bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on the Anatomy and Physiology of Caligus savala, n. sp., a Parasitic copepod from Madras Plankton
Authors: Gnanamuthu C. P. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The external morphology of the male and the female of this new species is fully described.
The tendency to creep forward may be an adaptation advantageous to the parasite while bearing few quickly developing eggs may be feature of adaptation to the particular host‐especially when accidents remove it from the host before producing its normal number of eggs.
The connective tissue filling the body cavity serving as the hydrostatic organ useful in free‐surface living copepoda is further adapted to store reserve food in the parasitic forms.
The body muscles are well suited to help the forward and lateral contractions of the genital segment and the abdomen. As there is no heart, such contractions and passive relaxations of the body regularly performed help the circulation of body fluids in the parasitic forms which owing to the attachment to the host are incapable of those vigorous and rapid body and limb movements facilitating circulation in the free‐living copepoda.
The rectum is well provided with special muscles connecting it with the body wall. It contracts and expands during defaecation and appears capable of taking in water. As water was not observed going out of it and as the rectal movements are not performed at regular intervals, but only when the rectum has to be evacuated, its being responsible for respiration cannot be asserted with certainty. The peristaltic movements of the intestine are amphidirectional and irregular. They may be chiefly concerned in digestion and probably together with the rectum, may be responsible for the osmotic adjustments, or respiration, the parasite may effect through the gut.
The Chondrocranium of Gegenophis (Apoda, Amphibia)
Authors: Ramaswami L. S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Of the stages of Ichthyophis studied for comparison, ossification has just started in an embryo of 45 mm. length. The maxilla and palatine are separate; the pleurosphenoid has not united with the parasphenoid, and the occipital region is still cartilaginous. Obviously, there is no “fusion primordiale” of the bones, and, as Marcus, Stimmelmayr and Porsch (1935) have described in Hypogeophis, these bones appear independently in Ichthyophis and fuse later. In the 78 mm. larva of Ichthyophis glutinosus examined, the maxilla is still separate from the palatine, while the pleurosphenoid has united with the bony otic capsule, but the parasphenoid is still independent. I am unable to say if in Gegenophis, the bones (nasal, septomaxilla, premaxilla) appear independently in stages earlier than the one examined by me, viz., 51 mm. and then fuse.
A Contribution to the Biology of Patella: On Population Distribution and Sex‐proportions in Patella vulgata Linnaeus at Cullercoats, England.
Authors: Das S. M. , Seshappa G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary and Conclusions.The occurrence, habitat, proportions of the sexes, and population distribution in different zones of the int(ertida1 region in Patella vulgata Linnaeus, on thoNorth Side of Cullercoats Bay, are described.Five main conclusions can be drawn from our investigations 011 the biology of Patella vulgata a t Cullercoats:1. Patella vulgata occurs mainly between the L.W.S. and tlie H.W.S. levels. It is, however, found in diminishing numbers right up to the wash zone (about 2 feet above the H.W.S.)on sides of rocks facing North‐East and East. The factor determining the upper limit of distribution is probably the absence of suitable food‐plants.2. In general the population increases from the high‐water to the low‐water mark; but the maximum population density occurs at low water neaps. At higher levels the larger sizes are predominant, while at lower levels it is the smller sizes which are most numerous. The largest sizes (46–60 mm.), however, are found more usually near the Gigartim belt of L.W.S. or on the margins of rock‐pools from L.W.S. t o M.T.L.3. The ratio of the males to fema1es varies inversely as the degree of exposure. The lower we go from the high‐water mark, the larger is the population of males. The larger males (i.e., persistent males) ‐are inore common in the higher zones, while the larger females are found more at lower zones of the coast.4. First Inaturity in P. vulgata occurs at a size of 10 mm. when all indi‐viduals with gonads are males; i.e., all P. vulqato are male at first matwity. The first females appear at sizes 12–15 mm., which we have considered the transition stage, and go on increasing in number gradually until the size‐group 21–25 min. is reached. Sbove this size there is asudden increase in tlic!percentage of females, which become more numerous until a t a size of 56‐40 mm they form about 8Oyh of the population. Correspondingly, there i s a suddendrop in the percentage of inales a t size 21‐25mm., above which size they become less numerous, until at a size of 56–60 mm. they form only 20% of the population. A 50; 50 proportion of, males to females is obtained only in the size‐group 3640 mm.5. The ratio Of males to females in the total popzllation is about 3: J., i.e., during September and October, 1946, at Cullercoats there were three functioning niales for everysingle mature female.
Experimental observations on the spawning behaviour of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar Linn.).
Authors: JONES J. W. , KING G. M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Observations on the spawning habits of salmon were made in an experimental tank built on the banks of a tributary of the Cheshire Dee.
Spawning by a female (9 lb.) and a male (5 lb.) was observed. The complete operation consisted of eight emissions made almost simultaneously by the male and female in different beds, each of which was prepared by the female.
Before spawning the female was seen to cut a depression (bed) in the gravel with her tail and to feel the bed with her anal fin. The male took no part in the making of the bed and was often not present on the gravel when the female was cutting. He courted the female and drove away all other fish.
The female did not pass out eggs while cutting the bed.
Just before the spawning act, the female dropped into the bed, opened her mouth, erected her fins and flexed her tail upwards. When this occurred the male joined her immediately and settled alongside, quivering, with his mouth agape. At this instant the fish spawned almost simultaneously.
After the spawning act, the female moved upstream of the bed, cut vigorously and covered the eggs with gravel.
The actual spawning act took place in about 10–15 seconds, and the eggs were completely covered about 30 seconds later.
Mature male parr were in constant attendance on the female, and during each act of spawning pushed excitedly under her vent. It was not definitely established that they extruded sperm.
Spawning took place in the experimental tank at temperatures varying from 36° to 42° F.
An average (number) of 780 eggs were recovered from each of seven redds made by the same female. It was estimated that this female had laid 700 eggs per lb. of body weight and the percentage fertilisation was almost 99.
Dental lesions in Baboons from the Society's Gardens
Authors: JAMES W. WARWICK , BARNICOT N. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The dental lesions of 12 fresh and four macerated specimens of Papio hamadryas, comparising the remnants of the large colony established in the Society's Gardens in 1925‐27, have been examined macroscopically and histologically, and are here described.
Many animals showed thickenig of the gums and recession of the alveolar tissues, particularly in the incisor region. Destruction of interdental gum tissue leading to pocket formation was sometimes observed in the region of cheek teeth. A table of missing teeth is included.
Figures for the incidence and distribution of carious cavities are given. Carious teeth occurred in 13 of the 16 specimens, the greatest number of cavities in a single animal being eight. Cavities are most frequent in the first lower molar. It seems likely that most of the cavities strated interstitially, probably in the dentine, and perhaps in some cases in cementum. The influence of extreme attrition on the genesis of caries is discussed.
Figures from the literature for caries incidence in wild and captive baboons are analysed statistically. The authors' data support the view that the incidence of caries is particularly high in aged, captive animals.
A new Chironomid from Africa, the larva of which can be dehydrated without injury.
Authors: HINTON H. E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.1. A new Chironomid, Polypedilum vanderplanki, is described that breeds in small rock pools in Northern Nigeria.2. Larvae can be dried for at least 18 months after which more than 90 per cent. can be reactivated by placing them in water.3. Larvae can be alternately dried and activated in water a number of times.4. Active larvae tolerate temperatures as high as 41°C., and some withstand 43.5° C. for as long as 14 hours.5. Dehydrated larvae can survive 65° C. for 20 hours and 68.5° C. for nearly 11 hours.6. Some dehydrated larvae will recover for a short time after exposure to 106°C. for 3 hours, 126–130°C. for 20 minutes and 199–201°C. for 5 minutes.7. Reasons are given for the belief that without the attributes described in “2” to “5” above. the larvae would be unable to survive the exigencies of their natural habitat
Remarks on the pelage of the Common Shrew (Sorex nraneus L.).
Authors: Crowcroft Peter 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Four hundred and nine skins of common shrews were preserved, of which sixty‐eight showed some stage of moulting. Examination of these specimens revealed that the shrew moults twice in its lifetime; in the autumn of the year of birth the juvenile coat is replaced by longer darker fur; a spring moult replaces the winter coat with shorter fur of the same colour. Thus adult common shrews are generally darker in colour than juveniles.
Black pigment appears in the skin before moulting, and disappears as the hair grows.
Fifty‐two per cent of the Wytham shrews had some white hairs upon the ears, and 20·9 per cent of males and 17·4 per cent of females possessed predominantly white ears,
The scruff bore a scar or patch of white hairs in eleven animals, all of which were pregnant or parous females. The term “copulation scar” is suggested as a more suitable term than “grey patch”.
White‐tipped tails were noted in 3.7 per cent of the skins, with a statistically significant correlation with female sex.
The reproduction and cytology of the Notostraca (Crustacea, Phyllopoda).
Authors: Longhurst Alan R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBoth bisexual and hermaphrodite reproduction occurs in the Notostraca. The form of the gonads is described and the cytological cycle of ovaries and testes reported briefly.The most successful chromosome counts were made on the early spermatid nuclei, seen abundantly in smears of nearly mature tests. These counts were confirmed by chromosomes found in the testis lobes and ovaries of other animals.An account of copulation is given and methods of fertilization are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ENTEROPNEUST, PROTOGLOSSUS KOEHLERI (CAULLERY & MESNIL)
Authors: BURDON‐JONES C. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Protoylossus Koehleri occurs in the inter‐tidal region on the Beddmanach shore of Holy Island, and in St. Martin's Bay near the Hague.
The habitat and associated fauna is described.
Distinguishing characters:–colour; shape of proboscis; operculum small; overall size and proportions of the body; gonads prominent and overlapping branchial region; fourteen to forty pairs of branchial pores; radial arrangement of proboscis musculature; proboscis diverticulum simple; proboscis skeleton simple; crura embracing about three quarters of the buccal cavity, and terminating just anterior to the operculum. Collar and trunk cavities distinct, perihaemal and peripharyngeal cavities rudimentary. Oesophageal pores absent. Hepatic gut simple with expanded lumen. Lateral gonads; genital sacs simple, ducts absent. Oocytes pink, averaging 430 μ in diameter.
Comparison of Flexiblade™ and Macintosh laryngoscopes: cervical extension angles during orotracheal intubation
Authors: Uzun S. , Erden İ. A. , Pamuk A. G. , Yavuz K. , Çekirge S. , Aypar Ü. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe FlexibladeTM is a new laryngoscope with a flexible blade, a handle and a lever, allowing gradual flexion over the distal half of the blade. In this study, we aimed to compare cervical vertebral movements during tracheal intubation with the Flexiblade and Macintosh laryngoscope in 32 patients undergoing elective surgery requiring general anaesthesia (n = 16 per group). Fluoroscopic images of cervical movement were captured before, during and after intubation and evaluated by a radiologist. C1–C2 cervical vertebral movement was significantly reduced during the intubation in the Flexiblade group (p < 0.0001). C2–C3 cervical movement was similar in both groups (p = 0.81). No significant differences were noted in success rates for intubation, oxygen saturation levels, haemodynamic variables or intubation‐related injury. The decreased extension angle between C1–C2 during Flexiblade laryngoscopy compared with Macintosh laryngoscopy may be an advantage where neurological damage with cervical movement is a concern.
Anatomical relations during sperm transfer in Glossina austeni Newstead (Glossinidae, Diptera)
Authors: POLLOCK J. N. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISAn account is given of the uterine anatomy of virgin Glossina austeni Newstead and this is compared with the anatomy of the female tract both during mating and after the mating act has been completed. Notes on the functional morphology of the male genitalia are included.
The American scale insect genusUdiniaDe Lotto (Coccidae)
Authors: HANFORD LINDA 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTUdinia, an Ethiopian coccid genus, is redefined and a key is given to the thirteen species now recognised:brunckisp. n.,catori(Green)comb. n.[=Lecanium subhirsutumNewsteadsyn. n.],farquharsoni(Newstead) [=U.exoleta(De Lotto)syn. n.],glabraDe Lotto,ikoyensissp. n.,lobayana(Balachowsky & Ferrero)comb. n.,newsteadisp. n.,nigeriensissp. n.,pattersonisp. n.,pauperculaDe Lotto,pterolobinaDe Lotto,scitulaDe Lotto,setigera(Newstead). Five species are described as new and three species are redescribed and for these lectotypes are designated. The morphological characters used are discussed and listed and intraspecific variations shown by two of the species are tabulated. The distribution of all the species is recorded on two maps and the literature dealing with associations between ants andUdiniaand related coccid genera is briefly reviewed.
Pupal overwintering, diapause and development in two species of Spilosoma
Authors: BAKER C. R. B. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Pupae of Spilosoma lubricipeda (L.) and S. lutea (Hufn.) were studied in order to develop a method for estimating the date of emergence of the moths from temperature data. Diapausing pupae stored at 4–5°C for 157 and 171 days showed the fastest development on subsequent incubation at 20°C indicating that diapause had been completed in cold storage.
Pupae formed in August and October completed diapause in a ventilated insec‐tary in March and early April respectively. A 4‐month spread in pupation dates was compressed by diapause and low winter temperatures into a 7‐day spread in mean emergence dates for S. lubricipeda and a 17‐day spread for S. lutea.
In the insectary, estimated mean emergence dates differed from observed dates by an average of 3.7 days for S. lubricipeda and 2.4 days for S. lutea. Pupae were over‐wintered outdoors in S. England and in Scotland. Observed mean dates of moth emergence varied with altitude and latitude, and differed from estimated dates for S.lubricipeda by an average of 5.5 days.
Mortality did not exceed 30% except in two years in batches kept in wet boxes outdoors at Achnagoichan which is probably beyond the breeding range of both species in Britain. In the laboratory some pupae survived exposure to — 16°C for 192 h suggesting that winter mortality alone does not control the survival of these species at Achnagoichan.
Developmental and phenotypic responses to photoperiod in uni‐and bivoltine Pieris napi in California
Authors: SHAPIRO ARTHUR M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Coastal Californian Pieris napi are facultatively bivoltine, with two seasonal phenotypes, whereas inland populations from the Inner Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada are univoltine and monophenic.
When reared under continuous light at 25d̀C both coastal and inland stocks produce about 50% diapause pupae, which give rise to vernal‐phenotype adults. Non‐diapause pupae of all stocks give rise to summer‐phenotype adults, even though this phenotype does not exist in the wild in univoltine populations.
Univoltinism, which implies developmental suppression of the summer phenotype, is interpreted as a derivative from multivoltinism and an adaptation to host plant phenology.
Pupal colour polymorphism in Papilio machaon L. and the survival in the field of cryptic versus non‐cryptic pupae
Authors: WIKLUND CHRISTER 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

A field experiment was carried out in a natural habitat of Papilio machaon L. in southern Sweden to assess the evolutionary significance of pupal colour polymorphism.
Cryptic and non‐cryptic pupae were planted in pairs in the vegetation, and exposed to predators.
The protective coloration conferred a selective advantage approximating 1.5 on the cryptic pupae of the summer generation. In the overwintering generation no difference could be detected between the predation of cryptic and non‐cryptic pupae.
The adaptive fitness of protective coloration, as determined by the different rates of elimination of the colour morphs, was greater for the green pupae than for the brown ones.
Natural selection favours the evolution of a seasonal difference in the proportion of green and brown pupae in the summer and hibernating generations of P.machaon.
The ecology of a scale insect, Aulacaspis tegalensis, on sugar cane in East Africa
Authors: GREATHEAD D. J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The scale insect, Aulacaspis tegalensis, invaded a sugar estate near Moshi, Tanzania, in 1969.
The number of fields affected and scale abundance were estimated weekly by weighing eggs sifted from samples scraped from infested cane.
Abundance increased exponentially with the age of the cane, once mature cane began to develop at the age of six months, and it was also affected by the cane variety.
The principal source of temporal variation in abundance was weather, especially mean maximum temperature eight weeks before sampling, when the crawlers which gave rise to the females were settling.
The behaviour of crawlers is affected by temperature, humidity and sunshine.
Up to 25% of the crop was lost at the height of the infestation.
Wild natural enemies could not reduce scale numbers to an acceptable level.
Lindorus lophanthae (Coccinellidae) was introduced from Mauritius in 1971 and may have been responsible for the decline in scales which began after it had become abundant throughout the estate. Since 1972 loss of yield due to scale has been undetectable in the factory.
The results are discussed in relation to the situation in Mauritius, where L.lophanthae is ineffective and the implications of the studies for the reduction of losses by agronomic methods are detailed.
Entomophthora species infecting pea aphis
Authors: WILDING N. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Three species of Entomophthora infected the pea aphis, Acyrthosiphon pisum, on lucerne at Rothamsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, between 1967 and 1972 and caused a maximum mortality of 83% in July 1968.
E.thaxteriana, the commonest species, occurred each year and frequently infected aphids during cool weather in spring and autumn. E.aphidis and E.planchoniana were absent in some years and were most common during warm weather in midsummer.
The incidence of infection by the three species was correlated with the density of conidia in the air above the crop, host density and rainfall, but not with any other weather factor considered.
Infection at any time was much more closely related to environmental factors during the preceding 12 than 3 days. The regressions, however, were weak and the relative importance of different environmental factors for the spread of infection can probably only be determined under controlled conditions in the laboratory.
The life history and population biology of an intertidal aphid, Pemphigus trehernei Foster
Authors: FOSTER W. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The fluctuations in the density and composition of populations of Pemphigus trehernei, an aphid that lives on the roots of the halophyte Aster tripolium, were followed on an area of saltmarsh on the north Norfolk coast between 1971 and 1973.
The aphid has a typical Pemphigus life‐cycle, but the emphasis is on the non‐sexual anholocycle. Many diapausing aphids overwinter on the marsh and relatively few alates fly to or from it.
The aphids are confined to the top 11 cm of soil and are highly aggregated: the dispersion of the population can be fitted to the negative binomial. The absolute density of the populations is relatively low, with a mean value of about 2000 aphids/m2 of available marsh area.
Temperature, host‐plant growth and fungal attack are probably the most important factors affecting seasonal population fluctuations. Up to 50% of the populations may be infected with the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae, which is widespread in the soil.
Changing altitude and habitat preferences of two species of wood‐ant (Formica rufa and F. lugubris) in North Wales and Salop
Authors: HUGHES I. G. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The distribution of two species of wood‐ant in Mid and North Wales was investigated.
Formica rufa L. ranges from sea level to 200 m asl and is confined to warm sites with thermally favourable substrate open to direct insolation on south facing slopes. Most sites are on abandoned smelt furnace areas which provide stabilised islands of open ground surrounded by oak scrub.
Formica lugubris Zett. tolerates more shade, can survive on north facing slopes and is found at all altitudes to 305 m asl, the approximate treeline for the region. Populations still occur in natural open oak scrub at 200–300 m but the species has extended into derelict gold, copper and lead mine sites in wooded areas and has also spread into post‐1920 conifer plantations.
Upland oakwood on boulder scree near Rhayader should be preserved as an example of natural high density F.lugubris populations.
The pattern of wood‐ant distribution in England and Wales matches that of coppice distribution. This in turn reflects the history of pig iron production before the Industrial Revolution. Formica rufa, widespread in the primary iron producing region of S.E. England, is concentrated further north in the secondary iron producing areas of the Forest of Dean, Wyre, N.W. Wales and the Furness district of Cumbria and North Lancashire.
Use of pine resin in nests of pemphredonine wasps
Authors: MUDD A. , CORBET S. A. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

Species of Passaloecus seal their nests with a sticky material. Mass spectrometric comparisons showed this to resemble a pine resin.
Thin layer chromatography confirmed that the wasp door material was chemically similar to resin found in some conifer species near the nest.
Pine resin is an ideal ‘door material’, and its repellent properties may deter predators.