bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FECUNDITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MULLEIN BUG, CAMPYLOMMA VERBASCI (MEYER) (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Smith R.F. , Borden J.H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe mullein bug, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer), was successfully established on eggplant cv. “Black Beauty” using the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, as a source of prey for early instars. Colony-raised teneral females lived 17.4±0.8 days (mean±SE) at 25°C, and their progeny averaged 6.7±0.6 nymphs per 48-h oviposition period (range 0–36). Fecundity peaked during days 6–10 and declined steadily beyond day 16. Over their lifespans, females produced eggs that hatched into 37.5±8.2 nymphs (range 2–184). Eggs from a 24-h oviposition period required from 7.2±0.1 days at 27°C to 13.0±0.2 days at 20°C for 100% hatch. An estimated developmental threshold of 9.5°C (r2 = 0.50) was obtained using the equation: rate of development = −0.075 + 0.008 (temperature). The frequency distribution of hatch at each of four constant temperatures was unimodal and approximated a normal distribution. Nymphal development at 22°C required 2.8±0.2, 3.8±0.2, 4.0±0.3, 3.9±0.2, and 6.0±0.3 days for instars 1–5, respectively.
SECONDARY EFFECTS OF CANOPY DIEBACK: THE EPIGEAL CARABID FAUNA IN QUÉBEC APPALACHIAN MAPLE FORESTS
Authors: Martel J. , Mauffette Y. , Tousignant S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe impact of canopy dieback on the activity and diversity of epigeal Carabidae was studied during the summers of 1987 and 1988 in 18 maple stands in southeastern Québec, using pitfall traps. A canopy thinning index (CTI) based on severity and incidence of dieback, and on tree basal area was calculated for each of the 72 stations sampled. An analysis of variance shows that canopy dieback had a significant effect on carabid beetle activity in 1988. The CTI was negatively correlated with the carabid species richness and diversity in 1988. The number of individuals caught per station was negatively correlated with the CTI for all species combined, except for the dominant Pterostichus coracinus Newm. in 1988. These results indicate a negative response of carabid beetles to canopy dieback in 1988; the climate may have tempered the effects of dieback in 1987.
DIFFERENCE IN THE TRANSMISSION OF PVY° TO POTATO AND TOBACCO BY THE POTATO APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS): EFFECTS OF PROBING DURATION AND FREQUENCY
Authors: Boiteau Gilles , Singh R.P. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe probing behavior of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), is significantly different on potato than on tobacco plants. The higher frequency of short-duration probes, ideal for the transmission of nonpersistent viruses, is the apparent cause for the higher rate of potato virus Y° (PVY°) transmission on tobacco than on potato. However, experimental augmentation of short inoculation probes by M. euphorbiae on potato and tobacco failed to increase PVY° transmission on either. These results demonstrate the absence of a causal relationship between variations in probing behavior of M. euphorbiae and variations in the transmissibility of PVY° by this vector on tobacco and potato.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT SURVIVAL AND HATCHING RATE OF EGGS OF SEVEN SPECIES OF COCCINELLIDAE
Authors: Frazer B.D. , McGregor R.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe eggs of seven species of locally occurring coccinellids were reared at constant temperatures. The survival of eggs to hatching, rate, and thermal requirements for hatching were determined. The results were used to evaluate the importance of thermal adaptation of coccinellids in selecting them as biological control agents and in determining the relative species composition of locally occurring faunas of coccinellids.
EFFECT OF FOOD SOURCES ON THE LONGEVITY AND FECUNDITY OF PHOLETESOR ORNIGIS (WEED) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Hagley Elmer A.C. , Barber D.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe fecundity of first-generation adult Pholetesor ornigis (Weed) increased when individuals were confined with flowers of creeping "Charlie" (Glechoma hederacea L.), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), and apple (Malus domesticus L.), but not with blossoms of chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Cyrillo] or Shepherd’s purse [Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic]. Longevity of P. ornigis was little affected. The fecundity of second-generation P. ornigis increased when individuals were confined with terminal leaves of apple with honeydew of the aphid Aphis pomi DeGeer, but not when confined with terminal leaves without honeydew or with flowers of round-leaved mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.) or red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Longevity of P. ornigis adults also increased when they were provided with aphid honeydew. There were significant differences between the total number (oviposited and ovarian) of eggs produced by second-generation females given different food sources. Those given aphid honeydew oviposited a greater proportion of their eggs than those confined with apple leaves without honeydew or with flowers of M. neglecta or T. pratense, Adult P. ornigis fed an aqueous solution of honey (50:50, v/v) lived longest and produced more eggs than those provided with any other food source.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ATTACK RATES AND SURVIVAL OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS FREEMAN (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE), AND BUD DEVELOPMENT OF DOUGLAS-FIR, PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (MIRB.) FRANCO
Authors: Shepherd Roy F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIndividual larvae of western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) were observed from overwintering emergence to pupation at six locations spread over a wide range of altitudes and thus climate. A weekly census of 100 lower-crown buds per plot indicated large differences in rates of bud development and larval survival among locations.Emerging second-instar larvae attempted to mine swelling buds of Douglas-fir. If the buds were hard and tight, larvae mined 1-year-old needles until penetrable buds were available. Larvae dispersed over the crowns with only one larva becoming established in each bud; thus, many early-emerging and surplus larvae could not find suitable feeding sites and disappeared. Within the protective bud, survival was high. After buds flushed and larvae became exposed, densities dropped, probably due to increased predation and decreased food quality. Correlations indicated a close association between larval survival for the exposed period between bud flush and pupation, and overall larval survival.Douglas-fir trees responded to initial bud removal, but not to needle removal, by inducing latent buds in the axils of needles to grow into active vegetative buds ready to develop and flush the next spring. The number of these new vegetative buds formed was greatest when the initial buds were removed early in the season before flush, and decreased thereafter. Trees with vigorous crowns had the greatest response to defoliation by inducing the largest number of latent buds into becoming active vegetative buds; these were found mainly on the 2- and 3-year-old internodes.
ACTINOCEPHALUSSP., A PROTOZOAN (EUGREGARINIDA: ACTINOCEPHALIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH JUNE BEETLES,PHYLLOPHAGAHARRIS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Poprawski T.J. , Yule W.N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractActinocephalussp., a eugregarine protozoan, is reported from June beetles,PhyllophagaHarris, in southern Quebec. It is the first record of a protozoan infecting scarab beetles in Canada. The gregarine was found in 4.52% of the 16 930Phyllophagagrubs collected from 45 localities during a 3-year study. The infection was endemic to the grub stage of the scarab beetle and sub-enzootic in grub populations throughout the survey area, never reaching epizootic proportions. Infection rates for other stages of the life cycle ofPhyllophagawere insignificant. The study showed that the gregarine had a negligible impact on the population of the host insect.
EMERGENCE AND CALLING RHYTHMS, AND MATING BEHAVIOUR OF THE ORANGE WHEAT BLOSSOM MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Pivnick Kenneth A. , Labbé Edith 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn laboratory and field observations, male and female orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), emerged in late afternoon and early evening, with males emerging 1–2 h before females on average within a given day. Under laboratory conditions, males also emerged on average 0–3 days before females in three different experiments. Within 1 h of emergence, virgin females began to extend their ovipositors much of the time. This behaviour ceased upon mating, and was presumed to be calling behaviour: behaviour associated with pheromone release. Calling behaviour exhibited a daily rhythm both under controlled and field conditions. Females gradually increased the time spent calling in the last few hours of the photophase and called more than two-thirds of the time during the scotophase. Mating was preceded by wing vibration in the male prior to and during a walking approach. Receptive females spread their wings which facilitated mating. Mean duration of mating was 171 ± 15 s (±SE).
USE OF “CAR-NETS” TO SAMPLE FLYING MICRO-COLEOPTERA
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Cook Joyce 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA vehicle-mounted net (“car-net”) is a useful tool to sample flying beetles or other insects. Previous authors have used nets on top of the vehicle. A net mounted lower and in front of the vehicle is thought to be superior for catching beetles which fly closer to ground level. Quantified results are given.
ANTIFEEDANT AND GROWTH INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF TALL OIL AND DERIVATIVES AGAINST THE VARIEGATED CUTWORM, PERIDROMA SAUCIA HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Xie Yongshou , Isman Murray B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCrude tall oil and two of its derivatives were assessed for antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects, via incorporation into an artificial diet, in the variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia Hübner). The substances tested are both toxic to neonate P. saucia and inhibitory to larval growth. The dietary LC50 (lethal concentration for 50% mortality) values are 4.3, 4.7, and 5.3% fresh weight for depitched tall oil (DTO), crude tall oil (CTO), and tall oil pitch (TOP), respectively. These materials significantly reduced growth, feeding, and dietary utilization by first-, second-, third-, and fourth-instar larvae in chronic larval growth bioassays, choice and no-choice feeding tests, and nutritional experiments. The EC50s (effective concentration to inhibit growth by 50% relative to controls) of DTO, CTO, and TOP were 1.4, 2.0, and ≥2.4%, respectively, when first-instar larvae fed on treated diets for 10 days. DTO significantly reduced both growth and consumption rates with corresponding reduction in the efficiency of conversion of food (i.e. nutritional efficiency), suggesting that both antifeedant and toxic effects are involved in larval growth inhibition. DTO and CTO are consistently more biologically active than TOP. Our results suggest that an environmentally sound, low cost natural pest control agent may be developed based on tall oil.
THE HAEMOLYMPH PLASMA COMPOSITION OF ADULTS, PUPAE, AND LARVAE OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY), AND DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL SALINE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Pelletier Yvan , Clark Catherine L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHaemolymph from Colorado potato beetles at larval, pupal, and adult stages was analyzed for pH, osmolality, and concentrations of magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, chloride, phosphate, and citrate. Differences in the concentrations of some ions observed between stages were used to formulate physiological saline solutions for the adult and larval stages.
MASS STORAGE OF HONEY BEE (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) QUEENS DURING THE WINTER
Authors: Wyborn M.H. , Winston M.L. , Laflamme P.H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMass storage of honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) queens over the winter was investigated in colony banks, with each queen held in her own cage within a colony. The major treatments included: (I) a single queen wintered in a small nucleus colony (control); and colony banks with 24 or 48 queens, each held individually in (II) screen cages that prevented workers from entering the cage, but allowed access for queen tending, (III) queen-excluder cages (queen-excluder material has openings of about 55 mm that prevent the larger queen but not the smaller workers from passing through the material), or (IV) screen cages until January and subsequent transfer to mini-nuclei until late March. Queens held in excluder cages showed poor survival in all 3 years of testing, and this system was not viable for commercial use; survival for any 1 year, or any excluder treatment, was never greater than 25%. In contrast, a 2-year average of 60% queen survival was found for queens that were stored in individual screened wooden cages within queenless colony banks. We found no differences in survival of banked queens that were moved between colonies monthly and those that remained in the same colony for 6 months. The success of these systems required the (a) preparation of colony banks that contained large numbers of adult workers produced by maintaining colonies with two queens during the previous summer, (b) removal of laying queen(s) during the storage period, (c) feeding of colonies well, and (d) insulation of colonies in groups of four, to preserve heat and reduce worker clustering in the winter. Surviving queens from winter storage systems were virtually identical in quality and colony performance to control queens the subsequent season. The annual profit for a commercial beekeeper who does his/her own labour for storage and hires workers for queen production was calculated as $16,625 when 4800 queens are stored over the winter, and sold for $10 each in the spring. Thus, mass queen storage using our successful systems is both biologically and economically viable.
PRODUCTION OF A GRASSHOPPER ENTOMOPOXVIRUS (ENTOMOPOXVIRINAE) IN MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (F.) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Oma E.A. , Streett D.A. 
Published: November 2009

Grasshopper entomopoxviruses are considered to have excellent potential as microbial control agents and are currently undergoing evaluation in a Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management program. Our research has focused on an entomopoxvirus isolated from Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.).Henry (1975) noted that one characteristic of a microbial control agent of grasshoppers is the potential for mass production. Methods of viral inoculation are varied and depend on the biology of the host and efficiency versus efficacy (Shapiro 1982). In this paper methods of inoculation for mass production of the M. sanguinipes virus in M. sanguinipes are investigated.
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION, CLASSIFICATION, RECONSTRUCTED PHYLOGENY, AND GEOGRAPHICAL HISTORY OF THECICINDELA SEXGUTTATAGROUP (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)
Authors: Kaulbars Michael M. , Freitag Richard 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA systematic review was conducted for theCicindela sexguttatagroup taxa. Comparative methods of examination were applied to adult structural and ecological characters for purposes of taxa diagnoses, and to establish a basis for the derivation of the group’s history.Based on 13 adult exoskeletal characters and 25 tests on populations throughout the group’s geographical range, a discriminant analysis identifies the most significant characters as being elytral maculation, body size, pilosity of the stipes, and number of sensory setae on the antennal scape. In addition, selected characters of the male and female genitalia are shown to identify all taxa within the group. Among biological comparisons the different number of mature eggs found in adult females ofC.sexguttataFabricius andC.denikeiBrown indicates that their fecundity differs; and the larval burrow ofC.denikeiopens directly beneath rocks and stones, a habit unique inCicindela. Seasonality profiles of taxa appear to be dictated by geographical location, and by phylogeny to a smaller degree. Species–soils associations indicate thatC.sexguttatahas a strong affinity to warm, moist and loamy soils, butC.denikeiis correlated with sandy, silty till. For all species of the group, habitats occupied and limits of distribution to eastern Canada and the United States appear to be governed by soil and forest types.Three species of the group are recognized:C.sexguttataconsisting of geographical populations varying considerably in adult characteristics and the problematic formC.harrisiiLeng which may be considered a cryptic species;C.denikei; andC.patruelaDejean consisting of two subspeciesC.p.patruelaandC.p.consentaneaDejean.A reconstructed phylogeny of theC.sexguttatagroup based on methods of Hennig (1966) alliesC.sexguttataandC.denikeias sister species, andC.patruelaas an earlier lineage. Recognized as a stem group of theC.purpureacomplex, theC.sexguttatagroup is postulated to have had its origins in forested eastern North America during the Late Miocene. Speciations ofC.patruelaand lineageC.sexguttata–C.denikeiare perceived to have occurred in the Pliocene, followed by speciations ofC.sexguttataandC.denikeiin the Late Pleistocene effected by continental ice mass advances and recessions.
INDUCTION OF PHEROMONE PRODUCTION IN FEMALES OF HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS (F.) AND H. SUBFLEXA (GN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) DURING THE PHOTOPHASE
Authors: Teal P.E.A. , Oostendorp A. , Tumlinson J.H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractProduction of sex pheromone was induced during the photophase, a time during which pheromone is not normally produced, in females of Heliothis virescens (F.) and H. subflexa (Gn.) by injection of homogenates and partially purified extracts of the brain – subesophageal ganglion complex of conspecific females or H. zea (Boddie) females or synthetic pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN). The amount of (Z)-11-hexadecenal, the major component of the pheromone of both species, increased during the first 60 min after injection of PBAN then leveled off and declined in H. virescens. In H. subflexa, the amount of this aldehyde increased during the first 120 min and declined after 240 min. Studies indicated that extracts of the brain – subesophageal ganglion complex that did not contain neurally produced biogenic amines induced production of as much pheromone as did homogenates containing these compounds. Dose-response studies indicated that the optimal dose of synthetic PBAN for induction of pheromone during a 60-min incubation was 5.0 pmol. In vivo maintenance of pheromone production required continuous stimulation of the pheromone gland.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HORN FLIES, HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS (L.) (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE), TO PYRETHROIDS IN MANITOBA
Authors: Mwangala Felix S. , Galloway Terry D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractResistance of horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), to fenvalerate and permethrin was evaluated in Manitoba from 1987 to 1989. The number of resistant populations and the intensity of resistance increased during the period. In 1987, resistant flies were observed on three of 18 herds sampled. Resistance, determined by comparison with a susceptible strain at the LC50, was less than 6-fold for fenvalerate and 3-fold for permethrin except for one population whose resistance was 14-fold for permethrin. In 1988, resistant flies were observed on six of 26 herds sampled. Resistance ranged from 0.03- to 38-fold for fenvalerate and 0.1- to over 100-fold for permethrin. In 1989, resistant flies were found on 10 of 22 herds sampled. Resistance ranged from 1- to 62-fold for fenvalerate and 0.8- to over 100-fold for permethrin. Resistant populations were interspersed among susceptible ones.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND LABORATORY REARING OF CERANTHIA SAMARENSIS (VILLENEUVE) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.)
Authors: Quednau F.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLaboratory observations on the biology of Ceranthia samarensis (Villeneuve), a tachinid parasitoid of the gypsy moth, were carried out in the laboratory at 22 °C day/15 °C night, 85–90% RH, and a 12L:12D photoperiod. Older (5–6 days post-eclosion) males mated readily with newly emerged females. Mating success was 60%. The gestation period of the mated females was 10–12 days. Laboratory-reared (on diet) second- and third-instar gypsy moth larvae feeding on newly grown foliage of Quercus rubra L. were exposed to gravid females of the parasitoid. Ceranthia samarensis ovolarviposited on the body of the host. The first-instar larva penetrated the host cuticle and developed internally, forming a respiratory funnel that caused a dark circular scar on the lateral side of the caterpillar. The average number of progeny (puparia) produced over the lifetime of a C. samarensis female was 55.0 ± 5.0 (SE) and average longevity was 4.1 ± 1.7 (SE) days. Diapause of the puparia was facultative and induced by temperatures below 20 °C combined with a 12L:12D photoperiod. In nondiapause individuals, total generation time was 22–40 days. To obtain diapause insects, puparia were stored for2monthsat 15 °C, 100% RH, and 12L:12D photoperiod for development of pharate adults. Cold storage at 2–4 °C and 100% RH for at least 5 months was required to obtain up to 75% eclosion after 5–9 days the following year.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OFTRICHOCLINOCERACOLLIN (DIPTERA: EMPIDIDAE; CLINOCERINAE)
Authors: Sinclair Bradley J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThere are 16 species ofTrichoclinoceraCollin recognized from the Nearctic region, including eight new species. Four of six species-groups ofTrichoclinoceraare recognized in the Nearctic region, with the following included species: (1)T.comatagroup —T.cascadensissp.nov. (type-locality Starvation Creek, Oregon, U.S.A.),T.comata(Melander) comb.nov., andT.rupestrissp.nov. (type-locality Newton Creek, Wyoming, U.S.A.); (2)T.dolicheretmagroup —T.dolicheretma(Melander); (3)T.lapponicagroup —T.lapponica(Ringdahl) comb.nov.; (4)T.longipesgroup —T.agilissp.nov. (type-locality Fall Creek Falls, Tennessee, U.S.A.),T.ctenistes(Melander),T.dasycoxasp.nov. (type-locality Ottawa, Ontario, Canada),T.falcatasp.nov. (type-locality Gatineau Park, Quebec, Canada),T.fumosa(Vaillant) comb.nov.,T.hamifera(Melander),T.longipes(Walker).T.minor(Melander),T.ozarkensissp.nov. (type-locality Haw Creek Falls, Arkansas, U.S.A.), andT.pectinifemursp.nov. (type-locality Phoenixville, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.). The following new synonyms are proposed:T.brunnipennis(Melander) =T.dolicheretma; andSeguyella saltans(Vaillant) =T.hamifera. Lectotypes are designated forT.comata,T.ctenistes,T.dolicheretma,T.brunnipennis,T.hamifera,T.lapponica, andT.stackelbergiCollin.SeguyellaVaillant andAcanthoclinoceraSaigusa are newly synonymized withTrichoclinoceraand all species formerly placed in these genera are transferred toTrichoclinocera, exceptAcanthoclinocera glaucescens(Brunetti) which is transferred asWiedemannia glaucescens(Brunetti) comb.nov.This revision includes a key to Nearctic species, a description of each species, and maps of species distributions. Homologies of male terminalia of Clinocerinae are summarized and the first descriptions of the immature stages of species ofTrichoclinoceraalso are provided. A world list of described species ofTrichoclinocerais provided and all species are assigned to one of six species-groups, exceptT.cummingisp.nov. (type-locality Robber’s Cave, Oklahoma. U.S.A.),T.fluviatilis(Brunetti) comb.nov.,T.fuscipennisSaigusa, andT.maewaSmith, which remain unplaced. The monophyly ofTrichoclinocerais justified and phylogenetic relationships to the remaining Clinocerinae and among species-groups are discussed.