bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Independent Data Adjudication on Hospital-Specific Estimates of Risk-Adjusted Mortality Following Percutaneous Coronary Interventions in Massachusetts
Authors: Barringhaus Kurt G. , Zelevinsky Katya , Lovett Ann , Normand Sharon-Lise T. , Ho Kalon K.L. 
Published: December 2010

Background—
As part of state-mandated public reporting of outcomes after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) in Massachusetts, procedural and clinical data were prospectively collected. Variables associated with higher mortality were audited to ensure accuracy of coding. We examined the impact of adjudication on identifying hospitals with possible deficiencies in the quality of PCI care.

Methods and Results—

From October 2005 to September 2006, 15 721 admissions for PCI occurred in 21 hospitals. Of the 864 high-risk variables from 822 patients audited by committee, 201 were changed, with reassignment to lower acuities in 97 (30%) of the 321 shock cases, 24 (43%) of the 56 salvage cases, and 73 (15%) of the 478 emergent cases. Logistic regression models were used to predict patient-specific in-hospital mortality. Of 241 (1.5%) patients who died after PCI, 30 (12.4%) had a lower predicted mortality with adjudicated than with unadjudicated data. Model accuracy was excellent with either adjudicated or unadjudicated data. Hospital-specific risk-standardized mortality rates were estimated using both adjudicated and unadjudicated data through hierarchical logistic regression. Although adjudication reduced between-hospital variation by one third, risk-standardized mortality rates were similar using unadjudicated and adjudicated data. None of the hospitals were identified as statistical outliers. However, cross-validated posterior-predicted
P
values calculated with adjudicated data increased the number of borderline hospital outliers compared with unadjudicated data.

Conclusions—
Independent adjudication of site-reported high-risk features may increase the ability to identify hospitals with higher risk-adjusted mortality after PCI despite having little impact on the accuracy of risk prediction for the entire population.
Comparing MODIS and AIRS Infrared-Based Cloud Retrievals
Authors: Nasiri Shaima L. , Van T. Dang H. , Kahn Brian H. , Fetzer Eric J. , Manning Evan M. , Schreier Mathias M. , Frey Richard A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractComparisons are described for infrared-derived cloud products retrieved from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) using measured spatial response functions obtained from prelaunch AIRS calibration. One full day (1 January 2005) of global collection-5 MODIS and version-5 AIRS retrievals of cloud-top temperature Tc, effective cloud fraction f, and derived effective brightness temperature Tb,e is investigated. Comparisons of Tb,e demonstrate that MODIS and AIRS are essentially radiatively consistent and that MODIS Tb,e is 0.62 K higher than AIRS Tb,e for all scenes, increasing to 1.43 K for cloud described by AIRS as single layer and decreasing to 0.50 K for two-layer clouds. Somewhat larger differences in Tc and f are observed between the two instruments. The magnitudes of differences depend partly on whether MODIS uses a CO2-slicing or 11-μm brightness temperature window retrieval method. Some cloud- and regime-type differences and similarities between AIRS and MODIS cloud products are traceable to the assumptions made about the number of cloud layers in AIRS and also to the MODIS retrieval method. This (partially) holistic comparison approach should be useful for ongoing algorithm refinements, rigorous assessments of climate applicability, and establishment of the capability of synergistic MODIS and AIRS retrievals for improved cloud quantities and also should be useful for future observations to be made by the National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project (NPP).
Atmospheric Local Energetics and Energy Interactions between Mean and Eddy Fields. Part II: An Example for the Last Glacial Maximum Climate
Authors: Murakami Shigenori , Ohgaito Rumi , Abe-Ouchi Ayako 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The atmospheric local energy cycle in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) climate simulated by an atmosphere–ocean GCM (AOGCM) is investigated using a new diagnostic scheme. In contrast to existing ones, this scheme can represent the local features of the Lorenz energy cycle correctly, and it provides the complete information about the three-dimensional structure of the energy interactions between mean and eddy fields. The diagnosis reveals a significant enhancement of the energy interactions through the barotropic processes in the Atlantic sector at the LGM. Energy interactions through the baroclinic processes are also enhanced in the Atlantic sector, although those in the Pacific sector are rather weakened. These LGM responses, however, are not evident in the global energy cycle except for an enhancement of the energy flow through the stationary eddies.
Projected Changes in Mean and Extreme Precipitation in Africa under Global Warming. Part II: East Africa
Authors: Shongwe Mxolisi E. , van Oldenborgh Geert Jan , van den Hurk Bart , van Aalst Maarten 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Probable changes in mean and extreme precipitation in East Africa are estimated from general circulation models (GCMs) prepared for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). Bayesian statistics are used to derive the relative weights assigned to each member in the multimodel ensemble. There is substantial evidence in support of a positive shift of the whole rainfall distribution in East Africa during the wet seasons. The models give indications for an increase in mean precipitation rates and intensity of high rainfall events but for less severe droughts. Upward precipitation trends are projected from early this (twenty first) century. As in the observations, a statistically significant link between sea surface temperature gradients in the tropical Indian Ocean and short rains (October–December) in East Africa is simulated in the GCMs. Furthermore, most models project a differential warming of the Indian Ocean during boreal autumn. This is favorable for an increase in the probability of positive Indian Ocean zonal mode events, which have been associated with anomalously strong short rains in East Africa. On top of the general increase in rainfall in the tropics due to thermodynamic effects, a change in the structure of the Eastern Hemisphere Walker circulation is consistent with an increase in East Africa precipitation relative to other regions within the same latitudinal belt. A notable feature of this change is a weakening of the climatological subsidence over eastern Kenya. East Africa is shown to be a region in which a coherent projection of future precipitation change can be made, supported by physical arguments. Although the rate of change is still uncertain, almost all results point to a wetter climate with more intense wet seasons and less severe droughts.
Can the Increase in the Eddy Length Scale under Global Warming Cause the Poleward Shift of the Jet Streams?
Authors: Kidston Joseph , Vallis G. K. , Dean S. M. , Renwick J. A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The question of whether an increase in the atmospheric eddy length scale may cause a poleward shift of the midlatitude jet streams is addressed. An increase in the length scale of the eddy reduces its zonal phase speed and so causes eddies to dissipate farther from the jet core. If the eddy dissipation region on the poleward flank of the jet overlaps with the eddy source latitudes, shifting this dissipation to higher latitudes will alter which latitudes are a net source of baroclinic eddies, and hence the eddy-driven jet stream may shift poleward. This behavior does not affect the equatorward flank of the jet in the same way because the dissipation region on the equatorward flank is well separated from the source latitudes. An experiment with a barotropic model is presented in which an increase in the length scale of a midlatitude perturbation results in a poleward shift in the acceleration of the zonal flow. Initial investigations indicate that this behavior is also important in both observational data and the output of comprehensive general circulation models (GCMs). A simplified GCM is used to show that the latitude of the eddy-driven jet is well correlated with the eddy length scale. It is argued that the increase in the eddy length scale causes the poleward shift of the jet in these experiments, rather than vice versa.
Subseasonal Variation in ENSO-Related East Asian Rainfall Anomalies during Summer and Its Role in Weakening the Relationship between the ENSO and Summer Rainfall in Eastern China since the Late 1970s
Authors: Ye Hong , Lu Riyu 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The findings of the study reported in this paper show that, during ENSO decaying summers, rainfall and circulation anomalies exhibit clear subseasonal variation. Corresponding to a positive (negative) December–February (DJF) Niño-3.4 index, a positive (negative) subtropical rainfall anomaly, with a southwest–northeast tilt, appears in South China and the western North Pacific (WNP) in the subsequent early summer (from June to middle July) but advances northward into the Huai River Basin in China as well as Korea and central Japan in late summer (from late July to August). Concurrently, a lower-tropospheric anticyclonic anomaly over the WNP extends northward from early to late summer. The seasonal change in the basic flows, characterized by the northward shift of the upper-tropospheric westerly jet and the WNP subtropical high, is suggested to be responsible for the differences in the above rainfall and circulation anomalies between early and late summer by inducing distinct extratropical responses even under the almost identical tropical forcing of a precipitation anomaly in the Philippine Sea.
A particular focus of the study is to investigate, using station rainfall data, the subseasonal variations in ENSO-related rainfall anomalies in eastern China since the 1950s, to attempt to examine their role in weakening the relationship between the ENSO and summer mean rainfall in eastern China since the late 1970s. It is found that the ENSO-related rainfall anomalies tend to be similar between early and late summer before the late 1970s, that is, the period characterized by a stronger ENSO–summer mean rainfall relationship. After the late 1970s, however, the anomalous rainfall pattern in eastern China is almost reversed between early and late summer, resulting accordingly in a weakened relationship between the ENSO and total summer rainfall in eastern China.
Longwave 3D Benchmarks for Inhomogeneous Clouds and Comparisons with Approximate Methods
Authors: Kablick George P. , Ellingson Robert G. , Takara Ezra E. , Gu Jlujing 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this study is twofold: to (i) establish three-dimensional (3D) longwave radiative transfer benchmarks for inhomogeneous cloud fields and (ii) compare the results with three approximate, 1D methods. The benchmark results are calculated using a correlated-k three-dimensional Monte Carlo (3DMC) algorithm that is validated via comparisons to line-by-line calculations for simple atmospheres. The approximate methods include an independent column approximation (ICA) and two cloud-overlap schemes: maximum/random (MRO) and random (RO). Six inhomogeneous cloudy-sky test cases are used and encompass a wide range of domain sizes used by general circulation models. Domain-averaged fluxes and heating rates from these atmospheres show that the ICA is consistently more accurate than the cloud-overlap models with respect to the 3D benchmarks. For example, comparisons of model results for the Atlantic Trade Wind Experiment (ATEX), a marine boundary layer cumulus field, yield a maximum cloud-layer heating rate error of 15.73 K day−1 from using cloud-overlap models, whereas the ICA error is only 2.17 K day−1. This paper presents results showing that these differences are attributed to the 3D effects of unresolved clouds and indicate that there is an inherent deficiency in the ability of 1D models to accurately calculate radiative quantities in these atmospheres.
Representing Grass– and Shrub–Snow–Atmosphere Interactions in Climate System Models
Authors: Liston Glen E. , Hiemstra Christopher A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A vegetation-protruding-above-snow parameterization for earth system models was developed to improve energy budget calculations of interactions among vegetation, snow, and the atmosphere in nonforested areas. These areas include shrublands, grasslands, and croplands, which represent 68% of the seasonally snow-covered Northern Hemisphere land surface (excluding Greenland). Snow depth observations throughout nonforested areas suggest that mid- to late-winter snowpack depths are often comparable or lower than the vegetation heights. As a consequence, vegetation protruding above the snow cover has an important impact on snow-season surface energy budgets. The protruding vegetation parameterization uses disparate energy balances for snow-covered and protruding vegetation fractions of each model grid cell, and fractionally weights these fluxes to define grid-average quantities. SnowModel, a spatially distributed snow-evolution modeling system, was used to test and assess the parameterization. Simulations were conducted during the winters of 2005/06 and 2006/07 for conditions of 1) no protruding vegetation (the control) and 2) with protruding vegetation. The spatial domain covered Colorado, Wyoming, and portions of the surrounding states; 81% of this area is nonforested. The surface net radiation, energy, and moisture fluxes displayed considerable differences when protruding vegetation was included. For shrubs, the net radiation, sensible, and latent fluxes changed by an average of 12.7, 6.9, and −22.7 W m−2, respectively. For grass and crops, these fluxes changed by an average of 6.9, −0.8, and −7.9 W m−2, respectively. Daily averaged flux changes were as much as 5 times these seasonal averages. As such, the new parameterization represents a major change in surface flux calculations over more simplistic and less physically realistic approaches.
Radar Nowcasting of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning over Houston, Texas
Authors: Mosier Richard M. , Schumacher Courtney , Orville Richard E. , Carey Lawrence D. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Ten years (1997–2006) of summer (June–August) daytime (1400–0000 UTC) Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler data for Houston, Texas, were examined to determine the best radar-derived predictors of the first cloud-to-ground lightning flash from a convective cell. Convective cells were tracked using a modified version of the Storm Cell Identification and Tracking (SCIT) algorithm and then correlated to cloud-to-ground lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN). Combinations of three radar reflectivity values (30, 35, and 40 dBZ) at four isothermal levels (−10°, −15°, −20°, and updraft −10°C) and a new radar-derived product, vertically integrated ice (VII), were used to optimize a radar-based lightning forecast algorithm. Forecasts were also delineated by range and the number of times a cell was identified and tracked by the modified SCIT algorithm. This study objectively analyzed 67 384 unique cells and 1 028 510 lightning flashes to find the best lightning forecast criteria. Results show that using 30 dBZ at the −15° or −20°C isotherm on cells within 75 km of the radar that have been tracked for at least two consecutive scans produces the best lightning forecasts with a critical success index (CSI) of 0.68. The best VII predictor values were 0.42 or 0.58 kg m−2 on cells within 75 km of the radar that have been tracked for at least two consecutive scans, producing a CSI of 0.67. Lead times for these predictors were 10.0 and 13.4 min, respectively. Lead times greater than 10 min occurred with less stringent predictors (e.g., 30 dBZ at −10°C or VII greater than 0.25 kg m−2 on cells within 125 km with a minimum track count of 2), but lower CSI values result. In general, cells tracked for multiple scans provide higher CSIs and lead times than decreasing the range from the radar or changing the reflectivity threshold and height.
Peer violence perpetration among urban adolescents: Dispelling the myth of the violent immigrant
Authors: Almeida Joanna , Johnson Renee M. , McNamara Mariah , Gupta Jhumka 
Published: December 2010

Researchers have found an inverse relationship between immigrant status and violence perpetration. Most studies have examined Mexican immigrants, and few have assessed immigration factors other than nativity. Additionally, the majority have focused on the most serious forms of violence despite the fact that moderate violence is more common. Using data from the 2008 Boston Youth Survey, we generated prevalence estimates of peer violence perpetration across immigration related factors, examined whether risk factors for peer violence differed by these variables, and explored the contribution of risk factors to peer violence perpetration. Recent immigrants had a significantly lower prevalence of peer violence compared to each other generations/time in U.S. group. Known risk factors for violence perpetration varied by generation/time in U.S.: compared to other groups, recent immigrants were less likely to have used substances, and were more likely earn A’s and B’s in school. Recent immigrants had a significantly lower risk of violence perpetration relative to U.S.-born (RR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.62). Adjusting for known risk factors did not attenuate differences in risk. While immigrant youth had a lower risk of peer violence, the protective effect was diminished among immigrants who had resided in the U.S. for >4 years. This pattern demonstrates that negative assimilation occurs within the first generation, not just across generations. Results suggest that perpetration of violence worsens with increased time in the U.S. Research is needed to identify factors that contribute to the acquisition of behaviors such as violence among recently arrived immigrant youth.
The PP2A inhibitor SET regulates granzyme B expression in human natural killer cells
Authors: Trotta Rossana , Ciarlariello David , Dal Col Jessica , Mao Hsiaoyin , Chen Li , Briercheck Edward , Yu Jianhua , Zhang Jianying , Perrotti Danilo , Caligiuri Michael A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe ability of natural killer (NK) cells to kill malignant or infected cells depends on the integration of signals from different families of cell surface receptors, including cytokine receptors. How such signals then regulate NK-cell cytotoxicity is incompletely understood. Here we analyzed an endogenous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity called SET, and its role in regulating human NK-cell cytotoxicity and its mechanism of action in human NK cells. RNAi-mediated suppression of SET down-modulates NK-cell cytotoxicity, whereas ectopic overexpression of SET enhances cytotoxicity. SET knockdown inhibits both mRNA and protein granzyme B expression, as well as perforin expression, whereas SET overexpression enhances granzyme B expression. Treatment of NK cells with the PP2A activator 1,9-dideoxy-forskolin also inhibits both granzyme B expression and cytotoxicity. In addition, pretreatment with the PP2A inhibitor okadaic acid rescues declining granzyme B mRNA levels in SET knockdown cells. Down-modulation of SET expression or activation of PP2A also decreases human NK-cell antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Finally, the induction of granzyme B gene expression by interleukin-2 and interleukin-15 is inhibited by SET knockdown. These data provide evidence that granzyme B gene expression and therefore human NK-cell cytotoxicity can be regulated by the PP2A-SET interplay.
Results of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic myelogenous leukemia patients who failed tyrosine kinase inhibitors after developing BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutations
Authors: Jabbour Elias , Cortes Jorge , Santos Fabio P. S. , Jones Dan , O'Brien Susan , Rondon Gabriela , Popat Uday , Giralt Sergio , Kebriaei Partow , Jones Roy B. , Kantarjian Hagop , Champlin Richard , de Lima Marcos 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is effective therapy for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) but is now mostly indicated for patients who develop resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), which can be associated with point mutations in BCR-ABL1. We reviewed the outcomes of imatinib-resistant CML patients (chronic phase, n = 34; accelerated phase [AP], n = 9; and blast phase [BP], n = 4) who underwent HSCT and had BCR-ABL1 sequencing. Mutations were found in 19 patients (40%); 15 of 19 had advanced CML (AP + BP + second chronic phase). Patients with mutations were more likely to transform to AP/BP at time of imatinib failure (69% vs 35%, P = .03). Forty-two patients (89%) responded to HSCT: 32 (68%) had at least a major molecular response. The 2-year event-free survival was 36% and 58% (P = .05) for the mutant and nonmutant groups, respectively; and the 2-year overall survival was 44% and 76% (P = .02), respectively. HSCT is an important salvage option for TKI-resistant patients with or without BCR-ABL1 mutations. Patients with mutations were more likely to develop advanced disease and had worse outcomes after HSCT. HSCT should be considered early for patients deemed to have a low probability of responding to second-generation TKI.
Potential for Electronic Health Records and Online Social Networking to Redefine Medical Research
Authors: Pearson John F , Brownstein Catherine A , Brownstein John S 
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND
Recent legislation in the US requires that all medical records become electronic over the next decade. In addition, ongoing developments in patient-oriented care, most notably with the advent of health social networking and personal health records, provide a plethora of new information sources for research.

CONTENT
Electronic health records (EHRs) show great potential for use in observational studies to examine drug safety via pharmacovigiliance methods that can find adverse drug events as well as expand drug safety profiles. EHRs also show promise for head-to-head comparative effectiveness trials and could play a critical role in secondary and tertiary diabetes prevention efforts. A growing subset of EHRs, personal health records (PHRs), opens up the possibility of engaging patients in their care, as well as new opportunities for participatory research and personalized medicine. Organizations nationwide, from providers to employers, are already investing heavily in PHR systems. Additionally, the explosive use of online social networking sites and mobile technologies will undoubtedly play a role in future research efforts by making available a veritable flood of information, such as real-time exercise monitoring, to health researchers.

SUMMARY
The future confluence of health information technologies will enable researchers and clinicians to reveal novel therapies and insights into treatments and disease management, as well as environmental and genomic interactions, at an unprecedented population scale.