bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Model of Eco-Efficiency and Recycling
Authors: Cogoy Mario 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the model of an economy subject to the mass conservation principle. The economic system is related to the environment by a flow of virgin materials into the economy, and by the diffusion of waste into the environment. Eco-efficiency contributes to reducing material waste in all processes. Recycling can reduce the diffusion of waste by feeding it back into the economy. Human capital enhances productivity, eco-efficiency and the quality of all kinds of outputs. Recycling and human capital formation use productive factors and are rooted therefore, as all other activities, in the material basis of the economy. The paper studies an optimal material state of society.
Superstatistics of Labour Productivity in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Sectors
Authors: Aoyama Hideaki , Fujiwara Yoshi , Ikeda Yuichi , Iyetomi Hiroshi , Souma Wataru 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Labour productivity distribution (dispersion) is studied within the framework of statistical physics and the result is compared with the outcome of the empirical analysis. Superstatistics is presented as a natural theoretical framework for the productivity distribution. The demand index κ is proposed within this framework as a new business index. Productivity analysis is made on the Japanese data covering small-to-medium to large firms from 1996 to 2006 and the power-law for both firms and workers is established. The demand index κ is evaluated in the manufacturing sector. A new discovery is reported for the nonmanufacturing (service) sector, which calls for an expansion of the superstatistics framework to include the negative temperature range.
Siblings, Not Triplets: Social Preferences for Risk, Inequality and Time in Discounting Climate Change
Authors: Atkinson Giles , Dietz Simon , Helgeson Jennifer , Hepburn Cameron , Sælen Håkon 
Published: September 2010

AbstractArguments about the appropriate discount rate often start by assuming a Utilitarian social welfare function with isoelastic utility, in which the consumption discount rate is a function of the (constant) elasticity of marginal utility along with the (much discussed) utility discount rate. In this model, the elasticity of marginal utility simultaneously reflects preferences for intertemporal substitution, aversion to risk, and aversion to (spatial) inequality. While these three concepts are necessarily identical in the standard model, this need not be so: well-known models already enable risk to be separated from intertemporal substitution. Separating the three concepts might have important implications for the appropriate discount rate, and hence also for long-term policy. This paper investigates these issues in the context of climate-change economics, by surveying the attitudes of over 3000 people to risk, income inequality over space and income inequality over time. The results suggest that individuals do not see the three concepts as identical, and indeed that preferences over risk, inequality and time are only weakly correlated. As such, relying on empirical evidence of risk or inequality preferences may not necessarily be an appropriate guide to specifying the elasticity of intertemporal substitution.
On the Effects of Selective Below-Cost Pricing in a Vertical Differentiation Model
Authors: Colombo Stefano 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We analyse the effects of predation in a vertical differentiation model, where the high-quality incumbent is able to price discriminate while the low-quality entrant sets a uniform price. The incumbent may act as a predator, that is, it may price below its marginal costs on a subset of consumers to induce the rival’s exit. We show that the entrant may adopt an aggressive attitude to make predation unprofitable for the incumbent. In this case predation does not occur and the equilibrium prices are lower than the equilibrium prices which would emerge in a contest of explicitly forbidden predation. Moreover, we show that when the incumbent may choose whether to price discriminate or not before the game starts, if the quality cost function is sufficiently convex, there always exists a parameter space on which the incumbent prefers to commit not to price discriminate.
Minority Voting and Public Project Provision
Authors: Gersbach Hans 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The author proposes a two-round process called minority voting to allocate public projects in a polity. In the first round, a society decides by a simple majority decision whether to provide the public project. If the proposal in the first round is rejected, the process ends. Otherwise the process continues, but only the members of the minority keep agenda and voting rights for the second round, in which the financing scheme is determined. In the second round, the unanimity rule or the simple majority rule is applied. The author provides a first pass of relative welfare comparisons between minority voting and simple majority voting and outline the research program.
The Universal Shape of Economic Recession and Recovery after a Shock
Authors: Challet Damien , Solomon Sorin , Yaari Gur 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe show that a simple and intuitive three-parameter equation fits remarkably well the evolution of the gross domestic product (GDP) in current and constant dollars of many countries during times of recession and recovery. We then argue that this equation is the response function of the economy to isolated shocks, hence that it can be used to detect large and small shocks, including those which do not lead to a recession; we also discuss its predictive power. Finally, a two-sector toy model of recession and recovery illustrates how the severity and length of recession depends on the dynamics of transfer rate between the growing and failing parts of the economy.
Structure and Temporal Change of the Credit Network between Banks and Large Firms in Japan
Authors: Fujiwara Yoshi , Aoyama Hideaki , Ikeda Yuichi , Iyetomi Hiroshi , Souma Wataru 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We present a new approach to understanding credit relationships between commercial banks and quoted firms, and with this approach, examine the temporal change in the structure of the Japanese credit network from 1980 to 2005. At each year, the credit network is regarded as a weighted bipartite graph where edges correspond to the relationships and weights refer to the amounts of loans. Reduction in the supply of credit affects firms as debtor, and failure of a firm influences banks as creditor. To quantify the dependency and influence between banks and firms, we propose a set of scores of banks and firms, which can be calculated by solving an eigenvalue problem determined by the weight of the credit network. We found that a few largest eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors are significant by using a null hypothesis of random bipartite graphs, and that the scores can quantitatively describe the stability or fragility of the credit network during the 25 years.
Economists, Incentives, Judgment, and the European CVAR Approach to Macroeconometrics
Authors: Colander David 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper argues that the DSGE approach to macroeconometrics is the dominant approach because it meets the institutional needs of the replicator dynamics of the profession, not because it is necessarily the best way to do macroeconometrics. It further argues that this “DSGE theory-first” approach is inconsistent with the historical approach that economists have advocated in the past and that the alternative European CVAR approach is much more consistent with economist’s historically used methodology, correctly understood. However, because the European CVAR approach requires explicit researcher judgment, it does not do well in the replicator dynamics of the profession. The paper concludes with the suggestion that there should be an increase in dialog between the two approaches.
Endogenous Technology Sharing in R&D Intensive Industries
Authors: Clark Derek J. , Sand Jan Yngve 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This paper analyses endogenous formation of technology sharing coalitions with asymmetric firms. Coalition partners produce complementary technology advancements, although firms do not co-operate on R&D investment level or in the product market. The equilibrium coalition outcome is either between the two most efficient firms, or a coalition with all three firms. The two-firm coalition is the preferred outcome of a welfare maximising authority if ex ante marginal cost is sufficiently high, and the three-firm coalition is preferred otherwise. Furthermore, we show that the equilibrium outcomes result in the lowest total R&D investment of all possible outcomes. Aircraft engine manufacturing provides a case study, and indicates the importance of antitrust issues as an addition to the theory.
Monetary Ease: A Factor behind Financial Crises? Some Evidence from OECD Countries
Authors: Ahrend Rudiger 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper addresses the question of whether and how easy monetary policy may lead to excesses in financial and real asset markets and ultimately result in financial dislocation. It presents evidence suggesting that periods when short-term interest rates were persistently and significantly below what Taylor rules would prescribe are correlated with increases in asset prices, especially as regards housing, though no systematic effects are identified on equity markets. Significant asset price increases, however, can also occur when interest rates are in line with Taylor rules, possibly associated with periods of financial deregulation and/or innovation. Finding also some support for a link of countries’ pre-crisis monetary stance with the extent to which their financial sectors were hit during the recent crisis, the paper argues that accommodating monetary policy over the period 2002–2005, probably in combination with rapid financial market innovation, would, in retrospect, seem to have been among the factors behind the run-up in asset prices and financial imbalances—the (partial) unwinding of which helped trigger the recent financial market crisis.
Global Governance: The G20 and a Global Green New Deal
Authors: Barbier Edward B. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
As the world recovers from the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression, the international community should promote a mix of policies to sustain this global recovery and create jobs through reducing carbon dependency, ecological degradation and poverty. Such a Global Green New Deal (GGND) requires a long-term commitment to implementing and coordinating “green investments” by the Group of 20 (G20), who should also adopt complementary pricing policies and foster international aid and other actions in support of the GGND. Developing economies should provide clean water and sanitation for the poor, create safety nets, invest in heath and education, and target energy and water poverty. Such a global strategy can revive economies, create jobs and improve the sustainability of world development.
Information Efficiency and Financial Stability
Authors: Caccioli Fabio , Marsili Matteo 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe authors study a simple model of an asset market with informed and non-informed agents. In the absence of non-informed agents, the market becomes information efficient when the number of traders with different private information is large enough. Upon introducing non-informed agents, the authors find that the latter contribute significantly to the trading activity if and only if the market is (nearly) information efficient. This suggests that information efficiency might be a necessary condition for bubble phenomena—induced by the behavior of non-informed traders—or conversely that throwing some sands in the gears of financial markets may curb the occurrence of bubbles.
Statistical Theories of Income and Wealth Distribution
Authors: Chakrabarti Anindya S. , Chakrabarti Bikas K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe distributions of income and wealth in countries across the world are found to possess some robust and stable features independent of the specific economic, social and political conditions of the countries. We discuss a few physics-inspired multi-agent dynamic models along with their microeconomic counterparts, that can produce the statistical features of the distributions observed in reality. A number of exact analytical methods and solutions are also provided.
Ex-Ante Regulation and Ex-Post Liability under Uncertainty and Irreversibility: Governing the Coexistence of GM Crops
Authors: Beckmann Volker , Soregaroli Claudio , Wesseler Justus 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Ex-ante regulations and ex-post liabilities for using a new technology will induce additional costs for adopters. The standard model is advanced by including irreversibility and uncertainty and taking into account transaction costs of negotiating possible cost reductions. The case analysed is the coexistence policy for GM crops in the European Union. Results show, the design of the rules and regulations can provide strong incentives for regional agglomeration of GM and non-GM farmers.
Citric Acid
Authors: Lopez‐Garcia Rebecca 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCitric acid is a natural component and common metabolite of plants and minerals. It is the most widely used organic acid in foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. Because of its functionality and environmental acceptability, citric acid and its salts are used in many industrial applications for chelation, buffering, pH adjustment, and derivitization. These uses include laundry detergents, shampoos and cosmetics, enhanced oil recovery, and metal cleaning.This article gives details on the occurrence of citric acid in nature and its physical and chemical properties. Description of the two common methods to recover citric acid from its fermentation broth, lime‐sulfuric acid recovery and liquid extraction are given. Shipment and storage of citric acid are discussed. Various national compendial specifications for citric acid and common analytical methods are discussed. Citric acid as well as its common sodium and potassium salts forms, are considered Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). It is biodegraded by many organisms under aerobic and anaerobic waste water treatment conditions and in the natural environment.
Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Johnson Robert W. , Pollock Charles M. , Cantrell Robert R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAliphatic, linear dicarboxylic acids and branched dicarboxylic acids are the subject of this article. These dibasic acids are referred to by their trivial names, IUPAC system or by adding the suffix “dicarboxylic acid“ to the name of the hydrocarbon skeleton. For example a 10‐carbon atom dibasic acid is designated sebacic acid, decanoic or 1,8‐octane‐dicarboxylic acid. Physical and chemical properties of the most common dibasic acids are discussed.Manufacture and uses for glutaric acid, pimelic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanoic acid, brassylic acid and C‐19, C‐20, and C‐22 dicarboxylic acids are given.These diacids are intermediates for the manufacture of diesters, polyesters, and polyamides. These derivatives have many applications ,eg, as plasticizing agents, lubricants, heat‐transfer fuids, inks and coatings, insecticides. Azaleic acid is used in acne preparations. Toxicities and environmental concerns are also discussed.
Intellectual Property In Drug Discovery And Biotechnology
Authors: Maloney Timothy P. , Kaba Richard A. , Krueger James P. , Kratz Rudy , Mitchell Calista J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Intellectual property is the branch of law that protects and, indeed, encourages the creation of certain products of the human mind or intellect. This chapter is intended to provide a basic understanding and appreciation of intellectual property law, especially as it relates to patents, trademarks, and trade secrets, in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in the rest of the world. Issues and concerns particularly related to the drug discovery and development process and the general biotechnology industry are emphasized.
Antipsychotic Agents
Authors: Brown Jeffrey M. , Li Jie Jack , Sinz Michael W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe medicinal chemistry of antipsychotic agents is reviewed in this chapter. The definition of schizophrenia is summarized in two categories, namely, symptom domains and pathology. An overview is given for antipsychotic medications including their clinical applications and side effects. This chapter also describes many animal models for schizophrenia. After an introduction of the FDA approved antipsychotic drugs, the structure–activity relationship, pharmacokinetics, biotransformation, and drug–drug interactions are discussed for both conventional and atypical antipsychotics in details. Finally, eight different strategies for drug discovery of antipsychotics are delineated.
Microbes to Man: From Soils and the Depths to Drugs
Authors: Newman David J. , Cragg Gordon M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe multiplicity of natural product structures produced by single‐celled microbes from all three domains of life has led to very significant numbers of drugs in many human diseases. This chapter demonstrates that even today, approximately 80 years after the seminal work on penicillin, the microbial world is still a cornucopia of novel structures, but now days, rather than using classical fermentation techniques, the full panoply of genomics, biosynthesis, synthetic modification and serendipity is needed to investigate the incalculable potential of these single‐celled organisms so as to unlock their potential as sources of novel scaffolds upon which to “practice the arts of drug discovery and development.”
Oligodendrocyte PTEN is required for myelin and axonal integrity, not remyelination
Authors: Harrington Emily P. , Zhao Chao , Fancy Stephen P. J. , Kaing Sovann , Franklin Robin J. M. , Rowitch David H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveRepair of myelin injury in multiple sclerosis may fail, resulting in chronic demyelination, axonal loss, and disease progression. As cellular pathways regulated by phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN; eg, phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase [PI‐3K]) have been reported to enhance axon regeneration and oligodendrocyte maturation, we investigated potentially beneficial effects of Pten loss of function in the oligodendrocyte lineage on remyelination.MethodsWe characterized oligodendrocyte numbers and myelin sheath thickness in mice with conditional inactivation of Pten in oligodendrocytes, Olig2‐cre, Ptenfl/fl mice. Using a model of central nervous system demyelination, lysolecithin injection into the spinal cord white matter, we performed short‐ and long‐term lesioning experiments and quantified oligodendrocyte maturation and myelin sheath thickness in remyelinating lesions.ResultsDuring development, we observed dramatic hypermyelination in the corpus callosum and spinal cord. Following white matter injury, however, there was no detectable improvement in remyelination. Moreover, we observed progressive myelin sheath abnormalities and massive axon degeneration in the fasciculus gracilis of mutant animals, as indicated by ultrastructure and expression of SMI‐32, amyloid precursor protein, and caspase 6.InterpretationThese studies indicate adverse effects of chronic Pten inactivation (and by extension, activation PI‐3K signaling) on myelinating oligodendrocytes and their axonal targets. We conclude that PTEN function in oligodendrocytes is required to regulate myelin thickness and preserve axon integrity. In contrast, PTEN is dispensable during myelin repair, and its inactivation confers no detectable benefit. Ann Neurol 2010
Synovial tissue–infiltrating natural killer cells in osteoarthritis and periprosthetic inflammation
Authors: Huss Ryan S. , Huddleston James I. , Goodman Stuart B. , Butcher Eugene C. , Zabel Brian A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveInfiltrating immune cells play a central role in degenerative joint disease associated with osteoarthritis (OA) and particle‐mediated periprosthetic osteolysis. The goal of this study was to characterize a newly identified population of synovial tissue–infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells obtained from patients with OA or patients with periprosthetic joint inflammation.MethodsSynovial and interfacial tissue samples were collected from patients with OA who were undergoing primary or revision total joint replacement (TJR) surgery. The histologic features of OA synovium obtained from patients undergoing primary surgery and interfacial tissue obtained from patients undergoing revision surgery were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Synovial tissue–infiltrating NK cells were evaluated for the expression of surface receptors, using flow cytometry. Chemoattractant and cytokine protein and RNA levels in synovial and interfacial tissue and fluid were assessed by Luminex assay and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cytokine production and degranulation by stimulated synovial tissue versus normal blood NK cells were evaluated by intracellular cytokine staining.ResultsNK cells comprised nearly 30% of the CD45+ mononuclear cell infiltrate in synovial tissue obtained from patients undergoing primary TJR and from patients undergoing revision TJR. NK cells from both groups expressed CXCR3, CCR5, L‐selectin, α4 integrins, and cutaneous lymphocyte antigen. Synovial fluid from patients undergoing revision surgery contained elevated concentrations of the NK cell attractants CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10; all levels in synovial fluid obtained from patients undergoing revision surgery were higher than those in synovial fluid from patients undergoing primary surgery. Cytokine‐stimulated interferon‐γ production was significantly impaired in NK cells derived from primary and revision TJRs compared with blood NK cells.ConclusionNK cells are a principal tissue‐infiltrating lymphocyte subset in patients with OA and patients with periprosthetic inflammation and display a quiescent phenotype that is consistent with postactivation exhaustion.