bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of CO2 enrichment on growth partitioning of Chloris gayana in the arid environment of the UAE
Authors: Ksiksi Taoufik , Youssef Tarek 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGrass species are impacted by increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Grass species such as rhodesgrass (Chloris gayana) respond in a variety of ways to CO2 enrichment. Some species spend more resources in the above‐ground parts while others invest in below root system. The extent of growth responses and growth portioning in C. gayana as affected by increases in CO2 was assessed. Pot trials were set up to compare plant growth parameters (e.g. plant height and number of leaves) between conditions mimicking the ambient (about 350 ppm) and enriched (650 ppm) CO2 concentrations. Plants grown under the high CO2 concentration had significantly higher plant height than those grown under the ambient CO2 concentration for days 8 and 18 and to some extent for day 45. Plants grown under CO2 enrichment, however, had a lower number of leaves than those grown under the ambient CO2 level 28 days into the trial and to some extent on day 31. Overall, plants grown under CO2 enrichment had a lower shoot/root ratio than those grown under ambient CO2 levels. It is believed that biomass (shoots and roots) allocation into reproductive growth was a key phenomenon affecting C. gayana growth.
The tidal tails of the ultrafaint globular cluster Palomar 1
Authors: Niederste-Ostholt M. , Belokurov V. , Evans N. W. , Koposov S. , Gieles M. , Irwin M. J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Using the optimal filter technique applied to Sloan Digital Sky Survey photometry, we have found extended tails stretching about 1° (or several tens of half-light radii) from either side of the ultrafaint globular cluster Palomar 1. The tails contain roughly as many stars as does the cluster itself. Using deeper Hubble Space Telescope data, we see that the isophotes twist in a characteristic S-shape on moving outwards from the cluster centre to the tails. We argue that the main mechanism forming the tails may be relaxation-driven evaporation and that Pal 1 may have been accreted from a now disrupted dwarf galaxy ∼ 500 Myr ago.
Boosting hierarchical structure formation with scalar-interacting dark matter
Authors: Hellwing Wojciech A. , Knollmann Steffen R. , Knebe Alexander 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We investigate the effect of long-range scalar interactions in dark matter (DM) models of cosmic structure formation with a particular focus on the formation times of haloes. Utilizing N-body simulations with 5123 DM particles we show that in our models DM haloes form substantially earlier: tracing objects up to redshift z ∼ 6 we find that the formation time, as characterized by the redshift z1/2 at which the halo has assembled half of its final mass, is gradually shifted from z1/2 ≈ 1.83 in the fiducial Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model to z1/2 ≈ 2.54 in the most extreme scalar-interaction model. This is accompanied by a shift of the redshift that marks the transition between merger and steady accretion epochs from z* ≈ 4.32 in the ΛCDM haloes to z* ≈ 6.39 in our strongest interaction model. In other words, the scalar-interacting model employed in this work produces more structures at high redshifts, prolonging at the same time the steady accretion phases. These effects taken together can help the ΛCDM model to account for a high-redshift reionization as indicated by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data and can alleviate issues related to the survival of the thin-disc-dominated galaxies at low redshifts.
RHEOLOGY AND TEXTURE OF COMMERCIAL QUESO FRESCO CHEESES MADE FROM RAW AND PASTEURIZED MILK
Authors: TUNICK MICHAEL H. , VAN HEKKEN DIANE L. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT Queso Frescos made in Mexico from raw milk (RM) were compared with cheeses made in Mexico and the U.S.A. from pasteurized milk (PM) to determine textural and rheological differences. RM cheese, considered the ideal Queso Fresco, contained more moisture than PM cheeses, displayed higher cohesiveness and shear strain and exhibited lower hardness and shear stress. The U.S.‐made cheeses were harder and more brittle and crumbly than the Mexican cheeses. The shear stress decreased as fat content increased in all samples, and the shear strain decreased as the pH increased in the Mexican cheeses. An understanding of the differences between the RM and PM versions should allow cheese makers to adjust manufacturing procedures so that PM Queso Fresco cheeses will meet consumer expectations. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSHispanic cheeses such as Queso Fresco are gaining in popularity in the U.S.A. The milk for making Queso Fresco in the U.S.A. must be pasteurized, and the resulting cheese is perceived by some consumers to be inferior in flavor and texture to the traditional variety made from raw milk. Queso Fresco samples made in Mexico from both kinds of milk and made in the U.S.A. from pasteurized milk were analyzed to see if there were differences in texture, structure, and the ability to twist and break pieces of the cheese. The cheeses made in the U.S.A. contained less moisture and were too hard, crumbly, and brittle when compared to the raw milk cheeses. The differences observed should enable U.S. companies to make Queso Fresco with properties close to those of the raw milk variety.
ENZYMATIC COUPLED WITH UV DEGRADATION OF AFLATOXIN B1 IN RED CHILI POWDER
Authors: TRIPATHI SMITA , MISHRA H.N. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT The degradation of aflatoxin B
1
(AFB
1
) by partially purified garlic peroxidase (246.61 U/mg protein) was investigated at different enzyme and substrate concentrations over different incubation periods. The optimum reaction occurred with 12 U of enzyme, 60 nmol AFB
1
per 100 g chili powder at 24 h of incubation with maximum degradation of 66.02%. The rate of reaction was first order initially and increased with increasing enzyme and substrate concentration before reaching a plateau (k
m:
0.90 nmol and V
max:
0.008 nmol/min). Time‐dependent AFB
1
degradation upon UV exposure (365 nm) was observed with maximum detoxification (87.8%) recorded after 60‐min exposure (P < 0.001). Enzymatic detoxification and UV exposure for 30 min produced minimal quality changes (detoxification efficiency of 77%); beyond that, significant losses in ascorbic acid and carotene content were recorded (P < 0.05). The treatment exhibited minimal toxicity and mutagenicity as confirmed by in vitro models using Bacillus megaterium and Salmonella typhimurium.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe present study focuses on development of safe method for aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) degradation in red chili powder. There are very few reports on detoxification of AFB1 in red chili powder. A control of aflatoxins is the need of the hour, as their occurrence in foods and feeds continuously poses threats to both health and economics all over the world. The current findings could contribute to the development of preventive strategies and safe technologies for AFB1 degradation in various spice‐based industries involving the combination of biological and physical detoxification methods. Peroxidase can be used as a processing aid in the decontamination of chili powder without altering its nutritional and quality attributes.
EFFECT OF PASSIVE AND ACTIVE MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING ON QUALITY RETENTION OF TWO CULTIVARS OF LITCHI (LITCHI CHINENSIS SONN.)
Authors: DE REUCK KAREN , SIVAKUMAR DHARINI , KORSTEN LISE 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT “Mauritius” and “McLean's Red” were packed in active (5% O2 and 5% CO2) or passive modified atmosphere in polypropylene punnets. Lidding film with 10 and 4 holes was sealed onto the punnets during packing process. Packed fruits were stored at 2C, 95% relative humidity up to 21 days. Observations indicated that “McLean's Red” was more suited for modified atmosphere packaging technology than “Mauritius”. Lidding film‐four holes showed ∼7% O2 and 9% CO2, significantly reduced the activity of oxidation enzymes, showed higher retention of pericarp color by retaining the hunter color values L*, C*, h*in the “McLean's Red”. Lidding film‐10 holes showed ∼17% O2 and ∼5% CO2, retained the soluble solids concentration to titratable acidity ratio (∼65), and thereby preventing the loss of taste and litchi fruit flavor with acceptable pericarp color. The use of an active modified atmosphere does not change the composition of the gases at equilibrium but lessens the time necessary to reach this equilibrium.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSModified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has been considered beneficial to maintain high humidity, prevent water loss and browning of litchi pericarp, and is also considered a convenient method to market value‐added small fruits. Results from this study indicated that the selection of MAP is cultivar‐dependent. The outcome of this study provides a partial solution for small and medium‐scale litchi growers and exporters for marketing chains for up to 20–21 days with information on suitable alternative treatment to replace sulfur dioxide fumigation especially for early season “McLean's Red” litchi.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH: Antibiotic identification, use, and self‐medication for respiratory illnesses among urban Latinos
Authors: Landers Timothy F. , Ferng Yu‐hui , McLoughlin Jennifer Wong , Barrett Angela E. , Larson Elaine 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the extent to which antibiotic and nonantibiotic medications commonly used for upper respiratory infections (URIs) were correctly identified by a sample of urban dwelling Latinas and the association of medication identification with antibiotic use and self‐medication. Data sources: One hundred women completed an interview and were asked to identify whether a list of 39 medications (17 antibiotics, 22 nonantibiotics) were antibiotics or not, whether anyone in the household had used the medication, their ages, and the source of the medication. Results: Overall, participants correctly identified 62% of nonantibiotics and 34% of antibiotics. Seventy three (73%) women in the study reported antibiotic use by at least one member of the household in the past year. Among users, self‐medication was reported in 67.2% of antibiotics for adults, but in only 2.4% of children. There was no difference in antibiotic recognition between those who self‐medicated and those who did not, but antibiotic self‐medication was associated with a significantly lower recognition of nonantibiotics (p= .01). Implications for practice: Measures to improve antibiotic utilization should address self‐medication and consider the cultural and social context in which antibiotic use occurs.
GANGS, GUNS, AND DRUGS: RECIDIVISM AMONG SERIOUS, YOUNG OFFENDERS*
Authors: HUEBNER BETH M. , VARANO SEAN P. , BYNUM TIMOTHY S. 
Published: September 2010

Research Summary:The primary goal of this study is to understand the factors that best explain recidivism among a sample of 322 young men aged 17 to 24 years released from prison in a Midwestern state. Specific attention is paid to the predictive validity of gang membership, gun use, and drug dependence on the timing of reconviction and the current research on desistance frames the analyses. Results from a series of proportional hazard models indicate that race, gang membership, drug dependence, and institutional behavior are critical factors in predicting the timing of reconviction. Contrary to expectations, gun use was not related to postrelease involvement in the criminal justice system.Policy Implications:Much of current violence policy has focused on the identification and enhanced prosecution of individuals deemed to be serious and chronic offenders; particular emphasis has been placed on gun offenders. The findings presented here indicate that preprison weapon involvement is not significantly associated with recidivism, likely because gun use is prevalent among young, serious offenders. Although policies aimed at the incapacitation of young, violent offenders may reduce community levels of crime in the short term, the chances for recidivism are likely to increase in the long term if factors like gang membership and drug use, and the deficits that these behaviors engender for social and emotional capital, are not addressed. More broadly, the strong, significant effect of the institutional misconduct measure signals the salience of accounting for institutional behavior when making release decisions. Institutional misconduct may be an important marker of sustained gang membership, making institutional programming and appropriate aftercare services a priority for this group of offenders.
Regulatory impact on insect biotechnology and pest management
Authors: WOZNIAK Chris A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe application of insect biotechnology is promising for the development of environmentally compatible pest management solutions. As we have refined and enhanced genetic engineering techniques in several insect species that cause significant economic loss and public health injury, it has become clear that insect biotechnology will move forward as one of the key tools of pest management in agriculture and in the human environment. Well characterized genetic elements can be manipulated toward specific aims and maintain a viable insect, albeit one with diminished capacity to exchange genetic material, vector a virus or bacterium, or complete its life cycle. Despite this degree of knowledge and precision, there remain unanswered questions regarding environmental fate, release and public acceptance of this technology. The uncertainty surrounding any novel technology inevitably increases the level of regulatory scrutiny associated with its use. Although the term “insect biotechnology” has many connotations, it certainly includes the genetic modification of symbiotic or commensally associated microbes as a means of delivering a trait (e.g. a toxin) to manage plant and human diseases and insect pests. The distinction between this paratransgenic approach and direct genetic modification of insect pests is an important one biologically as well as from a regulatory standpoint. The regulatory framework for microbial applications to agriculture is in many instances in place; however, we must strive to forge the development of guidelines and regulations that will foster deployment of insect biotechnologies.
U4 snRNA variants of Bombyx mori
Authors: SMAIL Shamayra S. , HERRERA Rene J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIt is known that the spliceosome's catalytic core is composed of U2, U6 and U5 small nuclear (sn)RNAs. U6 is chaperoned and held inactive by intermolecular base‐pair interactions by the U4 snRNA molecule until its incorporation into the spliceosomal complex. In previous studies, a number of variant forms of U1, U2 and U6 were detected in the silk moth Bombyx mori. Considering U4's unique role as a modulator of U6's activity, the aim of the present study was to determine if the multiplicity of U6 variants observed in B. mori is complemented in U4. Five U4 variants were identified in the B. mori Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) database and were used to design internal U4 snRNA primers. These oligonucleotides were subsequently used to create four U4 reverse transcription (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) libraries with RNA extracted from the silk gland of B. mori. Two major U4 variants were identified from these libraries. The majority of the variation among genomic and transcript‐derived U4 variant sequences is located in stem‐loop II and III as well as at the 3′‐end. No differences between the isoforms are located in the critical U4/U6 intermolecular binding regions. Sequence comparison analyses based on U4 intraspecific and interspecific variability delineate several evolutionarily conserved regions.
Historical review and surveillance of Japanese encephalitis, Republic of Korea, 2002–2004
Authors: KIM Heung Chul , TURELL Michael J. , O’GUINN Monica L. , LEE John S. , CHONG Sung Tae , JU Young Ran , KLEIN Terry A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractJapanese encephalitis virus (JEV), transmitted by culicine mosquitoes, is endemic throughout much of South‐East Asia, extending to the Korean Peninsula. The zoonotic cycle is from large water birds to culicine mosquitoes, with swine as an amplifying host and man as an incidental host.Culex tritaeniorhynchus, the primary JEV vector in the Republic of Korea, populations peak in late August through to early September when most cases of Japanese encephalitis (JE) are reported.Cx. tritaeniorhynchuswere observed near the Demilitarized Zone in each of the years that mosquitoes were assayed for JEV. Each year that vector mosquitoes were assayed for JEV, minimum field infection rates (number of JEV positive mosquites/1000Cx. tritaeniorhynchusassayed) ranged from 0.31 to 3.27. The epidemiology of JE has been recorded in Korea for more than half a century, from 1949 to 2005. During a major epidemic in 1949, there were 5616 cases and 2729 deaths reported, with levels persisting near epidemic levels of 1000 cases annually thereafter until 1969. Following the introduction and government mandated mass immunization in 1971, JE decreased dramatically. Since 1984, 0–6 cases of JE have been reported each year. However, continued evidence of mosquitoes positive for JEV indicates that JE continues to be a civilian and military health threat to immunocompromised persons in Korea, as well as non‐immune US soldiers, civilians and their family members.
First records of two species of the genus Brachionycha Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China
Authors: YANG Qing‐Yin , LI Cheng‐De , HAN Hui‐Lin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo species of the genus Brachionycha Hübner –B. nubeculosa (Esper) and B. albicilia Sugi – are recorded for the first time from China. The adults and genital characteristics of the species are briefly redescribed with illustrations, and their distributions are given.
New species of the genus Skiapus Morley (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) from Korea
Authors: LEE Jong‐Wook , CHOI Won‐Young 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Skiapus baeki Lee is described from Korea: this is the first record of this genus from the Palaearctic Region. We provide a description of the new species and a key to the species of the genus Skiapus.
Distribution of Nosema meligethi (Microsporida) in populations of Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Turkey
Authors: YAMAN Mustafa 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis is the first study on Nosema meligethi in populations of Meligethes aeneus in Turkey. In total, four of the 2020 beetles studied were infected with the parasite, giving an infection average of 0.2% in Turkey. Infection was observed in two of the eight localities investigated, and the infection rates in these localities were similar: 2.94 and 2.86%. N. meligethi infection was not observed in 1676 beetles (83% of the total studied) from five localities, including the main Brassica oleracea growing area, where chemical pesticides are commonly used. Three hundred and forty‐four beetles (17% of the total studied) were collected from three localities from uncultivated areas where there is no chemical pesticide application; infection was found in beetles from two of these localities. This study confirms that pesticide usage at sampling sites may play a role in the occurrence of N. meligethi, because the samples from which Nosema was detected originated from areas in which pesticides are not used.
Establishing a method to predict the outcome of vestibular schwannoma surgery based on one's own results
Authors: Hastan D. , Godefroy W.P. , Malessy M.J.A. , Van Der Mey A.G.L. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  To establish a prognostication method based on our own results of vestibular schwannoma surgery.Design:  Retrospective data analysis.Setting:  Tertiary referral centre.Participants:  141 ambulatory patients operated for unilateral vestibular schwannoma by the translabyrinthine approach in the period 1996‐‐2003.Main outcome measures:  Facial impairment defined by House Brackmann grade III–VI, and the relation with tumor size.Results:  For our institution we found that in a range of tumor sizes the tumor size of 17.5 mm was the cut‐off point associated with highest sensitivity and specificity values available concerning the prediction of facial impairment, these were 0.86 and 0.61. Compared to a random cut‐off point (11 mm), this leads to 36% more accurate predictions.Conclusions:  By establishing sensitivity and specificity values of predictions, one is aware of the rate of false predictions. By Receiver Operating Curve analysis the rate of false predictions can be minimised. In vestibular schwannoma surgery this leads to more precise predictions concerning outcome, as we have demonstrated for the facial function.
Results of endoscopic tracheoplasty for treating tracheostomy‐related airway stenosis
Authors: Nouraei S.A.R. , Kapoor K.V. , Nouraei S.M. , Ghufoor K. , Howard D.J. , Sandhu G.S. 
Published: September 2010

Keypoints

Post‐tracheostomy ‘lambdoid’ deformity of the trachea is a specific and uncommon variant of adult post‐intubation laryngotracheal stenosis, in which airway obstruction is caused by inward collapse of over‐resected tracheal cartilage as a result of post‐decannulation stomal contracture.
We evaluated the results of endoscopic tracheoplasty as an alternative to open tracheal resection in 11 patients treated for this condition between 2004 and 2006.
Patients were treated with endoscopic CO2 laser resection, dilatation and endotracheal mitomycin C application. Suspension micro‐laryngo‐tracheoscopy and high‐frequency supraglottic jet ventilation were used. Eleven patients with an average age of 56 years and lesion height and distance from glottis respectively of 11 ± 5 mm and 35 ± 12 mm were treated.
The median number of treatments fell from four at the start of the series to two at the end (P = 0.08). The average follow‐up was 17 ± 8 months and all patients were cured with no cases of dysphagia or dysphonia. Almost all patients achieved and maintained a Medical Research Council Dyspnoea Scale of I or II.
Endoscopic tracheoplasty is an effective treatment for this condition. It achieves a successful outcome while avoiding the operative risks, prolonged hospitalisation, and morbidity that is associated with tracheal resection. We recommend it as the standard of care for treating patients with this injury.