bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Hard Red Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Breadmaking Quality Characteristics by Utilizing a Minimum Standard Method1
Authors: Mokhtarzadeh A. , Busch R. H. , Shuey W. C. 
Published: July 2010

Cultivar responses to environments for test weight, 1000 kernel weight, wheat mineral, and mixing time were determined for seven commercially grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in 57 Uniform Regional Spring Wheat Nurseries (URSWN) from 1964 through 1967. The analysis was not applicable to small and large kernel sizes or to dough characteristics because of nonlinear responses to environments.We determined that four minimum standard check cultivars were needed to evaluate wheat for most environments from the 1964 to 1967 data. These minimum standard check cultivars were then used for 1968 and 1969 URSWN data, with a weighted evaluation score for each trait, to evaluate 10 strains and cultivars. This new minimum standard method appeared to offer the following main advantages over the present procedure used to evaluate potential varieties: 1) it considers the responses of check cultivars to environments; 2) it places quality evaluations on a minimal standard base for a comparison among breeding lines; 3) it provides a statistical test of the mean minimum evaluation scores; and 4) if economic weights of each quality trait were available, it would indicate economic worth of a selection to industry.
Protein Quality and Kernel Properties of Modified Opaque‐2 Endosperm Corn Involving a Recessive Allele at the Sugary‐2 Locus1
Authors: Paez Alix V. 
Published: July 2010

A maize (Zea mays L.) seed stock with a modified endosperm type was isolated from a homozygous opaque‐2 line. Allelic tests with known single gene endosperm markers showed that the genotype was su2/su2, o2/o2. The genotypic constitution of this isolate was further confirmed by an allelism test with two known double recessive types as su2/su2,o2/o2, testers. The endosperm had a higher percentage of lysine per unit of protein than both the typical opaque‐2 endosperm corn used as a check and those values reported in the literature. The endosperm of this stock is translucent, of hard texture, and somewhat discolored and dull; it has a kernel density similar to the normal endosperm corn. Kernel weights of the S2 progenies segregating at the su2/su2, and o2/o2 loci indicated that the kernel weight of the double mutant endosperm combination su2/su2,o2/o2 was 92 to 93% of that of the opaque‐2 class. The differences in kernel weights were explained as the results of the effects of the opaque‐2 gene on the sugary‐2 endosperm types which are already below the mean of normal endosperm corn. Observed kernel weight variability between and within progenies suggested the possibility for selection of kernel weights within the levels of sugary‐2 as well to levels similar to normal and opaque‐2.The double recessive type (su2/su2,o2/o2) had increased lysine as percent of protein and improved kernel properties in comparison to opaque‐2 corn.
Relationships Between Yield and Several Yield Components in a Set of Maize Hybrids
Authors: Johnson G. R. 
Published: July 2010

The relationship of yield to yield component estimates obtained from additive, additive plus dominance, and additive plus dominance plus epistasis models of inheritance was examined in a set of 15 single cross and 30 three‐way maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids, derived from a group of 6 commercially adapted, essentially homozygous inbred lines. The yield components considered were: row number, kernels per row, and weight per 300 kernels. Yield component estimates from each genetic model were converted to logarithms and used as independent variables in a multiple linear regression analysis in which log yield was the dependent variable.A model including additive effects of row number and weight per 300 kernels and additive plus dominance effects for kernels per row adequately accounted for the variation in yield due to variability in these components. Maximum yield with regard to additive effects was characterized by high row number and weight per 300 kernels, whereas yield response to dominance effects was due to kernels per row only.These results indicated that yield response to nonadditive effects was maximized by crosses among lines that, on the basis of additive effects, exhibited high row number and weight per kernel. However, the additive effects yield component estimates provided no more information concerning yield than did the additive effects estimate of yield itself. Therefore, estimates of the additive yield component effects of the parental lines would not have been useful in predicting crosses possessing favorable nonadditive effects in this set of hybrids. In addition, because the yield components exhibited at least as much nonadditive variation as yield, yield component estimates obtained from the inbreds themselves would probably not have been of much more use in predicting hybrid performance than inbred yields themselves.
Propagation of Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) from Culm Segments1
Authors: Hovin A. W. , Beck B. E. , Marten G. C. 
Published: July 2010

Development of hybrid cultivars of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) necessitates vegetative increase of clones selected as parents. Our objectives were to determine the effects of genotypes, stage of growth, and treatment with ethephon (2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid) on the establishment of stands from nodes of reed canarygrass culm segments. We established 12 genotypes (clones) from fixed quantities of culms with attached leaves chopped into 10 cm lengths. Satisfactory stands of all clones resulted when at least 0.4 kg/m2 of chopped material was covered with soil and irrigated, provided that culms were from sufficiently mature plants. Differences among clones in the number of established plants were highly significant.Maturity affected establishment, in that cutting of culms at or before anthesis usually resulted in stand failure, whereas cutting at postanthesis to seed shattering stages resulted in satisfactory stands. Nonheading clones with 3.5‐month‐old culms also provided viable nodes. More shoots with larger roots were established from basal nodes than frcm apical nodes of culms at various growth stages.Treatment of chopped culms of one nonheading clone with ethephon at 100‐to 1,000 ppm rates resulted in higher stand density than that of the untreated check. Ethephon suppressed density when one clone was similarly treated at the seed shattering stage.Our results indicated a general lack of relationship between tillering capacity (expressed as plant width) and stand establishment from culm sections of 64 clones (r = −0.20). The results suggested that tillering and nodal activity must both be considered before planting rates can be established for parent clones intended for field‐scale crossing in hybrid development.
Seed Divider for Plot Planters1
Authors: Clark R. C. , Fehr W. R. 
Published: July 2010

A seed divider was constructed for mechanized plot planting. It does not require a source of power and can be used effectively when planting on uneven terrain. The divider was built from a modified Boerner sampler. Seed for each row of a plot is sampled from the entire perimeter of the sampler so that the divider works effectively when it is level or on an angle.The divider can be used without stopping between plots. As one plot is planted, the seed for the next plot is poured into the seed divider. The seed passes by gravity through the divider to funnels on planting units where it is held until the funnels are trapped.The divider has been tested with soybeans (Glycine sp.), wheat (Triticum sp.), and barley (Hordeum sp.).
Comparative Grain Yields of Corn Hybrids in Normal and in Texas Male‐Sterile Cytoplasm (cms‐T) Infected with Helminthosporium maydis Race T and Disease Components of cms‐T Corn Hybrids1
Authors: Lim S. M. , Hooker A. L. , Kinsey J. G. , Smith D. R. 
Published: July 2010

The amount of Helminthosporium maydis (Nisikado and Miyake) race T infection on corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids with Texas male‐sterile cytoplasm (cms‐T) (resulting from artificial inoculation or from natural infection) was significantly greater than on their normalcytoplasm counterparts. Early infection of cms‐T corn hybrids after artificial inoculation was significantly more severe than infection which took place naturally later in the season. Both 1,000‐kernel weight and grain yield of artificially inoculated cms‐T corn hybrids were reduced significantly more than those from the same cms‐T hybrids exposed only to natural infection. Grain yields and 1,000‐kernel weights of most cms‐T corn hybrids, exposed only to natural infection, were significantly reduced in relation to their normal‐cytoplasm counterparts even though the epiphytotic was delayed until late during physiological maturation of the plants. In the same field, however, there was no significant difference in grain yield or in 1,000‐kernel weight between cms‐T hybrids and their normal cytoplasm counterparts of highly resistant corn hybrids. Early infection, resulting from artificial inoculation, had no appreciable influence on amount of disease infection or on 1,000‐kernel weights of most normal‐cytoplasm hybrids. The amount of disease infection, grain yield, and 1,000‐kernel weight of cms‐T hybrids were significantly correlated with those of their normal‐cytoplasm counterparts. Cms‐T hybrids which had a high disease tolerance produced about twice as much grain as those of low tolerance in the presence of disease.All disease components (leaf, sheath, and husk infection, and lesion sizes) were highly intercorrelated at each disease rating date: before silking, midsilk, and physiological maturity. The contribution of the lesion size component to the standardized regression weight () and incremental proportions of variance (ΔR2) values for reductions both in 1,000‐kernel weights and in grain yields was always higher than that of other disease components at each disease rating date. Lesion sizes measured at midsilk had higher and ΔR2 values in grain yield reduction than measurements before silking or at physiological maturity. The r values between lesion sizes and the entire plant infection were highest at each disease rating date.
Changes in the Stomatal Response Characteristics of Grain Sorghum Produced by Water Stress During Growth1
Authors: McCree K. J. 
Published: July 2010

Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that stomatal response characteristics can be modified by growing the test plants under water stress. Different degrees of stress were obtained by varying the atmospheric demand and by allowing the soil to dry.Hybrid grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. CV. ‘Oro’) was grown in nutrient culture, under atmospheric conditions which simulated natural daily cycles of temperature and dew point, at constant light level and carbon dioxide concentration. Thirty days after planting, the diffusion resistances of fully expanded leaves were measured as functions of light level (at constant leaf water potential) and of leaf water potential (at constant light level), with the leaf temperature and ambient carbon dioxide concentration being kept constant. The responses of leaves grown in “hot, dry” and “warm, humid” atmospheric conditions were very similar to one another, but leaves which had been subjected to five cycles of moderate soil moisture stress, as well as ‘hot, dry’ atmospheric conditions, had stomates which were less responsive to decreasing leaf water potential than the stomates of leaves grown under well‐watered, conditions. These changes are in the right direction to explain differences which have been observed between growthchamber and field‐grown material.
Inheritance of Isocitratase Activity and Its Relationship to Seedling Vigor in a Cross of Upland Cotton1
Authors: Scholl R. L. 
Published: July 2010

Seedlings of reciprocal F1, reciprocal backcross, and advanced generations of a biparental cross of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were examined for isocitratase activity and axial fresh weight after 40 to 112 hours of germination.Results from reciprocal hybrids after 40 and 112 hours of germination indicated that level of isocitratase activity and axial growth rate were maternally inherited, but there was no evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance. Wide segregation for isocitratase activity was observed in the F2 population after 40 and 112 hours of germination, and isocitratase activity appeared to be quantitatively inherited. In the Fz population, relative isocitratase activity of seedlings germinated 40 hours was highly correlated with the percent of seedling fresh weight in the axis (r=+0.843**). The association between the same two characters was small but negative for seedlings germinated 112 hours (r=−0.431**). The strength of the association between isocitratase activity and axial growth early in germination suggests that isocitratase activity may be a good indicator of early seedling vigor.
Epistasis in Maize (Zea mays L.): IV. Crosses Among Lines Selected for Superior Intervariety Single Cross Performances1
Authors: Stuber C. W. , Moll R. H. 
Published: July 2010

Five quantitative traits in maize (Zea mays L.) were investigated to evaluate the statistical significance of epistasis as well as its importance in hybrid predictions in 18 sets of single, three‐way, and double crosses. Parental lines for the sets were selectively grouped based on superior specific combining ability evaluated in interpopulation single‐cross combinations. Although variability analyses failed to detect significant epistatic effects in yield and lodging, mean comparisons showed small but significant epistatic contributions in yield, ear number, plant height, and ear height.Comparisons of the relative importance of errors caused by epistatic effects with those errors caused by genotype by environmental interaction effects in predicting hybrid performances were made. For yield, ear number, and ear height, predictions based on data from single environments showed greater discrepancies due to genotype by environmental interaction effects than to epistatic effects. Also, for yield and ear number, the use of single crosses to predict three‐way and double crosses in other environments was more reliable than the use of observed performances of three‐way and double crosses to predict their respective performances in other environments.
Dimensional Balance Among Yield Components and Maximum Yield in an 8 ✕ 8 Diallel of Barley1
Authors: Grafius J. E. , Okoli Laud B. 
Published: July 2010

Dimensional balance between yield components played a key role in determining yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Emend., Lam.). The ratios of Y/X, Z/X, and Y/Z, where X = heads/plant, Y = seeds/head and Z = mg/ kernel, were found to account for 72% of the variation in yield of 28 Ft crosses from an 8 ✕ 8 diallel of barley. Such a high correlation between the shape of the yield parallelepiped as measured by these ratios and yield meant an almost 1:1 correspondence between shape and yield.As yield increased the relative rate of expenditure of available resources for each component measured by component ratios increased for Z/X, decreased for Y/Z, and remained constant for Y/X.The highest‐yielding crosses were found to have a high value of X and Y and a low value of Z when compared to the low‐yielding group and to the estimated mathematical optimum. The difference between the calculated optimum shape of the yield parallelepiped and the observed shape at the high yield levels was ascribed to component compensation. Negative correlations between Y and Z and between yield and Z indicated that as yield increased, increased values of Y would be attained at the expense of Z.
Effect of Pregermination Treatments on Germination and Growth of Cottonseed at Suboptimal Temperatures1
Authors: Cole D. F. , Wheeler J. E. 
Published: July 2010

Various pregermination treatments were used to determine their effects on germination of cottonseed (Gossypium barbademe L.) at suboptimum temperatures and to determine whether chilling injury was reduced by these treatments.‘Pima S‐4’ cottonseed were preconditioned in water and gibbercllic acid (10‐3M) at 10 and 30 C or in adenosine‐ 3′:5′.cyclic monophosphate( cyclic AMP,10‐4M) at 30 C, or were hot‐water‐treated at 70 C for 5 rain. After being preconditioned, seed were chilled for 24 hours at 5 C in water. Seed were germinated over a temperature range of 15.5 to 30 C for 7 days on a thermogradient plate. Germination counts were made daily. The speed and percent of germination were higher for seed preconditioned at 30 C than at 10 C. Hot‐water treatment reduced the sensitivity of seed to gibberellic acid and reduced germination at all temperatures. Chilling injury was reduced by preconditioning in either water, gibberellic acid, or cyclic AMP. Our data suggest that satisfactory cotton stands may be obtained at suboptimum temperatures (below 31 C) by elevating seed moisture and/or treating with a growth regulator prior to planting.
Interaction of Shrunken‐2 with Five Other Carbohydrate Genes in Corn Endosperm1
Authors: Holder D. G. , Glover D. V. , Shannon J. C. 
Published: July 2010

The interactions of the shrunken‐2 (sh2) gene with waxy (wx), amylose‐extender (ae), sugary‐1 (su1), dull (du) and sugary‐2 (su2) on the carbohydrate composition of maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm were determined. The contents of fructose, glucose, sucrose, water‐soluble polysaccharide (WSP), and starch of whole kernel samples 21 and 28 days after pollination were determined. Percent starch and amylose of mature kernels were determined.The sh2 mutation reduced starch drastically concurrent with a large accumulation of sucrose as previously observed. In homozygous double and triple recessive genotypes, sh2 was epistatic over all other genes for the accumulation of sucrose and reduction of starch. Genotype combinations containing both su1 and sh2 produced the most extreme reduction in starch content, and in all cases sh2 inhibited the large WSP content normally caused by su1. Starch from kernels homozygous for ae alone had 60% amylose. Presence of sh2 in the multiple recessive genotypes inhibited the ae enhancement in percent amylose. With few exceptions those genotypes with wx produced no amylose; those which did were in combination with ae. Genotype combinations containing both wx and sh2, had higher sucrose than normal and the starch, although reduced in quantity, was 100% amylopectin.
Effects of Temperature and Alfalfa Entry on Seedling Reaction to Stem Nematode1
Authors: Elgin J. H. , Peaden R. N. , Faulkner L. R. , Evans D. W. 
Published: July 2010

Because of a need for additional information regarding the effects of temperature on the reactions of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings from diverse sources to stem nematodes (Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev), we inoculated germinating seeds of 101 alfalfa varieties and experimental lines (entries) with 25 stem nematodes and grew the seedlings for 24 days at 16, 20, and 25 C. After 24 days the seedlings were rated for cotyledonary. node swelling and stained for counts of numbers of hem. atode adults, larvae, and eggs in plant cotyledons, the cotyledonary node, and the hypocotyl.Greater cotyledonary‐node swelling was observed at 16 and 20 C than at 25 C. A few entries differed in cotyledonary‐node swelling; however, most of the entries were similar. Greater numbers of larvae and eggs were found at 16 and 20 C than at 25 C. Some entries differed for numbers of adults, larvae, and eggs counted in the seedlings. Greater numbers of larvae and eggs occurred in the hypocotyl than in the cotyledonary node or cotyledons. Number of adults, larvae, and eggs in the seedlings increased, particularly in the cotyledonary node and hypocotyl, as the cotyledonary‐node swelling of the seedlings increased.Due to our inability to easily separate resistant and susceptible entries on the basis of visual symptoms or nematode population counts, we concluded that the usefulness of an early‐stage seedling evaluation similar to what we used is of questionable value to the breeder.
Growth Type and Yield Comparisons of Forage Species After Seed Multiplication in Germany and in the United States. I. Red Clover, Alfalfa, and White Clover1
Authors: Simon Uwe , Kastenbauer A. , Garrison C. S. 
Published: July 2010

Seed increases of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) from seed composites of German origin, representing 20% early, 60% intermediate, and 20% semilate flowering types, were made at one location in Germany and three locations in the United States. The population composition and forage yields of two consecutive generations of increase were investigated at Weihenstephan, Germany. Growth type means and forage yields of red clover increased in the United States were similar to those from seed increased in Germany. Forage yield differences between alfalfa seed lots increased in the United States and Germany were not significant. However, a tendency towards more upright and later flowering types of plants and slightly reduced winter survival was observed in some of the alfalfa lots multiplied in the United States.Means for leaf size, plant diameter, plant height, regrowth, and flowering intensity of most of the white clover populations fom seed grown in the United States were somewhat lower than corresponding means for the increases made in Germany, but were similar to the means of the original seed. No clear relationships were noted among generations or among harvest years within generations and population changes.It is concluded that plant characteristics and forage yield of the red clover, alfalfa, and white clover experimental composites were retained when seed was multiplied for two generations at three locations in the United States.
Potassium Absorption by Excised Barley Roots in Relation to Antecedent K, P, N, and Ca Nutrition1
Authors: Ohki K. , Ulrich A. 
Published: July 2010

In absorption studies with excised roots, the nutritional status of roots in relation to root growth has been difficult to assess prior to the absorption period. Since the antecedent nutrition greatly influences the subsequent K absorption, it is important to assess the nutritional status of roots undergoing ion absorption. Therefore, this study was initiated to determine the influence of antecedent nutrition of K, P, Ca, NO3‐N, and overall salt status of excised barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots on K absorption.Assessment of the nutritional status of the plants was made by comparing the analytical results of the excised roots to the corresponding critical nutrient value of 13.5 meq, 4.5 mmol, 2.9 meq, and 2.5 meq kg‐1 fresh wt, for K, P, Ca, and NO3‐N, respectively.Under severe K deficiency, excised barley roots absorbed less K than comparable roots slightly deficient in K. Losses of K to the absorbing solution occurred from roots with high endogenous K. Excised roots from Pdeficient plants, low in endogenous K, absorbed less K than roots low in endogenous K with adequate P. Nitrogen deficiency alone did not increase the capacity for K absorption. Calcium deficiency suppressed K uptake primarily as a result of high endogenous K in Ca deficient roots. A combination of N deficiency and low endogenous K increased the capacity for K absorption. Low salt plants however, had the largest capacity to absorb K.