bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electro‐Organocatalysis: Enantioselective α‐Alkylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Ho Xuan‐Huong , Mho Sun‐il , Kang Hyuk , Jang Hye‐Young 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe asymmetric organocatalyzed α‐alkylation of aldehydes via a cationic radical enamine intermediate was performed under environmentally benign electro‐oxidation conditions without the use of chemical oxidants. To promote the desired α‐alkylation reaction of aldehydes, various aldehydes with xanthene or cycloheptatriene groups were exposed to electro‐organocatalytic conditions to afford optically active α‐substituted aldehydes (α‐alkylated aldehydes) in good yield. A reaction mechanism involving the cationic radical enamine was proposed based on the cyclic voltammetry (CV) results, DFT calculations, and control experiments.
Protecting‐Group Directed Stereoselective Intramolecular Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi Reaction: A Concise and Efficient Total Synthesis of Amphidinolactone A
Authors: Mohapatra Debendra K. , Das Pragna P. , Pattanayak Manas R. , Gayatri Gaddamanugu , Sastry G. Narahari , Yadav J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA convergent total synthesis of amphidinolactone A, a cytotoxic macrolide from the cultured dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp., is described in 13 linear steps. The key step in the synthetic sequence involves an intramolecular Nozaki–Hiyama–Kishi (NHK) reaction for the construction of the 13‐membered lactone ring by union of two fragments derived from a single chiral epoxide. The stereochemical outcome of the NHK reaction has been supported by computational studies.
Variability of interrill erosion at low slopes
Authors: Armstrong A. , Quinton J. N. , Heng B. C. P. , Chandler J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNumerous models and risk assessments have been developed in order to estimate soil erosion from agricultural land, with some including estimates of nutrient and contaminant transfer. Many of these models have a slope term as a control over particle transfer, with increased transfer associated with increased slopes. This is based on data collected over a wide range of slopes and using relatively small soil flumes and physical principals, i.e. the role of gravity in splash transport and flow. This study uses laboratory rainfall simulation on a large soil flume to investigate interrill soil erosion of a silt loam under a rainfall intensity of 47 mm h−1 on 3%, 6% and 9% slopes, which are representative of agricultural land in much of northwest Europe. The results show: (1) wide variation in runoff and sediment concentration data from replicate experiments, which indicates the complexities in interrill soil erosion processes; and (2) that at low slopes processes related to surface area connectivity, soil saturation, flow patterns and water depth may dominant over those related to gravity. Consequently, this questions the use of risk assessments and soil erosion models with a dominant slope term when assessing soil erosion from agricultural land at low slopes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resolution sensitivity of momentum‐exchange and immersed boundary methods for solid–fluid interaction in the lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Han Yanhui , Cundall Peter A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), the mechanism of fluid–solid interaction can be effectively captured by appropriately enforcing the no‐slip conditions in shear direction, and bounce‐back of the non‐equilibrium distribution portion in the normal direction at fluid–solid interfaces. Among various solid–fluid interaction schemes being proposed for LBM in recent decades, two simple fluid–solid interaction methods—the momentum exchange algorithm (MEA) and the immersed boundary scheme (IBS)—were developed based on the above concept. In this paper, MEA and IBS are implemented in a D2Q9 LBGK system and applied to measure the wall correction factors of drag force upon a stationary circular particle midway in the Poiseuille channel flow at very low Reynolds number and drag coefficients at low to moderate Reynolds numbers. MEA and IBS are also employed to compare the fluid‐induced torque over the cylinder in the Taylor–Couette flow, and the steady velocity of a particle settling under the influence of gravity inside a tube. The above experiments show that IBS seems to be more accurate and less demanding on lattice resolution. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the anisotropic permeability of a carbon cloth gas diffusion layer through X‐ray computer micro‐tomography and single‐phase lattice Boltzmann simulation
Authors: Rama P. , Liu Y. , Chen R. , Ostadi H. , Jiang K. , Zhang X. , Gao Y. , Grassini P. , Brivio D. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYAn investigation of the anisotropic permeability of a carbon cloth gas diffusion layer (GDL) based on the integration of X‐ray micro‐tomography and lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulation is presented. The method involves the generation of a 3D digital model of a carbon cloth GDL as manufactured using X‐ray shadow images acquired through X‐ray micro‐tomography at a resolution of 1.74 µm. The resulting 3D model is then split into 21 volumes and integrated with a LB single‐phase numerical solver in order to predict three orthogonal permeability tensors when a pressure difference is prescribed in the through‐plane direction. The 21 regions exhibit porosity values in the range of 0.910–0.955, while the average fibre diameter is 4 µm. The results demonstrate that the simulated through‐plane permeability is about four times higher than the in‐plane permeability for the sample imaged and that the corresponding degrees of anisotropy for the two orthogonal off‐principal directions are 0.22 and 0.27. The results reveal that flow channelling can play an important role in gas transport through the GDL structure due to the non‐homogeneous porosity distribution through the material. The simulated results are also applied to generate a parametric coefficient for the Kozeny–Carman (KC) method of determining permeability. The current research reveals that by applying the X‐ray tomography and LB techniques in a complementary manner, there is a strong potential to gain a deeper understanding of the microscopic fluidic phenomenon in representative models of porous fuel cell structures and how this can influence macroscopic transport characteristics which govern fuel cell performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auf den Spuren des kosmischen Dauerregens
Authors: Trieloff Mario 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDer Zusammenstoß der beiden Groß‐Asteroide zwischen Mars und Jupiter ereignete sich schon vor 470 Millionen Jahren – doch noch heute ist jeder dritte Meteorit, der die Erde trifft, auf diese urzeitliche Kollision zurückzuführen. Aus niedergegangenen Bruchstücken gewinnen Geowissenschaftler neue Aufschlüsse über die Geschichte des Sonnensystems.
Schwierige Wege in der Fremde
Authors: Göckede Regina 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAuch die Architekturmoderne der Weimarer Republik gehörte zu den Opfern des Nazi‐Regimes. Führende Vertreter wurden ins Exil getrieben und erfuhren dort Isolation und Scheitern. Das prägte die Transformation des „Neuen Bauens”︁ – auch über 1945 hinaus.
„Gut, dass wir so früh präsent waren”︁
Authors: Unterstell Rembert 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDas Chinesisch‐Deutsche Zentrum für Wissenschaftsförderung (CDZ) in Beijing feiert im Oktober sein zehnjähriges Bestehen. Im Vorfeld sprach forschung mit Armin Krawisch, dem deutschen CDZ‐Direktor, über die aufstrebende Forschungsgroßmacht China, das breitgefächerte Förderportfolio und die Bedeutung der bilateralen Nachwuchsförderung.
Bis an die Grenzen
Authors: Schütz Uwe , Billich Christian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTäglich die doppelte Marathon‐Distanz, 64 Tage lang: Der Trans‐Europa‐Lauf forderte seinen Teilnehmern alles ab – doch nicht nur ihnen: Radiologen begleiteten die Athleten und untersuchten mit modernster Technik, was die Ultrabelastung für den Organismus bedeutet.
ROR1 expression is not a unique marker of CLL
Authors: Barna Gábor , Mihalik Rudolf , Timár Botond , Tömböl Judit , Csende Zsolt , Sebestyén Anna , Bödör Csaba , Csernus Balázs , Reiniger Lilla , Peták István , Matolcsy András 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent studies have identified receptor tyrosine kinase‐like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) on the surface of chronic lymphoid leukaemia (CLL) cells. In order to determine whether ROR1 expression is a suitable surrogate marker for the diagnosis of CLL we analysed the mRNA level of ROR1 in different types of non‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL), and detected elevated levels of ROR1 compared to control peripheral mononuclear cells in several entities (CLL ≥ mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) > marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) >> diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma > follicular lymphoma). ROR1 protein was expressed intensely on the cell surface of lymphoma cells with leukaemic blood count detected by three colour immunofluorescence. Our results indicate that ROR1 expression is not limited to CLL cases, but it is more prevalent in NHLs, mainly in MCL where it is expressed intensely and MZL where it is expressed moderately, suggesting a general role of ROR1 in lymphoma genesis and/or maintenance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling bivariate rainfall distribution and generating bivariate correlated rainfall data in neighbouring meteorological subdivisions using copula
Authors: Ghosh Subimal 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rainfall patterns of neighbouring meteorological subdivisions of India are similar because of similar climatological and geographical characteristics. Analysing the rainfall pattern separately for these meteorological subdivisions may not always capture the correlation and tail dependence. Furthermore, generating the multivariate rainfall data separately may not preserve the correlation. In this study, copula method is used to derive the bivariate distribution of monsoon rainfall in neighbouring meteorological subdivisions. Different Archimedean copulas are used for this purpose and the best copula is selected based on nonparametric test and tail dependence coefficient. The fitted copula is then applied to derive the bivariate distribution, joint return period and conditional distribution. Bivariate rainfall data is generated with the fitted copula and it is observed with the increase of sample size, the generated data is able to capture the correlation as well as tail dependence. The methodology is demonstrated with the case study of two neighbouring meteorological subdivisions of North‐East India: Assam and Meghalaya meteorological subdivision and Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura meteorological subdivision. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does family history of cancer modify the effects of lifestyle risk factors on esophageal cancer? a population‐based case–control study in China
Authors: Wu Ming , Zhang Zuo‐Feng , Kampman Ellen , Zhou Jin‐Yi , Han Ren‐Qiang , Yang Jie , Zhang Xiao‐Feng , Gu Xiao‐Ping , Liu Ai‐Min , van't Veer Pieter , Kok Frans J. , Zhao Jin‐Kou 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA population‐based case–control study on esophageal cancer has been conducted since 2003 in Jiangsu Province, China. The aim of this analysis is to provide further evidence on the relationship between family history of cancer in first‐degree relatives (FH‐FDRs) and the risk of esophageal cancer, and to explore the joint effects for FH‐FDR with major lifestyle risk factors. A total of 1,520 cases and 3,879 controls were recruited. Unconditional logistic regression was applied for evaluating independent association as well as potential interactions between FH‐FDR and lifestyle risk factors on the risk of esophageal cancer. Population attributable fraction (PAF) was calculated to quantify the proportion of cases attributable to risk factors. Results showed that with a FH‐FDR of any malignant tumor or esophageal cancer, there is a 1.64‐ and 2.22‐fold risk of esophageal cancer, respectively. Association was increased when there was more than one affected FDR (OR = 3.14) and younger age at diagnosis of relatives. Exposure of both FH‐FDR and lifestyle risk factors strongly associated with esophageal cancer. Significant superadditivity interaction was found for FH‐FDR with fast eating speed and diets low in fruits and vegetables. The estimation of PAF indicated that the majority of cases were attributed to lifestyle risk factors. In conclusion, it was found that FH‐FDR significantly increases the risk of esophageal cancer and could modify the effect of certain lifestyle risk factors. If comprehensive lifestyle interventions are carried out within high‐risk populations, there is a high probability of curbing occurrences of esophageal cancer.
Novel poly(ethylene‐co‐acrylic acid) nanofibrous biomaterials for peptide synthesis and biomedical applications
Authors: Xiang Bei , Sun Gang , Lam Kit S. , Xiao Kai 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPoly(ethylene‐co‐acrylic acid) (PE‐co‐AA) fibers in sizes of 200–500 nm were prepared by using a novel melt‐extrusion‐extraction fabrication process. The thermoplastic nanofibers could be controllably dispersed and reassembled by a novel solvent exchange filtration method. The dispersed PE‐co‐AA nanofibers possess active surface areas and could directly conduct chemical reactions on surfaces. Surface modifications and organic synthesis on the nanofibers were proven effective and controllable after the dispersion. Multistep synthesis of biomolecules, such as peptide ligand HWRGWV against Fc portion of human IgG, was successful. The surface‐anchored ligand has shown bioactivity through selective binding to and staining by human IgG‐alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Another peptide, LXY3, a selective cyclic peptide ligand against α3β1 integrin of MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells, was also prepared on the surfaces of the dispersed nanofibers. The results showed that MDA‐MB‐231 cells were able to specifically bind to and grow on surfaces of the nanofibers that were functionalized with LXY3. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Design of three‐dimensional biomimetic scaffolds
Authors: Owen Shawn C. , Shoichet Molly S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA detailed understanding of the biophysical features that affect cell growth and development is important in guiding the design of biomimetic scaffolds. The cellular microenvironment is a network of structural and functional components that provide mechanical and chemical stimuli, which influence cell function and fate. Important developmental signals are conveyed to cells through interactions with neighboring cells, the extracellular matrix (ECM), and growth factors. Currently, there are number of approaches to create 3D tissue modelsin vitrothat allow for control over cell adhesion, the physical properties of the surrogate matrix, and the spatial distribution of growth factors. This review describes some of the most significant biological features of the ECM, and several engineering methods currently being implemented to design and tune synthetic scaffolds to mimic these features. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.
Age-related patterns of trabecular and cortical bone loss differ between sexes and skeletal sites: A population-based HR-pQCT study
Authors: Macdonald Heather M , Nishiyama Kyle K , Kang Jian , Hanley David A , Boyd Steven K 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to predict age-related changes in bone microarchitecture and strength at the distal radius (DR) and distal tibia (DT) in 644 Canadian adults (n = 442 women and 202 men) aged 20 to 99 years. We performed a standard morphologic analysis of the DR and DT with high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and used finite-element analysis (FEA) to estimate bone strength (failure load) and the load distribution. We also calculated a DR load-to-strength ratio as an estimate of forearm fracture risk. Total bone area, which was 33% larger in young men at both sites, changed similarly with age in women and men at the DT but increased 17% more in men than in women at the DR (p &lt; .001). Trabecular number and thickness (Tb.Th) were 7% to 20% higher in young men than in young women at both sites, and with the exception of Tb.Th at the DR, which declined more with age in men (−16%) than in women (−2%, p &lt; .01), the age-related decline in these outcomes was similar in women and in men. In the cortex, porosity (Ct.Po) was 31% to 44% lower in young women than in young men but increased 92% to 176% more with age in women than in men (p &lt; .001). The DR cortex carried 14% more load in young women than in young men, and the percentage of load carried by the DR cortex did not change with age in women but declined by 17% in men (p &lt; .01). FEA-estimated bone strength was 34% to 47% greater in young men, but the predicted change with age was similar in both sexes. In contrast, the load-to-strength ratio increased 27% more in women than in men with age (p &lt; .01). These results highlight important site- and sex-specific differences in patterns of age-related bone loss. In particular, the trends for less periosteal expansion, more porous cortices, and a greater percentage of load carried by the DR cortex in women may underpin sex differences in forearm fracture risk. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Single-dose, placebo-controlled, randomized study of AMG 785, a sclerostin monoclonal antibody
Authors: Padhi Desmond , Jang Graham , Stouch Brian , Fang Liang , Posvar Edward 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Sclerostin, an osteocyte-secreted protein, negatively regulates osteoblasts and inhibits bone formation. In this first-in-human study, a sclerostin monoclonal antibody (AMG 785) was administered to healthy men and postmenopausal women. In this phase I, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending, single-dose study, 72 healthy subjects received AMG 785 or placebo (3:1) subcutaneously (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, 5, or 10 mg/kg) or intravenously (1 or 5 mg/kg). Depending on dose, subjects were followed for up to 85 days. The effects of AMG 785 on safety and tolerability (primary objectives) and pharmacokinetics, bone turnover markers, and bone mineral density (secondary objectives) were evaluated. AMG 785 generally was well tolerated. One treatment-related serious adverse event of nonspecific hepatitis was reported and was resolved. No deaths or study discontinuations occurred. AMG 785 pharmacokinetics were nonlinear with dose. Dose-related increases in the bone-formation markers procollagen type 1 N-propeptide (P1NP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and osteocalcin were observed, along with a dose-related decrease in the bone-resorption marker serum C-telopeptide (sCTx), resulting in a large anabolic window. In addition, statistically significant increases in bone mineral density of up to 5.3% at the lumbar spine and 2.8% at the total hip compared with placebo were observed on day 85. Six subjects in the higher-dose groups developed anti-AMG 785 antibodies, 2 of which were neutralizing, with no discernible effect on the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics. In summary, single doses of AMG 785 generally were well tolerated, and the data support further clinical investigation of sclerostin inhibition as a potential therapeutic strategy for conditions that could benefit from increased bone formation. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Production of poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate by Cupriavidus necator from corn syrup: statistical modeling and optimization of biomass yield and volumetric productivity
Authors: Daneshi Ali , Younesi Habibollah , Ghasempouri Seyd Mahmood , Sharifzadeh Mazyar 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The paper reports an investigation into the possibility of producing poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (P(3HB)) polyester using corn syrup, a relatively low cost by‐product from the starch industries. The concentrations of medium components, corn syrup, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4) and ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4] were optimized using design of experiments (DOE).RESULTS: Response surface methodology (RSM) under central composite face design (CCFD) was used to obtain the optimum values of medium components and responses in terms of biomass yield and volumetric P(3HB) productivity. The highest P(3HB) productivity and biomass yield obtained were 0.224 g L−1 h−1 and 0.57 g g−1, respectively. A limited‐nitrogen concentration had a higher volumetric P(3HB) productivity (0.170 g L−1 h−1) than that of the excess nitrogen batch experiment (0.0675 g L−1 h−1). The optimum corn syrup:N:P ratio of 50:0.078:1 was based on numerical optimization of the desirability function between biomass yield and volumetric P(3HB) productivity by Cupriavidus necator DSMZ 545.CONCLUSION: The results obtained in this study demonstrated that P(3HB) could be efficiently produced to a high concentration with high productivity by applying nitrogen limitation in a defined medium, indicating this agricultural by‐product to be a suitable nutrient source in further studies to develop biomaterials through biotechnology. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
The use of bromine water in the determination of sulphur in coal or coke by the eschka process
Authors: Battye T. , Johnson R. , Wilkinson H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of bromine water to oxidize to sulphates any sulphites in the incinerated mixture, when determining the sulphur content of coal or coke by the Eschka process, has been customary since the method was devised by Eschka in 1874. It has been shown that, although this was necessary with the heating ‘lamp’ used by Eschka for the incineration (a methylated‐spirit lamp is employed as the modern equivalent), it is no longer necessary when a temperature of 700° is attained, as is the case with a Bunsen burner or (British Standard recommendation: B.S. 1016: 1942) a muffle furnace operated at 800°.
The determination of o‐cresol, 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenol and 2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid by quantitative bromination
Authors: Aichenegg P. , Haynes H. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ‘bromination‐excess’ method has been made applicable to the rapid determination of o‐cresol, 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenol and 2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid. An alternative ‘direct’ bromination method has also been used in which the end‐point is detected electrometrically. The methods can be applied in the presence of 4:6‐dichloro‐2‐methylphenol and chlorinated 2‐methylphenoxyacetic acids. Slight modifications to the procedure are necessary in the presence of certain solvents, e.g. chlorinated hydrocarbons.
The addition of hydrogen sulphide to alkenes
Authors: Van Langhout W. C. Zijll , Waterman H. I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs a result of the interaction of hydrogen sulphide with 2‐methylbut‐2‐ene at temperatures of up to 240° and pressures of up to 115 atm., with tungstosilicic acid as catalyst, thiols, thioalkanes and polymers of 2‐methylbut‐2‐ene were obtained. A calculation of the equilibrium renders it extremely probable that, besides thiols, polymers can be formed.In the addition of hydrogen sulphide to hexadec‐1‐ene under the same conditions, only thiols were formed.
Experiments on the synthesis of santonin. III. The preparation and bromination‐dehydrobromination of ethyl α‐(2:3:4:5:6:7:8: 10‐octahydro‐1: 10‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐7‐naphthyl)propionate
Authors: Gunstone F. D. , Tulloch A. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMukherjee's1 preparation of ethyl α‐(4‐methyl‐3‐oxocyclohexyl)propionate has been improved. Condensed with 1‐diethylaminopentan‐3‐one this affords ethyl α‐(2:3:4:5:6:7:8:10‐octahydro‐1: 10‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐7‐naphthyl)propionate, the bromination‐dehydrobromination of which has been studied. 1‐Chloro‐ and 1‐diethylamino‐pent‐1‐en‐3‐one are described for the first time. Attempts to condense these compounds with 2‐methylcyclohexanone and with ethyl α‐(4‐methyl‐3‐oxocyclohexyl)propionate were unsuccessful.