bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purchase, Scanner, and Media Panels
Authors: Mulhern Frank J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Purchase, scanner, and media panels are collections of individuals or households who agree to provide detailed information on their behavior over a period of time. Participants in these panels provide marketers with detailed information on purchase behavior or media use. Panels are designed to represent the demographic and ethnic population of the nation, and range in size from a few thousand to tens of thousands of participants. In purchase panels, participants record information about what they buy. Typically, participants, upon returning from a shopping trip, enter their purchase information into either a diary or an online data collection system. Scanner panels are a special type of purchase panels, where participants are enrolled in a program that automatically captures data on their purchases at retail stores. Scanner panels overcome the limitation of requiring participants to input information manually. Information is necessary on media consumption behavior for the advertisers to successfully place ads where they will be seen by target audiences. That information comes from media panels that consist of households who agree to have their media use tracked by electronic devices.
Comparative Evaluation of Survey Methods
Authors: Wang Tuo 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A researcher has the option of choosing a method from a menu of different methods of doing surveys: face‐to‐face interview at home or mall‐intercept interview, mail survey, online survey, and telephone survey. Each of these methods is characterized by distinct advantages and disadvantages. The major criteria used to evaluate these methods are response time in collecting data, cost of obtaining data per respondent, quality of data obtained from each method, and flexibility in designing the survey, including incorporation of audio/video materials. The mall‐intercept interview and web surveys are recommended when the data are needed within a short period of time. Web surveys are also the least expensive method of collecting survey data. On the other hand, the face‐to‐face interview has been shown to generate the highest quality of data. Face‐to‐face interviews, followed by web surveys, are also very flexible in terms of adapting the data collection process to the special needs of the research project and the characteristics of survey respondents. Therefore, a researcher has to decide what is important in a given study regarding the four dimensions and choose a method that best meets the desired criteria of the research project.
Field Work/Data Collection Process
Authors: Grimm Pamela 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Field work is a process of data collection using survey methods such as face‐to‐face interviews; telephone, postal, and online surveys; or observation. Each of these methods require different amount of field work and different degrees of skills and effort to administer the data collection process, execute the task of actual collection of data, and to finally get the data ready for analysis. If the survey method requires interviewer(s) to conduct the actual survey, they need to be trained regarding sampling procedure, means to get cooperation from respondents, role of verbal and nonverbal cues in influencing respondents, and other procedures and skills. They also need to ensure the security of data especially to protect the respondent's privacy and confidentiality. Because administration of data collection and actual collection of data require personnel with specialized skills and administrative capacity, most firms tend to subcontract the task of collecting data to other vendors who are equipped to handle this task. A very important sourcebook of information called
The Green Book
contains a list of such research vendors.
Concept of Causality and Conditions for Causality
Authors: Oppewal Harmen 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The concept of causality has been debated over the centuries but remains one of the most valuable types of knowledge because it tells what can or should be done to obtain a desired consequence or to avoid an undesirable outcome. Causality concerns relationships where a change in one variable necessarily results in a change in another variable. There are three conditions for causality: covariation, temporal precedence, and control for “third variables.” The latter comprise alternative explanations for the observed causal relationship. Spurious relationships occur when covariation between variables suggests a causal effect but where this covariation is, in fact, the result of an underlying shared cause.
Content Analysis
Authors: Price Linda L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractContent analysis is distinct from a hermeneutical approach, and is used to analyze symbolic content of communication, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in a wide variety of communication types. By addressing the need for and accounting for some level of interpretive ambiguity, content analysis is useful in determining commercially relevant patterns, frequencies, and potential categories. It also allows unobtrusive appraisal of communications, can be integrated with other qualitative and quantitative methods, and can link message content to source characteristics, and to environmental and other variables.The researcher seeks to use content analysis to establish sufficiently exhaustive criteria for selection that can account for each variation in communication content, and then apply these criteria such that subsequent analysis by others would obtain comparable results for the same messages.
Cross‐Tabulation
Authors: Dass Mayukh 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

When we are interested to determine how two or more categorical variables are linked in a study, cross‐tabulation is one of the initial approaches to consider. In a cross‐tabulation, we create a table similar to that of a frequency distribution, but here, we merge the counts of different values of two or more variables. In other words, a cross‐tabulation table is a way to present the frequency distribution of two or more variables concurrently. The cross‐tabulation table is also known as a
contingency table
and can be between two variables (bivariate cross‐tabulation) and three variables (three‐variable cross‐tabulation). From the managerial perspective, cross‐tabulation is useful in providing information on how the values of the two variables are related, which cross‐classification is most selected by the respondents, and how these cross‐classifications are different from each other.
Multicollinearity
Authors: Franke George R. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Predictor variables that are highly correlated provide little independent explanatory ability. This pattern is known as
multicollinearity
or simply
collinearity
. Collinearity increases the variances of the regression coefficient, so that they may (i) have theoretically implausible magnitudes or signs; (ii) vary substantially with small changes in the sample of observations or the set of predictors; and (iii) be individually nonsignificant even though they explain significant amounts of variance overall. One indicator of collinearity is correlations of above 0.8 or 0.9 between predictor variables. Another is high
R

2

s from regressing each predictor
x

i

on all the other predictors The inverse of the unexplained variance,

, is known as the
variance inflation factor (VIF)
. A VIF ≥10 indicates potentially harmful collinearity. Condition indices (CIs) – functions of eigenvalues of the scaled predictor variables – in combination with the variance proportions of the standard errors of the regression coefficients associated with each CI are especially useful indicators. Treatments include combining or omitting predictors, or constraining coefficients in theoretically justifiable ways. Ridge regression and structural equation modeling may reduce problems that occur with ordinary multiple regression. Model development and data collection procedures are often found to be the best remedy for collinearity problems.
Unobserved Heterogeneity
Authors: Arora Neeraj 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

In marketing, it is important to recognize differences between individuals, or heterogeneity. When observables such as consumer demographics are used to investigate any patterns in the data via a model, we call it
observed heterogeneity
. The remaining unaccounted heterogeneity in model parameters is called
unobserved heterogeneity
. A limitation of a model that ignores heterogeneity is that it is highly restrictive – marketers like to segment the market based on interpersonal differences in price sensitivity, product feature (e.g., low fat, high fuel efficiency) sensitivity, and brand preference. Ability to accurately characterize unobserved heterogeneity requires multiple observations for each unit of analysis. Common contexts involve syndicated data available for most packaged goods and conjoint analysis (ratings and choice‐based) data, where the very purpose of the experiment is to uncover the heterogeneity in relative importance of product features across the population of interest. Recent innovations in computing power and Bayesian simulation‐based methods of model estimation have significantly simplified our ability to estimate models with unobserved heterogeneity.
Customer‐Satisfaction Research
Authors: Mittal Vikas 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
It is well understood that customer satisfaction is a key factor determining the profitability of a firm. Thus, firms routinely conduct customer‐satisfaction research to measure the satisfaction and repurchase intentions amongst its customer base. They also measure attribute‐level performance to identify key drivers of overall satisfaction. This article describes the state of the art in customer‐satisfaction research, and provides guidance on how to design a customer‐satisfaction study for maximum business impact. For instance, in addition to surveying current customers, firms should also conduct a survey of prospective and past customers. Similarly, multivariate analysis can be used to glean important insights such as determining attribute importance, and linking customer satisfaction to behavioral and financial metrics.
Consumer Acculturation
Authors: Peñaloza Lisa 
Published: December 2010

AbstractConsumer acculturationis defined as the general process of adaptation by consumers in the marketplace. Its scope is broad, in examining social and market learning and interaction at individual, family, community, societal, and transnational levels. Consumer research challenges include distinguishing consumption practices with and among groups and calibrating change; while marketing challenges center on learning to serve consumers of various cultures and address them in ways sensitive to relations between groups. The issue is to better understand the role of business in separating, uniting, legitimizing, and excluding groups of people, as tailoring products and services to the mainstream advances its dominance, even as targeting groups outside a cultural mainstream enables their members to reproduce vital cultural patterns and meanings and thrive. Carried further, acculturation research can provide insight into the identity and vitality of nations by generating insight into the nature of consumer and marketer relations and the role of markets in drawing upon and reproducing difference. Challenges in public policy entail effectively dealing with the tendency of one group to restrict the language and cultural expressions of others who are “different” in developing more inclusive service provision. The entry closes with suggestions for further research.
Subcultures
Authors: Kozinets Robert V. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Contemporary consumer culture consists of subcultures that provide meanings and practices that significantly structure the identities, relationships, and behaviors of consumers. These subcultures are closely related to countercultures and often serve as the source of countercultural images and identities. Their countercultural images and identities are often absorbed by the advertising, entertainment, and marketing industries, and eventually become popularized. In consumer research or consumer cultural studies, subcultures have been related to a variety of different consumption activities. The use of the term
subculture
has been criticized as overly deviant, ambiguous, and overextended; however, many consumer researchers still find the concept useful. A number of related concepts have been developed, such as subcultures of consumption, communities of consumption, brand communities, and microcultures. The term deals with an ambiguous, dynamic, and important social phenomenon. It is also linked to important bases of literature. As long as lifestyle, differentiation, self‐transformation, and small group identities continue to be important aspects of contemporary consumer culture, the concept of subcultures will continue to be both needed and useful.
Social Class
Authors: Crockett David K. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Social classes are groupings across society, broadly recognized by members of that society, involving inequalities, or certainly, differences in such areas as power, authority, wealth, income, prestige, working conditions, lifestyles, and culture. In contemporary consumer culture, social class provides insight into how people consume rather than what they consume. Although the number of social class groups varies across societies, most include at least three hierarchically arranged groups.
Social Networks
Authors: Goldenberg Jacob 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNetworks play an important role in a wide and varied set of social and economic situations (e.g., job opportunity dissemination, non‐centralized market trade innovation adoption). This body of literature can be classified into two research themes: (i) network formation; and (ii) information dissemination over networks. One of the most interesting properties of network research is that researchers in a wide range of fields work on similar problems, using similar definitions, and obtain coherent results on networks dynamics. In the last two decades, social science research has advanced understanding of global network properties, with discoveries related to general properties, including scale‐free structure, small worlds, clustering, and short paths. More recently, we have seen considerable efforts invested by scholars in different fields in understanding how these properties emerge, and identifying the local rules of behavior that lead to these structures. In this article, this field is briefly covered with emphasis on marketing related topics.
Persuasion
Authors: Herzenstein Michal 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Persuasion is an active attempt to change beliefs, attitudes, preferences, or behaviors. The extent of persuasion is measured by changes to the above (measured before and after the persuasion attempt). This article focuses on various approaches to persuasion. Cognitive approaches suggest that persuasion will take place if cognitive processing, conscious or unconscious, has occurred. Affective approaches, on the other hand, posit that people act on their emotions and they will be motivated to maintain their positive emotion and avoid experiencing negative emotions. Motivational approaches claim that persuasion happens when people wish to be persuaded. For example, most people like to appear consistent in what they think, say, and do, so they will change their attitudes to fit their past behavior. Self‐persuasion approaches try to understand how persuasive communications induce people to think more extensively about the brand or advocated position, because such elaboration leads to strong attitudes. Finally, social influence approaches lay down several principles that appeal to deeply rooted human drives and help in changing people's behaviors. In brief, persuasion can be attained in various ways, and choosing the proper appeal is crucial. Communicators wishing to move people in their direction should seek out the right time and place to put the right approach to use with their target audience.
Consumer Categorization
Authors: Loken Barbara 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Consumer categories include both taxonomic categories (e.g., product and brand categories) and goal‐derived categories (e.g., “ways to chat with my friends”). The properties of consumer categories are similar to other types of categories studied in psychology. For example, consumer category members have graded structure; they vary in their prototypicality or how good an example they are of the category. They also exhibit flexibility in membership and representation, and the various consumer characteristics (such as mood, expertise, and culture) and category differences (e.g., broad versus narrow categories) influence flexibility. Consumers also use categories to generate inferences about new category members (e.g., a new brand extension) and revise their beliefs about the category on the basis of information about the new category members. Subtypes or subgroupings of categories are also frequently generated by consumers and sometimes developed by marketers to differentiate product types. Consumer characteristics (e.g., satiety) and marketing characteristics (e.g., assortment and number of category members) influence how consumers develop categories, how much they like category members, and the product choices they make.
Consumer Brand Loyalty
Authors: Oliver Richard L. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

The concept of brand loyalty is reviewed from a theory‐based applied perspective based on a growing body of work in the academic community that has only recently found its way into nonacademic works. Although other conceptualizations have been suggested, a four‐phased model is used here as a guiding framework whereby loyalty is viewed as consisting of intermediate steps with distinct markers. Each of the stages, namely, cognitive, affective, conative, and action inertia, is defined, explained from a conceptual perspective, and entertained as a potential vulnerability to switching incentives. This framework is augmented with the addition of social support referred to as
community
. Lastly, the role of satisfaction in loyalty formation is explored in addition to the relationship between loyalty and profit.
Variety‐Seeking
Authors: Drolet Aimee , He Daniel 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Variety‐seeking is a common consumer choice strategy. This article reviews several reasons why consumers variety‐seek. Consumers seek variety for biological, utilitarian, and psychosocial reasons. In addition, this article reviews several moderators of consumers' tendency to vary their choice‐making. In particular, this article considers both situational and person‐specific factors that influence the amount of variety consumers will choose.
Consumer Creativity
Authors: Burroughs James 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Creativity (the production of novel and effective outcomes) occurs widely in consumer behavior. It is used for both expressive purposes, and to solve everyday consumption problems. Creative consumption is the product of multiple, confluent factors, some of the more important of which include analogical reasoning, domain knowledge, risk taking, and intrinsic motivation. Finally, creativity is a process that moves through stages of exploration, fixation, incubation, and insight. Creativity remains an important but underdeveloped issue in our field.
Consumer Well‐Being
Authors: Ahuvia Aaron , Scott Crystal , Bilgin Elif Izberk 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Measures of consumer well‐being have expanded from an early reliance on GDP per capita to a more balanced focus on multiple indicators of well‐being including subjective indicators such as happiness and life satisfaction. Among the very poor, increased overall levels of consumption have been shown to increase well‐being. But among the nonpoor, increased income and consumption has little long‐term impact on happiness. However, consumer well‐being among the nonpoor can be increased by increased savings and increased spending on charitable contributions, memorable experiences (rather than physical objects), and activities that support closer social relationships. Regardless of a person's actual spending levels, mental habits that focus on getting and spending (i.e., materialism) are negatively associated with well‐being. Marketing has been criticized for, among other things, increasing materialism. But it also has defenders who point out its role in organizing production to meet consumer needs.
Possessions and Self
Authors: Belk Russell 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPossessions are central to our sense of self. For better or for worse, our possessions help to tangibilize our past, our present, and perhaps our future. They may even provide a type of immortality when they remain attached to our identity after our death. Shallow materialism has been found to be harmful, but there is another sense in which our treasured possessions provide a focus of attachment in an age of otherwise disposable consumption. Possessions also provide a sense of stability and continuity in our lives. And our relationship with possessions is seldom just a person–thing relationship, but rather a person–thing–person relationship as they connect us to, remind us of, and announce something about us to various other people in our lives. This article also addresses various special meanings of possession, including coproduction, brand tribes and brand images, counterfeits, cool objects, shared possessions, and possessions as gifts.
Cross‐Cultural Psychology of Consumer Behavior
Authors: Koo Minkyung , Shavitt Sharon 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews the major cultural constructs of individualism/collectivism, independent/interdependent self‐construal, and analytic‐holistic thinking, and the cognitive processes and behaviors associated with these distinct cultural categories. It also reviews the implications of these distinctions for processes and outcomes relevant to the consumer context such as preferences, judgments, decision making, purchase behavior, and the persuasiveness of advertising appeals.
Motivation and Goals
Authors: Baumgartner Hans , Pieters Rik 
Published: December 2010

AbstractConsumer motivation deals with the question of why consumers do the things they do. We review prior research on consumer motivation, focusing on the central role played by goals in consumer behavior. We first discuss structural aspects of goals, including need hierarchies and typologies of values, hierarchical means‐end conceptualizations of product‐self relationships and goals, and a classification of purchase motives. We then describe the dynamics of goal pursuit, considering both goal setting and goal striving. Traditionally, these two processes have been viewed as conscious processes in which people deliberately select a goal and then strive to attain it. More recently, research has shown that goal pursuit can also occur without conscious awareness, and both conscious and nonconscious goal pursuit are considered.