bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life‐History Correlates of Enamel Microstructure in Cebidae (Platyrrhini, Primates)
Authors: Hogg Russell T. , Walker Robert S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPrevious studies have examined tooth eruption as it relates intrinsically to body mass, brain mass, and other life history variables, and extrinsically to ecological factors (e.g., age at foraging independence, environmental risk aversion, and maternal investment). Different models have been explored wherein each of these variables impacts ontogeny. However, anthropoid and strepsirhine primates exhibit interesting differences in the relationships of these ecological and life history variables with tooth eruption. Moreover, interactions between ecological variables and dental tissue growth have only been explored in the lemurs. This study examines dental microstructure of the New World monkey family, Cebidae, to provide further insight into forces influencing the evolution of primate dental ontogeny. The Cebidae were chosen because they are a diverse group which is distinct in ecology and phylogeny from the better known catarrhines of the Old World. Using phylogenetic generalized least squares analyses (PGLS), we test whether brain mass, body mass, or the three above‐mentioned ecological variables have stronger correlations with enamel growth. Results show that ecological factors have stronger relationships with cebid dental growth rates than brain or body mass. Foraging independence has the most impact on overall enamel growth as it has the strongest correlation with enamel extension rates. However, another estimate of enamel growth, rate of secretion, has the highest correlation with maternal investment. Our results suggest that an overarching ecological model encompassing the three current ecological hypotheses is needed to further understand the evolution of dental ontogeny within primates. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia
Authors: Organ Jason M. , Lemelin Pierre 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCebupithecia sarmientoi, an early pitheciine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, preserves an almost complete caudal vertebral sequence (18 vertebrae). Behavioral reconstructions for this taxon based on appendicular elements suggest a locomotor profile similar to that of Pithecia for which vertical clinging postures and leaping behavior are frequently adopted. General tail morphology suggests some similarity with prehensile‐tailed Cebus in the proximal tail region, although overwhelming similarity with nonprehensile‐tailed Pithecia is evident in the distal tail region. Indices of caudal muscle attachment sites show marked similarities to nonprehensile‐tailed platyrrhines, especially Pithecia. However, the cortices of Cebupithecia caudal vertebral bodies are thicker than those of most other nonprehensile‐tailed New World primates. Mechanically, this would provide high resistance to bending and torsional stresses, falling within the range exhibited by prehensile‐tailed monkeys. These results suggest that Cebupithecia may have employed its tail differently than most nonprehensile‐tailed platyrrhines living today, behaviors that possibly involved tail‐bracing or twisting during hindlimb (pedal grasping) suspensory behaviors. Such behaviors may serve as a preadaptive model for the full‐fledged evolution of below‐branch tail suspension and prehensility seen in other New World primates. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanoreceptivity of Prehensile Tail Skin Varies Between Ateline and Cebine Primates
Authors: Organ Jason M. , Muchlinski Magdalena N. , Deane Andrew S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPrehensile tails evolved independently twice in primates: once in the ateline subfamily of platyrrhine primates and once in the genusCebus. Structurally, the prehensile tails of atelines andCebusshare morphological features distinguishing them from nonprehensile tails (e.g., robust and strong caudal vertebrae, well developed lateral tail musculature, etc.). However, because of their independent evolutionary histories, the prehensile tails of atelines exhibit some differences from theCebusprehensile tail. Ateline tails are relatively longer than those ofCebus, and they have less well‐developed extensor compartment musculature. However, perhaps the most obvious difference is the distinctive hairless friction pad on the ventrodistal surface of the ateline tail; the tail ofCebusis completely covered in hair. This study documents the presence of four epicritic histologic mechanoreceptors in the friction pad of atelines: Meissner's corpuscles, Pacinian corpuscles, Ruffini corpuscles, and Merkel discs. Ruffini corpuscles and Merkel cells were also identified in the ventrodistal skin of theCebustail. However, Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles (not typically associated with hairy skin) were not found inCebus.Cebuswas also compared to its closest living sister taxon, nonprehensile‐tailedSaimiri, in which genus only Ruffini corpuscles are observed (no Merkel discs). The differences in mechanoreceptor type and morphology are attributed to the contrasting behavioral and tactile demands of the tail as it is used in posture and locomotion, which also distinguishes atelines fromCebus. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Physical Properties of Fruit and Seeds Ingested by Primate Seed Predators with Emphasis on Sakis and Bearded Sakis
Authors: Norconk Marilyn A. , Veres Michael 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSeveral primate radiations exhibit dental adaptations that enable them to gain access to seeds embedded in well‐protected fruit. To a database drawn from published sources in which hardness of fruit and seeds were tested in the field, we added an additional 100+ species of plants used as resources by pitheciin primates (specifically, South American white‐faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia) and bearded sakis (Chiropotes spp.). This sample allowed us to compare hardness of fruit and seeds and deduce the relative incisive and masticatory capability of several primate taxa (New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, prosimians and chimpanzees). Pitheciins have very well developed and highly modified anterior dentition that they use in gaining access to mechanically‐protected fruit. In addition, their molars bear thin, but decussated enamel that protects the tooth enamel from crack proliferation. The ability of sakis (Chiropotes spp. and Pithecia pithecia) to open fruit orally was comparable to larger‐bodied Old World seed predators—Lophocebus and Cercocebus. But, baboons and chimpanzees masticate seeds that are two to three orders of magnitude harder than sakis or mangabeys. In spite of their puncture abilities, ∼40% of foods ingested by pitheciins were in the range of a ripe fruit eater (Ateles paniscus). This raises the possibility that pitheciins exemplify Liem's paradox, that is, “that phenotypic specialization [is] not accompanied by ecological specialization” (Robinson and Wilson, 1998:224). Last, we examined the possibility that seeds may serve as fallback resources for primate seed predators. While pericarp hardness may vary seasonally for some seed predators (e.g., mangabeys), our data on bearded sakis and white‐faced sakis suggest that seeds are their primary resources year round and pericarp hardness is unrelated to seasonal variation in rainfall. Pitheciins evolved specialized dentition that affords them access to relatively abundant and high‐quality resources, a feeding strategy that results in minimal variation in resource availability seasonally. Anat Rec, , 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Vomeronasal Organ of New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini)
Authors: Smith Timothy D. , Garrett Eva C. , Bhatnagar Kunwar P. , Bonar Christopher J. , Bruening Amanda E. , Dennis John C. , Kinznger Jonathan H. , Johnson Edward W. , Morrison Edward E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAlthough all platyrrhine primates possess a vomeronasal organ (VNO), few species have been studied in detail. Here, we revisit the microanatomy of the VNO and related features in serially sectioned samples from 41 platyrrhine cadavers (14 species) of mixed age. Procedures to identify terminally differentiated vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) via immunolabeling of olfactory marker protein (OMP) were used on selected specimens. The VNO varies from an elongated epithelial tube (e.g., Ateles fusciceps) to a dorsoventrally expanded sac (e.g., Saguinus spp.). The cartilage that surrounds the VNO is J‐shaped or U‐shaped in most species, and articulates with a groove on the bony palate. Preliminary results indicate a significant correlation between the length of this groove and length of the VNO neuroepithelium, indicating this feature may serve as a skeletal correlate. The VNO neuroepithelium could be identified in all adult primates except Alouatta, in which poor preservation prevented determination. The VNO of Ateles, described in detail for the first time, had several rows of VSNs and nerves in the surrounding lamina propria. Patterns of OMP‐reactivity in the VNO of perinatal platyrrhines indicate that few or no terminally differentiated VSNs are present at birth, thus supporting the hypothesis that some platyrrhines may have delayed maturation of the VNO. From a functional perspective, all platyrrhines studied possess structures required for chemoreception (VSNs, vomeronasal nerves). However, some microanatomical findings, such as limited reactivity to OMP in some species, indicate that some lineages of New World monkeys may have a reduced or vestigial vomeronasal system. Anat Rec,, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Making of Platyrrhine Semifolivores: Models for the Evolution of Folivory in Primates
Authors: Rosenberger Alfred L. , Halenar Lauren , Cooke Siobhán B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAmong living New World monkeys, Howlers and Muriquis are by far the most folivorous. We examine how well the morphology and behavior of Alouatta and Brachyteles conform to leaf‐eating adaptational models derived from other studies. Both genera match these expectations unevenly, which suggests a broader conception of primate folivory is in order. Hence the notion of “semifolivory.” While their dentitions prove highly sensitive to selection for leaf‐eating, core features relating to body size, brain size, ranging behavior and presumed energy budgets are less predictable corollaries. Leaf‐eating in atelines and colobines may have evolved from a preadaptive reliance on seed‐eating, which would have necessitated comparable gastric adaptations. Fossils suggest semifolivory in the low‐energy Howler lineage may have begun with an increase in body size, a relatively small brain and, possibly, a concomitantly enlarged gut, followed by dental adaptations. It may have advanced via body‐size reduction, part of a pioneering adaptation in marginal ecologies on the periphery of rich Amazonian habitats or as a strategy to minimize competition among an abundance of frugivores within the lowland forest—perhaps not as a fallback scheme. In the high‐energy Muriqui, semifolivory may have evolved in more intensely seasonal, low‐yield forests where frugivores were constrained and rare, a model more consistent with the fallback paradigm. The seed‐to‐leaves evolutionary pathway hypothesized for anthropoid leaf‐eaters may be a widespread phenomenon in primates. We propose it is ultimately rooted in a pre‐euprimate reliance on the seeds and seed coats of primitive angiosperms before the latter evolved attractive sugary fruits to coax primates into becoming dispersers of seeds, instead consumers. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relative Brain Size, Gut Size, and Evolution in New World Monkeys
Authors: Hartwig Walter , Rosenberger Alfred L. , Norconk Marilyn A. , Owl Marcus Young 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe dynamics of brain evolution in New World monkeys are poorly understood. New data on brain weight and body weight from 162 necropsied adult individuals, and a second series on body weight and gut size from 59 individuals, are compared with previously published reports based on smaller samples as well as large databases derived from museum records. We confirm elevated brain sizes for Cebus and Saimiri and also report that Cacajao and Chiropotes have relatively large brains. From more limited data we show that gut size and brain mass have a strongly inverse relationship at the low end of the relative brain size scale but a more diffuse interaction at the upper end, where platyrrhines with relatively high encephalization quotients may have either relatively undifferentiated guts or similar within‐gut proportions to low‐EQ species. Three of the four main platyrrhine clades exhibit a wide range of relative brain sizes, suggesting each may have differentiated while brains were relatively small and a multiplicity of forces acting to maintain or drive encephalization. Alouatta is a likely candidate for de‐encephalization, although its “starting point” is difficult to establish. Factors that may have compelled parallel evolution of relatively large brains in cebids, atelids and pitheciids may involve large social group sizes as well as complex foraging strategies, with both aspects exaggerated in the hyper‐encephalized Cebus. With diet playing an important role selecting for digestive strategies among the seed‐eating pitheciins, comparable in ways to folivores, Chiropotes evolved a relatively larger brain in conjunction with a moderately large and differentiated gut. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetically controlled enzymatic synthesis of dipeptide precursor of l‐alanyl–l‐glutamine
Authors: Wang Mengfan , Qi Wei , Yu Qingxin , Su Rongxin , He Zhimin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn important nutritional dipeptide precursor, benzoyloxycarbonyl protected l‐alanyl–l‐glutamine (Z–Ala–Gln), was successfully prepared through a kinetically controlled enzymatic peptide synthesis method. A commercially available and low‐cost protease (papain) was used as biocatalyst with Z–Ala–OMe and Gln as acyl donor and nucleophile, respectively. The dipeptide yield was 35.5% under the optimized reaction conditions: 35°C, pH 9.5, and the ratio of acyl donor/nucleophile is 1:10. Based on the reaction mechanism and experimental data, the kinetic model was established, which was in accordance with the Michaelis–Menten equation, and the apparent Michaelis constant K and the apparent maximum reaction rate r were calculated as 1.71 mol/L and 6.09 mmol/(L Min), respectively.
Construction and characterization of an anti‐asialoglycoprotein receptor single‐chain variable‐fragment‐targeted melittin
Authors: Zhao Xiaorong , Yu Zhen , Dai Wentao , Yao Zhenjiang , Zhou Wei , Zhou Weiping , Zhou Junli , Yang Yonggang , Zhu Yinchang , Chen Sidong , Cao Limin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAntibody–therapeutic agent conjugation to be delivered specifically to tumor cells is required for many target‐based therapeutic strategies. In the present study, a recombinant immunotoxin was constructed by which melittin was fused to an anti‐asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) single‐chain variable fragment antibody (C1), and targeting ability and cytolytic efficacy of the fusion protein were studied. Our results suggested that the recombinant 29.4 kDa protein C1M was expressed in Escherichia coli as a soluble style. Binding of C1M to the surface of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells was confirmed by both immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry assays. C1M kept the hemolytic activity of melittin and exhibited cytolytic capacity to HepG2 cells at a concentration of 1.5 µg/mL, under which erythrocytes would not be lysed. The effects were greatly inhibited by coadministration with asialoorosomucoid, a natural ligand for ASGPR. These results suggested that C1M conferred targeting and ASGPR‐specific cytotoxicity to HCC cells. This work makes it possible to further investigate its antihepatoma efficacy in vivo.
Computational production of colour harmony. Part 2: Experimental evaluation of a tool for gui colour scheme creation
Authors: Moretti Giovanni , Marsland Stephen , Lyons Paul 
Published: November 2011

Although webpage and computer interface designers generally have little experience at generating effective colour schemes, colour selection appears only rarely in user interface design literature. This article describes the experimental evaluation of an algorithmic technique that applies colour harmony rules to the selection of colour schemes for computer interfaces and web pages. The technique uses a genetic algorithm to evolve colour schemes; the evolutionary path is determined by a quantitative colour harmony evaluation function.Our technique first creates abstract colour schemes by applying those rules to specific features of the interface or web page; the user then holistically modifies the scheme's overall colour cast, overall saturation, and light–dark distribution, producing colourings that are both harmonious and usable. We demonstrate experimentally that the software is relatively simple to use and produces colourings that are well‐received by humans.In an earlier article, the criteria for a colour harmony tool for computer interfaces and websites were described and used in the design of the Colour Harmoniser, our software implementation of a system that is based on classical rules of colour harmony, adapted and extended to suit graphical user interfaces.In this article, we describe two sets of experiments that have demonstrated the usability and effectiveness of the Colour Harmoniser tool, compared with standard methods of colour selection. These experiments suggest that the tool functions somewhat more effectively than we originally anticipated, producing colour schemes that were rated more highly on several quality scales than those produced by random choice, by humans who self‐classify as nonartists, and by humans who self‐classify as artists. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 38, 218–228, 2013.
Results of an Australian trial using SurePath liquid‐based cervical cytology with Focalpoint computer‐assisted screening technology
Authors: Bowditch Ron C. , Clarke Joanne M. , Baird Phillip J. , Greenberg Merle L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBD FocalPoint GS™ computer‐assisted screening of BD SurePath® liquid‐based cervical cytology slides (SP + FP) was compared with screening an accompanying conventional cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smear (CON) in a split sample trial of 2,198 routine specimens. The rate of unsatisfactory specimens in the SP + FP arm was 0.2% compared with 4.1% in the conventional Pap smear, a significant reduction. There was no statistically significant difference between SP + FP and CON for the detection of histologically confirmed high‐grade (HG) lesions in the routine split sample specimens (n = 9). To further test the sensitivity of SP + FP for HG lesions, 38 SurePath slides from confirmed HG cases, without an accompanying CON, were interpolated among the routine smears. In every one of the 47 confirmed HG cases, either HG cells were present in the microscope fields selected by FocalPointGS™ for review by the screening cytologist (46 of 47), or full screening of the slide was indicated by the FocalPointGS™ (1 of 47), confirming the effectiveness of SP + FP technology for primary screening. In a small number of cases, the screening cytologist did not recognize the abnormality even though on review HG cells were present in fields selected by FocalPointGS™. The overall detection rate was 93% for HG squamous lesions; 89% for known HG endocervical glandular lesions; and 91% for known endometrial carcinoma. In conclusion, the SP + FP detected 100% of HG abnormalities in the trial set; significantly reduced the rate of unsatisfactory specimens; and improved the overall screening rate of detection of HG abnormalities particularly of glandular lesions when compared with other screening technologies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterometallic Oximato‐Bridged Linear Trinuclear NiII−MIII−NiII (MIII = Mn, Fe, Tb) Complexes Constructed with the fac‐O3 [Ni(HL)3]– Metalloligand (H2L = pyrimidine‐2‐carboxamide oxime): A Theoretical and Experimental Magneto‐Structural Study
Authors: Kalogridis Cerise , Palacios María A. , Rodríguez‐Diéguez Antonio , Mota Antonio J. , Choquesillo‐Lazarte Duane , Brechin Euan K. , Colacio Enrique 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThree oximato‐bridged linear trinuclear heterobimetallic complexes of formula [{Ni(HL)3}2M]X·nS [M = Mn3+, X = ClO4–, n = 9, S = H2O (1); M = Fe3+, X = ClO4–, n = 9, S = H2O (2); M = Tb3+, X = NO3–, n = 11, S = CH3OH (3); H2L = pyrimidine‐2‐carboxamide oxime] were prepared from the reaction of the in situ generated [Ni(HL)3]– complex with the corresponding M2+ salts for 1 and 2 (which are oxidized to M3+ during the course of the reaction) and the Tb3+ salt for 3. The heterometallic trinuclear [NiMNi]+ cationic entities are formed by the coordination of two [Ni(HL)3]– metalloligands to the central M3+ metal ion through three facially arranged oxime oxygen atoms belonging to the H2L ligands. Therefore the HL– ligand acts in a κ2‐N1,N8:κ‐O9 bidentate bridging mode. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit antiferromagnetic interactions, whereas for 3 the spin‐orbit coupling and the effects of the crystal‐field on the 2S+1LJ states of the Tb3+ ion encumbers the determination of the nature of the magnetic exchange interaction between the Ni2+ and Tb3+ ions through the oximato bridging group. DFT calculations carried out on the solid‐state structures predict J values that match well with the experimental ones. The experimental J values were compared with those observed for analogous NiMNi complexes and their differences justified on the basis of structural parameters such as the Ni–N–O–M torsional angle and the distortion from the OC‐6 octahedral to the TPR‐6 trigonal prismatic geometry.
Assessing environmental contamination around obsolete pesticide stockpiles in West Africa: Using the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) as a sentinel species
Authors: Ciliberti Alexandre , Berny Philippe , Vey Danielle , de Buffrénil Vivian 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Environmental contamination caused by obsolete pesticide stocks was assessed using the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) as a sentinel species. Organochlorines and organophosphates were quantified by gas chromatography in abdominal fat and the liver, respectively. Results were compared to those obtained from three other sites, characterized by different histories of contamination. None of the previously stocked pesticides were recovered. Low to moderate levels of 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4,4′-DDE) were quantified in monitors from all sites. Malathion and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (4,4′-DDD) also were detected sporadically. Interindividual variability was substantial. Correlations between pesticide loads and individual characteristics were considered. The nondetection of previously stocked pesticides in the monitors' tissues, their contamination by other pesticides, and the value of V. niloticus as a monitoring tool for environmental contamination are discussed. The results indicate a situation of low concern and draw attention to the importance of local conditions in determining environmental dangers associated with potential pollution sources. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:387–394. © 2011 SETAC