bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of Fuels from Landfills
Authors: Singh Kamel , Sastry Musti K.S. 
Published: July 2011

A landfill site is an area of land that has been specifically engineered to allow for the deposition of waste on to and into it. Municipal solid waste landfill sites are a large source of human-related methane emissions and, in some countries such as the United States, can account for up to 25 percent of these emissions. At the same time, methane emissions from landfills represent a lost opportunity to capture and use a significant energy resource.
Landfills may include internal waste disposal sites (where a producer of waste carries out their own waste disposal at the place of production) as well as sites used by many producers. Many landfills are also used for other waste management purposes, such as the temporary storage, consolidation and transfer, or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling). A landfill also may refer to ground that has been filled in with soil and rocks instead of waste materials, so that it can be used for a specific purpose, such as for building houses.
This chapter presents a review of the different types of landfill and the means by which landfill gas is generated.
Effect of stroke rate on performance and physiological demand of outrigger canoeing ergometry
Authors: Sealey Rebecca M. , Leicht Anthony S. , Ness Kevin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractOutrigger canoeists adopt a variety of racing stroke rates without scientific basis. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of self‐selected and imposed slow (Hawaiian) and fast (Tahitian) stroke rates on 1000‐m outrigger ergometer performance and physiological demand to determine which stroke rate was best for performance. Female outrigger canoeists (n=17) completed 1000‐m ergometer time trials using a self‐selected, Hawaiian (≤55 strokes · min−1) and Tahitian (≥65 strokes · min−1) stroke rate. Performance time and physiological demand were compared for the overall 1000 m and for each 250‐m split across trials. There was no significant difference in performance time between the Hawaiian (mean value 358 s, s=30) and Tahitian (mean value 357 s, s=28) trials with both trials significantly faster than the self‐selected trial (mean value 371 s, s=38) (P < 0.05). The Hawaiian trial resulted in significantly lower physiological demand than the Tahitian and self‐selected trials. When choosing their stroke rate, female outrigger canoeists perform sub‐optimally. The Hawaiian stroke rate resulted in the same performance time as the Tahitian stroke rate but with reduced physiological demand. Outrigger canoe coaches should employ a slower stroke rate of ≤ 55 strokes · min−1 to optimize 1000‐m performance and minimize physiological demand that may lead to fatigue across multiple races.
Injury prevention in camogie: Current trends in the use of protective equipment
Authors: Quinn Edel M. , Bradley Colin P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCamogie is one of Ireland's national field sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of protective equipment by camogie players and to identify the most common injuries resulting from playing camogie. A questionnaire was distributed to 180 camogie players at randomly chosen clubs in two Irish counties to establish use of protective equipment over the preceding 12 months and what injuries resulted from playing camogie over the same period. Direct observation of players in action was undertaken looking at protective equipment use to confirm reliability of the self‐reported data. One hundred and thirty‐nine questionnaires were returned and 120 players directly observed. In total, 74.8% of players reported wearing a helmet every time and 84.9% that they never wear a handguard. Reasons for not wearing protective equipment include discomfort and the belief that it is unnecessary. Thirty‐seven percent of players reported injury; hand injuries were the most common (42.3% of all injuries). One in six players experienced a hand injury over the 12‐month period. Generating awareness of the prevalence of hand injuries and the lack of hand protection in camogie is required.
Effects of game location and final outcome on game‐related statistics in each zone of the pitch in professional football
Authors: Gómez Miguel A. , Gómez‐Lopez Maite , Lago Carlos , Sampaio Jaime 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe aim of this large‐scale study of elite professional football teams was to identify the independent and interactive effects of game location and final outcome on football game‐related statistics according to the zone of the pitch in which they occurred. The sample consisted of 1900 games played over five seasons (from 2003–2004 to 2007–2008) of the Spanish Professional Football League. Factor analysis with principal components was applied to the game‐related statistics recorded from the games, which limited the analysis to four factors (Factor 1: Turnovers in zone 5.2 and Crosses in zone 4; Factor 2: Goals and shots in zone 5.1, Turnovers in zone 4, and Ball recover in zone 2; Factor 3: Goals and shots in zone 5.2; and Factor 4: Turnovers in zone 5.1). Zone 2 was between the defensive semi‐circle area and midfield circle, Zone 4 was between the midfield circle and offensive semi‐circle area, Zone 5.1 was the offensive goal area, and Zone 5.2 was the offensive small area). A mixed linear model was applied to identify the effects of game location and final outcome on the previously identified factors. Game location and final outcome main effects were identified for all factors, with home and winning teams having better values. The interaction Location×Outcome was only significant for Factor 4 (Turnovers in zone 5.1). When playing at home, teams had higher frequencies for all analysed variables, probably resulting from home advantage factors such as facility familiarity and/or crowd. Additionally, winning teams’ exhibited different and consistent profiles from drawing and losing teams, mainly discriminated by their ability to recover the ball in Zone 2 and to organize the offence using penetrative passes to Zones 5.2 and 5.1 to increase the number of shots and consequently goals. The trends identified may provide important information for modelling high‐level performances.
Nitrosative stress causes amino acid auxotrophy in hmp mutant Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: Park Yoon Mee , Park Hee Jeong , Joung Young Hee , Bang Iel Soo 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTCytotoxic nitic oxide (NO) damages various bacterial macromolecules, resulting in abnormal metabolism by mechanisms largely unknown. We show that NO can cause amino acid auxotrophy in Salmonella Typhimurium lacking major NO‐metabolizing enzyme, flavohemoglobin Hmp. In NO‐producing cultures, supplementation with amino acid pool restores growth of Hmp‐deficient Salmonella to normal growth phases, whereas excluding Cys or BCAA Leu, Ile, or Val from amino acid pool reduces growth recovery. Data suggest that, without detoxification, NO might inactivate key enzymes in the biosynthesis pathway of amino acids essential for Salmonella replication in amino acid‐limiting host environments.
Risk of significant gynaecological pathology in women with ?glandular neoplasia on cervical cytology
Authors: Talaat A. , Brinkmann D. , Dhundee J. , Hana Y. , Bevan J. , Irvine R. , Bailey S. , Woolas R. 
Published: July 2011

A. Talaat, D. Brinkmann, J. Dhundee, Y. Hana, J. Bevan, R. Irvine, S. Bailey and R. Woolas  Risk of significant gynaecological pathology in women with ?glandular neoplasia on cervical cytologyObjective:  To review the risk of pre‐invasive and invasive gynaecological pathology in women referred with cervical cytology reporting ?glandular neoplasia.Methods:  Review of the case notes of all women referred with cervical cytology reported as ?glandular neoplasia between January 1999 and December 2008 at two UK hospitals: Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust and Queen Mary’s Hospital Sidcup. The category of ‘borderline nuclear change in endocervical cells’, result code 8 according to the national health service cancer screening programme (NHSCSP), was excluded from the study.Results:  A total of 200 women were identified using the hospitals’ pathology computer systems. Invasive carcinoma was found in 48 women (24%): 28 endocervical adenocarcinomas, eight squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), ten endometrial and two ovarian adenocarcinomas. Pre‐invasive neoplasia was found in 115 (57.5%), including 14 cervical glandular intraepithelial neoplasia (CGIN), 31 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2/3 and 70 concomitant CGIN and CIN2/3. CIN1/HPV was found in 25, simple endometrial hyperplasia in three and no histological abnormality in three. Thirty‐four (70.8%) of 48 invasive carcinomas (of which 23 were endocervical adenocarcinomas) were in asymptomatic women investigated for abnormal cytology. Fourteen of 34 (41.4%) of those with ?glandular neoplasia thought to be endometrial were CGIN or CIN2/3. Colposcopic appearances were normal in 47.6% of women with pure cervical glandular neoplasia (adenocarcinoma or CGIN) compared with 12.8% with squamous cell lesions (CIN2/3 or SCC): P = 0.0001. Thus, colposcopy was more sensitive for detecting squamous cell abnormalities than their glandular counterparts. Although cervical adenocarcinomas are less amenable to prevention by screening than cervical SCC, in our study cervical cytology predominantly detected these abnormalities at their early asymptomatic stages.Conclusion:  At least CIN2 was found in 81.5% in women referred with cervical cytology reporting ?glandular neoplasia. A thorough evaluation of the whole genital tract is needed if colposcopy is negative.
Pattern of adrenal morphology and function in patients with acromegaly
Authors: Pappa Theodora , Papanastasiou Labrini , Koutmos Spiros , Tsiavos Vaios , Roussaki Peggy , Zilos Athanasios , Ragkou Despina , Kaltsas Gregory , Piaditis George 
Published: July 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (3): 275–281AbstractBackground  Acromegaly is well known to induce hypertrophic and hyperplastic changes in various organs and is commonly accompanied by arterial hypertension. In our study, we assess the adrenal morphology and function in a series of patients with acromegaly and possible associations with the activity of the disease and arterial hypertension.Materials and methods  Sixty patients with acromegaly, admitted to two endocrinology departments in the time period 2005–2010, were studied prospectively. Basal IGF‐1 and growth hormone levels after oral glucose tolerance test were used to assess the disease activity. All subjects underwent adrenal CT scan, basal adrenal hormonal investigation and evaluation with 24‐h urinary free cortisol and cortisol levels following low‐dose dexamethasone suppression test. In 33 acromegalics, the ‘modified’ saline infusion test (MSI), i.e. saline infusion after dexamethasone administration, was performed to identify autonomous aldosterone (ALD) secretion.Results  Abnormal adrenal morphology was present in 48% of our patients, and a significant association was found between the presence of arterial hypertension and adrenal morphology. Among patients with adrenal morphological changes, 55% exhibited no adrenal secretory hyperactivity, 34% autonomous cortisol, 7% ALD and 4% combined autonomous cortisol and ALD secretion, when applying recently proposed modified cut‐off levels compared to widely used criteria. An increased prevalence of autonomous ALD secretion was shown among the subgroup of patients with acromegaly tested with MSI.Conclusions  This study provides evidence of an increased prevalence of anatomic and functional adrenal alterations in patients with acromegaly; further studies will clarify the importance of evaluating these subjects with baseline hormonal investigation along with dynamic testing and modified cut‐offs.
Disparity of innate immunity–related gene effects on asthma and allergy on Karelia
Authors: Zhang Guicheng , Candelaria Pierre , Mäkelä J. Mika , Khoo Siew‐Kim , Hayden M. Catherine , von Hertzen Leena , Laatikainen Tiina , Vartiainen Erkki , Goldblatt Jack , Haahtela Tari , LeSouëf N. Peter 
Published: July 2011

To cite this article: Zhang G, Candelaria P, Mäkelä JM, Khoo S‐K, Hayden MC, von Hertzen L, Laatikainen T, Vartiainen E, Goldblatt J, Haahtela T, LeSouëf NP. Disparity of innate immunity–related gene effects on asthma and allergy on Karelia. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 621–630.AbstractBackground:  We investigated the interactive effects of 11 innate immunity–related genes (IL10, IL12b, IL8, TLR2, TLR4, CD14, IFNGR, CC16, IFNg, CMA1, and TGFB) and four IgE response genes (IL4, IL13, IL4RA, and STAT6) with ‘Western’ or ‘Eastern’ environments/lifestyles on asthma and allergy in Karelian children.Methods:  Karelian children (412 Finnish and 446 Russian) were recruited and assessed for a range of allergic conditions, with 24 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped in 15 genes.Results:  The genotype–phenotype relationships differed in Finnish and Russian Karelian children. The interaction between polymorphisms and the variable representing ‘Western’ and ‘Eastern’ environments/ lifestyles was significant for IL10‐1082 (p = 0.0083) on current rhinitis, IL12b 6408 on current conjunctivitis (p = 0.016) and atopy (p = 0.034), IL8 781 on atopic eczema (p = 0.0096), CD14 ‐550 on current rhinitis (p = 0.022), IFNgR1 ‐56 on atopic eczema(p = 0.038), and STAT6 2964 on current itchy rash (p = 0.037) and total serum IgE (p = 0.042). In addition, the G allele of IL13 130 was associated with a lower level of total serum IgE in Finnish (p = 0.003) and Russian (p = 0.01) children and overall (pooling the two populations together, p = 0.00006). After adjusting for multiple tests, the association between IL13 130 and IgE and the interactive effects of IL10‐1082 on current rhinitis and IL8 781 on atopic eczema were significant by controlling a false‐positive rate of 0.05 and 0.10, respectively.Conclusions:  Living in an Eastern vs. Western environment was associated with a different genetic profile associated with asthma and allergy in the Karelian populations.
Limited agreement between current and long‐term asthma control in children: the PACMAN cohort study
Authors: Koster Ellen S. , Raaijmakers Jan A. M. , Vijverberg Susanne J. H. , Koenderman Leo , Postma Dirkje S. , Koppelman Gerard H. , van der Ent Cornelis K. , Maitland‐van der Zee Anke‐Hilse 
Published: July 2011

To cite this article: Koster ES, Raaijmakers JAM, Vijverberg SJH, Koenderman L, Postma DS, Koppelman GH, van der Ent CK, Maitland‐van der Zee A‐H. Limited agreement between current and long‐term asthma control in children: the PACMAN cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011: 22: 776–783AbstractBackground:  Several studies have shown that predictors of asthma treatment outcomes differ depending on the definition of the outcome chosen. This provides evidence that different outcomes studied may reflect distinct aspects of asthma control. To assess predictors of asthma control, we need firm outcome phenotypes. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between measurements of current and long‐term asthma control.Methods:  We included 527 children using inhaled corticosteroids participating in the Pharmacogenetics of Asthma medication in Children: Medication with ANti‐inflammatory effects cohort. Current asthma control (previous week) was defined using the Asthma Control Questionnaire. Long‐term asthma control was based on Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines. Not well‐controlled asthma in a season was defined as ≥3 of the following items present in a season: (i) day‐time or (ii) night‐time symptoms, (iii) limitations in activities, and (iv) rescue medication use. Asthma control during (i) the previous season and (ii) the year preceding the pharmacy visit was used as long‐term asthma control definitions. Current and long‐term asthma control were compared to investigate agreement.Results:  Long‐term uncontrolled asthma rates were highest in autumn and winter (50%) and lowest in summer (32%) (p < 0.05). Overall agreement between current and long‐term asthma control was limited (66% for previous season and 68% for previous year).Conclusion:  Congruence between current and long‐term asthma control was limited. Furthermore, we showed significant seasonal differences. It is therefore important to calculate asthma control over a longer period of time, instead of using current asthma control as indicator.
Make‐up of the epinephrine autoinjector: the effect on its use by untrained users
Authors: Bakirtas Arzu , Arga Mustafa , Catal Ferhat , Derinoz Oksan , Demirsoy Mehmet S. , Turktas Ipek 
Published: July 2011

To cite this article: Bakirtas A, Arga M, Catal F, Derinoz O, Demirsoy MS, Turktas I. Make‐up of the epinephrine autoinjector: the effect on its use by untrained users. Pediatric Allergy Immunology 2011; 22: 729–733.AbstractBackground:  Part of the problems related to proper use of the epinephrine autoinjector may be related to the design of the autoinjector itself.Aim:  We investigated whether minor modifications in the design of the currently available epinephrine autoinjector ease its use and abrogate common use errors.Methods:  All interns other than those who had previously worked in allergy department in a medical school were invited to the study. Two identical epinephrine autoinjector trainers (Epipen trainer®) were used, one of which was modified by changing the gray safety cap to red and placing a yellow arrow pointing to the black injection tip. A written and visual instruction sheet for each trainer was provided. Participants were asked to demonstrate the use of the Epipen trainer either with the original or with the modified one. They were scored and timed for their demonstration.Results:  Out of the 224 interns who were invited to participate, one hundred and sixty‐four interns (73.2%) participated in the study. The number of participants correctly demonstrating the use of epinephrine autoinjectors was 22.6% and 65% in unmodified and modified trainer groups, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean time to administer trainers was 26.78 ± 10.6 and 15.88 ± 2.55 s; total median scores were 3.08 ± 1.48 and 4.47 ± 0.84 in unmodified and modified groups, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). Significantly fewer participants had presumptive unintentional injection injury while using modified (5%) compared with unmodified trainer (45.2%) (p < 0.001).Conclusion:  Few and simple modifications in the design of epinephrine autoinjector were found effective in increasing its correct use and decreasing common use errors by untrained users. (Clinical trials identifier: NCT01217138).
Tyrosinemia type 1 in Spain: Mutational analysis, treatment and long‐term outcome
Authors: Couce Maria Luz , Dalmau Jaime , del Toro Mireia , Pintos‐Morell Guillem , Aldámiz‐Echevarría Luís ,   Spanish Working Group on Tyrosinemia type1
Published: July 2011

AbstractBackground:  Tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is a rare but treatable disease. The aim of the present study was to review the efficacy of long‐term treatment of HT1 with nitisinone, expand knowledge about the clinical spectrum of the disease and assess a possible genotype–phenotype correlation.Methods:  A retrospective multicenter study was carried out based on questionnaires on genotype, phenotype, therapy and outcome in 34 Spanish patients with HT1.Results:  The main manifestations that led to the diagnosis were acute liver failure (55.8%), asymptomatic hepatomegaly (44.1%) and renal tubular dysfunction (29.4%). Laboratory analysis indicated a marked increase of α‐fetoprotein and coagulopathy. The most common mutation was IVS6‐1(G > T; 66.6% of 24/34 patients for whom mutation analysis was available) and these patients presented less nephrocalcinosis and more hepatomegaly at diagnosis; two novel mutations (c.974C>T, c.398A>T) were found. The mean duration of treatment was 6.73 years. Dietary compliance was very good in 47.1% and good in 20.6%; nitisinone treatment adherence was very good in 85.2% of cases. Mean dose of nitisinone was 0.87 mg/kg per day with average plasma levels of 45.67 µmol/L. Only one patient required liver transplantation after nitisinone and none had hepatocellular carcinoma.Conclusions:  Treatment with nitisinone has improved the prognosis of HT1, and compliance is good. In Spain, screening for HT1 by plasma tyrosine and urine succinylacetone determination may be implemented with IVS6‐1(G > T) mutational analysis. A correlation between low frequency of nephrocalcinosis and IVS6‐1(G > T) mutation was observed.
Absolute Quantification of [11C]docetaxel Kinetics in Lung Cancer Patients Using Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: van der Veldt Astrid A.M. , Lubberink Mark , Greuter Henri N. , Comans Emile F.I. , Herder Gerarda J.M. , Yaqub Maqsood , Schuit Robert C. , van Lingen Arthur , Rizvi S. Nafees , Mooijer Martien P.J. , Rijnders Anneloes Y. , Windhorst Albert D. , Smit Egbert F. , Hendrikse N. Harry , Lammertsma Adriaan A. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Tumor resistance to docetaxel may be associated with reduced drug concentrations in tumor tissue. Positron emission tomography (PET) allows for quantification of radiolabeled docetaxel ([11C]docetaxel) kinetics and might be useful for predicting response to therapy. The primary objective was to evaluate the feasibility of quantitative [11C]docetaxel PET scans in lung cancer patients. The secondary objective was to investigate whether [11C]docetaxel kinetics were associated with tumor perfusion, tumor size, and dexamethasone administration.
Experimental Design: Thirty-four lung cancer patients underwent dynamic PET–computed tomography (CT) scans using [11C]docetaxel. Blood flow was measured using oxygen-15 labeled water. The first 24 patients were premedicated with dexamethasone. For quantification of [11C]docetaxel kinetics, the optimal tracer kinetic model was developed and a noninvasive procedure was validated.
Results: Reproducible quantification of [11C]docetaxel kinetics in tumors was possible using a noninvasive approach (image derived input function). Thirty-two lesions (size ≥4 cm3) were identified, having a variable net influx rate of [11C]docetaxel (range, 0.0023–0.0229 mL·cm−3·min−1). [11C]docetaxel uptake was highly related to tumor perfusion (Spearman's ρ = 0.815;P &lt; 0.001), but not to tumor size (Spearman's ρ = −0.140; P = 0.446). Patients pretreated with dexamethasone showed lower [11C]docetaxel uptake in tumors (P = 0.013). Finally, in a subgroup of patients who subsequently received docetaxel therapy, relative high [11C]docetaxel uptake was related with improved tumor response.
Conclusions: Quantification of [11C]docetaxel kinetics in lung cancer was feasible in a clinical setting. Variable [11C]docetaxel kinetics in tumors may reflect differential sensitivity to docetaxel therapy. Our findings warrant further studies investigating the predictive value of [11C]docetaxel uptake and the effects of comedication on [11C]docetaxel kinetics in tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 17(14); 4814–24. ©2011 AACR.