bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral lesions and conditions associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in 300 south Indian patients
Authors: Ranganathan K , Reddy BVR , Kumarasamy N , Solomon S , Viswanathan R , Johnson NW 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus infection/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is a major health problem in India. The National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) of India reports a seropositivity of 25.03 per thousand for the whole country, as of October 1999. In spite of this high prevalence there are very few reports of oral lesions and conditions in Indian HIV/AIDS patients, which are important in early diagnosis and management of these patients. OBJECTIVE AND SETTING: The present report describes the oral lesions in 300 HIV positive symptomatic patients presenting to us at RAGAS‐YRG CARE, a non‐governmental organisation in Chennai, South India, over a period of 9 months in 1998. METHOD: Lesions were diagnosed on clinical appearance using international criteria. RESULTS: Of the 300 patients 89% had acquired the infection through heterosexual contact. There were 205 males and 95 females, aged from 7 months to 72 years. Forty‐seven percent of the patients were in the age group 21–30 years. CD4 counts were ascertained for 105 patients, 64 (62%) had CD4 counts ≤200. A total of 217 (72%) of the 300 patients had some oral lesion when examined. Gingivitis (47%) and pseudomembranous candidiasis (33%) were the most common oral lesions. The other oral lesions seen were oral mucosal pigmentation (23%), erythematous candidiasis (14%), periodontitis (9%), angular cheilitis (8%), oral ulcers (3%), oral hairy leukoplakia (3%), hyperplastic candidiasis (1%), oral submucous fibrosis (2%) and one case of leukoplakia. CONCLUSIONS: Oral lesions occur commonly in HIV infection. A comprehensive oral examination may not only suggest HIV disease but may also be useful in monitoring the disease progression. This is a cost‐effective procedure, which may be useful in screening large populations in developing countries like India.
Radiographical Evaluation of the Gap at the Implant‐Abutment Interface
Authors: PAPAVASSILIOU HARRIS , KOURTIS STEFANOS , KATERELOU JULIA , CHRONOPOULOS VASILLIOS 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIntroduction:  The detection of marginal gaps at the implant‐abutment interface is a common clinical task in prosthodontic treatment. For the detection of the gap intraorally, especially under thick soft tissues the most common method is dental radiography.Objective:  The objective of this experimental study was to investigate the accuracy of conservative dental radiography to detect marginal gaps at the implant‐abutment interface. For these reasons radiographs were taken on internal and external hex implants with different experimental gaps and inclinations.Materials and Methods:  The abutment (with a space created by plastic sheets 0.5 and 0.2 mm in thickness) was screwed on the implant, and the implant was placed into a box filled with silicone impression material. The X‐ray film was placed parallel to the implant at the back of the box, the borders of the box were marked to the base and the box. A ruler of 10 cm was fixed at a long X‐ray tube to ensure parallelism to the implant, X‐ray film. Sets of radiographs were made at 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30° (to the abutment) and −5°, −10°, −15°, −20°, −25°, −30° (to the implant) degrees.The X‐ray images were observed with visual examination, under magnification, and in higher magnification in a slide projector. The phenomenal and the true gap at the implant‐abutment interface were calculated in order to determine the distortion.Results:  There were significant differences between the internal and external hex implants because of the different morphology of the implants. The detecting ability to diagnose a gap at the implant‐abutment interface varied significantly with the angulation degree of the X‐ray tube. At inclinations to the implant (− inclination) the gap diminished earlier than those inclinations to the prosthetic abutment (+ inclinations). In all examinations the gap was not detectable at angulations higher than 20°. In visual examination at 25° and 30° an average clinician could diagnose the distortion.Conclusions:  The X‐ray diagnosis of gap at the interface can be significantly influenced by the inclination of the X‐ray tube in relation to the long axis of the implant. To achieve accurate results, the use of a paralleling device is advocated in order to achieve greater detection ability.CLINICAL RELEVANCEDental radiography is often used for detection of marginal gaps at the implant‐abutment interface. The angulation of the X‐ray beam may lead to inaccurate diagnosis in gap detection. The use of a paralleling device is indicated for evaluation of marginal accuracy. The geometry of the implant (internal or external hexagon) influences the gap evaluation.(J Esthet Restor Dent 22:235–251, 2010)
Ion channels as novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of pain
Authors: Mathie Alistair 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectivesThis review considers ion channels as potential novel therapeutic targets, particularly in the treatment of pain.Key findingsIon channel proteins underlie electrical signalling throughout the body and are important targets for existing therapeutic agents. Nevertheless, ion channels remain a relatively underexploited family of proteins for therapeutic interventions. A number of recent advances in both technology and knowledge suggest that these proteins are promising targets for future therapeutic development. For example, there has been considerable recent improvement in high-throughput screening technologies following the need for pharmaceutical companies to screen against compounds which block human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) potassium channels. Similarly an increased awareness of the importance of ion channels in disease states such as epilepsy, ataxia, cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes and cystic fibrosis has been revealed through studies of genetic mutations in humans and genetic ablation studies in animals. Furthermore, recent advances in the understanding of ion channel structure and how this relates to their function has provided significant new insights into where exactly on the ion channel protein novel therapeutic agents might be developed to target. In the particular area of pain research a number of different ion channel subtypes have been identified (including certain sodium, potassium and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels).SummaryIt seems likely that new therapies will arise that target ion channels. In the treatment of pain, for example, novel agents targeting TRPV1 channels are already showing considerable therapeutic promise.
Development of nanosomes using high-pressure homogenization for gene therapy
Authors: Kundu Anup K , Hazari Sidhartha , Chinta Dakshinamurthy Devanga , Pramar Yashoda V , Dash Srikanta , Mandal Tarun K 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this project was to develop a novel lipid-based formulation suitable for gene therapy.

Methods
Novel nanosize liposome (nanosome) formulations containing pDNA (plasmid DNA) were developed using high-pressure homogenization (HPH). The effect of lipid concentration was studied at two levels: 3 mm and 20 mm. The preformed nanosomes were incubated for 18–20 h with pDNA or pDNA/protamine sulfate (PS) complex. The physical properties of the pDNA nanosomes were compared by particle size distribution and zeta-potential measurements. Their biological properties were also compared by pDNA efficiency of encapsulation/complexation, integrity, nuclease digestion, transfection efficiency and cell cytotoxicity.

Key findings
pDNA nanosomes prepared with 20 mm lipid (nanosomes : pDNA : PS at a ratio of 8.6 : 1 : 2) had particle sizes of 170–422 nm (90% confidence). The zeta-potential of the formulation was 49.2 ± 1.5 mV, and the pDNA encapsulation/complexation efficiency was ∼98%. pDNA nanosomes prepared with 3 mm lipid (nanosomes : pDNA : PS at a ratio of 2.09 : 1 : 2) had particle sizes of 140–263 nm (90% confidence). The zeta-potential of this formulation was 36.4 ± 1.2 mV, and the pDNA encapsulation/complexation efficiency was ∼100%. However, a comparison of the efficiency of transfection indicated that pDNA nanosomes prepared with low-concentration lipids (3 mm) showed significantly higher transfection efficiency compared with the pDNA nanosomes prepared with high-concentration lipids (20 mm), as well as those prepared with Fugene-6 (a commercially available transfection reagent). This particular formulation (pDNA nanosomes, 3 mm lipids) also showed significantly less cytotoxicity compared with the other pDNA nanosome formulations.

Conclusions
To conclude, these results indicate that condensing pDNA with PS followed by subsequent complexation with low-concentration nanosomes generated from HPH can produce a pDNA nanosome formulation that will boost transfection efficiency, while minimizing cytotoxicity. This new technology appears to be an efficient tool for future commercial or large-scale manufacture of DNA delivery systems for gene therapy.
Indoor smoking bans in Bulgaria, Croatia, Northern Cyprus, Romania and Turkey
Authors: Muilenburg J L , Legge J S , Burdell A 
Published: August 2010

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine attitudes towards attempts to limit second-hand smoke (SHS) in five Eastern European nations.MethodsThe data consist of a Eurobarometer (64.3) survey distributed from November to December 2005. Logistic regression was employed to investigate support levels for indoor smoking bans across the five political units.ResultsAcross nations, there is more support for smoking bans in offices and indoor work spaces and indoor public space as opposed to restaurants and bars and pubs. Personal smoking behaviours are linked strongly with the smoking bans. Most importantly, it is specific knowledge about the health dangers of smoking which fosters support for indoor smoking bans.ConclusionPolicy implications suggest that government and the media must disseminate accurate information about the harm of smoking to broader segments of the population to gain support for policies that affect the dangers of SHS in these nations.
Area deprivation, individual socioeconomic position and smoking among women in South Korea
Authors: Park Eun-Ja , Kim Ho , Kawachi Ichiro , Kim Il-Ho , Cho Sung-Il 
Published: August 2010

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to examine how area deprivation and individual socioeconomic position affect smoking among women using national survey data.MethodsSmoking and individual sociodemographic characteristics were gathered from the Third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2005. The Carstairs index was derived for each area using the 2005 census data. The data were analysed using multilevel logistic regression models.ResultsAfter adjusting for age and marital status, low education and manual jobs were significantly associated with a higher likelihood of smoking. In addition, the effect of manual jobs on smoking was modified by area deprivation. When individual occupation and area deprivation were examined together, results indicated that women with manual occupation had much greater odds of smoking when they lived in the least-deprived areas (OR, 4.03; CI, 2.00 to 8.14) than did women with manual job who lived in the middle- or most-deprived areas (OR, 2.19; CI, 1.15 to 4.16), compared to the reference group (housewives in the middle- or most-deprived areas).ConclusionThe results of the present study show that among Korean women, manual work is associated with smoking, and the association is strongest among those living in the least-deprived areas. This interaction between manual work and area deprivation resulted in a higher smoking prevalence among women in affluent urban areas.
Combining fragmentation and encryption to protect privacy in data storage
Authors: Ciriani Valentina , Vimercati Sabrina De Capitani Di , Foresti Sara , Jajodia Sushil , Paraboschi Stefano , Samarati Pierangela 
Published: August 2010

The impact of privacy requirements in the development of modern applications is increasing very quickly. Many commercial and legal regulations are driving the need to develop reliable solutions for protecting sensitive information whenever it is stored, processed, or communicated to external parties. To this purpose, encryption techniques are currently used in many scenarios where data protection is required since they provide a layer of protection against the disclosure of personal information, which safeguards companies from the costs that may arise from exposing their data to privacy breaches. However, dealing with encrypted data may make query processing more expensive.
In this article, we address these issues by proposing a solution to enforce the privacy of data collections that combines data fragmentation with encryption. We model privacy requirements as confidentiality constraints expressing the sensitivity of attributes and their associations. We then use encryption as an underlying (conveniently available) measure for making data unintelligible while exploiting fragmentation as a way to break sensitive associations among attributes. We formalize the problem of minimizing the impact of fragmentation in terms of number of fragments and their affinity and present two heuristic algorithms for solving such problems. We also discuss experimental results, comparing the solutions returned by our heuristics with respect to optimal solutions, which show that the heuristics, while guaranteeing a polynomial-time computation cost are able to retrieve solutions close to optimum.
Abstract only
Authors: Saunders David 
Published: August 2010

Most of the methods of linear algebra, even the iterative ones, are exact in principle but are applied approximately. Over the past half century numerical analysis has made great strides in the understanding of approximation in matrix computation. But also, roughly over the past three decades, a solid algorithmic basis for exact sparse and dense matrix computation has emerged. We argue that the computer algebra community has the interests, techniques, motivations, and applications to develop high performance computational capabilities for exact linear algebra It is a tale of two equivalence relations, similarity and matrix equivalence. These were characterized in the 19th century via the Jordan canonical form and Smith normal form respectively. Associated with these are the computational concerns of numerical linear algebra, eigenvalues and linear system solving respectively. But applications of exact linear algebra tend to need some or all of the invariants themselves associated with these equivalences. From rank to characteristic polynomial, computation of these invariants resists pure numerical solution and provides an important role for computer algebra.
We discuss the state of the art and current issues in algorithms and software system design for exact linear algebra over the integers, the rational numbers, and over finite fields. We show some of the applications in which large scale exact linear algebra has been used.
Abstract only
Authors: Cha Yongjae , van Hoeij Mark , Levy Giles 
Published: August 2010

We will present an implementation of several algorithms for solving second order linear recurrence relations. The algorithms are described in two papers accepted at ISSAC 2010. Our implementation can find Liouvillian solutions, as well as solutions written in terms of values of special functions such as the 2F1 hypergeometric function, Bessel, Whittaker, Legendre, Laguerre, etc.
We have done an automated search in Sloane's online encyclopedia of integer sequences, to find sequences that satisfy a second order recurrence. Our implementation solves a large majority of such recurrence relations. The papers and implementation are available at http://www.math.fsu.edu/~glevy/implementation.
Investigation of the Turbulent Structure of a Cloud-Capped Mixed Layer Using Doppler Radar
Authors: Pinsky M. , Krasnov O. , Russchenberg H. W. J. , Khain A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
A new method for retrieving air velocity fluctuations in the cloud-capped boundary layer (BL) using radar reflectivity and the Doppler velocity fields is proposed. The method was developed on the basis of data obtained by the Transportable Atmospheric Radar (TARA) located in Cabauw, Netherlands, at 0500–0812 UTC 8 May 2004, and tested using a detailed trajectory ensemble model of the cloud-capped BL. During the observations, the BL depth was 1200 m, and the cloud base (measured by a lidar) was at 500–550 m. No preliminary assumptions concerning the shapes of drop size distributions were made. On the basis of the TARA radar data, vertical profiles of the vertical air velocity standard deviation, of turbulent dissipation rate, etc. were estimated. The correlation functions indicate the existence of large eddies in the BL with a characteristic horizontal scale of about 600 m. Analysis of the slope (the scaling parameter) of the structure functions indicates that turbulence above 400 m can be considered to be isotropic. Below this level, the turbulence becomes anisotropic. The rate of anisotropy increases with the decrease of the height above the surface. The averaged values of the dissipation rate were evaluated as 1–2 cm2 s−3. The importance of using the cloud-capped BL model as a link between different types of observed data (radar, lidar, aircraft, etc.) is discussed. More data should be analyzed to understand the changes in the turbulent structure of the BL during its growth, as well as during cloud and drizzle formation.
Baroclinic Eddy Equilibration under Specified Seasonal Forcing
Authors: Zhang Yang , Stone Peter H. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Baroclinic eddy equilibration under a Northern Hemisphere–like seasonal forcing is studied using a modified multilayer quasigeostrophic channel model to investigate the widely used “quick baroclinic eddy equilibration” assumption and to understand to what extent baroclinic adjustment can be applied to interpret the midlatitude climate. Under a slowly varying seasonal forcing, the eddy and mean flow seasonal behavior is characterized by four clearly divided time intervals: an eddy inactive time interval in summer, a mainly dynamically determined eddy spinup time interval starting in midfall and lasting less than one month, and a quasi-equilibrium time interval for the zonal mean flow available potential energy from late fall to late spring, with a mainly external forcing determined spindown time interval for eddy activity from late winter to late spring. The baroclinic adjustment can be clearly observed from late fall to late spring. The sensitivity study of the eddy equilibration to the time scale of the external forcing indicates that the time scale separation between the baroclinic adjustment and the external forcing in midlatitudes is only visible for external forcing cycles one year and longer.
In spite of the strong seasonality of the eddy activity, similar to the observations, a robust potential vorticity (PV) structure is still observed through all the seasons. However, it is found that baroclinic eddy is not the only candidate mechanism to maintain the robust PV structure. The role of the boundary layer thermal forcing and the moist convection in maintaining the lower-level PV structure is discussed. The adjustment and the vertical variation of the lower-level stratification play an important role in all of these mechanisms.
Desert Air Incursions, an Overlooked Aspect, for the Dry Spells of the Indian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Krishnamurti T. N. , Thomas A. , Simon Anu , Kumar Vinay 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The year 2009 was a major drought year for the Indian summer monsoon with a seasonal deficit of rainfall by 21.6%. Standard oceanic predictors such as ENSO and the Indian Ocean dipole are not consistent for these dry spells. There are a host of other parameters such as the Himalayan ice cover, the Eurasian snow cover, the passage of intraseasonal waves, and even accumulated effects of Asian pollution that have been considered for analysis of the dry spells of the monsoon. This paper presents another factor, the western Asian desert air incursions toward central India, and emphasizes the formation of a blocking high over western Asia as an important feature for these dry spells. The blocking high advects descending very dry air toward central India, portrayed using swaths of three-dimensional trajectories. This is a robust indicator for dry spells of the monsoon during the last several decades. This dry air above the 3-km level over central India strongly inhibits the vertical growth of deep convection. Some of the interesting antecedents of the formation of the blocking high include an eastward and somewhat northward extension of the ITCZ over North Africa, a stronger than normal local Hadley cell over North Africa, a strong subtropical jet stream over the southern Mediterranean, and strong conversions of anticyclonic shear vorticity to anticyclonic curvature vorticity. The dynamical antecedents of the aforementioned scenario in this study are related to many aspects of North African weather features. They are portrayed using both reanalysis datasets and ensemble modeling using a suite of coupled atmosphere–ocean models.
Filtering of Background Error Variances and Correlations by Local Spatial Averaging: A Review
Authors: Berre Loïk , Desroziers Gérald 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The use of local spatial averaging to estimate and validate background error covariances has received increasing attention recently, in particular in the context of variational data assimilation for global numerical weather prediction. First, theoretical and experimental results are presented to examine spatial structures of sampling noise and signal in ensemble-based variance fields in this context. They indicate that sampling noise tends to be relatively small scale, compared to the signal of interest. This difference in spatial structure motivates the use of spatial averaging techniques.
Based on the usual linear estimation theory, it is shown how this information can be taken into account in order to calculate and apply an objective spatial filter. This kind of approach can also be used to compare and validate ensemble-based variances with innovation-based variances. The use of spatial averaging is even more important for innovation-based variances because local innovations correspond to single error realizations.
Similar ideas can be considered for the estimation of correlation functions. The spatial structures of sampling noise and signal in correlation length scale fields suggest that space-averaging techniques could also be applied to correlation functions. The use of wavelets for this purpose is presented in particular. Connections with related approaches in different contexts such as ensemble Kalman filters and probabilistic forecasting are also discussed.
Field Observations of Multimode Raindrop Oscillations by High-Speed Imaging
Authors: Testik F. Y. , Barros A. P. , Bliven L. F. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Periodic oscillations of raindrops falling at terminal velocity in natural rain are visualized for the first time by high-speed imaging. These images show the existence of an oscillation mode with the same frequency as the fundamental harmonic, but with shape different than that predicted by linear theory. These oscillations cause a lateral drift with a speed of approximately 20%–30% of the drop terminal velocity and without a preferred direction. These experimental observations serve as an insightful illustration of the potential benefit of applying high-speed imaging technology to investigate the dynamical microstructure of rainfall at the raindrop scale.