bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How organizational characteristics affect the adaptive tactics used by human service nonprofit managers confronting financial uncertainty
Authors: Mosley Jennifer E. , Maronick Matthew P. , Katz Hagai 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe way that nonprofits respond to funding uncertainty is crucial to their ability to meet goals and position themselves for future success. This article investigates how structural, managerial, and financial characteristics affect the adaptive tactics used by human service nonprofits during times of financial stress. These tactics include adding new programs, reducing programs or staff, expanding or starting joint programs, pursuing earned income, and expanding advocacy involvement. Using longitudinal data on human service nonprofits collected on either side of the 2002–2003 economic downtown, we find that larger size provides organizations with a unique ability to choose among different adaptive tactics, as larger size was significantly predictive of adding new programs, reducing programs, expanding advocacy, and pursuing earned income. Strategic planning was positively associated with innovative tactics such as starting joint programs or pursuing earned income. Financial stress or declines in an organization's major funding source led to cutbacks, as expected, but managers who foresaw these challenges were able to respond proactively by adding programs or starting joint programs. However, managers with more training did not respond much differently than did other managers, and organizational age and use of performance management tools had no effect in guiding organizational responses to financial uncertainty.
End‐to‐End Thiocyanato‐Bridged Helical Chain Polymer and Dichlorido‐Bridged Copper(II) Complexes with a Hydrazone Ligand: Synthesis, Characterisation by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Variable‐Temperature Magnetic Studies, and Inhibitory Effects on Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Das Kuheli , Datta Amitabha , Sinha Chittaranjan , Huang Jui‐Hsien , Garribba Eugenio , Hsiao Ching‐Sheng , Hsu Chin‐Lin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe reactions of the tridentate hydrazone ligand, N′‐[1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethylidene]acetohydrazide (HL), obtained by condensation of 2‐acetylpyridine with acetic hyadrazide, with copper nitrate trihydrate in the presence of thiocyanate, or with CuCl2 produce two distinct coordination compounds, namely a one‐dimensional helical coordination chain of [CuL(NCS)]n (1) units, and a doubly chlorido‐bridged dinuclear complex [Cu2L2Cl2] (2) (where L=CH3C(O)=NN=CCH3C5H4N). Single‐crystal X‐ray structural determination studies reveal that in complex 1, a deprotonated hydrazone ligand L− coordinates a copper(II) ion that is bridged to two neighbouring metal centres by SCN− anions, generating a one‐dimensional helical coordination chain. In complex 2, two symmetry‐related, adjacent copper(II) coordination entities are doubly chlorido‐bridged, producing a dicopper entity with a Cu⋅⋅⋅Cu distance of 3.402 (1) Å. The two coordination compounds have been fully characterised by elemental analysis, spectroscopic techniques including IR, UV–vis and electron paramagnetic resonance, and variable‐temperature magnetic studies. The biological effects of 1 and 2 on the viability of human colorectal carcinoma cells (COLO‐205 and HT‐29) were evaluated using an MTT assay, and the results indicate that these complexes induce a decrease in cell‐population growth of human colorectal carcinoma cells with apoptosis.
Clinical significance of pulmonary nodules detected by CT and Not CXR in patients treated for favorable histology Wilms tumor on national Wilms tumor studies‐4 and ‐5: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Grundy Paul E. , Green Daniel M. , Dirks Astrid C. , Berendt Andrea E. , Breslow Norman E. , Anderson James R. , Dome Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundMetastatic lung disease in Wilms tumor (WT) patients was traditionally identified by chest radiograph (CXR). It is unclear whether patients with small lesions, detectable only by computed tomography (“CT‐only” lesions), require the more intensive therapy, including doxorubicin and lung irradiation, given to patients with metastases detectable by CXR.ProceduresThis study involved 417 patients with favorable histology WT and isolated lung metastases (detected by CXR or CT) who were registered on National Wilms tumor Study (NWTS)‐4 or ‐5. Outcomes by method of detection (CXR vs. CT‐only), use of lung radiation, and 2‐ or 3‐drug chemotherapy (dactinomycin and vincristine ± doxorubicin) were determined and compared using the log‐rank test.ResultsThere were 231 patients with lung lesions detected by CXR and 186 by CT‐only. Of the patients with CT‐only nodules, 37 received only 2 drugs and 101 did not receive lung radiation. Five‐year event‐free survival (EFS) was greater for patients receiving three drugs (including doxorubicin) with or without lung radiation than for those receiving two drugs (80% vs. 56%; P = 0.004). There was no difference seen in 5‐year overall survival (OS) between the 3‐ and 2‐drug subsets (87% vs. 86%; P = 0.91). There were no significant differences in EFS (82% vs. 72%; P = 0.13) or OS (91% vs. 83%; P = 0.46) for patients with CT‐only nodules whether they received lung radiation or not.ConclusionsOur results suggest that patients with CT‐only lung lesions may have improved EFS but not OS from the addition of doxorubicin but do not appear to benefit from pulmonary radiation. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:631–635. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic variants modify susceptibility to leukemia in infants: A Children's Oncology Group report
Authors: Ross Julie A. , Linabery Amy M. , Blommer Crystal N. , Langer Erica K. , Spector Logan G. , Hilden Joanne M. , Heerema Nyla A. , Radloff Gretchen A. , Tower Richard L. , Davies Stella M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene is commonly rearranged in infant leukemia (IL). Genetic determinants of susceptibility to IL are unknown. Recent genome‐wide association studies for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) have identified susceptibility loci at IKZF1, ARID5B, and CEBPE.ProcedureWe genotyped these loci in 171 infants with leukemia and 384 controls and evaluated associations overall, by subtype [ALL, acute myeloid leukemia (AML)], and by presence (+) or absence (−) of MLL rearrangements.ResultsHomozygosity for a variant IKZF1 allele (rs11978267) increased risk of infant AML [Odds ratio (OR) = 3.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.8–8.4]; the increased risk was similar for AML/MLL+ and MLL− cases. In contrast, risk of ALL/MLL− was increased in infants homozygous for the IKZF1 variant (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 1.8–14.5) but the variant did not modify risk of ALL/MLL+. For ARID5B (rs10821936), homozygosity for the variant allele increased risk for the ALL/MLL− subgroup only (OR = 7.2, 95% CI = 2.5–20.6). There was little evidence of an association with the CEBP variant (rs2239633).ConclusionIKZF1 is expressed in early hematopoiesis, including precursor myeloid cells. Our data provide the first evidence that IKZF1 modifies susceptibility to infant AML, irrespective of MLL rearrangements, and could provide important new etiologic insights into this rare and heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 31–34. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carotid jugular arteriovenous fistula: An unusual complication of internal jugular vein catheterization in children
Authors: Chan Ching Ching , Lee Vincent , Chu Winnie , Tam Yuk Him , Li Chi Kong , Shing Matthew Ming Kong 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCentral venous catheterization is essential in the management of patients requiring long‐term intravenous access. Various risks during central line insertion have been described in the medical literature, including the potentially life‐threatening complication of iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula (AVF). We describe a novel case of carotid jugular AVF following implanted port (BardPort® by C.R. Bard, Inc.) insertion in a pediatric oncology patient who had suffered cerebral infarct due to thromboembolism. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1302–1304. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The performance of PV‐t systems for residential application in Bangkok
Authors: Nualboonrueng Thipjak , Tuenpusa Pongpith , Ueda Yuki , Akisawa Atsushi 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper focused on the performance of photovoltaic‐thermal (PVT) systems working in Bangkok for residential applications.The PVT system is one which produces both electricity and low temperature heat at the same time. This paper investigated the performance of PVT systems that use different types of commercial solar PV panels. The characteristics of the PV panels were used as input parameters in the simulation. Each system comprises 2 m2 of PVT collector area. Water draw patterns are those with a typical consumption of medium size houses in Bangkok, and the measured monthly average city water temperature of Bangkok has been used to estimate the energy output. The results show that the optimum water flow rate is 20 kg/h for all types of PVT collectors and the effect of water flow can improve the cell efficiency of PV cells. Moreover, the total energy output from the PVT collectors, which had glass covers is very significantly higher than those without one. The c‐Si PVT panel gave the best performance with the highest rate of primary energy reduction. The payback time of each system is 6.4, 11.8, and 13.4 years for a‐Si, mc‐Si, and c‐Si types of PVT system, respectively. This investigation concludes that from the viewpoint of system performance, c‐Si PVT is the most promising type than whereas from the viewpoint of economy, a‐Si PVT has the fastest payback time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biosensor employing screen‐printed PEDOT:PSS for sensitive detection of phenolic compounds in water
Authors: Moczko Ewa , Istamboulie Georges , Calas‐Blanchard Carole , Rouillon Regis , Noguer Thierry 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPoly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and its derivatives are relatively new, and unique members of conducting‐polymers family. In this article, we present an approach for simple, reliable and cost‐efficient electrochemical biosensor for real‐time detection and quantification of phenolic compounds (PhCs). The PEDOT:poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) polymer, directly screen‐printed on the surface of the working electrode, was shown to act as an effective electrical conductor but also as an efficient redox mediator. It has also been found suitable for the reduction of quinone ions at low reducing potentials, close to 0 V versus Ag/AgCl, thus minimizing interferences due to other electroactive species present in real samples. Based on these properties, a biosensor based on tyrosinase immobilized on PEDOT:PSS‐modified electrodes was developed allowing the detection of PhCs in surface waters. The biosensor displayed very good performance in terms of sensitivity, detection limit and linear range. Assays using surface water previously spiked with bisphenol A showed that the biosensor was able to detect PhCs in real conditions with no matrix effect. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Vocal cord dysfunction in adolescents
Authors: Schulze Johannes , Weber Sarah , Rosewich Martin , Eickmeier Olaf , Rose Markus A. , Zielen Stefan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractRationale for the studyVocal cord dysfunction (VCD) often presents with dramatic and abrupt symptoms. To diagnose VCD, visualization by direct laryngoscopy is required and because patients are usually asymptomatic, a specific method to provoke VCD is needed. Approaches to predict VCD by alterations of the flow‐volume loop have been investigated.MethodsAdolescents with clinical suspicion of VCD were invited to participate. After an initial pulmonary function test (PFT), direct laryngoscopy was performed. This was followed by a methacholine challenge test (MCT); the methacholine dose causing a 20% drop in forced expiratory volume after 1 sec (FEV1) (PD20FEV1) was calculated. Then a second laryngoscopy was conducted. PFT changes before and after MCT were compared with the data of 14 healthy controls (HCs).ResultsThirty‐five patients (8–19 years) were investigated. Three showed anatomical alterations. Of the remaining 32 patients, 14 had VCD and 18 had bronchial hyperresponsiveness (non‐VCD). In 29 patients with a positive MCT, PD20FEV1 methacholine was significantly lower in VCD compared with non‐VCD (VCD 0.24 ± 0.4 mg, non‐VCD 0.73 ± 0.73 mg, P = 0.0006). A PD20FEV1 < 0.24 mg methacholine predicted VCD with a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 75%. VCD patients showed significantly lower PFT parameters after challenge; FEV1: VCD 58.5 ± 20.1%, non‐VCD 80.2 ± 18.0%, and HCs 98.7 ± 16.6% (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe combination of MCT and laryngoscopy may be able to differentiate between VCD and non‐VCD. VCD patients showed a positive reaction at lower methacholine doses and displayed greater airway obstruction after MCT. PFTs and MCT do not replace direct laryngoscopy in the diagnosis of VCD in adolescents. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:612–619. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pathological findings at radical prostatectomy in patients initially managed by active surveillance: A comparative analysis
Authors: Iremashvili Viacheslav , Manoharan Murugesan , Rosenberg Daniel L. , Acosta Kristell , Soloway Mark S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe purpose of our analysis was to determine if delays in treatment caused by active surveillance result in significant pathological changes when patients no longer meet the criteria on repeat biopsy and to study whether or not these changes may affect treatment outcomes.METHODSOut of 207 men who were on active surveillance, 47 (23%) no longer met the criteria after one of the repeat biopsies. Twenty‐two underwent radical prostatectomy at our institution and formed the main group (Group 1) of this study. One hundred sixty‐four patients met the criteria for active surveillance but underwent immediate surgery. Of these patients, we selected 38 (23%) with the lowest predicted biochemical recurrence‐free survival. These patients formed the comparison group (Group 2). Pathological features as well as postoperative biochemical outcomes were compared between the groups.RESULTSSeven patients (32%) in Group 1 and four (11%) in Group 2 have predominantly high‐grade cancer (i.e., ≥4/5 + 3) at pathology. The visually estimated percent of carcinoma was also higher in patients initially managed by active surveillance (median 12.5 vs. 5.0 in Groups 1 and 2, respectively, P = 0.009). Other pathological characteristics were similar in both groups. With limited duration of follow‐up, postoperative biochemical recurrence‐free survival did not differ significantly between the groups.CONCLUSIONSOur study has demonstrated that both tumor grade and volume may increase during active surveillance. However, the clinical significance of these changes with respect to the outcomes of delayed treatment remains to be established. Prostate 72:1573–1579, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Compensation of Pinhole Defects in Food Packages by Application of Iron‐based Oxygen Scavenging Multilayer Films
Authors: Sängerlaub Sven , Gibis Doris , Kirchhoff Eva , Tittjung Melanie , Schmid Markus , Müller Kajetan 
Published: March 2012

To protect sensitive food products from oxidative deterioration, multilayer barrier film systems and also modified atmosphere packaging are widely applied. However, the preservation of food quality in such packaging systems may be compromised by the presence of defects in the sealing layer of the films, especially when these are below a critical size, typically the detection limit of standard leak testers of 10 µm. The addition of an oxygen scavenger (OS) layer in barrier film structures could therefore provide extended protection against O2 penetration through such defects.In this study, O2 absorption of different multilayer film structures including an iron‐based OS were investigated under defined gas atmospheres. Measurement cells were thereby covered with plastic films of defined O2 permeability to simulate conditions in a food package during storage with pinhole defect sizes of 10 and 17 µm. The results indicated that the OS film structures applied could only compensate for a defect size of 10 µm in the sealing layer. Analysis of the O2 absorption of different multilayer film structures at 85% and 100% relative humidity showed that higher humidity accelerates the activation of the scavenger. After full activation, the scavenger kinetics are the same for 85% and 100% relative humidity.Long‐term storage experiments using the most effective film structure from the preliminary experiments were carried out to compare O2 absorption of a snack food product in packages with and without an OS. The analyzed linear gradient of the reaction of the OS film and food product, respectively, indicated first‐order reaction kinetics with corresponding reaction constants calculated to be K (food product) 0.021 mg (O2) mbar (O2)−1 day−1 and K (OS film) 0.066 mg (O2) mbar (O2)−1 day−1. The reaction velocity of the OS was thus three times faster than that of the food. The applicability of OS multilayer film systems to compensate a critical pinhole defect size of 10 µm for sensitive food products could therefore be confirmed. The measurement of quality parameters for the status of lipid oxidation processes would help to verify this result. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layered space–time block code for hybrid satellite–terrestrial broadcasting systems
Authors: Nasser Youssef , Helard Jean‐François 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYMultiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) is a topic of high interest for the next generation of broadcasting systems. Even if they have begun to be proposed for the second generation of terrestrial digital TV, there are still gaps in the deployment of MIMO schemes in single‐frequency networks. This deployment becomes more critical when a hybrid satellite–terrestrial transmission is adopted because of the different aspects of the respective transmission links. In this paper, we propose to apply a layered space–time block code (LSTBC) for MIMO schemes in this hybrid transmission for next‐generation handheld (NGH) systems. The contribution of this paper is multi‐fold. First, we detail the land mobile satellite channel specifications describing the satellite link. Then, we propose to apply a MIMO scheme between the antennas of the satellite site and the terrestrial site. Then, we introduce the LSTBC scheme for NGH broadcasting systems. The proposed code is based on a layered construction designed to be efficient in shadowing regions. This efficiency is verified in a line‐of‐sight situation but also in low, moderate and deep shadow situations. The LSTBC scheme is then a very promising candidate for NGH systems with MIMO transmission. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the choice of parameterisation and priors for the Bayesian analyses of Mendelian randomisation studies
Authors: Jones E. M. , Thompson J. R. , Didelez V. , Sheehan N. A. 
Published: March 2012

Mendelian randomisation is a form of instrumental variable analysis that estimates the causal effect of an intermediate phenotype or exposure on an outcome or disease in the presence of unobserved confounding, using a genetic variant as the instrument. A Bayesian approach allows current knowledge to be incorporated into the analysis in the form of informative prior distributions, and the unobserved confounder can be modelled explicitly. We consider Bayesian methods for Mendelian randomisation in the case where all relationships are linear and there are no interactions.A ‘full’ model in which the unobserved confounder is included explicitly is not completely identifiable, although the causal parameter can be estimated. We compare inferences from this general but non‐identified model with a reduced parameter model that is identifiable. We show that, theoretically, additional information about the causal parameter can be obtained by using the non‐identifiable full model, rather than the identifiable reduced model, but that this is advantageous only when realistically informative priors are used and when the instrument is weak or the sample size is small. Furthermore, we consider the impact of using ‘vague’ versus ‘informative’ priors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of recent biostatistical methods adopted by researchers publishing in general/internal medicine journals
Authors: Nietert Paul J. , Wahlquist Amy E. , Herbert Teri Lynn 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundNovel statistical methods are constantly being developed within the context of biomedical research; however, the characteristics of biostatistics methods that have been adopted into the field of general/internal medicine (GIM) is unclear. This study highlights the statistical journal articles, the statistical journals, and the types of statistical methods that appear to be having the most direct impact on GIM research.MethodsDescriptive techniques, including analyses of articles' keywords and controlled vocabulary terms, were used to characterize the articles published in statistics and probability journals that were subsequently referenced within GIM journal articles during a recent 10‐year period (2000–2009).ResultsFrom the 45 statistics and probability journals of interest, a total of 989 unique articles were identified as being cited by 2183 (out of a total of about 127 469) unique GIM journal articles. The most frequently cited statistical topics included general/other statistical methods, followed by randomized trials, epidemiologic methods, meta‐analysis, generalized linear models, and computer simulation.ConclusionAs statisticians continue to develop and refine techniques, the promotion and adoption of these methods should also be addressed so that their efforts spent in developing the methods are not done in vain. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of Pearlite Nucleation by Deformation of Austenite Matrix in an Fe–12Mn–0.8C Alloy
Authors: Furuhara Tadashi , Kimura Naritoshi , Maki Tadashi 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe effect of plastic deformation of austenite on the nucleation of pearlite was investigated using an Fe–12Mn–0.8C (mass%) alloy. Slight warm deformation of austenite prior to pearlite transformation effectively accelerates the intragranular nucleation of pearlite although intragranular pearlite is hardly formed without deformation. Formation of pearlite at annealing twin boundaries is promoted in the warm‐rolled specimens. Additionally MnS particles are activated as intragranular nucleation sites of pearlite. Cold rolling of austenite introduces many deformation twins in the alloy used. Subsequent isothermal transformation heat treatments result in nucleation of pearlite at intersections of the deformation twins. It is concluded that incoherent portions introduced by deformation onto the annealing or deformation twin boundaries are effective nucleation sites in the pearlite transformation.