bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uneven distribution of preservative in kiln-dried sapwood lumber of Scots pine: Impact of wood structure and resin allocation
Authors: Ahmed Sheikh Ali , Sehlstedt-Persson Margot , Karlsson Olov , Morén Tom 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood lumber was collected after kiln drying and preservative treatment with Celcure AC 800 (a copper-amine wood preservative). Distribution of the preservative throughout the lumber was visually examined. Not all, but some samples showed specific localized areas without any preservative distribution throughout their entire length. Those samples were assessed further for anatomical properties, specifically in impregnated and unimpregnated areas. Additional study was conducted on the morphological nature and redistribution of lipophilic extractives using three different histochemical staining methods. Intrinsic wood properties – especially the frequency of axial resin canals and the percentage of canals blocked – were found to be responsible for the irregular distribution of the preservative. Furthermore, the inability to create continuous and frequent interstitial spaces due to the collapse of thin-walled ray cells throughout the lumber resulted in un-even distribution of preservatives. Staining techniques were useful to localize places with more or less abundance of extractives (e.g., fats) in impregnated and unimpregnated wood, which varied considerably. Histochemical observations revealed information pertaining to the kiln dry specific distribution and redistribution of extractives between the areas. Moreover, resin reallocation and modification in ray parenchyma and resin canals induced by kiln drying would be another reason for the impregnation anomalies.
Sodium butyrate induces cellular senescence in neuroblastoma and prostate cancer cells
Authors: Lorenz Viola , Hessenkemper Wiebke , Rödiger Julia , Kyrylenko Sergiy , Kraft Florian , Baniahmad Aria 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Cellular senescence leads to an irreversible block of cellular division capacity both in cell culture and in vivo. The induction of an irreversible cell cycle arrest is very useful for treatment of cancer. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are considered as therapeutic targets to treat cancer patients. HDAC inhibitors repress cancer growth and are used in various clinical trials. Here, we analyzed whether sodium butyrate (NaBu), an inhibitor of class I and II HDACs, induces cellular senescence in neuroblastoma and prostate cancer (PCa) including an androgen-dependent as well as an androgen-independent human PCa cell line. We found that the HDAC inhibitors NaBu and valproic acid (VPA) induce cellular senescence in tumor cells. Interestingly, also an inhibitor of SIRT1, a class HDAC III, induces cellular senescence. Both neuroblastoma and human prostate cancer cell lines express senescence markers, such as the Senescence Associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) and Senescence Associated Heterochromatin Foci (SAHF). Furthermore, NaBu down-regulates the proto-oncogenes c-Myc, Cyclin D1 and E2F1 mRNA levels. The mRNA level of the cell cycle inhibitor p16 remains unchanged whereas that of the tumor suppressor p21 is strongly up-regulated. Interestingly, NaBu treatment robustly increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. These results indicate an epigenetic regulation and an association of HDAC inhibition and ROS production with cellular senescence. The data underline that tumor cells can be driven towards cellular senescence by HDAC inhibitors, which may further arise as a potent possibility for tumor suppression.
Membrane-initiated signaling of estrogen related to neuroprotection. “Social networks” are required
Authors: Marin Raquel , Marrero-Alonso Jorge , Fernández Cecilia , Cury Débora , Díaz Mario 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Numerous studies indicate that estrogens are crucial in normal brain functioning and preservation against different injuries. At the neuronal membrane, estrogens, binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) or other surface targets, exert rapid actions involving a plethora of signaling pathways that may converge in neuronal survival. Emerging work reveals that at least part of these actions may require the compartmentalization of ERs in signaling platforms, composed of macromolecular signaling proteins and particular lipid composition integrated in lipid rafts. These particular microstructures may provide the optimal microenvironment to trigger multiple ER interactions that may be crucial for neuroprotection against different brain impairments, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this order of ideas, recent evidence has demonstrated that a membrane ER (mER) physically interacts with a voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) in lipid rafts from septal, hippocampal and cortical neurons, and these interactions may have important consequences in the alternative mechanisms developed by estrogens to achieve neuroprotection against amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced toxicity. This review includes a survey of some of the rapid mechanisms developed by estrogen to prevent neuronal death, and the ER interactions that are involved in the structural maintenance and signal transduction mechanisms important for neuronal survival against AD neuro-pathology. A special emphasis is put on the biological relevance of neuronal membrane VDAC in Aβ-related neurotoxicity, and the potential modulation of this channel as a part of a signaling complex with mER, which may be modified in AD brains.
Systematic Review of Complications in TKA Mobile Bearing Knees
Authors: Hopley Colin , Crossett Lawrence 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to describe the incidence of different types of re-operations following total knee replacement (TKR) with mobile bearing designs and to understand the extent to which they are susceptible to spin-out, a specific complication that may arise with these designs. The design is a systematic review of the incidence of re-operations, classified by the type of re-operation and stratified by study date, reported by clinical publications following TKR with fixed and mobile bearings from a single manufacturer. A search for relevant papers was conducted in online databases including EMBASE and Medline and a manual search of bibliographies. Studies following 8739 mobile bearing knees implanted in 1985–1997 and studies following 3413 mobile bearing knees implanted in 1997–2006 were identified. In the pre- and post-1997 studies, the number of insert revisions was 190 (2.3%) and 16 (0.4%), respectively; the number of revisions of the tibial tray/femoral components was 295 (3.6%) and 43 (1.2%), respectively; the number of revisions for spin-out,dislocation, and instability was 117 (1.4%) and 10 (0.26%), respectively. In the fixed bearing studies there were no spin-outs, but the number of revisions for instability were 6 (0.16%) and 6 (0.21%) in pre- and post-1997 studies. For knees implanted between 1985 and 1997 the incidence of all wear related insert or component revision was 2% in the fixed bearing knee studies and 2% in the mobile bearing knee studies. For knees implanted in 1997–2006, the incidence of all wear related insert or component revision was 0.1% in the fixed bearing knee studies and 0.3% in the mobile bearing knee studies. In conclusion, polyethylene spin-out remains a unique complication of mobile bearing knees symptomatic of instability. Recent trends (after 1997) suggest that improved awareness of surgical technique and/or changes in design (posterior stabilization) have significantly decreased the incidence of this complication, with no evidence of a higher overall risk of revision for instability with contemporary mobile bearing versus fixed bearing knees.
Effect of Plasma Nitriding on the Wear and Corrosion Properties of Hastelloy CW2M Alloy
Authors: Casteletti Luiz Carlos , Pires Fernandes Frederico Augusto , Heck Stênio Cristaldo , Picon Carlos Alberto , Totten George Edward 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Hastelloy C alloys are widely used in chemical and nuclear industries in corrosive environments. The predominant alloying elements of these nickel-based alloys are typically chromium and molybdenum, although other elements are added. Plasma nitriding is an efficient surface treatment to increase wear resistance. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of nitriding treatment on the wear and corrosion properties of the Hastelloy CW2M super-alloy. Hastelloy CW2M was plasma nitrided using the dc method with the following conditions: a gas mixture of 80 vol. % H2 and 20 vol. % N2, a pressure of 500 Pa, temperature of 450 and 500 °C during 5 h. As-cast and plasma treated samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, wear and corrosion tests. An EDS line scan performed on the samples cross- section indicates that Cr and Mo content are the largest on the layer, with decreasing amounts of Ni and with stable amounts of Fe. Plasma nitriding of Hastelloy CW2M produced a homogeneous layer with high hardness. X-ray diffraction revealed a γ (fcc) phase for the un-nitrided CW2M. The nitriding performed at 450 °C yielded chromium and molybdenum nitride peaks and an expanded phase. At 500 °C, an increase on the chromium and molybdenum nitride peaks was observed. The wear of samples nitrided at 450 and 500 °C were almost 10 times lower than the substrate’s wear, which indicates a great improvement on the tribological properties. The corrosion parameters showed that although the corrosion potential goes toward positive potentials, by increasing nitriding temperature, the corrosion current moves in the opposite direction. Nitriding at 450 °C promoted good corrosion protection with more positive open circuit and corrosion potentials.
Effect of Additional Elements on Microstructure and Properties of CrN Coatings
Authors: Bao MingDong , Xu Xuebo , Liang Rou , Yu Lei , Sun Hailin 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
CrMoN and CrWN coatings were deposited using closed field unbalanced magnetron sputter ion plating system. The microstructure, preferred orientation, and morphology of coatings were determined by x-ray diffraction analysis and SEM observation. The influences of additional elements on the microstructure, adhesion, mechanic, and tribological properties have been investigated. XRD Results showed that preferred orientation of CrMoN and CrWN coatings obviously changed compared with that of the pure CrN coating. All of the new hard coatings exhibited excellent adhesion due to the gradient interface layer design. By introducing Mo and W elements into the CrN-based structure, the coating hardness had an obvious improvement in comparison with pure CrN coatings. Results also showed the wear resistance of CrMoN and CrWN coatings increased clearly. The steady-state dry friction coefficients of the new coatings measured against a WC–6% Co ball are about 0.3, which were significantly decreased from 0.5 of pure CrN coaing. It is expected that these advantageous properties can enable these new hard coatings for a wide range of applications such as dry high-speed machining.
Application of Numerical Methods to Simulate Direct Immersion Quenching Process
Authors: Srinivasan Vedanth , Wang De Ming , Greif David , Suffa Maik 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
In this paper, we present the results of the numerical computations carried out to simulate the direct immersion quenching process of several test pieces such as (1) trapezoidal block, (2) hollow block, and (3) engine-cylinder head using a recently developed and implemented quenching simulation methodology within the commercial computational fluid dynamics code AVL FIRE® v2009. Numerical coupling between the simulation domains, involving the fluid and the solid metal region, are achieved through an AVL code coupling interface (ACCI) feature. While mass, momentum, and energy equations utilizing a multi-fluid framework are employed in the fluid domain, only an energy equation is exercised to establish the variation in the thermal field in the solid region. With this coupled approach, both the phasic effects such as bubble dynamics inclusive of clustering and their disposition, vapor pocket generation in the fluid domain, and the temperature field modification in the solid zone are captured very effectively in a concurrent manner. The results presented in this study include comprehensive descriptions of the flow field information and the temperature pattern in the solid at different time instants. A scrutiny of the registered temperature readings at different monitoring locations with the numerical results generates an overall very good agreement for all the cases presented. The computed information adjudges the presence of intense non-uniformity in the temperature distribution within the solid region which is of grave importance in evaluating the stress and fatigue patterns generated in the quenched object. In summary, the capability of the quenching model in simulating a real-time quenching application process and the efficiency in reducing the overall model size by the application of the ACCI procedure are well demonstrated.
The Use of Linear Sweep Voltammetry in Condition Monitoring of Diesel Engine Oil
Authors: Fentress Amy , Sander John , Ameye Jo 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
One of the main ways to decrease engine oil changes is to increase drain intervals. Although it has been a controversial subject for years, increased drain intervals can be accomplished safely using lubricant analysis. Over the years, many diesel engine operators have effectively employed used oil analysis to extend engine oil drain intervals safely by monitoring the condition of the oil and the engine. Various tests have been used for the monitoring of engine oil. However, although it has been used for years to evaluate the remaining useful life of industrial lubricants, linear sweep voltammetry has not been used for routine monitoring of engine oil. This paper will show how linear sweep voltammetry can be an effective method for maximizing extended drain intervals in an over-the-road heavy-duty trucking fleet.
Boiling Heat Transfer of Butanol Aqueous Solution-Augmentation of Critical Heat Flux
Authors: Nishiguchi S. , Shoji M. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Boiling heat transfer, especially critical heat flux (CHF), of some aqueous solutions is enhanced by adding small amount of alcohol such as butanol. Such aqueous solutions show nonlinear surface tension dependence on liquid temperature and are sometimes called as “Self-rewetting liquid”, being applied recently to thermal devices such as heat pipes. However, the heat transfer characteristics of boiling of self-rewetting liquids are not fully understood. In the present research, by employing butanol aqueous solution as a typical test solution, a fundamental boiling test is performed on a heated wire with special attention to CHF augmentation in order to observe the boiling phenomena and to address the fundamental issues. In the experiment, solution density and liquid subcooling was changed in a wide range. From the experiment, it is found that generating bubbles are very small and large in number and are difficult to coalescence and that the CHF of saturated boiling is enhanced from 2 to 3 times when compared with that of pure water. It is also found that the dependence of CHF on liquid subcooling is peculiar. Namely, with increasing subcooling, CHF decreases first, takes a minimum and then increases.
Symposium on Static and Dynamic Spinal Implants: Are We Evaluating Them Appropriately?
Authors: Wayne Metheny C. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Although the standard characterizes intervertebral fusion devices with simple symmetric shapes, modern devices may contain more complex geometries that may require a pocket to fully characterize their strength. Test fixture design has proven to significantly affect the static shear result and failure mode of intervertebral fusion devices with a bullet-nose (rounded) design. An initial test using fixtures without pockets was unsuccessful in determining the shear strength of the fusion device bodies. Revised fixtures with a pocket to force shear loading through the center of the device were designed to create a functional failure. For this study, testing was performed using the ASTM recommended 45° Z axis with a spherically attached actuator pushrod in 37 degrees C phosphate buffered saline. The initial stainless steel fixtures featured mating tooth geometry and no pocket, which forced failures to the device teeth only, resulting in expulsion of the device from the testing fixtures. The revised stainless steel fixtures featured the mating tooth geometry and incorporated a larger anterior/posterior contact surface; thus creating a pocket to constrain the bullet-nose device that prevented the device from expelling. The fusion devices tested with the revised fixture design produced a compression-shear failure of permanent plastic deformation of the body of the device resulted in a 90.2 % increase in the mean yield strength as compared to the fusion devices tested with the initial no-pocket design fixture that produced failures of only the device teeth. The results of this study revealed how the static shear result and failure mode can change significantly with minor changes in fixture design.
Fixture Variations When Evaluating ASTM F1717 Construct Stiffness: Pin Diameter and Material
Authors: Shah V. G. , Anderson M. C. , Lissy D. A. , Lissy C. J. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The ASTM F1717 test standard describes the fixtures to be used when testing spinal implant construct, but leaves some room to interpret. As a result, the same device could be evaluated using different fixturing and it would not be considered a deviation because the standard does not specifically allow or prohibit the method used. Three potential variations in fixturing when conducting F1717 testing were selected for analysis in this study: changes to pin diameter, changes to pin material, and changes to test fixture hole configuration. To evaluate these parameters, a sample F1717 construct was designed and manufactured. Specimens, N = 6, were tested in six different configurations of pin diameter, material, and hole configurations. A review of all F1717 test batteries conducted at Empirical Testing Corporation during CY2009 was conducted to provide context for results from the sample F1717 construct. Differences noted in test results for axial compression bending stiffness occurred when sleeves were used to adapt 3/8 in. pins diam for use in 1/2 in. diam holes. Significant differences were noted in torsional stiffness when using a half-hole configuration, and when comparing 3/8 in. diam pins to using 1/2 in. diam pins. The torsional stiffness and compression yield load of the sample lumbar F1717 construct is within the range of F1717 constructs tested during CY2009, but outside the range for compression stiffness and yield torque. Users of the test standard are advised to not use 3/8 in. diam pins (which are prescribed for cervical construct tests) when testing lumbar constructs, and to avoid the use of half holes in torsion testing.
Outstanding Return on Investment When Industrial Plant Lubrication Programs are Supported by International Standards
Authors: Garvey Ray 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Industrial plant lubrication programs are organized to assure in-service lubricating and hydraulic fluids are kept clean, dry, and fit for use; that these fluids are right for the applications; and that they are filled to the correct levels. These programs can yield outstanding results. For example the lubrication program at an automotive assembly plant reported more than 700 % return on investment with a two month payback period. For another example the lubrication program at a petroleum refinery is credited with reducing maintenance work orders by one-third, from 995 to 674 failure related work orders. Cost avoidance is achieved in at three principal areas: less fluid consumed, less reactive maintenance, and more deferred maintenance. Under-pinning for successful lubrication programs is the use of defined procedures and measurements. Gene Jennings, Condition Based Maintenance Coordinator for Southern Company, highlights the significant role ASTM is fulfilling for industrial lubrication programs in this statement: “Consistency in data gathering is crucial to a successful program and standardization is the foundation for consistency.”
Models for Small Crack Growth under Creep-Fatigue in Austenitic Steels
Authors: Skelton R. P. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Low cycle fatigue (LCF) endurance data have a valuable part to play in the lifetime assessment of components and structures. These data comprise the initiation and growth stages, but the growth relations themselves and their practical use are not as familiar as those employed for deeper cracks. Early work modelled continuous-cycling fatigue crack growth by assuming a succession of miniature LCF specimens at the crack tip, the field then being extended by investigators examining behaviour at high temperatures. Models were developed allowing for the concomitant contribution of creep damage for comparison with continuous-cycling properties where striation spacings recorded cyclic crack progress. Alongside such modelling, empirical laws were deduced describing the progress of short cracks. Expressions may be derived linking LCF with linear-elastic fracture-mechanics (LEFM) crack growth, using the parameter ΔJ (equivalent stress-intensity parameter). However, the purpose of this review is to compare and contrast those models which employ an easily measured surface parameter (such as total or plastic strain range) as the governing variable. Crack growth normally adopts an exponential form so that the rate of growth per cycle accelerates as the crack deepens. The distinguishing feature is that the process zone at the crack tip is itself surrounded by cyclically yielding material, in contrast with LEFM. Energy methods may also be employed, where the process zone at the crack tip fails when the accumulated energy density reaches a critical value. An upper bound relation is provided, accounting for the deleterious effects of creep-fatigue-oxidation interaction, if empirical data are not to hand. A conservative assessment may thus be made of cyclic crack growth rate at a specified depth. This review examines the capability of each model to allow for such creep-fatigue effects.