bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leg perforators and leg length: An anatomic study focusing on topography and angiogenesis
Authors: Boriani Filippo , Bruschi Stefano , Fraccalvieri Marco , Cipriani Riccardo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe highly variable anatomic distribution of lower leg perforators is explored, with a standardization based on leg length. The possibility of a correlation between leg length and number of perforators is investigated. Twenty‐two lower limbs of cadavers were utilized for an anatomic study on the leg perforators branching from the three major vascular axes, anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and fibular. The parameters considered were the number of vascular pedicles per each major axis, the caliber, the distance of the fascial hole from the bony landmark (knee joint line), and the route of the vessels (muscular, septal). Arteries taken into account had a caliber of 0.5 mm or greater, with a maximum of 1.7 and a mean of 0.78. The perforators of the anterior tibial artery distribute along the entire length of the leg, but the peak of concentration is between second and third tenth and around the middle tenth. The fibular system provides perforators between the fourth and seventh tenth. The posterior tibial perforators concentrate to the middle third and to the supramalleolar region. A correlation exists between leg length and number of perforating vessels for the tibial vascular systems, possibly due to neoangiogenesis during growth, at the level of the metaphyseal plates. On the contrary no relationship was noticed for the fibular artery, whose perforators concentrate far from the growth cartilages. Some tenths where perforators concentrate are identifiable. Tibial systems have a perforator incidence depending on leg length, which, on the contrary, does not influence the number of fibular perforators. Clin. Anat. 23:593–605, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human fetal anatomy of the coccygeal attachments of the levator ani muscle
Authors: Niikura Hitoshi , Jin Zhe Wu , Hwan Cho Baik , Murakami Gen , Yaegashi Nobuo , Lee Jong Kyun , Lee Nae Ho , Li Chun Ai 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn contrast to the attachments to the pubis and rectum, there is little information on fetal development of the coccygeal attachment of the levator ani muscles. We find that at 9 weeks, the coccygeus muscle is a large muscle facing the piriformis or gluteus maximus and inserting onto the ischial spine, whereas the levator ani is restricted to the area near the pubis. By 12 weeks, the levator ani also obtains attachment to the ischial spine immediately ventral to the coccygeus muscle. The most superior part of the coccygeus muscle occupies a space at an angle between the pelvic splanchnic and pudendal nerves. Notably, medial to the coccygeus muscle, a third parasagittal muscle (previously termed the sacrococcygeus anterior) appears by 12 weeks, increases in mass by 18 weeks, and connects and mixes with the dorsal end of the levator ani by 18–20 weeks. Thus, the coccygeal attachment of the levator ani appears not to depend on the dorsal extension of the muscle itself but on fusion with the sacrococcygeus anterior. Therefore, the final levator sheet is formed medial (internal) to the coccygeus muscle and originates from two distinct anlage. Clin. Anat. 23:566–574, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nasal, sellar, and sphenoid sinus measurements in relation to pituitary surgery
Authors: Lazaridis Nikolaos , Natsis Konstantinos , Koebke Juergen , Themelis Christos 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA study of 24 adult Caucasian cadavers was undertaken to assess and document the anatomical measurements within the nasal cavity and sphenoid sinus as routes of instrumentation utilized in sublabial transsphenoidal and endonasal endoscopic approaches. Five measurements were performed. The mean thickness of the anterior sellar wall was 0.8 ± 0.3 mm for both the sellar and presellar types of sinuses, respectively. Also, the mean thickness of the bony floor of the sellar type of sinus was 0.9 ± 0.4 mm. In addition, the mean depth of the sphenoid sinus was 13.6 ± 5.1 mm for the sellar type and 13.2 ± 3.9 mm for the presellar type of sinus. Furthermore, the mean distance between the suspinale (inferior–posterior edge of the anterior nasal spine) and the anterior sphenoid wall was 62.3 ± 4.6 mm for the sellar type of sinus (P < 0.05) and 60.6 ± 2.9 mm for the presellar type of sinus, while the distance between the subspinale and the anterior sellar wall had a mean value of 75.9 ± 6.3 mm for the sellar type of sinus (P < 0.05) and 73.8 ± 4.2 mm for the presellar type of sinus, with the distance of the sellar type sinus being greater for male specimens. Sphenoid sinus pneumatization was of a conchal type in 4%, presellar type in 28%, and sellar type in 68% of subjects examined. The results of the current study expand upon current anatomical knowledge and may be beneficial in the future refinement of surgical instrument design. Clin. Anat. 23:629–636, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NanoSIMS: Insights into the Organization of the Proteinaceous Scaffold within Hexactinellid Sponge Spicules
Authors: Müller Werner E. G. , Wang Xiaohong , Sinha Bärbel , Wiens Matthias , Schröder Heinz‐C. , Jochum Klaus Peter 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe giant basal spicules (GBS) from Monorhaphis chuni (Porifera [sponges], Hexactinellida) represent the largest biosilica structures on Earth and can reach lengths of 300 cm (diameter of 1.1 cm). The amorphous silica of the inorganic matrix is formed enzymatically by silicatein. During this process, the enzyme remains trapped inside the lamellar‐organized spicules. In order to localize the organic silicatein scaffold, the inside of a lamella has been analyzed by nano‐secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). It is shown that the GBSs are composed of around 245 concentrically arranged individual siliceous lamellae. These surround an internal siliceous axial cylinder. The lamellae adjacent to the cylinder are thicker (10–30 μm) than the more peripheral lamellae (2–10 μm). One lamella of a thickness of 18 μm has been selected for further analysis. This lamella itself is composed of three sublamellae with an individual thickness of 2–6 μm each, which are then further organized into three cylindrical slats (thickness: 1.6–1.8 μm). Other than the main lamellae, the sublamellae are not separated from each other by gaps. The element analysis of the sublamellae by NanoSIMS revealed that the siliceous matrix is embedded in an organic matrix that consists of up to 6–10 wt/% of C. The pattern of C distribution reflects a distinct zonation of the organic material within the solid intralamellar biosiliceous material. A growth model for the lamella starting from nanosized silica particles is proposed: During formation of a lamella nanosized silica particles fuse, through biosintering processes, to slats that build the individual sublamellae, which then finally form the lamellae. In turn, those lamellae may form the higher structural entity, the axial cylinder.
Polyelectrolyte‐Assisted Reactive Crystallization of SrSO4 to Obtain Monodispersed Nano/Micro‐Particles
Authors: Mikami T. , Hirasawa I. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMicronized SrSO4 crystals having monodispersed/narrow distributions were produced with a controlled double‐jet reactive crystallizer. Polyethylenimine (PEI) had the role of a suitable controller of supersaturation and following crystallization phenomena, and then led to agglomeration‐less homogeneous crystalline qualities. Especially, the PEI imines seemed to adjust the number of nucleates, and also physical gel networks seemed to contribute to the inhibition of further particulate agglomeration. The current paper mainly demonstrated the influence of PEI addition on the resulting properties, e.g. sizes and size distribution widths. Therefore the polyelectrolyte‐assisted technique will develop as a build‐up process contributing to provide high‐value nano/micro‐powders having the desired crystalline qualities.
Energetics, Conformation, and Recognition of DNA Duplexes Modified by Monodentate RuII Complexes Containing Terphenyl Arenes
Authors: Novakova Olga , Malina Jaroslav , Suchankova Tereza , Kasparkova Jana , Bugarcic Tijana , Sadler Peter J. , Brabec Viktor 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe studied the thermodynamic properties, conformation, and recognition of DNA duplexes site‐specifically modified by monofunctional adducts of RuII complexes of the type [RuII(η6‐arene)(Cl)(en)]+, in which arene=para‐, meta‐, or ortho‐terphenyl (complexes 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and en=1,2‐diaminoethane. It has been shown (J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 5310) that 1 exhibits promising cytotoxic effects in human tumor cells, whereas 2 and 3 are much less cytotoxic; concomitantly with the high cytotoxicity of 1, its DNA binding mode involves combined intercalative and monofunctional (coordination) binding modes, whereas less cytotoxic compounds 2 and 3 bind to DNA only through a monofunctional coordination to DNA bases. An analysis of conformational distortions induced in DNA by adducts of 1 and 2 revealed more extensive and stronger distortion and concomitantly greater thermodynamic destabilization of DNA by the adducts of nonintercalating 2. Moreover, affinity of replication protein A to the DNA duplex containing adduct of 1 was pronouncedly lower than to the adduct of 2. On the other hand, another damaged‐DNA‐binding protein, xeroderma pigmentosum protein A, did not recognize the DNA adduct of 1 or 2. Importantly, the adducts of 1 induced a considerably lower level of repair synthesis than the adducts of 2, which suggests enhanced persistence of the adducts of the more potent and intercalating 1 in comparison with the adducts of the less potent and nonintercalating 2. Also interestingly, the adducts of 1 inhibited DNA polymerization more efficiently than the adducts of 2, and they could also be bypassed by DNA polymerases with greater difficulty. Results of the present work along with those previously published support the view that monodentate RuII arene complexes belong to a class of anticancer agents for which structure–pharmacological relationships might be correlated with their DNA‐binding modes.
Praxisnahe Tests der Tropfenabscheidung von Koaleszern
Authors: Schmidt F. , Däuber E. , Lindermann J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn den Ansaugluftstrom von Gasturbinen werden oft Koaleszer eingebaut, um zu verhindern, dass angesaugte Wassertropfen auf die nachgeschalteten Filter gelangen. Für die Beurteilung und Weiterentwicklung von Koaleszern und Filterkombinationen wurde ein nach DIN EN 779 gebauter Prüfstand so erweitert, dass es möglich ist, auch die Tropfenabscheidung unter praxisnahen Bedingungen zu testen. Es wurden systematisch Versuche mit handelsüblichen Koaleszern durchgeführt. Durch die Kombination verschiedener Koaleszer wurde ein Ansatz für die mögliche Verbesserung der Abscheideeigenschaften gefunden.
Einfache Methode zur Berechnung des Ausströmverhaltens von Schichtenladern thermischer Speicher
Authors: Göppert S. , Urbaneck T. , Schirmer U. , Lohse R. , Platzer B. , Steinert P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractZur Be‐ und Entladung thermischer Speicher werden häufig Schichtenlader mit freien Auslässen eingesetzt. Dabei können unerwünschte Ansaugeffekte auftreten oder die Strömung kann sich über mehrere Auslässe verteilen. Für die Auslegung der Schichtenlader ist die Kenntnis dieser Ströme wichtig, um eine gute thermische Schichtung zu erzielen. Experimentell lassen sich diese Größen nicht oder nur mit hohem Aufwand ermitteln. Mit Hilfe eines auf der Bernoullischen Gleichung beruhenden Algorithmus können aus gemessenen Temperaturverteilungen die Massenströme in guter Übereinstimmung zu Experimenten und Simulationen bestimmt werden.
Thermal Fluctuations Determine the Electron‐Transfer Rates of Cytochrome c in Electrostatic and Covalent Complexes
Authors: Ly Hoang Khoa , Marti Marcelo A. , Martin Diego F. , Alvarez‐Paggi Damian , Meister Wiebke , Kranich Anja , Weidinger Inez M. , Hildebrandt Peter , Murgida Daniel H. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe heterogeneous electron‐transfer (ET) reaction of cytochrome c (Cyt‐c) electrostatically or covalently immobilized on electrodes coated with self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of ω‐functionalized alkanethiols is analyzed by surface‐enhanced resonance Raman (SERR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Electrostatically bound Cyt‐c on pure carboxyl‐terminated and mixed carboxyl/hydroxyl‐terminated SAMs reveals the same distance dependence of the rate constants, that is, electron tunneling at long distances and a regime controlled by the protein orientational distribution and dynamics that leads to a nearly distance‐independent rate constant at short distances. Qualitatively, the same behavior is found for covalently bound Cyt‐c, although the apparent ET rates in the plateau region are lower since protein mobility is restricted due to formation of amide bonds between the protein and the SAM. The experimental findings are consistent with the results of MD simulations indicating that thermal fluctuations of the protein and interfacial solvent molecules can effectively modulate the electron tunneling probability.
Modulating the Ground‐ and Excited‐State Oxidation Potentials of Diaminonaphthalene by Sequential N‐Methylation
Authors: Campbell Neil P. , Finch Amethist S. , Rokita Steven E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA series of 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene derivatives were synthesized and characterized to provide ground‐ and excited‐state electron donors of similar structure but varying potential. Electrochemical and spectroscopic properties of the series are reported and together illustrate two opposing consequences of alkyl substitution on the aryl amines. Inductive effects of methylation are evident from the decrease in ground‐state oxidation potential for derivatives containing monomethylamino substituents. In contrast, steric effects seem to dominate the increase in the ground‐state oxidation potential of derivatives containing dimethylamino substituents since the conformational constraints created by dimethylation suppress delocalization of the nonbonding electrons. Absorption and emission properties also respond to increasing levels of N‐methylation, and the excited‐state oxidation potentials of the parent 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene and its monomethylamine derivatives (ca. −3.2 V) are approximately 200 mV lower than the corresponding dimethylamino derivatives (−3.0 V).
Spectrum sensing scheduling for group spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Chen Hongbin , Chen Hsiao‐Hwa 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses the issues on spectrum sharing in a cognitive radio network consisting of a primary user and a group of cognitive users. Each cognitive user may occupy a non‐overlapped sub‐band of the primary spectrum, but it needs to perform spectrum sensing independently before accessing the sub‐band. To reduce the complexity of spectrum sensing and thus energy consumption, this paper proposes a scheduled spectrum sensing scheme. First, we consider a single spectrum sensing scenario where only one cognitive user is elected to perform spectrum sensing, and then it broadcasts its sensing results to the other cognitive users. The scheduled spectrum sensing scheme works in both network‐centric and user‐centric ways. Next, the scheduled spectrum sensing scheme is further generalized to work in a multiple spectrum sensing scenario. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed schemes compared with the traditional schemes where all cognitive users may perform spectrum sensing at the same time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain responses to surprising sounds are related to temperament and parent–child dyadic synchrony in young children
Authors: Pesonen Anu‐Katriina , Huotilainen Minna , Heinonen Kati , Komsi Niina , Putkinen Vesa , Kivikoski Lauri , Tervaniemi Mari 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between temperament characteristics, parent–child dyadic synchrony and auditory event‐related potentials (ERP) in 15 two‐year‐old children. Temperament was assessed with the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire, and parent–child dyadic synchrony was analyzed from video‐taped play situations. Involuntary switching of attention toward surprising sounds was measured with auditory ERPs by quantifying the P3a response for repeated and nonrepeated novel, naturally varying sounds, presented in a continuous repetitive sound sequence. Lower negative emotionality, higher effortful control and higher dyadic synchrony were associated with larger P3a responses to repeated novel sounds. The results demonstrate that temperament is related to P3a responses in early childhood, and that parent–child synchrony associates with both temperament and P3a responses in a theoretically meaningful way. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 513–523, 2010.
Reduction of neutral conductor current in a three‐phase four‐wire low‐voltage distribution line
Authors: Aizawa Tadao 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn a low‐voltage distribution line in a three‐phase four‐wire system, the neutral conductor current is increased by a current consisting mainly of the third harmonic, which has no phase rotation if the balance of the load has been removed, when harmonic generation equipment is included in the load. The increase of this neutral conductor current increases the waveform distortion of the receiving end voltage, and various kinds of waveform interference occur. To reduce the neutral conductor current, insertion of an active filter for the third harmonic wave near the load has been proposed, and a protective effect against waveform interference has also been reported. In this paper, a method for drastically reducing the neutral conductor current by using LC resonance, which is simpler than an active filter, is proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(4): 19–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20897
Development of a low‐noise IGBT module
Authors: Tamate Michio , Sasaki Tamiko , Toba Akio , Takubo Hiromu , Pasan Fernand , Okamoto Kenji 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHigh‐frequency leakage current that may cause serious conducted EMI problems flows through an inverter system. The paths of the leakage current are stray capacitances that are formed inside of motors, cables, and IGBT modules. This paper proposes a new IGBT module that realizes low conducted emission noise by flipping the IGBT chip of the lower‐voltage side to decrease its stray capacitance. The leakage current flowing through the low‐noise IGBT module becomes small, since the stray capacitance is a main path of the current. Through an experiment, it is clarified that the conducted emission level is reduced by 13 dB at a maximum when the low‐noise IGBT module is applied to a resonant‐type inverter. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(4): 45–52, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20971
Magnesium Diimidosulfinates – Conformational Studies in the Solid State and in Solution
Authors: Schulz Thomas , Deuerlein Stephan , Stalke Dietmar 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe magnesium diimidosulfinates [(thf)2MgX{(NR)2SR′}] (X = Cl, Br; R = tBu, SiMe3; R′ = Ph, Bz, Me, nBu; 1–5) have been synthesised by treating sulfur diimides with different Grignard reagents and characterized by X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. The structural analyses of compounds 1–5 show that they contain either monomeric or dimeric structural motifs, depending on the steric requirements of the sulfur‐bound organic substituent. NMR experiments suggest a temperature‐dependent dynamic equilibrium between different conformers for all compounds.
Anionic long‐circulating liposomes for delivery of radioiodinated antisense oligonucleotides
Authors: Chao Ma , Jiawei Xie , Zhongxin Jiang , Kuang Anren 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLong‐circulating liposomes have been widely used to enhance efficacy of gene therapy. Antisense therapy might increase the efficacy of radiation or chemotherapy; therefore, we undertook to optimize the composition of the liposomal delivery vehicles. The radiolabeling efficiency, radiochemistry purity, and specific radioactivity of radioiodinated antisense oligonucleotides (ASON) were 71.66 ± 7.73, 98.33 ± 0.39%, 4.09 ± 0.11 MBq/nmol. Radioiodinated ASON remained stable in 0.01 M HEPES buffer and human serum even after incubation for 4 hours. Mean diameter of the anionic long‐circulating liposomes (ALCL) was 504 ± 31.76 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.107 ± 0.008 before extrusion, 115 ± 8.5 nm with a PDI of 0.103 ± 0.002 after extrusion. The zeta potential of ALCL was −29.23 ± 0.45 mV. ALCL prepared for this study provided 70.28 ± 1.84% encapsulation efficiency. Compared with other liposome formulations, the ALCL mediated enhanced cellular uptake (32.51 ± 1.44%) by MCF‐7 breast cancer cells (p<0.05).Practical applications: Drug delivery systems can in principle provide enhanced efficacy and/or reduced toxicity for anticancer agents. LCL have become a commonly used carrier for gene therapy recently. ALCL are promising for the mediated radiation and antisense therapy for breast cancer which is the leading cause for women.
Simple Synthesis of Amides and Weinreb Amides Using PPh3 or Polymer‐Supported PPh3 and Iodine
Authors: Kumar Amit , Akula Hari Kiran , Lakshman Mahesh K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe combination of PPh3/I2 has been shown to be effective for the conversion of a range of carboxylic acids into secondary, tertiary, and Weinreb amides. Simplification of the procedure was possible with the use of polymer‐supported PPh3/I2. Weinreb amides produced with the use of polymer‐supported PPh3 could be filtered through a short silica gel plug and used in further transformations. Thus, the use of polymer‐supported PPh3 offers potential applicability to diversity‐oriented reactions. Formal total syntheses of apocynin and pratosine, as well as syntheses of anhydrolychorinone and hippadine, have been achieved through the use of this amide‐forming method. An attempt has been made to gain insight into this reaction.
Pd‐Promoted Homocoupling Reactions of Unsaturated Silanes in Aqueous Micelles (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 12/2010)
Authors: Cicco Stefania R. , Farinola Gianluca M. , Martinelli Carmela , Naso Francesco , Tiecco Matteo 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe cover picture shows a Pd‐promoted homocoupling reaction of polyenylsilanes carried out in water containing nonionic amphiphiles. The reaction in the “green” aqueous environment affords extended conjugated polyenes with higher yields relative to those obtained when the same process is performed in organic solvents. Details are discussed in the article by G. M. Farinola et al. on p. 2275 ff. The background shows a nice view of Polignano a Mare, a lovely small town few miles away from Bari, located on a sea cliff along the Adriatic coast of Puglia.
Separation of dipeptides with two chiral centers using 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD‐modified MEKC
Authors: Chen Ying , Zhang Jianhua , Zhang Lan , Chen Guonan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA method was developed for the chiral separation of dipeptides with two chiral centers. Although all analyzed peptides contain chromophores and they can be detected by UV‐adsorption detection without any derivatization, the chiral separations were not achieved for non‐derivatized peptides using the same chiral selectors and experimental conditions. In this paper, these dipeptides were precolumn derivatized by using naphthalene‐2, 3‐dicarboxyaldehyde as a tagging reagent. In the presence of 2‐hydroxypropyl‐β‐CD and sodium deoxycholate, naphthalene‐2,3‐dicarboxyaldehyde‐tagged dipeptide enantiomers were well resolved by MEKC. Good separation of all enantiomers was obtained within 14 min. The proposed method was applied to chiral separation of dipeptide enantiomers in spiked human serum samples.