bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The identification of environmental parameters which could influence soil bacterial community composition on the Antarctic Peninsula - a statistical approach
Authors: Chong C.W. , Pearce D.A. , Convey P. , Tan I.K.P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe adopted a statistical approach to identify environmental parameters which might be important in structuring the bacterial community in soils on the Antarctic Peninsula. An assessment of soil bacterial community composition at six environmentally distinct locations was made using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiling. All locations are near to Rothera Point, on Reptile Ridge and adjacent islands in Ryder Bay, off the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, and were selected to maximize the range of environmental variability easily accessible from Rothera Station. A range of environmental variables was determined, and a Spearman rank correlation test was used to link the community structure and environmental variables. We demonstrated that the taxonomic distribution of the soil bacteria among the six study sites was relatively even, especially among the islands within Ryder Bay, although each location possessed a distinct community structure. Significant differences in the environmental conditions and soil chemical parameters allowed us to identify differences in location and soil pH as the environmental variables that could most probably explain the soil bacterial community patterns. This observation is consistent with an increasing number of studies from both Arctic and Antarctic locations, and will contribute to the design of future parameter-specific studies to test the potential functional significance of pH to the Antarctic soil bacterial community.
Mill's Essay On Liberty
Authors: Ryan Alan 
Published: February 2012

John Stuart Mill is—surprisingly—a difficult writer. He writes clearly, non-technically, and in a very plain prose which Bertrand Russell once described as a model for philosophers. It is never hard to see what the general drift of the argument is, and never hard to see which side he is on. He is, none the less, a difficult writer because his clarity hides complicated arguments and assumptions which often take a good deal of unpicking. And when we have done that unpicking, the task of analysing the merits and deficiencies of the arguments is still only half completed. This is true of all his work and particularly true of Liberty. It is an essay whose clarity and energy have made it the most popular of all Mill's work. Yet it conceals philosophical, sociological and historical assumptions of a very debatable kind. In his introduction, Mill saysthe object of this essay is to defend one very simple principle, as entitled to govern absolutely the dealings of society with the individual in the way of compulsion and control, whether the means used be legal penalties, or the moral coercion of public opinion (Liberty, 68).
An interarterial course of anomalous coronary artery and an alternative surgical option
Authors: Nimdet Kachaporn , Soongswang Jarupim , Sriyodchati Somchai 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAn interarterial course of anomalous left main coronary artery originating from the right aortic coronary sinus of valsalva is a rare condition among anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery. Various surgical options are available. We performed an alternative procedure, that is, mobilisation of the pulmonic root, pulmonary bifurcation, and plication of the pulmonic root adjacent to the left main coronary artery, in a 12-year-old boy. Favourable results were achieved after 43 months of follow-up.
Dietary trends in the Middle East and North Africa: an ecological study (1961 to 2007)
Authors: Golzarand Mahdieh , Mirmiran Parvin , Jessri Mahsa , Toolabi Karamollah , Mojarrad Mehdi , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveMiddle Eastern and North African countries are undergoing nutrition transition, a transition which is associated with an increased burden of non-communicable diseases. This necessitates the evaluation of dietary patterns in these regions. The present study aimed to assess changes in dietary patterns in Middle Eastern and North African countries between 1961 and 2007.DesignAvailability of energy and fifteen main food items during 1961–2007 was examined using FAO food balance sheets from the FAOSTAT database.SettingFifteen countries including nine in the Middle East and six in North Africa were selected and the average availability of total energy and different food items in these regions were compared.ResultsOver the 47 years studied, energy and food availability (apart from animal fats and alcoholic beverages) has increased in the Middle East and North Africa. In both regions the proportion of energy derived from meat and vegetable oils has increased significantly while that from cereals decreased significantly. In addition, the proportion of energy from milk and dairy products and vegetables has shown an ascending trend in North Africa while the proportion of energy from fruits has shown a descending trend in the Middle East.ConclusionsThe study results reveal an unfavourable trend towards a Westernized diet in the Middle East and, to a certain extent, in North Africa. Tailored nutritional education encouraging healthy eating for prevention of the burden of chronic diseases in these countries seems essential.
Relation between subduction megathrust earthquakes, trench sediment thickness and upper plate strain
Authors: Heuret A. , Conrad C. P. , Funiciello F. , Lallemand S. , Sandri L. 
Published: February 2012

Giant earthquake (moment magnitude Mw ≥ 8.5) forecasts for subduction zones have been empirically related to both tectonic stresses and geometrical irregularities along the subduction interface. Both of these controls have been suggested as able to tune the ability of rupture to propagate laterally and, in turn, exert an important control on giant earthquake generation. Here we test these hypotheses, and their combined influence, by compiling a dataset of trench fill thickness (a proxy for smoothing of subducting plate relief by sediment input into the subduction channel) and upper plate strain (a proxy for the tectonic stresses applied to the subduction interface) for 44 segments of the global subduction network. We statistically compare relationships between upper plate strain, trench sediment thickness and maximal earthquake magnitude. We find that the combination of both large trench fill (≥1 km) and neutral upper plate strain explains spatial patterns of giant earthquake occurrence to a statistically significant degree. In fact, the concert of these two factors is more highly correlated with giant earthquake occurrence than either factor on its own. Less frequent giant earthquakes of lower magnitude are also possible at subduction zones with thinner trench fill and compressive upper plate strain. Extensional upper plate strain and trench fill < 0.5 km appear to be unfavorable conditions, as giant earthquakes have not been observed in these geodynamical environments during the last 111 years.
Satellite remote sensing analysis of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash cloud over the North Sea during 4–18 May 2010
Authors: Christopher Sundar A. , Feng Nan , Naeger Aaron , Johnson Ben , Marenco Franco 
Published: February 2012

Using the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI), Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument, and BaE146 aircraft data sets, we provide an overview of volcanic ash spatial distribution for six days (4–18 May 2010) and assess their properties and radiative impacts for 17 May primarily over the North Sea. We describe spectral signatures of volcanic ash, compare the MODIS‐retrieved 550 nm aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and effective radii with the aircraft data, and then assess the change in radiative fluxes at the top of atmosphere using CERES. Our results indicate that the MODIS and SEVIRI thermal channels are adept at identifying volcanic ash near the source. However, the volcanic ash far from the volcanic source, especially over land, is contaminated by surface/atmospheric features. We assess the 17 May case in detail and show that MODIS AOTs (0.23–0.86) are higher than the aircraft values (0.07–0.54), probably due to different aerosol models used in the retrieval process. The MODIS effective radii values are between 0.4 and 0.9 μm with fine mode fraction values between 0.4 and 0.7. The aircraft‐derived effective radii values are between 0.82 and 1.2 μm. The TOA shortwave radiative forcing for unit AOT of volcanic ash aerosols at the time of the satellite overpass is −77 ± 4.0 W m−2 and is larger than the longwave forcing per unit optical depth (11 ± 1.2 W m−2) by seven times indicating that ash could significantly impact radiative energy fluxes.
Biogeochemical conditions determine virulence of black band disease in corals
Authors: Glas Martin S , Sato Yui , Ulstrup Karin E , Bourne David G 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The microenvironmental dynamics of the microbial mat of black band disease (BBD) and its less virulent precursor, cyanobacterial patch (CP), were extensively profiled using microsensors under different light intensities with respect to O2, pH and H2S. BBD mats exhibited vertical stratification into an upper phototrophic and lower anoxic and sulphidic zone. At the progression front of BBD lesions, high sulphide levels up to 4977 μm were measured in darkness along with lower than ambient levels of pH (7.43±0.20). At the base of the coral–BBD microbial mat, conditions were hypoxic or anoxic depending on light intensity exposure. In contrast, CP mats did not exhibit strong microchemical stratification with mostly supersaturated oxygen conditions throughout the mats at all light intensities and with levels of pH generally higher than in BBD. Two of three replicate CP mats were devoid of sulphide, while the third replicate showed only low levels of sulphide (up to 42 μm) present in darkness and at intermediate light levels. The level of oxygenation and sulphide correlated well with lesion migration rates, that is virulence of the mats, which were greater in BBD than in CP. The results suggest that biogeochemical microgradients of BBD shaped by the complex microbial community, rather than a defined pathogen, are the major trigger for high virulence and the associated derived coral mortality of this disease.
Global distribution and diversity of marine Verrucomicrobia
Authors: Freitas Sara , Hatosy Stephen , Fuhrman Jed A , Huse Susan M , Mark Welch David B , Sogin Mitchell L , Martiny Adam C 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Verrucomicrobia is a bacterial phylum that is commonly detected in soil, but little is known about the distribution and diversity of this phylum in the marine environment. To address this, we analyzed the marine microbial community composition in 506 samples from the International Census of Marine Microbes as well as 11 coastal samples taken from the California Current. These samples from both the water column and sediments covered a wide range of environmental conditions. Verrucomicrobia were present in 98% of the analyzed samples, and thus appeared nearly ubiquitous in the ocean. Based on the occurrence of amplified 16S ribosomal RNA sequences, Verrucomicrobia constituted on average 2% of the water column and 1.4% of the sediment bacterial communities. The diversity of Verrucomicrobia displayed a biogeography at multiple taxonomic levels and thus, specific lineages appeared to have clear habitat preference. We found that subdivision 1 and 4 generally dominated marine bacterial communities, whereas subdivision 2 was more frequent in low salinity waters. Within the subdivisions, Verrucomicrobia community composition were significantly different in the water column compared with sediment as well as within the water column along gradients of salinity, temperature, nitrate, depth and overall water column depth. Although we still know little about the ecophysiology of Verrucomicrobia lineages, the ubiquity of this phylum suggests that it may be important for the biogeochemical cycle of carbon in the ocean.
Controlling the NO production of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet
Authors: Pipa A V , Reuter S , Foest R , Weltmann K-D 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The production of NO radicals by an atmospheric pressure plasma jet has been investigated by means of absorption spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region (IR) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES) in the ultraviolet (UV) part of the spectrum. The plasma jet investigated here operates in argon with air admixtures up to 1%. The study shows that OES can be used to characterize the relative NO production at small air admixtures. The Production of NO radicals can be controlled by variation of air admixture. Important to note—especially for operation in ambient conditions—is that a small addition of water vapour strongly affects the production of NO radicals especially at higher air admixtures (greater than 0.2%).
Numerical study of combustion initiation in a supersonic flow of H2–air mixture by resonance laser radiation
Authors: Bezgin L V , Kopchenov V I , Kuleshov P S , Titova N S , Starik A M 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
A comparative analysis of the efficiency of approaches based on the exposure of reacting gas to resonance laser radiation to enhance combustion in a supersonic flow of H2–air mixture is conducted. The kinetic processes responsible for the intensification of chain reactions in premixed and non-premixed H2–air flows upon photodissociation of O2 molecules by 193.3 nm laser radiation, excitation of these molecules to the singlet sigma state by laser photons with 762.346 nm wavelength and heating the mixture by laser radiation are analysed in a detailed manner. It is shown that both photochemical methods, photodissociation and excitation of O2 molecules, are much more effective in shortening the ignition delay length than merely heating the mixture. For the premixed flow, the photodissociation of O2 molecules ensures a slightly higher reduction in the ignition delay than the laser-induced excitation of molecular oxygen to the singlet sigma state. However, in the non-premixed flow the situation is inverted. The analysis shows that both photochemical methods make it possible to raise the efficiency of conversion of reactant chemical energy to thermal energy released during combustion compared with the method of heating the mixtures.
Elevated expression of angiomodulin (AGM/IGFBP‐rP1) in tumor stroma and its roles in fibroblast activation
Authors: Komiya Eriko , Furuya Momoko , Watanabe Naoko , Miyagi Yohei , Higashi Shouichi , Miyazaki Kaoru 
Published: February 2012

Angiomodulin (AGM/IGFBP‐rP1), a glycoprotein of about 30 kDa, is overexpressed in tumor vasculature as well as some human cancer cell lines, but it has been suggested to be a tumor suppressor. To elucidate roles of angiomodulin (AGM) in tumor progression, we here examined distribution of AGM in three types of human cancer tissues by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that AGM was overexpressed in the stroma as well as the vasculature surrounding tumor cells in the human cancer tissues. AGM and α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) as an activated fibroblast marker were often colocalized in cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs). In vitro analysis indicated that transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 might be an important inducer of AGM in normal human fibroblasts. AGM strongly stimulated the expression of fibronectin and weakly that of α‐SMA in normal fibroblasts. AGM significantly stimulated the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. The AGM‐induced expression of fibronectin and α‐SMA was blocked by a TGF‐β signal inhibitor but neither the stimulation of cell growth nor migration. These results imply that AGM activates normal fibroblasts by TGF‐β‐dependent and independent mechanisms. These findings also suggest that AGM and TGF‐β1 cooperatively or complementarily contribute to the stromal activation and connective tissue formation in human cancer tissues, contributing to tumor progression. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 691–699)
Brain metastases after definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with stage III lung adenocarcinoma: Carcinoembryonic antigen as a potential predictive factor
Authors: Horinouchi Hidehito , Sekine Ikuo , Sumi Minako , Ito Yoshinori , Nokihara Hiroshi , Yamamoto Noboru , Ohe Yuichiro , Tamura Tomohide 
Published: February 2012

The predictive factors for the development of brain metastases in patients with stage III non‐small‐cell lung cancer receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy remain unclear. Several studies have suggested adenocarcinoma as a predictive factor of brain relapses. In the current analysis, we tried to identify the factors associated with brain metastases in stage III lung adenocarcinoma. The demographic and clinical characteristics, site and date of recurrence, and date of death were reviewed in patients with unresectable stage III lung adenocarcinoma who underwent concurrent platinum‐based chemoradiotherapy. In total, 116 patients were identified with a median (range) age of 57 (35–74) years. Of these, 86 (74%) were men, all patients had platinum‐based chemotherapy, and 100 (86%) received a total dose of 60 Gy in 30 fractions as definitive thoracic radiotherapy. Of the 95 patients with disease progression or recurrence, 19 (16%) developed brain metastases as the sole site of initial recurrence. A total of 43 (37%) patients developed brain metastases at some time during follow‐up. Time to brain metastases was significantly associated with the pretreatment carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) value, with a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 2.64 (1.39–5.02, P = 0.003). Patients who developed brain metastases as the first recurrent site had marginally better survival (log–rank test, P = 0.066) than those with metastases other than brain. In conclusion, stage III lung adenocarcinoma patients with an elevated CEA value before treatment had a higher risk of developing brain metastases after chemoradiotherapy. Further effort is mandatory to control brain metastases in this patient population by a therapeutic strategy based on the tumor histology and pretreatment CEA value. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 756–759)
Silencing of connexin 43 suppresses invasion, migration and lung metastasis of rat hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Ogawa Kumiko , Pitchakarn Pornsiri , Suzuki Shugo , Chewonarin Teera , Tang MingXi , Takahashi Seishiro , Naiki‐Ito Aya , Sato Shinya , Takahashi Satoru , Asamoto Makoto , Shirai Tomoyuki 
Published: February 2012

To reduce cancer mortality, understanding of mechanisms of cancer metastasis is crucial. We have established six rat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, which exhibit differing metastatic potential to the lung after inoculation into the tail veins of nude mice. In the present experiment, we investigated the process of cell attachment to metastatic sites and possible regulating factors. One hour after inoculation, two of two HCC cell lines with high metastatic potential and one of two HCC cell lines with low metastatic potential exhibited many attached cells in the lung. One day after inoculation, lung metastatic foci were observed only with highly‐metastatic cells with elevated connexin 43 (Cx43) expression as assessed by cDNA array analysis. Furthermore, 24 or 48 h after transfection of an siRNA targeting Cx43, in vitro invasion and migration were suppressed by 68% (P < 0.001) and 36% (P < 0.05) compared with control‐siRNA transfected cells, despite no differences in cellular morphology, cell proliferation or apoptotic activity. Moreover, the number of metastatic nodules per lung area in nude mice was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced. In conclusion, suppression of Cx43 expression in tumor cells reduced in vitro migration and invasion capacity and in vivo metastatic ability so that Cx43 has potential as a molecular target for prevention of cancer metastasis with Cx43 overexpressing tumors. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 860–867)
Suppression of azoxymethane‐induced colonic preneoplastic lesions in rats by 1‐methyltryptophan, an inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase
Authors: Ogawa Kengo , Hara Takeshi , Shimizu Masahito , Ninomiya Soranobu , Nagano Junji , Sakai Hiroyasu , Hoshi Masato , Ito Hiroyasu , Tsurumi Hisashi , Saito Kuniaki , Seishima Mitsuru , Tanaka Takuji , Moriwaki Hisataka 
Published: February 2012

The escape of preneoplastic cells from the immune system, which is caused by immune tolerance, occurs during the development of several types of tumors. Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) plays a critical role in the induction of immune tolerance. In the present study we investigated the effects of 1‐methyltryptophan (1‐MT), an IDO inhibitor, and (−1;)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major catechin in green tea, on the development of azoxymethane (AOM)‐induced colonic preneoplastic lesions by focusing on the inhibition of IDO. To induce colonic premalignant lesions, male F344 rats were injected with AOM (20 mg/kg body weight, s.c.) once a week for 2 weeks. They also received 0.2% 1‐MT or 0.1% EGCG in their drinking water for 4 weeks, starting 1 week before the first dose of AOM. Both 1‐MT and EGCG significantly decreased the total number of aberrant crypt foci and β‐catenin‐accumulated crypts, which overexpressed IDO protein. Treatment with EGCG decreased IDO mRNA expression in both the colonic epithelium and stroma of rats induced by AOM. The AOM‐induced increase in cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNA expression in the colonic stroma was significantly decreased by EGCG. Furthermore, AOM‐induced increases in IDO activity in the serum and stroma were significantly inhibited by 1‐MT and EGCG. Inhibition of IDO activity by 1‐MT and EGCG was also observed in cell‐free assays. These findings suggest that upregulation of IDO activity is observed in the early stages of colon carcinogenesis and that the use of IDO inhibitors, such as 1‐MT and EGCG, which suppress the occurrence of colonic preneoplastic lesions, could be a novel strategy for the chemoprevention of colon cancer. (Cancer Sci 2012; 103: 951–958)
Women ending marriage to a problem drinking partner decrease their own risk for problem drinking
Authors: Smith Philip H. , Homish Gregory G. , Leonard Kenneth E. , Cornelius Jack R. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTAims  Marital dissolution is associated with increased risk of problematic drinking. However, marriage to a problem drinker also increases this risk, and ending this type of relationship may actually decrease risk of problematic drinking. This study tested whether women ending their marriage to a problem drinker exhibited improvements in drinking.Design  National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a two‐wave nationally representative survey of the US adult population.Setting  In‐person interviews conducted in US households.Participants  Females married or living as if married at wave 1 at least 18 years of age.Measurements  Socio‐demographics, drinking frequency, drinking quantity, alcohol use disorders, problem drinking, partner problem drinking and relationship dissolution.Findings  Ending marriage to a non‐problem drinker predicted increased frequency of drinking [risk ratio (RR) = 1.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.43, 1.67], heavier drinking (RR = 1.30; 95% CI = 1.71, 1.45), more problematic drinking (RR = 2.45; 95% CI = 2.17, 2.77) and a greater likelihood of use disorder diagnosis [odds ratio (OR) = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.67, 2.91]. Ending a relationship with a problem drinker predicted less frequent drinking (RR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.90, 0.98), less heavy drinking (RR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.78, 0.90) and fewer alcohol‐related problems (RR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.62, 0.95).Conclusions  Ending a marriage with a husband who drinks problematically may decrease risk of alcohol‐related problems among women, substantiating the need for alcohol treatments to address a problem drinking partner.