bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of Life and Disability in Patients with Treatment-Failure Gout
Authors: BECKER MICHAEL A. , SCHUMACHER H. RALPH , BENJAMIN KATY L. , GOREVIC PETER , GREENWALD MARIA , FESSEL JEFFREY , EDWARDS LAWRENCE , KAWATA ARIANE K. , FRANK LORI , WALTRIP ROYCE , MAROLI ALLAN , HUANG BILL ,   The Gout Natural History Study Group, SUNDY JOHN S. 
Published: March 2009

Objective.The relationship between self-reported quality of life and disability and disease severity was evaluated in subjects with treatment-failure gout (n = 110) in a prospective, 52-week, observational study.Methods.Subjects had symptomatic crystal-proven gout of at least 2 years’ duration and intolerance or refractoriness to conventional urate-lowering therapy. Serum uric acid (sUA) concentration, swollen and tender joint counts, frequency and severity of gout flares, tophus assessments, comorbidities, and patient-reported outcomes data [Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36), Health Assessment Questionnaire-Damage Index] were collected. Analyses included correlations of patient-reported outcomes with clinical variables and changes in clinical status.Results.Mean age of study subjects was 59 years. Mean scores on SF-36 physical functioning subscales were 34.2–46.8, analogous to persons aged ≥ 75 years in the general population. Subjects with more severe gout at baseline had worse health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in all areas (p < 0.02 for all measures), compared to patients with mild-moderate disease. Number of flares reported in past year, number of tender joints, swollen joints, and tophi correlated significantly with some or all HRQOL and disability measures. sUA was not significantly correlated with any HRQOL or disability measure. Subjects with comorbidities experienced worse physical, but not mental, functioning.Conclusion.Severe gout is associated with poor HRQOL and disability, especially for patients who experience more gout flares and have a greater number of involved joints. Subject perceptions of gout-related functioning and pain severity appear to be highly sensitive indicators of HRQOL and disability.
Characterization, crystallization kinetics, and melting behavior of poly(ethylene succinate) copolyester containing 7 mol % butylene succinate
Authors: Lu Hsin‐Ying , Lu Shih‐Fu , Chen Ming , Chen Chi He , Tsai Chia‐Jung 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe copolyester was synthesized and characterized as having 92.7 mol % ethylene succinate units and 7.3 mol % butylene succinate (BS) units in a random sequence, as determined by the use of nuclear magnetic resonance. Isothermal crystallization kinetics of this copolyester was examined in the temperature range (Tc) from 30 to 80°C with the use of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The melting behavior after isothermal crystallization was studied with DSC by varying the Tc, the heating rate, and the crystallization time. The complex melting behavior involves both mechanisms of various lamellar crystals and melting–recrystallization–remelting. As the Tc increases, the contribution of recrystallization gradually decreases and finally disappears. The Hoffman–Weeks linear plot yielded an equilibrium melting temperature of 111.1°C, which is 1.6°C less than that of poly(ethylene succinate) (PES). The kinetic analysis of the spherulitic growth rates (G) indicated that a regime II→III transition occurred at ∼59°C (TII→III), which is ∼ 11°C less than that of PES. The overall crystallization rate, TII→III and G indicate that the random incorporation of only 7.3 mol % BS units into PES significantly inhibits the crystallization rate of PES. Finally, the morphology of melt‐crystallized samples was examined using polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Convective drying of wood‐waste in air and superheated steam
Authors: Sheikholeslami Roya , Watkinson A. P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe convective batch drying of Western Hemlock hog fuel‐sized particles in fixed beds under various operating conditions quantiatively established the effect of factors which govern the drying process. A correlation was obtained for the Nusselt number during the heat transfer controlled period. Under specific conditions, the existence of a unified characteristic drying rate curve was confirmed. Drying behaviour as described by the receding plane model provided a mathematical expression for such a curve. The existence of an inversion point temperature was experimentally confirmed.
Lumped‐differential analysis of concurrent flow double‐pipe heat exchanger
Authors: Scofano Neto F. , Cotta R. M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA mixed lumped‐differential formulation for double‐pipe heat exchangers is presented that radially lumps the temperature distribution in the outer channel, providing a differential problem for the inner channel that involves a more general type of boundary condition for the wall temperature. The generalized integral transform technique is extended to allow for the analytical solution of this class of problems. Applicability limits for the simplified model are then established in terms of related parameters, based on numerical results obtained for bulk temperatures and Nusselt numbers, as compared to more involved approaches for the complete differential model.
Adsorption of nitrogen and carbon monoxide on clinoptilolite: Determination and prediction of pure and binary isotherms
Authors: Triebe Robert W. , Tezel F. Handan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAdsorption of N2 and CO has been studied on a natural Turkish clinoptilolite at near ambient conditions. Pure isotherms up to 101.3 kPa pressure, and binary isotherms at 101.3 kPa total pressure were determined chromatog‐raphically at 303 K. Pure isotherms were modelled using the Langmuir model and the Wilson and Flory ‐ Huggins forms of the Vacancy Solution Theory. Binary isotherms were predicted using both forms of the Vacancy Solution Theory, the Extended Langmuir model, and the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory. These predictions were compared to experimentally determined binary isotherms. Clinoptilolite is shown to be a particulahly promising sorbent for the separation of CO and N2. The Wilson form of the Vacancy Solution Theory was the only model flexible enough to provide a reasonable prediction of the binary isotherms.
Activation studies with an iron fischer‐tropsch catalyst in fixed bed and stirred tank slurry reactors
Authors: Bukur Dragomir B. , Nowicki Lech , Patel Snehal A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA precipitated iron catalyst (100 Fe/5 Cu/4.2 K/25 SiO2 on a mass basis) was tested in a fixed bed reactor and a stirred tank slurry reactor under the same process conditions (250°C, 1.48 MPa, 2 L (STP)/gcat · h, H2 : CO = 2:3). Two different pretreatment procedures were employed (hydrogen reduction at 220°C and carbon monoxide activation at 280°C) in each of the two reactor types. In the stirred tank slurry reactor tests the activity (based on an apparent first order reaction rate constant) of the carbon monoxide pretreated catalyst was about 25% higher than that of hydrogen reduced catalyst, due to incomplete reduction of the latter. In all tests the catalyst selectivity changed slowly with time on stream. Hydrocarbon distribution shifted toward lower molar mass products, and secondary reactions (l‐olefin hydrogenation, isomerization and readsorption) increased with time. The secondary reactions were the most pronounced on the hydrogen reduced catalyst in the fixed bed reactor.
Slugging characteristics of group d particles in fluidized beds
Authors: Dimattia D. G. , Amyotte P. R. , Hamdullahpur F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPressure fluctuations within a bed of Type D particles (coarse sand, long grain rice, red spring wheat, 10 mm glass beads, pearl barley and whole peas) were measured at various bed heights. Analysis of the pressure fluctuation profiles leads to correlations that predict the minimum slugging velocity and slugging frequency, within experimental ranges. Results reveal that past correlations have little success in predicting the slugging characteristics for large particles. Particle shape plays an important role on the type of slug formed and therefore on the values of slugging frequency and minimum slugging velocity. Large particles with low sphericity formed wall slugs with high slugging frequencies and required the greatest amount of excess air to achieve slugging.
A three‐dimensional model for simulating the maldistribution of liquid flow in random packed beds
Authors: Song M. , Yin F. H. , Nandakumar K. , Chuang K. T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe hydrodynamic characteristics of liquid flow in a packed column are studied using model equations that are based on the volume average concept. The objective is to track radial variations in flow rates (or maldistributions) on a scale smaller than the equipment scale, but larger than the scale of the packing. Such models remain valid on a wide range of scales. Once a number of parameters such as voidage and permeability are determined, the model could be used for scale up purpose. We present the results of two and three dimensional simulation using a computational fluid dynamics solver. For several different inlet distributions, the development of flow patterns and the formation of the natural flow patterns near the wall are simulated. The simulation results on wall flow patterns are in reasonably good agreement with published experimental data.
Electrosynthéses de composés carbonylés catalysées par des complexes du nickel: Activation du monoxyde de carbone ou de composés acylés
Authors: Troupel Michel , Oçafrain Maiténa , Dolhem Eric , Folest Jean‐Claude , Barhdadi Rachid 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLe complexe Ni0bpy généré par réduction cathodique de NibpyM2+ est un catalyseur efficace pour réaliser Pélectro‐synthèse de cétones symétriques ou dissymétriques à partir de dérivés halogènes. Les réactions de carbonylation sont effectuées soit à partir du monoxyde de carbone, soit à partir de métaux carbonyles, soit à partir du dioxyde de carbone. Les réactions d'acylation sont obtenues par couplages d'halogénures organiques avec soit des chlorures d'acide soit des anhydrides d'acide. Toutes les synthèses sont réalisées dans les conditions ambiantes, à intensité contrôlée, dans une cellule sans séparateur équipée d'une anode consommable.
Flow patterns in high‐velocity fluidized beds and pneumatic conveying
Authors: Bi H. T. , Grace John R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFour flow patterns are identified for gas‐solids vertical upward flows. Homogeneous dilute phase flow is characterized by the absence of both radial and axial solids segregation. Heterogeneous dilute phase flow (also called core‐annulus flow) is characterized by the absence of axial solids segregation, with solids carried upward in the core and travelling downward near the outer wall due to the formation of particle streamers. Collapsed flow with a lower dense region and an upper dilute region is also referred to as the fast fluidization regime. In this case, the flow structure in the upper dilute region is similar to that in heterogeneous dilute phase flow, while the lower dense region resembles that in a turbulent fluidized bed. Dense phase flow can be reached when the riser is completely occupied by a relatively dense suspension with little axial density variation and no net solids downflow near the riser wall. The transition from fast fluidization to dense phase flow is still not clearly defined.
Position and velocity of a large particle in a gas/solid riser using the radioactive particle tracking technique
Authors: Godfroy Larin , Chaouki Jamal , Larachi Faïçal 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe flow behavior of the solids phase in the fully developed region of a laboratory‐scale circulating fluidized bed riser was studied using an assembly of sixteen NaI detectors to determine the position of a 500 μm radioactive particle, 100 times/s. The particle location was inferred from the number of γ‐rays recorded by the assembly. The knowledge of the instantaneous positions enabled the determination of the instantaneous and mean velocity fields. Tests were conducted in a 0.082 m diameter, 7 m tall riser using 150 μm silica sand particles. Data were obtained at a gas superficial velocity of 4 m/s and solids mass fluxes from 23 to 75 kg/m2·s. Radial profiles of axial particle velocity showed that the solids velocity decreased with increasing solids circulation rates. Correspondingly, turbulent particle velocities and solids dispersion coefficient in the longitudinal direction were found to decrease as the solids circulation rate increased. The cross‐sectional area where, on average, solids downflow took place, increased with increasing solids circulation rate.
Fluidized bed catalytic reactor modeling across the flow regimes
Authors: Grace John R. , Abba Ibrahim A. , Bi Hsiaotao , Thompson Michael L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFluidized bed reactor models are generally specific to a single flow regime resulting in ambiguities and discontinuities at the regime boundaries. In practice, only the bubbling, turbulent and fast fluidization regimes are of industrial significance for catalytic reactions. The turbulent fluidization regime is especially advantageous because of improved interphase mass transfer, resulting in improved selectivities and conversions. It is shown that some of the difficulties in modeling can be resolved by means of the probabilistic‐averaging model, recently published by Thompson et al. (1999). This model interpolates between the Grace (1984) two‐phase bubbling bed model at low velocities and single phase axially dispersed flow for fully established turbulent fluidization conditions, leading to improved predictions of conversion and selectivity for catalytic fluidized bed reactors operated at flow rates covering the full range between bubbling and fully turbulent fluidization. An analogous approach should be useful for beds operated at higher gas velocities as fast fluidization conditions are approached.
Removal of SO2 from flue gas using a new semidry flue gas desulfurization process with a powder‐particle spouted bed
Authors: Ma Xiaoxun , Kaneko Takao , Guo Qimin , Xu Guangwen , Kato Kunio 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA spouted bed of binary particle mixture was applied to a low temperature desulfurization process in order to develop a new type of semidry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) technology. We investigated the effects of operating parameters, such as type of SO2 sorbent, diameter of SO2 sorbent particles, apparent residence time of gas in the bed, approach to saturation temperature and Ca/S molar ratio, on SO2 removal in a bench‐scale powder‐particle spouted bed. We also investigated the utilization rate of SO2 sorbent and ways to enhance the efficiency of SO2 removal and SO2 sorbent utilization. The experimental results showed that SO2 removal is significantly affected by the approach to saturation temperature and Ca/S molar ratio, and that a high SO2 removal efficiency and effective sorbent utilization can be obtained under appropriate operating conditions. Thus, this new simple process of flue gas desulfurization is highly efficient and has little impact on the environment.
Mass transfer coefficients in reactive extraction of lactic acid from fermentation broths in hollow‐fibre membranes
Authors: Scheler Christian , Popovic Milan K. , Iannotti Eugene L. , Bajpai Rakesh K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMass transfer of lactic acid was investigated during its extractive recovery from fermentation broths in a hydrophobic hollow‐fibre membrane module. The solvent and the aqueous phases were continuously recycled through the hollow‐fibre module into their respective reservoirs, and the mass transfer rate was calculated from the measurements of concentration of lactic acid in solvent phase. Mainly, the tubeside resistance controlled the mass transfer rate. A mathematical analysis was conducted for the mass transfer process in the membrane module and values of the overall mass transfer coefficient were estimated at different flow rates.
Airside performance of herringbone fin‐and‐tube heat exchangers in wet conditions
Authors: Wang Chi‐Chuan , Du Yuan‐Jan , Chang Yu‐Juei , Tao Wei‐Han 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe airside performance for herringbone fin‐and‐tube heat exchangers under dehumidifying conditions are reported in this study. A total of eighteen samples were tested and compared. The effects of the number of tube rows, fin pitch, tube size, and wave height were examined in this study. A unique characteristic of the herringbone fin pattern is that the friction factors are strongly related to the number of tube rows. The airside performance of the herringbone fin pattern is strongly related to condensate retention. Based on the present test results, heat transfer and friction correlations, in terms of the Colburn j and Fanning friction factors, were proposed to describe the airside performance of the herringbone fin geometry. The correlation of the Colburn j factor gives a mean deviation of 5.76%, while the Fanning f factor shows a mean deviation of 8.27%.
Viscoelastic flow in packed beds or porous media
Authors: Kozicki William 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn analysis of viscoelastic flow in packed beds or porous media is presented based on a capillary hybrid model of the flow which incorporates a viscous mode and an elongational mode. The development includes modelling of the elongational mode of the flow to obtain the elongational flow contribution to the potential drop for a viscoelastic fluid. A general expression describing viscoelastic flow in porous media is developed which utilizes the viscous response determined by the fluid model equation and an elongational flow response characterized by an elongational viscosity difference for the fluid. The expression applies to all three traditional bed models employing the tortuosity and Kozeny constant. The relationship yielded extensions of Darcy's law applicable to viscoelastic flow in porous media and an expression representing the flow of a viscoelastic fluid in a packed bed or porous core of length L. The relationship of the friction factors and respective Reynolds numbers is also presented.
On the determination of diffusivities of volatile hydrocarbons in semi‐solid bitumen
Authors: Tang Joseph S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractResidual volatile hydrocarbons in bitumen constitute a potential source of air pollution. Diffusivities of volatile components in bitumen are needed to assess the extent of environmental damages that could result from bitumen spill or working loss of vapour to the atmosphere. Knowledge of solvent dispersion is also required in the recovery of viscous bitumen by solvent displacement. This paper discussed the de‐coupled transfer model developed by Tang and Zhang and its limiting solution. Fu and Phillips' diffusion data were re‐interpreted based on the limiting solution with delay time correction. The diffusion coefficients of hexane iso‐hexane, cyclo‐hexane and toluene at 25°C were found to be 8.6 × 10−8 cm2/s, 6.3 × 10−8 cm2/s, 2.4 × 10−8 cm2/s and 6.8 × 10−8 cm2/s, respectively. Improper use of the limiting solution could lead to 25% over‐estimates of diffusion coefficients.
On the prediction of surface tension for multicomponent mixtures
Authors: Li Zhibao , Lu Benjamin C.‐Y. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA prediction method for surface tension of real mixtures was developed based on the Davis theory, and tested with the molecular dynamics simulation results of Mecke et al. (1997) for surface tension of the Lennard‐Jones fluid. An effective Lennard‐Jones potential was introduced for correlating surface tension for real pure liquids and binary liquid mixtures, leading to prediction of surface tension of multicomponent systems, including aqueous mixtures. The overall average absolute percentage deviations (AAPD) obtained in the correlated results for 62 pure liquids, 91 non‐aqueous and 11 aqueous binaries are 0.66, 0.80, and 1.75, respectively. In the prediction of the surface tension for 9 ternary and 4 quaternary systems, using the molecular parameters of pure liquids and the adjustable binary parameters, the overall AAPDs are 1.75 and 1.03, respectively.
Improving the prediction of irrigated pressure drop in packed absorption towers
Authors: Piché Simon R. , Larachi Faïcal , Grandjean Bernard P. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractVarious tools estimating irrigated pressure drop in gas–liquid counter‐current randomly dumped packed beds are carefully examined through the perception of a comprehensive database. The reported measurements consisting of Cs. 5000 experiments represent an important portion of the non‐proprietary information released in the literature. Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling is proposed to refine the accuracy and broadness in predicting the irrigated pressure drop across the bed. The ANN correlation [fLCC = f(ReG, GaG, ReL, GaL, StL, SB, χ)] yields an average absolute relative error (AARE) of 20.0% and a standard deviation on the AARE of 19.8% for the whole database and remains in accordance with the physical evidence reported in the literature.
The effect of mixing on the generation of alkaline peroxymonosulfate
Authors: Shaharuzzaman Mohammad , Bennington Chad P. J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlkaline peroxymonosulfate (PMS) has been successfully used in the laboratory for bleaching kraft pulp. Used in conjunction with oxygen, the addition of 1.0% PMS to an oxygen delignification system can increase delignification from 49% to 73% without reducing pulp strength. One promising method of achieving this is the catalytic oxidation of sodium sulfite with oxygen. Laboratory generation of PMS is readily achieved, but typically at low yields and low concentrations. Here we investigate the mixing‐sensitivity of its generation under semi‐batch reaction conditions using a number of laboratory mixers. Our primary focus was on the energy dissipation in the reaction zone and its effect on PMS yield and concentration. By managing the chemical contacting strategy and increasing energy dissipation in the reaction zone we were able to generate PMS at higher yields and concentrations than previously reported.
A feasibility study of adaptive Plasma‐Assisted incineration, Part 1: Demonstration on a laboratory model system
Authors: Filion Julie , Munz Richard J. , Salin Eric D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe use of a thermal plasma afterburner in hazardous waste incineration could prevent the formation of toxic organochlorine pollutants. The present work demonstrated cost‐optimal adaptive operation of a laboratory model system composed of an induction plasma jet with optical emission diagnostic tools. Input settings (plasma power and oxygen content) were continually adjusted in response to on‐line spectroscopic analysis of the product gas. This adaptive strategy allowed cost‐effective destruction of organic contaminants under a variable feed load. The system was able to reach and maintain a target level of destruction efficiency using optimal combinations of input settings.
Collection efficiencies of various designs of post‐cyclone
Authors: Zhao Wennan , Mujumdar Arun S. , Ray Madhumita B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPost‐cyclone (PoC) is a novel secondary dust separator, which collects a certain fraction of the particles escaping through the vortex finder of a reverse flow cyclone. Due to the residual swirl in the vortex finder, the particles in the effluent air are concentrated at the wall of the vortex finder in an outer annulus. The particles in the outer annulus are split from the main stream and collected in a bleed flow. This paper presents the experimentally determined collection efficiencies of various designs of PoC. Depending on the design, operating conditions and the size and density of the particles, PoC can reduce the emission of the parent cyclones by 5% to 50%. In some experiments, the bleed flow from PoC is recycled back to the inlet of the cyclone. Significant improvement in the removal of fines occurs when the bleed flow is recycled to the inlet.