bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential of an Eroding Urban Soil for the Phosphorus Enrichment of Streams: I. Evaluation of Methods
Authors: Ryden J. C. , Syers J. K. , Harris R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEroding noncalcareous and calcareous soil horizons sampled on an urban development site sorbed a varying proportion of added inorganic phosphate (P). At an added P level of 600 µg P/liter (30 µg P/g soil in 50 ml of 0.1M NaCI), the A1 horizon showed a net release of P whereas the B1 and 3C1 horizons sorbed 96 and 53% of the added P, respectively. The appreciable release of P from the A1 horizon is attributed to the presence of a small amount of a moderately soluble P fertilizer‐soil reaction product. In simulated stream systems employing a solution/soil ratio of 1000:1, initial added P concentrations of 0 and 50 µg P/liter, and adequate aeration, approximately 50% of the final P concentration was attained in less than 3 hours. Release of P (50 µg P/liter) from the A1 horizon was independent of the initial P concentration. The B1 horizon released 10 µg P/liter, twice that released by the 3C1 horizon, whereas these two horizons sorbed approximately equal amounts of added P. In a system containing a 1:1 mixture of the A1 and B1 horizons, the amount of P released by the A1 in the presence or absence of added P was greater than that capable of being sorbed by the B1 horizon. Initial P concentrations were shown to be more important than the solution/soil ratio in determining the extent of uptake and release of P by the soil horizons. The use of a 400:1 solution/soil ratio and low levels of added P (0 to 200 µg P/liter) provides a useful basis for developing a routine test for evaluating the potential of eroding soils for the P enrichment of streams.
Pesticide‐Sediment‐Water Interactions
Authors: Pionke H. B. , Chesters G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPesticide‐sediment‐water interactions occurring within a watershed and the associated aquatic system are reviewed regarding their impact on the distribution and persistence of pesticides in recipient lakes. Pesticidal persistence on the watershed is discussed initially because the aquatic residue hazard depends largely on the persistence of soil‐applied pesticides. Mechanisms of transport from field to aquatic system are reviewed for those compounds not degraded rapidly to nontoxic derivatives. Pesticide transport through the atmosphere, ground water, and surface runoff is traced with particular emphasis on application‐associated losses and transport effect on initial pesticide distribution and concentration in the aquatic system. Field and plot studies evaluating pesticide losses in runoff are summarized.Within the aquatic system, limnological, sediment and water characteristics potentially alter the distribution of adsorbed pesticide between water and associated sediment within the lake. Specificially, the effects of pH, lake stratification, characteristics and content of sediment organic matter and clay, and salinity are evaluated. This review concludes with a discussion of literature on pesticide persistence determined in simulated or natural aquatic systems and the interactions between aquatic vegetation, sediment, and water which affect pesticide distribution.
The Use of Mirex in Control of the Imported Fire Ant
Authors: Alley Earl G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemical, physical, and toxicological properties of the chlorocarbon pesticide mirex (C10Cl12), the imported fire ant (Solenopsis richteri Forel and Solenopsis Invicta Buren) which it controls, and the programs designed to effect this control are described. The systematic name of mirex is dodecachloropentacyclo [5.3.02.6.03.9.04.8] decane. The nomenclature utilized in Chemical Abstracts is dodecachloropentacyclo‐1,3,4‐metheno‐2H‐cyclobuta (cd)pentalene.Several arguments emerge both for and against continued use of mirex in the control of the imported fire ant. Those in favor include (i) the fire ant is a major nuisance to those employed in agriculture in infested areas; (ii) a greater risk of allergic response because of increased sensitivity of people in infested areas; (iii) the fire ant does prey on other insects; (iv) reports of toxicity to other organisms are largely laboratory studies; (v) the alternative chemicals, heptachlor and dieldrin, would also present serious problems to the environment; and (vi) the probable wide use of Dechlorane (mirex) as a fire retardant in polymers could easily introduce far more of the chemical into the enviornment than that from pesticide applications.Arguments against continued use of mirex include (i) reports of tumor induction and toxicity in nontarget organisms such as estuarine organisms; (ii) it is not certain that the imported fire ant is a significant economic pest; (e.g., attacks on farm animals are extremely rare); and (iii) long‐term persistence of mirex in the environment.The employment of mirex on large areas of territory is a major point of discussion. The alternatives would be intensive hand treatment of mounds, or complete prohibition of the use of mirex for this purpose. Extensive research and monitoring programs are now being conducted in various southeastern USA states with support of the USDA. The Fire Ant Control Program for 1971 included treatment of 1.8 million hectares of open areas but did not include land near lakes and streams. One‐seventh of this area was treated with bait that delivered only one‐fourth as much toxicant as the previous application. These programs pinpoint the areas of infestation and confine treatment to infested areas where people earn their livelihood.At present, mirex is the best alternative for control of the imported fire ant and aerial application of bait is the only realistic method for effective control. Use should be limited to seriously infested areas and research into possible side effects should be continued and expanded.
Microbiological Effects and Persistence of Some Pesticide Combinations in Soil
Authors: Hubbell D. H. , Rothwell D. F. , Wheeler W. B. , Tappan W. B. , Rhoads F. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractZineb, parathion, DDT, and Furadan were applied alone and in combination to field plots, with times and rates of application approximating current agronomic practice for the growth of shade‐leaf tobacco in the area of Quincy, Florida. Persistence of the pesticides in the soil and possible effects of the pesticides on relative microbial numbers and nitrification were monitored at 2‐week intervals over a period of 16 weeks. Relative numbers of bacteria and actinomycetes in all treatments failed to differ significantly from the untreated control. Fungi increased significantly (5% level) in the parathion + DDT + zineb treatment. There were no other significant differences in microbial numbers. Nitrification, as indicated by levels of NO3‐N, showed no significant difference due to treatments when compared to the control at the 5% level. Parathion applied as a single dose was present in the soil in significantly higher amounts initially when compared with treatments where parathion was applied on a weekly basis. This difference disappeared after 6 weeks. There were no other significant differences in pesticide persistence in the soil.
Disposal of Peach Cannery Waste by Application to Soil
Authors: Gambrell Robert P. , Peele T. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemical oxygen demand (COD) of liquid peach cannery waste was significantly reduced by forced aeration of the liquid for 72 hours and was further reduced by the addition of 20 and 200 ppm nitrogen (N) from ammonium nitrate.Eight applications of peach cannery waste were made to soil columns of a sandy clay and a sand subsoil during the peach canning season. Soil columns 8.26 cm (3.25 inches) in diameter having lengths of 25.4, 50.8, and 76.2 cm (10, 20, and 30 inches) received the waste at a rate of 2.54 cm/hour (1 inch/hour) for 3 hours/application. The effects of soil texture, length of column, plus the addition of NH4NO3 to the waste and CaCO3 to the soil on COD, pH, and electrical conductivity of the percolate were evaluated. Generally, as the column length increased, the COD of the percolate decreased. The sandy clay was more effective than the sand in reducing the COD of the percolate. The average reduction for the 50.8‐cm (20‐inch) columns was 90% for the sandy clay and 70% for the sand. The addition of N to the waste significantly reduced the COD of the percolate while the addition of CaCO3 to the soil had no appreciable effect.The pH of the waste was reduced from an average of 10.9 to about 7.0 by passage through the soils. The pH of both soils was increased considerably by the waste applications and the pH of the sandy clay remained above 7.0 after being leached with distilled water. The percent of aggregates larger than 1 mm was increased by the peach waste applications while the aggregates less than 0.02 mm were not appreciably affected.
Microbiological Quality of Surface Drainage Water From Three Small Irrigated Watersheds in Southern Idaho
Authors: Smith J. H. , Douglas C. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe irrigation waters applied to and the surface drainage waters leaving three small watersheds in southern Idaho were analyzed for coliforms and other microorganisms and for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). Numbers of coliforms and fecal coliforms tended to be greater in the drainage than in the irrigation water, but the differences were generally within the confidence limits for Most Probable Numbers analyses. Fecal streptococci numbers were higher in the drainage than in the irrigation water on two of the three small watersheds. The numbers of fecal streptococci and microorganisms incubated at 20C were higher in the drainage than the irrigation water; otherwise, the bacteriological quality of the irrigation water was not significantly changed by irrigation use. BOD in the drainage water samples averaged 4 mg/liter oxygen demand compared with 2 mg/liter oxygen demand in the irrigation water.
Effect of Cadmium Treatment on Cadmium and Zinc Uptake by Selected Vegetable Species
Authors: Turner M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of Cd treatment on several vegetable species was investigated using batch‐culture nutrient solution techniques. Lycopersicum esculentum Mill (tomato) was shown to be particularly sensitive to Cd damage. For all species, Cd in tops tended to increase with increased Cd levels in solution. At the highest Cd treatment investigated (1 µg Cd/m), Cd concentration in tops ranged from 2.2 µg/g for Daucus carota L. (carrot) to 158 µg/g for Lycopersicum esculentum Mill (tomato). For several species, Cd treatment resulted in increased concentration and total uptake of Zn in plant tops. This effect could be interpreted to imply root damage in the presence of Cd.
Microbial Versus Chemical Degradation of Malathion in Soil
Authors: Walker W. W. , Stojanovic B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical and microbiological degradation of malathion was studied in three Mississippi soils (Trinity loam, Freestone sandy loam, and Okolona clay) and their aqueous dilutions. Malathion abatement in all cases was more rapid under non‐sterile than under sterile conditions, indicating the involvement of the soil microflora in malathion dissipation. Malathion disappearance under sterile conditions was interpreted as chemical degradation. The magnitude of microbial as compared to chemical degradation seemed to increase with increasing soil organic matter and was directly dependent on soil pH. Microbiological degradation predominated in all three test soils and their aqueous dilutions. The greatest amount of chemical degradation occurred in Okolona clay. Malathion was quite stable under neutral or acid pH conditions, but was susceptible to hydrolysis in the alkaline pH range.
Distribution of Cadmium and Zinc/Cadmium Ratios in Crops from 19 States East of the Rocky Mountains
Authors: Huffman E. W. D. , Hodgson J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractZinc and cadmium were determined on 153 wheat and perennial grass samples collected from rural areas in 19 states east of the Rocky Mountains. The levels of Cd were generally below 0.3 ppm. No distinct regional pattern of Cd concentration or Zn/Cd ratio was evident.
Nitrogen Losses in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Watersheds on Missouri Valley Loess
Authors: Schuman G. E. , Burwell R. E. , Piest R. F. , Spomer R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen losses from surface runoff from four field‐size (30 to 60.8 ha) watersheds in southwestern Iowa, near Treynor, were measured during 1969, 1970, and 1971. A contour‐planted corn watershed and a pasture watershed were fertilized at the recommended N rate (168 kg/ha). A level‐terraced and a contour‐planted corn watershed were fertilized at 2.5 times this rate. The conservation practice of level‐terraced corn or pasture was very effective in reducing water, sediment, and N yields when compared with the contour‐planted corn watersheds.Annual water‐soluble N losses were low from all watersheds. The 3‐year average annual solution N loss from the contour‐planted corn watershed, fertilized at 2.5 times the recommended rate, was 3.05 kg/ha; the comparable watershed, fertilized at the recommended rate, lost only 1.89 kg/ha.Nitrogen losses associated with sediment in the runoff accounted for 92% of the total loss for the 3‐year period from the contour planted corn watersheds. A large portion of the N loss for the terraced watershed was also associated with the sediment; however, N loss was only one‐tenth that of the contour‐planted watersheds. Sediment‐N concentrations were similar for watersheds receiving 168 kg/ha and 448 kg/ha annual N applications.Water‐soluble‐N and sediment‐N losses in runoff were usually highest at the beginning of the cropping season and decreased progressively throughout the year, reflecting a seasonal effect believed to be associated with nutrient removal by the crop, leaching, and N tie‐up in organic matter.
Stabilizing Copper Mine Tailing Disposal Berms with Giant Bermudagrass
Authors: Day A. D. , Ludeke K. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted in Arizona to compare two methods, vegetative plugging and broadcast seeding, of establishing giant bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon var. ardius Harlan et de Wet) on copper mine tailing berms. Broadcast seeding resulted in less water erosion in the top 5 cm of soil 5 days after planting, but more plants were destroyed in the broadcast‐seeded plots by wind‐blown tailing 15 days after planting than were destroyed in plots established by the vegetative plugging method of planting. The plugging method of planting resulted in more vegetative cover 30 and 180 days after planting, and it resulted in more stabilized copper tailing berms than did broadcast seeding. Giant bermudagrass can be used effectively to provide vegetative cover, to stabilize copper mine tailing berms, and to reduce environmental pollution in the Southwest, and possibly in similar environments throughout the world.
Nitrogen Tracers in Nitrogen Cycle Studies—Past Use and Future Needs
Authors: Hauck Roland D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen research is directed toward two main objectives, food and fiber production and environmental control. To achieve N balance in productive ecosystems, better quantitative estimates of N transformation rates are needed. Nitrogen tracers are indispensable for making many of these estimates. Either 15N‐depleted or 15N‐enriched materials can be used. The use of 15N‐depleted materials is limited to studies where dilution form other N is less than 2,000‐fold, but these materials are potentially available in ton amounts.Use of variations in natural 15N abundance may be useful in observing qualitative relationships among N cycle processes over large areas or extremely long time periods. Such use is questionable for obtaining quantitative information for short‐term N transformation processes.Obvious information gaps are quantitative data on atmospheric N2 fixation and denitrification in cropped field soils and N transformation data for many other ecosystems. A program for computer data retrieval and correlation is outlined.
Effects of Ozone on Soybean Nodules
Authors: Tingey David T. , Blum Udo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] were exposed to ozone to determine if plant growth and nodulation would be reduced The plants were 3 weeks old from seed when exposed to 75 pphm ozone for 1 hour and were harvested at weekly intervals starting 4 days after exposure. The ozone treatment caused only a transitor reduction in top fresh weight. However, nodule number, nodule weight per plant, leghemoglobin content, and root growth were consistently reduced by the ozone treatment. The reductions in nodule weight per plant and leghemoglobin content per plant were directly correlated with the reduction in nodule number.
Field Study of Solute Movement in a Highly Aggregated Oxisol with Intermittent Flooding: I. Nitrate
Authors: Balasubramanian V. , Kanehiro Y. , Rao P. S. C. , Green R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMovement of applied nitrate (a concentrated solution sprayed uniformly over the soil surface) under intermittent flooding was investigated in Molokai silty clay (Typic Torrox), an important soil for sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) production in Hawaii. Nitrate distribution in the profile was characterized under an extended irrigation scheme by in situ sampling of soil solutions with suction probes 1 week after each water application. The nitrate peak moved only one‐third as far as would have been predicted by a piston displacement model. Equilibration of applied nitrate solution with the aggregated surface soil for 1 week prior to flood irrigation further retarded nitrate leaching. Apparently, equilibration involved bulk flow and diffusion of nitrate into aggregate micropores where the solute was less susceptible to transport in water being conducted mostly in the macropores during and soon after irrigation. Prediction of nitrate distribution based on dispersion (diffusion plus convection) equation approximated experimental results for successive irrigations reasonably well when equation parameters were obtained by fitting one set of experimental data. The drawback of this theoretical model is discussed.
Soil pH and Metallic Amendment Effects on DDT Conversion to DDE
Authors: Nash Ralph G. , Harris William G. , Lewis Cornelius C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh soil pH resulted in greater conversion of 1,1,1‐trichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) to 1,1‐dichloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) in both nonamended and MgO‐amended soils. The conversion of DDT continued throughout the experimental time of up to 32 months to a maximum of 15% of total residues as DDE. DDT was converted to DDE in both moist and dry soils above pH 7. The predominant conversion mechanism in moist soils appears to be microbial, whereas chemical conversion appears to be dominant in dry soils. Soils amended with MgO required pH values of near 10 before DDT conversion became significant. CaCO3, a dolomitic lime, Fe2O3, or Al2O3 applied to soils with a wide range of pH values did not enhance DDT conversion to DDE. Laboratory experiments indicate that the liming of soils containing DDT is not a practical means of converting DDT to DDE.
Effect of Soil Application of Dairy Manure on Germination and Emergence of Some Selected Crops
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Chang A. C. , Pratt P. F. , Sharpless R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGermination and emergence of sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Stapf ‘Piper’), barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Numar’), radish (Raphanus sativus L. ‘Cherry Belle’), and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L. ‘Bloomsdale’) in a glasshouse were investigated using a Chino loam soil where various amounts (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% dry manure by weight) of dairy manure were added. The degree of germination injury depended on the crop species and rate of application or the salt and N inputs. The crop sensitivity to salt or NH3 were as follows: barley < sudangrass and spinach < radish. Barley and sudangrass were more tolerant to salt or NH3 than spinach and radish. Barley germination data from treatments which had NaCl added to the soil extracts to obtain the same osmotic potential as those treated with urine, urea, or manure suggest that the germination injury was not salt specific and that other compounds such as NH3 were also contributing factors.Germination injury can be minimized by planting several days after soil application of large amounts of dairy or feedlot manure to allow volatilization of a significant quantity of NH3 or after adequate preirrigation, or both.
Removal of Carbon Monoxide by Field and Forest Soils
Authors: Heichel G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe removal of carbon monoxide from a stream of air flowing through a chamber containing soil, either from a forest or from a cultivated field, was measured in the laboratory by infrared gas analysis. The ambient CO concentration, the moisture content of the soil, and the turbulence of air above the soil modified the CO removal. The removal of CO by either soil increased with concentration between 2 and 40 ppm. Maximum rates of removal approached 0.20 mg CO dm−2 hour−1. The pattern of removal was exponential with CO concentration in moist soil and linear with CO concentration in dry soil. In the forest soil, an optimum water content for CO removal was apparent at about 55% (wt/wt). Removal of CO by the field soil increased up to about 5% water content (wt/wt), but it did not increase further as water content increased to about 15% (wt/wt). Removal of CO by the forest soil exceeded that of the field soil at all water contents when the two soils were compared at the same CO concentration. Stirring the soil enhanced the removal of CO by a crusted field soil that was dryer in the upper than in the lower part of the profile. Slowing the mixing of air over the forest soil decreased removal of CO 40 to 50% at two moisture contents. Analyzing the removal of CO by soil with a diffusion model suggests that the entry of CO into soil is opposed by a substantial diffusive resistance that varies with soil type, moisture content, turbulence of the air, and CO concentration. The measurements suggest that the soil surface of the earth removes CO at a minimum annual rate equivalent to 14% of the tropospheric inventory.
The Chemistry and Physiology of Pigmentation in Leaves Injured by Air Pollution
Authors: Howell R. K. , Kremer D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOxidant air pollutants induce necrotic lesions and discoloration on foliage of susceptible plants. The time of initiation of oxidized plant pigments in response to ozone and the chemical composition of the pigments were investigated. Plants of Phaseolus vulgaris humilis L., with nearly fully expanded leaves, were treated with ozone. Leaves removed immediately, 2, 4, and 24 hours after treatment were examined for presence of induced pigment. Milligram quantities of polymerized pigments were extracted from treated leaves, freed from extraneous materials by Sephadex and molecular sieves, and analyzed for chemical constituents. Pigments are initiated within 2 hours after exposure and have a molecular weight range of 10,000 to 26,000. Twenty amino acids, seven metals, two sugars, and one phenol moiety were identified from the polymers. Pigment formation associated with ozone injury appears to result from ozone injury to membranes which permits phenols and phenolases to react and to produce quinones which polymerize with amino acids and proteins. Thus, this oxidative process enhanced by air pollutants may reduce nutritional values in leafy food and forage crops.