bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproduction allocation and potential mechanism of individual allelopathic rice plants in the presence of competing barnyardgrass
Authors: Kong Chui‐Hua , Wang Ming‐Li , Wang Peng , Ni Han‐Wen , Meng Xiang‐Rui 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: In spite of increasing knowledge of allelopathic rice as an efficient component involved in paddy weed management, relatively little is known about its reproduction in response to competing weeds. Reproduction allocation of individual allelopathic rice plants in relation to monoculture and mixed culture with competing barnyardgrass in a paddy field was studied, along with analyses of soil nutrients and microbial communities to understand the potential mechanism.RESULTS: At a 1:1 barnyardgrass and rice mixture proportion identified from a replacement series study, biomass, grain yield and major parameters of individual allelopathic rice plants at the mature stage were increased by competing barnyardgrass. There was no difference in allelopathic rice root‐zone soil ammonium N and Olsen P between monoculture and mixed culture. However, mixed culture altered soil microbial biomass C and communities. When mixed with barnyardgrass, allelopathic rice root zone had an 87% increase in soil microbial biomass C. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling indicated that the signature lipid biomarkers of bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi were affected by mixed culture. Principal component analysis clearly identified differences in the composition of PLFA in different soil samples.CONCLUSION: Allelopathic rice specific changes in soil microbial communities may generate a positive feedback on its own growth and reproduction in the presence of competing barnyardgrass in a given paddy system. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Hg based II–VI compounds on non‐standard substrates
Authors: Brill Gregory N. , Chen Yuanping , Wijewarnasuriya Priyalal S. , Dhar Nibir K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is pursuing scalable infrared (IR) material technologies to meet the growing need for large format arrays. A two pronged approach is being undertaken at ARL using II–VI semiconductor materials. The first encompasses the well developed IR material system HgCdTe but grown on large area, extremely lattice mismatched Si(112) substrates. To overcome the high dislocation density associated with the large mismatch within the as‐grown material, ARL has successfully pursued a postgrowth thermal cycle annealing (TCA) process to reduce the dislocation density by an order of magnitude. Current results show HgCdTe/Si material can consistently be achieved with dislocation density values on the order of 1 × 106 cm−2. The second approach involves developing HgCdSe material using lattice matched, large area, and commercially available III–V substrates, specifically GaSb. Preliminary results indicate that quality HgCdSe growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) can be achieved and that the bandgap of the material can be controlled through the Cd/Se ratio of fluxes used during growth.
Annealing effects on electrical, structural, and surface morphological properties of Ir/n‐InGaN Schottky structures
Authors: Reddy V. Rajagopal , Padma R. , Reddy M. Siva Pratap , Choi C.‐J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe effects of thermal annealing on electrical and structural characteristics of iridium (Ir) Schottky contacts to n‐type InGaN have been studied using current–voltage (I–V), capacitance–voltage (C–V), secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Measurements showed that the Schottky barrier height (SBH) of as‐deposited sample is 0.79 eV (I–V) and 1.07 eV (C–V). It is observed that the barrier height increases to 0.85 eV (I–V) and 1.21 eV (C–V) after annealing at 300 °C for 1 min in N2 ambient. However, it is found that the SBH slightly decreases when the contacts are annealed at 400 and 500 °C and the corresponding values are 0.84 eV (I–V), 1.17 eV (C–V) for 400 °C and 0.80 eV (I–V), 1.11 eV (C–V) for 500 °C, respectively. Using Cheung's functions, the barrier height (Φb), ideality factor (n), and series resistance (Rs) are also calculated. From the above results, it is clear that the optimum annealing temperature for Ir Schottky contact is 300 °C. SIMS and XRD results shows that the formation of gallide phases at Ir/n‐InGaN interfaces could be the reason for variation in the SBHs upon annealing at elevated temperatures. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) results show that the overall surface morphology of Ir Schottky contacts on n‐InGaN stays reasonably smooth. These results make Ir Schottky contacts attractive for high‐temperature device applications.
The influence of the Rashba interaction on spin accumulation and spin current of semiconductor based finite width quantum rings
Authors: Nikipar S. , Bourkheili S. Hassanpour , Phirouznia A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSpin current and spin accumulation of a finite width quantum ring (QR) in the presence of a homogeneous perpendicular magnetic field and Rashba spin‐orbit coupling have been investigated. A non‐equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) approach has been followed in coherent regime. Numerical results show that spatial magnetization of the transport electrons oscillates throughout the QR and the spin current and spin accumulation can be controlled by the Rashba coupling, bias voltage, and magnetic field.
Eco‐efficient Value Creation: An Alternative Perspective on Packaging and Sustainability
Authors: Wever Renee , Vogtländer Joost 
Published: June 2012

The classical sustainability perspective on packaging is to reduce the environmental impact or eco‐burden of the packaging, using life cycle assessment to evaluate different design alternatives. Simultaneously, the classical marketing perspective on packaging is to generate value through differentiation, for instance, by providing additional convenience. These two perspectives often conflict. In business reality, there is currently no established method to deal with these conflicts. Life cycle assessment is methodologically incapable of incorporating the difference in convenience. This article uses the eco‐costs/value ratio (EVR), as a method for dealing with the environmental assessment of packaging design alternatives with such unequal ‘soft’ functionality.The article reviews the current debate on packaging and sustainability, highlighting some of the shortcomings of the methods currently applied. Subsequently, the EVR model is introduced and applied to five examples. These examples consist of pairs of products, where the product, the amount, the brand and the retail outlet are identical and only the packaging design and the value differ. The examples illustrate how the EVR model fits better to design decision making in business reality than classical life cycle assessment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contemporary Iconography for Rich Picture Construction
Authors: Berg Tessa , Pooley Rob 
Published: June 2012

There are many tools available to elicit knowledge and provide understanding of organizational concerns. This paper focuses on the rich picture (RP) used within the soft system methodology. The RP is a diagrammatic means of identifying differing world views with the aim of creating shared understanding of the organization. The RP has predominately been used as a freeform, unstructured tool with no commonly agreed syntax.Our research suggests that the RP requires structure to become a contemporary knowledge elicitation device. We claim that there has been a change to icons that are renowned as being synonymous within previous RP construction. Our research has investigated the modern iconography to be incorporated within a symbol legend for future RP construction. We conclude that a contemporary icon legend key could offer considerable benefits to the creator and interpreter of the RP ensuring greater appreciation of the problem situation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost‐optimized allocation of wind power investments: a Nordic–German perspective
Authors: Göransson Lisa , Johnsson Filip 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTUsing a linear cost minimization model with a 1 h time resolution, we investigated the influence of geographic allocation of wind power on large‐scale wind power investments, taking into account wind conditions, distance to load, and the nature of the power system in place (i.e. power generation and transmission capacities). We employed a hypothetical case in which a 20% wind power share of total electricity demand is applied to the Nordic–German power system. Free, i.e. geographically unrestricted, allocation of new wind power capacity is compared with a case in which national planning frameworks impose national limitations on wind power penetration levels. Given the cost assumptions made in the present work, the prospect of increasing the wind power capacity factor from 20 to 30% could motivate investments in transmission capacity from northern Scandinavia to continental Europe. The results obtained using the model show that the distribution of wind farms between regions with favorable wind conditions is dependent upon two factors: (i) the extent to which existing lines can be used to transmit the electricity that results from the new wind power and (ii) the correlation for wind power generation between the exporting region and the wind power generation already in place. In addition, the results indicate that there is little difference, i.e. just over 1%, in total yearly cost between the free allocation of new wind power and an allocation that complies with national planning frameworks. However, on a national level, there are significant differences with respect to investments in transmission and wind power capacities and the replacement of conventional power generation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Full Report ‐ World of Work Report 2008: Income inequalities in the age of financial globalization
Authors:   International Institute for Labour Studies
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn the majority of countries, the incomes of rich people have grown faster than is the case for their poorer counterparts. The report examines to what extent this is a problem for society and the economy. It also analyses the factors behind observed trends and assesses what can policy makers do to address excessive income inequality. The report looks at these issues comprehensively and provides answers to some of the key questions of international debate on income inequality.
Market turbulence, employment and social unrest: Trends and outlook
Authors: Curci Federico , Khatiwada Sameer , Tobin Steven 
Published: June 2012

Abstract

Sluggish recovery of employment after the crisis and worsening job quality.

Long‐term unemployment and youth unemployment on the rise in advanced economies.

The sluggish recovery of employment from the crisis is worsened by continuing economic slowdown.

Social unrest is increasing as a consequence of higher unemployment.
Two Supramolecular Nickel(II) Complexes: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Solvent Effects
Authors: Dong Wen‐Kui , Sun Yin‐Xia , Liu Guo‐Hua , Li Li , Dong Xiu‐Yan , Gao Xiong‐Hou 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTwo nickel(II) complexes, namely {[NiL(MeOH)(μ‐OAc)]2Ni}·2CH2Cl2·2MeOH (1) and {[NiL(EtOH)(μ‐OAc)]2Ni}·2EtOH (2) {H2L = 5, 5′‐dimethoxy‐2, 2′‐[(ethylene)dioxybis(nitrilomethylidyne)]diphenol}, were synthesized and structurally characterized. Two trinuclear NiII complexes are both hexacoordinate around the central NiII atoms, showing octahedral coordination arrangements, and each complex comprises three divalent NiII atoms, two deprotonated L2– ligands, in which four μ‐phenoxo oxygen atoms forming two [NiL(X)] (X = MeOH or EtOH) units, and coordinated and non‐coordinated solvent molecules. Complex 1 exhibits a 2D supramolecular network through intermolecular O–H···O, C–H···O and C–H···π interactions, whereas complex 2 forms an infinite 1D chain by intermolecular C–H···O hydrogen bonding interactions.
Nd4.67Ru3Mg8.83 – A Magnesium‐rich Compound with Ru@Mg4Nd4 Square Antiprisms and Mg@Mg8 Cubes as ­Basic Building Units
Authors: Linsinger Stefan , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe magnesium‐rich intermetallic compound Nd4.67Ru3Mg8.83 was synthesized from the elements in a sealed tantalum tube in a resistance furnace. Nd4.67Ru3Mg8.83 was characterized by X‐ray powder and single crystal diffraction: new structure type,I4/mmm, tI66, a = 946.0(1), c = 1789.5(4) pm, wR2 = 0.0368, 725 F2 values and 36 variables. Two of the five crystallographically independent magnesium sites show a small degree of Mg/Nd mixing. The ruthenium atoms have square anti‐prismatic Nd4Mg4 coordination. Always six of such anti‐prisms are condensed via common edges, leading to a CsCl analogous neodymium coordination for the Mg4 atoms. The two‐dimensional networks of edge‐sharing Ru@Nd4Mg4 antiprisms are condensed to a three‐dimensional network via Mg5@Mg34Mg14 cubes. The extended magnesium substructure shows a broad range of Mg–Mg distances from 308 to 351 pm.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties of Li2Cu5(PO4)4
Authors: Snyder K. , Glaum Robert 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLi2CuII5(PO4)4 has been obtained by various reactions starting from copper or Cu2O. Crystallization was achieved using I2 as oxidant and mineralizer. The new orthophosphate crystallizes in space group P$\bar{1}$, Z = 2, with a = 6.0502(3) Å, b = 9.2359(4) Å, c = 11.4317(5) Å, α = 75.584(2)°, β = 80.260(2)°, γ = 74.178(2)°, at 293 K. Its structure has been determined from X‐ray single‐crystal data and refined to R1 = 0.022{wR2 = 0.058 for 4633 unique reflections with Fo > 4σ (Fo)}. From magnetic measurements μeff = 1.51 μB/Cu and θP = –37.4 K have been determined. The Vis/NIR spectrum of aqua‐green Li2Cu5(PO4)4 shows a single broad band centered around $\bar{1}$ = 12000 cm–1. Magnetic behavior and spectrum are discussed within the angular overlap model.
Synthesis, Structures, and Light‐Induced Transformation of Keto‐Functionalized Selenidogermanate Complexes
Authors: Heimann Samuel , Hołyńska Małgorzata , Dehnen Stefanie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA double‐decker (DD) type selenidogermanate complex with C=O functionalized organic decoration, [(R1Ge4)Se6] (1, R1 = CMe2CH2COMe), was synthesized by reaction of R1GeCl3 with Na2Se, and subsequently underwent a light‐induced transformation reaction to yield [Na(thf)2][(RGeIV)2(RGeIII)(GeIIISe)Se5] (2). Similar to the observations reported previously for the Sn/S homologue of 1, the product comprises a mixed‐valence complex with a newly formed Ge–Ge bond. However, different from the transformation of the tin sulfide complex, the selenidogermanate precursor did not produce a paddle‐wheel‐like dimer of the DD type structure, but led to the formation of a noradamantane (NA) type architecture, which has so far been restricted to the Si/Se and Ge/Te elemental combination.
Youth as Partners, Participants or Passive Recipients: A Review of Children and Adolescents in Community‐Based Participatory Research (CBPR)
Authors: Jacquez Farrah , Vaughn Lisa M. , Wagner Erin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCommunity‐based participatory research (CBPR) is an orientation to research that places value on equitable collaborations between community members and academic partners, reflecting shared decision making throughout the research process. Although CBPR has become increasingly popular for research with adults, youth are less likely to be included as partners. In our review of the literature, we identified 399 articles described by author or MeSH keyword as CBPR related to youth. We analyzed each study to determine youth engagement. Not including misclassified articles, 27 % of percent of studies were community‐placed but lacked a community partnership and/or participatory component. Only 56 (15 %) partnered with youth in some phase of the research process. Although youth were most commonly involved in identifying research questions/priorities and in designing/conducting research, most youth‐partnered projects included children or adolescents in several phases of the research process. We outline content, methodology, phases of youth partnership, and age of participating youth in each CBPR with youth project, provide exemplars of CBPR with youth, and discuss the state of the youth‐partnered research literature.
Management of mucopolysaccharidosis type IH (Hurler's syndrome) presenting in infancy with severe dilated cardiomyopathy: a single institution's experience
Authors: Wiseman Daniel H. , Mercer Jean , Tylee Karen , Malaiya Nilima , Bonney Denise K. , Jones Simon A. , Wraith J Edmond , Wynn Robert F. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMucopolysaccharidosis type IH (MPSIH) is a lysosomal storage disorder whose untreated course involves progressive multisystem deterioration and death within the first decade of life. Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an established treatment modality that improves functional outcome and long‐term survival. Optimal outcome requires transplantation early in life and with myeloablative conditioning. Severe cardiomyopathy can be present at diagnosis and may seemingly preclude this approach. We performed a retrospective review of those cases transplanted in Manchester since 2000 that initially presented with established cardiomyopathy, with a view to identifying general management principles. Of 44 MPSIH children transplanted in this period, 6 had displayed moderate or severe cardiomyopathy at presentation; symptomatic cardiac failure was the predominant presenting feature in five of these. Echocardiographic and clinical improvement in cardiac function was observed with extended enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in all cases, with recovery of fractional shortening to ≥25 % achieved in all patients before coming to transplant (after median 19 weeks ERT). All were transplanted successfully, with good functional and cardiologic outcomes. However, cyclophosphamide conditioning was implicated in acute post‐transplant cardiac decompensation in several cases. Our experiences highlight three important messages: (1) A diagnosis of MPSIH should be considered in any infant presenting with unexplained severe cardiac failure; (2) ERT pre‐transplant can improve cardiac function sufficiently to permit safe HSCT using myeloablative conditioning; and (3) High dose cyclophosphamide should be avoided in conditioning these patients.
Adsorption, Desorption and Adsolubilization Properties of Mixed Anionic Extended Surfactants and a Cationic Surfactant
Authors: Panswad Donyaporn , Sabatini David A. , Khaodhiar Sutha 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAnionic and cationic surfactant mixtures exhibit desirable synergism, but are limited by their tendency to form precipitates. This research evaluates the adsorption, adsolubilization and desorption of mixtures of carboxylate‐based anionic extended surfactants and a pyridinium‐based cationic surfactant. The mixture of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), selected as the cationic surfactant, with four anionic extended surfactants were studied. The anionic surfactants studied were alkyl propoxylated ethoxylated carboxylate with average number of carbon chain length of 16 and 17 or 16 and 18 with 4 mol of propylene oxide groups and either 2 or 5 mol of ethylene oxide groups. The adsorption of anionic extended and cationic surfactant mixtures onto a negatively charged metal oxide surface (silica dioxide) was evaluated. The adsolubilization of phenylethanol, styrene and ethylcyclohexane were evaluated for these mixed surfactant systems. The desorption potential of individual and mixed surfactant systems was also evaluated by varying the number of washing (desorption) steps. It was found that the plateau adsorption of mixed anionic extended surfactant and cationic surfactant occurred at lower surfactant concentration than that of the CPC alone, although the maximum adsorption capacity of CPC was not enhanced in our mixed surfactant systems. Adsolubilization capacities of these mixed surfactant systems are higher than that of the individual surfactant system. For desorption studies, these mixed surfactant systems showed lower stability than the individual surfactant system.
Historical Biogeography: Evolution in Time and Space
Authors: Sanmartín Isabel 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBiogeography is the discipline of biology that studies the present and past distribution patterns of biological diversity and their underlying environmental and historical causes. For most of its history, biogeography has been divided into proponents of vicariance explanations, who defend that distribution patterns can mainly be explained by geological, tectonic-isolating events; and dispersalists, who argue that current distribution patterns are largely the result of recent migration events. This paper provides an overview of the evolution of the discipline from methods focused on finding general patterns of distribution (cladistic biogeography), to those that integrate biogeographic processes (event-based biogeography), to modern probabilistic approaches (parametric biogeography). The latter allows incorporating into biogeographic inference estimates of the divergence time between lineages (usually based on DNA sequences) and external sources of evidence, such as information on past climate and geography, the organism fossil record, or its ecological tolerance. This has revolutionized the discipline, allowing it to escape the dispersal versus vicariance dilemma and to address a wider range of evolutionary questions, including the role of ecological and historical factors in the construction of biomes or the existence of contrasting patterns of range evolution in animals and plants.
Trends in Self-reported Spontaneous Abortions: 1970–2000
Authors: Lang Kevin , Nuevo-Chiquero Ana 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLittle is known about how the miscarriage rate has changed over the past few decades in the United States. Data from Cycles IV to VI of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) were used to examine trends from 1970 to 2000. After accounting for abortion availability and the characteristics of pregnant women, the rate of reported miscarriages increased by about 1.0% per year. This upward trend is strongest in the first seven weeks and absent after 12 weeks of pregnancy. African American and Hispanic women report lower rates of early miscarriage than do whites. The probability of reporting a miscarriage rises by about 5% per year of completed schooling. The upward trend, especially in early miscarriages, suggests awareness of pregnancy rather than prenatal care to be a key factor in explaining the evolution of self-reported miscarriages. Any beneficial effects of prenatal care on early miscarriage are obscured by this factor. Differences in adoption of early-awareness technology, such as home pregnancy tests, should be taken into account when analyzing results from self-reports or clinical trials relying on awareness of pregnancy in its early weeks.