bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Police Violence in Democratic Brazil
Authors: Ahnen Ronald E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMore than a decade after Latin America's most recent turn to democracy, unchecked police violence and torture continue and in some cases have increased. This study examines police killings in 19 Brazilian states from 1994 to 2001 and finds that democracy has not substantially reduced these types of human rights violations, for two reasons. First, underlying social conflict has continued to exert a significant impact on the lethal use of force by police officers. Second, pro-order political coalitions, generally represented by right-wing politicians, have blocked effective measures to control police violence and have implemented public safety measures that stress the use of force. The analysis emphasizes the nonteleological nature of democratization processes and demonstrates the strength of political forces working to maintain “illiberal democracy.”
Barrio Women and Popular Politics in Chávez's Venezuela
Authors: Fernandes Sujatha 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSince President Hugo Chávez came to power in Venezuela in 1998, ordinary women from the barrios, or shantytowns, of Caracas have become more engaged in grassroots politics; but most of the community leaders still are men. Chávez's programs are controlled by male-dominated bureaucracies, and many women activists still look to the president himself as the main source of direction. Nevertheless, this article argues, women's increasing local activism has created forms of popular participation that challenge gender roles, collectivize private tasks, and create alternatives to male-centric politics. Women's experiences of shared struggle from previous decades, along with their use of democratic methods of popular control, help prevent the state from appropriating women's labor. But these spaces coexist with more vertical, populist notions of politics characteristic of official sectors of Chavismo. Understanding such gendered dimensions of popular participation is crucial to analyzing urban social movements.
Poner el Cuerpo: Women's Embodiment and Political Resistance in Argentina
Authors: Sutton Barbara 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
This article explores the relationship between women's embodiment and political resistance in Argentina during 2002–2003. This was a time of socioeconomic crisis, influenced by neoliberal globalization. In this tumultuous context, women's bodies became embattled sites, shaken by the crisis but also actively engaged in constructing a new society and new forms of womanhood. Bodies are important to understanding political resistance, as reflected by the meanings attached to poner el cuerpo, a common expression in contemporary Argentine social movements. This article analyzes how women construct embodied subjectivities through their activist practices and how they define poner el cuerpo in terms of collective protest and daily activist work, coherence between words and actions, embodied sacrifice, and risk taking and struggle. As life in Argentina deteriorated because of the crisis, women's bodies represented not only suffering but also resistance and renewal.
You Win Some, You Lose Some: Constitutional Reforms in Chile's Transition to Democracy
Authors: Heiss Claudia , Navia Patricio 
Published: August 2010

AbstractChile's 1989 constitutional reforms constituted a trade-off: the military gave up protected democracy provisions but acquired greater autonomy. The democratic opposition could accept or reject, but not modify, constitutional changes proposed by the outgoing dictatorship. This study addresses a very limited time period in the transition to democracy: the moment after the transition has been secured and transitional rules have been established. The dynamics of this period differ markedly from those in the larger democratic transition. The approach in this study complements alternative explanations of why the 1989 reforms benefited the outgoing dictatorship more than the incoming democratic government. Although the outgoing regime granted several opposition demands by reducing restrictions on political pluralism and eliminating barriers to political party activity, it also secured provisions that made the military more independent of civilian authorities than originally conceived in the 1980 Constitution.
Civil Society Engagement in Trade Negotiations: CAFTA Opposition Movements in El Salvador
Authors: Spalding Rose J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article analyzes civil society participation in the free trade debate by focusing on networks that opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) in El Salvador. Drawing on documents, direct observation, and semistructured interviews with civil society leaders, two kinds of opposition coalitions are identified. “Critic negotiators,” emphasizing active engagement and policy research, used the limited participation space opened by authorities to push for reform. “Transgressive resisters,” repudiating the formal consultation process, deployed confrontational tactics and posed more fundamental challenges. This work uses social movement theory to explore coalition resource mobilization, the role of movement entrepreneurs, strategic decisionmaking, mechanisms linking local and transnational activists, and the dynamics of intramovement competition.
Transnational Strategic Networks and Policymaking in Chile: CORFO's High Technology Investment Promotion Program
Authors: Nelson Roy C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOnce prey to government patrimonial practices, the Corporación de Fomento de la Producción (CORFO), Chile's economic development agency, overcame this problem in the early 1990s. In 2000 CORFO established a High Technology Investment Promotion Program to promote foreign direct investment in high technology and other nontraditional sectors. This article applies concepts of political survival and cooperation to explain how CORFO moved from patrimonialism to technocratic independence. Then it demonstrates that governments possessing technocratic independence but lacking other characteristics typically associated with successful investment promotion efforts can develop transnational strategic networks of individuals, business associations, and universities to facilitate their learning process in order to devise more effective strategies to promote nontraditional FDI.
Candidate Recruitment and Selection in Latin America: A Framework for Analysis
Authors: Siavelis Peter M. , Morgenstern Scott 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article provides a theoretical framework for analyzing the recruitment and selection of legislative candidates in Latin America. It argues that political recruitment and candidate selection are undertheorized for Latin America yet have determinative impacts on political systems, often overriding the influence of more commonly studied institutional variables. The article elucidates a typology of legislative candidates based on the legal and party variables that lead to the emergence of particular selection methods, as well as the patterns of loyalty generated by those methods. It analyzes the recruitment and selection processes as independent and dependent variables, underscoring the significant effect these procedures have on the incentive structure and subsequent behavior of legislators. Those factors, in turn, have important consequences for democratic governability and the performance of presidentialism.
Free Traders and Drug Smugglers: The Effects of Trade Openness on States' Ability to Combat Drug Trafficking
Authors: Bartilow Horace A. , Eom Kihong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe theoretical literature presents conflicting expectations about the effects of trade openness on the ability of states to interdict drug trafficking. One view expects that trade openness will undermine drug interdiction; a second argues the opposite; a third argues that trade openness does not necessarily affect drug interdiction. This article assesses empirically the effects of trade openness on drug interdiction for countries in the Americas using a pooled time-series cross-sectional statistical model. It finds that trade openness decreases the interdiction capabilities of states in drug-consuming countries while increasing those of states in drug-producing countries. Greater openness to trade does not have a consistently significant effect on the interdiction capabilities of states in drug transit countries.
Electoral Systems in Latin America: Explaining the Adoption of Proportional Representation Systems During the Twentieth Century
Authors: Wills-Otero Laura 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
This article explains the twentieth-century Latin American shift from majoritarian to proportional representation (PR) electoral systems. It argues that PR was introduced when the electoral arena changed significantly and threatened the power of the dominant party. The adoption of PR was therefore an effort by the established party to retain partial power in the face of absolute defeat. Majoritarian systems remained in place when the incumbent party was strong enough to believe that it could gain a plurality of the votes despite electoral changes. An empirical analysis of 20 countries over 104 years (1900–2004) provides support for this argument.
The Value Priorities of the Political Elites: A Test of the Postmaterialist Thesis in the Puerto Rican Legislature
Authors: Cámara Fuertes Luis Raúl 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe postmaterialist thesis has spurred a large body of literature and debates, yet postmaterialism has not been studied among political elites. Empirical studies of the legislatures and legislators of Latin American nations in general and Puerto Rico in particular, moreover, are sorely lacking. This article examines postmaterialist values among Puerto Rican legislators. It finds that Puerto Rican legislators have high levels of postmaterialism and that they order the components of the postmaterialism scale in ways similar to those of the mass publics of other countries, including those of Latin America. More important, the postmaterialist scale proves of little use in explaining the positions legislators take on a host of issues, many of which are closely associated with postmaterialism. An alternative explanation is that the scale really measures attachment to democratic norms.
Partisan Attachment and Democracy in Mexico: Some Cautionary Observations
Authors: Vidal D. Xavier Medina , Ugues Antonio , Bowler Shaun , Hiskey Jonathan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractParty identification is a central concept in studies of parties and elections. Drawing from an extensive literature linking the concept of party identification to the understanding of Mexico's electoral politics, this article explores how the Mexican experience informs the understanding of party identification in general, especially in emerging democracies. There, voters' attachments to political parties are usually seen both as essential to and a positive sign of democratic development. This study finds evidence consistent with these arguments in the Mexican case but also identifies aspects of Mexican party identification that are not so clearly supportive of democratic politics; that indeed may delay or even undermine democratization. These findings illustrate the relevance of the Mexican experience to the wider literature on parties and elections, particularly the well-documented relationship between party identifications and democratization.
Hidradenitis suppurativa (or Acne inversa) with autosomal dominant inheritance is not linked to chromosome 1p21.1‐1q25.3 region
Authors: Saleh Al‐Ali Faiza Mohamed , Ratnamala Uppala , Mehta Timir Y. , Naveed Mohammad , Al‐Ali Mahmoud T. , Al‐Khaja Najib , Sheth Jayesh J. , Master Dilipkumar C. , Maiti Amit K. , Chetan Ghati K. , Nath Swapan K. , Radhakrishna Uppala 
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Hidradenitis suppurativa (or Acne inversa) with autosomal dominant inheritance is not linked to chromosome 1p21.1‐1q25.3 region. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 851–853.Abstract:  Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by swollen, painful, inflamed lesions in the axillae, groin, armpits and other parts of the body that contain apocrine glands. The aetiology of HS is unknown, and earlier reports indicate genetic locus responsible for this phenotype on chromosome 1p21.1‐1q25.3, but no causative gene(s) have yet been identified. We studied two large multigeneration pedigrees (UR251 and UR252), in which the condition appeared to segregate as an autosomal dominant trait with 100% penetrance. No skipping of generations was observed in either family. Pedigrees consist of 96 individuals, including 25 affected individuals. Because of squamous cell carcinoma, a few deaths were reported in family UR0251. The locus on chromosome 1p21.1‐1p25.3, known from previous studies is associated with HS, was excluded in both families by linkage and haplotype analyses. Further studies are in progress to identify the region that is associated with the phenotype in these families.
Effects of sangre de drago in an in vitro model of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation
Authors: Pereira Ulysse , Garcia‐Le Gal Caridad , Le Gal Grégoire , Boulais Nicholas , Lebonvallet Nicolas , Dorange Germaine , Lefeuvre Luc , Gougerot Agnés , Misery Laurent 
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Effects of sangre de drago in an in vitro model of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 796–799.Abstract:  Sangre de drago (SD) is a viscous bright red resin collected from Croton lechleri trees that grow in the South American jungle. This sap is used extensively in the native pharmacopoeia to treat skin disorders. Its effectiveness as an inhibitor of neurogenic inflammation has been recently demonstrated. To understand the underlying mechanisms of these effects, we examined the ability of SD to reduce substance P (SP) release in an in vitro model of cutaneous neurogenic inflammation (CNI). This model is based on an enzyme immunoassay of SP (an inducer of CNI) in a porcine co‐culture of dorsal root ganglion neurons and keratinocytes. After incubation with different concentrations of SD, we noted an immediate and significant dose‐dependent decrease in basal SP release, with average values of 32% at 1% SD (v/v) and 26% at 0.1% (v/v). On the other hand, pretreatment (72 or 1 h) of the co‐culture with 1% SD (v/v) was sufficient to induce a 111% (72 h) or 65% (1 h) inhibition of capsaicin‐induced SP release, while 0.1% SD (v/v) triggered a 109% (72 h) or 30% (1 h) inhibition. We conclude that sangre de drago is a potent inhibitor of CNI through direct inhibition of neuropeptide release by sensory afferent nerves.
THE SPREADING OF HUMAN NORMAL GLIAL AND MALIGNANT GLIOMA CELLS IN CULTURE
Authors: FORSBY N. , COLLINS V. P. , WESTERMARK B. 
Published: August 2010

Using three lines of human normal glial cells and four established lines of human malignant glioma cells we have studied cell spreading following seeding onto glass and plastic substrata. The cells were detached with EDTA and trypsin, suspended in EMEM with 10% calf serum and studied with time‐lapse, phase‐contrast cinematography in suspension and during attachment and spreading. Cells were fixed and prepared for light microscopy while in suspension and during the spreading process. They were also prepared for scanning and transmission electron microscopy at different times during spreading. The projected areas of stained cells, in suspension and at different stages of spreading, were measured morphometrically and the results compared statistically.The glial cells in suspension were often found to retain somewhat their shape from the previous monolayer. They spread radially outwards with even lamellar cytoplasm and peripheral ruffling, as a group more quickly than the malignant glioma cells. They also became polarized and started to translocate in a shorter time. The glioma cells were spherical in suspension and characterized by pronounced blebbing of the cell surface. Blebbing continued during spreading and was finally replaced by ruffling at the edge. The cells spread like the glial cells radially outwards but the lamellar cytoplasm was occasionally somewhat irregular. Cells from the glioma lines spread as groups slower than the glial cells but with individual rates for the different lines. One of the glioma lines appeared to spread more thinly than the glial cells. Cells which sedimented on top of other cells could not spread. Aggregations of cells spread and became polarized more quickly than single cells in all cases.
The Role of Electronic Communication Technology in Adolescent Dating Violence
Authors: Draucker Claire Burke , Martsolf Donna S. 
Published: August 2010

PROBLEM:  Adolescent dating violence and electronic aggression are significant public health problems. The purpose of this study was to (a) identify ways in which technology is used in dating violence and (b) present examples of dating violence in which electronic aggression played a salient role.METHODS:  The data set included the transcribed narratives of 56 young adults who had described their adolescent dating violence experiences for an on going study.FINDINGS:  Eight ways in which technology is used in dating violence were identified using qualitative descriptive methods.CONCLUSIONS:  The findings indicate that electronic communication technology influences dating violence by redefining boundaries between dating partners.
The Concept of Patient Satisfaction in Adolescent Psychiatric Care: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Biering Páll , Jensen Valgerdur H. 
Published: August 2010

PROBLEM:  Few studies have asked how adolescents perceive the quality of psychiatric care. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore adolescents' perception of quality of care and of satisfying treatment outcomes.METHODS:  Fourteen adolescents participated in this hermeneutic study.FINDINGS:  Several concepts describing adolescents' perspective of quality of care were found: secure place, tough love, peer solidarity, self‐expression, and person not patient. Concepts describing satisfying treatment outcomes fell into four categories: improved mental health, personal development, strengthening of the self, and improved family relations.CONCLUSIONS:  By casting light on users' perspectives, the study offers guidance for improvement of quality of care and for the development of patient satisfaction instruments.
Fortune, Risk, and Remittances: An Application of Option Theory to Participation in Village-Based Migration Networks
Authors: Roberts Kenneth D. , Morris Michael D. S. 
Published: August 2010

Fortune and Risk are contending conceptions of the role of chance in the universe. From Chance … there issues both “hazard” and “opportunity”… The conception of Fortune is founded on the possibility of exercising some measure of choice over the outcomes one will accept from Chance. Paul A. David, 1974 Altruism, insurance, and investment are three potential motives for migrant remittances that have been explored in the literature. The model developed in this paper posits an additional motive – that remittances are necessary for the migrant to participate in the employment networks that are based in the village, and thus are partially a payment for the option to change jobs within this network. The model is tested with data on Mexican migrants to the United States and finds support in that network strength and diversity increase remittances, whereas the insurance motive predicts stronger networks will decrease remittances.
Types and Metallogenic Models of Nickel Sulfide Deposits of China
Authors: Zhongli Tang , Duanjin Ren 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Most of the sulfide nickel deposits in China occur on the margins of platforms and their outer mobile belts. The ore‐ bearing basic‐ ultrabasic rock bodies were formed in the Proterozoic and Variscan. The types of metallogenic rock bodies include ultrabasic‐ basic complexes related to volcanism in eugeosynclines and ultrabasic rock bodies, ultrabasic‐basic complexes and basic rock bodies related to deep fractures. On the basis of ore‐forming processes and modes, nickel sulfide deposits of China may be divided into two major types: in‐ situ magmatic liquid unmixing deposits and deep‐ seated magmatic liquid unmixing injection deposits. The latter may by subdivided into four types: single injection deposits, multiple injection deposits, and pulsatory injection depositis, and late injection deposits which may inject into either comagmatic rocks or other kinds of country rocks.Two metallogenic models for nickel sulfide deposits are proposed in this paper.
Cretaceous‐Early Eocene Tectonic Stress Field in China1
Authors: Tianfeng Wan , Hong Zhu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract The Cretaceous‐early Eocene tectonic stress field in China was reconstructed using the data of 369 large‐and medium‐scale flexural folds and 157 joint sets. It was found that the maximum compressive principal stress axis in eastern China dips 32 ° NE (nearly horizontal), and strikes SW 212 °, whereas that in western China dips 15 ° NE (also nearly horizontal) and trends SW 195 °. The estimation of the dip angles of fold limbs and the palaeotectonic stress values indicates that there was a tendency of gradual weakening of tectonism from southwestern to northeastern China in the Cretaceous‐early Eocene. At the depth of 2‐3 km, the differential stress value changes from 183 MPa in Tibet to 100 MPa in North and East China.The authors consider that the tectonic stress of this period was related to the north‐northeastward movement and push of the Indian‐Australian plate.
Chengdeite—A New Mineral of Ordered Natural Iron‐ iridium Alloy
Authors: Zuxiang Yu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Chengdeite occurs in chromite orebodies in dimite as well as in placers in their neighbourhood. The mineral occurs as granular aggregates in association with inaglyite and in some cases occurs as graphic intergrowths with native iridium. It is opaque with a metallic lustre, colour steel‐black, streak black, HM= 5.2, VHN50=452 kg/mm2, cleavage not observed, fracture not observed, strongly magnetic. Its reflection colour is bright white with a yellowish tint. It has no internal reflection, bireflectance or pleochrism, and shows isotropism.Thirteen chemical analyses were carried out by means of the electron microprobe. The mean percentages of the data obtained in the 13 analyses are: s 0.001, Fe 7.9, Ni 0.03, Co 0.03, Cu 0.83, As 0.02, Rh 0.19, Pd 0.00, Os 0.06, Ir 88.5, Pt 2.2 and Pb 0.00. The simplified formula is Ir3Fe, which requires Ir 91.17 and Fe 8.83, the total being 100.00 (%).Five strongest lines of X‐ray powder diffraction (hkl, d, I) are: 111, 2.18 (80);200, 1.89 (60); 220, 1.34 (70); 311, 1.142 (100); 222, 1.094 (80).Through indexing of the X‐ray powder diffraction data, the mineral has been determined to be cubic with Pm 3m, a=0.3792 (5)nm, V=0.05453nm and Z=1.