bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Body Mechanics Instruction on Work Performance Among Young Workers
Authors: McCauley Maureen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Thirty young workers (aged 14 to 19 years) employed as groundskeepers and custodians were randomly assigned to two groups; one group received body mechanics instruction and the other did not. The instruction focused on proper spinal alignment in the work environment. Instruction on low back pain began with one classroom session before the subjects’ first day of work and continued during employment with two on-site sessions. The effect of instruction was evaluated through the observation of body mechanics during actual work performance. The results of the study indicate that the group that received instruction performed significantly better than the control group. This paper also discusses the occupational therapist’s role in providing job-specific body mechanics instruction in the work environment as a primary method of preventing low back pain.
Adding Meaning to a Design Copy Task Through Representational Stimuli
Authors: Licht Brian C. , Nelson David L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists frequently use their knowledge of occupation to add meaning and purpose to therapeutic tasks. This study investigated the effects of an attempt to add meaning to a particular occupational situation—a design copy task. Added meaning was given to the design copy task through the use of stimulus figures that were representational of familiar objects—an arrow, a house, and a face. The control condition consisted of three nonrepresentational figures composed of the same geometric shapes, in the same locations on the paper as the representational figures, but combined differently. The order of presentation was controlled for. The study used 30 elderly subjects (22 women and 8 men) from six nursing homes. The accuracy of the drawings was measured by a blind rater using graph overlays and predetermined rules of scoring. A two-way analysis of variance with one repeated measure (Order × Type of Figure) indicated significant differences at the .01 level between the representational and nonrepresentational figures. This study demonstrates how added meaning can enhance performance on a visuomotor task in a vulnerable population.
Protocol for the Use of Videofluoroscopy in Pediatric Swallowing Dysfunction
Authors: Zerilli Karen S. , Stefans Vikki A. , DiPietro Michael A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A clinical and research protocol was developed to compare the sensitivity and clinical value of videofluoroscopy with the traditional bedside clinical evaluation in the evaluation of children’s swallowing dysfunction. The bedside and videofluoroscopic evaluations of 33 children were reviewed retrospectively. Our findings indicated that recommendations for feeding changed for 14 of the children as a result of the information gained from the videofluoroscopic evaluation. The results suggest that videofluoroscopy provides therapists with more objective evidence than a bedside evaluation for determining the etiology of swallowing dysfunction and directing the management or treatment of this dysfunction.
The Relationship of the Allen Cognitive Level Test to Cognitive Abilities and Psychopathology
Authors: David Sandra K. , Riley William T. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The cognitive factors measured by the Allen Cognitive Level Test (ACL) (Allen, 1982) as well as the test’s relationship to level of psychopathology were examined through a retrospective study of 71 patients from a general hospital psychiatry unit. Pearson correlations, computed for the ACL score with the Shipley Institute of Living Scale (Shipley, 1940), a general measure of intellectual functioning, were significant. A strong correlation was found between the ACL and the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (Smith, 1982), a measure of motor speed and concentration often used as a neurological screening instrument. This suggests the potential usefulness of the ACL to screen for cognitive dysfunctions associated with organicity. Contrary to hypothesis, there was no significant correlation between the ACL and measures of psychopathology such as the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Hathaway & McKinley, 1940). The relationship of the ACL to other recognized measures of cognitive functioning increases its usefulness as a valid measure of day-to-day limitations in the functioning of psychiatric patients. Effective communication of the implications of these cognitive levels to a multidisciplinary treatment team is enhanced by knowledge of the relationship of the ACL to measures of cognitive functioning and psychopathology used by other disciplines.
The Effect of Rhizotomy on Movement in Patients With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Berman Barbara , Vaughan Christopher L. , Peacock Warwick J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Selective posterior lumbar rhizotomy has recently become an alternative method for relieving spasticity in patients with spastic cerebral palsy. This procedure involves the selective sectioning of the lumbosacral posterior nerve rootlets. Because the whole nerve root is not cut, tactile and proprioceptive sensation remain intact. The present study measured the changes that occurred in 29 patients with spastic cerebral palsy 2 days before surgery and from 4 to 14 months after surgery. Each patient was used as his or her own control. In addition to the clinical evaluation of function, gait was analyzed on appropriate patients with a simple digital camera and microcomputer. The results indicated positive gains after rhizotomy. These gains were, however, dependent on the patients’ abilities before surgery. The most significant improvement occurred in thigh and knee ranges of movement. This somewhat controversial new method of treating spasticity shows promise in improving the quality of life of patients with spastic cerebral palsy and in facilitating their treatment.
The Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Hand Size and Strength, Vestibular Function, Visuomotor Integration, and Praxis in Preschool Children
Authors: Bowman O. Jayne , Wallace Brooke A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Differences in hand size and strength, vestibular function, visuomotor integration, and praxis in preschool children as a function of socioeconomic status were investigated. Twenty-two children of lower socioeconomic status, aged 3 to 5 years, were each matched with a child of higher socioeconomic status on the basis of race, sex, hand dominance, age, height, and weight. Measures used were the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery, 1982), hand size and strength, the Standing Balance subtests of the Southern California Sensory Integration Tests (Ayres, 1972), the Bowman Unilateral Hopping Test (Flannigan, 1987), the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (Ayres, 1975), the praxis tests of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) (Ayres, 1984), and the Bowman Quality of Prone Extension Scale (Etheredge, 1987). Analyses with two separate Hotelling’s T2 for correlated samples (Huck, Cormier, & Bounds, 1974) revealed significant differences in hand size and strength as well as praxis, and subsequent post hoc analyses revealed better scores for the higher socioeconomic status group on right hand strength and on the Praxis on Verbal Command subtest of the SIPT. A paired t test also revealed that the higher socioeconomic status group scored better on visuomotor integration. Analysis with Hotelling’s T2 revealed no significant differences between the two groups on the vestibular measures.
The results of this study suggest that on certain tests used by occupational therapists, children from a higher socioeconomic status group may function at a higher developmental level than those from a lower socioeconomic status group. When interpreting clients’ test results, therefore, therapists should consider the possible influence of socioeconomic status.
Sensory Integrative Processing in Delinquent-Prone and Non-Delinquent-Prone Adolescents
Authors: Fanchiang Shan-Pin , Snyder Carolyn , Zobel-Lachiusa Jeanne , Loeffler Carol Bartolo , Thompson Mary Ellen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The purposes of this study were to obtain a preliminary description of the sensory integrative and practic abilities of 114 non-delinquent-prone adolescents aged 12 through 18 years and to compare their performances with those of 12 delinquent-prone adolescents with learning problems. Ten of the 17 subtests of the Sensory Integration and Praxis Tests (SIPT) (Ayres, 1989) as well as the Finger Posture Imitation Test (Druker, 1980) and the MacQuarrie Test for Mechanical Ability (MacQuarrie, 1925/1953) were administered to both groups. It was hypothesized that performance on some tests would correlate with age in the non-delinquent-prone adolescents. It was also hypothesized that some delinquent-prone adolescents with learning problems would perform significantly worse on the tests of sensory integrative and practic abilities than would the non-delinquent-prone adolescents. A data analysis indicated that performance on the praxis tests, Manual Form Perception, Graphesthesia, and Bilateral Motor Coordination showed a significant age correlation. The results of this study indicated a difference between the two groups, and it was concluded that the delinquent-prone group performed more poorly on all of the praxis-related tests and on the absolute values of the tests of Postrotary Nystagmus, Standing and Walking Balance, and Bilateral Motor Coordination. Some of the vestibular and praxis-related tests, therefore, may still provide useful information on children older than 8 years of age.
Incidence of Atypical Pencil Grasps Among Nondysfunctional Adults
Authors: Bergmann Kerstin P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Three groups of nondysfunctional adults were observed for atypical pencil grasps (i.e., nondynamic tripod grasps) used during functional writing situations: 58 occupational therapy students signing out equipment, 314 voters signing for their ballots, and 113 medical students taking a written examination. Among the total right-handed population, the most frequently used grasp was the dynamic tripod grasp (86%). The second most frequently used grasp was the lateral tripod grasp (10%). Other grasps were observed less often (less than 2% of the time). The surprisingly high incidence of the lateral tripod grasp suggests that this grasp may be considered a functional alternative to the traditionally accepted dynamic tripod grasp. Only 1% of the total sample showed immature grasp patterns (i.e., cross-thumb and static tripod grasps), thus indicating that most adults develop a mature grasp for functional handwriting.
The Test of Orientation for Rehabilitation Patients: Interrater Reliability
Authors: Deitz Jean C. , Tovar Vicky S. , Thorn Deborah W. , Beeman Clara 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Test of Orientation for Rehabilitation Patients (TORP) (Deitz, Beeman, & Thorn, in press) was developed for use with patients with brain injuries in inpatient rehabilitation settings. It was designed to assess orientation to person and personal situation, place, time, schedule, and temporal continuity. Interrater reliability for the TORP was examined with the use of 34 brain-injured and 35 non-brain-injured patients. Two occupational therapists trained in administering the TORP, as specified in the test manual (Dietz et al., in press), served as the examiners. One therapist administered and scored the test while the second therapist observed and scored the test for the same subject. Intraclass correlation coefficients, used as indexes of reliability for the scoring of the total test and subtests, ranged from .89 to 1.00 for the non-brain-injured group and from .94 to .99 for the brain-injured group. These findings suggest that an occupational therapist can reliably score the TORP for patients both with and without brain injuries.
How High Do We Jump? The Effect of Reimbursement on Occupational Therapy
Authors: Howard Brenda S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper explores the extent to which third-party reimbursement dictates occupational therapy practice. A literature review was used to examine the history and meaning of reimbursement in regard to occupational therapy. It was found that the profession has altered its definition, practice, management, ethics, and professional response as a result of changes in reimbursement. Reimbursement policies reflect societal influences and are shaping occupational therapy in several ways. Control has shifted to third-party payers, allowing them to define occupational therapy; use of the medical model is being rewarded by reimbursement; the language used to discuss the profession has changed to accommodate the insurance and other industries; and values that dominate society are being reinforced. Conflict between the values of society and the values of the occupational therapy profession is a source of struggle for many clinicians. If the causes of the reimbursement-imposed constraints on practice are understood, occupational therapists will be free to be proactive in issues of health care policy.
Using the HeadMaster With Macintosh, Apple II, and MS-DOS Computers
Authors: Anson Denis 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
When it was first introduced, the Prentke Romich HeadMaster allowed a person with good head control to access a Macintosh computer. The hardware and software combination allowed the user with a disability to type, to pull down menus, and to print, but only on the Macintosh. The HeadMaster itself provided an excellent replacement for the mouse. The keyboard software, however, could be difficult to use and would not work with some programs.
In the past 2 years, new hardware and software options have made the HeadMaster a much more valuable tool for the general computer user with a disability. This article discusses these options and their strengths and weaknesses. This information may assist the therapist prescribing alternative access equipment in making appropriate hardware and software choices.
Development of a Treatment Rating in School Systems: Service Determination Through Objective Measurement
Authors: Farley Sharon K. , Sarracino Tamara , Howard Patricia M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper introduces the Capital Area Treatment Rating (CATR) being developed by the occupational and physical therapists of the Capital Area Intermediate Unit in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. This rating assists therapists in identifying children in special education who require occupational or physical therapy treatment. The CATR consists of two measurement categories – functional levels and clinical judgment factors – each of which is rated on a 4-point ordinal scale. The scores from each of these categories are then added together for a final rating score. A pilot test involving 180 children in special education indicated that the need for treatment is most consistently associated with a score of 28 points or above on the CATR. A survey of 17 pediatric occupational therapists revealed strong support for the instrument’s content and resulted in a revised version. Suggestions for future research and ongoing development are discussed, as are general guidelines for use of the instrument in special education occupational therapy programs.
Achieving Intersubjective Understanding: Examples From an Occupational Therapy Treatment Session
Authors: Crepeau Elizabeth Blesedell 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational therapists, like other health care professionals, must balance their application of treatment techniques with an understanding of their patients’ life experiences. This paper reviews the literature from interpretive and medical sociology regarding the interplay between professional power and the achievement of an understanding of another person. It analyzes how an occupational therapist, during a single treatment session, enters into her patient’s life-world and simultaneously controls and manages the treatment process. The concepts of knowledge schemata (the expectations and beliefs people bring to a situation) and footings (the shifts in alignment, or focus, that occur during interaction) are central to this analysis. The process of achieving a balance between professional power and an understanding of the patient’s experience may be fostered in education and in clinical supervision through increased emphasis on the importance of understanding the values and beliefs of patients and on the development and refinement of interactive skills.
Occupational Therapy Diagnostic Reasoning: A Component of Clinical Reasoning
Authors: Rogers Joan C. , Holm Margo B. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The occupational therapy process involves the assessment and treatment of problems in occupational status. Assessment entails the sensing and defining of patients’ problems and is accomplished through diagnosis. As a process, diagnosis involves the creation of a clinical image of the patient through cue acquisition, hypothesis generation, cue interpretation, and hypothesis evaluation. This sequence of cognitive activities is called diagnostic reasoning. As a product, diagnosis summarizes a patient’s occupational deficits in terms of occupational role performance, occupational performance, and the components of occupational performance. To serve adequately as a basis for planning intervention, the occupational therapy diagnosis describes the problem, explains the potential cause of the problem, gives the cues whereby the problem is recognized, and names the pathologic agent. Occupational therapy assessment is broader than diagnosis and includes a delineation of the patient’s assets as well as deficits. In the resolution of problems in occupational status, assets may be used to offset deficits. The clinical image represents a balanced view of occupational status by reflecting assets and deficits.
Anthropology, Occupational Therapy, and Action Research
Authors: Mattingly Cheryl , Gillette Nedra 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes the research process and methodology used in the American Occupational Therapy Association/American Occupational Therapy Foundation Clinical Reasoning Study. This study examined the clinical reasoning of occupational therapists through a 2-year ethnography of therapists at one hospital site. The research was innovative in several important respects. One important innovation was a combined ethnographic and action research design that involved collaboration between the research team and those therapists being studied. Therapists who were research subjects became actively involved in examining and reflecting on their own practice through group analysis of videotaped sessions with clients. One outcome of this action research component was that the study served as both a research and a staff development project.
What is Clinical Reasoning?
Authors: Mattingly Cheryl 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper offers a concept of clinical reasoning that differs from many of the traditional definitions of clinical reasoning in occupational therapy and the health professions in general. Here, clinical reasoning in occupational therapy is described as a largely tacit, highly imagistic, and deeply phenomenological mode of thinking. It is argued that clinical reasoning involves more than the ability to offer explicit reasons that justify clinical decisions because it is also based on tacit understanding and habitual knowledge gained through experience. Clinical reasoning also involves more than a simple application of theory, particularly theory as understood in the natural sciences, because complex clinical tasks often require that the therapist improvise a treatment approach that addresses the unique meaning of disability as it relates to a particular patient.
Falls and Fear of Falling Among Elderly Persons Living in the Community: Occupational Therapy Interventions
Authors: Walker J. Elizabeth , Howland Jonathan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Each year, about one third of the population over 65 years of age experiences at least one fall (Perry, 1982). Assessment of the incidence of falls and the prevalence, intensity, and covariates of fear of falling among community-based elderly persons was conducted through interviews of 115 residents in a housing development (mean age = 78 years). Fifty-three percent reported having fallen in recent years, 32% in the last year. Fear of falling ranked first when compared with other common fears. In a logistic regression model predicting limitation of activity independent of risk factors for falling, fear of falling was marginally significant (p = .06). The results of the study show that falls are frequent and fear of falling prevalent among the community-based elderly. A comprehensive program designed to reduce the risk of falls is presented.
Rigor in Qualitative Research: The Assessment of Trustworthiness
Authors: Krefting Laura 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Despite a growing interest in qualitative research in occupational therapy, little attention has been placed on establishing its rigor. This article presents one model that can be used for the assessment of trustworthiness or merit of qualitative inquiry. Guba’s (1981) model describes four general criteria for evaluation of research and then defines each from both a quantitative and a qualitative perspective. Several strategies for the achievement of rigor in qualitative research useful for both researchers and consumers of research are described.
Beyond Performance: Being in Place as a Component of Occupational Therapy
Authors: Rowles Graham D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Emphasis on knowing and doing as focal concerns of occupational therapy has tended to overshadow being as an essential ingredient of human experience. This article advocates greater concern with understanding our clients’ being in place – that is, their immersion within a lifeworld that provides the culturally defined spatiotemporal setting or horizon of their everyday lives. It is suggested that naturalistic and qualitative research strategies are appropriate for the exploration of this realm of experience. Illustration is provided from an ethnographic study of aging in a rural Appalachian community. The time–space rhythms of taken-for-granted behavior, the significance of the surveillance zone (space within the visual field of the dwelling), and the way in which the environment may come to be a component of the self, are identified as themes within being in place that have significant implications for enhancing occupational therapy practice.
Occupational Science: Academic Innovation in the Service of Occupational Therapy’s Future
Authors: Clark Florence A. , Parham Diane , Carlson Michael E. , Frank Gelya , Jackson Jeanne , Pierce Doris , Wolfe Robert J. , Zemke Ruth 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Occupational science is a new scientific discipline that is defined as the systematic study of the human as an occupational being. A doctoral program in occupational science has been established at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, With its emphasis on the provision of a multidimensional description of the substrates, form, function, meaning, and sociocultural and historical contexts of occupation, occupational science emphasizes the ability of humans throughout the life span to actively pursue and orchestrate occupations. In this paper, occupational science is described, defined, and distinguished from other social sciences. A general systems model is presented as a heuristic to explain occupation and organize knowledge in occupational science. The development of occupational science offers several key benefits to the profession of occupational therapy, including (a) fulfillment of the demand for doctoral-level faculty members in colleges and universities; (b) the generation of needed basic science research; and (c) the justification for and potential enhancement of practice.