bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of topical intralesional BCG‐PSN injection in the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Xiong C. , Li Q. , Lin M. , Li X. , Meng W. , Wu Y. , Zeng X. , Zhou H. , Zhou G. 
Published: July 2009

Background:  Nowadays, it has been widely accepted that the local cell‐mediated immunologic disorders may play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP). Therefore, we sieved out polysaccharide nucleic acid fraction of bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG‐PSN) from various immunomodulators to evaluate the short‐term therapeutic efficacy and clinical safety of intralesional BCG‐PSN injection for erosive OLP.Methods:  A total of 56 OLP patients were randomly assigned to receive either intralesional injection of 0.5 ml BCG‐PSN every other day (31 of 56) or 10 mg triamcinolone acetonide (TA, a positive‐controlled group, 25 of 56) every week for 2 weeks. After the cessation of treatment, those cured from erosion were followed up for 3 months. Another two researchers measured erosive areas and recorded visual analog scale (VAS) scores both at the start and the end of the treatment. We also registered adverse reactions and the recurrence intervals.Results:  After 2‐week treatment, 27 of 31 BCG‐PSN‐treated patients (87.1%) and 22 of 25 TA‐treated patients (88.0%) healed. There were no statistical differences between the two groups in erosive areas (27.86 ± 27.97 vs. 25.68 ± 34.65, P = 0.801) and VAS scores (2.45 ± 1.64 vs. 2.40 ± 1.38, P = 0.946). Three of 31 BCG‐PSN‐treated patients (9.7%) vs. 2 of 25 TA‐treated patients (8.0%) experienced the swelling or burning sensation (P = 0.827). A total of 49 of 56 patients were followed up. There were no statistical differences in the recurrence rates (33.3% vs. 45.5%, P = 0.386) and intervals (80.89 ± 26.83 vs. 73.48 ± 28.11, P = 0.419).Conclusions:  Topical intralesional BCG‐PSN injection is as effective as TA for erosive OLP, which suggests that topical intralesional BCG‐PSN injection can be a promising therapeutic alternative for erosive OLP, especially for those insensitive, or even resistant, to glucocorticoids.
Distribution and quantity of label‐retaining cells in rat oral epithelia
Authors: Huang Yu‐Lei , Tao Xiaoan , Xia Juan , Li Chun‐Yang , Cheng Bin 
Published: July 2009

Background:  Label‐retaining cells (LRCs), the presumptive stem cells, have been detected in the mouse and hamster oral epithelia, but the data on LRCs in rat oral epithelia have not been available yet. The aim of this study was to identify LRCs in oral squamous epithelia of rat.Methods:  Fifty‐four two‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with BrdU twice daily for four consecutive days. The BrdU‐labeled rats were sacrificed at 2 h, week 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 after the last BrdU injection. The tissues of cheek, tongue and palate were analyzed by techniques of fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) and immunohistochemistry.Results:  The number of BrdU‐labeled cells quantified by FACS increased within 2 weeks after labeling, then, decreased gradually until week 10. After week 10, the BrdU‐labeled cells were found to locate mainly in basal layer and their number kept consistent at 3–7% of total oral epithelial cells. The number of BrdU‐labeled epithelial cells in palate was statistically higher than that in cheek or tongue at the same time point.Conclusions:  This study showed that the number and the distribution of BrdU‐labeled epithelial cells stabilized from 10 weeks after labeling. Therefore, these BrdU‐labeled cells after a 10‐week chase were considered oral epithelial LRCs.
Outcomes of solarium industry efforts to improve compliance with recommended practices: a clear case for formal regulation
Authors: Paul Christine L. , Girgis Afaf , Anniwell Lynette , Paras Lorraine , Lecathelinais Christophe 
Published: July 2009

Background: This study aimed to explore the effect of an industry‐led self‐education intervention on voluntary compliance with the international recommendations on solaria for cosmetic purposes in New South Wales, Australia, and to establish current compliance with recommendations. This study was conducted before the recent introduction of enforceable legislation in some Australian states.Methods: Simulated customer visits were made to a sample of 106 solaria in 2003 and 2006. A ‘top‐up’ sample (n=61) was also visited in 2006 to establish current compliance levels. Simulated customers recorded whether they were asked about age, skin type or medications taken; the contents of any warning signs; information provided regarding consent forms, equipment, health risks and age restrictions; permitted frequency and duration of visits; and claims regarding safety.Results: An examination of pre‐test and post‐test compliance found little change over time. The current prevalence of compliance was less than optimal, with <10% of the operators suggesting that the fair‐skinned customer should not use the solarium, and only 2% of the operators refusing access to this customer.Conclusion: Industry attempts to delay enforced regulation of solarium operators via committing to self‐education are not likely to produce a substantial or a sustained increase in protection for solarium users.
Ultraviolet exposures in different playground settings: a cohort study of measurements performed in a school population
Authors: Downs Nathan J. , Parisi Alfio V. 
Published: July 2009

Background: Solar erythemally effective ultraviolet (UVE) measured on the face, neck, arms, hands and legs of a cohort of school children was investigated with respect to student movement about a school environment located in Southern Queensland.Methods: A total of 147 erythemally effective solar UV exposures were measured using polysulphone film dosimeters. Measurements were performed on exposed skin surfaces during school hours between 08:30 and 15:05 hours for the period 5 February to 4 June 2008.Results: Median seasonal UVE exposures varied between 0.4 and 2.7 standard erythema doses (SED) for school students observing the normal school routine between winter and summer, respectively. These exposures increased significantly for school activities scheduled primarily outdoors, reaching a maximum of 50 SED recorded to a vertex site measured during a school swimming carnival.Conclusion: The excessive erythemal UV exposures measured in this research have the potential to significantly contribute to the later development of melanoma and non melanoma skin cancers caused by acute and chronic cumulative exposure to solar UV in Queensland school environments. The research provides data on personal UV exposures measured in a school population engaged in daily school activities.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Uterine Leiomyoma is Associated with a Polymorphism in the Interleukin 1‐β Gene
Authors: Pietrowski Detlef , Thewes Roberta , Sator Michael , Denschlag Dominik , Keck Christoph , Tempfer Clemens 
Published: July 2009

Problem  To investigate whether polymorphisms in the interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) gene are associated with uterine leiomyoma.Method of study  Case–control study in a collective of 131 patients and 280 controls. Genotyping of the IL‐1β‐511 and IL‐1β‐3954 polymorphism was performed by PCR amplification and subsequent RFLP analysis.Results  A significant difference in the allele frequencies of the IL‐1β‐511 C<T polymorphism was found. Allele frequencies of the IL‐1β‐511 C<T polymorphism were 70.6% (C allele) in the patient group and 57.1% in the control group [P < 0.0002; odds ratio (OR) 1.81; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32–2.47]. The genotype distributions showed also differences using a dominant genotype model (C/C vs. C/T+T/T; P < 0.0002; OR 2.73; 95% CI: 1.77–4.2). No difference was found in the IL‐1β‐3954 polymorphism.Conclusion  The IL‐1β‐511 promoter polymorphism is related to an increased susceptibility to uterine leiomyoma, suggesting that this polymorphism does contribute to the development of this disease.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Timed Sexual Intercourse Facilitates the Recruitment of Uterine CD56bright Natural Killer Cells in Women with Infertility
Authors: Kimura Hidetaka , Fukui Atsushi , Fujii Shunsaku , Yamaguchi Eiji , Kasai Goichiro , Mizunuma Hideki 
Published: July 2009

Problem  The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sexual intercourse on uterine NK cell subsets.Method of study  Mid‐secretory endometrial samples obtained from 56 women were submitted for flow cytometric analysis. Basal body temperature was used to determine the day of ovulation. A total of 27 women had sexual intercourse before ovulation (pre‐ovulation group) and eight women had only after ovulation (post‐ovulation group) without any contraceptive devices. A total of 21 women did not have sexual intercourse during the experimental cycle (abstinence group). Endometrial NK cells were analyzed for the expression of CD16 and CD56 using 3‐color flow cytometry.Results  CD16−/CD56bright cells were markedly increased in the pre‐ovulation group as compared with that of the post‐ovulation group (P < 0.01) and the abstinence group (P < 0.01). CD16+/CD56dim cells were significantly decreased in the pre‐ovulation group as compared with that of the post‐ovulation group (P < 0.01) and the abstinence group (P < 0.05).Conclusion  It is suggested that seminal plasma participates in the recruitment of CD56bright NK cells into endometrium.
Consumer products and activities associated with dental injuries to children treated in United States emergency departments, 1990–2003
Authors: Stewart Gregory B. , Shields Brenda J. , Fields Sarah , Dawn Comstock R. , Smith Gary A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract –  Objective:  Describe the association of consumer products and activities with dental injuries among children 0–17 years of age treated in United States emergency departments.Design:  A retrospective analysis of data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System, 1990–2003.Results:  There was an average of 22 000 dental injuries annually among children <18 years of age during the study period, representing an average annual rate of 31.6 dental injuries per 100 000 population. Children with primary dentition (<7 years) sustained over half of the dental injuries recorded, and products/activities associated with home structures/furniture were the leading contributors. Floors, steps, tables, and beds were the consumer products within the home most associated with dental injuries. Outdoor recreational products/activities were associated with the largest number of dental injuries among children with mixed dentition (7–12 years); almost half of these were associated with the bicycle, which was the consumer product associated with the largest number of dental injuries. Among children with permanent teeth (13‐ to 17‐year olds), sports‐related products/activities were associated with the highest number of dental injuries. Of all sports, baseball and basketball were associated with the largest number of dental injuries.Conclusion:  To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate dental injuries among children using a national sample. We identified the leading consumer products/activities associated with dental injuries to children with primary, mixed, and permanent dentition. Knowledge of these consumer products/activities allows for more focused and effective prevention strategies.
Seedling regeneration, environment and management in a semi‐deciduous African tropical rain forest
Authors: Mwavu Edward N. , Witkowski Edward T.F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractQuestions:How is seedling regeneration of woody species of semi‐deciduous rain forests affected by (a) historical management for combinations of logging, arboricide treatment or no treatment, (b) forest community type and (c) environmental gradients of topography, light and soil nutrients?Location:Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda.Methods:Seedling regeneration patterns of trees and shrubs in relation to environmental factors and historical management types were studied using 32 0.5‐ha plots laid out in transects along a topographic gradient. We compared seedling species diversity, composition and distribution patterns along topographic gradients and within types of historical management regimes and forest communities to test whether environmental factors contributed to differences in species composition of seedlings.Results:A total of 85 624 woody seedlings representing 237 species and 46 families were recorded in this rain forest.Cynometra alexandriC.H. Wright andLasiodiscus mildbraediiEngl. had high seedling densities and were widely distributed throughout the plots. The most species‐rich families were Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Meliaceae, Moraceae and Rutaceae. Only total seedling density was significantly different between sites with different historical management, with densities highest in logged, intermediate in logged/arboricided and lowest in the nature reserve. Forest communities differed significantly in terms of seedling diversity and density. Seedling composition differed significantly between transects and forest communities, but not between topographic positions or historical management types. Both Chao‐Jaccard and Chao‐Sørensen abundance‐based similarity estimators were relatively high in the plot, forest community and in terms of historical management levels, corroborating the lack of significant differences in species richness within these groups. The measured environmental variables explained 59.4% of variance in seedling species distributions, with the three most important being soil organic matter, total soil titanium and leaf area index (LAI). Total seedling density was positively correlated with LAI. Differences in diversity of >2.0 cm dbh plants (juveniles and adults) also explained variations in seedling species diversity.Conclusions:The seedling bank is the major route for regeneration in this semi‐deciduous tropical rain forest, with the wide distribution of many species suggesting that these species regenerate continuously. Seedling diversity, density and distribution are largely a function of adult diversity, historical management type and environmental gradients in factors such as soil nutrient content and LAI. The species richness of seedlings was higher in soils both rich in titanium and with low exchangeable cations, as well as in logged areas that were more open and had a low LAI.
Mechanical Reliability of AMS 700 CX Improved by Parylene Coating
Authors: Salem Emad A. , Wilson Steven K. , Neeb Andrew , Delk John R. , Cleves Mario A. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Parylene coating was added to the silicone layers of the American Medical Systems (AMS) 700 controlled expansion (CX) penile prosthesis cylinders in January 2001. The coating was placed on non-tissue contacting silicone surfaces to increase lubricity, reduce friction, and silicone wear

Aim
We compared mechanical reliability of the original and Parylene-enhanced AMS 700 CX in a large single surgical group series

Methods
Seven hundred seventy-five consecutive patients receiving the AMS 700CX prosthesis (596 first time [virgin] and 179 revisions) were followed for 3 years. Four hundred fourteen received the non-coated model and 361 received the Parylene-coated device. Revision-free survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier product limit method and compared using the log-rank test.

Main Outcome Measures
We calculated overall survival from revision for any reason and survival from mechanical problems such as fluid leakage, cylinder, connector or tubing breakage, pump or reservoir defects.

Results
For the entire series (virgin + revised) the 3-year revision free survival for any cause improved from 78.6% for non-coated to 87.4% for the Parylene-coated implants. Freedom from mechanical breakage showed similar improvement from 89.2% for the non-coated to 97.5% for enhanced models.

Conclusion
This study documents that short-term mechanical reliability and survival from revision for any cause is significantly increased with Parylene-coated AMS 700CX cylinders compared with the earlier AMS 700CX model with non-coated cylinders.
Sound and American Religions
Authors: Weiner Isaac A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAmericans of diverse religious backgrounds have striven to hear God’s voice or to respond to the call of other suprahuman forces. Yet despite increased attention to visual and material culture, religious studies research mostly has been deaf to the sounds of American religious life and to the significance of hearing as a spiritual practice. This essay explores the theoretical and methodological roots of this disciplinary deafness and offers theoretical resources from fields such as social history, anthropology, acoustic sciences, and phenomenology. It reviews recurring themes in research on sound and American religions—especially related to the role of music in constructing identity and difference—and suggests directions for further research, including the need to attend to how sound mediates contact among diverse religious communities. This essay encourages scholars to become more attuned to the sonic world of American religious life.
The Influence of Anger Expressions on Outcomes in Organizations
Authors: Gibson Donald E. , Schweitzer Maurice E. , Callister Ronda R. , Gray Barbara 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAnger can lead to positive organizational outcomes. Anger is an important emotion in negotiations and organizations create situations that promote anger, yet little research has examined the conditions under which anger expressions can lead to positive outcomes in organizations. We analyzed 129 anger episodes across six organizations. In these episodes we link the form of anger expression, characteristics of the expresser, and the organizational norms surrounding anger expressions with the valence of individual, relationship, and organizational outcomes. We find that outcomes are better when anger expressions are of low intensity, expressed verbally rather than in a physical way, and expressed in settings where anger expressions are normatively appropriate. Compared to expressions of anger by men, expressions of anger by women are associated with less positive organizational outcomes.
Gambling and Globalization: Sociological Perspectives on ‘the House’ and ‘the Players’
Authors: Bernhard Bo J. , Futrell Robert , Harper Andrew 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this article, we explore a few ways in which the age‐old impulse to gamble has evolved into a global force. We start out by critically summarizing historical and foundational thinking on gambling in society, and then move into contemporary perspectives on the gambling act. We then focus upon two important actors in these global stages: ‘the house’ (the businesses that profit from gambling) and ‘the players’ (the individuals who, for the most part, do not). These explorations highlight the ways in which the globalization of gambling has been characterized by homogenizing trends as well as resistance to homogenization forces.
The Financial Crisis of 2007–9 and the British Experience
Authors: Dimsdale Nicholas H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract.This paper traces the course of the international financial crisis from its outbreak in mid 2007 to the easing of financial turmoil in May 2009, based on the British experience. The crisis resulted from excessive risk‐taking following a prolonged period of macroeconomic stability, combined with financial innovation. Problems arose initially with rising defaults in the US market for subprime mortgages, which induced a breakdown in the market for asset backed securities in mid‐2007. The drying up of the money market threatened the liquidity of several UK banks, notably Northern Rock, while falling asset prices undermined their solvency. A critical point was reached when Lehman Brothers failed in September 2008. This event confirmed that the world faced a systemic financial crisis. Fortunately monetary and fiscal authorities took vigorous action to stem the crisis and as a result some confidence has been restored in ailing banks. This has not prevented a sharp decline in economic activity and a persistent shortage of credit.
Delivering Public Services in the Developing World: Frontiers of Research
Authors: Rogger Daniel 
Published: July 2009

Abstract:This essay presents a view of the frontiers of research on public service delivery in the developing world, based on a series of interviews with researchers and practitioners actively working in this field. It recognizes the lasting contribution of the theoretical framework laid down by the World Development Report 2004 that emphasized accountability, and the randomized evaluations that have taken place to test and develop this theory. Research on other questions, such as those relating to the analysis of politics and the structure and organization of government, is at an earlier stage, and is likely to need a more structural approach. There are many questions still to be answered in this field.
Voter Turnout with Postal Voting
Authors: Solomon Daniel 
Published: July 2009

Abstract:This article presents a theoretical model of how electoral turnout might be affected by a move towards allowing citizens to cast their vote through postal votes only. The effect on turnout is compared with a system where citizens may vote by going to the polling place only. If part of the incentive to vote comes from signalling that one is the type of person who does vote, a good citizen, then the effect of a change to the electoral system might be ambiguous. Under certain circumstances turnout would fall with a move to postal voting.
Twelve‐hour reproducibility of retinal and optic nerve blood flow parameters in healthy individuals
Authors: Luksch Alexandra , Lasta Michael , Polak Kaija , Fuchsjäger‐Mayrl Gabriele , Polska Elzbieta , Garhöfer Gerhard , Schmetterer Leopold 
Published: July 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the reproducibility and potential diurnal variation of optic nerve head and retinal blood flow parameters in healthy individuals over a period of 12 hr.Methods:  We measured optic nerve head and retinal blood flow parameters in 16 healthy male non‐smoking individuals at five time‐points during the day (08:00, 11:00, 14:00, 17:00 and 20:00 hr). Outcome parameters were perimacular white blood cell flux (as assessed with the blue field entoptic technique), blood velocities in retinal veins (as assessed with bi‐directional laser Doppler velocimetry), retinal arterial and venous diameters (as assessed with the retinal vessel analyser), optic nerve head blood flow, volume and velocity (as assessed with single point and scanning laser Doppler flowmetry) and blood velocities in the central retinal artery (as assessed with colour Doppler imaging). The coefficient of variation and the maximum change from baseline in an individual were calculated for each outcome parameter.Results:  No diurnal variation in optic nerve head or retinal blood flow was observed with any of the techniques employed. Coefficients of variation were between 1.6% and 18.5% for all outcome parameters. The maximum change from baseline in an individual was much higher, ranging from 3.7% to 78.2%.Conclusion:  Our data indicate that in healthy individuals the selected techniques provide adequate reproducibility to be used in clinical studies. However, in patients with eye diseases and reduced vision the reproducibility may be considerably worse.