bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yield and Quality of Alfalfa as Influenced by Additions of S to P and K Fertilizations under Greenhouse Conditions1
Authors: Martel Y. A. , Zizka J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) obtains sulfur from soil reserve, air, and rainfall. These sources of S may need to be supplemented with fertilizer S in normal superphosphate to produce optimum yields. The objective of this work was to determine the need of alfalfa in S fertilization in relation with the addition of P and K normally used on Quebec soils. Alfalfa ‘Rambler’ was grown in the greenhouse and supplied with P, K, and S. A total of 18 treatments and 3 replicates were used on two types of soils — a Humaquept (silty clay Kamouraska) and a Haplorthod (sandy‐loam St. André). Dry matter yields and uptake of N, P, K and S by the crop were significantly increased by the addition of S. The increases were more important on the silty clay than on the sandy loam soil. Responses of alfalfa to S were greater than to the addition of P and K. Critical concentrations of S in the crop were found to be 0.10% on the sandy loam and 0.12% on the silty clay soil and appear to be as good an index as N:S ratios to determine S deficiency in alfalfa. Results of this study showed the importance of S fertilization to improve the output of alfalfa on both clay and sandy soils. They suggest that the growing use of concentrated fertilizers containing little S can lead eventually to deficiencies in the plants if other sources of S are not added to normal P and K fertilization.
Effects of Deproteinized Alfalfa Juice Applied to Alfalfa ‐ Bromegrass, Bromegrass, and Corn1
Authors: Ream H. W. , Smith Dale , Walgenbach R. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNutrient and dry matter losses when harvesting alfalfa Medicago sativa L.) in humid areas of the U.S. are often 15 to 30% or more. A harvesting system designed to minimize these losses, in which standing alfalfa is chopped in the field, pressed to reduce moisture, and the juice processed to extract protein, has been under investigation. When alfalfa is processed in this manner, the products are a pressed forage that is ensiled, a protein concentrate feed, and deproteinized alfalfa juice (DAJ). The DAJ constitutes over half of the weight of the harvested green alfalfa and must be disposed of to avoid pollution problems. Alfalfa requires a high level of soil fertility to produce maximum yields of forage. DAJ contains relatively large amounts of N and K, as well as smaller amounts of P, Ca, Mg, and micro‐elements. The objective of these field experiments was to determine the effects of DAJ from first crop alfalfa applied as a fertilizer. DAJ was applied at annual rates of 0, 0.625, 1.25, and 2.5 cm to an alfalfa‐bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) mixture, pure bromegrass, and corn (Zea mays L.). Increased yields of all three crops were obtained with the annual application of 1.25 cm of DAJ. Plant damage and yield reductions occurred to alfalfa and corn when DAJ was applied at rates of 2.5 cm, with only minor damage to bromegrass. Per hectare yields of crude protein were increased by fertilizing with DAJ. Available P and exchangeable K in the soil generally increased with each increment of DAJ applied, and pH was maintained at satisfactory levels as a result of Ca and Mg additions from DAJ. It was concluded that DAJ applied at rates up to 1.25 cm annually can increase production of alfalfa, bromegrass, and corn. Rates higher than this results in injury or damage to plants, the cause of which has not been ascertained.
Seedbed Requirements for Germination of Sandberg Bluegrass1
Authors: Evans Raymond A. , Young James A. , Roundy Bruce A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSandberg bluegrass (Poa sandbergii Vasey) is an important range forage species in western North America. If a commercial source of seed were available, Sandberg bluegrass would be a valuable species for revegetating range‐lands. Our purpose was to investigate the germination of seeds (caryopses) of Sandberg bluegrass. Seeds were placed in petri dishes and germinated in incubators with constant and alternating temperatures ranging from −6, −4, −2, 0, 2, 5 C, and 5‐degree increments through 40 C. Each of 85 regimes consisted of 16 hours at cold and 8 hours at all possible warmer temperatures. Germination with and without soil and litter coverage was investigated in clay and sandy loam seedbeds in the greenhouse. Also, the effects of simulated litter on germination was investigated in saturated atmospheres in the laboratory. After a 6 months' afterripening requirement was satisfied, Sandberg bluegrass seeds germinated over a wide range of temperatures from −2 to 35 C. Optimum temperatures for germination, those giving maximum germination and not being significantly different (p = 0.01) from each other, varied among years, but 5, 10, and 15/20 C were consistent in this group. Most rapid germination occurred consistently at 15/15 and 15/25 C. Germination on the soil surface was limited unless coverage was provided. Burial greater than 3 cm inhibited emergence. Seeds of Sandberg bluegrass germinating in a simulated litter environment failed to develop roots although coleoptiles elongated normally. Germination requirements will not limit the usefulness of Sandberg bluegrass as a revegetation species as long as the constraints imposed by afterripening and soil or litter coverage are recognized.
Effect of Soil Al Saturation on Nutrient Concentration of Soybean Tops, Roots, and Nodules1
Authors: Sartain J. B. , Kamprath E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA small amount of information is available on the effects of Al saturation on the nutrient concentration of different plant components. This manuscript presents data showing the former relative to the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. To study the effects of varying exchangeable Al saturation on the concentration of P, Ca, Mg, and Al in the tops, primary roots, lateral roots, and nodules of soybeans, a randomized complete block greenhouse experiment using 12 soybean cultivars and three soil Al saturation levels was established. The soil was a Lynchburg sandy loam (Aeric Ochraquult). Soil Al saturation levels were established by adding various amounts of lime. Soil Al saturation had no effect on the P concentration of the tops. Root P concentration was significantly higher at 81% Al saturation than at 28 and 4%. Nodules had a much higher P concentration than the other plant parts. The calcium concentration of all plant parts was increased with increasing additions of CaCO3. Tops contained the highest Ca concentration and nodules the lowest. Aluminum saturation levels of 81 and 28% did not significantly affect the Mg concentration of the tops and primary roots. The Mg concentration of the nodules decreased as AI saturation decreased due primarily to a dilution effect. Tops and nodules contained approximately twice as much Mg as the root components. Top and root Al concentration was reduced by 53 and 30%, respectively, when the Al saturation was reduced from 81 to 28%. Aluminum concentration of tops was 6, 2, and 8% of the primary roots, lateral roots, and nodules, respectively at 81% Al saturation. Top growth and nodule number increased as the Al saturation was reduced from 28 to 4%, however, very little change occurred in the Al concentration of the tops over this range. Thus, growth responses of soybeans to reduction of soil Al saturation below 28% appears to be due to pH effects and/or Ca supply.
Effects of N, P, Liming, and Mo on Nutrition and Grain Yield of Pigeon Pea1
Authors: Dalal R. C. , Quilt P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPigeon peas (Cajanus cajan L. (Millsp.)) have considerable potential as a tropical legume. Intensive research work is underway to study the various aspects of pigeon peas production in the Caribbean region. This investigation was undertaken to study the response of N, P, and Mo fertilizers and liming to the grain yield of pigeon peas. The field experiment was conducted on a River Estate loam, a fluventic eutropept, at the University Field Station, Trinidad. The main treatments, N (0, 12, 20, and 30 kg N/ha), P (0, 50, 100, and 250 kg P/ha), and lime (0. 1,250, 2,500, and 5,000 kg CaCO3/ ha) were arranged in blocks in a modified central composite design. The subtreatment, Mo was applied at two rates (0 and 0.25 kg/ha) on two blocks each. Nitrogen fixation, as measured by acetylene reduction assay, nodule weight, dry matter and grain yield, and nutrient uptake by pigeon peas, were observed. Although the fertilizer N significantly reduced N fixation, the total K arid N uptake, grain yield, and Fe and Cu concentration in the plant were not affected. Applied Mo had no effect or any of the plant parameters considered, possibly because it was present in sufficient amounts in soil. Liming significantly increased total Ca, Mg, and P uptake by pigeon peas but significantly decreased Mn concentration in the plant by raising soil pH. Fertilizer P significantly increased dry matter yield (at 6 weeks of crop growth) and total P uptake but significantly decreased Zn concentration in the plant. The tendency for increasing grain yield with higher rates of liming and especially that of P suggested that the optimum rates of P and liming should be further studied.
Measurement of Radish Root Enlargement under Mechanical Stress1
Authors: Kibreab Tadesse , Danielson Robert E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvaluation of the force that can be exerted by enlarging plant roots, and comparison with that required to deform the soil, will help to identify the influence of soil mechanical properties on plant growth. A growth chamber study was made to evaluate the rate of enlargement of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) roots as influenced by level of applied pressure and to determine the maximum pressure against which the roots could expand.Special cells were designed to measure the growth rate of the roots against the applied pressure. The procedure involved compressing the storage root by gas pressure against a liquid; and the liquid and root being separated by a membrane. The storage root enlarged against the membrane. The secondary roots extended outside of the pressure cell into an aerated nutrient solution and the leaves were exposed to light and air under controlled conditions of an environmental chamber. Volume change of the roots was periodically determined and after harvest the final volume and weight was obtained. Osmotic potential of root extracts was also determined.The rate of root enlargement decreased with applied stress. Volume and weight at harvest decreased in a logarithmic manner with applied pressure. The limiting pressure for radish root enlargement was estimated to be about 8.5 bars. Osmotic potential of root extract was closely related to applied pressure. It is suggested that the origin of forces exerted by the root is from higher turgor pressure induced by osmotic concentration of sap.
Potassium Influx Characteristics of Corn Roots and Interaction with N, P, Ca, and Mg Influx1
Authors: Claassen N. , Barber S. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAt K levels usually found in soil solution, K influx characteristics of plant roots can be described by Michaelis‐ Menten kinetics. When only part of the roots are supplied with K, plant uptake of K may be reduced, causing a reduction in K concentration in the plant and this, in turn, may also reduce plant growth. Knowledge of how K distribution in the root zone influences K uptake by the plant is important in developing efficient practices of K fertilization. The objective of this research was to determine the K influx characteristics of corn (Zea mays L.) roots and investigate how supplying only part of the roots with K influences both K influx and N, P, Ca, and Mg influx. Four split‐root experiments were conducted in solution culture. Corn was grown from 7 to 17 days with varying proportions of the root system supplied with K. Reducing the proportion of roots in K reduced K uptake by the plant; however, the K influx of the K‐supplied roots increased up to 2.6 times that of roots on plants where all roots were supplied with K. Presence or absence of K in the solution bathing the roots did not affect root growth in these experiments. Two additional experiments were conducted to produce plants having varying shoot K levels for use in measuring K. influx characteristics. Analysis of all six experiments showed an inverse curvilinear relation between %K in the shoot and maximum K influx into the root (R2= 0.74). Comparison of K influx by K‐supplied‐roots and roots originally in solution without K that were attached to the same shoot indicated the K level in the shoot had a greater effect on K influx than K level of the root. Magnesium influx increased as K concentration in the plant decreased. Magnesium influx was much greater on the K‐absent side than on the K‐present side of the split‐root system. Nitrogen influx was greater on the K‐present than on the K‐absent side.
Sensitivity Analysis of SIMED1
Authors: Schreiber M. M. , Miles G. E. , Holt D. A. , Bula R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSIMED, a basic crop growth model for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), uses weather data to predict the physiological rates which over time control the accumulation of dry matter in the leaves, stem, and roots. The objective of the work presented was to demonstrate the response of SIMED to two of the most important environmental variables, temperature and solar radiation, and to compare its response to current information on alfalfa growth.Computer simulations can be conducted to determine how a crop responds to wide ranges and many combinations of environmental factors. Such sensitivity analyses were made using combinations of five temperature and five solar radiation regimes for a period of 6 weeks, representing early spring growth or regrowth following a harvest. Data on herbage yield and crop growth rate indicate the interaction of these two important environmental parameters on alfalfa growth. Plants grown at lower temperatures maintain vegetative growth for longer periods than those grown at high temperatures. Also, radiation levels exert less influence on alfalfa crop growth rates as temperatures increase. These data further illustrate the importance of maturity factors and temperature factors utilized in the physiological rates computed in SIMED.
Amino Acid Composition of Cicer Milkvetch Forage1
Authors: Kaldy M. S. , Smoliak S. , Hanna M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) is a hardy and persistent forage legume that has potential in some regions of western Canada. This study was undertaken to determine the amino acid composition and protein quality of cicer milkvetch in comparison with that of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Samples of both legumes were harvested at the mid‐ to late‐bud stage of growth from a replicated field test on an Orthic Dark Brown Chernozem soil developed on alluvial parent material (Lethbridge loam). Samples were dried at 70 C for 20 hours and then analyzed for 18 amino acids. The limiting amino acid in both legumes is methionine. The protein score, an estimation of protein quality for monogastric animals, was calculated for both forage legumes. It was 67 for cicer milkvetch and 70 for alfalfa relative to 100 for “ideal protein”, as defined by FAO‐WHO Expert Group (1965). Therefore, the nutritional quality of cicer milkvetch protein is similar to that of alfalfa as a supplement to cereal proteins for monogastric animals.
Nitrogen Fertilization of Soybeans1
Authors: Sorensen R. C. , Penas E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen fertilization of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) has given variable results in increasing soybean yields. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent and magnitude of yield increases of soybeans from N fertilization on soils of the Sharpsburg‐Marshall association in Nebraska, and to determine factors to assist in identification of conditions conducive to N induced yield increases. Experimentation with N rates of zero to 224 kg N/ha applied to soybeans was carried out at 13 sites on farmers' fields over a 3‐year period. Yield increases were observed at 9 of the 13 sites. Plant N concentration was increased at 7 sites. Increases in yields were not necessarily related to increase in plant N content; but were closely related to increase in seed size. Where effects were observed, seed yield, plant N content, and seed size were generally linearly related to rate of N application. Regression analyses were performed to determine factors which were related to the occurrence of N response. The factors found were soil pH, soil organic matter content, and yield level.
Tall Fescue Tiller Weights, Green Forage Present, and Forage IVDMD1
Authors: Beaty E. R. , Dobson James W. , Smith A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., grows well in the upper South, but following initial growth in the spring, forage quality as measured by animal performance is generally low. Forage quality generally declines from spring to summer and data on forage quality in the summer and fall as related to management are badly needed. To characterize forage present after several months of growth this investigation was undertaken.Tillers were collected in October from an experiment with whole plots having clipping schedules of (A) monthly/year‐long, (B) monthly September to May, (C) monthly December to May, and (D) each time forage reached a height of 15 cm. Split plots were N rates of 56 and 224 kg/ha and split‐split plots were clipping heights of 5 and 10 cm. Data collected were tiller weight, percent green and dead forage of tillers, dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of each, percent green forage/swards, and tillers/dm2. Weights varied from approximately 0.1 to 0.5 g/tiller and were largely determined by clipping frequency and height. Green forage/tiller averaged 56.1%, and other than height of clipping, was largely independent of all applied treatments other than years. Green forage as a percent of all forage present averaged 29.9. Green forage IVDMD averaged 70.9%, and dead forage 42.4%.The amount of dead forage and its low digestibility would appear to be the dominant factor in determining the digestibility of tall fescue forage. None of the clipping treatments affected a major reduction in the accumulation of dead forage. Defoliation schemes to be effective in maintaining green forage may require harvesting at lower heights than were used in this study. Additional research would be required to develop improved harvesting methods but opportunities for improvement are sizable and progress should be rapid.
Effects of Cultural Practices on Grain Yield of Irrigated Wheat1
Authors: Day A. D. , Jackson E. B. , Alemu Aschalew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen is the principal fertilizer element in the production of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). More effective combinations of N fertilization and cultural practices may further increase the yield and quality of wheat grain. Wheat is sometimes grown on beds in the southwestern U.S. Experiments were conducted at Yuma, Ariz. to study the effects of N fertilizer treatments in combination with methods of planting and row positions on beds, on the yield and quality of wheat grain. Six N fertilizer treatments (34, 17 + 17, 68, 34 + 34, 136, and 68 + 68 kg/ha), two methods of planting (on the flat and on beds), and four row positions on beds (north, south, east, and west) were evaluated.Flat plantings resulted in higher wheat grain yields than did bed plantings; however, bed plantings produced higher grain volume‐weights. Within planting methods, N fertilizer treatments did not significantly influence grain yields or grain volume‐weights. Grain yield components (number of heads per unit area, number of seeds per head, and seed weight) were similar for both plantng methods. When wheat was grown on beds with an east‐west orientation, the higher rates of N fertilizer resulted in more heads per unit area, more seeds per head, and higher grain yields than did the lower N treatments. The south row position on east‐west beds produced more heads per unit area, more seeds per head, and higher grain yields than did the north row position.Wheat grown on beds with an east‐west orientation produced more heads per unit area, more seeds per head, and higher grain yields than did wheat produced on beds oriented in a north‐south direction. Wheat responded to N fertilization when grown on both flat and bed plantings during the winter months in the Southwest.
Nitrate and Ammonium Uptake by Rooted Cuttings of Sweet Potato1
Authors: Munn D. A. , Jackson W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen uptake by rooted cuttings of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] has not been studied extensively although “slips” (rooted sprouts) are the normal plant part used in commercial propagation. Experiments with rooted cuttings of sweet potato, cultivar ‘Jewell’, were conducted in solution culture to investigate the effects of ambient acidity and the presence and concentration effects of ammonium and nitrate on rates of nitrate and ammonium uptake. Plant stem cuttings were rooted in Hoagland's solution (plus or minus nitrate) then transferred to 980 ml containers of experimental solutions. In experiment I rates of N uptake from 0.1 mM NH4NO3 were measured at pH of 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5. In experiment II rates of N uptake were measured from 0.1 mM solutions with and without the presence of the ammonium in the case of nitrate uptake and vice versa. In experiment III nitrate uptake was measured from 0.1 mM nitrate without ammonium and in the presence of 0.1 mM and 1 mM ammonium. Solutions were sampled periodically and analyzed for nitrate, ammonium, and K. Nitrate uptake rate was decreased by increasing ambient pH while ammonium uptake rate was increased. Presence of ambient ammonium at equimolar concentration decreased rate of nitrate uptake ,∼30% at pH 5.5. However, a tenfold increase in ammonium concentration did not further reduce rate of nitrate uptake although rate of ammonium uptake was doubled. Presence of equimolar nitrate had no effect on rate of ammonium uptake at 0.1 mM ammonium. Efflux of K to initially K‐free solutions was increased by ambient ammonium, but a transition from K efflux to influx occurred without a consistent change in rates of ammonium or nitrate uptake. A suggestion is made that two components of nitrate uptake by sweet potato roots exist, one of which is assumed to be associated with nitrate reductase and inhibited by ammonium.
Segmental Liming of Soil and Its Effect on the Growth of Wheat1
Authors: Kauffman M. D. , Gardner E. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of fertilizers and the leaching of basic cations from the soil by winter rain and irrigation have resulted in the acidification of soils and the need for lime applications to most crops grown in western Oregon. As the cost of spreading lime often exceeds $20.00 per ton, there is a need to examine the feasibility of reducing liming rates through partial mixing of lime with the soil. The effects of mixing 2.2, 6.7, and 11.2 ton/ha of lime with 10, 30, 60, and 100% of the soil volume on the growth of Nugaines wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied using an acid Dayton silt loam soil in a growth chamber. The soil was placed in boxes measuring 30 on wide × 30 cm deep × 1 cm thick with the limed soil being located in equispaced vertical columns. Maximum wheat growth resulted when 6.7 ton/ha of lime was mixed with 30% of the soil. Root growth characteristics in limed and unlimed soil illustrated the chemotropic characteristics of the wheat roots with aluminum toxicity symptoms occurring in unlimed soil and where 2.2 ton/ha of lime was mixed with more than 30% of the soil. The water potential of wheat plants was increased when the root growth was reduced by soil acidity.