bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turbulence and internal waves in stably-stratified channel flow with temperature-dependent fluid properties
Authors: Zonta Francesco , Onorato Miguel , Soldati Alfredo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDirect numerical simulation (DNS) is used to study the behaviour of stably-stratified turbulent channel flow with temperature-dependent fluid properties: specifically, viscosity ($\ensuremath{\mu} $) and thermal expansion coefficient ($\ensuremath{\beta} $). The governing equations are solved using a pseudo-spectral method for the case of turbulent water flow in a channel. A systematic campaign of simulations is performed in the shear Richardson number parameter space (${\mathit{Ri}}_{\tau } = \mathit{Gr}/ {\mathit{Re}}_{\tau } $, where $\mathit{Gr}$ is the Grashof number and ${\mathit{Re}}_{\tau } $ the shear Reynolds number), imposing constant-temperature boundary conditions. Variations of ${\mathit{Ri}}_{\tau } $ are obtained by changing ${\mathit{Re}}_{\tau } $ and keeping $\mathit{Gr}$ constant. Independently of the value of ${\mathit{Ri}}_{\tau } $, all cases exhibit an initial transition from turbulent to laminar flow. A return transition to turbulence is observed only if ${\mathit{Ri}}_{\tau } $ is below a threshold value (which depends also on the flow Reynolds number). After the transient evolution of the flow, a statistically-stationary condition occurs, in which active turbulence and internal gravity waves (IGW) coexist. In this condition, the transport efficiency of momentum and heat is reduced considerably compared to the condition of non-stratified turbulence. The crucial role of temperature-dependent viscosity and thermal expansion coefficient is directly demonstrated. The most striking feature produced by the temperature dependence of viscosity is flow relaminarization in the cold side of the channel (where viscosity is higher). The opposite behaviour, with flow relaminarization occurring in the hot side of the channel, is observed when a temperature-dependent thermal expansion coefficient is considered. We observe qualitative and quantitative modifications of structure and wall-normal position of internal waves compared to previous results obtained for uniform or quasi-uniform fluid properties. From the trend we observe in the investigated low-Reynolds-number range, we can hypothesize that, whereas the effects of temperature-dependent viscosity may be masked at higher Reynolds number, the effects of temperature-dependent thermal expansion coefficient will persist.
Life cycle assessment of three bull-fattening systems: effect of impact categories on ranking
Authors: NGUYEN T. T. H. , VAN DER WERF H. M. G. , DOREAU M. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYThe aim of the current study was to analyse the environmental impacts of fattening bull systems using life cycle assessment (LCA). Three contrasting bull-fattening systems practised in France were compared. Diets H, MS and C differed by the nature of the forage consumed (hay, maize silage and wheat straw, respectively) and the proportion of concentrate, i.e. ground maize grain and soybean meal (0·51, 0·37 and 0·86, respectively) in the diets. Diet MS resulted in the lowest cumulative energy demand and in the highest acidification potential per kg of body weight gain (BWG). Eutrophication potential per kg of BWG was highest for diet C and the lowest for diet H. The relative contribution of eutrophication and acidification impacts by feeds and manure varied according to diet. The system using a hay-based diet resulted in the highest land occupation per kg of BWG and in the lowest impact per ha of land occupied for all impacts. It was found that the use of LCA, involving a multi-criteria assessment allowing the expression of results according to several functional units (kg of BWG and ha of land occupied) is essential to analyse the effectiveness of a pollution reduction strategy.
The development of a population-level clinical screening tool for self-harm repetition and suicide: the ReACT Self-Harm Rule
Authors: Steeg S. , Kapur N. , Webb R. , Applegate E. , Stewart S. L. K. , Hawton K. , Bergen H. , Waters K. , Cooper J. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundSelf-harm is a common reason for Emergency Department (ED) attendance. We aimed to develop a clinical tool to help identify patients at higher risk of repeat self-harm, or suicide, within 6 months of an ED self-harm presentation.MethodThe tool, the ReACT Self-Harm Rule, was derived using multicentre data from a prospective cohort study. Binary recursive partitioning was applied to data from two centres, and data from a separate centre were used to test the tool. There were 29 571 self-harm presentations to five hospital EDs between January 2003 and June 2007, involving 18 680 adults aged ⩾16 years. We estimated sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values to measure the performance of the tool.ResultsA self-harm presentation was classified as higher risk if at least one of the following factors was present: recent self-harm (in the past year), living alone or homelessness, cutting as a method of harm and treatment for a current psychiatric disorder. The rule performed with 95% sensitivity [95% confidence interval (CI) 94–95] and 21% specificity (95% CI 21–22), and had a positive predictive value of 30% (95% CI 30–31) and a negative predictive value of 91% (95% CI 90–92) in the derivation centres; it identified 83/92 of all subsequent suicides.ConclusionsThe ReACT Self-Harm Rule might be used as a screening tool to inform the process of assessing self-harm presentations to ED. The four risk factors could also be used as an adjunct to in-depth psychosocial assessment to help guide risk formulation. The use of multicentre data helped to maximize the generalizability of the tool, but we need to further verify its external validity in other localities.
Initially fewer bloodstream infections for allogeneicvs. autologous stem-cell transplants in neutropenic patients
Authors: HIEKE S. , BERTZ H. , DETTENKOFER M. , SCHUMACHER M. , BEYERSMANN J. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYChemotherapy and/or radiotherapy used as conditioning regimens before autologous or allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantations (HCTs) cause neutropenia, which is the main reason for bloodstream infections. Autologous HCTs are considered to be superior to allogeneic HCTs in terms of infection outcome. A previous analysis suggested that patients with allogeneic HCTs are exposed to a reduced infection hazard and that an unfavourable infection outcome of allogeneic HCTs may be mediated through prolonged neutropenia. Therefore, we investigated whether allogeneic HCTs initially lead to fewer infections. We evaluated data from a prospective non-randomized multi-centre cohort study, with a total of 1616 patients. Of these, 703 patients received autologous and 913 patients received allogeneic HCTs from January 2000 to June 2004. The retrospective analysis used simultaneous confidence bands for the cumulative infection probability in the presence of competing risks. Patients with allogeneic HCTs experienced fewer infections during the early phase of neutropenia. As patients with autologous HCTs are not necessarily subject to antibiotic prophylaxis, a future study should investigate this policy. A limitation of the analysis is that it did not find the effect of crossing cumulative infection probabilities to be significant.
ST22 and ST239 MRSA duopoly in Singaporean hospitals: 2006–2010
Authors: TEO J. , TAN T. Y. , HON P. Y. , LEE W. , KOH T. H. , KRISHNAN P. , HSU L. Y. ,   the Network for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (Singapore)
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYSurveillance is integral for the monitoring and control of infectious diseases. We conducted prospective laboratory surveillance of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in five Singaporean public-sector hospitals from 2006 to 2010, using WHONET 5.6 for data compilation and analysis. Molecular profiling using multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis, staphylococcal cassette chromosomemecclassification and multilocus sequence typing was performed for a random selection of isolates. Our results showed overall stable rates of infection and bacteraemia, although there was significant variance among the individual hospitals, with MRSA rates increasing in two smaller hospitals and showing a trend towards decreasing in the two largest hospitals. The proportion of blood isolates that are EMRSA-15 (ST22-IV) continued to increase over time, slowly replacing the multi-resistant ST239-III. A new MRSA clone – ST45-IV – is now responsible for a small subset of hospital infections locally. More effort is required in Singaporean hospitals in order to reduce the rates of MRSA infection significantly.
Primary succession of lichen and bryophyte communities following glacial recession on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, Maritime Antarctic
Authors: Favero-Longo Sergio E. , Worland M. Roger , Convey Peter , Lewis Smith Ronald I. , Piervittori Rosanna , Guglielmin Mauro , Cannone Nicoletta 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA directional primary succession with moderate species replacement was quantitatively characterized on Signy Island in zones of a glacial valley corresponding to their age since deglaciation. A continuous increase in diversity and abundance of lichens and bryophytes was observed between terrains deglaciated in the late 20th century, to areas where deglaciation followed the Little Ice Age, and others thought to be ice-free since soon after the Last Glacial Maximum. Classification (UPGMA) and ordination (principal co-ordinate analysis) of vegetation data identified three different stages of development: a) pioneer communities, which rapidly develop in a few decades, b) immature communities developing on three to four century old terrains, and c) a climax stage (Polytrichum strictum-Chorisodontium aciphyllum community) developing on the oldest terrains, but only where local-scale environmental features are more favourable. Multivariate analysis including environmental parameters (canonical correspondence analysis) indicated terrain age as being the dominant controlling factor, with other environmental factors also exhibiting significant conditional effects (duration of snow cover, surface stoniness). These findings not only quantitatively verify reports of the rapid colonization of Maritime Antarctic terrains following recent climate amelioration and associated decrease in glacial extent, but also show how local-scale environmental resistance may slow or even prevent vegetation succession from pioneer to more mature stages in future.
Aortic arch thrombectomy in a 2.8 kilogram neonate – a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Omeje Ikenna , Ram Awat , Kostolny Martin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAortic arch thrombus is a rare occurrence in neonates. In the few described cases, this has mainly been associated with sepsis or early postnatal interventions, such as insertion of umbilical arterial line. We describe a case of occlusive aortic arch thrombus in a neonate who presented with signs of critical coarctation and successfully underwent surgical thrombectomy on deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. We also present a review of the most recently published cases of aortic arch thrombus in neonates and the treatment options employed.
Black Sea variations: Arrian'sPeriplus
Authors: Rood Tim 
Published: March 2012

Comme tous les Grecs, il n'a pas pu ne pas embellir ce qu'il a touché. On retrouve en lui cet éminent esprit d'une race privilégiée qui dans les sujets les plus arides fait pénétrer l'art et même la poésie. … même en quittant … le Périple d'Arrien, nous pouvons dire comme Fuséli en quittant les marbres du Parthénon: ‘Ah! les Grecs, les Grecs, c'étaient des dieux.’ H. Chotard,Le Périple de la Mer Noire par ArrienArrian'sPeriplus maris Euxini (Circumnavigation of the Euxine)is an ambitious and unusual work. Written in the 130s AD in the form of a letter to the emperor Hadrian, who had himself visited the Black Sea a few years earlier, it was a literary complement to a report Arrian made in Latin, as governor of Cappadocia, on Rome's military position in the Black Sea. It is also unusual in its form: unlike mostperiploi, which are marked by continuity of movement and by a highly repetitive style, it is discontinuous both in its spatial movement and in its narrative style.
DEBATE: Should the obligations of states and armed groups under international humanitarian law really be equal?
Authors: Sassòli Marco , Shany Yuval 
Published: March 2012

By introducing a new ‘debate’ section, theReviewhopes to contribute to the reflection on current ethical, legal, or practical controversies around humanitarian issues. This section will expose readers to the key arguments concerning a particular contemporary question of humanitarian law or humanitarian action.For this first debate, theReviewasked two members of its Editorial Board,Professor Marco SassòliandProfessor Yuval Shany, to debate on the topic of equality of states and armed groups under international humanitarian law.Professor René Provostcomments on this debate, adding a third dimension to the discussion.The crucial question is whether it is realistic to apply the current legal regime to non-state armed groups. How can armed groups, with sometimes very limited means and low levels of organization, meet the same obligations as states? What are the incentives for armed groups to respect rules that their opponents have enacted? Why should they respect any rules when the very fact of taking arms against the state already makes them ‘outlaws’?All participants in this discussion share an aspiration to ensure better legal protection for all those affected by armed conflicts. Professors Sassòli and Shany have agreed to present two ‘radically’ opposed stances, Professor Sassòli maintaining that equality should be reconsidered and replaced by a sliding scale of obligations, and Professor Shany rebutting this assertion. Professor Provost then reflects on the stances put forward by the two debaters and invites us to revisit the very notion of equality of belligerents.The debaters have simplified their complex legal reasoning for the sake of clarity and brevity. Readers of theReviewshould bear in mind that the debaters actual legal positions are more nuanced than they may appear in this debate.
Are megaquakes clustered?
Authors: Daub Eric G. , Ben‐Naim Eli , Guyer Robert A. , Johnson Paul A. 
Published: March 2012

We study statistical properties of the number of large earthquakes over the past century. We analyze the cumulative distribution of the number of earthquakes with magnitude larger than thresholdMin time intervalT, and quantify the statistical significance of these results by simulating a large number of synthetic random catalogs. We find that in general, the earthquake record cannot be distinguished from a process that is random in time. This conclusion holds whether aftershocks are removed or not, except at magnitudes belowM = 7.3. At long time intervals (T= 2–5 years), we find that statistically significant clustering is present in the catalog for lower magnitude thresholds (M= 7–7.2). However, this clustering is due to a large number of earthquakes on record in the early part of the 20th century, when magnitudes are less certain.
How the Discovery of Brain Correlates of Consciousness Supports Non-Reductive Physicalism
Authors: Pereira Alfredo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this work I attempt to justify the claim that the discovery of statistically relevant brain correlates of consciousness supports Non-Reductive Physicalism. First I distinguish the main varieties of Reductive and Non-Reductive Physicalism, selecting the right one that is benefited by progress in brain sciences. Second, I discuss epistemological problems in the search of brain correlates of consciousness, focusing on the simultaneous occurrence of conscious activity, known by means of subjective report, and the corresponding brain activity, registered with the help of technology. Finally, I argue – using Salmon´s concept of Statistical Explanation - that statistics affords a distinction of causal (physical) from casual (illusory) correlations.
GENI-DB: a database of global events for epidemic intelligence
Authors: Collier Nigel , Doan Son 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Summary: We present a novel public health database (GENI-DB) in which news events on the topic of over 176 infectious diseases and chemicals affecting human and animal health are compiled from surveillance of the global online news media in 10 languages. News event frequency data were gathered systematically through the BioCaster public health surveillance system from July 2009 to the present and is available to download by the research community for purposes of analyzing trends in the global burden of infectious diseases. Database search can be conducted by year, country, disease and language.
Availability: The GENI-DB is freely available via a web portal at http://born.nii.ac.jp/
Contact: collier@nii.ac.jp
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
EF24 suppresses maturation and inflammatory response in dendritic cells
Authors: Vilekar Prachi , Awasthi Shanjana , Natarajan Aravindan , Anant Shrikant , Awasthi Vibhudutta 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Synthetic curcuminoid EF24 was studied for its effect on the maturation and inflammatory response in murine bone marrow derived immortalized JAWS II dendritic cells (DCs). EF24 reduced the expression of LPS-induced MHC class II, CD80 and CD86 molecules. It also abrogated the appearance of dendrites, a typical characteristic of mature DCs. These effects were accompanied by the inhibition of LPS-induced activation of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). Simultaneous reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6] both at the mRNA and secreted levels was also observed. To investigate the dependency of LPS effects on MyD88 adaptor protein, we transfected JAWS II DCs with dominant negative MyD88 plasmid construct (MyD88-DN). EF24 reduced NF-κB activity and TNF-α secretion in a MyD88-dependent manner. These results suggest that EF24 modulates DCs by suppressing their maturation and reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Further, it appears that EF24 acts at or upstream of MyD88 in the LPS-TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.
Investigation of Soft Wheat Flour Quality Factors Associated with Sponge Cake Sensory Tenderness
Authors: Nakamura Kazuhiro , Taniguchi Yoshinori , Taira Masato , Ito Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTRelationships among soft wheat quality parameters relating to sponge cake volume and sensory tenderness were investigated. Sixteen soft wheats from the 2008–2009 crop and 11 from the 2009–2010 crop, including Japanese soft wheat cultivars, advanced breeders' lines, and western white wheat imported from the United States, were milled and evaluated for protein content, sucrose solvent retention capacity value, specific surface area, flour pasting properties, batter pasting viscosity, sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (SDSS) volume, farinograph properties, specific cake volume, and sensory tenderness score to investigate their relationships. Batter pasting viscosity was measured with a Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) at 2 min after reaching 90°C in heating a mixture with equal weights of flour, sucrose, and water. RVA minimum viscosity of flour suspension in water was the most influencing factor and positively correlated to specific cake volume, and RVA batter pasting viscosity and SDSS volume were negatively correlated. Meanwhile, protein content and SDSS volume were strongly negatively correlated with sensory tenderness score. Stepwise multiple regression analysis selected protein content and specific cake volume as independent variables to predict sensory tenderness score; however, SDSS volume and farinograph properties relating to protein strength were not selected. Protein content affected sponge cake tenderness independently of specific cake volume, which was related to differences in cake density.
Joint effects of porcine leptin and leptin receptor polymorphisms on productivity and quality traits
Authors: Pérez‐Montarelo D. , Fernández A. , Folch J. M. , Pena R. N. , Óvilo C. , Rodríguez C. , Silió L. , Fernández A. I. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryLeptin signalling plays a fundamental role in growth, fatness and body composition. The aim of this study was to investigate the porcine LEP gene sequence in an Iberian × Landrace experimental cross to identify polymorphisms associated with productivity and quality traits. Because of the documented effects on these traits of the LEPR c.1987C>T polymorphism, the LEP and LEPR c.1987C>T polymorphisms and their interactions have been jointly investigated. The LEP gene sequencing has allowed the identification of 39 polymorphisms, eight of which are novel. Three intronic SNPs, LEP g.1382C>T, LEP g.1387C>T and LEP g.1723A>G, have been genotyped, and association analyses have been carried out. Analyses of LEP g.1387C>T, fully linked to LEP g.1382C>T, have revealed additive effects on live and carcass weights and dominant effects on several backfat thickness measurements. Novel effects of both LEP and LEPR polymorphisms on fatty acid composition in subcutaneous fat have been detected, probably mediated through the effects on fatness. The results reported here suggest that the T alleles of both LEP g.1387C>T and LEPR c.1987C>T, which are fixed in the Iberian pigs, would lead to an increase in growth, fatness and saturated fatty acid content in fat, which could be explained by an increased feed intake.
Scaling up the phosphorus signal from soil hillslopes to headwater catchments
Authors: HAYGARTH P. M. , PAGE T. J. C. , BEVEN K. J. , FREER J. , JOYNES A. , BUTLER P. , WOOD G.A. , OWENS P.N. 
Published: March 2012

Summary1. Phosphorus (P) transfer from agricultural land to freshwater systems has been studied across many scales and environmental compartments that range from understanding biogeochemical processes in soils and fields, to assessment of localised in‐stream biotic and ecological impacts.2. This study tackles the challenges of scale when moving from soil hillslope to headwater catchment scale. The focus is on ‘process rules’ derived from reductionist approaches at the relatively fine scale, and exploring the signal and evidence thereof at the headwater catchment scale.3. The methodology uses new data of P dynamics in agricultural grassland headwater catchments in south‐west England.4. We found the following: (i) it was not possible to disaggregate an influence of soil (Olsen) P concentration on P export at the larger scale; (ii) there was no clear temporally dynamic relationship between P additions of fertiliser and recycled manure and the resulting P transferred to the headwater scale; however, (iii) ploughing, digging of stream channel and leakage from farm storage all affected the temporal concentration dynamics; and (iv) overall P loss was influenced by higher long‐term history of P inputs, livestock and the domination of hydrologic processes.5. It is concluded that process rules derived at the finer soil or plot scale cannot always produce a clearly discernable signal when studied at the larger headwater catchment scale.