bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Albumin and immunoglobulins G, A and M in aqueous humour from clinically normal equine eyes
Authors: MATTHEWS A. G. , POULTER TESSA 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe leveb of albumin, immunoglobulin G (including IgG [T]), IgA and IgM in the serum and aqueous humour of 47 horses and ponies with no ophthalmic abnormalities were determined by single radial immunodiffusion. There was a linear relationship between serum and aqueous albumin levels. No relationship of serum and aqueous IgG levels was observed. IgA was detected in only one aqueous sample. IgM was not detected in aqueous humour from any eye in this study. The factors which may influence albumin and immunoglobulin levels in normal aqueous humour are discussed.
Desmitis of the fetlock annular ligament in the horse
Authors: VERSCHOOTEN F. , PICAVET T‐M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDesmitis of the fetlock annular ligament was diagnosed in 30 horses during a period of eight years. Most of the horses had been lame for a prolonged period and had chronically distended digital flexor tendon sheaths. Air tendograms demonstrated thickened palmar or plantar annular ligaments. In 25 horses the ligament was cut longitudinally; of these, 16 horses returned to full work without any difficulty and one became sound after a second operation. Follow up time varied from three months to seven‐and‐a‐half years. None of the five untreated horses returned to work.
Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch Warmblood horses at normal walk
Authors: MERKENS H. W. , SCHAMHARDT H. C. , HARTMAN W. , KERSJES A. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe ground reaction force patterns from 20 clinically sound Dutch Warmblood horses (Group A) were recorded at the normal walk. The data from four to 10 stance phases of each limb were computer averaged after normalisation to the animal's body mass and to the stance time. This analysis method allowed comparison of data from left and right fore‐ and hind‐limbs within and between horses. The left‐to‐right symmetry in the reaction force peaks of contralateral limbs of one horse exceeded 90 per cent. The time in the stance phase at which the peaks occur were even more symmetrically distributed. A characteristic force‐force diagram was constructed by plotting the longitudinal horizontal and the vertical ground reaction forces against each other; in this way the symmetry of loading of contralateral fore‐ and hindlimbs could be interpreted easily. Force plate tracings were obtained from eight horses (Group B) in three succesive years. The similarity of the tracings from a sound, well‐trained horse over that period was better than the differences between horses of the same breed.
Effects of amitraz, several opiate derivatives and anticholinergic agents on intestinal transit in ponies
Authors: ROBERTS M. C. , ARGENZIO A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAmitraz, atropine, glycopyrrolate and morphine (but not its derivatives, meperidine [pethidine], oxymorphone and butorphanol) produced similar effects on clinically observed intestinal functions and significantly prolonged intestinal transit, as assessed with polyethylene glycol (peg). However, their mechanisms of action, particularly on intestinal transport (fluid movement), may differ widely. Loperamide appeared to exert a preferential action on intestinal transport rather than motility, as there was no significant delay inpegtransit. The action of amitraz in perturbing smooth muscle coordination and enhancing absorption involved, at least partially, an α2adrenergic component susceptible to yohimbine. Naloxone, an opiate antagonist, did not influence amitraz responses but induced the return of intestinal sounds and defecation after a refractory period in morphine‐dosed ponies. The results suggest potential clinical applications in horses for loperamide in diarrhoea therapy, for α2adrenergic antagonists in obstruction and ileus and, possibly, of amitraz‐like agents in reducing fluid losses in diarrhoea.
D‐xylose absorption in the growing foal
Authors: MERRITT TINA , MALLONÉE P. G. , MERRITT A. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySeven healthy foals (five ponies and two horses) were maintained on grass pasture with their dams. All foals had normal faeces at the time of testing. An oral xylose absorption test was performed on each foal at one, two and three months of age. Following an 8 h fast, 0.5 g/kg D‐xylose as a 10 per cent solution was given via a nasogastric tube. Control and 30 min interval plasma samples were collected for 3 h and the plasma was analysed for xylose using the phloroglucinol microassay technique. Maximum xylose concentration levels were reached between 30 and 60 mins for each of the foals. The mean (±sem) peak xylose concentration at one, two and three months of age was 3.14±0.29, 2.19±0.30 and 1.25±0.22 mmol/litre respectively, which were all significantly different from each other. Xylose absorption capacity decreased, therefore, with age, becoming similar to the adult horse by three months of age. The oral xylose absorption test can be used to evaluate small intestinal absorptive capacity in the foal provided that the results are compared with foals of the same age group.
Treatment of guttural pouch mycosis
Authors: CHURCH SALLY , WYN‐JONES G. , PARKS A. H. , RITCHIE H. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummarySeventeen cases of guttural pouch mycosis (including two bilaterally affected cases) were diagnosed in a three year period. The presenting signs were, in order of frequency, epistaxis at rest, nasal catarrh, pharyngeal paralysis, ipsilateral laryngeal hemiplegia, swelling of the submandibular/parotid region, extension of the head and neck and dyspnoea. Ligation of the origin of the internal carotid and occipital arteries was attempted in 10 of the cases exhibiting epistaxis. Bilateral ligation was performed on one animal with an untoward sequelae. Where surgery was successfully completed further haemorrhage was prevented in eight out of nine affected pouches (89 per cent). Medical treatment involving local administration of various antifungal preparations via a specially designed catheter and/or the oral administration of benzimidazole drugs was successful in eliminating the mycotic plaque in most cases. Cases which presented with pharyngeal paralysis were all fatal.
Detomidine: A new sedative for horses
Authors: CLARKE KATHY W. , TAYLOR POLLY M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDetomidine, given intravenously at doses of 5 to 30 (mean 13) μ/kg bodyweight (bwt), provided adequate sedation for a variety of clinical procedures in 93 per cent of administrations, and improved the ease of handling in the remaining animals. Side effects of ataxia and bradycardia were minimal at the lower dose rates. Higher doses were required for intramuscular use. In experimental trials 10 and 20 μg/kg bwt resulted in deep sedation and also significant hypertension and bradycardia of over 15 mins duration. Current literature on the use of detomidine in horses is reviewed.
Study of arterial blood pressure in newborn foals using an electronic sphygmomanometer
Authors: FRANCO R. M. , OUSEY JENNY C. , CASH R. S. G. , ROSSDALE P. D. , SILVER MARIAN 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn electronic sphygmomanometer which functions on oscillometric principles, was used to measure arterial blood pressure in foals. Its accuracy was assessed by comparison with results obtained by direct measurement in anaesthetised pony foals, aged 34 to 64 days. Correlations between data obtained by the two methods were highly significant but the sphygmomanometric readings were consistently lower than those obtained by direct measurement. An equation was derived from the pooled values for mean, systolic and diastolic pressure measurements. This was used as a correction factor when the oscillometric method was employed in the field on Thoroughbred foals, during the first three days post partum, and on pony foals during the first day only. There were no significant differences between systolic, diastolic and mean values in Thoroughbreds on Days 1, 2 or 3 after birth. Measurements recorded on the first day after foaling were significantly lower (P<0.025) in ponies than in Thoroughbreds. Blood pressure measurements in Thoroughbreds and ponies were substantially higher than those reported previously using the ultrasonic Doppler technique.
Early development of gait asymmetries in trotting Standardbred colts
Authors: DREVEMO S. , FREDRICSON I. , HJERTÉN G. , McMIKEN D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryTen trotting Standardbred colts were recorded by high‐speed cinematography at the ages of eight, 12 and 18 months. The horses were trotting on a treadmill operating at 4.0 m/secs. Five horses were subjected to a programme of intensified training from eight months of age, whereas the others were not trained and acted as controls. The films were analysed on a semi‐automatic film‐reading equipment and a number of variables used to demonstrate the gait symmetry were calculated and scaled by computer. Certain differences between left and right diagonal and contralateral pair of limbs, respectively, were noted, suggesting that laterality in horses may be inherited. The most pronounced systematic differences were found in 18‐month old horses in the trained group. The results show the importance of careful gait examination and comprehensive coordination training at an early age.
Synthesis and absorption of cysteine from the hindgut of the horse
Authors: McMENIMAN N. P. , ELLIOTT R. , GROENENDYK S. , DOWSETT K. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe extent to which cysteine synthesised by microbes within the hindgut of the horse is incorporated into plasma cysteine was estimated by an isotopic technique in two horses fed four different diets. The results showed that between 1 per cent and 6 per cent of the plasma cysteine was of microbial origin. It is argued that the maximum contribution of microbial cysteine, and presumably other amino acids of microbial origin, to the plasma pool is 12 per cent of the net supply. These data support the hypothesis that microbial amino acid synthesis within the hindgut of the horse does not significantly affect its amino acid status.
Absorption of neomycin from the equine uterus: Effect of stage of oestrous cycle and volume of vehicle
Authors: BOYD ELIZABETH H. , ALLEN W. EDWARD 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPlasma concentrations of neomycin were measured following intrauterine infusion of 3.3 mg/kg bodyweight neomycin sulphate. Mares in oestrus absorbed approximately 6 per cent of neomycin infused whereas mares in a luteal phase absorbed 56 per cent. The volume of infusate also affected absorption as increased volume resulted in decreased absorption. The decreased absorption both during oestrus and when large volumes were used was probably due to reflux of antibiotic through the cervix.
Factors influencing morbidity and outcome of equine ocular squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: SCHWINK KAY 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA retrospective review of 41 cases of equine ocular squamous cell carcinoma with follow up information for 33 horses is presented. An apparent prevalence in heavy horse breeds was identified. Age and sex distribution were similar to those previously reported. High recurrence (42.4 per cent) and low metastasis (6 per cent) rates were seen. Initial tumour location, primary treatment used, or patient case history had no apparent influence on final outcome. The willingness of owners to pursue with continuous treatment correlated with a high degree of success.
Presence of salicylic acid in Standardbred horse urine and plasma after various feed and drug administrations
Authors: BEAUMIER P. M. , FENWICK J. D. , STEVENSON A. J. , WEBER M. P. , YOUNG L. M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryPlasma and urinary levels of salicylic acid were examined in Standardbred mares after administration of various feeds, containing different compositions of hay. In addition, horses were administered acetylsalicylic acid orally and methyl salicylate topically. Elevated salicylic acid levels were observed in horse urine and plasma in animals fed lucerne hay. The plasma and urinary elimination of salicylic acid exhibited a diurnal pattern which was related to the type of feed and the feeding schedule. Within 24 h after oral administration of acetylsalicylic acid, plasma and urine salicylic acid levels were consistent with residual levels observed after feeding lucerne hay. Elimination of salicylic acid was rapid and complete, with a half‐life between 5 and 7 h. Topical administration of methyl salicylate (8.4 g) produced elevated urinary salicylic acid levels for 6 h. A smaller dose of methyl salicylate (3.4 g) did not elevate plasma or urine salicylic acid levels above those observed following administration of lucerne hay.
Contrast radiography in the investigation of sinus tracts and abscess cavities in the horse
Authors: MAY S. A. , WYN‐JONES G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryContrast radiography is a valuable technique in the investigation of infected foci in the horse. Its simplest form, a metal probe, will demonstrate the direction and, in the case of a short tract, the extent of the lesion. However, liquid contrast agents often give more information by following the course of long, tortuous sinus tracts, accurately delineating the boundaries of lesions and identifying the presence of foreign bodies.
Elective inversion of the distal ileal stump into the caecum of the horse
Authors: VASEY J. R. , JULIAN R. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe distal 30 to 40 cm of the ileum cannot be exteriorised through a midline laparotomy incision because of its close anatomical association with the base of the caecum. A method was developed to deal with those cases where this segment of small intestine was involved in an avascular, necrotic process and therefore required resection. The technique involves inverting the distal stump of ileum into the lumen of the caecum and then performing a routine ileocaecal or jejuno‐caecal anastomosis. This avoids the risk of peritonitis if a Parker‐Kerr oversew of the necrotic ileal stump should dehisce. The technique was performed on five clinically normal horses and on four horses in which the terminal 30 to 40 cm of the ileum was necrotic. The postoperative clinical findings and autopsy results of these horses are discussed.
Allergic dermatitis (sweet itch) of Icelandic horses in Sweden: An epidemiological study
Authors: BROSTRÖM H. , LARSSON Å. , TROEDSSON M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA survey of allergic dermatitis (sweet itch) in Sweden contained information on 441 Icelandic horses. Results of a questionnaire indicated that approximately 15 per cent of the country's Icelandic horses suffered from the disease. The prevalence of allergic dermatitis was significantly higher among horses imported from Iceland (26.2 per cent) compared to that of Swedish‐born animals (6.7 per cent). In addition, horses born in Iceland were significantly more severely affected than horses born in Sweden. The risk of allergic dermatitis in Sweden appeared to be more than six times higher for horses exported from Iceland to Sweden relative to that of horses originally born in Sweden. The prevalence of disease for horses of seven years or older was 30 per cent for Icelandic‐born individuals as compared to 7.3 per cent for horses born in Sweden. Similarly, the risk of allergic dermatitis in Sweden for horses of seven years or older appeared to be nearly 10 times higher for horses imported from Iceland relative to that of horses born in Sweden. Allergic dermatitis usually appeared during the third grazing season for imported horses and during the fourth season for horses born in Sweden. Furthermore, the course of the disease tended to become worse with time. Analysis of the prevalence of allergic dermatitis relative to gender revealed no significant differences. Certain geographical variations in the prevalence of the disease was also found.
Growth and calcium metabolism in horses fed varying levels of protein
Authors: SCHRYVER H. F. , MEAKIM D. W. , LOWE J. E. , WILLIAMS J. , SODERHOLM L. V. , HINTZ H. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe effect of level of protein intake on growth and calcium metabolism was studied in 24 foals. Starting at four months old, the foals were fed one of three diets containing all nutrients, with the exception of protein, at levels recommended by the United States National Research Council Subcommittee on Horse Nutrition for a 12 month period. The protein levels in the three diets were 9 per cent (low protein) 14 per cent (NRC recommended level) and 20 per cent (high protein). The foals fed the low protein diet were changed to the high protein diet after 140 days when they were nine months old. There were no significant differences in the rates of growth in weight, height, cannon circumference or in hoof growth and feed utilisation of the horses fed the 14 or the 20 per cent protein diets. However, growth, feed intake and feed utilisation by the foals fed the low (9 per cent) protein diet were significantly depressed. The average daily gains for the first 140 days for the 9, 14 and 20 per cent protein treatment groups were 64, 631 and 687 g in weight, 0.57, 0.83 and 0.87 mm in height and 0.04, 0.13 and 0.14 m in forecannon circumference, respectively. The average daily feed intakes for the 140 day period for the three groups were 2.7, 4.4 and 4.7 kg, respectively. After the change to the high protein diet the foals that had been fed the low protein diet maintained a higher rate of gain in bodyweight, height and cannon circumference, and utilised feed more efficiently than the other two groups throughout the second 140 days of the experiment. At the end of the second 140 days there were no longer differences in weight, height or cannon circumference among the treatment groups. Calcium and phosphorus balance studies were carried out using three foals from each treatment group when they were six months old and repeated with the same horses when they were 12 months old. Urinary calcium excretion averaged 23 to 30 per cent of calcium intake and calcium absorption averaged 52 to 77 per cent of intake. Neither was affected by the protein content of the diet. Bone turnover, as measured with 47Ca, was depressed in the foals fed the low protein diet. A concentration of dietary protein of 20 per cent which is significantly greater than the NRC recommended level of 14 per cent is neither helpful nor harmful to growing horses.
Unilateral distension of the tarsal sheath in the horse: A report of 11 cases
Authors: DIK K. J. , MERKENS H. W. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryEleven horses with unilateral distension of the sheath are reported with emphasis on the use of plain and contrast radiography in diagnosis. Six had associated bony abnormalities of the sustentaculum tali, and two of these showed destructive or mixed destructive and proliferative lesions resulting from osteomyelitis. One horse had a fracture of the sustentaculum. In three horses proliferative changes were found. Bony changes were best demonstrated on a dorsomedial‐plantarolateral oblique view. Contrast radiography of the tarsal sheath was performed In five cases without, and two horses with, associated bony lesions. In five cases ballooning with or without folding of the proximal aspect of the sheath was demonstrated. Additional band‐like filling defects (two cases), triangular filling defect (one case), nodular intra‐tendovaginal masses (two cases), or an extra‐tendovaginal mass (one case) were noticed. The remaining two horses showed a semicircular collar shape dilation of the proximal aspect of (he sheath. Contrast radiography appeared to be a helpful tool for the examination of tarsal sheath lesions. Two horses with associated bony changes were destroyed immediately after diagnosis, one failed to recover following surgical intervention and in three horses the outcome was unsatisfactory after conservative treatment. Three horses without associated bony lesions recovered completely after conservative treatment. One was operated on subsequently; the results are promising but the outcome of this case is not yet known. One was sold shortly after diagnosis and lost to follow up.
Observations and management of fractures of the proximal phalanx in young Thoroughbreds
Authors: ELLIS D. R. , SIMPSON D. J. , GREENWOOD R. E. S. , CROWHURST J. S. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA retrospective study of 119 cases of fracture of the proximal phalanx is described. The short incomplete sagittal fracture (split pastern) was most common and carried a good prognosis for a return to racing following conservative treatment. Longer incomplete fractures also had a good prognosis but complete fractures, either through the lateral cortex of the proximal phalanx or through the bone into the proximal interphalangeal joint, required internal fixation. Careful assessment of these and comminuted fractures was essential before surgery was undertaken. Most comminuted fractures were treated with a view to the animal retiring to stud rather than racing again. Humane destruction was considered to be justifiable for such fractures in colts or geldings of no stud value or if the fracture was severely comminuted.
Use of an elisa in the differential diagnosis of cauda equina neuritis and other equine neuropathies
Authors: FORDYCE P. S. , EDINGTON N. , BRIDGES G. C. , WRIGHT JANE A. , EDWARDS G. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryIn 27 potential neuropathies an enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay, using P2 preparations from either bovine or equine myelin, detected all cases of cauda equina neuritis in which there was caudal involvement. The test was of limited value in differentiating neuropathies involving only cranial or other peripheral nerves.
Funding equine research: Experiences at the University of Saskatchewan
Authors: POLLEY L. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe Western College of Veterinary Medicine (WCVM) at the University of Saskatchewan has, over the past 10 years, developed a cooperative venture with the horse industry in western Canada for financial support of graduate training and research programmes related to the horse. This has been organised through the WCVM Equine Health Research Fund. This paper describes the establishment and development of the fund. It is hoped that the information may be of benefit to others wishing to initiate or enhance similar programmes.
Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage: Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. I. Clinical profile of horses
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN M. W. , PASCOE J. R. , TYLER W. S. , MASON D. K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDetailed physical and clinical examinations were performed on 26 Thoroughbred racehorses which were used subsequently in a series of studies to investigate the contribution of the pulmonary and bronchial arterial circulations to the pathophysiology of exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Twenty‐five of the horses had been retired from race training in Hong Kong during the 1984‐85 season, all but four raced that season; one horse had been retired the previous season. The average number of races for the group that season was 4.1 ± 2 with an average distance of 1502 ± 216 metres, mean racing speed 15.5 ± 0.5 metres/sec. Time from last race to necropsy was 177 ± 155 days, range 12 to 572 days. All but one horse had a known history of either EIPH or epistaxis. Time from last recorded incident of expistaxis (17 horses) to necropsy was 156 ± 141 days, range 12 to 513 days, with a longer interval since last recorded endoscopic observation of EIPH. Focal abnormal lung sounds were detected in the dorsocaudal lungfields on auscultation during rebreathing in three horses and six had tracheobronchial cytology consistent with previous episodes of pulmonary haemorrhage (haemosiderophages). No other characteristics which might have allowed separation of this group of horses from other Thoroughbred horses recently in race training were identified.