bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purification of carbon dioxide produced during the fermentative production of fodder yeast and ethyl alcohol by saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Abou‐Zeid Abou‐Zeid A. , Shehata Yousef M. , Madi Ahmad G. , El‐Sherbiny Adel , El‐Nagar Ahmad A. , El‐Hafez Kamal Abd 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe impurities present in carbon dioxide produced during the fermentative production of fodder yeast and ethyl alcohol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae were mainly acetaldehyde and butyraldehyde. 2,4‐DNP reagent was sensitive to these impurities and they were precipitated as hydrazones. The soluble volatile organic compounds were completely removed in washers (I and II). The other impurities present in carbon dioxide were removed by treating the gas with potassium permanganate and activated charcoal to obtain pure gas. The system used in the purification of carbon dioxide in the factory was efficient when washing water was sufficient (2400 litres of running water/h) and the potassium permanganate solution was changed when it was exhausted.
CHALLENGES FOR COMMUNITY‐BASED ADAPTATION: DISCOVERING THE POTENTIAL FOR TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Dodman David , Mitlin Diana 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper considers community‐based adaptation (CBA) to climate change and its relationship to the theory and practice of participatory development. It is argued that CBA needs to recognise the considered experience of participatory development to date, particularly in relation to local involvement in project planning and implementation, as well as acknowledging the specific challenges raised by climate change. Without attention to risks and uncertainty, political structures and institutions, the necessarily multi‐level nature of adaptation policy and programming, and the links between mitigation and adaptation politics and practice, outcomes of CBA interventions are unlikely to support pro‐poor development. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural basis of ligand specificity in the human pentraxins, C‐reactive protein and serum amyloid P component
Authors: Mikolajek Halina , Kolstoe Simon E. , Pye Valerie E. , Mangione Palma , Pepys Mark B. , Wood Stephen P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe normal physiological roles of the phylogenetically conserved human plasma proteins C‐reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid P component (SAP) are not known. Novel drugs targeting their ligand specificities are in clinical development as both proteins have significant pathophysiological effects, SAP in promoting amyloidosis and CRP in exacerbating ischemic injury. Both proteins bind to phosphoethanolamine and we show here that, under physiological conditions, phosphoethanolamine is bound with higher affinity by human SAP than by human CRP. An explanation is provided by X‐ray crystal structures that show SAP residue Tyr74 allowing additional hydrophobic protein–ligand interactions compared with the equivalent Thr76 of CRP. Docking simulations show many more low energy positions for phosphoethanolamine bound by CRP than by SAP and are consistent with the crystallographic and functional binding results. These fundamental observations on structure–activity relationships will aid the design of improved pentraxin targeting drugs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physiologically relevant divalent cations modulate citrate recognition by the McpS chemoreceptor
Authors: Lacal Jesús , García‐Fontana Cristina , Callejo‐García Carla , Ramos Juan‐Luis , Krell Tino 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe McpS chemoreceptor of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 recognizes six different tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. However, the magnitude of the chemotactic response towards these compounds differs largely, which has led to distinguish between strong attractants (malate, succinate, fumarate, oxaloacetate) and weak attractants (citrate, isocitrate). Citrate is abundantly present in plant tissues and root exudates and can serve as the only carbon source for growth. Citrate is known to form complexes with divalent cations which are also abundantly present in natural habitats of this bacterium. We have used isothermal titration calorimetry to study the formation of citrate–metal ion complexes. In all cases binding was entropy driven but significant differences in affinity were observed ranging from KD = 157 µM (for Mg2+) to 3 µM (for Ni2+). Complex formation occurred over a range of pH and ionic strength. The ligand binding domain of McpS (McpS‐LBD) was found to bind free citrate, but not complexes with physiologically relevant Mg2+ and Ca2+. In contrast, complexes with divalent cations which are present as trace elements (Co2+, Cd2+ and Ni2+) were recognized by McpS‐LBD. This discrimination differs from other citrate sensing proteins. These results are discussed in the context of the three dimensional structure of free citrate and its complex with Mg2+. Chemotaxis assays using P. putida revealed that taxis towards the strong attractant malate is strongly reduced in the presence of free citrate. However, this reduction is much less important in the presence of citrate–Mg2+ complexes. The physiological relevance of these findings is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic CINE‐balanced steady‐state free precession image intensity variations: Implications for the detection of myocardial edema
Authors: Goldfarb James W. , McLaughlin Jeanette , Gray Carol A. , Han Jing 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the dependence of CINE‐balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) image intensities on spatial location, cardiac phase, and disease state.Materials and MethodsEight subjects with recent myocardial infarctions and eight age‐ and sex‐matched normal volunteers were studied using CINE‐bSSFP imaging to describe cyclic image intensity variations as a function of the cardiac cycle and to optimize and assess the ability of CINE‐bSSFP imaging to depict myocardial edema. Signal intensities of the left ventricular (LV) bloodpool and myocardium were measured using region‐of‐interest analysis across the cardiac cycle. The magnitude and time course of the cyclic variations were evaluated. Mixed‐model analysis of variance was used to examine the influence of physical location, cardiac phase, and presence of myocardial infarction.ResultsThe LV bloodpool and myocardial CINE‐bSSFP signal intensities varied significantly with spatial location, cardiac phase, and disease (P < 0.001). Cardiac phase had a significant effect on the signal intensities after adjustments for spatial location. The LV bloodpool signal decreased slowly during systole and rose sharply during LV filling. There were two distinct myocardial intensity peaks, one occurring at peak systole and the other at the end of the LV rapid inflow phase. Myocardial edema was seen as a hyperintense region. Image contrast with adjacent myocardium was the greatest at the end of systole.ConclusionDetection of myocardial edema using the conventional CINE‐bSSFP technique is feasible, but is complicated by normal cyclic changes in myocardial image intensities during the cardiac cycle. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:573–581. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro and in vivo comparison of wrist MR imaging at 3.0 and 7.0 tesla using a gradient echo sequence and identical eight‐channel coil array designs
Authors: Nordmeyer‐Massner Jurek A. , Wyss Michael , Andreisek Gustav , Pruessmann Klaas P. , Hodler Juerg 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate in vivo MR imaging of the wrist at 3.0 Tesla (T) and 7.0T quantitatively and qualitatively.Materials and MethodsTo enable unbiased signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) comparisons, geometrically identical eight‐channel receiver arrays were used at both field strengths. First, in vitro images of a phantom bottle were acquired at 3.0T and 7.0T to obtain an estimate of the maximum SNR gain that can be expected. MR images of the dominant wrist of 10 healthy volunteers were acquired at both field strengths. All measurements were done using the same sequence parameters. Quantitative SNR maps were calculated on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis and analyzed in several regions‐of‐interest. Furthermore, the images were qualitatively evaluated by two independent radiologists.ResultsThe quantitative analysis showed SNR increases of up to 100% at 7.0T compared with 3.0T, with considerable variation between different anatomical structures. The qualitative analysis revealed no significant difference in the visualization of anatomical structures comparing 3.0T and 7.0T MR images (P>0.05).ConclusionThe presented results establish the SNR benefits of the transition from 3.0T to 7.0T for wrist imaging without bias by different array designs and based on exact, algebraic SNR quantification. The observed SNR increase nearly reaches expected values but varies greatly between different tissues. It does not necessarily improve the visibility of anatomic structures but adds valuable latitude for sequence optimization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:661–667. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Signal‐to‐noise ratio enhancement of intermolecular double‐quantum coherence MR spectroscopy in inhomogeneous fields with phased array coils on a 3 tesla whole‐body scanner
Authors: Lin Yanqin , Chen Zhong , Zhong Jianhui 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurposeTo improve signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of intermolecular double‐quantum coherence (iDQC) MRS on a 3 Tesla (T) whole‐body scanner.Materials and MethodsA 32‐channel phased array coil was used to acquire iDQC signal of a MRS phantom in the presence of large field inhomogeneity. The obtained individual spectra from the array elements were combined together in the time domain using a multichannel nonparametric singular value decomposition algorithm. The results were compared quantitatively with those acquired with a circularly polarized (CP) head coil.ResultsThe achieved gain in SNR ranges from 1.63 to 2.10 relative to the CP coil, mainly depending on the relative position between the surface of the phased array coil and the voxel of acquisition.ConclusionSNR enhancement of iDQC MRS in inhomogeneous fields on a 3T whole‐body scanner is feasible with phased array coils. This can facilitate iDQC applications of high‐resolution in vivo spectroscopy in the presence of field inhomogeneity for potential disease diagnosis in humans. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:698–703. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cervical muscle area measurements in acute whiplash patients and controls
Authors: Ulbrich Erika J. , Anderson Suzanne E. , Busato Andre , Abderhalden Susanne , Boesch Chris , Zimmermann Heinz , Heini Paul , Hodler Juerg , Sturzenegger Matthias 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurposeTo quantitatively compare the muscle cross‐sectional areas (CSAs) of the cervical muscles in symptomatic acute whiplash patients versus healthy controls. We hypothesized, that symptomatic whiplash patients have smaller cervical muscle CSAs than matched controls and that smaller cervical muscle CSAs in women might explain that women more frequently are symptomatic after whiplash injury than men.Materials and MethodsProspective controlled study. Thirty‐eight consecutive acute whiplash patients were examined within 48 h after a motor vehicle accident and 38 healthy age‐ and sex‐matched controls, each half female, half male, were examined with the same protocol. MRI CSA measurements were performed of the deep and total cervical extensor muscles as well as the sternocleidomastoid muscles using transversal STIR (Short T1 Inversion Recovery) sequences on level C2, C4, and C5 by two blinded raters. Clinical symptoms were assessed with patient questionnaires (EuroQuol 5D, Specific Whiplash Questionnaire, head‐ and neck pain intensity [VAS]).ResultsAgreement of measurements between the two raters was high (intraclass correlation 0.52 to 0.85 for the different levels). No significant difference in age and body mass index were seen between patients and controls and the distribution of genders across groups was identical. There were no significant differences between patients and controls for all CSAs. Women had consistently smaller CSAs than men. The CSAs showed no significant correlation with the pain intensity of neck pain and headache but a consistent tendency of less neck pain and more headache with greater CSAs.ConclusionThis small study provides no evidence that subjects with smaller CSAs of cervical extensor muscles have a higher risk in developing symptoms after a whiplash injury and confirms smaller CSA in women. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:668–675. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of multiple sclerosis lesions using a fusion of 3.0 T FLAIR and 7.0 T SWI phase: FLAIR SWI
Authors: Grabner Günther , Dal‐Bianco Assunta , Schernthaner Melanie , Vass Karl , Lassmann Hans , Trattnig Siegfried 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurposeTo improve multiple sclerosis (MS) research by introducing a new type of contrast, namely, the combination of fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) data acquired at 3.0 T and 7.0 T susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) phase data. The approach of this new contrast is whole‐brain coverage with 3.0 T‐FLAIR data for lesion detection—currently limited at 7.0 T due to specific absorption rate (SAR) limits—overlaid with high‐resolution, small vessel, and iron‐related 7.0 T SWI contrast. Lesion analysis in terms of penetrating veins and local iron depositions were performed.Materials and MethodsData from 10 MS patients were acquired at 3.0 T and at 7.0 T. FLAIR data, acquired at 3.0 T, were registered to 7.0 T SWI phase data and SWI image processing was performed using 3.0 T FLAIR data instead of SWI magnitude data.ResultsA total of 299 MS plaques were detected in eight MS patients. Penetrating veins were found in 75 MS plaques, iron depositions in 48 MS plaques, and veins accompanied with iron depositions in 44 MS plaques.ConclusionFLAIR‐SWI provides radiologically known, hyperintense definition of MS lesions overlaid with high‐resolution visualization of iron deposits and venous blood vessels and offers new insights into MS lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:543–549. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chondrocyte gene expression is affected by very small iron oxide particles‐labeling in long‐term in vitro MRI tracking
Authors: Foldager Casper Bindzus , Pedersen Michael , Ringgaard Steffen , Bünger Cody , Lind Martin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurpose:To investigate the effect and dose response of very small iron oxide particles (VSOP) labeling of human chondrocytes for long‐term in vitro MRI tracking.Materials and Methods:Chondrocytes were isolated from cartilage biopsies from four patients. The cells for the dose–response study were labeled with 25, 50, or 100 μg/mL VSOP. Quantitative gene expression and cellular proliferation were compared with unlabeled controls at day 1, 3, and 7. The cells suited for MRI tracking were labeled with 50 μg/mL VSOP and embedded in alginate beads, followed by MRI (using T2‐weighted sequences) at day 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and histology was performed at each time‐point.Results:Histology revealed that VSOP particles were intracellularly confined at all time‐points, whereas no extracellular VSOPs were observed. A mean reduction in T2‐value of 25.1 ms (±SD 3.5 ms) was found on T2‐maps. The chondrocyte‐specific genes aggrecan, collagen type 2, and sox9 were all affected by labeling, the two latter in a dose‐dependent manner. VSOPs had no effect on proliferation.Conclusion:VSOP labeling of chondrocytes affected gene expression but not proliferation. The labeled chondrocytes could be recognized by MRI for 4 weeks without significant changes in the T2 relaxation time. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:724–730. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correction of frequency drifts induced by gradient heating in 1H spectra using interleaved reference spectroscopy
Authors: Lange Thomas , Zaitsev Maxim , Buechert Martin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate the impact of heating‐induced frequency drifts on single‐voxel spectroscopy and to demonstrate correction strategies based on the interleaved reference scan technique.Materials and Methods:Frequency drifts induced by gradient heating are assessed for two clinical 3 Tesla (T) whole body MR systems. The interleaved reference scan (IRS) method is used for correcting these frequency drifts in 1H spectra in vitro and in vivo. For severely drift‐affected spectroscopy experiments, a feedback‐based version of the IRS sequence is proposed, which adds the functionality of a frequency lock to prevent a degradation of the water suppression.Results:It is shown that the line widths of the spectral resonances can be largely reduced with the interleaved reference scan method, resulting in considerably improved peak resolution and signal‐to‐noise ratio. The feedback‐based IRS method additionally allows for stable water suppression, even in the presence of very strong frequency drifts.Conclusion:If spectroscopy scans are combined with imaging scans with a high gradient duty cycle such as diffusion‐weighted imaging or functional MRI, a drift correction with IRS can considerably improve the validity of data analysis in research studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:748–754. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early versus late GD‐DTPA MRI enhancement in experimental glioblastomas
Authors: Farace Paolo , Tambalo Stefano , Fiorini Silvia , Merigo Flavia , Daducci Alessandro , Nicolato Elena , Conti Giamaica , Degrassi Anna , Sbarbati Andrea , Marzola Pasquina 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurpose:To compare early versus late enhancement in two glioblastoma models characterized by different infiltrative/edematous patterns.Materials and Methods:Three weeks after inoculation into nude mice of U87MG and U251 cells, T1‐weighted images were acquired early (10.5 min), intermediate (21 min) and late (30.5 min) after a bolus injection of Gd‐DTPA at 300 μ mol/kg dosage. EARLYTH and LATETH were the corresponding volumes with an enhancement higher than a threshold TH, defined by the mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) on a contralateral healthy area. ADDTH was the enhancing volume found in LATETH but not in EARLYTH. T2 imaging of both tumors was performed, and T2 mapping of U251.Results:In all tumors, LATETH was significantly higher than EARLYTH for TH ranging from μ+σ to μ+5σ. The ADDTH/EARLYTH ratio was not significantly different when U251 and U87MG tumors were compared. In the U87MG tumors, some enhancement was observed outside the regularly demarcated T2‐hyperintense area. In the U251 tumors, irregularly T2 demarcated, a large portion of ADDμ+3σ had normal T2 values. At histology, U251 showed a higher infiltrative pattern than U87MG.Conclusion:In these models, the increase over time in the enhancing volume did not depend on the different infiltrative/edematous patterns and was not closely related with edema. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:550–556. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of hippocampal volume based on MR imaging in patients with bipolar affective disorder applying manual and automatic segmentation techniques
Authors: Doring Thomas M. , Kubo Tadeu T.A. , Cruz L. Celso H. , Juruena Mario F. , Fainberg Jiosef , Domingues Romeu C. , Gasparetto Emerson L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurpose:To compare the hippocampal volumes in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and healthy controls, obtained by applying different segmentation methods (manual, Freesurfer [FS], and FSL).Materials and Methods:The study included 27 patients with BD and 40 healthy controls. T1‐weighted images in the sagittal plane were acquired on a 3 Tesla (T) MR scanner. Hippocampal volumetry was performed using one manual and two automated methods (FS and FSL). One‐way repeated analysis of variance was applied to test the differences in hippocampal volumes using the three segmentation methods. To evaluate the agreement among the three tested volumetric segmentation methods the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated.Results:Hippocampal volumes obtained from all methods were significantly different (P < 0.05) in BD patients after intracranial volume correction, indicating a reduction in volume, unless from the manual method of the left hippocampal volume. The ICCs of the hippocampal volume between the manual method and FS were 0.846 (right) and 0.859 (left), and between the manual method and FSL were 0.746 (right) and 0.654 (left).Conclusion:Both manual and automatic segmentation methods detected reductions in the hippocampal volumes in BD patients. Automated segmentation methods are a robust and reproducible option for assessing hippocampal volume. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:565–572. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delayed contrast enhanced MRI of meniscus with ionic and non‐ionic agents
Authors: Li Wei , Edelman Robert R. , Prasad Pottumarthi V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate the potential difference in post‐contrast T1 relaxation time of the meniscus (T1Gd) between osteoarthritic patients (OA) and healthy subjects (HS), and to verify if charge density has any influence on meniscal T1Gd.Materials and Methods:We performed a retrospective analysis of meniscal T1 relaxation time on data previously acquired for studying articular cartilage with both ionic and non‐ionic contrast media. MR imaging was performed in 10 OA and 8 HS at 120 min following administration of double‐dose ionic Gd‐DTPA2− on one day and non‐ionic Gd‐DTPA‐BMA on a different day. A three‐dimensional Look‐Locker sequence with echo time of 2 ms was used for data acquisition to allow T1 mapping of the meniscus.Results:Compared with HS, significantly lower meniscal T1Gd was observed in OA with either ionic Gd‐DTPA2− (P < 0.01) or non‐ionic Gd‐DTPA‐BMA (P < 0.001) contrast agent. There was a correlation between meniscal T1(Gd‐DTPA2−) versus T1(Gd‐DTPA‐BMA). Meniscal T1(Gd‐DTPA‐BMA) showed a larger difference and smaller overlap between OA and HS. No significant differences in either pre‐contrast T1 or post‐contrast T1Gd were observed between inner and outer zones of the meniscus with either agent.Conclusion:Significant differences in meniscal T1Gd between OA and HS were observed with both ionic and non‐ionic contrast agents, suggesting that charge density is not responsible for the observed differences. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:731–735. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segmentations of MRI images of the female pelvic floor: A study of inter‐ and intra‐reader reliability
Authors: Hoyte Lennox , Ye Wen , Brubaker Linda , Fielding Julia R. , Lockhart Mark E. , Heilbrun Marta E. , Brown Morton B. , Warfield Simon K. ,   for the Pelvic Floor Disorders Network
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurpose:To describe the inter‐ and intra‐operator reliability of segmentations of female pelvic floor structures.Materials and Methods:Three segmentation specialists were asked to segment out the female pelvic structures in 20 MR datasets on three separate occasions. The STAPLE algorithm was used to compute inter‐ and intra‐segmenter agreement of each organ in each dataset. STAPLE computed the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values (PPV) for inter‐ and intra‐segmenter repeatability. These parameters were analyzed using intra‐class correlation analysis. Correlation of organ volume to PPV and sensitivity was also computed.Results:Mean PPV of the segmented organs ranged from 0.82 to 0.99, and sensitivity ranged from 33 to 96%. Intra‐class correlation ranged from 0.07 to 0.98 across segmenters. Pearson correlation of volume to sensitivity were significant across organs, ranging from 0.54 to 0.91. Organs with significant correlation of PPV to volume were bladder (−0.69), levator ani (−0.68), and coccyx (−0.63).Conclusion:Undirected manual segmentation of the pelvic floor organs are adequate for locating the organs, but poor at defining structural boundaries. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;33:684–691. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.