bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IDENTITY AND DISCERNIBILITY IN PHILOSOPHY AND LOGIC
Authors: LADYMAN JAMES , LINNEBO ØYSTEIN , PETTIGREW RICHARD 
Published: February 2012

AbstractQuestions about the relation between identity and discernibility are important both in philosophy and in model theory. We show how a philosophical question about identity and discernibility can be ‘factorized’ into a philosophical question about the adequacy of a formal language to the description of the world, and a mathematical question about discernibility in this language. We provide formal definitions of various notions of discernibility and offer a complete classification of their logical relations. Some new and surprising facts are proved; for instance, that weak discernibility corresponds to discernibility in a language with constants for every object, and that weak discernibility is the most discerning nontrivial discernibility relation.
SBAL: a practical tool to generate and edit structure-based amino acid sequence alignments
Authors: Wang Conan K. , Broder Ursula , Weeratunga Saroja K. , Gasser Robin B. , Loukas Alex , Hofmann Andreas 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Summary: Both alignment generation and visualization are important processes for producing biologically meaningful sequence alignments. Computational tools that combine reliable, automated and semi-automated approaches to produce secondary structure-based alignments with an appropriate visualization of the results are rare. We have developed SBAL, a tool to generate and edit secondary structure-based sequence alignments. It is easy to install and provides a user-friendly interface. Sequence alignments are displayed, with secondary structure assignments mapped to their corresponding regions in the sequence by using a simple colour scheme. The algorithm implemented for automated and semi-automated secondary structure-based alignment calculations shows a comparable performance to existing software.
Availability and implementation: SBAL has been implemented in Java to provide cross-platform compatibility. SBAL is freely available to academic users at http://www.structuralchemistry.org/pcsb/. Users will be asked for their name, institution and email address. A manual can also be downloaded from this site. The software, manual and test sets are also available as supplementary material.
Contact: conan.wang@griffith.edu.au
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Mahayana
Authors: Boucher Daniel 
Published: February 2012

The origin, nature, organization, and influence of the collection of Buddhist movements subsumed under the label “Mahayana” (Great Vehicle) have long been a matter of scholarly and insider debate. The Mahayana is most essentially thought to be characterized by a commitment to the bodhisattva path along with an acceptance of the canonical authority of at least a certain number of Mahayana texts. Scholarly consensus has generally dated the appearance of this movement to roughly the 1st century bce, and, since the late 20th century, the finds of Mahayana texts in Gāndhārī Prakrit from northern Pakistan, datable to the first two centuries ce, makes this date all the more likely. These movements are generally believed to have started as a loose confederation of small monastic fraternities within mainstream environments and to have remained very much a minority for the first several hundred years. The Mahayana appears prominently in the epigraphical and art-historical record around the 5th century ce and becomes increasingly mainstreamed within Indian monastic culture thereafter. Much of its most profound influence, however, took place outside India, particularly in Tibet and East Asia.
Huguenots
Authors: Van Ruymbeke Bertrand 
Published: February 2012

The Huguenots are French Calvinists. The word “huguenot” is an adaptation from eidgenossen, a Swiss German term meaning “confederates,” which was applied to the Genevans who rebelled against their lord in the early 16th century. This term is rarely used in contemporary French, the generic word protestant being widely used. Other terms used over the centuries have been “Lutherans” (luthériens) in the 16th century, “members of the self-styled reformed religion” (membres de la religion prétendue réformée) in the 17th century, and “new converts” or “new Catholics” (nouveaux convertis, nouveaux catholiques, or simply NCs) in the 18th. There are five periods in the history of the Huguenots: the Reformation and the French Wars of Religion (c. 1530s–1598; see Reformation in France and the Wars of Religion); the 17th century (1598–1685; see 17th-Century French Protestantism); the refuge or diaspora (c. 1680–1760s; see the Post-Revocation Diaspora); the 18th century (1685–1787; see 18th-Century French Protestantism); and the contemporary era (since the Revolution; see Contemporary French Protestantism). The 1550s were the formative years of French Protestantism. Then began a series of eight Wars of Religion (1562–1598) that preserved the throne to a Catholic monarch and condemned French Protestantism to a peripheral role in the history of France. In 1598 Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes at the end of the wars. This highly significant document guaranteed the Huguenots religious, economic, educational, judicial, political, and military rights. In 1685 Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes after decades of harassment followed by violent repression. This led to a major exodus—roughly 200,000 individuals—of Huguenots to northern Europe and to a lesser extent to British North America and Dutch South Africa. The period that extends from the revocation to the Edict of Toleration of 1787 is referred to as le désert. Following the dislocation brought about by the exodus and the War of the Cévennes (a localized Huguenot rebellion in a mountainous region of southern France), the 18th century was marked by sporadic and regional persecution interspersed by periods of calm. First the edict then the Revolution and the Napoleonic years opened a permanent era of toleration and acceptance for the Huguenots. In contemporary France, even if at times they could be victims of virulent attacks from Catholic extremist pamphleteers, the Huguenots have enjoyed peace and prosperity—some of them even reaching high positions in the state—and have remained a small religious minority in a country increasingly secular.
The Era of Porfirio Díaz, 1876–1911
Authors: Beezley William 
Published: February 2012

Porfirio Díaz (b. 1830–d. 1915) had a brilliant military career that included participating in the Mexican victory over the French at the battle of Puebla, now celebrated as the Cinco de Mayo (5 May 1862) holiday, and in driving the Emperor Maximilian’s troops out of Mexico City in 1867. The latter victory helped restore the Liberal regime, and with peace, Díaz turned to politics. He was largely unsuccessful until 1876, when his uprising, called the Revolution of Tuxtepec, enabled him to win the presidency. He dominated Mexico for the next thirty-five years until forced into exile in Paris by revolutionaries in 1911. His successful political regime accounts for naming the era for him. The telenovela (television soap opera series) El Vuelo del Águila (1994), with 140 thirty-minute episodes, created tremendous popular interest in this era. Enrique Krauze, Mexico’s premier public historian, created the project for national television; it was directed by Jorge Fons and Gonzalo Martínez and starred Manuel Ojeda as Porfirio. The telenovela caused a sensation and excited great curiosity about the era on its own terms, rather than as the cause of the revolution. Historians have to some extent responded to this curiosity about the era. The published evaluations of the Porfirian regime have gone through three major phases, from the appearance of panegyrics during the era itself, to studies of its policies as provocations for the revolution of 1910, to the appearance of professional scholarship evaluating the period and its successes and failures. The last phase, dating from the 1950s, has benefitted in the 1990s and 2000s from the availability of major archival collections, notably the archive of Porfirio Díaz; the archive of Rafael Chousal, his personal secretary while president; and the archive of José Limantour, his successful secretary of the treasury. More recently, many scholars have undertaken analyses using the methodologies of cultural history, focusing on crime, ethnicity, gender, civic celebrations, and public diversions as a way to discuss everyday life and to incorporate the women, Indians, and working people of the era into the historical narrative. As of 2011 a number of these significant investigations are only available as unpublished dissertations; this will likely change in the near future.
D.W. Griffith
Authors: Merritt Russell 
Published: February 2012

David Wark Griffith (b. 1875–d. 1948) continues to generate a broad range of critical reaction. Although acknowledged as America’s seminal director of narrative film (and certainly the most influential), he is also perceived as being among the most limited. Praise for his mastery of film technique is matched by repeated indictments of his moral, artistic, and intellectual inadequacies. At one extreme he is hailed as a modernist who, especially in his early films, redefined melodrama and the way we perceive time and space; at the other he is attacked for his fervid moralizing and vulgarity. As one critic says of him, “He was an explorer, and he was lost.” Griffith became a famous filmmaker before anyone knew his name. As the anonymous director for the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company (later called the Biograph Company), he made over 450 one- and two-reelers in five years and won both critical and popular acclaim. Griffith was best known for pioneering and refining the mechanics of film form, especially those related to editing, mise-en-scène, and camera composition. His Biographs also became the original showcase for actors like Mary Pickford, Lillian Gish, and other Hollywood film stars. He reached the peak of his popularity and influence in features. Between 1915 and 1920, he released The Birth of a Nation, Intolerance, Broken Blossoms, and Way Down East. He also directed Hearts of the World, a World War I propaganda epic, alone among his early spectacles ignored today. But in 1918 it was the country’s most popular war film, and it rivaled The Birth of a Nation and Way Down East as the most profitable of all Griffith’s features. Griffith also made a much different sort of movie—the pastoral romance. Made on small budgets, Griffith’s pastorals have also received serious critical attention, especially among modern critics. Set in rural towns, Romance of Happy Valley, True Heart Susie, and The Greatest Question are notable for a near-absence of action sequences and overt physical struggles. The main figures (played by Lillian Gish and Bobby Harron) appeared to emerge independent of story line. Even his final rural drama, The White Rose, made with Mae Marsh and set in the Louisiana bayous, has attracted latter-day admirers. He lost his audiences in the mid-1920s and never regained them, although several of his late films—especially “Isn’t Life Wonderful?”Battle of the Sexes, and The Struggle—have been used to argue against the conventional notion of Griffith’s “decline.” Filmmakers ranging from Eisenstein and Abel Gance to Renoir, John Ford, Alfred Hitchcock, and Akira Kurosawa have acknowledged their debt to Griffith, but characteristic of his topsy-turvy reputation, in 1999 the Directors Guild of America removed Griffith’s name from their D. W. Griffith Award for fear of offending recipients.
Jane Campion
Authors: Fox Alistair 
Published: February 2012

Since Jane Campion (b. 1954) was first recognized as a filmmaker of exceptional talent, with the screening of her early short film Peel—An Exercise in Discipline (1982) at the Cannes Film Festival in 1986, she has become acknowledged as one of the most important woman directors of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Especially following the success of The Piano (1993), which won the Palme d’Or at Cannes, and subsequently three Oscars awarded by the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, Campion’s films have been the object of a rapidly expanding body of scholarly appraisals. These studies are clustered around a number of key preoccupations: Campion’s status as an auteur; her representation of a distinctive feminine sensibility in films by a woman, about women, and for women; her relations to feminism; her treatment of sexuality; and the issue of her national and international affiliations. In pursuing these topics, scholars have adopted a variety of approaches, ranging from feminist and psychoanalytic interpretations to industry studies and appraisals grounded in postcolonial theory. Predictably, given her singularity and “quirkiness,” Campion has polarized opinion, with some scholars seeing her as one of the greatest of all filmmakers, while others dismiss her as having sold out to commercial concerns in her later films. Irrespective of the controversies regarding her work, Campion is indisputably a filmmaker of singular genius on account of her harnessing of the arts of cinematic representation to reveal unique and deep insights into female subjectivity. While to New Zealanders and Australians her films open windows to an understanding of the dynamics and effects of their cultural formation, her films appeal equally to international audiences because of their perceived transnational applicability.
LMA Supreme™ vs i‐gel™– a comparison of insertion success in novices
Authors: Ragazzi R. , Finessi L. , Farinelli I. , Alvisi R. , Volta C. A. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryTwo new supraglottic airway devices, the LMA Supreme™ (LMA) and the i‐gel™, offer potential benefits when inserted by inexperienced operators. This study compared the insertion success rate and ventilation profile between the LMA Supreme and the i‐gel when inserted by operators without previous airway management expertise. Following a short lecture and manikin training, airway novices were randomly allocated to insert either the LMA Supreme or the i‐gel into 80 patients undergoing breast surgery. The primary outcome was first‐time success rate, and secondary outcomes were overall success rate, insertion time, airway leak pressure, tidal volume during pressure controlled ventilation at 17 cmH2O, and adverse events. First‐time insertion success rate was significantly higher for the LMA Supreme than the i‐gel (30/39 (77%) vs 22/41 (54%); p = 0.029). Significantly more placement failures occurred with the i‐gel (6 vs 0, p = 0.025). Mean (SD) leak pressure (29 (8) vs 23 (11) cmH2O, p = 0.007) and expired tidal volume (PCV 17 cmH2O) (785 (198) vs 654 (91), p = 0.001) were significantly greater with the LMA Supreme than with the i‐gel, respectively. More patients complained of pharyngolaryngeal pain with the LMA Supreme than with the i‐gel (17/39 (44%) vs 8/41 (20%); p = 0.053). We found better first time success rate, fewer failures, and a better seal with the LMA Supreme compared with the i‐gel, indicating that the LMA Supreme may be preferable for emergency airway use by novices.
Endogenous circadian regulation of carbon dioxide exchange in terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: de Dios Víctor Resco , Goulden Michael L. , Ogle Kiona , Richardson Andrew D. , Hollinger David Y. , Davidson Eric A. , Alday Josu G. , Barron‐Gafford Greg A. , Carrara Arnaud , Kowalski Andrew S. , Oechel Walt C. , Reverter Borja R. , Scott Russell L. , Varner Ruth K. , Díaz‐Sierra Rubén , Moreno José M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIt is often assumed that daytime patterns of ecosystem carbon assimilation are mostly driven by direct physiological responses to exogenous environmental cues. Under limited environmental variability, little variation in carbon assimilation should thus be expected unless endogenous plant controls on carbon assimilation, which regulate photosynthesis in time, are active. We evaluated this assumption with eddy flux data, and we selected periods when net ecosystem exchange (NEE) was decoupled from environmental variability in seven sites from highly contrasting biomes across a 74° latitudinal gradient over a total of 36 site‐years. Under relatively constant conditions of light, temperature, and other environmental factors, significant diurnal NEE oscillations were observed at six sites, where daily NEE variation was between 20% and 90% of that under variable environmental conditions. These results are consistent with fluctuations driven by the circadian clock and other endogenous processes. Our results open a promising avenue of research for a more complete understanding of ecosystem fluxes that integrates from cellular to ecosystem processes.
Size/density compensation in Chloris gayana Kunth cv. Fine Cut subjected to different defoliation regimes
Authors: Martínez Calsina L. , Agnusdei M. G. , Assuero S. G. , Pérez H. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe study evaluated the plasticity of Chloris gayana Kunth cv. Fine Cut to defoliation in terms of tiller size/density compensation (SDC). Twelve mini‐swards were grown in a greenhouse under non‐limiting water and nutrient availabilities for 188 d. Four defoliation treatments were applied as a factorial arrangement of two defoliation frequencies and intensities: 80L, 80H, 100L and 100H (80 and 100 denote percentage of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted at defoliation; L and H denote stubble LAIs of 0·6 and 1·75, respectively). Tiller density, demography, dry weight, leaf area and volume were determined over the final 77 d of the experiment. SDC was observed across 80H and both 100 treatments. The estimated slope of the relationship between tiller size and density was close to −5/2, the deviation from the −3/2 line proposed for undefoliated swards being related to changes in LAI and tiller leaf area/volume ratio. The most severe defoliation regime, 80L, resulted in a lower tiller population density relative to the compensation line, suggesting that this defoliation management shifted the species beyond its range of phenotypic plasticity. Cumulative herbage production was significantly reduced in 80L. Despite the similar herbage production of 80H and both 100 treatments, the former was the most favourable defoliation regime for optimizing leafiness and productivity.
Evolutionary insight from whole‐genome sequencing of experimentally evolved microbes
Authors: DETTMAN JEREMY R. , RODRIGUE NICOLAS , MELNYK ANITA H. , WONG ALEX , BAILEY SUSAN F. , KASSEN REES 
Published: February 2012

AbstractExperimental evolution (EE) combined with whole‐genome sequencing (WGS) has become a compelling approach to study the fundamental mechanisms and processes that drive evolution. Most EE‐WGS studies published to date have used microbes, owing to their ease of propagation and manipulation in the laboratory and relatively small genome sizes. These experiments are particularly suited to answer long‐standing questions such as: How many mutations underlie adaptive evolution, and how are they distributed across the genome and through time? Are there general rules or principles governing which genes contribute to adaptation, and are certain kinds of genes more likely to be targets than others? How common is epistasis among adaptive mutations, and what does this reveal about the variety of genetic routes to adaptation? How common is parallel evolution, where the same mutations evolve repeatedly and independently in response to similar selective pressures? Here, we summarize the significant findings of this body of work, identify important emerging trends and propose promising directions for future research. We also outline an example of a computational pipeline for use in EE‐WGS studies, based on freely available bioinformatics tools.
A mixed double negative feedback loop between the sRNA MicF and the global regulator Lrp
Authors: Holmqvist Erik , Unoson Cecilia , Reimegård Johan , Wagner E. Gerhart H. 
Published: February 2012

SummaryRoughly 10% of all genes in Escherichia coli are controlled by the global transcription factor Lrp, which responds to nutrient availability. Bioinformatically, we identified lrp as one of several putative targets for the sRNA MicF, which is transcriptionally downregulated by Lrp. Deleting micF results in higher Lrp levels, while overexpression of MicF inhibits Lrp synthesis. This effect is by antisense; mutations in the predicted interaction region relieve MicF‐dependent repression of Lrp synthesis, and regulation is restored by compensatory mutations. In vitro, MicF sterically interferes with initiation complex formation and inhibits lrp mRNA translation. In vivo, MicF indirectly activates genes in the Lrp regulon by repressing Lrp, and causes severely impaired growth in minimal medium, a phenotype characteristic of lrp deletion strains. The double negative feedback between MicF and Lrp may promote a switch for adequate Lrp‐dependent adaptation to nutrient availability. Lrp adds to the growing list of transcription factors that are targeted by sRNAs, thus indicating that perhaps the majority of all bacterial genes may be directly or indirectly controlled by sRNAs.
Crinkly4 receptor‐like kinase is required to maintain the interlocking of the palea and lemma, and fertility in rice, by promoting epidermal cell differentiation
Authors: Pu Cui‐Xia , Ma Yun , Wang Jiao , Zhang Yong‐Cun , Jiao Xue‐Wen , Hu Yu‐Hong , Wang Ling‐Ling , Zhu Zheng‐Ge , Sun Daye , Sun Ying 
Published: February 2012

SummaryThe palea and lemma are unique organs in grass plants that form a protective barrier around the floral organs and developing kernel. The interlocking of the palea and lemma is critical for maintaining fertility and seed yield in rice; however, the molecules that control the interlocking structure remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that when OsCR4 mRNA expression was knocked down in rice by RNA interference, the palea and lemma separated at later spikelet stages and gradually turned brown after heading, resulting in the severe interruption of pistil pollination and damage to the development of embryo and endosperm, with defects in aleurone. The irregular architecture of the palea and lemma was caused by tumour‐like cell growth in the outer epidermis and wart‐like cell masses in the inner epidermis. These abnormal cells showed discontinuous cuticles and uneven cell walls, leading to organ self‐fusion that distorted the interlocking structures. Additionally, the faster leakage of chlorophyll, reduced silica content and elevated accumulation of anthocyanin in the palea and lemma indicated a lesion in the protective barrier, which also impaired seed quality. OsCR4 is an active receptor‐like kinase associated with the membrane fraction. An analysis of promoter::GUS reporter plants showed that OsCR4 is specifically expressed in the epidermal cells of paleas and lemmas. Together, these results suggest that OsCR4 plays an essential role in maintaining the interlocking of the palea and lemma by promoting epidermal cell differentiation.
Bad beta good beta, state‐space news decomposition and the cross‐section of stock returns
Authors: Wang Kent , Li Jiawei , Huang Shicheng 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis study employs an innovative market‐based approach, where return on equity (ROE) is employed as a proxy for cash‐flow news and a state‐space model is used for market news decomposition. We document that the bad beta good beta (BBGB) model of Campbell and Vuolteenaho (2004) explains about 30 per cent of the cross‐sectional variations in US stock returns. We also find that the BBGB model adequately explains the size effect leading to its superior performance in this area. Our method controls for the news decomposition method and market news proxies’ bias. We contribute to the literature by providing an alternative easy‐to‐implement and consistent market‐based method for news decomposition.