bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of regularized techniques for boundary knot method
Authors: Wang Fuzhang , Chen Wen , Jiang Xinrong 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study investigates regularization techniques for the boundary knot method (BKM). We consider three regularization methods and two approaches for the determination of the regularization parameter. Our numerical experiments show that Tikhonov regularization in conjunction with generalized cross‐validation approach outperforms the other regularization techniques in the BKM solution of Helmholtz and modified Helmholtz problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of substation grounding system in low‐frequency domain based on the boundary element method with linear basis function
Authors: Li Zhong‐Xin , Li Guang‐Fan , Fan Jian‐Bin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn order to improve the precision of electrical grounding system simulations, we have developed a new application based on the 1D Galerkin boundary element method using linear basis functions. The calculations described here can be used to simulate and analyze complex structures located anywhere within a multi‐layer earth model. We introduce a quasi‐static complex image method implemented by the matrix pencil approach, which results in a closed‐form for Green's function. The resulting application is very efficient, requiring only a few minutes on a Pentium 4 computer to simulate realistic systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unsteady flow optimization by a stabilized finite element method
Authors: Gao Zhiming , Ma Yichen 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis paper presents the problem of shape optimization of two‐dimensional viscous flow governed by the time‐dependent Navier–Stokes equations. The minimization problem of the viscous dissipated energy was established in the fluid domain. The discretization of Navier–Stokes equations is accomplished using a new stabilized finite element method in space and finite difference in time. This new method does not need a stabilization parameter or calculation of high‐order derivatives. We derive the structures of the discrete Eulerian derivative of the cost functional by a discrete adjoint method with a function space parametrization technique. A gradient‐type optimization algorithm with a mesh adaptation technique and a mesh moving strategy is effectively implemented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of pseudo‐inertia in asymptotic modelling of constraints in boundary value problems
Authors: Henderson L. , Ilanko S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn recent publications, the validity of using positive and negative inertial penalty parameters and the advantage of this approach over the conventional positive penalty function approach have been established for linear eigenvalue problems. This paper shows how this method may be applied to solve a boundary value problem. A steady‐state 2‐D heat transfer problem is used to demonstrate the method. First, the governing partial differential equation is modified by adding a pseudo‐inertial term that results in an equation, which is mathematically identical to the equation governing the free vibration of a membrane. The essential boundary conditions of zero temperature along a specified line are imposed using inertial penalty parameters. The characteristic vibration modes found in this way are used to generate the complementary function to the heat transfer problem. This solution satisfies all natural boundary conditions (adiabatic) and zero temperature conditions using the inertial penalty parameter. To satisfy any additional temperature distribution imposed on the system, two sets of corrector terms are superimposed resulting in the final solution. The results are compared with constrained solutions obtained using the Lagrangian multiplier method and the ordinary penalty method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cross‐layer architecture for effective channel assignment with load‐balancing in multi‐radio multi‐path wireless mesh networks
Authors: Bononi Luciano , Di Felice Marco , Molinaro Antonella , Pizzi Sara 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWireless mesh networks (WMNs) are a promising technology for providing Internet connectivity to large residential areas. In a typical WMN deployment, end‐users access the Internet through a backbone of static routers, which are responsible for traffic forwarding towards the closest Internet gateway (IG). In such a scenario, multiple paths may likely exist between the end‐users and the IGs. For this reason, multi‐path routing schemes appear as a viable approach to provide higher aggregate throughput, fault‐tolerance and load‐balancing properties. However,route‐couplingproblems may occur when the paths are concurrently used and certain nodes on separate paths are within each other's interference range. To overcome this problem, we propose a cross‐layer architecture that comprises a novel joint multi‐path routing and channel allocation scheme for multi‐radio WMNs. The routing scheme discovers multiple node‐disjoint paths between a source node (i.e. the end‐user) and the gateway node. During the route setup, channel allocation is performed so that nodes on different paths, but within the same interference domain, transmit on different channels. As a result, the effect of route coupling is strongly mitigated. Moreover, we propose a load‐balancing scheme, which allows to distribute traffic among the available node‐ and channel‐disjoint paths. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces the end‐to‐end delay and significantly enhances the systemgoodputover several network topologies and under different traffic workloads. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small‐scale variability in surface moisture on a fine‐grained beach: implications for modeling aeolian transport
Authors: Edwards Brandon L. , Namikas Steven L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSmall‐scale variations in surface moisture content were measured on a fine‐grained beach using a Delta‐T Theta probe. The resulting data set was used to examine the implications of small‐scale variability for estimating aeolian transport potential. Surface moisture measurements were collected on a 40 cm × 40 cm grid at 10 cm intervals, providing a total of 25 measurements for each grid data set. A total of 44 grid data sets were obtained from a representative set of beach sub‐environments. Measured moisture contents ranged from about 0% (dry) to 25% (saturated), by weight. The moisture content range within a grid data set was found to vary from less than 1% to almost 15%. The magnitude of within‐grid variability varied consistently with the mean moisture content of the grid sets, following an approximately normal distribution. Both very wet and very dry grid data sets exhibited little internal variability in moisture content, while intermediate moisture contents were associated with higher levels of variability. Thus, at intermediate moisture contents it was apparent that some portions of the beach surface could be dry enough to allow aeolian transport (i.e. moisture content is below the critical threshold), while adjacent portions are too wet for transport to occur. To examine the implications of this finding, cumulative distribution functions were calculated to model the relative proportions of beach surface area expected to be above or below specified threshold moisture levels (4%, 7%, and 14%). It was found that the implicit inclusion of small‐scale variability in surface moisture levels typically resulted in changes of less than 1% in the beach area available for transport, suggesting that this parameter can be ignored at larger spatial scales. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Form and growth of bars in a wandering gravel‐bed river
Authors: Church Michael , Rice Stephen P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe changing form of developing alluvial river bars has rarely been studied in the field, especially in the context of the fixed, compound, mainly alternate gravel bars that are the major morphological feature of the wandering style. Century scale patterns of three‐dimensional growth and development, and the consequent scaling relations of such bars, are examined along the gravel‐bed reach of lower Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. A retrospective view based on maps and aerial photographs obtained through the twentieth century shows that individual bars have a life history of about 100 years, except in certain, protected positions. A newly formed gravel bar quickly assumes its ultimate thickness and relatively quickly approaches its equilibrium length. Growth continues mainly by lateral accretion of unit bars, consistent with the lateral style of instability of the river. Bar growth is therefore allometric. Mature bars approach equilibrium dimensions and volume that scale with the overall size of the channel. Accordingly, the bars conform with several published criteria for the ultimate dimensions of alternate barforms. Sand bars, observed farther downstream, have notably different morphology. Fraser River presents a typical wandering channel planform, exhibiting elements of both meandered and low‐order braided channels. Hydraulic criteria to which the Fraser bars conform illustrate why this planform develops and persists. The modest rate of bed material transfer along the channel – typical of the wandering type – determines a century‐length time scale for bar development. This time scale is consistent with estimates that have been made for change of the macroform elements that determine the overall geometry of alluvial channels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural experiments in landscape evolution
Authors: Tucker Gregory E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA natural experiment in landscape evolution is a case study of landform development in which only one element varies significantly, and for which the driving forces, initial conditions, and/or boundary conditions are well constrained. Natural experiments provide a means of testing landscape evolution theory on the large space and time scales to which that theory applies. Natural experiments can involve either steady or transient conditions. Cases with steady conditions allow one to test predictions about the relationships among topography, erosion rates, and various attributes related to climate and material properties. Transient cases are valuable for distinguishing between models whose predictions might be similar, and therefore indistinguishable, under steady conditions. Essential ingredients of a natural experiment include minimal variation in all but one factor, good constraints on timing and/or rates, well‐characterized processes, and high quality topographic data. Other useful ingredients include information about intermediate topographic states (such as a former valley profile revealed by strath terraces), and knowledge of the time history of erosion rates. In order to deepen our understanding of the physics and chemistry of long‐term landscape evolution, there is a pressing need to identify natural experiments and develop the necessary databases to take advantage of them. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A brighter future with lower transactions costs?
Authors: Nordén Lars 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRecently, the OMX Nordic Exchange reduced the exchange fee for trading the OMXS 30 index futures with more than 22%. The reduction in exchange fees provides this study with a unique opportunity to investigate the effects of a change in fixed transaction costs on futures market liquidity, trading activity, volatility, futures pricing efficiency, and the futures exchange's revenues. The results show a ceteris paribus increase in futures trading volume with 19%, a 27% decrease in futures bid–ask spread, and a 27% increase in volatility, as a result of the futures exchange fee reduction, whereas the pricing efficiency of the futures contract and the exchange's revenues are unaffected by the change in transaction costs. The exchange fee reduction has improved futures market liquidity at the cost of higher volatility. Moreover, the attractiveness and competitiveness of the futures exchange has increased relative alternative trading venues, without a loss of revenues in the process. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:775–796, 2009
Facts and fiction of the relationship between preexisting tuberculosis and lung cancer risk: A systematic review
Authors: Liang Hui‐Ying , Li Xue‐Lian , Yu Xiao‐Song , Guan Peng , Yin Zhi‐Hua , He Qin‐Cheng , Zhou Bao‐Sen 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThere has been conflicting evidence concerning the possible association between tuberculosis (TB) and subsequent risk of lung cancer. To investigate whether currently published epidemiological studies can clarify this association, we performed a systematic review of 37 case‐control and 4 cohort studies (published between January 1966 and January 2009) and a meta‐analysis of risk estimates, with particular attention to the role of smoking, passive smoking and the timing of diagnosis of TB on this relationship. Data for the review show a significantly increased lung cancer risk associated with preexisting TB. Importantly, the association was not due to confounding by the effects of tobacco use (RR = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4–2.2, among never smoking individuals), lifetime environmental tobacco smoke exposure (RR = 2.9, 95%CI = 1.6–5.3, after controlling) or the timing of diagnosis of TB (the increased lung cancer risk remained 2‐fold elevated for more than 20 years after TB diagnosis). Interestingly, the association was significant with adenocarcinoma (RR = 1.6, 95%CI = 1.2–2.1), but no significant associations with squamous and small cell type of lung cancer were observed. Although no causal mechanism has been demonstrated for such an association, present study supports a direct relation between TB and lung cancer, especially adenocarcinomas. © 2009 UICC
Elevated levels of MIC‐1/GDF15 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients are associated with glioblastoma and worse outcome
Authors: Shnaper Sophie , Desbaillets Isabelle , Brown David A. , Murat Anastasia , Migliavacca Eugenia , Schluep Myriam , Ostermann Sandrine , Hamou Marie‐France , Stupp Roger , Breit Samuel N. , de Tribolet Nicolas , Hegi Monika E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFor patients with brain tumors identification of diagnostic and prognostic markers in easy accessible biological material, such as plasma or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), would greatly facilitate patient management. MIC‐1/GDF15 (growth differentiation factor 15) is a secreted protein of the TGF‐beta superfamily and emerged as a candidate marker exhibiting increasing mRNA expression during malignant progression of glioma. Determination of MIC‐1/GDF15 protein levels by ELISA in the CSF of a cohort of 94 patients with intracranial tumors including gliomas, meningioma and metastasis revealed significantly increased concentrations in glioblastoma patients (median, 229 pg/ml) when compared with control cohort of patients treated for non‐neoplastic diseases (median below limit of detection of 156 pg/ml, p < 0.0001, Mann–Whitney test). However, plasma MIC‐1/GDF15 levels were not elevated in the matching plasma samples from these patients. Most interestingly, patients with glioblastoma and increased CSF MIC‐1/GDF15 had a shorter survival (p = 0.007, log‐rank test). In conclusion, MIC‐1/GDF15 protein measured in the CSF may have diagnostic and prognostic value in patients with intracranial tumors. © 2009 UICC
Regulation of rat haptoglobin gene expression is coordinated by the nuclear matrix
Authors: Vidaković Melita , Dinić Svetlana , Grdović Nevena , Mihailović Mirjana , Uskoković Aleksandra , Quesada Piera , Poznanović Goran 
Published: June 2009

AbstractUsing computer stress‐induced duplex destabilization (SIDD) analysis and binding experiments, we identified a S/MAR element (−599/−200 bp) (Hp‐S/MAR) adjacent to the cis‐element (−165/−56 bp) in the rat haptoglobin gene. We examined its functional interactions with the lamins and lamin‐associated proteins in the basal state and during acute‐phase (AP) response‐induced increased transcription. Colocalization, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and re‐electrophoresis of nucleoprotein complexes, South‐Western and Western blot analysis and coimunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the lamins, PARP‐1, C/EBPβ, and Hp‐S/MAR assembled higher order complexes through direct lamin‐Hp‐S/MAR and probably PARP‐1–Hp‐S/MAR interactions although C/EBPβ did not bind to the Hp‐S/MAR but established direct interaction with PARP‐1. The transition from constitutive to increased haptoglobin gene transcription during the AP response was associated with quantitative and qualitative changes in Hp‐S/MAR–protein interactions, respectively, observed as increased association of the lamin(s) with the Hp‐S/MAR and as the appearance of a 90 kDa Hp‐S/MAR‐binding protein. Also, during the AP response the contact between C/EBPβ and PARP‐1 established in the basal state was lost. DNA chromatography with the haptoglobin cis‐element and Western blot analysis suggests that PARP‐1 was a coactivator during constitutive and elevated transcription. The results show that the lamin components of the nuclear matrix form a network of functional, dynamic protein–protein and protein–Hp‐S/MAR associations with multiple partners, and underline the involvement of PARP‐1 in the regulation of haptoglobin gene transcription. We concluded that the interplay of these interactions fine tunes haptoglobin gene expression to meet the changing requirements of liver cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 1205–1221, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interannual variability and controls of the Sydney wave climate
Authors: Harley Mitchell D. , Turner Ian L. , Short Andrew D. , Ranasinghe Roshanka 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA multi‐decadal beach survey dataset at a coastal embayment in Sydney, Australia, identifies erosion/accretion cycles coinciding with phase shifts in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In an attempt to explain the processes governing these cycles, this study explores the interannual variability and controls of the Sydney wave climate using ECMWF ERA‐40 and corrected ERA‐40 (C‐ERA‐40) reanalysis data. Comparisons with wave measurements collected by the Sydney waverider buoy show that these datasets represent the Sydney wave climate reasonably well, although westerly waves are significantly over‐predicted. Removing these values strengthens correlations between predicted and measured wave heights. A summary of the Sydney wave climate from 1957 to 2002 is presented, which highlights the high degree of variability in storm events. Controls of interannual variability are investigated by comparing values in Sydney with regional mean sea level pressure anomalies, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Austral summer wave heights over this 45‐year period increase/decrease with positive/negative phases of the SOI and the SAM. An inverse relationship is found between wave directions and the SOI for the austral autumn and spring; and between wave directions and the SAM for the austral winter. Variability of storm events in Sydney is significantly correlated with the SOI, but not the SAM. In particular, La Niña phases are generally associated with longer duration, higher‐energy events from a more easterly direction when compared to those during El Niño phases. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Conformational stability from Raman spectra, r0 structural parameters, and vibrational assignment of methylcyclohexane
Authors: Durig James R. , Ward Rachel M. , Guirgis Gamil A. , Gounev Todor K. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Raman spectra (3500–50 cm−1) of the liquid and solid methylcyclohexane and the infrared spectra of the gas and solid methylcyclohexane have been recorded. The Raman band at 754 cm−1 in the liquid has been confidently assigned to the less stable axial conformer and its intensity was recorded as a function of temperature from 25 to −95 °C. By the utilization of 15 different temperatures, the enthalpy difference between the more stable chair‐equatorial conformer and the chair‐axial form was determined to be 712 ± 71 cm−1 (8.50 ± 0.84 kJ/mol). The ab initio predicted value of 710 cm−1 (8.50 kJ/mol) from the MP2(full)/6‐311G(2d,2p) calculations with and without diffuse functions is in excellent agreement. The harmonic force fields, infrared intensities, Raman activities, depolarization ratios, and vibrational wavenumbers have been obtained for both conformers from MP2(full)/6‐31G(d) ab initio calculations. With two scaling factors of 0.88 for the C‐H stretches and 0.9 for the remaining ones, the fundamental wavenumbers have been predicted and along with the depolarization values and infrared band contours (B‐type for A″ modes) a complete vibrational assignment has been made for the chair‐equatorial conformer. Predicted r0 structural parameters have been provided from adjusted parameters from ab initio MP2(full)/6‐311+G(d,p) calculations. The results are discussed and compared with the corresponding properties of some similar molecules. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study on red lead degradation in a medieval manuscriptLorvão Apocalypse(1189)
Authors: Miguel Catarina , Claro Ana , Gonçalves António Pereira , Muralha Vânia S. F. , Melo Maria João 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe mechanisms of red lead degradation were studied in a medieval Portuguese codex,Lorvão Apocalypse(1189), by Raman microscopy (µ‐Raman) and micro‐X‐ray diffraction (µ‐XRD). The range of pigments found for the illuminations is mainly limited to vermilion, orpiment and red lead. Micro‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (µ‐FTIR) determined that the pigments were applied in a proteinaceous binding medium. In the red and orange colours, arsenic (As) was determined, by micro‐energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (µ‐EDXRF), to be ranging 1–4% (wt %). For those colours, lead white and calcium carbonate were found as fillers whereas orpiment was applied as a pure pigment. Raman microscopy identified, unequivocally, the degradation product of red lead as galena [lead (II) sulphide, PbS].To determine the main factors affecting red lead degradation, a set of accelerating ageing experiments was designed to assess the influence of extenders and of the two other pigments, vermilion and orpiment. The experiments were followed by µ‐Raman, µ‐EDXRF and XRD. Raman microscopy results for the simulation of degradation of red lead, in the presence of orpiment, are in agreement to what was found in theLorvão Apocalypse, galena being the main degradation product; also in common is a Raman band atca.810 cm−1, which was attributed to a lead arsenate compound. It was concluded that inLorvão Apocalypse, the degradation of red lead was a result of its reaction with orpiment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.