bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of intratesticular lidocaine on isoflurane requirements in dogs undergoing routine castration
Authors: McMillan M. W. , Seymour C. J. , Brearley J. C. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectivesTo evaluate the isoflurane sparing effect of intratesticular lidocaine administration in dogs undergoing castration.MethodsThirty dogs received a standardised anaesthetic regimen including systemic analgesia with intramuscular buprenorphine at a dose of 0·02 mg/kg and intravenous carprofen at a dose of 4 mg/kg. Dogs were randomly assigned to a lidocaine group receiving 1 mg/kg lidocaine into each testis or a control group receiving no lidocaine. Baseline physiological parameters were measured after 10 minutes at an end‐tidal isoflurane concentration of 1·3%. End‐tidal isoflurane concentration was altered throughout surgery to maintain these parameters within 10% of baseline and recorded at five time points. T0 was baseline, T1 was the start of surgery, T2 to T3 were clamping of the testicular pedicles and T4 was skin closure. End‐tidal isoflurane concentrations were compared using analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests.ResultsFifteen healthy dogs were included in each study group. End‐tidal isoflurane concentration was significantly lower in the lidocaine group compared to the control group at T2 (P<0·01), T3 (P<0·01) and T4 (P<0·01).Clinical SignificanceIntratesticular lidocaine reduces isoflurane requirements in dogs undergoing castration.
Haematological, blood gas and acid–base values in the Galgo Español (Spanish greyhound)
Authors: Mesa‐Sanchez I. , Zaldivar‐Lopez S. , Couto C. G. , Gamito‐Gomez A. , Granados‐Machuca M. M. , Lopez‐Villalba I. , Galan‐Rodriguez A. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectivesHaematologic profiles, electrolyte concentrations, blood gas values and acid–base balance have been studied and reported in healthy greyhounds; however, there is only one study published on blood gas values in Galgos Españoles. Because of their purported common origins with greyhounds (same group and class), it was hypothesised that Galgos Españoles also have differences in haematologic values, electrolyte concentrations, blood gas values and acid–base balance compared to other non‐sporting breeds.MethodsVenous blood samples from 30 Galgos Españoles and 20 dogs from different breeds were collected, and complete blood counts, electrolyte concentrations, blood gas values and acid–base balance were measured.ResultsFrom the 24 parameters analysed, 5 had statistically significant differences (P<0·05). Galgos Españoles had higher haematocrit (P<0·001), haemoglobin concentration (P=0·003), erythrocyte count (P=0·016) andpH(P=0·03), and lower platelet count (P=0·005), than those in other‐breed dogs.Clinical SignificanceThese results confirm that significant haematologic differences exist in Galgos Españoles when compared with other dogs, although these differences are not as striking as in greyhounds. Practitioners need to be aware of these breed‐specific differences in order to make accurate diagnoses in Galgos Españoles.
Occurrence of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococci in surgically treated dogs and the environment in a Swedish animal hospital
Authors: Bergström A. , Gustafsson C. , Leander M. , Fredriksson M. , Grönlund U. , Trowald‐Wigh G. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectivesTo investigate whether hospitalised dogs treated surgically may become culture positive for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus.MethodsSurgically treated dogs (n=45) were sampled for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus on admission, before and after surgery and at the time of removal of surgical stitches. The hospital environment (n=57), including healthy dogs in the veterinary hospital environment (n=34), were sampled for methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Genetic variations among methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates were identified through detection of restriction fragment polymorphisms.ResultsNo dogs developed a wound infection due to methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However, there was a significant increase in the number of dogs carrying methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius after hospitalisation compared to admission (P<0·001). No methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from dogs, but was present in the environment. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates were recovered from environmental surfaces and hospitalised animals, but not from healthy dogs. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates representing nine different restriction endonuclease digestion patterns were found, with two of these occurring in both the environment and on dogs.Clinical SignificanceDogs may contract methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in association with surgery and hospitalisation. Resistant bacteria may be transmitted between dogs, staff and the environment. Dogs colonised with methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius may be a source for hospital‐ and community‐acquired infections.
Effect of intraurethral administration of atracurium besylate in male cats with urethral plugs
Authors: Galluzzi F. , De Rensis F. , Menozzi A. , Spattini G. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of intraurethral administration of atracurium besylate for urinary obstruction resulting from urethral plugs in male cats.MethodsForty‐five male cats were divided into the treatment group (n=25), in which 4mLatracurium besylate solution (0·5 mg/mL) was injected into the urethral lumen, and the control group (n=20), treated with saline. All cats were then submitted to retrograde flushing until the removal of the occlusion was obtained.ResultsThe percentage of cats in which the plug was removed at the first attempt was significantly (P<0·05) higher in the treatment group (64%) than in the control group (15%). Moreover, the mean (±SD) time required for the removal of the urethral obstruction was significantly shorter in the treatment group than in the control group (21·1 ±16·2 seconds versus 235·2 ±132·4 seconds; P<0·001).Clinical SignificanceThe results of this study indicate that in adult male cats with urethral plugs, urethral administration of atracurium besylate increases the proportion of animals in which the obstruction is removed at the first attempt and reduces the time required to remove the urethral plugs.
Stability of Bisphenol A (BPA) in Oil‐In Water Emulsions under Riboflavin Photosensitization
Authors: Jang Eun Yeong , Park Chan Uk , Kim Mi‐Ja , Lee JaeHwan 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Effects of riboflavin photosensitization on the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) were determined in oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsions containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or sodium azide, which are a metal chelator or a singlet oxygen quencher, respectively. Also, the distribution of BPA between the continuous and dispersed phases in O/W emulsions was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The concentration of BPA in O/W emulsions significantly decreased by 38.6% after 2 h under visible light irradiation and in the presence of riboflavin (P < 0.05). Addition of EDTA and sodium azide protected the decomposition of BPA significantly in a concentration dependent manner (P < 0.05), which implies both transition metals and singlet oxygen accelerate the photodegradation of BPA in O/W emulsions. Approximately 21.7% of the BPA was distributed in the 2.5% (w/v) dispersed lipid particles and 78.3% was in the continuous aqueous phase of the emulsions. The amount of BPA in aqueous phase decreased faster than the amount of BPA in the lipid phase during riboflavin photosensitization (P < 0.05). Thus, the BPA in the aqueous phase was the major target of riboflavin photodegradation in O/W emulsions.Practical Application:  Concentration of BPA, an endocrine disrupting chemical, was decreased significantly in oil‐in‐water emulsions under riboflavin and visible light irradiation. BPA in continuous aqueous phase was major target of riboflavin photosensitization. However, BPA was distributed more densely in lipid phase and more protected from riboflavin photosensitized O/W emulsions. This study can help to decrease the level of BPA in foods made of O/W emulsions containing riboflavin, which could be displayed under visible light irradiation.
Application of Enzyme‐Treated Corn Starches in Breakfast Cereal Coating
Authors: Luckett Curtis R. , Wang Ya‐Jane 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:  Presently ready‐to‐eat cereals are coated with high levels of sugar coating to extend the bowl life. Because of health concerns of added sugar, there is a need to identify alternative coating materials. This study was designed to test the efficacy of debranched corn starches with varying amylose contents as a cereal coating. Hylon VII (70% amylose), common, and waxy corn starches were gelatinized and debranched, and then sprayed onto ready‐to‐eat breakfast cereal flakes. The surface morphology, milk absorption, texture, and digestibility of coated cereals were determined. A starch film with a thickness of 50 to 130 μm was observed with scanning electron microscopy on the surface of the cereals coated with Hylon VII. All starch‐coated cereals had a lower milk absorption value than the uncoated and glucose‐coated controls. Among starch coatings, common corn starch and Hylon VII resulted in lower milk absorption than did waxy corn starch. After soaking in milk for 3 min, the peak force and work to peak of the cereals coated with corn starches were higher than those of the glucose control and uncoated reference. The cereals coated with Hylon VII were found to have an increase in dietary fiber content. The results suggest that debranched amylose‐containing corn starches could extend the bowl‐life of ready‐to‐eat cereals.Practical Application:  Currently, many cereals are coated with sugar to keep them from becoming soggy in milk. However, added sugar has been linked to obesity, hyperactivity, and dental caries. This has led to the investigation of alternative coating materials. This study employed the film‐forming properties of enzyme‐treated corn starch to function as a coating material in breakfast cereal flakes. In addition, the enzyme‐treated high amylose corn starch also increased the dietary fiber content of the cereal flakes.
Diflunisal for ATTR Cardiac Amyloidosis
Authors: Castaño Adam , Helmke Stephen , Alvarez Julissa , Delisle Susan , Maurer Mathew S. 
Published: July 2012

©2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.Transthyretin (TTR) cardiac amyloidosis is an important, often under‐recognized and potentially modifiable cause of heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. The only proven treatment is liver or combined heart/liver transplantation, which, although effective, is not suitable for the vast majority of older adults with this condition. Diflunisal, a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, can stabilize the TTR tetramer in vitro and may prevent misfolding monomers and dimers from forming amyloid deposits in the heart. It is one of two small molecules assessed in animal safety studies and human clinical trials of TTR polyneuropathy. The authors conducted a single‐arm, open‐label investigation with a mean follow‐up of 0.9±0.3 years to determine the safety and efficacy of diflunisal administration in a cohort of 13 patients with confirmed wild‐type or mutant TTR cardiac amyloidosis. Diflunisal was well tolerated from a hematologic standpoint, although a 6% decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate was noted. Therapy was discontinued in one patient who rapidly developed volume overload. There was no significant mean change in cardiac structure (left ventricular mass: −53 g/m2 change, P=.36), function (ejection fraction: –2% change, P=.61), or biomarkers (Troponin I: +0.03 ng/mL, P=.08; BNP: +93 pg/mL change, P=.52) during the course of therapy. These data suggest that at low dosages and with careful monitoring, diflunisal can be safely administered to compensated patients with cardiac TTR amyloidosis. Further study in a randomized placebo‐controlled trial is warranted.
State case studies: improving access to dental care for the underserved
Authors: Bailit Howard , D'Adamo John 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIntroduction: This article, a supplement to the work of the Institute of Medicine's Committee on Oral Health Access, examines dental access disparities, reviews societal strategies for reducing disparities, explores the relationship between state level public health and dental safety net efforts and utilization/oral health outcomes, and describes selected public health and safety net programs with special promise.Methods: Data were obtained from interviews with state dental directors and safety net leaders and a review of the literature.Findings: There is a two‐fold difference in utilization rates between low‐ (<30 percent) and high‐ (56 percent) income families. The three societal strategies for reducing disparities – Medicaid, dental safety net system, and increasing the supply of dentists – all have significant limitations. The primary factor positively related to oral health is per capita income. Five promising programs for reducing access disparities include a dental home initiative for young children; a virtual dental home for school children and nursing home residents; a women, infants, and children early oral education and prevention intervention program; an enhanced Medicaid reimbursement program for educational institutions in North Carolina; and a school‐based dental care system run by Connecticut Federally Qualified Health Centers.Conclusions: There are wide disparities in access to dental care, and current societal strategies to reduce disparities have significant limitations. At the state level, the primary determinant of oral health status is per capita income. Several states have promising programs to reduce disparities but most are still at the demonstration level and have not been adequately evaluated.
The invasion of the freshwater diatom Didymosphenia geminata in Patagonia: prospects, strategies, and implications for biosecurity of invasive microorganisms in continental waters
Authors: Reid Brian L. , Hernández Klaudia L. , Frangópulos Máximo , Bauer Gabriel , Lorca Mauricio , Kilroy Cathy , Spaulding Sarah 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe diatom Didymosphenia geminata, which forms nuisance blooms in low nutrient streams worldwide, was documented as an aggressive invader in South America in 2010 from the Futaleufú basin (43.2°S), in Chilean and Argentinean Patagonia. Within 1 year it was confirmed from 20 rivers distributed over 800 km. Driven by perceived economic impacts to tourism and recreation, a strong response ensued, with education, monitoring and nascent biosecurity efforts based on similar measures in New Zealand. Considering the difficulty in containment (potential range on New Zealand's South Island was occupied by D. geminata within 3 years), the much larger potential range, and limited resources or previous experience in managing invaders in continental waters in South America, it is unlikely that current biosecurity measures will produce significant results. Lacking a coordinated strategic approach or conservation priorities, existing efforts may divert resources from alternatives with greater potential for success, while potentially feeding the public perception that the problem is being addressed. We propose a conservation strategy based on best available but incomplete information on habitat requirements, and a conceptual model of invasion vectors to identify defensible conservation zones (islands and hydrographically isolated areas) with greater potential for being maintained invasion‐free.
Pulmonary Abnormalities in Dogs with Renal Azotemia
Authors: Le Boedec K. , Heng H.G. , Snyder P.W. , Pressler B.M. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundClinical signs associated with respiratory tract disease are regularly encountered in people with kidney failure, and have been anecdotally reported in dogs.ObjectivesTo compare clinical signs indicative of pulmonary disease, clinicopathologic findings, radiographic abnormalities, and histologic findings in dogs with acute kidney injury (AKI) or International Renal Interest Society Stage 3 or 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) to nonazotemic dogs. To determine associations between abnormalities indicative of pulmonary disease and outcome in azotemic dogs.AnimalsOne hundred sixty‐seven pet dogs (54 AKI dogs, 50 CKD dogs, 63 nonazotemic control dogs diagnosed with intracranial disease).MethodsRetrospective cohort study comparing signalment, clinical signs, clinicopathologic variables, prevalence, and severity of pulmonary radiographic patterns, histopathologic findings, and survival times in AKI, CKD, and control dogs.ResultsClinical signs of pulmonary disease were significantly more common in AKI dogs. Prevalence of an alveolar lung pattern was greater in AKI and CKD dogs. Alveolar mineralization was the most common pulmonary histologic lesion in AKI dogs (6 of 8 dogs), with concurrent alveolar concretions or mineralization of pulmonary vessels or bronchioles noted in 1 dog each; mineralization of lung tissues was not noted in control dogs. Neither clinical signs nor presence of an alveolar pattern were associated with likelihood of survival to discharge or median number of days from discharge until death.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAbnormalities indicative of pulmonary disease are more common in azotemic dogs than in control dogs; however, prognosis is not associated with presence of clinical or radiographic pulmonary dysfunction.
Activation of the mTOR Pathway in Primary Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Lymph Node Metastases
Authors: Tamburrino Anna , Molinolo Alfredo A. , Salerno Paolo , Chernock Rebecca D. , Raffeld Mark , Xi Liqiang , Gutkind J. Silvio , Moley Jeffrey F. , Wells Samuel A. , Santoro Massimo 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Purpose: Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is prerequisite to the design of targeted therapies for patients with advanced disease.
Experimental Design: We studied by immunohistochemistry the phosphorylation status of proteins of the RAS/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways in 53 MTC tissues (18 hereditary, 35 sporadic), including 51 primary MTCs and 2 cases with only lymph node metastases (LNM). We also studied 21 autologous LNMs, matched to 21 primary MTCs. Staining was graded on a 0 to 4 scale (S score) based on the percentage of positive cells. We also studied the functional relevance of the mTOR pathway by measuring cell viability, motility, and tumorigenicity upon mTOR chemical blockade.
Results: Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (pS6), a downstream target of mTOR, was evident (S ≥ 1) in 49 (96%) of 51 primary MTC samples. This was associated with activation of AKT (phospho-Ser473, S &gt; 1) in 79% of cases studied. Activation of pS6 was also observed (S ≥ 1) in 7 (70%) of 10 hereditary C-cell hyperplasia specimens, possibly representing an early stage of C-cell transformation. It is noteworthy that 22 (96%) of 23 LNMs had a high pS6 positivity (S ≥ 3), which was increased compared with autologous matched primary MTCs (P = 0.024). Chemical mTOR blockade blunted viability (P &lt; 0.01), motility (P &lt; 0.01), and tumorigenicity (P &lt; 0.01) of human MTC cells.
Conclusion: The AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in MTC, particularly, in LNMs. This pathway sustains malignant features of MTC cell models. These findings suggest that targeting mTOR might be efficacious in patients with advanced MTC. Clin Cancer Res; 18(13); 3532–40. ©2012 AACR.
Abiraterone Inhibits 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase: A Rationale for Increasing Drug Exposure in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Li Rui , Evaul Kristen , Sharma Kamalesh K. , Chang Kai-Hsiung , Yoshimoto Jennifer , Liu Jiayan , Auchus Richard J. , Sharifi Nima 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Purpose: Treatment with abiraterone (abi) acetate prolongs survival in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Resistance to abi invariably occurs, probably due in part to upregulation of steroidogenic enzymes and/or other mechanisms that sustain dihydrotestosterone (DHT) synthesis, which raises the possibility of reversing resistance by concomitant inhibition of other required steroidogenic enzymes. On the basis of the 3β-hydroxyl, Δ5-structure, we hypothesized that abi also inhibits 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (3βHSD), which is absolutely required for DHT synthesis in CRPC, regardless of origins or routes of synthesis.
Experimental Design: We tested the effects of abi on 3βHSD activity, androgen receptor localization, expression of androgen receptor–responsive genes, and CRPC growth in vivo.
Results: Abi inhibits recombinant 3βHSD activity in vitro and endogenous 3βHSD activity in LNCaP and LAPC4 cells, including conversion of [3H]-dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) to Δ4-androstenedione, androgen receptor nuclear translocation, expression of androgen receptor–responsive genes, and xenograft growth in orchiectomized mice supplemented with DHEA. Abi also blocks conversion of Δ5-androstenediol to testosterone by 3βHSD. Abi inhibits 3βHSD1 and 3βHSD2 enzymatic activity in vitro; blocks conversion from DHEA to androstenedione and DHT with an IC50 value of less than 1 μmol/L in CRPC cell lines; inhibits androgen receptor nuclear translocation; expression of TMPRSS2, prostate-specific antigen, and FKBP5; and decreases CRPC xenograft growth in DHEA-supplemented mice.
Conclusions: We conclude that abi inhibits 3βHSD-mediated conversion of DHEA to active androgens in CRPC. This second mode of action might be exploited to reverse resistance to CYP17A1 inhibition at the standard abi dose by dose-escalation or simply by administration with food to increase drug exposure. Clin Cancer Res; 18(13); 3571–9. ©2012 AACR.
Thermal expansion of alunite up to dehydroxylation and collapse of the crystal structure
Authors: Zema M. , Callegari A. M. , Tarantino S. C. , Gasparini E. , Ghigna P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe high-temperature (HT) behaviour of a sample of natural alunite was investigated by means of in situ HT single-crystal X-ray diffraction from room temperature up to the dehydroxylation temperature and consequent collapse of the crystal structure. In the temperature range 25–500°C, alunite expands anisotropically, with most of the contribution to volume dilatation being produced by expansion in the c direction. The thermal expansion coefficients determined over the temperature range investigated are: αa = 0.61(2) × 10–5 K–1 (R2 = 0.988), αc = 4.20(7) × 10–5 K–1 (R2 = 0.996), αc/αa = 6.89, αV = 5.45(7) × 10–5 K–1 (R2 = 0.998). At ∼275–300°C, a minor discontinuity in the variation of unit-cell parameters with temperature is observed and interpreted on the basis of loss of H3O+ that partially substitutes for K+ at the monovalent A site in the alunite structure. Increasing temperature causes the Al(O,OH)6 sheets, which remain almost unaltered along the basal plane, to move further apart, and this results in an expansion of the coordination polyhedron around the intercalated potassium cation. Sulfate tetrahedra act as nearly rigid units, they contract a little in the lower temperature range to accommodate the elongation of the Al octahedra.