bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insurance and inpatient care
Authors: Bradley Cathy J. , Dahman Bassam , Bear Harry D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND:Early research demonstrated that patients' length‐of‐stay and inpatient costs varied according to their health insurance status. The authors of the current report studied a population‐based sample of privately insured, Medicaid‐insured, and uninsured inpatients ages 21 to 64 years who underwent surgical resection for either nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (n = 781) or colorectal cancer (CRC) (n = 8190) or who underwent mastectomy (n = 6201) to compare length of stay and inpatient costs by insurance status.METHODS:Data for this study were derived from all civilian, acute‐care hospitals in Virginia from 1999 to 2005. Hierarchical generalized linear models were used to estimate the relation between the explanatory variables and lengths of stay and costs. All analyses controlled for patient characteristics and hospital random effects.RESULTS:Medicaid‐insured patients with NSCLC had longer lengths of stay (39% or 2.64 days longer) and higher inpatient costs (20% or $2479 higher costs). Uninsured and Medicaid‐insured patients with CRC had longer lengths of stay and higher inpatient costs. In contrast, uninsured patients with breast cancer had 11% shorter lengths of stay and 12% lower inpatient costs than privately insured patients. Medicaid‐insured patients had 10% lower inpatient costs than privately insured patients. Differences were no longer statistically significant when reconstruction was added to the models.CONCLUSIONS:Health insurance affected the need for health care and the amount of health care received. Uninsured and Medicaid‐insured patients with lung cancer and colon cancer who underwent resection had longer lengths of stay and higher inpatient costs than privately insured patients, but they had shorter lengths of stay when reconstruction was not provided. Among the patients with breast cancer, patients and/or providers economized on discretionary procedures. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
From Single Molecule to Crystal: Mapping Out the Conformations of Tartaric Acids and Their Derivatives
Authors: Janiak Agnieszka , Rychlewska Urszula , Kwit Marcin , Stępień Urszula , Gawrońska Krystyna , Gawroński Jacek 
Published: March 2012

AbstractStereoisomers of one of the most important organic compounds, tartaric acid, optically active and meso as well as the ester or amide derivatives, can show diverse structures related to the rotation around the three carbon–carbon bonds. This study determines the controlling factors for conformational changes of these molecules in vacuo, in solution, and in the crystalline state using DFT calculations, spectroscopic measurements, and X‐ray diffraction. All structural variations can be logically accounted for by the possibility of formation and breaking of hydrogen bonds between the hydroxy or amide donors and oxygen acceptors, among these the hydrogen bonds that close five‐membered rings being the most stable. These findings are useful in designing molecular and crystal structures of highly polar, polyfunctional, chiral compounds.
Permethylated Salts and Radicals Derived from Azo peri‐Naphthalenes
Authors: Bohle D. Scott , Chua Zhijie , Johnstone Timothy , Moiseev Andrey G. , Perepichka Inna , Rosadiuk Kristopher A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBy careful choice of reaction conditions 1‐methylnaphtho[1,8‐de]‐1,2,3‐triazine and 1,3‐dimethylnaphtho[1,8‐de]‐1,2,3‐triazinium triflate are readily prepared by the alkylation of 1H‐naphtho[1,8‐de]‐1,2,3‐triazine. The electronic spectra for these bathochromically shifted dyes are reported for a range of solvents as are their vibrational spectra and theoretical structures from density functional theory, B3LYP/6‐311++G**. The 15N substitution into the middle nitrogen atom allows for the identification of strong azine bands in the IR and Raman spectra as well as in the 15N NMR spectrum. X‐ray crystallography is used to characterize the solid‐state structures of two of these new triazine derivatives and these structures are used to benchmark the theoretical and spectroscopic discussions. The corresponding 1,3‐dimethyltriazinium radical is prepared and characterized by cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry, and EPR spectroscopy. Unlike the related transient 1,2,4‐triazene radicals, the 1,3‐dimethyl‐1,2,3‐naphthotriazyl radical is markedly more stable.
The reorganized brain: How treatment strategies for stroke and amblyopia can inform our knowledge of plasticity throughout the lifespan
Authors: Vida M.D. , Vingilis‐Jaremko L. , Butler B.E. , Gibson L.C. , Monteiro S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractNeural plasticity plays a crucial role in human development. During development, neural networks are shaped by experience‐dependent processes that selectively strengthen and prune connections so that those that remain match the environment and process it optimally. Over time, neural connections become more stable, forming widely distributed, interconnected networks involving balanced excitation and inhibition and structural stabilizers like myelin. It was long believed that the potential for organization or reorganization existed only during early development. However, the successful treatments for adults with stroke or amblyopia discussed in this issue suggest that the potential for significant reorganization persists well into adulthood. Thus, development can be thought of as the stabilization of connections to match the current environment but with considerable residual plasticity that can be revealed if there is a shift in the excitatory: inhibitory balance or the removal of the structural stabilizers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:357‐368, 2012.
Sensitive periods for language and recovery from stroke: Conceptual and practical parallels
Authors: Zevin Jason D. , Datta Hia , Skipper Jeremy I. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this review, we consider the literature on sensitive periods for language acquisition from the perspective of the stroke recovery literature treated in this Special Issue. Conceptually, the two areas of study are linked in a number of ways. For example, the fact that learning itself can set the stage for future failures to learn (in second language learning) or to remediate (as described in constraint therapy) is an important insight in both areas, as is the increasing awareness that limits on learning can be overcome by creating the appropriate environmental context. Similar practical issues, such as distinguishing native‐like language acquisition or recovery of function from compensatory mechanisms, arise in both areas as well. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:332‐342, 2012.
The effects of injury to dynamic neural networks in the mature and developing brain
Authors: Stiles Joan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis special section emphasizes three key factors relevant to understanding brain responses to injury. First, it is important to consider the impact of injury on brain networks rather then just the localized neuropathology. In contrast to older localizationist models, neural systems views emphasize that the effects of localized injury cascade through the neural system altering function at multiple levels. Thus, effective remediation must accommodate the multiple effects of brain injury. Second, the role of neural plasticity in the brain response to injury is critical. Rehabilitation implies that neural system is adaptive and capable of changing in response to input. Thus exploiting the brain's inherent plasticity is central to remediation. Finally, the timing of injury is an essential consideration. Adult injury disrupts stable neural systems and plasticity operates to regain functional balance. In contrast, early injury affects fundamental development processes and alters the emerging organization and functioning of neural systems. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:343‐349, 2012.
Amblyopia: Background to the special issue on stroke recovery
Authors: Maurer Daphne , Hensch Takao K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this introductory article, we summarize the evidence from humans and animal models on the shaping of postnatal visual development by focused binocular input. When balanced input is missing during a sensitive period, deficits emerge, including seemingly permanent impairments in visual acuity that are labeled amblyopia. Rodent models have identified neurochemical changes that control the onset of such sensitive periods and molecular and structural brakes that lead to the diminution of the plasticity thereafter. Both animal and human studies of amblyopia have recently identified exciting ways to remediate vision in adulthood that bear some similarity to the interventions that have proved successful in promoting recovery from stroke. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:224‐238, 2012.
Floodplain woodland structure and condition: the relative influence of flood history and surrounding irrigation land use intensity in contrasting regions of a dryland river
Authors: McGinness Heather M. , Arthur Anthony D. , Davies Micah , McIntyre Sue 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTForecast changes in irrigation practices and climate are likely to result in changes to surface and ground water availability for floodplain woodland remnants; however, the potential effects of such changes are poorly understood, with implications for management of woodland remnants for long‐term biodiversity persistence. This paper examines Eucalyptus largiflorens floodplain woodland structure and condition in two contrasting regions within the same catchment. It assesses the effects of varying levels of irrigation land use intensity surrounding woodland sites and of flood history within sites, testing the following propositions: (i) floodplain woodlands with greater intensity of surrounding irrigation land use will be in worse condition and have less structural complexity than other floodplain woodlands; (ii) floodplain woodlands with flood histories closer to ‘natural’ regimes will be in better condition and will have greater structural complexity than other floodplain woodlands. This paper demonstrates that where groundwater tables have fallen, rainfall is in deficit and surface flooding occurs less than once every two years, E. largiflorens trees will be in poor condition and are more likely to die. In the absence of sufficient rainfall and groundwater, more frequent flooding is required to maintain E. largiflorens in good condition (less crown death and greater crown density) than would normally be required. Irrigation land use intensity affects variables that create habitat complexity in woodlands, such as the presence of old and young trees, and the abundance of shrubs such as lignum and Sclerolaena. Flow regimes (particularly prior wetting frequency) affect both structure and condition. These results have implications for understanding and management of elements of biodiversity dependent upon the resources provided by floodplain woodlands. They emphasize the importance of maintaining healthy black box remnants in irrigation areas for biodiversity persistence, and suggest that rehabilitation of black box communities in the Lowbidgee using managed flooding could bring significant biodiversity benefits to the region. Copyright © 2012 CSIRO
Multi‐century reconstructions of Pacific salmon abundance from climate‐sensitive tree rings in west central British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Starheim Colette C. A. , Smith Dan J. , Prowse Terry D. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTShort records of naturally fluctuating Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations elicit challenges for the long‐term management of North American fisheries. A dendrochronologic approach was used to reconstruct long proxy histories of regional Pacific salmon populations returning to streams along west central British Columbia coastlines. Tree rings from five tree species collected at 18 sites were found to be sensitive to interannual fluctuations in large‐scale ocean and atmospheric circulation patterns. Using a regional network of climate‐sensitive ring‐width and ring‐density tree‐ring chronologies in linear regression models, multi‐century long‐term abundance records for populations of sockeye, chinook, chum and pink salmon were generated. Models explained between 27% and 39% of the variability in escapement records and were more proficient at capturing trends than annual magnitudes. The reconstructions vary in length, dating from 1400, 1536 and 1638 ad and extending to 2009 ad. Notable fluctuations in salmon abundance over the past six centuries are described, with significant population collapses shown to occur during the early 1400s, the late 1500s, the mid‐1600s, the early 1700s, the early 1800s and parts of the 1900s. These models are the first to utilize climate‐sensitive tree‐ring records to reconstruct regional abundance histories and thus contribute potentially valuable information for salmon fisheries managers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent Advances in the Total Synthesis of Chlorosulfolipids (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 9/2012)
Authors: Nilewski Christian , Carreira Erick M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe cover picture shows a painting of Philippus von Hohenheim, also known as Paracelsus, by the Flemish painter Quentin Massys (1466–1529). Paracelsus (1493–1541) was the first to note that the dose alone makes a substance a poison. Little is known about the biology, the biochemistry and, importantly, the toxicology of chlorosulfolipids, which constitute a class of polychlorinated natural products that are originally produced by certain fresh‐ and seawater microalgae species and that have been detected in and isolated from certain edible mussels. To date, the lack of sufficient material has hampered in‐depth studies to address these issues. Details are presented in the Microreview by C. Nilewski and E. M. Carreira on p. 1685 ff, which summarizes the impressive progress made in the total synthesis of the chlorosulfolipids in recent years, which in turn should enable approaches that address numerous interdisciplinary questions. magnified image
Needs instigate positive fantasies of idealized futures
Authors: Kappes Heather Barry , Schwörer Bettina , Oettingen Gabriele 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOne form that mental time travel takes is fantasies about the future. Research to date has not established when people generate fantasies that depict an imagined future as particularly positive. We identify need state as a variable promoting positive fantasies about relevant stimuli (i.e., those that could address the need). In four studies, people with an aroused need (or with a stronger need) generated more positive fantasies depicting idealized future scenarios that were relevant to addressing the need, compared with people without this need (or with a weaker need). These results held for a variety of needs (meaning in life, drinking, relatedness, and power) and whether needs were manipulated (Studies 1–3) or measured (Study 4). The findings shed light on when and why people depict imagined futures as particularly positive. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal distance as a determinant of just world strategy
Authors: Warner Ruth H. , VanDeursen Molly J. , Pope Anna R. D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe authors investigated the impact of temporal distance on just world maintenance strategy. Across four studies, it was found that participants blamed the victim's actions more when victimization was temporally near (i.e., occurred within the last year, seemed to have occurred just yesterday, focused on how the abuse occurred). In contrast, perceivers blamed the victim's character more and expected the victim to find benefits for his or her suffering more when victimization was temporally distant (i.e., occurred five years ago, seemed to have occurred long ago, focused on why the abuse occurred). The effects of temporal distance on just world maintenance strategy were only found when just world threat was high. Implications for the study of just world theory and construal level theory are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The future weighs heavier than the past: Collective guilt, perceived control and the influence of time
Authors: Caouette Julie , Wohl Michael J. A. , Peetz Johanna 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe present research examines whether people can experience collective guilt for harmful events that have yet to be committed. In two experiments, we show that people not only experience collective guilt for future harm but feel it to a greater extent than for an identical event that occurred in the past. In Experiment 1, Canadians felt more collective guilt for flooding Aboriginal lands in 1 month's time than 1 month ago. This time effect was mediated by increased levels of perceived control over the harm inflicted. In Experiment 2, the same pattern was found among Germans for the decision by a German company to use suppliers that subject their Bangladeshi employees to inhumane working conditions. Moreover, they were also willing to compensate future harm more than past harm. Implications for groups seeking reparation are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning from yesterday's mistakes to fix tomorrow's problems: When functional counterfactual thinking and psychological distance collide
Authors: Smallman Rachel , McCulloch Kathleen C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFunctional counterfactual thinking involves a unique set of circumstances where one can both reflect on past events and imagine future possibilities. A key aspect of a counterfactual's functionality is that insight about past mistakes is converted into plans for future action, thereby improving self‐regulatory success. If counterfactual thinking is a self‐regulatory tool, then it should be similarly impacted by psychological mechanisms that influence peoples' ability to improve future outcomes. The current research tested one such mechanism, psychological distance. Using a sequential priming paradigm, Experiment 1 showed that functional counterfactual thinking is sensitive to changes in temporal distance. Negative events in the recent versus distant past facilitated relevant behavioral intention judgments. Additionally, functional counterfactual thinking was sensitive to changes in the relevant behavioral intention's temporal distance, such that counterfactual judgments facilitated behavioral intentions set to occur in the near but not distant future (Experiment 2). Together, this research creates new connections between functional counterfactual thinking and psychological distance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construing counterfactual worlds: The role of abstraction
Authors: Gilead Michael , Liberman Nira , Maril Anat 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe present article conceptualizes mental time travel as a special case of transcending psychological distance, which rests on the uniquely human ability to consider counterfactual and hypothetical worlds. We discuss the possible challenges that counterfactuality and futurity present before our cognitive system, which include severing the real from imagined worlds and dealing with uncertainty. We suggest, similar to extant approaches to theory of mind, that the use of abstract–symbolic mental representations helps overcome these difficulties. We present empirical evidence to support the claim that counterfactual and hypothetical objects are encoded in a more abstract manner than ascertained objects. Finally, we discuss the possible advantages of linguistic/disembodied representation over the embodied–experiential form. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mental travel into the past: Differentiating recollections of nostalgic, ordinary, and positive events
Authors: Stephan Elena , Sedikides Constantine , Wildschut Tim 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis research examined construal differences evoked by mental travel to nostalgic, ordinary, or positive autobiographical events. According to the Construal Level Theory, psychologically distant events are construed with abstract terms, proximal events with concrete terms. We argue that nostalgic recollections are characterized by a unique construal pattern. Nostalgia refers to unusual and meaningful memories that are preserved, if not idealized, across time. As such, nostalgic events involve psychological distance and will be construed with abstract terms. Secondarily, they will also be construed with concrete terms as they reflect relevance to the present or psychological proximity. Two experiments confirmed the hypotheses. The experiments compared narratives of nostalgic, ordinary, and positive recollections, as well as distance of pertinent events in time and location. Recollections of nostalgic (compared with ordinary) events included a greater number of abstract terms and higher‐level construal while entailing concrete elements linking past to present. The experiments also identified unique consequences of nostalgic recollections in terms of affect, including a sense of authenticity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depth‐integrated free‐surface flow with parameterized non‐hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Bai Yefei , Cheung Kwok Fai 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYNon‐hydrostatic free‐surface models can provide better descriptions of dispersive waves by increasing the number of layers at the expense of computational efficiency. This paper proposes a parameterized non‐hydrostatic pressure distribution in a depth‐integrated two‐layer formulation to reduce computational costs and to maintain essential dispersion properties for modeling of coastal processes. The non‐hydrostatic pressure at mid flow depth is expressed in terms of the bottom pressure with a free parameter, which is determined to match the exact linear dispersion relation for the water depth parameter up to kd = 3. This reduces the depth‐integrated two‐layer formulation to a hybrid system with a tridiagonal matrix in the pressure Poisson equation. Linear dispersion relations and shoaling gradients derived from the present model as well as conventional one‐layer and two‐layer models provide a baseline for performance evaluation. Results from these three models are compared with previous laboratory experiments for wave transformation over a submerged bar, a plane beach, and a fringing reef. The present model provides comparable results as the two‐layer model but at the computational requirements of a one‐layer model. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The socs box—adapting proteins for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation
Authors: Linossi Edmond M. , Nicholson Sandra E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) box was first identified in the SH2‐containing SOCS box family (cytokine‐inducible SH2‐containing protein, SOCS1–7) and is a 40‐amino acid motif, which functions to recruit an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex consisting of the adapter proteins elongins B and C, Rbx2 and the scaffold protein Cullin5. The SOCS box is found in a diverse array of intracellular signalling molecules, many of which contain different protein interaction domains such as SPRY and WD40 domains, leucine and ankyrin repeats or other functional domains such as GTPases. In general, the SOCS box‐containing proteins are thought to act as substrate‐recognition modules to mediate the polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of substrate proteins by the 26S proteasome. © 2012 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 2012