bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STRENGTHENING HEALTH PROMOTION IN THE COMMUNITY HEALTH SECTOR
Authors: Owen Neville 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCommunity health practitioners and administrators are exhorted to pursue community‐wide effort to reduce risks to health, as a priority. The development of more effective, community‐based health promotion initiatives requires a consideration of the range of different levels at which health promotion can be approached, and the judicious selection and combination of intervention media. These initiatives can also be strengthened by fostering stronger interactions between locally‐based and centralised programs; by conducting more rigorous evaluations of programs in community health settings; and by being open to a range of different approaches to the evaluation process.
THE ARGUMENTS ABOUT RSI: AN EXAMINATION
Authors: Bammer Gabriele , Martin Brian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe occupational health problem which, in Australia, is commonly referred to as repetition strain injuries (RSI) has long been the subject of debate. A large increase in the number of reported cases was seen in Australia in the 1980s and was accompanied by a flood of articles and letters to medical journals. This has given an unprecedented opportunity for analysis of the debate over this occupational health problem. We outline the standard view that there are work‐related injuries and four principal contrary views: that people with RSI are malingerers, that they suffer from compensation neurosis, that they have a conversion disorder or that they have normal fatigue. We examine the types of arguments and evidence used to back up these views, with particular emphasis on the alternative explanations. We show that the standard view has weaknesses, but that the alternative explanations have even more problems if they are examined with the same rigour that their advocates demand of the standard view.
CORONARY HEART DISEASE: INTERPLAY BETWEEN CHANGING CONCEPTS OF AETIOLOGY, RISK DISTRIBUTION, AND SOCIAL STRATEGIES FOR PREVENTION
Authors: McMichael A.J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEpidemic diseases move in grand cycles, accompanying changes in culture, social organization, and environment. Coronary heart disease (CHD), a mass disease of twentieth century industrialized society, has a predominantly environmental aetiology. Although the major biomedical risk factors appear to have been identified over the past 40 years of epidemiological research, we are not certain why CHD is now on the wane in most Western nations. In Australia, CHD death rates have, since 1968, declined much more in professional and white‐collar men than in blue‐collar men.Any substantial reduction in CHD rates will require a generalized population shift towards a lower CHD risk profile. Numerically, the greatest gains should come from reducing the CHD risk of the bulk of the population, who are currently at medium risk of CHD. Notions of risk need, in the first instance, to be based on up‐to‐date knowledge of biomedical risk factors and mechanisms in order to develop optimal intervention strategies.A population‐based strategy can be achieved via community education and structural modification of the social environment. The latter approach will require public health research into broader questions of the social‐environmental influences on population cardiovascular health: for example, research into the social, political, and economic determinants of national food and nutrition policies; and into the various environmental (including workplace) changes that will facilitate risk‐lowering behaviour. Hopefully, intervention strategies in such areas, set within a community development context, will be developed within the incipient National Program for Better Health. Public health research should be extended and adapted to enable evaluation of these various social interventions, and to contribute to public health policy analysis.
EVALUATING COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS FOR HEALTH PROMOTION: PROBLEMS ILLUSTRATED BY A NEW ZEALAND EXAMPLE
Authors: Duignan Paul , Casswell Sally 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper illustrates problems in the evaluation of community development programs for health promotion. It is based on the authors' retrospective process evaluation of the Wanganui Community Alcohol Action Program (WCAAP), a recent example of a health promotion program directed at reducing alcohol‐related problems in a small New Zealand town. Described by its designers as a community‐based program, it included coordination of community organizations, education, publicity and increased enforcement of drinking laws. Discussion of the problems in the evaluation of such programs puts them within the context of the substantial body of previous social science research in both evaluation and community development. This, it is argued, is a body of knowledge with which health promotion researchers need to be conversant. Community development programs usually stem from a process of negotiation between interest groups with differing objectives. This results in a changing definition of both the problem to be solved and the nature of the solution, making evaluation difficult. Community development is also likely to be seen as a new solution providing a panacea for old problems. This can lead to such programs being too ambitious. From the point of view of experimental design these programs are likely to have a number of technical problems. This paper argues that these problems are so significant that it is often unwise to attempt large scale evaluations of community development programs. Rather, attention should be concentrated on critically assessing the policy‐making process and disseminating previous knowledge about such programs.
HEALTH PROMOTION: CAN IT REDRESS THE HEALTH EFFECTS OF SOCIAL DISADVANTAGE?
Authors: Raeburn John , Beaglehole Robert 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSocial disadvantage is an entrenched feature of contemporary New Zealand society and has a deleterious influence on health. Traditional health promotion activities, with their focus on the individual, have had only a limited impact. The World Health Organization is fostering a new approach to health promotion based on the Ottawa Charter, the two most important strategies being: building healthy public policy and strengthening community action. The new health promotion has great potential, especially with its emphasis on ‘empowerment’, but as yet only indirect evidence supports the effectiveness of this approach. Several current New Zealand community‐based initiatives hold promise for the future and three of these are discussed. The greatest challenge is to ensure that the ‘empowering’ approach to health promotion continues to be developed by Area Health Boards and that this type of health promotion becomes a major priority at all levels of society. As social scientists, we need to support this approach and assist in the production of evidence to show whether it is capable of redressing the health effects of social disadvantage.
MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS AND HEALTH PROMOTION: RESULTS FROM A COMMUNITY SURVEY IN SYDNEY'S WESTERN SUBURBS
Authors: Cumming Robert G. , Barton Gillian E. , Fahey Paul P. , Wilson Andrew , Leeder Stephen R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA health survey of 484 persons aged 14 to 89 years was conducted in Sydney's western suburbs in May 1987. Its aims included a description of preventive activities undertaken by medical practitioners and an assessment of the community's perception of the doctor's role in health promotion. Ninety‐three per cent reported visiting a doctor in the previous year and 31 per cent of respondents reported having contact with a general practitioner the fortnight before the survey, either for their own health or that of another. Eighty per cent of respondents reported having had their blood pressure measured in the previous year and 63 per cent of female respondents aged 18 years and over who had not had a hysterectomy reported having had a Pap smear in the last five years. However, few respondents reported receiving any lifestyle‐related advice at their most recent doctor visit and 77 per cent said that the food they are was rarely or never discussed with their doctor. Despite this low level of advice, doctors and nurses were perceived to be the most important source of health information by nearly half the respondents. Strategies for increasing the involvement of doctors in health promotion are discussed.
A Comment
Authors: Ahluwalia Montek , Bell Clive , Chenery Hollis , Duloy John 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY These comments on Professor Leys' article do not constitute a rejoinder in the ordinary sense of the term. They simply highlight certain aspects of the argument in RwG for those who have read Leys, but notthe book itself.RESUME Un commentaireLes commentaires sur I'article du professeur Leys ne constituent pas une réplique à vrai dire. Ils se contentent d'éclairer certains aspects de I'argument du RAC pour ceux qui ont lu Leys mais pas ce livre même.RESUMEN Un ComentarioEstos comentarios sobre el artículo del Profesor Leys no constituyen una réplica en el sentido ordinario del término; simplemente destacan ciertos aspectos de la argumentación de RCC para aquellos que han leído a Leys, pero no el libro mismo.
New Approaches to National Economic Accounting in Developing Countries with a Large Foreign Trade Sector
Authors: Levitt Kari 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The United Nations System of National Accounts are examined critically in light of the characteristics and needs of 'developing' countries, which are contrasted with those of the industrial countries, for which this system was designed. The paper discusses how the system could be developed in ordeno meet these needs more efficiently.RESUME Nouvelles approaches aux Comptes économiques nationaux dans les pays en voie de développement ayant un important secteur commercial étrangerLe système ONU de Comptes nationaux fait l'objet d'un examen critique à la lumière des caractéristiques et besoins des pays en voie de développement. L'enquête pourvoit l'analyse comparative de ces besoins par rapport à ceux des pays industrialisés. Le papier discute comment l'on pourrait éventuellement développer ledit système pour qu'il puisse plus efficacement répondre aux besoins en cause.RESUMEN Nuevos enfoques sobre contabilidad económica nacional en países en desarrollo con un sector de comercio exterior importanteEl Sistema de Cuentas Nacionales de las Naciones Unidas es examinado críticamente a la luz de las características y necesidades de los países 'en desarrollo', las que son contrastadas con las de los países industriales, para los cuales fue diseriado el sistema. El artículo analiza cómo puede desarrollarse el sistema para satisfacer estas necesidades en forma más eficiente.
Reflections on the Coup d'Etat in Chile
Authors: Tomić Radomiro 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY In this article Radomiro Tomic analyses two problems: why was there no armed resistance to the coup in Chile in September 1973, and was it possible for Chile to advance towards socialism in a democratic and peaceful way in the period 1970‐76? The answer to the first question includes the following factors: the lack of a unified decision within the Left to fight, the lack of adequate organization, plans and arms, the absence of splits within the armed forces, the campaign against the government carried out by the opposition with American financing, and the failure of the government's economic programme. To the second question, Tomic answers that it wa6 possible, provided the Allende government had recognized the need to generate both a majority at the grass roots and an institutional majority. Tomic believes that both could have been achieved through an agreement with the Christian Democratic Party.RESUME Réflexions sur le coup d'Etat chilienRadomiro Tomic' analyse deux problèmes: (i) pourquoi ne s'est‐il produit aucune résistance armée face au coup d'Etat de Septembre 1973, et (ii) est‐ce que le Chili aurait pu au cours des années 1970‐76, progresser démocratiquement et pacifiquement vers le socialisme? La réponse à la première question repose sur les facettes suivantes: l'absence, du côté de la politique de gauche de toute décision unifiée à continuer la lutte, ainsi que l'absence de toute prévoyance adéquate en matière d'organisation; l'absence, au sein des forces armées de tout signe de clivage et, de plus, la campagne menée contre le gouvernement par l'opposition à l'aide de financements américains; enfin, l'échec du programme économique du gouvernement. Quant à la seconde question, la réponse aurait été que oui, á condition que le gouvernement d'Allende eut reconnu le besoin de se créer une majorité non seulement parmi les masses mais aussi sur le plan institutionnel. Un accord avec les chrétiens‐démocratiques aurait pu mener à bonne fin les deux problèmes.RESUMEN Reflexiones sobre el golpe de estado en ChileEn este artículo se analizan dos problemas: ¿por qué no hubo resistencia armada al golpe de Estado en Chile en 1973 ?, y ¿ era posible en Chile avanzar hacia el socialismo de manera democrática y pacífica en el período 1970‐76? Respecto del primero se discuten los siguientes factores: la falta de una decisión unitaria de lucha en la Izquierda, la carencia de organización, planes y armamento, la ausencia de divisiones en las fuerzas armadas, la campaña contra el gobierno realizada por la oposición con financiamiento norteamericano, y el fracaso del programa económico del gobierno. A la segunda pregunta Tomic responde que sí era posible, si la Unidad Popular hubiera reconocido la necesidad de generar una mayoría en la base social del pais y una mayoría institucional, lo que cree habría podido alcanzarse a travos de un acuerdo con el Partido Demócrata Cristiano.
Euthenasia, Birth Control or Planned Parenthood: Reflections on International Organisations and the Quest for NIEO
Authors: Green Reginald Herbold 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Various attempts have been made to reconstruct the UN system. Three kinds of institutional development are necessary to further the quest for a New International Economic Order: A permanent secretariat for the Third World with a professional staff capable of devising ways of furthering common interests; a network of new organisations within the Third World each to further the clearly defined specific interest of a group of countries which share that interest (OPEC is an example); and thirdly, to supplement the mass conferences of generalists such as UNCTAD, and to carry their goal‐setting resolutions to the stage of implementable agreements, a number of new, smaller, specified‐purpose negotiating forums based on a constituency system, of which the Group of 20 might be the paradigm.RESUMEN Eutanasia, Control de la Natalidad o Planificación Familiar: Reflexiones sobre los Organismos Internacionales y la Búsqueda del NOEIHa habido varios intentos de reconstruir el sistema de las Naciones Unidas. Son necesarios tres tipos de desarrollos institucionales para promover la búsqueda de un Nuevo Orden Económico Internacional: un secretariado permanente para el Tercer Mundo con personal profesional capaz de concebir formas de promover los intereses comunes; una red de nuevas organizaciones dentro del Tercer Mundo, cada una preocupada de promover el interés especifico de un grupo de paises que compartan ese interés (OPEP es un ejemplo); y tercero, para suplementar las conferencias masivas de generalistas como la UNCTAD, y para llevar los objetivos contenidos en sus decisiones al nivel de acuerdos susceptibles de ejecución se requiere un número de nuevos foros de negociación más pequeños y con propósitos especificos, basados en un sistema de representación ; el paradigma para estos últimos podria ser el Grupo de los 20.RESUME Euthanasie, limitations des naissances, planning familial : réflexions sur les organismes internationaux et la quate du NOEIDe nombreuses tentatives ont été faites en vue de la restructuration de l'ONU. La quête d'un nouvel ordre économique exige trois développements institutionaux : un secrétariat permanent à l'intention du tiers‐monde, compétent à faire avancer les intérêts communs; un réseau d'organismes nouveaux au sein du tiers‐monde, chacun d'entre eux se préoccupant d'un seul groupe de pays ayant les mêmes intérêts (l'OPEP en fait l'exemple) ; de nouvelles conférences (servant de suppléments aux conférences générales telles que la CNUCED) qui mènerontà bonne fin résolutions et objectives et organiseront de petites réunions destinées spécifiquement aux fins de la négociation (selon le modèle du Groupe des 20).
Developing Effective Study Programmes for Public Administrators
Authors: Goslin Ron 
Published: August 2010

Summary This article examines the essential aspects of the provision of programmes for overseas public services—their establishment, design, implementation and evaluation. The areas analysed include the establishment of needs for study and training: approaches and orientation; formulation of policy on programme development, location and design; direction and management of programmes and staff resources; design functions, models, patterns, the search for balance and viability; roles and the contributions of support staff; communications procedures and detail; publicity and public relations; evaluation objectives, agents, procedures and contaminants.Resume Mise au point de programmes d'étude efficaces pour les administrateurs publicsCet article examine les principaux aspects de la production de programmes pour les services publics d'outre‐mer—leur établissement, conception, mise en place et évaluation. Les domaines analysés couvrent l'identification des besoins en ce qui concerne les études et la formation; méthodes et orientation; élaboration d'une politique pour la mise au point de programmes, leur situation et leur conception; direction et gestion des programmes et ressources en personnel; fonctions de la conception, modèles, formules, recherche de l'équilibre et de la viabilité; rôles et contribution du personnel auxiliaire; procédures de communication et détails; publicité et relations extérieures; objectifs d'évaluation, agents, procédures et facteurs de contamination.Resumen Desarrollo de programas de estudio eficaces para Administradores PúblicosEn este artículo se examinan los aspectos fundamentales que intervienen en la preparación de programas para los servicios públicos de ultramar—su establecimiento, confección, ejecución y evaluación. Las esferas analizadas incluyen el establecimiento de las necesidades para el estudio y formación; actitudes y orientación; formulación de política sobre la elaboración, situación y confección del programa; dirección y gerencia de programas y recursos de personal; funciones de concepción, modelos, modalidades, la búsqueda de equilibrio y viabilidad; funciones y aportaciones del personal de apoyo; procedimientos y detalle de las comunicaciones; publicidad y relaciones públicas; objetivos de evaluación, agentes, procedimientos y contaminantes.
Research and Teaching Materials in Development Studies
Authors: Boodhoo Martin J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary The case for linking research with the preparation of teaching materials in Development Studies continues to obsess academics and practitioners. This article focuses on some current trends and problems in development research with particular reference to recent developments in the Department of Administrative Studies, Manchester. A research project was set up in 1973 to update the Department's knowledge and understanding of the changing milieu in developing countries, and to identify and prepare teaching materials in order to maintain relevant and challenging study programmes. The results of the project and some ways in which collaborative research can make a better contribution to the curricula of development studies are discussed in this article.Resume La recherche et le matérial d'enseignement dans les études sur le développementLa nécessité de lier la recherche à la préparation du matériel d'enseignement pour les études sur le développement continue d'obséder les universitaires et les professionnels. Cet article est consacré à certaines des tendances actuelles et des problèmes de la recherche sur le développement, et particulièrement aux récentes réalisations dans le Département des études administratives, à Manchester. Un projet de recherche fut lancé en 1973 pour permettre au Département de mettre à jour ses connaissances en vue d'une meilleure compréhension du milieu changeant dans les pays en voie de développement et d'identifier et mettre au point le matériel d'enseignement afin d'avoir des programmes d'étude appropriés et intéressants. Cet article examine les résultats de ce projet et comment une recherche menée en collaboration peut aider plus efficacement à la mise au point de programmes pour les études sur le développement.Resumen Investigación y materiales de enseñanza en los estudios sobre desarrolloEl caso de vincular la investigación con la preparación de materiales de enseñanza en los estudios sobre desarrollo continúa obsesionando a los académicos y practicantes. En este artículo se dirige la atención sobre ciertas tendencias y problemas actuales en la investigación del desarrollo con referencia especial a recientes acontecimientos en el Departmento de Estudios Administrativos, Manchester. En 1973 se estableció un proyecto de investigación para poner al día los conocimientos del departamento, así como su comprensión del ambiente cambiante en los países en vías de desarrollo y para identificar y preparar materiales de enseñanza, con objeto de mantener programas de estudio pertinentes y estimulantes. En este artículo se analizan los resultados del proyecto y algunas maneras en que la investigación colaborativa puede hacer una aportación mejor en el programa de estudios sobre el desarrollo.