bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3He/4He values in natural diamonds
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

Values of the 3He/4He ratio in natural diamond crystals appear to be higher than the so‐called primordial ratios observed in meteorites, according to a recent report by Minoru Ozima and Shigeo Zashu of the Geophysical Institute at the University of Tokyo (Science, March 4, 1983). The values obtained from helium fractions of 13 diamonds ranged from less than 10−7 to 3.2±0.25×10−4, indicating a rather large enrichment of primitive helium. The measured ratios are close to those for solar‐type helium.The significance of those determinations could be two‐fold, raising questions about the interpretation of helium isotope ratios from other surface samples and from other terrestrial sources. A possibility is that the diamonds may have originated in a deep, chemically isolated, and decoupled part of the earth's mantle. The problem is that this decoupling would have to be total, implying essentially no communication of the deep mantle with the rest of the earth. Ozima and Zashu prefer to think that the diamonds themselves preserved the helium ratio of a very primitive environment by being unusually depleted in uranium and thorium. This latter explanation, if correct, would mean that in at least one case, i.e., these diamonds, one cannot determine the geological evolution of 3He/4He reliably.
Grant to Cornell
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A $250,000 grant from the Atlantic Richfield Foundation to Cornell University will be used to support construction of the university's new geological sciences building. Construction and furnishings for the new building will cost $11.2 million, with an additional $2 million for a maintenance endowment. The university has raised more than $8.5 million for the project, which is scheduled to be completed in July 1984.The four‐level complex of classrooms, laboratories, offices, and specialized facilities will be named in honor of William E. Snee, a 1924 Cornell graduate who was a leader in petroleum exploration and whose estate has provided a major bequest for the benefit of Cornell's geological sciences department.
Clash over NOAA budget
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

At the April 26 hearing on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) budget by a Senate Appropriations subcommittee, Sen. Lowell P. Weicker, Jr . (R‐Conn.), decried the budget cuts proposed by NOAA and the Reagan Administration. ‘I think it would be almost criminal’ to agree to the proposed cuts, Weicker said, adding that although he understands the broad policy to trim the budget, the proposed cuts amounted to ‘piecemeal emasculation … I won't be part of it.’‘I cannot help but note with regret that for the third year in a row the Administration proposed drastic reductions in oceans‐related research and development,’ said Weicker during the hearing conducted by the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on the departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, and the Judiciary. ‘The proposed 37% cut in funding for fisheries programs combined with a 40% cut in other oceans and coastal activities would add up to an $85 million loss for NOAA's oceans programs. To make cuts of this magnitude would be, in effect, to write off the great potential the oceans have for feeding our people and helping to power our economy,’ the Connecticut senator said. ‘In short, the potential of the oceans as well as the pressures placed upon them have never been so great—and they will be even greater tomorrow. In the face of Administration indifference and outright hostility, Congress must maintain its commitment to the oceans and to the positive contributions they can make to our future.’
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 8(3), March 31, 1983, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The entire Etna, Kliuchevskoi, and Hunter Island reports are included; also included here is the report on Asama, which will appear in volume 8, number 4. The earthquake report is an excerpt.The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E83—004 at $2.50 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give volume and issue numbers and issue date) through AGU Separates; $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price is $18.00 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a United States address;; $28.00 (U.S.) if mailed elsewhere. Order must be prepaid.
Stellar cannibalism
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Astronomers have obtained evidence that stars can literally swallow other stars, leading to the ejection of stellar material into space and the formation of extremely close pairs of stars, according to the National Science Foundation (NSF). The discovery supports theoretical predictions of the evolution of double stars.While studying the central stars of planetary nebulae—disk‐shaped gas clouds that vaguely resemble planets—Albert D. Grauer of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock and Howard E. Bond of Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge found that several of these central stars are actually very close stellar pairs. Previously, it had been thought that the central star in a planetary nebula was a single star that expelled a gas cloud as it neared the end of its life. Their latest discovery, the central star of planetary nebula Abell 41, consists of a pair of stars that orbit each other in 2 hours and 43 minutes. The researchers also have found three other central star pairs that have orbital periods of between 11 and 16 hours.
New atmospheric program
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation's Division of Atmospheric Sciences has established an Upper Atmospheric Facilities program within its Centers and Facilities section. The program will support the operation of and the scientific research that uses the longitudinal chain of incoherent scatter radars. The program also will ensure that the chain is maintained as a state‐of‐the‐art research tool available to all interested and qualified scientists.For additional information, contact Richard A. Behnke, Division of Atmospheric Sciences, National Science Foundation, 1800 G Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20550 (telephone: 202‐357‐7390).
Science jobs tight
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

In the latest report of the College Placement Council it was noted that a recovery of sorts may be underway for recent graduates in science, engineering, or technology. Based on a survey of 185 placement offices at 160 colleges and universities, the College Placement Survey concluded in its April 1983 report that only one half as many job offers in science, engineering, and technology fields were reported this year, compared with the same time last year. However, although fewer offers were made, more jobs were filled.Petroleum engineering graduates have commanded the highest beginning salaries of all fields this spring. The average salary offered to petroleum engineers in the class of 1983 is $31,044 per year, almost a 2% increase over last year's starting salary for the same discipline. In second place are chemical engineering graduates who are being offered average starting salaries of $27,336 per year, about 1% higher than last year's figure.
Atmospheric instruments
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation's (NSF) Division of Atmospheric Sciences is now accepting proposals requesting only specialized research equipment or instrumentation. The division, within the Directorate for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences (AAEO), aims to echo the theme of increased support for instrumentation of the NSF fiscal 1984 budget request to Congress.Guidelines for proposals for specialized research equipment and instrumentation are the same as those for research proposals. Each potential major user should describe the research projects for which the equipment will be used. Some institutional contribution is encouraged for the equipment proposals. For additional information on the submission of instrumentation proposals, contact the specific program director in the grant programs section (see list below) or in the new Upper Atmospheric Facilities program in NSF's Centers and Facilities section (see related news item this issue). Guidelines for proposal preparation can be found in NSF publication 81–79, Grants for Scientific and Engineering Research.
Earliest mass extinction
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Scientists have uncovered evidence that points to a major mass extinction that wiped out many types of one‐celled algae 650 million years ago, near the end of the Precambrian era, according to the National Science Foundation (NSF). Prior to this discovery, the oldest known major extinction had been in the Ordovician Period, some 450 million years ago, when many species of shell‐covered marine animals disappeared.This Precambrian mass extinction was found at several places in the northeast Atlantic region, including Spitsbergen, the Baltic, and eastern Greenland, Andrew H. Knoll, an associate professor of biology at Harvard University, explained. Knoll, whose research was funded by NSF, was working with Gonzalo Vidal, professor of geology at Lund University, when they uncovered their finding.
U.S. to aid coastal research
Authors: Katsouros Mary Hope 
Published: October 2011

Prior to the 1964 implementation of the 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf, oceanographers were free to plan and carry out research projects virtually anywhere on or under the seas of the world (see Article 5(1) and 5(8)). Today, dozens of coastal nations regulate marine research within 200 nautical miles (370 km) of their shores, imposing increasingly severe restrictions and creating diverse and uncertain consent procedures. Both the Reagan administration and Congress have acted recently to alleviate some of these jurisdictional problems being experienced by U.S. marine scientists.On March 10, 1983, President Reagan issued a proclamation on the “Exclusive Economic Zone of the United States of America” and related statements. It is the accompanying “Statement by the President” and the “Fact Sheet” on “United States Oceans Policy” (all three of which are dated March 10), rather than the proclamation, that outline the U.S. position on the conduct of marine scientific research. The “Statement by the President” declares that, While international law provides for a right of jurisdiction over marine scientific research within such a zone, the proclamation does not assert this right. I have elected not to do so because of the United States' interest in encouraging marine scientific research and avoiding any unnecessary burdens. The United States will nevertheless recognize the right of other coastal states to exercise jurisdiction over marine scientific research within 200 nautical miles of their coasts, if that jurisdiction is exercised reasonably in a manner consistent with international law. The “Fact Sheet” states that, The President has decided not to assert jurisdiction over marine scientific research in the United States EEZ [Exclusive Economic Zone]. This is consistent with U.S. interest in promoting maximum freedom for such research. The Department of State will take steps to facilitate access by U.S. scientists to foreign EEZ's under reasonable conditions.
NRC committees on oceanography
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

The dust now is settling from last year's restructuring of the National Research Council (NRC) from seven assemblies and commissions to three commissions, two offices, and an independent board (Eos, April 27, 1982, p. 250, and March 16, 1982, p. 194). The individual committees and boards within these six new units now are moving full‐speed ahead. This information report reviews four of the new boards that touch on oceanography.Of the all the shifts made to create these four boards, the biggest overhaul involved merging the old Ocean Sciences Board with the old Ocean Policy Committee to form a new Board on Ocean Science and Policy (BOSP) (Eos, May 3, 1983, p. 172).
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
Authors: Hoover James D. 
Published: October 2011

So many new and exciting topics in petrology have appeared over the last several years that it has become difficult to find a text that deals adequately with fundamentals as well as current topics; the present book may be one of the better texts in its field today because it achieves this combination with clarity and appropriate emphasis. The book provides a comprehensive coverage of descriptive, theoretical, and experimental topics. The relationship between the origin and evolution of igneous and metamorphic rocks and the associated physical and tectonic processes is the unifying theme of the text.The book is intended as a text for undergraduate geology majors with a background in physical and historical geology and mineralogy. It is divided into four main categories: magmatic rock bodies, magmatic systems, metamorphic bodies and systems, and the early history of the earth and other planetary bodies. The organization of the first three of these sections is intended to be flexible in scope, emphasis, and variety of subject matter. Each chapter is outlined, prefaced with an overview of the section, and summarized in outline form. Key terms appear in bold type, and study questions are provided in interpretive chapters. Breadth and clarity of subject matter is emphasized, and good use is made of figures, tables, and photographs of rocks in the field, in hand specimen, and in thin section. The appendix contains a summary of some petrographic techniques, a review of the physical and optical properties of some rock‐forming minerals, and representative chemical analyses of some major rock types.
NEXRAD negotiations
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Two firms have been selected for negotiation for preproduction models of NEXRAD, the next generation weather radar system that aims to improve severe weather forecasting. The 40‐month, cost‐plus‐fixed‐fee contracts, each valued at $20 million, were awarded to Raytheon Co. of Wyland, Mass., and to Sperry Corp. of Great Neck, N.Y., according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).The contract awards represent the second of four phases in the 10‐year process of the development and deployment of a national weather radar system to replace existing but aging units. One of the companies will be selected in late 1986 for a contract for limited production of the radar units. Full production and installation of the first operational units are expected by early 1988.
Ice, oceans, and isotopes
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

New ideas on high rates of glaciation and deglaciation have suggested changes in currently accepted ideas about the glacial periods and their causes. At the same time, new studies are being done on deep ocean isotope fractionation phenomena. These phenomena are similar to those defining glacial periods, and the new studies have raised questions about paleoclimate analysis for the time span just preceding the glaciers.The broad variety of explanations for the glacial epochs in the northern hemisphere beginning about 15 million years ago and the lack of sufficient data on the epochs appear to be the result of low precision in correlation between land and ocean methods. Among the many correlations are factors related to the oxygen isotope temperature scale obtained from analysis of marine invertebrate specimens.
New AGU mineral physics committee
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

A new Committee on Mineral Physics consisting of Orson Anderson (chairman), Peter Bell, Raymond Jeanloz, Robert Lieberman, Murli Manghnani, Alexandra Navrotsky, Tom Shankland, Joseph E. Smith, and Donald Weidner has been approved by the AGU Executive Committee.The increasing number of research groups in an area that combines the study of mineral properties and solid state sciences (materials research) created the impetus for this new committee. At AGU meetings, mineral physics studies have been included in recent years in sessions of Volcanology, Petrology, and Geochemistry and sessions of Tectonophysics. A portion of the charter for the new committee includes arranging special sessions for mineral physics that would bridge the two sections.
Leveling in earthquake area
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is performing first‐order geodetic leveling in the Coalinga, Calif., area. The project, which is being funded by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), is intended to measure vertical height differences associated with recent Coalinga earthquakes.The largest of the earthquakes occurred on May 2 with magnitude 6.5 (Richter scale). More than 1,500 aftershocks have followed, including two on May 8, which were magnitude 5.5. Damage estimates exceeded $30 million (see Eos, May 26, p. 387). No loss of life was reported, but 1,000 residents were displaced.
VLBI observations
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

From the centers of quasars calculated to have velocities 10 times greater than that of light—the Einsteinian constant of the universe—astronomers are finding explanations of Doppler effect red shifts of emission. Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) arrays have been used to examine the cores of seven known radio sources in space that are characterized by superluminal velocities, and a significant amount of knowledge has been gained about red‐shift phenomena of plasma sources. Milliarcsecond resolution of VLBI techniques allows observers to examine in detail central structures of radio sources.According to a discussion of observers at the recent superluminal workshop held at the Jodrell Bank Observatory, U.K., February 1983, “The last six years have brought a great increase in reliability of results, particularly because of the use of VLBI arrays…” (Nature, April 28, 1983). This reliability has resulted in a compilation of properties of radio‐source core structures. The steep frequency‐shifted radio spectrum of a superluminal structure is apparently caused by rapidly extending plasma jets. The discussion provides the following explanation of a relativistic jet: “…a relativistically moving stream of plasma emanating from the core…[which]… is identified with the base of the jet. … The ‘moving’ components are shocks or plasmons moving down the jet, which point toward the observers in the case of superluminal sources” (Nature, April 28, 1983). The idea is that illusions of Doppler effect red shifts can be produced by high‐energy physical phenomena other than simple velocity effects. Even in the case of a source moving away from an observer with a relative velocity less than the speed of light, an illusion of superluminal velocity results because the angle of view is small (“because the observer's view of the early part of the motion is delayed with respect to the later parts, and hence the apparent duration of the motion is shortened” (Nature, April 28, 1983)).
Drilling reorganizes
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

As the first in a proposed series of steps that would move scientific ocean drilling from its own niche within the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Directorate for Astronomical, Atmospheric, Earth, and Ocean Sciences (AAEO) into the agency's Division of Ocean Sciences, Grant Gross, division director, has been appointed acting director of the Office of Scientific Ocean Drilling (OSOD). Gross will retain the directorship of the division, which also is part of AAEO. Allen M. Shinn, Jr., OSOD director for nearly 2 years, has been reassigned effective July 10 to a position in NSF's Office of Planning and Resource Management.The move aims to tie drilling operations more closely to the science with which it is associated, Gross said. This first step is an organizational response to the current leaning toward using a commercial drilling vessel as the drilling platform, he said. Before the market for such commercial drill ships opened (Eos, February 22, 1983, p . 73), other ship options for scientific ocean drilling included refurbishing the aging Glomar Challenger or renovating, at great expense, the Glomar Explorer. A possible next step in the reorganization is to make OSOD the third section within the Ocean Sciences Division. Currently, the division is divided into the Oceanographic Facilities and Support Section and the Ocean Sciences Research Section.
El Chichón data
Authors: Roise W. I. 
Published: October 2011

The March–April 1982 eruptions of El Chichón have produced the largest atmospheric impact of any eruption since at least Krakatau in 1883. The main geological variable that is responsible is the abnormally high S content of the erupted magma. The ultimate souce of this sulfur is still unresolved.Some highlights of the scientific papers dealing with the eruptions and presented at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, December 10–11, are discussed below. (The abstracts are in Eos, November 9, 1982, pp 897–898, 900–902, and 1126–1127.)
Synchrotron advances
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Mineral physics studies, which gain precision as time decreases during a measurement, will benefit greatly from the availability of beams existing from synchrotron facilities. Unusually intense radiation is emitted from a synchrotron in the broad spectral range from the infrared through the X ray region and beyond. For example, X rays, which are released from such a facility at intensities of 105 times those of conventional generators, can be used for studies of mineral structures, such as XFAS (X ray fine structure) and photoionization, which were unthought of only a decade ago.One reason for this new capability is that accessories for synchrotrons called wigglers and undulators have evolved from the laboratory‐curiosity stage to useful devices during the same period. These new devices step up the brilliance (flux per steradian for a unit source area of a narrow wavelength band) of a synchrotron‐produced beam and can be adjusted so as to extend the spectral range of the radiation. The truth is that most of the old and even the new synchrotrons were designed or planned without the knowledge that wigglers and undulators would be successful, according to a recent report (Physics Today, June 1983).