bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiyear Statistics of 2D Shortwave Radiative Effects at Three ARM Sites
Authors: Várnai Tamás 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This study examines the importance of horizontal photon transport effects, which are not considered in the 1D calculations of solar radiative heating used by most atmospheric dynamical models. In particular, the paper analyzes the difference between 2D and 1D radiative calculations for 2D vertical cross sections of clouds that were observed at three sites over 2–3-yr periods. The results show that 2D effects increase multiyear 24-h average total solar absorption by about 4.1, 1.2, and 0.3 W m−2 at tropical, midlatitude, and arctic sites, respectively. However, 2D effects are often much larger than these average values, especially for high sun and for convective clouds. The results also reveal a somewhat unexpected behavior, namely, that horizontal photon transport often enhances solar heating even for oblique sun. These findings underscore the need for fast radiation calculation methods that can allow atmospheric dynamical simulations to consider the inherently multidimensional nature of shortwave radiative processes.
The Probability Distribution of Sea Surface Wind Speeds: Effects of Variable Surface Stratification and Boundary Layer Thickness
Authors: Monahan Adam Hugh 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Air–sea exchanges of momentum, energy, and material substances of fundamental importance to the variability of the climate system are mediated by the character of the turbulence in the atmospheric and oceanic boundary layers. Sea surface winds influence, and are influenced by, these fluxes. The probability density function (pdf) of sea surface wind speeds p(w) is a mathematical object describing the variability of surface winds that arises from the physics of the turbulent atmospheric planetary boundary layer. Previous mechanistic models of the pdf of sea surface wind speeds have considered the momentum budget of an atmospheric layer of fixed thickness and neutral stratification. The present study extends this analysis, using an idealized model to consider the influence of boundary layer thickness variations and nonneutral surface stratification on p(w). It is found that surface stratification has little direct influence on p(w), while variations in boundary layer thickness bring the predictions of the model into closer agreement with the observations. Boundary layer thickness variability influences the shape of p(w) in two ways: through episodic downward mixing of momentum into the boundary layer from the free atmosphere and through modulation of the importance (relative to other tendencies) of turbulent momentum fluxes at the surface and the boundary layer top. It is shown that the second of these influences dominates over the first.
A Novel Method for the Homogenization of Daily Temperature Series and Its Relevance for Climate Change Analysis
Authors: Toreti Andrea , Kuglitsch Franz G. , Xoplaki Elena , Luterbacher Jürg , Wanner Heinz 
Published: May 2010

AbstractInstrumental daily series of temperature are often affected by inhomogeneities. Several methods are available for their correction at monthly and annual scales, whereas few exist for daily data. Here, an improved version of the higher-order moments (HOM) method, the higher-order moments for autocorrelated data (HOMAD), is proposed. HOMAD addresses the main weaknesses of HOM, namely, data autocorrelation and the subjective choice of regression parameters. Simulated series are used for the comparison of both methodologies. The results highlight and reveal that HOMAD outperforms HOM for small samples. Additionally, three daily temperature time series from stations in the eastern Mediterranean are used to show the impact of homogenization procedures on trend estimation and the assessment of extremes. HOMAD provides an improved correction of daily temperature time series and further supports the use of corrected daily temperature time series prior to climate change assessment.
A Novel Integration of an Ultraviolet Nitrate Sensor On Board a Towed Vehicle for Mapping Open-Ocean Submesoscale Nitrate Variability
Authors: Pidcock Rosalind , Srokosz Meric , Allen John , Hartman Mark , Painter Stuart , Mowlem Matt , Hydes David , Martin Adrian 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Initial results from a deployment of the SUV-6 ultraviolet spectrophotometer, integrated with the SeaSoar towed vehicle, are presented. The innovative, combined system measures nitrate concentration at high spatial resolution (4 m vertically, 5 km horizontally), high sensitivity (0.2 μM), and concomitantly with temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. The authors demonstrate that this approach constitutes a powerful new tool for quantifying the role of mesoscale and submesoscale vertical nutrient fluxes to the euphotic zone, using measurements from a high-resolution survey of an eddy dipole in the Iceland Basin during the summer of 2007.
Low-Level Easterly Winds Blowing through the Tsugaru Strait, Japan. Part I: Case Study and Statistical Characteristics Based on Observations
Authors: Shimada Teruhisa , Sawada Masahiro , Sha Weiming , Kawamura Hiroshi 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This study has investigated structures and diurnal variations of the easterly surface winds blowing throughout the east–west passage comprising the Tsugaru Strait, Mutsu Bay, and circumjacent terrestrial gaps in northern Japan during the summer months. Based on observational and reanalysis data, a representative case study in June 2003 and supplemental statistical analyses are presented. The cool easterly winds accompanied by clouds and fog are blocked by the central mountain range. This condition increases an along-strait sea level pressure (SLP) gradient, which induces strong winds in the west of the strait. The along-strait SLP gradient is enhanced by the developed Okhotsk high and by low pressure systems passing along the southern coast of Japan or over the Japan Sea. Stronger (weaker) and easterly (east-northeasterly) winds are observed during the nighttime (daytime), corresponding to the cool air intrusion from the east (retreat from west). Differences in SLP observed at meteorological observation stations on the east and west can be a good indicator of wind speed in the west of the strait. Meanwhile, the winds over the land also show diurnal variations specific to the times of the prevailing cool easterly winds. The easterly winds over the land are stronger and more divergent across the strait during the daytime than nighttime. This indicates the possibility that the diurnal wind variations are thermally induced. Reduction of diurnal air temperature changes in the east increases east–west thermal contrast. Additionally, the cool air over the strait and the bay can enhance land–sea thermal contrast across the coast.
Repair of Chronic Osteochondral Defects Using Predifferentiated Mesenchymal Stem Cells in an Ovine Model
Authors: Zscharnack Matthias , Hepp Pierre , Richter Robert , Aigner Thomas , Schulz Ronny , Somerson Jeremy , Josten Christoph , Bader Augustinus , Marquass Bastian 
Published: May 2010

Background: The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to treat osteochondral defects caused by sports injuries or disease is of particular interest. However, there is a lack of studies in large-animal models examining the benefits of chondrogenic predifferentiation in vitro for repair of chronic osteochondral defects. Hypothesis: Chondrogenic in vitro predifferentiation of autologous MSCs embedded in a collagen I hydrogel currently in clinical trial use for matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation facilitates the regeneration of a chronic osteochondral defect in an ovine stifle joint. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: The optimal predifferentiation period of ovine MSCs within the type I collagen hydrogel in vitro was defined by assessment of several cellular and molecular biological parameters. For the animal study, osteochondral lesions (diameter 7 mm) were created at the medial femoral condyles of the hind legs in 10 merino sheep. To achieve a chronic defect model, implantation of the ovine MSCs/hydrogel constructs was not performed until 6 weeks after defect creation. The 40 defects were divided into 4 treatment groups: (1) chondrogenically predifferentiated ovine MSC/hydrogel constructs (preMSC-gels), (2) undifferentiated ovine MSC/hydrogel constructs (unMSC-gels), (3) cell-free collagen hydrogels (CF-gels), and (4) untreated controls (UCs). Evaluation followed after 6 months. Results: With regard to proteoglycan content, cell count, gel contraction, apoptosis, compressive properties, and progress of chondrogenic differentiation, a differentiation period of 14 days in vitro was considered optimal. After 6 months in vivo, the defects treated with preMSC-gels showed significantly better histologic scores with morphologic characteristics of hyaline cartilage such as columnarization and presence of collagen type II. Conclusion: Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte transplantation with predifferentiated MSCs may be a promising approach for repair of focal, chronic osteochondral defects. Clinical Relevance: The results suggest an encouraging method for future treatment of focal osteochondral defects to prevent progression to osteoarthritis.
Concurrent visualization of trafficking, expansion, and activation of T lymphocytes and T-cell precursors in vivo
Authors: Na Il-Kang , Markley John C. , Tsai Jennifer J. , Yim Nury L. , Beattie Bradley J. , Klose Alexander D. , Holland Amanda M. , Ghosh Arnab , Rao Uttam K. , Stephan Matthias T. , Serganova Inna , Santos Elmer B. , Brentjens Renier J. , Blasberg Ronald G. , Sadelain Michel , van den Brink Marcel R. M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
We have developed a dual bioluminescent reporter system allowing noninvasive, concomitant imaging of T-cell trafficking, expansion, and activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) in vivo. NFAT activation plays an important role in T-cell activation and T-cell development. Therefore we used this system to determine spatial-temporal activation patterns of (1) proliferating T lymphocytes during graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and (2) T-cell precursors during T-cell development after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In the first days after HSCT, donor T cells migrated to the peripheral lymph nodes and the intestines, whereas the NFAT activation was dominant in the intestines, suggesting an important role for the intestines in the early stages of alloactivation during development of GVHD. After adoptive transfer of in vitro-derived T-cell receptor (TCR) H-Y transgenic T-cell precursors into B6 (H-2b) hosts of both sexes, NFAT signaling and development into CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive cells could only be detected in the thymus of female recipients indicating either absence of positive selection or prompt depletion of double-positive thymocytes in the male recipients. Because NFAT plays an important role in a wide range of cell types, our system could provide new insights into a variety of biologic processes.
Observation versus antiplatelet therapy as primary prophylaxis for thrombosis in low-risk essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Alvarez-Larrán Alberto , Cervantes Francisco , Pereira Arturo , Arellano-Rodrigo Eduardo , Pérez-Andreu Virginia , Hernández-Boluda Juan-Carlos , Ayats Ramón , Salvador Carlos , Muntañola Ana , Bellosillo Beatriz , Vicente Vicente , Hernández-Nieto Luis , Burgaleta Carmen , Xicoy Blanca , Besses Carlos 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy as primary prophylaxis for thrombosis in low-risk essential thrombocythemia (ET) is not proven. In this study, the incidence rates of arterial and venous thrombosis were retrospectively analyzed in 300 low-risk patients with ET treated with antiplatelet drugs as monotherapy (n = 198) or followed with careful observation (n = 102). Follow-up was 802 and 848 person-years for antiplatelet therapy and observation, respectively. Rates of thrombotic events were 21.2 and 17.7 per 1000 person-years for antiplatelet therapy and observation, respectively (P = .6). JAK2 V617F–positive patients not receiving antiplatelet medication showed an increased risk of venous thrombosis (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 4.0; 95% CI: 1.2-12.9; P = .02). Patients with cardiovascular risk factors had increased rates of arterial thrombosis while on observation (IRR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.02-6.1; P = .047). An increased risk of major bleeding was observed in patients with platelet count greater than 1000 × 109/L under antiplatelet therapy (IRR: 5.4; 95% CI: 1.7-17.2; P = .004). In conclusion, antiplatelet therapy reduces the incidence of venous thrombosis in patients with JAK2-positive ET and the rate of arterial thrombosis in patients with associated cardiovascular risk factors. In the remaining low-risk patients, this therapy is not effective as primary prophylaxis of thrombosis, and observation may be an adequate option.
Altered neuronatin expression in the rat dorsal root ganglion after sciatic nerve transection
Authors: Chen Kuan-Hung , Yang Chien-Hui , Cheng Jiin-Tsuey , Wu Chih-Hsien , Sy Wei-Dih , Lin Chung-Ren 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
Several molecular changes occur following axotomy, such as gene up-regulation and down-regulation. In our previous study using Affymetrix arrays, it was found that after the axotomy of sciatic nerve, there were many novel genes with significant expression changes. Among them, neuronatin (Nnat) was the one which expression was significantly up-regulated. Nnat was identified as a gene selectively expressed in neonatal brains and markedly reduced in adult brains. The present study investigated whether the expression of Nnat correlates with symptoms of neuropathic pain in adult rats with transected sciatic nerve.

Methods
Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and the Randall and Selitto test were used to study the protein content, and subcellular localization of Nnat in correlation with pain-related animal behavior.

Results
It was found that after nerve injury, the expression of Nnat was increased in total protein extracts. Unmyelinated C-fiber and thinly myelinated A-δ fiber in adult dorsal root ganglions (DRGs) were the principal sub-population of primary afferent neurons with distributed Nnat. The increased expression of Nnat and its subcellular localization were related to mechanical hyperalgesia.

Conclusions
The results indicated that there was significant correlation between mechanical hyperalgesia in axotomy of sciatic nerve and the increased expression of Nnat in C-fiber and A-δ fiber of adult DRG neurons.
WriteSim TCExam - An open source text simulation environment for training novice researchers in scientific writing
Authors: Shah Jatin , Rajgor Dimple , Vaghasia Meenakshi , Phadtare Amruta , Pradhan Shreyasee , Carvalho Elias , Pietrobon Ricardo 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
The ability to write clearly and effectively is of central importance to the scientific enterprise. Encouraged by the success of simulation environments in other biomedical sciences, we developed WriteSim TCExam, an open-source, Web-based, textual simulation environment for teaching effective writing techniques to novice researchers. We shortlisted and modified an existing open source application - TCExam to serve as a textual simulation environment. After testing usability internally in our team, we conducted formal field usability studies with novice researchers. These were followed by formal surveys with researchers fitting the role of administrators and users (novice researchers)

Results
The development process was guided by feedback from usability tests within our research team. Online surveys and formal studies, involving members of the Research on Research group and selected novice researchers, show that the application is user-friendly. Additionally it has been used to train 25 novice researchers in scientific writing to date and has generated encouraging results.

Conclusion
WriteSim TCExam is the first Web-based, open-source textual simulation environment designed to complement traditional scientific writing instruction. While initial reviews by students and educators have been positive, a formal study is needed to measure its benefits in comparison to standard instructional methods.
TGF-β1 blockade of microglial chemotaxis toward Aβ aggregates involves SMAD signaling and down-regulation of CCL5
Authors: Huang Wei-Chao , Yen Feng-Chang , Shie Feng-Shiun , Pan Chih-Ming , Shiao Young-Ji , Yang Cheng-Ning , Huang Fong-Lee , Sung Yen-Jen , Tsay Huey-Jen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackgroundOveractivated microglia that cluster at neuritic plaques constantly release neurotoxins, which actively contribute to progressive neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, attenuating microglial clustering can reduce focal neuroinflammation at neuritic plaques. Previously, we identified CCL5 and CCL2 as prominent chemokines that mediate the chemotaxis of microglia toward beta-amyloid (Aβ)aggregates. Although transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has been shown to down-regulate the expression of chemokines in activated microglia, whether TGF-β1 can reduce the chemotaxis of microglia toward neuritic plaques in AD remains unclear.MethodsIn the present study, we investigated the effects of TGF-β1 on Aβ-induced chemotactic migration of BV-2 microglia using time-lapse recording, transwell assay, real-time PCR, ELISA, and western blotting.ResultsThe cell tracing results suggest that the morphological characteristics and migratory patterns of BV-2 microglia resemble those of microglia in slice cultures. Using this model system, we discovered that TGF-β1 reduces Aβ-induced BV-2 microglial clustering in a dose-dependent manner. Chemotactic migration of these microglial cells toward Aβ aggregates was significantly attenuated by TGF-β1. However, these microglia remained actively moving without any reduction in migration speed. Pharmacological blockade of TGF-β1 receptor I (ALK5) by SB431542 treatment reduced the inhibitory effects of TGF-β1 on Aβ-induced BV-2 microglial clustering, while preventing TGF-β1-mediated cellular events, including SMAD2 phosphorylation and CCL5 down-regulation.ConclusionsOur results suggest that TGF-β1 reduces Aβ-induced microglial chemotaxis via the SMAD2 pathway. The down-regulation of CCL5 by TGF-β1 at least partially contributes to the clustering of microglia at Aβ aggregates. The attenuating effects of SB431542 upon TGF-β1-suppressed microglial clustering may be mediated by restoration of CCL5 to normal levels. TGF-β1 may ameliorate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in AD by preventing activated microglial clustering at neuritic plaques.
Kinematics of flight and the relationship to the vortex wake of a Pallas' long tongued bat (Glossophaga soricina)
Authors: Wolf Marta , Johansson L. Christoffer , von Busse Rhea , Winter York , Hedenström Anders 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYTo obtain a full understanding of the aerodynamics of animal flight, the movement of the wings, the kinematics, needs to be connected to the wake left behind the animal. Here the detailed 3D wingbeat kinematics of bats, Glossophaga soricina, flying in a wind tunnel over a range of flight speeds (1–7 m s−1) was determined from high-speed video. The results were compared with the wake geometry and quantitative wake measurements obtained simultaneously to the kinematics. The wingbeat kinematics varied gradually with flight speed and reflected the changes observed in the wake of the bats. In particular, several of the kinematic parameters reflected the differences in the function of the upstroke at low and high flight speeds. At lower flight speeds the bats use a pitch-up rotation to produce a backward flick which creates thrust and some weight support. At higher speeds this mechanism disappears and the upstroke generates weight support but no thrust. This is reflected by the changes in e.g. angle of attack, span ratio, camber and downstroke ratio. We also determined how different parameters vary throughout a wingbeat over the flight speeds studied. Both the camber and the angle of attack varied over the wingbeat differently at different speeds, suggesting active control of these parameters to adjust to the changing aerodynamic conditions. This study of the kinematics strongly indicates that the flight of bats is governed by an unsteady high-lift mechanism at low flight speeds and points to differences between birds and bats.
Rotational behaviour of encapsulated pond snail embryos in diverse natural environments
Authors: Shartau Ryan B. , Harris Stephanie , Boychuk Evelyn C. , Goldberg Jeffrey I. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYEncapsulated freshwater pond snail embryos display a cilia-driven rotation behaviour that is stimulated by artificially induced hypoxia. Previous studies have suggested that the mixing effect of this behaviour causes enhanced oxygen delivery to embryos within their egg capsules. Despite extensive laboratory-based studies describing this behaviour, it is unclear how this behaviour is used to cope with changes in oxygen concentration and other environmental factors in natural water bodies. We made field measurements of embryo rotation rates in laboratory-reared Helisoma trivolvis embryos placed in ponds of different trophic levels that ranged geographically from the southern Alberta prairie to the Rocky Mountains. Abiotic factors including temperature, pH, conductivity and water oxygen concentration were measured to understand how embryonic rotation is influenced by environmental conditions. Results showed that H. trivolvis embryos exhibit differences in rotational behaviour depending on the environmental conditions. Temperature and oxygen concentration were the primary factors significantly affecting rotation rates. The effect of oxygen concentration on rotation rates was not as widespread as observed under laboratory conditions, probably because the measured oxygen concentrations were above the range that influences embryonic rotation in the laboratory. The rotational behaviour of laboratory-reared Lymnaea stagnalis provided confirmation that embryos of other encapsulated pulmonates exhibit a similar rotational response in natural environments. These results suggest that embryo rotation is influenced by a complex interplay of environmental factors.
The Removal of 2-Phenylphenol from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Organoclays
Authors: Seki Yoko , Ogawa Makoto 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The adsorption of 2-phenylphenol onto organically pillared clays (a natural montmorillonite and a synthetic saponite) was investigated. Organoammonium salts used for the clay modification were trimethylphenylammonium bromide, 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyltrimethylammonium bromide, and neostigmine bromide. All the organically pillared clays adsorbed 2-phenylphenol from water. The adsorbed amount of 2-phenylphenol was smaller as the cation-exchange capacity of host was larger, showing possible pore volume engineering.
Oppositane-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Formosan Soft Coral Sinularia leptoclados
Authors: Huang Chiung-Yao , Su Jui-Hsin , Liu Yung-Chun , Wen Zhi-Hong , Hsu Chi-Hsin , Chiang Michael Y , Sheu Jyh-Horng 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Two new natural products, the oppositane-type sesquiterpenoids leptocladolins A and B (1 and 2), along with two known compounds 1β-hydroxy-6α-acetoxyeudesm-4(15)-ene (3) and 1β,6α-dihydroxyeudesm-4(15)-ene (4) were obtained from a Formosan soft coral Sinularia leptoclados. The relative structures of 1 and 3 were confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The absolute structures of 1 and 3 were determined by the Mosher’s method. It was found that 4 significantly inhibited the upregulation of pro-inflammatory iNOS protein in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.