bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Clopidogrel Responsiveness in Smokers
Authors: Park Kyung Woo , Park Jin Joo , Jeon Ki-Hyun , Kang Si-Hyuk , Oh Il-Young , Yang Han-Mo , Cho Hyun-Jai , Lee Hae-Young , Kang Hyun-Jae , Koo Bon-Kwon , Oh Byung-Hee , Park Young-Bae , Kim Hyo-Soo 
Published: December 2010

Objective—
Observational studies have reported enhanced response to clopidogrel in smokers (the smokers' paradox). We examined whether genetic variations in the cytochrome and drug transporter system are associated with the effect of smoking on clopidogrel response.

Methods and Results—

Clopidogrel on-treatment platelet reactivity (OPR) was measured in 1431 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography. Gene samples were available and genotyping was successful in 1123 patients. Nine candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 5 cytochrome genes and 1 drug transporter gene were assessed. The mean OPR of the entire population was 241.9±79.3 (P2Y
12
reaction units). Two hundred forty-nine (17%) smokers had lower OPR compared with 1182 (83%) nonsmokers (227.6±76.0 versus 244.9±79.7,
P
=0.001). Among the 9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, only
CYP1A2
showed a genotype-dependent change in the effect of smoking on OPR. After adjustment for possible confounding factors, cigarette smoking was associated with a lower OPR by −19 P2Y
12
reaction units (
P
=0.009) and lower risk for high OPR (odds ratio [OR], 0.48; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.74) in the AA and CA genotypes but not in the CC genotype.

Conclusion—

Enhanced clopidogrel response in smokers, known as the smokers' paradox, is not universal but was observed only in cytochrome P450
CYP1A2
(−163C>A) A-allele carriers, suggesting a genotype-dependent effect of smoking on clopidogrel responsiveness.
A Novel Transcriptional Mechanism of Cell Type–Specific Regulation of Vascular Gene Expression by Glucose
Authors: Raman Priya , Harry Christy , Weber Malory , Krukovets Irene , Stenina Olga I. 
Published: December 2010

Objective—
Vascular diabetic complications are associated with abnormal extracellular matrix and dysfunction of vascular cells, which later result in aberrant angiogenesis and development of atherosclerotic lesions. The tissue and cell specificity of the effects of high glucose are well recognized, but the underlying cell type–specific molecular mechanisms controlled by glucose are still unclear. We sought to identify cell type–specific mechanisms by which high glucose regulates transcription of genes in vascular cells.

Methods and Results—

Thrombospondin-1 is a potent antiangiogenic protein associated with development of several diabetic complications and regulated by high glucose in multiple cell types. We report that distinct cell type–specific mechanisms regulate thrombospondin-1 gene (
THBS1
) transcription in endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in response to high glucose: although a proximal fragment of 280 nucleotides is sufficient to drive transcription in ECs,
THBS1
was regulated cooperatively by interaction between proximal (−272 to −275) and distal (−1016 to −1019) promoter elements in VSMCs. Transcription factors activated by high glucose in VSMCs were cell type–specific. The formation of a single complex interacting with both distal and proximal glucose-responsive elements of
THBS1
promoter in VSMCs was confirmed using gel-shift assays, binding sequence decoy oligomers, and specific mutant promoter fragments.

Conclusion—
Transcriptional response of vascular cells to high glucose is cell type–specific and involves activation of distinct transcription factors, providing a basis for tissue-specific changes of vasculature in diabetics.
“Creating Descent” after Nancy Jay: A Reappraisal of Sacrifice in Relation to Social Reproduction
Authors: Goode Leslie 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper uses a range of ethnographic evidence to challenge Nancy Jay’s theory that ritual sacrifice involves the violent appropriation of female biological powers for male cultural/political ends, and that the social identities thereby reproduced necessarily possess a pseudo-biological character. Sacrificially reproduced forms of kinship are shown to differ from modern nonsacrificial forms of social identity precisely in their transcendence of those dichotomies of biological and cultural, domestic and political, on which Jay’s theory rests. The inappropriate application of such dichotomies to sacrificing societies constitutes an essentialization of Western conceptual categories, entailing distortions of ethnographic interpretation.
The Educator Must Be Educated: The Study of Religion at the End of the Humanities
Authors: Day Matthew 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis editorial begins with the premise that the liberal arts are in serious trouble. More to the point, it argues that recent attempts assign responsibility for this state of affairs to “postmodernism” naively ignores long-term economic trends. The humanities cannot be saved by just turning over a new leaf and making them more “scientific.” In fact, when it comes to the academic study of religion, the dream of an evolutionary or cognitive “science” of religion may represent a step backwards by virtue of re-introducing sui generis religion.
Litylenchus coprosma gen. n., sp. n. (Tylenchida: Anguinata), from leaves of Coprosma repens (Rubiaceae) in New Zealand
Authors: Davies Kerrie , Zhao Zeng Qi , Alexander Brett , Riley Ian 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA new genus and species of anguinid nematode, Litylenchus coprosma gen. n., sp. n., was recovered from leaves of Coprosma repens A. Rich. from an amenity planting in Wellington, New Zealand. The genus is characterised by having slender males and slender or semi-obese females, pharynx with a weak non-muscular median bulb, a terminal bulb containing the pharyngeal glands, female with a single gonad having a quadricolumella and post-uterine sac; male with arcuate spicules and the bursa arising 1-2 anal body diam. anterior to the cloacal aperture and extending nearly to the tail tip, and does not induce galls, only foliar chlorosis. The species is characterised by having a short, robust stylet with conus forming ca 40% of stylet length and three well developed rounded knobs, secretory/excretory pore opening posterior to the nerve ring, terminal bulb abutting the intestine, and tail tip of variable form. Molecular phylogeny of near full length small subunit, D2/D3 expansion segments of the large subunit and internal transcribed spacer rRNA genes support the description of L. coprosma gen. n., sp. n. as a new genus and species.
Cutidiplogaster manati n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae) from skin lesions of a West Indian manatee (Sirenia) from the Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium
Authors: von Lieven Alexander Fürst , Uni Shigehiko , Ueda Keiichi , Barbuto Michela , Bain Odile 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA new species of the nematode taxon Diplogastridae is described on morphology and additional molecular data. The new species cannot be grouped in any of the currently accepted diplogastrid genera. Therefore, we introduce the new genus Cutidiplogaster n. gen. along with the description of our new species Cutidiplogaster manati n. gen., n. sp. Cutidiplogaster manati n. gen., n. sp. was isolated from skin lesions of manatees, Trichechus manatus manatus, kept in Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium, Japan. The specimens were found anchored with their extraordinarily long tails to the small, thick epidermal bumps within thread algae that form part of the epizoic community on the manatee skin. Cutidiplogaster manati n. gen., n. sp. is characterised by the tube-shaped and finely annulated postdental part of the stegostom that makes it distinct from all other Diplogastridae so far known, and the coiled long tail that makes it unique in comparison with all known diplogastrids. On the basis of detail in stoma morphology in C. manati n. gen., n. sp., we discuss implications in homologising diplogastrid mouthparts and their evolution.
Effects of plant species and plant diversity on soil nematodes – a field experiment on grassland run for seven years
Authors: Sohlenius Björn , Viketoft Maria , Boström Sven 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPlant species identity and diversity may greatly influence the composition of the nematode fauna. In this study the development of the nematode fauna was followed in a field experiment on arable soil with monocultures and mixtures of several plant species. Experimental plots were sown with one, four or 12 species of grass, legumes and forbs and were sampled four times in 7 years. Nematode diversity was little influenced by plant diversity. Due to a pronounced increase of Paratylenchus projectus populations, the Shannon diversity index decreased in several treatments towards the end of the experiment. Differences in nematode faunal composition among treatments increased with time. In spite of the rather long duration of the experiment, the faunal composition did not stabilise but changed continuously. The obligate plant feeders Tylenchorhynchus dubius, T. maximus and Pratylenchus spp. occurred in higher numbers in monocultures than in mixtures of several plant species. Among the microbivores, the abundance of some bacterial- and fungal-feeding nematode taxa seemed to be directly influenced by the plant species identity. In the plots with Trifolium spp. there was an increase of rapidly growing bacterial feeders belonging to Rhabditidae and Panagrolaimidae already after the first growing season. The abundances of some bacterial-feeding nematodes were correlated to total plant production. The numbers of the omnivorous Mesodorylaimus sp. appeared to be influenced by the degree of plant coverage. The abundance of several nematode taxa appeared to be little influenced by the composition of the vegetation. The plant feeder P. projectus and the bacterial feeder Prismatolaimus sp. reacted rather slowly and a distinct increase in numbers was only seen after 7 years, when P. projectus strongly dominated the fauna in several treatments. Among the bacterial feeders, some species with moderate growth rate belonging to Cephalobidae decreased with time in several treatments.
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Europe
Authors: Wesemael Wim , Viaene Nicole , Moens Maurice 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn Europe, root-knot nematodes are increasingly important. Out of more than 90 Meloidogyne species currently described, 23 have been found on the continent. In the cooler climates, Meloidogyne hapla, M. naasi, M. chitwoodi and M. fallax are prevalent. Meloidogyne arenaria, M. javanica and M. incognita are the most common species in warmer conditions of southern Europe, but also in glasshouses in northern Europe. Morphological identification of root-knot nematodes is difficult and time consuming; therefore, many research groups have been developing molecular techniques for identification of Meloidogyne species. Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax are quarantine organisms and subject to regulations, and the highly aggressive M. enterolobii has been added to the EPPO alert list. Differences between temperate and tropical Meloidogyne species and their prevalence in Europe imply the need for different management strategies in south and north Europe. Possible crop rotations for the control of root-knot nematodes are limited due to the wide host range of several important species. The banning of methyl bromide and restrictions on other fumigant pesticides in the EU have increased the application of biofumigation significantly in south Europe. The egg-parasitising fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus is commercialised in Germany and applied as dispersible granules for application in water. Intensive research is conducted on the egg-parasitising fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia, and the obligate parasitic bacterium Pasteuria penetrans. European research has paid much attention to resistance breeding and selection. The Mi gene of tomato is widely used but resistance-breaking populations of M. incognita and M. javanica have been reported in different countries.
Stephen Kotkin and Bruce A. Elleman, eds. Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan
Authors: Kaplonski Christopher 
Published: December 2010

AbstractStephen Kotkin and Bruce A. Elleman, eds. Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe, 1999 ISBN: 0-7656-0535-X
Anti-Immigrant Attitudes in the Socio-Political Life of a Siberian City: The Example of Irkutsk
Authors: Dyatlov V. I. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAlthough the great majority of Siberians are themselves ‘immigrants’ from central Russia and other Slav regions, the post-Soviet period has seen the re-emergence of previously latent anti- immigrant attitudes even among contemporary Siberians. The article examines the case of Irkutsk and explains why it is that hostility is now directed against the Caucasian nationalities and against the Chinese. One factor is the historical dislike of ‘trading minorities’ by peoples with an egalitarian, labour-oriented ethos; another is the way the new immigrants play into local stereotypes of the ‘stranger’; a third is the exploitation of rising nationalism by local politicians in their electoral strategies. The article concludes that self-protective strategies, especially by the Chinese, often prevent integration. Anti-immigrant attitudes are likely to remain, even
A Synopsis of the Life of Urgunge Onon
Authors: Kanzawa Yuzo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractProfessor Onon was born on the 11th day of the 11th lunar month in 1919, which is equivalent to January 1st, 1920. Astrologically speaking, according to the ‘Diagram of the Book of Changes’, he was born under the sign of the Fire Star (Mars). Hence he inherited a clever and logical mind from his parents and he should have served in the army as joint chief of staff, where with his keen brain he could manipulate the generals. Fortunately, he chose to go into the academic world.
Ethnic Behaviour under Conditions of High Radiation
Authors: Komarova Galina 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn the 1950s and 1960s serious nuclear accidents and ongoing pollution by waste disposal from the ‘Mayak’ plant affected the Techa River region in the Southern Urals (Russia). These episodes were clouded in secrecy during the Soviet period, such that even local people were unaware of the dangers. Virtually all families have been affected by radiation sickness. Yet even today people still live in the affected area. The article describes how three generations of the population has adapted to life in such dangerous conditions and it outlines the very different responses of men and women and of the various ethnic groups living in the area (Tatars, Bashkirs, and Russians).
Rivalry and Solidarity among Uyghur Healers in Kazakhstan
Authors: BellÉr-hann Ildikó 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe article explores popular rituals among residents of a poor neighbourhood in Almaty, the former capital of Kazakhstan. It focuses on the activities of Uyghur healers who mediate between humans and the spirit world. These inspirational practices are so thoroughly intertwined with Islamic symbols and assumptions that simply to label them shamanistic is inadequate and certainly unacceptable to the actors themselves. The efflorescence of healing activities among the Uyghur in the changed political and economic climate of post-Soviet Central Asia demonstrates continuities with past practices, which have some of their roots in ancestor cults. Invention of tradition is compatible with inventive strategies on the part of the healers, who are competing in a lucrative market. The success of individual healers depends on a number of interrelated factors, including intra-group divisions in the Uyghur diaspora in Kazakhstan, particularly that which separates early arrivals from more recent migrants.
Introduction:Mongols and Tibetans…
Authors: Diemberger Hildegard 
Published: December 2010

Abstract“May these Annals of the Kökhnuur, as related above, be like the full moon just as it rises, and may all the deeds of some lamas, kings and ministers, and the common people of the three – China, Tibet, and Mongolia – be like the white light that spreads through openings in the most beautiful rainbow clouds moving slowly….”
Ritual under Change: Mongolian Influences on Horse Races and Mountain Divinity Worship in Tibet
Authors: Studer Elke 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe article outlines the Mongolian influences on the biggest horse race festival in Nagchu prefecture in the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR).Since old times these horse races have been closely linked to the worship of the local mountain deity by the patrilineal nomadic clans of the South-Eastern Changthang, the North Tibetan plain. In the seventeenth century the West Mongol chieftain Güüshi Khan shaped the history of Tibet. To support his political claims, he enlarged the horse race festival's size and scale, and had his troops compete in the different horse race and archery competitions in Nagchu. Since then, the winners of the big race are celebrated side by side with the political achievements and claims of the central government in power.
How Many Minzu in a Nation? Modern Travellers Meet China’s Frontier Peoples
Authors: Lipman Jonathan N. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThrough the writings of three modern travellers, this essay examines the role of domestic non-Chinese, on the northwestern frontiers of Chinese culture, in the imagining of a new nation-state. Ma Hetian, Fan Changjiang, and Gu Jiegang went to the same places in the mid-1930s and observed very similar phenomena, but because they travelled to the northwest for very different purposes and with very different theories in mind, their conclusions differed radically. Ma Hetian saw a Guomindang vision, a single and united Chinese people (in potential), divided only by religion and language. Fan Changjiang, a leftist journalist, saw various peoples competing and conflicting for scarce resources in an exploited, impoverished frontier region. Gu Jiegang, an antiquarian scholar, concluded that the northwest could be a reservoir of virile, martial strength of a new China. All three of them relied on the notion of Minzu, which was then a much more flexible and less centrally determined concept than it is today, to understand what they saw.
Allegorising the Local on the Borderland: Ai Wu's Nanxingji and National Subjectivity
Authors: Wenbin Peng 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper offers a reading of Ai Wu's Nanxingji series (Trilogy of Travel Through the South) depicting the author's journey from Yunnan to Burma in the May Fourth era and his subsequent returns to the border regions of Yunnan in the socialist period. It explores the ways in which allegorical dimensions of ‘the local’ shift at different social-historical junctures: ‘the local’ as a site in need of reforms in the 1920s, in socialist reality in the early 1960s, and in traumatic memories of the Cultural Revolution in the early 1980s. In extrapolating these ‘local’ dimensions embedded in the Nanxingji series, this paper suggests a contingent rather than a causal relationship between national incorporation and ‘the local’ formations. Additionally, this paper highlights how travel operates as an allegorical device, linking ‘the personal’ to the interplay of local specificities and the national imaginary, and how travel styles themselves change over time.
Editorial Introduction
Authors: Kaplonski Christopher 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSocialism was more than a political regime or economic system. It was an ideology – a way of thinking and behaving. The socialist state attempted to instil a particular identity in its citizens. Successful or not, it was something citizens of the socialist state had to take into account. The collapse of socialism (or, in China, its modifi cation) has meant people have been forced to come to terms with its economic and political impacts at the same time as they are forced to search within themselves to see who they are and who they want to be.
Metaphorical and Ideological Concepts of Post-Socialist Mongolian Kinship
Authors: Park Hwan-Young 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper focuses upon changes that have occurred in the use of metaphors and ideologies of kinship in post socialist Mongolia. Three major kinship metaphors and symbols (bone, blood and flesh), which were used historically and are now in the process of being transformed, are examined. It also looks at various types of non-kin relations that imitate kinship. Then I outline the ways in which the new metaphors of ‘blood’ are involved in the discourse of ethnicity among the Halh Mongols.
The Tuvans of Mongolia: Peculiarities of Contemporary Ethnic Development
Authors: Mongush Marina V. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper deals with the formation of the basic ethno-local groups of Tuvans which now inhabit the Mongolian aimags (provinces) of Bayan Ölgii, Khovd and Khövsgöl, and examines questions of their settlement, number and clan composition. Modern ethno-linguistic processes and inter-ethnic relations are also investigated.
Representations and Techniques of the Body among the Mongols
Authors: Lacaze Gaelle 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe article provides an analysis of techniques of the body in childhood, adulthood and old age among a range of Mongolian cultures. Using Marcel Mauss's well-known observations on techniques of the body as a starting point, the paper develops his ideas (along lines suggested by the work of Roberte Hamayon) to include issues of classification, spatiality and symbolisation. In the context of Buddhist and shamanist cultures, Mongolian concepts of ‘soul’ and ‘vital energy’ are central for an understanding of techniques of the body. Analysing the life-cycle and indigenous notions of cyclicity, it is argued that the process of humanisation during the training of the child is for the Mongols the opposite of the process of dehumanisation of the elders. In both situations, a certain distance from full social presence is evident. Adulthood, on the other hand, is a period of social integration marked by a mode of mastery of the body and restraint in physical behaviour. Using both synchronic and diachronic modes of analysis, Lacaze concludes that while collective public pressures to conform to conventional norms are strong, there also exist a variety of more natural (‘wild’) behaviours that are allowed to certain social categories, this being related to concepts of animality.
Editorial Introduction
Authors: Sneath David 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis issue of Inner Asia includes papers of historical, geographical, and ethnographic interest, but all of them, in one way or another, touch upon the importance of the past for understanding the contemporary. The papers by Karl Ryavec and Johan Elverskog provide critical examinations of particular representations of the past, with reference to the geography of the Chinese State and the image of stasis in treatments of the Qing period of Mongol history respectively. The other two papers both deal with contemporary phenomena, but look to the past to explain the revival of shamanism among the Aga–Buryats in the case of Ippei Shimamura’s paper, and to explore the Mongolian conception of the zah zeel (‘market’) in Alan Wheeler’s. We also have a report on a symposium exploring the history of Inner Asian statecraft, and book reviews by Christopher Atwood, Edmund Waite, Christopher Kaplonski and David Gullette evaluating recent publications on themes as diverse as the legacy of Chinggis Khan, China’s multiethnic frontiers, Central Eurasian Studies and Xinjiang.
International Symposium on Inner Asian Statecraft and Technologies of Governance
Authors: Sneath David 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe symposium was organised by the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit, University of Cambridge, with the support of the British Academy, the Sigrid Rausing Inner Asian Scholarly Exchange Programme, and the French Cultural Delegation in Cambridge. It was held on 18 and 19 March 2004 at Corpus Christi College, and was attended by many of the leading scholars of the history and culture of Inner Asia, including three Mongolian academicians.