bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of polyaniline nanofiber and copolymerization with acrylate through in situ emulsion polymerization
Authors: Ge Chengyue , Yang Xiaogang , Li Cheng , Hou Baorong 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) was prepared, respectively, by direct mixed oxidation method in different acids. Scanning electron microscopy showed that high quality of PANI nanofibers can be obtained easily in hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and acetic acid, especially in the sulfuric acid; infrared and ultraviolet spectra characterization showed all products were the doped PANI. Then, using complex emulsifiers, PANI was dispersed in acrylate emulsion by supersonic dispersion assisted with mechanical stirred to obtain mixed pre‐emulsion, the result showed different PANI performed different dispersing stability in the pre‐emulsion. More importantly, PANI–polyacrylate copolymer was prepared through multi‐steps in situ emulsion polymerization using water‐soluble azo (VA‐044) as initiator. Experiment showed that good dispersing stability of PANI in the pre‐emulsion was premise to obtain the final stable copolymer emulsion. Further, the micro‐morphology and thermal property of the copolymer were studied by transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analyzer. The result proved that acrylate occurred in situ polymerization on surface of PANI nanofibers, the presence of PANI increased glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal decomposed temperature of the copolymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of collagen‐immobilized poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) interpenetrating network hydrogels for potential application of artificial cornea
Authors: Park Sangphil , Nam Seung Hee , Koh Won‐Gun 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTo enhance the mechanical strength of poly(ethylene glycol)(PEG) gels and to provide functional groups for surface modification, we prepared interpenetrating (IPN) hydrogels by incorporating poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)(PHEMA) inside PEG hydrogels. Formation of IPN hydrogels was confirmed by measuring the weight percent gain of the hydrogels after incorporation of PHEMA, as well as by ATR/FTIR analysis. Synthesis of IPN hydrogels with a high PHEMA content resulted in optically transparent and extensively crosslinked hydrogels with a lower water content and a 6 ∼ 8‐fold improvement in mechanical properties than PEG hydrogels. Incorporation of less than 90 wt % PHEMA resulted in opaque hydrogels due to phase separation between water and PHEMA. To overcome the poor cell adhesion properties of the IPN hydrogels, collagen was covalently grafted to the surface of IPN hydrogels via carbamate linkages to hydroxyl groups in PHEMA. Resultant IPN hydrogels were proven to be noncytotoxic and cell adhesion study revealed that collagen immobilization resulted in a significant improvement of cell adhesion and spreading on the IPN hydrogel surfaces. The resultant IPN hydrogels were noncytotoxic, and a cell adhesion study revealed that collagen immobilization improved cell adhesion and spreading on the IPN hydrogel surfaces significantly. These results indicate that PEG/PHEMA IPN hydrogels are highly promising biomaterials that can be used in artificial corneas and a variety of other load‐bearing tissue engineering applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Imidazole functionalized polyaniline: Synthesis, characterization, and Cu (II) coordination studies
Authors: Joseph Alex , Ramamurthy Praveen C. , Subramanian Sankaran 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPolyaniline functionalized with imidazole as strategically designed receptor group in its backbone was synthesized for copper binding. The synthesized polymer has been characterized using FTIR, NMR, and UV‐Vis spectroscopic techniques. The addition of copper (II) to the polymer distinctly changes the properties such as crystallinity, molecular weight, aggregation, and electronic properties. XRD, DLS, SEM, and four‐point probe techniques have been used for study of these changes. It is observed that the secondary ion generated as a result of copper coordination results in the doping of the polyaniline backbone, which enhances the conductivity by one order of magnitude. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Which cities produce more excellent papers than can be expected? A new mapping approach, using Google Maps, based on statistical significance testing
Authors: Bornmann Lutz , Leydesdorff Loet 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe methods presented in this paper allow for a statistical analysis revealing centers of excellence around the world using programs that are freely available. Based on Web of Science data (a fee‐based database), field‐specific excellence can be identified in cities where highly cited papers were published more frequently than can be expected. Compared to the mapping approaches published hitherto, our approach is more analytically oriented by allowing the assessment of an observed number of excellent papers for a city against the expected number. Top performers in output are cities in which authors are located who publish a statistically significant higher number of highly cited papers than can be expected for these cities. As sample data for physics, chemistry, and psychology show, these cities do not necessarily have a high output of highly cited papers.
Collaboration in computer science: A network science approach
Authors: Franceschet Massimo 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCo‐authorship in publications within a discipline uncovers interesting properties of the analyzed field. We represent collaboration in academic papers of computer science in terms of differently grained networks, namely affiliation and collaboration networks. We also build those sub‐networks that emerge from either conference or journal co‐authorship only. We take advantage of the network science paraphernalia to take a picture of computer science collaboration including all papers published in the field since 1936. Furthermore, we observe how collaboration in computer science evolved over time since 1960. We investigate bibliometric properties such as size of the discipline, productivity of scholars, and collaboration level in papers, as well as global network properties such as reachability and average separation distance among scholars, distribution of the number of scholar collaborators, network resilience and dependence on star collaborators, network clustering, and network assortativity by number of collaborators.
Inclusion and exclusion criteria for malformations in newborn infants exposed to potential teratogens
Authors: Holmes Lewis B. , Westgate Marie‐Noel 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The surveillance of newborn infants exposed to potential teratogens often relies on the findings in routine physicians' examinations to identify malformations. Exposed newborn infants can have a wide variety of physical features, including malformations, birth marks, positional deformities, and minor anomalies. The routine physician's findings are not standardized. Some physicians record a wide variety of physical features and others do not. The purpose of this study was to develop criteria and definitions for identifying malformations and for identifying the more common and less severe physical features that would be excluded as not being malformations. METHODS: The physical features recorded by the examining pediatricians were obtained from a review of the medical records of a consecutive sample of 1000 liveborn and stillborn infants and elective terminations for fetal anomalies. RESULTS: A malformation, defined as a structural abnormality with surgical, medical or cosmetic importance, was present in 18 (2.8%) of the infants; 222 other recorded features were identified and excluded: malformations attributed to dominant or recessive genes (4) or chromosome abnormalities (6), minor anomalies and normal variations (65), birth marks (110), positional deformities (6), prematurity‐related features (5), physiologic findings (4) and findings identified by prenatal ultrasound (but not by the examining pediatrician) (20), functional abnormalities (1) and findings in newborn screening (1). CONCLUSIONS: Investigators should establish, in advance, the exclusion criteria to be used in programs, such as malformation surveillance programs or pregnancy registries, whose findings are based on a review of the routine examinations in medical records. It is essential that the same criteria be used in evaluating the drug‐exposed and the unexposed comparison group. Birth Defects Research(Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomic mechanisms for splenic injury during colorectal surgery
Authors: Merchea Amit , Dozois Eric J. , Wang Jeffrey K. , Larson David W. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIntraoperative iatrogenic splenic injury during colorectal surgery is rare but may cause significant morbidity. We aimed to describe the anatomic mechanisms of iatrogenic injury to the spleen during colonic surgery. All adult surgical patients who sustained a splenic injury during colectomy at our institution from 1992 to 2007 were retrospectively identified. The operative and pathologic reports were reviewed, and anatomic details of the injuries were collected. Results are reported as a proportion or median, with range reported in brackets. Of 13,897 colectomies, 71 splenic injuries among 58 patients were identified. Splenic flexure colonic mobilization occurred in 53 (91%) of these patients. The median number of tears was 1 (1–3). The average length of tear was 4.59 cm. The distribution of injury location on the spleen was 24 (34%) inferior, 14 (20%) hilar, 3 (4%) posterior, 2 (3%) lateral, and 1 (1%) superior. Three (4%) patients suffered from splenic rupture. The location of 24 (34%) injuries was not described. Capsular tears were the cause of splenic injury in 55 (95%) patients. Intraoperative splenic injury ultimately resulted in splenectomy in 44 (76%) patients. Splenic injury was a delayed finding requiring reoperation in 4 (7%) patients. The primary mechanism of intraoperative splenic injury during colectomy is capsular tears and lacerations secondary to misplaced traction and tension on the spleen during colonic mobilization. Techniques to lessen these forces may decrease the number of injuries and subsequent splenectomy. Clin. Anat. 25:212–217, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ludwig Edinger (1855–1918)
Authors: Prithishkumar Ivan James 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLudwig Edinger, a German neurologist is considered as one of the founders of modern neuroanatomy. He was conferred the degree of Doctor of Medicine at the University of Strassburg. His observation of small living organisms under a microscope at an early age led him to study medicine. Edinger had many discoveries to his credit. He was the first to describe the ventral and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts, to distinguish between paleo‐encephalon and neo‐encephalon, and between paleo‐cerebellum and neo‐cerebellum. He coined the terms “gnosis” and “praxis,” which were later adopted in psychological descriptions of agnosia and apraxia. He identified the Edinger‐Westphal nucleus in 1885 and was the first to describe the syndrome of thalamic pain. Edinger worked with renowned clinicians and published a large number of papers. He founded the Neurological Institute at the Goethe University in Frankfurt, which is the oldest neurological Institute in Germany. Edinger was a rare combination of a profound scientist, a brilliant teacher, a fine artist, and a noted hypnotist. While at the height of his career, he underwent a surgery and died a few hours later. It was his last will that his brain should be dissected in his own institute. It showed extraordinarily well‐developed occipital lobes as well as other unusual features. Clin. Anat. 25:155–157, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Should we teach Abernethy and Zuckerkandl?
Authors: Winkelmann A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this study, the author analyzed the relevance of anatomical eponyms for medical education by researching 453 anatomical eponyms and their corresponding English or Latin terms in the Medline database. The number of hits in the database ranged from 0 to 34,490 per eponym (median 11). Almost a quarter (110) of the eponyms did not appear at all. Only 11% of those articles that use anatomical eponyms in their title or abstract added a descriptive English or Latin term. In conclusion, familiarity with many of these eponyms is superfluous for medical students, as they are not in common use by the medical community. However, a number of eponyms must be actively retained by students to understand clinicians and efficiently research medical literature. Clin. Anat. 25:241–245, 2012. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Azygos lobe in a South African cadaveric population
Authors: Rauf Abdul , Rauf Waqar‐Un Nisa , Navsa Nadia , Ashraf Khizar Tauseef Ahmad 
Published: July 2011

AbstractKnowledge of the prevalence, morphology, and location of the azygos lobe is essential for diagnostic and surgical procedures of the lungs related to mediastinal pathologies, especially to minimize intraoperative vascular injuries, shock, possible thoracotomy, and even the possibility of pulmonary torsion. Reports on the prevalence of the azygos lobe vary between 0.11% and 1.06%. The aim of this study was to record the prevalence and morphological description of the azygos lobe in the South African cadaveric population. A total of 704 adult cadavers dissected over a 10‐year period by students in the Department of Human Anatomy at the Medunsa Campus, University of Limpopo, were studied. The prevalence and dimensions of the azygos lobe were determined with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results indicate that an azygos lobe was present in the right lung in only four cases (prevalence 0.57%, 95% CI: 0.2%–1.6%). The mean height and width were 6.7 cm (95% CI: 4.4–9.2) and 4.5 cm (95% CI: 3.7–5.2), respectively. Observations on the morphology of the azygos lobe showed that it was rectangular (n = 3) and triangular (n = 1) in shape with smooth margins. In conclusion, the azygos lobe is a rare anomaly in the South African cadaveric population. The present results are comparable with those reported in the literature for other populations. Future radiological studies on the azygos lobe on living subjects in South Africa will be useful for further understanding of this rare but significant anomaly. Clin. Anat. 25:386–390, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling for Urea Hydrolysis in a Batch Reactor for Flue Gas Conditioning
Authors: Sahu J. N. , Hussain S. , Meikap B. C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is proposed to simulate urea hydrolysis for ammonia synthesis as a safe feed stock to flue gas conditioning in thermal power plants. A series of parametric studies to investigate flow rates, thermal boundary conditions, and reactor geometry was performed and operating conditions and reactor geometry were optimized. Detailed 3D flow, heat, and chemistry simulations of ammonia were carried out with predicted conversions comparable to measurements and the dependence of the experiments on the reaction parameters was evaluated. Through simulation under the same conditions the output was generated and compared to the experimental plot. Profiles of temperature and flow patterns were successfully achieved through simulation.
Energy Consumption during Vacuum Microwave Treatment of Potato Starch: A Phenomenological Model
Authors: Dixit O. , Treppe K. , Mollekopf N. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIt is known that the water binding capacity of starch increases after vacuum microwave treatment. Microwave radiation absorbed by the starch sample affects its sensible, latent internal and chemical (bond and conformational) energy levels. A phenomenological model was developed based on energy sinks in starch, practically described as increasing temperature, breaking bonds between water and amylopectin/amylose molecules, changing the phase of water from liquid to vapor and structural rearrangements at short (single/double helices) and long (crystalline/amorphous) order. The model was validated by experimental data for different vacuum microwave treatment parameters, viz. incident power (460, 500 and 750 W), duration (30 to 340 s) and sample mass (10 to 70 g) at 4000 Pa. The results provide an insight into the physical aspects of the process and would facilitate its development on an industrial scale.
Experimental Study on Ethylene Recovery Using the Solvent Absorption Method
Authors: Zhang L. , Yan J. , Jiang B. , Xiao H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe solvent absorption method was used for the separation of methane and hydrogen from the cracked gases to recover ethylene. The effects of the solvent/gas mass ratio, the operating pressure, and both the gas and solvent inlet temperatures on the solvent absorption behavior were studied. The optimal operating parameters obtained by orthogonal experimental analysis were as follows: solvent/gas mass ratio 3.5, operating pressure 2100 kPa, gas inlet temperature –10 °C, and solvent inlet temperature –40 °C. Excellent agreement was obtained between the experimental data and the simulation results, in all cases.
Bridging the Gap between Porphyrins and Porphycenes: Substituent‐Position‐Sensitive Tautomerism and Photophysics in meso‐Diphenyloctaethylporphyrins
Authors: Gawinkowski Sylwester , Orzanowska Grażyna , Izdebska Katarzyna , Senge Mathias O. , Waluk Jacek 
Published: July 2011

Abstract2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐Octaethyl‐5,15‐diphenylporphyrin (1) is characterized by an inner cavity with a rectangular shape and small NH⋅⋅⋅N distances. It resembles porphycene, which is a constitutional isomer of porphyrin known for its strong intramolecular hydrogen bonds and rapid tautomerization. Such distortion of the porphyrin cavity leads to tautomeric properties of 1 that are intermediate between those of porphyrin and porphycene. In particular, a tautomerization in the lowest excited singlet state of 1 has been discovered, occurring with a rate three orders of magnitude lower than that in porphycene, but three to four orders of magnitude higher than that in porphyrin. An isomer of 1, 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18‐octaethyl‐5,10‐diphenylporphyrin (2), exhibits a different kind of geometry distortion. This molecule is nonplanar, but the inner cavity shape and dimensions are similar to those of the parent porphyrin. The same hydrogen‐bonding strength as that in porphyrin is observed for 2. In contrast, the nonplanarity of 2 significantly influences the photophysics, leading to a decrease in fluorescence quantum yield and lifetime. Absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectra are similar for 1 and 2 and resemble those of parent porphyrin. This is a consequence of comparable energy splittings of the frontier orbitals, ΔHOMO≈ΔLUMO. The results demonstrate that judicious selection of substituents and their position enables a controlled modification of geometry, hydrogen‐bonding strength, tautomerization rate, and photophysical and spectral parameters of porphyrinoids.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Sr2Si5N8:Eu2+ for White Light‐Emitting Diodes by Multi‐Step Heat Treatment.
Authors: Luong Van Duong , Zhang Wentao , Lee Hong‐Ro 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRed emitting (Sr1‐xEux)2Si5N8 (x = 0—0.2) phosphors for white light‐emitting diodes are synthesized from mixtures of SrCO3, Si3N4, Eu2O3, and activated charcoal powder by a multi‐step heat treatment (graphite crucible, 1100 °C for 1 h and 1400 °C for 3 h, followed by sintering in a Mo crucible at 1600 °C for 3 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, Magnetic and Luminescent Properties of Two Classes of Molybdenum(VI) Rich Quaternary Lanthanide Selenites.
Authors: Zhang Su‐Yun , Mao Jiang‐Gao 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCompounds (IV) crystallize in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with Z = 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanoid‐Containing Open Wells—Dawson Silicotungstates: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Properties.
Authors: Ni Lubin , Hussain Firasat , Spingler Bernhard , Weyeneth Stephen , Patzke Greta R. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe new compounds (IV) (Ca source not given), (V), (VII), (IX), and (XI) are characterized by single crystal XRD, FTIR, UV/VIS, and photoluminescence spectroscopy, magnetic measurements, and cyclic voltammetry.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dienol Ethers Using the Phosphine‐Catalyzed Alkyne Isomerization Reaction.
Authors: Fu Michael Yunyi , Guo Jiawen , Toy Patrick H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe short synthesis of dienones (II) is based on phosphine‐catalyzed isomerization of electron‐deficient alkynes (I) representing a general procedure for the synthesis of “push‐pull” δ‐alkoxy dienones.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselectivity Control in Formal Nucleophilic Substitution of Bromocyclopropanes with Oxygen‐ and Sulfur‐Based Nucleophiles.
Authors: Banning Joseph E. , Prosser Anthony R. , Alnasleh Bassam K. , Smarker Jason , Rubina Marina , Rubin Michael 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe reaction of bromocyclopropanes with oxygen nucleophiles selectively provides trans‐ or cis‐functionalized derivatives depending on the number and nature of cyclopropane substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid Catalyzed Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Azlactones for the Synthesis of Aryl Glycine Derivatives.
Authors: Wang Chao , Luo Hong‐Wen , Gong Liu‐Zhu 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe reaction of azlactones, e.g. (I), with the β‐substituted primary alcohol (II) as the nucleophile proceeds smoothly to generate aryl glycine derivatives (III) in excellent yields and with high levels of enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Series of Highly Substituted Cyclohexanols via Michael Addition in an Aqueous Medium.
Authors: Lu Guo‐ping , Cai Chun 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAn efficient route for the synthesis of highly substituted cyclohexanols (III) via Michael addition of active methylene compounds (II) to chalcones (I) in the absence of any toxic solvents is given.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient and Mild Synthesis of Functionalized 2,3‐Dihydrofuran Derivatives via Domino Reaction in Water.
Authors: Xie Jian‐Wu , Li Ping , Wang Ting , Zhou Fei‐Ting 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe mild conditions allow the access to a broad spectrum of trans‐substituted furan structures and may thus be of great interest in pharmaceutical chemistry and natural product synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Vinylindoles and Vinylpyrroles by the Peterson Olefination or by Use of the Nysted Reagent.
Authors: Noland Wayland E. , Etienne Christopher L. , Lanzatella Nicholas P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of vinyl heterocycles using Peterson olefination or Nysted reagent (V) is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Stereoselective Synthesis of 3‐(Anilinoarylmethylene)‐2‐oxindoles as Hesperadin Analogues.
Authors: Bararjanian Morteza , Hosseinzadeh Saeedeh , Balalaie Saeed , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDomino Heck—Buchwald reaction of Ugi four component reaction products (I) and (IV) with aromatic amines provides access towards title oxindole derivatives (III) and (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: An Anomalous Hydration/Dehydration Sequence for the Mild Generation of a Nitrile Oxide.
Authors: Nishiwaki Nagatoshi , Kobiro Kazuya , Kiyoto Hideyuki , Hirao Shotaro , Sawayama Jun , Saigo Kazuhiko , Okajima Yoshikazu , Uehara Toshiharu , Maki Asaka , Ariga Masahiro 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTreatment of isoxazolinones (I) with water under mild conditions generates a nitrile oxide (VI) which smoothly undergoes cycloaddition with various dipolarophiles furnishing isoxazoles (III) and isoxazolines (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Green and Efficient Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinolin‐5‐ones Derivatives by Microwave‐Assisted Multicomponent Reaction in Hot Water Medium.
Authors: Andriushchenko Anastasiya Yu. , Desenko Sergey M. , Chernenko Vitaliy N. , Chebanov Valentin A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe presence of 1.2 equivalents triethylamine and a reaction temperature of about 170 °C are crucial for the conversion.