bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Similarity in response to diazinon, dieldrin and pyrethrum extract by allatectomised and normal house-flies (Musca domesticaL.)
Authors: Sawicki R. M. 
Published: July 2009

Allatectomy of newly emerged house-flies (Musca domesticaL.) prevents maturation of the ovaries, and experiments were done to find whether this affected the sensitivity of the flies to insecticides.The apparatus and operational procedure for removing the complex comprising the corpus allatum and corpora cardiaca are described.Females of a diazinon-resistant strain (SKA) were allatectomised less than 12 hr. after emergence, and when three days old their sensitivity to diazinon, dieldrin and pyrethrum extract was tested by topical application. Approximately equal numbers of intact females were tested simultaneously, and untreated controls of both kinds of flies were included in every test. The failure of the ovaries to mature in allatectomised flies was confirmed by examination of a majority of the operated flies that lived for four days, and normal development of the ovaries of intact flies was similarly confirmed.The results showed that there was no difference in sensitivity between allatectomised and normal flies. It is concluded that allatectomy does not affect susceptibility to the insecticides used. Since earlier work had shown that a 9- to 18-fold increase in resistance to diazinon takes place during the period from emergence to the third day afterwards, it is further concluded that this increase is unaffected by allatectomy and the failure of the ovaries to mature.
Observations on the bionomics of Laspeyresia ptychora Meyr. (Lepidoptera, Eucosmidae) infesting cowpea in Nigeria
Authors: Taylor T. Ajibola 
Published: July 2009

One of the principal pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in southern Nigeria is Laspeyresia ptychora Meyr., the larvae of which attack the seeds within mature pods and cause considerable loss of yield. It has not so far been recorded from northern Nigeria. Details of the life-history of this Eucosmid are described from laboratory and field observations made in Nigeria in 1962–63. Eggs are laid on mature pods, which the larvae enter very soon after hatching, feeding on the seeds within. Pupation normally takes place in a cocoon in the soil, but pupal development can be completed in the absence of soil and of a cocoon. Four generations normally occur on the two crops of cowpea that can be grown each year in southern Nigeria, a complete first and a partial or complete second generation on each; but five generations may sometimes occur. The pest survives through the dry season and between the two crops in the rainy season by means of generations that develop on stand-over and volunteer cowpea, on leguminous plants grown in market gardens, and possibly on some yet undiscovered wild plant. No diapause in any stage was observed.Annual fluctuations in larval populations and levels of infestation are described in relation to the cowpea crops and to the damage caused. In a field trial in 1963, 35 per cent, (by weight) of seed from the early crop and 20 per cent, of that from the late crop was damaged. These figures take no account of seed that was completely destroyed, so that the true losses are greater than they indicate. Damaged seed is usually unmarketable as a result of contamination with frass and webbing.Investigations showed that, although larvae may be carried into stores when the crop is harvested, L. ptychora cannot become a pest of stored cowpea seeds because it is unable to develop on dried seeds.The possibilities of chemical, cultural and biological control are discussed, the latter not at present being promising. Field trials with γ BHC, dieldrin, carbaryl, isobenzan and phosphamidon were carried out; only the last-named, which is a systemic insecticide, showed promise of affording satisfactory control. The difficulties of successfully attacking L. ptychora with insecticides are discussed, and it is concluded that chemical measures will need the support of modified cultural practices, particularly those directed towards destruction of stand-over and volunteer cowpea plants, if a satisfactory level of control is to be achieved.
Life-cycle of the tropical warehouse moth,Cadra cautella(Wlk.), at controlled temperatures and humidities
Authors: Burges H. D. , Haskins K. P. F. 
Published: July 2009

The life-cycle of five stocks ofCadra cautella(Wlk.) (Phycitidae) and the duration of the various developmental stages were studied at temperatures from 15 to 37·5°C. and relative humidities between 0 and 100 per cent, on a mixture of wheatfeed, wheat germ and yeast. At 70 per cent. R.H., the limiting temperatures for the completion of the life-cycle were about 15°C. and about 36°C. At 30°C., the limiting humidities were about 20 and above 90 per cent. R.H. Development was quickest at 30–32°C. and 70–80 per cent. R.H., taking 29–30 days from the laying of the egg to the formation of the adult moth. This period increased with lower temperature and humidity, reaching 145·0 days at 15·5°C. (70 per cent. R.H.) and 51 days at 20 per cent. R.H. (30°C.).Near the optimal conditions for rapid development, the egg occupied about 10 per cent, of the developmental cycle, the larva about 70 per cent, and the pupa 20.Temperature influenced the duration of all developmental stages, but humidity had a marked effect only on the larva. The pupation of some mature larvae was delayed: whether or not this delay is a diapause is discussed. Virgin adults lived 4·8 days at 35°C. to 18·9 days at 17·5°C. (70 per cent. R.H.). At 30°C., low humidity halved the length of adult life.The mortality, even in favourable conditions, was often rather high, principally among eggs and young larvae.There was poor survival of small numbers of larvae kept on maize and on cocoa beans, but survival on wheat was similar to that on the usual food mixture. The developmental period on wheatfeed alone was shortened by the addition of honey or glycerine or a combination of wheat germ and yeast.The incidence of disease is discussed.
Reactions of larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hb.) (Lep., Pyralidae) to insecticidal droplets
Authors: Antunes de Almeida A. 
Published: July 2009

In tests of the reactions of freshly hatched larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hb.) to droplets of liquids containing an insecticnde, 16 droplets of the test material were disposed in a ting 23 mm. in diameter on a glass surface. The mean diameter of dtoplets of the different oils used as solvents varied from about 330 to 615 μ. Minute glass beads about 680 μ in diameter were used as controls. The larvae were tested individually by placing them at the ecntre of the ring and noting whether ot not they succeeded in escaping from it without making contact with a droplet, and their time to do so, termed the avoiding-time.Six petroleum hydrocarbon oils, and pyerthrin at different concentrations in one of them (Shell Risella Oil 17) and pyrethrin synergists, piperonyl butoxide and Bucarpolate (2-(2-n-butoxyethoxy)ethyl 3,4-methylenedioxybenzoate), were tested. Droplets containing 20 per cent. pyrethrins proved the most repellent, over 98 per cent. of the larvae avoiding contact with them, whereas only 47.5 per cent. avoided the glass beads. The degree of avoidance elicited by the oils was inversely related to the values of their physical characteristics, such as initial boiling point and mean molecular weight. Increasing concentrations of pyrethrins increased both the degree of avoidance and the avoidingtime, and the addition of piperonyl butoxide or Bucarpolate enhanced both these reactions.
Agromyzid leafminers and their parasites in Iraq
Authors: Al-Azawi A. F. 
Published: July 2009

Following heavy infestations of garden pea (Pisum sativum) by leadmining insects at an experimental farm near Baghdad in 1963, collections of infested leaves from crop plants and associated weeds were made in 1963–1965 in central and souther Iraq and teh insects emerging from them identified. These included the following six pieces of Agromyzid flies: Phytomyza atricornis Mg., Liriomyza congesta (Beck.), L. Brassicae (Ril), L. strigata (Mg.,) Liriomyza sp. and Agromyza nana Mg. Of these, P. atricornis was the most abundant and widely distributed, followed by L. congesta.P. atricornis was found on a wide range of hosts, of which P. sativum and Taraxacum monochlamydeum wwre those most attacked. Six species of Hymenopterous parasites were recorded from P. atricornis and these are listed.
The relative potency of insecticides to tsetse flies assessed by two methods
Authors: Busvine J. R. , Abdurrahim U. , Mohammed N. N. 
Published: July 2009

The insecticidal Potencies of DDT, dieldrin, isobenzan, malathion, diazinon and arprocarb were assessed both by topical application of oil solutions to test insects any by exposing the latter to residues on glass, using young male and non-pregnant female adults of Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newst., G. austebi Newst., and Chrysomya putoria (Wied.).By topical application, dieldrin and isobenzan were 10–23 times as potent as DDT, but their residues were on ly 2.2–6.3 times as effective; arprocarb was likewise more effective by topical application than as a residue, being, respectively, 9 and 3.5 times as effective as DDT. In contrast, diazinon, and, especially, malathion tended to be more efficient, relative to DDT, as residues than might be expected from application tests.It is presumed that the difference between the ralative potency of an insecticide as a reesidue and as applied topically reflects the physical factors affecting contamination and penetration of the insect, but these matters have nor been stuided with tsetse flies.
A method of maintaining Glossina austeni Newst. singly, and a study of the feeding habits of the female in relation to larviposition and pupal weight
Authors: Nash T. A. M. , Jordan A. M. , Boyle J. A. 
Published: July 2009

To permit detailed study of individual tsetse, either as insects or as the vectors of trypanosomiasis, a method has been devised which resulted in excellent survival and reproduction when tested on females or Glossina austeni Newst.Each mated female was maintained in asmall cage comprising a stainless steel frame covered with non-absorbent black Terylene netting through which the larvae and faeces fell into a tray. Each cage was applied daily to the ear of a rabbit, and records were kept of the number of feeds, time taken to feed, numbers of larvae produced, lengths of interlarvel periods and weights of pupae.The following conclusions are tentative as they are based on detailed studies of only eight females. Five of these produced larvae regularly at 8½- to 9-day intervals. Ninety-six interlarval periods were investigated. Although the mean interval between meals was two days, the flies tended to fast before larviposition and to engorge repeatedly afterwards.Among nearly regular breeders, failure to larviposit did not seem to interrupt the normal feeding rhythum: the reproductive rhythum later re-integrated with the feeding ehythum. A tendency to deviate from the normal feeding pattern either by too frequent feeding after larviposition or by prologation of the fasting period before larviposition, may possible be related to pemature death, but flies which tend to feed on the day before larviposition centainly risk death from pupation in utero—a condition found in 5 per cent. of dead rabbit-fed flies; the complex of pressures which lead to this condition is described.Limited data suggest that females which live to a great age enter a post-productive period when about 6½ month old; the feeding pattern breaks down completely, the fly fasting for periods of up to 11 days, or even longer in the immediate pre-death period. The maximum output of reasonably sized pupae is probably about 20 for G. austeni.Pupal weight increased until the parent flies were about 90 days old, but there was much individual variation; thereafter the weight remained high, but among very old dlies it fell towards the end of reproductive life. Certain individuals tended to produce heavy pupae, a characteristic probable associated with the size of the fly and the total weight of blood taken up in each interlarval period—not with the frequency of feeding; a very infrequent feeder may, however, produce underweight pupae at irregular intervals.
Platynota flavedana Clem. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) on Citrus in Jamaica
Authors: Strangways-Dixon J. 
Published: July 2009

Platynota flavedana Clem. (Lepidoptera, Torticidae), the ‘fruit-dropping caterpillar’ or ‘citrus tortrix’, is an important but sporadic pest of Citrus in Jamaica.Damage is confined to part of the period between April and June, and in a heavy attack large numbers of young Citrus fruits, each bearing a scar or hole in the area shielded by the sepals, are found beneath the trees. At other times of the year the insect is present in the orchards in small numbers only.In the field, the eggs, which are laid in clusters, were found on the leaves of Citrus, the larvae in webbing tunnels, usually beneath the sepals of young fruits but also between leaves drawn together with silk, and the pupae within the webbing. Fertilished females isolated in 3 × l-in. glass subes oviposited readily and continued to do so for rather less than a week. The incubation period of the eggs was 6.5 days. Preliminary experments showed that the young larvae require either new, rapidly growing leaves or young fruits of diameter less than ½ in., and a technique for rearing individual larvae in described. The durations of the larvae and pupal phases were 17–35 and 5–10 days, respectively.In the past, chemical control measures had been attempted when large numbers of small fruits had already fallen. It is suggested that such measures cannot be effective because the hardness of texture, that makes them unsuitable for the development of young larvae. Some evidence is provided of effective control by natural factors, throught to be of a pathogenic nature, and it is recommended that the possibility of biological control should be investigated. The difficulties of fitting biological control into the pattern of routine fungicidal spray-applications is mentioned.It is concluded that a comprehensive investigation of both chemical and biological control is necessary, and it is suggested that in areas where outbreaks of the pest occur at all regulary it would be wise, meanwhile, to apply an insecticide, preferably when the new leaves and flower buds are developing and at latest before completioon of petal-fall.
Digestion in the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans Westw.: the effect of feeding field-caught flies on guineapigs in the laboratory
Authors: Langley P. A. 
Published: July 2009

It has been shown that adults of Glossina morsitans Westw. that have fed from a bait ox in their natural environment digest their blood meals more rapidly than others that have emerged and been fed in the laboratory, even when both are maintained under identical environmental conditions after feeding.In further experiments with G. morsitans in Rhodesia, flies caught in the field and fed in the laboratory were found to lose their ability to digest their meals rapidly. Measurements, made throughout three hunger cycles, of the rate of digestion, as reflected in the rate of excretion, of blood meals by field-caught flies fed on guineapigs in the laboratory showed that this was not significantly different from that of the normal, flied-fed flies during the first two hunger cycles but that during the third it fell to a level comparable to that of flise that emerged and were fed in the laboratory.It is concluded that whatever may be the events that condition the field flies to digest their meals rapidly in the natural environment, these are repeated with the ingestion of each meal, and that laboratory conditions cause a rapid loss of this greater digestive capability.
The humidity responses ofTrogoderma granariumEverts (Col., Dermestidae)
Authors: Yinon U. , Shulov A. 
Published: July 2009

The humidity responses ofTrogoderma granariumEvents were tested in humidity gradients set up in choice-chambers, each comprising a petri-dish with the lower half divided diametrically into two compartments containing sulphuric-acid soluctions affording different relative humidities and surmounted by a copper-gauze platform on which the insects, released centrally, could move about. Counts of the numbers in either half of the arena were made at 15–minute intervals over two hours.In a gradient of 20–80 per cent. relative humidity, at 20°C., the average count was significantly greater on the drier side than on the moister one for larvae and adults tested in groups and for larvae and adult males, but not females, tested singly; the response was greater when the insects were tested in groups. Antennectomised adults, tested at 25°C. in a gradient of 20–100 per cent. relative humidity, showed no response, although intact control beetles showed a significant perference for the drier side. When adults were tested in groups at 25°C. in a range of gradients, from 20–10 to 20–100 per cent, a preference for the drier side was invariably shown, the response tending to be greater and to occur more rapidly in larvae than in adults, and as the humidity gradient steepened.
Further studies on age and trypanosome infection rates in Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. palpalis fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst. in Uganda
Authors: Harley J. M. B. 
Published: July 2009

Between June 1964 and May 1965, samples of Glossina pallidipes Aust., G. palpalis fuscipes Newst. and G. brevipalpis Newst. were caught in an area on the north-eastern shore of Lake Victoria in Uganda. Both males and females were classified into age-categories according to the degree of wear of the wings. Females were also classified into ovarian age-categories according to the exact or approximate number of ovulations that had taken place. All were examined for presence of infections with Trypanosoma, which were classified as vivax-type, congolense-type or brucei-type according to their location in the flies.The percentage compositions of the samples by wing-fray category are compared. The mean wing-fray category of females of G. palpalis fuscipes and G. brevipalpis was somewhat lower, and that of females of G. pallidipes somewhat higher, than that of the corresponding males. However, the figures for infection rate in females of all three species were higher than in the corresponding males, significantly so in G. pallidipes and G. palpalis fuscipes, and it seems probable that the mean age of females, at least of the two latter species, was greater than that of males. Among females, the range of calendar ages of flies in the various fray categories was wide.The physiological age-determination method, in which females older than about 42 days are classified iDto four age-categories, does not extend sufficiently far to give a reasonable pattern for the age-composition of any of the species at Lugala, and many of the individuals caught must have been more than about 80 days old.Seasonal fluctuations in mean wing-fray and in the proportion of old flies in the population were correlated with changes in infection rate of females of G. palpalis fuscipes but not of females of G. pallidipes. Among males of neither species were seasonal fluctuations in mean fray correlated with changes in infection rate, though among those of G. palpalis fuscipes the two varied similarly between June and February.Females of G. pallidipes and G. palpalis fuscipes about 31–42 days old had significantly fewer brucei-type infections than those over 42 days old, and either the developmental cycle in the field must normally be longer than that recorded in laboratory investigations or many of the flies must become infected when more than just a few days old.
The tethered flight performance of a laboratory population of Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Ward J. P. , Baker P. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe flight performance of a laboratory population of Triatoma infestans (Klug) was tested on a flight balance. Bugs adopted a typical flight posture which is described. They were capable of steady flight and produced reasonable amounts of lift. Flight durations were generally short, but capacity for flight rose to a peak in the third week after adult eclosion with the longest recorded flight being one of 2 h 40 min by a male. Sexual differences were slight; males had a slightly higher mean wing-beat frequency (57·8 Hz against 55·6 Hz), and a few more females than males made longer flights. Differences were noted between short and long fliers; the latter producing significantly more lift and showing signs of a flight pattern divisible into rising, steady and falling phases. The short fliers showed only rising and falling phases. Lift and wing-beat frequency were correlated, but it is evident that lift also depends on other variables such as stroke-plane angle, body angle and wing-beat amplitude, which are discussed.
Pulvinaria iceryi (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and its allies on sugar-cane and other grasses
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe recent attack by Pulvinaria iceryi (Sign.) on sugar-cane in Mauritius is discussed in the context of other attacks by sap-sucking Hemiptera in the Mascarenes. P. iceryi is compared with its allies P. elongata Newst., P. saccharia DeLotto, P. sorghicola De Lotto and P. tenuivalvata (Newst.). The name of P. longisqua De Lotto is sunk as a synonym of P. elongata and a key is presented for the five related species.
The influence of salinity on larval development and population dynamics of Anopheles merus Dönitz (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Mosha F. W. , Mutero C. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVariations in density of adults of Anopheles merus Dön. in Jimbo Village on the Kenya Coast were found to be correlated both with rainfall and with salinity at their breeding sites. Densities started to increase at the beginning of the rains when several breeding sites were formed. This was followed by a decline in numbers resulting mainly from the decrease in salinity in the semi-permanent breeding sites. A second rise occurred after the end of the rains, corresponding with an increase in salinity in the semi-permanent breeding sites due to evaporation. Peak density coincided with salinities of 30–50% sea water in the breeding sites. Laboratory breeding experiments showed that the larvae were usually capable of completing development in 0–100% sea water, with optimum development at 0, 40 and 60% sea water. Failure to complete development in 100% sea water at certain periods of the year indicated that there could be some seasonal variation in salt tolerance. The larvae were also found to complete development in alkaline saline water collected from an inland location around Lake Jipe in Kenya. The LC50s of sea water for first and fourth-instar larvae after exposure for 2 h were 135·0 and 930·0%, respectively. First-instar larvae were less to lerant of sodium chloride than of sea water of equivalent strength. The LC50 of sodium chloride for first-instar larvae was only 102·5%, sea water equivalent. In tests against first-instar larvae of other soluble chemical salts normally present in sea water, the highest LC50 (122·0g/litre) was of sodium sulphate and the lowest (10·5g/litre) of potassium carbonate.