bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vacuum-Ultraviolet spectrometer system for impurity emission measurement on a Compact Torus Injection System of EAST
Authors: Shen Yongcai , Niu Yufan , Kong Defeng , Ye Yang , Zhang Shoubiao , Li Dachuang , Tan Mingsheng , Huang Yanqing , Zhao Zhihao , Zi Pengfei , Zhang Xiaohui , Wen Fei 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Recently, a compact torus injection (CTI) system was
developed for central fueling on experimental advanced
superconducting tokamak (EAST). As impurity generated by the
interaction between CTI plasma and the electrode material can dilute
the fuel particle, it is important to measure impurity content in
CTI and evaluate the effect of impurity on the plasma before the
application of CTI to EAST. A vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) spectrometer
that utilizes a concave holographic grating with
1200 groove mm-1 was developed and installed on EAST-CTI for
impurity emission measurement and transport study. The mainly parts
of the spectrometer are an entrance slit, a concave holographic
grating with 1200 groove mm-1 and a charge coupled device
(CCD). The spectrometer is designed to image the spectra of
50–460 nm by turning the grating. Preliminary experimental results
were obtained from the recent EAST-CTI campaign. Impurity line
spectra from 50 to 460 nm wavelength range were measured and
identified for several impurity species, such as iron, copper,
chromium, oxygen, carbon and fluorine. For example, spectra in the
intervals of 150 nm to 300 nm contained strong Fe lines. Helium
spectra are also measured in the form of He I and He II spectral
lines as helium is the main component of the plasma. The results
show that the VUV spectrometer is capable of measuring impurity
radiations on EAST-CTI and will be a useful tool for impurity
behavior study.
Synthesis of novel silver-loaded clay AgF@Hec for the prevention of dental caries in vitro
Authors: Wang Y S , Shi Y X , Liu Q Q , Hu L Q , Ma F B , Zhang J R , Tang K M , Tang B , Dai J 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Dental caries, a chronic infectious disease characterized by tooth mineral loss caused by plaque, is one of the major global public health problems. Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has been proven to be a highly effective anti-caries drug due to its high bacterial inhibition and remineralization ability. However, the SDF solution is unstable, which immensely limits its clinical application. Therefore, new silver-load clay named AgF@Hec was designed by replacing the NH3 with hectorite in this study. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction spectroscopy were employed to confirm the structure of AgF@Hec. Dynamic light scattering analysis was used to reveal the effect of different hectorite concentrations on the stability of AgF@Hec. Moreover, AgF@Hec exhibits significant remineralization and hardness recovery of the initial carious lesions. Bacteriostatic experiments also proved that it has a significant inhibitory effect on A. Viscosus, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, S. salivarius, Lactobacillus sp. and both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. We therefore believed that AgF@Hec should be a promising biomaterial that can be applied in the prevention of dental caries.
Emphatic architecture: an approach to spatial quality concept in achieving adaptive retail resilience
Authors: Ustazah E N , Setijanti P , Hayati A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The retail atmosphere is changing fast. A physical-based retail is developed by creating an experience with user empathy. The object of this research is an art fashion retail boutique fashion with art content and experiences that represent the uniqueness of customer segmentation. This type of retail will collapse if there are no repeat visits. Consequently, the retail resilience will be declined. Therefore, it is crucial to conceptualize how the customer experience in a retail setting influences purchasing decision-making. This study focuses on designing for customers with specific needs to gain personal experiences in art fashion retail. This experience is understood effectively through an empathic process. Spatial quality is related to the atmosphere. Understanding the atmosphere and customers is related to the existence of spatial settings, activities, senses, and behavior. The relationship between this aspect becomes the basis for developing the concept of personalizing from the customer's point of view. The strategy used is qualitative research to explore customer interaction experiences with spatial settings and gain a broad understanding of related aspects. The composition of the spatial quality elements of art fashion retail represents the customers' perception, experience, and behavior. Varied experiences include being close to a product, close to space, feeling at home, getting imaginative with settings, and uniting and strengthening social relationships. Then customers gain a comfortable atmosphere, so the existence of retail can be resilient in the latest era of retail business.
The Efficacy of Horizontal Adjustable Bent Louver Shading for Enhancing Daylighting Performance in Walk-Up Apartment Buildings
Authors: Dinapradipta A , Sudarma E , Indrawan I A , Krisdianto J , Arifin M F , Hasya A H 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This paper addressed the challenges posed by the limited windows and restricted areas in walk-up flats in Indonesia, resulting in improper indoor daylight performance. The study proposes using outdoor horizontally bent, adjustable louver screens as daylight reflectors to overcome this issue and improve daylighting performance in apartment buildings. The quasi-experimental technique implemented the Radiance Desktop Plug-in Version 1.02 and Ecotect 2011 lighting software. Variables, such as slat shading geometry, i.e., flat, one-bent, two-bent slats, and rotation opening angles, i.e., 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°, were examined for interior daylight performance regarding daylight intensity and distribution. The findings indicate that although shading can reduce the average lighting level in a room, shading types with bents can improve daylight performance in another important aspect, namely achieving a more even distribution. The most effective shading technique for harvesting and distributing daylight evenly in tropical walk-up apartments was a two-bent slat type, particularly with opening angles of 90°. The results also demonstrate that louvers with multiple bent slat geometry are particularly effective in reflecting high altitudes of incident light often encountered in tropical regions and scattering the incoming light evenly into the innermost area of the room.
Machinability study on abrasive waterjet drilling of YSZ-coated inconel 718 superalloy: optimization and modelling by machine learning
Authors: Siva Kumar Mahalingam , Nagarajan Lenin , Vasudevan Balaji 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to ascertain the optimal abrasive waterjet drilling parameters for making holes on Inconel 718 superalloy coated with yttrium-stabilized zirconia, namely waterjet pressure (JP), standoff distance (SD), abrasive flow rate (FR), and angle of impact (AI). The study explores the predictive modeling of the entry diameter (DN) and exit diameter (DX) of the drilled holes using an amalgamation of experimental analysis, response optimization and machine learning approaches. Eight different ML techniques are used to predict DN and DX. Better values of DN = 1.31352 mm and DX = 1.00515 mm are obtained through Random Forest for the setting of JP = 175 MPa, FR = 250 g min−1, SD = 1.45455 mm, and AI = 0.909091 deg. Further, the tuning of hyperparameters of Random Forest algorithm is performed to study the improvement in measuring DN and DX. The least value of total absolute error = 0.468 is observed while finding the DN and DX using Random Forest algorithm than the traditional response optimization method with reference to the confirmation test results. The work provides important insights for enhancing the machinability of YSZ-coated Inconel 718 superalloy utilizing the AWJ drilling process by bridging the gap between manufacturing research, machine learning, and real-world applications.
Development of a mathematical model of productivity for conventional and stepped solar stills using RSM
Authors: Patel Krunalkumar B , Patel Tushar M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Solar stills play a vital role as devices for utilizing solar energy to generate drinkable water, especially in dry regions where obtaining clean water poses a considerable challenge. This research concentrates on the expansion of a comprehensive mathematical model for anticipating and enhancing the performance of both conventional and stepped solar stills, employing Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The study investigates the influence of key design parameters, for instance, water depth (mm), mass flow rate (kg/h), and glass thickness (mm), on the productivity of conventional and stepped solar stills. The experimental setup involves the systematic collection of data from both conventional and stepped solar stills under varying operational conditions. Through the application of RSM, a predictive mathematical model is established, capturing the complex interdependencies among the input variables and their impact on the distilled water output, called productivity. This model serves as a valuable tool for understanding and optimizing the performance of solar stills in diverse operating conditions.
Decoding characteristics of key physical properties in silver nanoparticles by attaining centroids for cytotoxicity prediction through data cleansing
Authors: Desai Anjana S , Bandopadhyaya Anindita , Ashok Aparna , Maneesha  , Bhagat Neeru 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This research underscores the profound impact of data cleansing, ensuring dataset integrity and providing a structured foundation for unraveling convoluted connections between diverse physical properties and cytotoxicity. As the scientific community delves deeper into this interplay, it becomes clear that precise data purification is a fundamental aspect of investigating parameters within datasets. The study presents the need for data filtration in the background of machine learning (ML) that has widened its horizon into the field of biological application through the amalgamation of predictive systems and algorithms that delve into the intricate characteristics of cytotoxicity of nanoparticles. The reliability and accuracy of models in the ML landscape hinge on the quality of input data, making data cleansing a critical component of the pre-processing pipeline. The main encounter faced here is the lengthy, broad and complex datasets that have to be toned down for further studies. Through a thorough data cleansing process, this study addresses the complexities arising from diverse sources, resulting in a refined dataset. The filtration process employs K-means clustering to derive centroids, revealing the correlation between the physical properties of nanoparticles, viz, concentration, zeta potential, hydrodynamic diameter, morphology, and absorbance wavelength, and cytotoxicity outcomes measured in terms of cell viability. The cell lines considered for determining the centroid values that predicts the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles are human and animal cell lines which were categorized as normal and carcinoma type. The objective of the study is to simplify the high-dimensional data for accurate analysis of the parameters that affect the cytotoxicity of silver NPs through centroids.
Machine learning meets Kepler: inverting Kepler’s equation for All vs All conjunction analysis
Authors: Otto Kevin , Burgis Simon , Kersting Kristian , Bertrand Reinhold , Singh Dhami Devendra 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The number of satellites in orbit around Earth is increasing rapidly, with the risk of collision rising accordingly. Trends of the global population of satellites need to be analyzed to test the viability and impact of proposed rules and laws affecting the satellite population and collision avoidance strategies. This requires large scale simulations of satellites that are propagated on long timescales to compute the large amounts of actionable close encounters (called conjunctions), which could lead to collisions. Rigorously checking for conjunctions by computing future states of orbits is computationally expensive due to the large amount of objects involved and conjunction filters are thus used to remove non-conjuncting orbit pairs from the list of possible conjunctions. In this work, we explore the possibility of machine learning (ML) based conjunction filters using several algorithms such as eXtreme Gradient Boosting, TabNet and (physics-informed) neural networks and deep operator networks. To show the viability and the potential of ML based filters, these algorithms are trained to predict the future state of orbits. For the physics-informed approaches, multiple partial differential equations are set up using the Kepler equation as a basis. The empirical results demonstrate that physics-informed deep operator networks are capable of predicting the future state of orbits using these equations (RMSE: 0.136) and outperform eXtreme Gradient Boosting (RMSE: 0.568) and TabNet (RMSE: 0.459). We also propose a filter based on the trained deep operator network which is shown to outperforms the filter capability of the commonly used perigee-apogee test and the orbit path filter on a synthetic dataset, while being on average 3.2 times faster to compute than a rigorous conjunction check.
Response of the Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclone climatology to climate intervention with stratospheric aerosol injection
Authors: Reboita Michelle Simões , Gabriel Martins Ribeiro João , Machado Crespo Natália , da Rocha Rosmeri Porfírio , Odoulami Romaric C , Sawadogo Windmanagda , Moore John 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Little is known about how climate intervention through stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) may affect the climatology of the Southern Hemisphere extratropical cyclones under warming scenarios. To address this knowledge gap, we tracked extratropical cyclones from 2015 to 2099 in a set of projections of three international projects: the Assessing Responses and Impacts of Solar Climate Intervention on the Earth System with Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (ARISE), the Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensemble (GLENS), and the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP/G6sulfur). Comparisons were performed between no-SAI and SAI scenarios as well as between different timeslices and their reference period (2015–2024). Among the findings, both no-SAI and SAI project a decrease in cyclone frequency towards the end of the century although weaker under SAI scenarios. On the other hand, cyclones tend to be stronger under no-SAI scenarios while keeping their intensity more similar to the reference period under SAI scenarios. This means that under SAI scenarios the climatology of cyclones is less affected by global warming than under no-SAI. Other features of these systems, such as travelling distance, lifetime, and mean velocity show small differences between no-SAI and SAI scenarios and between reference and future periods.
Male Professionals in Nineteenth Century Britain
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Smith Harry 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Male Professionals in Nineteenth-Century Britain is the first statistically based social, cultural, and familial history of a fast-growing section of the Victorian propertied classes. It is built around a representative cohort of 750 men who were recorded in the 1851 census as practising a profession in eight British provincial towns with distinctive economic and social profiles. The book provides a collective account of the cohort’s lives and the lives of their families across four generations, starting with their parents and ending with their grandchildren. The book aims to throw light on the extent to which nineteenth-century professionals had a distinctive socio-cultural profile, as sociologists and some historians have claimed, or were largely indistinguishable from other members of propertied society, as most historians today assume without further investigation. In exploring this question, particular attention is paid to the cohort families’ wealth, household size, education, occupational history, geographical mobility, choice of marriage partner, kinship and friendship circles, political allegiance, and leisure activities. The book demonstrates that male professionals in the Victorian era were not a homogeneous group, but were divided in many ways, especially by wealth. These divisions largely determine how far they and their families display endogenous or exogenous characteristics. The book also demonstrates that even the most successful professional families got poorer over time, and reveals how easily in the age of industrialization branches of families and sometimes complete families could drop out of the elite.
Introduction
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Smith Harry 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 first details the expansion and development of the professions in the reign of Victoria looking at their size and organization. It then shows that the professions were perceived by contemporary novelists and others as a distinctive social group. Next, it looks at how the professions have been viewed by sociologists and historians, and the extent to which they have been differentiated from other sections of propertied society. Finally, the chapter introduces the methodology that the authors use to write a collective biography of a representative sample of professional men and their families across four generations in order to investigate whether or not professional men had a distinctive socio-cultural identity. It explains the rationale of the choice of towns selected for study, the occupations deemed to be a profession in the Victorian era, and the biographical variables investigated.
Family, House, and Home
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Smith Harry 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 turns the spotlight on the cohort families’ households. It begins by establishing the age at which the cohort and their children and grandchildren would marry and their likelihood of doing so. It next explores the married couples’ fecundity, before looking at the different household types to which the cohort and their descendants might belong in the course of their life. This is done by examining the fluctuations in the households’ size, age and gender profile, and number of live-in servants. Finally, the chapter investigates the spatial footprint, value, and location of the properties the cohort and their families inhabited. Its chief conclusions are that a high proportion of daughters and granddaughters never married, that family limitation was already widely practised in the children’s generation, and that live-in servants were to be found in only a half of the households of the cohort and their descendants.
Fathers and Sons
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Smith Harry 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 concentrates on the particular role of the paterfamilias in shaping the future of his male offspring. It considers the number of male children a father would be likely to have to raise, the kind of education that he would invest in, and the part he would play in choosing his sons’ career and future marriage partner. It demonstrates that too much can be made of the role of the public school and Oxbridge in educating the male offspring of the well-to-do in the long nineteenth century. Only a minority in each of the four generations attended a public school, even in the case of the cohort’s grandchildren. Some of the richest families were content to send their sons to a local grammar or proprietary school. Equally, apart from medical practitioners and clergymen, few male members of the cohort families experienced higher education of any kind, let alone attended Oxbridge.
The Domestic Circle
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Smith Harry 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 attempts to map the framework of the domestic life of our professional families. It begins by using domestic correspondence in particular to explore the difficult question of family relationships. While census data can demonstrate that the very large majority of husbands and wives lived together until one of them died, only family letters, which are not widely available, give any real insight into the depth of their emotional attachment. The chapter then explores the composition of the families’ wider kinship and friendship circles using the evidence to be found in wills, lists of marriage guests, and one short diary. It identifies the contours of these circles and explores how they were constituted symbolically and materially and assesses their significance for cohort members and their family’s well-being and advancement. It demonstrates that in each generation the number of close kin and friends was small but shows they could play a key role in establishing a son in a career.
The First World War and Beyond
Authors: Brockliss Laurence , Smith Harry 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 offers an assessment of the effect of the First World War on the families under review. It identifies the grandsons of the cohort who fought in the war either as members of the regular army or as volunteers and conscripts, establishes their ranks, and determines the casualty rate. It then discusses in what sense the war could be seen as a watershed in the families’ history. The chapter concludes that the effect can be exaggerated. The war had a devastating effect on a sizeable minority of the cohort families: 20 per cent of grandsons who served were killed, but only 40 per cent of grandsons were of fighting age and a further 40 per cent of the eligible escaped call-up. There is little sign either that those who did fight and survived in good health had their lives turned upside down by the experience. Those who were already in work in 1914 went back to the same occupations.
Invited commentary: race, ethnicity, and racism in epidemiologic research—perspectives from Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP)
Authors: Ford Chandra L , Pirtle Whitney N L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In 2023, Martinez et al examined trends in the inclusion, conceptualization, operationalization, and analysis of race and ethnicity among studies published in US epidemiology journals. Based on a random sample of articles (n = 1050) published from 1995-2018, the authors describe the treatment of race, ethnicity, and ethnorace in the analytic sample (n = 414, 39% of baseline sample) over time. The review supplies stark evidence of the routine omission and variability of measures of race and ethnicity in epidemiologic research. Between 32% and 19% of studies in each time stratum lacked race data; 61%-34% lacked ethnicity data. Informed by public health critical race praxis (PHCRP), this commentary discusses the implications of 4 problems the findings suggest pervade epidemiology: (1) a general lack of clarity about what race and ethnicity are; (2) the limited use of critical race or other theory; (3) an ironic lack of rigor in measuring race and ethnicity; and (4) the ordinariness of racism and White supremacy in epidemiology. The identified practices reflect neither current publication guidelines nor the state of the knowledge on race, ethnicity and racism; therefore, we conclude by offering recommendations to move epidemiology toward more rigorous research in an increasingly diverse society.