bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The introduction sums up the purpose and contents of the book, framing what follows. It explains the value of close attention to verse-craft in reading, and it gestures towards the book’s interests in craft, pleasure, and tangibility. The rough chronological limits of Middle English and early Scots are described, and the case for the inclusion of Scots poetry is briefly made. The discussion outlines how poems and poets were selected, and where accessible editions of relevant works can be found. Finally, it describes how readers can use key tools such as verse indexes, the Oxford English Dictionary, and the Middle English Dictionary.
Wording
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how readers can study word-choice in Middle English poetry. It introduces the concepts of etymology, register, and the distinction between open- and closed-class words. It outlines four important sources of Middle English words, Old English, French, Latin, and Old Norse. Examples in the study of wording in poetry are offered from Terrance Hayes, Sir Orfeo, the early Middle English poem ‘The Grave’, and a sustained discussion of an anonymous fifteenth-century lyric. The chapter’s final section explains fifteenth-century aureation, illustrated in part from the Scots poet William Dunbar.
Phrasing
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Middle English and early Scots poets, like any writers in any era, fitted words together into clauses and clauses together into bigger frameworks: the business of syntax. This chapter explores these matters of order. An opening discussion takes as an example the beginning of Hoccleve’s Regiment of Princes. The chapter then considers the how verse form and syntax interacted in both alternating-metre and alliterative verse, with attention to rhyme-breaking, open and closed rhyme structures, and poetic lists. Finally, the chapter examines subordination, and contrasts the different uses and purposes of hypotaxis and parataxis in John Lydgate’s Siege of Thebesand in Sir Orfeo.
Metre (II): Alliterative Verse
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces alliterative verse, which coexisted alongside alternating metres as another family of metrical approaches. Half-lines, lifts, and dips long and short are defined and illustrated, and the chapter briefly models the use of metrically informed close reading using a passage from Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Then the chapter describes how alliteration itself fits into alliterative verse and pauses to consider how poets used alliteration in alternating metres too. The special alliterative lexis common in Middle English alliterative verse is identified. A section explores early Middle English alliterative verse, especially Layamon’s Brut, and the final section discusses alliterative-stanzaic poems.
Rhyme
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Though rhyme often defines present-day ideas of English poetry for non-specialists, Old English only used rhyme locally, and regular rhyme emerged during the Middle English period. Some techniques used to read modern rhymes work just as well with earlier poetry. Readers can, though, learn about particular rhyme-habits of the time. The chapter outlines specific rhyme types and techniques: through-rhyme; masculine and feminine rhymes; perfect and imperfect rhymes; autorhyme and punning rhyme; filler rhyme; and elective rhyme in otherwise unrhymed alliterative verse. A coda observes how blank verse was independently invented at least twice during the Middle English period, earlier than its more well-known codification in the sixteenth century.
Grander Designs
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Early poetry, like modern poetry, has formal features which operate at a larger scale than the stanza. This chapter explores the larger-scale features and models most common in Middle English and early Scots verse. It covers concatenation, refrains, run-on stanzas, and carols and their burdens. The ‘fixed forms’ of the roundel and the balladeare described. Changes in the forms of longer poems invite readers to consider shape poetry, variations in stanza-form, and the use of inset lyrics, exemplified by works such as the Cursor Mundi, Chaucer, Robert Henryson, Lydgate, and John Metham. Closing remarks point out the experimental energy of much poetry in these centuries and note John Metham’s accidental fifteenth-century Shakespearean sonnet.
Craft in an Unfixed Time
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The epilogue rearranges the verse covered in the book as a whole back into a chronological narrative, from 1150 to 1500, to balance the non-chronological treatment of the topic necessary in the book as a whole. The time around 1400 is picked out as perhaps the hinge or pivot of the whole history of English poetry, the moment of the greatest potential and variety. The chapter reviews and emphasizes the uncentredness and possibility of early poetry: in its distribution, whether in writing or performance; in its lack of strong linguistic norms; and in the absence of a dominant prestige form. The task of reading early poetry is passed on to the book’s readers.
Intentional Anti-Realism I
Authors: Horowitz Amir 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 presents the negative thesis of intentional anti-realism, according to which there can be no intentional states and content ascriptions, in themselves, lack truth conditions. The chapter begins by drawing together, from the preceding chapters, the threads of an argument for this thesis. The elements of the positive thesis are then developed. Among them is the idea that content ascriptions have practice-dependent truth conditions. Another is the claim that mental states that are standardly considered intentional exist along with most of the properties that are standardly attributed to them, but absent intentional properties and, thus, absent representational truth values. A notion of thick logico-syntactic structure is developed, and it is argued that, due to having such structures, mental states can be true (or epistemically “adequate,” in a coherentist, or coherentist-pragmatist, sense). Nonetheless, content ascriptions cannot be true (or adequate) even in this sense; they lie outside the field of knowledge.
The Problem of Evil for Atheists
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The problem of evil has long perplexed traditional theists: why do terrible events, such as crimes, wars, and natural disasters, occur in a world believed to be created by an omnipotent and wholly good God? The Problem of Evil for Atheists offers a fresh perspective that seeks to transform the perennial philosophical debate on this matter. This book contends that the problem of evil surpasses its conventional understanding, not only impacting traditional theists but also posing a challenge for atheists and other ‘non-theists’, including pantheists, axiarchists, and followers of Eastern religious traditions. Moreover, the book posits that traditional theists, who typically embrace some form of supernaturalism, are better equipped to address the problem than naturalist atheists/non-theists because the only potentially successful response requires supernaturalism. Conversely, the book suggests that if atheists/non-theists can develop a successful naturalist response, traditional theists can also adopt it. Thus, it concludes that traditional theists are better positioned than atheists/non-theists to grapple with the problem—an unexpected assertion, given that the problem of evil is normally viewed as an argument against traditional theism and in favour of atheism/non-theism. The Problem of Evil for Atheists presents a comprehensive defence of a fundamentally new approach to tackling the age-old philosophical conundrum. By challenging the conventional perspective, it endeavours to reshape our understanding and interpretation of evil in a profound manner.
The Problem of Evil as a Problem of Axiological Expectation Mismatch
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the problem of evil is much deeper than it is normally conceived to be because the core is relevant not only to traditional theists but also to proponents of many alternative views. To defend this view, the chapter purports to show that the problem of evil is a specific version of a broader conundrum, the ‘problem of axiological expectation mismatch’. First, the chapter presents a relatively facile way of showing that being a traditional theist is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for being a target of the problem of evil. It then presents a more substantial way of showing how the problem of evil poses a challenge for atheists/non-theists as well as traditional theists. Finally, the chapter explains that existing theistic responses to the problem of evil can be understood as attempts to resolve an ‘axiological expectation mismatch’ which the problem of evil raises.
The Problem of Evil for Pantheists
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of alternatives to traditional theism, including panentheism, pantheism, axiarchism, and atheism, and explains how each view interprets the relationship between God (or the absence of God) and the world. It then develops a version of the problem of evil, the ‘divinity problem of evil’, which arises for both pantheism and traditional theism. The chapter critically discusses an attempt to save pantheism and traditional theism from the problem by appealing to an experiential approach to divinity and argues that it is available to traditional theists but not to pantheists. It then focuses on ‘multiverse pantheism’, a novel form of pantheism which mitigates many shortcomings of standard pantheism. The chapter concludes, however, that even multiverse pantheism, unlike traditional theism, cannot avoid a certain version of the divinity problem of evil.
The Problem of Impermanence
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the problem of evil arises not only for traditional theists and non-theists in the Western tradition but also for followers of non-theistic Eastern traditions. It focuses on the Japanese literature in the Kamakura period (1185–1333), especially Kamo no Chōmei’s work Hōjōki (1212), which describes pain and suffering people experienced in catastrophes in Kyoto in that period and explains how the Japanese observed and reacted to them. The chapter argues that, contrary to initial appearances, pain and suffering in the midst of disasters are not the main concerns of Chōmei or other Japanese thinkers; their main concern is rather the ephemerality or transience of our existence, which leads us to the ‘problem of impermanence’. The chapter argues that this problem of impermanence is a version of the problem of systemic evil, even though it does not address the system of natural selection or evolution.
The Future of Social and Economic Rights
Authors: Hoffmann Florian F. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Social and economic (SE) rights are at a critical juncture. The past two decades have seen an impressive rise in their presence both in domestic and international jurisprudence and in political discourse, so much so that they can now be considered to have drawn even with civil and political rights as the dominant global human rights concern. Yet, as a succession of financial and general economic crises have afflicted states in the global North and South alike, questions have begun to be asked about their actual impact on both minimum living standards and (in)equality. This chapter seeks to provide an overview of where the debate on SE rights stands at this moment. It focuses on the current standards of monitoring and enforcement, on the ‘turn to indicators’ and the measurement of SE rights fulfilment, the domestic SE ‘rights revolution’ and the ongoing debate about its impact on core social policy areas such as public health, on the role of SE rights in international development cooperation through the ‘rights-based approach’, and on the recent mobilization of SE rights against austerity politics. The chapter will conclude with a reflection on the future of SE rights as a utopian vision in an increasingly dystopian world.
Understanding Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The main theme in the book is to give a non-mathematical understanding of how nuclear reactors operate. It describes the components, the pressure vessel, the pressurizer, to control the pressure in a pressurized water reactor (PWR), the steam generator, and it also explains how the chain reaction is controlled in the day-to-day operations in the control room. What goes on elsewhere in the nuclear fuel cycle, mining, enrichment, fuel manufacturer, spent fuel management, and reprocessing are also covered in detail. It tells a set of historical stories about the development of the physics behind reactors and the discovery of fission. The book also explains the hopes for the development of Generation IV reactors. Special attention is given to the safety of reactors and the lessons to be learned from the incidents at Three Mile Island, Browns Ferry, Chernobyl, and at Fukushima in Japan. I use a set of stories to explain the invisible hazard of radiation on the human body. Global warming was the motivation for the book, so I give a detailed account of alternative energy sources to fossil fuel, solar panels, wind turbines, geothermal, as well as nuclear. I give a detailed account of all the current developments in nuclear fusion as a future prospect for the production of electricity. The hydrogen strategy is emerging, and may become a revolution, but it is a very subtle partner in the quest for net zero, so I give a detailed account of how it fits into the plan to defeat global warming.
Basic Quantum Theory
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
De Broglie’s wavelength for a particle is used to explain the Heisenberg Uncertainty principle. Determinism is replaced by wave mechanics based on the probability of decay through exit channels. The concepts of spin and parity are explained with contributions from Pauli, Ralph de Laer Kronig, Samual Goudsmit, and George Uhlenbeck. Sommerfeld uses quantum numbers to explain atomic spectra. Pauli uses observations of the anomalous Zeeman effect to suggest new quantum numbers based on the electron having an additional two-value property, spin. Lee and Yang show parity is not always conserved. The theory of alpha decay using George Gamow’s tunnelling explanation and Fermi’s explanation of beta decay following Pauli’s suggestion of spin and the prediction of the neutrino complete the explanation of radioactivity. Dirac predicts antimatter and positron decay is observed. James Chadwick discovers the neutron.
Nuclear Fusion
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The process and problems of nuclear fusion and the components of a fusion reactor are described. The tokamak shape and plasma containment by magnetic confinement are explained. The problems of engineering materials surviving the high temperature and neutron irradiation are covered. The reasons for using beryllium for the first wall and tungsten for the divertor are given. Tritium breeding in the blanket by neutron capture in lithium and the problems of tritium management are dealt with. The need for neutron multiplication in beryllium or lead to obtain a tritium breeding ratio greater than 1.0 is covered. The developments at the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) are given. The alternatives to tokamak and magnetic confinement, laser fusion, inertial confinement, and accelerator hybrid systems for fusion are detailed as venture capital endeavours. The spherical tokamaks MAST and STEP are explained. The commercial viability of fusion electricity is questioned.
So-Called Civilian Protection Measures Harm Civilians
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an accurate and comprehensive account of the Protection of Civilian (POC) concept which has been so far distorted because it has been viewed through the public international law (PIL) lens. Based on an international constitutional law (ICL) analysis of UNSC POC resolutions and key UN-POC documents, this chapter demonstrates that the UNSC conceived POC to smoothen the Constitution’s globalization simultaneously through plans, short-term and long-term (1265, 1999). Given their Constitutional significance, the poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSPs) underlay the plans for protecting civilians—long-term and short-term. As the case studies on Colombia (a state with a mission lacking a POC mandate) and Côte d’Ivoire (a state with a mission mandated to protect civilians) illustrate, both these missions protect civilians the same way. They help states adopt market-led agrarian reforms identified as conflict triggers and, thus, imperil civilians from the very harms they purport to protect them. UN Official Ralph Mamiya and Consultant Aditi Gorur’s PIL accounts of POC are reviewed to illustrate how ignoring POC’s Constitutional foundation distorts our understanding of its contents and goals.
Transitional Justice Ignores Economic Violence. Why?
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This ninth chapter vividly illustrates how Constitutional Globalization produced a cascade of Western judicial mechanisms that worked to achieve its goals. In doing so, this chapter simultaneously resolves puzzles that have long baffled public international law scholars, both veteran and emerging: Why have truth and reconciliation commissions (TRCs) mushroomed in the Global South? (Jeremy Sarkin)? Why has international criminal law been proliferating since 2000 (Christine Schwoebel) and why was the World Trade Organization born soon after the International Criminal Court (ICC)? (Martii Koskenniemi). Why does international criminal and transitional justice ignore economic violence? And why the ICC has predominantly targeted African states? (Multiple scholars). The chapter establishes the Constitutional foundations of all post-1989 judicial bodies, international courts (e.g., International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, ICTY) and the ICC, and so-called transitional justice mechanisms (e.g., TRCs). With three case studies, one on the ICC’s functioning vis-à-vis Côte d’Ivoire and two on the TRCs in Rwanda and Nepal, it demonstrates how these Constitutionally rooted bodies protect the interests of the transnational capitalist class thus providing market justice globally. But what they offer to the poor in the Global South is cut-price justice. And why poverty reduction strategy papers are the mechanisms through which Third World states establish these Western judicial mechanisms.
Introduction
Authors: Graf Chiara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Stoic theory of the emotions, drawing out some similarities and differences between this ancient theory and modern-day affect theory. The Stoics believed that the passions were toxic and needed to be eradicated by reason. However, they defined the passions fairly narrowly, limiting them to feelings that arise from incorrect rational judgments about the world. The passions therefore did not encompass all of emotional life for the Stoics, who also accounted for a range of irrational and morally neutral sensations. The latter correspond roughly to the set of feelings studied by modern-day affect theorists. Taking affect theory’s suggestion that the para-logical aspects of emotional life hold special didactic potential, this chapter posits that the Senecan emotions, too, can be embraced for their illogical and uncontrollable aspects.
Wonder and Exemplarity in the Epistulae Morales
Authors: Graf Chiara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter is centered on letter 120 of Seneca’s Epistulae Morales. In this letter, Seneca provides an account of how humans came to grasp the concept of the good. This chapter argues that wonder fulfills a crucial function in our apprehension of the good, even when it distorts objective truths about the phenomenal world. In addition to shedding light upon the nature of the good, wonder in letter 120 forms the basis for a particular model of Roman exemplarity: while many Senecan accounts of virtuous deeds figure exempla as external entities that impress themselves upon passive viewers, letter 120 centers wonderstruck subjects as active creators and circulators of didactically fruitful exempla.
Wilfred Owen (1893–1918)
Authors: Vandiver Elizabeth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys classical reception in the war poetry of Wilfred Owen and demonstrates the crucial importance of classics for his work. The chapter begins with a brief biography of Owen, focusing particularly on his education, his unfulfilled hopes of attending university, and his determined efforts to learn Latin, and giving a summary of his war service, his treatment at Craiglockhart Hospital, and his friendship with Siegfried Sassoon. The chapter then turns to detailed discussion of the war poems. The poems are grouped into three main categories, to foreground the most significant forms of classical reception that Owen employs: poems that allude to Horace’s Odes, starting with Owen’s most famous poem, ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’; poems that allude, directly or indirectly, to the classical katabasis (Underworld journey) or to the Underworld itself; and Owen’s direct retellings of classical myths. Poems that include only brief references to classics are surveyed in a separate section. The chapter establishes that Owen was directly familiar with Horace’s Odes, showing that he not only quoted Horace’s Latin in ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ but also incorporated translations of Horatian phrases and aspects of Horatian structure into other poems. The chapter also demonstrates Owen’s familiarity with Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Virgil’s Aeneid, and Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey.
Introduction
Authors: Fabbrini Federico 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the edited volume. It outlines the core features of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) and summarizes the key legal and political developments in the relationship between the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK) from 2022 to 2023. In particular, the chapter overviews the Windsor Framework, approved in spring 2023, and highlights its positive impact in rebuilding trust between the EU and the UK by resolving their tensions over Northern Ireland. Finally, the chapter considers what the prospects for the TCA might be going forward, and summarizes the content of the volume, and its contribution to Brexit studies.
The Windsor Framework and Its Impact for Northern Ireland and EU-UK Relations
Authors: Araujo Billy Melo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The successful conclusion of the Windsor Framework was announced to much fanfare in February 2023 and portrayed in some quarters as the beginning of a new dawn for the operation of the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol and EU-UK relations. The aim of this chapter is to look beyond such rhetoric and examine the nature of the reforms under the Windsor Framework package and the extent to which it represents a significant departure from the rules of the Protocol. It also highlights some of the potential pitfalls associated with these reforms and shows that, by seeking to address certain difficulties, the Windsor Framework creates entirely new ones that undermine the central aims of the Protocol and have the potential to threaten the sense of optimism and trust between the parties.