bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and Characterization of Noncrystalline Inorganic Components in Spodosols and Spodosol‐Like Soils
Authors: Kodama H. , Wang C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree pedons of Spodosols or Spodosol‐like soils from Quebec and Ontario containing a considerable amount of acid‐oxalate extractable Al, Fe, and Si were examined in detail by additional selective chemical dissolution, x‐ray diffraction, infrared absorption, and Mössbauer methods to characterize noncrystalline and/or short‐range ordered soil mineral components. The ratio of Fe extracted by acid oxalate to Fe extracted by dithionite‐citrate was nearly unity for most of the clay samples from B and C horizons, indicating that almost all free Fe existed in noncrystalline forms. Amounts of Fe and Al extracted by acid‐oxalate were comparable to those by alkaline Tiron. However, Tiron (1,2‐dihydroxybenzene,3,5‐disulfonic acid disodium salt, C6H4Na2O8S2) generally extracted more Si than acid‐oxalate and Si was mostly concentrated in surface horizons. The difference in the amounts of Si extracted was related to the difference in solubilities of opaline silica in the acid‐oxalate and alkaline Tiron solutions. The presence of opaline silica was further supported by differential x‐ray diffraction and infrared absorption data. Noncrystalline Fe and Al were concentrated in lower horizons and in one case more Al than Fe appeared to be accumulated in slightly lower B subhorizons. Differential XRD patterns of samples from B horizons showed broad maxima at 0.33, 0.25, 0.22, 0.17, and 0.15 nm, indicating the presence of allophane and ferrihydrite. The presence of ferrihydrite was also supported by Mössbauer data.
Evaluation of Measurement Scale Using Imbibition Experiments in Volcanic Tuffs
Authors: Flint Alan L. , Flint Lorraine E. , Richards Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA major issue in the site characterization at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential site for a high‐level nuclear waste repository, is the relevance of laboratory‐scale measurements on cores to field‐scale processes, particularly water flow. Calculation of Philip's sorptivity parameter using imbibition of water into rock was selected as a simple test to describe hydrologic parameters at both laboratory and field scales and to study effects of sample size and spatial variability. Laboratory‐ scale imbition experiments were conducted on two sizes of core from two boreholes drilled in layered nonwelded tuff and fractured welded tuff. Laboratory experiments were compared with field experiments in the boreholes using neutron logs and a field‐scale Mariotte system. Measured sorptivity for both sizes of core were virtually identical and both could predict field‐scale sorptivity if enough samples were used to account for spatial heterogeneity. Core data was less useful in predicting the neutron log data due to the nature of the neutron probe measurement and difficulties in accounting for effects of the unique system geometry. Mean neutron log values could not predict the field results from the welded borehole due to fractures transmitting but not retaining water, and could not predict laboratory results because of scale and sampling volume differences. The mean neutron log data could, however, approximate the large‐scale field results in the nonwelded borehole.
Co‐Ion Exclusion by Clay Surfaces: I. Equations for 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Pashley R. M. , Quirk J. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution of co‐ions in the vicinity of charged clay surfaces has been treated theoretically within the context of an electric double layer structure consisting of a Stern layer and Gouy diffuse layer. Equations have been developed, using Gouy‐Chapman theory, that describe the depth of exclusion of co‐ions in terms of the electrolyte concentration and the Gouy plane potential for 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 electrolyte solutions. The volume from which co‐ions are excluded is obtained by multiplying the depth of exclusion by the appropriate surface area of the clay. Since, in general, the surface potentials of clays are less negative than −100 mV, these equations, especially for 1:1 electrolytes, can be used to obtain surface potentials from exclusion volumes. These volumes can be used to obtain the surface potential across a wide range of electrolyte concentrations, if the area of the interface is known from crystallographic data or from N2 adsorption isotherms. The measured volume of exclusion for each concentration is, in this study, corrected for the volume of the Stern layer, with an assumed thickness of 5.5 Å.
Robert E. Grant's later views on organic development: the Swiney lectures on “Palaeozoology”, 1853–1857
Authors: DESMOND ADRIAN 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARY R. E. Grant's advocacy of transmutation is considered in relation to the scientific climate of the 1850s. To understand the palaeontological framework of his development theory, the unpublished “Palaeozoology” lectures, delivered in 1853–7, are analysed and his sources tabulated. The lectures are shown to contain the following additional themes: (1) a refutation of Lyell's steady-state geology, (2) support for serial development, (3) use of metamorphic effacement to explain the lack of pre-Silurian fossils, and (4) nebular hypothesis. The difficulty of supporting serial development using fossil evidence at this late date is discussed, and this difficulty is deemed to have contributed to the failure of Grant's theory of species “generation”.
Maria Sibylla Merian, naturalist and artist (1647–1717): a commemoration on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of her birth
Authors: PIETERS FLORENCE F.J.M. , WINTHAGEN DINY 
Published: July 2010

Maria Sibylla Merian was born on 2 April 1647 in Frankfurt (Germany) and grew up among artists. She was one of the first who studied the metamorphoses of insects, preceded by the Dutch naturalists Johannes Goedaert (1620–1668) and Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680). From 1674 she began to investigate these metamorphoses systematically, resulting in her first scientific book Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandelung und sonderbare Blumen-nahrung [The wondrous transformation of caterpillars and their remarkable diet of flowers]. The first part of this book was published in Nuremberg in 1679, containing 50 plates in quarto, all engraved by herself, and the second part in Frankfurt in 1683. Now she had discovered her definitive style, depicting the life cycle of a butterfly on the caterpillar's host plant in natural size on one plate, in a beautiful lay-out. In 1685 she entered a Labadist cloister in Friesland, joined by her mother and her two daughters. However, as early as 1691 she left this cloister and settled in Amsterdam. From here she undertook an expedition to Surinam in 1699 to study its superb natural history, accompanied by her younger daughter. She stayed there for only 21 months because she became seriously ill, but she recovered and the publication of her folio volume on the metamorphoses of Surinam insects in 1705 made her worldfamous among natural scientists and art historians alike. However, she was also criticized and the reasons for this are discussed. An additional letter by Merian (17 letters were hitherto known) was discovered in a Parisian collection.
Light‐Switchable Janus [2]Rotaxanes Based on α‐Cyclodextrin Derivatives Bearing Two Recognition Sites Linked with Oligo(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Li Shujing , Taura Daisuke , Hashidzume Akihito , Harada Akira 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo Janus [2]rotaxanes, 5a and 5b, with α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) derivatives substituted on the 6‐position with two recognition sites (azobenzene and heptamethylene (C7)) that were linked with linkers of different lengths (oligo(ethylene glycol) with a degree of polymerization equal to 2 or approximately 21) were synthesized and characterized. 2D ROESY NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism (cd) spectra demonstrated that the recognition site of the α‐CD moiety was switched by photoisomerization of the azobenzene moiety in 5a and 5b. The different size changes of 5a and 5b in hydrodynamic radius (RH) owing to the different length of linker between two recognition sites were observed by pulse‐field‐gradient spin‐echo NMR spectroscopy. The kinetic results indicated that the different length of linker had no or a weak effect for the photoisomerization process of 5a and 5b.
Peering into Biological Nanopore: A Practical Technology to Single‐Molecule Analysis
Authors: Wang Hai‐Yan , Ying Yi‐Lun , Li Yang , Long Yi‐Tao 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs a unique technique at the singe‐molecule level to explore the distribution and temporal order of events, nanopore technology has attracted increasing attention. In comparison to the previous applications in DNA sequencing, this Focus Review highlights the technical details of biological nanopores, especially α‐hemolysin, in the analysis of peptides and proteins. The instrument configurations, experimental interferences, and data analysis including the conformation of peptides and proteins and their interactions for single‐molecule detection are discussed.
L‐Prolinamides Derived from Chiral and Achiral 1,2‐Diamines as Useful Bifunctional Organocatalysts for Direct Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Aldol Reaction
Authors: Pedrosa Rafael , Andrés José M. , Manzano Rubén , Rodríguez Paula 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiastereomeric catalysts 5 and epi‐5, which differ in the configuration of the stereocenter at the amino component, have been prepared from L‐proline and (S)‐N2,N2‐dibenzyl‐3‐methylbutane‐1,2‐diamine or (R)‐N1,N1‐dibenzyl‐3‐methylbutane‐1,2‐diamine, respectively. Diastereomeric prolinamides 10 and epi‐10, which are regioisomers of 5 and epi‐5, respectively, were obtained from the same starting compounds. All of the catalysts promoted high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity in the cross‐aldol reaction between aromatic aldehydes and cyclohexanone using acetic acid as co‐catalyst. A small match/mismatch effect over the stereoselection was observed, depending on the configuration of thestereocenters at the proline and diamine components. In general, the best results were obtained with catalyst 5, which has the same configuration at both stereocenters. Under the same reaction conditions, prolinamide 20, which was synthesized from L‐proline and ethylene diamine, withoutstereocenters at the diamine component, behaved as an excellent enantioselective organocatalyst, giving the aldol products in very high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity.
Love songs, bird brains and diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: De Groof Geert , Van der Linden Annemie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe song control system of songbirds displays a remarkable seasonal neuroplasticity in species in which song output also changes seasonally. Thus far, this song control system has been extensively analyzed by histological and electrophysiological methods. However, these approaches do not provide a global view of the brain and/or do not allow repeated measurements, which are necessary to establish causal correlations between alterations in neural substrate and behavior. Research has primarily been focused on the song nuclei themselves, largely neglecting their interconnections and other brain regions involved in seasonally changing behavior. In this review, we introduce and explore the song control system of songbirds as a natural model for brain plasticity. At the same time, we point out the added value of the songbird brain model for in vivo diffusion tensor techniques and its derivatives. A compilation of the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data obtained thus far in this system demonstrates the usefulness of this in vivo method for studying brain plasticity. In particular, it is shown to be a perfect tool for long‐term studies of morphological and cellular changes of specific brain circuits in different endocrine/photoperiod conditions. The method has been successfully applied to obtain quantitative measurements of seasonal changes of fiber tracts and nuclei from the song control system. In addition, outside the song control system, changes have been discerned in the optic chiasm and in an interhemispheric connection. DTI allows the detection of seasonal changes in a region analogous to the mammalian secondary auditory cortex and in regions of the ‘social behavior network’, an interconnected group of structures that controls multiple social behaviors, including aggression and courtship. DTI allows the demonstration, for the first time, that the songbird brain in its entirety exhibits an extreme seasonal plasticity which is not merely limited to the song control system as was generally believed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of changes in tyrosine and serine phosphorylation of red cell membrane proteins induced by P. falciparum growth
Authors: Pantaleo Antonella , Ferru Emanuela , Carta Franco , Mannu Franca , Giribaldi Giuliana , Vono Rosa , Lepedda Antonio J. , Pippia Proto , Turrini Francesco 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhosphorylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins has been previously documented following infection and intracellular growth of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum in red cells. Much of this data dealt with phosphorylation of serine residues. In this study, we report detailed characterization of phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues of red cell membrane proteins following infection by P falciparum. Western blot analysis using anti‐phosphotyrosine and anti‐phosphoserine antibodies following 2‐DE in conjunction with double channel laser‐induced infrared fluorescence enabled accurate assessment of phosphorylation changes. Tyrosine phosphorylation of band 3 represented the earliest modification observed during parasite development. Band 3 tyrosine phosphorylation observed at the ring stage appears to be under the control of Syk kinase. Serine and tyrosine phosphorylation of additional cytoskeletal, trans‐membrane and membrane associated proteins was documented as intracellular development of parasite progressed. Importantly, during late schizont stage of parasite maturation, we observed widespread protein dephosphorylation. In vitro treatments that caused distinct activation of red cell tyrosine and serine kinases elicited phosphorylative patterns similar to what observed in parasitized red blood cell, suggesting primary involvement of erythrocyte kinases. Identification of tyrosine phosphorylations of band 3, band 4.2, catalase and actin which have not been previously described in P. falciparum infected red cells suggests new potential regulatory mechanisms that could modify the functions of the host cell membrane.
Effects of host and pathogen genotypes on inducibility of resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Sharma K. , Butz A. F. , Finckh M. R. 
Published: July 2010

Thirteen tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) accessions were tested for inducibility of resistance against two isolates of Phytophthora infestans using BABA (dl‐3‐amino butyric acid) as the inducing agent. In a more detailed trial, six of the accessions were assessed for inducibility of resistance to six P. infestans isolates on three leaves of different age per plant. Plants were inoculated 1 week after treatment with BABA. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), sporulation capacity (SC) and infection efficiency (IE) were all affected by treatment with BABA. On leaves of all ages AUDPC was most affected by induction (43–100% reduction on the youngest leaves) followed by SC (14–100%) and IE (0–100% reduction). Tomato genotypes varied significantly in inducibility of resistance against P. infestans and the degree of induction generally decreased with increasing leaf age, whilst the absolute susceptibility with respect to AUDPC and SC rarely changed. The level of induction was not always related to the resistance level of the tomato accession and it was significantly influenced by the pathogen isolate used for challenge inoculation. The results show that inducibility of resistance is a selectable trait that is, however, isolate‐specific.
Antifungal activity of tri‐ and tetra‐thioureido amino derivatives against different Candida species
Authors: Oliveira S. R. , Nogueira L. J. , Donnici C. L. , Magalhães T. F. F. , Martins C. V. B. , Montanari C. A. , Resende M. A. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe in vitro antifungal activity of six thioureido substituted amines (P1–P6) was evaluated against Candida species, including Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. parapsilosis. These tri‐ and tetra‐thioureido amino derivatives with different methylation levels were synthesised through easy synthetic routes to evaluate their antifungal properties against Candida species. Among all studied derivatives, the tri‐(2‐thioureido‐ethyl)‐amine (P1) was the most active compound inhibiting C. albicans and C. glabrata at a concentration of 0.49 μg ml−1; P3, the N,N′,N′′,N′′′‐hexamethyl‐derivative, also showed inhibitory activity against C. albicans and C. glabrata, but in higher concentrations (250 μg ml−1). The N,N′,N′′,N′′′‐tetramethylated amine (P5) only inhibited the growth of C. glabrata, but its corresponding N,N′,N′′,N′′′‐octamethyl derivative (P6) was also active against C. glabrata (125 μg ml−1) and it was the only compound active against C. parapsilosis. P2 and P4 showed no significant antifungal activity. The structure–activity relationship of the thioureido‐substituted derivatives indicates that the molecular branching and the alkylation levels can influence the antifungal activity. This study demonstrated that thioureido derivatives exhibited significant antifungal activity against Candida species and that they can be considered as a very promising bioactive lead compound to develop novel antifungal agents.
Lignocaine gel in minimally invasive surgery – A pilot cohort study
Authors: BEG Natasha , VANCAILLIE Thierry , HEWITT Alan , EGGERMONT Julie , ARMSTRONG Georgina 
Published: July 2010

Background:  The administration of local anaesthetic at the conclusion of minimally invasive procedures has been shown to reduce postoperative pain. However, it is often not feasible to reach target surgical sites using a needle, making it difficult to administer injectable local anaesthetic. Formulations currently available for topical use are also not sterile, adhere poorly, and are not adjusted to neutral pH at the time of use. To address these limitations, a new sterile, aqueous 4.8% lignocaine gel was formulated for topical application on surgical wounds.Aims:  To determine the clinical feasibility, safety and tolerability of the topical lignocaine gel.Methods:  A total of 125 female patients underwent minimally invasive gynaecological procedures. The lignocaine gel was applied to any intra‐abdominal, intra‐uterine or intra‐vaginal surgical wounds. The incidence of any intra‐ or postoperative complications was determined via retrospective review of surgical reports, hospital files and outpatient clinic files.Results:  In all cases, the surgeon was able to apply the gel successfully to the desired site. There were no intra‐operative complications. There were no adverse events encountered during recovery or hospitalisation which are likely to be associated with the lignocaine gel. Eight patients experienced adverse events during the postoperative period which could be linked to the use of the gel. However, the incidence of these was within the known range of adverse events for these procedures.Conclusions:  A sterile lignocaine gel can be safely used in minimally invasive surgery.
Amniotic fluid lamellar body concentration as a marker of fetal lung maturity at term elective caesarean delivery
Authors: WALKER Susan P. , CHOW Yvonne Y. C. , UGONI Antoni M. , HOLBERTON James R. , SMITH Carole L. , PERMEZEL Michael J. 
Published: July 2010

Background:  Caesarean birth, without prior labour, is associated with an increased risk of neonatal respiratory morbidity among term infants. The concentration of lamellar bodies in amniotic fluid reflects pulmonary surfactant production and release, and is thus used in preterm populations as a marker of fetal lung maturity. Whether amniotic fluid lamellar body concentration (AFLBC) may correlate with risk factors for term respiratory distress has not previously been evaluated.Aims:  To determine the relationship between AFLBC and risk factors for respiratory distress following term caesarean birth.Methods:  The AFLBC of 249 women at the time of term caesarean birth was examined for an association with gestational age, gender, presentation and neonatal respiratory distress requiring special care nursery (SCN) admission.Results:  There was a significant increase in AFLBC with gestation. When compared with caesarean deliveries performed during the 37th week of gestation, there was a 50%, 54% and 56% increase in lamellar body concentrations (LBCs) taken during the 38th, 39th and 40th week of gestation respectively (P < 0.05 for all). Female fetuses had a 16% higher LBC than males (P < 0.05). An LBC <100 × 109 mL−1 was associated with increased risk of admission to the SCN with respiratory distress (RR = 5.6; 1.2–26.5, P < 0.05).Conclusion:  Known risk factors for term respiratory distress are reflected in the AFLBC. A significant relationship exists between AFLBC and respiratory morbidity following term caesarean birth. However, the low prevalence of this condition limits the clinical role of AFLBC as a predictive test for term respiratory morbidity.
Human gingiva is another site of C‐reactive protein formation
Authors: Lu Qian , Jin Lijian 
Published: July 2010

Lu Q, Jin L. Human gingiva is another site of C‐reactive protein formation. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 789–796. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01600.x. AbstractObjectives: C‐reactive protein (CRP) is primarily synthesized in the liver. It is hypothesized that human gingiva per se may produce CRP and its expression could be associated with IL‐6. This study elucidated the CRP expression profile in human gingiva and its possible association with IL‐6.Materials and Methods: Ninety‐four gingival biopsies were collected from 44 subjects with chronic periodontitis and 18 periodontally healthy subjects. CRP protein was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, while CRP and IL‐6 mRNAs were examined by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and real‐time PCR. CRP protein expression in the reconstituted human gingival epithelia (RHGE) was examined by the particle‐enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay and Western blotting.Results: CRP protein was detected in gingival tissues from patients and healthy subjects by immunohistochemistry and confirmed by Western blotting. Its expression pattern and level at 16 pairs of periodontal pocket tissues and the adjacent clinically healthy tissues from 16 patients were significantly interrelated (rs=0.693, p<0.01). CRP mRNA expression was strongly correlated with IL‐6 (r=0.694, p<0.001). Both CRP protein and mRNA were detected in the RHGE.Conclusions: The present study shows for the first time that human gingiva is able to produce CRP in situ that may be associated with IL‐6 activity.