bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le traité de Lisbonne sur la voie fédéraliste ?
Authors: Sidjanski Dusan 
Published: December 2011

Résumé La coïncidence de la période de rodage du traité de Lisbonne avec le choc de la crise financière a exacerbé le dilemme entre la voie fédérale et la dérive intergouvernementale auquel sont confrontées l’Union européenne et la zone euro. Le traité de Lisbonne pourra-t-il tenir les promesses de ses innovations – président du Conseil européen et haute représentante – et de l’équilibre institutionnel entre le communautaire et l’intergouvernemental ? D’autant que dans la recherche d’une réponse à la crise, le rôle de l’Allemagne et de la France en collaboration avec le président du Conseil européen a été privilégié aux dépens de celui de la Commission. Depuis le déclenchement de la crise grecque et sa propagation au Portugal et à l’Irlande, ainsi que les risques de contagion à l’Italie et à l’Espagne, les mesures adoptées se sont avérées insuffisantes. De surcroît, l’accent a été mis sur l’austérité au détriment de la croissance. Les réticences et les atermoiements ont contribué à l’aggravation de la crise économique. Les efforts de la Commission en matière de régulation des marchés financiers, pour essentiels qu’ils soient, n’ont pas suffi à relancer l’économie de la zone euro. Le Fonds européen de stabilité financière a permis de colmater les brèches au prix de politiques d’austérité sans permettre d’éviter le risque de récession. D’où une triple nécessité : le retour à la méthode communautaire moins dépendante à l’égard des contraintes nationales ; le fédéralisme fiscal et l’émission des eurobonds dans la zone euro, soit un New Deal européen ; la révision de la prise de décision en cas de crise, voire l’instauration d’un mécanisme ad hoc susceptible de prendre des mesures d’urgence. En bref, le retour sur la voie du fédéralisme européen.
Les institutions de l'Union européenne après le traité de Lisbonne
Authors: Quermonne Jean-Louis 
Published: December 2011

Résumé La mise en œuvre des dispositions d’ordre institutionnel du traité de Lisbonne s’est heurtée à de nombreux obstacles. Outre les concessions faites à l’Irlande, qui écartent la possibilité de réduire dès 2014 le format de la Commission, elles tiennent à la fois au contrôle rigoureux exercé par les cours constitutionnelles et à la montée en puissance dans différents États membres du populisme et du nationalisme. D’où une application a minima , malgré l’établissement d’un mode de législation ordinaire inspiré de la « méthode communautaire » des mesures favorisant l’intégration. Il en est résulté un renforcement des pratiques intergouvernementales qui ont profité au Conseil européen. L’inscription sur la scène européenne de la crise économique et financière déclenchée en 2008 aux États-Unis est venue ajouter paradoxalement à ces difficultés deux effets. D’une part le caractère régulier des problèmes posés a mis sur le devant de la scène les chefs d’État et de gouvernement et leurs ministres des finances. Mais, à l’inverse, au niveau de la zone euro, il a conféré un rôle de premier plan à la Banque centrale et à son président. Et la promotion suggérée dans ce cadre d’un fédéralisme économique et financier tend à soulever d’une part la question jugée antérieurement prématurée d’une nouvelle révision du traité, et d’autre part celle de la compatibilité entre un centre de gravité renforcé autour du couple franco-allemand et les autres États de l’Union. D’où la nécessité de favoriser l’avènement d’un leadership européen qui pourrait résulter de la fusion des présidences du Conseil européen et de la Commission, assorti de la formation au sein de cette dernière d’un collège restreint de commissaires, auxquels serait attribué le statut actuellement réservé au haut représentant pour la PESC.
Deux ans après Lisbonne, l'Europe dans la crise
Authors: Toulemon Robert 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Entré en vigueur le 1 er décembre 2009, le traité de Lisbonne a marqué quelques progrès dans le mode de fonctionnement de l’Union : renforcement des pouvoirs du Parlement européen, élargissement du domaine permettant des décisions à la majorité au Conseil, mode de désignation du président de la Commission. Mais le traité a laissé subsister plusieurs des faiblesses principales des textes antérieurs (révision, ressources budgétaires, fiscalité). Il a affaibli, en la divisant, la fonction exécutive et de représentation de l’Union tout en renonçant à afficher ses symboles. Dans l’ordre intérieur, l’Union a traversé sa plus grave crise bancaire, financière, monétaire, économique et sociale. Elle a imposé aux États membres en difficulté des plans de sauvetage tardifs marqués par plus de rigueur que de solidarité. Elle a franchi un pas significatif vers une coordination des politiques nationales en donnant priorité à l’assainissement des finances publiques sur le soutien à la croissance et à l’emploi. Le rôle de la Banque centrale s’est révélé décisif dans la sauvegarde de l’union monétaire. Dans le domaine extérieur, l’affaire libyenne a montré les limites de la politique étrangère et de sécurité commune. Face aux révoltes du monde arabe et au problème palestinien, le nouveau service européen d’action extérieure, tout juste mis en place, n’est pas parvenu à obtenir une attitude commune des diplomaties nationales. L’avenir de la nouvelle Union pour la Méditerranée est incertain. À partir d’une situation confuse, plusieurs scénarios sont envisageables. Le plus probable est celui de la continuité. Le marché unique et l’union monétaire sont préservés au prix de difficultés et de tensions. L’Union peine à s’affirmer comme un acteur majeur de la scène internationale. Elle poursuit un lent processus d’élargissement limité aux Balkans sans nouvelles réformes institutionnelles. Un deuxième scénario plus sombre ne peut être exclu. La primauté de l’intergouvernemental et l’effacement concomitant de la Commission conduisent à des tensions croissantes à la fois entre petits et grands et entre les grands. La solidarité insuffisante menace l’intégrité de la zone euro. Le scénario le plus positif n’est pas le plus vraisemblable. Il suppose que le désir de sauver l’euro coïncidant avec un renouveau d’intérêt pour l’Europe des dirigeants allemands conduise à un pas en avant vers plus de discipline et de solidarité, c’est-à-dire vers plus d’Europe politique. Ainsi l’Union sortirait renforcée de la crise mais limitée à la zone euro. Dans un climat transformé et grâce à des progrès de nature à montrer à quoi peut servir l’Europe, le centième anniversaire de la grande guerre civile européenne, coïncidant avec le renouvellement du Parlement et de la Commission, pourrait être l’occasion de rouvrir le chantier institutionnel. Il resterait à définir les sources de légitimité d’un gouvernement à la fois proche et distinct des gouvernements nationaux et à organiser la différenciation entre les États prêts à franchir une nouvelle étape et les autres.
Structural Insights into the Substrate Specificity of Human Granzyme H: The Functional Roles of a Novel RKR Motif
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Kai , Wu Lianfeng , Liu Shengwu , Zhang Honglian , Zhou Qiangjun , Tong Liang , Sun Fei , Fan Zusen 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Human granzyme H (GzmH) is constitutively expressed in human NK cells that have important roles in innate immune responses against tumors and viruses. GzmH is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease. Its substrate preference and its mechanism of substrate recognition are poorly understood. To provide structural insights into the substrate recognition mechanisms for GzmH, we solved the crystal structures of a D102N-GzmH mutant alone and in complex with a decapeptide substrate and an inhibitor to 2.2 Å, 2.4 Å, and 2.7 Å, respectively. The Thr189, Gly216, and Gly226 specificity triad in the S1 pocket of GzmH defines its preference for bulky, aromatic residues (Tyr and Phe) at the P1 position. Notably, we discovered that an unusual RKR motif (Arg39-Lys40-Arg41), conserved only in GzmH, helps define the S3′ and S4′ binding regions, indicating the preference for acidic residues at the P3′ and P4′ sites. Disruption of the RKR motif or the acidic P3′ and P4′ residues in the substrate abolished the proteolytic activity of GzmH. We designed a tetrapeptide chloromethylketone inhibitor, Ac-PTSY-chloromethylketone, which can selectively and efficiently block the enzymatic and cytotoxic activity of GzmH, providing a useful tool for further studies on the function of GzmH.
Cutting Edge: Histamine Is Required for IL-4–Driven Eosinophilic Allergic Responses
Authors: Swartzendruber Julie A. , Byrne Adam J. , Bryce Paul J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Histamine is an important allergic mediator, and studies have defined roles for both histamine 1 and 4 receptors in allergic airway inflammation. In this study, we show that histamine is necessary to generate IL-4–driven eosinophilic inflammation, as histamine-deficient mice cannot generate eosinophilic lung inflammation in response to intratracheal IL-4 and exogenous histamine restores responsiveness. This is histamine 2 receptor (H2R) dependent because H2R knockout mice fail to respond to IL-4, and a H2R agonist restores inflammation in histidine decarboxylase knockout. Furthermore, alveolar epithelial cells require H2R to produce CCL24, an eosinophil recruitment factor, whereas H2R blockade reduces CCL24 production from wild-type cells. In an allergic inflammation model, H2R knockout mice show significantly reduced eosinophilic inflammation and CCL24 expression. These data demonstrate a previously unidentified role for H2R in allergic inflammation and establishes a synergy between endogenous histamine and IL-4 that supports eosinophilic recruitment to the lung.
Boron: Metallacarbaboranes
Authors: Housecroft Catherine E. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Metallacarbaboranes comprise carbon, boron, and metal‐atom‐containing clusters. The classes of compounds and their syntheses are described, as well as skeletal isomerism, electrochemistry, and reactivity. The applications of metallacarbaboranes in biosciences, medicinal chemistry, and materials science are gradually becoming more significant.
d
‐ and
f
‐
B
lock Transition Metal Complexes with Bulky Allyl Ligands
Authors: Chmely Stephen C. , Hanusa Timothy P. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

The allyl anion (C
3
H
5
−
) is often found in combination with other ligands in organometallic complexes. Its compact size, however, means that compounds in which it is the only or principal type of ligand are frequently coordinatively unsaturated and prone to decomposition. Sterically bulky substituents (e.g.,—SiMe
3
) placed on the allyl group will increase its effective size, often enhancing the thermal, and in some cases oxidative, stability of the associated metal complexes. Compounds of the d‐ and f‐block metals containing bulky allyl ligands display a wide range of monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric structures. Some of these complexes have no counterparts with unsubstituted allyls, and others are active polymerization catalysts. Research in this area has markedly expanded the range of metals, structural types, and associated reactions that can be incorporated into metal–allyl chemistry.
“He Couldn't Have Done It, He Was With Me!”: The Impact of Alibi Witness Age and Relationship
Authors: Dahl Leora C. , Price Heather L. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryUndergraduate participants who conducted a simulated police investigation were presented with either a child (6 years old) or adult (25 years old) alibi witness, who was either the son or neighbor of the participant's suspect. Replicating previous research, participants were more likely to believe the adult neighbor alibi witness than the adult son. In fact, an alibi provided by the adult son actually proved detrimental to that suspect, as participants thought the suspect was more likely to be guilty after viewing an alibi provided by the adult son. However, child‐provided alibis reduced perceptions of suspect guilt, regardless of that child's relationship to the suspect. The child alibi witnesses were also viewed by the participants as more credible than the adult witnesses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and property relations between the polyacrylonitrile‐based prestabilized fibers and the partially carbonized fibers
Authors: Yu Meijie , Xu Yong , Wang Chengguo , Zhu Bo , Wang Yanxiang , Hu Xiuying , Lin Xue 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe structure of polyacrylonitrile‐based prestabilized fibers and partially carbonized fibers prepared in air and nitrogen were studied by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), the thermal properties were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), and the mechanical properties and corrosion properties resistant to concentrated sulfuric acid are also tested. Oxygen functional groups form in the fibers prestabilized in air, providing active sites for dehydrogenation and intermolecular crosslinked reactions, which facilitates the formation of turbostratic graphite structure in partially carbonized fibers. The fibers prestabilized in nitrogen and their corresponding partially carbonized fibers are brittle feature, and have comparatively low tensile strength and elongation. The fibers prestabilized in air did not change the color of concentrated sulfuric acid until being etched in it for 6 h; by contrast, the fibers prestabilized in nitrogen were dissolved out only within 1 min. It indicates that the former has better chemical stability than the latter. The present work provides direct evidence that oxygen containing structure in prestabilized fibers is an essential precondition for obtaining high property carbon fibers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Development of embedded assessments for learning in biotechnology: Results and design process for dissemination
Authors: Rebello Carina M. , Siegel Marcelle A. , Freyermuth Sharyn K. , Witzig Stephen B. , Izci Kemal 
Published: December 2011

AbstractEmbedded assessments, tasks within the context of instruction, can serve as important tools for improving teaching and learning. In this article, we report on the assessment design principles and a nine‐step development model that guided the construction of innovative embedded assessments. Using multiple sources of data—expert reviews, a conceptual test blueprint, student interviews, focus group interviews, and student responses to assessments—we were able to analyze the extent to which our assessments align with research‐based design principles. Specifically, our results demonstrate that the assessments: (a) align with learning and instructional goals; (b) are cognitively challenging; (c) support student learning; and (d) have reduced potential bias. These assessments were developed in the context of an introductory biochemistry course for nonbiochemistry majors with learning goals in areas of: scientific content, socio‐scientific issues, and evidence‐based decision making skills. The assessment design principles and development model are generalizable to other science disciplines. We discuss how the application of these design principles can generate valid and reliable embedded assessments that can be integrated into a modern classroom. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION, 2011
Large‐Scale Controllable Patterning Growth of Aligned Organic Nanowires through Evaporation‐Induced Self‐Assembly
Authors: Bao Rongrong , Zhang Chengyi , Wang Zhongliang , Zhang Xiujuan , Ou Xuemei , Lee Chun‐Sing , Jie Jiansheng , Zhang Xiaohong 
Published: December 2011

AbstractOrganic one‐dimensional nanostructures are attractive building blocks for electronic, optoelectronic, and photonic applications. Achieving aligned organic nanowire arrays that can be patterned on a surface with well‐controlled spatial arrangement is highly desirable in the fabrication of high‐performance organic devices. We demonstrate a facile one‐step method for large‐scale controllable patterning growth of ordered single‐crystal C60 nanowires through evaporation‐induced self‐assembly. The patterning geometry of the nanowire arrays can be tuned by the shape of the covering hats of the confined curve‐on‐flat geometry. The formation of the pattern arrays is driven by a simple solvent evaporation process, which is controlled by the surface tension of the substrate (glass or Si) and geometry of the evaporation surface. By sandwiching a solvent pool between the substrate and a covering hat, the evaporation surface is confined to along the edge of the solvent pool. The geometry of the formed nanowire pattern is well defined by a surface‐tension model of the evaporation channel. This simple method is further established as a general approach that is applicable to two other organic nanostructure systems. The I–V characteristics of such a parallel, organic, nanowire‐array device was measured. The results demonstrate that the proposed method for direct growth of nanomaterials on a substrate is a feasible approach to device fabrication, especially to the fabrication of the parallel arrays of devices.
The structural heterogeneity of radial spokes in cilia and flagella is conserved
Authors: Lin Jianfeng , Heuser Thomas , Carbajal‐González Blanca I. , Song Kangkang , Nicastro Daniela 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRadial spokes (RSs) are ubiquitous components of motile cilia and flagella and play an essential role in transmitting signals that regulate the activity of the dynein motors, and thus ciliary and flagellar motility. In some organisms, the 96 nm axonemal repeat unit contains only a pair of spokes, RS1 and RS2, while most organisms have spoke triplets with an additional spoke RS3. The spoke pairs in Chlamydomonas flagella have been well characterized, while spoke triplets have received less attention. Here, we used cryoelectron tomography and subtomogram averaging to visualize the three‐dimensional structure of spoke triplets in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (sea urchin) sperm flagella in unprecedented detail. Only small differences were observed between RS1 and RS2, but the structure of RS3 was surprisingly unique and structurally different from the other two spokes. We observed novel doublet specific features that connect RS2, RS3, and the nexin‐dynein regulatory complex, three key ciliary and flagellar structures. The distribution of these doublet specific structures suggests that they could be important for establishing the asymmetry of dynein activity required for the oscillatory movement of cilia and flagella. Surprisingly, a comparison with other organisms demonstrated both that this considerable RS heterogeneity is conserved and that organisms with RS pairs contain the basal part of RS3. This conserved RS heterogeneity may also reflect functional differences between the spokes and their involvement in regulating ciliary and flagellar motility. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Increasing incidence of enteropathy‐associated T‐cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973‐2008
Authors: Sharaiha Reem Z. , Lebwohl Ben , Reimers Laura , Bhagat Govind , Green Peter H. , Neugut Alfred I. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Enteropathy‐associated T‐cell lymphoma (EATL) is a rare lymphoma subtype that is strongly associated with celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune disease triggered by the ingestion of gluten. Because CD rates are increasing in the United States, the authors sought to determine whether the incidence rates of EATL also are increasing.METHODS:The authors identified patients with primary, pathologically confirmed lymphoma in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database registries from 1973 to 2008. To ensure capture of all cases of EATL, the following lymphoma subtypes, limited to the small bowel, were included: non‐Hodgkin lymphoma not otherwise specified (NOS) T‐cell, peripheral T‐cell lymphoma NOS, and enteropathy type T‐cell lymphoma, and their age‐adjusted and sex‐adjusted incidence rates were calculated over time. Survival was estimated using Kaplan‐Meier curves.RESULTS:In total, the authors identified 161 small bowel lymphomas that were diagnosed between 1973 and 2008. The overall age‐adjusted and sex‐adjusted annual incidence for all bowel lymphomas was 0.016 per 100,000 population, which increased over the study period from 0.006 to 0.024 per 100,000 population. These tumors were most common in men (age‐adjusted incidence rate, 0.021 per 100,000) with the highest incidence rate in Hispanics (age‐adjusted incidence rate, 0.033 per 100,000). The median overall survival was 7 months. There was no difference in survival by race/ethnicity (P = .09) or sex (P = .06).CONCLUSIONS:The current results indicated a significant increase in the incidence of EATL in the United States, which may reflect the increasing seroprevalence of CD and better recognition of rare types of T‐cell lymphomas. The incidence may continue to rise given the large ratio of undiagnosed‐to‐diagnosed individuals with CD in the United States. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Emerging therapies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Liu Jinqi , Mehmet Huseyin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with a significant morbidity defined by marked destruction and deformity of joints. It is characterized by autoantibody production, synovial inflammation, and erosion of the cartilage and bone. The current first‐line treatment for RA is methotrexate (MTX), an orally active disease‐modifying anti‐rheumatic drug (DMARD). Biologic DMARDs that target tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or other molecules have emerged as potent alternative therapies for patients with inadequate response to MTX therapy. Despite the huge success of MTX and/or biologics, there is still a significant unmet medical need in RA. Approximately one‐third of RA patients are nonresponsive to currently available therapies. With their critical roles in mediating multiple inflammatory pathways, small‐molecule tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors are gaining attention as candidates for oral RA drugs with positive outcomes for a number of late‐stage clinical trials of small‐molecule Jak (Tasocitinib) or Syk (fostamatinib) inhibitors. With the potential for attenuating multiple inflammatory pathways activated in RA, tasocitinib and fostamatinib may represent new and welcome additions to the RA therapeutic landscape. Drug Dev Res 72:805–816, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.