bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Cell Wall Loosening by Hydroxyl Radicals during Cress Seed Germination and Elongation Growth
Authors: Müller Kerstin , Linkies Ada , Vreeburg Robert A.M. , Fry Stephen C. , Krieger-Liszkay Anja , Leubner-Metzger Gerhard 
Published: June 2009

AbstractLoosening of cell walls is an important developmental process in key stages of the plant life cycle, including seed germination, elongation growth, and fruit ripening. Here, we report direct in vivo evidence for hydroxyl radical (·OH)-mediated cell wall loosening during plant seed germination and seedling growth. We used electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to show that ·OH is generated in the cell wall during radicle elongation and weakening of the endosperm of cress (Lepidium sativum; Brassicaceae) seeds. Endosperm weakening precedes radicle emergence, as demonstrated by direct biomechanical measurements. By 3H fingerprinting, we showed that wall polysaccharides are oxidized in vivo by the developmentally regulated action of apoplastic ·OH in radicles and endosperm caps: the production and action of ·OH increased during endosperm weakening and radicle elongation and were inhibited by the germination-inhibiting hormone abscisic acid. Both effects were reversed by gibberellin. Distinct and tissue-specific target sites of ·OH attack on polysaccharides were evident. In vivo ·OH attack on cell wall polysaccharides were evident not only in germinating seeds but also in elongating maize (Zea mays; Poaceae) seedling coleoptiles. We conclude that plant cell wall loosening by ·OH is a controlled action of this type of reactive oxygen species.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Plastid Gene Expression in Potato Leaf Chloroplasts and Tuber Amyloplasts: Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Control
Authors: Valkov Vladimir T. , Scotti Nunzia , Kahlau Sabine , MacLean Daniel , Grillo Stefania , Gray John C. , Bock Ralph , Cardi Teodoro 
Published: June 2009

AbstractGene expression in nongreen plastids is largely uncharacterized. To compare gene expression in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber amyloplasts and leaf chloroplasts, amounts of transcripts of all plastid genes were determined by hybridization to plastome arrays. Except for a few genes, transcript accumulation was much lower in tubers compared with leaves. Transcripts of photosynthesis-related genes showed a greater reduction in tubers compared with leaves than transcripts of genes for the genetic system. Plastid genome copy number in tubers was 2- to 3-fold lower than in leaves and thus cannot account for the observed reduction of transcript accumulation in amyloplasts. Both the plastid-encoded and the nucleus-encoded RNA polymerases were active in potato amyloplasts. Transcription initiation sites were identical in chloroplasts and amyloplasts, although some differences in promoter utilization between the two organelles were evident. For some intron-containing genes, RNA splicing was less efficient in tubers than in leaves. Furthermore, tissue-specific differences in editing of ndh transcripts were detected. Hybridization of the plastome arrays with RNA extracted from polysomes indicated that, in tubers, ribosome association of transcripts was generally low. Nevertheless, some mRNAs, such as the transcript of the fatty acid biosynthesis gene accD, displayed relatively high ribosome association. Selected nuclear genes involved in plastid gene expression were generally significantly less expressed in tubers than in leaves. Hence, compared with leaf chloroplasts, gene expression in tuber amyloplasts is much lower, with control occurring at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and translational levels. Candidate regulatory sequences that potentially can improve plastid (trans)gene expression in amyloplasts have been identified.
Dissection of Bacterial Wilt on Medicago truncatula Revealed Two Type III Secretion System Effectors Acting on Root Infection Process and Disease Development
Authors: Turner Marie , Jauneau Alain , Genin Stéphane , Tavella Marie-José , Vailleau Fabienne , Gentzbittel Laurent , Jardinaud Marie-Françoise 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum is the causal agent of the devastating bacterial wilt disease, which colonizes susceptible Medicago truncatula via the intact root tip. Infection involves four steps: appearance of root tip symptoms, root tip cortical cell invasion, vessel colonization, and foliar wilting. We examined this pathosystem by in vitro inoculation of intact roots of susceptible or resistant M. truncatula with the pathogenic strain GMI1000. The infection process was type III secretion system dependent and required two type III effectors, Gala7 and AvrA, which were shown to be involved at different stages of infection. Both effectors were involved in development of root tip symptoms, and Gala7 was the main determinant for bacterial invasion of cortical cells. Vessel invasion depended on the host genetic background and was never observed in the resistant line. The invasion of the root tip vasculature in the susceptible line caused foliar wilting. The avrA mutant showed reduced aggressiveness in all steps of the infection process, suggesting a global role in R. solanacearum pathogenicity. The roles of these two effectors in subsequent stages were studied using an assay that bypassed the penetration step; with this assay, the avrA mutant showed no effect compared with the GMI1000 strain, indicating that AvrA is important in early stages of infection. However, later disease symptoms were reduced in the gala7 mutant, indicating a key role in later stages of infection.
A survey of tobacco dependence treatment guidelines in 31 countries
Authors: Raw Martin , Regan Susan , Rigotti Nancy A. , McNeill Ann 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAims  The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) asks countries to develop and disseminate comprehensive evidence‐based guidelines and promote adequate treatment for tobacco dependence, yet to date no summary of the content of existing guidelines exists. This paper describes the national tobacco dependence treatment guidelines of 31 countries.Design, setting, participants  A questionnaire on tobacco dependence treatment guidelines was sent by e‐mail to a convenience sample of contacts working in tobacco control in 31 countries in 2007. Completed questionnaires were received from respondents in all 31 countries. During the course of these enquiries we also made contact with people in 14 countries that did not have treatment guidelines and sent them a short questionnaire asking about their plans to produce guidelines.Measurements  The survey instrument was a 17‐item questionnaire asking the following key questions: do the guidelines recommend brief interventions, intensive behavioural support, medications; which medications; do the guidelines apply to the whole health‐care system and all professionals; do they refer explicitly to the Cochrane database; are they based on another country's guidelines; are they national or more local; are they endorsed formally by government; did they undergo peer review; who funded them; where were they published; do they include evidence on cost effectiveness of treatment?Findings  According to respondents, all their countries' guidelines recommended brief advice, intensive behavioural support and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT); 84% recommended bupropion; 19% recommended varenicline; and 35% recommended telephone quitlines. Nearly half (48%) included cost‐effectiveness evidence. Seventy‐one per cent were supported formally by their government and 65% were supported financially by the government. Most (84%) used the Cochrane reviews as a source of evidence, 84% underwent a peer review process and 55% were based on the guidelines of other countries, most often the United States and England.Conclusion  Overall, the guidelines reviewed followed the evidence base closely, recommending brief interventions, intensive behavioural support and NRT, and most recommended bupropion. Varenicline was not on the market in most of the countries in this survey when their guidelines were written, illustrating the need for guidelines to be updated periodically. None recommended interventions not proven to be effective, and some recommended explicitly against specific interventions (for lack of evidence). Most were peer‐reviewed, many through lengthy and rigorous procedures, and most were endorsed or supported formally by their governments. Some countries that did not have guidelines expressed a need for technical support, emphasizing the need for countries to share experience, something the FCTC process is well placed to support.
Effect of isometric exercise and body scanning on cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms
Authors: Ussher Michael , Cropley Mark , Playle Sally , Mohidin Roshane , West Robert 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAims To examine the acute effects of a guided relaxation routine (body scan) and isometric exercise on desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms.Design Experimental comparison of three conditions.Participants Forty‐eight individuals reporting smoking ≥10 cigarettes daily.Intervention Random assignment to one of three interventions delivered via a 10‐minute audio: isometric exercise (IE,n = 14), body scanning (BS,n = 18) or a reading about natural history (control group,n = 16). Interventions were delivered twice on the same day: in the laboratory, then in their ‘normal’ environment.Measurements Desire to smoke (primary outcome) and withdrawal symptoms were rated at pre‐intervention and up to 30 minutes post‐intervention.Findings Controlling for baseline scores, post‐intervention desire to smoke and withdrawal symptoms were significantly lower for IE and BS groups, compared with the controls, in both environments. There were no significant differences for IE versus BS. For desire to smoke, controlling for baseline values, ratings in the laboratory were significantly lower for IE and BS versus the control up to 30 minutes post‐intervention. In the normal environment, these ratings were significantly lower only up to 5 minutes post‐intervention.Conclusions Brief IE and BS interventions are effective for reducing desire to smoke and withdrawal symptoms in temporarily abstaining smokers. These interventions were found to be more effective in the laboratory than in the smoker's normal environment, but this may be an artefact of there not being a sufficient ‘wash‐out’ period between interventions. These techniques may be beneficial for managing desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal.
A social network perspective on heroin and cocaine use among adults: evidence of bidirectional influences
Authors: Bohnert Amy S. B. , Bradshaw Catherine P. , Latkin Carl A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAims  While several studies have documented a relationship between initiation of drug use and social network drug use in youth, the direction of this association is not well understood, particularly among adults or for stages of drug involvement beyond initiation. The present study sought to examine two competing theories (social selection and social influence) in the longitudinal relationship between drug use (heroin and/or cocaine) and social network drug use among drug‐experienced adults.Design  Three waves of data came from a cohort of 1108 adults reporting a life‐time history of heroin and/or cocaine use.Setting  Low‐income neighborhoods with high rates of drug use in Baltimore, Maryland.Participants  Participants had weekly contact with drug users and were 18 years of age or older.Measurements  Drug use data were self‐report. Network drug use was assessed through a social network inventory. Close friends were individuals whom the participant reported seeing daily or rated as having the highest level of trust.Findings  Structural equation modeling indicated significant bidirectional influences. The majority of change in network drug use over time was due to change in the composition of the network rather than change in friends' behavior. Drug use by close peers did not influence participant drug use beyond the total network.Conclusions  There is evidence of both social selection and social influence processes in the association between drug use and network drug use among drug‐experienced adults.
Temperance, alcohol, and the American evangelical: a reassessment
Authors: Warner Jessica 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAbstinence from alcohol is a way of life for many American evangelicals, with rates of abstention running at over 70% among some Pentecostal denominations. This paper examines the religious beliefs that, historically, have supported teetotalism. The most notable of these is Christian perfection, a doctrine that originated in 18th‐century England, that was then radicalized in America in the early 19th century. Abstinence from alcohol is highest among denominations that make Christian perfection the cornerstone of their teachings, and lowest among those that discount human agency. The paper also argues that 19th‐century American evangelicals were by no means committed uniformly to temperance as a way of life, and that this was especially true of the various Methodist churches.
Quantitative analysis of net‐transgressive shoreline trajectories and stratigraphic architectures: mid‐to‐late Jurassic of the North Sea rift basin
Authors: Hampson Gary J. , Sixsmith Peter J. , Kieft Rachel L. , Jackson Christopher A. ‐L. , Johnson Howard D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper outlines the use of the shoreline trajectory concept to understand the controls on net‐transgressive reservoir distribution and architecture in the highly productive Middle and Late Jurassic plays in the North Sea. Two broad groups of regressive–transgressive sandstone tongue are identified, with distinctive geometries, architectures and values of net‐transgressive shoreline trajectory defined by the stacking arrangement of multiple tongues. Shoreface tongues were supplied by longshore‐transported, marine‐reworked sediment and are associated with low‐to‐moderate transgressive trajectories (typically <0.2°). These tongues have variable dip extents that decrease weakly as the angle of shoreline trajectory increases, relatively small thicknesses that increase weakly with the angle of transgressive trajectory, and partial or no overlap with underlying and overlying tongues down depositional dip. Deltaic‐to‐estuarine tongues were supplied directly by fluvial sediment and are associated with moderate‐to‐very high transgressive trajectories (typically >0.1°). These tongues have small dip extents, variable thicknesses that increase weakly with the angle of transgressive trajectory, and partial to full overlap with underlying and overlying tongues down depositional dip, although vertically stacked tongues are separated by thin mudstones over much of their extents. There is some overlap in geometry and stacking arrangement of these two groups of sandstone tongues. The temporal and spatial distribution of shoreface and deltaic‐to‐estuarine sandstone tongues reflects linked variations in tectonic subsidence and sediment routing within the evolving rift basin. Deltaic‐to‐estuarine tongues with moderate‐to‐very high transgressive trajectories were developed in rapidly subsiding fault‐bounded depocentres supplied directly by fluvial sediment, whereas shoreface tongues with low‐to‐moderate transgressive trajectories characterised slowly subsiding fault terraces and platforms that were distant from fluvial sediment supply routes. Thus, the evolving structural template of the mid‐to‐late Jurassic North Sea rift can be used to predict reservoir distribution and architecture via analysis of shoreline trajectory.
Silent infarcts in young children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Kwiatkowski Janet L. , Zimmerman Robert A. , Pollock Avrum N. , Seto Wendy , Smith‐Whitley Kim , Shults Justine , Blackwood‐Chirchir Anne , Ohene‐Frempong Kwaku 
Published: June 2009

SummarySilent infarcts have been reported most commonly in school‐aged children with homozygous sickle cell disease (SCD‐SS) and are associated with neurocognitive deficits. However, the prevalence of silent infarcts in younger children with SCD‐SS is not well defined. In this retrospective study, brain magnetic resonance imaging and angiography (MRI/A) studies performed before 6 years of age in a cohort of children with SCD‐SS were analysed and the prevalence of abnormalities was calculated. Clinical and laboratory parameters were compared between the groups with and without silent infarcts. Sixty‐eight of 96 children in the cohort had brain MRI/A performed prior to age 6 years. Of the 65 who were neurologically asymptomatic, 18 (27·7%, 95% CI 17·3–40·2%) had silent infarcts (mean age 3·7 ± 1·1 years, range 1·3–5·9 years). Factors associated with silent infarcts included cerebral vessel stensosis by magnetic resonance angiography, lower rates of vaso‐occlusive pain and acute chest syndrome and lower haemoglobin levels. The prevalence of silent infarcts in young children with SCD‐SS is similar to that of older children and anaemia and severe vasculopathy may be risk factors.
Evaluation of aspiration cytology of ovarian masses with histopathological correlation
Authors: Sood T. , Handa U. , Mohan H. , Goel P. 
Published: June 2009

T. Sood, U. Handa, H. Mohan and P. Goel  Evaluation of aspiration cytology of ovarian masses with histopathological correlationObjectives:  To evaluate the efficacy and diagnostic accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in distinguishing non‐neoplastic and neoplastic ovarian lesions and to determine reliable cytological criteria for typing neoplastic ovarian masses into benign and malignant tumours and their subtypes.Methods:  FNAC was performed on 50 patients diagnosed as having an ovarian mass clinically and/or ultrasonographically. Detailed history, clinical examination and ultrasound findings in each case were recorded. The cytological diagnoses were categorized as neoplastic and non‐neoplastic and further into benign and malignant neoplasms. These cytological diagnoses were then compared subsequently with the histopathological diagnoses.Results:  The study material consisted of 57 aspirates from 50 patients. A comparison of cytological findings with the histological diagnosis was possible in 53 aspirates; in the remaining four cases (7%) the smears were acellular. On cytology, 31 lesions were diagnosed as neoplastic and 22 as non‐neoplastic. The overall sensitivity of cytology in diagnosing neoplastic and non‐neoplastic ovarian lesions was 93.9% and the specificity was 100%. The positive predictive value was 100% and negative predictive value 90.9%. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 96.2 %.Conclusion:  FNAC of ovarian masses is a minimally invasive procedure that can differentiate neoplastic from non‐neoplastic ovarian lesions. It may help avoid unnecessary operations and preserve the reproductive ability in young patients. Furthermore, it also enables a satisfactory sub‐categorization of ovarian tumours, which facilitates the choice of appropriate therapy.
The non‐indigenous diatom Didymosphenia geminata alters benthic communities in New Zealand rivers
Authors: KILROY C. , LARNED S. T. , BIGGS B. J. F. 
Published: June 2009

Summary1. Blooms of the benthic, stalked diatom Didymosphenia geminata were first observed in New Zealand in 2004. Since then, D. geminata has spread to numerous catchments in the South Island and is also spreading in its native range. The species is a rare example of an invasive alga in lotic systems.2. Ecosystem effects may be expected as D. geminata attains unusually high biomass in rivers. We examined data from three independent studies in three South Island, New Zealand, rivers for evidence of effects on periphyton biomass and benthic invertebrate communities.3. The combined results confirmed that the presence of D. geminata was associated with greatly increased periphyton biomass and, in most cases, increased invertebrate densities. We also recorded shifts in community composition, dominated by increased densities of Oligochaeta. Chironomidae, Cladocera and Nematoda also generally increased in density with D. geminata. Significant increases or declines in other invertebrate taxa were inconsistent among rivers.4. In all three studies, increased spatial invertebrate community homogeneity was associated with high D. geminata biomass at the within‐river scale. However, no declines in taxon richness or diversity were detected.5. Although ecosystem effects of D. geminata on existing periphyton biomass and invertebrate communities are measurable, no inferences can be made from the present data about effects on higher trophic levels (fish).
Carbon assimilation mode in mixotrophs and the fatty acid composition of their rotifer consumers
Authors: WACKER ALEXANDER , WEITHOFF GUNTRAM 
Published: June 2009

Summary1. We examined an important ecophysiological link between the mixotrophic flagellate Chlamydomonas acidophila and its consumers, the rotifers Elosa worallii, Cephalodella sp. and Brachionus sericus, by comparing their fatty acid profiles.2. The mixotrophic flagellate was grown under either exclusively autotrophic conditions in the light, under exclusively heterotrophic conditions in the dark with an organic carbon source (glucose), or in the light plus the organic carbon sources (=mixotrophic).3. Under heterotrophic growth conditions, C. acidophila strongly reduced its content of the n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3n‐3) compared with auto‐ and mixotrophic growth conditions. Although PUFAs with more than 18 carbon atoms were not detected in C. acidophila, significant amounts of eicosatetraenoic (ETA, 20:4n‐3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3) were found in three rotifer consumers.4. Species‐specific differences in the fatty acid profiles with respect to ETA, EPA and the precursor ALA were found in the rotifers: Brachionus and Cephalodella fed on the heterotrophic diets synthesised less EPA. In Elosa, smaller amounts of ALA were detected but were converted efficiently to a constant content of EPA and to an exceptionally high content of ETA.5. Since in nature the mode of carbon assimilation among mixotrophic organisms differs, and their fatty acid composition varies depending on their mode of carbon assimilation, the availability of ALA might be critical for their consumers. An insufficient dietary supply of this precursor for the synthesis of ETA and EPA can prevent consumers from regulating their content of ETA and EPA. Therefore, observed differences in values of the latter might underly species‐specific differences in the competitive capability of consumers.