bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Field Study of the Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge: I. Effect on Crop Yield and Uptake of N and P
Authors: Kelling K. A. , Peterson A. E. , Walsh L. M. , Ryan J. A. , Keeney D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnaerobically digested liquid sewage sludge was applied to field plots at rates of 0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 metric tons dry solids/ha on a Warsaw sandy loam and a Piano silt loam during the summer of 1971. Additional experiments were established at both locations in 1972 and 1973 using the same treatment rates. Following sludge application the 1971 and 1972 trials were planted to rye (Secale cereale L.). After rye forage harvest the following spring, the residual crop responses were tested with corn (Zea mays L.) on the 1971 and 1972 experimental areas for up to 3 years. The 1973 plots were initially cropped to sorghum‐sudan (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench × S. sudanese P. Stapf.) followed by 1 year of corn.Yields of the first crop following sludge application typically increased significantly up to the 7.5‐metric ton/ha rate on the silt loam soil, and up to the 15‐metric tons/ha rate on the sandy loam soil. This corresponded to an application of 190 and 380 kg/ha of available N, and 183 and 366 kg/ha of total P for the 7.5 and 15 metric tons/ha rates, respectively. In some cases, the 30‐ and 60‐metric tons/ha rates depressed the first crop yields, possibly because of large amounts of soluble salts in the sludge. Residual benefits from sludge were evident for at least 3 years at the higher treatment rates.Increasing rates of sludge generally resulted in marked increases in the concentration of N and P in plant tissue. Total recovery by up to four successive crops averaged about 50% for available N and 7% for P at the low treatment rate, and about 14% for N and 3% for P at the highest treatment rate.
Cadmium Accumulation in Plants and Animals of Polluted and Nonpolluted Grasslands
Authors: Munshower Frank F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCadmium concentrations in soils, plants, and animals from two sites in southwestern Montana were determined. Primary emphasis was placed upon agriculturally important plants and animals. One of the sites had a history of pollution from a smelter complex, while the second had no history of industrial contamination.Determination of extractable Cd in soils collected at intervals along a line from the smelter to the polluted study site showed that this smelter was probably the source of the high soil Cd levels. Soils, plants, and animals from the polluted study area showed marked elevations in Cd concentrations compared to the nonpolluted site. Average Cd levels in vegetative samples from polluted and nonpolluted areas were: grasses (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr.), 1.72 and 0.07; alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), 0.83 and 0.06; and barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.), 0.65 and 0.08 ppm, respectively. Average levels in animal tissues were: cattle liver, 0.34 and 0.06; cattle kidney, 1.67 and 0.22; swine liver, 0.24 and 0.14; swine kidney, 0.99 and 0.39 ppm Cd from the polluted and nonpolluted sites, respectively.
Behavior of Anionic Surfactants in a Soil‐Sewage Effluent System
Authors: Acher A. J. , Yaron B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of three anionic surfactants (sodium lauryl sulfate—NaLS, dodecyl benzene sulfonate sodium salt—DDBS, and linear alkyl aryl sulfonate—LAS) from water and sewage effluent was tested on a sandy regosol and a clay grumusol. The methylene blue active substances (MBAS) method was used to follow up the anionic surfactants concentration. When the surfactants were applied to the soil in aqueous solutions, the affinity of the soil for surfactants increased in the order DDBS < LAS < NaLS. The microbial attack during the adsorption process from the sewage effluent confounded the results, giving an apparent higher soil adsorption capacity. In both cases, the adsorption isotherms were linear in the range of concentrations tested, the accumulation being affected by the type of soil. The NaLS adsorbed on the soil could not be released when it was applied either from the water or the sewage effluent. The DDBS and LAS were released at different ratios and the desorption rate was dependent on its initial concentration.
Heavy Metals Transport Model in a Sludge‐treated Soil
Authors: Sidle R. C. , Kardos L. T. , van Genuchten M. Th. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA transport model was developed to study the movement of Cu, Zn, and Cd in a forest soil. Adsorption of cationic forms of these metals by the soil was described by Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Two slug inputs of heavy metals were introduced during the first 37 days and between the 168th and 196th days of the 17‐ month simulation period. The transport model based on the adsorption of cationic forms of Cu, Zn, and Cd severely underpredicted the movement of these metals in both the 15‐ and 120‐cm percolate when compared to previously observed field data. With the addition of assumed levels of less highly adsorbed chelated components to the model, percolate metal concentrations were roughly predicted at the 15‐cm depth. However, data generated by the partitioned (chelate component) model also underpredicted movement of heavy metals to the 120‐cm depth, indicating that transport processes other than accelerated movement of chelated compounds, such as “channelization”, may be involved in the field.
Ecological Effects of Highway Construction Upon Michigan Woodlots and Wetlands: Soil Relationships
Authors: McLeese R. L. , Whiteside E. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEcological effects of recent highway construction on soils, hydrology, vegetation, and wildlife have been cooperatively evaluated for some common woodland and wetland types in central lower Michigan. A report on the soils portion of those Michigan Department of State Highways‐sponsored studies follows.Five woodland and five wetland areas representative of common situations encountered in highway location and planning studies were selected for analysis. A soil inventory was prepared for each area and the highway's impact on the soils was determined. The most significant effects of highway construction on the soil environment were the erosion of soil materials and the alteration of natural soil drainage conditions.Wetland areas are most sensitive to highway construction activities. Natural soil drainage conditions and circulation patterns are easily disrupted at these sites.Methods for predicting potential soil loss and potential changes in natural soil drainage conditions due to highway construction activities are suggested. The soil management group and unit designations used in Michigan are useful in making ecological impact predictions.A soil map of each proposed highway corridor or alternative right‐of‐way should be available early in planning of proposed highway construction. The soil map can be useful in predicting construction impact on the associated hydrology, plants, and animals in the area. These, in turn, are basic information in evaluating the economic and social impacts of the proposed route on the communities involved.
Pollutant Contributions from Irrigation Surface Return Flows
Authors: Miller W. W. , Guitjens J. C. , Mahannah C. N. , Joung H. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to examine the causes and sources of irrigation surface return flow pollution and the interrelationships among pollution constituents. Irrigation applications and surface return flows were metered, net applied water was computed, and the volume of infiltrated water was determined at four sites in the Carson Valley of Nevada during the 1974–75 irrigation seasons. Concentrations of TDS, BOD, NO3‐N, TN, PO4‐P, and TP were combined with flow volumes to compute the change in surface loading per irrigation and seasonally. Of those parameters studied, the major pollutants contributed by irrigation surface return flows were BOD and PO4‐P, ranging from 13.6–52 kg/ha and 1.5–3.0 kg/ha, respectively. Minor contributions of TP (0.4 kg/ha) were recorded only at Site 3 during 1975. Multiple regression equations were determined in 1975 for concentrations of BOD as functions of the variables NO3‐N, TN, PO4‐P, and TP, and for DOd/DOs as a function of temperature and BOD. F‐tests for all multiple regressions were significant. BOD = f(TN, TP) appeared the best predictor. Regression coefficients were significant at the 99% level (t‐test) and R2 values ranged from 0.51 to 0.74. The coefficients of regression for DOd/DOs = f(temperature, BOD) were also significant at the 99% level; however, the R2 was only 0.30. It may be necessary to include a rate factor to obtain greater predictability of such a relationship. Differences in water quality and load computations between the two years was attributed, in part, to changes in water quantities.
Aqueous‐ and Sediment‐phase Phosphorus Yields from Five Southern Pine Watersheds
Authors: Duffy P. D. , Schreiber J. D. , Mc Clurkin D. C. , Mc Dowell L. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStormflow from five reforested watersheds (1.5 to 2.8 ha) in northern Mississippi was analyzed during the 1974 water year (Oct. 1973 to Sept. 1974) for phosphorus (P) in solution and in association with suspended sediments. Samples were collected for each storm with Coshocton wheel samplers set below 0.91‐m H‐flumes. For the year, mean concentration of total P in solution was 0.027 mg/liter for the five watersheds. Of this, 45% was hydrolyzable P, 33% ortho‐P, and 22% organic P. Sediment total P concentrations ranged from 274 to 1,067 µg/g and were 2.0 to 8.9 times that in the watershed soils. Increased concentration of P in suspended sediment relative to soil is attributed to selective erosion of fine sediments and/or deposition of coarse sediments in transport. For the five watersheds, solution total P yield during the water year averaged 88 g/ha; whereas sediment total P yield averaged 210 g/ha and accounted for 64 to 76% of the sediment plus solution P yield.
Potential Use of Finely Disintegrated Iron Pyrite in Sodic and Iron‐Deficient Soils
Authors: Vlek P. L. G. , Lindsay W. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate of chemical oxidation of iron pyrite in water was measured as a function of particle size. Reducing the particle size greatly increased the rate of oxidation. For pyrite > 250 µm, the pH of the solution leveled off at 5 after 6 hours while the clay size pyrite dropped to pH 4 within 24 hours.Application of pyrite to a slightly sodic, iron‐deficient, loamy sand soil from Colorado changed several soil properties during a 2‐mo incubation period. In these studies, pyrite was applied at 1% initially with an additional 1% after 1 mo. The soil/water ratio was 1:2. When clay size pyrite was used, the pH of the soil decreased from 8.3 to 7.8 after 1 mo and to 5.7 after 2 mo. The coarser pyrite decreased the pH only slightly. No significant change in the composition of exchangeable ions occurred during the first month, but the composition had changed sufficiently after 2 mo to flocculate the clay. The DTPA‐extractable iron increased from 1.5 to 64 ppm for the finest pyrite treatment during 1 mo, copper doubled, and manganese quadrupled during this period. Finely disintegrated pyrite may be useful for reclaiming slightly sodium‐affected soils or for providing slow release available iron.
Trace Metal Distributions among the Humic Acid, the Fulvic Acid, and Precipitable Fractions Extracted with NaOH from Sewage Sludges
Authors: Holtzclaw Kenneth M. , Keech D. A. , Page A. L. , Sposito Garrison , Ganje T. J. , Ball N. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn among the humic acid, fulvic acid, and precipitable (by adjustment of pH) fractions extracted with 0.5N NaOH from four representative sewage sludges was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It was found that most of the Al and, with one exception, most of the Fe and Zn were precipitable from the extracted solutions by adjustment of pH in unit intervals between 2.5 and 10.5. Almost all of the Cu was associated with the humic acid fraction. Cd and Ni tended to be associated with the precipitable fraction and with the fulvic acid fraction. Data on the amount of each metal remaining in the extracted solutions as a function of pH suggested that Cd, Ni, and Zn would tend to be the more mobile trace metals in soils affected by application of the sludges investigated.
Uptake of Cadmium from Phosphate Fertilizers by Peas, Radishes, and Lettuce
Authors: Reuss J. O. , Dooley H. L. , Griffis William 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCadmium uptake from phosphate fertilizers by radish (Raphanus sativus L.), lettuce (Latuca sativa L.), and garden peas (Pisum sativum L.) was investigated in the greenhouse. Fertilizer in all treatments was applied at the rate of 100 µg P/g soil to pots containing 4 kg soil. When reagent grade mono‐calcium phosphate was used as a P source on a coarse‐textured acid soil, Cd contents of edible radish roots and tops were < 0.4 µg/g dry weight; while the Cd content of lettuce, and pea seeds and foliage was < 0.2 µg/g. The use of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) containing 174 µg Cd/g resulted in plant Cd levels of 2.4, 3.4, 6.3, 0.9, and 0.5 µg/g for radish roots, radish tops, lettuce, pea seeds and pea foliage, respectively. On a medium‐textured calcareous soil the use of this CSP increased the Cd content of radish tops from 0.8 to 1.4 µg/g, while in lettuce the increase was from 0.8 to 1.2 µg/g. The effect on radish roots from calcareous soil was nonsignificant. Pea seeds and foliage on this soil were below our Cd detection limit of 0.2 µg/g. Uptake on both soils was a linear function of the Cd content of the fertilizer.With the acid soil, uptake of Cd from CSP was essentially the same when the fertilizer was placed in a spot 5 cm below the seed as when mixed with the soil. Di‐ammonium phosphate (DAP) containing 157 µg Cd/g resulted in similar uptake to the CSP when mixed with the soil, but spot placement of DAP almost completely eliminated Cd uptake from the fertilizer. In the calcareous soil spot placement increased Cd uptake from the CSP fertilizer but slightly depressed uptake from DAP.
The Movement of Sewage Effluent through Soil Columns: The Major Ions (Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, and SO4)
Authors: de Jong E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSewage effluent was leached through columns of the A, B, and C horizons of a loamy sand, and the A horizon of a clay. Neither temperature (7, 13, or 18°C) nor method of application (flood or trickle irrigation) affected the passage of sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate ions. The breakthrough curves differed considerably from theoretical curves. The anions appeared much earlier in the leachate of the columns than predicted due to incomplete mixing between the sewage effluent and the soil solution. The breakthrough curves of the cations were affected by the incomplete mixing, the initial levels of the exchangeable and soluble cations, and the increase in the sum of exchangeable (Na + K + Ca + Mg).
Ammonia Volatilization from Sewage Sludge Applied in the Field
Authors: Beauchamp E. G. , Kidd G. E. , Thurtell G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVolatilization of ammoniacal nitrogen from newly applied anaerobically digested sewage sludge was measured in the field using an aerodynamic method in May and Oct. for 5‐ and 7‐day periods, respectively. Sludge was applied in a circular area of 0.405 ha at rates of 116,480 kg/ha (150 kg NH4+‐N/ha) and 134,400 kg/ha (89 kg NH4+‐N/ha) in the May and Oct. experiments, respectively. Windspeed and atmospheric ammoniacal N was measured at 10, 50, 100, and 150 cm above the soil surface providing time averaged vertical profiles at the center of the area from which ammoniacal N flux was estimated. Flux was determined on the premise that NH3 molecules leaving a horizontal surface must be carried through a vertical plane by horizontal air flow.Fluxes generally followed a diurnal pattern with maximums occurring at about midday. Flux generally decreased with time in an exponential manner. Thus, the “half life” of ammoniacal N applied in the sludge was 3.6 and 5.0 days for the May and Oct. experimental periods, respectively. Of several meteorological variables measured, air temperature appeared to be most closely related to flux rate especially in the two or three days following application. It was estimated that, during the 5‐day experimental period in May, 60% of the 150 kg ammoniacal N/ha applied in sludge was volatilized. During the 7‐day experimental period in Oct. 56% of the 89 kg ammoniacal N/ha applied was volatilized.Sampling the sludge layer and soil beneath it during and after the Oct. experimental period resulted in considerable variability in ammoniacal N estimates and, hence, in volatilization estimates.
Chemical Composition of Feedlot Manure
Authors: Ward G. M. , Muscato T. V. , Hill D. A. , Hansen R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManure samples were collected over a 10‐mo period from a feedlot with conventional pens and pens in which about one‐half the surface was covered with concrete. Samples were collected from the front, middle, and rear of each pen for each sampling period.The average percentages of 139 samples on a dry matter basis were: dry matter, 58.5; ash, 37.0; total N, 2.32; neutral detergent fiber, 45.9; acid detergent fiber, 39.7; hemicellulose, 6.29; cellulose, 9.78; lignin, 7.67; and ADF insoluble ash, 25.3. Average pH was 7.09. The average percentages on a dry matter basis for 63 manure samples were: P, 0.54; K, 1.35; Ca, 1.88; and Na, 0.51.Samples collected from concrete surfaces were 12.2% lower in ash because of less mising with soil. Effects of residence time of manure in the feedlot did not have a predictable effect upon composition because of the mixed influence of temperature, feedlot rations, and depth of the manure pack.
Erosional Removal of Fallout Plutonium from a Large Midwestern Watershed
Authors: Sprugel Douglas G. , Bartelt Gordon E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Great Miami River at Sidney, Ohio, drains a 1,401‐km2 watershed which is generally flat and predominantly agricultural. Samples of river water collected over a wide range of flow and sediment loading conditions showed that the concentrations of 239,240Pu in filtered water and suspended sediment were fairly constant, with means of 0.15 fCi/liter for water and 14 fCi/g for suspended sediment. Plutonium concentrations in suspended sediment are somewhat higher than plow‐layer soil concentrations, probably due to settling of larger soil particles in ponds and backwaters in the upper reaches of the river.Annual plutonium transport from the watershed by erosion averages 1.2 mCi, or 0.9 pCi/m2, which is about 0.05% of the total plutonium in the watershed soil. The primary mechanism for plutonium removal is erosion of small soil particles to which the element is sorbed.
Elimination of Fecal Coliform Bacteria from Soil Irrigated with Municipal Sewage Lagoon Effluent
Authors: Bell R. G. , Bole J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnchlorinated sewage lagoon effluent was applied to a stand of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) each week at a rate equal to the weekly difference between evapotranspiration and precipitation of the preceding week, about 4.5 cm. Most of the fecal coliforms applied in the effluent were retained in the surface 8 cm of the Brown Cavendish loamy sand. During two growth periods preceding first and second harvests, when effluent was applied at weekly intervals, no bulldup of coliforms occurred in the surface soil nor did they penetrate the profile below 69 cm. Die‐off of the fecal coliforms occurred in two phases: an initial rapid phase in which 90% of the bacteria died within 48 hours of irrigation and a subsequent slower decline over about 2 weeks as the remaining 10% were eliminated. The results are interpreted as indicating that the soil no longer constitutes a serious public health hazard for enteric diseases of bacterial etiology 2 weeks after irrigation with sewage lagoon effluent.
Phosphate Adsorption‐Desorption Characteristics of Suspended Sediments in the Maumee River Basin of Ohio
Authors: Green Dan B. , Logan Terry J. , Smeck Neil E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhosphorus (P) adsorption‐desorption characteristics of Maumee River Basin suspended sediments were compared with those of Basin soils and stream bottom sediments. Suspended sediment contained more total P than either soils or bottom sediments. The increase in total P over soils is attributed to enrichment of P in sediment by selective erosion of fine particles and adsorption of P during fluvial transport. The suspended sediment had higher adsorption maxima than Basin soils but lower than bottom sediments and had lower adsorption energies than either soils or bottom sediments. Calcite content of the suspended sediments was positively correlated with total P, EPC (equilibrium P concentration) and P desorbed and negatively correlated with adsorption energy, implying that, although calcite is a sink for P, the adsorption is weak compared with other sites for P adsorption such as hydrous oxides of Fe and Al.
Inhibition of Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation in Algae by Volatile Nitrogen Bases
Authors: Mosier A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPure‐culture studies were conducted to determine the effect of short‐chain aliphatic amines and ammonia on photosynthesis by a green alga, Chlorella ellipsoidea, and a blue‐green alga, Anabaena subcylindrica, and on the nitrogennse activity by A. subcylindrica. The aliphatic amines (1 to 5 carbons) and ammonia decreased C. ellipsoidea O2 production 50% at concentrations ranging from 1.2 × 10−9 to 23.5 × 10−9 µg free amine N/cell and 160 × 10−9 µg free ammonia N/cell, respectively. Amine (1 to 6 carbons) concentrations, ranging from 3.0 × 10−9 to 25.8 × 10−8 µg free amine N/cell, decreased A. subcylindrica O2 production and N3 fixation 50% (as estimated by the acetylene reduction technique). Ammonia concentrations of 12 to 2,510 and 14 to 1,220 times greater than any single amine concentration were needed to decrease A. subcylindrica O2 production or acetylene reduction by 50%, respectively. The effect of the chemicals on C. ellipsoidea was reversible and depended on pH and free amine concentration.