bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The signed k-domination number of directed graphs
Authors: Atapour Maryam , Sheikholeslami Seyyed , Hajypory Rana , Volkmann Lutz 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Let k ≥ 1 be an integer, and let D = (V; A) be a finite simple digraph, for which d
D− ≥ k − 1 for all v ɛ V. A function f: V → {−1; 1} is called a signed k-dominating function (SkDF) if f(N
−[v]) ≥ k for each vertex v ɛ V. The weight w(f) of f is defined by $$
\sum\nolimits_{v \in V} {f(v)}
$$. The signed k-domination number for a digraph D is γkS(D) = min {w(f|f) is an SkDF of D. In this paper, we initiate the study of signed k-domination in digraphs. In particular, we present some sharp lower bounds for γkS(D) in terms of the order, the maximum and minimum outdegree and indegree, and the chromatic number. Some of our results are extensions of well-known lower bounds of the classical signed domination numbers of graphs and digraphs.
Dynamical approach to spectator fragmentation in Au+Au reactions at 35 MeV/A
Authors: Vermani Yogesh , Puri Rajeev 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The characteristics of fragment emission in peripheral 197Au+197Au collisions 35 MeV/A are studied using the two clusterization approaches within framework of quantum molecular dynamics model. Our model calculations using minimum spanning tree (MST) algorithm and advanced clusterization method namely simulated annealing clusterization algorithm (SACA) showed that fragment structure can be realized at an earlier time when spectators contribute significantly toward the fragment production even at such a low incident energy. Comparison of model predictions with experimental data reveals that SACA method can nicely reproduce the fragment charge yields and mean charge of the heaviest fragment. This reflects suitability of SACA method over conventional clusterization techniques to investigate spectator matter fragmentation in low energy domain.
The adrenal cortex in female rats after estradiol or calcium treatment
Authors: Milošević Verica , Ajdžanović Vladimir , Filipović Branko , Nestorović Nataša , Manojlović-Stojanoski Milica , Pantelić Jasmina , Sekulić Milka 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Administration of estradiol or calcium, or combined, represents the classical therapeutic approach in the treatment of some menopausal symptoms. We have studied the effects of estradiol dipropionate (EDP) and calcium glucoheptonate (Ca) on morphological and hormonal features of the adrenal gland in 14-month-old female Wistar rats. The animals were treated with EDP (0.625 mg/kg b.w.) or Ca (11.4 mg/kg b.w.) daily for two weeks, with control rats receiving vehicle alone by the same schedule. The cell volumes in the zona glomerulosa (ZG) and zona fasciculata (ZF) were 11.2% and 5.5% greater (P<0.05) and in the zona reticularis (ZR) 13.0% smaller (P<0.05) in the EDP group than in the control group. In the Ca group, cell volume in the ZG was increased by 5.6% (P<0.05), while cell volumes in the ZF and ZR were decreased by 26.0% and 14.7%, respectively (P<0.05), in comparison with control values. Serum aldosterone and corticosterone concentrations were higher in the EDP-treated (by 27.8% and 19.8%, respectively) and Ca-treated (by 80.0% and 24.1%, respectively) groups in comparison with the control group (P<0.05). These data suggest that EDP and Ca treatments have stimulatory effects on the ZG and ZF, but inhibitory effects on the ZR in middle-aged female rats.
Effect of S-methylmethionine on the photosynthesis in maize at different chilling temperatures
Authors: Kósa Eszter , Szegő Dóra , Horváth Eszter , Rácz Ilona , Szigeti Zoltán , Lásztity Demeter , Páldi Emil 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The effect of the natural compound S-methylmethionine (SMM) on the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus, the efficiency of photosynthesis and the synthesis of stress-induced phenoloids and anthocyanins involved in defence was investigated in young maize plants exposed to moderate and severe chilling stress. Damage to PSII was observed as a reduction in the value of variable fluorescence (Fv/Fm) which could be detected even after few hours of mild chilling stress. At temperatures below 10°C, the reduction in Fv/Fm was more pronounced. Changes in the value of net photosynthesis exhibited a similar tendency. SMM has a moderating effect on this reduction and its protective effect was more pronounced under long-lasting chilling stress and at the lowest temperatures. Monitoring of fluorescence intensities and ratios correlated with the levels of stress defence compounds. The fluorescence intensities were found to increase over the course of chilling stress in response to SMM, with the highest values being recorded in plants exposed to the longest period of stress. A similar tendency was observed for the quantity of anthocyanins. The results confirm the complex role of SMM, which is manifested both in preserving the ability of the photosynthetic apparatus to function and in stimulating the synthesis of metabolites involved in stress defence.
Computer calculations of refractive indices in orthoconic SmCA *. Is it possible to obtain “isotropic” antiferroelectric liquid crystal (IAFLC)?
Authors: Perkowski P. , Raszewski Z. , Piecek W. , Kędzierski J. , Rutkowska J. , Zieliński J. , Sun X.W. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOrthoconic antiferroelectric liquid crystals (OAFLC) are promising materials for applications. The saturated value of the tilt angle for such materials is 45°, while for “classical” antiferroelectric liquid crystals (AFLC) it reaches typically 30°. Homogeneously oriented slab of OAFLC, unwound by surface action of cell walls is apparently optically isotropic for the light beam at normal incidence. Such unwound structure of OAFLC one can call isotropic OAFLC (IOAFLC). Optical indicatrix of OAFLC is represented by an oblate sphere (ellipsoid of revolution) with its short axis perpendicular to cell walls. Here the question arises: “Is it possible to create isotropic AFLC (IAFLC)? An effective refractive index of IAFLC should have the same value for the light beam propagating at each direction, hence the optical indicatrix should be a sphere. In the way of theoretical considerations we found that IAFLC can exist for twisted structure of AFLC characterized by the tilt angle as high as 54.3°. Unfortunately, such a big tilt angle is still not achievable in practice. Calculations show that AFLC can be optically isotropic when the helix is not suppressed by cell walls action.
Analysis of deformations of flexoelectric homeotropic liquid crystal layers with various anchoring strengths
Authors: Buczkowska M. , Derfel G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractDeformations of homeotropic layers of nematic liquid crystal possessing flexoelectric properties and subjected to external dc voltage were studied numerically. The influence of the anchoring strengthWwas investigated. The calculations were performed for two types of layers, one with positive dielectric anisotropy and positive sum of flexoelectric coefficients and the other with opposite signs of these parameters. Strongly blocking electrodes were assumed. The threshold voltages for deformations were computed for several anchoring strength values and for low, moderate, and high ion contents. The director distributions were also determined. They were influenced by joined effects of anchoring strength and space charge of ions. For increasing ion contents and increasing anchoring strength, remarkable change of deformation character was noticed. In the case of negative dielectric and flexoelectric parameters, the threshold was nearly proportional to W for low anchoring strength and saturated at some high value of W. In the case of positive dielectric and flexoelectric parameters, the threshold voltage increased strongly with W. In the range of enhanced ion concentrations, the deformation arose in two voltage ranges. The increasing anchoring strength damped the deformations in the whole layer, however, this effect was minor at high ion content.
Childhood abuse and later worries about the baby's health in pregnancy
Authors: Eide Jorid , Hovengen Ragnhild , Nordhagen Rannveig 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjective. To explore the associations between sexual and/or physical abuse in childhood and worries about the baby's health in pregnancy. Design. Cross‐sectional questionnaire study. Setting. Norwegian prospective pregnancy cohort. Sample. An original sample of 58,139 pregnancies (1999–2006) covering about 43% of the pregnant population. Methods. Two self‐reported questionnaires in the 17th and 30th week of gestation were merged with data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Associations between physical and/or sexual childhood abuse and worries about the baby's health were assessed with multiple logistic regression analyses. Main outcome measures. Strong worries about the baby's health in the 30th week of gestation among women with experience of childhood abuse. Results. Women who reported being exposed to physical or sexual childhood abuse or a combination of the two were at increased risk of strong worries about the baby's health compared to women who had not been similarly exposed (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26–2.08; adjusted OR = 1.30, 95% CI 1.03–1.64; adjusted OR = 2.10, 95% CI 1.68–2.62, respectively). Marital status, adult abuse, pelvic pain, quality of antenatal care, self‐efficacy and previous birth experiences were also associated with concern about the baby's health. Conclusions. There were significant associations between physical and/or sexual childhood abuse and strong concern about the baby's health. Worries about the baby's health are complex and associated with many elements of risk.
Case Report: Schizophrenia Discovered during the Patient Interview in a Man with Shoulder Pain Referred for Physical Therapy
Authors: Shah Nirtal , Nakamura Yuka 
Published: October 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate the importance of a thorough patient interview. The case involves a man referred for physical therapy for a musculoskeletal dysfunction; during the patient interview, a psychiatric disorder was recognized that was later identified as schizophrenia. A secondary purpose is to educate physical therapists on the recognizable signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Client description: A 19-year-old male patient with chronic shoulder, elbow, and wrist pain was referred for physical therapy. During the interview, the patient reported that he was receiving signals from an electronic device implanted in his body. Measures and outcome: The physical therapist's initial assessment identified a disorder requiring medical referral. Further management of the patient's musculoskeletal dysfunction was not appropriate at this time. Intervention: The patient was referred for further medical investigation, as he was demonstrating signs suggestive of a psychiatric disorder. The patient was diagnosed with schizophrenia by a psychiatrist and was prescribed Risperdal. Implications: This case study reinforces the importance of a thorough patient interview by physical therapists to rule out non-musculoskeletal disorders. Patients seeking neuromusculoskeletal assessment and treatment may have undiagnosed primary or secondary psychiatric disorders that require recognition by physical therapists and possible medical referral.
An Interdisciplinary Pain Rehabilitation Programme: Description and Evaluation of Outcomes
Authors: Bosy Dan , Etlin David , Corey David , Lee John W. 
Published: October 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this archival report is to describe the essential elements of an intensive 8-week interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation programme (IPRP) with a cognitive–behavioural emphasis and the results that can be expected in treating patients with chronic pain conditions. Method: This report describes a private outpatient program providing treatment services to patients with long-term disabling pain arising from work- or accident-related musculoskeletal injuries. The cohort consists of 338 consecutive patients who completed the program over a 3-year period (patients discharged between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2007). Results: Improvements in vocational status were noted in 75% of patients with chronic pain. Patients were also able to reduce their pain levels by approximately 16% and to reduce their levels of anxiety and depression by 13% and 17% respectively. At the same time, 61% of patients were able to reduce or eliminate their pain medications. Conclusions: Outcomes are consistent with evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for the management of chronic pain conditions. The published literature supports the efficacy of this interdisciplinary approach in highly disabled patients for whom effective treatment has been delayed. Early intervention in the subacute phase is recommended for prevention of long-term disability in patients with chronic pain.
Modelling Knee Range of Motion Post Arthroplasty: Clinical Applications
Authors: Stratford Paul W. , Kennedy Deborah M. , Robarts Susan F. 
Published: October 2010

Purpose: To model change in knee range of motion (ROM) post total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to show how this information can be incorporated into clinical decision making. Method: We applied a variable-occasion repeated-measures study design. Patients' knee flexion and extension ROM were assessed pre- and post arthroplasty over the ensuing 60 weeks. We examined change in ROM post TKA using linear and nonlinear mixed-effects modelling, and examined whether age, body mass index, prearthroplasty ROM, and gender were determinants of recovery in post-arthroplasty ROM. Results: Of 93 eligible patients, 74 provided pre- and post-arthroplasty data. A random intercept nonlinear model fit the flexion data best, and a random intercept linear model fit the extension data best. Pre-arthroplasty ROM was found to be a determinant of recovery in ROM post arthroplasty. This finding was common to both flexion and extension models. Conclusions: Our study showed that the greatest improvement for knee ROM took place during the first 12 weeks post arthroplasty. Of the variables examined, only pre-arthroplasty ROM was a determinant of outcome (p<0.05). The study results provide clinicians with data to determine expected rates of improvement for patients as well as the projected maximum ROM, facilitating improved clinical decision making.
The Effect of Modified Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy on Spasticity and Motor Function of the Affected Arm in Patients with Chronic Stroke
Authors: Siebers A. , Öberg U. , Skargren E. 
Published: October 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of modified constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) in a real-world clinical setting on spasticity and functional use of the affected arm and hand in patients with spastic chronic hemiplegia. Method: A prospective consecutive quasi-experimental study design was used. Twenty patients with spastic hemiplegia (aged 22–67 years) were tested before and after 2-week modified CIMT in an outpatient rehabilitation clinic and at 6 months. The Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS), active range of motion (AROM), grip strength, Motor Activity Log (MAL), Sollerman hand function test, and Box and Block Test (BBT) were used as outcome measures. Results: Reductions (p<0.05–0.001) in spasticity (MAS) were seen both after the 2-week training period and at 6-month follow-up. Improvements were also seen in AROM (median change of elbow extension 5°, dorsiflexion of hand 10°), grip strength (20 Newton), and functional use after the 2-week training period (MAL: 1 point; Sollerman test: 8 points; BBT: 4 blocks). The improvements persisted at 6-month follow-up, except for scores on the Sollerman hand function test, which improved further. Conclusion: Our study suggests that modified CIMT in an outpatient clinic may reduce spasticity and increase functional use of the affected arm in spastic chronic hemiplegia, with improvements persisting at 6 months.
Reliability of the Assessment of Mother–Infant Sensitivity—Chinese Version for Preterm and Term Taiwanese Mother–Infant Dyads
Authors: Wu Yen-Tzu , Lin Ui-Chih , Yu Yen-Ting , Hsieh Wu-Shiun , Hsu Chyong-Hsin , Hsu Hui-Chin , Wang Li-Ying , Jeng Suh-Fang 
Published: October 2010

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to translate and modify the Assessment of Mother–Infant Sensitivity scale into a Chinese version (modified AMIS-C) and to examine its reliability with preterm and term Taiwanese mother–infant dyads. Method: A total of 241 mother–infant pairs (179 preterm dyads and 62 term dyads) were prospectively recorded and their behaviour in feeding assessed using the modified AMIS-C when infants were at 4 and 6 months corrected age. A subset of the sample was used for interrater reliability testing, and the whole sample was used for assessment of internal consistency. Results: Interrater reliability was high for the modified AMIS-C section and total scores (intra-class correlation coefficients=0.91–0.99). Internal consistency was good to excellent for the maternal section and total score (α=0.71–0.86) and was fair to good for the infant and dyadic section score (α=0.44–0.75). Conclusions: The modified AMIS-C scale is a clinically feasible and reliable instrument for assessing mother–infant interaction of preterm and term dyads during early infancy.
The Performance of Conditional Tests for Family Data in Associated Regions Derived from GWAS
Authors: Schäfer H. , Greene B. H. 
Published: October 2010

Summary
Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used successfully to identify genetic loci associated with complex diseases and phenotypes. Often this association takes the form of several significant signals (such as small p-values) in a univariate analysis at various markers within a single genetic region. Once confirmed, these associations lead to the question if a single marker tags the association signal of another, functionally relevant variant or if the single marker tags a functionally relevant haplo-type. To deal with this question, methods for family data based on logistic regression, adaptations of the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) or weighted haplotype likelihood (WHL) methods have been proposed in the literature.
Objectives: Objectives were to examine the effect of parameters such as sample size, inheritance model, and the effects of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the region on the ability of a selection of methods to detect an independent effect from an additional locus. Methods: All methods tested were applied to simulated genetic data of trios comprising a single affected offspring and two parents. Results: While regression-based methods have advantages such as model flexibility, potentially increasing power, the WHL method was more robust against increasing LD in the scenarios analyzed.
Conclusions: Simulation results suggest that the regression and WHL methods are better able with regard to statistical power than the adaptation of the TDT analyzed here to detect genetic effects at an additional locus while controlling for confounding at another locus.
Cyanobacterial Heterocysts
Authors: Maldener Iris , Muro‐Pastor Alicia M 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Cyanobacteria are phototrophic bacteria carrying out oxygen‐producing photosynthesis. Indeed, cyanobacteria were the inventors of oxygenic photosynthesis carried out by eukaryotic algae and plants. Besides showing the capability of building their cellular carbon from carbon dioxide, available in the atmosphere, several strains of cyanobacteria have also acquired the ability to fix molecular dinitrogen (N
2
). As the enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation (
nitrogenase
) is highly sensitive towards oxygen, nitrogen fixation and oxygenic photosynthesis cannot take place simultaneously in cyanobacterial cells. To solve this problem, some filamentous strains are able to restrict N
2
fixation to a special cell type, the heterocyst. Heterocysts are specialised, morphologically distinct, terminally differentiated cells that develop, in the absence of alternative sources of combined nitrogen, mostly in a semiregular pattern along the filament. Thus, a filament containing heterocysts provides division of labour between photosynthetic carbon dioxide fixation (in vegetative cells) and anaerobic N
2
fixation (in heterocysts). These cyanobacteria represent true multicellular organisms with profound morphological cell differentiation and sophisticated intercellular communication systems.

Key Concepts:

Although bacteria, some filamentous cyanobacteria are true multicellular organisms, showing different cell types for specialised tasks.

When starved for a source of combined nitrogen these cyanobacteria start a programme of cell differentiation resulting in a pattern of semiregularly spaced heterocysts along the filament.

Heterocysts develop from vegetative cells, the sites for oxygenic photosynthesis, and provide a microoxic environment for the oxygen‐labile nitrogenase.

Nitrogenase is the enzyme responsible for N
2
fixation and allows the organism to live from sunlight, air (carbon dioxide and N
2
) and some minerals.

Under nitrogen fixing conditions the two cell types rely on each other and exchange metabolites and signalling molecules, presumably via protein‐complex‐mediated cell‐to‐cell contact or the continuous periplasmic space that surrounds all cells of the multicellular filament.

Global nitrogen control factor NtcA controls activation of many genes involved in heterocyst differentiation and function.

HetR, the activator of heterocyst differentiation, is regulated by NtcA, known inhibitors of heterocyst differentiation PatS and HetN, as well as by proteins HetF and PatA controlling HetR turnover.

The pattern of spaced heterocysts is regulated by inhibitor gradients that promote the decay of HetR, confirming mathematical models of two‐dimensional pattern formation in heterocystous cyanobacteria.
Muscle Contraction: Regulation
Authors: Squire John M 
Published: October 2010

AbstractRemarkably we can tell our arms or legs to move and they do it. We can directly control or regulate the activity of our skeletal muscles. Striated muscle movement, produced by the interaction of filaments containing the proteinsmyosinandactin, is regulated by the proteinstropomyosinandtroponinon theactinfilaments. When an electrical signal passes down the motor nerve to a muscle it triggers a depolarisation of the muscle membrane (sarcolemma). In turn this triggers the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium ions into the muscle interior where they bind totroponin, thus causingtropomyosinto shift from the face of theactinfilament to whichmyosinheads need to bind to produce contraction. During relaxation calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum,troponinloses its calcium andtropomyosinreverts to its off position. This is the steric blocking mechanism of muscle regulation.Key Concepts:Striated muscles contain repeating sarcomeres of overlapping arrays of long, thin actin and thicker myosin filaments.Myosin filaments carry projections, the myosin heads, which are enzymes that can bind to actin and can split and make use of the energy from ATP.During muscle contraction myosin heads bind to actin, change their configuration on actin along with releasing the products of ATP hydrolysis and cause relative sliding of the actin and myosin filaments.Vertebrate striated muscle contraction is controlled (regulated) by the action of the proteins troponin and tropomyosin on the actin filaments.Nervous stimulation causes a depolarisation of the muscle membrane (sarcolemma) which triggers the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.Calcium ions bind to troponin and thus cause or allow the tropomyosin strands on the actin filament to move so that the part of the actin surface where myosin heads need to bind is uncovered.Contraction (force generation) then occurs and only stops when the sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps calcium out of the muscle interior, troponin loses its bound calcium and tropomyosin shifts back to its off position.