterogeneity of variances. Since the data did not meet the assumption of homogeneity of variance, an approximate test of equality of means based upon the assumption of heterogeneity of variance was recommended for the HCN‐p data.Heterogeneity of variances decreases the accuracy of statistical comparisons of means. Since HCN‐p is converted to highly toxic hydrocyanic acid by ruminant animals, accuracy of statistical decisions is critical. Researchers should examine HCN‐p data for evidence of heterogeneity of variances and, if present, employ the approximate test which includes provisions for heterogeneity of variances.
Seasonal Dry Matter Yield and Digestibility of Seven Grass Species, Alfalfa, and Cicer Milkvetch in Eastern Montana1
Authors: White Larry M. , Wight J. Ross 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the past, seed and total dry matter (DM) yield have been two of the main criteria for forage plant selection and improvement. However, we have little information on seasonal digestibility, one of the most important criteria, of major forage species in the northern Great Plains. Our objective was to determine differences in seasonal digestibility and DM yield of seven grass species, three (‘Rambler’, ‘Drylander’, and ‘Orenberg’) alfalfas (Medicago sativa L. subsp. × varia (Martyn) Arcangeli), and ‘Lutana’ cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) the first and second year after establishment. Forage species were seeded in 1974 in 50‐cm rows on a Williams loam soil (fine‐loamy mixed, Typic Argiborolls) near Sidney, Montana, which has an average annual precipitation of 35 cm. Dry matter yield and in vitro digestibility converted to in vivo digestibility were determined seven times hi 1975 and 11 times in 1976 at progressive growth stages. ‘Mayak’ Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.) and ‘Prairieland’ Altai wildrye (Elymus angustus Trin.) produced the lowest peak DM the first year after seeding; however, they were among the species that produced the most DM the second year. The three alfalfas and ‘Luna’ pubescent wheatgrass [Agropyron trichophorum (Link) Richt.] produced the most peak DM the first year after seeding; however, by the second year, they were among those species that produced the least. Digestibility at a given stage of development also differed greatly among species. The second year, forage of Prairieland Altai wildrye and Lutana cicer milkvetch during the fall and early winter were 8 to 10 percentage units more digestible than ‘Nordan’ crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch.) Schult.]. ‘Regar’ meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii Roem. and Schult.), a selection of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and ‘Lodorm’ green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.) were also studied. Evaluating DM yield of a forage species at a given stage of plant development, such as anthesis, does not adequately reflect its potential. Species are best evaluated for DM production at some given level of digestibility, based on animal requirements.
Controlled Cooling of Onion Umbels by Periodic Sprinkling1
Authors: Wright J. L. , Stevens J. L. , Brown M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLow onion (Allium cepa L.) seed yields frequently occur without obvious reasons, particularly with hybrid varieties. Solutions to the problem need to be found to insure seed for bulb onion production. Water and temperature stress in the umbel may be factors during hot, dry, sunny weather. We investigated the relationship of umbel temperature to ambient and umbel conditions and the effects of periodic wetting of the umbels. Onions were grown in a field experiment at Kimberly, Idaho on Portneuf silt loam soil (Durixerollic Calciorthids; coarse‐silty, mixed, mesic) using commercial practices except that periodic sprinkling was provided with a rotating‐head sprinkler irrigation system when temperatures exceeded certain levels. Sprinkling for five min reduced floret temperatures as much as 15 C below ambient. The florets remained cool for 20 to 40 min, depending on umbel maturity, wind speed, and air temperature and humidity. Nearly mature umbels were hotter and required more sprinkling to keep cool. Five min of sprinkling every 20 to 30 min usually provided adequate cooling. A specially‐designed temperature sensor was found to successfully simulate the behavior of an onion floret during wetting and drying, permitting direct control of the initiation, duration, and frequency of sprinkling. Excessive temperatures did not occur during the experiment, so seed yields were similar on sprinkled and unsprinkled plots. while we have shown that periodic sprinkling will provide umbel cooling and minimize undesirable effects on pollination, similar studies need to be conducted in hotter, major seed producing areas to establish economic benefits.
Atrazine Persistence in a Corn‐Soybean Doublecropping System1
Authors: Brecke B. J. , Currey W. L. , Teem D. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn areas with a relatively long growing season, a doublecropping system of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) planted after corn (Zea mays L.) harvested for silage or grain is gaining acceptance. One problem which has arisen involves the potential injury to the soybean crop from atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine] residue remaining in the soil after the corn is harevsted. Field studies were conducted during 1977 on an Arrendondo fine sand (Grossarenic Paleudult) at Gainesville, Florida and during 1978 and 1979 on a Tifton fine sandy loam (Plinthic Paleudult) at Jay, Florida to determine the persistence of atrazine in such a doublecropping system. Soybeans were no‐till planted at various intervals (4 to 19 weeks) after atrazine (0 to 4.48 kg/ha) was applied preemergence to corn.Soybean yields were not significantly affected by 1.12 or 2.24 kg/ha atrazine when the interval between corn herbicide application and soybean planting was 8 weeks. An Interval of 10 weeks was required before 4.48 kg/ha atrazine had no significant affect on soybean yield. The yield loss observed with shorter planting intervals appeared to be the result of a reduction in soybean stand. These results indicate that under conditions of warm temperatures, relatively high rainfall amounts, and sandy soils soybeans can be safely planted after corn harvested for silage or grain (approximately 14 and 20 weeks, respectively, after atrazine application) when rates of atrazine normally recommended for annual weed control in corn (1.12 to 4.48 kg/ha) are used.
Effects of Nitrogen and Sulfur Fertilizers on Sulfur Content of Tall Fescue and Phalaris1
Authors: Burmester C. H. , Adams Fred , Haaland R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn an experiment to determine the effect of N and S fertilizer rates on yield and S uptake by cool‐season forage grasses, two cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and one of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) were grown in greenhouse and field experiments on a Cahaba fine sandy loam (Typic Hapludult) at comparable fertility levels. Fertilizer rates in the greenhouse were 38, 75, 125, 175 ppm N and O, 5, 10, 20 ppm S. Nitrogen rates in the field were 85, 170, 280, 390 kg/ha; and S rates were 0, 11, 22, 44 kg/ha. Organic‐S content of foliage was about equal in greenhouse and field experiments; it progressively increased with higher N rates but not with S rates. Inorganic‐S content was much higher in the green. house experiment,. particularly with phalaris; it progressively decreased with N rates and increased with S rates. Phalaris accumulated potentially toxic levels (to ruminants) of sulfate in the greenhouse but not in the field. Greenhouse‐grown plants accumulated much higher levels of S than did field‐grown plants, probably because the field soil was able to retain only a portion of the fertilizer sulfate within the rooting zone of the soil profile.
The Reproductive Efficiency of Cultivated Peanuts. IV. The Influence of Photoperiod on the Flowering, Pegging, and Fruiting of Spanish‐Type Peanuts1
Authors: Emery D. A. , Sherman M. E. , Vickers J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe time of flowering and pegging during the early development of the peanut plant are heritable and correlated This research was designed to determine the effects of photoperiod on the periodicity of flowering and subsequent peg growth within specific portions of the life cycle of the peanut plant. A Spanish‐type peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., C2 (PI 262000), was used in the investigations.Plants exposed to long‐day treatments (light interrupted 15‐hour dark period) in growth chambers of the North Carolina State University Phytotron Unit, produced 1.84 times more flowers per plant than those grown in 9 hour photoperiods. Plants in short‐day treatments reached flowering peaks earlier than those in long‐day chambers and produced 134.4 shellable fruit per plant in contrast to 34.1 fruit per plant for long‐day treatments.The reproductive efficiency, relative to other plant traits, was also enhanced by growing the plants in short‐day photoperiods. Twenty‐seven percent of the flowers on plants grown under short days produced shellable fruit resulting in 106.5 g of seed per plant. Only 3.8% of the flowers on plants in long‐day chambers produced shellable fruit resulting in 12.1 g of seed per plant. The proportion of seed weight to plant top weight was 59.6% in short‐day regimes compared to 3.0% in long‐day regimes.The peanut, unlike other plants, has three distinct steps in the reproductive process. These are the flowers, the peg, and the fruit. To measure the responses of the plants in each of these reproductive steps to changes in photoperiod, seven different sequences of photoperiods were applied to the plants over three 36‐day growth periods. The stage most sensitive to changes in photoperiod was found to be that period when the plant was between 36 and 72 days of age. Substituting short days for long days during this growth caused increased numbers of pegs, increased peg growth, increased fruit numbers, increased fruit weight, increased seed weight, and increased seed weight per plant weight. Plant weight was decreased by the same substitution.The dramatic changes in flowering periodicity and increased rates of growth for reproductive traits when plants are exposed to shortday growth periods will serve as selection criteria in segregating populations of crosses between Spanish and Virginia‐type peanuts. The latter are large‐seeded and later maturing than lines used in this study.
Some Characteristics of Plinthite Inhibiting Plant Growth1
Authors: Perkins H. F. , Kaihulla Egbert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant roots do not readily penetrate soil horizons containing plinthite. This study was conducted to determine some chemical and physical characteristics of plinthite which appear inhibitory to normal plant growth. Field and laboratory studies indicate that bulk density of plinthite is higher than non‐plinthic material surrounding nodular plinthite bodies. Bulk density of non‐plinthic material associated with nodular plinthite bodies is comparable to soil without plinthite. Samples from the Ap, B22tpl, and C horizons of a Tifton soil (fine‐loamy, silicious, thermic family of Plinthic Paleudults) were collected and placed in containers to simulate field arrangement of soil horizons and a test crop of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) was grown under different treatments of CaCO3 and CaSO4. Aluminum toxicity was overcome by adding CaCO3. Soluble Al was reduced by CaCO3 but not by CaSO4. The addition of CaSO4 had less effect on yield, Ca uptake, and suppression of Al uptake by sorghum plants than CaCO8. There was no major root growth in the plinthic layer except when soluble Al was removed by CaCO3 addition.
Air and Soil Temperature Effects on Elongation of Adventitious Roots in Blue Grama Seedlings1
Authors: Wilson A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBlue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex H.B.K.) Lag ex Griffiths] is difficult to establish on disturbed sites of the Central Great Plains because environmental conditions are seldom favorable for development of adventitious roots. Therefore, a study was conducted to determine the effects of air temperature, soil temperature, and total green leaf blade length on adventitious root development. Seeds were planted in the greenhouse (25 to 30 C) in tubes filled with moist soil (Aridic Argiustoll). Seedlings were subirrigated to maintain favorable soil moisture in the seminal root zone and a dry soil surface, thus preventing the initiation of adventitious roots. At 28 days, seedlings were surface irrigated and the initiation and extension of adventitious roots was evaluated in a 4‐day test at three air temperatures and seven soil temperatures in a plant growth chamber.Air temperatures of 20 and 30 C produced average root elongation rates of 2.4 and 2.0 cm/day, respectively. In contrast, average rates of elongation increased more than 2‐fold as soil temperature increased from 20 to 30 C. Consistent differences in number of roots, rate of root elongation, and root weight per unit length resulted in a 2.5‐fold difference among accessions in total weight of adventitious roots/seedling. Growth maxima in relation to number of roots, rate of root elongation, total weight of roots, and leaf growth occurred at soil temperatures of 19.3, 31.8, 30.6, and 33.6 C, respectively. Regression coefficients indicated positive effects of total leaf blade length on number of roots, rate of root elongation, and root weight per unit length.The results suggest that planting of blue grama should be delayed in the spring until soil temperatures warm to about 15 C. Differences among accessions and individual seedlings in rate of adventitious root growth suggest opportunities for selection and breeding. The capacity for high rates of elongation might increase the establishment of blue grama seedlings when environmental conditions for adventitious root development are marginal.
Influence of NH3 Conservation from Dairy Manure on the Yield of Corn1
Authors: Klausner S. D. , Guest R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDairy manure contains an appreciable amount of NH3‐N, and if left exposed on the soil surface, it is easily lost by ammonia volatilization. Two methods of row applied liquid manure were made on corn (Zea mays L.) during the early stages of the growing season to identify the yield response to NH3 conservation. From 1975 to 1977, the manure treatments consisted of a control, topdressing, and soil injection as a side‐dress application. The control received side‐dressed fertilizer N at 0 and 112 kg/ha. In 1978, rates of side‐dressed fertilizer N (0, 56, 112, and 224 kg/ha) were superimposed on the control and topdressed manure treatments to further quantify the fertilizer N equivalent of the two methods of manure application. The soil was a Minoa fine sandy loam (Aquic Duptric Eutrochrept, coarse loamy, mixed, mesic).The use of manure significantly increased yield in comparison to no manure. There was a positive response to NH3 conservation in 2 out of 4 years. Atypical weather patterns in 1975 and 1976 erased the influence of the method of manure application. Grain and silage yields were significantly increased in 1977 by 1.60 and 1.88 metric tons/ha, respectively for injected vs. top‐dressed manure. Yields from manure injected plots were equivalent to the control receiving 112 kg/ha of fertilizer N. The greatest response to NH3 conservation occurred in 1978. The yield advantages of injection vs. topdressing was 1.92 and 2.82 metric tons/ha for grain and silage, respectively. The data showed that in terms of yield, a 40 metric tons/ha application of manure had a fertilizer N equivalent of 30 and 90 kg N/ha (0.78 kg N/metric ton and 2.3 kg N/metric ton) for top‐dressed and injected manure, respectively.
Potassium Response of Cotton on Some Inceptisols and Oxisols of Nothern Nigeria1
Authors: Lombin G. , Mustafa S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConsequent upon the shift from the traditional bush fallowing system of agriculture to more intensive continuous cultivation, plant‐available soil K which was hitherto considered adequate in the West African savannah zone is now becoming a major yield limiting factor. Information is urgently needed on the K fertilization requirements of the promising crop varieties and on the suitable diagnostic parameters for evaluating these requirements. The objectives of the present study were to: 1) approximate the optimal K fertilization level for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), 2) evaluate the yield predictive abilities of four K availability indices, and 3) estimate the critical values of these indices under the tropical savannah conditions.Four rates of K (0, 25, 50, and 75 kg ha−1) were tested in a 3‐year field study conducted on three Oxisols (Typic or Tropeptic Haplustox, fine, gaolinite, isohyperthermic) and two Inceptisols (Oxic and Typic Ustropept, fine, mixed, isohyperthermic). Seedcotton yields were measured all 3 years while soil and index leaf samples were taken from the third year's trials for laboratory chemical analysis. The relationships between seedcotton yield and soil exchangeable K, (Ca + Mg)/K ratio, rates of applied K, and leaf percent K were measured using multiple regression techniques involving quadratic polynomials.Significant yield responses (only at first level of applied K) were obtained on the Oxisols (all of which are derived from sandstones and had topsoil exchangeable K values of ≤ 0.10 meq/100g). Marginal responses obtained on the Inceptisols are, however, indicative of imminent deficiency. Percent K in index leaf best predicted yield (R2 = 0.86***; yield = 3099.2 + 6031.6 % K — 1543.3 % K2) and so provides the best measure of K availability for cotton followed by rates of applied K (R2 = 0.812*; Yield = 1302.3 + 56.96 app. K — 0.54 (app. K2). Their estimated critical values (values associated with the highest predicted seedcotton yields) were 1.84% K and 50 kg/ha K, respectively for a highest yield range of 2,400 to 2,700 kg ha−l. These results may be limited by the relatively few observations used but they are sufficiently close to published values for crops of similar nutrient requirements to justify proposing them as a guide for the savannah areas of Nigeria and similar soils elsewhere.