bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Live‐Donor Nephrectomy
Authors: Rocca Juan P. , Davis Eric , Edye Michael 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSix decades after its first implementation, kidney transplantation remains the optimal therapy for end‐stage renal disease requiring dialysis. Despite the incontrovertible mortality reduction and cost‐effectiveness of kidney transplantation, the greatest remaining barrier to treatment of end‐stage renal disease is organ availability. Although the waiting list of patients who stand to benefit from kidney transplantation grows at a rate proportional to the overall population and proliferation of diabetes and hypertension, the pool of deceased‐donor organs available for transplantation experiences minimal to no growth. Because the kidney is uniquely suited as a paired organ, the transplant community's answer to this shortage is living donation of a healthy volunteer's kidney to a recipient with end‐stage renal disease. This review details the history and evolution of living‐donor kidney transplantation in the United States as well as advances the next decade promises. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy has overcome many of the obstacles to living donation in terms of donor morbidity and volunteerism. Known donor risks in terms of surgical and medical morbidity are reviewed, as well as the ongoing efforts to delineate and mitigate donor risk in the context of accumulating recipient morbidity while on the waiting list. Mt Sinai J Med 2012 DOI: 10.1002/msj.21317
Model for large strain consolidation under constant rate of strain
Authors: Pu He‐Fu , Fox Patrick J. , Liu Yong 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYA numerical model, called CCRS1, is presented for one‐dimensional large strain consolidation under constant rate of strain loading conditions. The algorithm accounts for vertical strain, general constitutive relationships, relative velocity of fluid and solid phases, changing compressibility and hydraulic conductivity during consolidation, and an externally applied hydraulic gradient acting across the specimen. Soil compressibility is rate independent, and as such, the current model is most appropriate for less‐structured clays. Verification checks show excellent agreement with analytical and numerical solutions for small and large strain conditions. A series of numeric examples indicates that compressibility and hydraulic conductivity constitutive relationships can have an important effect on constant rate of strain consolidation response. Results also indicate that analytical solutions obtained using small strain theory can be in significant error for large strain conditions with changing coefficient of consolidation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boards of directors and innovation in nonprofit organizations
Authors: Jaskyte Kristina 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThere is a growing consensus that boards of directors “matter,” but the specific effects of board influences on organizational innovation remain unclear. Although boards of directors have been studied extensively in diverse disciplines—finance, management, sociology, nonprofit management, and economics—those studies have focused primarily on how board variables influence organizational effectiveness and performance. Missing from these studies is explanation of the relationships between the board of directors and organizational innovation (Wu, 2008a). This article links previous research and theories on governance and organizational innovation, examines how the board of directors may influence organizational innovation, and presents an integrative model that includes direct and indirect linkages between the board demographic and process variables, board effectiveness, and organizational innovation.
The nonprofit board as a team: Pilot results and initial insights
Authors: Nicholson Gavin , Newton Cameron , McGregor‐Lowndes Myles 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThere is a growing desire for boards of nonprofits to deliver better governance to the organizations they control. Consequently, self‐evaluation has become an important tool for nonprofit boards to meet these expectations and demonstrate that they are discharging their responsibilities effectively. This article describes initial results aimed at developing a psychometrically sound, survey‐based board evaluation instrument based on the Team Development Survey, which assesses the team attributes of an organization's board. Our results indicate that while constructs applicable to teams generally appear to apply to boards, there are also important differences. We highlight how a perception of board objective clarity, appropriate skills mix, resource availability, and psychological safety were positively and significantly associated with measures of board, management, and organizational performance.
Use of self‐assessment by nonprofit organization boards: The Swiss case
Authors: Lichtsteiner Hans , Lutz Vanessa 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNonprofit organizations are expected to be effective, efficient, and transparent, but they also must legitimize their governance practices. Such high expectations often lead to the adoption of concepts and practices from the for‐profit sector, including, notably, the use of self‐assessment. This article provides an overview of current practice in the use of self‐assessment by nonprofit boards in Switzerland, its antecedents, and its effects from a neoinstitutionalist perspective.
Hepatoblastoma clinical research: Lessons learned and future challenges
Authors: Perilongo Giorgio , Malogolowkin Marcio , Feusner James 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe past four decades has brought significant improvement to the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of children diagnosed with hepatoblastoma. These improvements are the results of multidisciplinary and multi‐institutional international cooperative trials, such as those conducted by the Children's Oncology Group (COG) or the International Childhood Liver Tumor Strategy Group (SIOPEL) and national studies such as those conducted in Germany and Japan. Due to the different treatment strategies used by the various groups, the information generated has been at times complementary but at other times contradictory. In this manuscript, we will provide a global picture of where “we stand and where we are going” in regards to clinical research of childhood hepatoblastoma. We will focus on lessons learned, especially in reference to the experiences of the COG and SIOPEL study groups, and discuss future challenges. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 818–821. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnosis and staging of hepatoblastoma: Imaging aspects
Authors: McCarville M. Beth , Roebuck Derek J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractImaging plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of children with hepatoblastoma. However, the continuing evolution of imaging technologies and rarity of hepatoblastoma make validation of imaging approaches challenging. In Europe and other parts of the world staging of hepatoblastoma is based on imaging features while in North America it is based on surgical resectability. In this review we discuss the clinical and imaging features that aid in diagnosing and monitoring children with hepatoblastoma. The potential roles of new imaging techniques are presented, and differences between staging systems are addressed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 793–799. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebral tissue hemoglobin saturation in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Quinn Charles T. , Dowling Michael M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundDesaturation of hemoglobin (Hb) in cerebral tissue, a physiologic marker of brain vulnerable to ischemic injury, can be detected non‐invasively by transcranial oximetry. Absolute cerebral oximetry has not been studied in sickle cell disease (SCD), a group at very high risk of cerebral infarction in whom prevention of brain injury is key.ProcedureWe measured absolute Hb saturation in cerebral tissue (SCTO2) in children with SCD using near‐infrared spectrophotometry and investigated the contributions of peripheral Hb saturation (SPO2), hematologic measures, cerebral arterial blood flow velocity, and cerebral arterial stenosis to SCTO2. We also assessed the effects of transfusion.ResultsWe studied 149 children with SCD (112 HbSS/Sβ0; 37 HbSC/Sβ+). SCTO2 was abnormally low in 75% of HbSS/Sβ0 and 35% of HbSC/Sβ+ patients. SCTO2 (mean ± SD) was 53.2 ± 14.2 in HbSS/Sβ0 and 66.1 ± 9.2% in SC/Sβ+ patients. SCTO2 correlated with age, sex, Hb concentration, reticulocytes, Hb F, and SPO2, but not transcranial Doppler arterial blood flow velocities as continuous measures. In multivariable models, SPO2, Hb concentration, and age were significant independent determinants of SCTO2. Cerebral vasculopathy was associated with ipsilateral cerebral desaturation. Transfusion increased SCTO2 and minimized the inter‐hemispheric differences in SCTO2 due to vasculopathy.ConclusionsCerebral desaturation, a physiologic marker of at‐risk brain, is common in SCD, more severe in HbSS/Sβ0 patients, and associated with peripheral desaturation, more severe anemia, and increasing age. Cerebral oximetry has the potential to improve the identification of children with SCD at highest risk of neurologic injury and possibly serve as a physiologic guide for neuroprotective therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 881–887. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poly(1‐hexene) with long methylene sequences and controlled branches obtained by a thermostable α‐diimine nickel catalyst with bulky camphyl backbone
Authors: Liu Fengshou , Gao Haiyang , Hu Zhilong , Hu Haibin , Zhu Fangming , Wu Qing 
Published: June 2012

Abstract1‐Hexene polymerizations catalyzed by α‐diimine nickel complexes after activation with modified methylaluminoxane were performed at various reaction temperatures. Effects of catalyst structure and polymerization temperature on activity and polymer microstructure were evaluated in detail. Bulky catalyst 1b with camphyl backbone exhibited good control ability and greatly enhanced thermal stability to be capable of polymerizing 1‐hexene at 80°C. The poly(1‐hexene)s with long methylene sequences and dominate branches (methyl and butyl) were synthesized using catalyst 1b. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis further confirmed that long polymethylene block ((CH2)n, n > 20) was formed in the poly(1‐hexene)s with melting point of 64°C obtained by catalyst 1b on the basis of initial branched model polyethylene. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Solution‐processable and thermally cross‐linkable fluorene‐cored triple‐triphenylamines with terminal vinyl groups to enhance electroluminescence of MEH‐PPV: Synthesis, curing, and optoelectronic properties
Authors: Wu Chia‐Shing , Yang Ya‐Ju , Fang Szu‐Wen , Chen Yun 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study reports the synthesis, curing, and optoelectronic properties of a solution‐processable, thermally cross‐linkable electron‐ and hole‐blocking material containing fluorene‐core and three periphery N‐phenyl‐N‐(4‐vinylphenyl)benzeneamine (FTV). The FTV exhibited good thermal stability with Td above 478 °C in nitrogen atmosphere. The FTV is readily cross‐linked via terminal vinyl groups by heating at 160 °C for 30 min to obtain homogeneous film with excellent solvent resistance. Multilayer PLED device [ITO/PEDOT:PSS/cured‐FTV/MEH‐PPV/Ca (50 nm)/Al (100 nm)] was successfully fabricated using solution processed. Inserting cured‐FTV is between PEDOT:PSS and MEH‐PPV results in simultaneous reduction in hole injection from PEDOT:PSS to MEH‐PPV and blocking in electron transport from MEH‐PPV to anode. The maximum luminance and maximum current efficiency were enhanced from 1810 and 0.27 to 4640 cd/m2 and 1.08 cd/A, respectively, after inserting cured‐FTV layer. Current results demonstrate that the thermally cross‐linkable FTV enhances not only device efficiency but also film homogeneity after thermal curing. FTV is a promising electron‐ and hole‐blocking material applicable for the fabrication of multilayer PLEDs based on PPV derivatives. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 000: 000–000, 2012
Synthesis of double hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) by single‐electron transfer–living radical polymerization
Authors: Nicol Erwan , Derouineau Thibault , Puaud Fanny , Zaitsev Andrii 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this study, the polymerization of (2‐hydroxyethyl) acrylate (HEA), in polar media, using Cu(0)‐mediated radical polymerization also called single‐electron transfer–living radical polymerization (SET‐LRP) is reported. The kinetics aspects of both the homopolymerization and the copolymerization from a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) macroinitiator were analyzed by 1H NMR. The effects of both the ligand and the solvent were studied. The polymerization was shown to reach very high monomer conversions and to proceed in a well‐controlled fashion in the presence of tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine Me6‐TREN and N, N,N′, N″, N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA) in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). SET‐LRP of HEA was also led in water, and it was shown to be faster than in DMSO. In pure water, Me6‐TREN allowed a better control over the molar masses and polydispersity indices than PMDETA and TREN. Double hydrophilic PEO‐b‐PHEA block copolymers, exhibiting various PHEA block lengths up to 100 HEA units, were synthesized, in the same manner, from a bromide‐terminated PEO macroinitiator. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Quality of life of Latina and Euro‐American women with ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: Bloom Joan R. , Stewart Susan L. , Napoles Anna M. , Hwang E. Shelly , Livaudais Jennifer C. , Karliner Leah , Kaplan Celia P. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundRisk factors for psychosocial distress following a breast cancer diagnosis include younger age, history of depression, inadequate social support, and serious comorbid conditions. Although these quality of life (QOL) concerns have been studied in women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), Latina women have been understudied.MethodsData were from a cross‐sectional telephone survey of Latina and Euro‐American women with DCIS recruited through a population‐based cancer registry. The sample included 396 Euro‐American women and 349 Latina women; 156 were interviewed in English and 193 in Spanish, with a median of 2 years after diagnosis. Regression models were created for measures in each of the following four QOL domains: physical, psychological, social, and spiritual.ResultsYounger age, no partner, and lower income were related to lower QOL in various domains. Physical comorbidities were associated with lower physical, psychological, and social QOL; lingering effects of surgery and prior depression were associated with lower QOL in all domains. English‐speaking and Spanish‐speaking Latinas (SSLs) reported higher spiritual QOL, and SSLs reported lower social QOL than Euro‐American women.ConclusionsDespite having lower mortality, women with DCIS are treated with surgery and radiation therapy as if they have invasive cancer, and the aftereffects of treatment can impact their QOL. SSLs are at risk for lower QOL partly because of poverty. However, Latinas' greater spiritual QOL may mitigate some of the psychological and social effects of treatment.ImplicationsIt is important to incorporate these findings into treatment decision making (choice of surgical treatment) and survivorship care (monitoring women with a history of depression or physical comorbidity). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An introduction to assessing process hazards
Authors: Dharmavaram Seshu , Klein James A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA surprising number of process incidents occur due to a lack of general understanding of process hazards and lack of basic hazards assessment, subsequently resulting in the absence of or inadequate Process Hazards Analysis (PHA) to provide appropriate safeguards for minimizing process risks. Comprehensive assessment of intrinsic hazards that are present in a chemical process or facility is one of the first steps necessary in documenting process safety information and technology prior to conducting PHAs and requires much more than, for example, just a review of the material safety data sheets of materials used in the process. This article reviews practical approaches for conducting and documenting intrinsic hazards assessments. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2012
Relative resistance or susceptibility of maple (Acer) species, hybrids and cultivars to six arthropod pests of production nurseries
Authors: Seagraves Bonny L , Redmond Carl T , Potter Daniel A 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Maples (Acer spp.) in production nurseries are vulnerable to numerous arthropod pests that can stunt or even kill the young trees. Seventeen cultivars representing various Acer species and hybrids were evaluated for extent of infestation or injury by shoot and trunk borers (Proteoteras aesculana, Chrysobothris femorata), potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae), Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica), maple spider mite (Oligonychus aceris) and calico scale (Eulecanium cerasorum). Evaluations were done in replicated field plots in central and western Kentucky.RESULTS: All of the maples were susceptible, to varying degrees, to one or more key pest(s). Red maples (A. rubrum) were relatively vulnerable to potato leafhopper injury and borers but nearly free of Japanese beetle feeding and spider mites. Sugar maples sustained conspicuous Japanese beetle damage but had very low mite populations, whereas the opposite was true for Freeman maples (A. × freemanii). A. campestre was heavily infested by calico scale. Within each species or hybrid there were cultivar differences in degree of infestation or damage by particular pests.CONCLUSION: The results should help growers to focus pest management efforts on those plantings at greatest risk from particular pests, and to choose cultivars requiring fewer insecticide inputs to produce a quality tree. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Entrainment and detrainment in cumulus convection: an overview
Authors: de Rooy Wim C. , Bechtold Peter , Fröhlich Kristina , Hohenegger Cathy , Jonker Harm , Mironov Dmitrii , Pier Siebesma A. , Teixeira Joao , Yano Jun‐Ichi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEntrainment and detrainment processes have been recognised for a long time as key processes for cumulus convection and have recently witnessed a regrowth of interest mainly due to the capability of large‐eddy simulations (LES) to diagnose these processes in more detail. This article has a twofold purpose. Firstly, it provides a historical overview of the past research on these mixing processes, and secondly, it highlights more recent important developments. These include both fundamental process studies using LES aiming to improve our understanding of the mixing process, but also more practical studies targeted toward an improved parametrised representation of entrainment and detrainment in large‐scale models. A highlight of the fundamental studies resolves a long‐lasting controversy by showing that lateral entrainment is the dominant mixing mechanism in comparison with the cloud‐top entrainment in shallow cumulus convection. The more practical studies provide a wide variety of new parametrisations with sometimes conflicting approaches to the way in which the effect of the free tropospheric humidity on the lateral mixing is taken into account. An important new insight that will be highlighted is that, despite the focus in the literature on entrainment, it appears that it is rather the detrainment process that determines the vertical structure of the convection in general and the mass flux especially. Finally, in order to speed up progress and stimulate convergence in future parametrisations, stronger and more systematic use of LES is advocated. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Gravity waves over Antarctica and the Southern Ocean: consistent momentum fluxes in mesoscale simulations and stratospheric balloon observations
Authors: Plougonven Riwal , Hertzog Albert , Guez Lionel 
Published: June 2012

AbstractStratospheric balloons from the Vorcore campaign have provided a unique description of the gravity‐wave field in the lower stratosphere above Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, during the austral spring of 2005. Mesoscale simulations are carried out to analyze further the gravity‐wave field. First, the realism of the simulated waves is assessed by comparison to the observations. A satisfactory overall agreement is found, but different behaviour is noted for orographic waves (overestimation in the simulations relative to the observations) and non‐orographic waves (underestimation). Second, the gravity‐wave field is analyzed in more detail than was possible from observations alone. It is necessary to distinguish and quantify orographic and non‐orographic waves separately. Orographic waves are larger and more intermittent, yet affect only a limited geographical region. Hence, although orographic sources stand out as ‘hot spots’ for gravity waves, their contribution to momentum fluxes entering the stratosphere is comparable to or smaller than the contribution of non‐orographic sources. A diagnostic for intermittency, the Gini coefficient, is proposed. It clearly marks the distinction between orographic and non‐orographic sources (intermittencies of ∼ 0.8 and ∼ 0.5 respectively). Sensitivity to resolution is quite small regarding the spatial structure of the gravity‐wave field, but is significant for the amplitudes. The momentum flux values increase by ∼ 2 when the horizontal resolution is doubled, and possible biases of both simulations and observations are discussed. Nonetheless, the good agreement between observations and simulations and the complementary information on the biases of each dataset promises that in the future these different estimates of gravity‐wave momentum fluxes may converge. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Analytic upscaling of a local microphysics scheme. Part I: Derivation
Authors: Larson Vincent E. , Griffin Brian M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn large‐scale simulations of the atmosphere, microphysical processes occur on smaller scales than the grid‐box size. If the processes are nonlinear, and the variability within a grid box is large, then ignoring the subgrid variability leads to inaccuracy. To avoid this inaccuracy, local microphysical formulas, valid at a point in space, may be upscaled to a large grid box.This may be done by integrating the local microphysical formula over the probability density function (PDF) that represents spatial subgrid variability. This paper will upscale local formulas proposed by Khairoutdinov and Kogan, which constitute a complete microphysics scheme for drizzle in marine stratocumulus. It is tractable to upscale this scheme because all formulas in it are power laws. The marginal PDFs will be assumed to have either a normal mixture or log‐normal functional form.In Part II of this pair of papers, the upscaled formulas are implemented interactively in a single‐column model and tested for a drizzling marine stratocumulus case. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society