bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1,4-Phenylenebis(Methylene)Selenocyanate, but Not Selenomethionine, Inhibits Androgen Receptor and Akt Signaling in Human Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Facompre Nicole D. , El-Bayoumy Karam , Sun Yuan-Wan , Pinto John T. , Sinha Raghu 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The lack of treatment for worried-well patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia combined with issues of recurrence and hormone resistance in prostate cancer survivors remains a major public health obstacle. The long latency of prostate cancer development provides an opportunity to intervene with agents of known mechanisms at various stages of disease progression. A number of signaling cascades have been shown to play important roles in prostate cancer development and progression, including the androgen receptor (AR) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways. Crosstalk between these two pathways is also thought to contribute to progression and hormone-refractory prostate disease. Our initial investigations show that the naturally occurring organoselenium compound selenomethionine (SM) and the synthetic 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate (p-XSC) can inhibit human prostate cancer cell viability; however, in contrast to SM, p-XSC is active at physiologically relevant doses. In the current investigation, we show that p-XSC, but not an equivalent dose of SM, alters molecular targets and induces apoptosis in androgen-responsive LNCaP and androgen-independent LNCaP C4-2 human prostate cancer cells. p-XSC effectively inhibits AR expression and transcriptional activity in both cell lines. p-XSC also decreases Akt phosphorylation as well as Akt-specific phosphorylation of the AR. Inhibition of Akt, however, does not fully attenuate p-XSC–mediated downregulation of AR activity, suggesting that inhibition of AR signaling by p-XSC does not occur solely through alterations in the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt survival pathway. Our data suggest that p-XSC inhibits multiple signaling pathways in prostate cancer, likely accounting for the downstream effects on proliferation and apoptosis. Cancer Prev Res; 3(8); 975–84. ©2010 AACR.
Factors Associated With Adverse Outcomes in Outpatients Presenting With Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Spencer Frederick A. , Goldberg Robert J. , Lessard Darleen , Reed George , Emery Cathy , Gore Joel M. , Pacifico Luigi , Weitz Jeff I. 
Published: July 2010

Background—
Data from clinical trials suggest that short-term mortality in outpatients presenting with pulmonary embolism (PE) is low and that outpatient therapy may be appropriate. However, subjects enrolled in these studies may not be representative of patients seen in the community setting.

Methods and Results—

The medical records of residents from Worcester, Mass, with
International Classification of Disease, Ninth Edition
, codes consistent with potential venous thromboembolism during 1999, 2001, and 2003 were independently validated and reviewed by trained abstractors. A total of 305 patients presented with PE from the outpatient setting. The rates of recurrent PE, major bleeding, mortality, or occurrence of any 1 of these end points at 90 days were 1.4%, 9.5%, 11.1%, and 20.1%, respectively. Patients with a history of congestive heart failure, recent intensive care unit discharge, cancer, severe infection, systolic blood pressure <100 mm Hg, and male sex were at increased risk for the composite end point.

Conclusions—
In the present population-based study, morbidity and mortality after outpatient PE were much higher than what was observed in clinical studies. Our findings raise questions about broad-based outpatient treatment of PE in the community setting. In our study, comorbid conditions and recent illness were important determinants of adverse outcomes, suggesting that these variables should be carefully considered before embarking on outpatient therapy of PE.
On Grotius's Mare Liberum and Vitoria's De Indis, Following Agamben and Schmitt
Authors: Thumfart Johannes 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe idea of free trade in Grotius's Mare liberum and his legal opinion De iure praedae has a strong theological basis. Grotius called the right to travel and trade freely a ius sanctissimum, a 'sacrosanct law'. He also perceived the Freedom of the Seas as being a direct result of the will of God. This theological background was strategically necessary because Grotius developed the Mare liberum and the De iure praedae to argue against Spanish-Portuguese claims to a trade monopoly that also had theological underpinnings. But the theological aspect of Grotius's theory was also emphasized by the references he made to the Dominican friar Francisco de Vitoria's ius communicationis. This precursor to Grotius's Freedom of the Seas, which Vitoria had developed in his De indis, is connected to the legal justification of Christian mission and so has a clear theological connotation. In Grotius's work, Vitoria's concept of a universal right to Christian mission supervised by the pope was transformed into a theologically supported right to free trade. With this transformation of the ius communicationis into the principle of the Mare liberum, Grotius develops a theological basis not for politics but for economics. One can speak therefore, following Giorgio Agamben, of an 'economic theology' in regard to Grotius, a term that is, in turn, derived from Carl Schmitt's notion of 'political theology'.
The Dutch Miracle, Modified. Hugo Grotius's Mare Liberum, Commercial Governance and Imperial War in the Early-Seventeenth Century
Authors: Thomson Erik 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the reception of Dutch commercial ideas and institutions in continental Europe during the first half of the seventeenth century. Using printed and archival sources from France, Sweden and Denmark, it argues that it is more useful to examine how statesmen and thinkers adapted Dutch material to different local circumstances and changing political conditions than to search for a mercantilist approach to political economy. Dutch arguments were particularly important, because they focused attentions upon the just and expedient relations between sovereignty and commerce. Replacing Hugo Grotius's Mare liberum in the contexts of the broader debate about the governance of commerce and of the politics of the Thirty Years War allows us to recover part of its further significance, for its polemical clarity allowed statesmen and scholars to refine more sharply their notion of commerce's relation to the state.
De Groot – A Founding Father of the Law of the Sea, Not the Law of the Sea Convention
Authors: Oude Elferink Alex 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present article examines if the principle of freedom of the high seas as formulated by Hugo de Groot still plays a significant role in international law. The article starts from an analysis of De Groot's ideas on the law of the sea and then turns to the freedom of the high seas in the modern law of the sea. In both cases, the legal framework is assessed against the background of the activities that require(d) regulation. Freedom of the high seas, although it has lost ground to other ordering principles, remains significant at the level of principles. However, at the level of designing an effective regime for current problems in oceans management, which to a large extent are caused by deficiencies in the enforcement scheme implicit in freedom of the high seas, the writings of De Groot, in whose time those activities did not require any significant measure of international coordination and cooperation, offer little assistance.
Retlige Synspunkter Paa De Forenede Nationers Aktion i cOngo1)
Authors: Schachter Oscar 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDen fØlgende Artikel falder i tre Afdelinger: I) De Bestemmelser i Pagten, der danner Basis for De forenede Nationers Aktion i Congo, II) De Principper, der har været ledende for De forenede Nationers Styrke under UdfØrelsen af dens Opgave i Congo, og III) De Beslutninger, der i Forbindelse med Congo-Sporgsmaalet er vedtaget af Generalforsamlingens specielle Hastemode. Undersogelsen vil hovedsagelig blive af retlig Karakter og gaar ikke ind paa eller udtrykker nogen Mening om Sagens politiske Side.
The Limits of State Jurisdiction '
Authors: Jennings R.Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is well known that the American Law Institute is engaged upon a project of great importance and interest to international lawyers : a restament of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States. In May 1958 there appeared their so-called Tentative Draft No. 2, (hereafter culled the Draft) a work of 278 pages covering all aspects of the problem of jurisdiction.1) The purpose of the present article is to attempt a critical study of some of the problems raised by what is in many ways the most important item of that tentative draft, namely section 8, which appears under »Title B. Scope of Jurisdiction Based on Territory«, and would provide as follows:
A World Movement in Favour of Human Rights
Authors: Biörklund Admiral E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor more than ten years I have been systematically studying all aspects of the borderline between policy and military high strategy, which is now called Grand Strategy. Many times I have been astonished to see that Western democratic leaders did not better utilize the advantages of Western psychological attitude in the silent struggle of the human mind all over the world. A clever and widespread Communist propaganda was allowed to gain ground in many countries, practically without being contradicted by the democratic Governments. Often I asked myself: But do not the political leaders in those countries understand that the dictatorial way of treating human rights is the Achilles-heel of Communism? In order to prove this statement, I have found it logical to begin with a short investigation of the actual world situation, of which principles should be the basis for an international, psychological policy and how to synchronize their practical application. Only after this can we understand better the general development of the problem of Human Rights, the democratic and dictatorial ideas on this subject, ideological current aspects for the near future and how the democracies should utlize their advantages better than they do now.
Den Europeiska Kol- Och Stålgemenskapens Politiska Institutioner
Authors: Essén Eric 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEtt intressant drag i folkrättens utveckling efter andra världskriget har varit den väldiga ökningen av antalet mellanfolkliga organ. Me-dan mellankrigstidens folkrättsarbeten bara redovisade en handfull internationella organisationer, kan dagens specialister pÅ den nya folkrättsdisciplin, som sysslar med »the law of international institutions«, räkna upp över hundratalet dylika organ, varav över ett dussin i Europa. Bland de europeiska organisationerna brukar man skilja mellan tvÅ huvudkategorier, nämligen Å ena sidan samarbetsorgan sãsom OEEC och dess efterträdare OECD, EuroparÅdet och Västeuropeiska Unionen, samt Å andra sidan integrationsorgan vartill räknas den Europeiska kol- och stÅlgemenskapen (Communauté Européenne du Charbon et de l'Acier - CECA), Europeiska atomenergigemenskapen (Euratom) och den Europeiska ekonomiska gemenskapen (i Skandinavien i allmänhet Återgiven med förkortningen EEC efter den engelska termen European Economic Community).
Joint Ventures Under U.S. and E.E.C. Antitrust Laws
Authors: Lind Henrik 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe case law supports the proposition that joint ventures are illegal under the Sherman Act only if unresonable restraints of competition are proven to exist. Put differently, joint ventures are of neutral effect under the Sherman Act: Joint subsidiaries do not of themselves infringe the Act, but on the other hand the formation of a joint venture does not save an otherwise unreasonable restraint of competition. An exception to the abovementioned conclusion may be joint ventures between actual competitors, at least as far as horizontal integration is concerned. In this case a per se rule may apply. Finally, the competitive impact of a foreign joint venture may in some cases be such as to validate it under the Sherman Act where its domestic counterparts would have been struck down.
Første asylland
Authors: Sørensen Søren W. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract1. Danish legislation contains no provision on the rule of first country of asylum. In administrative practise however, an alien who applies for asylum in Denmark, but who has stayed in another country after departure from his home country may be refused asylum. Normally, it is accepted however, that the refugee may be "en route" for approximately 2 weeks. Even in cases where the rule of first country of asylum applies, is the substance of the claim for asylum normally tried. In certain cases, e.g. where there is a certain connection with Denmark or if the alien cannot legally enter another country, has asylum been granted even if the rule of first country of asylum has been violated. 2. a) A refugee who applies for asylum at the passport control is not legally in Denmark and may be rejected. This rejection can take place without any trial of the substantive claim for asylum if the refugee can be sent back to a country, which is a signatury to the Geneva-convention of 1951. b) According to agreement between Denmark and Germany, people who illegaly cross the Danish-German border can be returned within 6 months if they have spent at least 2 weeks in Germany. c) The Nordic passport control Agreement provides in art. 10 § 1 that the Nordic country, which an alien has entered first, must take him if he is legally rejected in another Nordic country. 90 % of travel to the Nordic countries goes by way of Denmark, and an alien can be returned no matter how shortly he has stayed in Denmark. The other Nordic countries apply a strict rule of first country of asylum ,without any "en route" modification in relation to Denmark. 3. The background of the rule of first country of asylum is: - administrative reasons, - the fact that the risk of constructed explanations is greater with people who have spent some time in another country on their way, - relations to the ordinary restrictive aliens policy. 4. "Refugees in orbit" emerge because of: a) The lack of a legal right to asylum in international law, combined with the non-refoulement provisions. b) The variation of practice in different countries in relation to determining whether or not a person is a genuine refugee. c) Time-limits to the possibility of presenting a claim for political asylum. d) The fact that countries who ophold the limits in relation to geography and time of the 1951-convention may nevertheless liberally admit people, who fall outside these limitations. e) In a number of cases refugees do not, for some reason, apply for asylum at all, and in others the application is turned down on procedual grounds. f) De facto refugees. 5. It is submitted that a regional European refoulement agreement is a better solution to the problem than a direct convention on "refugees in orbit" as suggested by Melander.
Grotius and Stobaeus
Authors: Miller Jon 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper examines Grotius's knowledge of Stobaeus's magnificent anthology of classical literature. After summarizing the contents and significance of that anthology, it shows that Grotius had a life-long interest in and extensive knowledge of the work. Despite this, and even though Grotius made important contributions to the revitalization of Stoicism in the seventeenth century, he never once mentions the material in Chapter Seven of Book II of Stobaeus's work, material which is widely regarded nowadays as a vital source for the ethical views of ancient Stoics. The paper concludes by exploring the implications of this omission for the broader revival of Stoicism in the early modern period.
The Patristic Context in Early Grotius
Authors: Bergjan Silke-Petra 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of patristic texts was tightly bound up with the needs of the contemporary discussion which provided Grotius with sources for his patristic citations. His use of ancient texts especially in Ordinum Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae pietas proved to be highly controversial.Grotius's advocacy of tolerance with respect to various forms of Christianity determines his use of patristic texts as well. He looks for examples of moderation in the Early Church and by this accomplishes a significant shift of perspective. He points out the diversity of expressions in the Early Church and therefore replaces questions of dogmatic definition with the question of how to handle orthodoxy and heresy in society. In doing so, he implies requirements for the proper reading of patristic texts in his own times. Grotius's notion of Christian liberty is connected to awareness of context and intrinsically linked to a historical understanding. In his writings, contextualisation involves both religious-historical comparison and the integration of general sources from antiquity. With regard to early Christian sources, this means that Grotius understands them as deeply rooted in the broader ancient context. This approach to early Christian literature is already visible in De Iure Praedae. His sensibility for cultural variation, his comparative method and historical interest in ancient institutions are outstanding, and Grotius has these characteristics in common with legal humanists like François Baudouin.
On the Ancient Background of Grotius's Notion of Natural Law
Authors: Brouwer René 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrotius's notion of natural law is, as he himself makes clear, founded upon two demands of nature, which are to be connected with what is now known as the Stoic doctrine of appropriation. However, Grotius's understanding of the notion of natural law as a set of rules is not Stoic, but rather goes back to an interpretation that can be ascribed to Antiochus of Ascalon. By moving away from the Stoics Grotius could not only easily accommodate the Aristotelian doctrine of equity, otherwise rejected by the Stoics, but he could also formulate a minimalistic interpretation of human dispositions or 'rights', in contrast to the Stoics' maximalistic understanding of these dispositions as virtues.
Grotius Resurgens⊕
Authors: Van Eysinga Jonkheer W.J.M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe doctrine of international law, while proclaiming Grotius to be its Founding Father, has deviated on some important issues from the latter's teachings. However, the development of international law itself may force writers on international law to renew acquaintance with Grotius' own conceptions. This article tries to illustrate these conclusions by giving some examples.
Improved Middle Atmosphere Climate and Forecasts in the ECMWF Model through a Nonorographic Gravity Wave Drag Parameterization
Authors: Orr Andrew , Bechtold Peter , Scinocca John , Ern Manfred , Janiskova Marta 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn model cycle 35r3 (Cy35r3) of the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS), the momentum deposition from small-scale nonorographic gravity waves is parameterized by the Scinocca scheme, which uses hydrostatic nonrotational wave dynamics to describe the vertical evolution of a broad, constant, and isotropic spectrum of gravity waves emanating from the troposphere. The Cy35r3 middle atmosphere climate shows the following: (i) an improved representation of the zonal-mean circulation and temperature structure; (ii) a realistic parameterized gravity wave drag; (iii) a reasonable stationary planetary wave structure and stationary wave driving in July and an underestimate of the generation of stationary wave activity in the troposphere and stationary wave driving in January; (iv) an improved representation of the tropical variability of the stratospheric circulation, although the westerly phase of the semiannual oscillation is missing; and (v) a realistic horizontal distribution of momentum flux in the stratosphere. By contrast, the middle atmosphere climate is much too close to radiative equilibrium when the Scinocca scheme is replaced by Rayleigh friction, which was the standard method of parameterizing the effects of nonorographic gravity waves in the IFS prior to Cy35r3. Finally, there is a reduction in Cy35r3 short-range high-resolution forecast error in the upper stratosphere.
Evidence on physiotherapeutic interventions for adults with cerebral palsy is sparse. A systematic review
Authors: Jeglinsky I. , Surakka J. , Carlberg E. Brogren , Autti-Rämö I. 
Published: July 2010

Objectives: To identify evidence evaluating the effectiveness of physiotherapy in adolescents (>16 years of age) and adults with cerebral palsy. Data sources: Systematic literature search from the earliest available time until March 2009. Additional studies were identified through reference and citation tracking. Review methods: Two reviewers independently agreed on eligibility, methodological quality and quality of evidence assessment. Standard methods were used for quality assessments. Results: Included were 13 studies, two of which were randomized controlled trials. No article met the criteria for high methodological quality. Evidence of moderate quality was found on gait after strength training. Evidence of low quality was found on balance after strength training and workstation interventions. Low-quality evidence was also found on functionality after strength training in four studies evaluating gross motor capacity. There was very low-quality evidence on increased muscle strength and in outcome measures used to evaluate range of motion. Conclusion: Evidence for the effect of physiotherapy on adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy is sparse, and therefore there is an urgent need for well-designed physiotherapeutic trials for these people.