bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins by discussing the nature of metrical form, and explaining the various ways in which metre can contribute to the meaning of poetry, before presenting the main focus of the book: the meaning possessed by metres by virtue of their history of usage. The relation of metrical meaning to genre is discussed, and the inherently negotiable nature of metrical character, which is both complex and changeable over time. Greek precedents for Roman metrical play are considered, but the claim is made for a characteristically Roman perception of metrical form, a consequence of Roman poetry's peculiarly belated and derivative nature; and related to that, for the unusually academic character of Roman metrical practice, and the consequent need to study the metrical theory of Roman metricians alongside poetic practice. The arguments are illustrated with reference to Horace Odes 4.7 and Ovid Remedia Amoris, and finally through close readings of poems by Martial and Catullus.
Language Change and Linguistic Theory, Volume I
Authors: Miller D. Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis book investigates a large range of changes and their motivations in all parts of the grammar and lexicon. The core argument is that, in the absence of a Grand Unification Theory in linguistics, a unified account of change is impossible without ignoring the bulk of natural language changes. Changes occur in successive formal grammars. Differences among successive I‐languages constitute a change in the E‐language, but this work rejects the customary high premium on acquisition to the near exclusion of the role of adults and adolescents in the incrementation of change. Many innovations arise from competition in contact accommodation, but contact is only a catalyst. Features determine parametric variation and structures provide evidence (cues) for features. Since changes are typically not macroscalar, this work adopts a (micro)cue theory of parametric variation. The traditional view required a categorical (off/on) value setting. Through multiple binary cuts and different microcues, the new view permits a language to have, for instance, V2 in some structures but not others. With the reduction of UG (Universal Grammar) to a universal inventory of formal features, the once extravagant role of UG has been largely replaced by principles of efficient computation to explain crosslinguistically frequent changes. Additionally, neurolinguists have concluded that some constraints have evolved over time into a multilevel representation in the nervous system. Taking this and structure‐building features into account, this work argues that some changes are grounded in synchronic cognitive constraints, a large number in principles of computation, many in extralinguistic factors, some in processing and functional motivations, and some just accidents of history.
Macrobius and the “Pagan” Culture of his Age
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMacrobius's Saturnalia is a key text for any evaluation of the intellectual interests of the elite of late 4th- and early 5th-century Rome. Modern readers have assumed the Saturnalia to be a showcase for pagan culture, according to some nothing less than a work of pagan propaganda. Indeed, study of the Saturnalia has overlapped with study of what has become known as the “pagan revival” of the late 4th century. Those gathered in Macrobius's pages have been identified as the circle of Symmachus—or (as some prefer) the circle of Praetextatus. It was long taken for granted that Macrobius was himself a member of this circle. This chapter considers whether he even was a contemporary, when he lived, and what was the purpose of his work was.
The Real Circle of Symmachus
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWithin the ranks of the aristocracy many scholars have identified an inner core of literary pagans, the so-called “Circle of Symmachus,” actively nurturing the classics and sponsoring pagan writers in the hope of recalling waverers to the fold. This chapter argues that it is the chance congruence of two factors—one ancient and one modern—that has saddled Symmachus with this unlikely role: Macrobius's Saturnalia, where he appears as one of the three hosts to a fictitious literary gathering; and Otto Seeck's wonderful edition of Symmachus's Letters (1883), with its massive introduction identifying every correspondent and his family. As a consequence, Symmachus has always been seen as the central figure in late 4th-century Roman society.
Pagan Scholarship: Vergil and His Commentators
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLate 4th- and 5th-century western culture was dominated by Vergil. The writings, prose as well as verse, of all educated people, Christians no less than pagans, were steeped in Vergilian echoes and quotations. This chapter examines the comments of Servius and Macrobius regarding cult and ritual in Vergil. Since they are by far the best candidates for identifying any sort of specifically pagan scholarship in late antique Rome, it begins by establishing their credentials as scholars.
CNAmet: an R package for integrating copy number, methylation and expression data
Authors: Louhimo Riku , Hautaniemi Sampsa 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSummary: Gene copy number and DNA methylation alterations are key regulators of gene expression in cancer. Accordingly, genes that show simultaneous methylation, copy number and expression alterations are likely to have a key role in tumor progression. We have implemented a novel software package (CNAmet) for integrative analysis of high-throughput copy number, DNA methylation and gene expression data. To demonstrate the utility of CNAmet, we use copy number, DNA methylation and gene expression data from 50 glioblastoma multiforme and 188 ovarian cancer primary tumor samples. Our results reveal a synergistic effect of DNA methylation and copy number alterations on gene expression for several known oncogenes as well as novel candidate oncogenes.Availability: CNAmet R-package and user guide are freely available under GNU General Public License at http://csbi.ltdk.helsinki.fi/CNAmet.Contact: sampsa.hautaniemi@helsinki.fiSupplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Iranian Connections in the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: de Jong Albert 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Zurvanism is a problematic subject in the history of the study of Zoroastrianism, for it was once hailed as the greatest challenge to ‘orthodox’ Zoroastrianism and many irreconcilable aspects with ‘real’ Zoroastrianism were conveniently disposed of by labelling them as ‘Zurbanite’ and, hence, aberrations. It has since been shown that very little evidence supports the notion of Zurvanism as a Zoroastrian ‘heresy’, and that it is mainly to be understood as one of several variants of the chief cosmogony myth. This article examines this myth, which has occasionally been invoked to explain certain aspects of the ideas of the Dead Sea Scrolls. It discusses the possible channels through which Iranian ideas may have become familiar to Jews, and those Iranian elements of the Dead Sea Scrolls that have commonly been recognized as being there: loanwords and imagery.
Critical Issues in the
Investigation of the Scrolls and the New Testament
Authors: Frey Jörg 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
From the very earliest period after the first discoveries, the Qumran scrolls have been of major interest to New Testament (NT) scholars, and, in retrospect, the impact of the scrolls has considerably shifted the debate in central areas of NT scholarship. The debate touches the essence of history-of-religions research, the question of how to explain alleged parallels and how to prove ‘influences’ on the level of texts, authors, or religious groups. The issues discussed are most generally the Jewish, or more distinctly, the Palestinian, impact on the teaching of Jesus and the Apostles, the primitive community, or the religious language and theology of NT texts. The scrolls also provide a wealth of information that helps in the interpretation of the New Testament – on the Palestinian-Jewish ‘context’ of emerging ‘Christianity’, factions and groups, etc.
Rhetorical Criticism and the Reading of the Qumran
Scrolls
Authors: Newsom Carol A. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Since rhetorical criticism is a method that is all but absent from the study of the Dead Sea Scrolls, this article attempts to make the case for its usefulness. In order to do this, it defines the relevant terms and sets them in historical perspective, examines the distinctive features of Qumran literature that make rhetorical criticism both important and problematic, and discusses whether and in what way rhetorical criticism is in fact a method. The article presents two case studies to illustrate ways in which rhetorical criticism might be conducted. The first is on the Rule texts, which include the Damascus Document and the Community Rule. The second is on the Hodayot or Thanksgiving Hymns.
Roland Barthes and the Teacher of
Righteousness
Authors: Grossman Maxine L. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The quest of the historical Teacher of Righteousness provided scholars with a starting point for considering the social setting and historical milieu out of which the Dead Sea Scrolls originated. Accounts of the Teacher emphasize a career of prophetic preaching to his own followers and conflicts with opposing leaders. This article describes the persona of the Teacher as leader and author; critical theory and the death of the author; and the Teacher as an authorial figure. In addition, a variety of scholarly studies have contributed to the view that the Teacher was author of some or many of the sectarian Dead Sea Scrolls. In this context, the so-called ‘Teacher Hymns’ and the text of 4QMMT are particularly popular candidates for authorship by the Teacher.
Spain: The Consolidation of Strong Regional
Governments and the Limits of Local Decentralization
Authors: Colino César , Pino Eloísa del 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
This article discusses the consolidation of strong regional government and the limits of central decentralization in Spain. The Spanish model of subnational democracy evolved in parallel to the consolidation of the first successful experience of liberal democracy which has occurred at the national level during the last thirty years in Spain. The new constitution of Spain embraced democracy, rule of law, cultural pluralism, and the welfare state. It restructured the traditional Spanish state by identifying democracy with regional and local autonomy, hence creating new constitutionally protected local self-government and regional democracies. This newfound democracy at the subnational level has been introduced by state tradition but at the same time it was influenced by a consensus towards majoritarian model. It has provided cultural-political recognition, social integration, and economic development. It has overcome the long-standing traditional cleavages in Spain and has guaranteed political stability, improved governance, and respect for minorities. However, due to the manner with which subnational democracy emerged and due to some of the unique characteristics of the Soanish history and political culture, democracy at both the national and local level suffered from shortcomings in terms of their capacity to promote and encourage citizen participation in the public sphere.
Portugal: Local Democracy in a Small Centralized
Republic
Authors: Magone José M. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Portugal is one of the most centralized countries of the European Union. It only became a genuine democracy after the Revolution of Carnations in 1974. Only then did local authorities and autonomous regions such as Madeira and Azores became genuine local governments, despite the still existing high level of centralization. Since the transformation of Portugal from authoritarian regime into democracy, several changes have taken place. Following the revolution there came the introduction of universal adult suffrage. This was followed by the forming of the Constituent Assembly and the ratification of the new constitution. The new constitution enshrined the establishment of democratically elected administrative regions, which would replace the districts. This allowed local authorities to engage in public-private partnership and allowed for the formation of inter-municipal cooperation. In spite of the success of the new constitution and democracy, Portugal is still battered by weak social capital, clientelism and patronage, and regionalization. All of these affect Portugal' process of achieving subnational democracy.
Greece: A Case of Fragmented Centralism and
‘Behind the Scenes’ Localism
Authors: Hlepas Nikos , Getimis Panagiotis 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Greece, while described as the ‘cradle of Western democracy’, remains to be one of the most centralist state in Europe. This central governance is mirrored in Greece's percentage of local expenditure in GDP which remains the lowest in Europe and in the restricted functions of local government. Centralism remains to be perceived as necessary in order to sustain national unity and distributive capacities of the state in a country that has had to cope with political instability, regional divergence, and weak economic development. This article discusses Greece's dominant model of ‘pendulum democracy’. Within the context of centralism and the ‘pendulum democracy’, civil society in Greece remains weak and fragmented. Adding to these is the clientelistic political culture of Greece. All of these resulted in the confusion of political responsibility, frustration of accountability, inefficiency, and disintegration of the public space. While reform efforts have been directed to reduce centralism and the Westminster model of pendulum democracy, these however have little effect on the political system of Greece. The persistent fragmentation and the lack of cohesion of sectoral policies continually frustrate reform processes.
Crop Root Behavior Coordinates Phosphorus Status and Neighbors: From Field Studies to Three-Dimensional in Situ Reconstruction of Root System Architecture
Authors: Fang Suqin , Gao Xiang , Deng Yan , Chen Xinping , Liao Hong 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Root is a primary organ to respond to environmental stimuli and percept signals from neighboring plants. In this study, root responses in maize (Zea mays)/soybean (Glycine max) intercropping systems recognized soil phosphorus (P) status and neighboring plants in the field. Compared to self culture, the maize variety GZ1 intercropping with soybean HX3 grew much better on low P, but not in another maize variety, NE1. This genotypic response decreased with increasing distance between plants, suggesting that root interactions were important. We further conducted a detailed and quantitative study of root behavior in situ using a gel system to reconstruct the three-dimensional root architecture. The results showed that plant roots could integrate information on P status and root behavior of neighboring plants. When intercropped with its kin, maize or soybean roots grew close to each other. However, when maize GZ1 was grown with soybean HX3, the roots on each plant tended to avoid each other and became shallower on stratified P supply, but not found with maize NE1. Furthermore, root behavior in gel was highly correlated to shoot biomass and P content for field-grown plants grown in close proximity. This study provides new insights into the dynamics and complexity of root behavior and kin recognition among crop species in response to nutrient status and neighboring plants. These findings also indicate that root behavior not only depends on neighbor recognition but also on a coordinated response to soil P status, which could be the underlying cause for the different growth responses in the field.
Chloroplast 2010: A Database for Large-Scale Phenotypic Screening of Arabidopsis Mutants
Authors: Lu Yan , Savage Linda J. , Larson Matthew D. , Wilkerson Curtis G. , Last Robert L. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Large-scale phenotypic screening presents challenges and opportunities not encountered in typical forward or reverse genetics projects. We describe a modular database and laboratory information management system that was implemented in support of the Chloroplast 2010 Project, an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) reverse genetics phenotypic screen of more than 5,000 mutants (http://bioinfo.bch.msu.edu/2010_LIMS; www.plastid.msu.edu). The software and laboratory work environment were designed to minimize operator error and detect systematic process errors. The database uses Ruby on Rails and Flash technologies to present complex quantitative and qualitative data and pedigree information in a flexible user interface. Examples are presented where the database was used to find opportunities for process changes that improved data quality. We also describe the use of the data-analysis tools to discover mutants defective in enzymes of leucine catabolism (heteromeric mitochondrial 3-methylcrotonyl-coenzyme A carboxylase [At1g03090 and At4g34030] and putative hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase [At2g26800]) based upon a syndrome of pleiotropic seed amino acid phenotypes that resembles previously described isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (At3g45300) mutants. In vitro assay results support the computational annotation of At2g26800 as hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A lyase.
Interaction of the Tobacco Lectin with Histone Proteins
Authors: Schouppe Dieter , Ghesquière Bart , Menschaert Gerben , De Vos Winnok H. , Bourque Stéphane , Trooskens Geert , Proost Paul , Gevaert Kris , Van Damme Els J.M. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) agglutinin or Nictaba is a member of a novel class of plant lectins residing in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of tobacco cells. Since tobacco lectin expression is only observed after the plant has been subjected to stress situations such as jasmonate treatment or insect attack, Nictaba is believed to act as a signaling protein involved in the stress physiology of the plant. In this paper, a nuclear proteomics approach was followed to identify the binding partners for Nictaba in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of tobacco cv Xanthi cells. Using lectin affinity chromatography and pull-down assays, it was shown that Nictaba interacts primarily with histone proteins. Binding of Nictaba with histone H2B was confirmed in vitro using affinity chromatography of purified calf thymus histone proteins on a Nictaba column. Elution of Nictaba-interacting histone proteins was achieved with 1 m N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). Moreover, mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the Nictaba-interacting histone proteins are modified by O-GlcNAc. Since the lectin-histone interaction was shown to be carbohydrate dependent, it is proposed that Nictaba might fulfill a signaling role in response to stress by interacting with O-GlcNAcylated proteins in the plant cell nucleus.
Rice Two-Pore K+ Channels Are Expressed in Different Types of Vacuoles
Authors: Isayenkov Stanislav , Isner Jean-Charles , Maathuis Frans J.M. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Potassium (K+) is a major nutrient for plant growth and development. Vacuolar K+ ion channels of the two-pore K+ (TPK) family play an important role in maintaining K+ homeostasis. Several TPK channels were previously shown to be expressed in the lytic vacuole (LV) tonoplast. Plants also contain smaller protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) that contain membrane transporters. However, the mechanisms that define how membrane proteins reach different vacuolar destinations are largely unknown. The Oryza sativa genome encodes two TPK isoforms (TPKa and TPKb) that have very similar sequences and are ubiquitously expressed. The electrophysiological properties of both TPKs were comparable, showing inward rectification and voltage independence. In spite of high levels of similarity in sequence and transport properties, the cellular localization of TPKa and TPKb channels was different, with TPKa localization predominantly at the large LV and TPKb primarily in smaller PSV-type compartments. Trafficking of TPKa was sensitive to brefeldin A, while that of TPKb was not. The use of TPKa:TPKb chimeras showed that C-terminal domains are crucial for the differential targeting of TPKa and TPKb. Site-directed mutagenesis of C-terminal residues that were different between TPKa and TPKb identified three amino acids that are important in determining ultimate vacuolar destination.
Affective disorders and anxiety disorders predict the risk of drug harmful use and dependence
Authors: Liang Wenbin , Chikritzhs Tanya , Lenton Simon 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTAim  To investigate whether affective disorders, anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorders may increase the risk of subsequently developing drug (non‐alcohol‐related) dependence and/or drug (non‐alcohol‐related) harmful use.Setting and design  A retrospective cohort study based on nationally representative household survey data collected from the 2007 National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (MHW).Measurement  The MHW survey applied the World Mental Health Survey Initiative version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH‐CIDI 3.0) to collect information on ICD‐10 mental disorder diagnoses. Ages at first onset for mental disorders and harmful drug use were used to reconstruct the cohort according to definition of exposure, time at risk and outcome.Participants  A total of 8841 Australian adults aged 18–85 years who were included in the 2007 MHW survey.Findings  Participants with affective disorders and anxiety disorders were at higher risk of drug harmful use and drug dependence, and the effects did not vary by the length of time respondents had been exposed to mental disorders.Conclusion  It is uncertain whether experience of affective disorders and anxiety disorders, possibly prior to the disorder being identified by the individual or a health worker, may lead to self‐medication with psychoactive substances or whether common genetic factors linking mental disorder and drug use disorders are the underlying cause. Symptoms of mental health disorders should alert health‐care providers to the possibility of drug use disorder comorbidity and the need for early intervention, especially among young males.