bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparative enantiomeric separation of new selective CB2 receptor agonists by liquid chromatography on polysaccharide‐based chiral stationary phases: Determination of enantiomeric purity and assignment of absolute stereochemistry by X‐ray structure analysis
Authors: Stern Eric , Goossens Laurence , Retailleau Pascal , Kauffmann Brice , Bonte Jean‐Paul , Depreux Patrick , Goossens Jean‐Francois 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe development of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods using derivatized amylose chiral stationary phases has permitted preparative enantioseparations of substituted 4‐oxo‐1,4‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxamide derivatives with satisfactory yields. These compounds constitute new potent selective agonists of the cannabinoid CB2 receptor. Analytical enantioseparation methods using UV detection were validated to determine the enantiomeric purity of these compounds. Linear calibration curves in the range from 0.18 to 0.40 mM were obtained; repeatability, limits of detection (LOD), and quantification (LOQ) were determined: LOD varied, for the various solutes, from 0.5 to 1.2 μM. All the separated compounds were prepared with high enantiomeric purities superior to 99.3% Absolute configuration of the enantiomers was unequivocally established by single crystal X‐ray diffraction method and correlated to the chiroptical properties of isolated enantiomers. Chirality 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental and theoretical investigations of circular dichroism of donor–acceptor 1,1′‐binaphthyls: Influence of substitution on the coupling amplitude and cotton effect of the charge‐transfer band
Authors: Nakai Yoshito , Nishizaka Masaki , Yang Cheng , Fukuhara Gaku , Mori Tadashi , Inoue Yoshihisa 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe electronic circular dichroism (CD) spectra of donor–acceptor binaphthyls were investigated experimentally and theoretically. The enantiomerically pure forms of 1‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐naphthyl)‐ and 1‐(2,3‐dimethoxy‐1‐naphthyl)‐2‐methylisoquinolinium tetrafluoroborates (DA and D′A) were prepared, and their UV–vis and CD spectra were compared. The donor–acceptor interaction was apparent from the absorption at longer wavelengths, whereas its strength was not very different from each other. In addition, very similar structures were obtained for the two aromatic planes in DA and D′A when the geometry was optimized by the density functional theory. The additional methoxy group in the latter spices scarcely disturbed the UV–vis spectrum but significantly affected the CD spectrum. Thus, the observed CD spectra were considerably different from each other, especially in the 1Bb band couplet, where the amplitude was reduced to almost one‐fourth in D′A. The theoretical investigations led to the following conclusions: (1) The potential curve associated with the central CC dihedral angle of 1,1′‐binaphthyl is fairly flat at the bottom for both DA and D′A and freely rotating at an ambient temperature. The potential curve of D′A is, however, significantly different from that of DA, in which the curve is much steeper and biased to the s‐cis side. As the observed CD spectrum is an ensemble of conformers of various dihedral angles, such difference in potential certainly affects the overall spectrum; (2) The additional methoxy group introduced at the 3‐position effectively altered the CD spectral pattern, which was theoretically supported by the calculation at the RI‐CC2/TZVPP level; (3) Consequently, the classical coupled oscillator theory, in which the angle between the transition dipole moments of two aromatic planes is solely considered, is not applicable to the quantitative evaluation of the chiroptical properties of 1,1′‐binaphthyls; rather, the quantum chemical approach is preferred, permitting a direct comparison with the experiment. Chirality 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A dangerous combination of binge and purge
Authors: Culkin Alison , Gabe Simon M. , Peake Simon T.C. , Stern Julian M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe present a 36‐year‐old female diagnosed with Crohn's disease at the age of 11 years. In 2001, she underwent a total colectomy and further small bowel resection as a result of active Crohn's. Her residual anatomy consisted of 150 cm of small bowel to an end jejunostomy. Subsequently, she developed short bowel syndrome with recurrent episodes of hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia, and hypokalaemia. Dietetic assessment revealed her to be severely underweight at 37 kg with a bodymass index (BMI) of 14.4 kg/m2. During her admission, our patient underwent psychiatric assessment and was established on home parenteral nutrition (HPN). At the time of discharge, 1 month later, her weight had increased to 44 kg (BMI = 17.7 kg/m2). Over the following 12‐month period, she lost weight (BMI, 15.4 mg/m2; weight, 39.5 kg) and she described a high stoma output (up to 17 L) and dehydration. Assessment of her oral intake found she was consuming an estimated 14,000 kcal and 600 g protein per day. At this time, the possibility of a new form of eating disorder was discussed with the patient and she agreed that her behavior i.e., using her stoma as a purging device, fulfilled the criteria for a diagnosis of bulimia nervosa and she was referred to a specialist eating disorder unit. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Development of Si DRIE process allowing simultaneous etching from narrow and wide mask openings
Authors: Ohara Junji , Takeuchi Yukihiro , Sato Kazuo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe have developed a new Si DRIE process, which allows simultaneous etching of both narrow and wide mask opening patterns. MEMS devices often contain a wide range of mask opening sizes ranging from micrometer to millimeter scale on the same chip. Conventional DRIE process suffered from a trade‐off between minimizing mask‐undercut for narrow grooves and eliminating black Si on an etched bottom surface for large mask apertures. This was caused by nonuniformity in the deposition of the protective polymeric layer during etching in mask aperture areas having different sizes. Our new DRIE process technique, alternating conventional DRIE with O2 plasma irradiation, adds a SiO2 layer onto the polymeric layer. We have ascertained that the new DRIE process can form a SiO2 protective layer of uniform thickness regardless of the mask aperture size. This uniformity is considered a result of equilibrium between surface oxidation and sputtering of oxygen by plasma irradiation. We have demonstrated that our newly developed process allows simultaneous etching of narrow, deep grooves 1 μm wide and 73 μm deep, and wide aperture areas 500 μm square without black Si on the same chip. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(4): 36–43, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10303
Construction of an “Analects of Confucius” knowledge base including pragmatics information
Authors: Yang Ye , Tsuchiya Seiji , Ren Fuji 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we propose an approach to constructing a knowledge base for the Analects of Confucius, which aims to promote a correct understanding of this text. The content of the Analects has not been categorized by topic and it always contains broader meanings. Thus, it is necessary to create a framework that can be used to manage and build the knowledge base for the text. The construction of knowledge bases in the past has focused on the investigation of words and of surface meanings and explicitly communicated meanings of passages, but these cannot be used for study of deeper meanings or implicitly communicated meanings. The present paper sets up a categorization system for the Analects, which is used to create a knowledge base by using pragmatics information, based on the utterance interpretation method in pragmatics. A question answering system that makes use of the knowledge base on the Analects was used for assessment of the approach. The results showed that answers based on a combination of pragmatics information and modern text interpretation outperformed by 32.2% answers extracted only from the modern text. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(4): 1–8, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10335
Graphene and Related Materials in Electrochemical Sensing
Authors: Ratinac Kyle R. , Yang Wenrong , Gooding J. Justin , Thordarson Pall , Braet Filip 
Published: March 2011

AbstractGraphene and related materials, such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide, have come to the forefront of research in electrochemical sensors during recent years. The rapidly growing activity in this area is due to the promising electrochemistry of these materials and their obvious success in electrical and optical sensors to date. In this focussed review, we critically examine the structure of graphene, its electronic and electrochemical properties as related to electrochemical sensing, and the latest research on sensors that exploit the electrochemistry of graphene derivatives.
Ecosystem services and associated concepts
Authors: Dick J. McP. , Smith Rognvald I. , Scott E. Marian 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we explore the practicality and limitations of the ecosystem services concept. The enthusiasm for the analytical investigation of services delivered by ecosystems is driven by the realisation that local, national and international policies are not protecting ecosystems and the full range of services they deliver to humans. We briefly review the history of the term and consider a range of analytical frameworks proposed to study ecosystem services. The problem of understanding ecosystems across varying spatial and temporal scales is a recurring theme and we argue that systems analysis such as world‐systems and panarchy analysis is useful in this context. Translating any one of these frameworks to an operational definition presents some challenges, which are briefly discussed in terms of measurement and quantification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of heat treatment on photocatalytic activity of titania incorporated with carbon black for degradation of methyl orange
Authors: Mao Chih‐Chung , Weng Hung‐Shan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn a previous study, the photocatalytic activity of titania (TiO2) for the degradation of methyl orange was found to be significantly enhanced by the incorporation of carbon black (CB). This work aims to improve the catalyst activity further by changing the method of heat treatment and determining the optimal annealing temperature for the preparation of catalyst. The effect of annealing temperature on structure and activity of the prepared catalysts is also investigated. Experimental results reveal that the photocatalytic activities of both composite catalyst (TiO2/CB) and bare TiO2 annealed under N2 flowing are higher than those of those calcined under atmospheric air. An optimal annealing temperature of 600°C maximizes the photocatalytic activity. Above this temperature, the activities of both catalysts decrease owing to a phase change and the growth of TiO2 crystallites. The composite catalyst that was annealed at 600°C had a higher activity than Degussa P‐25. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
A lattice Boltzmann model for diffusion of binary gas mixtures that includes diffusion slip
Authors: Bennett Sam , Asinari Pietro , Dellar Paul J. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThis paper describes the development of a lattice Boltzmann (LB) model for a binary gas mixture, and applications to channel flow driven by a density gradient with diffusion slip occurring at the wall. LB methods for single component gases typically use a non‐physical equation of state in which the relationship between pressure and density varies according to the scaling used. This is fundamentally unsuitable for extension to multi‐component systems containing gases of differing molecular masses. Substantial variations in the species densities and pressures may exist even at low Mach numbers; hence, the usual linearized equation of state for small fluctuations is unsuitable. Also, existing methods for implementing boundary conditions do not extend easily to novel boundary conditions, such as diffusion slip. The new model developed for multi‐component gases avoids the pitfalls of some other LB models. A single computational grid is shared by all the species, and the diffusivity is independent of the viscosity. The Navier–Stokes equation for the mixture and the Stefan–Maxwell diffusion equation are both recovered by the model. Diffusion slip, the non‐zero velocity of a gas mixture at a wall parallel to a concentration gradient, is successfully modelled and validated against a simple one‐dimensional model for channel flow. To increase the accuracy of the scheme, a second‐order numerical implementation is needed. This may be achieved using a variable transformation method that does not increase the computational time. Simulations were carried out on hydrogen and water diffusion through a narrow channel for varying total pressure and concentration gradients. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Properties of Segmented Block Copolymers of Functionalised Polybenzimidazoles for High‐Temperature PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Mader J. A. , Benicewicz B. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA series of novel segmented block copolymers of sulphonated polybenzimidazole (PBI) (s‐PBI) and p‐PBI were prepared with various polymer ratios (10–90 mol% s‐PBI; 90‐10 mol% p‐PBI). A two‐step synthesis of oligomeric species, followed by combination and further polymerisation was used via the polyphosphoric acid (PPA) process. The membranes showed improved high‐temperature proton conductivities and fuel cell performance over previous literature reports, with moderate incorporation of s‐PBI into the copolymer showing the best results. The non‐humidified fuel cell performance was extensively studied with various fuels and oxidants and showed excellent properties. Block copolymers that incorporated 40, 50 or 60 mol% s‐PBI and the corresponding 60, 50 or 40 mol% p‐PBI, at 0.2 A cm–2 and 160 °C, had hydrogen–air performances of 0.661–0.666 V, depending on composition. The performance was improved using hydrogen–oxygen, with voltages between 0.734 and 0.742 V at 0.2 A cm–2 and 160 °C. Fuel cells operating on a reformed hydrocarbon gas showed decreased performance (0.622–0.627 V, same conditions), especially at lower temperatures, but was significantly improved over previous literature reports of sulphonated PBI membranes operating at high temperatures.
Spatially Resolved Voltage, Current and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements
Authors: Gerteisen D. , Mérida W. , Kurz T. , Lupotto P. , Schwager M. , Hebling C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this work a 50‐channel characterisation system for PEMFCs is presented. The system is capable of traditional electrochemical measurements (e.g. staircase voltammetry, chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry), and concurrent EIS measurements. Unlike previous implementations, this system relies on dedicated potentiostats for current and voltage control, and independent frequency response analysers (FRAs) at each channel. Segmented fuel cell hardware is used to illustrate the system's flexibility and capabilities. The results here include steady‐state data for cell characterisation under galvanostatic and potentiostatic control as well as spatially resolved impedance spectra.
Preparation and optical and electrochemical properties of octaethylphthalocyanines fused with several tetrathiafulvalene units
Authors: Kimura Takeshi , Watanabe Dai , Namauo Toshiharu 
Published: March 2011

Abstract3,6‐Diethylphthalonitrile (3) with a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit at 4,5‐positions was prepared from 4,5‐xylylenedithio‐3,6‐diethylphthalonitrile (1a) via elimination of the xylylene group, connection of a carbonyl group to benzenedithiolate generated, and condensation of 4,5‐bis(methylthio)‐1,3‐dithiole‐2‐thione with benzo‐1,3‐dithiole‐2‐one (2‐O) produced. A 1:1 mixture of phthalonitrile (3) and 4,5‐bis(benzylthio)‐3,6‐diethylphthalonitrile (1b) was treated with lithium in n‐hexanol at 120°C to produce hexakis (benzylthio)mono(tetrathiafulvaleno)phthalocyanine (5), tetrakis(benzylthio)bis(tetrathiafulvaleno)phthalocyanine (6), and bis(benzylthio)tris(tetrathiafulvaleno)phthalocyanine (7). The structures of 5, 6, and 7 were determined by 1H NMR, FAB MS, MALDI‐TOF MS (matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry), and UV‐‐vis spectroscopy. Compound 6 is a mixture of trans and cis isomers (6‐trans and 6‐cis). The UV‐‐vis spectrum of 5 measured in chloroform changed by addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The Q band absorption at λmax = 755 nm (chloroform) decreased in intensity and resulted in a new absorption at λmax = 740 nm (chloroform/TFA). The electrochemical properties of 5, 6, and 7 were determined by cyclic voltammetry using Ag/AgNO3 as a reference electrode. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:605–611, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20694
FLOOD FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DAMS AND BARRAGES IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Afreen Shazia , Muhammad Faqir 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTFlood frequency analysis for six catchments in Pakistan is carried out. The gamma (G2) and generalized logistic (GLO) distributions are fitted. Based on goodness of fit tests, it is found that these distributions fit closely to the annual maximum peak flows except for Rasul and Trimmu. The quantile estimates based on GLO distribution are close to the observed values of annual maximum peak flows. A peak over threshold series model using GLO is also implemented for Rasul and Trimmu. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stock market expectations of Dutch households
Authors: Hurd Michael , Van Rooij Maarten , Winter Joachim 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDespite its importance for the analysis of life cycle behavior and, in particular, retirement planning, stock ownership by private households is poorly understood. Among other approaches to investigate this puzzle, recent research has started to elicit private households' expectations of stock market returns. This paper reports findings from a study that collected data over a 2‐year period both on households' stock market expectations (subjective probabilities of gains or losses) and on whether they own stocks. We document substantial heterogeneity in financial market expectations. Expectations are correlated with stock ownership. Over the 2 years of our data stock market prices increased and expectations of future stock market price changes also increased, lending support to the view that expectations are influenced by recent stock gains or losses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fasudil hydrochloride hydrate, a Rho‐kinase inhibitor, suppresses isoproterenol‐induced heart failure in rats via JNK and ERK1/2 pathways
Authors: Wang Na , Guan Peng , Zhang Jian‐Ping , Li Ya‐Qing , Chang Yan‐Zhong , Shi Zhen‐Hua , Wang Feng‐Yun , Chu Li 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Rho‐kinase (ROCK) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of heart injury. Recent cellular and molecular biology studies indicated a pivotal role of the RhoA/ROCK cascade in many aspects of cardiovascular function such as heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, and ventricular remodeling following myocardial infarction. However, the signal transduction of RhoA/ROCK and its down‐stream signaling pathways remains elusive, and the mechanism of ROCK‐mediated isoproterenol (ISO)‐induced heart failure is still not thoroughly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the ROCK inhibitor, fasudil hydrochloride hydrate, on ISO‐induced heart failure and the potential relationship of RhoA/ROCK to the extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK) and the c‐jun NH 2‐terminal kinase (JNK) pathways. Male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats, maintained on a normal diet, were randomly divided into four groups given control, ISO alone, ISO with low‐dose fasudil, or ISO with high‐dose fasudil treatments. Fasudil effectively inhibited ISO‐induced heart failure, as evaluated by biometric, hemodynamic, and histological examinations. Consistently, ISO‐induced ROCK‐1 mRNA expression and myosin phosphatase target subunit‐1 (MYPT‐1) phosphorylation were markedly suppressed by fasudil. In addition, fasudil significantly decreased ISO‐induced JNK activation, ERK translocation to the nucleus and subsequent c‐fos, c‐jun expression and upregulated c‐FLIPL expression. Taken together, these results indicate that the RhoA/ROCK pathway is essential for ISO induced heart failure, which can be effectively suppressed by fasudil. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1920–1929, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatoform and psychoform dissociation among students
Authors: Farina Benedetto , Mazzotti Eva , Pasquini Paolo , Nijenhuis Ellert , Di Giannantonio Massimo 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRecent evidence suggests a relationship between psychoform and somatoform dissociation both in clinical and non clinical samples. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the two forms of dissociation among 947 university students who completed two self‐administered questionnaires, the Somatoform Dissociation Questionnaire (SDQ‐20) and the Dissociative Experience Scale (DES). The main result of the study was that the association between somatoform and psychoform dissociation was strong for individuals with moderate level of DES scores (O.R.=7.0), but much stronger for individuals with high level of DES scores (O.R.=18.9). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 67:1–8, 2011.
High genetic differentiation among populations of the small cavy Microcavia australis occupying different habitats
Authors: Sassi Paola L. , Chiappero Marina B. , Borghi Carlos , Gardenal Cristina N. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe small cavy Microcavia australis, a social and fossorial rodent, inhabits a large distribution range in South American arid zones. The species is versatile in coping with the seasonal and spatial variability typical of these environments through changes in morphology, physiology, and behavior. In order to explore whether phenotypic variations are related to the evolutionary history of the species, we analyzed the levels of genetic variability and divergence among four populations that differ in climate and habitat characteristics, two belonging to highlands and the other two from lowlands. We sequenced the mitochondrial control region and used the Inter Simple Sequence Repeats technique to study variability in the noncoding nuclear genome. Results from both genetic markers were consistent. Variability levels were high for all populations, and even higher for lowland ones. Pairwise genetic differentiation varied greatly, all comparisons being statistically significant except for the two highland populations. Seventeen haplotypes were detected which displayed three clear lineages: two corresponding to each lowland population and one to those in the highlands. Levels of genetic differentiation between population pairs varied widely. Haplotypes showed a mean sequence divergence of 1.4% between lowland populations and 0.2% between highland ones, whereas divergence was around 9% when populations from different altitudes were compared. Results from BEAST analysis support extant hypotheses suggesting that lowland forms are clearly older than the highland group. The deep genetic divergence between lineages poses the need to search for new evidence for properly defining the taxonomic status of divergent populations of M. australis. J. Exp. Zool. 315:337–348, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.