bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ba0.68Sr0.32TiO3/Ba0.68Sr0.32TiO3 + Mn composite with low loss and high pyroelectric coefficient
Authors: Zhang Guangzu , Jiang Shenglin , He Jungang , Wang Jing , Zhang Qingfeng , Zhang Yangyang , Yu Yan 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPure barium strontium titanate (BST) and 10 mol% Mn(NO)3 doped BST were combined in a three‐dimensional structure, and the dielectric and pyroelectric properties of the ceramics were investigated. Compared with conventional doped ceramics, samples with the three‐dimensional structure exhibited excellent properties. When Mn was added in this special structure, the dielectric loss was depressed dramatically. However, the dielectric constant peak depression effect caused by the dopants was weakened simultaneously. This phenomenon was nontraditional but conducive to the improvement of pyroelectric properties of BST as dielectric bolometer. The dielectric loss, pyroelectric coefficient, and flgure‐of‐merit of three‐dimensional structural specimens could be 0.5%, 9500 µC/m2 K, and 18.0 × 10−5 Pa−0.5, respectively. All these properties were better than samples prepared by conventional doping method. The improvement of pyroelectric property is beneficial for the development of infrared detectors.
Growth and structural characterization of ferromagnetic Cr‐doped GaN nanowires
Authors: Chun JungHwan , Kim DongEon 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCr‐doped GaN nanowires have been proposed to be ferromagnetic, resulting from a charge overlap between the N 2p and Cr 3d states and to be more robust than Mn‐doped GaN nanowires. We demonstrated the successful fabrication of single‐crystalline GaN nanowires doped with Cr, which show ferromagnetism at room temperature. The structural study shows that these nanowires have diameters of several tens of nm to a few 100 nm and are single crystalline with a Cr doping concentration of about 2.06 at%.
Fragmentation patterns of novel dithiocarbamate derivatives with pharmaceutical activity under electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry conditions
Authors: Wang Xin , Sha Yaowu , Ge Zemei , Wang Wei , Li Runtao 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe fragmentation patterns of a novel series of dithiocarbamate derivatives with pharmaceutical activity were investigated by positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MSn). In the gas phase, the dithiocarbamate protonated molecules containing the piperazinium moiety undergo losses of bromide to form the piperazinium cation by ionization, followed by subsequent losses of methyl bromide, ring opening and rearrangement of piperazinium. Furthermore, the dithiocarbamate derivatives and their intermediates both undergo cleavage of the C–S bond to produce two common fragment ions. The different fragmentation observed for these compounds facilitated their identification and could be valuable in the further study of their metabolic pathways as prodrugs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A strategy for liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry based quantitation of pegylated protein drugs in plasma using plasma protein precipitation with water‐miscible organic solvents and subsequent trypsin digestion to generate surrogate peptides for detection
Authors: Wu Steven T. , Ouyang Zheng , Olah Timothy V. , Jemal Mohammed 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRecently, we have developed liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)‐based methods for the quantitation of pegylated therapeutic proteins in plasma. The methods are based on the LC/MS/MS detection of a surrogate peptide generated from trypsin digestion of the therapeutic protein. Various parameters related to the bioanalytical methods were evaluated and optimized, including the preparation of calibration standards and quality control samples, sample extraction, internal standard selection and its stage of addition, trypsin digestion, and non‐specific binding. In this paper, we report the development of a method for a specific pegylated therapeutic protein and detail the various optimization steps undertaken. Simple extraction of the pegylated therapeutic protein from plasma was achieved via the precipitation of the endogenous proteins in plasma using acidic isopropanol and the resulting supernatant extract was subjected to trypsin digestion. A unique tryptic peptide arising from the pegylated therapeutic protein was used for LC/MS/MS‐based detection and quantitation. A protein and a peptide were used as internal standards, with the former added before the sample extraction and the latter after the sample extraction. The method developed is simple, sensitive, specific and rugged, and has been implemented in a high throughput 96‐well format to analyze plasma samples from in vivo studies. A required lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 10 ng/mL, expressed in terms of the concentration of the protein drug, was easily achieved. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OPTIMIZING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS BELOW DAMS
Authors: Yin X. A. , Yang Z. F. , Petts G. E. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTThe protection of riverine ecosystems downstream from dams requires reservoir operations to satisfy environmental flow (e‐flow) requirements. In practice, this often involves re‐regulation of downstream river flows within the constraints of water resource demands for human supplies and irrigation. In this paper, we develop a method to assess how reservoir storage may be used more effectively to meet both water supply and downstream ecosystem needs. The latter are met by providing seasonally variable baseflows, including dry season flow recession at natural rates, and high‐flow pulses and bankfull flows synchronized with natural events. A series of reservoir operating rules are derived based on both reservoir storage and reservoir inflows to trigger reservoir releases. For a given water supply reliability, the method seeks to minimize the degree of hydrological alteration below a dam. We present a case study of the Tanghe Reservoir in China's Tang river basin to show that the proposed method could help reservoir managers and planners evaluate e‐flow scenarios to reduce the negative impacts of dams and reservoirs on riverine ecosystems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AFM image processing for estimating the number and volume of nanoparticles on a rough surface
Authors: Liu Qinghua , Wang Huiliang , Liu Jun , Huang Haiyang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis article presents the method of computer automatic recognition and measurement of the number and volume of nanoparticles formed on a rough surface by smoothing, enhancement and segmentation of image processing. The grafted grains (nanoparticles) on polyethylene surface are taken as the example. This method uses shock filter enhancement and globally convex segmentation to separate the nanoparticles from the polymer substrate surface. Then the nanoparticles are extracted from the rough surface, and the number and volume of nanoparticles on the rough surface are determined. By applying this method to analyze the surfaces irradiated for different time, the number and volume of grafted grains are obtained and they are consistent with the results obtained manually. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasensitive Detection of Low‐Abundance Surface‐Marker Protein Using Isothermal Rolling Circle Amplification in a Microfluidic Nanoliter Platform
Authors: Konry Tania , Smolina Irina , Yarmush Joel M. , Irimia Daniel , Yarmush Martin L. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWith advances in immunology and cancer biology, there is an unmet need for increasingly sensitive systems to monitor the expression of specific cell markers for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools. To address this challenge, a highly sensitive labeling method that translates antigen–antibody recognition processes into DNA detection events that can be greatly amplified via isothermal rolling circle amplification (RCA) is applied. By merging the single‐molecule detection power of RCA reactions with microfluidic technology, it is demonstrated that the identification of specific protein markers can be achieved on tumor‐cell surfaces in miniaturized nanoliter reaction droplets. Furthermore, this combined approach of signal amplification in a microfluidic format could extend the utility of existing methods by reducing sample and reagent consumption and enhancing the sensitivities and specificities for various applications, including early diagnosis of cancer.
Receptor‐Mediated Interactions between Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Bartczak Dorota , Sanchez‐Elsner Tilman , Louafi Fethi , Millar Timothy M. , Kanaras Antonios G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA new strategy to manipulate cell operations is demonstrated, based on membrane‐receptor‐specific interactions between colloidal peptide‐capped gold nanoparticles and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. It is shown that colloidal gold nanoparticles of similar charge and size but capped with different peptide sequences can deliberately trigger specific cell functions related to the important biological process of blood vessel growth known as angiogenesis. Specific binding of the peptide‐capped particles to two endothelial‐expressed receptors (VEGFR‐1, NRP‐1), which control angiogenesis, is achieved. The cellular fate of the functional nanoparticles is imaged and the influence of the different peptide‐coated nanoparticles on the gene expression profile of hypoxia‐related and angiogenic genes is monitored. The findings open up new avenues towards the deliberate biological control of cellular functions using strategically designed nanoparticles.
Nanopore Biosensors: Monitoring of an ATP‐Binding Aptamer and its Conformational Changes Using an α‐Hemolysin Nanopore (Small 1/2011)
Authors: Ying Yi‐Lun , Wang Hai‐Yan , Sutherland Todd C. , Long Yi‐Tao 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAn aptamer is a specific oligonucleotide sequence that spontaneously forms a secondary structure capable of selectively binding an analyte. An aptamer’s conformation is the key to specific binding of a target molecule, even in the case of very closely related targets. Nanopores are a sensitive tool for the single‐molecule analysis of DNA, peptides, and proteins transporting through the pore. Herein, a single α‐hemolysin natural nanopore is utilized to sense the conformational changes of an adenosine 5’‐triphosphate (ATP)‐binding aptamer (ABA). The known DNA sequence of the ABA is used as a model to develop real‐time monitoring of molecular conformational changes that occur by binding targets. The native, folded ABA structure has a nanopore unfolding time of 4.17 ms, compared with 0.29 ms for the ABA:ATP complex. A complementary 14‐mer strand, which binds the ABA sequence in the key nucleic acids responsible for folding, forms linear duplex DNA, resulting in a nanopore transit time of 0.50 ms and a higher capture probability than that of the folded ABA oligomer. Competition assays between the ABA:ATP and ABA:reporter complexes are carried out, and the results suggest that the ABA:ATP complex is formed preferentially. The nanopore allows for the detection of an ABA in its folded, ATP‐bound, and linear conformations.
Differential Calculation Model for Liquidus Temperature of Steel
Authors: Wang Xin , Wang Xianyong , Wang Bao , Wang Bin , Liu Qing 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe liquidus temperature of steel is greatly affected by its chemical composition; therefore, the value of the liquidus temperature can vary among different types of steel. In this study, on the basis of the concept of differentiation, the Fe‐i binary phase diagram is analyzed using Photoshop image processing software. The effects of eleven common alloying elements (C, Si, Mn, P, S, Ca, Ni, Cu, Cr, Nb, and Mo, whose content is between 0%∼4%) on the melting point of pure iron are analyzed. This analysis proves the following assumption to be incorrect: the relationship between the change in liquidus temperature and the content of element i is a linear relationship; this assumption is the basis of traditional liquidus calculation models. A new model for calculating the liquidus temperature of steel is established in this study. As compared to data from other literature, the model proposed in this paper has good generality and the calculation error of the liquidus temperature of steel is between −3 and 4 °C, which is acceptable. A statistical analysis of the experimental data for different steel grades (obtained from Laiwu Special Steel) using the developed model showed that 87.2% of the absolute deviation values of the temperature are within 4 °C. This result shows the model to be both reasonable and credible.
Effects of Mold Powder Chemistry on Shell Growth, Momentum and Heat Transfer in a Billet Mold
Authors: Nájera‐Bastida A. , Morales R.D. , García‐Demedices L. , Zárate‐Gutiérrez R. , Rodríguez‐Ávila J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractEffects of mold powder chemistry on shell growth and thinning have been studied using Computer Fluid Dynamic techniques under conditions of constant casting speed and steel superheat for a peritectic steel in a billet caster. Two mold powders were considered; a basic powder suitable for peritectic steels and an acid powder not recommendable for this steel in order to emphasize the importance of chemistry on shell stability. Numerical results indicate a strong interaction between powder composition and steel flow‐heat transfer phenomena. The acid powder creates recirculating flows at both sides of the entry jet that transport sensible heat to the shell inducing its remelting and thinning leading, eventually, to a strand breakout. Meanwhile, the basic powder induces a single recirculating flow in the internal radius side of the mold without severe shell thinning. A colder meniscus is predicted using the acid powder which is in agreement with the casting practice experience. Powder infiltration of the basic powder in between the mold hot wall and the strand provides a powder shell with a macroscopically smooth surface while the acid powder yields irregular infiltration. Buoyancy forces along the mold working height and mold curvature play a fundamental role on the generation of the recirculating flows. Interaction between powder chemistry and fluid flow‐heat transfer are two‐way coupled phenomena that must be considered for powder design purposes.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fe2MoO4 as a Precursor Material for Mo Alloying in Steel
Authors: Chychko A. , Teng L. , Nzotta M. , Seetharaman S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIron molybdate (Fe2MoO4) has been studied as a new potential precursor for Mo additions in high alloy steel processing. Fe2MoO4 was synthesized by high temperature reactions between MoO3, FeOx and carbon by holding the mixture first for 23 hours at 873 K and then for 16 hours at 1373 K. The Fe2MoO4 syntheses were carried out with pure reagents as well as commercial grade materials supplied by steel industry. A thermodynamic analysis of the stabilities of the various phases in the Fe‐Mo‐O‐C quaternary was carried out. The synthesis processes, leading to the Fe2MoO4 formation from the precursors and further reduction by carbon were studied with the aid of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction (HT‐XRD) and evolved gas analysis by gas chromatography (GC). The maximum temperature in the case of all the experiments was 1373 K. It was found that the reactions between the precursor components start already above 873 K. The precursor mixture from commercial grade materials offers an economically advantageous process route with high Mo yield in steel.
Cold Simulation of Particle Movement in a Conducting Liquid under Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields. Magnetite Particles Separation from Molten Slags
Authors: Semykina A. , Gorobets O. , Shatokha V. , Seetharaman S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe experimental technique of mobilising non‐conducting, nonmagnetic particles in conducting liquid in crossed electric and magnetic fields was investigated in order to find the way of the particle separation from the liquid steelmaking slags. The effect of the current density, magnetic field, size and shape of the particle on the particle velocity under action of the electromagnetic buoyancy force (EBF) in the electrolyte was analysed.Potential way of the application of obtained results to magnetite particle separation from liquid EAF slags are discussed.
Research and Application of Dynamic Substitution Control of Actuators in Flatness Control of Cold Rolling Mill
Authors: Peng‐fei Wang , Dian‐hua Zhang , Xu Li , Wen‐xue Zhang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe work roll bending control has a strong ability to eliminate the symmetrical flatness defects of strip. However, if the incoming strip is coming with severe symmetrical flatness defects, it happens that the position limit of work roll bending is prone to be reached or exceeded during the execution of the displacement, resulting in the residual symmetrical flatness defects without further elimination, as well as a limited flatness control process. Abilities of work roll bending and intermediate roll bending / shifting for flatness control have been analyzed based on the actuator efficiencies for the purpose of solving the problem of work roll bending control reaching threshold. Meanwhile, a self‐learning determination model of actuator efficiency factors, which can be utilized to determine the actuator efficiency factors online accurately, was developed from the measurement data extracted from the rolling mill. Models of intermediate roll bending and intermediate roll shifting substitution control in case of work roll bending control over‐limitation have been developed, in accordance with the practical conditions and the degree of work roll bending over‐limitation. Applications show that the substitution control can play an important role in the residual symmetrical flatness deviation control, which should have been removed completely by the work roll bending control.
Evaluation of the Austenite Recrystallization by Multideformation and Double Deformation Tests
Authors: Vervynckt S. , Verbeken K. , Thibaux P. , Houbaert Y. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA high amount of deformation below the non‐recrystallization temperature (Tnr) is a common industrial practice to achieve a good combination of toughness and strength in microalloyed steels. To combine the industrially relevant optimum combination of high productivity and product quality, an accurate knowledge of Tnr and the recrystallization kinetics is required. Although a lot of literature data is available on the recrystallization behaviour of microalloyed steels, correlations are often difficult to be made due to the effect of different experimental set‐ups and test schedules used to obtain this data. Although it would significantly improve the knowledge about these steels, so far, no systematic comparison has been presented in literature to correlate the different techniques one to another. In this study, different hot rolling simulation techniques and testing schedules were compared, within the experimental constraints of the used equipment, to determine the Tnr temperature of two microalloyed steels. Good agreement was found between the results from different test equipment. Furthermore, the results from the multideformation tests under continuous cooling conditions could be correlated with the results from isothermal double deformation tests.
Cementitious Phases in Ladle Slag
Authors: Adolfsson Daniel , Engström Fredrik , Robinson Ryan , Björkman Bo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLadle slag is an internal by‐product generated within the steelmaking industry during the refining of steel. The realisation of beneficial inherent properties of ladle slag as a binder supplement or substitute material is believed to be advantageous with respect to both economy and environment for steelmakers. For this reason, the current study has focused on highlighting the properties of ladle slag that are pertinent to the formation of calcium aluminate hydrates. Three fractions of ladle slag, two of which were based on different slag formers, have been characterised using XRF, XRD and calorimetric analysis. Commonly known hydraulic minerals such as mayenite, tricalcium aluminate and dicalcium silicate were detected during analysis. An important aspect in the utilisation of ladle slag is the slag handling methodology. Therefore, this study also highlights and discusses the need to reconsider slag handling procedures concerning unnecessary exposure to weathering and the possible need for further processing of the slag in order to better employ the inherent hydraulic properties of this material.
The Numerical Prediction of the Titanium Carbide Distribution in the Blast Furnace During Tapping Process: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Lin Chung Hao , Cheng Wen Tung , Du Shan Wen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTo prolong the campaign life of the furnace hearth for high demand in the steel market, the theme of preventing the hearth wall from erosion phenomenon is worthily studied for steel industry. The titanium carbide (TiC) concentration distributions in the blast furnace hearth can be used to suppress the erosion phenomenon of the hearth wall. In this work, we solve the momentum and the thermal‐energy‐balance equations, as well as the mass transfer equation with chemical reaction effects to investigate the TiC concentration profiles in the hearth of Port Kembla no. 5 blast furnace (PKBF5) by means of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package, Fluent (version 6.2). As shown in the results, the elephant foot erosion and pot‐like erosion in the hearth may be restrained based on the calculated TiC concentration distributions. Additionally, this work illustrates that deadman type may be inferred based on the calculated TiC concentration profiles when the blast furnace is revamped.
The Effect of Solid Particles on Liquid Viscosity
Authors: Wu Liushun , Ek Mattias , Song Minho , Sichen Du 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe viscosities of solid‐liquid mixtures were experimentally determined for silicon oil‐paraffin system at room temperature and solid‐liquid oxide mixture at steelmaking temperature. The use of oil‐paraffin systems was to confirm the results of high temperature measurements, the experimental conditions being very difficult to control. The silicon oil‐ paraffin mixtures behaved Newtonian until the particle fraction reached 0.15. At this fraction, the mixture started deviate from Newtonian flow; though some average values could still be collected with very high uncertainty. Liquid‐2CaO.SiO2 mixtures and liquid‐MgO mixtures were studied at steelmaking temperature with carefully prepared particle fractions and well controlled conditions. Liquid‐2CaO.SiO2 mixture behaved Newtonian even when the particle fraction reached 0.1. The results of both room temperature measurements and steelmaking temperature measurements were used to examine the applicability of the existing models. Einstein‐Roscoe equation was found to be the only model applicably for the systems studied. No modification of the model parameter was found necessary, though the particles were not spherical.