bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Sensitivity Analysis for Effective Parameters on 2D Fracture-Network Permeability
Authors: Jafari A. , Babadagli T. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryFracture-network mapping and estimation of its permeability constitute two major steps in static-model preparation of naturally fractured reservoirs. Although several different analytical methods were proposed in the past for calculating fracture-network permeability (FNP), different approaches are still needed for practical use. We propose a new and practical approach to estimate FNP using statistical and fractal characteristics of fracture networks. We also provide a detailed sensitivity analysis to determine the relative importance of fracture-network parameters on the FNP in comparison to single-fracture conductivity using an experimental-design approach.The FNP is controlled by many different fracture-network parameters such as fracture length, density, orientation, aperture, and single-fracture connectivity. Five different 2D fracture data sets were generated for random and systematic orientations. In each data set, 20 different combinations of fracture density and length for different orientations were tested. For each combination, 10 different realizations were generated. The length was considered as constant and variable. This yielded a total of 1,000 trials. The FNPs were computed through a commercial discrete-fracture-network (DFN) modeling simulator for all cases. Then, we correlated different statistical and fractal characteristics of the networks to the measured FNPs using multivariable-regression analysis. Twelve fractal (sandbox, box counting, and scanline fractal dimensions) and statistical (average length, density, orientation, and connectivity index) parameters were tested against the measured FNP for synthetically generated fracture networks for a wide range of fracture properties. All cases were above the percolation threshold to obtain a percolating network, and the matrix effect was neglected.The correlation obtained through this analysis using four data sets was tested on the fifth one with known permeability for verification. High-quality match was obtained.Finally, we adopted an experimental-design approach to identify the most-critical parameters on the FNP for different fracture-network types. The results are presented as Pareto charts.It is believed that the new method and results presented in this paper will be useful for practitioners in static-model development of naturally fractured reservoirs and will shed light on further studies on modeling and understanding the transmissibility characteristics of fracture networks. It should be emphasized that this study was conducted on 2D fracture networks and could be extended to 3D models. This, however, requires further algorithm development to use 2D fractal characteristics for 3D systems and/ or development of fractal measurement techniques for a 3D system. This study will provide a guideline for this type of research.
Design and Life-Cycle Considerations for Unconventional-Reservoir Wells
Authors: Miskimins Jennifer L. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
This paper provides an overview of design and life-cycle considerations for certain unconventional-reservoir wells. An overview of unconventional-reservoir definitions is provided. Well design and life-cycle considerations are addressed from three aspects: upfront reservoir development, initial well completion, and welllife and long-term considerations.
Upfront-reservoir-development issues discussed include well spacing, well orientation, reservoir stress orientations, and tubular metallurgy. Initial-well-completion issues include maximum treatment pressures and rates, treatment diversion, treatment staging, flowback and cleanup, and dewatering needs. Well-life and longterm discussions include liquid loading, corrosion, refracturing and associated fracture reorientation, and the cost of abandonment.
These design considerations are evaluated with case studies for five unconventional-reservoir types: shale gas (Barnett shale), tight gas (Jonah feld), tight oil (Bakken play), coalbed methane (CBM) (San Juan basin), and tight heavy oil (Lost Hills field). In evaluating the life cycle and design of unconventional-reservoir wells, "one size" does not fit all and valuable knowledge and a shortening of the learning curve can be achieved for new developments by studying similar, more-mature fields.
Miscible-Type Waterflooding: Oil Recovery with Micellar Solutions
Authors: Gogarty W.B. , Tosch W.C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A new recovery process for producing oil under both secondary and tertiary conditions utilizes the unique properties of micellar solutions (also known as microemulsions, swollen micelles, and soluble oils). These solutions, which displace 100 percent of the oil in the reservoir contacted, can be driven through the reservoir with water and are stable in the presence of reservoir water and rock. Basic components of micellar solutions are surfactant, hydrocarbon and water. They may also contain small amounts of electrolytes and co-surfactants such as alcohols. The specific reservoir application dictates the type and concentration of each component. A salient feature of the process is the capability for mobility control. Micellar solution slug mobility, by way of viscosity control, is made equal to or less than the combined oil and water mobility. Mobility control continues with a mobility buffer that prevents drive water from contacting the micellar solution. Laboratory and field flooding have proven that the process is technically feasible and that surfactant losses by adsorption on porous media are small.

Introduction
Projects are under way to recover the maximum amount of oil under the most favorable economic conditions.
New techniques are being developed to increase oil recovery. Polymer solutions are becoming an important means of controlling mobility in a waterflood. Thermal methods such as in-situ combustion and steam injection are being used in reservoirs containing highly viscous crudes. Surfactant flooding is receiving attention as a method of reducing interfacial tension to increase recovery. Exotic recovery processes have been considered primarily for secondary operations. Economics are unfavorable in most cases for tertiary recovery.
Studies at the Denver Research Center of the Marathon Oil Co. have led to a new oil recovery method. Micellar solutions (sometimes called microemulsions, swollen micelles, and soluble oils) are used to recover oil by miscible-type waterflooding. Basically, these solutions contain surfactant, hydrocarbon, and water. The method can be used in either secondary or tertiary operations.
Adipose Tissue Plasticity During Catch-Up Fat Driven by Thrifty Metabolism
Authors: Summermatter Serge , Marcelino Helena , Arsenijevic Denis , Buchala Antony , Aprikian Olivier , Assimacopoulos-Jeannet Françoise , Seydoux Josiane , Montani Jean-Pierre , Solinas Giovanni , Dulloo Abdul G. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE
Catch-up growth, a risk factor for later type 2 diabetes, is characterized by hyperinsulinemia, accelerated body-fat recovery (catch-up fat), and enhanced glucose utilization in adipose tissue. Our objective was to characterize the determinants of enhanced glucose utilization in adipose tissue during catch-up fat.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
White adipose tissue morphometry, lipogenic capacity, fatty acid composition, insulin signaling, in vivo glucose homeostasis, and insulinemic response to glucose were assessed in a rat model of semistarvation-refeeding. This model is characterized by glucose redistribution from skeletal muscle to adipose tissue during catch-up fat that results solely from suppressed thermogenesis (i.e., without hyperphagia).

RESULTS
Adipose tissue recovery during the dynamic phase of catch-up fat is accompanied by increased adipocyte number with smaller diameter, increased expression of genes for adipogenesis and de novo lipogenesis, increased fatty acid synthase activity, increased proportion of saturated fatty acids in triglyceride (storage) fraction but not in phospholipid (membrane) fraction, and no impairment in insulin signaling. Furthermore, it is shown that hyperinsulinemia and enhanced adipose tissue de novo lipogenesis occur concomitantly and are very early events in catch-up fat.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that increased adipose tissue insulin stimulation and consequential increase in intracellular glucose flux play an important role in initiating catch-up fat. Once activated, the machinery for lipogenesis and adipogenesis contribute to sustain an increased insulin-stimulated glucose flux toward fat storage. Such adipose tissue plasticity could play an active role in the thrifty metabolism that underlies glucose redistribution from skeletal muscle to adipose tissue.
Severe polymyositis and neuritis in a cat
Authors: Ginman Adam A. , Kline Karen L. , Shelton G. Diane 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Case Description—A 4-year-old domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for a 1-week history of shifting limb lameness that progressed to tetraparesis.
Clinical Findings—Physical examination revealed generalized muscle atrophy and signs of discomfort when the muscles of the appendicular skeleton were palpated. Neurologic examination revealed diminished myotatic and withdrawal reflexes in all 4 limbs. Results of a CBC indicated mild neutrophilia, and serum biochemical analysis revealed mild hyperalbuminemia and high creatine kinase activity. The cat was anesthetized, and an electromyogram (EMG), CSF sample, and nerve and muscle biopsy specimens were obtained. The EMG revealed positive sharp waves and fibrillation potentials, CSF analysis revealed albuminocytologic dissociation, and histologic examination of muscle and nerve specimens revealed severe myositis and neuritis. Immune-mediated polymyositis and neuritis were suspected.
Treatment and Outcome—With physical therapy and long-term corticosteroid drug treatment, the cat recovered complete motor nerve function.
Clinical Relevance—The severity and rapid progression of clinical signs, combined with the EMG abnormalities and histologic findings, could have led to inappropriate euthanasia for this cat. Veterinarians should be aware that immune-mediated polymyositis and neuritis in cats can have an excellent prognosis with appropriate, long-term treatment.
Lebesgue's Convergence Theorem of Complex-Valued Function
Authors: Narita Keiko , Endou Noboru , Shidama Yasunari 
Published: July 2009

Lebesgue's Convergence Theorem of Complex-Valued Function
In this article, we formalized Lebesgue's Convergence theorem of complex-valued function. We proved Lebesgue's Convergence Theorem of realvalued function using the theorem of extensional real-valued function. Then applying the former theorem to real part and imaginary part of complex-valued functional sequences, we proved Lebesgue's Convergence Theorem of complex-valued function. We also defined partial sums of real-valued functional sequences and complex-valued functional sequences and showed their properties. In addition, we proved properties of complex-valued simple functions.
Probability on Finite and Discrete Set and Uniform Distribution
Authors: Okazaki Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2009

Probability on Finite and Discrete Set and Uniform DistributionA pseudorandom number generator plays an important role in practice in computer science. For example: computer simulations, cryptology, and so on. A pseudorandom number generator is an algorithm to generate a sequence of numbers that is indistinguishable from the true random number sequence. In this article, we shall formalize the "Uniform Distribution" that is the idealized set of true random number sequences. The basic idea of our formalization is due to [15].
Creep properties from indentation tests by analytical and numerical techniques
Authors: Galli Matteo , Oyen Michelle L. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Analytical and numerical methods for the identification of creep properties of two polymers and indium from indentation tests are compared. Creep indentation experiments are performed at fixed peak force following ramp loading. The experiments are modeled both by analytical techniques and by finite elements and the models are integrated in an identification routine. The assumed mechanical behavior allows for a satisfactory fit of the experimental data. For the considered viscoelastic materials analytical and numerical modeling are equivalent whereas for indium finite element modeling is to be preferred since the analytical model is not representative at the large levels of plastic strain experimentally obtained.
Analysis of nanoindentation and nanoscratch experiments of thin amorphous carbon coatings and multilayers: friction, wear and elastic – plastic deformation
Authors: Paulkowski Dominik , Schiffmann Kirsten 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The determination of mechanical properties of thin films is of crucial interest for applications of protective layers. Nanoindentation and nanoscratch experiments of diamond-like carbon coated (100) silicon surfaces under ambient conditions have been performed with a conical indenter on a Hysitron system, mounted on an atomic force microscope system. Single layers and multilayers with hard soft stacking were tested as well. Microhardness, friction and wear behaviour were determined with multi-indentations, single scratches and oscillating multicycles scratch. The indentation experiments revealed that critical force plastic deformation takes place. The oscillating multicycles scratch experiments determined the high wear resistance of the diamond-like carbon coatings. Multilayer systems were compared with single layer coatings.
Nanoindentation of pseudoelastic NiTi shape memory alloys: Thermomechanical and microstructural aspects
Authors: Pfetzing Janine , Schaefer Andreas , Somsen Christoph , Wagner Martin F.-X. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Nanoindentation allows local characterization of the microstructural processes associated with pseudoelastic recovery in NiTi shape memory alloys. We discuss nanoindentation and tensile testing results, both carried out at different temperatures on a NiTi alloy with three different microstructures (containing no, small and large Ni-rich precipitates). Maximum shape recovery in indentation experiments and during tensile testing occurs in microstructures with fine precipitates. Thermomechanical constraints affect pseudoelasticity differently in micro- and macro-scale testing: Indentation at temperatures as close as possible to the transformation start temperatures is associated with better shape recovery than testing at higher temperatures, whereas maximum shape recovery is only observed at slightly higher temperatures in macroscopic testing. These results are rationalized by considering the effect of temperature on stress-induced martensitic transformation and dislocation plasticity.
Effect of indenter shapes on inverse materials characterization based on the dual indenters method
Authors: Kong Xiaohang , Shi Yanguo , Li Bing , Rothwell Glynn , English Russell , Yang Qingxiang , Ren Xuejun 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The indentation method is a useful tool for studying the onset of plastic flow and work hardening in small volumes. Several approaches based on either single and dual indenters have been reported to characterise a wide range of materials. In this work, the single and dual indenters approaches, with different indenter types, have been comparatively studied using an inverse finite element modelling program developed based on the Kalman filter method. The effect of indenter shapes on the accuracy and uniqueness of the predicted results, as well as convergence time of the program are systematically analysed by automatically mapping the results with a wide range of initial values.
Friction and adhesion of carbon nanotube brushes
Authors: Jarzabek Dariusz , Rymuza Zygmunt , Ohmae Nobuo 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Brushes made of carbon nanotubes have been tested by use of atomic force microscopy. Two different cantilevers were used: a silicon cantilever with a spherical tip made of SiO2 and a beryllium bronze cantilever with a tip made of steel. Sliding in the lateral direction was studied to measure the friction coefficient and to examine nanotribological properties. Nanoindentation was used to measure the pull-off force. Finally, a model of adhesion was created and experimental results were compared with it.
UFG and nanocrystalline microstructures produced by hydrostatic extrusion of multifilament wires
Authors: Pachla Wacek , Kulczyk Mariusz , Mazur Andrzej , Sus-Ryszkowska Malgorzata 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Aluminium, Al-4Cu-0.5Mg-1Mn aluminium alloy (AA2017), copper, iron and nickel in the form of a bundle of wires placed in appropriate capsules were subjected to cumulative hydrostatic extrusion to form 3 mm wires with total true strain above 10 in Al, the aluminium alloy and Cu and above 7 in Ni and Fe. The deformation was first induced in single wires which were then assembled and further deformed to form a multifilament wire. The final product had a nanocrystalline (grain size below 100 nm in Fe and the 2017 Al alloy) and ultra-fine grain (below 130 nm in Ni and below 270 nm in Cu and Al) microstructure. The grain refinement resulted in the microhardness being increased, with the greatest increase to 3.5 GPa being achieved in iron. During hydrostatic extrusion, the severe deformation was possible due to the high applied pressures of up to 1.7 GPa. The hydrostatic extrusion of multifilament wires broadens the application range of this process extending it to the fabrication of ultra-fine grain and nanocrystalline microstructures.
2,4‐Dicyano‐3‐diethylamino‐9,9‐diethylfluorene Based Blue Light‐emitting Star‐shaped Compounds: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: CHEN Xiaohang , CHEN Xiaopeng , ZHAO Zujin , LÜ Ping , WANG Yanguang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo new star‐shaped molecules 1 and 2 containing a triphenylamine/benzene moiety as the central core and three 2,4‐dicyano‐3‐diethylamino‐9,9‐diethylfluorene moieties as the peripheral functional groups were synthesized and characterized. Charge transfer properties for these compounds were observed in photophysical experiments due to their D‐A molecular structure. Compound 1 presented dual fluorescence in high polar solvents. Moreover, these compounds exhibited moderate fluorescence and high thermal stabilities, indicating their potential application to blue light emitting materials.
Ventricular arrhythmias in congestive heart failure
Authors: Chakko S. , De Marchena E. , Kessler K. M. , Myerburg R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDespite advances in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF), the mortality rate continues to be high. A large number of the deaths are sudden, presumably due to ventricular arrhythmias. Complex ventricular arrhythmias are recorded in as many as 80% of patients with CHF, with nonsustained ventricular tachycardia occurring in 40%. The latter appears to be an independent predictor of mortality. Chronic structural abnormalities responsible for CHF may be the basis for the capability of a ventricle to support life‐threatening arrhythmias, which are triggered by premature ventricular contractions. The pathogenesis of arrhythmias is multifactorial. Electrolyte abnormalities, ischemia, catecholamines, inotropic and antiarrhythmic drugs may worsen arrhythmias and increase susceptibility of a ventricle to sustained arrhythmias. Beta‐adrenergic blockers and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors have a beneficial effect. The role of various drugs in the pathogenesis and treatment of ventricular arrhythmias is discussed. The efficacy of antiarrhythmic therapy targeted to asymptomatic nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, in order to prevent sudden death, is controversial. Pharmacotherapy guided by electrophysiologic testing is the treatment of choice for patients who have manifest sustained ventricular tachycardia, but patients resuscitated from ventricular fibrillation may require automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
Thermal stability studies of 5‐fluorouracil using diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Singh Parul , Tyagi Gunjan , Mehrotra Ranjana , Bakhshi A. K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract5‐Fluorouracil is one of the oldest chemotherapy drugs and it has been in use for decades. It is an active medicine against several types of cancer and effectively blocks the replication of DNA viruses. The present study assessed the potential of diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy to determine the thermal stability of 5‐fluorouracil. Infrared spectra of the drug before and after exposure to thermal radiation at different temperatures were collected in diffuse reflectance mode using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were carried out simultaneously to confirm and support the results of infrared spectroscopy. The DRIFT spectra reveal that the drug shows good thermal stability up to 275 °C and undergoes complete thermal breakdown at about 285 °C. The results of DSC and XRD analysis also give the same information, which support the implementation of diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy for the determination of thermal stability of 5‐fluorouracil. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved visual sensitivity during smooth pursuit eye movements: Temporal and spatial characteristics
Authors: SCHÜTZ ALEXANDER C. , BRAUN DORIS I. , GEGENFURTNER KARL R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRecently, we showed that contrast sensitivity for color and high–spatial frequency luminance stimuli is enhanced during smooth pursuit eye movements (Schütz et al., 2008). In this study, we investigated the enhancement over a wide range of temporal and spatial frequencies. In Experiment 1, we measured the temporal impulse response function (TIRF) for colored stimuli. The TIRF for pursuit and fixation differed mostly with respect to the gain but not with respect to the natural temporal frequency. Hence, the sensitivity enhancement seems to be rather independent of the temporal frequency of the stimuli. In Experiment 2, we measured the spatial contrast sensitivity function for luminance-defined Gabor patches with spatial frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 7 cpd. We found a sensitivity improvement during pursuit for spatial frequencies above 2–3 cpd. Between 0.5 and 3 cpd, sensitivity was impaired by smooth pursuit eye movements, but no consistent difference was observed below 0.5 cpd. The results of both experiments are consistent with an increased contrast gain of the parvocellular retinogeniculate pathway.