bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual orientation and substance use trajectories in emerging adulthood
Authors: Talley Amelia E. , Sher Kenneth J. , Littlefield Andrew K. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTAims  The current study examined developmental changes in substance use behaviors (SUBS) based upon sexual orientation. The analyses also attempted to address a number of methodological limitations in the extant longitudinal literature (i.e. distinct operationalizations of sexual orientation, timing of sexual orientation assessment with respect to reports of SUBs, non‐linear growth).Participants  Data were drawn from a longitudinal study of incoming first‐time college students at a large public university (n = 3720).Design  After a paper‐and‐pencil assessment just prior to matriculation, participants completed a web‐based survey every fall and spring for 4 years (sub‐sample n = 2854).Findings  Latent growth models revealed that sexual minorities demonstrated significant heterogeneity with regard to substance use trajectories. Initial levels and trajectories of the frequency of substance use for sexual minority individuals were distinct, generally, from their exclusively heterosexual peers. Methodologically, the timing of the assessment of sexual orientation influenced the results, and modeling non‐linear components indicated that sexual minorities are at risk for exponential increases in their frequency of certain SUBs over time (i.e. drunkenness; cannabis use).Conclusions  Sexual minority and majority individuals exhibited differences in SUBs during emerging adulthood, especially when using self‐identification to define sexual orientation. Individuals who endorsed a sexual minority self‐identification at the onset of emerging adulthood, as opposed to 4 years later, evidenced exponential increases in rates of drunkenness and cannabis use. These results support that the timing of assessment is important and that some trajectories of sexual minority SUBs are non‐linear during this developmental period.
Matching motivation enhancement treatment to client motivation: re‐examining the Project MATCH motivation matching hypothesis
Authors: Witkiewitz Katie , Hartzler Bryan , Donovan Dennis 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTAims  The current study was designed to re‐examine the motivation matching hypothesis from Project MATCH using growth mixture modeling, an analytical technique that models variation in individual drinking patterns.Design, setting and participants  Secondary data analyses of data from Project MATCH (n = 1726), a large multi‐site alcoholism treatment‐matching study.Measurements  Percentage of drinking days was the primary outcome measure, assessed from 1 month to 12 months following treatment. Treatment assignment, alcohol dependence symptoms and baseline percentage of drinking days were included as covariates.Findings  The results provided support for the motivation matching hypothesis in the out‐patient sample and among females in the aftercare sample: the majority of individuals with lower baseline motivation had better outcomes if assigned to motivation enhancement treatment (MET) compared to those assigned to cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT). In the aftercare sample there was a moderating effect of gender and alcohol dependence severity, whereby males with lower baseline motivation and greater alcohol dependence drank more frequently if assigned to MET compared to those assigned to CBT.Conclusions  Results from the current study lend partial support to the motivation‐matching hypothesis and also demonstrated the importance of moderating influences on treatment matching effectiveness. Based upon these findings, individuals with low baseline motivation in out‐patient settings and males with low levels of alcohol dependence or females in aftercare settings may benefit more from motivational enhancement techniques than from cognitive–behavioral techniques.
Plant glandular trichomes mediate protective mutualism in a spider–plant system
Authors: MORAIS‐FILHO JOSÉ CESAR , ROMERO GUSTAVO Q. 
Published: May 2010

1. Although several species of Peucetia (Oxyopidae) live strictly in association with plants bearing glandular trichomes worldwide, to date little is known about whether these associations are mutualistic.2. In this study we manipulated the presence of Peucetia flava on the glandular plant Rhynchanthera dichotoma in the rainy and post‐rain season, to test the strength of its effects on leaf, bud, and flower damage and plant reproductive output. In addition, we ran independent field experiments to examine whether these sticky structures improve spider fidelity to plants.3. Peucetia suppressed some species of foliar phytophages, but not others. Although spiders have reduced levels of leaf herbivory, this phenomenon was temporally conditional, i.e. occurred only in the post‐rain but not in the rainy season. Floral herbivory was also reduced in the presence of spiders, but these predators did not affect plant fitness components.4. Plants that had their glandular trichomes removed retained fewer insects than those bearing such structures. Spiders remained longer on plants with glandular trichomes than on plants in which these structures had been removed. Isotopic analyses showed that spiders that fed on live and dead labelled flies adhered to the glandular hairs in similar proportions.5. Spiders incurred no costs to the plants, but can potentially increase individual plant fitness by reducing damage to reproductive tissues. Temporal conditionality probably occurred because plant productivity exceeded herbivore consumption, thus dampening top‐down effects. Specialisation to live on glandular plants may have favoured scavenging behaviour in Peucetia, possibly an adaptation to periods of food scarcity.
Bryozoans of the Weddell Sea continental shelf, slope and abyss: did marine life colonize the Antarctic shelf from deep water, outlying islands orin siturefugia following glaciations?
Authors: Barnes David K. A. , Kuklinski Piotr 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAim At the height of glaciations such as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), benthic life on polar continental shelves was bulldozed off nearly all of the Antarctic shelf by grounded ice sheets. The origins of the current shelf benthos have become a subject of considerable debate. There are several possible sources for the current Antarctic shelf fauna, the first of which is the continental slope and deep sea of the Southern Ocean. The high levels of reported eurybathy for many Antarctic species are taken as evidence supporting this. A second possible source for colonists is the southern margins of other continents. Finally, shelves could have been recolonized from refugia on the continental shelves or slopes around Antarctica. The current study investigates whether the patchily rich and abundant biota that now occurs on the Antarctic continental shelf recolonized from refugiain situor elsewhere.Location Weddell Sea, Antarctica.Methods We examined bryozoan samples of the BENDEX, ANDEEP III and SYSTCO expeditions, as well as the literature. Using similarity matrices (Sørensen coefficient), we assessed similarities of benthos sampled from around Antarctica. By assessing numbers of species shared between differing depths and adjacent shelf areas, we evaluated the origins of cheilostome bryozoan communities.Results Bryozoans decreased from 28, 6.5 and 0.3 colonies per trawl, and 0.16, 0.046 and 0.0026 colonies per cm2of hard surface from shelf to slope to abyssal depths. We found little and no support for recolonization of the Weddell Sea shelf by bryozoans from the adjacent slope and abyss, in the scenario of LGM faunal wipe‐out. The Weddell Sea shelf bryozoan fauna was considerably more similar to those on other Antarctic shelves than to that of the adjacent (Weddell Sea) continental slope. The known bryozoan fauna of the Weddell Sea shelf is not a subset of the Weddell Sea slope or abyssal faunas.Main conclusions We consider that the composition of the current Weddell Sea bryozoan fauna is most easily explained byin situsurvival. Thus we consider that at least some of the Weddell Sea fauna persisted throughout the LGM, although not necessarily at the same locations throughout, to recolonize the large area currently occupied.
Womens’ opinions on intrapartal care: development of a theory‐based questionnaire
Authors: Wilde‐Larsson Bodil , Larsson Gerry , Kvist Linda J , Sandin‐Bojö Ann‐Kristin 
Published: May 2010

Aim.  To develop a patient questionnaire specific to intrapartal care, based on the theoretical foundation of the general instrument Quality from the Patient’s Perspective (QPP).Background.  Existing general patient questionnaires do not take intrapartal care aspects fully into account, and available intrapartal‐specific patient questionnaires tend to have a weak theoretical foundation.Design.  A cross‐sectional, nationwide study carried out during a two‐week period in 2007 at Swedish maternity units.Method.  An intrapartal‐specific QPP‐questionnaire (QPP‐I) was developed by combining a selection of 22 items from the short and long versions of the QPP with 10 newly constructed items. Responses were obtained from 739 women (63% response rate). The dimensionality of the QPP‐I was assessed using structural equation modelling (a nested factor model). Non‐parametric statistics were used for subgroup comparisons.Results.  A nested model with a general factor including all 32 items and 10 subordinate factors was developed. Most scales had acceptable reliability coefficients (0·73–0·93), and a meaningful pattern of subgroup differences was obtained.Conclusions.  The QPP‐I is theory based and has its roots in a patient perspective. It was developed using a nationwide sample of Swedish women receiving intrapartal care, and an advanced statistical method was used. The outcome of this initial empirical trial was promising but needs to be tested in different countries and cultures.Relevance to clinical practice.  By combining womens’ responses on perceived reality and subjective importance ascribed to the various aspects of care measured, the QPP‐I offers the care provider better guidelines on which elements to focus quality improvement work on, than would be the case if only a rank order of perceived reality ratings was available.
Triage, treat and transfer: reconceptualising a rural practice model*
Authors: Sullivan Elise , Francis Karen , Hegney Desley 
Published: May 2010

Aim.  This article argues that the current model of emergency practice in rural Victorian hospitals, which relies heavily on visiting medical officers, needs to be reconceptualised if emergency services are to be supplied to rural communities.Background.  Medical workforce shortages are manifesting in Victoria as a reduction in emergency care services from rural hospitals. The suggested alternative model of emergency care involves advancing nursing practice to enable a redistribution of clinical capacity across the health care team. Clinicians will need to work collaboratively and continuously negotiate their roles to meet the patient’s and the clinical team’s needs.Design.  Systematic review.Methods.  This article is based on a review of the Victorian and Australian literature on the subject of Victorian health services and policy, emergency care, collaboration, communication and rural nurse scope of practice and roles. Emergency care activity was drawn from data held in the Victorian Emergency Management Dataset and personal communications between one of the authors and hospital executives in a small selection of rural hospitals in Victoria.Results.  The evidence reviewed suggests that the current emergency practice profile of rural hospitals in Victoria does not reflect the reconceptualised model of rural emergency practice. Instead, only a small proportion of non‐urgent presentations is managed by nurses without medical support, and the data suggest that metropolitan nurses are more likely to manage without medical support than rural nurses.Conclusion.  Reconceptualising rural emergency care in Victoria will require significantly greater investment in rural nurses’ knowledge and skills to enable them to operate confidently at a more advanced level. Clinical teams that deliver emergency service in rural hospitals will be expected increasingly to work collaboratively and interprofessionally.Relevance to clinical practice.  This article offers some directions for advancing nursing practice and strategies for improving interprofessional collaboration in the delivery of rural emergency care.
Life stories and biography: a means of connecting family and staff to people with dementia
Authors: Kellett Ursula , Moyle Wendy , McAllister Margaret , King Christopher , Gallagher Fran 
Published: May 2010

Aims.  This article assesses the Family Biography Workshop (FBW) designed to support family and staff to co‐construct the history of the person with dementia in residential care.Background.  Family–staff conflict in residential dementia care is a major stressor that disturbs effective relationships and contributes to stress. Biographical research has been found to improve communication and promote family–staff relations. Few studies focus on family biography as an approach that promotes positive relations that translate into inclusive care interactions.Design.  A qualitative descriptive approach was used to assess the influence of participation in the FBW and the impact of developing biographical knowledge on family–staff caregiver attitudes, perceptions of roles, conflict and the subsequent management of stress using participatory care practices.Methods.  The FBW process involved seven family caregivers, seven staff and one researcher working collaboratively through a series of six weekly two‐hour sessions, designed to help them build a biography of the person with dementia.Results.  For family caregivers, reviving memories of their relatives as ‘whole’ persons enabled some to ‘stand outside’ and see beyond the disease‐saturated context. For staff, ‘opening possibilities’ of ‘seeing’ the resident within the family context empowered them to engage in genuine participatory practices. Residents benefited from being connected as staffs’‘know how’ in initiating and engaging developed.Conclusion.  Future research will examine the effects of the FBW on the dynamics of family–staff roles and relationships. This research aims to reduce stress from role inadequacy, task burden, poor relationships and improve staff attitudes towards family participation.Relevance to clinical practice.  This study substantiated the FBW by revealing understanding of the meaning of biography work for family and relatives in care; providing effective support that empowered staff to confidently relate; and fostering engagement in inclusive care practices that encouraged residents’ initiatives.
Effectiveness of the auscultatory and pH methods in predicting feeding tube placement
Authors: Turgay Ayşe San , Khorshid Leyla 
Published: May 2010

Aims and objectives.  This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of the auscultatory and pH methods in predicting feeding tube location in critically ill patients.Background.  There is confusion about how nurses should asses feeding tubes location at the bedside. The most common method for determining tube location is the auscultatory method. It is known that auscultation is an unreliable method and additional data relating to bedside methods are needed to assist nurses in making a decision regarding tube location.Design.  A methodological study.Methods.  The sample consisted of 44 new insertions of feeding tubes. Data from a total of 44 auscultations relating to tube position and gastrointestinal aspirates for pH were obtained from 32 critically ill adult patients ranging in age from 38–87 years. Results from the auscultatory and pH tests were compared with the location of the tube as determined by radiography. A total of 44 feeding tube applications were investigated using the auscultatory and pH methods and concurrently with X‐rays to determine the feeding tube position. Nurses used the auscultatory method to predict tube position, a concurrent researcher aspirated fluid from the feeding tube, and samples were tested for pH within five minutes of radiographs taken to determine tube location. pH was measured with a test strip.Results.  Mean pH level in the gastrointestinal aspirates was 4·23 (SD 1·20). Approximately 89% of the pH strip readings from gastrointestinal fluid were between 0–5. A pH of <5 successfully identified 90·4% of the 44 feeding tube cases.Conclusion.  The pH method is effective in determining the feeding tube position, but the auscultatory method is not effective in determining the feeding tube position.Relevance to clinical practice.  Simple bedside assessment of gastrointestinal aspirate pH is useful for predicting feeding tube position.
Nutritional factors associated with survival following enteral tube feeding in patients with motor neurone disease
Authors: Rio A. , Ellis C. , Shaw C. , Willey E. , Ampong M.‐A. , Wijesekera L. , Rittman T. , Nigel Leigh P. , Sidhu P. S. , Al‐Chalabi A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground: Motor neurone disease (MND) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease leading to limb weakness, wasting and respiratory failure. Prolonged poor nutritional intake causes fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition. Consequently, disease progression requires decisions to be made regarding enteral tube feeding. The present study aimed to investigate the survival, nutritional status and complications in patients with MND treated with enteral tube feeding.Methods: A retrospective case note review was performed to identify patients diagnosed with MND who were treated with enteral tube feeding. A total of 159 consecutive cases were identified suitable for analysis. Patients were treated with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG), radiologically inserted gastrostomy (RIG) or nasogastric feeding tube (NGT). Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI) and % weight loss (% WL). Serious complications arising from tube insertion and prescribed daily energy intake were both recorded.Results: Median survival from disease onset was 842 days [interquartile range (IQR) 573–1263]. Median time from disease onset to feeding tube was PEG 521 days (IQR 443–1032), RIG 633 days (IQR 496–1039) and NGT 427 days (IQR 77–781) (P = 0.28). Median survival from tube placement was PEG 200 (IQR 106–546) days, RIG 216 (IQR 83–383) days and NGT 28 (IQR 14–107) days. Survival between gastrostomy and NGT treated patients was significant (P ≤ 0.001). Analysis of serious complications by nutritional status was BMI (P = 0.347) and % WL (P = 0.489).Conclusions: Nutritional factors associated with reduced survival were weight loss, malnutrition and severe dysphagia. Serious complications were not related to nutritional status but to method of tube insertion. There was no difference in survival between PEG and RIG treated patients.
Inhibitory neuromuscular transmission to ileal longitudinal muscle predominates in neonatal guinea pigs
Authors: Patel B. A. , Dai X. , Burda J. E. , Zhao H. , Swain G. M. , Galligan J. J. , Bian X. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground Inhibitory neurotransmission to the longitudinal muscle is more prominent in the neonatal than in the adult guinea pig ileum.Methods Inhibitory neuromuscular transmission was investigated usingin vitroileal longitudinal muscle myenteric plexus (LMMP) preparations made from neonatal (≤48 h postnatal) and adult (∼4 weeks postnatal) guinea pigs.Key Results Amperometric measurements of nicotine‐induced nitric oxide (NO) release (measured as an oxidation current) from myenteric ganglia revealed larger currents in neonatal (379 ± 24 pA)vsadult (119 ± 39 pA,P < 0.05) tissues. Nicotine‐induced oxidation currents were blocked by the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, nitro‐l‐arginine (NLA, 100 μmol L−1). Nicotine‐induced, NLA‐sensitive oxidation currents could be detected in the tertiary plexus of neonatal but not adult tissues. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated stronger NOS immunoreactivity in neonatal compared with adult myenteric ganglia. Western blot studies revealed higher levels of NOS in neonatal compared with adult LMMP. Cell counts revealed that the total number of myenteric neurons in the small intestine was greater in adults than in neonatal guinea pigs, however, the ratio of NOS : Calbindin neurons was significantly higher in neonatal compared with adult tissues.Conclusions & Inferences Nitric oxide signaling to the longitudinal muscle is stronger in neonatal compared with adult guinea pig ileum. Nitric oxide synthase‐containing neurons are diluted postnatally by cholinergic and other, as yet unidentified neuronal subtypes.
Fact or hypothesis: Taenia crassiceps as a model for Taenia solium, and the S3Pvac vaccine
Authors: LIGHTOWLERS M. W. 
Published: May 2010

Summary Research undertaken over the past 40 years has established many of the general principals concerning immunity to taeniid cestodes. Although much is well understood about the host‐protective mechanisms against taeniids and this knowledge has been exploited in studies on vaccine development, many aspects require further investigation or confirmation. Some phenomena have come to be regarded as being well established, while careful analysis of the published data would suggest that they may be better regarded as hypotheses rather than established facts. This review considers one selected issue pertaining to immunity to cestode infections and examines carefully the nature of the evidence that is available to support conclusions that have been made in this area. The issue examined is the use of Taenia crassiceps as a model for cysticercosis in pigs caused by Taenia solium, together with the S3Pvac vaccine, which has been developed based on this model. Strong evidence is found to support the conclusion that defined T. crassiceps antigens can limit intraperitoneal proliferation of the ORF strain of T. crassiceps in mice; however, the potential for these antigens to affect T. solium infection in pigs requires further confirmation.
Sensitivity and specificity of the Leishmania OligoC‐TesT and NASBA‐oligochromatography for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in Kenya
Authors: Basiye Frank L. , Mbuchi Margaret , Magiri Charles , Kirigi George , Deborggraeve Stijn , Schoone Gerard J. , Saad Alfarazdeg A. , El‐Safi Sayda , Matovu Enock , Wasunna Monique K. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryObjective  To estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the OligoC‐TesT and nucleic acid sequence‐based amplification coupled to oligochromatography (NASBA‐OC) for molecular detection of Leishmania in blood from patients with confirmed visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and healthy endemic controls from Kenya.Methods  Blood specimens of 84 patients with confirmed VL and 98 endemic healthy controls from Baringo district in Kenya were submitted to both assays.Results  The Leishmania OligoC‐TesT showed a sensitivity of 96.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 90–98.8%) and a specificity of 88.8% (95% CI: 81–93.6%), while the sensitivity and specificity of the NASBA‐OC were 79.8% (95% CI: 67–87%) and 100% (95% CI: 96.3–100%), respectively.Conclusion  Our findings indicate high sensitivity of the Leishmania OligoC‐TesT on blood while the NASBA‐OC is a better marker for active disease.