bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Genera and Species of Glaphyriinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe subfamily Glaphyriinae is briefly discussed. To the six nominal genera placed here by Forbes a further 18 described nominal genera are added, together with the following 13 new genera, 1 new generic name and 32 new species:–Scybalista amazonica, n. sp., Brazil; S. himerta, n. sp., Peru; Aethiophysa, n. g., type-sp. Homophysa lentiflualis Zeller; Aethiophysa consimilis, n. sp., southeastern U. S. A.; Ae. surinamensis, n. sp., Guiana; Ae. acutipennis, n. sp., Brazil; Ae. delicata, n. sp., Florida; Xanthophysa, n. g., type-sp. Botis psychialis Hulst; Abegesta, n. g., type-sp. Orobena reluctalis Hulst; Abegesta concha, n. sp., Arizona; Scybalistodes, n. g., type-sp. Glaphyria periculosalis Dyar; Scybalistodes vermiculalis, n. sp., Arizona; S. regularis, n. sp., Arizona; S. reducta, n. sp., Tres Marias Is.; S. violetalis, n. sp., Chiapas; S. rivuloides, n. sp., Tres Marias Is.; Stegea, n. n., for Egesta Ragonot nec Conrad, type-sp. Homophysa eripalis Grote; Stegea mexicana, n. sp., Mexico; S. clarkei, n. sp., Colombia; S. jamaicensis, n. sp., Jamaica; Paregesta, n. g., type-sp. P. californiensis, n. sp., California; Nephrogramma, n. g., type-sp. Homophysa reniculalis Zeller; Chilomima, n. g., type-sp. Pyrausta clarkei Amsel; Chilozela, n. g., type-sp. Loxostege bifilalis Hampson; Macreupoca, n. g., type-sp. M. penai, n. sp., Chile; M. spectralis, n. sp., Chile; Contortipalpia, n. g., type-sp. C. masculina, n. sp., Brazil; Eupoca definita, n. sp., Brazil; E. micralis, n. sp., Mexico; Vinculopsis epipaschia, n. sp., Peru; Aureopteryx infuscatalis, n. sp., Bolivia; Lipocosmopsis, n. g., type-sp. Lipocosma intermedialis Barnes and McDunnough; Lipocosmodes, n. g., type-sp. Lipocosma fuliginosalis Fernald; Heptalitha, n. g., type-sp. H. boliviensis, n. sp., Bolivia; Dicymolomia micropunctalis, n. sp., California; D. grisea, n. sp., Florida; Lipocosma forsteri, n. sp., Bolivia; L. teutonialis, n. sp., Brazil; L. saralis, n. sp., Bolivia; L. antonialis, n. sp., Bolivia; L. coroicalis, n. sp., Bolivia; L. isola, n. sp., Tres Marias Is. The following additional taxonomic changes are made: Aethiophysa lentiflualis Zeller is separated from the South American Homophysa invisalis Guenée, which is not identified; Abegesta remellalis (Druce) is considered distinct from A. reluctalis (Hulst); Phlyctaenia prusalis Druce is referred to Scybalistodes; Stegea salutalis (Hulst) is separated from S. eripalis (Grote); Eupoca Warren is separated from Scybalista Lederer, and bifascialis (Walker), sanctalis (Schaus), polyorma (Meyrick), and chicalis (Schaus) are referred to it; Symphysa glorialis Schaus is transferred to Aureopteryx Amsel; Ambia argyractalis Schaus, A. enallasialis Dyar, A. enantialis Dyar, A. enareralis Dyar, Aulacodes odulphalis Schaus, Lipocosma punctissimalis Dyar, and L. teliferalis Dyar are transferred to Heptalitha; Ambia metalophota Hampson is transferred to Dicymolomia Zeller; Glaphyria calla Kaye and ausonialis Druce are transferred to Lipocosma Lederer.
Some Simple and Useful Technological Developments in Light Traps
Authors: Lowe R. B. , Putnam L. G. 
Published: December 2009

To minimize travel to light traps sited at a considerable distance from headquarters, the authors have developed a battery of seven light traps, to keep nightly catohes separate and in good condition for a period of up to one week.The 100-watt clear, incandescent attractant lights are switched on in succession by a programmed multiple switch based on a seven-day, clock-driven thermograph drum. Seven cams are fitted at intervals equivalent to 24 hours on the drum surface, each of arc length to keep one of the seven roller lever actuator switches closed for the night hours of orie dav per week.
Nutritional Methods for Phytophagous Insects
Authors: McGinnis A. J. , Kasting R. 
Published: December 2009

In biochemical studies of resistance of plants to insects knowledge of the nutritional needs of the insect is required. Some methods that have been developed or were adapted from studies with large animals are displayed.Larvae of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., have been reared on diets prepared from wheat sprouts that have been lyophilized and ground to a fine meal. Diets may be prepared by adding water (two parts) to the meal (one part), packaging in aluminum foil, and storing in the frozen state. By lyophilization, other plant tissues have also been preserved successfully for periods up to one year. The lyophilized tissue provides a uniform dietary medium that can be readily extracted or supplemented in nutritional studies.
Effect of Pre- and Post-Treatment Temperatures, Age of Deposit, and Repellency on the Toxicity of Kelthane to the Two-spotted Mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.) (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Fisher R. W. , Hansell R. I. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractKelthane MF showed a positive temperature coefficient of toxicity to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius. An increase of about 1.2% mortality occurred for each degree rise in the range from 50-90°F. Pre-treatment of adult, female mites at three different temperatures for three days caused no significant difference in mortality at 74°F. Acaricidal potency of Kelthane MF on peach leaves declined rapidly both indoors and outdoors for the first two days. Thereafter the potency decreased at about the same rate outside, but much slower in the laboratory. Deposits on peach leaves repelled mites strongly for two days, but weakened rapidly over the next six days. Mites entered treated leaf areas after the acaricidal potency had dropped low, and so a larger than expected number of susceptible mites may have survived.
The Biology and Ecology of the Red-Pine Needle Midge and Its Role in Fall Browning of Red Pine Foliage
Authors: Kearby W. H. , Benjamin D. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOutbreaks of Thecodiplosis piniresinosae Kearby apparently have occurred in North America since 1932 on Pinus resinosa (Ait.). Serious losses of new needles and some mortality of shoots resulted since 1957 in central Wisconsin. Fall browning caused by the midge is distinguished from needle blight and needle droop.Three larval stages and the pupa are described. Adults emerged in late May and oviposited on elongating shoots. Eggs hatched within a week and larvae mined into the bases of the fascicles, where they fed until early October. In October, mature larvae left the fascicles, dropped to the litter, and entered the soil to overwinter. Pupation and transformation to the adult occurred in the spring.One larva usually was present per fascicle during periods of low populations, but during outbreaks up to 11 larvae infested a single fascicle. A monothalmous or polythalmous gall-like enlargement was noticeable during the outbreak. Infested needles formed an abscission layer prematurely and dropped during the winter, 3 to 5 years before normal abscission. Stand conditions, age and spacing conducive to the buildup of midge outbreaks are discussed.
Regional Color Patterns in the Parasitic Hymenoptera
Authors: Mason W. R. M. 
Published: December 2009

Parasitic Hymenoptera in all parts of the world exhibit many striking color patterns. These patterns are differentiated into groups according to the locality, size and habits of the insect.The really small species, i.e. those under 4 mm. long, can hardly be said to have a color pattern at all, and have virtually no regional differentiation anywhere except for a general prevalence of darker coloration in cool climates and paler in warm climates. In tropical regions many of the smaller Hymenoptera are confined to the shady interior of forests. These species often exhibit a disruptive pattern consisting of white spots at the tip of the antennae and the tip of the hind legs or ovipositor. These white spots show strikingly against a dark forest background and serve to draw attention away from the body of the insect itself. Such disruptive patterns are seldom found in temperate fhest species of the smallest sizes but are common in large sized forest-dwelling ichneumonids in all parts of the world.
Insects in Abnormal Atmospheres
Authors: Monro H. A. U. , Bond E. J. , Dumas T. 
Published: December 2009

In research on fumigants it was found that variations in the proportions and amounts of the normal atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide), both during and after exposure to the toxicant, had profound effects on the mortality responses of the insects.At reduced pressures (vacuum fumigation) the mortality response of the insects is complex (Monro 1959). With certain insects at least four zones of differing susceptibility were found. These are typified by the case of the cadelle, Tenebroides mauritanicus L.
Southward Extension of the Arctic Zone
Authors: Mason W. R. M. 
Published: December 2009

Many of the Arctic species live above timberline in mountainous areas far to the south of the Arctic. We have made collections in such areas a t two places in North America, the Front Range of Colorado and the Banff National Park area in Alberta.Because of a geological accident, the existence of hundreds of square miles of peneplain at and above timberline (11,500 to 13,000 ft.), Colorado has a very extensive Arctic fauna. However, the main mountain mass in Colorado is far removed from the Arctic and isolated by at least a hundred miles of prairie and forest. The fauna above timberline in colorado is composed of about one third truly Arctic species, one half widespread Cordilleran species, and a small number of endemic species derived from the local fauna in Colorado. Perhaps the most characteristic difference between the insect fauna of the Colorado tundra and that of the Canadian Arctic tundra is the occurrence of a rich fauna of Heteroptera in the Colorado tundra, contrasting with an almost total lack of this group in the Canadian Arctic. Vegetationally the story is similar, the outstanding characteristic of the Colorado tundra being the almost complete lack of Ericaceae.
Revision of the Genus Reuteroscopus Kirkaldy 1905 with Descriptions of Eleven New Species (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe genus Reuteroscopus is known from North America, Central America, and the West Indies. Lygus uvidus Distant considered a synonym of ornatus Reuter is a good species and the name must be revived. Psallus nicholi Knight is transferred to Reuteroscopus. Descriptions are given for the following 11 new species, making a total of 16 known species for the genus: antennatus, aztecus, chillcotti, complexus, digitatus, mexicanus, and similis from Mexico; diffusus from Mexico, Costa Rico, and Panama; femoralis from Arizona and Mexico; curacaoensis from Curacao Is.; and hamatus from Florida, Mexico, Panama, Dominican Republic Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands. Reuteroscopus sulphureus Reuter will be removed to another genus. Male genitalia of the 16 species are illustrated and a key to males is provided.
Ecology of Species of Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Alberta. I. Subgenus Alpinobombus Skor.
Authors: Hobbs G. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn southern Alberta the range of Bombus (Alpinobombus) balteatus was limited to mountainous areas with minimum elevations of 7,400 ft. When given equal opportunity to nest in above- or underground hives, queens established in two above, and 12 underground hives. The middle of the nest-establishing period in the hives was about 24 June 1962, and 17 June 1963.Construction of the brood cell was begun before that of the honey pot. All eggs of the first brood were deposited in n single cell; not all were deposited on the same day. Second- and third-brood egg cells were built in parallel lines on each side of the incubation groove. At least once, the second brood was also workers. Succeeding broods were probably first males and then queens, as males emerged first.Pollen was fed collectively to worker larvae of all instars, except the last, by stuffing it beneath them. All instars of male and queen larvae, except the last, were fed collectively mixtures of honey and pollen. Last-instar larvae of all broods separated from each other by spinning flimsy, incomplete cocoons, and were fed individually mixtures of honey and pollen. Hence, B. balteatus is a pocket-maker when rearing worker larvae to the last instar and a pollen-storer when rearing last-instar worker, male, and queen larvae.
Mycetome in Sitophilus
Authors: Musgrave A. J. 
Published: December 2009

Weevils of the genus Sitophilus are known to harbour within them certain structures (supposedly micro-organisms) that seem, on present evidence, to supply the host weevil with beneficial but not essential nutrients: the phenomenon of either symbiosis or mutualism.The micro-organisms occur in cells called “mycetocytes”. In the larval weevil the mycetocytes are clustered together to form a mycetome. During metamorphosis from larva to prepupa to pupa to adult the mycetome breaks up into its constituent mycetocytes. The mycetocytes are found in the midguts of male and female adults and in the gonads of female adults. From the female gonads they are passed to the eggs and thence to the next generation of weevils.
Insects Associated with Flowering Marsh Marigold, Caltha palustris L., at London, Ontario
Authors: Judd W. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the spring of 1962 Caltha palustris was in bloom from April 30 to May 26. Thirty-nine species of insects in Cantharidae, Nitidulidae, Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae, Miridae, Thripidae, Pieridae, Tenthredinidae, Apidae, Halictidae, Andrenidae, Formicidae, Sepsidae, Sciomyzidae, Ephydridae, Syrphidae, Anthomyiidae, Tachinidae and Muscidae visited the leaves and flowers. Many were found carrying pollen of the plant.
Influence of the Health of the Food Plant of the Host on Host-finding by Tachinid Parasites
Authors: Monteith L. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the laboratory, the parasitic tachinids Drino bohemica Mesn. and Bessa harveyi (Tns.) made two to four times as many attacks on tenthredinid sawfly larvae exposed on unhealthy as on those on healthy food trees. Olfactory stimuli from the unhealthy trees were preferred by the parasites to those from healthy trees. The possibility of greater masking of stimuli from hosts on healthy foliage than from those on unhealthy foliage was apparently of little importance. In the field a moderate to severe attack by sawfly larvae on a tree will cause the tree to become unhealthy and this increases its attractiveness to the parasites. Thus, the host larvae indirectly assist the parasites to find them. Stimuli that are directly influenced by the health of the food plant of the host may interact with those from other environmental factors in determining the apparent degree of preference by tachinid parasites for different hosts.
A New Colpocephalum (Mallophaga: Menoponidae) from Daptrius ater
Authors: Price Roger D. , Beer James R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractColpocephalum ateri n. sp. is described from Daptrius ater and is differentiated from C. ceciliae Carriker from the same host species and from C. ibicter (Eichler) from D. americanus.
The Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea): Their Systematics, Tribal Divisions and Distribution
Authors: Kevan D. K. McE. , Akbar S. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Pyrgomorphidae represent a distinctive family of acridoid Orthoptera comprising 127 genera and over 400 species. The systematic history of the group is outlined and its name is discussed. On the basis of external morphology and phallic structures it has been found possible to divide the family into tribes. Most of these have been recognized previously, but several new ones have been erected to accommodate anomalous genera or parts of former tribes that have proved to be heterogeneous. The genera fall into no fewer than 29 tribes and 8 subtribes, which reflect the antiquity of the group; phylogenetic relationships remain rather obscure. An extensive key to the tribes and subtribes (incorporating both external and phallic characters) is given and the genera belonging to each are listed. Diagnoses of three new genera and a new subgenus are appended. Geographical distribution is discussed. The great majority of Pyrgomorphidae are found in the Old World tropics and subtropics, but some are American and a few reach temperate latitudes both north and south. A very high degree of endemism amongst genera is shown by all regions in which the group occurs, except the Palaearctic. The African and Malagasy faunas are the richest, but the group probably originated further east. Madagascar, Australia, the Papuan subregion and C. and S. America all have their own very distinctive tribes and genera. No genera are common to Old and New Worlds. The latter was probably invaded from Asia at least twice. Pyrgomorphidae appear to be comparatively recently incursive into the Palaearctic region. A new Palaearctic fossil genus is proposed.
The Validity of the Name curtipennis (Harris) for North American Chorthippus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Vickery V. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe specific name curtipennis (Harris) is reinstated for North American Chorthippus, which is not (as erroneously supposed) conspecific with an Old World species. A neotype is designated and described for C. curtipennis (Harris), and a lectotype is chosen for C. montanus (Charpentier).
Influence of Climate Upon the Distribution of the Lodgepole Needle Miner in the Bow Valley, Banff, Alberta
Authors: Shepherd R. F. 
Published: December 2009

An outbreak of needle miner on lodgepole pine occurred in the late 1940's, decreased to low levels in the 1950's. but increased aeain recently. In both outbreaks, populations were highest in a band along the middle of the slopes of the valleys.The moths are crepuscular with most of the flight, feeding, and laying activities taking place at sundown. Temperatures and wind at this time are critical for these activities. Low temperatures and wind which are more common at higher elevations probably reduce oviposition rates. Some downward drift of the moths also probably takes place making the rate of increase through the adult and egg stages much higher at valley bottom than further up the slope.
Symposium: Strategy and Tactics of Insect Control: Perspectives on Insect Control
Authors: Smallman B. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDuring the past 100 years, insect control has been a predominant objective and influence on the development of entomology in Canada. Preoccupation with the insecticide method of insect control threatened for a while to divert entomologists from the biological bases of their science. But the scientific questions and practical problems raised by insecticides have recently generated a renaissance of biological thinking about insects and ways to control them. Older biological methods and certain promising new ones are receiving increased attention. Insecticides have won a permanent place in our arsenal but we can no longer continue to rely so heavily on this one weapon. A new perspective is emerging in which strategies of insect control will be formulated on the basis of population dynamics studies and will involve assembling from a variety of control methods the appropriate combinations to meet particular problems. The requirements of these combined strategies will impinge increasingly on economic and social affairs which, in turn, will modify the technology of insect control.
Entomology in the University Curriculum in Canada
Authors: Beckel W. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe number and kinds of courses in Entomology at Canadian Universities are briefly described. There is a discussion of two approaches to the undergraduate degree: one, the broad approach, where only one course in a specialty is taught but many disciplines are covered, and two, the narrower approach, where many courses in the specialty are given.The author favours the broad approach. Biologists should be produced first and Entomologists second. There is some question as to whether, at the Universities, Entomologists, in the narrow sense, should be produced at all.The argument for graduate training in biological disciplines instead of training in specialized groups of animals is presented. Also the question is raised of where, and how, graduate training should be done. It is concluded that graduate training is best done in the biological disciplines, that it should be directed by the Universities, not by off-campus laboratories and that it should be done in a manner decided by the Universities.
Arctic Insects and Their Environment
Authors: Downes J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe first part of this paper discusses the characteristics of the arctic environment as it influences insect life. The most important features are the low temperature, the low annual heat budget, the severe and often variable weather and the continuous daylight of the growing season. A certain uniformity in aspect of the tundra environment is mentioned. Some microclimatic and regional differences are considered and a definition of thelow arcticlife zone is proposed.The make-up of the arctic fauna is considered in the second section. In the low arctic there may be up to 5% of the number of species found in a comparable temperate area, and in the Queen Elizabeth Islands about 1%; but the representation of the various groups of insects in the arctic varies greatly, the Diptera, and especially the Chironomidae, being by far the most numerous. The fauna is derived from that of the north temperate zones, by extensive reduction and by a limited development of endemic forms up to, but rarely beyond, the specific level. Many of the endemic forms seem to be adaptations to the special features of the environment, especially the low temperature and short season; while others appear to show a loss of specialized features, e.g. of colour or pattern, in relation to the small number of species in their environment and the consequent lower level of biotic interactions. The arctic Lepidoptera are frequently cited in these sections and a number of species are figured.The paper concludes with a discussion of the general reasons why so few species are found in the arctic. The arctic environment is not inherently simple and does not forbid a greater diversity, yet in fact very few species occur. It seems to lie beyond the range of physiological tolerance of all but a very few of the forms of temperate origin. But, given time, there is no apparent reason why a greater diversity should not develop, although the evolutionary process is probably slower in the arctic and is always liable to be set back by climatic disasters, from the last of which the fauna has only just begun to recover. It is suggested however that the arctic will always tend to lie towards the limit of the physiologically possible range because in fact the greatest continuity of evolutionary history has been in the tropics and most forms of life have thus been shaped in response to tropical conditions.