bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiographic examination of the facial, nasal and paranasal sinus regions of the horse: I. indications and procedures in 235 cases
Authors: LANE J. G. , GIBBS CHRISTINE , MEYNINK SARAH E. , STEELE FIONA C. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe radiographic procedures used for examination of the facial area and paranasal sinuses of 235 horses are reported. Clinical indications for these examinations and the diagnoses made are reviewed. Unilateral nasal discharge was the commonest reason for radiography, accounting for about one third of cases, most of which had radiological signs of paranasal sinus disease recognisable on erect lateral films. Oblique projections were required to obtain further information about the maxillary dental arcades and ventro‐dorsal views demonstrated sinus expansion and extension of disease into the nasal cavity. In 24 horses with bilateral nasal discharge, the origin was usually shown to be in the lower respiratory tract and radiographic abnormalities were found in only 20 per cent of cases. Facial swelling was a feature of 25 per cent of cases; the commonest causes were premolar periapical disease, best shown on oblique views with the patient recumbent, and suture periostitis, easily demonstrated on erect lateral films. Other causes of facial swelling, which required multiple radiographic projections for evaluation, were sinus cysts and tumours and peripheral soft tissue masses. Epistaxis for which no cause could be found in the lower respiratory tract was the indication for radiography in a further 10 per cent of cases. In almost half of these a radiopaque shadow representing an ethmoid haematoma could be seen on an erect lateral film. A sinus cyst and a tumour were also recorded but most other causes of epistaxis failed to produce radiographic signs. Radiography contributed to determining the cause of nasal airway obstruction in the majority of 13 cases and was also useful in evaluating radicular involvement in animals with gross visible dental crown defects and discharging sinus tracts. Contrast medium was used to delineate atretic nasolacrimal ducts in horses with epiphora. Of 13 cases with facial trauma six presented with epistaxis and/or facial deformity and the remainder had developed complications as a result of injury and were showing signs of nasal discharge, obstruction or facial swelling. Radiography of 24 horses with behavioural or neurological disturbances was consistently unrewarding.
Radiographic examination of the facial, nasal and paranasal sinus regions of the horse. II. Radiological findings
Authors: GIBBS CHRISTINE , LANE J. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe radiographic findings in 167 horses subjected to radiography of the facial area, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are recorded. Cases were grouped according to clinical diagnosis and the common and disparate radiographic features between and within groups are discussed. Dental disease occurred most frequently and accounted for about 30 per cent of cases, most of which had periapical infection. This disorder presented as two distinct clinical entities in almost equal numbers affected teeth with roots rostral to the maxillary sinus usually produced facial swelling, whereas those with roots within the sinus were generally associated with nasal discharge as a result of secondary sinusitis. In the former group periapical changes could readily be identified on radiographs, but in the latter group affected teeth could be recognised with confidence in only about half the cases. Primary sinusitis was the commonest specific condition recorded and accounted for 32 cases, three of which were mycotic. Using lateral erect projections, comparison of the radiographic features of primary sinusitis and sinusitis secondary to dental disease showed some useful differentiating signs. In four ponies, rhinitis associated with sinusitis led to disruption of the intra‐nasal structures but mycotic rhinitis, nasal ulceration and an intra‐nasal foreign body produced no radiographic abnormalities. Sixteen cases of suture periostitis were recorded, with varying degrees of new bone formation, and of 13 animals presented for evaluation of trauma, pre‐diagnosed fractures were demonstrated in 10 and complications due to sinusitis in three. Twelve cases of paranasal sinus cysts and three of 10 progressive ethmoidal haematomas showed non‐specific radiographic changes within the spectrum of those recorded in sinusitis, while the remaining ethmoidal haematomas produced distinctive clearly defined opacities, four of which were within paranasal sinuses. Four tumours were confirmed histologically, but other neoplastic lesions are probably also included in a group of 10 cases of undiagnosed cysts or masses. Other conditions, which occurred sporadically, are of anecdotal interest only. The incidence of wolf teeth among a group of 134 horses was 33 per cent.
Immunocytochemical localisation of carbonic anhydrase isozyme III in equine skeletal muscle
Authors: NISHITA T. , MATSUSHITA H. , KAI M. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe location of carbonic anhydrase III (CA‐III) in frozen sections of biopsies of Thoroughbred horse skeletal muscle was studied. Fibre types were determined by ATP‐ase and succinate dehydrogenase staining. CA‐III isozyme was detected using a peroxidase conjugated anti‐CA‐III antibody. CA‐III was found to be localised in slow twitch oxidative fibres (ST), but was also present in fast twitch oxidative (FTH) fibres in small amounts. Fast twitch glycolytic (FT) fibres were stained lightly compared with control sections. The concentrations of CA‐III in muscle and liver were 70 μg/mg protein and 4 μg/mg protein, respectively. CA‐I and CA‐II were not found in muscle extracts by the double immunodiffusion method.
The relationship of air hygiene in stables to lower airway disease and pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia in two groups of Thoroughbred horses
Authors: CLARKE A. F. , MADELIN THERESA M. , ALLPRESS R. G. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe relationship between air hygiene within two types of identically managed horse housing and the incidence of covert respiratory disease (as revealed by endoscopic examination) of their inhabitants was assessed. The horses were all under the supervision of the same trainer. In one yard the design ensured the boxes were well ventilated in still air conditions. In the other yard the boxes were insulated and there was little provision for natural ventilation in still air conditions. There was heavy fungal and actinomycete contamination of wood shavings in the heavily insulated, poorly ventilated housing but not in the shavings of better ventilated boxes. There was increased incidence and severity of mucopus in the tracheas of horses stabled in the contaminated environment over that seen in the other group. There was no such association between the incidence or degree of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia and the two environments or between the degree of tracheal mucopus and PLH found in the 72 horses examined in this study.
Chromosome anomalies and infertility in the mare
Authors: LONG SUSAN E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryNine reproductively normal mares, 25 infertile mares and one set of heterosexual twins were examined cytogenetically using conventional giemsa staining, C‐banding and G‐banding. It was concluded that G‐banding was necessary to identify even gross anomalies. Three (12 per cent) of the infertile mares, but none of the controls, had a chromosomal anomaly. One was 63,XO, one a 63,XO/64,XX mixoploid and one a 64,XY sex reversed male. It is argued that a cytogenetic examination is a useful diagnostic technique but that routine screening of the whole population would be uneconomic.
Determination and repeatability of maximum oxygen uptake and other cardiorespiratory measurements in the exercising horse
Authors: EVANS D. L. , ROSE R. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA rapid incremental treadmill exercise test was used to determine the repeatability of the following measurements in exercising horses: maximal oxygen consumption (V̇o2max), maximal heart rate (HRmax), velocity at a heart rate of 200 beats/min (V̇‐200), oxygen consumption at a heart rate of 200 beats/min (V̇o2‐200), oxygen consumption at HRmax (V̇o2‐HRmax), work rate at a heart rate of 200 beats/min (W‐200), work rate at HRmax (W‐HRmax) and treadmill velocity at HRmax (V‐HRmax). Six Standardbred geldings were exercised on three separate occasions on a treadmill set at an inclination of 6°. The exercise protocol was that each horse was exercised for 2 mins at 3 m/sec, after which the treadmill speed was increased by 1 m/sec every 60 secs, until the horse could no longer maintain its speed. A minimum of 24 h was allowed between repeated tests. No significant differences were found between the three means of any of the eight cardiorespiratory variables with repeated measurement. Variables with high coefficients of variation (>10 per cent) included V‐HRmax, W‐HRmax and V̇o2‐HRmax. The V‐200, W‐200 and V̇o2‐200 showed less variation. The V̇o2max showed good reproducibility, there being coefficients of variation ranging from 1.4 to 9.0 per cent. The individual horse values for V̇o2max ranged from 104 to 169 ml/kg bodyweight/min. Maximal heart rate was also highly reproducible and the coefficients of variation were less than or equal to 2.7 per cent in all horses. It is concluded that the measurement of V̇o2max has good reproducibility, but other estimates of maximal aerobic capacity are less precise.
Sudden and unexpected death in horses and ponies: an analysis of 200 cases
Authors: BROWN C. M. , KANEENE J. B. , TAYLOR R. F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAn analysis was made of the causes of death in horses and ponies over one year of age which died suddenly (Group 1) or were found dead but were considered normal when last seen (Group 2). There were 49 animals in Group 1. Thoroughbreds were overrepresented, but there were no ponies in this group. No cause of death was found in 30.6 per cent of cases and 16.3 per cent died from each of the following causes: haemorrhage in the respiratory system, central nervous system, and adverse drug reactions. Cardiovascular lesions were the cause of death in 14.4 per cent and the remaining 3.1 per cent had lesions of the gastrointestinal system. Racehorses mostly died suddenly from severe haemorrhage in various sites, particularly the thorax. In Group 2 there were 151 animals, and in 33.1 per cent no cause of death was determined. Gastrointestinal lesions were considered the cause of death in 39.2 per cent of cases and respiratory lesions killed 8.6 per cent. Lesions of both the central nervous system and cardiovascular system were considered the cause in 4.6 per cent of cases. The remaining 9.9 per cent of animals had miscellaneous lesions. Toxicological studies were performed in 46 of the total 200 cases, and only two had positive results; lead in one and nicotine in the other.
Effects of age, sex, and post mortem interval on intestinal lengths of horses during development
Authors: SMYTH G. B. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryLengths of small intestine, caecum, ascending colon and descending colon were measured in intestinal tracts from 103 foetuses, foals and adult horses. Intestinal tracts from 21 of the horses were measured at varying intervals after death. Total intestinal length increased markedly from mid‐gestation to one year of age, then showed little increment up to 35 years. Small intestinal length increased most rapidly in the first month of life. Caecal length increased most rapidly from one to six months and length of ascending colon increased most rapidly between one week and one year. Descending colon length increased gradually after birth. Periods of rapid increase in length of various intestinal segments and alterations in the percentage of total intestinal length were associated with periods of rapid body growth and changes in dietary compositon. Sex and post mortem interval did not affect intestinal length significantly.
Dose related effects of the kappa agonist U‐50, 488H on behaviour, nociception and autonomic response in the horse
Authors: KAMERLING S. , WECKMAN T. , DONAHOE J. , TOBIN T. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryCurrent opiate receptor theory suggests that kappa agonists should provide good analgesia without producing marked central nervous system stimulation. U‐50,488H is an experimental narcotic analgesic that is a selective kappa agonist. In the present study, U‐50,488H produced good analgesia in horses using both the skin twitch and hoof withdrawal reflex assays. Further, the analgesia was relatively long lasting (120 mins) compared to other μ‐agonists tested in horses. The locomotor response to U‐50,488H was less than observed with ethylketazocine and butorphanol, and has yielded the smallest locomotor response of any of the narcotic analgesics tested to date. Other work showed that the autonomic responses to U‐50,488H were less than those of other narcotic analgesics, and that the analgesic response to this drug was blocked by naloxone. Based on its ability to produce analgesia with little other stimulatory action, U‐50,488H shows promise of becoming a useful narcotic analgesic in equine medicine.
Surgical treatment of acquired inguinal hernia in the horse: A review of 51 cases
Authors: van der VELDEN M.A. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryDuring a seven year period, 51 cases of acquired inguinal herniation in 50 stallions were treated surgically. In 25 cases the herniated loop was ileal, in the other 26 it was jejunal. In cases of strangulation, the vaginal ring was enlarged by incising the peritoneum and transverse fascia. Closure of the superficial inguinal ring was advisable to prevent the hernia recurring. In all cases unilateral castration was performed. Laparotomy was carried out in 33 cases; 22 required intestinal resection and in four cases a bypass was made. Follow‐up at least six months postoperatively indicated that surgery had been successful in 76 per cent of the cases treated.
Body temperature and behaviour of mares during the last two weeks of pregnancy
Authors: SHAW EVE B. , HOUPT KATHERINE A. , HOLMES DOROTHY F. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryAverage daily core body temperature and behavioural patterns of pregnant mares were studied, in search of definitive signs of parturition within 24 h of the event. Nineteen pony mares were sampled twice daily for core body temperature. A significant temperature drop, averaging 0.1°C (0.2°F) was observed during the day prior to parturition. Between 18.00 h and 06.00 h, during the two weeks before parturition, Thoroughbred and Standardbred mares (n=52) spent an average 66.8 per cent of their time standing, 27.0 per cent eating, 4.9 per cent lying in sternal recumbency, 1.0 per cent lying in lateral recumbency, and 0.3 per cent walking. On the night before parturition, mares spent significantly less time lying in sternal recumbency than on previous nights and on the night of parturition all behaviour patterns except eating were significantly different from the nights of the two weeks before parturition. There was an increase in walking (5.3 per cent), lying in sternal recumbency (8 per cent) and lying in lateral recumbency (5.3 per cent) whereas standing (53.3 per cent) was decreased. In 58 observed pregnancies, 54 mares (97 per cent) foaled in a recumbent position and 50 mares (86 per cent) foaled between 18.00 h and 06.00 h.
Increased local IgA production in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: MAIR T. S. , STOKES C. R. , BOURNE F. J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe immunoglobulin (Ig) content of serum and tracheal lavage fluid was measured in 50 horses suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 40 control horses. The mean immunoglobulin: albumin ratios of the lavage fluids of both groups were significantly higher than the corresponding values for serum, which indicates significant local production of immunoglobulins in the lower respiratory tract. The IgA: albumin ratio of lavage fluid was significantly higher in diseased compared with normal horses, which implies increased local production of IgA in this disease. The IgG: albumin and IgM: albumin ratios of lavage fluid were not significantly different in the Iwo groups of horses. These results reveal an involvement of the respiratory mucosal immune system in COPD.
A morphological study on the obliteration processes of the ductus arteriosus in the horse
Authors: MACHIDA N. , YASUDA J. , TOO K. , KUDO N. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe obliteration processes of the ductus arteriosus of equine foetuses and newborn foals were studied morphometrically and histologically. The length, internal and external diameters and circumference of the ductus in equine foetuses increased progressively and linearly up to 310 days with advancing foetal age, but the values, especially the internal diameter, decreased from 320 to 330 days. After birth, the ductal measurements decreased gradually and ductal closure was found in three of 14 foals examined on the first day post partum, in two of six on the second day and in nine of nine on the third day or later, suggesting that the ductus arteriosus closes physiologically within three days after birth. Microscopical findings of the ductus arteriosus were characterised by the rearrangement of smooth muscle cells in the inner media and intimai thickening in foetuses, and by the central displacement of the intima in newborn foals. It was concluded that the ductus arteriosus begins to undergo preparatory modifications during intrauterine life, when the vessel is still functional, and that the most significant starting point of change in the obliteration processes is the rearrangement of smooth muscle cells in the inner media, which occurs during pre‐ and post natal life.
The foramen ovale of the foetal and neonatal foal
Authors: MACDONALD A. A. , FOWDEN ABIGAIL L. , SILVER MARIAN , OUSEY JENNIFER , ROSSDALE P. D. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryHearts from 24 foals were studied; 10 were from foetuses ranging in gestational age from 230 to 322 days and 14 were from newborn and young foals aged between birth and 17 days. The foramen ovale and associated vena caval and atrial structures were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Additional observations were made by light and transmission electron microscopy. A tube‐like flap of tissue was observed, extending from the aperture in the caudal vena cava to the lumen of the left atrium. In the younger foetuses, the distal end of this tube was covered with a thread‐like network of tissue. In animals nearer to term, the network was replaced by distal fenestrations. Protrusions were seen on the rim of the opening of the tube as it entered the atrium. The role that these may play, together with the significance of cardiac muscle and non‐elastic connective tissue in the wall of the tube, were discussed with respect to possible mechanisms of closure of the foramen ovale.
A morphometric study of foetal and newborn cardiac growth in the horse
Authors: MACHIDA N. , YASUDA J. , TOO K. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryA morphometric study of hearts in 81 equine foetuses, ranging in age from 190 to 330 days of foetal age, and in 26 newborn foals is reported. The mean weight, external dimensions, ventricular wall thickness and circumference of the atrio‐ventricular orifice were measured. Features of the main associated vessels of the heart were also recorded. All cardiac measurements of foetuses increased linearly throughout the latter half of pregnancy and were highly correlated with foetal age. This linear growth pattern was also found in the parameters of the associated arterial trunks. The ratio of the right ventricular weight to the total ventricular weight in the equine foetuses increased gradually from 0.27 (Day 190) to 0.34 (full term), but in newborn foals, this ratio began to decrease soon after birth, declining from 0.32 to 0.28 by 11 days of age. The interventricular septum was thickest followed by the right ventricular wall, and the left ventricular wall was thinnest during the period of gestation studied. The right ventricle was 3.2 per cent to 31.5 per cent thicker than the left ventricle.
Amyloid in the horse: A report of nine cases
Authors: van ANDEL A. C. J. , GRUYS E. , KRONEMAN J. , VEERKAMP J. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryOut of approximately 16,000 horses referred for clinical examination, nine had amyloidosis. Six of these horses had localised amyloid deposits in the wall of the nasal meatus and ventral turbinates associated with epistaxis. Horse 1 also developed malignant histiolymphocytic lymphosarcomas. The amyloid deposits were potassium permanganate‐resistant and tryptophan‐positive. Gel filtration of solubilised amyloid fibrils from Horse 1 revealed a major retarded fraction with an apparent molecular weight of 20 kD. This protein had an amino acid composition similar to human AL‐amyloid proteins and horse immunoglobulin light chains. On Western blot a strong cross‐reaction was observed between horse IgG2alight chains and the Horse 1 amyloid. Horses 7 to 9 had suppurative verminous aneurysm, tuberculosis and an adrenal cortical adenoma, respectively, and had generalised amyloid deposits in liver and spleen. These amyloid deposits were found to be potassium permanganate‐sensitive and positive for tryptophan. Gel filtration of solubilised amyloid fibrils from Horse 8 revealed a major retarded fraction (protein AA) with an apparent molecular weight of 10 kD. Immunoperoxidase‐antiperoxidase staining showed the localised deposits to be negative or only weakly positive with antisera against bovine, hamster, dog and human protein AA and to be positive with anti‐horse‐one amyloid protein. The generalised deposits were found to be positive with the antisera against allogenic protein AA. The results of the potassium permanganate incubation, biochemistry, immunoblotting and immunochemistry, indicate that the localised amyloid of Horse 1 and most likely the amyloid of Horses 2 to 6, is of the AL‐type. The generalised amyloid deposits were found to be of the AA type.
Use of iohexol for myelography in the horse
Authors: MACLEAN A. A. , JEFFCOTT L. B. , LAVELLE R. B. , FRIEND S. C. E. 
Published: April 2010

SummaryThe use of iohexol as a contrast agent for myelography is reported in two groups of horses. Group 1 (n = 6) were used only for myelography and to assess the clinical and pathological effects of intrathecal administration of iohexol. A volume of 20 ml at a concentration of 300 or 350 mg iodine/ml gave satisfactory myélographie detail with no serious clinical or neurological side effects. Only a minimal inflammatory réponse could be demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid at four and 14 days after injection. At post mortem examination 14 days after myelography there was no evidence of meningitis nor was any other pathological change detected. Group 2 (n = 19) comprised a series of clinical cases of suspected cervical vertebral malformation. The only untoward sequelae recorded involved two horses in which iohexol was diluted with sterile water prior in intrathecal injection. A progressive necrotising meningitis developed in both cases which necessitated euthanasia. It was concluded that the major advantages of iohexol for use in the horse were its diagnostic quality, safety and low cost.