bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual impairment in leber hereditary optic neuropathy carriers of the same family
Authors: REIS A , MATEUS C , SILVA ED , CASTELO‐BRANCO M 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To characterize the visual phenotype of asymptomatic Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) associated with mtDNA 11778G>A mutation in carriers from the same family.Methods Computerized psychophysical assessment methods (CCT ‐ Cambridge Colour Test and CSF ‐ Metropsis Contrast Sensitivity Function Test) were used to evaluate visual function in a population of 17 subjects of two generations of the family mentioned above (mean age ± SD = 27.94±12.97 years; mean visual acuity ± SD = 1.25±0.11) which was compared with an age‐matched control group. This evaluation was completed with electrophysiological assessment (Multifocal ERG, Pattern ERG and Pattern VEP). Stratus‐OCT3 was used for structural evaluation. Statistical analysis at a significance level of p<0.05 was performed using ANOVA, when applicable (otherwise Mann‐Whitney was used).Results CCT showed evidence for damage of all cone populations (0.0001<p<0.006), implying concomitant damage of parvo/ koniocellular pathways. No significant damage occurred in the achromatic contrast sensitivity across the spatial frequency channels studied, suggesting a relatively preservation of achromatic pathways. PERG results were normal, while mfERG (testing preganglionic pathways) showed a decrease in central ring amplitudes (p=0.006), corroborating central cone damage. Retinal thickness was decreased in the inner rings (R1:p=0.012; R2:p=0.04), irrespective of changes in macular nerve fiber layer thickness. Cortical responses (VEP) were delayed (60':p=0.002 / 15’:p=0.02) with normal amplitudes.Conclusion Our results suggest that, besides the classical concept of ganglion cell dysfunction, damage to outer retinal circuits could also contribute to subclinical impairment in LHON carriers.
Retinal ganglion cell neurodegeneration in mitochondrial optic neuropathies: a comparative structural study
Authors: MATEUS C , REIS A , SILVA ED , CASTELO‐BRANCO M 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose to compare structural measurements of retinal degeneration between the most frequent hereditary diseases of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) and Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (ADOA).Methods Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and retinal thickness (RT) were assessed by Spectralis OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany) in 14 patients (28 eyes; age=37.57+16.43 years) with ADOA and 15 patients (30 eyes; age=29.27+13.27 years) with LHON (unaffected carriers with gene mutation). These data were compared with age‐matched control group. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann‐Whitney test at a significant level of p<0.05.Results ADOA group showed a significant reduction in RNFL (p<.0001 for all quadrants and average) and RT (p<.0001 for average, all quadrants and rings; except ring 1, p=.001), when compared with control group. LHON group yielded an increase in RNFL for inferior (p=.0051) and temporal (p=.0129) quadrants and for average (p=.0014); but a significant decrease in RT (temporal quadrant p=.0079; ring 1 p=.0016; ring 2 p=.0011; average p=.0283), comparing with controls. Comparing with ADOA group, LHON showed a significant increase in RNFL (p<.0001 for all quadrants and average) and also for RT (p<.0001 for all measures), except for ring 1 (no significant differences was found between study groups).Conclusion As expected, ADOA group presents a significant loss of peripapillar RGCs and consequently a significant reduction in RT. LHON group shows an increase in RNFL, which is consistent with a documented swelling of the papillomacular bundle. Surprisingly, we found a decrease in RT that suggests retrograde involvment of other retinal cell type.
Differential effects of irradiation with X‐Rays and carbon ions on normal and tumoral uveal melanocytes
Authors: CALIPEL A , LUX AL , MOURIAUX F 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The local treatment of uveal melanoma (UM) proposed is in the majority of the cases the protontherapy or the radiotherapy of contact by patches. However, these treatment ends in blindness in 60 % of the cases. Indeed, the hadrons which are proton and carbon ion possess a Transfer of Linear Energy (LET) higher than the conventional radiotherapy (X‐rays and γ). Our previous findings highlight the key role of the WTB‐Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in the control of proliferation of UM cells. Our project investigate the positive and negative effects of the irradiation on the UM and healthy uveal melanocytes. It thus seems interesting to analyze the effects of the irradiation on ERK1/2 activation and the link between these pathways with the cell cycle.Methods We characterize the radiosensibilities, after irradiation by X‐rays and carbon ion, of six UM cell llines (92.1, Mel 270, SP6.5, MKT‐Br, µ2 and TP17) and two types of healthy cells: the human uveal melanocytes (NUM) and the epithelial cells of the human retina (ARPE19).Results We showed that carbon ion present with regard to the X‐rays a relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of 1.86 to 2.46 at 10% survival. We showed that the irradiations X and carbon had the same effects by provoking a stop of the cellular cycle in phase G2 / M until 120 hours. According to the type of irradiation, two mechanisms are observed on the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. X‐ray induced a transitory suractivation of ERK1/2. Whereas, ERK1/2 activation was constantly inhibited by carbon beamConclusion These preliminary results show that the carbon beam present a better biological efficiency than X‐rays in uveal melanoma cells leading a sustain inhibition of ERK1/2 pathway.
Resveratrol, rapamycin and MG‐132 as inducers of autophagy in ARPE‐19 cells
Authors: PETROVSKI G , BERENYI E , ALBERT R , MOE MC , FESUS L , BERTA A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To investigate the effect of the polyphenol resveratrol (3,5,4'‐trihydroxy‐trans‐stilbene), rapamycin (RAP) and proteasome inhibitor MG‐132 on cell death and autophagy in human retinal pigment epithelium‐derived ARPE‐19 cells.Methods ARPE‐19 cells were exposed to different treatment regimens: 10‐50microM resveratrol, 50‐100 nM RAP, 50 microM chloroquine (CQ) and 50‐100 nM MG‐132 over 48 hours. The levels of LC3‐II, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Hsp70, p62 were determined by Western blot analysis; autophagic vacuoles (AVs) formation was detected by acridine orange, pDendra2‐hLC3 expression and transmission electron microscopy; cell death was quantified using annexin‐V‐FITC/propidium iodide (PI) labeling on flow cytometry.Results Exposure to RAP and MG‐132 caused a time‐ and concentration dependent induction of autophagy that could be inhibited by 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA), while the induction of an active autophagic flux could be verified with CQ treatment, a blocker of the autophagosome‐lysosome fusion. Similarly, resveratrol alone could induce autophagy in ARPE‐19 cells, serving as a pro‐survival signal in ARPE‐19 cells. Inhibition with 3‐MA increased the death rate of resveratrol treated ARPE‐19 cell, further proving the autophagy‐related protective role of resveratrol.Conclusion Resveratrol at lower concentrations, RAP and MG‐132 can provide a pro‐survival stimulus to ARPE‐19 cells by inducing autophagy. This property can possibly be used for prolonging the lifespan of retinal pigment epithelium in diseases such as age‐related macular degeneration.
Quantification of GFAP and NF‐200+ retinal ganglional cells in contralateral mice retina to experimental glaucoma
Authors: ROJAS B , DE HOZ R , SALAZAR JJ , RAMIREZ AI , GALLEGO BI , RAMIREZ JM , SALINAS‐NAVARRO M , ORTIN‐MARTINEZ A , TRIVINO A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To analyze the effects of laser‐induced ocular hypertension (OHT) in the macroglia and retinal ganglion cells (RCGs) of eyes with OHT (OHT‐eyes) and contralateral eyes two weeks after laseringMethods Adult Swiss mice were divided into two groups: naïve (n=6) and lasered (n=6). Retinal whole‐mounts were immunostained with antibodies against GFAP and NF‐200, the latter used to analyze the presence of degenerated RGCs. The GFAP‐labeled retinal area (GFAP‐RA) and the number of astrocytes and NF‐200+RGCs were quantifiedResults In comparison with naïve: i) astrocytes were more robust in contralateral eyes and had less GFAP immunoreaction and secondary processes in OHT‐eyes; ii) GFAP‐RA was increased in contralateral eyes (p<0.032) and decreased in OHT‐eyes (p<0.001); iii) in both contralateral and OHT‐eyes, GFAP was upregulated in Müller cells. No differences in astrocyte number were found among naïve, contralateral, and OHT‐eyes. NF‐200+RGCs were observed in OHT‐eyes (503+/‐145 cells) with a trend for the GFAP‐RA to decrease and for the NF‐200+RGC number to increase from the center to the periphery (r=‐0.448)Conclusion Two weeks of laser‐induced OHT produced macroglial retinal changes in both contralateral and OHT eyes. The differences in NF‐200+RGCs counting among contralateral and OHT‐eyes support a possible contribution of retinal macroglia to neuronal homeostasis in contralateral eyes. On the basis of the macroglial changes detected in the present work, the use of the contralateral eye as an internal control in experimental induction of unilateral OHT should be reconsidered
T Cells and the Eye
Authors: DICK A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Experimental Autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) is a clinico‐pathological model of human non‐infectious uveitis. This review is to illuminate the dynamics of T cell infiltration in the eye during the course of EAU, the control of T cell activation and proliferation of T cells at the target site and ultimately control of inflammation.Methods Using models of EAU we are able to accurately dissect and enumerate T component, cyokine liberation and interrogate interactions of myeloid‐T cell compartment within the local environment during autoimmune inflammation.Results During the course of EAU, the early T cell infiltrate is seen prior to clinical disease. During acute inflammation there is a mixed T cell response, predominantly CD4+ Th1 and Th17 response. In later stages, Treg cells accumulate along with minor populations of CD8+ and NK T cells. Throughout there is close interaction with myeloid‐derived cells governing response of T cell activation and proliferation and vice versa mediated in part by TNF and TSP.Conclusion The cellular interactions within the local microenvironment regulate T cell expression.
Macrophages and the Eye
Authors: JAGER MJ 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe members of the antigen‐presenting cell family are known under many names, such as macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells and monocytes. They can be found in all ocular tissues, and depending on their activation state and characteristics, these cells can either stimulate or inhibit immune responses. Furthermore, macrophages may play a role in wound healing or angiogesis. These differential roles will be illustrated by showing their function in ocular tumors and in corneal diseases.
Ultrastructural organisation of stingray and shark corneal stroma
Authors: ALIBRAHIM A , ALMUBRAD T , AKHTAR S 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Collagen fibrils and proteoglycans are the main components of the corneal stroma. We report here ultrastructural organisation of collagen fibrils and proteoglycans of corneal stroma in stingray and shark.Methods Four corneas of stingray and shark were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde containing cuprolinic blue in sodium acetate buffer and processed for electron microscopy. Tissues were embedded in TAAB 031 resin. Measurements were carried out by using the ‘AnalySIS LS Professional program’.Results The corneal stroma of shark is thicker (336µm) compared to stingray stroma (143µm). The corneal stroma in both fish consists of parallel running lamellae containing collagen fibrils and proteoglycans. The lamellae in sharks are thicker in the anterior stroma (12.14µm), middle stroma (18.3µm) and posterior stroma (13.0µm) compared to stingray lamellae in anterior stroma (7.6µm), middle stroma (8.9µm) and posterior stroma (5.2µm). In both fish lamellae of middle stroma was thicker compared to anterior and posterior stroma. In both fish, lamellae were obliquely crossed by bundles of collagen fibrils, which are known as sutures. Proteoglycans are larger in stingray compared to shark.Conclusion The presence of sutures is the unique feature of these fish. It has been reported that these sutures inhibit the swelling of the cornea in sharks.
Herpes Simplex and Herpes Zoster associated corneal ulcerations
Authors: LABETOULLE M 
Published: December 2011

AbstractCorneal ulcerations are the landmark of viral infections of the ocular surface. The clinical patterns of these ulcerations may vary according to the virus, the type of infection (epithelial or stromal) and the history of the patient. Dendritic ulcers are the most typical findings of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infection, but may also be seen during Varicella‐Zoster Virus (VZV) infection. They share common feature such as rapid diffusion of fluorescein beneath the edges of the ulcer. Inversely, this diffusion is usually not seen in pseudo‐dentritic ulcers, which may be related to either some other infectious agents, or toxicity of eyedrops, or corneal denervation. Geographic ulceration is usually due to HSV infection mistreated with topical steroids, especially if the size of the defect is rapidly progressing. In contrast, a slowly progressing geographic ulcer, with amorphous margins, rather results from neurotrophic conditions. Finally, deep corneal ulcerations, involving both the epithelium and the stroma should be first treated as HSV or VZV necrotic keratitis, but other agents like bacteria, acanthameba and even fungi may lead to similar findings. Such cases thus need a daily control of the evolution to find optimal treatment.
Use of imaging techniques to reveal connectivity within the human fovea and to predict consequences of lesions.
Authors: SJÖSTRAND J , POPOVIC Z 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose A knowledge of connectivity from the central photoreceptors and their axons, via the bipolar cells to the retinal ganglion cells (RGC), is required to understand the consequences of lesions in different locations of the human fovea. The purpose was to create a model of the connectivity within the fovea based on information available in recent non‐invasive studies of the normal fovea with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and adaptive optics (AO).Methods OCT data from the study by Lujan et al. (2011) of the thickness of the Henle fiber layer (HFL) at various eccentricities was used in combination with data of cone density and visual resolution obtained from AO studies. An angle of 6 degrees was assumed between the cone axons and the external limiting membrane, at eccentricities between 0.2 and 1 mm, to calculate the lateral displacement from the cone photoreceptor cell body to the cone pedicle. Cone density and visual resolution was obtained from published AO studies (Wolfing et al., 2006; Rossi & Roorda, 2010).Results The thickness (HFLt) versus eccentricity along the horizontal meridian was derived from Lujan et al. (2011) and used to calculate the lateral displacement of cone pedicles. Zones in the cone pedicle layer and RGC layer connected to corresponding regions of the cone mosaic (0‐0.2 mm, 0.2‐0.4 mm, 0.4‐0.6 mm) were calculated and related to AO estimates of visual resolution.Conclusion Our model may be useful to visualize functional connectivity and to predict the effect of lesions within the fovea. A maximal effect of lesions in the bipolar and RGC layers, due to the displacement caused by the cone axons, may be anticipated at an eccentricity of about 0.5 mm or 2 degrees.
Monitoring the eye lens
Authors: BEHRENS R 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To prevent the induction of cataracts by ionizing radiation (photons or betas), the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has lowered the annual dose limit for the eye lens from 150 mSv down to 20 mSv for occupational exposures. Thus, protecting the eye and monitoring the lens dose to prevent exceeding the dose limit is more necessary than formerly assumed.Methods Different kinds of dosemeters were investigated to give guidelines on monitoring the lens dose when necessary.Results Hp(0.07) dosemeters are constructed to monitor the local skin dose in 0.07 mm depth as the radiation‐sensitive epidermis lies about 0.07 mm below the surface. In pure photon radiation fields, e.g. in interventional radiology, Hp(0.07) dosemeters are appropriate to monitor the lens dose when worn near the eye and if the back of their case consists of thin plastic. In beta radiation fields, e.g. in nuclear medicine, Hp(0.07) dosemeters may overestimate the lens dose by a factor of 100 or more. Thus, they are unsuitable here. Hp(3) dosemeters are constructed to monitor the lens dose as the radiation‐sensitive part of the lens lies about 3 mm within the eye. Only very few Hp(3) dosemeters exist, but, by construction, they should monitor the lens dose also in beta fields correctly. However, this has not yet been demonstrated. Hp(10) dosemeters are constructed to monitor the whole body dose as the inner organs are assumed to lie about 10 mm within the trunk. Hp(10) dosemeters usually underestimate the lens dose and are, thus, unsuitable.Conclusion Protection measures such as lead glass shields or glasses should be used. In case exposures cannot be avoided, appropriate dosemeters must be worn near the eye behind devices used to shield the eyes but not behind a shield worn on the trunk (e.g. a lead apron).
Novel methods to maintain corneal transparency while increasing the strength of LASIK flaps
Authors: KAMMA‐LORGER CS , DOOLEY EP , DU Y , DAVIES L , MI S , FUNDERBURGH JL , STEPHENS P , MEEK KM 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To reduce the incidents of keratectasia after LASIK we have been attempting to increase the strength of the flap using various methods1. We now are aiming to improve this by transplanting stromal fibroblasts, oral fibroblasts (a scarless reparative cell type) or stromal progenitor cells into LASIK corneas.Methods LASIK flaps were created in ovine corneas and human oral fibroblasts or human stromal progenitor cells were applied on the flap bed. Stromal flaps in bovine corneas were treated with stromal fibroblasts from the same species. LASIK corneas without any treatment acted as controls. All samples were placed in organ culture and allowed to heal for up to 3 weeks. The mechanical strength of the flaps was measured using a vertical extensometer in a “pull to break” test. Transparency was assessed by making spectorphotometric measurements across the visible spectrum. Cell phenotype was examined by anti‐alpha smooth muscle actin immunostaining.Results All approaches improved the strength of LASIK flaps but the bovine stromal fibroblasts compromised the tissue’s transparency. Both human cell types maintained corneal transparency but the oral fibroblast approach was the most efficient one in the 3 week culture period, perhaps due to the scarless reparative phenotype of these cells.Conclusion LASIK flap strength can be increased biologically but the challenge now is to apply these methods in an animal model to assess the long term of the efficacy of increasing flap adhesion strength and maintain corneal transparency and its potential use in medical intervention. 1. Mi S, Dooley EP, Albon J, Boulton ME, Meek KM, Kamma‐Lorger CS. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011; 37(1):166‐72
A new method of the eye refraction correction under non‐ablative laser radiation
Authors: BOLSHUNOV A , SOBOL E , AVETISOV S , BAUM O , SIPLIVY VLAD , OMELCHENKO A , FEDOROV A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The aim is to present a new approach of cornea reshaping using termomechanical effect of pulse repetitive laser radiation both on sclera and cornea.Methods Experiments were performed in vitro with eyes of pigs, rabbits, cadavers, and in‐vivo with rabbit eyes using an Erbuim glass fiber laser of 1.56 microns in wavelength. Thermomechaniucal properties of sclera and cornea during laser heating were studied with an indenter test and using thermo mechanical analyzer. The alterations in eye refraction was measured with various optical techniques including coherent tomography, confocal microscopy and shlieren visualization. Histological technique was used to study possible alterations in tissues structure.Results The results have shown different thermomechanical properties of cornea and sclera allowing to change eye refraction under nondestructive laser irradiation. Denaturation thresholds for stromal collagen of the cornea were measured for various laser wavelengths. Optimal laser settings were established allowing obtain vision correction without visible damage and denaturation of the eye tissues. The maximal change of eye refraction obtained was of 6 diopters. The stability of rabbit eye refraction was established during at least 6 months. Hystological analysis did not revile substantial alterations in cornea structure.Conclusion The advantages of the new approach are provided by the following factors (1) noninvasive and potentially reversible nature of exposure on the cornea and sclera, (2) minimal exposure on the central zone of the cornea, (3) availability of a feed back control system that prevents denaturation and damage of the cornea, (4) possibility of a repeated procedure.
Comparative evaluation of photorefractive keratectomy with the use of an excimer laser and a solid state laser system
Authors: KONTADAKIS G , KOUNIS G , KYMIONIS G , PLAKA A , STRATOS A , DIAKONIS V , PALLIKARIS IG 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To compare refractive results of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with the Solid State laser and Excimer laser.Methods This retrospective cohort study comprised eighty patients (153 eyes) who received PRK with the excimer laser Allegretto 400 Wave Eye‐Q (group 1), and 79 (156 eyes) who received PRK with the solid state laser Pulzar Z1 (group 2). All patients had a complete ophthalmic examination preoperatively to exclude ocular disease. All procedures were performed using an identical technique. Groups were matched in terms of age sex, preoperative refraction and visual acuity (VA).Preoperative and postoperative assessments included uncorrected distance VA, corrected distance VA, manifest and cycloplegic refractions, slitlamp examination and corneal topography.Results No statistically significant differences were found 1 year postoperatively between the two groups in terms of patient’s corrected distance VA (p=0.23), uncorrected distance VA (p=0.20),and remaining refractive error (difference between achieved and attempted correction) (p=0.60).Conclusion Both systems performed similarly in terms of efficacy and predictability. The use of the Solid State laser for the correction of myopia with photorefractive keratectomy is an effective alternative for the Excimer laser.