bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Licence‐exempt: the emergence of Wi‐Fi
Authors: Hayes Vic , Lemstra Wolter 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to provide a description of the genesis and development of Wi‐Fi, or how the industry exploited an opportunity provided by the regulators in allowing radio communications in the unlicensed bands originally allocated for industrial, medical and scientific applications.Design/methodology/approachThe longitudinal case describes the genesis and development of Wi‐Fi, with a focus on the interplay between regulation, innovation, standardization, and running a successful business.FindingsThe paper argues that the current day success of Wi‐Fi is a combined result of: a change in the US communications policy in the 1980s; the industry leadership provided by NCR, its successors and collaborators, to create a global standard and to deliver compatible products under the Wi‐Fi label; and the influence of the users that moved the application of Wireless‐LANs from the enterprise to the home, from indoor to outdoor use, from a communications product to a service, and from operators to end‐users as the provider of that service.Research limitations/implicationsThe exploration and analysis are based on contributions by experts from the field, having been involved “first hand” in the innovation journey of Wi‐Fi.Practical implicationsThe case describes the first globally successful large‐scale application of radio communication devices operating under a licence‐exempt radio frequency regime. The case is a contemporary example of innovation and product development leading to an open standard. In concluding the paper reflects on the implications of this licence‐exempt case for the governance of the radio spectrum.Originality/valueWhile many articles and books have appeared discussing the technical aspects of Wi‐Fi, the case description documents the genesis and development of Wi‐Fi from an entrepreneurial perspective.
Unleashing innovation: making the FCC user‐friendly
Authors: Lukasik Stephen J. 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to describe a case study of the FCC, dealing with relieving the tension between technical innovation and the regulation of applications of technology.Design/methodology/approachThe author's experience as Chief Scientist of the FCC is used to show how the innovations of the information age were accommodated under the procedures governing the regulation of communications.FindingsThe success of the rapid introduction of digital information technology and networking, replacing analog telephony and inflexible technical rules governing the use of the electromagnetic spectrum, resulted from relatively minor modifications in staffing of a technical planning office lacking currency with the innovations in the technology supporting the communication and broadcasting industries. The support of the chairman, the commissioners, and their confidence in the leadership of the office were critical to success.Originality/valueLeading a regulatory agency to helping rather than hindering progress speaks for itself.
Grazing on the commons: the emergence of Part 15
Authors: Goldberg Henry 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThis paper seeks to give an account of how unlicensed radio services moved from being a by‐product of the ISM bands to a deliberate spectrum allocation, with clearly defined goals and objectives that could be achieved only by not subjecting the spectrum to licensing or auctions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper describes the aforementioned issue in detail.FindingsThe paper has found that unlicensed radio services moved from being a by‐product of the ISM bands to a deliberate spectrum allocation, with clearly defined goals and objectives that could be achieved only by not subjecting the spectrum to licensing or auctions.Originality/valueThe paper presents an account of how unlicensed radio services moved from being a by‐product of the ISM bands to a deliberate spectrum allocation, with clearly defined goals and objectives that could be achieved only by not subjecting the spectrum to licensing or auctions.
Has “unlicensed” in Part 15 worked? A case study
Authors: Pozar Tim 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to review a case study of a project to provide broadband to city‐run housing developments in San Francisco, California.Design/methodology/approachThe paper provides a first‐person account of a broadband solution implemented by the Bay Area Wireless Research Network.FindingsIt was found that the Bay Area Wireless Network implemented an unlicensed 5.8 GHz wireless point‐to‐point link.Research limitations/implicationsThe case study provides a first‐person account.Practical implicationsCreation of an unlicensed band through Part 15 and the development of open protocols such as 802.11 spawned low cost devices through efficiencies of scale, ease of use through competition of feature sets of the devices such as the user interface.Originality/valueDigital inclusion projects such as Alice Griffith might not have been economically viable without the unlicensed bands and the open protocols. Broadband would have been at least one or two magnitudes more expensive in capital costs.
Implementing Sun Tzu'sArt of War, system of systems (SoS) thinking
Authors: Teck Foo Check 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to draw a metaphorical parallel between a pilot in the cockpit of the latest, ultra‐modern US fighter F22 and that of a chief executive officer (CEO) managing his corporation in responding to global competitive challenges.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is inspired by the embedded, “system of systems (SoS) thinking” in the text of the very ancient ChineseArt of Warby Sun Tzu. The approach here is to illustrate how such a 2,500‐year‐old thinking may be applied through the emerging discipline of SoS. For designing a CEO‐responsive, informative system, the innovations in designing the cockpit for a pilot in the latest US fighter jet, F22, is utilized.FindingsToday's corporate world management has, in the past, drawn heavily from the military (for example, operations research). Whilst there is a vast difference between the pilot's cockpit in an F22 and the lap‐top of the CEO, the need for deadly accurate, often reflexive decisions is the same. It is becoming a fact of business life that speed of deadly accurate responses is necessary to ensure the survival of corporations, especially for firms operating in rapidly changing technologies, or top executives who have to cope effectively with informatively intensive yet fast changing environments, such as in the financial markets.Originality/valueThis paper illustrates how it is still possible for managers to draw inspirations in designing corporate systems through examples taken from the military. Sun Tzu drew inspirations on organizing for flexibility by observing and thus grasping the essential nature of water. Similarly, it may be useful to draw parallels in innovative design of an F22 pilot's cockpit for the CEO or managers having to make fast yet deadly responses.
Rites vs rights: maintaining social order in China and the West
Authors: Baskin Ken 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how the generally accepted notion of Chinese “lawlessness” distorts the Chinese behavior by trying to understand it through the Western concept of the “rule of law” and to examine how the concept of “storied space” offers a more contextual understanding of the Chinese style of maintaining social order.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts a theoretical approach.FindingsRecent developments in fields ranging from neurobiology to complexity thinking and storytelling are coming together in a way of thinking about human social systems that has been called “storied space.” Applying this way of thinking suggests that current efforts, among both Chinese and Westerners, to apply the Western “rule of law” may actually distort the understanding of a series of behaviors often called “Chinese lawlessness”. A storied space approach suggests a different understanding and the need for a different way of addressing these concerns.Practical implicationsAt a time when economic and political cooperation between Chinese and Westerners is becoming more important, this approach offers what may be a more efficacious way of understanding each other and, therefore, addressing the very real differences.Originality/valueThis paper would be the first published attempt to apply the idea of storied space to the legal issues that arise from the different ways in which Chinese and Western culture maintain social order.
Influential leadership: a Harvard model vs an I‐Ching model
Authors: Zhang Yenming , Kheng Catherine Chua Siew 
Published: August 2009

PurposeBadaracco of Harvard Business School suggests a “nudge‐test‐escalate” (NTE) approach in influencing and implementing change. In The Book of Changes (I‐Ching), the most archaic and authoritative works of the Chinese classics, it adopts a “test‐accelerate‐forge” (TAF) approach instead. The purpose of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences between these two models, and addresses the effectiveness of influential leadership when the models are used in the western and eastern settings, respectively. It also looks at the fundamental concepts that underlie the models and discusses the characteristics and virtues that an influential leader must possess in order to make change happen.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews the Harvard model by Badaracco and extracts taken from I‐Ching. It makes comparisons between the Chinese and Western perspectives.FindingsThe paper provides a discussion on the NTE and the TAF three‐step approaches in their leadership style to understand how western and Chinese leaders exert their power of influence. This paper argues that although each adopts a three‐step approach in its leadership style, the differences lie in the philosophies that are used to guide the leader in influencing others. From the Western perspective, there are three pertinent virtues of “restraint, modesty, and tenacity” in pushing through change, while the Chinese adopt the three virtues of “prudence, balance, and authority” as their essential guide in leadership and by exercising self‐restraint and patience, resonance, and balancing.Practical implicationsThe paper presents the pertinence and applicability of the Harvard model and the Chinese model since there is an increase of frequency of cross‐cultural communication in government, business, education, and other organisations. One of the trends in research on leadership is on leaders' quality in relation to organisational ethics and competencies of effective communication.Originality/valueThis paper presents a high level of comparative analyses between two influential models. It points out the need for leaders in both the western and Asian organisations to be aware of the two models so as to enhance their competencies and capacities in maximising change. This paper argues that Harvard model is well designed and highly applicable; and that the Chinese classics on influential leaders are still relevant in today's contexts.
Engineering the soul of management in the nano era
Authors: Arora Vijay K. 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propagate a goal‐driven engineering process – an engine of invention, innovation, and growth – to be the soul of management for organizations to recover from the malaise that arose from illusions of creating capital wealth through deceptive paradigms where individual gains took precedence over the needs of a healthy human enterprise.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a result of ideas generated from author's world travels. Moving around in the world exposing oneself to organisms, to danger, one discovers serendipity and learns as much from other cultures as one can. Although some of life's lessons are learned in the carpe diem (e.g. not putting hands in the fire), others become apparent only after the fact (after the fire is put out!). Mind travel is as important as physical travel. Mind travel allows us to pay for an experience once and then have it again and again at no additional charge, learning new lessons with each repetition of physical or mental travel.FindingsBiomedical engineering, nanotechnology, megacomputing, and nanorobots will dominate the future of human race and hence an anticipated need for effective management of emerging technologies and related human resources. In support of the synthesis of management and engineering, behavioral‐based outcome‐based education in the Washington Accord criteria are shown to integrate development of management and entrepreneurial skills as part of the engineering training.Originality/valueThe paper examines the American and Asian values of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness by integrative process of physical, social/emotional, mind, and above all spiritual upbringings as human life evolves from the cradle to the grave.
The impacts of country risk and cultural distance on transnational equity investments
Authors: Yuehua Xu , Songhua Hu , Xu'ang Fan 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to clarify the influence of country risk (CR) and cultural distance (CD) on transnational equity investments. It also tries to find out the international equity investment patterns of enterprises from developing countries like China.Design/methodology/approachFrom the perspectives of internalization theory, transaction cost theory, etc. this paper tries to explain the relationships between country‐level factors and transnational investment. Based on the data collected from overseas listed companies, it also empirically analyses the impacts of CR and CD on Chinese enterprises' ownership pattern in transnational equity investment.FindingsThe empirical results of this paper indicate that both the risk of host country and CD between host country and home country have significant and negative impacts on the level of ownership equity, but insignificant impacts on ownership status.Research limitations/implicationsAs there are still some doubts about the existence of country culture, especially when dealing with a huge country like China, the use of Hofstede's instrument may be one of the limitations of this paper. Also, by focusing on Chinese enterprises, the research results may lack generalisability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed propositions when they study enterprises from other developing countries.Practical implicationsThe paper sheds light on international investment activities of Chinese enterprises, and also provides insights for the decision making on equity arrangement in transnational investment.Originality/valueThis paper is one of the first to analyse the international equity investment activities of Chinese enterprises and it provides new evidence on how the country‐level factors influence transnational equity investment decisions.
Indigenous knowledge of fodder tree selectivity by local goats in the mid‐hills of Nepal
Authors: Nidhi Pandey Luma , Kam Michael , Pandey Shambhu B. , Upreti Chet R. , Osti Netra P. , Allan Degen A. 
Published: August 2009

PurposeTree fodder is an important constituent of livestock feed in the mid‐hills of Nepal, particularly so during the dry winter. The purpose of this paper is to compare the ranking of tree fodders by indigenous goat raisers to the selectivity of fodder by goats.Design/methodology/approachFodder from six trees, namely, khanayo (Ficus semicordata), sal (Shorea robusta), kabro (Ficus lacor), pakhuri (Ficus globerrima), katus (Catannopsis tribuloides) and aanp (Mangifera indica) are used. Goat raisers rank the six fodders, giving 1 as the most preferred by goats and 6 as the least preferred. In addition, a feeding trial is carried out in which the six fodders are offered simultaneously to adult, castrated male and lactating, female local khari goats and intake of each fodder is determined.FindingsKhanayo (1.00) is ranked highest by the goat farmers, followed by kabro (2.47), pakhuri (3.58), sal (4.16), aanp (4.56) and katus (5.21). Selectivity by the goats is highest in khanayo and kabro, intermediate in aanp and pakhuri and lowest in katus and sal. The correlation between farmer ranking and goat selectivity approaches significance (r=0.48; Mantel P<0.09). A significant correlation is found between fodder selections of male and female goats (r=0.68; Mantel P<0.01). Among components, fodder selectivity of goats is highly correlated (P<0.01) with calcium concentration only. Generally, goats select fodders high in calcium and crude protein and minimize intakes of fodders high in lignin and condensed tannins.Originality/valueThe indigenous population is knowledgeable about the fodder preference of goats but, in practice, they generally offer only one fodder species to the goats at a feeding. However, this paper shows that the goats consume and, most likely, require a mixed diet of tree fodders in satisfying their requirements of nutrients and energy while minimizing their intake of detrimental. This should be taken into consideration by the farmers when feeding their livestock.
Understanding entrepreneurial behaviour in organized criminals
Authors: Smith Robert 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to focus upon organized criminals as an enterprising community and as enterprising people. Organized crime is a global phenomenon that concentrates upon the development of both sustainable personal prosperity and criminal culture as they define it. Such criminal businesses and the business of criminality go far beyond simple economic and capitalist criteria and entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial ability play a significant part in creating criminal wealth. Indeed, it is part of committed criminality. Whilst acknowledging the crime‐entrepreneurship nexus the literature seldom seeks to understand entrepreneurial behaviour practiced in a criminal context. This paper therefore examines entrepreneurial behaviour in criminals looking for useful theoretical perspectives and distilling key practices by seeking to understand entrepreneurial behaviour in organized criminals.Design/methodology/approachThe methodological approach is a qualitative one and relies on cross disciplinary readings of the literatures of crime and entrepreneurship which are developed into a conceptual model for understanding entrepreneurial behaviour in any context. The key behavioural areas which the work concentrates upon are those ofmodus essendi,modus operandiandmodus vivendi.FindingsThat crime and entrepreneurship are interconnected areas of human endeavour which both transcend the legal and illegal economies.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is limited by its tentative and theoretical nature and by the methodology of cross disciplinary reading. Future studies are planned to test the tripartite behavioural model on real cases.Practical implicationsViewing entrepreneurship (like criminality) as being a learned method of operating has serious practical implications because it concentrates upon behaviours and actions in specific contexts.Originality/valueLinking this understanding to the related elements ofmodus vivendiandmodus essendicreates a useful model for understanding entrepreneurship in any context.
Re‐visiting Indonesian cases for cluster realism
Authors: Perry Martin , Tahi Hamonangan Tambunan Tulus 
Published: August 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to use case study evidence to explain that enterprise agglomeration in itself may not advantage business development. Agglomeration has the potential to bring enterprise advantage but whether this occurs depends on additional supportive conditions.Design/methodology/approachThe paper re‐examines case studies of Indonesia clusters from a more critical perspective than adopted in their original presentation. This critical perspective follows a realist assessment of agglomeration in which advantages depend on specific business environments.FindingsFive processes are identified that limited the advantage obtained from agglomeration: internal segmentation; enterprise independence; technological pooling; excessive competition and linkage dependencies. Three attributes that influence whether agglomeration assists business and regional development: enterprise diversification, entry barriers and cluster scale.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper is limited by its reliance on previously completed case studies rather than a set of purpose‐designed case studies.Practical implicationsBusiness promotion agencies should be aware that not all enterprise clusters have an equal likelihood of sustaining economic growth.Originality/valueThe combined evidence from previously published case studies of Indonesian cluster experiences adds to the understanding of the conditions required for agglomeration advantages to be realised.
Wine tourism as a development initiative in rural Canary Island communities
Authors: Sheridan Lynnaire , Duarte Alonso Abel , Scherrer Pascal 
Published: August 2009

PurposeMany studies underline the critical relationship between local communities and rural‐based industries. However, the dynamics of the relationship between wineries and local communities is rarely considered in research despite the importance of these links for rural communities. This paper investigates this dimension from the perspective of Canary Islands' small wine growers.Design/methodology/approachA total of 23 winery operations located on the islands of Tenerife and La Palma accept the invitation to participate in the form of face‐to‐face interviews.FindingsThe level of participation and contribution to the community varies between operations, with some small family operations in particular limiting their external involvement, while others see it as a necessary and/or beneficial relationship. Most wineries in the study are active in their communities, participating in local events and employing local residents. However, generational changes that threaten both the wine business and tradition, or mass tourism leading to land value increases are critical challenges to the winery‐community relationship.Research limitations/implicationsWith over 200 largely small‐family wineries in the Canary Islands, it is acknowledged that the sample of wineries in this paper may not be representative of the region's wine industry.Practical implicationsThe strengthening relationships between wineries and local communities for cultural events can build nostalgia for local wine production. This, in turn, appears to be vital for preserving the local wine culture and tradition by making winery ownership and work well‐regarded by the local community.Originality/valueTo date limited research has been conducted on the redeveloping Canary Islands' wine industry, particularly from winery operators' points of view.