bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lactobacillus GG in the Prevention of Nosocomial Gastrointestinal and Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Hojsak Iva , Abdović Slaven , Szajewska Hania , Milošević Milan , Krznarić Željko , Kolaček Sanja 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The incidence of nosocomial infections, predominantly gastrointestinal and respiratory, in children in developed countries is high, ranging from 5% to 44%. There is no effective strategy for preventing these infections. The objective of our study was to investigate the role of Lactobacillus GG (LGG) in preventing nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections at a pediatric hospital.

METHODS:
We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 742 hospitalized children. They were randomly allocated to receive for their hospitalization LGG at a dose of 109 colony-forming units in 100 mL of a fermented milk product (LGG group, n = 376) or placebo that was the same postpasteurized fermented milk product without LGG (placebo group, n = 366).

RESULTS:
In the LGG group, compared with the placebo group, we found a significantly reduced risk for gastrointestinal infections (relative risk [RR]: 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.25–0.70]; number needed to treat: 15 [95% CI: 9–34)], respiratory tract infections (RR: 0.38 [95% CI: 0.18–0.85]; number needed to treat: 30 [95% CI: 16–159]), vomiting episodes (RR: 0.5 [95% CI: 0.3–0.9]), diarrheal episodes (RR: 0.24 [95% CI: 0.10–0.50]), episodes of gastrointestinal infections that lasted &gt;2 days (RR: 0.40 [95% CI: 0.25–0.70]), and episodes of respiratory tract infections that lasted &gt;3 days (RR: 0.4 [95% CI: 0.2–0.9]). Groups did not differ in hospitalization duration (P = .1).

CONCLUSIONS:
LGG administration can be recommended as a valid measure for decreasing the risk for nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections in pediatric facilities.
Breastfeeding and Prolactin Levels in Lactating Women With a Family History of Alcoholism
Authors: Mennella Julie A. , Pepino Marta Yanina 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE:Many motivated new mothers fail to reach public health goals for breastfeeding, highlighting the need to identify risk factors. Because having a family history of alcoholism is associated with blunted prolactin responses to an alcohol challenge in nonlactating individuals, this study aimed to identify associations in family history of alcoholism, prolactin, and breastfeeding behaviors in lactating women.METHODS:This was a 2-day experimental study that used within-subject alcohol or control beverage consumption and between-subject family history of alcoholism factors. The participants were non–alcohol-dependent lactating women; 7 were family history–positive (FHP) for alcohol dependence, and 21 were family history–negative (FHN). Consumption of 0.4 g/kg alcohol or nonalcoholic beverage occurred in separate randomized sessions, followed by use of a breast pump. Basal and suckling-induced prolactin, blood alcohol concentrations, milk yield, self-reported drug effects, neophobia, and breastfeeding patterning were measured.RESULTS:Although no group differences in alcohol pharmacokinetics were detected, FHP women exhibited blunted prolactin to breast stimulation after drinking the control and alcohol beverage and felt more of the stimulant-like effects of alcohol than did FHN women. FHP women reported more frequent daily breastfeeding than did FHN women.CONCLUSIONS:This is the first evidence that family history of alcoholism is associated with a blunted magnitude, rapidity, and duration of the prolactin response to breast stimulation and an alcohol challenge in lactating women. More frequent breastfeeding by FHP women suggests behavioral compensation for perceived and/or actual poor lactation. Alcohol did not enhance lactational performance, further disputing the lore that alcohol is a galactagogue.
A guide to the ATSM in Medical Education. Article 2: assessment, feedback and evaluation
Authors: Shehmar Manjeet , Khan Khalid S 
Published: April 2010

Key content

Assessment drives learning.
Assessments should test learning achievement against agreed objectives.
Feedback is a teaching aid.
Appraisal considers the trainee's personal as well as educational development.
Evaluation forms a cycle of continuing improvement of training.

Learning objectives

To learn about the main medical education theories on assessment, feedback and evaluation.
For trainees to understand how to use the theory in practice.
For Advanced Training Skills Module (ATSM) in Medical Education trainers to be able to offer learning opportunities to their trainees and then provide feedback.

Ethical issues

How far should the trainer become involved when a trainee has personal problems?
How can the trainer give constructive criticism without discouraging the trainee?

Please cite this article as: Shehmar M, Khan KS. A guide to the ATSM in Medical Education. Article 2: assessment, feedback and evaluation. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2010;12:119–125.
Website reviews @ TOG
Authors: Keay Stephen 
Published: April 2010

In this issue we consider the websites that provide support for women at difficult times in relation to their pregnancy. This includes dealing with an anomaly identified prenatally, bereavement, miscarriage or the loss of a child and the uncertainty parents face with preterm delivery when the prognosis for their baby may be guarded. This is an immensely difficult time for patients and it can be challenging for staff, too. Although the loss of a child is very rare, the impact this has on the parents and family is profound. The individual patient narratives are both powerful and moving and indicate the need for good communication and support, which may be required for weeks or months.Early pregnancy clinic information leaflets and bereavement midwives will often highlight these websites but an awareness of them for the obstetricians and gynaecologists looking after the couple should be helpful. These charities provide invaluable ongoing support for patients.
Treatment‐related morbidity in gynaecological cancers
Authors: Hadwin Richard , Petts Gemma , Olaitan Adeola 
Published: April 2010

Key content

The National Cancer Survivorship Initiative recognises that all treatment modalities in cancer have potential long‐term physical and psychosocial implications for patients.
Prediction and early recognition can prevent or minimise treatment‐related morbidity in gynaecological cancer.

Learning objectives

To introduce the concept of survivorship as an essential component of gynaecological oncology care.
To understand the range of problems that women encounter following cancer treatment and the need for a multidisciplinary approach.

Ethical issues

Informed counselling prior to treatment includes a description of potential long‐term morbidity, which may contribute to decision making.

Please cite this article as: Hadwin R, Petts G, Olaitan A. Treatment‐related morbidity in gynaecological cancers. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2010;12:79–86.
Advances in fetal therapy
Authors: Morris R Katie , Chan Ben C , Kilby Mark D 
Published: April 2010

Key content

Fetal medicine is a rapidly developing subspecialty.
The mainstay of treatment for fetal alloimmune thrombocytopenia remains maternal immunoglobulin therapy.
Stem cell transplantation and gene therapy have advanced over the last decade but must still be considered experimental.
Laser coagulation is the best treatment for all stages of twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome presenting before 26 weeks of gestation.
Fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion appears to improve prognosis in severe congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Learning objectives

To gain an overview of the recent developments in fetal therapy.
To understand the benefits and risks of different methods of fetal therapy.
To appreciate the importance of high‐quality research in fetal medicine.

Ethical issues

With the option of fetal therapy, the value and implications of prenatal diagnosis have to be reviewed.
The acceptability of fetal therapy to parents and to society should be investigated.
The consideration of the mother and fetus as individual people presents an inherent difficulty in implementing randomised controlled trials in fetal medicine.

Please cite this article as: Morris RK, Chan BC, Kilby MD. Advances in fetal therapy. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2010;12:94–102.
Pretesting the Likely Efficacy of Suggested Management Approaches to Data-Poor Fisheries
Authors: Butterworth Doug S. , Johnston Susan J. , Brandão Anabela 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The thrust of this paper is that decision rules for the management of data-poor fisheries cannot be based on expert judgment alone. Such rules need to specifically link management responses to the values of the indicators available for the fishery and their trends. Prior simulation testing is needed to confirm that the application of any rules suggested is likely to achieve the objectives sought for the fishery. The management procedure (MP) approach (also called management strategy evaluation), which provides a framework for such testing, is summarized briefly. How this approach could be used to develop a decision rule for a fishery for which the only indicator available is the mean length of the catch is presented as an example. The extent to which the ability to meet management objectives could be improved if an unbiased index of relative abundance were available, and an MP based on a fitted population model applied, is illustrated. An MP developed for the fishery for Patagonian toothfish Dissotichus eleginoides off the sub-Antarctic Prince Edward Islands is summarized. This illustrates how the MP testing framework can be used in circumstances in which the available indicators conflict, leading to considerable uncertainty about the present resource status. The information content of indicators is closely related to the extent to which they vary about trends in the underlying resource attributes (e.g., catch per unit effort and underlying abundance). The compilation of lists of the statistical properties (such as the coefficients of variation and autocorrelations) of the residuals about detrended time series of the indicators, together with their likely relationships to the underlying attribute, for fisheries worldwide is suggested. This would provide a sound basis for specifying error structure in the simulation tests advocated for both generic and case-specific decision rules for data-poor fisheries.
Local-Scale Ecosystem-Based Fisheries in a Gulf of Maine Estuary: Managing for Complexity, Adapting to Uncertainty
Authors: Moore Slade , Sowles John 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A comprehensive resource management plan for the Taunton Bay estuary, Maine, was developed to support the estuary's capacity to accommodate human uses without degrading ecosystem integrity or resilience. The initial phases of this plan, which has little precedent in the Gulf of Maine, target issues of immediate concern regarding environmental alteration and stock depletion associated with fisheries for four benthic species. Having no dedicated funding, our overall approach to developing ecosystem-based fisheries for this estuary relies heavily on thrift and efficiency, two attributes not usually associated with managing for ecosystem complexity. Despite our gaining a better understanding of this estuary through site-specific research and management activities, the complexity of the ecosystem's components and the unpredictability of its responses to management actions leave much uncertainty. Advancing a nascent, ecosystem-based management effort under such conditions requires the adoption of coping strategies that allow positive shifts in management. Our overall approach emphasizes using alternative knowledge systems to their best advantage, encouraging the participation of and provision of guidance by local resource users, prioritizing key information needs, conducting local research and monitoring, creating opportunities for prompt management corrections, striving for fairness to and stewardship from resource users, and encouraging a long-term commitment to this process.
Essential Fishery Information for Trap-Based Fisheries: Development of a Framework for Collaborative Data Collection
Authors: Culver Carolynn S. , Schroeter Stephen C. , Page Henry M. , Dugan Jenifer E. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The availability of up-to-date information for managing marine resources is limited worldwide. In California, lack of data is hindering the execution and evaluation of two recent state laws, the Marine Life Management Act and the Marine Life Protection Act. The inability to meet the objectives of these laws is particularly acute for large cryptic benthic species (e.g., crabs, lobster, and prawns) that support valuable trap fisheries. Such species are not readily quantified by conventional methods and thus are not usually included in existing monitoring efforts. We explored the integration of data collection with ongoing commercial crab fishing activities to address this information gap and developed sampling regimes that provided accurate estimates of at-sea catches that could show the status of crab populations. Crab catches sampled in port represented only a subset of the catch at sea owing to selective harvesting of the catch (i.e., sorting) and thus would be a poor estimator of wild stocks. We developed a framework for addressing data accuracy and validity, data management and sharing, incentives, compensation, and long-term funding. Our findings suggest that data collection programs in which fishermen, managers, and scientists collaboratively design, collect, and analyze data are well suited for trap fisheries, particularly those that include multiple species or practice high rates of selectivity. The resulting recommendations for ensuring that the process is transparent and that the data are accurate and integrated into management include having (1) well-defined goals and appropriate, scientifically sound data collection methods, (2) hands-on training for participants, (3) validation of the collected data, (4) well-defined procedures for handling confidential data, (5) an adequate funding source, and (6) timely and consistent reviews of the data with subsequent actions as needed. This program offers a sound solution for obtaining comprehensive fishery information in a more cost-effective manner than is currently available.
Assemblage Structure of Fish at Offshore Petroleum Platforms on the San Pedro Shelf of Southern California
Authors: Martin Christopher J. B. , Lowe Christopher G. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Offshore petroleum platforms in California's Santa Barbara Channel have been shown to be of ecological importance for local fish populations; however, before our investigation, no data existed on the fish assemblages associated with the platforms on the San Pedro Shelf further south. Our surveys of these platforms in 2006 and 2007 indicate that there is a core group of warm—temperate nearshore reef species in the midwater depth (&lt;30 m), including California sheephead Semicossyphus pulcher, blacksmith Chromis punctipinnis, garibaldi Hypsypops rubicundus, opaleye Girella nigricans, and kelp bass Paralabrax clathratus. Platforms located further from shore (i.e., offshore platforms [&gt;14 km]) had a strong seasonal presence of pelagic fishes (primarily jack mackerel Trachurus symmetricus) and recruit blacksmiths. At platforms closer to shore (i.e., inshore platforms [&lt;4.8 km]), sea basses (Serranidae) and surfperches (Embiotocidae) were predominant; only slight seasonal variations were observed, which were attributed to prespawning aggregations of barred sand bass Paralabrax nebulifer. At the offshore platforms total fish density had a negative relationship with depth but a positive relationship with water temperature; conversely, total fish biomass exhibited a positive relationship with depth but a negative relationship with temperature. In contrast, at the inshore platforms both total fish density and biomass increased with increasing water temperature. With the exception of blacksmiths, nearshore reef fishes showed significantly greater densities of adults than juveniles. Furthermore, some species were observed spawning at these structures. Therefore, the San Pedro Shelf platforms may provide suitable habitat for several species of nearshore reef fish. Removing the upper levels and superstructure of the offshore platforms to a depth of 25 m (the partial removal decommissioning option) would eliminate critical habitat for several fish species and result in a potential loss of 95% of the total fish density and 77% of the total fish biomass, thus reducing the productivity advantages of some of these structures.
Examination of Inequalities in HIV/AIDS Mortality in the United States From a Fundamental Cause Perspective
Authors: Rubin Marcie S. , Colen Cynthia G. , Link Bruce G. 
Published: April 2010

Objectives. We examined changes in socioeconomic status (SES) and Black to White inequalities in HIV/AIDS mortality in the United States before and after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Methods. Taking a fundamental cause perspective, we used negative binomial regression to analyze trends in county-level gender-, race-, and age-specific HIV/AIDS mortality rates among those aged 15 to 64 years during the period 1987–2005. Results. Although HIV/AIDS mortality rates decreased once HAART became available, the declines were not uniformly distributed among population groups. The associations between SES and HIV/AIDS mortality and between race and HIV/AIDS mortality, although present in the pre-HAART period, were significantly greater in the peri- and post-HAART periods, with higher SES and White race associated with the greatest declines in mortality during the post-HAART period. Conclusions. Our findings support the fundamental cause hypothesis, as the introduction of a life-extending treatment exacerbated inequalities in HIV/AIDS mortality by SES and by race. In addition to a strong focus on factors that improve overall population health, more effective public health interventions and policies would facilitate an equitable distribution of health-enhancing innovations.
The spatial relationship between the musculature and the 5-HT and FMRFamide immunoreactivities in cercaria, metacercaria and adult Opisthorchis felineus (Digenea)
Authors: Tolstenkov Oleg , Terenina Nadezhda , Serbina Elena , Gustafsson Margaretha 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe organisation of the neuromuscular system in cercariae, metacercariae and adult Opisthorchis felineus was studied. The patterns of nerves immunoreactive (IR) to antibodies towards serotonin (5-HT) and FMRFamide are described in relation to the musculature, stained with TRITC-conjugated phalloidin. The general organisation of the musculature in the body wall, suckers, pharynx, intestine and sphincter of the excretory pore remains the same from the larval stages to the adult worms. However, the diameter of the individual muscle fibres increases distinctly in the adult worms. The general pattern of 5-HT IR fibres in cercariae, metacercariae and adult O. felineus remains the same. Despite the large increase in body size, the number of 5-HT IR neurones remains almost the same in the cercariae and metacercariae and only a modest increase in number of neurones was observed in the adult worms. Thus the proportion of 5-HT IR neurones/body mass is greatest in the actively moving cercariae. Anti-FMRFamide stains the nervous system strongly.
Bat flies from the deciduous Atlantic Forest in southern Brazil: Host-parasite relationships and parasitism rates
Authors: Camilotti Vagner , Graciolli Gustavo , Weber Marcelo , Arruda Jeferson , Cáceres Nilton 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study describes the assemblage of ectoparasitic bat flies, their hosts, and parasitism rates in an Atlantic Forest area in southern Brazil. Bats were captured monthly for one year at two sites. We captured 95 bats belonging to nine species, but only Artibeus lituratus, Artibeus fimbriatus, Sturnira lilium (Phyllostomidae) and Myotis nigricans (Vespertilionidae) were found to be parasitized. The bat flies collected were: Streblidae — Paratrichobius longicrus (on A. lituratus) and Megistopoda aranea (on A. lituratus and A. fimbriatus), Megistopoda proxima (on S. lilium); Nycteribiidae — Basilia andersoni (on M. nigricans). Artibeus fimbriatus and S. lilium showed the highest values of parasite prevalence (60 and 35.7%, respectively) and mean intensities (1.9 and 2.1, respectively). Only two parasitized individuals of A. lituratus were found, resulting in the lowest local rate of parasite prevalence (2.6%) and mean intensity (1.0). This low rate may result from the use of ephemeral roosts in the area. The high values of frequency and number of flies per host on A. fimbriatus and S. lilium in relation to other studies could be explained by the low richness of bat flies here, and in turn, by low competition among fly species per host.
On IMIA‘s International Activities in Health and Biomedical Informatics Education
Authors: Haux R. , Murray P. J. 
Published: April 2010

Summary
Background: Education has long been, and continues to be, one of the major thematic areas of the activities of IMIA, the International Medical Informatics Association.
Objective: To report on IMIA’s past activities and to discuss possible future perspectives on IMIA’s role on biomedical and health informatics education.
Methods: Summarizing past activities by searching in reports and publications. Making suggestions for wider discussion on possible future activities.
Results: Since its inception, IMIA has been active in the field of education, mainly through its working group on education. Among other activities, nine working conferences have been held, many of which have resulted in publications as outcomes, which have helped to exchange knowledge on the development of high-quality health and biomedical informatics education. Recommendations on education in health and medical informatics were endorsed by IMIA in 1999, and a revised version is currently in preparation.
Conclusions: IMIA should continue to stimulate the exchange of knowledge on a range of aspects of health and biomedical informatics education in the countries and regions of the world, with IMIA’s academic institutional members playing an increasing role. Establishing procedures for the international accreditation of high-level programs in health and biomedical informatics through IMIA is one of several areas that need to be discussed as IMIA plans and develops its future activities.