bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roadway mortality of barn owls in Idaho, USA
Authors: Boves Than J. , Belthoff James R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe examined the temporal, spatial, and demographic factors that influenced roadway mortality of barn owls (Tyto alba) along a 248‐km stretch of Interstate 84 in southern Idaho using systematic road surveys. Counts of dead animals from surveys can be underestimated because of sampling biases; therefore, we also conducted experiments to assess the effects of search and removal bias on the estimates of roadway mortality of owls. We conducted surveys every 2 weeks over a 2‐year period and detected 812 dead barn owls (unadjusted mortality rate of 1.64 owls/km/yr). After adjusting this estimate for search and removal bias, we documented mortality rates of up to 5.99 owls/km/year. Owl mortality was not random in relation to sex, age class, or location along the highway. Females and juveniles, which represent individuals more likely to disperse long distances, were killed more frequently than males and adults. During the nonbreeding season, owls were killed more often near agricultural lands than in shrub‐steppe, but this pattern was not apparent during the breeding season. Owls were also killed more often on portions of the roadway closer to the Snake River canyon, perhaps because of the availability of nest and roost sites. Mortality rates differed markedly between the 2 years of study, which could have been related to variability in weather and its subsequent effect on owl productivity. Our data suggest that barn owls in this region may not persist under this level of mortality without significant immigration or management. Thus, roadway management to reduce or prevent owl use of roadways, reduce rodent populations near major roads, alert motorists to the presence of owls, or otherwise reduce the chances that vehicles and owls collide would improve barn owl survival and population persistence. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Synthesis of Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene oxide‐co‐glycidol)‐graft‐polyacrylonitrile Brush Copolymers and their Self‐assembly in Aqueous Media
Authors: Sui Kunyan , Liang Hongchao , Zhao Xin , Ma Yingying , Zhang Yang , Xia Yanzhi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAn amphiphilic copolymer brush poly(ethylene oxide‐co‐glycidol)‐graft‐polyacrylonitrile [poly(EO‐co‐Gly)‐g‐PAN], is successfully prepared for the first time by a combination of anionic polymerization and redox free radical polymerization. The final products and intermediates are characterized by NMR and GPC. Aggregates made from the brush copolymers, poly(EO‐co‐Gly)‐g‐PAN, with a long hydrophobic graft length in water are studied by TEM and DLS. The effects of hydrophobic graft length and water content on the morphologies are discussed. Some rare morphologies of aggregates are observed, such as lamellae, bicontinuous networks, bowls or nanosheets, and large compound rods with a brittleness that can be ascribed to the orientation of high content semi‐crystalline PAN segments.
The Effectiveness of Hydrotherapy in the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Al‐Qubaeissy Khamis Y. , Fatoye Francis A. , Goodwin Peter C. , Yohannes Abebaw M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackgroundHydrotherapy is frequently indicated for the rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); nevertheless, there has been inadequate appraisal of its effectiveness. The potential benefits of hydrotherapy for patients with RA are to improve and/or maintain functional ability and quality of life.ObjectivesThe aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of hydrotherapy in the management of patients with RA.MethodAMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science were searched between 1988 and May 2011. Keywords used were rheumatoid arthritis, hydrotherapy, aquatic physiotherapy, aqua therapy and water therapy. Searches were supplemented with hand searches of references of selected articles. Randomized controlled trials were assessed for their methodological quality using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. This scale ranks the methodological quality of a study scoring 7 out of 10 as ‘high quality’, 5–6 as ‘moderate quality’ and less than 4 as ‘poor quality’.ResultsInitially, 197 studies were identified. Six studies met the inclusion criteria for further analysis. The average methodological quality for all studies was 6.8 using the PEDro scale. Most of the studies reported favourable outcomes for a hydrotherapy intervention compared with no treatment or other interventions for patients with RA. Improvement was particularly noted in reducing pain, joint tenderness, mood and tension symptoms, and increasing grip strength and patient satisfaction with hydrotherapy treatment in the short term.ConclusionsThere is some evidence to suggest that hydrotherapy has a positive role in reducing pain and improving the health status of patients with RA compared with no or other interventions in the short term. However, the long‐term benefit is unknown. Further studies are needed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear homogenization approach to the friction coefficient of a quartz‐clay fault gouge
Authors: Barthélémy Jean‐François , Souque Christine , Daniel Jean‐Marc 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYThis study aims at building a theoretical framework allowing for estimation of the macroscopic friction coefficient of a mixed quartz/clay fault gouge from the description of the microstructure and from relevant properties at the lower scale. The effect of clay content is particularly highlighted through two opposite morphology cases. The first one corresponds to a grain framework‐supported microstructure with a predominant content of quartz grains forming a connected structure and some clay filling the intergranular space. The second considered morphology corresponds to a clay matrix‐supported microstructure in which quartz grains are embedded. The friction coefficient of the gouge is derived with respect to the clay content for both morphologies because of theoretical homogenization techniques. The models prove to be in good agreement with experimental results from the literature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An augmented Lagrangian technique combined with a mortar algorithm for modelling mechanical contact problems
Authors: Cavalieri F.J. , Cardona A. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYA finite element formulation for three dimensional (3D) contact mechanics using a mortar algorithm combined with a mixed penalty–duality formulation from an augmented Lagrangian approach is presented. In this method, no penalty parameter is introduced for the regularisation of the contact problem. The contact approach, based on the mortar method, gives a smooth representation of the contact forces across the bodies interface, and can be used in arbitrarily curved 3D configurations. The projection surface used for integrating the equations is built using a local Cartesian basis defined in each contact element. A unit normal to the contact surface is defined locally at each element, simplifying the implementation and linearisation of the equations. The displayed examples show that the algorithm verifies the contact patch tests exactly, and is applicable to large displacements problems with large sliding motions.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bulk and shear rheology of a symmetric three‐arm star polystyrene
Authors: Guo Jiaxi , Grassia Luigi , Simon Sindee L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe bulk and shear rheological properties of a symmetric three‐arm star polystyrene were measured using a self‐built pressurizable dilatometer and a commercial rheometer, respectively. The bulk properties investigated include the pressure–volume–temperature behavior, the pressure‐dependent glass transition temperature (Tg), and the viscoelastic bulk modulus and Poisson's ratio. Comparison with data for a linear polystyrene indicates that the star behaves similarly but with slightly higher Tgs at elevated pressures and slightly higher limiting bulk moduli in glass and rubbery states. The Poisson's ratio shows a minimum at short times similar to what is observed for the linear chain. The horizontal shift factors above Tg obtained from reducing the bulk and shear viscoelastic responses are found to have similar temperature dependence when plotted using T −
Tg scaling; in addition, the shift factors also exhibit a similar temperature dependence to linear polystyrene. The retardation spectra for the bulk and shear responses are compared and show that the long time molecular mechanisms available to the shear response are unavailable to the bulk. At short times, the two spectra have similar slopes, but the short‐time retardation spectrum for the shear response is significantly higher than that for the bulk, a finding that is, as yet, unexplained. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Walking, bicycling, and sports in postmenopausal breast cancer survivors—results from a German patient cohort study
Authors: Bock Christina , Schmidt Martina E. , Vrieling Alina , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Steindorf Karen 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectivesPhysical activity (PA) is increasingly discussed as a means to achieve both physical and psychological benefits for breast cancer patients and survivors. However, little is known about activity‐specific PA behavior following diagnosis. Our objectives were to describe sports and active transportation in the course of breast cancer and to identify factors associated with these activities.MethodsWe used data from a German cohort study including 1067 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors aged 50–75 years. Data were collected about walking and bicycling for transportation purposes and sports before diagnosis, during therapy, and 1 year after surgery. Associations between these activities and clinical, behavioral, and social characteristics were analyzed with logistic regression.ResultsThe proportions of physically active women decreased significantly during therapy compared with before diagnosis (walking: 75.1% vs. 89.7%; bicycling: 19.3% vs. 56.5%; sports: 14.8% vs. 64.5%; all p < 0.001). Calisthenics, swimming, and walking for exercise were the most frequent types of sport. Chemotherapy/radiotherapy was negatively associated with sports (odds ratio [OR]: 0.35 [0.17–0.73]) but positively associated with walking during therapy (OR: 2.08 [1.04–4.15]). Although sociodemographic factors showed weak associations with PA, participation in rehabilitation increased the likelihood for bicycling (OR: 1.48 [1.06–2.09]) and sports (OR: 1.88 [1.38–2.58]) 1 year after surgery.ConclusionsThe majority of women stopped exercising and bicycling during breast cancer therapy. Interventions promoting in particular moderate activities after breast cancer diagnosis are required for this population. Increasing participation in rehabilitation might help to increase the proportion of women who bicycle and engage in sports after breast cancer diagnosis. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Method for sampling tissue for research which preserves pathological data in radical prostatectomy
Authors: Warren Anne Y. , Whitaker Hayley C. , Haynes Beverley , Sangan Trogon , McDuffus Leigh‐Anne , Kay Jonathan D. , Neal David E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer is a challenging global healthcare issue requiring significant molecular research. Such research frequently utilizes fresh frozen human tissue which needs to be obtained in a manner acceptable to the pathologist which does not compromise tumor diagnosis or staging.METHODSRadical prostatectomy specimens were handled in a standardized method before being sliced fresh. Leaving the margins intact, multiple cylindrical cores were removed using a large skin punch and the sites were marked on a prostate map. The cylindrical cores were placed onto individual, pre‐numbered foil squares and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Prostate maps were aligned with formalin‐fixed paraffin embedded hematoxylin and eosin stained sections of the sampled slice to select tumor regions. Frozen tumor tissue cylinders were processed taking one section for hematoxylin and eosin staining, 6 µm × 50 µm sections for molecular studies and a further section for hematoxylin and eosin staining. This was performed for the length of the cylinder.RESULTSA total of 150 prostates have been removed and sliced using this technique. Pathological assessment remained uncompromised. Using the sequential hematoxylin and eosin stained frozen sections, cellularity could be monitored closely in tissues processed for research. The yield of RNA and DNA extracted was high (tumor mean 2.4 µg (RNA) and 12.7 ng per 300 µm tissue) and of high quality (mean tumor RIN 5.9).CONCLUSIONSThis novel, rapid sampling and processing method provides high quality tissue for research without compromising pathology. Prostate 73: 194–202, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Making the case: Married versus Separate models of alphaherpes virus anterograde transport in axons
Authors: Kratchmarov R. , Taylor M. P. , Enquist L. W. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYAlphaherpesvirus virions infect neurons and are transported in axons for long distance spread within the host nervous system. The assembly state of newly made herpesvirus particles during anterograde transport in axons is an essential question in alphaherpesvirus biology. The structure of the particle has remained both elusive and controversial for the past two decades, with conflicting evidence from EM, immunofluorescence, and live cell imaging studies. Two opposing models have been proposed—the Married and Separate Models. Under the Married Model, infectious virions are assembled in the neuronal cell body before sorting into axons and then traffic inside a transport vesicle. Conversely, the Separate Model postulates that vesicles containing viral membrane proteins are sorted into axons independent of capsids, with final assembly of mature virions occurring at a distant egress site. Recently, a complementary series of studies employing high‐resolution EM and live cell fluorescence microscopy have provided evidence consistent with the Married Model, whereas other studies offer evidence supporting the Separate Model. In this review, we compare and discuss the published data and attempt to reconcile divergent findings and interpretations as they relate to these models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐consistent isotopic comparative method used to determine dependence of secondary‐ion yields on oxygen concentration in Si–O system up to 33 at%
Authors: Dupuy J. C. , Prudon G. , Dubois C. , Kögler R. , Akhmadaliev S. , Perrat‐Mabilon A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWith the isotopic comparative method (ICM), we determined the ion yields of B+, O+, Si+, B−, O−, and Si− versus oxygen concentration in silicon under Ar+ bombardment. By multi‐energy implantation, we obtained samples containing a near‐uniform low concentration of 18O, which we then implanted with a high dose of 16O. The ICM allows us to determine the oxygen concentration profile as a function of substrate depth during analysis by secondary‐ion mass spectrometry, following which the ion yield is measured as a function of oxygen concentration from 0 to 33 at.%. The results show that, whatever the charge of secondary ions, all relative ion yields are enhanced with increasing of oxygen concentration. Very strong matrix effects due to oxygen are found for B+ (>100), whereas moderate or slight matrix effects are found for Si+ and O− (>10) and for Si−, B−, and O+ (<4). Whereas the relative ion yields of B+ and Si+ differ (as a function of oxygen concentration), the relative ion yields of B− and Si− are identical. The relative ionization probability versus oxygen concentration for Si+ agrees very well with the results of William's group. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power of the Mantel–Haenszel and other tests for discrete or grouped time‐to‐event data under a chained binomial model
Authors: Lachin John M. 
Published: July 2012

Power for time‐to‐event analyses is usually assessed under continuous‐time models. Often, however, times are discrete or grouped, as when the event is only observed when a procedure is performed. Wallenstein and Wittes (Biometrics, 1993) describe the power of the Mantel–Haenszel test for discrete lifetables under their chained binomial model for specified vectors of event probabilities over intervals of time. Herein, the expressions for these probabilities are derived under a piecewise exponential model allowing for staggered entry and losses to follow‐up.Radhakrishna (Biometrics, 1965) showed that the Mantel–Haenszel test is maximally efficient under the alternative of a constant odds ratio and derived the optimal weighted test under other alternatives. Lachin (Biostatistical Methods: The Assessment of Relative Risks, 2011) described the power function of this family of weighted Mantel–Haenszel tests. Prentice and Gloeckler (Biometrics, 1978) described a generalization of the proportional hazards model for grouped time data and the corresponding maximally efficient score test. Their test is also shown to be a weighted Mantel–Haenszel test, and its power function is likewise obtained.There is trivial loss in power under the discrete chained binomial model relative to the continuous‐time case provided that there is a modest number of periodic evaluations. Relative to the case of homogeneity of odds ratios, there can be substantial loss in power when there is substantial heterogeneity of odds ratios, especially when heterogeneity occurs early in a study when most subjects are at risk, but little loss in power when there is heterogeneity late in a study. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interconversion of Inverse Opals of Electrically Conducting Doped Titanium Oxides and Nitrides
Authors: Subban Chinmayee V. , Smith Ian C. , DiSalvo Francis J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThere is a need for conducting, porous, and chemically stable materials for technologies including, but not limited to, fuel cells, solar cells, and batteries. The need for catalyst support materials that are more durable than carbon black in fuel cells motivated previous studies of the synthesis, characterization, and corrosion resistance of Ti0.7W0.3O2 nanoparticles. However, because even higher porosity and increased electrical conductivity are desired, processes were developed to prepare rutile phase Ti0.7W0.3O2 and cubic Ti0.7W0.3N in inverse opal morphologies from a precursor inverse opal of very poorly conducting, amorphous Ti0.7W0.3O2.3. Inverse opals have been explored for a variety of applications from catalysis to photonics, and inverse opals of both oxides and nitrides have been reported. By synthesizing highly conducting mixed‐metal oxides and mixed‐metal nitrides, the applications of inverse opals can be broadened. Herein, the synthesis and characterization of polystyrene‐templated, single‐phase, crystalline inverse opals of Ti0.7W0.3O2 are reported. These conducting inverse opals can subsequently be converted to inverse opals of Ti0.7W0.3N and then fully oxidized back to inverse opals of the original insulating, amorphous Ti0.7W0.3O2.3. Such changes in composition and crystal structure, while successfully retaining the inverse opal morphology without the use of a supporting template during the conversion, have not been previously reported.
PROcedures for TESTing and measuring wind turbine components; results for yaw and pitch system and drive train
Authors: Holierhoek J.G. , Lekou D.J. , Hecquet T. , Söker H. , Ehlers B. , Savenije F.J. , Engels W.P. , van de Pieterman R.P. , Ristow M. , Kochmann M. , Smolders K. , Peeters J. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTPROcedures for TESTing (PROTEST) and measuring wind energy systems) was a pre‐normative project that ran from 2008 to 2010 in order to improve the reliability of mechanical components of wind turbines. Initiating the project, it was concluded that the procedures concerning these components should be further improved. Within the PROTEST project, complementary procedures have been developed to improve the specification of the design loads at the interfaces where the mechanical components (pitch and yaw system, as well as the drive train) are attached to the wind turbine. This is required, since in optimizing wind turbine operation and improving reliability, focus should be given to the design, not only to safety related components but also to the rest of the components affecting the overall behaviour of the wind turbine as a system. The project has resulted in a proposal for new design load cases, specifically for the drive train, a description of the loads to be defined at the interfaces of each mechanical system, as well as a method to set up and use the prototype measurements to validate or improve the load calculations concerning the mechanical components. Following this method would improve the reliability of wind turbines, although more experience is needed to efficiently use the method. Examples are given for the analysis of the drive train, pitch system and yaw system. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of nacelle anemometer faults in a wind farm minimizing the uncertainty
Authors: Beltrán J. , Guerrero J. J. , Melero J. J. , Llombart A. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe performance assessment of wind farms requires the acquisition of accurate power and wind speed data of each turbine. Nowadays, the nacelle anemometry is widely studied as an option for power performance verification. Therefore, systems to detect the nacelle anemometer faults in a wind farm in operation are necessary for maintenance purposes. In this paper, we propose a method to detect wind speed deviations of the nacelle anemometers by comparing them with the nearby anemometers. This comparison is made through an approach to estimate the wind speed in each nacelle. The approach is based on the discretization of wind speed data using the bin method. The key issue of this proposal is the estimation of the anemometer deviations considering the range of data with lower uncertainty. To this end, an average uncertainty model per bin and direction sector has been integrated into the method. The tests show that using wind speeds higher than 4.5 m s  − 1 gives the lowest uncertainty. Data from two wind farms have been used to test this method, and the obtained results have allowed the detection of problematic anemometers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.