bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature—dependent, time–dose–effect model for pesticide effects on growing, herbivorous arthropods: Bioassays with dimethoate and cypermethrin
Authors: Akkerhuis Gerard AJM Jagersop , Kjær, Christain , Damgaard Christian , Elmegaard Niels 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A toxicokinetics—based, temperature—dependent survival model for growing animals with oral uptake of toxicants is used to analyze the results of two pesticide bioassays. With this approach, we aim at simultaneously addressing two complementary goals of pesticide bioassays, namely to assess species sensitivity and to elucidate underlying mechanisms of toxic effects. As test organisms, newly hatched larvae of the chrysomelid beetle Gastrophysa polygoni L., dwelling on the underside of leaves of black bindweed Fallopia convolvulus (L.), kept at 12, 17, or 25°C were used. Plants with larvae were sprayed with dimethoate and cypermethrin at five dosages and a control. Survival was assessed during the following 6 d. The pesticide deposition pattern on the plants and the overall concentrations in the plants were determined. For dimethoate, which is mainly taken up orally, observed survival curves could be simulated successfully by the model. In the case of cypermethrin, which acts as a feeding deterrent, the model showed poor correspondence to the data. The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the test conditions and to toxicokinetics.
Irreversible binding of biologically reduced 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene to soil
Authors: Achtnich Christof , Sieglen Ute , Knackmuss Hans-Joachim , Lenke Hiltud 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
To analyze the fate of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and its reduction products, a TNT-contaminated soil (350 mg TNT/kg dry soil) was spiked with [ring-UL−14C]TNT and treated in a laboratory slurry reactor. During an anaerobic/aerobic treatment, the total radioactivity measured in the supernatant and methanolic soil extracts decreased to 2%. The decrease corresponded to an increase of strongly bound radioactivity to the soil. Throughout the whole treatment process, mineralization of TNT was not observed. During the reductive process, unidentified polar substances increased to a maximum amount of 23.2% of the total radioactivity on the day after the start of the experiment. After the end of the anaerobic phase, still 9.7% of the radioactivity was found in this fraction. Only during the aerobic phase did the polar substances disappear completely. The irreversible character of the binding of the reduced metabolites of TNT to the soil was indicated by the failure of desorption even under rigorous and longterm extraction conditions. A significant release of radioactivity could be measured only by using high concentrations of HCI (5 N) or EDTA (12.5% and 5.9%, respectively). However, in none of the extracts were TNT or any reduced metabolites detected by HPLC and 14C-radiocounting. Size-exclusion chromatography of humic acids extracted from the treated soil indicated that the metabolites of TNT were evenly bound to the complete range of molecular size of the humic acids.
Alkylphenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorines in sediment from Lake Shihwa, Korea: Instrumental and bioanalytical characterization
Authors: Khim Jong Seong , Villeneuve Daniel L , Kannan Kurunthachalam , Lee Kyu Tae , Snyder Shane A , Koh Chul-Hwan , Giesy John P 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Lake Shihwa is an artificial lake, located on the west coast of Korea, that has experienced environmental deterioration since 1994, when it was formed by construction of a sea dike. This study used instrumental analysis and in vitro bioassays to characterize organic contaminants in sediment collected from 11 stations on Lake Shihwa. Alkylphenol (AP) concentrations in Lake Shihwa sediment ranged from 20.2 to 1,820 ng/g nonylphenol and from 4.69 to 50.5 ng/g octylphenol, on a dry weight basis. Maximum concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were 30.8, 2.26, and 12.3 ng/g (dry weight), respectively. Significant estrogenic activity was associated with fractions containing APs. Mass-balance analysis suggested that reported concentrations of APs account for less than 20% of the estrogenic activity observed. No significant dioxinlike activity was associated with fractions containing classic aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists, such as PCBs, but the mid-polarity fractions containing PAHs and most polar fractions yielded significant dioxinlike activity. Overall, most of the in vitro bioassay responses appear to have been caused by unidentified and/or undetectable compounds associated with Lake Shihwa sediment.
Field transplantation of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea along a polymetallic contamination gradient (river Lot, France): I. Geochemical characteristics of the sampling sites and cadmium and zinc bioaccumulation kinetics
Authors: Andrès Sandrine , Baudrimont Magalie , Lapaquellerie Yvon , Ribeyre Francis , Maillet Noelle , Latouche Claude , Boudou Alain 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Specimens of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea were transplanted from a clean lacustrine site to four stations along a polymetallic gradient in the river Lot (France), downstream from an old Zn ore treatment facility. The bivalves were held in benthic cages for a 5-month exposure period, April to September 1996; mollusk growth and metal bioaccumulation kinetics (Cd, Zn) were followed by subsampling the cages at t = 0, 21, 49, 85, 120, and 150 d. Rates of Cd bioaccumulation in the whole soft bodies and in individual organs were greater at the upstream stations located close to the pollution source, but there was no direct proportionality between Cd in the bivalves and in the unfiltered or filtered river water samples. Unlike the case for Cd, rates of Zn bioaccumulation did not reflect the contamination gradient. Marked growth differences were measured among the four stations, reflecting both nutritional differences and changes in the degree of metal contamination; these growth differences produced markedly different trends when metal bioaccumulation was expressed in terms of burdens rather than concentrations.
Polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents in tree swallows from the upper Hudson River, New York State, USA
Authors: Secord Anne L , McCarty John P , Echols Kathy R , Meadows John C , Gale Robert W , Tillitt Donald E 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe upper Hudson River of New York State, USA, is contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as a result of industrial discharges throughout the latter half of this century. In 1994 and 1995, we monitored the transfer of PCBs from aquatic sediments to a terrestrial wildlife community using the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) as a model organism. Tree swallow eggs and nestlings were collected at four colonies established along a 40-km stretch of the upper Hudson River watershed. Samples were analyzed for total PCBs and PCB congeners, including non-ortho- and mono-ortho-substituted PCBs. Mean concentrations of PCBs in tree swallow eggs and nestlings ranged from 721 to 62,200 ng/g and were as much as 15 times greater than PCB concentrations in tree swallow eggs and nestlings collected from PCB-contaminated areas within the Great Lakes ecosystem. The corresponding 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents (TEQs) calculated using avian toxic equivalency factors ranged from 410 to 25,400 pg/g. Concentrations of PCB congener 77 (3,39,4,49-tetrachlorobiphenyl) were extremely elevated and were major contributors to the calculated TEQs. Homologue pattern comparisons between Hudson River and Saginaw River (Michigan, USA) ecosystems supported the hypothesis that a consistent Hudson River PCB source was the major contributor to PCBs in Hudson River tree swallows. The high concentrations of PCBs in Hudson River sediments and resultant concentrations observed in tree swallows were indicative of a potential elevated risk to these and other wildlife linked to the aquatic food web of the Hudson River ecosystem.
Predicting stress in benthic communities of southeastern U.S. estuaries in relation to chemical contamination of sediments
Authors: Hyland Jeffrey L , Van Dolah Robert F , Snoots Timothy R 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Matching data on sediment contaminants and macroinfaunal community structure from 231 subtidal stations in southeastern U.S. estuaries were used to develop a framework for evaluating risks of benthic impacts from multiple-contaminant exposure. Sediment contamination was expressed as the mean ratio of individual contaminant concentrations relative to corresponding sediment quality guidelines, that is, to effects range-median (ERM) values, probable effects level (PEL) values, or an aggregate of the two. The probability of a degraded benthos was relatively low in samples with mean ERM quotients ≤0.020, PEL quotients ≤0.035, or combined ERM/PEL quotients ≤0.024. Only 5% of stations within these ranges had degraded benthic assemblages, while 95% had healthy assemblages. A higher probability of benthic impacts was observed in samples with mean ERM quotients &gt;0.058, PEL quotients &gt;0.096, or ERM/PEL quotients &gt;0.077. Seventy-three to 78% of stations with values in these upper ranges had degraded benthic assemblages, while 22 to 27% had healthy assemblages. Only four stations (three with degraded, one with healthy assemblages) had mean ERM or PEL quotients &gt;1.0, which is the beginning of the range associated with a high probability of mortality in short-term laboratory toxicity tests using amphipods.
Concentrations of 17 elements in the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), in different tissues of perch (Perca fluviatilis), and in perch intestinal parasites (Acanthocephalus lucii) from the subalpine lake Mondsee, Austria
Authors: Sures Bernd , Steiner Werner , Rydlo Manfred , Taraschewski Horst 
Published: March 2010

AbstractConcentrations of the elements Al, Ag, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Tl, and Zn were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus lucii (Müller); in its host, Perca fluviatilis (L.), and in the soft tissue of the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas). All animals were collected from the same sampling site in a subalpine lake, Mondsee, in Austria. Most of the elements were found at significantly higher concentrations in the acanthocephalan than in different tissues (muscle, liver, and intestinal wall) of its perch host. Only Co was concentrated in the liver of perch to a level that was significantly higher than that found in the parasite. Most of the analyzed elements were also present at significantly higher concentrations in A. lucii than in D. polymorpha. Barium and Cr were the only elements recorded at higher concentrations in the mussel compared with the acanthocephalan. Thus, when comparing the accumulation of elements, the acanthocephalans appear to be even more suitable than the zebra mussels in terms of their use in the detection of metal contamination within aquatic biotopes. Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the concentrations of several elements within the parasites decreased with an increasing infrapopulation. Furthermore, the levels of some elements in the perch liver were negatively correlated with the weight of A. lucii in the intestine. Thus, it emerged that not only is there competition for elements between acanthocephalans inside the gut but there is also competition for these elements between the host and the parasites. The elevated element concentrations demonstrated here in the parasitic worm A. lucii provide support for further investigations of these common helminths and of their accumulation properties.
Reproductive success and behavior of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to 4-tert-octylphenol
Authors: Gray Michelle A , Teather Kevin L , Metcalfe Chris D 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), a small freshwater fish used extensively to investigate sexual differentiation and development, were exposed to octylphenol (OP), a known estrogen agonist, to assess its impact on reproductive success. Male and female medaka were exposed to nominal concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/L OP from 1 d posthatch to 6 months posthatch. In reproduction trials involving exposed males and unexposed females, the males exposed to nominal concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/L showed a reduction in some courtship activity and overall reproductive success. Eggs produced by matings of exposed males and females demonstrated various developmental problems, including circulatory system difficulties, incomplete eye development (i.e., anisophthalmia), and failure to inflate swim bladders upon hatch. One male fish with an intersex gonad was able to fertilize the eggs of an unexposed female. This study is one of the first to show the possible behavioral and transgenerational effects of an estrogenic compound on the reproductive success and second generation embryo-larval development of fish.
Evaluating the techniques for a tiered testing approach to dredged sediment assessment—a study over a metal concentration gradient
Authors: Porebski Linda M , Doe Kenneth G , Zajdlik Barry A , Lee Deanna , Pocklington Patricia , Osborne James M 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA sediment quality triad approach was used to evaluate Environment Canada's battery of marine bioassays and the proposed pass/fail criteria along a metals gradient in Belledune Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada. Most assays performed consistently, but certain tests provided less response than expected at the more contaminated stations (amphipod survival and light reduction in photoluminescent bacteria tests passed according to proposed pass/fail criteria). Echinoid fertilization tests were quite sensitive. Bioaccumulation of lead and benthic community structure were related to bulk sediment values (at α = 0.1). Test interpretation criteria appear reasonable, but as the response rate was low in certain tests, further assessment is recommended. With respect to species suitability, only the clam Macoma balthica used in the bioaccumulation test was thought to be less than optimal for routine use on a large scale because of practical handling and cost considerations. Canadian draft Interim Sediment Quality Guidelines, which the Disposal at Sea Program may use for screening purposes in a tiered testing approach, were used in this study as the chemical benchmarks to select test stations on the basis of the relative probability of effects. Guidelines at the threshold effects level (TEL) performed well in the study as levels below which unacceptable biological effects were unlikely to occur. The ratio of simultaneously extractable metals to acid volatile sulfides was also used in addition to the guideline levels to help explain responses (or lack thereof) along the gradient. Each of the chemical approaches was useful in the prediction/explanation of some but not all of the responses seen in the toxicity and/or benthic community results.
Predicted no-effect concentrations and risk characterization of four surfactants: Linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, alcohol ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylated sulfates, and soap
Authors: van de Plassche Erik J , de Bruijn Jack H M , Stephenson Richard R , Marshall Stuart J , Feijtel Tom C J , Belanger Scott E 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Assessment of aquatic effects requires the derivation of a predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). In the framework of the Dutch “Plan of Action Laundry and Cleaning Products,” PNECs were derived for linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol ethoxylates (AE), alcohol ethoxylated sulfates (AES), and soap. All stages in an aquatic effects assessment were used: initial (assessment factors based mainly on short-term toxicity data), refined (statistical extrapolation based on long-term toxicity data), and comprehensive (field studies). Where necessary (i.e., where other structures had been tested in toxicity tests), the toxicity data were normalized to these structures using quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for short-term toxicity. Results from statistical extrapolation were compared with field no observed effect concentrations (NOECs), and a final PNEC was derived. Final PNECs for LAS, AE, AES, and soap were 250, 110, 400, and 27 μg/L, respectively. These PNECs were compared with predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) in surface water that were derived from monitoring results of removal of these surfactants in seven representative wastewater treatment plants. It is concluded that for LAS, AE, and AES, the PECs in the environment are about 50 to 100 times lower than the PNECs. The PEC for soap is about equal to the PNEC that is based on acute toxicity data. However, because the available chronic toxicity data for soap demonstrate that this substance is not more toxic than the other three surfactants, there is no reason for concern. On the basis of the results of the risk characterization, it has been concluded in the Netherlands that in properly functioning wastewater treatment plants, the risks for the aquatic compartment from the use of LAS, AE, AES, and soap are low.
Silver speciation in wastewater effluent, surface waters, and pore waters
Authors: Adams Nicholas W H , Kramer James R 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Silver, inorganic sulfide, and thiol compounds were measured in municipal wastewater effluent, receiving waters, and pore waters from an anoxic lake sediment in order to predict silver speciation in these systems. We found submicromolar concentrations of inorganic sulfide even in fully oxic surface water. This inorganic sulfide is likely to exist in the form of colloidal metal sulfides, which have been shown to be stable under oxidizing conditions for periods of several hours. Inorganic sulfide in both the wastewater effluent and receiving waters was found to be 200 to 300 times in excess of silver concentrations, whereas inorganic sulfide in the pore waters was 1,000 to 15,000 times in excess of silver concentrations. With sulfide in excess of silver, we predict silver sulfide complexes to dominate silver speciation. Thiols were present at low nanomolar levels in pore waters but were not detectable (&lt;1 nM) in wastewater effluent or receiving waters. Thiols do not appear to be important to silver speciation in these freshwater systems. Partitioning of silver into particulate (&gt;0.45 μm), colloidal (10 kDa, 0.45 μm), and dissolved (&lt;10 kDa) size fractions showed that a significant proportion of silver is in the colloidal (30–35%) and dissolved phases (15–20%). Dissolved phase concentrations were relatively constant in the treatment plant effluent and receiving waters, suggesting that silver in the &lt;10-kDa size fraction is strongly complexed by ligands that are not significantly affected by aggregation or sorption processes.
Bioconcentration and biotransformation of the nonionic surfactant octaethylene glycol monotridecyl ether 14C-C13EO8
Authors: Tolls Johannes , Sijm Dick THM. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Alcohol ethoxylates (AEs) are the most important nonionic surfactants used in household detergents. In this study, we investigated the bioconcentration behavior of 14C-labeled C13EO8 as a representative of AEs in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). The rate constants of uptake and elimination of the parent 14C-C13EO8 were 317 L/kg/d and 10.1/d, respectively. The parent compound-specific bioconcentration factor (BCF) was found to be 31.4 L/kg. In contrast, the steady-state ratio of the concentrations in fish and water (Cf,tot/Cw,tot)ss of total radioactivity was 224 L/kg. The thin layer chromatography chromatograms demonstrated that the 14C-C13EO8-derived radioactivity is incorporated into a large variety of chemical species. This, as well as the large discrepancy between the BCF and (Cf,tot/Cw,tot)ss are qualitative indicators of the extent of biotransformation. The first-order, one-compartment model of bioconcentration was extended to allow for quantification of the in vivo rate constant of biotransformation of 14C-C13EO8. The value obtained amounted to 10/d, and the model results indicated that biotransformation is the dominating contributor in the elimination of AEs. A comparison of C13EO8 to compounds of other classes of environmentally relevant contaminants highlights the importance of biotransformation as a process contributing to the reduction of the bioconcentration potential of these compounds.
Mild extractability and bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil
Authors: Tang Jixin , Alexander Martin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the relationship between bioavailability of unaged and aged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil and the amounts detected by mild solvent extraction. More aged than unaged anthracene remained in Lima loam following introduction of earthworms (Eisenia foetida), a mixed culture containing anthracene-degrading microorganisms, or earthworms or wheat after bacterial biodegradation of the compound. Aging decreased the percentage of anthracene recovered by mild extraction with n-butanol from soil following introduction of earthworms, growth of wheat, biodegradation by bacteria, or when maintained sterile. Biodegradation resulted in a marked decrease in the percentage of aged and unaged anthracene recovered from soil by mild extraction with n-butanol or ethyl acetate. Aging of fluoranthene and pyrene decreased the amount removed by mild extraction with n-butanol, ethyl acetate, and propanol. The uptake of aged and unaged anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene by earthworms was correlated with the amounts recovered from soil by mild extraction with n-butanol, propanol, and ethyl acetate (r values in the range 0.911–0.992). The retention of aged and unaged anthracene by wheat and barley was correlated with the amounts recovered from soil by the same procedure (r values in the range 0.892–0.945). We suggest that mild extraction with organic solvents can be used to predict the bioavailability of PAHs in soil.
Summertime transport of current-use pesticides from California's Central Valley to the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, USA
Authors: LeNoir James S , McConnell Laura L , Fellers Gary M , Cahill Thomas M , Seiber James N 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Aricultural activity in California's Central Valley may be an important source of pesticides that are transported in the air to the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, USA. Pesticides applied to this intensive crop production area may volatilize under warm temperatures typical of the valley and be transported through the atmosphere to be deposited in the cooler, higher elevation regions of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. To determine the extent of summertime atmospheric transport of pesticides to this region, high-volume air, dry deposition, and surface water samples were collected in the Central Valley and at different elevations in California's Sequoia National Park. Results revealed that the highest residue concentrations were those of compounds with heavy summertime agricultural use. A significant drop in pesticide concentrations in both air and water samples was observed within a few 100-m elevation from the valley; however, levels remained relatively constant between ∼500 and 2,000 m. Water concentrations from two areas above 3,000 m contained levels less than a tenth as high as those at lower elevations. Possible effects of the pesticides were estimated using measured water concentrations to calculate total exposure of three aquatic species to organophosphate insecticides. Aggregate exposure calculations showed concentrations were well below 96-h LC50 values for rainbow trout and stonefly but concentrations may be harmful to amphipods.