bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fate of mineral oils injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice
Authors: Twort C. C. , Twort J. M. 
Published: May 2009

Mineral oil injected into the peritoneal cavity of mice tends gradually to disappear. The amount of oil recoverable after a given time depends upon its toxicity, as registered by the carcinogenicity for the skin, refractive index fall, refractivity etc. The 7th day after injection is apparently about the best time to collect the oil.Loss of body weight of the animal is also a measure of the carcinogenicity for the skin, refractive index fall, refractivity etc. of the oil sample under test. The 3rd day after injection is apparently about the best time to record loss of body weight.The best animal test for measuring the activity of mineral oils is the injection test, and subsequent determination of the refractive index fall.The best physical test is to determine the refractive index and viscosity and to combine these in an empirical formula.A combination of the two tests is the best of all.The relative amounts of carcinogenic and dermatitic constituents responsible for the general activity can be gauged by a consideration of the viscosity.
The effects of life-long subsistence on diets providing suboptimal amounts of the “Vitamin B complex”
Authors: Drummond J. C. , Baker Audrey Z. , Wright Margaret D. , Marrian Phyllis M. , Singer Eleanor M. 
Published: May 2009

1. A comparative study has been made of the life history of two groups of rats, one of which (483 animals) was maintained on an adequate diet whilst the other (556 animals) was given a ration providing a suboptimal intake of “vitamin B”. The chief defect of the second diet was probably in respect to vitamin B1.2. The duration of life was shortened and reproduction was adversely affected by the deficiency.3. The examination of the post-mortem records provides clear proof of a significantly greater incidence of gastro-intestinal lesions, particularly ulcerations, in the animals on the deficient diet than in the control group.4. The deficiency of B1did not influence the incidence or the severity of the chronic lung infection (bronchiectasis) common in laboratory rats.5. The incidence of all other disorders was about the same in the two groups.6. No evidence of increased susceptibility to tumours, malignant or innocent, was shown by the animals on the deficient diet. Cancerous developments arising at the site of chronic inflammatory processes (e.g. worm cysts in the liver, caecal ulcers of long standing, etc.) were not appreciably more numerous in one group than in the other.
Leptospiral infections in rats. The presence of specific leptospiral immune bodies in the serum and their relationship to carrier conditions
Authors: Smith J. 
Published: May 2009

1. One hundred and seventeen rats have been examined, and thirty-two or 27·3% were found to harbour virulent Leptospira.2. The correlation of carrier conditions with the presence of immune bodies in the serum showed:(a) Leptospira-positive, sero-reaction negative, four or 3·4%.(b) Leptospira-positive, sero-reaction positive, twenty-eight or 23·8%.(c) Leptospira-negative, sero-reaction positive, twenty-one or 17·9%.(d) Leptospira negative, sero-reaction negative, sixty-four or 54·7%.3. The titres of the immune bodies in their sera have been determined. A positive reaction in the lower dilutions of the serum does not necessarily indicate that the rat is a carrier of virulent Leptospira.4. There is evidence to show that there is a greater incidence of carriers amongst fully grown animals than in the young rodents.5. Rodents which have been killed prior to examination in the laboratory are unsuitable for the determination of the presence of Leptospira.
Bacterium paratyphosumC as a cause of enteric fever in Egypt
Authors: Nabih M. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. The paper records, for the first time, the isolation ofBact. paratyphosumC in Egypt.2. It has been isolated from the urine of nine patients and the faeces of two patients suffering from enteric fever during the summer of 1937 and the early part of the present year.3. Its frequency is comparable with that ofBact. paratyphosumA, and may exceed that ofBact. paratyphosumB.4. Its inclusion in prophylactic vaccines, along with the usual “T.A.B”. vaccine is worthy of serious consideration.
The susceptibility of the golden hamster (Cricetus auratus) to bovine, human and avian tubercle bacilli and to the vole strain of acid-fast bacillus (Wells)
Authors: Griffith A. Stanley , Pagel W. 
Published: May 2009

All the four types of acid-fast bacilli used in this investigation have proved virulent for the golden hamster. Of the four types the bovine is the most virulent for the species and, after subcutaneous inoculation, gives rise to severe generalized progressive tuberculosis, the lesions containing enormous numbers of tubercle bacilli. The human type is also highly virulent for the hamster and produces general progressive tuberculosis closely resembling that set up by bovine bacilli. Caseation of the lesions in the organs was, however, less extensive in the human than in the bovine infections but there was little difference in this respect between the glandular lesions of the two infections, and multiplication of bacilli was as profuse in one as in the other. Avian bacilli can readily multiply in the tissues of the hamster and cause death, but appear unable to give rise to macroscopic tuberculous lesions. Only one hamster was injected with avian bacilli and the result of this experiment is not in accord with those of Balfour-Jones already quoted. The vole bacillus is less virulent for the hamster than either the bovine or the human type of bacillus. Of the two hamsters injected with this type of bacillus one was killed 152 days later, its general condition then being good and its body showing plenty of subcutaneous fat. Nevertheless the organs were found to contain tuberculosis-like lesions, numerous in the spleen and liver, and the lymphatic glands generally were enlarged. The remaining hamster died 188 days after inoculation and showed generalized disease very similar to that in the last hamster. The glandular and visceral lesions of both hamsters contained very numerous acid-fast bacilli but, in striking contrast to those produced by bovine and human bacilli, showed no evidence of caseation.Acid-fast bacilli were present in the faeces of all the hamsters; they were numerous in those of hamsters 3, 4, 5 and 2 and relatively sparse in those of hamsters 1 and 6.
Observations concerning bacillary food infection in Dundee during the period 1923–38
Authors: Tulloch W. J. 
Published: May 2009

1. The most common cause of bacillary food infection in this area is the aertrycke bacillus which has been responsible for most of the sporadic and familial outbreaks of so-called food poisoning. It was also responsible for one, the largest, outbreak of this condition in Dundee during the period under consideration.2. The other sporadic cases were caused by different members of the group of Salmonella organisms—stanley, potsdam, senftenberg, while two cases were possibly due to a micro-organism having somatic relationship with the aberdeen bacillus although not possessed to the “i” flagellar antigen. It is probable, therefore, that these less frequently encountered Salmonellas are of wide distribution.3. Two extensive outbreaks of milk-borne bacillary food infection due to the dublin type of the gaertner bacillus are described. In both, the source of infection was determined and proved to be a cow which had indubitably suffered from a septicaemic infection due to that micro-organism.These two dublin outbreaks are of special interest in view of the findings of Conybeare & Thornton (1938) concerning the presence of antibodies to this bacillus in the blood of bovines and its presence in dejecta of a cow which, in view of the absence of evidence of illness, could only be regarded as a “carrier”.If there be an appreciable number of carriers among bovines such observations as those of Montgomery (1938) concerning sporadic infantile meningitis due to the dublin bacillus are comprehensible though, of course, no explanation can be offered concerning the peculiar tendency to invade the meninges exhibited by this particular Salmonella.
The effects of morphine, diacetylmorphine and some related alkaloids upon the alimentary tract: Part II. Small intestine and ileo-colic sphincter
Authors: Myers G. Norman 
Published: May 2009

1. The effects of morphine upon the small intestine are an increase in the tone and peristaltic movements. The frequency of peristaltic movements is slightly increased at first, but later decreased. The frequency of the rhythmical contractions remains more or less constant while their amplitude is increased. The tone and movements of the ileo-colic sphincter are increased.2. Atropine modifies the effects of morphine by producing a decrease in tone and movements of the intestine, for varying periods of time. The subsequent injection of morphine during the period of inhibition produces, however, a further increase in tone and movements. Adrenalin causes a temporary inhibition of tone and movements after morphine.3. Diacetylmorphine and dihydromorphinone produce similar effects; but are more active than morphine. Dihydromorphinone is approximately 10 times more active, and diacetylmorphine 11/2 times more active than morphine.4. Dihydrocodeinone, codeine and dihydro-oxycodeinone produce similar effects to morphine but are much weaker, especially in so far as the production of increased tone is concerned. Regarding relative activities dihydrocodeinone lies between morphine and codeine, while dihydro-oxycodeinone is placed after codeinone.
The udder as a possible source of coliform organisms in milk
Authors: Rowlands A. 
Published: May 2009

1. It seems to be the general opinion of veterinary contributors on the subject that infection of the udder with coliform organisms is rapidly followed by clinical symptoms of mastitis, and marked changes in the appearance of the secretion. There would therefore appear to be little danger of contamination of bulk milk from such sources except during the few hours between infection and the appearance of the clinical symptoms.2. Injury to the teats or quarters may result in infection of milk with coliform organisms owing to the difficulty of thorough cleaning of the malformed tissue.3. Several cases of infection of quarters in the entire absence of clinical or other symptoms of disease have been cited. There is no evidence that such cases can be classed as subclinical forms of the disease as is the case in streptococcic mastitis. The evidence in two cases cited indicates that milk drawn from a quarter can remain infected with coliform organisms for a considerable period with no apparent clinical or other symptoms of disease.4. There is sufficient evidence to warrant the examination of quarter samples in cases where infection of bulk milk with coliform organisms from other more common sources appears to be unlikely.
The influence of germicides on the dehydrogenases ofBact. Coli: Part I. The succinic acid dehydrogenase ofBact. Coli
Authors: Sykes George 
Published: May 2009

1. The effect of alcohols and of phenol on the succinic acid dehydrogenase ofBact. coli, hitherto recorded qualitatively in the literature, has been studied in greater detail.2. The effect of heat and ofp−chloro−m−cresol, hexyl resorcinol,p−butyl phenol and amyl−m−cresol, has also been studied.3. The concentrations of these germicides required to inhibit completely the succinic dehydrogenase is such as to allow for a slight excess over the concentrations which are lethal toBact. coli.
A method of testing the stability of finely divided emulsions of oils and fats, with reference to the value of yolk of egg, and decoctum chondri as emulsifying agents
Authors: Myers G. Norman 
Published: May 2009

1. A new test for the stability of emulsions of oils or fats is described. It is based on the observation that, when stable emulsions of oils and fats in a fine state of division are mixed with lethal quantities of bacterial toxins and incubated for 30 min. at body temperature, and the mixtures when injected into guinea-pigs do not cause death.2. Emulsions of olive oil (50%) made with either egg yolk or Irish moss do not protect animals against the effects of lethal doses of bacterial toxins, and are therefore regarded as unstable as judged by this standard.
Laboratory notes on pneumonia in Kenya
Authors: de Smidt F. P. G. 
Published: May 2009

A laboratory investigation of 776 cases of labor pneumonia, mainly among Kenya Africans, over a period of 5 years, revealed a remarkable preponderance of infections due to group IV pneumococci.Comparison of the total case mortality rate with the case mortality of group IV pneumonia infections suggests that Kenya Africans are not specially susceptible to pneumonia, and that many of the group IV pneumococci which cause pneumonia in Kenya are of high virulence and penetrative power.A considerable number of group IV pneumococcal types capable of causing severe lobar pneumonia were serologically isolated. A few of these were identified with pneumococcal types prevalent in New York and South Africa.An experiment was made on a fairly large scale with prophylactic antipneumonia vaccine, made in the same way as Sir Spencer Lister's pneumonia prophylactic which is used with success in the Rand mines, but constituted of the pneumococcal types which had been found to be most prevalent in pneumonia in the Nairobi district. Extensive trials with this vaccine have been made on the labourers of the Kenya gold fields, and elsewhere, and very encouraging reports on the effects of this vaccine in reducing the incidence and case mortality of pneumonia have been received from medical officers who carried out the inoculations.A technique is described for the use of surface culture suspensions of pneumococci for serological and bile-solubility tests, and advantages are claimed on specified grounds for the use of surface culture suspensions in preparing agglutinating and therapeutic pneumococcal sera.A method is described for the use of formol-saline suspensions of surface cultures for preserving collections of pneumococcal types, and for correlating pneumococcal types prevalent in different countries.
The sulphanilamide treatment of scarlet fever
Authors: French Jane O. 
Published: May 2009

1. A series of 340 cases of scarlet fever was treated under controlled conditions, (a) with sulphanilamide or benzyl-sulphanilamide, and (b) without sulphanilamide.2. There was an even distribution of the individual cases in respect of factors known to influence the course of the disease, such as (a) the duration of the disease before admission to hospital, and (b) the severity of the infection.3. Treatment was carried out during the whole period of 4 weeks, which constitutes the average period of hospitalization in scarlet fever.4. The dose employed was large: (a) patients 5 years of age and over receiving 1 g. 4 hourly (i.e. 5 g. a day) for the first 14 days in hospital, thereafter 1 g. t.i.d. (i.e. 3 g. a day) for 14 days; a maximum total dose of 112 g., and (b) patients under 5 years of age receiving 0.5 g. 4 hourly (i.e. 2.5 g. a day) for the first 14 days in hospital, thereafter 0.5 g., t.i.d. (i.e. 1.5 g. a day) for 14 days; a maximum total dosage of 56 g.5. The results show that sulphanilamide had no significant effect upon the initial symptoms of scarlet fever, or upon the kind, incidence, or duration of later complications.6. A large number of toxic reactions followed the use of both sulphanilamide and benzyl-sulphanilamide.7. In view of all the evidence submitted, it is considered that there is no justification for the employment of sulphanilamide and benzyl-sulphanilamide in the treatment of scarlet fever.
The bactericidal action of X-rays, neutrons and radioactive radiations
Authors: Lea D. E. , Haines R. B. , Bretscher E. 
Published: May 2009

Experiments are reported in which the bactericidal effect of α-, β- and γ-rays of radium, X-rays of various wave-lengths, and neutrons, has been observed, particularly on Bact. coli and spores of B. mesentericus. It is shown that the survival curves are exponential and that the lethal dose is independent of the intensity of the radiation and of the temperature during the irradiation. The lethal dose varies for different radiations, being, in the case of vegetative bacteria, greatest for those radiations, particularly α-rays, which produce their ionizations close together.These experimental facts can all be explained on the view that the “lethal” action of radiation is really the production of lethal mutations. It is deduced that the number of “genes” in Bact. coli is of the order of 1000.
Sulphonamide compounds and acute rheumatism
Authors: Glazebrook A. J. , Thomson Scott 
Published: May 2009

1. In a controlled experiment prontosil was used in the treatment of four cases of streptococcal tonsillitis. These cases subsequently developed acute rheumatism.2. Two cases of otitis media and one case of streptococcal pneumonia, not in the controlled experiment, were treated with sulphonamide and sulphapyridine respectively. These cases developed rheumatism as a complication.3. Haemolytic streptococci were recovered from twelve cases of respiratory tract infection which subsequently developed acute rheumatic fever.
The cleaning and sterilization of milk bottles
Authors: Hobbs Betty C. , Wilson G. S. 
Published: May 2009

The results just described for Greater London compare very favourably with those of similar surveys carried out in the United States by Hopkins & Kelly (1919), Smith (1923), and Layson, Huffer & Brannon (1936) (see also Report, 1934). The figures recorded in Table 7 show that approximately 50% of bottles from the large, the small rotary, and the steam sterilization plants conformed to a standard of less than 600 colonies per pint bottle, or approximately 1 colony per ml. capacity.The figures for the small rotary plants were not so good as for the large plants, there being a greater proportion of high counts among these. The same was even truer of the steam sterilization plants, in which about a quarter of the bottles were grossly contaminated. The results with the plants using hand-washing only were bad, none of them falling below the 2500 mark.The general conclusions to be drawn from this survey are that equally good results may be obtained in large or in small rotary plants relying on treatment with hot caustic detergent as in plants employing steam sterilization, and that the uniformly best results are obtained in properly designed and operated plants of the spray type.
A review of some recent work on papillary variation in bacteria and bacterial cytology
Authors: Stewart F. H. 
Published: May 2009

Some recent advances in the subject of bacterial variation and cytology are:(1) The white race ofBact. coli-mutabilecontains lactase, inhibited by some cause unknown (Deereet al.1939). Deere (1939) suggests that the cells of the white race may be impermeable to lactose while the lactase system is intracellular.(2) Variation from non-lactose-fermenter to lactose fermenter inBact. coli-mutabiletakes place on lactose only (Stewart, 1942).(3) The nucleus ofMyxococcus xanthusconsists of definite chromatin masses. A process resembling karyokinesis and autogamic conjugation precedes spore formation (Beebe, 1941).(4) The nucleus of vegetative bacterial cells consists of a pair of dumbbell-shaped chromatinic bodies, which split longitudinally before cell division. The dumbbell bodies are comparable to the chromosomes of animals and plants (Robinow, 1942).(5) Careful plating provides unquestionably pure lines in the coliform group (Stewart, 1942).
The selective action of tetrathionate in bacteriological media: A report to the medical research council
Authors: Knox R. , Gell P. G. H. , Pollock M. R. 
Published: May 2009

The chemical and biological properties of the constituents of tetrathionate media have been investigated.(1) The selective properties of thiosulphate and tetrathionate are expressed in graphic form, a method which clearly illustrates their differential effect on various intestinal organisms and is of value in preparing media to suit particular needs.(2) Thiosulphate, tetrathionate, iodide and, indirectly, chalk all have some selective action, but the most important single constituent is tetrathionate.(3) The discovery that certain organisms, mainly of the Salmonella group, are capable of reducing tetrathionate rapidly to thiosulphate suggests that in tetrathionate media part at least of the selective action is due to the ability of the tetrathionate to act as an alternative hydrogen acceptor to oxygen.(4) In the light of these facts many of the defects and puzzling features of tetrathionate media can be explained, especially the frequent heavy growth ofProteus.(5) A medium containing balanced tetrathionate shows a different kind of selectivity from media of Muller's type and has given consistent results as a routine solid medium for plating of faecal specimens.(6) A diminution in the amount of thiosulphate in media of Muller's type is desirable, sinceBact. typhosumis relatively sensitive to thiosulphate.(7) The possible value of a biochemical approach to the study of selective media is emphasized.It is a pleasure to thank Prof. M. E. Delafield and Prof. G. S. Wilson for constructive criticism of this paper, and we are much indebted to Dr C. Hamilton Willkie for taking the photograph.
Bantu immunity to scarlet-fever toxin
Authors: Murray J. F. 
Published: May 2009

1. Dick tests on 743 Bantu children aged 6–20 years showed 5·0% positive reactors.2. Throat swabs from 200 urban native children showed 19% carriers of Lancefield's group A Streptococcus haemolyticus.3. The basis of Bantu immunity to scarlet fever is discussed.I am indebted to Dr E. H. Cluver, Director, and Dr G. Buchanan, Deputy Director of the South African Institute for Medical Research, for their continued interest in the progress of this work, and I am especially grateful to Dr D. Ordman of this Institute who isolated and typed the streptococci for me. My thanks are also due to Dr Marcus, Kanye, Bechuanaland Protectorate, and to Dr Prestwich and Dr Xuma, of Alexandra Township, for making it possible to examine the requisite number of Bantu children. The travelling expenses involved in this investigation were defrayed by a grant from the National Research Board.
Studies on air-borne virus infections: III. The killing of aerial suspensions of influenza virus by hypochlorous acid
Authors: Edward D. G. ff. , Lidwell O. M. 
Published: May 2009

Experiments are described for determining the effect of hypochlorite mists and hypochlorous acid gas on aerosols of influenza A virus.The virus aerosol is shown to be at least as easily killed by hypochlorite mists as Streptococcus salivarius. It is also killed by liberating hypochlorous acid gas itself into the atmosphere. A concentration of 1 vol. of gas in 2 million vol. of air is probably effective in destroying 99% or more of virus particles when the proportion of these in the air is small.Preliminary experiments on mice and cats are recorded which failed to reveal any toxic effects produced by inhaling the gas in relatively high concentrations or for prolonged periods. Acute irritation of mucous membranes only was found. This did not appear to lead to any increased susceptibility of mice to subsequent infection with influenza.We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to the late Sir Patrick Laidlaw and to Dr R. J. V. Pulvertaft in co-operation with whom the earlier experiments were made. We also wish to thank Dr W. J. Elford, Dr F. C. MacIntosh, Dr R. K. Callow and Dr T. S. Work for their assistance and advice in parts of the investigation.