bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absorption Spectra of 4‐Nitrophenolate Ions Measured in Vacuo and in Solution
Authors: Suhr Kirketerp Maj‐Britt , Åxman Petersen Michael , Wanko Marius , Andres Espinosa Leal Leonardo , Zettergren Henning , Raymo Françisco M. , Rubio Angel , Brøndsted Nielsen Mogens , Brøndsted Nielsen Steen 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFrom blue to red: While four π‐conjugated nitrophenolates absorb within a relatively narrow region in solution, they cover the entire visible spectrum when isolated in vacuo (see picture). The work combines gas‐ and solution‐phase spectroscopy and provides the first benchmark of theoretical excitation energies for nitrophenolates.magnified image
Phytosterols in 17 Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars
Authors: Yorulmaz Asli , Velioglu Y. Sedat , Tekin Aziz , Simsek Atilla , Drover John C. G. , Ates Jale 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe phytosterol contents of the oils from 17 Turkish hazelnut cultivars were determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The total phytosterol content varied from 1180.4 (Uzunmusa‐Ordu) to 2239.4 mg/kg (Cavcava), and the average was 1581.6 ± 265.1 mg/kg. One of the most significant commercial cultivars, Tombul, contained quite low total phytosterols (1297.7 mg/kg). Total and individual phytosterol contents of hazelnut cultivars were significantly different at p <0.01, except for phytostanol and campestanol. The main component was β‐sitosterol which ranged from 82.8 to 86.7% in all cultivars. This was followed by campesterol, Δ5‐avenasterol, sitostanol and stigmasterol. Interestingly, the same cultivars from different regions showed similar total phytosterol contents, and fall almost within the same range according to Duncan's test, which may indicate that the phytosterol content is highly related to the cultivar.
Well‐balancing issues related to the RKDG2 scheme for the shallow water equations
Authors: Kesserwani Georges , Liang Qiuhua , Vazquez José , Mosé Robert 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDiscontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element methods have salient features that are mainly highlighted by their locality, their easiness in balancing the flux and source term gradients and their component‐wise structure. In the light of this, this paper aims to provide insights into the well‐balancing property of a second‐order Runge–Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG2) method. For this purpose, a Godunov‐type RKDG2 method is presented for solving the shallow water equations. The scheme is based on local DG linear approximations and does not entail any special treatment of the source terms in order to achieve well‐balanced numerical results. The performance of the present RKDG2 scheme in reproducing conserved solutions for both free surface and discharge over strongly irregular topography is demonstrated by applying to several hydraulic benchmarks. Meanwhile, the effects of different slope limiting procedures on the well‐balancing property are investigated and discussed. This work may provide useful guidelines for developing a well‐balanced RKDG2 numerical scheme for shallow water flow simulation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep patterns, sleep disturbances and sleepiness in retired Iranian elders
Authors: Malakouti Seyed Kazem , Foroughan Mahshid , Nojomi Marzieh , Ghalebandi Mir Farhad , Zandi Taher 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectivesComplaints of sleep disturbance increase with age and many studies have reported on the relationship of sleep problems to the greater use of health services, physical and mental morbidity, functional decline, and all causes of mortality. This study aimed to examine sleep patterns and sleep disturbances in Iranian elders and correlate their sleep quality to their health status.MethodsFour hundred men and women, aged 60 years or older, were interviewed by trained interviewers regarding their physical and mental health status. The Pittsburghh Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were then administered to each participant. The data gathered were analyzed using χ2‐test, t‐test, and one‐way analysis of variance and logistic regression.ResultsThe results indicated that the majority of participants (82.6%) suffered from poor sleep quality and approximately one‐third (29.2%) experienced sleepiness during the daytime. Difficulty falling asleep (p ≤ 0.001) and maintaining sleep (p ≤ 0.01) and the feeling of being too hot at night (p ≤ 0.005) were significantly more prevalent in women, but men suffered more from leg twitching (p ≤ 0.01). Being female (OR = 2.52), and having GHQ scores of more than 11 (OR = 4.14) increased the risk of poor sleep quality considerably.ConclusionPromoting sleep hygiene education of elders in primary health care services are recommended. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How much do depressive symptoms affect cognition at the population level? The monongahela–youghiogheny healthy aging team (MYHAT) study
Authors: Ganguli Mary , Snitz Beth , Bilt Joni Vander , Chang Chung‐Chou H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the impact of subjective depressive symptoms on objective performance on tests of several cognitive domains, in a community‐based sample of older adults.MethodsAn age‐stratified sample of 2036 individuals aged 65+ years was drawn from the electoral rolls of a U.S. community, excluding individuals with moderate to severe cognitive impairment. A cognitive test battery and a modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression scale (mCES‐D) were completed by 1982 participants. Cognitive test scores were compared across levels of depressive symptoms, and composite scores created to represent cognitive domains of attention, language, memory, visuospatial, and executive function. Multivariable regression models tested the association of depressive symptoms with cognitive domain composite scores, adjusting for age, sex, race, and education.ResultsMost participants reported no depressive symptoms. Small differences in cognitive scores were observed on all tests among those with 0, 1–2, and ≥3 symptoms. Adjusting for demographic variables, depressive symptoms remained associated with lower performance on all cognitive composites except attention, most strongly with executive function. Depressive symptoms explained <2% of the variance in test scores, less than that explained by age or education.ConclusionIn this population‐based sample of older adults, restricted to those with normal or only mildly impaired cognition, a relatively small proportion reported any depressive symptoms. The number of depressive symptoms had strong statistically significant associations with performance in most cognitive domains. However, depressive symptoms explained little of the variance in cognitive performance, with relatively small differences in scores among those with and without symptoms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors according to estrogen receptor status of breast cancer patients in Trivandrum, South India
Authors: Dey Subhojit , Boffetta Paolo , Mathews Anitha , Brennan Paul , Soliman Amr , Mathew Aleyamma 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEstrogen receptor (ER) status is an important biomarker in defining subtypes of breast cancer differing in antihormonal therapy response, risk factors and prognosis. However, little is known about association of ER status with various risk factors in the developing world. Our case–control study done in Kerala, India looked at the associations of ER status and risk factors of breast cancer. From 2002 to 2005, 1,208 cases and controls were selected at the Regional Cancer Center (RCC), Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Information was collected using a standardized questionnaire, and 3‐way analyses compared ER+/ER− cases, ER+ cases/controls and ER− cases/controls using unconditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The proportion of ER− cases was higher (64.1%) than ER+ cases. Muslim women were more likely to have ER− breast cancer compared to Hindus (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.09, 2.02), an effect limited to premenopausal group (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.26, 2.77). Women with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to have ER+ breast cancer (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.98). Increasing BMI increased likelihood of ER− breast cancer in premenopausal women (p for trend < 0.001). Increasing age of marriage was positively associated with both ER+ and ER− breast cancer. Increased breastfeeding and physical activity were in general protective for both ER+ and ER− breast cancer. The findings of our study are significant in further understanding the relationship of ER status and risk factors of breast cancer in the context of the Indian subcontinent. © 2009 UICC
Feasible estimation of firm‐specific allocative inefficiency through Bayesian numerical methods
Authors: Atkinson Scott E. , Dorfman Jeffrey H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBoth the theoretical and empirical literature on the estimation of allocative and technical inefficiency has grown enormously. To minimize aggregation bias, ideally one should estimate firm and input‐specific parameters describing allocative inefficiency. However, identifying these parameters has often proven difficult. For a panel of Chilean hydroelectric power plants, we obtain a full set of such parameters using Gibbs sampling, which draws sequentially from conditional generalized method of moments (GMM) estimates obtained via instrumental variables estimation. We find an economically significant range of firm‐specific efficiency estimates with differing degrees of precision. The standard GMM approach estimates virtually no allocative inefficiency for industry‐wide parameters. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of nucleoside analogs of 1,4‐oxathiane, 1,4‐dithiane, and 1,4‐dioxane
Authors: Szarek Walter A. , Vyas Dolatrai M. , Achmatowicz Barbara 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe two regioisomers 6‐chloro‐9‐(1, 4‐oxathian‐3‐yl)‐9H‐purine (5) and 6‐chloro‐9‐(1,4‐oxathian‐2‐yl)‐9H‐purine (6) were obtained when 3‐acetoxy‐1,4‐oxathiane (3) was subjected to the acid‐catalyzed fusion procedure; compound 3 was prepared by a Pummerer reaction with 1,4‐oxathiane 4‐oxide (2). The nucleoside analog 6 could he converted into the adenine derivative 7 and 9‐(1,4‐oxathian‐2‐yl)‐9H‐purine‐6(1H)thione (8). The following nucleoside analogs have also been synthesized: 6‐chloro‐9‐(1,4‐dithian‐2‐yl)‐9H‐purine (13), 9‐(1,4‐dithian‐2‐yl)adenine (14), 9‐(1,4‐dithian‐2‐yl)‐9H‐purine‐6(1H)thione (15), and 6‐chloro‐9‐(1,4‐dioxan‐2‐yl)‐9H‐purine (18).
The chemistry of 2H‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐2,4(1H)dione (isatoic anhydrides) 1. The synthesis of N‐substituted 2H‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐2,4(1H)diones
Authors: Hardtmann Goetz E. , Koletar Gabor , Pfister Oskar R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThree methods for the preparation of N‐substituted 2H‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐2,4(1H)diones (isatoic anhydrides) (1) utilizing 2‐chloro‐, 2‐nitrobenzoic acids and N‐unsubstituted isatoic anhydrides as starting materials, are described.
On the reactions between ethyl benzoylacetate and anisidines
Authors: Venturella Pietro , Bellino Aurora 
Published: April 2009

Abstract4‐Hydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐3‐[(m‐methoxyphenylimino)‐phenylmethyl]‐2‐quinolone (6) was a by‐product of the condensation of ethyl benzoylacetate and m‐anisidine; no corresponding products were obtained from p‐ and o‐anisidine. From o‐anisidine, 2‐phenyl‐8‐methoxy‐4‐quinolone (1c) was isolated and characterized; the same reaction also gave 2‐phenyl‐4‐o‐anisidyl‐1‐8‐methoxy‐quinoline (11) and the Schiff base (14) as by‐products; the crotonamide (15) also isolated, is a possible intermediate of the cyclization. The direct condensation of anisidines with ethyl benzoylacetate in diphenyl ether and the transformations of some intermediates were studied.
Homolytic aromatic substitution by heterocyclic free radicals. Reaction of 3‐quinolyl and 8‐quinolyl radicals with aromatic compounds
Authors: Hassanaly Parina , Vernin Gaston , Dou Henri J. M. , Metzger Jacques 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFree radicals obtained from 3‐ and 8‐aminoquinolines were studied in various aromatic substrates. Isomer percent, reaction yields, and overall reactivities towards benzene are recorded.
Improved preparation and characterization of unsaturated γ‐lactones
Authors: Wineburg John P. , Abrams Cyril , Swern Daniel 
Published: April 2009

AbstractImproved, high yield procedures for the preparation of unsaturated γ‐lactones (I‐IV) from saturated γ‐lactones (V) are described. Compounds V are first converted to the sodium salts of the corresponding γ‐hydroxy acids (VI) (100%) which are oxidized within fifteen minutes to the γ‐keto acids (VII) (75–85%) by bromine at pH 6‐7.5. Acid‐catalyzed reaction of VII with acetic anhydride at room temperature for fifteen minutes yields γ‐acetoxy‐γ‐lactones (VIII) (70–90%). Pyrolysis of VIII at 200–330° yields I‐IV (70–95%), the composition of which depends on whether strongly acidic contaminants have been completely removed from VIII prior to pyrolysis. In selected cases studied, fractional distillation permits the isolation of pure unsaturated lactones. Nmr has been extensively used to determine purity at each step and the composition of mixtures of I‐IV.
Synthèse et réactivité des bromhydrines dérivées de la chromone
Authors: Merle A. , Descotes G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLes dérivés bromohydroxylés 2 de la chromone (1) sont obtenus principalement par addition de N‐bromosuccinimide dans le diméthylsulfoxyde. Les configurations et conformations de 2 sont précisées par RMN. Les alcoolates alcalins provoquent une regression de cycle de 2 en conduisant à la formyl‐2 benzofuranone‐3 (8).
Novel synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted s‐tetrazines
Authors: Lang S. A. , Johnson B. D. , Cohen E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of unsymmetrical 3‐aryl and 3‐heterocyclic s‐tetrazines has been examined and the scope of the reaction and the product distribution is discussed. The products included unsymmetrical and symmetrical s‐tetrazines, hydrazines, diimides, tetrazoles and triazoles with the composition of the mixtures with respect to structural type varying with the individual reactions. Some transformations with the system are discussed.
Synthesis of acridines from diphenylamine‐2‐carboxaldehydes prepared via the mcfadyen‐stevens reaction
Authors: Graboyes Harold , Anderson Elvin L. , Levinson Sidney H. , Resnick Theodore M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA general synthesis of acridines has been developed using diphenylamine‐2‐carboxaldehydes. Diphenylamine‐2‐carboxylic acids are converted to their p‐toluenesulfonylhydrazides which are decomposed using a modified McFadyen‐Stevens reaction to yield an aldehyde derivative which affords the acridine upon treatment with mineral acid.
Acetylenic ketones. I. Reaction of aroylphenylacetylenes with compounds containing an active methylene group
Authors: Baddar F. G. , Al‐Hajjar F. H. , El‐Rayyes N. R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAroylphenylacetylenes reacted with ethyl phenylacetate and benzyl cyanide in the presence of sodium ethoxide to give 6‐aryl‐3,4‐diphenyl‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones (2) and 4‐aroyl‐2,3‐cis‐diphenyl‐crotonitriles (11), respectively. The structure and configuration of the products are based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence.
Mannich reactions. Synthesis of 4,5‐dihydropyrrolo[l,2‐a]quinoxalines, 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐lH‐pyrrolo[l,2‐a] [l,4]diazepines and 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[ 1,2‐a] [ 1,4]benzodiazepines
Authors: Raines Stephen , Chai Sie Yearl , Palopoli Frank P. 
Published: April 2009

Abstractl‐(2‐Aminophenyl)pyrrole (I) and l‐[2‐(aminomethyl)]phenylpyrrole hydrochloride (III) undergo cyclization reactions with aldehydes and ketones to form 4,5‐dihydropyrrolo[l,2‐a]‐ quinoxalines and 5,6‐dihydropyrrolo[l,2‐a][l,4]benzodiazepines, respectively. It was also found that the use of the free base of compounds corresponding to III do not cyclize directly but lead instead to the intermediate Schiff bases which are subsequently cyclized to the desired benzodiazepines by treatment with hydrochloric acid.
Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. Part DCLV.. Two stereoisomers of 1‐benzyl‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐4,5‐dimethylpiperidin‐2‐one
Authors: Kametani Tetsuji , Huang Shyh‐Pyng , Ihara Masataka , Fukumoto Keiichiro 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe stereochemistry of two diastereoisomers of 1‐benzyl‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐4,5‐dimethylpiperidin‐2‐one (IV), which is an intermediate for synthesis of pentazocine (I), was elucidated.
Some reactions of 1‐lithio‐2‐n‐butyl‐1,2‐dihydropyridine. VI. Synthesis of β‐substituted pyridines
Authors: Knaus E. E. , Ondrus T. A. , Giam C. S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractReaction of the ambident anion 1‐lithio‐2‐n‐butyl‐1,2‐dihydropyridine (1) with several electrophilic reagents has been investigated. Direct methods for the introduction of amino, bromo, β‐pyridyl, arylselenyl, alkanesulfonyl and methyl substituents into the β‐position of pyridine are described.
Pyridazines. LXXXIV. Studies on borohydride reduction of pyridazine compounds
Authors: Kadaba P. K. , Stanovnik B. , Tišler M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractImidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine, s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazine and tetrazolo[1,5‐b]pyridazine and some derivatives thereof were reduced with sodium borohydride to give the corresponding 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro derivatives. A mechanism for these reductions is proposed and reduction at the C7‐C8 bond occurs before the reduction of the C6N5 bond. Substituents at position 7 and/or 8 cause a significant decrease in the extent of reduction or lead to a 5,6‐dihydro derivative by competitive attack at the 6 position.
The reaction of aromatic aldehydes with methyl‐substituted 4H‐pyrido [1,2‐α] pyrimidin‐4‐ones
Authors: Yale Harry L. , Spitzmiller Ervin R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSodium methoxide in methanol was the single effective reagent for the reactions between 2,8‐dimethyl‐, 3, 2,9‐dimethyl‐, 1, and 2,3,9‐trimethyl‐4H‐pyrido[1,2‐α]pyrimidin‐4‐one, 2, and either benzaldehyde or 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzaldehyde. The phenylethenyl derivatives that were formed had the trans‐configuration. Although an excess of aldehyde and sodium methoxide as well as long heating periods were employed, with 1 and 2 reaction occurred only at the 2‐methyl substituent; with 3, however, a trace amount of the 2,8‐bis‐(phenylethenyl) derivative was also isolated.
Heterocyclic compounds. VI. Synthesis of poly nuclear thienopyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Manhas M. S. , Amin S. G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractQuinazoline derivatives have received great interest because of their potential biological activity. This communication describes a facile method for the synthesis of substituted thiophenopyrimidones. 2‐Amino‐3‐earbethoxy‐4,5‐tetramethylenethiophene on heating with substituted imidoyl‐chlorides, iminoethers, iminothioethers or thioamides affords thiophenopyrimidones. By using this method a number of such compounds of varying complexity were synthesized which are otherwise not so easily accessible.
Tetraethyl 4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐2,3,5,6‐pyridinetetracarboxylate
Authors: Carabateas P. M. , Williams Gordon L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractReaction of 3‐nitrobenzaldehyde with diethyl oxalacetate in the presence of piperidine acetate and then ammonium acetate/acetic acid gave a moderate yield of tetraethyl 1,4‐dihydro‐4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐2,3,5,6‐pyridinetetracarboxylate. This was oxidized with nitric acid to tetraethyl 4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐2,3,5,6‐pyridinetetracarhoxylate which was hydrolyzed and decarboxylated to give 4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)pyridine.
An adaptive domain decomposition coupled finite element–boundary element method for solving problems in elasto‐plasticity
Authors: Elleithy Wael , Grzhibovskis Richards 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present an adaptive finite element–boundary element method (FEM–BEM) coupling method that is valid for both two‐ and three‐dimensional elasto‐plastic analyses. The method takes care of the evolution of the elastic and plastic regions. It eliminates the cumbersome of a trial and error process in the identification of the FEM and BEM sub‐domains in the standard FEM–BEM coupling approaches. The method estimates the FEM and BEM sub‐domains and automatically generates/adapts the FEM and BEM meshes/sub‐domains, according to the state of computation. The results for two‐ and three‐dimensional applications in elasto‐plasticity show the practicality and the efficiency of the adaptive FEM–BEM coupling method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring psychosocial risk in families caring for a child with cancer: The psychosocial assessment tool (PAT2.0)
Authors: McCarthy Maria C. , Clarke Naomi E. , Vance Alasdair , Ashley David M. , Heath John A. , Anderson Vicki A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0 (PAT2.0) is a recently developed screening measure for assessing psychosocial risk in families caring for a child with cancer. This study aimed to assess the external validity of the PAT2.0 in an Australian pediatric oncology sample. Further aims included examining mothers' and fathers' PAT2.0 scores, change in psychosocial risk over time, and the relationship between treatment intensity and psychosocial risk.ProcedureParents of 143 children newly diagnosed with cancer completed the PAT2.0 at diagnosis (T1) and 6–8 months later (T2). A treatment intensity measure (ITR‐2) was completed by two clinical oncologists.ResultsThe PAT2.0 stratified families into a 3‐tiered risk framework and was consistent with existing data from the authors of the scale. The majority of families were stratified into the Universal (lowest risk) category; more than one‐third of families had some elevated psychosocial risk. PAT2.0 scores of mothers and fathers were correlated and psychosocial risk remained relatively stable between T1 and T2. Treatment intensity scores were not related to PAT2.0 scores at T2.ConclusionsFindings support the external validity of the PAT2.0 as a psychosocial screener. Mothers' and fathers' ratings of risk are similar; however, multi‐informant use of the PAT2.0 may be clinically useful. Psychosocial risk, as measured by the PAT2.0, is a relatively stable construct over the first months of treatment and is independent of treatment intensity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:78–83. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wilms tumour and paternal occupation: An analysis of data from the national registry of childhood tumours
Authors: Fear N.T. , Vincent T.J. , King J.C. , MacCarthy A. , Bunch K.J. , Murphy M.F.G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundWilms tumour is an embryonal malignant tumour that accounts for 90% of childhood kidney cancers. Parental occupational exposure has been hypothesised to be a cause of childhood Wilms tumour, in particular exposure to pesticides. However, the findings are inconsistent.ProcedureWe have examined the association between paternal occupational exposures and Wilms tumour using birth registration data for cases (n = 2568) from the National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT) and matched controls (n = 2,568) drawn from the general population of Great Britain. Paternal occupation, as recorded at the time of birth, was used to infer “occupational exposure” using a previously defined occupational exposure classification scheme. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were generated using conditional logistic regression with exact methods to estimate the association between each paternal occupational exposure group and childhood Wilms tumour.ResultsAll odds ratios were close to 1.00 and no statistically significant associations were observed.ConclusionThe results of this study failed to support any of the previously identified associations between paternal occupation and childhood Wilms tumour. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:28–32. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.