bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of carbohydrates, including dextrins, for oral delivery
Authors: Alvani Kamran , Qi Xin , Tester Richard F. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCarbohydrates are used extensively in the pharmaceutical sector as excipients to facilitate packaging and delivery of drugs. These formats include tablets, capsules, liquids, suspensions, gels, inhalation products and strips. Apart from being very diverse in structure and properties, carbohydrates benefit from a safe history of usage with a positive health profile. These incorporate a number of starch derivatives. Dextrins represent hydrolysis products of starches and are thus α‐glucans with both α‐(1,4) and α‐(1,6) bonds. They are used in different formats in pharmaceutical systems, and provide a number of technical advantages over other materials. This short review focuses on the use of carbohydrates and especially dextrins as oral delivery vehicles and their associated functionality and properties in these systems.
Synthesis of high fatty acid starch esters with 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride as a reaction medium
Authors: Xie Wenlei , Wang Yingbin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this work, high fatty acid esters of corn starch were synthesized by reacting the starch with fatty acid methyl ester using 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) ionic liquid (IL) as reaction media. The effect of reaction variables such as the catalyst amount, molar ratio of fatty acid methyl ester/anhydroglucose unit (AGU) in starch, pyridine/AGU molar ratio, reaction temperature, as well as reaction time on the degree of substitution (DS) of starch esters was investigated. The experimental results showed that the DS value of the obtained starch esters could be varied depending on the process conditions. In the optimum reaction condition, the achieved maximum DS of starch laurate and starch stearate was 0.37 and 0.28, respectively, at a reaction temperature of 110°C for starch laurate and 120°C for starch stearate for a reaction duration of 2 h. Furthermore, the starch esters were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) techniques, respectively. Results from FT‐IR spectroscopy suggested that the hydroxyl groups in the starch molecules were converted into ester groups. SEM and XRD studies showed that the morphology and crystallinity of starch esters were disrupted largely in the IL medium under the reaction conditions.
Multiple incursions and putative species revealed using a mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic approach to theTrogoderma variabile(Coleoptera: Dermestidae) trapping program in Australia
Authors: Castalanelli M.A. , Mikac K.M. , Baker A.M. , Munyard K. , Grimm M. , Groth D.M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe Warehouse beetle,Trogoderma variabile(Coleoptera: Dermestidae), is an internationally significant invasive pest of packed goods and stored grain. When it was first documented in Australia at Griffith, New South Wales, in 1977, an eradication campaign was initiated. After several years and considerable effort, the eradication campaign was abandoned. To monitor the presence and spread ofT. variabile, surveys were carried out by government agencies in 1992 and 2002. When survey data was compared, it was concluded that the distribution of morphologically identifiedT. variabilehad doubled in most Australian states. Here, we used samples from the 2002 survey to conduct a phylogenetic study using partial sequences of mitochondrial genes Cytochrome oxidase I and Cytochrome B, and the nuclear gene 18S, to examine the distribution and dispersal ofT. variabileand detect the presence of misidentified species. Based on our molecular results, we show that only 47% of the samples analysed wereT. variabile, and the remaining were a mixture of six putative species. In addition,T. variabilewas found in only 78% of the trapping sites. We discuss the importance of correct diagnosis in relation to the eradication campaign.
Correlations between clinical illness, respiratory virus infections and climate factors in a tropical paediatric population
Authors: LOH T. P. , LAI F. Y. L. , TAN E. S. , THOON K. C. , TEE N. W. S. , CUTTER J. , TANG J. W. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYWeekly (August 2003–December 2008) numbers of five common paediatric diseases and the incidence of respiratory viruses were obtained from a children's hospital in Singapore and correlated with climate data using multivariate time-series techniques. Upper respiratory tract infections were positively correlated with the incidences of influenza A, B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza viruses (types 1–3 combined). Lower respiratory tract infections were positively correlated with only the incidence of RSV. Both upper and lower respiratory tract infections were negatively correlated with relative humidity. Asthma admissions were negatively correlated with maximum temperature and positively correlated with the incidence of influenza B and increasing hours of sunshine. Although sporadic cases of adenovirus infection were identified, not enough cases were available for a more detailed analysis. Gastroenteritis and urinary tract infections, included as control diseases, were not correlated significantly with any climate parameters. These correlations are compatible with current understanding of respiratory virus survival under certain climate conditions and may assist the prediction of disease burdens and hospital resource planning in such tropical environments.
Design and Demonstration of a Microbiaxial Optomechanical Device for Multiscale Characterization of Soft Biological Tissues with Two-Photon Microscopy
Authors: Keyes Joseph T. , Borowicz Stacy M. , Rader Jacob H. , Utzinger Urs , Azhar Mohamad , Vande Geest Jonathan P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe biomechanical response of tissues serves as a valuable marker in the prediction of disease and in understanding the related behavior of the body under various disease and age states. Alterations in the macroscopic biomechanical response of diseased tissues are well documented; however, a thorough understanding of the microstructural events that lead to these changes is poorly understood. In this article we introduce a novel microbiaxial optomechanical device that allows two-photon imaging techniques to be coupled with macromechanical stimulation in hydrated planar tissue specimens. This allows that the mechanical response of the microstructure can be quantified and related to the macroscopic response of the same tissue sample. This occurs without the need to fix tissue in strain states that could introduce a change in the microstructural configuration. We demonstrate the passive realignment of fibrous proteins under various types of loading, which demonstrates the ability of tissue microstructure to reinforce itself in periods of high stress. In addition, the collagen and elastin response of tissue during viscoelastic behavior is reported showing interstitial fluid movement and fiber realignment potentially responsible for the temporal behavior. We also demonstrate that nonhomogeneities in fiber strain exist over biaxial regions of assumed homogeneity.
Ammonia concentration determines differential growth of ammonia-oxidising archaea and bacteria in soil microcosms
Authors: Verhamme Daniel T , Prosser James I , Nicol Graeme W 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The first step of nitrification, oxidation of ammonia to nitrite, is performed by both ammonia-oxidising archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidising bacteria (AOB) in soil, but their relative contributions to ammonia oxidation and existence in distinct ecological niches remain to be determined. To determine whether available ammonia concentration has a differential effect on AOA and AOB growth, soil microcosms were incubated for 28 days with ammonium at three concentrations: native (control), intermediate (20 μg NH4+-N per gram of soil) and high (200 μg NH4+-N per gram of soil). Quantitative PCR demonstrated growth of AOA at all concentrations, whereas AOB growth was prominent only at the highest concentration. Similarly, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis revealed changes in AOA communities at all ammonium concentrations, whereas AOB communities changed significantly only at the highest ammonium concentration. These results provide evidence that ammonia concentration contributes to the definition of distinct ecological niches of AOA and AOB in soil.
Spatial distribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea across a 44-hectare farm related to ecosystem functioning
Authors: Wessén Ella , Söderström Mats , Stenberg Maria , Bru David , Hellman Maria , Welsh Allana , Thomsen Frida , Klemedtson Leif , Philippot Laurent , Hallin Sara 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Characterization of spatial patterns of functional microbial communities could facilitate the understanding of the relationships between the ecology of microbial communities, the biogeochemical processes they perform and the corresponding ecosystem functions. Because of the important role the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) have in nitrogen cycling and nitrate leaching, we explored the spatial distribution of their activity, abundance and community composition across a 44-ha large farm divided into an organic and an integrated farming system. The spatial patterns were mapped by geostatistical modeling and correlations to soil properties and ecosystem functioning in terms of nitrate leaching were determined. All measured community components for both AOB and AOA exhibited spatial patterns at the hectare scale. The patchy patterns of community structures did not reflect the farming systems, but the AOB community was weakly related to differences in soil pH and moisture, whereas the AOA community to differences in soil pH and clay content. Soil properties related differently to the size of the communities, with soil organic carbon and total nitrogen correlating positively to AOB abundance, while clay content and pH showed a negative correlation to AOA abundance. Contrasting spatial patterns were observed for the abundance distributions of the two groups indicating that the AOB and AOA may occupy different niches in agro-ecosystems. In addition, the two communities correlated differently to community and ecosystem functions. Our results suggest that the AOA, not the AOB, were contributing to nitrate leaching at the site by providing substrate for the nitrite oxidizers.
Arabic terminology
Authors: Yousif Elias 
Published: January 2011

Like many other languages on the receiving end of scientific and technical innovations. Arabic is under a growing pressure to create an ever-increasing number of terms. To respond to this pressing need, Arabic mobilizes the full potential of its conventional resources and explores innovative complementary means. This article endeavours to investigate how Arabic is currently dealing with some specific aspects of scientific and technical terminology, namely abbreviated terms, alphanumerical combinations, mixed units as well as units created by metaphor, metonymy and analogy. The creation of new roots crafted from arabized loan words is an innovative and controversial issue. Its positive and possible negative impacts on the integrity of the language are examined.
Evidence at hand shows that Arabic is responding in different ways to terminological challenges. In doing so, it is engaged in a dual path and is constantly mediating between the necessity to adapt to the exigencies of modern technical and scientific communication on one hand while maintaining the integrity of its lexical system on the other hand. Claims that is falling short of expressing modern knowledge do not seem to be justified. Proof to the contrary is provided by the huge number of terms constantly created by various actors in all scientific and technical fields. But to be more effective, these efforts need to be better coordinated and validated outputs effectively disseminated. Follow-up mechanisms need to be put in place at different levels to ensure that the appropriate modes of creation are harmonized and that valid outputs are effectively used by originators of scientific and technical documentation.
Passive and active control of a plasmonic mimic of electromagnetically induced transparency in stereometamaterials and planar metamaterials
Authors: Lu Yuehui , Jin Xingri , Lee Seongjae , Rhee Joo Yull , Jang Won Ho , Lee Young Pak 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
We propose the passive and active control of a plasmonic mimic of electromagnetically induced transparency in stereometamaterials and planar metamaterials, respectively. We show that the magnetic plasmon resonance (MPR) plays an important role in the coupling of bright and dark modes and its mechanism is discussed. This study provides approaches and guidelines to make use of MPR for the realization of plasmonic switching.
Material- and fabrication-governed performance of a tunnelling magnetometer
Authors: Nguyen Hugo , Persson Anders , Thornell Greger 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Miniaturization of sensitive magnetic sensors for nano- and picosatellites has come to the point where the traditional sensors with magnetic coils can soon be replaced. Thin film technology offers the possibility of making extremely small magnetic field sensors that employ the effect of anisotropic, giant and tunnelling magnetoresistance (AMR, GMR and TMR). In this paper, the development status of sensors based on microelectromechanical systems technology (MEMS), starting from a TMR layer structure, is presented. The sensors have been successfully fabricated and integrated onto an electronic circuit designed for space application. The system as a whole and the sensors in particular have not only been characterized with respect to sensitivity, resolution and noise level but also to launch vibration and space radiation. The sensor performance and limitations are strongly dependent on the deposited materials, sensor design and fabrication process. Since the sensor elements are small and sensitive (with lateral dimensions of some tens of micrometres and resolution of 100 pT at frequencies of MHz), they are also promising for other MEMS applications.
Materials used for the optical section of an optoelectronic oscillator
Authors: Duy Nguyen Lam , Nam Luong Vu Hai , Yem Vu Van , Vivien Laurent , Cassan Eric , Journet Bernard 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The work presented here concerns the development of optoelectronic oscillators. Their high spectral purity is one of their most interesting qualities for photonics signal processing, communication or radio over fiber systems. The classical structure is based on a very long optical fiber loop acting as a delay line. Different techniques have been introduced, such as multiple loops, in order to get very narrow spectral lines and large mode spacing. Among the problems due to long fiber loops, there is the size and the requirement of temperature control. In order to go toward integrated solutions, it is also possible to introduce optical resonators instead of the delay line. Such resonators should present a very high quality factor in order to keep a low phase noise. Different solutions based on silica microspheres, on polymer materials or on silicon can be investigated. These resonators can be directly implemented with the associated Mach–Zehnder optical modulators in the case of both polymer and silicon materials.
CdTe quantum dots for an application in the life sciences
Authors: Thuy Ung Thi Dieu , Toan Pham Song , Chi Tran Thi Kim , Khang Dinh Duy , Liem Nguyen Quang 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis report highlights the results of the preparation of semiconductor CdTe quantum dots (QDs) in the aqueous phase. The small size of a few nm and a very high luminescence quantum yield exceeding 60% of these materials make them promisingly applicable to bio-medicine labeling. Their strong, two-photon excitation luminescence is also a good characteristic for biolabeling without interference with the cell fluorescence. The primary results for the pH-sensitive CdTe QDs are presented in that fluorescence of CdTe QDs was used as a proton sensor to detect proton flux driven by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in chromatophores. In other words, these QDs could work as pH-sensitive detectors. Therefore, the system of CdTe QDs on chromatophores prepared from the cells ofRhodospirillum rubrumand the antibodies against the beta-subunit of F0F1–ATPase could be a sensitive detector for the avian influenza virus subtype A/H5N1.
Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Pavkov Meda E. , Burrows Nilka R. , Knowler William C. , Hanson Robert L. , Nelson Robert G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter describes the frequency, course, and risk factors for diabetic kidney disease (CKD). It reviews current management strategies and discusses the impact of management on the progression of kidney disease. It concludes with a description of public health programs under development at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to address diabetes and CKD.
Diabetes and Lower-Extremity Diseases
Authors: Boulton Andrew J. M. , Bowling Frank L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe lifetime risk that a person with diabetes will develop a foot ulcer may be as high as 15%–25%, and every year an estimated 1 million people lose a leg as a consequence of this condition, equating to one amputation every thirty seconds. Diabetic foot ulceration imposes a significant medical, social, and economic burden. Disorders of the foot account for more hospital admissions than any other long-term medical condition and also increase morbidity and mortality. A clear understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of ulceration is essential if the incidence is to be reduced and subsequent amputation prevented. This chapter presents an overview of the pathway to ulceration.
Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Bertoni Alain G. , Goff David C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most persons with diabetes will suffer from CVD in their lifetimes, and thus the prevention of CVD in this population is an important public health goal. One immediate challenge is increasing the proportion of adults with diabetes who meet the current standards of diabetes care, which include assessment and control of hyperglycemia, lipids, and blood pressure; smoking cessation; and platelet inhibition.
Diabetes in Pregnancy
Authors: Correa-Villaseñor Adolfo , Marcinkevage Jessica A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDuring a normal pregnancy, maternal metabolism undergoes a number of changes in preparation for growth and development of the fetus, including a decrease in insulin sensitivity (or increase in insulin resistance) in the third trimester that results in increased availability of nutrients for fetal growth. During a pregnancy complicated by diabetes, such metabolic changes can complicate the management of diabetes, and diabetes, in turn, can result in a wide range of complications for both the mother and the child. This chapter provides an overview of current public health aspects of diabetes in pregnancy, including an overview of some of the challenges and opportunities for prevention.
The Associations of Diabetes with Digestive, Oral, and Liver Disease, and Autonomic Neuropathy
Authors: Clark Jeanne M. , Gibbons Christopher H. , Mustapha Indra 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDigestive diseases impose enormous economic costs. Many of the most common and costly digestive conditions are associated with diabetes mellitus. This chapter reviews the associations between diabetes and several digestive diseases, including gastrointestinal cancers; and the associations of liver disease with diabetes.
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Knowler William C. , Hoskin Mary , Curtis Jeffrey M. , Nelson Robert G. , Hanson Robert L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the prevention of type 2 diabetes. People at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes can often be identified with simple clinical tests. Many of the risk factors—such as obesity, physical inactivity, and subdiagnostic elevations in glycemia—that predict which of these people are most likely to develop diabetes are potentially modifiable. Randomized clinical trials have confirmed that treatment of diabetes risk factors in high-risk persons can reduce the development of new cases of diabetes. However, none of the tested interventions are fully successful at preventing diabetes, indicating that more effective interventions are needed.
Implementing Programs for the Primary Prevention of Diabetes in Non-Health-Care Settings
Authors: Ackermann Ronald T. , Marrero David G. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractExtensive research demonstrates the effectiveness of two broad strategies to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes in adults: pharmacological therapy and structured lifestyle interventions. To date, however, high-quality preventive services have proved particularly challenging to deliver in health care settings, even when there is compelling evidence for their clinical cost-effectiveness. Conversely, resources and policies to support modest weight loss and moderate physical activity behaviors have a stronger capacity to reach vast segments of the population when offered in non-healthcare community settings. This chapter considers the current evidence base for cost-effective prevention of diabetes and explores implications and emerging research for implementing policies and programs to prevent type 2 diabetes in non-healthcare settings.
Quality of Diabetes Care (Current Levels, Distribution, and Trends) and Challenges in Measuring Quality of Care
Authors: Pogach Leonard M. , Aron David C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter summarizes current definitions and approaches used in assessing the quality of diabetes care and the underlying conceptual frameworks, evidence base, and methodological issues. It also summarizes both current levels and trends in the quality of diabetes care in the United States, with specific attention paid to variation and disparities by patient subgroup. Finally, it addresses the policy implications of quality measurement for the purpose of improving care within a health care system versus measuring quality for the purpose of public comparisons and/or payment.
Adult Diabetes and Quality of Life, Psychosocial Issues, and Sexual Health
Authors: Anderson Roger T. , Pawaskar Manjiri D. , Camacho Fabian , Balkrishnan Rajesh 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on how diabetes impairs health-related quality of life (HRQL) among those with this condition. Epidemiologic studies show that a large proportion of individuals with either type of diabetes (type 1 or type 2) are at risk of suffering significant decrements in dimensions of HRQL, including symptom distress such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and neuropathies; functional limitations; restrictions in normal activities; work limitations; poor general health; depression; anxiety; and social withdrawal that are directly or indirectly caused by diabetes. In addition, the daily burden of self-managing diabetes with lifestyle and medical therapies may significantly reduce HRQL. A focus on diabetes and HRQL in public health is essential to: (1) develop, or propose, models for health care systems that may effectively support diabetes “survivorship” issues; (2) provide a focus on preventing avoidable negative health outcomes with diabetes, both by controlling disease progression and by supporting patient needs at all points along the continuum of care; and (3) more appropriately weigh the true cost of diabetes and its treatment options to patients and to society, and in doing so identify effective preventive and therapeutic regimens that produce the largest momentum toward improved well-being.