bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gentamicin‐induced readthrough of stop codons in duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Malik Vinod , Rodino‐Klapac Louise R. , Viollet Laurence , Wall Cheryl , King Wendy , Al‐Dahhak Roula , Lewis Sarah , Shilling Christopher J. , Kota Janaiah , Serrano‐Munuera Carmen , Hayes John , Mahan John D. , Campbell Katherine J. , Banwell Brenda , Dasouki Majed , Watts Victoria , Sivakumar Kumaraswamy , Bien‐Willner Ricardo , Flanigan Kevin M. , Sahenk Zarife , Barohn Richard J. , Walker Christopher M. , Mendell Jerry R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to establish the feasibility of long‐term gentamicin dosing to achieve stop codon readthrough and produce full‐length dystrophin. Mutation suppression of stop codons, successfully achieved in the mdx mouse using gentamicin, represents an important evolving treatment strategy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).MethodsTwo DMD cohorts received 14‐day gentamicin (7.5mg/kg/day): Cohort 1 (n = 10) stop codon patients and Cohort 2 (n = 8) frameshift controls. Two additional stop codon DMD cohorts were gentamicin treated (7.5mg/kg) for 6 months: Cohort 3 (n = 12) dosed weekly and Cohort 4 (n = 4) dosed twice weekly. Pre‐ and post‐treatment biopsies were assessed for dystrophin levels, as were clinical outcomes.ResultsIn the 14‐day study, serum creatine kinase (CK) dropped by 50%, which was not seen in frameshift DMD controls. After 6 months of gentamicin, dystrophin levels significantly increased (p = 0.027); the highest levels reached 13 to 15% of normal (1 in Cohort 3, and 2 in Cohort 4), accompanied by reduced serum CK favoring drug‐induced readthrough of stop codons. This was supported by stabilization of strength and a slight increase in forced vital capacity. Pretreatment stable transcripts predicted an increase of dystrophin after gentamicin. Readthrough efficiency was not affected by the stop codon or its surrounding fourth nucleotide. In 1 subject, antigen‐specific interferon‐γ enzyme‐linked immunospot assay detected an immunogenic dystrophin epitope.InterpretationThe results support efforts to achieve drug‐induced mutation suppression of stop codons. The immunogenic epitope resulting from readthrough emphasizes the importance of monitoring T‐cell immunity during clinical studies that suppress stop codons. Similar principles apply to other molecular strategies, including exon skipping and gene therapy. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:771–780
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of 1‐Aryl‐3‐phenethylamino‐1‐propanone Hydrochlorides and 3‐Aroyl‐4‐aryl‐1‐phenethyl‐4‐piperidinols
Authors: Mete Ebru , Ozelgul Canan , Kazaz Cavit , Yurdakul Dilsad , Sahin Fikrettin , Gul Halise Inci 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMono‐Mannich bases, 1‐aryl‐3‐phenethylamino‐1‐propanone hydrochlorides, 1a, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, and semi‐cyclic mono‐Mannich bases, 3‐aroyl‐4‐aryl‐1‐phenethyl‐4‐piperidinols, 1b, 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b, 8b, 9b, were synthesized by a non‐classical Mannich reaction. The aryl part was: C6H5 for 1a, 1b; 4‐CH3C6H4 for 2a, 2b; 4‐CH3OC6H4 for 3a, 3b; 4‐ClC6H4 for 4a, 4b; 4‐FC6H4 for 5a, 5b; 4‐BrC6H4 for 6a, 6b; 2,4‐(Cl)2C6H3 for 7a, 7b; 4‐NO2C6H4 for 8a, 8b; and C4H3S(2‐yl) i. e., 2‐thienyl for 9a, 9b. Piperidinol compounds 2b, 3b, 4b, 5b, 7b, 8b, and 9b are reported here for the first time. The synthesized compounds were tested against seven types of plant pathogenic fungi and three types of human pathogenic fungi using the agar dilution assay. Itraconazole was tested against Candida parapsilosis as the reference compound, while Nystatin was tested as the reference compound against the other fungi. Compounds 1a, 1b, 2a, 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 7a, 8a, 9a, and 9b can be selected as model compounds to develop new antifungal agents against the human pathogen Microsporum canis. Compounds 8a and 8b, which had a similar antifungal activity compared with the reference compound Nystatin against the plant pathogen Aspergillus flavus, can serve as model compounds to develop new antifungal agents to solve agricultural problems.
Design and Synthesis of Novel Pyrazino[2,1‐a]isoquinolin Derivatives with Potent Antifungal Activity
Authors: Tang Hui , Zheng Can‐hui , Zhu Ju , Fu Bing‐yue , Zhou You‐jun , Lv Jia‐guo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA series of novel pyrazino[2,1‐a]isoquinolin compounds were designed, synthesized, and their antifungal activities in vitro were evaluated. The results showed that all of the title compounds exhibited antifungal activities. Most of them exhibited stronger antifungal activities than the lead compounds; compound 7c is more potent than fluconazole against two of the three tested fungal strains. The studies presented here provide a new structural type for the development of novel antifungal agents.
Phosphatidylcholine‐specific phospholipase C activity and level increase evidently in thromboangitis obliterans
Authors: Wang Mao‐hua , Jin Xing , Wu Xue‐jun , Zhang Jing‐yong , Miao Jun‐ying 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThromboangitis obliterans (TAO) is considered to be an inflammatory disease. Previous research has demonstrated that phosphatidylcholine‐specific phospholipase C (PC‐PLC) plays critical roles in various inflammatory responses. However, the connection between PC‐PLC and TAO is undetermined. Therefore, we sought to investigate whether PC‐PLC was implicated in TAO. In our study, there were two groups: TAO group and control group. The PC‐PLC activity of serum of two groups (16 TAO patients and 11 controls) was detected by PC‐PLC activity assay. The level and distribution of PC‐PLC in posterior tibial arteries in seven TAO patients and four controls were detected by immunofluorescence staining method. PC‐PLC activity increased greatly in serum of TAO patients. Immunofluorescence analysis also revealed an upregulation of PC‐PLC in the vascular endothelium of TAO patients. Our data suggest that PC‐PLC activity and level increase obviously in TAO patients. Our study may provide new clues for seeking pathogenesis of TAO. Furthermore, it may bring new insights into clinical diagnosis and treatment of TAO.
Molecular targets of [6]‐gingerol: Its potential roles in cancer chemoprevention
Authors: Oyagbemi Ademola A. , Saba Adebowale B. , Azeez Odunayo I. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA wide variety of phenolic compounds derived from spices possess potent antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antimutagenic, and anticarcinogenic activities. [6]‐gingerol (1‐[4′‐hydroxy‐3′‐methoxyphenyl]‐5‐hydroxy‐3‐decanone) is the major pungent principle of ginger, with numerous pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti‐inflammation, and antitumor promoting properties. It could decrease inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) expression through suppression of I‐kappaB alpha (IκBα) phosphorylation, nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) nuclear translocation. Other antiproliferative mechanisms of [6]‐gingerol include the release of Cytochrome c, Caspases activation, and increase in apoptotic protease‐activating factor‐1 (Apaf‐1) as mechanism of apoptosis induction. Taken together, the chemopreventive potentials of [6]‐gingerol present a promising future alternative to therapeutic agents that are expensive, toxic, and might even be carcinogenic.
Iron in neuronal function and dysfunction
Authors: Salvador Gabriela A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIron (Fe) is an essential element for many metabolic processes, serving as a cofactor for heme and nonheme proteins. Cellular iron deficiency arrests cell growth and leads to cell death; however, like most transition metals, an excess of intracellular iron is toxic. The ability of Fe to accept and donate electrons can lead to the formation of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species, and oxidative damage to tissue components; contributing to disease and, perhaps, aging itself. It has also been suggested that iron‐induced oxidative stress can play a key role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Iron progressively accumulates in the brain both during normal aging and neurodegenerative processes. However, iron accumulation occurs without the concomitant increase in tissue ferritin, which could increase the risk of oxidative stress. Moreover, high iron concentrations in the brain have been consistently observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In this regard, metalloneurobiology has become extremely important in understanding the role of iron in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurons have developed several protective mechanisms against oxidative stress, among them the activation of cellular signaling pathways. The final response will depend on the identity, intensity, and persistence of the oxidative insult. The characterization of the mechanisms involved in high iron induced in neuronal dysfunction and death is central to understanding the pathology of a number of neurodegenerative disorders.
Influence of copper on early development: Prenatal and postnatal considerations
Authors: Uriu‐Adams Janet Y. , Scherr Rachel E. , Lanoue Louise , Keen Carl L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCopper (Cu) is an essential nutrient whose requirement is increased during pregnancy and lactation. These represent times of critical growth and development, and the fetus and neonate are particularly vulnerable to deficiencies of this nutrient. Genetic mutations that predispose the offspring to inadequate stores of Cu can be life threatening as is observed in children with Menkes disease. During the last decade, severe Cu deficiency, once thought to be a rare condition, has been reported in the literature at an increasing frequency. Secondary Cu deficiencies can be induced by a variety of ways such as excessive zinc or iron intake, certain drugs, and bariatric surgery. Premature and low birth weight infants can be born with low Cu stores. A number of mechanisms can contribute to the teratogenicity of Cu including decreased activity of select cuproenzymes, increased oxidative stress, decreased nitric oxide availability, altered iron metabolism, abnormal extracellular matrix protein crosslinking, decreased angiogenesis and altered cell signaling among others. The brain, heart, and vessels as well as tissues such as lung, skin and hair, and systems including the skeletal, immune, and blood systems, are negatively affected by suboptimal Cu during development. Additionally, persistent structural, biochemical, and functional adverse effects in the offspring are noted even when Cu supplementation is initiated after birth, supporting the concept that adequate Cu nutriture during pregnancy and lactation is critical for normal development. Although Cu‐containing IUDs are an effective method for increasing intrauterine Cu concentrations and for reducing the risk of pregnancy, high amounts of dietary Cu are not thought to represent a direct developmental risk.
Chemotaxonomic Investigations of Peel and Petitgrain Essential Oils from 17 Citron Cultivars
Authors: Venturini Nicolas , Curk Franck , Desjobert Jean‐Marie , Karp David , Costa Jean , Paolini Julien 
Published: March 2010

AbstractChemical compositions of essential oils from 17 citron cultivars were studied using GC and GC/MS. To the best of our knowledge, chemical compositions of peel and petitgrain oils from seven of them were reported for the first time. Combined analysis of peel and petitgrain essential oils led to the identification of 37 components (amounting to 98.2–99.9% of the total oil) and 42 components (97.0–99.9%), respectively. Statistical analysis was applied to identify possible relationships between citron cultivars. The levels of seven components, i.e., limonene, β‐pinene, γ‐terpinene, neral, geranial, nerol, and geraniol, indicated that the cultivars could be classified in four main chemotypes for peel and petitgrain oils. Chemotaxonomic investigations were carried out to establish relations between the morphological characteristics of citron cultivars and their corresponding oil compositions.
Synthesis of Oleanolic Acid Dimers as Inhibitors of Glycogen Phosphorylase
Authors: Cheng Keguang , Liu Jun , Sun Hongbin , Xie Juan 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRecently, oleanolic acid was found to be an inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase. For further structural modification, we have synthesized several dimers of oleanolic acid by using amide, ester, or triazole linkage with click chemistry. The click chemistry was shown to be the most efficient method for the dimer synthesis. Nearly quantitative yield of triazole‐linked dimers was obtained. Biological evaluation of the synthesized dimers as inhibitors of glycogen phosphorylase has been described. Four of six dimers exhibited inhibitory activity against rabbit muscle glycogen phosphorylase a (RMGPa), with compounds 2 and 7 as the most potent inhibitors, which displayed an IC50 value (ca. 3 μM) lower than that of oleanolic acid (IC50=14 μM).
Variation in Volatile Leaf Oils of Twelve Eucalyptus Species Harvested from Hajeb Layoun Arboreta (Tunisia)
Authors: Elaissi Ameur , Medini Hanène , Marzouki Hanène , Larbi Khouja Mohamed , Lynene Fréderic , Chemli Rachid , Harzallah‐Skhiri Fethia 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHydrodistillation of the dried leaves of twelve species of the genus Eucalyptus L' Hér., i.e., E. brockwayi C. A. Gardn., E. gracilis F. Muell., E. gillii Maiden, E. largiflorens F. Muell., E. loxophleba Benth., E. occidentalis Endl., E. oldfieldii F. Muell., E. salmonophloia F. Muell., E. sargentii Maiden, E. stricklandii Maiden, E. torquata Luehm., and E. woodwardii Maiden, harvested from Hajeb Layoun arboreta (region of Kairouan, central Tunisia) in January 2005, afforded essential oils in yields varying from 0.5±0.1 to 5.7±0.5%, dependent on the species. E. sargentii and E. brockwayi provided the highest and the lowest percentage of essential oil amongst all the species examined, respectively. Analysis by GC (RI) and GC/MS allowed the identification of 133 components, representing 92.9–98.8% of the total oil. The contents of the different samples varied according to the species. The main components were 1,8‐cineole, terpinen‐4‐ol, α‐pinene (2), p‐cymene, aromadendrene (1), globulol (5), trans‐pinocarveol (6), spathulenol (7), β‐eudesmol, torquatone (3), and 4‐methylpentan‐2‐yl acetate (8). The principal component analysis and the hierarchical clustering indicated that the volatile leaf oil composition of the twelve Eucalyptus species could be clearly differentiated.
A New Long‐Chain Alkene and Antituberculosis Constituents from the Leaves of Pourthiaea lucida
Authors: Chen Jih‐Jung , Lin Wen‐Jiou , Shieh Po‐Chuen , Chen Ih‐Sheng , Peng Chien‐Fang , Sung Ping‐Jyun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA new long‐chain alkene, dotriacont‐1‐ene (1), was isolated from the leaves of Pourthiaea lucida, together with twelve known compounds. The structure of this new compound was determined by NMR and mass‐spectrometric analyses. Among the isolated compounds, α‐tocospiro A (2), α‐tocopheryl quinone (4), and (E)‐phytol (5) exhibited antituberculosis activities (MICs ≤30 μg/ml) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv in vitro.
Putative One‐Pot Prebiotic Polypeptides with Ribonucleolytic Activity
Authors: López‐Alonso Jorge P. , Pardo‐Cea Miguel A. , Gómez‐Pinto Irene , Fernández Irene , Chakrabartty Avijit , Pedroso Enrique , González Carlos , Laurents Douglas V. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractKIA7, a peptide with a highly restricted set of amino acids (Lys, Ile, Ala, Gly and Tyr), adopts a specifically folded structure. Some amino acids, including Lys, Ile, Ala, Gly and His, form under the same putative prebiotic conditions, whereas different conditions are needed for producing Tyr, Phe and Trp. Herein, we report the 3D structure and conformational stability of the peptide KIA7H, which is composed of only Lys, Ile, Ala, Gly and His. When the imidazole group is neutral, this 20‐mer peptide adopts a four‐helix bundle with a specifically packed hydrophobic core. Therefore, one‐pot prebiotic proteins with well‐defined structures might have arisen early in chemical evolution. The Trp variant, KIA7W, was also studied. It adopts a 3D structure similar to that of KIA7H and its previously studied Tyr and Phe variants, but is remarkably more stable. When tested for ribonucleolytic activity, KIA7H, KIA7W and even short, unstructured peptides rich in His and Lys, in combination with Mg++, Mn++ or Ni++ (but not Cu++, Zn++ or EDTA) specifically cleave the single‐stranded region in an RNA stem–loop. This suggests that prebiotic peptide–divalent cation complexes with ribonucleolytic activity might have co‐inhabited the RNA world.
Dynamic Vapochromic Behaviors of Organic Crystals Based on the Open–Close Motions of S‐Shaped Donor–Acceptor Folding Units
Authors: Takahashi Eiji , Takaya Hikaru , Naota Takeshi 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe first vapochromic organic crystals are described with respect to their preparation, color change, adsorption/desorption properties, crystal structures, and color‐change mechanism. Non‐solvatochromic, 1,4,5,8‐naphthalene‐tetracarboxylic diimide (NDI) derivatives 1 a bearing two pyrrole imine (PI) tethers have been used as a motif for the crystal packing template. Red‐purple vapochromic solid 3 was prepared by evacuation of orange crystals 2 (equivalent to 1 a⋅2 MeOH), obtained by recrystallization of 1 a from MeOH. Solid 3 showed high‐adsorption ability and unprecedented vapor‐dependent color changes upon exposure to a variety of organic vapors, whereas light brown amorphous solid 1 a, did not show vapo‐ or solvatochromic behavior toward any organic solvent. The strong adsorption capability of 3 was confirmed by TGA experiments and adsorption/desorption isotherms. Analysis of the solid‐state UV/Vis analysis revealed that the vapor‐dependent color changes of 3 were owed to the specific interference of solvent vapors with its broad CT absorbance at λ=450–650 nm. Packing structures of 1 a in orange crystals 2, red‐purple solid 3, and regenerated orange solid 2 were unequivocally established by single crystal and synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction, respectively. Molecular structures and arrays of 1 a in these materials indicated that 1) unit 1 a had an S‐shaped folded conformation in 2 and 3 by intramolecular donor–acceptor interactions between NDI and two PI units; 2) inclusion of the guest vapor into the S‐shaped template decreased the intramolecular PI‐NDI interactions, accompanied by increasing intermolecular NDI‐NDI and PI‐PI interactions; and 3) such flexible, open–close motions of the S‐shaped template could be repeated during reversible adsorption/desorption processes without degradation of crystal packing. The adsorption properties and mechanism of molecular shape‐dependent vapochromic behavior of 3 are discussed with reference to experimental results, crystallographic data, and theoretical calculations.
Biolubricants: Raw materials, chemical modifications and environmental benefits
Authors: Salimon Jumat , Salih Nadia , Yousif Emad 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe depletion of the world's crude oil reserve, increasing crude oil prices, and issues related to conservation have brought about renewed interest in the use of bio‐based materials. Emphasis on the development of renewable, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly industrial fluids, such as lubricants, has resulted in the widespread use of natural oils and fats for non‐edible purposes. In this study, we have reviewed the available literature and recently published data related to bio‐based raw materials and the chemical modifications of raw materials. Additionally, we have analyzed the impacts and benefits of the use of bio‐based raw materials as functional fluids or biolubricants. The term biolubricants applies to all lubricants, which are both rapidly biodegradable and non‐toxic to humans and other living organisms, especially in aquatic environments. Biodegradability provides an indication of the persistence of the substance in the environment and is the yardstick for assessing the eco‐friendliness of substances. Scientists are discovering economical and safe ways to improve the properties of biolubricants, such as increasing their poor oxidative stability and decreasing high pour points. “Green” biolubricants must be used for all applications where there is an environmental risk.
Esterification of olive acid oil in supercritical methanol
Authors: Akgün Nalan , Yaprakçı Anıl , Candemir Cansu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe aim of this work was to produce biodiesel from olive acid oil with free fatty acid content of 91.67 wt% by using non‐catalytic esterification in supercritical methanol. Design of experiments was used to evaluate the effects of various values of pressure (200–280 bar), temperature (300–380°C), methanol to acid oil volumetric ratio (0.7–1.5), and flow rate (0.4–1.2 mL/min). The optimum process conditions such as temperature of 380°C, pressure of 240 bar, volumetric ratio of acid oil to methanol of 1.12, and flow rate of 0.4 mL/min were obtained using response surface methodology (RSM) coupled with Central Composite Design (CCD). Moreover, it was found that the most effective parameters were temperature and flow rate, which was in good agreement with the experimental value. Furthermore, the fuel properties of biodiesel were upgraded, and then tested following the European standard EN 14214.
Effect of phospholipidn‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on rat lipid metabolism
Authors: Hosomi Ryota , Fukunaga Kenji , Arai Hirofumi , Kanda Seiji , Nishiyama Toshimasa , Kanada Teruyuki , Yoshida Munehiro 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that the amount and type of dietary fat are factors involved in the risk of arteriosclerosis and coronary or cerebral artery disease through lipid metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of phospholipids (PLs) containingn‐3PUFAs on lipid metabolism in rats. PLs containingn‐3PUFAs were prepared from squid (Todarodes pacificus) mantle muscle. Groups of male Wistar rats were fed AIN93G diet containing soybean oil (SO, 7%), fish oil (1.2%) + SO (5.8%), soybean PLs (1.8%) + SO (5.2%), or PLs containingn‐3PUFAs (1.8%) + SO (5.2%). The following indicators were assayed as indexes of lipid metabolism: TAG and cholesterol in serum and liver, fecal cholesterol, bile‐acid excretion, and liver mRNA expression levels of genes encoding proteins involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Serum and liver TAG contents decreased significantly in the group fed PLs containingn‐3PUFAs as compared to other groups, accompanied by a significant decline in the expression level of sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c. The decrease in cholesterol content in the group fed PLs containingn‐3PUFAs was due to the increase in fecal cholesterol excretion and the increase of mRNA expression levels of ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) G5 and ABCG8 in liver.Practical applications: PLs containingn‐3PUFAs decreased serum and liver TAG contents compared with that induced by soybean PLs. Further, PLs containingn‐3PUFAs can induce a reduction in serum and liver cholesterol concentrations as well as the triglyceride‐reducing effect of conventionaln‐3PUFAs containing TAG. In other words, dietaryn‐3PUFAs contained in PLs can prevent life‐style diseases such as hyperlipidemia, arteriosclerosis and coronary, or cerebral artery disease more effectively than TAG containingn‐3PUFAs. Therefore, it is expected that the risk of lifestyle diseases would be decreased if PL containingn‐3PUFAs can be supplied routinely. In this study, PLs containingn‐3PUFAs were prepared from squid mantle muscle. On an industrial scale, such PLs can be produced from various unused resources and waste materials of fisheries. We conclude that highly functional foods could be developed based on the findings of this study, and would be available for health promotion worldwide.