bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent advances of metal fluoride compounds cathode materials for lithium ion batteries: a review
Authors: Gao Yanshen , Li Jiaxin , Hua Yumeng , Yang Qingshan , Holze Rudof , Mijowska Ewa , Chu Paul K , Chen Xuecheng 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As the most successful new energy storage device developed in recent decades, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are ubiquitous in the modern society. However, current commercial LIBs comprising mainly intercalated cathode materials are limited by the theoretical energy density which cannot meet the high storing energy demanded by renewable applications. Compared to intercalation-type cathode materials, low-cost conversion-type cathode materials with a high theoretical specific capacity are expected to boost the overall energy of LIBs. Among the different conversion cathode materials, metal fluorides have become a popular research subject for their environmental friendliness, low toxicity, wide voltage range, and high theoretical specific capacity. In this review, we compare the energy storage performance of intercalation and conversion cathode materials based on thermodynamic calculation and summarize the main challenges. The common conversion-type cathode materials are described and their respective reaction mechanisms are discussed. In particular, the structural flaws and corresponding solutions and strategies are described. Finally, we discussed the prospective of metal fluorides and other conversion cathode materials to guide further research in this important field.
Physical Computation
Authors: Anderson Neal G , Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter is a primer on physical computation. It distinguishes between abstract and concrete computation. It introduces the notion of simulation of one physical system by another and the more specific notion of computational simulation of a physical system by a computing system. It introduces the problem of distinguishing between physical processes that count as computations and physical processes that don’t, as well as other desiderata of an adequate account of physical computation. It introduces pancomputationalism, which is the most liberal way of drawing a boundary. It introduces different accounts of concrete computation—mapping accounts, semantic accounts, and mechanistic accounts—and explains that the robust mapping account developed in subsequent chapters can improve upon and be integrated with the three families of accounts. Finally, it introduces the physical Church-Turing thesis, according to which any physically computable function is computable by Turing machines.
Computation and the Mind
Authors: Anderson Neal G , Piccinini Gualtiero 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the vexed question of whether mentation is computation. To get there, it expands on the ontological framework used in previous parts of this book. It introduces two types of natural property: physical qualities and causal powers. It introduces levels of composition and realization. It introduces mechanisms and the notions of multiple realizability and medium independence. It points out that physical computation is a medium-independent notion. It introduces living organisms and the teleological functions possessed by organismic traits and artifacts. Finally, it argues that cognition is largely a matter of computation but phenomenal consciousness most likely involves physical qualities, which are aspects of physical reality that are not reducible to computation.
Moral Realism and Its Burdens
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The animating idea of moral realism is that morality is objectively authoritative. This chapter develops a version of moral realism—realism without qualification—designed to fully capture this idea. Presenting six core theses to which realism is committed, the chapter eschews extant characterizations that focus on the bare minimum a view must endorse in order to qualify as realist to some extent. The chapter then defends its formulation of realism: it properly classifies paradigm realist and non-realist views, makes sense of disputes between the two positions, and distinguishes them in a way that is neither arbitrary nor stipulative, but philosophically substantive. The chapter concludes by discussing realism’s capacity to handle the core metaethical data identified in Chapter 1. Realism, it turns out, accommodates many of these data. But it does not explain any of them. As a result, realism incurs a series of theoretical burdens that it must discharge. The remainder of the book is dedicated to addressing these burdens.
Moral Conceptual Truths and Real Definitional Facts
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The previous chapter developed the view that there are moral fixed points. This chapter’s central idea is that such platitudes possess a special status: alethic moral fixed points are conceptual truths, being true fully in virtue of essence facts regarding their antecedent concepts, while factual moral fixed points are real definitional facts, holding fully in virtue of essence facts regarding their antecedent properties. After defending these claims, the chapter closes by arguing that viewing moral fixed points as conceptual truths and real definitional facts does not preclude, but may in fact shed light on, the possibility of rational doubt or denial regarding moral platitudes.
Polyploidy and hybridization in the Mediterranean: unravelling the evolutionary history of Centaurium (Gentianaceae)
Authors: Valdés-Florido Ana , González-Toral Claudia , Maguilla Enrique , Cires Eduardo , Díaz-Lifante Zoila , Andrés-Camacho Cristina , Nieto Feliner Gonzalo , Arroyo Juan , Escudero Marcial 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background and Aims
Polyploidy is considered one of the main mechanisms of plant evolution and speciation. In the Mediterranean Basin, polyploidy has contributed to making this region a biodiversity hotspot, along with its geological and climatic history and other ecological and biogeographical factors. The Mediterranean genus Centaurium (Gentianaceae) comprises ~25 species, of which 60 % are polyploids, including tetraploids and hexaploids. To date, the evolutionary history of centauries has been studied using Sanger sequencing phylogenies, which have been insufficient to fully understand the phylogenetic relationships in this lineage. The goal of this study is to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary history of Centaurium by exploring the mechanisms that have driven its diversification, specifically hybridization and polyploidy. We aim to identify the parentage of hybrid species, at the species or clade level, as well as assessing whether morphological traits are associated with particular ploidy levels.

Methods
We sequenced RADseq markers from 42 samples of 28 Centaurium taxa, and performed phylogenomic analyses using maximum likelihood, summary coalescent SVDquartets and Neighbor-Net approaches. To identify hybrid taxa, we used PhyloNetworks and the fastSTRUCTURE algorithm. To infer the putative parental species of the allopolyploids, we employed genomic analyses (SNIPloid). The association between different traits and particular ploidy levels was explored with non-metric multidimensional scaling.

Key Results
Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the long-suspected occurrence of recurrent hybridization. The allopolyploid origin of the tetraploid C. serpentinicola and the hexaploids C. mairei, C. malzacianum and C. centaurioides was also confirmed, unlike that of C. discolor. We inferred additional signatures of hybridization events within the genus and identified morphological traits differentially distributed in different ploidy levels.

Conclusions
This study highlights the important role that hybridization has played in the evolution of a Mediterranean genus such as Centaurium, leading to a polyploid complex, which facilitated its diversification and may exemplify that of other Mediterranean groups.
Managing Risk and Uncertainty in the Context of Child Protection Decision Making
Authors: Harnett Paul H 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Uncertainty is a concept related to, but distinct from, risk. Risk has been defined as the portion of the continuum from complete certainty to total ignorance that can be estimated using tools of probability. Uncertainty, on the other hand lies in the portion of the continuum of knowability that is incalculable and uncontrollable. It is well established that estimating risk probabilistically in the child protection context is unreliable and prone to error under conditions of high uncertainty—particularly when making decisions on the long-term needs of a child. This is true whether risk is estimated using professional judgement, statistical algorithms or a combination of both. In other disciplines, tools have been developed that transition decision making away from the probabilistic reasoning associated with judgments of risk (the ‘Predict and Act’ paradigm) to procedures that do not rely on the probabilistic estimation of risk (the ‘Monitor and Adapt’ paradigm). A pragmatic approach to adapting existing assessment procedures developed within the Predict and Act paradigm to align more closely with the Monitor and Adapt approach is presented. It is suggested that a key component of such an adaptation would be integrating case formulation into routine child protection practice.
Sensibility to the Role of Child Welfare Services in the Machinery of Stigma
Authors: Fævelen Malin , Kojan Bente Heggem 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Sensibility to stigma in child welfare systems is important to prevent harmful acts against marginalised groups in society. This case analysis centres around one family in the child welfare service (CWS) that could be considered marginalised across several dimensions. The empirical material consists of three separate in-depth interviews with the child, their parents and their caseworker. We explore how the stigma attributed to the family was enhanced through the relationship with the CWS and the role stigmatisation played in the interactions between the family and the CWS. The analysis showed how the parents were constructed as ‘outsiders’, compared to the ideal; they lacked money, good looks, and character. Although the parents were somehow subjugated and the caseworker perceived them as submissive, they also resisted stigma in both open and subtle ways. However, this was not always sensed by the CWS. We discuss the importance of addressing stigma in all its forms and acknowledge that stigma is power, which is also intertwined with the broader policy. This is crucial knowledge to mitigate the role of the CWS in the stigma machine and in turn reduce structural bias within the CWS.
Ten tips on immunosuppression in primary membranous nephropathy
Authors: Trujillo Hernando , Caravaca-Fontán Fernando , Praga Manuel 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
Membranous nephropathy (MN) management poses challenges, particularly in selecting appropriate immunosuppressive treatments (IST) and monitoring disease progression and complications. This article highlights 10 key tips for the management of primary MN based on current evidence and clinical experience. First, we advise against prescribing IST to patients without nephrotic syndrome (NS), emphasizing the need for close monitoring of disease progression. Second, we recommend initiating IST in patients with persistent NS or declining kidney function. Third, we suggest prescribing rituximab (RTX) or RTX combined with calcineurin inhibitors in medium-risk patients. Fourth, we propose cyclophosphamide-based immunosuppression for high-risk patients. Fifth, we discourage the use of glucocorticoid monotherapy or mycophenolate mofetil as initial treatments. Sixth, we underscore the importance of preventing infectious complications in patients receiving IST. Seventh, we emphasize the need for personalized monitoring of IST by closely measuring kidney function, proteinuria, serum albumin and anti-M-type phospholipase A2 receptor levels. Eighth, we recommend a stepwise approach in the treatment of resistant disease. Ninth, we advise adjusting treatment for relapses based on individual risk profiles. Finally, we caution about the potential recurrence of MN after kidney transplantation and suggest appropriate monitoring and treatment strategies for post-transplantation MN. These tips provide comprehensive guidance for clinicians managing MN, aiming to optimize patient outcomes and minimize complications.
Drug-target Mendelian randomization analysis supports lowering plasma ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and APOC3 levels as strategies for reducing cardiovascular disease risk
Authors: Landfors Fredrik , Henneman Peter , Chorell Elin , Nilsson Stefan K , Kersten Sander 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Aims
APOC3, ANGPTL3, and ANGPTL4 are circulating proteins that are actively pursued as pharmacological targets to treat dyslipidaemia and reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Here, we used human genetic data to compare the predicted therapeutic and adverse effects of APOC3, ANGPTL3, and ANGPTL4 inactivation.

Methods and results
We conducted drug-target Mendelian randomization analyses using variants in proximity to the genes associated with circulating protein levels to compare APOC3, ANGPTL3, and ANGPTL4 as drug targets. We obtained exposure and outcome data from large-scale genome-wide association studies and used generalized least squares to correct for linkage disequilibrium-related correlation. We evaluated five primary cardiometabolic endpoints and screened for potential side effects across 694 disease-related endpoints, 43 clinical laboratory tests, and 11 internal organ MRI measurements. Genetically lowering circulating ANGPTL4 levels reduced the odds of coronary artery disease (CAD) [odds ratio, 0.57 per s.d. protein (95% CI 0.47–0.70)] and Type 2 diabetes (T2D) [odds ratio, 0.73 per s.d. protein (95% CI 0.57–0.94)]. Genetically lowering circulating APOC3 levels also reduced the odds of CAD [odds ratio, 0.90 per s.d. protein (95% CI 0.82–0.99)]. Genetically lowered ANGPTL3 levels via common variants were not associated with CAD. However, meta-analysis of protein-truncating variants revealed that ANGPTL3 inactivation protected against CAD (odds ratio, 0.71 per allele [95%CI, 0.58–0.85]). Analysis of lowered ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and APOC3 levels did not identify important safety concerns.

Conclusion
Human genetic evidence suggests that therapies aimed at reducing circulating levels of ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and APOC3 reduce the risk of CAD. ANGPTL4 lowering may also reduce the risk of T2D.
Impact of left atrial appendage flow velocity on thrombus resolution and clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation and silent left atrial thrombi: insights from the LAT study
Authors: Okada Masato , Inoue Koichi , Tanaka Nobuaki , Tanaka Koji , Hirao Yuko , Iwakura Katsuomi , Egami Yasuyuki , Masuda Masaharu , Watanabe Tetsuya , Minamiguchi Hitoshi , Oka Takafumi , Hikoso Shungo , Sunaga Akihiro , Okada Katsuki , Nakatani Daisaku , Sotomi Yohei , Sakata Yasushi ,   Osaka Cardiovascular Conference (OCVC)-Arrhythmia Investigators, Masuda Masaharu , Mano Toshiaki , Inoue Koichi , Matsumura Yasushi , Kawasaki Masato , Watanabe Tetsuya , Yamada Takahisa , Miyoshi Miwa , Kanda Takashi , Minamiguchi Hitoshi , Makino Nobuhiko , Higuchi Yoshiharu , Matsunaga Yasuharu , Egami Yasuyuki , Nishino Masami , Tanouchi Jun , Sato Taiki , Kida Hirota , Sunaga Akihiro , Nakano Tomoaki , Ozu Kentaro , Sotomi Yohei , Dohi Tomoharu , Okada Katsuki , Oka Takafumi , Takeda Toshihiro , Nakatani Daisaku , Hikoso Shungo , Sakata Yasushi , Tanaka Nobuaki , Tanaka Koji , Okada Masato , Minamisaka Tomoko , Hoshida Shiro 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Aims
Blood stasis is crucial in developing left atrial (LA) thrombi. LA appendage peak flow velocity (LAAFV) is a quantitative parameter for estimating thromboembolic risk. However, its impact on LA thrombus resolution and clinical outcomes remains unclear.

Methods and results
The LAT study was a multicentre observational study investigating patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and silent LA thrombi detected by transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Among 17 436 TEE procedures for patients with AF, 297 patients (1.7%) had silent LA thrombi. Excluding patients without follow-up examinations, we enrolled 169 whose baseline LAAFV was available. Oral anticoagulation use increased from 85.7% at baseline to 97.0% at the final follow-up (P &lt; 0.001). During 1 year, LA thrombus resolution was confirmed in 130 (76.9%) patients within 76 (34–138) days. Conversely, 26 had residual LA thrombi, 8 had thromboembolisms, and 5 required surgical removal. These patients with failed thrombus resolution had lower baseline LAAFV than those with successful resolution (18.0 [15.8–22.0] vs. 22.2 [17.0–35.0], P = 0.003). Despite limited predictive power (area under the curve, 0.659; P = 0.001), LAAFV ≤ 20.0 cm/s (best cut-off) significantly predicted failed LA thrombus resolution, even after adjusting for potential confounders (odds ratio, 2.72; 95% confidence interval, 1.22–6.09; P = 0.015). The incidence of adverse outcomes including ischaemic stroke/systemic embolism, major bleeding, or all-cause death was significantly higher in patients with reduced LAAFV than in those with preserved LAAFV (28.4% vs. 11.6%, log-rank P = 0.005).

Conclusion
Failed LA thrombus resolution was not rare in patients with AF and silent LA thrombi. Reduced LAAFV was associated with failed LA thrombus resolution and adverse clinical outcomes.
Fungal endophytes from saline-adapted shrubs induce salinity stress tolerance in tomato seedlings
Authors: Mutungi Priscillar Mumo , Wekesa Vitalis Wafula , Onguso Justus , Kanga Erustus , Baleba Steve B S , Boga Hamadi Iddi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To meet the food and feed demands of the growing population, global food production needs to double by 2050. Climate change-induced challenges to food crops, especially soil salinization, remain a major threat to food production. We hypothesize that endophytic fungi isolated from salt-adapted host plants can confer salinity stress tolerance to salt-sensitive crops. Therefore, we isolated fungal endophytes from shrubs along the shores of saline alkaline Lake Magadi and evaluated their ability to induce salinity stress tolerance in tomato seeds and seedlings. Of 60 endophytic fungal isolates, 95% and 5% were from Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes phyla, respectively. The highest number of isolates (48.3%) were from the roots. Amylase, protease and cellulase were produced by 25, 30 and 27 isolates, respectively; and 32 isolates solubilized phosphate. Only eight isolates grew at 1.5 M NaCl. Four fungal endophytes (Cephalotrichum cylindricum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium falciforme and Aspergilus puniceus) were tested under greenhouse conditions for their ability to induce salinity tolerance in tomato seedlings. All four endophytes successfully colonized tomato seedlings and grew in 1.5 M NaCl. The germination of endophyte-inoculated seeds was enhanced by 23%, whereas seedlings showed increased chlorophyll and biomass content and decreased hydrogen peroxide content under salinity stress, compared with controls. The results suggest that the the four isolates can potentially be used to mitigate salinity stress in tomato plants in salt-affected soils.
Protective anti-chlamydial vaccine regimen-induced CD4+ T cell response mediates early inhibition of pathogenic CD8+ T cell response following genital challenge
Authors: Murthy Ashlesh K , Wright-McAfee Erika , Warda Katerina , Moy Lindsay N , Bui Nhi , Musunuri Tarakarama , Manam Srikanth , Chako Clemence Z , Ramsey Kyle H , Li Weidang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We have demonstrated previously that TNF-α-producing CD8+ T cells mediate chlamydial pathogenesis, likely in an antigen (Ag)-specific fashion. Here we hypothesize that inhibition of Ag-specific CD8+ T cell response after immunization and/or challenge would correlate with protection against oviduct pathology induced by a protective vaccine regimen. Intranasal (i.n.) live chlamydial elementary body (EB), intramuscular (i.m.) live EB, or i.n. irrelevant antigen, bovine serum albumin (BSA), immunized animals induced near-total protection, 50% protection, or no protection, respectively against oviduct pathology following i.vag. C. muridarum challenge. In these models, we evaluated Ag-specific CD8+ T cell cytokine response at various time-periods after immunization or challenge. The results show protective efficacy of vaccine regimens correlated with reduction of Ag-specific CD8+ T cell TNF-α responses following i.vag. chlamydial challenge, not after immunization. Depletion of CD4+ T cells abrogated, whereas adoptive transfer of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells induced the significant reduction of Ag-specific CD8+ T cell TNF-α response after chlamydial challenge. In conclusion, protective anti-chlamydial vaccine regimens induce Ag-specific CD4+ T cell response that mediate early inhibition of pathogenic CD8+ T cell response following challenge and may serve as a predictive biomarker of protection against Chlamydia -induced chronic pathologies.
The potential for Scotch Malt Whisky flavour diversification by yeast
Authors: Daute Martina , Jack Frances , Walker Graeme 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Scotch Whisky, a product of high importance to Scotland, has gained global approval for its distinctive qualities derived from the traditional production process, which is defined in law. However, ongoing research continuously enhances Scotch Whisky production and is fostering a diversification of flavour profiles. To be classified as Scotch Whisky, the final spirit needs to retain the aroma and taste of ‘Scotch’. While each production step contributes significantly to whisky flavour—from malt preparation and mashing to fermentation, distillation, and maturation—the impact of yeast during fermentation is crucially important. Not only does the yeast convert the sugar to alcohol, it also produces important volatile compounds, e.g. esters and higher alcohols, that contribute to the final flavour profile of whisky. The yeast chosen for whisky fermentations can significantly influence whisky flavour, so the yeast strain employed is of high importance. This review explores the role of yeast in Scotch Whisky production and its influence on flavour diversification. Furthermore, an extensive examination of nonconventional yeasts employed in brewing and winemaking is undertaken to assess their potential suitability for adoption as Scotch Whisky yeast strains, followed by a review of methods for evaluating new yeast strains.