bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on the Nanoindentation of Thin Copper Films from Deep Submicron to Nano-Scale
Authors: Jeng Y.-R. , Tan C.-M. , Su C. C. , Cheng S.-C. , Cheng C.-Y. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis study uses the nanoindentation technique to evaluate the mechanical properties of thin copper films at indentation depths measured in the order of nanometers. Copper films with various thicknesses are deposited on a single crystal silicon wafer with a (100) orientation and on a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) substrate, respectively. The experimental results show that for soft thin films on a hard substrate, the substrate effect is negligible when the indentation depth is less than 20% of the film thickness. However, the results suggest that hard films on a soft substrate should be treated as a composite system in indentation because the substrate effect is significant. Finally, the results reveal that a significant indentation size effect exists for thin films with a thickness of less than 100nm. A number of possible reasons for the depth dependence of the hardness properties at ultra-shallow indentation depths are proposed and discussed.
Conformal Invariance and Conserved Quantity of the Higher-Order Holonomic Systems by Lie Point Transformation
Authors: Cai J.-L. , Mei F.-X. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this paper, the conformal invariance and conserved quantities for higher-order holonomic systems are studied. Firstly, by establishing the differential equation of motion for the systems and introducing a one-parameter infinitesimal transformation group together with its infinitesimal generator vector, the determining equation of conformal invariance for the systems are provided, and the conformal factors expression are deduced. Secondly, the relation between conformal invariance and the Lie symmetry by the infinitesimal one-parameter point transformation group for the higher-order holonomic systems are deduced. Thirdly, the conserved quantities of the systems are derived using the structure equation satisfied by the gauge function. Lastly, an example of a higher-order holonomic mechanical system is discussed to illustrate these results.
Daily growth patterns of six species of young-of-the-year of Chilean intertidal fishes
Authors: Plaza Guido , Landaeta Mauricio F. , Espinoza C. Valeria , Ojeda F. Patricio 
Published: August 2012

Otolith microstructure analysis was used to reveal daily growth patterns of young-of-the year (YOY) of six species of perciform fishes,Bovichtus chilensis(Bovichtidae),Girella laevifronsandGraus nigra(Kyphosidae),Helcogrammoides chilensis(Tripterygiidae) andHypsoblennius sordidusandScartichthys viridis(Blenniidae). YOY collected in intertidal pools from June to December 2008 in Central Chile, ranged from 24 to 76 mm total length and from 25 to 390 days of age. In the six species, sagittal otoliths showed a slightly oval shape, symmetrical and laterally compressed and showed micro-increments distinguishable after a two-side polishing. Increment width of sagittae showed two patterns irrespective of hatch month and species: (i) a parabolic growth with wider increment widths (during the first 150 of YOY life, e.g.B. chilensis,G. nigraandG. laevifrons); and (ii) a more irregular pattern with lower increment widths during most of the seasons inH. chilensisandH. sordidus. Further results were: (i) a unique central primordium enclosed by two checks after which distinctive increments were deposited; (ii) low instantaneous growth rates estimated through the slope of the length-at-age relationship (range 0.1–0.21 mm d−1); and (iii) a linear fish size–otolith size relationship.
Distribution related to temperature and salinity of the shrimps Acetes americanus and Peisos petrunkevitchi (Crustacea: Sergestoidea) in the south-eastern Brazilian littoral zone
Authors: Simões Sabrina Morilhas , Castilho Antonio Leão , Fransozo Adilson , Negreiros-Fransozo Maria Lúcia , da Costa Rogerio Caetano 
Published: August 2012

The abundance and ecological distribution of Acetes americanus and Peisos petrunkevitchi were investigated from July 2006 to June 2007, in Ubatuba, Brazil. Eight transects were identified and sampled monthly: six of these transects were located in Ubatuba bay, with depths reaching 21 m, and the other two transects were in estuarine environments. A total of 33,888 A. americanus shrimp were captured, with the majority coming from the shallower transects (up to 10 m). Conversely, 6,173 of the P. petrunkevitchi shrimps were captured in deeper areas (from 9 to 21 m). No individuals from either species were found in the estuary. The highest abundances obtained for both species were sampled during the summer. Canonical correlation analysis resulted in a coefficient value of 0.68 (P = 0.00). The abundance of both species was strongly correlated with depth. Variations in temperature and salinity values were also informative in predicting the seasonal presence of P. petrunkevitchi in deeper areas and A. americanus in the shallower areas of the bay. It is conceivable that the shrimp adjust their ecological distribution according to their intrinsic physiological limitations.
A population-based exposure assessment of risk factors associated with gastrointestinal pathogens: aCampylobacterstudy
Authors: MacRITCHIE L. A. , HUNTER C. J. , STRACHAN N. J. C. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYA questionnaire survey was undertaken to determine the exposure of a study population to campylobacteriosis source risk factors (environmental, water, food) and results were stratified by age, population density and deprivation. Data were gathered using an exposure assessment carried out by telephone in the Grampian region of Scotland. Univariate analysis showed that children aged 5–14 years, living in low population density (0–44·4 persons/km2) and affluent areas had elevated exposure to environmental and water risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that younger age groups and lower population density were significant indicators for most environmental risk factors. The results compared to reported disease incidence in Grampian showed that greater exposure to risk factors does not necessarily coincide with greater disease incidence for age groups, particularly for the 0–4 years age group. Further research is required to explain the relationship between exposure and disease incidence.
State Identity Formation in Constructivist Security Studies: A Suggestive Essay
Authors: CHO YOUNG CHUL 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAlthough any typology of constructivism might be arbitrary, there are, broadly speaking, two distinctive constructivist approaches in security studies as well as International Relations (IR) according to their different meta-theoretical stances: conventional constructivism, on the one hand, and critical constructivism on the other. Indeed, regarding how to understand state identity which is integral to national security, there has meta-theoretically been fierce contention between conventional and critical constructivist security studies. In not ignoring but slightly toning down this contention operating at the abstract level, this article aims to present a pragmatic application of the two different (or conflicting) constructivisms to capturing a more complete picture of state identity formation in substantive empirical research of constructivist security studies. The pragmatic approach is that, without being immersed heavily in the meta-theoretical strife between the two seemingly conflicting constructivist camps, both constructivisms should be treated as different analytical frameworks for examining different (internal and external) faces of state identity formation: the external construction of state identity can be well addressed by conventional constructivism, while the internal one by critical constructivism. In this sense, the relationship between conventional and critical constructivism can be understood as not conflicting but complementary in empirical research, as both constructivisms enrich and deepen our understanding of state identity formation in different ways.
Aerosol optical depth increase in partly cloudy conditions
Authors: Chand Duli , Wood Robert , Ghan Steven J. , Wang Minghuai , Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Rasch Philip J. , Miller Steven , Schichtel Bret , Moore Tom 
Published: August 2012

Remote sensing observations of aerosol from surface and satellite instruments are extensively used for atmospheric and climate research. From passive sensors, the apparent cloud‐free atmosphere in the vicinity of clouds often appears to be brighter than further away from the clouds, leading to an increase in the retrieved aerosol optical depth (τ). Mechanisms contributing to this enhancement or increase, including contamination by undetected clouds, hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles, and meteorological conditions, have been debated in recent literature, but the extent to which each of these factors influence the observed enhancement (Δτ) is poorly known. Here we used 11 years of daily global observations at 10 × 10 km2 resolution from the MODIS on the NASA Terra satellite to quantify τ as a function of cloud fraction (CF). Our analysis reveals that, averaged over the globe, the clear sky τ is enhanced by Δτ = 0.05 in cloudy conditions (CF = 0.8–0.9). This enhancement in Δτ corresponds to relative enhancement of 25% in cloudy conditions (CF = 0.8–0.9) compared with relatively clear conditions (CF = 0.1–0.2). Unlike the absolute enhancement Δτ, the relative increase in τis rather consistent in all seasons and is 25–35% in the subtropics and 15–25% at mid and higher latitudes. Using a simple Gaussian probability density function model to connect cloud cover and the distribution of relative humidity, we argue that much of the enhancement is consistent with aerosol hygroscopic growth in the humid environment surrounding clouds. Consideration of these cloud‐dependentτeffects will facilitate understanding aerosol‐cloud interactions and reduce the uncertainty in estimates of aerosol radiative forcing by global climate models.
BIK (NBK) is a mediator of the sensitivity of Fanconi anaemia group C lymphoblastoid cell lines to interstrand DNA cross-linking agents
Authors: Prieto-Remón Inés , Sánchez-Carrera Dámaso , López-Duarte Mónica , Richard Carlos , Pipaón Carlos 
Published: August 2012

FA (Fanconi anaemia) is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by congenital malformations, progressive bone marrow failure and an extraordinary predisposition to develop cancer. At present, 15 genes have been related to this condition and mutations of them have also been found in different types of cancer. Bone marrow failure threatens the life of FA patients during the first decade of their life, but the mechanisms underlying this process are not completely understood. In the present study we investigate a possible imbalance between the expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins as a cause for the hypersensitivity of FANCC (FA, complementation group C)-deficient cells to genotoxic stress. We found a BIK (Bcl-2 interacting killer) over-expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from FA-C patients when compared with their phenotypically corrected counterparts. This overexpression has a transcriptional basis since the regulatory region of the gene shows higher activity in FANCC-deficient cells. We demonstrate the involvement of BIK in the sensitivity of FA-C lymphoblasts to interstrand DNA cross-linking agents as it is induced by these drugs and interference of its expression in these cells preserves their viability and reduces apoptosis. We investigate the mechanism of BIK overexpression in FANCC-deficient cells by analysing the activity of many different signalling pathways in these cells. Finally, we provide evidence of a previously undescribed indirect epigenetic regulation of BIK in FA-C lymphoblasts mediated by ΔNp73, an isoform of p73 lacking its transactivation domain that activates BIK through a proximal element in its promoter.
Positivity and vanishing theorems for ample vector bundles
Authors: Liu Kefeng , Sun Xiaofeng , Yang Xiaokui 
Published: August 2012

In this paper, we study the Nakano-positivity and dual-Nakano- positivity of certain adjoint vector bundles associated to ample vector bundles. As applications, we get new vanishing theorems about ample vector bundles. For example, we prove that if

E
E

is an ample vector bundle over a compact Kähler manifold

X
X

,

S
k

E
⊗
det
E

S^kE\otimes \det E

is both Nakano-positive and dual-Nakano-positive for any

k
≥
0

k\geq 0

. Moreover,

H

n
,
q

(
X
,

S
k

E
⊗
det
E
)
=

H

q
,
n

(
X
,

S
k

E
⊗
det
E
)
=
0

H^{n,q}(X,S^kE\otimes \det E)=H^{q,n}(X,S^kE\otimes \det E)=0

for any

q
≥
1

q\geq 1

. In particular, if

(
E
,
h
)

(E,h)

is a Griffiths-positive vector bundle, the naturally induced Hermitian vector bundle

(

S
k

E
⊗
det
E
,

S
k

h
⊗
det
h
)

(S^kE\otimes \det E, S^kh\otimes \det h)

is both Nakano-positive and dual-Nakano-positive for any

k
≥
0

k\geq 0

.
Variation in β‐Glucan Fine Structure, Extractability, and Flour Slurry Viscosity in Oats Due to Genotype and Environment
Authors: Doehlert Douglas C. , Simsek Senay 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTEffects of genotype and environment on (1→3), (1→4)‐β‐d‐glucan (β‐glucan) extractability, flour slurry viscosity, and β‐glucan polymer fine structure in oats were tested. One environment had a severe negative effect on slurry viscosity as evaluated with a rotational viscometer. Environment also had a strong effect on β‐glucan extractability, whereas genotype had no significant effect. Fine structure of β‐glucan was evaluated from the frequencies of oligosaccharides from lichenase hydrolysis of the β‐glucan polymer. Significant differences in degree of polymerization (DP) fragment frequencies were found associated with both genotype and growth environment. The high‐β‐glucan cultivar HiFi had lower DP3 fragment frequency and higher frequencies of DP4 and DP6 fragments than other cultivars with moderate β‐glucan concentration. Drier environments tended to yield lower DP3 fragment frequencies as well. Drier environments and genotypes with more β‐glucan synthetic potential may have provided cellular environments with more competition for substrate for β‐glucan synthesis, which appeared associated with lower DP3 fragment frequency. In a separate experiment, we found that extractable β‐glucan had higher frequencies of DP3 fragments and lower frequency of DP4 fragments. The observed variations deserve consideration for influence on functional properties, such as viscosity or health benefit potential.
Verticillium Wilt of Spineless Safflower Caused by Verticillium dahliae in California
Authors: Koike S. T. , Baameur A. , Maruthachalam K. , Subbarao K. V. 
Published: August 2012

Spineless selections of Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) are grown as commercial field grown cutflower crops in coastal California. In 2010, field plantings of spineless safflower in Santa Clara County developed symptoms of a wilt disease. Affected plants were stunted and slow to develop. As plants developed flower buds, lower leaves turned yellow and wilted. As disease developed, lower leaves turned tan and desiccated; in extreme cases, the entire plant wilted and died. Examination of the taproot and stem vascular tissue revealed a tan to light brown, longitudinal, vascular discoloration. Disease distribution was patchy but in some plantings up to 50% of the plants were unharvestable due to loss of quality or plant death. Isolation from symptomatic vascular tissue consistently resulted in the recovery of a fungus with white aerial mycelium, verticillate conidiophores, single-celled, ovoid to ellipsoid, hyaline conidia, and solitary black microsclerotia that were rounded to elongated or irregular in shape. Three single conidial isolates were chosen for species and race identification after DNA extraction using the FastDNASPIN Kit (MP Biomedicals, Solon, OH). Verticillium species-specific PCR amplified a 500-bp amplicon that is specific to Verticillium dahliae from all three isolates. All three isolates also amplified the race 2-specific 270-bp band in PCR. No amplification was observed in race 1-specific PCR. Based on morphological and molecular data, the fungus was identified as V. dahliae (1,3). Pathogenicity of two isolates was tested individually by soil drench inoculations using 10 ml of conidial suspensions (7 × 106 conidia/ml) for each of 10 containerized plants grown in a peat moss mix in 7.6 cm diameter pots. Five safflower selections were inoculated and maintained in a greenhouse. After 6 weeks, as plants began to form flowers, inoculated plants showed lower leaf dieback and plant wilting. Vascular discoloration was observed when plants were dissected. V. dahliae was consistently recovered from symptomatic tissue. Control plants that only received water did not develop symptoms. The experiment was repeated and the results were consistent. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Verticillium wilt of ornamental, spineless safflower. This disease has been reported previously on agronomic safflower grown as an oilseed crop (2). This finding has significance for coastal crop rotation decisions as ornamental safflower is yet another host that could augment V. dahliae soil inoculum levels for crops such as strawberry and vegetables. References: (1) P. Inderbitzin et al. PLoS One 6: e28341, 2011. (2) J. M. Klisiewicz. Plant Dis. 65:237, 1981. (3) Maruthachalam et al. Phytopathology 100:1222, 2010.
β‐Catenin (CTNNB1) mutations and clinicopathological features of mesenteric desmoid‐type fibromatosis
Authors: Huss Sebastian , Nehles Julia , Binot Elke , Wardelmann Eva , Mittler Jens , Kleine Michaela Angelika , Künstlinger Helen , Hartmann Wolfgang , Hohenberger Peter , Merkelbach‐Bruse Sabine , Buettner Reinhard , Schildhaus Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: August 2012

Aims and methods:  Desmoid‐type fibromatosis (desmoid) is a fibroblastic tumour that shows locally aggressive growth. Mesenteric desmoid is a rare lesion that shares morphological and biological features with fibromatoses occurring in the abdominal wall or in extraabdominal sites, but differs in terms of gross appearance and clinical presentation. We report on a series of 56 cases of mesenteric desmoids from our consultation files and compare them with cases of non‐mesenteric desmoids and retroperitoneal fibrosis.Results:  Primary diagnosis of desmoid‐type fibromatosis was correct in 42%, and gastrointestinal stromal tumour was a common misdiagnosis. Nuclear expression of β‐catenin was detected in 91.6% of all desmoids. Mutational analysis of exon 3 of the β‐catenin gene (CTNNB1) revealed that mesenteric desmoids carried mutations significantly more often (51/56, 91.1%) than non‐mesenteric tumours (20/28; 71.4%; P = 0.027). p.T41A occurred significantly more frequently in mesenteric fibromatoses (80.4%) than in abdominal wall and extra‐abdominal fibromatoses (46.4%; P = 0.002). Two novel mutations (p.S45C and p.D32G) were found. In retroperitoneal fibrosis, mutations and nuclear β‐catenin expression were absent. β‐Catenin‐negative desmoids either carried a CTNNB1 mutation or were associated with Gardner syndrome.Conclusions: Our study provides evidence that some clinical and genetic features of mesenteric desmoids differ from those of non‐mesenteric fibromatosis, and corroborates the usefulness of mutational analysis, especially in diagnosing β‐catenin‐negative mesenteric desmoids.
The effect of nonsetting calcium hydroxide on root fracture and mechanical properties of radicular dentine: a systematic review
Authors: Yassen G. H. , Platt J. A. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe aim of this review was to identify and analyse all studies related to the effect of nonsetting calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] on root fracture and various mechanical properties of radicular dentine. A PubMed search was conducted using the keywords ‘calcium hydroxide’ and ‘dentistry’ combined with MeSH terms ‘tooth fractures’ or ‘mechanical phenomena’ or ‘compressive strength’. The search was expanded by including Embase and Web of Science databases, using the keywords ‘calcium hydroxide’ and ‘root’ and ‘fracture’. The search was supplemented by checking the reference lists from each selected article. Each study had to meet the following criteria to be selected for review: (i) Inclusion of at least one experimental group with root or radicular dentine either filled with or exposed to nonsetting Ca(OH)2; (ii) inclusion of at least one appropriate control group; and (iii) a minimum of five samples per experimental group. Only articles written in English were included. Of the 16 studies selected initially, 12 in vitro studies fulfilled the selection criteria for inclusion in the final review. No clinical studies that directly supported the correlation between Ca(OH)2 intracanal dressing and root fracture were found in the literature. However, the majority of in vitro studies showed reduction in the mechanical properties of radicular dentine after exposure to Ca(OH)2 for 5 weeks or longer. Conversely, the data were inconclusive regarding whether Ca(OH)2 exposure for 1 month or less had a negative effect on the mechanical properties of radicular dentine.
The response of cementoblasts to calcium phosphate resin–based and calcium silicate–based commercial sealers
Authors: Hakki S. S. , Bozkurt B. S. , Ozcopur B. , Gandolfi M. G. , Prati C. , Belli S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimTo investigate cell viability and gene expression of cementoblasts (OCCM.30) exposed to extractable components released by resin‐based sealers with different chemical composition Hybrid Root Seal (HRS), SimpliSeal (SS), Real Seal (RS) and AH Plus (AH) and by a MTA‐based sealers Tech Biosealer Endo (TBE).MethodologyDiscs of all materials were prepared and allowed to set in humid conditions at 37° for 48 h. The discs were then incubated for 72 h at 37 °C to obtain material extracts (1/1) in DMEM. The extracts containing the components released by the sealers were filtered and other dilutions (1/2, 1/4) were prepared from the original solution (1/1). Original and diluted solutions were tested on the cementoblasts. Impedance‐based real‐time cell analysis (RTCA) was used to evaluate cell viability, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (QRT‐PCR) was used to examine the expression of mineralization‐related genes (osteocalcin; OCN, Runt‐related transcription factor‐2; Runx2, collagen type 1; COL I, alkaline phosphatase; ALP). For statistical analysis, one‐way analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) tests were used.ResultsTBE (1/2), RS (1/2, 1/4), and HRS (1/2, 1/4) significantly decreased cell viability (P < 0.001). AH (1/2, 1/4) and SS (1/2, 1/4) had similar cell viability to the control at 30 h. All tested materials significantly decreased cell viability when compared to the control group except AH (1/2, 1/4) and SS (1/4) at 90 h. All of the tested sealers reduced COL I mRNA expressions when compared to the control. SS was associated with significant increases in OCN and Runx2 mRNA expressions when compared to the control (P < 0.001). Whereas all of the dilutions of TBE, RS and HRS significantly decreased BSP mRNA expressions (P < 0,001), 1/2 and 1/4 dilutions of SS increased BSP mRNA expression (P < 0,001). Except the 1/4 dilutions of AH and SS, all the sealer dilutions significantly reduced ALP mRNA expression in cementoblasts (P < 0,001).ConclusionsSimpliSeal and AH Plus resulted in more favourable response to cementoblasts because of their regulation potential on the mineralized tissue‐associated protein's mRNA expressions.