bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trend estimation in populations with imperfect detection
Authors: Kéry Marc , Dorazio Robert M. , Soldaat Leo , Van Strien Arco , Zuiderwijk Annie , Royle J. Andrew 
Published: November 2009

Summary1.Trends of animal populations are of great interest in ecology but cannot be directly observed owing to imperfect detection. Binomial mixture models use replicated counts to estimate abundance, corrected for detection, in demographically closed populations. Here, we extend these models to open populations and illustrate them using sand lizardLacerta agiliscounts from the national Dutch reptile monitoring scheme.2.Our model requires replicated counts from multiple sites in each of several periods, within which population closure is assumed. Counts are described by a hierarchical generalized linear model, where the state model deals with spatio‐temporal patterns in true abundance and the observation model with imperfect counts, given that true state. We used WinBUGS to fit the model to lizard counts from 208 transects with 1–10 (mean 3) replicate surveys during each spring 1994–2005.3.Our state model for abundance contained two independent log‐linear Poisson regressions on year for coastal and inland sites, and random site effects to account for unexplained heterogeneity. The observation model for detection of an individual lizard contained effects of region, survey date, temperature, observer experience and random survey effects.4.Lizard populations increased in both regions but more steeply on the coast. Detectability increased over the first few years of the study, was greater on the coast and for the most experienced observers, and highest around 1 June. Interestingly, the population increase inland was not detectable when the observed counts were analysed without account of detectability. The proportional increase between 1994 and 2005 in total lizard abundance across all sites was estimated at 86% (95% CRI 35–151).5.Synthesis and applications.Open‐population binomial mixture models are attractive for studying true population dynamics while explicitly accounting for the observation process, i.e. imperfect detection. We emphasize the important conceptual benefit provided by temporal replicate observations in terms of the interpretability of animal counts.
Reliability and validity in a nutshell
Authors: Bannigan Katrina , Watson Roger 
Published: November 2009

Aims.  To explore and explain the different concepts of reliability and validity as they are related to measurement instruments in social science and health care.Background.  There are different concepts contained in the terms reliability and validity and these are often explained poorly and there is often confusion between them.Design.  To develop some clarity about reliability and validity a conceptual framework was built based on the existing literature.Results.  The concepts of reliability, validity and utility are explored and explained.Conclusions.  Reliability contains the concepts of internal consistency and stability and equivalence. Validity contains the concepts of content, face, criterion, concurrent, predictive, construct, convergent (and divergent), factorial and discriminant. In addition, for clinical practice and research, it is essential to establish the utility of a measurement instrument.Relevance to clinical practice.  To use measurement instruments appropriately in clinical practice, the extent to which they are reliable, valid and usable must be established.
Job stress and intention to quit in newly‐graduated nurses during the first three months of work in Taiwan
Authors: Yeh Ming‐Chen , Yu Shu 
Published: November 2009

Aims and objectives.  To identify job stress and intention to quit in newly‐graduated nurses during the first three months of their work at two different levels of hospitals and to understand factors that may influence their retention.Background.  Given the current nursing shortage, retention of newly‐graduated nurses is crucial.Design.  A cross‐sectional research design was adopted.Methods.  Newly‐graduated nurses’ perceptions of job stress and intention to quit at different time periods during the first three months in addition to related factors were measured using structured questionnaires in two levels of hospitals in central Taiwan.Results.  Subjects experienced somewhat stressful conditions (Mean = 2·89, SD 0·62) and 31·5% intended to quit. Job stress was the highest at 0–1 month and the intention to quit was highest at 1–2 months. The intention‐to‐quit group had significantly higher job stress with regard to roles/interpersonal relationships than the intention‐to‐stay group [t(144) = 2·65, p = 0·009]. Logistic regressions indicated that higher job stress (odds ratio = 2·26; 95% CI 1·14–4·51), working at a medical centre (odds ratio = 3·61; 95% CI 1·10–10·92) and not having had a clinical practicum in the working hospital (odds ratio = 2·41; 95% CI 1·01–5·77) were significant predictors associated with the intention to quit.Conclusions.  Newly‐graduated nurses perceived moderate job stress which significantly influenced their intention to quit. Nursing administrators should assist newly‐graduated nurses in role adaptation and interpersonal relationships particularly to those who had previously worked only in medical centres and had never done a clinical practicum in the hospital.Relevance to clinical practice.  Our findings provide concrete directions to nursing administrators in developing a stress‐alleviation programme to decrease newly‐graduate nurses’ job stress, to facilitate them successful entry into practice and to decrease their intention to quit.
The prevalence of pressure ulcers in four paediatric institutions
Authors: Schlüer Anna‐Barbara , Cignacco Eva , Müller Marianne , Halfens Ruud J 
Published: November 2009

Aim and objective.  Pressure ulcers are a common nursing care issue in hospitals. They are associated with psychological and physical suffering, an increased morbidity and mortality rate and higher overall health care costs. The aim of the current study is to describe the frequency of pressure ulcers in a paediatric care setting and to identify the population at risk, as well as to assess the factors predisposing to the development of pressure ulcers.Design.  A point prevalence study.Methods.  The study was conducted in four paediatric hospitals in the German‐speaking part of Switzerland and included children from the age of 0–18 years. The method of data collection was a direct systematic inspection and assessment of the skin, taking into account the clinical condition of the patient for risk assessment. A valid risk assessment and data collection instrument was used and, each patient was assessed by a previously instructed rater pair.Results.  Of all possible patients, 81% (n = 155) were included. An overall pressure ulcer prevalence of 27·7% (including grade 1) was registered. Thirty‐six patients (84%) had grade 1 ulcers, including many caused by external medical devices. Sixty‐five per cent (n = 100) of all patients were considered at risk (Braden score ≤ 20) of developing a pressure ulcer. Thirty‐five per cent of patients in the risk group were afflicted with one or more pressure ulcers.Conclusions.  The prevalence of pressure ulcers in paediatric patients is greater then previously appreciated and the problem requires further exploration. The high percentage of grade 1 pressure ulcers caused by medical devices requires nursing interventions to prevent lesions for these patients.Relevance to clinical practice.  The high prevalence rate in paediatric patients is disconcerting and requires further exploration in terms of interventions needed to improve outcomes for this patient group.
Teenagers’ perceptions of factors affecting decision‐making competence in the management of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Viklund Gunnel , Wikblad Karin 
Published: November 2009

Aims.  Decision‐making is an important prerequisite for empowerment. The aim of this study was to explore teenagers’ perceptions of factors affecting decision‐making competence in diabetes management.Background.  A previous study that assessed an empowerment programme for teenagers with diabetes showed no effects on metabolic control or empowerment outcomes, which is not in accordance with results from studies on adult diabetes patients. The definition of empowerment highlights the patient’s own responsibility for decision‐making. Earlier studies have shown that many teenagers’ may not be mature in decision‐making competence until late adolescence. To explore the significance of decision‐making competence on the effectiveness of empowerment education we wanted to explore teenagers’ own view on factors affecting this competence.Design.  An explorative, qualitative interview study was conducted with 31 teenagers with type 1 diabetes, aged 12–17 years.Methods.  The teenagers were interviewed two weeks after completing an empowerment education programme. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis.Results.  Five categories stood out as important for decision‐making competence: cognitive maturity, personal qualities, experience, social network and parent involvement. Based on the content in the interviews and the five categories, we made an interpretation and formulated an overall theme: ‘Teenagers deserve respect and support for their short‐comings during the maturity process’.Conclusion.  Our conclusion is that teenagers deserve respect for their immature decision‐making competence. Decision‐making competence was described as cognitive abilities, personal qualifications and experience. To compensate for the deficiencies the teenagers deserve constructive support from their social network and the essential support is expected to come from their parents.Relevance to clinical practice.  These findings can be useful for diabetes team members in supporting teenagers with diabetes and their parents both in individual meetings and when planning and delivering group education.
Self‐care behaviour and related factors in older people with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bai Yu‐Ling , Chiou Chou‐Ping , Chang Yong‐Yuan 
Published: November 2009

Aim.  The present study examined the factors related to self‐care behaviour in type 2 diabetic patients aged ≥65 years. In addition, this study tested the effect of the important explanatory factors on self‐care behaviour.Background.  Along with the development of an ageing society, diabetes occurs frequently among older people. Diabetes requires continual medical treatment, with patients responsible for self‐care. Although the relationships among social support, depression and self‐care have been widely studied, little is know about older diabetic patients, especially in Taiwan.Design.  A correlational design was adopted. In total, 165 patients recruited using convenience sampling were diabetic outpatients at three hospitals in southern Taiwan from January–March 2005.Methods.  The participants were interviewed using the Personal Resource Questionnaire 2000 (PRQ 2000), Diabetes Self‐Care Scale and Taiwan Geriatric Depression Scale (TGDS). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis.Result.  Self‐care behaviour scores were significantly influenced by different gender, education level, economic status and religious beliefs of older diabetic patients. Depression and self‐care behaviour were negatively correlated. Social support, education and duration of diabetes significantly affected self‐care behaviour, accounting for 35·6% of total variance.Conclusions.  Social support plays a vital factor in contributing to the facilitation of self‐care behaviour. These analytical findings demonstrate the importance of social support, education and duration of diabetes in determining self‐care behaviour for diabetic older diabetic patients and serve as references for future studies of self‐care behaviour in type 2 older diabetic patients.Relevance to clinical practice.  Implication for nurses highlights the significance of providing patients with social support that will enable them to have good support systems during their disease treatment to enhance self‐care abilities and improve quality of life.
Mycobacteria isolated from Chesapeake Bay fish
Authors: Stine C B , Kane A S , Baya A M 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMycobacteriosis in fish can result in ulcers, emaciation, and in some cases death. Mycobacteria have been previously isolated from a variety of Chesapeake Bay fish species, and the current study was designed to identify potential host specificity and location fidelity of mycobacterial isolates. Mycobacteria were isolated from wild fish of the Chesapeake Bay collected from the Upper Bay, the Choptank River, Herring Bay, the Chicamacomico River, the Pocomoke River and the Potomac River in 2003–2006. Mycobacterial isolates were recovered from striped bass, Morone saxatilis, Atlantic menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, white perch, Morone americana, summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides, channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, common carp, Cyprinus carpio carpio, spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, killifish, Fundulus sp., blueback herring, Alosa aestivalis, American gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum and American silver perch, Bairdiella chrysoura. Twenty‐nine well‐defined mycobacterial groups resulted from gas chromatography dendrogram clustering of isolates. The majority of groups included more than one host species and more than one site of collection. However, four groups contained only striped bass isolates, three of which were similar to M. shottsii. Therefore, multiple Chesapeake Bay fish species are colonized with multiple mycobacterial isolates, of which few appear to be host or location specific.
Gender Differences in the Costs that Subordinate Group Members Impose on Dominant Males in a Cooperative Breeder
Authors: Mitchell Jeremy S. , Jutzeler Eva , Heg Dik , Taborsky Michael 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn group‐living species, a dominant male’s ability to monopolize reproduction, and the cost of doing so, are expected to vary with a group’s gender composition. We used spawning observations of a group‐living cichlid,Neolamprologus pulcher, to test this expectation. We constructed groups that contained a dominant breeding pair and either two male subordinates, one male and one female subordinate or two female subordinates. Parasitic spawning by male subordinates was more common in groups with two male subordinates than in groups with one male and one female subordinate. Female subordinates were never observed laying eggs in dominant females’ clutches, but three female subordinates laid independent clutches. During spawning, frequencies of dominant male aggression towards male and female subordinates were similar. Dominant males were less aggressive during non‐reproductive periods. The declines were greater for female subordinates, such that, during non‐reproductive periods, dominant males were more aggressive towards male subordinates. Aggression towards each subordinate was also affected by the second subordinate’s gender; the direction of that effect differed for large and small subordinates. Male subordinates approached breeding shelters less often than female subordinates, and both male and female subordinates approached shelters more frequently when the second subordinate was male. Collectively, these patterns suggest: (1) that male subordinates impose higher costs on dominant males than female subordinates do and (2) that the presence of a second male subordinate imposes additional costs beyond those of the first male subordinate. We discuss the implications of these effects for dominant and subordinate group members.
Three‐dimensional ultrasonographic measurements of the fetal lungs for prediction of perinatal outcome in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Ruano Rodrigo , Aubry Marie‐Cécile , Barthe Bruno , Dumez Yves , Benachi Alexandra 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim:  To evaluate the potential of different lung measurements using three‐dimensional ultrasonography (3D‐US) to predict perinatal outcome in isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).Methods:  Twenty‐one fetuses presenting isolated CDH were prospectively evaluated by 3D‐US between January 2002 and November 2003. Observed/expected total, contralateral and ipsilateral fetal lung volume ratios (o/e‐TotFLV, o/e‐ContFLV and o/e‐IpsiFLV, respectively) were calculated using the rotational technique and ultrasonographic fetal total lung volume to bodyweight ratio (USFLW). These lung measurements were compared to each other and to perinatal outcomes: perinatal deaths, severe pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).Results:  Perinatal death occurred in 11 of the 21 infants (52.4%), severe PH in 14 of 21 infants (66.7%) and PAH in 14 of 20 neonates (70%). Severe PH and PAH occurred simultaneously in 12 of 20 (60%) infants. Good correlations between lung ratios were observed. O/e‐TotFLV, o/e‐IpsiFLV and USFLW correlated statistically with postnatal diagnosis of severe PH, while only o/e‐TotFLH correlated statistically with postnatal diagnosis of PAH. The accuracies of o/e‐TotFLV, o/e‐ContFLV, o/e‐IpsiFLV and USFLW in predicting perinatal deaths were 85.7, 76.2, 66.7 and 76.2%, respectively.Conclusion:  O/e‐TotFLV using 3D‐US appears to be the most accurate predictor of perinatal mortality because it can predict both PH and PAH.
Expression of aquaporin 8 is diversely regulated by osmotic stress in amnion epithelial cells
Authors: Qi Hongbo , Li Li , Zong Wenjun , Hyer Barb J. , Huang Jin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim:  Water absorption across fetal chorioamniotic membranes is a critical regulatory pathway for amniotic fluid volume homeostasis. Aquaporin 8 (AQP8) is a water channel regulating osmotic water travel across membranes. This study was to investigate the distribution and expression of AQP8 in amnion epithelial cells (AEC) in response to different osmotic stresses.Methods:  Cells derived from the amnion were subjected to different osmotic culture media. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunofluorescence analysis were used to determine expression and localization of AQP8.Results:  Immunofluorescent staining confirmed the expression of AQP8 on cytomembrane and in cytoplasm. Hypotonic media increased AQP8 on cytomembrane of AEC. Compared to isosmolar media, hypotonic media significantly enhanced AQP8 mRNA and protein expression (P < 0.05), while hypertonic media significantly decreased expression (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  The expression and distribution of AQP8 in AEC are diversely regulated by osmotic loads suggesting a role for AQP8 in intramembranous water transport and the balance of amniotic fluid.
Efficacy and safety of human placenta extract in alleviating climacteric symptoms: Prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Lee Yoo‐Kyung , Chung Hyun Hoon , Kang Soon‐Beom 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim:  To assess the efficacy and safety of human placenta extract in the relief of climacteric symptoms.Methods:  A prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was performed on 108 women with menopausal symptoms. Human placenta extract or placebo was administered to the women for 4 weeks. Climacteric symptoms were assessed with the Kupperman Index (KMI).Results:  Both groups showed a significant reduction in the KMI score at the end of treatment. However, the decrease in the KMI score was significantly greater in the product group than in the placebo group (−12.30 ± 10.44 vs −7.15 ± 9.11, P = 0.012) after 4 weeks of treatment. The level of lipid profiles and liver function tests demonstrated no significant changes before and after treatment in both groups.Conclusion:  Human placenta extract reduced climacteric symptoms more than the placebo. The safety evaluation showed a good safety and tolerability profile in the placenta extract group. The results of the present study suggest that human placenta extract can be an alternative therapy in women with menopausal symptoms.
A case of fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus associated with pregnancy
Authors: Murabayashi Nao , Sugiyama Takashi , Kihira Chikara , Kusaka Hideto , Sugihara Taku , Sagawa Norimasa 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFulminant type 1 diabetes associated with pregnancy is very rare. However if it occurs, the rapid onset is associated with an extremely high risk of fetal death. Therefore, it is important for physicians to make an appropriate diagnosis as early as possible and to begin immediate treatment of both the mother and the fetus. We report a case of fulminant type 1 diabetes associated with pregnancy in which a good outcome was achieved for both the mother and the fetus.
Spontaneous uterine rupture during a second trimester pregnancy with a history of laparoscopic myomectomy
Authors: Goynumer Gokhan , Teksen Ahmet , Durukan Birol , Wetherilt Lale 
Published: November 2009

AbstractUterine rupture is one of the most feared obstetric complications, carrying an increased risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Here, we present a case of spontaneous uterine rupture during the first half of pregnancy. The patient did not report any recent trauma, however she had a history of laparoscopic myomectomy conducted three years earlier. The uterine rupture was 6–7 cm in length, located at the fundal level and was thought to originate from the previous myomectomy scar. In this report, we discuss the importance of choosing the right surgical technique and suturing method in patients undergoing myomectomy who desire to conceive in the future, and how obscure the findings of uterine rupture during pregnancy can be.
Field theory for biogeography: a spatially explicit model for predicting patterns of biodiversity
Authors: O'Dwyer James P. , Green Jessica L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPredicting the variation of biodiversity across the surface of the Earth is a fundamental issue in ecology, and in this article we focus on one of the most widely studied spatial biodiversity patterns: the species–area relationship (SAR). The SAR is a central tool in conservation, being used to predict species loss following global climate change, and is striking in its universality throughout different geographical regions and across the tree of life. In this article we draw upon the methods of quantum field theory and the foundation of neutral community ecology to derive the first spatially explicit neutral prediction for the SAR. We find that the SAR has three phases, with a power law increase at intermediate scales, consistent with decades of documented empirical patterns. Our model also provides a building block for incorporating non‐neutral biological variation, with the potential to bridge the gap between neutral and niche‐based approaches to community assembly. Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 87–95