bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids augment the muscle protein anabolic response to hyperinsulinaemia–hyperaminoacidaemia in healthy young and middle-aged men and women
Authors: Smith Gordon I. , Atherton Philip , Reeds Dominic N. , Mohammed B. Selma , Rankin Debbie , Rennie Michael J. , Mittendorfer Bettina 
Published: May 2011

Increased dietary LCn−3PUFA (long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid) intake stimulates muscle protein anabolism in individuals who experience muscle loss due to aging or cancer cachexia. However, it is not known whether LCn−3PUFAs elicit similar anabolic effects in healthy individuals. To answer this question, we evaluated the effect of 8 weeks of LCn−3PUFA supplementation (4 g of Lovaza®/day) in nine 25–45-year-old healthy subjects on the rate of muscle protein synthesis (by using stable isotope-labelled tracer techniques) and the activation (phosphorylation) of elements of the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin)/p70S6K (p70 S6 kinase) signalling pathway during basal post-absorptive conditions and during a hyperinsulinaemic–hyperaminoacidaemic clamp. We also measured the concentrations of protein, RNA and DNA in muscle to obtain indices of the protein synthetic capacity, translational efficiency and cell size. Neither the basal muscle protein fractional synthesis rate nor basal signalling element phosphorylation changed in response to LCn−3PUFA supplementation, but the anabolic response to insulin and amino acid infusion was greater after LCn−3PUFA [i.e. the muscle protein fractional synthesis rate during insulin and amino acid infusion increased from 0.062±0.004 to 0.083±0.007%/h and the phospho-mTOR (Ser2448) and phospho-p70S6K (Thr389) levels increased by ∼50%; all P&lt;0.05]. In addition, the muscle protein concentration and the protein/DNA ratio (i.e. muscle cell size) were both greater (P&lt;0.05) after LCn−3PUFA supplementation. We conclude that LCn−3PUFAs have anabolic properties in healthy young and middle-aged adults.
Nitric oxide is an essential mediator of the protective effects of remote ischaemic preconditioning in a mouse model of liver ischaemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Abu-Amara Mahmoud , Yang Shi Yu , Quaglia Alberto , Rowley Peter , De Mel Achala , Tapuria Niteen , Seifalian Alexander , Davidson Brian , Fuller Barry 
Published: May 2011

NO (nitric oxide) may protect the liver from IR (ischaemia/reperfusion) injury. RIPC (remote ischaemic preconditioning) also protects against liver IR injury; however, the molecular mediator(s) of RIPC are currently unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the role of NO in hindlimb RIPC-induced protection against liver IR injury. Mice were allocated to the following groups: sham group; RIPC group (six cycles of 4×4 min IR of hindlimb); IR group [40 min lobar (70%) hepatic ischaemia and 2-h reperfusion]; RIPC+IR group (RIPC followed by IR group procedures); and C-PTIO [2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide potassium salt]+RIPC+IR group [C-PTIO (a direct NO scavenger) was administered, followed by the RIPC+IR group procedure]. Hepatic MBF (microcirculatory blood flow) was measured throughout the experiment. Circulating NOx (nitrite and nitrate) levels, plasma liver transaminases, hepatic histopathological and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) studies were performed at the end of the experiment. NOx concentrations were significantly elevated (P&lt;0.05) in the RIPC and RIPC+IR groups. Compared with liver IR alone, RIPC+IR preserved hepatic MBF during liver reperfusion (P&lt;0.05). In contrast, C-PTIO+RIPC+IR reduced MBF compared with RIPC+IR (P&lt;0.05). RIPC+IR reduced plasma transaminases (P&lt;0.05), and histopathological and ultrastructural features of injury compared with IR alone. The protective effects of RIPC+IR in reducing liver IR injury were abrogated in the group that received antecedent C-PTIO (C-PTIO+RIPC+IR). In conclusion, NO is an essential mediator of the protection afforded by hindlimb RIPC against liver IR injury. The mechanisms underlying this protection involve preservation of the sinusoidal structure and maintenance of blood flow through the hepatic microcirculation.
Distinctive Photosystem II Photoinactivation and Protein Dynamics in Marine Diatoms
Authors: Wu Hongyan , Cockshutt Amanda M. , McCarthy Avery , Campbell Douglas A. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Diatoms host chlorophyll a/c chloroplasts distinct from green chloroplasts. Diatoms now dominate the eukaryotic oceanic phytoplankton, in part through their exploitation of environments with variable light. We grew marine diatoms across a range of temperatures and then analyzed their PSII function and subunit turnover during an increase in light to mimic an upward mixing event. The small diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana initially responds to increased photoinactivation under blue or white light with rapid acceleration of the photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle. Increased red light provoked only modest PSII photoinactivation but triggered a rapid clearance of a subpool of PsbA. Furthermore, PsbD and PsbB content was greater than PsbA content, indicating a large pool of partly assembled PSII repair cycle intermediates lacking PsbA. The initial replacement rates for PsbD (D2) were, surprisingly, comparable to or higher than those for PsbA (D1), and even the supposedly stable PsbB (CP47) dropped rapidly upon the light shift, showing a novel aspect of rapid protein subunit turnover in the PSII repair cycle in small diatoms. Under sustained high light, T. pseudonana induces sustained nonphotochemical quenching, which correlates with stabilization of PSII function and the PsbA pool. The larger diatom Coscinodiscus radiatus showed generally similar responses but had a smaller allocation of PSII complexes relative to total protein content, with nearly equal stiochiometries of PsbA and PsbD subunits. Fast turnover of multiple PSII subunits, pools of PSII repair cycle intermediates, and photoprotective induction of nonphotochemical quenching are important interacting factors, particularly for small diatoms, to withstand and exploit high, fluctuating light.
Quantification of the Brassinosteroid Insensitive1 Receptor in Planta
Authors: Wilma van Esse G. , Westphal Adrie H. , Surendran Ramya Preethi , Albrecht Catherine , van Veen Boudewijn , Borst Jan Willem , de Vries Sacco C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn plants, green fluorescent protein (GFP) is routinely used to determine the subcellular location of fusion proteins. Here, we show that confocal imaging can be employed to approximate the number of GFP-labeled protein molecules present in living Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root cells. The technique involves calibration with soluble GFP to provide a usable protein concentration range within the confocal volume of the microscope. As a proof of principle, we quantified the Brassinosteroid Insensitive1 (BRI1) receptor fused to GFP, under control of its own promoter. The number of BRI1-GFP molecules per root epidermal cell ranges from 22,000 in the meristem and 130,000 in the elongation zone to 80,000 in the maturation zone, indicating that up to 6-fold differences in BRI1 receptor content exist. In contrast, when taking into account differences in cell size, BRI1-GFP receptor density in the plasma membrane is kept constant at 12 receptors μm−2 in all cells throughout the meristem and elongation zone. Only the quiescent center and columella cells deviate from this pattern and have 5 to 6 receptors μm−2. Remarkably, root cell sensitivity toward brassinosteroids appears to coincide with uniform meristem receptor density.
Genetic relationships between Japanese native and commercial breeds using 70 chicken autosomal SNP genotypes by the DigiTag2 assay
Authors: Shimogiri T. , Nishida N. , Kudo M. , Niwa K. , Nishibori M. , Kinoshita K. , Okamoto S. , Maeda Y. , Tokunaga K. , Yasue H. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryRecently, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been used to identify genes or genomic regions responsible for economic traits, including genetic diseases in domestic animals, and to examine genetic diversity of populations. In this study, we genotyped 70 chicken autosomal SNPs using DigiTag2 assay to understand the genetic structure of the Japanese native chicken breeds Satsumadori and Ingie, and the relationship of these breeds with other established breeds, Rhode Island Red (RIR), commercial broiler and layer. Five breeds, each consisting of approximately 20 chickens, were subjected to the assay, revealing the following: Average expected heterozygosities of broiler, Satsumadori, RIR, layer and Ingie were 0.265, 0.254, 0.244, 0.179 and 0.176, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis using the concatenated 70 autosomal SNP genotypes distinguished all chickens and formed clusters of chickens belonging to the respective breeds. In addition, the 2‐D scatter plot of the first two principal components was consistent with the phylogenic tree. Taken together with the pairwise Fst distances, broiler and RIR were closely positioned near each other, while Ingie was positioned far from the other breeds. Structure analysis revealed that the probable number of genetic clusters (K) was six and four with maximum likelihood and ΔK values, respectively. The clustering with maximum likelihood revealed that, in addition to the clustering of the other five breeds, the Satsumadori was subdivided into two genetic clusters. The clustering with ΔK value indicated that the broiler and Rhode Island Red were assigned to the same genetic cluster.
Health‐related quality of life of adolescents with overweight or obesity in the north of Jordan
Authors: Al‐Akour N. A. , Khader Y. S. , Khassawneh M. Y. , Bawadi H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground  Previous studies showed that overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are associated with impaired health‐related quality of life (QOL). The objective of this study was to describe health‐related QOL among Jordanian adolescents who were overweight or obese.Methods  This is a cross‐sectional study conducted among Jordanian students aged between 13 and 18 years in three educational directorates in Irbid City in the north of Jordan. Using simple random sampling, two male schools and two female schools were selected from the list of each directorate to represent all schools in north of Jordan. In each selected school, all adolescents aged 13–18 years were visited in their classes and were invited to participate in the study. Of the total number of 1561 subjects, 1433 (91.8%) agreed to participate in the study. The short‐form 15‐item Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.00 was used to measure health‐related QOL among participants. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and interpreted according to the BMI‐for‐age growth charts of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines.Results  This study included 707 boys and 726 girls; 17.6% of participants were overweight and 7.8% were obese. For boys and girls, adolescents who were overweight or obese had significantly lower average scores for psychosocial health summary scale and physical functioning scale. Female gender, age of 16–18 years, fathers' education of high school or less and unemployed fathers (for social functioning and physical functioning) were significantly associated with decreased average scores of all scales and subscales of Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory.Conclusions  Compared with healthy adolescents, adolescents who were overweight or obese reported significantly lower health‐related QOL in all domains. Girls reported greater effect of overweight and obesity on their health‐related QOL.
The effect of the classical and medium chain triglyceride ketogenic diet on vitamin and mineral levels
Authors: Christodoulides S. S. , Neal E. G. , Fitzsimmons G. , Chaffe H. M. , Jeanes Y. M. , Aitkenhead H. , Cross J. H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackground:  The risk of nutritional deficiency in children on restrictive dietary treatments and a lack of ketogenic diet (KD)‐specific UK supplements raises concerns about micronutrient status. Vitamin A, E, zinc, selenium and magnesium levels were therefore examined in children with intractable epilepsy treated with the KD.Methods:  Plasma vitamins A and E, zinc, selenium and magnesium levels were measured at baseline and after 3, 6 and 12 months on the classical (n = 46) or medium chain triglyceride (MCT) (n = 45) KD in children aged 2–16 years, as part of a randomised trial, and pairwise comparisons with baseline were performed.Results:  Data were available from 91 children. From baseline to 12 months, mean plasma vitamin A decreased from 1.41 μmol L−1 to 1.13 μmol L−1 in the classical group (P < 0.001) but increased from 1.52 μmol L−1 to 1.81 μmol L−1 in the MCT group (P < 0.001). Mean plasma vitamin E increased from 22.7 μmol L−1 to 33.2 μmol L−1 in the classical group (P < 0.001) and from 22.3 μmol L−1 to 23.3 μmol L−1 in the MCT group (P < 0.05). No significant change in plasma zinc was seen at 12 months, although mean plasma selenium decreased from 0.95 μmol L−1 to 0.88 μmol L−1 in the group as a whole (P < 0.05). Mean plasma magnesium decreased from 0.87 mmol L−1 to 0.83 mmol L−1 in the group as a whole (P < 0.001); when subdivided by KD type, this was limited to the classical group.Conclusions:  Changes in plasma vitamins A and E and the decline in magnesium status after 12 months of KD treatment suggest that micronutrient status may be suboptimal in this group and that available formulations for KD supplementation may need reviewing.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of A77 1726 and leflunomide in domestic cats
Authors: MEHL M. L. , TELL L. , KYLES A. E. , CHEN Y.‐J. , CRAIGMILL A. , GREGORY C. R. 
Published: May 2011

Mehl, M. L., Tell, L., Kyles, A. E., Chen, Y.‐J., Craigmill, A., Gregory, C. R. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of A77 1726 and leflunomide in domestic cats. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 35, 139–146.The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of A77 1726 and leflunomide after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration were evaluated in adult cats. Three treatments were administered: a single i.v. dose of A77 1726 (4 mg/kg), a single oral dose of leflunomide (4 mg/kg), and multiple oral doses of leflunomide (2 mg/kg). Mean pharmacokinetic parameter values after a single i.v. dose of A77 1726 were distribution (A) and elimination (B) intercepts (15.2 μg/mL and 34.5 μg/mL, respectively), distribution and elimination half‐lives (1.5 and 71.8 h, respectively), area under the curve (AUC0→∞; 3723 μg*h/mL), mean residence time (MRT; 93 h), clearance (Clobs; 1.1 mL/kg/h), and volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss; 97 mL/kg). Mean pharmacokinetic parameter values after a single oral dose of leflunomide were absorption and elimination rate constants (0.3 1/h and 0.01 1/h, respectively), absorption and elimination half‐lives (2.3 and 59.1 h, respectively), AUC0→∞ (3966 μg*h/mL), and maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax; 38 μg/mL). The bioavailability after a single oral dose of leflunomide was 100%. The mean ± SD A77 1726 concentration that inhibited 50% lymphocytes (EC50) was 16 ± 13.5 μg/mL. The mean ± SD maximum A77 1726 concentration (ECmax) was 61.0 ± 23.9 μg/mL.
A Mechanism for the Action of the Compound DA‐6034 on NF‐κB Pathway Activation in Helicobacter pylori‐Infected Gastric Epithelial Cells
Authors: Ko S. H. , Yoo D. Y. , Kim Y.‐J. , Choi S. M. , Kang K. K. , Kim H. , Kim N. , Kim J. S. , Kim J. M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDA‐6034 is a synthetic derivative of eupatilin, a flavonoid with anti‐inflammatory effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of DA‐6034 on the interactions between IκB kinase (IKK) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), and activation of the nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB) signalling pathway in human gastric epithelial cells infected with Helicobacter pylori. MKN‐45 gastric epithelial cell line was treated with DA‐6034 and H. pylori. DA‐6034 significantly inhibited NF‐κB activation and upregulated the expressions of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 in MKN‐45 cells infected with H. pylori. However, DA‐6034 did not influence activator protein‐1 DNA binding activity in H. pylori‐infected gastric epithelial cells. Pretreatment with DA‐6034 attenuated the H. pylori‐induced increase in IKK activity, and Hsp90 was associated with IKK‐α and IKK‐γ in MKN‐45 cells. Treatment with DA‐6034 dissociated the Hsp90 and IKK‐γ complex in H. pylori‐infected cells, leading to the inhibition of IL‐8 expression. These results suggest that the eupatilin derivative 7‐carboxymethyloxy‐3′,4′,5‐trimethoxy flavone has anti‐inflammatory activity in gastric epithelial cells infected with H. pylori through the promotion of the dissociation of the IKK‐γ–Hsp90 complex and suppression of NF‐κB signalling.
Lessons from a transplant patient with diarrhea, cryptosporidial infection, and possible mycophenolate mofetil‐associated colitis
Authors: Frei P. , Weber A. , Geier A. , Mertens J.C. , Kohler S. , Rogler G. , Müllhaupt B. 
Published: May 2011

P. Frei, A. Weber, A. Geier, J.C. Mertens, S. Kohler, G. Rogler, B. Müllhaupt. Lessons from a transplant patient with diarrhea, cryptosporidial infection, and possible mycophenolate mofetil‐associated colitis. Transpl Infect Dis 2011: 13: 416–418. All rights reservedAbstract: Diarrhea in a transplant recipient may be caused by infection, metabolic problems, or adverse drug effects. The immunosuppressive drug most frequently associated with diarrhea in transplant recipients is mycophenolate mofetil (MMF). We present the case of a patient with 2 potential explanations for diarrhea lasting several weeks, which occurred years after liver transplantation. Whereas stool samples were positive for cryptosporidia, the histopathological findings were compatible with MMF colitis. However, diarrhea resolved after treatment of cryptosporidial infection, despite continued MMF medication. This case shows that histopathological findings of MMF colitis may be misleading and do not prove that diarrhea is drug induced.
Mapping the recovery stories of drinkers and drug users in Glasgow: Quality of life and its associations with measures of recovery capital
Authors: BEST DAVID , GOW JANE , KNOX TONY , TAYLOR AVRIL , GROSHKOVA TEODORA , WHITE WILLIAM 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. The study investigates what ‘recovery’ means for those who describe themselves as in alcohol or drug recovery.Design and Methods. The project used multiple methods—snowballing, recruitment through recovery groups and advertisements in local press—to recruit 205 people (107 in alcohol and 98 in heroin recovery) who reported a lifetime dependence on alcohol and/or heroin; had not used their primary substance in the last year and perceived themselves to be either recovered or in recovery. They were interviewed by researchers using a structured questionnaire reported in the current paper and a semi‐structured interview reported elsewhere.Results. The average time dependent for heroin users was 10.8 years and for drinkers 15.7 years, but onset and desistance were earlier for heroin. Longer time since last use of alcohol or heroin was associated with better quality of life. Greater engagement in meaningful activities was associated with better functioning, and was associated with quality of life, followed by number of peers in recovery in the social network. Heroin users in abstinent recovery generally reported better functioning than those in maintained recovery.Discussion and Conclusions. Recovery experiences vary widely, but better functioning is typically reported after longer periods and is associated with supportive peer groups and more engagement in meaningful activities, and supports models promoting the development of peer networks immersed in local communities.[Best D, Gow J, Knox T, Taylor A, Groshkova T, White W. Mapping the recovery stories of drinkers and drug users in Glasgow: Quality of life and its associations with measures of recovery capital. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:334–341]
Alcohol and tobacco co‐use in nondaily smokers: An inevitable phenomenon?
Authors: CAMPBELL MALLORY L. , BOZEC LYNDSAY J. , MCGRATH DANIEL , BARRETT SEAN P. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Alcohol use has consistently been associated with smoking among nondaily smokers. However, this may not be an inevitable relationship that extends across all drinking sessions and/or all nondaily smokers. Recently, distinct subgroups of nondaily smokers have been identified, with one subgroup maintaining a stable pattern of nondaily smoking (long‐term occasional smokers; LOS), and others transitioning to nondaily smoking either from a non‐smoking status (early occasional smokers; EOS) or from a daily smoking status (former daily smokers; FDS). However, little is known about the extent to which these subgroups differ in their alcohol–tobacco co‐administration patterns.Design and Methods. 183 nondaily smokers (74 LOS; 55 EOS; 54 FDS) completed face‐to‐face interviews during which they provided details about their lifetime and past‐week tobacco and alcohol administration patterns.Results. EOS were more likely to report having used alcohol at the time of their first‐ever cigarette relative to the other subgroups (P ≤ 0.001), but there were no differences in past‐week co‐administration patterns between the subgroups. Overall, less than one‐third of all smoking sessions occurred when drinking, but these accounted for more than half of all cigarettes consumed during the previous week. Moreover, while only 42% of drinking sessions involved tobacco co‐administration, when drinking and smoking did co‐occur, significantly greater amounts of alcohol were consumed relative to drinking sessions where no tobacco was used (P < 0.01).Discussion and Conclusions. Findings suggest that alcohol use is not invariably related to smoking in EOS, FDS or LOS, but when it is, across all subgroups co‐administration is associated with mutual dose escalation.[Campbell ML, Bozec LJ, McGrath D, Barrett SP. Alcohol and tobacco co‐use in nondaily smokers: An inevitable phenomenon? Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:447–450]