bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research progress on intranasal treatment for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wen Puyuan , Ren Chao 
Published: April 2024

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder globally, significantly affecting the quality of life of affected individuals. Systemic drug delivery to the brain is inefficient because of first‐pass metabolism, the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), and the blood‐cerebrospinal fluid barrier. This inefficiency necessitates increased dosage as the disease progresses, leading to severe side effects that compromise the efficacy of the medication. Nose‐to‐brain (N2B) administration bypasses the BBB, allowing delivery of both small molecules and large protein substances to the central nervous system. Compared with systemic administration, this method enhances brain bioavailability, reduces enzymatic degradation, and minimizes systemic adverse reactions. However, the N2B delivery system is associated with several critical challenges, including mucociliary clearance, enzymatic degradation, and drug translocation via efflux mechanisms. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current research progress in intranasal treatment of PD, considering both preclinical and clinical studies, and discusses the physiological aspects and limitations of its delivery system.
Bayesian inversion and uncertainty analysis of transient electromagnetic data
Authors: Zhang Nuoya , Sun Huaifeng , Liu Dong , Liu Shangbin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractQuantification of non‐uniqueness and uncertainty is important for transient electromagnetism (TEM). To address this issue, we develop a trans‐dimensional Bayesian inversion schema for TEM data interpretation. The trans‐dimensional posterior probability density (PPD) offers a solution to model selection and quantifies parameter uncertainty resulting from the model selection from all possible models rather than determining a single model. We use the reversible‐jump Markov chain Monte Carlo sampler to draw ensembles of models to approximate PPD. In addition to providing reasonable model selection, we address the reliability of the inversion results for uncertainty analysis. This strategy offers reasonable guidance when interpreting the inversion results. We make the following improvements in this paper. First, in terms of algorithmic acceleration, we use the nonlinear optimization inversion results as the initial model and implement the multi‐chain parallel method. Second, we develop double factors to control the sampling step size of the proposed distribution, so that the sampling models cover the high‐probability region of the parameter space as much as possible. Finally, we provide the potential scale reduction factor‐η convergence criteria to assess the convergence of the samples and ensure the rationality of the output models. The proposed methodology is first tested on synthetic data and subsequently applied to a field dataset. The TEM inversion results show that probability inversion can provide reliable references for data interpretation through uncertainty analysis.
Relevant Developments in the Use of Three‐Component Reactions for the Total Synthesis of Natural Products. The last 15 Years
Authors: Larghi Enrique L. , Bracca Andrea B. J. , Simonetti Sebastian O. , Kaufman Teodoro S. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMulticomponent reactions (MCRs) offer a highly useful and valuable strategy that can fulfill an important role in synthesizing complex polysubstituted compounds, by simplifying otherwise long sequences and increasing their efficiency. The total synthesis of selected natural products employing three‐component reactions as their common strategic MCR approach, is reviewed on a case‐by‐case basis with selected targets conquered during the last 15 years. The revision includes detailed descriptions of the selected successful sequences; relevant information on the isolation, and bioactivity of the different natural targets is also briefly provided.
Chitosan‐containing electrospun poly(ethylene oxide)‐polybutadiene‐CNT fibers
Authors: Sarac Baran , Gürbüz Remzi , Soprunyuk Viktor , Yüce Eray , Rezvan Amir , Schranz Wilfried , Eckert Jürgen , Ozcan Ali , Sarac A. Sezai 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCross‐linked polymer composite fibers are gaining more and more interest in the fields of drug delivery, bone regeneration and biomineralization. This study focuses on the replacement of the radical initiator by photoinitiation via benzophenone, resulting in poly(ethylene oxide)‐polybutadiene‐carbon nanotube (PEO‐PBu‐CNT) nanofibers. The inclusion of small amounts of CNTs increases the rupture temperature and the first glass transition temperature Tg1 of the composite by 28 and 23 K, respectively, while decreasing the second glass transition temperature Tg2 by 20 K determined by dynamic mechanical analysis. A twice higher initial storage modulus of ~44 MPa can be detected for the CNT‐containing samples, indicating the stiffening effect due to CNT addition. Primary X‐ray diffraction peaks of PEO shift by 0.42° towards lower angles by the inclusion of CNTs, accounting for the generation of free volume within the polymer composite. Two orders of magnitude increase in Bode magnitude with a rise in Bode angle from 6° to 56° is detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the UV‐cured PEO‐PBu‐CNT. Entanglement between the fibers, as well as a rough surface with a rigid structure, is observed upon small CNT additions. Finally, attenuated total reflectance—Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy allow the detection of the main peaks and intensity changes of these polymer composite structures for the UV‐cured and uncured states.
Mechanical response and damage evolution of CF/PEEK‐reinforced Al metal‐composite hybrid structure at high strain rate
Authors: Nie Shuyan , Wang Jie , Chen Liming , Du Bing , Pan Xin , Guo Yuan , Deng Jianqiang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractA CF/PEEK‐reinforced Al metal‐composite hybrid structure (CF/PEEK/Al) and CF/PEEK bar were subjected to high strain rate compression tests with a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). With the increase in strain rates, both CF/PEEK and CF/PEEK/Al showed the strain rate strengthening effect, and the microscopic fracture surface of CF/PEEK changes from rough to smooth. In the plastic rheological stage of stress–strain curve, CF/PEEK shows a plateau effect, while CF/PEEK/Al shows the strain weakening effect. When the strain rate exceeds 3800 s−1, the stress–strain curve exhibits a secondary wave peak. The peak values of the secondary peak in CF/PEEK/Al are larger than CF/PEEK. In terms of peak stress, yield stress, and specific energy absorption, CF/PEEK/Al outperforms CF/PEEK. Compared with other structures, the CF/PEEK/Al metal‐composite hybrid structure has certain advantages in terms of yield strength and yield strain. The finite element method (FEM) and DIC system were applied to observe the dynamic damage process in the compression impact test. It was found that in CF/PEEK/A1, the Al thin‐walled tube was damaged and cracked at the contact interface, and the inner CF/PEEK began to be damaged at the contact center with the input bar. And at 335 μs after contact began, the shear band ran through to the side of the samples.Highlights
A CF/PEEK‐reinforced Al metal‐composite hybrid structure (CF/PEEK/Al) was proposed, which is superior to CF/PEEK.
When the strain rate exceeds 3800 s−1, the stress–strain curves of CF/PEEK and CF/PEEK/Al exhibit a secondary wave peak. The peak values of the secondary peak in CF/PEEK/Al are larger than CF/PEEK.
With the increase in strain rates, both CF/PEEK and CF/PEEK/Al showed the strain rate strengthening effect, and the microscopic fracture surface of CF/PEEK changes from rough to smooth.
In CF/PEEK/A1, the Al thin‐walled tube was damaged and cracked at the contact interface, and the inner CF/PEEK began to be damaged at the contact center with the input bar. And at 335 μs after contact began, the shear band ran through to the side of the samples.
Shear properties and failure mechanisms of adhesive bonded composite joint: Effect of glass particle reinforcement
Authors: Balaji Sekar , Rajesh Murugan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHigh‐performance composite structures and effective joining processes are important for shipbuilding, and aerospace sectors to perform better in challenging situations. The importance of this study is to analyze the effect of glass powder‐modified adhesive and joining techniques such as co‐curing (CC), co‐bonding (CB), and secondary bonding (SB) on flexural, shear, and free vibrational characteristics such as natural frequency and damping factor for glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites. Results revealed that, compared to SB and CB composite joints, 1 wt.% glass powder‐modified CC composite single lap joints (SLJ) enhanced the shear properties by 103.04% and 111.74%, respectively, due to rougher surface formation in the adhesive layer. As a result, it enhanced the fiber's adhesion to the matrix. On the other hand, CC bonded joints with 1 wt.% of glass powder exhibited the highest flexural strength (85.99 Mpa). The experimental free vibrational analysis showed that 1 wt.% glass powder CC composite had a high natural frequency, whereas higher wt.% glass powder increased the damping properties due to the matrix and fiber interaction. The current research reveals that CC technique with 1 wt.% of glass powder provided a significant improvement to the adhesively bonded composite's mechanical and free vibrational characteristics.Highlights
Four distinct wt.% of glass powder were used to prepare the glass powder‐modified adhesive by sonication.
SLJ glass fiber‐reinforced polymer composite joints were fabricated through CC, CB, and SB techniques
Maximum shear and flexural strength were found at CC SLJ 1 wt.% glass powder.
CC SLJ 1 wt.% glass powder enhanced better vibrational behavior.
Failure surface analysis was conducted using FE‐SEM images.
Phaseolus vulgaris STP13.1 is an H+‐coupled monosaccharide transporter, present in source leaves and seed coats, with higher substrate affinity at depolarized potentials
Authors: Pegler Joseph L. , Patrick John W. , McDermott Benjamin , Brown Anthony , Oultram Jackson M. J. , Grof Christopher P. L. , Ward John M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSugar transport proteins (STPs) are high‐affinity H+‐coupled hexose symporters. Recently, the contribution of STP13 to bacterial and fungal pathogen resistance across multiple plant species has garnered significant interest. Quantitative PCR analysis of source leaves, developing embryos, and seed coats of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) revealed that PvSTP13.1 was expressed in source leaves and seed coats throughout seed development. In contrast, PvSTP13.1 transcripts were detected at exceedingly low levels in developing embryos. To characterize the transport mechanism, PvSTP13.1 was expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and inward‐directed currents were analyzed using two‐electrode voltage clamping. PvSTP13.1 was shown to function as an H+‐coupled monosaccharide symporter exhibiting a unique high affinity for hexoses and aldopentoses at depolarized membrane potentials. Specifically, of the 31 assessed substrates, which included aldohexoses, deoxyhexoses, fructose, 3‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucose, aldopentoses, polyols, glycosides, disaccharides, trisaccharides, and glucuronic acid, PvSTP13.1 displayed the highest affinity (K0.5) for glucose (43 μM), mannose (92 μM), galactose (145 μM), fructose (224 μM), xylose (1.0 mM), and fucose (3.7 mM) at pH 5.6 at a depolarized membrane potential of −40 mV. The results presented here suggest PvSTP13.1 contributes to retrieval of hexoses from the apoplasmic space in source leaves and coats of developing seeds.
Proteomic profiling of antibiotic‐resistant Escherichia coli GW‐AmxH19 isolated from hospital wastewater treated with physical plasma
Authors: Hahn Veronika , Zühlke Daniela , Winter Hauke , Landskron Annchristin , Bernhardt Jörg , Sievers Susanne , Schmidt Michael , von Woedtke Thomas , Riedel Katharina , Kolb Juergen F. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMicroorganisms which are resistant to antibiotics are a global threat to the health of humans and animals. Wastewater treatment plants are known hotspots for the dissemination of antibiotic resistances. Therefore, novel methods for the inactivation of pathogens, and in particular antibiotic‐resistant microorganisms (ARM), are of increasing interest. An especially promising method could be a water treatment by physical plasma which provides charged particles, electric fields, UV‐radiation, and reactive species. The latter are foremost responsible for the antimicrobial properties of plasma. Thus, with plasma it might be possible to reduce the amount of ARM and to establish this technology as additional treatment stage for wastewater remediation. However, the impact of plasma on microorganisms beyond a mere inactivation was analyzed in more detail by a proteomic approach. Therefore, Escherichia coli GW‐AmxH19, isolated from hospital wastewater in Germany, was used. The bacterial solution was treated by a plasma discharge ignited between each of four pins and the liquid surface. The growth of E. coli and the pH‐value decreased during plasma treatment in comparison with the untreated control. Proteome and antibiotic resistance profile were analyzed. Concentrations of nitrite and nitrate were determined as long‐lived indicative products of a transient chemistry associated with reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Conversely, hydrogen peroxide served as indicator for reactive oxygen species (ROS). Proteome analyses revealed an oxidative stress response as a result of plasma‐generated RNS and ROS as well as a pH‐balancing reaction as key responses to plasma treatment. Both, the generation of reactive species and a decreased pH‐value is characteristic for plasma‐treated solutions. The plasma‐mediated changes of the proteome are discussed also in comparison with the Gram‐positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Furthermore, no effect of the plasma treatment, on the antibiotic resistance of E. coli, was determined under the chosen conditions. The knowledge about the physiological changes of ARM in response to plasma is of fundamental interest to understand the molecular basis for the inactivation. This will be important for the further development and implementation of plasma in wastewater remediation.
Effect of AP distribution on energy release characteristics and functional force of HMX/AP/Al explosives
Authors: Gao Han , Pan Wen , Feng Xiaojun 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn order to understand the reaction kinetics of HMX/AP/Al ternary system, the different distribution of AP in HMX/AP/Al explosives was realized by two different preparation techniques. Detonation test results show that the detonation velocity, explosion heat and detonation pressure of HAP samples are higher than those of HAl samples, but the extent of improvement is not high, not more than 5 %. The results of scanning electron microscopy showed that AP in HAP samples was distributed on the surface of HMX crystal. AP were dispersed around HMX crystals in HAl samples. The experimental results of explosive fireball performance show that the fireball expansion speed of HAP samples is better than that of HAl samples, demonstrating a good fireball effect. Underwater test results show that the shock wave peak pressure and bubble pulsation period of HAP samples increase by 3.06 % and 7.95 % respectively, and shock wave energy and bubble energy increase by 9.8 % and 25.42 % compared with bubble energy. The experimental results show that HAP samples are superior to HAl samples in accelerating ability of Al flies. The dispersion of AP on the HMX crystal surface promotes the energy release of HMX/AP/Al explosives more.
Induction of hepatic CYP3A4 expression by cholesterol and cholic acid: Alterations of gene expression, microsomal activity, and pharmacokinetics
Authors: Minegishi Genki , Kobayashi Yuka , Fujikura Mayu , Sano Ayane , Kazuki Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Kaoru 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHuman cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is a drug‐metabolizing enzyme that is abundantly expressed in the liver and intestine. It is an important issue whether compounds of interest affect the expression of CYP3A4 because more than 30% of commercially available drugs are metabolized by CYP3A4. In this study, we examined the effects of cholesterol and cholic acid on the expression level and activity of CYP3A4 in hCYP3A mice that have a human CYP3A gene cluster and show human‐like regulation of the coding genes. A normal diet (ND, CE‐2), CE‐2 with 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid (HCD) or CE‐2 with 0.5% cholic acid was given to the mice. The plasma concentrations of cholesterol, cholic acid and its metabolites in HCD mice were higher than those in ND mice. In this condition, the expression levels of hepatic CYP3A4 and the hydroxylation activities of triazolam, a typical CYP3A4 substrate, in liver microsomes of HCD mice were higher than those in liver microsomes of ND mice. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of triazolam in HCD mice were lower than those in ND mice. In conclusion, our study suggested that hepatic CYP3A4 expression and activity are influenced by the combination of cholesterol and cholic acid in vivo.
Phonon Blockade in a Hybrid Quadratically Coupled Optomechanical System
Authors: Li Haoxian , Liu Weici , Wei Zhongchao , Meng Hongyun , Liu Hongzhan , Guo Jianping , Zhi Yan , Yang Xiao , Chen Jianyuan , Wang Faqiang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPhonon statistics in a hybrid optomechanical system, where a mechanical resonator is quadratically coupled to a cavity and couples with another resonator via Coulomb interaction is studied. It is found that the conventional and unconventional phonon blockade can be both achieved at the same parameter regime, which is confirmed by analytical and numerical results. By analyzing the energy level structure, it is found that the anharmonicity of the system is the joint action of both the Coulomb interaction and the optomechanical coupling, where the nonlinearity introduced by the latter has a more significant effect on one branch of the conventional phonon blockade. In addition, the phonon blockade can be enhanced by introducing the mechanical parametric amplifier with optimal parameters, where the physical mechanism underlying comes from the multi‐pathway destructive interference. It is found that the phonon blockade is fragile toward thermal noise due to the weak quantum interference, which can be overcome by increasing the driving strength and applying the mechanical parametric amplifier with suitable parameters. This work may provide a way to manipulate the phonon blockade and can be helpful to the application of quantum information processing.
Reintroducing Atlantic salmon in the river Rhine for decades: Why did it not result in the return of a viable population?
Authors: van Rijssel J. C. , Breukelaar A. W. , de Leeuw J. J. , van Puijenbroek M. E. B. , Schilder K. , Schrimpf A. , Vriese F. T. , Winter H. V. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractFreshwater species biodiversity is under threat. The average global decline for migratory fish species is estimated to be more than 75% since 1970. Atlantic salmon is one of these species with a steep decline in north‐western Europe and it even went extinct in the river Rhine in the 1950s. The causes for this decline have been posted to habitat loss, pollution, climate change and overfishing. Annual stocking in the Rhine since the late 1980s resulted in an initial increase in the Atlantic salmon numbers after which numbers collapsed again. In this paper, we lay out the recent decline, estimate losses of smolts and adults at different sections in the freshwater habitat and elaborate on potential causes of the recent decline and these losses. We found that the salmon population of the river Rhine has declined rapidly over the past two decades, with a current estimated spawning population of only ~350–800 individuals. The percentage of salmon smolts returning as adults to spawning grounds is estimated at 0.5%–0.6%, well below the 3% supposedly needed to maintain a self‐sustaining population. Many individuals disappear during their migrations, with the highest percentage of smolts disappearing in the German tributaries (44%) and the Dutch lower Rhine (71%), while the percentage of disappearing adults is highest in both the Dutch (74%) and the German (78%) Rhine. Causes for the losses per river section remain unclear and possible threats, some specific to the river Rhine, are being discussed. The large losses of smolts and adults in inland waters, compared with open sea losses, indicate that restocking the river Rhine might only result in a self‐sustaining population with more ecological restoration than carried out so far along the intensively shipped and highly regulated river course and associated high levels of predation, and might be increasingly limited by future climate change.
Vertical root profiles of grey alder (Alnus incana) trees growing in highly disturbed river environments
Authors: Stamer Matteo , Gurnell Angela M. , Bertoldi Walter 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe ability of plants to colonize the fluvial environment and withstand uprooting by floods is largely controlled by the anchoring effect of roots. We characterized the root architecture and tensile strength of Alnus incana, a riparian tree species of the Betulaceae family for which there are no systematic observations of its vertical root structure. Four A. incana individuals and two nearby Populus nigra 3–10 years old growing on bars in gravel‐bed rivers were excavated. Their root structure was characterized in terms of root diameter, age, and depth and was related to sediment grain size and scour or deposition by floods. Root tensile strength was also measured as a function of root diameter using a load cell and displacement transducer attached to individual roots. The architecture of A. incana roots differed from that of nearby P. nigra, as all roots were in fine, sandy sediments, growing in one or more dense radial layers of which the most prominent was 0.2–0.3 m below the surface. The layers reflect deposition of fine sediments during floods. New fine sediment deposits promote the growth of a new root layer close to the aggraded ground surface. Root tensile strength was similar to Salicaceae species. These observations indicate that A. incana colonizes habitats that have already received fine sediment deposition, most likely induced by other young plants, especially Salicaceae species. A. incana then provides a high near‐surface root biomass, potentially further stabilizing surfaces and playing a complementary role as an ecosystem engineer.