bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eutrophication of Microponds
Authors: Batchelder A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree soils having different chemical and physical properties were flooded with deionized water and used as bottom soils for greenhouse microponds. The submerged soils supplied sufficient nutrients to the overlying waters to sustain algal growth for 489 days in two successive floodings of 219 and 270 days each.Differences in electrical conductivity, pH, and nutrient concentration were observed among the three soils and a control nutrient solution. During the first flooding, indigenous algae prevailed in the soil systems, but during the second flooding the dominant algal genera were less diversified.In a companion study, in which perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was grown in the same three soils, the grass yields per kilogram of soil could not be related to the ash‐free biomass yields per kilogram of soil in the microponds. Algal growth could not be predicted from soil characteristics or solution composition, or the productivity of cropped soils, but the study showed that submerged soils can be a sole source of algal nutrients.
Influence of Pesticides on Denitrification in Soil and with an Isolated Bacterium
Authors: Bollag Jean‐Marc , Henninger Nancy M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarious pesticides were tested for their influence on the denitrification process in soil and on an isolated denitrifying bacterium. In soil the denitrifying activity was essentially inhibited by the fungicides captan (N‐trichloromethylmercapto‐4‐cyclohexene‐1,2‐dicarboximide), maneb (manganous ethylenebisdithiocarbamate), and nabam (disodium ethylene‐1,2‐bisdithiocarbamate), and to a lesser extent by the herbicide 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxy‐acetic acid). In pure culture studies with a bacterium whose end product in denitrification was nitrous oxide, the fungicides also caused strong inhibition of the respiratory nitrate reduction process; the insecticide carbaryl (1‐naphthyl N‐methylcarbamate), the phenylurea herbicides, 2,4‐D and propham (isopropyl carbanilate) also functioned as inhibitors, but to a lesser extent. It was of special interest to observe that the inhibition by certain pesticides influenced the formation rate of nitrite and sometimes prevented the reduction of accumulated nitrite during incubation under anaerobic conditions.
Retention of Metals in Sewage Sludge II: Incorporated Radioisotopes
Authors: Lagerwerff J. V. , Biersdorf G. T. , Brower D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of digested sewage sludge from Baltimore, Md. and Washington, D.C. were columned and leached for up to 240 hours with 0.06N CaCl2, as well as with water, to study the release of trace amounts of 85Sr and 137Cs introduced earlier. In percent of the radioactivity originally present, leaching with 0.06N CaCl2 removed about 90 and 80% of 85Sr, but about 9 and 16% of 137Cs from Baltimore and Washington, D.C. sludge, respectively. For leaching with H2O, the corresponding values were 39 and 34% of 85Sr and 4 and 3% of 137Cs.Samples of sludge were subjected to treatments with H2O2, and steambath drying, followed by incubating with 137Cs and 85Sr, and either exhaustive leaching with H2O (240 hours at 2 cm3 cm−2 hour−1), or equilibration for 1 hour with H2O or 0.01N HCl. In percent of the radioactivity originally present, the pretreatment increased 137Cs release by H2O leaching from 9 to 18%, and from 7 to 10% with Baltimore and Washington, D.C. sludge, respectively, depending on whether the sludge was pretreated with H2O or with 3% H2O2. Corresponding ranges for 85Sr were from 47 to 55% and from 41 to 48%.Incubation of Baltimore and Washington sludge for 44 months at room temperature slightly increased H2O extractability of 137Cs and 85Sr when the incubated material was kept dry, rather than moist. This may have been due to smaller concentrations of complexing organic compounds, or to compounds with lesser complexing ability. When sludge was stored moist, the 0.01N HCl extractability of the isotopes sharply increased. This would also point to a greater abundance of organic complexes under moist conditions during storage, since a decrease in pH affects their stability.
The Influence of Applied Phosphorus, Manure, or Lime on Uptake of Lead from Soil
Authors: Zimdahl R. L. , Foster J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies of the uptake of lead from soil by corn (Zea mays L.) have shown that soil applications of phosphorus [Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O] decrease uptake, but translocation was affected and at higher lead levels. Lead uptake decreased when cow manure was added to attain a total organic content of 6%, but there was no effect of additional manure. Liming did not have a consistent effect on uptake, but lead translocation appeared to decrease with liming. The addition of phosphorus was not an agronomically feasible way to reduce the effects of lead contamination, but additions of manure and lime offered promise of reducing lead uptake.
Photochemical Oxidants in Yonkers, New York: Effects on Yield of Bean and Tomato
Authors: MacLean D. C. , Schneider R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField plots of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Tendergreen) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Fireball 861 VR) were enclosed in chambers and exposed for 43 or 99 days, respectively, to ambient air or to air from which 60 to 70% of the ambient photochemical oxidants were excluded. Comparisons between these treatments revealed that ambient oxidants at Yonkers, New York reduced the fresh weight yield of tomato by at least 33%, and in bean, the weight and number of marketable pods were reduced by 26 and 24%, respectively.
Soil Nitrates Following Four Years Continuous Corn and as Surveyed in Irrigated Farm Fields of Central and Eastern Colorado
Authors: Ludwick A. E. , Reuss J. O. , Langin E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh rates of fertilizer N used in many intensive farm management systems have been cited as a potential pollution hazard to surface and ground waters. The purpose of this study was to evaluate soil NO3− accumulations following 4 years continuous corn (Zea mays L.) grown with different nitrogen and irrigation regimes, and to compare these results to present NO3− concentrations found in irrigated farm fields of central and eastern Colorado.Soil NO3− content in the 300‐cm sampled profile was significantly influenced by both fertilizer N and irrigation treatments; the greater accumulations were associated with the two higher fertilizer N rates and two lower irrigation rates. Nitrate increased linearly in relation to fertilizer N between 67 and 269 kg N/ha and could be described by two simple regression equations separating the irrigation treatments into two groups (l‐2 and l‐3, low rates; l‐4 and l‐5, high rates). Coefficients of determination for the two groups were 0.981 and 0.975, respectively.Two hundred and seventy irrigated farm fields were sampled to a depth of 90 cm in central and eastern Colorado. Mean soil NO3−‐N content was 173 kg/ha and contents were not significantly different between coarse and fine textured groupings. Fields sampled immediately following beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) contained similar amounts as those following corn. Mean soil NO3− content decreased with greater soil depth.Observed NO3− concentrations appear to be the result of gradual accumulations from annual or near‐annual fertilizer N and/or manure applied over a period of time. Data from the 4‐year corn experiment clearly illustrate that NO3− can accumulate in a soil profile even when fertilizer N is applied at rates below that required for maximum production.
Effect of Snowmobile Traffic on Bluegrass (Poa pratensis)
Authors: Foresman C. L. , Ryerson D. K. , Walejko R. N. , Paulson W. H. , Pendleton J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVarying snowmobile traffic was imposed on established bluegrass (Poa pratensis) areas at Arlington and Lancaster, Wisconsin for three winters. The effect on the stands, recovery, and vigor the following summer was monitored by close observations and the yield of frequent clippings.No reduction in bluegrass stands occurred following snowmobiling. Early spring recovery and growth was slower in snowmobile track areas than in nontract areas. However, by early summer, traffic and nontraffic areas showed no differences in vigor, color, or growth as measured by clipping weights. Soil bulk density determinations did not differ between snowmobile track and nontrack areas.
Effects of Sulfur Dioxide on Pinus resinosa Seedlings in the Cotyledon Stage
Authors: Constantinidou H. , Kozlowski T. T. , Jensen K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeedlings of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) in the cotyledon stage of development were exposed to four concentrations of SO2 (0.5, 1, 3, or 4 ppm) at four exposure times (15, 30, 60, or 120 minutes). Seedling development was inhibited by SO2 at all concentrations for 120 minutes and at 1.0 ppm and above for 30 minutes or longer. The adverse effects were proportional to SO2 concentration and duration of exposure. The fumigations induced chlorosis in both cotyledons and primary needles, slowed expansion of primary needles, inhibited dry weight increment of both cotyledons and primary needles, and induced necrosis of tips of cotyledons and primary needles. Growth of seedlings was inhibited more by increasing the duration of exposure to SO2 than by increasing SO2 concentration. The extreme sensitivity to SO2 of pine seedlings in the cotyledon stage suggests that their exposure to continuous fumigation in the field, even at low dosages, may adversely influence seedling development and regeneration of pine communities.
Picloram Degradation in Soils as Influenced by Soil Water Content and Temperature
Authors: Guenzi W. D. , Beard W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA laboratory experiment was designed to determine the effect of temperature and alternating incubations at field capacity and during drying periods on the degradation of picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid) in five soils. Picloram was added at a rate of 10 ppm, and degradation was measured by 14CO2 evolution resulting from the cleavage of the labeled carboxyl carbon. Picloram degraded very little at 5C and increased only slightly up to 25C. Three soils were highest in degradation rates at 30C while two soils were highest at 50C. Picloram degradation rates during 20‐day incubation periods at field capacity, interrupted with 16‐day drying cycles, varied among soils and decreased after each successive drying cycle at 30 and 50C, except for one soil at 50C. The degradation rate decreased gradually as water content decreased from field capacity (≃0.33 bar) to 15 bars tension, and ceased after the soils were air dried.
Effect of Spray Irrigation with Municipal Sewage Effluent on the Cereal Leaf Beetle and the Frit Fly Infesting Reed Canarygrass
Authors: Byers R. A. , Zeiders K. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwelve clones of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) that were spray irrigated with municipal sewage effluent had a mean of 0.03 larva per clone of cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus L.) on 7 June 1974; similar unirrigated clones had a mean of 3.2 larvae per clone on that date. Also, the irrigated clones had fewer culms killed by the frit fly (Oscinella frit L.) than unirrigated clones on 7 June and 12 Aug. 1974. Therefore, reed canarygrass as a receptor of sewage effluent, already the most acceptable species because of its flood tolerance, is even more desirable because there should be fewer numbers of these two important pests.
Nitrogen Balance in the Southern San Joaquin Valley
Authors: Miller Robert J. , Smith Richard B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA nitrogen balance for the southern San Joaquin Valley of California has been calculated, using techniques and methodology developed for the Upper Santa Ana River Basin of southern California. The two areas differed considerably in both size (the latter being much smaller) and agricultural function. Data were compiled on N inputs, use, and outputs for many sources within the study area. Such data enabled construction of a flow diagram depicting best estimates of N pools and fluxes within the San Joaquin Valley basin. Results show N inputs into the study area from various sources were somewhat greater than output to the atmosphere and by plant removal. Inputs to the soil N pool were about 9 kg/ha more in 1971 than in 1961. Since the soil N pool was estimated to be about 11 metric tons/ha, this represented an increase of about 0.1%. However, since the increases of N are not evenly distributed over the study area, high N concentrations can develop in some local areas.
Chemical Changes in the Soil Solution from a Spodosol Irrigated with Secondary‐treated Sewage Effluent
Authors: Hortenstine C. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe native vegetation (Pinus elliotti, P. palustris, Quercus geminata, Serenoa repens, Aristida stricta, etc.) on 40 ha of Spodosols at Walt Disney World, near Orlando, Fla., was chopped and turned under in the winter of 1972. The following summer, three tree species (Eucalyptus robusta, Liquidambar styraciflua, Platanus occidentalis) and one grass species (Cynodon dactylon) were planted. Irrigation with secondary‐treated sewage effluent at 5 cm/week was initiated in July 1972 in an attempt to determine the renovative capability of Spodosols. The soil solution was monitored chemically by drawing samples through porous ceramic cups placed at 60‐, 90‐, and 120‐cm depths in the soil profile. Phosphorus content increased from 0.03 ppm at all depths in the fall/winter of 1971/1972 to 1.25 ppm at 60 cm, 1.00 ppm at 90 cm, and 0.85 ppm at 120 cm by fall 1974. During the same period, K increased from 0.05 ppm at all three depths to 14 ppm; however, NO3‐N was consistently below 1.0 ppm. The effluent contained an average of 2.2 ppm NO3‐N, 14 ppm Kjeldahl N, 2.8 ppm P, and 16 ppm K. Laboratory tests of the soil indicated satisfactory nitrification; however, adverse conditions in the field probably curtailed the nitrifying process.
Lead Effects on Several Enzymes and Nitrogenous Compounds in Soybean Leaf
Authors: Lee K. C. , Cunningham B. A. , Chung K. H. , Paulsen G. M. , Liang G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTo obtain further evidence on the nature of lead toxicity in plants, we investigated the Pb2+ effect of several enzyme activities and nitrogenous compounds in soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Columbus). Soybean seedlings were grown in culture solution treated with lead nitrate so that final concentrations of lead (Pb2+) were 0, 20, 60, and 100 mg/liter. Soybean leaves were analyzed 10 days after lead was added to the solution.Results showed increased respiration rate, increased activities of acid phosphatase, peroxidase and alpha‐amylase, and increases in soluble protein and ammonia. There was no significant change in malic dehydrogenase, and total free amino acids. A decrease was observed for glutamine synthetase activity and nitrate. Leaf calcium and phosphorus decreased as the lead concentration was increased in the culture solution.Increased activities of the hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase indicates that the lead treatment enhances senescence.
Persistence of Aerially Applied Hexachlorobenzene on Grass and Soil
Authors: Beall M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe persistence of aerially applied hexachlorobenzene (HCB, C6Cl6) (equivalent to 10 ppm in the top 5 cm of soil) in “simulated” pasture was followed for 19 months in the greenhouse. The hypothesis that burning off the grass canopy would decrease the persistence of HCB in soil was also tested. Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis revealed no degradation products of HCB in plant or soil samples and that burning off the grass had no significant effect on subsequent persistence of HCB in soil. On day 1 (20 hours after application) the top 2 cm of soil contained 5.60 ppm HCB. Concentrations (air‐dry basis) found after 0.5, 1, 6.5, 12, and 19 months were 45.2%, 24.4%, 7.9%, 4.7%, and 3.4% of day 1, respectively. Concentration in the 2‐ to 4‐cm layer averaged 0.11 ppm with no significant change over the 19 months. Day 1 grass samples contained 1,060 ppm HCB, but after 2 weeks only 15.6 ppm (1.5% of day 1) were found. Concentrations after 1, 6.5, 12, and 19 months were 0.66%, 0.06%, 0.01%, and < 0.01% of day 1, respectively. HCB appears to volatilize rapidly from plant and soil surfaces but could be persistent within the soil.
Behavior of Chromium in Soils: I. Trivalent Forms
Authors: Bartlett R. J. , Kimble J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical behavior of Cr(III) was studied in solutions, soil suspensions, and in soils of contrasting characteristics incubated at field capacity moisture. Sodium pyrophosphate, pH 4.8 NH4OAc, and 0.1M NaF appeared to extract organically bound Cr(III), whereas 1M HCl removed inorganic Cr hydroxides and phosphates along with some organic Cr. Pyrophosphate and HCl extracts represented quantities of Cr(III) removed; NH4OAc and NaF extracts appeared to characterize small readily removed fractions, that is, intensity factors.Soil organic complexes of Cr(III) formed at low pH and appeared to remain stable and soluble even when soil pH's were raised to levels where the Cr would be expected to precipitate. Adsorption and solubility behavior of Cr(III) as it varied with pH and treatments was similar to that of Al.Oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) was not demonstrated at all, under conditions of maximum aeration and high pH.
Behavior of Chromium in Soils: II. Hexavalent Forms
Authors: Bartlett R. J. , Kimble J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption and reduction of added Cr(VI) were characterized in soils with contrasting pH's, organic matter contents, and chemical and mineralogical properties.Presence of soil organic matter brought about spontaneous reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), even at pH's above neutrality. Reduction did not occur in soils very low in organic matter unless an energy source was added. Cow manure added to practically organic‐free Cecil B2 reduced Cr(IV) only after the pH had been lowered below 3 with HCl.The solubility of Cr(VI) in the presence of excess Al changed in a pattern remindful of orthophosphate. All of the soils, except a pH 7.8 Cca horizon material, adsorbed Cr(VI). Presence of orthophosphate prevented the adsorption of Cr(VI), presumably by competition for the adsorption sites. Consistent with this finding, KH2PO4 was found to be the best extracting agent for Cr(VI).It was concluded that behavior of Cr(VI), if it remains in soils, is similar to that of orthophosphate. However, unlike phosphate, Cr(VI) is quickly reduced by soil organic matter. Thus, Cr(VI) added to a soil will remain mobile only if its concentration exceeds both the adsorbing and the reducing capacities of the soil.
Redox Potentials and Denitrification in a Cropped Potato Processing Waste Water Disposal Field
Authors: Smith J. H. , Gilbert R. G. , Miller J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany potato processors apply processing waste water containing nitrogen and other plant nutrients to cropped land. More than 1 metric ton of N per hectare was applied each year when waste water application averaged 230 cm/year on one field for 2 years. Less than 300 kg N/ha was recovered in the harvested grass hay, and only about 15 kg N/ha leached each season. Redox measurements made at several depths from 5 to 150 cm showed poorly aerated zones in the soil profile because of a high water table during the summer. Under these conditions, nitrate leached into these poorly aerated zones would be denitrified. Sufficient decomposable organic matter was present to provide energy for denitrification.
Uptake of Plutonium and Americium by Barley from Two Contaminated Nevada Test Site Soils
Authors: Schulz R. K. , Tompkins G. A. , Leventhal L. , Babcock K. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBarley (Hordeum vulgare, Var. Atlas 68) plant uptake of 239,240Pu and 241Am was studied using two soil samples collected from widely separated areas of the Nevada Test Site. Each area had been previously contaminated with plutonium and americium as a result of a separate high explosive (nonnuclear) detonation of a device containing plutonium. The plants were grown on 3‐kg soil samples in a controlled environment chamber. The plutonium concentration ratio (plutonium concentration in dry plant tissue/plutonium concentration in dry soil) was in the order of 10−5 for plant vegetative material. The plutonium concentration ratio for the grain was 20–100 times lower than that in the vegetative material. Concentration ratios for americium were in the order of 10−4 for vegetative growth and 25–75 times lower for the grain. These results imply that americium is more available to plants than plutonium.Plutonium‐bearing particles were identified in a soil sample using an autoradiographic technique and then separated from the soil samples. The 239Pu oxide equivalent diameters of plutonium‐bearing particles could be described by a log‐normal distribution function in the range of 0.2 to 0.7 µm. The actual diameters of the particles were 2 to 3 times the PuO2 equivalent diameter. Microprobe analyses of the surface region of particles >2 µm showed the following order of abundance: U, Pu > O > Al > Si > Fe > Mg. Photographs obtained with a scanning electron microscope revealed that some of the particles are quite irregular and have large specific surface areas which might enhance solubility and plant uptake.
Elimination of Fecal Coliform Bacteria from Reed Canarygrass Irrigated with Municipal Sewage Lagoon Effluent
Authors: Bell R. G. , Bole J. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe survival characteristics of fecal coliform bacteria on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) irrigated with municipal sewage effluent were determined using the most probable number (MPN) technique to develop a recommendation for sunlight decontamination of Gramineae species. The grass was recontaminated during rainfall because contaminated soil was splashed onto the foliage, and the number of fecal coliforms was not reduced during cool, damp periods.Exposure to 50 hours bright sunlight under semiarid prairie conditions was sufficient to destroy virtually all those fecal coliforms present on the grass after irrigation with sewage effluent containing about 3.2 × 104 fecal coliforms/100 ml. This was considerably longer than the 10 hours previously shown to be adequate to eliminate fecal coliforms from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). We believe that this difference between species is due to the presence of leaf sheaths on the grass in which effluent could collect and be protected from the bacteriocidal effects of bright sunlight.
Cadmium Distribution in Forest Ecosystems Irrigated with Treated Municipal Waste Water and Sludge
Authors: Sidle R. C. , Sopper W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTreated municipal waste water was irrigated in an abandoned old field area from 1964–1974 and in a mixed hardwood area (old gamelands) from 1964–1974. Total applications of Cd in the old field and old gamelands areas were 0.47 and 0.61 kg/ha, respectively. White spruce (Picea glauca Moench Voss.) and wild strawberry (Fragaria virginiana Duchesne) foliage sampled from the old field showed no increase in Cd concentrations due to effluent irrigation, while goldenrod (Solidago sp. Ait.) had lower Cd levels in the treated area than in the unirrigated control area. Foliage sampled from red maple (Acer rubrum L.), white oak (Quercus alba L.), and wild sarsaparilla (Aralia nudicaulis L.), in the old gamelands, showed no increase in Cd as a result of waste water irrigation. Soil Cd levels were not significantly affected by waste water irrigation in either area, except for the increase in soil Cd in the 0–5 cm depth of the old gamelands. The Cd/Zn ratios of the vegetation foliage were not significantly different between the treated and control areas.