bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural History of Perihematomal Edema After Intracerebral Hemorrhage Measured by Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Venkatasubramanian Chitra , Mlynash Michael , Finley-Caulfield Anna , Eyngorn Irina , Kalimuthu Rajalakshmi , Snider R.W. , Wijman Christine Anne 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Knowledge on the natural history and clinical impact of perihematomal edema (PHE) associated with intracerebral hemorrhage is limited. We aimed to define the time course, predictors, and clinical significance of PHE measured by serial magnetic resonance imaging.

Methods—

Patients with primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage ≥5 cm
3
underwent serial MRIs at prespecified intervals during the first month. Hematoma (H
v
) and PHE (E
v
) volumes were measured on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. Relative PHE was defined as E
v
/H
v
. Neurologic assessments were performed at admission and with each MRI. Barthel Index, modified Rankin scale, and extended Glasgow Outcome scale scores were assigned at 3 months.

Results—

Twenty-seven patients with 88 MRIs were prospectively included. Median H
v
and E
v
on the first MRI were 39 and 46 cm
3
, respectively. Median peak absolute E
v
was 88 cm
3
. Larger hematomas produced a larger absolute E
v
(
r
2
=0.6) and a smaller relative PHE (
r
2
=0.7). Edema volume growth was fastest in the first 2 days but continued until 12±3 days. In multivariate analysis, a higher admission hematocrit was associated with a greater delay in peak PHE (
P
=0.06). Higher admission partial thromboplastin time was associated with higher peak rPHE (
P
=0.02). Edema volume growth was correlated with a decline in neurologic status at 48 hours (81 vs 43 cm
3
,
P
=0.03) but not with 3-month functional outcome.

Conclusions—
PHE volume measured by MRI increases most rapidly in the first 2 days after symptom onset and peaks toward the end of the second week. The timing and magnitude of PHE volume are associated with hematologic factors. Its clinical significance deserves further study.
Carotid Artery Wall Thickness and Risk of Stroke Subtypes
Authors: Ohira Tetsuya , Shahar Eyal , Iso Hiroyasu , Chambless Lloyd E. , Rosamond Wayne D. , Sharrett A. Richey , Folsom Aaron R. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Understanding associations of carotid atherosclerosis with stroke subtypes may contribute to more effective prevention of stroke.

Methods—
Between 1987 and 1989, 13 560 men and women aged 45 to 64 years and free of clinical stroke took part in the first examination of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Incident strokes were ascertained by hospital surveillance.

Results—

During an average follow-up of 15.7 years, 82 incident hemorrhagic and 621 incident ischemic strokes (131 lacunar, 358 nonlacunar, and 132 cardioembolic strokes) occurred. The incidence rates of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes were greater across higher carotid intima-media thickness levels. Although this positive association was observed for all stroke subtypes, the age-, gender-, and race-adjusted risk ratios were higher for cardioembolic and nonlacunar strokes than for hemorrhagic and lacunar strokes. Compared with participants in the lowest quintile (<0.61 mm), the adjusted risk ratios for those in the highest quintile (≥0.85 mm) of intima-media thickness were 2.55 (95% CI, 1.09–5.94) for hemorrhagic, 2.89 (95% CI, 1.50–5.54) for lacunar, 3.61 (95% CI, 2.33–5.99) for nonlacunar, and 6.12 (95% CI, 2.71–13.9) for cardioembolic stroke. The risk ratios were attenuated by additional adjustment for covariates but remained statistically significant for nonlacunar and cardioembolic strokes (
P
for trend <0.001, respectively). The association between carotid intima-media thickness and lacunar stroke was somewhat stronger in blacks than in whites (
P
for interaction=0.07).

Conclusions—
Carotid atherosclerosis was associated with increased risk of all stroke subtypes, but the association of carotid atherosclerosis with stroke may vary by subtypes.
Microbleeds Are Independently Related to Gait Disturbances in Elderly Individuals With Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Authors: de Laat Karlijn F. , van den Berg Heleen A.C. , van Norden Anouk G.W. , Gons Rob A.R. , Olde Rikkert Marcel G.M. , de Leeuw Frank-Erik 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), including white matter lesions and lacunar infarcts, is related to gait disturbances. Microbleeds (MB) are another manifestation of SVD, but their clinical impact remains unclear. We therefore investigated the relation between the number and location of MB and gait, independently of white matter lesions and lacunar infarcts.

Methods—
MRI scanning was performed in 485 nondemented elderly individuals with cerebral SVD. The number and location of MB were rated. Gait was assessed with a GAITRite system and the Tinetti and Timed-Up-and-Go tests. MB were related to gait parameters by age, height, total brain volume, white matter lesions, and number of lacunar infarcts-adjusted linear regression.

Results—
A higher number of MB was independently related to a shorter stride length and poorer performance on the Tinetti and Timed-Up-and-Go tests. These relations seemed to be explained by MB in the temporal and frontal lobe and basal ganglia, including the thalamus.

Conclusions—
This study offers the first indication that MB may be associated with gait disturbances, independently of other coexisting markers of SVD.
Increased Risk of Stroke in Patients With Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: Yang Ya-Wen , Chen Yi-Hua , Xirasagar Sudha , Lin Herng-Ching 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Although previous research reveals that cardiovascular events and thromboembolic diseases are important causes of death in patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP), the risk of stroke after the diagnosis of BP relative to the general population remains unknown. Using a randomly selected nationwide population-based sample, this study investigates the risk of stroke in patients with BP compared with unaffected individuals of a similar age.

Methods—
This study analyzes data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. This sample included 390 patients with BP and 1950 matched subjects as a comparison group. Stratified Cox proportional hazard regressions were used to calculate the 3-year stroke risk for these 2 groups after adjusting for patient's age, sex, and comorbid medical disorders at baseline.

Results—

Of the 2340 patients in the sample, 312 patients (13.3%) had strokes during the 3-year follow-up period, 89 (22.8% of the patients with BP) in the study group and 223 (11.4% of patients without BP) in the comparison group (
P
<0.001). The hazard ratio for stroke for patients with BP was 2.37 (95% CI, 1.78 to 3.15;
P
<0.001) times as high that for patients without BP within the 3-year follow-up period after adjusting for hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and coronary heart disease.

Conclusions—
Patients with BP have an increased risk of stroke and particularly ischemic stroke.
Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Contribute to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Induced Angiogenesis in the Adult Mouse Brain by Supplying Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
Authors: Hao Qi , Su Hua , Palmer Daniel , Sun Baoliang , Gao Peng , Yang Guo-Yuan , Young William L. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Our previous studies have shown that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) home to a brain angiogenic focus. The angiogenic response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulation is reduced in matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) knockout mice. We hypothesized that BMDCs contribute to VEGF-induced angiogenesis by supplying MMP-9.

Methods—
Bone marrow (BM) transplantation was conducted using MMP-9 knockout (MMP-9 KO) or wild-type (WT) mice as both donors and recipients. Adeno-associated viral vectors expressing VEGF or LacZ were injected into the striatum 4 weeks after BM transplantation. Circulating white blood cells (WBCs), microvessel density, number of BMDCs, and MMP-9 activity around the injection site were analyzed.

Results—

Two weeks after vector injection, circulating WBCs increased in WT mice but not in MMP-9 KO mice. VEGF overexpression increased microvessel density by 38% in WT mice 4 weeks after vector injection (
P
=0.0001). After transplantation of MMP-9 KO BM to WT mice, microvessel density only increased 18% after VEGF stimulation (
P
=0.037), with MMP-9 activity reduced to 35% of the level of WT mice (
P
<0.01). There was minimal angiogenic response in MMP-9 KO mice with MMP-9 KO BM (
P
=0.28). Transplantation of WT BM to MMP-9 KO mice restored brain angiogenic response to 92% of the WT level, ie, a 30% increase of microvessel density with VEGF overexpression (
P
=0.0006); MMP-9 activity was similar to that in WT mice.

Conclusions—
BM-derived MMP-9 plays an important role in BM cell mobilization and focal angiogenesis in the brain in response to VEGF stimulation.
Red Meat Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Swedish Women
Authors: Larsson Susanna C. , Virtamo Jarmo , Wolk Alicja 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
High red meat consumption has been associated with increased risk of some cancers and may also be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. However, epidemiological studies of red meat consumption in relation to risk of stroke are very limited. Our objective was to examine the association between red meat consumption and stroke incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort.

Methods—
We prospectively followed 34 670 women without cardiovascular disease and cancer at baseline. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on diet and other risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in 1997. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate multivariable-adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95% CI.

Results—
During a mean follow-up of 10.4 years, we ascertained 1680 incident cases of stroke, comprising 1310 cerebral infarction, 154 intracerebral hemorrhage, 79 subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 137 unspecified stroke. Total red meat and processed meat consumption was associated with a statistically significant increased risk of cerebral infarction, but not of total stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, or subarachnoid hemorrhage. The multivariable RR of cerebral infarction for the highest versus the lowest quintile of consumption were 1.22 (95% CI, 1.01–1.46) for red meat and 1.24 (95% CI, 1.04–1.49) for processed meat. Fresh (unprocessed) meat consumption was not associated with total stroke or with any stroke subtype.

Conclusion—
Findings from this study suggest that red and processed meat consumption may increase the risk of cerebral infarction in women.
Reperfusion Therapies for Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Molina Carlos A. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Arterial recanalization and subsequent reperfusion have extensively demonstrated their ability to restore the brain function when performed shortly after acute ischemic stroke. However, arterial recanalization does not necessarily lead to brain tissue reperfusion.

Summary of Report—
This review provides an update of current approaches to improve the efficacy profile of brain tissue reperfusion within and beyond the therapeutic window, including the use of novel thrombolytic agents, bridging intravenous and intra-arterial therapies, and mechanical clot retrieval or aspiration.

Conclusions—
There are still several challenges in the near future of reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke, such as improving the ultra-early access to treatment within the “golden hour,” extending the therapeutic window beyond the current 4.5-hour time window, and developing novel thrombolitics or combined approaches to improve treatment efficacy.
Anatomy of Stroke Injury Predicts Gains From Therapy
Authors: Riley Jeff D. , Le Vu , Der-Yeghiaian Lucy , See Jill , Newton Jennifer M. , Ward Nick S. , Cramer Steven C. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Many therapies are emerging that aim to improve motor function in people with stroke. Identifying key biological substrates needed for treatment gains would help to predict treatment effects and to maximize treatment impact. The current study addressed the hypothesis that behavioral gains from therapy targeting distal upper extremity are predicted by the structural integrity of key motor system white matter tracts.

Methods—
Twenty-three subjects with chronic left-sided stroke underwent robotic therapy targeting the distal right upper extremity. MRI was obtained at baseline and used to outline the infarct. For each subject, the degree to which stroke injured each of 4 descending white matter tracts (from the primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, dorsal premotor cortex, and ventral premotor cortex, respectively) was determined. Correlations between tract-specific injury and behavioral gains from therapy were then examined.

Results—
Numerous examples were found whereby tract-specific injury predicted treatment gains. The strongest correlations pertained to stroke injury to tracts descending from the primary motor cortex and dorsal premotor cortex. Infarct volume and baseline behavior were weak predictors of treatment gains.

Conclusions—
Extent of injury to specific motor tracts predicts behavioral gains from treatment in subjects with chronic stroke. This supports a role for these tracts in mediating treatment effects and reinforces the importance of lesion location in stroke. Tract-specific injury was stronger than infarct volume or baseline clinical status at predicting gains, identifies subjects with sufficient biological substrate to improve from therapy, and so might be useful as an entry criterion in repair-based trials.
Imaging Evaluation of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Wechsler Lawrence R. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Imaging is an important aspect of decisions regarding treatment for acute stroke. New imaging techniques using MRI and CT enable estimation of tissue viability. This information may be useful to select patients for acute stroke therapies.

Summary of Report—
Several clinical trials identified patients with penumbra based on MRI or CT imaging. The results indicate patients with penumbra by imaging improve with reperfusion, but it is not yet clear that thrombolysis is beneficial when patients are selected on this basis. New quantitative techniques for assessing perfusion and diffusion may improve these results.

Conclusion—
Identifying reversible patterns on MRI or CT perfusion imaging may ultimately yield better results than the mismatch concept that is currently under active investigation.
Hospital-Level Variation in Mortality and Rehospitalization for Medicare Beneficiaries With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Fonarow Gregg C. , Smith Eric E. , Reeves Mathew J. , Pan Wenqin , Olson DaiWai , Hernandez Adrian F. , Peterson Eric D. , Schwamm Lee H. ,   for the Get With The Guidelines Steering Committee and Hospitals
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Stroke is the second leading cause of hospital admission among older adults in the United States. However, little is known regarding contemporary ischemic stroke mortality and rehospitalization rates for Medicare beneficiaries and how they vary by hospital.

Methods—
We analyzed outcome data from 91 134 Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries treated at 625 Get With The Guidelines–Stroke hospitals between April 2003 and December 2006. Within each hospital, 30-day and 1-year death or all-cause readmission rates were calculated with and without risk adjustment.

Results—
In this cohort, mean age was 79.3 years, 58% were female, and 82% were white. In-hospital, 30-day, and 1-year unadjusted mortality from admission were 6.1%, 14.1%, and 31.1%, respectively, for participating hospitals. The median hospital-level 30-day unadjusted death or readmission rate after discharge was 21.4% (10th to 90th 14.4% to 28.6%). The overall rate of death or rehospitalization within 1 year of hospital discharge was 61.9%. Risk-adjusted rates varied widely by hospital at each time point. There were no improvements in death or rehospitalization from 2003 to 2006. Hospital-level performance in risk-adjusted outcomes did not significantly differ by size or primary stroke center designation, but academic hospitals and those in the Northeast or West had slightly more favorable outcomes.

Conclusions—
Nearly two thirds of the Medicare beneficiaries discharged after ischemic stroke died or were rehospitalized within 1 year, but hospital-level outcomes varied considerably. These findings underscore the need to better understand the patterns and causes of deaths and readmission after ischemic stroke and to develop strategies aimed at avoiding those that are preventable.
Role of Iron in Brain Injury After Intraventricular Hemorrhage
Authors: Chen Zhi , Gao Chao , Hua Ya , Keep Richard F. , Muraszko Karin , Xi Guohua 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Intraventricular extension of hemorrhage is a predictor of poor outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage, and iron overload contributes to brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. The current study investigated the role of iron in ventricular dilatation and neuronal death in a rat model of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH).

Methods—
There were 2 parts in this study. First, male Sprague-Dawley rats had a 200-μL injection of either autologous blood or saline into the right lateral ventricle and were euthanized at different time points. Rats had MRI and brains were used for Western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, histology, and brain tissue nonheme iron measurements. Second, rats had IVH and were treated with deferoxamine or vehicle, and rats were euthanized 4 weeks later for brain tissue loss and lateral ventricle size measurements.

Results—

IVH resulted in brain iron accumulation, bilateral enlargement of the lateral ventricles, and hippocampal brain tissue loss. Iron accumulation was associated with upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin. Systemic deferoxamine treatment reduced IVH-induced ventricular enlargement (eg, day 28: 32.7±10.6 vs 43.8±9.7 mm
3
in vehicle-treated group, n=8 to 9;
P
<0.05) and hippocampal brain tissue loss (hippocampal volume: 89.0±2.7 vs 85.2±4.1 mm
3
in the vehicle-treated group;
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—
Iron has a role in brain injury after IVH. Deferoxamine may be a therapy for patients with IVH or intraventricular extension after intracerebral hemorrhage.
Where Did the Mullahs Go? Oral Histories from Rural Uzbekistan
Authors: Kamp Marianne 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOral histories with elderly collective farmers in Uzbekistan, who recalled the establishment of their collective farms in the 1930s, depict the closing of village mosques and the disappearance of many rural mullahs. Anti-religious policies focused on Islamic institutions and paid functionaries; however, mullahs were left in many villages, and they continued to lead Islamic practices clandestinely. Religious leaders who had never been closely tied to Islamic institutions, such as otins (women religious leaders) were not targeted for arrest and removal. Our respondents remembered times when it was difficult to engage in any practice of Islam publicly, but they emphasized that nonetheless, community members fulfilled the ritual that they deemed most essential: the funeral prayer.
Red Orientalism: Mikhail Pavlovich and Marxist Oriental Studies In Early Soviet Russia
Authors: Kemper Michael 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMarxist Oriental Studies in early Soviet Russia emerged in opposition to the 'bourgeois' Russian tradition of classical Oriental scholarship; rather than studying texts and history, Bolshevik Orientalists saw their task in providing the Soviet government with the necessary political and socio-economic knowledge to support the liberation of the contemporary East from colonialism and imperialism. After a failed attempt to stir revolutions in the Muslim World via a 'Congress of the Peoples of the East' in Baku in 1920 and a 'University of Social Sciences for Workers of the Orient' in the same city, the Bolsheviks established an Oriental Studies teaching institute as well as an Oriental Studies Association in Moscow, both under Stalin's Commissariat for Nationalities. The article traces the biography of the key figure in these organizations, Mikhail P. Pavlovich (1871-1927). Pavlovich was not a professional Orientalist but a prolific Marxist writer and propaganda lecturer on military affairs, world transportation lines, imperialism and colonialism—arguably the issues that made the Bolsheviks interested in the Orient. While Pavlovich's Marxist Oriental Studies (and his journal Novyi Vostok, 'The New Orient') were 'anti-Orientalist' in their rhetoric, it can be shown that they used the same notions and methods for which they condemned Western Oriental Studies.
Cinema, Local Power and the Central State: Agencies in Early Anti-Religious Propaganda in Uzbekistan
Authors: Drieu Cloé 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLenin, Stalin or Trotsky took early measures to control the cinema in order to transform and enlighten the masses and to implement a proletarian and atheist culture that could replace former norms and homogenize beliefs and values. However, the use of theatre or cinema as a vector for cultural changes was also praised—in a less conceptualised manner—by some Muslim Turkestani élites, who had come to consider, at least as early as 1913, performing and visual arts a mirror that could help society to understand its illnesses and thus to overcome them. The early Soviet period radicalized these conceptions of power and enlightenment toward cinema, which proved a locus for political debates, modernization and agencies that were contended, throughout the 1920s and the 1930s, by Russian Communists and vernacular political or cultural élites in power. Examples of early anti-religious policy as well as film propaganda shed light on this process. In the Soviet context, the analysis of film production permits us to ascertain a complex set of dependencies and agencies between central and local powers, between artists and politics. This article will first focus on a brief institutional history and on the way vernacular élite and ordinary people welcomed the cinématographe in order to underline its peculiar position for our understanding of the cultural changes in the inter-war period. Second, it will examine how officials organised antireligious policy in Uzbekistan, using film in particular. Finally, the article will discuss anti-religious films and their ambivalence until 1937.
The Russian Empire at War
Authors:   Hamburg
Published: December 2010

AbstractLieven's book is the first scholarly work to provide thorough analysis of the European stage of Russia's campaign against Napoleon in 1813 – 1814. e review essay discusses how Lieven's book departs from conventional Russian historiography on the Napoleonic era by emphasizing the logistical and strategic contributions of Russian cavalry and by illustrating the advantages of the "long-war" plan adopted by Alexander I and Barclay de Tolly. e review endorses Lieven's conclusion that a key reason for the Russian victory in 1814 was that Russian leadership "outthought" Napoleon.