bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of solvent on surface wettability of electrospun polyphosphazene nanofibers
Authors: Lin Yi‐Jun , Cai Qing , Li Qi‐Fang , Xue Li‐Wei , Jin Ri‐Guang , Yang Xiao‐Ping 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo kinds of biodegradable polymers, poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and poly[(alanino ethyl ester)0.67 (glycino ethyl ester)0.33 phosphazene] (PAGP), were electrospun by using four different solvents. All PCL nanofibrous mats had similar surface water contact angles independent of solvents. However, it was found that the water contact angles of PAGP nanofibrous mats were 102.2° ± 2.3°, 113.5° ± 2.2°, 115.8° ± 1.4°, and 119.1° ± 0.7°, respectively, when trifluoroethanol, chloroform, dichloromethane, and tetrahydrofuran were used as a solvent. This difference was supposed mainly due to phosphorous and nitrous atoms in PAGP being dragged to fiber surface with solvent evaporation during the solidification of nanofibers, because of the strong interaction between positive phosphorous atoms and electronegative atoms in solvents. This interaction was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared, and the accumulation of phosphorous and nitrous atoms in the solvent‐casting PAGP film surface was identified by X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry analysis. PCL samples did not show the solvent‐controlled surface wettability because it contained fewer polar atoms. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The structure change of dynamically fatigued unfilled natural rubber vulcanizates
Authors: Zhang Ping , Shi Xinyan , Li Junge , Yu Guangshui , Zhao Shugao 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe submicrostructure of dynamically fatigued unfilled natural rubber vulcanizates was investigated by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). AFM photographs showed the sample surface roughness became worse after tensile fatigue and the largest surface undulation was as twice that of the unfatigued sample. SEM photographs showed that many micropores of 101–102 nm, a sort of defect, occurred on the cross section of samples after tensile fatigue. The surface roughness became weaker and the size of the micropore was reduced to a few to dozens of nanometers with the addition of antiaging agent N‐(1,3‐dimethyl butyl butyl)‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylene diamine (4020); furthermore, the mechanical properties and dynamic viscoelastic properties in the later period of fatigue changed much. E′ decreased greatly and tan δ increased obviously with the extension of fatigue. It indicated that 4020 was only effective in the early period of tensile fatigue.© 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of polymer solution concentration on the swelling and mechanical properties of glycol chitosan superporous hydrogels
Authors: Park Joohyang , Kim Dukjoon 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study examined the effect of the polymer solution concentration on the swelling and mechanical properties of glycol chitosan (GCS) superporous hydrogels (SPHs). GCS SPHs were synthesized using a gas blowing method using glyoxal as the crosslinking agent at different polymer solution concentrations. A small change in the GCS solution concentration resulted in a remarkable change in compression strength and swelling kinetics without any significant loss in equilibrium water imbibing capacity. The increase in mechanical strength accompanied by the decrease in swelling kinetics was caused by the generation of smaller pores during the gelation process of the reactant systems associated with a higher polymer solution viscosity. The apparent diffusion coefficients for a variety of GCS/simulated gastric fluid solution systems were determined from the theoretical fitting of experimental dynamic swelling data, explaining the effects of the solution concentration and crosslinking density on the swelling kinetics. The diffusion coefficients determined in this study are expected to be used as the basic information in estimating the swelling kinetics of samples in different dimension. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and properties of chlorosulfonated polyethylene/organomontmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Gu Zheng , Song Guojun , Liu Weisheng , Gao Jianming , Dou Wei , Lu Ping 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE)/organomontmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites were prepared by a melt intercalation method. The microstructure of the nanocomposites was characterized by transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The effects of the OMMT content on the mechanical properties and swelling behavior of the nanocomposites were investigated. The improvement in the thermal stability of the nanocomposites was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction showed that CSPE was intercalated into OMMT. When the OMMT content was lower than 12 wt %, the nanocomposites showed excellent tensile properties, which was attributed to nanometer‐scale dispersion. The introduction of a small amount of OMMT also improved the thermal stability and swelling behavior, which was attributed to the gas barrier action of the OMMT layers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of rice husk (RH) particle size, glass fiber (GF) length, RH/GF ratio, and addition of coupling agent on the mechanical and physical properties of polypropylene‐RH‐GF hybrid composites
Authors: Rozman H. D. , Zuliahani A. , Tay G. S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) hybrid composites based on rice husk (RH) with different particle size and glass fiber (GF) with different length were prepared. The composites were subjected to mechanical and water immersion tests. From the results obtained, it was found that the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites were strongly dependent on the size of RH particle and length of GF. It could be further enhanced with the presence of coupling agent. In this study, two types of coupling agents, i.e., Epolene E‐43 (E‐43) and 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)‐propylmethacrylate (TPM), were employed. In general, E‐43 imparted significant improvement in the mechanical properties. From the water immersion results, it was found that the hydrophobicity of the composites was increased with the presence of coupling agent. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect on rebinding behavior with different composition and structure of the dually imprinted alginate polymer microspheres using proteins and o/w emulsion drops as dual templates
Authors: Ying Xiaoguang , Zhang Fengju , Zhang Liguang , Cheng Guoxiang 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this study, the dually imprinted alginate polymer microspheres are prepared using proteins and o/w emulsion drops as dual templates with different structure and composition such as the content of hydroxylethyl cellulose (HEC), crosslinking degree, and porous size, etc. The rebinding tests are carried on egg white albumin (EA) protein imprinted alginate polymer microspheres with interpenetrating networks (IPNs) under various conditions like ionic strength, temperature, protein concentration, and pH value. Results showed that the IPNs with alginate and HEC by covalent bond influence the rigidity and swelling properties. Porous structure formed by introducing emulsion drops into alginate hydrogel has effect on the permeability and specific surface area of the polymer microspheres. The variation rule of rebinding behavior according to different HEC content and pore diameters reveals macromolecular imprinting effect to be different with pure pore creating effect compared with the emulsion imprinting effect. Moreover, the macromolecular and emulsion dually imprinting‐rebinding tests verify the co‐existing macromolecular imprinting effect and pore creating effect of emulsion imprinting. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Blends of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)/polyamide 6 toughened by maleated polystyrene‐based copolymers: Mechanical properties, morphology, and rheology
Authors: Li Bo , Wan Chaoying , Zhang Yong , Ji Jiliang 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPoly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide)/polyamide 6 (PPO/PA6 30/70) blends were impact modified by addition of three kinds of maleated polystyrene‐based copolymers, i.e., maleated styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene copolymer (SEBS‐g‐MA), maleated methyl methacrylate‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (MBS‐g‐MA), and maleated acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (ABS‐g‐MA). The mechanical properties, morphology and rheological behavior of the impact modified PPO/PA6 blends were investigated. The selective location of the maleated copolymers in one phase or at interface accounted for the different toughening effects of the maleated copolymer, which is closely related to their molecular structure and composition. SEBS‐g‐MA was uniformly dispersed in PPO phase and greatly toughened PPO/PA6 blends even at low temperature. MBS‐g‐MA particles were mainly dispersed in the PA6 phase and around the PPO phase, resulting in a significant enhancement of the notched Izod impact strength of PPO/PA6 blends from 45 J/m to 281 J/m at the MBS‐g‐MA content of 20 phr. In comparison, the ABS‐g‐MA was mainly dispersed in PA6 phase without much influencing the original mechanical properties of the PPO/PA6 blend. The different molecule structure and selective location of the maleated copolymers in the blends were reflected by the change of rheological behavior as well. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and characterization of a polycaprolactone/C60 composite and its improved counterpart (PCLNH2/C60OH)
Authors: Wu Chin‐San 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this study, polycaprolactone/C60 (PCL/C60) hybrids were prepared via a melt‐blending method. To enhance the compatibility between PCL and C60, the acrylic acid‐grafted polycaprolactone (PCL‐g‐AA) was first transformed to PCLNH2 by mixing with 1,6‐diaminohexane, while C60 was oxidized using a mixture of H2SO4/HNO3 and NaOH to derive C60 fullerol (C60OH). Thereafter, C60OH and PCLNH2 were used to replace PCL and C60, respectively. The resulting products were characterized using FTIR, solid‐state 13C‐ and 1H‐ NMR, TGA, DMA, SEM, TEM, and Instron mechanical testing. Because of the formation of NHCO groups through the reaction between amino groups of PCLNH2 and hydroxyl groups of C60OH, thermal and mechanical properties of the PCLNH2/C60OH composite were significantly superior to those of PCL/C60. The optimal blend was the 5 wt % C60OH with PCLNH2, producing an 84°C increase in initial decomposition temperature (IDT). C60OH in excess of 5 wt % aggregated and caused separation of the organic and inorganic phases, lowering their compatibility.© 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Quantitative analysis for reaction between epoxidized natural rubber and poly (L‐lactide) through 1H‐NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Saito Takayuki , Klinklai Warunee , Yamamoto Yoshimasa , Kawahara Seiichi , Isono Yoshinobu , Ohtake Yoshito 
Published: November 2009

AbstractReaction between epoxidized natural rubber and poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) was investigated quantitatively in terms of conversion of the epoxidized natural rubber. The epoxidized natural rubber was prepared by epoxidation of high ammonia natural rubber (HA‐NR) or deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) with peracetic acid followed by depolymerization with ammonium persulfate. The resulting liquid HA‐NR having epoxy group (LENR) or liquid DPNR having epoxy group (LEDPNR) were subjected to heating at 473 K for 20 min, after blending with PLLA. The products were characterized through morphology observation, DSC measurement, and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The conversions of the rubbers were estimated from intensity ratio of signals in 1H‐NMR spectrum for the products after removing unreacted rubber with toluene. Difference in the estimated conversion between the LENR/PLLA and LEDPNR/PLLA blends was interpreted in relation to proteins present in the rubber. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Polypropylene nanocomposite film: A critical evaluation on the effect of nanoclay on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological behavior
Authors: Sharma S. K. , Nema Ajay K. , Nayak S.K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPolypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites prepared by melt blending technique using different percentages of clay with and without maleic anhydride grafted PP (MA‐PP) were studied. The intercalated and exfoliated structure of nanocomposites was characterized by X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Because of the typical intercalated and exfoliated structure, the tensile modulus of the nanocomposites were improved significantly as compared to virgin PP. The viscoelastic behavior of the nanocomposites was studied by dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) and the results showed that with the addition of treated clay to PP there was substantial improvement in storage modulus increases. The thermal stability and crystallization of the PP nanocomposites as studied by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) were also improved significantly compared to PP. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Celite‐mediated linking of polyurethane block copolymers and the impact on the shape memory effect
Authors: Chung Yong‐Chan , Chun Byoung Chul , Lee Sang Do , Park Jong Shin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCelite, a porous inorganic material with enormous surface area and hydroxyl groups on the surface, was used as a cross‐linker of polyurethane (PU) copolymer chains to improve its shape memory and mechanical properties. PU copolymers with different Celite contents were prepared and characterized by IR, DSC, and universal testing machine. The glass transition temperature of PU copolymers was maintained around 20°C independent of Celite content. The shape memory and mechanical properties were dependent on when Celite was added during the polymerization reaction. The reaction in which Celite was added at the middle stage of polymerization showed the best shape memory and mechanical properties. The best shape recovery of PU was found at 0.3 wt % Celite and increased to 97% even after the third cycle. Likewise, the shape retention also maintained a remarkable 86% after three cycles. The reasons underlining the high shape recovery and shape retention by adopting Celite as a cross‐linker are discussed in this article. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Low percolation threshold and high conductivity in carbon black filled polyethylene and polypropylene composites
Authors: Yuan Qiang , Wu Dongyang 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHigh electrically conductive composites have been manufactured using twin and single screw extruders from carbon black with polyolefin. High density, low density polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene/polypropylene copolymer, and maleic anhydrite grafted polypropylene have been compounded with three carbon blacks (CBs), i.e., Black Pearl, Printex, and Ketjen, respectively. The lowest percolation threshold (0.8 vol %) for conductive composite was obtained using Ketjen CB blended with high density polyethylene (HD3690, MFI = 36 g/10 min). Polypropylene composites also achieved low percolation thresholds of 1.5 vol % when compounded with Printex or Ketjen CB. Decreasing melt viscosity of polymer matrix resulted in decreasing resistivity of composites. Ketjen CB showed the best conductive behavior for both polyethylene and polypropylene composites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Compressible magnetorheological fluids
Authors: Fuchs Alan , Rashid Abu , Liu Yanming , Kavlicoglu Barkan , Sahin Huseyin , Gordaninejad Faramarz 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA novel compressible magnetorheological fluid (CMRF) has been synthesized with additives that provide compressibility to the fluid. This CMRF has been designed to provide an elastic component to a magnetorheological fluid (MRF) that can be used as a springless damper. CMRF provides controllable compressibility to the MRF. The controllability of the fluid is achieved by the use of magnetic particles and an external magnetic field, and the fluid is made compressible by the addition of suspended compressible polymer particles. The compressibility of the fluid has been characterized with force–displacement measurements. This CMRF has controllable off‐state viscosity and high shear yield stress. The incorporation of polymeric particles into the MRF also decreases the settling of iron particles and improves the redispersion of the fluid. To make the fluid more redispersible, the surface of the iron particles is coated with a high‐temperature fluorinated polymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Radiation‐induced polymerization of butyl acrylate for recovery of organic solvents
Authors: Kattan M. , Al‐Kassiri H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRadiation‐induced polymerization of butyl acrylate using 60Co gamma rays has been investigated under different conditions, such as irradiation dose (0–130 kGy), dose rate (10 kGy/h), and temperature (25–70°C). A linear relationship between conversion and temperature of irradiation was found. The activation energy (E) of 9.37 kJ/mol was obtained from kinetic analysis of the result from the polymerization at 10 kGy/h. Thermal properties were examined using differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. Efficient extraction of organic solvents including chloroform, chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, styrene was revealed by the swelling and releasing measurements. These results indicate the feasibility of applying this polymer, which was prepared by radiation‐induced polymerization, to management of organic wastes in the field of environment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Rheology of poly(vinyl chloride) plastisol for superhigh shear‐rate processing. I
Authors: Nakajima N. , Harrell E. R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn coating operations with poly(vinyl chloride) plastisol, there is a high shear limit because the flow becomes unstable. However, there is an indication that the flow becomes stable at superhigh shear rates well past the unstable region. This article explores the effect of the particle size (with a similar size distribution spread) and the effect of the amount of the emulsifier on the flow at superhigh shear rates. It has been known that below the flow instability, larger particles lead to a lower viscosity, and an increased amount of the emulsifier leads to a higher viscosity. The question is whether or not the same trends persist at superhigh shear rates. Observations in this study confirm these trends. In addition, the emulsifier has been found to enhance the interparticle attraction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of new polyurethane based on polycaprolactone
Authors: Maafi El Miloud , Malek Fouad , Tighzert Lan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDifferent polyurethane (PU) were synthesized from ε‐polycaprolactone diol, 4,4′‐diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) and bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)terephthalate (BHET), using a two‐step method and a one‐step method providing regular and random distributions of starting monomers in the PU chains. Even with an identical molar monomer composition, the properties of obtained PU are different depending on the method of synthesis. The structure of PU was characterized by 1H and 13C‐NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The thermomechanical properties of synthesized PU were also studied demonstrating the influence of aromatic ring in the macromolecular chain. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Improvement of nanoclays dispersion through microwave processing in polyurethane rigid nanocomposite foams
Authors: Lorenzetti A. , Hrelja D. , Besco S. , Roso M. , Modesti M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPolyurethane rigid nanocomposite foams were synthesized by in situ‐polymerization using both pristine and organically modified layered silicates. The effect of synthesis conditions, in particular the effect of different dispersing techniques, on morphology and mechanical properties of polyurethane nanocomposite foams was studied. To promote dispersion, clays were dispersed either in polyols or isocyanate and were subjected to a well known dispersion method, like ultrasonication, but also to a new dispersion method, based on microwaving. The morphological characterization of the foams, carried on using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, proved that the technology based on microwave processing is able to provide very good silicates dispersion and requires very short application time to be effective. Further confirmations of the importance of the clay organo‐modifier are still present. Mechanical characterization of foams show that clay interferes with H‐bond formation and then the overall compressive performance of PU nanocomposite foams depends on the competition between the positive reinforcing effect of clay and the negative effect on H‐bond formation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Two‐stage grafting onto polyethylene fiber by radiation‐induced graft polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Komatsu Makoto , Kawakami Takashi , Kanno Jun‐Ichi , Sasaki Takeo 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo‐stage graft polymerization onto polyethylene (PE) fiber was demonstrated. The graft side chain was formed by radiation‐induced graft polymerization. A PE fiber was irradiated with an electron beam and immersed in a vinyl monomer solution. The terminal of the formed graft chain was halogenated using N‐bromosuccinimide. The halogenated graft chain was then extended by atom transfer radical polymerization to obtain block‐copolymer grafted PE fibers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Reduction of surface friction of natural rubber film coated with PMMA particle: Effect of particle size
Authors: Anancharungsuk Waranya , Taweepreda Wirach , Wirasate Supa , Thonggoom Rattaporn , Tangboriboonrat Pramuan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe friction coefficient of the sulphur‐prevulcanized natural rubber (SPNR) film could be effectively reduced by deposition of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles. The nanoscale surface roughness of rubber, determined by atomic force microscope, was directly proportional to the particle size of PMMA particle at 12% surface coverage (Cs). The %Cs and surface roughness of the modified SPNR increased, while the friction coefficient decreased, with increasing PMMA latex concentration and immersion time. By using a mixture of latexes having both large and small sizes, the increase in the amount of small particles resulted in the better distribution of large particles deposited on the rubber surface. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010