bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The incidence and level of contamination of British fresh sausages and ingredients with salmonellas
Authors: Banks J. G. , Board R. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA five-tube most probable number (MPN) method, with pre-enrichment and enrichment stages, was used in a study of the incidence of salmonella contamination of British fresh sausages and the ingredients used in their manufacture. All samples were taken from a large factory in the course of routine production. There was an incidence of 65 % contamination of pork (n= 20) and 55% (n= 20) in pork and beef sausages. The incidences of contamination of uncooked ingredients varied from 95 % for mechanically recovered meat (n= 20) to 10 % for another type of meat. Cooked and/or dried ingredients were rarely contaminated with these organisms and, when contamination occurred, coliforms were also important.The numbers of salmonellas isolated ranged from 7–40 for pork sausages, from 8–24 for beef and pork sausages and from 0·8–378 organisms/g for ingredients.The following salmonella serotypes were isolated (ranked in descending order of incidence):S. derby, S. dublin, S. newport, S. stanley, S. typhimurium, S. heidelberg, S. infantisandS. agona.
Rubella-specific IgM reactivity in sera from cases of infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Morgan-Capner P. , Tedder R. S. , Mace J. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEight sera from 125 cases of infectious mononucleosis (IM) were reactive for rubella-specific IgM in an M-antibody capture radioimmunoassay. The reactivity of individual sera varied depending upon the source of the rubella antigen used in the assay. One serum gave strongly positive results with some rubella haemagglutinating antigens but negative results with others and may have contained an IgM antibody which was capable of distinguishing between strains of rubella virus.If the diagnosis of rubella is based solely on detection in solid-phase immunoassay of rubella-specific IgM, IM should be excluded.
Multiple plating from enrichment media as an aid to salmonella isolation
Authors: Price T. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFaeces samples enriched for salmonellas in selenite F broth incubated at 43°C were subcultured to brilliant green MacConkey agar after 6 h. Four platings were made. As a control technique, each sample was enriched in selenite F incubated at 37°C for 24 h and subcultured once to brilliant green MacConkey agar. Of the specimens plated at 6 h, out of a total of 25 positive samples, 6 required more than a single subculture to reveal the presence of salmonellas. Twenty-four positive isolations were made from the selenite broths incubated at 37°C for 24 h and subcultured once only. All faecal samples positive by enrichment were also positive by direct plating. Nine samples seeded by 6 h produced only 1–2 salmonella colonies per plate. Convalescent specimens are, therefore, unlikely to be efficiently diagnosed by early subculture even if it is combined with multiple plating.River Taff samples, after pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water, were enriched in Rappaport's medium at 37°C for 6 h. Subcultures were made to four plates of brilliant green MacConkey agar. A control subculture was made at 24 h to a single plate of brilliant green MacConkey. Although multiple subculture at 6 h improved salmonella isolation, the method was not as efficient as a single plating from the same enrichment culture at 24 h. There was no evidence that subculture at 6 h combined with multiple plating had a value either for faecal examination or for the isolation of salmonellas from sewage-polluted natural water.Samples of other natural waters submitted routinely by Environmental Health Officers were pre-enriched in buffered peptone water before subculture to Rappa port's medium. The enrichment cultures were incubated at 37°C for 24 h and duplicate platings were made to brilliant green MacConkey agar. By double plating at 24 h, a gain of 16% in salmonella recovery was made. This compares favourably with the gain obtained by subculture from Rappaport after 24 and 48 h incubation. It also saves 24 h in examination time.
Cholera and the ship “Cockroach”
Authors: Toda T. 
Published: May 2009

For the past five or six years, epidemics of cholera have occurred every summer in Japan and the early cases in each outbreak are believed to have been imported from Manila or Shanghai.Port quarantine in Japan has consequently been strict. Specimens of excreta from passengers and crew of vessels arriving from infected ports require to be examined bacteriologically and declared free before landing is permitted. The method is irksome and laborious though probably effective.
Reduction of Sulphites by certain Bacteria in Media containing a Fermentable Carbohydrate and Metallic Salts
Authors: Wilson W. James 
Published: May 2009

(1) In media containing sodium sulphite, glucose, and iron salts, reduction of sulphite to sulphide is effected by B. typhosus, B. enteritidis (Gaertner), B. paratyphosus B, and various other members of the Salmonella group. No reduction was shown by B. paratyphosus A, and the various dysentery bacilli.(2) The use of certain media containing sodium sulphite is recommended in attempting to’ isolate typhoid and paratyphoid B bacilli from excreta, water, milk, etc.(3) It is suggested that the blackening which is brought about by certain members of the Typhoid-Paratyphoid-Enteritidis group in nutrient agar containing lead acetate is due, at least in part, to the reduction of sulphite im purities and that in order to get constant results with different brands of peptone an addition of sodium sulphite and a suitable fermentable carbo hydrate should be made to the medium.
Study on the Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever
Authors: Kligler I. J. 
Published: May 2009

A study was made of the available statistical data bearing on the epidemiology of typhoid in Palestine. It apears from this analysis that:1. The typhiod epidemicity is not due to a single source such as contaminated water or food. The seasonal prevalence of the disease corresponds with the normal seasonal incidence of typhiod, and is, therefore, in the nature of a contact infection.2. There is no striking difference in age, sex or race susceptibility. In Tel Aviv the age group 5–14 shows a lower incidence than the corresponding age group in Jerusalem or the higher age group 15–29 in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. There is, however, no difference in susceptibility between the age group 15–29 in Jerusalem and that in Tel Aviv.3. From a graphic comparisos, the calculation of the coefficient of correlation of the limited experience (six years), and a comparison of the prevalence of the disease in the immigrant and indigenous population, there appears to be a significant correlation between the net population increment and epidemicity. These results, if confirmed by a longer experience, are in accord with those obtained in the remarkable mice experiments conducted by the English and American investigators.4. Although, at the beginning, the morbidity and mortality is higher in the immigrant group, there is an evident tendency at equalisation, and in the second year the incidence in the indigenous population is the same as that among the immigrants.5. The above results indicate the path of control: (a) every immigrant, particularly those between the ages 5–29, should be properly vaccinated against typhoid. By raising the resistance of the new population, the possibility of epidemics among them, and consequently later among the resident population, will be averted; (b) the reduction of endemic typhoid can be brought about by reducing the dosage of the infectious microbes. This can only be brought about by concentration of effort on the early detection and isolation of cases and the vaccination of all contacts. These two measures would seem to offer a prompt and relatively simple solution to the typhoid problem in Palestine.
The Epidemic Potency of Strains of Bact. aertrycke of varying virulence
Authors: Topley W. W. C. , Geeenwood M. , Wilson J. , Newbold E. M. 
Published: May 2009

Summarising the results obtained in this series of experiments, it would appear that, in the case of Bact. aertrycke infection spreading among a closed community of mice:(1) The character and severity of the epidemic are mainly determined by the virulence of the infecting bacterial strain.(2) Strains of high virulence may give rise to non-fatal persistent infections, maintaining their full virulence over long periods of time within the spleens of the infected mice.(3) Strains of low virulence may persist for long periods of time within such closed populations, spreading to some extent among the mice at risk, causing occasional deaths, and leading to an appreciable number of latent infections.(4) It would appear that virulence and power to spread are highly corre lated.
Notes on Cases of Fever frequently confounded with Typhoid and Malaria in the Tropics
Authors: Castellani Aldo 
Published: May 2009

Every practitioner in Tropical Countries knows how frequently cases of fever occur in which it is impossible to arrive at a definite diagnosis.Much light has been thrown on the subject of long-continued fevers by the researches of Leishman, Donovan, Manson, Rogers, etc., especially with regard to Kala-azar. Moreover, the work of Wright, Lamb, and others, has shown that some other forms of long-continued tropical fevers represent cases of Malta fever.
The Bacteriological Examination of Surface Wells
Authors: Savage William G. 
Published: May 2009

1. Numerical counts on gelatin media are of very limited value for surface well examinations and are quite useless for open draw-wells. The blood-heat enumeration is of use, but still of but limited value.2. The influence of rainfall and local conditions generally is marked for this class of waters with regard to their bacterial content.Whether the well is uncovered, or covered and provided with a pump has a very important influence upon the bacteriological results. For a good many wells which show very bad bacteriological findings the cause of pollution is frequently due to surface pollution rather than to pollution of the ground water through the soil. If these wells are properly protected they will become suitable sources of drinking supply.3. The results obtained confirm the value of B. coli and streptococci estimations as the best tests by which to judge the freedom from pollution of such waters.The streptococci results are of great value, only second in importance to the B. coli determinations. In numerical distribution these two organisms closely agree. The presence of streptococci is more reliable as evidence to deduce pollution than their absence is to exclude it.4. An opinion regarding the freedom of surface wells from pollution is best formed on the basis of combined topographical and bacteriological investigation.5. Inspection alone is frequently quite insufficient for the purpose of determining if a well is contaminated and if it should be closed.Of the 50 wells examined no less than 31 had to be classed as doubtful (Series C), topographical examination alone affording insufficient data for the expression of a decided opinion.In view of the fact that pure water supplies are not easy to obtain in many rural districts, a water supply, which may have been in use for many years, cannot be condemned in the absence of clear evidence that it is unsatisfactory and dangerous.6. In surface well waters a large proportion of the coli-like organisms isolated are atypical in one or more particulars.7. Typical B. coli implanted into soil showed some alteration of character, but the changes were not extensive and no evidence was obtained that the widely aberrant organisms met with in different soils and waters ever represent typical B. coli altered by unfavourable environment.8. Organisms closely allied to B. coli, but differing in one or more characters, possess significance as indicators of faecal contamination.The more nearly the organism isolated resembles an “excretal” B. coli the greater is its significance as an indicator of pollution. Consequently the fewer the number required to condemn a sample water in which they occur. Stated as a working proposition, the more the characters of the coli-like organisms deviate from that which for convenience may be spoken of as the typical form, the greater the proportionate number of them required to condemn the water.9. The presence of ‘excretal’ B. coli in 10 c.c. or less of a surface well water points to undesirable pollution and is sufficient to condemn the water.
Notes on the Production of Immunity to Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Südmersen H. J. 
Published: May 2009

(a) Primary Stimulus. In animals possessing no normal antitoxin a single injection of toxin either “attenuated” or under cover of antitoxin, whether injected previously or at the same time or present in the form of passive immunity maternally transmitted, is followed by a latent period of about three weeks, and the maximum immunity is reached in about eight weeks.(b) Secondary Stimulus. In immune animals, whether naturally immune or artificially immunised, a single injection of toxin or of a toxin-antitoxin mixture is followed by a latent period of about four days and the maximum immunity is reached in about ten days; the great and rapid immunity response to the secondary stimulus offers a striking contrast to the small and gradual response to the primary stimulus.(c) Intermediate Stimulus. In partially immune animals the response to an injection of toxin is in magnitude and rapidity of a character intermediate between the responses following a primary and a secondary stimulus.
A Comparative Study of Bovine Abortion and Undulant Fever, from the Bacteriological point of View
Authors: Khaled Z. 
Published: May 2009

1. Morphologically B. abortus and B. melitensis are identical. The “coccoid” form is not a constant feature and a more satisfactory generic name would be “Brucella.”2. The organisms cannot be differentiated by cultural, bio-chemical, or staining methods, or by the agglutination reaction.3. From absorption experiments, it would appear that B. melitensis is a sub-strain of B. abortus.4. Dose for dose B. abortus is much less virulent for the guinea-pig than B. melitensis, approximately about 1: 6.5. Immunisation of monkeys (one experiment only) with killed suspensions of B. abortus protected against subsequent infection with B. melitensis.In conclusion I wish to thank Professor Ledingham for much valuable advice throughout the investigation, and Dr R. St John Brooks for supplying me with cultures from the National Collection.
Infection with Coliform Bacilli as a Cause of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Chronic Rheumatism: its Diagnosis and its Treatment by Autogenous Vaccines
Authors: Kauntze W. H. 
Published: May 2009

A technique is described for the preparation of a vaccine from coliform bacilli isolated from the faeces of a patient and agglutinated by his blood serum.The encouraging results obtained in the treatment of a number of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis, chronic rheumatism, and allied diseases with an autogenous vaccine prepared by this technique, are reported.The absence of agglutinins for coliform bacilli from the blood of healthy persons is established, while it is shown that such agglutinins are present in high concentration in the group of diseases under consideration.A report is made on the result of attempts to classify the coliform bacilli by cultural and serological reactions.The facts reported are discussed, and the proposition adduced therefrom that if a patient has in his blood a certain concentration of agglutinins for a coliform bacillus isolated from his faeces, he is suffering from an infection with, or from the absorption of toxins elaborated by, that coliform bacillus, and a vaccine prepared from this organism will probably have a marked curative effect.Suggestions are made as to the mechanism of infection with coliform baciffi, and as to the significance of variants in that group of organisms found in the faeces.
The Bacteriological Examination of Mussels
Authors: Bigger Joseph W. 
Published: May 2009

1. This paper reports the results obtained by the cultivation of the bacteria of ten batches each of ten mussels, 100 mussels in all, in lactose bile broth.2. From these mussels 371 cultures of bacteria were obtained. 30·7 per cent, of these were not Gram-negative bacilli, 10·0 per cent. were Gram-negative bacilli which did not ferment lactose and glucose, 59·3 per cent. were coliform bacilli.3. By reading the results in lactose bile broth after 24 hours' incubation, and by regarding as positive those tubes which show strong acid and good gas production the most reliable results were obtained. 93·0 per cent. of all typical, and 83·8 per cent. of all typical and atypicalB. colifound gave this reaction. 37·6 per cent. of the organisms giving this reaction were typicalB. coli, 61·1 per cent. of them were typical or atypicalB. coli, and 97·2 per cent. of them were coliform bacilli.4. The writer's method is described in detail. Its essentials are the rejection of shell fluid, the standardisation of the volume of each mussel at 25 c.c. by the addition of saline, the inoculation of three volumes of mussel mince into lactose bile broth—0·5, 0·1 and 0·02 cc., each in duplicate, and the regarding as positive each of these amounts only when acid and gas are produced in 24 hours in both tubes.5. It is suggested that a batch of mussels showing more than seven positives in the tubes inoculated with 0·5 cc.. of mince, or more than three in the tubes inoculated with 0·1 c.c. or more than one in the tubes inoculated with 0·02 c.c. should be considered as contaminated to an undesirable extent.6. Three types of solid media—Salle's, MacConkey's and Burke-Gaffney's— were tested. None were considered suitable for the bacteriological examination of mussels.7. Reasons are given for considering any solid medium inferior to fluid medium for the bacteriological examination of mussels.
Sources of Infection in Undulant Fever
Authors: Smith J. 
Published: May 2009

1. Samples of milk from 183 cows were examined, and seventeen (9·2 per cent.) yielded Br. abortus.2. Two hundred and two samples of butter, margarine, cheese, and icecream failed to yield Br. abortus, although samples of locally prepared butter and cheese both contained tubercle bacilli.3. Examination of the serum from slaughtermen and men working in allied trades showed some evidence of latent infection, but no indication of much real illness due to Br. abortus.4. Examination of the sera of sheep failed to show any evidence that these animals become infected with Br. abortus.5. The examination of sera and organs from pigs failed to show any evidence that the porcine type of Br. abortus occurs.
The Reputed Antigenic Relationship between Organisms of the Brucella Group on the One Hand, and of the Pasteurella, Pfeifferella and Proteus Groups on the Other
Authors: Wilson G. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. Provided that due precautions are taken to ascertain the normal level of agglutinins in a given host, and that antigenically smooth strains are used, there is every reason to believe that the occurrence of agglutinins in a titre above the normal range of variation is due to infection—latent, active or past—with the specific organism in question, or in a few instances with an organism, usually of the same genus, sharing a similar antigen.2. This conclusion may have to be modified for the occurrence of agglutinins toProteusOX19 in human typhus sera, since the exact relationship of this organism toRickettsia prowazekiis still doubtful. If, however, future work shows the truth of Felix's (1933) contention that serological types ofProteusX correspond to serological types of typhus virus (Rickettsia), even this apparent exception will fall within the general rule.3. The examination of sixty-four horse and fifty-three cattle sera, and the performance of numerous cross-agglutination and cross-absorption experiments with rabbit and horse antisera, lend no support to the suggestion made by certain workers of the existence of an antigenic relationship between Brucella strains on the one hand, and strains of Pfeifferella, Pasteurella andProteusX on the other.
The nutritive value of raw and pasteurized milk for calves
Authors: Wilson G. S. , Minett F. C. , Carling H. F. 
Published: May 2009

1. An experiment on the feeding of calves is described, which lasted over 2 years, and which was carried out on a healthy Shorthorn herd free from tuberculosis and contagious abortion.2. Alternate animals as they were born were allocated, without any selection whatever, to one or other of two groups. One of these was fed on raw, the other on pasteurized milk. Every animal received its mother's colostrum for 3 days before being put on the milk diet.3. The milk used was taken from the mixed morning's milk of the whole herd. It was divided into two parts, one of which was given raw, the other of which was submitted to low-temperature pasteurization at 145° F. (628° C.) for 30 nun, and subsequently cooled. The animals were fed morning and evening on measured quantities that were in strict relationship to their body weight.4. In addition to the milk, hay was allowed ad lib. Observations showed that practically none was eaten during the first month, after which each animal consumed about 1 lb. a day, rising to 3 lb. by the eighth week.5. With the exception of two weaklings which died after 15 and 23 days respectively from causes apparently unconnected with the nature of their diet, all the animals—twenty-five in the raw and twenty-three in the pasteurized group—throve well, and showed no obvious signs of rickets or anaemia.6. The average increase in weight over the 8-week period for the animals in the raw group was 53·72 lb., and in the pasteurized group 53·86 lb., or 61·18 and 62·94 per cent respectively. This practical identity in weight increase is all the more surprising in view of the fact that the number of bull calves was very much less in the pasteurized than in the raw group.7. The highest individual gain among the bull calves—one of 80 lb.—and the highest individual gain among the heifer calves—one of 63 lb.—both occurred in animals fed on pasteurized milk.8. At no time throughout the experiment was any observer, lay or professional, able to distinguish between the two groups of animals.9. The diet given, though permitting of good skeletal development, was insufficient to fatten the animals. After they had been transferred, however, to a normal diet at the conclusion of their 8 weeks in the experiment, they soon put on weight and within 2 or 3 months were indistinguishable in size or condition from animals that had received a more generous diet from birth.10. There is nothing in these results to suggest that the nutritive value of pasteurized milk for calves is in any way inferior to that of raw milk.
Purification and concentration of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease by combined centrifugation and ultrafiltration methods
Authors: Galloway I. A. , Schlesinger M. 
Published: May 2009

1. It is possible to concentrate the virus of foot-and-mouth disease on filter candles coated with acetic acid collodion. The degree of concentration of the virus effected was to the limit of expectancy, i.e. the increase in titre after concentration corresponded to the reduction of the volume of the liquid.2. By a combination of the two methods of purification of the virus, viz. washing once in the closed agar-lined cylinder of the Sharpies-Super Centrifuge and repeatedly on a graded collodion membrane of A.P.D. 25 mμ, very potent purified concentrates of virus can be rapidly obtained, especially if the final concentration is made on filter candles, coated with acetic acid collodion. In this way a concentrate of virus with a titre of 10−8 and a negative sulphosalicylic acid test for protein has been prepared in one day from virulent vesicle lymph (diluted 1 : 2) having a titre of 10−6.3. The possibilities of the different methods of purification and concentration of the virus are discussed and a scheme suggested for their application.