bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow visualization and solute transport in evaporating droplets
Authors: Jaijus Pallippadan Johny , Singh Anugrah 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe have investigated the velocity field and associated particle transport in an evaporating water droplet using the tool of particle image velocimetry. Experiments were performed where single droplets containing polystyrene particles were exposed to evaporation. Our method applicable to droplets confined between two parallel surfaces differs from the conventional PIV techniques on the 3D droplets and removes many of the limitations associated with mapping of velocity field. To avoid refraction of light at the droplet surface we have studied the motion in a disc‐shaped droplet which was prepared by confining the drop between two nonwetting surfaces and its base is pinned to a wetting surface. Experiments were carried out under the conditions where Marangoni flow creates convection cells and finally leading to deposition of particles toward the pinned edge. The contact angle, height of the droplet, velocity field, and the particle concentration inside the evaporating droplet was measured and its time evolution was recorded. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 56: 1674–1683, 2010
Excessive longitudinal FEV1 decline and risks to future health: A case–control study
Authors: Wang Mei Lin , Avashia Bipin H. , Wood John , Petsonk Edward L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundAccelerated loss of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) in an individual is considered an indicator of developing lung disease.MethodsWe investigated longitudinal FEV1 slopes, calculated by simple linear regression, and adverse health outcomes after 10–30 years, among 1,428 chemical plant workers. Cases were defined by FEV1 slopes below 5th percentile values for the cohort. Cases were matched with controls (107 pairs) for race, gender, smoking status, year of birth, age, height, and calendar year at first test. Matched pair statistics were used for comparisons.ResultsCases had a higher proportion, compared to controls, of diagnosis of COPD or emphysema (17.8% vs. 1.9%, P = 0.0002), medication use for respiratory diseases (24.3% vs. 4.7%, P < 0.0001), dyspnea (15% vs. 3.7%, P = 0.0042), and wheezing or rhonchi on examination (10.3% vs. 1.9%, P = 0.0225).ConclusionsChemical plant workers who experienced accelerated FEV1 declines experienced four to nine times as many adverse health conditions over 10–30 years. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:909–915, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing the contribution of working conditions to socioeconomic disparities in health: A commentary
Authors: Landsbergis Paul A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIntroductionOccupational health researchers can play a pivotal role in increasing our understanding of the role of physical and psychosocial working conditions in producing socioeconomic health disparities and trends of increasing socioeconomic health disparities, contributing to interventions to reduce such disparities, and helping to improve public education materials on this subject. However, a number of methodological challenges in this field need to be considered.MethodsCommentary, including a review of selected studies.Results/ConclusionResearch needs to be guided by models of the associations between social (socioeconomic position (SEP), race/ethnicity, immigration status, and gender) and occupational variables and health, to avoid inappropriate control for confounding, and to specify causal pathways (mediation) and interaction effects. Different approaches to the theory and measurement of SEP also need to be tested. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:95–103 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of film for community conservation education in primate habitat countries
Authors: Wright Juliet H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWildlife films have become an integral part of broadcast schedules in developed countries. As charismatic mammals, primates are frequently the focus of the wildlife filmmaker's attention. Yet the people watching these films tend to be situated on different continents from the species concerned. Communities in primate habitat countries are unlikely to ever have the opportunity to gain such an insight into the species with which they share their environment and the threats these species face. Over recent years, an increasing number of filmmakers are realizing the importance of reaching local audiences through film for conservation purposes. Published research on the impact films can have on eliciting conservation action in developed or developing countries is minimal. The perceived power of wildlife films to change attitudes and behaviors is largely based on anecdotal evidence. This commentary highlights the on‐going debate regarding the conservation impact of wildlife films, discusses the work of various NGOs that are using films for conservation purposes in habitat countries and makes recommendations with regards to the film type and situational context necessary to promote positive conservation behavior in communities. Bespoke conservation films convey a specific message to a specific audience at a particular point in time. If produced by trained local conservation educators, these films are likely to have the biggest impact. Films must be shown as a part of a conservation education program that incorporates other education materials and group discussion so that the desired conservation message can be clearly defined and reinforced. Audiences should not be made to feel disillusioned, depressed or vilified by the content of wildlife films. Rather films should increase support for conservation and empower people to act. Once enthusiasm for specific conservation actions has been created, practical assistance and follow‐up support is necessary to ensure ideas are implemented. Am. J. Primatol. 72:462–466, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of habitat fragmentation and disturbance on howler monkeys: a review
Authors: Arroyo‐Rodríguez Víctor , Dias Pedro Américo D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe examined the literature on the effects of habitat fragmentation and disturbance on howler monkeys (genusAlouatta) to (1) identify different threats that may affect howlers in fragmented landscapes; (2) review specific predictions developed in fragmentation theory and (3) identify the empirical evidence supporting these predictions. Although howlers are known for their ability to persist in both conserved and disturbed conditions, we found evidence that they are negatively affected by high levels of habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation. Patch size appears to be the main factor constraining populations in fragmented habitats, probably because patch size is positively related to food availability, and negatively related to anthropogenic pressures, physiological stress and parasite loads. Patch isolation is not a strong predictor of either patch occupancy or population size in howlers, a result that may be related to the ability of howlers to move among forest patches. Thus, we propose that it is probable that habitat loss has larger consistent negative effects on howler populations than habitat fragmentation per se. In general, food availability decreases with patch size, not only due to habitat loss, but also because the density of big trees, plant species richness and howlers' home range size are lower in smaller patches, where howlers' population densities are commonly higher. However, it is unclear which vegetation attributes have the biggest influence on howler populations. Similarly, our knowledge is still limited concerning the effects of postfragmentation threats (e.g. hunting and logging) on howlers living in forest patches, and how several endogenous threats (e.g. genetic diversity, physiological stress, and parasitism) affect the distribution, population structure and persistence of howlers. More long‐term studies with comparable methods are necessary to quantify some of the patterns discussed in this review, and determine through meta‐analyses whether there are significant inter‐specific differences in species' responses to habitat loss and fragmentation. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1–16, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of extreme seasonality of climate and day length on the activity budget and diet of semi‐commensal chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) in the Cape Peninsula of South Africa
Authors: van Doorn A.C. , O'Riain M.J. , Swedell L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe examined the effects of extreme seasonality on the activity budget and diet of wild chacma baboons with access to a high‐quality, human‐derived food source. The Cape Peninsula of South Africa is unusual among nonhuman primate habitats due to its seasonal extremes in day length and climate. Winter days are markedly shorter and colder than summer days but have higher rainfall and higher primary production of annually flowering plants. This combination of fewer daylight hours but higher rainfall is substantially different from the ecological constraints faced by both equatorial baboon populations and those living in temperate climates with summer rainfall. We sought to understand how these seasonal differences affect time budgets of food‐enhanced troops in comparison to both other food‐enhanced troops and wild foraging troops at similar latitudes. Our results revealed significant seasonal differences in activity budget and diet, a finding that contrasts with other baboon populations with access to high‐return anthropogenic foods. Similar to nonprovisioned troops at similar latitudes, troop members spent more time feeding, socializing, and traveling during the long summer days compared to the short winter days, and proportionately more time feeding and less time resting in summer compared to winter. Summer diets consisted mainly of fynbos and nonindigenous foods, whereas winter diets were dominated by annually flowering plants (mainly grasses) and ostrich pellets raided from a nearby ostrich farm. In this case, food enhancement may have effectively exaggerated seasonal differences in activity budgets by providing access to a high‐return food (ostrich pellets) that was spatially and temporally coincident with abundant winter fallback foods (grasses). The frequent use of both alien vegetation and high‐return, human‐derived foods highlights the dietary flexibility of baboons as a key element of their overall success in rapidly transforming environments such as the South African Cape Peninsula. Am. J. Primatol. 72:104–112, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Severe embryolethality of artesunate related to pharmacokinetics following intravenous and intramuscular doses in pregnant rats
Authors: Li Qigui , Si Yuanzheng , Xie Lisa , Zhang Jing , Weina Peter 
Published: October 2009

AbstractArtesunate (AS), a rapid, effective, and safe antimalarial drug, has been used for the treatment of malaria for decades. However, severe embryolethality was found for injectable AS in pregnant animals. In the present study, pregnant rats were selected and dosed with AS (GMP product) intravenously (IV) and intramuscularly (IM) at varied doses daily for 13 days from gestation day (GD) 6 to 18. In addition, a toxic dose of 1.2 mg/kg/day was subsequently tested in the GD 6–10, GD 11–15, and GD 16–20 periods of rat pregnancy. A pharmacokinetic study was also conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of AS following the IM administrations. Results showed that no significant adverse effects were found in maternal rats. All of the fetuses were either damaged or reabsorbed by placentas in treated pregnant rats, but doses did not show an adverse effect at 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg after IV and IM administrations, respectively. The survival rate of fetuses is dose‐dependent and the 50% fetus re‐absorption doses (FRD50) were 0.61 and 0.60 mg/kg following the IV and IM, respectively. The most drug‐sensitive period, showing severe embryotoxicity, was between GD 11 and 15 for injectable AS. When calculated with total concentrations of AS and dihydroartemisinin, an active metabolite of AS, the bioavailability of 97.8% after intramuscular injection was fulfilled to a bioequivalence of that in intravenous treatment. The fact that injectable AS exhibited severe embryolethality after both IV and IM injections seems related to their comparable pharmacokinetic profiles that indicate high peak concentrations in pregnant animals. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 86:385–393, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preventive effect of piperonyl butoxide on cyclophosphamide‐induced teratogenesis in rats
Authors: Park Dongsun , Kim Sunghyun , Kang Hyomin , Oh Jiyoung , Jang Ja Young , Shin Sunhee , Kim Tae Kyun , Choi Young Jin , Lee Sun Hee , Kim Ki‐Yon , Joo Seong Soo , Kim Yun‐Bae 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Cyclophosphamide induces fetal defects through metabolic activation by cytochrome P‐450 monooxygenases (CYP). The effects of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a CYP inhibitor, on the fetal development and external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities induced by cyclophosphamide were investigated in rats.METHODS:Pregnant rats were daily administered PBO (400 mg/kg) by gavage for 7 days (the 6th to 12th day of gestation), and intraperitoneally administered with cyclophosphamide (12 mg/kg) 4 h after the final treatment. On the 20th day of gestation, maternal and fetal abnormalities were determined by Cesarean section.RESULTS:Cyclophosphamide reduced fetal body weights by 30–40% without increasing resorption or death. In addition, it induced malformations in live fetuses: 100, 98, and 98.2% of the external (head and limb defects), visceral (cerebroventricular dilatation, cleft palate, and renal pelvic/ureteric dilatation), and skeletal (acrania, vertebral/costal malformations, and delayed ossification) abnormalities, respectively. The pre‐treatment of PBO greatly decreased mRNA expression and activity of hepatic CYP2B, which metabolizes cyclophosphamide into teratogenic acrolein and cytotoxic phosphoramide mustard. Moreover, PBO remarkably attenuated cyclophosphamide‐induced body weight loss and abnormalities of fetuses; score 3.57 versus 1.87 for exencephaly, 75.5% versus 42.5% for limb defects, 65.3% versus 22% for cerebroventricular dilatation, 59.2% versus 5.1% for cleft palate, score 1.28 versus 0.93 for renal pelvic/ureteric dilatation, 71.9–82.5% versus 23–45.9% for vertebral/costal malformations, and 84.2% versus 57.4% for delayed ossification in cyclophosphamide alone and PBO co‐administration groups.CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that repeated treatment with PBO may improve cyclophosphamide‐induced body weight loss and malformations of fetuses by down‐regulating CYP2B.Birth Defects Res (Part B)86:402–408, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy in the Third Reich: An outline, part 1. National Socialist politics, anatomical institutions, and anatomists
Authors: Hildebrandt S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlthough it is known that anatomists working in Germany during the Third Reich have used bodies of victims of the National Socialist (NS) regime for dissection and research, a comprehensive history of the anatomy in the Third Reich has not yet been written. Recent studies of the history of German anatomy departments during this time period provide material for a first outline of the subject matter. A historical review can help with the formulation of ethical foundations in modern anatomy. From the outset, the NS regime sought to reorganize German universities according to NS leadership principles and political goals. Many German academics, especially physicians and among them anatomists, followed these intentions with a voluntary “self‐alignment” that encompassed their professional actions as well as their ethics. Currently, political information is available for 111 of 178 anatomists. Thirty‐eight of the anatomists were dismissed for racial or political reasons, among them 10 chairmen of anatomy, whereas 35 of the anatomists were politically active members of one of the NS organizations. Over 70% of the chairmen of anatomical departments in the time period from 1941 to 1944 were members of NS organizations. Anatomists, as so many other physicians and academics, belonged both, to the group of victims of the regime, i.e., those being dismissed from their positions for racial and political reasons, and to the group of supporters and sometimes active perpetrators of NS policies. Clin. Anat. 22:883–893, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy in the Third Reich: An outline, part 2. Bodies for anatomy and related medical disciplines
Authors: Hildebrandt S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAll anatomical departments of German universities used bodies of the executed and other victims of the National Socialist (NS) regime for their work. Many of these victims had been executed in prisons and were members of the German political opposition; others had perished in camps for prisoners of war or forced laborers and concentration camps, and were of various European and other descent. Anatomists generally welcomed the increased influx of “fresh material” for purposes of research and education of the growing numbers of medical students. No anatomist is known to have refused work with the bodies of NS victims. Other medical disciplines also made use of these bodies, among them were racial hygienists and neuropathologists. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the fields of anatomy, physical anthropology, and racial hygiene (eugenics) were closely related in their subject matter. Anatomists were involved in the biological foundation of racial hygiene, most prominently among them Eugen Fischer. The discipline was established as part of the medical curriculum after 1920. Racial hygiene became the scientific justification for NS policies that led to racial discrimination, involuntary sterilization and ultimately mass murder. Anatomists taught racial hygiene throughout the Third Reich and did research in this area. Some were actively involved in NS policies through propaganda and evaluations for the so‐called Genetic Health Courts, whereas others became victims of their own science in that they were dismissed for racial reasons. 22:894–905, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic value of symptom burden for overall survival in patients receiving chemotherapy for advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Wang Xin Shelley , Shi Qiuling , Lu Charles , Basch Ethan M. , Johnson Valen E. , Mendoza Tito R. , Mobley Gary M. , Cleeland Charles S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Patient–reported outcomes have shown independent prognostic value for patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, translating patient‐reported outcomes into useful prognostic information for individual patients has been problematic.METHODS:A total of 94 patients with advanced NSCLC and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS) of 0 to 2 who qualified for chemotherapy rated symptom severity using the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory before and after their first chemotherapy cycle. Prognostic values of baseline symptoms and changes in symptom severity were examined by Cox proportional hazards models.RESULTS:In multivariate analysis, controlled for demographic and other factors, baseline coughing rated ≥4 independently predicted significantly higher risk for shorter survival (hazards ratio [HR], 8.69; P < .0001). Patients with coughing ≥4 and a PS of 2 were more likely to have shorter survival (HR, 20.6; P < .0001) than patients with coughing <4 and a PS of 0 to 1. A 1–point or greater increase in severity of fatigue (P < .05), shortness of breath, or poor appetite (P < .01) from baseline to the end of the first chemotherapy cycle was also found to be independently associated with higher risk for poor survival.CONCLUSIONS:An increased risk for shorter survival was indicated by moderate to severe coughing at baseline or by increased fatigue or shortness of breath during the first chemotherapy cycle in patients with advanced NSCLC. Although cross–validation is needed, these data suggest that an individual patient's symptom severity scores, quickly obtainable in the clinic, might contribute clinically useful information for treatment planning for that patient. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Premalignant and malignant cells in sputum from lung cancer patients
Authors: Neumann Thomas , Meyer Michael , Patten Florence W. , Johnson Fred L. , Erozan Yener S. , Frable William J. , Gupta Prabodh K. , Zaman Muhammad B. , Nelson Alan C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:The objective of this study was to assess the frequency of premalignant and malignant cells in sputum from patients with lung cancer and to measure the dependence of these cells on cancer stage, histologic type, tumor size, and tumor location.METHODS:This analysis included 444 patients with lung cancer. First, all patients were asked to produce sputum spontaneously; then, they underwent sputum induction. Slide preparations of the sputa were screened for the presence of abnormal cells.RESULTS:Of all patients with lung cancer who had produced adequate specimens, 74.6% had sputum that was positive for premalignant or worse cells, whereas 48.7% had sputum that was positive for malignant cells alone. Surprisingly, the presence of premalignant or worse cells in sputum depended only moderately on disease stage (82.9% of stage IV cancers vs 65.9% of stage I cancers), tumor size (78.6% of tumors >2 cm vs 64.7% of tumors ≤2 cm), and location (83.3% of central lesions vs 68% of peripheral lesions) and was found to be independent of histologic tumor type (78.4% of squamous cell carcinomas vs 71.5% of adenocarcinomas, 74.5% of small cell carcinomas, and 75% of large cell carcinomas).CONCLUSIONS:The findings of the current study suggested the important potential of sputum cytology for lung cancer detection and risk assessment across all stages, histologic types, tumor sizes, and locations. However, the high sensitivities in this study were achieved with a level of scrutiny not feasible in the laboratory routine. The diagnostic potential of sputum cytology may be exploited better through the standardization and automation of sputum preparation and analysis. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Two novel neuropeptides in innervation of the salivary glands of the black‐legged tick, Ixodes scapularis: Myoinhibitory peptide and SIFamide
Authors: Šimo Ladislav , Žitňan Dušan , Park Yoonseong 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe peptidergic signaling system is an ancient cell–cell communication mechanism that is involved in numerous behavioral and physiological events in multicellular organisms. We identified two novel neuropeptides in the neuronal projections innervating the salivary glands of the black‐legged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Say, 1821). Myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) and SIFamide immunoreactivities were colocalized in the protocerebral cells and their projections terminating on specific cells of salivary gland acini (types II and III). Immunoreactive substances were identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) analysis: a 1,321.6‐Da peptide with the sequence typical for MIP (ASDWNRLSGMWamide) and a 1,395.7‐Da SIFamide (AYRKPPFNGSIFamide), which are highly conserved among arthropods. Genes encoding these peptides were identified in the available Ixodes genome and expressed sequence tag (EST) database. In addition, the cDNA encoding the MIP prepropeptide was isolated by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). In this report, we describe the anatomical structure of specific central neurons innervating salivary gland acini and identify different neuropeptides and their precursors expressed by these neurons. Our data provide evidence for neural control of salivary gland by MIP and SIFamide from the synganglion, thus lending a basis for functional studies of these two distinct classes of neuropeptides. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:551–563, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.