bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early effects of the strategies of creating a genetic refuge and direct translocation for conserving and restoring populations of native brown trout
Authors: CAUDRON ARNAUD , CHAMPIGNEULLE ALEXIS , VIGIER LAURE , HAMELET VALERIE , GUYOMARD RENE 
Published: June 2012

Summary1. The conservation of salmonid inter‐ and intra‐specific diversity is a well‐known challenge, and general management guidelines and conservation processes are available. However, research demonstrating the outcomes of practical conservation actions is largely lacking.2. We monitored the spatiotemporal genetic and demographic evolution of a native Mediterranean brown trout population in a river in the French Alps to assess the efficacy and early effects of genetic refuge (i.e. cessation of stocking) and wild trout translocation strategies. We also studied the use of angling as a tool to limit the introgression of the wild standing population.3. We found that the rate of non‐native alleles in wild populations was age dependent, underpinning the importance of using age profiles in the design of genetic conservation studies.4. Genetic refuge and direct translocation of wild trout resulted in a rapid and significant decrease in the percentages of non‐native alleles. Moreover, the genetic refuge strategy resulted in a significant reduction in the number of pure non‐native individuals, without changing trout densities, whilst direct translocations resulted in the establishment of dense, self‐sustaining native trout populations. Direct translocations changed the distribution of genotype categories and increased densities up to 55‐fold in 3 years. Our results also showed that angling resulted in a selective pressure on non‐native trout introduced at fry stage, whereas non‐native trout issued from natural recruitment were not affected.5. Our study provides insights for improving the efficacy of practical conservation policies and can be used in other native freshwater fish conservation plans. Proactive measures such as direct translocation need to be implemented together with passive approaches such as genetic refuge policies. Before implementing such actions, accurate genetic and demographic studies at small geographical scales are essential to ensure that no self‐sustaining population of non‐native fish is present. To obtain rapid colonisation, we recommend introducing fish along whole river sections rather than concentrating on a few river stretches. Angling pressure can be used as an additional tool to improve restoration.
The influence of water level on macrophyte growth and trophic interactions in eutrophic Mediterranean shallow lakes: a mesocosm experiment with and without fish
Authors: BUCAK TUBA , SARAOĞLU ECE , LEVİ ETİ E. , NİHAN TAVŞANOĞLU Ü. , İdİl ÇAKİROĞLU A. , JEPPESEN ERIK , BEKLİOĞLU MERYEM 
Published: June 2012

Summary1. Water‐level fluctuations are typical of lakes located in the semi‐arid Mediterranean region, which is characterised by warm rainy winters and hot dry summers. Ongoing climate change may exacerbate fluctuations and lead to more severe episodes of drought, so information on the effects of water level on the functioning of lake ecosystems in such regions is crucial.2. In eutrophic Lake Eymir, Turkey, we conducted a 4‐month (summer) field experiment using cylindrical 0.8‐m‐ (low‐water‐level) and 1.6‐m‐deep (high‐water‐level) mesocosms (kept open to the sediment and atmosphere). Fish (tench, Tinca tinca, and bleak, Alburnus escherichii) were added to half of the mesocosms, while the rest were kept fishless. Ten shoots of Potamogeton pectinatus were transplanted to each mesocosm.3. Sampling for physicochemical variables, chlorophyll a (chl‐a), zooplankton and per cent plant volume inhabited (PVI%) by macrophytes was conducted weekly during the first 5 weeks, and subsequently biweekly. Macrophytes were harvested on the last sampling date. During the course of the experiment, the water level decreased by 0.41 ± 0.06 m.4. Throughout the experiment, fish affected zooplankton abundance (−), nutrient concentrations (+), chl‐a (+) and water clarity (−) most strongly in the low‐water‐level mesocosms and the zooplankton community shifted towards dominance of small‐sized forms. The fishless mesocosms had a higher zooplankton/phytoplankton ratio, suggesting higher grazing.5. Greatest macrophyte growth was observed in the low‐water‐level fishless mesocosms. However, despite high nutrient concentrations and low water clarity, macrophytes were also abundant in the fish mesocosms and particularly increased following a water‐level decrease from midsummer onwards. Macrophyte growth was poor in the high‐water‐level mesocosms, even in the fishless ones with high water clarity. This was ascribed to extensive periphyton development reducing light availability for the macrophytes.6. Our results indicate that a reduction in water level during summer may help maintain the growth of macrophytes in Mediterranean eutrophic shallow lakes, despite a strong negative effect of fish predation on water clarity. It is therefore probable that an expected negative effect of global climate change on water clarity because of eutrophication and enhanced top‐down control of fish may be, at least partly, counteracted by reduced water level, provided that physical disturbance is not severe.
Hydrological disturbance overrides the effect of substratum roughness on the resistance and resilience of stream benthic algae
Authors: SCHNECK FABIANA , MELO ADRIANO SANCHES 
Published: June 2012

Summary1. Habitat heterogeneity in lotic systems is usually associated with the availability of refuges. Heterogeneous habitats (here, rough substrata) should mediate the effect of high‐flow disturbances by protecting benthic algae, thus increasing the resistance and resilience of the system. Additionally, the ability of algae to resist a disturbance and recover after it should be dependent on biological traits that confer resistance and resilience.2. We designed a field experiment, simulating a high‐flow event with bed movement, to test the effect of substratum roughness on the resistance (assessed as the similarity between samples collected before and immediately after disturbance) and resilience (the similarity between samples collected before and 7 and 15 days after disturbance) of five algal life forms. We evaluated whether algal resistance and resilience were higher on rough than on smooth substrata, and whether the life forms differed in their ability to resist and recover from a disturbance.3. Rough substrata had higher species richness than smooth substrata at all sampling periods, even immediately after the disturbance. There was no significant effect of substratum roughness on algal resistance and resilience, for both species richness and density of the total assemblage. Neither did roughness affect the resistance and resilience of the total algal assemblage or of the algal life forms separately, when evaluated using multivariate data sets (presence‐absence and quantitative).4. Algal life forms differed in resistance and resilience; adnate/prostrate and erect/stalked species were more resistant and resilient than the other life forms (filamentous, motile and metaphytic). Additionally, motile species resisted and recovered better than did species that are only loosely associated with the substratum (metaphytic species).5. Substratum roughness had no pronounced effect on benthic algal resistance and resilience. The results of this and some other studies suggest that the intensity of disturbance determines the importance of habitat heterogeneity and flow refuges for benthic algae in streams.
Methanogenic potential of Arctic and Antarctic subglacial environments with contrasting organic carbon sources
Authors: Stibal Marek , Wadham Jemma L. , Lis Grzegorz P. , Telling Jon , Pancost Richard D. , Dubnick Ashley , Sharp Martin J. , Lawson Emily C. , Butler Catriona E. H. , Hasan Fariha , Tranter Martyn , Anesio Alexandre M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSubglacial environments are largely anoxic, contain organic carbon (OC) overridden by glacier ice during periods of advance, and harbour active microbial communities. This creates favourable conditions for OC degradation via methanogenesis. It has been hypothesized that OC beneath ice sheets is converted to methane (CH4) and may be released to the atmosphere during retreat. However, there are limited data available to support this contention. Here, we present new data on the abundance, diversity and activity of methanogenic archaea and the amount and character of OC in subglacial sediments from Arctic and Antarctic glacial systems based on different substrate types. We employed long‐term laboratory incubations to quantify the CH4 production potential in different subglacial settings. Significant numbers of methanogens (up to 7 × 104 cells g−1) were detected in the samples and clones of Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales were identified in clone libraries. Long lag periods (up to >200 days) were observed before significant CH4 concentrations were measured. We report order of magnitude differences in rates of CH4 production (101–105 fmol g−1 d−1) in different subglacial sediments, reflecting contrasts in the origin of the sediment and the OC character. Hence, we predict that contrasting rates of CH4 production are likely to occur beneath glaciers and ice sheets that overran different types of substrate. We subsequently estimated the potential for CH4 production beneath the Laurentide/Inuitian/Cordilleran and Fennoscandian Ice Sheets during a typical 85 ka Quaternary glacial/interglacial cycle. CH4 production from lacustrine‐derived OC is likely to be an order of magnitude higher (~6.3–27 Pg C) than that from overridden soils (~0.55–0.68 Pg C), possibly due to a difference in lability between lacustrine and soil OC. While representing a fraction of the entire OC pool (~418–610 Pg C), this finding highlights the importance of considering the character of different OC pools when calculating subglacial CH4 production.
Identification of the DotL coupling protein subcomplex of the Legionella Dot/Icm type IV secretion system
Authors: Vincent Carr D. , Friedman Jonathan R. , Jeong Kwang Cheol , Sutherland Molly C. , Vogel Joseph P. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryLegionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, survives in macrophages by altering the endocytic pathway of its host cell. To accomplish this, the bacterium utilizes a type IVB secretion system to deliver effector molecules into the host cell cytoplasm. In a previous report, we performed an extensive characterization of the L. pneumophila type IVB secretion system that resulted in the identification of a critical five‐protein subcomplex that forms the core of the secretion apparatus. Here we describe a second Dot/Icm protein subassembly composed of the type IV coupling protein DotL, the apparatus proteins DotM and DotN, and the secretion adaptor proteins IcmS and IcmW. In the absence of IcmS or IcmW, DotL becomes destabilized at the transition from the exponential to stationary phases of growth, concurrent with the expression of many secreted substrates. Loss of DotL is dependent on ClpA, a regulator of the cytoplasmic protease ClpP. The resulting decreased levels of DotL in the icmS and icmW mutants exacerbates the intracellular defects of these strains and can be partially suppressed by overproduction of DotL. Thus, in addition to their role as chaperones for Legionella type IV secretion system substrates, IcmS and IcmW perform a second function as part of the Dot/Icm type IV coupling protein subcomplex.
Complications associated with liver transplantation in the obese recipient
Authors: LaMattina John C. , Foley David P. , Fernandez Luis A. , Pirsch John D. , Musat Alexandru I. , D'Alessandro Anthony M. , Mezrich Joshua D. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe prevalence of the metabolic syndrome with attendant morbid obesity continues to increase nationwide. A concomitant increase in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and associated end‐stage liver disease requiring transplantation is expected to parallel this trend. Between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2008, our center performed 813 solitary adult deceased‐donor liver transplants. Patients were divided into groups based on the World Health Organization International Classification of obesity. Patients within each obesity class were compared to normal weight recipients. Preoperative demographics among all groups were similar. NASH was more common in higher BMI groups. Operative time, blood product usage, ICU length of stay, infectious complications, and biliary complications requiring intervention were all higher in obese recipients. Deep venous thrombosis occurred more commonly in patients with Class III obesity. Patients with Class II obesity had lower patient (HR 1.82, CI 1.09–3.01, p = 0.02) and allograft survival (HR 1.62, CI 1.02–2.65, p = 0.04). Obesity class did not reach statistical significance on multivariate analysis. Despite increased technical operative challenges and medical complexities associated with increasing recipient BMI, morbid obesity in and of itself should not be an absolute contraindication to liver transplantation as these patients have reasonable long‐term outcomes.
De novo food sensitization and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease in children post‐liver transplantation
Authors: Wisniewski Julia , Lieberman Jay , Nowak‐Węgrzyn Anna , Kerkar Nanda , Arnon Ronen , Iyer Kishore , Miloh Tamir 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundChildren have increased prevalence of food allergy (FA) and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disease (EGID) following liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to identify related risk factors.MethodsChart review of pediatric liver transplant (LT) recipients with de novo
FA and/or EGID post‐LT and non‐allergic controls.ResultsWe identified 30 (8.5%) children with FA and/or EGID among 352 pediatric LT recipients. Median age at transplant was 0.9 inter‐quartile range (IQR 0.6–2.0) years. FA developed at a median 1.0 (IQR 0.5–8.2) yr post‐LT and manifested with gastrointestinal symptoms (53%) or urticaria/angioedema (40%). Commonly avoided foods included milk (60%), egg (57%), and peanut (47%). Of the 15 children with FA who underwent endoscopy, 11 had eosinophilic infiltrates in multiple segments of the esophagus alone or in combination with other bowel segments. FA and EGID were linked to transplantation at a younger age (median, 0.9 vs. 5.5 yr), higher frequency of blood eosinophilia, and prior history of rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Tacrolimus use and tacrolimus serum levels were similar between allergic subjects and controls.ConclusionsFindings suggest that exposure to tacrolimus alone post‐LT is insufficient to initiate de novo allergic disease in LT recipients; rather, younger age and underlying predisposition to atopic disease may play larger roles.
Intra‐patient variability in tacrolimus trough concentrations and renal function decline in pediatric renal transplant recipients
Authors: Prytula Agnieszka A. , Bouts Antonia H. , Mathot Ron A. A. , van Gelder Teun , Croes Ludwig K. , Hop Wim , Cransberg Karlien 
Published: June 2012

Prytula AA, Bouts AH, Mathot RAA, van Gelder T, Croes LK, Hop W, Cransberg K. Intra‐patient variability in tacrolimus trough concentrations and renal function decline in pediatric renal transplant recipients.Abstract:  High intra‐patient variability in TCL exposure is a risk factor for allograft loss and late acute rejection. We hypothesized that a higher intra‐patient variability leads to a faster decline in GFR in pediatric renal transplant patients and that adolescents have a higher intra‐patient variability due to poorer adherence. We included 69 children aged 3.5–18 yr who had undergone renal transplantation between April 1996 and May 2009 in two pediatric nephrology centers in the Netherlands. We analyzed TCL trough concentrations over a period of one yr and calculated TCL trough concentrations variability using VC. We investigated the correlation between the TCL trough concentrations variability and the decline in estimated GFR over four yr. The median intra‐patient variability in TCL concentrations was 30.1% (range 8.6–77.6) and the mean GFR slope −3.8 mL/min/1.73 m2/yr. The VC correlated neither with the GFR slope, nor with the patients’ age. However, children with late acute rejection had higher VC (p = 0.045). We were unable to provide evidence that a high variability in TCL exposure leads to a faster decline in renal function, although children with late acute rejection have a higher variability in TCL exposure. Adolescents do not have a higher intra‐patient variability in TCL trough concentrations than younger children.
The second therapeutic trial for children with hematological malignancies who relapsed after their first allogeneic SCT: Long‐term outcomes
Authors: Nishikawa Takuro , Inagaki Jiro , Nagatoshi Yoshihisa , Fukano Reiji , Nakashima Kentaro , Ito Nobuhiro , Sawa Daisuke , Kawano Yoshifumi , Okamura Jun 
Published: June 2012

Nishikawa T, Inagaki J, Nagatoshi Y, Fukano R, Nakashima K, Ito N, Sawa D, Kawano Y, Okamura J. The second therapeutic trial for children with hematological malignancies who relapsed after their first allogeneic SCT: Long‐term outcomes.Abstract:  The impact of a second all‐SCT on the long‐term outcomes of children who relapse after allo‐SCT has been unclear. We retrospectively analyzed the long‐term outcomes of different salvage treatments for such children. Sixty‐six children with hematological malignancies (40 ALL, 22 AML, three MDS, and one CML) who relapsed after a first allo‐SCT received either a second allo‐SCT (n = 16) or CTx and/or DLI (n = 50). The median follow‐up for all children was 9.1 yr. The five‐yr OS after relapse was significantly better in patients who underwent a second allo‐SCT (42.9%) than in patients treated with CTx and/or DLI (11.8%) (p < 0.05). However, this advantage diminished with increasing time. The eight‐yr OS for these groups of patients were 21.4% and 11.8%, respectively (p = n.s.). Among the 16 patients who received a second allo‐SCT, two died more than five yr after the second allo‐SCT. A second allo‐SCT can therefore lead to a prolonged OS in patients who relapse after allo‐SCT. However, a second allo‐SCT should be selected carefully. This is because the mortality rate is still high, even when there is an extensive duration of time following the second allo‐SCT.
Multivisceral transplantation using a 2.9 kg neonatal donor
Authors: Cauley R. P. , Suh M. Y. , Kamin D. S. , Lillehei C. W. , Jenkins R. L. , Jonas M. M. , Vakili K. , Kim H. B. 
Published: June 2012

Cauley RP, Suh MY, Kamin DS, Lillehei CW, Jenkins RL, Jonas MM, Vakili K, Kim HB. Multivisceral transplantation using a 2.9 kg neonatal donor.Abstract:  Prematurity and very low birthweight have often been considered relative contraindications to neonatal organ donation. Organ procurement from neonatal donors is further complicated by unclear guidelines regarding neonatal brain death. We report a successful case of multivisceral transplantation using a graft from a 10‐day‐old, 2.9 kg, neonatal donor born at 36 6/7 wk in a 3.2 kg, three month old with intestinal and liver failure secondary to midgut volvulus. There was immediate liver graft function with correction of recipient coagulopathy, but delayed normalization of laboratory values and delayed return of bowel function. At six‐yr post‐transplant follow‐up, the patient has normal intestine and liver function. Her last histologically confirmed rejection episode was 30 months prior to last follow‐up. This case suggests that multivisceral grafts from very young or small neonatal donors may be transplanted successfully in selected cases. We propose a re‐examination of the brain death guidelines for premature and young infants to potentially increase the availability of organs for infant recipients.
Effect of nutrient intake on intramuscular glucose metabolism during the early growth stage in cross‐bred steers (Japanese Black male × Holstein female)
Authors: Ebara F. , Inada S. , Morikawa M. , Asaoka S.‐H. , Isozaki Y. , Saito A. , Etoh T. , Shiotsuka Y. , Roh S. G. , Wegner J. , Gotoh T. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe objective was to investigate the impact of nutrient intake during the early growth period on the expression of glucose metabolism‐related genes in skeletal muscle of cross‐bred cattle. From 1.5 to 5 months of age, group H (n = 7) animals were intensively fed a high‐protein and low‐fat milk replacer [crude protein (CP) 28%; ether extracts (EE) 18%; max: 2.0 kg, 12 l/day], and group R (n = 7) animals were fed a restricted amount of normal milk replacer (CP 25%; EE 23%; max 0.5 kg, 4 l/day). From 6 to 10 months of age, group H cattle were fed a high‐nutrition total mixed ration mainly prepared from grain feed, and group R cattle were fed only roughage. Blood samples were taken from each animal at three biopsy times (1.5, 5 and 10 months of age), and the blood plasma concentration of glucose and insulin was analysed. In glucose concentration, there were no significant differences; however, the concentrations of insulin were higher in group H than in group R at 5 and 10 months of age. Muscle samples were taken by biopsy from longissimus thoracis muscle (LT) at 1.5, 5 and 10 months of age. We analysed mRNA expression levels using the quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT4), insulin receptor, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI‐3K), protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt), hexokinase 1 (HK1) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). Although no differences were detected at 1.5 and 5 months of age, at 10 months of age, GLUT1, HK1 and TNFα mRNA expression levels were significantly higher in group H than in group R. These results suggested Glut1 that affects insulin‐independently mediated glucose uptake was more responsive to improved nutrition during early growth stage than GLUT4 that insulin‐dependently mediated glucose uptake in LT of cattle.