bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings and Clinical Associations in 52 Dogs with Suspected Ischemic Myelopathy
Authors: Risio Luisa De , Adams Vicki , Dennis Ruth , McConnell Fraser , Platt Simon 
Published: March 2010

Background: The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of ischemic myelopathy have been described in the human literature and in a small number of cases in the veterinary literature. Hypothesis: The aims of this study were to identify associations among MRI findings, timing of imaging, and presenting neurologic deficits in a large series of dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of ischemic myelopathy. Animals and Methods: The medical records and MR images of dogs with a presumptive diagnosis of ischemic myelopathy (2000–2006) were reviewed retrospectively. Inclusion criteria were acute onset of nonprogressive and nonpainful myelopathy, 1.5‐tesla MRI of the spine performed within 7 days of onset, and complete medical records and follow‐up information. Presumptive diagnosis was based on history, as well as clinical, MRI, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings. The extent of the lesion on MRI was assessed as the following: (1) the ratio between the length of the hyperintense area on sagittal T2‐weighted images and the length of C6 or L2 vertebral body, and (2) the maximal cross‐sectional area of the hyperintense area on transverse T2‐weighted images as a percentage of cross‐sectional area of the spinal cord. Results: Fifty‐two dogs met the inclusion criteria. MRI findings were abnormal in 41 dogs and normal in 11 dogs. The presence of MRI abnormalities was not significantly associated with the timing of imaging (P= .3) but was associated with ambulatory status on presentation (P= .04). Severity of signs on presentation was associated with extent of the lesion on MRI (P= .02).Conclusion and Clinical Importance: The severity of signs on presentation is associated with the presence and the extent of the lesion on MRI.
Electroencephalography Findings in Healthy and Finnish Spitz Dogs with Epilepsy: Visual and Background Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Jeserevics Janis , Viitmaa Ranno , Cizinauskas Sigitas , Sainio Kimmo , Jokinen Tarja S. , Snellman Marjatta , Bellino Claudio , Bergamasco Luciana 
Published: March 2010

Background: Qualitative and quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) parameters of healthy and Finnish Spitz dogs with epilepsy have not been determined.Objective: To determine if EEG can provide specific characteristics to distinguish between healthy dogs and dogs with epilepsy.Animals: Sixteen healthy and 15 Finnish Spitz dogs with epilepsy.Methods: A prospective clinical EEG study performed under medetomidine sedation. Blinded visual and quantitative EEG analyses were performed and results were compared between study groups.Results: Benign epileptiform transients of sleep and sleep spindles were a frequent finding in a majority of animals from both groups. The EEG analysis detected epileptiform activity in 3 Finnish Spitz dogs with epilepsy and in 1 healthy Finnish Spitz dog. Epileptiform activity was characterized by spikes, polyspikes, and spike slow wave complexes in posterior‐occipital derivation in dogs with epilepsy and with midline spikes in control dog. The healthy dogs showed significantly less theta and beta activity than did the dogs with epilepsy (P< .01), but the only significant difference between healthy dogs and dogs with untreated epilepsy was in the alpha band (P< .001). Phenobarbital treatment increased alpha, beta (P< .001), and theta (P< .01), and decreased delta (P< .001) frequency bands compared with dogs with untreated epilepsy.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Benign epileptiform transients of sleep could be easily misinterpreted as epileptiform activity. Epileptiform activity in Finnish Spitz dogs with epilepsy seems to originate from a posterior‐occipital location. The EEG of dogs with epilepsy exhibited a significant difference in background frequency bands compared with the control dogs. Phenobarbital treatment markedly influenced all background activity bands. Quantitative EEG analysis, in addition to visual analysis, seems to be a useful tool in the examination of patients with epilepsy.
Impact of Chemotherapeutic Dose Intensity and Hematologic Toxicity on First Remission Duration in Dogs with Lymphoma Treated with a Chemoradiotherapy Protocol
Authors: Vaughan Andrew , Johnson Jeffrey L. , Williams Laurel E. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Dose intensity has proven to be critical in maximizing chemotherapeutic efficacy for numerous human cancers. To date, the impact of dose intensity and toxicity on first remission duration has not been thoroughly assessed in dogs with lymphoma.Hypothesis: Dogs that receive maximal dose intensity will have prolonged first remission duration.Animals: Sixty‐two dogs with lymphoma that were treated according to a standardized Chemoradiotherapy regimen and achieved durable complete remissions were identified from the medical records database of North Carolina State University.Methods: Dosage reductions and treatment delays resulting from chemotherapy‐related neutropenia were evaluated retrospectively, and each patient's actual summation dose intensity and frequency of myelotoxicity were calculated. Impact of dose intensity and frequency of neutropenia on first remission duration were evaluated by Cox proportional hazards regression.Results: Development of grade III or IV neutropenia during chemotherapy was found to be associated with prolonged first remission duration (P< .01). Dose intensity did not have a significant impact on remission duration (P= .07).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Results of this study suggest that dosage reductions and treatment delays instituted to avoid repeated neutropenic episodes do not reduce first remission duration. Prolonged remission duration in patients that developed grade III or IV neutropenic episodes indicates the need for further optimization of dosing strategies for canine lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Effects of Small‐ and Large‐Volume Resuscitation on Coagulation and Electrolytes during Experimental Endotoxemia in Anesthetized Horses
Authors: Pantaleon Lucas G. , Furr Martin O. , McKenzie Harold C. , Donaldson Lydia 
Published: March 2010

Background: Small‐volume resuscitation (SVR) has been advocated in place of large‐volume isotonic resuscitation for the treatment of endotoxemia in horses. The effects of this type of therapy during experimental endotoxemia on electrolytes and coagulation have not been evaluated in the horse. As part of a larger project, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of SVR (hypertonic saline solution [HSS] plus hetastarch [HES]) on coagulation and serum electrolytes concentration, and to compare SVR with large‐ and small‐volume isotonic resuscitation during experimental endotoxemia in anesthetized horses.Hypothesis: SVR does not affect coagulation parameters or serum electrolyte concentrations when compared with either small‐ or large‐volume isotonic crystalloids.Animals: Horses were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. Under halothane anesthesia, endotoxemia was induced by administering 50 ?g/kgEscherichia coliendotoxin IV. The horses were treated for 30 minutes with 15 mL/kg of balanced polyionic crystalloid solution (control), 60 mL/kg of balanced polyionic crystalloid solution (ISO), or 5 mL/kg of HSS followed by 10 mL/kg HES (HSS‐HES).Methods: Prospective randomized trial.Results: Significant differences in coagulation parameters were not found among the groups. Thrombocytopenia was severe in all 3 groups. Serum ionized calcium concentration significantly decreased from baseline in control and ISO groups but not in the HSS‐HES group.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: These results suggest that the HSS‐HES combination, at the dosage used in this study had no adverse effects on coagulation beyond those produced by endotoxemia. HSS‐HES may have a protective effect against endotoxemia‐induced ionized hypocalcemia.
Chronic Hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers: Clinical Presentation and Prognostic Factors
Authors: Shih Julia L. , Keating John H. , Freeman Lisa M. , Webster Cynthia R.L. 
Published: March 2010

Background: An increased incidence of chronic hepatitis has been reported in Labrador Retrievers.Hypothesis: A breed associated hepatopathy occurs in Labrador Retrievers.Animals: Twenty‐four client‐owned Labrador Retrievers.Methods: Medical records of dogs with histopathologic confirmation of chronic hepatitis were retrospectively reviewed. A clinical score based on clinical signs and the results of biochemical tests was generated for each dog. Hepatic biopsy specimens were scored for disease activity, fibrosis, and copper accumulation.Results: The median age was 9.3 years (range, 3.9–14.0 years). Clinical signs included inappetence, vomiting, lethargy, and weight loss. All dogs had increases in serum activity of one or more hepatobiliary enzyme. Hyperbilirubinemia and hypoalbuminemia were present in 45% and 21% of dogs, respectively. The median clinical score was 2.9, with a range of 0–8. The median histopathology activity and the fibrosis scores were 3.5 (range, 1–6) and 3.0 (range, 0–4), respectively. Rhodaninepositive copper staining was present in 15 of 17 biopsy specimens, with a median score of 2.0 (range, 0–3). Median survival was 374 days (range, 1–2645 days). A prolonged prothrombin time (P= .013) and thrombocytopenia (P= .041) were associated with survival < 2 months. The presence of anorexia (P= .049), hypoglobulinemia (P= .045), or prolonged partial thromboplastin time (P= .033) were associated with shorter overall survival times. The clinical score correlated with survival time (P= .030) and histopathologic staging (P= .049).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: A progressive hepatopathy in Labrador Retrievers in this study was marked by chronic inflammation, fibrosis, and copper accumulation. A clinical scoring system that correlates with survival time may be useful as a noninvasive method to predict prognosis.
Echocardiographic and Angiographic Comparison of Ductal Dimensions in Dogs with Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Authors: Saunders Ashley B. , Miller Matthew W. , Gordon Sonya G. , Bahr Anne 
Published: March 2010

Background: Transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a minimally invasive treatment option in dogs. Device selection based on appropriately acquired PDA dimensions and morphology can minimize procedural complications, including minimizing residual ductal flow and inappropriate embolization.Hypothesis: Transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) derived minimum ductal diameter measurements would most accurately reflect angiographic measurements. Color Doppler (CD) TEE and transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) ductal measurements would overestimate two‐dimensional (2D) measurements.Animals: Fifteen client‐owned dogs with PDA.Methods: PDA dimensions obtained with angiography, 2D and CD TTE, 2D and CD TEE from the right and left views were prospectively evaluated.Results: PDA dimensions were measured by using TEE most closely approximated angiographic measures. CD TTE and TEE frequently overestimated angiographic measures of minimum ductal diameter. TEE accurately identified a type III (tubular) PDA morphology in 1 dog. Fourteen of 15 dogs were determined to have hemodynamically significant reductions in left to right shunting documented by a first‐pass nuclear angiocardiographic ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow ±1.2 and trivial (n = 3) to no (n = 11) CD TTE flow at approximately 1 month after PDA occlusion.Conclusions: TEE provided accurate anatomic information regarding PDA morphology and closely approximated angiographic ductal dimensions while aiding in both coil deployment and confirmation of intra‐operative ductal closure.
Double Chambered Right Ventricle in 9 Cats
Authors: Koffas H. , Fuentes V. Luis , Boswood A. , Connolly D.J. , Brockman D.J. , Bonagura J.D. , Meurs K.M. , Koplitz S. , Baumwart R. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Double‐chambered right ventricle (DCRV) is a frequently recognized cardiac congenital abnormality in humans. It has been described in dogs and in 1 cat. However systemic description of clinical and echocardiographic features of the disease in cats is currently lacking from the veterinary literature.Animals: Nine cats with DCRV are described.Results: The cats ranged from 4 months to 10 years of age. Eight cats at presentation were asymptomatic and 1 cat had chylothorax. In all cases echocardiography revealed abnormal fibromuscular bundles obstructing the mid‐right ventricle, dividing the chamber into 2 compartments. The proximal right ventricular compartment was markedly hypertrophied, and right atrial dilation was usually present. The mean pressure gradient measured across the stenotic area was 130 ± 50 mm Hg. Concurrent abnormalities included a ventricular septal defect (n = 2); aortic malalignment, aortic insufficiency (n = 1); and congenital peritoneal‐pericardial diaphragmatic hernia (n = 1). Two cats had systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, one of which had concurrent left ventricular hypertrophy. Five cats have remained asymptomatic for a median period of 3.6 years (range, 3.3–5 years) and 3 cats have developed clinical signs associated with congestive heart failure (at 2, 3.3, and 9 years). One cat showed progressive lethargy and exercise intolerance and underwent partial ventriculectomy at the age of 2 years. This cat died during the operation with electromechanical dissociation.Conclusions: DCRV is a congenital cardiac abnormality that may be more common than previously recognized.
Plasma Big Endothelin‐1, Atrial Natriuretic Peptide, Aldosterone, and Norepinephrine Concentrations in Normal Doberman Pinschers and Doberman Pinschers with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: O'Sullivan M. Lynne , O'Grady Michael R. , Minors Sandra L. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) results in progressive myocardial and circulatory dysfunction causing activation of a number of neurohormonal systems, including the endothelin (ET) system, which is only beginning to be described in clinical veterinary medicine. Measurement of these circulating neurohormones possesses potential utility in the diagnosis, staging, and assessment of prognosis in cardiac disease.Hypothesis: We hypothesized that plasma big ET‐1, norepinephrine (NE), aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations in normal Dobermans would differ from those in Dobermans with DCM, and that concentrations of these hormones would be associated with time to congestive heart failure (CHF) or death.Animals: Thirty client‐owned Dobermans (10 each of normal, occult DCM, and overt DCM) were included in the study.Methods: Dogs underwent an echocardiogram, ECG, and blood sample collection. Neurohormones were measured by high‐pressure liquid chromatography (NE) or commercial assays.Results: Dogs with occult DCM had significantly higher ANP concentrations compared with normal dogs (least squares means [95% confidence interval, CI]: occult female 53.7 pg/mL [40.2–71.7] versus normal female 31.6 pg/mL [24.8–40.3],P= .026; occult male 86.1 pg/mL [64.7–115] versus normal male 12.1 pg/mL [5.1–28.7],P= .011). Dogs with overt DCM had significantly higher concentrations of all neurohormones compared with the normal group. Furthermore, increasing big ET‐1 (risk ratio [RR] 2.7, CI 1.3–8.6,P= .01) and NE concentrations (RR 3.9, CI 1.1–18.1,P= .03) over 1 month were associated with a shorter survival time.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: High ANP concentrations can identify dogs with advanced occult DCM. Increasing big ET‐1 or NE concentrations over time can be useful predictors of poor prognosis.
Platelet Concentrations and Platelet‐Associated IgG in Greyhounds
Authors: Santoro Stacy K. , Garrett Laura D. , Wilkerson Melinda 
Published: March 2010

Background: Greyhounds have lower platelet concentrations (PC) than dogs of other breeds have. No underlying cause has been investigated.Hypothesis: We hypothesized that Greyhounds have lower mean PC because of breed variation, not immune‐mediated causes. Our secondary hypothesis was that PC is dependent on the method of analysis.Animals: Sixty privately owned Greyhounds in Kansas.Methods: Blood samples were collected into evacuated glass tubes containing ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Blood smears were evaluated for platelet clumps. All 60 samples had PC determined by manual, impedance, and buffy coat analyzer methods. Results of the 60 samples were compared with results of samples with (n = 25) and without (n = 35) clumps, and with control dogs. Platelets were assayed for the presence of surface‐associated antigen (PSAIgG) by direct immunofluorescence.Results: The mean PC was below that of the control dogs for the impedance method (P< .001). No significant difference in PC was detected between analysis methods or between samples with or without platelet clumps. Three of 60 (5%) of the Greyhounds had PC between 50,000 and 100,000/μL with impedance analysis; no samples had < 100,000/μL via buffy coat analysis. PSAIgG was not identified in any samples.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The mean Greyhound PC for the impedance method was below the reference interval for control dogs but was not significantly different from PC determined by other methods. An immune‐mediated cause for the lower PC was unlikely because no samples had PSAIgG. The decreased PC is most consistent with breed variation. As only 0–5% of samples, depending on analysis method, had PC < 100,000/μL, a Greyhound with a PC < 100,000/μL is not necessarily consistent with breed variation, thus diagnostic testing is indicated.
CCNU for the Treatment of Dogs with Histiocytic Sarcoma
Authors: Skorupski Katherine A. , Clifford Craig A. , Paoloni Melissa C. , Lara‐Garcia Ana , Barber Lisa , Kent Michael S. , LeBlanc Amy K. , Sabhlok Aarti , Mauldin Elizabeth A. , Shofer Frances S. , Couto C. Guillermo , Sørenmo Karin U. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Histiocytic sarcoma is an aggressive neoplasm of dendritic cells that carries a grave prognosis. The efficacy of chemotherapy against this disease is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of 1‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐3‐cyclohexyl‐1‐nitrosourea (CCNU) in dogs with incompletely resected or metastatic histiocytic sarcoma, to describe the clinical characteristics of these dogs, and to identify factors affecting prognosis.Hypothesis: Our hypothesis is that CCNU has activity against canine histiocytic sarcoma and can improve survival in dogs with advanced disease.Animals: Included in analysis are dogs diagnosed with histiocytic sarcoma who had gross measurable or residual microscopic disease and who received CCNU.Methods: A multi‐institutional, retrospective, single‐arm cohort study was conducted. Available biopsy samples were tested with an antibody against CD18 when possible to confirm the diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma.Results: Fifty‐nine dogs were treated at 8 institutions. Twenty‐three tumor specimens were confirmed to be CD18 positive. Treatment with CCNU at 60 to 90 mg/m2resulted in an overall response rate of 46% in the 56 dogs with gross measurable disease. All 3 dogs with minimal residual disease experienced tumor relapse but lived 433 days or more after starting CCNU. The median survival of all 59 dogs was 106 days. Thrombocytopenia (< 100,000 platelets/μL) and hypoalbuminemia were found to be negatively associated with prognosis and were predictive of < 1 month survival.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Results suggest that CCNU is active against canine histiocytic sarcoma and may be useful in the treatment of dogs without negative prognostic factors.
Effects of Genetic and Environmental Factors on Chronic Lower Airway Disease in Horses
Authors: Ramseyer Alessandra , Gaillard Claude , Burger Dominik , Straub Reto , Jost Ursula , Boog Cornel , Marti Eliane , Gerber Vincent 
Published: March 2010

Background: Environment and genetics influence the manifestation of recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), but the associations of specific factors with mild, moderate, and severe clinical signs are unknown.Hypothesis: We hypothesized that sire, feed, bedding, time outdoors, sex, and age are associated with clinical manifestations of mild, moderate, and severe lower airway disease.Animals: Direct offspring of 2 RAO‐affected Warmblood stallions (F1S1, n = 172; F1S2, n = 135); maternal half‐siblings of F1S1 (mHSS1, n = 66); and an age‐matched, randomly chosen control group (CG, n = 33).Methods: A standardized questionnaire was used to assess potential risk factors and to establish a horse owner assessed respiratory signs index (HOARSI 1–4, from healthy to severe) according to clinical signs of lower airway disease.Results: More F1S1 and F1S2 horses showed moderate to severe clinical signs (HOARSI 3 and HOARSI 4 combined, 29.6 and 27.3%, respectively) compared with CG and mHSS1 horses (9.1 and 6.2%, respectively; contingency table overall test,P< .001). Sire, hay feeding, and age (in decreasing order of strength) were associated with more severe clinical signs (higher HOARSI), more frequent coughing, and nasal discharge.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: There is a genetic predisposition and lesser but also marked effects of hay feeding and age on the manifestation of moderate to severe clinical signs, most markedly on coughing frequency. In contrast, mild clinical signs were not associated with sire or hay feeding in our populations.
Outbreak of Neurologic Disease Caused by Equine Herpesvirus‐1 at a University Equestrian Center
Authors: Henninger Rick W. , Reed Stephen M. , Saville William J. , Allen George P. , Hass Gregory F. , Kohn Catherine W. , Sofaly Cheryl 
Published: March 2010

Background: Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) infection causes neurologic disease in horses. However, risk factors for the disease and long‐term prognosis are poorly characterized.Hypothesis: There are identifiable risk factors for equine herpes‐1 myeloencephalopathy.Animals: The entire population of 135 horses housed within the equestrian facility.Methods: A descriptive study investigated the clinical, serologic, virologic, and management aspects of an outbreak of EHV‐1 myeloencephalopathy.Results: Out of 135 horses at the facility, 117 displayed signs of EHV‐1 infection. Forty‐six horses developed neurologic deficits characterized by symmetrical hind limb ataxia and weakness. Twelve horses that developed neurologic deficits became recumbent and did not survive. The development of severe neurologic deficits during the outbreak was associated with the presence of residual deficits at the 6‐month examination. Within 1 year of the outbreak onset, all horses that survived had returned to an exercise level comparable to that experienced before the outbreak. Factors associated with the development of neurologic disease included age of > 5 years, location in the south or arena stall areas, and highest rectal temperature on day 3 or later of the febrile period.Conclusions and clinical importance: Being > 5 years of age, having had a rectal temperature of > 103.5°F, and highest rectal temperature occurring on or after the 3rd day of the febrile period were the factors most predictive of the development of neurologic disease and death. Data obtained during this outbreak substantiate previous findings relating to clinical aspects and diagnosis of EHV‐1 myeloencephalopathy. The prophylactic and therapeutic use of acyclovir during this outbreak is described.