bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vectorial TGFβ signaling in polarized intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Yakovich Adam J. , Huang Qin , Du Jianguo , Jiang Bo , Barnard John A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPolarized gastrointestinal epithelial cells form tight junctions that spatially separate apical and basolateral cell membrane domains. These domains harbor functionally distinct proteins that contribute to cellular homeostasis and morphogenesis. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is a critical regulator of gastrointestinal epithelial cell growth and differentiation. Functional assays of vectorial TGFβ signaling and immunofluorescence techniques were used to determine the localization of TGFβ receptors and ligand secretion in polarizing Caco‐2 cells, a colon cancer cell line. Results were compared to the nontransformed MDCK cell line. In both Caco‐2 and MDCK cells, addition of TGFβ1 to the basolateral medium resulted in phosphorylation of Smad2. No phosphorylation was observed when TGFβ1 was added to the apical chamber, indicating that receptor signaling is localized at the basolateral membrane. In support of this, immunofluorescence and biotinylation assays show receptor localization along the basolateral membrane. Secretion of TGFβ1 from MDCK and Caco‐2 cells into the apical or basolateral medium was measured by ELISA. Interestingly, secretion was exclusively apical in the nontransformed MDCK line and basolateral in transformed Caco‐2 cells. Collectively, these results show basolateral domain specificity in localization of the TGFβ receptor signaling apparatus. These observations have important implications for understanding the biology of TGFβ in polarized epithelia, including elements of communication between epithelial and mesenchymal layers, and will prove useful in the design of therapeutics that target TGFβ function. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 398–404, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced islet expansion by β‐cell proliferation in young diabetes‐prone rats fed a protective diet
Authors: Wang Gen‐Sheng , Kauri Lisa M. , Patrick Christopher , Bareggi Mirella , Rosenberg Lawrence , Scott Fraser W. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractType 1 diabetes is inhibited in diabetes‐prone BioBreeding (BBdp) rats fed a low‐antigen hydrolyzed casein (HC) diet. In cereal‐fed BBdp rats, islet expansion is defective accompanied by a futile upregulation of islet neogenesis without increased islet mass, due to a subtle blockage in islet cell cycle. We hypothesized that islet growth is enhanced before insulitis in HC‐fed young BBdp rats and that islet neogenesis could be stimulated by a trophic factor, islet neogenesis‐associated protein (INGAP). β‐Cell homeostasis was analyzed using immunohistochemistry, morphometry, laser capture microdissection and RT‐PCR in BBdp rats fed HC or cereal diets. β‐cell proliferation in small and medium islets, and the number and area fraction of medium and large islets were increased in HC‐fed animals. In situ islet cell cycle analysis revealed an increased proportion of proliferating S + G2 cells in medium and large islets of 25–45 day HC‐fed rats. Expression of the cell cycle inhibitor, p16INK4a correlated with islet size and the percentage of p16INK4a+ β‐cells increased in HC‐fed BBdp rats, likely reflecting an increase in large islet area fraction. In HC‐fed rats, extra‐islet insulin+ clusters (EIC), insulin+ duct cells, large islet area fraction, and β‐cell mass were increased. Neurogenin‐3 and Pdx‐1, markers of β‐cell progenitors, were increased in EIC of weanling HC‐fed rats. Daily injection of INGAP (30–45 days) increased the number of small islets, total islets, and insulin+ cells in small ducts. Thus, in BBdp rats fed a protective HC diet, β‐cell expansion is enhanced through increased β‐cell proliferation and stimulation of islet neogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 501–508, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression profiling of ETS and MMP factors in VEGF‐activated endothelial cells: Role of MMP‐10 in VEGF‐induced angiogenesis
Authors: Heo Sun‐Hee , Choi Young‐Jin , Ryoo Hyun‐Mo , Cho Je‐Yoel 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn the process of angiogenesis, working of many transcription factors at the proper time is important to activate angiogenesis‐related genes such as cytokine, matrix protease and adhesion molecules. In this study, we searched for Ets transcription factors and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that respond to VEGF in endothelial cells. We first analyzed the expression of 27 human Ets factors and 15 human MMPs in VEGF‐treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using quantitative RT‐PCR. The most abundant Ets factors in HUVEC were ETS‐1, Fli‐1, ERP/NET/ELK3, and ERG. MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐10, ‐11, ‐14, ‐15, and ‐16 were also detected in HUVEC. We also found that ETV‐1, Fli‐1, ERG, MMP‐1, ‐3, ‐7, ‐8, ‐9, ‐10, ‐13, and ‐19 expression is up‐regulated more than 1.5‐fold in HUVEC after 2 h of VEGF treatment. In addition, the expression of MMP‐10 induced by VEGF remained twofold higher for 24 h compared to non‐treated control. The elevation of MMP10 mRNA and protein levels was confirmed to be both time‐ and dosage‐dependent. In addition, MMP‐10 transcription was mediated by Ets‐1 but not ERP/NET/ELK3. The inhibition of PI3K and MAPK inhibited VEGF‐induced MMP‐10 expression. Furthermore, transfection of MMP‐10 siRNA inhibited VEGF‐induced migration and tube formation in HUVEC, and it also inhibited vessel formation in matrigel plugs in vivo. In conclusion, our study demonstrated induction of MMP‐10 by VEGF in HUVEC and supports an angiogenic role for MMP‐10 in response to VEGF stimulation in vitro and in vivo. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 734–742, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postembryonic development of Antygomonas incomitata (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida)
Authors: Sørensen Martin V. , Accogli Gianluca , Hansen Jesper G. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPostembryonic development in the kinorhynch species Antygomonas incomitata was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The morphology of the six juvenile stages, J‐1 to J‐6, varies at numerous details, but they can also be distinguished by a few key characters. Juvenile stage 1 by its composition of only nine trunk segments; J‐2 by the combination of possessing 10 trunk segments, but no cuspidate spines on segment 9; J‐3 by the presence of cuspidate spines on segment 9, but only one pair of cuspidate spines on segment 8; J‐4 by the combination of 10 trunk segments only, but having two pairs of cuspidate spines on segment 8; J‐5 by possessing 11 trunk segments and same spine compositions as adults but is still maintaining postmarginal spiculae; J‐6 specimens closely resemble adults and are most easily identified by their reduced trunk lengths. New segments are formed in a growth zone in the anterior part of the terminal segment. The complete number of segments is reached in J‐5. Development of cuticular head and trunk structures are described through all postembryonic stages and following developmental patterns could be outlined: the mouth cone possesses outer oral styles from J‐1, but in J‐1 to J‐3, the styles alternate in size. Scalids of the introvert are added after each molt, and scalids appear earliest in the anterior rings, whereas scalids in more posterior rings are added in older postembryonic stages. The early J‐1 stage is poor in spines and sensory spots and both structures increase in number after each molt. The complete spine composition is reached in J‐4, whereas new sensory spots appear after all molts, inclusive the final one from J‐6 to adult. Sensory spots in the paraventral positions often appear as Type 3 sensory spots but are through development transformed to Type 2. This transformation happens earliest on the anterior segments. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular Recognition Induced Self‐Assembly of Diblock Copolymers: Microspheres to Vesicles
Authors: Uzun Oktay , Sanyal Amitav , Jeong Youngdo , Rotello Vincent M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRandom diblock copolymer scaffolds grafted with diamidopyridine (DAP) hydrogen bonding recognition units self‐assembled to furnish microspheres when mixed with monoblock copolymers decorated with complementary recognition elements. Through choice of block length, microspheres of various sizes could be produced. The relative length of the two blocks plays a crucial role in determining the formation of aggregates. PEG‐b‐P(S‐co‐SDAP) diblock copolymer was used to fabricate recognition induced pegylated microspheres, by non‐covalent crosslinking with monoblock copolymer functionalized with complementary thymine (Thy) units. These self‐assembled microspheres can be efficiently crosslinked via photochemical [2πs + 2πs] cycloaddition with the resultant morphology change into vesicular structures.magnified image
Profiling of innervations of mimetic muscles in fresh human cadavers using a modified Sihler's technique
Authors: Liu An‐Tang , Yu Da‐Zhi , Chen Gang , Dang Rui‐Shan , Zhang Ying‐Fan , Zhang Wen‐Jun , Liu Ben‐Li , Jiang Hua 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe nerve map of the human face, although important in guiding facial surgery, has not been well defined. In this study we applied a modified Sihler's technique to profile intramuscular innervation of human mimetic muscles. Six fresh cadaveric heads were used. The intramuscular distribution of the facial nerve in human mimetic muscles was visualized using a modified Sihler's technique. Modified Sihler's staining revealed a three‐dimensional picture of the clearly purple‐black intramuscular facial and sensory nerves. The nerve branching patterns of both facial halves were asymmetrical. None of the fine nerve branches crossed over the midline. The facial nerve branches divided into secondary rami and formed a mesh‐like plexus before entering the target muscles at a right angle. The modified Sihler's technique can profile intramuscular innervation of human mimetic muscles. Our nerve map of the face offers valuable guidance for facial reanimation surgery, facial cosmetic surgery, and parotid surgery. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Quantification of sudomotor innervation: A comparison of three methods
Authors: Gibbons Christopher H. , Illigens Ben M.W. , Wang Ningshan , Freeman Roy 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPeripheral sudomotor dysfunction is present in many peripheral neuropathies, but structural assessments of sudomotor fibers rarely occur. We evaluated 36 diabetic and 72 healthy control subjects who underwent detailed neurologic examinations and punch skin biopsies. Physical exam findings were quantified by neuropathy impairment score in the lower limb. Skin biopsies quantified intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) and sweat gland nerve fiber density (SGNFD) by a manual, automated, and semiquantitative method. The automated and manual SGNFD correlated with the IENFD at the same site (r = 0.62, P < 0.05 automated method, r = 0.67, P < 0.05 manual method). As neuropathy worsened, the SGNFD at the distal leg declined (automated counting r = −0.81, P < 0.001; manual counting r = −0.88, P < 0.001). The semiquantitative method displayed poor inter‐ and intrareviewer reliability and correlated poorly with standard neuropathy evaluation scores. Our results suggest that sudomotor fibers can be rapidly and reproducibly quantified, and results correlate well with physical exam findings. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Diaphragm displays early and progressive functional deficits in dysferlin‐deficient mice
Authors: Barton Elisabeth R. , Wang Bing Jing , Brisson Becky K. , Sweeney H. Lee 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMouse lines with dysferlin deficiency are accepted animal models for limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B and Miyoshi myopathy, yet slow progression of pathology prevents rapid screening of potential therapies for this disease. Our goal was to define a functional signature for skeletal muscles that lack dysferlin. Force generation and susceptibility to eccentric contractile injury measurements were performed in isolated limb muscles and the diaphragm from 10‐ and 36‐week‐old A/J and age‐matched control mice. Limb muscles had normal specific force at both 10 and 36 weeks, whereas the diaphragm had significant deficits in both specific force and susceptibility to eccentric contractile injury. Membrane ruptures in the diaphragm during eccentric contractions occurred predominantly in myosin heavy chain 2A‐expressing fibers. Dysferlin content did not vary significantly between wildtype muscles, suggesting that there was no correlation between disease severity and normal endogenous levels of the protein. These studies show that, unlike limb muscles, the diaphragm from the A/J mouse displays early deficits in function that may lower the age needed for evaluating potential therapies for dysferlinopathies. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Quadriceps low‐frequency fatigue and muscle pain are contraction‐type‐dependent
Authors: Iguchi Masaki , Shields Richard K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEccentric contractions are thought to induce greater low‐frequency fatigue (LFF) and delayed‐onset muscle soreness (DOMS) than concentric contractions. In this study we induced a similar amount of eccentric quadriceps muscle fatigue during either a concentric or eccentric fatigue task to compare LFF and DOMS. Subjects (n = 22) performed concentric or eccentric fatigue tasks using 75% of the pre‐fatigue maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, and both tasks ended when the MVC eccentric torque decreased by 25% pre‐fatigue. When subjects reached the failure criterion during the eccentric and concentric tasks, the concentric MVC was 78 ± 9.8% and 64 ± 8.4% of initial, respectively. LFF was greater after the concentric than the eccentric protocols (22 ± 12.4% and 15 ± 7.6% increase, respectively; P < 0.01). DOMS was over 100% greater for the eccentric protocol. These results indicate that DOMS is not dependent on the events that contribute to LFF. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Can a patient‐centred approach to epilepsy improve outcomes?
Authors: Sander Ley , Jacoby Ann , Leach John Paul 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIt is recognised that antiepileptic drug choice is driven by the desire for seizure control, but patient quality of life and consideration of other factors are also important for the treatment of the individual as a whole. In this expert panel discussion, three specialists discuss the benefits and potential for improved outcomes of a patient‐centred approach to epilepsy management. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Data assimilation with regularized nonlinear instabilities
Authors: Abarbanel Henry D. I. , Kostuk Mark , Whartenby William 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn variational formulations of data assimilation, the estimation of parameters or initial state values by a search for a minimum of a cost function can be hindered by the numerous local minima in the dependence of the cost function on those quantities. We argue that this is a result of instability on the synchronization manifold where the observations are required to match the model outputs in the situation where the data and the model are chaotic. The solution to this impediment to estimation is given as controls moving the positive conditional Lyapunov exponents on the synchronization manifold to negative values and adding to the cost function a penalty that drives those controls to zero as a result of the optimization process implementing the assimilation. This is seen as the solution to the proper size of ‘nudging’ terms: they are zero once the estimation has been completed, leaving only the physics of the problem to govern forecasts after the assimilation window.We show how this procedure, called Dynamical State and Parameter Estimation (DSPE), works in the case of the Lorenz96 model with nine dynamical variables. Using DSPE, we are able to accurately estimate the fixed parameter of this model and all of the state variables, observed and unobserved, over an assimilation time interval [0, T]. Using the state variables at T and the estimated fixed parameter, we are able to accurately forecast the state of the model for t > T to those times where the chaotic behaviour of the system interferes with forecast accuracy. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry for the separation and characterization of bovine Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase
Authors: Borges‐Alvarez Marta , Benavente Fernando , Barbosa José , Sanz‐Nebot Victoria 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe native form of Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD‐1) is a homodimer that coordinates one Cu2+ and one Zn2+ per monomer. Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions play crucial roles in enzyme activity and structural stability, respectively. In addition, dimer formation is essential for SOD‐1 functionality, and in humans several SOD‐1 mutant isoforms have been associated with certain types of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. In this paper we used capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to study the different structures of bovine SOD‐1. The metal ions of the native enzyme (Cu2,Zn2‐dimer SOD‐1) were released in acidic medium in order to obtain apo‐SOD‐1, which is a monomer. Both substances were analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) and capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection (CE/UV and CE/ESI‐MS, respectively). With MALDI‐TOF‐MS, using matrices of sinapinic acid (SA) or 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) with or without trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), similar mass spectra were obtained for the metalated and non‐metalated samples. In both cases, an average molecular mass corresponding to the apo‐monomer SOD‐1 was calculated. This finding indicated that the metals were released from the Cu2,Zn2‐dimer SOD‐1 during sample preparation or ionization. For CE/UV and CE/ESI‐MS, two background electrolytes (BGEs) potentially compatible with ESI‐MS detection were used, namely 1 M of acetic acid (pH 2.3) and 10 mM of ammonium acetate (pH 7.3). Using a sheath liquid of 2‐propanol/water (60:40 v/v), with or without 0.1% v/v of formic acid, CE/ESI‐MS sensitivity was enhanced when the acidic BGE and the acidic sheath liquid were used. However, the electrophoretic profiles and the mass spectra obtained suggested that the metals of Cu2,Zn2‐dimer SOD‐1 were released, which generated the apo‐monomer during the electrophoretic separation. The neutral BGE provided enhanced conditions for the detection of the native enzyme. The differences between the mass spectra obtained for the Cu2,Zn2‐dimer and the apo‐monomer forms were significant and the presence of formic acid in the sheath liquid affected only sensitivity. Our results highlight the importance of selecting appropriate non‐denaturing separation and detection conditions to obtain reliable structural information about non‐covalent protein complexes by CE/ESI‐MS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shapes and morphologies of inkjet‐printed nanosilver dots on glass substrates
Authors: Lee Dong Jun , Oh Je Hoon 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe investigated the effects of surface wettability, substrate temperature, and overprinting on the shapes and morphologies of dried and sintered inkjet‐printed dots of nanosilver suspensions. The surface wettability was modified by two different plasma surface treatments: C4F8 plasma treatment for hydrophobic surface and O2 plasma treatment for hydrophilic surface. The substrate temperature was varied from 25 to 85 °C with an interval of 20 °C. In order to change the dot thickness, dots were overprinted up to three times after complete drying of the ones previously printed. Printed dots were sintered for 1 h at 210 °C. The shapes and morphologies of dried dots including both single and overprinted dots were strongly influenced by the surface wettability of the substrate. The cross‐sectional profile was more convex on the hydrophobic surface at lower substrate temperature, but stack‐like morphologies of overprinted dots were obtained on both surfaces at higher substrate temperature due to the fast evaporation of solvent and coffee ring effect. Dots on hydrophilic surfaces experienced more shrinkage after sintering, and the shrinkage ratio of sintered dots tended to decrease with an increase in the number of overprints. The microstructure of sintered dots showed that nanoparticle clusters were more closely packed on hydrophobic surfaces. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localised corrosion on 2219 aluminium alloy coated with a titanium based conversion coating
Authors: Grilli R. , Watts J. F. , Baker M. A. , Dunn B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHigh strength aluminium alloys are widely employed in aerospace applications. However, specific environmental conditions may trigger corrosion and therefore these alloys require additional protection. Most current conversion coatings used for this purpose are Cr(VI) based, and thus environmentally undesirable. A possible replacement is a Ti‐based coating, Nabutan STI/310. The aim of this work is to gain a better understanding of corrosion mechanisms of the Al alloy surfaces coated with Nabutan, focusing on the role of intermetallic precipitates in pitting corrosion. The second‐phase precipitates in Al 2219 alloy were characterised by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). The surface was then coated and the same precipitate was analysed to observe how the coating had deposited on the intermetallics and the matrix. Subsequently, the behaviour of the precipitate in a 3.5% NaCl solution was investigated as a function of exposure time: 15 min, 45 min, 2 h, 4 h and 8 h. At the end of each exposure, the sample was returned to the microscope and the same precipitates reanalysed. The results showed how the coating deposited preferentially on the matrix. During the immersions, the coating itself suffered a progressive degradation. Corrosion products rich in aluminium and oxygen were found to increasingly accumulate in a random manner over the matrix, as a function of time. Fe and Mn from the alloy and Ti from the conversion coating did not show any major activity. Cu deposits were found after 8 h of immersion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface modification of polymer films with a remote atmospheric pressure d.c. glow discharge: influence of substrate location
Authors: Jacobs T. , Carbone E. , Morent R. , De Geyter N. , Reniers F. , Leys C. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study focuses on the surface treatment of polymer films (polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate) with a remote atmospheric pressure d.c. glow discharge operating in ambient air. The set‐up used can be easily upgraded to industrial dimensions and simulates in‐line processing due to the rotating drum used to mount the samples on. The discharge was characterized by measuring the voltage–current curve. From this curve, three regimes can be distinguished: corona regime, glow regime and spark regime. The voltage is adjusted so that the plasma operates in the glow regime and the treatment effects are analyzed by water contact angle and XPS measurements. It is shown that the remote plasma source is capable of reducing the contact angle and making the surface of the polymers more hydrophilic. The influence of the distance of the sample to the electrodes and the power is studied. By XPS measurements, the chemical composition of the surface after treatment is determined for different operating conditions. On none of the analyzed samples, nitrogen was detected. The main effect of the treatment is the incorporation of oxygen. Angle‐resolved XPS measurements show that the composition of the top atomic layers is significantly different from that of the underlying layers. The functional groups grafted by the plasma treatment were identified by the deconvolution of the C1s peak. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.