bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacovigilance for antiretroviral drugs in Africa: lessons from a study in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire
Authors: Jaquet Antoine , Djima Mariam Mama , Coffie Patrick , Kacou Henri Die , Eholie Serge P. , Messou Eugene , Minga Albert , Guehi Calixte , Yavo Jean Claude , Bissagnene Emmanuel , Dabis Francois , Ekouevi Didier K. ,   for the IeDEA West Africa Collaboration
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTBackgroundAlthough antiretroviral treatment (ART)–related adverse drug reactions (ADR) are documented in industrialised countries, there is no pre‐existing surveillance system dedicated to ADR monitoring in most African countries. We assessed knowledge towards pharmacovigilance among ART prescribers and available capacity of HIV clinics to conduct ADR monitoring in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.MethodsA questionnaire was administered to ART prescribers to assess their knowledge towards the occurrence of ADRs. A retrospective ADR survey was also conducted based on a data query of treatment modification/interruptions in three HIV clinics. Clinical monitors went back to medical charts to review and validate the reasons of the treatment modification/interruptions.ResultsOf the 81 ART prescribers interviewed, 25 (31%) declared not grading ADRs and 12 (14.8%) declared notifying ADRs to the national regulatory authorities. Among 5252 adult ART‐treated patients who attended the participating clinics in 2008, 599 treatment modifications were identified. Reasons for treatment modification/interruptions identified in the electronic database were documented in the medical charts in 554 cases (92.5%), ADR accounting for 273 cases (45.5%). Toxicity related to ART was graded in only 58 cases (21%) in the medical charts.DiscussionThis study describes challenges limiting the implementation of reliable pharmacovigilance activities in HIV clinics in Côte d'Ivoire. The lack of knowledge of ART prescribers concerning ADR grading does not support the spontaneous reporting of ADRs. Using treatment modification/interruptions for ADR monitoring appears feasible, but improvements are needed to respond to key questions related to drug toxicities in the context of ART scale‐up in Africa. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of diketopyrrolopyrrole‐containing conjugated polyelectrolytes for naked‐eye detection of DNA
Authors: Lin Shuimu , Liu Shouping , Zou Hanxun , Zeng Wennan , Wang Lingyun , Beuerman Roger , Cao Derong 
Published: July 2011

AbstractTwo water‐soluble cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (P1 and P2) containing diacetylene, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), and fluorene units were synthesized with Glaser‐Hay coupling reaction as the key step. The narrow bandgap DPP units and the wide bandgap fluorene units in the cationic polyelectrolytes might form an energy donor‐acceptor molecule architectures, in which DPP units serve as an acceptor of the fluorescent resonance energy transfer. The addition of calf thymus DNA enhances the fluorescent resonance energy transfer from fluoreneethynylene segments to DPP units, which results in a sensitive color change from blue to red in the PL spectra and allows naked‐eye detection of DNA with low concentration. In addition, the detection of DNA with P1 and P2 is high selective because it is not interfered by common ions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Selective complete decomposition of poly(n‐hexylisocyanate) and its use in a new molecular design method
Authors: Se Kazunori , Iwata Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPoly(n‐hexylisocyanate) (PHIC‐NH) as a rod‐like polymer having a NH group at one end of the polymer chain was found to instantly (less than a few seconds) be completely decomposed by CH3O−Na+in tetrahydrofuran/CH3OH under a mild experimental condition ([CH3O−Na+] < 1 mol L−1at room temperature).The mechanism of the decomposition for the PHIC‐NH consists of two steps: the first is abstraction of the proton for PHIC‐NH by Na+with a slow reaction rate, and the second is the consequent depolymerization of PHIC‐N−based on the equilibrium polymerization with a rapid depolymerization rate. The decomposition rate constants (kd) depend onMwof PHIC‐NH, namelykd∼Mw−1.0. The decomposition of the PHIC‐NR having an end‐capped NR group was completely depressed. Using an “all or nothing” mechanism for the decomposition, the (PHIC)3.43comb‐shaped polymer and polystyrene (PSt)‐graft‐(PHIC‐NH)4.28graft copolymer were, respectively, decomposed to produce (PHIC‐NH)3.43–1.03and PSt‐graft‐(PHIC‐NH)4.28–0in a series with different numbers of PHIC‐NH combs and PHIC‐NH grafts by regulating the amount of CH3O−Na+and the decomposition time. Molecular structure of (PHIC‐NH)3.43–1.03and PSt‐graft‐(PHIC‐NH)4.28–0was discussed from a viewpoint of PSt‐reduced chain dimension per molar mass. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis of poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐b‐poly(styrene sulfonate) block copolymers by controlled radical polymerizations
Authors: Laruelle Gaël , Nicol Erwan , Ameduri Bruno , Tassin Jean‐François , Ajellal Noureddine 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBlock copolymers based on poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, and a series of poly(aromatic sulfonate) sequences were synthesized from controlled radical polymerizations (CRPs). According to the aromatic monomers, appropriate techniques of CRP were chosen: either iodine transfer polymerization (ITP) or atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from PVDF‐I macromolecular chain transfer agents (CTAs) or PVDF‐CCl3macroinitiator, respectively. These precursors were produced either by ITP of VDF with C6F13I or by radical telomerization of VDF with chloroform, respectively. Poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐b‐poly(sodium styrene sulfonate), PVDF‐b‐PSSS, block copolymers were produced from both techniques via a direct polymerization of sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) monomer or an indirect way with the use of styrene sulfonate ethyl ester (SSE) as a protected monomer. Although the reaction led to block copolymers, the kinetics of ITP of SSS showed that PVDF‐I macromolecular CTAs were not totally efficient because a limitation of the CTA consumption (56%) was observed. This was probably explained by both the low activity of the CTA (that contained inefficient PVDF‐CF2CH2I) and a fast propagation rate of the monomer. That behavior was also noted in the ITP of SSE. On the other hand, ATRP of SSS initiated by PVDF‐CCl3was more controlled up to 50% of conversion leading to PVDF‐b‐PSSS block copolymer with an average number molar mass of 6000 g·mol−1. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Intriguing location of myeloperoxidase in the prostate: A preliminary immunohistochemical study
Authors: Roumeguère Th. , Delree P. , Van Antwerpen P. , Rorive S. , Vanhamme L. , de Ryhove L. de la Kethulle , Serteyn D. , Wespes E. , Vanhaerverbeek M. , Boudjeltia K. Zouaoui 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDMyeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the peroxidase‐cyclooxygenase superfamily, which is secreted from stimulated leucocytes at inflammatory sites. It is well known that MPO catalyses oxidation reactions via the release of reactive halogenating and nitrating species and thus induces tissue damage. Several studies have already implicated MPO in the development of neoplasia. Chronic or recurrent prostatic inflammation has long been recognized as having the potential to initiate and promote the development of prostate cancer. The objective was to investigate whether MPO is present in the prostate.METHODSHuman prostate material was obtained from biopsies, transurethral resections of the prostate (TURP), prostatic adenomectomies, and retropubic radical prostatectomies. Twenty‐nine slides of normal prostate tissue, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer were reviewed by a pathologist. Immunohistochemical analysis using MPO‐specific human antibody was performed to detect MPO in the prostate tissue.RESULTSImmunocytohistochemistry showed cellular colocalization of MPO in the secretory epithelial cells of the prostate with staining varying from light to strong intensity. Staining in the glandular apical snouts was often reinforced although staining of basal as well as of luminal glandular cells was also present.CONCLUSIONSWe identified, for the first time, the presence of MPO at the surface of prostatic epithelial cells. In view of the pro‐oxidant properties of this enzyme, further research is needed to define whether MPO contributes to the development of prostatic lesions. Prostate 72:507–513, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Designing patterns of the isomeric carbon nanotube caps
Authors: Peszke Jerzy , Stobinski Leszek , Tomasik Piotr , Kurzydlowski Krzysztof J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractStructure of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) caps controls the structure of their walls (zigzag, armchair, and chiral types), i.e., the isomerism of CNTs. The latter is crucial for the result of chemical modification of CNTs that is, for the localization of the introduced functional groups and, in consequence, for the distribution of metal and non‐metal nanoparticles generated on such functionalized CNTs to form specific composites. They evoke interest as catalysts for fuel cells, anodic material in lithium batteries, photovoltaics, and others. Feasible structures of CNT caps are presented and impact of particular cap structures upon the internal and external structure of multiwall CNTs and their symmetries are discussed. Modeling of CNT caps became available by means of the involvement of the HyperChem 7 software (Molecular Mechanics, MM+ approach). Performed computations showed, that the CNT cap has to contain a main pentagon almost always located on the top of the tip. Furthermore, five pentagons provide the link between the cap and CNT tubule. Their localization in the cap determines the CNTs isomerism.
Effects of Mg doping to optimize properties ZnO:Al for the transparent conductive oxide (TCO)
Authors: Park S. M. , Gu G. H. , Park C. G. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn order to achieve good conductivity and high transmittance of transparent conductive oxide (TCO), we attempted to fabricate Mg‐doped ZnO:Al (AZO) films and analyzed their structural, electrical, and optical properties. The Mg‐doped AZO films were successfully deposited on top of the glass substrates by using an ion beam sputter system. The Mg concentration was controlled by varying the number of MgO chips attached on the AZO target. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) was used to determine the concentration of Mg incorporated into the AZO films. The structural, electrical, and optical properties of the Mg‐doped AZO films were found to depend on the Mg concentration. As the Mg concentration increased, the optical band gap also increased because of the replacement of Mg with Zn in the TCO films.
Strain effects on indium incorporation and optical transitions in green‐light InGaN heterostructures of different orientations
Authors: Durnev M. V. , Omelchenko A. V. , Yakovlev E. V. , Evstratov I. Yu. , Karpov S. Yu. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractStrain effect on indium incorporation and optical transitions in bulk InGaN and GaN/InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) coherently grown on GaN substrates with different orientations of hexagonal axis is studied by simulation. The strain modification in the nonpolar and semipolar structures, as compared to polar ones, is found to result in both a higher indium percentage in the InGaN alloy and a larger materials bandgap, producing opposite trends in variation of the optical transition energy (emission wavelength) with the crystal orientation. The interplay between the effects is discussed in view of development of green‐light emitters. A possible way for controlling the strain in the InGaN layers and QWs and thus the emission wavelength is considered and tested by modelling.Optical transition energy of the same single InGaN QW grown on either GaN or relaxed In0.08Ga0.92N sublayer as a function of the crystal C‐axis inclination to epitaxial layer plane.magnified imageOptical transition energy of the same single InGaN QW grown on either GaN or relaxed In0.08Ga0.92N sublayer as a function of the crystal C‐axis inclination to epitaxial layer plane.
Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) – Guidelines for the Development and Validation of Spreadsheets
Authors: Esch Peter M. , Moor Christoph , Schmid Beat , Albertini Silvio , Hassler Stephan , Donzé Gérard , Saxer Hans Peter 
Published: July 2011

SummarySpreadsheets are widely used for the storage, processing and reporting of data. As these spreadsheets are associated with the conduct of non‐clinical safety studies intended for regulatory submission, it is essential that they should be developed, validated, operated, maintained, retired and archived in accordance with the OECD Principles of GLP.The present document provides guidance, i.e. a basic strategy for GLP‐compliant development and validation of spreadsheets. Different approaches can also be used, as long as they are compliant with the OECD Principles of GLP.The AGIT (Arbeitsgruppe Informations‐Technologie) is a working group consisting of representatives from Swiss industry and Swiss GLP monitoring authorities that proposes strategies relating to information technology issues which can be put into practice by test facilities in order to fulfil GLP regulatory requirements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking climate models
Authors: Monteleoni Claire , Schmidt Gavin A. , Saroha Shailesh , Asplund Eva 
Published: July 2011

AbstractClimate models are complex mathematical models designed by meteorologists, geophysicists, and climate scientists, and run as computer simulations, to predict climate. There is currently high variance among the predictions of 20 global climate models, from various laboratories around the world, that inform the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Given temperature predictions from 20 IPCC global climate models, and over 100 years of historical temperature data, we track the changing sequence of which model predicts best at any given time. We use an algorithm due to Monteleoni and Jaakkola that models the sequence of observations using a hierarchical learner, based on a set of generalized Hidden Markov Models, where the identity of the current best climate model is the hidden variable. The transition probabilities between climate models are learned online, simultaneous to tracking the temperature predictions.On historical global mean temperature data, our online learning algorithm's average prediction loss nearly matches that of the best performing climate model in hindsight. Moreover, its performance surpasses that of the average model prediction, which is the default practice in climate science, the median prediction, and least squares linear regression. We also experimented on climate model predictions through the year 2098. Simulating labels with the predictions of any one climate model, we found significantly improved performance using our online learning algorithm with respect to the other climate models and techniques. To complement our global results, we also ran experiments on IPCC global climate model temperature predictions for the specific geographic regions of Africa, Europe, and North America. On historical data, at both annual and monthly time‐scales, and in future simulations, our algorithm typically outperformed both the best climate model per region and linear regression. Notably, our algorithm consistently outperformed the average prediction over models, the current benchmark. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 4: 372–392, 2011
Prediction intervals for survival data
Authors: Brookmeyer Ron 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis paper concerns large sample prediction intervals for the survival times of a future sample based on an initial sample of censored survival data. Simple procedures are developed for obtaining non‐parametric and exponential prediction intervals for the future sample quantiles; the non‐parametric interval results from inversion of an appropriate test statistic. A simulation study performed under various conditions evaluates the accuracy of the proposed intervals. An adjuvant chemotherapy study of breast cancer patients illustrates the methodology.
User experience design and agile development: managing cooperation through articulation work
Authors: Ferreira Jennifer , Sharp Helen , Robinson Hugh 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPrevious discussions of how User Experience (UX) designers and Agile developers can work together have focused on bringing the disciplines together by merging their processes or adopting specific techniques. This paper reports in detail on one observational study of a mature Scrum team in a large organization, and their interactions with the UX designers working on the same project. The evidence from our study shows that Agile development and UX design practice is not explained by rationalized accounts dealing with processes or techniques. Instead, understanding practice requires examining the wider organizational setting in which the Agile developers and UX designers are embedded. Our account focuses on the situatedness of the work by making reference to values and assumptions in the organizational setting, and the consequences that those values and assumptions had for practice. In this organizational setting, cooperation between the Agile developers and UX designers was achieved through ongoing articulation work by the developers, who were compelled to engage a culturally distinct UX design division. Based on this study, insights into culture, self‐organization and purposeful work highlight significant implications for practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inverse link between density and dispersal distance in butterflies: field evidence from six co‐occurring species
Authors: Konvicka Martin , Zimmermann Kamil , Klimova Martina , Hula Vladimir , Fric Zdenek 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA pertinent question in animal population ecology is the relationship between population abundance, density, and mobility. Two extreme ways to reach sufficient abundance for long‐term persistence are to inhabit restricted locations at high densities, or large areas in low densities. The former case predicts low individual mobility, whereas the later predicts high one. This assumption is rarely tested using across‐species comparisons, due to scarcity of data on both mobility and population sizes for multiple species. We used data on dispersal and local population densities of six butterfly species gained by mark‐recapture, and data on their (relative) regional abundance obtained by walking transects in a landscape surrounding the mark‐recapture sites. We correlated both local density and regional abundance against slopes of the inverse power function, appropriate for describing the shape of dispersal kernel. Local densities correlated negatively with the dispersal kernel slopes both when sexes were treated as independent data points and if treated together. For regional abundance, the correlation was also negative but only marginally significant. Our results corroborate the notion that a trade‐off exists between living in dense populations and having poor dispersal, and vice versa. We link this observation to resource use by individual species, and distribution of such resources as host plants in the study landscape.
Indirect effects of excessive deer browsing through understory vegetation on stream insect assemblages
Authors: Sakai Masaru , Natuhara Yosihiro , Imanishi Ayumi , Imai Kensuke , Kato Makoto 
Published: July 2011

AbstractOver the past decade, the abundance of sika deer has rapidly increased around Japan. Previous studies have showed overabundance of deer causes drastic reduction of forest understory vegetation, leading excessive soil erosion. However, no study has investigated the effects of excessive deer browsing on aquatic insect assemblages via sediment runoff. These effects are important to understand whether the terrestrial alteration by deer influences aquatic ecosystems. In a primary deciduous forest catchment in Ashiu, Kyoto, a deer exclusion fence has been in place since 2006. We compared forest floor cover, overland flow, stream environment, and aquatic insect assemblages in first‐order streams and catchments inside and outside of the deer‐exclosure from May‐2008 to April‐2009. The floor inside the deer‐exclosure catchment was covered by lush understory vegetation, whereas outside was almost bare. The overland flow runoff rate at midslope and the dominancy of fine sediment deposition in the streambed were higher outside than inside. Among aquatic insects, burrowers, which are tolerant against fine sediment deposition, were significantly more abundant outside than inside, whereas clingers exhibited the opposite patterns. Collector‐gatherers, which feed on fine detritus, were significantly more abundant outside than inside. Meanwhile, filterers were more abundant inside. The Simpson's diversity index of the aquatic insect assemblages was higher inside than outside. These results suggest that the demise of understory vegetation due to excessive deer browsing has indirectly caused changes in the aquatic insect assemblages of this catchment via increased sediment runoff and subsequent sandy sedimentation of the streambed.
Plantlet recruitment is the key demographic transition in invasion byKalanchoe daigremontiana
Authors: Herrera Ileana , Hernandez Maria‐Josefina , Lampo Margarita , Nassar Jafet M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBiological invasions have a great impact on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning worldwide.Kalanchoe daigremontianais a noxious invasive plant in arid zones. Besides being toxic for domestic animals and wildlife, this species inhibits the growth of native plants. Its rapid proliferation in Cerro Saroche National Park (Venezuela) is of great concern because this area hosts several species endemic to the scarce arid zones in the Caribbean. The traits ofK. daigremontianathat contribute to its invasive success are unknown. Based on empirical data, we derived a stage structured, stochastic and density‐dependent model, to identify characteristics relevant for its establishment. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the establishment ofK. daigremontianadepends exclusively on plantlet recruitment. Because asexual plantlets reproduce in less than 1 year populations are able to increase rapidly during the initial phases of invasion, when extinction risks are higher. Sexual seedlings, on the contrary, require a minimum of 3 years to reproduce. As a result, seedling recruitment contributes little to the transient dynamics of the population and therefore cannot warrant the successful establishment of the species. Simulations of various management strategies show that eradication through plant removal may only be achieved if harvest begins shortly after introduction. If a rapid response is not possible, reducing the survival and growth rates of plantlets through biological control is an alternative option. Thus, a strict control of dispersal of plantlets by humans and a continuous monitoring of new invasions should be the first priority for reducing further impact on native species.