bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory Nail Disorders in Skin of Color: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Onychoscopic Manifestations
Authors: Tordjman Lea , Thomas Jason , Tosti Antonella , Morrison Brian W. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTDespite increasing attention regarding skin diseases in individuals with skin of color (SoC), there remains a significant gap in understanding and identifying inflammatory nail disorders in this population. This systematic review aims to synthesize the clinical and onychoscopic features of inflammatory nail disorders in patients with SoC, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes. Our systematic PubMed and Medline (Web of Science) search followed PRISMA guidelines. Studies documenting clinical and onychoscopic features of inflammatory nail disorders in Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI were included. Data extraction focused on study design, patient demographics, diagnostic methods, and nail findings. Of the 608 articles identified, 60 met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 16 inflammatory nail disorders and 12,743 patient cases. Key disorders included nail psoriasis, nail lichen planus, alopecia areata‐associated nail changes, and others. Significant variability was noted in reporting skin type, with only a minority explicitly documenting SoC representation. This review underscores the paucity of literature on inflammatory nail disorders in SoC, highlighting gaps in clinical documentation and diagnostic approaches. Improved awareness and inclusion of SoC in dermatologic research are critical to addressing these disparities and enhancing health equity. Recognition of diverse clinical presentations in SoC patients is essential for accurate and timely diagnosis of inflammatory nail disorders. PROSPERO number: CRD42024568649.
Property–structure evolution in alkali‐free boroaluminosilicate glass via B2O3 substitution for alkaline earth oxides
Authors: Wu Jiangtao , Yan Ziming , Hao Zhuoya , Gao Yurong , Ge Xuan , Xu Jiali , Wang Lianjun , Ding Linfeng 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAlkali‐free boroaluminosilicate glass (AFBG) is widely utilized in electronic display panels and glass fibers due to its superior mechanical properties and thermal stability. The growing demand for high‐performance materials capable of withstanding extreme conditions has propelled the development of AFBG. To this end, understanding the relationship between composition, structure, and properties at the atomic level is essential. This study investigates the effects of substituting B2O3 for alkaline earth metal oxides (RO) on the properties and structural variations of AFBG using a combination of experimental techniques alongside molecular dynamics simulations. The results indicate that the substitution of B2O3 with RO leads to an increase in [AlO5] and [BO3] units, resulting in an enhanced polymerized yet more open structure. This structural change is accompanied by a decrease in the coefficient of thermal expansion and glass transition temperature (Tg). Simultaneously, the reduced content of [AlO4] and [BO4] units weakens the overall glass network rigidity, leading to observed declines in elastic modulus and nanohardness. Notably, the changes in local coordination environment around Al dominates the overall structural and property variations. These findings provide atomic‐scale insights into the structural mechanisms governing the behavior of AFBG.
Pharmacokinetic properties of once‐weekly insulin icodec in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Li Yijun , Fu Ariel , Jiang Shan , Jøns Ann‐Katrine Kjærsgaard , Liang Beibei , Ni Qi , Ribel‐Madsen Rasmus , Westergaard Lisbet 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTIntroductionInsulin icodec is a novel once‐weekly basal insulin developed for the treatment of diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of icodec in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsIn an open‐label, single‐group study, 24 Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes (18–64 years, glycated hemoglobin ≤9.0%, body mass index 18.0–38.0 kg/m2) were treated with once‐weekly icodec for 6 weeks. The icodec dose was constant and individualized, aimed at achieving self‐measured plasma glucose of 4.4–7.0 mmol/L before breakfast. Blood samples were drawn from the first icodec dose until 35 days after last dose and were analyzed for total serum icodec concentration (i.e., the sum of albumin‐bound and unbound icodec).ResultsIcodec trough concentrations measured following initiation of once‐weekly icodec dosing suggested that clinical steady state for icodec was achieved after approximately 3–4 weeks of dosing. When at steady state, icodec exposure covered the full 1‐week dosing interval. The geometric mean half‐life was 159 h. The slopes of total icodec exposure (AUCτ,SS) and maximum icodec concentration (Cmax,SS) vs icodec dose did not differ significantly from 1, supporting dose‐proportionality for both AUCτ,SS (P = 0.40) and Cmax,SS (P = 0.43). Icodec was safe and well tolerated, and no new safety issues were identified in relation to icodec in this study.DiscussionThe pharmacokinetic properties of icodec assessed at steady state in this study demonstrated well‐distributed exposure across the 1‐week dosing interval and a half‐life that supports once‐weekly administration in Chinese individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Seasonal water level fluctuations cause opposite changes in fish trophic dynamics in Amazonian black‐water and white‐water lakes
Authors: Agasild H. , Cremona F. , Tuvikene A. , Val A. L. , Panksep K. , Zingel P. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAmazonian floodplain lakes, distinguished by their water types, are crucial ecosystems for fish biodiversity. In these ecosystems, the annual hydrological cycle, known as the “flood pulse,” is the primary driving force for fish productivity, providing habitat and feeding opportunities. However, how seasonal water level changes affect fish assemblages and feeding guild responses in floodplains with varying watershed characteristics is still poorly understood. We conducted a comparative stable isotope study in both a white‐water and a black‐water floodplain lake to investigate fish trophic dynamics during periods of rising and low water levels. Analyses of a broad taxonomic range of fish (seven orders and 27 families, with 73 and 82 taxa in the studied lakes, respectively) revealed that the fish assemblages in the studied white‐water and black‐water lakes exhibited different trophic dynamics in response to changes induced by the hydrological cycle. In contrast to the white‐water lake, a strong, trophic guild‐related effect shaped the δ13C and δ15N dynamics in the black‐water lake. As a result, the fish assemblage in the black‐water lake experienced significant trophic shifts with generally opposite dynamics over the water levels compared to the white‐water lake. In the black‐water lake, water level changes caused alterations in trophic niche width in almost all analyzed guilds (carnivorous, detritivorous, herbivorous, invertivorous, omnivorous, planktivorous), while this was less consistent in the white‐water lake. Our results suggest that the fish assemblage in the nutrient‐poor black‐water lake is more dependent on the annual flood pulse and associated resources than in the white‐water lake. These findings may further imply a relatively higher vulnerability of the black‐water lake to alterations in the regular flood pulse compared to the white‐water lake, indicating greater stability in feeding conditions and fish trophic dynamics in the latter.
Lip Filler Versus “Lip Flip”: Longitudinal Public Interest and a Brief Review of Literature
Authors: Bourmand Raika , Olsson Sofia E. , Soleimani Shirin , Fijany Arman 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe lip augmentation market is projected to reach a value of 11.6 billion USD by 2030. Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers are the most common type due to biocompatibility and reversibility. However, there has been an increase in alternative procedures, such as the “lip flip,” involving the injection of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT‐A) into the superior orbicularis oris muscle.AimsThe purpose of this study is to review the current literature and evaluate the general public interest in dermal lip fillers compared to supralabial BoNT‐A injections over the past decade.MethodsThe Google Trends database was used to collect relative monthly search volume for the terms “lip filler” and “lip flip” over a decade‐long period (January 1, 2014–January 1, 2024). Google Trends data is automatically normalized with a value of 100 indicating maximal search volume and 1 indicating minimal search volume.ResultsSearch volume for lip filler and lip flip increased similarly from 2014 to 2024. Lip filler was consistently more searched and had an average 75% increase in relative search volume per month. Meanwhile, “lip flip” had, on average, a 33% increase in search volume per month.ConclusionsAlthough lip filler was more frequently inquired about than “lip flip,” the latter increased in popularity over time, reaffirming its popularity as a potential alternative to lip filler. Superior obicularis oris BoNT‐A injections are rising in popularity and may be a valuable option for patients seeking cosmesis with hesitation toward dermal fillers.
Experiences of medical students and doctors with dyslexia: A systematic review
Authors: Tarafdar Suhail Amin , Seoudi Noha , Luo Ruoyin , Winston Kalman 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIntroductionDyslexia can be defined as a neurodevelopmental learning difficulty characterised by issues with phonological awareness, affecting performance and progression within medical education. There is a need to identify how to provide effective support for medical students and postgraduate doctors with dyslexia. The aim of this systematic review was to explore the experiences of, and identify strategies for, undergraduate medical students and postgraduate medical doctors with dyslexia within existing literature.MethodsA search strategy was undertaken on databases relevant to medical education. Included studies concerned either medical students or postgraduate medical doctors with dyslexia. A quality appraisal was undertaken and narrative synthesis employed to produce a final report.ResultsThirty‐one articles were included in the final synthesis, with seven deemed high‐risk of bias. Four overarching themes were identified. There are largely negative experiences, such as stigma, reported. Furthermore, dyslexia can impact assessment performance, with reasonable adjustments effective for written examinations. Moreover, strategies employed to reduce difficulties include peer support, organisational inclusivity and interactive educational methodologies. Additionally, dyslexia impacts the career trajectory of doctors.DiscussionTraining programmes should promote an inclusive environment through raised awareness and provision of reasonable adjustments. A range of potential strategies have been identified to improve the educational experiences of students with dyslexia, but these should be flexible according to individual needs. Further research is warranted within postgraduate medical training and experiences in the United States.
Myth Busting in a Post‐Assad Syria
Authors: Pinfold Rob Geist 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis article challenges common misconceptions about the fall of Syrian President Bashar al‐Assad. It debunks the notion of a simplistic rebel/regime dichotomy and instead delineates the diversity of actors and interests in a post‐Assad Syria. It also critiques the perception that Hayat Tahrir al‐Sham won a decisive battlefield victory and illustrates that this was as much a political triumph as it was a military one. It then assesses how genuine the group's transformation from jihadist to pragmatist really is. Further, it shows any claims that Russia and Iran will leave Syria are unrealistic, while Israel's role in the country is often misunderstood. It concludes by critiquing the assertion that the international community has no good options in Syria and should therefore stay away. Instead, it advocates cautious engagement with the new regime. Overall, the analysis highlights Syria's complex power dynamics and warns against oversimp‐lifications in devising policies for Syria's post‐conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation.
Public Administration, Local and Regional Governance, and Domestic Terrorism
Authors: Hunter Lance Y. , Meares Wesley L. , Ginn Martha H. , Hatcher William 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTThis study examines how the nature of public administration and local and regional governance affects domestic terrorism in 73 mixed and democratic countries from multiple regions and levels of development. In conducting a cross‐national statistical analysis from 1991 to 2019 with standard political, economic, and social controls, and controlling for endogeneity, we find that domestic terrorism increases when public administration is more partial, biased, corrupt, and unreliable, and as local and regional governments are controlled to a greater extent by unelected bodies. In addition, we find that the nature of public administration and local and regional governance influences the types of institutions that are most likely to be targeted in domestic terror attacks. These findings have important implications in considering how public administration and local and regional governance affect political violence in mixed and democratic regimes.
Intracellular signalling in arterial chemoreceptors during acute hypoxia and glucose deprivation: role of ATP
Authors: Torres‐López María , González‐Rodríguez Patricia , Colinas Olalla , Rho Hee‐Sool , Torres‐Torrelo Hortensia , Castellano Antonio , Gao Lin , Ortega‐Sáenz Patricia , López‐Barneo José 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe carotid body (CB) is the main oxygen (O2) sensing organ that mediates reflex hyperventilation and increased cardiac output in response to hypoxaemia. Acute O2 sensing is an intrinsic property of CB glomus cells, which contain special mitochondria to generate signalling molecules (NADH and H2O2) that modulate membrane K+ channels in response to lowered O2 tension (hypoxia). In parallel with these membrane‐associated events, glomus cells are highly sensitive to mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) inhibitors. It was suggested that a decrease in oxidative production of ATP is a critical event mediating hypoxia‐induced cell depolarization. Here, we show that rotenone [an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex (MC) I] activates rat and mouse glomus cells but abolishes their responsiveness to hypoxia. Rotenone does not prevent further activation of the cells by cyanide (a blocker of MCIV) or glucose deprivation. Responsiveness to glucose deprivation is enhanced in O2‐insenstive glomus cells with genetic disruption of MCI. These findings suggest that acute O2 sensing requires a functional MCI but that a decrease in intracellular ATP, presumably produced by the simultaneous inhibition of MCI and MCIV, is not involved in hypoxia signalling. In support of this concept, ATP levels in single glomus cells were unaltered by hypoxia, but rapidly declined following exposure of the cells to low glucose or to inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. These observations indicate that a reduction in intracellular ATP does not participate in physiological acute O2 sensing. However, local decreases in ATP of glycolytic origin may contribute to low glucose signalling in glomus cells.
imageKey points
The carotid body contains oxygen‐sensitive glomus cells with specialized mitochondria that generate signalling molecules (NADH and H2O2) to inhibit membrane K+ channels in response to hypoxia.
Glomus cells are highly sensitive to electron transport chain (ETC) blockers. It was suggested that a decrease in intracellular ATP is the main signal inducing K+ channel inhibition and depolarization in response to hypoxia or ETC blockade.
Rotenone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex (MC) I, activates glomus cells but abolishes their responsiveness to hypoxia. However, rotenone does not prevent further activation of glomus cells by cyanide (an MCIV blocker) or glucose deprivation.
Single‐cell ATP levels were unaltered by hypoxia, but decreased rapidly following exposure of glomus cells to 0 mM glucose or inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation.
A reduction in intracellular ATP does not participate in signalling acute hypoxia. However, it may contribute to hypoglycaemia signalling in glomus cells.
Physical Activity and Ischemic Heart Disease Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study Among Chinese Adults
Authors: Li Yuhui , Chen Yunhui , Huang Kejia , Sun Dianjianyi , Pei Pei , Yu Canqing , Lv Jun , Duan Haiping , Gao Ruqin , Pang Zengchang , Tian Xiaocao 
Published: February 2025

Background: Type-specific physical activity (PA) may be associated with different risks of ischemic heart disease (IHD), but few large studies have examined this. This study aimed to assess the incidence and dose–response relationships between total PA and 4 different types of PA and IHD risk in Chinese adults. Methods: The prospective China Kadoorie Biobank enrolled 35,508 adults from Qingdao from 2004 to 2008, including 33,342 IHD-free participants in this analysis. PA was collected through a self-report questionnaire, calculating metabolic equivalents of task-hours per day based on duration and frequency. Cox regression analysis was used to assess the association between PA and IHD risk. Results: During a median 9.2 years of follow-up, 2712 incident IHD cases were recorded. Total, occupational, commuting, and leisure-time PAs were inversely associated with IHD risk. Compared with the participants in the bottom quintiles of PA, the participants in the top quintiles of total PA, occupational PA, commuting PA, and leisure-time PA had 43% (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.49–0.66), 38% (HR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.50–0.75), 38% (HR = 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44–0.87), and 21% (HR = 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67–0.95) lower IHD risk, respectively. A negative association between household PA and IHD risk was found only in males (HR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.70–0.98). The restricted cubic spline regression analysis revealed a linear relationship between total PA and IHD risk (P for nonlinear = .5687). Conclusion: Among Chinese adults, higher total, occupational, commuting, and leisure-time PA was associated with significantly lower risks of IHD, and increased household PA could reduce IHD risk in males.
Received and Perceived Peer Acceptance in Relation to Enjoyment, Social Competence, and Physical Activity in Primary School Physical Education and the Role of Peer-Relatedness Need Satisfaction
Authors: de Bruijn Anne G.M. , Grimminger-Seidensticker Elke 
Published: February 2025

Purpose: This study explored associations between actually received and perceived peer acceptance; their role for peer-relatedness need satisfaction; and enjoyment, social competence, and physical activity level during physical education (PE). Method: Two hundred and twenty-seven children (48% boys, mean age: 11.4 years, ± 0.98) from 13 classes of three Dutch primary schools filled in questionnaires to measure their received and perceived peer acceptance, peer-relatedness need satisfaction, enjoyment, and self-perceived social competence in PE. Accelerometers assessed moderate to vigorous physical activity levels during PE. Results: Structural equation models in Mplus showed a medium correlation between received and perceived peer acceptance. Only perceived peer acceptance predicted satisfaction of the peer-relatedness need. Received peer acceptance predicted social competence and moderate to vigorous physical activity, perceived peer acceptance linked to PE enjoyment, and indirectly, via satisfaction of peer relatedness, to social competence. Conclusion: A PE environment where children are, and, feel, socially accepted seems vital for bringing about positive PE experiences.
Realistic fundus photograph generation for improving automated disease classification
Authors: Pandey Prashant U , Micieli Jonathan A , Ong Tone Stephan , Eng Kenneth T , Kertes Peter J , Wong Jovi C Y 
Published: February 2025

AimsThis study aims to investigate whether denoising diffusion probabilistic models (DDPMs) could generate realistic retinal images, and if they could be used to improve the performance of a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) ensemble for multiple retinal disease classification, which was previously shown to outperform human experts.MethodsWe trained DDPMs to generate retinal fundus images representing diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma or normal eyes. Eight board-certified ophthalmologists evaluated 96 test images to assess the realism of generated images and classified them based on disease labels. Subsequently, between 100 and 1000 generated images were employed to augment training of deep convolutional ensembles for classifying retinal disease. We measured the accuracy of ophthalmologists in correctly identifying real and generated images. We also measured the classification accuracy, F-score and area under the receiver operating curve of a trained CNN in classifying retinal diseases from a test set of 100 fundus images.ResultsOphthalmologists exhibited a mean accuracy of 61.1% (range: 51.0%–68.8%) in differentiating real and generated images. Augmenting the training set with 238 generated images in the smallest class statistically significantly improved the F-score and accuracy by 5.3% and 5.8%, respectively (p<0.01) in a retinal disease classification task, compared with a baseline model trained only with real images.ConclusionsLatent diffusion models generated highly realistic retinal images, as validated by human experts. Adding generated images to the training set improved performance of a CNN ensemble without requiring additional real patient data.
Outcomes of oral vancomycin therapy in children with atypical ulcerative colitis with or without confirmed primary sclerosing cholangitis: a real-world observational study
Authors: Räisänen Laura , Balouch Fariha , McLaren-Kennedy Annette , Clark Julia Elizabeth , Lewindon Peter 
Published: February 2025

ObjectivesAtypical ulcerative colitis (UC) presenting reverse gradient colitis, backwash ileitis, or rectal sparing and/or positive atypical antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody serology is often associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and can be resistant to conventional medical therapies (CMT) for inflammatory bowel diseases. We report short-term and long-term outcomes of oral vancomycin therapy (OVT) in children with atypical UC and confirmed PSC in imaging/biopsy (PSC-UC) or treatment-resistant atypical UC without detectable PSC (aUC-non-PSC).MethodsIn this retrospective real-world observational study from a tertiary paediatric centre in Brisbane, Australia, 44 children with aUC (29 PSC-UC, 15 aUC-non-PSC) received 79 OVT courses between 2014 and 2023. Pre–post-OVT characteristics were compared and relapses/repeated courses were recorded.ResultsPre-OVT, all had active colitis by Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (PUCAI), Feacal Calprotectin (FC) and/or colonoscopy. Post-OVT, PUCAI reduced from 15 (IQR 5–33) to 0 (IQR 0–5); 85% of children with pre-OVT PUCAI ≥10 achieved clinical remission (100% PSC-UC vs 64% aUC-non-PSC, p=0.019). FC reduced from 995 (IQR 319–1825) to 44 (IQR 16–79) µg/g; 83% of children with pre-OVT FC ≥100 µg/g achieved biochemical remission (92% PSC-UC vs 64% aUC-non-PSC, p=0.063). Colonoscopy confirmed Mayo 0 healing in 62% (67% PSC-UC vs 54% aUC-non-PSC, p=0.443) and 46% achieved pan-colonic histological remission (54% PSC-UC vs 31% aUC-non-PSC, p=0.173). All pre–post-OVT changes in these four markers were significant in both groups. After ceasing first OVT, 25/44 relapsed within 8.2 (IQR 1.9–14.5) months. Recommencing OVT regained biomarker remission in 13/25. During 3.8 (IQR 2.0–5.3) years of follow-up, 79 OVT courses in conjunction with CMT maintained deep remission in 67%. Routine stool testing (n=138) detected no vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE).ConclusionsOVT induced and reinduced remission in children with atypical UC. Relapse often followed ceasing vancomycin, half responded to reinduction. No VRE was developed.