bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ethics of autoethnography
Authors: DAUPHINEE ELIZABETH 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article queries the place of autoethnography in the study of International Relations as it relates to questions of truth, power, and ethics. The traditional denial of the authorial presence of the self in IR scholarship has been increasingly challenged in recent years, and autoethnography is perhaps the most obvious example of this. This article utilises autoethnography to explore some of the pitfalls and dilemmas associated with the approach – particularly the dangers surrounding ‘standpoint’ epistemologies, and the need to continue to distinguish between scholarship and storytelling. The article does not dismiss these concerns, but seeks to illustrate the ways in which the discipline is already engaged in storytelling as it narrates its own history and development. At the same time, the article seeks to ‘guard against a generation of novelists’ whose training would inevitably devolve into a question of crafting the ‘prettiest sentence.’ Mindful of these concerns, the article nevertheless seeks to demonstrate the ethical value of autoethnography in its exploration of the limitations of academic voice and its impact on those we write, the truths we are able to recognise and transcribe, and the ways in which the academic voice silences the self, who is forced to hide or minimise the often very personal motivations for engaging in IR scholarship. It argues thatpurposefulautoethnography should have a place among the diverse approaches to IR.
The problem of comparison in comparative regionalism
Authors: LOMBAERDE PHILIPPE DE , SÖDERBAUM FREDRIK , VAN LANGENHOVE LUK , BAERT FRANCIS 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is virtually no systematic debate on the fundamentals of comparative research in the study of international regionalism. The field of research is very fragmented and there is a lack of interaction between EU studies and regionalism in the rest of the world. There is also a lack of communication between scholars from various theoretical standpoints and research traditions. Related to these two divides is the tension between idiographic and nomothetic methodologies. The purpose of this article is to contribute to the largely neglected debate on how to conduct and address three interrelated problems: a conceptual, a theoretical and a methodological one. Our claim is that the future of comparative regionalism should be one where old divides are bridged. This requires a combination of conceptual rigor, theoretical eclecticism, and sounder empirical research methods.
State agency in the time of the global war on terror: India and the counter-terrorism regime
Authors: SASIKUMAR KARTHIKA 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe evolving international counter-terrorism regime obliges and permits countries to make changes in their domestic and foreign policies. At the same time, policy-makers in national capitals respond creatively to the global regime. By examining India's response to the evolving international regime on terrorism, I will demonstrate the mechanism through which the regime is influencing Indian policy: by setting up an identity that the country can aspire to. Further, by highlighting the leveraging of regime norms by the Indian state to further its own projects, I will show that states are not restricted to either passively receiving and complying with international norms on the one hand, or rejecting them on the other.
European ‘models’ and their implications to China: internal and external perspectives
Authors: SONG XINNING 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEuropean Studies in China developed very rapidly in the last twenty years. The reasons for that are not only because of the smooth evolution of EU-China relations and wider and deeper economic interdependence between two economic giants, but also the relevance of the European models to China's domestic political and social development, as well as China's external relations. The article reviews the evolution of the European Studies in China and finds out that more and more research on European affairs relates to China's internal and external development. Two major aspects of the learning process are exploited further. Firstly, European models for China's domestic political and social development, including European party politics and Democratic Socialism, European social policy and social security systems, and European regional policies. Secondly, European models for China's foreign policy and external relations, including European neighbourhood policy, European concept of effective multilateralism, Europe as an example of peaceful rise, and functionalism as the way to East Asian regional integration. The EU or Europe has higher profile in China than any other Asia Pacific country. From the domestic political and social development and China's preference in international affairs we can see the silhouette of the European models. Chinese would like to learn more from Europe than the United States. It also shows clearly that the role of the EU as a social power.
Prelinguistic predictors of language development in children with autism spectrum disorders over four–five years
Authors: BOPP KAREN D. , MIRENDA PAT 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis study examined relationships between prelinguistic variables from the MacArthur-Bates CDI and the development of language comprehension and production in children with autism. Forty-four children were assessed at baseline and 6, 12, 24, 33 and 53 months later. Growth Curve Modeling was used to examine the extent to which three composite CDI variables and three CDI item groupings predicted language development over 4–5 years. When examined individually, prespeech and early gestures were significant predictors of change for both comprehension and production, but late gestures were not. In addition, initiating joint attention and games and routines predicted comprehension and production over 4–5 years, and conventional gestures also predicted production. When all factors were considered simultaneously, children's ability to participate in games and routines was the only significant predictor of language production over time. The results are discussed with regard to their implications for understanding the complex factors that affect developmental outcomes.
The influence of part-word phonotactic probability/neighborhood density on word learning by preschool children varying in expressive vocabulary
Authors: STORKEL HOLLY L. , HOOVER JILL R. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was to examine the influence of part-word phonotactic probability/neighborhood density on word learning by preschool children with normal vocabularies that varied in size. Ninety-eight children (age 2 ; 11–6 ; 0) were taught consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) nonwords orthogonally varying in the probability/density of the CV (i.e. body) and VC (i.e. rhyme). Learning was measured via picture naming. Children with the lowest expressive vocabulary scores showed no effect of either CV or VC probability/density, although floor effects could not be ruled out. In contrast, children with low or high expressive vocabulary scores demonstrated sensitivity to part-word probability/density with the nature of the effect varying by group. Children with the highest expressive vocabulary scores displayed yet a third pattern of part-word probability/density effects. Taken together, word learning by preschool children was influenced by part-word probability/density but the nature of this influence appeared to depend on the size of the lexicon.
Cognitive reserve moderates decline in information processing speed in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: BENEDICT RALPH H.B. , MORROW SARAH A. , WEINSTOCK GUTTMAN BIANCA , COOKFAIR DIANE , SCHRETLEN DAVID J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCognitive reserve is widely recognized as a moderator of cognitive decline in patients with senile dementias such as Alzheimer’s disease. The same effect may occur in multiple sclerosis (MS), an immunologic disorder affecting the central nervous system. While MS is traditionally considered an inflammatory, white matter disease, degeneration of gray matter is increasingly recognized as the primary contributor to progressive cognitive decline. Our aim was to determine if individual differences in estimated cognitive reserve protect against the progression of cognitive dysfunction in MS. Ninety-one patients assessed twice roughly 5 years apart were identified retrospectively. Cognitive testing emphasized mental processing speed. Cognitive reserve was estimated by years of education and by performance on the North American Adult Reading Test (NAART). After controlling for baseline characteristics, both years of education (p = .013) and NAART scores (p = .049) significantly improved regression models predicting cognitive decline. Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) performance showed no significant change in patients with > 14 years of education, whereas it declined significantly in patients with ≤ 14 years of education. We conclude that greater cognitive reserve as indexed by either higher premorbid intelligence or more years of education protects against the progression of cognitive dysfunction in MS. (JINS, 2010, 16, 829–835.)
Decision-directed phase noise compensation for millimeter-wave single carrier systems with iterative frequency-domain equalization
Authors: Suyama Satoshi , Onodera Junichi , Suzuki Hiroshi , Fukawa Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes a receiver that repeats iterative frequency-domain equalization (FDE) and decision-directed phase noise compensation (DD-PNC) to alleviate degradation due to the phase noise for millimeter-wave single carrier (SC) systems. High bit-rate SC-FDE transceivers based on the single-chip Si RF-CMOS IC technology in the 60-GHz millimeter-wave band have been extensively studied for wireless personal area network (WPAN) systems, and the relatively large phase noise in a phase-locked loop (PLL) synthesizer severely degrades transmission performance. In an initial processing of the proposed receiver, a cyclic prefix (CP)-based phase noise compensator (CP-PNC) removes the phase noise from a time-domain received signal by using CP, which is known to the receiver, and the channel is equalized by the iterative FDE using the conventional minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) weight. In an iterative processing, DD-PNC estimates the phase noise each symbol by exploiting an output of a channel decoder, and then compensates the time-domain received signal for the phase noise by using the estimate. In order to equalize the compensated received signal, the iterative FDE performs both the MMSE filtering and residual inter-symbol interference cancelation using the decoder output. Computer simulations following the 60-GHz WPAN standard demonstrate that in the 64QAM with the coding rate of 3/4, the proposed receiver with three iterations can drastically remove the phase noise of −85 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset, and that it can achieve excellent transmission performance.
Single-cell genomics reveals the lifestyle of Poribacteria, a candidate phylum symbiotically associated with marine sponges
Authors: Siegl Alexander , Kamke Janine , Hochmuth Thomas , Piel Jörn , Richter Michael , Liang Chunguang , Dandekar Thomas , Hentschel Ute 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
In this study, we present a single-cell genomics approach for the functional characterization of the candidate phylum Poribacteria, members of which are nearly exclusively found in marine sponges. The microbial consortia of the Mediterranean sponge Aplysina aerophoba were singularized by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and individual microbial cells were subjected to phi29 polymerase-mediated ‘whole-genome amplification’. Pyrosequencing of a single amplified genome (SAG) derived from a member of the Poribacteria resulted in nearly 1.6 Mb of genomic information distributed among 554 contigs analyzed in this study. Approximately two-third of the poribacterial genome was sequenced. Our findings shed light on the functional properties and lifestyle of a possibly ancient bacterial symbiont of marine sponges. The Poribacteria are mixotrophic bacteria with autotrophic CO2-fixation capacities through the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. The cell wall is of Gram-negative origin. The Poribacteria produce at least two polyketide synthases (PKSs), one of which is the sponge-specific Sup-type PKS. Several putative symbiosis factors such as adhesins (bacterial Ig-like domains, lamininin G domain proteins), adhesin-related proteins (ankyrin, fibronectin type III) and tetratrico peptide repeat domain-encoding proteins were identified, which might be involved in mediating sponge–microbe interactions. The discovery of genes coding for 24-isopropyl steroids implies that certain fossil biomarkers used to date the origins of metazoan life on earth may possibly be of poribacterial origin. Single-cell genomic approaches, such as those shown herein, contribute to a better understanding of beneficial microbial consortia, of which most members are, because of the lack of cultivation, inaccessible by conventional techniques.
Proteome insights into the symbiotic relationship between a captive colony of Nasutitermes corniger and its hindgut microbiome
Authors: Burnum Kristin E , Callister Stephen J , Nicora Carrie D , Purvine Samuel O , Hugenholtz Philip , Warnecke Falk , Scheffrahn Rudolf H , Smith Richard D , Lipton Mary S 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We analyzed the metaproteome of the bacterial community resident in the hindgut paunch of the wood-feeding ‘higher’ termite (Nasutitermes) and identified 886 proteins, 197 of which have known enzymatic function. Using these enzymes, we reconstructed complete metabolic pathways revealing carbohydrate transport and metabolism, nitrogen fixation and assimilation, energy production, amino-acid synthesis and significant pyruvate ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase protein redundancy. Our results suggest that the activity associated with these enzymes may have more of a role in the symbiotic relationship between the hindgut microbial community and its termite host than activities related to cellulose degradation.
Mass Spectrometry for Food Analysis: The Example of Fat Soluble Vitamins A and K
Authors: Dolnikowski Gregory G. 
Published: July 2010

In modern nutrition research, mass spectrometry has developed into a tool to assess health, sensory as well as quality and safety aspects of food. Two strategies are followed for nutrient and metabolite analysis either in foodstuffs or in biological fluids sampled from the food consumer:
The “traditional” targeted conception, which measures only selected compounds with pre-determined properties such as a given mass or structure as described later.The more recent non-targeted conception, which includes fingerprinting of samples and evaluating the unidentified signals with statistical methods (e.g., principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, discriminant function analysis etc.).
For nutrients and metabolite identification purposes, in addition to NMR, two major techniques are currently applied, namely tandem mass spectrometry and accurate mass measurements. Tandem mass spectrometry enables elucidation and confirmation of metabolite structures, while accurate mass measurements in combination with isotope pattern analysis provide elemental composition of the metabolite. Furthermore, hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments are combined with mass spectrometry 1 to distinguish between isomeric structures of analytes. On the other hand, quantification of nutrients and metabolites is mostly achieved using the selected-reaction monitoring technique on quadrupole-based platforms. Quadrupole analyzers provide the best linear and dynamic range for biological samples, but application of high-resolution with time-of-flight or Orbitrap analyzers can also separate the signal of interest from interferences thereby enhancing detection limits.
In this chapter, we will focus on a brief description of each mass spectrometric technique applied to nutrition research, with a short emphasis on the working principle of each ionization, mass separation and ion detection method. We will also describe some specific technologies like those enabling detection of stable-isotope labelled macro- and micro-nutrients.
Nutrition and Immunity
Authors: Kussmann Martin 
Published: July 2010

We know for more than 2'000 years that health and nutrition are intimately linked: Hippocrates recommended ca. 400 BC to “leave your drugs in the chemist's pot if you can heal the patient with food”. While modern nutrition focuses rather on prevention than cure (the latter being the classical pharmaceutical domain of care), Hippocrates' concept still holds very much true and it particularly applies to the interplay of nutrition and immunity1.
This chapter addresses the manifold interactions between nutritional status and immune health and how mass spectrometry and proteomics can elucidate this interplay, for example through revelation of immune biomarkers. Immunological conditions like inflammation and allergy are discussed and the particular susceptibility of the immune system to environmental, such as nutritional, influences early in life is reflected. Special sections are dedicated to human gut ecology its immunological impact as well as to the immune bioactives and health effects of human milk.
An Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in Europe
Authors: Fitter Alastair , Elmqvist Thomas , Haines-Young Roy , Potschin Marion , Rinaldo Andrea , Setälä Heikki , Stoll-Kleemann Susanna , Zobel Martin , Murlis John 
Published: July 2010

Ecosystem services are the benefits humankind derives from the workings of the natural world. These include most obviously the supply of food, fuels and materials, but also more basic processes such as the formation of soils and the control and purification of water, and intangible ones such as amenity, recreation and aesthetics. Taken together, they are crucial to survival and the social and economic development of human societies. Though many are hidden, their workings are now a matter of clear scientific record. However, the integrity of the systems that deliver these benefits cannot be taken for granted, and the process of monitoring them and of ensuring that human activity does not place them at risk is an essential part of environmental governance, not solely at a global scale but also regionally and nationally.
In this chapter, we assess the importance of ecosystem services in a European context, highlighting those that have particular importance for Europe, and we set out what is known about the contribution biodiversity makes to each of them. We then consider pressures on European ecosystem services and the measures that might be taken to manage them.
One of the key insights from this work is that all ecosystems deliver a broad range of services, and that managing an ecosystem primarily to deliver one service will reduce its ability to provide others. A prominent current example of this is the use of land to produce biofuels. There is an urgent need to develop tools for the effective valuation of ecosystem services, to achieve sustainable management of the landscape to deliver multiple services.
Genome-wide functional element detection using pairwise statistical alignment outperforms multiple genome footprinting techniques
Authors: Satija R. , Hein J. , Lunter G. A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Comparative genomic sequence analysis is a powerful approach for identifying putative functional elements in silico. The availability of full-genome sequences from many vertebrate species has resulted in the development of popular tools, for example, the phastCons software package that search large numbers of genomes to identify conserved elements. While phastCons can analyze many genomes simultaneously, it ignores potentially informative insertion and deletion events and relies on a fixed, precomputed multiple sequence alignment.
Results: We have developed a new method, GRAPeFoot, which simultaneously aligns two full genomes and annotates a set of conserved regions exhibiting reduced rates of insertion, deletion and substitution mutations. We tested GRAPeFoot using the human and mouse genomes and compared its performance to a set of phastCons predictions hosted on the UCSC genome browser. Our results demonstrate that despite the use of only two genomes, GRAPeFoot identified constrained elements at rates comparable with phastCons, which analyzed data from 28 vertebrate genomes. This study demonstrates how integrated modelling of substitutions, indels and purifying selection allows a pairwise analysis to exhibit a sensitivity similar to a heuristic analysis of many genomes.
Availability: The GRAPeFoot software and set of genome-wide functional element predictions are freely available to download online at http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/∼satija/GRAPeFoot/
Contact: satija@stats.ox.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Fast overlapping of protein contact maps by alignment of eigenvectors
Authors: Di Lena Pietro , Fariselli Piero , Margara Luciano , Vassura Marco , Casadio Rita 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Searching for structural similarity is a key issue of protein functional annotation. The maximum contact map overlap (CMO) is one of the possible measures of protein structure similarity. Exact and approximate methods known to optimize the CMO are computationally expensive and this hampers their applicability to large-scale comparison of protein structures.
Results: In this article, we describe a heuristic algorithm (Al-Eigen) for finding a solution to the CMO problem. Our approach relies on the approximation of contact maps by eigendecomposition. We obtain good overlaps of two contact maps by computing the optimal global alignment of few principal eigenvectors. Our algorithm is simple, fast and its running time is independent of the amount of contacts in the map. Experimental testing indicates that the algorithm is comparable to exact CMO methods in terms of the overlap quality, to structural alignment methods in terms of structure similarity detection and it is fast enough to be suited for large-scale comparison of protein structures. Furthermore, our preliminary tests indicates that it is quite robust to noise, which makes it suitable for structural similarity detection also for noisy and incomplete contact maps.
Availability: Available at http://bioinformatics.cs.unibo.it/Al-Eigen
Contact: dilena@cs.unibo.it
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.