bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the case of float glass
Authors: Uusitalo Olavi , Mikkola Toni 
Published: January 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold. First and most importantly, the paper aims to explain how Pilkington is able to revolutionize the flat glass industry. The modified design envelope model is applied to demonstrate the technological competence and especially strategic thinking concerning to understanding of the markets and positioning the product. Second, the paper demonstrates the entrepreneurship within a large‐scale manufacturing firm.Design/methodology/approachThe paper applies a longitudinal, historical, and contextual approach. The paper uses multiple case study method and multiple data sources. This is done because creation of an innovation does not take place in vacuum, it is context bound.FindingsThe float glass fulfills the requirements of two industries: the plate and sheet glasses. Within both industries, short‐sighted competitors concentrate on technologies applicable only in other industry. Pilkington positions the float glass first clearly in the plate glass industry and after further development introduces the technology to sheet glass industry as a total surprise. Based on the case, the paper argues that positioning should be part of the corporate strategy.Practical implicationsIn addition to complex systematic technologies, the example shows that the design envelope model is applicable also for simple non‐assembled products like flat glass. The model is useful for companies to build scenarios for responses if new unexpected innovations will be introduced in its own or related industries.Originality/valueThis paper offers a novel insight to the old but still viable case of dominant design. In addition, the thorough case description allows reader to go deeply into a classic example of process innovation.
The licensing and launch of high‐speed mobile telecommunications networks in Europe
Authors: Curwen Peter 
Published: January 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the licensing and launch of high‐speed mobile telecommunications networks in Europe.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based upon data collection from multiple sources, triple cross‐checked, on licensing and launch dates and other relevant information.FindingsA series of tables are presented covering a variety of relevant data such as licence and launch dates, megahertz awarded, number of licensees and methods of awards.Research limitations/implicationsDespite triple‐checking, some uncertainties remain about the precise numbers in a limited number of cases.Originality/valueNo one has ever conducted a detailed investigation of this kind before.
Whatever happened to human resource management performance?
Authors: Prowse Peter , Prowse Julie 
Published: January 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to critically explore the evidence that human resource management (HRM) could contribute to the improvement of organizational and individual performance. It aims to examine the historical development of HRM and its emergence as a distinct management discipline. The evidence indicates that HRM is the product of several different traditions that range from a concern with employee welfare to the development of workplace relationships. The paper critically re‐evaluates what human performance is and assesses its contribution to organizational effectiveness. What is particularly important is the lack of empirical literature on the contribution of HRM and business performance. This paper will call for the re‐evaluation of more contemporary criteria of how people contribute to organizational performance in private, public and the emerging non‐profit making sectors.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology adopted in this research uses critical literature on the contribution of human resource management performance.FindingsThe main finding of this research is the understanding of the problems of research design in measuring the contribution of HRM to develop performance in organizations.Research limitations/implicationsThe research presented in this paper needs to review and standardize comparative research design to confirm the performance of HRM in organizations. It compares the alternative perspectives of measuring performance in financial criteria.Originality/valueThis paper reviews the research between key authors for exploring the correlation between HRM and organizational performance for future research and examines the influence of human resource professional bodies.
The craft of project shaping
Authors: Smith Charles , Winter Mark 
Published: January 2010

PurposeThis paper aims to look closely at the actuality of project formation to investigate the performance of project shaping – those acts performed by individuals to make that form of “sense” that constitutes a new project, and to propose a framework for mapping the skills of those individuals who are directly involved in shaping projects.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a sensemaking approach from illustrative narratives in order to propose a model of how a project outcome is shaped. The analysis is based on thinking that emerged from the Rethinking Project Management Network and other academic communities.FindingsSignificant factors in project formation are: the timing of the conversion of work into controlled project form (the control model of projects), the role of factional interests and power structures (tribal power), the alignment of project scope with a need for transformation (transformation and value), the fast production of tangibles such as project mandates that embody the project essentials (enacted reality), and responsiveness to the dynamics of the wider social context (external dynamics – peripety).Research limitations/implicationsIt is apparent that the process of project formation, and the shape each project takes, is highly dependent on the actions of key individuals (shapers' volition). There is further scope for expanding the understanding, within the structure of the framework, of the full array of activities performed by individuals in action as “project shapers”.Practical implicationsThe framework developed is of immediate value to those individuals who use their skills to mould a project, providing a conceptual basis they can use to learn and extend their skills.Originality/valueMuch of the interest to date in project formation has focused on instrumental managerial practices of governance. This paper focuses on lessons to be learned from the actuality of project formation – the conversion of work in organisations from a muddle of ambiguity and complexity into that particular form of cohesion and accepted “sense” that is a defined project or programme.
Failing at retailing: the decline of the Larkin Company, 1918‐1942
Authors: Stanger Howard 
Published: January 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore and identify the causes of the failure of the Larkin Company (Buffalo, NY), once one of the nation's largest mail‐order houses in the decades surrounding 1900.Design/methodology/approachBorrowing conceptual frameworks from both recent management and historical scholarship on organizational failure that integrates exogenous and endogenous factors, this study employs traditional historical methods to explain the causes of Larkin's failure. The main primary sources include the Larkin Company records, government documents, personal papers, trade journals, and other primary sources.FindingsBegun as a modest soap manufacturer by John D. Larkin, in Buffalo, in 1875, the Larkin Company grew to become one of the largest mail‐order houses in the USA in the decades surrounding 1900 owing to its innovative direct marketing practices, called the “factory‐to‐family” plan, that relied on unpaid women to distribute its products. In 1918, anticipating the chain store boom, Larkin established two grocery store chains (other retail ventures followed). The company regularly lost money in these ventures and, combined with a shrinking mail‐order economy, struggled during the 1920s and 1930s, and eventually liquidated in 1941‐1942. A number of exogenous and endogenous factors, acting alone and in various combinations, proved too challenging to second‐ and third‐generation family members who ran the company after 1926.Originality/valueThis research paper tries to understand the decline of an important progressive firm during the interwar period. Whereas Sears Roebuck and Montgomery Ward were able to make the transition from mail order to stores, Larkin Company failed to navigate this transition successfully. It also adds to the small but important literature in management and business history on organizational failure and may serve as a cautionary tale for family businesses.
“You are a part of all of us”: black department store employees in Jim Crow Richmond
Authors: Kreydatus Beth 
Published: January 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the experiences of a significant group of retail employees, specifically the African‐American operations and service workers that worked behind the scenes in department stores during the Jim Crow era, defined here as 1890‐1965.Design/methodology/approachDepartment stores have rightly occupied a prominent place in business historiography. This wealth of scholarship can be explained partly by substantial archival resources, but especially by department stores' significance to US business, cultural, and social history. Yet, despite this rich historiography, a significant number of department store employees have been overlooked, and this omission has distorted the picture of the work culture and marketing strategies of these massive and influential retail institutions. Department stores employ a large number of operations and service staff, such as delivery people, housekeeping and maintenance workers, elevator operators, stock workers, packers, and warehouse workers. These positions make up roughly one‐fifth of all department store work. This paper presents a close study of the two most prominent department stores of early and mid‐twentieth century Richmond, Virginia – Thalhimers and Miller & Rhoads – to offer insight into the work culture and workplace experiences of these employees.FindingsUltimately, this paper shows that African‐American employees played an important role in the maintenance and image of Richmond department stores. Store managers place high demands for “loyalty” and “faithfulness” on their black staff to demonstrate their lavish services to the buying public. For black employees, this means that the work environment can be highly stressful, as they seek to meet competing demands from customers and co‐workers. However, department store work offers opportunities, in particular, steady employment among a close network of African‐American coworkers. Finally, the presence of segregated black employees undermines managements' attempts to convey their workforce as one “happy family.”Research limitations/implicationsThe research is entirely based on two high‐end department stores, Miller & Rhoads and Thalhimers, both based in Richmond, Virginia. Two store archives – available at the Valentine Richmond History Center and the Virginia Historical Society – are the primary resources for this project. Because, the papers in these archives are donated by store managers, a limitation to this study is the dearth of unmediated voices of the employees themselves.Originality/valueThis research adds to the historiography of department stores by shedding light on employees who are expected by employers to remain nearly invisible in their jobs, and unfortunately, have been fairly invisible in the historical record as well.
The food business environment and the role of China and Brazil building a “food bridge”
Authors: Fava Neves Marcos 
Published: January 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the economic crisis of 2008/2009 and the major impacts on developing nations and food‐producing countries. Within this macro‐environment of food chains, there is concern that food inflation might come back sooner than expected. The role of China as one of the major food consumers in the future, and Brazil, as the major food producer, is described as the food bridge, and an agenda of common development of these countries suggested.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reviews literature on causes of food inflation, production shortages, and investigation of programs to solve the problem in the future, it is also based on author's personal insights and experience of working on this field in the last 15 years, and recent discussions in forums and interviews.FindingsThe major factors that jointly caused food prices increase in 2007/2008 were population growth, income distribution, urbanization, dollar devaluations, commodity funds, social programs, production shortages, and biofuels. A list of ten policies is suggested: horizontal expansion of food production, vertical expansion, reduction in transaction costs, in protectionism and other taxes, investment in logistics, technology and better coordination, contracts, new generation of fertilizers and to use the best sources of biofuels.Originality/valueTwo major outputs from this paper are the “food demand model” that inserts in one model the trends and causes of food inflation and the solutions; and the “food bridge concept” that also aligns in one box the imminent major food chain cooperation between China and Brazil.
Association between vitamin D and calcium intake and breast cancer risk according to menopausal status and receptor status in Japan
Authors: Kawase Takakazu , Matsuo Keitaro , Suzuki Takeshi , Hirose Kaoru , Hosono Satoyo , Watanabe Miki , Inagaki Masaki , Iwata Hiroji , Tanaka Hideo , Tajima Kazuo 
Published: January 2010

Although several studies have investigated the possible association between elevated vitamin D and calcium intake and low breast cancer risk, findings have been inconsistent. We conducted a case‐control study to clarify the association between vitamin D and calcium intake and breast cancer risk among pre‐ and post‐ menopausal women in Japan. We also investigated whether these effects were modified by tumor receptor status, specifically estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), or human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 (HER2) status. We examined 1803 breast cancer patients and 3606 age‐ and menopausal status‐matched noncancer controls. Among cases, 713 were assessed for ER, PR, and HER2 status. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional or unconditional logistic models adjusted for potential confounders. A significant inverse association was observed between vitamin D and calcium intake and breast cancer risk among all subjects, with top quartile ORs of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.63–0.90; trend P = 0.001) and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.69–0.99; trend P = 0.038), respectively. In analyses stratified by menopausal status, a significant association between risk and vitamin D was observed only among premenopausal women (trend P < 0.001), whereas that between risk and calcium intake was seen only among postmenopausal women (trend P = 0.022). Heterogeneity by menopausal status for these associations was statistically significant. This association was modified by tumor receptor status. These findings suggest that the protective effects of vitamin D and calcium intake against breast cancer risk may differ by menopausal status and receptor status.(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 1234–1240)
Impact of early feeding on childhood eczema: development after nutritional intervention compared with the natural course – the GINIplus study up to the age of 6 years
Authors: Berg A. v. , Krämer U. , Link E. , Bollrath C. , Heinrich J. , Brockow I. , Koletzko S. , Grübl A. , Filipiak‐Pittroff B. , Wichmann H.‐E. , Bauer C.‐P. , Reinhardt D. , Berdel D. ,   the GINIplus study group
Published: January 2010

SummaryBackground
Nutritional intervention with hydrolysed infant formulas has been shown efficacious in preventing eczema in children predisposed to allergy. However, this preventive effect has never been related to the natural course of eczema in children with or without a family history of allergy. The aim of this study therefore was to compare the course of eczema in predisposed children after nutritional intervention to the natural course of eczema.Method
The prospective German birth cohort study GINIplus includes a total of 5991 children, subdivided into interventional and non‐interventional groups. Children with a familial predisposition for allergy whose parents agreed to participate in the prospective, double‐blind intervention trial (N=2252) were randomly assigned at birth to one of four formulas: partially or extensively hydrolysed whey, extensively hydrolysed casein (eHF‐C) or standard cow's milk formula. Children with or without familial predisposition represented the non‐interventional group (N=3739). Follow‐up data were taken from yearly self‐administered questionnaires from 1 up to 6 years. The outcome was physician‐diagnosed eczema and its symptoms. The cumulative incidence of eczema in predisposed children with or without nutritional intervention was compared with that of non‐predisposed children who did not receive intervention. Cox regression was used to adjust for confounding.Results
Predisposed children without nutritional intervention had a 2.1 times higher risk for eczema [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–2.7] than children without a familial predisposition. The risk was smaller with nutritional intervention even levelling out to 1.3 (95% CI 0.9–1.9) in children fed eHF‐C formula.Conclusion
Although direct comparability is somewhat restricted, the data demonstrate that early intervention with hydrolysed infant formulas can substantially compensate up until the age of 6 years for an enhanced risk of childhood eczema due to familial predisposition to allergy. Cite this as: A. v. Berg, U. Krämer, E. Link, C. Bollrath, J. Heinrich, I. Brockow, S. Koletzko, A. Grübl, B. Filipiak‐Pittroff, H.‐E. Wichmann, C.‐P. Bauer, D. Reinhardt, D. Berdel and the GINIplus study group, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 627–636.
Immunological and clinical profile of adult patients with selective immunoglobulin subclass deficiency: response to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy
Authors: Abrahamian F , Agrawal S , Gupta S 
Published: January 2010

Summary
Selective immunoglobulin (Ig)G3 subclass deficiency in adults, especially its immunological profile, has not been described previously in detail. Therefore, a retrospective chart review was conducted to characterize the immune profile and clinical manifestations in adult patients with selective IgG3 deficiency. We reviewed the charts of 17 adult patients attending our subspeciality immunology clinic with a diagnosis of selective IgG3 deficiency. The following immunological test results were recorded: lymphocyte subsets, proliferative response to mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen) and soluble antigens (mumps, Candida albicans, tetanus toxoid), specific antibody response to tetanus toxoid and pneumococcal antigens, neutrophil oxidative burst and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. In addition, we recorded information about the types of infections and other associated diseases, and response to intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG). In the majority of patients, lymphocyte subsets were normal. Proliferative responses to mitogens and antigens were decreased in 33% and 40% of patients, respectively. Specific antibody responses to tetanus were normal; however, responses to various pneumococcal serotypes were impaired in a subset of patients. Patients suffered from recurrent upper respiratory tract infections, which usually decreased in frequency and severity following treatment with IVIG. The majority of these patients also had concurrent atopic diseases in the form of allergic rhinitis or asthma. Selective IgG3 subclass deficiency should be considered in adults with recurrent upper respiratory tract infections with or without allergic rhinitis or asthma, who may have normal levels of total IgG. IVIG appears to be an effective therapy.
Low numbers of CD8+ T lymphocytes in hereditary haemochromatosis are explained by a decrease of the most mature CD8+ effector memory T cells
Authors: Macedo M F , Porto G , Costa M , Vieira C P , Rocha B , Cruz E 
Published: January 2010

Summary
Low CD8+ T lymphocyte numbers have long been described in hereditary haemochromatosis (HH). Recently, two conserved haplotypes localized near the microsatellite D6S105 at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region were described predicting the clinical expression of HH and the CD8+ T lymphocyte numbers. The A-A-T haplotype was associated with a severe clinical expression of HH and low CD8+ T lymphocyte numbers, while the G-G-G haplotype was associated with a milder clinical expression of HH and high CD8+ T lymphocyte numbers. As CD8+ T lymphocytes are a very heterogeneous population, in this study we analysed the CD8+ subpopulations of naive, central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM), and further subsets of CD8+ TEM cells in 47 HH patients and 68 controls. In addition, association studies were conducted between the conserved haplotypes and the CD8+ T cell subpopulations in HH. Variations of the numbers of naive and central memory cells with age were similar between HH patients and controls. For TEM cells and the TEM CD27-CD28- subset no effect of age was observed in HH [R2 = 0.001, not significant (n.s.) and R2 = 0.01, n.s., respectively] contrasting with the increasing of these subpopulations with age in controls (R2 = 0.09, P = 0.017 and R2 = 0.22, P = 0.0005, respectively). Interestingly, patients homozygous for the A-A-T haplotype have lower numbers of CD8+ TEM cells due especially to lower numbers of TEM CD27-CD28- (0.206 ± 0.119 and 0.066 ± 0.067 × 106 cells/ml, respectively) than patients carrying the G-G-G haplotype (0.358 ± 0.195 and 0.246 ± 0.202 × 106 cells/ml, respectively). This may suggest an inability of HH patients to differentiate the CD8+ T cells into the most mature phenotype.