bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on the Social Psychology of Creativity
Authors: Amabile Teresa M. , Pillemer Julianna 
Published: April 2012

AbstractScholars began serious study into the social psychology of creativity about 25 years after the field of creativity research had taken root. Over the past 35 years, examination of social and environmental influences on creativity has become increasingly vigorous, with broad implications for the psychology of human performance, and with applications to education, business, and beyond. In this article, we revisit the origins of the social psychology of creativity, trace its arc, and suggest directions for its future.
Domain Specificity and the Limits of Creativity Theory
Authors: Baer John 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA growing body of research evidence suggests that creativity is very domain‐specific and that domain‐general skills or traits contribute little to creative performance. The term “creativity” is a convenient term for collecting many interesting artifacts, processes, and people into a single category, and the term “creative thinking skills” may be a useful way to connect a diverse set of unrelated cognitive processes that operate on different content and in different domains. These concepts are misleading, however, because although they connect things that may seem similar to observers, they lack any underlying cognitive psychological validity.This has implications for the ways we understand and assess creativity, and also for how we should direct our efforts to develop creative‐thinking skills in diverse domains. Creativity training needs either to target the domains in which creativity enhancement is desired or to use a wide range of activities in diverse domains if the goal is more general improvement in many domains. Creativity assessment needs to focus on domain‐by‐domain assessment and to review findings based on allegedly domain‐general tests of creativity that may have misled researchers to unsupportable interpretations. Creativity theory needs to set more modest goals of domain‐by‐domain theory development and to recognize that theories that may seem domain‐general might better be understood as meta‐theoretical heuristics that do not actually describe domain‐general processes. These meta‐theories might in some cases help guide the search for domain‐based theories.
When Your Race Is Almost Run, but You Feel You're Not Yet Done: Application of the Propulsion Theory of Creative Contributions to Late‐career Challenges
Authors: Sternberg Robert J. , Kaufman James C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe propulsion theory of creative contributions is a theory that focuses on how a creative act or product builds on and adds to knowledge in various fields. In this article, we apply the propulsion theory of creative contributions not to creative discoveries or inventions, but rather to late‐career decisions about future directions in which one can steer one's career. We consider eight different kinds of career decisions one can make—replication, redefinition, forward incrementation, advance forward incrementation, redirection, reconstruction/redirection, reinitiation, and synthesis. Each offers a viable option for closing out a creative career.
Quality characteristics of low‐fat chicken nuggets: effect of common salt replacement and added bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.)
Authors: Verma Arun Kumar , Sharma Brahma Deo , Banerjee Rituparna 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: There is growing demand for the meat products having healthier characteristics. In an endeavour to develop low‐salt, low‐fat and high‐fibre chicken nuggets an investigation was carried out to observe the effects of partial replacement (40%) of sodium chloride in pre‐standardised low‐fat chicken nuggets (Control, 20 g kg−1 NaCl) with a salt substitute blend as well as incorporation of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria L.) in the resulting low‐salt, low‐fat products at three different levels, i.e. 50, 75 and 100 g kg−1 (Treatments, 12 g kg−1 NaCl) on the various quality attributes.RESULTS: Sodium chloride replacement decreased (P < 0.01) emulsion and product pH, cooking yield, moisture, ash, yellowness, hue value and textural properties. pH values, moisture and dietary fibre increased (P < 0.01) while cooking yield, % protein, textural properties and total cholesterol were decreased with the incorporation of bottle gourd in low‐salt, low‐fat nuggets. Sensory attributes of the product were not affected with salt replacement; however, inclusion of bottle gourd at higher levels decreased (P < 0.05) flavour and texture scores.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that low‐salt, low‐fat and high‐fibre chicken nuggets can be developed with the use of a salt substitute blend and bottle gourd without affecting their acceptability. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Single treatment of non‐melanoma skin cancers using a pulsed‐dye laser with stacked pulses
Authors: Tran Hien T. , Lee Robert A. , Oganesyan Gagik , Jiang S. Brian 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveNon‐melanoma skin cancers are the most common cause of cancer worldwide. Within this grouping, the most common skin cancer is basal cell carcinoma (BCC) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Recent evidence has shown that BCCs can be cleared by a pulsed‐dye laser after multiple treatments using a single pass setting. Given the necessity for multiple treatments in the prior studies, we sought to determine whether tumor clearance could instead be achieved using a single treatment of the pulsed‐dye laser in a stacked pulse setting.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTwenty patients with 23 biopsy‐proven BCCs and SCCIS that measured 0.4–3 cm in size and located on the trunk and extremities were recruited for this study. The lesions were randomized into three study arms: a control group (no treatment), first treatment group (S1), and second treatment group (S2). The S1 group was treated using a 595 nM pulsed‐dye laser (PDL) at pulse energy of 15 J/cm2, 3‐millisecond pulse length, with no dynamic cooling, using a 7‐mm spot size with 10% overlap of pulses and two passes. The S2 group was treated using the same 595 nM PDL at 7.5 J/cm2, 3‐millisecond pulse length, with no dynamic cooling, using a 10‐mm spot size with 10% overlap of pulses and double stacked pulses. All the treated lesions were treated with a 4 mm margin of clinically normal skin. The lesions were subsequently surgically excised and examined by histopathology.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the dimensions of the tumors between the three study arms, with a mean area of 94 mm2 [SEM ± 15.2] for the control group, 88 mm2 [SEM ± 12.1] for the S1 treatment group, and 105 mm2 [SEM ± 23.6] for the S2 treatment group. In the control group, there were two out seven lesions with no residual tumors, representing a background tumor clearance rate of approximately 28%. The S1 treatment group had two out of eight lesions with no residual lesion representing a clearance rate of 25%, similar to the background clearance rate. The S2 treatment group had a clearance rate of five out seven lesions, representing a clearance rate of 71%. The two lesions with residual tumors were noted to be beyond the central treatment zone by histopathology and if excluded, results in a clearance rate of 100%. By the Fisher's exact test with a Bonferroni correction, there is a trend towards significance between the S2 treatment group and the control group with a P‐value of 0.028.ConclusionsThe results of our pilot study suggest that BCCs and SCCIS can be cleared in a single treatment using a pulsed‐laser in a stacked pulse setting. However, given the small sample size of this pilot study, further larger scale studies will be needed to determine statistical significance and long‐term recurrence rate and to further validate these findings. Lasers Surg. Med. 44: 459–467, 2012. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are the Interactions between Recombinant Prion Proteins and Polymeric Surfaces Related to the Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Balance?
Authors: Vrlinic Tjasa , Debarnot Dominique , Legeay Gilbert , Coudreuse Arnaud , El Moualij Benaissa , Zorzi Willy , Perret‐Liaudet Armand , Quadrio Isabelle , Mozetic Miran , Poncin‐Epaillard Fabienne 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNew non‐fouling tubes are developed and their influence on the adhesion of neuroproteins is studied. Recombinant prion proteins are considered as a single component representative of hydrophobic proteins. Samples are stored for 24 h at 4 °C in tubes coated with two different coatings: poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) as a hydrophilic surface and a plasma‐fluorinated coating as a hydrophobic one. The protein adhesion is monitored by ELISA tests, XPS and confocal microscopy. It appears that the highest recovery of recombinant prion protein in the liquid phase is obtained with the hydrophilic surface while the hydrophobic character of the storage tube induces an important amount of biological loss. However, the recovery is not complete even for tubes coated with poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide).magnified image
Design of Serum Compatible Tetrary Complexes for Gene Delivery
Authors: Bahadur K. C. Remant , Thapa Bindu , Xu Peisheng 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA novel gene delivery system, called PoSC, consisting of PEI, PSP, and HA is described. In contrast to the DNA/PEI/HA ternary system whose transfection efficiency decreases significantly with increasing serum concentration, PoSC exhibits a high transfection efficiency of about 51 and 87% for NIH3T3 and HCT116 cells, respectively, at 50% serum concentration. Furthermore, PoSC shows no cytotoxic effect at its working concentration. The overall results suggest that HA adsorption on cationic complexes enhances the transfection efficiency, while PSP is essential for high transfection efficiency at higher serum concentration.magnified image
Fine Control of Polyester Properties via Epoxide ROP Using Monomers Carrying Diverse Functional Groups
Authors: You Zhengwei , Bi Xiaoping , Wang Yadong 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSynthetic biodegradable polymers are important biomaterials. However, most of them are biologically inert. Free functional groups can allow easy biofunctionalization. Efficient introduction of functional groups to biodegradable polymers is still a challenge. Here, a practical strategy is presented to synthesize various functional polyesters with free hydroxyl groups polymerized via epoxide ring‐opening polymerization between dicarboxylic acids and diglycidyl dicarboxylates without protection and deprotection. The polymers exhibit a wide range of physical, thermal, and mechanical properties, and good cytocompatibilities. This synthetic platform is expected to lead to functional polymers useful for a wide variety of biomedical applications.magnified image
Functionalization of Graphene Oxide by Two‐Step Alkylation
Authors: Huang Yi , Yan Weibo , Xu Yanfei , Huang Lu , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA new reaction sequence for the chemical functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) consisting of the nucleophilic addition of n‐butyllithium (n‐BuLi) to the GO sheets and a subsequent coupling and etherification reaction of the intermediates (Bu‐GO)n−Lin+ and 2‐ethylhexyl bromide leading to functionalized GO is developed. The reaction is investigated. The results show that the n‐Bu and 2‐ethylhexyl are covalently attached to the GO sheets and many sp3 carbons are formed by addition reaction of n‐BuLi to the plane of GO. After functionalization, the dispersibility of functionalized GO in ortho‐dichlorobenzene (ODCB) increases significantly to 0.4 mg mL−1 and the structural integrity of the graphene sheets remained. Good electronic conductivity of the film prepared from functionlized GO (i‐Octyl‐Bu‐GO) in ODCB is obtained after high temperature annealing.
Hexahapto‐Metal Complexes of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kalinina Irina , Bekyarova Elena , Sarkar Santanu , Wang Feihu , Itkis Mikhail E. , Tian Xiaojuan , Niyogi Sandip , Jha Neetu , Haddon Robert C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe report the preparation of organometallic side‐wall complexes of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under conditions, which allow the study of both mono‐ and bis‐hexahapto SWNT coordination compounds [(η6‐SWNT)Cr(CO)3, (η6‐SWNT)Cr(η6‐C6H6), (η6‐SWNT)2Cr]. The results are interpreted in terms of exohedral and endohedral binding of chromium to the SWNT sidewalls and ligand competition reactions suggest that endohedral binding provides a very stable and kinetically inert mode of organometallic bonding. We demonstrate that the electrical conductivity of SWNT thin films are significantly enhanced by side‐wall bonding to Group 6 transition metals (M = Cr, Mo, and W), which serve to reduce the inter‐carbon nanotube junction electrical resistance by the formation of SWNT interconnects [(η6‐SWNT)2M].
Thermoresponsive Poly(2‐oxazoline) Molecular Brushes by Living Ionic Polymerization: Kinetic Investigations of Pendant Chain Grafting and Cloud Point Modulation by Backbone and Side Chain Length Variation
Authors: Zhang Ning , Luxenhofer Robert , Jordan Rainer 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMolecular brushes of poly(2‐oxazoline)s were prepared by living anionic polymerization of 2‐iso‐propenyl‐2‐oxazoline to form the backbone and subsequent living cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐n‐ or 2‐iso‐propyl‐2‐oxazoline for pendant chain grafting. In situ kinetic studies indicate that the initiation efficiency and polymerization rates are independent from the number of initiator functions per initiator molecule. This was attributed to the high efficiency of oxazolinium salt and the stretched conformation of the backbone, which is caused by the electrostatic repulsion of the oxazolinium moieties along the macroinitiator. The resulting molecular brushes showed thermoresponsive properties, that is, having a defined cloud point (CP). The dependence of the CP as a function of backbone and side chain length as well as concentration was studied.
Amino‐Acid‐Based Block Copolymers by RAFT Polymerization
Authors: Mori Hideharu , Endo Takeshi 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis review summarizes recent advances in the design and synthesis of amino‐acid‐based block copolymers by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of amino‐acid‐bearing monomers. We will mainly focus on stimuli‐responsive block copolymers, such as pH‐, thermo‐, and dual‐stimuli‐responsive block copolymers, and self‐assembled block copolymers, including amphiphilic and double‐hydrophilic block copolymers having tunable chiroptical properties. We will also highlight recent results in RAFT synthesis of amino‐acid‐based copolymers having various properties, such as catalytic and optoelectronic properties, cross‐linked block copolymer micelles, unimolecular micelles, and organic–inorganic hybrids.
Alkene Metathesis – A Tool for the Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Bunz Uwe H. F. , Mäker Dominic , Porz Michael 
Published: April 2012

AbstractAlkene metathesis is a superb methodology. We report the progress using alkene metathesis in the synthesis of polymeric organic semiconductors. Three classes of polymers have been synthesized using acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) or ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), viz., poly(acetylene)s (PA), poly(arylene‐vinylene)s (PAV), and organometallic polymers. For PAs, ROMP of cyclooctatetraenes is best, whereas for PAV, both ADMET and indirect and direct ROMP are viable. Metathesis performs flawlessly with the correct monomers, as molybdenum and particularly the robust Ru carbenes demonstrate. When performing ROMP, one is often rewarded with structurally uniform polymers that can display very low polydispersities. Overall, metathesis is a powerful tool for the preparation of semiconducting polymers.
Synthesis of Polyolefins with Combined Single‐Site Catalysts
Authors: Mehdiabadi Saeid , Choi Yiyoung , Soares João B. P. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis manuscript shows how two single‐site catalysts can be used to produce polyolefins with complex microstructures that cannot be made using conventional Ziegler‐Natta or Phillips catalysts. In the first case study, thermoplastic polyolefins with heterogeneously branched structures are made by the copolymerization of ethylene, an α‐olefin, and an α‐ω diene using two metallocene catalysts in a two‐stage solution polymerization process. In the second, metallocenes and late transition metal catalysts are co‐supported on silica particles to produce ethylene/α‐olefin copolymers with inverse comonomer distribution in a single slurry reactor, by manipulating the comonomer reactivity ratios and chain walking frequencies of the catalyst pair.
Another Look at Site Heterogeneity in Ziegler‐Natta Catalysts for Polyolefin Production
Authors: McCoy John , Rawatlal Randhir 
Published: April 2012

AbstractZiegler Natta (ZN) catalysts are used to produce a wide range of polyolefins on an industrial scale. It has long been known that polymer produced on these catalysts have a relatively wide distribution in chain lengths; values for the Poly‐Dispersity Index (PDI) are generally well above 2, the value that would be expected if a single catalyst site type were active. These catalysts are conceptualised as containing a number of different active sites, which produce polymer with different average molecular weights. No physical explanation for the existence of different site types has been offered. In fact it has been shown that there is a close link between activity and oxidation state, and that only a single type of polymerising site is present. In this work, we propose that sites differ not in propagation rate but in the rate at which chain growth is terminated by a range of terminating agents, including hydrogen, monomer and co‐monomer. Each terminating agent is considered to act at a particular “pseudo‐site”. The ability of this interpretation to simulate a wide range of polymer properties is demonstrated. The pseudo‐sites model is then used to investigate experimentally‐determined chain length distribution data for ethylene‐1‐butene copolymer produced in lab reactors. It is shown that this new view of the heterogeneity of ZN active sites can successfully reproduce key polymer properties, including PDI and mean chain lengths. Based on these results, it is proposed that the pseudo‐sites model can be used to consolidate experimental data into a single set of parameters to describe the behaviour of a Ziegler‐Natta catalyst for polyolefin production.
Fractionation of Polypropylene Impact Copolymers Using Temperature Rising Elution Fractionation (TREF)
Authors: Mncwabe Sebenzile , Luruli Nyambeni , Marantos Evangelia , Nhlapo Piet , Botha Linda 
Published: April 2012

AbstractImpact polypropylene copolymers (ICPs) have complex microstructures compared to homo‐ or random copolymers of propylene. Standard analytical techniques are unable to unpack the complex structure of impact copolymers, hence the need to fractionate the material. The investigation of poly(propylene‐ethylene) block copolymers was conducted in order to understand the copolymer composition and the role of particular components by fractionation. Temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) was used for fractionation of ICPs which involves breaking up the polymer into small fractions that can be analysed further to give more understanding on the complex microstructures. Two ICP samples (ICP1 and ICP2) with different physical properties were fractionated. The bulk samples as well as the resulting fractions were further analysed using DSC, FTIR and DMA. Below 0 °C, the DMA results of the bulk sample with high ethylene content (ICP1) showed both low storage modulus and stiffness which is in line with expectations. However, it was interesting to note that above 0 °C the trend was reversed, thus ICP2 with low ethylene content had lower storage modulus and stiffness. The DSC and FTIR results of the fractions of the two samples revealed different or inhomogeneous distribution of ethylene content between the samples which explained differences in mechanical properties. The findings emphasize the contributions of phase separation and compatibility between the rubber and the matrix towards physical and mechanical properties.
Polymeric Micelles Using Pseudo‐Amphiphilic Block Copolymers
Authors: Benaglia Massimo , Spisni Enzo , Alberti Angelo , Giorgini Loris , Magnoni Francesco , Papi Alessio , Treossi Emanuele , Palermo Vincenzo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPS‐b‐PMA block copolymers carrying terminal anionic groups have been studied. Their synthesis is achieved by mean of 3‐(benzylsulfanyl thiocarbonylsulfanyl) propionic acid and 3‐(1‐phenylethylsulfanyl thiocarbonylsulfanyl) propanesulfonic acid sodium salt as RAFT agents. These block copolymers, when dispersed in methanol, display a pseudo‐amphiphilic behaviour and provide micelles that can be suspended in water by osmosis. During the self‐assembling process, the anionic terminations lead to the formation of nanosized monodispersed particles and confer stability to the micelles in aqueous media. The core of the micelles is loaded with Nile Red to achieve the intracellular delivery of a lipophilic substance; this has been demonstrated by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The particles, when loaded with Doxorubicin, are able to overcome the intrinsic resistance of LoVo‐MDR cancer cells. A further stabilization is given to the micelles by covalent shell crosslinking provided by triethylene glycol diacrylate. The increased intracellular stability of the crosslinked micelles makes them stain, when loaded with Nile Red, the aqueous cytosol instead of the lipophilic cellular compartments. The unimers constituting the micelles have been covalently labelled with fluorescein to follow their fate once incorporated into the cells.
Development of Polyelectrolyte Complex Microparticles for the Encapsulation of Isoniazid
Authors: Devi Nirmala , Kakati Dilip Kumar , Maji Tarun Kumar 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPolyelectrolyte complex microparticles of different sizes were prepared by optimising the ratio of chitosan and sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC). The yield of the polyelectrolyte complex was dependent on the ratio of the two polymers and the pH of the medium. % yield and viscosity measurements were carried out to evaluate optimum pH and the ratio of the two polymers that produced the highest yield. Effect of various factors like amount of surfactant, concentration of polymer on the formation and size of the microparticles were investigated. The microparticles formed were pH‐responsive. These microparticles were used as carrier for isoniazid. The loading efficiency and release behaviour of loaded microparticles were found to be dependent on the amount of crosslinker used, concentration of drug and time of immersion. Maximum drug loading efficiency was observed at higher immersion time. The release rates of isoniazid at different pH were investigated and compared. The sizes of the microparticles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Microparticles were further characterised by FTIR and X‐ray diffraction study. The present work aims at producing microparticles as antitubercular drug carrier by using chitosan and SCMC as polymers, glutaraldehyde as crosslinker and sunflower oil as reaction medium.