bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Call Learning in Black‐capped Chickadees (Parus atricapillus): The Role of Experience in the Development of ‘Chick‐A‐Dee’ Calls
Authors: Hughes Melissa , Nowicki Stephen , Lohr Bernard 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe role of learning in the development of bird vocalizations other than territorial song is not well studied. The well‐known role of direct imitation in the development of territorial song potentially masks the effects of other processes in the development of vocal behaviour. The ‘chick‐a‐dee’ call of black‐capped chickadees is a good system in which to investigate more subtle developmental processes because this call is composed of a small number of distinctive note types. These note types may be classified objectively based on a simple set of acoustic variables, allowing for a quantitative assessment of vocal learning. We raised four groups of black‐capped chickadees under different degrees of social and acoustic isolation. We then used a multivariate analysis of the acoustic structure of the introductory call notes (‘A‐’ ‘B‐’ and ‘C‐notes’) to determine how similar the notes produced by these hand‐reared birds were to the notes of wild birds. Hand‐reared chickadees with greater exposure to normal phonology produced notes of all three note types that were more similar to those of wild birds. Regardless of experience, however, all birds produced A‐notes that fell within the normal range of those produced by wild birds. By contrast, the development of normal B‐ and C‐notes appears to be more dependent upon experience. These data suggest that learning may play a different role in the development of different phonological units within one vocalization. Our results also illustrate the importance of considering processes other than simple imitation in the development of avian vocalizations.
Chilling and flight ability and mating competitiveness of sterile males of the Mediterranean fruit fly
Authors: Shelly T. E. , Edu J. , Nishimoto J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) is widely used to suppress or eradicate infestations of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). In large‐scale programs, sterile males are chilled (4°C) to allow their transfer and storage in the aircraft used for the releases. Sterile males may remain chilled for as long as 3 h prior to release. Here, we describe the results of experiments that assessed the effect of chilling on flight ability and mating competitiveness of sterile male Mediterranean fruit flies held under conditions of low (plastic buckets) or high (emergence tower trays) density. Males from both densities were subject to 0 (no chill), 1, or 3 h of chilling at 3 days of age. Chill treatment had no effect on flight ability for males held at low density. However, for males held at high density, chilling for 1 or 3 h significantly reduced flight ability below that observed for the no chill treatment. Consistent with the flight data, chill treatment had no effect on the mating success of males held at low density. However, among males held at high density, 3 h of chilling significantly reduced mating success below levels observed for unchilled males or males chilled for 1 h only in trials conducted 1 day after the cold treatment. An auxiliary experiment revealed that this reduction in mating performance was temporary: in mating trials conducted 3 days after 3 h of chilling, sterile males derived from tower trays had similar mating success as unchilled males. Implications of these findings for Mediterranean fruit fly SIT are discussed.
Contralateral metachronous tumor occurrence is more frequently associated with distant metastases or postoperative intrarenal recurrence in renal cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Amano Hiroyuki , Kondo Tsunenori , Hashimoto Yasunobu , Kobayashi Hirohito , Iizuka Junpei , Shimada Katsunori , Nakazawa Hayakazu , Ito Fumio , Tanabe Kazunari 
Published: May 2010

Objective:  To analyze the prognosis of patients with sporadic bilateral renal cell carcinoma (RCC).Methods:  From January 1979 to December 2007, 984 patients with sporadic RCC underwent surgery at our department. Of these, 53 patients (5.7%) presenting with bilateral RCC were included in this retrospective analysis.Results:  Thirty‐one of the 53 bilateral RCC patients had synchronous RCC, and 22 had metachronous RCC. Distant metastases by the time of the bilateral tumor occurrence were found in four patients (13%) in the synchronous group and in 10 patients (48%) in the metachronous group. No difference was found between the two groups in terms of overall survival. In contrast, survival after the second surgery in the metachronous group was significantly lower than that after the first surgery (P < 0.001) in the synchronous group (P = 0.02). In addition, the incidence of local recurrence after partial nephrectomy was higher in the metachronous group (26%) compared to the synchronous group (4%, P = 0.04) or the unilateral RCC patients (0.4%, P < 0.01).Conclusions:  Metachronous occurrence of RCC in the contralateral kidney is associated with an unfavorable prognosis, suggesting that metachronous contralateral tumors might be metastasis of the original tumors. A stricter follow‐up schedule is advisable for metachronous bilateral RCC patients.
Transmission of a bacterial consortium in Eisenia fetida egg capsules
Authors: Davidson Seana K. , Powell Ryan J. , Stahl David A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe earthworm Eisenia fetida harbours Verminephrobacter eiseniae within their excretory nephridia. This symbiont is transferred from the parent into the egg capsules where the cells are acquired by the developing earthworm in a series of recruitment steps. Previous studies defined V. eiseniae as the most abundant cell type in the egg capsules, leaving approximately 30% of the bacteria unidentified and of unknown origin. The study presented here used terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis together with cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes to define the composition of the bacterial consortium in E. fetida egg capsules from early to late development. Newly formed capsules of E. fetida contained three bacterial types, a novel Microbacteriaceae member, a Flexibacteriaceae member and the previously described V. eiseniae. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using specific and general rRNA probes demonstrated that the bacteria are abundant during early development, colonize the embryo and appear in the adult nephridia. As the capsules mature, Herbaspirillum spp. become abundant although they were not detected within the adult worm. These divergent taxa could serve distinct functions in both the adult earthworm and in the egg capsule to influence the competitive ability of earthworms within the soil community.
Amino acid signatures of salinity on an environmental scale with a focus on the Dead Sea
Authors: Rhodes Matthew E. , Fitz‐Gibbon Sorel T. , Oren Aharon , House Christopher H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe increase of the acidic nature of proteins as an adaptation to hypersalinity has been well documented within halophile isolates. Here we explore the effect of salinity on amino acid preference on an environmental scale. Via pyrosequencing, we have obtained two distinct metagenomic data sets from the Dead Sea, one from a 1992 archaeal bloom and one from the modern Dead Sea. Our data, along with metagenomes from environments representing a range of salinities, show a strong linear correlation (R2 = 0.97) between the salinity of an environment and the ratio of acidic to basic amino acids encoded by its inhabitants. Using the amino acid composition of putative protein‐encoding reads and the results of 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, we differentiate recovered sequences representing microorganisms indigenous to the Dead Sea from lateral gene transfer events and foreign DNA. Our methods demonstrate lateral gene transfer events between a halophilic archaeon and relatives of the thermophilic bacterial genus Thermotoga and suggest the presence of indigenous Dead Sea representatives from 10 traditionally non‐hyperhalophilic bacterial lineages. The work suggests the possibility that amino acid bias of hypersaline environments might be preservable in fossil DNA or fossil amino acids, serving as a proxy for the salinity of an ancient environment. Finally, both the amino acid profile of the 2007 Dead Sea metagenome and the V9 amplicon library support the conclusion that the dominant microorganism inhabiting the Dead Sea is most closely related to a thus far uncultured relative of an alkaliphilic haloarchaeon.
Exendin‐4 protects pancreatic beta cells from human islet amyloid polypeptide‐induced cell damage: potential involvement of AKT and mitochondria biogenesis
Authors: Fan R. , Li X. , Gu X. , Chan J. C. N. , Xu G. 
Published: May 2010

Aim: Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) stimulates beta‐cell proliferation and enhances beta‐cell survival, whereas oligomerization of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) may induce beta‐cell apoptosis and reduce beta‐cell mass. Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased expression of IAPP. As GLP‐1‐based therapy is currently developed as a novel antidiabetic therapy, we examined the potential protective action of the GLP‐1 receptor agonist exendin‐4 on hIAPP‐induced beta‐cell apoptosis. Methods: The study was performed in clonal insulinoma (INS‐1E) cells. Both method of transcriptional and translational and sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assays were used to evaluate cell viability and cell mass. Western blot analysis was applied to detect protein expression. Transfection of constitutively active protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) was performed to examine the role of AKT. Mitochondrial biogenesis was quantified by mitogreen staining and RT‐PCR. Results: First, we confirmed that hIAPP induced cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in INS‐1E cells. These effects were partially protected by exendin‐4 in association with partial recovery of the hIAPP‐mediated AKT inhibition. Furthermore, AKT constitutive activation attenuated hIAPP‐induced apoptosis, whereas PI3K/AKT inhibition abrogated exendin‐4‐mediated effects. These findings suggest that the antiapoptotic and proliferative effects of exendin‐4 in hIAPP‐treated INS‐1E cells were partially mediated through AKT pathway. Moreover, hIAPP induced FOXO1 but inhibited pdx‐1 nucleus translocation. These effects were restored by exendin‐4. Finally, mitogreen staining and RT‐PCR revealed enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis by exendin‐4 treatment. Conclusions: Collectively, these results suggest that GLP‐1 receptor agonist protects beta cells from hIAPP‐induced cell death partially through the activation of AKT pathway and improved mitochondrial function.
Morphological phylogeny of the variable fly family Stratiomyidae (Insecta, Diptera)
Authors: Brammer Colin A. , Von Dohlen Carol D. 
Published: May 2010

Brammer, C. A. & von Dohlen, C. D. (2010). Morphological phylogeny of the variable fly family Stratiomyidae (Insecta, Diptera). —Zoologica Scripta, 39, 363–377.Stratiomyidae is a dipteran family distributed worldwide and containing 2800 species classified into 12 subfamilies. Previous phylogenetic work on the Stratiomyidae consisted of a 20‐character morphological analysis of the subfamilies [World Catalog of the Stratiomyidae (Insect: Diptera). Leiden: Backhuys Publishers, 2001], and a molecular study using 69 taxa and two gene regions [Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 43, 2007, 660]. In this study, we present an expanded morphological cladistic analysis using 92 characters and 80 taxa, representing 36 of 39 described genera and all 12 Stratiomyidae subfamilies, as well as Xylomyidae and Pantophthalmidae outgroups. Data are analysed under maximum parsimony with all characters unordered and weighted equally; nodal support is assessed with the bootstrap and Bremer index. The strict consensus of all shortest trees is well resolved, and many of the deeper nodes are supported, although the root is ambiguous. Antissinae, Stratiomyinae, Sarginae and the diverse Clitellariinae are not monophyletic. Clitellariinae are positioned across several lineages, with most species grouped into a single, unsupported clade. Many of the well‐supported relationships are consistent with several aspects of the previous studies. The position of Exodontha remains elusive. Character support for subfamilies and other major clades is discussed.
Psoriasis: is the impairment to a patient’s life cumulative?
Authors: Kimball AB , Gieler U , Linder D , Sampogna F , Warren RB , Augustin M 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPsoriasis is associated with significant physical and psychological burden affecting all facets of a patient’s life – relationships, social activities, work and emotional wellbeing. The cumulative effect of this disability may be self‐perpetuating social disconnection and failure to achieve a ‘full life potential’ in some patients. Health‐related quality of life studies have quantified the burden of psoriasis providing predominantly cross‐sectional data and point‐in‐time images of patients’ lives rather than assessing the possible cumulative disability over a patient’s lifetime. However, social and economic outcomes indicate there are likely negative impacts that accumulate over time. To capture the cumulative effect of psoriasis and its associated co‐morbidities and stigma over a patient’s life course, we propose the concept of ‘Cumulative Life Course Impairment’ (CLCI). CLCI results from an interaction between (A) the burden of stigmatization, and physical and psychological co‐morbidities and (B) coping strategies and external factors. Several key aspects of the CLCI concept are supported by data similar to that used in health‐related quality of life assessments. Future research should focus on (i) establishing key components of CLCI and determining the mechanisms of impairment through longitudinal or retrospective case–control studies, and (ii) assessing factors that put patients at increased risk of developing CLCI. In the future, this concept may lead to a better understanding of the overall impact of psoriasis, help identify more vulnerable patients, and facilitate more appropriate treatment decisions or earlier referrals. To our knowledge, this is a first attempt to apply and develop concepts from ‘Life Course Epidemiology’ to psoriasis research.
On the Ecology of Hyla arborea var. meridionalis in Gran Canaria, with special reference to Predatory Habits considered in relation to the Protective Adaptations of Insects
Authors: Cott Hughc B. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.1. The present paper is supplementary to an earlier publication (3), the purpose of which was to present a detailed investigation of the food‐habits of certain tree‐frogs–as indicated by the examination of food eaten under natural conditions–“(1) in order to test the efficiency of procryptic and warning colours and mimicry in defending insects from predatory attack; and (2) to indicate the part played by these batrachians as a factor in the production of adaptive coloration in insects,”additional support to the existing mass of evidence upon which the theory of warning colours rests, namely, that conspicuous colours in insects are typically associated with disagreeable or distasteful qualities, and that different insectivorous enemies discriminate in the choice of food, learning by experience in nature to recognize and to avoid unpalatable prey.2. The general habits, habitat, and abundance of Hyla arborea var. meri‐dionalis in Gran Canaria are described. The frogs are considered in relation to their biological environment. A close parallelism as regards both habitat and food preferences between the present species and the Rhacophorid tree‐frog Hyperolius argus in Portuguese East Africa is discussed. Both frogs, in their respective environments, occupy the same ecological niche.3. The stomach contents of 195 tree‐frogs are tabulated to show (1) the systematic distribution of prey, and (2) the number of frogs containing different groups of food‐animals. 1210 insects and other animals were obtained from 184 frogs containing recognizable material. 12 orders and at least 143 species are represented, as follows:–Hymenoptera, 58.18 per cent.; Coleoptera, 16.54; Diptera, 6.12; Araneee, 5.78; Isopoda, 3.88; Hemiptera, 3.55; Lepidoptera, 3–06; Orthoptera, 1.07; Acarina, 0.74; Chilopoda, 0.74; Neuroptera, 0.17; Amphipoda, 0.17.4. The food‐animals have been classified according to colour, and the results are graphically shown for each of the following groups:–Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Araneæ. Of 617 specimens sufficiently well preserved for critical examination, only 6 (0.97 per cent.) belong to the typically aposematic group “AA.” These figures furnish
Contributions towards the Study of Insect Fertility.—III.* Adult Nutrition, Fecundity, and Longevity in the Genus Ephestia (Lepidoptera, Phycitidæ)
Authors: Norris Maud J. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.A series of experiments has been carried out which show that the fecundity (the number of eggs laid) and the longevity of E. cautella Wlk. and E. Clutella Hb. are about halved if they are deprived of drinking‐water, but that E. kühniella Z. is only slightly affected by it. It was also found that sugar‐feeding further increased tho longevity of E. kühniella and E. cautella, but did not increase the fecundity any more than water. When E. cautella was fed on albumen and water it lived no longer and laid no more eggs than when fed on water alone. A more detailed summary of the results of these experiments is given on p. 350. Chemical tests showed that the enzyme invertase is present in the gut of both E. cautella and E. kühniella. A summary of the literature concerning these questions in insects in general and more particularly in the Lepidoptera shows that, whereas a sugar diet suffices to maintain life, most adult insects require proteins of some kind for the normal development of their genital products, and in many insects oviposition is entirely conditional upon the taking of such food. The adult Lepidoptera Heteroneura have, as far as is known, completely lost the need for nitrogenous foodstuffs owing to a series of modifications by which their requirements have come to be met by the food stored in tho fat‐body. Table L. shows the probable evolutionary trends which have finally brought about such complete liberation from the need of food that, in the final stage, the mouth‐parts are reduced and no food at all is taken. The various characters involved in these trends do not appear to have been modified simultaneously (e. g., enzymes may persist after the need for them has been lost).
The manus of the Narwhal,Monodon monocerosL.
Authors: Eales N. B. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe flipper of the Narwhal has been investigated in foetal and adult stages, with special reference to the carpus.In the foetus, radiale, intermedium and ulnare, a single centrale, trapezoid, magnum and separate distal carpals 4 and 5 are present. There is no trace of a pisiform or of a trapezium. The centrale fuses with the intermedium. Distal carpals 4 and 5 unite to form an uneiform. In the adult there are three bones in the distal row.In the alliedDelphinapterus(adult) the form of the flipper is similar, but the trapezoid is missing, as it is inPhocaena(Phocaenidae).In the Delphinidae, as illustrated byGlobiocephala, trapezoid, magnum and uneiform are present.In broad‐handed whales(Monodon, Delphinapterus, Phocaena)the number of phalanges decreases with age, in narrow‐handed whales this number increases as the whale matures.The carpus of whales is of the interlocking type.A centrale has now been found during development in all mammals except some ungulates.Whales are the only mammals retaining traces of separate fourth and fifth distal carpals.
The post‐embryonic development of the dorsal part of the pterothoracic skeleton and certain muscles of Locusta migratoria migratorioides
Authors: Thomas Joan G. 
Published: May 2010

Summary

A brief description of the dorsal part of the pterothoracic skeleton and musculature of the adult Locusta migratoria migratorioides is given and the chief differences between them and the corresponding parts of the instars are described.
The presence of two histologically different types of muscles in the instars is reported and their probable significance is discussed.
Tergo‐pleural muscles which are present only in the nymphs and young adults are described and their possible function in moulting is discussed.
The mouth‐parts of the Dance Fly, Empis livida L. (Diptera, Empididae)
Authors: Bletchly J. D. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryA detailed account is given of the anatomy of the mouth‐parts of Empis livida (L.) (Empididae) and compared with that of Scopeuma stercoraria (L.) (Cordyluridae) described in a previous paper. Homologies are discussed, the probable functions of the mouth‐parts are given and their movements are deduced. Among morphological adaptations to feeding habits the labral blades, analogous to the prestomal teeth of Scopeuma are of particular interest. The struatural adaptations to known predatory habits are discussed and sex differences are noted.
The palatability of the eggs of birds: mainly based upon observations of an Egg Panel
Authors: Cott Hugh B. 
Published: May 2010

The paper contains the results of an investigation of the relative palatability of the eggs of 212 species of birds, belonging to twenty‐five orders, as determined by members of an Egg Panel, Low Temperature Research Station, Cambridge, during the years 1946 to 1951. The method of assessment has been generally similar to that hitherto used in the routine examination of fowls' eggs. Each sample, identified by a number but not named, and tested in the form of a scramble, is awarded a numerical score for general palatability, on a scale ranging from 10.0 (ideal) to 2.0 (inedible). Evidence is given of the reliability of the results obtained.Observations on the several samples also include qualitative evaluation of flavours, descriptions of texture, and measurements of the colour both of the fresh yolk and of the scramble, together with data relating to shell‐coloration, egg sizes and weights. Also included in the survey are accessory reports on egg‐palatability, obtained from both scattered published sources and from replies by correspondents. Thus an attempt has been made to collect in a single paper what is known of an aspect of ornithology that has not before received systematic investigation.
The genus Iphiscius Berl. (Acarina‐Laelaptidae)
Authors: Evans G. Owen 
Published: May 2010

Summary.A description is given of the female and the previously unknown male of Seius degenerans Berl., 1889. This species is the type‐species of the genus Iphiseius Berl., 1921. A comparison is made of the genera Iphiseius and Typhlodromus Scheuten. The former is transferred from the subfamily Podocininae to the subfamily Phytoseiinae.
Size and reproduction in Daphnia magna (Crustacea: Cladocera)
Authors: Green J. 
Published: May 2010

Summary.

In natural populations parthenogenetic egg production in Daphnia magna Straus is directly related to size.
Previous workers have shown that the number of parthenogenetic eggs produced during the life of a female increases in the early broods and decreases in later broods.
Egg production and size are positively correlated in the first adult instar, both under constant conditions and with varying food.
The size of the young liberated varies with maternal age, the third brood consisting of young of a larger average size than earlier or later broods.
The initial size of the young liberated influences the instar in which maturity is reached.
The probable effects of maternal age on growth, maturation and longevity of the young are discussed.