bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DART: A DISTRIBUTED ANALYSIS OF REPUTATION AND TRUST FRAMEWORK
Authors: Salehi‐Abari Amirali , White Tony 
Published: August 2012

Artificial societies—distributed systems of autonomous agents—are becoming increasingly important in open distributed environments, especially in e‐commerce. Agents require trust and reputation concepts to identify communities of agents with which to interact reliably. We have noted in real environments that adversaries tend to focus on exploitation of the trust and reputation model. These vulnerabilities reinforce the need for new evaluation criteria for trust and reputation models called exploitation resistance which reflects the ability of a trust model to be unaffected by agents who try to manipulate the trust model. To examine whether a given trust and reputation model is exploitation‐resistant, the researchers require a flexible, easy‐to‐use, and general framework. This framework should provide the facility to specify heterogeneous agents with different trust models and behaviors.This paper introduces a Distributed Analysis of Reputation and Trust (DART) framework. The environment of DART is decentralized and game‐theoretic. Not only is the proposed environment model compatible with the characteristics of open distributed systems, but it also allows agents to have different types of interactions in this environment model. Besides direct, witness, and introduction interactions, agents in our environment model can have a type of interaction called a reporting interaction, which represents a decentralized reporting mechanism in distributed environments. The proposed environment model provides various metrics at both micro and macro levels for analyzing the implemented trust and reputation models. Using DART, researchers have empirically demonstrated the vulnerability of well‐known trust models against both individual and group attacks.
Tracking a benchmark index – using a spreadsheet‐based decision support system as the driver
Authors: Wu Liang‐Chuan , Wu Liang‐Hong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a two‐phase quantitative approach for enhanced index investing based on the mean‐variance model and the goal programming method. In the first stage, we use the mean‐variance theory to select better performing stocks for an investment pool. Then, in the second stage, we use a goal programming method to weight the selected stocks by balancing both the tracking error and the rate of return. In addition to the theoretical formulation, we construct a spreadsheet‐based decision support system (DSS) based on the transaction data to help resolve the index tracking problem. The paper contributes to the literature in two ways. For academics, we present original discussions on combining an interdisciplinary mean‐variance model and a goal programming method. Unlike the conventional approach used for enhanced index investing that requires a fund manager to actively buy and sell stocks to improve returns, our approach is based on historical data and deduces subjective judgments. Meanwhile, for practitioners, we present an original discussion on using a DSS to support index investing. The results of an empirical survey of the Taiwan stock market are also presented.
Eliciting and prioritizing quality requirements supported by ontologies: a case study using the ElicitO framework and tool
Authors: Al Balushi Taiseera Hazeem , Sampaio Pedro R. Falcone , Loucopoulos Pericles 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAs software complexity grows and clients demand higher quality software, quality requirements can no longer be considered to be of secondary importance. Thus, eliciting, specifying, prioritizing and validating quality requirements is a prerequisite to the development of effective and efficient information systems. Despite the critical importance of quality requirements, there is a considerable gap in the breadth and depth of quality requirements engineering (RE) support in most RE approaches. In practice, it is often the case to have quality requirements considered as an afterthought in the systems development process. While there is a wealth of modelling techniques and tools for functional requirements, there is very limited support for quality requirements in RE. Support for quality requirements is usually ad‐hoc, without clear guidelines on how to capture, specify and manage quality requirements and also without proper usage of standardized terminologies based on established quality models such as the ISO/IEC 9126 quality model. In this paper, we discuss a quality‐driven RE framework and tool that applies knowledge management techniques and quality ontologies to support RE activities. The ontology implements the quality characteristics and metrics prescribed by the ISO/9126 quality model, providing a common vocabulary to address quality concerns/aspects across RE activities. We empirically validate how the framework and tool can be used to effectively support the requirements elicitation and prioritization activities through a case study addressing the development of an intranet portal project at the University of Manchester.
Game theory‐based influence diagrams
Authors: Zhou Lihua , Lü Kevin , Liu Weiyi 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMany decisions are made in interactive situations in which decision makers interact and may also affect each other's decision outcomes. In order to model decision makings in such interactive situations, this paper incorporates game theory into influence diagrams and presents a new approach, called game theory‐based influence diagrams (GIDs). GIDs consider an extra factor, that of the choice of strategies made by other decision makers, to the list of determinants that influence the decision‐making process of each decision maker, so that decision makers can make more rational decisions. As a result of integrating influence diagrams and game theory, GIDs benefit from the simplicity and efficiency of influence diagrams for modelling complex decision problems as well as the rationality and suitability of applying game theory for making decisions in dynamic interactive scenarios. This paper also introduces genetic algorithm‐based methods to evaluate GIDs. Experimental studies have been performed for validation and evaluation.
Genome‐Wide Association and Linkage Study in the Amish Detects a Novel Candidate Late‐Onset Alzheimer Disease Gene
Authors: Cummings Anna C. , Jiang Lan , Velez Edwards Digna R. , McCauley Jacob L. , Laux Renee , McFarland Lynne L. , Fuzzell Denise , Knebusch Clare , Caywood Laura , Reinhart‐Mercer Lori , Nations Laura , Gilbert John R. , Konidari Ioanna , Tramontana Michael , Cuccaro Michael L. , Scott William K. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , Haines Jonathan L. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryTo identify novel late‐onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) risk genes, we have analysed Amish populations of Ohio and Indiana. We performed genome‐wide SNP linkage and association studies on 798 individuals (109 with LOAD). We tested association using the Modified Quasi‐Likelihood Score test and also performed two‐point and multipoint linkage analyses. We found that LOAD was significantly associated with APOE (P= 9.0 × 10–6) in all our ascertainment regions except for the Adams County, Indiana, community (P= 0.55). Genome‐wide, the most strongly associated SNP was rs12361953 (P= 7.92 × 10–7). A very strong, genome‐wide significant multipoint peak [recessive heterogeneity multipoint LOD (HLOD) = 6.14, dominant HLOD = 6.05] was detected on 2p12. Three additional loci with multipoint HLOD scores >3 were detected on 3q26, 9q31 and 18p11. Converging linkage and association results, the most significantly associated SNP under the 2p12 peak was at rs2974151 (P= 1.29 × 10–4). This SNP is located in CTNNA2, which encodes catenin alpha 2, a neuronal‐specific catenin known to have function in the developing brain. These results identify CTNNA2 as a novel candidate LOAD gene, and implicate three other regions of the genome as novel LOAD loci. These results underscore the utility of using family‐based linkage and association analyses in isolated populations to identify novel loci for traits with complex genetic architecture.
Reduced orbitofrontal and temporal grey matter in a community sample of maltreated children
Authors: De Brito Stéphane A. , Viding Essi , Sebastian Catherine L. , Kelly Philip A. , Mechelli Andrea , Maris Helen , McCrory Eamon J. 
Published: August 2012

Background:  Childhood maltreatment is strongly associated with increased risk of psychiatric disorder. Previous neuroimaging studies have reported atypical neural structure in the orbitofrontal cortex, temporal lobe, amygdala, hippocampus and cerebellum in maltreated samples. It has been hypothesised that these structural differences may relate to increased psychiatric vulnerability. However, previous studies have typically recruited clinical samples with concurrent psychiatric disorders, or have poorly characterised the range of maltreatment experiences and levels of concurrent anxiety or depression, limiting the interpretation of the observed structural differences.Methods:  We used voxel‐based morphometry to compare grey matter volume in a group of 18 children (mean age 12.01 years, SD = 1.4), referred to community social services, with documented and well‐characterised experiences of maltreatment at home and a group of 20 nonmaltreated children (mean age 12.6 years, SD = 1.3). Both groups were comparable on age, gender, cognitive ability, ethnicity and levels of anxiety, depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms. We examined five a priori regions of interest: the prefrontal cortex, temporal lobes, amygdala, hippocampus and cerebellum.Results:  Maltreated children, compared to nonmaltreated peers, presented with reduced grey matter in the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the left middle temporal gyrus.Conclusions:  The medial orbitofrontal cortex and the middle temporal gyrus have been implicated in reinforcement‐based decision‐making, emotion regulation and autobiographical memory, processes that are impaired in a number of psychiatric disorders associated with maltreatment. We speculate that grey matter disturbance in these regions in a community sample of maltreated children may represent a latent neurobiological risk factor for later psychopathology and heightened risk taking.
Prevalence and predictors of drooling in 7‐ to 14‐year‐old children with cerebral palsy: a population study
Authors: REID SUSAN M , MCCUTCHEON JENNIFER , REDDIHOUGH DINAH S , JOHNSON HILARY 
Published: August 2012

Aim  To establish a prevalence estimate for drooling and explore factors associated with drooling in a population sample of children with cerebral palsy (CP) aged 7 to 14 years living in Victoria, Australia.Method  A self‐report questionnaire was used to collect data on drooling from parents of children born between 1996 and 2001, and registered with the Victorian Cerebral Palsy Register.Results  A total of 385 children (231 males, 154 females; mean age 10y 9mo [SD 1y 7mo], range 8–14y) were studied. The clinical type and distribution of CP were spastic (341), ataxic (16), dyskinetic (17), hypotonic (10), and unknown (1). Distribution in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels was I (103), II (98), III (52), IV (63), V (61), and unknown (8). After adjustment for topographical pattern of motor impairment and GMFCS level, 40% were reported to have experienced drooling between 4 years of age and the time of completing the questionnaire. A significantly higher prevalence of drooling was found in children with poor gross motor function and in those with more severe presentations of CP, including poor head control, difficulty with eating, and inability to sustain lip closure (p<0.001 for each). Drooling was shown to be significantly associated with both intellectual disability and epilepsy in this group of children (p<0.001 for both).Interpretation  With a prevalence of 40%, drooling is an important comorbidity in CP. It was considered severe in 15% of children. Poor oromotor function was associated with drooling and could be the target of interventions for this under‐researched problem.
Nationalisation of multilevel party systems: A conceptual and empirical analysis
Authors: Schakel Arjan H. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe concept of ‘nationalisation’ is vigorously discussed in the literature and three dimensions have been proposed. A first dimension considers the extent to which a party's vote in territorial units varies across time and this is labeled ‘dynamic nationalisation’. ‘Distributional nationalisation’ focuses on the degree to which there is an equal distribution of party votes across territorial units. Finally, ‘party‐linkage nationalisation’ concerns the extent to which candidates link together under common party labels. In addition to a conceptual debate there has been a simultaneous debate on the measurement of the various forms of nationalisation. This article contributes to both debates and argues that most of the literature on nationalisation suffers from a methodological nationalism bias – that is, the tendency of many scholars to choose the statewide level and national election as the natural unit of analysis. This claim is supported by a conceptual and empirical analysis regarding the effects of decentralisation on nationalisation. The conceptual analysis shows that the non‐robust findings of many studies concerning the effects of decentralisation on nationalisation can be related to the methodological nationalism bias. An effect of decentralisation is found once nationalisation is conceptualised with regard to its multilevel dimension and the measurements of nationalisation are differentiated according to parties, regions and type of elections (national or regional). An empirical analysis on the nationalisation of party systems, parties and regions in 18 countries for national and regional elections held between 1945 and 2009 shows that regional authority has a significant and robust effect on regions and regional elections but not on parties, party systems and national vote shares.
Race/Ethnicity Differences between Alcohol, Marijuana, and Co‐occurring Alcohol and Marijuana Use Disorders and Their Association with Public Health and Social Problems Using a National Sample
Authors: Pacek Lauren R. , Malcolm Robert J. , Martins Silvia S. 
Published: August 2012

Background: Alcohol and marijuana are commonly used and misused in the United States, both singly and together. Despite this, few studies examine their co‐occurring use and the corresponding association with public health and other problems. Moreover, there is a lack of investigation into differences in these associations on the basis of race/ethnicity.
Methods: The present study estimated the frequency of alcohol use disorder, marijuana use disorder, and co‐occurring alcohol and marijuana use disorder and their associated public health and social problems in Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics. This cross‐sectional study included 13,872 individuals and used data from the 2005–2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Frequency was calculated and multinomial regression was used to assess associations between substance use disorder and psychosocial, adverse consequences such as history of being arrested, substance use treatment, and sexually transmitted infection.
Results: Alcohol use disorder was comparable between, and most prevalent among, Whites and Hispanics compared to African Americans, whereas marijuana use disorder was greatest among African Americans compared to other race/ethnicities. Co‐occurring alcohol and marijuana use disorders were most prevalent for African Americans versus Whites and Hispanics, and similar in Whites and Hispanics. In general, major depressive episode was more prevalent for respondents with co‐occurring use disorders or single marijuana use disorders. However, race/ethnicity differences in associations between substance use disorder and psychosocial correlates and adverse consequences were observed.
Conclusions: Findings have implications for race/ethnicity appropriate integrated prevention and treatment of single and co‐occurring use disorders and psychiatric comorbidities. (Am J Addict 2012;21:435–444)
Temperament and Character Modify Risk of Drug Addiction and Influence Choice of Drugs
Authors: Milivojevic Dragan , Milovanovic Srdjan D. , Jovanovic Minja , Svrakic Dragan M. , Svrakic Nenad M. , Svrakic Slobodan M. , Cloninger C. Robert 
Published: August 2012

Background:

Drug addiction and alcoholism involve a complex etiopathogenesis with a variable degree of risk contributions from the host (person), environment, and addictive substances. In this work, temperament and character features of individuals addicted to opiates or alcohol are compared with normal controls to study personality factors in the overall risk for drug addiction.
Methods:

The study was done in a permissive environment, with easy access to alcohol and heroin, which facilitated analyses of personality factors in drug choice. Participants included 412 consecutive patients (312 opiate addicts, 100 alcohol addicts) treated at the Specialized Hospital for Chemical Dependency in Belgrade, Serbia, and a community sample of 346 controls.
Results:

Opiate addicts manifested antisocial temperament configuration (high Novelty Seeking, low Reward Dependence) coupled with high Self‐transcendence (ie, susceptibility to fantasy and imagination). Alcohol addicts manifested sensitive temperament configuration (high Novelty Seeking coexisting with high Harm Avoidance). Immature personality was observed far more frequently in opiate addicts than in alcoholics or normals.
Conclusions:
Novelty Seeking appears to be a general risk factor for drug addiction. High Harm Avoidance appears to channel individuals with high Novelty Seeking towards alcoholism. Immature character traits and probable Personality Disorder increase the risk of illegal drugs. Based on equivalent research in nonpermissive environments, at least a portion of our opiate addicts could have developed alcoholism instead in environments with more limited access to opiates. Personality factors provide useful guidelines for preventive work with young individuals with personality risk factors for drug addiction. (Am J Addict 2012;21:462–467)
A Longitudinal Examination of the Relationships between Childhood Maltreatment and Patterns of Adolescent Substance Use among High‐Risk Adolescents
Authors: Hyucksun Shin Sunny 
Published: August 2012

Background:
Childhood maltreatment has been linked to adolescent substance use in cross‐sectional studies but the studies were unable to test the associations between childhood maltreatment and changes in substance use patterns during adolescence. The present study investigated the linkages between exposure to childhood maltreatment and developmental trends of alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, opioid, and hallucinogen use among high‐risk adolescents.
Methods:
We used a sample of 937 adolescents (mean age: 15.9 years; range: 13‐18), who were selected from five publicly‐funded service systems, to examine the extent to which childhood maltreatment may influence changes in patterns of adolescent substance use over time.
Results:
The present study identified a 3‐class model of adolescent substance use. Mover‐stayer latent transition analyses (LTA) indicated that progression toward heavy polysubstance use increased with experience of childhood maltreatment. Findings also suggested that older male adolescents (ages 15‐18) who are involved with public service systems are at high risk for developing and maintaining multiple‐substance use in adolescence.
Conclusions: Experience of childhood maltreatment is associated with problematic patterns of adolescent substance use and may shape the longitudinal course of substance use during adolescence. (Am J Addict 2012;21:453–461)
The Role of Ethnic Pride and Parental Disapproval of Smoking on Smoking Behaviors among Minority and White Adolescents in a Suburban High School
Authors: Kong Grace , Camenga Deepa , Cavallo Dana , Connell Christian M. , Pflieger Jacqueline C. , Krishnan‐Sarin Suchitra 
Published: August 2012

Background: Adolescence is a critical developmental period when tobacco use is initiated and progression to regular smoking occurs. Another growing concern is the mounting evidence of ethnic/racial disparities in the smoking rates and adverse health consequences related to smoking. To reduce ethnic/racial disparities in smoking behaviors, understanding the protective influences against smoking behaviors among minority adolescents is important. Therefore, we examined the role of ethnic pride and parental disapproval of smoking on a wide range of smoking behaviors in ethnic/racial minority and White adolescents attending a suburban high school in Connecticut.
Methods:
A total of 870 adolescents (ethnic/racial minority: n= 202) completed questions on susceptibility to smoking, ever trying a cigarette, smoking at least one cigarette daily in the past 30 days, as well as parental disapproval of smoking and ethnic pride in a school‐wide survey.
Results:
Logistic regression analyses indicated that perceived parental disapproval of adolescent smoking and ethnic pride were associated with susceptibility to smoking, ever trying a cigarette, and daily smoking differently for minority and White adolescents. For White youth, high parental disapproval of smoking was protective against all three smoking behaviors whereas ethnic pride was not. For minority youth, the combined protective effect of higher ethnic pride and higher parental disapproval of smoking was protective against all smoking behaviors.
Conclusion: The protective role of parental disapproval of smoking and ethnic pride on smoking behaviors may inform culturally sensitive smoking interventions aimed at diverse, multi‐ethnic youth, and future studies are needed to examine this. (Am J Addict 2012;21:424–434)
Adaptation of the dermal collagen structure of human skin and scar tissue in response to stretch: An experimental study
Authors: Verhaegen Pauline D. , Schouten Hennie J. , Tigchelaar‐Gutter Wikky , van Marle Jan , van Noorden Cornelis J. , Middelkoop Esther , van Zuijlen Paul P. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSurgeons are often faced with large defects that are difficult to close. Stretching adjacent skin can facilitate wound closure. In clinical practice, intraoperative stretching is performed in a cyclical or continuous fashion. However, exact mechanisms of tissue adaptation to stretch remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated collagen and elastin orientation and morphology of stretched and nonstretched healthy skin and scars. Tissue samples were stretched, fixed in stretched‐out position, and processed for histology. Objective methods were used to quantify the collagen orientation index (COI), bundle thickness, and bundle spacing. Also sections were analyzed for elastin orientation and quantity. Significantly more parallel aligned collagen bundles were found after cyclical (COI = 0.57) and continuous stretch (COI = 0.57) compared with nonstretched skin (COI = 0.40). Similarly, more parallel aligned elastin was found after stretch. Also, significantly thicker collagen bundles and more bundle spacing were found after stretch. For stretched scars, significantly more parallel aligned collagen was found (COI = 0.61) compared with nonstretched scars (COI = 0.49). In conclusion, both elastin and collagen realign in a parallel fashion in response to stretch. For healthy skin, thicker bundles and more space between the bundles were found. Rapid changes in extension, alignment, and collagen morphology appear to be the underlying mechanisms of adaptation to stretching.