bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bed Bugs: Clinical Relevance and Control Options
Authors: Doggett Stephen L. , Dwyer Dominic E. , Peñas Pablo F. , Russell Richard C. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYSince the late 1990s, bed bugs of the speciesCimex lectulariusandCimex hemipterushave undergone a worldwide resurgence. These bed bugs are blood-sucking insects that readily bite humans. Cutaneous reactions may occur and can start out as small macular lesions that can develop into distinctive wheals of around 5 cm in diameter, which are accompanied by intense itching. Occasionally, bullous eruptions may result. If bed bugs are numerous, the patient can present with widespread urticaria or eythematous rashes. Often, bites occur in lines along the limbs. Over 40 pathogens have been detected in bed bugs, but there is no definitive evidence that they transmit any disease-causing organisms to humans. Anemia may result when bed bugs are numerous, and their allergens can trigger asthmatic reactions. The misuse of chemicals and other technologies for controlling bed bugs has the potential to have a deleterious impact on human health, while the insect itself can be the cause of significant psychological trauma. The control of bed bugs is challenging and should encompass a multidisciplinary approach utilizing nonchemical means of control and the judicious use of insecticides. For accommodation providers, risk management procedures should be implemented to reduce the potential of bed bug infestations.
Communication as a Solution to Conflict: Fundamental Similarities in Divergent Methods of Horse Training
Authors: Savvides Nikki 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This paper examines the ways in which two methods of horse training generally considered divergent approach the concepts of partnership and conflict in human-horse relations. It focuses on finding similarities between the methods, both of which, it is argued, demonstrate the significance of communication in improving human-horse relations. Using interview material, the paper analyzes the practices and beliefs of individuals involved in natural horsemanship. In doing so the paper shows that communication between human and horse works to promote relations between them that are free of conflict. This analysis is offered as a potential “solution” to welfare problems that exist both within competitive dressage practice and within individual human-horse relations. The paper also examines how the fundamental similarities between dressage and natural horsemanship could point to universalized theories of horse training focused on improving human-horse relations.
The Informational Value of Pressure-Based Single-Station Proxies for Storm Activity
Authors: Krueger Oliver , von Storch Hans 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Air pressure readings and their variations are commonly used to make inferences about storm activity. More precisely, it is assumed that the variation of annual and seasonal statistics of several pressure-based proxies describes changes in the past storm climate qualitatively, an assumption that has yet to be proven.
A systematic evaluation of the informational content of five pressure-based proxies for storm activity based on single-station observations of air pressure is presented. The number of deep lows, lower percentiles of pressure, the frequency of absolute pressure tendencies above certain thresholds, as well as mean values and high percentiles of absolute pressure tendencies is examined. Such an evaluation needs long and homogeneous records of wind speed, something that is not available from observations. Consequently, the proxies are examined by using datasets of ground-level wind speeds and air pressure from the NCEP-driven and spectrally nudged regional model, REMO. The proxies are gauged against the 95th and 99th percentile time series of ground-level wind speeds to quantify the relation between pressure-based proxies and storminess. These analyses rely on bootstrap and binomial hypothesis testing. The analyses of single-station-based proxies indicate that the proxies are generally linearly linked to storm activity, and that absolute pressure tendencies have the highest informational content. Further, it is investigated as to whether the proxies have the potential for describing storminess over larger areas, also with regard to surface conditions. It is found that absolute pressure tendencies have improved informational value when describing storm activity over larger areas, while low pressure readings do not show improved informational value.
2010 Survey Found More Cuts in TV News Staffing
Authors: Papper Bob 
Published: January 2012

The RTDNA/Hofstra University Annual Survey (Radio Television Digital News Association) found that 2009 meant another year of television news doing more with less. All told, 400 people in local TV news lost their jobs—1.5% of the local TV workforce. A bad year, but not nearly as bad as the year before, when 1,200 people lost jobs in TV news (4.3% of the workforce). Even as staffing fell, the amount of news on the average station rose—again—to a record high 5 hours per weekday. The one bright spot in the survey may be hidden in the answer to the question about planned staff changes in 2010. In a dramatic turnaround from the previous year, over 60% of TV news directors said they expect staffing levels to stay the same in 2010 as in 2009. That is up nearly 20 points from the year before. The number expecting a decrease in staffing dropped 77% from the previous year, and the percentage expecting an increase in staff went up by 145%. The overall average amount of weekday news per station went up another 24 min from the year before to an even 5 hours. That is, for the second year in a row, the highest average amount ever. Saturday remained the same at 1.7 hours while Sunday slipped 6 min to 1.6 hours. Radio news and staffing remained largely unchanged.
Cosmography, Local History, and National Sentiment: François de Belleforest and the History of Paris
Authors: Bernstein Hilary J. 
Published: January 2012

Despite its poor contemporary reception, François de Belleforest’s Cosmographie universelle (1575) made important contributions to French history and national identity in the sixteenth century. Not only did it provide the first erudite history of Paris in the style forming at that time, but it also contributed to the development of a conception of the French people that grounded national consciousness in an amalgam of local experiences and Gallic history. Historians have tended to treat cosmography, chorography, and national history as separate genres with different concerns. Yet the influence of the Cosmographie universelle, measured more by the continual appropriation of its texts than by the commercial success of the volume, demonstrates that in the sixteenth-century intellectual world, these were interrelated and mutually influencing endeavors.
Malgré sa piètre réception contemporaine, la Cosmographie universelle (1575) de François de Belleforest a contribué d’une manière significative à l’histoire et l’identité nationale françaises du seizième siècle. Non seulement l’œuvre a-t-elle offert la première histoire savante de la ville de Paris dans un style en pleine évolution à l’époque, mais elle a contribué à une conception du peuple français selon laquelle la conscience nationale s’est développée d’un mélange des circonstances locales et de l’histoire gallique ancienne. Les historiens ont tendance à considérer la cosmographie, la chorographie, et l’histoire nationale comme des genres à part avec des préoccupations différentes. Or, l’influence de la Cosmographie universelle, mesurée plutôt par l’appropriation continuelle du texte que par le succès commercial du livre, montre que dans le domaine intellectuel du seizième siècle, ces projets étaient étroitement liés et interdépendants.
Le Manifeste des 93: La mobilisation des académies françaises et allemandes au déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale (1914–1915)
Authors: Chagnon Marie-Eve 
Published: January 2012

Au déclenchement de la Grande Guerre, les académiciens de la France et de l’Allemagne croyaient fermement que leur nation respective s’était engagée dans une lutte défensive. Si ces académiciens se joignirent à la lutte par le biais de leur expertise, la publication du Manifeste des 93 Allemands contribua particulièrement au déchaînement de la guerre des esprits. L’interprétation traditionnelle prétend que les académiciens français se mobilisèrent spontanément derrière l’Union sacrée, pendant que les intellectuels allemands se mirent simplement au service des directives du gouvernement. Nous tenterons de nuancer cette thèse. Nous verrons tout d’abord que la mobilisation de l’Institut de France s’organisa de façon structurée après la publication du Manifeste des 93. Ensuite, nous constaterons que les intellectuels allemands se mobilisèrent individuellement et de manière spontanée dans la lutte. Nous verrons finalement que ce fut les académiciens français, et non les Allemands, qui procédèrent à la radiation de l’ennemi de leur liste des correspondants étrangers.
At the beginning of the Great War both French and German academicians believed that their nations were engaged in a defensive war. The German Manifesto of the 93 played a particularly important role in setting off this war of words. The traditional interpretation of these events holds that French intellectuals mobilized themselves spontaneously behind the union sacrée, while German intellectuals simply followed the commands of their government. This article begins by arguing that the mobilization of the Institut de France came as a response to the Manifesto of the 93 and not from below. It then shows that German intellectuals mobilized themselves not at the behest of their academies but individually and spontaneously. It was the French academies, and not their German counterparts, that expelled the enemy from their lists of foreign members.
Re-nationalization of India's Political Party System or Continued Prevalence of Regionalism and Ethnicity?
Authors: Jaffrelot Christophe , Verniers Gilles 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The Congress Party's victory in India's 2009 general elections led to claims of a re-nationalization of the political party system and to increasing issue-based voting. This article demonstrates that, to the contrary, the fragmentation of India's political party system and the electorate is still increasing and that “ethnic voting” continues to prevail over issue-based voting.
Urbanized Villagers in the 2010 Thai Redshirt Protests
Authors: Thabchumpon Naruemon , Duncan Mccargo 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
This article argues that a more nuanced understanding is needed of the social composition of the redshirt protests in Bangkok from March-May 2010. Based on extensive interviews and survey research, the paper argues that many redshirts were “urbanized villagers” with lower middle class income levels and aspirations.
Mid-radial Portal for Operative Arthroscopy of the Elbow: Cadaveric and Clinical Description of a New Portal
Authors: Cortese David A. , Auerbach David M. 
Published: January 2012

We report a previously undescribed portal on the lateral aspect of the elbow—the mid-radial portal—and discuss the safety and use of this portal in a clinical practice via cadaveric dissection and retrospective review of 61 patients. It is located midway between the proximal anterolateral and the direct lateral portals at the level of the radiocapitellar joint and serves as a second portal on the lateral side of the elbow for use anteriorly or posteriorly. The portal penetrates the common extensor origin and courses between the radial and ulnar bands of the lateral collateral ligament complex prior to penetrating the joint capsule.
In the clinical series, the mid-radial portal was used in 40 (66%) of 61 cases. The most common procedures involved removal of loose bodies and debridement in the radiocapitellar joint or posterolateral gutter. Follow-up in the clinical series averaged 6 months. No major and 2 minor complications, neither of which could be directly attributed to the use of the mid-radial portal, were found. Specifically, no cases of postoperative lateral instability existed. The previously undescribed mid-radial portal is a safe, effective option for arthroscopy on the lateral aspect of the elbow.
Femoral Neck Fracture Following Hardware Removal
Authors: Shaer James A. , Hileman Barbara M. , Newcomer Jill E. , Hanes Marina C. 
Published: January 2012

It is uncommon for femoral neck fractures to occur after proximal femoral hardware removal because age, osteoporosis, and technical error are often noted as the causes for this type of fracture. However, excessive alcohol consumption and failure to comply with protected weight bearing for 6 weeks increases the risk of femoral neck fractures.
This article describes a case of a 57-year-old man with a high-energy ipsilateral inter-trochanteric hip fracture, comminuted distal third femoral shaft fracture, and displaced lateral tibial plateau fracture. Cephalomedullary fixation was used to fix the ipsilateral femur fractures after medical stabilization and evaluation of the patient. The patient healed clinically and radiographically at 6 months. Despite conservative treatment for painful proximal hardware, elective hip screw removal was performed 22.5 months after injury. Seven weeks later, he sustained a nontraumatic femoral neck fracture.
In this case, it is unlikely that the femoral neck fracture occurred as a result of hardware removal. We assumed that, in addition to the patient’s alcohol abuse and tobacco use, stress fractures may have attributed to the femoral neck fracture. We recommend using a shorter hip screw to minimize hardware prominence or possibly off-label use of an injectable bone filler, such as calcium phosphate cement.
Life-threatening Necrotizing Fasciitis Due to ‘Bath Salts’ Injection
Authors: Russo Russell , Marks Noah , Morris Katy , King Heather , Gelvin Angelle , Rooney Ronald 
Published: January 2012

Necrotizing fasciitis is an orthopedic emergency. The ability to quickly and accurately diagnose this rapidly spreading disease can save a patient’s life and limb. However, the diagnosis is complex because necrotizing fasciitis usually manifests as a less severe cellulitis or abscess while the majority of the damages rage beneath the surface of the skin. Although the diagnosis is not new, the potential causes and vectors continually change. This article reports a new source of necrotizing fasciitis in an intramuscular injection of “bath salts,” a rapidly emerging street drug that is legal in some states and evades authorities with its innocuous name.
The patient presented 2 days after injection of bath salts with extensive cellulitis extending to the mid portion of her upper arm. The cellulitis initially responded to broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, but rapidly deteriorated 48 hours later, leading to a forequarter amputation with radical mastectomy and chest wall debridement to obtain healthy tissue margins and control the disease. The patient made a full recovery after further minor debridements, negative pressure dressings, directed antibiotic therapy, and skin grafting.
The recent emerging popularity of this highly obtainable, injectable substance may lead to an increase in cases of necrotizing fasciitis. Orthopedic surgeons should be vigilant in diagnosing this process early and should perform an extensive debridement.
Proximal Clavicle Physeal Fracture With Posterior Displacement: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Authors: Koch Matthew J. , Wells Lawrence 
Published: January 2012

Posterior sternoclavicular fracture displacement can present as a posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation and is rare in the pediatric population. This article provides an algorithm for evaluation and management.
A 14-year-old boy with a previously undiagnosed posterior sternoclavicular displacement presented with persistent 7/10 shoulder pain extending into his neck after undergoing nonoperative treatment for an unconfirmed diagnosis at another emergency department. Plain radiographs revealed a displacement of the right medial clavicle, and the position of the clavicular head indicated advanced imaging. Computed tomography showed the posterior portion of the clavicular head butting against the left braciocephalic vein at its confluence with the superior vena cava. The patient underwent open reduction and internal fixation. After exposing the sternoclavicular joint, a Salter-Harris I fracture with no evidence of vascular injury was confirmed. The fracture was reduced and stabilized using figure-eight #5 Ethibond sutures (Ethicon, Somerville, New Jersey), and the patient was placed in an immobilizer for 1 week. At 1 year postoperatively, the patient regained full range of motion and was completely healed.
Posterior clavicle displacements are potentially devastating injuries that are difficult to diagnose. Coordinating operative treatment with orthopedic and general surgery is indicated to manage the fracture or displacement and potential vascular injury. Due to difficulties in maintaining a closed reduction, open reduction and internal fixation is the preferred mode of treatment for the reduction of all posterior clavicular fracture displacements.
Risk Factors for Upper Extremity Venous Thrombosis Associated with Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheters
Authors: Marnejon Thomas , Angelo Debra , Abdou Ahmed Abu , Gemmel David 
Published: January 2012

Purpose To identify clinically important risk factors associated with upper extremity venous thrombosis following peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC). Methods A retrospective case control study of 400 consecutive patients with and without upper extremity venous thrombosis post-PICC insertion was performed. Patient data included demographics, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, site of insertion, size and lumen of catheter, internal length, infusate, and co-morbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, and renal failure. Additional risk factors analyzed were active cancer, any history of cancer, recent trauma, smoking, a history of prior deep vein thrombosis, and recent surgery, defined as surgery within three months prior to PICC insertion. Results The prevalence of trauma, renal failure, and infusion with antibiotics and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was higher among patients exhibiting upper extremity venous thrombosis (UEVT), when compared to controls. Patients developing UEVT were also more likely to have PICC line placement in a basilic vein and less likely to have brachial vein placement (P<.001). Left-sided PICC line sites also posed a greater risk (P=.026). The rate of standard DVT prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin and the use of warfarin was similar in both groups. Average length of hospital stay was almost double among patients developing UEVT, 19.5 days, when compared to patients undergoing PICC line insertion without thrombosis, 10.8 days (t=6.98, P<.001). Conclusions In multivariate analysis, trauma, renal failure, left-sided catheters, basilic placement, TPN, and infusion with antibiotics, specifically vancomycin, were significant risk factors for UEVT associated with PICC insertion. Prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin, unfractionated heparin or use of warfarin did not prevent the development of venous thrombosis in patients with PICCs. Length of hospital stay and cost are markedly increased in patients who develop PICC-associated upper extremity venous thrombosis.
Obesity Hinders Ultrasound Visualization of the Subclavian Vein: Implications for Central Venous Access
Authors: McGrath Todd M. , Farabaugh Eric A. , Pickett Michael J. , Wagner David K. , Griswold-Theodorson Sharon 
Published: January 2012

Purpose International policy statements from the US and the UK recommend real-time ultrasound guidance (USG) for placement of central venous catheters (CVCs) to improve patient safety. The evidence to support USG for the internal jugular (IJ) route is unequivocal; however, there is conflicting data on the effectiveness of USG in visualization of the subclavian vein (SCV). This study sought to determine whether body mass index (BMI) or clavicle shape affected SCV visualization with USG. Methods Forty-one emergency department patients were enrolled. Subject height and weight were recorded for BMI calculation. The clavicle shape was recorded as either flat or protuberant. USG was performed to identify the SCV vein in both the transverse and sagittal views. The ability to visualize the vein was rated on a three point rubric scale. Results One subject had an underweight BMI, 18 a normal BMI, 12 an overweight BMI, and 10 an obese BMI. The improvement in the odds ratio (OR) of the ability to see the SCV in subjects with a normal compared to overweight/obese BMI was statistically significant (transverse view unadjusted OR=18.0 (95% CI 3.21 – 100.94), P=.001 and adjusted for a flat clavicle OR=10.54 (95% CI 1.41 – 78.37), P=.021). Conclusions Higher BMI and the presence of a flat clavicle limit the ability to visualize the SCV. These findings may help account for why USG for placement of SCV CVCs is less utilized. However, patients with a low/normal BMI and protuberant clavicle may benefit from USG when attempting SCV CVCs.
Prebiotics and Probiotics: Some Thoughts on Demonstration of Efficacy Within the Regulatory Sphere
Authors: Brooks Stephen P J , Kalmokoff Martin L 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Probiotics and prebiotics present regulators with challenges because they require a demonstrated positive health outcome and proof that the prebiotic or probiotic is the agent of action once safety aspects have been satisfied. Thus, probiotic and prebiotic definitions are important because they will set the criteria by which these materials will be judged within the regulatory sphere. Use of the terms probiotic and prebiotic are, themselves, considered health claims in some jurisdictions, so that both product health claims and product content labeling may be regulated. Currently accepted definitions of prebiotic and probiotic make it easier to draw a straight line between ingestion and health outcome for probiotics but much more difficult for prebiotics, where a health outcome must be linked to changes in specific bacterial species within the gut microbial community. These challenges highlight the difficulties facing regulatory bodies and the scientific community when emerging science is turned into consumable product.