bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A field screening technique for resistance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to the pod-borer Maruca testulalis (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Jackai Louis E. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method for screening resistance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to the legume pod-borer Maruca testulalis (Geyer) was developed. Several damage parameters were measured, including damage to stem, flowers, pods and seeds. Some of these parameters were assessed in more than one way. A decision was made at the end of the study as to which parameters were most appropriate for a field screening methodology. A plant resistance index, Ipr, was generated to aid in this decision. Based on this, it was concluded that flower, pod, and seed damage measurements provided the most important assessment of resistance to the borer. The larval population in the flowers showed marked differences in infestation levels between cultivars and is suggested as a means of comparing results in the future. Based on the methodology described, TVu 946 was the most resistant cowpea cultivar in every category of assessment. Five other cultivars were also selected for further evaluation as probable resistance donors: Kamboinse Local, TVu 1, VITA-5, TVx 3890–010F and VICAM-1/SP. The rationale behind the development of a field-screening methodology and some of its shortfalls are discussed.
The mechanisms of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from Cuba
Authors: Bisset J.A. , Rodriguez M.M. , Diaz C. , Ortiz E. , Marquetti M.C. , Hemingway J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo field-collected strains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, collected 50 km apart in Havana City, Cuba, were both resistant to malathion and propoxur, while one population also showed low level resistance to temephos. Laboratory selection of the latter population with malathion for 22 generations increased the malathion resistance 1050-fold, temephos resistance 24-fold and propoxur resistance 453-fold compared to the standard laboratory susceptible strain. Synergist studies and biochemical tests indicated that two mechanisms, an elevated esterase and an insensitive acetylcholinesterase, were operative in these strains. The esterase mechanism conferred resistance to malathion, but not to temephos or propoxur. The acetylcholinesterase mechanism increased the level of malathion resistance and extended the cross-resistance spectrum to temephos and propoxur.
Survival of unfedRhipicephalus appendiculatus(Acarina: Ixodidae) in relation to host resistance and environmental factors in Kenya
Authors: Chiera J.W. , Punyua D.K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMean survival times for unfed ticks,Rhipicephalus appendiculatusNeumann exposed initially during the hot dry season (January) in Kenya were significantly higher than those of ticks exposed during the wet season (May). This was partly due to the timing of the next hot dry season which triggered the beginning of decline in survival, and partly due to the overall severity of the weather. The implication is that the time when the ticks feed affects the survival of the subsequent instar. The mean survival times for nymphs exposed initially during the wet and the hot dry seasons were 30 weeks and 44 weeks, respectively. Those for adult ticks ranged between 59–75 weeks and 62–79 weeks, respectively. Maximum survival times were, however, similar for adults but not for nymphs. Adult ticks had an initial period of 32–48 weeks of excellent survival, apparently independent of weather factors. Thereafter, mortality rates and adverse environmental factors were correlated. The survival of ticks fed on hosts of differing resistance status was also different. The most resistant host produced the smallest adult ticks and these gave the lowest survival, and vice versa. Male and female ticks from highly resistant hosts had similar survival, but the females from a moderately resistant host survived significantly better than the males. These results indicate the importance of weather and host resistance inR. appendiculatussurvival.
Control of tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) populations using traps at Nguruman, south-west Kenya
Authors: Dransfield R.D. , Brightwell R. , Kyorku C. , Williams B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA field trial was carried out in a Maasai group ranch to assess the use of odour-baited traps for suppression of a population of the tsetse fly Glossina pallidipes Austen. In January, 1987, local people made 100 NG2B traps in their homesteads. These were then deployed within the suppression zone of about 100 km2, primarily in the areas of woodland where flies aggregate in the dry season. Traps were baited with acetone (ca. 150 mg/h) and cow urine (ca. 1000 mg/h) and checked at monthly intervals in order to replenish odours and repair damage. A further 90 traps were added between October and December to enlarge the suppression area slightly and to strengthen the trap barriers. The population was monitored using biconical and NG2B traps as well as by mark-release-recapture estimates of population size. By October the number of G. pallidipes in the suppression zone was reduced by 98–99% relative to the number 3 km outside the suppression zone. Some reinvasion, mainly of parous females, occurred in November during the short rains but these flies were rapidly trapped out again. Average mortality rates due to trapping were estimated at 4–5% per day, which, combined with the natural mortality, reduced the adult population at a rate of about 2.6% per day during the dry season. The traps had less effect on the smaller population of G. longipennis Corti but still gave a reduction of up to 90% in the dry season. The use of this low technology approach offers good prospects for future community-based tsetse control operations.
Estimating levels of gene flow between natural populations of cereal aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Loxdale Hugh D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGene flow between field populations of the cereal aphidsSitobion avenae(Fabricius),Sitobion fragariae(Walker) andRhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus) is examined using statistical analyses of allozyme frequency data (both Slatkin's andFstatistics). Analysis using Slatkin's method confirms the conclusions previously drawn from earlier analyses. Thus there is found to be high gene flow between subpopulations ofS. avenaeandR. padi, and a more restricted level between localS. fragariaesubpopulations, especially when infesting the secondary host (cocksfoot grass,Dactylis glomerata). The value ofNm(number of immigrants per generation) calculated forS. avenaewas approximately 2 and is indicative of high gene flow i.e.Nm>1.0. Also, as previously found by x2genetic contingency testing, theFstatistical analysis confirms thatS. fragariaesubpopulations infestingD. glomerataare genetically more heterogeneous than those infesting the primary host, blackberry,Rubus fruticosusagg. Hence, there may be less gene flow between populations on the secondary host compared with that on the primary. The results obtained are compared with the flight behaviour of these particular aphid species and to their respective host plant abundances. The advantages and disadvantages of both Slatkin's method andFstatistics for analysing insect population genetic structure are noted.
Honeydew sugars in wild-caught Italian phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) as detected by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: MacVicker Jane A.K. , Moore J.S. , Molyneux D.H. , Maroli M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPhlebotomus perfiliewi perfiliewiParrott andPhlebotomus perniciosusNewstead (Diptera: Psychodidae,) known vectors ofLeishmania infantumwere caught in light traps in five different sites in Italy. Sandflies were cryopreserved and transported to the laboratory where they were thawed and aqueous extracts of the crushed flies were analysed for their carbohydrate content using high performance liquid chromatography. Several sugars were detected, including significant amounts of the trisaccharide melezitose, known to be available as a natural source from aphid or coccid honeydew. There was no difference between the analyses of sugar meals ofP. p. perfiliewifrom different sites within its range, or betweenP. p. perfiliewiandP. perniciosus.The results indicate that both males and females ofP. p. perfiliewiandP. perniciosusfeed on honeydew.
The evaluation of antibiosis of selected lines for resistance of melon to the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Mansour Fadel , Karchi Zvi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAntibiosis of resistant melon lines to the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), was evaluated in the laboratory. Significant differences among lines were observed seven days after the inoculation of detached leaf disks. The most resistant lines, namely CHI-8, BUS-7 and BUS-3, reduced the average mite daily fecundity by 49%, 40% and 33%, respectively, as compared to the susceptible NY line. Resistance did not appear to be related to the growth habit. Selfing resistant melon parents resulted in a significant increase in the number of plants on which female mites produced less than one egg per day.
Distribution and species composition of lepidopterous maize borers in southern Nigeria
Authors: Bosque-Pérez N.A. , Mareck J.H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe distribution and species composition of lepidopterous maize borers was studied in six locations in southern Nigeria during the second planting season (August-November) of 1985 and 1986. Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae) and Eldana saccharina Walker (Pyralidae) were the stem borers most abundantly found in the locations sampled. S. calamistis was the dominant species up to eight weeks after planting in all locations. E. saccharina was the most abundant species from nine weeks after planting onwards, except at Umuahia where S. calamistis always comprised over 50% of the borer population. Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot (Pyralidae) was found attacking maize ears in all locations, while Busseola fusca Fuller (Noctuidae) was found only at Idah and Alabata, and even there constituted only a small proportion of the population. Other borer species found were Coniesta (= Acigona) ignefusalis (Hampson) (Pyralidae) and Cryptophlebia species (Olethreutidae).
Polyandry in nulliparous Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Gomulski Ludvik 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA wild-type black-eyed strain (PALA DR) and a mutant white-eyed strain (S104) of Anopheles gambiae Giles were used to determine whether nulliparous mosquitoes of this species are polyandrous. White-eyed females were given the opportunity to mate with black-eyed and white-eyed males. As the white-eye gene is recessive and is located on the X chromosome the presence of both white- and black-eyed females in a female's egg batch denotes that she mated with males of both types. Three out of 52 egg batches gave rise to both white-and black-eyed females. Only a proportion of multiple matings can be detected in this way; those involving males of only one type go undetected. It is estimated that, under the conditions prevailing during the experiment, 12% of nulliparous A. gambiae are polyandrous.
Tribolium aggregation pheromone: monitoring, range of attraction and orientation behaviour of T. castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Obeng-Ofori D. , Coaker T.H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAdult male Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) secrete an aggregation pheromone that is attractive to both sexes. The responses of T. castaneum to different pheromone concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 mg/septa) were tested in the laboratory. In general, pheromone-baited pitfall and probe traps were over 50% more effective than unbaited traps. A curvilinear relationship between numbers trapped and pheromone concentration indicated that 2.0 mg of pheromone per trap elicited an optimum response. The proportion of marked beetles released in 2.5 m × 0.3 m × 0.4 m trough, filled with wheat and caught by unbaited probe traps, declined with distance from release point, whereas pheromone traps captured a similar proportion up to 2.0 m from the traps. Tracks of T. castaneum responding to different pheromone concentrations in still and moving air in a 2.5 m × 0.4 m olfactometer indicated that the aggregation pheromone stimulated the beetles to walk faster at higher concentrations, to increase the frequency and magnitude of turning and to decrease track reversal distances and distances between turns. The behavioural responses of the beetles to the pheromone in still and moving air were similar, indicating chemotaxis as the major orientation mechanism used by T. castaneum to locate an odour source. The beetles showed greater orientation efficiency within a discrete pheromone plume than a diffuse plume.
Mechanisms of insecticide resistance in a temephos selected Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) strain from Sri Lanka
Authors: Peiris H.T.R. , Hemingway J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCulex quinquefasciatus Say from Peliyagoda, Sri Lanka, has larval resistance to temephos, malathion, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos. Biochemical assays on individual resistant and susceptible mosquitoes of this strain showed that there was a good correlation between this resistance and increased esterase activity with both 1-and 2-naphthyl acetate, which appears to be the major resistance mechanism in this multiple organophosphate resistant strain. There was no significant difference in malaoxon, bendiocarb or propoxur sensitivity of the acetylcholinesterase from the resistant and susceptible strains, indicating that the sensitivity of the target site has not been altered. Biochemical assays on mass homogenates of the resistant and susceptible strains showed no correlation between resistance and the level of glutathione s-transferase activity, or the amount of cytochrome P450 present.
The Anopheles maculipennis complex (Diptera: Culicidae): comparison of the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles determined in adults of five Palaearctic species
Authors: Phillips A. , Sabatini A. , Milligan P.J.M. , Boccolini D. , Broomfield G. , Molyneux D.H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA comparison was made between the cuticular hydrocarbons of five Palaearctic species of the Anopheles maculipennis Meigen complex; A. maculipennis sensu stricto, A. melanoon Hackett, A. messeae Falleroni, A. labranchiae Falleroni and A. atroparvus Van Thiel. Females of these species had their cuticular lipid removed and the hydrocarbons separated and quantified by gas chromatography. Discriminant analysis determined the degree of difference between the species. Wild caught adults of the complex had an average correct classification rate of 77.9%. A. atroparvus and A. labranchiae are homosequential and have no uniquely diagnostic isoenzymes, but expressed distinct hydrocarbon profiles enabling them to be separated in more than 86% of cases. Similarly, A. maculipennis sensu stricto and A. melanoon differ only by minor karyotype alterations, yet their hydrocarbon profiles could be separated with 83% correct classification. A dendrogram was drawn up, based on the hydrocarbons, using the Mahalanobis distances between species. A. maculipennis sensu stricto and A. melanoon were the two closest groups; A. messeae was next to join the cluster, followed by A. labranchiae and then A. atroparvus. These last two species were also very close to each other, but quite distant from A. maculipennis sensu stricto and A. melanoon. The species' relationships based on hydrocarbons thus reflect the tentative chromosomal phylogeny of the complex. In nature, hydrocarbon differences between species may be a device enabling the recognition of suitable mates. Studies showing that hydrocarbon dissimilarity is elevated between sympatric populations are also discussed in support of this theory.
Stages of bush fly, Musca vetustissima (Diptera: Muscidae), killed by scarabaeine dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in unfavourable cattle dung
Authors: Ridsdill-Smith T.J. , Hayles L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe stages of bush fly Musca vetustissima Walker, killed by the dung beetles, Onthophagus binodis Thunberg and Onitis alexis Klug, at low and high densities were measured in cattle dung of low nutritive value. A high level of M. vetustissima mortality occurred in the presence of Onitis alexis and Onthophagus binodis in experiments both in the laboratory at a constant 25°C, and exposed to summer fluctuating temperatures outside. The K values for total eggpuparia mortality increased curvilinearly with increasing log10 beetle numbers. The mortality of older larvae, k3, was most closely correlated with total mortality, K, where b = 0.720 and r2 = 0.931, while a lesser but significant correlation was obtained with mortality of young larvae, k2, where b = 0.291 and r2 = 0.645, but no correlation was obtained with egg mortality, k1, where b = −0.010 and r2 = 0.058. It is predicted that in unfavourable dung which occurs during summer, mortality of older bush fly larvae will be the key mortality caused by scarabaeine dung beetles.
Side effects of solvents, especially acetone, used for the application of juvenile hormone mimics and chemosterilants
Authors: Critchley B. R. , Almeida A. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAcetone at a dose of 1 μl was one of the least toxic of 11 solvents applied topically to fifth-instar nymphs of Dysdercus fasciatus Sign., while ctronellal, n-dodecane and n-tridecane at a dose of 0.5 μl were the most toxic. Acetone applied at 0.3 μl to third- and fourth-instar numphs caused negligible mortalities but about 60% of the treated nymphs gave rise to abnormal adults which, although capable of mating, laid eggs which were significantly less fertile than those from treated individuals which emerged as normal adults. These abnormalities could be attributed to a hormonal imbalance. Apparently normal adults arising from nymphs treated at the third instar with 0.6 μl acetone had 35% fertile matings (controls 70%) due to interference in the production and transference of motile sperm. The effects of acetone as a solvent in laboratory experiments could therefore be confounded with those attributed to juvenile hormones.
Preliminary studies on the taxonomy and distribution of the melon weevil,Acythopeus Curvirostris(Boheman) (includingBaris granulipennis(Tournier)) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
Authors: Thompson R. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe melon weevil,Acythopeus curvirostris(Boheman), is a speciescomplex comprising at least four allopatric forms, here regarded as subspecies. Of the seven available species-group names, three are retained for subspecies and four placed in synonymy; an eighth name is proposed for the fourth subspecies. The generic and subgeneric placements of the melon weevil and its relatives are discussed. The following check-list of the species ofAcythopeus (Carpobaris)summarizes the present position (synonyms all new):A. (C.) curvirostris(Boheman) (=traegardhi(Aurivillius)),A. (C.) c. granulipennis(Tournier) (=colocynthaeVoss,globulicollisVoss,cucumidisVoss),A. (C.) c. persicussubsp. n.,A. (C.) c. citrulliMarshall,A. (C.) alcyoneus(Erichson) (=atrocoeruleus(Boheman)),A. (C.) cucurbitae(Marshall),A. (C.) speciosus(Gerstaecker),A. (C.) coelestis(Pascoe). (Acythopeus franciscinom.n. =A curvirostrisPascoe, 1874, nee Boheman, 1844.) Simple biometric procedures indicate differences between the subspecies ofA. curvirostris; some characters show clinal variation. The melon weevil occurs across the Sudan Belt, in the Middle East, Iran and South India. It is generally a minor and transient pest of cucurbit fruits. One parasite and one predator are known.
Evaluation of biological control of the oak leaf-miner Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zell.) (Lep., Gracillariidae) in New Zealand
Authors: Swan D. I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo evaluate the effectiveness of the introduced Hymenopterous parasites Apanteles circumscriptus (Nees) and Enaysma splendens Delucchi in the control of Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zell.) samples of leaves were taken from infested oaks during 1969–70. In Christchurch there were three generations of P. messaniella per year with spring, summer, and autumn emergence periods. Infestation on deciduous oaks was negligible in some areas but was 6.3 mines/leaf in the lower crown of oaks close to evergreen oaks on which P. messaniella overwinters. On deciduous oaks total parasitism ranged from 30% to 80%. Apanteles was the most abundant parasite but Enaysma assumed almost equal importance on oaks with low infestations. Pnigalio pectinicornis (L.), a self-introduced parasite, has been almost completely displaced by the other two parasites since their introduction in 1957. The infestation intensity recorded in Nelson (2.3 mines/leaf) was much lower than the level reported before the release of the parasites (40+ mines/leaf), but still much higher than levels in Europe.
A net and a catch-segregating apparatus mounted in a motor vehicle for field studies on flight activity of simuliidae and other insects
Authors: Davies L. , Roberts D. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method for collecting flying insects is described, developed for studies on the dispersal of Simuliidae. The apparatus consists of a net mounted on the roof of a motor vehicle, leading to a catch-segregating apparatus within it, such that the catches over any desired distance at speeds up to 48 km/h can be segregated without stopping until 50 catches have been obtained. The volume of air filtered is measured with a counter anemometer mounted in the net mouth. Specimen results for one day are given as an illustration of the efficiency of the method.
The influence of moonlight on catches of insects in light-traps in Africa. Part I. The moon and moonlight
Authors: Bowden John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn account is presented of the distribution and amounts of moonlight in latitudes near the equator. This includes a Table on the amount of moonlight for each hour of the night throughout a standard lunar cycle, applicable to any locality between 10°N and 10°S, and a Table of standard groups of moon phase which can be used at any locality irrespective of latitude. The construction of these Tables is described in detail and their use briefly discussed. A method is described which enables light-trap catch records to be arranged for analysis directly against moon phase.
African gall bugs of the genusPhytolyma(Hemiptera, Psylloidea)
Authors: Hollis David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe genusPhytolymais defined and a key is given to its four species. Two of the species,P. minutaandP. tuberculata, are described as new, another (P. fusca Alibert) is elevated from varietal status and the fourth (P. lata(Walker)) is redescribed. The host-plants are African forest trees,Chlorophoraspp. andMorussp. (Moraceae).