bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bifurcation modelling in a meandering gravel–sand bed river
Authors: Sloff Kees , Mosselman Erik 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe Rhine bifurcation at Pannerden forms the major distribution point for water supply in the Netherlands, distributing not only water and sediment but also flooding risks and navigability. Its morphological stability has been a concern for centuries. We present experiences from more than two decades of numerical morphological modelling of this bifurcation with a gravel–sand bed and a meandering planform. Successive computations have shown the importance of upstream approach conditions, the necessity to include physical mechanisms for grain sorting and alluvial roughness, and the need to assume a thicker active layer of the river bed than is suggested by laboratory flume experiments using a constant discharge. The active layer must be thicker in the model to account for river bed variations due to higher‐frequency discharge variations that are filtered out in morphological modelling. We discuss limitations in calibration and verification, but argue that, notwithstanding these limitations, 2D and 3D morphological models are valuable tools, not only for pragmatic applications to engineering problems, but also for revealing the limitations of established knowledge and understanding of the relevant physical processes. The application of numerical models to the Pannerden bifurcation appeared to reveal shortcomings in established model formulations that do not pose particular problems in other cases. This application is therefore particularly useful for setting the agenda for further research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technosphere: new drug delivery system for inhaled insulin
Authors: Sarala N , Bengalorkar Girish , Bhuvana K 
Published: July 2012

AbstractInjection has long since been a barrier to insulin use. However, previous attempts to produce an inhaled insulin have met with difficulty. Technosphere insulin is a new system for delivery of inhaled insulin and is currently under review by the FDA. In this Drug profile, the authors discuss the technology and review the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Iridoid and Secoiridoid Glucosides from the Roots of Gentiana manshurica
Authors: Liu Qing , Chou Gui‐Xin , Wang Zheng‐Tao 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOne new iridoid glucoside, 4″‐O‐β‐D‐glucosyl‐6′‐O‐(4‐O‐β‐D‐glucosylcaffeoyl)linearoside (1), and two new secoiridoid glucosides, 6′‐O‐acetylsweroside (2) and 6′‐O‐acetyl‐3′‐O‐[3‐(β‐D‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐2‐hydroxybenzoyl]sweroside (3), were isolated from the dried roots of Gentiana manshurica (Gentianaceae), together with 11 known ones, including one iridoid glucoside, five secoiridoid glucosides, and five triterpenes. The structures of the new compounds were determined on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses and acidic hydrolysis.
A New Alkaloid from the Seeds of Sophora alopecuroides L.
Authors: Gao Hong‐Ying , Li Guo‐Yu , Wang Jin‐Hui 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAlopecurin A, an alkaloid with an unprecedented skeleton, was isolated from the seeds of Sophora alopecuroides L. The absolute configuration and structure of this compound was identified as (3S,12R)‐3‐hydroxy‐1,7‐diazatricyclo[10.4.0.13,7]heptadecane‐11,16,17‐trione (=(7S,15aR)‐decahydro‐7‐hydroxy‐6H‐7,11‐methano‐4H‐pyrido[1,2‐a][1,7]diazacyclododecine‐4,15,16(12H)‐trione). The structure and absolute configuration was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, mainly HR‐ESI‐TOF‐MS, IR, 1D‐NMR (1H‐ and 13C‐NMR), 2D‐NMR (COSY, NOESY, HSQC, HMBC), and particularly X‐ray crystal‐diffraction and CD spectral analysis.
Highly Concise and Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (5R,7S)‐Kurzilactone
Authors: Mohapatra Debendra K. , Karthik Pulluri , Yadav Jhillu S. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA highly concise and stereoselective total synthesis of (5R,7S)‐kurzilactone (1) was performed by a convergent approach by means of a Jacobsen's hydrolytic kinetic resolution, a HornerWadsworthEmmons reaction for the construction of the α,β‐unsaturated δ‐lactone ring system, and a highly diastereoselective Mukaiyama aldol reaction for the introduction of the formal anti‐1,3‐diol unit (Schemes 2 and 3).
Two New Diterpenes from Solidago canadensis
Authors: Zeng Zhi‐Xin , Ma Wen‐Hui , Li Yong‐Le , Han Ting , Zheng Cheng‐Jian , Qin Lu‐Ping 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTwo new clerodane‐type diterpenes, solidagocanins A and B (1 and 2, resp.), as well as two known compounds, mellein (3) and physcion (4), were isolated from the aerial parts of Solidago canadensis. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 2D‐NMR techniques.
Secoiridoid Sulfonates from the Sulfiting‐Processed Buds of Lonicera japonica
Authors: Li Zong‐Yun , Gao Hui‐Min , Sun Jian , Chen Liang‐Mian , Wang Zhi‐Min , Zhang Qi‐Wei 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe new secoiridoid sulfonates 1–3 were isolated from the 50% EtOH/H2O extract of the sulfiting‐processed Lonicera japonica Flos (LJF) by semi‐prep. HPLC, and their structures were identified on the basis of mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. HPLC and LC‐DAD‐MS/MS analyses of the different samples of LJF obtained by various process techniques suggested that the sulfur fumigation led to the decrease of secologanic acid (4) and the formation of secologanic acid‐derived sulfonate 1 and its derivatives 2, 2a, and 3 in the crude materials, which revealed that sulfur fumigation, the traditional process technique, could alter the phytochemical profiles of some Chinese herbal medicines.
Two New Diterpenoids and Other Constituents from Isodon japonicus
Authors: Hou Rui‐Jie , Yan Fu‐Lin , Zhang Hai‐Yang , Bai Yi‐Xiao , Ding Ming‐Ming 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTwo new ent‐kaurene diterpenoids, 15α,20‐dihydroxy‐6,7‐seco‐entkaur‐16‐ene‐7,1α(6,11α)‐diolide (1), 6β‐butyroxy‐3β‐hydroxy‐6,7‐seco‐6,20‐epoxy‐7,1α‐olide‐entkaur‐16‐en‐15‐one (2), together with 25 known compounds, 3–27, were isolated from the leaves of Isodon japonicus. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods, including 2D‐NMR techniques.
Methyl Pothoscandensate, a New ent‐18(4→3)‐Abeokaurane from Pothos scandens
Authors: Liu Hong‐Xin , Bi Jun‐Long , Wang Yue‐Hu , Gu Wei , Su Yao , Liu Fang , Yang Shi‐Xian , Hu Guang‐Wan , Luo Ji‐Feng , Yin Ge‐Fen , Long Chun‐Lin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMethyl pothoscandensate (1), a new molecular skeleton of ent‐18(4→3)‐abeokaurane, along with eight known compounds was isolated from the whole plant of Pothos scandens. The structure of the new compound was established by spectroscopic techniques and confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The inhibitory activity of selected compounds against porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) was measured by the cytopathic effect (CPE) method. Compound 1 showed weak effect on PRRSV with an IC50 value of 40.3±8.3 μM (TI=15.7).
Sinoraculine, the Precursor of the Novel Alkaloid Sinoracutine from Stephania cepharanthaHayata
Authors: He Li , Deng Lu‐Lu , Mu Shu‐Zhen , Sun Qian‐Yun , Hao Xiao‐Jiang , Zhang Yuan‐Hu 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA new alkaloid, sinoraculine, the precursor of the novel alkaloid sinoracutine, was isolated from the leaves and stems of Stephania cepharantha, and its structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analyses.
MHD natural convection inside an inclined trapezoidal porous enclosure with internal heat generation or absorption subjected to isoflux heating
Authors: Hussein Ahmed Kadhim , Ahmed Sameh E. , Saha Sumon , Hasanpour Arman , Mohammed H.A. , Kolsi Lioua , Adegun I.K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA steady laminar two‐dimensional magneto‐hydrodynamic natural convection flow in an inclined trapezoidal enclosure filled with a fluid‐saturated porous medium is investigated numerically using a finite difference method. The left and right vertical sidewalls of the trapezoidal enclosure are maintained at a cold temperature. The horizontal top wall is considered adiabatic while the bottom wall is subjected to isoflux heating. A volumetric internal heat generation or absorption is embedded inside the trapezoidal enclosure while an external magnetic field is applied on the left sidewall of the enclosure. In the current work, the following parametric ranges of the non‐dimensional groups are used: Hartmann number is varied as $0 \le Ha \le 50$, Darcy number is taken as $Da = 10^{-3}$, 10−4, and 8 × 10−5, Rayleigh number is varied as $10^3 \le Ra \le 10^5$, Prandtl number is considered constant at Pr = 0.7, the dimensionless internal heat generation or absorption parameter is varied as Δ = −0.2, 0, 1, and 2.0, while the trapezoidal enclosure inclination angle is varied as $0^\circ \le \psi \le 90^\circ$. The results indicated a strong flow circulation occurs when the Darcy and the Rayleigh numbers are high. In addition, it is found that the Hartmann number, internal heat generation or absorption parameter and inclination angle have an important role on the flow and thermal characteristics. It is also found that when the enclosure inclination angle and Hartmann number increase the average Nusselt number along the hot bottom wall decreases. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj). DOI 10.1002/htj.21013
Computer aided analysis of breast MRI enhancement kinetics using mean shift c lustering and multifeature iterative region of interest selection
Authors: Stoutjesdijk Mark J. , Zijp Miranda , Boetes Carla , Karssemeijer Nico , Barentsz Jelle O. , Huisman Henkjan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurpose:To evaluate automatic characterization of a breast MR lesion by its spatially coherent region of interest (ROI).Materials and Methods:The method delineated 247 enhancing lesions using Otsu thresholding after manually placing a sphere. Mean Shift Clustering subdivided each volume, based on features including pharmacokinetic parameters. An iteratively trained classifier to predict the most suspicious ROI (IsR) was used, to predict the malignancy likelihood of each lesion. Performance was evaluated using receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis, and compared with a previous prototype. IsR was compared with noniterative training. The effect of adding BI‐RADS™ morphology (from a radiologist) to the classifier was investigated.Results:The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] of 0.77–0.88), and was 0.75 (95%CI = 0.68–0.81; P = 0.029) without pharmacokinetic features. IsR performed better than conventional selection, based on one feature (AUC 0.75, 95%CI = 0.68–0.81; P = 0.035). With morphology, the AUC was 0.84 (95%CI = 0.78–0.88) versus 0.82 without (P = 0.40).Conclusion:Breast lesions can be characterized by their most suspicious, contiguous ROI using multi‐feature clustering and iterative training. Characterization was improved by including pharmacokinetic modeling, while in our experiments, including morphology did not improve characterization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:1104–1112. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why we should worry about malingering in the VA system: Comment on Jackson et al. (2011)
Authors: McNally Richard J. , Frueh B. Christopher 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn a recent survey, Jackson et al. (2011) found that clinicians who evaluate veterans for service‐connected disability pensions rarely use recommended best practices to assess for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). We share their dismay, and we hope that their article will help foster evidence‐based assessments for diagnosing PTSD in veterans. Jackson et al. briefly discussed scholarship on malingering among applicants for service‐connected disability compensation for PTSD, concluding that concerns about malingering are largely unfounded. The data they adduce, however, in support of this conclusion actually provide reasons for concern as we document in this article. We cite recent work by labor economists in support of our argument.
Examining aggression in male vietnam veterans who receive VA services: The role of traumatic events and combat exposure
Authors: Lenhardt Jenna M. , Howard Jamie M. , Taft Casey T. , Kaloupek Danny G. , Keane Terence M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe examined the relationship between trauma exposure and the perpetration of aggression by male Vietnam veterans (N = 1,328) using archival data from a multisite study conducted by the Cooperative Studies Program of the Department of Veteran Affairs (CSP‐334) in the early 1990s. Both traumatic events in civilian life and combat exposure were examined as correlates of aggression. Results indicated that pre‐ and postmilitary traumatic events and combat exposure were all related to perpetration of aggression at the bivariate level; r = .07, r = .20, and r = .13, respectively. When these variables were examined simultaneously, only combat exposure (β = .14, p < .001) and postmilitary traumatic events (β = .20, p < .001) were associated with aggression. No interaction effects were found for civilian traumatic events and combat in relation to aggression. Results highlight the importance of attending to the psychological aftermath of exposure to traumatic events experienced during and following deployment before aggressive patterns develop.
Aerodynamic investigation of the correlation between nasal septal deviation and Chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Li Lifeng , Han Demin , Zhang Luo , Li Yunchuan , Zang Hongrui , Wang Tong , Liu Yingxi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To compare the aerodynamic differences around ostiomeatal complex between the convex side and concave side in patients with concurrent nasal septal deviation and chronic rhinosinusitis, and to explore the potential correlation between nasal septal deviation and chronic rhinosinusitis occurrence from the perspective aerodynamics.Study Design:Retrospective case series.Methods:Fifty‐six patients with concurrent nasal septal deviation and chronic rhinosinusitis were recruited. Nasal septal deviation was divided into mild, moderate, and severe deviations according to deviation angle. Using computational fluid dynamics, indices such as maximal velocity, maximal turbulence kinetic energy, maximal wall shear stress, and minimal temperature around the ostiomeatal complex were calculated and compared between the convex side and concave side, and among patients with varying severities of deflection.Results:The proportion for mild, moderate, and severe deviations was 12.5%, 32.1%, and 55.4%, respectively. Significant differences for maximal velocity, maximal wall shear stress, maximal turbulence kinetic energy, and minimal temperature around the ostiomeatal complex between the convex side and concave side could be detected. No significant difference of aerodynamic characteristics around the osteomeatal complex could be detected with the increasing of deviation angles. The incidence for chronic rhinosinusitis in convex, concave, and bilateral sides was 16.1%, 25%, and 58.9%, respectively.Conclusions:From the aerodynamics perspective, both sides of nasal cavity have the potential to predispose the occurrence of chronic rhinosinusitis in patients with nasal septal deviation. The increased deviation angle did not aggravate aerodynamic disturbance around the osteomeatal complex. The contributing role of nasal septal deviation in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis should not be emphasized in excess. Laryngoscope, 2012
Roles of IL‐17, Th1, and Tc1 cells in patients with IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis
Authors: Ohta Nobuo , Makihara Seiichiro , Okano Mitsuhiro , Kurakami Kazuya , Ishida Akihiro , Furukawa Takatoshi , Suzuki Yusuke , Watanabe Tomoo , Kakehata Seiji , Aoyagi Masaru 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)‐related sclerosing sialadenitis is a recently recognized disease entity characterized by high serum IgG4 concentration and IgG4‐producing plasma cell expansion in affected organs, which show fibrotic or sclerotic changes. However, little is known about the roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells or interleukin (IL)‐17 in this disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and IL‐17 in patients with IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis.Study Design:A retrospective clinical study at the Yamagata University School of Medicine.Methods:The patient group consisted of six males and four females with an average age of 57.9 years (range, 38 to 73years). Subsets of T helper (Th)1, Th2, T cytotoxic type (Tc)1, and Tc2 cells from patients with IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis were examined by using intracellular cytokine flow cytometry. Expression of IL‐17 in the patients' lesions was also investigated immunohistochemically.Results:Six patients with IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis with high ratios of IgG4/IgG and prominent infiltration of IgG4‐positive plasmacytes in the involved salivary glands had systemic complications, including pancreatitis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and/or inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung after the initial swelling of the salivary glands. Populations of Th1 and Tc1 cells were significantly greater in IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis than in the controls (P < .05), but Th2 and Tc2 cell populations were not significantly increased. Expression of IL‐17 was observed in the lesions of affected patients.Conclusions:Increases in Th1 and Tc1 cell populations and IL‐17 expression might be involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of IgG4‐related sclerosing sialadenitis. Laryngoscope, 2012
Edible oleogels in food products to help maximize health benefits and improve nutritional profiles
Authors: Stortz Terri A. , Zetzl Alexander K. , Barbut Shai , Cattaruzza Andrea , Marangoni Alejandro G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOrganogelators such as 12‐hydroxystearic acid and ethylcellulose have been shown to structure vegetable oils at levels below 8%. The resultant gels retain the fatty acid profile of the vegetable oil, yet provide solid‐like properties that can successfully replace saturated fats in a variety of food products including cookies, creams, and frankfurters and sausages. Furthermore, organogel technology can be used for the controlled or delayed release of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. With the development of food grade organogelators, this will allow for the use of oleogels in a large variety of food and pharmaceutical applications.
Mitigation of MCPD‐ester and glycidyl‐ester levels during the production of refined palm oil
Authors: Craft Brian D. , Nagy Kornél 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn recent years, process contaminants called MCPD and glycidyl esters have been found to be present in refined edible oils. On average, they have been found in higher levels in refined palm oils than typical seed‐oil crops. The reasons behind the increased occurrence of these contaminants in palm oils have now been traced all the way back to raw materials such as crude palm oil. This manuscript attempts to summarize some recent breakthroughs in the area of mitigation of MCPD‐ester and glycidyl‐ester levels during refined palm oil production. It is clear that renovation of the palm oil production process is necessary to further improve the quality and safety of this important commodity.
Lipase‐catalysed biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas oil
Authors: Soumanou Mohamed M. , Djenontin Sebastien T. , Tchobo Fidele P. , Sohounhloue Dominique C. K. , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBiodiesel as fatty acid alkylesters has become attractive because of its environmental benefits. A non‐edible oil as starting material for biodiesel production appears desirable and does not compromise the edible oils used mainly for food and feed. The present article discusses the enzymatic alcoholysis of crude Jatropha curcas oil in solvent free medium for the production of valuable fatty acid alkyl esters for use as biodiesel. Among various microbial lipases commonly tested in the literature, the highest initial rate (>18 μmol h–1 mg–1) with different alcohols was observed with immobilized lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia, but the activity depends on the amount of water. The best conversion (93%) to produce ethyl esters was achieved with lipase immobilized on the polypropylene carrier Accurel 1282 after 16 h at low enzyme concentration (3% w/w). Moreover, the transesterification could be conducted for at least 160 h during 10 batch runs without significant loss of activity. This reduces the costs for immobilized lipase and can thus make the enzymatic biodiesel production commercially more viable, especially starting from a non‐edible plant oil.
The Patient‐Centered Medical Home: History, Components, and Review of the Evidence
Authors: Arend Jonathan , Tsang‐Quinn Jenny , Levine Claudia , Thomas David 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe US healthcare system is plagued by unsustainable costs and yields suboptimal outcomes, indicating that new models of healthcare delivery are needed. The patient‐centered medical home is one model that is increasingly regarded as a promising strategy for improving healthcare quality, decreasing cost, and enhancing the experience of both patients and providers. Conceptually, the patient‐centered medical home may be described as combination of the core attributes of primary care—access, continuity, comprehensiveness, and coordination of care—with new approaches to healthcare delivery, including office practice innovations and reimbursement reform. Implementation efforts are gaining momentum across the country, fueled by both private‐payer initiatives as well as supportive public policy. High‐quality evidence on the effectiveness of the patient‐centered medical home is limited, but the data suggest that, under some circumstances, patient‐centered medical home interventions may lead to improved outcomes and generate moderate cost savings. Although the patient‐centered medical home enjoys broad support by multiple stakeholders, significant challenges to widespread adoption of the model remain.Mt Sinai J Med 79:433–450, 2012© 2012 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Detection of Paeoniflorin and Albiflorin by Immunostaining Technique Using Anti‐Paeoniflorin Monoclonal Antibody
Authors: Morinaga Osamu , Lu Zhaohua , Lin Lidong , Uto Takuhiro , Sangmalee Suphattra , Putalun Waraporn , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Shoyama Yukihiro 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTIntroductionPaeoniae radix is one of the most important crude drugs used in Kampo medicines (KMs). A part of its pharmaceutical properties is due to the presence of paeoniflorin (PF) and albiflorin (AF).ObjectiveFor the specific and easy identification of PF and AF, an immunostaining technique was developed using anti‐PF monoclonal antibody (MAb).MethodologyPF and AF were treated with a NaIO4 solution and reacted with bovine serum albumin (BSA) preparing PF‐ and AF‐BSA conjugates on the polyethersulphone (PES) membrane. Anti‐PF MAb was bound and then antibody labelled with peroxidase directed against anti‐PF MAb. Finally, a substrate was added and then PF and AF were detected.ResultsAnti‐PF MAb recognised not only PF but also AF when 10 µg was present on the PES membrane. As little as 0.5 µg of PF and AF were still detected under immunostaining. Various Paeoniae radix samples and KMs were qualitatively analysed, and total amounts of PF and AF were visually detected by immunostaining technique. This method was applied to investigate the distribution of PF and AF in fresh peony root using immunoblotting by transferred from peony root to the PES membrane.ConclusionThe technique permitted the visualisation of PF and AF on PES membrane using immunostaining. The immunostaining technique established would be a powerful tool for probing the sources of PF and AF in plant extracts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.