bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reforming Irish manners: the religious societies in Dublin during the 1690s
Authors: Barnard T.C. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article considers how and why the campaign to reform manners spread from England to Ireland in the 1690s. Together with the links and resemblances between the English and Irish campaigns, the distinctive aspects of the latter are discussed. Important to the Irish activity were the shock of the catholic revanche of 1685–90; the powerful tradition of providential explanation for the recurrent crises; the tense and increasingly competitive relations between the Church of Ireland and the Presbyterians; the rapid growth of Dublin (the main centre for reforming activity) and its attendant social and economic difficulties; and the sense of cultural difference between protestants and catholics. The campaign included an assault on heterodox ideas, notably those of Toland and Molesworth, and paralleled the retributive measures taken against the Irish catholics in the same period.
The occurrence and significance to animal health ofLeptospira, Mycobacterium, Escherichia coli, Brucella abortusandBacillus anthracisin sewage and sewage sludges
Authors: Jones P. W. , Rennison Lynne M. , Matthews P. R. J. , Collins P. , Brown Anne 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYSamples of sewage, sewage sludge and sewage effluent from one or more of four sewage treatment plants were examined for the presence ofLeptospira, Mycobacterium, Escherichia coli, Brucella abortusandBacillus anthracis. Brucella abortusandBacillus anthraciswere not isolated. Eleven strains ofE. colipotentially enteropathogenic for calves or piglets, eight pathogenic strains ofMycobacteriumand one pathogenicLeptospirastrain were isolated from 101, 189 and 189 samples respectively.Sewage sludge is not considered to play a major part in the epidemiology of disease caused by these organisms.
Seagulls (Larus spp.) as vectors of salmonellae: an investigation into the range of serotypes and numbers of salmonellae in gull faeces
Authors: Fenlon D. R. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYOf 1242 samples of seagulls faeces examined, 12·9% were found to contain salmonellae. The number of positive samples was significantly higher (17–21%) near sewage outfalls. Twenty-seven serotypes were isolated, including a new serotype named Salmonella grampian. The range and frequency of serotypes carried by gulls was similar to those in the human population, suggesting sewage as a possible source of gull infection.The number of salmonellae found in positive samples was low (0·18−191 g−1 faeces). This was similar to the numbers found in sewage, 10−80 l−1, suggesting gulls may only carry infected material without infecting themselves. Antibiotic resistance in the isolates was low, only 21 showing resistance to the antibiotics tested, although most of these were determined by resistance transfer plasmids.
Factors influencing the establishment and spread of R-plasmids in an experimental model of urinary tract infection
Authors: Snowsill Laureen , Towner K. J. , Lewis M. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAn experimental model simulating infection of the urinary tract was used to investigate factors influencing the transfer of plasmid-mediated drug resistance in the human bladder in the absence of antibiotic therapy. When a small number of cells carrying plasmid-mediated drug resistance was added to an established population of sensitive cells, it was found that varying the physical conditions of the bladder model had no significant effect on the spread of the plasmid and, under all conditions used, exponential spread of the plasmid through the originally sensitive population occurred. When the initial donor cells were killed shortly after addition to the model, exponential transfer of resistance amongst the established sensitive population still occurred. Thus, even in the absence of antibiotic therapy, only a small number of initial transfer events was required for a fully resistant population to be developed. This was true of both actively multiplying and early stationary phase cultures. An initially greater proportion of resistant cells, or the use of an antimicrobial agent to which some of the cells are resistant, would ensure that this process occurred more rapidly.
Serological studies in two outbreaks of Campylobacter jejuni infection
Authors: Jones D. M. , Robinson D. A. , Eldridge J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryTwo outbreaks of campylobacter enteritis in residential student populations are described. In the first outbreak, 34 of 240 students in one hall of residence became ill over the course of 4 or 5 days. A single serotype of C. jejuni was isolated from samples of faeces. Sera collected demonstrated that the students had little pre-existing antibody and antibody responses were demonstrated in those who were infected. About 30% of students with serological evidence for infection with C. jejuni did not have gastro-intestinal symptoms.In the second outbreak, 77 of 300 agricultural students developed symptoms over a period of 3 weeks. Unpasteurized milk was the source of infection. Two serotypes of C. jejuni were isolated from faeces. Antibody responses were detected to both these serotypes and to another serotype, suggesting the presence of at least 3 serotypes in the milk. Bactericidal antibody consistent with recent infection was found in all students with symptoms and in 63% of students in the absence of symptoms, indicating the possible development of immunity. The high prevalence of antibody in these students was correlated with the habitual consumption of unpasteurized milk.
Trials of the anticoagulant rodenticides bromadiolone and difenacoum against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Plant C. J. , Bradfield A. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryLaboratory and field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the anticoagulant rodenticide bromadiolone against the house mouse (Mus musculus). In laboratory feeding tests, family groups of warfarin-resistant mice maintained in pens and conditioned to feeding on plain foods were offered pinhead oatmeal bait containing bromadiolone at 0·005%. Overall mortality in replicated 21-day poison treatments was 55/58 or 94·8%. Six field trials were carried out, using the same poison bait, against mice infesting farm buildings. Treatment success, estimated from the results of census baitings conducted before and after treatment, ranged between 60·4% and 100%, mean 92·4%. In equivalent field trials using difenacoum, another newly developed anticoagulant rodenticide, the control achieved ranged between 70·2% and 100%, mean 96·0%.Five field trials, three involving bromadiolone and two difenacoum, were not completely successful and the surviving mice were removed for laboratory examination. In 21-day toxicity tests, each animal was fed the poison bait offered to it earlier in the field. Bromadiolone and difenacoum gave kills of 12/21 (57·1%) and 9/11 (81·8%) respectively. The possible emergence of mouse populations resistant to these anticoagulants is considered.
A Five-Year Study of Influenza in Families Joint Public Health Laboratory Service/Royal College of General Practitioners Working Group
Authors: Mann P. G. , Pereira M. S. , Smith J. W. G. , Hart R. J. C. , Williams W. O. , Dunhill B. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA five year collaborative study of influenza in volunteer families from 1973–78 covered a period in which there were outbreaks every year but no major epidemics of influenza. Volunteers over the age of 15 years were bled before and after each of the five winters, and virus isolation was attempted from as many as possible when they reported episodes of illness. Children under 15 in the volunteer families were also swabbed when they were ill. Although most families experienced one or more attacks by influenza viruses, there was little transmission within families.
Is a bed centre in a hospital a hygienic hazard?
Authors: Hambraeus A. , Malmborg A.-S. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe contamination of linen and air in a bed centre, supply station and ward were compared, as well as the contamination of gowns used by the staff working in the ‘clean’ and the ‘dirty’ rooms of the bed-centre. The contamination of linen and air was low and there was no significant difference between the tested areas. The contamination on gowns used by the staff working in the ‘dirty’ room was significantly higher than that on gowns used by the staff working in the ‘clean’ room. This stresses the importance of dividing a bed centre into ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ rooms. So organized, a bed centre does not seem to be a hygienic hazard.
The production of monoclonal antibodies to rubella haemagglutinin and their use in antibody-capture assays for rubella-specific IgM
Authors: Tedder R. S. , Yao J. L. , Anderson M. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryMice were immunized by three intraperitoneal and one intravenous injection of rubella haemagglutinin. Splenocytes from these mice were fused with the cells of a syngeneic myeloma cell line, and following culture for various periods of time, single-cell clones were derived by the technique of limiting dilution.A total of 139 clones were derived from 13 parent hybrid cultures. To date, four of these cloned cultures have been propagated as ascitic tumours in mice. The preparation of IgG from ascitic fluid and labelling of this antibody with 125I is described. Results indicate that the use of labelled monoclonal antibodies as indicator reagents in solid-phase IgM antibody capture assays for the detection of rubella-specific IgM results in enhanced performance of these tests.
The biotyping ofEscherichia coliisolated from healthy farm animals
Authors: Hinton M. , Allen Vivien , Linton A. H. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA total of 2973Escherichia coli, isolated from six different groups of animals, were examined for their ability to ferment adonitol, dulcitol, raffinose, rhamnose and sorbose in solid media. Twenty-nine fermentation patterns were recorded although 2443 (82%) of theE. colibelonged to seven of the 32 possible biotypes. Ninety-six O-serotypes were identified within the 2973E. coli.The number of O-serotypes represented in the 15 most common biotypes ranged from three to 15. Sero types O8 and O9 were found most commonly in the different groups of animals and several biotypes amongst these two O-serotypes were identified in two or more groups of the animals. The ability of theE. colito metabolize aesculin, ornithine, salicin and sucrose was also assessed. These tests proved less reproducible and were not included in the primary biotyping scheme although their use allowed the enumeration of additional biotypes. The application of biotyping to the study of the ecology of drug-resistant strains ofE. coliin five situations is briefly presented.
The role of interferon in the NK cell killing of virus-infected target cells
Authors: Anderson M. J. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYSpleen cells from uninfected CBA mice are more cytotoxic for Sendai virus-infected L929 cells than for uninfected cells and the lymphocytes responsible have the properties of NK cells. Preincubation of spleen cells with culture supernatants from Sendai virus-infected L929 cells increases the cytotoxicity for uninfected target cells. This increase in cytotoxicity can also be produced by pretreatment with purified mouse interferon. The enhancing effect of both the infected culture supernatants and purified interferon can be neutralized with anti-interferon serum. It is concluded that the preferential killing of Sendai virus-infected L929 cells by NK cells is dependent on the induction of interferon and that interferon will increase NK cell cytotoxicity for uninfected target cells.
An Alban Berg Manuscript at Oxford
Authors: Wellesz Egon 
Published: March 2010

A Year ago in Oxford I met a South African Officer, who told me that he was about to return to Carinthia. I knew that the widow of Alban Berg had a house near Klagenfurt and I asked him to visit her and take her my greetings.Shortly afterwards I received a letter from the officer. He had seen Frau Berg and she was so excited to meet an officer of the Army of Liberation that she had unearthed one of Alban Berg's manuscripts, which she had hidden away, and presented him with it, asking that it should be handed to me to present to the University as a sign of her gratitude.
A New Approach: Alexander von Humboldt's Perception of Colonial Spanish America as Reflected in his Travel Diaries
Authors: Rebok Sandra 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis study presents an in-depth analysis of Alexander von Humboldt's description and criticism of the various colonial societies of Spanish America which he visited during his well-known expedition through the Americas (1799–1804). His criticism of colonialism in general, deeply rooted in his personal convictions, has already been the focal point of several scholarly studies; however, during his American expedition Humboldt offered a more differentiated assessment of specific colonial societies, namely by comparing various regional and local traditions and developments. This differentiated assessment of Spanish American colonial societies has yet to be analysed. This essay focuses on Humboldt's little known personal diaries, which offer a wealth of interesting comments on colonial societies, but which have been scarcely used in international Humboldt research, since they have not yet been translated entirely.
Exceptional sets for self-similar fractals in Carnot groups
Authors: BALOGH ZOLTÁN M. , BERGER RETO , MONTI ROBERTO , TYSON JEREMY T. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe consider self-similar iterated function systems in the sub-Riemannian setting of Carnot groups. We estimate the Hausdorff dimension of the exceptional set of translation parameters for which the Hausdorff dimension in terms of the Carnot–Carathéodory metric is strictly less than the similarity dimension. This extends a recent result of Falconer and Miao from Euclidean space to Carnot groups.
Geometric motivic Poincaré series of quasi-ordinary singularities
Authors: COBO PABLOS HELENA , GONZÁLEZ PÉREZ PEDRO D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThegeometric motivic Poincaré seriesof a germ (S, 0) of complex algebraic variety takes into account the classes in the Grothendieck ring of the jets of arcs through (S, 0). Denef and Loeser proved that this series has a rational form. We give an explicit description of this invariant when (S, 0) is an irreducible germ ofquasi-ordinary hypersurface singularityin terms of the Newton polyhedra of thelogarithmic jacobian ideals. These ideals are determined by thecharacteristic monomialsof a quasi-ordinary branch parametrizing (S, 0).
The Ganea conjecture in proper homotopy via exterior homotopy theory
Authors: GARCÍA–CALCINES JOSE M. , GARCÍA–DÍAZ PEDRO R. , MURILLO MAS ANICETO 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this article we provide sufficient conditions on a spaceXto verify Ganea conjecture with respect to exterior and proper Lusternik–Schnirelmann category. For this aim we previously develop an exterior version of the Whitehead, cellular approximation, CW-approximation and Blakers–Massey theorems within a homotopy theory of exterior CW-complexes and study their corresponding analogues and consequences in the proper setting.
Low diversity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype C virus in Kenya: evidence for probable vaccine strain re-introductions in the field
Authors: SANGULA A. K. , SIEGISMUND H. R. , BELSHAM G. J. , BALINDA S. N. , MASEMBE C. , MUWANIKA V. B. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYMost viruses are maintained by complex processes of evolution that enable them to survive but also complicate efforts to achieve their control. In this paper, we study patterns of evolution in foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) serotype C virus isolates from Kenya, one of the few places in the world where serotype C has been endemic and is suspected to remain. The nucleotide sequences encoding the capsid protein VP1 from eight isolates collected between 1967 and 2004 were analysed for patterns of sequence divergence and evolution. Very low nucleotide diversity (π=0·0025) and remarkably little change (only five segregating sites and three amino-acid changes) were observed in these isolates collected over a period of almost 40 years. We interpret these results as being suggestive of re-introductions of the vaccine strain into the field. The implications of these results for the maintenance of serotype C FMD virus and the use of vaccination as a control measure in Kenya are discussed.
Estimating influenza-related excess mortality and reproduction numbers for seasonal influenza in Norway, 1975–2004
Authors: GRAN J. M. , IVERSEN B. , HUNGNES O. , AALEN O. O. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYInfluenza can be a serious, sometimes deadly, disease, especially for people in high-risk groups such as the elderly and patients with underlying, severe disease. In this paper we estimated the influenza-related excess mortality in Norway for 1975–2004, comparing it with dominant virus types and estimates of the reproduction number. Analysis was done using Poisson regression, explaining the weekly all-cause mortality by rates of reported influenza-like illness, together with markers for seasonal and year-to-year variation. The estimated excess mortality was the difference between the observed and predicted mortality, removing the influenza contribution from the prediction. We estimated the overall influenza-related excess mortality as 910 deaths per season, or 2·08% of the overall deaths. Age-grouped analyses indicated that the major part of the excess mortality occurred in the ⩾65 years age group, but that there was also a significant contribution to mortality in the 0–4 years age group. Estimates of the reproduction numberR, ranged from about 1 to 1·69.
The effects of methyl-β-cyclodextrin on in vitro fertilization and the subsequent development of bovine oocytes
Authors: Nagao Yoshikazu , Ohta Yuki , Murakami Hidemi , Kato Yoku 
Published: March 2010

SummaryIn this study, we investigated the effects of methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MBCD) on in vitro fertilization and the subsequent development of bovine oocytes. Bovine oocytes matured in serum-free medium were inseminated with frozen–thawed sperm pre-incubated in protein-free modified Brackett and Oliphant medium (BO) containing various concentrations of MBCD for various periods. MBCD decreased the frequency of live sperm, however enhanced the capacitation and acrosome reaction of the live sperm. Pre-incubation of sperm with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM MBCD for 2 and 4 h increased the frequency of normal fertilization. Embryos derived from oocytes fertilized with spermatozoa pre-incubated with MBCD developed normally to the blastocyst stage and term. There were individual differences and similar tendencies in four different sires in terms of the effects of MBCD upon fertilization. These results indicate that the pre-incubation of bovine sperm with MBCD affects viability and capacitation status of the sperm and promotes fertilization in vitro. Embryos derived from oocytes fertilized with sperm pre-incubated with MBCD developed normally to the blastocyst stage and term.
Epistasis between APOE and nicotinic receptor gene CHRNA4 in age related cognitive function and decline
Authors: REINVANG IVAR , LUNDERVOLD ASTRI J. , WEHLING EIKE , ROOTWELT HELGE , ESPESETH THOMAS 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHealthy participants (n = 237) aged 45–79 were tested neuropsychologically with tests of memory, speed, and cognitive control and followed up for 3–5 years (mean, 3.4 years). The sample was genotyped for apolipoprotein E (APOE) and CHolinergic Receptor for Nicotine Alpha 4 (CHRNA4), and genetic effects on cognitive function at initial testing and on cognitive decline was studied. We predicted relatively stronger effects of APOE on memory, and of CHRNA4 on speeded tasks. The predictions were partially confirmed, but we found interactive effects of APOE and CHRNA4 in several cognitive domains. Being an APOE ε4/CHRNA4 TT carrier was associated with slower and less efficient performance, and with steeper decline in speed tasks and in delayed recall. Age dependent genetic effects were found for both APOE and CHRNA4, where old participants (60–79 years) showed a negative influence of TT carrier status on initial memory performance, but a tendency for steeper memory decline in ε4 carriers. Inconsistent and small effects of APOE reported in previous studies of healthy groups may be caused by failure to consider epistasis of APOE with nicotinic receptor and other genes. (JINS, 2010, 16, 424–432.)
Guarded resolution for Answer Set Programming
Authors: MAREK V. W. , REMMEL J. B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe investigate a proof system based on a guarded resolution rule and show its adequacy for the stable semantics of normal logic programs. As a consequence, we show that Gelfond–Lifschitz operator can be viewed as a proof-theoretic concept. As an application, we find a propositional theory EP whose models are precisely stable models of programs. We also find a class of propositional theories 𝓒P with the following properties. Propositional models of theories in 𝓒P are precisely stable models of P, and the theories in 𝓒T are of the size linear in the size of P.
Factor analysis and internal consistency evaluation of the FAMCARE Scale for use in the long-term care setting
Authors: Rodriguez Keri L. , Bayliss Nichole K. , Jaffe Emily , Zickmund Susan , Sevick Mary Ann 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective:The FAMCARE Scale was originally designed to measure family satisfaction with advanced cancer care. The current study evaluated the instrument's psychometric qualities when used in the long-term care (LTC) setting.Method:In a prospective cohort study in 2004, the 20-item instrument was administered via telephone to family members of 51 patients receiving LTC in Veterans Affairs facilities. Satisfaction scores on a 5-point Likert scale were used for factor analysis and internal consistency evaluation.Results:Although 16 patients were in geriatric palliative care and 35 were in nursing home care, scores of their family members did not vary based on care unit. The total satisfaction score was high, with a mean (SD) of 44.7 (11.9) and a Cronbach alpha of 0.94. Inter-item correlations were low for care availability items (range, 0.01–0.59). Two items—availability of a hospital bed and availability of nurses to the family—had low eigenvalues (0.26 and 0.18, respectively) and weak correlations with the total score (0.23 and 0.16, respectively).Significance of results:In the LTC setting, FAMCARE appears to have good internal consistency, but it may be preferable to exclude the two items with weak correlations and to use a 10-point visual analog scale.
What does ‘intent to destroy’ in genocide mean?
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: March 2010

AbstractGenocide is a crime with a double mental element, i.e. a general intent as to the underlying acts, and an ulterior intent with regard to the ultimate aim of the destruction of the group. The prevailing view in the case-law interprets the respective ‘intent to destroy’ requirement as a special or specific intent (dolus specialis) stressing its volitional or purpose-based tendency. While this view has been followed for a long time in legal doctrine without further ado, it has recently been challenged by knowledge- and structure-based approaches, which have not received sufficient attention. A historical, literal, systematic and teleological interpretation of the ‘intent to destroy’ requirement, taking into account the particular structure of the genocide offence and the meaning of ‘intent’ in comparative law, reveals that the traditional view can no longer be maintained. It should be replaced by a combined structure- and knowledge-based approach that distinguishes according to the status and role of the (low-, mid- and top-level) perpetrators. Thus, the purpose-based intent should be upheld only with regard to the top- and mid-level perpetrators, whereas for the low-level perpetrators knowledge of the genocidal context should suffice. Lastly, this new approach requires a fresh look at the ‘intent to destroy’ requirement in cases of participation in genocide.