bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pyrolysis of cellulose and the action of flame‐retardants
Authors: Byrne G. A. , Gardiner D. , Holmes F. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn further work on the vacuum pyrolysis of cotton cellulose, alone or with flame‐retardants, at temperatures usually near 420°, products have been identified and determined. In the tar, laevoglucosan has been determined by an infra‐red absorption method, and by gas‐liquid chromatography of its trimethylsilyl ether; 5‐(hydroxymethyl)furfural and 1,6‐anhydro‐β‐D‐glucofuranose have been identified and determined similarly by gas‐liquid chromatography. By thin‐layer chromatography of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones, 19 carbonyl compounds have been identified in the products from pure cotton; fewer were found from cotton treated with flame‐retardants.The distribution of boron, nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorine from appropriate flame‐retardants has been determined among the products of pyrolysis of cotton. It is concluded that borax/boric acid, and APO‐THPC, act predominantly in the solid phase; Proban appears to act partly in the vapour phase. Mechanisms of pyrolysis are proposed. In a pure cotton cellulose, 1,2‐anhydroglucoses are regarded as important intermediates.
Studies on desalination by reverse osmosis: II. The relation between the fabrication procedure and the structure of cellulose acetate desalination membranes
Authors: Banks W. , Sharples A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe special structure of Loeb‐type desalination membranes has been considered in relation to the complex casting and immersion procedures by which they are fabricated. The role of each procedure in determining ultimate structure has been elucidated. This has enabled the rigid conditions which previously governed casting to be modified, so that the fabrication can be carried out at ambient temperatures rather than the low temperatures previously employed.
Solvent extraction study of a whole, low‐temperature tar
Authors: Ahmed M. S. A. , Vahrman M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA low‐temperature tar was sub‐divided, entirely by solvent extraction, into the following fractions: crude phenols and bases; hydrocarbons of different types—aliphatic, hydroaromatic and aromatic; and a neutral, oxygen‐containing aromatic fraction. The three hydrocarbon materials and the last‐named were obtained from the neutral tar oil (light petroleum‐soluble) by a series of partition extractions with the solvent pair, furfural/light petroleum, petroleum, using definite ratios of tar/solvents. These four fractions corresponded closely to those previously obtained by adsorption chromatography.
High‐temperature studies in the extraction of beryllium
Authors: Bayliss R. K. , Derry R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe recrystallisation behaviour of melts and glasses derived from beryl ores, flotation concentrates and synthetic oxide mixtures was examined and two new hybrid beryllium aluminium silicate phases were discovered. Beryllium extraction from the various products was correlated with their heterogeneous structure and conditions were established which enabled more than 95% of the beryllium to be extracted from all the ores and concentrates examined.
The reaction of kaolin with fluorides: I. Effect of neutral and acid sodium fluoride solutions
Authors: Semmens B. , Meggy A. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction between kaolinite and neutral and acid sodium fluoride solutions was investigated at different temperatures and over the acid pH range.The stoicheiometric replacement of hydroxyls in the kaolinite crystal lattice by fluoride ions, as reported by earlier workers, was not confirmed. The release of hydroxyl ions into solution was due predominantly to the disruption of the kaolinite crystal lattice. In the presence of sodium ions and at pH < 7, sodium fluoro‐silicate and cryolite were found as solid phases. At pH > 7, only cryolite was found as a solid phase. Small, spherical, particles were observed in all cases. These particles were believed to be amorphous silica, formed as an intermediate phase in the disruption process.
The reaction of kaolin with fluorides. II. Effect of aqueous hydrofluoric acid
Authors: Semmens B. , Meggy A. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dissolution of kaolinite in aqueous solutions of hydrofluoric acid was investigated at different temperatures and fluoride concentrations. The percentage dissolution of kaolinite was greater than was to be expected from a theoretical consideration of the reaction. The percentage dissolution was less for Na‐kaolinite than for a H‐kaolinite under the same experimental conditions. Two reaction rates were observed. The relative intensities of the 001 and 002 basal reflections decreased with reaction time, temperature and hydrofluoric acid concentration. The decrease was probably due to an amorphous phase. Although kaolinite samples after treatment at the lower temperature showed very little change in their infra‐red absorption spectra, a marked change in the spectra was observed at the higher temperature. The disruption of the kaolinite crystal lattice is believed to be due to the preferential extraction of aluminium from the lattice leaving an intermediate silica phase, which dissolves to form fluorosilicic acid.
The surface tension of coal tar distillates
Authors: Briggs D. K. H. , Speak K. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe surface tensions of coal tar distillates have been measured along with their densities and average boiling points. As in the case of most organic liquids, the surface tension for any one oil varies as the fourth power of the density when temperature is altered. The value of the surface tension y20 of an oil at 20° in dynes/cm is given by the following equation:.y20 = 93.8 d20‐0.0496 tb‐47.5 where d20 is the density of the oil in g/cm3 at 20° and tb is the average boiling point in °c.A method for calculation of y at other temperatures is suggested.
Extraction of uranium (VI) from hydrochloric acid solutions by long‐chain aliphatic amines
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe partition of uranium (vi) between hydrochloric acid solutions and organic solutions of long‐chain aliphatic amines has been investigated at different concentrations of hydrochloric acid, solvent and aqueous uranium, and at different temperatures. The effects of amine structure and of organic solvent and the mechanism of uranium extraction are discussed on the basis of the results obtained. From infra‐red spectral measurements it is postulated that a chloro complex of uranium (vi) is formed in the extraction of uranium (vi) from hydrochloric acid solution by tri‐n‐dodecylamine in benzene.
The early hydration of tricalcium silicate and β‐dicalcium silicate in neat portland cement pastes
Authors: Hurley F. R. , Angstadt R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractQuantitative X‐ray diffraction analysis was used to study the early hydration of the tricalcium silicate and β‐dicalcium silicate phases in neat Portland cement pastes. There is an initial ‘dormant’ period during which these phases hydrate only very slowly. In the case of the Ca3SiO5 phase in the cement used, this ‘dormant’ period lasts 3–4 hours. Of the Ca3SiO5 originally present 5% hydrated in 5 h; 22% in 10 h; 34% in 15 h; 45% in 24 h; and 63% in 72 h. No conclusive evidence of any β‐dicalcium silicate hydration during the seventy‐two hour period investigated was found.
Activation of emulsion polymerisation by a hydrocarbon‐soluble vanadium compound
Authors: Waterman J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA hydrocarbon‐soluble vanadium‐activated system consisting essentially of vanadyl di‐isopropylsalicylate and phenylcyclohexane hydroperoxide proved to be an active initiation system for the low‐temperature emulsion copolymerisation of butadiene and styrene. Mercaptans were observed to have a promoting as well as a modifying effect in this system. Whereas complete omission of the mercaptan resulted in a very low conversion, high conversions were obtained with as little as 0‐01 g per 100 g of monomer. No initiation took place when the polymerisation was carried out in a homogeneous phase, e.g. in benzene.
The preparation of lead dioxide for X‐ray diffraction studies
Authors: Bagshaw N. E. , Clarke R. L. , Halliwell B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLead dioxide is the active constituent of the positive electrode in the lead‐acid battery. Both the α‐ and the β‐modifications are present in battery electrodes and X‐ray diffraction techniques must be used to differentiate the role of each in the reactions occurring in the lead‐acid battery system. Standard samples of the two forms of lead dioxide are necessary for this purpose, and samples prepared by various methods have been studied. Powder patterns of electrodeposited samples of both α‐ and β‐lead dioxide showed preferred orientation effects which could not be removed by grinding. Chemically prepared samples of the two forms were well crystallised and did not produce preferred orientation effects. α‐Lead dioxide prepared by the oxidation of yellow lead monoxide (using a fused mixture of sodium chlorate and sodium nitrate) and β‐lead dioxide prepared by hydrolysis of lead tetra‐acetate were chosen as standard samples for X‐ray studies and their diffraction patterns have been recorded. A mechanism of nucleation has been proposed for the formation of α‐lead dioxide in alkaline and neutral media, and the β‐form in acid media.
Ion‐exchangers containing phosphorus in their functional group. Sorption of cations from nitric acid solutions and from acetate medium
Authors: Marhol Milan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA selective sorption of uranyl ions on organic ion‐exchangers containing ‐OPO(OH)2 or ‐PO(OH)2 groups from dilute nitric acid solution and the affinity of various divalent cations to these groups in acetate medium were studied. Practical applications of these ion exchangers for the separation are described.
Influence of stabilisers on bitumen durability
Authors: Martin K. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCombinations of eight asphaltic bitumens and twelve selected antioxidants have been examined for susceptibility to oxidative hardening. Bitumen films 40μ thick were oxidised at 300 psi in the dark and by simple exposure to solar radiation. Subsequent changes were determined with the sliding plate microviscometer. Many combinations exhibited improved stability and their behaviour is discussed in relation to current theory of autoxidation of hydrocarbons.
Reaction of ketohexoses with acid in certain non‐aqueous sugar solvents
Authors: Moye C. J. , Goldsack R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKetohexoses or potential ketohexoses react rapidly with acids at high temperatures in non‐aqueous solvents (containing the grouping R·O·C·C·OH in their structures1) to produce 5‐hydroxymethyl‐furfural (HMF). HMF reacts further to give the solvent ether (e.g., II, III or IV) in a slow reaction. Several of these ethers have been reduced partially to mono‐ethers of 2,5‐di(hydroxymethyl)furan (V, VI or VII) and fully to mono‐ethers of 2,5‐di(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran (VIII, IX or X).
The reactions occurring during the refining of benzene with concentrated sulphuric acid
Authors: Roberts D. , Gore P. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is shown that the two‐phase system, benzene/sulphuric acid, follows a different pattern of sulphonation of benzene to that observed for homogeneous systems by earlier workers. This is ascribed to the diluting effect on the sulphuric acid of the sulphonation reaction, and the establishment of equilibrium conditions.Important results have been obtained on the loss of benzene associated with removal of thiophen in the benzene refining process. The results presented show that effective loss of benzene can be reduced in the presence of hexene, provided no cyclohexene is present. It is also shown that loss of benzene can be minimised by the employment of the lowest practicable reaction temperature.
Spray tower performance. Extraction of propionic acid from dispersed toluene to water: Effect of number of nozzles and flow rates on mass‐transfer coefficient
Authors: Subbarao B. V. , Venkatarao C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperimental investigations were carried out for extracting propionic acid from dispersed toluene to water in a spray extraction tower to ascertain the effect of number of nozzles and flow rates on mass‐transfer coefficient. The effect of the number of nozzles on the mass‐transfer coefficient was negligible when the number of nozzles was increased from 12 to 37. Mass‐transfer coefficients increased with either of the flow rates at a constant value of the other.
Differences in molecular species present in aqueous potassium silicate solutions and their efficiency as adhesives for phosphors on glass
Authors: Walker A. J. , Whitehead N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPotassium silicate liquors of very similar composition (SiO2/K2O ratios approximately 3.mD4:1) prepared from Aerosil, acid‐washed silica‐gel fines or potash glass have been examined by (a) light scattering, (b) reaction with molybdate and (c) use of the metachromatic effect with pinacyanol chloride. Definite differences between the molecular weights of the samples were obtained from the light‐scattering results. These differences correlated well with the interaction observed between the silicate and pinacyanol chloride and the wet adhesion shown by the silicate; the samples containing more of the very high molecular weight polysilicate showing poor adhesion. The actual molecular weights have been estimated, but the determination of these involved dilutions of the silicate liquors and, over the range of dilution used, the reaction with molybdate showed that rapid depolymerisation of the silicate polyanion occurred on dilution. The results indicate that liquors prepared from potash glass contain more high‐molecular‐weight material than liquors prepared from silica gel or Aerosil.
A low pressure vapour‐liquid equilibrium still
Authors: Taylor K. H. , Ellis S. R. M. , Hands C. H. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn equilibrium still, based on the Jones still has been developed to determine vapour‐liquid equilibrium data at low pressures. Results are presented for the system 2‐methylnaphthalene‐n‐decanol at 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm Hg abs. This system can be used for testing vacuum distillation columns operating at low pressures.
The recovery of uranium from zircaloy‐uranium alloy
Authors: Jenkins I. L. , Keen N. J. , Robson J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA process has been studied in which Zircaloy‐uranium alloy is dissolved in a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and potassium fluoride. The uranium can be precipitated with an efficiency of 99.9%, as a complex potassium uranium fluoride, together with some of the zirconium in analogous complexes. These precipitates, when dissolved in a mixture of aluminium nitrate and nitric acid, give stable solutions from which uranium may be recovered by solvent extraction with an overall efficiency of 99.7%.
The relationship between lattice parameter and chemical constitution of spinel oxide phases formed during the oxidation of austenitic steels
Authors: Francis J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA detailed classification of spinels in the Fe/Cr/Ni/O system is described. These phases are important constituents of the surface oxide formed during the high‐temperature oxidation of austenitic steels. The effect of minor alloying elements in the steel on the spinel structure is also included.It is shown that spinels produced on stainless steels cannot in general be unambiguously interpreted by lattice parameters alone; some additional form of chemical analysis is required before the identity of any spinel phase can be specified with certainty.
Effect of manganese dioxide on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate
Authors: Kishore Kaushal , Verneker Vencatesh R. Pai , Sunitha Munipalli R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThermal decomposition of powdered ammonium perchlorate, catalysed by manganese dioxide (MnO2), has been studied in the low concentration ranges of the catalyst. MnO2 sensitises the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. The activation energy estimations of catalysed ammonium perchlorate show that the value is about 30 kcal/mol throughout the low and the high temperature regions whereas uncatalysed ammonium perchlorate gives two activation energies, 20 kcal/mol in the low temperature region (280–320°C) and 60 kcal/mol in the higher temperature region (350–390°C). This behaviour has been explained on the basis of an electron transfer process. The effectiveness of MnO2 in the thermal decomposition further increases on pre‐heating the sample at 50°C for two weeks; manganese ions enter the ammonium perchlorate lattice during the process of pre‐heating.
Alkylation of benzene to propyl and isopropyl benzenes over ZSM5 zeolites
Authors: Chandavar Kalpana H. , Hegde Sooryakant G. , Kulkarni Suneeta B. , Ratnasamy Paul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe alkylation of benzene with isopropanol over pure and modified (with phosphorous and boron) HZSM5 zeolites is reported. Isopropylbenzene is the primary reaction product. In the presence of strong acid sites, it isomerises to n‐propylbenzenes. The isomerisation reaction is also facilitated by the shape‐selective nature of the ZSM5 zeolite. Poisoning of the strong acid sites with bases such as pyridine enhances the selectivity to isopropyl benzene.
Purification and utilisation of iron‐contaminated sulphuric acid
Authors: Hutchings Graham J. , Fraser‐Bell Graeme 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purification and utilisation of sulphuric acid contaminated with iron is discussed in detail. It is found that treatment of the acid with FeSO4·7H2O resulted in complete removal of the iron impurity. Partial removal of the iron was affected by treatment with acetone and ammonium sulphate. Treatment with activated carbon was not found to be effective. The study shows that the contaminated sulphuric acid can be utilised to prepare sodium sulphate and calcium sulphate.
Neue Arten aus Raubmilbengattungen der Gamasina LEACH (Acarina, Parasitiformes) mit Indikationen zum Entwicklungsalter
Authors: Karg Wolfgang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrom New Caledonia 30 new species are described and documented by differential diagnoses (as determination keys mostly) and by figures. The species belong to 16 different genera. The zoogeography of the genera is analysed and related to palaegeographical events to obtain indications of their origin and of the former conditions of ecosystems. Obviously above all the palaeogeographic events of the Jurassic have caused the origin of groups of genera.
Transcobalamin deficiency caused by compound heterozygosity for two novel mutations in the TCN2 gene: a study of two affected siblings, their brother, and their parents
Authors: Nissen Peter H. , Nordwall Maria , Hoffmann‐Lücke Elke , Sorensen Boe S. , Nexo Ebba 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTranscobalamin (TC) deficiency (OMIM# 275350) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder that presents in early infancy with a broad spectrum of symptoms, including failure to thrive, megaloblastic anemia, immunological deficiency, and neurological symptoms. Here we report a study of a family (parents and three children) with two children suffering from TC deficiency caused by two different mutations in the TCN2 gene. Initially, molecular genetic analysis of genomic DNA revealed a heterozygous mutation in the +1 position of exon 7 (c.1106+1 G > A) in the father and all three children. Bioinformatic analysis indicates that this mutation causes exon skipping, and further experiments supported this hypothesis and suggested that the mutant allele undergoes nonsense‐mediated messenger RNA (mRNA) decay. We did not identify further mutations in genomic DNA that could explain TC deficiency in the two children. However, further efforts using complementary DNA (cDNA) derived from RNA from blood leukocytes identified a large deletion removing the entire exon 8, resulting in a frameshift and a premature stop codon (p.E371fsX372) in the mother and the two affected children. Our data indicate that if exon‐by‐exon DNA sequencing of genomic DNA does not uncover mutations corresponding to the phenotype, a systematic search for other mutations should be initiated by sequencing cDNA or using semiquantitative methods to detect large deletions in TCN2.
Biodegradable Photo‐Crosslinked Thin Polymer Networks Based on Vegetable Oil Hydroxy Fatty Acids
Authors: Kim Han‐Min , Kim Hak‐Ryul , Hou Ching T. , Kim Beom Soo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNovel crosslinked thin polymer networks based on vegetable oil hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) were prepared by UV photopolymerization and their mechanical properties were evaluated. Two raw materials, castor oil and 7,10‐dihydroxy‐8(E)‐octadecenoic acid (DOD) were used as sources of mono‐ and di‐HFAs, respectively. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diacrylate and poly(ε‐caprolactone) diacrylate were synthesized and used as crosslinking agents to form crosslinked polymer networks by UV‐initiated free‐radical polymerization with acrylated castor oil or acrylated DOD. The synthesis of acrylate derivatives was confirmed using FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopic techniques. The composition of the reaction mixture and the type/length of crosslinking agent were changed to obtain crosslinked polymer networks with various mechanical properties. For polymers prepared from high molecular weight (20,000) PEG, a 58–60% of the initial weights decreased in 35 days in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.2) containing lipase enzyme. These potentially biodegradable polymers based on vegetable oil HFAs can be used as eco‐friendly materials for various applications to replace the existing petroleum‐based polymers currently used.
Adolescents’ beliefs about sources of help for ADHD and depression
Authors: Swords Lorraine , Hennessy Eilis , Heary Caroline 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe peer group begins to become a source of support during late childhood and adolescence making it important to understand what type of help young people might suggest to a friend with an emotional or behavioral problem. Three groups of young people participated in the study with average ages of 12 (N = 107), 14 (N = 153) and 16 years (N = 133). All participants were presented with vignettes describing fictional peers, two of whom had symptoms of clinical problems (ADHD and depression) and a third comparison peer without symptoms. Results indicate that all participants distinguished between clinical and comparison vignette characters and they believed that the characters with clinical symptoms needed help. The 16‐year‐olds were more likely to differentiate between the two clinical vignettes in terms of the type of help suggested. The results are discussed in light of previous research on adolescents’ understanding of sources of help for mental health problems.