bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconnaissance of Quaternary Sediments from Khasi Hills, Meghalaya
Authors: Prokop Pawel , Bhattacharyya Amalava 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Khasi Hills area of Meghalaya, one of the highest rainfall zones of the world has been explored to understand the spatial and temporal extent of Quaternary sediments. In general such deposits are restricted to shallow depths in most of the sites except in one site where it is 600 cm thick. AMS C-14 dates of these deposits suggest that sediments deposited are mostly of Holocene or in rare cases belong to later part of Pleistocene. Early Quaternary deposit is either missing or yet to be explored from this region. Natural hazards combined with human activity effecting degradation of vegetation and sediment cover are probably the main cause for poor Quaternary exposure at the region.
Fractal Analysis of Major Faults in India on a Regional Scale
Authors: Sengupta P. , Nath S. K. , Thingbaijam K. K. S. , Mistri S. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The seismicity of a region is implicit of the causal faulting mechanisms and geodynamic diversity of the subsurface regime nucleating earthquakes of different magnitudes, several of which may be as devastating as ones historically reported in global perspective of tectonic complexity as in the case of india. Fractal analysis using box-counting method for the major fault networks across the country estimates fractal dimension, Df, values to be varying between 0.88 and 1.36. The fault segments in parts of northwest Himalayas, northeast India and Indo-Gangetic plains, are observed to be associated with higher Df values implicating high seismicity rates. On the other hand, low Df values in the peninsular India indicate isolated pattern of the underlying faults. The fractal dimension is observed to be indicative of predominant faulting types – higher values conforming to thrust faulting mechanism while lower to strike slip tectonism.
Weathering and Landslide Occurrences in Parts of Western Ghats, Kerala
Authors: Sajinkumar K. S. , Anbazhagan S. , Pradeepkumar A. P. , Rani V. R. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The climatic condition of Western Ghats has influenced the process of weathering and landslides in this mountainous tract along the southwest coast of India. During the monsoon period, landslides are a common in the Western Ghats, and its intensity depends upon the thickness of the loose unconsolidated soil formed by the process of weathering. Debris landslides with a combination of saprock, saprolite and soil, indicate the role of weathering in landslide occurrences. This paper reports on how the weathering in the windward slope of Western Ghats influences the occurrence of landslides and the factors which accelerate the weathering process. Rock and soil samples were collected from the weathering profile of hornblende gniess and granite gneiss. The chemical analysis and the calculated Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) indicate the significant weathering and its possible influence on landslide occurrences in the study area. Mainly, the CIA value of lateritic soil and forest loam indicated the extent of high chemical weathering in this region. Rainfall is the dominant parameter influencing the chemical weathering process. In addition, deforestation, land use practices and soil erosion are some of the other important factors accelerating the weathering process and landslide occurrences in the region. The locations of the previous landslides superimposed on geology and soil show that most of the landslide occurrences are associated with the highly weathered zone, particularly lateritic soil and the ‘severe’ (rock outcrop) erodability zone.
Combining Visual Rehabilitative Training and Noninvasive Brain Stimulation to Enhance Visual Function in Patients With Hemianopia: A Comparative Case Study
Authors: Plow Ela B. , Obretenova Souzana N. , Halko Mark A. , Kenkel Sigrid , Jackson Mary Lou , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro , Merabet Lotfi B. 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveTo standardize a protocol for promoting visual rehabilitative outcomes in post‐stroke hemianopia by combining occipital cortical transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with Vision Restoration Therapy (VRT).DesignA comparative case study assessing feasibility and safety.SettingA controlled laboratory setting.PatientsTwo patients, both with right hemianopia after occipital stroke damage.Methods and Outcome MeasurementsBoth patients underwent an identical VRT protocol that lasted 3 months (30 minutes, twice a day, 3 days per week). In patient 1, anodal tDCS was delivered to the occipital cortex during VRT training, whereas in patient 2 sham tDCS with VRT was performed. The primary outcome, visual field border, was defined objectively by using high‐resolution perimetry. Secondary outcomes included subjective characterization of visual deficit and functional surveys that assessed performance on activities of daily living. For patient 1, the neural correlates of visual recovery were also investigated, by using functional magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsDelivery of combined tDCS with VRT was feasible and safe. High‐resolution perimetry revealed a greater shift in visual field border for patient 1 versus patient 2. Patient 1 also showed greater recovery of function in activities of daily living. Contrary to the expectation, patient 2 perceived greater subjective improvement in visual field despite objective high‐resolution perimetry results that indicated otherwise. In patient 1, visual function recovery was associated with functional magnetic resonance imaging activity in surviving peri‐lesional and bilateral higher‐order visual areas.ConclusionsResults of preliminary case comparisons suggest that occipital cortical tDCS may enhance recovery of visual function associated with concurrent VRT through visual cortical reorganization. Future studies may benefit from incorporating protocol refinements such as those described here, which include global capture of function, control for potential confounds, and investigation of underlying neural substrates of recovery.
The Impact of Modernization on the Ulama in Iran, 1925–1941
Authors: Faghfoory Mohammad H. 
Published: September 2011

This article examines the impact of modernization and Westernization on the clerical community in Iran between 1925 and 1941, and discusses briefly the reactions and attitudes of various factions and strata of the ulama toward the modernization efforts of the state. The study also demonstrates that the clergy's reaction to modernization was not one of outright opposition and resistance. While the clerical community as a whole rejected Westernization, its reaction to the government's modernization policies varied greatly.The process of modernization in Iran was accompanied by a considerable degree of change in social stratification. New social classes and occupational groups emerged and the power of the old and traditional elites declined. In contrast to popular assumptions, the ulama as a traditional elite showed a remarkable degree of adaptability in response to modernization and social change.
A Reinterpretation of Some Earlier Evidence for Abstractiveness of Implicitly Acquired Knowledge
Authors: Perruchet Pierre , Gallego Jorge , Pacteau Chantal 
Published: September 2011

Reber and Lewis (1977) exposed subjects to a subset of letter strings generated from a synthetic grammar, then asked them to reorder scrambled letters to generate new grammatical strings. The distribution of the frequency of the bigrams composing their solutions correlated better with the frequency of the bigrams composing the full set of strings generated by the grammar than with the frequency of the bigrams composing the subset of strings displayed in the study phase. In his recent overview on implicit learning, Reber (1989) develops this experimental result into one of the main supports for his contention that studying grammatical letter strings gives access to the abstract structure of the grammar. However, this result can be accounted for by a set of biases inherent to the Reber and Lewis procedure. In the present experiment, a group of subjects learned from a list of the bigrams making up the study strings, a condition which precludes the abstraction of any high-level rules. The pattern of correlations outlined above also emerged in this condition, thus lending support to our re-interpretation.
Making a statement: an analysis of teacher‐pupil talk within ‘child conferences’ in the Primary Language Record
Authors: Stierer Barry 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThis research focuses upon a very particular instance of teacher‐pupil discourse in primary school classrooms, viz. one‐to‐one ‘child conferences’ between individual primary school pupils and their teachers, carried out as part of the Primary Language Record (Barrs et al., 1988). Child conferences were developed to enable teachers to discuss with individual pupils aspects of their background, experience, interests and learning in the language and literacy area. The rationale for the research relates to the significance of the child conference as a type of informal assessment, and as an example of a particular kind of spoken language in the classroom.This article reports on the first stage of the research, which comprised an analysis of one teacher's conferences with six of her Year 3 (7‐8‐year‐old) pupils. The purpose of this analysis was to develop a range of possible conceptual perspectives for analysing teacher‐pupil talk within the child conference, as a basis for a larger‐scale project involving a larger number of teachers and schools and a wider age range of children. The article sets out these analytical perspectives, illustrated with examples from transcripts of the six tape‐recorded conferences. The discussion evaluates the usefulness of ‘formative assessment’, ‘classroom discourse’, ‘teaching and learning’ and ‘speech and writing’ as perspectives for gaining a greater understanding of the talk within these examples of child conferences. Issues emerging from this analysis which will be examined in the larger study include: the extent to which the conferences inform future teaching; the ‘ground rules’ governing teacher‐pupil talk within the conferences; the function of the conference as a setting for teaching and learning; the negotiation of pupil identities within the conference; and the relationship between the spoken language within the conference and the written language of the resulting record.
The politics of environmental education: a case‐study
Authors: Elliott John 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe ‘Environment and School Initiatives’ (ENSI) project is an OECD curriculum development project based on a ‘process model’. Eleven OECD countries, excluding the UK, participated in Phase 1 (1986‐8). The author carried out a comparative analysis of case‐studies of this phase, then sought to gain government support for the participation of UK schools in the second phase of ENSI. This article tells the story of his efforts and the responses they met with. The narrative describes and analyses the complex roles and positions taken by government departments, charitable foundations and multinational companies. The negative outcome for the future of the project in England and Wales indicated that the British government were more interested in the construction of politically symbolic acts which publicly signify concern for the environment than with the promotion of effective and educationally worthwhile pedagogies for environmental education.
Repetition Priming Follows Spontaneous but not Prompted Recognition of Familiar Faces
Authors: Brunas-Wagstaff Joana , Young Andrew W. , Ellis Andrew W. 
Published: September 2011

Reaction times to make a familiarity decision to the faces of famous people were measured after recognition of the faces in a pre-training phase had occurred spontaneously or following prompting with a name or other cue. At test, reaction times to familiar faces that had been recognized spontaneously in the pre-training phase were significantly facilitated relative to an unprimed comparison condition. Reaction times to familiar faces recognized only after prompting in the pre-training phase were not significantly facilitated. This was demonstrated both when a name prompt was used (Experiments 1 and 3) and when subjects were cued with brief semantic information (Experiment 2). Repetition priming was not found to depend on prior spontaneous recognition per se. In Experiment 3, spontaneously recognizing a familiar face did not prime subsequent familiarity judgements when the same face had only been identified following prompting on a prior encounter. In Experiment 4, recognition memory for faces recognized after cueing was found to be over 90% accurate. This indicates that prompted recognition does not yield repetition priming, even though subjects can remember the faces. A fusion of “face recognition unit” and “episodic record” accounts of the repetition priming effect may be more useful than either theory alone in explaining these results.
Finite-State Automata: Dynamic Task Environments in Problem-Solving Research
Authors: Buchner Axel , Funke Joachim 
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a new research paradigm for analysing human learning in dynamic task environments based on the theory of finite-state automata. Some of the advantages of the approach are outlined. (1) It is possible to design classes of formally well-described dynamic task environments instead of idiosyncratic microworlds that are difficult if not impossible to compare. (2) The approach suggests assumptions about the mental representation of a discrete dynamic system. (3) The finite-state automata formalism suggests systematic and appropriate diagnostic procedures. (4) Using finite-state automata to design dynamic task environments, one does not have to give up the “ecological validity” appeal of computer-simulated scenarios. An experiment on the utility of an external memory support system with system complexity and type of memory support as independent variables is reported to illustrate the application of the formal framework. Systematically derived dependent variables reflect both system knowledge and control performance. The results suggest that the benefits due to the availability of the external aid vary as a function of the complexity of the task. Also, using reaction time measurements, priming phenomena have been found that point to the importance of sequentiality in the representation of discrete systems. It is concluded that the approach, although not entirely new in experimental psychology, awaits further exploration in research on human learning in dynamic task environments and promises to be a stimulating paradigm for both basic and applied research.
Age, Information Processing Speed, and Intelligence
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick , Goward Louise 
Published: September 2011

Two parallel, but independent, literatures have grown out of observations that individual differences in information processing speed, as expressed in performance on choice reaction time (C RT) tasks, modestly correlate with individual differences in age and IQ test performance. These associations have prompted theories that individual differences in information processing speed functionally determine individual differences in performance of all cognitive skills by people of different general intellectual ability (Eysenck, 1986; Jensen, 1985) or age (Salthouse, 1982, 1985). The experiments on which this literature has been based suffer from methodological weaknesses, such that comparisons have only been made very early in practice and have only concerned mean latencies for correct responses. An experiment compared 90 volunteers aged from 50 through 79 years who were grouped in terms of their performance on the AH 4 (Heim, 1968) IQ test. It explored the joint and independent effects of individual differences in age and in IQ test score and the effects of practice on mean latencies (C RTs) on the shapes of distributions of correct and incorrect responses and on the limiting speeds with which accurate responses can be made (speed/error trade-off functions). We suggest that a plausible explanation for the results is that individual differences in age and in general ability influence C RTs mainly because they affect the efficiency with which responses can be controlled to maximize speed while maintaining accuracy.
Evaluating a habitat template model's predictions of marine fish diversity on the Scotian Shelf and Bay of Fundy, Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Fisher Jonathan A. D. , Frank Kenneth T. , Kostylev Vladimir E. , Shackell Nancy L. , Horsman Tracy , Hannah Charles G. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Fisher, J. A. D., Frank, K. T., Kostylev, V. E., Shackell, N. L., Horsman, T., and Hannah, C. G. 2011. Evaluating a habitat template model's predictions of marine fish diversity on the Scotian Shelf and Bay of Fundy, Northwest Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2096–2105. Habitat template models that integrate physical, chemical, and biological data have the potential to explain geographic variation in life-history traits within assemblages and to predict locations where species will be most vulnerable to anthropogenic impact. A previously developed model based on spatial variations in scope for growth (SG) and natural disturbance (ND) for the Scotian Shelf/Bay of Fundy was tested for its ability to predict fish life-history traits, species diversity, and community composition using trawl survey data. Of 30 dominant fish species, large, slow-growing ones most vulnerable to overexploitation tended to be found in naturally stable habitats. Among consistently co-occurring groups, functional differentiation, rather than similarity of life history, characterized assemblages, whereas among survey strata, species richness peaked at intermediate levels of ND and species evenness increased with average SG. Community composition was significantly correlated with both habitat variables, declined by 40% through time preceding structural changes on the eastern Scotian Shelf, but geographic distance, depth, and bottom temperature remained more strongly related to composition. The results revealed compelling matches between template predictions and patterns of fish species diversity, but low variation in diversity of life history, and mobility of fish may account for some of the weaker matches to model predictions.
Tyrosine Aminotransferase Contributes to Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Opium Poppy
Authors: Lee Eun-Jeong , Facchini Peter J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTyrosine aminotransferase (TyrAT) catalyzes the transamination of l-Tyr and α-ketoglutarate, yielding 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid and l-glutamate. The decarboxylation product of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde, is a precursor to a large and diverse group of natural products known collectively as benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). We have isolated and characterized a TyrAT cDNA from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum), which remains the only commercial source for several pharmaceutical BIAs, including codeine, morphine, and noscapine. TyrAT belongs to group I pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzymes wherein Schiff base formation occurs between PLP and a specific Lys residue. The amino acid sequence of TyrAT showed considerable homology to other putative plant TyrATs, although few of these have been functionally characterized. Purified, recombinant TyrAT displayed a molecular mass of approximately 46 kD and a substrate preference for l-Tyr and α-ketoglutarate, with apparent K m values of 1.82 and 0.35 mm, respectively. No specific requirement for PLP was detected in vitro. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry confirmed the conversion of l-Tyr to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. TyrAT gene transcripts were most abundant in roots and stems of mature opium poppy plants. Virus-induced gene silencing was used to evaluate the contribution of TyrAT to BIA metabolism in opium poppy. TyrAT transcript levels were reduced by at least 80% in silenced plants compared with controls and showed a moderate reduction in total alkaloid content. The modest correlation between transcript levels and BIA accumulation in opium poppy supports a role for TyrAT in the generation of alkaloid precursors, but it also suggests the occurrence of other sources for 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde.
An analysis of tweets in response to the death of Michael Jackson
Authors: Hoe‐Lian Goh Dion , Sian Lee Chei 
Published: September 2011

PurposeGrieving resulting from the death of a loved one or someone familiar is a painful process and individuals invariably seek support to help them through this difficult period. In this study, the paper investigates the role microblogs play by exploring the types of messages following the death of a public figure, Michael Jackson, “the King of Pop”.Design/methodology/approachContent analysis was conducted using 50,000 tweets harvested from Twitter from the first 12 days after Michael Jackson's death. A coding instrument characterizing a set of categories that users posted about Jackson's death was inductively constructed, and then applied to the entire dataset of tweets.FindingsAbout 50 per cent of tweets fell into categories commonly associated with expressions of emotions or thoughts due to death. However, as the single largest category, Twitter was used primarily as a platform for sharing news and other information. Surprisingly, categories not normally associated with grieving, such as spreading of rumours, expressions of hatred and spam, also occupied a high proportion of tweets.Originality/valueThere has been little work done in examining microblogs as platforms for giving and receiving support in general and, more specifically, for the expression of grief. Therefore, the present research is timely, as it seeks to understand the role microblogs play in the grieving process.
How ownership affects the growth strategies of scientific journals
Authors: Day Colin 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how journals expanded to accommodate the growth in scholarly writing from 1950 to 2000, and how the policy response differed between for‐profit and non‐profit publishers.Design/methodology/approachTaking economics as an example and using an authoritative list of journals, data were collected and analyzed for the first issue of each decade on new journals, frequency of issues, number of articles published and pages per issue. Each journal was assigned to one of three ownership categories and growth policies analyzed separately for each.FindingsOverall primary reliance was placed on launching new journals and increasing the frequency of issue. However, there was a marked difference between for‐profits and non‐profits. The former launched most new journals and increased publication frequency while keeping individual issues quite short. By contrast, the latter added few journals or issues, but did systematically include more articles in each issue.Originality/valueThis paper looks behind the general growth in scholarly literature to analyze how journals have used the available tools – new journals, more frequent issues, and longer issues – to accommodate the dramatic increase in the number of articles written. Particularly original is the demonstration that for‐profits and non‐profits have used these tools in very different ways.