bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total hip arthroplasty in the horse: Overview, technical considerations and case report
Authors: Huggons N. , Andrea R. , Grant B. , Duncan C. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryA total hip arthroplasty was performed in a small equine patient with a history of traumatic subluxation of the coxofemoral joint during infancy resulting in severe degenerative changes to the femoral head and acetabulum. The transtrochanteric surgical approach used to expose the joint, as well as the technique and technology to replace the joint, is described. The patient was weightbearing within 24 h of surgery and walking successfully without sling support 4 days post operatively. On the fifth post operative day, the patient abruptly deteriorated and succumbed to multiple pulmonary thromboemboli and a jejunal infarction. Despite the systemic complications in this case, the initial short‐term success of this treatment option indicate its potential to be considered in the management of equine coxofemoral joint disease/lesions.
Penile and preputial tumours in the horse: Literature review and proposal of a standardised approach
Authors: Van Den TOP J. G. B. , ENSINK J. M. , GRÖNE A. , KLEIN W. R. , BARNEVELD A. , Van WEEREN P. R. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryPenile and preputial tumours are not uncommon in the horse, but can cause discomfort and lead to serious complications. Several types of tumour of the male external genitalia have been described. The most common type is the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is found mainly in older horses. Reports of a breed predilection for penile tumour formation are equivocal, but castration, coat colour, poor hygiene and various infectious agents have all been suggested to predispose to the development of some types of tumour (e.g. SCC, papilloma and melanoma).Careful assessment of the primary tumour is an important first step in the design of an optimal treatment protocol. Invasiveness, differentiation grade, tumour size and presence of metastases are all relevant to the decision to pursue additional diagnostic procedures or specific treatment options.To date, no standard protocol has been reported for the approach to penile tumours in the horse and treatments range from minimally invasive therapies (e.g. topical use of 5‐fluorouracil) to radical surgical interventions (e.g.en bloc penile and preputial resection with penile retroversion). Completeness of removal of the neoplasm and therefore risk of recurrence is highly dependant on the type of therapy chosen. However, the size and histopathological features of the primary tumour are also important factors with respect to the likelihood of recurrence.This review describes the most common penile and preputial neoplasms in the horse, and outlines a standard protocol aimed at arriving at a specific diagnosis and tailoring the therapeutic approach accordingly.
Retrospective study of clinical complications occurring after arterial punctures in 111 dogs
Authors: Shiroshita Y. , Tanaka R. , Shibazaki A. , Yamane Y. 
Published: October 2010

The clinical complications occurring after 111 dogs had undergone arterial punctures were reviewed in relation to the dogs' breed, bodyweight, age, sex and underlying diseases. Seven of the dogs had moderate to extensive ecchymoses, which were significantly more common in dogs under 3‐5 kg in bodyweight and in dogs with disorders of the cardiovascular system.
Clinical, pathological and epidemiological findings in three outbreaks of ovine protozoan myeloencephalitis
Authors: Caldow G. L. , Gidlow J. R. , Schock A. 
Published: October 2010

Ovine protozoan myeloencephalitis is a disease of sheep associated with the apicomplexan protozoan Sarcocystis tenella. This paper describes the clinical, pathological and epidemiological findings in three affected flocks from a well‐defined geographical area. Clinical signs were restricted to sheep under one year old in their first winter and were first observed at least 42 days after they had been moved off the hill grazing areas to low ground pasture, or after they were given conserved forage. The findings are discussed in relation to the timescale of the life cycle of S tenella and it is suggested that clinical disease was precipitated by the change from a low level of exposure to infection on the hill to a high level of exposure through contaminated pasture or forage. Possible preventive strategies are discussed.
Study of the hyaloid apparatus in the neonatal thoroughbred foal
Authors: Munroe G. 
Published: October 2010

Over 80 per cent of 169 neonatal thoroughbred foals had some part of the hyaloid artery present bilaterally and its degree of completeness, colour and character was statistically symmetrical. The complete artery was present in over 60 per cent of the foals. The incidence of the hyaloid artery and its completeness, colour and character were related to the age of the foal. The hyaloid system atrophies in the early stages of the neonatal period and generally its presence did not cause any significant ocular problems. The presence and morphology of the posterior pupillary membrane was highly correlated with the presence, completeness, colour and character of the hyaloid artery.
Induction of zinc deficiency in sheep and its correction with a soluble glass bolus containing zinc
Authors: Kendall N. R. , Telfer S. B. 
Published: October 2010

Balance studies were carried out on four Suffolk‐cross lambs which were fed a diet containing only 1‐2 mg zinc/kg dry matter; zinc deficiency was induced within three weeks. After a period during which the deficiency was relieved by a pica, the zinc deficient state was re‐established. Each sheep was then treated with a soluble glass bolus containing zinc, cobalt and selenium. The plasma zinc concentration of the sheep rapidly increased and was maintained for between six and 10 weeks. The bolus was able to supply the daily requirement of the sheep for zinc, with no detrimental effect on their copper status.
Effects of the dose of Ehrlichiaphagocytophila on the severit of experimental infections in lambs
Authors: Stuen S. , Artursson K. 
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐one lambs were used to investigate whether their response to an infection with Ehrlichia phagocytophila was dose‐dependent. Four groups of four lambs were infected intravenously with a dilution in physiological saline of Ephagocytophila‐infected sheep blood containing either 1‐3 x 105 infected cells, or approximately 43 infected cells, 4‐3 infected cells, or 1‐3 infected cells (mean values) and four lambs were left uninfected. The incubation period was significantly shorter in the lambs infected with the highest dose of Ephagocytophi/a. However, the clinical and haematological changes observed, and the weekly weight gains of the lambs were independent of the dose of Ephagocytophila. As little as one Ephagocytophila infected cell may be enough to transmit the infection.
Survey of retinal haemorrhages in neonatal thoroughbred foals
Authors: Munroe G. 
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐seven of 167 neonatal thoroughbred foals (16 per cent) were found to have retinal haemorrhages after a careful examination of the entire fundus. Experience in differentiating haemorrhages from other lesions, and the selection of foals from normal populations, were considered to have an important effect on their apparent incidence. Bilateral haemorrhages were more common and there was a significantly higher incidence in female foals. The numbers of haemorrhages ranged between one and 20; 36 per cent of eyes with retinal haemorrhages had the small punctate type and 56 per cent had the splash‐like form. There was no change from one type of haemorrhage to another, and the patterns of resolution were similar. The haemorrhages were in the tapetal fundus, except two that were recorded in the optic disc, and they resolved within 10 days. No short‐ or long‐term ocular or neurological effects of the retinal haemorrhages were detected, and they were not related to the incidence of abnormal foal behaviour.
Risk assessment of organoleptic postmortem inspection procedures for pigs
Authors: Pointon A. M. , Hamilton D. , Kolega V. , Hathaway S. C. 
Published: October 2010

A systematic quantification of foodborne hazards in abnormal and normal tissues of pig carcases was undertaken to provide a risk‐based assessment of the effectiveness of traditional organoleptic meat inspection. A total of 36,059 pigs, representing all major pig‐producing areas and systems in Australia, were inspected on a seasonal basis at three abattoirs over 12 months. The prevalence of grossly detectable abnormalities of possible food‐borne disease significance was recorded. A subset of the grossly detectable abnormalities, together with tissues classified by inspection as normal (controls) were submitted for the detection of a broad range of food‐borne hazards. The potential exposure of consumers to hazards in fresh pork was characterised as the number of carcases per 10,000 containing hazards in selected tissues. The results indicated that the level of exposure of consumers to microbiological hazards in fresh pork is unlikely to be reduced significantly by the detection and removal of gross abnormalities in the tissues examined. On the basis of carcase throughput, the rate of contamination of normal lymph nodes was commonly 100 times higher, and no hazards were isolated from two types of grossly abnormal nodes. While further processing, cooking and handling may alter the exposure characterisation, the study nevertheless identifies the proportional contribution of abnormal and normal tissues to risks to consumers and clearly identifies the need for consideration of ‘visual only’ inspection in the re‐evaluation of traditional inspection procedures.
Production factors that influence the hygienic condition of finished beef cattle
Authors: Davies M. H. , Webster S. D. , Hadley P. J. , Stosic P. J. 
Published: October 2010

A survey was conducted at five UK abattoirs to trace the source of dirty beef cattle and identify factors in the production chain that contributed to their dirtiness. The Meat Hygiene Service Clean Livestock score categories were used and the animals' histories were traced back to their farm of origin. Comprehensive information was collected relating to the farm, transport and lairage phases for 675 cattle from 85 batches. The mean score of the animals on arrival at the abattoir was 1.57, with 2.8 per cent in categories 3 and 4, and none in category 5. Regression analysis, blocking the data by farm of origin, revealed that age, feed type, coat length, clipping, journey distance and time, and abattoir were the six principal factors that affected the scores. Cattle under 20 months of age were cleaner than older cattle. Dry diets resulted in lower scores than wet diets. ‘Shorthair’ cattle were cleaner than ‘medium’ or ‘longhair’ cattle, and cattle which had been clipped were cleaner than unclipped animals. The cattle which had travelled over 150 miles (15 per cent) were dirtier than the others. Within each abattoir there were variations in score between 1 and 4, and the mean scores of the five abattoirs ranged from 1.19 to 1.76. A significant part of this variation could only be accounted for by unmeasured variables such as abattoir management practice, assessors' categorisations and climate.
Verocytotoxin‐ producing Escherichia coli 0157 on a farm open to the public: outbreak investigation and longitudinal bacteriological study
Authors: Pritchard G. C. , Carson T. , Willshaw G. A. , Cheasty T. , Bailey J. R. 
Published: October 2010

Verocytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli (vTEC) 0157 phage type 2 (PT2) was isolated from three calves and two goats on a farm open to the public. Phenotypic and DNA‐based typing showed that the strains were identical or very closely related to those obtained from an outbreak of VTEC 0157 infection in two separate family groups who visited the farm. No VTEC 0157 PT2 was isolated again from the farm during a 12‐month longitudinal bacteriological study undertaken after the infected animals had been removed. However, phenotypically and genotypically indistinguishable VTEC 0157 PT21/28 strains were detected in two of 474 faecal samples collected at monthly visits from 15 species of animals of various ages. The two isolates were obtained from calves from different sources sampled 146 days apart, suggesting that the infection had persisted on the farm although it was not detected in the other species. The same strain was subsequently isolated from another calf housed in the same pen as one of the infected calves. The longest period during which the organism was excreted was seven days. No VTEC 0157 was isolated either from 204 replacement animals (including 138 orphan lambs and 10 calves) brought in from various sources, and sampled while they were kept in isolation for two weeks before being introduced to the farm, or from environmental samples. During the study a visitor became ill with VTEC 0157 PT2. However, the isolate was distinct from those recovered from the farm and there was no evidence to suggest that the visit was the source of the infection.
Intra‐atrial rhabdomyoma causing chylopericardium and right‐sided congestive heart failure in a dog
Authors: Mansfield C. S. , Callanan J. J. , McAllister H. 
Published: October 2010

A six‐year‐old Staffordshire bull terrier had a four‐week history of progressive lethargy, ascites and exercise intolerance. A mass 3 cm in diameter obliterating the right atrial lumen was detected by echocardiographic examination. There were lactescent pericardial and serosanguineous pleural effusions. Histological and immunochemical examinations showed that the mass was a primary rhabdomyoma.
Early diagnosis of pregnancy in sows by ultrasound evaluation of embryo development and uterine echotexture
Authors: De Rensis F. , Bigliardi E. , Parmigiani E. , Peters A. R. 
Published: October 2010

Two operators attempted to detect pregnancy ultrasonographically in 196 sows daily from 15 to 25 days after insemination; 20 unbred sows were also investigated. The probe was applied transcutaneously on the right abdominal wall near the last three mammary glands. During each examination, the embryos were visualised and their transverse and longitudinal dimensions were measured. Pregnancy was confirmed by an ultrasonographic detection of embryos five days after the first ultrasound diagnosis and finally 30 to 32 days after insemination. The accuracy of diagnosis was less than 83 per cent on days 15, 16 and 17 but improved to more than 90 per cent from day 18 onwards. The uterine echotexture was studied in seven sows at oestrus and 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 and 25 days after insemination. The echotexture was more homogeneous from days 15 to 25 after insemination than at oestrus.
Temporal aspects of the epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in Great Britain: individual animal‐associated risk factors for the disease
Authors: Stevenson M. A. , Morris R. S. , Lockhart J. W. , Lin D. , Jackson R. , Wilesmith J. W. , Ryan J. B. M. 
Published: October 2010

The objectives of this study were first to determine the cumulative incidence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the British cattle population from July 1986 to June 1997, secondly, to identify individual animal‐associated risk factors that influenced the age of onset of clinical signs in confirmed BSE cases, and, thirdly, to assess the effectiveness of the measures introduced to control BSE during the epidemic. The analyses were based on the population of British cattle at risk, derived from agricultural census data collected between 1986 and 1996, and BSE case data collected up to June 30,1997. The unit of interest was individual adult cattle recorded on annual agricultural censuses between June 1986 and June 1996. Univariate and multivariate survival analysis techniques were used to characterise the age of onset of clinical signs. In total 167,366 cases of BSE were diagnosed in Great Britain up to June 30,1997. The cumulative incidence of BSE between July 1986 and June 1997 was 1.10 (95 per cent confidence interval [ci] 1.09 to 1.10) cases per 100 adult cattle at risk. Cattle from the South east, South west and Eastern regions of England had 4.26 to 5.96 (95 per cent cl 4.15 to 6.14) times as great a monthly hazard of being confirmed with BSE as cattle from Scotland. Compared with cattle born before June 1985, those born between July 1987 and June 1988 had 22.5 (95 per cent cl 22.1 to 22.8) times the monthly hazard of being confirmed with BSE, whereas those born in the 12 months after July 1988 had only 7.39 (95 per cent cl 7.24 to 7.54) times the monthly hazard of being confirmed with BSE. This reduction in hazard was directly attributable to the ban on the use of ruminant protein as a feed instituted in July 1988. Successive cohorts from 1989 to 1991 experienced further reductions in the hazard of experiencing BSE. The additional decrease in hazard observed for the 1990 cohort may be attributed to the effect of the Specified Bovine Offal ban instituted in September 1990.
Prevalence of vacuolar lesions consistent with scrapie in the brains of healthy cull sheep of the Shetland Islands
Authors: Begara‐McGorun I. , Clark A. M. , Martin S. , Jeffrey M. 
Published: October 2010

To determine the levels of background scrapie‐like pathology in the brains of clinically normal adult sheep, the brains of 1106 sheep from 28 known scrapie‐infected flocks and nine apparently uninfected flocks were examined during 1998 and 1999. One per cent of the brains had vacuolar pathology and disease‐specific accumulations of prion protein consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie. All the positive animals had at least one allele of the prion protein gene encoding valine at codon 136, and originated from flocks in which cases of clinical scrapie had been confirmed within the last four years. The parasympathetic nucleus of the vagal nerve was the most consistently and severely affected nucleus in the medulla oblongata, suggesting that the infection enters the brain via ascending fibres of the vagus nerve.
Demography and dog‐human relationships of the dog population in Zimbabwean communal lands
Authors: Butler J. R. A. , Bingham J. 
Published: October 2010

Dogs are Zimbabwe's primary vector for rabies, and the majority live in communal lands (traditional agropastoralist rural areas). In 1994, a household questionnaire survey was conducted to provide baseline data on the demography and dog‐human relationships of the dogs in the communal lands. The survey showed that all the dogs were owned, and there was no evidence of a feral population. They were unrestricted and semi.dependent on people. The numbers of dogs per capita varied little in each communal land, resulting in higher dog densities in communal lands with higher human densities, and indicating that people were not intolerant of dogs at higher densities. The population turnover was rapid: the life expectancy of the dogs was 1.1 years, the mean age 2.0 years, and 71.8 per cent died in their first year. The population was heavily skewed towards juveniles, with 40.8 per cent aged less than 12 months. Despite the high juvenile mortality, the population was growing by 6.52 per cent per annum. It was estimated that in 1994 there were 1.36 million dogs in communal lands.
Prolongation of epidural anaesthesia in dogs with bupivacaine in a lipid emulsion
Authors: Franquelo C. , Manubens J. , Cristòfol C. , Valladares J. E. , Arboix M. , Toledo A. 
Published: October 2010

An aqueous solution and a lipid emulsion of bupivacaine were administered epidurally in doses of 1.8 mg/kg to six beagle dogs following a randomised two‐phase crossover design. The aqueous solution was absorbed rapidly and the mean (sd) peak venous plasma concentration of bupivacaine, 1.4 (0.4) μg/ml, was detected after five minutes. After administration of the lipid emulsion, the peak plasma concentration of bupivacaine, 0.6 (0.2) μg/ml, was detected after 30 minutes. The mean (sd) t½β of the aqueous preparation was 149.1 (32.6) minutes, and of the lipid emulsion 119.2 (34.0) minutes. Both preparations had a similar bioavailability. The mean time to the onset of motor block after the administration of the aqueous solution, 2.3 (2.2) minutes, was significantly shorter (P=0.028) than after the administration of the lipid emulsion, 9.4 (1.9) minutes, and the duration of the motor block induced by the lipid emulsion, 217.6 (26.2) minutes, was significantly longer (P=0.043) than for the aqueous solution, 158 (48.8) minutes. During anaesthesia, the plasma concentrations of bupivacaine ranged between 1.3 and 0.2 μg/ml. Non‐significant changes in systolic blood pressure and heart rate were observed which coincided with the peak plasma concentrations of bupivacaine.
Use of an antibiotic footbath in the treatment of bovine digital dermatitis
Authors: Laven R. A. , Proven M. J. 
Published: October 2010

One hundred and eleven dairy cows with digital dermatitis, on six commercial farms, were used to test the efficacy of a footbath containing erythromycin for treating the condition. Four days after 55 of the cows had walked through the footbath after two successive milkings their lesions were significantly less active and painful than those of the 56 untreated cows. These 56 cows were then treated in the same way and both groups were re‐examined seven days later. There were no significant differences between the clinical signs observed in the two groups, and the benefits of the treatment had persisted for the 11 days of the trial.
Investigation of romifidine and detomidine for the clinical sedation of horses
Authors: Freeman S. L. , England G. C. W. 
Published: October 2010

The effects of two intravenous doses of romifidine (80 and 120 μg/kg) and one dose of detomidine (20 μg/kg) were compared in a blinded study in 30 horses requiring to be sedated for routine dental treatment. Several physiological parameters were assessed before and for two hours after the administration of the drugs, and the horses' teeth were rasped 30 minutes after they were administered. Romifidine produced a dose‐dependent effect on most parameters. Detomidine at 20 μg/kg was similar to romifidine at 120 μg/kg in the magnitude of its sedative effects, but was similar to romifidine at 80 μg/kg in its duration. There were no significant differences between the three treatments in terms of the clinical procedure score.
Cardiopulmonary effects of romifidine and detomidine used as premedicants for ketamine/halothane anaesthesia in ponies
Authors: Freeman S. L. , Bowen I. M. , England G. C. W. , Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R. 
Published: October 2010

The cardiopulmonary effects of romifidine at 80 pig/kg (R80) or 120 pig/kg (R120), and detomidine at 20 pg/kg (D20) when used as premedicants for ketamine/halothane anaesthesia were investigated in six ponies. Using a blinded crossover design, acepromazine (0‐04 mg/kg) was administered followed by the alpha‐2 agonist. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine at 2‐2 mg/kg and maintained with halothane (expired concentration 1‐0 per cent) in oxygen for three hours. During anaesthesia, arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, PaO2 and PmvO2 decreased, and systemic vascular resistance and PaCO2 increased. The cardiac indices for R80, R120 and D20 were, respectively, 39,39 and 32 ml/kg/minute at 30 minutes and 29, 29 and 26 ml/kg/minute at 180 minutes. The alpha‐2 agonists had similar cardiovascular effects, but PaO2 was significantly lower with R120. The quality of anaesthesia was similar in all three groups.