bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lilley revisited: or science and society in the twentieth century
Authors: ENEBAKK VIDAR 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn the 1940s the Marxist mathematician and historian of science Samuel Lilley (1914–87) made a substantial contribution to British history of science both intellectually and institutionally. His role, however, has largely gone unnoticed. Lilley is otherwise portrayed either as exemplifying the immaturity of Marxism, most famously by Rupert Hall in ‘Merton revisited’ (1963), or as a tragic figure marginalized during the Cold War because of his communist commitment. But both themes of exclusion and victimization keep Lilley's legacy hidden. By revisiting Lilley and his long-standing commitment to developing our discipline, this essay challenges the notion of radical discontinuity with respect to Lilley's legacy and argues for a more sustained contribution by Marxist historiography of science. This, in turn, requires a more appreciative understanding of the moderate Marxist model developed by Lilley in his popular, political and professional publications on the history of the social relations of science.
Hobbes and the Congo: Frames, Local Violence, and International Intervention
Authors: Autesserre Séverine 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWhy do international peacebuilders fail to address the local causes of peace process failures? The existing explanations of peacebuilding failures, which focus on constraints and vested interests, do not explain the international neglect of local conflict. In this article, I show how discursive frames shape international intervention and preclude international action on local violence. Drawing on more than 330 interviews, multi-sited ethnography, and document analysis, I develop a case study of the Democratic Republic of Congo's transition from war to peace and democracy (2003–2006). I demonstrate that local agendas played a decisive role in sustaining local, national, and regional violence. However, a postconflict peacebuilding frame shaped the international understanding of violence and intervention in such a way that local conflict resolution appeared irrelevant and illegitimate. This frame included four key elements: international actors labeled the Congo a “postconflict” situation; they believed that violence there was innate and therefore acceptable even in peacetime; they conceptualized international intervention as exclusively concerned with the national and international realms; and they saw holding elections, as opposed to local conflict resolution, as a workable, appropriate, and effective tool for state- and peacebuilding. This frame authorized and justified specific practices and policies while precluding others, notably local conflict resolution, ultimately dooming the peacebuilding efforts. In conclusion, I contend that analyzing discursive frames is a fruitful approach to the puzzle of international peacebuilding failures beyond the Congo.
Schistosomes in the southwest United States and their potential for causing cercarial dermatitis or ‘swimmer's itch’
Authors: Brant S.V. , Loker E.S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCercarial dermatitis or swimmer's itch results when cercariae of schistosomes penetrate human skin and initiate inflammatory responses. The parasites typically die in the skin but in some cases may persist and infect other organs. Cercarial dermatitis is caused by a complex and poorly known assemblage of schistosome species, and can occur in any location where people come in contact with water bodies harbouring schistosome-infected snails. In North America, most cases are reported from the upper Midwest. In south-western USA, this phenomenon has not been well studied, and it is not known which schistosome species are present, or if cercarial dermatitis occurs with any regularity. As part of our ongoing studies of schistosome diversity, using morphological traits and sequence data to differentiate species, we have thus far identified eight schistosome genetic lineages from snails from New Mexico and Colorado. We have investigated two cercarial dermatitis outbreaks, one occurring in Stubblefield Lake in northern New Mexico, and one in Prospect Lake in the heart of Colorado Springs, Colorado. The New Mexico outbreak involved either one or two different avian schistosome species, both transmitted by physid snails. The Colorado outbreak was due to Trichobilharzia brantae, a species transmitted by geese and the snail Gyraulus parvus. These outbreaks are in contrast to those in northern states where schistosomes infecting snails of the family Lymnaeidae are more often responsible for outbreaks. Our survey suggests that dermatitis-causing schistosomes are not rare in the southwest, and that there are plenty of opportunities for dermatitis outbreaks to occur in this region.
Triclabendazole progress report, 2005–2009: an advancement of learning?
Authors: Fairweather I. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTriclabendazole (TCBZ) remains the drug of choice for treating infections of the liver fluke,Fasciola hepaticain livestock and has become the main drug used to treat human cases of the disease as well. Cases of resistance in livestock continue to be reported, suggesting that the problem is increasing. In order to address the problem, there is a need for better understanding of drug action. A ‘state-of-play’ review on different aspects of TCBZ activity was published by the present author in 2005. The main purpose of the current review is to assess what progress has been made in the past four years towards understanding the main aspects of drug activity, including drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and an understanding of the mechanism(s) of resistance. Also, what advances have been made in identifying alternative compounds and using drug combinations to enhance TCBZ activity. Stemming from a number ofin vivostudies, it has become evident that fluke isolates of differing sensitivity to TCBZ differ in some of their biological parameters, and information on this interesting phenomenon will be presented. An update on the use of TCBZ for human fascioliasis is also given. The review will indicate what progress has been made, but will also highlight areas that remain inadequately understood and require greater research focus.
Morphological maturity and allometric growth in the squat lobster Munida rugosa
Authors: Claverie Thomas , Smith I. Philip 
Published: April 2009

Size at the onset of sexual maturity was determined in Munida rugosa based on allometric growth of chelipeds and abdomen, and on the proportion of ovigerous females. The variability of three different measurements of carapace length (CL) used previously for M. rugosa was also evaluated to minimize measurement error. Both sexes had symmetrical cheliped length and allometric cheliped growth over the size-range investigated, but males showed increased allometry beyond 22 mm CL. Females had greater positive allometry in abdomen width than males, but their size at maturity could not be precisely determined because sampled females were too large.
Feeding ecology, growth and sexual cycle of the sand sole, Solea lascaris, along the Portuguese coast
Authors: Teixeira Célia M. , Pinheiro Ana , Cabral Henrique N. 
Published: April 2009

Sand sole, Solea lascaris, were collected along the Portuguese coast, between October 2002 and July 2003, to examine feeding habits, age and growth and sexual cycle. The most important prey items were Mysidacea, Amphipoda and Polychaeta. Differences in diet according to season and length size were found: Amphipoda were very important in diet during winter, while Echinodermata were consumed mostly in summer; smaller individuals feed on Amphipoda while larger feed on Decapoda. Age of S. lascaris was determined from sagittae otoliths. The length of fish analysed ranged from 61 mm to 340 mm. The von Bertalanffy growth equation parameters differed significantly between sexes (L∞ = 342.3 mm, k = 0.50, t0 = −0.87 and L∞ = 264.5 mm, k = 0.82, t0 = 0.13, females and males, respectively). The highest values of the gonadosomatic index were obtained in winter and spring, when the highest proportion of individuals at spawning stage was recorded.
Economic evaluation of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug strategies in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Inotai András , Mészáros Ágnes 
Published: April 2009

Objectives:Although disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the first choice drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, many patients still take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as well. These drugs may cause serious gastric adverse events with continuous usage. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitors were supposed to have a gastrointestinal (GI) friendly side effect profile. The aim of the study is to compare three therapeutic strategies: conventional NSAIDs, NSAID in combination with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), and the selective COX2 inhibitor therapy (celecoxib).Methods:A decision tree model was developed, for 1 year, to simulate cohorts within the three arms (NSAIDs, NSAID + PPI, celecoxib). The efficacy of the different active agents of NSAIDs in therapeutically relevant doses was assumed to be the same, consequently differences can be seen in the side effect profile of the drugs. Medical costs, the costs of the side effects (GI, cardiovascular [CV] events), and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were calculated to gain an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). Evaluations were made from a third party payer's perspective. We performed one-way deterministic sensitivity analyses; the results were displayed in tornado diagrams.Results:Our model indicates that NSAID + PPI offers extra health gain for extra costs compared with conventional NSAIDs (ICER:14,287 euro/QALY), while it dominates celecoxib because of celecoxib's higher costs and lower effectiveness. According to the sensitivity analyses, QALYs had the highest influence on ICER.Conclusions:Although COX2 inhibitors have elevated GI efficacy compared with NSAIDs, celecoxib seems to be an adequate choice only for a limited group of patients with specific conditions because of the significantly higher price and CV risk profile.
Analyzing multiple learning effects in health care using multilevel modeling: Application to radiotherapy at an early stage of innovation
Authors: Morelle Magali , Remonnay Raphaël , Giraud Philippe , Carrère Marie-Odile 
Published: April 2009

Objectives:Learning effects may have considerable influence on the performance of new health technologies, thereby on cost-effectiveness and ultimately on resource allocation. In the area of radiotherapy, equipment is becoming increasingly costly and the analysis of learning effects is complex given that sequential treatments are necessary, with multiple sessions for each patient. Our study aimed at analyzing learning effects in radiotherapy at an early stage of innovation.Methods:We used multilevel analysis to separate out the different learning effects of the new technique. Statistical analysis of observational data collected in a French National prospective survey was performed using an individual growth model. Intrapatient learning was modeled at level 1, and two types of interpatient learning were considered at level 2, regarding possible influences of professional experience on (i) the duration of each patient's first session in a given setting and (ii) the rate of change of session duration over time for a given patient. Conventional radiotherapy was also considered for comparison.Results:Our results demonstrate a substantial type-1 interpatient learning effect and an even higher intrapatient learning effect. No type-2 interpatient learning was at work: professional experience did not impact intrapatient learning. Moreover, some intrapatient learning was also reported with conventional radiotherapy and was not significantly modified by innovation. Session duration was in any case strongly influenced by disease.Conclusions:Because professionals highly underestimated the learning phenomenon, assessment of learning cannot be based on professional statements and it requires careful analysis of observational data.
Two new proofs of the Erdös–Kac Theorem, with bound on the rate of convergence, by Stein's method for distributional approximations
Authors: HARPER ADAM J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we apply Stein's method for distributional approximations to prove a quantitative form of the Erdös–Kac Theorem. We obtain our best bound on the rate of convergence, on the order of log log log n (log log n)−1/2, by making an intermediate Poisson approximation; we believe that this approach is simpler and more probabilistic than others, and we also obtain an explicit numerical value for the constant implicit in the bound. Different ways of applying Stein's method to prove the Erdös–Kac Theorem are discussed, including a Normal approximation argument via exchangeable pairs, where the suitability of a Poisson approximation naturally suggests itself.
A converse to the Grace–Walsh–Szegő theorem
Authors: BRÄNDÉN PETTER , WAGNER DAVID G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe prove that the symmetrizer of a permutation group preserves stability if and only if the group is orbit homogeneous. A consequence is that the hypothesis of permutation invariance in the Grace–Walsh–Szegő Coincidence Theorem cannot be relaxed. In the process we obtain a new characterization of theGrace-like polynomials, introduced by D. Ruelle, and prove that the class of such polynomials can be endowed with a natural multiplication.
The distribution of αp modulo one
Authors: MATOMÄKI KAISA 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe prove that, for any irrational number α, there are infinitely many primes p such that ∥αp∥ < p−1/3+ε. Here ∥y∥ denotes the distance from y to the nearest integer. The proof uses Harman's sieve method with arithmetical information coming from bounds for averages of Kloosterman sums.
Weak Finsler structures and the Funk weak metric
Authors: PAPADOPOULOS ATHANASE , TROYANOV MARC 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe discuss general notions of metrics and of Finsler structures which we callweak metricsandweak Finsler structures. Any convex domain carries a canonical weak Finsler structure, which we call itstautological weak Finsler structure. We compute distances in the tautological weak Finsler structure of a domain and we show that these are given by the so-calledFunk weak metric. We conclude the paper with a discussion of geodesics, of metric balls, of convexity, and of rigidity properties of the Funk weak metric.
Some remarks on a theorem of Parent and generalizing Ogg's conjecture
Authors: KAMIENNY S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe carry out an Eisenstein prime descent to prove the finiteness of the Mordell-Weil group of the Eisenstein quotients ofJ1(p) for certain values ofpthat are relevant to torsion in elliptic curves over cubic fields. We then use this to recover some results of Parent. Our methods suggest a possible generalization of Ogg's conjecture for torsion in elliptic curves over number fields.
Surveillance for severe community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection
Authors: WIERSMA P. , TOBIN D'ANGELO M. , DALEY W. R. , TUTTLE J. , ARNOLD K. E. , RAY S. M. , LADSON J. L. , BULENS S. N. , DRENZEK C. L. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYCommunity-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has rapidly emerged in the USA as a cause of severe infections in previously healthy persons without traditional risk factors. We describe the epidemiology of severe CA-MRSA disease in the state of Georgia, USA and analyse the risk of death associated with three different clinical syndromes of CA-MRSA disease – pneumonia, invasive disease, and skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs). A total of 1670 cases of severe CA-MRSA disease were reported during 2005–2007. The case-fatality rate was 3·4%; sex and race of fatal and non-fatal cases did not differ significantly. While CA-MRSA pneumonia and invasive disease were less common than SSTIs, they were about 15 times more likely to result in death [risk ratio 16·69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 10·28–27·07 and 13·98, 95% CI 7·74–25·27, respectively]. When controlling for age and the presence of other clinical syndromes the odds of death in patients manifesting specific severe CA-MRSA syndromes was highest in those with pneumonia (odds ratio 11·34). Possible risk factors for severe CA-MRSA SSTI and pneumonia included the draining of lesions without medical assistance and an antecedent influenza-like illness.
Humoral immunity to respiratory syncytial virus in young and elderly adults
Authors: TERROSI C. , Di GENOVA G. , MARTORELLI B. , VALENTINI M. , CUSI M. G. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) has been demonstrated to cause substantial disease in elderly and immunocompromised subjects. The relationship of serum antibody to RSV infection and the risk of infection in elderly subjects is controversial, thus we evaluated the presence of neutralizing antibodies to RSV in healthy people of different age groups and the correlation with viral protection. Baseline blood samples from 197 subjects aged 20–80 years were analysed for the presence of anti-RSV antibodies either by indirect immunofluorescence and microneutralization test. The percentage of people who had neutralizing antibodies to RSV was significantly higher (P=0·001) in the youngest group (92·51%) compared to the frail group (36·21%). The RSV antibody level tends to wane in some older people; this factor could determine proneness to RSV re-infections in the elderly who are at a greater risk of developing severe respiratory disease.
Finally tagless, partially evaluated: Tagless staged interpreters for simpler typed languages
Authors: CARETTE JACQUES , KISELYOV OLEG , SHAN CHUNG-CHIEH 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe have built the first family of tagless interpretations for a higher-order typed object language in a typed metalanguage (Haskell or ML) that require no dependent types, generalized algebraic data types, or postprocessing to eliminate tags. The statically type-preserving interpretations include an evaluator, a compiler (or staged evaluator), a partial evaluator, and call-by-name and call-by-value continuation-passing style (CPS) transformers. Our principal technique is to encode de Bruijn or higher-order abstract syntax using combinator functions rather than data constructors. In other words, we represent object terms not in an initial algebra but using the coalgebraic structure of the λ-calculus. Our representation also simulates inductive maps from types to types, which are required for typed partial evaluation and CPS transformations. Our encoding of an object term abstracts uniformly over the family of ways to interpret it, yet statically assures that the interpreters never get stuck. This family of interpreters thus demonstrates again that it is useful to abstract over higher-kinded types.
The political economy of WTO accession: the unfinished business of universal membership
Authors: JONES KENT 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWhile the WTO now represents most of the world's population, GDP, and trade, the accession process since its founding has been lengthy, and it is getting longer. Compared to its predecessor, the GATT, the WTO applies a much more detailed and legalistic approach to accession, due to its broader scope of policy coverage and the enforcement powers of the Dispute Settlement Understanding. In WTO accession cases, WTO incumbent members have a superior bargaining position. The present study provides evidence that the elapsed time from WTO application to accession has increased with the number of completed accessions, suggesting a process of learning by WTO members to bargain for more demanding concessions from applicants. Regarding the terms of accession, the number of rules commitments has increased, and the level of bound tariffs has fallen, as the number of completed accessions has increased. In view of the difficult cases remaining in order to complete universal WTO membership, the author proposes more flexibility in accession requirements, along the lines of the GATT tradition.
Why compensation cannot replace trade retaliation in the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding
Authors: MERCURIO BRYAN 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThroughout the course of the DSU Review, Members and commentators alike have proposed numerous modifications to the WTO DSU covering a wide range of areas. One area which has received quite a bit of attention is that of retaliatory measures in the implementation phase of the dispute settlement process. This article does not attempt to recap the debate over the appropriateness of trade retaliation or even to discuss all potential amendments targeting this issue. It does, however, identify some of the key criticisms of trade retaliation before analyzing and evaluating the worthiness of trade and/or financial compensation as an alternative. The article finds that neither trade nor financial compensation will do much to resolve the prominent criticisms of trade retaliation while also finding both options would add several uncertainties to the system and, far from increasing compliance with the rulings and recommendations of the DSB, could in fact increase the instances of non-compliance.
‘Interim agreements’ under Article XXIV GATT
Authors: BARTELS LORAND 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis note looks at the WTO rules and procedures applicable to the implementation period of regional trade agreements on trade in goods. In addition, it highlights some differences between law and practice and explores the implications of these divergences. Where the GATT and subsequent instruments draw a distinction between ‘full’ regional trade agreements and ‘interim’ agreements, in practice all agreements are notified as ‘full’ agreements with an implementation period. It analyses the possibility that this deviation from the law, now sanctioned in the 2006 Transparency Decision, might have some practical implications for the regulation of regional trade agreements in the WTO.
Examining Three‐Dimensional Crustal Heterogeneity in Finland
Authors: Korja Annakaisa , Hyvönen Tellervo , Tiira Timo , Heikkinen Pekka 
Published: April 2009

The marriage of several high‐quality seismic experiments in Finland over the past 30 years has shown that the saying “something old, something new, something borrowed” can result in the cost‐efficient analysis of large‐scale, three‐dimensional (3‐D) seismic structures. Standing alone, each data set gives a partial view of complex 3‐D structures. When combined, they reveal a 3‐D block structure embedded in a layered crust and enable the analysis of dynamics involved in forming stable cratonic crust.Efforts to collect large 3‐D data sets around the globe include EarthScope (funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF)), the European Science Foundations (ESF) 4‐D Topography Evolution in Europe: Uplift, Subsidence and Sea Level Change (TOPO‐EUROPE), and the European Space Agency's Gravity Field and Steady‐State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE). Such endeavors are fundamental to modern crustal research. Huge emphasis is placed on collecting and archiving these data, but often only a fraction of data are used in initial studies. Fortunately, new data sets can be complemented with vintage ones (e.g., the NSF‐funded Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP) and ESFs European GeoTraverse (EGT), as well as continent‐wide science programs on continental evolution in Canada (LITHOPROBE), Europe (ESF‐funded EUROPROBE), and the Himalayas (NSF‐funded International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalaya (INDEPTH)). Because fieldwork and archiving have already been completed for these vintage projects, new information can be extracted by new methods, with considerably less effort and funding.