bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment with antiresorptives: Effects of discontinuation or long-term continuation on bone turnover and fracture risk—a perspective
Authors: Boonen Steven , Ferrari Serge , Miller Paul D , Eriksen Erik F , Sambrook Philip N , Compston Juliet , Reid Ian R , Vanderschueren Dirk , Cosman Felicia 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Osteoporosis may be a lifelong condition. Robust data regarding the efficacy and safety of both long-term osteoporosis therapy and therapy discontinuation are therefore important. A paucity of clinical trial data regarding the long-term antifracture efficacy of osteoporosis therapies necessitates the use of surrogate endpoints in discussions surrounding long-term use and/or discontinuation. Long-term treatment (beyond 3–4 years) may produce further increases in bone mineral density (BMD) or BMD stability, depending on the specific treatment and the skeletal site. Bisphosphonates, when discontinued, are associated with a prolonged reduction in bone turnover markers (BTMs), with a very gradual increase to pretreatment levels within 3 to 60 months of treatment cessation, depending on the bisphosphonate used and the prior duration of therapy. In contrast, with nonbisphosphonate antiresorptive agents, such as estrogen and denosumab, BTMs rebound to above pretreatment values within months of discontinuation. The pattern of BTM change is generally mirrored by a more or less rapid decrease in BMD. Although the prolonged effect of some bisphosphonates on BTMs and BMD may contribute to residual benefit on bone strength, it may also raise safety concerns. Adequately powered postdiscontinuation fracture studies and conclusive evidence on maintenance or loss of fracture benefit is lacking for bisphosphonates. Similarly, the effects of rapid reversal of bone turnover upon discontinuation of denosumab on fracture risk remain unknown. Ideally, studies evaluating the effects of long-term treatment and treatment discontinuation should be designed to provide head-to-head “offset” data between bisphosphonates and nonbisphosphonate antiresorptive agents. In the absence of this, a clinical recommendation for physicians may be to periodically assess the benefits/risks of continuation versus discontinuation versus alternative management strategies. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Induction of angiogenesis and osteogenesis in surgically revascularized frozen bone allografts by sustained delivery of FGF‐2 and VEGF
Authors: Willems Wouter F. , Larsen Mikko , Friedrich Patricia F. , Shogren Kristen L. , Bishop Allen T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLarge conventional bone allografts are susceptible to fracture and nonunion due to incomplete revascularization and insufficient bone remodeling. We aim to improve bone blood flow and bone remodeling using surgical angiogenesis combined with delivery of fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Frozen femoral allografts were heterotopically transplanted in a rat model. The saphenous arteriovenous bundle was implanted within the graft medullary canal. Simultaneously, biodegradable microspheres containing phosphate buffered saline (control), FGF‐2, VEGF, or FGF‐2 + VEGF were placed within the graft. Rats were sacrificed at 4 and 18 weeks. Angiogenesis was determined by quantifying bone capillary density and measuring cortical bone blood flow. Bone remodeling was assessed by histology, histomorphometry, and alkaline phosphatase activity. VEGF significantly increased angiogenesis and bone remodeling at 4 and 18 weeks. FGF‐2 did not elicit a strong angiogenic or osteogenic response. No synergistic effect of FGF‐2 + VEGF was observed. VEGF delivered in microspheres had superior long‐term effect on angiogenesis and osteogenesis in surgically revascularized frozen bone structural allografts as compared to FGF‐2 or FGF‐2 + VEGF. Continuous and localized delivery of VEGF by microencapsulation has promising clinical potential by inducing a durable angiogenic and osteogenic response in frozen allografts. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1556–1562, 2012
The importance of mitochondrial metabolic activity and mitochondrial DNA replication during oocyte maturation in vitro on oocyte quality and subsequent embryo developmental competence
Authors: Ge Hongshan , Tollner Theodore L. , Hu Zhen , Dai Mimi , Li Xiaohe , Guan Heqin , Shan Dan , Zhang Xiuju , Lv Jieqiang , Huang Changjiang , Dong Qiaoxiang 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMitochondrial metabolic capacity and DNA replication have both been shown to affect oocyte quality, but it is unclear which one is more critical. In this study, immature oocytes were treated with FCCP or ddC to independently inhibit the respective mitochondrial metabolic capacity or DNA replication of oocytes during in vitro maturation. To differentiate their roles, we evaluated various parameters related to oocyte maturation (germinal vesicle break down and nuclear maturation), quality (spindle formation, chromosome alignment, and mitochondrial distribution pattern), fertilization capability, and subsequent embryo developmental competence (blastocyst formation and cell number of blastocyst). Inhibition of mitochondrial metabolic capacity with FCCP resulted in a reduced percent of oocytes with nuclear maturation; normal spindle formation and chromosome alignment; evenly distributed mitochondria; and an ability to form blastocysts. Inhibition of mtDNA replication with ddC has no detectable effect on oocyte maturation and mitochondrial distribution, although high‐dose ddC increased the percent of oocytes showing abnormal spindle formation and chromosome alignment. ddC did, however, reduce blastocyst formation significantly. Neither FCCP nor ddC exposure had an effect on the rate of fertilization. These findings suggest that the effects associated with lower mitochondrial DNA copy number do not coincide with the effects seen with reduced mitochondrial metabolic activity in oocytes. Inhibiting mitochondrial metabolic activity during oocyte maturation has a negative impact on oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo developmental competence. A reduction in mitochondrial DNA copy number, on the other hand, mainly affects embryonic development potential, but has little effect on oocyte maturation and in vitro fertilization. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79:392–401, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Segregation of Cd2 Pairs in CaCu9Cd2 and EuCu9Cd2
Authors: Tappe Frank , Schwickert Christian , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe copper‐rich intermetallics CaCu9Cd2 and EuCu9Cd2 were synthesized from the elements in sealed tantalum tubes in a high‐frequency furnace. Both compounds were characterized by X‐ray powder and single crystal diffraction: Ce(Mn0.55Ni0.45)11 type, P4/mbm, a = 844.2(1), c = 504.72(8) pm, wR2 = 0.0216, 345 F2 values, 23 variables for CaCu9Cd2 and a = 844.1(2), c = 505.5(1) pm, wR2 = 0.0200, 331 F2 values, 24 variables for EuCu9.14Cd1.86. The europium‐based crystal showed a small mixed Cu/Cd occupancy on the 4g site. The calcium (europium) atoms have the high coordination number 20 (16Cu + 4Cd). These polyhedra are condensed via common Cu4 squares along the c axis. Other striking structural motifs are segregated Cd2 pairs (291 pm in CaCu9Cd2) in copper coordination and slightly distorted Cu2@Cu8Cd4 icosahedra. The latter are connected via common Cd2 pairs along c and form the motif of tetragonal rod packing. EuCu9Cd2 shows paramagnetic behavior above 100 K with an experimental magnetic moment of 7.82(1) μB/Eu atom, indicating purely divalent europium.
Feasibility of Emergency Laparoscopic Colectomy for Children with Acute Colonic Perforations and Fibropurulent Peritonitis
Authors: Chang Yu‐Tang , Lee Jui‐Ying , Chiu Chi‐Shu , Wang Jaw‐Yuan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundSeveral studies have demonstrated that laparoscopic surgery is safe and effective for urgent and emergent colectomy in adulthood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of laparoscopic colectomy for children in emergent settings.MethodsBetween March 2008 and August 2011, 10 consecutive children with acute colonic perforations and fibropurulent peritonitis secondary to infectious colitis underwent emergency laparoscopic colectomy. Simultaneously, we reviewed and recorded the same data from another consecutive 10 patients who underwent standard laparotomy between November 2004 and February 2008. The two groups were compared with regard to operative time, length of hospital stay (LOS), and complications.ResultsThe gender, age, body weight, serum C‐reactive protein, number of involved bowel segments, operative time, and LOS were not significantly different (P = 0.36, 0.50, 0.33, 0.62, 0.81, 0.14 and 0.23, respectively). In the laparoscopy group, one patient required conversion to open surgery because of extensive bowel involvement, and another patient with solitary colonic perforation required reoperation for anastomostic leakage. However, patients who underwent laparotomy had a higher incidence of later complications, including wound infection, incisional hernia, and adhesion ileus (P = 0.03, 0.06, and 0.03, respectively) and thus required more additional unplanned operations (P = 0.05).ConclusionsEmergency laparoscopic surgery is technically feasible in most children with acute colonic perforations and fibropurulent peritonitis. However, extensive intestinal involvement with multiple perforations should be an indication for converting to open surgery.
New Directions in Capacity Building: Incorporating Cultural Competence into the Interactive Systems Framework
Authors: Gregory Henry , Van Orden Onna , Jordan Lisa , Portnoy Galina A. , Welsh Elena , Betkowski Jennifer , Charles Jade Wolfman , DiClemente Carlo C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe UMBC Psychology Department's Center for Community Collaboration (CCC) provides training and support for capacity building to promote substance abuse and mental health treatment as well as adherence improvement in community agencies funded through the Ryan White Act serving persons living with HIV/AIDS. This article describes an approach to dissemination of Evidence Based Practices (EBPs) for these services that uses the Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) and incorporates a collaborative process involving trainer cultural competence, along with a comprehensive assessment of organizational needs, culture, and climate that culminates in tailored training and ongoing collaboration. This article provides: (1) an overview of the CCC's expanded ISF for the effective dissemination of two EBPs—motivational interviewing and the stages of change perspective; (2) an examination of the role of trainer cultural competence within the ISF framework, particularly attending to organizational culture and climate; and (3) case examples to demonstrate this approach for both general and innovation‐specific capacity building in two community based organizations.Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith
Very low food security predicts obesity predominantly in California Hispanic men and women
Authors: Leung Cindy W , Williams David R , Villamor Eduardo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveA high prevalence of food insecurity has persisted in the USA for the past two decades. Previous studies suggest that the association between food insecurity and obesity may vary by gender and race/ethnicity. We examined whether food insecurity was associated with BMI and obesity within gender and racial/ethnic groups in a large, diverse sample of low-income adults.DesignA cross-sectional analysis of a large population-based health survey. We compared the distribution of BMI and obesity by food security levels within gender and racial/ethnic categories.SettingData were derived from the 2003–2009 waves of the California Health Interview Survey.SubjectsThe study sample included 35 747 non-elderly adults with households ≤200 % of the federal poverty level.ResultsAmong Hispanic men, very low food security was associated with a 1·0 kg/m2 higher BMI (95 % CI 0·3, 1·7 kg/m2) and a 36 % higher prevalence of obesity (95 % CI 17, 58 %) after multivariate adjustment. Among Hispanic women, very low food security was associated with a 1·1 kg/m2 higher BMI (95 % CI 0·4, 1·9 kg/m2) and a 22 % higher prevalence of obesity (95 % CI 8, 38 %). Positive associations were also observed for Asian women and multi-racial men. No significant associations were observed for non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, Asian men or multi-racial women.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the association of food insecurity and obesity is limited to individuals of certain low-income, minority racial/ethnic groups. Whether targeted interventions to address food insecurity in these individuals may also decrease obesity risk deserves further investigation.
Aetiological factors behind adipose tissue inflammation: an unexplored research area
Authors: von Scholten Bernt J , Andresen Erik N , Sørensen Thorkild IA , Jess Tine 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveDespite extensive research into the biological mechanisms behind obesity-related inflammation, knowledge of environmental and genetic factors triggering such mechanisms is limited. In the present narrative review we present potential determinants of adipose tissue inflammation and suggest ways ahead for future research in the field.DesignWe searched the literature for potential determinants of obesity with inflammation through MEDLINE by applying the MeSH headings ‘obesity’ and ‘inflammation’ in combination with specific terms for a series of environmental and genetic factors.ResultsNumerous articles reported on the association between environmental or genetic factors and respectively obesity and inflammation, whereas only a few studies assessed obesity and inflammation as a combined outcome. Among suggested determinants for obesity with inflammation were Adenovirus-36, the gut microbiota,trans-fatty acids, and the four genesFTO,MC4R,TNF-αandLEPR.ConclusionsWe present a limited number of factors potentially contributing to the development of obesity with inflammation, while concluding that overall the area is indeed sparsely investigated. We present ideas for future studies that can identify relevant aetiological factors. This identification is essential for targeted prevention of obesity with inflammation and the clinical consequences thereof.
Purity and decomposition theorems for staggered sheaves
Authors: Achar Pramod N. , Treumann David 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTwo major results in the theory of ℓ-adic mixed constructible sheaves are the purity theorem (every simple perverse sheaf is pure) and the decomposition theorem (every pure object in the derived category is a direct sum of shifts of simple perverse sheaves). In this paper, we prove analogues of these results for coherent sheaves. Specifically, we work with staggered sheaves, which form the heart of a certain t-structure on the derived category of equivariant coherent sheaves. We prove, under some reasonable hypotheses, that every simple staggered sheaf is pure, and that every pure complex of coherent sheaves is a direct sum of shifts of simple staggered sheaves.
An emerging protagonist: Sodium Glucose Co-transporters (SGLTs) as a burgeoning target for the treatment of diabetes mellitus
Authors: Ahmed Danish , Sharma Manju , Kumar Vikas , Yadav Pankaj S 
Published: April 2012

AbstractContemporary therapies to rationalize the hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) generally involve insulin-dependent mechanisms and lose their effectiveness as pancreatic b-cell function decreases to a greater extent. The kidney emerges out as a novel and potential target to trim down the T2DM. The filtered glucose is reabsorbed principally through the sodium glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2), a low affinity transport system, which is present at the luminal surface cells that cover the first segment of proximal tubules. Competitive inhibition of SGLT2 therefore represents an innovative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hyperglycaemia and/or obesity in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose and energy loss through the urine. Selective inhibitors of SGLT2 reduce glucose reabsorption, causing excess glucose to be eliminated in the urine; this decreases plasma glucose. SGLT2 inhibitors are coupled with osmotic dieresis and loss of weight which aid in reducing blood pressure. The observation that individuals with familial renal glycosuria maintain normal long-term kidney function provides some encouragement that this mode of action will not adversely affect renal function. This novel mechanism of targeting the kidney for the treatment of T2DM is reasonably valuable and is independent of insulin and clutch with the low risk of hypoglycemia.
Mummification in a Bitch: A case report
Authors: P Perumal , B Venkateswaralu , Mohanty D.N. , Das Srinibas , Barik Ashok Kumar , Mishra P.C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA pug aged 5 years was admitted in the Lyka pet clinic with difficulty in parturition. Breeding history of the dog was collected from the owner. X-ray was conducted which confirmed the presence of foetus. The bitch was manually handled to relieve the Dystocia following intravenous drip of N.S.S. and oxytocin. In the vent of unsuccessful attempt the bitch was surgically operated for C.S. and six fetuses of which four normal and two mummified were relieved. Routine post operative care were undertaken and the bitch recovered normally with out any complication. Photographic recording was also made during the recovery of mummified foetus.
Role of intellectual property rights in biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries
Authors: Ajeet Ajeet 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe main objective of this review is to highlight and explore the inter-relationship and the functioning of the intellectual property right in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. The rising tide of patent applications can be witnessed globally in this industry as the need for such protection and licensing has become imperative so as to safeguard the rights of the inventor and also to encourage and promote new talents, inventions and innovations which can be a boon for the economy. The field of biotechnology is an upcoming science which is still at the initial stage of establishing a foundation but it promises a revolution in the fields of medicine, agriculture, pharmaceuticals and industrial sector amongst other sectors of the economy along with contribution to the GDP growth.
Estimation of extracellular lipase enzyme produced by thermophilic bacillus sp. isolated from arid and semi-arid region of Rajasthan, India
Authors: Gaur Deeksha , Jain Pankaj Kumar , Sisodia Yamini Singh , Bajpai Vivek 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThermophilic organisms can be defined as microorganisms which are adapted to live at high temperatures. The enzymes produce by thermophilic bacteria are capable of catalyzing biochemical reactions at high temperatures. Thermophilic bacteria are able to produce thermostable lipase enzymes capable of degradation of lipid at temperatures higher than those of mesophilic bacteria. Therefore, the isolation of thermophilic bacteria from natural sources and their identification are quite useful in terms of discovering thermophilic lipase enzymes. Due to great temperature fluctuation in hot arid and semi-arid regions of Rajasthan, this area could serve as a good source for new thermophilic lipase producing bacteria with novel industrially important properties. The main objective of this research is the isolation and estimation of industrially important thermophilic lipase enzyme produced by thermophilic bacteria, isolated from arid and semi-arid region of Rajasthan. For this research purpose, soil samples were collected from Churu, Sikar and Jhunjunu regions of Rajasthan. A total of 16 bacterial strains were isolated, and among these bacterial isolates only two thermophilic lipase producing bacteria were identified. The thermophilic lipase enzyme was estimated by qualitative and quantitative experiments. The isolate was identified as Bacillus sp. by microscopic, biochemical and molecular characterization. The optimum enzyme activity was observed at pH 8, temperature 60°C and 5% salt concentration at 24 hrs time duration. Lipases are useful in a variety of biotechnological fields such as food and dairy (cheese ripening, flavour development), detergent, pharmaceutical (naproxen, ibuprofen), agrochemical (insecticide, pesticide) and oleochemical (fat and oil hydrolysis, biosurfactant synthesis) industries. Lipases can be further used in many newer areas where they can serve as potential biocatalysts.
The Incidence of Infection after Posterior Cervical Spine Surgery: A 10 Year Review
Authors: Barnes Matt , Liew Sue 
Published: April 2012

Background The incidence of infection after posterior cervical spine surgery ranges from 0 to 18%. Higher rates have been reported after posterior procedures compared with anterior procedures, but these studies have been for small series. We report on our rate of surgical site infection (SSI) after posterior cervical spine surgery and the risk factors that influence these infections. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 90 consecutive patients who underwent posterior cervical spine procedures at a major spinal referral center between 1998 and 2007. The main indications for surgery were trauma and degenerative conditions. Tumors and primary infections were excluded. Medical records of these patients were examined for evidence of SSI as diagnosed by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention criteria. Results Using stringent criteria for diagnosing SSI, we found 15 infected patients (16.67%). The postoperative use of a Philadelphia hard collar was found to be a significant risk factor for SSI with a relative risk of 15.30 (95% confidence interval 2.10 to 111.52). Almost half of infected patients (47%) required reoperation for wound debridement, with four requiring skin flap closure. All 15 patients had successful outcomes with complete resolution of their infection. Conclusions This study confirms a high incidence of SSI after posterior cervical surgery. The most significant risk factors for SSI were found to be a traumatic etiology and postoperative use of a collar. We believe it is important to develop strategies to minimize the risk of infection after posterior cervical surgery, which include questioning the postoperative use of collars.