bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of phytoplankton‐derived dissolved organic carbon by different types of bacterioplankton
Authors: Sarmento Hugo , Gasol Josep M. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryPhytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes are major components of the microbial food web and interact continuously: heterotrophic prokaryotes utilize the dissolved organic carbon derived from phytoplankton exudation or cell lysis (DOCp), and mineralization by heterotrophic prokaryotes provides inorganic nutrients for phytoplankton. For this reason, these communities are expected to be closely linked, although the study of the interactions between them is still a major challenge. Recent studies have presented interactions between phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes based on coexistence or covariation throughout a time‐series. However, a real quantification of the carbon flow within these networks (defined as the interaction strength, IS) has not been achieved yet. This is critical to understand the selectivity degree of bacteria responding to specific algal DOCp. Here we used microautoradiography to quantify the preferences of the major heterotrophic prokaryote phylogenetic groups on DOC derived from several representative phytoplankton species, and expressed these preferences as an IS value. The distribution of the ISs was not random but rather skewed towards weak interactions, in a similar way as the distributions described for stable complex non‐microbial ecosystems, indicating that there are some cases of high specificity on the use of specific algal DOCp by some bacterial groups, but weak interactions are more common and may be relevant as well. The variety of IS patterns observed supports the view that the vast range of different resources (different types of organic molecules) available in the sea selects and maintains the high levels of diversity described for marine bacterioplankton.
Diode laser endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation in the normal equine eye
Authors: Harrington Jay T. , McMullen Richard J. , Cullen John M. , Campbell Nigel B. , Gilger Brian C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjective To determine the clinical and histologic effects of diode endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) in the phakic equine eye.Animals studied Phase I: 10 equine cadaver eyes. Phase II: four normal adult horses.Procedures Phase I: ECP probe angle of reach (AR) was determined. Multiple ECP energy levels: 0.75, 0.90, 1.05, 1.20, 1.35, 1.50 J, and the resulting visible and histologic ciliary process changes were evaluated. Phase II: Ocular quadrants were treated with ECP at 0.90, 1.14, 1.38 J, and a control. The contralateral eye underwent a sham operation. Tissue changes (clinical and histologic) were evaluated.Results Phase I: Mean combined AR was 162 ± 29 degrees. Mean visible tissue scores: 2.60 ± 0.58 (0.75 J) to 5.04 ± 0.30 (1.50 J) from possible total of 6. Tissue ‘popping’ was observed at 1.50 J. Histologic ciliary tissue damage was present at all settings. Phase II: Mean visible tissue scores: 2.90 ± 0.48 (0.90 J), 3.61 ± 0.57 (1.14 J), and 4.52 ± 0.56 (1.38 J). Tissue ‘popping’ was observed at 1.38 J. Histologic ciliary tissue damage was present at all settings. Clinical effects included acute inflammation, intraocular pressure reduction, cataract formation, corneal edema, corneal ulceration, and postoperative ocular hypertension.Conclusions Diode ECP between 0.90 and 1.14 J is a potential treatment option for glaucoma in horses based on visible tissue effects and target ciliary epithelium damage. Iatrogenic cataract development may limit the use of an anterior chamber approach in phakic horses. Supported in part by an ACVO VAF grant.
The relationship between cognition and sensation in determining when and where to void: the concept of cognitive voiding
Authors: Harvey Joan , Finney Steven , Stewart Laurence , Gillespie James 
Published: May 2012

Study Type – Aetiology (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?The factors taken into consideration when determining when and where to void are poorly understood. Studies on bladder sensations, obtained during cystometry of from voiding diaries, are proving difficult to transfer to everyday experiences. There is therefore a need to explore what does influence when and where to void.This study, using focus groups, highlights the fact that many voids are driven by behavioural factors not by sensations of desire or need to void. It is further noted that a key factor in the final decision to void is an awareness of bladder volume. The concepts of ‘cognitive voiding’ informed by ‘bladder awareness’ are introduced and, if correct, will influence the way studies are devised and interpreted to explore lower urinary tract dysfunction and pharmacotherapy.OBJECTIVE
To investigate the inter‐relationship between conscious decision‐making processes and bladder sensation in determining the need, time and place to void
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The approach used interview focus groups and qualitative thematic analysis. In this preliminary study, 25 women were included (aged 21–90 years) meeting in groups of one to five on four occasions.
RESULTS
The thematic analysis yielded six themes: temporal and cognitive maps, risk issues, habituation and opportunistic behaviour and awareness of the bladder.
For most voids, the decision to void was not based on sensation but determined by multiple factors: personal knowledge of time of last void, anticipated time to next void, proximity of toilets, a risk assessment or habituated behaviour.
As the bladder filled the subjects described an increasing awareness of their bladder. Such sensations were not immediately associated with desire to void. Rather, these sensations were described as influencing the cognitive processes of considering when and where to void.
A sub‐group of subjects reported little awareness as their bladder filled, experiencing only sudden strong sensations that needed immediate action for fear of leakage.
CONCLUSIONS
The decision to void is primarily a cognitive process influenced by multiple elements of which bladder awareness is only one.
Mechanisms generating awareness may be intensified or lost reflecting possible different pathological states. The importance of these observations in relation to current views of normal and abnormal voiding is discussed.
The value of serial plasma nuclear and mitochondrial DNA levels in acute spontaneous intra‐cerebral haemorrhage
Authors: Wang H.‐C. , Lin Y.‐J. , Lin W.‐C. , Ho J.‐T. , Chen W.‐F. , Chang W.‐N. , Tsai N.‐W. , Lu C.‐H. 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundIncreased plasma nuclear and mitochondrial DNA levels may be connected to disease severity following spontaneous intra‐cerebral haemorrhage (ICH). This study tested the hypothesis that plasma nuclear and mitochondrial DNA levels are substantially increased in acute ICH and can predict treatment outcomes.MethodsSerial plasma nuclear and mitochondrial DNA levels were examined in 60 consecutive patients admitted within 24 h after onset of spontaneous ICH and in 60 volunteer control subjects. Additional samples were obtained on days 4, 7, 10, and 14 after onset of ICH regardless of clinical deterioration.ResultsOnly plasma nuclear DNA, not plasma mitochondrial DNA, levels in patients with spontaneous ICH significantly correlated with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (r = −0.467, P = 0.001) and ICH volume (r = 0.515, P ≤ 0.001) on presentation. Plasma nuclear DNA levels increased significantly from day 1 to day 7 in patients with poor outcome. Higher plasma nuclear DNA levels (cut‐off value >18.7 ng/ml) on presentation were associated with poor outcomes in spontaneous ICH patients.ConclusionPlasma nuclear DNA levels reflect the severity of cerebral damage such that higher levels are associated with poorer outcome. Plasma nuclear DNA level can be considered a neuropathologic marker of acute spontaneous ICH.
Endosperm: food for humankind and fodder for scientific discoveries
Authors: Li Jing , Berger Frédéric 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe endosperm is an essential constituent of seeds in flowering plants. It originates from a fertilization event parallel to the fertilization that gives rise to the embryo. The endosperm nurtures embryo development and, in some species including cereals, stores the seed reserves and represents a major source of food for humankind. Endosperm biology is characterized by specific features, including idiosyncratic cellular controls of cell division and epigenetic controls associated with parental genomic imprinting. This review attempts a comprehensive summary of our current knowledge of endosperm development and highlights recent advances in this field.

Contents

Summary
290

I.
Introduction
290

II.
Development of the endosperm
291

III.
Patterning the endosperm
294

IV.
Control of endosperm size and its influence on seed size
295

V.
Hormonal physiology of the A. thaliana endosperm
298

VI.
Epigenetic regulation of the endosperm
298

VII.
Conclusions
301

Acknowledgements
301

References
301
Fall Prediction According to Nurses' Clinical Judgment: Differences Between Medical, Surgical, and Geriatric Wards
Authors: Milisen Koen , Coussement Joke , Flamaing Johan , Vlaeyen Ellen , Schwendimann René , Dejaeger Eddy , Surmont Kurt , Boonen Steven 
Published: May 2012

ObjectivesTo assess the value of nurses' clinical judgment (NCJ) in predicting hospital inpatient falls.DesignProspective multicenter study.SettingSix Belgian hospitals.ParticipantsTwo thousand four hundred seventy participants (mean age 67.6 ± 18.3; female, 55.7%) on four surgical (n = 812, 32.9%), eight geriatric (n = 666, 27.0%), and four general medical wards (n = 992, 40.1%) were included upon admission. All participants were hospitalized for at least 48 hours.MeasurementsWithin 24 hours after admission, nurses gave their judgment on the question “Do you think your patient is at high risk for falling?” Nurses were not trained in assessing fall risk. Falls were documented on a standardized incident report form.ResultsDuring hospitalization, 143 (5.8%) participants experienced one or more falls, accounting for 202 falls and corresponding to an overall rate of 7.9 falls per 1,000 patient days. NCJ of participant's risk of falling had high sensitivity (78–92%) with high negative predictive value (94–100%) but low positive predictive value (4–17%). Although false‐negative rates were low (8–22%) for all departments and age groups, false‐positive rates were high (55–74%), except on surgical and general medical wards and in participants younger than 75.ConclusionThis analysis, based on multicenter data and a large sample size, suggests that NCJ can be recommended on surgical and general medical wards and in individuals younger than 75, but on geriatric wards and in participants aged 75 and older, NCJ overestimates risk of falling and is thus not recommended because expensive comprehensive fall‐prevention measures would be implemented in a large number of individuals who do not need it.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Structural Disadvantage and Crime: White, Black, and Hispanic Comparisons*
Authors: Ulmer Jeffery T. , Harris Casey T. , Steffensmeier Darrell 
Published: May 2012

ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to advance knowledge on racial/ethnic disparities in violence and the structural sources of those disparities. We do so by extending scarce and limited research exploring the relationship between race/ethnic gaps in disadvantage and differences in violent crime across groups.MethodsUsing census place‐level data from California and New York, we construct white, black, and Hispanic “gap” measures that take as a given the existence of disparities across race/ethnic groups in structural disadvantage and crime and subsequently utilize seemingly unrelated regression models to assess the extent to which gaps in disadvantage are predictive of gaps in homicide and index violence.ResultsOur results suggest that (1) there is considerable heterogeneity in the size of white–black, white–Hispanic, and black–Hispanic gaps in structural disadvantage and crime and (2) that race/ethnic disparities in structural disadvantage, particularly poverty and female headship, are positively associated with race/ethnic gaps in homicide and index violence.ConclusionIn light of recent scholarship on the racial invariance hypothesis and on the relationship between structural inequality and crime, the current study demonstrates that disparities in disadvantage, particularly family structure and poverty, are important in driving racial and ethnic disparities in crime.
La qualité de l'emploi salarié au Québec et au Royaume‐Uni entre 1998 et 2008: évolution selon le genre et la situation familiale
Authors: CLOUTIER‐VILLENEUVE Luc 
Published: May 2012

Résumé.A partir d'une typologie combinant rémunération, heures de travail, qualification et stabilité de l'emploi, l'auteur compare l'évolution, au Québec (Canada) et au Royaume‐Uni, de la qualité de l'emploi des femmes et des hommes, avec ou sans enfants. Il observe une réduction appréciable de l'écart entre les genres chez les personnes ayant de jeunes enfants entre 1998 et 2008. Toutefois, la situation des mères par rapport aux pères demeure nettement meilleure au Québec qu'au Royaume‐Uni et s'explique notamment par un meilleur contexte économique, des politiques sociales plus favorables aux femmes et des heures de travail nettement moins élevées chez les pères québécois.
Therapeutic Effect of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and BDNF-immobilized PLGA Membrane in a Rat Model of Cavernous Nerve Injury
Authors: Piao Shuyu , Kim In Gul , Lee Ji Young , Hong Sung Hoo , Kim Sae Woong , Hwang Tae-Kon , Oh Se Heang , Lee Jin Ho , Ra Jeong Chan , Lee Ji Youl 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Cavernous nerve injury is the main reason for post-prostatectomy erectile dysfunction (ED). Stem cell and neuroprotection therapy are promising therapeutic strategy for ED.

Aim
To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) immobilized Poly-Lactic-Co-Glycolic (PLGA) membrane on the cavernous nerve in a rat model of post-prostatectomy ED.

Methods
Rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal group, bilateral cavernous nerve crush injury (BCNI) group, ADSC (BCNI group with ADSCs on cavernous nerve) group, BDNF-membrane (BCNI group with BDNF/PLGA membrane on cavernous nerve) group, and ADSC/BDNF-membrane (BCNI group with ADSCs covered with BDNF/PLGA membrane on cavernous nerve) group. BDNF was controlled-released for a period of 4 weeks in a BDNF/PLGA porous membrane system.

Main Outcome Measures
Four weeks after the operation, erectile function was assessed by detecting the ratio of intra-cavernous pressure (ICP)/mean arterial pressure (MAP). Smooth muscle and collagen content were determined by Masson’s trichrome staining. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in the dorsal penile nerve was detected by immunostaining. Phospho-endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) level of the corpus cavernosum were quantified by Western blotting and cGMP assay, respectively.

Results
In the ADSC/BDNF-membrane group, erectile function was significantly elevated, compared with the BCNI and other treated groups. ADSC/BDNF-membrane treatment significantly increased smooth muscle/collagen ratio, nNOS content, phospho-eNOS protein expression, and cGMP level, compared with the BCNI and other treated groups.

Conclusions
ADSCs with BDNF-membrane on the cavernous nerve can improve erectile function in a rat model of post-prostatectomy ED, which may be used as a novel therapy for post-prostatectomy ED.
Movement Patterns and Spatial Relationships Among African Forest Elephants
Authors: Schuttler Stephanie G. , Blake Stephen , Eggert Lori S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAfrican forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) are of immediate conservation concern, yet are understudied due to inaccessible habitats. We analyzed the home range size and overlap of six adult females. Home ranges were among the smallest for all elephant species and individuals were positioned adjacent to one another with minimal overlap.
European pet travel: Misleading information from veterinarians and government agencies
Authors: Davidson R. K. , Robertson L. J. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryInter‐country travel of companion animals provides an opportunity for introduction of zoonotic pathogens, such as rabies virus and Echinococcus spp. Regulations are in place to control this threat, but Schengen Agreements mean that border controls between some European countries are minimal, and animals may enter countries without any checks that they have been appropriately treated. Veterinarians provide an important source of information for people intending to travel with their pets. We conducted a telephone survey to investigate provision of correct advice to someone intending to travel with their dog to Norway. Mainland Norway is considered free of both rabies and E. multilocularis and is a signatory to the Schengen Agreement. Ten randomly selected veterinary clinics were surveyed in Austria, Belgium (Wallonia), Finland, France, Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. The information provided was scored as correct, incorrect or incomplete. The information provided by secondary information sources (website or government agency), which the clinic had referred the caller to, was also assessed (correct, incorrect, incomplete). Whilst the majority of clinics provided appropriate information regarding rabies, many clinics did not provide correct information regarding treatment for E. multilocularis. Less than one in 10 clinics provided the correct information regarding both pathogens directly at the time of calling. The correct information was obtained, once taking into account secondary sources, just 62% of the time. Countrywise, most clinics in Finland provided correct advice, either directly or indirectly via referring the caller to another source, whilst the majority in Belgium, Germany and France did not. The apparent paucity of readily accessible, correct advice for owners intending to travel with their dogs is concerning. The compulsory treatment regulations are only as good as the checks that ensure compliance, and this is also lacking in some countries.
War and Poverty
Authors: Justino Patricia 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe main objective of this paper is to systematically identify potential channels of transmission linking civil war and poverty that may lead to the persistence of cycles of poverty and war. A particular focus of the paper is the notion of individual (and group) agency during civil wars, as well as agency constraints faced by populations affected by violence. Although the outbreak and impact of war is known to depend on several financial and political factors, the onset, duration and magnitude of the impact of civil wars are also closely related to what happens to people during violent conflicts and to what people do in areas of violence to secure livelihoods, economic survival, physical security and their social networks. The nature and extent of these choices depends in turn on how individuals and households relate to changes in social norms and forms of institutional organisation during civil wars. The paper explores the economic channels through which war may simultaneously affect and be affected by the economic status and responses of individuals and their immediate relations in areas of violent conflict to cope with and adapt to changes to livelihoods and economic status during civil wars. This analysis focuses in particular on the important but under‐researched role of social and political institutional transformation during civil war on individual and household poverty.
Diagnostic utility of computed tomography imaging in foals: 10 cases (2008–2010)
Authors: Barba M. , Lepage O. M. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryDespite an increasing number of case reports published using computed tomography (CT) in foals only limited data on its diagnostic utility are available. Medical and imaging records of 10 foals that had a CT examination between May 2008 and December 2010 were retrieved and studied. Three out of 10 cases were examined for orthopaedic problems, 3 were referred for medical disorders, 3 for both orthopaedic and medical problems, and one case was presented for a follow‐up of an abdominal mass. In this series CT was an accurate diagnostic tool in identifying abscesses, osteomyelitis, arthritis, physitis and fractures, bone ossification defects, intracranial haematomas and sinusitis. An indication for the best medical and/or surgical approach was obtained.
Rapid dopaminergic and GABAergic modulation of calcium and voltage transients in dendrites of prefrontal cortex pyramidal neurons
Authors: Zhou Wen‐Liang , Antic Srdjan D. 
Published: May 2012

Key points
Dopamine‐releasing axons make direct synaptic contacts with the dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons. It is not known if and how dendritic physiology changes upon dopamine release at these synapses.
We attempted to mimic synaptically released dopamine by ejecting dopamine from a micropipette. Action potential‐induced voltage transients and corresponding calcium influx were both measured in thin dendritic branches using voltage‐sensitive and calcium‐sensitive dyes, before and after local application of dopamine or GABA.
GABA blocked calcium influx in dendrites by blocking AP backpropagation. Dopamine, on the other hand, reduced dendritic calcium influx only at the site of dopamine release. APs successfully propagated through the dopamine application site.
Dopamine blocked dendritic voltage‐gated calcium channels in the presence of protein kinase blockers, suggesting a membrane delimited mechanism.
Spatially restricted dopamine‐mediated suppression of dendritic calcium is expected to occur during phasic dopaminergic signalling, when midbrain dopaminergic neurons respond to a salient event.
Abstract  The physiological responses of dendrites to dopaminergic inputs are poorly understood and controversial. We applied dopamine on one dendritic branch while simultaneously monitoring action potentials (APs) from multiple dendrites using either calcium‐sensitive dye, voltage‐sensitive dye or both. Dopaminergic suppression of dendritic calcium transients was rapid (<0.5 s) and restricted to the site of dopamine application. Voltage waveforms of backpropagating APs were minimally altered in the same dendrites where dopamine was confirmed to cause large suppression of calcium signals, as determined by dual voltage and calcium imaging. The dopamine effects on dendritic calcium transients were fully mimicked by D1 agonists, partially reduced by D1 antagonist and completely insensitive to protein kinase blockade; consistent with a membrane delimited mechanism. This dopamine effect was unaltered in the presence of L‐, R‐ and T‐type calcium channel blockers. The somatic excitability (i.e. AP firing) was not affected by strong dopaminergic stimulation of dendrites. Dopamine and GABA were then sequentially applied on the same dendrite. In contrast to dopamine, the pulses of GABA prohibited AP backpropagation distally from the application site, even in neurons with natural Cl− concentration (patch pipette removed). Thus, the neocortex employs at least two distinct mechanisms (dopamine and GABA) for rapid modulation of dendritic calcium influx. The spatio‐temporal pattern of dendritic calcium suppression described in this paper is expected to occur during phasic dopaminergic signalling, when midbrain dopaminergic neurons generate a transient (0.5 s) burst of APs in response to a salient event.