bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The phases and amplitudes of gravity waves propagating and dissipating in the thermosphere: Theory
Authors: Vadas S. L. , Nicolls M. J. 
Published: March 2012

We derive the high‐frequency, compressible, dissipative dispersion and polarization relations for linear acoustic‐gravity waves (GWs) and acoustic waves (AWs) in a single‐species thermosphere. The wave amplitudes depend explicitly on time, consistent with a wave packet approach. We investigate the phase shifts and amplitude ratios between the GW components, which include the horizontal (uH′) and vertical (w′) velocity, density (ρ′), pressure (p′), and temperature (T′) perturbations. We show how GWs with large vertical wavelengths λz have dramatically different phase and amplitude relations than those with small λz. For zero viscosity, as ∣λz∣ increases, the phase between uH′ and w′ decreases from 0 to ∼−90°, the phase between uH′ and T′ decreases from ∼90 to 0°, and the phase between T′ and ρ′ decreases from ∼180 to 0° for λH ≫ ∣λz∣, where λH is the horizontal wavelength. This effect lessens substantially with increasing altitudes, primarily because the density scale height
increases. We show how in‐situ satellite measurements of either (1) the 3D neutral wind or (2) ρ′, T′, w′, and the cross‐track wind, can be used to infer a GW's λH, λz, propagation direction, and intrinsic frequency ωIr. We apply this theory to a GW observed by the DE2 satellite. We find a significant region of overlap in parameter space for 5 independent constraints (i.e., T′0/ρ′0, the phase shift between T′ and w′, and the distance between wave crests), which provides a good test and validation of this theory. In a companion paper, we apply this theory to ground‐based observations of a GW over Alaska.
Rheumatische Erkrankungen
Authors: Rehart S. , Henniger M. 
Published: March 2012

Die häufigste Erkrankung des rheumatischen Formenkreises ist die rheumatoide Arthritis. Sie befällt überwiegend die Gelenke des Bewegungsapparats und führt dort zu schmerzhaften Gelenkschwellungen mit Funktionseinschränkungen und im Verlauf zu typischen Deformierungen und Destruktionen. Als entzündliche Systemerkrankung kann die rheumatoide Arthritis aber auch Sehnenscheiden, Schleimbeutel, Gefäße, Augen und die inneren Organe betreffen.Dieser Artikel ist mit der Diagnostik befasst und beschreibt die medikamentösen und die begleitenden konservativen Therapieoptionen der rheumatoiden Arthritis. Versagt dieser konservative Ansatz, kommen operative Therapiemaßnahmen zum Einsatz. Ein weiterer Artikel, der zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt erscheinen wird, stellt diese chirurgischen Therapiemöglichkeiten dar.
Maximum Neutral Buoyancy Depth of Juvenile Chinook Salmon: Implications for Survival during Hydroturbine Passage
Authors: Pflugrath Brett D. , Brown Richard S. , Carlson Thomas J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis study investigated the maximum depth at which juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha can acclimate by attaining neutral buoyancy. The depth of neutral buoyancy is dependent upon the volume of gas within the swim bladder, which greatly influences the occurrence of injuries to fish passing through hydroturbines. We used two methods to obtain maximum swim bladder volumes that were transformed into depth estimations—the increased excess mass test and the swim bladder rupture test. In the increased excess mass test, weights were surgically added to the exterior of the fish, requiring the fish to increase swim bladder volume in order to remain neutrally buoyant. The swim bladder rupture test entailed removing and artificially increasing swim bladder volume through decompression. From these tests, we estimate the maximum acclimation depth for juvenile Chinook salmon is a median of 6.7 m (range = 4.6–11.6 m). These findings have important implications to survival estimates, studies using tags, hydropower operations, and survival of juvenile salmon that pass through large Kaplan turbines typical of those found within the Columbia and Snake River hydropower system.
Stable Isotopes of Carbon and Nitrogen Indicate Differences in Marine Ecology between Wild and Hatchery‐Produced Steelhead
Authors: Quinn Thomas P. , Seamons Todd R. , Johnson Susan P. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractHatchery‐produced anadromous salmonids often differ from their wild conspecifics in behavior, growth, and survival after release, but our understanding of their comparative ecology at sea is very limited. We used stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen to test the null hypothesis that hatchery‐produced steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss from Forks Creek in southwestern Washington would be similar in trophic level and marine distribution to wild fish from the same river. Analysis of scale samples from 30 fish of each type that had migrated to sea in 2001 and 2002 (120 fish in all) revealed significant effects of year and origin on both C and N. The values for δ15N were consistent with a higher trophic level for the wild fish (mean = 10.82, SD = 0.57) than for the hatchery fish (mean = 10.51, SD = 0.59), and the δ13C values were consistent with more reliance on nearshore sources of C by wild fish (wild fish mean = −16.52, SD = 0.30; hatchery fish mean = −16.73, SD = 0.31). The wild fish showed no relationship between body size and isotope values, but among the hatchery fish larger individuals tended to have lower δ15N values and more negative δ13C values. The wild fish were, on average, larger than the hatchery fish but had higher δ15N values and less negative δ13C values. These patterns are the opposite of what would be expected from a difference in growth rate, suggesting that the differences arose from ecological processes rather than a size or growth effect. Interactions between trophic level and location prevent a determination of which features of the marine ecology differed between wild and hatchery fish, but either factor could result from differences in the genetic background and rearing history of wild and hatchery fish and could contribute to differences in their performance (growth and survival) at sea.
Impact of Mano a Mano‐Mujer, an HIV prevention intervention, on depressive symptoms among Chilean women
Authors: CIANELLI R. , LARA L. , VILLEGAS N. , BERNALES M. , FERRER L. , KAELBER L. , PERAGALLO N. 
Published: March 2012

Accessible summary
Depression is considered a factor that interferes with HIV prevention.
Depression may reach 41% among low‐income Chilean women.
The current study analyzed the impact of Mano a Mano‐Mujer, an HIV prevention intervention, on depressive symptoms among low‐income Chilean women.
Mano a Mano‐Mujer provided significant benefits for women's depression symptoms.
AbstractWorldwide, and in Chile, the number of women living with HIV is increasing. Depression is considered a factor that interferes with HIV prevention. Depression may reach 41% among low‐income Chilean women. Depressed people are less willing to participate in behaviours that protect them against HIV. The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of Mano a Mano‐Mujer (MM‐M), and HIV prevention intervention, on depressive symptoms among Chilean women. A quasi‐experimental design was used for this study. The research was conducted in Santiago, Chile; a total of 400 women participated in the study (intervention group, n = 182; control group, n = 218). The intervention was guided by the social‐cognitive model and the primary health care model. The intervention consists of six 2‐h sessions delivered in small groups. Sessions covered: HIV prevention, depression, partner's communication, and substance abuse. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted at baseline and at 3‐month follow‐up. Chilean women who participated in MM‐M significantly decreased, at 3 months follow up, their reported depressive symptoms. MM‐M provided significant benefits for women's depression symptoms. In this study nurses participated as leaders for the screening of depressive symptoms and as facilitators of community interventions.
High‐resolution plant metabolomics: from mass spectral features to metabolites and from whole‐cell analysis to subcellular metabolite distributions
Authors: Kueger Stephan , Steinhauser Dirk , Willmitzer Lothar , Giavalisco Patrick 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThe main goal of metabolomics is the comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of the time‐ and space‐resolved distribution of all metabolites present in a given biological system. Because metabolite structures, in contrast to transcript and protein sequences, are not directly deducible from the genomic DNA sequence, the massive increase in genomic information is only indirectly of use to metabolomics, leaving compound annotation as a key problem to be solved by the available analytical techniques. Furthermore, as metabolites vary widely in both concentration and chemical behavior, there is no single analytical procedure allowing the unbiased and comprehensive structural elucidation and determination of all metabolites present in a given biological system. In this review the different approaches for targeted and non‐targeted metabolomics analysis will be described with special emphasis on mass spectrometry‐based techniques. Particular attention is given to approaches which can be employed for the annotation of unknown compounds. In the second part, the different experimental approaches aimed at tissue‐specific or subcellular analysis of metabolites are discussed including a range of non‐mass spectrometry based technologies.
Hydrallantois in the Mare – A Report of Five Cases
Authors: Govaere JLJ , De Schauwer C , Hoogewijs MK , Chiers K , Lefère L , Catry B , Roels K , van Heerden M , Broeckx S , de Kruif A 
Published: March 2012

ContentsHydrallantois in the mare is a very rare condition, and clinical reports help to gather information to elucidate its pathogenesis, treatment options and prognosis. Five different cases of hydrallantois in the mare are reported in this article, all with the involvement of placentitis. The five mares were presented because of acute distention of the abdomen, dyspnoea, stiff gait and a lack of appetite. After a gradual release of the excessive amount of allantoic fluid, an abortion was induced in all five mares. The foals were either born dead or euthanized. The mares recovered quickly. One mare conceived within the same season, one remained barren despite several cycles of natural breeding, and no data were available on the other three mares. In this series, the condition is reported for the first time in two Shetland ponies, both pregnant with foals sharing a close genetic background. In both cases, the condition led to hyperlipidemia. The condition as it occurs in nulliparous mares is also discussed. Finally, the possible involvement of placentitis in the pathogenesis is emphasized.
A review of the opportunities and challenges facing the nursing associations in Iran
Authors: Esmaeili M. , Dehghan‐Nayeri N. , Negarandeh R. 
Published: March 2012

ESMAEILI M., DEHGHAN‐NAYERI N. & NEGARANDEH R. (2012) A review of the opportunities and challenges facing the nursing associations in Iran. International Nursing Review59, 168–174Background:  Nursing associations and organizations are deemed to be effective tools in promoting the profession. Professional nursing associations are an essential part of the nursing culture. Examining the challenges and opportunities confronting the associations would pave the way for the identification of their limitations and also would lead to more interactions among the members and the associations.Methods:  Following an extensive review of the literature and also examining the professional nursing associations in Iran, the common challenges facing the nursing associations are identified and their shared challenges with other associations in other countries have been explored. Lack of members and insufficient support from the associations, financial problems, non‐professional activities of associations and lack of interactions among associations are among the important challenges that the nursing associations confront within Iran. The possibility for establishing specialized nursing associations for increasing teamwork activities can be pointed out as one of the available opportunities.Conclusion:  Professional associations follow important priorities with regard to their objectives, which distinguishes each from the other. The clear introduction of objectives and pinpointing the convergences that might bring about clashes between them will lead to building confidence among nurses, and hopefully, increasing membership. Members' dynamic participation, and support and interactions between associations are among the measures for increasing the professional power. Researchers hope that this article could provide both nurses and professional associations with insights to support each other for the purpose of promoting professional development. Considering the insufficient research in the field, more studies are also suggested.
Should Chinese Renminbi be Blamed for Its Trade Surplus? A Structural VAR Approach
Authors: Zhang Zhaoyong , Sato Kiyotaka 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDuring the recent years, the Renminbi (RMB) exchange rate issue has been at the centre of ongoing debate over the source of global current account imbalance, especially with the United States. The objective of this study is to contribute to the current discussion by providing some new evidence on China’s exchange rate policy and the impacts of RMB devaluation/revaluation on China’s trade balance using a structural vector autoregression (VAR) approach. The results indicate that the dynamic effect of exchange rate on China’s trade balance is still very limited and China’s balance of trade is mainly determined by the world demand and its trade performance, with the latter being a result of its successfully maintained comparative advantage.
Immigration policy and market institutions in liberal market economies
Authors: Wright Chris F. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis article examines how the regulatory character of market institutions shapes government responses to labour shortages, with particular reference to immigration policy. The period between the late 1990s and the late 2000s saw many advanced economies relax entry controls on select categories of foreign workers. This trend was most pronounced among states with liberal market institutions. The underlying reasons for these trends are analysed through an examination of the motivations for reform in Australia and the UK, two states that oversaw significant liberalisations of their labour immigration policies. It argues that the liberal character of key market institutions encouraged firms in these states to look to external rather than internal solutions for meeting their labour requirements. These findings suggest that perspectives from the comparative political economy scholarship, most notably the varieties of capitalism literature, may provide insights into the way that different modes of market regulation shape immigration policy preferences.
Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum among students in northern Norway
Authors: Jensen A.J. , Kleveland C.R. , Moghaddam A. , Haaheim H. , Hjelmevoll S.O. , Skogen V. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground  The prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma genitalium in populations outside sexually transmitted infection clinics in Norway is unknown.Objective  To assess the prevalence of potential sexually transmitted organisms in a non‐clinical setting, among college students in Northern Norway.Methods  In total 655 students, 449 men and 206 women, were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis, M. genitalium, and U. urealyticum by nucleic acid amplification testing of urine samples. All subjects completed questionnaires.Results  Among the included men, the prevalences of C. trachomatis, M. genitalium, and U. urealyticum were 4.2%, 1.1% and 8.9%, respectively. Prevalence among included women was 1.9%, 1% and 8.2%, respectively. In men, the number of sexual partners in the preceding 6 months was associated with prevalence of U. urealyticum and C. trachomatis.Conclusions  U. urealyticum appeared more prevalent than C. trachomatis and increased number of sexual partners was associated with increased risk of a positive test. M. genitalium had a low prevalence.
Spatio‐temporal partitioning among large carnivores in relation to major prey species in Western Ghats
Authors: Ramesh T. , Kalle R. , Sankar K. , Qureshi Q. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSpatio‐temporal partitioning is a viable mechanism for minimizing resource competition among sympatric species. The occurrence of sympatric large carnivores – tiger Panthera tigris, leopard Panthera pardus and dhole Cuon alpinus – in forests of the Indian subcontinent is complemented with high dietary overlap. We characterized temporal and spatial patterns of large carnivores with major prey species using photo‐captures from 50 camera trap stations in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Western Ghats during 2008–2010. We tested whether major prey species' activity and spatial use acted as drivers for coexistence among large carnivores. Tiger exhibited cathemeral activity in the night and is spatially correlated with sambar and gaur, supporting hypotheses related to large‐sized prey. Leopard was active throughout the day and is spatially correlated with almost all prey species with no active separation from tiger. Dhole exhibited diurnal activity and spatial use in relation to chital and avoided felids to a certain extent. Leopard exhibited spatial correlation with tiger and dhole, while tiger did not correlate with dhole. Leopard exhibited relatively broader temporal and spatial tolerance due to its generalist nature, which permits opportunistic exploitation of resources. This supports the hypothesis that predators actively used areas at the same time as their principal prey species depending upon their body size and morphological adaptation. We conclude that resource partitioning in large carnivores by activity and spatial use of their principal prey governs spatio‐temporal separation in large carnivores.
Temperature‐Dependent Properties of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3–SrTiO3 Lead‐Free Piezoceramics
Authors: Wang Ke , Hussain Ali , Jo Wook , Rödel Jürgen 
Published: March 2012

Ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of SrTiO3–modified (0, 3, and 5 mol%) 0.8Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3–0.2Bi1/2K1/2TiO3 lead‐free piezoceramics were investigated as a model system in an attempt to lay a guideline for developing lead‐free piezoelectric materials with large strains. Two guidelines, one for the choice of base composition and the other for the choice of chemical modifiers, were assumed from our current understanding of the mechanism involved. Dielectric permittivity of both poled and unpoled samples was measured and compared, leading to a conclusion that the frequency‐independent anomaly (TF‐R) is the temperature at which induced‐ferroelectric order converts back to relaxor state. The correlation between TF‐R and depolarization temperature (Td) was shown by the comparison with Td determined by thermally stimulated depolarization current measurements, whereas the ferroelectric‐relaxor transition temperature TF‐R was determined using poled samples. A large unipolar strain of 0.36% (Smax/Emax = 600 pm/V) at a driving field of 6 kV/mm was obtained at room temperature for a SrTiO3 content of 5 mol%. Temperature‐dependent measurements of both polarization and strain from room temperature to 200°C revealed that the origin of the large strain is due to a reversible field‐induced ergodic relaxor‐to‐ferroelectric phase transformation.
Chemopreventive evaluation of Tephrosia purpurea against N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar rats
Authors: Hussain Talib , Siddiqui Hefazat H , Fareed Sheeba , Vijayakumar Madhavan , Rao Chandana Venkateswara 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Objectives
The chemopreventive potential of Tephrosia purpurea extract (TPE) on N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Wistar rats was assessed.

Methods
HCC was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of NDEA (200 mg/kg) followed by subcutaneous injections of CCl4 (3 ml/kg per week) for six weeks. After administration of the carcinogen, 200 and 400 mg/kg TPE were administered orally once a day throughout the study.

Key findings
The levels of liver cancer markers, including α-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen, were substantially increased by NDEA treatment. TPE treatment significantly reduced liver injury and restored the entire liver cancer markers. Additionally, TPE markedly normalized the activity of antioxidant enzymes, namely lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase in the liver of NDEA-treated rats. Treatment with TPE significantly reduced the nodule incidence and multiplicity in the carcinogen-bearing rats. Histological observations of the liver tissues correlated with the biochemical observations.

Conclusions
These findings powerfully support that T. purpurea prevented lipid peroxidation, suppressed the tumour burden, and promoted enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defence systems during NDEA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. This might have been due to modulating the antioxidant defence status, which contributed to its anticarcinogenic potential.
Supplementation of a suboptimal protein dose with leucine or essential amino acids: effects on myofibrillar protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in men
Authors: Churchward‐Venne Tyler A. , Burd Nicholas A. , Mitchell Cameron J. , West Daniel W. D. , Philp Andrew , Marcotte George R. , Baker Steven K. , Baar Keith , Phillips Stuart M. 
Published: March 2012

Key points
Essential amino acids (EAAs) stimulate increased rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS).
Leucine is a key regulator of MPS in rodents; however, its importance relative to the other EAAs is not clear.
About 20 g of protein maximally stimulates MPS after resistance exercise in young men, but we do not know if smaller doses can be made better by adding certain amino acids.
We report that a suboptimal dose of whey protein (6.25 g) supplemented with either leucine or a mixture of EAAs without leucine stimulates MPS similar to 25 g of whey protein under resting conditions; however, only 25 g of whey sustains exercise‐induced rates of MPS.
Adding leucine or a mixture of EAAs without leucine to a suboptimal dose of whey is as effective as 25 g whey at stimulating fed rates of MPS; however, 25 g of whey is better suited to increase resistance exercise‐induced muscle anabolism.