bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MAOA‐uVNTR Polymorphism May Modify the Protective Effect of ALDH2 Gene Against Alcohol Dependence in Antisocial Personality Disorder
Authors: Lee Sheng‐Yu , Hahn Cheng‐Yi , Lee Jia‐Fu , Chen Shiou‐Lan , Chen Shih‐Heng , Yeh Tzung Lieh , Kuo Po‐Hsiu , Lee I Hui , Yang Yen Kuang , Huang San‐Yuan , Ko Huei‐Chen , Lu Ru‐Band 
Published: March 2009

Background:  Antisocial alcoholism is related to dopamine and serotonin which are catalyzed by monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). The objective of this study is to determine whether the interaction between the MAOA and the ALDH2 genes is associated with subjects with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) having alcoholism.Methods:  A total of 294 Han Chinese men in Taiwan including 132 ASPD with alcoholism (Antisocial ALC) and 162 without alcoholism (Antisocial Non‐ALC) were recruited in this study. Alcohol dependence and ASPD were diagnosed according to DSM‐IV criteria. Genotypes of ALDH2 and MAOA‐uVNTR were determined using PCR‐RFLP.Results:  A significant difference of ALDH2 polymorphisms (p = 3.39E‐05), but not of MAOA, was found among the 2 study groups. However, only after the stratification of the MAOA‐uVNTR (variable number of tandem repeat located upstream) 3‐repeat, a significant association between Antisocial Non‐ALC and ALDH2*1/*2 or *2/*2 genotypes was shown (p = 1.46E–05; odds ratio = 3.913); whereas stratification of MAOA‐uVNTR 4‐repeat revealed no association. Multiple logistic regression analysis further revealed significant interaction of MAOA and ALDH2 gene in antisocial ALC (odds ratio = 2.927; p = 0.032).Conclusion:  The possible interaction of MAOA and ALDH2 gene is associated with Antisocial ALC in Han Chinese males in Taiwan. However, the protective effects of the ALDH2*2 allele against alcoholism might disappear in subjects with ASPD and carrying MAOA‐uVNTR 4‐repeat allele in the Han Chinese male population.
Effect of Acute Ethanol Administration on the Release of Opioid Peptides From the Midbrain Including the Ventral Tegmental Area
Authors: Jarjour Samuel , Bai Li , Gianoulakis Christina 
Published: March 2009

Background: Experimental evidence suggests that ethanol alters the activity of the endogenous opioid peptide systems in a dose and brain‐region dependent manner. These alterations may influence the processes of ethanol reward and reinforcement. Thus, it was the objective of this study to investigate the response of the 3 major opioid peptide systems (endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins) to acute ethanol administration, at the level of the midbrain including the ventral tegmental area (midbrain/VTA), a region important for drug, including ethanol reinforcement.Methods: Using the in vivo microdialysis technique coupled with specific solid‐phase radioimmunoassay for β‐endorphin, met‐enkephalin, and dynorphin A1–8,changes in the extracellular concentration of theses peptides at the level of midbrain/VTA were determined at distinct time points following the administration of 0.0 (saline), 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, and 2.4 g ethanol/kg B.Wt.Results: A biphasic effect of ethanol on β‐endorphin release was found, with low to medium (1.2, 1.6, and 2.0 g) but not high (2.4 g) doses of ethanol, inducing a significant increase in the dialysate content of β‐endorphin. A late increase in the dialysate content of dynorphin A1–8was observed in response to the 1.2 g ethanol dose. However, none of the ethanol doses tested significantly altered the content of met‐enkephalin in the dialysate.Conclusions: The present findings suggest that the ethanol‐induced increase of β‐endorphin release at the level of midbrain/VTA may influence alcohol reinforcement.
MARINE BOILER FURNACE DIMENSIONS—A STANDARDIZATION APPROACH
Authors: BAHGAT F. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA method is proposed for the standardization of marine boiler furnace dimensions particularly of the vertical superheater distributing header type. With standardization of the furnace dimensions the remaining boiler element could, in turn, be subject to similar standardization which produces a cheaper boiler that can be delivered in a shorter period besides reducing the problem of the spare parts required.In this paper a brief account is given of the different types of marine boilers in use. The requirements for furnace dimensions are next discussed and finally the furnace standardization approach is explained followed by a brief account of the problem of superheater slagging as affecting marine boiler furnace design.
PURE FLUIDIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR SUBMARINE HOVER DURING MISSILE LAUNCHING
Authors: BUCK JON R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA feasibility study of a pure “Fluidic Control System for Submarine Hover During Missile Launching” has been conducted. This paper describes the operational parameters, induced forces, and control systems circuit for submarine hover control.Hover control must be provided during missile launching. The submarine is brought to a predetermined depth and hover speed. It must maintain this position when subjected to cyclic and suction wave generated forces, as well as missile reaction forces. The fluidic control system controls the response of four fluidic “Hover Jets”. The “Hover Jets” provide the power source required to counteract cyclic, suction, and missile reaction forces.
SHIPBOARD RADIO DIRECTION FINDER INSTALLATION FOR THE 3 TO 30 MHz RANGE
Authors: SHERRILL W. M. , GREEN T. C. , TRAVERS D. N. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis report summarizes the practical requirements for siting radio direction finders operating in the 3 to 30 mc range and is intended primarily for the use of personnel responsible for site selection and DF antenna installation on Naval ships. The effects of reradiation from the ship's superstructure on direction finder performance are described. By the use of specific examples of shipboard installations, the merits of various siting compromises are discussed.
MANUAL CONTROL OF A SMALL SUBMARINE
Authors: RAWLING A. G. , JOHNSON N. L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn designing the man‐multiloop control system for a small submersible, many different types of terminal equipment for manual intervention can interface with the human operator, including handlebars, wheels, joysticks and pedals. The proper choice of the means to control the boat in attitude and steering, as well as the actual implementation, constitute a major human factors design problem. This paper discusses a particularly promising concept of manual control that has shown superiority over several alternatives, and decribes the real‐time simulation employed in verifying its advantages.
STATIC MOORING ‐ A REVIEW OF THE STATE OF THE ART
Authors: KEAYS KEATINGE 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe state‐of‐the‐art of static mooring is reviewed with particular emphasis on its reliability, stability, and survivability since these three characteristics were emphasized by the U.S. Coast Guard in seeking Systems Engineering Services for the National Data Buoy System.Methods of estimating forces on the moored object are briefly reviewed. The lack of rational anchor design criteria and the inability to relate anchor holding power to ocean bottom physical characteristics is discussed. Recent research in the field of catenary analysis is briefly cited. Major material considerations, technical factors relating to wire rope, corrosion protection measures, quality assurance and component testing programs are highlighted.The conclusions are that the state‐of‐the‐art of mooring systems will not permit an acceptable level of confidence in its reliability, stability, and survivability; that the major areas of effort must be in force and anchor holding power predictions, and that the attention to engineering details, quality assurance and component testing are of primary importance.
COMPUTERS‐A BLESSING OR A CURSE
Authors: CHRISTOPHER CHRIS A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe benefits of data system computers to the Navy to date are developed to highlight the blessings. Both achievements and future requirements are discussed.The problems attendant on achievement of potential advantages of data system computers, and the penalties of failure to liquidate these liabilities constitute the discussion of the curse of computerizations.Since both the potentials and liabilities of computers go forward hand‐in‐hand, the argument is made that computers can be a blessing to the degree that the liabilities are liquidated.Some practical suggestions as to liquidating the critical liabilities are offered from the point of view of industry to assist in attaining the potential of computers and data systems in support of the Navy's missions, roles, and objectives.
A SYSTEMS APPROACH TO HULL STRUCTURE DESIGN
Authors: RAWAT P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTMany useful conclusions can be drawn if hull structural design is considered as a system. Proper definition of system objectives enables setting up of meaningful long range and intermediate goals. Current state‐of‐art in systems engineering is such that the system objectives can be denned in mathematical form. This provides meaningful scales for progress measurement. The engineering function is to meet the goals set by systems engineering. The state‐of‐art in engineering has a considerable impact on the definition of system objectives. In recent times we have made considerable progress in developing analytical techniques. Many interesting conclusions result from our experience in using the analytical tools in an iterative manner for design. By using relatively simple algorithms for iteration the analytical processes can be sequenced in such a manner that optimum solution is guaranteed even under a large and complex set of design constraints. Use of computers makes it possible to generate the scantlings using iterative approach with such speed that many important structural configuration decisions can be made by means of thorough parametric analyses. The system objectives therefore are very different in scope today and they should be further modified as technology advances. There are several problems that can be recognized and solved in the systems context. Smooth man‐machine operation is an example of this.
DEVELOPING A STATISTICALLY DESIGNED EXPERIMENT FOR COMPARING TECHNICAL MANUALS ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Authors: ORLEANS BEATRICE S. , MYERS STANLEY 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes how the increased numbers and complexity of electronics equipment in Navy ships has increased shipboard maintenance requirements, and describes the search for an improved maintenance manual concept. It describes one new concept, the Symbolic Integrated Maintenance Manual (SIMM), and describes the difference between SIMM and the currently used conventional manual, and efforts being made to evaluate the differences statistically. It explains why these evaluations must be properly planned according to statistical principles in order to come up with conclusions in which you can have confidence. The paper details the factors that must be considered in developing a designed experiment for evaluating the maintenance effectiveness of technical manuals. It also includes the essentials of the designed experiment developed by the Navy for the SIMM versus conventional manual comparison; this experiment will be adaptable, however, for use in comparing the effectiveness of any concepts in technical manuals.
SUBMERSIBLE LIFE SUPPORT COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS
Authors: BEVING DUANE U. , DUDDLESTON RONALD J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe present state‐of‐the‐art of Life support Systems for undersea application is defined. Restrictions that have been Placed on undersea exploration due to lack of advancement in submersible and diver life support equipments are reviewed. Areas are identified where additional development is required to overcome technical limitations of current under. sea life support systems.
Methods For Improving Shipboard Waveguide Installations
Authors: FOGLIANI NEIL M. , BRAUT J. A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTMany dollars are expended by the Navy to increase output power and range capabilities of search and fire control radar systems. The same results can be achieved to some extent by improving shipboard waveguide installation procedures, thereby reducing power losses in runs. To this end, for every db of power loss eliminated, a pay off of approximately 10% increase in range capability can be expected. One convenient way to eliminate waveguide power loss is to apply half wavelength phasing concepts to all bends and twists. This paper describes a half wavelength phasing technique in addition to other power saving installation practices which are usually overlooked by installing activities.
Morphology: A Tool for Planning Tomorrows Navy
Authors: CARSON BERNARD H. , KRIDA ROBERT H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn viewing the necessity for planners to move rapidly if our present level of seapower is to improve (or to at least remain intact) in the coming decades, it is clear that the traditional evolutionary process of creating “new'' weapons systems is not satisfactory. A real necessity for improvement exists not only in the area of hardware but in the methodology that is employed in generating this hardware. This paper suggests how the morphological method can be incorporated as a valuable aid to present methodology, using the problem of aircraft/ship retrieval as an illustrative example.
The Significance of Certain Parameters in Buoyancy System Performance
Authors: HANSEN O. RICHARD , UHLER DALE G. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe advent of deep ocean technology has created a need of buoyancy at ever increasing depths. This paper concerns itself with two most widely used techniques for dewatering/deballasting, compressed air supplied by surface maintained compressors and high pressure gases contained in pressure vessels.The objective of the paper is to examine the effects on these two techniques of various parameters which, in the author's opinion, are often overlooked by design engineers. This results in a significant degradation of the system under actual operating conditions.The principal parameters involved are structural integrity, geometric properties, material properties and the variance with pressure of the real gas properties and sea water density.This paper is an attempt to appraise designers and users of the impact of the above considerations on proposed buoyancy systems.
RATEAITS IMPACT ON MODERN ENGINEERING‐II
Authors: POTTER JAMES H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn the August Journal the earlier work of Auguste Rateau was reviewed, with emphasis on his efforts in turbomachinery. Here the later investigations in several aspects of flying are considered.His interest in fluid dynamics embraced both liquids and gases, and he made significant contributions in each area. His work on propellers, initially concerned with marine applications, he extended to cover the design and performance characteristics of aircraft types. His basic interest in turbo‐compressors led him to perhaps the most fruitful area of his endeavors—the turbo‐supercharger.
AN ADVANCED CONCEPT FOR PROPELLER‐DRIVEN SURFACE EFFECT SHIPS (SES)
Authors: BUTLER EDWARD A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Surface Effect Ships Project Office (SESPO) in conjunction with the Naval Research and Development Center (NSRDC) has been conducting basic super‐cavitating propellor research since 1967. This effort has included investigations into the effects of many various configurations in order to obtain a better understanding and the necessary design data for the application of these propellers to Surface Effect Ships (SES). Of particular interest are the recent results of experimentation with partially submerged supercavitating propellers (PSSCP) at various angles of attack, i.e., propeller shaft inclination and blade rake. This effort was motivated by potential gains in propeller efficiency, reduction of transverse forces, and more flexible machinery arrangements. Although this research does not attempt to optimize propeller design characteristics and many questions remain to be answered, the results to date do confirm that such benefits can be realized in a practical intallation for any high performance craft.For the Definitions and Notation used throughout the paper, the Reader is referred to APPENDIX I following the References.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE USN SURFACE EFFECT SHIP, SES‐100B
Authors: MANTLE PETER J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAs a major step toward achieving a 100‐knot capability at sea for the U.S. Navy and an integral part of an overall SES Program, the Surface Effect Ship, SES‐100B, was conceived, built and tested to demonstrate feasibility of the air cushion ship concept specifically with propeller propulsion, and to provide the essential design information for larger ships. This paper summarizes how the program objectives of high speed, efficient performance and good seakeeping characteristics resulted in the SES‐100B Surface Effect Ship. High lift‐drag ratio, low structural weight, efficient lift and propulsion, coupled with good seakeeping and handling qualities, have necessitated unique approaches to ship design to meet these objectives. How these requirements have been translated into hardware and the final verification in terms of full‐scale SES‐100B trials data are presented and summarized for future development of the Surface Effect Ship.
TRANSIM‐A GENERAL PURPOSE PROBLEM SOLVING TOOL
Authors: McMICHAEL DAVID L. , ORLEANS BEATRICE S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes TRANSIM simulation a a method for solving problems. There is a brief discussion of modeling and its importance. TRANSIM is compared with other general purpose simulators, special purpose simulation, and network analysis techniques such as PERT/CPM. Data requirements for TRANSIM applications are discussed, and a few examples of specific Navy applications are described in a general fashion. In conclusion, the paper details the latest TRANSIM development work in project analysis and output formats for project risk, resource allocation and scheduling.
Trends in Submarine Structures R & D
Authors: MALAKHOFF ALEXANDER , BERNSTEIN HARVEY M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current developments affecting the state‐of‐the‐art of submarine structures. These developments are compared with the past achievements of submarine structures R&D programs. The paper includes a brief history of submarine structures' development for the purpose of providing the reader with a necessary background for the subject discussed therein. The main portion of the paper is devoted to the trends in submarine structures R&D and covers topics such as: a) computerized analysis and mathematical modeling; b) development and testing of structural models; c) discussion of the types of loadings which must be considered in submarine design (hydrostatic, dynamic, cyclic, acoustic, etc.); and d) implication of new materials, fabrication, certification, welding techniques, modular construction concepts, etc.Since the submarine hull structure is one of the subsystems of the overall submarine, it should be fully compatible with the requirements dictated by the interfaces with the other submarine systems. In this regard, this paper addresses this factor which hitherto was not fully recognized in structural R&D programs; that is, that developments frequently proceeded at their own “pace” without regard to the ultimate utility of the results and the impact of these results on the other subsystems. Discussion in this area covers the processes for “integrating” structural subsystems into a viable submarine system. Also, a brief mention of the “system oriented R&D management” is provided.In recognition of the classified nature of some of the data related to submarine structures, this paper utilizes only the information available in general literature, news media, and unclassified Navy sources.
FLEET PERFORMANCE OF AN IMPROVED, NONCORROSIVE HYDRAULIC FLUID
Authors: BROWN CHARLES L. , REHN ALVIN F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe evaluation is described of a seawater emulsifying, non‐corrosive, hydraulic and lubricating fluid in the external hydraulic systems of four ships for periods ranging from 33 to 71 weeks. Monthly fluid samples, valves, and corrosion coupons from the ships were analyzed during the evaluation period. No fluid‐related difficulty was experienced and no significant corrosion of any system component was detected, even though seawater contamination occurred in the system of two ships. The results indicate that the concept of using a seawater emulsifying, noncorrosive, hydraulic and lubricating fluid in external hydraulic systems is feasible. The particular fluid used in this study is considered satisfactory for use on an interim basis until fluids are available which conform to the newly issued specification Military Specification MIL‐H‐24430 (SHIPS). The new fluids will provide a significantly superior degree of corrosion protection to seawater contaminated hydraulic systems to that provided by the current service fluids.
PHASEOUT OF HIGH PRESSURE STEAM TRAPS
Authors: GUZICK LAWRENCE L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUtilizing constant flow drain orifices in place of high pressure steam traps has solved the problem of excessive leakage and slow response of high pressure steam traps. During comparison tests, these orifices displayed superior operation and maintainability. Large cost savings in installation and in operation result from the use of constant flow drain orifices.
INTEGRATION OF MODERN MACHINERY SYSTEMS
Authors: ABBOTT JACK W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWith the advent of gas turbine prime movers for both propulsion and electric power generation, new methods of optimizing thermal efficiency are needed if weight and cost limits are to be achieved by new ship designs without sacrificing operational capability. The balance of primary power generation from fuel and secondary power generation utilizing other energy media must be reviewed. Where once the basic shipboard energy conversion was Bunker C fuel into steam within a large boiler, using steam as the energy medium for all power and heating use, we now have machinery systems that convert fuel into energy at several subsystem levels, i.e. propulsion, electric power, auxiliary steam and so forth. The design challenge for today's machinery system engineer is to optimize thermal recovery from fuel much the same as economizers, etc. that were used in previous steam plant designs. This can be done by making one system dependent upon another for its source of energy. However the design constraint demanded by NAVY combatant ships is that operational flexibility, vulnerability protection and reliability/maintainability/availability goals for each dependent system must be maintained should the primary energy source system fail.This paper presents an engineering approach to generating and evaluating alternative machinery designs within the structure of a set of ship design criteria categories. These categories are defined and examples of machinery system design objectives given. A design process is then proposed which includes determination of energy requirements, identification of alternate energy generation/conversion hardware and verification of adequate energy supply under all operating modes. Discussion is given to the importance of selecting the proper energy medium (fuel, electricity, steam, etc.) for each functional service if energy generation and energy absorption are to be efficiently matched. An evaluation approach is then presented which compares total performance of candidate designs on a system‐level basis.Finally, the paper describes two recent ship designs where integration of machinery systems has taken place: the Canadian DDH‐280 Class Destroyer and the U.S. Navy DD‐963 Class Destroyer. Elements in the “trade‐off” studies for these ships are reviewed and design advantages discussed.