bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Network Structure of Local and Extra‐Local Voluntary Participation: The Role of Core Social Networks*
Authors: Stern Michael J. , Fullerton Andrew S. 
Published: July 2009

Objective.First, we evaluate whether structural characteristics of people's family and friend social networks are associated with involvement in local and extra‐local civic participation. Second, we examine the interactions between social network attributes and personal characteristics on varied forms of participation.Methods.We draw on data from a random‐sample mail survey of 1,315 households.Results.Attributes of friend and family social networks are related to civic participation beyond the influence of human capital; however, the results from family and friend networks are substantively different. There are also differences in the way attributes of social networks are associated with local versus extra‐local participation. Finally, the interactions of human capital and social networks do not support previous research.Conclusions.Overall, the evidence substantiates extant theory on the effects that social relations have on civic engagement. However, the structure and constituency of networks and the form of civic engagement play an important yet undertheorized role.
Church Attendance, Social Capital, and Black Voting Participation*
Authors: Liu Baodong , Austin Sharon D. Wright , Orey Byron D'Andrá 
Published: July 2009

Objectives.We test the traditional studies of political participation that suggest enhanced education and income will help reduce the racial gap in voting.Methods.We adopt a Bayesian model to test the impact of education and income onbothblack and white racial groups. We also link the explanation of black voting participation to social capital.Results.We find that bonding and bridging social capital as well as human capital are all important in explaining white voting participation, but only bonding social capital, measured by church attendance, explained African‐American voting participation.Conclusions.We conclude that the utility of social capital theory and continuing significance of human capital theory must be considered in a racial context. In addition, our findings offer important implications about the continuing role of black churches for increasing social capital and political participation.
Is Immigration a Racial Issue? Anglo Attitudes on Immigration Policies in a Border County*
Authors: Ayers John W. , Hofstetter C. Richard , Schnakenberg Keith , Kolody Bohdan 
Published: July 2009

Objective. This study assesses the association between Anglo aversion to Latinos, physical proximity to Latinos, and contact with ethnic minorities, with expressed preferences for immigration policies.Methods. Data were drawn from a telephone survey of San Diego County, California, residents (N=549 Anglos) using random‐digit‐dial procedures during 2005–2006 that was conducted by closely supervised professional interviewers. Descriptive reports, tau‐b correlations, and multivariate logistic regressions were used for analysis.Results. Aversion to Latinos, as indicated by an adaptation of the Bogardus social distance scale, was related to more restrictionist attitudes about legal and Mexican immigration. Associations increased when respondents were primed to consider Mexican immigration, although aversion to Latinos was not related to attitudes about amnesty for undocumented persons. Contrary to some previous findings, proximity to Latino populations increased opposition to legal immigration and amnesty. Reported minority contact had minimal impact but increased support for amnesty.Conclusions. Attitudes about immigration may be motivated more by racial resentments than other considerations. Future research should identify racial factors that influence Anglo policy positions beyond the classic Anglo/African division that has dominated this research arena.
Racial Contexts' Enduring Influence on Attitudes Toward Poverty*
Authors: Hopkins Daniel J. 
Published: July 2009

Objective. This article's objective is to reply to Rodgers (2009) and to expand on the claim that living near poor African Americans influences Americans' views of poverty.Methods. It first presents additional analyses of the 2001 Poverty in America Survey demonstrating that respondents' racial contexts are consistent predictors of attitudes toward poverty. Other contextual variables are not.Results. The article then presents results from an exogenous shock—the post‐Katrina migration—to reinforce its claims. Despite the widespread understanding that the evacuees were not to blame for their situation, their arrival in Houston and Baton Rouge led to more individualistic explanations of poverty.Conclusion. This article concludes that even in unlikely cases, racial contexts influence attitudes toward poverty.
Major Adverse Cardiac Events at Long‐Term Follow‐Up in Patients Treated With Single versus Multiple Stents during Single‐Vessel Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: SUKHIJA RISHI , ARONOW WILBERT S. , PALANISWAMY CHANDRASEKAR , SINGH TARUNJIT , AHN CHUL , KALAPATAPU KUMAR , CHATURVEDI BHAVNA , PUCILLO ANTHONY L. , SORBERA CARMINE , KAKAR PRIYANKA , WEISS MELVIN B. , MEHTA VIMAL , MONSEN CRAIG E. 
Published: July 2009

Background: Although insertion of multiple stents into a single coronary vessel during single‐vessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is common, there are no data on long‐term occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients treated with multiple stents versus a single stent.
Methods: The incidence of MACE (death, myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization) during long‐term follow‐up was investigated in 634 patients who underwent single‐vessel PCI. Of the 634 patients, 319 (50%) had a single stent, and 315 (50%) had multiple stents inserted. Stepwise Cox regression analyses were performed to identify significant independent prognostic factors for MACE.
Results: At 47‐month follow‐up, MACE occurred in 61 of 319 patients (19%) who had a single stent versus in 57 of 315 patients (18%) who had multiple stents (P not significant). Significant independent predictors of MACE were use of vein grafts (hazard ratio = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.24–3.03; P = 0.0038) and use of drug‐eluting stents (hazard ratio = 0.49; 95% CI, 0.34–0.72; P = 0.0002).
Conclusions: At long‐term follow‐up of single‐vessel PCI, the incidence of MACE was similar in patients with multiple or single stents inserted even after controlling for the length of stents.
Ibuprofen Provides Analgesia Equivalent to Acetaminophen–Codeine in the Treatment of Acute Pain in Children with Extremity Injuries: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Friday Janet H. , Kanegaye John T. , McCaslin Ian , Zheng Amy , Harley Jim R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectives:  This study compared the analgesic effectiveness of acetaminophen–codeine with that of ibuprofen for children with acute traumatic extremity pain, with the hypothesis that the two medications would demonstrate equivalent reduction in pain scores in an emergency department (ED) setting.Methods:  This was a randomized, double‐blinded equivalence trial. Pediatric ED patients 5 to 17 years of age with acute traumatic extremity pain received acetaminophen–codeine (1 mg/kg as codeine, maximum 60 mg) or ibuprofen (10 mg/kg, maximum 400 mg). The patients provided Color Analog Scale (CAS) pain scores at baseline and at 20, 40, and 60 minutes after medication administration. The primary outcome measured was the difference in changes in pain score at 40 minutes, compared to a previously described minimal clinically significant change in pain score of 2 cm. The difference was defined as (change in ibuprofen CAS score from baseline) – (change in acetaminophen–codeine CAS score from baseline); negative values thus favor the ibuprofen group. Additional outcomes included need for rescue medication and adverse effects.Results:  The 32 acetaminophen–codeine and the 34 ibuprofen recipients in our convenience sample had indistinguishable pain scores at baseline. The intergroup differences in pain score change at 20 minutes (−0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.5 to 0.3), 40 minutes (−0.4, 95% CI = −1.4 to 0.6), and 60 minutes (0.2, 95% CI = −0.8 to 1.2) were all less than 2 cm. Adverse effects were minimal: vomiting (one patient after acetaminophen–codeine), nausea (one patient after ibuprofen), and pruritus (one after acetaminophen–codeine). The three patients in each group who received rescue medications all had radiographically demonstrated fractures or dislocations.Conclusions:  This study found similar performance of acetaminophen–codeine and ibuprofen in analgesic effectiveness among ED patients aged 5–17 years with acute traumatic extremity pain. Both drugs provided measurable analgesia. Patients tolerated them well, with few treatment failures and minimal adverse effects.
Characterizing traditionally defined periodontal disease in HIV+ adults
Authors: Vernon Lance T. , Demko Catherine A. , Whalen Christopher C. , Lederman Michael M. , Toossi Zahra , Wu Mianda , Han Yiping W. , Weinberg Aaron 
Published: July 2009

Abstract –  Background:  Results have varied from previous studies examining the level and extent of periodontal disease (PD) in HIV‐1 infected (HIV+) adults. These studies used different methodologies to measure and define PD and examined cohorts with divergent characteristics. Inconsistent methodological approaches may have resulted in the underestimation of traditionally‐defined PD in HIV+ individuals.Objectives:  To characterize the level, extent and predictors (i.e. immunologic, microbiologic, metabolic and behavioral) of PD in an HIV+ cohort during the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).Study Design:  Cross‐sectional study.Setting:  HIV+ adults receiving outpatient care at three major medical clinics in Cleveland, OH. Subjects were seen from May, 2005 to January, 2008.Measurements:  Full‐mouth periodontal examinations included periodontal probing depth (PPD), recession (REC) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Subgingival plaque was assessed for DNA levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola by real‐time DNA PCR assays developed for each pathogen. Rather than using categories, we evaluated PD as three continuous variables based on the percent of teeth with ≥1 site per tooth with PPD ≥ 5mm, REC > 0 mm and CAL ≥ 4mm.Results:  Participants included 112 HIV+ adults. Each subject had an average 38% (±24%) of their teeth with at least one site of PD ≥ 5 mm, 55% (±31%) of their teeth with at least one site of REC > 0 mm, and 50% (±32%) of their teeth with at least one site of CAL ≥ 4 mm. CD4+ T‐cell count <200 cells/mm3 was significantly associated with higher levels of REC and CAL, but not PPD. Greater levels of Pg DNA were associated with PPD, REC and CAL. By regression analysis, CD4+ T‐cell count <200 cells/mm3 had approximately twice the deleterious effect on CAL as did smoking (standardized β coefficient 0.306 versus 0.64). Annual dental visit compliance remained an independent predictor for lower levels of PD.Conclusions:  The level and extent of PD were high in this cohort even though most patients were being treated with HAART. The definition of periodontal disease used and cohort characteristics examined can influence the level of periodontal disease reported in studies of persons with HIV. Traditional periodontal pathogens are associated with PD in this cohort. Those with CD4+ T‐cell counts <200 cells/mm3 are at greater risk for PD. Therefore, earlier HAART initiation may decrease exposure to immunosuppression and reduce PD morbidity. Continuity of dental care remains important for HIV+ patients even when they are being treated with HAART.
Follicular mucinosis: a clinicopathologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical and molecular study comparing the primary benign form and the mycosis fungoides‐associated follicular mucinosis
Authors: Rongioletti Franco , De Lucchi Simona , Meyes Dan , Mora Marco , Rebora Alfredo , Zupo Simonetta , Cerruti Giannamaria , Patterson James W. 
Published: July 2009

Objectives: To determine (i) whether primary (idiopathic) follicular mucinosis (PFM) and lymphoma‐associated follicular mucinosis (LAFM) are distinct or related entities and whether there are reliable criteria that allow the two forms to be distinguished, (ii) the histochemical properties and consequently the type of mucin that accumulates in the follicle in PFM and LAFM, and (iii) whether there is any difference between the staining properties of mucin in patients with PFM and LAFM.Methods: Thirty‐one patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 20 patients with no associated mycosis fungoides or Sézary syndrome (PFM) and group 2 was made up of the other 11 patients who had clinicopathological evidence of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (LAFM). The biopsy specimens of the patients were studied with histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Molecular biology studies were also performed.Results: Patients with PFM were more frequently younger (mean age 39 years), women (F:M=3:1), and presented with a solitary lesion involving the head/neck area more often than patients with LAFM who were older (mean age 54 years), men (M:F=2:1), and presented with multiple lesions on areas of the body other than the head/neck area. As for histopathological findings, large cystic spaces filled with mucin and a slight perivascular and periadnexal polyclonal infiltrate of mostly non‐atypical lymphocytes without epidermotropism and with an equivalent CD4+/CD8+ cell rate were more suggestive of PFM. On the contrary, patients with LAFM were more probably to present with a dense band‐like infiltrate with some atypical lymphocytes and sign of epidermotropism, a prominent CD4+ immunophenotype and a monoclonal rearrangement of the infiltrate. Mucin proved to be a dermal‐type mucin, composed of both hyaluronic acid and sulfated glycosaminoglycans. No differences were found in the composition of the follicular mucin in the PFM compared with LAFM.Conclusions: Although no single, indisputable feature can reliably differentiate PFM from LAFM and a considerable overlapping among the two groups exists, the use of multiple clinical, histological and immunopathological criteria associated with gene rearrangement analysis can be useful in evaluation of those patients.
Giant clear cell hidradenoma of the knee
Authors: Yu Gengsheng , Goodloe Samuel , D'Angelis Christopher A. , McGrath Brian E. , Chen Frank 
Published: July 2009

Hidradenomas, also referred to as nodular hidradenomas or clear cell hidradenomas (CCH), are benign cutaneous eccrine tumors usually 2–3 cm in dimension. Hidradenomas are relatively common; however, giant forms are rare. We report a case of an 8.0 × 6.0 × 3.0 cm clear cell hidradenoma of the left knee in a 43‐year‐old man. The tumor was mobile, located above the patellar tendon and was without bony involvement on imaging studies. Grossly, the resected tumor was unencapsulated and tan, with a solid and cystic cut surface showing papillary excrescences on the cyst wall. Microscopically, the tumor cells showed an infiltrative growth pattern at the periphery, however, the tumor cytology was bland and no necrosis or mitoses were identified. The overlying dermis contained hemosiderin pigment deposition and infiltration with eosinophils. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for cytokeratin, CAM5.2, p53, carcino‐embryonic antigen (CEA) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), and negative for CD10 and Ki‐67. The cytological features of hidradenomas can present diagnostic challenges, as other ‘clear cell’ tumors such as metastatic renal cell carcinoma should be considered. Immunohistochemical studies and differential diagnoses are discussed.Yu G, Goodloe S, D’Angelis CA, McGrath BE, Chen F. Giant clear cell hidradenoma of the knee.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma metastatic to skin
Authors: Nashed Catherine , Sakpal Sujit Vijay , Cherneykin Sergey , Chamberlain Ronald Scott 
Published: July 2009

Cutaneous metastases are a rarity, even more so when they arise from a medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) which accounts for only 8% of all thyroid cancers. MTC arises from C‐cells that produce calcitonin, and it most commonly metastasizes to lymph nodes in the neck. Distant metastases of MTC may involve bone, lung and liver. We report a case of a 56‐year‐old man, who presented with an ulcerated, nodular lesion on his scalp that proved to be a metastasis from his MTC diagnosed 2 years earlier. Cutaneous metastases from MTC generally signify widespread disease and carry a poor prognosis. A case discussion and relevant review of the literature is provided.Nashed C, Sakpal SV, Cherneykin S, Chamberlain RS. Medullary thyroid carcinoma metastatic to skin.
Detection of renal impairment as one specific comorbidity factor in multiple myeloma: multicenter study in 198 consecutive patients
Authors: Kleber Martina , Ihorst Gabriele , Deschler Barbara , Jakob Christian , Liebisch Peter , Koch Bernd , Sezer Orhan , Engelhardt Monika 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectives:  Comorbidity factors have been reported in cancer patients to predict progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Renal impairment (RI) is postulated as one negative prognostic factor in multiple myeloma (MM). The study aim was to detect the best way to define RI and the impact of different RI stages on MM outcome.Methods:  In this multicenter analysis, we determined RI [serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) and Cockcroft‐Gault] and other prognostic factors in 198 MM patients to ascertain their value on PFS and OS.Results:  Median serum creatinine was 0.9 mg/dL in all patients, whereas the eGFR – being decreased with a median of 80 mL/min/1.73 m2– allowed to detect early stages of RI. Via univariate analysis, we observed increasing hazard ratios (HRs) for impaired OS with deteriorating eGFR: with eGFRMDRD<90 and <30, HRs were 1.3 and 2.9, respectively. Multivariate analysis determined RI with eGFR<30 and <50 as well as age >59 yr as most important variables for OS. By incorporating eGFR<30 as the most relevant factor determined via multivariate analysis and β2‐microglobulin (β2‐MG) in a novel MM‐risk score, we identified patients with significantly differing OS: median survival with 0, 1 or 2 risk factors were 71, 48, and 24 months, respectively.Conclusions:  These findings demonstrate that RI is frequent in MM, best detected via eGFR determination and an important prognostic factor. eGFR in combination with β2‐MG allows definitive risk stratification with largely differing survival in MM.
Genotype‐dependent interactions among sympatric Microcystis strains mediated by Daphnia grazing
Authors: Van Gremberghe Ineke , Vanormelingen Pieter , Vanelslander Bart , Van der Gucht Katleen , D'hondt Sofie , De Meester Luc , Vyverman Wim 
Published: July 2009

Natural populations of the bloom forming cyanobacterium Microcystis are typically composed of several distinct genotypes. Using Microcystis strains that differ in growth rate, microcystin production and colony formation, we conducted a laboratory experiment in the presence and absence of a grazer, the water flea Daphnia, to investigate whether interactions among strains can be predicted from functional traits, and whether the outcome of competition between strains is influenced by a grazer. Two toxic and two non‐toxic Microcystis strains, isolated from a single lake, were grown during four weeks as single strains, in all possible combinations of two strains and all together, in the presence and absence of Daphnia magna. The relative abundance of strains in the populations was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and the growth rate of each strain in mixed populations was compared to its growth rate in monoculture to determine interactions between strains. The observed interactions were strain‐specific, and the relative abundances of strains in mixed populations could be partially explained by taking toxicity and colony formation into account. Importantly, some of the interactions were strongly altered by the presence of Daphnia. Daphnia induced colony formation in one strain, which then became a better competitor. Daphnia grazing also caused a higher evenness in the populations, both through a weakening of competitive interactions as well as by facilitation effects. Strong facilitation effects were due to non‐toxic strains benefiting from the protection offered by toxic strains in the presence of predation.Overall, our results emphasize the presence of strong competitive interactions between Microcystis strains in the absence of grazing, whereas indirect positive interactions are prevalent in the presence of a generalist grazer. Our results suggest that differences in functional traits and grazer‐mediated facilitation effects may enhance coexistence of Microcystis strains, including toxic and non‐toxic strains.
Relations Between Regional–Local Habitat Loss and Metapopulation Properties of Epiphyllous Bryophytes in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Alvarenga Lisi D. P. , Pôrto Kátia C. , Silva Mércia P.P. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTRichness and occupancy patterns of epiphyll bryophytes in a fragmented landscape of tropical rain forests in northeastern Brazil (Murici Ecological Station) were investigated to assess the influence of regional and local disappearance of habitat on epiphyllous metapopulation indicators. Bryophytes were collected from ten forest fragments, from the fragment's border to 100 m inside the forest. The number of colonized phorophytes and the cover on leaves were scored. Decreasing trends in regional and local abundance linked to habitat loss were observed, which may be related to the sexual and asexual expression. Although fertility was not related to constancy in the fragments, frequently fertile species colonized more sites within fragments than infertile species. Landscape metrics and indicators of habitat quality explained better the variation in epiphyll richness and occupancy than distance from the forest's edge. This suggests that the abrupt habitat quality modification resulting from edge creation is secondary in the area studied, while irreversible landscape modifications still play an important role. The results add to empirical support that metapopulations are prone to negative and long‐term effects in fragmented landscapes. Thus, the selection of priority areas for conservation must take into account the remaining amount of habitat as well as the connectivity between the landscape's patches.