bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of the luminescence and energy transfer in Ba1.6Ca0.4P2O7 codoped with Eu2+ and Mn2+
Authors: Zhang Xin‐min , Li Wen‐lan , Seo Hyo Jin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractEu2+,Mn2+‐doped phosphors in the novel system Ba1.6Ca0.4P2O7 were prepared by solid‐state reactions. The photoluminescence (PL) properties of Eu2+,Mn2+ in Ba1.6Ca0.4P2O7 are reported and discussed. The emission spectrum of Ba1.6Ca0.4P2O7:0.04Eu2+ consists of two distinct broad bands peaking at about 400 and 470 nm, and the excitation spectra exhibit broad band in the range of 250–400 nm. A broad yellow emission band is observed around 565 nm in a Mn2+ single‐doped sample, and the intensity can be enhanced by codoping with Eu2+ ions. Evidence is presented for the energy transfer from Eu2+ to Mn2+ in this host lattice.
Effect of an external magnetic field on the morphology and magnetic properties of CoFe nanostructures
Authors: Rajan Ganesh. K. , Ramaswamy Shivaraman , Gopalakrishnan C. , Thiruvadigal D. John 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe effect of an external magnetic field with a flux density of 0.2 T and different configurations relative to the plane of the sample (normal‐to and in‐plane) on the nucleation and growth of CoFe nanostructures has been investigated. CoFe nanostructures were grown on N‐type Si (111) substrate using an e‐beam evaporation system. The samples were subjected to an external magnetic field of 2 T normal‐to and in‐plane to the plane of the samples during the growth period. The influence of the magnetic field on the morphology of the CoFe nanostructures was studied using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Significant changes in the structural characteristics due to the influence of the magnetic fields were evident. Further, the influence of the external magnetic field on the magnetic properties of the materials was analyzed using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and the composition of the samples was analyzed using energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry. These results indicate that the easy axis of magnetization in both the samples (normal‐to and in‐plane) is along the direction of the applied magnetic field.
Pressure and temperature dependence of gain in InGaAs/GaAs laser diode
Authors: Bajda Monika , Piechal Bernard , Dybała Filip , Bercha Artem , Trzeciakowski Witold , Majewski Jacek A. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWavelength dependent gain has been calculated for InGaAs/GaAs quantum‐well (QW) lasers as a function of hydrostatic pressure and temperature. The shift of the gain maximum for such laser is equal to −140 nm by increasing the pressure up to 20 kbar and −60 nm by cooling down from 300 to 100 K. The width of the gain curve (determining the possible tuning range with external grating) is significantly reduced at low temperatures and (to a lower extent) at high pressures. Our results indicate that pressure tuning is much more effective than temperature tuning when combined with tuning by external grating.
Low‐temperature growth of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes by thermal CVD
Authors: Halonen Niina , Sápi András , Nagy László , Puskás Róbert , Leino Anne‐Riikka , Mäklin Jani , Kukkola Jarmo , Tóth Geza , Wu Ming‐Chung , Liao Hsueh‐Chung , Su Wei‐Fang , Shchukarev Andrey , Mikkola Jyri‐Pekka , Kukovecz Ákos , Kónya Zoltán , Kordás Krisztián 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLow‐temperature thermal chemical vapor deposition (thermal CVD) synthesis of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was studied using a large variety of different precursor compounds. Cyclopentene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, methanol, and xylene:methanol mixture as oxygen containing heteroatomic precursors, while xylene and acetylene as conventional hydrocarbon feedstocks were applied in the experiments. The catalytic activity of Co, Fe, Ni, and their bi‐ as well as tri‐metallic combinations were tested for the reactions. Low‐temperature CNT growth occurred at 400 °C when using bi‐metallic Co–Fe and tri‐metallic Ni–Co–Fe catalyst (on alumina) and methanol or acetylene as precursors. In the case of monometallic catalyst nanoparticles, only Co (both on alumina and on silica) was found to be active in the low temperature growth (below 500 °C) from oxygenates such as cyclopentene oxide and methanol. The structure and composition of the achieved MWCNTs products were studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) as well as by Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The successful MWCNT growth below 500 °C is promising from the point of view of integrating MWCNT materials into existing IC fabrication technologies.
EPR study of conduction electrons in heavily doped n‐type 4H SiC
Authors: Savchenko Dariya V. , Kalabukhova Ekaterina N. , Pöppl Andreas , Mokhov Evgenij N. , Shanina Bela D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe magnetic properties of conduction electrons (CE) in heavily doped n‐type 4H SiC have been studied with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in the temperature interval from 7 to 140 K. An EPR line with “Dyson lineshape” was observed in 4H SiC wafers with (ND–NA) ≈ 1019 cm−3. The EPR line is composed of two overlapping lines with Lorentzian and Dysonian lineshape, which are responsible for the localized and delocalized spin systems attributed to electrons localized on the nitrogen donors (LE) and CE, respectively. The Dysonian line is characterized by an asymmetry parameter R. The coupling between the two spin systems, which are characterized by S = 1/2 is realized via an exchange interaction of CE with the LE. As a result the g‐factor of the Dysonian spectral line is governed by an exchange interaction between LE and CE and was evaluated as g|| = 2.0045, g⟂ = 2.0003. The temperature dependence of the integral intensity of the CE EPR signal is described by the sum of Curie–Weiss and Pauli paramagnetism. The Curie‐like contribution arises from unpaired spins in the impurity band of heavily doped 4H SiC, while a Pauli‐like contribution that becomes noticeable at T > 80 K indicates the presence of the CE in the conduction band. From the analysis of the temperature dependence of R(T) and the linewidth ΔH(T) of the CE EPR signal the activation energy of the CE into the conduction band was estimated to be 39.4 meV. The obtained value of the activation energy coincides with that for nitrogen donors forming an impurity band in heavily doped n‐type 4H SiC. Thus, the temperature behavior of the CE spin system in highly doped 4H SiC can be interpreted in terms of electrons that are freely moving over the impurity and conduction band. The CE present in the impurity band are strongly coupled with LE by cross‐relaxation processes.
Real‐Time Template‐Assisted Manipulation of Nanoparticles in a Multilayer Nanofluidic Chip
Authors: Chen H. Matthew , Pang Lin , Gordon Michael S. , Fainman Yeshaiahu 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe ability to control dynamically the flow and placement of nanoscale particles and biomolecules in a biocompatible, aqueous environment will have profound impact in advancing the fields of nanoplasmonics, nanophotonics, and medicine. Here, an approach based on electrokinetic forces is demonstrated that enables dynamically controlled placement of nanoparticles into a predefined pattern. The technique uses an applied voltage to manipulate nanoparticles in a multilayer nanofluidic chip architecture. Simulations of the nanoparticles' motion in the nanofluidic chip validate the approach and are confirmed by experimental demonstration to produce uniform 200‐nm‐diameter spherical nanoparticle arrays. The results are important as they provide a new method that is capable of dynamically capturing and releasing nanoscale particles and biomolecules in an aqueous environment, which could lead to the creation of reconfigurable nanostructure patterns for nanoplasmonic, nanophotonic, biological sensing, and drug‐delivery applications.
Entire network load‐aware cooperative routing algorithm for video streaming over mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Kwon Oh Chan , Oh Hyung Rai , Lee Zae‐Kwun , Lee GyeongCheol , Park Youngho , Song Hwangjun 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we present an entire network load‐aware cooperative routing algorithm based on IEEE 802.11 multi‐rate for video streaming over mobile ad hoc networks. The proposed routing algorithm is designed to minimize the consumed time slots while guaranteeing the required time slots at all the pairs of adjacent nodes over the route and the contention neighbors of these nodes to support the route. Furthermore, the proposed routing algorithm can distribute the network loads well over the entire network. This technology is essential because video streaming applications require stringent quality of service and even larger network resources compared with traditional data services, and these demands may dramatically increase the entire network load and/or cause network congestion. Finally, experimental results are provided to show a performance of the proposed routing algorithm. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pilot‐aided detector for spectrum sensing of Digital Video Broadcasting—Terrestrial signals in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Yin Wenshan , Ren Pinyi , Cai Jun , Su Zhou 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the main properties of digital television broadcasting signals based on the Digital Video Broadcasting—Terrestrial (DVB‐T) standard are analyzed, and these properties are utilized to design a new pilot‐aided detector for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. The proposed detector consists of a processing unit and a combination and decision unit. In the processing unit, multiple statistics that correspond to different enhanced pilot components are computed. In the combination and decision unit, three newly proposed combination schemes are adopted to combine these statistics, and then, a final decision on the presence or absence of the DVB‐T signals is made on the basis of the Neyman–Pearson criterion. The proposed pilot‐aided detector exploits both the periodic continual and scattered pilots that are intrinsic in the DVB‐T signals, processes the observed data timely, experiences short sensing duration, and requires no time synchronization information. Furthermore, the proposed pilot‐aided detector is able to distinguish DVB‐T signals from interference. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that spectrum bands that are not currently occupied by the DVB‐T systems can be detected accurately by using the proposed pilot‐aided detector. Simulation results also demonstrate the significant performance gain of the proposed detector compared with the counterparts.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weighted partial network coding and its applications in wireless mesh networks
Authors: Chen Fajun , Wang Yijie , Wang Dan , Liu Jiangchuan 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTNetwork coding (NC) has showed to be beneficial to improve transmission performance in wireless mesh networks. Random linear coding is usually applied as the default coding schema. However, random linear coding causes significant decoding delay and jitter at receiver. Further, current NC does not support weight assignment to original packets, which is however indispensable for popular applications such as quality of service control and multipath media streaming in wireless mesh networks. Partial network coding (PNC) can largely reduce decoding delay and receiving fluctuation while keeping the benefit of NC. However, PNC does not support weight‐based data replacement and weight assignment to original packets. In this work, we propose weighted partial network coding (WPNC), which is a generalized coding schema of PNC. WPNC inherits all merits of PNC and part of NC. With WPNC, both decoding delay and receiving fluctuation will be reduced as observed in PNC. Also, WPNC is quite suitable for those applications that require weight assignment to original packets. After providing the whole framework of WPNC and thorough theoretical analysis to its performance, we have demonstrated how WPNC can be integrated with quality of service control and multipath routing supported media streaming in wireless mesh networks. Performance of WPNC is inter‐validated by both theoretical analysis and numeric evaluations. Copyright © 2011 John; Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preoperative urodynamic predictors of short‐term voiding dysfunction following a transobturator tension‐free vaginal tape procedure
Authors: Mostafa Alyaa , Madhuvrata Priya , Abdel‐Fattah Mohamed 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether preoperative urodynamic parameters can predict the development of short‐term voiding dysfunction (VD) after a transobturator tension‐free vaginal tape (TO‐TVT) procedure.MethodsIn a prospective study between April 2005 and April 2007, 341 women were randomized to receive “inside‐out” or “outside‐in” TO‐TVT. The present secondary analysis included women who had completed a preoperative symptom questionnaire, had a voided volume of 100 mL or more on preoperative uroflowmetry, and underwent standardized postoperative voiding assessment. VD was defined as a requirement for postoperative catheterization. Univariate and multivariate analysis were done by SPSS 17.ResultsThe inclusion criteria were met by 224 women, of whom 17 (7.6%) had postoperative VD. On univariate analysis, there were no differences in preoperative parameters among those with and those without VD: residual urine volume (P = 0.485), peak flow rate on or below 5th centile (P = 0.272), average flow rate on or below 5th centile (P = 0.142), detrusor pressure at opening (P = 0.955), maximum urethral closure pressure at 30 cm H2O or less (P = 0.855) and functional urethral length (P = 0.173). None of the variables analyzed was an independent risk factor on multivariate analysis.ConclusionPreoperative urodynamic parameters did not predict the development of short‐term voiding dysfunction after a TO‐TVT procedure.
Legal and ethical issues in fetal surgery
Authors: Dickens Bernard M. , Cook Rebecca J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRecent research in the USA has shown the advantages for children's welfare of open fetal surgery over postnatal treatment for myelomeningocele. However, a balance must be struck between complications of premature birth risked by prenatal surgery and the long‐term advantages for affected children's health, including mobility and neurologic capacity. Risks for women are repeated surgery for intervention and delivery. The research raises legal and ethical questions about how fetal interests should influence women's choices, and whether women may decline interventions in their pregnancies that offer their children lifelong advantages. Beyond fetal interests and women's preferences are state interests in fetal life, which in the USA and elsewhere have been expressed in judicially authorized cesarean deliveries. Underlying issues are the nature of fetal interests; contrasting entitlements to care from their mothers of fetuses and born children; healthcare providers’ responsibilities toward fetuses; and duties of care, information, and advice to pregnant women.
Public and private authority in the transnational response to the 2008 financial crisis
Authors: Porter Tony 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A remarkable feature of the international policy response to the 2008 financial crisis has been the degree to which it has relied heavily upon existing transnational regulatory arrangements involving public and private actors. The article starts by accounting theoretically for the autonomy of such arrangements. It then examines the role played by these networks before and during the crisis, while also acknowledging the relevance of competing approaches that emphasize the power of states and private actors. Understanding the role of these arrangements in shaping the interactions among public and private actors is important both for the reform of the global financial architecture, and for our more general theoretical understanding of transformations in sovereignty.
Superparasitism in Laboratory rearing ofSpalangia cameroni(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a parasitoid of medfly (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Tormos J. , Asís J. , Sabater-Muñoz B. , Baños L. , Gayubo S.F. , Beitia F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe frequency of superparasitism and its effects on the quality of laboratory-rearedSpalangia cameroni(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) parasitoids were investigated under laboratory conditions. Numerous variables were measured, such as the number of ‘ovip holes’ per host as a measure of superparasitism. Adult emergence and sex ratio, as well as female size, emergence ability from soil and longevity were also measured. Finally, an assessment was made of fertility and survival of adult parasitoids emerging from the medflyCeratitis capitata(Diptera: Tephritidae) pupae with different levels of superparasitism. A high frequency and prevalence of superparasitism under laboratory rearing conditions was observed. The number of ‘ovip holes’ per host ranged from one to 17, with an average (±SD) of 2.8±3.4. Sex ratios became increasingly female-biased with increasing levels of superparasitism, although overall levels of wasp emergence (male, female) declined. Nevertheless, no relationship was discerned between female size and level of superparasitism. The ‘emergence ability from the soil’ was higher in those parasitoids that emerged from strongly superparasitized hosts, but not related to the type of substrate in which the host pupae were buried. The level of superparasitism did not have a significant effect on the longevity, fertility and survival of female parasitoids. Our results support the hypothesis that superparasitism inS. cameronimight be adaptive, since attributes such as ‘emergence ability from the soil’, longevity, fertility and survival were not affected by the level of superparasitism or the presumably detrimental effects derived from physical combats among conspecific larvae. Our findings are relevant to recommendations for rearingS. cameronifor biological control releases, as well as shedding light on superparasitism under both laboratory and field conditions.
Pochonia chlamydosporia fungal activity in a solid medium and its crude extract against eggs of Ascaridia galli
Authors: Braga F.R. , Araújo J.V. , Araujo J.M. , Frassy L.N. , Tavela A.O. , Soares F.E.F. , Carvalho R.O. , Queiroz L.M. , Queiroz J.H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the ovicidal activity (type 3 effect) of VC1 and VC4 isolates of Pochonia chlamydosporia in a solid medium and the action of a crude extract of P. chlamydosporia against eggs of Ascaridia galli. To evaluate ovicidal activity in culture medium, 1000 A. galli eggs were plated on Petri dishes containing 2% water-agar with grown fungal isolates (VC1 or VC4) and without fungus (control group) and were examined at 1, 3 and 5 days post-inoculation (assay A). Then, to test the action of crude extracts of P. chlamydosporia (VC1 or VC4), 500 eggs of A. galli were plated on Petri dishes of 4.5 cm diameter with 5 ml of fungal filtrate from each tested isolate. The control group consisted of 500 eggs of A. galli with 10 ml of distilled water on each Petri dish (assay B). Fungal isolates were effective (P < 0.01) at destroying these eggs, showing a type 3 effect at the studied intervals. On the other hand, the crude extract of isolates (VC1 or VC4) reduced the number of A. galli eggs in the treated group compared with the control group by 64.1% and 56.5%, respectively. The results of the present study show that P. chlamydosporia is effective at destroying eggs of A. galli and could therefore be used in the biological control of nematodes.
Genetic characterization ofStrongyloidesspp. from captive, semi-captive and wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) in Central and East Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia
Authors: LABES E. M. , WIJAYANTI N. , DEPLAZES P. , MATHIS A. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYOrangutans (Pongospp.), Asia's only great apes, are threatened in their survival due to habitat loss, hunting and infections. Nematodes of the genusStrongyloidesmay represent a severe cause of death in wild and captive individuals. In order to better understand whichStrongyloidesspecies/subspecies infect orangutans under different conditions, larvae were isolated from fecal material collected in Indonesia from 9 captive, 2 semi-captive and 9 wild individuals, 18 captive groups of Bornean orangutans and from 1 human working with wild orangutans. Genotyping was done at the genomic rDNA locus (part of the 18S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer 1, ITS1) by sequencing amplicons. Thirty isolates, including the one from the human, could be identified asS. fuelleborni fuelleborniwith 18S rRNA gene identities of 98·5–100%, with a corresponding published sequence. The ITS1 sequences could be determined for 17 of these isolates revealing a huge variability and 2 main clusters without obvious pattern with regard to attributes of the hosts. The ITS1 amplicons of 2 isolates were cloned and sequenced, revealing considerable variability indicative of mixed infections. One isolate from a captive individual was identified asS. stercoralis(18S rRNA) and showed 99% identity (ITS1) withS. stercoralissequences from geographically distinct locations and host species. The findings are significant with regard to the zoonotic nature of these parasites and might contribute to the conservation of remaining orangutan populations.
Obstacles and options for the design and implementation of payment schemes for ecosystem services provided through farm trees in Saxony, Germany
Authors: SCHLEYER CHRISTIAN , PLIENINGER TOBIAS 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYAgricultural crops and pasturelands cover 24–38% of the global land area, and thus the ecological services that agricultural systems provide are of utmost societal importance. An important determinant of ecosystem services provision from European farmland is the amount and spatial arrangement of trees, shrubs and woodlands that are integrated into the respective land-use systems. This paper uses an institutional economics framework for the analysis of payment schemes for ecosystem services (PES schemes) that enhance the establishment, conservation and management of farm trees and woodlands, elaborating on the reasons for the often very reluctant participation of farmers in these schemes. PES schemes in Saxony (Germany) were selected as a typical example. Obstacles identified included high production costs and opportunity costs for land use, contractual uncertainties, land-tenure implications and heterogeneous societal preferences for ecosystem services of farm trees. Further, since scheme adoption has been relatively low compared with the total area covered by the respective farm tree types in Saxony, the PES schemes alone could not explain the substantial increase in number and size of some farm-tree types, in particular hedgerows. Regionalized premiums, result-oriented remuneration and cooperative approaches are options to improve participation in PES schemes for farm trees. The example of PES schemes for farm trees highlights one of the major challenges for the protection and preservation of cultural landscapes: they are man-made and thus need to be preserved, managed and maintained continuously.