bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT FREEZING RATES AND THAWING RATES ON THE MANUFACTURING PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE OF PORK
Authors: YU X.L. , LI X.B. , ZHAO L. , XU X.L. , MA H.J. , ZHOU G.H. , BOLES J.A. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT Uniform design was adopted, and three factors, i.e., freezing rates with two levels, thawing rates with six levels and individual (six pork M. Longissimus dorsi from three pigs), were investigated. After thawing, thaw loss (TL), cook loss (CL), water‐holding capacity (pressing loss) and protein solubility were measured. Structure was also viewed using transmission electron micrographs and scanning electron micrographs. The results showed that freezing rates, thawing rates and individual significantly affected TL and CL. Eliminating the effects of fixed factors of different individuals, the effects of thawing rates and freezing rates on TL and CL were nonlinear. Significant interactions between freezing rates and thawing rates on both TL and CL were observed. Water‐holding capacity was correlated to different animals and was independent of freezing rates and thawing rates. Thawing rates and animal had some effects on total protein solubility (TPS) and myofibrillar protein solubility (MPS); however, freezing rates had almost no effects on them. Considering the CL, TL, TPS and MPS comprehensively, fast freezing rate and slower thawing rates (0.75 cm/h) were the optimal combination. Scanning electron micrograms of meat frozen at different freezing rates showed that ice crystals formed at different sizes and distribution. Slow freezing rates resulted in intercellular ice crystals, while quick freezing rates resulted in intracellular ice crystals. Freezing and thawing processing had some negative effects on the structure of meat. Thawed meat showed a reduction in the density of the Z‐disks, and the overall integrity of the myofibril was lost; the quicker the thawing rates were, the more severe the disruption of the myofibril. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe freezing of meat has been widely used as an economically favorable way of storage, and generally, frozen meat should be thawed before it is used in the subsequent production. However, freezing procedures, frozen storage and the thawing procedures could affect meat quality attributes such as thaw loss, color and tenderness. Although there are many different methods of thawing, air thawing and water thawing are still the methods widely used in the food industry, especially in China, for its priority in price and convenience. Therefore, experiments were carried out to research the effect of freezing rate and thawing rate, which were similar to the present practice of the food industry in China. We found that fast freezing and low thawing were the optimal combination, which can decrease thaw loss, cook loss and pressing loss, and can maintain the functional properties of frozen pork meat. The result of our research was operable and very useful for both the food industry and the consumers to control the quality of frozen meat and to enhance the eating quality and the monetary value.
COMPARISON OF PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS ON POULTRY CARCASSES IN ORGANIZED SLAUGHTERHOUSES AND RETAIL OUTLETS IN AND AROUND MUMBAI CITY
Authors: VAIDYA VILAS M. , PATURKAR ASHISH M. , WASKAR VIKAS S. , ZENDE RAVINDRA J. , DUBAL ZUNJAR B. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT A total of 324 swab samples were collected from organized slaughterhouses and retail outlets at various processing steps from poultry carcasses, and the samples were processed for total viable counts (TVCs) and differential counts. The TVCs (log10 cfu/cm2 ± standard error) in organized slaughterhouses at different processing steps were found to be 5.18 ± 0.09 after shackling, 5.24 ± 0.15 after bleeding, 3.95 ± 0.14 after scalding and defeathering, 5.26 ± 0.15 after evisceration and 4.98 ± 0.17 after cutting, while the same in retail outlets were 6.63 ± 0.21 before slaughter, 7.29 ± 0.20 after bleeding, 6.53 ± 0.24 after removal of skin with feathers, 7.24 ± 0.26 after evisceration and 7.40 ± 0.22 after cutting, respectively. Analysis of variance for TVC during different steps in both revealed highly significant differences (P < 0.01). Also, the contamination during various steps varied significantly. The differential counts revealed that Escherichia coli was predominant in all processing steps in organized slaughterhouses, whereas Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and Clostridium spp. were present in all steps in retail outlets. Twenty samples in retail outlets showed the presence of Salmonella spp. The average prevalence of all organisms isolated during various processing steps in organized slaughterhouses and retail outlets are 9.13 and 82.21% S. aureus, 0 and 47.49% Bacillus cereus, 14.99 and 39.23% Clostridium spp., 17.46 and 81.52% E. coli, and 0 and 10.55% Salmonella spp.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe study concluded that retail outlets showed highest bacterial counts as well as maximum number of isolates as compared with organized slaughterhouses. Bacillus cereus and Salmonella spp. were absent in hygienically processed carcasses. Evisceration, as well as scalding and defeathering, was found to be the critical operations in organized slaughterhouses, while cutting, bleeding, evisceration and removal of skin with feathers were noted as the critical operations in retail outlets. The presence of pathogenic microbes on poultry carcasses in organized slaughterhouses and retail outlets delineates the different hazards to the consumers from such pathogens and the need for a comprehensive quality assurance program especially in small poultry slaughtering and dressing units to ensure safe and wholesome meat to consumers.
EFFECT OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN CARRAGEENAN, GELLAN GUM AND FLAXSEED GUM ON QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF STARCH‐FREE EMULSION‐TYPE SAUSAGE
Authors: ZHOU WEI WEI , MENG LINGYI , LI XINGMIN , MA LIZHEN , DAI RUITONG 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT A mixture design approach was used to evaluate interactions between carrageenan, gellan gum and flaxseed gum and their effect on total expressible fluid, texture and color of starch‐free emulsion type sausage. Increase in the content of carrageenan in the mixture lead to higher total expressible fluid, lower cohesiveness and springiness. Gellan gum had a notable effect in reducing total expressible fluid and improving sausage texture, producing better emulsion stability, increasing viscosity and springiness of the product. Flaxseed gum enhanced emulsion stability and hardness and springiness. All the three gums can improve redness of sausage. Interaction between carrageenan, gellan gum and flaxseed gum improved water‐holding capacity, texture and color of the sausage. The optimal values of carrageenan, gellan gum and flaxseed gum in the mixture were 11–27%, 67–82%, 0–12%, respectively. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSStarch and nonmeat protein are very important extenders in emulsion‐type sausage production. To prevent water and fat loss during cooking processes is very critical for the quality attributes of emulsion‐type sausage without starch and nonmeat protein. Results of this study can be applied to this kind of sausage to prevent water and fat loss. By applying the optimal condition, we can obtain the sausages with good water‐ and fat‐holding capacity and desirable texture.
THE EFFECT OF POST‐TRANSPORT ELECTROLYTE‐GLUCOSE SOLUTION WHILE IN LAIRAGE ON CARCASS AND MEAT QUALITY OF YOUNG BULLS
Authors: ÖNENÇ ALPER 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of electrolyte‐glucose solution (EG) while in lairage on carcass and meat quality of young bulls. Twenty Holstein Friesian young bulls were allocated to two groups, a control group (group C, n = 10) and an electrolyte‐glucose therapy group (group EG, n = 10). Muscle glycogen content was significantly higher in EG (11.6 mmol/L) compared with C (8.8 mmol/l). Cooler shrinkage, muscle pH 24 h postmortem were lower in EG than in C; however, differences were found insignificant. Steaks in EG preserved color vividness along the blooming time, and had less thawing loss. Shear force of EG were significantly lower those of C (P < 0.05) and consumer sensory evaluations indicated that EG steaks were preferred to C steaks (P < 0.001). It was concluded that EG therapy for 18 h in lairage improved carcass and meat quality.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSIn this study, the efficacy of liquid post‐transit antemortem electrolyte‐glucose therapy on carcass and meat quality of young bulls held in lairage was examined. Our results confirmed previous research results that have shown prevention from muscle glycogen loss in cattle before slaughter improved pH and meat texture. It was concluded that attributes (odor, flavor, tenderness and overall acceptability) at all aging periods (24 h, 4, 7 and 14 days) the electrolyte glucose treatment (EG) was significantly superior to the control. The study clearly showed that preslaughter EG treatment can be effective in improving carcass and meat quality.
EFFECTS OF ON‐FARM MAGNESIUM SUPPLEMENTATION THROUGH WATER ON PORK QUALITY UNDER TWO SLAUGHTER CONDITIONS
Authors: HEUGTEN E. VAN , HANSON D. , ANGE III D. , SEE M.T. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pre‐harvest Mg supplementation and stunning method on longissimus (LM) and semitendinosus (SM) pork muscle quality. Magnesium was supplemented for 2 days in drinking water (300 ppm) before pigs were harvested at a commercial packing plant using either electrical or CO2 stunning. Magnesium supplementation did not affect (P > 0.10) ultimate pH, initial fluid loss, retail display purge loss or color of the LM and SM. Pork quality was generally improved in LM and SM samples obtained from the plant using CO2 stunning as evidenced by reduced initial fluid loss (P < 0.001), reduced purge loss (P < 0.05) and lower L* (darker), a* (less red) and b* (less yellow) values (P < 0.05) during an 8‐day retail display. Pork quality was improved when using CO2 stunning technology; however, Mg supplementation did not improve pork quality in either plant.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSPork quality is one of the main issues for the pork industry to consider in order to remain competitive in a global market. We evaluated the supplementation of Mg through the water in collaboration with a swine production company and two large commercial packing plants. Clear differences in pork quality were evident, with the packing plant using CO2 stunning having superior pork quality compared with the plant using electrical stunning. Supplementation of Mg through water can be applied on the farm immediately at a very low cost, but was not effective in improving pork quality in two commercial packing plants under practical conditions.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEASON ON LIPID CONTENT AND FATTY ACIDS PROFILE OF EUTHYNNUS ALLETTERATUS FILLETS AND BY‐PRODUCTS
Authors: SELMI SALAH , SADOK SALOUA 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT The seasonal lipid variation and fatty acids compositions were assessed in white and red muscles, head, viscera, liver and gonads of little tuna Euthynnus alletteratus. Lipid contents showed a significant variation (P < 0.05) throughout the year, the maximum level was found in the liver during winter season (27.28 g/100 g). The lowest fat contents were found in gonads during the winter and spring seasons, with levels of 1.56 and 1.49 g/100 g, respectively. White and red muscle fat levels increased significantly from winter to summer; viscera lipids, however, showed a significant decrease during the same period. Generally, the increase of the polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage in most organs was usually accompanied with a decrease of saturated fatty acids. It was shown that lipid content was higher in the head and liver compared to other compartments, and the fatty acid composition in the different organs of little tuna was significantly influenced by spawning and season. All lipids extracted contained significant amounts of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaeneoic acid, which have various physiological functions.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSMost of the available literature showed little information about biochemical composition of fillets and by‐products of some fish species and are, therefore, not complete for industrial purposes as application in food or feed nutriment. The practical application of this study was performed by the determination of fatty acids levels of little tuna fillets (white and red muscles) and by‐products (head, viscera, liver and gonads) to further explain the evolution of lipid and fatty acids throughout the year. Finally, this manuscript may provide some valuable information for other scientists working in the field of food technology.
Post‐traumatic stress symptoms and trauma exposure in youth with first episode bipolar disorder
Authors: Strawn Jeffrey R. , Adler Caleb M. , Fleck David E. , Hanseman Dennis , Maue Danielle K. , Bitter Samantha , Kraft Elizabeth M. , Geracioti Thomas D. , Strakowski Stephen M. , DelBello Melissa P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAims:To examine the prevalence of trauma exposure as well as the rates and effects of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents with bipolar disorder following a first manic episode.Methods:Adolescents (12–18 years) with DSM‐IV bipolar I disorder and experiencing their first manic or mixed episode were recruited. Participants underwent structured diagnostic interviews, completed the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC), and were prospectively evaluated using diagnostic, symptomatic and functional assessments over the course of 12 months.Results:Seventy‐six adolescents (14.9 ± 1.7 years) completed the TSCC and 66% (50 individuals) reported exposure to traumatic events. Two (3%) subjects met DSM‐IV criteria for PTSD, 11 (14%) had post‐traumatic stresst‐scores ≥65, the threshold for clinically significant symptoms. Subjects with and without post‐traumatic stresst‐scores ≥65 did not differ in demographic characteristics. When compared byt‐score, TSCC subscores of the first episode bipolar adolescents were similar to normative data. Regression models incorporating TSCC subcomponents, did not predict syndromic recovery or recurrence or symptomatic recovery.Conclusions:Rates of PTSD were lower in this sample of bipolar adolescents at the time of their first hospitalization compared with rates in samples of bipolar adults. These differences coupled with the low incidence of PTSD and trauma symptoms in this young sample suggests that bipolar disorder may be a risk factor for the development of PTSD later in the course of illness or following recurrent affective episodes.
Clinical and social determinants of a longer duration of untreated psychosis of schizophrenia in a Japanese population
Authors: Nishii Herbert , Yamazawa Ryoko , Shimodera Shinji , Suzuki Michio , Hasegawa Tomonori , Mizuno Masafumi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAim: To measure the duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) among patients with schizophrenia in a Japanese population and to investigate clinical and social determinants of the DUP.Methods: A multicentre, retrospective study at seven medical centres in three cities (Tokyo, Toyama and Kochi) was performed. In total, 150 consecutive patients (78 men) with neuroleptic‐naïve first‐episode schizophrenia were investigated; their DUP and demographic, clinical and social variables were obtained from their medical charts and analysed.Results: The intraclass correlation coefficient for the DUP was quite good (ICC = 0.849). The mean DUP of all the subjects attending the seven psychiatric services was 20.3 months, and the median DUP was 6.0 months. Fourteen patients (9.3%) had a DUP of more than 60 months, and 47 patients, or about one‐third, had a DUP of more than 24 months. No significant differences in the mean DUPs were observed among the three cities. Patients who were employed or who were students had a significantly shorter DUP (14.3 months). The median DUP for those with an insidious onset of psychosis (n = 85) was 18.0 months, compared with a median of 2.0 months for those with a sudden and acute onset (n = 61). However, no other clinical or social variables examined in this study were associated with differences in the DUP.Conclusions: The DUP of patients with schizophrenia is relatively long in Japan. The provision and modification of psychiatric services for easy access and a system for the early recognition and detection of mental illness are needed.
A Simple Framework for Incorporating Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts into Existing Water Resource Management Practices1
Authors: Gong Gavin , Wang Lucien , Condon Laura , Shearman Alastair , Lall Upmanu 
Published: April 2010

Gong, Gavin, Lucien Wang, Laura Condon, Alastair Shearman, and Upmanu Lall, 2010. A Simple Framework for Incorporating Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts Into Existing Water Resource Management Practices.Journal of the American Water Resources Association(JAWRA) 46(3):574‐585. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00435.xAbstract: Climate‐based streamflow forecasting, coupled with an adaptive reservoir operation policy, can potentially improve decisions by water suppliers and watershed stakeholders. However, water suppliers are often wary of straying too far from their current management practices, and prefer forecasts that can be incorporated into existing system modeling tools. This paper presents a simple framework for utilizing streamflow forecasts that works within an existing management structure. Climate predictors are used to develop seasonal inflow forecasts. These are used to specify operating rules that connect to the probability of future (end of season) reservoir states, rather than to the current storage, as is done now. By considering both current storage and anticipated inflow, the likelihood of meeting management goals can be improved. The upper Delaware River Basin in the northeastern United States is used to demonstrate the basic idea. Physically plausible climate‐based forecasts of March‐April reservoir inflow are developed. Existing simulation tools and rule curves for the system are used to convert the inflow forecasts to reservoir level forecasts. Operating policies are revised during the forecast period to release less water during forecasts of low reservoir level. Hindcast simulations demonstrate reductions of 1.6% in the number of drought emergency days, which is a key performance measure. Forecasts with different levels of skill are examined to explore their utility.
Evaluation of Short‐to‐Medium Range Streamflow Forecasts Obtained Using an Enhanced Version of SRM1
Authors: Harshburger Brian J. , Humes Karen S. , Walden Von P. , Moore Brandon C. , Blandford Troy R. , Rango Albert 
Published: April 2010

Harshburger, Brian J., Karen S. Humes, Von P. Walden, Brandon C. Moore, Troy R. Blandford, and Albert Rango, 2010. Evaluation of Short‐to‐Medium Range Streamflow Forecasts Obtained Using an Enhanced Version of SRM. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(3):603‐617. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00437.xAbstract:  As demand for water continues to escalate in the western United States, so does the need for accurate streamflow forecasts. Here, we describe a methodology for generating short‐to‐medium range (1 to 15 days) streamflow forecasts using an enhanced version of the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM), snow‐covered area data derived from MODIS products, data from Snow Telemetry stations, and meteorological forecasts. The methodology was tested on three mid‐elevation, snowmelt‐dominated basins ranging in size from 1,600 to 3,500 km2. To optimize the model performance and aid in its operational implementation, two enhancements have been made to SRM: (1) the use of an antecedent temperature index method to track snowpack cold content, and (2) the use of both maximum and minimum critical temperatures to partition precipitation into rain, snow, or a mixture of rain and snow. The comparison of retrospective model simulations with observed streamflow shows that the enhancements significantly improve the model performance. Streamflow forecasts generated using the enhanced version of the model compare well with the observed streamflow for the earlier leadtimes; forecast performance diminishes with leadtime due to errors in the meteorological forecasts. The three basins modeled in this research are typical of many mid‐elevation basins throughout the American West, thus there is potential for this methodology to be applied successfully to other mountainous basins.
Water Governance and Water Use Efficiency: The Five Principles of WUA Management and Performance in China1
Authors: Wang Jinxia , Huang Jikun , Zhang Lijuan , Huang Qiuqiong , Rozelle Scott 
Published: April 2010

Wang, Jinxia, Jikun Huang, Lijuan Zhang, Qiuqiong Huang, and Scott Rozelle, 2010. Water Governance and Water Use Efficiency: The Five Principles of WUA Management and Performance in China. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 665‐685. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00439.xAbstract:  In recent years China has attempted to reform water management by decentralizing water management responsibilities. The overall goal of our paper is to better understand the emergence of water user associations (WUAs) in China and assess if they are adhering to the practices spelled out by the Five Principles, a set of recommended practices that are supposed to lead to successful WUA operation. Using four sets of different types of villages to examine implementation and performance, we find that World Bank‐supported WUA villages (“Bank villages”) can be thought of as operating mostly according to the Five Principles. For example, the Bank villages were endowed with a more reliable water supply; were set up and were operating with a relatively high degree of farmer participation; and leaders were more consultative and the process more formal. When WUAs are run according to the Five Principals, we show that WUAs increase water use efficiency. The study also provides evidence that there is a perception in the Bank villages that water management is improving in general and that there is less conflict both within the village and among villages. Perhaps more importantly, we find that the Bank’s effort to promote WUAs extended beyond their own project villages. The openness, consultative nature, and transparency found in the Bank WUAs are also found (albeit at a somewhat lower level) in the non‐Bank WUA villages.
The Effect of Channelization on Floodplain Sediment Deposition and Subsidence Along the Pocomoke River, Maryland1
Authors: Kroes Daniel E. , Hupp Cliff R. 
Published: April 2010

Kroes, Daniel E. and Cliff R. Hupp, 2010. The Effect of Channelization on Floodplain Sediment Deposition and Subsidence Along the Pocomoke River, Maryland. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 686‐699. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00440.xAbstract:  The nontidal Pocomoke River was intensively ditched and channelized by the mid‐1900s. In response to channelization; channel incision, head‐cut erosion, and spoil bank perforation have occurred in this previously nonalluvial system. Six sites were selected for study of floodplain sediment dynamics in relation to channel condition. Short‐ and long‐term sediment deposition/subsidence rates and composition were determined. Short‐term rates (four years) ranged from 0.6 to 3.6 mm/year. Long‐term rates (15‐100+ years) ranged from −11.9 to 1.7 mm/year. 137Cs rates (43 years) indicate rates of 0.24 to 7.4 mm/year depending on channel condition. Channelization has limited contact between streamflow and the floodplain, resulting in little or no sediment retention in channelized reaches. Along unchannelized reaches, extended contact and depth of river water on the floodplain resulted in high deposition rates. Drainage of floodplains exposed organic sediments to oxygen resulting in subsidence and releasing stored carbon. Channelization increased sediment deposition in downstream reaches relative to the presettlement system. The sediment storage function of this river has been dramatically altered by channelization. Results indicate that perforation of spoil banks along channelized reaches may help to alleviate some of these issues.