bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population normative data for the 10/66 Dementia Research Group cognitive test battery from Latin America, India and China: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Sosa Ana Luisa , Albanese Emiliano , Prince Martin , Acosta Daisy , Ferri Cleusa P , Guerra Mariella , Huang Yueqin , Jacob KS , de Rodriguez Juan Llibre , Salas Aquiles , Yang Fang , Gaona Ciro , Joteeshwaran AT , Rodriguez Guillermina , de la Torre Gabriela Rojas , Williams Joseph D , Stewart Robert 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background
1) To report site-specific normative values by age, sex and educational level for four components of the 10/66 Dementia Research Group cognitive test battery; 2) to estimate the main and interactive effects of age, sex, and educational level by site; and 3) to investigate the effect of site by region and by rural or urban location.

Methods
Population-based cross-sectional one phase catchment area surveys were conducted in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Venezuela, Peru, Mexico, China and India. The protocol included the administration of the Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI 'D', generating the COGSCORE measure of global function), and the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) verbal fluency (VF), word list memory (WLM, immediate recall) and recall (WLR, delayed recall) tests. Only those free of dementia were included in the analysis.

Results
Older people, and those with less education performed worse on all four tests. The effect of sex was much smaller and less consistent. There was a considerable effect of site after accounting for compositional differences in age, education and sex. Much of this was accounted for by the effect of region with Chinese participants performing better, and Indian participants worse, than those from Latin America. The effect of region was more prominent for VF and WLM than for COGSCORE and WLR.

Conclusion
Cognitive assessment is a basic element for dementia diagnosis. Age- and education-specific norms are required for this purpose, while the effect of gender can probably be ignored. The basis of cultural effects is poorly understood, but our findings serve to emphasise that normative data may not be safely generalised from one population to another with quite different characteristics. The minimal effects of region on COGSCORE and WLR are reassuring with respect to the cross-cultural validity of the 10/66 dementia diagnosis, which uses only these elements of the 10/66 battery.
The factor structure of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in Greek adolescents
Authors: Giannakopoulos George , Tzavara Chara , Dimitrakaki Christine , Kolaitis Gerasimos , Rotsika Vasiliki , Tountas Yannis 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a practical, economic and user-friendly screening instrument of emotional and behavioural problems in children and adolescents. This study was aimed primarily at evaluating the factor structure of the Greek version of the SDQ.MethodsA representative nationwide sample of 1,194 adolescents (11 to 17 years old) completed the questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to assess the factor structure of the SDQ.ResultsCFA supported the original five-factor structure. The modification of the model provided some improvements. Internal consistency was acceptable for total difficulties, emotional symptoms and prosocial behaviour scale, moderate for hyperactivity/inattention scale and inadequate for peer and conduct problems scale. Older adolescents (aged 15 to 17 years) reported more hyperactivity/inattention and conduct problems than younger ones (aged 11 to 14 years) and girls reported more emotional symptoms and less prosocial behaviour problems than boys. Adolescents of low socioeconomic status (SES) reported more difficulties than those of medium and high SES.ConclusionThe Greek SDQ could be potentially considered as a community-wide screening instrument for adolescents' emotional and behavioural problems.
Restoring Endocrine Response in Breast Cancer Cells by Inhibition of the Sphingosine Kinase-1 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Sukocheva Olga , Wang Lijun , Verrier Emily , Vadas Mathew A. , Xia Pu 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK1) is an important mediator in the cytoplasmic signaling of estrogens, including Ca2+ mobilization, ERK1/2 activation, and the epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. Here we report for the first time that SphK1 activity is causally associated with endocrine resistance in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Enforced overexpression of human SphK1 in MCF-7 cells resulted in enhanced cell proliferation and resistance to tamoxifen-induced cell growth arrest and apoptosis. Tamoxifen-resistant (TamR) MCF-7 cells selected by prolonged exposure to 4-hydroxytamoxifen, exhibited higher levels in SphK1 expression and activity, compared with the control cells. Inhibition of SphK1 activity by either specific pharmaceutical inhibitors or the dominant-negative mutant SphK1G82D restored the antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of tamoxifen in the TamR cells. Furthermore, silencing of SphK1, but not SphK2, expression by the specific small interference RNA also restored the tamoxifen responsiveness in the TamR cells. Thus, blockade of the SphK1 signaling pathway may reprogram cellular responsiveness to tamoxifen and abrogate antiestrogen resistance in human breast cancer cells.
The Association of Medicare Drug Coverage with Use of Evidence-Based Medications in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Johnson Michael L , Petersen Laura A , Sundaravaradan Raji , Byrne Margaret M , Hasche Jennifer C , Osemene Nora I , Wei Iris I , Morgan Robert O 
Published: August 2009

Background: Veterans with Medicare managed-care plans have access to pharmacy benefits outside the Veterans Health Administration (VA), but how this coverage affects use of medications for specific disease conditions within the VA is unclear. Objective: To examine patterns of pharmacotherapy among patients with diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure enrolled in fee-for-service (FFS) or managed-care (HMO) plans and to test whether pharmacy benefit coverage within Medicare is associated with the receipt of evidence-based medications in the VA. Methods: A retrospective analysis of veterans dually enrolled in the VA and Medicare healthcare systems was conducted. We used VA and Medicare administrative data from 2002 in multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine the unique association of enrollment in Medicare FFS or managed-care plans on the use of medications, after adjusting for sociodemographic, geographic, and patient clinical factors. Results: A total of 369,697 enrollees met inclusion criteria for diabetes, ischemic heart disease, or chronic heart failure. Among patients with diabetes, adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and oral hypoglycemics in the FFS group were, respectively, 0.86 and 0.80 (p < 0.001). Among patients with ischemic heart disease, FFS patients were generally less likely to receive ß-blockers, antianginals, and statins. Among patients with chronic heart failure, adjusted ORs of receiving ACE inhibitors, angtotensin-receptor blockers, and statins in the FFS group were, respectively, 0.90, 0.78, and 0.79 (all p < 0.05). There were few systematic differences within HMO coverage levels. Conclusions: FFS-enrolled veterans were generally less likely to be receiving condition-related medications from the VA, compared with HMO-enrolled veterans with lower levels of prescription drug coverage. Pharmacy prescription coverage within Medicare affects the use of evidence-based medications for specific disease conditions in the VA.
Fluorescence of oligonucleotides adsorbed onto the thermoresponsive poly(isopropyl acrylamide) shell of polymer nanoparticles: Application to bioassays
Authors: Martinho José M. G. , Prazeres Telmo J. V. , Moura Leila , Farinha José P. S. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The fluorescence of a rhodamine X dye covalently linked to the 5' terminus of a 25-mers thymine oligodeoxynucleotide (dT25-ROX), adsorbed on the shell of thermoresponsive core-shell polymer particles, was used to probe the polarity, mobility, and distribution of the oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) in the shell. The particles have a glassy core of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with a 67-nm radius, and a thermoresponsive shell of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) whose thickness changes from 42 nm at 11 ºC to 5 nm at 45 ºC. The variation in polarity of the shell with temperature was obtained both from the lifetimes and from the solvatochromic shifts of the dye and shows a sharp transition at the volume phase transition temperature (T
VPT) of the PNIPAM shell. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between dT25-ROX and a malachite green (MG)-labeled ODN (dT25-MG) was used to obtain the distribution of the ODNs in the thermoresponsive shell. Our results show that at 23 ºC (below T
VPT) the ODNs are distributed inside the shell, sensing an environment similar to water. At this temperature, the PNIPAM shell is composed of hydrated chains with high mobility, as probed by the fluorescence anisotropy of dT25-ROX. By increasing the temperature above T
VPT, the shell collapses and the chain mobility drastically slows down owing to the anchoring of the ODN to the dense shell of PNIPAM. Furthermore, FRET shows that the ODNs are absorbed on the 5-nm-thick collapsed shell but extend into the water. The polarity probed by the ROX averages the dyes distributed in the interior of the particle shell and in water, with 60 % of the dyes outside the particle shell (i.e., sensing pure water). Another indication that above the T
VPT most of the ODNs are oriented with the dye toward the water phase is that the mobility of the dye covalently bound to the ODNs is identical in water and in the collapsed particle shell. The hybridization efficiency between an ODN supported in the particle shell (by adsorbing the ODN below T
VPT and subsequently increasing the temperature above T
VPT) and the complementary ODN in solution is identical to that of hybridization in water. This result opens good perspectives toward the use of the core-shell thermoresponsive nanoparticles as supports in DNA bioassays.
What Can New Literacy Studies Offer to the Teaching of Struggling Readers?
Authors: Compton‐Lilly Catherine F. 
Published: August 2009

A case study of one student is used to explore three instructional approaches that draw teachers' attention to reading as a social experience that involves culture and identity. These approaches draw on New Literacy Studies, children's media practices, and critical race theory and provide insights on how to better serve struggling readers.تم استخدام حالة طالب دراسية كي يستكشف ثلاثة مناهج تعليمية تسترعي انتباه المعلمين إلى القراءة كتجربة اجتماعية تشمل الثقافة والهوية. إذ تجمع هذه المناهج دراسات معرفة القراءة والكتابة الجديدة وممارسات وسائل القراءة لدى الطلاب ونظرية العرق النقدية وتوفير التبصرات في الطريقة المثلى لتخدم القراء المواجهين صعوبات في القراءة.本文报告一项以一名学生为对象的个案研究，其目的是为探究三种教学方法。该三种教学方法旨在引起教师关注到阅读是一种涉及文化与身份认同的社会经验，其理论基础借鉴于「新读写研究」、儿童媒体实践和批判式种族理论，并就如何更有效地帮助有困难的阅读者这问题上提出意见。On utilise l'étude de cas d'un élève pour explorer trois approches pédagogiques qui attirent l'attention des enseignants sur la lecture en tant qu'expérience sociale incluant culture et identité. Ces approches proviennent des Eudes de Nouvelle Littératie, des pratiques médiatiques des enfants, et de la théorie critique de la race et donnent des idées sur la façon de mieux procéder avec les lecteurs en difficulté.На примере кейс‐исследования судьбы одного ученика рассмотрены три учебных подхода, исходящих из того, что чтение является социальным опытом, связанным с этнокультурными аспектами и самоидентичностью. Эти подходы основаны на исследованиях новых видов грамотности, на практике общения детей со средствами массовой информации и на критической теории рас. Они дают учителям возможность обеспечить поддержкой учащихся, которые с трудом осваивают чтение.Un estudio sobre un estudiante sirve para explorar tres acercamientos pedagógicos que hacen a los maestros ver la lectura como una experiencia social que incluye cultura e identidad. Estas aproximaciones se basan en Estudios de Competencias Nuevas (New Literacy Studies), en cómo los niños usan los medios de comunicación, y en teorías críticas sobre la raza para ofrecer perspectivas sobre cómo mejor ayudar a los que leen con dificultad.
Affecting Literacy and World Understandings Through Creating Opportunities to Meet Real Authors
Authors: Klug Beverly J. , Turner Kaye , Feuerborn Patricia 
Published: August 2009

An idea to bring ethnically diverse authors to Southeast Idaho to promote reading and cultural understandings was conceived 24 years ago. The Visiting Author Series resulted from a committee's dream and resulted in new understandings of the literacy process as well as bringing the world to this region.تلخيص البحث: تم خلق فكرة لإحضار مؤلفين ذوي عروق متنوعة إلى جنوب شرق ولاية أيداهو لترويج القراءة والتفاهم الثقافي منذ 24 سنة ورتّب حلم اللجنة على برنامج يسمى سلسلة الزوار المؤلفين ونتج عن مفاهيم جديدة لعملية تعلم القراءة والكتابة وكذلك إحضار العالم إلى هذه المنطقة.把不同民族背景的作者带到美国爱达荷州东南部来，以促进对阅读和文化的认识，这个意念是在二十四年前构思出来的。《访问作者系列》是来自一个委员会的梦想，而其结果对读写文化过程产生了新的认识，并把全球作者带到这个地区来。Nous avons eu l'idée il y a vingt‐quatre ans de faire venir des auteurs de diverses origines ethniques dans le sud‐est de l'Idaho pour promouvoir la lecture et la compréhension des cultures. La série d'auteurs visitant fut le résultat du rêve d'un comité et eut pour résultat de nouvelles façons de concevoir le processus de littératie et pour effet d'apporter le monde à cette région.Еще 24 года назад в юго‐восточную часть штата Айдахо – для популяризации чтения и взаимопонимания между народами – стали приглашать писателей, представляющих различные этносы. Возникнув из мечты нескольких энтузаистов, это начинание в итоге вывело местное сообщество на новый уровень понимания литературного процесса и мира в целом.Hace 24 años se decidió traer autores de diferentes etnias al sureste del estado de Idaho para fomentar la comprensión cultural y de la lectura. La Serie de Autores Visitantes surgió de la visión de un comité y tuvo como resultado una nueva comprensión del proceso de alfabetización además de traer al mundo a esta región.
Paraphrasing: An Effective Comprehension Strategy
Authors: Kletzien Sharon B. 
Published: August 2009

Paraphrasing, somewhat different from retelling and summarizing, helps students monitor their understanding and incorporate new knowledge with what they already know about a topic. Paraphrasing helps students realize that comprehension is the goal of reading.تلخيص البحث: إن إعادة صياغة النص مختلفة قليلاً عن كلا إعادة الحكاية والتلخيص فأنها تساعد الطلاب في مراقبة فهمهم وإدماج هذا الفهم الجديد في ما عرفوا سلفاً عن موضوع ما. وكذلك تساعد في إدراك بأن الفهم هو هدف القراءة.释义重述稍别于复述及总结。释义重述能帮助学生监察他们对新知识的理解，及把一个课题内的新知识加进他们的已有知识。释义重述更能帮助学生认识到理解所阅读的内容是阅读的目标。Paraphraser, ce qui est différent de redire et de résumer, aide les élèves à piloter leur compréhension et introduit de nouvelles connaissances à ce qu'ils savaient déjà sur un sujet donné. Paraphraser aide les élèves à réaliser que la compréhension est le but de la lecture.Перефразирование – несколько иной вид работы, нежели пересказ и суммирование текста – помогает учащимся контролировать собственное понимание и соотносить новую информацию с тем, что они уже знают по данной теме. Перефразирование помогает детям понять, что цель чтения состоит именно в понимании текста.La paráfrasis o traducción libre, un poco diferente del recuento o el resumen, ayuda a los estudiantes a supervisar su entendimiento e incorporar nuevos conocimientos a lo que ya saben sobre cierto tema. La paráfrasis hace que los estudiantes se den cuenta que se lee para comprender.
Post natal oestrogen administration stimulates precocious endometrial gland development in the horse
Authors: WILSHER S. , LEFRANC A.‐C. , ALLEN W. R. 
Published: August 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Fillies completely devoid of endometrial glands (uterine gland knockout; UGKO) would make ideal experimental models in which to study the role of endometrial histotroph in embryogenesis and early fetal development in the mare. Hypothesis: Administration of a synthetic progestagen plus oestrogen to newborn filly foals and, thereafter, at regular intervals to age 6 months, would permanently suppress endometrial gland development. Methods: Nine half‐sister Thoroughbred filly foals were treated, in 3 groups, with: A) the weakly active progestagen, norgestomet, administered from birth to age 6 months, in subcutaneous implant form plus oestradiol valerate and norgestomet i.m. at fortnightly intervals; B) the strongly active oral progestagen, altrenogest, administered daily from birth to age 6 months plus fortnightly injections of oestradiol valerate and norgestomet; C) nothing (untreated controls). Endometrial biopsies were recovered from all fillies at ages 6 months and 2 years to assess the degree of endometrial gland morphogenesis and to determine immunohistochemically the presence or absence of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in the endometrial tissues. Results: Groups B and C showed no endometrial gland development, whereas Group A fillies showed a high degree of endometrial gland development, plus strong staining for both oestrogen and progesterone receptors at age 6 months. All 9 fillies showed full normal endometrial gland morphogenesis, development and function at age 2 years. Conclusions and relevance: While the administration of a strongly active progestagen over‐rode the actions of the concomitantly administered oestrogen and suppressed endometrial gland development during the period of administration, treatment with oestradiol valerate together with a weakly active progestagen, stimulated precocious endometrial gland development. Neither steroid was able to create the desired UGKO experimental model and all fillies showed normal endometrial gland development and fertility after puberty. Hence, ovarian oestrogen, not progesterone, appears to be the basic stimulus for endometrial gland morphogenesis in the horse.
The prevalence and anatomical distribution of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark
Authors: LUTHERSSON N. , NIELSEN K. HOU , HARRIS P. , PARKIN T. D. H. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: The prevalence (up to 93% in Thoroughbred racehorses) and severity of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) have been correlated with the type of training and associated management practices. However, there have been few reports to confirm these findings in nonracehorses in Europe.Objectives: To describe the prevalence, anatomical distribution, severity and number of gastric ulceration lesions in a population of Danish pleasure horses; and to investigate differences for groups based on age, breed type and workload.Methods: A total of 201 horses not in active race‐training, age 7 months‐27 years, were evaluated, representing 23 different stables from all 5 regions of Denmark. These horses were considered to be healthy by the owner and not on veterinary treatment for EGUS. Endoscopically observed ulcer lesion scores were based on the number present (0–4) and severity (0–5). The presence or absence of ulcers in the glandular and/or nonglandular regions of the stomach was recorded and which site the most severe ulcers were found.Results: The prevalence of EGUS severity score ≥2 was 53%. The most severe lesions were commonly observed at themargo plicatus.Although older horses were not more likely to be affected by clinically significant EGUS they were more likely to have lesions in both the glandular and nonglandular regions. Differences in location of EGUS lesions were identified in different age groups, breed types and in horses exposed to different levels of work.Conclusion and potential relevance: This study confirms that gastric ulceration can be prevalent in a group of apparently clinically normal horses, not in intensive work. Further investigation of reasons for differences in EGUS location between different populations may aid toward the development of novel preventive measures.
Risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark
Authors: LUTHERSSON N. , NIELSEN K. HOU , HARRIS P. , PARKIN T. D. H. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: The prevalence (up to 93% in Thoroughbred racehorses) and severity of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) has been associated with type of training and differing management practices. However, there have been few studies to confirm these findings in nonracehorses in Europe.Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of EGUS in a population of Danish horses, during winter when the horses had been housed and fed for at least 8 weeks and to analyse the influence of feed, work level and environment on the risk of EGUS of §grade 2in severity.Methods: A total of 201 horses, not in active race‐training, were evaluated, representing 23 different stables from all 5 regions within Denmark. All horses were considered to be healthy and not on medical treatment for EGUS. Endoscopically observed ulcer lesion scores were based on the number present (0–4) and severity (0–5). Univariate and multivariable mixed effects logistic regression models were developed using EGUS score as the dependent variable. An ulceration severity score of §2 was regarded as being clinically significant. Separate models were developed for horses with ulcers in either the glandular or nonglandular regions of the stomach graded §2 (EGUS §2) and for those horses that had nonglandular ulcers graded §2 (NG §2).Results: In this population, 53% (107/201) of horses were graded as having EGUS §2 with 95 (47%) horses having NG §2. Three variables were significantly (P<0.05) associated with EGUS §2: straw being the only forage available; exceeding 2 g/kg bwt of starch intake/day or §1 g/kg bwt/meal; and water not being available in the turn out paddock. Risk of NG §2 significantly increased when straw was the only forage available, 1 g/kg bwt of starch/meal was exceeded, water was not available in the turnout paddock and the interval between forage feeding was <6 h.Conclusion and potential relevance: This study has confirmed that components of the diet, readily modifiable, may have an important impact on the risk of EGUS in the nonracehorse. Differences in the multivariable models produced for all ulcers and nonglandular ulcers support differences in the aetiology of ulcers in different locations of the stomach.
Effect of lipopolysaccharide infusion on gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in normal horsesin vivo
Authors: NIETO J. E. , MACDONALD M. H. , BRAIM A. E. POULIN , ALEMAN M. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryHorses are exquisitely sensitive to bacterial endotoxin and endotoxaemia is common in colic cases. In this study, gene expression of inflammatory cytokines was characterised in the blood of healthy horses following i.v. administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Six horses received an LPS infusion and 6 controls received an equivalent volume of saline. Gene expression of genes encoding interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) was quantified by real‐time PCR. Gene expression of all inflammatory cytokines was upregulated following administration of LPS. Interleukin‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐8 and TNF‐α gene expression peaked at 60 min, while IL‐6 expression peaked at 90 min post LPS infusion. Interleukin‐1β and IL‐6 messenger RNA expression levels were above the baseline values 3 h post LPS infusion, whereas IL‐1α, IL‐8 and TNF‐α expression levels returned to baseline values by 3 h after LPS infusion. It was concluded that LPS infusion upregulated gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the blood of healthy horses.