bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of vegetation management on autumn dispersal of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) from tomato
Authors: Meck E. D. , Walgenbach J. F. , Kennedy G. G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAutumn dispersal of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) from tomato to overwintering host plants was studied in field experiments during 2004–2006. Three vegetation management strategies (herbicide, cultivation and no vegetation control) were established around mite‐infested, senescing tomato plants. Tetranychus urticae dispersal was monitored using trap plants of common chickweed (Stellaria media) at 2, 6 and 12 m from the tomatoes within each vegetation management plot. Chickweed plants were sampled in the autumn and spring from 2004 to 2006. Sticky traps were placed next to trap plants in the autumn of 2005 to monitor aerial dispersal of mites. Mite populations infesting chickweed were low, and autumn dispersal of mites from tomatoes to the chickweed plots was considered to be short range. The vegetation management strategies had no effect on mite densities found in the chickweed, but the capture of mites on sticky traps indicated that aerial dispersal was also a means of dispersal to overwintering hosts.
Intra‐ and inter‐specific crosses of Solanum materials after mitotic polyploidization in vitro
Authors: Greplová M. , Polzerová H. , Domkářová J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMitotic polyploidization in vitro was used in selected wild Solanum species and Solanum tuberosum dihaploids. The efficiency of polyploidization by colchicine was compared with that of oryzalin. Oryzalin was more effective than colchicine (P = 0.1). The rate of non‐affected to mixoploid to tetraploid regenerants was 22 : 2.5 : 1 (colchicine) and 14 : 2 : 1 (oryzalin). Optimal concentrations and durations were 3.5 mm/24 h for colchicine and 25 or 30 μm for 24 or 48 h for oryzalin (variations in concentration and duration are necessary owing to possible diversity of responses in selected genotypes). Tetraploids were obtained from S. berthaultii, S. bulbocastanum, S. pinnatisectum, S. verrucosum and eleven S. tuberosum dihaploids. The yield of tetraploids derived from tbr dihaploids was lower than that from the wild species (P = 0.01). Tetraploid regenerants were tested in intra‐ and inter‐specific crosses. Three of 43 intra‐specific combinations (298 pollinated flowers) were successful and yielded 440 seeds. Inter‐specific crosses (138 combinations, 1672 pollinated flowers) yielded 48 seedless berries.
Imaging of the anterior segment in glaucoma
Authors: See Jovina Li Shuen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAlthough constituting only about a quarter of all glaucoma, angle closure glaucoma causes a disproportionate amount of visual morbidity and is predicted to be responsible for almost half of bilateral blindness by 2020. Early detection and treatment of angle closure significantly improves visual prognosis. Identification of eyes at risk of angle closure currently relies on opportunistic case detection, often by gonioscopy. However, gonioscopy is a highly subjective technique and often leads to misdiagnosis and underdetection of angle closure. More recently, various imaging modalities that allow a more objective assessment of the anterior segment structures, including anterior segment optical coherence tomography and the scanning peripheral anterior chamber depth analyser, have come under close scrutiny for their potential in screening for angle closure. Their accuracy and repeatability, advantages and disadvantages as well as their ease of use are all important to consider whether they are intended for use in the clinical setting or if they are to be incorporated into mass screening programs. Furthermore, their place alongside gonioscopy and more established technologies such as ultrasound biomicroscopy must be considered. The aim of this paper is to review the anterior segment imaging technologies that are currently available.
Clinical patterns of uveitis in two ophthalmology centres in Bogota, Colombia
Authors: De‐la‐Torre Alejandra , López‐Castillo Christian Adrián , Rueda Juan C , Mantilla Rubén Darío , Gómez‐Marín Jorge Enrique , Anaya Juan‐Manuel 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPurpose:  To describe the distribution pattern and the clinical features of uveitis in two ophthalmology referral centres in Colombia.Methods:  This was a retrospective study in which clinical records of patients attending the centres between 1996 and 2006 were systematically reviewed. Data were analysed and compared with previous reports.Results:  Uveitis was found in 693 patients: 335 men (48.3%) and 358 women (51.7%). The mean age for the first presentation was 31.7 ± 18.3 years. Unilateral (73.4%), acute (68.3%), posterior (35.9%) and non‐granulomatous (90.6%) were the most common types of uveitis found in the sample. Toxoplasmosis was the most frequent cause in this study followed in order by idiopathic and toxocariasis. Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada, Behçet's disease, sarcoidosis and white dot syndromes were less common. Some causes such as systemic lupus erythematosus and tuberculosis were extremely rare. Presumed ocular histoplasmosis, onchocerciasis and Lyme disease were absent.Conclusions:  The results of this study provide the first report of clinical patterns for uveitis in Colombia. This study will enhance awareness of uveitis, and data should assist in the development of public health policies in our population for the improvement of patient outcomes.
Relationship Investment and Channel Performance: An Analysis of Mediating Forces
Authors: Luo Yadong , Liu Yi , Xue Jiaqi 
Published: May 2009

abstractThis study explores how relationship‐specific investment (RSI) enhances interfirm cooperation in buyer–supplier partnerships in an emerging market. Building upon the logic of economic sociology, we argue that the contribution of RSI to the success in buyer–supplier partnerships will be mediated by reduced opportunism and reduced conflict and by heightened commitment and knowledge sharing. Our survey of 216 paired distributors (buyers) and manufacturers (suppliers) in China generally supports this argument, leading to a conclusion that RSI is not a direct performance propeller but an important builder of relational infrastructure in which mid‐range processes are nourished. Theoretical implications in strategic management and supply chain management research are highlighted.
Bias in request for medical care and impact on outcome during office and non‐office hours in stroke patients
Authors: Jauss M. , Oertel W. , Allendoerfer J. , Misselwitz B. , Hamer H. 
Published: May 2009

Background and purpose:  We compared characteristics and treatment success of ischaemic stroke patients admitted during daytime on working days (office hours) with patients admitted on weekend or nighttime (non‐office hours) to test if differences in presentation or restraints of medical care during non‐office hours determine outcome in stroke patients.Methods:  We analyzed a prospective stroke registry and grouped patients according to admission on office hours and non‐office hours. Clinical state on admission, risk factors, sociodemographic items, complications, place of discharge, and clinical state on discharge were recorded.Results:  A total of 37 396 stroke patients were evaluated. Onset–admission time on Monday was significantly elevated and on weekend significantly reduced. Number of patients with treatment success did not differ between patient groups whilst mortality within 7 days, proportion of embolic stroke, overall mortality and rate of complications where higher in patients admitted during non‐office hours, rate of thrombolytic treatment was significantly higher during non‐office hours. After adjustment for clinical state and admission latency, risk for severe outcome or death was independent from time of admission.Conclusion:  Considering the fact that stroke patients admitted during non‐office hours were in more severe clinical condition we found no differences in outcome. Fear of impaired access to sophisticated treatment options during non‐office hours could be dispelled by the fact, that rate of thrombolytic treatment was even higher during night and weekend. Therefore, our data do not confirm a weekend effect or night effect on stroke treatment. Delay in request of medical care of mildly affected patients that suffer from stroke on weekends confirms need for educational efforts.
Cutaneous accumulation of abnormal polyglutamine proteins of patients with dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy
Authors: Ohta M. , Okuyama R. , Ogawa E. , Kisu K. , Sato H. , Aoki M. , Aiba S. 
Published: May 2009

Background and purpose:  Dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) is a hereditary spinocerebellar degeneration caused by expansion of a trinucleotide CAG repeat encoding a polyglutamine tract in a disease protein atrophin‐1. The clinical features include ataxia, choreoathetosis, and dementia, which result from neural degeneration caused by the mutant atrophin‐1.Methods:  We performed skin biopsy in two patients with DRPLA.Results:  We found multiple clear cells in the epidermis, which were positive for proteins containing an expanded polyglutamine stretches. The clear cells were p63 (+), S‐100 (−), and cytokeratin 20 (−), showing that they were keratinocytes. Negative or weak signals of pan‐cytokeratin were consistent with the finding of decreased tonofilaments at the electron microscopic level.Conclusions:  The presence of clear keratincoytes showed that the mutant proteins interfered in cellular functions not only in neural cells but also in keratinocytes. The skin is accessible by biopsy, making it important in the diagnosis. Furthermore, the polyglutamine staining in the skin may be useful for evaluation of therapeutic modalities for DRPLA and other polyglutamine diseases.
Foreflipper propulsion in the California sea lion,Zalophus californianus
Authors: Feldkamp Steven D. 
Published: May 2009

The family Otariidae comprises the only group of marine mammals that habitually use their pectoral appendages to generate propulsive forces during swimming. This method of propulsion was examined in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), a representative member of the family. High‐speed films were taken as a sea lion swam against a water current generated inside a large flow channel. Thrust production was determined by examining the body's movement at various stages of the propulsive cycle. Sea lions generate thrust continuously throughout the stroke. Over its initial three‐quarters, foreflippers act as hydrofoils creating forward thrust and lift as they move vertically through the water. Thrust production is greatest, however, near the end of the stroke, when flippers are used as paddles and are oriented broad side to the oncoming flow. The force generated by this three‐phased system of propulsion is likely to be greater than that attainable by either an exclusively lift‐based hydrofoil or drag‐based paddling style of swimming.The kinematic changes that enable sea lions to change speed were also investigated. Film records revealed that stroke amplitude became greater with speed, although total stroke duration remained essentially constant. Sea lions increase stroke frequency with velocity but large variations in the measured values suggest that changes in amplitude and flipper angle of attack are also important parameters for modulating swimming speed.
The development of the trigeminal jaw adductor musculature and associated skull elements in the lizard Podarcis sicula
Authors: Rieppel Olivier 
Published: May 2009

The ontogenetic development of the jaw adductor musculature in Podarcis sicula (Raftnesque) is described in detail and related to patterns of ossification in associated skull elements. It was found that the coronoid bone ossifies in continuity with the developing bodenaponeurosis, whereas the elements of the upper temporal arcade ossify prior to (and seemingly independently of) the realization of an attachment of the developing jaw adductors.Various aspects of the development of the jaw adductors are discussed in the light of theoretical claims concerning conflicting models of ontogeny, as is the role of ontogenetic studies in the determination of character polarity. It is concluded that the present study supports the model of epigenetic development, and that ontogeny alone is insufficient for the assessment of character polarity. Instead, ontogeny must be interpreted in the context of phylogenetic hypotheses.
Changes in the skull morphology of the Arctic wolf, Canis lupus arctos, during the twentieth century
Authors: Clutton‐Brock J. , Kitchener A. C. , Lynch J. M. 
Published: May 2009

Measurements of a large series of skulls of the Arctic wolf, Canis lupus arctos. have shown that since 1930 there has been an overall reduction in the size of the skulls, together with widening of the cranium, shortening of the facial region, and reduction in size of the teeth. This suggests that hybridization and subsequent introgression occurred with huskies (Canis familiaris) during the 1930s, which is consistent with historical accounts. Since 1950 there has been a reversion in skull morphology to a more ‘wolf‐like’ form, suggesting that hybridization is no longer occurring.The skull of a wolf/dog hybrid is intermediate in size between the skulls of wolves and huskies but its shape is allometrically dissimilar. Skulls of wolves from the period 1930–50 are moi‐e similar to the skull of this hybrid than in the other time periods.The skull of a male canid from a carcass collected on Ellesmere Island and presented to the Natural History Museum. London, in 1986 was at first thought to be from a wolf/dog hybrid but analyses of the measurements show that it is more likely to be from an Arctic wolf with severe abnormalities to the jaws.
Dispersion and site fidelity of breeding female grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) on North Rona, Scotland
Authors: Pomeroy P. P. , Anderson S. S. , Twiss S. D. , McConnell B. J. 
Published: May 2009

Female grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) formed breeding aggregations on the island of North Rona, Scotland. Aggregations of females were associated particularly with gullies leading from the sea, leaving large areas of available space unoccupied. Changes in the degree of aggregation of females during the breeding season were similar in 1987, 1988 and 1989. Pronounced aggregations occurred in the early and late parts of each breeding season.Of 67 breeding females marked in 1985, 62 (93%)) returned to N. Rona to breed in at least one season up to 1989, but 18 (27%) were present in all five years. Females came ashore up to 14 days before giving birth and 82% were observed first in the vicinity of their subsequent pupping site. Between 1985 and 1989, marked females which returned were faithful to their previous pupping sites, even when the previous pup had died. There was no evidence of a gradual change in the location of individual pupping sites over time. This pupping site fidelity may generate aggregations whose location, timing and composition is predictable.
Hymenopteran wing kinematics: a qualitative study
Authors: Brackenbury J. H. 
Published: May 2009

(With 9 plates and 2 figures in the text)Wing deformations were studied in representatives of several hymenopteran families during free Right in hovering or near hovering conditions. The claval furrow, costal break, stigma and a variety of flexion lines occupying the wing apex are all involved in regulating forewing profile during the flight cycle in lchneumonidae and Tenthredinidae. In these families, as well as in the sphecid Sphex rujocincius, the median flexion line of the hindwing is also active in the terminal stages of supination. The plaiting fold of the vespid forewing plays an important role in profile control during the upstroke, reversing its polarity compared to rest. Little wing distortion was observed in the large scolids Scotia flavifrons and S. hirta, possibly attributable to the presence of strengthening ridges and grooves in the wing apex.
Aberrant anogenital distance in XXSxv (‘sex‐reversed’) pseudomale mice
Authors: Atkinson T. G. , Blecher S. R. 
Published: May 2009

Anogenital distance (AGD). a sex differentiation marker in mice (Mus musculus), is thought to be a secondary sexual trait exclusively regulated by androgens during development. However, recent studies suggest that some so‐called secondary sexual traits may be influenced by sex‐chromosomal genotype. To explore this question further we studied the AGD of the XXSxr 'sex‐reversed’mouse, which has adequate androgens for masculinization.The AGDs of adult and prepubertal XY, XYSxr carrier, XXSxr 'sex‐reversed’and XX mice were measured. We found that adult XXSxr 'sex‐reversed’mice (which we refer to as pseudomales) and XYSxr carriers have shorter mean AGDs than their XY siblings. Prepubertal XXSxr animals also have shorter mean AGDs than their XY siblings when AGD is expressed as a proportion of body length. XX adult and prepubertal mice have significantly shorter AGDs than the other genotypes at similar stages of development. The differences in AGD between adult and prepubertal XY and XXSxr sibs, and adult XY and XYSxr sibs, reported here, do not appear to be due to androgen levels, since adult testicular and serum testosterone levels are higher in pseudomales and carriers than in XY mice, and fetal pseudomale androgen levels also appear to be at least as high as those of normal males. Furthermore, the AGD differences between genotypes are not correlated to differences in testis size. We conclude that the differences are likely to be due to a tissue specific effect of the genetic constitution of the individuals, as is the case with scrotal development in the marsupial Macropus eugenii (the tammar wallaby).
Seasonal variation in the activity patterns of the Orkney vole Microtus arvalis orcadensis
Authors: Reynolds P. , Gorman M. L. 
Published: May 2009

In captivity, Orkney voles Microtus uruulis orcudensis show an activity pattern that consists of regularly alternating periods of rest and activity with a periodicity of about 2.8 hours. Captive voles kept under ambient conditions are equally active day and night at all times of the year. Free‐living voles also show a regular short‐term rhythm of activity but in addition the partition of activity between day and night varies seasonally. At two sites on Orkney Mainland cyclic variation in diurnality with a period of 12 months were recorded. Although surface activity occurred during both the day and night throughout the year, day activity predominated, particularly during the winter months. The cycle appeared to be synchronous at the two study sites.Seasonal variation in diurnality appeared to be associated with population density and due largely to the proportion of juveniles in the population. Given the 12‐month cycle of diurnality found in the Orkney vole, phase relationships with photoperiod are likely to be consistent between years. This may explain why populations of this subspecies do not appear to undergo multi‐annual population cycles.Despite intense levels of predation by raptors, including the short‐eared owl which switches between nocturnal and diurnal hunting, Orkney voles exhibit a relatively simple and highly predictable cycle of diurnality. This cycle is unlikely therefore to have evolved as a means of preventing predator specialization with respect to time of day, season or year.
Reproductive suppression in eusocial Cryptomys darnavensis colonies: socially‐induced infertility in females
Authors: Bennett N. C. , Jarvis J. U. M. , Millar R. P. , Sasano H. , Ntshinga K. V. 
Published: May 2009

Inhibition of reproduction occurs in colonies of the Damaraland mole‐rat (Cryptomys damarensis), where one female and usually one male are reproductively active. They remain the sole reproductive animals thoughout their stay in the colony, which in the field may exceed five years.An 18‐month study on a captive colony of C. damarensis shows that non‐reproductive females remain anovulatory and always have concentrations of urinary progesterone lower than that of the reproductive female 10.7 8.8 nmols/mmol creatinine (n = 85), although their progesterone concentrations are slightly elevated when the reproductive female is early in pregnancy. In contrast the reproductively active female has elevated concentrations of progesterone 63.3 70.1 nmols/mmol creatinine (n= 14).Standard histological together with immunohistochemical examination of the ovarian structure shows that follicular development in the non‐reproductive females is halted at varying stages prior to ovulation and that the unruptured follicles luteinize. These unruptured luteinized follicles stain positive for 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase—the enzyme catalysing the synthesis of progesterone from pregnenolone. It is possible that the low levels of circulating progesterone produced by the luteinized follicles in the non‐reproductive females in the colony are sufficient to feedback on the hypothalamo‐pituitary axis and prevent the surge of LH necessary for ovulation.Behavioural studies provide corroborative evidence for sexual suppression. Thus the non‐reproductive females in the colony are never involved in courtship or copulatory behaviour. nor do they actively solicit males in the colony. The reproductive female, however, plays an active role in mate selection and is the initiator in courtship behaviour.The suppression of ovulation in non‐reproductivc females is maintained for as long as there is a reproductive female in the colony.
Effects of site of tactile stimulation on the escape swimming responses of hatchling Xenopus laevis embryos
Authors: Boothby K. M. , Roberts A. 
Published: May 2009

Hatchling Xenopus laevis embryos usually swim when the skin is touched with a fine hair. Less common are small, local V‐flexions and more general C‐flexions. Simple flexions or the initial flexion at the start of swimming occur predominantly on the opposite side to the stimulus to direct the animal away from the stimulus. Strokes to the midline lead to random sidedness of responses.The reliability of the sidedness of flexions and the first flexions of swimming decreases the more rostrally the stimuli are given. The range of directions of swimming paths are larger with more rostral stimuli so responses to head stimuli are unpredictable in direction.In animals immobilized in α‐bungarotoxin, strokes to the skin produce electrically recorded motor output which corresponds to: V‐flexions, C‐flexions and swimming. Fictive activity generally starts on the side opposite to the stimulus. The fictive responses suggest that the three basic behaviour patterns observed can be generated entirely within the central nervous system without any sensory feedback.We discuss possible mechanisms for the generation of ‘protean’ responses to head stimulation which are unpredictable in direction.