bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology and function of the inner lid margin – History and recent findings
Authors: KNOP E , KNOP N 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The eyelid margin is a region that often receives little interest but, in contrast, is of utmost importance for ocular surface health and disease. The posterior lid border is a pre‐requisite for perfect distribution of a thin pre‐ocular tear film that is reformed with every blink.Methods Own findings on the zonal differentiation of the normal lid margin and observations in pathology are presented in the context of the literature on this region.Results The lid margin is not a homogenous entity but composed of different sub‐zones which comprise at least the anterior and posterior lid borders as opposed to the free lid margin. The posterior lid border is again subdivided into three zones that are all characterized by a specific epithelial structure. The termination of the cornified epidermis posterior to the orifices of the Meibomian glands (MG) explains hyperkeratinization as the main pathology of the MG. The mucocutaneous junction (MCJ) has a parakeratinized surface that represents the natural stainable line of Marx. The inner aspect of the posterior lid border is covered by the epithelial lip of the lid wiper with conjunctival structure and goblet cells. The line of Marx, proposed as the bottom of the tear meniscus, has occasionally been suggested as the area wiping over the globe but several lines of evidence point to the lid wiper as the contact interface between lid and globe.Conclusion Better knowledge of the structure and function of the eyelid margin will provide better tools for the understanding of its function, clinical diagnosis and therapy of frequent diseases at the ocular surface, namely dry eye disease. Support DFG KN 317‐11
The relation of lipid layer structure to meibum ‐ Results from a new high resolution microscope
Authors: KING‐SMITH PE , BRAUN RJ , NICHOLS JJ , NICHOLS KK 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Evaporative dry eye is a common disorder, in which the lipid layer of the tear film is a poor barrier to evaporation. We therefore developed a high resolution microscope as an aid in understanding the properties of the lipid layer.Methods The microscope has a resolution of about 1 um, and uses a stroboscopic light source to prevent blurring from eye movements. Over 10,000 images of a least "fair" quality have been obtained from 375 subjects, including dry eyes and normals.Results Two characteristics of the images are described here. 1. In some dry eye patients, irregular "islands" and circular "lenses" of lipid are seen within an apparently bare surrounding area. 2. In most images, "droplets" of lipid are observed which may be circular or irregular, and are surrounded by lipid of irregular thickness. Droplets do not appear to change in the inter‐blink interval.Conclusion 1. Rapid evaporation is to be expected through the bare surface between islands and lenses. This pattern may be due to insufficient surfactant (e.g., polar lipid) to help spread lipid over the aqueous layer. 2. "Droplets" do not seem to be generated in the inter‐blink interval and it is not obvious how they could be generated by blinks, so their origin may be the "fat droplets" which are observed histologically in meibomian glands (Sirigu et al., 1992, IOVS 33, 2284). It is suggested that meibum is an emulsion of these droplets.
CSF pressure and glaucoma: Contra
Authors: GRZYBOWSKI A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The concept that the low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure might influence optic nerve neuropathy in glaucoma was recently reappraised. This is to discuss the possible relevance of this concept.Methods Analysis of the previous clinical and experimental studies, including their results and limitations.Results The pathogenesis of optic nerve neuropathy in glaucoma is multifactorial and not well understood, thus different new concepts appear to explain the heterogeneity and complexity of the disease. The concept arguing that CSF pressure directly influences the intraocular pressure and is linked to the glaucoma pathogenesis has its proponents and opponents. Evidence based discussion is limited, however, by the fact that the only prospective clinical study raised some ethical concerns and have not been verified yet by any other research center. Moreover, the same ethical concerns might restrain the similar studies in future, what make the scientific discussion of the subject difficult.
Trend versus Event analysis in glaucoma progression
Authors: VISWANATHAN A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAnalysis of visual field series in order to detect and measure progression may be performed either by event analysis or trend analysis. Event analysis constructs a baseline and compares subsequent tests to the baseline. Trend analysis models the behaviour of the whole series, for example by linear regression.This talk will give examples of how each technique has been used in clinical research and will also present evidence from studies comparing the two.
Ocular temperature rise and light scattering development in the lens correlating with exposure time after in vivo exposure to 1090 nm infrared radiation
Authors: YU Z , SCHULMEISTER K , GALICHANIN K , SÖDERBERG P 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To investigate the relationship between light scattering development in the lens and ocular temperature rise after in vivo exposure to high intensity 1090 nm radiation with exposure time up to 60 minutes.Methods 80 six‐weeks‐old albino SD rats were anesthetized and the pupils were bilaterally dilated prior to exposure. The animals were randomly divided into four groups of 20 each. All animals were unilaterally exposed to 3.0 W coherent infrared radiation at 1090 nm with a spot size of 2 mm within the pupil for 10, 18, 33, 60 minutes respectively. During exposure, temperature was recorded at the limbus of exposed eye.7 days after the exposure and both lenses were extracted for light scattering measurements and macroscopic photographing.Results The maximum temperature increase for exposure time of 10, 18, 33, 60 minutes was 7.0, 6.8, 7.6, 7.4 ºC at the limbus of exposed eye. 7 days after the exposure, in all the groups there was no statistical difference of light scattering in the lenses between exposed and non‐exposed contralateral eyes and no significant lens opacities from the exposed eyes were observed.Conclusion An irradiance of 96 W/cm2 of 1090 nm projected on the cornea in vivo induces a constant temperature increase of about 7 ºCin the anterior segment of the eye. At a temperature increase of 7ºC in the anterior segment, no light scattering development and opacity formation in the lens occurs one week after exposure, indicating that there is no direct either photochemical or thermal effect in the lens under the conditions of the irradiance less than 96 W/cm2 on the cornea and temperature rise below 7ºC in the anterior segment for at least 1 hour.
Age‐specific changes of the crystalline lens's physical characteristics
Authors: KUDRYAVTSEVA YV , CHUPROV AD 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose to study changes of a crystalline lens’s physical properties with the yearsMethods Patients at the age from 57 to 90. 73 crystalline lens’s nuclei with a cataract of the various maturities, received by a method of the extracapsular extraction were investigated. Before operation we determined relative acoustic density of a crystalline lens by an original technique, also we estimated color of a crystalline lens and weight of a lens’ nucleus.Results We revealed that brown color of a crystalline lens’s nucleus a little intensify with the years ‐ the correlation factor is equal 0.4 (р <0.05). Average value of relative acoustic density was 0.59 ± 0.01. Average weight of a lens’ nuclei was 98.3 ± 1.0 mg. The average density of a lens’ nuclei was 1312 ± 12 mg m2. It’s revealed that the mature cataract isn’t always rigid: the correlation factor is equal ‐0.4 (р <0.05). If density of a crystalline lens increases, a mechanical hardness increases too– the correlation factor is equal 0.4 (р <0.05). At the same time, a mechanical hardness of a crystalline lens’s nucleus reinforces with the years, factor of correlation is 0.74 (р <0.05). It’s revealed that the age isn't a determining factor in appearance and cataract progressing.Conclusion Mechanical properties of a crystalline lens depend on change of its chemical compound, at ageing there is a increasing of brown coloring of a crystalline lens and mechanical hardness of a crystalline lens’s nucleus, visual acuity thus can change slightly. Processes of maturing of a cataract and increase in hardness of a crystalline lens are chemically different and go not in parallel each other.
Corneal biomechanical characterization from in‐vitro eye inflation, optical coherence tomography and finite element modeling
Authors: KLING S , PEREZ P , ORTIZ S , MARCOS S 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Absolute changes in corneal surface area, volume, apex displacement and limbus deformation during in‐vitro inflation were used to determine biomechanical properties of the corneal tissueMethods Whole‐globe and corneal button inflation experiments were performed on porcine eyes placed in a temperature and humidity controlled chamber. IOP was increased and decreased (15‐55‐15 mmHg) at 5mmHg steps, each time acquiring a 3‐D imaging with a customized spectral anterior segment OCT imaging system. Raw images were corrected from optical and fan distortion. Limbus and apex were detected and the corneal volume and surface area were calculated. The experimental data served as input to optimize a 2D‐axis‐symmetric, viscoelastic finite‐element‐model (with cornea‐limbus‐sclera geometry) written in ANSYS to retrieve elastic (Young’s modulus) and viscoelastic (Prony and retardation time constants) corneal biomechanical properties.Results The experimental corneal response upon inflation was well predicted by the FEM simulations. The central cornea deformed more (the apex raised by 60.8 μm at maximum IOP) than the limbal region (factor 3/4 in radial expansion). The limbus expansion caused a flattening of the angle between cornea and sclera. Mean corneal surface was 226 mm2 and changed less than 1% Poisson’s ratio was found to be 0.49 and Young’s modulus 1.24 MPaConclusion Measuring and understanding corneal biomechanical parameters is important to predict the outcome of different surgical treatments and could be useful to early detection of several corneal pathologies. Quantitative high resolution OCT imaging in combination with FEM simulation allows to accurately determine meaningful mechanical parameters.
Theoretical basis for estimating the elastic characteristics of individual living human eyes
Authors: STEIN AA , MOISEEVA IN 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To develop a method for estimating the effective elastic parameters of an individual eye from the data obtainable in various clinical tests with a static load applied.Methods Our mathematical model that represents the fibrous coat as a system consisting of a soft elastic shell (cornea) and an elastic element characterized by a single elastic constant (sclera and tissues surrounding it) is used for calculating the mechanical behavior of the eyeball during different loading procedures. The calculations were performed for two types of external mechanical loading corresponding to applanation and impression tonometry, as well as for inflating the eye by liquid. The presence in the model of only two important mechanical constants makes it possible to identify them by comparing the data of different tests and then to find the effective elastic characteristics important in diagnostics.Results A technique of determining the elastic constants of the model from the standard diagnostic tests is developed. This technique is applied to estimating the average elastic characteristics of the human eyeball in vivo basing on the data available from the literature.Conclusion Our results form a basis for obtaining in standard clinical tests representative individual mechanical characteristics of the living eye. This makes it possible to calculate effective (integral) elastic parameters needed in processing a specific test from the data obtained from other tests, for example, to estimate the volume rigidity from elastometry data. We can now correctly interpret the term “rigidity”: in different tests it is commonly used for characteristics that may differ substantially.
The effect of cataract on spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity tests in glaucoma
Authors: KLEIN JO , ZLATKOVA M , PIERSCIONEK B , LAURITZEN JS 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To investigate the efficacy of spatial and temporal contrast sensitivity (CS) tests for detecting early glaucoma in the presence of cataractMethods Twenty‐seven early glaucoma patients (mean age 60 ±10.2 years) with early cataractous signs were selected together with twenty‐seven control subjects matched for age and cataract type. Cataracts were graded using the grading scheme of Casser et al (1997). Measurements of grating spatial and temporal CS at 20 HZ in central vision were performed in each group for spatial frequencies (SF) 0.5, 1.5 and 3 c/d with and without glare. Visual acuity, visual fields sensitivity measurements and structural tests using Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) were also performed.Results Overall reduction in both spatial and temporal CS at all SF was found for glaucoma patients compared with cataract patients with a significant mean difference of 0.2 log units (p < 0.01). This difference correlated well with measurements of visual fields or and HRT parameters. The effect of the glare on CS was significant (p < 0.01) and was similar for both groups. A significant correlation (p< 0.05) was found between the glare factor and the glaucomatous damage assessed by HRT.Conclusion Our results indicate that both spatial and temporal CS tests can distinguish glaucomatous vision loss from vision loss resulting from cataracts, the temporal test providing better separation at higher SF. The CS reduction due to the presence of glare increased with the glaucomatous damage, suggesting that there maybe an increase in intraocular straylight in glaucoma. References: 1.Casser L, Fingeret M, and Woodcome T. Atlas of Primary Eyecare Procedures, ed 2, 1997
Genetics and Diagnostics of Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: CREMERS FPM , NEVELING K , ESTRADA‐CUZCANO A , VELTMAN JA , SCHEFFER H , KLEVERING BJ , DEN HOLLANDER AI , COLLIN RWJ 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To utilize next generation sequencing (NGS) and identity‐by‐descent mapping to identify mutations in known and new genes in patients with autosomal recessive (ar) or isolated (i) retinitis pigmentosa (RP).Methods We employed Roche 454‐NGS to screen the exons of 111 inherited retinal disease (IRD) genes in 12 IRD patients with known compound heterozygous variants and 100 unsolved ar/i RP patients. We used identity‐by‐descent mapping and SOLiD‐NGS to identify novel genes for arRP. We carried out segration analysis in the relevant families using Sanger sequencing.Results The NGS approach enabled us to robustly identify 21/24 known IRD‐associated variants. Taking into consideration that a proportion of the RP patients was previously screened for mutations in selected genes, we could solve 55 ar/i RP cases. Mutations were identified in arRP genes (n=45), X‐linked RP genes (n=4), and autosomal dominant RP genes (n=6). In at least 4 families de novo mutations were found. Targeted NGS of exons in selected chromosomal regions based on homozygosity mapping enabled us to identify at least one novel arRP gene. The interpretation of sequence variants derived from whole genome exon (exome) sequencing heavily depends on positional information (linkage analysis, homozygosity mapping).Conclusion NGS can be used for comprehensive mutation scanning of known IRD genes and for the identification of novel IRD genes. The known RP genes contain 55% of the causative mutations. In a significant proportion of isolated patients, we identified X‐linked and de novo autosomal dominant mutations, which has important repercussions for genetic counselling.
Applications of anterior segment OCT to glaucoma surgery
Authors: GÜERRI N , OTIN S , FERRANDEZ ARENAS B , CALVO P , GIL‐ARRIBAS L 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To assess the utility in clinical practice of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (OCT) in glaucoma surgery.Methods Consecutive cases review of patients diagnosed of primary open angle glaucoma, closure angle glaucoma, pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. Anterior segment 5 Line Raster OCT protocol (Cirrus HD –Spectral Domain Technology) was performed to evaluate the follow‐up of glaucoma surgeries (trabeculectomy and drainage devices) of these patients.Results Anterior segment OCT achieved a correct display of the angle anatomy after surgery. About glaucoma surgery images, it showed a correct display of structures in superficial sclera. However, it showed limitations at the evaluation of structures in deep sclera: space under sclera flap and exact location of the trabecular drainage.Conclusion Anterior segment OCT is a tool of in vivo diagnostic, that achieves an objective anterior segment evaluation in glaucomatous eyes after surgery. This device shows limitations at the evaluation of deep sclera. However, anterior segment OCT provides clinical information about glaucoma post‐surgical anatomy and its functionality.
The Eye‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue (EALT) ‐ A basis of the anatomy and immunology at the ocular surface
Authors: KNOP E , KNOP N 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Immune protection at the ocular surface is, similar to other mucosal surfaces, governed by mechanisms of the common mucosal immune system. At the ocular surface a local branch of the mucosal immune system, the Eye‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue (EALT), maintains the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity and prevents inflammatory diseases.Methods Own results on the mucosal immune system of the human ocular surface are discussed together with results from the literature.Results The Eye‐associated lymphoid tissue (EALT) is continuous from the ocular surface proper (cornea and conjunctiva) into the mucosal adnexa of the eye (lacrimal gland and lacrimal drainage system). In addition to innate immune factors, this system also contains lymphoid cells and accessory cells that have the task to favour immune tolerance and the secretion of anti‐inflammatory IgA antibodies. In inflammatory diseases, however, (as e.g. the dry eye syndrome, ocular allergy or autoimmune disease etc.) and also in certain types of infectious diseases, the mucosal tolerance is overridden and then own tissue constituents or non‐pathological antigens become antigenic. In such cases of deregulation, the mucosal immune system may become a promoter of an immune modulated, frequently T‐cell mediated, inflammatory disease process.Conclusion The Eye‐Associated Lymphoid Tissue (EALT) formed by physiologic protective lymphocyte populations, accessory cells and protector mechanisms regulates the immunological homeostasis at the ocular surface but may become a player in inflammatory disease when the system is deregulated. Support DFG KN 317‐11
Inflammatory Events in Trachoma
Authors: HUGUET P 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose "Trachoma is not a disease of poverty, it is an immune disease – it is like chronic poison ivy” said H Taylor in 2005. Studies done on this topic suggest that inflammation rather than infection is responsible for blindness. This presentation will highlight the ocular surface inflammation induced by Chlamydia in infection and the effectiveness of azithromycin in reducing this inflammation.Methods Review of the literature on the topic. Medline research with ocular AND inflammation AND azithromycin key words.Results Trachoma infection usually evolves in two major phases: active or inflammatory trachoma and cicatricial or late trachoma. Active trachoma is characterized by an inflammatory response associated with the variable presence of demonstrable infection (PCR test). Trachoma is considered as a chronic, delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction with subsequent fibrosis. Topical or systemic administration of azithromycin reduces the effects of acute inflammation such as mucus secretion and macrophage infiltration. Azithromycin inhibits inflammatory cytokines gene and protein expressions such as IL‐6, MMP‐2 activity and NFƘ B. In chronic or cicatricial trachoma a new concept is emmerging: a neglected ocular surface disease.Conclusion The role of induced chronic inflammation in trachoma is more and more important to be taken in count. These results suggest that azithromycin is not only effective on Chlamydia trachomatis infection but also appears as a promising agent for preventing and treating ocular trachoma surface inflammation in this immuno‐inflammatory disease.
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Differential control and selective down regulation of cytokines but not chemokines in the normal and pathological tear fluid
Authors: SACK RA , ISEROVICH P , SATHE S , BEATON A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Overnight eye closure results in a near cessation in tear turnover and the induction of a sub‐clinical inflammation as evidenced by PMN cell recruitment and degranulation and the accumulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. What prevents cytokine induced damage to the cornea was investigated.Methods Methods: Open (O) and Closed (C) tears from Ns were subjected to multiple micro well array assays to obtain quantitative data on the distribution of >80 low abundance proteins. Samples were also separated by molecular sieve HPLC and the eluent profiled for the presences of chemokines, cytokines and interactive proteins. Cytokine‐protein complexes were identified using a laboratory‐developed multiplex assays.Results Micro‐well array assay reveal a marked increase in the concentrations of a wide range of inflammatory and immune modulating cytokines as well as chemokines in the closed eye tears. This was accompanied by increased levels of s‐receptors at concentrations greatly exceeding that of the targeted proteins along with the accumulation of α2‐M. Protein‐protein binding studies and analysis of the HPLC eluent reveals that most inflammatory, angiogenic and immune cytokines eluent in the form of macromolecular complexes bound to s‐receptor and α2‐M. This serves to inactivate these entities and tags them for up take by macrophages and other cells that express the α2‐M receptor. In contrast chemokines which lack s‐receptors remain free and bioactive.Conclusion s‐receptors and α2‐M co‐operatively function in the down–regulation of cytokine and growth factor induced inflammation. Data will also be presented showing its functional role in the control of inflammation elsewhere.
Pros of steroids use in optic neuritis
Authors: LEE A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To define indications for steroids in optic neuritisMethods Case based learning Evidence based practiceResults Steroids have a biologically plausible mechanism for improving the speed of visual recovery and for the treatment of possible multiple sclerosis in patients with optic neuritisConclusion Intravenous steroids should be considered in the treatment of suspected demyelinating optic neuritis