bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociophonetic Variation in Speech Perception
Authors: Drager Katie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, I review previous research that investigates sociophonetic variation in speech perception. I also argue that more speech perception work is needed to inform work on variation in speech production, particularly in the areas of language change and stereotype formation. Exploring the mental representations and processing of social and linguistic information as well as treating phonetic and social factors as multidimensional and interacting will take future work in sociophonetics in new and exciting directions.
Children Build on Pragmatic Information in Language Acquisition
Authors: Clark Eve V. , Amaral Patricia Matos 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPragmatic information is integral to language use for both adults and children. Children rely on contextually shared knowledge to communicate before they can talk: they make use of gesture to convey their first meanings and then add words to gestures. Like adults, they build on joint attention, physical copresence, and conversational copresence both as they acquire and as they use language. This can be seen in children’s early communication, in their first inferences about word and utterance meanings, and in their ability to make use of appropriate contextual information as they learn how to interpret and produce terms like big or long compared to full, almost and only, and all and some.
Evaluating Human Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter Part II: Modeling
Authors: Millar Gail , Abel Tyler , Allen Janice , Barn Prabjit , Noullett Melanie , Spagnol John , Jackson Peter L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExposure modeling has become a fundamental component of exposure analysis as it provides an efficient and economical means for assessing exposure of individuals to populations over a variety of spatial and temporal scales for past, current, future, or hypothetical conditions. For airborne particulate matter, traditional modeling approaches typically utilize ambient concentration data to assign exposure levels across an area of interest for a given period of time. Technological advancements have allowed for more sophisticated and innovative modeling approaches that combine exposure measurements and/or models to integrate the strengths of individual methods. The purpose of this article is to provide a general overview of both conventional and novel approaches of modeling exposure to fine particulate matter.
Smoking, stages of change and decisional balance in Iceland and Sweden
Authors: Fjalldal Sigrídur B. , Janson Christer , Benediktsdóttir Bryndís , Gudmundsson Gunnar , Burney Peter , Buist A. Sonia , Vollmer William M. , Gíslason Thórarinn 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIntroduction:  Smoking remains a significant health problem. Smoking interventions are important but selection of successful quitters can be difficult.Objective:  To characterise smokers with emphasis on two constructs of the transtheoretical model, the stages of change and decisional balance.Methods:  A random sample from adults aged 40 and over in Reykjavik, Iceland, and Uppsala, Sweden. Smokers were defined as being in the stage of pre‐contemplation (not thinking of quitting within the next 6 months), contemplation (thinking of quitting within the next 6 months) or preparation (thinking of quitting within the next 30 days, having managed to quit for at least 24 h within the last 12 months).Results:  A total of 226 participants were smokers: 72 (32%) were in the pre‐contemplation stage, 126 (56%) in the contemplation stage and 28 (12%) in the preparation stage. A younger age, higher body mass index (BMI) and higher educational level were significantly related to being in a more advanced stage. A significant association was observed between decisional balance and stages of change such that decreased importance of the positive aspects of smoking and increased importance of the negative aspects of smoking were independently associated with an increased readiness to quit.Conclusion:  The motivated smoker is likely to be young and educated with an above average BMI. A smoker in the contemplation stage is likely to maintain the negative aspects of smoking at a high level. Decreasing the value of the pros of smoking may facilitate the shift towards the stage of preparation.Please cite this paper as: Fjalldal SB, Janson C, Benediktsdóttir B, Gudmundsson G, Burney P, Buist AS, Vollmer WM and Gíslason T. Smoking, stages of change and decisional balance in Iceland and Sweden. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2011; 5: 76–83.
Evaluating possible cap and trade legislation on cellulosic feedstock availability
Authors: HELLWINCKEL CHAD M. , WEST TRISTRAM O. , DE LA TORRE UGARTE DANIEL G. , PERLACK ROBERT D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn integrated, socioeconomic–biogeophysical model is used to analyze the interactions of cap‐and‐trade legislation and the Renewable Fuels Standard. Five alternative policy scenarios were considered with the purpose of identifying policies that act in a synergistic manner to reduce carbon emissions, increase economic returns to agriculture, and adequately meet ethanol mandates. We conclude that climate and energy policies can best be implemented together by offering carbon offset payments to conservation tillage, herbaceous grasses for biomass, and by constraining crop residue removal for ethanol feedstocks to carbon neutral level. When comparing this scenario to the Baseline scenario, the agricultural sector realizes an economic benefit of US$156 billion by 2030 and emissions are reduced by 135 Tg C‐equivalent (Eq) yr−1. Results also indicate that geographic location of cellulosic feedstocks could shift significantly depending on the final policies implemented in cap and trade legislation. Placement of cellulosic ethanol facilities should consider these possible shifts when determining site location.
A comparison of visual responses in the lateral geniculate nucleus of alert and anaesthetized macaque monkeys
Authors: Alitto Henry J. , Moore 4th Bartlett D. , Rathbun Daniel L. , Martin Usrey W. 
Published: July 2010

Non‐technical summaryNeurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus are the major source of visual input to the cerebral cortex. Much of our understanding of the physiology of LGN neurons comes from data collected in anaesthetized animals. This study examines the visual responses of LGN neurons in alert animals and compares these responses to those from anaesthetized animals. Compared to the anaesthetized animal, LGN neurons in the alert animal respond to visual stimuli with stronger responses and follow stimuli drifting at higher spatial and temporal frequencies. Stronger responses are likely to translate into an increased coupling between the LGN and visual cortex, as firing rate and interspike interval are known to influence the dynamics of synaptic communication between the two structures.
Quality of consent form completion in orthopaedics: are we just going through the motions?
Authors: Jeyaseelan Luckshmana , Ward Jonathan , Papanna Madhavan , Sundararajan Sabapathy 
Published: July 2010

Consent plays a vital role in every aspect of medicine and surgery, facilitating the patient in making informed decisions about their treatment. The recently published Reference Guide to Consent, by the Department of Health (DH), notes that, although not a legal requirement, the completion of consent forms is good practice, particularly in interventions such as surgery. In addition, the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman noted that a significant number of complaints about consent involved the complainant feeling that they did not fully understand what was going to happen. It was often found that there was no documentation to clarify what the patient was told, when and by whom.We have performed an audit of 71 randomly selected consent forms, elective and trauma cases within our district general hospital orthopaedics department. Our data demonstrate that a significant number of consent forms were incorrectly or insufficiently completed. This could not only leave the patient confused about their procedure but also leaves the doctor open to litigation, with little in the way of documentation support. Minor changes in consenting methods and more precise documentation could significantly improve patient experience and satisfaction.
Tacitean Elements in Grotius's Narrative of the Capture of Breda (1590) by Stadtholder Maurice, Count of Nassau (Historiae, Book 2)
Authors: van der Poel Marc 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article is part of the Dossier on Tacitus published in last year's issue of Grotiana. It offers a combined study of both the content and the language and style of Grotius' account of the capture of Breda in the second book of the Historiae, published in 1657 together with the Annales under the title Annales et Historiae de rebus Belgicis. A thorough analysis of Grotius' account of this eventful and dramatic turning point in the Dutch revolt reveals that it is nothing but a defective and occasionally unclear rehearsel of the standard narrative of the capture based on the well-known and in Grotius' day widely read history-books written in French and Dutch. The rather artificial imitation of Tacitus's brevitas on the stylistic level does not suffice to qualify Grotius's account as a masterful piece of Tacitean writing, because it does not highlight the motives of the chief characters in the story nor the connection between the events and their effects, and because Grotius fails to present his own perspective on this important episode in the war against Spain.
The Revenge of John Selden: The Draft Convention on the Law of the Sea in the Light of Hugo Grotius' Mare Liberum
Authors: Logue John 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOn April 30, 1982, the Eleventh Session of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III) endorsed the final version of the Draft Convention of the Law of the Sea by a vote of 130 to 4, with 17 abstentions.1 The Session met at UN Headquarters in New York from March 8 to April 30.2
The changing border: developments and risks in border control management of Western countries
Authors: Tholen Berry 
Published: July 2010

In recent decades we have witnessed the development of a new type of migration regulation and border control in Europe, North America and Australia. In this new system of controls, the focus is less on the physical crossing of territorial borders and more on the process as a whole; from airline reservations, ticketing and visa applications to monitoring individuals after arriving in the country of destination. The developing mode of border control encompasses a multiplication of borders, a multiplication of actors and a multiplication of data and technology. The question arises: Does the new form of border management in Western countries bring forward the aims of border control more effectively and does it entail new risks (for visitors/migrants)? In this article I will first outline a normative framework for evaluating current developments in border control, building on studies in political theory and the philosophy of law. I then substantiate my claim that a new type of border control is developing and present an overview of three interconnected multiplications. Next, using findings from empirical and legal studies, (likely) consequences of the multiplications will be presented. Linking these consequences to the normative framework allows us, finally, to point out risks of the currently developing system of border control. Points for practitioners In recent decades Western countries have introduced new measures of border control, including new technologies and new types of agents in new roles. Together, these new measures make for a new type of global border control management. Our evaluation of this development shows that it entails new types of risks, and that these risks are likely to increase if this type of management develops further along the same lines. This analysis calls for a reorientation on instruments of border control leading to a more encompassing type of risk management in this field.
Performance Measurement in European local governments: a comparative analysis of reform experiences in Great Britain, France, Sweden and Germany
Authors: Kuhlmann Sabine 
Published: July 2010

Using the examples of France, Germany, Sweden and Great Britain, countries which represent different models of local government and administration in Europe, the author sets out the different approaches at reform, channels of implementation and the impacts of Performance Measurement at the local level. Based on the results of empirical research, the article focuses on two major themes: the similarities and differences between the performance measurement systems in the four countries on the one hand, and the impacts of these reforms on administrative action on the other hand. The analysis and comparison of the reforms in these four countries have enabled the author to draw the following conclusions: a strong culture of transparency combined with a voluntary approach allow for optimum use of local performance measurement and comparison, while compulsory, highly standardized, top-down imposed procedures are expensive and do not have the desired learning effects. Points for practitioners The comparative study of the four countries demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of the different variants (design, steering and implementation) of Performance Measurement at the local level. The author shows that steering (top-down versus bottom-up; voluntary versus compulsory), the design of the measurement instruments, the transparency of information relating to performance and political support or rejection contribute greatly to the success or failure of reform procedures. In this context, the author recommends in particular greater use of performance measurement results and therefore a reduction in the political and administrative reticence with regard to transparency.
‘No philosophy, please, we are managers’. Public Management and the common good: Euro-Atlantic convergences
Authors: Rochet Claude 
Published: July 2010

Public management, as an academic discipline, has been, up to now, inspired by a managerialist approach, axiologically neutral, which cast aside the great questions regarding the ends of public life, those of the common good and of the ‘good life’ that were at the very basis of classical political philosophy. Governing has been reduced to ‘governancing’, relying on the presupposition that good means automatically leading to good ends. Based on critiques of this drift, we witness on both sides of the Atlantic the renewal of the old republicanism that makes the common good the aim of public administration. This debate has been at the very foundation of the modern democracies since the 17th century in England, to the foundation of the United States and the republican tradition stemming from the French Revolution. This article envisages how public management could rejuvenate itself to mend the broken link between the managerial and the political, putting emphasis on what would be the consequences on the training of public managers.Points for practitionersPractitioners are often stuck in a false alternative: either a state bureaucracy or the adoption of a neoliberal solution represented by the bundle of the new public management tools based on the search for efficiency. This article goes back to the roots of the debate on the role of the state in economic growth since the Renaissance and shows that the issue is not one of chosing between state or no state but to articulate appropriately the political role of the state as an institution maker and end the initiatives of the market. By drawing a comparison between the first financial crisis (the 1720 South Sea crisis) and the current crisis, it points out the central role of polity against the current predominance of economics in the mainstream ideology, and rehabilitates the role of civic virtues in ruling public affairs. A comparison is made between classical Europe and the history of the US that shows this debate has been constant in nation-building and the the present period of turbulence calls for a renewal of the role of the politics, far from the NPM hype that dominated the field of public administration for the past twenty years.
The prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in long-term care facilities: is there a need for tailored glycopeptide prophylaxis?
Authors: Hennessey D. , Green C. , Fitzpatrick C. , Fenelon L. , O'Rourke K. 
Published: July 2010

Prophylactic antibiotics are effective in reducing the rate of surgical site infection (SSI). Cephalosporin antibiotics are recommended except for patients colonised with meticillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), where glycopeptide antibiotics are indicated. However, in the trauma setting, the MRSA status is unknown prior to surgery. Aim: To determine if the incidence of MRSA colonisation in trauma patients from long term care (LTC) warrants the use of empirical glycopeptide antibiotics. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients admitted with hip fractures was performed. The MRSA status of patient from LTC facilities and home was determined. Results: The prevalence of MRSA colonisation in patients admitted from LTC facilities was 33.6%, compared to 3.6% for patients admitted from home, P < 0.001. Our results suggest that risk of patients carrying MRSA is significantly higher for patients being admitted form LTC. This group of patients may benefit from empirical glycopeptide antibiotic when the MRSA status is unknown.
Expression of growth factor receptors and targeting of EGFR in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines
Authors: Xu Ling , Hausmann Martin , Dietmaier Wolfgang , Kellermeier Silvia , Pesch Theresa , Stieber-Gunckel Manuela , Lippert Elisabeth , Klebl Frank , Rogler Gerhard 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a malignant neoplasm of the bile ducts or the gallbladder. Targeting of growth factor receptors showed therapeutic potential in palliative settings for many solid tumors. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of seven growth factor receptors in CC cell lines and to assess the effect of blocking the EGFR receptor in vitro.

Methods
Expression of EGFR (epithelial growth factor receptor), HGFR (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) IGF1R (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor), IGF2R (insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor) and VEGFR1-3 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1-3) were examined in four human CC cell lines (EGI-1, HuH28, OZ and TFK-1). The effect of the anti-EGFR-antibody cetuximab on cell growth and apoptosis was studied and cell lines were examined for KRAS mutations.

Results
EGFR, HGFR and IGFR1 were present in all four cell lines tested. IGFR2 expression was confirmed in EGI-1 and TFK-1. No growth-inhibitory effect was found in EGI-1 cells after incubation with cetuximab. Cetuximab dose-dependently inhibited growth in TFK-1. Increased apoptosis was only seen in TFK-1 cells at the highest cetuximab dose tested (1 mg/ml), with no dose-response-relationship at lower concentrations. In EGI-1 a heterozygous KRAS mutation was found in codon 12 (c.35G>A; p.G12D). HuH28, OZ and TFK-1 lacked KRAS mutation.

Conclusion
CC cell lines express a pattern of different growth receptors in vitro. Growth factor inhibitor treatment could be affected from the KRAS genotype in CC. The expression of EGFR itself does not allow prognoses on growth inhibition by cetuximab.
A kinesin motor in a force-producing conformation
Authors: Heuston Elisabeth , Bronner C Eric , Kull F Jon , Endow Sharyn A 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Kinesin motors hydrolyze ATP to produce force and move along microtubules, converting chemical energy into work by a mechanism that is only poorly understood. Key transitions and intermediate states in the process are still structurally uncharacterized, and remain outstanding questions in the field. Perturbing the motor by introducing point mutations could stabilize transitional or unstable states, providing critical information about these rarer states.

Results
Here we show that mutation of a single residue in the kinesin-14 Ncd causes the motor to release ADP and hydrolyze ATP faster than wild type, but move more slowly along microtubules in gliding assays, uncoupling nucleotide hydrolysis from force generation. A crystal structure of the motor shows a large rotation of the stalk, a conformation representing a force-producing stroke of Ncd. Three C-terminal residues of Ncd, visible for the first time, interact with the central β-sheet and dock onto the motor core, forming a structure resembling the kinesin-1 neck linker, which has been proposed to be the primary force-generating mechanical element of kinesin-1.

Conclusions
Force generation by minus-end Ncd involves docking of the C-terminus, which forms a structure resembling the kinesin-1 neck linker. The mechanism by which the plus- and minus-end motors produce force to move to opposite ends of the microtubule appears to involve the same conformational changes, but distinct structural linkers. Unstable ADP binding may destabilize the motor-ADP state, triggering Ncd stalk rotation and C-terminus docking, producing a working stroke of the motor.
Bone marrow stromal cells from multiple myeloma patients uniquely induce bortezomib resistant NF-κB activity in myeloma cells
Authors: Markovina Stephanie , Callander Natalie S , O'Connor Shelby L , Xu Guangwu , Shi Yufang , Leith Catherine P , Kim KyungMann , Trivedi Parul , Kim Jaehyup , Hematti Peiman , Miyamoto Shigeki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBackgroundComponents of the microenvironment such as bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are well known to support multiple myeloma (MM) disease progression and resistance to chemotherapy including the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. However, functional distinctions between BMSCs in MM patients and those in disease-free marrow are not completely understood. We and other investigators have recently reported that NF-κB activity in primary MM cells is largely resistant to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and that further enhancement of NF-κB by BMSCs is similarly resistant to bortezomib and may mediate resistance to this therapy. The mediating factor(s) of this bortezomib-resistant NF-κB activity is induced by BMSCs is not currently understood.ResultsHere we report that BMSCs specifically derived from MM patients are capable of further activating bortezomib-resistant NF-κB activity in MM cells. This induced activity is mediated by soluble proteinaceous factors secreted by MM BMSCs. Among the multiple factors evaluated, interleukin-8 was secreted by BMSCs from MM patients at significantly higher levels compared to those from non-MM sources, and we found that IL-8 contributes to BMSC-induced NF-κB activity.ConclusionsBMSCs from MM patients uniquely enhance constitutive NF-κB activity in MM cells via a proteinaceous secreted factor in part in conjunction with IL-8. Since NF-κB is known to potentiate MM cell survival and confer resistance to drugs including bortezomib, further identification of the NF-κB activating factors produced specifically by MM-derived BMSCs may provide a novel biomarker and/or drug target for the treatment of this commonly fatal disease.