bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polythiophene:Perylene Diimide Solar Cells – the Impact of Alkyl‐Substitution on the Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Kamm Valentin , Battagliarin Glauco , Howard Ian A. , Pisula Wojciech , Mavrinskiy Alexey , Li Chen , Müllen Klaus , Laquai Frédéric 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe photovoltaic parameters, i.e., the short‐circuit current, open‐circuit voltage and device fill factor, of bulk heterojunction solar cells that use perylene diimide (PDI) derivatives as electron acceptors are often far below the theoretically expected values for reasons still not entirely understood. This article demonstrates that the photovoltaic characteristics of blend films of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (rr‐P3HT) and PDI molecules are improved upon using a core‐alkylated PDI derivative instead of the often used N‐alkylated PDI molecules. A doubling of the power conversion efficiency of P3HT:PDI solar cells by using the core‐alkylated PDI derivative is observed leading to an unprecedented power conversion efficiency of 0.5% for a P3HT:PDI solar cell under AM1.5 solar illumination. Furthermore, the optical properties of the novel PDI derivative are compared to two standard exclusively N‐alkylated PDI derivatives by steady‐state and time‐resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy in solution and solid state. The experiments reveal that aggregation in the solid state determines the photophysics of all PDI derivatives. However, the emission energy and excited state lifetime of the aggregates are clearly influenced by the alkyl‐substitution pattern through its effect on the packing of the PDI molecules. X‐ray diffraction experiments before and after thermal annealing of PDI:polystyrene and PDI:P3HT blends reveal subtle differences in the packing characteristics of the different PDI derivatives and, problematically, that P3HT ordering is suppressed by all of the PDI derivatives.
Single Material Solar Cells: the Next Frontier for Organic Photovoltaics?
Authors: Roncali Jean 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAn overview of various approaches for the realization of single‐material organic solar cells (SMOCs) is presented. Fullerene‐conjugated systems dyads, di‐block copolymers, and self‐organized donor‐acceptor molecules all represent different possible approaches towards SMOCs. Although each of them presents specific advantages and poses specific problems of design and synthesis, these different routes have witnessed significant progress in the past few years and SMOCs with efficiencies in the range of 1.50% have been realized. These performances are already higher than those of bi‐component bulk heterojunction solar cells some ten years ago, demonstrating that SMOCs can represent a credible approach towards efficient and simple organic solar cells. Possible directions for future research are discussed with the aim of stimulating further research on this exciting topic.
An Osteological and Histological Investigation of Cranial Joints in Geckos
Authors: Payne Samantha L. , Holliday Casey M. , Vickaryous Matthew K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCranial kinesis is a widespread feature of gekkotan lizards. Previous studies of kinesis in lizards often described the relevant, mobile joints as synovial, thus characterized by the presence of a synovial cavity lined with articular cartilage. To date however, detailed investigations of cranial joint histology are lacking. We examined eight cranial joints (quadrate–articular, quadrate–pterygoid, quadrate–otooccipital, quadrate–squamosal, epipterygoid–prootic, epipterygoid–pterygoid, basisphenoid–pterygoid, and frontal–parietal) in five gekkotan species (Oedura lesueuerii,Eublepharis macularius,Hemitheconyxcaudicinctus,Tarentola annularis,andChondrodactylous bibronii) using microcomputed tomography and serial histology. Particular focus was given to the relationship between the bony and soft‐tissue components of the joint. Our results demonstrate that only three of these joints are synovial: the quadrate–articular, epipterygoid–pterygoid, and basisphenoid–pterygoid joints. The frontal–parietal and quadrate–pterygoid joints are syndesmosis (fibrous), the epipterygoid–prootic and quadrate–otooccipital joints are synchondroses (cartilaginous without a synovial cavity) and the quadrate–squamosal joint was not present. Based on previous descriptions, we determine that the structure of some cranial joints is variable among lizard taxa. We caution that osteology does not necessarily predict cranial joint histology. Although the functional implications of these findings remain to be explored we note that the development of synovial joints appears to be associated with a neural crest origin for the elements involved. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some cephem derivatives
Authors: Kalcheva Veneta , Mincheva Zoia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTwo novel cephem derivative series were synthesized: 7‐(d‐α‐aminophenyl‐acetamido‐)‐3‐methyl‐3‐cephem‐4‐carboxylic acid monohydrate (Cephalexin) derivatives and those of 7‐amino‐3‐(1‐methyl‐1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)‐thio methyl‐3‐cephem‐4‐carboxylic acid (7‐AMTCA). The antimicrobial activity of the prepared compounds was studied and compared to that of known cephalosporin antibiotics of the first generation against 12 standard strains and 189 clinical isolates of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative microorganisms. The Cephalexin derivatives 4a‐f show a narrow activity spectrum and are inactive while 5c and 5d are more active than the Cephalexin and Cephazolin antibiotics against clinically isolated S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains.
Cross‐conjugated and pseudo‐cross‐conjugated mesomeric betaines, XVIII: Bicyclic mesoionic pyrimidines with cardiovascular activity
Authors: Kappe C. Oliver , Kappe Thomas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractReaction of α‐Anilino‐azines 1a‐i with activated malonates (magic malonates) 2a‐e leads to bicyclic mesoionic systems 3–7. Out of these, pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidines 3b,d are active as cardiotonics, whereas pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidines 4a‐g show significant anti‐anginal and anti‐hypertensive activity.
Heterocyclen, 67. Mitt.: Darstellung und Charakterisierung einiger 2‐(2‐Aryl‐thiazol‐4‐yl)‐3‐hydroxy‐chromone
Authors: Simiti Ioan , Zaharia Valentin , Mager Sorin , Horn Mihai , Köteles‐Popa Tiberiu 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBei der Kondensation des o‐Hydroxyacetophenons (1) mit einer Reihe von 2‐Aryl‐4‐formyl‐thiazolen 2 wurden die zugehörigen Heterochalcone 3 erhalten. Ihre Epoxydierung mit anschließender Cyclisierung und Oxidation liefert die 2‐(2‐Aryl‐thiazol‐4‐yl)‐3‐hydroxy‐chromone 5.
Untersuchungen an 1,3‐Thiazinen, 42. Mitt.: Carbazoylierungen und Thiocarbazoylierungen von 2‐Thioxo‐tetrahydro‐1,3‐thiazin‐Derivaten
Authors: Hanefeld Wolfgang , v. Gösseln Hans Joachim 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCarbazoylchloride reagieren mit 2‐Thioxo‐tetrahydro‐1,3‐thiazinen 6 und 7 zu N‐Carbazoyl‐thiazinderivaten 9 und 11. Thiocarbazoylchloride greifen kinetisch kontrolliert am 2‐Thioxoschwefel an zu S‐Substitutionsprodukten 10 und 12, die thermisch intramolekular zu den stabileren N‐Substitutionsprodukten 9 und 11 umgelagert werden können.
Alterations in type I hemidesmosome components suggestive of epigenetic control in the salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: González Sergio , Aguilera Sergio , Alliende Cecilia , Urzúa Ulises , Quest Andrew F. G. , Herrera Luisa , Molina Claudio , Hermoso Marcela , Ewert Patricia , Brito Mónica , Romo Rafael , Leyton Cecilia , Pérez Paola , González María‐Julieta 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveAcinar cells in the salivary glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) display severe alterations in anchorage to the basal lamina. Bioinformatics analysis of the BP230 gene sequence has revealed the presence of CpG islands that might be involved in epigenetic control of gene expression, and methylation of the BP230 promotor region may be implicated as an epigenetic control mechanism in salivary gland damage. Thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the protein BP230, as well as proteins BP180, α6β4 integrin, and cytokeratin‐18, for their expression levels, localization, and ability to form hemidesmosome adhesion complexes.MethodsEighteen patients with primary SS and 14 healthy control subjects were studied. Levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were measured by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. BP230 methylation was determined by methylation‐sensitive polymerase chain reaction. Protein complexes were analyzed by immunoprecipitation and assessed for localization by immunofluorescence.ResultsIn patients with SS as compared with controls, BP230 mRNA levels were decreased while protein levels were increased, and the gene promotor region was hypermethylated. Augmented proteolysis of BP180 was detected, since levels of linear IgA disease fragment 1 were increased. The complex‐forming ability of BP230, BP180, α6β4 integrin, and cytokeratin‐18 was maintained in patients with SS, in contrast to that in controls. BP230 and BP180 colocalized at the basal membrane of acinar cells, and cleavage of BP180 coincided with a loss of colocalization.ConclusionThe decrease in BP230 mRNA levels may be explained by gene hypermethylation. We postulate that local epigenetic modifications of BP230 are produced in response to factors present in the damaged salivary glands of patients with SS. Additionally, the paradoxical increase in BP230 protein levels and the formation of both normal and altered adhesion complexes may help avoid cell death induced by the loss of anchorage.
Maternal exposure to multi‐wall carbon nanotubes does not induce embryo–fetal developmental toxicity in rats
Authors: Lim Jeong‐Hyeon , Kim Sung‐Hwan , Shin In‐Sik , Park Na‐Hyeong , Moon Changjong , Kang Seong‐Soo , Kim Sung‐Ho , Park Seung‐Chun , Kim Jong‐Choon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: Although the potential risk of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to humans has recently increased due to expanding production and widespread use, the potential adverse effects of CNTs on embryo–fetal development have not yet been determined. METHODS: This study investigated the potential effects of multi‐wall CNTs (MWCNTs) on pregnant dams and embryo–fetal development in rats. MWCNTs were administered to pregnant rats by gavage at 0, 40, 200, and 1,000 mg/kg/day. All dams were subjected to Cesarean section on day 20 of gestation, and the fetuses were examined for any morphological abnormalities. RESULTS: All animals survived to the end of the study. A decrease in thymus weight was observed in the high dose group in a dose‐dependent manner. However, maternal body weight, food consumption, and oxidant–antioxidant balance in the liver were not affected by treatment with MWCNTs. No treatment‐related differences in gestation index, fetal deaths, fetal and placental weights, or sex ratio were observed between the groups. Morphological examinations of the fetuses demonstrated no significant difference in incidences of abnormalities between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that repeated oral doses of MWCNTs during pregnancy induces minimal maternal toxicity and no embryo–fetal toxicity at 1,000 mg/kg/day in rats. The no‐observed‐adverse‐effect level of MWCNTs is considered to be 200 mg/kg/day for dams and 1,000 mg/kg/day for embryo–fetal development. In this study, the dosing formulation was not analyzed to determine the degree of reaggregation (or not), nor were blood levels of CNT's measured in the dosed animals to verify or characterize absorption. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 92:69–76, 2011.  © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for survival and local recurrence after particle radiotherapy for single small hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Komatsu S , Murakami M , Fukumoto T , Hori Y , Hishikawa Y , Ku Y 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundParticle radiotherapy is a novel treatment for malignant tumours. The present study aimed to evaluate risk factors for overall survival and local control after particle radiotherapy of single small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to identify suitable candidates for this treatment.MethodsAll patients with a single HCC smaller than 5 cm in diameter treated by particle radiotherapy between 2001 and 2008 were identified retrospectively from a prospectively collected database. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors were analysed.ResultsA total of 150 patients were included. Five-year overall survival and local control rates were 50·9 and 92·3 per cent respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that several factors, including age and Child–Pugh classification, significantly influenced overall survival. Proximity to the digestive tract and Child–Pugh classification were independent risk factors for local recurrence. Other tumour factors including size, gross classification, previous treatment, macroscopic vascular invasion, and tumour location in relation to the diaphragm and large vessels did not influence local control rate.ConclusionParticle radiotherapy seems safe and effective, and may be a novel treatment for small HCC. Recurrences are more frequent when the tumour is located close to the gut.
Randomized clinical trial comparing polypropylene or polydioxanone for midline abdominal wall closure
Authors: Bloemen A , van Dooren P , Huizinga B F , Hoofwijk A G M 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundIncisional hernia is a frequent complication of abdominal surgery, often requiring surgical intervention. This prospective randomized trial compared suture materials for closure of the fascia after abdominal surgery.MethodsIn 456 patients the abdominal fascia was closed with either non-absorbable (polypropylene; Prolene®) or absorbable (polydioxanone; PDS®) suture material. Follow-up was by clinical examination and ultrasonography at 6-month intervals. Outcome measures were incisional hernia, surgical-site infection and suture sinus.ResultsSome 223 patients were analysed after closure with Prolene® and 233 after PDS®. Median follow-up was 32 and 31 months respectively. There was no significant difference in the incidence of incisional hernia between the groups: 20·2 per cent (45 of 223) for Prolene® and 24·9 per cent (58 of 233) with PDS® (P = 0·229). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a cumulative rate after 4 years of 23·7 and 30·2 per cent for Prolene® and PDS® respectively (P = 0·222). Secondary outcome measures showed no significant differences.ConclusionThe incidence of incisional hernia in both groups was higher than expected from previous literature. There were no significant differences between the two suture methods. Registration number: ISRCTN65599814 (http://www.clinical-trials.com).
Radiation safety program for the cardiac catheterization laboratory
Authors: E. Chambers Charles , A. Fetterly Kenneth , Holzer Ralf , Paul Lin Pei‐Jan , C. Blankenship James , Balter Stephen , K. Laskey Warren 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Society of Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions present a practical approach to assist cardiac catheterization laboratories in establishing a radiation safety program. The importance of this program is emphasized by the appropriate concerns for the increasing use of ionizing radiation in medical imaging, and its potential adverse effects. An overview of the assessment of radiation dose is provided with a review of basic terminology for dose management. The components of a radiation safety program include essential personnel, radiation monitoring, protective shielding, imaging equipment, and training/education. A procedure based review of radiation dose management is described including pre‐procedure, procedure and post‐procedure best practice recommendations. Specific radiation safety considerations are discussed including women and fluoroscopic procedures as well as patients with congenital and structural heart disease. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pore Structure and Surface Acidity Effects of Ordered Mesoporous Supports on Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Ethyl Pyruvate
Authors: Böttcher Stefan , Hoffmann Claudia , Räuchle Konstantin , Reschetilowski Wladimir 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe enantioselective hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate is studied using cinchonidine‐modified platinum supported on ordered mesoporous materials as a catalyst. The influence of different pore structures and hence, textural properties of the support on the enantiodifferentiation is investigated. The selected representative model supports are SBA‐15, SBA‐16, and KIT‐6. Depending on the pore structure, varying enantioselectivities are obtained. Furthermore, SBA‐15 is post‐synthetically aluminated to produce materials with different Si/Al ratios. An increase in Al content leads to an increased support surface acidity and enhanced enantioselectivity. The catalyst samples are characterized by small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), temperature‐programmed desorption of ammonia (TPAD), and N2 and CO sorption techniques. Applying optimized reaction conditions resulted in enantiomeric excesses of (R)‐ethyl lactate of 90–94 % ee at total conversion.
Construction of Tetranuclear Macrocycles through CH Activation and Structural Transformation Induced by [2+2] Photocycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Yu Wei‐Bin , Han Ying‐Feng , Lin Yue‐Jian , Jin Guo‐Xin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA series of binuclear complexes [{Cp*Ir(OOCCH2COO)}2(pyrazine)] (1 b), [{Cp*Ir(OOCCH2COO)}2(bpy)] (2 b; bpy=4,4′‐bipyridine), [{Cp*Ir(OOCCH2COO)}2(bpe)] (3 b; bpe=trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene) and tetranuclear metallamacrocycles [{(Cp*Ir)2(OOC‐CC‐COO)(pyrazine)}2] (1 c), [{(Cp*Ir)2(OOC‐CC‐COO)(bpy)}2] (2 c), [{(Cp*Ir)2(OOC‐CC‐COO)(bpe)}2] (3 c), and [{(Cp*Ir)2[OOC(H3C6)‐NN‐(C6H3)COO](pyrazine)}2] (1 d), [{(Cp*Ir)2[OOC(H3C6)‐NN‐(C6H3)COO](bpy)}2] (2 d), [{(Cp*Ir)2[OOC(H3C6)‐NN‐(C6H3)COO](bpe)}2] (3 d) were formed by reactions of 1 a–3 a {[(Cp*Ir)2(pyrazine)Cl2] (1 a), [(Cp*Ir)2(bpy)Cl2] (2 a), and [(Cp*Ir)2(bpe)Cl2] (3 a)} with malonic acid, fumaric acid, or H2ADB (azobenzene‐4,4′‐chcarboxylic acid), respectively, under mild conditions. The metallamacrocycles were directly self‐assembled by activation of CH bonds from dicarboxylic acids. Interestingly, after exposure to UV/Vis light, 3 c was converted to [2+2] cycloaddition complex 4. The molecular structures of 2 b, 1 c, 1 d, and 4 were characterized by single‐crystal x‐ray crystallography. Nanosized tubular channels, which may play important roles for their stability, were also observed in 1 c, 1 d, and 4. All complexes were well characterized by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, as well as elemental analysis.
Optical probes and the applications in multimodality imaging
Authors: Liu Yang , Yu Gang , Tian Mei , Zhang Hong 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOptical imaging essentially refers to in vivo fluorescence imaging and bioluminescence imaging. These types of imaging are widely used visualization methods in biomedical research and are important in molecular imaging. A new generation of imaging agents called multimodal probes have emerged in the past few years. These probes can be detected by two or more imaging modalities, which harnesses the strengths of the different modalities and enables researchers to obtain more information than can be achieved using only one modality. Owing to its low cost and the large number of probes available, the optical method plays an important role in multimodality imaging. In this mini‐review, we describe the available multimodal imaging probes for in vivo imaging that combine optical imaging with other modalities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enthalpy–Entropy Correlation for Hydrogen Adsorption on MOFs: Variable‐Temperature FTIR Study of Hydrogen Adsorption on MIL‐100(Cr) and MIL‐101(Cr)
Authors: Palomino Gemma Turnes , Cabello Carlos Palomino , Areán Carlos Otero 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe thermodynamics of hydrogen interaction with the coordinatively unsaturated CrIII cationic sites in the metal–organic frameworks MIL‐100(Cr) and MIL‐101(Cr) was studied by variable‐temperature infrared (VTIR) spectroscopy. Simultaneous measurement of the equilibrium pressure of hydrogen and the integrated IR absorbance over the temperature range 79–105 K led to the determination of the corresponding values of standard adsorption enthalpy (ΔH0) and entropy (ΔS0). For MIL‐100(Cr) these values were ΔH0 = –6.9 kJ mol–1 and ΔS0 = –80 J mol–1 K–1, whereas for MIL‐101(Cr) the values ΔH0 = –9.5 kJ mol–1 and ΔS0 = –112 J mol–1 K–1were obtained. These thermodynamic quantities show a positive correlation between ΔH0 and ΔS0, which is analyzed in the broader context of the corresponding data available for hydrogen adsorption on other two MOFs and also on several cation‐exchanged zeolites. The implications for hydrogen storage and delivery by using MOFs are discussed.
Identification of gaps in knowledge concerning toxicology of 3‐MCPD and glycidol esters
Authors: Habermeyer Michael , Guth Sabine , Eisenbrand Gerhard 
Published: January 2011

Abstract3‐Monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol (3‐MCPD), also named 3‐chloro‐propanediol or α‐chlorohydrin has long been known as a contaminant in certain heat‐processed foods, including cereal products, coffee, fish, meat products, dairy products, and sauces on the basis of acid hydrolyzed vegetable protein 1. There is convincing evidence that fatty acid esters of 3‐MCPD are also widespread in processed foods and that concentrations of these compounds exceed those of the corresponding chloropropanols. Whereas toxicology and biological effects of 3‐MCPD have been studied quite thoroughly, very little is known about 3‐MCPD esters of fatty acids. Recently, it has been reported that also esters of glycidol are formed during the refining of vegetable oils. There are no toxicological data available yet on glycidol esters but glycidol itself as an industrial chemical has been investigated and is known as genotoxic carcinogen found to induce tumors in different tissues after oral application. The following summary provides a condensed overview about gaps in knowledge concerning 3‐MCPD esters and glycidol esters and addresses questions concerning toxicological relevance.
Mechanism of action of mercury on sperm morphology, adenosine triphosphate content, and motility in Perca fluviatilis (Percidae; Teleostei)
Authors: Hatef Azadeh , Alavi Sayyed Mohammad Hadi , Butts Ian A. E , Policar Tomas , Linhart Otomar 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The main objectives of the present study were to investigate the performance of mercury chloride (HgCl2) on sperm function and structure, identify sites of action of HgCl2, and investigate the mechanism of action of HgCl2 on fish (Perca fluviatilis L.) spermatozoa. Direct exposure of nonincubated sperm decreased sperm motility and velocity in a dose-dependent manner and was totally suppressed at 250 µM HgCl2. Adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) content of sperm after activation in an activation medium (AM) containing more than 25 µM HgCl2 did not differ compared with nonactivated sperm. Motility and velocity of demembranated sperm decreased after activation in an AM containing 62 µM HgCl2, and was totally suppressed at 250 µM HgCl2. Incubation of sperm in an immobilizing medium (IM) containing HgCl2 enhanced HgCl2 effects after sperm activation in an AM containing HgCl2. Sperm motility of incubated sperm in an IM without HgCl2 was totally suppressed at 125 µM HgCl2 after 3 h incubation. In case of incubated sperm in an IM containing HgCl2, sperm motility was totally suppressed at 31 µM HgCl2. Adenosine-5′-triphosphate content of sperm was significantly lower in an IM containing HgCl2 greater than 3 µM compared with those of the control (no HgCl2) and lower HgCl2 concentrations. Damage to the plasma membrane and axoneme were observed in sperm incubated in an IM containing HgCl2 compared with the control, when HgCl2 concentration and incubation time increased. In conclusion, HgCl2 acts on sperm through disruption of function of the plasma membrane, axoneme, and ATP content. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:905–914. © 2010 SETAC