bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS IN SOME TRUE BUGS (HEMIPTERA–HETEROPTERA). PART I. PENTATOMOIDEA
Authors: Javahery M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDevelopment of eggs of 35 species of Nearctic and Palearctic Pentatomoidea are described. Eggs are discussed in relation to the number of ovarioles of each species, characteristics of eggs, incubation time, diapause, embryonic development, embryonic orientation, hatch, and parasitism, and are classified into two groups in relation to then-form, position of egg-burster, and hatch. Emergence of first-instar larvae is described in representatives of five families.
RESPONSE OF THE WESTERN BALSAM BARK BEETLE,DRYOCOETES CONFUSUSSWAINE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), TO HOST TREES BAITED WITH ENANTIOSPECIFIC BLENDS OFEXO- ANDENDO-BREVICOMIN
Authors: Camacho Alejandro D. , Borden John H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe response of the western balsam bark beetle,Dryocoetes confususSwaine, to subalpine firs,Abies lasiocarpa(Hook.) Nutt., baited with (±)-exo-brevicomin (EXOB) or 9:1 blends of EXOB andendo-brevicomin (ENDOB), in two chiral combinations: (+):(±) and (+):(+), was assessed in a heavily infested stand in British Columbia. Unbaited control trees were not attacked, and the proportion of mass-attacked baited trees was similar for all other treatments. However, trees baited with the (+):(+) blend had the highest number of attacks per square metre, and they were also surrounded by the most attacked trees. The (+):(±) blend was intermediate in attractancy, and (±)EXOB was the least attractive bait. Pheromone-based management ofD.confususinfestations may be more effective with the 9:1 blend of (+)EXOB:(+)ENDOB than with the previously used (±)EXOB baits.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON TIMEMA SPECIES
Authors: Vickery Vernon R. 
Published: November 2009

In a recent revision of the genus Timema (Phasmatoptera: Timematodea) (Vickery 1993), an important reference inadvertently was omitted. It contained the following information on T. boharti Tinkham.Rentz (1963) reported capturing a large series of T. boharti at Pinon Flats, Riverside County, California, during the latter part of April 1962. (The specimens were included in the revision of the genus.) The habitat is “xeric pinyon-juniper with chaparral intrusions”, at approximately 915 m. The series was taken at night. Rentz found mating pairs as well as last-instar numphs, some moulting. He noted that this species had previously been known only in a grey colour phase but there he found both greyish and green specimens with no intergrading. Mating pairs were segregated by colour. As noted in the revision (Vickery 1993), fading subsequent to death produced a brownish colour in all individuals so that detection of original colour is impossible.
PHYLOGENY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF EUSTILICUS SHARP (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE: PAEDERINAE): RE-EVALUATION BASED UPON A NEW AND RELICT SPECIES FROM THE EDWARDS PLATEAU OF TEXAS
Authors: Frania Henry E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAdults and larvae of Eustilicus relictus sp.nov. are described from the Edwards Plateau of Texas. The species is brachypterous and lives in deep leaf litter. Morphological characters of both stages indicate that E. relictus belongs in its own group and has a near-basal phylogenetic position in the genus. I infer that the group to which E. relictus belongs was in the United States before formation of the dry belt which currently separates mesic areas of the United States and Mexico. All other species of Eustilicus in the United States belong to younger groups that spread north from Mexico much later.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE ABDOMINAL EVERSIBLE SACS OF FEMALEBEZZIA VARICOLOR(COQUILLETT) (CERATOPOGONIDAE: DIPTERA)
Authors: Borkent A. , Craig D.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEversible sacs (= "scent organs" or "eversible tubes" or "eversible glands" of previous authors) are present in the abdomens of females of species ofStenoxenusCoquillett,ParyphoconusEnderlein,ClastrieromyiaSpinelli and Grogan,BezziaKieffer,PhaenobezziaHaeselbarth,AmeroheleaGrogan and Wirth,PachyheleaWirth, andPalpomyiaMeigen. InBezzia varicolor(Coquillett) they are attached by muscles to dorsal internal tergal apodemes. When retracted, the sacs lie along the length of the apodemes. Suggested functions of the eversible sacs have ranged from roles in mating, mimicry of adult mayfly cerci to enhance predation, to glandular. However, histological examination showed no evidence of glandular tissue associated with the sacs, so a glandular function is discounted. We suggest other possible functions.
WHO WAS HERSCHEL?
Authors: Madge R.B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA brief biography of a little-known Hanoverian entomologist, Johann Dietrich Herschel (1755–1827), is given. The more important events of his life, his entomological interests, and his relationships to other entomologists are covered. Included is a table of the species of beetles known to have been described from his collection by several entomologists of the late-18th and early-19th centuries.
BEETLES THAT CANNOT BITE: FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE HEAD OF ADULT RHYSODINES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE OR RHYSODIDAE)
Authors: Bell Ross T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn Rhysodini the greatly enlarged mentum forms the entering edge as the beetle wedge-pushes its way through wood. The mandibles cannot bite either wood fibers or food items, but function as a cover for the other mouthparts. The palpi are completely retractile. Each maxilla bears two stylets, the galea and lacinia, and the ligula consists of two bilobed structures. These are apparently the sole feeding structures enabling the beetles to prey on the amoeboid stage of slime molds. The large internal cavity of the head is interpreted as a compromise between a greatly reduced head volume, resulting from reduced jaw musculature, and the need to retain the surface of a full-sized head as part of the wedge-pushing apparatus.
SEXUAL SELECTION AND THE EVOLUTION OF DANCE FLY MATING SYSTEMS (DIPTERA: EMPIDIDAE; EMPIDINAE)
Authors: Cumming J.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCourtship displays of empidine dance flies (Diptera: Empididae), which include transfers of nuptial gifts during mating, are reviewed in light of sexual selection theory. Sex-role reversed courtship behavior, involving female swarming and male choice, appears to be correlated with certain female secondary sexual characters that are widespread throughout the Empidinae. The tendency to shift mate choice from females to males, and the apparent development of autogeny in many empidine species, are both hypothesized to have resulted from males monopolizing the proteinaceous food source of non-hunting females, through transfers of nuptial gifts of prey. The autogenous condition appears to have led to the ritualized presentation of various types of inedible nuptial gifts by males of several species, possibly including the development of secreted nuptial gifts, or balloons, as displays of male fitness.
EMERGENCE BEHAVIOUR, SEX RATIOS, AND THE TIMING OF ECLOSION IN PARAPEDIASIA TETERRELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Marshall Larry D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractParapediasia teterrella Bleszynski adults eclose in New Mexico during the months of June, July, and August. Nightly emergence occurred within 40 min and this time period became earlier in the scotophase as the season progressed, particularly during July. The timing of this period does not seem to be related to either temperature or photoperiod.Though males emerged before females on each night, sex ratios of emerging moths were consistently 1:1. Following a short sedentary period while their wings dried, the moths left the emergence site.
APPLICATION OF THE CABBAGE LOOPER EQUIVALENT MODEL TO LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS OF BRUSSELS SPROUTS IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: Dornan Andrew P. , Stewart Jeff G. , Sears Mark K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn investigation into the use of thresholds based on Cabbage Looper Equivalents (CLE) was conducted on Brussels sprouts, Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera (L.), cv. Valiant, grown in Prince Edward Island in 1991 and 1992. The CLE model was used to equate foliage consumption by larvae of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). Management strategies included the following: (1) an untreated check; applications of insecticides after thresholds of (2) 1.0 CLE; (3) 0.50 CLE; or (4) 0.25 CLE per plant were exceeded; (5) bi-weekly applications of insecticides; and (6) applications of insecticides according to the grower’s spray schedule.In 1991, the imported cabbageworm was the most abundant species in the complex attacking the crop and high yields were obtained in all treatments. However, in 1992, the diamondback moth was the principal species and significantly reduced marketable yields in all treatments. Use of CLE as a model for threshold determination in the crop of Brussels sprouts underestimated the potential of the diamondback moth for damage and resulted in improper timing of applications of insecticide for adequate control of the diamondback moth.
TOXIC EFFECTS OF A COMMERCIAL FORMULATION OF FENOXYCARB AGAINST ADULT AND EGG STAGES OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Gordon Roger 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGreenhouse trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of treating adult and egg stages of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), with Insegar, a water-based commercial formulation of the juvenile hormone analog fenoxycarb, or with water (controls) at droplet sizes and densities comparable to what would be achieved through aerial spraying of field populations. When adult moths were sprayed with the juvenoid at dosages equivalent to 15.5, 155.4, and 310.8 g AI/ha, approximately 90% of the eggs that were subsequently oviposited failed to hatch. The efficacy of the compound (60% suppression of egg hatch) was not as high when the egg stages were sprayed directly at 15.5 and 155.4 g AI/ha. Insegar did not affect the egg productivity of the moths.
EFFECT OF LIGHT ON CHANGES IN MAIZE RESISTANCE AGAINST THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HÜBNER)
Authors: Bergvinson D.J. , Larsen J.S. , Arnason J.T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe herbivore-resistant synthetic maize BS9 (C4) was grown in three environments, namely, greenhouse with reduced UV light, greenhouse with supplemental UV light, and outside, and leaves at the three-, five-, seven-, nine-, and 10-leaf stages of development were fed to the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner). Larvae preferred younger leaves, and leaves grown under reduced UV light, in spite of the high levels of the defence compound 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4 benzoxazin-3 (4H)-one (DIMBOA). The low level of feeding on leaves from plants grown outside was associated with increased toughness and increased photochemically derived phenolic dimers that cross-link hemicellulose. Tender young maize plants have a low level of cell wall phenolics and depend on a toxin (DIMBOA) for defence. In older plants, DIMBOA levels are low, leaves are tough, and resistance is largely structure-based.
FARMING AND GROUND BEETLES: EFFECTS OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICE ON POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
Authors: Cárcamo Héctor A. , Niemalä Jari K. , Spence John R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe studied the effects of agricultural practice on ground beetles, using pitfall traps in field plots and in an uncultivated meadow near Edmonton, Alberta. Ground beetle abundance and species richness were higher in plots operated under an organic farming regime than in those under a chemical regime, but neither crop type [barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), faba bean (Vicia fabaL.), barley-pea (Pisum sativumL.) intercrop] nor crop rotation had an effect. Reduced tillage did not significantly change overall carabid activity or species richness but species differed in their response to tillage treatments. The carabid assemblage from an uncultivated field differed conspicuously from assemblages in the crops and fescue. Carabid abundance was highest in the meadow and the fauna was dominated by the exotic speciesPterostichus melanariusIlliger. Effects of agronomic practice on carabid assemblages are complex, reflecting the interaction of biological traits of particular species and the combination of agronomic treatments applied.
THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS’ GENUSNEORYCTESARROW (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: DYNASTINAE)
Authors: Cook Joyce , Howden H.F. , Peck S.B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe endemic Galápagos’ genusNeoryctesArrow has had a confused nomenclatorial and taxonomic history. Evaluation of morphological variation in the 41 specimens now available confirms the distinctiveness of the genus and establishes the existence of four species, each restricted to a single island. The original Darwin specimen, namedOryctes galapagoensisby G.R. Waterhouse in 1845, is shown to be from Isla Santiago. Two other names are valid:N.linelliMutchler for the population on San Cristobal andN.moretiDechambre for the one on Santa Cruz. The population on Floreana is named as a new species,N.williamsi.Neoryctesmost likely originated from a Pentodontini dynastine ancestor from lowland South or Central America. The ancestor first dispersed to Isla San Cristobal, one of the oldest islands. It is hypothesized that before hindwing reduction occurred, which is now characteristic of all members of the genus, individuals from San Cristobal spread to the other islands. Subsequently, possibly during periods of Pleistocene aridity, each population became restricted to its present range in the moist highland zone of an individual island.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OFSYMPIESIS MARYLANDENSISGIRAULT (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) IN APPLE ORCHARDS INFESTED BY ITS HOST, THE APPLE BLOTCH LEAFMINER,PHYLLONORYCTER CRATAEGELLA(CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)
Authors: Maier Chris T. , Weseloh Ronald M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe spatial distribution of the eulophidSympiesis marylandensisGirault was examined in Connecticut in October 1988 and 1989 by vacuum-sampling apple trees in three zones of two apple orchards infested by its gracillariid host, the apple blotch leafminer,Phyllonorycter crataegella(Clemens). The abundance of females ofS.marylandensisdecreased with increasing distance of the zone or the sampled apple tree from the forest. The abundance of males in different regions of the orchard was similar. In two of three samples, the density of mines of leafminers was significantly higher near the edge than in the center of orchards. Parasitization of leafminers of the second generation and the number of female parasitoids vacuum-sampled during the third generation did not have a similar distributional pattern. We suggest that the amount of parasitism byS.marylandensiswould be affected negatively by spraying trees at the border of orchards to kill immigrating pests.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HÜBNER)(LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) ATTACKING POTATOES IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: Dornan Andrew P. , Stewart Jeff G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe population dynamics of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were documented on potatoes grown in Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) from 1990 to 1992. By comparing degree-day accumulations above 10°C, both first occurrence and peak flights of male adults occurred earlier than elsewhere in North America. Because potatoes in P.E.I. are attacked earlier and over a longer period of time than potatoes grown in other regions, the insect is an important pest of potatoes in P.E.I. The correlation between peak numbers of male adults caught in pheromone traps and egg masses on potato plants was not significant (p = 0.22). However, the correlation between egg masses per potato stalk and larvae per potato stalk was significant (p = 0.003). Trapping adults and monitoring potato plants for the presence of egg masses during the period from 250 to 500 degree-days appears to be a reliable way to determine the presence of adults and the potential impact of larvae on yield of potatoes.
REVISION OF THE COSTATE SPECIES OFALTICAMÜLLER OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: LeSage Laurent 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEight species and seven subspecies of costateAlticaare described and illustrated. Lectotypes are designated forAltica alniHarris,A.ambiensLeConte,A.prasinaLeConte,A.subplicataLeConte, andGraptodera plicipennisMannerheim. A neotype is designated forAltica bimarginataSay. Two subspecies are recognized forA.ambiens, three forA.bimarginata, and two forA.prasina.Graptodera plicipennisis removed from synonymy and given a new subspecific status underAltica bimarginata, andA.populiBrown is given a new subspecific status underA.prasina. Altica latiplicataBlake is placed in synonymy withA.ambiensLeConte.Altica bimarginata labradorensisLeSage is described as a new subspecies ofA.bimarginata. Keys are given for males and females, and data are provided on distribution, host plants, biology, parasites, predators, and economic importance of these species.
GUT PROTEINASE ACTIVITY IN INSECT PESTS OF CANOLA
Authors: Rymerson Robert T. , Bodnaryk Robert P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe digestive proteinases of three important pests of canola,Brassica napusL. andB.rapaL., in western Canada were characterized by assessing the proteolytic activity of homogenates of their midguts against azocasein or azoalbumin at various pH levels and in the presence of diagnostic proteinase inhibitors. The midgut of larvae of the bertha armyworm,Mamestra configurataWlk., had maximum proteolytic activity at pH 10.5 which was inhibited 45–60% by serine proteinase inhibitors such as the soybean trypsin inhibitor. The midgut of larvae of the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostellaL., had maximum proteolytic activity at pH 10 which was inhibited 56–75% by serine proteinase inhibitors. The two lepidopterans thus use a serine-like proteinase in digestion. The midgut of adults of the flea beetle,Phyllotreta cruciferaeGoeze, exhibited maximum proteolytic activity at pH 5 which was inhibited 33–61% by specific cysteine proteinase inhibitors such as cystatin andtrans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido (4-guanidino)-butane (E-64) and was activated strongly byL-cysteine. Aspartic proteinase inhibitors such as pepstatin A also decreased proteolytic activity by 21–50%. Serine proteinase inhibitors were without effect. Therefore,P.cruciferaeappears to use both cysteine- and aspartic-like proteinases in digestion. Cotyledons and first true leaves of canola,B.napuscv. Westar, contained inhibitory activity against serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteinases when tested against bovine trypsin, papain, or porcine pepsin, but the level of antiproteinase activity is insufficient to provide significant resistance against any of these pests.
ORTHOSIA HIBISCI GUENÉE (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE): INDIGENOUS PARASITOIDS AND THE IMPACT OF EARINUS LIMITARUS (SAY) (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) ON ITS HOST FEEDING ACTIVITY
Authors: Cossentine J.E. , Jensen L.B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA 3-year survey of apple and cherry orchards in the interior of British Columbia revealed that speckled green fruitworm, Orthosia hibisci, is the dominant fruitworm species in the south of the Okanagan Valley. Larvae of speckled green fruitworm collected from orchards that used no or minimal insecticides experienced 22.5–29.0% parasitism in 1988–1990. Earinus limitarus was responsible for 98.9% of the parasitism in the 3 years. Parasitoids of minor significance included a Meteorus sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Compsilura concinnata (Mg.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Data from laboratory trials indicated that feeding by O. hibisci in the fifth and sixth instars was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when larvae were parasitized by E. limitarus. Orthosia hibisci in the second through sixth instars in sleeve cages damaged developing apples in the field. Earinus limitarus appears able to reduce O. hibisci numbers for the following year as well as immediate host feeding damage in at least the last two instars.
BIOLOGY OF TRIARTHRIA SETIPENNIS (FALLÉN) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), A NATIVE PARASITOID OF THE EUROPEAN EARWIG, FORFICULA AURICULARIA L. (DERMAPTERA: FORFICULIDAE), IN EUROPE
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrich 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTriarthria setipennis is a tachinid parasitoid of the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) and following introduction from Europe has become established in British Columbia and Newfoundland, where it provides low levels of control. Populations of T. setipennis were surveyed in central Europe during 1989–1991 and individual insects reared to identify available biotypes that may be more effective than biotypes already established in Canada. Additional information is provided on parasitoid biology; this could facilitate new introduction of T. setipennis which could be used to augment existing or introduced populations in Canada for the control of F. auricularia. Microclimatic conditions and sufficient territory space for pairs are important to elicit mating activity. Older males mated readily with newly emerged females. The gestation period of mated females is on average 19 days. Triarthria setipennis is ovolarviparous and lays its eggs close to potential hosts. Chemicals are involved in the host-finding and host-acceptance response of the females. Females lay on average 235 eggs. The oviposition period lasts 4–5 days. Once a first-instar larva contacted a host, it mounted it and tried to penetrate through the intersegmental skin between the head and thorax, or on the thorax or abdomen; this process takes less than 3 min. Only 16.7% of the parasitoids manage to penetrate the host successfully. The duration of larval development is variable, taking from 2 weeks to 2 months during June and July. Most pupae were obtained during August. Overwintering occurs in the pupal stage. In Germany and in the northwestern part of Switzerland there is one full and a partial second generation per year. The first generation of T. setipennis in southern Austria shows a long emergence period and the individuals differ markedly in colour. The highest rate of parasitism in the field was 46.9%.
FINE EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY OF THE EGGS OF EPHORON ALBUM (SAY) AND EPHORON SHIGAE (TAKAHASHI) (EPHEMEROPTERA, POLYMITARCYIDAE)
Authors: Gaino Elda , Flannagan John 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEggs of Ephoron album and E. shigae were studied by scanning electron microscopy. They showed similar structure of both polar cap and micropyles, but had different chorionic patterns. Micropyles were of the tagenoform type and, whereas in most mayflies thev are equatorial or subequatorial, in these eggs they were located close to the apical pole. The chorion was smooth in E. album and had a large mesh reticulation in E. shigae. The effect of water in causing the cap to swell and expand was tested by fixing eggs of E. album at different lime intervals after their mechanical deposition in water. The polar cap was a composite apparatus, consisting of finger-like projections with slight terminal enlargements, which arose from a common hood. The latter was connected via a thread bundle to the chorionic surface. In turn, the thread bundle arose from a chorionic collar located immediately underneath the hood. Each finger-like projection was composed of a large number of thin threads packed together, each ending in a small terminal knob. The function of the polar cap was discussed in relation to egg–water interaction.