bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elemental evidence
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2011

He set out to prove that ocean sediments contain elevated levels of the rare element iridium because of the natural weathering of the continents. Instead, what Ariel Anbar found was new evidence that a meteorite may have had a role in the mass extinctions that marked the end of the Cretaceous era.By studying the geochemical properties of iridium, Anbar, a professor of earth and environmental sciences and chemistry at the University of Rochester, found that the residence time—a measure of the rate at which an element settles out of water into sediments—of iridium in ocean water is 2000 to 20,000 years. That finding suggests that a large deposit of iridium could have lingered in the world's oceans long enough to explain the thickness of the iridium‐rich sediment layers at the K‐T boundary.
Land of the Rising Funds
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Japan continues to move ahead with its new 5‐year plan to increase spending on science and technology research by 50% (up to $170 billion U.S.). In submitting its budget request for the next fiscal year—which begins April 1—Japan's Ministry of Trade and Industry asked for a 16.9% increase in its budget, while the Science and Technology Agency sought a 10.7% boost.Ambitious programs in brain research and in the analysis of protein structure make up large portions of the budget requests; and in fact, research in all the life sciences could get a 27% boost. But Japanese science leaders are also hoping to increase funding for research on global climate change by 35%; for oceanographic science, up 20%; and for public safety and disaster mitigation by 24%.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Hillslope hydrologists have long assumed that the downslope movement of water and solutes can best be described by surface topography since gravitational potential largely dominates hydraulic gradients in steep terrain. Hence with the increased availability of Digital Terrain Maps (DTMs), surface topography is driving many popular hydrological models and is being used to estimate flow pathways in hydrological and geochemical models. This method may suffice at the catchment scale, but at the hillslope scale, flow pathways are not always determined by surface topography.It is at this critical scale (100–10,000 m2) that water flux and the chemical composition of soil water and groundwater can be measured as they move downslope. The complex interactions between water and solutes along hillslope subsurface flow paths have not been well documented. New evidence suggests that for steep hillslopes with thin soils, the fundamental control on hillslope flow paths is the bedrock surface.
Second circular updates for IASPEI 97
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The 29th General Assembly of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior will take place August 18–28, 1997, in Thessaloniki, Greece. Refer to the second circular that is now available in either hard copy or on the World Wide Web at http://www.iaspei97.auth.grand http://www.csd.net/~bergman/iaspei/. At these WWW sites, you will also find all the necessary meeting forms (registration, hotel accommodation, and abstract) which can be submitted electronically or downloaded and mailed to LOC IASPEI 97, Geophysical Laboratory, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR54006 Greece.Abstract and early registration deadline is March 31, 1997.
How fast is fast?
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2011

Thanks to the Next Generation Internet (NGI) initiative, in 5 years, information could flow a thousand times faster through business computer lines. Moreover, the Internet images and movies that slowly form on home computers today could arrive a million times faster, through the initiative by NASA and five other federal agencies—if Congress gives the go‐ahead.After endorsing NGI during his campaign and State of the Union address, President Clinton proposed $100 million for each of the next 3 years to fund the initiative. In April, however, the House Science Committee voted to postpone NGI funding until the Administration provides a more detailed plan. After discussion of the interagency program at a hearing, the committee is likely to authorize funding NGI in a separate bill.
Pinpointing the weather
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2011

Accurately predicting weather in regions like the west, which have a variety of climates in high mountain, coastal, and desert sites, can be tricky. Now the National Weather Service (NWS) is testing an experimental computer model that will help forecasters predict weather conditions with greater detail. The Eta‐10 model allows forecasters in 24 western NWS offices to monitor the development of weather systems at a 10‐km resolution.From data collected daily from weather balloons, Doppler weather radar, automated surface observing systems, and advanced satellites, the model simulates the atmosphere in a three‐dimensional grid. Once a day, the experimental model analyzes the high‐resolution data and prepares forecasts for 33 hours into the future.
Metal, rock, ice?
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2011

Observations during two of Galileo's recent encounters with Jupiter's moon Europa suggest that its 100–200‐km‐thick outer shell is mostly ice and water. “We know that Europa has a very deep layer of water in some form, but we don't yet know whether that water is liquid or frozen,” said John Anderson, a planetary scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, who reported the results with coworkers in the May 23 issue of Science. The measurements also indicated that Europa's deep inner core is very dense and may consist of either metal surrounded by rock or a mixture of metal and rock.In the same issue of Science, Margaret Kivelson of the University of California at Los Angeles reported possible evidence of a magnetic field on Europa based on magnetometer data from Galileo's pass in December 1996.
True rewards
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2011

The National Science Board invites nominations for the 1998 NSB Public Service Award. Candidates should meet at least one of the following criteria: increased understanding of science and engineering or encouraged others to do so; promoted the engagement of scientists and engineers in public outreach and scientific literacy; helped to develop broad science and engineering policy and its support; influenced and encouraged the next generation of scientists and engineers; achieved broad recognition outside area of specialization; and fostered awareness among broad segments of the population. The award may be given to one or more individuals, to a company, corporation, or organization, but not to members of the U.S. government.The deadline for nominations is July 31, 1997. Nominations must be accompanied by the addresses and telephone numbers of both the nominee and nominator, a summary of the nominee's activities, and the nominee's vitae (no more than three pages).
Dehydration
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2011

The news that the Earth is losing 1,000 gallons of water every day is nothing for the planet's inhabitants to sweat, given the vast amount of water in the oceans. But this new information, gathered from measurements on the POLAR satellite, has shed new light on ways that water and other materials leave the atmosphere. The new data should also improve models of how the atmospheres of Earth and other planets evolve.Using a unique instrument to reduce electrical interference from the satellite, the research team took the first accurate high‐altitude measurements of the polar wind—charged gas or plasma that escapes from Earth and its ionosphere through the poles. The team, headed by Los Alamos physicist Beth Nordholt, proved that the polar wind is one mechanism by which the atomic constituents of water vapor and other atmospheric gases are dragged outward from the ionosphere, where they spiral along the planet's magnet field lines. Sunlight breaks the water into ionized hydrogen and oxygen gases in the upper atmosphere.
Happy trails
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

From nearby Rocky Mountain peaks to wide open eastern plains to the Denver skyline 25 miles off, Boulder, Colorado sits amidst a dramatic assortment of changing meteorological phenomena that makes it an ideal location for weather watching.Last month, the Mesa Laboratory of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), located on the southwest edge of Boulder, cut the ribbon for what is believed to be the first interpretative weather trail in the United States, and the third in the world. The Walter Orr Roberts Weather Trail, named for the NCAR founder, leads visitors along an easy, half‐mile loop annotated with 11 signs about the weather.
Sweet gas
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

When poisonous hydrogen sulfide contaminates a natural gas deposit, the drilling company usually caps the well and moves on to other areas that may contain larger reserves and offer stronger economic incentives. Chemical and biological methods exist to purify these wells, but most are complex and costly. However, a group of scientists now is developing what could be a cheaper, easier method to clean up and utilize this polluted natural gas.The technique—which involves growing “enrichment” cultures of bacteria that metabolize the hydrogen sulfide into harmless compounds—could be particularly useful to poor and energy‐starved developing nations, says Norman Wainwright, a senior scientist at the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. “We're hoping the technique can be robust enough and inexpensive enough to be used in a developing country,” Wainwright says. Other scientists involved with the project are Porter Anderson, a University of Rochester professor emeritus associated with the lab and Ben Ebenhack, also of Rochester.
Quake centers funded
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation (NSF) has awarded $30 million in contracts to three research centers to study earthquakes and develop technologies to reduce hazards and future losses.The centers—which hope to match agency funding with outside sources—are forming consortiums of public and private institutions and will focus on separate earthquake issues. The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center at the University of California at Berkeley will develop technologies to reduce urban earthquake losses. The Mid‐America Earthquake Center at the University of Illinois' Urbana‐Champaign campus will study how to reduce potential losses from low‐frequency seismic events in the central and eastern United States.
Scientists measure Arctic Ozone Hole
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

A possible ozone hole has opened in the Arctic stratosphere, according to research published in the November 15 issue of Geophysical Research Letters. Scientists report that ozone values in the northern polar region set record low levels during the spring of 1997. They speculate that the record ozone depletion may have been caused by a fundamental shift in polar climatology and an unusual springtime cooling trend of the lower Arctic stratosphere.Long‐term records of total ozone from both the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite instrument and from groundbased observations show a continuing decrease over the last several years, according to the papers. Chlorine gases, particularly the radical CIO, have been conclusively identified as the cause of the ozone depletion.
Missouri student wins NASA Spacecraft Naming Contest
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Eos readers may have thought pretty highly of the original name for the flagship spacecraft for NASA's Earth Observing System. But a naming contest cosponsored by NASA and AGU found yet another very good name for “EOS AM‐1.”It will be known as “Terra,” thanks to the winning essay written by Sasha Jones, a 17‐year‐old senior at Brentwood High School in St. Louis, Missouri.
NRC looking for some grand ideas
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

A U.S. National Research Council (NRC) committee is identifying potential grand challenges in the environmental sciences, and invites submissions of ideas from the geosciences community.The committee—which defines environmental sciences to include natural sciences, social sciences, and engineering—was asked by the National Science Foundation (NSF) to identify and prioritize scientific research initiatives and programs that may have the greatest scientific importance, research potential, and practical value over the next 10–30 years.
Record number of twisters hit U.S
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

More tornadoes ripped through the United States this past January than in any previously recorded January, according to the National Weather Service's (NWS) Storm Prediction Center. Of those 163 tornadoes, 87 occurred on January 21—mostly in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee—more than on any previous January day of record.“Any time of year, we hate to see destruction and loss of life,” said Joe Schaefer, director of the center located in Norman, Okla. “Frankly, we consider this to be a significant number of tornadoes for a March day—the height of tornado season. These numbers in January are unprecedented.”
Parks awash in light pollution
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The first‐ever nationwide survey of light pollution impacts on the U.S. National Park System has found that light pollution is a pervasive threat to national parks, and interferes with visitors' ability to observe stars and the night sky. The survey, which queried National Park Service (NPS) staff, found that dark night skies are a vital park resource, and that light pollution is considered a resource problem in many parks.The survey credited the National Park Service with already taking some steps to reduce light pollution within parks, but added that the agency can do more to deal with the problem.
Monitoring environmental hazards and public health
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Saying that no national system exists to monitor public health problems linked to environmental hazards, former U.S. Senator Lowell Weicker, Jr., announced on May 11 the launch of a Pew Charitable Trusts blue ribbon panel to focus on this issue.The panel, which includes representatives from academia and health care organizations, will focus on how the United States tracks diseases and recommend ways to fill data gaps; review what tools are needed to improve disease tracking; and focus on children's health issues, such as asthma, childhood cancer, and birth defects that may be linked to the environment, according to Pew Environmental Health Commission Executive Director Shelley Hearne.
A whale of a problem
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

While the Makah Indian tribe recently killed a gray whale off the coast of the U.S. state of Washington, and Japan and Norway have threatened to bolt from the International Whaling Commission (IWC) over disagreements about commercial catches, on May 26, the U.S. commissioner to the IWC told delegates about another, and far more widespread, threat affecting cetaceans.Global environmental changes could jeopardize whale stocks throughout the world, said Commissioner James Baker, who also serves as administrator for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Conservation enhancement programs add up
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

A new partnership between the U.S. federal government and the State of Delaware will provide $10 million to improve the water quality of the watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and other water bodies.The agreement, which establishes the Delaware Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), marks the eighth such partnership established since 1997 and brings the total U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) investment in CREP programs to $1.45 billion for improving water quality and restoring wildlife habitat. USDA is expected to pay up to $8 million to enroll up to 6,000 acres in the Delaware CREP program.
Honors
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

A new partnership between the U.S. federal government and the State of Delaware will provide $10 million to improve the water quality of the watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Bay, and other water bodies.The agreement, which establishes the Delaware Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program (CREP), marks the eighth such partnership established since 1997 and brings the total U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) investment in CREP programs to $1.45 billion for improving water quality and restoring wildlife habitat. USDA is expected to pay up to $8 million to enroll up to 6,000 acres in the Delaware CREP program.
Recent Ph.D.s
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The health sector should take its rightful place at the core of the sustainable development agenda, Gro Harlem Brundtland, director‐general of the World Health Organization (WHO), told attendees at the Third Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health in London, England, on June 16.Brundtland listed a series of major challenges to health and the environment on a global and regional basis. These challenges include the lack of adequate water supplies for one billion people worldwide and lack of proper sanitation facilities for three billion people, and at least one‐half million deaths worldwide each year due to outdoor air pollution.
Honors
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The health sector should take its rightful place at the core of the sustainable development agenda, Gro Harlem Brundtland, director‐general of the World Health Organization (WHO), told attendees at the Third Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health in London, England, on June 16.Brundtland listed a series of major challenges to health and the environment on a global and regional basis. These challenges include the lack of adequate water supplies for one billion people worldwide and lack of proper sanitation facilities for three billion people, and at least one‐half million deaths worldwide each year due to outdoor air pollution.
Deep pockets for deep seas
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Peter Auster, a fisheries ecologist with the National Undersea Research Center in Connecticut, plans to assess degradation of the deep‐shelf seafloor from bottom trawling. Magnus Ngoile, an official with Tanzania's National Environmental Management Council, will work on building capacity of poor villagers to protect their coastline. And Alison Rieser, a lawyer with the University of Maine School of Law, will produce a textbook to educate scientists on how to apply the law for marine conservation.These individuals are among 11 recipients of the Pew Charitable Trust's 10th annual marine conservation fellowships, announced on July 12. With each recipient receiving an award of $150,000, the program is the world's largest award for marine conservationists. Other 1999 recipients will be involved with areas including investigating marine pollution in the Arctic region, examining economic incentives for conservation in Baja, Mexico, and establishing a marine conservation biology training program for minority students.
A new miniaturized absolute gravimeter developed for dynamic applications
Authors: Brown J. M. , Niebauer T. M. , Richter B. , Klopping F. J. , Valentine J. G. , Buxton W. K. 
Published: October 2011

A new miniaturized absolute gravimeter has recently been developed to aid in the acquisition of absolute gravity for geophysical investigations and survey applications. The new instrument is much smaller than previous absolute gravimeters and can acquire data at a much higher rate. This technology will enable the development of a new generation of land, marine, and airborne absolute gravimeters.The absolute gravimeter is based upon a direct measurement of the acceleration of a test body in free‐fall using a very precise laser interferometer. A small reflective test‐body is launched into the air for about 7 cm and tracked using a precise laser over its symmetric rise&fall path of over 200 ms. These individual measurements can be repeated very quickly, at a rate of 2 throws/second.
Ultrahigh‐Pressure Mineralogy: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth's Deep Interior (Reviews in Mineralogy Volume 37)
Authors: Tyburczy James A. 
Published: October 2011

How high is “ultrahigh” and how deep is “deep”? In experimental Earth science, these terms have changed meaning over time, and it is now possible to access the entire pressure range from the surface down to the Earth's core.Our knowledge of the Earth's interior is shaped by constraints from cosmochemistry petrology of mantle rocks and xenoliths, and geophysical observations. The goal of the ultrahigh pressure mineralogist is to combine these constraints with analyses of the properties of materials at high pressures and temperatures to develop meaningful chemical, mineralogical, and thermal models of the planet's interior. Ultrahigh‐Pressure Mineralogy: Physics and Chemistry of the Earth's Deep Interior describes recent advances in the ultrahigh pressure study of Earth materials, places the current understanding of physical properties firmly into the context of geophysical and seismological observations, and points to directions for new breakthroughs in our understanding of the Earth.
Survey of Washington monument helps test GPS equipment
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Although construction of the Washington Monument, an obelisk rising above the Washington, D.C. skyline, was completed in 1884, nobody knew exactly how tall it was until this past August.Preliminary results of a new, three‐dimensional positioning survey conducted in August, using the latest GPS (global positioning system) equipment, have added 7.6 cm to the landmark's height, making it 169.39 m tall. The U.S. National Park Service had maintained that the structure is 169.29 m tall, based on an earlier government survey conducted 65 years ago.
Cassini cruises to Saturn
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

While some people had warned that the Cassini spacecraft might crash into the Earth's atmosphere and spread plutonium dust around the planet, its flyby around the Earth on route to Saturn went smoothly, according to NASA.The $3.4 billion probe that is powered by more than 32 kg of plutonium swung by the Earth at 03.28 Universal Time on August 18 at a distance of 1171 km above the Earth, according to engineers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Associations caution U.S. Congress on budget cuts
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

A coalition of 25 U.S. scientific, engineering, and business associations—including AGU—urged Congress on September 9 not to enact deep cuts to a number of federal science agencies and programs, but rather to increase funding.As part of its fiscal year 2000 budget process, Congress is targeting NASA, the National Science Foundation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Department of Energy, and other agencies for significant funding cuts.
Werner Stumm, 1924–1999
Authors: Schnoor Jerald L. 
Published: October 2011

Werner Stumm, professor emeritus and former director of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology for Water Resources and Water Pollution Control (EAWAG), died April 14, 1999. He was 74 years old.Werner is remembered for coining the term “aquatic chemistry” and for introducing quantitative chemical equilibrium and chemical kinetic principles into the field of water science and technology. He transformed environmental chemistry by working from a molecular viewpoint and by concentrating on coordination chemistry at interfaces.