bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐range dependence
Authors: Beran Jan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLong‐range dependence (LRD) refers to dependence structures that decay slowly with increasing distance. Mathematically this leads to limit theorems that differ from the short‐memory case, and to major corrections of standard statistical methods. Here, a brief overview of the probabilistic foundations and statistical methods is given. We focus on how LRD is defined, which typical models may generate LRD, how to do statistical inference for stationary and nonstationary long‐memory models, and how to distinguish between LRD and alternative models that may mimic long‐memory behavior. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data
Rendering in computer graphics
Authors: Chen Jim X. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this paper, some basics and advanced rendering methods in computer graphics are introduced. It takes a serious course to understand the principle and details of computergraphics. Here, I try to explain some basics and methods so that engineers and scientists not in the graphics specialty field will be able to understand graphics rendering methods and conceive applications with available means. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Computer Graphics
Forward simulation models
Authors: Thompson James 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe uses of simulation are virtually endless. In this article we consider only a few. The first is the use of simulation to take a data set and generate pseudo data points which are essentially stochastic combinations of points in the data set. This SIMDAT application is model free. The second is the use of simulation to obtain data‐based estimates of a stochastic process model. In order to estimate model parameters, we simulate assuming parameter values pseudo data points. Using goodness‐of‐fit measures we can then adjust the parameter values to bring the resulting pseudo data into maximal concordance with the actual data. This SIMEST algorithm is highly a model dependent. Since the time of Poisson, stochatic processes are modeled in the forward (temporal) direction. Fisher's maximum likelihood is a temporally backwards technique of parameter estimation. Thus, for example, if we are looking at a data set of the times of detection of ‘secondary’ tumors, we need to consider all the possible pathways for genesis of these tumors, and there are an infinite number of these. A ‘secondary tumor’ may have been generated from a primary over a continuum of times. It might have been generated from a secondary tumor over a continuum of times. It might actually be a new primary, having been generated from a systemic failure of the immune system. In this paper, we give an example of the forwards SIMEST estimation procedure. SIMEST has been successfully used to generate pseudo data based on an assumption of parameter values and then compared with clinical data via Pearson's goodness of fit. In the area of computational finance, we briefly consider the work which, using simulation‐based data analysis, challenges the efficient market hypothesis and looks at data‐based portfolio alternatives. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Simulation Models
Habituation to environmental enrichment in captive sloth bears—effect on stereotypies
Authors: Anderson Claes , Arun Attur Shanmugam , Jensen Per 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe benefits to captive animals of environmental enrichment (EE) are widely recognized. Few studies have, however, studied how to maximise the effect of EE. One issue with EE programs seems to be habituation to the enrichment device. To study the effect of habituation to EE, 14 captive sloth bears (Melursus ursinus) were subjected to two different EE treatments. Treatment one presented EE (logs with honey containing holes) for five consecutive days, whereas treatment two presented EE on intermittent days for five days. Intermittent presentations tended to reduce habituation toward the EE. Both consecutive and intermittent presentations significantly reduced stereotypies; however, the consecutive presentations had a longer‐lasting effect. Explorative behaviors increased in both treatments, consistent with earlier findings that EE increase levels of natural behaviors. Other behaviors were unaffected by the EE presentations. The results show that intermittent presentation of EE objects may secure the interest of the animals, but continuous access to enrichment may be more efficient in reducing stereotypies in the long run. Zoo Biol 29:705–714, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early dementia diagnosis and the risk of suicide and euthanasia
Authors: Draper Brian , Peisah Carmelle , Snowdon John , Brodaty Henry 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundDiagnosis of dementia is occurring earlier, and much research concerns the identification of predementia states and the hunt for biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Reports of suicidal behavior and requests for euthanasia in persons with dementia may be increasing.MethodsWe performed a selective literature review of suicide risk in persons with dementia and the ethical issues associated with euthanasia in this population.ResultsIn the absence of any effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease or other types of dementia, there is already evidence that persons with mild cognitive change and early dementia are at risk of suicidal behavior, often in the context of comorbid depression. The ensuing clinical, ethical, and legal dilemmas associated with physician‐assisted suicide and euthanasia in the context of dementia are a subject of intense debate. By analogy, the preclinical and early diagnoses of Huntington's disease are associated with an increased risk of suicidal behavior. Thus there is the potential for a preclinical and early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (through biomarkers, neuroimaging, and clinical assessment) to result in increased suicide risk and requests for physician‐assisted suicide.ConclusionsAlthough dementia specialists have long recognized the importance of a sensitive approach to conveying bad news to patients and families and the possibility of depressive reactions, suicidal behavior has not been regarded as a likely outcome. Such preconceptions will need to change, and protocols to monitor and manage suicide risk will need to be developed for this population.
Simplicial cohomology of augmentation ideals in l1(G)
Authors: Choi Yemon 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLet G be a discrete group.We give a decomposition theorem for the Hochschild cohomology of l1(G) with coefficients in certain G-modules. Using this we show that if G is commutative-transitive, the canonical inclusion of bounded cohomology of G into simplicial cohomology of l1(G) is an isomorphism.
Rate of growth of frequently hypercyclic functions
Authors: Blasco O. , Bonilla A. , Grosse-Erdmann K.-G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe study the rate of growth of entire functions that are frequently hypercyclic for the differentiation operator or the translation operator. Moreover, we prove the existence of frequently hypercyclic harmonic functions for the translation operator and we study the rate of growth of harmonic functions that are frequently hypercyclic for partial differentiation operators.
U–Pb and40Ar–39Ar geochronology of the Baiyunshan gneiss (central Guangdong, south China): constraints on the timing of early Palaeozoic and Mesozoic tectonothermal events in the Wuyun (Wuyi-Yunkai) Orogen
Authors: YANG DONG-SHENG , LI XIAN-HUA , LI WU-XIAN , LIANG XIN-QUAN , LONG WEN-GUO , XIONG XIAO-LIN 
Published: January 2010

AbstractComposite Sensitive High Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) U–Pb zircon and40Ar–39Ar step-heating biotite-hornblende ages are used to provide constraints on the timing and origin of the felsic gneissic rocks in the Baiyunshan Mountains region and to elucidate their tectonothermal history. SHRIMP dating and CL imaging of zircons give magmatic zircon crystallization ages between Late Ordovician and Early Silurian (c.453.5 Ma, 446 Ma, and 439 Ma) for three representative felsic gneisses, suggesting that most of the Baiyunshan gneiss cannot represent basement rocks of the Cathaysia Block as previously thought. Including the present age information, a synthesis of available age data for regional Wuyun (Wuyi-Yunkai) events reflects the emergence of orogen-wide magmatism that could be syn-orogenic and have occurred mainly between 460 and 420 Ma in the South China Block. Inherited zircons are abundant, with ages clustering at late Mesoproterozoic (1189–1017 Ma) and middle Mesoproterozoic (772 Ma), which reveals that the Baiyunshan orthogneiss samples a crustal basement containing significant igneous or recycled components related to the Rodinia amalgamation and break-up. A SHRIMP date of 212 ± 12 Ma from a white rim of zircon provides evidence for metamorphic overprinting of an Indosinian tectonothermal event on the Baiyunshan gneiss. Incremental heating experiments with six biotite samples and one hornblende sample from a variety of metamorphic rocks yielded two distinct40Ar–39Ar age groups: 150–155 and 94–98 Ma. The older ages are similar to zircon U–Pb dates for widespread granitic intrusions in central Guangdong. We attribute them to Late Jurassic magmatism-induced thermal resetting of the biotite K–Ar system. On the other hand, the younger age group is interpreted to record either cooling through the biotite closure temperature of ~300–350 °C or a second resetting of biotite Ar isotopes atc.94–98 Ma due to contemporaneous magmatic activity. Our present age data suggest that the Maofengshan orthogneiss was exhumed to 8 to 10 km crustal levels atc.150 Ma, whereas the eastward components of gneissic rock masses appear to have passed upward through the same crustal depth synchronously or later (byc.94 Ma). Exhumation of middle crustal-level rocks in the study area sincec.155 Ma is roughly coeval with exhumation of gneissic rocks from elsewhere in the Wuyun Orogen, suggesting a large-scale mechanism for the exhumation pulse related to the Yanshanian extensional tectonic regime.
Effect of vancomycin-coated tympanostomy tubes on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation: in vitro study
Authors: Jang C H , Park H , Cho Y B , Choi C H 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground and objective:Bacterial biofilm formation has been implicated in the high incidence of persistent otorrhoea after tympanostomy tube insertion. It has been suggested that the tube material may be an important factor in the persistence of such otorrhoea. Development of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus otorrhoea after tympanostomy tube placement is a growing concern. We evaluated the effect of using vancomycin and chitosan coated tympanostomy tubes on the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation in vitro.Materials and methods:Three sets each of vancomycin-coated silicone tubes (n = 5), commercial silver oxide coated silicone tubes (n = 5) and uncoated tympanostomy tubes (as controls; n = 5) were compared as regards resistance to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation after in vitro incubation.Results:Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surfaces of the silver oxide coated tubes supported the formation of thick biofilms with crusts, comparable to the appearance of the uncoated tubes. In contrast, the surface of the vancomycin-coated tympanostomy tubes was virtually devoid of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm.Conclusion:Vancomycin-coated tympanostomy tubes resist methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation. Pending further study, such tubes show promise in assisting the control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation.
Securing a tracheostomy when circumferential ties may compromise flap perfusion: the ‘epaulette’ technique
Authors: Loizou P , Tierney P A , Savage J 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe use of free flaps in head and neck reconstruction raises the question of how to adequately fix a tracheostomy tube without causing local pressure to the vascular anastomosis. We describe a previously unreported technique of securing a tracheostomy tube in the immediate and early post-operative period without vascular compromise of the free flap, using the ‘epaulette’ technique. We undertook a PubMed literature search for articles describing similar methods of securing a tracheostomy tube in patients with head and neck free flaps, but found none. In our experience of using this method, we encountered no compromised flaps or unplanned extubations. We believe the epaulette technique to be an easy and safe method of securing a tracheostomy tube whilst simultaneously avoiding any local pressure effect on the free flap vessels and anastomosis.
Cost-effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Germany
Authors: Adarkwah Charles Christian , Gandjour Afschin 
Published: January 2010

Objectives:Type 2 diabetes is the main cause of end-stage renal disease in Europe and the United States. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors slow down the progression of renal disease and, therefore, provide a renal-protective effect. The aim of this study was to assess the most cost-effective time to start an ACE inhibitor (or an angiotensin II receptor blocker in the event of cough) in patients with type 2 diabetes in Germany.Methods:Three strategies were compared: treating all patients at the time of diagnosing type 2 diabetes, screening for microalbuminuria, and screening for macroalbuminuria. A lifetime Markov decision model with simulated 50-year-old patients with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus was developed using published data on costs and health outcomes and simulating the progression of renal disease. A statutory health insurance perspective was adopted.Results:In the base-case analysis, the treat-all strategy is associated with the lowest costs and highest benefit and, therefore, dominates screening both for macroalbuminuria and microalbuminuria. A multivariate sensitivity analysis shows that the probability of savings is 89 percent.Conclusions:Patients with type 2 diabetes should receive an ACE inhibitor immediately after diagnosis if they do not have contraindications. The potential for cost savings would be even larger if the prevention of cardiovascular events were considered.
Cost-effectiveness of real-world infliximab use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Sweden
Authors: Lekander Ingrid , Borgström Fredrik , Svarvar Patrick , Ljung Tryggve , Carli Cheryl , van Vollenhoven Ronald F. 
Published: January 2010

Objectives:The objective of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of infliximab use in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Swedish clinical practice, based on patient-level data from the Stockholm TNF-alpha follow-up registry (STURE).Methods:Real-world patient-level data on infliximab use from the STURE registry were implemented in a Markov cohort model, in which health states of functional status were classified according to the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ—five categories) and twenty-eight joint count Disease Activity Score (DAS28). The transition probabilities between HAQ and DAS28 states during treatment, as well as discontinuation rates were modeled based on data from the registry for patients using infliximab as their first-line biological treatment. The transition probabilities in the comparator arm, that is, disease progression without biologic treatment, as well as mortality rates, costs, and utilities were based on published literature. The analysis had a societal cost perspective.Results:Infliximab was associated with an incremental gain in quality-adjusted life-years of 1.02 and an incremental cost of €23,264 per patient compared with progression without biologic treatment, producing an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of €22,830 (SEK211,136 or US$31,230). Sensitivity analyses of input parameters and model assumptions produced ICERs in the range from €18,000 to €47,000.Conclusions:Results from base-case and sensitivity analyses fell well below established benchmarks for cost-effectiveness in Sweden. The results, therefore, indicated that infliximab treatment for RA has provided good societal value for money in Swedish clinical practice, compared with a scenario of no biological treatment.
Measuring the incidence of adult community-acquired pneumonia in a Native American community
Authors: WATT J. P. , MOÏSI J. C. , DONALDSON R. L. A. , REID R. , FERRO S. , WHITNEY C. G. , SANTOSHAM M. , O'BRIEN K. L. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYFew population-based studies have investigated the epidemiology of adult community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). We aimed to determine the incidence of CAP in a population at high-risk for pneumococcal disease and to evaluate a standardized method for interpreting chest radiographs adapted from the World Health Organization paediatric chest radiograph interpretation guidelines. We reviewed radiology records at the two healthcare facilities serving the White Mountain Apache tribe to identify possible pneumonia cases ⩾40 years of age. We categorized patients with clinical criteria and a physician diagnosis of pneumonia as clinical CAP and those with clinical criteria and an acute infiltrate as radiographic CAP. We identified 100 (27/1000 person-years) and 60 (16/1000 person-years) episodes of clinical and radiographic CAP, respectively. The incidence of CAP increased with age. Both radiographic and clinical CAP were serious illnesses with more than half of patients hospitalized. Our case definitions and methods may be useful for comparing data across studies and conducting vaccine trials.
Human enterovirus 71 and hand, foot and mouth disease
Authors: WONG S. S. Y. , YIP C. C. Y. , LAU S. K. P. , YUEN K. Y. 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYHand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is generally a benign febrile exanthematous childhood disease caused by human enteroviruses. The route of transmission is postulated to be faeco-oral in developing areas but attributed more to respiratory droplet in developed areas. Transmission is facilitated by the prolonged environmental survival of these viruses and their greater resistance to biocides. Serious outbreaks with neurological and cardiopulmonary complications caused by human enterovirus 71 (HEV-71) seem to be commoner in the Asian Pacific region than elsewhere in the world. This geographical predilection is unexplained but could be related to the frequency of intra- and inter-typic genetic recombinations of the virus, the host populations' genetic predisposition, environmental hygiene, and standard of healthcare. Vaccine development could be hampered by the general mildness of the illness and rapid genetic evolution of the virus. Antivirals are not readily available; the role of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of serious complications should be investigated. Monitoring of this disease and its epidemiology in the densely populated Asia Pacific epicentre is important for the detection of emerging epidemics due to enteroviruses.
Self-assembly of microscopic chiplets at a liquid–liquid–solid interface forming a flexible segmented monocrystalline solar cell
Authors: Knuesel Robert J. , Jacobs Heiko O. 
Published: January 2010

This paper introduces a method for self-assembling and electrically connecting small (20–60 micrometer) semiconductor chiplets at predetermined locations on flexible substrates with high speed (62500 chips/45 s), accuracy (0.9 micrometer, 0.14°), and yield (> 98%). The process takes place at the triple interface between silicone oil, water, and a penetrating solder-patterned substrate. The assembly is driven by a stepwise reduction of interfacial free energy where chips are first collected and preoriented at an oil-water interface before they assemble on a solder-patterned substrate that is pulled through the interface. Patterned transfer occurs in a progressing linear front as the liquid layers recede. The process eliminates the dependency on gravity and sedimentation of prior methods, thereby extending the minimal chip size to the sub-100 micrometer scale. It provides a new route for the field of printable electronics to enable the integration of microscopic high performance inorganic semiconductors on foreign substrates with the freedom to choose target location, pitch, and integration density. As an example we demonstrate a fault-tolerant segmented flexible monocrystalline silicon solar cell, reducing the amount of Si that is used when compared to conventional rigid cells.
Direct contacts between extracellular membrane-proximal domains are required for VEGF receptor activation and cell signaling
Authors: Yang Yan , Xie Peng , Opatowsky Yarden , Schlessinger Joseph 
Published: January 2010

Structural analyses of the extracellular region of stem cell factor (SCF) receptor (also designated KIT) in complex with SCF revealed a sequence motif in a loop in the fourth Ig-like domain (D4) that is responsible for forming homotypic receptor contacts and for ligand-induced KIT activation and cell signaling. An identical motif was identified in the most membrane-proximal seventh Ig-like domain (D7) of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1), VEGFR2, and VEGFR3. In this report we demonstrate that ligand-induced tyrosine autophosphorylation and cell signaling via VEGFR1 or VEGFR2 harboring mutations in critical residues (Arg726 or Asp731) in D7 are strongly impaired. We also describe the crystal structure of D7 of VEGFR2 to a resolution of 2.7 Å. The structure shows that homotypic D7 contacts are mediated by salt bridges and van der Waals contacts formed between Arg726 of one protomer and Asp731 of the other protomer. The structure of D7 dimer is very similar to the structure of D4 dimers seen in the crystal structure of KIT extracellular region in complex with SCF. The high similarity between VEGFR D7 and KIT D4 in both structure and function provides further evidence for common ancestral origins of type III and type V RTKs. It also reveals a conserved mechanism for RTK activation and a novel target for pharmacological intervention of pathologically activated RTKs.
Sur les arguments sémantiques du verbe expliquer et leur réalisation syntaxique
Authors: Nakamura Takuya 
Published: January 2010

In this preliminary descriptive research, taking one French verb (expliquer), we explore syntactic possibilities of argument realization. For this verb, at least four types of syntactic constructions are specified for a fixed set of semantic arguments. 	When the direct object is realized as a NP (and not as a bare Que P) assuming the role of “object” of explanation, it is observed that the subject can vary between the “agent” and “explanation” roles, in correlation with the change of the origin of “explanation”. This type of difference is to be considered a change of diathesis of the same verb. 	An agentive construction with a complement clause object happens to be a marginal one from the point of view of argument realization, functioning accidentally as a variant of a sentence with verbs of saying. This type of complement clause is a bare Que P in the sense that it does not manifest an alternation with a Que P headed by le fait.