bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Resource Accounting: Some aspects which require psychologists' attention
Authors: SWANN H. V. 
Published: August 2011

For some years, a body of literature on the topic of Human Resource Accounting has been building up in the accounting journals. The response from psychologists to the idea of valuing the human resource has been very limited despite the fact that it was a psychologist, Likert, who can be considered to have been one of the significant influences in the field.An unfortunate feature of the Human Resource Accounting approach has been the emergence of strong pro‐ and anti‐camps. This paper attempts a piecemeal survey of some of the aspects of Human Resource Accounting and argues that a selective picking from this field could be the justified concern of many occupational psychologists.
Paradigms of selection validation: Some comments in the light of British Equal Opportunities legislation
Authors: BROTHERTON CHRIS 
Published: August 2011

The orthodox approach to selection validation has remained unchallenged and unaltered for over half a century. Its continued acceptance, reinforced by the misleading claims of many test constructors, leads to the likelihood that selection will become routine and mechanical in operation.The author examines evidence from his own research, based on nine companies and over 3000 entrants to work, which suggests that this danger is a real one. Reference is made to recent evidence that validation studies are rarely conducted, and several practical reasons are given for this. However, the situation cannot remain unchanged. In the United Kindgom, the Sex Discrimination Act (1975) and the Race Relations Act (1976) demand the use of valid and job‐related predictors. It is argued that such legislation should be welcomed since it will encourage the development of more healthy approaches to selection and to greater understanding of the psychological demands of jobs.
Observation of interaction processes in practical training
Authors: JUNGERMANN HELMUT , HAHN PETER , FERGER RAINER 
Published: August 2011

There are few research methods and techniques of the kind that have been developed in instructional psychology for classroom situations. For this reason, a Practical Training Observation Schedule (PTOS) has been devised to help in analysing the interaction between instructors and trainees in technical‐industrial training.The PTOS was developed in the context of the metal‐working industry. It is based on a thorough review of the literature, on interviews with instructors and trainees, and on observations in five workshops for practical training in which there were 10 instructors and 93 trainees. Technically, the system is a modification of Flanders' (1970) interaction‐analysis system.To check the quality of the PTOS, a study was done with four instructors and 39 trainees using the final form of the PTOS. Taking as a measure of reliability an index of inter‐observer agreement, we found Scott's (1955) π = 0.91. However, statements about the validity of the system require its use in other studies. Some possibilities for analysing interactions in practical training are discussed using some of the obtained data.
The Eysenck Personality Inventory as a selection test for military pilots
Authors: BARTRAM D. , DALE H. C. A. 
Published: August 2011

As part of a study of the selection of candidates for pilot training in the Army Air Corps, EPI scores have been analysed in relation to success in training. Data from 432 AAC and 205 RAF student pilots have been examined. Statistical analyses show that EPI scores are related to success in training. Possible underlying reasons for this relationship are discussed.Both samples were more Stable than the general population at the beginning of their training. In addition, there is evidence for positive correlations with success in training for both Stability and Extraversion. As EPI scores are independent of existing selection test scores, improvements in the prediction of success might be achieved if they were taken into account. However, ‘faking‐good’ may be a problem.
A history of social psychological reactions to new technology
Authors: Carlopio Jim 
Published: August 2011

The historical development of new technology can be usefully viewed as a three‐phase process with a number of intermediate forms. For example, technology may be seen as having progressed from dependent machines (e.g. bucket elevators), to semi‐automatic machines (e.g. Jacquard loom) and, finally, to automatic machines (e.g. continuous process technologies). Dependent machines were labour‐saving technologies from the workers' point of view. They were generally positively regarded as they cased our physical burden and allowed our intellectual advancement. Semi‐automated devices only required that we tend to their needs. These machines were no longer assisting us. We were, and in many cases still are, assisting them. These labour‐enslaving devices require workers to perform semi‐automatic tasks demanding little more than reflexive attention. The third phase in this history of technology may be seen from the workers' point of view as the introduction of labour‐replacing processes. This technology totally replaces the human element in performing the actual work. It removes the worker from the production process, for example, into the processes of supervision, planning and/or maintenance of the equipment and systems. Unfortunately, this phase also has the potential to devalue workers, undermine their power and skills, and displace many workers from their jobs.From this historical review of workers' reactions to technology, workers are found to react against two things: first, against exploitation or unsatisfactory working conditions (e.g. job fractionalization or oversimplification) and, second, against job displacement. Current academic concerns and innovative business practices (e.g. job redesign, sociotechnical systems theory, participative styles), although not completely satisfactory, address the first of the two problems traditionally associated with new technology by attempting to modify workers' and managers' jobs and environments to better suit their needs. The second problem, job displacement, has been too long ignored by Europe and America. Although we seem to have progressed in the last 200 years from Luddism to unionism, we are still within the same ‘mind set’ of management vs. the workers, the controlled fighting the controlling, that we were in 200 years ago. It is this ‘cultural conversation’ that we are in, which keeps management from seeing the long‐range benefits in treating workers as their most valuable partners. Management needs to see that it is wiser to devise production systems that make use of the flexibility and intelligence of people than it is to try and design all the ‘life’ out of production.
The fairness judgements of received pay and their determinants
Authors: Dornstein Miriam 
Published: August 2011

Recent reviews indicate that little is known about individuals' fairness judgements of their own received pay and the bases underlying these judgements. This paper reports the results of an investigation into the subject, based on a cross‐sectional city sample of 222 employees in Israel. The investigation focused on several prevalent theoretical propositions about the bases of fairness judgements and a number of hypotheses derived from them.The findings indicate that pay fairness evaluations may be based on comparisons with similar as well as dissimilar others; that they are guided by norms of contribution as well as norms of need; that feelings of inequity develop where inputs/investments are undervalued in terms of prevalent norms of just exchange ratios. The findings also indicate that variances in the individuals' frames of reference are partly related to a variety of background characteristics such as sex, age, income, education, etc.
The effects of tolerance for ambiguity on feedback‐seeking behaviour
Authors: Bennett Nathan , Herold David M. , Ashford Susan J. 
Published: August 2011

In an article that appeared in this Journal in 1985, Ashford & Cummings found that tolerance for ambiguity (TA) moderated the relationship between feedback‐seeking behaviours (FSB) and ambiguity or uncertainty about one's role or outcome contingencies. The authors concluded that, in uncertain situations, individuals who are low in TA will consider feedback an especially valuable resource, and will engage in higher levels of FSB.The aim of this article is to expand and reinterpret the Ashford & Cummings' (1985) findings by reanalysing their data with two substantive differences. First, while job‐related and problem‐solving TA were proposed as conceptually distinct by Norton (1975), and loaded on separate factors in the factor analysis performed by Ashford & Cummings (1985), they were grouped together in their analysis, thus raising the question of how these two aspects of TA might operate differently with respect to FSB.Second, in investigating the consequences of TA for FSB, Ashford & Cummings used a global measure of FSB which combined feedback specifically sought from boss or co‐workers, and feedback inferred from comparisons with others, social cues and other events. This measure also combined feedback sought for a variety of purposes beyond simply assessing performance. Based on earlier work by Ashford & Cummings (1983), Greller & Herold (1975) and others, it is possible that this global measure of FSB is masking important differences due to either the specific seeking strategy, the reason for seeking or even the source from which feedback is sought.To investigate the above theoretical distinctions between different types of TA and FSB using the Ashford & Cummings' (1985) data, two hypotheses were tested. First, since FSB could be considered an attempt to reduce uncertainty in one's work environment (Ashford, 1986), job‐related TA, which involves an individual's concern about his/her standing at work, should be associated with FSB for determining the adequacy of performance or potential for advancement. Problem‐solving TA, which reflects a general intolerance for ambiguity in any task, should not be associated with FSB about workplace issues, because the sources of the uncertainty which the person low in problem‐solving TA finds aversive are not necessarily at work. Second, when allowing for different types of FSB (monitoring the work environment, solicitations from supervisors and solicitations from co‐workers), low job‐related TA should be associated with greater soliciting behaviours rather than monitoring behaviours because of the less ambiguous nature of the resulting feedback (Ashford & Cummings, 1983). In other words, feedback which an individual gathers through monitoring the environment may itself be more difficult to interpret than solicited feedback, and thus have less value in reducing ambiguity.
Occupational stress, clinical treatment and changes in job perceptions
Authors: Firth‐Cozens Jenny , Hardy Gillian E. 
Published: August 2011

As part of a larger study looking at the processes and outcomes of psychological treatments for white‐collar workers suffering from stress at work, changes in job perceptions and symptoms which took place over the course of psychotherapy were assessed in order to explore the relationship over time between changes in clinical state and changes in job perceptions.Following psychological treatment, clients showed both a reduction in symptomatology and anxiety, and viewed their jobs more positively. Moreover, there were significant relationships between changes in symptom levels and changes in job satisfaction and in attitudes towards opportunity for control, skill use, feeling valued and interpersonal contact. Other attitude change, such as perceptions of variety and clarity in the job, showed little relationship with clinical improvement. This suggests that while some job perceptions may be related to the levels of stress or clinical symptoms suffered by individuals, other perceptions are more independent and are likely to reflect the influence of organizations on individual health. This supports the need for stress management to be targeted at both the individual and organizational level.
The role of income, life‐style deprivation and financial strain in mediating the impact of unemployment on psychological distress: Evidence from the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Whelan Christopher T. 
Published: August 2011

Despite much research on the relationship between unemployment and mental health, consideration of the relationship between economic and psychological problems remains remarkedly rare.Available evidence suggests that income affects psychological well‐being indirectly via subjectively appraised financial strain.This paper presents an analysis of the relationships between measures of household income and resources, subjectively appraised financial strain and psychological distress drawing on a nationally representative sample of 3294 households in the Republic of Ireland.Our analysis demonstrates that objectively assessed exclusion from customary lifestyles, involving deprivation of socially defined necessities, is associated with increased psychological distress.
The relationship between ipsatized and normative measures of personality
Authors: Bartram D. 
Published: August 2011

Recent interest in the use of ipsative personality instruments has focused on the questions of their reliability and their equivalence to normative measures (e.g. see Saville & Willson, 1991). A general expression is presented for computing the relationships between normative scales and ipsative ones derived from them, based on the number of scales and the intercorrelations between the normative scales. The results obtained from various empirical and computer generated data sets were compared with those expected on the basis of the equations and a close correspondence found.Expressions for computing the reliability of ipsatized scales and the reliability of ipsatized scale differences were also produced and the implications of these for profile analysis are discussed. It is noted that ipsatized measures are unreliable when the number of scales is less than about 10 or when the correlations between normative scales are greater than about .30. This unreliability is increased by full ipsatization (i.e. the equating of within‐subject scale score variances) and by inequality of the variances of the normative scales from which the ipsatized scales are derived.
Relationships between Holland's vocational typology, Schein's career anchors and Myers—Briggs' types
Authors: Nordvik Hilmar 
Published: August 2011

The relationships between the variables measured by the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and ipsative scales measuring the concepts in Holland's theory of vocational personalities and Schein's theory of career anchors were investigated by analysing data from 1063 Norwegian adults. Three bipolar factors extracted from the vocational scales were in close agreement with the diagonal dimensions of Holland's hexagon model of the vocational categories. Four factors extracted from the anchor scales were interpreted as bipolar career anchor factors. Regression analysis, using MBTI variables as independent and vocational and career anchor factors as dependent variables, showed that extraversion–introversion predicted the enterprising–investigative factor, sensing–intuition predicted the conventional–artistic factor, and thinking–feeling predicted the realistic–social factor. The Myers–Briggs variables were not distinctly related to the career anchor variables.It is argued that the three‐factor structure of the vocational categories corresponds with Holland's hexagon model of these categories because preferential choice data tend to expand the hexagon to an octahedron.
In vivo MR acoustic radiation force imaging in the porcine liver
Authors: Holbrook Andrew B. , Ghanouni Pejman , Santos Juan M. , Medan Yoav , Butts Pauly Kim 
Published: August 2011

Purpose:High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in the abdomen can be sensitive to acoustic aberrations that can exist in the beam path of a single sonication. Having an accurate method to quickly visualize the transducer focus without damaging tissue could assist with executing the treatment plan accurately and predicting these changes and obstacles. By identifying these obstacles, MR acoustic radiation force imaging (MR‐ARFI) provides a reliable method for visualizing the transducer focus quickly without damaging tissue and allows accurate execution of the treatment plan.Methods:MR‐ARFI was used to view the HIFU focus, using a gated spin echo flyback readout‐segmented echo‐planar imaging sequence. HIFU spots in a phantom and in the livers of five live pigs under general anesthesia were created with a 550 kHz extracorporeal phased array transducer initially localized with a phase‐dithered MR‐tracking sequence to locate microcoils embedded in the transducer. MR‐ARFI spots were visualized, observing the change of focal displacement and ease of steering. Finally, MR‐ARFI was implemented as the principle liver HIFU calibration system, and MR‐ARFI measurements of the focal location relative to the thermal ablation location in breath‐hold and breathing experiments were performed.Results:Measuring focal displacement with MR‐ARFI was achieved in the phantom andin vivo liver. In one in vivo experiment, where MR‐ARFI images were acquired repeatedly at the same location with different powers, the displacement had a linear relationship with power [y = 0.04x + 0.83 μm (R2 = 0.96)]. In another experiment, the displacement images depicted the electronic steering of the focus inside the liver. With the new calibration system, the target focal location before thermal ablation was successfully verified. The entire calibration protocol delivered 20.2 J of energy to the animal (compared to greater than 800 J for a test thermal ablation). ARFI displacement maps were compared with thermal ablations during seven breath‐hold ablations. The error was 0.83 ± 0.38 mm in the S/I direction and 0.99 ± 0.45 mm in the L/R direction. For six spots in breathing ablations, the mean error in the nonrespiration direction was 1.02 ± 0.89 mm.Conclusions:MR‐ARFI has the potential to improve free‐breathing plan execution accuracy compared to current calibration and acoustic beam adjustment practices. Gating the acquisition allows for visualization of the focal spot over the course of respiratory motion, while also being insensitive to motion effects that can complicate a thermal test spot. That MR‐ARFI measures a mechanical property at the focus also makes it insensitive to high perfusion, of particular importance to highly perfused organs such as the liver.
How do women feel about their cervical cytology samples being used for research?: Table 1
Authors: Coope Caroline , Rose Karen , Glasier Anna , Stephenson Judith 
Published: August 2011

Background and methodologyThe introduction of liquid-based cytology (LBC) for cervical screening in the UK has enabled research into human papillomavirus as an adjunct to screening and provides potential opportunities for population-based research into women's health. The authors explored women's views on the use of remnant LBC samples for sexual and reproductive health research. A pilot study was conducted to assess the acceptability of collecting and storing remnant LBC specimens for future use in sexual and reproductive health research. Women attending a clinic for their routine smear test were recruited to the study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a subsample of the women to explore acceptability issues.ResultsOf women invited to participate (n=369), 86% (n=316) consented to the storage and use of their remnant sample for research. Of these, 96% (n=304) consented to their sample being linked to reproductive health records. Women interviewed (n=23) were happy with the research process although unclear about what future research might be conducted on their specimen and what health records would be accessed.Discussion and conclusionAs research becomes technically and ethically more complex the challenge remains to find the right balance between providing sufficient relevant information to ensure informed consent and allay participant's fears, while guarding against the inclusion of excessive detail. The introduction of LBC for cervical screening across the UK brings a new opportunity to integrate research studies within a national cervical screening programme. Our study suggests this is acceptable to women.
A systematic review of longitudinal population-based studies on the predictors of smoking cessation in adolescent and young adult smokers
Authors: Cengelli Semanur , O'Loughlin Jennifer , Lauzon Beatrice , Cornuz Jacques 
Published: August 2011

ObjectiveTo describe the determinants of self-initiated smoking cessation of duration of at least 6 months as identified in longitudinal population-based studies of adolescent and young adult smokers.MethodsA systematic search of the PubMed and EMBASE databases using smoking, tobacco, cessation, quit and stop as keywords was performed. Limits included articles related to humans, in English, published between January 1984 and August 2010, and study population aged 10–29 years. A total of 4502 titles and 871 abstracts were reviewed independently by 2 and 3 reviewers, respectively. Nine articles were retained for data abstraction. Data on study location, timeframe, duration of follow-up, number of data collection points, sample size, age/grade of participants, number of quitters, smoking status at baseline, definition of cessation, covariates and analytic method were abstracted from each article. The number of studies that reported a statistically significant association between each determinant investigated and cessation were tabulated, from among all studies that assessed the determinant.ResultsDespite heterogeneity in methods across studies, five factors robustly predicted quitting across studies in which the factor was investigated: not having friends who smoke, not having intentions to smoke in the future, resisting peer pressure to smoke, being older at first use of cigarette and having negative beliefs about smoking.ConclusionsThe literature on longitudinal predictors of cessation in adolescent and young adult smokers is not well developed. Cessation interventions for this population will remain less than optimally effective until there is a solid evidence base on which to develop interventions.