bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabentonites from the Silurian inliers of the southern Midland Valley of Scotland: distribution and geochemistry
Authors: Batchelor R. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A survey of eight Silurian inliers in the southern Midland Valley of Scotland has identified four new metabentonite occurrences within the Telychian Stage of the Llandovery, in the Bavelaw Castle, Hagshaw Hills, Lesmahagow and Girvan Main inliers respectively.
The bulk geochemical composition of the metabentonites highlights two broad associations: an intermediate/mafic, slightly alkaline group represented by the Lesmahagow samples, and a rhyodacitic group comprising samples from the other inliers surveyed. A potential correlation is proposed between a metabentonite from the Wether Law Linn Formation of the North Esk inlier and one from the west end of the neighbouring Bavelaw Castle inlier. The unique character of the Lesmahagow metabentonites will assist in further correlation studies of Upper Llandovery successions.
Environmental geology: reaching out to a wider audience
Authors: McKirdy Alan 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Whilst public awareness of environmental issues currently enjoys the highest profile, both nationally and internationally, understanding of the physical component of the natural world remains weak. There is an almost universal appreciation of many issues relating to ecological aspects of the environment, such as the need to conserve endangered species or threatened wildlife habitats, but by contrast, there is little understanding of the physical processes that have shaped our world. So the loss of key geological sites or landforms would be unlikely to occasion much public attention or comment. The challenge for the new millennium is that the geological profession reach out to a wider audience than hitherto, thereby ensuring a greater empathy with the physical component of the environment and its relevance to our everyday lives.
The Gribun Formation: clues to the latest Cretaceous history of western Scotland
Authors: Hancock Jake M. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
In the Inner Hebrides the Gribun Conglomerate Formation (possibly Maastrichtian in age) lies above the Cretaceous Chalk and below the Palaeocene basalts. It is best developed on the Island of Mull, but is also found further north in Skye. The Gribun Formation and the Chalk record several episodes of widespread silicification during the Late Cretaceous and possibly again very early in the Palaeocene. This silicification is evidence of arid or semi-arid terrestrial conditions. The possible absence of Campanian sediment may have been caused by magmatic underplating.
Pb-isotope evidence for contrasting crustal contamination of primitive to evolved magmas from Ardnamurchan and Rum: implications for the structure of the underlying crust
Authors: Geldmacher J. , Troll V. R. , Emeleus C. H. , Donaldson C. H. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Using Pb isotope ratios we compare crustal contamination of primitive to evolved magmas from the Ardnamurchan and nearby Rum Igneous Centres, located on different crustal provinces in the British Tertiary Igneous Province (BTIP). The results confirm that compositional variations of parental cone-sheet magmas in Ardnamurchan can be explained by assimilation of granulite facies Lewisian gneiss at moderate crustal levels and subsequent contamination of evolved magmas with Moine schist metasediments within the uppermost crust during fractional crystallization. In contrast, samples from the Rum Centre have an uncontaminated mantle signature for the basaltic end-member, whereas the evolved rocks show Pb isotope evidence of contamination by Lewisian amphibolite facies rocks. Rum is separated from Ardnamurchan by a major thrust. The absence of a Moine-type isotopic influence in the Rum rocks supports an earlier interpretation, based on field evidence, that these overthrust rocks were eroded from Rum prior to the Palaeocene magmatic activity.
Use of non-parametric statistics as a tool for the hydraulic and hydrogeochemical characterization of hard rock aquifers
Authors: Banks David , Morland Geir , Frengstad Bjørn 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The new EU Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC) implies that hard rock units will need to be considered as aquifers, and to be hydrogeologically and hydrogeochemically characterized. This is not a straightforward task, given that such aquifers are heterogeneous, discontinuous and strongly three-dimensional in the distributions of both hydraulic and hydrochemical properties. The Geological Survey of Norway has recently carried out characterizations of Norway’s hard rock aquifers using simple non-parametric statistical techniques, focusing on median and percentile values for aquifer properties and concentrations of chemical parameters. Such characterizations reveal far larger parameter ranges within given aquifer lithological units than between different units. Indeed, for most lithologies, median well yields and concentrations of major chemical parameters (e.g. pH, major ions) are remarkably similar. For certain elements, however, systematic differences can be detected. For example, elements such as uranium, radon and fluoride are significantly enriched in Precambrian granites and gneisses, and depleted in anorthosites.
A history of the Shetland Ophiolite Complex
Authors: Flinn Derek , Oglethorpe Richard J. D. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The Shetland ophiolite was derived from an intra-continental, ocean-floored basin that opened shortly after 600 Ma on the eastern edge of Laurentia, during the tensional opening of the Iapetus Ocean. The precursor sedimentary and volcanic extensional basin is exposed in the south of Shetland and can be followed northeastwards by offshore geophysical anomalies. Eastward subduction of the floor of the basin led to hydration of the descending slab and the overlying mantle wedge. At about 500 Ma pressure from the east caused westward obduction of part of the subducting slab. The obduction thrust originated in the overlying mantle wedge and cut through the descending slab from above into underlying mantle. The result is a nappe cutting steeply through the sub-ocean-floor layers. The obducted nappe over-rode highly metamorphosed Shetland–Dalradian schists and gneisses and now forms the Lower Nappe of the Shetland Ophiolite Complex. The exposed pseudo-stratigraphic succession extends from several kilometres deep in the mantle, as exposed in the west, through the lower crust to the base of the sheeted dykes in the east, before passing beneath the sea; a surface distance of some 6 km. The ophiolitic pseudo-stratigraphy occurs as steeply dipping layers within the nappe, which gravity modelling shows to be about 3 km thick. The section through the ophiolite is lying on its side. After its obduction, erosion of the nappe and nearby metamorphic basement led to deposition of fine-grained, laminated siliceous sediments, locally graphitic and conglomeratic. Resumed pressure from the east during the Scandian orogeny telescoped the Lower Nappe, thereby emplacing an Upper Nappe over the Lower Nappe. The two nappes are separated by an imbricate zone incorporating siliceous sediments, ophiolitic hornblende schist and slices of the ophiolite nappes. The Skaw granite was intruded at about 425.6 Ma during this phase.
Lamprophyric magmatism in the Sleat Group (Torridonian), Kyle of Lochalsh: Torridonian sill or ash-flow tuff, or Permo-Carboniferous intrusion?
Authors: Batchelor R. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
A prominent bed which is concordant with its host Sleat Group (Torridonian) rocks near Kyle of Lochalsh, Highland Region, NW Scotland, has been categorized as an alkaline lamprophyre (sannaite). It consists mostly of a yellowish-grey crumbly material with marginal layers of competent rock which exhibit flow textures reminiscent of ash-flow tuffs. A central facies displays trachytic texture. The presence of sanidine, flow textures and pseudomorphed skeletal olivine phenocrysts supports a volcanic origin. The rock’s NE-SW trend is incompatible with local Tertiary NW–SE dyke swarms. While the evidence for this rock being a contemporary late-Mesoproterozoic ash-flow tuff or sill, or a Permo-Carboniferous sill may appear equivocal, the weight of evidence favours a Torridonian intrusive origin, contemporary with the Gardar Igneous Province of Greenland.
Lithostratigraphical subdivision of the Sherwood Sandstone Group (Triassic) of the northeastern part of the Carlisle Basin, Cumbria and Dumfries and Galloway, UK
Authors: Holliday D. W. , Jones N. S. , McMillan A. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
Two formations, the St Bees Sandstone and Kirklinton Sandstone, have been mapped in the past within the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group of the eastern part of the Carlisle Basin, Cumbria, and adjacent parts of Dumfries and Galloway, UK. However, previous workers have found considerable difficulty in consistently identifying, defining and mapping the Kirklinton Sandstone Formation. The principal lithological change within the Sherwood Sandstone Group is between mainly fine-grained sandstones that are commonly micaceous and contain numerous mudstone interbeds in the lower and middle parts of the group, and fine- to coarse-grained sandstones with rare or no mica and few mudstone partings at the top of the group. This change occurs within the Kirklinton Sandstone Formation as previously mapped. This paper considers ways of subdividing the group lithostratigraphically and the nomenclature to be adopted. All options have some associated problems, but, in view of the recently determined similarities with the contiguous sandstones offshore, the adoption of the same terminology as that in the adjacent East Irish Sea and Solway Firth basins is suggested, i.e. the St Bees Sandstone Formation below (subdivided where possible into Rottington Sandstone and Calder Sandstone members) and the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation above.
Upper Llandovery–Wenlock (Silurian) palynology of the Pentland Hills inliers, Midland Valley of Scotland
Authors: Molyneux S. G. , Barron H. F. , Smith R. A. 
Published: January 2010

Synopsis
The results of a palynological study on late Llandovery–Wenlock (mid-Silurian) successions in the North Esk, Bavelaw Castle and Loganlee inliers of the Pentland Hills, Midland Valley of Scotland, are documented. Palynological assemblages from the Reservoir Formation are dominated by acritarchs, but chitinozoa, cryptospores and scolecodonts are also present. Assemblages from the lower part of the Reservoir Formation are of low diversity and abundance, but marked increases in both abundance and diversity, particularly of the acritarchs, occur in the upper 200 m or so of the formation. The reasons for the marked increases are unclear, but could reflect changing environmental conditions during deposition of the upper Reservoir Formation, with the marine palynomorphs tracking changes in the location of certain physical and chemical properties of water-masses, for example nutrient availability, salinity or temperature. There is a general decline in the abundance and diversity of acritarchs and chitinozoans above the Reservoir Formation, although both groups, together with rare cryptospores, are present in samples from the Deerhope and Wether Law Linn formations. The Henshaw Formation yielded few marine microfossils, but more abundant and diverse spores and cyptospores than the underlying formations, consistent with an upward transition from marine to prograding terrestrial facies. The microfloras from the Reservoir, Deerhope and Wether Law Linn formations are consistent with the late Llandovery age indicated by graptolite evidence.

A feature of assemblages from the Reservoir Formation, particularly the more productive samples from the upper part of the formation, is the common occurrence of sphaeromorph acritarchs,
Moyeria cabottii
and
Tylotopalla
species. The common occurrence of these forms gives the palynological assemblages a distinctive character. Similar sphaeromorph–
Moyeria
-
Tylotopalla
dominated acritarch microfloras occur at about the same level
(spiralis
Graptolite Biozone) in the Silurian succession of the Girvan Inlier, in the Drumyork Flags Formation. They might therefore be useful for correlating upper Llandovery rocks across the Midland Valley.
A New Statistical Modeling Approach to Ocean Front Detection from SST Satellite Images
Authors: Hopkins Jo , Challenor Peter , Shaw Andrew G. P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Ocean fronts are narrow zones of intense dynamic activity that play an important role in global ocean–atmosphere interactions. Owing to their highly variable nature, both in space and time, they are notoriously difficult features to adequately sample using traditional in situ techniques. In this paper, the authors propose a new statistical modeling approach for detecting and monitoring ocean fronts from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) SST satellite images that builds on a previous “front following” algorithm. Weighted local likelihood is used to provide a smooth, nonparametric description of spatial variations in the position, mean temperature, width, and temperature change of an individual front within an image. Weightings are provided by a Gaussian kernel function whose width is automatically determined by likelihood cross-validation. The statistical model fitting approach allows estimation of the uncertainty of each parameter to be quantified, a capability not possessed by other techniques. The algorithm is shown to be robust to noise and missing data in an image, problems that hamper many of the existing front-detection schemes. The approach is general and could be used with other remotely sensed datasets, model output, or data assimilation products.
Analysis of transfer touch voltages in low-voltage electrical installations
Authors: Barrett M. , O'Connell K. , Sung ACM 
Published: January 2010

Protection against electric shock in our homes and work places is one of the most important priorities for electrical services engineers who are now designing electrical installations to conform to the requirements of the 17th edition IEE Wiring Regulations (BS7671: 2008). Now Chapter 41 of BS7671: 2008 requires that additional protection by means of a 30 mA 40 ms residual current protection device be provided for final circuits supplying general purpose socket outlets that are intended for use by ‘Ordinary persons’. However, there are few publications and little information available on the theory describing how touch voltage of a dangerous magnitude could be transferred from a faulty circuit onto the exposed-conductive-parts of Class 1 equipment of another healthy circuit. This paper summarises the theory of transfer touch voltage calculations and expands on it to show how to carry out a sensitivity analysis in relation to the design parameters that are being used by designers and installers. Based on the results of a real case study, it appears that there is sufficient evidence to show that it may not be sufficiently safe to use the nominal external earth fault loop impedance quoted by the electricity utility companies for adopting a low touch voltage design. Practical application: The touch voltage sensitivity equation derived in this paper is a powerful tool for designers and installers of electrical installations to investigate and identify the sensitivity of resulting touch voltages of any electrical circuits.
Robust MPC for temperature control of air-conditioning systems concerning on constraints and multitype uncertainties
Authors: Xinhua Xu  , Shengwei Wang  , Gongsheng Huang  
Published: January 2010

This paper presents a robust model-based predictive control (MPC) strategy for temperature control of an air-conditioning system, which consists of multiple local-loop processes and each process suffers from different dynamics uncertainties or variations. When an appropriate sampling period is chosen to discretise the system for computer control, a state-space discrete model with an uncertainty polytope is developed to describe the mixing uncertainties of these type of systems. The main benefit of the proposed description is that robust model predictive control can be easily used to design a robust controller for such a system while taking account of constraints associated with this system. A linear matrix inequality-based MPC algorithm is employed for control design. Case study was conducted on a dynamic simulation platform of an air-conditioning system, which evaluated the developed strategy in various simulation tests by comparing with the conventional PID control. Results demonstrated that the developed strategy is able to deal with constraints and allows stable and robust control while maintaining acceptable thermal comfort. Although the strategy is illustrated and validated using a constant air volume air-conditioning system, it can be applied to other constraint HVAC processes suffering from similar uncertainties. Practical applications: The main benefit of the developed strategy (including the proposed description and the adopted robust control algorithm) for practical application is that uncertainties and constraints can be dealt with simultaneously in one framework. Constraints in HVAC systems exist due to the application of actuators, for example, the rate limit considered in the paper. Taking account of constraints is useful to prevent unnecessary damages to equipments and maintain the system operating in a safe mode. Most importantly, the control objectives can be achieved in a constraint manner. The consideration of uncertainties, probably due to the changes of operating environment, is useful to release the work of accurate modelling of HVAC processes and online tuning of controllers.
Amino acid residues Arg659, Arg660, and Tyr661 in the spacer domain of ADAMTS13 are critical for cleavage of von Willebrand factor
Authors: Jin Sheng-Yu , Skipwith Christopher G. , Zheng X. Long 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that ADAMTS13 spacer domain is required for cleavage of von Willebrand factor (VWF). However, the exact amino acid residues within this domain critical for substrate recognition are not known. Epitope mapping of anti-ADAMTS13 immunoglobulin G from patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and sequence alignment of the ADAMTS13 spacer domains of human, mouse, and zebrafish with these of human and murine ADAMTS1, a closely related member of ADAMTS family, have provided hints to investigate the role of the amino acid residues between Arg659 and Glu664 of the ADAMTS13 spacer domain in substrate recognition. A deletion of all these 6 amino acid residues (ie, Arg659-Glu664) from the ADAMTS13 spacer domain resulted in dramatically reduced proteolytic activity toward VWF73 peptides, guanidine-HCl denatured VWF, and native VWF under fluid shear stress, as well as ultralarge VWF on endothelial cells. Site-directed mutagenesis, kinetic analyses, and peptide inhibition assays have further identified a role for amino acid residues Arg659, Arg660, and Tyr661 in proteolytic cleavage of various substrates under static and fluid shear stress conditions. These findings may provide novel insight into the structural-function relationship of ADAMTS13 and help us to understand pathogenesis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and other arterial thromboses associated with compromised VWF proteolysis.
Targeting the translational machinery as a novel treatment strategy for hematologic malignancies
Authors: Hagner Patrick R. , Schneider Abraham , Gartenhaus Ronald B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe dysregulation of protein synthesis evident in the transformed phenotype has opened up a burgeoning field of research in cancer biology. Translation initiation has recently been shown to be a common downstream target of signal transduction pathways deregulated in cancer and initiated by mutated/overexpressed oncogenes and tumor suppressors. The overexpression and/or activation of proteins involved in translation initiation such as eIF4E, mTOR, and eIF4G have been shown to induce a malignant phenotype. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that control protein synthesis is emerging as an exciting new research area with significant potential for developing innovative therapies. This review highlights molecules that are activated or dysregulated in hematologic malignancies, and promotes the transformed phenotype through the deregulation of protein synthesis. Targeting these proteins with small molecule inhibitors may constitute a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of cancer.
LucidDraw: Efficiently visualizing complex biochemical networks within MATLAB
Authors: He Sheng , Mei Juan , Shi Guiyang , Wang Zhengxiang , Li Weijiang 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Biochemical networks play an essential role in systems biology. Rapidly growing network data and versatile research activities call for convenient visualization tools to aid intuitively perceiving abstract structures of networks and gaining insights into the functional implications of networks. There are various kinds of network visualization software, but they are usually not adequate for visual analysis of complex biological networks mainly because of the two reasons: 1) most existing drawing methods suitable for biochemical networks have high computation loads and can hardly achieve near real-time visualization; 2) available network visualization tools are designed for working in certain network modeling platforms, so they are not convenient for general analyses due to lack of broader range of readily accessible numerical utilities.

Results
We present LucidDraw as a visual analysis tool, which features (a) speed: typical biological networks with several hundreds of nodes can be drawn in a few seconds through a new layout algorithm; (b) ease of use: working within MATLAB makes it convenient to manipulate and analyze the network data using a broad spectrum of sophisticated numerical functions; (c) flexibility: layout styles and incorporation of other available information about functional modules can be controlled by users with little effort, and the output drawings are interactively modifiable.

Conclusions
Equipped with a new grid layout algorithm proposed here, LucidDraw serves as an auxiliary network analysis tool capable of visualizing complex biological networks in near real-time with controllable layout styles and drawing details. The framework of the algorithm enables easy incorporation of extra biological information, if available, to influence the output layouts with predefined node grouping features.