bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging analysis of cosmetic ingredients interacted with human hair using TOF‐SIMS
Authors: Kojima T. , Kitano H. , Niwa M. , Saito K. , Matsushita Y. , Fukushima K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHuman hair damage is caused by chemical treatments and various daily factors. A number of cosmetic ingredients have been developed to repair hair damage. It is important to know the localization of cosmetic ingredients distributed on human hair to understand the interaction mechanism of these ingredients with the hair.In this work, the distribution of cosmetic ingredients on damaged hair was investigated using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS). We examined the penetration of L‐theanine and the adsorption of cationic chitosan. The TOF‐SIMS imaging analysis revealed that L‐theanine penetrated deep and was distributed uniformly inside the damaged hair. Further, cationic chitosan was uniformly adsorbed on the hair surface. The analysis results showed that TOF‐SIMS is one of the most convenient methods to estimate the distribution of cosmetic ingredients on the hair. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined effect of autoclaving‐cooling and cross‐linking treatments of normal corn starch on the resistant starch formation and physicochemical properties
Authors: Kim Nam‐Hee , Kim Jung‐Hwan , Lee Suyong , Lee Heungsook , Yoon Jae‐Wook , Wang Ren , Yoo Sang‐Ho 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNormal corn starch (NCS) was treated by both autoclaving‐cooling and cross‐linking to produce resistant starch (RS). The RS yield, crystalline structure, as well as other physicochemical properties of the modified starch were investigated. The yield of RS was 12.2% by four autoclaving‐cooling cycles, and it could be further increased up to 31.0% by the subsequent cross‐linking using sodium trimetaphosphate/sodium tripolyphosphate. The scanning electron microscopy images clearly illustrated that the granular structure of native starch was disrupted and a continuous network with irregular shape was formed after autoclaving‐cooling cycles. The subsequent chemical cross‐linking appeared to make the network structure more compact and dense. X‐ray diffraction patterns showed that B‐ and V‐types coexisted in all the modified corn starches, and all these modified starches exhibited very low viscosity which remained almost constant regardless of temperature changes.
Spatial learning‐induced increase in agmatine levels at hippocampal CA1 synapses
Authors: Leitch Beulah , Shevtsova Olga , Reusch Katharina , Bergin David H. , Liu Ping 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAgmatine, a metabolite of L‐arginine, is considered as a novel putative neurotransmitter. It has been detected in axon terminals that synapse with pyramidal cells in the hippocampus, a brain region that is critically involved in spatial learning and memory. However, the role of agmatine in learning and memory is poorly understood. Recently, we demonstrated water maze training‐induced increases in tissue levels of agmatine in the CA1 subregion of the hippocampus. This finding has raised an issue whether an endogenous agmatine could directly participate in learning and memory processes as a neurotransmitter. In the present study, quantitative immunogold‐labeling and electron‐microscopical techniques were used to analyze the levels of agmatine in CA1 stratum radiatum (SR) terminals (n = 600) of male Sprague–Dawley rats that had been trained to find a hidden escape platform in the water maze (WM) task or forced to swim (SW) in the pool with no platform presented. Agmatine levels were significantly increased by ∼85% in the synaptic terminals of SR of trained WM group compared with the SW control group (all P < 0.001). These results, for the first time, demonstrate spatial learning‐induced elevation in agmatine levels at synapses in the hippocampus and provide evidence of its participation in learning and memory processing as a novel neurotransmitter. Synapse, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adapting to climate change to sustain food security
Authors: Ziervogel Gina , Ericksen Polly J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractClimate change poses considerable challenges to food security. Adapting food systems both to enhance food security for the poor and vulnerable and to prevent future negative impacts from climate change will require attention to more than just agricultural production. This article surveys the multiple components of food security, particularly those relating to access and utilization, which are threatened by the complex responses of food systems to the impacts of climate change. Food security can only be ensured and enhanced with a suite of interventions across activities, ranging from production to distribution and allocation. Although many studies have demonstrated the importance of policy and institutional interventions for ensuring food security after a shock, the climate change impacts and adaptation community have been slow to pick up on these lessons. This article pulls together lessons from the literature on the type of institutional interventions that could be strengthened to enable adaptation in the food system to buffer against climate change at multiple levels, from the local to the global level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
Visual hallucinations
Authors: Collerton Daniel , Mosimann Urs Peter 
Published: June 2010

AbstractUnderstanding of visual hallucinations is developing rapidly. Single‐factor explanations based on specific pathologies have given way to complex multifactor models with wide potential applicability. Clinical studies of disorders with frequent hallucinations—dementia, delirium, eye disease and psychosis—show that dysfunction within many parts of the distributed ventral object perception system is associated with a range of perceptions from simple flashes and dots to complex formed figures and landscapes. Dissociations between these simple and complex hallucinations indicate at least two hallucinatory syndromes, though exact boundaries need clarification. Neural models of hallucinations variably emphasize the importance of constraints from top down dorsolateral frontal systems, bottom up occipital systems, interconnecting tracts, and thalamic and brainstem regulatory systems. No model has yet gained general acceptance. Both qualitative (a small number of necessary and sufficient constraints) and quantitative explanations (an accumulation of many nonspecific factors) fit existing data. Variable associations of hallucinations with emotional distress and thought disorders across and within pathologies may reflect the roles of cognitive and regulatory systems outside of the purely perceptual. Functional imaging demonstrates that hallucinations and veridical perceptions occur in the same brain areas, intimating a key role for the negotiating interface between top down and bottom up processes. Thus, hallucinations occur when a perception that incorporates a hallucinatory element can provide a better match between predicted and actual sensory input than does a purely veridical experience. Translational research that integrates understandings from clinical hallucinations and basic vision science is likely to be the key to better treatments. WIREs Cogn Sci 2010 1 781–786This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Perception and Psychophysics
Neuroscience > Cognition
Thiodipropionate ZnII Complexes: Synthesis, DFT Studies, and X‐ray Structure of [{Zn(phen)(H2O)}2(μ‐tdp)2]·3H2O
Authors: Grirrane Abdessamad , Álvarez Eleuterio , Pastor Antonio , Galindo Agustín 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe zinc thiodipropionate complex [Zn(tdp)] (1) [tdp = S(CH2CH2COO)22–] was obtained by reaction of aqueous zinc dichloride with a 1:1 mixture of Na2CO3 and thiodipropionic acid. The bonding preferences of the tdp anion were studied by DFT methods. The reaction of 1 with o‐phenanthroline (phen) gave the dinuclear compound [{Zn(phen)(H2O)}2(μ‐tdp)2]·3H2O (2), which was characterized by X‐ray analysis.
Metallkomplexe von Farbstoffen, XII [1], Halbsandwich‐Komplexe von Ruthenium, Cobalt, Rhodium, Iridium mit Iminocarboxylaten aus 4‐(4′‐Nitrophenylazo)anilin (Disperse Orange 3) oder 4,4′‐Diaminoazobenzol und 2‐Oxocarboxylaten
Authors: Kühlwein Frank , Beck Wolfgang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe condensation of the amino groups of 4‐(4′‐nitrophenylazo)aniline or of 4,4′‐diaminoazo‐benzene with 2‐oxocarboxylates at chlorido bridged half‐sandwich complexes [(C5Me5)MCl2]2 (M = Rh, Ir), [(p‐cymene)RuCl2]2 or of [(C5Me5)(Co(CO)I2] provides a convenient way to attach azodyes to a metal ion via an 2‐iminocarboxylate ligand.
Effect of Essential Oils from Lippia geminata and Cymbopogon jwarancusa on In vitro Growth and Sporulation of Two Rice Pathogens
Authors: Deka Bhuyan P. , Chutia M. , Pathak M. G. , Baruah P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSheath blight and brown spot disease of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Bipolaris oryzae causes significant yield loss in rice production worldwide. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of two essential oils (EOs) from Lippia geminata and Cymbopogon jwarancusa on in vitro growth and sporulation of these two pathogens. The fungal radial growth was inhibited at very low concentration (25 ppm) of the EOs. Similarly, fungal spore production was also inhibited up to ≥80% at 500 ppm of EOs. However, fungal sporulation was completely retarded at 1,000 ppm of L. geminata EO. Very low oil concentrations (10 ppm) accelerated the radial growth (0–5 mm) and spore germination (3.5–8.5%) of the pathogens. At higher oil concentrations, the mycelial growth and spore productions were completely inhibited. The IC50 value of the EO of C. jwarancusa was 365.45 and 336.74 ppm and for L. geminata, it was 420.16 and 481.47 ppm against B. oryzae and R. solani, respectively. GC–MS analysis of the oils showed 54.36% piperitone and 30.86% α‐phellandrene as major compounds in C. jwarancusa whereas 25.9% geranial and 14.6% neral in L. geminata oil. Essential oils from Lippia geminata and Cymbopogon jwarancusa appear to be good candidates for the in vitro control of these two rice pathogens and can be successfully utilized in management strategies of pathogens in appropriate formulation.
Service Quality: Insights from the Indian Banking Scenario
Authors: Choudhury Koushiki 
Published: June 2010

The Indian banking industry is going through turbulent times. With the lowering of entry barriers and blurring of product lines of banks and non-banks since the financial sector reforms, banks are functioning increasingly under competitive pressures. Hence, it is imperative that banks maintain a loyal customer base. In order to achieve this and improve their market and profit positions, many retail banks are directing their strategies towards increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty through improved service quality. Moreover, with the advent of international banking, the trend towards larger bank holding companies, and innovations in the marketplace, customers have greater and greater difficulty in distinguishing and selecting one institution from another. Therefore the current problem for the banking industry in India is to determine the dimensions of customer-perceived service quality. This is because if service quality dimensions can be identified, service managers should be able to improve the delivery of customer perceived quality during the service process and have greater control over the overall outcome. The objective of the study was to explore the dimensions of customer perceived service quality in the context of the Indian retail banking industry. A set of service quality parameters, drawn from customers’ perceptions about service quality as well as the bank marketing and service quality literature, were drawn up. These parameters have been used in the context of four of the largest banks in India to identify the underlying dimensions of service quality, using factor analysis. The study suggests that customers distinguish four dimensions of service quality in the case of the retail banking industry in India, namely, attitude, competence, tangibles and convenience. Identifying the underlying dimensions of the service quality construct in the Indian retail banking industry is the first step in the definition and hence provision of quality service. This article has drawn upon the findings of the service quality dimensions to contend the initiatives that banks’ managers can take to enhance employees’ skills and attitudes and instill a customer-service culture.
CO-REPRESENTATIONS OF HOPF–VON NEUMANN ALGEBRAS ON OPERATOR SPACES OTHER THAN COLUMN HILBERT SPACE
Authors: RUNDE VOLKER 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRecently, Daws introduced a notion of co-representation of abelian Hopf–von Neumann algebras on general reflexive Banach spaces. In this note, we show that this notion cannot be extended beyond subhomogeneous Hopf–von Neumann algebras. The key is our observation that, for a von Neumann algebra 𝔐 and a reflexive operator space E, the normal spatial tensor product $\M \btensor \CB (E)$ is a Banach algebra if and only if 𝔐 is subhomogeneous or E is completely isomorphic to column Hilbert space.
Generation of sheared flows by drift waves in a strongly magnetized electron–positron–ion plasma
Authors: SHUKLA NITIN , SHUKLA P. K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIt is shown that sheared/zonal flows (ZFs) can be nonlinearly excited by incoherent drift waves (DWs) in a strongly magnetized non-uniform plasma composed of electrons, positrons and ions. The dynamics of incoherent DWs in the presence of ZFs is governed by a wave-kinetic equation. The governing equation for ZFs in the presence of nonlinear forces (associated with nonlinear ion polarization and nonlinear ion-diamagnetic drifts) of the DWs is deduced by combining the Poisson equation, as well as the e-p-i continuity equations, together with appropriate plasma particle velocities in the DW and the ZF fields. Standard techniques are used to derive a nonlinear dispersion relation, which depicts two classes of the modulational instability of the DWs against the ZFs. Non-thermal ZFs can reduce the turbulent cross-field particle transport in non-uniform, strongly magnetized e-p-i plasmas.
Bounds on fewnomial exponential sums over ℤp
Authors: COCHRANE TODD , PINNER CHRISTOPHER 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe obtain a number of new bounds for exponential sums of the type S(χ, f) = ∑x = 1p−1 χ(x) ep(f(x)), with p a prime, f(x) = ∑i = 1raixki, ai, ki ∈ ℤ, 1 ≤ i ≤ r and χ a multiplicative character (mod p). The bounds refine earlier Mordell-type estimates and are particularly effective for polynomials in which a certain number of the ki have a large gcd with p − 1. For instance, if f(x) = ∑i = 1maixki + g(xd) with d|(p − 1) then ${|S(\chi,f)| \le p\ (k_1\cdots k_m)^{\frac1{m^2}}/d^{\frac 1{2m}}$. If f(x) = axk + h(xd) with d|(p − 1) and (k, p − 1) = 1 then $|S(\chi,f)|\le p/\sqrt{d}$, and if f(x) = axk + bx−k + h(xd) with d|(p − 1) and (k, p − 1) = 1 then $|S(\chi,f)| \le p/\sqrt{d} + \sqrt{2} p^{3/4}$.
The Contributions of Otto Scherzer (1909–1982) to the Development of the Electron Microscope
Authors: Marko Michael , Rose Harald 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOtto Scherzer was one of the pioneers of theoretical electron optics. He was coauthor of the first comprehensive book on electron optics and was the first to understand that round electron lenses could not be combined to correct aberrations, as is the case in light optics. He subsequently was the first to describe several alternative means to correct spherical and chromatic aberration of electron lenses. These ideas were put into practice by his laboratory and students at Darmstadt and their successors, leading to the fully corrected electron microscopes now in operation.
Assessing the climatic benefits of black carbon mitigation
Authors: Kopp Robert E. , Mauzerall Denise L. 
Published: June 2010

To limit mean global warming to 2 °C, a goal supported by more than 100 countries, it will likely be necessary to reduce emissions not only of greenhouse gases but also of air pollutants with high radiative forcing (RF), particularly black carbon (BC). Although several recent research papers have attempted to quantify the effects of BC on climate, not all these analyses have incorporated all the mechanisms that contribute to its RF (including the effects of BC on cloud albedo, cloud coverage, and snow and ice albedo, and the optical consequences of aerosol mixing) and have reported their results in different units and with different ranges of uncertainty. Here we attempt to reconcile their results and present them in uniform units that include the same forcing factors. We use the best estimate of effective RF obtained from these results to analyze the benefits of mitigating BC emissions for achieving a specific equilibrium temperature target. For a 500 ppm CO2e (3.1 W m-2) effective RF target in 2100, which would offer about a 50% chance of limiting equilibrium warming to 2.5 °C above preindustrial temperatures, we estimate that failing to reduce carbonaceous aerosol emissions from contained combustion would require CO2emission cuts about 8 years (range of 1–15 years) earlier than would be necessary with full mitigation of these emissions.
Evidence for a first-order liquid-liquid transition in high-pressure hydrogen from ab initio simulations
Authors: Morales Miguel A. , Pierleoni Carlo , Schwegler Eric , Ceperley D. M. 
Published: June 2010

Using quantum simulation techniques based on either density functional theory or quantum Monte Carlo, we find clear evidence of a first-order transition in liquid hydrogen, between a low conductivity molecular state and a high conductivity atomic state. Using the temperature dependence of the discontinuity in the electronic conductivity, we estimate the critical point of the transition at temperatures near 2,000 K and pressures near 120 GPa. Furthermore, we have determined the melting curve of molecular hydrogen up to pressures of 200 GPa, finding a reentrant melting line. The melting line crosses the metalization line at 700 K and 220 GPa using density functional energetics and at 550 K and 290 GPa using quantum Monte Carlo energetics.
Assessing Hand Hygiene Resources and Practices at a Large African Teaching Hospital
Authors: Owusu-Ofori Alex , Jennings Rebecca , Burgess Jennifer , Prasad Priya A. , Acheampong Faustina , Coffin Susan E. 
Published: June 2010

Objective.To gather baseline data on hand hygiene (HH) practices in an African hospital with a newly established infection prevention and control team.Design.Cross-sectional, observational study.Setting.Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, a large teaching hospital in Ghana with approximately 1,000 beds.Participants.All hospital staff with patient contact were eligible for assessment of HH practices.Interventions.HH observations were conducted using a standardized data collection tool and method based on the World Health Organization's “5 Moments of Hand Hygiene.” Small-group interviews were conducted to gather additional information on perceptions of HH and barriers to its use. HH resource needs were also assessed using a standardized tool.Results.HH was attempted in 12% of the opportunities and was performed appropriately in 4% of the opportunities. Most main wards (89%) had at least 1 functional HH station. The most commonly identified barriers to HH were limited resources and lack of knowledge on appropriate times to perform HH.Conclusion.We developed and applied tools to evaluate HH resources and practices in a large African hospital. These assessments were undertaken to guide future efforts to improve HH at this hospital but can also serve as a model of the way to perform a systematic assessment at acute care hospitals in developing countries.
Effect of bitter crab disease on rebuilding in Alaska Tanner crab stocks
Authors: Siddeek M. Shareef M. , Zheng Jie , Morado Joseph F. , Kruse Gordon H. , Bechtol William R. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Siddeek, M. S. M., Zheng, J., Morado, J. F., Kruse, G. H., and Bechtol, W. R. 2010. Effect of bitter crab disease on rebuilding in Alaska Tanner crab stocks. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 2027–2032. Eastern Bering Sea (EBS) Tanner crab Chionoecetes bairdi stocks were declared overfished in 1996 and were closed to commercial fishing between 1997 and 2004. Subsequent management was based on a rebuilding plan using criteria from the previous US federal fisheries management plan (FMP). Under the revised 2008 FMP, reference points changed for mature biomass (male only vs. total), as well as catch levels (total vs. retained), resulting in different rebuilding criteria. We performed a rebuilding analysis using age-, sex-, and size-structured simulations incorporating recent changes in overfishing definitions. Specifically, we compared the potential effect of additional mortality that bitter crab disease could have on rebuilding performance of lightly infected EBS and heavily infected southeast Alaska Tanner crab stocks. The results suggest that under the assumed recruitment scenario, the new control rules are adequate to rebuild the depleted lightly infected EBS stock, but not the heavily infected southeast Alaska stock.
Migrations and structure of the species range in ridge-scaled rattail Macrourus carinatus (Southwest Atlantic) and their application to fisheries management
Authors: Laptikhovsky Vladimir 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLaptikhovsky, V. 2011. Migrations and structure of the species range in ridge-scaled rattail Macrourus carinatus (Southwest Atlantic) and their application to fisheries management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 309–318. The biology, distribution and abundance of the ridge-scaled rattail (Macrourus carinatus) was studied in four seasonal bottom-trawl surveys in 2006–2009 using biological material collected on board different research and commercial fishing vessels. The species was found to exhibit ontogenetic and seasonal migrations. Upon switching to the demersal lifestyle, juveniles gradually move north with the Falkland Current. Adults return to the spawning areas (50–54°S) and remain there. They move seasonally along the slope from 54°S to 50°S between 500 m and 900 m, with males and females moving separately. The northernmost aggregations (at 50–51°S) occur in autumn, during the major spawning event. In winter, fish migrate south. During spring and summer the entire population gradually shifts north with ongoing minor off-season spawning. Females, which are the larger sex, tend to stay shallower than males. Such a sex-related migratory behaviour should be taken into account when the existence or absence of Heincke's law is considered for a particular species. A complicated migratory pattern should also be accounted for in fishery management.