bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nosocomial infection in a Danish Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: a prospective study
Authors: Olsen Anne L , Reinholdt Jes , Jensen Anders Mørup , Andersen Leif P , Jensen Elsebeth Tvenstrup 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence and identify independent risk factors for nosocomial infections in a Danish Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and to compare these findings with international results.Methods:  The study was performed prospectively from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2005 in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen. Specific criteria for blood stream infection and respiratory tract infection adapted for neonates in our ward were worked out.Results:  Six hundred and eighty‐three patients were included. The overall incidence of nosocomial infection was 8.8/1000 hospital days. Blood stream infection was the most frequent type of infection, with an incidence of 5.1/1000 hospital days. Multivariate analysis showed gestational age and heart disease to be significant independent risk factors for both first time blood stream infection and respiratory tract infection, and central venous catheter and parenteral nutrition risk factors for first time blood stream infection.Conclusion:  This first prospective study of nosocomial infection in a Danish Neonatal Intensive Care Unit found an overall incidence of 8.8/1000 hospital days, which is low or similar compared to other studies. Further Danish multicentre studies are needed, and we suggest that procedures related to central venous catheters should be a future focus area.
Coverage of recommended vaccines in children at 7–8 years of age in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Theeten Heidi , Vandermeulen Corinne , Roelants Mathieu , Hoppenbrouwers Karel , Depoorter Anne‐Marie , Van Damme Pierre 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  Evaluation of the coverage of primary diphtheria‐tetanus‐pertussis (DTP), poliomyelitis, hepatitis B (HBV) and measles‐mumps‐rubella (MMR) vaccine doses recommended before the age of 18 months in 7‐year‐old school children in Flanders, Belgium. Meningococcal serogroup C and DT‐polio vaccines offered respectively as catch‐up and booster vaccinations were also evaluated.Methods:  Parents of 792 children born in Flanders in 1997 and selected by cluster sampling were interviewed at home in 2005. Vaccination data since infancy were collected retrospectively from vaccination documents and school health records.Results:  Coverage rates were 88.0% for the first dose of MMR, and 72.0%, 84.2% and 91.4% for the recommended HBV, DTP and poliomyelitis primary vaccine doses, respectively. These rates included catch‐up of missed infant MMR (4.9%) and HBV (6.4%) vaccinations. In addition, 88.3% of the target group received the DT‐polio booster dose recommended at 6 years of age and 83.1% a meningococcal C vaccine dose. Preventive public health services as well as private physicians were involved to a varying extent. A lower socioeconomic status of the family was associated with a higher risk of nonvaccination.Conclusion:  Vaccinators in Flanders reach children relatively well during infancy and at school age, but catch‐up of missed infant vaccine doses, especially MMR, should be optimized.
Prostheses Removal for Suture Removal after Immediate Load: Success of Implants
Authors: Borges Ana Flávia Sanches , Dias Pereira Luis Antonio Violin , Thomé Geninho , Melo Ana Cláudia Moreira , De Mattias Sartori Ivete Aparecida 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate the success of implants after immediate loading in cases when the prostheses were removed for suture removal on the tenth day following implant placement. We describe a technique for fabricating effective definitive prostheses passively fitted to facilitate immediate load in edentulous patients.Materials and Methods: Seventy‐one patients with resin‐metal prostheses installed within less than 48 hours after implant placement were recalled. Patients for whom various amounts of time had elapsed since implant placement returned for follow‐up. Time elapsed ranged from 6 months to 7 years. Stability of the implants was tested after prosthesis removal by horizontal and vertical percussion tests. Implant success was determined as the number of functional implants displaying no mobility.Results: Follow‐up revealed that all implants from each period evaluated were stable, with no mobility (100% of implants success), except for the 1‐year time point (99.5%) and the 2‐year time point (98.9%). No signs of inflammation and/or bleeding were observed.Conclusion: Prosthesis removal for suture removal on the tenth day after implant placement represents a reliable and predictable procedure that did not jeopardize implant stability during bone remodeling.
A Lateral Approach for Sinus Elevation Using PRGF Technology
Authors: Anitua Eduardo , Prado Roberto , Orive Gorka 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTPurpose: A lateral approach for sinus elevation using plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) technology is described. The long‐term survival of dental implants installed following a two‐stage procedure after sinus elevation using this procedure is reported, using implant loss as the outcome variable.Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was used. Eighteen patients received 43 implants (BTI implants, Biotechnology Institute, Vitoria, Spain) with sinus floor elevation. All patients presented a residual bone height of class D (1–3 mm). Implants were installed using a low‐speed drilling procedure (50 rpm) without irrigation. Finally, the histological and histomorphometric evaluation of eight samples from PRGF grafted sinus involved in the study was carried out 5–6 months posttreatment.Results: The overall survival rate of dental implants was 100%. The mean follow‐up period for all implants was 33 ± 7 months ranging from 24 to 44 months. In addition, the histomorphometrical evaluation of the samples evidenced a 25.24 ± 4.62% of vital newly formed bone, 50.31 ± 15.56% of soft connective tissue, and the remaining 24.46 ± 12.79% of bovine anorganic bone.Conclusions: Based on these results, this new approach for sinus elevation and implant installation using PRGF technology can be considered safe, simple, effective, and predictable.
Effect of Implant Angulation, Connection Length, and Impression Material on the Dimensional Accuracy of Implant Impressions: An In Vitro Comparative Study
Authors: Sorrentino Roberto , Gherlone Enrico Felice , Calesini Gaetano , Zarone Fernando 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: With regard to implant‐supported prostheses, to date no technique has been proven to guarantee a completely passive fit of prosthetic frameworks. Several clinical variables may affect the precision of impressions, particularly in the presence of implants.Purpose: To compare the accuracy of implant impressions made with different materials, lengths of impression coping connections, and not parallel position of the implants.Materials and Methods: A calibrated testing device allowing reproducible standardized positions was used. Two control groups of master models and eight experimental groups with predetermined undercuts were used to make addition silicon and polyether implant impressions by means of the open‐tray pick‐up technique. Four reference distances were evaluated on each study cast by using a profile projector and a standardized measurement protocol. The data were statistically analyzed by means of three‐factor analysis of variance.Results: The impressions made in the presence of angulated implants were significantly less accurate than the ones made with parallel implants. The tested addition silicon resulted advantageous in presence of nonparallel implants whereas the polyether achieved the best results with parallel implants and standard impression copings.Conclusions: The angulation of the implants may cause strains of impressions, probably because of the higher forces required for the impression removal. Moreover, undercuts negatively affected the impression accuracy. More accurate casts were obtained using the tested addition silicon in the presence of nonparallel implants and using a standard length connection of the copings in the presence of parallel implants, respectively.
Reconstruction of Critical‐Sized Bone Defect in Dog Skull by Octacalcium Phosphate Combined with Collagen
Authors: Kawai Tadashi , Matsui Keiko , Iibuchi Shinya , Anada Takahisa , Honda Yoshitomo , Sasaki Kazuo , Kamakura Shinji , Suzuki Osamu , Echigo Seishi 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTPurpose: The present study was designed to investigate whether synthetic octacalcium phosphate (OCP) combined with collagen (OCP/collagen) can repair a critical‐sized defect in dog skull. OCP/collagen has been shown to biodegrade and to tend to be replaced by newly formed bone if implanted in rat calvaria defects.Materials and Methods: An OCP/collagen disk was prepared from pepsin‐digested atelocollagen isolated from porcine dermis and synthetic OCP. Two critical‐sized defects (20 mm in diameter) were made in a dog skull. Ten disks of OCP/collagen or collagen (control) were implanted in the bone defects and resected with surrounding tissues at 3, 6, or 12 months after the implantation. The specimens were analyzed radiographically, crystallographically, histologically, and histomorphometrically.Results: X‐ray diffraction and FTIR analyses showed that OCP tended to convert to a poorly crystallized hydroxyapatite, similar to that of biological apatite, by 3 months. Radiographic and histologic analyses showed that the implantation of OCP/collagen disks initiated new bone formation in the defects at 3 months after implantation. However, there was no promotion of bone formation by control collagen disks even with prolonged implantation up to 12 months. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that the percentage of newly formed bone in the defect implanted with OCP/collagen increased significantly, from 30.91 ± 6.65 at 3 months to 51.22 ± 5.99 at 12 months, although the value tended to reach a plateau at 6 months (44.49 ± 3.34). On the other hand, the percentage of remaining OCP was estimated at approximately 10% at 3 months and remained nearly unchanged thereafter.Conclusion: The results suggest that bone regeneration of a critical‐sized bone defect of dog calvaria by OCP/collagen can be enhanced for 3 to 6 months and that OCP/collagen holds potential as a bone substitute material.
The Influence of Bone Type on the Gene Expression in Normal Bone and at the Bone‐Implant Interface: Experiments in Animal Model
Authors: Omar Omar , Suska Felicia , Lennerås Maria , Zoric Neven , Svensson Sara , Hall Jan , Emanuelsson Lena , Nannmark Ulf , Thomsen Peter 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: Studies on the biological processes in different bone types and the reaction of different bone types to biomaterials are often hindered because of the difficulties in sampling procedures and lack of sensitive techniques.Purpose: The purpose was to assess the suitability of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for investigation of the biological differences between cortical and trabecular bone types and their responses to biomaterials.Materials and Methods: Gene expression of selected markers in rat bone samples from different locations was evaluated. Samples were harvested by trephines from the trabecular femoral epiphysis, cortico‐trabecular proximal tibial metaphysic, and the cortical distal tibial metaphysis. Gene expression was also evaluated at the surfaces of anodically oxidized implants retrieved from cortical and trabecular sites after 3 days of implantation. mRNA in the bone samples and in the tissue associated with the implant surfaces was extracted and quantified using qPCR. Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K (CATK), and 18S ribosomal subunits (18S) were analyzed.Results: In the bone samples, higher expression of ALP, OC, TRAP, and CATK was found in femoral epiphysis compared to proximal or distal tibial metaphysis, indicating a higher turnover in the trabecular bone. On the other hand, TNF‐α and IL‐1β showed higher expression in both tibia sites compared with the femur site, which suggests higher inflammatory potential in the cortical bone. In response to the oxidized implants trabecular bone expressed a higher level of IL‐1β, whereas the implants in cortical bone were associated with higher expression of ALP and OC.Conclusion: There are biological differences between cortical and trabecular bone types, both in the normal steady‐state condition and in response to biomaterials. Such differences can be characterized and discriminated quantitatively using a sensitive technique such as qPCR.
Life in the ‘Hood: Postwar Suburban Literature and Films
Authors: Knapp Kathryn 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article examines the postwar suburb and its representation in literature and films, which shares responsibility with the housing boom for propagating the suburban myth, as Herbert Gans coined the term in his seminal sociological study, The Levittowners (1963), whereby ‘the suburbs were breeding a new set of Americans, as mass produced as the houses, driven into a never ending round of group activity ruled by the strictest conformity’ yet which also revolved around ‘a matriarchal family of domineering wives, absent husbands, and spoiled children, and with it, rising marital friction, adultery, divorce, drunkenness, and mental illness’ (xxviii). This myth, contradictory but enduring, was propagated by the competing sensibilities of business interests intent on selling the ‘suburbs‐as‐lifestyle’ and by urban intellectuals who located there all that they disdained about middlebrow culture. This suburban aesthetic has remained largely unaltered despite the radical changes that the suburbs themselves are now undergoing: the majority of all Americans, including immigrants and people in poverty, now live in the suburbs, rendering obsolete the notion of the suburbs as the exclusive playground of the white middle class. Recent suburban literature and films work within the suburban literary tradition yet point toward a new suburban aesthetic that reflects and renegotiates this changing, fraught landscape.
Whatever Became of the Socratic Elenchus? Philosophical Analysis in Plato
Authors: Matthews Gareth 
Published: May 2009

AbstractReaders who are introduced to philosophical analysis by reading the early Platonic dialogues may be puzzled to find that Plato, in his middle and late periods, largely abandons the style of analysis characteristic of early Plato, namely, the ‘Socratic elenchus’. This paper undertakes to solve the puzzle. In contrast to what is popularly called ‘the Socratic method’, the elenchus requires that Socrates, the lead investigator, not have a satisfactory answer to his ‘What is F‐ness?’ question. Here is the bind. Part of what motivates the elenctic inquiry is the natural assumption that one cannot identify F‐things unless one has a satisfactory analysis of what it is to be F. But to test the adequacy of suggested analyses of F‐ness one needs to be able to identify counterexamples. Together these two points present us with a ‘catch‐22’, which is something the ‘paradox of inquiry’ in theMenobrings out. In theTheaetetusPlato makes clear that, although the elenchus, including Socratic ignorance, can refute philosophical theses arrived at by other means, it cannot, by itself, give birth to viable philosophical theses. Its legitimate role is therefore only propaedeutic.
Low‐volume muscle endurance training prevents decrease in muscle oxidative and endurance function during 21‐day forearm immobilization
Authors: Homma T. , Hamaoka T. , Murase N. , Osada T. , Murakami M. , Kurosawa Y. , Kitahara A. , Ichimura S. , Yashiro K. , Katsumura T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim:  To examine the effects of low‐volume muscle endurance training on muscle oxidative capacity, endurance and strength of the forearm muscle during 21‐day forearm immobilization (IMM‐21d).Methods:  The non‐dominant arm (n = 15) was immobilized for 21 days with a cast and assigned to an immobilization‐only group (Imm‐group; n = 7) or an immobilization with training group (Imm+Tr‐group; n = 8). Training comprised dynamic handgrip exercise at 30% of pre‐intervention maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at 1 Hz until exhaustion, twice a week during the immobilization period. The duration of each exercise session was 51.7 ± 3.4 s (mean ± SE). Muscle oxidative capacity was evaluated by the time constant for phosphocreatine recovery (τoffPCr) after a submaximal handgrip exercise using 31phosphorus‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy. An endurance test was performed at 30% of pre‐intervention MVC, at 1 Hz, until exhaustion.Results:  τ
offPCr was significantly prolonged in the Imm‐group after 21 days (42.0 ± 2.8 and 64.2 ± 5.1 s, pre‐ and post‐intervention respectively; P < 0.01) but did not change for the Imm+Tr‐group (50.3 ± 3.0 and 48.8 ± 5.0 s, ns). Endurance decreased significantly for the Imm‐group (55.1 ± 5.1 and 44.7 ± 4.6 s, P < 0.05) but did not change for the Imm+Tr‐group (47.9 ± 3.0 and 51.7 ± 4.0 s, ns). MVC decreased similarly in both groups (P < 0.01).Conclusions:  Twice‐weekly muscle endurance training sessions, each lasting approx. 50 s, effectively prevented a decrease in muscle oxidative capacity and endurance; however, there was no effect on MVC decline with IMM‐21d.
Man Smart, Woman Smarter? Getting to the Root of Gender Differences in Self‐handicapping
Authors: Hirt Edward R. , McCrea Sean M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractResearch in self‐handicapping has consistently demonstrated a robust yet puzzling gender difference in the use of behavioral self‐handicaps. Women not only are less likely to use behavioral self‐handicaps when such opportunities present themselves, but are also more punitive in their evaluations of others who utilize these types of handicaps. For years, the literature has considered several possible explanations for these consistent gender differences, with little success. The present work highlights our recent efforts suggesting that the personal value placed on effort, as indexed by the ‘Worker scale’ (McCrea, Hirt, Hendrix, Milner, & Steele, 2008), is an important mediator of these gender differences in both the use of and evaluation of others’ use of behavioral self‐handicaps. Discussion centers on the implications of the present results for gaining a better understanding of the motivations and tradeoffs that underlie the use of this self‐defeating strategy.
Resistance to Group Criticism and Recommendations for Change: Lessons from the Intergroup Sensitivity Effect
Authors: Hornsey Matthew J. , Esposo Sarah 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis essay reviews research relating to criticism of groups. It is argued that, in order to successfully critique (and change) a group culture, it is not enough to be right. Rather, critics need to be sensitive to a range of variables wrapped up in who they are: their group memberships, their history, and the intergroup context. One example of this is the intergroup sensitivity effect, the phenomenon whereby criticisms that seem reasonable in the mouth of an insider are rejected when coming from an outsider. We discuss the intergroup sensitivity effect, the psychological mechanisms underpinning it, and the contextual factors that moderate it. On the basis of this review, we present a model that can be used to predict resistance (or open‐mindedness) in the face of group‐directed criticisms and recommendations for change. It is hoped that this model can open up new ways of thinking about group‐mediated communication, and at the same time can provide specific, concrete and usable instruction for how to promote change within and between groups.
Pornography, Panopticism and the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
Authors: Petley Julian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn May 2008, the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act was passed in the United Kingdom. Among other things, this made it an offence even to possess what it describes as an ‘extreme pornographic image’. This paper analyses the particular factors which gave rise to this measure, support for it amongst the police and politicians, and the problems which are likely to arise from attempts to enforce it. In particular, the paper argues that the measure is so ill‐conceived that it is likely to criminalise the possession of a far wider range of images than was originally intended. More generally, the paper examines the Act in the context of (a) the increasing tendency on the part of governments both democratic and non‐democratic to attempt to regulate the Internet and its users; (b) the development of the ‘surveillance society’; and (c) New Labour's marked tendency to legislate for private and personal realms traditionally regarded as out‐of‐bounds in a democratic polity. The paper concludes that the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act is a disturbing symptom of the development of the United Kingdom as not simply a surveillance society but also a post‐social democratic state.
Social Class and Attitudes toward Mental Illness: a Study of a Canadian Prairie Community*
Authors: Rootman Irving 
Published: May 2009

A partir d'entrevues obtenues auprés d'une population adulte échantillonnée au hasard, vivant dans une petite ville typiques des prairies canadiennes, l'auteur entreprend l'examen des relations qui existent entre les classes sociales et les attitudes vis‐à‐vis la santé mentale. Il n'existe aucune relation significative entre ces deux facteurs lorsqu'on utilise une échelle de « negation » de la santé mentale et deux indicateurs traduisant le refus de l'informateur à reconnaître que l'isolement est un problème.Par ailleurs, il existe des relations significatives entre les classes sociales et les échelles d'isolement physique et sociale. On tente, par après, d'éclairer ces résultats par diverses explications possibles.The relationship between social class and attitudes toward mental illness is examined using interviews with a random sample of the adult population of a typical, small, Canadian prairie town. There were no statistically significant relationships between social class and scores on a scale measuring “denial” of mental illness and two indicators of “insulation” of mental illness. There were, however, significant relationships between social class and scores on scales of physical and social “isolation” and responses to one other interview question. Various explanations for the results are explored.
Resistance Selection Studies Comparing the Activity of Razupenem (PTZ601) to Vancomycin and Linezolid against Eight Methicillin-Resistant and Two Methicillin-Susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
Strains
Authors: Clark Catherine , Kosowska-Shick Klaudia , McGhee Pamela , Dewasse Bonifacio , Beachel Linda , Appelbaum Peter C. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Multistep and single-step resistance selection studies were performed with razupenem, linezolid, and vancomycin against 10 methicillin (meticillin)-resistant and -susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
strains. After 20 daily subcultures, razupenem yielded only clones with MICs of >4 μg/ml in one strain (8 μg/ml) whose parent's MIC was already 4 μg/ml. After 18 to 49 passages in 6/10 strains, razupenem MICs rose from 0.016 to 2 μg/ml (parents) to 0.125 to 8 μg/ml (with clones stable after 10 drug-free subcultures). Single-step mutant selection frequencies were similarly low for razupenem and comparators.