bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction of FPSO Technology in ONGC: Strategy & Lessons Being Learnt
Authors: Malik Naresh , Das P. , Sengupta T. K. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

ONGC’s offshore operations - Application of Floating production systems
ONGC’s major share of oil & gas production comes from its offshore fields in water depths ranging upto 100m with facilities mainly confined to fixed wellhead platforms with dry trees, fixed processing platforms and subsea pipelines. This approach is economically viable only for fields having high production potential and long field life, being high capital intensive. ONGC has discovered few offshore marginal fields located at considerable distance from existing processing facilities with peak production potential of the order of 25000-50,000 BOPD and short production plateau period. Development of these fields with fixed platform and pipeline architecture will not be cost effective. Further Fixed platforms have limitations in terms of water depth and are not suitable for the discovered fields in the deeper waters. Therefore, ONGC started examining the development with alternative technologies like FPSO, MOPU, FSO/FPU combination, etc. for last couple of years.
Each of the alternative solution has its own advantages over the other. Decision to select a particular development option depends on many aspects besides technology and economic viability. The decision has to be weighed on considerations like company’s strategy to own asset/facility or to take asset/facility on hire, operational philosophy (by company itself or hire from contractor), company’s experience / position on learning curve for the selected technology. The decision process is necessarily iterative and involves tradeoffs.
The first technology considered for development of a marginal offshore field is by deploying a hired FPSO for processing and export of hydrocarbons. All possible options were examined and weighed against each other wherein hired FPSO approach was found to be most attractive. The exercise carried out for one field (X) has established that FPSO as a viable alternative for consideration for development of marginal fields offshore. While the contract for hiring FPSO for X field has been awarded and FPSO is expected to be mobilized in Dec 2012, ONGC requires another FPSO for Y field development.
The paper will discuss the Technological & Contractual issues, the acquisition strategy and the lessons learnt in hiring a FPSO for development of marginal fields in western offshore and to master the technologies to regain confidence to operate in deep water in east coast in future.
ONGC’s C-Series Trunk Pipeline Commissioning
Authors: Kumar P. V. , Charyulu S. K. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The C-Series marginal gas field in Tapti is located approx. 60 KM West of Daman. Under Phase-I implementation, four unmanned well platforms namely C-22P, C-24P, C-39-P1 & C-39-PA have been installed. C-39-PA is the farthest platform and connected to C-24P via 60 kms of 22" and C-24P to NQG process platform via 115 kms of 28" sub-sea pipelines. Gas from NQG is transported to Uran after processing.
Pipeline is very long sub-sea pipeline bearing a very typical profile with un-favorable contour having multiple sources, having a reverse profile with C-series platforms at a shallow depth of 19-23m and the receiving process platform NQG at a depth of about 64 m. The gas, condensate and liquid production profile makes this pipeline more critical during regular production and having severe surging problems.
Dewatering and commissioning of the pipeline with a conventional approach to launch the pig train from the launcher at C-24 well platform and receiving the pig train at NQG receiver was considered initially. The pipeline filled with 60 thousand cubic meters of treated water. If pigging is done conventionally huge surges are anticipated at NQG, may cause process upset and may lead to shutdown of the process complex. Because of this a different way of launching the pig from receiver end i.e., (NQG), deeper pipeline profile and receiving the pig at C-24 platform, a shallower pipeline to ensure safe and practicable operation. The pigging was done successfully with nitrogen in between the 4 pig train followed by gas. After pigging of NQO-C-24 section, gas from C-24 platform was used to propel the pigs in 22" pipeline segment. Finally, dewatering of both segments was carried out successfully and this is first time in ONGC, the operations carried out in a large scale
Polymer Injectivity Test in Mangala Field - A Significant Step towards Field Wide Implementation
Authors: Kumar M Suresh , Pandey Amitabh , Jha Manish Kumar 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The Mangala Field is the largest discovered oil field in Barmer Basin, Rajasthan, India. The field contains medium gravity viscous crude (10-20 cp) in high permeability sands. The field is being developed under pattern and peripheral water injection. Due to the adverse mobility ratio, waterflooding is expected to result in lesser sweep and ultimately affect oil recovery. The potential for chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been recognized from an early stage in the field development, with polymer flooding identified for early implementation, followed by staged-wise implementation of Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer (ASP) injection. To understand and evaluate the efficiency of chemical flooding, a closely spaced normal five spot EOR pilot is being conducted in the fluvial FM1 reservoir units of the Mangala Field.
Polymer injection in the pilot commenced in August 2011, with a series of short term polymer injectivity tests including multi rate test in one of the injectors. These tests provided useful insight about polymer rheological characteristics under reservoir conditions. Non-Newtonian behaviour of the polymer helped in injecting the ~30 cp solution within the designed surface pressure. Radial well modeling confirmed the shear thinning characteristics of the polymer which were in agreement with laboratory data, and that there has been no significant mechanical degradation of the polymer inside the well. Production logging conducted before, during and after the injectivity tests also show no significant change in injection profile as a result of the polymer injection. The injectivity test establishes that polymer injection is viable in Mangala reservoirs. The pilot results are important for an early implementation of fieldwide EOR in the Mangala Field.
This paper presents details of the polymer injectivity tests including bottom-hole pressure measurements and production logging conducted during the tests. Details of the single well fine scale modeling to match the injectivity test pressure behaviour are then described.
Geomechanical Evaluation of Mud Losses and Wellbore Instability in Mumbai High North Field – Implications to Infill Drilling and Reservoir Development
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Perumalla Satya , Verma S. K. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Mumbai High North (MHN), an Indian Offshore oil field is a multilayered carbonate reservoir. This field has been producing for the last 35 years and there exists differential pressure depletion across the field. Mud losses while drilling the carbonate reservoirs in this field is a known serious problem and there is a direct impact on non productive time (NPT) and well cost adversely. Loss circulation during drilling appears to have become more severe with increased directional drilling activity and reservoir depletion in this field. There are also number of wellbore instability incidents like stuckpipe, tight hole and cavings evidenced at shale intervals especially when there was a drop in hydrostatic head of wellbore annulus due to mud losses in carbonate reservoirs.
At present, a comprehensive in-fill drilling campaign is under implementation with significant capital investment to enhance oil production from this field. This campaign covers mostly the Northern area of the field. A variety of drilling and completion problems have been encountered in the recent wells in this area which are attributed mainly due to mud losses while drilling.
In order to study the underlying mechanisms behind mud losses and wellbore instability, a geomechanical study was initiated using representative offset well data around one of planned in-fill drilling areas. The study includes constraining in-situ stresses, pore pressure and rock mechanical properties from available limited data set and reconciliation of results with relevant drilling experiences from offset wells.
This paper mainly discusses how the mud loss experience was analyzed and related with possible mechanisms with help of geomechanics. Based on this study, a risk matrix was generated to drill in-fill wells with appropriate mud weights and drilling practices. The study results also provided insights on possibilities of optimizing reservoir development strategy for future production.
Improvement of Vertical Conformance in Injectors - A Must for Fluvial Channel Reservoirs
Authors: Kothiyal Manish Dutt , Kumar Vikash , Kumar Pankaj , Parasher Arunabh , Singh Manjit Kumar , Murphy Robert 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Mangala Field in Rajasthan, India was discovered in January 2004 and began production in August 2009. The main reservoir unit is Fatehgarh Formation, consisting of interbedded sands and shales. Upper Fatehgarh sand (FM-1) has almost 50 % of field STOIIP. It is a fluvial channel sand with excellent reservoir characteristics (average porosity ~ 25% and average permeability of more than 3000 md). Crude is waxy and wax dropout temperature is close to reservoir temperature. This reservoir is being developed by an inverted 9-spot hot waterflood, but a subsequent chemical flood EOR (polymer + ASP) is planned.
Currently, an inverted 5-spot pilot program is being carried out to assess the effectiveness of a chemical flood. Initial injection profiling data suggested that vertical conformance was poor, possibly due to poor injection water quality and wax dropout, but it was envisaged that selective chemical treatment of the channel sands would help in improving it. Initially, chemical assisted diversion techniques were applied in two wells which resulted in substantial reduction in ITHP with negligible improvement in conformance. Thereafter, a coiled tubing and straddle packer system was used to ensure correct placement of a series of chemicals targeting different damage mechanisms i.e. wax deposition and scaling issues.
Stimulation techniques included increasing the injection temperature of the water for wellbore heatup and wax dissolution, spotting and soaking of surfactants for dissolution of residual wax, followed by pin point injection of 15% HCL for dissolution of scales. Post stimulation injection logs showed an excellent achievement of conformance. An improved surface setup in the EOR pad (water heater, improved filter design) has helped in maintaining the injectivity over a longer time period. The lessons learned from this stimulation technique would prove to be critical for the FM1 sand, where improvement in vertical conformance would result in significantly higher recovery.
Pipeline Design and Maintenance with Special Reference to the High Paraffinic and High Pour Point Assam Crude Oil
Authors: BujarBaruah Prankush M 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
OIL INDIA LTD operates a number of oil and gas pipelines in the fields of Upper Assam. The total volume of oil handled annually is around 4 MMT. The crude oil produced is generally of waxy nature with a specific gravity of 0.87, having a high pour point of 25 deg.C and viscosity from 3.5cp till 6cp.
Over the period of years a number of methods have been developed with field and laboratory data to design, construct and maintain the pipelines including the flow lines from the well pads to the oil collection centers. At present an effective method to handle the highly paraffinic crude is the use of water bath type heaters with a heating range till 80 degree centigrade. Indirect heaters together or at times alone are used with pour point depressants, commercial name being Maxdip 1500 which is a vinyl acetate co-polymer.
During our design of new pipelines over and above to the codes of API 31.4/31.8 for pipeline design we have incorporated certain additions and deletions’ as per our requirement of handling the Assam oil. Certain redesign has also been done in certain pipelines to handle very high paraffinic crude. The 8" Duliajan Digboi refinery crude oil delivery line is an example. Design modifications were done on the existing pipeline without effecting the refinery operations. For the Salmari field heavy oil, in-house design and maintenance efforts with combination of Merus rings and heating through bath type indirect heaters has enabled a trouble free operation. To overcome the problem of congealing in well flow lines a number of methods like steam injection, heating of the crude oil and gas and use of high pressure hot oil pumps have been developed to redesign, re-modify the existing flow lines. Recently we had undertaken a pilot project to introduce a scrapper tool inside the closed circuit loop of the well flow line.
With the above endeavors developed in-house we have been able to maintain modify design and construct (lay) pipelines in our operational area with almost 100% flow assurance
The stress tensor of an atomistic system
Authors: Morante Silvia , Rossi Giancarlo , Testa Massimo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe prove that the stress tensor conservation equation expressing the local equilibrium condition of a body results from the invariance of its partition function under canonical point transformations. From this result the expression of the stress tensor of a general atomistic system (with short range interactions) in terms of its microscopic degrees of freedom can be obtained. The derivation, which can be extended to encompass the quantum mechanical case, works in the canonical as well as the micro-canonical ensemble and is valid for systems endowed with arbitrary boundary conditions. As an interesting by-product of our general approach, we are able to positively answer the old question concerning the uniqueness of the stress tensor expression.
Stress induced anisotropy and applied field dependence of second order perturbed energy of thick ferromagnetic films
Authors: Samarasekara P. 
Published: March 2012

The energy of thick ferromagnetic films up to 10000 layers has been explained in this report using classical Heisenberg Hamiltonian with second order perturbation. Especially the effect of applied magnetic field and stress on energy of sc(001) ferromagnetic thick films has been investigated. Under the influence of perpendicular magnetic field given by = 6, the sc(001) ferromagnetic film with 10000 layers can be easily oriented in 0.5 radians direction. The easy direction of sc(001) ferromagnetic film with 10000 layers was found to be 0.6 radians when the in-plane magnetic field of = 4.2 is applied. Because the easy axis oriented magnetic films are useful in magnetic memory devices and monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC), the determination of easy direction is important. If the stress given by = 2.6 is applied in perpendicular direction to the film plane, the film can be easily oriented in direction of 3 radians. Energy under influence of perpendicular magnetic field is larger than the energy under the influence of in-plane magnetic field. After introducing the second order perturbation to the Heisenberg Hamiltonian, even some small variations of energy could be investigated as indicated in the graphs in this manuscript.Keywords: Ferromagnetic materials, thick films, Heisenberg Hamiltonian, stress induced anisotropyDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/josuk.v6i0.4223J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 6 (2011) : 77-84
Assessment of the Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy of Patients with Continuous Flow Left-Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Jennings Douglas L. , Jones Mathew C. , Lanfear David E. 
Published: March 2012

Purpose The purpose of this project was to characterize the use of heart failure medications during the first year after left-ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. Methods All patients who received a HeartMate II at our institution between January 1, 2007, and August 1, 2009, and were followed by our multidisciplinary team for at least 6 months were eligible for inclusion. Use of heart failure medications, including dosages, was collected for each patient prior to LVAD implantation, at time of discharge, and at each subsequent monthly office visit for up to 1 year after implantation. The primary end point was the prescription rate for each medication class at discharge. Secondary end points included the use and dosage of these agents during follow up. Results A total of 28 patients were included (mean age = 50±11.5 years; sex 75% male; race 57.1% white; bridge-to-transplant rate 25%). There was a statistically significant decrease in use of digoxin (42.9% vs. 7.1%), spironolactone (50% vs. 17.9%), nitrates (39.3% vs. 7.1%), and milrinone (71.4% vs. 3.6%) postimplantation compared with baseline (p<0.05, for all comparisons). More than 50% of patients received vasodilators, beta-blockers, and hydralazine both preimplantation and postimplantation (p>0.05 for each class). Furthermore, more patients reached target doses of beta-blockers (0% vs. 28.6%; p=0.04) after LVAD implantation. Conclusion Our pilot study shows consistent prescription of heart failure pharmacotherapy in LVAD patients at our institution, with more patients able to tolerate target doses of beta-blockers.
Oxidative Stress Markers in Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis Patients, Including Coenzyme Q10 and Ischemia-Modified Albumin
Authors: Mehmetoglu Idris , Hümeyra Yerlikaya F. , Kurban Sevil , Sami Erdem S. , Tonbul Zeki 
Published: March 2012

Objectives Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant activity. There is wide agreement that patients undergoing regular dialysis treatment experience increased oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate serum total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) levels in hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, compared with controls. Methods This study was performed on 41 (21 men, 20 women) CAPD patients, 38 (20 men,18 women) HD patients, and 43 (23 men, 20 women) healthy control subjects. CoQ10 levels were standardized using blood lipids. Results Serum TAS levels and CoQ10/total cholesterol values of the HD and CAPD patients were significantly lower, whereas serum IMA and TOS levels were significantly higher, than those of controls. Furthermore, CoQ10/LDL, CoQ10/triglycerides, and CoQ10/total cholesterol + triglycerides values of the CAPD patients were significantly lower than those of controls. No differences were found between serum IMA, TAS, TOS, CoQ10 levels, and adjusted CoQ10 values of the CAPD and HD patients. Conclusions Our results suggest that oxidative stress is increased in HD and CAPD patients compared with controls, as proven by decreased TAS and adjusted CoQ10 levels and increased TOS and IMA levels. Therefore, an antioxidant supplementation to these patients may be suggested.
Extracellular Volume Expansion in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Fan Stanley , Sayed Rabya H. , Davenport Andrew 
Published: March 2012

Introduction: Cardiovascular mortality remains high among peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Several small studies have suggested that PD patients are volume expanded, and as such this could be a cardiovascular risk factor. We therefore wished to investigate factors which could lead to extracellular water (ECW) expansion. Methods: Retrospective cross-sectional audit of 600 prevalent, adult PD patients attending two tertiary university PD centers, with corresponding assessments of PD adequacy, transport status, and multifrequency bioimpedance measurements of extracellular water to total body water (ECW/TBW). Results: 600 PD patients, median age 57.5 (46.9–67.9) years, 54% male, 31% diabetic, 47.6% Caucasoid, median PD vintage 16 (3.7–38) months, (64% prescribed icodextrin, 34% hypertonic glucose dialysates, and 74% antihypertensive medications). Mean ECW 15.1±0.2 L, ICW 20±0.2 L, ECW/TBW ratio 0.437±0.007. On multivariate analysis %ECW/TBW was associated with age (F=13.1 β=0.045 p=0.000), number of antihypertensive medications (F=10.3 β=0.43 p=0.001), log CRP (F=12.9 β=1.3 p=0.000), and negatively with serum albumin (F=25 β=-0.22 p=0.000), and residual renal function (urine volume mL F=9.96 β=-0.001 p=0.002) (weekly Kt/Vurine F=8.82 β=-2.05, p=0.003). Conclusions: Overhydration as assessed by ECW/TBW is prevalent in adult PD patients, and is associated with loss of residual renal function, inflammation, malnutrition and hypertension – as assessed by antihypertensive medications. As this was a retrospective cross-sectional audit, whether loss of residual renal function, inflammation, and protein energy wasting lead to volume expansion remains to be determined in prospective longitudinal studies.
Programming and reprogramming: new approaches for understanding disease
Authors: Cowan Chad 
Published: March 2012

AbstractOur research is focused on understanding the contribution of environmental and genetic factors in the development of obesity and obesity related diseases. We seek to gain a better understanding of these diseases by capturing the disease genotype through the creation of induced pluripotent patient-specific stem cells. These cells can then be used to interrogate the disease phenotype in differentiated adult cells types associated with or affected by disease. By comparing cells from healthy donors and obese donors we hope to discover the cellular origins of obesity and use this information to aid in the battle against this and related metabolic diseases. Our progress towards this goal will be the topic of my presentation.
A Chemical Approach to Efficient Generating Embryonic and Germline-derived Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Baharvand Hossein 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSince the first report on the generation of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from preimplantation embryos, there has been tremendous interest in developing culture systems to produce ESCs from human and other species efficiently to use them in biomedical applications. These cells have provided fascinating possibilities and tools to study human development, genetic diseases, and development of toxicological and pharmaceutical applications as well as in therapeutic transplantation. Developing an efficient method to derive ESCs from various genetic backgrounds should be valuable for establishment of ESCs in various mammalian species, including human. However, it is still encumbered by various technical and ethical objections. This challenge is circumvented by using small molecules that suppress differentiation pathways. Here, we will present our recent studies on efficient and reproducible establishment of ESCs from blastocysts and single blastomere to avoid destruction of the embryo. Additionally, we present our recent researches on testis-derived pluripotent stem cells that share characteristics of ESCs. The application of these small molecules will not only solve the problems of derivation and expansion of pluripotent stem cell in defined conditions, but also clarify new signaling pathways in them.