bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The determination of nonylphenol ethylene oxide detergents in wool grease
Authors: ANDERSON C A , GANLY R G , WOOD G F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The nonylphenol ethylene oxide nonionic detergent is extracted from wool grease by methanol under reflux and estimated from the infrared absorption at 1510 cm−1. The method estimates between 90 and 100% of the detergent present and is independent of the type of grease. Commercial wool greases recovered from nonionic-detergent wool-scouring liquors contained between 0·5 and 2·4% detergent.
The flow properties of granular magnesia
Authors: JONES T M , PILPEL N 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Measurements have been made of the flow of granular magnesium oxide through circular orifices and the equation
has been derived. This is a particular form of a more general equation
which can be shown to apply to a wide range of materials, A and 1/n being functions of particle size and shape.
The equation has been employed for predicting the flow rates of binary and ternary mixtures of magnesia with an accuracy of 5%.
The determination of liothyronine and thyroxine in thyroid preparations
Authors: LEMIEUX R , TALMAGE J M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A procedure is described for determining liothyronine and thyroxine in thyroid substances. This involves stepwise hydrolysis with barium hydroxide, extraction of combined iodinated amino-acids by n-butanol, separation and isolation of liothyronine and thyroxine by paper chromatography, subsequent ignition of their separated chromatograms by oxygen flask combustion and estimation of evolved iodine in benzene solution by spectrophotometric absorption at 295 mμ. The method is suitable for routine quality control of thyroid products.
A critical assessment of an accelerated storage test
Authors: COLE B R , LEADBEATER L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The accelerated storage test proposed by Rogers enables the rate constant (at a known temperature) and the energy of activation of a reaction occurring in solution to be calculated from a single experiment. This test has been applied to a number of first and second order reactions, including the heat inactivation of horse serum cholin-esterase. The theoretical and practical limitations of the technique are discussed. It is concluded that the test has an important role in determining the stability of pharmaceutical and related compounds in solution and in comparing the stabilities of different batches of the same preparation.
The interaction of benzoic acid and chloroxylenol with cetomacrogol
Authors: MITCHELL A G , BROWN K F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The interaction of benzoic acid with the non-ionic surfactant cetomacrogol 1000 has been examined by means of solubility and pH measurements, potentiometric titration and equilibrium dialysis. Solubility measurements and equilibrium dialysis have also been used to assess the interaction of chloroxylenol with cetomacrogol. Following earlier proposals, the interactions have been expressed both in terms of a distribution coefficient for the partition of preservative between the micelles and aqueous phase, and as a ratio of the total preservative concentration to the amount free in the aqueous phase. It is suggested that a more generally useful method is to express the degree of saturation of the aqueous phase with preservative as a function of the degree of saturation of the total system.
Some basic ketones with central nervous system depressant activity
Authors: HARPER N J , SIMMONDS A B , WAKAMA W T , HALL G H , VALLANCE D K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Some γ-(4-benzyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)-butyrophenones and related compounds have been prepared and screened for central nervous system depressant activity. One of the more active, γ-(4-p-chlorobenzyl-4-hydroxypiperidino)-p-fiuorobutyrophenone, was selected for further study and in experimental animals was found to have effects on the central nervous system similar to both those of chlorpromazine and of haloperidol.
Some size distributions of particulate contamination found in commercially available intravenous fluids
Authors: GROVES M J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The size distributions of particulate contamination found in some commercially available normal saline solutions and dextrose solutions have been determined using the Coulter Counter. Many of these solutions contain considerable numbers of particles larger than the equivalent volume diameter of erythrocytes. Earlier observations that most of the particulate contamination emanates from the rubber closure were confirmed by repeated autoclaving of saline in a rubber-plugged glass container. It is possible to prepare solutions substantially free of particles larger than 5 μ, and commercial material of this quality is available. A tentative standard is proposed and discussed.
The effect of chemical structure on chromatographic multiple spot formation by sympathomimetic amines in the presence of hydrochloric acid
Authors: BROADLEY K J , ROBERTS D J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Of 22 sympathomimetic amines chromatographed on paper from solution in distilled water or concentrated hydrochloric acid, nine in the presence of hydrochloric acid produce multispots which are not apparent when they are chromatographed from distilled water. The presence or absence of the multiple spot phenomenon depends upon the chemical structure of each amine.
The mathematics of drug-receptor interactions
Authors: MACKAY D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
MOST pharmacological observations support the hypothesis that drugs produce their effects by interacting in a specific way with some component of the living cell. This component, which is likely to be either an enzyme or a site on a cell membrane, is called the receptor. Substances which act on receptors may be classified as agonists, which produce an observable response from a tissue, or as antagonists, which do not themselves produce an observable response but prevent the response to agonists. The concept of specific receptors is supported mainly by the ability of some antagonists to block selectively the response of tissues to certain agonists.
Inhibition of intestinal absorption by different samples of cetrimide and the homologous alkyl series C10-C20
Authors: HART S L , NISSIM J A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of different samples of cetrimide on the intestinal absorption of D-glucose, sodium butyrate and DL-methionine were compared with those of homologous compounds C(10)-C(20) of the same alkyl series, by in vivo intraluminal perfusion in the mouse, rat and guinea-pig. Two samples of “cetrimide” had different inhibitory activities in the mouse and rat but were equiactive in the guinea-pig in which both samples caused glucose reversal. None of the homologues, C(10)-C(20), paralleled the activity of either of the cetrimide samples exactly. It is concluded that cetrimide should be assayed in the rat before its use in studies of absorption and protein binding.
The passage of drugs across the rat intestine in vitro
Authors: MISRA ANAND L , HUNGER ALFRED , KEBERLE HEINRICH 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The in vitro methods of Smyth & Taylor (1957) and everted sac technique of Crane & Wilson (1958) have been evaluated for studying the passage of ferrioxamine-B hydrochloride and its derivatives, glutethimide, thalidomide, a polypeptide, salicylic acid, aniline and phenol red from the mucosal to serosal side of the rat intestinal barrier in vitro. The ferrioxamines were not significantly absorbed, glutethimide was more rapidly absorbed than thalidomide, the polypeptide was broken down rapidly and appeared as amino-acids in the serosal fluid, salicylic acid and aniline were found in the serosal fluid but phenol red was little absorbed. Although allowance must be made for differences in the transit pathways of in vivo and in vitro systems because of the non-functional nature of the capillary network in in vitro studies, our results suggest that these methods can supply useful information on the permeability characteristics of newly developed drugs through the intestinal barrier.
Viscosity of phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
Authors: PERRIN J H , SAUNDERS L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The viscosities of egg lecithin dispersed in water have been measured by means of a Couette viscometer. The more concentrated dispersions are thixotropic, but below 1·8% w/w of lecithin the sols become Newtonian. From the extrapolated ratio of specific viscosity to volume fraction, the dispersed particles are considered to be of an elongated rod-like shape. When the coarse dispersions of lecithin are irradiated ultrasonically, an irreversible clearing of the sols occurs, accompanied by a big decrease in viscosity. None of the irradiated sols examined was thixotropic and the extrapolated viscosity ratio indicated a low asymmetry and degree of hydration for the dispersed particles. The effect of ultrasonic irradiation is not only to reduce size and asymmetry of the aggregates but also to expel water from them.
Further effects of imipramine and its desmethyl derivative on the hypothermia induced by reserpine
Authors: BERNARDI D , JORI A , MORSELLI P , VALZELLI L , GARATTINI S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Imipramine and desipramine injected intracerebrally increase the temperature of fully reserpinised rats. Desipramine is more effective than imipramine in this. The effect of imipramine seems to be independent of the formation of desipramine in the brain. That imipramine, injected intraperitoneally, leads to an accumulation of brain desipramine has been confirmed.
The rigidity of gelatin-glycerin gels
Authors: NIXON J R , GEORGAKOPOULOS P P , CARLESS J E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
At 25° the presence of glycerin in gelatin gels increased the modulus of rigidity in all the samples used. An empirical relationship between rigidity and the concentrations of gelatin and glycerin was calculated which was valid within the range 4–15% gelatin and 0–40% glycerin. A critical concentration of gelatin was found at which neither Bloom number nor glycerin concentration affected the rigidity. No simple relationship was found between Bloom number and rigidity.
The pharmacology of 2-amino-4-methyl-6-phenyl-amino-1, 3, 5-triazine, a centrally acting muscle relaxant
Authors: BRITTAIN R T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
2-Amino-4-methyl-6-phenylamino-1, 3, 5-triazine (CB.2487) was found to resemble mephenesin both qualitatively and quantitatively in its actions in mice, and could be distinguished from meprobamate and pentobarbitone. In this species CB.2487 antagonised strychnine competitively but had no effect against leptazol or nicotine. In the anaesthetised cat, the most pronounced action of CB.2487 was to block multi-synaptic crossed extensor and flexor reflexes in doses which did not suppress the mono-synaptic patellar reflex. The compound also depressed selectively the crossed extensor reflex and not the patellar reflex in the spinal animal. CB.2487 had no effect on the myoneural junction. The results indicate that CB.2487 is a centrally acting muscle relaxant. Unfortunately the drug was poorly active by mouth and had a short duration of action. It is considered to have no advantage over mephenesin.
A basic model for the evaluation and prediction of preservative action
Authors: GARRETT EDWARD R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
basic integrated model for the quantification of preservative action must consider the availability or thermodynamic activity of the biologically effective concentration, μ, of the preservative in the aqueous phase. A derived expression for the total concentration, PT, of preservative (of dissociation constant Ka) degrading by an apparent first order rate constant, k', in an oil/water emulsion (of q volume ratio and k intrinsic partition coefficient of undissociated preservative) needed to maintain a minimum inhibitory concentration μ of free undissociated acid in the aqueous phase at any hydrogen ion concentration [H+] and for any known binding or complexing phenomena (where there are n sites on binding macromolecule Mi and the intrinsic dissociation constant is ki) is PT = μ (f1 × f2 × f3). The binding enhancement factor of μ is
and in many practical instances when μ &lt; Ki it reduces to
The oil/water partition and ionization enhancement factor is f2 = 1 + Ka/[H+] + kq where kq vanishes in the absence of oil. The instability enhancement factor is f3 = ek't. The ultracentrifuge can be used to define operationally the parameters in macromolecular binding and the apparent partition in dispersions, emulsions and solutions. The premises for the use of preservative combinations are critically evaluated and kinetic methods to determine proper choices of response to characterise combined preservative action are recommended.
The effect of pH and temperature on the lysis of yeast cells by cationic dyes and surfactants
Authors: RIEMERSMA J C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Conductivity measurements in yeast suspensions, to which a stepwise increasing quantity of a cytolytic reagent was added, provided evidence towards explaining possible mechanisms of cytolysis by cationic dyes and by cationic surfactants. These lytic cations are bound to the cell surface. If uptake exceeds a critical amount, the permeability barrier of part of the yeast cells in the suspension is destroyed. The “threshold” amount of lytic agent was proportional to the quantity of yeast in the suspension, and was pH- and temperature dependent in a way which suggested an interaction with anionic membrane lipids. There were similarities between the cationic dyes, Toluidine Blue and Azure A, and the cationic surfactants, cetrimide and cetylpyridinium chloride, in their cytolytic effect on yeast cells. A mechanism of membrane breakdown is discussed.
Lowering of plasma triglycerides as a result of decreased free fatty acid mobilization
Authors: BIZZI A , VENERONI E , GARATTINI S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
3, 5-Dimethylpyrazole and its metabolite 3-carboxy-5-methylpyrazole lower plasma FFA and decrease the level of plasma triglycerides. The metabolite given intravenously is more rapidly effective than 3, 5-dimethylpyrazole. Plasma cholesterol and phospholipids as well as blood glucose were not affected by these acute treatments.
The determination of fluocinolone acetonide in formulated products
Authors: BAILEY F , HOLBROOK A , MILLER R J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A chromatographic procedure for the determination of fluocinolone acetonide is described. The method employs a hexane: dioxan: water partition system supported on Celite. The progress of the chromatogram is followed by measurement of the ultraviolet absorption of eluate fractions at 238 mμ. The application of the method to the determination of fluocinolone acetonide in cream, ointment and lotion formulations is described.
The semi-quantitative assay of neamine and neomycin C in neomycin by thin-layer chromatography
Authors: VICKERS C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Thin-layer chromatographic methods are described for the separation and assay of neamine and neomycin C in neomycin sulphate and its preparations. The samples are chromatographed on binder-free silica gel plates using, as developing solvents, a 3·85% w/v ammonium acetate solution to separate neamine from the neomycins and a 3·4% w/v ammonium hydroxide solution to separate neomycin C from neomycin B and neamine. The spots are made visible by spraying with a 1% v/v solution of t-butyl hypochlorite in dichloroethane-acetic acid (9:1), removing the excess reagent in a stream of cold air and spraying with a 0·5% w/v solution of potassium iodide in 0·5% w/v starch mucilage. The size and intensity of the spots produced is compared with standards and the neamine or neomycin C content of the sample estimated. The results obtained for neomycin C are comparable with those given by chromatography on an ion-exchange resin. A possible explanation is offered for the lack of agreement in the case of neamine. The chromatographic systems described are also applied to paromomycin and shown to separate paromamine, paromomycin I and paromomycin II, not only from each other, but also from neamine and the neomycins.
A rapid method for the estimation of impurities in saccharin and sodium saccharin
Authors: KING R E , WRAGG J S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A procedure is described for the detection and estimation of o-toluenesulphonamide, saccharin-o-toluenesulphonylimide, toluene-2,4-disulphonamide, saccharin-4-sulphonamide, o-sulphamoylbenzoic acid, p-sulphamoylbenzoic acid and benzoic acid in saccharin and sodium saccharin using thin-layer chromatography on Kieselgel GF254. The solvent system used is chloroform-methanol-strong ammonia solution (100:50:11·5). Compounds containing a free sulphonamide group are detected by an “N-chloro” reaction, while the other compounds are detected by examining the chromatogram in ultraviolet light (253·7 mμ). Impurities in commercial saccharin and sodium saccharin are estimated by comparison on the chromatogram with standards containing purified saccharin or sodium saccharin and suitable amounts of the impurities.
Freeze-dried preparations of Penicillium spinulosum
Authors: BOYD IAN , BULLOCK KENNETH 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
BY a freeze-drying process powders have been obtained containing mould spores in even distribution. These are suitable for use in studying the survival of such spores in the dry state under various environmental conditions, including the presence of fungicidal agents. The preparation of such powders by the more difficult and less easily controlled process of spray-drying has been described by Brown & Bullock (1960).
The stimulation of strychnine metabolism in rats by some anticonvulsant compounds
Authors: HOWES J F , HUNTER W H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The metabolism of a series of 4-acetyl-1-naphthyl ethers has been examined in rats and in fractions of rat liver homogenate. The administration of the compounds to rats increases the rate of strychnine metabolism when the compounds used are metabolised by the microsomal fraction of liver homogenate.
The evaluation of a molecular sieve technique to determine the interaction between a preservative and a surfactant
Authors: ASHWORTH R W , HEARD D D 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The interaction between methyl p-hydroxybenzoate and polysorbate 80 has been determined using a molecular sieve technique. At 25° and at surfactant concentrations of 2·86 and 1·43% respectively, the ratios of total to free preservative were 2·9 and 1·9. These results are comparable with published data.
Effect of chlorhexidine upon 32P release and cell viability in Escherichia coli
Authors: RYE R M , WISEMAN DAVID 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The amount of the cold trichloroacetic acid soluble fraction (metabolic pool), expressed as a percentage of its 32P content, released from labelled cells of Escherichia coli treated with chlorhexidine has been compared with the percentage of cells killed by the chlorhexidine. Treatment was with amounts varying from 0–64 μg/ml for 5 min at 20°. Approximately 100% of the cells were killed and 100% of the metabolic pool released by treatment with 64μg/ml of chlorhexidine. At 4, 8 and 16 μg/ml the percentage of cells killed by chlorhexidine is significantly lower than the percentage of the metabolic pool released.
Screening for tertiary and quaternary alkaloids in some African Fagara species
Authors: CALDERWOOD J M , FISH F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method has been described for the separate extraction of tertiary and quaternary alkaloids from plant material. Different thin-layer chromatographic systems have been used to separate compounds within each group of alkaloids. The methods have been applied to the screening of the barks of five Fagara species in which the presence of angoline, angolinine, skimmianine and, in some cases, 1-hydroxy-2,9,10-trimethoxy-NN-dimethylaporphinium chloride is indicated.
Phytochemical investigations of some species of Colchicum
Authors: FELL K R , RAMSDEN DOREEN 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A colorimetric assay for colchicine and its congeners has been devised. It is based on the yellow colour produced by the treatment of these alkaloids with mineral acid and is useful over the range 0·0005–0·0025% w/v. Together with the method of Pesez (1957) it has been used to assay extracts of species of Colchicum and the individual alkaloids were identified by paper chromatography. It was concluded that C. tunicatum, a native of Israel, contained sufficient colchicine to make it a useful source of this alkaloid.
Micro-colorimetric determination of cholinesterase activity of motor end plates in the rat diaphragm
Authors: BUCKLEY G A , NOWELL P T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of total cholinesterase activity in groups of 3–30 end plates, after staining with copper thiocholine and dissecting from the rat diaphragm, by continuous recording of the yellow colour (412 mμ) produced by reaction between dithiobisnitrobenzoate (1mm) and thiol groups liberated enzymatically from acetylthiocholine (5mm) at pH 7·0. Cholinesterase activity of end plates after correction for muscle ranged from 3·3–22·3 times 10−11m/end plate/hr and muscle cholinesterase activity ranged from 8·8–29·4 times 10−11 μg/hr. 2·9–26·7% of measured end plate cholinesterase activity was attributable to muscle. The results for end plate cholinesterase agreed with those obtained by other workers using microgasometric techniques. It was calculated that there were approximately 3·6 times 106 cholinesterase active sites/end plate which compared closely with 6 times 106 molecules acetylcholine released/ nerve ending/impulse and 2·6 times 106 cholinergic receptors/end plate given in the literature. It is suggested that each acetylcholine molecule after liberation from a nerve ending may interact with one receptor and be destroyed by one cholinesterase active site.
The influence of the female sex hormones on the response of the pig uterus to electrical stimulation
Authors: KNIFTON A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The response of the pig myometrium to electrical stimulation in vitro was used to assess the influence of the female sex hormones at different stages of the oestrus cycle. Optimal stimulation produced greater tension in the mature uterus than in the immature uterus and the tension was greater in the oestrogen-dominated uterus than in the progesterone-dominated uterus. The minimum (threshold) voltage necessary to elicit an isometric contraction was not influenced by the stage of the uterus in the oestrus cycle. Varying the frequency of stimulation caused changes in tension indicating the predominant sex hormone. The progesterone-dominated myometrium appears to bind calcium more strongly than the oestrogen-dominated myometrium.
The compaction properties of sodium chloride in the presence of moisture
Authors: SHOTTON E , REES J E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of moisture on the behaviour of sodium chloride under compression was investigated by measurement of compaction forces and ejection forces. Saturated solution present at the crystal surfaces effected a reduction in friction at the inter-particulate boundary and between the particles and the die wall. Dry material formed compacts of higher strength than wet material except at low pressures. Subsequent drying of compacts prepared in the presence of moisture resulted in an increase in strength due to interparticulate recrystallisation.
The use of photoelastic techniques in the measurement of die-wall stress in tabletting
Authors: RIDGWAY K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A new technique is described for the observation of the stresses acting during a compaction operation. Pharmaceutical materials have been compressed in a Perspex die and viewed by polarised light. By using ancillary Perspex strain gauges both radial pressure and shear stress at the die wall may be determined from the interference pattern. Although Perspex is not a strong material, pressures up to about 12 tons/in2 could be contained, and a hard tablet extracted from the die. The entire pressing operation is recorded on ciné film for later analysis.