bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacist use of social media
Authors: Alkhateeb Fadi M , Clauson Kevin A , Latif David A 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Introduction
The rapid emergence and exploding usage of social media (also called Web 2.0) present pharmacists with new professional, ethical and time management challenges.

Objectives
To describe social media use among pharmacists in West Virginia, USA.

Methods
A survey was administered during the West Virginia Pharmacist Association 102nd Annual Convention held in October 2009. The meeting participants were pharmacists practising in the different regions of West Virginia. All conference attendees were eligible to participate.

Results
The survey was completed by all 50 pharmacists in attendance, yielding a response rate of 100%. Social media use was found to be common among West Virginia pharmacists, with the most frequently used applications including: YouTube (74%), Wikipedia (72%), Facebook (50%), and blogs (26%). However, there were some tools that pharmacists barely used such as Bebo, Hi5, Flickr and Friendster. Given the widespread use of Facebook by respondent pharmacists, it is noteworthy that they indicated the main purposes for using it were for chatting, uploading pictures and keeping touch with friends rather than for professional and educational purposes.

Discussion
Presently, pharmacists utilize social media primarily for personal purposes. As social media becomes more sophisticated and widely adopted in the healthcare arena, it is probable that pharmacists will also increasingly utilize it for professional and educational purposes.
Young women's accounts of intimate partner violence during adolescence and subsequent recovery processes: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Reynolds Frances , Shepherd Claire 
Published: February 2011

Objective.  Previous qualitative research into the experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) has largely focused upon mature women's accounts. The objectives of this interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) were to explore three young women's understandings of why they had been vulnerable to IPV in mid‐to‐late adolescence, their experiences of IPV, and their recovery processes.Design.  This study followed guidelines for IPA, largely focusing upon shared aspects of the experience of IPV as narrated by three young women who considered that they had since recovered from the experience.Method.  Semi‐structured interviews explored participants’ retrospective understandings of how they had become entrapped in a long‐term abusive relationship in adolescence, how IPV had affected them at the time, and the processes that they had found helpful to recover well‐being.Findings.  Participants largely attributed their vulnerability to IPV to feeling confused about feelings and relationships, disconnected, and powerless in early adolescence. IPV was described as escalating insidiously, rendering participants confined, anxious and powerless, ensnaring them in their partner's family, marginalized in their own families, and undermining their identities. Recovery processes began with pivotal moments. Participants described repairing identity through engaging in age‐appropriate activities, extricating self from the partner's family, and rebuilding family relationships.Conclusions.  Participants described experiences of IPV and recovery in adolescence that differed in some ways from those previously identified in adult women and were interpreted using theories of adolescent identity development and attachment.
Relational supervision: Drawing on cognitive‐analytic frameworks
Authors: Marx Robert 
Published: February 2011

Purpose.  Supervision is an expanding area of clinical practice, and despite the threadbare evidence base, the demand for supervision provided by trained clinical supervisors is growing. This demand accompanies the injection of large numbers of psychological therapists into the UK National Health Service (NHS), and the increased expectations of good clinical governance. Therapeutically appropriate approaches that can help supervisors work with psychological therapists are needed.Methods.  Key processes in supervision are explored in the light of the clinical application of cognitive‐analytic concepts, such as reciprocal roles, the zone of proximal personality development (ZPPD), and the super‐addressee.Results.  Cognitive‐analytic ideas allow for a reframing of traditional psychoanalytic concepts in supervision, such as parallel process. They offer a readily accessible model with which to think about the construction of interacting supervisory processes at the level of the individual self, the supervisory dyad or group, through to the organizational and cultural context. They provide a way to think about the supervisor's development in the context of the evolving supervisory relationship.Conclusion.  A cognitive‐analytic approach to supervision that includes both cognitive and relational dimensions of the work can help to broaden therapeutic thinking and navigate complexity, not only for cognitive‐analytic therapists, but also for therapists using other cognitively oriented and integrative models.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from Food and the Environment in France over a 10-Year Period
Authors: Granier Sophie A. , Moubareck Carole , Colaneri Cécile , Lemire Astrid , Roussel Sophie , Dao Trinh-Tam , Courvalin Patrice , Brisabois Anne 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

In order to assess antimicrobial resistance in
Listeria monocytogenes
, 202 food and environmental isolates from 1996 to 2006 were tested. Only four strains displayed acquired resistance. Resistance to erythromycin, tetracycline-minocycline, and trimethoprim was evidenced, and the genes
erm
(B),
tet
(M), and
dfrD
, already found in
L. monocytogenes
, were detected.
Plant- and Microbe-Derived Compounds Affect the Expression of Genes Encoding Antifungal Compounds in a Pseudomonad with Biocontrol Activity
Authors: de Werra Patrice , Huser Aurélie , Tabacchi Raphael , Keel Christoph , Maurhofer Monika 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

We have investigated the impacts of 63 different low-molecular-weight compounds, most of them plant derived, on the
in vitro
expression of two antifungal biosynthetic genes by the plant-protecting rhizobacterium
Pseudomonas fluorescens
CHA0. The majority of the compounds tested affected the expression of one or both antifungal genes. This suggests that biocontrol activity in plant-beneficial pseudomonads is modulated by plant-bacterium signaling.
Geomicrobiology of La Zarza-Perrunal Acid Mine Effluent (Iberian Pyritic Belt, Spain)
Authors: González-Toril Elena , Aguilera Ángeles , Souza-Egipsy Virginia , López Pamo Enrique , Sánchez España Javier , Amils Ricardo 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Effluent from La Zarza-Perrunal, a mine on the Iberian Pyrite Belt, was chosen to be geomicrobiologically characterized along a 1,200-m stream length. The pH at the origin was 3.1, which decreased to 1.9 at the final downstream sampling site. The total iron concentration showed variations along the effluent, resulting from (i) significant hydrolysis and precipitation of Fe(III) (especially along the first reach of the stream) and (ii) concentration induced by evaporation (mostly in the last reach). A dramatic increase in iron oxidation was observed along the course of the effluent [from Fe(III)/Fe
total
= 0.11 in the origin to Fe(III)/Fe
total
= 0.99 at the last sampling station]. A change in the O
2
content along the effluent, from nearly anoxic at the origin to saturation with oxygen at the last sampling site, was also observed. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic diversity throughout the effluent was determined by microscopy and 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (
Desulfosporosinus
and
Syntrophobacter
) were detected only near the origin. Some iron-reducing bacteria (
Acidiphilium
,
Acidobacterium
, and
Acidosphaera
) were found throughout the river. Iron-oxidizing microorganisms (
Leptospirillum
spp.,
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
, and
Thermoplasmata
) were increasingly detected downstream. Changes in eukaryotic diversity were also remarkable. Algae, especially
Chlorella
, were present at the origin, forming continuous, green, macroscopic biofilms, subsequently replaced further downstream by sporadic
Zygnematales
filaments. Taking into consideration the characteristics of this acidic extreme environment and the physiological properties and spatial distribution of the identified microorganisms, a geomicrobiological model of this ecosystem is advanced.
Population Size Drives Industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae Alcoholic Fermentation and Is under Genetic Control
Authors: Albertin Warren , Marullo Philippe , Aigle Michel , Dillmann Christine , de Vienne Dominique , Bely Marina , Sicard Delphine 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTAlcoholic fermentation (AF) conducted bySaccharomyces cerevisiaehas been exploited for millennia in three important human food processes: beer and wine production and bread leavening. Most of the efforts to understand and improve AF have been made separately for each process, with strains that are supposedly well adapted. In this work, we propose a first comparison of yeast AFs in three synthetic media mimicking the dough/wort/grape must found in baking, brewing, and wine making. The fermentative behaviors of nine food-processing strains were evaluated in these media, at the cellular, populational, and biotechnological levels. A large variation in the measured traits was observed, with medium effects usually being greater than the strain effects. The results suggest that human selection targeted the ability to complete fermentation for wine strains and trehalose content for beer strains. Apart from these features, the food origin of the strains did not significantly affect AF, suggesting that an improvement program for a specific food processing industry could exploit the variability of strains used in other industries. Glucose utilization was analyzed, revealing plastic but also genetic variation in fermentation products and indicating that artificial selection could be used to modify the production of glycerol, acetate, etc. The major result was that the overall maximum CO2production rate (Vmax) was not related to the maximum CO2production rate per cell. Instead, a highly significant correlation betweenVmaxand the maximum population size was observed in all three media, indicating that human selection targeted the efficiency of cellular reproduction rather than metabolic efficiency. This result opens the way to new strategies for yeast improvement.
Evaluation of Select Sensors for Real-Time Monitoring of Escherichia coli in Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Miles Syreeta L. , Sinclair Ryan G. , Riley Mark R. , Pepper Ian L. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated real-time sensing of
Escherichia coli
as a microbial contaminant in water distribution systems. Most sensors responded to increased
E. coli
concentrations, showing that select sensors can detect microbial water quality changes and be utilized as part of a contaminant warning system.
Contribution of the gas1 Gene of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana, Encoding a Putative Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored β-1,3-Glucanosyltransferase, to Conidial Thermotolerance and Virulence
Authors: Zhang Shizhu , Xia Yuxian , Keyhani Nemat O. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Beauveria bassiana
is a mycoinsecticide alternative to chemicals for use in biological pest control. The fungus-insect interaction is also an emerging model system to examine unique aspects of the development, pathogenesis, and diversity of fungal lifestyles. The glycoside hydrolase 72 (GH72) family includes β-1,3-glucanosyltransferases that are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell wall-modeling enzymes affecting fungal physiology. A putative
B. bassiana
GPI-anchored β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase (
Bbgas1
) was isolated and characterized.
B. bassiana
targeted gene knockouts lacking
Bbgas1
were affected in Congo red and salt sensitivity but displayed minor growth defects in the presence of sorbitol, SDS, or calcofluor white. Lectin and antibody mapping of surface carbohydrates revealed increased exposure of carbohydrate epitopes, including β-1,3-glucans, in the Δ
Bbgas1
strain. Transmission electron micrographs revealed localized destabilization of the cell wall in Δ
Bbgas1
conidia, in which fraying of the outer cell wall was apparent. Heat shock temperature sensitivity profiling showed that in contrast to the wild-type parent, Δ
Bbgas1
conidial spores displayed decreased germination after 1 to 4 h of heat shock at temperatures >40°C, and propidium iodide exclusion assays revealed decreased membrane stability in the knockout strain at temperatures >50°C. The Δ
Bbgas1
knockout showed reduced virulence in
Galleria mellonella
insect bioassays in both topical and intrahemocoel-injection assays.
B. bassiana
Δ
Bbgas1
strains complemented with the complete
Bbgas1
open reading frame were indistinguishable from the wild-type parent in all phenotypes examined. The
Bbgas1
gene did not complement the phenotype of a
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
β-1,3-glucanosyltransferase
Δgas1
mutant, indicating that this family of enzymes likely posses discrete cellular functions.
Effects of Methanogenic Inhibitors on Methane Production and Abundances of Methanogens and Cellulolytic Bacteria in
In Vitro
Ruminal Cultures
Authors: Zhou Zhenming , Meng Qingxiang , Yu Zhongtang 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate and compare the effects of select antimethanogen compounds on methane production, feed digestion and fermentation, and populations of ruminal bacteria and methanogens using
in vitro
cultures. Seven compounds, including 2-bromoethanesulphonate (BES), propynoic acid (PA), nitroethane (NE), ethyl
trans
-2-butenoate (ETB), 2-nitroethanol (2NEOH), sodium nitrate (SN), and ethyl-2-butynote (EB), were tested at a final concentration of 12 mM. Ground alfalfa hay was included as the only substrate to simulate daily forage intake. Compared to no-inhibitor controls, PA, 2NEOH, and SN greatly reduced the production of methane (70 to 99%), volatile fatty acids (VFAs; 46 to 66%), acetate (30 to 60%), and propionate (79 to 82%), with 2NEOH reducing the most. EB reduced methane production by 23% without a significant effect on total VFAs, acetate, or propionate. BES significantly reduced the propionate concentration but not the production of methane, total VFAs, or acetate. ETB or NE had no significant effect on any of the above-mentioned measurements. Specific quantitative-PCR (qPCR) assays showed that none of the inhibitors significantly affected total bacterial populations but that they did reduce the
Fibrobacter succinogenes
population. SN reduced the
Ruminococcus albus
population, while PA and 2NEOH increased the populations of both
R. albus
and
Ruminococcus flavefaciens
. Archaeon-specific PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) showed that all the inhibitors affected the methanogen population structure, while archaeon-specific qPCR revealed a significant decrease in methanogen population in all treatments. These results showed that EB, ETB, NE, and BES can effectively reduce the total population of methanogens but that they reduce methane production to a lesser extent. The results may guide future
in
vivo
studies to develop effective mitigation of methane emission from ruminants.
Wsp1, a GBD/CRIB Domain-Containing WASP Homolog, Is Required for Growth, Morphogenesis, and Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Shen Gui , Whittington Amy , Wang Ping 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Human endocytic protein ITSN1 regulates actin reorganization by activating Rho family GTPases, such as Cdc42. The process is enhanced by ITSN binding of WASP, an effector of Cdc42 and a potent activator of actin polymerization. In the human pathogen
Cryptococcus neoformans
, endocytic protein Cin1 also interacts with Cdc42 and Wsp1, an uncharacterized WASP homolog, but the significance of these interactions remains unknown. Wsp1 contains several conserved domains, including a WASP homology 1 domain (WH1), a GTPase binding/Cdc42 and Rac interactive binding domain (GBD/CRIB), and a C-terminal domain composed of verprolin-like, central, and acidic motifs (VCA). Thus, Wsp1 exhibits domain compositions more similar to human WASP proteins than
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Las17/Bee1, a WASP homolog lacking the GDB/CRIB domain. Wsp1 is not an essential protein; however, the
wsp1
mutant exhibited defects in growth, cytokinesis, chitin distribution, and endocytosis and exocytosis. The
wsp1
mutant was also unable to undergo genetic cross, produce the polysaccharide capsule, or secrete the enzyme urease. An
in vitro
phagocytosis assay showed a higher phagocytic index for the
wsp1
mutant, whose ability to cause lethal infection in a murine model of cryptococcosis was also attenuated. Our studies reveal divergent evolution of WASP proteins in the fungal phylum and suggest that the conserved function of WASP proteins in the actin cytoskeleton may also impact fungal virulence.
A C-Terminal Region of Yersinia pestis YscD Binds the Outer Membrane Secretin YscC
Authors: Ross Julia A. , Plano Gregory V. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

YscD is an essential component of the plasmid pCD1-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) of
Yersinia pestis
. YscD has a single transmembrane (TM) domain that connects a small N-terminal cytoplasmic region (residues 1 to 121) to a larger periplasmic region (residues 143 to 419). Deletion analyses established that both the N-terminal cytoplasmic region and the C-terminal periplasmic region are required for YscD function. Smaller targeted deletions demonstrated that a predicted cytoplasmic forkhead-associated (FHA) domain is also required to assemble a functional T3SS; in contrast, a predicted periplasmic phospholipid binding (BON) domain and a putative periplasmic “ring-building motif” domain of YscD could be deleted with no significant effect on the T3S process. Although deletion of the putative “ring-building motif” domain did not disrupt T3S activity
per se
, the calcium-dependent regulation of the T3S apparatus was affected. The extreme C-terminal region of YscD (residues 354 to 419) was essential for secretion activity and had a strong dominant-negative effect on the T3S process when exported to the periplasm of the wild-type parent strain. Coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that this region of YscD mediates the interaction of YscD with the outer membrane YscC secretin complex. Finally, replacement of the YscD TM domain with a TM domain of dissimilar sequence had no effect on the T3S process, indicating that the TM domain has no sequence-specific function in the assembly or function of the T3SS.
Role of BacA in Lipopolysaccharide Synthesis, Peptide Transport, and Nodulation by Rhizobium sp. Strain NGR234
Authors: Ardissone Silvia , Kobayashi Hajime , Kambara Kumiko , Rummel Coralie , Noel K. Dale , Walker Graham C. , Broughton William J. , Deakin William J. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

BacA of
Sinorhizobium meliloti
plays an essential role in the establishment of nitrogen-fixing symbioses with
Medicago
plants, where it is involved in peptide import and in the addition of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) to lipid A of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We investigated the role of BacA in
Rhizobium
species strain NGR234 by mutating the
bacA
gene. In the NGR234
bacA
mutant, peptide import was impaired, but no effect on VLCFA addition was observed. More importantly, the symbiotic ability of the mutant was comparable to that of the wild type for a variety of legume species. Concurrently, an
acpXL
mutant of NGR234 was created and assayed. In rhizobia, AcpXL is a dedicated acyl carrier protein necessary for the addition of VLCFA to lipid A. LPS extracted from the NGR234 mutant lacked VLCFA, and this mutant was severely impaired in the ability to form functional nodules with the majority of legumes tested. Our work demonstrates the importance of VLCFA in the NGR234-legume symbiosis and also shows that the necessity of BacA for bacteroid differentiation is restricted to specific legume-
Rhizobium
interactions.
Transcriptional Regulation of the Gene Cluster Encoding Allantoinase and Guanine Deaminase in Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Guzmán Karla , Badia Josefa , Giménez Rosa , Aguilar Juan , Baldoma Laura 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT

Purines can be used as the sole source of nitrogen by several strains of
K. pneumoniae
under aerobic conditions. The genes responsible for the assimilation of purine nitrogens are distributed in three separated clusters in the
K. pneumoniae
genome. Here, we characterize the cluster encompassing genes KPN_01787 to KPN_01791, which is involved in the conversion of allantoin into allantoate and in the deamination of guanine to xanthine. These genes are organized in three transcriptional units,
hpxSAB
,
hpxC
, and
guaD
. Gene
hpxS
encodes a regulatory protein of the GntR family that mediates regulation of this system by growth on allantoin. Proteins encoded by
hpxB
and
guaD
display allantoinase and guanine deaminase activity, respectively. In this cluster,
hpxSAB
is the most tightly regulated unit. This operon was activated by growth on allantoin as a nitrogen source; however, addition of allantoin to nitrogen excess cultures did not result in
hpxSAB
induction. Neither
guaD
nor
hpxC
was induced by allantoin. Expression of
guaD
is mainly regulated by nitrogen availability through the action of NtrC. Full induction of
hpxSAB
by allantoin requires both HpxS and NAC. HpxS may have a dual role, acting as a repressor in the absence of allantoin and as an activator in its presence. HpxS binds to tandem sites, S1 and S2, overlapping the −10 and −35 sequences of the
hpxSAB
promoter, respectively. The NAC binding site is located between S1 and S2 and partially overlaps S2. In the presence of allantoin, interplay between NAC and HpxS is proposed.
Republished paper: Managing HBV in patients with impaired immunity
Authors: Wursthorn Karsten , Wedemeyer Heiner , Manns Michael P 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTChronic hepatitis B is one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide. In patients with an impaired immune system the prevalence of HBsAg is even higher and the course of hepatitis B infection is often aggravated. In HIV/HBV co-infected patients, liver related morbidity and mortality can be reduced by implementing highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) that contains substances active against HBV. Reactivation of HBV during chemotherapy may occur in HBsAg positive patients but can even occur in serologically recovered anti-HBc positive, HBsAg negative patients resulting in high mortality from liver disease. HBsAg positive patients irrespective of HBV DNA levels should receive preemptive treatment with HBV polymerase inhibitors which should be continued for 12 months after cessation of chemo- and or immunosuppressive therapy. The combination prophylaxis of passive immunisations with hepatitis B immunoglobulins (HBIG) and nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUC) is able to reduce HBV recurrence rates after transplantation to 0–10%. This review will summarise the current knowledge on pathogenesis, frequency and treatment options of HBV reactivations in patients with impaired immunity.