bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution patterns of free-living nematodes in differently degraded river reaches of the River Wien, Austria
Authors: Eisendle Ursula 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFree-living nematode communities were investigated at four morphologically different reaches along the River Wien, Austria. A near natural (NN) reach, two impounded reaches of different size (small and large: SI, LI) and a restored reach (RR) were sampled in autumn, winter, spring and summer (2004-2005). A total of 4144 individuals were counted and comprised 78 species. Nematodes of the impounded sites contributed least (5% at SI) and most (60% at LI) to the total fauna. Mean site abundances (ind./10 cm2) were 68, 27, 10 and 1 at RR, NN, LI and SI, respectively. Species diversity ranged from 1.59 at LI to 2.16 at RR. Bacterivorous nematodes dominated all sites (>50%); only algivorous Chromadoridae represented a high percentage contribution (46%) at LI. Based on this high portion, the maturity index (MI 1-5) was highest at this site (2.61). The MI indicated status of good water quality for the NN (2.5). The relatively low MI (2.10) and the high portion of cp1 Secernentea (14%) reflect the status of critical pollution at the restored site. The patterns of average taxonomic distinctness (ATD) did not optimally reflect habitat quality; a better descriptor of degraded river habitats seems to be the variation of taxonomic distinctness (VTD) in this study. In conclusion, the MI seems to be a better descriptor of pollution and the VTD of morphological degradation.
Hirschmanniella kwazuna sp. n. from South Africa with notes on a new record of H. spinicaudata (Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1944) Luc & Goodey, 1964 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) and on the molecular phylogeny of Hirschmanniella Luc & Goodey, 1964
Authors: Van den Berg Esther , Subbotin Sergei A. , Handoo Zafar A. , Tiedt Louwrens R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A new species of the genus Hirschmanniella, H. kwazuna sp. n., is described
from unidentified grass growing in undisturbed veldt from South Africa.
Hirschmanniella kwazuna sp. n. is characterised by having a very irregular
heat-relaxed body posture, body 1522-2049 μm long, lip region low and
rounded with four or five lip annuli, stylet 18-22.5 μm long, lateral field
areolated along entire body, spermatheca filled with sperm, tail with 62-81
ventral annuli narrowing to a tip bearing a ventral mucro, angular
crystal-like inclusions within body cavity in most of the specimens and
phasmid situated 12-24 annuli or 15-26 μm anterior to tail tip. Males, like
females, have crystal-like inclusions with the tail curved strongly dorsad
in most specimens. Juveniles are similar to females. Molecular sequence
analysis using the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S, partial 18S and ITS rRNA
sequences distinguished H. kwazuna sp. n. from H. loofi and other species of
the genus. Hirschmanniella spinicaudata is reported from South Africa for
the first time and described. Phylogenetic analyses based on analysis of the
D2-D3, 18S and ITS rRNA genes are given for eight, ten and five valid and
unidentified Hirschmanniella species, respectively.
Nematodes of the order Rhabditida from India. Description of Diplogasteroides uriceus sp. n. and Rhabditidoides papillatus sp. n. (Diplogastrina)
Authors: Mahamood Md , Ahmad Irfan 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Two new species of diplogastrid nematodes from India are described and
illustrated. Diplogasteroides uriceus sp. n. has a medium-sized body,
monoprodelphic reproductive system lacking a post-uterine sac, anteriorly
directed muscular vagina and vulva located far posterior; long, slender,
arcuate spicules; gubernaculum with proximal thread-like flexible part and
nine pairs of genital papillae of which four pairs are precloacal and five
pairs postcloacal. The new species resembles D. crassus but can be most
easily differentiated by the structure of the cheilorhabdions, shape and
structure of the gubernaculum, arrangement of the genital papillae and the
complete absence of a bursa. The new species also resembles D. proprius but
can be differentiated by stoma structure, more anteriorly located vulva,
longer spicules, gubernaculum shape and tail form. Rhabditidoides papillatus
sp. n. is characterised by the presence of three pairs of post-deirids in
the lateral fields, posteriorly curved tubular stoma, amphidelphic female
reproductive system, strongly developed, arcuate spicules with bilobed
capitulum and a slender gubernaculum provided with a sleeve distally and
anteriorly directed bifid ends proximally. It can be distinguished from R.
stigmatus by the structure of the spicule head, gubernaculum shape and
arrangement of the genital papillae; from R. mastigurus by spicule structure
and the gubernaculum shape; and from R. quercophilus by a more slender
female body, stoma structure, absence of a male bursa, spicule form and
arrangement of the genital papillae.
Apratylenchus vietnamensis gen. n., sp. n. and A. binhi gen. n., sp. n., sedentary Pratylenchidae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from coffee in Vietnam, with proposal of Apratylenchinae subfam. n.
Authors: Trinh Phap Q. , Waeyenberge Lieven , Nguyen Chau N. , Baldwin James G. , Karssen Gerrit , Moens Maurice 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Apratylenchinae subfam. n. is proposed within the Pratylenchidae to include
Apratylenchus gen. n. and two new species, A. vietnamensis gen. n., sp. n.
and A. binhi gen. n., sp. n., from coffee plantations in Vietnam.
Apratylenchus gen. n. is distinguished by the presence of transverse rows of
cuticular tubercles on the annuli and by sexual dimorphism in which the
males are stout and cylindrical, but mature sedentary females are
club-shaped. The sedentary females are broadest in the posterior third
although narrowing posterior to the vulva (V ≥ 85%). The female cephalic
region is low and dome-shaped with all labial sectors fused to one another
and the oral disc and the pharyngeal glands overlap the intestine ventrally.
Males have a weak stylet with reduced knobs and a conical tail with a blunt
terminus, arcuate spicules and a non-protrusible gubernaculum. Apratylenchus
vietnamensis gen. n., sp. n. is characterised by a sedentary mature female
with a 368-515 μm long club-shaped body, cephalic region low, dome shaped
with three annuli, body annuli bearing a single or double row of refractive
tubercles, stylet 17.0-19.9 μm long, V = ca 88-92, spermatheca filled with
sperm and males known, if rarely found, in the type population. Males have a
weak, 15 μm long stylet with reduced knobs, 16 μm spicules, a
non-protrusible gubernaculum and low bursa. It differs from A. binhi gen.
n., sp. n., the only other nominal species of the new genus, by longer
female body (368-515 vs 326-364 μm), longer distance from anterior end to
anus (353-512 vs 310-348 μm) and longer stylet (17.0-19.9 vs 14.7-16.9 μm).
In addition, the spermatheca is filled with round sperm vs empty in A. binhi
gen. n., sp. n. and the cuticle has less densely spaced and less pronounced
tubercles. D2/D3 sequences of the 28 rDNA gene clearly support the
separation of Apratylenchus gen. n. from other Pratylenchidae and further
distinguish the two new species from each other.
Schistonchus virens sp. n. (Aphelenchoididae) and Parasitodiplogaster australis sp. n. (Diplogastridae) from Ficus virens (Moraceae) in Australia
Authors: Bartholomaeus Faerlie , Davies Kerrie , Ye Weimin , Kanzaki Natsumi , Giblin-Davis Robin M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A new species each of Schistonchus and Parasitodiplogaster were recovered
from the sycones of Ficus virens from St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
This is also the first record of Parasitodiplogaster from Australia. The
species are described here as Schistonchus virens sp. n. and
Parasitodiplogaster australis sp. n. Schistonchus virens sp. n. is
differentiated from other species of the genus by a combination of
morphological characters, including C-shaped females and males, excretory
pore opening located near the head, a short post-vulval uterine sac,
rose-thorn-shaped spicule, amoeboid sperm, no gubernaculum, three pairs of
subventral papillae on the male tail, DNA sequence data; biogeographical
range and host wasp and Ficus species affiliation. Parasitodiplogaster
australis sp. n. is differentiated from all other species of the genus by
having females with only one gonad, males with C-shaped spicules with an
arcuate, slender gubernaculum, characteristic arrangement of the male caudal
papillae and DNA sequence data. The generic diagnosis of Parasitodiplogaster
is emended to include loss of a female gonad.
Modelling the interactions of soil microbes and nematodes
Authors: Nieminen Jouni K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Six different soil food webs, assembled from a bacterium, a bacterial-feeding
nematode, a fungus and a fungal-feeding nematode, were established in
replicated laboratory microcosms. Glucose was supplied as the sole carbon
source for the microbes. Biomasses of the organisms and the concentration of
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were measured ten times during 20 weeks. A
discrete dynamic model based on the material flow between system components
was fitted to the experimental data. Bacterial-based food chains were
largely inactive in the absence of fungi, but mutual facilitation was
observed in the systems with both fungus and bacterium. The population
dynamics of a fungal-feeding nematode was adequately described by the
models, but the model failed to describe DOC dynamics. The quality of fungal
biomass appeared to be a key parameter in the system. Model performance was
improved by letting fungal parameters vary with time and food web structure.
Because fungal dynamics could not be explained by a trophic-dynamic model
with rigid parameters, it is suggested that non-trophic effects of
fungal-feeding nematodes on fungi may be more important in microcosms.
Interactions between the potato cyst nematodes, Globodera pallida, G. rostochiensis, and soil-borne fungus, Rhizoctonia solani (AG3), diseases of potatoes in the glasshouse and the field
Authors: Bhattarai Shuvash , Haydock Patrick P.J. , Back Matthew A. , Hare Martin C. , Lankford William T. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This is the first report of a positive interaction between the nematode
Globodera pallida and Rhizoctonia solani diseases of potato, and is an
important step in the general understanding of interactions between
nematodes and fungal diseases. One glasshouse and two field experiments were
performed to investigate interactions between G. pallida or G. rostochiensis
and R. solani diseases of potatoes. The glasshouse experiment investigated
the independent and combined effects of G. pallida or G. rostochiensis and
R. solani on the growth of plants and R. solani disease severity. In the
glasshouse experiment the combined effects of G. pallida with R. solani or
G. rostochiensis with R. solani showed greater R. solani diseases of
potatoes compared with only R. solani. The field experiments examined the
development of R. solani diseases on potatoes grown in soil with potato cyst
nematode population densities ranging from eight to 140 and four to 50 eggs
(g soil)–1 in the years 2006 and 2007, respectively. The 2006 field
experiment revealed a clear positive relationship between initial population
densities of G. pallida and the incidence of stolons infected by R. solani,
subsequent stolon pruning and stem canker. In both field experiments a clear
positive relationship was found between densities of nematodes within the
potato roots and the incidence of infected stolons, stolon pruning and stem
canker. Nematicide applied together with R. solani in the 2007 field
experiment reduced the effect of G. pallida on the incidence and severity of
diseases caused by R. solani.
In Vivo Kinematics of the Tibiotalar Joint After Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Caputo Adam M. , Lee Jun Y. , Spritzer Chuck E. , Easley Mark E. , DeOrio James K. , Nunley James A. , DeFrate Louis E. 
Published: July 2009

Background Previous studies have suggested that injury to the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) may be linked to altered kinematics and the development of osteoarthritis of the ankle joint. However, the effects of ATFL injury on the in vivo kinematics of the ankle joint are unclear. Hypothesis Based on the orientation of the ATFL fibers, ATFL deficiency leads to increased anterior translation and increased internal rotation of the talus relative to the tibia. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods The ankles of 9 patients with unilateral ATFL injuries were compared as they stepped onto a level surface. Kinematic measurements were made as a function of increasing load. With use of magnetic resonance imaging and orthogonal fluoroscopy, the in vivo kinematics of the tibiotalar joint were measured in the ATFL-deficient and intact ankles of the same individuals. Results A statistically significant increase in internal rotation, anterior translation, and superior translation of the talus was measured in ATFL-deficient ankles, as compared with the intact contralateral controls. For example, at 100% body weight, ATFL-deficient ankles demonstrated an increase of 0.9 ± 0.5 mm in anterior translation ( P = .008), an increase of 5.7° ± 3.6° in internal rotation ( P = .008), and a slight increase of 0.2 ± 0.2 mm in the superior translation ( P = .02) relative to the intact contralateral ankles. Conclusion Deficiency of the ATFL increases anterior translation, internal rotation, and superior translation of the talus. Clinical Relevance Altered kinematics may contribute to the degenerative changes observed with chronic lateral ankle instability. These findings might help to explain the degenerative changes frequently observed on the medial talus in patients with chronic ATFL insufficiency and so provide a baseline for improving ankle ligament reconstructions aimed at restoring normal joint motion.
A meta-analysis of the placebo response in antimuscarinic drug trials for overactive bladder
Authors: Lee Soyon , Malhotra Bimal , Creanga Dana , Carlsson Martin , Glue Paul 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this analysis was to characterize the placebo response in antimuscarinic drug trials for OAB, based on changes in commonly-used efficacy endpoints.

Methods
Placebo arm data for incontinence episodes, micturitions, voided volume and study characteristics were extracted from randomized placebo controlled antimuscarinic drug trials in OAB, from studies identified in a prior meta-analysis, and from a systematic review of more recently published studies. Relationships between variables were examined using linear regression, and changes in endpoints were analyzed by a meta-analysis approach. The effect of placebo arm size and magnitude of placebo response on probability of successful study outcome was analyzed using an ANOVA model.

Results
Changes in the placebo arms for all 3 endpoints were substantial and statistically significant, and highly heterogeneous. There were significant associations between baseline and change scores for some but not all of the endpoints. More recent studies tended to have more subjects than earlier studies, and there were positive associations between probability of achieving statistically significant results and size of the placebo arm. The magnitude of changes in placebo arms did not appear to influence the likelihood of the study to be statistically significant.

Conclusion
This analysis confirms earlier observation that the placebo response in OAB trials is substantial and highly heterogeneous. There are multiple potential reasons for this; however, these could not be explored in this analysis of study-level data. Two approaches may be used in clinical trials to manage high placebo effect: recruitment of 1) greater numbers of patients and/or 2) more severely affected patients; however, only the former approach is associated with increased probability of successful study outcome.
Immunophoretic rapid diagnostic tests as a source of immunoglobulins for estimating malaria sero-prevalence and transmission intensity
Authors: Williams Geoffrey S , Mweya Clement , Stewart Laveta , Mtove George , Reyburn Hugh , Cook Jackie , Corran Patrick H , Riley Eleanor M , Drakeley Chris J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Background
Sero-epidemiological methods are being developed as a tool for rapid assessment of malaria transmission intensity. Simple blood collection methods for use in field settings will make this more feasible. This paper describes validation of such a method, by analysing immunoglobulins from blood retained within immunophoretic rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for Plasmodium falciparum. RDTs are now widely used for the diagnosis of malaria and estimation of parasite rates, and this method represents a further use for these devices in malaria control.

Methods
Immunoglobulins eluted from RDTs, designed to detect parasite histidine rich protein-2 (HRP-2), were analysed by indirect ELISA for IgG recognizing the P. falciparum blood stage antigens merozoite surface protein-119 (MSP-119) and apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1). Optimal storage conditions for RDTs were evaluated by comparing antibody responses from RDTs stored in dry or humid conditions at 4°C or at ambient temperature (with or without air-conditioning) for 7, 31 or 70 days. Antibody levels estimated using 3,700 RDT samples from attendees at health facilities in North-eastern Tanzania were compared with contemporaneously collected filter paper blood spots (FPBS) and used to estimate seroconversion rates.

Results
Storage of RDTs at 4°C was optimal for immunoglobulin recovery but short-term storage at ambient temperatures did not substantially affect anti-malarial IgG levels. Results from RDTs were comparable with those from FPBSs, for both antigens. RDT-generated titres tended to be slightly higher than those generated from FPBSs, possibly due to greater recovery of immunoglobulins from RDTs compared to filter paper. Importantly, however, RDT-based seroconversion rates, and hence serological estimates of malaria transmission intensity, agreed closely with those from FPBSs.

Conclusion
RDTs represent a practical option for collecting blood for sero-epidemiological surveys, with potential cost and logistical advantages over filter paper and other blood collection methods. RDT-based seroepidemiology can be incorporated into routine monitoring of malaria endemicity, providing information to supplement parasite prevalence rates and generating rapid, robust assessment of malaria transmission intensity at minimal extra cost.
Reactivation from latency displays HIV particle budding at plasma membrane, accompanying CD44 upregulation and recruitment
Authors: Suyama Mari , Daikoku Eriko , Goto Toshiyuki , Sano Kouichi , Morikawa Yuko 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundIt has been accepted that HIV buds from the cell surface in T lymphocytes, whereas in macrophages it buds into intracellular endosomes. Recent studies, on the other hand, suggest that HIV preferentially buds from the cell surface even in monocytic cells. However, most studies are based on observations in acutely infected cells and little is known about HIV budding concomitant with reactivation from latency. Such studies would provide a better understanding of a reservoir for HIV.ResultsWe observed HIV budding in latently infected T lymphocytic and monocytic cell lines following TNF-α stimulation and examined the upregulation of host factors that may be involved in particle production. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that reactivation of latently infected J1.1 cells (latently infected Jurkat cells with HIV-1) and U1 cells (latently infected U937 cells with HIV-1) displayed HIV particle budding predominantly at the plasma membrane, a morphology that is similar to particle budding in acutely infected Jurkat and U937 cells. When mRNA expression levels were quantified by qRT-PCR, we found that particle production from reactivated J1.1 and U1 cells was accompanied by CD44 upregulation. This upregulation was similarly observed when Jurkat and U937 cells were acutely infected with HIV-1 but not when just stimulated with TNF-α, suggesting that CD44 upregulation was linked with HIV production but not with cell stimulation. The molecules in endocytic pathways such as CD63 and HRS were also upregulated when U1 cells were reactivated and U937 cells were acutely infected with HIV-1. Confocal microscopy revealed that these upregulated host molecules were recruited to and accumulated at the sites where mature particles were formed at the plasma membrane.ConclusionOur study indicates that HIV particles are budded at the plasma membrane upon reactivation from latency, a morphology that is similar to particle budding in acute infection. Our data also suggest that HIV expression may lead to the upregulation of certain host cell molecules that are recruited to sites of particle assembly, possibly coordinating particle production.
An exploration of the ability of tepoxalin to ameliorate the degradation of articular cartilage in a canine in vitromodel
Authors: Macrory Lisa , Vaughan-Thomas Anne , Clegg Peter D , Innes John F 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundTo study the ability of tepoxalin, a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) and its active metabolite to reduce the catabolic response of cartilage to cytokine stimulation in anin vitromodel of canine osteoarthritis (OA).Grossly normal cartilage was collected post-mortem from seven dogs that had no evidence of joint disease. Cartilage explants were cultured in media containing the recombinant canine interleukin-1β(IL-1β) at 100 ng/ml and recombinant human oncostatin-M (OSM) at 50 ng/ml. The effects of tepoxalin and its metabolite were studied at three concentrations (1 × 10-5, 1 × 10-6and 1 × 10-7M). Total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (hydroxyproline) release from cartilage explants were used as outcome measures of proteoglycan and collagen depletion respectively. PGE2and LTB4assays were performed to study the effects of the drug on COX and LOX activity.ResultsTreatment with IL-1βand OSM significantly upregulated both collagen (p = 0.004) and proteoglycan (p = 0.001) release from the explants. Tepoxalin at 10-5M and 10-6M caused a decrease in collagen release from the explants (p = 0.047 and p = 0.075). Drug treatment showed no effect on GAG release. PGE2concentration in culture media at day 7 was significantly increased by IL-1βand OSM and treatment with both tepoxalin and its metabolite showed a trend towards dose-dependent reduction of PGE2production. LTB4concentrations were too low to be quantified. Cytotoxicity assays suggested that neither tepoxalin nor its metabolite had a toxic effect on the cartilage chondrocytes at the concentrations and used in this study.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that tepoxalin exerts inhibition of COX and can reducein vitrocollagen loss from canine cartilage explants at a concentration of 10-5M. We can conclude that, in this model, tepoxalin can partially inhibit the development of cartilage degeneration when it is available locally to the tissue.