bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), or an extract derived from field-collected cormorant eggs injected into double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs
Authors: Powell Debra C , Aulerich Richard J , Meadows John C , Tillitt Donald E , Powell Jon F , Restum Janelle C , Stromborg Kenneth L , Giesy John P , Bursian Steven J 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDouble-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) eggs were injected with either 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126), 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), or an extract derived from field-collected double-crested cormorant eggs. These compounds were injected into the yolks of cormorant eggs from an isolated colony on Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba, Canada. Upon hatching, chicks were necropsied. The brain, bursa, heart, liver, and spleen were removed and weighed. An approximate median lethal dose (LD50) of 158 μg/kg egg was determined for PCB 126, which is 69 times greater than the LD50 determined for the chicken (Gallus domesticus) in a previous study. A significantly greater mortality occurred at the highest dose of TCDD (4.0 μg/kg egg) when compared to the vehicle control. However, the mortality data did not provide sufficient information for the determination of an LD50. The cormorant egg extract did not adversely affect hatchability. No significant increases were observed in the incidence of developmental abnormalities, including pronounced edema, in any of the treatment groups, nor were there any relevant effects on body and organ weights. Based on the results from this study, the cormorant appears to be considerably less sensitive to polyhalogenated diaromatic hydrocarbons than the chicken, which has been the typical species used for egg injection studies.
Using a water-effect ratio approach to establish effects of an effluent-influenced stream on copper toxicity to the fathead minnow
Authors: Diamond Jerome M , Gerardi Christiana , Leppo Erik , Miorelli Thomas 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Water-effect ratio (WER) testing, examining the relative toxicity of copper in various dilutions of effluent and stream water as compared with laboratory dilution water, was conducted during January, April, and June, 1995, to assess the potential of seasonal and flow effects on site water quality and toxicity of copper to the fathead minnow. Total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved solids were significantly related to effluent concentration in the site water (R2 = 0.92, p &lt; 0.01), resulting in higher copper median lethal concentrations (LC50s) and higher WERs as effluent contribution in site water increased. Total recoverable copper LC50s were similar to dissolved copper LC50s in laboratory and upstream water tests (p &gt; 0.10), while effluent and stream water tests had significantly higher total recoverable than dissolved copper LC50s (p &lt; 0.01), suggesting more solids or complexing agents when effluent was present. The LC50 and WER for upstream water were significantly higher in April than in January (p &lt; 0.05), consistent with the higher TOC, alkalinity, and lower stream flow observed during April. The WER tests, using different proportions of upstream water and effluent (tests of additivity) in both January and April, indicated that total recoverable copper WER was predictable under a variety of stream flow conditions. Dissolved copper WERs were less predictable, in part because effluent and upstream water WERs were similar, particularly in April. Low-flow stream conditions (when effluent concentration was greatest) appeared to be the limiting condition in terms of greatest copper toxicity at this site. Furthermore, winter low-flow conditions appeared to be more limiting (less water effect on copper toxicity) than similar or even lower flows in spring (April) or summer (June). This was probably due to the higher TOC and dissolved solids present in upstream water in the warmer seasons. All analyses indicated that copper was at least five times less toxic in the effluent-influenced stream water than in typical laboratory test dilution water. Our data indicate that seasonal effects on water quality, as well as stream flow, can be important in determining limiting conditions on copper toxicity in effluent-dominated stream systems.
Chronic effects of organochlorine exposure in sediment to the marine polychaeteNeanthes arenaceodentata
Authors: Murdoch Mary H , Chapman Peter M , Johns D Michael , Paine Michael D 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOrganisms exposed to organochlorinated compounds in sediments are likely to suffer chronic rather than acute effects. Thus, acute toxicity tests are unlikely to truly assess their potential impact. A 120-d toxicity test was designed to assess the impact of organochlorine exposure (polychlorinated biphenyl and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) on the marine polychaete Neanthes arenaceodentata. A two-tiered approach was used: Tier I involved reference sediment spiked with a range of concentrations of the two organochlorines bracketing the concentrations found in natural sediments, and tier II involved field sediments collected from a coastal area contaminated with high concentrations of the same two organochlorines. Testing measured a number of endpoints, including survival, growth, and reproduction. Survival and growth were unaffected in either tier by any of the test sediments. Reproductive endpoints, however, were depressed in both tiers relative to the reference sediment.
Spiking sediment with organochlorines for toxicity testing
Authors: Murdoch Mary H , Chapman Peter M , Norman Don M , Quintino Victor M 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Sediment toxicity testing integrates responses to sediment variables and hence does not directly indicate cause and effect. One tool for determining cause and effect is sediment spiking, in which relatively uncontaminated sediment is amended with known amounts of contaminants, then tested for toxicity. However, sediment spiking methods vary considerably. The present study details appropriate methodologies (dry and wet spiking) for amending sediments with a range of organic contaminant concentrations, i.e., dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Target and actual concentrations were similar. A dose response was determined for DDT, but PCB was not toxic in an acute sediment toxicity test. Chronic testing of these same sediments is reported in a companion article in this issue.
Differential toxicity of three polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in developing sea urchin embryos
Authors: Schweitzer Linda E , Hose Jo Ellen , Suffet I H , Bay Steven M 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The relationship between body burden and toxicity of three individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in developing sea urchin embryos was investigated to evaluate the validity of current predictive models of PCB toxicity in an invertebrate system. Body burdens of radiolabeled PCB congeners (IUPAC 47, 77, and 153) accumulated from seawater were used to determine median effective concentrations (EC50s) for developmental and cytogenetic effects following a 72-h exposure. Congener 47, a di-ortho-substituted tetrachlorobiphenyl, was found to be at least four times more toxic than congener 77, a non-ortho-substituted (coplanar) tetrachlorobiphenyl, with EC50s of 47 and &gt;218 mmol/kg, respectively, using an embryo development assay. This result contradicts the structure–activity prediction of the mammalian-based toxic equivalents (TEQs) approach, demonstrating the need for an ecotoxicologic model. Congener 153, a di-ortho-substituted hexachlorobiphenyl, was virtually nontoxic in terms of developmental effects at the highest dose (102 mmol/kg) achievable at its limit of water solubility. Cytogenetic analysis was a more sensitive method for assessing toxicity than the embryo development assay. Dose–response relationships were established with mitotic activity being the most sensitive endpoint because the PCBs appeared to inhibit mitosis. At the highest doses, complete mitotic arrest was observed. Congener 77 was found to be at least two times more toxic (EC50 = 30 mmol/kg) than congener 153 (EC50 = 67 mmol/kg) but not as toxic as congener 47 (EC50 &lt; 16 mmol/kg) using mitotic activity as the endpoint for toxicity. Thus, the developmental and cytogenetic endpoints ranked the toxicity of the congeners similarly, but established different EC50s.
High accumulation of tributyltin in blood among the tissues of fish and applicability to environmental monitoring
Authors: Oshima Yuji , Nirmala Kukuh , Go Jyoji , Yokota Yoshiko , Koyama Jiro , Imada Nobuyoshi , Honjo Tsuneo , Kobayashi Kunio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
High tributyltin concentrations (2.5–52.5 times those in muscle) were detected in the blood of three cultured fish species (Japanese flounder, red sea bream, yellowtail) and wild flatfish. The result suggests that fish serum or plasma can be used for monitoring butyltin contamination in aquatic biota.
Biodegradability of nonaqueous-phase liquids affects the mineralization of phenanthrene in soil because of microbial competition
Authors: Morrison Douglas E , Alexander Martin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA study was conducted to determine the effects of biodegradability of nonaqueous-phase liquids (NAPLs) and microbial competition on the biodegradation in soil of a constituent of the NAPLs. The rates of mineralization of phenanthrene dissolved in 8 mg of 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane (HMN), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), or pristane per g of soil were faster than the rates when the compound was dissolved in hexadecane or dodecane. Addition of inorganic N and P to the soil increased the mineralization rate in the first two but not the last two NAPLs. N and P addition did not enhance mineralization of phenanthrene when added in 500 μg of hexadecane, pristane, or HMN per g of soil. Hexadecane was rapidly degraded, pristane was slowly metabolized, DEHP was still slower, and HMN was not mineralized in the test period. Mixing the soil stimulated mineralization of phenanthrene dissolved in HMN but not in hexadecane. Mineralization of phenanthrene dissolved in HMN was the same if the gas phase contained 21%, 2.1%, or traces of O2. In contrast, the biodegradation of phenanthrene dissolved in hexadecane, although the same at 21 and 2.1% O2, was not observed if traces of O2 were present. The mineralization was slower in unshaken soil–water mixtures if phenanthrene was added in hexadecane than in HMN or pristane, but the rates with the 3 NAPLs were increased by shaking the suspensions. We suggest that the biodegradability of major components of NAPLs and microbial competition for N, P, or O2 will have a major impact on the rate of transformation of minor constituents of NAPLs.
Desorption of chlorinated organic compounds from a contaminated estuarine sediment
Authors: Gess Peter , Pavlostathis Spyros G 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Batch kinetic and equilibrium partitioning experiments were performed to determine the desorption rate and extent of chlorobenzenes and hexachlorobutadiene found in a contaminated estuarine sediment. A small fraction (less than 3%) of most sediment contaminants desorbed in a single-step batch test performed over 62 d. When a desorption test was conducted with contaminated sediment and successive replenishment of the supernatant, the desorbed contaminant fraction increased to as high as 17% after 33 successive desorption steps were completed. The 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene isomer attained the highest extent of desorption. The desorbed contaminant fraction strongly correlated to the organic carbon-based partition coefficient (Koc) of the contaminants. The two-site model was used to describe the desorption of chlorinated organic compounds from the sediment. Partition coefficients were determined both experimentally and by a computer optimization technique based on the batch desorption kinetic data and the two-site model. The first-order rate constant for the desorption of the contaminants from the “slow” desorption sites ranged from 1.1 × 10−4 to 2.5 × 10−2/d and was negatively correlated with the contaminant hydrophobicity (Koc).
Use of historical PCB Aroclor measurements: Hudson river fish data
Authors: Butcher Jonathan B , Gauthier Thomas D , Garvey Edward A 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Modern analytical techniques allow the resolution of most individual polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners; however, analysis of long-term trends in concentration and calibration of environmental fate and transport models often must rely on older, packed-column quantitations against Aroclor standards. These quantitations were often based on a limited set of chromatogram peaks, and methods may have changed over time. It is essential to be wary of false signals in the historical record resulting from changes in analytical schemes. Using an extensive database of historical packed-column quantitations relative to Aroclor standards in Hudson River fish, coupled with recent capillary-column quantitations of PCB congeners, we demonstrate that certain apparent changes in the historical record of PCB Aroclor concentrations are, in fact, partly attributable to changes in quantitation methods. We then offer techniques to “translate” reported Aroclor concentrations to a single, consistent basis. These corrections are essential to a valid interpretation of the historical record of PCB contamination in the Hudson River.
An algal chemostat system for exposure of adsorbable and volatile organic substances
Authors: Halling-Sørensen Bent , Nyholm Niels , Kløft Lene , Kusk Kresten Ole 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An algal chemostat system for exposure of adsorbable organic substances with potential application also for volatile organic substances has been developed. Volatilization of the test substance has been reduced to a minimum by applying CO,-enriched air (1–2% CO2) introduced at a low flow rate at the bottom of conical reactors. The adsorption of the toxic test compound to tubes was minimized by dosing the medium and the test substance separately. The medium was dosed through of tubes of polyethylene material at a flow rate of 30 ml/h. The test substance was dissolved in a 40%/60% acetone/water mixture and dosed, at a flow rate of 0.125 ml/h, by means of an infusion pump mounted with glass syringes. The chemostat inlet tubes were capillaries of stainless steel. It was possible to maintain a constant dissolved concentration of the test compound in the chemostat, due to a reduction of both volatilization and adsorption. Exposure regimes for phenanthrene, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′ polychlorinated biphenyl are presented to illustrate the ability of the system to maintain a uniform test substance concentration.
Acute and chronic toxicity of tributyltin and linear alkylbenzene sulfonate to the marine copepodAcartia tonsa
Authors: Kusk K Ole , Petersen Søren 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe acute toxicities of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and tributyltin (TBT) to the marine copepod Acartia tonsa were tested in 48-h tests at two salinities, 18 and 28‰. For LAS 48-h median lethal concentration (LC50) values were 2.1 and 8.8 mg/L, respectively. For TBT the 48-h LC50 values were 0.47 and 0.24 μg/L, respectively. The given effect concentrations are based on nominal concentrations. In an 8-d test, effects of LAS on larval survival and development effects (effective concentration, 10%) were found at 0.2 to 0.3 mg/L. This effect concentration is higher than environmental concentrations, but at the same level as the concentration that can be expected in effluent from well-operated activated sludge treatment plants. Environmental effects of LAS on sensitive organisms such as A. tonsa would only be expected close to the outlet of effective treatment plants, or if the treatment of the sewage effluent was inefficient. Tributyltin inhibited the developmental rate of larvae at 1 ng TBT/L, whereas the survival of larvae was affected at 15 to 20 ng TBT/L. Acartia tonsa is thus extremely sensitive to TBT. Environmental concentrations of TBT of 20 to 100 ng/L have been found near marinas. Effects on organisms as sensitive as A. tonsa are thus to be expected in the vicinities of marinas. The test method using larval survival and development is easy to perform and nonlaborious compared to, for example, a reproduction test with Daphnia magna. The acute test method as well as the egg–embryo test method may be suitable for standardization.
Distribution of organochlorine contaminants in double-crested cormorant eggs and sibling embryos
Authors: Custer Thomas W , Custer Christine M , Stromborg Kenneth L 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDouble-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) fresh eggs and sibling embryos at pipping were collected from a polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated colony in Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. Egg contents were analyzed for organochlorine (OC) contaminants, including 15 arylhydrocarbon-active PCB congeners. In order to determine the significance of tissue removal on the subsequent estimate of contaminant burden, embryos were decapitated and the heads, yolk sac, liver, fecal sac (allantois), and carcass remainder were analyzed separately. The distribution of contaminant concentration in the embryos was yolk sac &gt; liver &gt; carcass &gt; head &gt; fecal sac. The distribution of contaminant mass in the embryos was yolk sac &gt; carcass &gt; liver &gt; head &gt; fecal sac. For example, mass of total PCBs (TPCB) was yolk sac = 58%, carcass = 31%, liver = 5%, head = 3%, and fecal sac = 1%. Eighteen additional OCs, including 13 PCB congeners, had distribution patterns similar to that of TPCB concentration and mass. Excluding the head of the embryo from the chemical analysis overestimated TPCB concentrations by 15% (16 vs 14 μg/g). In contrast, excluding the liver from the chemical analysis underestimated TPCB concentration by only 4% (13.5 vs 14 μg/g). Mean concentrations of OCs were not significantly different between fresh eggs and sibling embryos.
The influence of food ration on sediment toxicity in Neanthes arenaceodentata (Annelida: Polychaeta)
Authors: Bridges Todd S , Farrar J Daniel , Duke B Maurice 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A 3 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of food ration on observed toxicity in Neanthes arenaceodentata. Worms were fed one of three food rations: 0.25×, 1.0×, and 6.0×. The 1.0× ration was composed of 4 mg TetraMarin/worm/week and 2 mg alfalfa/worm/week. Worms in each food ration were exposed to one of two sediments: a clean control sediment collected from Sequim Bay, Washington, USA (SC) or a contaminated sediment collected from Black Rock Harbor near Bridgeport, Connecticut, USA (BRH) that was diluted with SC such that the final concentration of contaminated sediment was 12%. Survival and growth were monitored every 2 weeks for 8 weeks. Sediment treatment and food ration had strong effects on survival and growth patterns in N. arenaceodentata. Most of the mortality within any given treatment combination occurred during the first 2 weeks of the experiment. This decline in survival was greatest for worms exposed to BRH. Survival was significantly lower for worms in BRH compared to SC at the 0.25× and 1.0× ration levels. Survival was not reduced for worms in BRH compared to SC at the 6.0× ration level. Worm size during the course of the experiment was positively related to ration level. Significantly reduced size in BRH worms was observed at each monitoring period within the 0.25× and 1.0× rations, but only at weeks 6 and 8 for the 6.0× ration level. The percent difference in size between worms exposed to BRH and SC, when those worms were fed the 0.25× or 1.0× rations, ranged between 55 and 66%. The percent difference in size observed between BRH and SC worms fed the 6.0× ration was much smaller (9–17%). The results of this study demonstrate that food ration has a strong influence on observed toxicity in N. arenaceodentata. The importance of food ration effects on toxicity must be considered while designing chronic sublethal bioassays. To ensure the relevance of bioassay results, the food ration used during a chronic bioassay should produce a pattern of growth in control animals that is similar to patterns of growth observed in nature.
Bioaccumulation factors for chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated butadienes and hexachloroethane
Authors: Burkhard Lawrence P , Sheedy Barbara R , McCauley Dennis J , DeGraeve G Michael 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A field study was performed that measured bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) for chlorinated benzenes, chlorinated butadienes, and hexachloroethane in four species, Fundulus heteroclitus (mummichog), Callinectes sapidus (blue crabs), Brevoortia patronus (gulf menhaden), and Micropoganias undulatus (Atlantic croaker). The measured BAFs were not significantly different among the fishes. The measured BAFs for the C. sapidus were in good agreement with those measured for the fishes except for hexachloroethane (HCE), E- and Z-11,2,3,4-pentachlorobuta-1,3-diene (E-and Z-PeCBD), and hexachlorobuta-1,3-diene (HCBD). Their measured BAFs were approximately an order of magnitude smaller than those measured for the fishes. The measured BAFs were also in good agreement with BAFs reported/derived from the literature and to BAFs predicted using two methods of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) except for HCE, E- and Z-PeCBD, and HCBD in the C. sapidus. These BAFs were much smaller than the reported/derived and predicted BAFs. The smaller BAFs for HCE, E- and Z-PeCBD, and HCBD were consistent with the metabolism abilities for the C. sapidus, and metabolism processes are believed to be the cause for the smaller BAFs. The predicted BAFs were within a factor of five of the measured BAFs for 90% (n = 48) and 94% (n = 32) using the two methods of the EPA.
Toxicity of hexachlorobenzene toHyalella aztecaandChironomus tentansin spiked sediment bioassays
Authors: Barber Timothy R , Fuchsman Phyllis C , Chappie Daniel J , Sferra James C , Newton F Charles , Sheehan Patrick J 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFourteen-day, whole-sediment toxicity tests using the amphipod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus tentans were conducted on spiked sediment samples representing a range of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) concentrations. High rates of survival and growth relative to controls were observed in both test species. No observed effects concentrations (NOECs) were equal to the highest HCB concentration tested (42 mg/kg, normalized to 1% total organic carbon). Available literature on the aquatic toxicity of this hydrophobic chemical shows an absence of lethal and sublethal effects from exposure to HCB at or below water solubility concentrations, and toxicity from exposure to dissolved HCB in sediment porewater therefore would not be expected. Because whole-sediment toxicity tests integrate exposure to HCB dissolved in porewater and adsorbed to particles, it was considered possible that exposure via sediment ingestion could cause toxicity; however, no such effect was observed in this study.