bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mirror neuron system and treatment of stroke
Authors: Small Steven L. , Buccino Giovanni , Solodkin Ana 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMirror neurons discharge during the execution of ecological goal‐directed manual and oral actions, as well as during the observation of the same actions done by other individuals. These neurons were first identified in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv; area F5) and later on in the inferior parietal lobule (areas PF and PFG) of monkey brain, constituting a “mirror neuron” system. Several pieces of experimental data suggest that a mirror neuron system devoted to hand, mouth, and foot actions might also be present in humans. In the present paper, we review the experimental evidence on the role of the mirror neuron system in action understanding and imitation, both in hand motor function and speech. Based on the features of the mirror neuron system and its role in action understanding and imitation, we discuss the use of action observation and imitation as an approach for systematic training in the rehabilitation of patients with motor impairment of the upper limb and aphasia following stroke. We present the results of some preliminary studies to test this concept, and a discussion of network models as a measure of neurobiological change. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:293‐310, 2012.
Age, experience, injury, and the changing brain
Authors: Kolb Bryan , Teskey G. Campbell 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe fundamental concept in the emerging field of rehabilitation and brain plasticity is that although there is much constancy in brain function and organization across our lifetime, there is remarkable variability as well. This variability reflects the brain's capacity to alter its structure and function in reaction to environmental diversity as well as to perturbations including injury throughout the lifespan. Although the term brain plasticity is now widely used, it is not easily defined and is used to refer to changes at many levels in the nervous system ranging from molecular events, such as changes in gene expression, to behavior (e.g., Shaw & McEachern (Eds.) [2001]. Toward a Theory of Neuroplasticity. Philadelphia, USA: Psychology Press). The focus of our work has been to correlate changes in behavior, neuronal morphology, and the organization of motor maps after cortical injury throughout the lifespan. In this article, we review evidence we have collected from a rat model of normal development and the effects of brain injury, and comment on the general principals that may apply to human stroke and amblyopia. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:311‐325, 2012.
Evolution and development of the mammalian dentition: Insights from the marsupial Monodelphis domestica
Authors: Moustakas Jacqueline E. , Smith Kathleen K. , Hlusko Leslea J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractTo understand developmental mechanisms of evolutionary change, we must first know how different morphologies form. The vast majority of our knowledge on the developmental genetics of tooth formation derives from studies in mice, which have relatively derived mammalian dentitions. The marsupial Monodelphis domestica has a more plesiomorphic heterodont dentition with incisors, canines, premolars, and molars on both the upper and the lower jaws, and a deciduous premolar. The complexity of the M. domestica dentition ranges from simple, unicusped incisors to conical, sharp canines to multicusped molars. We examine the development of the teeth in M. domestica, with a specific focus on the enamel knot, a signaling center in the embryonic tooth that controls shape. We show that the tooth germs of M. domestica express fibroblast growth factor (FGF) genes and Sprouty genes in a manner similar to wild‐type mouse molar germs, but with a few key differences. Developmental Dynamics, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caenorhabditis elegans reproductive aging: Regulation and underlying mechanisms
Authors: Luo Shijing , Murphy Coleen T. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFemale reproductive decline is one of the first aging phenotypes in humans, manifested in increasing rates of infertility, miscarriage, and birth defects in children of mothers over 35. Recently, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has been developed as a model to study reproductive aging, and several studies have advanced our knowledge of reproductive aging regulation in this organism. In this review, we describe our current understanding of reproductive cessation in C. elegans, including the relationship between oocyte quality, ovulation rate, progeny number, and reproductive span. We then discuss possible mechanisms of oocyte quality control, and provide an overview of the signaling pathways currently identified to be involved in reproductive span regulation in C. elegans. Finally, we extend the relevance of C. elegans reproductive aging studies to the issue of human female reproductive decline, and we discuss ideas concerning the relationship between reproductive aging and somatic longevity. genesis 49:53–65, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Governing the balance between sustainability and competitiveness in urban planning: the case of the Orestad model
Authors: Book Karin , Eskilsson Lena , Khan Jamil 
Published: November 2010

AbstractUrban development politics are being challenged in various ways today, which becomes obvious when analysing strategies for sustainability versus competitiveness. In parallel to this, alternative ways of financing, planning and organizing urban development and transport projects are becoming more common. However, although the use of publicly owned enterprises in urban development is becoming more common it is still a fairly new phenomenon and differs considerably from development led by a traditional government agency. The question analysed in this article is how well equipped these new governing arrangements are to handle goals of both sustainability and economic competitiveness. As a case study we use a special financial and planning model used in the development of public transport (the metro) and a new urban area (Orestad) in Copenhagen, here called the Orestad model. Special focus is given on the creation of the Orestad Development Corporation, a new hybrid development organization, which was given the mandate to develop both Orestad and the metro. The study shows that there is a lot to gain from both a sustainability and an efficiency perspective by integrating land use development and public transport infrastructure in the same hybrid project organization. While there is definitely a tension between the goals of sustainability and competitive image building, the two do not have to be mutually exclusive. Even though the role of the state is transformed in this new governance arrangement, our case clearly shows how the state remains a crucial actor in sustainability governance. However, there is an obvious risk of a lack of strategic thinking and accountability when a hybrid project‐oriented organization is responsible for planning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Sustainability transitions in transition countries: forest policy reforms in South‐eastern Europe
Authors: Weiland Sabine 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article deals with forest policy reforms in South‐eastern Europe. It looks at recent developments in the forest sectors in three countries of the region, namely Slovenia, Croatia and Albania. Initial hopes that economic liberalization and democratization of these post‐socialist states would alleviate environmental and sustainability problems have proven too simplistic. Rather, the transition has opened up conflicts around environment and development that begin to show only after the end of the paternalistic and planning‐driven policy approaches of the socialist era. The article analyses the capacities and governance arrangements needed in post‐socialist countries to deal with sustainability issues. Although the major topics in forest policy reforms in transition countries – establishment of provisions for sustainable forest management, privatization of the forest sector, strategies to reconcile sustainable forest management and sustainable economic and human development – are similar, the case studies reveal very different approaches and problems in the transformation of the sector. No blueprint for sustainable governance of forests in transition states exists. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Fructose‐Based Proline Analogues: Exploring the Prolyl trans/cis‐Amide Rotamer Population in Model Peptides
Authors: Cipolla Laura , Airoldi Cristina , Bini Davide , Gregori Maria , Marcelo Filipa , Jiménez‐Barbero Jesús , Nicotra Francesco 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA D‐fructose moiety in which a D‐proline ring has been engineered with a spiranic junction in the glycidic scaffold has been used as a proline mimetic. The bicyclic structure, which possesses high structural rigidity, was then included in model peptides to explore their prolyl cis/trans amide rotamer populations. Model peptide conformations were studied by molecular dynamics and NMR experiments.
Expeditious Entry to Enantiopure Mono‐ and Bis(Tricyclic) β‐Lactams by Single or Double [2+2] Cycloaddition of Allenynes
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Aragoncillo Cristina , Gómez‐Campillos Gonzalo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA thermal methodology for the expeditious preparation of structurally novel strained tricyclic β‐lactams containing a cyclobutene ring has been developed. Besides, the first examples accounting for the intramolecular double [2+2] cycloaddition of bis(allenyne)s have been achieved through thermolysis of C2‐symmetric or unsymmetric bis(β‐lactam–allenyne)s, which have been prepared by copper‐promoted alkyne homo‐ or cross‐coupling reactions. The bis(tricyclic) ring structures bearing a central seven‐membered ring arise from the regioselective cyclization of the alkyne with the distal bond of the allene, most likely via a radical intermediate.
Comparative response assessment of minimally compliant low‐rise conventional and base‐isolated steel frames
Authors: Erduran Emrah , Dao Nhan D. , Ryan Keri L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this study, the multi‐intensity seismic response of code‐designed conventional and base‐isolated steel frame buildings is evaluated using nonlinear response history analysis. The results of hazard and structural response analysis for three‐story braced‐frame buildings are presented in this paper. Three‐dimensional models for both buildings are created and seismic response is assessed for three scenario earthquakes. The response history analysis results indicate that the design objectives are met and the performance of the isolated building is superior to the conventional building in the design event. For the Maximum Considered Earthquake, isolation leads to reductions in story drifts and floor accelerations relative to the conventional building. However, the extremely high displacement demands of the isolation system could not be accommodated under normal circumstances, and creative approaches should be developed to control displacements in the MCE. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aeolian transport rates across raked and unraked beaches on a developed coast
Authors: Nordstrom Karl F. , Jackson Nancy L. , Korotky Katherine H. , Puleo Jack A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWind characteristics and aeolian transport were measured on a naturally evolving beach and dune and a nearby site where the beach is raked and sand‐trapping fences are deployed. The beaches were composed of moderately well sorted to very well sorted fine to medium sand. The backshore at the raked site was wider and the foredune was more densely vegetated and about 1 m higher than at the unraked site. Wind speeds were monitored using anemometers placed at 1 m elevation and sand transport was monitored using vertical traps during oblique onshore, alongshore and offshore winds occurring in March and April 2009. Inundation of the low backshore through isolated swash channels prevented formation of a continuously decreasing cross‐shore moisture gradient. The surface of the berm crest was dryer than the backshore, making the berm crest the greatest source of offshore losses during offshore winds. The lack of storm wrack on the raked beach reduced the potential for sediment accumulation seaward of the dune crest during onshore winds, and the higher dune crest reduced wind speeds and sediment transport from the dune to the backshore during offshore winds. Accretion at wrack seaward of the dune toe on the unraked beach resulted in a wider dune field and higher, narrower backshore. Although fresh wrack is an effective local trap for aeolian transport, wrack that becomes buried appears to have little effect as a barrier and can supply dry sand for subsequent transport. Aeolian transport rates were greater on the narrower but dryer backshore of the unraked site. Vegetation growth may be necessary to trap sand within zones of buried wrack in order to allow new incipient foredunes to evolve. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The topography of drumlins; assessing their long profile shape
Authors: Spagnolo Matteo , Clark Chris D. , Hughes Anna L.C. , Dunlop Paul 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe literature on drumlins is pervaded by the notion that their longitudinal profile is usually highly asymmetric with a stoss steeper end and a lee gentler end, and that this can be used to infer the palaeo ice flow direction. The idea is built up in many papers covering more than a century of research. However, most of the early published papers were qualitative in nature and more recent quantitative papers appear to challenge the ubiquity of the classical stoss–lee shape. Here the shape of the drumlin longitudinal profile of 29,238 drumlins in the British Isles has been analysed. Drumlins were grouped into flowsets for which a palaeo ice flow direction was inferred independently of the drumlin shape. Given such ice flow directions it was then possible to identify the upflow and downflow ends of each drumlin and to trace and extract its longitudinal profile. Results indicate that the highest point of the drumlin is usually found around half way along the profile. The mean slope angles at the stoss and lee ends were found to be very similar. Finally, the average profile built from all mapped drumlins appears almost symmetric. In conclusion, drumlin longitudinal profile is far from being the classically asymmetric shape widely reported in text‐book descriptions. Drumlins are mostly symmetrical in shape with a very slight tendency towards the classical shape. Highly asymmetric drumlins do exist but are rare and with an almost equal numbers of drumlins that are the reverse of this. These findings are verified both at the entire population level and the flowset level. This demonstrates that the idealized stoss–lee shape of classically‐asymmetric drumlins is not representative of the population and should be replaced with that of mostly symmetric bumps. Drumlin shape is not a good indicator of the palaeo ice flow direction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling Hepatitis B Virus X–Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Mice With the Sleeping Beauty Transposon System Δ
Authors: Keng Vincent W. , Tschida Barbara R. , Bell Jason B. , Largaespada David A. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

The mechanisms associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV)–induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain elusive, and there are currently no well-established animal models for studying this disease. Using the Sleeping Beauty transposon as a delivery system, we introduced an oncogenic component of HBV, the hepatitis B virus X (

HBx

) gene, into the livers of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (

Fah

) mutant mice via hydrodynamic tail vein injections. Coexpression of

Fah

complementary DNA from the transposon vector allowed for the selective repopulation of genetically corrected hepatocytes in

Fah

mutant mice. The process of hydrodynamic delivery induced liver inflammation, and the subsequent selective repopulation of hepatocytes carrying the transgene(s) could provide useful genetic information about the mechanisms of HBV-induced hyperplasia. Short hairpin RNA directed against transformation-related protein 53 (

shp53

) or other tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes [e.g., constitutively active neuroblastoma RAS viral (v-ras) oncogene homolog with Gly12Val substitution (

NRASG12V

)] could also be codelivered with

HBx

by this system so that we could determine whether oncogenic cooperation existed. We found that the expression of

HBx

induced the activation of β-catenin expression in hydrodynamically injected livers, and this indicated its association with the

Wnt

signaling pathway in HBV-induced hyperplasia.

HBx

coinjected with

shp53

accelerated the formation of liver hyperplasia in these mice. As expected, constitutively active

NRASG12V

alone was sufficient to induce liver hyperplasia, and its tumorigenicity was augmented when it was coinjected with

shp53
. Interestingly,

HBx

did not seem to cooperate with constitutively active

NRASG12V

in driving liver tumorigenesis.

Conclusion:

This system can be used as a model for studying the various genetic contributions of HBV to liver hyperplasia and finally HCC in an

in vivo

system. (Hepatology 2010;.)
A candidate CpG SNP approach identifies a breast cancer associated ESR1‐SNP
Authors: Harlid Sophia , Ivarsson Malin I.L. , Butt Salma , Hussain Shehnaz , Grzybowska Ewa , Eyfjörd Jorunn Erla , Lenner Per , Försti Asta , Hemminki Kari , Manjer Jonas , Dillner Joakim , Carlson Joyce 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAltered DNA methylation is often seen in malignant cells, potentially contributing to carcinogenesis by suppressing gene expression. We hypothesized that heritable methylation potential might be a risk factor for breast cancer and evaluated possible association with breast cancer for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) either involving CpG sequences in extended 5′‐regulatory regions of candidate genes (ESR1, ESR2, PGR, and SHBG) or CpG and missense coding SNPs in genes involved in methylation (MBD1, MECP2, DNMT1, MGMT, MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, MTHFD1, MTHFD2, BHMT, DCTD, and SLC19A1). Genome‐wide searches for genetic risk factors for breast cancers have in general not investigated these SNPs, because of low minor allele frequency or weak haplotype associations. Genotyping was performed using Mass spectrometry‐Maldi‐Tof in a screening panel of 538 cases and 1,067 controls. Potential association to breast cancer was identified for 15 SNPs and one of these SNPs (rs7766585 in ESR1) was found to associate strongly with breast cancer, OR 1.30 (95% CI 1.17–1.45; p‐value 2.1 × 10−6), when tested in a verification panel consisting of 3,211 unique breast cancer cases and 4,223 unique controls from five European biobank cohorts. In conclusion, a candidate gene search strategy focusing on methylation‐related SNPs did identify a SNP that associated with breast cancer at high significance.
Elevated frequencies of CD4+CD25+CD127lo regulatory T cells is associated to poor prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Shenghui Zhang , Yixiang Han , Jianbo Wu , Kang Yu , Laixi Bi , Yan Zhuang , Xi Xu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractRegulatory T cells (Treg) mediate amelioration of disease and immune homeostasis by inhibiting immune activation and maintaining peripheral immune tolerance. The suppressive mechanisms and clinical significance of Treg have not been completely elucidated in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we demonstrated that CD127 in combination with CD4 and CD25 can identify FoxP3+ Treg in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) using multicolor flow cytometry. We showed that the CD4+CD25+CD127lo Treg frequencies were significantly increased and their phenotypes were different in PB from newly diagnosed AML patients compared to those from healthy volunteers (HVs). Moreover, the Treg frequencies were significantly higher in BM than those from PB in the same patients. The Treg frequencies were reduced when patients achieved complete remission (CR) and were increased when patients relapsed. The Treg frequencies at diagnosis in PB and BM of patients who had achieved CR were lower than those of patients who had persistent leukemia or died, respectively. CD4+CD25+ Treg were isolated by magnetic‐activated cell sorting and tested for suppressive functions in coculture with allogeneic carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidylester‐labeled CD4+CD25− responder cells. Suppression mediated by Treg was higher in AML patients compared to HVs. No significant differences were observed in the cytokines production of Treg, including interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), interleukin (IL)‐4,IL‐2 and IL‐10, between patients with AML and HVs. Our study suggests that Treg may play a role in the pathogenesis of AML, and sequential measurements of Treg frequency may have clinical value in the evaluation of therapeutic effects and clinical outcome.
T cells reactive with HLA‐A*0201 peptides from the histone demethylase JARID1B are found in the circulation of breast cancer patients
Authors: Coleman Julia A. , Correa Isabel , Cooper Lucienne , Bohnenkamp Hermann R. , Poulsom Richard , Burchell Joy M. , Taylor‐Papadimitriou Joyce 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe nuclear protein PLU‐1/JARID1B/KDM5 is widely expressed in breast cancers while showing highly restricted expression in normal adult tissues. To investigate whether JARID1B is a potential target antigen for immunotherapy of breast cancer, we have analyzed the responses of CD8+ T cells to JARID1B HLA‐A*0201 peptides in vitro and used peptide multimers to detect the presence of JARID1B reactive T cells in the circulation of breast cancer patients. Peptides were selected using two web‐based algorithms: criteria for inclusion being a high score in both prediction algorithms, and nonhomology with retinoblastoma binding protein‐2 (RBP2/JARID1A/KDM5A). A 65‐peptide panel was selected and assayed for binding strength by competition assay to obtain the IC50. The immunogenicity in vitro of these peptides was assessed by T cell stimulation experiments, using autologous dendritic cells as APCs in the first rounds followed by autologous lymphoblasts. Fourteen of the peptides assayed produced cultures having >2% of the CD8+ cells being IFN‐γ+ after 3–6 rounds of stimulation. An HLA‐A*0201 cell line could activate the specific T cells if pulsed with peptide, but endogenous peptide levels were insufficient for activation. Nevertheless, multimer staining of circulating T cells from breast cancer patients showed a significantly higher percentage of multimer positive CD8+ T cells, as compared to healthy adults for two of three JARID1B epitopes tested. One of these, peptide 73 (QLYALPCVL), was analyzed for memory phenotype, and found to have a significantly higher proportion of central memory T cells than the control group, demonstrating a previous exposure to the peptide.