bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Luria‐Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
Authors: Tsushima William T. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Luria‐Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB) is a neuropsychological assessment battery based on the psychological procedures originated by the Russian neuropsychologist Alexander R. Luria and subsequently reorganized by Charles J. Golden and his associates (Golden, Hammeke, & Purisch, 1978) into a standardized battery of Luria's tests for the purpose of clinical neurodiagnosis. Luria, like the English neurologist J. Hughlings Jackson and his fellow Russian L. S. Vygotsky, believed that brain‐behavior relationships could not be explained satisfactorily by either the localizationalist or the equipotentialist theories of brain function. Instead, Luria conceived of behavior as the result of the interactions among all areas of the brain, and he favored the use of simple test procedures that reflected relatively uncomplicated patterns of brain interactions and made possible precise investigation of functional systems of the brain.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Banich Marie T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a method that provides information on both the anatomy and physiological function of the brain. It is a powerful tool for integrating our current understanding of brain function with models of cognition and emotion. Anatomical MRI provides a picture of brain structure, whereas functional MRI (fMRI) provides information about the physiological function of the brain.
Mainstreaming
Authors: Hardman Michael L. , Dawson Shirley A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Mainstreaming dates back to the very beginnings of the field of special education. As the term implies, mainstreaming means educating students with disabilities alongside students without disabilities in a general education classroom for at least some portion of a school day. Mainstreaming came into widespread use in the late 1960s as professionals and parents called into question the segregation of students with disabilities in U.S. public schools. Professionals argued that special classes for students, particularly those with mental retardation, could not be justified (Dunn, 1968). The purpose of mainstreaming was to ensure that students with disabilities receive individualized planning and support from both general and special education teachers. However, this did not always happen in actual practice. In fact, the term mainstreaming fell from favor when it became associated with placing students with disabilities in general education classes without the necessary support as a means to save money or limit the number of students who could receive specialized services. Such practices gave rise to the term
maindumping.
Although the term
mainstreaming
still remains in limited use today as one way to describe educating students with disabilities in general education settings, other descriptors have come into standard use, including
integration, least restrictive environment,
and
inclusive education.
Masturbation
Authors: McKinney John Paul 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Masturbation is the term used to signify any type of autoerotic stimulation. Both males and females indulge in stimulation of the genitals for sexual gratification. The term is also applied to an infant's manipulation of the genitals, a common exploratory behavior in the early years. During adolescence, masturbation becomes one of the main sexual outlets, and remains so for many adults. Michael, Gagnon, Laumann, and Kolata (1994) found that among Americans, 60% of men and 40% of women report that they have masturbated during the past year, and 25% of men and 10% of women say they masturbate at least once a week. While estimates vary, depending on the studies cited and the specific approaches used in collecting the data, it is generally accepted that there has been an increase in the acceptance and practice of this behavior in recent years, such that the behavior is reported to occur more frequently than in the past and to be initiated at an earlier age. (Francoeur, 1998; Dekker & Schmidt, 2002). These changes have occurred irrespective of whether or not the individuals are in a sexual relationship, and regardless of the satisfaction obtained from that relationship.
Mathematical Psychology
Authors: Diederich Adele 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Mathematical psychology applies mathematical and statistical methods, formal logic, and computer simulation to investigate psychological phenomena. It aims at building mathematical models in a variety of fields such as learning and memory, perception, and decision making, and at developing quantitative methods and measurement theory to describe behavior. The goal is to find regularities and principles that govern a set of phenomenona. Mathematical modeling has several advantages. First, it forces researchers to give precise definitions and to make clear statements. This requires a high degree of abstraction, because assumptions about underlying processes, relations, and connections between certain aspects of behavior, interactions between experimental variables, and so on are all mapped onto mathematical objects and operations. The language of mathematics minimizes the risk of making contradictory statements in the theory.
Megalomania
Authors: Tillman Jane G. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The
Oxford English Dictionary
(1978) defines megalomania as “the insanity of self‐exaltation; the passion for ‘big things'” (p. 308). Megalomania is characterized by an inflated sense of self‐esteem and overestimation by persons of their powers and beliefs. Often associated with delusions, psychotic processes, or extreme forms of narcissism, megalomania may refer to delusions of grandeur, with a pathological overvaluation of ideas, or plans for remaking the world in accord with the person's own wishes and fantasies. Representing a form of denial and disavowal of the limitations of the self, of the existence of death, and of the power of the constituted social order, the megalomaniacal state may involve omnipotence and grandiosity taken to an extreme. People suffering from megalomania privilege their thinking to a degree where shared reality is abandoned and attempts are made to dominate others.
Memory Functions
Authors: Nairne James S. , Pandeirada Josefa N. S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDefined generally, memory is the capacity to preserve and recover information. Yet neither memory's operation nor its structures are easily understood without some consideration of function. Like other biological systems, the capacity to remember evolved because of its fitness‐enhancing properties. Memory helped solve adaptive problems that, in turn, increased the chances of survival and genetic transmission. As a result, memory's operating characteristics likely bear the imprints of the specific selection pressures that shaped their development.
Menopause
Authors: Derry Paula S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Menopause is the permanent end of menstruation or the last menstrual period. It occurs naturally in all women at some time during midlife or is caused by surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. The average age at the last menstrual period is 51 years for women in industrialized countries, with most women reaching menopause between ages 45 and 55 and the normal range spanning ages 40 to 60. Menopause is defined retroactively after a woman has not had a period for 12 months (although in one large study 5% of women did have another period after this length of time).
Menstruation
Authors: Prior Jerilynn C. , Hitchcock Christine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Menstruation refers to normal vaginal bleeding that is usually monthly. The endometrium (uterus lining) sheds when a woman is not pregnant. The menstrual cycle refers to the time from the menstrual flow until the day before the next bleeding (commonly called a “period”) begins, with normal lengths of 21–36 days (van Hooff et al., 1998). Normal flow lasts for 3–5 days, and the total amount of fluid is about 20–40 mL (4–8 soaked regular tampons or menstrual pads). (Hallberg, Hogdahl, Nillson, & Rybo, 1966)
Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Schmidt Frank L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Meta‐analysis is a set of methods for integrating findings across studies to reveal the patterns of relations that underlie conflicting research literatures, thus providing a basis for theory development. Meta‐analysis can correct for the distorting effects of sampling error, measurement error, and other artifacts that produce the illusion of conflicting findings. The goal in any science is the production of cumulative knowledge, and this implies the development of theories. But before theories can be developed, we must be able to calibrate the relations between variables. Applications of meta‐analysis to accumulated research literatures has shown that research findings are not nearly as conflicting as had been thought and that useful and sound general conclusions can be drawn from existing research. During the 1980s and accelerating up to the present, the use of meta‐analysis to make sense of research literatures has increased greatly.
Midlife Crisis
Authors: E. Lachman Margie , M. Kranz Eileen 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOne of the most common expectations for the middle years of the life course is that there is an inevitable crisis, but research evidence in this regard is mixed (Lachman, 2004). Approximately 26% of the participants over age 40 in the national survey of Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) reported having a midlife crisis. Most life crises, however, were reported to occur before age 40 or after age 50, thus raising questions as to whether a crisis is unique to midlife or to specific birth cohorts (Lachman, 2004).
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
Authors: Strack Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory‐III (MCMI‐III) (Millon, 2006) is one of nine published measures that operationalize Theodore Millon's (1969, 1996) evolutionary model of personality and psychopathology. Other Millon tests include the Millon Behavioral Medicine Diagnostic and the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory. Since its introduction in 1977, the MCMI has become one of the most frequently used instruments for the examination of personality disorders and clinical syndromes. There are over 500 empirical studies based on this measure, as well as seven MCMI‐related books. Among personality tests, only the Rorschach and the MMPI‐2 have produced more research during the past 15 years. Recent reviews of this literature are available in Choca (2004) and Craig (2005).
Mindlessness‐Mindfulness
Authors: Chawla Neharika , Marlatt G. Alan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
For many of us, the majority of our lives are spent in a state of “mindlessness” or “automatic‐pilot” in which we may be actively engaged in several activities, but are largely unaware of the nuances of our experience. In this state we may get from one point to another without really knowing how we got there. Further, being mindless also makes us vulnerable to reacting in ways that are largely habitual and somewhat mechanistic.
Missing Data
Authors: Little Roderick J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Missing values are a common problem in psychology research. For example, in longitudinal studies, missing data arise because of attrition, that is, subjects dropping out prior to the end of the study. In surveys, some individuals provide no information because of noncontact or refusal to respond (unit nonresponse), or they fail to answer some of the questions because the topics are sensitive or because the information is hard to retrieve (item nonresponse). Information about a variable may be partially recorded, as when information is censored or classified or when time of an event (e.g., death) is not known because an individual is still alive at the termination of the study. Often psychology research involves indexes formed by summing values of particular items; missing data arise if any of the items that form the index is missing. Missing data can also arise by design, for example, when expensive or hard to collect information is recorded for only a subset of study participants.
Mood Disorders
Authors: Heiby Elaine M. , Fang Qijuan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMood disorders refer to conditions involving maladaptive expression of any of three basic emotions—sadness, happiness, and anger—and their corresponding thoughts and actions. These three emotions are usually considered to be naturally adaptive reactions to changes that involve loss, gain, or obstruction, respectively. Adaptive reactions to such changes are associated with an eventual return to a euthymic (neutral or somewhat positive) mood state.
Mood Stabilizing Medications
Authors: Cristancho Pilar , Cristancho Mario , Thase Michael E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
As bipolar disorder is a recurrent illness over the lifetime of the patient, a central aspect of its successful treatment is the prevention of new mood episodes rather than simply the stabilization of acute manic or depressive episodes. For decades lithium was the only effective medication available for this purpose. However, not all patients responded to lithium, particularly those with a rapid cycling course of illness (four or more affective episodes per year) or mixed states (meeting criteria for depressive and manic states simultaneously). Over the last 15 years or so, fortunately, many new medications have emerged to greatly expand therapeutic options for our patients. Anticonvulsants such as valproate, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine have all received FDA approvals for treatment of bipolar mood states. This article summarizes the roles that lithium and several anticonvulsants play in the current treatment of mood disorders, with attention to their mechanism of action, indications, dosing, and side effects.
Moral Treatment
Authors: Shilkret Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Moral treatment (also called moral therapy) refers to the complex of ideas that came into prominence in Europe and America at the end of the eighteenth century and lasted through the nineteenth century. It maintained that madness (the eighteenth‐century term) was not due to a total absence of reason. Thus, the mad were not to be seen as bestial (without reason), but rather as human (following an Enlightenment principle defining reason as human), and thus should be treated as such as much as possible. “Moral” then had the general connotations of today's “psychological”; it contrasted with “medical” therapeutics (although they were often employed together), which, through the eighteenth century, included such things as bleeding, blistering, purges, emetics, opium, and liberal use of physical restraint. In the words of Gerald Grob (1973), the dean of the history of institutional treatment of mental illness in the United States, moral treatment “meant kind, individualized care in a small hospital; resort to occupational therapy, religious exercises, amusements and games; repudiation in large measure of all threats of physical violence; and, only infrequent application of mechanical restraints. Moral treatment, in effect, involved the re‐education of the patient within a proper moral atmosphere” (p. 168).
Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Martino Steve 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMotivational interviewing (MI; Miller & Rollnick, 2002) is a client‐centered, goal‐directed, brief treatment approach for helping people prepare for behavior change by building their intrinsic motivation and strengthening their commitment to a change process. It is one of the most well defined and rigorously studied psychotherapeutic interventions for substance use disorders, with a growing empirical base for its application in a variety of other behavioral areas. Four key principles and a style of interaction called the “MI spirit” guide the strategic application of two sets of techniques: (1) fundamental client‐centered counseling strategies for developing a highly empathic environment in which clients may discuss their behavioral problems; and (2) direct methods for eliciting client statements that support behavior change (referred to as “change talk”). Many resources and training methods exist for teaching therapists how to practice MI. This article covers each of these areas in detail.
Motor Control
Authors: Heuer Herbert 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEveryday actions such as reaching for an object, opening a bottle, or driving a car are rarely experienced as a problem. However, a brief consideration of how voluntary movements come about helps to appreciate the complexity of motor control. Movements are the result of actively modulated muscle forces, but only to some extent. Once a limb is set into motion, it exerts forces on other parts of the body. In addition there are external forces, gravity in particular. Thus, although initiated actively, the further course of a movement is shaped by nonmuscular forces in addition to muscular ones. The forces acting on a joint are combined in complex ways into torque, and the angular rotations at several joints determine the spatial position of the end effector, e.g., the tip of the finger. All in all, there is a complex transformation from muscle excitation to movement of an end effector, which can be broken down into partial transformations: from muscle excitations to muscle forces, from muscle forces to joint torques, from joint torques to joint rotations, from joint rotations to movement of the end effector.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Authors: Ronningstam Elsa 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNarcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is described in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) as “a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy,” and it is identified by nine criteria. People with NPD have a grandiose sense of self‐importance and accompanying grandiose fantasies. They believe that they are special and unique, and they have a strong need for admiring attention. Considered to lack empathy, that is, being unwilling or unable to recognize the feelings and needs of others, they come across as arrogant and haughty. They have a sense of entitlement, with expectations of receiving special treatment and exceptions, and tendencies to be exploitive and take advantage of other people. Envy of others is common, or alternatively, they believe that others envy them because of their specialness or talents.
Narcolepsy
Authors: Siegel Jerome 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Narcolepsy is a disorder characterized by persistent daytime sleepiness. Despite this daytime sleepiness, narcoleptics often do not sleep well at night. In addition to sleepiness, narcoleptics have REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep shortly after they go to sleep, in contrast to the 1–1.5 hours taken by normal individuals before their first REM sleep period. Thus short sleep latency, indicative of sleepiness, plus REM sleep shortly after sleep onset, can be used to diagnose narcolepsy.
National Academy of Neuropsychology
Authors: Elliot Robert W. , Golden Charles , McCaffrey Robert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The National Academy of Neuropsychology (NAN) was founded in 1975 as a membership organization established for individuals interested in the field of neuropsychology, a field within psychology focused on the practice and study of the relationship between the brain and behavior. With over 3,300 members in all states and 24 countries, NAN has developed into an organization that represents the diverse interests of scientist‐practitioners, clinicians, and researchers in the field of neuropsychology.
National Academy of Sciences
Authors: Barbiero Daniel 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Since its founding in 1863, the United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has served as both an honorific association of distinguished American and international scientists and as an autonomous, nonprofit organization providing independent advice on science and technology to government agencies. The NAS has provided such advice from the beginning of its existence and in conformity to the terms of its charter, which states that it will advise the federal government on scientific and technological matters whenever called upon.
National Institute of Mental Health
Authors: Insel Thomas R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) is one of 27 Institutes and Centers of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Formally established in 1949, it was one of the first four NIH Institutes. Research and research training at NIMH address a variety of mental disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, depression, eating disorders, post‐traumatic stress disorder, and schizophrenia.
National Institute on Drug Abuse
Authors: Volkow Nora D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA;
http://www.nida.nih.gov
) is a component of the National Institutes of Health. Its mission is to lead the nation in bringing the power of science to bear on drug abuse and addiction. NIDA's work involves (1) supporting and conducting basic, clinical, and applied research across a broad range of disciplines ranging from genetics and neurobiology to behavioral and social science and (2) ensuring rapid and effective dissemination and use of research results to improve prevention and treatment and inform policy.
National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology
Authors: Hall Judy E. , Sammons Morgan T. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The National Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology (National Register) was established in 1974 by the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) at the request of the American Psychological Association (APA) Board of Directors. The impetus for the National Register's establishment was a movement towards national health insurance; the National Register was created as a mechanism to identify licensed psychologists who would qualify for reimbursement as providers of behavioral healthcare services.
Near‐Death Experiences
Authors: Greyson Bruce 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNear‐death experiences are profound psychological events occurring to individuals close to death or facing intense physical or emotional danger. Although the termnear‐death experienceand its acronym NDE were not coined until 1975, accounts of similar events can be found in the folklore and writings of most cultures. The phenomenon was first described as a clinical syndrome by Heim in 1892, although isolated cases appeared in medical journals throughout the 19thcentury. Once thought to be rare, NDEs have been documented to occur in 10% to 20% of cardiac arrest survivors.
NEO
Personality Inventory (
NEO
‐
PI
‐
R
)
Authors: Schipper Lindsey J. , Sollman Myriam J. , Berry David T. R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The NEO Personality Inventory‐Revised (NEO PI‐R; Costa & McCrae, 1992) is the updated version of the NEO PI (Costa & McCrae, 1985). The NEO PI‐R is a widely used measure of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of adult personality, covering the domains of Neuroticism, Openness to Experience, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. The FFM is a robust model of normal personality, with a factor structure that has been replicated across many languages and cultures (McCrae et al., 2005). Information on these factors can be useful for understanding emotional, interpersonal, attitudinal, and motivational characteristics that are important for a variety of applications, including psychotherapy, counseling, and employment decisions. The NEO PI‐R has also become a major research tool for examining the relationship between personality and behavioral, physical, and mental health variables. It is not intended, however, to assess overt or severe psychopathology, and it is not necessarily diagnostic of any specific psychiatric disorder found in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM; American Psychiatric Association, 2000).