bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro fermentation characteristics of different carbohydrate sources in two dog breeds (German shepherd and Neapolitan mastiff)
Authors: Cutrignelli M. I. , Bovera F. , Tudisco R. , D’Urso S. , Marono S. , Piccolo G. , Calabrò S. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryFew studies have been published on the normal intestinal biota of canines unlike the wealth of information regarding livestock animal species. The in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) including measurements of accumulating gas during fermentation and end‐product determinations allows obtaining a complete picture of microbial activity kinetics. The aim of this study was to study the in vitro fermentation characteristics of different carbohydrate sources using inocula from two dog breeds (German Shepherd and Neapolitan mastiff). Faeces sampled from rectum of two GS and NM adult dogs, fed the same dry food, were used as inocula. The samples, diluted and filtered, were incubated at 39 °C under anaerobic condition with nine substrates different for carbohydrate composition (rice, corn, potato, spelt, pure cellulose, beet pulp, wheat bran, inulin and fructo‐oligosaccharide). Gas production was recorded 17 times using a manual pressure transducer. After 48 h, the fermentation was stopped and fermenting liquor was analysed for pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Organic matter digestibility (OMD) was calculated as difference after burning the residuals. OMD, gas production and end‐products were significantly correlated with chemical composition of substrates, in particular carbohydrate fractions (total dietary fibre and starch), confirming the effectiveness of the IVGPT in evaluating dog feeds. Concerning the comparison between breeds significant differences (p < 0.01) were found for OMD, gas production, fermentation kinetic parameters and end‐products, suggesting a different pathway of fermentation and consequently, a different anaerobic population.
GETTING UNDER MY SKIN: WILLIAM JAMES ON THE EMOTIONS, SOCIALITY, AND TRANSCENDENCE
Authors: Kaag John 
Published: May 2009

Abstract.“You are really getting under my skin!” This exclamation suggests a series of psychological, philosophical, and metaphysical questions: What is the nature and development of human emotion? How does emotion arise in social interaction? To what extent can interactive situations shape our embodied selves and intensify particular affective states? With these questions in mind, William James begins to investigate the character of emotions and to develop a model of what he terms the social self. James's studies of mimicry and his interest in phenomena now often investigated using biofeedback begin to explain how affective states develop and how it might be possible for something to “get under one's skin.” I situate these studies in the history of psychology between the psychological schools of structuralism and behaviorism. More important, I suggest continuity between James's Psychology and recent research on mirror neurons, reentrant mapping, and emotional mimicry in the fields of clinical psychology and cognitive neuroscience. This research supports and extends James's initial claims in regard to the creation of emotions and the life of the social self. I propose that James's work in the empirical sciences should be read as a prelude to his metaphysical works that speak of a coordination between embodied selves and wider environmental situations, and his psychological studies should be read as a prelude to his reflections on spiritual transcendence.
Private Provisions of a Discrete Public Good with Voluntary Participation
Authors: LU JINGFENG , QUAH EUSTON 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper studies the mechanism that a profit‐making principal should adopt to provide a discrete public good when the values of the consumers are their private information and their participation is voluntary. The free‐riding issue is resolved through threatened nonprovision of the good by the provider. Every bidder is asked to announce his or her virtual value as defined in Myerson (1981). The public good is provided if and only if the sum of the bidders' announced virtual values exceeds the provision cost. When a provision decision results, each bidder pays an amount that is determined by the announcement of other consumers. No one pays when a nonprovision decision results. We find that this mechanism is implementable through an all‐pay auction. A restricted profit‐maximizing mechanism that implements efficient allocation is also characterized. As in Gradstein (1994), when provision is always efficient, that is, the sum of consumers' values always exceeds the provision cost, efficient allocation is achievable through a profit‐maximizer. However, this is not the case when provision is not efficient.
A QUASI‐NATURAL MEASURE OF CHOICE FREEDOM FOR BUDGET‐ AND TIME‐CONSTRAINED OPPORTUNITY SETS
Authors: Screpanti Ernesto 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTIn this paper I present a measure of freedom for opportunity sets which are bounded by both budget and time constraints. The proposed formula applies to the intersection of two different sets, one of which is bounded by the availability of purchasing power, while the other is bounded by the availability of leisure time. The necessity of considering both kinds of constraints stems from a definition of choice freedom in terms of capability to do rather than capability to have. A natural measure should be one that numbers all possible choice bundles making up an opportunity set. The one proposed here is quasi‐natural in the sense that it is generically so.
THE EFFECT OF CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION STRUCTURE ON GROWTH AND DISTRIBUTION. A MICRO TO MACRO MODEL
Authors: Ciarli Tommaso , Lorentz André , Savona Maria , Valente Marco 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe paper offers a theoretical analysis of long‐run economic growth as an outcome of structural changes. We model the microeconomic behaviour of firms in the final good and capital sectors, and the evolution of classes of workers/consumers. We carefully craft economic behaviour onto empirical evidence, and solve the model numerically. The results illustrate the microeconomic properties of the simulated growth patterns. In particular, we observe and explain the interactions between technological change, firm organization, income distribution, consumption behaviour and growth. We confirm the relevance and interdependence of these structural changes, and underline their microeconomic sources.
Household out‐of‐pocket health care expenditure trends: 1980–95
Authors: Sharpe Deanna L. , Fan Jessie X. , Hong Gong‐Soog 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis descriptive study examines household out‐of‐pocket expenditure trends for health insurance, medical services, prescription drugs and medical supplies using the 1980–95 Consumer Expenditure Surveys. Constant dollar out‐of‐pocket expenditures for health insurance have risen sharply over time while constant dollar out‐of‐pocket expenditures for medical services have declined, perhaps reflecting health care market changes. Older consumers spent more in constant dollars and had higher budget shares for all aspects of health care than younger consumers. Although Medicare and Medicaid provide access to basic health care, results indicate that, for older consumers who are poor, health care expenditures may still crowd out spending for other necessities.
Tracer kinetics analysis of dynamic contrast‐enhanced CT and MR data in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: comparison of the results
Authors: Bisdas Sotirios , Baghi Mehran , Wagenblast Jens , Bisdas Theodosios , Thng Choon Hua , Mack Martin G. , Koh Tong San , Ernemann Ulrike 
Published: May 2009

SummaryPurpose:  (i) To evaluate the feasibility of tracer kinetics analysis of dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) CT and T2‐weighted MR data of squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) of the upper aerodigestive tract. (ii) To compare functional parameters derived by both modalities and examine the interchangeability of them as well as the intra‐ and inter‐rater agreement.Materials and methods:  Dynamic contrast‐enhanced‐CT and MR images of 23 patients with SCCA were postprocessed using a distributed‐parameter (DP) tracer kinetic model. The evaluated parameters included blood flow (F), intravascular blood volume (v1), extravascular extracellular blood volume (v2), intravascular mean transit time (t1), lag time (t0), permeability surface area product (PS) and extraction ratio (E). Mean perfusion values, based on region‐of‐interest analysis, of the tumors and the healthy muscle tissue were compared and correlated. Inter‐rater and intra‐rater variability were assessed. Interchangeability of the tumor functional parameters was tested using Pearson’s correlation coeficients and Bland–Altman plots.Results:  The mean values in tumor and healthy muscle tissues were significantly different for each modality (0·0001≤P≤0·03). The mean values of all tumor perfusion parameters apart from v2 and E were significantly different (0·001≤P≤0·009) between the two modalities. The intra‐rater variability was good to very good for all parameters. The inter‐rater variability was moderate to good. Bland–Altman plots of F, t1, t0, and v2 showed moderate interchangeability. There was a proportionality error in v1 and PS graphs.Conclusion:  The estimation of functional parameters in SCCA is feasible using DCE‐CT and ‐MR with a DP model. The parameters are mostly significantly different and the interchangeability of them is limited.
Simulating nitrate retention in soils and the effect of catch crop use and rooting pattern under the climatic conditions of Northern Europe
Authors: Pedersen A. , Thorup‐Kristensen K. , Jensen L. S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis model analysis of catch crop effects on nitrate retention covered three soil texture classes (sand, loamy sand, sandy loam) and three precipitation regimes in a temperate climate representative of northern Europe (annual precipitation 709–1026 mm) for a period of 43 years. Simulations were made with two catch crops (ryegrass and Brassica) with different rooting depths, and soil N effects in the next spring were analysed to 0.25, 0.75 and 2.0 m depth to represent the catch crop effect on following crops with different rooting depths. Nitrate retained without a catch crop was generally located in deeper soil layers. In the low precipitation regime the overall fraction of nitrate retained in the 0–2.0 m soil profile was 0.23 for the sandy soil, 0.69 for the loamy sand and 0.81 for the sandy loam. Ryegrass reduced leaching losses much less efficiently than Brassica, which depleted nitrate in the 0–0.75 m soil layer more completely, but also in the deeper soil layer, which the ryegrass could not reach. A positive N effect (Neff, spring mineral N availability after catch crop compared with bare soil) was found in the 0–0.25 m layer (that is shallow rooting depth of a subsequent main crop) in all three soil texture classes, with on average 10 kg N/ha for ryegrass and 34 kg N/ha for Brassica. Considering the whole soil profile (0–2.0 m deep rooting of next crop), a positive Neff was found in the sand whereas generally a negative Neff was found in the loamy sand and especially the sandy loam. The simulations showed that for shallow‐rooted crops, catch crop Neff values were always positive, whereas Neff for deeper‐rooted crops depended strongly on soil type and annual variations in precipitations. These results are crucial both for farmers crop rotation planning and for design of appropriate catch crop strategies with the aim of protecting the aquatic environment.
ASDIN: High‐Output Cardiac Failure Following Insertion of Right Femoral Artery to Left Femoral Vein PTFE Graft for Haemodialysis: A Case Report
Authors: Acharya Sanjukta , Banerjee Debasish , Fronek Jiri , Fossati Nicoletta , Chemla Eric S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractArteriovenous grafts used for hemodialysis can produce high‐output cardiac failure as a result of shunting of blood through the dialysis access. The following case demonstrates that the problem can occur shortly after graft formation and improved with graft ligation. It caused haemodynamic compromise because of previously undiagnosed, underlying valvular heart disease. It also caused a diagnostic difficulty in the immediate postoperative period as it was mistaken for postsurgical hemorrhage.
Initial clinical experience with a new heparin‐coated chronic hemodialysis catheter
Authors: MOJIBIAN Hamid , SPECTOR Marcelo , NI Nina , ELISEO Donna , POLLAK Jeffrey , TAL Michael 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn this paper we wish to report our clinical experience with a new heparin‐coated dialysis catheter with a symmetric tip. Over a 16‐month period, 60 heparin‐coated Tal Palindrome™ catheters were placed in 57 patients. Catheter patency, catheter‐related complications, and reasons for catheter removal were recorded. The patient's initial cause of end‐stage renal disease, underlying diseases, and site of access were recorded as well. Patients were specifically followed for development of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia. Patient ages were 34–91 (average 66). Fifty‐four percent of patients had a history of diabetes. Sixty catheters were placed for a total of 5353 catheter‐days. The average catheter indwell time was 107 days (range of 2–381 days). Catheter‐related infection occurred in 6 patients over the study period, with a rate of 1.12/1000 catheter‐days. Bacteremia occurred in 3 patients with a rate of 0.56/1000 catheter‐days. Six catheters were removed or exchanged due to malfunction. There was no incidence of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia. Initial clinical experience with the heparin‐coated Tal Palindrome™ hemodialysis catheter demonstrated safe, reliable use, and low infection rates.
Determinants of general dentists’ decisions to accept capitation payment: a conceptual model and empirical estimates
Authors: Conrad Douglas , Lee Rosanna , Milgrom Peter , Huebner Colleen 
Published: May 2009

Abstract – Background:  Shifts in payment options for dental care over several decades have resulted in more dental expenditures being paid through health maintenance organizations (HMOs), preferred provider organizations (PPOs), and capitation arrangements. Patients’ and employers’ choices to participate in these arrangements is determined in part by dentists’ willingness to participate in plans, and plan choices may be influenced by patient satisfaction, self‐reported oral health, and/or quality or cost of care.Objectives:  This study examined determinants of dentists’ decisions to accept capitation payment for services.Research Design:  Cross‐sectional mail survey in December 2006.Subjects:  1605 general dentists in Oregon.Measures:  Questions addressed dentists’ perceptions of the importance of control over various practice parameters, willingness to accept capitation payment, employment or ownership status within the practice, and practice characteristics.Results:  Capitation was accepted by 22.6% of the respondent dentists (n = 729). Reported average fees (2007 dollars) ranged from $60 (initial oral examination) to approximately $800 (porcelain crowns). The likelihood of accepting capitation payment was related to the number of dentists in the practice, but surprisingly owner‐dentists were no less likely than employee‐dentists (associates) to accept capitation. As expected, dentists’ usual and customary fees were negatively associated with accepting capitation. In contrast, measures of dentists’ importance of control were not related to decisions about capitation. Longer average appointment delays were related to acceptance of capitation, but the effects were small.Conclusions:  Dentists’ behavior regarding payment acceptance is generally consistent with microeconomic theory of provider behavior. Study findings should inform practitioners, plan managers, and researchers in examining dentist payment decisions.
A decade of hypocretins: past, present and future of the neurobiology of arousal
Authors: De Lecea L. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn 1998, two groups independently identified the hypocretins, also known as orexins, as two hypothalamic peptides derived from the same precursor expressed in a few thousand neurones restricted to the perifornical area. A decade later, an amazing set of discoveries has demonstrated a key role for this neurotransmitter system in arousal and beyond. Here I review some of the experiments that led to these discoveries and the implications in the neurobiology of the hypothalamus and our understanding of brain arousal.
Classification of two-dimensional split trianguline representations ofp-adic fields
Authors: Nakamura Kentaro 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe aim of this article is to classify two-dimensional split trianguline representations ofp-adic fields. This is a generalization of a result of Colmez who classified two-dimensional split trianguline representations of$\mathrm {Gal}(\bar {\mathbb {Q}}_p/\mathbb {Q}_p)$forp≠2 by using (φ,Γ)-modules over a Robba ring. In this article, for any primepand for anyp-adic fieldK, we classify two-dimensional split trianguline representations of$\mathrm {Gal}(\bar {K}/K)$usingB-pairs as defined by Berger.
A genetic linkage map ofPleurotus pulmonariusbased on AFLP markers, and localization of the gene region for the sporeless mutation
Authors: Okuda Yasuhito , Murakami Shigeyuki , Matsumoto Teruyuki 
Published: May 2009

In the cultivation of edible mushrooms, including Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quel., the enormous number of spores produced by fruiting bodies can adversely affect mushroom growers’ health, mushroom cultivation facilities, and the genetic diversity of natural populations. In this study, we constructed a primary genetic linkage map and identified the locus associated with the sporulation-deficient (sporeless) mutation of P. pulmonarius using 150 progeny isolates derived from a cross between sporeless and wild-type isolates. Based on the segregation of 300 AFLP markers, two mating-type factors, and the sporeless trait, a linkage map was generated consisting of 12 linkage groups. The map covered a total genetic distance of 971 cM, with an average marker interval of 5.2 cM. The gene region responsible for the sporeless mutation was located in linkage group II including 40 AFLP markers and the A mating-type factor locus. Of these markers, the nearest marker to the sporeless locus was located 1.4 cM away. Construction of this P. pulmonarius genetic linkage map and identification of markers that are closely linked to the sporeless locus will facilitate marker-assisted selective breeding of a sporeless strain with economically important traits.
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib in a rat model of hindlimb ischemia reperfusion
Authors: Malek Hala Abdel , Saleh Dalia M. 
Published: May 2009

Acute ischemia–reperfusion (IR) of the limbs initiates both local and systemic injuries by triggering a systemic inflammatory response. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an endogenous inducible enzyme, rises in response to inflammation. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, in abrogating remote organ dysfunction after hindlimb IR in rats by comparing it with a standard hemorrheologic drug (pentoxifylline). Rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6 each), group I (sham control, received saline and was kept under anaesthetic for 7 h). Group II (IR, subjected to 1 h of hindlimb tourniquet ischemia and 6 h reperfusion). Group III and IV (pretreated with 200 mg/kg pentoxifylline or 10 mg/kg celecoxib, respectively, intragastrically for 7 days before IR induction). Administration of pentoxifylline or celecoxib produced significant reduction in SGPT, serum creatinine, malondialdehyde, and tumor necrosis factor-α and significant increase in blood pH, blood adenosine triphosphate, and reduced glutathione compared with the IR group (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference among the pretreated groups. Histopathologic findings of the IR lung showed alveolar destruction, inflammatory cells infiltration, mast cell degranulation, and necrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle fibres. These changes were attenuated in the pretreated groups. In conclusion, celecoxib can ameliorate IR induced remote organ injury to a similar extent as pentoxifylline through its antiinflammatory and antioxidant action.
Unusual Late-Season Cold Surges during the 2005 Asian Winter Monsoon: Roles of Atlantic Blocking and the Central Asian Anticyclone
Authors: Lu Mong-Ming , Chang Chih-Pei 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The highest frequency of late-winter cold-air outbreaks in East and Southeast Asia over 50 years was recorded in 2005, when three strong successive cold surges occurred in the South China Sea within a span of 30 days from mid-February to mid-March. These events also coincided with the first break of 18 consecutive warm winters over China. The strong pulsation of the surface Siberian Mongolia high (SMH) that triggered these events was found to result from the confluence of several events. To the east, a strong Pacific blocking with three pulses of westward extension intensified the stationary East Asian major trough to create a favorable condition for cold-air outbreaks. To the west, the dominance of the Atlantic blocking and an anomalous deepened trough in the Scandinavian/Barents Sea region provided the source of a succession of Rossby wave activity fluxes for the downstream development. An upper-level central Asian anticyclone that is often associated with a stronger SMH was anomalously strong and provided additional forcing. In terms of the persistence and strength, this central Asian anticyclone was correlated with the Arctic Oscillation (AO) and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) only when SMH is weak (warm winters). During strong SMH seasons (cold winters) the correlation vanishes. However, during late winter 2005 the central Asian anticyclone was strengthened by the Atlantic blocking through both the downstream wave activities and a circulation change that affected the Atlantic and west Asian jets. As a result, the period from mid-February to mid-March of 2005 stands out as a record-breaking period in the Asian winter monsoon.
Mapping Ocean Observations in a Dynamical Framework: A 2004–06 Ocean Atlas
Authors: Forget Gaël 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper exploits a new observational atlas for the near-global ocean for the best-observed 3-yr period from December 2003 through November 2006. The atlas consists of mapped observations and derived quantities. Together they form a full representation of the ocean state and its seasonal cycle. The mapped observations are primarily altimeter data, satellite SST, and Argo profiles. GCM interpolation is used to synthesize these datasets, and the resulting atlas is a fairly close fit to each one of them. For observed quantities especially, the atlas is a practical means to evaluate free-running GCM simulations and to put field experiments into a broader context. The atlas-derived quantities include the middepth dynamic topography, as well as ocean fluxes of heat and salt–freshwater. The atlas is publicly available online (www.ecco-group.org). This paper provides insight into two oceanographic problems that are the subject of vigorous ongoing research. First, regarding ocean circulation estimates, it can be inferred that the RMS uncertainty in modern surface dynamic topography (SDT) estimates is only on the order of 3.5 cm at scales beyond 300 km. In that context, it is found that assumptions of “reference-level” dynamic topography may yield significant errors (of order 2.2 cm or more) in SDT estimates using in situ data. Second, in the perspective of mode water investigations, it is estimated that ocean fluxes (advection plus mixing) largely contribute to the seasonal fluctuation in heat content and freshwater/salt content. Hence, representing the seasonal cycle as a simple interplay of air–sea flux and ocean storage would not yield a meaningful approximation. For the salt–freshwater seasonal cycle especially, contributions from ocean fluxes usually exceed direct air–sea flux contributions.