bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dysgerminoma in a case of 46, XY pure gonadal dysgenesis (swyer syndrome): a case report
Authors: Han Yang , Wang Yan , Li Qingchang , Dai Shundong , He Anguang , Wang Enhua 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Simple 46, XY gonadal dysgenesis syndrome, also called Swyer syndrome, is known as pure gonadal dysgenesis. Individuals with the syndrome are characterized by 46, XY karyotype and phenotypically female with female genital appearance, normal Müllerian structures and absent testicular tissue. The condition usually first becomes apparent in adolescence with delayed puberty and primary amenorrhea due to the gonads have no hormonal or reproductive potential. Herein, we report a case of dysgerminoma diagnosed in a dysgenetic gonad of a 21-year-old patient with Swyer syndrome.
Amyand's hernia-a vermiform appendix presenting in an inguinal hernia: a case series
Authors: Psarras Kyriakos , Lalountas Miltiadis , Baltatzis Minas , Pavlidis Efstathios , Tsitlakidis Anastasios , Symeonidis Nikolaos , Ballas Konstantinos , Pavlidis Theodoros , Sakantamis Athanassios 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Introduction
A vermiform appendix in an inguinal hernia, inflamed or not, is known as Amyand's hernia. Here we present a case series of four men with Amyand's hernia.

Case presentations
We retrospectively studied 963 Caucasian patients with inguinal hernia who were admitted to our surgical department over a 12-year period. Four patients presented with Amyand's hernia (0.4%). A 32-year-old Caucasian man had an inflamed vermiform appendix in his hernial sac (acute appendicitis), presenting as an incarcerated right groin hernia, and underwent simultaneous appendectomy and Bassini suture hernia repair. Two patients, Caucasian men aged 36 and 43 years old, had normal appendices in their sacs, which clinically appeared as non-incarcerated right groin hernias. Both underwent a plug-mesh hernia repair without appendectomy. The fourth patient, a 25-year-old Caucasian man with a large but not inflamed appendix in his sac, had a plug-mesh hernia repair with appendectomy.

Conclusion
A hernia surgeon may encounter unexpected intraoperative findings, such as Amyand's hernia. It is important to be prepared and apply the appropriate treatment.
The effect of murine cytomegalovirus IE-3 specific shRNA is dependent on intragenic target site due to multiple transcription initiation sites
Authors: Marshall Brendan , Zhang Ming , Atherton Sally S 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is closely related to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) which is responsible for a variety of diseases, including retinitis, in immunocompromised individuals. Small inhibitory RNA molecules directed against essential viral regulatory genes may prove clinically useful.

Methods
Small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) directed against the essential MCMV immediate early-3 gene (IE-3) were designed and tested in vitro at m.o.i.'s of 2 and 0.2 to determine if virus replication could be inhibited.

Results
At m.o.i. = 2, a MCMV IE-3 specific shRNA specific for sequences at the beginning of exon 5 inhibited virus replication with a maximum decrease in virus titer of approximately two logs at day 5 p.i. Surprisingly, however, at m.o.i. = 0.2, the same shRNA enhanced virus replication. In the latter case, the main IE-3 product observed in infected cells was not the expected 88 kd full length IE-3 protein observed at high m.o.i. but rather a truncated 45 kd form of this protein. Rapid analysis of 5' cDNA ends (5' RACE) indicated that substantial differences exist in the transcript profile produced by the IE-3 gene at low and high m.o.i. early after infection and that multiple transcripts are produced under both conditions. One such transcript, which originated in exon 5 of the IE-3 gene, was located outside the region targeted by our shRNA and was the major transcript produced at low m.o.i. Targeting of this exon 5 transcript with a second shRNA resulted in inhibition of virus replication at both low and high m.o.i.

Conclusions
These studies indicate that IE-3 has a complex transcriptional profile and that shRNA targeting of this and other viral regulatory genes which produce multiple transcripts may have unexpected effects on virus replication.
Texture analysis of cartilage T2 maps: individuals with risk factors for OA have higher and more heterogeneous knee cartilage MR T2 compared to normal controls - data from the osteoarthritis initiative
Authors: Joseph Gabby B , Baum Thomas , Carballido-Gamio Julio , Nardo Lorenzo , Virayavanich Warapat , Alizai Hamza , Lynch John A , McCulloch Charles E , Majumdar Sharmila , Link Thomas M 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Introduction
The goals of this study were (i) to compare the prevalence of focal knee abnormalities, the mean cartilage T2 relaxation time, and the spatial distribution of cartilage magnetic resonance (MR) T2 relaxation times between subjects with and without risk factors for Osteoarthritis (OA), (ii) to determine the relationship between MR cartilage T2 parameters, age and cartilage morphology as determined with whole-organ magnetic resonance imaging scores (WORMS) and (iii) to assess the reproducibility of WORMS scoring and T2 relaxation time measurements including the mean and grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture parameters.

Methods
Subjects with risk factors for OA (n = 92) and healthy controls (n = 53) were randomly selected from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) incidence and control cohorts, respectively. The specific inclusion criteria for this study were (1) age range 45-55 years, (2) body mass index (BMI) of 19-27 kg/m2, (3) Western Ontario and McMaster University (WOMAC) pain score of zero and (4) Kellgren Lawrence (KL) score of zero at baseline. 3.0 Tesla MR images of the right knee were analyzed using morphological gradings of cartilage, bone marrow and menisci (WORMS) as well as compartment specific cartilage T2 mean and heterogeneity. Regression models adjusted for age, gender, and BMI were used to determine the difference in cartilage parameters between groups.

Results
While there was no significant difference in the prevalence of knee abnormalities (cartilage lesions, bone marrow lesions, meniscus lesions) between controls and subjects at risk for OA, T2 parameters (mean T2, GLCM contrast, and GLCM variance) were significantly elevated in those at risk for OA. Additionally, a positive significant association between cartilage WORMS score and cartilage T2 parameters was evident.

Conclusions
Overall, this study demonstrated that subjects at risk for OA have both higher and more heterogeneous cartilage T2 values than controls, and that T2 parameters are associated with morphologic degeneration.
Aberrant splicing of the hRasGRP4 transcript and decreased levels of this signaling protein in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a subset of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Hashimoto Toko , Yasuda Shinsuke , Koide Hideyuki , Kataoka Hiroshi , Horita Tetsuya , Atsumi Tatsuya , Koike Takao 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Introduction
An unidentified population of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) express Ras guanine nucleotide releasing protein 4 (RasGRP4). The aim of our study was to identify the cells in human blood that express hRasGRP4, and then to determine if hRasGRP4 was altered in any patient with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods
Monocytes and T cells were purified from PBMCs of normal individuals, and were evaluated for their expression of RasGRP4 mRNA/protein. The levels of RasGRP4 transcripts were evaluated in the PBMCs from healthy volunteers and RA patients by real-time quantitative PCR. The nucleotide sequences of RasGRP4 cDNAs were also determined. RasGRP4 protein expression in PBMCs/monocytes was evaluated. Recombinant hRasGRP4 was expressed in mammalian cells.

Results
Circulating CD14+ cells in normal individuals were found to express hRasGRP4. The levels of the hRasGRP4 transcript were significantly higher in the PBMCs of our RA patients relative to healthy individuals. Sequence analysis of hRasGRP4 cDNAs from these PBMCs revealed 10 novel splice variants. Aberrantly spliced hRasGRP4 transcripts were more frequent in the RA patients than in normal individuals. The presence of one of these abnormal splice variants was linked to RA. The levels of hRasGRP4 protein in PBMCs tended to be lower. As expected, the defective transcripts led to altered and/or nonfunctional protein in terms of P44/42 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation.

Conclusions
The identification of defective isoforms of hRasGRP4 transcripts in the PBMCs of RA patients raises the possibility that dysregulated expression of hRasGRP4 in developing monocytes plays a pathogenic role in a subset of RA patients.
Derivation and preliminary validation of an administrative claims-based algorithm for the effectiveness of medications for rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R , Baddley John W , Yang Shuo , Patkar Nivedita , Chen Lang , Delzell Elizabeth , Mikuls Ted R , Saag Kenneth G , Singh Jasvinder , Safford Monika , Cannon Grant W 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Introduction

Administrative claims data have not commonly been used to study the clinical effectiveness of medications for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) because of the lack of a validated algorithm for this outcome. We created and tested a claims-based algorithm to serve as a proxy for the clinical effectiveness of RA medications.

Methods

We linked Veterans Health Administration (VHA) medical and pharmacy claims for RA patients participating in the longitudinal Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) RA registry (VARA). Among individuals for whom treatment with a new biologic agent or nonbiologic disease-modifying agent in rheumatic disease (DMARD) was being initiated and with registry follow-up at 1 year, VARA and administrative data were used to create a gold standard for the claims-based effectiveness algorithm. The gold standard outcome was low disease activity (LDA) (Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts (DAS28) ≤ 3.2) or improvement in DAS28 by > 1.2 units at 12 ± 2 months, with high adherence to therapy. The claims-based effectiveness algorithm incorporated biologic dose escalation or switching, addition of new disease-modifying agents, increase in oral glucocorticoid use and dose as well as parenteral glucocorticoid injections.

Results

Among 1,397 patients, we identified 305 eligible biologic or DMARD treatment episodes in 269 unique individuals. The patients were primarily men (94%) with a mean (± SD) age of 62 ± 10 years. At 1 year, 27% of treatment episodes achieved the effectiveness gold standard. The performance characteristics of the effectiveness algorithm were as follows: positive predictive value, 76% (95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 71% to 81%); negative predictive value, 90% (95% CI = 88% to 92%); sensitivity, 72% (95% CI = 67% to 77%); and specificity, 91% (95% CI = 89% to 93%).

Conclusions

Administrative claims data may be useful in evaluating the effectiveness of medications for RA. Further validation of this effectiveness algorithm will be useful in assessing its generalizability and performance in other populations.
Nuclear Radiation Detection Scintillators based on ZnSe(Te) crystals.
Authors: Ryzhikov Volodymyr D. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTWe describe development of semiconductor scintillators (SCS) on the basis of AIIBVI compounds has bridged the gap in a series of “scintillator-photodiode” detectors used in modern multi-channel low-energy devices for visualization of hidden images (tomographs, introscopes). In accordance with the requirements of eventual applications, such SCS materials as ZnSe(Te) show the best matching of intrinsic radiation spectra to photosensitivity spectra of silicon photodiodes (PD) among the materials of similar kind. They are characterized by high radiation and thermal stability of their output parameters, as well as by high conversion efficiency. In this work, a thermodynamic model is described for interaction of isovalent dopants (IVD) with intrinsic point defects of AIIBVI semiconductor structures at different ratios of their charges, a decisive role of IVD is shown in formation of the luminescence centers, kinetics of solid-phase reactions and the role of a gas medium are considered under real preparation conditions of ZnSe(Te) scintillation crystals, and luminescence mechanisms in IVD-doped SCS are discussed.
Characterization of Pd Impurities and Finite-Sized Defects in Detector Grade CdZnTe
Authors: Duff M.C. , Bradley J.P. , Dai Z.R. , Teslich N. , Burger A. , Groza M. , Buliga V. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTSynthetic CdZnTe or “CZT” crystals are highly suitable for γ-spectrometers operating at the room temperature. Secondary phases (SP) in CZT are known to inhibit detector performance, particularly when they are present in large numbers or dimensions. These SP may exist as voids or composites of non-cubic phase metallic Te layers with bodies of polycrystalline and amorphous CZT material and voids. Defects associated with crystal twining may also influence detector performance in CZT. Using transmission electron microscopy, we identify two types of defects that are on the nano scale. The first defect consists of 40 nm diameter metallic Pd/Te bodies on the grain boundaries of Te-rich composites. Although the nano-Pd/Te bodies around these composites may be unique to the growth source of this CZT material, noble metal impurities like these may contribute to SP formation in CZT. The second defect type consists of atom-scale grain boundary dislocations. Specifically, these involve inclined “finite-sized” planar defects or interfaces between layers of atoms that are associated with twins. Finite-sized twins may be responsible for the subtle but observable striations that can be seen with optical birefringence imaging and synchrotron X-ray topographic imaging.
Photoemission and Cathodoluminescence of Doped Lithium Tetraborate Crystals Being Developed for Neutron Detection
Authors: Dugan Christina L. , Hengehold Robert L. , McHale Stephen R. , Losovyj Yaroslav , McClory John W. , Petrosky James C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTPhotoemission spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation was used to determine the energy level structure of Mn doped Li2B4O7crystals. Photoemission studies provided evidence of Mn in the bulk crystal at 47.2 eV. Valence band analysis provided the presence of surface states but no acceptor sites. Cathodoluminescence studies were also made on undoped and Mn doped Li2B4O7using various beam energies from 5 to 10 KeV at room temperature. Self trapped exciton emission states are evident in the undoped and Mn doped Li2B4O7 sample ranging in energies from 3.1 to 4.1 eV.
The Evolution of Nanothermoelectricity
Authors: Dresselhaus Mildred 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTA personal review is presented. We review the renaissance in thermoelectric materials research that started in 1993 with the introduction of the nanostructure concept as a potential method to both increase the power factor and decrease the thermal conductivity and to even do both at the same time. The earliest work was limited to model systems for the demonstration of proof of principle. More recently the focus has evolved into demonstration of embedding the phenomena into bulk samples based on composites and superlattices. We here review this evolution of the nanothermoelectricity field. The resulting current activity is attracting many new researchers, industrial interest and the emergence of new ideas. We now look to the further development of these new ideas, and to the introduction of more new ideas and new approaches, as the field is now approaching the stage of commercial relevance.
Protonic and Electronic Conduction in Proton Conductive Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Schmidt V. Hugo , Tsai Chih-Long 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTProtons can fit into the perovskite structure because the O-O distance is approximately that of ice. However, to achieve charge balance, -2e charge must be added for every two protons added. If O2- vacancies are introduced, for instance by doping barium cerate with yttrium to obtain ${\it Ba}^{2 + } {\it Ce}_{1 - {\it x}}^{4 + } {\it Y}_{\it x}^{3 + } {\it O}_{3 - {\it x}/2}^{2 - }$ (BCY), each filled vacancy will add -2e charge. Proton concentration and conductivity can be increased by exposing BCY to steam molecules, which dissociate into 2 protons and an O2- ion. Our impedance spectroscopy measurements and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) work shows that exposure to H2 on the anode side can add protons. This requires addition of O2- ions on the cathode side from O2 in air. Alternatively, electrons could be added because BCY is a weak electronic semiconductor. BCY is a hole conductor, and this conductivity decreases upon exposure to steam or H2. From our analysis of V(i) curves for SOFCs with BCY electrolyte, at low H2 concentration, increasing this concentration decreases electronic conductivity somewhat, consistent with adding electrons and reducing hole carrier concentration. At higher H2 concentrations, electronic conductivity remains constant.Proton transfer in perovskites such as BCY resembles that in usual H‑bonded crystals. Such transfer requires two steps, both needed for dc conductivity. One is intrabond proton transfer, O‑H O→O H-O. The other is a proton jump from one H-bond to an adjacent bond, equivalent to rotation of an O-H unit about the O ion. The main difference from usual H-bonded crystals is that the adjacent O-O pair most likely has no proton between the O ions, so that the Pauling ice rule precluding 2 protons in one bond is not much of a restriction in perovskites because the proton concentration is typically below 0.2 per formula unit. Another difference is that, though protonic semiconductor activation energies are high, in the 0.5 to 1 eV range, the high operating temperatures of SOFCs, 600 to 900 oC, give useful amounts of power per unit area, or in the electrolysis mode, useful amounts of H2 out for steam and electric power input.Two applications for proton-conducting perovskite ceramics are SOFCs and hydrogen separation membranes (HSMs). For SOFCs, we have modeled the V(i) behavior with almost no adjustable parameters, and have succeeded in coming close to the Nernst open‑circuit potential as well as fitting the V(i) curves for a variety of H2/O2 partial pressure combinations. For HSMs, unlike for SOFCs, an electronic conductivity comparable to the protonic conductivity is desirable, to avoid using a cermet which may crack because of differential thermal expansion.In conclusion, many oxides and fluorides have O-O or F-F separations in the H‑bonding range and will provide a stimulating playground for further basic and applied research on proton incorporation and dynamics in solids.
Interfacial energy of calcite-MHA/MUA self-assembled monolayers during nucleation
Authors: Hu Qiaona , Nielsen Mike , Becker Udo , De Yoreo Jim 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe interfacial energies between template-directed calcite nuclei and self-assembled monolayers of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) were measured. The results reveal that (1) the MHA and MUA significantly reduce the effective surface energy of calcite from about 97 mJ/m2 in solution to about 45.3 and 52.7 mJ/m2 on MHA and MUA respectively, providing a thermodynamic basis for the strong capacity of MHA and MUA to promote calcite nuclei; and (2) the barrier to nucleation is dominated by the free energy barrier which enhances the rate of surface nucleation on MHA and MUA.
High‐Performance Integrated ZnO Nanowire UV Sensors on Rigid and Flexible Substrates
Authors: Bai Suo , Wu Weiwei , Qin Yong , Cui Nuanyang , Bayerl Dylan J. , Wang Xudong 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDue to the large surface area‐to‐volume ratio and high quality crystal structure, single nanowire (NW)‐based UV sensors exhibit very high on/off ratios between photoresponse current and dark current. Practical applications require a large‐scale and low‐cost integration, compatibility to flexible electronics, as well as reasonably high photoresponse current that can be detected without high‐precision measurement systems. In this paper, NW‐based UV sensors were fabricated in large‐scale by integrating multiple NWs connected in parallel via the contact printing method. Linear scaling of the photoresponse current with the number of NWs is demonstrated. Integrated ZnO NW UV sensors were fabricated on rigid glass and flexible polyester (PET) substrates at the macroscopic scale. The flexible and rigid sensors performed comparably, exhibiting on/off current ratios approximately three orders of magnitude higher than sensors made from polycrystalline ZnO thin films. Under UV irradiance of 4.5 mW cm−2 and 3 V bias, photoresponse currents and on/off current ratios for the rigid and flexible UV sensors reached 12.22 mA and 82 000, and 14.1 mA and 120 000, respectively. This result suggests that lateral integration of semiconductor NWs is an effective approach to large‐scale fabrication of flexible NW sensors that inherit the merits of single‐NW‐based systems with unaffected performance compared to using rigid substrate.
Comment on “Strong signature of the active Sun in 100 years of terrestrial insolation data” by W. Weber
Authors: Feulner G. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn analysis of ground‐based observations of solar irradiance was recently published in this journal, reporting an apparent increase of solar irradiance on the ground of the order of 1 % between solar minima and maxima [1]. Since the corresponding variations in total solar irradiance on top of the atmosphere are accurately determined from satellite observations to be of the order of 0.1 % only [2], the one order of magnitude stronger effect in the terrestrial insolation data was interpreted as evidence for cosmic‐ray induced aerosol formation in the atmosphere. In my opinion, however, this result does not reflect reality. Using the energy budget of Earth's surface, I show that changes of ground‐based insolation with the solar cycle of the order of 1 % between solar minima and maxima would result in large surface air temperature variations which are inconsistent with the instrumental record. It would appear that the strong variations of terrestrial irradiance found by [1] are due to the uncorrected effects of volcanic or local aerosols and seasonal variations. Taking these effects into account, I find a variation of terrestrial insolation with solar activity which is of the same order as the one measured from space, bringing the surface energy budget into agreement with the solar signal detected in temperature data.
Well‐defined polymers containing 1,3‐dichloro‐tetra‐n‐butyl‐distannoxane moiety: Synthesis, mechanism, and applications in catalysis
Authors: Feng Gang , Jia Yong‐Guang , Liu Ling‐Yan , Chang Wei‐Xing , Li Jing 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA series of well‐defined different chain lengths polymers, which contain the organometallic 1,3‐dichloro‐tetra‐n‐butyl‐distannoxane core in the main chain, was obtained in one‐pot via a novel 1,3‐dichloro‐tetra‐n‐butyl‐distannoxane (complex A)/azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) initiating system used in reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene in different concentrations. The introduction of organotin complex A was supported by 1H‐NMR, 13C–NMR, and the Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer analysis of the organotin‐containing polymer. Moreover, the mechanism of polymerization was investigated by changing the ratio of complex A to AIBN. It was concluded that the complex A not only acted as an important part of the initiator system but also introduced the functional organometallic group into the polymer chain. Additionally, the organotin‐containing polymer could be used as catalyst for esterification, and the reaction products' conversion could reach high up to 99% and does not decrease after four successive cycles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012