bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerated soil CO2 efflux after conversion from secondary oak forest to pine plantation in southeastern China
Authors: Shi Zheng , Li Yiqing , Wang Shaojun , Wang Guobing , Ruan Honghua , He Rong , Tang Yanfei , Zhang Zengxin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSoil respiration (Rs) is an important component of the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems, and changes in soil respiration with land cover alteration can have important implications for regional carbon balances. In southeastern China (Xiashu Experimental Forest, Jiangsu Province), we used an automated LI‐8100 soil CO2 flux system to quantify diurnal variation of soil respiration in a secondary oak forest and a pine plantation. We found that soil respiration in the pine plantation was significantly higher than that in the secondary oak forest. There were similar patterns of soil respiration throughout the day in both the secondary oak forest and the pine plantation during our 7‐month study (March–September 2005). The maximum of Rs occurred between 4:00 pm and 7:00 pm. The diurnal variations of Rs were usually out of phase with soil surface (0.5 cm) temperature (Tg). However, annual variation in Rs correlated with surface soil temperature. Soil respiration reached to a maximum in June, and decreased thereafter. The Q10 of Rs in the secondary oak forest was significantly higher than that in the pine plantation. The higher Q10 value in the secondary oak forest implied that it might release more CO2 than the pine plantation under a global‐warming scenario. Our results indicated that land‐use change from secondary forest to plantation may cause a significant increase in CO2 emission, and reduce the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in southeastern China.
Color Measurements in Blue‐Tinted Cups for Virgin‐Olive‐Oil Tasting
Authors: Melgosa M. , Gómez‐Robledo L. , Huertas R. , Capitán‐Vallvey L. F. , Moyano M. J. , Heredia F. J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractColor measurements have been performed using eighteen virgin‐olive‐oil tasting cups with ten different commercial virgin olive oils, positioned in a color cabinet with a D65 source. Three geometries (spectroradiometer tilted 0°, 30°, and 60°) were employed, simulating different positions of the taster’s eye. Our main goal was to test whether traditional blue‐tinted cups effectively conceal the color of virgin olive oils, as desired in sensorial analyses. None of the cups employed had all their geometrical dimensions within the standardized values, despite being cups used in official sensorial analyses. Measuring a magnitude similar to the spectral transmittance, we found substantial differences among the glasses of the eighteen tasting cups. Comparing color variability for one virgin olive oil in different tasting cups, and one tasting cup with different virgin olive oils, we discovered that: (1) variability was higher in the case of one virgin olive oil in different cups; (2) in both cases the variability increased with the tilt of the spectroradiometer; (3) even when the variability was lowest (i.e., 0° measurements for two oils in the same cup), the average color difference was above typical visual thresholds in simultaneous comparison experiments. In the most usual case of a successive comparison between two oils in the same tasting cup, it is expected that in most cases tasters will perceive color differences between the oils when their eyes are tilted 60° with respect to the horizontal, but not when they observe the cup in the horizontal direction. In summary, blue‐tinted olive‐oil‐tasting cups reduce, but do not completely conceal, oil color. The use of opaque tasting cups with black walls is suggested.
Alternative splicing of CCN mRNAs …. it has been upon us
Authors: Perbal Bernard 
Published: April 2009

AbstractVariant CCN proteins have been identified over the past decade in several normal and pathological situations. The production of CCN truncated proteins have been reported in the case of CCN2(ctgf), CCN3(nov), CCN4(wisp‐1) and CCN6(wisp‐3). Furthermore, the natural CCN5 is known to miss the C‐terminal domain that is present in all other members of the CCN family of proteins. In spite of compelling evidence that assign important biological activities to these truncated CCN variants, their potential regulatory functions have only recently begun to be widely accepted. The report of CCN1(cyr61) intron 3 retention in breast cancer cells now confirms that, in addition to well documented post‐translational processing of full length CCN proteins, alternative splicing is to be regarded as another effective way to generate CCN variants. These observations add to a previous bulk of evidence that support the existence of alternative splicing for other CCN genes. It has become clearly evident that we need to recognize these mechanisms as a means to increase the biological diversity of CCN proteins.
Compared effects of surgical and natural menopause on climacteric symptoms, osteoporosis, and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Özdemir Suna , Çelik Çetin , Görkemli Hüseyin , Kıyıcı Aysel , Kaya Buğra 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the effects of surgical (ie, earlier) and natural (ie, later) menopause on climacteric symptoms, osteoporosis, and metabolic syndrome.MethodThe study was conducted with 94 women who underwent hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy and 95 women who were older than 40 years and in natural menopause. None had received hormone theraphy or osteoporosis treatment. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III.ResultsThe rates of hot flushes (P = 0.001), sweating (P = 0.001), poor memory (P = 0.04), change in sexual desire (P = 0.04), and osteoprosis (diagnosed in the hip bone, P = 0.005) were significantly higher among the women in surgical menopause, but the rate of metabolic syndrome was similar in the 2 groups (47.8% and 40%; P = 0.28).ConclusionCompared with natural menopause, surgical menopause was found to be associated with highter rates of climacteric symptoms and osteoporosis but not of of metabolic syndrome.
The Fernbank interglacial site near Ithaca, New York, USA
Authors: Karrow Paul F. , Bloom Arthur L. , Haas Jean Nicolas , Heiss Andreas G. , McAndrews John H. , Miller Barry B. , Morgan Alan V. , Seymour Kevin L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Fernbank interglacial site, on the west side of Cayuga Lake, New York, has been recently subjected to more detailed study. To a lengthened mollusc list are added ostracodes, insects, fish, pollen, and plant macrofossils. Of these, plants are well preserved and diverse, whereas other groups are poorly preserved and incomplete. Nevertheless, all support the interglacial assignment (Sangamon), which is further supported by minimum age radiocarbon dates (>50,000 14C yr BP) and a TL date of 81 ± 11 ka. In the plant record near the top of the sequence, abundant tree charcoal indicates forest fires. Like the Toronto interglacial record, the plants show a declining July mean temperature from 24 to 18°C (according to transfer functions) through the sequence, from mixed deciduous forest to boreal forest.
Increased bioavailability of hesperetin-7-glucoside compared with hesperidin results in more efficient prevention of bone loss in adult ovariectomised rats
Authors: Habauzit Véronique , Nielsen Inge-Lise , Gil-Izquierdo Angel , Trzeciakiewicz Anna , Morand Christine , Chee Winnie , Barron Denis , Lebecque Patrice , Davicco Marie-Jeanne , Williamson Gary , Offord Elizabeth , Coxam Véronique , Horcajada Marie-Noëlle 
Published: April 2009

Hesperidin (Hp), a citrus flavonoid predominantly found in oranges, shows bone-sparing effects in ovariectomised (OVX) animals. In human subjects, the bioavailability of Hp can be improved by the removal of the rhamnose group to yield hesperetin-7-glucoside (H-7-glc). The aim of the present work was to test whether H-7-glc was more bioavailable and therefore more effective than Hp in the prevention of bone loss in the OVX rat. Adult 6-month-old female Wistar rats were sham operated or OVX, then pair fed for 90 d a casein-based diet supplemented or not with freeze-dried orange juice enriched with Hp or H-7-glc at two dose equivalents of the hesperetin aglycone (0·25 and 0·5 %). In the rats fed 0·5 %, a reduction in OVX-induced bone loss was observed regarding total bone mineral density (BMD):+7·0 % in OVX rats treated with Hp (HpOVX) and +6·6 % in OVX rats treated with H-7-glc (H-7-glcOVX)v.OVX controls (P < 0·05). In the rats fed 0·25 % hesperetin equivalents, the H-7-glcOVX group showed a 6·6 % improvement in total femoral BMDv.the OVX controls (P < 0·05), whereas the Hp diet had no effect at this dose. The BMD of rats fed 0·25 % H-7-glc was equal to that of those given 0·5 % Hp, but was not further increased at 0·5 % H-7-glc. Plasma hesperetin levels and relative urinary excretion were significantly enhanced in the H-7-glcv.Hp groups, and the metabolite profile showed the absence of eriodictyol metabolites and increased levels of hesperetin sulphates. Taken together, improved bioavailability of H-7-glc may explain the more efficient bone protection of this compound.
Attenuation of proteolysis and muscle wasting by curcumin c3 complex in MAC16 colon tumour-bearing mice
Authors: Siddiqui Rafat A. , Hassan Samira , Harvey Kevin A. , Rasool Tamkeen , Das Tapas , Mukerji Pradip , DeMichele Stephen 
Published: April 2009

Muscle wasting or cachexia is caused by accelerated muscle protein breakdown via the ubiquitin–proteasome complex. We investigated the effect of curcumin c3 complex (curcumin c3) on attenuation of muscle proteolysis usingin vitroandin vivomodels. Ourin vitrodata indicate that curcumin c3 as low as 0·50 μg/ml was very effective in significantly inhibiting (30 %;P < 0·05) tyrosine release from human skeletal muscle cells, which reached a maximum level of inhibition of 60 % (P < 0·05) at 2·5 μg/ml. Curcumin c3 at 2·5 μg/ml also inhibited chymotrypsin-like 20S proteasome activity in these cells by 25 % (P < 0·05). Forin vivostudies, we induced progressive muscle wasting in mice by implanting the MAC16 colon tumour. Thein vivodata indicate that low doses of curcumin c3 (100 mg/kg body weight) was able to prevent weight loss in mice bearing MAC16 tumours whereas higher doses of curcumin c3 (250 mg/kg body weight) resulted in approximately 25 % (P < 0·05) weight gain as compared with the placebo-treated animals. Additionally, the effect of curcumin c3 on preventing and/or reversing cachexia was also evident by gains in the weight of the gastrocnemius muscle (30–58 %;P < 0·05) and with the increased size of the muscle fibres (30–65 %;P < 0·05). Furthermore, curcumin inhibited proteasome complex activity and variably reduced expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases: atrogin-1/muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING finger 1 (MURF-1). In conclusion, oral curcumin c3 results in the prevention and reversal of weight loss. The data imply that curcumin c3 may be an effective adjuvant therapy against cachexia.
Dietary lipid level affects growth performance and nutrient utilisation of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles
Authors: Borges Pedro , Oliveira Beatriz , Casal Susana , Dias Jorge , Conceição Luis , Valente Luísa M. P. 
Published: April 2009

Over the last few years, several aspects of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) culture have been developed and optimised but the dietary lipid level for optimal growth has never been determined. Hence, five isonitrogenous diets (56 % dietary protein) with increasing dietary lipid levels (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 % DM) were fed to satiation to triplicate groups of twenty fish (mean initial weight 10 g). Fifteen tanks were randomly assigned one of the five diets. Feed was distributed using automatic feeders, and fish were fed over a 16-week period. At the end of the experiment the fish fed on diets containing the two lowest dietary lipid levels (4 and 8 %) showed a 3-fold body-weight increase with a significantly higher daily growth index than fish fed higher lipid levels (1·2v.0·8). Moreover, these fish displayed a significantly lower dry feed intake (12 g/kg per d) and feed conversion ratio (1·0) compared with fish fed higher lipids levels (16–19 g/kg per d; feed conversion ratio 2·0). Low dietary lipid levels ( < 12 %) significantly improved nutrient retention and gain and hence growth, without major effects on whole-body composition. Despite the slight alteration inn-3 PUFA muscle content in the fish fed low-fat-diets, this fish fed low dietary lipid still remains a richn-3 PUFA product and generally maintained its nutritional value. These results evidenced a low lipid tolerance of Senegalese sole juveniles and suggest a maximal dietary inclusion level of 8 % lipids for both optimal growth and nutrient utilisation without compromising flesh quality.
Epistemology and Possibility
Authors: Hanrahan Rebecca 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTRecently the discussion surrounding the conceivability thesis has been less about the link between conceivability and possibility per se and more about the requirements of a successful physicalist program. But before entering this debate it is necessary to consider whether conceivability provides us with evenprima faciejustification for our modal beliefs. I argue that two methods of conceiving—imagining that p and telling a story about p—can provide us with such justification, but only if certain requirements are met. To make these arguments, I consider those of Paul Tidman, whose position I use as a foil.
Pasch entre Klein et Peano: empirisme et idéalité en géométrie
Authors: Gandon Sébastien 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTPasch is usually credited with having presented the first axiomatization of a geometrical theory, but theVorlesungen über neuere Geometrie (1882)contains many features which do not fit the Hilbertian paradigm. Thus Pasch, while axiomatizing his“elementary geometry,”claims that it is an empirically true theory. Scholars usually regard the discrepancies between Pasch and the post-Hilbertian standard method as mere inconsistencies of Pasch's theory. On the contrary, this article aims at reconstructing the coherence and originality of theVorlesungen.We will first display the historical background of this work and then try to reconcile Pasch's logical axiomatic claim with his empiricist stance. More importantly, we will insist on the remarkable logical procedures worked out by Pasch in order to adapt his mathematical development to the strictures of his broad philosophical position.
A Sceptical Rejoinder to Sensitivity-Contextualism
Authors: Murphy Peter 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article offers a novel sceptical argument that the sensitivity-contextualist must say is sound; moreover, she must say that the conclusion of this argument is true at ordinary standards. The view under scrutiny has it that in different contexts knowledge-attributing sentences express different propositions, propositions which differ in the stretch of worlds across which the subject is required to track the truth. I identify the underlying reason for the sceptical result and argue that it makes sensitivity-contextualism irremediably flawed. Contextualists, I conclude, should abandon sensitivity for some other piece of epistemic machinery.
Self-Consciousness and Phenomenal Character
Authors: Janzen Greg 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article defends two theses: that a mental state is conscious if and only if it has phenomenal character, i.e., if and only if there is something it is like for the subject to be in that state, and that all state consciousness involves selfconsciousness, in the sense that a mental state is conscious if and only if its possessor is, in some suitable way, conscious of being in it. Though neither of these theses is novel, there is a dearth of direct arguments for them in the scholarly literature and the relationship between them has so far gone underrecognized. This article attempts to remedy this lack, advancing the claim that if all conscious states have phenomenal character, then all state consciousness involves self-consciousness.
L'arrière-plan de l'intentionnalité selon John Searle
Authors: Sauvé Denis 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTJohn Searle upholds the idea of a “background” of intentionality. In his view there is an ensemble of non-representational (or non-intentional) mental capacities that make every form of intentionality possible (that is to say, without these mental capacities there would not be any beliefs, desires, intentions, etc.). I examine both his reasons to believe that there are non-representational mental capacities and the arguments he gives in support of the most important claim (according to him) that an intentional state cannot be this particular state unless the said “background” existe.
Les propositions invérifiables ont-elles un sens? Probabilité, action et signification chez Hans Reichenbach
Authors: Bienvenu Alexis 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTHans Reichenbach argued inExperience and Prediction (1938)that the theory of meaning defended by Logical Positivism, i.e., “strict verificationism,” failed to give a relevant criterion for cognitive meaningfulness. He replaces it with a wholly probabilistic criterion that allows us to establish a pragmatic connection between language and action. But serious difficulties arise in the justification of his theory. The aim of this article is to assess some of these difficulties and to indicate a way to solve them in a “reichenbachian” way.
See the World: McDowell and the Normative Trilemma
Authors: Russell Luke 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTMcDowell argues that the shortcomings of recent theories of experience are the product of the modern scientistic conception of nature. Reconceive nature, he suggests, and we can explain how perceptual experience can be an external constraint on thought that, moreover, has conceptual import. In this article I argue that McDowell's project is unsuccessful. Those wishing to construct normative theories, including theories of perceptual experience, face the normative trilemma—they must choose one of three styles of theory, each of which exhibits a distinctive weakness. If we view McDowell's approach in light of this choice, we see that he cannot adequately explain the link between experience and the world itself. I conclude that the real problem with theories of experience flows not from scientistic naturalism, but rather from the inconsistent demands we place on normative theories in general.
La question de l'objectivité de la réalité pratique des idées de la raison pure
Authors: Grapotte Sophie 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTMy aim in this article is to demonstrate that the reality of ideas of pure reason (liberty, God, and the immortality of the soul) in the practical use of reason is less objective than the reality of pure concepts of understanding in their function of determining the object. To this end I explain how the objective reality of ideas of God and the immortality of the soul can be qualified as “subjective,” and in what sense the objective reality of the idea of liberty as a res facti can be considered as incomplete in terms of theoretical objectivity. Finally, I propose that the acquisition of practical objective reality does not entail expanding our theoretical knowledge of the objects of these three ideas.
Heidegger en dialogue: par-delà Ernst Jünger, un retour à Nietzsche
Authors: Béland Martine 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article investigates Martin Heidegger's intellectual relation to Ernst Jünger. In order to show that Heidegger's appraisal of Jünger is directly related to his understanding of Nietzsche's pre-eminent standing in the history of Western philosophy, I situate Jünger in the Heideggerian reconstruction of the history of metaphysics. It is because Jünger belongs to the Nietzschean paradigm that Heidegger believes he is worth reading—but also worth criticizing. Indeed, Jünger did not overtake the philosophical project that Nietzsche made possible by accomplishing the end of metaphysics. This is the very project adopted by Heidegger, first by thinking beyond metaphysics, and second by hoping Germany would turn towards a spiritual renewal of its civilization. Thus, since Nietzsche is the central figure who stands between Heidegger and Jünger, this article wishes to show that through his critical reading of Jünger, Heidegger in fact fosters a fundamental and uninterrupted dialogue with Nietzsche.
Propositions et états de choses chez Twardowski
Authors: Betti Arianna 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTTwardowski'sOn the Content and Object of Presentations(1894) is one of the most influential works that Austrian philosophy has left to posterity. The manuscriptLogik(1894–1895) supplements that work and allows us to reconstruct Twardowski's theory of judgement. These texts raise several issues, in particular whether Twardowski accepts propositions and states of affairs in his theory of judgement and whether his theory is acceptable. This article presents Twardowski's theory, shows that he accepts states of affairs, that he has a notion of proposition, and that his theory is interesting and sophisticated.
Quel Arrière-plan pour l'esprit?
Authors: Steiner Pierre 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the notion of background capacities as developed by John Searle during the last twenty years in philosophy of mind. Broadly construed, this notion designates non-representational mental capacities as the means by which mental representations are given a precise semantic content and thus are able to be expressed. Though novel and relevant, I intend to show that, according to Searle's description, this notion proves inadequate to attain its descriptive and explicative goals. I go on to regard background capacities in a perspective both externalist and (minimally) representationalist.
Individualisme et responsabilité selon Emmanuel Lévinas
Authors: Haché Étienne , Dubost Matthieu 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTEmmanuel Lévinas is unquestionably the philosopher of ethics par excellence. One of the major themes of his thought, or rather the key to understanding his work—work that spans over many fields—is one's responsibility toward the Other. This article attempts to reconsider this determining aspect of his writings from the perspective of contemporary individualism. We argue that Lévinas's ethics of responsibility in no way obliterates “the share of the Ego in the eminence of the Other.” On the contrary, in his approach to otherness, he takes the Self entirely into account. In other words, our interpretation is that the commonly held view that Lévinas's philosophy consists of normative interpretation of the human condition leading to the sacrifice of the self is imputable to a misunderstanding caused by the polysemous and ambivalent character of the concept of individualism.
Departmental Boundaries within the Corporate Body of Theory: Quine on the Holistic Foundations of Logic
Authors: Godden David M. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article argues that Quine's holistic and naturalized semantics provides an inadequate account of the foundations of logical expressions and misrepresents the internal structure of theories. By considering a Quinean model of theoretical revision, I identify the status and foundation holism provides to the propositions of logic. I contend that a central tenet of Quinean holism—the Revisability Doctrine—cannot be held consistently, and that the inconsistencies surrounding it mark a series of pervasive errors within naturalized holism. In response, I propose that semantic theories must reflect the different linguistic functions of different types of expressions and the specific relationships that individual concepts within a theory or language have to one another.