bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urinary isolates of apramycin-resistantEscherichia coliandKlebsiella pneumoniaefrom Dublin
Authors: Johnson A. P. , Malde M. , Woodford N. , Cunney R. J. , Smyth E. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwenty-two gentamicin-resistant urinary isolates ofEscherichia coliand five gentamicin-resistant urinary isolates ofKlebsiella pneumoniaefrom a Dublin hospital were examined for resistance to the veterinary aminoglycoside antibiotic apramycin. Five isolates ofE. coliand one isolate ofK. pneumoniaewere found to be resistant. The apramycin-resistant isolates, which were also resistant to the veterinary anthelmintic agent hygromycin B, hybridized with a DNA probe for the gene encoding the enzyme 3-N-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase type IV (AAC(3)IV). Resistance to apramycin and hygromycin B was co-transferable in four of the five isolates ofE. coliand the isolate ofK. pneumoniae.In one isolate ofE. coliapramycin resistance was not transferable. On the basis of their restriction enzyme digestion profiles and the antimicrobial resistance traits encoded, the transferable plasmids encoding resistance to apramycin and hygromycin B comprised three distinct types. Genetic linkage between the gene encoding AAC(3)IV and genes encoding resistance to ampicillin and either tetracycline or trimethoprim, means that the relatively widespread use of these antimicrobial agents provides a selective pressure for the persistence of resistance to apramycin and gentamicin even in the absence of bacterial exposure to aminoglycosides.
Clonal diffusion of EPEC-likeEscherichia colifrom rabbits as detected by ribotyping and random amplified polymorphic DNA assays
Authors: Leroy-Setrin S. , Lesage M. C. , Chaslus-Dancla E. , Lafont J. P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe genetic diversity and clonal relationships among 77Escherichia colistrains isolated in France from diarrhoeic rabbits and that belonged to seven O serogroups including the predominant O103 serogroup, were estimated by ribotyping and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assays. Fifteen ribotypes were defined. Most of the highly pathogenic O103 strains could be assigned to two major groups. Non-pathogenic strains were clearly distinguished. RAPD assays generally matched ribotyping, or gave more precision for subdividing strains from the two main O103 groups. The results on strains isolated from different areas and over a 9-year period showed the relevance of the association of these two methods for the survey of the spread of strains in breeding flocks and illustrated clonal diffusion in rabbit production structures.
Molecular typing ofAcinetobacter baumannii–Acinetobacter calcoaceticuscomplex isolates from endemic and epidemic nosocomial infections
Authors: Ratto P. , Sordelli D. O. , Abeleira E. , Torrero M. , Catalano M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRibotype, biotype and resistance phenotype were used to characterize 37Acinetobacter baumannii–A. calcoaceticuscomplex isolates responsible for nosocomial infections in Buenos Aires. Nineteen isolates were recovered from endemic infections at 2 hospitals and 18 represent an intensive care unit outbreak that occurred in a third hospital. By ribotyping isolates were classified into five different clones ofA. baumanniibiotype 2, 3 ofA. baumanniibiotype 9, and 3 ofAcinetobactergenospecies 13. Combination of the three epidemiological markers permitted categorization of 18 outbreak isolates into four probable strains: 2A. baumanniibiotype 2. named type I. and II, and 2A. baumanniibiotype 9. Type I (15 isolates) was the most prevalent strain at one hospital and was responsible for the outbreak. In conclusion, combined analysis of biotypes, resistance phenotypes, and ribotypes was an accurate approach for epidemiologic investigation ofA. baumannii. Furthermore, ribotyping discriminatedAcinetobactergenospecies 13 isolates which were phenotypically difficult to type.
DNA typing of epidemiologically-related isolates ofAspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Birch M. , Nolard N. , Shankland G. S. , Denning D. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYInvasive aspergillosis is often nosocomially acquired and carries a high mortality. Molecular typing methods to discriminate isolates have now been developed. Using simple restriction endonuclease (Sal1 andXho1) digestion of total genomic DNA, we have typed 25 epidemiologically-related isolates ofA. fumigatusfrom six hospital episodes of invasive aspergillosis. Eight DNA types were found and in each case the DNA type matched precisely the epidemiological data. Thus DNA typing ofA. fumigatuscan provide the means to match isolates from linked sources and distinguish isolates from diverse origins.
Genome variation in the SAT types of foot-and-mouth disease viruses prevalent in buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Kruger National Park and other regions of southern Africa, 1986–93
Authors: Vosloo W. , Kirkbride E. , Bengis R. G. , Keet D. F. , Thomson G. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDideoxy nucleotide sequencing of a portion of the 1D gene of SAT-type foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDV) was used to derive phylogenetic relationships between viruses recovered from the oesophageo-pharyngeal secretions of buffalo in the Kruger National Park as well as several other wildlife areas in southern Africa. The three serotypes differed from one another by more than 40 % while intratypic variation did not exceed 29%. Within each type, isolates from particular countries were more closely related to one another than to isolates from other countries lending credence to previous observations that FMDV evolve independently in different regions of the subcontinent.
Correlation of change in phage type with pulsed field profile and 16S rrn profile in Salmonella enteritidis phage types 4, 7 and 9a
Authors: Powell N. G. , Threlfall E. J. , Chart H. , Schofield S. L. , Rowe B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYUsing pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and 16S rRNA (rrn) analysis (ribotyping). the in viro derivation of strains of Salmonella enteritidis PTs 9a and 7 from a strain of S. enteritidis PT 4 has been demonstrated. All strains were isolated from a single patient over a 6-week period. Further studies have demonstrated that in terms of pulsed-field profile and ribotype, the genotypes of the patient-derived strains differed from those of the reference strains of the respective phage types. It is concluded that when used in combination, these methods can provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships in apparently unrelated S. enteritidis phage types isolated during pathogenesis of disease.
Presence ofSalmonellaspp. andCampylobacterspp. in shellfish
Authors: Wilson I. G. , Moore J. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBivalve molluscs, (cockles, mussels, scallops and oysters) were examined according to EC shellfish bed classification regulations for faecal coliforms,Escherichia coliand salmonella, and for coliforms and campylobacter which are not specified by these regulations. Salmonella serotypes were detected in 8% of 433 molluscs. Seven salmonella isolations (2%) were made from category A beds, nominally suitable for immediate consumption according toE. colicounts. A higher percentage of salmonella isolates (6%) was detected in shellfish which require relaying or depuration prior to eating. In another survey, thermophilicCampylobacterspp. were found in 42% of 380 shellfish. These findings show that shellfish bed classification on the basis of indicator organisms alone is not sufficient to assure the absence of bacterial, and no doubt viral, pathogens. Depuration and end product specifications which require the absence of salmonellae are an essential part of these regulations. Microbiologists may wish to consider whether tests for pathogens such as salmonella and campylobacter should be included when determining the suitability of shellfish for human consumption.
Carriage of multiple ribotypes of non-encapsulatedHaemophilus influenzaein Aboriginal infants with otitis media
Authors: Smith-Vaughan H. C. , Leach A. J. , Shelby-James T. M. , Kemp K. , Kemp D. J. , Mathews J. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRibotyping with the restriction enzymeXbaI was used to study the dynamics of carriage of non-encapsulatedHaemophilus influenzae(NCHi) in Aboriginal infants at risk of otitis media. Carriage rates of NCHi in the infants in the community were very high; the median age for detection was 50 days and colonization was virtually 100% by 120 days of age and persisted at a high level throughout the first year of life [1]. Eighteen different ribotypes of NCHi were identified from 34 positive swabs taken from 3 infants over a period of 9 months. The same ribotypes were recovered for up to 3 months from consecutive swabs of individual infants, and 12 of 27 swabs (44·4%) yielded two ribotypes from four colonies typed. Statistical analysis suggested that most swabs would have been positive for two ribotypes if enough colonies had been typed although the second most frequent ribotype was detected on average in only 13% of strains. Early colonization and carriage of multiple ribotypes of NCHi may help to explain the chronicity of carriage and thus the persistence of otitis media in Aboriginal infants.
Acute poststreptococcal glomerulo-nephritis in general practice: the contribution of infection to its onset and course
Authors: Higgins P. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwenty-one patients considered to have acute poststreptococcal glomerulo-nephritis were encountered during 35 years of general practice. In ten of them good evidence of active streptococcal infection at the time of discovery of nephritis was recorded. The more complete the data the more convincing was the evidence of active infection.In over half of those whose urines were routinely cultured pathogens were isolated and over a third were treated for infection of the urinary tract. Such infections were associated with adverse effects and prolonged illness.As compared with children, adults in general had a longer history of ill-health, were less likely to present with acute infections and more likely to have urinary tract infections and prolonged illness.Vigorous antistreptococcal treatment was followed by rapid recovery in those patients so treated whose illnesses were not complicated by urinary tract infections.Concurrent streptococcal infection and secondary infection of the urinary tract may contribute more to the onset of acute poststreptococcal glomerulo-nephritis and to its course than is currently believed.
An epidemiological investigation of Norwalk virus infection in South Africa
Authors: Taylor M. B. , Parker S. , Grabow W. O. K. , Cubitt W. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA study was carried out to determine the incidence and seroprevalence of Norwalk virus (NV) in the Pretoria area, South Africa, using a recombinant NV (rNV) immunoassay for the detection of serum IgG antibodies. Maternal antibody was detectable in infants' sera up to approximately 6 months of age. Infection with NV was detected serologically in the second year of life and the seroprevalence of NV IgG rose from 37·1% at 7–11 months of age to 62·1% by the age of 40 years. No significant differences in seroprevalence of NV IgG antibody was evident between subjects of European or African ethnic origin, where overall seroprevalence rates were 56·4% and 53·9% respectively.
Pigs experimentally infected withSerpulina hyodysenteriaecan be protected from developing swine dysentery by feeding them a highly digestible diet
Authors: Siba P. M. , Pethick D. W. , Hampson D. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWeaner pigs (n= 72) were fed 1 of 4 diets. These were based on either cooked rice and animal protein, cooked rice and lupin, wheat and lupin, or wheat and animal protein. Twenty-six of the pigs were slaughtered after 1 month. Those fed the highly digestible cooked rice and animal protein diet had drier colonic contents and faeces, lighter large intestines, and the contents of their large intestines had increased pH values and decreased total VFA concentrations. The other 46 pigs were orally challenged with broth cultures ofSerpulina hyodysenteriae, and were monitored for faecal excretion of the spirochaetes, and for the development of swine dysentery (SD). None of 18 pigs fed the cooked rice and animal protein diet developed colonic changes or disease, whereas most pigs on the other diets developed mucohaemorrhagic colitis and dysentery. The reduced fermentation that occurred in the large intestines of pigs fed cooked rice and animal protein was associated with a subsequent failure of colonization byS. hyodysenteriae, and resultant protection against SD.
The concurrent prevalence of chloramphenicol-sensitive and multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi in Vellore, S. India
Authors: Jesudason M. V. , John R. , John T. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA multidrug resistant (MDR) variety of Salmonella typhi emerged as the cause of epidemic typhoid fever in some Asian countries including India, during the late 1980s. We faced the epidemic from April 1990 to the first quarter of 1993. However, during this period we continued to isolate chloramphenicol sensitive (CS) S. typhi also. The relative prevalences showed that the frequency of CS variety was unaffected by the epidemic of MDR variety. This is an unusual epidemiological pattern, which indicates that there may have been factors which favoured the epidemic of the MDR variety but not the CS one.
Epidemiology of infection due to Escherichia coli O157: a 3-year prospective study
Authors: MacDonald I. A. R. , Gould I. M. , Curnow J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA 3-year study of Escherichia coli infections in Grampian Region was conducted to ascertain the incidence, document clinical sequelae and identify at-risk groups. Approximately 30000 stools from patients with acute diarrhoea were screened for E. coli O157, and an epidemiological questionnaire filled in for each patient whose stool was positive. Eighty-three patients were studied. The annual incidence was 6 per 100000. Proportionately more infections occurred in people involved in agriculture. Evidence was seen of case-to-case transmission, and contamination of a water supply. Eight cases developed haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). There were 2 deaths due to HUS and 2 due to haemorrhagic colitis (HC). Symptomatic E. coli infection is relatively common in the Grampian Region, more common in the agricultural community, and is the main cause of HUS in this Region.
Occurrence of ‘thermophilic’ campylobacters in sewage and their removal by treatment processes
Authors: Arimi S. M. , Fricker C. R. , Park R. W. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRemoval of thermophilic campylobacters from sewage at three different stages of treatment at a trickling filter sewage works has been assessed. Samples of incoming sewage, primary sedimentation effluent and final effluent were taken daily from 06.00 h to 20.00 h for 5 consecutive days and the numbers of campylobacters determined by using a most probable number method. Each sample was cultured using 2 h pre–enrichment followed by enrichment in Preston broth for 48 h and detection by plating. Over 78% of the incoming campylobacters were removed after primary sedimentation and < 0.1% remained in the final effluent.Campylobacter jejunbiotype I and biotype II constituted 81.5% and 15.9% respectively of the 232 isolates tested. Serotypes common in sewage were common in human faces. It appears that the trickling filter sewage works removes most of the campylobacters entering the sewage works, but large numbers, estimated to be approximately 1010, are released into the environment daily from a local sewage works.
The pathogenicity of environmental campylobacters-a human volunteer experiment
Authors: Mawer S. L. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThree human volunteer experiments were performed in which river water expected to contain campylobacter organisms was ingested. Despite the ingestion of over 44000 organisms in one experiment, the subject did not suffer any symptoms, nor were campylobacter organisms excreted, nor was an antibody response to the ingested strains detected. The campylobacter organisms ingested resembledCampylobacter jejunion colonial and microscopic morphology but were hippurate negative, and were distinct fromC. coli. These environmental campylobacter strains appear to be non-pathogenic, however they may be mistaken forC. JejuniorC.coliif they are not fully identified.
An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a hospital day-care centre
Authors: Cristino J. A. G. Melo , Isabel M. , Carvalho P. , José Salgado Maria 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe investigation of an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in a hospital day-care centre is reported. Twenty-eight (27%) children and one member of the staff were infected. Most of the cases were symptomatic and the major presenting symptom was watery diarrhoea. Shedding of oocysts continued for a mean of 12 days after diarrhoea had subsided and most of the cases were still excreting oocysts when the first follow-up sample was examined. Intermittent shedding or a carrier state were not seen in any of the cases.Giardia intestinaliscysts were detected in 19 children, 7 of whom showing mixed infection withCryptosporidiumsp., but this association was not statistically significant. All cases recovered without specific therapy. No definite proof could be found to demonstrate the source of the outbreak or the route of transmission but some observations suggesting person-to-person transmission are discussed.
Changes in the epidemiological pattern ofMycoplasma pneumoniaeinfections in Denmark
Authors: Lind K. , Bentzon M. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA seroepidemiological survey has shown a remarkable shift in the previously reported regular cyclic pattern ofMycoplasma pneumoniaeepidemics which culminated every 4·5 years during the period 1958–74. The last of four regular epidemics occurred in 1972. It was followed by ‘premature’ epidemics in 1975 and 1977/8 which inaugurated a change from an epidemic to an endemic pattern of the infection in Denmark. Over the following 9 years (1978–86) there has been an irregular but significant decrease in the annual number of seropositive samples with the usual high incidence during winter seasons. This endemic period terminated in the fourth trimester of 1987 with the development of a new epidemic. The hypothesis is advanced that a sixfold increase of children in day care may have influenced the change from an epidemic to an endemic situation which after 9 years led to a new epidemic ofM. pneumoniaeinfection.
Chlamydial antibodies in farmers in north-west England
Authors: Hobson D. , -Capner P. Morgan 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBecause of recent reports of abortion in farmers' wives following infection with ovine strains ofChlamydia psittaciduring pregnancy, the distribution of chlamydial antibodies was studied in rural populations in north-west England, where endemic chalamydial infection with abortion in common in sheep. Immunoperoxidase assays withC. treachomatisand ovineC. psittacishowed no significant differences in either the frequency or titres of antibodies between sheep farmers and other types of farmer or non-farming adults living in the same areas. The frequency and titers of antibodies in farmers' wives were no greater than in farmers, and were unrelated to their previous obstetric history or type of farming. Overall, 62/255 (24%) of this rural population had antibody detected byC. trachomatisantigen and only 30/255 (13%) detected byC.Psittaciantigen. The possible significance of these findings is discussed. This survey does not suggest that the risk of infection withC.psittaciis especially high in people working with sheep, but the complications following infection during pregnancy deserve the specific instructions that have been given to pregnant women to avoid exposure, especially during lambing, in farming and veterinary work.
Pneumococcal carriage amongst children in Adelaide, South Australia
Authors: Hansman D. , Morris Sylvia 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAmongst 1267 healthy children 6 months to 4.5 years of age in Adelaide, the pneumococcal carriage rate from a single nasal swab sampling was 29% in the period 1980–1. Of 269 children, sampled monthly on five occasions, 91% carried a pneumococcus on one or more occasions: 55% carried a single type, 33% carried two types, 2% carried three types and 1% carried four types; 18% carried a pneumococcus on either 4 or 5 occasions. The commonest types encountered were types 6, 19 and 23 in that order, and these three types constituted 57% of the total: other common types(> 5% of the total) were types 14, 15 and 11, and the six commonest types constituted 77% of the total. Of these, types 6, 14, 19 and 23 commonly cause systemic disease in children; on the other hand types 11 and 15 cause disease infrequently. The number of strains showing antimicrobial drug resistance was low: on quantitative testing 0.7%of 291 isolates examined showed relative resistance to benzylpenicillin and 0.7% were resistant to tetracycline; 10.9% of 230 isolates examined showed resistance to co-trimoxazole; dual or multiple drug resistance was not detected, and all isolates tested were susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin and rifampicin.
Faecal excretion of rotavirus and other enteropathogens in newborns of the high and low socio-economic stratum in Santiago, Chile
Authors: Spencer E. , Araya M. , Sandino A. M. , Pacheco I. , Brunser O. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFaecal excretion of enteropathogens was studied in newborns in their first week of life. Rotavirus was investigated in 225 neonates, of whom 107 belonged to the low socio-economic stratum (SES) and 118 to the high SES. Half of each group were delivered by caesarean section. Rotavirus was detected in 10 infants (4.4%). Eight of them had been in the same ward and excreted the same viral electrophoretype. Enteropathogenic bacteria were isolated from 8 out of 57 (14–0%) newborns. Positive cultures were equally distributed by SES and route of delivery.Giardia lambliawas the only parasite detected, in one infant (2–6%) of the high SES. None of the children developed symptoms. Faecal excretion of enteropathogens ended spontaneously within a week in all cases. It is suggested that the lack of symptomatology and the spontaneous termination of the faecal excretion are related to immaturity of the small intestinal mucosa, that does not allow the completion of the steps that must take place during a successful infectious event.
A Prospective study of genital infections in a family planning clinic: 2. Chlamydia infection - the identification of a high-risk group
Authors: Macaulay M. E. , Riordan T. , James J. M. , Leventhall P. A. , Morris E. M. , Neal B. R. , Ellis D. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDuring a study of genital infection in inner-city family-planning patients we examined 452 women for Chlamydia trachomatis. The prevalence of infection was 7·3%. There was no significant difference between patients attending because of genital symptoms and those who were attending for routine family-planning advice. Infection was found to be correlated with five main demographic parameters; age less than 25, no stable partnership, hormonal contraception, nulliparity and West Indian Ethnic origin. Using these parameters a simple scoring system was devised which allowed a high-risk population to be defined in whom screening would be economically justified.